,transcriber's note3 ,obvious printer's errors have been corrected1 all other inconsistencies are as in the original4 ,the author's spelling has been maintained4 ,page #fb-fc3 ,the part between obviously did not belong in that place and has been removed1 ,from this time forward the ,plantation seemed to prosper1 ,charles granted lands to all the planters and adventurers who would till them1 upon paying the annual sum of two shillings payable to the crown for each hundred acres4 direction1 appointing the governor and council himself1 and ,before the death of ,king ,james1 however1 the cultivation of tobacco had become so extensive that every other product seemed of but little value in comparison with it1 and the price realized from its sale being so much greater than that obtained for ,corne1 the latter was neglected and its culture almost entirely abandoned4 ,page #aae3 ,the verse ,and can but end with time2 was missing and has been added4 ,,tobacco3 ,,its ,,history1 ,,varieties1 ,,culture1 ,,manufacture ,,and ,,commerce1 ,,with ,,an ,,account ,,of ,,its ,,various ,,modes ,,of ,,use1 ,,from ,,its ,,first ,,discovery ,,until ,,now4 ,,by ,e4 ,r4 ,,billings4 ,with ,illustrations by ,popular ,artists4 ,my ,lord1 this sacred herbe which never offendit1 ,is forced to crave your favor to defend it4 ,barclay4 ,but oh1 what witchcraft of a stronger kind1 ,or cause too deep for human search to find1 ,makes earth-born weeds imperial man enslave1-- ,not little souls1 but e'en the wise and brave6 ,arbuckle4 ,,hartford1 ,,conn43 ,,american ,,publishing ,,company1 #ahge4 ,entered according to act of ,congress1 in the year #ahge1 by the ,,american ,,publishing ,,co41 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,is it not wondrous strange that there should be ,such different tempers twixt my friend and me8 ,i burn with heat when ,i tobacco take1 ,but he on th' other side with cold doth shake3 ,to both 'tis physick1 and like physick works1 ,the cause o' th' various operation lurks ,not in tobacco1 which is still the same1 ,but in the difference of our bodies frame3 ,what's meat to this man1 poison is to that1 ,and what makes this man lean1 makes that man fat2 ,what quenches one's thirst1 makes another dry2 ,and what makes this man wel1 makes that man dye4 ,thomas ,washbourne1 ,d4 ,d4 ,thy quiet spirit lulls the lab'ring brain1 ,lures back to thought the flights of vacant mirth1 ,consoles the mourner1 soothes the couch of pain1 ,and wreathes contentment round the humble hearth2 ,while savage warriors1 soften'd by thy breath1 ,unbind the captive1 hate had doomed to death4 ,rev4 ,walter ,colton4 ,whate'er ,i do1 where'er ,i be1 ,my social box attends on me2 ,it warms my nose in winter's snow1 ,refreshes midst midsummer's glow2 ,of hunger sharp it blunts the edge1 ,and softens grief as some alledge4 ,thus1 eased of care or any stir1 ,i broach my freshest canister2 ,and freed from trouble1 grief1 or panic1 ,i pinch away in snuff balsamic4 ,for rich or poor1 in peace or strife1 ,it smooths the rugged path of life4 ,rev4 ,william ,king4 ,,hail6 ,indian plant1 to ancient times unknown-- ,a modern truly thou1 and all our own6 ,thou dear concomitant of nappy ale1 ,thou sweet prolonger of an old man's tale4 ,or1 if thou'rt pulverized in smart rappee1 ,and reach ,sir ,fopling's brain 7if brain there be71 ,he shines in dedications1 poems1 plays1 ,soars in ,pindarics1 and asserts the bays2 ,thus dost thou every taste and genius hit-- ,in smoke thou'rt wisdom1 and in snuff thou'rt wit4 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,prior4 ,,to ,,charles ,,dudley ,,warner1 ,whose rare1 good gifts have endeared him to all lovers of the ,english tongue1 this volume1 historically and practically treating of one of the greatest of plants1 as well as the rarest of luxuries1 is respectfully dedicated by ,the ,author4 ,,preface4 ,ever since the discovery of tobacco it has been the favorite theme of many writers1 who have endeavored to shed new light on the origin and early history of this singular plant4 ,upwards of three hundred volumes have been written1 embracing works in nearly all of the languages of ,europe1 concerning the herb and the various methods of using it4 ,most writers have confined themselves to the commercial history of the plant2 while others have written upon its medicinal properties and the various modes of preparing it for use4 ,for this volume the ,author only claims that it is at least a more comprehensive treatise on the varieties and cultivation of the plant than any work now extant4 ,a full account of its cultivation is given1 not only in ,america1 but also in nearly all of the great tobacco-producing countries of the world4 ,the history of the plant has been carefully and faithfully compiled from the earliest authorities1 that portion which relates to its early culture in ,virginia being drawn from hitherto unpublished sources4 ,materials for such a work have not been found lacking4 ,european authors abound with allusions to tobacco2 more especially is it true of ,english writers1 who have celebrated its virtues in poetry and song4 ,all along the highways and by-paths of our literature we encounter much that pertains to this queen of plants4 ,considered in what light it may1 tobacco must be regarded as the most astonishing of the productions of nature1 since it has1 in the short period of nearly four centuries1 dominated not one particular nation1 but the whole world1 both ,christian and ,pagan4 ,ushered into the ,old ,world from the ,new by the great colonizers--,spain1 ,england1 and ,france--it attracted at once the attention of the authors of the period as a fit subject for their marvel-loving pens4 ,it has been the aim of the writer to give as much as possible of the existing material to be had concerning the early persecution waged against it1 whether by ,church or ,state4 ,these accounts1 while they invest with additional interest its early use and introduction1 serve as well to show its triumph over all its foes and its vast importance to the commerce of the world4 ,this work has been prepared and arranged1 not only for the instruction and entertainment of the users of tobacco1 but for the benefit of the cultivators and manufacturers as well4 ,as such it is now presented to the public for whatever meed of praise or censure it is found to deserve4 ,hartford1 ,conn41 #ahge4 ,,illustrations4 ,page #a4 ,frontispiece4 -- #b4 ,tobacco ,stalks4 #bb #c4 ,tobacco ,leaves4 #bd #d4 ,bud and ,flowers4 #be #e4 ,capsules4 7,fruit ,bud47 #bg #f4 ,suckers4 #bh #g4 ,primitive ,pipe4 #cc #h4 ,native ,smoking4 #ce #i4 ,old ,engraving4 #dj #aj4 ,the ,contrast4 #dd #aa4 ,john ,rolfe4 #dh #ab4 ,virginia ,tobacco ,field1 #afbj4 #ea #ac4 ,buying ,wives4 #eg #ad4 ,growing ,tobacco in the ,streets4 #fd #ae4 ,natives ,growing ,tobacco4 #ff #af4 ,destroying ,suckers4 #fi #ag4 ,carrying ,tobacco to ,market4 #gc #ah4 ,enriching ,plant-,bed4 #ge #ai4 ,shipping ,tobacco4 #gh #bj4 ,old ,engraving of ,tobacco4 #hf #ba4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 #hi #bb4 ,english ,gallants4 #ij #bc4 ,smoking in the #agth ,century4 #id #bd4 ,exhaling through the ,nose4 #ig #be4 ,old ,london ,ale-house4 #aja #bf4 ,punishment for ,snuff ,taking4 #ajd #bg4 ,silver ,spittoons4 #ajf #bh4 ,the ,negro ,image4 #ajh #bi4 ,tobacco and ,theology4 #aab #cj4 ,weighing ,smoke4 #aag #ca4 ,indian ,pipe4 #abf #cb4 ,sculptured ,pipe4 #abh #cc4 ,pipe of ,peace4 #acj #cd4 ,a ,model ,cigar4 #acb #ce4 ,south ,americans smoking4 #ace #cf4 ,a ,war ,pipe4 #aci #cg4 ,peace ,pipe4 #adj #ch4 ,a ,tchuktchi ,pipe4 #adc #ci4 ,turk ,smoking4 #ade #dj4 ,old ,english ,pipes4 #adh #da4 ,french ,pipes4 #adi #db4 ,pipe ,colorer4 #aeb #dc4 ,german ,porcelain ,pipes4 #aec #dd4 ,a ,persian ,water ,pipe4 #aef #de4 ,searching for ,amber4 #afj #df4 ,fancy ,pipes4 #afb #dg4 ,clay and ,reed ,pipes4 #afd #dh4 ,fairy ,pipes4 #aff #di4 ,female ,smoking in ,algiers4 #afh #ej4 ,african ,pipe4 #agj #ea4 ,egyptian ,pipes4 #agb #eb4 ,japanese ,pipes4 #agc #ec4 ,engraved ,boxes4 #agg #ed4 ,tobacco ,jars4 #agi #ee4 ,tobacco ,stoppers4 #aha #ef4 ,lord and ,lackey4 #ahe #eg4 ,the ,strange ,youth4 #aij #eh4 ,smokers ,reading ,epigrams4 #aic #ei4 ,the ,explosion4 #aie #fj4 ,theory against ,experience4 #aii #fa4 ,a ,faithful ,attendant4 #bjc #fb4 ,newton and his ,pipe4 #bjg #fc4 ,tennyson1 ,smoking4 #bji #fd4 ,modern ,smokers4 #bab #fe4 ,the ,artist4 #bae #ff4 ,the ,yankee ,smoker4 #baf #fg4 ,a ,tobacco ,grater4 #bbj #fh4 ,demi-journes4 #bbb #fi4 ,james ,gillespie4 #bbd #gj4 ,fops ,taking ,snuff4 7,from an old print47 #bbf #ga4 ,horn ,snuff-boxes4 #bbg #gb4 ,scotch ,snuff-mills4 #bcb #gc4 ,sweeping from the ,pulpit4 #bce #gd4 ,snuff-mill a ,century ago4 #bdj #ge4 ,perfuming ,snuff4 #bdb #gf4 ,fuegian ,snuff-,takers4 #bdd #gg4 ,snuff-,dipping4 #bdg #gh4 ,snuffers4 #bdh #gi4 ,fancy ,snuff-boxes4 #bea #hj4 ,curing a ,headache4 #bee #ha4 ,highlanders4 #beg #hb4 ,cigars4 #bfj #hc4 ,cigar-holders4 #bfb #hd4 ,life in ,mexico4 #bff #he4 ,cuban ,cigar ,shop4 #bfh #hf4 ,tobacco ,leaf4 #bga #hg4 ,wenches ,smoking4 #bgd #hh4 ,a ,moonlight ,reverie in ,havana4 #bge #hi4 ,by the ,sea4 #bgg #ij4 ,an ,american ,smoker4 #bgi #ia4 ,light1 ,sir8 #bhb #ib4 ,bringing a ,light4 #bhe #ic4 ,making ,cigars4 #bhh #id4 ,havanas4 #cja #ie4 ,yara ,cigars4 #cjc #if4 ,manilla ,cigar and ,cheroot4 #cjd #ig4 ,swiss ,cigars4 #cjf #ih4 ,paraguay ,cigars4 #cjf #ii4 ,connecticut ,tobacco ,field4 #cab #ajj4 ,home of the ,connecticut ,planter4 #cae #aja4 ,negro ,quarters4 #cag #ajb4 ,the ,planter's ,home4 #cah #ajc4 ,burning the ,patch4 #cbb #ajd4 ,stringing the ,primings4 #cbc #aje4 ,worming4 #cbe #ajf4 ,ohio ,tobacco ,field4 #cbi #ajg4 ,tobacco ,warehouse4 #cca #ajh4 ,kentucky ,tobacco ,plantation4 #ccb #aji4 ,the ,kentucky ,planter4 #ccd #aaj4 ,florida ,tobacco ,plantation4 #ccf #aaa4 ,louisiana ,tobacco ,plantation4 #cch #aab4 ,mexican ,tobacco ,plantation4 #cdb #aac4 ,st4 ,domingo ,tobacco ,field1 #aece4 #cde #aad4 ,a ,cuban vega4 #cdf #aae4 ,killing ,bugs by ,night4 #cdh #aaf4 ,going to ,market4 #cdi #aag4 ,german ,tobacco ,field4 #cea #aah4 ,dutch ,planters4 #cee #aai4 ,success to ,von ,tromp4 #ceh #abj4 ,tobacco ,field in ,algiers4 #cfj #aba4 ,tobacco ,field in ,africa4 #cfa #abb4 ,tobacco ,field in ,syria4 #cfc #abc4 ,tobacco ,field in ,india4 #cfe #abd4 ,turkish ,tobacco going to ,market4 #cgj #abe4 ,japan ,tobacco ,field4 #cga #abf4 ,transplanting4 #cgb #abg4 ,chinese ,tobacco ,field4 #cgc #abh4 ,tobacco ,field in ,persia4 #cgd #abi4 ,growing ,tobacco on the ,philippine ,islands4 #cgg #acj4 ,tobacco ,plow4 #cgh #aca4 ,spanish ,planters4 #chj #acb4 ,mexican ,dwarf ,tobacco4 #chd #acc4 ,connecticut ,seed ,leaf4 #che #acd4 ,havana ,tobacco4 #chg #ace4 ,virginia ,tobacco4 #chh #acf4 ,ohio ,white ,tobacco4 #chi #acg4 ,latakia ,tobacco 7,syria74 #cic #ach4 ,orinoco ,tobacco 7,venezuela74 #cig #aci4 ,shiraz ,tobacco 7,persia74 #cih #adj4 ,spanish ,tobacco4 #djj #ada4 ,japan ,tobacco4 #djb #adb4 ,old ,connecticut ,tobacco ,shed4 #djf #adc4 ,modern ,connecticut ,tobacco ,shed4 #djg #add4 ,stripping ,room4 #djh #ade4 ,modern ,virginia ,shed4 #dji #adf4 ,virginia ,shed1 #aej years ago4 #daj #adg4 ,ohio ,tobacco ,shed4 #dab #adh4 ,persian ,tobacco ,shed4 #dad #adi4 ,making the ,plant ,bed in ,connecticut4 #dah #aej4 ,covering ,plant ,bed4 #dbd #aea4 ,a ,tobacco ,ridger4 #dcj #aeb4 ,drawing the ,dirt ,around the ,foot4 #dcb #aec4 ,transplanting4 #dcc #aed4 ,transplanting4 #dcd #aee4 ,american ,transplanter4 #dcg #aef4 ,the ,worms4 #dch #aeg4 ,worming ,tobacco4 #dci #aeh4 ,topping4 #ddb #aei4 ,suckering4 #dde #afj4 ,cutting the ,plants4 #ddf #afa4 ,putting on ,lath4 #ddg #afb4 ,carrying to the ,shed4 #ddh #afc4 ,stripping4 #def #afd4 ,hands4 #deg #afe4 ,stemming4 #dfj #aff4 ,packing4 #dfa #afg4 ,prizing in ,olden ,times4 #dfd #afh4 ,tobacco ,press4 #dfg #afi4 ,firing4 #dgj #agj4 ,spanish ,seed ,tobacco4 #dgc ,,contents ,page ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,tobacco ,,plant4 ,botanical ,description -- ,ancient ,plant-,bed -- ,description of the ,leaves -- ,color of ,leaves -- ,blossoms -- ,the ,capsules and ,seed --,selection for ,seed -- ,suckers -- ,nicotine ,qualities -- ,medicinal ,properties -- ,improvement in ,plants4444 #ag ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,tobacco4 ,,its ,,discovery4 ,early ,use -- ,origin of its ,name -- ,early ,snuff-,taking -- ,tobacco in ,mexico -- ,comparative ,qualities of ,tobacco -- ,origin of the ,plant -- ,early ,mammoth ,cigars -- ,sacredness of the ,pipe -- ,early ,cultivation -- ,proportions of the ,tobacco ,trade -- ,variety of ,kinds -- ,tobacco and ,commerce -- ,original ,culture44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 #cb ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,tobacco ,,in ,,america4 ,first ,general ,planter -- ,state of the ,colony -- ,conditions of ,raising ,tobacco -- ,tobacco ,fields1 #afbj -- ,increase of ,tobacco-,growing -- ,restriction of ,tobacco-,growing -- ,tobacco used as ,money -- ,king ,james opposes ,tobacco-,growing -- ,buying ,wives with ,tobacco -- ,foreign ,tobacco ,prohibited -- ,king ,charles on ,tobacco -- ,king ,charles as a ,tobacco ,merchant -- ,tobacco ,taxed -- ,planting in ,maryland -- ,negro ,labor -- ,competition -- ,growing ,suckers -- ,virginia ,lands -- ,picture of ,early ,planters -- ,large ,plantations -- ,getting to ,market -- ,virginia ,plant-,bed -- ,maryland ,plant-,bed -- ,tobacco ,growing in ,new ,york and ,louisiana -- ,new ,england ,tobacco -- ,commercial ,value of ,tobacco -- ,tobacco a ,blessing4444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444 #dg ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,tobacco ,,in ,,europe4 ,introduction -- ,the ,original ,importer -- ,wonderful ,cures -- ,how the ,herb grew in ,reputation -- ,difference of ,opinion -- ,a ,smoker's ,rhapsody -- ,old ,smokers -- ,the ,queen ,herb -- ,drinking ,tobacco -- ,tobacco on the ,stage -- ,shakespeare on ,tobacco -- ,smoking ,taught -- ,ben ,jonson on the ,weed -- ,curative ,qualities -- ,modes of ,use -- ,held up to ,ridicule -- ,tirades against ,tobacco -- ,tobacco ,selling -- ,royal ,haters of ,tobacco -- ,old ,customs -- ,a ,racy ,poem -- ,a ,smoking ,divine444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444 #hj ,,chapter ,v4 ,,tobacco ,,in ,,europe4 -- ,continued4 ,popular use of ,tobacco -- ,tobacco ,glorified -- ,weight of ,smoke -- ,anecdotes -- ,triumph of ,tobacco -- ,a ,government ,monopoly -- ,tobacco a ,blessing4444444444444444444444444444444 #aaa ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,tobacco ,,pipes1 ,,smoking ,,and ,,smokers4 ,indian ,pipes -- ,material for ,pipes -- ,legend of the ,red ,pipe -- ,chippewa ,pipes -- ,making the ,peace ,pipes -- ,south ,american ,pipes -- ,cigarettes -- ,tobacco on the ,amazon ,river -- ,brazilian ,tobacco -- ,patagonians as ,smokers -- ,form and ,material -- ,pipe of the ,bobeen ,indians -- ,the ,war ,pipe -- ,pipe ,sculpture -- ,smoking in ,alaska -- ,smoking in ,russia -- ,smoking in ,peru -- ,smoking in ,turkey -- ,moderate ,smoking -- ,female ,smoking -- ,early ,manufacture of ,pipes -- ,french ,pipes4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444 #abd ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,pipes ,,and ,,smokers4 -- ,continued4 ,meerschaum ,pipes -- ,coloring ,meerschaums -- ,the ,city of ,smokers -- ,hudson as a smoker -- ,persian ,water ,pipes -- ,turkish ,pipes -- ,amber ,mouth ,pieces -- ,obtaining ,amber -- ,its ,value -- ,variety of ,pipes -- ,history of ,pipes -- ,ancient ,habit of ,smoking -- ,buried ,pipes -- ,jasmine ,pipes -- ,smoking in ,algiers -- ,smoking in ,africa -- ,defence of ,smoking -- ,tea and ,tobacco -- ,chinese ,pipes -- ,smoking in ,japan -- ,tobacco ,boxes -- ,tobacco ,jars -- ,musings over a ,pipe -- ,sad ,fate of a ,chewer -- ,triumph of the ,anti's -- ,the ,smoker's ,calendar -- ,doctor ,parr as a ,smoker -- ,smoking on the ,battle-,field -- ,literary ,smokers -- ,doctor ,clarke on ,tobacco -- ,noted ,smokers -- ,pleasant ,pipe -- ,a ,tobacco ,world -- ,cruelty of ,smokers -- ,men like ,pipes -- ,universal ,use4444444444444444444 #aej ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,snuff1 ,,snuff-,,boxes ,,and ,,snuff-,,takers4 ,its ,introduction -- ,boxes and ,graters -- ,mode of ,preparation -- ,snuff-,boxes -- ,a ,celebrated ,manufacturer -- ,the ,snuffing ,period -- ,the ,monk and his ,snuff-,box -- ,a ,pinch of ,snuff -- ,pleasures of ,smelling -- ,frederick the ,great -- ,eminent ,snuff-,takers -- ,the ,story in ,verse -- ,come to my ,nose -- ,snuff ,manufacture -- ,preparation of ,tobacco -- ,grinding the ,leaves -- ,flavoring the ,snuff -- ,profits ,made -- ,love of ,tobacco -- ,chewing and ,dipping -- ,advantages of ,dipping -- ,the ,first ,snuffers -- ,famous ,snuff-,takers -- ,snuff as a ,pacificator -- ,a ,national ,stimulant -- ,different ,tastes -- ,rise and ,progress of ,snuff-,taking44444444444444444444444444 44 #bah ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,cigars4 ,new ,york ,cigars -- ,havana ,cigars -- ,quality of ,havana ,cigars -- ,relative ,value and ,size -- ,cigar-,makers -- ,cuban ,cigars -- ,cigar ,manufactories -- ,preparation of the ,tobacco -- ,sorting the ,leaves -- ,sales1 etc4 -- ,large ,factories -- ,universal ,smoking -- ,cigar ,etiquette -- ,reveries -- ,summer-,day ,thoughts -- ,american ,smokers -- ,at ,home -- ,sentiment -- ,ode to a ,cigar -- ,cigar-,lighters -- ,smoking an ,art -- ,science of ,lighting -- ,age of ,fusees -- ,home-,made ,cigars -- ,female ,cigar-,makers -- ,a ,spicy ,article -- ,how to ,smoke -- ,smoking ,christians -- ,lamb's ,poem -- ,tobacco ,compliment -- ,cigarette ,smoking -- ,thomas ,hood's ,cigar -- ,lord ,byron's ,opinion -- ,kinds of ,cigars -- ,selecting ,cigars -- ,yara ,cigars -- ,manilla ,cigars -- ,swiss ,cigars -- ,paraguay ,cigars -- ,brazilian ,cigars -- ,american ,cigars -- ,connecticut ,seed ,leaf and ,havana ,cigars -- ,the ,exile's ,comfort44444444444 #bei ,,chapter ,x4 ,,tobacco ,,planters ,,and ,,plantations4 ,the ,connecticut ,planter -- ,intelligence of ,tobacco ,growers -- ,best ,connecticut ,seed ,leaf -- ,love for the ,plant -- ,virginia ,planters -- ,a ,virginia ,plantation -- ,the ,plant-,patch -- ,planting1 ,topping and ,priming -- ,suckering -- ,crop-,gathering -- ,curing and ,sorting -- ,tobacco ,markets -- ,ohio ,tobacco -- ,mode of ,cure -- ,kentucky ,tobacco-,growing -- ,the ,kentucky ,planter -- ,florida ,tobacco -- ,florida ,plantation -- ,tobacco in ,louisiana -- ,california ,tobacco ,lands -- ,mexican ,tobacco -- ,plants around ,vera ,cruz -- ,tobacco in ,st ,domingo -- ,cuba ,plantations -- ,mode of ,working -- ,soil and ,climate -- ,tobacco-,growing in ,germany -- ,method of ,culture -- ,extent of ,culture -- ,tobacco-,raising in ,prussia -- ,tobacco in ,holland -- ,dutch ,planters -- ,a ,plea for ,tobacco -- ,tobacco ,culture in ,australia -- ,arabian ,plantations -- ,tobacco in ,africa -- ,syrian ,tobacco -- ,latakia ,tobacco -- ,growing ,tobacco in ,india -- ,curing ,tobacco in ,india -- ,turks ,cultivating ,tobacco -- ,japanese ,tobacco -- ,persian ,tobacco -- ,tobacco ,culture1 ,philippine ,islands -- ,climate of the ,islands -- ,fragrant ,manillas -- ,tropical ,tobacco44444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444 #caa ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,varieties4 ,kinds used for ,cigars -- ,dwarf ,tobacco -- ,havana ,tobacco -- ,yara and ,virginia ,tobacco -- ,james ,river ,tobacco -- ,ohio ,tobacco -- ,south ,american ,tobacco -- ,celebrated ,brands of ,tobacco -- ,russian ,tobacco -- ,columbian ,tobacco -- ,tobacco of ,brazil -- ,the ,orinoco ,tobacco -- ,persian ,tobacco -- ,french ,tobacco -- ,spanish ,tobacco -- ,japanese ,tobacco -- ,manilla ,tobacco44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444 #chb ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,tobacco ,,houses4 ,tobacco ,sheds -- ,stripping ,houses -- ,virginia ,tobacco ,sheds -- ,ordinary ,sheds -- ,superior ,sheds -- ,ohio ,sheds -- ,kentucky and ,tennessee ,sheds -- ,foreign ,tobacco ,sheds44444444 #dje ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,tobacco ,,culture4 ,hot ,beds -- ,virginia ,plant ,patch -- ,tennessee ,plant ,bed -- ,cuban ,plant ,bed -- ,covering ,plant ,bed -- ,selection of ,soil -- ,the ,soil ,affecting ,color -- ,preparing the ,soil -- ,virginia ,methods -- ,burning ,brush -- ,implements -- ,transplanting ,plants -- ,setting -- ,seasons in ,mexico and ,persia -- ,the ,american ,transplanter -- ,pests -- ,worming -- ,backward ,plants -- ,topping -- ,suckers -- ,maturation -- ,the ,harvest -- ,cutting -- ,hanging -- ,cutting time in ,cuba -- ,harvesting in ,virginia -- ,the ,season in other ,places -- ,curing -- ,curing by ,smoke -- ,yellow ,tobacco -- ,stripping -- ,assorting -- ,shading -- ,stemming -- ,packing -- ,casing -- ,old ,style -- ,resistance to ,dampness -- ,prizing -- ,marking -- ,baling -- ,certificates -- ,firing -- ,white ,rust -- ,seed ,plants -- ,maturing of ,seed -- ,second ,growth444444444444444444 #dae ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,production1 ,,commerce ,,and ,,manufacture ,,of ,,tobacco4 ,early ,history of ,tobacco -- ,cultivation by ,spaniards at ,st4 ,domingo -- ,annual ,product of ,cuba -- ,amount of ,land under ,cultivation in ,u4,s4 -- ,cultivation in the ,south -- ,annual ,product of ,europe1 ,asia and ,africa -- ,government ,monopoly -- ,source of ,revenue -- ,manufacture of ,cigarettes -- ,increase of ,tobacco ,culture44444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444 #dgh ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,tobacco ,,plant4 ,tobacco is a hardy flowering annual#a plant1 growing freely in a moist fertile soil and requiring the most thorough culture in order to secure the finest form and quality of leaf4 ,it is a native of the tropics and under the intense rays of a vertical sun develops its finest and most remarkable flavor which far surpasses the varieties grown in a temperate region4 ,it however readily adapts itself to soil and climate growing through a wide range of temperature from the ,equator to ,moscow in ,russia in latitude #ef1 and through all the intervening range of climate#b4 ,footnote #a3 ,the greater number of the species are annual plants2 but two at least are perennial2 the ,nicotiana fruticosa1 which is a shrub1 a native of the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and of ,china2 and ,n4 urens1 a native of ,south ,america4 ,footnote #b3 ,tatham says that the tobacco plant is peculiarly adapted for an agricultural comparison of climates4 ,the plant varies in height according to species and locality2 the largest varieties reaching an altitude of ten or twelve feet1 in others not growing more than two or three feet from the ground4 ,botanists have enumerated between forty and fifty varieties of the tobacco plant who class them all among the narcotic poisons4 ,when properly cultivated the plant ripens in a few weeks growing with a rapidity hardly equaled by any product either temperate or tropical4 ,of the large number of varieties cultivated scarcely more than one-half are grown to any great extent while many of them are hardly known outside of the limit of cultivation4 ,tobacco is a strong growing plant resisting heat and drought to a far greater extent than most plants4 ,it is a native of ,america1 the discovery of the continent and the plant occurring almost simultaneously4 ,it succeeds best in a deep rich loam in a climate ranging from forty to fifty degrees of latitude4 ,after having been introduced and cultivated in nearly all parts of the world1 ,america enjoys the reputation of growing the finest varieties known to commerce4 ,european tobacco is lacking in flavor and is less powerful than the tobacco of ,america4 ,the botanical account of tobacco is as follows3-- ,nicotiana1 the tobacco plant is a genus of plants of the order of ,monogynia1 belonging to the pentandria class1 order #a1 of class ,v4 ,it bears a tubular #e-;cleft calyx2 a funnel-formed corolla1 with a plaited #e-;cleft border2 the stamina inclined2 the stigma capitate2 the capsule #b-;celled1 and #b to #d valved4 ,a more general description of the plant is given by an ,american writer3-- ,the tobacco plant is an annual growing from eighteen inches 7dwarf tobacco7 to seven or eight feet in height#c4 ,it bears numerous leaves of a pale green color sessile1 ovate lanceolate and pointed in form1 which come out alternately from two to three inches apart4 ,the flowers grow in loose panicles at the extremity of the stalks1 and the calyx is bell-shaped1 and divided at its summit into five pointed segments4 ,the tube of the corolla expands at the top into an oblong cup terminating in a #e-lobed plaited rose-colored border4 ,the pistil consists of an oval germ1 a slender style longer than the stamen1 and a cleft stigma4 ,the flowers are succeeded by capsules of #b cells opening at the summit and containing numerous kidney-shaped seeds4 ,footnote #c3 ,an old ,english writer in describing tobacco says3--,when at its just height1 it is as tall as an ordinary sized man4 ,two of the finest varieties of ,nicotiana ,tobacum that are cultivated are the ,oronoco and the ,sweet ,scented2 they differ only in the form of the leaves1 those of the latter variety being shorter and broader than the other4 ,they are annual herbaceous plants1 rising with strong erect stems to the height of from six to nine feet1 with fine handsome foliage4 ,the stalk near the root is often an inch or more in diameter1 and surrounded by a hairy clammy substance1 of a greenish yellow color4 ,the leaves are of a light green2 they grow alternately1 at intervals of two or three inches on the stalk2 they are oblong and spear-shaped2 those lowest on the stalk are about twenty inches in length1 and they decrease as they ascend4 ,the young leaves when about six inches1 are of a deep green color and rather smooth1 and as they approach maturity they become yellowish and rougher on the surface4 ,the flowers grow in clusters from the extremities of the stalk2 they are yellow externally and of a delicate red within4 ,they are succeeded by kidney shaped capsules of a brown color4 ,thompson in his ,notices relative to ,tobacco describes the tobacco plant as follows3-- ,the species of ,nicotiana which was first known1 and which still furnishes the greatest supply of ,tobacco1 is the ,n4 tobacum1 an annual plant1 a native of ,south ,america1 but naturalized to our climate4 ,it is a tall1 not inelegant plant1 rising to the height of about six feet1 with a strong1 round1 villous1 slightly viscid stem1 furnished with alternate leaves1 which are sessile1 or clasp the stems2 and are decurrent1 lanceolate1 entire2 of a full green on the upper surface1 and pale on the under4 ,in a vigorous plant1 the lower leaves are about twenty inches in length1 and from three to five in breadth1 decreasing as they ascend4 ,the inflorescence1 or flowering part of the stem1 is terminal1 loosely branching in that form which botanists term a panicle1 with long1 linear floral leaves or bractes at the origin of each division4 ,the flowers1 which bloom in ,july and ,august1 are of a pale pink or rose color3 the calyx1 or flower-cup1 is bell-shaped1 obscurely pentangular1 villous1 slightly viscid1 and presenting at the margin five acute1 erect segments4 ,the corolla is twice the length of the calyx1 viscid1 tubular below1 swelling above into an oblong cup1 and expanding at the lip into five somewhat plaited1 pointed segments2 the seed vessel is an oblong or ovate capsule1 containing numerous reniform seeds1 which are ripe in ,september and ,october2 and if not collected1 are shed by the capsule opening at the apex4 ,in ,stevens and ,liebault's ,maison ,rustique1 or the ,country ,farm1 7,london1 #afjf71 is found the following curious account of the tobacco plant3-- ,this herbe resembleth in figure fashion1 and qualities1 the great comfrey in such sort as that a man woulde deeme it to be a kinde of great comfrey1 rather than a yellow henbane1 as some have thought4 ,it hath an upright stalke1 not bending any way1 thicke1 bearded or hairy1 and slimy3 the leaves are broad and long1 greene1 drawing somewhat towards a yellow1 bearded or hoarrie1 but smooth and slimie1 having as it were talons1 but not either notched or cut in the edges1 a great deale bigger downward toward the root than above3 while it is young it is leaved1 as it were lying upon the ground1 but rising to a stalke and growing further1 it ceaseth to have such a number of leaves below1 and putteth forth branches from half foot to half1 and storeth itselfe1 by that meanes with leaves1 and still riseth higher from the height of four or five foote1 unto three or four or five cubits according as is sown in a hot and fat ground1 and carefully tilled4 ,the boughs and branches thereof put out at joints1 and divide the stalk by distance of halfe a foote3 the highest of which branches are bigger than an arme4 ,at the tops and ends of his branches and boughs1 it putteth foorth flowers almost like those of ,nigella1 of a whitish and incarnate color1 having the fashion of a little bell comming out of a swad or husk1 being of the fashion of a small goblet1 which husk becometh round1 having the fashion of a little apple1 or sword's pummell3 as soon as the flower is gone and vanished away1 it is filled with very small seedes like unto those of yellow henbane1 and they are black when they be ripe1 or greene1 while they are not yet ripe4 ,in a hot countree it beareth leaves1 flowers1 and seeds at the same time1 in the ninth or tenth month of the year it putteth foorth young cions at the roote1 and reneweth itself by this store and number of cions1 and great quantity of sprouts1 and yet notwithstanding the roots are little1 small1 fine thready strings1 or if otherwise they grow a little thick1 yet remaine they still very short1 in respect of the height of the plant4 ,the roots and leaves do yield a glewish and rosinith kind of juice1 somewhat yellow1 of a rosinlike smell1 not unpleasant1 and of a sharpe1 eager and biting taste1 which sheweth that it is by nature hot1 whereupon we must gather that it is no kind of yellow henbane as some have thought4 ,nicotiana craveth a fat ground well stird1 and well manured also in this cold countrie 7,england7 that is to say an earth1 wherein the manure is so well mingled and incorporated1 as that it becometh earthie1 that is to say1 all turned into earth1 and not making any shew any more of dung3 which is likewise moist and shadowie1 wide and roomy1 for in a narrow and straight place it would not grow high1 straight1 great and well-branched4 ,it desireth the ,south sun before it1 and a wall behind it1 which may stand in stead of a broad pair of shoulders to keep away the northern wind and to beate backe againe the heat of the sun4 ,it groweth the better if it be oft watered1 and maketh itself sport and jolly good cheer with water when the time becometh a little dry4 ,it hateth cold1 and therefore to keepe it from dying in winter1 it must be either kept in cellars where it may have free benefit of air1 or else in some cave made on purpose within the same garden1 or else to cover it as with a cloak very well with a double mat1 making a penthouse of wicker work from the wall to cover the head thereof with straw laid thereupon3 and when the southern sun shineth1 to open the door of the covert made for the said herb right upon the said ,south sun4 ,the most ludicrous part of ,the discourse on ,nicotian will be found in that portion which relates to the making of the plant-bed and transplanting3-- ,for to sow it1 you must make a hole in the earth with your finger and that as deep as your finger is long1 then you must cast into the same hole ten or twelve seeds of the said ,nicotiana together1 and fill up the hole again3 for it is so small1 as that if you should put in but four or five seeds the earth would choake it3 and if the time be dry1 you must water the place easily some five days after3 ,and when the herb is grown out of the earth1 inasmuch as every seed will have put up his sprout and stalk1 and that the small thready roots are intangled the one within the other1 you must with a great knife make a composs within the earth in the places about this plot where they grow and take up the earth and all together1 and cast them into a bucket full of water1 to the end that the earth may be seperated1 and the small and tender impes swim about the water2 and so you shall sunder them one after another without breaking of them4 99 99 ,,the ,,stalk4 ,the ,tobacco stalk varies with the varieties of the plant4 ,all of the species cultivated in the ,united ,states have stalks of a large size--much larger than many varieties grown in the tropics4 ,those of some species of tobacco are little and easily broken1 which to a certain extent is the case with most varieties of the plant when maturing very fast4 ,the stalks of some plants are rough and uneven1 while those of others are smooth4 ,nearly all1 including most of those grown in ,europe and ,america1 have erect1 round1 hairy1 viscid stalks1 and large1 fibrous roots2 while that of ,spanish as well as dwarf tobacco is harder and much smaller4 ,the stalk is composed of a wood-like substance containing a glutinous pith1 and is of about the same shade of color as the leaves4 ,as the plant develops in size the stalk hardens1 and when fully grown is not easily broken4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco stalks4 ,the size of the stalk corresponds with that of the leaves1 and with such varieties of the plant as ,connecticut seed leaf1 ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 ,ohio1 ,st4 ,domingo1 and some others2 both will be found to be larger than ,spanish1 ,latakia1 and ,syrian tobacco1 which have a much smaller but harder stalk4 ,it will readily be seen that the stalk must be strong and firm in order to support the large palm-like leaves which on some varieties grow to a length of nearly four feet with a corresponding breadth4 ,the stalk does not cure down as fast as the leaves1 which is thought now to be necessary in order to prevent sweating1 as well as to hasten the curing4 ,most of the varieties of the plant have an erect1 straight stalk1 excepting ,syrian tobacco1 which near the top describes more of a semi-circle1 but not to that extent of giving an idea of an entirely crooked plant4 ,the stalk gradually tapers from the base to the summit1 and when deprived of its leaves presents a smooth appearance not unlike that of a small tree or shrub deprived of its twigs and leaves4 ,,the ,,leaves4 ,the ,plant bears from eight to twenty leaves according to the species of the plant4 ,they have various forms1 ovate1 lanceolate1 and pointed4 ,leaves of a lanceolate form are the largest1 and the shape of those found on most varieties of the ,american plant4 ,the color of the leaves when growing1 as well as after curing and sweating1 varies1 and is frequently caused by the condition of the soil4 ,the color while growing may be either a light or dark green1 which changes to a yellowish cast as the plant matures and ripens4 ,the ground leaves are of a lighter color and ripen earlier than the rest--sometimes turning yellow1 and during damp weather rotting and dropping from the stalk4 ,some varieties of the plant1 like ,latakia1 bear small but thick leaves1 which after cutting are very thin and fine in texture2 while others1 like ,connecticut seed leaf and ,havana1 bear leaves of a medium thickness1 which are also fine and silky after curing4 ,but while the color of the plant when growing is either a light or dark green1 it rapidly changes during curing1 and especially after passing through the sweat1 changing to a light or dark cinnamon like ,connecticut seed leaf1 black like ,holland and ,perique tobacco1 bright yellow of the finest shade of ,virginia and ,carolina leaf1 brown like ,sumatra1 or dark red like that known by the name of ,boshibaghli1 grown in ,asia ,minor4 ,the leaves are covered with glandular hairs containing a glutinous substance of an unpleasant odor1 which characterizes all varieties as well as nearly all parts of the plant4 ,the leaves of all varieties of tobacco grow the entire length of the stem and clasp the stalk1 excepting those of ,syrian1 which are attached by a long stem4 ,the size of the leaves1 as well as the entire plant1 is now much larger than when first discovered4 ,one of the early voyagers describes the plant as short and bearing leaves of about the size and shape of the walnut4 ,in many varieties the leaves grow in a semi-circular form while in others they grow almost straight and still others growing erect presenting a singular appearance4 ,the stem or mid-rib running through the leaf is large and fibrous and its numerous smaller veins proportionally larger which on curing become smaller and particularly in those kinds best adapted for cigar wrappers4 ,the leaves from the base to the center of the plant are of about equal size but are smaller as they reach the summit1 but after topping attain about the same size as the others4 ,the color of the leaf after curing may be determined by the color of the leaf while growing--if dark green while maturing in the field1 the color will be dark after curing and sweating and the reverse if of a lighter shade of green4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco leaves4 ,if the soil be dark the color of the leaf will be darker than if grown upon a light loam4 ,some varieties of the plant have leaves of a smooth glossy appearance while others are rough and the surface uneven--more like a cabbage leaf1 a peculiar feature of the tobacco of ,syria4 ,the kind of fertilizers applied to the soil also in a measure as well as the soil itself has much to do with the texture or body of the leaf and should be duly considered by all growers of the plant4 ,a light moist loam should be chosen for the tobacco field if a leaf of light color and texture is desired while if a dark leaf is preferred the soil chosen should be a moist heavy loam4 ,,the ,,flower4 ,the flowers of the tobacco plant grow in a bunch or cluster on the summit of the plant and are of a pink1 yellow1 or purple white color according to the variety of the plant4 ,on most varieties the color of the flowers is pink excepting ,syrian or ,latakia which bears yellow flowers while those of ,shiraz or ,persian and ,guatemala are white while those of the ,japan tobacco1 are purple4 ,the segments of the corolla are pointed but on some varieties unequal1 particularly that of ,shiraz tobacco4 ,the flowers impart a pleasant odor doubtless to all lovers of the weed but to all others a compound of villainous smells among which and above all the rest may be recognized an odor suggestive of the leaves of the plant4 ,illustration3 ,bud and flowers4 ,when in full blossom a tobacco field forms a pleasant feature of a landscape which is greatly heightened if the plants are large and of equal size4 ,the pink flowers are the largest while those of a yellow color are the smallest4 ,the plant comes into blossom a few weeks before fully ripe when with a portion of the stalk they are broken off to hasten the ripening and maturing of the leaves4 ,after the buds appear they blossom in a few days and remain in full bloom two or three weeks1 when they perish like the blossoms of other plants and flowers4 ,the flowers of ,havana tobacco are of a lighter pink than those of ,connecticut tobacco but are not as large--a trifle larger however than those of ,latakia tobacco4 ,those varieties of the tobacco plant bearing pink flowers are the finest flavored and are used chiefly for the manufacture of cigars while those bearing yellow flowers are better adapted for cutting purposes and the pipe4 ,the ,american varieties of tobacco bear a larger number of flowers than ,european tobaccos or those of ,africa or ,asia4 ,the color of the flowers remain the same whether cultivated in one country or another while the leaves may grow larger or smaller according to the system of cultivation adopted4 ,those varieties of the plant with heart-shaped leaves have paniculated flowers with unequal cups4 ,the flower stems on the ,american varieties are much longer than those of ,european tobaccos and also larger4 ,the season has much to do with the size of the flowers2 as if very dry they are usually smaller and not as numerous as if grown under more favorable circumstances4 ,,the ,,capsule4 ,as soon as the flowers drop from the fruit bud the capsules grow very rapidly until they have attained full size--which occurs only in those plants which have been left for seed and remain untopped4 ,when topped they are not usually full grown--as some growers top the plants when just coming into blossom1 while others prefer to top the plants when in full bloom and others still when the blossoms begin to fall4 ,the fruit is described by ,wheeler as a capsule of a nearly oval figure4 ,there is a line on each side of it1 and it contains two cells1 and opens at the top4 ,the receptacles one of a half-oval figure1 punctuated and affixed to the separating body4 ,the seeds are numerous1 kidney-shaped1 and rugose4 ,most growers of the plant would describe the fruit bud as follows3 ,in form resembling an acorn though more pointed at the top2 in some species1 of a dark brown in others of a light brown color1 containing two cells filled with seeds similar in shape to the fruit bud1 but not rugose as described by some botanists4 ,some writers state that each cell contains about one thousand seeds4 ,the fruit buds of ,connecticut1 ,virginia1 ,kentucky and ,ohio ,tobacco as well as of most of the varieties grown within the limits of the ,united ,states are much larger than those of ,havana1 ,yara1 ,syrian1 and numerous other species of the plant1 while the color of these last named varieties is a lighter shade of brown4 ,the color of the seed also varies according to the varieties of the plant4 ,the seeds of some species are of a dark brown while others are of a lighter shade4 ,the seeds1 however1 are so small that the variety to which they belong cannot be determined except by planting or sowing them4 ,illustration3 ,capsules4 7,fruit bud47 ,the plants selected for seed are usually left growing until late in the season1 and at night should be protected from the cold and frost by a light covering of some kind--this may not be absolutely necessary1 as most growers of tobacco have often noticed young plants growing around the base or roots of the seed stalk--the seeds of which germinated although remaining in the ground during the winter4 ,strong1 healthy plants generally produce large1 well filled capsules the only ones to be selected by the grower if large1 fine plants are desired4 ,many growers of tobacco have doubtless examined the capsules of some species of the plant and frequently observed that the capsules or fruit buds are often scarcely more than half-filled while others contain but a few seeds4 ,the largest and finest capsules on the plant mature first1 while the smaller ones grow much slower and are frequently several weeks changing from green to brown4 ,many of the capsules do not contain any seed at all4 ,,the ,,sucker4 ,the offshoots or suckers as they are termed1 make their appearance at the junction of the leaves and stalk1 about the roots of the plant1 the result of that vigorous growth caused by topping4 ,the suckers can hardly be seen until after the plant has been topped1 when they come forward rapidly and in a short time develop into strong1 vigorous shoots4 ,tatham describing the sucker says3 ,the sucker is a superfluous sprout which is wont to make its appearance and shoot forth from the stem or stalk1 near to the junction of the leaves with the stems1 and about the root of the plant1 and if allowed to grow1 injuring the marketable quality of the tobacco by compelling a division of its nutriment during the act of maturation4 ,the planter is therefore careful to destroy these intruders with the thumb nail1 as in the act of topping4 ,this superfluity of vegetation1 like that of the top1 has been often the subject of legislative care2 and the policy of supporting the good name of the ,virginia produce has dictated the wisdom of penal laws to maintain her good faith against imposition upon strangers who trade with her4 ,the ripening of the suckers not only proves injurious to the quality of the leaf but retards their size and maturity and if allowed to continue1 prevents them from attaining their largest possible growth4 ,illustration3 ,suckers4 ,on large1 strong1 growing plants the growth of suckers is very rank after attaining a length of from six to ten inches1 and when fully grown bearing flowers like the parent stalk4 ,after growing for a length of time they become tough and attached so firmly to the stem of the leaf and stalk that they are broken off with difficulty1 frequently detaching the leaf with them4 ,the growth of the suckers1 however1 determines the quality as well as the maturity of the plants4 ,weak1 spindling plants rarely produce large1 vigorous shoots1 the leaves of such suckers are generally small and of a yellowish color4 ,when the plants are fully ripe and ready to harvest the suckers will be found to be growing vigorously around the root of the plant4 ,this is doubtless the best evidence of its maturity1 more reliable by far than any other as it denotes the ripening of the entire plant4 ,suckering the plants hastens the ripening of the leaves1 and gives a lighter shade of color1 no matter on what soil the plants are grown4 ,having treated at some length of the various parts of the tobacco plant--stalk1 leaves1 flowers1 capsules and suckers we come now to its nicotine properties4 ,the tobacco plant1 as is well known1 produces a virulent poison known as ,nicotine4 ,this property1 however1 as well as others as violent is found in many articles of food1 including the potato together with its stalk and leaves2 the effects of which may be experienced by chewing a small quantity of the latter4 ,the ,new ,edinburgh ,encyclopedia says3 ,the peculiar effect produced by using tobacco bears some resemblance to intoxication and is excited by an essential oil which in its pure state is so powerful as to destroy life even in very minute quantity4 ,chemistry has taught us that nicotine is only one among many principles which are contained in the plant4 ,it is supposed by many but not substantiated by chemical research that nicotine is not the flavoring agent which gives tobacco its essential and peculiar varieties of odor4 ,such are most probably given by the essential oils1 which vary in amount in different species of the plant4 ,an ,english writer says3 ,nicotine is disagreeable to the habitual smoker1 as is proved by the increased demand for clean pipes or which by some mechanical contrivance get rid of the nicotine4 ,the late ,dr4 ,blotin tested by numerous experiments the effects of nicotine on the various parts of the organization of man4 ,while the physiological effects of nicotine may be interesting to the medical practitioner1 they will hardly interest the general reader unless it can be shown that the effects of nicotine and tobacco should be proved to be identical4 ,we are loth to leave this subject1 however1 as it is so intimately connected with the history of the plant1 without treating somewhat of its medicinal properties which to many are of more interest than its social qualities4 ,the ,indians not only used the plant socially1 religiously1 but medicinally4 ,their ,medicine men prescribed its use in various ways for most diseases common among them4 ,the use thus made of the plant attracted the attention of the ,spanish and ,english1 far more than its use either as a means of enjoyment or as a religious act4 ,when introduced to the ,old ,world1 its claims as a remedy for most diseases gave it its popularity and served to increase its use4 ,it was styled ,sana sancta ,indorum-- ,herbe propre tous maux1 and physicians claimed that it was the most sovereign and precious weed that ever the earth tendered to the use of man4 ,as early as #afaj1 three years after the ,london and ,plymouth ,companies settled in ,virginia1 and some years before it began to be cultivated by them as an article of export1 it had attracted the attention of ,english physicians1 who seemed to take as much delight in writing of the sanitary uses of the herb as they did in smoking the balmy leaves of the plant4 ,dr4 ,edmund ,gardiner1 ,practitioner of ,physicke1 issued in #afaj a volume entitled1 ,the ,triall of ,tobacco1 setting forth its curative powers4 ,speaking of its use he says3 ,tobacco is not violent1 and therefore may in my judgement bee safely put in practise4 ,thus then you plainly see that all medicines1 and especially tobacco1 being rightly and rationally used1 is a noble medicine and contrariwise not in his due time with other circumstances considered1 it doth no more than a nobleman's shooe doth in healing the gout in the foot4 ,dr4 ,verner of ,bath1 in his ,treatise concerning the taking the fume of tobacco 7#afcg7 says that when taken moderately and at fixed times with its proper adjunct1 which 7as they doe suppose7 is a cup of sack1 they think it be no bad physick4 ,dr4 ,william ,barclay in his work on ,tobacco1 7#afad7 declares that it worketh wonderous cures4 ,he not only defends the herb but the land where it groweth4 ,at this time the tobacco plant like ,indian ,corn was very small1 possessing but few of the qualities now required to make it merchantable4 ,when first exported to ,spain and ,portugal from the ,west ,indies and ,south ,america1 and even by the ,english from ,virginia1 the leaf was dark in color and strong and rank in flavor4 ,this1 however1 seems to have been the standard in regard to some varieties while others are spoken of by some of the early writers upon tobacco as sweet4 ,the tobacco 7uppowoc7 grown by the ,indians in ,america1 at the time of its discovery1 and more particularly in ,north ,america1 would compare better with the suckers of the largest varieties of the plant rather than with even the smallest species of the plant now cultivated4 ,at the present time tobacco culture is considered a science in order to secure the colors in demand1 and that are fashionable1 and also the right texture of leaf now so desirable in all tobaccos designed for wrappers4 ,could the ,indians1 who cultivated the plant on the banks of the ,james1 the ,amazon and other rivers of ,america1 now look upon the plant growing in rare luxuriance upon the same fields where they first raised it1 they could hardly realize them to be the same varieties that they had previously planted4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,tobacco4 ,,its ,,discovery4 ,nearly four hundred years have passed away since the tobacco plant and its use was introduced to the civilized world4 ,it was in the month of ,november1 #adib1 that the sailors of ,columbus in exploring the island of ,cuba first noted the mode of using tobacco4 ,they found the ,indians carrying lighted firebrands 7as they at first supposed7 and puffed the smoke inhaled from their mouths and nostrils4 ,the ,spaniards concluded that this was a method common with them of perfuming themselves2 but its frequent use soon taught them that it was the dried leaves of a plant which they burned inhaling and exhaling the smoke4 ,it attracted the attention of the ,spaniards no less from its novelty than from the effect produced by the indulgence4 ,the use of tobacco by the ,indians was entirely new to the ,spanish discoverers and when in #aejc they landed in various parts of ,south ,america they found that both chewing and smoking the herb was a common custom with the natives4 ,but while the ,indians and their habits attracted the attention of the ,spanish sailors ,columbus was more deeply interested in the great continent and the luxuriant tropical growth to be seen on every hand4 ,columbus himself says of it3-- ,everything invited me to settle here4 ,the beauty of the streams1 the clearness of the water1 through which ,i could see the sandy bottom2 the multitude of palm-trees of different kinds1 the tallest and finest ,i had ever seen2 and an infinite number of other large and flourishing trees2 the birds1 and the verdure of the plains1 are so amazingly beautiful1 that this country excelles all others as far as the day surpasses the night in splendor4 ,lowe1 gives the following account of the discovery of tobacco and its uses3-- ,the discovery of this plant is supposed to have been made by ,fernando ,cortez in ,yucatan in the ,gulf of ,mexico1 where he found it used universally1 and held in a species of veneration by the simple natives4 ,he made himself acquainted with the uses and supposed virtues of the plant and the manner of cultivating it1 and sent plants to ,spain1 as part of the spoils and treasures of his new-found ,world4 ,oviedo#d is the first author who gives a clear account of smoking among the ,indians of ,hispaniola#e4 ,he alludes to it as one of their evil customs and used by them to produce insensibility4 ,their mode of using it was by inhalation and expelling the smoke through the nostrils by means of a hollow forked cane or hollow reed4 ,oviedo describes them as about a span long2 and when used the forked ends are inserted in the nostrils1 the other end being applied to the burning leaves of the herb1 using the herb in this manner stupefied them producing a kind of intoxication4 ,footnote #d3 ,historia ,general de los ,indios #aebf4 ,footnote #e3 ,st4 ,domingo4 ,illustration3 ,primitive pipe4 ,of the early accounts of the plant and its use1 ,beckman a ,german writer says3-- ,in #adif1 ,romanus ,pane1 a ,spanish monk1 whom ,columbus1 on his second departure from ,america1 had left in that country1 published the first account of tobacco with which he became acquainted in ,st4 ,domingo4 ,he gave it the name of ,cohoba ,cohobba1 ,gioia4 ,in #aece1 the negroes had already habituated themselves to the use of tobacco1 and cultivated it in the plantations of their masters4 ,europeans likewise already smoked it4 ,an early writer thus alludes to the use of tobacco among the ,east ,indians3-- ,the ,east ,indians do use to make little balls of the juice of the hearbe tobaco and the ashes of cockle-shells wrought up together1 and dryed in the shadow1 and in their travaile they place one of the balls between their neather lip and their teeth1 sucking the same continually1 and letting down the moysture1 and it keepeth them both from hunger and thirst for the space of three or four days4 ,oviedo says of the implements used by the ,indians in smoking3-- ,the hollow cane used by them is called tobaco and that that name is not given to the plant or to the stupor caused by its use4 ,a writer alluding to the same subject says3-- ,the name tobacco is supposed to be derived from the ,indian tobaccos1 given by the ,caribs to the pipe in which they smoked the plant4 ,others derive it from ,tabasco1 a province of ,mexico2 others from the island of ,tobago one of the ,caribbees2 and others from ,tobasco in the gulf of ,florida4 ,tomilson says3-- ,the word tobacco appears to have been applied by the caribbees to the pipe in which they smoked the herb while the ,spaniards distinguished the herb itself by that name4 ,the more probable derivation of the word is from a place called ,tobaco in ,yucatan from which the herb was first sent to the ,new ,world4 ,humboldt says concerning the name3-- ,the word ,tobacco like maize1 savannah1 cacique1 maguey 7agave7 and manato1 belong to the ancient language of ,hayti1 or ,st4 ,domingo4 ,it did not properly denote the herb1 but the tube through which the smoke was inhaled4 ,it seems surprising that a vegetable production so universally spread should have different names among neighboring people4 ,the pete-ma of the ,omaguas is1 no doubt1 the pety of the ,guaranos2 but the analogy between the ,cabre and ,algonkin 7or ,lenni-,lennope7 words which denote tobacco may be merely accidental4 ,the following are the synonymes in five languages3 ,aztec or ,mexican1 yetl2 ,huron1 oyngona2 ,peruvian1 sayri2 ,brazil1 piecelt2 ,moxo1 sabare4 ,roman ,pane who accompanied ,columbus on his second voyage alludes to another method of using the herb4 ,they make a powder of the leaves1 which they take through a cane half a cubit long2 one end of this they place in the nose1 and the other upon the powder1 and so draw it up1 which purges them very much4 ,this is doubtless the first account that we have of snuff-taking2 ,fairholt says concerning its use3-- ,its effects upon the ,indians in both instances seem to have been more violent and peculiar than upon ,europeans since4 ,this may be accounted for from the fact of the imperfect method of curing tobacco adopted by them and all of the natives up to the period of the settlement of ,virginia by the ,english4 ,as nearly all of the early voyagers allude to the plant and especially to its use it would seem probable that it had been cultivated from time immemorial by all the native people of the ,orinoco2 and at the period of the conquest the habit of smoking was found to be alike spread over both ,north and ,south ,america4 ,the ,tamanacs and the ,maypures of ,guiana wrap maize leaves round their cigars as the ,mexicans did at the time of the arrival of ,cortez4 ,the ,spaniards since have substituted paper for the leaves of maize1 in imitation of them4 ,the poor ,indians of the forests of the ,orinoco know as well as did the great nobles at the court of ,montezuma1 that the smoke of tobacco is an excellent narcotic2 and they use it not only to procure their afternoon nap1 but also to put themselves in that state of quiescence which they call dreaming with the eyes open or day dreaming4 ,illustration3 ,native smoking4 ,tobacco at this period was also rolled up in the leaves of the ,palm and smoked4 ,columbus found the natives of ,san ,salvador smoking after this manner4 ,lobel in his ,history of ,plants#f gives an engraving of a native smoking one of these rolls or primitive cigars and speaks of their general use by ,captains of ships trading to the ,west ,indies4 ,footnote #f3 ,history of ,plants1 #aegf4 ,but not only was snuff taking and the use of tobacco rolls or cigars noted by ,european voyagers1 but the use of the pipe also in some parts of ,america1 seemed to be a common custom especially among the chiefs4 ,be ,bry in his ,history of ,brazil 7#aeij7 describes its use and also some interesting particulars concerning the plant4 ,their method of curing the leaves was to air-dry them and then packing them until wanted for use4 ,in smoking he says3-- ,when the leaves are well dried they place in the open part of a pipe of which on burning1 the smoke is inhaled into the mouth by the more narrow part of the pipe1 and so strongly that it flows out of the mouth and nostrils1 and by that means effectually drives out humours4 ,fairholt in alluding to the various uses of the herb among the ,indians says3-- ,we can thus trace to ,south ,america1 at the period when the ,new ,world was first discovered1 every mode of using the tobacco plant which the ,old ,world has indulged in ever since4 ,this statement is not entirely correct--the mode of using tobacco in ,norway by plugging the nostrils with small pieces of tobacco seems to have been unknown among the ,indians of ,america as it is now with all other nationalities1 excepting the ,norwegians4 ,when ,cortez made conquest of ,mexico in #aeai smoking seemed to be a common as well as an ancient custom among the natives4 ,benzoni in his ,history of the ,new ,world#g describing his travels in ,america gives a detailed account of the plant and their method of curing and using it4 ,in both ,north and ,south ,america the use of tobacco seemed to be universal among all the tribes and beyond all question the custom of using the herb had its origin among them4 ,the traditions of the ,indians all confirm its ancient source2 they considered the plant as a gift from the ,great ,spirit for their comfort and enjoyment and one which the ,great ,spirit also indulged in1 consequently with them smoking partook of the character of a moral if not a religious act4 ,the use of tobacco in sufficient quantities to produce intoxication seemed to be a favorite remedy for most diseases among them and was administered by their doctors or medicine-men in large quantities4 ,benzoni gives an engraving of their mode of inhaling the smoke and says of its use3-- ,footnote #g3 ,from #aeda to #aeef4 ,in ,la ,espanola1 when their doctors wanted to cure a sick man1 they went to the place where they were to administer the smoke1 and when he was thoroughly intoxicated by it1 the cure was mostly effected4 ,on returning to his senses he told a thousand stories of his having been at the council of the gods1 and other high visions4 ,it can hardly be supposed that while the custom of using tobacco among the ,indians in both ,north and ,south ,america was very general and the mode of use the same1 that the plant grown was of the same quality in one part as in another4 ,while the rude culture of the natives would hardly tend to an improvement in quality2 the climate being varied would no doubt have much to do with the size and quality of the plant4 ,this would seem the more probable for as soon as its cultivation began in ,virginia by the ,english colonists it had successful rivals in the tobacco of the ,west ,indies and ,south ,america4 ,robertson says3-- ,virginia tobacco was greatly inferior to that raised by the ,spaniards in the ,west ,indies and which sold for six times as much as ,virginia tobacco4#h ,footnote #h3 ,west ,india tobacco sold for #ah shillings per pound and ,virginia for #c s4 ,but not only has the name tobacco and the implements employed in its use caused much discussion but also the origin of the plant4 ,some writers affirm that it came from ,asia and that it was first grown in ,china having been used by the ,chinese long before the narcotic properties of opium were known4 ,tatham in his work on ,tobacco says of its origin in substantial agreement with ,la ,bott3-- ,it is generally understood that the tobacco plant of ,virginia is a native production of the country2 but whether it was found in a state of natural growth there1 or a plant cultivated by the ,indian natives1 is a point of which we are not informed1 nor which ever can be farther elucidated than by the corroboration of historical facts and conjectures4 ,i have been thirty years ago1 and the greatest part of my time during that period1 intimately acquainted with the interior parts of ,america2 and have been much in the unsettled parts of the country1 among those kinds of soil which are favorable to the cultivation of tobacco2 but ,i do not recollect one single instance where ,i have met with tobacco growing wild in the woods1 although ,i have often found a few spontaneous plants about the arable and trodden grounds of deserted habitations4 ,this circumstance1 as well as that of its being now1 and having been1 cultivated by the natives at the period of ,european discoveries1 inclines towards a supposition that this plant is not a native of ,north ,america1 but may possibly have found its way thither with the earliest migrations from some distant land4 ,this might1 indeed1 have easily been the case from ,south ,america1 by way of the ,isthmus of ,panama2 and the foundation of the ,choctaw and ,chickasaw nations 7who we have reasons to consider as descendants from the ,tloseolians1 and to have migrated to the eastward of the river ,mississippi1 about the time of the ,spanish conquest of ,mexico by ,cortez71 seems to have afforded one fair opportunity for its dissemination4 ,the first knowledge which the ,english discoverers had of the plant was in #aefe when they found it growing in ,florida1 one hundred and seventy-three years after it was first discovered by ,columbus on the island of ,cuba4 ,sir ,john ,hawkins says of its use in ,florida3-- ,the ,floridians1 when they travel1 have a kind of herb dried1 which with a cane and an earthen cup in the end1 with fire and the dried herbs put together1 do suke through the cane the smoke thereof1 which smoke satisfieth their hunger1 and therewith they live four or five dayes without meat or drinke1 and this all the ,frenchmen used for this purpose3 yet do they holde opinion withall1 that it causeth water and steame to void from their stomacks4 ,this preparation might not have been tobacco as the ,indians smoke a kind of bark which they scrape from the killiconick1 an aromatic shrub1 in form resembling the willow2 they use also a preparation made with this and sumach leaves1 or sometimes with the latter mixed with tobacco4 ,lionel ,wafer in his travels upon the ,isthmus of ,darien in #afii saw the plant growing and cultivated by the natives4 ,he says3-- ,these ,indians have tobacco amongst them4 ,it grows as the tobacco in ,virginia1 but is not so strong1 perhaps for want of transplanting and manuring1 which the ,indians do not well understand1 for they only raise it from the seed in their plantations4 ,when it is dried and cured they strip it from the stalks1 and laying two or three leaves upon one another1 they roll up all together sideways into a long roll1 yet leaving a little hollow4 ,round this they roll other leaves one after another1 in the same manner1 but close and hard1 till the roll be as big as one's wrist1 and two or three feet in length4 ,their way of smoking when they are in company is thus3 a boy lights one end of a roll and burns it to a coal1 wetting the part next it to keep it from wasting too fast4 ,the end so lighted he puts into his mouth1 and blows the smoke through the whole length of the roll into the face of every one of the company or council1 though there be two or three hundred of them4 ,then they1 sitting in their usual posture upon forms1 make with their hands held together a kind of funnel round their mouths and noses4 ,into this they receive the smoke as it is blown upon them1 snuffing it up greedily and strongly as long as ever they are able to hold their breath1 and seeming to bless themselves1 as it were1 with the refreshment it gives them4 ,in the year #aecd ,james ,cartier a ,frenchman was commissioned to explore the coast of ,north ,america1 with a view to find a place for a colony4 ,he observed that the natives of ,canada used the leaves of an herb which they preserved in pouches made of skins and smoked in stone pipes4 ,it being offensive to the ,french1 they took none of it with them on their return4 ,but writing more particularly concerning the plant he says3-- ,in ,hochelaga1 up the river in ,canada there groweth a certain kind of herb whereof in ,summer they make a great provision for all the year1 making great account of it1 and only men use of it1 and first they cause it to be dried in the ,sune1 then wear it about their necks wrapped in a little beast's skine made like a bagge1 with a hollow piece of stone or wood like a pipe1 then when they please they make powder of it1 and then put it in one of the ends of the said ,cornet or pipe1 and laying a cole of fire upon it1 at the other end and suck so long1 that they fill their bodides full of smoke1 till that it commeth out of their mouth and nostrils1 even as out of the ,tonnel of a chimney4 ,they say that this doth keepe them warme and in health1 they never goe without some of this about them4 ,be ,bry in his ,history of ,brazil #aeij gives an engraving of a native smoking a pipe and a female offering him a handful of tobacco leaves4 ,the pipe has a modern look and is altogether unlike those found by the ,english in use among the ,indians in ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,old engraving4 ,an ,english writer says of the ,tobacco using races3-- ,from the evidence collected by travellers and archologists1 as to the native arts and relics connected with the use of ,tobacco by the ,red ,indians1 it would appear that not one tribe has been found which was unacquainted with the custom1#i its use being as well known to the tribes of the ,north-west and the denizens of the snowy wilds of ,canada1 as to the races inhabiting ,central ,america and the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,footnote #i3 ,arnold in his ,history of ,rhode ,island refers to the planting of tobacco by the ,indians when the ,state was first settled4 ,elliot also says in his ,history of the same ,state3--,tobacco was universal1 every man carrying his pipe and bag2 and in its cultivation only1 did the men condescend to labor2 but occasionally all would join1 the whole neighborhood1 men1 women1 and children1 when some one's field was to be broken up1 and they made a loving1 sociable1 speedy time of it4 ,father ,francisco ,creuxio states that the ,jesuit missionaries found the weed extensively used by the ,indians of the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,in #afbi he found the ,hurons smoking the dried leaves and stalks of the ,tobacco plant or petune4 ,many tribes of ,indians consider that ,tobacco is a gift bestowed by the ,great ,spirit as a means of enjoyment4 ,in consequence of this belief the pipe became sacred1 and smoking became a moral if not a religious act1 amongst the ,north ,american ,indians4 ,the ,iroquois are of opinion that by burning ,tobacco they could send up their prayers to the ,great ,spirit with the ascending incense1 thus maintaining communication with the spirit world2 and ,dr4 ,daniel ,wilson suggests that the practice of smoking originated in the use of the intoxicating fumes for purposes of divination1 and other superstitious rites4 ,when an ,indian goes on an expedition1 whether of peace or war1 his pipe is his constant companion2 it is to him what salt is among ,arabs3 the pledge of fidelity and the seal of treaties4 ,in the words of a ,review3 ,tobacco supplies one of the few comforts by which men who live by their hands1 solace themselves under incessant hardship4 ,while the presence1 and use of tobacco by the natives of ,america are among the most interesting features connected with its history1 it can hardly be more so than is its early cultivation by the ,spaniards1 ,english and ,dutch1 and afterward by the ,french4 ,the cultivation of the plant began in the ,west ,india ,islands and ,south ,america early in the ,sixteenth ,century4 ,in ,cuba its culture commenced in #aehj1 and from this and the other islands large quantities were shipped to ,europe4 ,it was also cultivated near ,varina in ,columbia1 while ,amazonian tobacco had acquired an enviable reputation as well as ,varinian1 long before its cultivation began in ,virginia by the ,english4 ,at this period of its culture in ,america the entire product was sent to ,spain and ,portugal1 and from thence to ,france and ,great ,britain and other countries of ,europe4 ,the plant and its use attracted at once the attention as well as aroused the cupidity of the ,spaniards1 who prized it as one of their greatest discoveries4 ,as soon as ,tobacco was introduced into ,europe by the ,spaniards1 and its use became a general custom1 its sale increased as extensively as its cultivation4 ,at this period it brought enormous prices1 the finest selling at from fifteen to eighteen shillings per pound4 ,its cultivation by the ,spaniards in various portions of the ,new ,world proved to them not only its real value as an article of commerce1 but also that several varieties of the plant existed2 as on removal from one island or province to another it changed in size and quality of leaf4 ,varinas tobacco at this time was one of the finest tobaccos known1#aj and large quantities were shipped to ,spain and ,portugal4 ,the early voyagers little dreamed1 however1 of the vast proportions to be assumed by the trade in the plant which they had discovered1 and which in time proved a source of the greatest profit not only to the ,european colonies1 but to the dealers in the ,old ,world4 ,footnote #aj3 ,trinidad tobacco was then considered the finest4 ,helps1 treating on this same subject1 says3 ,it is interesting to observe the way in which a new product is introduced to the notice of the ,old ,world--a product that was hereafter to become1 not only an unfailing source of pleasure to a large section of the whole part of mankind1 from the highest to the lowest1 but was also to distinguish itself as one of those commodities for revenue1 which are the delight of statesmen1 the great financial resource of modern nations1 and which afford a means of indirect taxation that has perhaps nourished many a war1 and prevented many a revolution4 ,the importance1 financially and commercially speaking1 of this discovery of tobacco--a discovery which in the end proved more productive to the ,spanish crown than that of the gold mines of the ,indies4 ,spain and ,portugal in all their colonies fostered and encouraged its cultivation and then at once ranked as the best producers and dealers in tobacco4 ,the varieties grown by them in the ,west ,indies and ,south ,america were highly esteemed and commanded much higher prices than that grown by the ,english and ,dutch colonies4 ,in #afbj1 however1 the ,dutch merchants were the largest wholesale tobacconists in ,europe1 and the people of ,holland1 generally1 the greatest consumers of the weed4 ,the expedition of #aehd1 under the auspices of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 which resulted in the discovery of ,virginia1 also introduced the tobacco plant1 among other novelties1 to the attention of the ,english4 ,hariot1#aa who sailed with this expedition1 says of the plant3 ,footnote #aa3 ,a brief and true ,report of the ,new ,found ,land of ,virginia 7,london1 #aehh74 ,there is an herb which is sowed apart by itselfe1 and is called by the inhabitants uppowoc4 ,in the ,west ,indies it hath divers names1 according to the severall places and countries where it groweth and is used2 the ,spaniards generally call it ,tobacco4 ,the leaves thereof being dried and brought into powder1 they use to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes made of clay into their stomacke and heade1 from whence it purgeth superfluous fleame and other grosse humors2 openeth all the pores and passages of the body2 by which means the use thereof not only preserveth the body from obstructions1 but also if any be so that they have not beene of too long continuance1 in short time breaketh them2 whereby their bodies are notably preserved in health1 and know not many grievous diseases wherewithall we in ,england are oftentimes affected4 ,this uppowoc is of so precious estimation amongest them that they thinke their gods are marvellously delighted therewith2 whereupon sometime they make halowed fires1 and cast some of the powder therein for a sacrifise4 ,being in a storme uppon the waters1 to pacifie their gods1 they cast some up into the aire and into the water3 so a weave for fish being newly set up1 they cast some therein and into the aire2 also after an escape of danger they cast some into the aire likewise2 but all done with strange gestures1 stamping1 sometimes dancing1 clapping of hands1 holding up of hands1 and staring up into the heavens1 uttering there withal and chattering strange wordes1 and noises4 ,we ourselves during the time we were there used to suck it after their manner1 as also since our returne1 and have found many rare and wonderful experiments of the virtues thereof2 of which the relation would require a volume of itselfe2 the use of it by so manie of late1 men and women1 of great calling as else1 and some learned phisitions also is sufficient witnes4 ,the natives also when ,drake#ab landed in ,virginia1 brought a little basket made of rushes1 and filled with an herbe which they called ,tobah2 they came also the second time to us bringing with them as before had been done1 feathers and bags of ,tobah for presents1 or rather indeed for sacrifices1 upon this persuasion that we were gods4 ,footnote #ab3 ,the ,world ,encompassed4 ,london1 #afbh4 ,william ,strachey#ac says of tobacco and its cultivation by the ,indians3 ,footnote #ac3 ,the ,historie of ,travaile into ,virginia ,britannica4 ,here is great store of tobacco1 which the salvages call apooke3 howbeit it is not of the best kynd1 it is but poor and weake1 and of a byting taste2 it grows not fully a yard above ground1 bearing a little yellow flower like to henbane2 the leaves are short and thick1 somewhat round at the upper end2 whereas the best tobacco of ,trynidado and the ,oronoque1 is large1 sharpe1 and growing two or three yardes from the ground1 bearing a flower of the breadth of our bell-flower1 in ,england2 the salvages here dry the leaves of this apooke over the fier1 and sometymes in the sun1 and crumble yt into poudre1 stalk1 leaves1 and all1 taking the same in pipes of earth1 which very ingeniously they can make4 ,illustration3 ,the contrast4 ,it would seem then1 if the account given by ,strachey be correct1 that the tobacco cultivated by the ,indians of ,north ,america was of inferior growth and quality to that grown in many portions of ,south ,america1 and more particularly in the ,west ,india islands4 ,as there are still many varieties of the plant grown in ,america1 so there doubtless was when cultivated by the ,indians4 ,while most probably the quality of leaf remained the same from generation to generation1 still in some portions of ,america1 owing more to the soil and climate than the mode of cultivating by them1 they cured very good tobacco4 ,we can readily see how this might have been1 from numerous experiments made with both ,american and ,european varieties4 ,nearly all of the early ,spanish1 ,french and ,english voyagers who landed in ,america were attracted by the beauty of the country4 ,ponce ,de ,leon1 who sailed from ,spain to the ,floridas1 was charmed by the plants and flowers1 and doubtless the first sight of them strengthened his belief in the existence somewhere in this tropical region of the fountain of youth4 ,the discovery of tobacco proved of the greatest advantage to the nations who fostered its growth1--and increased the commerce of both ,england and ,spain1 doing much to make the latter what it once was1 one of the most powerful nations of ,europe and possessor of the largest and richest colonies1 while it greatly helped the former1 already unsurpassed in intelligence and civilization1 to reach its present position at the commercial head of the nations of the world4 ,as ,spain1 however1 has fallen from the high place she once held1 her colonial system has also gone down4 ,and while ,england1 thanks to her more liberal policy1 still retains a large share of the territory which she possessed at first1 ,spain1 which once held sway over a vast portion of ,america1 has been deprived of nearly all of her colonies1 and ere long may lose control of the island on which the discoverer of ,america first saw the plant4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,spain has doubtless conquered more of the ,earth's surface than any other modern nation2 and her peculiar national character has also caused her to make the worst use of them4 ,it was always easier for the ,moor to conquer than to make a good use of his conquests2 and so it has always been with ,spain4 ,it is an historical fact that wherever in the ,english and ,spanish colonies civilization has taken the deepest root1 so has also the plant which has become as famous as any of the great tropical products of the earth4 ,the relation existing between the balmy plant and the commerce of the world is of the strongest kind4 ,fairholt has well said1 that the revenue brought to our present ,sovereign ,lady from this source alone is greater than that ,queen ,elizabeth received from the entire customs of the country4 ,the narrow view of commercial policy held by her successors1 the ,stuarts1 induced them to hamper the colonists of ,america with restrictions2 because they were alarmed lest the ground should be entirely devoted to tobacco4 ,had not this ,indian plant been discovered1 the whole history of some portions of ,america would have been far different4 ,in the ,west ,indies three great products--,coffee1 ,sugar-,cane1 and ,tobacco1--have proved sources of the greatest wealth--and wherever introduced1 have developed to a great extent the resources of the islands4 ,thus it may be seen that while the ,spaniards by the discovery and colonization of large portions of ,america strengthened the currency of the world1 the ,english alike1 by the cultivation of the plant1 gave an impetus to commerce still felt and continued throughout all parts of the globe4 ,an ,english writer has truthfully observed that ,tobacco is like ,elias' cloud1 which was no bigger than a man's hand1 that hath suddenly covered the face of the earth2 the low countries1 ,germany1 ,poland1 ,arabia1 ,persia1 ,turkey1 almost all countries1 drive a trade of it2 and there is no commodity that hath advanced so many from small fortunes to gain great estates in the world4 ,sailors will be supplied with it for their long voyages4 ,soldiers cannot 7but7 want it when they keep guard all night1 or upon other hard duties in cold and tempestuous weather4 ,farmers1 ploughmen1 and almost all labouring men1 plead for it4 ,if we reflect upon our forefathers1 and that within the time of less than one hundred years1 before the use of tobacco came to be known amongst us1 we cannot but wonder how they did to subsist without it2 for were the planting or traffick of tobacco now hindered1 millions of this nation in all probability must perish for the want of food1 their whole livelihood almost depending upon it4 ,when first discovered in ,america1 and particularly by the ,english in ,virginia1 the plant was cultivated only by the females of the tribes1 the chiefs and warriors engaging only in the chase or following the warpath4 ,they cultivated a few plants around their wigwams1 and cured a few pounds for their own use4 ,the smoke1 as it ascended from their pipes and circled around their rude huts and out into the air1 seemed typical of the race--the original cultivators and smokers of the plant4 ,but1 unlike the great herb which they cherished and gave to civilization1 they have gradually grown weak in numbers and faded away1 while the great plant has gone on its way1 ever assuming more and more sway over the commercial and social world1 until it now takes high rank among the leading elements of mercantile and agricultural greatness4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,tobacco ,,in ,,america4 ,we do not find in any accounts of the ,english voyagers made previous to #aehd1 any mention of the discovery of tobacco1 or its use among the ,indians4 ,this may appear a little strange1 as ,captains ,amidas and ,barlow1 who sailed from ,england under the auspices of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh in #aehd1 on returning from ,virginia1 had brought home with them pearls and tobacco among other curiosities4 ,but while we have no account of those who returned from the voyage made in #afjb taking any tobacco with them1 it is altogether probable that those who remained took a lively interest in the plant and the ,indian mode of use2 for we find that in nine years after they landed at ,jamestown tobacco had become quite an article of culture and commerce4 ,hamo in alluding to the early cultivation of tobacco by the colony1 says1 that ,john ,rolfe was the pioneer tobacco planter4 ,in his words3 ,i may not forget the gentleman worthie of much commendations1 which first took the pains to make triall thereof1 his name ,mr4 ,john ,rolfe1 ,anno ,domini #afab1 partly for the love he hath a long time borne unto it1 and partly to raise commodities to the adventurers1 in whose behalfe ,i intercede and vouchsafe to hold my testimony in beleefe that during the time of his aboade there1 which draweth neere sixe years no man hath laboured to his power there1 and worthy incouragement unto ,england1 by his letters than he hath done1 witness his marriage with ,powhatan's daughter one of rude education1 manners barbarous1 and cursed generation merely for the good and honor of the plantation4 ,illustration3 ,john ,rolfe4 ,the first general planting of tobacco by the colony began according to this writer-- at ,west and ,sherley ,hundred 7seated on the north side of the river1 lower than the ,bermudas three or four myles7 where are twenty-five commanded by capten ,maddeson--who are imployed onely in planting and curing tobacco4 ,this was in #afaf1 when the colony numbered only three hundred and fifty-one persons4 ,rolfe1 in his relation of the state of ,virginia1 written and addressed to the ,king1 gives the following description of the condition of the colony in #afaf3 ,now that your highness may with the more ease understand in what condition the colony standeth1 ,i have briefly sett downe the manner of all men's several imployments1 the number of them1 and the several places of their aboad1 which places or seates are all our owne ground1 not so much by conquest1 which the ,indians hold a just and lawfull title1 but purchased of them freely1 and they verie willingly selling it4 ,the places which are now possessed and inhabited are sixe3--,henrico and the lymitts1 ,bermuda ,nether hundred1 ,west and ,sherley hundred1 ,james ,towne1 ,kequoughtan1 and ,dales-,gift4 ,the generall mayne body of the planters are divided into ,officers1 ,laborers1 ,farmors4 ,the officers have the charge and care as well over the farmors as laborers generallie--that they watch and ward for their preservacions2 and that both the one and the other's busines may be daily followed to the performance of those imployments1 which from the one are required1 and the other by covenant are bound unto4 ,these officers are bound to maintayne themselves and families with food and rayment by their owne and their servant's industrie4 ,the laborers are of two sorts4 ,some employed onely in the generall works1 who are fedd and clothed out of the store--others1 specially artificers as smiths1 carpenters1 shoemakers1 taylors1 tanners1 c41 doe worke in their professions for the colony1 and maintayne themselves with food and apparrell1 having time lymitted them to till and manure their ground4 ,the farmors live at most ease--yet by their good endeavors bring yearlie much plentie to the plantation4 ,they are bound by covenant1 both for themselves and servants1 to maintaine your ,ma'ties right and title in that kingdom1 against all foreigne and domestique enemies4 ,to watch and ward in the townes where they are resident4 ,to do thirty-one dayes service for the colony1 when they shalbe called thereunto--yet not at all tymes1 but when their owne busines can best spare them4 ,to maintayne themselves and families with food and rayment--and every farmor to pay yearlie into the magazine for himself and every man servant1 two barrells and a halfe of ,english measure4 ,thus briefly have ,i sett downe every man's particular imployment and manner of living2 albeit1 lest the people--who generallie are bent to covett after gaine1 especially having tasted of the sweete of their labors--should spend too much of their tyme and labor in planting tobacco1 known to them to be verie vendible in ,england1 and so neglect their tillage of corne1 and fall into want thereof1 it is provided for--by the providence and care of ,sir ,thomas ,dale--that no farmor or other1 who must maintayne themselves--shall plant any tobacco1 unless he shall yearely manure1 set and maintayne for himself and every man servant two acres of ground with corne1 which doing they may plant as much tobacco as they will1 els all their tobacco shalbe forfeite to the colony--by which meanes the magazine shall yearely be sure to receave their rent of corne2 to maintayne those who are fedd thereout1 being but a few1 and manie others1 if need be2 they themselves will be well stored to keepe their families with overplus1 and reape tobacco enough to buy clothes and such other necessaries as are needful for themselves and household4 ,for an easie laborer will keepe and tend two acres of corne1 and cure a good store of tobacco--being yet the principall commoditie the colony for the present yieldeth4 ,for which as for other commodities1 the councell and company for ,virginia have already sent a ship thither1 furnished with all manner of clothing1 household stuff and such necessaries1 to establish a magazine there1 which the people shall buy at easie rates for their commodities--they selling them at such prices that the adventurers may be no loosers4 ,this magazine shalbe yearelie supplied to furnish them1 if they will endeavor1 by their labor1 to maintayne it--which wilbe much beneficiall to the planters and adventurers1 by interchanging their commodities1 and will add much encouragement to them and others to preserve and follow the action with a constant resolution to uphold the same4 ,the colony at this time was engaged in planting corn and tobacco1 making pitch and tarr1 potashes1 charcole1 salt1 and in fishing4 ,of ,jamestown he says3 ,at ,james ,toune 7seated on the north side of the river1 from ,west and ,sherley ,hundred lower down about thirty-seven miles7 are fifty1 under the command of lieutenant ,sharpe1 in the absence of capten ,francis ,west1 ,esq41 brother to the right ho'ble the ,l4 ,lawarre1--whereof thirty-one are farmors2 all theis maintayne themselves with food and rayment4 ,mr4 ,richard ,buck minister there--a verie good preacher4 ,rev4 ,hugh ,jones ,chaplain to the ,honourable ,assembly1 and lately ,minister of ,james-,towne and in ,virginia1 in a work entitled--,the ,present ,state of ,virginia1 gives the following account of the cultivation of tobacco3 ,when a tract of land is seated1 they clear it by felling the trees about a yard from the ground1 lest they should shoot again4 ,what wood they have occasion for they carry off1 and burn the rest1 or let it lie and rot upon the ground4 ,the land between the logs and stumps they hoe up1 planting tobacco there in the spring1 inclosing it with a slight fence of cleft rails4 ,this will last for tobacco some years1 if the land be good2 as it is where fine timber1 or grape vines grow4 ,land when hired is forced to bear tobacco by penning their cattle upon it2 but cowpen tobacco tastes strong1 and that planted in wet marshy land is called nonburning tobacco1 which smoaks in the pipe like leather1 unless it be of a good age4 ,when land is tired of tobacco1 it will bear ,indian ,corn or ,english ,wheat1 or any other ,european grain or seed with wonderful increase4 ,illustration3 ,virginia tobacco field1 #afbj4 ,tobacco and ,indian ,corne are planted in hills as hops1 and secured by worm fences1 which are made of rails supporting one another very firmly in a particular manner4 ,tobacco requires a great deal of skill and trouble in the right management of it4 ,they raise the plants in beds1 as we do ,cabbage plants2 which they transplant and replant upon occasion after a shower of rain1 which they call a season4 ,when it is grown up they top it1 or nip off the head1 succour it1 or cut off the ground leaves1 weed it1 hill it2 and when ripe1 they cut it down about six or eight leaves on a stalk1 which they carry into airy tobacco houses1 after it is withered a little in the sun1 there it is hung to dry on sticks1 as paper at the paper-mills2 when it is in proper case1 7as they call it7 and the air neither too moist1 nor too dry1 they strike it1 or take it down1 then cover it up in bulk1 or a great heap1 where it lies till they have leisure or occasion to strip it 7that is pull the leaves from the stalk7 or stem it 7that is to take out the great fibres7 and tie it up in hands1 or streight lay it2 and so by degrees prize or press it with proper engines into great ,hogsheads1 containing from about six to eleven hundred pounds2 four of which ,hogsheads make a tun by dimention1 not by weight2 then it is ready for sale or shipping4 ,there are two sorts of tobacco1 viz41 ,oroonoko the stronger1 and sweet-scented the milder2 the first with a sharper leaf like a ,fox's ear1 and the other rounder and with finer fibres3 ,but each of these are varied into several sorts1 much as ,apples and ,pears are2 and ,i have been informed by the ,indian traders1 that the ,inland ,indians have sorts of tobacco much differing from any planted or used by the ,europeans4 ,the ,indian ,corn is planted in hills and weeded much as tobacco4 ,this grain is of great increase and most general use2 for with this is made good bread1 cakes1 mush1 and hommony for the negroes1 which with good pork and potatoes 7red and white1 very nice and different from ours7 with other roots and pulse1 are their general food4 ,the cultivation of tobacco increased with the growth of the colony and the increase of price which at this time was sufficient to induce most of the planters to neglect the culture of ,corn and ,wheat1 devoting their time to growing their darling tobacco4 ,the first thirty years after the colonization of ,virginia by the ,english1 the colony made but little progress owing in part to private factions and ,indian wars4 ,the horrid massacres by the ,indians threatened the extermination of the colony1 and for a time the plantations were neglected and even tobacco became more of an article of import than of export1 which is substantiated by an early writer of the colony who says3--,a vast quantity of tobacco is consumed in the country in smoking1 chewing1 and snuff4 ,frequent complaints were made by the colony of want of strength and danger of imminent famine1 owing in part to the presence of a greater number of adventurers than of actual settlers1--such being the case the resources of the country were in a measure limited4 ,the demand for tobacco in ,england increasing each year1 together with the high price paid for that from ,virginia 7#c s4 per lb471 stimulated the planters to hazard all their time and labor upon one crop1 neglecting the cultivation of the smaller grains1 intent only upon curing a good store of tobacco4 ,the company of adventurers at length found it necessary to check the excessive planting of the weed1 and by the consent of the ,generall ,assemblie restraining the plantations to one hundred plants#ae ye headd1 uppon each of wich plantes there are to bee left butt onely nyne leaves wich portions as neare as could be guessed1 was generally conceaved would be agreable with the hundred waight you have allowed4 ,footnote #ae3 ,another account is sixty pounds per head4 ,in #afci the ,grand ,assembly 7summoned the sixth of ,january7 passed a law restricting the growth of the colony to #a1ejj1jjj lbs41 and to #a1bjj1jjj in the two years next ensuing4 ,the exporting of the poorer qualities of tobacco by the colony caused much dissatisfaction as will be seen by a letter of the ,company dated #aath ,september1 #afba3 ,we are assured from our ,factor in ,holland that except the tobacco that shall next come thence prove to be of more perfection and goodnesse than that was sent home last1 there is no hope that it vend att all1 for albeit itt passed once yett the wary buyer will not be againe taken1 so that we heartily wish that youe would make some provision for the burninge of all base and rotten stuff1 and not suffer any but very good to be cured at least sent home1 whereby these would certainly be more advanced in the price upon lesse in the quantity2 howsoever we hope that no bad nor ill conditioned tobacco shall be by compelling authoritie 7abusing its power given for public good to private benefit7 putt uppon or ,factor1 and very earnestly desire that he may have the helpe of justice to constraine men to pay their debts unto him both remaining of the last yeares accompt and what shall this yearse growth deue1 and that in ,comodities of the same vallew and goodness as shalbe by him contracted for4 ,at this period it appears that tobacco was used as money1 and as the measure of price and value4 ,the taxes whether public1 county1 or parish1 were payable in tobacco4 ,tatham says1 ,even the tavern keepers were compelled to exchange a dinner for a few pounds of tobacco4 ,the law for the regulation of payments in tobacco was passed in the year #afdj4 ,from these facts and incidents connected with the culture and commerce of the plant we see how intimately it was connected with both ,church and ,state4 ,jones well said the ,establishment is indeed tobacco2 the salary of ministers was payable in it according to the wealth of the parish4 ,in most parishes #afjjj lbs4 was the yearly amount1 and in some #bj1jjj lbs4 of ,tobacco2 out of which there is a deduction for ,cask1 prizing1 collecting1 and about which allowance there are sometimes disputes1 as are also differences often about the place1 time1 and manner of delivering it2 but all these things might easily be regulated4 ,tobacco is more commonly at #bj s4 per cent4 than at #aj2 so that certainly it will bring #ab s4 #h d4 a hundred1 which will make #afjjj 7the least salary7 amount to #ajj per ,ann4 which it must certainly clear1 allowing for all petty charges1 out of the lowness of the price stated which is less than the medium between ten and twenty shillings2 whereas it might be stated above the medium1 since it is oftener at twenty than ten shillings4 ,besides the payment of the salary1 the surplice fees want a better regulation in the payments2 for though the allowance be sufficient1 yet differences often and illwill arise about these fees1 whether they are to be paid in money or tobacco1 and when2 whereas by a small alteration and addition of a few laws in these and the like respects1 the clergy might live more happy1 peaceable1 and better beloved2 and the people would be more easy1 and pay never the more dues4 ,some parts of the country make but mean and poor tobacco so that ,clergymen don't care to live in such parishes2 but there the payment might be made in money1 or in the produce of those places1 which might be equivalent to the tobacco payments2 better for the minister1 and as pleasing to the people4 ,we find further complaints from the ,london ,company of the poor quality of the tobacco sent home1 in a letter addressed to the ,governor1 bearing date #ajth ,june1 #afbb3-- ,the tobacco sent home by the ,george for the company proved very meane and is yett unsold although it hath been offered at #cs4 the pound4 ,this we thought fitt to advise you concerning the quantity and the manner how it is raised1 in both wich being done contrarie to their directors and extreamly to theire prejudice1 the ,companie is very ill sattisfied1 will write by the next1 more largely4 ,in the year #afbj the difficulties seem first to have been publicly avowed1 7though perhaps before felt17 arising from attaching men as permanent settlers to the colony without an adequate supply of women1 to furnish the comforts of domestic life2 and to overcome the difficulty a hundred young women of agreeable persons and respectable characters1 were selected in ,england and sent out1 at the expense of the ,company1 as wives for the settlers4 ,they were very speedily appropriated by the young men of the colony1 who paid for the privilege of choice considerable sums as purchase money1 which went to replenish the treasury of the ,company1 from whence the cost of their outfit and passage had been defrayed4 ,this speculation proved so advantageous to that body1 in a pecuniary sense1 that it was soon followed up by sending out sixty more1 for whom larger prices were paid than for the first consignment2 the amount paid on the average for the first one hundred being #abj pounds of tobacco apiece for each1 then valued at #cs4 per lb41 and for the second supply of sixty1 the average price paid was #aej lbs4 of tobacco1 this being the legal currency of the colony1 and the standard value by which all contracts1 salaries1 and prices were paid4 ,in one of the ,companies letters dated in ,london this #abth of ,august1 #afba1 we find this account of a portion of the goods sent over in the ship ,marmaduke3-- ,we send you in this ship one widdow and eleven maids for wives for the people in ,virginia2 there hath been especiall care had in the choise of them for their hath not any one of them beene received but upon good comendations1 as by a note herewith sent you may perceive3 we pray you all therefore in generall to take them into your care1 and most especially we recommend them to you1 ,mr4 ,pountes1 that at their first landing they may be housed1 lodged and provided for of diet till they be marryed for such was the haste of sending them away1 as that straightned with time1 we had no meanes to putt provisions aboard1 which defect shalbe supplied by the magazine shipp2 and in case they cannot be presently marryed we desire they may be putt to several householders that have wives till they can be provided of husbands4 ,there are neare fifty more which are shortly to come1 we sent by our most honoble ,lord ,william the ,earle of ,southampton and certain worthy gentlemen who taking into these considerations1 that the ,plantation can never flourish till families be planted and the respect of wives and children fix the people in the soil2 therefore have given this fair beginning for the reimbursing of whose charges1 itt is ordered that every man that marries them give #abj lb4 waight of best leafe tobacco for each of them1 and in case any of them dye that proportion must be advanced to make it upp to those that survive2 and this certainly is sett down for that the price sett upon the bages sent last yeare being #bj lb4 which was so much money out of purse here1 there was returned #ff lb4 of tobacco only1 and that of the worst and basest1 so that fraight and shrinkage reconed together with the baseness of the comoditie there was not one half returned1 which injury the company is sensible of as they demand restitution1 which accordingly must be had of them that took uppon them the dispose of them the rather that no man may mistake himself1 in accomptinge tobacco to be currant #cs4 sterling contrary to express orders4 ,and though we are desirous that marriadge be free according to the law of nature1 yett undervow not to have these maids deterred and married to servants1 but only to such freemen or tenants as have means to maintaine them2 we pray you therefore to be fathers to them in this business1 not enforcing them to marrie against their wills2 neither send we them to be servants1 but in case of extremitie1 for we would have their condition so much better as multitudes may be allured thereby to come unto you2 and you may assure such men as marry those women that the first servants sent over by the company shall be consigned to them1 it being our intent to preserve families and proper married men before single persons4 ,the tobacco that shall be due uppon the marriadge of these maids we desire ,mr4 ,pountes to receive and returne by the first1 as also the little quantities of ,pitzarn ,rock and ,piece of ,oare1 the copie of whose bill is here returned4 ,to conclude1 the company for some weighty reasons too long to relate1 have ordered that no man marrying these women expect the proportion of land usually allotted for each head1 which to avoid clamor or other trouble hereafter you shall do well to give them notice of4 ,illustration3 ,buying wives4 ,in another letter written by the company and dated ,london1 ,september #aath1 #afba1 they write3-- ,by this ,shipp and ,pinace called the ,tyger1 we also send as many maids and young women as will make up the number of fifty1 with those twelve formerly sent in the ,marmaduke1 which we hope shalbe received with the same ,christian pietie and charitie as they were sent from hence2 the providing for them at their first landing and disposing of them in marriage 7which is our chief intent71 we leave to your care and wisdom1 to take that order as may most conduce to their good1 and satisfaction of the ,adventurers1 for the charges disbursed in setting them forth1 which coming to twelve pounds and upwards1 they require one hundred and fiftie of the best leafe tobacco for each of them2 and if any of them dye there must be a proportionable addition uppon the rest2 this increase of thirty pounds is weight since those sent in the ,marmaduke1 they have resolved to make1 finding the great shrinkage and other losses uppon the tobacco from ,virginia will not leave lesse1 which tobacco as it shalbe received1 we desire may be delivered to ,mr4 ,ed4 ,blany1 who is to keep thereof a particular account4 ,we have used extraordinary care and dilligence in the choice of them1 and have received none of whom we have not had good testimony of their honest life and cariadge1 which together with their names1 we send them inclosed for the satisfaction of such as shall marry them2 for whose further encouragement we desire you to give public notice that the next spring we purpose to send over as many youths for apprentices to those that shall now marry any of them and make us due satisfaction4 ,this and theire owne good deserts together with your favor and care1 will we hope1 marry them all unto honest and sufficient men1 whose means will reach to present repayment2 but if any of them shall unwarily or fondly bestow herself 7for the liberty of marriadge we dare not infrindge7 uppon such as shall not be able to give present sattisfaction1 we desire that at least as soon as ability shalbe1 they be compelled to pay the true quantity of tobacco proportioned1 and that this debt may have precedence of all other to be recovered4 ,for the rest1 which we hope will not be many1 we desire your best furtherance for providing them fitting services till they may happen uppon good matches1 and are here persuaded by many old planters that there will be good maisters now found there1 who will readily lay down what charges shall be required1 uppon assurance of repayment at their marriadges1 which as just and reasonable we desire may be given them4 ,but this and many other things in this business we must refer to your good considerations and fruitful endeavors in opening a work begun here out of pity1 and tending so much to the benefitt of the plantation1 shall not miscarry for any want of good will or care on your part4 ,in #afbb a monopoly of the importation of tobacco was granted to the ,virginia and ,somers ,island1 companies4 ,but now at last it hath pleased ,god for the confirmation no doubt of our hopes and redoubling of our and your courage1 to incline ,his ,majestie's ,royall heart to grant the sole importation of ,tobacco 7a thing long and earnestly desired71 to the ,virginia and ,somers ,island ,companies1 and that upon such conditions as the private profit of each man is likely to be much improved and the general state of the plantation strongly secured1 while his ,majestie's revenue is so closely joyned as together with the colonie it must rise and faile1 grow and impair1 and that not a small matter neither1 but of twenty thousand pounds per annum1 7for the offer of so much in certainty hath his majestie been pleased to refuse in favor of the ,plantations74 ,on ,friday the #bb;d of ,march #afbb the ,indians attacked the plantations and attempted in most places under the color of unsuspected amytie1 and by surprise to have cut us all off and to have swept us all away at once throughout the whole lande had itt not pleased ,god of his abundant mercy to prevent them in many places1 for which we can never sufficient magnifie his blessed1 name4 ,but notwithstanding this terrible massacre in which nearly four hundred persons were slain the colony increased in wealth and numbers as plantations were laid out and the colonists developed the various resources of the country4 ,from the first planting of tobacco in ,virginia by the colony it seemed to meet the royal displeasure of ,king ,james the ,first who falsely and frivolously sought to establish a connection between the balmy plant1 and the influences of the ,evil ,one4 ,in #afbb ,king ,james still opposing the cultivation of tobacco sought by every means in his power to discourage its growth and culture4 ,he urged the growing of mulberry trees and the propagation of silk worms1 as being of more value than tobacco4 ,in a letter dated #ajth ,june #afbb1 addressed to the ,governor and ,council of ,virginia by the ,london ,company we find this reproof for neglecting the cultivation of mulberrie trees3 ,his ,matie 7,majesty7 above all things requires from us a proof of silke2 sharply reproving the neglect thereof1 wherefore we pray you lett that little stock you have be carefully improved1 the mulberrie trees preserved and increased1 and all other fitt preparations made for1 ,god willing before ,christmas you shall receive from us one hundred ounces of ,silkworme seed at least1 which coming too late from ,valentia we have been forced to hatch it here4 ,in #afbc a letter was prepared for the colony by order of privy council of the king and addressed to ,sir ,francis ,wyatt ,knight and ,captain ,general of ,virginia and to the rest of the ,council of ,state in which the colony is admonished to pay more attention to ,staple ,commodities4 ,that part relating to it reads3 ,the carefull and diligent prosecution of ,staple ,commodities which we promist2 we above all things pray you to performe so as we may have speedily the real proof of your cares and endeavors therein1 especially in that of ,iron1 of ,vines and ,silk the neglect and delay whereof so long is to us here cause of infinit grief and discontent1 especially in regard of his ,majesties just resentment therein that his ,royall grace and love to the ,plantation1 which after so long a time and long a supply of his ,majesties favor hath brought forth no better fruit than ,tobacco4 ,yett by the goodness of ,god inclyning his princely heart1 we have received not only from the ,lords of his ,privy ,counsell1 but from his ,royal mouth such assurance not only of his tender love and care but also of his ,royal intentions for the advancement of the ,plantation2 that we cannot but exceedingly rejoice therein and persuade you with much more comfort and encouragement to go on in the building up of his ,royal worke with all sincerity1 care and diligence1 and that with that perfect love and union amongst yourselves as may really demonstrate that your intentions are all one1 the advancement of ,god's glorie and the service of his ,royall ,majestie3 for the particularities of his ,majesties gratious intentions for the future good1 you may in part understand them by the courses appointed by the ,lords1 whereof we here inclosed send the orders4 ,and we are further to signifie unto you that the ,lords of his ,majesties ,privy ,counsell1 having by his ,majesties order taken into their considerations the contract made last ,sommer by the ,company have dissolved the same2 and signified that his ,majestie out of his gracious and ,royall intention and princely favor to the ,plantation hath resolved to grant a sole ,importion of ,tobacco to the two ,plantations1 with an exception only of #dj1jjj weight of ye best ,spanish ,tobacco to be yearly brought in4 ,and it hath also pleased his ,majesty in favor of the ,plantation to reduce ye custom and importing of tobacco to #i;d4 per pound3 ,and last of all we are to signifie unto you that their ,lordships have ordered that all the ,tobacco shall be brought in from both ,plantations as by their ,lordship order whereof we send you a copy1 you may perceive4 ,in #afbd ,king ,james prohibited the importation of foreign tobacco as well as the planting of tobacco in ,england or ,ireland4 ,the following is a portion of the proclamation3-- ,whereas our commons1 in their last sessions of parliament became humble petitioners to us1 that1 for many weighty reasons1 much concerning the interest of our kingdom1 and the trade thereof1 we would by our royal power utterly prohibit the use of all foreign tobacco1 which is not of the growth of our own dominions3 ,and whereas we have upon all occasions made known our dislike we have ever had of the use of tobacco in general1 as tending to the corruption both of the health and manners of our people4 ,nevertheless because we have been often and earnestly importuned by many of our loving subjects1 planters1 and adventurers in ,virginia and the ,somer isles2 that1 as those colonies are yet but in their infancy1 and cannot be brought to maturity1 unless we be pleased1 for a time1 to tolerate unto them the planting and vending of their own growth2 we have condescended to their desires3 and do therefore hereby strictly prohibit the importation of any tobacco from beyond sea1 or from ,scotland1 into ,england or ,ireland other than from our colonies before named2 moreover we strictly prohibit the planting of any tobacco either in ,england or ,ireland4 ,thus ,king ,james by ,proclamation and ,prohibition set his face sternly against the growth and traffic in the plant1 which opposition knew no alteration and continued till his death1 which occurred in #afbe4 ,james was succeeded by his son ,charles ,i4 ,on ascending the throne ,charles manifested the same hostility towards the plant which his father had4 ,he prohibited the importation of all tobacco excepting that grown by the colony1 and throughout his reign made no change in the restrictive laws against its growth and sale4 ,he continued its sale1 however1 as a kingly monopoly1 allowing only those to engage in it who paid him for the privilege4 ,the ,company had now raised a capital of two hundred thousand pounds1 but falling into dispute and disagreeing one with another1 ,charles thought best to establish a royal government4 ,accordingly he dissolved the ,company in #afbf1 reducing the ,country and ,government into his own immediate ordering all patents and processes to issue in his own name1 reserving to himself a quit-rent of two shillings for every hundred acres of land4 ,the first act was by proclamation as follows3-- ,that whereas1 in his royal father's time1 the charter of the ,virginia ,company was by a quo warranto annulled2 and whereas his said father was1 and he himself also is1 of opinion1 that the government of that ,colony by a company incorporated1 consisting of a multitude of persons of various dispositions1 amongst whom affairs of the greatest moment are ruled by a majority of votes1 was not so proper1 for carrying on1 prosperously1 the affairs of the colony2 wherefore1 to reduce the government thereof to such a course as might best agree with that form which was held in his royal monarchy2 and considering also1 that we hold those territories of ,virginia and ,somer isles1 as also that of ,new ,england1 lately planted1 with the limits thereof1 to be a part of our royal empire2 we ordain that the government of ,virginia shall immediately depend on ourself1 and not be committed to any company or corporation1 to whom it may be proper to trust matters of trade and commerce1 but cannot be fit to commit the ordering of state affairs4 ,wherefore our commissioners for those affairs shall proceed as directed1 till we establish a council here for that colony2 to be subordinate to our council here for that colony4 ,and at our charge we will maintain those public officers and ministers and that strength of men1 munition1 and fortification1 which shall be necessary for the defence of that plantation4 ,and we will also settle and assure the particular rights and interests of every planter and adventurer4 ,lastly1 whereas the tobacco of those plantations 7the only present means of their subsisting7 cannot be managed for the good of the plantations1 unless it be brought into one hand1 whereby the foreign tobacco of those plantations may yield a certain and ready price to the owners thereof3 to avoid all differences between the planters and adventurers themselves1 we resolve to take the same into our own hands1 and to give such prices for the same as may give reasonable satisfaction1 whereof we will determine at better leisure4 ,from this time forward the ,plantation seemed to prosper1 ,charles granted lands to all the planters and adventurers who would till them1 upon paying the annual sum of two shillings payable to the crown for each hundred acres4 ,before the death of ,king ,james1 however1 the cultivation of tobacco had become so extensive that every other product seemed of but little value in comparison with it1 and the price realized from its sale being so much greater than that obtained for ,corne1 the latter was neglected and its culture almost entirely abandoned4 ,arthur and ,carpenter1 in their ,history of ,virginia1 give a graphic and truthful picture of its cultivation during the reign of ,king ,james3-- ,the first articles of commerce to the production of which the early settlers almost exclusively devoted themselves1 were potash1 soap1 glass and tar4 ,distance1 however1 and a want of the proper facilities to enable them to manufacture cheaply1 rendered the cost of these commodities so great1 that exports of a similar character from ,russia and ,sweden were still enabled to maintain their old ascendency in the markets of ,europe4 ,after many fruitless and costly experiments in the cultivation of the vine1 the growing demand for tobacco enabled the planters to turn their labor into a profitable channel4 ,as the demand increased the profits became correspondingly great1 and every other species of labor was abandoned for the cultivation of tobacco4 ,the houses were neglected1 the palisades suffered to rot down1 the fields1 gardens and public squares1 even the very streets of ,jamestown were planted with tobacco4 ,the townspeople1 more greedy of gain than mindful of their own security1 scattered abroad into the wilderness1 where they broke up small pieces of rich ground and made their crop regardless of their proximity to the ,indians1 in whose good faith so little reliance could be placed4 ,during the reign of ,charles ,i4 many families of respectable connection joined the colony1 and from this time forward the colony increased in wealth as well as numbers4 ,king ,charles1 to use the language of another1 had now commenced as a tobacco merchant and monopolist1 and in #afbg issued a proclamation renewing his already strong monopoly more effectually1 by appointing certain officers of ,london to seize all foreign tobacco1 not of the growth of ,virginia or ,bermudas1 for his benefit1 agreeable to a former commission3 also to buy up for his use all the tobacco coming from our said plantations1 and to sell the same again for his benefit4 ,illustration3 ,growing tobacco in the streets4 ,again in #afcj ,king ,charles issued another proclamation1 and among other restrictions limited the importation of it from the colony4 ,quickly following this the ,king issued in #afcb another proclamation regulating the retailing of tobacco4 ,in #afcd he also prohibited the landing of tobacco any where except at the quay near the custom house in ,london4 ,in #afcf ,charles appointed ,sir ,john ,harvey to be continued governor of the ,plantation4 ,in #afdc parliament laid a tax for the year #afdd1 calling it ,excise1 and also laid a duty of four shillings per pound on foreign1 and two shillings per pound on ,english tobacco4 ,from what has already been written1 it will be seen that both ,king ,james and his son ,charles ,i4 enacted the most stringent laws against its importation1 nearly suppressing the trade1 which caused the ,english farmers to cultivate it for home use2 but another law was now added to suppress its growth on ,english soil4 ,fairholt in speaking of the hostility of ,king ,james to the plant says3 ,when ,kings make unnecessary and unjust laws1 subjects naturally study how to evade them3 it is a mere system of self-defence2 and as ,james nearly suppressed the importation of tobacco the ,english began to grow it on their own land4 ,but the ,scottish ,solomon who was on the alert1 added another law restraining its cultivation 'to misuse and misemploy the soil of this fruitful ,kingdom4' ,as this enforced the trade with the ,english colony of ,virginia alone1 it was soon found that ,spanish and ,portuguese tobacco might be brought into port on the payment of the old duty of twopence a pound2 thus a large trade was carried on with their planters to the injury of the ,british colonists4 ,its use increased in spite of all legislative laws and enactments and ,james ended by prohibiting any person from dealing in the article who did not hold his letters patent4 ,by this means the trade was monopolized1 the consumers oppressed1 importation diminished1 and the ,london ,company of ,virginia traders ultimately ruined4 ,those who are fond of excusing the evil acts of one of the worst of ,english ,kings1 pretend to see ,james' care for his subjects' health and wealth in these restrictions1 totally regardless of the fact that ,james cared for neither when the monopoly brought large sums into his own pocket4 ,in #afcb ,charles ,i4 granted to ,sir ,george ,calvert 7who about this time was made ,lord ,baltimore7 the territory now known as ,maryland2 soon after receiving the grant he died1 when his son took the grant in his own name4 ,the next year he sailed from ,england with two hundred persons and settled in his new possessions4 ,the colony from the first1 prospered far better than the colony of ,virginia and soon laid the foundation of a strong and substantial government4 ,like the ,virginians they soon engaged in the cultivation of tobacco which seemed as well adapted to the soil as the other products1 corn and ,english wheat4 ,the ,indians were found here as in the ,plantation of ,virginia planting tobacco as they did ,indian corn and cultivating little patches of it near their wigwams choosing the most fertile soil the females of the tribe being the actual cultivators4 ,illustration3 ,natives growing tobacco4 ,from this time forward both colonies developed into strong and flourishing plantations and with each succeeding year increased the cultivation of tobacco which had now become more extensively cultivated than all the other products combined4 ,its culture however was looked upon with the same disapproval by ,charles ,,ii4 who confirmed the old laws against its sale and cultivation4 ,but notwithstanding the remonstrances of the ,stuarts the plant grew in use and favor and could not be uprooted even by a kingly hand4 ,the early cultivators of the plant received a fresh impetus from the importation of a new species of labor in the form of ,negro slaves brought from the ,west ,india islands4 ,they arrived in the ,ship ,treasurer being manned by the best men of the colony who set out on roving in ye ,spanish dominions in the ,west ,indies and after a successful cruise against the ,spaniards returned with their spoils including a certain number of ,negroes4 ,rolfe in alluding to the importation of ,negroes says3 ,about the last of ,august came in1 a ,dutch man-of-warre that sold us twenty negars4 ,most writers are of the opinion that this was in #afbj1 one of whom says in the same year that the ,pilgrims landed at ,plymouth1 slaves landed in ,virginia4 ,another writer says of the introduction of slave labor into the ,plantations1 ,is there not a probability that the vessel was under control of ,argall1 if not the ship ,treasurer8 ,if twenty negroes came in #afai1 as alleged1 their increase was very slow1 for according to a census of #afth of ,february1 #afbd1 there were but twenty-two then in the colony1 distributed as follows3 eleven at ,flourdiew ,hundred1 three at ,james ,city1 one at ,james ,island1 one at the plantation opposite ,james ,city1 four at ,warisquoyok1 and two at ,elizabeth ,city4 ,about the same time that negars landed in the colony1 commenced the arrival of starving boys and girls picked up out of the streets of ,london4 ,the negars are described as follows by an early writer of the colony4 ,the negroes live in small cottages called quarters1 in about six in a gang1 under the direction or an overseer or baliff2 who takes care that they tend such land as the owner allots and orders1 upon which they raise ,hogs and ,cattle1 plant ,indian ,corn 7or maize7 and ,tobacco for the use of their ,master2 out of which the overseer has a dividend 7or share7 in proportion to the number of hands including himself2 this with several privileges in his salary1 and is an ample recompense for his pains1 and encouragement of his industrious care1 as to the labor1 health1 and provision of the negroes4 ,the negroes are very numerous1 some gentlemen having hundreds of them of all sorts1 to whom they bring great profit2 for the sake of which they are obliged to keep them well1 and not overwork1 starve1 or famish them1 besides other inducements to favor them1 which is done in a great degree1 to such especially that are laborious1 careful1 and honest2 though indeed some ,masters1 careless of their own interest and reputation1 are too cruel and negligent4 ,the negroes are not only increased by fresh supplies from ,africa and the ,west ,india ,islands1 but also are very prolific among themselves2 and they that are born there talk good ,english1 and effect our language1 habits1 and customs2 and tho' they be naturally of a barbarous and cruel temper1 yet are they kept under by severe discipline upon occasion1 and by good laws are prevented from running away1 injuring the ,english or neglecting their business4 ,their work 7or chimerical hard slavery7 is not very laborious2 their greatest hardship consisting in that they and their posterity are not at their own liberty or disposal1 but are the property of their owners2 and when they are free they know not how to provide so well for themselves generally2 neither did they live so plentifully nor 7many of them7 so easily in their own country where they are made slaves to one another1 or taken captive by their enemies4 ,their work is to take care of the stock1 and plant ,corn1 ,tobacco1 ,fruits and which is not harder than thrashing1 hedging1 or ditching2 besides1 though they are out in the violent heat1 wherein they delight1 yet in wet or cold weather there is little occasion for their working in the fields1 in which few will let them be abroad1 lest by this means they might get sick or die1 which would prove a great loss to their owners1 a good ,negroe being sometimes worth three 7nay four7 score pounds sterling1 if he be a tradesmen2 so that upon this 7if upon no other account7 they are obliged not to overwork them1 but to clooth and feed them sufficiently1 and take care of their health4 ,the planters1 supplied with greater facilities for the work1 now increased the size of their tobacco plantations1 taking up new ground 7clearing the land7 and planting a much larger area4 ,the first exportation of the colony's tobacco was brought into competition with that of much finer flavor1 which had acquired an established reputation long before the ,english began the culture of the plant in the ,new ,world4 ,the ,spanish1 ,dutch and ,portuguese had long monopolized its culture and trade1 and brought from ,st4 ,domingo1 ,jamaica1 ,st4 ,thomas1 the ,philippine ,islands1 ,west ,florida1 and various parts of ,south ,america1 several varieties of tobacco of excellent quality1 and which sold at an exorbitant price4 ,on testing the tobacco grown by the ,london and ,plymouth companies it was found to be sweet and mild in flavor1 of a light color1 and well adapted for smoking4 ,on its first introduction into ,england it sold for #cs4 per pound1 but as its culture increased the price lessened1 until it was sold at one-half this amount4 ,illustration3 ,destroying suckers4 ,the planters1 who at first cultivated small patches1 now planted large fields of tobacco1 and such was the greed for gain that some planters gathered a second crop upon the same field from the suckers left growing upon the parent stalk4 ,tatham#af says in regard to it3-- ,footnote #af3 ,essay on ,tobacco1 ,london1 #ahjj4 ,it has been customary in former ages to rear an inferior plant from the sucker which projects from the root after the cutting of an early plant2 and thus a second crop has often been obtained from the same field by one and the same course of culture2 and although this scion is of a sufficient quality for smoking1 and might become preferred in the weaker kinds of snuff1 it has been 7,i think very properly7 thought eligible to prefer a prohibitory law1 to a risk of imposition by means of similitude4 ,the practice of cultivating suckers is on these accounts not only discountenanced as fraudulent1 but the constables are strictly enjoyned ex officio to make diligent search1 and to employ the posse commitatus in destroying such crops2 a law indeed for which1 to the credit of the ,virginians1 there is seldom occasion2 yet some few instances have occurred1 within my day1 where the constables have very honorably carried it into execution in a manner truly exemplary1 and productive of public good4 ,fairholt says of the same subject3-- ,it was sometimes the custom with planters to reset the suckers1 and thus grow a double crop on one field1 such conduct was disallowed2 for the reason that the crop was inferior1 and the more honest grower1 who conscientiously cleared his plants1 and gave them abundance of room to grow1 was dishonestly competed with2 and the first rate character of the ,virginian crop prejudiced by the action4 ,fairholt makes a mistake in speaking of the planter as re-setting the suckers1 and his statement shows him to be entirely unacquainted with the habits of the plant4 ,as soon as the plants are harvested1 the stump of the plant remaining in the ground puts forth one or more vigorous suckers or shoots1 which often in a good season grow almost as high as the parent stalk4 ,in some tobacco-growing sections one or two crops of suckers are gathered besides the first crop4 ,the ,creole planters in ,louisiana are said to grow three crops in this manner1 the first or parent crop and two growths of suckers4 ,the quality of leaf1 however1 is greatly inferior1 as it is small and thin and lacking in all the qualities necessary for a fine leaf4 ,the planters now adopted new methods of culture1 and cultivated several species of the plant known as ,oronoko and little ,frederick1 although they did not fertilize the fields1 even when the soil became impoverished1 but simply took new fields for its culture4 ,hugh ,jones says of the kinds of tobacco grown in ,virginia3-- ,the land between the ,james and ,york rivers seemes nicely adapted for sweet scented tobacco2 for 'tis observed that the goodness decreaseth the farther you go to the northward of the one1 and the southward of the other2 but this may be 7,i believe7 attributed in some measure to the seed and management1 as well as to the land and latitude3 ,for on ,york river in a small tract of land called ,diggens neck1 which is poorer than a great deal of other land in the same latitude1 by a particular seed and management1 is made the famous crop known by the name of ,e ,dees1 remarkable for its mild taste and fine smell4 ,he speaks of the planters and their plantations as follows3--,neither the interests nor inclinations of the ,virginians induces them to cohabit in towns3 so that they are not forward in contributing their assistance towards the making of particular places1 every plantation affording the owner the provision of a little market2 wherefore they most commonly build upon some convenient spot or neck of land in their own plantation1 though towns are laid out and established in each county4 ,the whole country is a perfect forest1 except where the woods are cleared for plantations1 and old fields1 and where have been formerly ,indian towns1 and poisoned fields and meadows1 where the timber has been burnt down in fire hunting and otherwise2 and about the creeks and rivers are large rank morasses or marshes1 and up the country are poor savannahs4 ,the gentlemen's seats are of late built for the most part of good brick1 and many of timber very handsome1 commodious1 and capacious2 and likewise the common planters live in pretty timber houses1 neater than the farm houses are generally in ,england3 ,with timber also are built houses for the overseers and out-houses2 among which is the kitchen apart from the dwelling house1 because of the smell of hot victuals1 offensive in hot weather4 ,the habits1 life1 customs1 computations of the ,virginians1 are much the same as about ,london1 which they esteem their home2 and for the most part have contemptible notions of ,england1 and wrong sentiments of ,bristol1 and the other out-posts1 which they entertain from seeing and hearing the common dealers1 sailors1 and servants that come from those towns1 and the country places in ,england and ,scotland1 whose language and manners are strange to them2 for the planters and even the native negroes generally talk good ,english without idiom and tone1 and can discourse handsomely upon most common subjects3 and conversing with persons belonging to trade and navigation from ,london1 for the most part they are much civilized1 and wear the best of clothes according to their station2 nay1 sometimes too good for their circumstances1 being for the generality1 comely handsome persons of good features and fine complexions 7if they take care7 of good manners and address4 ,they are not very easily persuaded to the improvement of useful inventions 7except a few1 such as sawing mills7 neither are they great encouragers of manufactures1 because of the trouble and certain expense in attempts of this kind1 with uncertain prospect of gain2 whereas by their staple commodity1 tobacco1 they are certain to get a plentiful provision2 nay1 often very great estates4 ,upon this account they think it folly to take off their hands 7or negroes7 and employ their care and time about anything that may make them lessen their crop of tobacco4 ,so that though they are apt to learn1 yet they are fond of and will follow their own ways1 humors and notions1 being not easily brought to new projects and schemes2 so that ,i question if they would have been improved upon by the ,mississippi or ,south sea1 or any other such monstrous bubbles4 ,the common planters leading easy lives without much labor1 or any manly exercise1 except horse-racing1 nor diversion1 except cock-fighting1 in which some greatly delight4 ,this easy way of living1 and the heat of the summer1 makes some very lazy1 who are then said to be climate-struck4 ,they are such lovers of riding1 that almost every ordinary person keeps a horse2 and ,i have known some spend the morning in ranging several miles in the woods to find and catch their horses to ride only two or three miles to the ,church1 to the ,court-,house or to a ,horse-,race1 where they generally appoint to meet upon business2 and are more certain of finding those that they want to speak or deal with1 than at their home4 ,no people can entertain their friends with better cheer and welcome2 and stranger and traveler is here treated in the most free1 plentiful1 and hospitable manner2 so that a few ,inns or ,ordinaries on the road are sufficient4 ,this is no doubt a correct picture of the early planters of ,virginia4 ,many of them became the owners of large plantations and all those who were successful growers of tobacco became wealthy in proportion to the quality of leaf produced4 ,the merchants1 factors or store-keepers bought up the tobacco of the planters paying in goods or current ,spanish money1 or with sterling bills payable in ,great ,britain4 ,at first the cultivation of tobacco by the colony was confined to ,jamestown and the immediate vicinity1 but as the colony increased and the country became more densely populated1 plantations were laid out in the various counties and a large quantity was produced some ways from the great center ,jamestown2 accordingly various methods were adopted to get the tobacco to market1 some of which was sent by boats or canoes down the rivers1 while some was conveyed in carts and wagons while another method was by rolling in hoops4 ,tatham in his interesting work on tobacco1 gives the following description of the method3 ,i believe rolling tobacco the distance of many hundred miles1 is a mode of conveyance peculiar to ,virginia2 and for which the early population of that country deserve a very handsome credit4 ,necessity 7that very prolific mother of invention71 first suggested the idea of rolling by hand2 time and experience have led to the introduction of horses1 and have ripened human skill1 in this kind of carriage1 to a decree of perfection which merits the adoption of the mother country1 but which will be better explained under the next head of this subject4 ,illustration3 ,carrying tobacco to market4 ,the hogsheads1 which are designed to be rolled in common hoops1 are made closer in the joints than if they were intended for the wagon2 and are plentifully hooped with strong hickory hoops 7which is the toughest kind of wood71 with the bark upon them1 which remains for some distance a protection against the stones4 ,two hickory saplings are affixed to the hogshead1 for shafts by boring an auger-hole through them to receive the gudgeons or pivots1 in the manner of a field rolling-stone2 and these receive pins of wood1 square tapered points1 which are admitted through square mortises made central in the heading1 and driven a considerable depth into the solid tobacco4 ,upon the hind part of these shafts1 between the horses and the hogshead1 a few light planks are nailed1 and a kind of little cart body is constructed of a sufficient size to contain a bag or two of provender and provision1 together with an axe1 and such other tools as may be needed upon the road1 in case of accident4 ,in this manner they set out to the inspection in companies1 very often joining society with the wagons1 and always pursuing the same method of encamping4 ,the methods of making the plant bed1 cultivating and harvesting1 by the early planters may be interesting to all growers of the plant and are here described as showing the progress made in cutting tobacco from that time until now4 ,in spring red seed1 in preference to the white1 is put into a clean pot2 milk or stale beer is poured upon it1 and it is left for two or three days in this state2 it is then mixed with a quantity of fine fat earth1 and set aside in a hot chamber1 till the seeds begin to put out shoots4 ,they are then sown in a hot-bed4 ,when the young plants have grown to a finger's length1 they are taken up between the fifteenth and twenty-second of ,may1 and planted in ground that has been previously well manured with the dung of doves or swine4 ,they are placed at square distances of one and a half-foot from one another4 ,in dry weather1 they are now to be watered with lukewarm water softly showered upon them1 between sunset and twilight4 ,when these plants are full two feet high1 the top of the stems are broken off1 to make the leaves grow thicker and broader4 ,here and there are left a few plants without having their tops broken off1 in order that they may afford seeds for another year4 ,throughout the summer the other plants are from time to time1 pruned at the top1 and the whole field is carefully weeded to make the growth of the leaf so much the more vigorous4 ,in the month of ,september1 from the sixteenth day1 and between the hours of ten in the morning and four in the afternoon1 the best leaves are to be taken off4 ,it is more advantageous to pluck the leaves when they are dry than when they are moist4 ,when plucked they are to be immediately brought home1 and hung upon cords within the house to dry1 in as full exposure as is possible to the influence of the sun and air2 but so as to receive no rain4 ,in this exposure they remain till the months of ,march and ,april following2 when they are to be put up in bundles1 and conveyed to the store-house1 in which they may be kept1 that they may be there till more perfectly dried by a moderate heat4 ,within eight days they must be removed to a different place1 where they are to be sparingly sprinkled with salt water1 and left till the leaves shall be no longer warm to the feeling of the hand4 ,a barrel of water with six handfuls of salt are the proportions4 ,after all this the tobacco leaves may be laid aside for commercial exportation4 ,they will remain fresh for three years4 ,illustration3 ,enriching plant-bed4 ,in ,maryland they formerly prepared the land for a plant-bed by burning upon it a great quantity of brush-wood1 afterwards raking the surface fine2 the seed was then sowed broadcast4 ,the young plants were kept free from weeds1 and were transplanted when about two inches high4 ,the cultivation of tobacco gradually spread from one ,state to another4 ,from ,virginia it was introduced into ,north ,carolina and ,maryland and finally ,kentucky which is now the largest producing tobacco ,state in the ,union4 ,the demand for ,virginia tobacco continued to increase and long before the ,revolutionary war1 ,virginia exported annually thousands of hogsheads of leaf tobacco4 ,half a century ago the plant began to be cultivated in ,ohio and from the first grew remarkably well1 producing a leaf adapted for both cutting and cigar purposes4 ,tobacco was planted in ,new ,netherland 7,new ,york7 by the early ,dutch settlers and in #afch had become a staple production4 ,in #afci from ,virginia numbers of persons whose terms of service had expired1 were attracted to ,manhattan1 where they introduced improved modes of cultivating tobacco4 ,van ,twiller was himself a grower of the plant and had his tobacco farm at ,greenwich4 ,soon after its cultivation began it was subjected to ,excise2 and regulations were published to check the abuses which injured the high name it had gained in foreign countries4#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,jacob van ,churler and ,david ,provoost were appointed inspectors of the new staple tobacco4 ,in #afeb the commonalty at ,manhattan was informed that1 to show their good intentions1 the ,amsterdam directors had determined to take off the export duty of tobacco4 ,wailes says of the early cultivation of tobacco in ,mississippi3 ,when the country came under the dominion of ,spain1 a market was opened in ,new ,orleans2 a trade in tobacco was established1 and a fixed and remunerating price was paid for it1 delivered at the king's warehouses4 ,tobacco thus became the first marketable staple production of ,mississippi4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,in #aghc ,mr4 ,wm4 ,dunbar writes3 ,the soil of ,natchez is particularly favorable for tobacco and there are overseers there1 who will almost engage to produce you between two and three hogsheads to the hand besides provisions4 ,an ,english writer has the following account of the culture of tobacco in ,louisiana by the ,french3 ,tobacco is another plant indigenous to this part of ,america2 the ,french colonists cultivated it with such success that had they received any encouragement from their government they might soon have rivalled ,virginia and ,maryland2 but instead of this they were taxed heavily for cultivating it1 by duties laid on the trade2 what they produced was of so excellent a quality1 as to sell some at five shillings a pound4 ,there is one advantage in this culture here which ought not to be forgotten2 in ,louisiana the ,french planters after the tobacco is cut1 weeded and cleaned the ground on which it grew the roots1 push forth fresh shoots1 which are managed in the same manner as the first crop4 ,by this means a second crop is made on the same ground1 and sometimes a third4 ,these seconds indeed1 as they are called1 do not usually grow so high as the first plant1 but notwithstanding they make very good tobacco4 ,during the reign of the ,stuarts1 the plant was first cultivated in ,new ,england but only in small quantities#ai and used solely for smoking4 ,about #ahce the plant received more attention from the farmers living in the ,connecticut valley containing some of the finest tobacco land in the country4 ,they found by repeated trials that the soil was well adapted to the production of a finer leaf tobacco than any they had ever seen4 ,at this time ,kentucky and ,havana tobacco were used in the manufacture of cigars1 but on testing ,american tobacco or as it is now known ,connecticut seed leaf it was found to make the finest wrappers yet produced1 and consequently the best looking cigars4 ,from that time its reputation has kept pace with its cultivation1 until it now enjoys a world wide popularity4 ,as a wrapping tobacco it towers far above the seed products of other states and can never have a successful competitor in the other varieties now cultivated in the ,middle and ,western ,states4 ,doubtless ,america furnishes the finest varieties of the plant now cultivated1 suited for all kinds of manufacturing1 and adapted to all the various forms in which it is used4 ,footnote #ai3 ,every farmer plants a quantity of tobacco near his house in proportion to the size of his family4 ,it is likewise very necessary that they should plant tobacco1 because it is so universally smoked by the common people1--,kalm's travels in ,north ,america1 #aggb4 ,the great diversity of soil and climate renders this probable while actual experiments and improved methods of culture have demonstrated it to a certainty4 ,thousands of hogsheads1 cases1 and bales are annually shipped to all parts of the world and the demand for ,american tobacco is greater than for the varieties grown in the ,old ,world4 ,more than two hundred and fifty years have passed since the ,london and ,plymouth ,companies began its cultivation in the ,old ,dominion1 and on the same soil where the red man grew his uppowac4 ,virginia leaf still continues to flourish1 and to-day it is the great agricultural product of the ,state4 ,from a small beginning1 like the plant itself it has developed into a great and increasing industry and its culture become a source of wealth unprecedented in agricultural history4 ,could the sapient ,james ,i4 and his successors the ,stuarts1 now look upon this cherished production of the world1 they would discover a commercial prosperity connected with those nations which have fostered and encouraged its growth far in advance of those who have frowned upon the plant and prohibited or hindered its cultivation4 ,saint ,pierre alluding to the beneficence of nature and of the folly and cruelty of man as contrasted says3 ,when the princes of ,europe went ,gospel in hand1 to lay waste ,asia1 they brought back the plague1 the leprosy and the small-pox1 but nature showed to a ,dervish the coffee tree in the mountains of ,yemen1 and at the moment when nature brought curses on us through the ,crusaders1 it brought delights to us through the cup of a ,mohammedan ,monk4 ,the descendants of those princes took possession of ,america1 and transmitted to us by this conquest1 an inexhaustible succession of wars and maladies4 ,while they were exterminating the inhabitants of ,america with cannon1 a ,carib invited sailors to smoke his ,calumet as a signal of peace4 ,the perfume of the tobacco vanquished their torments and their troubles1 and the use of tobacco was spread all over the earth4 ,while the afflictions of the two worlds came from artillery1 which kings call their last resort1 the consolations of civilized nations flowed from the pipe of a savage4 ,illustration3 ,shipping tobacco4 ,it seems hardly possible to draw a more graphic picture of the blessings diffused by the balmy plant1 than that just given4 ,its peculiar charms and soothing influence are well calculated to inspire in the breast of man1 feelings of peace and happiness1 rather than elements of discord and strife4 ,the pipe of a king burns not more freely the shreds of the plant1 than it does the last remnant of hostile feelings and the recollections of bitter wrongs2 while the snuff-box of the diplomat contains the precious dust that has soothed the fierce hatred of rival houses and cemented the divided factions of a tottering throne4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,tobacco ,,in ,,europe4 ,the discovery of the tobacco plant in ,america by ,european voyagers aroused their cupidity no less than their curiosity4 ,they saw in its use by the ,indians a custom which1 if engrafted upon the civilization of the ,old ,world1 would prove a source of revenue commensurate with their wildest visions of power and wealth4 ,this was particularly the case with the ,spanish and ,portuguese conquerors1 whose thirst for gold was gratified by its discovery4 ,the finding by the ,spaniards of gold1 silver1 and the balmy plant1 and by the ,portuguese of valuable and glittering gems1 opened up to ,spain and ,portugal three great sources of wealth and power4 ,but while the ,spaniards were the first discoverers of the plant there seems to be conflicting opinions as to which nation first began its culture1 and whether the plant was cultivated first in the ,old ,world or in the ,new4 ,humboldt says3-- ,it was neither from ,virginia nor from ,south ,america1 but from the ,mexican province of ,yucatan that ,europe received the first tobacco seeds about the year #aeei4bj ,the ,spaniards became acquainted with tobacco in the ,west ,india ,islands at the end of the #aeth ,century1 and the cultivation of ,tobacco preceded the cultivation of the potato in ,europe more than one hundred and twenty years4 ,when ,sir ,walter ,raleigh brought tobacco from ,virginia to ,england in #aehf1 whole fields of it were already cultivated in ,portugal4#ba ,it was also previously known in ,france4 ,footnote #bj3 ,mussey in his ,essay on ,tobacco records ,that ,cortez sent a specimen of the plant to the king of ,spain in #aeai4 ,yucatan was discovered by ,hernandez ,cordova in #aeag1 and in #aeai was first settled4 ,footnote #ba3 ,spain began its culture in ,mexico on the coast of ,caracas at the islands of ,st4 ,domingo and ,trinidad1 and particularly in ,louisiana4 ,another author says of its introduction into ,europe3-- ,the seeds of the tobacco plant were first brought to ,europe by ,gonzalo ,hernandez de ,oviedo1 who introduced it into ,spain1 where it was first cultivated as an ornamental plant1 till ,monardes#bb extolled it as possessed of medicinal virtues4#bc ,footnote #bb3 ,pourchat declares that the ,portuguese brought it into ,europe from ,tobago1 an island in the ,west ,indies2 but this is hardly probable1 as the island was never under the ,portuguese dominion4 ,footnote #bc3 ,monardes wrote upon it only from the small account he had of it from the ,brazilians4 ,murray says of the first cultivation of tobacco and potatoes in the ,old ,world3-- ,amidst the numerous remarkable productions ushered into the ,old ,continent from the ,new ,world1 there are two which stand pre-eminently conspicuous from their general adoption4 ,unlike in their nature1 both have been received as extensive blessings--the one by its nutritive powers tends to support1 the other by its narcotic virtues to soothe and comfort the human frame--the potato and tobacco2 but very different was the favor with which these plants were viewed4 ,the one long rejected1 by the slow operation of time1 and1 perhaps1 of necessity1 was at length cherished1 and has become the support of millions1 but nearly one hundred and twenty years passed away before even a trial of its merits was attempted2 whereas1 the tobacco from ,yucatan1 in less than seventy years after the discovery1 appears to have been extensively cultivated in ,portugal1 and is1 perhaps1 the most generally adopted superfluous vegetable product known2 for sugar and opium are not in such common use4 ,the potato by the starch satisfies the hunger2 the tobacco by its morphia calms its turbulence of the mind4 ,the former becomes a necessity required1 the latter a gratification sought for4 ,it would appear then that the year #aeei was about the period of the introduction of tobacco into ,europe4 ,phillip ,,ii4 of ,spain sent ,oviedo to visit ,mexico and note its productions and resources2 returning he presented ,his ,most ,catholic ,majesty with the seeds of the plant4 ,in the following year it was introduced into ,france and ,italy4 ,it was first brought to ,france by ,jean ,nicot of ,nismes in ,languedoc1 who was sent as ambassador to ,sebastian1 ,king of ,portugal1 and who obtained while at ,lisbon some tobacco seed from a ,dutch merchant who had brought it from ,florida4#bd ,nicot returned to ,france in #aefa1 and presented the ,queen1 ,catherine de ,medicis1 with a few leaves of the plant4#be ,footnote #bd3 ,parkinson in his ,herball ,london1 #afdj says3--,it is thought by some that ,john ,nicot1 this ,frenchman1 being agent in ,portugall for the ,french ,king1 sent this sort of tobacco ,brazil and not any other to the ,french ,queene1 and is called therefore herba ,regina1 and from ,nicotiana1 which is probably because the ,portugalis and not the ,spaniards were masters of ,brazile at that time4 ,footnote #be3 ,sir ,john ,nicot sent some seeds of it into ,france1 to ,king ,francis ,,ii41 the ,queen ,mother1 and ,lord ,jarnac1 ,governor of ,rochel1 and several others of the ,french ,lords4 ,as the history of ,nicot is so intimately connected with that of the plant1 a short sketch of this original importer will doubtless be interesting to all lovers of the weed3-- ,john ,nicot1 ,sieur de ,villemain1 was born at ,nismes in #aecj1 and died at ,paris in #afjj4 ,he was the son of a notary at ,nismes1 and started in life with a good education1 but with no fortune4 ,finding that his native town offered no suitable or sufficient field for his energies1 he went to ,paris and strove hard to extend his studies as a scholar and his connections as an adventurer4 ,he made the acquaintance of some courtiers1 who felt or affected an interest in learning and in learned men4 ,his manners were insinuating2 his character was pliable4 ,when presented at court he succeeded in gaining the esteem and confidence of ,henry ,,ii41 the husband of ,catherine de ,medicis4 ,francis ,,ii41 the son of ,henry ,,ii41 and the first husband of ,mary ,stuart1 continued to ,nicot the favor of which ,henry ,,ii4 had deemed him worthy1 and sent him in #aefj as ambassador to ,sebastian1 ,king of ,portugal4 ,he was successful in his mission4 ,but it was neither his talents as a diplomatist1 nor his remarkable mind1 nor his solid erudition1 which made ,nicot immortal4 ,it was by popularizing tobacco in ,france that he gained a lasting fame4 ,it is said that it was at ,lisbon that ,nicot became acquainted with the extraordinary properties of tobacco4 ,but it is likewise stated with quite as much confidence1 that a ,flemish merchant1 who had just returned from ,america1 offered ,nicot at ,bordeaux1 where they met1 some seeds of the tobacco1 telling him of their value4 ,the seeds ,nicot sent to ,catherine de ,medicis1 and on arriving in ,paris he gave her some leaves of tobacco4 ,hence1 when tobacco began to creep into use in ,france it was called ,queen's ,herb or ,medicean ,herb4#bf ,the cultivation of tobacco1 except as a fancy plant1 did not begin in ,france till #afbf2 and ,john ,nicot could have had no presentiment of the agricultural1 commercial1 financial and social importance which tobacco was ultimately to assume4 ,nicot published two works4 ,the first was an edition of the ,history of ,france or of the ,franks1 in ,latin1 written by a ,monk called ,aimonious1 who lived in the tenth century4 ,the second was a ',treasury of the ,french ,language1 ,ancient and ,modern4' ,footnote #bf3 ,the ,abbe ,jacques ,gohory1 the author of the first book written on tobacao1 proposed to call it ,catherinaine or ,medicee1 to record the name of ,medicis and the medicinal virtues of the plant2 but the name of ,nicot superseded these1 and botanists have perpetuated it in the genus ,nicotiana4--,le ,maout and ,decaisne4 ,stevens and ,liebault in the ,country ,farm#bg give the following account of its early introduction into ,france and the wonderful cures produced by its use3 ,footnote #bg3 ,london #afjf4 ,nicotiana though it have 7has7 beene but a while knowne in ,france yet it holdeth the first and principall place amongst ,physicke herbs1 by reason of his singular and almost diuine 7divine7 vertues1 such as you shall heare of hereafter1 whereof 7because none either of the old or new writers that have written of the nature of plants1 have said anything71 ,i am willing to lay open the whole history1 as ,i have come by it through a deere friend of mine1 the first author1 inventor1 and bringer of this herb into ,france3 as also of many both ,spaniards1 ,portugals1 and others which have travelled into ,florida1 a country of the ,indians1 from whence this herbe came1 to put the same in writing to relieve such griefe and travell1 as have heard of this herbe1 but neither know it nor the properties thereof4 ,this herbe is called ,nicotiana of the name of an ambassador which brought the first knowledge of it into this realme1 in like manner as many plants do as yet retaine the names of certaine ,greekes and ,romans1 who being strangers in divers countries1 for their common-wealth's service1 have from thence indowed their own countree with many plants1 whereof there was no knowledge before4 ,some call it the herbe of ,queen mother1 because the said ambassador ,lord ,nicot did first send the same unto the ,queen mother1#bh 7as you shall understand by and by7 and for being afterwards by her given to divers others to plant and make to grow in this country4 ,others call it by the name of the herbe of the great ,prior1 because the said ,lord a while after sailing into these western seas1 and happening to lodge neere unto the said ,lord ambassador of ,lisbone1 gathered divers plants thereof out of his garden1 and set them to increase here in ,france1 and there in greater quantitie1 and with more care than any other besides him1 he did so highly esteeme thereof for the exceeding good qualities sake4 ,footnote #bh3 ,george ,buchanan1 the ,scotch ,philosopher and poet tutor of ,james ,i41 had a strong aversion to ,catherine of ,medicis1 and in one of his ,latin epigrams1 alludes to the herb being called ,medicie1 advising all who valued their health to shun it1 not so much from its being naturally hurtful1 but that it needs must become poisonous if called by so hateful a name4 ,the ,spaniards call it ,tobaco1 it were better to call it ,nicotiana1 after the name of the ,lord who first sent it into ,france1 to the end that we may give him the honor which he hath deserved of us1 for having furnished our land with so rare and singular an herbe3 and thus much for the name1 now listen unto the whole historie3 ,master ,john ,nicot1 one of the king's counsell1 being ambassador for his ,maiestie 7,majesty7 in the realme of ,portiugall1 in the yeere of our ,lord ,god1 #aeei4 #fj4 and #fa4 went on a day to see the monuments and northie places of the said king of ,portiugall3 at which time a gentleman keeper of the said monuments presented him with this herbe as a strange plant brought from ,florida4 ,the nobleman ,sir ,nicot having procured it to growe in his garden1 where it had put forth and multiplied very greatly1 was aduertifed 7notified7 on a daie by one of his pages1 that a yoong boie kinsman of the said page1 had laide 7for triall sake7 the said herbe1 pressed1 the substance and juice and altogether1 upon an ulcer which he had upon his cheeke1 neere unto his nose1 next neighbor to a ,noli me tangere1 7a cancer7 as having already seazed upon the cartilages1 and that by the use thereof it was become marvellous well3 upon this occasion the nobleman ,nicot called the boie to him1 and making him to continue the applying of this herbe for eight or ten days1 the ,noli me tangere became thoroughly kild3 nowe they had sent oftetimes unto one of the king's most famous phisitions1 the said boie during the time of this worke and operation to make and see the proceeding and working of the said ,nicotiana1 and having in charge to do the same until the end of ten days1 the said phisition then beholding him1 assured him that the ,noli me tangere was dead1 as indeed the boie never felt anything of it at any time afterward4 ,some certain time after1 one of the cooks of the said ambassador having almost all his thombe 7thumb7 cut off from his hand1 with a great kitchin knife1 the steward running unto the said ,nicotiana1 made to him use of it five or six dressings1 by the ende of which the wounde was healed4 ,from this time forward this herbe began to become famous in ,lisbon1 where the king of ,portiugal's court was at that time1 and the vertues thereof much spoken of1 and the common people began to call it the ambassador's herbe4 ,now upon this occasion there came certain days after1 a gentleman from the fields being father unto one of the pages of the said ,lord ambassador1 who was troubled with an ulcer in his legge of two years continuance1 and craved of the said ,lord some of his herbe1 and using it in manner afore mentioned1 he was healed by the end of ten or twelve daies4 ,after this yet the herbe grewe still in greater reputation1 inasmuch as that many hasted out of all corners to get some of this herbe4 ,and among the rest1 there was one woman which had a great ring worme1 covering all her face like a mask1 and having taken deepe roote1 to whom the said ,lord caused this ,petum to be given1 and withall the manner of using it to be told her1 and at the end of eight or ten daies1 this woman being thoroughly cured1 came to shewe herself unto the said ,lord1 and how that she was cured4 ,there came likewise a captain bringing with him his son diseased with the king's evill1 unto the said ,lord ,ambassador1 for to send him into ,france1 upon whom there was some triall made of the said herbe1 whereupon within four daies he began to show great signs and tokens of healing1 and in the end was thoroughly cured of his king's evil4 ,italy received the first plant from ,santa ,croce1#bi who1 like ,nicot1 obtained the seed in ,lisbon4 ,in #aege first appeared a figure of the plant in ,andre ,theret's ,cosmographie1 which was but an imperfect representation of the plant4 ,it was supposed by many on its discovery to grow like the engraving given--in form resembling a tree or shrub rather than an herb4 ,tobacco was first brought to ,england by ,sir ,john ,hawkins1 who obtained the plant in ,florida in #aefe1 and afterwards by ,sir ,francis ,drake4#cj ,the first planters of it in ,england were said to be ,captain ,grenfield and ,sir ,francis ,drake4 ,one account of its introduction into ,england is as follows3 ,footnote #bi3 ,the ,pied ,bull ,inn1 at ,islington1 was the first house in ,england where tobacco was smoked1 while ,moll ,cut-,purse1 a noted pickpocket who flourished in the time of ,charles ,,ii41 is said to have been the first ,englishwoman who smoked tobacco4 ,footnote #cj3 ,it was introduced1 about #aebj1 into ,portugal and ,spain by ,doctor ,hernandez of ,toledo2 into ,italy by ,thornabon and the ,cardinal de ,sainte-,croif1 into ,england by ,captain ,drake and into ,france by ,andre ,theret1 a gray friar4--,le ,maout and ,decaisne's ,general ,system of ,botany 7,paris #ahfh74 ,the plant was first used by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh and others1 who had acquired a taste for it in ,virginia4#ca ,among the natives the usual mode employed in smoking the plant was by means of hollow canes1 and pipes made of wood and decorated with copper and green stones4 ,to deprive it of its acidity1 some of the natives were wont to pass the smoke through bulbs containing water1 in which aromatic and medicinal herbs had been infused4 ,footnote #ca3 ,short says of its introduction into ,england3 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh's ,marriners1 under ,mr4 ,ralph ,lane1 his ,agent in ,virginia first brought this ,commodity into ,england ,anno #aehd2 and that famous ,proprietor of this ,plantation foresaw good reasons to introduce the use of it1 however ,king ,james might afterwards1 through his own personal ,distaste both of it and1 him1 wrote his ,counterblast against it2 a work surely consistent with the ,pen of no ,prince1 but one of his ,politicks4 ,illustration3 ,old engraving of tobacco4 ,neander ascribes this invention to the ,persians2 but ,magnenus rather attributes it to the ,dutch and ,english1 to the latter of whom attaches the credit of having invented the clay pipes of modern times4 ,some writers have concluded that the plant served as a narcotic in some parts of ,asia4 ,liebault thinks it was known in ,europe#cb many years before the discovery of the ,new ,world1 and asserts that the plant had been found in the ,ardennes4 ,magnenus1 however1 claims its origin as transatlantic and affirms as his belief that the winds had doubtless carried the seeds from one continent to the other4 ,pallos says that among the ,chinese1 and among the ,mongol tribes who had the most intercourse with them1 the custom of smoking is so general1 so frequent1 and has become so indispensable a luxury2 the tobacco purse affixed to their belt so necessary an article of dress2 the form of the pipes1 from which the ,dutch seem to have taken the model of theirs1 so original2 and1 finally1 the preparation of the leaves so peculiar1 that they could not possibly derive all this from ,america by way of ,europe1 especially as ,india1 where the practice of smoking is not so general1 intervenes between ,persia and ,china4 ,meyen also states that the consumption of tobacco in the ,chinese empire is of immense extent1 and the practice seems to be of great antiquity1 for on very old sculptures ,i have observed the very same tobacco pipes which are still used4 ,besides1 we now know that the plant which furnishes the ,chinese tobacco is even said to grow wild in the ,east ,indies4 ,footnote #cb3 ,james the ,first also inclines to this belief1 declaring tobacco to be a common herb which 7though under divers names7 grows almost everywhere4 ,tobacco1 says ,loudon1 was introduced into the county of ,cork1 with the potatoe1 by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,a quaint writer of this period says of the plant3 ,tobacco1 that excellent plant1 the use whereof 7as of fifth element7 the world cannot want1 is that little shop of ,nature1 wherein her whole workmanship is abridged2 where you may see earth kindled into fire1 the fire breathe out an exhalation1 which entering in at the mouth walks through the regions of a man's brain1 drives out all ill vapors but itself1 draws down all bad humors by the mouth1 which in time might breed a scab over the whole body1 if already they have not2 a plant of singular use2 for1 on the one side ,nature being an enemy to vacuity and emptiness and on the other1 there being so many empty brains in the world as there are1 how shall ,nature's course be continued8 ,how shall those empty brains be filled but with air1 ,nature's immediate instrument to that purpose8 ,if with air1 what so proper as your fume2 what fume so healthful as your perfume1 what perfume so sovereign as tobacco4 ,besides the excellent edge it gives a man's wit1 as they but judge that have been present at a feast of tobacco1 where commonly all good wits are consoled2 what variety of discourse it begets1 what sparks of wit it yields8#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,a writer in the ,new ,england ,magazine says in a different strain3 ,this is the enemy that men put in their mouths1 to steal away their health4 ,this has filled the camp1 the court1 the grove4 ,it is found in the pulpit1 the senate1 the bar and the boudoir4 ,the name of ,sir ,walter is intimately connected with the history of tobacco1 and is associated with many of the brilliant exploits and explorations during the reign of the illustrious ,elizabeth4#cd ,his name has come down to us as being that of the first smoker of tobacco in ,england1#ce and many amusing anecdotes are told of him and the new custom which he introduced and sanctioned4 ,dixon has given us the following vivid picture of the great ,elizabethan navigator3 ,footnote #cd3 ,thorpe1 in his ,history and ,mystery of ,tobacco1 relates the following anecdote3 ,tradition says1 that in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth ,sir ,walter ,raleigh used to sit at his door with ,sir ,hugh ,middleton and smoke4 ,footnote #ce3 ,dr4 ,thomas ,short1 in his work ,discourses on ,tea1 ,tobacco1 ,punch1 c1 7,london #agej17 says of the original smoker3 ,sir ,walter was the first that brought the ,custom of smoking it into ,britain1 upon his return from ,america2 for he saw the natives of ,florida1 ,brazil and other places of the ,indies1 smoak it thus1 they hung about their ,necks little ,pipes or ,horns made of the ,leaves of the ,date ,tree1 or of ,reeds or ,rushes2 and at the ends of them they put several dry ,tobacco ,leaves twisted and broken1 and set the ends of them on fire1 and sucked in as much of the smoak as they could4 ,in a pleasant room of ,durham ,house1 in the ,strand1--a room overhanging a lovely garden1 with the river1 the old bridge1 the towers of ,lambeth ,palace1 and the flags of ,paris ,garden and the ,globe in view1--three men may have often met and smoked a pipe in the days of ,good ,queen ,bess1 who are dear to all readers of ,english blood2 because1 in the first place1 they were the highest types of our race in genius and in daring2 in the second place because the work of their hands has shaped the whole after-life of their countrymen in every sphere of enterprise and thought4 ,that splendid ,durham ,house1 in which the nine-days queen had been married to ,guilford ,dudley1 and which had afterwards been the town-house of ,elizabeth1 belonged to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 by whom it was held on leave from the queen4 ,raleigh1 a friend of ,william ,shakespeare and the players1 was also a friend of ,francis ,bacon and the philosophers4 ,raleigh is said to have founded the ,mermaid ,club2 and it is certain that he numbered friends among the poets and players4 ,the proofs of his having known ,shakespeare1 though indirect1 are strong4 ,of his long intercourse with ,bacon every one is aware4 ,thus it requires no effort of the fancy to picture these three men as lounging in a window of ,durham ,house1 puffing the new ,indian weed from silver bowls1 discussing the highest themes in poetry and science1 while gazing on the flower-beds and the river1 the darting barges of dames and cavalier1 and the distant pavilions of ,paris ,garden and the ,globe4 ,its use by so distinguished a person as ,raleigh was equivalent to its general introduction4#cf ,aubrey says3 ,footnote #cf3 ,so common was the indulgence that in #afjj1 only seventeen years after ,sir ,francis ,drake returned from ,america1 and set the example of using tobacco1 the ,french ,embassador writes in his dispatches to ,paris1 that the peers1 while engaged in the trials of ,essex and ,southampton1 deliberated upon their verdicts with pipes in their mouths6 ,he was the first that brought tobacco into ,england1 and into fashion4 ,in our part--,malmsbury ,hundred--it came first into fashion by ,sir ,walter ,long4 ,they had first silver pipes4 ,the ordinary sort made use of a walnut shell and a strawe4 ,i have heard my grandfather ,lyte say that one pipe was handed from man to man round the table4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh standing in a stand at ,sir ,ro4 ,poyntz parke at ,acton tooke a pipe of tobacco1 which made the ladies quitte it till he had donne4 ,illustration3 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,a writer has truthfully said in regard to associating the name and use of the plant with the primitive users of it4 ,the ambitious sought fame by associating themselves with the introduction of the plant and its cultivation2 hence we find it named after cardinals1 legates1 and embassadors1 while in compliment to ,catherine1 wife of ,henry the ,second1 it was called the ,queen's herb4 ,kings now rushed into the tobacco trade4 ,those of ,spain took the lead1 and became the largest manufacturers of snuff and cigars in ,christendom1 and the royal workshops of ,seville are still the most extensive in ,europe4 ,other monarchs monopolized the business in their dominions1 and all began to reap enormous profits from it1 as most do at this day4 ,in the year #afae tobacco was first planted in ,holland2 and in ,switzerland in #afhf4 ,as soon as its cultivation became general in ,spain and ,portugal the tobacco trade was farmed out1 bringing an enormous revenue to those kingdoms4 ,about the beginning of the ,seventeenth ,century the ,portuguese introduced into ,hindostan and ,persia#cg two things1 pine-apples and tobacco4 ,to the pine-apples no objection seems to have been made2 but to the tobacco the most strenuous resistance was offered by the sovereigns of the two countries4 ,spite1 however1 of punishments and prohibitions the use of tobacco spread with the rapidity of lightning4 ,footnote #cg3 ,savary says that tobacco has been known among the ,persians for upwards of #djj years1 and supposes that they received it from ,egypt1 and not from the ,east ,indies4 ,in ,england1 tobacco taking soon became a favorite custom not only with the loiterers about taverns and other public places1 but among the courtiers of ,elizabeth4 ,smoking was called drinking tobacco1 as the fashionable method was to put it through the nose or exhale it through the nostrils4 ,at this period tobacco seemed to have nearly the same effect as it did upon the ,indian1 producing a sort of intoxication2 thus in ,the ,perfuming of ,tobacco 7#afaa7 it is said3 ,the smoke of tobacco drunke or drawen by a pipe1 filleth the membranes of the braine1 and astonisheth and filleth many persons with such joy and pleasure1 and sweet losse of senses1 that they can by no means be without it4 ,the term drinking tobacco was not confined to ,england1 but was used in ,holland1 ,france1 ,spain and ,portugal1 as the same method of blowing the smoke through the nostrils1 seemed to be everywhere in vogue4 ,the use of tobacco increased very rapidly soon after its importation from ,virginia4 ,the ,spaniards and ,portuguese had hitherto monopolized the trade1 so that it brought enormous prices1 some kinds selling for its weight in silver4 ,as soon as its culture commenced in ,virginia the demand for ,west ,india tobacco lessened and ,virginia leaf soon came into favor1 owing not more to the lowering of price than to the quality of the leaf4#ch ,this was about #afbj1 which some writers have called the golden age of tobacco4 ,it had now become a prime favorite and was used by nearly all classes4 ,poets and dramatists sung its praises1 while others wrote of its wonderful medicinal qualities4#ci ,fops and knaves alike indulged in its use4 ,footnote #ch3 ,neander1 in his work on ,tobacologia 7,london1 #afbb71 mentions eighteen varieties of tobacco1 or at least localities from where it was shipped to ,london1 among which are the following3 ,varinas 7considered the best71 ,brazil1 ,maracay1 ,orinoco1 ,margarita1 ,caracas1 ,cumana1 ,amazon1 ,virginia1 ,philippines1 ,st4 ,lucia1 ,trinidad1 and ,st4 ,domingo4 ,footnote #ci3 ,the first author 7says an ,english writer7 who wrote of this ,plant was ,charles ,stephanus1 in #aefd4 ,this was a mean1 short1 inaccurate ,draught1 till ,dr4 ,john ,liebault wrote a whole ,discourse of it next year1 and put it into his second ,book of ,husbandry1 which was every year reprinted with additions and alterations1 for twenty years after4 ,he had a large ,correspondence1 a good ,intelligence1 and wrote the best of the age1 and gathered the greatest stock of experience about this new ,plant4 ,about the latter end of the sixteenth century1 tobacco was in great vogue in ,london1 with wits and 'gallants1' as the dandies of that age were called4 ,to wear a pair of velvet breeches1 with panes or slashes of silk1 an enormous starched ruff1 a gilt handled sword1 and a ,spanish dagger2 to play at cards or dice in the chambers of the groom-porter1 and smoke tobacco in the tilt-yard or at the play-house1 were then the grand characteristics of a man of fashion4 ,tobacconists' shops were then common2 and as the article1 which appears to have been sold at a high price1 was indispensable to the gay 'man about town1' he generally endeavored to keep his credit good with his tobacco-merchant4 ,poets and pamphleteers laughed at the custom1 though generally they seem to have no particular aversion to an occasional treat to a sober pipe and a poute of sack4 ,your men of war1 who had served in the ,low ,countries1 and who taught young gallants the noble art of fencing1 were particularly fond of tobacco2 and your gentlemen adventurers1 who had served in a buccaneering expedition against the ,spaniards1 were no less partial to it4 ,sailors--from the captain to the ship-boy--all affected to smoke1 as if the practice was necessary to their character2 and to 'take tobacco' and wear a silver whistle1 like a modern boatswain's mate1 was the pride of a man-of-war's man4 ,ben ,jonson1 of all our early dramatic writers1 most frequently alludes to the practice of smoking4 ,in his play of ',every ,man in his ,humour1' first acted in #aeih1 ,captain ,bobadil thus extols in his own peculiar vein the virtues of tobacco2 while ,cob1 the water carrier1 with about equal truth1 relates some startling instances of its pernicious effects4 ',bobadil4 ,body o' me1 here's the remainder of seven pound since yesterday was seven-night6 ',tis your right ,trinadado6 ,did you never take any1 ,master ,stephen8 ',stephen4 ,no1 truly1 ,sir2 but ,i'll learn to take it since you commend it so4 ',bobadil4 ,sir1 believe me upon my relation1--for what ,i tell you the world shall not reprove4 ,i have been in the ,indies where this herb grows1 where neither myself1 nor a dozen gentlemen more of my knowledge1 have received the taste of any other nutriment in the world1 for the space of one and twenty weeks1 but the fume of this simple only4 ,therefore1 it cannot be but 'tis most divine4 ,further1 take it1 in the true kind1 so1 it makes an antidote1 that had you taken the most deadly poisonous plant in all ,italy1 it should expel it and clarify you with as much ease as ,i speak4 ,and for your greenwound1 your balsamum1 and your ,st4 ,john's-wort1 are all mere gulleries and trash to it1 especially your ,trinidado3 your ,nicotian is good too4 ,i could say what ,i know of it for the expulsion of rheums1 raw humours1 crudities1 obstructions1 with a thousand of this kind1 but ,i profess myself no quack-salver3 only thus much1 by ,hercules2 ,i do hold it1 and will affirm it before any prince in ,europe1 to be the most sovereign and precious weed that ever the earth tendered to the use of man4' ,cob4 ',by gad's me1 ,i mar'l what pleasure or felicity they have in taking this roguish tobacco6 ,it's good for nothing but to choke a man and fill him full of smoke and embers4 ,there were four died out of one house last week with taking of it1 and two more the bell went for yesternight2 one of them1 they say1 will ne'er 'scape it3 he voided a bushel of soot yesterday1 upward and downward4 ,by the stocks6 an' there were no wiser men than ,i1 ,i'd have it present whipping1 man or woman that should but deal with a tobacco-pipe2 why1 it will stifle them all in the end1 as many as use it2 it's little better than rats-bane or rosaker4'#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,a preparation of arsenic4 ,from the first announcement that ,english navigators had discovered tobacco in ,virginia1 until the ,london and ,plymouth companies sailed for the ,new ,world1 the deepest interest was taken in the voyagers4 ,drayton1 the poet1 wrote of ,the ,virginian ,voyage1 while ,chapman and other dramatists wrote plays in which allusions were made to ,virginia4 ,in the ,mask of ,flowers1 performed at ,white ,hall upon ,twelfth ,night1 #afac-ad1 one of the characters challenges another1 and asserts that wine is more worthy than tobacco4 ,the costumes were exceedingly grotesque and suggestive of the ,new rather than of the ,old ,world4 ,kawosha one of the principal characters rode in1 wearing on his head a cap of red-cloth of gold1 from his ears were pendants1 a glass chain was about his neck1 his body and legs were covered with olive-colored stuff1 in his hands were a bow and arrows1 and the bases of tobacco--colored stuff cut like tobacco leaves4 ,the play abounds with allusions to the ,indian weed4 ,silenus4--,kawosha comes in majestie1 ,was never such a ,god as he2 ,he's come from a far countrie ,to make our nose a chimney4 ,kawosha4--,the wine takes the contrary way ,to get into the hood2 ,but good tobacco makes no stay ,but seizeth where it should4 ,more incense hath burned at ,great ,kawoshae's foote ,than to ,silen and ,bacchus1 both1 ,and take in ,jove to boote4 ,silenus4--,the worthies they were nine tis true1 ,and lately ,arthur's knights ,i knew2 ,but now are come up ,worthies new1 ,the roaring boys ,kawoshae's crew4 ,kawosha4--,silenus toppes the barrel1 but ,tobacco toppes the braine ,and makes the vapors fire and soote1 ,that mon revise againe4 ,nothing but fumigation ,doth charm away ill sprites1 ,kawosha and his nation ,found out these holy rites4 ,the writers of this period abound in allusions to tobacco and its use4 ,the poets and dramatists found in it a fertile field for the display of their satire1 and from #afjj to #afej stage plays introduced many characters as either tobacco drinkers or sellers4 ,it had now become so great a custom and had increased so fast after the importation of ,virginia tobacco that it afforded them no insignificant theme for the display of their genius4#da ,the plays of ,jonson1 ,decker1 ,rowland1 ,heywood1 ,middleton1 ,fields1 ,fletcher1 ,hutton1 ,lodge1 ,sharpham1 ,marston1 ,lilly 7court poet to ,elizabeth71 the ,duke of ,newcastle and others are full of allusions to the plant and those who indulged in its use4 ,shakespeare1#db however1 does not once allude to its use1 and his silence on this then curious custom has provoked much conjecture and inquiry4 ,some affirm that he wrote to please royalty1 but if so why did he not condemn the custom to appease the wrath of a sapient king4 ,others say he kept silence because he was the friend of ,raleigh1 and though he would have gladly held up the great smoker and his favorite indulgence1 feared to add to the popularity of the custom by displeasing his royal master4 ,another class affirm that as the stories of his plays are all antecedent to his own time1 therefore he never mentions either the drinking of tobacco1 or the tumultuous scenes of the ordinary which belonged to it1 and which are so constantly met with in his contemporary dramatists4 ,says one3 ,footnote #da3 ,never did nature produce a ,plant that in a short ,time became so universally used1 for it was but a short while known in ,europe1 till it was taken almost everywhere1 either chewed2 smoked1 or snuffed4 ,a pipe of tobacco is now the general and most frequent companion of1 ,mug1 ,bottle1 or ,punch-bowl4--,t4 ,short4 ,footnote #db3 ,gifford has also remarked that ,shakspeare is the only one of the dramatic writers of the age of ,james who does not condescend to notice tobacco2 all the others abound in allusions to it4 ,in ,jonson we find tobacco in every place--in ,cob the waterman's house1 and in the ,apollo ,club-room1 on the stage1 and at the ordinary4 ,the world of ,london was then divided into two classes--the tobacco-lovers and the tobacco-haters4 ,how is it that our great dramatist never once makes even the slightest allusion to smoking8 ,who can suggest a reason8 ,our great poet knew the human heart too well1 and kept too steadily in view1 the universal nature of man to be afraid of painting the external trapping and ephemeral customs of his own time4 ,does he not delight to moralize on false hair1 masks1 rapiers1 pomandens1 perfumes1 dice1 bowls1 fardingales1 etc8 ,did he not sketch for us1 with enjoyment and with satire1 too1 the fantastic fops1 the pompous stewards1 the mischievous pages1 the quarrelsome revellers1 the testy gaolers1 the rhapsodizing lovers1 the sly cheats1 and the ruffling courtiers that filled the streets of ,elizabethan ,london1 persons who could have been found nowhere else nor in any other age8 ,no one can dispute that he drew the life that he saw moving around him4 ,he sketched these creatures because they were before his eyes and were his enemies or his associates2 they live still because their creator's genius was ,promethean1 and endowed them with immortality4 ,bardolph1 ,moth1 ,slender1 ,abhorson1 ,don ,armado1 ,mercutio1 etc41 are portraits1 as everyone knows and feels who is conversant with the manners of the ,elizabethan times as handed down in old plays4 ,if ,shakespeare's contemporaries were silent about the then new fashion of smoking1 we should not so much wonder at ,shakespeare's taciturnity4 ,but ,decker's and ,ben ,jonson's works abound in allusions to tobacco1 its uses and abuses4 ,the humorist and satirist lost no opportunity of deriding the new fashion and its followers4 ,the tobacco merchant was an important person in ,london of ,james the ,first's time--with his ,winchester pipes1 his maple cutting-blocks1 his juniper-wood charcoal fires1 and his silver tongs with which to hand the hot charcoal to his customers1 although he was shrewdly suspected of adulterating the precious weed with sack lees and oil4 ,it was his custom to wash the tobacco in muscadel and grains1 and to keep it moist by wrapping it in greased leather1 and oiled rags1 or by burying it in gravel4 ,the ,elizabethan pipes were so small that now when they are dug up in ,ireland the poor call them 'fairy pipes' from their tininess4 ,these pipes became known by the nickname of 'the woodcock's heads4' ,the apothecaries1 who sold the best tobacco1 became masters of the art1 and received pupils1 whom they taught to exhale the smoke in little globes1 rings1 or the ',euripus4' ',the slights' these tricks were called4 ,ben ,jonson facetiously makes these professors boast of being able to take three whiffs1 then to take horse1 and evolve the smoke--one whiff on ,hounslow1 a second at ,staines1 and a third at ,bagshot4 ,the ordinary gallant1 like ,mercutio1 would smoke while the dinner was serving up4 ,those who were rich and foolish carried with them smoking apparatus of gold or silver--tobacco-box1 snuff-ladle1 tongs to take up charcoal1 and priming irons4 ,there seems1 from ,decker's ,gull's ,horn-,book1 to have been smoking clubs1 or tobacco ordinaries as they were called1 where the entire talk was of the best shops for buying ,trinidado1 the ,nicotine1 the ,cane1 and the ,pudding1 whose pipe had the best bore1 which would turn blackest1 and which would break in the browning4 ,at the theatres1 the rakes and spendthrifts who1 crowded the stage of ,shakespeare's time sat on low stools smoking2 they sat with their three sorts of tobacco beside them1 and handed each other lights on the points of their swords1 sending out their pages for more ,trinidado if they required it4 ,many gallants 'took' their tobacco in the lords room over the stage1 and went out to 7,saint7 ,paul's to spit there privately4 ,shabby sponges and lying adventurers1 like ,bobadil1 bragged of the number of packets of 'the most divine tobacco' they had smoked in a week1 and told enormous lies of living for weeks in the ,indies on the fumes alone4 ,they affirmed it was an antidote to all poison2 that it expelled rheums1 sour humours1 and obstructions of all kinds4 ,some doctors were of opinion that it would heal gout#dc and the ague1 neutralise the effects of drunkenness1 and remove weariness and hunger4 ,the poor on the other hand1 not disinclined to be envious and detracting when judging rich men's actions1 laughed at men who made chimneys of their throats1 or who sealed up their noses with snuff4 ,footnote #dc3 ,some hold it for a singular remedie against the gowte 7gout71 to chaw every morning the leaves of ,petum 7tobacco71 because it voideth great quantitie of flegme out at the mouth1 hindering the same from falling upon the joints1 which is the very cause of the gowte4 ,dr4 ,richard ,surflet 7#afjf74 ,ben ,jonson makes that dry1 shrewd1 water carrier of his1 ,cob1 rail at the 'roguish tobacco3' he would leave the stocks for worse men1 and make it present whipping for either man or woman who dealt with a tobacco-pipe4 ,but ,king ,james1 in his inane ',counterblast1' is more violent than even ,cob4 ,he argues that to use this unsavory smoke is to be guilty of a worse sin than that of drunkenness1 and asks how men1 who cannot go a day's journey without sending for hot coals to kindle their tobacco1 can be expected to endure the privations of war4 ,smoking1 the angry and fuming king protests1 had made our manners as rude as those of the fish-wives of ,dieppe4 ,smokers1 tossing pipes and puffing smoke over the dinner-table1 forgot all cleanliness and modesty4 ,men now1 he says1 cannot welcome a friend but straight they must be in hand with tobacco4 ,he that refused a pipe in company was accounted peevish and unsociable4 ',yea1' says the royal coxcomb and pedant1 'the mistress cannot in a more mannerly kind entertain her servant than by giving him out of her fair hand a pipe of tobacco4' ,the royal reformer 7not the most virtuous or cleanly of men7 closes his denunciation with this tremendous broadside of invective3 ',have you not reason1 then' he says1 'to be shamed and to forbear this filthy novelty1 so basely grounded1 so foolishly received1 and so grossly mistaken in the right use thereof8 ,to your abuse thereof sinning against ,god1 harming yourself both in persons and goods1 and taking also thereby the notes and marks of vanity upon you by the custom thereof1 making yourselves to be wondered at by all1 foreign civil nations and by all strangers that come among you1 and be scorned1 and contemned2 a custom both fulsome to the eye1 hateful to the nose1 harmful to the brain1 dangerous to the lungs1 and in the black stinking fume thereof nearest resembling the horrible ,stigian smelle of the pit that is bottomless4 ,illustration3 ,exhaling through the nose4 ,the supposed curative virtues of the tobacco plant had much to do with its use in ,europe while the singular mode of exhaling through the nostrils added to its charms1 and doubtless led to far greater indulgence4 ,spenser in his ,fairy ,queen makes one of the characters include it with other herbs celebrated for medicinal qualities4 ,into the woods thence-forth in haste she went1 ,to seek for herbes that mote him remedy2 ,for she of herbes had great intendiment1 ,taught of the ,nymph which from her infancy1 ,had nursed her in true nobility3 ,there whether it divine ,tobacco were1 ,or ,panach1 or ,polygony1 ,she found and brought it to her patient deare1 ,who all this while lay bleeding out his heart-blood neare4 ,lilly also a little later1 in his play of ,the ,woman in the ,moone 7#aeig71 speaks of it 7through one of the characters7 as being a medicinal herb-- ,gather me balme and cooling violets ,and of our holy herbe nicotian1 ,and bring withall pure honey from the hive ,to heale the wound of my unhappy hand4 ,barclay1 in his tract on ,the ,vertues of ,tobacco1 recommends its use as a medicine4 ,the following is one of the modes of use3 ,take of leafe ,tobacco as much as1 being folded together1 may make a round ball of such bignesse that it may fill the patient's mouth1 and inclyne his face downwards toward the ground1 keeping the mouth open1 not mouthing any whit with his tongue1 except now and then to waken the medicament1 there shall flow such a flood of water from his brain and his stomacke1 and from all the parts of his body that it shall be a wonder4 ,this must he do fasting in the morning1 and if it be for preservation1 and the body be very cacochyme1 or full of evil humors1 he must take it once a week1 otherwise once a month4 ,he gives the plant the name of ',nepenthes1' and says of it1 that 'it is worthy of a more loftie name4' ,he writes the following verse addressed to3 ,,the ,,abusers ,,of ,,tobacco4 ,why do you thus abuse this heavenly plant1 ,the hope of health1 the fuel of our life8 ,why do you waste it without fear of want1 ,since fine and true tobacco is not ryfe8 ,old ,enclio won't foul water for to spair1 ,and stop the bellows not to waste the air4 ,he also alludes to the quality of tobacco and says3 ,the finest ,tobacco is that which pearceth quickly the odorat with a sharp aromaticke smell1 and tickleth the tongue with acrimonie1 not unpleasant to the taste1 from whence that which draweth most water is most veituous1 whether the substance of it be chewed in the mouth1 or the smoke of it received4 ,he speaks of the countries in which the plant grows1 and prefers the tobacco grown in the ,new ,world as being superior to that grown in the ,old4 ,in his opinion1 only that which is fostered in the ,indies1 and brought home by ,mariners and ,traffiquers1 is to be used4 ,but not alone were ,poets and ,dramatists inspired to sing in praise or dispraise of tobacco1 ,physicians and others helped to swell in broadsides1 pamphlets and chap-books1 the loudest praises or the most bitter denunciation of the weed4 ,taylor1 the water poet1 who lost his occupation as bargeman when the coach came into use1 thought that the devil brought tobacco into ,england in a coach4 ,one of the first tracts wholly devoted to tobacco is entitled ,nash's ,lenten ,stuffe4 ,the work is dedicated to ,humphrey ,king1 a tobacconist1 and is full of curious sayings in regard to the plant4 ,another work1 entitled ,metamorphosis of ,tobacco1 and supposed to have been written by ,beaumont1 made its appearance about this time4 ,samuel ,rowlands1 the dramatist1 wrote two works on tobacco2 the first is entitled ,look to it1 for ,i'll ,stabbe ,ye1 written in #afjd2 the other volume is a small quarto1 bearing this singular title3 ,a whole crew of ,kind ,gossips1 all met to be ,merry4 ,this is a satire on the time and manners of the period1 and is written in a coarse style worthy of the author4 ,in #afje there appeared a little volume bearing for its title1 ,laugh and ,lie ,down1 or the ,world's ,folly4 ,this work describes the fops and men of fashion of its time1 and shows how popular the custom of tobacco taking had become4 ,in #afji1 in ,the ,gull's ,horne ,book1 a gallant is described as follows3 ,before the meate comes smoaking to the board our ,gallant must draw out his tobacco box1 the ladle for the cold snuff into his nostrils1 the tongs and the priming iron4 ,all this artillery may be of gold or silver1 if he can reach to the price of it2 it will be a reasonable1 useful pawn at all times when the current of his money falles out to rune low4 ,and here you must observe to know in what state tobacco is in town1 better than the merchants1 and to discourse of the potecaries where it is to be sold as readily as the potecary himself4 ,one of the severest tirades against tobacco appeared in #afab1 ,the ,curtain ,drawer of the ,world4 ,in speaking of the users of the weed1 and especially noblemen1 he says3 ,then noblemen's chimneys used to smoke1 and not their noses2 ,englishmen without were not ,blackamoores within1 for then ,tobacco was an ,indian1 unpickt and unpiped1--now made the common ivy-bush of luxury1 the curtaine of dishonesty1 the proclaimer of vanity1 the drunken colourer of ,drabby solacy4 ,in the ,soule's ,solace1 or ,thirty-and-,one ,spiritual ,emblems1 by ,thomas ,jenner1 occurs the following verses3 ,the ,indian weed1 withered quite1 ,greene at noone1 cut down at night1 ,shows thy decay2 all flesh is hay2 ,thus thinke1 then drinke ,tobacco4 ,the ,pipe that is so lily-white1 ,show thee to be a mortal wight1 ,and even such1 gone with a touch1 ,thus thinke1 then drinke ,tobacco4 ,and when the smoake ascends on high1 ,thinke thou beholdst the vanity ,of worldly stuffe1 gone with a puffe1 ,thus thinke1 then drinke ,tobacco4 ,and when the ,pipe grows foul within1 ,thinke on thy soul defiled with sin1 ,and then the fire it doth require2 ,thus thinke1 then drinke ,tobacco4 ,the ashes that are left behind1 ,may serve to put thee still in mind1 ,that unto dust return thou must2 ,thus thinke1 then drinke ,tobacco4 ,buttes1 in a little volume entitled ,dyets ,dry ,dinner1 7#aeii7 says that ,tobacco was translated out of ,india in the seede or roote2 native or sative in our own fruitfullest soils4 ,it cureth any griefe1 dolour1 imposture1 or obstruction proceeding of colde or winde1 especially in the head or breast4 ,the fume taken in a pipe is good against ,rumes1 ache in the head1 stomacke1 lungs1 breast2 also in want of meate1 drinke1 sleepe1 or rest4 ,the introduction of tobacco from the colony of ,virginia was followed soon after by a reduction of price that led to more frequent use among the poorer classes1 such as grooms and hangers on at taverns and ale-houses1 who are alluded to in ,rich's ,honestie of this ,age3 ,there is not so base a groome that comes into an ale-house to call for his pott1 but he must have his pipe of tobacco2 for it is a commodity that is nowe as vendible in every tavern1 wine and ale-house1 as eyther wine1 ale or beare2 and for apothecaerie's shops1 grocer's shops1 chandler's shops1 they are never without company1 that from morning till night1 are still taking of tobacco4 ,what a number are there besides1 that doe keepe houses1 set open shoppes1 that have no other trade to live by1 but by selling of tobacco4 ,i have heard it told1 that now very lately there hath been a catalogue of all those new erected houses that have sett up that trade of selling tobacco in ,london1 and neare about ,london2 and if a man may believe what is confidently reported1 there are found to be upwards of seven thousand of houses that doth live by that trade4 ,illustration3 ,old ,london ,ale-house4 ,if it be true that there be seven thousand shops in and about ,london1 that doth vend tobacco1 as it is credibly reported that there be over and above that number1 it may well be supposed to be but an ill customed shop1 that taketh not five shillings a day1 one day with another throughout the whole year2 or1 if one doth take lesse1 two other may take more2 but let us make our account1 but after two shillings sixpence a day1 for he that taketh lesse than that would be ill able to pay his rent1 or to keepe open his shop windows2 neither would tobacco houses make such a muster as they do1 and that almost in every lane1 and in every by-corner round about ,london4 ,a ,tobacco seller is described after this manner by ,blount in a volume ,micro-,cosmographie2 ,or ,a ,piece of the ,world discovered2 in ,essays and ,characters 7#afbh74 ,a tobacco seller is the only man that finds good in it which others brag of1 but doe not1 for it is meate1 drinke1 and clothes to him4 ,no man opens his ware with greater seriousness1 or challenges your judgment more in the operation4 ,his ,shop is the ,randenvous of spitting1 where men dialogue with their noses1 and their conversation is smoke4 ,it is the place only where ,spain is commended1 and preferred before ,england itself4 ,he should be well experienced in the ,world2 for he has daily tryall as men's nostrils1 and none is better acquainted with humour4 ,his is the piecing commonly of some other trade1 which is bawd to his ,tobacco1 and that to his wife1 which is the flame that follows the smoke4 ,early in the ,seventeenth ,century began the persecution by royal haters of the plant1 others1 however1 had denounced the weed and its use and users1 but venting nothing more than a tirade of words against it1 had but little effect in breaking up the trade or the custom4#dd ,james ,i4 sent forth his famous ,counterblast and in the strongest manner condemned its use4 ,a portion of it reads thus3 ,footnote #dd3 ,elizabeth during her reign1 published an edict against its use1 assigning as a reason1 that her subjects1 by employing the same luxuries as barbarians1 were likely to degenerate into barbarism4 ,from the first introduction of the weed1 the votaries of the pipe have enjoyed all the blessings of persecution4 ,kings have punished1 priests have anathematized1 satirists satirized and women scolded2 but still the weed1 with its divers shapes and different names1 reigns supreme among narcotics in every region of the globe4--,emerson's ,magazine4 ,surely smoke becomes a kitchen fane better than a dining chamber3 and yet it makes a kitchen oftentimes in the inward parts of men1 soyling and injecting with an unctuous oyly kind of roote as hath been found in some great tobacco takers1 that after death were opened4 ,a custom loathsome to the eye1 harmful to the braine1 dangerous to the lungs1 and the black stinking fume thereof1 nearest resembling the horrible ,stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless4#de ,footnote #de3 ,another writer in the same censorious manner says of the use of tobacco1 ,smoking is the jovial repast of ,cannibals or ,man-eaters1 and the grand entertainment of idolatrous ,pagan ,festivals4 ,masters will not permit the use of it to their servants or slaves and such as use it can hardly find masters or buyers4 ,quaint old ,burton in his ,anatomy of ,melancholy1 recognizes the virtues of the plant while he anathematizes its abuse4 ,he says3-- ,tobacco1 divine1 rare1 superexcellent tobacco1 which goes far beyond all their panacetas1 potable gold1 and philosophers' stones1 a soveraign remedy to all diseases4 ,a good vomit1 ,i confesse1 a vertuous herb1 if it be well qualified1 opportunely taken1 and medicinally used2 but1 as it is commonly abused by most men1 which take it as tinkers do ale1 'tis a plague1 a mischief1 a violent purger of goods1 lands1 health1 hellish1 divelish and damned tobacco1 the ruine and overthrow of body and soul4 ,the duty on importation had been only twopence per pound1 a moderate sum in view of the prices realized by the sale of it4 ,the ,king now increased it to the enormous sum of two shilling and ten pence4 ,james termed the custom of using tobacco an evil vanitie impairing the health of a great number of people their bodies weakened and made unfit for labor1 and the estates of many mean persons so decayed and consumed1 as they are thereby driven to unthriftie shifts only to maintain their gluttonous exercise thereof4#df ,brodigan says of the ,counterblast3 ,footnote #df3 ,king ,james' violent prejudices against all use of tobacco arose from his aversion to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 its first importer into ,england whom he intended a sacrifice to the gratification of the ,king of ,spain4 ,however absurd his reasoning may appear1 it unfortunately happened that he possessed the power to reduce his aversion to practice1 and he may be considered as the author of that unwarrantable persecution of the tobacco plant1 which under varying circumstances1 has been injudiciously continued to the present time4 ,other royal haters of the plant issued the most strenous laws#dg and affixed penalties of the severest kind1 of these may be mentioned the ,king of ,persia1 ,amuroth ,,iv4 of ,turkey1 the ,emperor ,jehan-,gee and ,popes ,urban ,,viii4 and ,innocent ,,xii41 the last of whom showed his dislike to many other customs beside that of tobacco taking4 ,footnote #dg3 ,the ,empress ,elizabeth was less severe4 ,she decreed that the snuff-boxes of those who made use of them in church should be confiscated to the use of the beadle4 ,one of the edicts which he issued was against the taking of snuff in ,st4 ,peters1 at ,rome2 this was in #afij2 it was1 however1 revoked by ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv41 who himself had acquired the indulgence4 ,illustration3 ,punishment for snuff-taking4 ,early in the ,seventeenth ,century tobacco found its way to ,constantinople4 ,to punish the habit1 a ,turk was seized and a pipe transfixed through his nose4 ,the death of ,king ,james1 followed by its occupancy of the throne by his son ,charles ,i41 did not lessen the persecution against tobacco4#dh ,in #afbe1 the year of his accession1 he issued a proclamation against all tobaccos excepting only the growth of ,virginia and ,somerites4 ,charles ,,ii4 also prohibited the cultivation of tobacco in ,england and ,ireland1 attaching a penalty of #aj per rood4 ,fairholt1 in alluding to the ,stuarts and ,cromwell as persecutors of tobacco1 says3 ,footnote #dh3 ,tobacco has been able to survive such attacks as these--nay1 has raised up a host of defenders as well as opponents4 ,the ,polish ,jesuits published a work entitled ,anti-,misocapnus1 in answer to ,king ,james4 ,in #afbh1 ,raphael ,thorius wrote a poem ,hymnus ,tobaci4 ,a host of names appear in the field3 ,lesus1 ,braum and ,simon ,pauli1 ,portal1 ,pia1 ,vauquelin1 ,gardanne1 ,posselt1 ,reimann1 and ,de ,morveau4 ,cromwell disliked the plant1 and ordered his troops to trample down the crop wherever found4 ,it is an historical fact that both ,james ,i4 and the two ,charleses as well as ,cromwell had the strongest dislike against the ,indian weed4 ,with such powerful foes it seems hardly possible that the custom should have increased to such an extent that when ,william ascended the throne the custom was said to be almost universal4#di ,pipes grew larger and ruled by a ,dutchman1 all ,england smoked in peace4 ,from this time forward the varieties used served only to increase the demand for the tobacco of the colonies1 and as its culture became better understood the leaf grew in favor1 until the demand for it was greater than the production4 ,footnote #di3 ,says an enthusiastic writer on tobacco1 ,if judged by the vicissitudes through which it has traveled1 it must indeed be acknowledged a hero among plants2 and if human pity1 respect1 or love should be given it for 'the dangers it has passed1' the inspiration of ,desdemonia's love for ,othello1 then might its most eloquent opponent be dumb1 or yield it no inconsiderable need of homage4 ,during the reign of ,anne1 the custom of smoking appears to have attained its greatest height in ,england2 the consumption of tobacco was then proportionally greater1 considering the population1 than it is at the present time4 ,spooner1 in his ,looking-,glass for ,smokers1 #agjc1 says of the custom3 ,the sin of the kingdom in the intemperate use of tobacco1 swelleth and increaseth so daily1 that ,i can compare it to nothing but the waters of ,noah1 that swell'd fifteen cubits above the highest mountains4 ,so that if this practice shall continue to increase as it doth1 in an age or two it will be as hard to find a family free1 as it was so long time since one that commonly took it4 ,when tobacco was first introduced into ,england its sale was confined to apothecaries1 but afterwards it was dealt in by tobacconists1 who sold other goods besides tobacco4 ,about the middle of the ,seventeenth ,century the culture of tobacco commenced in ,england2 it continued1 however1 only for a short time1 for the rump parliament in #afeb prohibited the planting of it1 and two years later ,cromwell and his council appointed commissioners for strictly putting this act in execution3 and in #affj it was legally enacted1 that from the first of ,january1 #affj-a1 no person whatever should sow or plant any tobacco in ,england1 under certain penalties4 ,in ,england drinking or smoking tobacco seems to have met with more success 7as a mode of use7 rather than chewing 7now so popular74 ,it was principally confined to the lower classes1 and was common among soldiers and sailors4 ,when used by gentlemen it was common to carry a silver basin to spit in4 ,illustration3 ,silver spittoons4 ,the habit of smoking or using tobacco in any form was then more constant than now1 and its use was common in almost all places of public gathering4 ,it was the custom to smoke in theatres2 stools being provided for those who paid for their use and the privilege of smoking on the stage4 ,tobacco was also sold at some of the play-houses1 and proved a source of profit1 doubtless1 beyond even the representation of the plays4 ,we should infer also from some of the early stage plays1 that the players used the weed even when acting their parts4 ,rowlands gives the following poem on tobacco in his ,knave of ,clubs1 #afaa3-- ,who durst dispraise tobacco whilst the smoke is in my nose1 ,or say1 but fah6 my pipe doth smell1 ,i would ,i knew but those ,durst offer such indignity to that which ,i prefer4 ,for all the brood of blackamoors will swear ,i do not err1 ,in taking this same worthy whif with valiant cavalier1 ,but that will make his nostrils smoke1 at cupps of wine or beer4 ,when as my purse can not afford my stomach flesh or fish1 ,i sop with smoke1 and feed as well and fat as one can wish4 ,come into any company1 though not a cross you have1 ,yet offer them tobacco1 and their liquor you shall have4 ,they say old hospitalitie kept chimnies smoking still2 ,now what your chimnies want of that1 our smoking noses will4 ,much vituals serves for gluttony1 to fatten men like swine1 ,but he's a frugal man indeed that with a leaf can dine1 ,and needs no napkins for his hands1 his fingers' ends to wipe1 ,but keeps his kitchen in a box1 and roast meat in a pipe4 ,this is the way to help down years1 a meal a day's enough3 ,take out tobacco for the rest1 by pipe1 or else by snuff1 ,and you shall find it physical2 a corpulent1 fat man1 ,within a year shall shrink so small that one his guts shall span4 ,it's full of physic's rare effects1 it worketh sundry ways1 ,the leaf green1 dried1 steept1 burnt to dust1 have each their several praise1 ,it makes some sober that are drunk1 some drunk of sober sense4 ,and all the moisture hurts the brain1 it fetches smoking thence4 ,all the four elements unite when you tobacco take4 ,for earth and water1 air and fire1 do a conjunction make4 ,the pipe is earth1 the fire's therein1 the air the breathing smoke2 ,good liquor must be present too1 for fear ,i chance to choke4 ,here1 gentlemen1 a health to all1 ',tis passing good and strong4 ,i would speak more1 but for the pipe ,i cannot stay so long4 ,in #afjb appeared a sweeping tirade entitled1 ,work for ,chimney ,sweepers1 or a ,warning against ,tobacconists4 ,it abounds with threats against all who indulge in tobacco4 ,the most singular work1 however1 appeared in #afaf1 bearing the following singular title3 ,the ,smoking ,age1 or the ,man in the ,mist2 with the ,life and ,death of ,tobacco4 ,dedicated to ,captain ,whiffe1 ,captain ,pipe1 and ,captain ,snuffe4 ,a frontispiece is given representing a tobacconist's shop with shelves1 counters1 pipes and tobacco2 a carved figure of a negro stands upon the counter1 which shows how soon such figures were used by dealers in pipes and tobacco4 ,the title-page contains the following epigram3 ,this some affirme1 yet yield ,i not to that1 ',twill make a fat man lean1 a lean man fat2 ,but this ,i'm sure 7howse'ere it be they meane7 ,that many whiffes will make a fat man lean4 ,illustration3 ,the ,negro ,image4 ,the following effusion resembles many of the verses of the day on the fruitful subject3 ,tobacco's an outlandish weed1 ,doth in the land strange wonders breed1 ,it taints the breath1 the blood it dries1 ,it burns the head1 it blinds the eyes2 ,it dries the lungs1 scourgeth the lights1 ,it numbs the soul1 it dulls the sprites2 ,it brings a man into a maze1 ,and makes him sit for other's gaze2 ,it makes a man1 it mars a purse1 ,a lean one fat1 a fat one worse2 ,a sound man sick1 a sick man sound1 ,a bound man loose1 a loose man bound2 ,a white man black1 a black man white1 ,a night a day1 a day a night2 ,the wise a fool1 the foolish wise1 ,a sober man in drunkard's guise2 ,a drunkard with a drought or twain1 ,a sober man it makes again2 ,a full man empty1 and an empty full1 ,a gentleman a foolish gull2 ,it turns the brain like cat in pan1 ,and makes a ,jack a gentleman4 ,the well-known song of ,tobacco is an ,indian ,weed1 was written most probably the last half of the ,seventeenth ,century1 ,fairholt gives the best copy we have seen of it4 ,it is taken from the first volume of ,pills to ,purge ,melancholy1 and reads thus3 ,tobacco's but an ,indian weed1 ,grows green at morn1 cut down at eve1 ,it shows our decay1 we are but clay2 ,think of this when you smoke tobacco4 ,the pipe1 that is so lily white1 ,wherein so many take delight1 ,is broke with a touch--man's life is such2 ,think of this when you smoke tobacco4 ,the pipe1 that is so foul within1 ,shews how man's soul is stained with sin1 ,and then the fire it doth require2 ,think of this when you smoke tobacco4 ,the ashes that are left behind ,do serve to put us all in mind ,that unto dust return we must2 ,think of this when you smoke tobacco4 ,the smoke1 that does so high ascend1 ,shews us man's life must have an end1 ,the ,vapor's gone--man's life is done2 ,think of this when you smoke tobacco4 ,one of the strongest objections against the use of the ,indian novelty was its ruinous cost at this period4 ,during the reign of ,james ,the ,first and ,charles ,the ,second1 ,spanish tobacco sold at from ten to eighteen shillings per pound while ,virginia tobacco sold for a time for three shillings4 ,in no age and by no race excepting perhaps the ,indians was the habit so universal or carried to such a length as in the ,seventeenth ,century--its supposed virtues as a medicine induced many to inhale the smoke constantly4 ,this was one reason why tobacco was condemned by so many of the writers and playwrights of the day yet many of them used the weed in some form from ,ben ,johnson to ,cibber the one fond of his pipe the other of his snuff4 ,in #afci ,venner published a volume entitled ,a ,treatise concerning the taking of the fume of tobacco4 ,his advice is to take it moderately and at fixed times4 ,many of the clergy were devoted adherents of the pipe4 ,lilly says of its use among them3 ,in this year ,bredon vicar of ,thornton a profound divine1 but absolutely the most polite person for nativities in that age1 strictly adhering to ,ptolemy1 which he well understood2 he had a hand in composing ,sir ,christopher ,heydon's defence of judicial astrology1 being that time his chaplain2 he was so given over to tobacco and drink1 that when he had no tobacco1 he would cut the bell-ropes and smoke them4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,tobacco ,,in ,,europe4 7,continued47 ,neander in his work ,tobacologia1 7#afbb7 gives a list of the various kinds of tobacco then used and where they were cultivated1 among them are the following well known now as standard varieties of tobacco3 ,brazilian1 ,st4 ,domingo1 ,orinoco1 ,virginia1 and ,trinidad tobacco4 ,fairholt says of the latter that it was most popular in ,england and is frequently named by early authors4#ej ,tobacco when prepared for use was made into long rolls or large balls which often answered for the tobacconist's sign4 ,what we now call cut tobacco was not as popular then as roll4 ,smokers carried a roll of tobacco1 a knife and tinder to ignite their tobacco4 ,at the close of the ,sixteenth ,century tobacco was introduced into the ,east4 ,in ,persia and ,turkey where at first its use was opposed by the most cruel torture it gained at length the sanction and approval of even the ,sultan himself4 ,pallas gives the following account in regard to its first introduction into ,asia3 ,footnote #ej3 ,neander says that ,varinas tobacco was the best4 ,in ,asia1 and especially in ,china1 the use of tobacco for smoking is more ancient than the discovery of the ,new ,world1 ,i too scarcely entertain a doubt4 ,among the ,chinese1 and among the ,mongol tribes who had the most intercourse with them1 the custom of smoking is so general1 so frequent1 and become so indispensable a luxury2 the tobacco purse affixed to their belt1 so necessary an article of dress2 the form of the pipes from which the ,dutch seem to have taken the model of theirs so original2 and1 lastly the preparation of the yellow leaves1 which are merely rubbed to pieces and then put into the pipe1 so peculiar1 that we cannot possibly derive all this from ,america by way of ,europe2 especially as ,india1 7where the habit of smoking is not so general17 intervenes between ,persia and ,china4 ,may we not expect to find traces of this custom in the first account of the ,voyages of the ,portugese and ,dutch to ,china8 ,to investigate this subject1 ,i have indeed the inclination but not sufficient leisure4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco and ,theology4 ,we find by research that smoking was the most general mode of using tobacco in ,england when first introduced4 ,in ,france the habit of snuffing was the most popular mode and to this day the custom is more general than elsewhere4 ,in the days of the ,regency snuff-taking had attained more general popularity than any other mode of using the plant leaves2 the clergy were fond of the dust and carried the most expensive snuff boxes1 while many loved the pipe and indulged in tobacco-smoking4 ,the old vicar restored to his living enjoyed a pipe when seated in his chair musing on the subject of his next ,sunday's discourse1 with a jug of sound old ale and a huge tome of sound old divinity on the table before him1 for the occasional refreshment as well of the bodily as the spiritual man4 ,the cultivation of tobacco in ,europe was begun in ,spain and ,portugal4 ,its culture in these kingdoms as well as by their colonies brought to the crown enormous revenues4 ,in #afbf1 its culture began in ,france and is still an important product4 ,a little later it began to be cultivated in ,germany where it had already been used as a favorite luxury4 ,from this time its use and cultivation extended to various parts of ,europe4 ,the ,persecutors whether kings1 popes1 poets1 or courtiers at length gave up their opposition while many of them joined in the use and spread of the custom4 ,it has been said with much truth3 ,history proves that persecution never triumphs in its attempted eradications4 ,tobacco was so generally liked that no legislative measures could prevent its use4 ,at first the use of tobacco was confined to fops and the hangers on at ale houses and taverns but afterwards by the chief men of the realm4 ,soon after the importation of the durned weed from ,virginia the tobacco muse gave forth many a lay concerning the custom4 ,the following verses describe the method of smoking then in vogue3 ,nor did that time know ,to puff and to blow ,in a peece of white clay1 ,as they do at this day ,with fier and coole1 ,and a leafe in a hole2 ,as my ghost hath late seen1 ,as ,i walked betwene ,westminister ,hall ,and the church of ,st4 ,paul1 ,and so thorow the citie ,where ,i saw and did pitty ,my country men's cases1 ,with fiery-smoke faces1 ,sucking and drinking ,a filthie weede stinking1 ,was ne'r known before ,till the devil and the ,more ,in th' ,indies did meete1 ,and each other there greete ,with a health they desire1 ,of stinke1 smoke and fier4 ,but who e're doth abhorre it4 ,the citie smookes for it2 ,now full of fier shop1 ,and fowle spitting chop1 ,so sneezing and coughing1 ,that my ghost fell to scoffing4 ,and to myself said3 ,here's filthie fumes made2 ,good phisicke of force ,to cure a sicke horse4 ,the ,puritans1 from the first introduction of the plant1 were sincere haters of tobacco1 not only in ,england but in ,america4 ,cromwell had as strong a dislike of the plant as ,king ,james1 and ordered the troopers to destroy the crops by trampling them under foot4 ,hutton describes a ,puritan as one who ,abhors a sattin suit1 a velvet cloak1 ,and sayes tobacco is the ,devill's smoke4 ,probably no other plant has ever met with such powerful determined opposition1 both against its use and cultivation1 as the tobacco plant4 ,it was strenuously opposed by all possible means1 governmental1 legislative1 and literary4 ,when tea and coffee were first introduced both were denounced in unmeasured terms1 but the opposition was not so bitter or as lasting4 ,the following verses bearing the nom de plume of an ,old ,salt1 record much of the history of the plant3-- ,oh muse6 grant me the power 7,i have the will7 to sing ,how oft in lonely hour1 ,when storms would round me lower1 ,tobacco's prov'd a ,king6 ,philanthropists1 no doubt ,with good intentions ripe1 ,their dogmas may put out1 ,and arrogantly shout ,the evils of the pipe4 ,kind moralists1 with tracts1 ,opinions fine may show3 ,produce a thousand facts-- ,how ill tobacco acts ,man's system to o'erthrow4 ,learn'd doctors have employed ,much patience1 time and skill1 ,to prove tobacco cloyed ,with acrid alkaloid1 ,with power the nerves to kill6 ,e'en ,popes have curst the plant2 ,kings bade its use to cease2 ,but all the ,pontiff's rant ,and ,royal ,jamie's cant ,ne'er made its use decrease4 ,teetotallers may stamp ,and roar at pipes and beer2 ,but place them in a swamp1 ,when nights are dark and damp-- ,their tune would change1 ,i fear4 ,no advocate am ,i ,of excess in one or t'other1 ,and ne'er essayed to try ,in wine to drown a sigh1 ,or a single care to smother4 ,yet1 in moderation pure1 ,a glass is well enough2 ,but1 a troubled heart to cure1 ,kind feelings to insure1 ,give me a cheerful puff4 ,how oft a learn'd divine ,his sermons will prepare1 ,not by imbibing wine1 ,but1 'neath th' influence fine ,of a pipe of baccy rare6 ,how many a pleasing scene1 ,how many a happy joke1 ,how many a satire keen1 ,or problem sharp1 has been ,evolved or born of smoke6 ,how oft1 amidst the jar ,of storms on ruin bent1 ,on ship-board1 near or far1 ,to the drenched and shiv'ring tar ,tobacco's solace lent6 ,oh6 tell me not 'tis bad1 ,or that it shortens life4 ,its charms can soothe the sad1 ,and make the wretched glad1 ,in trouble and in strife4 ,tis used in every clime1 ,by all men1 high and low2 ,it is praised in prose and rhyme1 ,so let the kind herb grow6 ',tis a friend to the distress'd1 ',tis a comforter in need2 ,it is social1 soothing1 blest2 ,it has fragrance1 force1 and zest2 ,then hail the kingly weed6 ,while ,raleigh#ea and many of ,elizabeth's courtiers indulged frequently in a pipe1 some have imagined that even ,queen ,bess herself tested the rare virtues of tobacco4 ,this is hardly based upon sufficient proof to warrant a very strong belief in it2 but the following account of ,how to weigh smoke taken from ,tinsley's ,magazine shows that the ,queen was acquainted at least with ,raleigh's use of the weed3 ,footnote #ea3 ,it is said that ,raleigh in communicating the art to his friends1 gave smoking parties at his house1 where his guests were treated with nothing but a pipe1 a mug of ale1 and a nutmeg4 ,says an ,english writer3 ,from the anecdote related respecting the weight of smoke1 the vapor of the pipe certainly did not throw a cloud over the brilliant wit of the unfortunate ,raleigh4 ,one day it happened that ,queen ,elizabeth1 wandering about the grounds and alleys at ,hampton with a single maid of honour1 came upon ,sir ,walter ,raleigh indulging in a pipe4 ,smoking now is as common as eating and drinking1 and to smoke amongst ladies is a vulgarity4 ,but not so then3 it was an accomplishment1 it was a distinction2 and one of the feathers in ,sir ,walter's towering cap was his introduction of tobacco4 ,the all-accomplished hero rose and saluted the ,queen in his grand manner1 and the ,queen1 who was in her daintiest humour1 gave him her white hand to kiss1 and took the seat he had left4 ,now1 ,sir ,walter1 ,i can puzzle you at last4 ,i suppose ,i must not be so rude as to doubt your ,majesty4 ,you are bold enough for that1 but your boldness will not help you1 ,sir ,walter1 this time4 ,you cannot tell me how much the smoke from your pipe weighs4 ,your ,majesty is mistaken4 ,i can tell you to a nicety4 ,will your ,majesty allow me to call yonder page1 and send for a pair of scales and weights8 ,by my honour1 said the ,queen1 were any other subject in our realm to make request so absurd1 we should very positively deny it4 ,but you are the wisest of our fools1 and1 though we expect to see but little use made of these weights when brought1 your request shall be granted4 ,and1 supposing you fail to weigh the smoke1 what penalty will you pay8 ,i will be content1 said ,sir ,walter1 to lose my head4 ,you may chance to lose it on a graver count than this2 answered the ,queen4 ,if the head shall have done some slight service to your ,majesty and the realm1 replied the courteous knight1 thee will be well content nevertheless4 ,illustration3 ,weighing smoke4 ,but your ,majesty will soon see that ,i fail not4 ,first1 madam1 ,i place this empty pipe in the scales1 and ,i find that it weighs exactly #b ounces4 ,i now fill it with tobacco1 and the weight is increased to #b-a_/ajth ounce4 ,i must now ask your ,majesty to allow me to smoke the pipe out4 ,i shall then turn out the ashes1 and place them together with the pipe in the scale once more4 ,the difference between the weight of the pipe with the unsmoked tobacco1 and weight of the pipe with the ashes1 will be the weight of the smoke4 ,you are too clever for us1 ,sir ,walter4 ,we shall expect you to-night at supper1 and if the conversation grow dull1 you shall tell our courtiers the story of the pipe4 ,many other anecdotes have been told of the adventures of ,raleigh with his pipe4 ,one is that while taking a quiet smoke his servant entered and becoming alarmed on seeing the smoke coming from his nose threw a mug of ale in his face4 ,the same anecdote is also related of others including ,tarlton4 ,he gives an account of it in his ,jests #afaa4 ,it is told in this manner3 ,tarlton as other gentlemen used1 at the first coming up of tobacco1 did take it more for fashion's sake than otherwise1 and being in a roome1 sat betweene two men overcome with wine1 and they never seeing the like1 wondered at it1 and seeing the vapour come out of ,tarlton's nose1 cryed out1 ',fire1 fire6' and threw a cup of wine in ,tarlton's face4 ',make no more stirre1' quoth ,tarlton1 'the fire is quenched2 if the sheriffs come1 it will turne a fine as the custom is4' ,and drinking that againe1 ',fie1' says the other3 'what a stinke it makes4 ,i am almost poysoned4' ',if it offend1' quoth ,tarlton1 'let's every one take a little of the smell1 and so the savor1 will quickly go2' but tobacco whiffes made them leave him to pay all4 ,rich gives the following account of a similar scene3-- ,i remember a pretty jest of tobacco which was this3 ,a certain ,welchman coming newly to ,london1 and beholding one to take tobacco1 never seeing the like before1 and not knowing the manner of it1 but perceiving him vent smoke so fast1 and supposing his inward parts to be on fire1 cried out1 ',o ,jhesu1 ,jhesu man1 for the passion of ,cod hold1 for by ,cod's splud ty snowt's on fire1' and having a bowle of beere in his hand1 threw it at the other's face1 to quench his smoking nose4 ,the following anecdote is equally ludicrous4 ,before tobacco was much known in ,germany1 some soldiers belonging to a cavalry regiment were quartered in a ,german village4 ,one of them1 a trumpeter1 happened to be a negro4 ,a peasant1 who had never seen a black man before1 and who knew nothing about tobacco1 watched1 though at a safe distance1 the trumpeter1 while the latter groomed and fed his horse4 ,as soon as this business was dispatched1 the negro filled his pipe and began to smoke it4 ,great had been the peasant's bewilderment before2 great was his terror now4 ,the terror reached an intolerable point when the negro took the pipe from his mouth1 offered it to the peasant1 and asked him1 in the best language he could command1 to take a whiff4 ,no1 no6 cried the peasant1 in exceeding alarm2 no1 no6 ,mr4 ,devil2 ,i do not wish to eat fire4 ,henry ,fielding1 in ,the ,grub ,street ,opera written about a century ago1 has the following verses on ,tobacco3-- ,let the learned talk of books1 ,the glutton of cooks1 ,the lover of ,celia's soft smack--,o6 ,no mortal can boast ,so noble a toast1 ,as a pipe of accepted tobacco4 ,let the soldier for fame1 ,and a general's name1 ,in battle get many a thwack--,o6 ,let who will have most ,who will rule the rooste1 ,give me but a pipe of tobacco4 ,tobacco gives wit ,to the dullest old cit1 ,and makes him of politics crack--,o6 ,the lawyers i' th' hall ,were not able to bawl1 ,were it not for a whiff of tobacco4 ,the man whose chief glory ,is telling a story1 ,had never arrived at the smack--,o6 ,between every heying1 ,and as ,i was saying1 ,did he not take a whiff of tobacco4 ,the doctor who places ,much skill in grimaces1 ,and feels your pulse running tic tack--,o6 ,would you know his chief skill8 ,it is only to fill ,and smoke a good pipe of tobacco4 ,the courtiers alone ,to this weed are not prone2 ,would you know what 'tis makes them so slack--,o8 ',twas because it inclined ,to be honest the mind1 ,and therefore they banished tobacco4 ,one of the most curious pieces of verse ever written on tobacco is the following by ,southey1 entitled ,elegy on a ,quid of ,tobacco3-- ,it lay before me on the close-grazed grass1 ,beside my path1 an old tobacco quid3 ,and shall ,i by the mute adviser pass ,without one serious thought8 now ,heaven forbid6 ,perhaps some idle drunkard threw thee there-- ,some husband spendthrift of his weekly hire2 ,one who for wife and children takes no care1 ,but sits and tipples by the ale-house fire4 ,ah6 luckless was the day he learned to chew6 ,embryo of ills the quid that pleased him first2 ,thirsty from that unhappy quid he grew1 ,then to the ale-house went to quench his thirst4 ,so great events from causes small arise-- ,the forest oak was once an acorn seed2 ,and many a wretch from drunkenness who dies1 ,owes all his evils to the ,indian weed4 ,let no temptation1 mortal1 ere come nigh6 ,suspect some ambush in the parsley hid2 ,from the first kiss of love ye maidens fly1 ,ye youths1 avoid the first ,tobacco-quid6 ,perhaps ,i wrong thee1 ,o thou veteran chaw1 ,and better thoughts my musings should engage2 ,that thou wert rounded in some toothless jaw1 ,the joy1 perhaps of solitary age4 ,one who has suffered ,fortune's hardest knocks1 ,poor1 and with none to tend on his gray hairs2 ,yet has a friend in his ,tobacco-box1 ,and1 while he rolls his quid1 forgets his cares4 ,even so it is with human happiness-- ,each seeks his own according to his whim2 ,one toils for wealth1 one ,fame alone can bless1 ,one asks a quid--a quid is all to him4 ,o1 veteran chaw6 thy fibres savory1 strong1 ,while aught remained to chew1 thy master chewed1 ,then cast thee here1 when all thy juice was gone1 ,emblem of selfish man's ingratitude6 ,o1 happy man6 ,o1 cast-off quid6 is he ,who1 like as thou1 has comforted the poor2 ,happy his age who knows himself1 like thee1 ,thou didst thy duty--man can do no more4 ,another well known song of the ,seventeenth ,century is entitled ,the ,tryumph of ,tobacco over ,sack and ,ale3-- ,nay1 soft by your leaves1 ,tobacco bereaves ,you both of the garland2 forbear it2 ,you are two to one1 ,yet tobacco alone ,is like both to win it1 and weare it4 ,though many men crack1 ,some of ale1 some of sack1 ,and think they have reason to do it2 ,tobacco hath more ,that will never give o'er ,the honor they do unto it4 ,tobacco engages ,both sexes1 all ages1 ,the poor as well as the wealthy2 ,from the court to the cottage1 ,from childhood to dotage1 ,both those that are sick and the healthy4 ,it plainly appears ,that in a few years ,tobacco more custom hath gained1 ,than sack1 or than ale1 ,though they double the tale ,of the times1 wherein they have reigned4 ,and worthily too1 ,for what they undo ,tobacco doth help to regaine1 ,on fairer conditions ,than many physitians1 ,puts an end to much griefe and paine2 ,it helpeth digestion1 ,of that there's no question1 ,the gout and the tooth-ache it easeth3 ,be it early1 or late1 ',tis never out of date1 ,he may-safely take it that pleaseth4 ,tobacco prevents ,infection by scents1 ,that hurt the brain1 and are heady4 ,an antidote is1 ,before you're amisse1 ,as well as an after remedy4 ,the cold it doth heate1 ,cools them that do sweate1 ,and them that are fat maketh lean3 ,the hungry doth feed1 ,and if there be need1 ,spent spirits restoreth again4 ,the poets of old1 ,many fables have told1 ,of the gods and their symposia2 ,but tobacco alone1 ,had they known it1 had gone ,for their nectar and ambrosia4 ,it is not the smack ,of ale or of sack1 ,that can with tobacco compare3 ,for taste and for smell1 ,it beares away the bell ,from them both1 wherever they are3 ,for all their bravado1 ,it is ,trinidado1 ,that both their noses will wipe ,of the praises they desire1 ,unless they conspire ,to sing to the tune of his pipe4 ,the history of the rise and progress of tobacco in ,england1 is one of the most interesting features connected with the use and cultivation of the plant4 ,in ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,germany and ,holland the plant was sustained and encouraged by the throne1 and royalty was the strongest and most devoted defender it had4 ,it saw in the encouragement of its use1 an income of revenue and a source of profit far greater than that received from any other product4 ,soon after its cultivation began in ,france1 ,spain1 and ,portugal1 the tobacco trade was farmed out4 ,from its first cultivation in these countries it has been a government monopoly4 ,in #agec1 the ,king of ,portugal farmed out the tobacco trade1 and from that time until now1 the annual amount received has been one of the principal sources of revenue to the crown4 ,in ,france1 as early as #afgd1 a monopoly of the trade was granted to ,jean ,breton1 for six years1 for the sum of #gjj1jjj francs4 ,in #agbj the ,indian ,company paid for the privilege #a1ejj1jjj francs per annum2 and in #agga the price was increased to #be1jjj1jjj francs4 ,besides ,france there are thirteen other ,european states where the tobacco trade is a government monopoly1 namely1 ,austria1 ,spain1 ,sicily1 ,sardinia1 ,poland1 ,papal ,states1 ,portugal1 ,tuscany1 ,modena1 ,parma1 ,san ,marino1 ,lichtenstein4 ,from the first cultivation of the plant1 its growers saw in the tobacco trade a vast and constantly increasing source of wealth4 ,they doubtless in some measure comprehended the close relation existing between it and commerce and realized how extensive would be its use4 ,from the nature of the plant1 it affords states and nations an opportunity to engage either in its culture or commerce with the prospect of the largest success4 ,in this respect it is far different from any other tropical plant1 and unlike them is capable of being cultivated in portions of the earth far remote from the tropics4 ,in ,switzerland and in the ,caucassias it attains to a considerable size1 but is nevertheless tobacco although it may possess but few of the excellences of some varieties1 still it affords some enjoyment to the user1 from the fact that it is the ,indian weed4 ,fairholt speaking of the tobacco trade says3 ,the progress of the tobacco trade from the earliest introduction of the plant into ,europe until now1 is certainly one of the most curious that commerce presents4 ,that a plant originally smoked by a few savages1 should succeed in spite of the most stringent opposition in church and state1 to be the cherished luxury of the whole civilized world2 to increase with the increase of time1 and to end in causing so vast a trade1 and so large an outlay of money2 is a statistical fact1 without an equal parallel4 ,the tobacco plant notwithstanding its fascinating powers1 has suffered many romantic vicissitudes in its fame and character2 having been successively opposed and commended by physicians1 condemned and eulogized by priests1 vilified and venerated by kings1 and alternately proscribed and protected by governments1 this once insignificant production of a little island or an obscure district1 has succeeded in diffusing itself throughout every clime1 and--exhilarating and enriching its thousands--has subjected the inhabitants of every country to its dominion4 ,and every where it is a source of comfort and enjoyment2 in the highest grades of civilized society1 at the shrine of fashion1 in the depths of poverty1 in the palace and in the cottage1 the fascinating influence of this singular plant demands an equal tribute of devotion and attachment4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,tobacco-,,pipes1 ,,smoking ,,and ,,smokers4 ,the implements used in smoking tobacco1 from the rude pipe of the ,indian to the elaborate hookah of the ,turk1 show a far greater variety than even the various species of the tobacco plant4 ,the instruments used by the ,indians for inhaling the tobacco smoke were no less wonderful to ,europeans than the plant itself4 ,the rude mode of inhaling the smoke and the intoxication produced by its fumes suggested to the ,spaniards a better method of taking tobacco4 ,hariot1 however1 found clay pipes in use by the ,indians of ,virginia1 which though having no resemblance to the smoking implements discovered by ,columbus1 seem to have afforded a model for those afterward manufactured by the ,virginia colony4 ,the sailors of ,columbus seemed to have first discovered cigar1 rather than pipe-smoking1 inasmuch as the simple method used by the natives1 consisted of a leaf of maize1 which enwrapped a few leaves of the plant4 ,the next instruments discovered in use among the ,indians were straight1 hollow reeds and forked canes4 ,their mode of use was to place a few leaves upon coals of fire and by placing the forked end in the nostrils and the other upon the smoking leaves1 to inhale the smoke until they were stupified or drunken with the fumes4 ,their object in inhaling the fumes of tobacco seemed to be to produce intoxication and insensibility rather than a mode of enjoyment1 although the enjoyment with them consisted of seeing the most remarkable visions when stupefied by its fumes4 ,such were the modes of smoking among the ,indians when ,columbus planted the banner of ,spain in ,america4 ,a writer in ,the ,tobacco ,plant has given a very interesting description of ,indian pipes in use among the natives of both ,north and ,south ,america4 ,he says3 ,in the tumuli or ,indian grave mounds of the ,ohio and ,scioto valleys1 large quantities of pipes have been found1 bearing traces of ,indian ingenuity4 ,that their burial mounds are of great antiquity1 is proved by the fact that trees several centuries old are to be found growing upon them4 ,about twenty-five years ago1 two distinguished archeologists ,squier and ,davis--made extensive exploration of these mounds1 the results of which were published in an elaborate memoir by the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,the mounds indicate that an immense amount of labor has been expended upon them1 as the earthworks and mounds may be counted by thousands1 requiring either long time or an immense population2 and there is much probability in the supposition of ,sir ,john ,lubbock that these parts of ,america were once inhabited by a numerous and agricultural population4 ,it may be asked1 have the races who erected these extensive mounds become extinct1 or do they exist in the poor uncivilized tribes of ,indians whom ,europeans found inhabiting the river valleys of ,ohio and ,illinois8 ,many of these mounds are in the form of serpents and symbolic figures1 and were evidently related to the sacrificial worship of the mound builders4 ,squier and ,davis are of the opinion that3-- ,the mound builders were inveterate smokers1 if the great numbers of pipes discovered in the mounds be admitted as evidence of the fact4 ,these constitute not only a numerous1 but a singularly interesting class of remains4 ,in their construction the skill of the maker seems to have been exhausted4 ,their general form1 which may be regarded as the primitive form of the implement1 is well exhibited in the accompanying sketch4 ,they are always carved from a single piece1 and consist of a flat carved bore of variable length and width1 with the bowl rising from the centre of the convex side4 ,from one of the ends1 and communicating with the hollow of the bowl1 is drilled a small hole1 which answers the purpose of a tube2 the corresponding opposite division being left for the manifest purpose of holding the implement to the mouth4 ,the specimen here represented is finely carved from a beautiful variety of brown porphyry1 granulated with various-colored materials1 the whole much changed by the action of fire1 and somewhat resembling porcelain4 ,it is intensely hard1 and successfully resists the edge of the finest-tempered knife4 ,the length of the base is five inches2 breadth of the same one inch and a-quarter4 ,the bowl is one inch and a-quarter high1 slightly tapering upwards1 but flaring near the top4 ,the hollow of the bowl is six-tenths of an inch in diameter4 ,the perforation answering to the tube is one-sixth of an inch in diameter1 which is about the usual size4 ,this circumstance places it beyond doubt that the mouth was applied directly to the implement1 without the intervention of a tube of wood or metal4 ,illustration3 ,indian pipe4 ,this is an account of a simple pipe1 with a small bowl2 but most of the pipes found in the mounds are highly ornamented with elaborate workmanship1 representing animals such as the beaver1 otter1 bear1 wolf1 panther1 raccoon1 squirrel1 wild-cat1 manotee1 eagle1 hawk1 heron1 swallow1 paroquet1 etc4 ,one of the most interesting of the spirited sculptures of animal forms to be found on the mound pipes1 is the representation of the ,lamantin1 or ,manotee1 a cetacean found only in tropical waters1 and the nearest place which they at present frequent is the coast of ,florida--at least a thousand miles away4 ,according to ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 these are no rude sculptures1 for the characteristics of the animal are all distinctly marked1 rendering its recognition complete4 ,many modern ,indians are possessed of a wonderful aptitude for sculpture1 and they appear to gladly exchange their work for the necessaries of life4 ,the material most prized for the purpose of pipe-making is the beautiful red pipe-stone of the ,coteau des ,prairies1 which is an indurated aluminous stone1 highly colored with red oxide of iron4 ,it is frequently called ,catlinite1 out of compliment to ,george ,catlin1 the distinguished collector of ,indian traditions1 who claims to be the first ,european that ever visited the ,red ,pipe-stone ,quarry1 which is situated amongst the upper waters of ,missouri4 ,catlin gives the following legend as the ,indian version of the birth of the mysterious red pipe3-- ,the ,great ,spirit1 at an ancient period1 here called together the ,indian warriors1 and standing on the precipice of the red pipe-stone rock1 broke from its wall a piece1 and made a huge pipe by turning it in his hand1 which he smoked over them1 and to the north1 the south1 the east and the west2 and told them that this stone was red1 that it was their flesh1 that they must use it for their pipes of peace1 that it belonged to them all1 and that the war club and the scalping knife must not be raised on its ground4 ,at the last whiff of his pipe his head went into a great cloud1 and the whole surface of the rock for several miles was melted and glazed4 ,two great ovens were opened beneath1 and two women1 guardian spirits of the place1 entered them in a blaze of fire1 and they are heard there yet1 answering to the invocations of the priests and medicine-men4 ,at the pipe-stone quarry there is a row of five huge1 granite boulders1 which the ,indians regard with great reverence1 and when they visit the spot to secure some red stone to make pipes1 they seek to propitiate the guardian spirits by throwing plugs of ,tobacco to them4 ,some admirable pieces of pipe-sculpture are produced by the ,boheen ,indians1 who are found on the coast of the ,pacific to the south of the ,russians4 ,these pipes are made from a soft blue clay stone which is found only in slabs1 and the sculptures are wrought on both sides1 the pipes being generally covered with singular groups of human and animal forms1 grotesquely intermingled4 ,the ,chippewas are also celebrated for their pipes1 which are cut out of a close-grained stone of a dark color2 and ,professor ,wilson1 of ,toronto1 states that ,pobahmesad1 or the ,flier1 one of the famed pipe-sculptors1 resides on the ,great ,manitoulin ,island in ,lake ,huron4 ,the old ,chippewa has never deviated from the faith of his fathers1 as he still adheres to all their rites and ceremonies4 ,he uses the red pipe-stone and other materials in the production of his pipes1 which are ingenious specimens of sculpture4 ,the calumet1 or pipe of peace1 is still an object of special reverence with the ,indian tribes1 and the pipe-stem is ornamented with six or eight eagle's feathers4 ,each tribe has an official who takes charge of the calumet1 which he keeps rolled up in a bearskin robe2 and it's never exposed to view or used1 except when the chief enters into a treaty with some neighboring chief4 ,on these occasions the pipe is taken out of its covering by the ,indian dignitary1 ready charged with the holy weed1 when it is smoked by all the chiefs1 each one taking only a single breath of smoke1 which is regarded as implementing the treaty4 ,the pipe is then rolled up in its robe of fur1 and stowed away in the lodge of its keeper until it is again required4 ,the war pipe is simply a tomahawk1 with a perforated handle communicating with the bowl1 which is opposite the sharp edge of the weapon4 ,when the ,indians joined the ,british as allies during the ,american war1 they had to be supplied with iron tomahawks of the native pattern1 before they could enter the field as allies4 ,illustration3 ,sculptured pipe4 ,many tribes of ,indians use herbs of various kinds to mix with tobacco to reduce its strength1 as they are in the habit of exhaling the smoke from the nostrils1 and not from the mouth4 ,by the adoption of this means a much smaller quantity of tobacco suffices to produce the soothing influence on the nervous system so well known to votaries of the weed4 ,longfellow1 in his great ,indian epic of the ,song of ,hiawatha1 has portrayed with graphic power in pleasing verse the mysterious legends describing the birth or institution of the peace-pipe by ,gitche ,manito1 ,the ,master of ,life2 and a few extracts from ,hiawatha may be interesting to illustrate the deep significance of the ideas which the ,indian holds regarding his relations to the ,great ,spirit of the ,universe1 and of the esteem with which he views the peace-pipe1 which in the words of ,catlin has shed its thrilling fumes over the land1 and soothed the fury of the relentless savage4 ,longfellow1 in the opening of his poem1 says3-- ,ye whose hearts are fresh and simple1 ,who have faith in ,god and ,nature1 ,who believe that in all ages ,every human heart is human1 ,that in even savage bosoms ,there are longings1 yearnings1 strivings1 ,for the good they comprehend not1 ,that the feeble hands and helpless1 ,groping blindly in the darkness1 ,touch ,god's right hand in that darkness ,and are lifted up and strengthened2-- ,listen to this simple story1 ,to the song of ,hiawatha4 ,he then describes the making of the pipe from the great ,red ,pipe-,stone ,quarry1 as follows3-- ,on the ,mountains of the ,prairie1 ,on the great ,red ,pipe-,stone ,quarry1 ,gitche ,manito1 the mighty1 ,he the ,master of ,life1 descending1 ,on the red crags of the quarry ,stood erect1 and called the nations1 ,called the tribes of men together4 ,from his foot-prints flowed a river1 ,leaped into the light of morning1 ,o'er the precipice plunging downward ,gleamed like ,ishkoodah1 the comet4 ,and the ,spirit stooping earthward1 ,with his finger on the meadow ,traced a winding pathway for it1 ,saying to it1 ',run in this way6' ,from the red stone of the quarry ,with his hand he broke a fragment1 ,moulded it into a pipe-head1 ,shaped and fashioned it with figures2 ,from the margin of the river ,took a long reed for a pipe-stem1 ,with its dark green leaves upon it2 ,filled the pipe with bark of willow2 ,with the bark of the red willow2 ,breathed upon the neighboring forest1 ,made its great boughs chafe together1 ,till in flame they burst and kindled2 ,and erect upon the mountains1 ,gitche ,manito1 the mighty1 ,smoked the calumet1 the ,peace-,pipe1 ,as a signal to the nations4 ,illustration3 ,pipe of ,peace4 ,the next verses describe the assembling of the nations at the call of ,gitche ,manito1 who proceeds to speak to his children words of wisdom and announces that he3 ',will send a prophet to you1 ,a ,deliverer of the nations1 ,who shall guide you and shall teach you1 ,who shall toil and suffer with you4 ,so you listen to his counsels1 ,you will multiply and prosper2 ,if his warnings pass unheeded1 ,you will fade away and perish6 ',bathe now in the stream before you1 ,wash the war-paint from your faces1 ,wash the blood-stains from your fingers1 ,bury your war-clubs and your weapons1 ,break the red stone from this quarry1 ,mould and make it into ,peace-,pipes1 ,take the reeds that grow beside you1 ,deck them with your highest feathers1 ,smoke the calumet together1 ,and as brothers live henceforward6' 99 99 99 99 99 ,and in silence all the warriors ,broke the red stone of the quarry1 ,smoothed and formed it into ,peace-,pipes1 ,broke the long reeds by the river1 ,decked them with their brightest feathers1 ,and departed each one homeward1 ,while the ,master of ,life1 ascending ,through the opening of cloud curtains1 ,through the doorways of the heavens1 ,vanished from before their faces1 ,in the smoke that rolled around him1 ,the ,pukwana of the ,peace-,pipe6 ,along the northern parts of ,america1 are to be found the ,esquimaux population1 estimated to number about #fj1jjj4 ,they are votaries of the weed1 making their pipes either out of driftwood1 or of the bones of animals they have used for food4 ,tobacco is found growing along the whole western sea-board of ,south ,america until we reach the northern boundaries of ,patagonia4 ,far inland on the banks of the ,amazon1 ,rio ,niger1 and other great rivers1 the weed has been found in luxurious abundance1 with a delightful fragrance4 ,stephens1 in his ,travels in ,central ,america1 says that the ladies of ,central ,america generally smoke--the married using tobacco1 and the unmarried1 cigars formed of selected tobacco rolled in paper or rice straw4 ,every gentleman carries in his pocket a silver case1 with a long string of cotton1 steel and flint1 and one of the offices of gallantry is to strike a light4 ,by doing it well1 he may help to kindle a flame in a lady's heart2 at all events1 to do it bunglingly would be ill-bred4 ,i will not express my sentiments on smoking as a custom for the sex4 ,i have recollections of beauteous lips profaned4 ,nevertheless1 even in this ,i have seen a lady show her prettiness and refinement1 barely touching the straw on her lips1 as it were kissing it gently and taking it away4 ,when a gentleman asks a lady for a light1 she always removes the cigar from her lips4 ,the ,rev4 ,canon ,kingsley1 in his fascinating novel of ,westward ,ho6 has some quaint remarks on the method of smoking described by ,lionel ,wafer1 surgeon to ,dampier1 which are well worth quoting4 ,he says1 ,when they1 7the ,darien ,indians17 will deliberate on war or policy1 they sit round in the hut of the chief2 where being placed1 enter to them a small boy with a cigarro of the bigness of a rolling-pin1 and puffs the smoke thereof into the face of each warrior1 from the eldest to the youngest2 while they1 putting their hands funnel-wise round their mouths1 draw into the sinuosities of the brain that more than ,delphic vapor of prophecy2 which boy presently falls down in a swoon1 and being dragged out by the heels and laid by to sober1 enter another to puff at the sacred cigarro1 till he is dragged out likewise1 and so on till the ,tobacco is finished1 and the seed of wisdom has sprouted in every soul into the tree of meditation1 bearing the flower of eloquence1 and in due time the fruit of valiant action4 ,illustration3 ,a ,model ,cigar4 ,tobacco in the form of cigarettes1 is extensively used by the inhabitants of ,nicaragua1 ,guiana1 and the dwellers on the banks of the ,orinoco1 and the use of the weed is not confined to the male sex1 but is freely used both by the female and juvenile portions of the community4 ,mr4 ,squier1 in his ,travels in ,nicaragua1 states that the dress of the young urchins consists mainly of a straw hat and a cigar--the cigar when not in use being stuck behind the ear1 in the manner in which our clerks place their pens4 ,the natives of ,guiana use a tube or pipe not unlike a cheroot1 made from the rind of the fruit of a species of palm4 ,this curious pipe is called a ,winna1 and the hollow is filled with tobacco1 the smoking of which affords much enjoyment to the denizens of the swampy regions of ,guiana4 ,mr4 ,cooke1 in ,the ,seven ,sisters of ,sleep1 states that a tube much resembling the ,winna of ,guiana was some years ago to be met with in the ,tobacconists' ,shops in ,london4 ,the ,indian dwelling in the dense forests in the region of ,orinoco has found that tobacco is an excellent solace to relieve the monotony of his life2 he uses it not only to procure an afternoon nap1 but also to induce a state of quiescence which they call dreaming with their eyes open4 ,we find from voyagers up the ,amazon1 that smoking prevails not merely amongst the natives inhabiting the regions which skirt that great river1 but also amongst the people on the banks of its numerous tributaries4 ,mr4 ,bates the distinguished ,naturalist1 when making researches far up one of the tributaries of the ,amazon1 found tobacco extensively cultivated1 and some distinguished makers of cigarettes4 ,one maker1 ,joan ,trinidade1 was noted for his ,tobacco and ,tauri cigarettes4 ,this cigar is so named from the bark in which the tobacco is rolled4 ,some of the tribes inhabiting the district of the lower ,amazon indulge in snuff-taking4 ,this snuff is not made from tobacco1 it is the produce of a plant of the leguminous order1 the seeds being carefully collected and thoroughly dried in the sun before they are pounded in a mortar1 when the powder is ready for use4 ,the snuff-making season is quite an event in a ,brazilian village1 the week or so during which it lasts forming a kind of religious festival mingled with a good deal of indulgence of fermented liquors1 chiefly of native origin4 ,humboldt1 when traveling in ,south ,america1 found in use among the ,ottomac ,indians a powder called ,niopo1 or ,indian snuff4 ,niopo is a powerful stimulant1 a small portion of it producing violent sneezing in persons unaccustomed to its use4 ,father ,gumilla says3--,this diabolical powder of the ,ottomacs1 furnished by an adolescent tobacco plant1 intoxicates them through the nostrils1 deprives them of reason for some hours1 and renders them furious in battle4 ,humboldt1 however1 has shown that this stimulating snuff is not the product of the tobacco plant1 but of a species of acacia1 ,niopo being made from the pods of the plant after they have undergone a process of fermentation4 ,captain ,burton1 when traveling in the ,highlands of ,brazil1 found the tobacco plant growing spontaneously1 which made him conclude that it is indigenous to ,brazil4 ,he found the ,aromatic ,brazilian a kind of tobacco with thin leaves and a pink flower1 which is much admired in the ,united ,states1 and there found to lose its aroma after the second year4 ,it is usually asserted that the tobacco grown in ,brazil contains only two per cent4 of nicotine1 but ,captain ,burton is disposed to doubt this1 as he states that some varieties of the holy herb grown at ,sa'a' ,paulo and ,nimos suggests a larger proportion4 ,in the small towns in the ,highlands of ,brazil1 ,captain ,burton found that excellent cigars1 better than many ,havannas1 were retailed at a halfpenny each4 ,in ,la ,plata1 ,paraguay1 and other countries to the south of ,brazil1 nearly every person smokes1 and an ,american traveler quoted by ,mr4 ,cooke states that women and girls above thirteen years of age use the weed in the form of quids4 ,a magnificent ,hebe1 arrayed in satin and flashing in diamonds1 puts you back with one delicate hand1 while with the fair taper fingers of the other she takes the tobacco out of her mouth previous to your saluting her4 ,a ,european visiting ,paraguay for the first time is rather astonished at the conduct of the fair beauty1 but such is the force of custom that the squeamishness of the new-comer is soon overcome1 when he finds that he has to kiss every lady to whom he is introduced2 and the traveler says that one half of those you meet are really tempting enough to render you reckless of consequences4 ,smoking is practised by the natives of ,patagonia1 who are a tall and muscular class of men1 though not such giants as represented by the early voyagers4 ,hutchinson1 in a valuable paper on the ,indians of ,south ,america has an account of the ,pehuenches1 one of the principal tribes of ,patagonia1 in which he states that their chief indulgence is smoking4 ,the native pipes are fabricated out of a piece of stone1 fashioned into the shape of a bowl1 into which is inserted a long brass tube4 ,the latter is obtained by barter at ,bohia ,blanca4 ,the tobacco in the bowl being lighted1 each man of a party takes a suck at the pipe in his turn4 ,tilston1 who witnessed the operation1 describes it as a most ludicrous one4 ,the smoker gives a pull at the pipe1 gulping in a quantity of ,tobacco vapour1 the cubic measurement of which my informant would be afraid to guess at4 ,all the muscles of the body seem in a temporary convulsion whilst it is being taken in1 and the neighbour to whom the pipe is transferred follows suit by inhaling as if he were trying to swallow down brass tube1 bowl1 ,tobacco1 fire1 and all4 ,meanwhile1 there issues from the nose and mouth of the previous smoker such a cumulus of cloud as for a few seconds to render his face quite invisible4 ,tobacco is more used in ,chili than in the other countries on the ,pacific side of ,south ,america2 this is owing to the extensive use of the leaves of the ,cocoa plant as a narcotic by the natives of ,bolivia1 ,peru1 and ,colombia4 ,illustration3 ,south ,americans smoking4 ,we refrain from enlarging on the nature and use of this narcotic1 as on some future occasion we may take an opportunity of making some observations on ,cocoa1 which according to ,jonson1 holds an undisputed sway over some seven or eight millions of the inhabitants of ,south ,america4 ,the ,indians formerly inhabiting the high table-lands of what is now called ,peru and ,bolivia appear prior to the invasion of the ,spaniards to have been much further advanced in civilization than the races occupying the other portions of ,south ,america2 and there is a strong probability that they are of a different origin from the races occupying ,chili1 ,patagonia1 ,brazil1 and the great district washed by the waters of the ,west ,indian ,sea4 ,science as yet cannot give anything like an accurate idea of the time man has existed in these widely-diversified countries1 but we cannot go wrong in accepting the statement of ,darwin1 who observes that we must admit that man has inhabited ,south ,america for an immensely long period1 inasmuch as any change in climate1 effected by the elevation of the land must have been extremely gradual4 ,another writer says of the pipes of the ,indians of ,north ,america3 ,great variety of form and material distinguishes the pipes of the modern ,indians2 arising in part from the local facilities they possess for a suitable material from which to construct them2 and in part also from the special style of art and decoration which has become the traditional usage of the tribes4 ,the favorite red pipe-stone of the ,coteau des ,prairies1 has been generally sought after1 both from its easiness of working and the beauty of its appearance4 ,a pipe of this favorite and beautiful material1 found on the shores of ,lake ,simcoe1 and now in my possession1 measures five inches and three-quarters in length1 and nearly four inches in greatest breadth1 yet the capacity of the bowl hollowed in it for the reception of tobacco is even less than in the smallest of the ,elfin ,pipes4 ,in contrast to this1 a modern ,winnebago pipe recently acquired by me1 made of the same red pipe-stone1 inlaid with lead1 and executed with ingenious skill1 has a bowl of large dimensions illustrative of ,indian smoking usages modified by the influence of the white man4 ,from the red pipe-stone1 as well as from the lime stone and other harder rocks1 the ,chippeways1 the ,winnebagos1 and the ,sioux1 frequently make a peculiar class of pipes1 inlaid with lead4 ,the ,chincok and ,puget ,sound ,indians1 who evince little taste in comparison with the tribes surrounding them1 in ornamenting their persons or their warlike and domestic implements1 commonly use wooden pipes4 ,sometimes these are elaborately carved1 but most frequently they are rudely and hastily made for immediate use2 and even among these remote tribes of the flat head ,indians1 the common clay pipe of the fur trader begins to supersede such native arts4 ,among the ,assinaboin ,indians a material is used in pipe manufacture altogether peculiar to them4 ,it is a fine marble1 much too hard to admit of minute carving1 but taking a high polish4 ,this is cut into pipes of graceful form1 and made so extremely thin1 as to be almost transparent1 so that when lighted the glowing tobacco shines through1 and presents a singular appearance when in use at night or in a dark lodge4 ,another favorite material employed by the ,assinaboin ,indians is a coarse species of jasper also too hard to admit of elaborate ornamentation4 ,this also is cut into various simple but tasteful designs1 executed chiefly by the slow and laborious process of rubbing it down with other stones4 ,the choice of the material for fashioning the favorite pipe is by no means invariably guided by the facilities which the location of the tribe affords4 ,a suitable stone for such a purpose will be picked up and carried hundreds of miles4 ,mr4 ,kane informs me that1 in coming down the ,athabaska ,river1 when drawing near its source in the ,rocky ,mountains1 he observed his ,assinaboin guides select the favorite bluish jasper from among the water-worn stones in the bed of the river1 to carry home for the purpose of pipe manufacture1 although they were then fully five hundred miles from their lodges4 ,such a traditional adherence to a choice of material peculiar to a remote source1 may frequently prove of considerable value as a clue to former migrations of the tribes4 ,both the ,cree and the ,winnebago ,indians carve pipes in stone of a form now more frequently met with in the ,indian curiosity stores of ,canada and the ,states than any other specimens of native carving4 ,the tube1 cut at a sharp right angle with the cylindrical bowl of the pipe1 is ornamented with a thin vandyked ridge1 generally perforated with a row of holes1 and standing up somewhat like the dorsal fin of a fish4 ,the ,winnebagos also manufacture pipes of the same form1 but of a smaller size1 in lead1 with considerable skill4 ,among the ,cree ,indians a double pipe is occasionally in use1 consisting of a bowl carved out of stone without much attempt at ornament1 but with perforations on two sides1 so that two smokers can insert their pipe-stems at once1 and enjoy the same supply of tobacco4 ,it does not appear1 however1 that any special significance is attached to this singular fancy4 ,the ,saultaux ,indians1 a branch of the great ,algonquin nation1 also carve their pipes out of a black stone found in their country1 and evince considerable skill in the execution of their elaborate details4 ,but the most remarkable of all the specimens of pipe sculpture executed by the ,indians of the north-west are those carved by the ,bobeen1 or ,big-lip ,indians1--so called from the singular deformity they produce by inserting a piece of wood into a slit made in the lower lip4 ,the ,bobeen ,indians are found along the ,pacific coast1 about latitude #ed1 #dj'1 and extend from the borders of the ,russian dominions eastward nearly to ,frazer ,river4 ,the pipes of the ,bobeen1 and also of the ,clalam ,indians1 occupying the neighboring ,vancouver's ,island1 are carved with the utmost elaborateness and in the most singular and grotesque devices1 from a soft blue clay-stone or slate4 ,their form is in part determined by the material1 which is only procurable in thin slabs1 so that the sculptures1 wrought on both sides1 present a sort of double bas-relief4 ,from this1 singular and grotesque groups are carved without any apparent reference to the final destination of the whole as a pipe4 ,the lower side is generally a straight line1 and in the specimens ,i have examined they measure from two or three to fifteen inches long2 so that in these the pipe-stem is included4 ,a small hollow is carved out of some protruding ornament to serve as the bowl of the pipe1 and from the further end a perforation is drilled to connect with this4 ,the only addition made to it when in use is the insertion of a quill or straw as a mouth-piece4 ,the ,indians have both war and peace pipes4 ,the ,war pipe is a true tomahawk of ordinary size with a perforated handle the tobacco being placed in the receptacle above the hatchet the handle serving as a pipe-stem and used for either pipe or tomahawk4 ,many varieties of ,indian ,pipes have been found not only in the ,western and ,southern mounds but in ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,fine specimens are found in ,florida and some elaborately carved have been unearthed in ,virginia4 ,wilson says of the pipes used by the ,indians3 ,the pipe stem is one of the characteristics of modern race1 if not distinctive of the ,northern tribes of ,indians4 ,in alluding to the pipes more particularly he says3 ,specimens of another class of clay pipes of a larger size1 and with a tube of such length as obviously to be designed for use without the addition of a pipe-stem1 most of the ancient clay pipes that have been discovered are stated to have the same form2 and this1 it may be noted1 bears so near a resemblance to that of the red clay pipe used in modern ,turkey1 with the cherry-tree pipe stem1 that it might be supposed to have furnished the model4 ,illustration3 ,a war pipe4 ,the bowls of this class of ancient clay pipes are not of the miniature proportions which induce a comparison between those of ,canada and the early examples found in ,britain2 neither do the stone pipe-heads of the mound-builders suggest by the size of the bowl either the self-denying economy of the ancient smoker1 or his practice of the modern ,indian mode of exhaling the fumes of the tobacco1 by which so small a quantity suffices to produce the full narcotic effects of the favorite weed4 ,they would rather seem to confirm the indications derived from the other sources1 of an essential difference between the ancient smoking usages of ,central ,america and of the mound-builders1 and those which are still maintained in their primeval integrity among the ,indians of the ,north ,west4 ,of the mound-builders ,foster says3 ,the mound-builders were well aware of the narcotic properties of tobacco1 a plant which indigenous to ,america1 and which since the discovery of the western continent has been domesticated in every region of the earth where the soil and climate are favorable to its cultivation4 ,no habit at this day1 it may be said1 is more universal or more difficult to eradicate than that of smoking4 ,with the mound-builder tobacco was the greatest of luxuries2 his solace in his hours of relaxations1 and the choicest offering he could dedicate to the ,great ,spirit4 ,upon his pipe he lavished all the skill he possessed1 in the lapidary's art4 ,from the red stone of the quarry ,with his hand he broke a fragment ,moulded it into a pipe head ,shaped and fashioned it with figures4 ,many of these pipes are sculptured from the most obdurate stones and display great delicacy of workmanship4 ,the features of animals are so truthfully cut that often there is no difficulty in their identification1 and even the plumage of birds is delineated by curved or straight lines which show a close adherence to nature4 ,the bowl and stem piece wrought from a single block1 are as accurately drilled as they could be at this day1 by the lapidary's art4 ,both the ,war pipe and ,peace pipe are the most sacred and the most highly valued of all the various kinds4 ,illustration3 ,peace pipe4 ,the calumet1 or pipe of peace1 ornamented with the war eagles quill1 is a sacred pipe1 and never used on any other occasion than that of peace making1 when the chief brings it into treaty1 and unfolding the many bandages which are carefully kept around it1 has it ready to be mutually smoked by the chiefs1 after the terms of the treaty are agreed upon1 as the means of solemnizing it2 which is done by passing the sacred stem to each chief1 who draws one breath of smoke only through it4 ,nothing can be more binding than smoking the pipe of peace and is considered by them to be an inviolable pledge4 ,there is no custom more uniformly in constant use amongst the poor ,indians than that of smoking nor any more highly valued4 ,his pipe is his constant companion through life--his messenger of peace2 he pledges his friends through its stem and its bowl1 and when its care-drowning fumes cease to flow1 it takes a place with him in his solitary grave with his tomahawk and war-club companions to his long-fancied 'happy hunting grounds4' ,from specimens of clay pipes found at the ,south from ,virginia to ,florida it would seem that the ,indians had a great variety of pipes some of which were beautifully carved while others are perfectly plain4 ,many of them however are of rude workmanship and might have been fashioned by some of the tribe unacquainted with pipe-making4 ,dall gives the following account of smoking among the natives of ,alaska3 ,we broke camp about five o'clock in the morning4 ,nothing occurred to break the monotony of constant steady plodding4 ,two ,indians in the bow of the boat would row until tired1 and then we would stop for a few minutes to rest1 and let them smoke4 ,the last operation takes less than a minute2 their pipes are so constructed as to hold but a very small pinch of tobacco4 ,the bowl1 with ears for tying it to the stem is generally cast out of lead4 ,sometimes it is made of soft stone1 bone or even hard wood4 ,the stem is made of two pieces of wood hollowed on one side1 and bound to the bowl and each other by a narrow strip of deerskin4 ,in smoking the economical ,indian generally cuts up a little birch wood1 or the inner bark of the poplar1 and mixes it with his tobacco4 ,a few reindeer hairs pulled from his paska1 are rolled into a little ball1 and placed in the bottom of the bowl to prevent the contents from being drawn into the stem4 ,a pinch of tobacco cut as fine as snuff is inserted and two or three whiffs are afforded by it4 ,the smoke is inhaled into the lungs1 producing a momentary stupor and the operation is over4 ,a fungus which grows on decayed birch trees1 or tinder manufactured from the down of the poplar rubbed up with charcoal is used with flint and steel for obtaining a light4 ,matches are highly valued and readily purchased4 ,the effect of the ,circassian tobacco on the lungs is extremely bad1 and among those tribes who use it many die from asthma and congestion of the lungs4 ,this is principally due to the saltpetre with which it is impregnated4 ,the ,indian pipe is copied from the ,eskimo1 as the latter were the first to obtain and use tobacco4 ,many of the tribes call it by the ,eskimo name4 ,the ,kutchin and ,eastern ,finneh were modeled after the clay pipes of the ,hudson ,bay ,company1 but they also carve very pretty ones out of birch knots and the root of the wild rose-bush4 ,the ,chukchees use a pipe similar to those of the ,eskimo1 but with a much larger and shorter stem4 ,this stem is hollow1 and is filled with fine birch shavings4 ,after smoking for some months these shavings impregnated with the oil of tobacco1 are taken out through an opening in the lower part of the stem and smoked over4 ,the ,hudson ,baymen make passable pipe-stems by taking a straight-grained piece of willow or spruce without knots1 and cutting through the outer layers of bark and wood4 ,this stick is heated in the ashes and by twisting the end in contrary directions the heart-wood may be gradually drawn out1 leaving a hollow tube4 ,the ,kutchin make pretty pipe-stems out of goose-quills wound about with porcupine-quills4 ,it is the custom in the ,english forts to make every ,indian who comes to trade1 a present of a clay pipe filled with tobacco4 ,we were provided with cheap brown ones1 with wooden stems1 which were much liked by the natives1 and it is probable that small brier-wood pipes1 which are not liable to break1 would form an acceptable addition to any stock of trading goods4 ,the ,tchuktchi of north-eastern ,asia are devoted worshipers of tobacco1 and is one of the chief articles of trade with them4 ,their pipes are large1 much larger at the stem than the bowl4 ,in smoking1 they swallow the fumes of the tobacco which causes intoxication for a time4 ,the desire to procure a few of its narcotic leaves induces the ,american ,esquimaux from the ,ice ,cape to ,bristol ,bay1 to send their produce from hand to hand as far as the ,guosden ,islands in ,behrings ,straits1 where it is bartered for the tobacco of the ,tchuktchi1 and there again principally resort to the fair of ,ostrownoje to purchase tobacco from the ,russians4 ,generally the ,tchuktchi receive from the ,americans as money skins for half a pond1 or eighteen pounds of tobacco leaves as they afterwards sell to the ,russians for two ponds of tobacco of the same quality4 ,illustration3 ,a ,tchuktchi pipe4 ,the ,russians also are great lovers of the weed4 ,a writer says3-- ,everybody smokes1 men1 women1 and children4 ,they smoke ,turkish tobacco1 rolled in silk paper--seldom cigars or pipes4 ,these rolls are called parporos4 ,the ladies almost all smoke1 but they smoke the small1 delicate sizes of parporos1 while the gentlemen smoke larger ones4 ,always at morning1 noon and night1 comes the inevitable box of parporos1 and everybody at the table smokes and drinks their coffee at the same time4 ,on the cars are fixed little cups for cigar ashes in every seat4 ,ladies frequently take out their part parporos1 and hand them to the gentlemen with a pretty invitation to smoke4 ,instead of having a smoking car as we do1 they have a car for those who are so 'pokey' as not to smoke4 ,throughout the ,german ,states the custom of smoking is universal and tobacco enters largely into their list of expenditures4 ,a writer says of smoking in ,austria3-- ,we have been rather surprised to find so few persons smoking pipes in ,austria4 ,indeed1 a pipe is seldom seen except among the laboring classes4 ,the most favorite mode of using the weed here is in cigarettes1 almost every gentleman being provided with a silver box1 in which they have ,turkish tobacco and small slips of paper1 with mucilage on them ready for rolling4 ,they make them as they use them1 and are very expert in the handling of the tobacco4 ,the chewing of tobacco is universally repudiated1 being regarded as the height of vulgarity4 ,the ,turkish tobacco is of fine flavor1 and commands high prices4 ,it is very much in appearance like the fine cut chewing tobacco so extensively used at home4 ,the cigars made by the ,austrian ,government1 which are the only description to be had are very inferior1 and it is not to be wondered that the cigarette is so generally used in preference4 ,the smoking of cigarettes by the ladies is quite common1 especially among the higher classes4 ,in no part of the world is smoking so common as in ,south ,america2 here all classes and all ages use the weed4 ,smoking is encouraged in the family and the children are early taught the custom4 ,a traveler who has observed this custom more particularly than any other1 says of the use of tobacco in ,peru3-- ,scarcely in any regions of the world is smoking so common as in ,peru4 ,the rich as well as the poor1 the old man as well as the boy1 the master as well as the servant1 the lady as well as the negroes who wait on her1 the young maiden as well as the mother--all smoke and never cease smoking1 except when eating1 or sleeping1 or in church4 ,social distinctions are as numerous and as marked in ,peru as anywhere else1 and there is the most exclusive pride of color and of blood4 ,but differences of color and of rank are wholly disregarded when a light for a cigar is requested1 a favor which it is not considered a liberty to ask1 and which it would be deemed a gross act of incivility to refuse4 ,it is chiefly cigarritos which are smoked4 ,the cigarrito1 as is well known1 is tobacco cut fine and dexterously wrapped in moist maize leaves1 in paper1 or in straw4 ,only the laborers on the plantations smoke small clay pipes4 ,dearer than the cigarritos are the cigars1 which are not inferior to the best ,havanna4 ,everywhere are met the cigarrito-twisters4 ,cleverly though they manipulate1 cleanliness is not their besetting weakness4 ,but in ,peru1 and in other parts of ,south ,america1 cleanliness is not held in more esteem than in ,portugal and ,spain4 ,the ,turks have long been noted as among the largest consumers of tobacco as well as using the most magnificent of smoking implements4 ,the hookah is in all respects the most expensive and elaborate machine 7for so it may be called7 used for smoking tobacco4 ,a traveler gives the following graphic description of smoking among them3 ,illustration3 ,turk smoking4 ,as each man smokes only out of his own pipe1 it is not surprising that this instrument is an indispensable accompaniment of every person of rank4 ,men of the higher classes keep two or three servants to attend to their pipes4 ,while one looks after things at home1 the other has to accompany his master in his walks and rides4 ,the long stem is on such occasions packed in a finely embroidered cloth cover1 while the bowl1 tobacco1 and other accessories are carried by the servant in a pouch at his side4 ,a stranger in ,constantinople will often regard with curiosity and surprise1 a proud ,osmanli on foot or horseback1 followed by an attendant who1 through the long1 carefully-packed instrument which he carries1 gives one the idea that he is a weapon-bearer of some heroic period following his lord to some dangerous rendezvous4 ,so are the times altered4 ,what the armor-bearer was for the warlike races of old1 such is the tchbukdi for their degenerate descendants4 ,to smoke from sixty to eighty pipes a day is by no means uncommon2 for whatever be the business1 no matter how serious1 in which the ,turk is engaged1 he must smoke at it4 ,in the divan1 where the grandees of the empire consult together on the most delicate affairs of ,state1 the question was once mooted whether the tchbukdes should not be excluded from such debates as were of a strictly private nature4 ,there was a great diversity of opinion on the subject4 ,politics and reason were on opposite sides4 ,at last it was decided that they would not disgrace an ancient national usage1 but would allow the harmless attendants to enter the council-room every now and then to change the pipes4 ,in ,turkey1 pipes and tobacco afford means of distinguishing not only the different classes of the community1 but even the several graduates of rank in the same class4 ,a mushir 7marshal7 would find it derogatory to his dignity to smoke out of a stem less than two yards in length4 ,the artisan or official of a lower rank1 would consider it highly unbecoming on his part to use one which exceeded the proper proportions of his class4 ,a superior stretches his pipe before him to his inferior2 while the latter must hold his modestly on one side1 only allowing the end of the mouth-piece to peep out of his closed fist4 ,the pasha has the right to puff out his smoke before him like a steam engine1 while his inferiors are only allowed to breathe forth a light curl of smoke1 and that must be let off backwards4 ,not to smoke at all in the presence of a superior1 is held the most delicate homage which can be paid him4 ,a son1 for instance1 acts in this manner in the presence of his father1 and only such a one is considered to be well brought up who declines to smoke even after his father has repeatedly invited him to do so4 ,the fair sex in the ,east is scarcely less addicted to the use of this weed4 ,the girl of twelve years old smokes a cigarette of the thickness of pack-thread4 ,when she has attained her fourteenth or fifteenth year1 and is already marriageable1 she is allowed to indulge her penchant at will1 which is forbidden when younger4 ,after this age the diameter of the cigarette increases year by year2 and when a lady has reached the mature age of twenty-four1 no one sees anything remarkable in her smoking a modest little chibouque as she sits on the lower divan of the harem4 ,elderly matrons--and in ,turkey every lady is an elderly matron in her fortieth year--are passionately devoted to this enjoyment4 ,the pipe-bowls and stems always remain of the size appropriated by etiquette to the use of the harem2 but the strongest and most pungent sorts of tobacco are not unseldom smoked1 until the mouth1 which1 according to the assurance of the poet1 in the bloom of its youth breathed forth ambergiris and musk1 in its fortieth year acquires so strong a smell that the lady can be scented from a distance4 ,like their lords1 the hanyrus of rank have also their tchbukdes1 of course of their own sex1 who accompany them when out walking or on a visit4 ,in this case1 however1 the cover in which the pipe-stem is made1 not of cloth1 but of silk4 ,the habit of refreshing oneself with a pipe on some elevated spot which commands a fine view1 is common to both sexes4 ,men can indulge this taste whenever their fancy may suggest1 but ladies only in retired spots2 for1 whenever a ,turkish fair one removes the yas mak 7veil7 from her lips1 as she does to smoke1 all around her must be harem 7sacred74 ,sometimes an eunuch stands guard at a little distance off1 and if a stranger of the male sex approaches1 gives a signal2 the pipe is held aside1 while the mouth is kept covered by the veil1 until the unexpected ,acteon has passed by4 ,but where the pipe plays the most important part is in the bath4 ,it is well known that the ,turkish ladies are accustomed to frequent the hommams assiduously1 and to remain there for hours together4 ,they enter the bath about eight o'clock in the morning2 take their midday meal there1 and return home between three and four in the afternoon4 ,during these hours of leisure1 the most agreeable in a ,mohammedan woman's life1 the pipe is their constant resource4 ,in the middle of the warmest room is a round terrace-like elevation1 called ,gobek-tosh4 ,here are clustered old and young1 the snow white daughters of ,circassia and the coal-black beauties of ,soudan1 and beguile the hours with never ending gossip1 while around them rise the dense fumes of their pipes4 ,now one of the elders of the party tells a story1 now a learned lady holds a discourse on religion1 or extols the beauty and virtue of ',aisha ,fatima4' ,the ,fairy1 or ,dane's pipe is the most ancient form of the tobacco pipe used in ,great ,britain and of about the same size as the ,elfin pipes of the ,scottish peasantry4 ,a great variety of pipes both in form and size have been found in the ,british ,islands some of which are of ancient origin bearing dates prior to the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,some of these ancient pipes are formed of very fine clay and although they held but a small quantity of tobacco were doubtless considered to be fine specimens in their time4 ,the manufacture of pipes commenced soon after the custom of using tobacco had become fashionable and soon after the ,virginians commenced its cultivation4 ,fairholt says3 ,illustration3 ,old ,english pipes4 ,the early period at which tobacco pipes were first manufactured1 is established by the fact that the incorporation of the craft of tobacco-pipe makers took place on the #eth of ,october1 #afai4 ,their privileges extending through the cities of ,london and ,westminster1 the kingdom of ,england and dominion of ,wales4 ,they have a ,master1 four ,wardens1 and about twenty-four ,assistants4 ,they were first incorporated by ,king ,james in his seventeenth year1 confirmed again by ,king ,charles ,i41 and lastly on the twenty-ninth of ,april in the fifteenth year of ,king ,charles ,,ii41 in all the privileges of their aforesaid charters4 ,the ,london ,company of ,tobacco ,pipe ,makers was incorporated in the reign of ,charles ,,ii 7#affc72 it had no hall and no livery but was governed by a ,master two wardens1 and eighteen assistants4 ,the first pipes used in the ,british ,islands were made of silver while 'ordinary ones' were made of a walnut shell and a straw4 ,afterwards appeared the more common clay pipes in various forms and which are in use at the present time4 ,during the reign of ,anne and ,george ,i4 the pipes assumed a different form and greater length so long were the stems of some of them that they were called yards of clay4 ,the ,french pipe is one of the finest manufactured and is made of a fine red clay especially those made by ,fiolet of ,st4 ,omer1 one of the best designers of pipes4 ,many of these like ,german pipes are made of porcelain1 adorned with portraits and landscapes4 ,others are made of rare kinds of wood turned in the lathe or artistically carved1 and lined with clay to resist the action of fire4 ,the ,french also make pipes of agate1 amber1 crystal1 carnelian and ivory1 as well as the various kinds of pure or mixed metals4 ,many of the ,french and ,german pipes while they are beautiful in design and made of the most costly materials are often exceedingly grotesque1 representing often the most ludicrous scenes and all possible attitudes4 ,many of them have been termed as satirical pipes taking off some public character a la ,nast4 ,fairholt says of satirical pipes3 ,england has occasioned the production of one satirical pipe for sale among ourselves4 ,the late ,duke of ,wellington toward the close of his life1 took a strong dislike to the use of tobacco in the army1 and made some ineffectual attempts to suppress it4 ,benda1 a wholesale pipe importer in the city employed ,dumeril1 of ,st4 ,omer1 to commemorate the event1 and the result was a pipe head1 in which a subaltern1 pipe in hand1 quietly 'takes a sight' at the great commander who is caricatured after a fashion that must have made the work a real pleasure to a ,frenchman4 ,many of the ,french pipes are exceedingly quaint representing all manner of comical scenes4 ,one is formed like a steam-engine the smoke passing through the funnel4 ,another is fashioned after a potato or a turnip while others often represent some military subjects4 ,in ,england and ,ireland also pipes of a whimsical form are common4 ,illustration3 ,french pipes4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,pipes ,,and ,,smokers4 7,continued47 ,in ,russia and ,denmark as also in ,norway and ,sweden the pipes are more simple and are principally formed of wood sometimes tipped with copper but usually of inferior material and work when compared with ,french and ,german pipes4 ,the ,german pipes considered as works of art are doubtless the finest made4 ,many are made of meerschaum 7sea foam74 ,this material is found in various parts of ,asia ,minor4 ,when first obtained it is capable of forming a lather like soap1 and is used by the ,tartars for washing purposes4 ,the ,turks use it for pipes which are made in the same way that pottery is and afterwards soaked in wax and is then ready for smoking4 ,it heats slowly and is capable of greater absorption than any other material used in pipe making4 ,to properly color a meerschaum is now considered as one of the fine arts and when completed is considered quite a triumph4 ,when the pipe takes on a rich deep brown tint it is considered a valuable pipe and is watched and guarded as a most valuable treasure4 ,m4 ,ziegler thus describes the source whence the considerable annual supply of meerschaum for meerschaum pipes is derived3 ,large quantities of this mineral so highly esteemed by smokers1 comes from ,hrubschitz and ,oslawan in ,austrian ,moravia where it is found embedded between thick strata of serpentine rock4 ,it is also found in ,spain at ,esconshe1 ,vallecas and ,toledo2 the best however comes from ,asia ,minor4 ,the chief places are the celebrated meerschaum mines from six to eight miles southeast of ,eskis chehr1 on the river ,pursak chief tributary to the river ,sagarius4 ,they were known to ,xenophon1 and are now worked principally by ,armenian ,christians1 who sink narrow pits1 to the beds of this mineral1 and work the sides out until water or imminent danger drives them away to try another place4 ,some meerschaum comes from ,brussa1 and in #ahfi over #c1jjj boxes of raw material were imported from ,asia ,minor at ,trieste1 with #cde1jjj florins4 ,the pipe manufacture and carving is principally carried on in ,vienna and in ,rhula1 ,duchy of ,saxe-,coburg-,gotha4 ,the commercial value of meerschaum carving at these places may be estimated at #b1jjj1jjj annually4 ,however very large quantities of them are not made from genuine but artificial material4 ,the waste from these carvings is ground to a very fine powder1 and then boiled with linseed oil and alum4 ,when this mixture has sufficient cohesion1 it is cast in molds and carefully dried and carved1 as if these blocks of mineral had been natural4 ,it is said that about one-half of all pipes now sold are made from artificial meerschaum4 ,meerschaum is one of the lightest of minerals and it is said that in ,italy bricks have been made of it so light that they would float on the top of the water4 ,some pipes 7doubtless owing to the quality of meerschaum7 take on more color in a given time than others this is owing in a great measure however to the thickness of the bowl4 ,pipe-colorers1 who go around coloring pipes or meerschaums1 pride themselves on the rapidity with which they are enabled to color a pipe4 ,the following1 on ,pipe ,colorers1 is from ,the ,tobacco ,plant3 ,there are men who pride themselves upon the skill with which they are able to color the pipes they smoke4 ,some of these are amateurs1 who smoke ,tobacco only with the view of gratifying that taste for color which is satisfied when a bowl of clay or meerschaum is sufficiently yellowed1 browned1 or blacked4 ,there are men who care nothing for ,tobacco of itself1 and would be much more easily and rationally pleased were they to set their pipes upon an easel and paint them with oils and camel's-hair4 ,others of the class are professional colorers1 who hire themselves to pipe-sellers or connoisseurs by the week1 or day1 or hour1 to smoke so many ounces or pounds of strong ,tobacco through such and such pipes in such and such a time1 with the view of causing such and such stains of ,tobacco-juice to make themselves visible on the bowls or stems of those specified pipes4 ,these are mostly old1 well-seasoned smokers1 to whose existence the weed has become essential2 who smoke their own old pipes1 which lack artistic coloring1 in the intervals when they lay aside the pipes they are employed to color4 ,another and much smaller section of the class are those who smoke for smoking's sake1 and yet are weak enough to nurse some special pipes for show4 ,to such it is a joy to say1 when friends are gathered at the festive board ',look6 is not that well colored8 ,i colored it myself4' ,in such an age as this1 when the learned cannot tell us which of our various branches of knowledge and inquiry are sciences and which are not1 it may not seem a great anomaly that this pipe-coloring should1 by some1 be called 'an art4' ,nor is it1 when we think that there is such an 'art' as blacking shoes2 and when we must perforce admit that he who1 barber fashion1 cuts our hair--and he who1 cook-wise1 broils the kidney for our mid-day dinner--is an artist4 ,we have not come as yet to give this title to the weaver who watches the loom that weaves our stockings1 or to the hammer-man who beats the red-hot horse-shoe on the anvil in a smithy2 but even there we designate 'artisans1' and 'artists' may come next4 ,so1 hey6 for the art of coloring pipes6 ,illustration3 ,pipe colorer4 ,it may not be denied that there is beauty in a well-colored meerschaum2 but in the admission lies the contradiction of ,keats' well-known line-- ,a thing of beauty is a joy for ever4 ,for1 your meerschaum is a fragile thing1 and eminently frangible4 ,this present writer once did see four beauties break within a single moon4 ,and when they break1 what previous joy of coloring can over-top the sorrow of their dire destruction8 ,it is a singular difficulty in the way of those who most desire to beautify utility or utilize the beautiful1 or show that beauty is most lovely when made practical1 that these artistic colorers of pipes are always those who make least use of ,tobacco1 save for the immediate purpose of obtaining the clay in which it is smoked4 ,ask such an artist why he smokes1 and he will scarcely tell you4 ,his best reason certainly will be1 that others smoke1 and1 as a custom1 it becomes him4 ,and when you find an ardent smoker--one who smokes because he likes ,tobacco for itself1 or finds it useful--who spends his time in tinting pipes1 you will have found a rara avis1 or a monstrosity4 ,apart from taste1 there are some practical objections to this custom of coloring pipes4 ,smoking1 to be worthy1 should be free and unrestrained2 while he who colors his pipe is tied by system and confined to rule4 ,a pipe to be enjoyable1 should be its master's slave2 but he who keeps a 'well-colored' pipe is slave thereto4 ,he cannot smoke it as1 or when1 or where he will4 ,he must not smoke it in a draught1 or near a fire2 he must not lay it down1 or finger it2 he must not puff too fast1 nor yet too slow4 ,in short1 he is the creature of this ',joss'--this home-made deity--to which he bows down and worships4 ,the pipe-colorers are the ,sabbatarians of smoking4 ,whereas1 the pipe was made for man1 they treat man as made for the pipe4 ,and thus1 as in all cases where the cart is expected to draw the horse1 the economy of nature is reversed1 and mischief is evolved4 ,illustration3 ,german porcelain pipes4 ,dibdin1 in his ,tour in ,france and ,germany1 says of ,vienna1 that it is a city of smokers1--a good ,austrian thinks he can never pay too much for a good pipe4 ,many of the ,germans use a kind of pipe carved from the root of the dwarf oak2 wooden pipes of a similar kind are made of brier root1 and are very common1 as are also those made from maple and sweet-brier4 ,one of the favorite pipes used by ,germans is the porcelain pipe1 which consists of a double bowl--the upper one containing the tobacco1 which fits into another portion of the pipe1 allowing the oil to drain into the lower bowl1 which may be removed and the pipe cleaned4 ,the bowls are sometimes painted beautifully1 representing a variety of subjects1 and in no way inferior to the painted porcelain for the table4 ,the ,dutch are famous smokers and are constantly pulling at the pipe4 ,they use those with long1 straight stems1 and both their clay and porcelain pipes are of the finest form and finish4 ,irving1 in ,the ,history of ,new ,york from the ,beginning of the ,world to the ,end of the ,dutch ,dynasty1 has given a good description of the smoking powers of the ,dutch4 ,speaking of his grandfather's love for the weed1 he says3 ,my great-grandfather1 by the mother's side1 ,hermanns ,van ,clattercop1 when employed to build the large stone church at ,rotterdam1 which stands about three hundred yards to your left1 after your turn from the ,boomkeys2 and which is so conveniently constructed that all the zealous ,christians of ,rotterdam prefer sleeping through a sermon there to any other church in the city4 ,my great-grandfather1 ,i say1 when employed to build that famous church1 did1 in the first place1 send to ,delft for a box of long pipes2 then1 having purchased a new spitting-box and a hundred weight of the best ,virginia1 he sat himself down and did nothing for the space of three months but smoke most laboriously4 ,then did he spend full three months more in trudging on foot1 and voyaging in the ,trekschuit1 from ,rotterdam to ,amsterdam--to ,delft--to ,hrlem--to ,leyden--to the ,hague--knocking his head and breaking his pipe against every church in his road4 ,then did he advance gradually nearer and nearer to ,rotterdam1 until he came in full sight of the identical spot whereon the church was to be built4 ,then did he spend three months longer in walking round it and round it1 contemplating it1 first from one point of view1 and then from another1--now would he be paddled by it on the canal--now would he peep at it through a telescope from the other side of the ,meuse1 and now would he take a bird's-eye glance at it from the top of one of those gigantic windmills which protect the gates of the city4 ,the good folks of the place were on the tip-toe of expectation and impatience4 ,notwithstanding all the turmoil of my great-grandfather1 not a symptom of the church was yet to be seen2 they even began to fear it would never be brought into the world1 but that its great projector would lie down and die in labor of the mighty plan he had conceived4 ,at length1 having occupied twelve good months in puffing and paddling1 and talking and walking1--having traveled over all ,holland1 and even taken a peep into ,france and ,germany1--having smoked five hundred and ninety-nine pipes and three hundred weight of the best ,virginia tobacco1--my great-grandfather gathered together all that knowing and industrious class of citizens who prefer attending to anybody's business sooner than their own1 and having pulled off his coat and five pair of breeches he advanced sturdily up and laid the corner-stone of the church1 in the presence of the whole multitude1--just at the commencement of the thirteenth month4 ,he also alludes to ,hudson whom he says was3 ,a seafaring man of renown1 who had learned to smoke tobacco under ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 and is said to have been the first to introduce it into ,holland1 which gained him much popularity in that country1 and caused him to find great favor in their ,high ,mightinesses1 the lords and states general1 and also of the honorable ,west ,india ,company4 ,he was a short1 square1 brawny old gentleman1 with a double chin1 a mastiff mouth1 and a broad copper nose1 which was supposed in those days to have acquired its fiery hue from the constant neighborhood of his tobacco pipe4 99 99 99 ,as chief mate and favorite companion1 the commander chose ,master ,robert ,juet1 of ,limehouse1 in ,england4 ,by some his name has been spelled ,chewit1 ascribed to the circumstance of his having been the first man that ever chewed tobacco4 99 99 99 99 ,under every misfortune he comforted himself with a quid of tobacco1 and the truly philosophical maxim1 'that it will be all the same a hundred years hence6' ,further on he alludes to the attempt to subjugate ,new ,amsterdam to the ,british crown and the effect produced by the burghers lighting their pipes4 ,when he says ,captain ,argol's vessel hove in sight1 the worthy burghers were seized with such a panic1 that they fell to smoking their pipes with astonishing vehemence1 insomuch that they quickly raised a cloud1 which1 combining with the surrounding woods and marshes1 completely enveloped and concealed their beloved village2 and overhung the fair regions of ,pavonia3--so that the terrible ,captain ,argol passed on1 totally unsuspicious that a sturdy little ,dutch settlement lay snugly couched in the mud1 under cover of all this pestilent vapor4 ,illustration3 ,a ,persian water pipe4 ,the ,persians#eb are said to be the first to invent the mode of drawing tobacco smoke through water thereby cooling it before inhaling it4 ,fairholt says it is to smoking what ice is to ,champagne4 ,the ,london ,review gives the following description of pipes and smoking apparatus3 ,footnote #eb3 ,sandys1 writing in #afaj narrates a ,persian legend to the effect that ,shiraz tobacco was given by a holy man to a virtuous youth1 disconsolate at the loss of his loving wife4 ,go to thy wife's tomb1 said the anchorite1 and there thou wilt find a weed4 ,pluck it1 place it in a reed1 and inhale the smoke1 as you put fire to it4 ,this will be to you wife1 mother1 father and brother1 continued the holy man1 in ,homeric strain1 and above all1 will be a wise counsellor1 and teach thy soul wisdom and thy spirit joy4 ,the hookah of ,india is the most splendid and glittering of all pipes2 it is a large affair1 on account of the arrangements for causing the smoke to pass through water before it reaches the lips of the smoker1 as a means of rendering it cooler and of extracting from it much of its rank and disagreeable flavor4 ,on the top of an air-tight vessel1 half filled with water1 is a bowl containing tobacco2 a small tube descends from the bowl into the water1 and a flexible pipe1 one end of which is between the lips of the smoker1 is inserted at the other end into the vessel1 above the level of the water4 ,such being the adjustment1 the philosophy of the inhalation may be easily understood4 ,the smoker sucks the air out of the vessel1 and makes a partial vacuum2 the external air1 pressing on the burning tobacco1 drives the smoke through the small tube into the water beneath2 purified from some of its rank qualities1 the smoke bubbles up into the vacant part of the vessel above the water1 and passes through the flexible pipe to the smoker's mouth4 ,sometimes the affair is made still more luxurious by substituting rose-water for water pur et simple4 ,the tube is so long and flexible that the smoker may sit 7or squat7 at a small or great distance from the vessel containing the water4 ,in the courts of princes and wealthy natives the vessels and tubes are lavishly adorned with precious metals4 ,one mode of showing hospitality in the ,east is to place a hookah in the center of the apartment1 range the guests around1 and let all have a whiff of the pipe in turn2 but in more luxurious establishments a separate hookah is placed before each guest4 ,some of the ,egyptians use a form of hookah called the narghile or nargeeleh--so named because the water is contained in the shell of a cocoanut of which the ,arabic name is nargeeleh4 ,another kind1 having a glass vessel1 is called the sheshee--having1 like the other1 a very long tube4 ,only the choicest tobacco is used with the hookah and nargeeleh2 it is grown in ,persia4 ,before it is used1 the tobacco is washed several times1 and put damp into the pipe-bowl1 two or three pieces of live charcoal are put on the top4 ,the moisture gives mildness to the tobacco1 but renders inhalation so difficult that weak lungs are unfitted to bear it4 ,the dry tobacco preferred by the ,persians does not involve so much difficulty in 'blowing a cloud4' ,,turkish ,,chibouques ,,and ,,wood ,,pipes4 ,the stiff-stemmed ,turkish pipes1 quite different from the flexible tube of the hookah and narghile1 are of two kinds1 the kablioun or long pipe1 and the chibouque or short pipe4 ,some of the stems of the kablioun1 made of cherry tree1 jasmine1 wild plum1 and ebony1 are five feet in length1 and are bored with a kind of gimlet4 ,the workman1 placing the gimlet above the long1 slender branchlet of wood1 bores half the length1 and then reverses the position to operate upon the other half4 ,the wild cherry tree wood1 which is the most frequently employed1 is seldom free from defects in the bark1 and some skill is exercised in so repairing these defective places that the mending shall be invisible4 ,the tubes or pipe-bowls used with these stems are mostly a combination of two substances--the red clay of ,nish and the white earth of ,rustchuk2 they are graceful in form and sometimes decorated with gilding4 ,it is characteristic of some of the ,turks that they estimate the duration of a journey1 and with it the distance traveled1 by the number of pipes smoked1 a particular size of pipe-bowl being understood4 ,dodwell1 in his ,tour through ,greece1 says that a ,turk is generally very clean in his smoking apparatus1 having a small tin dish laid on the carpet of his apartment1 on which the bowl of the pipe can rest1 to prevent the tobacco from burning or soiling the carpet4 ,the tubes of the kabliouns are often as much as seven or eight feet long4 ,some of the gardens of ,turkey and ,greece contain jasmine trees purposely cultivated to produce straight stems for these pipes4 ,of those ,turkish pipes which are used in ,egypt1 ,mr4 ,lane1 after mentioning the narghile and the chibouque or shibuk1 says3-- ,the most common kind used in ,egypt is made of wood called garmashak 7,i believe it is maple74 ,the greater part of the stick1 from the mouth-piece to three-fourths of its length1 is covered with silk1 which is confined at each extremity by gold thread1 often intertwined with colored silks1 or by a tube of gilt or silver2 and at the lower extremity of the covering is a tassel of silk4 ,the covering was originally designed to be moistened with water in order to cool the pipe1 and consequently the smoke by evaporation2 but this is only done when the pipe is old or not handsome4 ,these stick pipes are used by many persons1 particularly in winter2 in summer the smoke is not so cool from them as from the kind before mentioned4 ,the bowl is of baked earth1 colored red or brown4 ,,austrian ,,and ,,hungarian ,,pipe ,,stems4 ,before passing to the subject of the costly mouth-pieces of ,oriental pipes1 we must say a few words concerning the extraordinary care bestowed on some kinds of plain wood sticks for stems or tubes4 ,cherry-tree stems1 under the name of agriots1 constitute a specialty of ,austrian manufacture4 ,the fragrant cherry 7prunus makaleb7 is a native of that country2 and the young trees are cultivated with special reference to this application4 ,they are all raised from seed4 ,the seedlings1 when two years old1 are planted in small pots1 one in each2 as they grow1 every tendency to branching is choked by removing the bud2 and as they increase in size from year to year1 they are shifted into larger pots or into boxes4 ,great care is taken to turn them round daily1 so that every part shall be equally exposed to sunshine4 ,when the plants have attained a sufficient height they are allowed to form a small bushy head2 but the daily care is continued until the stems grow to a proper thickness4 ,they are then taken out of the ground1 the roots and branches removed1 and the stem bored through after being seasoned for some time4 ,the care shown in rearing insures a perfect straightness of stem1 and an equable diameter of about an inch or an inch and a half4 ,the last specimens1 when cut from the tree1 are as much as eight feet in length1 dark purple-brown in color1 and highly fragrant4 ,at ,pesth are made pipes about eighteen inches in length1 of the shoots of the mock orange1 remarkable for their quality in absorbing the oil of tobacco1 they are flexible without being weak4 ,the ,french make elegant pipe-bowls of the root of the tree-heath1 but their chief attention is directed1 as far as concerns wood pipes1 to those of brier-root1 which are made by them in large quantities4 ,the bowl and the short stems are carried out of one piece1 and the wood is credited with absorbing some of the rank oil of tobacco4 ,amber--the only kind of resin that rises to the dignity of a gem--is unfitted for the bowl of a tobacco-pipe1 because it cannot well bear the heat2 but it is largely used for mouth-pieces1 especially by wealthy ,oriental smokers4 ,the ,turks have a belief that amber wards off infection2 an opinion which1 whether right or wrong1 tells well for the amber workers4 ,there has always been a mystery connected with this remarkable substance4 ,so far back as the ,phenicians1 amber was picked up on the ,baltic shore of what is now called ,prussia2 and the same region has ever since been the chief store-house for it4 ,tacitus was not far wrong when he conjectured that amber is a gum or resin exuded from certain trees1 although other authorities have preferred a theory that it is a kind of wax or fat which has undergone slow petrifaction4 ,at any rate1 it must at one time have been liquid or semi-liquid2 for insects1 flies1 detached wings and legs1 and small fragments of various kinds1 are often found imbedded in it--those odds and ends of which ,pope said3-- ,the things1 we know1 are neither rich nor rare2 ,the wonder's how the devil they got there6 ,whether new stores of amber are now being formed1 or whether1 like coal1 it was the result of causes not now in operation1 is an unsolved problem4 ,the specimens obtained differ considerably2 some are pale as primrose1 some deep orange or almost brown2 some nearly as transparent as crystal1 some nearly opaque4 ,large pieces1 uniform in color and translucency1 fetch high prices2 and there are fashions in this matter for which it is not easy to account1--seeing that the ,turks and other ,orientals buy up1 at prices which ,europeans are unwilling to give1 all the specimens presenting a straw-yellow color and a sort of cloudy translucency4 ,the ,russians1 on the contrary1 prefer orange-yellow transparent specimens4 ,the amber is seldom obtained by actual mining4 ,illustration3 ,searching for amber4 ,it is usually found on sea-coasts1 after storms1 in rounded nodules2 or1 if scarce on shore1 it is sought for by men clad in leather garments1 who wade up to their necks in the sea1 and scrape the sea-bottom with hooped nets attached to the end of long poles2 or 7rather dangerous work7 men go out in boats1 and examine the faces of precipitous cliffs1 picking off1 by means of iron hooks1 the lumps of amber which they may see here and there4 ,sometimes a piece weighing nearly a pound is found1 and a weight of even ten pounds is recorded4 ,as small pieces can easily be joined by smoothing the surfaces1 moistening them with linseed oil1 and pressing them together over a charcoal fire1 and as gum copal is sometimes very like amber1 there is much sophistication indulged in1 which none but an expert can guard against4 ,in fashioning the nodules of amber1 whether genuine or fictitious1 into pipe mouth-pieces1 they are split on a leaden plate in a turning lathe1 smoothed into shape by whet-stones1 rubbed with chalk and water1 and polished with a piece of flannel4 ,it is an especially difficult kind of work2 for unless the amber is allowed frequent intervals for cooling1 it becomes electrically excited by the friction and shivers into fragments2 the men1 too1 are put into nervous tremors if kept too long at work at one time4 ,amber is one of the most electrically excitable of all known substances2 in fact1 the name electricity itself was derived from electron1 the ,greek name for amber4 ,hookahs1 chibouques1 narghiles1 meerschaums1 all are largely adorned with amber mouth-pieces4 ,the mouth-piece often consists of two or three pieces of amber1 interjoined with ornaments of gold and gems2 it is in such case the most costly part of the pipe4 ,at one of the greater industrial exhibitions four ,turkish amames1 or amber mouth-pieces1 were shown1 illustrating clearly enough the value attached to choice specimens2 two of them were worth #cej each1 two #bjj each1 diamond studded4 ,the ,turkish and ,persian pipes have often a small wooden tube inside the amber mouth-piece4 ,they require frequent cleaning with a long wire and a bit of tow1 and in some large towns there are professional pipe-cleaners4 ,the natives of ,british ,guiana have a curious kind of pipe1 made of the rind of the fruit of the areca-palm1 coiled up into a kind of cheroot1 with an internal hollow to hold the tobacco4 ,the poorer ,hindoos make a simple pipe of two pieces of bamboo1--one cut close to a knot for the bowl1 and a more slender piece for the tube4 ,a lower class of natives in ,india make two holes of unequal length1 with a piece of stick1 in a clay soil2 the holes are unequally inclined so as to meet at the bottom2 the tobacco is placed in the shorter hole1 and the smoker1 applying his mouth to the longer1 inhales the fumes in this primitive fashion4 ,the pipes used for opium-smoking in various parts of the ,east have small bowls2 the drug is too costly to be used otherwise than in small portions at a time1 and too powerful to need more than a few whiffs to produce the opium-smoker's dreary delirium4 ,the ,tunisians use reeds for pipes4 ,stone pipes are found among the natives of ,vancouver2 while ,strong ,bow1 the ,north ,american ,indian chief1 has his long wooden pipe of peace1 decked out with tassels and fringes1 but with an ominous-looking sharp steel cutting instrument near the end most remote from the bowl4 ,chinese1 ,japanese1 ,philippine ,islanders1 ,madagascans1 ,central ,africans1 ,algerine ,arabs1 ,mexicans1 ,paraguayans1 ,siamese1 ,tahitians1 ,south ,american ,indians1 ,mongols1 ,malays1 ,tartars1 ,turcomans1 as well as the nations of ,europe and the chief nations of ,southern ,asia1 all have their smoking-pipes1 plain or ornate1 as the case may be1 and made of wood1 reeds1 bamboo1 bone1 ivory1 stone1 earthenware1 glass1 porcelain1 amber1 agate1 jade1 precious metals and common metals1 according to the civilization of the country and the pecuniary means of the smoker4 ,illustration3 ,fancy pipes4 ,the ,french clay pipes have quite a special character2 they are well made1 and great ingenuity is shown in the preparation of the moulds in which they are pressed2 but being mostly intended for a class of purchasers who prefer grotesque ideas to refined taste1 the bowls are often ornamented with queer shaped heads1 having bead-like eyes2 sometimes imaginary beings1 sometimes caricature portraits of eminent persons4 ,where more than the head is represented1 license is given to a certain grossness of idea2 but this is not a general characteristic4 ,the clay of which these ,french pipes are made is admitted to be superior to that of ,england1 due to the careful mixture of different kinds1 and to skilful manipulation4 ,we need not say much about ,dutch pipes as distinct articles of manufacture1 because the process adopted in their production are pretty much like those in use elsewhere4 ,the ,dutch are famous clay-pipe smokers1 not countenancing the cigar so much as their neighbors the ,belgians1 nor the meerschaum so largely as their ,german neighbors on the ,rhine frontier4 ,a notable bit of sharp practice is on record in connexion with the pipe-smokers of ,holland--a dodge only to be justified on the equivocal maxim that all is fair in trade provided it just keeps within the margin we need not speak4 ,a pipe manufactory was established in ,flanders about the middle of the last century4 ,the ,dutch makers1 alarmed at the competition which this threatened1 cunningly devised a stratagem for nipping it in the bud4 ,they freighted a large worn-out ship with an enormous quantity of pipes of their own make1 sent it to ,ostend1 and wrecked it there4 ,by the municipal laws of that city the wreck became public property2 the pipes were sold at prices so ridiculously low that the town was glutted with the commodity2 the new ,flemish factory was thereby paralyzed1 ruined1 and closed4 ,the ,turks 7especially those of the lower orders7 use a kind of clay pipe made of red earth decorated with gilding4 ,the stem of the pipe is made from a branch of jasmine1 cherry tree or maple and is sufficiently long to rest on the floor when used by the smoker4 ,a writer in the ,tobacco ,plant says of ,old ,english ,clay pipes3 ,of all the various branches of the subject of tobacco1 that of the history of pipes is one of the most interesting1 and one that deserves every attention that can possibly be given4 ,whether considered ethnographically1 historically1 geographically1 or archologically1 pipes present food for speculation and research of at least equal importance to any other set of objects that can be brought forward4 ,some branches of the subject have already been treated in these columns1 and others1 in what is intended shall follow1 will hereafter be discussed4 ,the present article will be devoted to ',fairy ,pipes' and the history of the earliest pipes of this country4 ,smoking is an old and venerable institution in this kingdom of ours1 and dates far back beyond the introduction of tobacco to our shores4 ,long before ,sir ,walter ,raleigh was thought of1 there is reason to believe herbs and leaves of one kind or other--coltsfoot1 yarrow1 mouse-lax1 sword-grass1 dandelion1 and other plants1 and even dried cow-dung--were smoked for one ailment or other1 and in some instances for relaxation and pleasure1 and thus1 no doubt1 became habitually used4 ,these are still1 in some of our rural districts1 smoked by people as cures for various ailments1 and are considered not only highly efficacious but very pleasant4 ,i have known these or other herbs smoked through a stick from which the pith had been removed1 the bowl being formed of a lump of clay moulded by the fingers at the time1 and baked in the household fire4 ,illustration3 ,clay and reed pipes4 ,the small branches of the elder tree1 or sometimes the stem of the briar and bramble1 are what ,i have seen used1 but even the stem of the hemlock and keckse are sometimes brought into requisition for the purpose4 ,i believe that long before the time ,dr4 ,wilson states on the authority of ,sharpe1 that it was common within memory1 for the old wives of ,annandale to smoke a dried white moss gathered on the neighboring moors1 which they declared to be much sweeter than tobacco1 and to have been in use long before the ,american weed was heard of2 before ,sir ,walter ,raleigh wooed and won ,elizabeth ,throgmorton1 or ,sir ,richard ,granville voyaged to ,virginia with ,masters ,ralph ,layne1 ,thomas ,candish1 ,john ,arundell1 ,master ,stukely1 ,bremize1 ,vincent1 ,heryot1 and ,john ,clarke2 before ,sir ,francis ,drake made his first voyage1 or the ,spanish ,armada was dreamed of2 before ,sir ,john ,hawkins1 ,captain ,price1 ,coft1 ,keat or others for whom the honor of the introduction of tobacco has been claimed1 drew breath--smoking was to some extent indulged in by our forefathers and 7still medicinally1 of course7 in this country4 ,in medival times1 when the ,ceramic art was but little practiced1 and when all the domestic vessels that were produced were of the rudest and coarsest character both in material1 form1 and decoration1 it is not to be expected that pipes for the smoking of herbs would be manufactured as a matter of sale1 and those of the people who wished for such an indulgence would naturally be thrown on their own primitive resources such as ,i have described1 for instruments for the purpose4 ,a portion of a very rude pipe-head1 formed of common red clay--a lump of clay moulded by hand1 and ornamented with small circles pressed into it as from the end of a stick--has come under my notice1 as have also others of an equally primitive character1 found in different parts of this kingdom4 ,these ,i have no hesitation in ascribing to a pre-,raleigh period4 ,it is not to these1 however1 but to the small pipes formerly used in this kingdom for smoking tobacco1 and tobacco alone1 that ,i wish to draw attention4 ,most people1 especially in the ,midland and ,northern counties of ,england1 as well as in ,scotland and ,ireland1 will have heard the name of ,fairy ,pipes applied to the small1 old-fashioned1 and sometimes oddly-shaped tobacco pipes which are not infrequently turned up in digging and plowing and other operations4 ,to these and the general forms of old ,english pipes1 ,i purpose confining myself in the present article4 ,many years ago ,i collected together a large number of these ',fairy ,pipes' from all parts of the kingdom4 ,since then1 my own researches have1 with the aid of inquiries carried on for me1 enabled me to bring forward many interesting points1 so as to verify dates of manufacture and more fully to carry out their classification4 ,like their ,irish brethren and sisters1 ,english people were formerly apt to ascribe everything unusually small to the fairies1 and anything out of the common way to the people of very remote ages4 ,thus1 these small pipes are commonly in ,england called 'fairy pipes1' or ',carl's pipes1' or 'old man's pipes2' in ,ireland1 where they are likewise known as 'fairy pipes1' they are also called ',dane's pipes2' and in ,scotland1 where their common name is 'elf pipes1' or 'elfin pipes1' they are1 in like manner1 known as ',celtic pipes4' ,they are also sometimes named ',mab pipes1' or ',queen's pipes1' from the same fairy majesty1 ,queen ,mab4 ,thus1 while in each country they are ascribed to the elfin race--the 'small people' of ,cornish folk-lore--their secondary names attach to them a popular belief in their extreme antiquity4 ,anything apparently old is at once1 by the ,irish1 set down to the ',danes2' by the ,scots to the ',celts2' and by people in the rural districts of our own country to the 'carls1' or 'old men'--carl being indicative of extreme antiquity4 ,in ,ireland1 the pipes are believed to have belonged to the cluricaunes--a kind of wild1 ungovernable1 mischievous fairy-demon--who were held in awe by the 'pisantry2' and whenever found1 these pipes were1 with much superstitious feeling1 immediately broken up1 so as to destroy and break up the spell their finding might have cast around the finder4 ,but it was not only among the peasantry that this belief in the extreme antiquity of tobacco pipes existed4 ,serious essays were written to prove their pre-historic origin1 and to claim for them a history that in our day reads as arrant nonsense4 ,in #aghd1 a short pipe was asserted to have been found between the jaws of the skull of an ancient ,milesian exhumed at ,bannockstown1 county ,kildare4 ,upon this discovery1 an elaborate and learned paper was written in the ',anthologia ,hibernica1' setting forth this pipe as a proof of the use of tobacco in ,ireland long before that country was invaded by the ,danes4 ,this pipe has been proved by comparison to be probably quite late in the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,they also have a more modern pipe1 the stem of which describes one or more circles1 while another is tied in a knot1 yet allows a free passage of air4 ,at another time1 in opening an ,anglo-,saxon grave mound1 some of the men employed came across a fairy pipe which evidently had rolled down from among the surface-soil1 and1 being turned out in juxtaposition with undoubted ,anglo-,saxon remains1 was immediately set down by the learned director of the proceedings as a relic of that period4 ,at another time ,i had brought to me1 as a great curiosity1 two ',roman pipes1' as ,i was informed--the finders jumping to the conclusion that because they had dug them up at little ,chester 7the ,roman station ,derventio71 they must be ,roman pipes6 ,i believe they expected to receive a large sum from these relics3 how grievously they were disappointed ,i need not tell4 ,instances of this kind are far from rare4 ,illustration3 ,fairy pipes4 ,i remember a man once bringing me some fragments of ,roman pottery and other things of the same period1 which he had turned up in the course of excavations1 and among them was a ,tobacco stopper formed of a ,sacheverell medal6 and a ,george ,,ii4 half-penny1 all of which he was ready to swear he had found all of a heap together1 inside a hypocaust tile1 which1 on examination1 certainly had remained in situ from ,romano-,british times6 ,the cupidity of a man had evidently led him to collect together these odds and ends1 and try to turn them to profitable account4 ,some twenty years ago1 a large number of elfin pipes were dug up at ,bomington1 near ,edinburgh1 along with a quantity of placks or bodles of ,james ,,vi41 which thus gave trustworthy evidence of their true date4 ,others were found in the ancient cemetery at ,north ,berwick1 adjoining to which is a small ,romanesque building of the ,twelfth ,century1 close upon the shore4 ,within the last half-century1 the sea has made very great inroads upon this ancient burial-place1 carrying off a considerable ruin1 and exposing the skeletons1 and bringing to light many interesting relics at almost every spring-tide4 ,among these1 many pipes have been washed down4 ,a similar circumstance has occurred on the seashore at ,hoy ,lake1 ,cheshire1 where several fairy pipes have been found4 ,notices of several discoveries occur4 ,dr4 ,wilson says1 in the statistical accounts of ,scotland1 many of which are suggestive of a pre-,raleigh period4 ,thus1 'in an ancient ,british encampment in the parish of ,kirk ,michael1 ,dumfriesshire1 on the farm of ,gilrig1 a number of pipes of burnt clay were dug up1 with heads smaller than the modern tobacco-pipes1 swelled at the middle and straighter at the top4 ,again1 in the vicinity of a group of standing stones at ,cairney ,mount1 in the parish of ,carluke ,lanarkshire1 a celt or stone hatchet1 elfin bolts 7flint and bone arrow-heads71 elfin pipes1 numerous coins of the ,edwards and of later date1 and other things are all stated to have been found4' ,an example is also recorded of the discovery of a tobacco-pipe in sinking a pit for coal1 at ,misk1 in ,ayrshire1 after digging through many feet of sand4 ,all these notes are pregnant with significant warnings of the necessity for cautious discrimination in determining the antiquity of such buried relics4 ,in ,turkey the jasmine is cultivated for the purpose of pipe smoking4 ,barillet describes the growing of the common jasmine near ,constantinople4 ,he says3 ,the object sought is a long straight stem1 free from leaves and side branches4 ,for this purpose the plants are grown quickly in a rich soil1 and drawn up by being grown in a sheltered situation1 to which the sun has little access at the sides1 but only at the top4 ,pinching is resorted to1 and during the second year's growth one end of a thread is attached to the top of the jasmine stem4 ,this thread passes over a pulley attached to the post to which this jasmine is trained1 and from it is suspended a weight1 the effect of which is to keep the stem always in a vertical direction4 ,when the jasmine stem is about two centimeters 7say three quarters of an inch7 in diameter a cloth is wrapped around it to prevent access of dust and of the sun's rays4 ,twice or thrice in the year the stem is washed with citron-water1 which is said to give the clear color so much esteemed4 ,when the stem has acquired a length of some fifteen feet1 it is cut down and perforated by the workmen1 and fitted with a terra-cotta bow and an amber mouth-piece4 ,blackburn1 in his work entitled ,artists and ,arabs1 gives the following picture of life and manners in ,algiers3-- ,illustration3 ,female smoking in ,algiers4 ,there is one difficulty here1 however1 for the artist--that of finding satisfactory models4 ,you can get one at last1 and here is her portrait4 ,her costume1 when she throws off her haik 7and with it a tradition of the ,mohammedan faith1 that forbids her to show her face to an unbeliever71 is a rich1 loose1 crimson jacket embroidered with gold1 a thin white bodice1 loose silk trousers reaching to the knee and fastened round the waist by a magnificent sash of various colors1 red morocco slippers1 a profusion of rings on her little fingers1 and bracelets and anklets of gold filagree work4 ,through her waving black hair are twined strings of coins and the folds of a silk handkerchief1 the hair falling at the back in plaits below the waist4 ,she is not beautiful1 she is scarcely interesting in expression1 and she is decidedly unsteady4 ,she seems to have no more power of keeping herself in one position or of remaining in one part of the room1 or even of being quiet1 than a humming-top4 ,the whole thing is an unutterable bore to her1 for she does not even reap the reward--her father1 or husband1 or other male attendant always taking the money4 ,she is petite1 constitutionally phlegmatic1 and as fat as her parents can manage to make her2 she has small hands and feet1 large rolling eyes--the latter made to appear artificially large by the application of henna or antimony black2 her attitudes are not ungraceful1 but there is a want of character about her1 and an utter abandonment to the situation1 peculiar to all her race4 ,in short1 her movements are more suggestive of a little caged animal that had better be petted and caressed1 or kept at a safe distance1 according to her humor4 ,she does one thing--she smokes incessantly1 and makes cigarettes with a skill and rapidity which are wonderful4 ,her age is thirteen1 and she has been married six months2 her ideas appear to be limited to three or four1 and her pleasures1 poor creature1 are equally circumscribed4 ,she had scarcely ever left her father's house1 and had never spoken to a man until her marriage4 ,there seems to be in the ,moorish nature a wonderful sense of harmony and contrasts of color4 ,two ,orientals will hardly walk down a street side by side unless the colors of their costumes harmonize4 ,you find a negress selling oranges or citrons2 an ,arab boy with red fez and white turban1 carrying purple fruit in a basket of leaves--always the right juxtaposition of colors4 ,the sky furnishes them a superb background of deep blue1 and the repose of these solemn ,orientals1 who sit here like bronze statues1 save that they smoke incessantly1 inspires you with a curious respect4 ,they are men who believe in fate--what need that they should make haste8 ,in ,africa the pipes are made of clay and horn1 and are mostly rude affairs1 but well suited to their ideas of implements used for holding tobacco4 ,king gives the following description of smoking among them3-- ,a party of headmen and older warriors1 seated cross-legged in their tents1 ceremoniously smoked the daghapipe1 a kind of hookah1 made of bullock's horn1 its downward point filled with water1 and a reed stem let into the side1 surmounted by a rough bowl of stone1 which is filled with the dagha1 a species of hemp1 very nearly1 if not the same1 as the ,indian bang4 ,each individual receives it in turn1 opens his jaws to their full extent1 and placing his lips to the wide mouth of the horn1 takes a few pulls and passes it on4 ,retaining the last draught of smoke in his mouth1 which he fills with a decoction of bark and water from a calabash1 he squirts it on the ground by his side through a long ornamented tube in his left hand1 performing thereon1 by the aid of a reserved portion of the liquid1 a sort of boatswain's whistle1 complacently regarding the soap-like bubbles1 the joint production of himself and neighbor4 ,it appeared to be a sign of special friendliness and kindly feeling to squirt into the same hole4 ,illustration3 ,african pipe4 ,we give an engraving of a kind of pipe used by the natives of interior ,africa4 ,it is made of clay1 and holds but a small portion of the weed4 ,the natives are great smokers and indulge in it almost constantly1 but their love for it can hardly exceed that of the more hardy ,laplanders1 who are described as passionately fond of the plant4 ,nothing is so indispensable as tobacco to their existence4 ,a ,laplander who cannot get ,tobacco sucks chips of a barrel or pieces of anything else which has contained it4 ,tobacco gives the ,laplanders a pleasure which often rises to ecstacy4 ,they both chew and smoke1 and they are certainly the dirtiest chewers in the world4 ,when they chew they spit in their hands1 then raise them to their nose that they may inhale from the saliva the irritating principles of the plant4 ,thus they satisfy two senses at the same time4 ,they regularly smoke after their meals4 ,if their supply of ,tobacco falls short1 they sit down in a circle and pass the pipe round1 so that every one in his turn may have a whiff4#ec ,footnote #ec3 ,reynard1 in his ,travels ,in ,lapland1 says of the use of tobacco3 ,we interrogated our ,laplander upon many subjects4 ,we asked him what he had given his wife at their marriage4 ,he told us that she had been very expensive to him during his courtship1 having cost him two pounds weight of tobacco and four or five pints of brandy4 ,a ,painter's ,camp in the ,highlands defends the custom of smoking in the following well chosen words3 ,people who don't smoke--especially ladies--are exceedingly unfair and unjust to those who do4 ,the reader has1 ,i daresay1 amongst his acquaintances ladies who1 on hearing any habitual cigar-smoker spoken of1 are always ready to exclaim against the enormity of such an expensive and useless indulgence2 and the cost of ,tobacco-smoking is generally cited by its enemies as one of the strongest reasons for its general discontinuance4 ,one would imagine1 to hear these people talk1 that smoking was the only selfish indulgence in the world4 ,when people argue in this strain1 ,i immediately assume the offensive4 ,i roll back the tide of war right into the enemy's intrenched camp of comfortable customs2 ,i attack the expensive and unnecessary indulgences of ladies and gentlemen who do not smoke4 ,i take cigar-smoking as an expense of1 say1 half-a-crown a-day1 and pipe-smoking at threepence4 ,i then compare the cost of these indulgences with the cost of other indulgences not a whit more necessary1 which no one ever questions a man's right to if he can pay for them4 ,there is luxurious eating1 for instance4 ,a woman who has got the habit of delicate eating will easily consume dainties to the amount of half-a-crown a-day1 which cannot possibly do her any good beyond the mere gratification of the palate4 ,and there is the luxury of carriage-keeping1 in many instances very detrimental to the health of women1 by entirely depriving them of the use of their legs4 ,now1 you cannot keep a carriage a-going quite as cheaply as a pipe4 ,many a fine meerschaum keeps up its cheerful fire on a shilling a-week4 ,i am not advocating a sumptuary law to put down carriages and cookery2 ,i desire only to say that people who indulge in these expensive and wholly superfluous luxuries1 have no right to be so hard on smokers for their indulgence4 ,nearly every gentleman who drinks good wine at all will drink the value of half-a-crown a-day4 ,the ladies do not blame him for this4 ,half-a-dozen glasses of good wine are not thought an extravagance in any man of fair means1 but women exclaim when a man spends the same amount in smoking cigars4 ,the ,french habit of coffee-drinking and the ,english habit of tea-drinking are also cases in point4 ,they are quite as expensive as ordinary ,tobacco-smoking1 and1 like it1 defensible only on the ground of the pleasurable sensation they communicate to the nervous system4 ,but these habits are so universal that no one thinks of attacking them1 unless now and then some persecuted smoker in self-defence4 ,tea and tobacco are alike seductive1 delicious1 and deleterious4 ,the two indulgences will1 perhaps1 become equally necessary to the ,english world4 ,it is high treason to the ,english national feeling to say a word against tea1 which is now so universally recognized as a national beverage that people forget it comes from ,china1 and that it is both alien and heathen4 ,still1 ,i mean no offence when ,i put tea in the same category with ,tobacco4 ,now1 who thinks of lecturing us on the costliness of tea8 ,and yet it is a mere superfluity4 ,the habit of taking it as we do is unknown across the ,channel1 and was quite unknown amongst ourselves a very little time ago1 when ,english people were no less proud of themselves and their customs than they are now1 and perhaps with equally good reason4 ,a friend of mine tells me that he smokes every day1 at a cost of about sixpence a-week4 ,now1 ,i would like to know in what other way so much enjoyment is to be bought for sixpence4 ,fancy the satisfaction of spending sixpence a-week in wine6 ,it is well enough to preach about the selfishness of this expenditure2 but we all spend more selfishly1 and we all love pleasure1 and ,i should very much like to see that cynic whose pleasures cost less than sixpence a-week4 ,illustration3 ,egyptian pipes4 ,the ,egyptian pipes1 especially those of modern date are exceedingly fanciful in shape and resemble somewhat the pipes used by the ,persians4 ,many of them are made of clay and are sold very cheap4#ed ,the ,chinese use a variety of pipes but all of them have small bowls for the tobacco4 ,some of their pipes are made of brass and attached to the pipe is a receptacle for water1 so as to cool the smoke before it passes into the mouth4 ,the ,japanese use both copper and silver pipes1 most of them similar in shape and size to those used by the ,chinese4 ,footnote #ed3 ,watlin says of smoking in ,egypt3 ,tobacco is tolerated1 and seems to become more common again1 though a smoker is generally disliked and not allowed to perform the part of ,imam or rehearse1 of the prayers1 before a congregation4 ,the greater part of the people1 however1 detest and condemn still the use of tobacco1 and ,i remember a ,shaumar ,bedawry who assured me that he would not carry that abominable herb on his ,camel1 even if a load of gold were given him4 ,illustration3 ,japanese pipes4 ,a writer says of smoking among the ,japanese3 ,let us sit down to a good ,japanese dinner--down on the floor4 ,food on the floor4 ,fire and cigars or pipes on the floor4 ,sit on your heels1 waiting4 ,enter first course--,fish-skin soup4 ,smoke4 ,third--,fish1 cake and bean-cheese4 ,smoke4 ,fourth--,row fish and horse-radish4 ,smoke4 ,fifth--,broiled fish4 ,smoke again1 ,sixth--,custard soup4 ,smoke4 ,seventh--,chicken stew1 turnips and onions4 ,smoke a little4 ,eighth--,cuttle-fish1 wafer cakes1 ,nipon tea4 ,here1 if tired you can stop at the end of about two hours' ankle-ache4 ,all is cleanly1 well spiced with talk1 and served with the utmost politeness4 ,sipping tea may be substituted for the infinitesimal whiffs of polite smoking4 ,a grand dinner is much more elaborate2 at least1 so far as the variety of smokes is concerned4 ,after dinner1 rest and smoke4 ,an ,english writer could very appropriately call this a cloud of smoke as he has another scene herein described4 ',tis all smoke1 possibly1 but what cannot we discern1 through a cloud of smoke8 ,objects dim1 but ',thick as autumnal leaves that strew the brooks ,in ,vallambrosa4' ,be the medium of the smoke an honest 'churchwarden1' a short clay1 or a costly meerschaum2 does the smoke emanate from a refined ,havana1 a neat ,manilla1 or a dainty cigarette1 such as we are at this moment enjoying as a sequel to a modest breakfast1 'tis all smoke4 ,we have thus given a somewhat lengthy description of the custom and implements used in smoking1 from the first discovery of the plant until now1 and turn to other implements used in connection with the pipe4 ,we1 however1 give the following from ,cop's ,tobacco ,plant1 descriptive of the part played by tobacco on the stage two centuries ago3 ,the ',return from ,parnassus' was published anonymously1 and the copy ,i have used is dateless4 ,it was 'publicly acted by the students of ,st4 ,john's ,college in ,cambridge4' ,in ,act ,i41 ,scene #b;d1 characters are given of ,spenser1 ,ben ,jonson1 ,marlow1 ,drayton1 ,marston and ,shakespeare1 together with some other of the known poets and dramatists of the ,elizabethan age4 ,it contains many references to tobacco4 ,in ',act ,,iv41 ,scene #ast1' the characters are thus placed3 ',sir ,rodericke and ,prodigo at one corner of the stage1 ,recorder and ,amaretto at the other4 ,two pages scouring of ,tobacco pipes4' ,actual smoking from tobacco-pipes was introduced on the stage afterwards2 and instances from the early dramas have been given by the writers on tobacco history4 ,in the second scene of ,act ,,iii4 smoking is alluded to as one of the marks of the current man of fashion1 and is coupled with that of wearing love-locks1 which was to prove such a scandal to the ,puritans4 ',he gins to follow fashions4 ,he wore thin sireduelt in a smooky roofe1 must take tobacco and must weare a locke4' ',work for ,chimney ,sweepers1 or a ,warning against ,tobacconists1 by ,j4 ,h41' was published in quarto in the year #afjb4 ,it was answered in the same year by the anonymous ',defence of ,tobacco1' a quarto of seventy pages4 ,the author of the attack followed the line of ,king ,james1 or1 ,i should rather say1 showed him the line to take1 for the ,king's ',counterblast' did not appear until he had been ,king of ,england for some years4 ,the book is divided into sections1 each section being called ',a ,reason4' ,the seventh ',reason' against the use of tobacco is1 that the devil is the discoverer and suggester of smoking4 ',it was first used and practised1' says ,j4 ,h41 'by devils1 priests1 and1 therefore1 not to be used by us ,christians4 ,that the devil was the first author hereof4 ,monardus1 in his ',treatise of ,tabaco1' dooth sufficiently witnesse1 saying3 ,the ,indian priests1 who1 no doubt1 were instruments of the devil1 whom they serve1 even before they answer to questions propounded to them by their princes1 drinke of this tobacco-fume1 with the vigour and strength whereof they fall suddenly to the ground as dead men1 remaining so according to the quantity of smoke that they had taken4 ,and when the hearbe hath done his worke1 they revive and wake1 giving answers according to the vissions and illusions which they saw while they were wrapt in that order4' ,it is not unlikely that ,j4 ,h4's authority had confused opium with tobacco4 ,it was the opinion of the age that every ,pagan deity had a real existence in the world of evil spirits4 ,after further quotations of ,monardus1 to prove that the devil is 'the author of ,tobacco1 and of the knowledge thereof1' ,j4 ,h4 concludes his seventh reason by declaring1 ',wherefore in mine opinion this practice is more to be excluded of us ,christians1 who follow ,veritie and ,truth1 and detest and abhor the devil as a lyar and deceiver of mankind4' ,in the first year of this century1 pipes were not only exhibited1 but were used upon the stage4 ,they seem at first to have been smoked1 not during 'the induction4' ,in the induction to ,ben ,jonson's ',cynthia's ,revels' 7#afja71 the ,third ,child says3 ',now1 sir1 suppose ,i am one of your genteel auditors1 that am come in1 having paid my money at the door1 with much ado2 and here take my place1 and sit down1 ,i have my three sorts of tobacco in my pocket1 my light by me1 and thus ,i begin4' ,the ,third ,child thereupon smokes2 but it seems as if the smoking on the stage was a kind of protest against a prior smoking in the pit4 ,in ,john ,webster's ',malcontent1' as augmented by ,john ,marston in #afjd1 ,sly says in the introduction3 ',come1 coose1 7coz or goose67 let's take some tobacco4' ,in ',the ,puritan1 or the ,widow of ,watling ,street1' published in #afjg1 and attributed by some to ,shakespeare1 tobacco-taking or tobacco-drinking 7as smoking was then usually called7 appears no longer in the induction1 but in the play itself1 ,idle1 the highwayman1 says to the old soldier1 ,skirmish1 ',have you any tobacco about you8' ,idle being supplied1 smokes a pipe on the stage4 ,these extracts1 however1 may have been cited before1 together with others of like character in the great days of the ,english ,drama4 ,pipes continued to appear upon the stage until its abolition 7in company with the ,prayer ,book7 by the ,puritan rulers4 ,they reappeared on the stage of the ,restoration4 ,in ,thomas ,shadwell's ',virtuos' 7#afgf71--to take one instance1--,mirando and ,clarinda fling away ,snarl's cane1 hat and periwig1 and break his pipes1 because he 'takes nasty tobacco before ladies4' ,there is printed evidence1 however1 in this same period to show not only that all the ,english ladies of the time were not enemies to tobacco1 but that some of them were themselves smokers4 ,in #afgd an anonymous quarto appeared under the title of ,the ,women's ,petition against ,coffee4 ,it was a protest against the growing influence of the coffee-houses in seducing men away from their homes to sit together making mischief and drinking this boiled soot4 ,it was answered in the same year by ,the ,men's ,answer to the ,women's ,petition4 ,after speaking of the providential introduction of coffee into ,england in the midst of the ,puritan epoch1 when ,englishmen wanted some kind of drink which would at once make them sober and merry1 the writer glorifies the coffee-house4 ,john ,taylor1 the ,water ,poet1 made a kind of compromise when he attributed the introduction of tobacco1 not to the devil1 but to ,pluto1--,pluto's ,proclamation concerning his ,infernal ,pleasure for the ,propagation of ,tobacco4 ,it appears in the folio collection of his works of the year #afbh4 ,the confusion of tobacco with opium and such destructive drugs seems to have been common with the travelers of the ,sixteenth and ,seventeenth centuries4 ,camerarius1 in his ,historical ,meditations1 translated into ,english by ,john ,malle 7folio1 #afba71 speaks of tobacco as to be seen growing in many gardens throughout ,europe4 ,he quotes ,jerome ,benzo as saying that in ,hispaniola there be among them some that take so much of it1 as their senses being all overcome and made drunke with the same1 they fell down flat to the ground as if they were dead1 and there lie without sense or feeling most part of the day or of the night4 ,the tobacco-box1 during the reign of ,elizabeth1 was no unimportant part of a dandy's outfit2 sometimes a pouch or bag was used4 ,tobacco-boxes came into general use in ,england soon after the introduction of tobacco1 and were much sought after by all who drank tobacco4 ,marston1 the ,duke of ,new ,castle1 and other dramatists1 alluded to the tobacco-box as a part of the smoker's outfit2 thus in the play of ,the ,man in the ,moone 7#afji71 one character1 in answer to an inquiry who one of the company is1 answers3 ,i know not certainly1 but ,i think he cometh to play you a fit of mirth1 for ,i behelde pipes in his pocket2 now he draweth forth his tinder-box and his touchwood1 and falleth to his tacklings2 sure his throate is on fire1 the smoke flyeth so fast from his mouth2 blesse his beard with a bason of water1 lest he burn it2 some terrible thing he taketh1 it maketh him pant and look pale1 and hath an odious taste1 he spitteth so after it4 ,the tobacco boxes of the ,seventeenth ,century were much larger than those of the present4 ,some of them held a pound of tobacco besides space for a number of pipes4 ,many of them were made of brass while others were fashioned from horn3 ,there is also a simple and ingenious tobacco-box used frequently in ale-houses1 'which keeps its own account1' with each smoker and acts also as a money-box4 ,it is kept on parlor tables for the use of all comers2 but none can obtain a pipe-full1 till the money is deposited through a hole in the lid4 ,a penny dropped in1 causes a bolt to unfasten1 and allow the smoker to help himself from a drawer full of tobacco4 ,his honor is trusted so far as not to take more than his pipe-full1 and he is reminded of it by a verse engraved on the lid3-- ',the custom is1 before you fill1 ',to put a penny in the till4' ,illustration3 ,engraved boxes4 ,some of the tobacco boxes were made of silver and beautifully engraved with fancy sketches1 historical scenes1 or representations of personages1 landscapes1 flowers1 etc4 ,the late ,duke of ,sussex had a large collection of pipes and tobacco boxes4 ,a journal describing them says of the collection3 ,the ,duke of ,sussex had a wonderful collection of these1 the values attached to some of them being almost fabulous4 ,one example from the work-shop of ,vienna--long celebrated for this description of art1--represented the combat of ,hector and ,achilles1 the cover of the pipe being a golden hemlet cristatus of the ,grecian type4 ,swiss and ,tyrolean artists also produce exquisite carving1 but use wood as a material2 and in the famous collection of ,baron de ,watteville will be found a marvelous piece of carving representing ,bellerophon overturning the ,chimera4 ,but ,french pipes are the most interesting of all to collectors1 from the fact that tobacco was introduced into that country long before it was known in ,england1 and also from the ingenuity of a people who can give interest of various kinds to what might seem a simple and prosaic branch of manufacture4 ,in the sentiment of the following lines on ,a pipe of ,tobacco by ,john ,usher1 all lovers of the plant will heartily join3 ,let the toper regale in his tankard of ale1 ,or with alcohol moisten his thropple1 ,only give me ,i pray1 a good pipe of soft clay1 ,nicely tapered1 and thin in the stopple2 ,and ,i shall puff1 puff1 let who will say enough1 ,no luxury else ,i'm in lack o'1 ,no malice ,i hoard1 'gainst ,queen1 ,prince1 ,duke or ,lord1 ,while ,i pull at my pipe of ,tobacco4 ,when ,i feel the hot strife of the battle of life1 ,and the prospect is aught but enticin'1 ,mayhap some real ill like a protested bill1 ,dims the sunshine that tinged the horizon2 ,only let me puff1 puff1--be they ever so rough1 ,all the sorrows of life ,i lose track o'1 ,the mists disappear1 and the vista is clear1 ,with a soothing mild pipe of ,tobacco4 ,and when joy after pain1 like the sun after rain1 ,stills the waters1 long turbid and troubled1 ,that life's current may flow1 with a ruddier glow1 ,and the sense of enjoyment be doubled1-- ,oh6 let me puff1 puff1 till ,i feel quantum suff1 ,such luxury still ,i'm in lack o'1 ,be joy ever so sweet1 it would be incomplete1 ,without a good pipe of tobacco4 ,should my recreant muse1--,sometimes apt to refuse ,the guidance of bit and of bridle1 ,still blankly demur1 spite of whip and of spur1 ,unimpassioned1 inconstant1 or idle2 ,only let me puff1 puff1 till the brain cries enough1 ,such excitement is all ,i'm in lack o'1 ,and the poetic vein soon to fancy gives reign1 ,inspired by a pipe of ,tobacco4 ,and when with one accord1 round the jovial board1 ,in friendship our bosoms are glowing2 ,while with toast and with song we the evening prolong1 ,and with nectar the goblets are flowing2 ,still let us puff1 puff--be life smooth1 be it rough1 ,such enjoyment we're ever in lack o'2 ,the more peace and goodwill will abound as we fill ,a jolly good pipe of ,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco jars4 ,the tobacco jar is another accessory of more recent date than tobacco pipes but interesting from the varieties of style and shapes4 ,the finest are made of porcelain and are lavish in design and enrichment4 ,of all the articles of the smokers' paraphernalia none however exhibit more fanciful designs than ,tobacco-stoppers used by smokers for crowding the tobacco into the pipe while smoking4 ,the author of ,a ,paper of ,tobacco says3 ,this was the only article on which the ,english smoker prided himself4 ,it was made of various materials--wood1 bone1 ivory1 mother-of-pearl1 and silver3 and the forms which it assumed were exceedingly diversified4 ,out of a collection of upwards of thirty tobacco-stoppers of different ages1 from #afhh to the present time1 the following are the most remarkable3 a bear's tooth tipped with silver at the bottom1 and inscribed with the name of ,captain ,james ,rogers of the ,happy ,return whaler1 #afhh2 ,dr4 ,henry ,sacheverel in full canonicals1 carved in ivory1 #agaj2 a boat1 a horse's hind leg1 ,punch1 and another character in the same ,drama1 to wit3 his ,satanic majesty2 a countryman with a flail2 a milkmaid2 an emblem of ,priopus2 ,hope and ,anchor2 the ,marquis of ,granby2 a greyhound's head and neck2 a paviour's rammer2 ,lord ,nelson2 the ,duke of ,wellington2 and ,bonaparte4 ,the tobacco-stopper was carried in the pocket or attached to a ring worn on the finger4 ,in ,butler's ,hudibras it is alluded to in connection with the astronomer's sign4 ----,bless us6 quoth he1 ,it is a planet now ,i see2 ,and if ,i err not1 by his proper ,figure that's like tobacco-stopper1 ,it should be ,saturn6 ,in ,james ,boswell's ,shrubs of ,parnassus 7#agfj7 a description in verse of the various kinds of tobacco-stoppers is given3 ,o6 let me grasp thy waist1 be thou of wood ,or levigated steel1 for well 'tis known ,thy habit is disease4 ,in iron clad ,sometimes thy feature roughen to the sight1 ,and oft transparent art thou seen in glass1 ,portending frangibility4 ,the son ,of laboring mechanism here displays ,exuberance of skill4 ,the curious knot1 ,the motley flourish winding down the sides1 ,and freaks of fancy pour upon the view ,their complicated charms1 and as they please1 ,astonish4 ,while with glee thy touch ,i feel1 ,no harm my fingers dread4 ,no fractured pipe ,i ask1 or splinters aid1 wherewith to press ,the rising ashes down4 ,oh6 bless my hand1 ,chief when thou com'st with hollow circle crowned ,with sculptured signet1 bearing in thy womb ,the treasured ,cork-screw4 ,thus a triple service ,in firm alliance may'st thou boast4 ,tobacco-stoppers were often made of wood from some relic like a celebrated tree or mansion which gave additional value by its historic associations4 ,taylor alludes to several made from the well known ,glastonbury thorn4 ,he says3-- ,illustration3 ,tobacco stoppers4 ,i saw the sayd branch1 ,i did take a dead sprigge from it1 wherewith ,i made two or three tobacco-stoppers1 which ,i brought to ,london4 ,pipes and tobacco-stoppers have often been favorite testimonials of friendship and reward4 ,fairholt says3-- ,it was the custom during the last century to present country churchwardens with tobacco-boxes1 after the faithful discharge of their duties4 ,the following lines from ,the ,tobacco ,leaf1 penned by some favored one on receiving a rare pipe1 are no doubt as neat as the object that called them forth3-- ,i lifted off the lid with anxious care1 ,removed the wrappages1 strip after strip1 ,and when the hidden contents were laid bare1 ,my first remark was3 ,mercy1 what a pipe6 ,a pipe of symmetry that matched its size1 ,mounted with metal bright--a sight to see-- ,with the rich umber hue that smokers prize1 ,attesting both its age and pedigree4 ,a pipe to make the royal ,freidrich jealous1 ,or the great ,teufelsdrockh with envy gripe6 ,a man should hold some rank above his fellows ,to justify his smoking such a pipe6 ,what country gave it birth8 ,what blest of cities ,saw it first kindle at the glowing coal8 ,what happy artist murmured ,nunc dimittis1 ,when he had fashioned this transcendent bowl6 ,has it been hoarded in a monarch's treasures8 ,was it a gift of peace1 or price of war8 ,did the great ,khalif in his ,houre of ,pleasures1 ,wager and lose it to the good ,zaafar8 ,it may have soothed mild ,spenser's melancholy1 ,while musing o'er traditions of the past1 ,or graced the lips of brave ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 ,ere sage ,king ,jamie blew his ,counterblast4 ,did it1 safe hidden in some secret cavern1 ,escape that monarch's pipoclastic ken8 ,has ,shakespeare smoked it at the ,mermaid ,tavern1 ,quaffing a cup of sack with rare old ,ben8 ,ay1 ,shakespeare might have watched his vast creation ,loom through its smoke--the spectre-haunted ,thane1 ,the ,sisters at their ghostly invocations1 ,the jealous ,moor and melancholy ,dane4 ,round its orbed haze and through its mazy ringlets1 ,titania may have led her elfin rout1 ,or ,ariel fanned it with his gauzy winglets1 ,or ,puck danced in the bowl to put it out4 ,vain are all fancies--questions bring no answer2 ,the smokers vanish1 but the pipe remains2 ,he were indeed a subtle necromancer1 ,could read their records in its cloudy stains4 ,nor this alone3 its destiny may doom it ,to outlive e'en its use and history-- ,some ploughman of the future may exhume it ,from soil now deep beneath the eastern sea4 ,and1 treasured by some antiquarian ,stultus1 ,it may to gaping visitors be shown1 ,labelled3 ,the symbol of some ancient ,cultus1 ,conjecturally ,phallic1 but unknown4 ,why do ,i thus recall the ancient quarrel ',twixt ,man and ,time1 that marks all earthly things8 ,why labor to re-word the hackneyed moral1 ,greek3 s phhyllngeneh1 as ,homer sings8 ,for this3 ,some links we forge are never broken3 ,some feelings claim exemption from decay2 ,and ,love1 of which this pipe was but the token1 ,shall last1 though pipes and smokers pass away4 ,the verse that has been written in praise as well as dispraise of the ,indian ,novelty would of itself fill a volume of no mean pretentions4 ,the following clever lines from ,the ,tobacco ,plant entitled ,puffs from a ,pipe1 convey much advice to all smokers of tobacco4 ,sage old friend6 with judgment ripe2 ,come and join me in a pipe4 ,brother student6 brother joker1 ,thee ,i greet1 ,o6 brother smoker4 ,smoke1 ,o6 men of every station1 ,every climate1 every nation4 ,east and ,west1 and ,south and ,north1 ,recognize ,tobacco's worth4 ,red man6 let thy warfare cease3 ,smoke the calumet of peace4 ,chinaman6 shun opium-grief3 ,use the pure ,tobacco leaf4 ,frenchmen6 no more foes provoke3 ,follow arts of peace--and smoke6 ,german victors6 crowned with laurel1 ,smoke1 content2 and seek no quarrel4 ,americans no one needs bid ,to blow a cloud1 or take a quid4 ,though rows shake ,dame ,europa's school1 ,johnny ,bull smokes1 calm and cool4 ,toffy1 it will ease thy brain1 man6 ,smoke and snuff1 and smoke again1 man6 ,paddy1 light of heart and gay1 ,smoke thy dhudeen3 short black clay4 ,sawney1 on thy ,hielen' hill1 ,tak' thy sneishin'2 tak' thy gill6 ,tourist1 thou hast journey'd far2 ,rest1 and light a mild cigar4 ,sailor1 from the stormy seas1 ,take a quid1 and take thine ease4 ,soldier tired1 put off thy shako2 ,prepare to fire1 and burn tobacco4 ,workman1 prize thine honest labor2 ,burn thy weed1 and love thy neighbor6 ,evil-doers1 when ye burn ,the weed2 think how soon 'twill be your turn4 ,artist1 let thy coloring be ,of a pipe2 thy drawing1 free6 ,miser1 moderate thy greed6 ,mend thy life1 and take a weed4 ,lawyer1 loose thy bitter gripe6 ,burn thy writ--to light a pipe4 ,statesman1 harassed night and day1 ,blow a cloud2 puff care away6 ,hardy tiller of the soil6 ,light a pipe2 'twill lighten toil4 ,usurer1 we surely know ,thou wilt have thy quid pro quo4 ,merchant1 smoke thy pipe2 hang care6 ,draughts are always honored there4 ,gentle friend1 whom troubles fret6 ,smoke a soothing cigarette4 ,preacher6 take a pinch with me3 ,snuff is dust1 and so are we4 ,hence with moralizings musty6 ,i say life is not so dusty4 ,smoke in gladness2 smoke in trouble2 ,soothe the last1 the former double6 ,teach the ,fiji ,indians1 then1 ,to chew their quids1 instead of men4 ,pain from heart and brain to wipe1 ,pass the weed1 and fill your pipe6 ,prince and peasant1 lord and lackey1 ,all in some form take their ',baccy4 ,illustration3 ,lord and lackey4 ,the evil effects occasioned by man's indulging too frequently in tobacco have been the subject of many a fierce debate between the friends and foes of the great plant4 ,many1 however1 are not aware of the fatality attending its use by the brute creation4 ,a modern ,english poet on hearing of the result produced on a cow from chewing tobacco1 penned the following sad lines which he entitles--,an elegy on somebody's ,cow4 ,weep6 weep1 ye chewers6 ,lowly bend1 and bow2 ,here lieth what was once a happy cow4 ,no more her voice she'll raise1 now low1 now high1 ,in amber fields1 beneath an autumn sky2 ,no more she'll wander to the milking-pail1 ,while swine stand by to see her chew pig-tail2 ,no more round her the bees1 a busy crew1 ,shall linger1 eager after honey-dew2 ,no more for her shall smoking grains be spread3 ,all bellowless remains her empty shed4 ,sad was her fate4 ,reflect1 all ye who read3 ,life's flower destroyed by the accursed weed4 ,when first the yellow juice streamed o'er her lip1 ,one might have said1 ,this is a sad cow-slip4 ,to chew the peaceful cud by nature bid1 ,degraded man taught her to chew a quid4 ,sad the effect on body and on mind3 ,her coat grew shaggy1 her milk nicotined2 ,over her head shall naught but clover grow1 ,while o'er her peaceful grave the clouds shall blow4 ,no invalid shall ask for her cow-heel1 ,to heal his ailments with the simple meal2 ,her whiskful tail into no soup shall go2 ,mother of weal that would but bring us woe4 ,her tripe shall honor not the festive meal1 ,where smoking onions all their joys reveal2 ,nor shall those shins that oft lagged on the road1 ,be sold in cheap cook-shops as a la mode1 ,her tongue must soon be sandwiched under ground1 ,nor at pic-nics with cheap champagne go round2 ,yea1 even her poor bones are past all hope-- ,not fit to be boiled down for scented soap4 ,ah6 hide her hide1 poor beast4 ,her stomachs five ,dyed with the chewing she could not survive2 ,the very worms from her will turn away1 ,to seek some anti-chewer for their prey4 ,ye chewers6 be ye pilgrims to her tomb2 ,lament with us o'er her untimely doom4 ,awhile she stood the anti-chewer's butt1 ,till scythe-arm'd ,time gave her an ugly cut4 ,she stagger'd to her death1 and feebly cried1 ,and sneezed1 ,achew6 achew6 and chewing died4 ,there are many parodies of popular poems written in praise of the weed2 of which the following in imitation of ,tennyson's ,charge of the ,light ,brigade1 entitled ,the ,charge of the ,tobacco ,jar ,brigade1 is one of the best4 ,epigrams1 epigrams1 ,pour'd in1 and numbered-- ,good1 bad1 indifferent-- ,more than ,six ,hundred4 ,epigrams potters want1 ,quoth ,the ,tobacco ,plant3 ,write6 you for fame who pant2 ,write6 we'll three prizes grant4 ,wrote for ,tobacco-,jars1 ,over ,six ,hundred4 ,postmen1 ere morning's light2 ,postmen1 whilst day was bright2 ,postmen1 as closed in night1 ,ran--tan'd and thunder'd ,loud at our office door2 ,brought letters1 many score-- ,contents of bags--to pour ,table and desk all o'er3 ,handfuls and armfuls bore1 ,casting them on the floor4 ,then through the town they tore1 ,hastening back for more-- ,more than ,six ,hundred4 ,letters to right of us1 ,letters to left of us1 ,letters in front of us1 ,seeming unnumbered6 ,envelopes every size ,met our astonish'd eyes4 ,writer with writer vies6 ,which wins the chiefest prize ,out of ,six ,hundred4 ,how did each writer strain ,after a happy vein6 ,pegasus1 spurning rein1 ,shied1 jibb'd1 and blunder'd4 ,reverend writers1 then ,took up the winged pen2 ,suff'rers on beds of pain ,sought the bright muse again2 ,lawyer and barrister ,courted and harassed her2 ,m4 ,d4s and editors2 ,debtors and creditors2 ,artists and artisans1 ,nicotine's partisans2 ,nurses and gentle dames ,call'd it endearing names2 ,poets1 ship-masters1 too2 ,ay6 poetasters1 too2 ,wooing fair ,nicotine1 ,six hundred scribes were seen4 ,anti-,tobacco cant1 ,bigoted1 bilious rant1 ,bursting to vent their spleen1 ,joined the ,six ,hundred4 ,flash'd many fancies rare2 ,flash'd like ,aurora's glare2 ,quick jotted down with care2 ,some the reverse of fair2 ,some that we well could spare2 ,some that were made to bear ,blunders unnumbered4 ,plunging in metaphor1 ,not a bit better for-- ,pardon the ,cockney rhyme6-- ,similies plunder'd4 ,praising ,tobacco smoke1 ,heeding not grammar's yoke1 ,prosody's rules they broke4 ,many a rhyming moke1 ,sense from rhyme sundered3 ,many wrote well1 but not-- ,not the ,six ,hundred4 ,honour ,tobacco6 roll'd1 ,cut1 press'd1 however sold4 ,alpha and ,beta1 bold1 ,ye shall be tipp'd with gold4 ,omega shall be sold1 ,others in type behold ,nearly ,six ,hundred4 ,the following poem entitled ,weedless1 after ,byron's ,darkness1 gives a vivid description of the world without tobacco4 ,i had a dream1 and it was all a dream3 ,tobacco was abolish'd1 and cigars ,were flung by ,antis fearsome space-- ,the foreign and the ,british fared alike-- ,and the blue smoke was blown beyond the moon4 ,night came and went and came1 and brought no weed1 ,and men forgot their suppers1 in the dread ,of the dire desolation2 and all tongues ,were tingling with the taste of empty pipes2 ,and they did live all wretched2 old hay bands1 ,and street-door mats1 and clover brown and dry2 ,carpets1 rope-yarn1 and such things as men sell1 ,were burnt for 'bacca2 haystacks were consumed1 ,and men were gathered round each blazing mass1 ,to have another makeshift sniff4 ,happy were those who smoked1 with smould'ring logs1 ,the harmless ,yarmouth bloater after death-- ,another pipe not all the world contain'd2 ,the furze was set on fire1 but1 hour by hour1 ,the stock diminish'd2 all the prickly points ,quivered to death1 and soon it all was gone4 ,the lips of men by the expiring stuff ,drew in and out1 and all the world had fits4 ,the cinders fell upon them2 some sprang up1 ,and blew their noses loud1 and some did stand ,upon their heads1 and sway'd despairing feet2 ,and others madly up and down the world ,with two-pence hurried1 shouting out for ,shag2 ,and wink'd and blink'd at th' unclouded sky1 ,the ,anti's smokeless banner--then again ,flung all their halfpence down into the dust1 ,and chewed their tainted pockets2 snuffers wept1 ,and1 flatt'ning noses on the dreary ground1 ,inhaled the useless dust2 the biggest rough ,came mild1 tobacco-begging2 p'licement came1 ,and mix'd themselves among the multitude1 ,run in forgotten2 uniforms were chew'd1 ,and teeth which for a moment had had rest1 ,did move themselves again2 old beaver hats ,fetch'd little fortunes2 they were torn in bits1 ,and smok'd or chew'd at will2 no bits were left4 ,all earth was but one thought1 and that was smoke1 ,immediate and glorious2 and a pang ,of horror came at intervals1 and men ,cried2 and the boys were restless as themselves1 ,till by degrees their stockings were devour'd2 ,e'en pipes were dropp'd despairing--all1 save one1 ,one man was faithful to his pipe1 and kept ,despair and deeper misery at bay1 ,by seeking ever for a topper1 dropped ,from some spurned pipe1 but that he could not find2 ,so1 with a piteous and perpetual glare1 ,and a quick dissolute word1 sucking the pipe1 ,which answer'd never with a whiff1 he slept2 ,the crowd dispersed by slow degrees1 but two ,of all the dreary company remain'd1 ,and they kept 'bacca shops2 they sat upon ,the scanted lid of a tobacco tub1 ,wherein was heap'd a mass of coined bronze-- ,profits of 'bacca1 sold--they were sold out2 ,they1 grinning1 scraped with their warm1 eager hands ,the little halfpence and the bigger pence1 ,counted a little time1 and cried ,haw6 haw6 ,like a whole rookery2 then lifted up ,the tub as it grew lighter1 and beheld ,each other's profits2 saw1 and smiled1 and winked1 ,uncaring that the world was poor indeed1 ,so they were rich in pence4 ,the world was mad1 ,the populace and peerage both alike ,birds--,eyeless1 ,shagless1 and returnless1 too-- ,oh6 day of death1 oh6 chaos of hard times6-- ,and princes1 dukes1 and lords1 they all stood still1 ,feeling within their pockets' silent depths2 ,and sailors went a-moaning out to sea1 ,and chew'd their cables piecemeal3 then they wept1 ,and slept on the abyss without a quid4 ,all quids were gone1 cigars were in their graves2 ,the plant1 their mother1 had been rooted up2 ,pawnbrokers had a ton of pipes apiece1 ,and ,antis triumph'd4 ,then they had no need ,to keep a ,sec41 so ,reynolds got the sack4 ,one of the best of all parodies is one in imitation of ,longfellow's ,excelsior1 entitled ,tobacco4 ,it is from ,copis' ,tobacco ,plant4 ,illustration3 ,the strange youth4 ,the summer blight was falling fast1 ,when straight through dirty ,london passed ,a youth1 who bore1 through road and street1 ,a packet1 thereon written neat2 ,tobacco6 ,his brow was glad1 his laughing eye ,flashed like a gooseberry in a pie2 ,and like a penny whistle rung ,the piping notes of that strange tongue-- ,tobacco6 ,in dusty homes he saw the light ,of supper fires gleam warm and bright2 ,above1 the ruddy chimneys smoked3 ,he from his lips the word evoked-- ,tobacco6 ,try not the weed1 good ,reynolds said2 ,i've smoked it 'till ,i'm nearly dead3 ,take not the juice in thy inside2 ,but loud the jovial voice replied-- ,tobacco6 ,oh6 stay1 the maiden said1 and rest2 ,i have got on my ,sunday best3 ,a wink stood in his bright blue eye1 ,and answered he1 without a sigh-- ,tobacco6 ,beware the briar's poison'd root2 ,beware the birds-eye put into 't4 ,this was the ,anti's latest greet4 ,a voice replied1 far up the street-- ,tobacco6 ,at break of day1 on ,clapham ,rise4 ,a pot-boy opened both his eyes1 ,and to himself did gently swear1 ,to hear a voice call through the air-- ,tobacco6 ,a traveler up a tree he found1 ,who smoked and spat upon the ground2 ,and then among the blossoms ripe ,he cried1 while puffing at his pipe-- ,tobacco6 ,there in the grayish twilight1 ,what's ,that you say8 cried eager ,pots1 ,and from the branch so green and far1 ,a voice fell like a broken jar-- ,tobacco4 ,the following lines from the same source have been very appropriately called ,the ,smoker's ,calendar4 ,when ,january's cold appears1 ,a glowing pipe my spirit cheers2 ,and still it glads the length'ning day1 ',neath ,february's milder sway4 ,when ,march's keener winds succeed1 ,what charms me like the burning weed8 ,when ,april mounts the solar car1 ,i join him1 puffing a cigar2 ,and ,may1 so beautiful and bright1 ,still finds the pleasing weed a-light4 ,to balmy zephyrs it gives zest1 ,when ,june in gayest livery's drest4 ,through ,july ,flora's offspring smile1 ,but still ,nicotia's can beguile2 ,and ,august1 when its fruits are ripe1 ,matures my pleasure in a pipe4 ,september finds me in the garden1 ,communing with a long churchwarden4 ,ev'n in the wane of dull ,october1 ,i smoke my pipe and sip my robur1 ,november's soaking show'rs require ,the smoking pipe and blazing fire3 ,the darkest day in drear ,december's-- ,that's lighted by their glowing embers4 ,the ,hon4 ,sunset ,cox in his lecture on ,american ,humor alluded to the national characteristics of the ,french1 ,spanish1 ,german1 and other nationalities1 says3-- ,the highest enjoyment of a ,frenchman is to hear the last cantatrice1 the ,spaniard enjoys the most skillful thrust of the matador in the bull arena1 the ,neapolitan the taste of the maccaroni1 the ,german his beer and metaphysics1 the darkey his banjo1 and the ,american-- ',to the ,american there's nothing so sweet ,as to sit in his chair and tilt up his feet1 ,enjoy the ,cuba1 whose flavor just suits1 ,and gaze at the world through the toes of his boots4' ,this would seem to be a feature of the ,dutch according to a late traveler1 who says3-- ,i like ,holland--it is the antidote of ,france4 ,no one is ever in a hurry here4 ,life moves on in a slow1 majestic stream1 a little muddy and stagnant1 perhaps1 like one of their own canals2 but you see no waves1 no breakers2 not an eddy1 nor even a froth bubble1 breaks the surface4 ,even a ,dutch child1 as he steals along to school1 smoking his short pipe1 has a mock air of thought about him4 ,the following epigrams for tobacco jars from ,the ,tobacco ,plant evince much taste1 wit1 and ingenuity4 ,fill the bowl1 you jolly soul1 ,and burn all sorrow to a coal4 ,henry ,clay4 ,that man is frugal and content indeed1 ,who finds food1 solace1 pleasure in a weed4 ,the ,weed4 ,behold6 this vessel hath a moral got1 ,tobacco-smokers all must go to pot4 ,epigrammatic4 ,a weed you call me1 but you'll own ,no rose was e'er more fully blown4 ,sic ,itur ad ,nostra4 ,great ,jove1 ,pandora's box with jars did fill ,this ,jar alone has power those jars to still4 ,in ,nubilus4 ,tobacco some say1 is a potent narcotic1 ,that rules half the world in a way quite despotic2 ,so to punish him well for his wicked and merry tricks1 ,we'll burn him forthwith1 as they used to do heretics4 ,zed4 ,illustration3 ,smoker reading epigrams4 ,no use to draw upon a bank if no effects are there1 ,but a draw of this ,tobacco is quite a safe affair2 ,and a pipe with fragrant weed 7such as ,i hold7 neatly stuffed1 ,is just the only thing on earth that ought to be well puffed4 ,r4 ,s4 ,y4 ,p4 ,poor woman pipes her eye1 ,when in affliction's gripe2 ,but man1 far wiser grown1 ,just eyes his pipe4 ,in ,nubilus4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh6 name of worth1 ,how sweet for thee to know ,king ,james1 who never smoked on earth1 ,is smoking down below4 ,ex ,fumo dare ,lucem4 ,travelers say ,tobacco springs ,from the graves of ,indian kings3 ,fill your pipe1 then--smoke will be ,incense to their memory4 ,though the weed's nor rich nor rare1 ',tis a balm for every care4 ,peter ,piper4 ,give me the weed1 the fragrant weed1 ,my wearied brain to calm2 ,in a wreath of smoke1 while ,i crack my joke1 ,i'll find a healing balm4 ,day after day1 let come what may1 ,the pipe of peace ,i'll fill2 ,i readily pay for briar or clay1 ,to save a doctor's bill4 ,pompone4 ,great men need no pompous marble ,to perpetuate their name2 ,household gear and common trinkets ,best remind us of their fame4 ,raleigh's glory rests immortal ,on ten thousand thousand urns1 ,every jar is in memoriam1 ,every fragrant pipe that burns4 ,at an ,ash4 ,there are jars of jelly1 jars of jam1 ,jars of potted-beef and ham2 ,but welcome most to me1 by far1 ,is my dear old ,tobacco-,jar4 ,there are pipes producing sounds divine1 ,pipes producing luscious wine2 ,but when ,i consolation need1 ,i take the pipe that burns the weed4 ,jars4 ,friend of my youth1 companion of my later days1 ,what needs my muse to sing thy various praise8 ,in country or in town1 on land or sea1 ,the weed is still delightful company4 ,in joy or sorrow1 grief or racking pain1 ,we fly to thee for solace once again4 ,delicious plant1 by all the world consumed1 ',tis pity thou1 like man1 to ashes too art doom'd4 ,erutxim4 ,hail plant of power1 more than king's renown1 ,beloved alike in country and in town2 ,in hotter climes oft mingled with the jet ,of falling fountains2 whilst the cigarette ,kisses the fair one's lips1 and by thy breath ,redeems the wearied heart from ennui's death4 ,theta4 ,if e'er in social jars you join1 ,seek this1 and let them cease3 ,let all your quarrels end in smoke1 ,and pass the pipe of peace4 ,fumigator4 ,illustration3 ,the explosion4 ,many a jar of old outbroke ,into fire and riot2 ,this will yield1 with fragrant smoke1 ,happy thought1 and quiet4 #da1iaa4 ,the moralist1 philosopher1 and sage4 ,have sought by every means1 in every age1 ,that which should cause the strife of men to cease1 ,and steep the world in fellowship and peace2 ,but all their toil and diligence were vain1 ',till ,raleigh1 noble ,raleigh6 crossed the main1 ,and brought to ,britain's shores the wish'd-for prize1 ,the sovereign balm of life--within it lies4 ,dum ,spiro ,fumigo4 ,to rich men a pastime1 to poor men a treat1 ,to all a true tonic most bracing and sweet1 ,to talent a pleasure1 to genius a joy1 ,to workmen a comfort1 to none an alloy1 ,the tyrant it softens2 it soothes him if mad1 ,the king who may rule if he smokes not1 is sad4 ,kit4 ,sacred substance6 sweet1 serene2 ,soothing sorrow's saddest scene3 ,scent-suffusing1 silv'ry smoke1 ,softly smoothing suffering's stroke2-- ,solacing so silently-- ,still so swift1 so sure1 so sly3 ,smoke sublimated soars supreme1 ,sweetest soul-sustaining stream6 ,similia ,similibus4 ,why should men reek1 like chimneys1 with foul smoke1 ,their neighbors and themselves to nearly choke8 ,avoid it1 ye ,john ,bulls1 and eke ye ,paddies6 ,avoid it1 sons of ,cambria1 and ,scottish laddies6 ,let reason convince you that it very sad is1 ,and far too bad is1 ,and enough to make one mad is ,to be smoked like a red herring or rank ,finedon haddies4 ,j4 ,s4 ,no punishment save hanging's too severe ,for those who'd rob the poor man of his beer2 ,but for the wretch who'd take away his pipe1 ,i think he's fully execution ripe6 ,pipe ,clay4 ,weeds are but cares6 ,well1 what of that6 ,there's one weed bears a goodly crop2 ,and this exception1 then1 'tis flat1 ,doth give that rule a firmer prop4 ,tobacco brings the genial mood1 ,warm heart1 shrewd thought1 and while we reap ,from this poor weed such harvest good1 ,we'll hold more boasted harvests cheap4 ,festus4 ,to poets give the laurel wreath1 let heroes have their lay1 ,of roses twine for lovely youth the garland fresh and gay2 ,but we poor mortals1 quite content1 life's fev'rish way pursue1 ,can we but crown our foolish pates with wreaths of fragrant blue1 ,convinced that all terrestrial things which please us or provoke1 ,of ashes come1 to ashes go1 and only end in smoke4 ,pocosmipo4 ,whilst cannon's smoke o'erwhelms with deadly cloud ,the soldier's comrades in a common shroud1 ,and whilst the conflagration in the street1 ,with crushing roar the ruin makes complete1 ,tobacco's smoke like incense seeks the skies-- ,blesses the giver1 and in silence dies6 ,theta4 ,use me well1 and you shall see ,an excellent servant ,i will be2 ,let me once become your master1 ,and you shall rue the great disaster6 ,as coin does to he who borrows1 ,i'll soothe your cares and ease your sorrows2 ,abuse me1 and your nerves ,i'll shatter1 ,your heart ,i'll break1 your cash ,i'll scatter1 ,use1 not ,abuse4 ,the savage in his wild estate1 ,when feuds and discords cease1 ,soothes with the fragrant weed his hate1 ,and smokes the pipe of peace4 ,long may the plant good-will create1 ,and banish strife afar3 ,our only cloud its incense sweet1 ,and this our only jar4 ,scire ,facias4 ,breathes there a man with soul so dead1 ,who never to himself hath said2 ,i'll have to smoke1 or ,i'll be dead8 ,if so1 then let the caitiff dread6 ,my wrath shall fall upon his head4 ',tis plain he ne'er the ,plant hath read2 ,but goody trash1 perchance1 instead4 ,dear ,cope1 good night6--,yours1 ,master ,fred4 ,that tobacco in one form or another has been patronized from the cottage to the throne1 no one will deny who is at all acquainted with the history of the plant4 ,and while it has had many a royal hater1 it can also boast of having many a kingly user4 ,a favorite of king and courtier1 its use was alike common in the palace and the courtyard4 ,it can claim1 also1 many celebrated physicians who have been its patrons1 and among them the noted ,dr4 ,parr4 ,we give an anecdote of him showing his love of weed and wit4 ,the partiality this worthy ,grecian always manifested for smoking is well known4 ,whenever he dined he was always indulged with a pipe4 ,even ,his ,majesty1 when ,dr4 ,parr was his guest at ,carlton ,palace1 condescended to give him a smoking-room and the company of ,colonel ,c----1 in order that he might suffer no inconvenience4 ,i don't like to be smoked myself1 doctor1 said the royal wit1 but ,i am anxious that your pipe should not be put out4 ,one day1 ,dr4 ,parr was to dine at the house of ,mr4 ----1 who informed his lady of the circumstance1 and of the doctor's passion for the pipe4 ,the lady was much mortified by this intimation1 and with warmth said1 ,i tell you what1 ,mr4 ----1 ,i don't care a fig for ,dr4 ,p4's ,greek2 he shan't smoke here4 ,my dear1 replied the husband1 he must smoke2 he is allowed to do so everywhere4 ,excuse me1 ,mr4 ----1 he shall not smoke here2 leave it to me1 my dear1 ,i'll manage it4 ,the doctor came2 a splendid dinner ensued2 the ,grecian was very brilliant4 ,after dinner1 the doctor called for his pipes4 ,pipes6 screamed the lady4 ,pipes6 ,for what purpose8 ,why1 to smoke1 madam6 ,oh6 my dear doctor1 ,i can't have pipes here4 ,you'll spoil my room2 my curtains will smell of tobacco for a week4 ,not smoke6 exclaimed the astonished and offended ,grecian4 ,why1 madam1 ,i have smoked in better houses4 ,perhaps so1 sir1 replied the lady1 with dignity2 and she added with firmness1 ,i shall be most happy1 doctor1 to show you the rights 7rites87 of hospitality2 but you cannot be allowed to smoke4 ,then1 madam1 said ,dr4 ,parr1 looking at her ample person2 then1 madam1--,i must say1 madam1-- ,sir1 sir1 are you going to be rude8 ,i must say1 madam1 he continued1 you are the greatest tobacco-stopper in all ,england4 ,of the clergy1 ,whatley was one of the greatest in intellect1 and1 as a smoker was devotedly attached to tobacco2 his pipes1 when out1 served him for a book-marker4 ,in summer-time he might be seen1 of an evening1 sitting on the chains of ,stephen's ,green1 thinking of that1 as the song says1 and of much more1 while he was smoking tobacco4 ,in winter he walked and smoked1 vigorously in both cases1 on the ,donnybrook road2 or he would be out with his dogs1 climbing up the trees to hide amid the branches a key or a knife1 which1 after walking some distance1 he would tell the dogs he had lost1 and bid them look for it and bring it to him4 ,illustration3 ,theory against experience4 ,of many warriors1 none have been more devoted to the plant than ,napoleon1 ,frederick of ,prussia and ,blcher the ,bold4 ,the following anecdote of the latter is one of the best of its kind3 ,as is well-known1 ,field-,marshal ,blcher1 in addition to his brave young 'fellows' 7as he called his horsemen71 loved three things above all1 namely1 wine1 gambling1 and a pipe of ,tobacco4 ,with his pipe he would not dispense1 and he always took two or three puffs1 at least1 before undertaking anything4 ',without ,tobacco1 ,i am not worth a farthing1' he often said4 ,though so passionately fond of ,tobacco1 yet old ',forwards' was no friend of costly smoking apparatus2 and he liked best to smoke long1 ,dutch clay pipes1 which1 as everybody knows1 very readily break4 ,therefore1 from among his 'young fellows' he had chosen for himself a ,pipe-master1 who had charge of a chest well packed with clay pipes2 and this chest was the most precious jewel in ,blcher's field baggage4 ,if one of the pipes broke1 it was1 for our hero1 an event of the greatest importance4 ,on its occurrence1 the 'wounded' pipe was narrowly examined1 and if the stem was not broken off too near the head1 it was sent to join the corps of ,invalids1 and was called ',stummel' 7,stump1 or ,stumpy74 ,one of these ,stumpies the ,field-,marshal usually smoked when he was on horseback1 and when the troops were marching along or engaged in a reconnoissance1 and eye-witnesses record that many a ,stumpy was shot from his mouth by the balls of the enemy--nothing but a piece of the stem then remaining between his lips4 ,blcher's ,pipe-master1 at the time of the ,liberation ,war1 was ,christian ,hennemann1 a ,mecklenburg and ,rostock man1 like ,blcher himself1 and most devotedly attached to the ,field-,marshal4 ,he knew all the characteristic peculiarities of the old hero1 even the smallest1 and no one could so skillfully adapt himself to them as he4 ,his duties as ,pipe-master1 ,hennemann discharged with great fidelity2 yea1 even with genuine fanatical zeal4 ,the contents of the pipe-chest he thoroughly knew1 for often he counted the pipes4 ,before every fierce fight1 ,prince ,blcher usually ordered a long pipe to be filled4 ,after smoking for a short time1 he gave back the lighted pipe to ,hennemann1 placed himself right in the saddle1 drew his sabre1 and with the vigorous cry1 ',forward1 my lads6' he threw himself into the fierce onset on the foe4 ,on the ever-memorable morning of the battle of ,belle-,alliance 7,waterloo71 ,hennemann had just handed a pipe to his master1 when a cannon-ball struck the ground near1 so that earth and sand covered ,blcher and his gray horse4 ,the horse made a spring to one side1 and the beautiful new pipe was broken before the old hero had taken a single puff4 ',fill another pipe for me1' said ,blcher2 'keep it lighted1 and wait for me here a moment1 till ,i drive away the ,french rascals4 ,forwards1 lads6' ,thereupon there was a rush forwards2 but the chase lasted not only 'a moment1' but a whole hot day4 ,at the ,belle-,alliance ,inn1 which was demolished by shot1--the battle having at last been gained1--the victorious friends1 ,blcher and ,wellington1 met and congratulated each other on the grand and nobly achieved work1 each praising the bravery of the other's troops4 ',your fellows slash in like the very devil himself6' cried ,wellington4 ,blcher replied1 ',yes2 you see1 that is their business4 ,but brave as they are1 ,i know not whether one of them would stand as firmly and calmly in the midst of the shower of balls and bullets as your ,english4' ,then ,wellington asked ,blcher about his previous position on the field of battle1 which had enabled him to execute an attack so fatal to the enemy4 ,blcher1 who could strike tremendous blows1 but was by no means a consummate orator1 and could not paint his deeds in words1 conducted ,wellington to the place itself4 ,they found it completely deserted2 but on the very spot where ,blcher had that morning halted1 and from which he had galloped away1 stood a man with his head bound up1 and with his arm wrapped in a handkerchief4 ,he smoked a long1 dazzling white clay pipe4 ',good ,god6' exclaimed ,blcher1 'that is my servant1 ,christian ,hennemann4 ,what a strange look you have1 man6 ,what are you doing here8' ',have you come at last8' answered ,christian ,hennemann1 in a grumbling tone2 'here ,i have stood the whole day1 waiting for you4 ,one pipe after another have the cursed ,french shot away from my mouth4 ,once even a blue bean 7a bullet7 made sad work with my head1 and my fist has got a deuce of a smashing4 ,that is the last whole pipe1 and it is a good thing that the firing has ceased2 otherwise1 the ,french would have knocked this pipe to pieces1 and you must have stood there with a dry mouth4' ,he then handed the lighted pipe to his master1 who took it1 and after a few eagerly-enjoyed whiffs1 said to his faithful servant1 ',it is true1 ,i have kept you waiting a long time2 but to-day the ,french fellows could not be forced to run all at once4' ,with astonishment1 ,wellington listened to the conversation4 ,amazed1 he looked now at the ,field-,marshal1 now at the ',pipe-master1' and now at the branches of trees and the balls scattered all round1 which made it only too evident what a dangerous post this spot must have been during the battle4 ,the wound in ,hennemann's head proved to be somewhat serious2 his hand was completely shattered2 and yet1 in the midst of the tempest of shot1 he had stood there waiting for his beloved master4#ee ,footnote #ee3 ,during the conquest of ,holland1 ,louvais paid more attention to furnishing tobacco than provisions2 and even at this day1 as well as in former times1 more care is taken to procure tobacco than bread to the soldier4 ,every soldier was obliged to have his pipe and his matches4 ,illustration3 ,the faithful attendant4 ,tobacco smoking1 however1 can boast of many patrons besides warriors1 physicians and statesmen1 some of the finest writers of the last three centuries have indulged in the weed4 ,the following extract from the ,australasian entitled1 ,tobacco ,smoking refers to many literary smokers4 ,burke felt himself precluded from 'drawing an indictment against a whole community4' ,the critical moralist pauses before the formidable array of the entire social world1 civilized and savage4 ,the ,cockney1 leaving behind him the regalias and meerschaums of the ,strand1 finds the wax-tipped clay-pipe in the parlors of ,yorkshire3 finds dhudeen and cutty in the wilds of ,galway and on the rugged shores of ,skye and ,mull4 ,the ,frenchman he finds enveloped in clouds of ,virginia1 and the ,swede1 ,dane1 and ,norwegian1 of every grade or class1 makes the pipe his travelling companion and his domestic solace4 ,the ,magyar1 the ,pole and the ,russian rival the ,englishman in gusto1 perhaps excel him in refinement2 the ,dutch boor smokes finer ,tobacco than many ,english gentlemen can command1 and more of it than many of our hardened votaries could endure2 but all must yield1 or rather1 all must accumulate1 ere our conceptions can approach to the ,german4 ,america and the ,british colonies round off the picture1 adding ,cherokees1 ,redmen and ,mongolians ad libitum4 ,the ,jew whether in ,hounds ditch1 ,paris ,hamburgh1 or ,constantinople1 ever inhales the choicest growths1 and the ,mussulman's 'keyf' is proverbial4 ,india and ,persia dispute with us the palm of refinement and intensity1 but the philosopher of ,australia is embarrassed when he asks himself to whom shall ,i award that of zealous devotion8 ,dr4 ,adam ,clarke1 who could never reconcile himself to the practice1 deemed it due to his piety to find a useful purpose in the creation of tobacco by all-seeing ,wisdom1 and as that discovered by the instincts of all the nations of the planet1 and practiced by mankind for three centuries1 is wrong1 the benevolent ,wesleyan of ,heydon1 applied himself diligently and generously to correct the world1 and to vindicate its ,author4 ',in some rare cases of internal injury tobacco may be used but not in the customary way4' ,be it known1 then1 that the ,creator has not created it in vain4 ,dr4 ,clarke must have been a very good-natured man4 ,he tortured his brains to find a hope of pardon for ,judas ,iscariot1 and held that the creature 7,nachash7 who tempted ,eve was not a serpent but a monkey cursed by the forfeiture of patella and podex2 therefore doomed to crawl6 ,but ,i fear1 if the present form of using tobacco be not the true one1 we must despair of ever finding it1 and people will go on smoking and 'hearing reason' as long as the world goes round4 ,robert ,hall received a pamphlet denouncing the pipe4 ,he read it1 and returned it4 ',i cannot1 sir1 confute your arguments1 and ,i cannot give up smoking1' was his comment4 ,it is loosely asserted that smoking is more prevalent among scholars1 intellectualists1 and men who live by their brains1 than among artisans and subduers of the soil4 ,this is an error4 ,tobacco is less a fosterer of thought than a solace of mental vacuity4 ,the thinker smokes in the intervals of work1 impatient of ennui as well as of lassitude1 and the ploughman1 the digger1 the blacksmith or the teamster1 lights his cutty for the same reason4 ,no true worker1 be he digger1 or divine1 blends real work with either smoking or drinking4 ,whenever you see a fellow drink or smoke during work1 spot him for a gone coon2 he will come to grief1 and that right soon4 ,sleep stimulates thought1 and sometimes a pipe will bring sleep1 but trust it not of itself for either thought or strength4 ,it combats ennui1 lassitude1 and intolerable vacuity1 soothing the nerves and diverting attention from self4 ,sam ,johnson came very near the mark3 ',i wonder why a thing that costs so little trouble1 yet has just sufficient semblance of doing something to break utter idleness1 should go out of fashion4 ,to be sure1 it is a horrible thing blowing smoke out2 but every man needs something to quiet him--as1 beating with his feet4' ,life is really too short for moralists and medici who have read ,don ,quixote1 to attack a verdict arrived at and acted upon by the combined nations of the entire world1 during the experience of three centuries1 and apparently deepened by their advancing civilization4 ,give us rules and modifications1 give us guides and correctives1 give us warnings against excess1 precipitancy1 and neglect of other enjoyments1 or of important duties1 if you will4 ,the urbane stheticism that regulates pleasure also limits it2 and true refinement ever modifies the indulgence it pervades4 ,but it is emulating ,mrs4 ,partington and her mop to attempt to preach down a world4 ,when they do agree1 their unanimity is irresistible4 ,prohibition may give zest to enjoyment1 and provocation to curiosity1 but can never overcome the instincts of nature or cravings of nervous irritability1 and he who rises in rebellion against her absolute decree will respect the limits and study the laws of a recognized and regulated enjoyment4 ,let1 then1 the moralist point out what social duties may be imperilled2 let the physician apprise us of the disorders to be guarded against2 and let the lover of elegance see that no neglect or slight awaits her4 ,of abstract arguments we have seen the futility1 of moral and medical crusades even the most patient are weary1 and we gladly turn to something real1 in the suffrages of a by-gone great man of acknowledged fame--,ben ,jonson4 ,ben ,jonson loved the 'durne weed1' and describes its every accident with the gusto of a connoisseur4 ,hobbes smoked1 after his early dinner1 pipes innumerable4 ,milton never went to bed without a pipe and a glass of water1 which ,i cannot help associating with his3 ',adam waked1 ,so custom'd1 for his sleep was ry light1 of pure digestion bred ,and temperate vapors bland6' ,sir ,isaac ,newton was smoking in his garden at ,woolsthorpe when the apple fell4 ,addison had a pipe in his mouth at all hours1 at ',buttons4' ,fielding both smoked and chewed4 ,about #agdj it became unfashionable1 and was banished from ,st4 ,james' to the country squires and parsons4 ,squire ,western1 in ,tom ,jones1 arriving in town1 sends off ,parson ,supple to ,basingstoke1 where he had left his ,tobacco-box6 ,the snuff-box was substituted4 ,lord ,mark ,kerr1 a brave officer who affected the petit maitre 7 la ,pelham1 in ,lord ,lytton's second novel71 invented the invisible hinges1 and it was this 'going out of fashion' that ,jonson alluded to in #aggd4 ,illustration3 ,newton and his pipe4 ,we next find ,tobacco rearing its head under the auspices of ,paley and ,parr4 ,paley had one of the most orderly minds ever given to man4 ,a vein of shrewd and humorous sarcasm1 together with an under-current of quiet selfishness1 made him a very pleasant companion4 ',i cannot afford to keep a conscience any more than a carriage1' was worthy of ,erasmus1 perhaps of ,robelais4 ',our delight was1' said an old ,jonsonian to the writer1 'to get old ,paley1 on a cold winter's night1 to put up his legs1 wrap them well up1 stir the fire1 and fill him a long ,dutch pipe2 he would talk away1 sir1 like a being of a higher sphere4 ,he declined any punch1 but drank it up as fast as we replenished his glass4 ,he would smoke any given quantity of ,tobacco1 and drink any given quantity of punch4' ,parr smoked ostentatiously and vainly1 as he did everything4 ,he used only the finest ,tobacco1 half-filling his pipe with salt4 ,he wrote and read1 and smoked and wrote1 rising early1 and talking fustian4 ,he was a sort of miniature ,brummagem ,johnson4 ,except his preface to ,bellendenus1 you might burn all he has written4 ,his ',life of ,fox' is beneath contempt4 ,his letters are simply laughable1 especially his characters of contemporaries4 ,he1 however1 was an amiable and good-natured man1 and had sufficient humanity to regard dissent as an impediment to his recognition of intellectual or moral worth4 ,parr was an arrogant old coxcomb1 who abused the respectful kindness he received1 and took his pipe into drawing-rooms4 ,i pass over the ,duke of ,bridgewater1 because he was early crossed in love by a most beautiful girl1 could not bear the sight of a flower even growing1 and passed life in a pot-house with a pipe1 listening to ,brindley1 whose intellect and dialect must have been alike incomprehensible to him4 ,the cigar appeared about #ahab2 it received the countenance of the ,regent1 who had hitherto confined himself to macobau snuff1 scented with lavender and the tonquin bean4 ,porson smoked many bundles of cheroots1 which nabobs began to import4 ,after #ahae the continental visits were resumed1 and the practice of smoking began steadily to increase4 ,the ,german china bowl with globular receiver of the essential oil1 the absorbent meerschaum1 the red ,turkish bell-shaped clay1 the elaborate hookah1--a really elegant ornament1 and perhaps the most healthful and rational form of smoking1--pipes of all shapes1 began to fill the shops of ,london4 ,coleridge1 when cured of opium1 took to snuff4 ,byron wrote dashingly about 'sublime ,tobacco1' but ,i do not think he carried the practice to excess4 ,shelley never smoked1 nor ,wordsworth1 nor ,keats4 ,campbell loved a pipe4 ,john ,gibson ,lockhart was seldom without a cigar4 ,sir ,walter ,scott smoked in his carriage1 and regularly after dinner1 loving both pipes and cigars4 ,professor ,wilson smoked steadily1 as did ,charles ,lamb4 ,carlyle1 now somewhat past seventy1 has been a sturdy smoker for years4 ,goethe did not smoke1 neither did ,shakespeare4 ,i cannot recall a single allusion to ,tobacco in all his plays2 even ,sir ,toby ,belch does not add the pipe to his burnt sack4 ,but ,shakespeare hated every form of debauchery4 ,the penitence of ,cassio is more prominent than was his fun4 ',what6 drunk8 and talk fustian and speak parrot1 and discourse with one's shadow8' ,shakespeare held drunkenness in disgust4 ,even ,falstaff is more an intellectual man than a sot4 ,what actor could play ,falstaff after riding forty miles and being well thrashed8 ,yet1 when ,falstaff sustains the evening at the ,boar's ,head1 he has ridden to ,gadshill and back1 forty-four miles6 ,no palsied sot1 he4 ,hamlet's disgust at his countrymen is well known4 ',grim death1 how foul and loathsome is thine image6' is the comment on the drunken ,kit ,sly4 ,in short1 when you look at the smooth1 happy1 half-feminine face of ,shakespeare1 you see one to whom all forms of debauchery were ungenial4 ,a courtier certainly1 and a lover of money4 ,the king had written against ,tobacco1 and ,will ,shakespeare set his watch to the time4 ,raleigh and ,coliban ,jonson might smoke at the ,mermaid--,will kept his head clear and his doublet sweet4 ,illustration3 ,tennyson1 smoking4 ,alfred ,tennyson is a persistent smoker of some forty years4 ,dickens1 ,jerrold and ,thackeray all puffed4 ,lord ,lytton loves a long pipe at night and cigars by day4 ,lord ,houghton smokes moderately4 ,the late ,j4 ,m4 ,kemble1 author of ',the ,seasons in ,england1' was a tremendous smoker4 ,moore cared not for it2 indeed1 ,i think that ,irish gentlemen smoke much less than ,english4 ,wellington shunned it2 so did ,peel4 ,d',israeli loved the long pipe in his youth1 but in middle age pronounced it 'the tomb of love4' ,while ,i am writing1 it is not too much to aver that #ii persons out of #ajj1 taken at random1 under forty years of age1 smoke habitually every day of their lives4 ,how many in ,melbourne injure wealth and brain1 ,i leave to more skilled and morose critics4 ,but my mind misgives me4 ,paralysis is becoming very frequent4 ,i have seen stone pipes from ,gambia1 shaped like the letter ,u consisting each of one solid flint1 hollowed through1 also hookahs made by sailors with cocoanut shells4 ,all1 however1 now agree that it is impossible to have either comfortable1 cool1 or safe smoking1 unless through a substance like clay1 porous and absorbent1 especially as portable pipes are the mode4 ,those of black charcoal are not handsome2 indeed1 ,i always feel like a mute at a funeral while smoking one1 but they are delightfully cool1 absorbing more essential oil of nicotine1 and more quickly than any meerschaum4 ,i caution the smoker to have an old glove on2 as these pipes 'sweat1' the oil comes through1 and nothing is more pertinacious than oil of tobacco when it sinks into your pores1 or floats about hair or clothes4 ,my own taste inclines to the ,german receiver1 long cherry tube and amber1 and to my own garden1 for all street smoking is unsthetic1 and the traveller by coach1 boat1 or rail has the tastes of others to consult4 ,surely it is not urbane to throw on another the burden of saying that he likes not the smell or the inhaling of burning tobacco4 ,better postpone your solace to more fitting time and place--the close of day and your own veranda4 ,indoor smoking is detestable4 ,life has few direr disenchanters than the morning smells of obsolete tobacco1 relics though they be of hesternal beatitude4 ,give me1 in robe or jacket1 a hookah1 or ,german arrangement1 ,chinese recumbency in matted and moistened veranda1 and the odors of fresh growing beds of flowers wafted by the southern breeze4 ,nor be wanting the fragrant perfume of coffee4 ',meat without salt1' says ,hafiz1 'is even as tobacco without coffee4' ,the tannin of the coffee corrects the nicotine4 ,and it may not be amiss to learn that a plate of watercress1 salt1 and a large glass of cold water should be at hand to the smoker by day2 the watercress corrects any excess1 and is at hand in a garden4 ,smoke not before breakfast1 nor till an hour has elapsed after a good meal4 ,smoke not with or before wine1 you destroy the wine-palate4 ,if you love tea1 postpone pipe till after it2 no man can enjoy fine tea who has smoked4 ,in short1 smoke not till the day is done1 with all its tasks and duties4 ,i have seen men of pretension and position treat carpets most contumeliously1 trampling on the pride of ,plato with a recklessness that would bring a blush to the cheek of ,diogenes himself4 ,can they forget the absorbent powers of carpet tissues1 and the horrors of next morning to non-smokers1 perhaps to ladies8 ,surely this is unsthetic and illiberal3 it is in an old man most pitiable1 in a young one intolerable1 in a scholar inexcusable1 from an uncleanness that seems willful4 ,let the young philosopher avoid such practice1 and give a wide berth to those who follow them4 ,take the following rules1 tyro1 meo periculo3-- #a4 ,never smoke when the pores are open3 they absorb1 and you are unfit for decent society4 ,be it your study ever to escape the noses of strangers4 ,first impressions are sometimes permanent1 and you may lose a useful acquaintance4 #b4 ,learn to smoke slowly4 ,cultivate 'calm and intermittent puffs4'--,walter ,scott4 #c4 ,on the first symptom of expectoration lay down the pipe1 or throw away the cigar2 long-continued expectoration is destructive to yourself and revolting to every spectator4 #d4 ,let an interval elapse between the filling of succeeding pipes4 #e4 ,clean your tube regularly1 and your amber mouthpiece with a feather dipped in spirits of lavender4 ,never suffer the conduit to remain discolored or stuffed4 #f4 ,a ,german receiver can be washed out like a teacup1 and the oil collected is of value1 but a meerschaum should never be wetted4 ,a small sponge at the end of a wire dipped in sweet oil should be used carefully and persistently round and round1 coaxing out any hard concretions1 till the inside be smooth in its dark polished grain1 of a rich mahogany tint4 ,the outside1 also1 well polished with sweet oil and stale milk1 then enveloped in chamois leather4 ,the rich dark coloring is the pledge of your safety--better there than darkening your own brains4 ,the pale gold c'noster and ,turkey have now given way to the splendid varieties of ,america1 and my knowledge halts behind the age4 ,the black sticks resembling lollipops are said to be compounds of rum1 bullocks' blood and tobacco lees4 ,a taste for them1 when once contracted1 is abiding4 ,fine volatile tobacco1 with aromatic delicacy1 requires a long tube2 used in a short pipe of modern fashion1 they parch and shrivel the tongue4 ,in short1 what is true of all other pleasures is also true of tobacco-smoking4 ,fruition is sometimes too rapid for enjoyment1 as the dram-drinker is less wise than the calm imbiber of the fragrant vintage of the ,garonne4 ,with ,burke's common sense ,i began1 and with it ,i end4 ,depurate vice of all her offensiveness1 and you prune her of half her evil4 ,let not your love of indulgence be so inordinate as to purchase short pleasure by impairing health1 neglecting duty1 or1 while promoting your own self-complacency1 allow yourself to become permanently revolting to society1 by offending more senses as well as more principles than one4' ,illustration3 ,modern smokers4 ,mantegazza1 one of the most brilliant of all writers on tobacco1 in alluding to the enchantment of the weed1 says3-- ,if a winged inhabitant of some remote world felt the impulse to traverse space1 and1 with an astronomical map1 to fly round our planetary system1 he would at once recognize the earth by the odor of tobacco which it exhales1 forasmuch as all known nations smoke the nicotian herb4 ,and thousands and thousands of men1 if compelled to limit themselves to a single nervous aliment1 would relinquish wine and coffee1 opium and brandy1 and cling fondly to the precious narcotic leaf4 ,before ,columbus1 tobacco was not smoked except in ,america2 and now1 after a lapse of a few centuries in the furthest part of ,china and in ,japan1 in the island of ,oceanica as in ,lapland and ,siberia1 rises from the hut of the savage and from the palace of the prince1 along with the smoke of the fireplace1 where man bakes his bread and warms his heart1 another odorous smoke1 which man inhales and breathes forth again to soothe his pain and to vanquish fatigue and anxiety4 ,in the early times of the introduction of tobacco1 smokers in many countries were condemned to infamous and cruel punishments2 had their noses and their lips cut off1 and with blackened faces and mounted on an ass1 exposed to the coarse jests of the vilest vagabonds and the insults of the multitude4 ,but now the hangman smokes1 and the criminal condemned to death smokes before being hanged4 ,the king in his gilt coach smokes2 and the assassin smokes who lies in wait to throw down before the feet of the horses the murderous bomb4 ,the human family spends every year two thousand six hundred and seventy millions of francs 7about a hundred millions in ,english money7 on tobacco1 which is not food1 which is not drink1 and without which it contrived to live for a long succession of ages4 ,in the discomfitures and disasters which befell the ,army of ,lavalle1 in the civil wars of the ,argentine ,republic1 the poor fugitives had to suffer the most horrible privations1 which can be imagined4 ,by degrees the tobacco came to an end1 and the ,argentines smoked dry leaves4 ,one man1 more fortunate than his comrades1 continued to use with much economy the most precious of all his stores--tobacco4 ,a fellow soldier begged to be allowed to put the economist's pipe in his own mouth1 and thus to inhale at second-hand the adored smoke1 paying two dollars for the privilege4 ,what is more striking still1 when1 in #ahdc1 the convicts in the prison of ,epinal1 ,france1 who had for some time been deprived of tobacco1 rose in revolt1 their cry was 'tobacco or death6' ,when ,col4 ,seybourg was marching in the interior of ,surinam against negro rebels1 and the soldiers had to bear the most awful hardships1 they smoked paper1 they chewed leaves and leather1 and found the lack of tobacco the greatest of all their trials and torments4 ,elsewhere1 inquiring what nervous aliments harmonize the one with the other1 he says3-- ,the only1 the true1 the legitimate companion of coffee is the nicotian plant2 and wisely and well the ,turkish epicures declare that for coffee--the drink of ,heaven--tobacco is the salt4 ,the smoke of a puro1 of a manilla1 or of real ,turkish tobacco1 which passes amorously through the voluptuous tip of amber1 blends magnificently with the austere aroma of the coffee1 and the inebriated palate is agitated between a caress and a rebuke4 ,from a ,southern paper we extract these whimsical lines4 ,on the ,great ,fall in the ,price of ,tobacco in #ahja1 by ,hugh ,montgomery1 ,lynchburgh1 ,va41 ,lately a planter chanced to pop ,his head into a barber's shop-- ,begged to be shaved2 it soon was done1 ,when ,strap 7inclined oft-times to fun17 ,doubling the price he'd asked before1 ,instead of two pence made it four4 ,the planter said1 ',you sure must grant1 ,your charge is most exhorbitant4' ',not so1' quoth ,strap1 ',i'm right and you are wrong1 ,for since tobacco fell1 your face is twice as long4' ,another quaint whim in the form of an advertisement for a lost meerschaum is from an ,australian paper3 ,to ,honest men and others1--,driving from ,hale ,town to ,bridgetown1 on ,sunday1 last1 the advertiser lost a cigar holder with the face of a pretty girl on it4 ,the intrinsic value of the missing article is small1 but as the owner has been for the last few months converting the young lady from a blonde into a brunette1 he would be glad to get it back again4 ,if it was picked up by a gentleman1 on reading this notice1 he will1 of course1 send it to the address below4 ,if it was picked up by a poor man1 who could get a few shillings by selling it1 on his bringing it to the address below1 he shall be paid the full amount of its intrinsic value4 ,if it was picked up by a thief1 let him deliver it1 and he shall be paid a like amount1 and thus for once can do an honest action1 without being a penny the worse for it4 ,a humorous writer thus discourses on man1 who he denominates as common clays3 ,yet we are all common clays6 ,there are long clays and short clays1 coarse clays and refined clays1 and the latter are pretty scarce1 that's a fact4 ,to follow out the simile1 life is the tobacco with which we are loaded1 and when the vital spark is applied we live2 when that tobacco is exhausted we die1 the essence of our life ascending from the lukewarm clay when the last fibre burns out1 as a curl of smoke from the ashes in the bowl of the pipe1 and mingling with the perfumed breeze of heaven1 or the hot breath of--well1 never mind2 we hope not4 ,then the clay is cold1 and glows no more from the fire within2 the pipe is broken1 and ceases to comfort and console4 ,we say1 ',a friend has left us1' or ',poor old ,joe2 his pipe is out4' ,we have all a certain supply of life1 or1 if we would pursue the comparison1 a share of tobacco4 ,some young men smoke too rapidly1 even voraciously1 and thus exhaust their share before their proper time1--then we say they have 'lived too fast1' or 'pulled at their pipes too hard4' ,others1 on the contrary1 make their limited supply go a long way1 and when they are taking their last puffs of life's perfumed plant their energy is unimpaired2 they can run a race1 walk a mile with any one1 and show few wrinkles upon their brow4 ,illustration3 ,the artist4 ,a delicate person is like a pipe with a crack in the bowl1 for it takes continued and careful pulling to keep his light in2 and to take life is like willfully dashing a lighted pipe from the mouth into fragments1 and scattering the sparks to the four winds of heaven4 ,an artist is a good coloring pipe2 an attractive orator is a pipe that draws well2 a communist is a foul pipe2 a well-educated woman whose conversation is attractive is a pipe with a nice mouthpiece2 a girl of the period is a fancy pipe1 the ornament of which is liable to chip2 a female orator on woman's rights is invariably a plain pipe2 an old toper is a well-seasoned pipe2 an escaped thief is a cutty pipe1 and the policeman in pursuit is a shilling pipe1 for is he not a ,bob8 ,from these ingenious conceits we turn to a few thoughts on the present condition and history of the plant4 ,illustration3 ,the ,yankee smoker4 ,the calumet or pipe of peace1 decorated with all the splendor of savage taste1 is smoked by the red man to ratify good feeling or confirm some treaty of peace4 ,the energetic ,yankee bent upon the accomplishment of his ends1 puffs vigorously at his cigar and with scarcely a passing notice1 strides over obstacles that lie in his path of whatever nature they may be4 ,the dancing ,spaniard with his eternal castanets whispers but a word to his dark-eyed senorita as he hands her another perfumed cigarette4 ,the lounging ,italian hissing intrigues under the shadow of an ancient portico1 smokes on as he stalks over the proud place where the blood of ,csar dyed the stones of the ,capitol1 or where the knife of ,virginius flashed in the summer sun4 ,the ,turk comes forth from the ,mosque only to smoke4 ,the priest of ,nicaragua with solemn mien strides up the aisle and lights the altar candles with the fire struck from his cigar4 ,the hardy ,laplander invites the stranger to his hut and offers him his pipe while he inquires1 if he comes from the land of tobacco4 ,the indigent ,jakut exchanges his most valuable furs and skins for a few ounces of the ,circassian weed4 ,its charms are recognized by the gondolier of ,venice and the ,muleteer of ,spain4 ,the ,switzer lights his pipe amid ,alpine heights4 ,the tourist climbing tna1 or ,vesuvius' rugged side1 puffs on though they perchance have long since ceased to smoke4 ,tobacco1 soothed the hardships of ,cromwell's soldiers and gave novelty to the court life of the daughters of ,louis ,,xiv1 delighted the courtiers of ,queen ,elizabeth and bidding defiance to the ire of her successors1 the ,stuarts1 has never ceased to hold sway over court and camp1 as well as over the masses of the people4 ,in nothing cultivated has there been so remarkable a development4 ,originally limited to the natives of ,america1 it attracted the attention of ,europeans who by cultivation increased the size and quality of the plant4 ,but not alone has the plant improved in form and quality1 the rude implements once used by the ,indians have given away 7even among themselves7 to those of improved form and modern style4 ,these facts are without a doubt among the most curious that commerce presents4 ,that a plant primarily used only by savages1 should succeed in spite of the greatest opposition in becoming one of the greatest luxuries of the civilized world1 is a fact without parallel4 ,it can almost be said1 so universally is it used1 that its claims are recognized by all4 ,though hated by kings and popes it was highly esteemed by their subjects4 ,their delight in the new found novelty was unbounded and doubtless they could sing in praise as ,byron did in later times of3 ,sublime tobacco which from ,east to ,west ,cheers the tar's labor and the ,turkman's rest4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,snuff1 ,,snuff-,,boxes ,,and ,,snuff-,,takers4 ,the custom of snuff-taking is as old at least as the discovery of the tobacco plant4 ,the first account we have of it is given by ,roman ,pane1 the friar who accompanied ,columbus on his second voyage of discovery 7#adid71 and who alludes to its use among the ,indians by means of a cane half a cubit long4 ,ewbank says3 ,much has been written on a revolution so unique in its origin1 unsurpassed in incidents and results1 and constituting one of the most singular episodes in human history2 but next to nothing is recorded of whence the various processes of manufacture and uses were derived4 ,some imagine the popular pabulum#ef for the nose of translantic origin4 ,no such thing6 ,columbus first beheld smokers in the ,antilles4 ,pizarro found chewers in ,peru1 but it was in the country discovered by ,cabral that the great sternutatory was originally found4 ,brazilian ,indians were the ,fathers of snuff1 and its best fabricators4 ,though counted among the least refined of aborigines1 their taste in this matter was as pure as that of the fashionable world of the ,east4 ,their snuff has never been surpassed1 nor their apparatus for making it4 ,footnote #ef3 ,dr4 ,john ,hill in his tract ,cautions against the immoderate use of snuff gives the following definition of it4 ,the dried leaves of tobacco1 rasped1 beaten1 or otherwise reduced to powder1 make what we call snuff4 ,this tract was published in #agfa4 ,the author1 afterwards ,sir ,john ,hill1 was equally celebrated as a physician and a writer of farces1 as denoted by the following epigram by ,garrick3 ,for physic and farces his equal there scarce is2 ,his farces are physic1 his physic a farce is4 ,soon after the introduction and cultivation of tobacco in ,spain and ,portugal its use in the form of snuff came in vogue and from these notions it spread rapidly over ,europe1 particularly in ,france and ,italy4 ,it is said to have been used first in ,france#eg by the wife of ,henry ,,ii41 ,catherine de ,medici1 and that it was first used at court during the latter part of the ,sixteenth ,century4 ,the ,queen seemed to give it a good standing in society and it soon became the fashion to use the powder by placing a little on the back of the hand and inhaling it4 ,the use of snuff greatly increased from the fact of its supposed medicinal properties and its curative powers in all diseases1 particularly those affecting the head1 hence the wide introduction of snuff-taking in ,europe4 ,fairholt says of its early use3 ,footnote #eg3 ,an ,english writer gives a different account--,the custom of taking snuff as a nasal gratification does not appear to be of earlier date than #afbj1 though the powdered leaves of tobacco were occasionally prescribed as a medicine long before that time4 ,it appears to have first become prevalent in ,spain1 and from thence to have passed into ,italy and ,france4 ,though thus originally recommended for adoption as a medicine1 it soon became better known as a luxury and the gratification of a pinch was generally indulged in ,spain1 ,italy and ,france1 during the early part of the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,it was the grandees of the ,french ,court who 'set the fashion' of snuff1 with all its luxurious additions of scents and expensive boxes4 ,it became common in the ,court of ,louis le ,grand1 although that monarch had a decided antipathy to tobacco in any form4 ,says an ,english writer ,between #affj and #agjj1 the custom of taking snuff1 though it was disliked by ,louis ,,xiv41 was almost as prevalent in ,france as it is at the present time4 ,in this instance1 the example of the monarch was disregarded2 tobac en poudre or tobac rape#eh as snuff was sometimes called found favor in the noses of the ,french people2 and all men of fashion prided themselves on carrying a handsome snuff-box4 ,ladies also took snuff2 and the belle whose grace and propriety of demeanour were themes of general admiration1 thought it not unbecoming to take a pinch at dinner1 or to blow her pretty nose in her embroidered mouchoir with the sound of a trombone4 ,louis endeavored to discourage the use of snuff and his valets-de-chambre were obliged to renounce it when they were appointed to their office4 ,one of these gentlemen1 the ,duc d',harcourt1 was supposed to have died of apoplexy in consequence of having1 in order to please the king1 totally discontinued the habit which he had before indulged to excess4 ,footnote #eh3 ,grated tobacco4 ,other grandees were less accommodating3 thus we are told that ,marechal d',huxelles used to cover his cravat and dress with it4 ,the ,royal ,physician1 ,monsieur ,fagon1 is reported to have devoted his best energies to a public oration of a very violent kind against snuff1 which unfortunately failed to convince his auditory1 as the excited lecturer in his most enthusiastic moments refreshed his nose with a pinch4 ,illustration3 ,a tobacco grater4 ,although disliked by the most polished prince of ,europe1 the use of snuff increased and soon spread outside the limits of the court of ,france and in a short time became a favorite mode of using tobacco as it continues to be with many at this day4#ei ,the snuff-boxes of this period were very elegant and were decorated with elaborate paintings or set with gems4 ,it was the custom to carry both a snuff-box and a tobacco grater1 which was often as expensive and elegant as the snuff-box itself4 ,many of them were richly carved and ornamented in the most superb manner4 ,others bore the titles and arms of the owner and it was considered as part of a courtier's outfit to sport a magnificent box and grater4 ,the ,french mode of manufacturing snuff was to saturate the leaves in water1 then dry them and color according to the shade desired4 ,the perfume was then added and the snuff was prepared for use4 ,the kind of tobacco used was ,tobac de ,virginie4 ,spanish snuff was perfumed in the same manner with the additional use of orange-flower water4 ,carver gives the mode of manufacturing snuff in ,america 7#aggi74 ,footnote #ei3 ,the ,rev4 ,s4 ,wesley speaking of the abuses of tobacco1 intimates that the human ear1 will not long1 remain exempted from its affliction4 ,to such a height with some is fashion grown ,they feed they very nostrils with a spoon4 ,one1 and but one degree is wanting yet1 ,to make their senseless luxury complete2 ,some choice regale1 useless as snuff and dear1 ,to feed the mazy windings of the ear4 ,being possessed of a tobacco wheel1 which is a very simple machine1 they spin the leaves1 after they are properly cured1 into a twist of any size they think fit2 and having folded it into rolls of about twenty pounds weight each1 they lay it by for use4 ,in this state it will keep for several years1 and be continually improving1 as it every hour grows milder4 ,when they have occasion to use it1 they take off such a length as they think necessary1 which1 if designed for smoking1 they cut into small pieces1 for chewing into larger1 as choice directs2 if they intend to make snuff of it they take a quantity from the roll1 and laying it in a room where a fire is kept1 in a day or two it will become dry1 and being rubbed on a grater will produce a genuine snuff4 ,those in more improved regions who like their snuff scented1 apply to it such odoriferous waters as they can procure1 or think most pleasing4 ,dutch snuff was only partially ground1 and was therefore coarse and harsh in its effects when inhaled into the nostrils4 ,the ,irish1 according to ,everards1 used large quantities of snuff to purge their brains4 ,snuff-taking became general in ,england#fj at the commencement of the ,seventeenth ,century1 and scented snuffs were used in preference to the plain4 ,frequent mention is made in the plays of this time of its use and varieties4 ,in ,congreve's ,love for ,love1 one of the characters presents a young lady with a box of snuff1 on receipt of which she says1 ,look you here what ,mr4 ,tattle has given me6 ,look you here1 cousin1 here's a snuff-box2 nay1 there's snuff in't3 here1 will you have any8 ,oh1 good6 how sweet it is6 ,footnote #fj3 ,the custom of taking snuff was probably brought into ,england by some of the followers of ,charles ,,ii41 about the time of the ,restoration4 ,during his reign1 and that of his brother1 it does not appear to have gained much ground3 but towards the end of the ,seventeenth ,century it had become quite the rage with beaux1 who at that period1 as well as in the reign of ,queen ,anne1 sometimes carried their snuff in the hollow ivory heads of their canes4--,a ,paper of ,tobacco4 ,portuguese snuff seemed to be in favor and was delicately perfumed4 ,it was made from the fibres of the leaves1 and was considered among many to be the finest kind of the pungent dust4 ,some varieties of snuff were named after the scents employed in flavoring them4 ,in ,france many kinds became popular from the fact of their use at court1 and by the courtiers throughout the kingdom4 ,pope notes the use of the snuff-box by the fops and courtiers of his time in this manner3-- ,sir ,plume of amber snuff-box justly vain1 ,and the nice conduct of a clouded cane2 ,with earnest eyes1 and round1 unthinking face1 ,he first the snuff-box open'd1 then the case4 ,the mode of tapping the box before opening was characteristic of the beaux and fops of this period1 and is commented on in a poem on snuff3-- ,the lawyer so grave1 when he opens his case1 ,in obscurity finds it is hid1 ,till the bright glass of knowledge illumines his face1 ,as he gives the three taps on the lid4 ,spain1 ,portugal1 and ,france early in the ,seventeenth ,century became noted as the producers of the finest kinds of snuff4 ,in ,spain and ,portugal it was the favorite mode of using tobacco1 and rare kinds were compounded and sold at enormous prices4 ,its use in ,france by the fair sex is thus commented on by a ,french writer3-- ,illustration3 ,demi-journes4 ,everything in ,france depends upon la mode2 and it has pleased la mode to patronize this disgusting custom1 and carry about with them small boxes which they term demi-journes4 ,the most expensive materials were employed in the manufacture of snuff-boxes1 such as agate1 mosaics1 and all kinds of rare wood1 while many were of gold1 studded with diamonds4 ,some kinds were made of ,china mounted in metal1 and were very fanciful4 ,in ,pandora's ,box1 a ,satyr against ,snuff1 #agai1 may be found the following description of the snuff-boxes then in vogue3 ,for females fair1 and formal fops to please1 ,the mines are robb'd of ore1 of shells the seas1 ,with all that mother-earth and beast afford ,to man1 unworthy now1 tho' once their lord3 ,which wrought into a box1 with all the show ,of art the greatest artist can bestow2 ,charming in shape1 with polished rays of light1 ,a joint so fine it shuns the sharpest sight2 ,must still be graced with all the radiant gems ,and precious stones that e'er arrived in ,thames4 ,within the lid the painter plays his part1 ,and with his pencil proves his matchless art2 ,there drawn to life some spark or mistress dwells1 ,like hermits chaste and constant to their cells4 ,some of the more highly perfumed snuffs sold for thirty shillings a pound1 while the cheaper kinds1 such as ,english ,rappee and ,john's ,lane1 could be bought for two or three shillings per pound4 ,there are at least two hundred kinds of snuff well known in commerce4 ,the ,scotch and ,irish snuffs are for the most part made from the midribs2 the ,strasburgh1 ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,russian snuffs from the soft parts of the leaves4 ,an ,english writer gives the following account of some of the well-known snuffs and the method of manufacturing3-- ,for the famous fancy snuff known as ,maroco1 the recipe is to take forty parts of ,french or ,st4 ,omer tobacco1 with twenty parts of fermented ,virginia stalks in powder2 the whole to be ground and sifted4 ,to this powder must be added two pounds and a half of rose leaves in fine powder2 and the whole must be moistened with salt and water and thoroughly incorporated4 ,after that it must be 'worked up' with cream and salts of tartar1 and packed in lead to preserve its delicate aroma4 ,the celebrated 'gros grain ,paris snuff' is composed of equal parts of ,amersfoort and ,james ,river tobacco1 and the scent is imported by a 'sauce1' among the ingredients of which are salt1 soda1 tamarinds1 red wine1 syrup1 cognac1 and cream of tartar4 ,the mode of manufacture of snuff now is far different than that employed in the ,seventeenth ,century4 ,then the leaves were simply dried and made fine by rubbing them together in the hands1 or ground in some rude mill2 still later the tobacco was washed or cleansed in water1 dried1 and then ground4 ,now1 however1 the tobacco undergoes quite a process1 and must be kept packed several months before it is ground into snuff4 ,one of the most celebrated manufacturers of snuff was ,james ,gillespie1 of ,edinburgh1 who compounded the famous variety bearing his name4 ,the following account of him we take from ,the ,tobacco ,plant3-- ,illustration3 ,james ,gillespie4 ,in the ,high ,street of ,edinburgh1 a little east from the place where formerly stood the ,cross1-- ',dun-,edin's ,cross1 a pillar'd stone1 ,rose on a turret octagon1' was situated the shop of ,james ,gillespie1 the celebrated snuff manufacturer4 ,the shop is still occupied by a tobacconist1 whose sign is the head of a typical negro1 and in one of the windows is exhibited the effigy of a ,highlander1 who is evidently a competent judge of 'sneeshin4' ,not much is known regarding the personal history of ,james ,gillespie1 but it is understood that he was born shortly after the ,jacobite rebellion of #agae1 at ,roslin1 a picturesque village about six miles from ,edinburgh4 ,he became a tobacconist in ,edinburgh1 along with his brother ,john1 and by the exercise of steady industry and frugality1 he was enabled to purchase ,spylaw1 a small estate in the parish of ,colinton1 about four miles from ,edinburgh1 where he erected a snuff-mill on the banks of the ,water of ,leith1 a small stream which flows through the finely-wooded grounds of ,spylaw4 ,the younger brother1 ,john1 attended to the shop1 while the subject of our notice resided at ,spylaw1 where he superintended the snuff-mill4 ,mr4 ,gillespie was able to continue his industrious habits through a long life1 and having made some successful speculations in tobacco during the war of ,american ,independence1 when the 'weed' advanced considerably in price1 he was enabled to increase his ,spylaw estate from time to time by making additional purchases of property in the parish4 ,mr4 ,gillespie remained through life a bachelor4 ,his establishment at ,spylaw was of the simplest description4 ,it is said that he invariably sat at the same table with his servants1 indulging in familiar conversation1 and entering with much spirit into their amusements4 ,newspapers were not so widely circulated at that period as they are now1 and on the return of any of his domestics from the city1 which one of them daily visited1 he listened with great attention to the 'news1 and enjoyed with much zest the narration of any jocular incident that had occurred4 ,mr4 ,gillespie had a penchant for animals1 and their wants were carefully attended to4 ,his poultry1 equally with his horses1 could have testified to the judicious attention which he bestowed upon them4 ,a story is told of the familiarity between the laird and his riding horse1 which was well-fed and full of spirit4 ,the animal frequently indulged in a little restive curvetting with its master1 especially when the latter was about to get into the saddle4 ',come1 come1' he would say1 on such occasions1 addressing the animal in his usual quiet way1 'hae dune1 noo1 for ye'll no like if ,i come across your lugs 7ears7 wi' the stick4' ,even in his old age ,mr4 ,gillespie regularly superintended the operations in the mill1 which was situated in the rear of his house4 ,on these occasions he was wrapped in an old blanket ingrained with snuff4 ,though he kept a carriage he very seldom used it1 until shortly before his death1 when increasing infirmities caused him occasionally to take a drive4 ,it was of this carriage1 plain and neat in its design1 with nothing on its panel but the initials ',j4 ,g4' that the witty ,henry ,erskine proposed the couplet-- ',who would have thought it ,that noses had bought it8' as an appropriate motto4 ,in those days snuff was much more extensively used than at present1 and ,mr4 ,gillespie was in the habit of gratuitously filling the 'mulls' of many of the ,edinburgh characters of the last century4 ,colinton appears to have been a great snuff-making centre4 ,about thirty years ago there were five snuff mills in operation in the parish1 the produce of which was sold in ,edinburgh4 ,even now a considerable quantity of snuff is made in the district1 chiefly by grinders to the trade4 ,murray1 alluding to the popularity of the custom in ,england during the reign of the ,house of ,brunswick1 says3-- ,illustration3 ,fops taking snuff4 7,from an old print74 ,the reigns of the four ,georges may be entitled the snuffing period of ,english history4 ,the practice became an appanage of fashion before #agad1 as it has continued after #ahcj1 to be the comfort of priests1 literary men1 highlanders1 tailors1 factory hands1 and old people of both sexes4 ,george ,,iv4 was a nasute judge of snuffs1 and so enamoured of the delectation1 that in each of his palaces he kept a jar chamber1 containing a choice assortment of tobacco powder1 presided over by a critical superintendent4 ,his favorite stimulant in the morning was violet ,strasburgh1 the same which had previously helped ,queen ,charlotte to 'kill the day'--after dinner ,carrotte--named from his penchant for it4 ,king's ,carrotte1 ,martinique1 ,etrenne1 ,old ,paris1 ,bureau1 ,cologne1 ,bordeaux1 ,havre1 ,princeza1 ,rouen1 and ,rappee1 were placed on the table1 in as many rich and curious boxes4 ,sterne1 in his ,sentimental ,journey1 gives a pleasing description of snuff-taking with the poor monk4 ,he writes3 ,the good old monk was within six paces of us1 as the idea of him crossed my mind2 and was advancing towards us a little out of the line1 as if uncertain whether he should break in upon us or no4 ,he stoop'd1 however1 as soon as he came up to us with a world of frankness2 and having a horn snuff-box in his hand1 he presented it open to me4 ',you shall taste mine1' said ,i1 pulling out my box 7which was a small tortoise one71 and putting it into his hand4 '',tis most excellent1' said the monk4 ',then do me the favor1' ,i replied 'to accept of the box and all1 and when you take a pinch out of it1 sometimes recollect it was the peace-offering of a man who once used you unkindly1 but not from his heart4' ,the poor monk blushed as red as scarlet1 ',mon ,dieu8' said he1 pressing his hands together1 'you never used me unkindly4' ',i should think1' said the lady1 'he is not likely4' ,i blushed in my turn2 but from what motives1 ,i leave to the few who feel to analyze4 ',excuse me1 madam1' replied ,i1 ',i treated him most unkindly1 and from no provocations4' '',tis impossible1' said the lady4 ',my ,god6' cried the monk1 with a warmth of asseveration which seemed not to belong to him1 'the fault was in me1 and in the indiscretion of my zeal4' ,the lady opposed it1 and ,i joined with her in maintaining it was impossible1 that a spirit so regulated as his could give offence to any4 ,i knew not that contention could be rendered so sweet and pleasurable a thing to the nerves as ,i then felt it4 ,we remained silent1 without any sensation of that foolish pain which takes place when1 in a circle1 you look for ten minutes in one another's faces without saying a word4 ,illustration3 ,horn snuff-boxes4 ,whilst this lasted1 the monk rubb'd his horn box upon the sleeve of his tunic2 and as soon as it had acquired a little air of brightness by the friction1 he made a low bow and said1 'twas too late to say whether it was the weakness or goodness of our tempers which had involved us in this contest1 but be it as it would1 he begg'd we would exchange boxes4 ,in saying this1 he presented this to me with one1 as he took mine from me in the other2 and having kissed it1 with a stream of good nature in his eyes1 he put it into his bosom1 and took his leave4 ,i guard this box as ,i would the instrumental parts of my religion1 to help my mind on to something better3 in truth ,i seldom go abroad without it2 and oft and many a time have ,i called up by it the courteous spirit of its owner1 to regulate my own in the jostlings of the world2 they had found full employment for his1 as ,i learnt from his story1 till about the forty-fifth year of his age1 when upon some military services ill-requited1 and meeting at the same time with a disappointment in the tenderest of passions1 he abandoned the sword and the sex together1 and took sanctuary1 not so much in his convent as in himself4 ,i feel a damp upon my spirits1 as ,i am going to add1 that in my last return through ,calais1 upon inquiring after ,father ,lorenzo1 ,i heard he had been dead near three months1 and was buried1 not in his convent1 but according to his desire1 in a little cemetery belonging to it about two leagues off4 ,i had a strong desire to see where they had laid him1 when1 upon pulling out his little horn box1 as ,i sat by his grave1 and plucking a nettle or two at the head of it1 which had no business to grow there1 they all struck together so forcibly upon my affections that ,i burst into a flood of tears--but ,i am as weak as a woman2 ,i beg the world not to smile1 but pity me4 ,many pleasing effusions have been written promoted doubtless by a sneeze among which the following on ,a pinch of ,snuff from ,the ,sportsman ,magazine1 exhibits the custom and the benefits ascribed to its indulgence4 ,with mind or body sore distrest1 ,or with repeated cares opprest1 ,what sets the aching heart at rest8 ,a pinch of snuff6 ,or should some sharp and gnawing pain ,creep round the noddle of the brain1 ,what puts all things to rights again8 ,a pinch of snuff6 ,when speech and tongue together fail1 ,what helps old ladies in their tale1 ,and adds fresh canvass to their sail8 ,a pinch of snuff6 ,or when some drowsy parson prays1 ,and still more drowsy people gaze1 ,what opes their eyelids with amaze8 ,a pinch of snuff6 ,a comfort which they can't forsake1 ,what is it some would rather take1 ,than good roast beef1 or rich plum cake8 ,a pinch of snuff6 ,should two old gossips chance to sit1 ,and sip their slop1 and talk of it1 ,what gives a sharpness to their wit8 ,a pinch of snuff6 ,what introduces ,whig or ,tory1 ,and reconciles them in their story1 ,when each is boasting in his glory8 ,a pinch of snuff6 ,what warms without a conflagration ,excites without intoxication1 ,and rouses without irritation8 ,a pinch of snuff6 ,when friendship fades1 and fortune's spent1 ,and hope seems gone the way they went1 ,one cheering ray of joy is sent-- ,a pinch of snuff6 ,then let us sing in praise of snuff6 ,and call it not such 'horrid stuff1' ,at which some frown1 and others puff1 ,and seem to flinch4 ,but when a friend presents a box1 ,avoid the scruples and the shocks ,of him who laughs and he who mocks1 ,and take a pinch6 ,from ,pandora's ,box from which we have already quoted1 we extract the following in which the use of snuff is deprecated by the author3 --now1 'tis by every sort ,and sex adored1 from ,billingsgate to court4 ,but ask a dame 'how oysters sell8' if nice1 ,she begs a pinch before she sets a price4 ,go thence to ',change1 inquire the price of ,stocks2 ,before they ope their lips they open first the box4 ,next pay a visit to the ,temple1 where ,the lawyers live1 who gold to ,heaven prefer2 ,you'll find them stupify'd to that degree1 ,they'll take a pinch before they'll take their fee4 ,then make a step and view the splendid court1 ,where all the gay1 the great1 the good resort2 ,e'en they1 whose pregnant skulls1 though large and thick1 ,can scarce secure their native sense and wit1 ,are feeding of their hungry souls with pure ,ambrosial snuff4 99 99 99 99 ,but to conclude3 the gaudy court resign1 ,t' observe1 for once1 a place much more divine1 ,when the same folly's acted by the good1 ,and is the sole devotion of the lewd2 ,the church1 more sacred once1 is what we mean1 ,where now they flock to see and to be seen2 ,the box is used1 the book laid by1 as dead1 ,with snuff1 not ,scripture1 there the soul is fed2 ,for where to heaven the hands by one of those1 ,are lifted1 twenty have them at the nose2 ,and while some pray1 to be from sudden death ,deliver'd1 others snuff to stop their breath4 ,paolo ,mantegazza1 one of the most brilliant and witty of ,italian writers on tobacco1 says of its use and some of the delights that may be imagined through the sense of smell3-- ,human civilization has not yet learned to found on the sense of smell aught but the moderate enjoyment derived from snuffing1 which1 confined within the narrow circle of a few sensations1 renders us incapable of entering into the most delicate pleasures of that sense4 ,snuff procures us the rapture of a tactile irritation1 of a slight perfume2 but1 above all1 it furnishes the charm of an intermittent occupation which soothes us by interrupting1 from time to time1 our labor4 ,at other times it renders idleness less insupportable to us1 by breaking it into the infinite intervals which pass from one pinch of snuff to another4 ,sometimes our snuff-box arouses us from torpor and drowsiness2 sometimes1 it occupies our hands when in society we do not know where to put them or what to do with them4 ,finally1 snuff and snuffing are things which we can love1 because they are always with us2 and we can season them with a little vanity if we possess a snuff-box of silver or of gold1 which we open continually before those who humbly content themselves with snuff-boxes of bone or of wood4 ,we gladly concede the pleasures of snuffing to men of all conditions1 and to ladies who1 having passed a certain age1 or who1 being deformed1 have no longer any sex2 but we solemnly and resolutely refuse the snuff-box to young and beautiful women1 who ought to preserve their delicate and pretty noses for the odors of the mignonette and the rose4 ,with royalty snuff has been a prime favorite4 ,charles ,,iii4 of ,spain had a great predilection for rappee snuff1 but only indulged his inclination by stealth1 and particularly while shooting1 when he imagined himself to be unnoticed4 ,frederick the ,great and ,napoleon#fa both loved and used large quantities of the pungent dust4 ,of the former the following anecdote is related3-- ,footnote #fa3 ,napoleon1 having been unable to undergo the ordeal of a first pipe1 stigmatized it us a habit only fit to amuse sluggards4 ,what he renounced in smoking1 however1 he compensated in snuff4 ,the cynical temper of ,frederick the ,great is well known4 ,once when his sister1 the ,duchess of ,brunswick1 was at ,potsdam1 ,frederick made to the brave ,count ,schwerin the present of a gold snuff-box4 ,on the lid inside was painted the head of an ass4 ,next day1 when dining with the king1 ,schwerin1 with some ostentation1 put his snuff-box on the table4 ,wishing to turn the joke against ,schwerin1 the king called attention to the snuff-box4 ,the ,duchess took it up and opened it4 ,immediately she exclaimed1 ',what a striking likeness6 ,in truth1 brother1 this is one of the best portraits ,i have ever seen of you4' ,frederick1 embarrassed1 thought his sister was carrying the jest too far4 ,she passed the box to her neighbor1 who uttered similar expressions to her own4 ,the box made the round of the table1 and every one was fervently eloquent about the marvelous resemblance4 ,the king was puzzled what to make of all this4 ,when the box at last reached his hands1 he saw1 to his great surprise1 that his portrait was really there4 ,count ,schwerin had simply1 with exceeding dispatch1 employed an artist to remove the ass's head1 and to paint the king's head instead4 ,frederick could not help laughing at the ,count's clever trick1 which was really the best rebuke of his own bad taste and want of proper and respectful feeling4 ,as ,frederick ,william ,i41 of ,prussia1 was eminently the ,smoking ,king1 so his son ,frederick the ,great was eminently the ,snuffing ,king4 ,perhaps smoking harmonizes best with action2 and it might1 without much stretch of fancy1 be shown that as the ,prussian monarchy was founded on tobacco smoke1 it flourished on snuff4 ,possibly1 if ,napoleon the ,great1 who like ,frederick the ,great1 was an excessive snuffer1 had smoked as well as snuffed1 he might have preserved his empire from overthrow1 seeing that smoking steadies and snuffing impels4 ,the influences of smoking and snuffing on politics and war are ascertainable4 ,what the effect of chewing is on political and military affairs1 it is not so easy to discover4 ,we recommend the subject for meditation to the profoundest metaphysicians4 ,how many of the ,american politicians and generals have been chewers as well as snuffers and smokers8 ,is there to be some mysterious affinity between chewing and the revolutions1 especially the social revolutions of the future8 ,may not apocalyptic interpreters be able to show that chewing is the symbol of anarchy and annihilation8 ,illustration3 ,scotch snuff-mills4 ,when first used in ,europe snuff was made ready for use by the takers--each person being provided with a box or mill1 as they were termed1 to reduce the leaves to powder4 ,in connection with this1 the following may not be irrelevent3-- ,the following anecdote of ,huerta the celebrated ,spanish guitarist1 is taken from one of ,m4 ,ella's programmes3-- ,in the year #ahbf the famous ,huerta1 who astonished the ,english by his performances on the guitar1 was anxious to be introduced to the leader of the ,italian ,opera ,band--a warm-hearted and sensitive ,neapolitan--,spagnoletti4 ,the latter had a great contempt for guitars1 concertinas1 and other fancy instruments not used in the orchestra4 ,he was fond of snuff1 had a capacious nose1 and1 when irritated1 would ejaculate ',mon ,dieu6' ,on my presenting the vain ,spaniard to ,spagnoletti1 the latter inquired1 ',vat you play8' ,huerta--',de guitar-r-r1 sare4' ,spagnoletti--',de guitar6 humph6' 7takes a pinch of snuff47 ,huerta--',yeas1 sare1 de guitar-r-r1 and ven ,i play my adagio1 de tears shall run down both side your pig nose4' ',vell den1' 7taking snuff17 said ,spagnoletti1 ',i vill not hear your adagio4' ,the anecdote related of ,count de ,tesse1 a celebrated courtier of ,france1 is one of the best of its kind3-- ,count de ,tesse1 ,marshal of ,france1 was an eminent man during the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,though he was a brave soldier and by no means an incompetent general1 yet he was more remarkable as a skillful diplomatist and a pliant and prosperous courtier4 ,during the ,war of ,succession in ,spain1 he besieged ,barcelona with a considerable army1 in the spring of #agje4 ,terrible was the assault1 and terrible was the resistance4 ,at the end of six weeks the arrival of the ,british fleet1 and reinforcements thrown into the place1 forced ,marshal ,tesse to retire4 ,besides immense losses in dead and wounded1 he had to abandon two hundred and twenty cannon and all his supplies4 ,incessantly fighting for fifteen days in his retreat towards the ,pyrenees1 he lost three thousand more of his men4 ,it ought to be said1 in vindication of ,tesse1 that he undertook the siege by express and urgent command of the ,french ,king1 and contrary to his own judgment2 for in writing to a friend1 he said3 ',if a ,consistory were held to decide the infallibility of the ,king1 as ,consistories have been held to decide the infallibility of the ,pope1 ,i should by my vote declare ,his ,majesty infallible4 ,his orders have confounded all human science4' ,soon after the siege of ,barcelona1 a lady at a fashionable party took out her snuff-box and offered a pinch to any one who wished it4 ,marshal ,tesse approached to take a pinch2 but suddenly the lady drew her snuff-box back1 saying1 ',for you1 ,marshal1 the snuff is too strong--it is ,barcelona4' ,in ,scotland the dry kinds of snuff are in favor and are esteemed as highly as the moister snuffs4 ,robert ,leighton gives the following pen picture of the snuff-loving ,scotchman2 it is entitled ,the ,snuffie ,auld ,man3-- ,by the cosie fire-side1 or the sun-ends o' gavels1 ,the snuffie auld bodie is sure to be seen4 ,tap1 tappin' his snuff-box1 he snifters and sneevils1 ,and smachers the snuff frae his mou' to his een4 ',since tobacco cam' in1 and the snuffin' began1 ,there hasna been seen sic a snuffie auld man4 ,his haurins are dozen'd1 his een sair bedizzened4 ,and red round the lids as the gills o' a fish2 ,his face is a' bladdit1 his sark-breest a' smaddit4 ,as snuffie a picture as ony could wish4 ,he makes a mere merter o' a' thing he does1 ,wi' snuff frae his fingers an' drops frae his nose4 ,and wow but his nose is a troublesome member-- ,day and nicht1 there's nae end to its snuffie desire3 ,it's wide as the chimlie1 it's red as an ember1 ,and has to be fed like a dry-whinnie fire4 ,it's a troublesome member1 and gi'es him nae peace1 ,even sleepin'1 or eatin'1 or sayin' the grace4 ,the kirk is disturbed wi' his hauckin' and sneezin' ,the dominie stoppit when leadin' the psalm2 ,the minister1 deav'd out o' logic and reason1 ,pours gall in the lugs that are gapi' for balm4 ,the auld folks look surly1 the young chaps jocose1 ,while the bodie himsel' is bambazed wi' his nose4 ,he scrimps the auld wife baith in garnal and caddy ,he snuffs what wad keep her in comfort and ease2 ,rapee1 ,lundyfitt1 ,prince's ,mixture1 and ,toddy1 ,she looks upon them as the worst o' her faes4 ,and we'll see an end o' her kooshian nar ,while the auld carle's nose is upheld like a ,czar4 ,sharp has written some verses founded upon the following singular anecdote in ,dean ,ramsay's ,reminiscences of ,scottish ,life and ,character3 ,the inveterate snuff-taker1 like the dram-drinker1 felt severely the being deprived of his accustomed stimulant1 as in the following instance3 ,a severe snow-storm in the ,highlands1 which lasted for several weeks1 having stopped all communication betwixt neighboring hamlets1 the snuff-boxes were soon reduced to their last pinch4 ,borrowing and begging from all the neighbors within reach were first resorted to1 but when these failed all were alike reduced to the longing which unwillingly abstinent snuff-takers alone know4 ,the minister of the parish was amongst the unhappy number2 the craving was so intense that study was out of the question1 and he became quite restless4 ,as a last resort1 the beadle was dispatched through the snow1 to a neighboring glen1 in the hope of getting a supply2 but he came back as unsuccessful as he went4 ',what's to be done1 ,john8 was the minister's pathetic inquiry4 ,john shook his head1 as much as to say that he could not tell1 but immediately thereafter started up1 as if a new idea occurred to him4 ,he came back in a few minutes1 crying1 ',hae6' ,the minister1 too eager to be scrutinizing1 took a long deep pinch1 and then said1 ',whour did you get it8' ',i soupit 7swept7 the poupit1' was ,john's expressive reply4 ,the minister's accumulated superfluous ,sabbath snuff now came into good use4 ,illustration3 ,sweeping from the ,pulpit4 ,near the ,highlands1 ,where the dry lands ,are divided into islands1 ,and distinguish'd from the mainland ,as the ,western ,hebrides4 ,stormy weather1 ,those who stay there1 ,oftentimes for weeks together ,keep asunder from their neighbors1 ,hemm'd about by angry seas4 ,for1 storm-batter'd1 ,boats are shattered1 ,and their precious cargoes scatter'd ,in the boist'rous ,sound of ,jura1 ,or thy passage1 ,colonsay2 ,while the seamen1 ,like true freemen1 ,battle bravely with the ,demon ,of the storm1 who strives to keep them ,from their harbor in the bay4 ,for this reason ,one bad season1 7,if to say so be not treason17 ,in an island town the people ,were reduced to great distress4 ,though on mainland ,they would fain land1 ,they were storm-bound in their ain land1 ,where each luxury was little1 ,and grew beautifully less4 ,but whose sorrow1 ,that sad morrow1 ,when no man could beg or borrow ,from a friend's repository1 ,equall'd theirs who craved for snuff4 ,but1 most sadden'd1 ,nearly madden'd ,for the lack of that which gladden'd ,his proboscis1 was the parson1 ,hight the ,rev'rend ,neil ,macduff4 ,if a snuffer1 ,though no puffer1 ,you may guess what pangs he'd suffer ,in his journey through a snow-drift1 ,visiting a neighboring town4 ,from his rushing ,for some sneishing2 ,but his choring and his fishing ,could procure no ,toddy's ,mixture1 ,moist ,rappee1 or ,kendal ,brown4 ,in his trouble-- ,now made double1 ,since his last hope proved a bubble-- ,to his aid came ,beadle ,johnnie1 ,in his parish right-hand man4 ,with a packet1 ,saying1 ,tak' it1 ,it's as clean as ,i can mak' it1 ,if ye'd save yer snuff on ,sabbath ,a toom box ye needna scan4 ,being lusty 7,though 'twas musty7 ,to his nose the snuff so dusty ,put the minister1 too much in want1 ,the gift to scrutinize4 ,an idea ,he could see a ,blessing in this panacea2 ,so he took such hearty pinches as brought ,tears into his eyes4 ,then to ,johnnie1 ,his old cronie1 ,cried--',i fear'd ,i'd ne'er get ony4' ',well1 ,i'll tell ye1' said the beadle1 ',whaur ,i got the stock of snuff4' ',in the poupit ,low ,i stoopit1 ,an' the snuff and stour ,i soupit1 ,then ,i brocht ye here a handfu'1 ,for ye need it sair enough4' ,the old ,scottish snuff-mill1 which consisted of a small box-like receptacle into which fitted a conical-shaped projection with a short1 strong handle was a more substantial affair than the rasp used by the ,french and ,english snuff-takers4 7,see page #bcb74 ,both1 answered the purpose for which they were designed1 the leaves of tobacco being toasted before the fire1 and then ground in the mill as it was called4 ,the more modern snuff-mill is similar in shape1 but is used to hold the snuff after being ground1 rather than for reducing the leaves to a powder4 ,boswell gives the following poem on snuff1 in his ,shrubs of ,parnassus3 ,oh ,snuff6 our fashionable end and aim6 ,strasburg1 ,rappee1 ,dutch1 ,scotch1 what'eer thy name1 ,powder celestial6 quintessence divine6 ,new joys entrance my soul while thou art mine4 ,who takes--who takes thee not6 where'er ,i range1 ,i smell thy sweets from ,pall ,mall to the ',change4 ,by thee assisted1 ladies kill the day1 ,and breathe their scandal freely o'er their tea2 ,nor less they prize thy virtues when in bed1 ,one pinch of thee revives the vapor'd head1 ,removes the spleen1 removes the qualmish fit1 ,and gives a brisker turn to female wit1 ,warms in the nose1 refreshes like the breeze1 ,glows in the herd and tickles in the sneeze4 ,without it1 ,tinsel1 what would be thy lot6 ,what1 but to strut neglected and forgot6 ,what boots it for thee to have dipt thy hand ,in odors wafted from ,arabian land8 ,ah6 what avails thy scented solitaire1 ,thy careless swing and pertly tripping air1 ,the crimson wash that glows upon thy face1 ,thy modish hat1 and coat that flames with lace6 ,in vain thy dress1 in vain thy trimmings shine1 ,if the ,parisian snuff-box be not thine4 ,come to my nose1 then1 ,snuff1 nor come alone1 ,bring taste with thee1 for taste is all thy own4 ,there seems to be as great a variety of design in snuff-boxes as among pipes and tobacco-stoppers4 ,the ,indians of both ,north and ,south ,america have their mills for grinding or pulverizing the leaves4 ,in the ,east a great variety of snuff-boxes may be seen2 they are made of wood and ivory1 while many of them have a spoon attached to the box1 which they use in taking the dust from the box to the back of the hand1 whence it is taken by the forefinger and conveyed to the nose4 ,in ,europe we find greater variety of design in snuff-boxes than in the ,east4 ,in ,europe they are made of the most costly materials1 and studded with the rarest gems4 ,in the ,east they are made of ivory1 wood1 bamboo1 and other materials4 ,of late years boxes made of wood from ,abbotsford or some other noted place have been used for the manufacture of snuff-boxes4 ,formerly when snuff-taking was in more general use by kings and courtiers than now--a magnificent snuff-box was considered by royalty as one of the most valuable and pleasing of memorials4 ,many of these testimonials of friendship and regard were of gold and silver1 and set with diamonds of the finest water4 ,among the anecdotes of celebrated snuff-takers1 the following from ,white's ,life of ,swedenborg1 will be new to many3 ,swedenborg took snuff profusely and carelessly1 strewing it over his papers and the carpet4 ,his manuscripts bear its traces to this day4 ,his carpet set those sneezing who shook it4 ,one ,sunday he desired to have it taken up and beaten4 ,shearsmith objected1 ',better wait till to-morrow1' ',dat be good6 dat be good6' was his answer4 ,we copy the following article on the manufacture of snuff from a well-known ,english journal1 ,cope's ,tobacco ,plant3-- ,although snuff is still extensively consumed in this country 7,great ,britain71 the mode of its manufacture is very little known to those who use it2 and there are very few persons of even the most inquisitive turn of mind who can say they have ever penetrated into the mysterious precincts of a snuff-mill4 ,even those who have been privileged1 and have had the courage to inspect the interior of such an establishment1 have come away with very vague notions of what they saw4 ,the hollow whirr of the revolving pestles1 the hazy atmosphere closely resembling a ,london fog in ,november1 a phenomenon which is produced by the innumerable particles of tobacco floating about1 and causing the gas to flicker and sparkle in a mysterious way1 and producing a lively irritation of the mucous membrane1 all combine in placing the visitor in a state of amusing bewilderment1 and he is compelled to make a speedy exit1 having only had just a running peep at the interesting process of snuff-making4 ,it is therefore our duty to give a description of a process which will be new to a large number of people1 and will help to clear up some of the obscure theories that a great many more entertain of it4 ,those persons who have travelled on the ,continent1 and who have noticed on tobacconists' counters a small machine1 somewhat like a coffee-mill1 which a man works with one hand1 while he holds a hard-pressed plug of tobacco about a pound weight against the revolving grater1 and produces snuff while the snuff-taker waits for it1 may imagine that snuff in ,england is produced on a somewhat similar small scale4 ,but this1 like many kindred theories1 is quite a mistake4 ,in this country there exist large snuff-mills worked by steam power1 and in ,scotland there is one water-mill which is driven by a water-power of the strength of thirty horses4 ,the grinding of snuff is at present carried on much as it was one hundred years ago4 ,the apparatus1 although effective1 is very primitive1 and would lead one to suppose that mechanical ingenuity had wholly neglected to trouble itself about improving that branch of machinery4 ,illustration3 ,snuff-mill a century ago4 ,all kinds of snuff are made from tobacco leaves1 or tobacco stalks1 either separate or mixed4 ,this in the first instance goes through a kind of fermentation1 and1 like the basis of soup at the modern hotels1 forms1 as it were1 the stock from which all the varieties in flavor and appearance are produced by special treatment and flavoring4 ,of course the strength and pungency of the snuff will depend a good deal upon the richness of the tobacco originally put aside for it4 ,about one thousand pounds of tobacco would form an ordinary batch of snuff4 ,the duty on this would amount to about #aej1 and this has to be paid before the tobacco is removed from the bonded warehouse4 ,having got his heap of material ready1 the snuff-maker moistens it1 then places it in a warm room and covers it over with warm cloths--coddles it1 as it were1 to make it comfortable1 so that the cold air cannot get to it--and the heap is then left for three or four weeks1 as the case may be1 to ferment4 ,in ,france1 where1 under the ,imperial rgime1 snuff-making was a ,government monopoly1 the tobacco was allowed to ferment for twelve or eighteen months2 and in the principal factory 7that at ,strasburg7 might have been seen scores of huge bins1 as large as porter vats1 all piled up with tobacco in various stages of fermentation4 ,the tobacco1 after being fermented1 if intended for that light1 powdery1 brown-looking snuff called ,s4 ,p41 is dried a little2 or if for ,prince's ,mixture1 ,macobau1 or any other kind of ,rappee1 is at once thrown into what is called the mull4 ,the mull is a kind of large iron mortar weighing about half a ton and lined with wood2 and there is a heavy pestle which travels round it1 forming1 as it were1 a large pestle and mortar4 ,these mulls are placed in rows and shut up in separate cupboards1 to keep in the dust4 ,the snuff-maker wanders from one to the other1 and feeds them as they require4 ,when the grinding of the snuff is completed it is then ready for flavouring1 and in this consists the great art and secret of the trade4 ,receipts for peculiar flavors are handed down from father to son as most valuable heir-looms1 and these receipts are in fact a valuable property in many instances1 for so delicate is the nose of your snuff-taker that he can detect the slightest variation in the preparation of his favorite snuff4 ,it is related of one old snuff-maker in ,london1 who had acquired a handsome fortune and retired from business1 that he made it a consideration with his successors that he should be allowed1 so long as he lived1 to attend one day in the week at the business and flavor all the snuff4 ,most people will also be familiar with some one of the numerous versions of the origin of the once famous ,lundy ,foote ,snuff1 better known as ',irish ,blackguard4' ,the excise are very rigid in their laws for regulating the manufacture of snuff2 and with the exception of a little common salt1 which is added to make the tobacco keep1 and alkalies for bringing out the flavor1 nothing is allowed to be used but a few essential oils4 ,and here we must digress for a moment to correct a popular error1 viz41 that snuff contains ground glass1 put there for titillating purposes4 ,what appears to be ground glass is only the little crystals or small particles of alkali that have not been dissolved4 ,so that fastidious snuff-takers may dismiss this bugbear at once and forever4 ,the essential oils referred to form a very expensive item to the manufacture of snuff4 ,the ladies would be much surprised to see a dusty snuff-maker drain off five pounds' worth of pure unadulterated otto-of-roses into a tin can1 and as they 7the ladies7 would suppose1 throw it away on a heap of what would appear to them rubbishy dust in one corner of the snuff-room4 ,of course the ladies would consider the proper place for it to be on the cambric handkerchief1 but this idea would be about the last to occur to your matter-of-fact snuff-maker4 ,illustration3 ,perfuming snuff4 ,in addition to otto-of-roses1 the scent-room contains great jars of essence of lemon1 ,french geranium1 verbena1 oil of pimento1 bergamotte1 etc41 all of which are used in the various flavoring combinations4 ,there would most likely also be a few hundred-weight of fine ,tonquin beans1 and one of these beans is generally presented to any visitor who drops in1 as souvenir to carry away in his waistcoat pocket4 ,snuff is very extensively used in the mills and factories of ,lancashire4 ,those who toil long in heated and noisy mills seem to require1 and doubtless do require1 tobacco in some shape or other to keep them from flagging2 and as chewing is not polite1 and smoking in a mill not allowed1 the only resource left to the operative is his snuff4 ,a singular feature connected with this is1 we believe1 the fact that spinners in very few instances use snuff-boxes1 they prefer having their supply of snuff screwed up in a piece of paper4 ,one retail shop-keeper in a busy spinning town in ,lancashire assured us that he retailed over four hundred weight of snuff a week in pennyworths4 ,it is impossible to state the exact quantity of snuff used in this country2 but1 as far as we can arrive at it from statistics at hand1 we should say it cannot be less than five hundred tons per annum4 ,this seems an enormous quantity1 considering the comparatively small number of persons who now use snuff2 but the great bulk of snuff seems to be consumed by particular communities1 such as the ,lancashire operatives1 and the consumption of it is therefore not generally observable2 and further it should be remembered that those who do take snuff1 individually use large quantities4 ,snuff-manufacturing has in some cases been attended with considerable affluence4 ,one instance is the ,london manufacturer already mentioned1 whose profits accumulated to the extent of nearly a quarter of a million2 another is the ,lundy ,foote business1 and the third a ,scotch manufacturer 7,gillespie71 who by the way1 practised a bit of benevolence1 in the shape of building an hospital1 in return for the good things fortune had sent him4 ,of course an hospital1 like many other things1 may have a doubtful origin1 as witness the famous ,guy's1 which stands as a lasting monument to the wonderful profits that used to be made out of the iniquitous advance note system4 ,but we do not by any means wish to make comparisons which must be odious and although the profits of snuff-manufacturing are for a variety of reasons--amongst others the decreased consumption of the manufactured article--not nearly as large as they were fifty years ago2 yet we are sure that the fortunes accumulated by some of the old snuff-makers were the result of honest1 upright industry4 ,of ,european tobacco used in the manufacture of snuff that of ,holland and ,france 7,st4 ,omer7 is considered to be equal to any grown in ,europe4 ,of the varieties grown in ,america1 ,virginia leaf is used quite extensively for some grades of snuff and good stout rich snuff leaf commands excellent prices and meets with a ready sale4 ,a writer gives the following account of the love the ,terra ,del ,fuegians have for tobacco4 ,this morning we were up early1 a large party going ashore for various scientific purposes1 and the others taking the ship out in the channel to do a little dredging2 both parties were very successful1 and added much to our collection4 ,as we on the shore were about ready to come off1 we were visited by a party of ,fuegians1 five men1 four women1 and nine children1 with three dogs4 ,they came in an ,english-built boat1 stolen or lost from some ,english ship4 ,the men and dogs landed and came towards us with a great frankness of manner4 ,they could talk neither ,english nor ,spanish1 except the few words1 boat1 fire1 tobac1 galleto1 arco4 ,but they understood the imperial manner of one of our officers1 who said quietly but firmly1 'keep back those dogs1' and immediately drove back the barking curs with sticks and stones4 ,they warmed themselves at our fire1 and seemed disposed to be very civil and friendly4 ,we gave them our remaining biscuit1 and what little tobacco there was in our party to spare4 ,one of them accepted a pinch of snuff and pretended to sneeze1 crying ',hatchee6' with mock solemnity4 ,illustration3 ,fuegian snuff-takers4 ,an old man sat down on a stone and sang to us a low1 sweet recitation1 or chant1 in wild key1 or mode1 ending on a rising melody with each stanza4 ,they followed us to the ship1 and we gave them some calico and beads1 and tobacco1 and also bought bows and arrows1 and a sea-urchin1 paying them in tobacco4 ,they clung to the ship as we got under way1 men and women1 crying1 ',tobacco6' and frantic to catch any fragment of the precious weed thrown to them4 ,but at length they let go1 and we left the bay with the cry of tobacco ringing in our ears4 ,having spoken of most of the modes of using snuff in both the ,old and ,new ,world1 we come now to a description of using snuff at the ,south1 known as dipping1 and by some as rubbing1 both terms used to denote the same manner of use4 ,the description of it as given by ,a4 ,l4 ,adams is as follows3-- ,in the ,south1 and more especially in ,virginia1 where tobacco has been cultivated for more than two hundred and fifty years1 and where a few pounds of it was the legitimate price for a wife1 it is not surprising that it should be more highly prized and come into more general use than in any other section of our country4 ,on the banks of the ,james ,river it was first successfully cultivated by the ,english colony1 and this simple fact alone must forever throw a charm around it1 which will foster the pride of the ,virginian who has any respect for his ancestry1 and hold him under sacred obligations to use1 cherish1 and defend the plant and its use--all of which he regards as no less a pleasure than a duty4 ,here too its many virtues were first discovered1 and its soothing effects first felt and appreciated4 ,to the old ,virginian it is indeed a cherished weed1 charming all manner of diseases1 comforting in sorrow1 soothing the ills of life1 and preserving to a good old age and in a happy frame of mind all who use it4 ,he believes in its superior virtues1 and ascribes to it more good qualities than to any other known plant4 ,he always carries it about with him1 and if perchance he gets out he is truly miserable4 ,he not only loves but worships it as a cure all4 ,his wife and daughters know its virtues full well1 and use it with equal grace and relish1 believing it gives a lustre to the eye and a freshness to the cheek rarely surpassed4 ,among the variety of ways in which it is used none attracted my attention so much as the novel manner of snuff-taking in various parts of ,virginia1 ,west ,virginia1 the ,carolinas and ,georgia4 ,in some localities the practice is unknown1 while in many others it is very common4 ,i first discovered young ladies putting snuff into their mouths as if eating it1 when my curiosity was excited to an alarming extent1 but on being invited to 'dip' with them ,i soon learned that they were not eating1 but 'rubbing and chewing' it1 as they called it1 and in such a lively manner as to soon convince me that they appreciated it4 ,i found the habit to be quite common even among the young of both sexes--all indulging in it as if it afforded real satisfaction to the appetite for tobacco in some form4 ,the young ladies however seemed the more attached to the 'rubbing process1' as it has been appropriately styled1 and defended it with equal logic and grace whenever it was assailed4 ,the young gentlemen when in the society of the young ladies generally join them in this unique use of snuff1 as they are always sure to be invited and urged if they decline1 and to merit their favor of course they must appear social4 ,i believe1 in credit to their taste1 however1 that they really prefer a good cigar1 and think it more in keeping with their ideas of manhood and neatness4 ,i have seen young girls of ten 'rubbing and chewing1' as if they appreciated it as much as mother ,eve did the apple in the garden of paradise4 ,i have also seen old ladies with trembling limbs and few teeth 'rubbing and chewing1' as if it made them feel young again4 ,i have frequently been ushered unexpectedly into the presence of young ladies1 and found them puffing their cigarettes in a manner that convinced me that they knew how to smoke4 ,there is nothing that will more surely and quickly bring a stranger into the fellowship and good graces of the ladies than to join them in their pet habit of snuff-rubbing4 ,it seems to form a bond of friendship which they regard as sacred as the vows of wedlock4 ,the older matrons 'rub' less and smoke more1 which is in accordance with nature and philosophy3 ,the older we grow the more we smoke4 ,they find solid pleasure in sitting by the open grate after tea with fifteen inches of pipe's tail between their teeth1 and slowly but gracefully puffing the perfumes of the exhilarating weed into the room1 and watching with childish pleasure the hazy curling wreaths of smoke as they gently float around1 changing in form and color until they finally disappear up the chimney1 affording rich themes for meditation and profitable study1 and perhaps suggestive of earlier days when grandmother1 an innocent1 blooming maid1 was exchanged for the weed1 the seed of which produced the plant she is now burning4 ,everywhere ,i marked only pleasant and soothing effects from the use of tobacco4 ,the planter is never more indifferent to the ills of life and in sympathy with good feeling and pleasure1 than when he sits down after dinner in his vine-thatched portico and lights his pipe1 passing to his guests pipes1 cigars1 and tobacco in various forms1 leaving them to choose their favorite mode of using it4 ,sambo is never more contented than when he burns the weed in a cob pipe1 and draws the delicious smoke through an elder sprig or mullen stem4 ,but the maid is happiest of all when with her lover she sits face to face1 and they 'dip' together from the same magic plant--tobacco4 ,in every walk of life throughout the sunny ,south tobacco in some form may be found1 and its effects are always the same1 whether drawn from the pocket of the beggar or taken with gloved fingers from the golden tobacco-box of the planter4 ,for snuff the ladies have very nice round boxes with lids which1 they always carry with them full of black snuff highly but pleasantly flavored4 ,they also carry little brushes or sticks about three inches long with pliable ends2 these they wet in the mouth1 then dip into the snuff-box1 and then place it in the mouth outside of the gums and rub earnestly for two or three minutes4 ',will you dip with me8' is the usual way of putting the invitation1 when the box is drawn from the pocket and rapped slightly on the cover1 sometimes by all present1 who thus signify their readiness to 'dip1' then it is repassed open to all1 and the 'dipping and rubbing' begins in earnest4 ,illustration3 ,snuff-dipping4 ,the only advantage ,i ever discovered in this unnatural way of snuffing is in avoiding all unpleasant sneezing which snuffing is sure to produce1 although it is claimed that it whitens and preserves the teeth and sweetens the mouth1 and produces a beneficial effect on the lungs1 all of which is true or not1 just as you choose to believe4 ',will you dip and rub with me8' said one of the prettiest belles of ,winchester1 and in another city in another state the daughter of an ex-governor1 handing me a silver-tipped brush and opening a rose-wood snuff-box richly inlaid with gold1 politely asked me to 'dip' with her1 expressing the belief that friendship would always follow4 ,i have frequently been asked by ladies when travelling through the country and stopping at farm-houses1 if ,i used tobacco--as a hint to offer them some1 and it was a pleasure to comply1 and receive the thankful smile of an appreciative heart4 ,illustration3 ,snuffers4 ,in other parts of the country the habit of snuff-taking is confined principally to old ladies1 who use any kind1 either black or yellow1 and who prefer themselves the cheaper kinds4 ,but few varieties are used1 and there seems to be but little taste manifested in the selection of the dust4 ,foreign varieties are used only to a limited extent1 being chiefly confined to those of transatlantic birth and tastes4 ,the custom of chewing and smoking seems to be more popular with the male sex than snuff-taking1 and one rarely finds a man addicted to the latter habit1 unless it be one somewhat advanced in years4 ,stewart in his admirable paper on snuff gives much useful information in regard to the universal custom of using it as well as its origin and distinguished uses of the great sternutatory4 ,the luckless fate of inventors and originators has become proverbial1 but the ingenious individual whose nostrils rejoiced in the first pinch of snuff stood in no need of the niggardly praise of contemporaries or the lavish gratitude of posterity4 ,that first 'pinch' was its own priceless reward1 far above present appreciation or future fame4 ,what matters it1 that his great name has not been reverently handed down to us3 that posterity seeks in vain his honored tomb1 on which to hang her grateful votive wreath2 that zealous antiquaries have raised up innumerable pretenders to his unclaimed honors1 and striven to rob him of his fame8 ,enough for that lucky inventor1 wherever he may rest1 that he enjoyed in his lifetime the reward for which ordinary benefactors of their kind are fain to look to the future4 ,it is perfectly vain to attempt now to penetrate into the mystery which envelopes the name and nation of the first snuff-taker3 long before rough1 noble-hearted ,drake cured his dyspepsia by the use of tobacco1 or ,raleigh transplanted some roots of that precious weed into ,english soil1 there were ,european noses which had rejoiced at its pulverized leaves4 ,conjecture1 lost in the mazy distance1 gladly lays hold of something substantial in the shape of snuff's first royal patron4 ,this was ,catherine de ,medicis1 who1 receiving some seeds of the tobacco plant from a ,dutch colony1 cherished them1 and elevated the dried and pounded leaves into a royal medicine1 with the proud title of ',herbe la ,reine4' ,for in the beginning men took snuff1 not as an everyday luxury1 but as a medicament4 ,like tea--which a hundred years later was advertised as a cure for every ill--the new sneezing powder was hailed a universal specific2 and so pleasant in its operation1 that mankind1 acting upon the wholesome aphorism that prevention is much better than cure1 and eagerly anticipated the disease it was supposed to remedy4 ,the use of 'the pungent grains of titillating dust' received a somewhat heavy and discouraging blow from an unexpected quarter4 ,that ubiquitous power which hurled anathemas alike at the heresies of ,luther and the length of clerical wigs1 discountenanced its use1 and at length fairly lost its temper in the contest with snuff4 ,whether from a prescience of the beneficial influence it was destined to exert upon mankind1 or from a suspicion of its power of sharpening intellects1 it is difficult to say2 but ,popes ,urban ,,viii41 and ,innocent waged quite a miniature crusade against snuff1 anathematizing those who should use it in any church1 and positively threatening with excommunication all impious persons who should provoke a profane sneeze within the sacred precincts of ,st4 ,peter's pile2 ,louis ,,xiv41 that good son of the ,church1 filially complied with the paternal injunction1 but his courtiers were less yielding2 and the ante-chamber of ,versailles frequently resounded with the effects of the pleasant stimulant4 ,all persecution has a distinct tendency to establish the object of its hate1 and so it was with the subject of our article--it only required to be loved2 and ,i do not doubt that1 had circumstances required them1 snuff would have found its martyrs4 ,its use was not general in ,england until ,charles ,,ii4 introduced it1 upon his return from exile1 with other important fashions4 ,it had been known and used before1 as had the periwig1 but it was not until his reign that it became common4 ,when the ,stuarts relieved the country of their presence for the second and last time1 it had become firmly established2 and1 by the days of good ,queen ,anne1 was such a necessary of life1 that there were in the metropolis alone no less than seven thousand shops where the snuff-boxes of the ,londoners could be replenished4 ,at that time1 indeed1 gallants were as proud of their jewelled boxes of amber1 porcelain1 ebony and agate as they were of their flowing wigs and clouded canes1 the handles of which were not unfrequently constructed to hold the cherished dust4 ,we are told by courtly ,dick ,steel1 that a handsome snuff-box was as much an essential of 'the fine gentleman' as his gilt chariot1 diamond ring1 and brocade sword-knot4 ,we know them to have been manufactured of the costliest material1 heavy with gold and brilliant with jewels1 as they needed to be when their masters carried wigs 'high on the shoulder in a basket borne1' worth forty or fifty guineas1 and wore enough ,flanders lace upon their persons to have stocked a milliner's stall in ,new ,england4 ,unfortunately1 but very naturally1 this extravagance rendered snuff a butt for the wits 7who all took it1 by the way71 to shoot at4 ,steele1 whose weakness for dress and show were proverbial1 levelled many of his blunt shafts at its use2 and ,pope1 who himself tells us 'of his wig all powder and all snuff his band1' let fly one of his keener arrows at the beaux1 whose wit lay in their snuff-boxes and tweezer cases4 ,as the men laid by1 in the ,georgian era1 much of the magnificence of their attire1 so their snuff-boxes became plainer and decidedly uglier4 ,rushing into an opposite extreme1 the most outrageous receptacles for the precious dust were devised4 ,boxes in the shape of bibles1 boots1 shoes1 toads1 and coffins outraged public taste4 ,the strangest materials were used in their construction2 the public taste leaning towards relics possessing historical interest4 ,thus the mulberry tree planted by ,shakespeare1 the hull of the ,royal ,george1 in which 'brave ,kempenfelt went down1 with twice four hundred men1' and the deck of the ,victory1 on which ,nelson died 'for ,england1 home1 and beauty1' have alone been supposed to supply material for snuff-boxes to an extent which1 if known1 must considerably weaken the faith of their possessors in their genuineness4 ,illustration3 ,fancy snuff-boxes4 ,nor has snuff itself been less liable to the rule of fashion than the boxes that held it4 ,we will give a few familiar instances4 ,in the naval engagement of ,viga1 in #agjc1 when a large ,spanish fleet was taken or destroyed1 a great quantity of musty snuff was made prize of1 and patriotism ran high enough to cause the 'town' for some length of time to resist all that was not manufactured to imitate the flavor from which it took its well-known name of 'musty4' ,nearer to our own time1 a large tobacco warehouse having been destroyed by fire1 in ,dublin1 a poor man purchased some of the scorched or damaged stock1 and manufacturing it into coarse snuff1 sold it to the poorer class of snuff-takers4 ,forthwith capricious fashion adopted it1 endowing it with fabulous qualities1 and ,lundy ,foot's ,irish ,black-guard 7so it was termed7 filled the most fashionable boxes4 ,again1 during the ,peninsular campaigns1 in which the light division of the ,british army bore so memorable a part1 the mixture used by and called after its gallant leader1 ,general ,sir4 ,amos ,norcott1 had a more extensive sale than any other4 ,when ,napoleon was at ,elba1 and folks began to tire of legitimacy1 as they soon did1 it became fashionable to use snuff scented with the spirit of violet1 and significantly to allude to the perfume4 ,garrick1 when he was manager of ,drury ,lane ,theatre1 brought a mixture into fashion by using or alluding to it in one of his most famous parts4 ,the tobacconist whom he thus favored was his under-treasurer1 ,hardham1 whom no writer about snuff should omit to notice4 ,he was a great favorite with ,garrick1 whom in his turn he almost revered4 ,one of ,hardham's most important duties was to number the house from a hole in the curtain above the stage2 and it is amusing to fancy the little tobacconist1 snuff-box in hand1 calmly watching the pit fill1 or from his elevated position admiring the histrionic talents of his gifted patron4 ,his shop in ,fleet street is also memorable4 ,it was the general resort of theatrical men and tyros1 who sought to reach the manager through his subordinates1 and his little back parlor witnessed the dbut of many who afterwards gained applause from larger1 though not more exacting audiences4 ,her ,majesty ,queen ,charlotte has bequeathed her name to a once favorite mixture1 and ,george the ,fourth has some slight chance of being remembered by the famous ',prince's ,mixture1' which was so popular when it was the fashion to admire and imitate that gifted individual4 ,it would be a grateful but almost an impossible task to enumerate the kings1 soldiers1 lawyers1 poets and actors who had sought from and found in the snuff-box comfort and inspiration4 ,prominent among the rulers of the earth who have acknowledged the pleasing influence of snuff is ,frederick the ,great4 ,his snuff-box was the pocket of the long waistcoats of that period1 in which he kept large quantities loose--a dirty habit1 which ,napoleon1 who was a great plagiarist1 adopted4 ,it would be easy to draw out a famous list of literary names attached to snuff1 beginning with ,dryden1 who was particular enough to manufacture his own mixture1 and selfish enough to preserve the secret of its excellence1 with a view1 probably1 of enhancing the value of the pinch from his box1 for which the beaux and wits at ,will's intrigued4 ,in the pulpit1 at the bar1 and on the stage1 snuff has been equally valuable in adding to the persuasive eloquence and talent of its patrons4 ,by the female portion of human-kind it was at one time pretty generally taken1 nor was it uncommon for young and even pretty women to offer and accept a pinch in public4 ,after the gentle sex had to a great extent given up the habit1 some strong minded females were to be found who retained it4 ,mrs4 ,siddons1 when she came off the stage after dying hard1 as ,desdemona1 or harrowing the hearts of her audience by her representation of ,jane ,shore1 could composedly ask those around for a pinch of the precious restorative4 ,when we consider the beneficial influence which snuff has exerted over mankind generally1 we cannot help regretting that its virtues were not sooner known4 ,for we put forth the proposition seriously1 that its effect upon the world has been to render it more humane and even-tempered1 and that had the western hemisphere discovered the tobacco plant earlier1 historians would have had more pleasant events to chronicle4 ,for instance1 it is not impossible--nay1 most probable--that the fate of ,rome1 discussed by the ,triumvirate over their snuff-boxes1 would have been different4 ,is it likely that1 under the humanizing influence of mutual pinches1 ,antony would have asked for1 or ,augustus resigned1 the head of ,cicero to his bloodthirsty colleague2 or that the other details of the conscription which deluged the streets of ,rome with the blood of her best citizens1 would have been agreed to8 ,again1 can any one imagine ,charles the ,ninth and his evil counsellors plotting the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew over pinches of the soothing dust8 ,is it probable that the ,high ,court of ,justiciary would have entitled its royal martyr to a special service in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 if its deliberation had been inspired by the kindly snuff which since that time has so often softened the rigor of the law8 ,my hypothesis may seem an absurd one1 but history supports it4 ,when ,charles the ,second introduced snuff into general use1 men's hands had scarcely adapted themselves to more peaceable occupations than cutting their neighbors' throats1 and the ashes of a long and bitter civil war needed little fanning to break into a blaze again2 and yet1 for forty years of misgovernment the nation kept its temper4 ,how can this forbearance be accounted for8 ,was it that circumstances no longer called for as stern and as effectual remedies as before8 ,no4 ,was the second ,charles one whit more desirable than the first of that ilk8 ,was ,clarendon more liked than ,stafford8 ,was ,russell's head of less consequence than ,prynne's ears8 ,no4 ,again1 wrongs as grievous as those which ,hampden had died in resisting were to be avenged1 but in a milder1 better fashion2 for mankind had in the meantime learned to take snuff4 ,much of the haste and irritation which had previously led to blows discharged itself in a good-natured sneeze4 ,snuff made men forbearing1 even jocular over their wrongs4 ,who can doubt that the revolution which ended in placing ,william of ,orange on his father-in-law's throne owed its bloodless character not a little to the influence of snuff4 ,we read of difficulties in its course1 which1 fifty years previously1 would inevitably have led to bloodshed1 being easily1 almost humorously surmounted4 ,the plagued nation effected a revolution over its snuff-boxes in the happiest conceivable manner4 ,having ventured so far ,i am inclined to put forward a yet higher claim which snuff has upon our gratitude1 and to hint that the great deeds of great men who were snuff-takers may be traced by a chain of reasoning--slight1 yet conclusive--to this dearly prized luxury4 ,the hackneyed saying that time is money1 or money's worth1 has more truth in it than most of the fallacies which are supposed to regulate our conduct4 ,the most important events of our lives often hinge on moments4 ,a moment to stifle passion1 to summon reflection1 to plunge into the past and bring up a buried memory1 to consider results1 is often of the utmost consequence1 and this valued moment the pinch of snuff insures1 when1 without it1 delay would be simply embarrassment4 ,the pinch of snuff1 taken at the right instant1 secures an important reprieve1 during which the unpleasant question may be evaded1 the hasty reply reconsidered1 or an angry repartee thought better of1 while the same time gained serves to improve the diplomatist's equivoque1 to point the orator's satire1 and polish the wit's mot4 ,in a word1 its use on important occasions affords1 to every one who needs them1 better means of acting upon ,talleyrand's mischievous yet clever aphorism--that language is useful rather to conceal than to express our thoughts4 ,moreover1 the action necessary in conveying the tempting graces to their destination has not unfrequently been found useful4 ,it employs the hasty hand that may itch to take illegal vengeance for fancied insults2 it serves to hide the angry twitching mouth and passionately expanding nostrils1 to give a natural expression to changes of the countenance which would otherwise indicate emotion1 and to parry attention till reason has been summoned to supplant passion4 ,it is denied 7in a rather irritating way sometimes7 that the subject of our article has any beneficial influence upon the intellects of its patrons4 ,we are not about to claim for it any such exalted qualities1 but we may be allowed to mention a fact or so which entitles it to some respect medicinally4 ,as we have before stated1 in its early days it was considered to possess powerful healing qualities1 and even now is found of use in cases of headache and weak sight4 ,it was also supposed valuable in cases of heaviness and obtuseness of intellect4 ,is it1 therefore unreasonable to presume that it may have had some share in gaining for our brethren beyond the ,tweed that shrewdness of national character which has become proverbial8 ,illustration3 ,curing a headache4 ,the specimens which came in the reign of ,james ,i41 southward1 did not command much respect or admiration from our countrymen2 indeed they were the bulls at which every satirist hurled his shafts1 and blunt must have been that one which did not pierce some potent folly of language or manner4 ,the town rang with anecdotes of their rags1 beggary1 and quarrels2 ballad-singers made merry at their expense1 and the stage resounded with uncomplimentary allusions4 ,indeed1 in one of the most popular plays of that period1 the king himself was not spared1 and the actors 7,ben ,jonson among them7 had very nearly lost their ears for their boldness4 ,nor was it at least for a hundred and fifty years after this period that the ,scotch became noted for that enterprise and talent which now distinguish them4 ,we do not deny that the union may have developed their traits1 but it is clear that within that time snuff had become a national stimulant4 ,to the observer of men and manners there is something very characteristic in the various fashions in which the pinch of snuff is taken4 ',the exercise of the snuff-box1' as it was once termed1 was an acknowledged science1 but few were the great proficients who could mutely express their feelings by its aid4 ,we have not space to run through all its exercise1 but we may mention the 'pinch military1' which ,frederick1 and after him1 ,napoleon practiced inhaling snuff copiously1 and with much waste1 as though it were human life they were throwing away2 the 'pinch malicious1' of which ,pope was perfect master2 the 'pinch dictatorial1' which burly ,jonson established2 the 'pinch sublimely contemptuous1' such as ,reynolds took when some travelling virtuoso hinted at excellence away from ,leicester-square1 and ruffled his complacent vanity2 and1 above all1 the 'pinch polite1' which ,talleyrand understood so well4 ,from snuff to sneezing is but a step1 which we purpose taking before we bring this cursory article to a close4 ,the act of sneezing appears to have been variously regarded at various stages of the world's history1 but from the earliest times of which we have any authentic record1 it has been the customs of those around to give vent to a short benediction immediately upon its commission4 ,the ,robbins considering themselves bound to find a reason for this universal custom1 and being hard pressed1 gave the somewhat incomprehensible explanation that1 previous to ,jacob1 man sneezed but once in his lifetime1 and then immediately before death2 so that those around1 warned of his imminent journey1 hastened to wish it a good termination4 ,how it was that ,jacob instituted a new order of things we are not told1 but as a proof of the truth of their assertion they give the fact that in all nations of the earth a similar custom will be found existing4 ,strangely enough this assertion was corroborated by the first colonists of ,america1 who found the habit to be in common use amongst the aboriginal tribes4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans certainly had a similar habit1 but far from attaching any ill-omen to the sneeze they regarded it as of good augury4 ,thus ,catullus assures us that when ,cupid upon a memorable occasion sneezed1 all3 ',the little loves that waited by ,bowed and blessed the augury4 ,and in the ',life of ,themistocles1' ,plutarch informs his readers that sneezing by the ,general on the eve of a battle was regarded as a certain sign of conquest4 ,strangely enough we find that in comparatively modern times1 the custom of giving expression to good wishes when a friend sneezed was attributed to the fearful plague which periodically swept over ,europe4 ,sneezing was one of its first and most dangerous symptoms1 and those who were by1 as they gathered their robes about them and fled from their doomed fellow-creature1 would ejaculate a quick ',god bless you1' hurriedly invoking from a more merciful quarter the aid they feared to give4 ,violent sneezing was not only among the first1 but was one of the last fatal signs of that fearful scourge1 and was often too rapidly followed by death to give time for more than a short benediction4 ,anyhow1 the custom still exists and one of the most pleasant reminiscences attached to the first pinch of snuff is the chorus of hearty good wishes of sympathizing friends which follows upon the inevitable sneeze4 ,illustration3 ,highlanders4 ,the variety of taste in snuff is accounted for by the proverb1 ,so many men to so many noses4 ,highland gentlemen of every degree are mostly fond of ,gillespie2 while operatives from the ,lowlands generally prefer plain ,scotch4 ,when two ,highlanders meet1 they usually exchange a pinch of snuff1 mutually preeing the contents of their mulls1 while their colleys1 7dogs7 after a fashion of their own1 take a reciprocal sniff of each other4 ,cuba is the favorite of the gentlemen of the stock exchange2 the tradesman's box usually contains rappee2 high dried ,irish is grateful to those who love to feel the taste of snuff in their throat4 ,sea-faring men seldom take snuff3 a sailor with a snuff-box is as rarely to be met with as a sailor without a knife4 ,the history of the rise and progress of snuff-taking abounds in incidents and anecdotes1 among the most curious of all that relate to the various modes of using the weed4 ,though once the most popular and fashionable manner of using tobacco it now falls far behind the other and more common and more popular forms of indulging in the herb4 ,in ,france and ,spain the introduction of tobacco ushered in this form of using it1 and to inhale a few grains of the pungent dust was the delight of polished and favored courtiers who regardless of the forms royalty patronized and gave sanction to the custom4 ,thus its use in a short time became popular all over ,europe and gave unlimited scope for the satirist and dramatist to ridicule the habit4 ,in spite1 however1 of frown and ridicule this ancient custom though not now as popular or as fashionable1 still claims many sincere votaries and doubtless will as long as the plant is cultivated or used in any form4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,cigars4 ,the poet may sing of the leaf of the rose1 ,and call it the purest and sweetest that blows2 ,but of all the leaves that ever were tried1 ,give me the tobacco leaf rolled up and dried4 ,the smoking of cigars is now considered the best as it is the most fashionable mode of using the weed4 ,the word cigar is from the ,spanish cigarro1 and signifies a cylindrical roll of tobacco leaves1 made of short pieces or shreds of the leaves divested of the stem and wound about with a binder1 and enveloped in a portion of the leaf known by the name of wrapper--acute at one end and truncated at the other4 ,in the ,east ,indies a sort of cigar called cheroot is also made with both ends truncated4 ,the smoking of tobacco in the form of cigars is doubtless the most general as well as the most ancient mode of its use4 ,when ,columbus landed in ,hispaniola1 the sailors saw the natives smoking the leaves of a plant1 the perfume of which was fragrant and grateful4 ,but while cigars are of very ancient origin in the ,west ,indies1 they were not generally known in ,europe until the beginning of the ,nineteenth ,century4 ,in fact1 of all the various works on gastronomy and the pleasures of the table1 written and published from #ahjj to #ahae1 not one speaks of this now indispensable adjunct of a good dinner4 ,even ,britlat-,savarin1 in his ,physiologie du ,gout1 entirely ignores tobacco and all its distractions and charms4 ,benzo gives the following account of the manufacture of a cigar in ,hispaniola3-- ,they take a leafe from the stalks of their great bastard corn 7which we commonly called ,turkie--wheat7 together with one of these tobacco-leaves and fold them up together like a coffin of paper1 such as grocers make to put spices in1 or like a small organ-pipe4 ,then putting one end of the same coffin to the fire1 and holding the other end in their mouths1 they draw their breath to them4 ,when the fire hath once taken at the pipe's end1 they draw forth so much smoke that they have their mouth1 nose1 throat1 and head full of it2 and1 as if they tooke a singular delight therein they never leave supping and drinking till they can sup no more1 and thereby loose their breath and their feeling4 ,sahagun1 in his ,history of ,new ,spain1 speaks of the natives as using the leaves of tobacco rolled into cigars1 which they ignite and smoke in tubes of tortoise-shell or silver4 ,the following article from the ,new ,york ,times contains much valuable information in regard to cigars1 especially ,havanas3 ,illustration3 ,cigars4 ,it is perfectly safe to say that there is more money spent every day in ,new ,york for cigars than for bread1 7doubted47 ,from the fine gentlemen1 who buy their cigars at ,delmonico's1 or get them direct from the importers1 down to the little barefoot boys in the streets1 who buy theirs from the ,chinamen at the corners or pick up the stumps that are thrown away1 all smoke4 ,in some countries pipes and cigarettes are made to do duty by the poorer classes1 but in ,new ,york cigars seem to be almost invariably preferred4 ,now1 while there is nothing better1 in the way of something to smoke1 than a first-class ,havana cigar1 there is nothing nastier than some of the cheap abominations made in that shape in ,new ,york4 ,to the truth of this last proposition1 anyone will readily testify who has ever been so unfortunate as to have had to ride from ,harlem to ,new ,york in a late smoking-car1 with half a dozen roughs smoking cheap cigars on board4 ,the cigars sold in this market may be divided into three classes--the imported1 those made of imported tobacco1 and those made of domestic tobacco4 ,these may be again classified under many different heads1 as there are many kinds and grades of each4 ,the cheapest cigars in ,new ,york are dispensed by dilapidated ,chinamen1 who have little stands about the streets and markets4 ,these are certainly the vilest cigars made anywhere in the world1 and are sold from one to five cents each4 ,next in order come the common domestic cigars4 ,they are sold at five cents each1 or six for twenty-five cents1 and are of the kind kept at the cheap refreshment stalls1 lager beer saloons1 and low groggeries4 ,after these are the more pretentious home-made cigars1 manufactured of selected domestic tobacco1 which are sold all over the city1 and in the making of which ,havana 'fillers' are supposed to be used4 ,a filler1 be it known1 in technical parlance means that portion of the tobacco of which the inside of the cigar is made4 ,price1 ten to fifteen cents4 ,then comes the best class of cigars in which domestic tobacco is used1 those which are made with clear ,havana fillers and ,connecticut wrappers4 ,fifteen cents is the price1 and many are palmed off on the unwise for the real imported article4 ,cigars made wholly of imported ,cuban tobacco come next on the list4 ,some of them are excellent1 and compare favorably with many of the imported4 ,they bring from fifteen to fifty cents each at the cigar stores4 ,last in line1 but best of all1 is the genuine1 imported ,havana cigar4 ,few and rare are they1 and great is the price of the higher grades thereof4 ,there are some places in ,new ,york where an imported cigar of a reasonable size may be bought for fifteen cents1 but they are few and far between4 ,twenty or twenty-five cents is the price usually charged1 and from that to a dollar4 ,all the cigars made in the ,united ,states are invariably put up in imitation ,havana boxes1 with imitation ,havana labels and brands4 ,it is doubtful1 however1 whether this transparent device deceives anybody1 for in accordance with the ,united ,states ,internal ,revenue laws1 all boxes of cigars manufactured in the ,united ,states must not only bear the manufacturer's label1 giving his full name and place of business1 and the number of his manufactory1 but they must also bear the ,united ,states inspector's brand4 ,before the present law was in force1 and the duties on tobacco were low1 this scheme may have been profitable4 ,but why the practice is still adhered to by the manufacturers is hard to imagine1 for the boxes now used1 being made of imported cedar1 must be very costly1 and must materially increase the price of cigars4 ,only those of the very poorest quality are packed in white wooden boxes4 ,illustration3 ,cigar-holders4 ,some people seem to smoke not because they like it1 but only to be in the fashion4 ,some days ago the writer of this article happened to be in a cigar-store1 when two well-dressed young men came in and asked for some ten cent cigars4 ,the clerk handed out the box1 and after a critical inspection the purchaser asked3 ,are these medium8' ',yes1 sir1' said the clerk4 ',then ,i'll take a dollar's worth4' ,after they had gone the writer asked the clerk what they meant by 'medium4' ,he said he didn't exactly know1 but supposed they wanted to know whether the cigars were between strong and mild4 ',i told them they were1' said he1 'because ,i thought they would buy if ,i said so1 but they are all alike4' ,and in this connection it is very singular that although the ,island of ,cuba is so near to the ,united ,states and so many cigars are imported into this city1 so little is known about the different sizes and brands of cigars1 excepting1 of course1 by those in the business4 ,it is a common thing here to see a man ask in a cigar store for a ,flor del ,fumar1 a ,figaro1 or an ,espanola4 ,by this he means a cigar of a certain size1 and does not seem to know that these are not the names which designate the size1 but are the names of the manufactories4 ,in ,havana1 were a man to ask for a ,flor del ,fumar1 the dealer would ask him what size he wanted4 ,every box of cigars packed in ,havana has1 at least1 six distinctive works on it4 ,first is the brand1 which is burned in the upper side of the lid of the box1 with an iron made for the purpose2 second the label1 this bears the name and address of the manufactory2 third1 the mark designating the size and shape of the cigars1 this is usually put on with a stencil2 there are not so very many regular sizes1 or vitolas1 made in ,havana as might be imagined1 a list of them may prove interesting4 ,these are3 ,damos1 ,entre ,actos1 ,opera1 ,concha1 ,regalia de ,concha1 ,londres1 ,londres de ,corte1 ,regalia de ,londres1 ,regalia ,britanica1 ,regalia del ,rey1 ,regalia de la ,reina1 ,reina ,victoria1 ,panetelos1 ,trabucos1 ,embajadores1 ,especiales1 ,imperiales1 ,brevos1 ,prensados1 ,cilindrados1 ,millar ,vegueros4 ,the ,damos 7,dames7 as their name indicates1 are meant for the ladies1 and are the smallest made4 ,the ,cozadores 7huntsmen7 are the longest1 and the ,trabucos 7blunderbusses7 the fattest4 ,the ,prensados 7pressed7 are flat1 and ,cilindrados 7cylindrical7 are so called because1 when green1 they are put in bundles of twenty-five1 and tightly rolled in strong tissue paper1 which is twisted at each end of the roll4 ,when the cigars are dry the paper is taken off1 and the bunch retains the cylindrical shape given it4 ,the ,brevos 7figs7 are also tied up while green1 and tightly pressed4 ,this makes them stick together something like figs1 hence their name4 ,the ,vegueros 7plantation7 take their name from the fact that they are supposed to be made like those made on the plantations1 but they are not made in the same way4 ,in the ,vegos 7plantations7 the veguero1 or planter1 makes his cigar of a single leaf of tobacco1 which he carries ready moistened for the purpose1 by rolling it on his knee4 ,besides the above1 some fancy sizes have been adopted of late years1 but they are made by only a few of the larger manufacturers in ,havana4 ,fourth is the color mark1 which is also put on in stencil4 ,fifth1 the class mark4 ,all the round cigars made in ,havana are separated into three classes3 ,primera1 or first2 ,segunda1 or second2 and ,tercera1 or third4 ,some manufacturers never mark any of their cigars as of the third class1 not because they do not make them1 but because they think they sell better without the mark4 ,they make the first class ,flor1 the second ,primera1 and the third ,segunda4 ,others mark all their cigars as of the first class1 and indicate the classes by the color of the labels1 and in this way none but the wholesale purchaser knows the secret4 ,sixth1 the last1 is the mark denoting the number of cigars in the box4 ,this is stenciled on the side in ,arabic numerals4 ,a theory has obtained that cigars made in ,havana1 by reason of some inexplicable climatic influence1 are better than those made in ,new ,york1 even should they be made of tobacco from the same plantation4 ,this may be so1 but it is doubtful whether this was ever fairly tested1 or1 indeed1 whether it was ever tested at all4 ,the truth is that all the best tobacco grown in the island of ,cuba is bought up by the heavy manufacturers in ,havana4 ,the crops of the best plantations are contracted for in advance1 and the old-established firms buy from the same vegos year after year4 ,hence it is why their cigars are so uniform in quality4 ,all ,cuban tobacco is not good1 by any means4 ,the tobacco from the ,vuelta de ,arriba is not so good as that from the ,vuelta de ,abajo1 and yet there is but little difference in their geographical position4 ,and in the ,vuelta de ,abajo1 a short distance makes a difference in the quality of the tobacco4 ,some vegos are celebrated for their good crops1 while others1 perhaps not a hundred yards away1 do not produce good crops at all4 ,there are many poor cigars made in ,cuba1 as all who have ever been there know1 and all over the island the ,havana cigar is deemed the best4 ,in ,havana1 and1 indeed1 in all parts of the island1 green or freshly-made cigars are preferred1 and the most esteemed cigar-cases are made of carefully prepared bladders1 in which the cigars are rolled to prevent the evaporation of the moisture4 ,when a ,cuban gentleman gives a cigar to a friend1 he does not1 as we do1 open his case1 and offer it to him to choose from but he examines its contents carefully and critically1 selects the one he thinks the best and offers it4 ,and there is a great deal more in the choice of a cigar1 by selecting it on account of its outside appearance1 than one not accustomed to it would suppose4 ,a wrapper which has that which the ,cubans call calidad makes the cigar much stronger than one which does not possess it4 ,that is to say1 that the wrapper which has calidad contains more essential oil1 is denoted by an abundance of small pustules on the surface of the leaf1 and by a general rich1 oily appearance4 ,as a proof of the foregoing proposition1 it is only necessary to know how cigars are made4 ,a lot of tobacco is worked up into say #ej1jjj4 ,after they are all made1 they are turned over to be assorted1 according to color and class1 and are packed and marked4 ,the fillers are all alike1 it is the wrappers that make the difference4 ,to assort the colors a very1 correct eye is required1 and those who do this part of the work make better wages than those who make the cigars4 ,the value of cigars does not increase in direct ratio with their size1 for owing to the difficulty in getting good wrappers for the larger kinds1 the expense of their manufacture is much increased4 ,upon one occasion1 in ,havana1 a manufacturer received an order for a thousand cigars intended for the ,queen of ,spain's husband1 ,don ,francisco de ,asis1 which he agreed to make for #a1jjj4 ,they were delivered in due time1 and packed in a richly-mounted cedar chest1 were sent to the royal recipient4 ,they were magnificent cigars1 of the cazadores size1 all of the same color1 and so smoothly made as to look as if they had been turned out of hard wood instead of rolled tobacco4 ,they were placed on exhibition for a few days before they were sent to ,spain1 and a gentleman who saw them1 wishing to make a present to some dignitary1 asked the manufacturer to make him a like number at the same price4 ,to his surprise1 the order was refused4 ,the manufacturer said he could not do it for the money4 ,his explanation was that it was not the actual cost of the tobacco and labor of making them1 but it was on account of the trouble and expense met with in selecting the wrappers4 ,he said he had to pick over thousands of bales before he could secure a sufficient number of the proper length1 color1 and fineness4 ,some two years ago there was a story of a ,cuban cigar-dealer in ,broadway1 who selected cigars for his more favored customers by ear4 ,it was said that he put the cigar to his ear1 and listened intently for a moment1 and by the cracking of the tobacco was enabled to judge of its quality4 ,this was a good advertising dodge1 but in practice it was all nonsense4 ,none but that wily ,cuban ever heard of such a mode of trying a cigar4 ,in the ,island of ,cuba that which we call a cigar is called a tabaco 7a tobacco7 and when it is required to discriminate between the manufactured and unmanufactured article it is called tabaco torcido1 or rolled tobacco4 ,this1 however1 is only necessary when used in the plural4 ,in ,mexico a cigar is called a puro1 and in ,peru#fb and some of the other ,spanish ,american countries it is called a cigarro puro1 in contradistinction to the cigarro de papel1 or cigarette4 ,cigarettes in ,cuba are called cigarros1 and their consumption is enormous4 ,strange as it may appear1 there are some confirmed smokers in ,cuba who never use cigars at all1 but confine themselves to cigarettes4 ,to the ,new ,yorker it looks curious to see a great1 bearded man smoking a tiny cigarette2 and1 indeed were he to smoke his cigarette as the ,new ,yorker would smoke his cigar1 it would be labor lost1 so far as getting any effect of the tobacco was concerned4 ,but the cigarette smoker inhales the greater part of the smoke1 it goes directly into his lungs1 and into contact with a large surface of mucous membrane1 and1 indeed1 with the blood itself4 ,were the ,new ,york cigar-makers to smoke a cigarette in the same way it would make him so giddy that he would be compelled to give it up long before it was consumed4 ,that the smoke does go into the lungs is proved by the fact that a cigarette smoker can inhale the smoke and exhale it again after drinking a glass of water4 ,footnote #fb3 ,ballaert says that the consumption of cigars in ,peru is enormous4 ,an old fisherman on being asked how he amused himself when not at his labors replied1 ',why ,i smoke2 and as ,i have consumed #dj paper cigars a day for the last #ej years1 which cost me one rial each will you have the goodness to tell me how many ,i have smoked1 and how much ,i have expended for tobacco8' ,illustration3 ,life in ,mexico4 ,all tobacco grown upon the island of ,cuba is not of the finest quality2 the majority of it is far inferior to the best ,mexican coast tobacco4 ,the value of the tobacco lands of this last mentioned country has not been fully developed4 ,the variety of soil1 exposure1 climate1 and atmospheric influences are greater than can possibly be in ,cuba1 and when the best is discovered1 combining all the requisites1 which undoubtedly will be the case with an increased culture of the plant1 it will be found to be equal to the ,vuelta ,abogo of ,cuba1 and much more extensive4 ,the subject of tobacco lands1 evidently1 is not well understood in ,mexico1 as it must be1 from great experience1 in ,cuba4 ,all of these varieties of lands and circumstances exist in ,mexico1 and it is safe to predict that1 at some day1 this country will stand pre-eminent over all others in this industry4 ,we extract the following from the ,tobacco ,leaf in regard to cigar-making in ,cuba3-- ,the rule is that a cigar-maker devotes all his ingenuity and diligence to one class of goods4 ,for example1 one workman makes only ,londres2 another only ,regalias2 another only ,milores ,communes2 and so on4 ,in the ,cuban's factory the operatives are allowed to smoke as many cigars as they like when at work2 and to take home with them1 when they leave work in the evening1 five cigars each4 ,the immigration of ,chinese laborers into ,cuba has modified1 and must further modify1 the labor market there4 ,in the cigarette factories at ,havana1 ,chinese workmen are almost exclusively employed4 ,though objectionable for many of their moral habits1 these workmen are nevertheless docile1 ingenious1 laborious1 and contented4 ,a writer1 alluding to the manufacture of cigars1 says3-- ,the colors or strengths are ,amarillo ,claro1 bright yellow2 ,amarillo ,obscuro1 dark yellow2 ,claro1 bright2 ,colorado ,claro1 bright red2 ,colorado1 red2 ,colorado ,obscuro1 dark red2 ,colorado ,maduro1 red-ripe or mellow2 ,maduro1 ripe or mellow2 ,maduro ,obscuro1 dark ripe or mellow2 ,pajizo ,claro1 bright straw-colored2 ,pajizo1 straw-colored2 ,pajizo ,obscuro1 dark straw-colored2 ,fuerte1 strong or heavy2 ,entre ,fuerte1 rather strong or heavy2 ,flajo1 light4 ,then there are the indications of the qualities3--,superfine2 ,firo1 not quite so fine2 ,flor1 finest or firsts2 ,superior1 next1 or seconds2 ,buenos1 next1 or thirds4 ,the cigar has a notable history4 ,first has to be determined the part of the plant from which it is taken2 then the part of the leaf from which it is taken1 the tobacco being best which is furthest away from the root or middle of the leaf4 ,one elaborate process follows another for the perfection of a work of art--for as such we must regard a cigar4 ,hazard1 in his admirable work on ,cuba1 devotes considerable space to cigars1 their manufacture1 varieties1 and use1 in which he speaks of the various brands as follows3-- ,the brands known as ',yara ,mayau1' and the ',guisa1' are perhaps the most celebrated made upon the ,island4 ,of the ',yara1' which has some considerable reputation1 particularly in the ,london market1 ,i confess ,i cannot speak favorably4 ,cigars that ,i smoked made from this leaf1 and which are much smoked in the vicinity of ,santiago de ,cuba1 ,i found had a peculiar saline taste which was very unpleasant1 as also a slight degree of bitterness2 many smokers1 however1 become very fond of this flavor4 ,when ,i state that in ,havana alone there are over one hundred and twenty-five manufacturers of cigars1 it will readily be understood there must be a great many inferior cigars made even in ,cuba4 ,havana may be called the ',city of cigars1' from its reputation and the immense number of factories there are in it for the manufacture of cigars1 from the smallest shop opening on the street1 employing three or four hands to the immense fabricos erected expressly for this purpose1 and employing five or six hundred4 ,illustration3 ,cuban cigar shop4 ,let not any one imagine1 then1 that because he is in ,havana he will get no poor cigars1 for a greater mistake can not be made1 for just as vile trash can there be purchased as any where2 and it appeared to me that in buying1 from time to time in different fabricos1 a few cigars it was rarely ,i found a really good one4 ,it behooves1 then1 every lover of a good cigar to make himself familiar with the best makers and brands1 and to purchase those1 and those only1 that suit his taste4 ,to the traveler in ,havana1 this is easy enough1 as he can there buy sample boxes from any of the factories and of any of the brands4 ,there are1 in addition to these hundreds of other cigar factories1 some of which1 such as ,cabargos1 ,figaros1 ,luetanos1 ,victorias1 etc41 are first-class1 three or four at least in whose cigars every smoker may have perfect confidence1 the brands of which are known all over the world4 ,these are3 ,cabaos1 ,uppmann and ,partagas2 for whose brands1 perhaps1 one pays something more1 but has always the satisfaction of finding them good4 ,to the kindness of the gentlemen connected with some of these factories ,i am indebted for most of the information in this article1 and particularly to ,seor ,don ,avulmo ,g4 del ,valle1 the present proprietor of the ,cabaos ,factory1 who was good enough to show me through his establishment1 carefully explaining to me its peculiarities4 ,as the process of manufacture and description of grades and qualities are the same with all the best makers1 ,i give here a detailed history of this factory and its products4 ,the factory for ,cabaos cigars has been established seventy-two years the founder of it being ,don ,francisco ,cabaos1 his son1 ,don de ,p4 ,cabaos1 succeeding him1 to whom has succeeded his son-in-law1 ,seor del ,valle1 the present proprietor and director of the factory4 ,when it was founded1 the cigars were sold to the public in bundles of twenty1 only amounting to a total number per year1 of four or five hundred thousand cigars1 the sales of which kept constantly increasing until #ahbf1 when there were sold two millions4 ,at this period the demand for exportation commenced1 increasing each year until #ahdh1 when the number sold amounted to three and a half millions4 ,at this time1 the present director came in charge1 and increased the sale to eight millions per year1 until1 in #ahff1 the total sales by this one house only1 amounted to the enormous number of sixteen million cigars1 which went to different parts of the world4 ,the tobacco manipulated in this factory is1 with some few exceptions1 that grown upon plantations in the ,vuelta ,abojo1 with the proprietors of which ,seor del ,valle has a special contract for their product4 ,the most noted of these places are known as ',la ,lena1' ',san ,juan aj ,martin1' ',los ,pilotos1' ',rio ,hondo4' ,the firm also own three vegas1 as do also ,partagas1 ,uppmann1 and others1 in a greater or less degree4 ,the amount raised upon these vegas in connection with the ,cabaos ,factory1 amounts to five thousand bales1 of from first to eighth quality1 leaving the most inferior qualities1 which amount to about one thousand bales1 for exportation1 the factory not using such common grades4 ,it is a custom of the manufacturers to keep a supply of the best qualities always on hand from year to year1 in order that1 should the tobacco crop1 in any one year1 be bad1 the reputation of the house can be maintained by using the good tobacco in the store4 ,the factory is a large stone building1 opposite the ,canipo de ,moste1 in which all the operations connected with cigar making are carried on 7excepting the manufacture of boxes7 by over five hundred operatives1 all males4 ,the following is the process of manufacture3 ,arrived at the factory1 the tobacco bales1 carefully packed and wrapped in palm leaves1 are kept in a cool1 dark1 place on the first floor1 being divided off into classes according to quality and value1 which latter varies from twenty to four hundred dollars per bale of two hundred pounds4 ,when wanted1 the bales are opened1 the manojas and gabillos are separated1 and the latter carried in their dry state to the moistening room4 ,here are a number of men whose business it is to place the leaves1 for the purpose of moistening and softening them1 into large barrels in which is a solution of saltpetre in water2 this done1 the water is poured off1 and other workmen spread out the leaves with their hands upon the edges of the barrels1 ridding them as much as possible1 of any surplus water2 after which1 the leaves1 from being moistened1 unfold very easily1 and1 with care1 without tearing4 ,the stem is then taken out1 the process being known as disbalillar4 ,these stems1 with the refuse of other tobacco1 are sometime used as filling for the commonest kind of cigars4 ,the filling is known as tripa1 the very best being selected1 like the leaf1 for the best cigars4 ,now comes the maker1 and supplying himself with a handful of leaf 7copa7 for wrappers1 and a lot of the tripa for filling or really making the body of the cigar itself he carries it to a little table1 and spreading the wrapper upon the table1 cuts with a short knife the different portions of the leaf4 ,this is a very nice operation1 requiring skill1 knowledge1 and experience2 for it is in this operation that the different qualities of tobacco are separated1 the outside of the leaf being generally the best2 next that1 another quality2 and that portion adjoining the stem the worst4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco leaf4 ,the general sorting of the tobacco is done by hands of great experience and judgment1 who are the highest in consideration in the factories1 some of them receiving large pay2 thus for instance1 the official escojedor1 or chooser1 gets from five to seven dollars 7gold7 per day1 and the torcedores1 or twisters1 from two to four1 the workmen being paid so much per thousand cigars1 generally from two to four dollars4 ,to show how very careful the maker must be in cutting out the leaf to make the most of it3 ,mr4 del ,valle was explaining to me the process of manufacture1 and directed the maker to cut the leaf4 ,this the man did drawing his knife in the manner denoted by the dotted lines in the engraving4 ,this it appears was not making the most of the fine part of the leaf1 for ,mr4 del ,valle1 annoyed1 took the knife himself1 and after rating the maker soundly for his carelessness1 showed him how to cut it properly1 as defined by the black line1 the difference being1 as far as ,i could judge1 a slight inequality of color between the two parts4 ,the manufacture of the cigar is very simple4 ,the cigar maker1 being seated before a low work table1 which has raised ledges on every side except that nearest him1 takes a leaf of tobacco1 spreads it out smoothly before him1 and cuts it as in the drawing4 ,he then lays a few fragments of tobacco 7tripa7 in the centre or a leaf strip and rolls the whole into the shape of a cigar1 and taking then a wrapper1 rolls it spirally around the cigar4 ,if the workman is skillful1 he makes it of just the right length and size1 without any trimming of the knife4 ,the cigars are assorted1 counted1 and done up in bundles of generally twenty-five each1 and then packed in the boxes1 ready for market1 under their different names of ,londres1 ,regalias1 etc4 ,these names are generally understood to have the same meaning throughout the trade1 the ',vegueros1' for instance1 being the plantation cigars1 made at the regas1 and much esteemed by smokers1 though they are rarely to be met with for sale1 or1 if so1 at an exhorbitant price4 ,the ',regalia ,imperial1' the finest and best1 is nearly seven inches long1 the price varying from one hundred and fifty to three hundred dollars per thousand 7gold74 ,the ',regalia' is not so large but fine1 the ',trabuco1' short and thick2 the ',londres1' the most convenient in shape1 and most smoked in this country and ,england2 the ',dama' the small sized one used by ladies787 or by men between acts of the opera 7entr' operas74 ,there are also other names which each factory has for some particular kinds4 ,artificial flavors are given to cigars1 when some particular taste is to be satisfied1 by the use of flavoring extracts4 ,each of the above names has different qualities1 as3 ,londres 'superfine' the very best of that size 7delicious74 'fino1' not quite so fine4 'flor1' finest1 or firsts4 'superior1' next1 or seconds4 'buenos1' next1 or thirds4 ,again1 these different qualities have different colors1 known as3 'maduro1' strongest2 'oscuro1' strong 7dark72 'colorado1' medium2 'claro1' mild2 ',brevors1' means pressed4 ,thus1 supposing one wanted a good cigar to suit his taste1 he would perhaps order3 ',partagas' 7maker71 'londres' 7size71 'flor' 7quality71 ',colorado' or 'oscuro' 7strength71 and he would get a good cigar1 nice size1 best quality1 not too strong1 or too mild4 ,i must confess to a weakness for the ,uppmann cigars1 which ,i have found1 without exception1 to be good1 and which have a fine reputation throughout the ,west ,indies4 ,a millionaire need not want a better cigar to smoke than their ',londres superfine1' at sixty dollars 7gold7 per thousand1 in ,havana1 or their ',cazadores1' at fifty dollars4 ,partagas cigars of course1 every one knows are good2 and he keeps generally pretty well sold up1 but fills orders as they come in4 ,for a new experience1 one of his ',regalio ,reyno flor1' is something to try1 even if they do cost out there eighty-five dollars1 gold4 ,in all the factories they make about the following rates3 ,for every order of ten thousand1 costing fifty dollars per thousand1 five per cent4 discount is allowed4 ,less than five thousand will pay five dollars extra4 ,i should1 perhaps1 mention that no distinction is made to dealers1 the only advantage they have over the private buyer is1 that they are enabled to get the discount for large lots4 ,the absurd notion so prevalent with us1 that the ,cubans only smoke their cigars green1 is an error1 since the leaf is entirely dried in the sun before being touched by the manufacturer4 ,the ,cubans are very particular indeed to preserve the aroma and fragrance of the cigars1 by keeping them in wrappers of oiled and soft silks2 it is1 in fact1 quite a sight to see with what ceremony some of these are produced at gentlemen's tables1 with much unction1 like the ushering in of old wine4 ,my chapter on cigars would be incomplete did ,i fail to note the beautiful and courteous way in which all ,cubans no matter of what position1 whether the exquisite at the club1 or the portero at the door1 ask you for a light4 ',do me the favor ,seor8' and you present your cigar1 the lighted end towards the speaker4 ,he takes the cigar delicately between his thumb and fore-finger1 lights his own1 and then1 with a quick1 graceful motion1 turns yours in his fingers1 presenting you1 with another wave1 the mouth end1 makes you a hand salute1 utters his gracios1 and leaves you studying out the 'motions' and thinking what a charming thing is national politeness4 ,in the selection of leaves for the manufacture of cigars in the factories only the large fine ones are used for ,regalias1 ,imperiales1 or ,medios ,regalias2 and also for ,cazadores1 ,panetelos1 ,imperiales1 ,caballeros1 and so on2 the smaller fine leaves for ,panetelos and ,londres2 the dark inferior leaves for ,canones4 ,the commonest tobacco goes to form the ,milores ,communes2 the worst is converted into cigars which are generally pressed flat1 and known as ,prinsados4 ,for the smallest kind of ,londres and for ,damos1 a proportionally small leaf is employed4 ,in ,cuba and ,luzon1 one of the ,philippine ,islands1 is found one of the largest factories for cigars in the world4 ,in ,manilla there are three factories where #g1jjj families and #a1bjj males are employed3 one in ,cavite1 in which #e1jjj operatives1 mostly females1 are engaged2 and one in ,malabar1 which gives employment to about #b1jjj more1 also females4 ,the tobacco is worked into both cigars and cheroots both of which have a variety of shapes4 ,in both ,manilla and ,havana the custom of smoking is universal and one rarely meets with any of the male sex without a cigar between his lips4 ,a writer speaking of the universality of the custom says3 ,in ,havana1 the custom of smoking is a universal one4 ,there1 young and old indulge freely in the use of the weed1 dividing their attention pretty equally between the cigar and the cigarette4 ,even the ladies of the better class in many instances indulge2 though not to so great an extent as is commonly reported4 ,smoking in ,cuba says an ,american writer1 is like the habit of making shoes in ,lynn1 ,massachusetts1 everybody smokes6--in the house1 and by the way2 in the cars1 and on horseback2 everywhere1 and at all times4 ,you meet whole regiments of youngsters1 from six to eight years of age1 with black beaver hats1 tail-coats1 and canes1 each with a cigar1 nearly his own size1 in his mouth4 ,you feel like putting the miniature dandies into the water of the next fountain basin1 which shallow as it is1 would fully1 suffice to drown the largest of them4 ,illustration3 ,wenches smoking4 ,you have a right to accost any one smoking in the street1 however much may be his superiority or inferiority to yourself1 and to ask a light for your cigar2 even negroes hatless and shirtless1 thus address well-dickied gentlemen1 and vice versa4 ,refuse to take a cigar with a ,cuban1 and you refuse his friendship4 ,the negroes cannot work at all without their quota of cigars2 and looking out of the windows of a room in that magnificent hotel ',el ,telegrafo1' the writer remembers to have caught a glimpse more than once of the negro women at work in the laundry1 every one of whom held a long cigar in her mouth1 and puffed incessantly as the clothes were manipulated upon the washboards4 ,in ,havana1 as throughout ,cuba1 there is a cigar etiquette1 to infringe any of the rules of which is construed as an insult4 ,it is1 for instance considered a breach of etiquette when you are asked for a light to hand your cigar without first knocking off the ashes4 ,a greater breach1 however1 is to pass the cigar handed for you to obtain a light from1 to a third party for a similar purpose2 the rule is to hand back the cigar with as graceful a wave as you can command1 and then if necessary1 pass your own cigar to the third party4 ,illustration3 ,a moonlight reverie in ,havana4 ,the insult direct in cigar etiquette is for the party to whom you apply for a light1 to pass on and leave you with the remains of his cigar1 or to intimate to you1 by word or action1 that he has no further use for it1 and that you can throw it away4 ,in ,cuba1 where cigars are plentiful1 the usual custom is1 when you ask for a light1 even if the party be a stranger1 to pull out your case and offer him a cigar1 by way of recognizing the civility in stopping to accommodate you4 ,the ,spaniards are naturally a polite people1 and the stranger stepping into the ,louvre and other public places of resort in ,havana1 is struck at once with the marked contrast in this respect to familiar gatherings elsewhere4 ,in no place is a cigar more enjoyable than in ,havana4 ,seated upon the roof of one of the large hotels in that city in a bright moonlight night1 within hearing of the dreamy roll on the beach3 the regular throb of the sea1 lulling one into quietness2 the sigh of the summer breeze a lullaby to the senses2 while a high-flavored prime cigar1 as it wastes and floats away in air1 is the fairy wand which opens the enchanted gates of ,reverie and ,imagination4 ,what need of a friend under such soothing circumstances8 ,what need of the jolly camarade of former days to sigh back sigh for sigh1 puff for puff1 and wander in gentle reminiscences over the ,lesbian labyrinth of the past1 when ,julia was most kind1 or ,cynthia1 darling girl1 delighted in the perfume of a capital havana8 ,here1 in this quaint old city by the sea1 is the place for dreams and reveries and the utter rendering of one's self up--to a good cigar4 ,is it not a place for reverie8 ,has not one with this most respectable weed1 this prime havana1 the concomitants of a thousand reveries8 ,will not one puff of that narcotic breath drowse deep all watching dragons1 and make for him the sleeping beauties of his will8 ,and1 presto1 there they are6 and1 oh6 ye houris of the ,south1 with what a smile and glance between the azure puffs6 ,well let me not forget myself4 ,with a sterner morality he sees how the bending ,bedouin fashions his pipe in the moistened ground2 he sees the slender ,indian reed with the flat bowls of ,lahore and ,oude1 the pipe of the ,anglo-eyed celestial1 the red clay of ,bengal1 and the glittering gilded cups in which the dark-skinned races of ,siam1 the ,malacca ,isles1 and the ,philippines1 love to enshrine their dreamy opium-haunted spirits of the weed4 ,he sees how in the squatter's hut the old squaw sits by her hunter lord1 and puffs at the corn-cob sweetness1 and how by lonely ways the traveler rests and thinks of home1 and in the blue smoke greets once more the faces of the loved1 perhaps forever gone4 ,he sees how the ,esquimaux1 with his hollow ,walrus-tooth1 makes bearable the stifling squalor of his den2 or1 sterner and graver still1 some item of historic lore mingles rudely with his dreams1 and elbows sharply the airy spirits of his smoke-engendered thoughts4 ,softly tremble in the delicate blue mist and the azure spirals from his old ,virginia clay--the domes of a sea-bathed city4 ,loftily pierce the tall white minarets into the quivering heavens1 while the solemn cypress throws its shade below4 ,before him1 silent-paced as in a dream1 files the weird array of ,arab camels1 bowing their long necks tufted with crimson braids1 and measuring the brown sands of the desert with ghost-like tread4 ',tis the moon of ,egypt and the waters of the ,nile2 'tis the palm-bough waves for him2 and women1 free-limbed1 with flashing eyes1 and antique water-vases on their heads1 move past him from the low-rimmed shadowy wells4 ,and he sees them there and smiles4 ,illustration3 ,by the sea4 ,he sees on beach by the sea the summer idler sitting beneath the jutting rock1 gazing far out upon the sea1 yet ignoring the white sails that pass up and down before him1 as well as the open volume upon his knee1 while his thoughts float outward and upward with the graceful wreaths of smoke that encircle his head2 and if of a practical turn1 he listlessly wonders why1 if his own delightful land furnishes some twentieth of the whole ,tobacco produce of the world1 and does honor to her native weed by being its mightiest consumer1 why1 in the name of all disasters1 the product is so dear--ay1 doubly dear8 ,and thus as his pipe burns low1 a hundred other statistics2 then1 knocking out his whitened ashes on the floor1 he reads sedately 7his pipe being out7 that the ,tobacco plant furnishes ashes to the amount of one-fourth of its bulk1 being a much greater proportion than that of any other vegetable product1 and1 moreover1 that ,tobacco exhausts the soil at the ratio of fourteen tons of wheat to one of ,tobacco6 ,oh1 base insinuation6 ,but1 as he relights his pipe1 and the graceful vapor circles in fresh buoyancy and grace before him1 he only1 in his contented mind1 retains that one supreme expression--,one ton of ,tobacco6 ,ah1 ,think of it1 picture it ,now1 if you can6 ,from ,a ,paper of ,tobacco1#fc we extract the following humorous description of ,yankee cigar smokers1 which to a certain extent is true to life1 but like most of the articles descriptive of ,american life by ,english ,authors1 who travel in ,america and write a book afterwards1 it is exaggerated or overdrawn3 ,footnote #fc3 ,london1 #ahci4 ,illustration3 ,an ,american smoker4 ,the ,americans1 who pride themselves on being the fastest-going people on the 'versal globe'--who build steamers that can out-paddle the sea-serpent and breed horses that can trot faster than an ostrich can run--are1 undoubtedly1 entitled to take precedence of all nations as consumers of the weed4 ,the sedentary ,turk1 who smokes from morn to night1 does not1 on an average1 get through so much tobacco per annum1 as a right slick1 active1 go-ahead ,yankee1 who thinks nothing1 'upon his own relation1' of felling a wagon-load of timber before breakfast1 or of cutting down a couple of acres corn before dinner4 ,the ,americans1 it is to be observed1 generally smoke cigars2 and tobacco in this form burns very fast away in the open air1 more especially when the consumer is rapidly locomotive1 whether upon his own legs1 the back of a horse1 the top of a coach1 the deck of a steamboat1 or in an open railway carriage4 ,the habit of chewing tobacco is also prevalent in 'the ,states1' nor is it1 as in ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 almost entirely confined to the poorer classes4 ,members of the ,house of ,representatives and of the ,senate1 doctors1 judges1 barristers1 and attorneys chew tobacco almost as generally as the laboring classes in the old country4 ,even in a court of justice1 more especially in the ,western ,states1 it is no unusual thing to see judge1 jury1 and the gentlemen of the bar1 all chewing and spitting as liberally as the crew of a homeward-bound ,west ,indiaman4 ,it must indeed be confessed that ,brother ,jonathan loves tobacco 'not wisely but too well1' and that the habits which are induced by his manner of using it are far from 'elegant4' ,the truth is1 he neither smokes nor chews like a gentleman2 he lives in a land of liberty1 and takes his tobacco when and where he pleases4 ,he spits as freely as he smokes and chews--upon the carpet or in the fire-place--for he is not particular as to where he squirts his copious saliva1 and does not think with the late ,dr4 ,samuel ,parr1 that a spitting-box is a necessary article of household furniture4 ,the free-born citizen of the ,states laughs at the aristocratic restrictions imposed on smoking in ,england1 where1 on board of the numerous steamboats that ply on the ,thames1 conveying the pride of the city to ,gravesend and ,margate1 no smoking is allowed abaft the funnel1 and where1 in public-houses ashore1 no gentleman is permitted to smoke in the parlor before two o'clock in the afternoon4 ,a pipe of tobacco1 or a cigar1 after a day's hard exercise1 whether mental or bodily1 and after the cravings of hunger and thirst are appeased1 may be fairly ranked amongst the most delightful and most harmless of all earthly luxuries4 ,it fills the mind with pleasing visions1 and the heart with kindly feelings4 ,a hard-working laborer1 smoking by the side of his hearth at night1 presents a perfect picture of quiet enjoyment4 ,i see him now in my mind's eye4 ,he is seated in an old high-backed1 cushionless arm-chair1 but an easy one1 nevertheless1 to him1 who from dawn till sunset1 has been engaged in ploughing1 thrashing1 ditching1 or mowing4 ,with one leg thrown over the other1 he quietly reclines backward1 and with an expression of perfect mental composure1 he gazes on the smoke that ascends from his pipe4 ,there is a sentiment-exciting power#fd in the smoke of tobacco when perceived by the eye1 as well as a pleasing sedative effect when inhaled2 and those smokers who have any doubt of the fact should take a pipe with their eyes closed4 ,a person who smokes with his eyes shut cannot very well tell whether his cigar is lighted or not4 ,how soothing is a pipe or a cigar to a wearied sportsman1 on his return to his inn from the moors6 ,as he sits quietly smoking1 he thinks of the absent friends whom he will gratify with presents of grouse2 and1 in a state of perfect contentment with himself and all the world1 he determines to give all his game away4 ,full of such kindly feelings1 he retires to bed2 but1 alas1 with day-light1 when the effect of the tobacco has subsided1 the old leaven of selfishness prevails1 and his good intentions are abandoned4 ',mary1' said an old ,cumberland farmer to his daughter1 when she was once asking him to buy her a new beaver1 'why dost thou always tease me about such things when ,i'm quietly smoking my pipe8' ',because ye are always best-tempered then1 feyther1' was the reply4 ',i believe1 lass1 thou's reet1' rejoined the farmer2 'for when ,i was a lad1 ,i remember that my poor feyther was just the same2 after he had smoked a pipe or twee he wad ha' gi'en his head away if it had been loose4' ,footnote #fd3 ,the smoke ascending from the snuff of a candle could excite a sentimental feeling in the minds of ,wordsworth and ,sir ,george ,beaumont1 though it seems to have had no such effect on the mind of ,crabbe4--,lockhart's ,life of ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,the following ode to a ,cigar is no doubt familiar to many1 yet will pay a re-perusal3 ,and oft1 mild friend1 to me thou art ,a monitor1 though still2 ,thou speak'st a lesson to my heart ,beyond the preacher's skill4 ,thou'rt like the man of worth1 who gives ,to goodness every day1 ,the odor of whose virtues lives ,when he has passed away4 ,when in the lonely evening hour1 ,attended but by thee1 ,o'er history's varied page ,i pore1 ,man's fate in thine ,i see4 ,oft1 as thy snowy column grows1 ,then breaks and falls away1 ,i trace how mighty realms thus rose1 ,thus trembled to decay4 ,awhile1 like thee1 earth's masters burn1 ,and smoke and fume around1 ,and then like thee to ashes turn1 ,and mingle with the ground4 ,life's but a leaf adroitly rolled1 ,and time's the wasting breath1 ,that1 late or early1 we behold ,gives all to dusty death4 ,from beggar's frieze to monarch's robe ,one common doom is passed2 ,sweet nature's work1 the swelling globe1 ,must all burn out at last4 ,and what is he who smokes thee now8 ,a little moving heap1 ,that soon1 like thee1 to fate must bow1 ,with thee in dust must sleep4 ,but though thy ashes downward go1 ,thy essence rolls on high2 ,thus1 when my body must lie low1 ,my soul shall cleave the sky4 ,in ,charles ,butler's ,story of ,count ,bismarck's ,life1 a good anecdote is told of the ,count and his last cigar3-- ',the value of a good cigar1' said ,bismarck1 as he proceeded to light an excellent ,havana1 'is best understood when it is the last you possess1 and there is no chance of getting another4 ,at ,kniggrtz ,i had only one cigar left in my pocket1 which ,i carefully guarded during the whole of the battle as a miser does his treasure4 ,i did not feel justified in using it4 ,i painted in glowing colors in my mind the happy hour when ,i should enjoy it after the victory4 ,but ,i had miscalculated my chances4' ',and what was the cause of your miscalculation8' ',a poor dragoon4 ,he lay helpless1 with both arms crushed1 murmuring for something to refresh him4 ,i felt in my pockets and found ,i had only gold1 and that would be of no use to him4 ,but1 stay1 ,i had still my treasured cigar6 ,i lighted this for him1 and placed it between his teeth4 ,you should have seen the poor fellow's grateful smile6 ,i never enjoyed a cigar so much as that one which ,i did not smoke4' ,in ,european cities juveniles offer the smoker1 at every street corner1 a pipe or a cigar light4 ,the following description1 entitled ,light1 ,sir1 is from an ,english journal1 and contains much interesting information on the various modes of lighting pipes and cigars4 ,illustration3 ,light1 ,sir4 '',ere y'are1 sir--pipe-light1 cigar-light1 on'y 'ap'ny a box--'ave a light1 sir4' ,every smoker of the larger cities knows the cry4 ,every tender-hearted smoker is familiar with the appeal1 by day and by night1 and remembers pangs of regret he has felt when the want of ha'pence or the repletion of his match-box has prevented his much-besought response4 ,there is no need now to enlarge upon the sufferings1 the adventures1 the dangers of these peripatetic juvenile trades folk1 sparse of clothes and food1 and full of the material which may make or mar a nation2 for all this was done1 and even overdone1 by the graphic sensationalists of the ,london penny dailies when ,chancellor ,lowe proposed a tax on matches4 ,we may1 upon occasion1 feel for the manufacturers and venders of 'lights1' but more generally we find ourselves constrained to sympathize with the purchasers of such contrivances for the ignition of pipes and cigars4 ,the smoking of tobacco is an art2 an art which1 in its proper exercise1 requires much care1 much prudence1 and not a little skill4 ,this is a proposition which must1 from its very nature1 be startling to non-smokers1 and surprising to many smokers4 ,the tobacco hater 7invariably an illogical creature1 who hates that which he knows not7 will hold up hands in amazement1 and sniff with the nose in contempt1 to whom reply would be superfluous4 ,with the smoker the case is otherwise4 ,a ,german writer recently said that the ,english were better smokers than the ,germans2 because1 whereas the ,german smoked incessantly1 without rule1 system1 or moderation1 the ,english smoked with care1 with slow and appreciative lovingness1 and the determination not to overstep the bounds of rational enjoyment4 ,had he known more of ,english smokers1 he would not have made so wild a statement2 and had he known ,english women better1 he would never have attributed to their sweet influence the fancied superiority he describes in ,english as compared with ,german smoking4 ,in truth1 the art of tobacco using is nowhere more ignored1 nowhere more contemptuously neglected than in these 'favored isles4' ,for one man who smokes with a reason1 for a purpose1 or by system1 you shall find a thousand who smoke without either2 and the result is that those who smoke have little defense1 in the general way1 for their practice1 while those who condemn the habit have far better grounds for their opposition than they have ever yet been able to explain4 ,to those who do know why they use tobacco1 it is well-nigh incredible that so many of their fellow-smokers should be ignorant of the properties1 the uses1 the abuses1 of the weed they burn and the fumes in which they delight4 ,yet1 even this is not so surprising as the fact that so few of those who smoke--smoke much1 often and constantly--should be ignorant of1 or indifferent to1 the conditions which are necessary to their own adequate enjoyment of the weed4 ,you will see a man light a cigar so carelessly that one side of the roll will burn rapidly1 with prodigious fumigation and giving out a dark and offensive cloud1 while the other side remains untouched by the fire1 only to wither and crackle and twist into uncouth shapes1 until the smoker flings the cigar away1 with an accompaniment of expletives which attach rather to his own stupidity than to the piece of tobacco he has so abominably abused4 ,you will see another with a good pipe1 laden with good tobacco1 well lit1 blowing incessantly down the mouth-piece and the stem until the moisture introduced with his breath into the bowl of his pipe effectually prevents the tobacco from burning1 and puts out the fire2 and then you will hear him lament that he should have paid so good a price for a pipe so bad that it 'fouls' before he has smoked a single hour4 ,you will see another who1 while he talks to his friends1 allows his tobacco to go out every three or four minutes1 so that at length his mouth is sore and his palate nauseated with the combined fumes of lucifer matches1 burnt paper and exhausted tobacco dust2 and he inveighs against the 'cabbage-leaf which that rascally tobacconist sold him for good ,shag or ,cavendish4' ,another knows so little of the art of smoking that he never 'stops' his pipe1 and so allows the light dust of the burnt weed to fly about him in flakes and minute particles1 to the permanent damage of his own and his neighbors' clothes4 ,but in nothing is the inartistic character of ,english smoking so conspicuously exemplified as in the use of 'lights4' ,those who form the great majority of smokers amongst the ,english-speaking races seem to consider that1 so long as their pipes are set alight1 it matters not how or from what source the light is obtained4 ,thus1 one will place his pipe-bowl in a flame of gas1 and pull away at the stem till his tobacco is on fire2 another will thrust the bowl into the midst of a coal fire1 and when he sees a glow in the bowl withdraw it1 and contentedly puff away2 another stops an obliging policeman or railway guard1 and ignites his tobacco by hard pulling at the flame of an oil-lamp2 another will stick the end of a choice cigar into the bowl of a pipe filled with coarsest ,shag1 thus ruining the flavor of his 'prime ,havana' forever2 while yet another will light lucifer matches1 and apply the blazing brimstone to his pipe or cigar1 thus saturating the whole mass with sulphurous and phosphoretic fumes1 to the ruin of the weed and the injury of his own health4 ,how much wiser the ,west ,indian negro1 who takes a burning stick from the wood fire1 and tenderly lights his weed therewith1 or joyfully brings a handful of the white-hot ashes in his thick-skinned palm1 that 'massa' may fire his cigar6 ,or the travelling peddler or tinker1 who1 as he sits by the way-side1 patiently wooes the sun with a 'burning-glass' till his tobacco ignites1 or uses with equal prudence and skill the ancient but inimitable tinder-box4 ,illustration3 ,bringing a light4 ,but this is the age of ,fusees4 ,what a name6 ,when1 in our youth1 those longitudinal strips of tinder1 semi-divided into innumerable transverse slips1 all tipped with harmless1 ignitable matter1 first assumed the title1 we had little notion of the atrocities which would come to be dignified by their name4 ,this was soon after the world had been delighted by the ,congreves1 which drove ,lucifer to the wall1 and before ,english and ,german ingenuity had taught us to find 'death' in the box1 as well as 'the pot4' ,the innocent old fusee had his faults1 certainly4 ,he would not always light2 he had a bad habit of turning back on your finger-nail and burning its quick when you struck him2 and he would occasionally light up1 all by himself1 and set fire to fifty of his fellows in your waist-coast pocket1 or the tail of your best dress-coat4 7,those were the days when waist-coats were gorgeous and tail-coats immense47 ,but what were these peccadilloes compared with the sins of the modern 'cigar-light8' ',fusees1' forsooth6 ,more like bomb-shells1 military mines1 torpedoes1 and nitroglycerine trains4 ,who has not had them explode in his eye1 on his cheek1 down his neck1 scarring his skin1 burning holes in his coats and trousers1 frightening passers-by1 and doing all manner of deep-dyed devilment8 ,nor is this the worst4 ,those who will trust their skins1 and their eyes1 and their clothes to ',vesuvians1' ',flamers1' and the like1 are not to be pitied2 for they are more cruel to their tobacco than the fusees are to them4 ,our grievance is that so many engines of destructiveness and offensiveness should be so largely patronized by smokers1 to their own discomfort1 the ruination of their tobacco1 the scandalization of gentle and simple1 and the encouragement of vicious manufactures4 ,now1 we are not going to particularize too closely1 for fear of consequences4 ,in these days1 when a man may bring an action for libel because it has been said of him that he sells bad soup at a railway station1 prudence is the better part of valor4 ,but1 just examine this heterogeneous pile of 'cigar-lights1' which rears its audacious head upon the table4 ,here are ,palmers1 ,barbers1 ,farmers1 ,lord ,lornes1 ,tichbornes1 ,bryants and ,moys1 ,bells and ,blacks1 ,alexandres1 ,bismarcks1 ,king ,williams1 ,napoleons1 and scores of other varieties4 ,some light 'only on the box1' some light anywhere1 some everywhere1 and some nowhere4 ,some are on wood1 some on porcelain1 some on glass1 some on dire deeds intent4 ,there are vestas1 safety-matches1 patent flint-and-steel contrivances1 with silver tubes and marvellous screws wherewith to put them out when they have served your turn4 ,some are excellent1 many passable1 still more intolerable4 ,one of these times it may be worth while to speak of the good ones1 but at present we care only to treat of those that are bad1 and that briefly4 ,here's a ',flamer'--we name no names--everybody seems to make flamers2 and this one deserves his title4 ,we want to light a peaceful pipe1 and he bursts out in a fury like unto nothing on earth so much as ,etna in convulsion1 or the ,tuilleries in petroleum blaze4 ,but1 if you have any respect for your tobacco1 your lips1 your nostrils1 or your lungs1 you will let him get rid of his flames before you apply him to your cigar2 and1 when you do venture so far1 he drops off the stick and burns a hole in the carpet4 ,or1 if you be daring enough to take a light from the flamer while he flames1 you spoil your tobacco1 foul your mouth1 and get a taste of sulphur-suffocation such as ,asmodeus might have were he to take a whiff of a smoke-and-fire belching chimney in the ,black ,country as he flies across that district by night4 ,haven't got a light8 ,glad of it4 ,try a ,vesuvian-round1 black and tipped with blue4 ,there's a pyrotechnic display for you6 ,now1 in with it1 after the approved style illustrated by the two human hands engaged in lighting a cigar on the illuminated cover of the box4 ',ugh6' you say4 ,just so2 you've got a mouthful of choice abominations1 which will cost you much waste of saliva1 several shivers1 and the whole piece of tobacco you were about to enjoy4 ,here1 put that away2 take another1 light it quietly with this wax-vesta1 or this wooden 'spill1' or this screw of paper2 smoke gently1 don't let the fire out1 and you'll be all right4 ,in future1 you may be wise enough to avoid cheap cigar-lights and pipe-lights1 even for use in the streets4 ,our word upon it--they are far dearer than those which cost more4 ,the following description of ,home ,made ,cigars is from ,all the ,year ,round1 and will doubtless be read with interest by many growers of the weed who may recall similar scenes3 ',apropos of cigars1' said ,wilkins1 lighting a second fragrant ,havana with the stump of the first1 'let's go and see the farmer's establishment for making them4 ,you see that field of tobacco over yonder8 ,old ,standish raises his own weed1 dries it in the big open sheds behind the barn1 cures it--,i don't quite know the whole process--and then has it made into sixes and short fives1 ,conchas and ,cabanas1 like a ,cuban seor4 ,i went over the establishment about a year ago1 and it is worth seeing4' ,we strolled first over to the tobacco field4 ,the weed was then just at its full ripeness1 and the long1 flappy1 delicately-furred green leaves bent gracefully over toward the ground1 growing smaller and smaller the higher they were on the stout stalk4 ,few foreigners know that even as far north as ,new ,england1 in the sunny valleys of ,connecticut1 sheltered as they are from the bleak east winds of the ,atlantic and accustomed to a long and steady summer heat1 tobacco is grown in large quantities1 flourishes exuberantly1 and is one of the chief sources of profit to the farmers4 ,it needs a rich warm soil and careful tending2 but it gives in its growth1 a sentimental reward to the cultivator2 for it comes up gracefully1 rapidly1 and beautifully1 and is with some care1 one of the most satisfactory crops to 'handle4' ,having gazed at and tasted the thick leaves1 we sauntered behind the barn1 and there saw the long open shed1 with beams running parallel from end to end1 where the gathered tobacco leaves were hung to be thoroughly dried by the sun4 ,illustration3 ,making cigars4 ,then ,wilkins conducted us for some distance along the river bank2 we jumped into a boat and rowed perhaps half a mile1 landing by the side of a little shop-like building1 where we heard the hum of voices and the commotion of many busy persons4 ,we entered and found ourselves in a long1 low room1 having wide tables ranged along the walls2 here1 working rapidly1 were rows of chatty country girls1 who1 as they worked1 laughed and talked1 and now and then hummed a verse of some familiar ballad4 ,neatly packed piles of the dried and cured leaf lay upon the table before them4 ,each was armed with knives and cutters1 and we watched the quick transformation of the flat leaves into the smooth and compact cigars4 ,the tobacco grown upon the farm was1 we discovered1 only used as wrappers for the cigars4 ,the good farmer imported1 for the interior filling1 a fine tobacco from ,havana4 ,strips and little pieces of this the girls placed in the centre of the cigar1 wrapping the ,connecticut tobacco in wide strips tightly about it1 then pasting each of the last with some paste in a pot by their side4 ,it seemed to be done almost in an instant2 the ,havana slips were laid down1 cut and trimmed1 and pressed into shape in a twinkling2 the wrappers were cut as quickly2 and1 more rapidly than ,i can describe it1 the cigar was made4 ,these girls were mostly daughters of neighboring farmers1 who received so much per hundred cigars made2 intelligent1 bright-eyed and witty2 many of them comely1 with rosy cheeks and ruddy health2 educated at the common schools1 and able1 their day's work over1 to sit down at the piano and rattle away ad infinitum4 ,his stock of cigars thus made up1 from the first sowing to the last finishing touch1 the good squire 7being ,yankee-like1 a sort of ,jack-of-all-trades17 would have them put up in gorgeously labeled boxes1 carry them to town1 and sell them to retail dealers2 not disdaining himself1 twice or thrice a year1 to go through the neighboring ,states with samples1 and acting as his own commercial traveler4 ,this description1 however1 may not convey a correct idea of the exact mode of manufacture to many growers of tobacco in the ,connecticut ,valley inasmuch as many planters of the weed make the entire cigar 7more particularly for their own use7 wrapper1 binder and filler wholly of seed-leaf tobacco1 such cigars do not readily sell to the trade except at inferior prices which admit of but a small profit to the manufacturer4 ,the following spicy article from the ,london ,figaro may be interesting to all smokers as well as guide them in the selection of a good cigar4 ,i am an imaginative person1 and 'society' has treated me shamefully of late--its tangible delights are absent from me4 ,allow me1 then1 to console myself by the 'creations of smoke1' as ,lord ,lytton puts it4 ,i am scouted by society because ,i am in love4 ,i am told ,i look3 ,as hyenas in love are supposed to look1 or ,a something between ,abelard and old ,blcher4 ,and1 moreover1 ,i am an ugly man1 but there was only a fortnight's difference in gaining a woman's love between ,john ,wilkes and the handsomest man in ,england1 courage1 ,jehu6 ,i like idleness1 because it shows that one can afford it2 so ,i am puffing idly--ah6 the balmy fragrance of this mild ,havana6 ',oh6 the effect of that first note from the woman one loves6' says one2 ',oh6 the kiss on the dimpled cheek1 the sound of the silver voice6' says another2 but what can compare to the dreamy exquisite luxury of a good cigar8 ,but1 heavens1 what am ,i saying8 ,i am in love1 and ,julia reads the ,figaro6 ,the paleness of ,flaxman's illustrations spreads over me--please1 reader1 look upon the sentiment as sarcastic4 ,i am in a fog of smoke1 and am quaffing claret from the silvered pewter4 ,there's plenty of it2 and no soul can say3 ,that in drinking from that beaker ,i am sipping like a fly4' ,how changed from the long1 long days ago1 when ,i was a connoisseur in ,parparillo cigars1 brown-paper cigarettes1 and cane cheroots6 ,then ,i fondly adored ,sir ,walter ,raleigh as my earthly idol1 for giving me tobacco--when ,i had the halfpence to buy it--and delighted in the story1 told by queer ,oldys1 of ,sir ,walter's servant extinguishing the ,virginny smoke that issued from his master's lips1 by drenching him with ale4 ,alas6 my idol is shattered by ,hawkins4 ,the ,spaniards say1 ',the lie that lasts for half an hour is worth telling4' ,history has lied for longer1 by a considerable period4 ,fond even as ,i was of my brown-papered cigarettes when baccy failed1 ,i must confess ,i never reached the stage attained by ,sir ,christopher ,haydon's chaplain1 ,william ,breedon1 parson of ,thornton1 in ,bucks1 who was so given to ,october store and best ,virginia1 that when he had no tobacco 7and too much drink7 he used to cut the bell-ropes and smoke them6 ,the ,polyglot--three parts--my text2 ,howbeit--likewise--now to my next4 ,on ,smoke4--,it is a vulgar1 ludicrous1 and foolish custom to bite off the nose of a cigar4 ,don't be a ,vandal--you are not a ,sandwich ,islander1 about to chew your ,kava4 ,a cigar should be handled daintily2 it is a fragile1 graceful creature--don't mar its beauty4 ,tear off the twist1 and the pleasure of smoking is at an end6 ,the outer leaf becomes untwirled4 ,ere it is half finished1 you have a ragged end between your lips--nasty1 foul1 and unsightly--through which the smoke comes in huge clouds to your mouth1 instead of slender streams on the palate4 ',how1 then1' say you2 'prick it1 or cut it1 or what8 ,tear it not1 cut it not2 nor yet puncture it4 ,don't be frightened of the cigar--thrusting a half-inch alone into the mouth2 but1 when you begin1 take a good half of it in the mouth2 pull at it lustily for a few seconds1 to open its pores2 then draw it out1 allowing but an inch to be held within the lips--believe me1 you will enjoy it a hundred-fold more2 and there are but few cigars that will not allow of their virtue being drawn though their leaves4 ,never bite the end off1 and never use your cigar cruelly1 by squeezing it1 biting it1 or re-lighting it4 ,cigar-holders1 tubes1 quills1 and such like inventions1 we despise4 ,if you cannot bear the cigar in your mouth--aye1 and enjoy it--you have no business with it3 go back to your brown paper and cane6 ,what is the best beverage to imbibe whilst inhaling the precious weed8 ,momentous question6 ,coffee1 or claret1 says ,jehu4 ,i do not believe in bitter1 as an accompanying liquid to a cigar4 ,the ,corporation of ,christ-church1 years ago1 smoked cigars1 and drank with them that then famous concoction known as ',ringwood ,beer4' ,what was the result8 ,the first toast at every civic banquet held for years in that borough was gravely given out1 and bumpered with due solemnity1 as follows3-- ',prosperation to this ,corporation4' ,brandy is a perfect antidote to inebriation from beer1 so we are told4 ,the ,corporation should have known this1 and been awakened from their long and pleasant dream of prosperation4 ,brandy ,i should hardly reckon amongst the drinks that ought to be with cigars1 notwithstanding that ,tennyson has asked3-- ',for what delights can equal those ,which stir1 with spirits1 inner depths8 c4' ,brandy-and-water1 gin1 whisky1 and the likes are only fit for those who nocturnally lay the foundation for matutinal 'hot coppers1' with the vilest shag in the most odorous of yards of clay4 ',smoking leads to drinking1' has been a favorite old woman's saying for time out of mind4 ,how ,i hate old women's sayings6 ,a grain--requiring to be picked out with a pin and microscope--of truth1 with a bushel of bunkum or cant4 ,how is it1 that ever since the days of ,james ,i1 of 'hateful to the nose1 harmful to the brain' memory1 there have always been carpers on the injurious effects of smoking8 ',nicotine6' they say1 with a would-be-taken-for-know-all-about-it-air 4 ,quite so2 but1 as recent investigations have proved that1 so far as the actual 'poisoning' is concerned1 it would take upwards of a thousand years to kill the most inveterate of healthy smokers1 we have still time to breathe--and 'it please the pigs4' ,mem4 for pipers--,french tobacco contains the greatest1 ,turkish the least1 per-centage of nicotine4 ,havana1 two and one-half per cent4 ,but an unique old woman of ,jehu's acquaintance goes further still2 boldly asserting that 'smoking is well for making good soldiers1 well for making good sailors1 well for making sometimes good lawyers2 not so well for making good ,christians4' ,oh6 ashes of ,hawkins and ,raleigh1 shudder for the results of 'baccy on degraded human nature4' ,there must be a rarity of good ,christians1 then amongst the parsons2 they are all fond of it4 ,dean ,aldrich was1 perhaps1 tho greatest smoker of his day4 ,his excessive attachment to this habit was the cause of many wagers4 ,here's one3--,at breakfast1 one morning1 at the ',varsity1 an undergraduate laid his companion long odds that the ,dean was smoking at that instant4 ,away they hastened2 and1 being admitted to the ,dean's study1 stated the occasion of their visit4 ,the ,dean replied1 in perfect good humor1 to the layer of the bet1 ',you see1 sir1 you have lost your wager2 for ,i am not smoking1 but filling my pipe4' ,but--my cigar has reached its last dying speech1 and there is but a drop left in the beaker4 ',i'll not leave thee1 thou lone drop6 ',twould be mighty unkind1 ,since the rest ,i have swallow'd1 ,to leave thee behind4' ,final exhortation4 ,choose the small1 sound1 tolerably firm1 and elastic cigar3 the dwarf contains stuff within which the giant hath not4 ,don't flatter yourself you're smoking cabbage1 if not tobacco--its any odds on rhubarb6 ',for me there's nothing new or rare1 ,till wine deceives my brain2 ,and that1 ,i think1 's a reason fair ,to fill my pipe again4' ,charles ,lamb1 the gentle ,elia was during a portion of his lifetime a famous smoker4 ,in a letter to ,hazlitt he writes1 ,i am so smoky with last night's ten pipes1 that ,i must leave off4 ,it is said that he smoked only the coarsest and strongest he could procure4 ,dr4 ,parr inquired of him how he acquired his prodigious smoking powers4 ,i toiled after it1 sir1 was the reply1 as some men toil after virtue6 ,lamb was constant in his use of tobacco1 and among all the great luminaries of ,english literature we know of none more addicted to the use of the pipe4 ,lamb might often be seen in his chambers in ,mitre ,court ,building1 puffing the coarsest weed from a long clay pipe1 in company with ,parr who used the finest kind of tobacco in a pipe half filled with salt4 ,it was no easy task to relinquish the use of tobacco and it cost him many a struggle and much determined effort4 ,in writing to ,wordsworth he says3--,i wish you may think this a handsome farewell to my ',friendly ,traitress4' ,tobacco has been my evening comfort and my morning curse for these five years4 ,i have had it in my head to do it 7,farewell to ,tobacco7 these two years2 but tobacco stood in its own light when it gave me headaches that prevented my singing its praises4 ,lamb's poem is without doubt one of the finest pieces of verse ever written on tobacco1 and seemingly contains both words of praise and dispraise--the latter however in some sense are insincere4 ,may the ,babylonish curse ,straight confound my stammering verse ,if ,i can a passage see ,in this word-perplexity1 ,or a fit expression find1 ,or a language to my mind1 7,still the phrase is wide or scant17 ,to take leave of thee1 ,,great ,,plant6 ,or in my terms relate ,half my love1 or half my hate2 ,for ,i hate1 yet love thee so1 ,that whichever thing ,i show1 ,the plain truth will seem to be ,a constrain'd hyperbole1 ,and the passion to proceed ,more from a mistress than a weed4 ,sooty retainer to the vine1 ,bacchus' black servant1 negro fine2 ,sorcerer1 thou mak'st us dote upon ,thy begrimed complexion1 ,and for thy pernicious sake1 ,more and greater oaths to break ,than reclaimed lovers take ',gainst women3 thou thy siege do'st lay ,much too in the female way1 ,while thou suck'st the lab'ring breath ,faster than kisses or than death4 ,thou in such a cloud do'st bind us1 ,that our worst foes cannot find us4 ,and ill fortune that would thwart us1 ,shoots at rovers shooting at us2 ,while each man through thy height'ning steam ,does like a smoking tna seem1 ,and all about us does express 7,fancy and wit in richest dress7 ,a ,sicilian fruitfulness4 ,thou though such a mist dost show us ,that our best friends do not know us1 ,and for those allowed features ,due to reasonable creatures1 ,liken'st us to feel ,chimeras ,monsters that1 who see us1 fear us2 ,worse than ,cerberus or ,geryon1 ,or1 who first loved a cloud1 ,ixion4 ,bacchus we know1 and we allow1 ,his tipsy rites1 but what art thou1 ,that but by reflex canst show ,what his deity can do1 ,as the false ,egyptian spell ,aped the true ,hebrew miracle8 ,some few vapors thou may'st raise1 ,the weak brain may serve to amaze1 ,but to the reins and nobler heart ,canst nor life nor heat impart4 ,brother of ,bacchus1 later born1 ,the old world was sure forlorn1 ,wanting thee1 that aidest more1 ,the gods' victories than before ,all his panthers1 and the brawls1 ,of his piping ,bacchanals4 ,these1 as stole1 we disallow ,or judge of thee meant3 only thou ,his true ,indian conquest art2 ,and1 for ivy round his dart1 ,the reformed god now weaves ,a finer thyrsus of thy leaves4 ,scent to match thy rich perfume-- ,chemic art did ne'er presume1 ,through her quaint alembic strain1 ,none so sov'reign to the brain4 ,nature1 that did in thee excel1 ,framed again no second smell4 ,roses1 ,violets but toys ,for the smaller sort of boys2 ,or for greener damsels meant2 ,thou art the only manly scent4 ,stinking'st of the stinking kind1 ,filth of the mouth and fog of the mind1 ,africa1 that brags her fois on ,breeds no such prodigious poison1 ,henbane1 nightshade1 both together1 ,hemlock1 aconite---- ,nay1 rather1 ,plant divine of rarest virtue3 ,blisters on the tongue would hurt you4 ',twas but in a sort ,i blamed thee2 ,none e'er prospered who defamed thee2 ,irony all1 and feigned abuse1 ,such as perplex'd lovers use1 ,at a need1 when in despair1 ,to paint forth their fairest fair1 ,or in part but to express ,that exceeding comeliness ,which their fancies doth so strike1 ,they borrow language of dislike2 ,and instead of ,dearest ,miss1 ,jewel1 ,honey1 ,sweetheart1 ,bliss1 ,and those forms of old admiring1 ,call her ,cockatrice and ,siren1 ,basilisk1 and all that's evil1 ,witch1 ,hyena1 ,mermaid1 devil1 ,ethiop1 ,wench1 and ,blackamoor1 ,monkey1 ,ape1 and twenty more2 ,friendly traitress1 loving foe1 ,not that she is truly so1 ,but no other may they know1 ,a contentment to express1 ,borders so upon excess1 ,that they do not rightly wot1 ,whether it be pain or not2 ,or1 as men constrained to part ,with what's nearest to their heart1 ,while their sorrow's at the height ,lose discrimination quite1 ,and their hasty wrath let fall1 ,to oppose their frantic gall1 ,on the darling thing whatever ,whence they feel it death to sever1 ,though it be1 as they1 perforce1 ,guiltless of the sad divorce4 ,for ,i must 7nor let it grieve thee1 ,friendliest of plants1 ,that ,i must7 leave thee4 ,for thy sake1 ,,tobacco1 ,i ,would do anything but die1 ,and but seek to extend my days ,long enough to sing thy praise4 ,but as she who once hath been1 ,a king's consort1 is a queen ,ever after1 nor will bate ,any title of her state1 ,though a widow1 or divorced1 ,so ,i1 from thy converse forced1 ,the old name and style retain1 ,a right ,katherine of ,spain1 ,and a seat1 too1 'mongst the joys ,of the blest ,tobacco ,boys2 ,where1 though ,i1 by sour physician1 ,am debarred the full fruition ,of thy favors1 ,i may catch1 ,some collateral sweets1 and snatch1 ,sidelong odors1 that give life ,like glances from a neighbor's wife2 ,and still live in the by-places1 ,and the suburbs of thy graces2 ,and in thy borders take delight1 ,an unconquered ,canaanite4 ,thomas ,jones1 in the following neat little tribute to tobacco1 pays a deserved compliment1 not only to the plant1 but to the great ,english smoker1 ye renowned ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,let poets rhyme of what they will1 ,youth1 ,beauty1 ,love or ,glory1 still ,my theme shall be ,tobacco6 ,hail1 weed1 eclipsing every flow'r1 ,of thee ,i fain would make my bow'r ,when fortune frowns1 or tempests low'r1 ,mild comforter of woe6 ,they say in truth an angel's foot ,first brought to life thy precious root1 ,the source of every pleasure6 ,descending from the skies he press'd ,with hallow'd touch ,earth's yielding breast1 ,forth sprang the plant1 and then was bless'd1 ,as man's chief treasure6 ,throughout the world who knows thee not8 ,of palace and of lowly cot ,the universal guest2 ,the friend of ,gentile1 ,turk and ,jew1 ,to all a stay--to none untrue1 ,the balm that can our ills subdue1 ,and soothe us into rest4 ,with thee the poor man can abide ,oppression1 want1 the scorn of pride1 ,the curse of penury1 ,companion of his lonely state1 ,he is no longer desolate1 ,and still can brave an adverse fate1 ,with honest worth and thee6 ,all honor to the patriot bold1 ,who brought instead of promised gold1 ,thy leaf to ,britain's shore2 ,it cost him life2 but thou shall raise ,a cloud of fragrance to his praise1 ,and bards shall hail in deathless lays ,the valiant knight of yore4 ,ay1 ,raleigh6 thou wilt live till ,time ,shall ring his last oblivious chime1 ,the fruitful theme of story2 ,and man in ages hence shall tell1 ,how greatness1 virtue1 wisdom fell1 ,when ,england sounded out thy knell1 ,and dimmed her ancient glory4 ,and thou1 ,o ,plant6 shall keep his name ,unwither'd in the scroll of fame1 ,and teach us to remember2 ,he gave with thee content and peace1 ,bestow'd on life a longer lease1 ,and bidding ev'ry trouble cease1 ,made ,summer of ,december6 ,the smoker of cigarettes is passionately attached to his little roll and regards this mode of obtaining the flavor of tobacco the best4 ,the finest are made in ,havana and1 vast quantities are used by the ,cubans and ,spaniards4 ,a writer in ,the ,tobacco ,plant gives this pleasing effusion in regard to them3-- ,your cigarette is a sort of hybrid--half-pipe and half-cigar2 neither the one nor the other2 neither the delight of the epicure nor the solace of the true tobacco-lover4 ,far be it from us to deny1 or even to question1 its value1 its utility1 or its charm4 ,we have smoked too many to dream of treating them with scorn--cigarettes of ,virginia shag1 strong1 pungent1 luscious2 of light and fragrant ,persian1 innocuous and soothing2 cigarettes rolled by ladies' dainty fingers1 compressed by elegant ,french machines of silk and silver1 cut1 stamped1 and gummed by prosy1 matter-of-fact1 and even vulgar ,titanic engines in great tobacco-factories4 ,but the thorough-paced smoker renders to his cigarette only a secondary and diluted adoration3 it is nice1 it is delicate1 it is pretty--a thing to be toyed with1 to be fondled1 even to burn one's fingers 7or1 perchance1 one's lips7 withal2 but by no means an object to call forth a passion4 ,but just as the world would be a tame and an insipid institution were all men's tastes alike1 so the world of smokers would lose much of its romance were all the lovers of the weed of temperament too robust to love a cigarette4 ,brevity and sweetness are proverbially held to constitute claims upon the respect and admiration of the voluptuous1 and to the cigarette these cannot be denied4 ,there is something touching in the self-abnegation of a tobaccoite who will devote five mortal minutes and the sweat of his refined intelligence1 with the skill of his delicate fingers1 to the preparation of a tiny capsule of the weed1 which burns itself to ashes in five minutes more4 ,there is a butterfly-beauty about the cigarette to which the cigar and the pipe can lay no claim--a summer charm to stir the dreamy rapture of a poet1 and to excite the ,lotus-eating philosopher even to analogy4 ,just as the suns1 and flowers1 and balmy zephyrs of a century have gone to form the gauzy1 multi-colored insect that flits across your path throughout a single summer's day1 and then returns to dust and vapor1 so the harvest of ,west-,indian and ,east-,asian fields1 the long voyage of the mariner1 the merchant's hours of soil1 the steam-power and manual labor of the factory1 the thoughtful calculations of the trader1 the skill of the tissue-paper maker1 all have gone1 and more than these1 to the creation of a fairy-cylinder of ,tobacco1 which glows1 delights1 expires1 and meets its end in ten or fifteen fleeting minutes4 ,although the cigarette is not a favorite with us1 still we admire its use as a sort of appendage to a good dinner1 and as preparatory work for a good smoke4 ,the ,spaniards have always been great lovers of their minute rolls1 and with them1 no other method of burning tobacco appears so delicate or refined4 ,especially is this true among the ladies1 who prefer ,seville cigarettes to all others4 ,many smokers make their own cigarettes1 sometimes using ,havana tobacco1 and sometimes making them of two or more kinds4 ,an excellent cigar is made by using equal parts of ,virginia and ,perique tobacco1 or equal parts of ,havana and ,perique4 ,a fine flavored cigarette is also made from ,yara and ,havana tobacco1 equal parts of each being used4 ,thos4 ,hood has signalized his attachment to cigar in the following pleasing little poem3-- ,,the ,,cigar4 ,some sigh for this and that1 ,my wishes don't go far2 ,the world may wag at will1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,some fret themselves to death ,with ,whig and ,tory jar2 ,i don't care which is in1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,sir ,john requests my vote1 ,and so does ,mr4 ,marr2 ,i don't care how it does1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,some want a ,german row1 ,some wish a ,russian war2 ,i care not4 ,i'm at peace1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,i never see the ,post1 ,i seldom read the ,star2 ,the ,globe ,i scarcely heed1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,honors have come to men ,my juniors at the ,bar2 ,no matter--,i can wait1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,ambition frets me not2 ,a cab or glory's car ,are just the same to me1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,i worship no vain gods1 ,but serve the household ,lar2 ,i'm sure to be at home1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,i do not seek for fame1 ,a ,general with a scar2 ,a private let me be1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,to have my choice among ,the toys of life's bazar1 ,the deuce may take them all1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,some minds are often tost ,by tempests like a tar2 ,i always seem in port1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,the ardent flame of love ,my bosom cannot char1 ,i smoke but do not burn1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,they tell me ,nancy ,low ,has married ,mr4 ,r42 ,the jilt6 but ,i can live1 ,so ,i have my cigar4 ,lord ,byron1 a good smoker as well as a great poet1 has immortalized his love of the cigar in the following graceful lines3-- ,sublime ,tobacco6 which from east to west1 ,cheers the tars labors1 and the ,turkman's rest-- ,which on the ,moslem's ottoman divides ,his hours1 and rivals opium and his brides2 ,magnificent in ,stamboul1 but less grand1 ,though not less loved in ,wapping or the ,strand2 ,divine in hookhas1 glorious in a pipe1 ,when tipped with amber1 mellow1 rich1 and ripe1 ,like other charms1 wooing the caress ,more dazzingly when dawning in full dress4 ,yet thy true lovers more admire by far ,thy naked beauties--,give me a ,cigar6 ,having given a general description of the cigar and its mode of manufacture1 we come now to a more particular account of the various kinds known as the best and of world-wide reputation4 ,standing at the head of the various kinds of cigars1 either of the ,old or ,new ,world1 are those known to all smokers as3 ,,havana ,,cigars4 ,illustration3 ,havanas4 ,these are1 by common consent1 the finest in the world4 ,they possess every quality desirable in a cigar1 and seemingly to its greatest extent4 ,grown in the richest portion of the tropical world1 the leaf has a rich1 oily appearance1 and1 when made into cigars1 possesses a flavor as rich as it is rare4 ,unlike most tobaccos suitable for cigars1 every taste can be met in the ,havana cigars1 its many varieties of flavor and strength suiting it alike to both sexes1 and to the making of the delicate cigarette or the largest ,cabanas4 ,these cigars are made up of all the various colors and parts of the leaf1 and also of all sizes common to the trade4 ,in shape they are usually round1 though sometimes pressed 7flat71 and in color are 7according to our description7 light and dark brown1 light and dark red1 straw colored and dark straw colored1 and some other shades or strengths4 ,it is necessary to have all the various shades of color in order to meet the demand for the various flavors desired4 ,without doubt a greater variety of flavors can be found among ,havana cigars than in any other kind1 owing to the many shades of color1 which determines the strength and flavor of the cigar4 ,the ,havana cigar is made of a leaf tobacco well known for its good burning qualities1 when properly cured and sweated1--burning with a clear1 steady light1 leaving a fine white or pearl-colored ash1 according to the color chosen4 ,these cigars rarely char in burning2 certainly not1 if made of good quality of tobacco and thoroughly sweat4 ,if a full-flavored cigar is desired1 choose the dark colors1 and the lighter if a mild cigar is preferable4 ,the lighter the color of the tobacco the lighter the ash and the milder the flavor of the cigar4 ,light-colored cigars usually burn freer and more evenly than dark ones4 ,in selecting a cigar for its good burning qualities1 choose those 7if such are to be had7 covered with white specks1 or white rust2 such cigars burn well1 as white rust is found only on well-ripened leaves4 ,select a firm1 well-made cigar--one that contains a good quantity of fillers--avoiding1 however1 in ,havana cigars1 one made too nicely1 as it is sometimes the case that superior external appearance is made to cover defects in the more important qualities4 ,such a selection will insure a cigar of good quality2 one that will hold fire and last the length of time appropriate to its size4 ,a cigar should not be chosen simply because it is made well1 and neither because its outside appearance 7wrapper7 is fine1 both in color and quality of leaf2 rather depend upon the manufacture of the brand4 ,havana cigars have as many distinct flavors as there are colors of the leaf1 ranging from very mild to very strong4 ,the first great requisite of a cigar is its burning quality1 and the second its flavor2 without the first the latter is of little value4 ,a cigar made from leaf that does not burn freely will not possess any desirable flavor1 but will char and emit rank-smelling smoke1 without any desirable feature whatever4 ,when both of these qualities are in a measure perfect the cigar will prove to be good4 ,there are two varieties1 at least1 known as non-burning tobacco1 of which we shall speak hereafter4 ,the flavor and burning quality of a cigar always determine its character1 and are found in perfection in those made of fine even-colored leaf4 ,dark cigars have a thicker leaf or more body1 and consequently are stronger than light-colored cigars4 ,when the cigar is made of fine1 well-sweat tobacco1 and contains the full quantity of fillers1 the pellet of ashes will be firm and strong1 and should possess the same color all through1 if the filler1 binder and wrapper are of the same shade of color4 ,the finest-flavored cigars are those of a medium shade1 between a light and a dark brown1--not so dark as to be of strong1 rank taste1 or so mild as to be deficient in a decided tobacco flavor1 but simply possessing sufficient strength to give character to the cigar4 ,,yara ,,cigars4 ,illustration3 ,yara cigars4 ,this variety of cigars is made from tobacco grown on the ,island of ,cuba1 bearing the same name as the cigars4 ,they are highly esteemed by those who smoke only this kind1 but are not liked by most smokers of ,havana cigars4 ,most of them are exported to ,europe1 very few of them finding their way to this country4 ,it is somewhat difficult to compare them with ,havana cigars1 as the flavor is essentially different4 ,in comparison with other brands made upon the ,island1 the ,yara holds an unimportant place1 yet1 in some parts of ,cuba1 it is preferred to any other kind4 ,in ,london the ,yara is a favorite with many old smokers1 who use no others4 ,old smokers describe the ,yara cigar as having a sweet flavor1 but one unaccustomed to them1 like ,hazard and others1 pronounce them bitter1 and having a peculiar saline taste4 ,it can1 doubtless1 be said with truth concerning the ,yara cigar1 that unlike other varieties1 such as ,havana1 ,manilla1 ,paraguayan1 ,swiss and ,brazil1 the taste for them is not natural1 but1 when once formed1 becomes very decided4 ,as a general rule smokers of ,yara cigars think other kinds are deficient in flavor1 and are wanting in quality1 because they lack the peculiar flavor belonging only to ,yara cigars4 ,be this as it may1 we hardly think the ,yara cigar suited to the cigarist's taste at the present time4 ,its aromatic flavor is not adapted to the general taste1 and some little time is required to develop a decided love for it4 ,we prefer the ,cubas1 made from a good quality of leaf grown near ,trinidad1 ,puerto-,principe1 and other cities east of ,havana4 ,the peculiar flavor of ,yara cigars is owing to the character of the soil1 rather than to any artificial process employed in manufacturing4 ,in moistening ,havana leaf ,catalan wine is used1 and other flavoring extracts4 ,this may 7and does7 change the condition and quality of the tobacco1 but even with this treatment1 the flavor of ,yara tobacco would be unlike that of ,havana leaf4 ,,manilla ,,cigars4 ,illustration3 ,manilla cigar and cheroot4 ,this well-known variety of cigars is manufactured from ,manilla tobacco grown in ,luzerne1 one of the ,philippine ,islands1 which is known as superior leaf for cigar purposes4 ,manilla cigars have an extensive reputation1 but principally in the ,east and in ,europe4 ,these cigars are made in various forms and shapes1 some of them are called cheroots 7the term used in the ,east for cigars7 and are principally known for their aromatic flavor1 entirely distinct from that of ,havana cigars4 ,some smokers think that they have the same effect as varieties of tobacco that have been moistened with the juice of the poppy1 giving the cigar a flavor like that of opium1 and as a natural result1 securing a light-colored ash4 ,there are not as many colors of ,manilla cigars as there are of ,havana1 and they are not as closely assorted4 ,some of them are a high-cinnamon color1 and are far from being a strong cigar4 ,their flavor is not always uniform1 and is not denoted by the color as in other varieties4 ,the flavor is not unpleasant1 but is better suited to those who prefer a mild rather than a full flavored cigar4 ,the aroma is pleasant and mild1 and to those but little acquainted with them1 agreeable4 ,manilla tobacco usually burns well1 if the leaf is of good quality and well sweated1 still it is known as a non-burning tobacco4 ,as the tobacco is of good body1 the cigars do not usually burn as well as other kinds4 ,select a light-colored rather than a dark cigar if one of good quality is desired4 ,both the cigars and cheroots are made of the same quality of leaf1 and are of about the same size--differing1 however1 in shape4 ,there are but few grades of ,manilla cigars1 and most of them are solid and well wrapped4 ,they are flat rather than round1 and draw well but do not hold fire like some other cigars4 ,the leaf makes a very good wrapper for a tobacco of its thickness and strength4 ,,swiss ,,cigars4 ,illustration3 ,swiss cigars4 ,these well-known cigars have but little reputation in this country1 owing to the fact of their being but little known4 ,in ,europe the cigars of ,luzerne have no insignificant reputation1 and are generally liked by smokers who prefer a mild and agreeable cigar4 ,these cigars are usually dark-colored1 but not strong1 and have but little variety of flavor4 ,travelers and tourists through ,switzerland speak of ,swiss cigars as being of agreeable flavor1 and unlike any other found in ,europe4 ,with ,american tobacco1 those of a dark color are usually strong1 but with ,european tobaccos this is not always the case--they possess much less strength1 and can be used more freely than the tobacco of ,america4 ,these cigars are usually pressed1 and burn well1 leaving a dark-colored ash1 and emitting a fragrant odor4 ,most of those used in this country may be more properly termed cheroots1 both ends being cut1 allowing a free passage of air1 which is usually the case with all kinds of cheroots1 or ,eastern and ,european cigars4 ,there is not that freshness of flavor to ,swiss cigars peculiar to ,havana's1 and they lack that essential quality which renders the latter so delicious and enjoyable4 ,the ,swiss cigar is in perfection when just made or rolled1 and such should be chosen instead of those that have been made for some time and closely packed and dried4 ,,paraguay ,,cigars4 ,illustration3 ,paraguay cigars4 ,these cigars are made of one of the finest varieties of leaf tobacco known to commerce4 ,although unknown to this country--both the cigars and the leaf tobacco have a deserved reputation in ,europe1 and it is beyond all question one of the finest tobaccos in the world for cigars4 ,these cigars have a delicacy of flavor unapproachable in any other variety1 and may justly be termed the finest at least of all ,south ,american cigars4 ,it is one of the finest burning tobaccos in the world1 and does not fail to suit the taste of the most fastidious of smokers4 ,the finest are of dark color and wholly free from any rank or unpleasant taste4 ,these cigars are uniformly mild and have but little variety of flavor1 the ash is dark-colored1 firm and strong1 clinging with tenacity to the cigar1 which is the best evidence of the quality of the leaf4 ,in ,paraguay they are considered superior to all other kinds and are smoked continuously without any seemingly ill effect4 ,page alludes to the custom of smoking as being universal1 ,men1 women1 and children--delicate1 refined girls1 and youngsters who would not with us be promoted to the dignity of pantaloons--smoke with a gravity and gusto that is irresistibly ludicrous to a foreigner4 ,the ,paraguayans consider excessive smoking of other tobacco as injurious but not of the delicate flavored leaf of ,paraguay4 ,these cigars are rolled firm and strong usually small and hold fire until the entire cigar has been consumed4 ,,guatemala ,,cigars4 ,this variety of cigars1 although of excellent flavor1 is hardly known outside of ,central ,america4 ,they are made from ,guatemala tobacco--one of the few varieties of tobacco bearing white blossoms1 and possessed of a similar flavor to ,mexican tobacco4 ,although ,guatemala tobacco has not been thoroughly tested by the great manufacturers of cigars either in ,europe or ,america1 it doubtless is well suited for cigars4 ,it is a distinct variety from those kinds bearing pink and yellow blossoms1 and its growth and quality would seem to suggest some doubt as to its quality and adaptability for cigars4 ,stephens and other travelers seem to regard it as tobacco of excellent quality1 and allude to its constant use by the ladies who smoke puros1 a cigar made of a single leaf1 or formed entirely of tobacco4 ,they also use the papelotes wrapped in paper and sometimes in the dried leaf of maize4 ,it would seem probable from the climate of ,central ,america1 that ,guatemala tobacco would be exactly suited for the manufacture of cigars1 but so little is known concerning it1 and its cultivation is so limited1 that at present it is simply a matter of conjecture4 ,,brazilian ,,cigars4 ,the cigars of ,brazil1 like those made of ,south ,american tobacco1 are noted for their superior flavor4 ,they are made of ,brazilian ,aromatic one of the finest tobaccos of ,brazil4 ,although but little known in this country1 both the tobacco and the cigars are highly esteemed in ,europe1 where most of the leaf is sent4 ,both ,brazilian cigars and the celebrated ,tauri ,cigarettes possess a delicacy of flavor1 described by travelers as unapproachable by any other variety of cigars and cigarettes4 ,a late traveler says concerning them3--,accustomed to smoke only ,havana cigars1 ,i was unprepared to recognize any others as being worthy even of the name of cigars4 ,i was presented with a box of ,brazilian cigars of commendable size and finish1 of a dark color and of a good flavor1 before trying them1 ,i ignited one1 merely to test their quality and not from any impression that they were worth even the value of the cheapest ,havanas4 ,great was my surprise to find them of an agreeable flavor and very pleasant to the taste4 ,the leaf is very thin1 and without doubt1 well suited for a cigar wrapper4 ,the flavor of all cigars made from ,south ,american tobacco is similar1 especially those made from tobacco grown east of the ,andes4 ,a writer1 alluding to their mode of manufacturing cigars for their own use says3 ,they take the leaf after it is cured and ready for manufacture into cigars1 and dampen it1 not with pure water but with water containing the juice of the poppy so as to produce the effect of opium4 ,when prepared in this manner they are much esteemed by the ,brazilians and especially by the herders4 ,,american ,,cigars4 ,this was the name given to cigars made some forty or fifty years ago composed of ,connecticut seed-leaf1 or as it was then called1 ,american tobacco4 ,the fillers were selected from various kinds of tobacco1 including ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 and ,spanish1 using for a wrapper ,spanish1 ,american or ,maryland leaf4 ,at this time the tobacco was not sorted as now1 and was made up into cigars after being stripped1 but the cigars after being manufactured were kept for some time before they were sold4 ,at this time but little pains comparatively was taken in their manufacture3 they were not assorted or shaded according to the present standard1 and were packed in chestnut instead of cedar boxes containing from one to five hundred cigars each4 ,a manufacturer of cigars nearly fifty years ago gives the following account of his method3 ,we selected for wrappers those leaves having white specks 7white rust7 upon them1 which greatly increased the sale of the cigars1 and which were considered by smokers to be much better than those not wound with fancy wrappers4 ,after the cigars were packed in the boxes a little ,spanish bean was grated upon the cigars1 or a single bean was placed between the cigars in the box4 ,at this time some little taste was evinced for colors1 and cigars of a bright cinnamon red1 and afterwards1 of a dark brown1 were considered the finest1 while leaf that was black was considered worthless for wrappers4 ,a kind of cigar which is distinctly ,american and which is made to a considerable extent1 is called a seed cigar1 and is made from tobacco grown in ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 or ,ohio4 ,these cigars have but little reputation1 and are of inferior quality and manufacture4 ,a very good cigar1 call a sprig cigar1 is made from ,havana and ,connecticut seed-leaf filler wound with a seed wrapper which gives a good flavor similar to clear ,havana4 ,a full flavored cigar like a sip of rare old wine is inspiring to a lover of the royal plant and amid the sublime and companionable thoughts that its fragrance engenders1 one is led oftentimes to reflect on its rare virtues and the benign effects it produces wherever known4 ,thus it lightens the toil of the weary laborer plodding along the highway of life4 ,the student poring over musty tomes sees with a clearer perception as its fragrance accompanies him along the pathway of science and of history4 ,the poet as those wreathes up go sees ,helicon's fresh founts flowing clearer and purer4 ,the musician lord of sounds1 evokes tones from his instrument never before heard by mortal ear4 ,the warrior1 fresh from glory's field is charmed by its fragrance as he dreams of shattered battalions and sleeping hosts4 ,the farmer nurtured amid the odors of the balmy plant honors the useless weed as a promoter of happiness and an increaser of gains4 ,while3 ,kings smoke when they ruminate ,over grave affairs of state4 ,the exile too1 far from home and kindred smokes on as he muses of happier hours gone never to return4 ,and thus amid all the varied ranks and walks of life this solace of the mind and comfort of life exhales its fragrance and breathes its benedictions over all4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,tobacco ,,planters ,,and ,,plantations4 ,the grounds selected for the cultivation of tobacco are called by various names even in the same countries4 ,thus in the ,connecticut ,valley1 such lands are called tobacco fields1 at the ,south they are known as tobacco plantations1 while in ,cuba they are called ,vegas or tobacco farms4 ,in ,cuba almost the entire tobacco farm is planted to tobacco while at the ,south and in ,new ,england this is rarely the case unless the plantations or tobacco farms are small and contain but a few acres4 ,in the ,connecticut ,valley and more especially along the banks of the ,connecticut ,river1 where the farms are frequently small1 this is sometimes the case but farther removed from the river1 where the farms are much larger but a few acres of the best land is used for this purpose4 ,in the ,connecticut ,valley the tobacco fields average from one to forty acres1 rarely exceeding the latter and indeed seldom including as large an area4 ,the average size of tobacco fields is about five acres--sometimes all in one lot but oftener divided into several small pieces on various parts of the farm4 ,the ,connecticut planter is deeply interested in the plant and gives it his undivided attention from seed-sowing until it is sold to the speculator or manufacturer4 ,all other crops in his opinion are of but little importance compared with the great ,new ,england product1 one crop is frequently not off his hands before he is preparing for another4 ,the ,connecticut planter stands first in the rank of tobacco growers2 he is thoroughly acquainted with the nature of the plant and knows just what land to select and what kind of fertilizers to apply4 ,he has reduced the cultivation to almost an exact science and can obtain 7the season being favorable7 the color most desirable4 ,he has thoroughly tested all kinds of fertilizers1 and knows just what kinds will produce the various shades of color as well as the desired texture and size of leaf4 ,no other tobacco planter so thoroughly understands the methods of curing1 sweating and doing up the crop1 and he takes no little pride in showing his crop to the buyer4 ,illustration3 ,connecticut tobacco field4 ,it is his aim to obtain not only the best leaf for a cigar-wrapper but also a tobacco of the finest possible flavor2 hence he tries the principal varieties grown in ,cuba1 ,brazil and other countries in order to judge of their quality and whether they can be cultivated with profit on his lands4 ,he has the best constructed sheds for hanging and curing and the latest and most improved agricultural implements for the cultivation of the plants4 ,the greatest pains are taken in securing the crop and harvesting and handling the plants without injuring the leaves4 ,the tobacco fields are kept in the best possible condition1 no weeds or grass is allowed to grow and the entire surface is as free from stones as a lawn4 ,he usually1 if his farm is small1 plants the same field year after year1 securing a much finer leaf and by yearly manuring keeping the ground fertile and in good condition4 ,when the tobacco is stripped the utmost care is taken to assort the leaves and he frequently shades or assorts the colors1 obtaining fancy prices for such selections4 ,the ,connecticut grower is well acquainted with the different soils1 and is able to judge with considerable accuracy in regard to selecting the right fields for tobacco4 ,the warmest land is chosen--mellow and free from stones or shaded by trees and prepared as if for a garden4 ,all of the improved methods of obtaining early plants as well as transplanting1 he adopts1 and in spite of early freezing1 is generally able to outwit ,jack ,frost1 and secure the plants before this great foe of the weed ravages the fields4 ,it may safely be said of the ,connecticut planter that he secures more even crops than any other grower of the plant1 and obtains the finest colored leaf for cigar wrappers4 ,the growers are thoroughly informed as regards the prices1 and although the buyers may steal suddenly upon them1 are generally prepared to set a price upon their crops4 ,some refuse to sell on the poles1 or even after it is stripped1 preferring to pack their tobacco until it has passed through the sweat1 when larger prices are obtained4 ,many growers not only pack their own crop1 but buy up that of others1 thus acting as both producer and buyer4 ,during the growing of the crop1 and particularly after it has been cured and stripped1 the growers congregate together1 and talk over the condition of the crop and the prices likely to be realized4 ,sometimes they form an association or club1 agreeing to hold the tobacco for satisfactory prices1 and frequently employing an agent to sell the crop4 ,many of the tobacco fields or farms in the ,connecticut valley are very valuable1 especially those near large cities and means of transportation2 such lands often selling for one thousand dollars per acre4 ,the finest tobacco lands in the ,connecticut valley are located in the vicinity of ,hartford about fifty miles from ,long ,island ,sound4 ,these lands are near enough to the sound to get the salts in the atmosphere from the south winds that blow up the valley in the precise amount which the plant needs4 ,not much farther north does the atmosphere possess this peculiar quality1 while lower down the river the salt air is too strong for the plant1 and the leaves in consequence are thick and harsh4 ,fine tobacco leaves can be manufactured as well as fine broadcloth or costly silks4 ,these results depend in a great manner upon the proper soil and the fertilizers1 applied together with the most thorough cultivation of the plants4 ,the soil of our best ,connecticut tobacco fields is alluvial1 varying in composition from a heavy sandy loam to a light one containing very little clay4 ,for the past few years light soil has been preferred for the tobacco field1 on account of the demand for light colored leaf4 ,the soil can hardly be too light when leaf of a light cinnamon color is desired2 as the color of all kinds of tobacco depends upon the soil and the fertilizers used4 ,a quarter of a century since ,havana tobacco commanded very high prices1 both in this country and in ,europe4 ,it burnt freely and purely4 ,the ,cuban planters1 although getting rich on the ordinary crops1 were not satisfied with their gains1 and attempted to increase their crops by the use of guano and artificial fertilizers4 ,they secured heavier crops1 but the quality became poorer4 ,the prices fell off and the planters did not realize as much for their crops as formerly1 although the growth was larger4 ,about this time ,connecticut seed leaf became known as a cigar wrapper1 and in a short time took the lead for this purpose1 as it still continues to4 ,it cured finely1 burnt white and free1 and in a short time brought high prices4 ,the profit realized from its growth led some ,connecticut growers into the same mistake as it did the ,cuban planters1 when they1 by misguided culture1 nearly ruined their crops and injured the reputation of ,cuban tobacco4 ,artificial fertilizers and strong manure produce a leaf larger and heavier1 but their effect on the character of the leaf is injurious1 the salts destroying its fine qualities1 so that it sweats and cures poorly1 and compared with the finest leaf burns dark and emits a rank and unpleasant odor4 ,the ,connecticut tobacco grower requires considerable capital when engaged extensively in the business1 as ordinarily he buys large quantities of fertilizers and requires many hands to cultivate the crop4 ,on the largest tobacco farms the sheds or hanging houses are built near or in the field1 and are sometimes very large1 say two or three hundred feet in length1 and capable of holding the crop of from five to ten acres4 ,illustration3 ,home of the ,connecticut planter4 ,his broad fields of the weed can usually be seen from his house and he loves to show to visitors the plants growing in all their luxuriance1 or to sit on his piazza and call attention to their waving leaves and graceful showy tops4 ,few tobacco-growers can discuss the relative merits of the numerous varieties like the ,connecticut planter1 and he is well acquainted not only with the various kinds grown in his own country but also with those of others4 ,indeed you may often see growing in his garden specimens of ,cuban1 ,brazil or ,latakia tobacco2 such is his love for all that pertains to this great tropical plant4 ,he considers it one of the greatest of all the vegetable products and never tires of lauding the plant and its use4 ,he sincerely hates all anti-tobaccoites and has a supreme disgust for the memory of ,king ,james ,i4 and all royal foes of the plant4 ,he is1 however1 a man of large and liberal views and bestows his favors with a princely hand4 ,if fortune frowns he may lessen his crop but never his attachment for the plant4 ,amid all the cares and perplexities incident to life1 he puffs away and as the ashes drop from his cigar meditates upon the probable future of tobacco growers and all users of the weed4 ,the ,connecticut tobacco grower is in all respects a man of genuine refinement and nobility of soul4 ,he is always ready to give information on his particular system of culture1 and how he obtains such large and fine crops4 ,he is a good judge of leaf tobacco1 and can tell in a moment the quality of his famous variety4 ,he is thoroughly awake to modern improvements1 and always willing to try new implements1 such as tobacco hangers or transplanters in his sheds or fields4 ,he is just the person one likes to meet1 jovial and good-natured2 he naturally loves the plant he cultivates and uses it freely2 lighting his after-dinner cigar or evening pipe with a gusto that is peculiar to the grower of tobacco everywhere4 ,indeed he is hardly in a proper frame of mind to converse about tobacco until he lights a cigar4 ,no other cultivator of the soil gains as many friends as the tobacco-grower4 ,his table is well supplied from the choicest his larder affords and he cheerfully welcomes all to its side4 ,he is the friend of the poor and the companion of the rich4 ,no meanness or low chicanery is his4 ,his attachment for home1 friends1 and country is as firm and strong as for the plant he cultivates4 ,olmsted in his work ,the ,seaboard ,slave ,states gives the following description of a ,virginia plantation3 ,illustration3 ,negro quarters4 ,half an hour after this ,i arrived at the negro quarters--a little hamlet of ten or twelve small and dilapidated cabins4 ,just beyond them was a plain farm gate at which several negroes were standing2 one of them1 a well-made man1 with an intelligent countenance and prompt manner1 directed me how to find my way to his owner's house4 ,it was still nearly a mile distant2 and yet1 until ,i arrived in its immediate vicinity1 ,i saw no cultivated field1 and but one clearing4 ,in the edge of this clearing1 a number of negroes1 male and female1 lay stretched out upon the ground near a small smoking charcoal pit4 ,their master afterwards informed me that they were burning charcoal for the plantation blacksmith1 using the time allowed them for holidays--from ,christmas to ,new ,years--to earn a little money for themselves in this way4 ,he paid them by the bushel for it4 ,when ,i said that ,i supposed he allowed them to take what wood they chose for this purpose1 he replied that he had five hundred acres covered with wood1 which he would be very glad to have any one burn1 or clear off in any way4 ,cannot some ,yankee contrive a method of concentrating some of the valuable properties of this old field pine1 so that they may be profitably brought into use in more cultivated regions8 ,charcoal is now brought from ,virginia2 but when made from pine it is not very valuable1 and will only bear transportation from the banks of the navigable rivers whence it can be shipped1 at one movement to ,new ,york4 ,turpentine does not flow in sufficient quantity from this variety of the pine to be profitably collected1 and for lumber it is of very small value4 ,illustration3 ,the planter's home4 ,mr4 ,w4's house was an old family mansion1 which he had himself remodeled in the ,grecian style1 and furnished with a large wooden portico4 ,an oak forest had originally occupied the ground where it stood2 but this having been cleared and the soil worn out in cultivation by the previous proprietors1 pine woods now surrounded it in every direction2 a square of a few acres only being kept clear immediately about it4 ,a number of the old oaks still stood in the rear of the house1 and1 until ,mr4 ,w4 commenced his improvements1 there had been some in its front4 ,these1 however1 he had cut away1 as interfering with the symmetry of his grounds1 and in place of them had ailanthus trees in parallel rows4 ,on three sides of the outer part of the cleared square there was a row of large and comfortable-looking negro quarters1 stables1 tobacco-houses1 and other offices1 built of logs4 ,mr4 ,w4 was one of the few large planters1 of his vicinity1 who still made the culture of tobacco their principal business4 ,he said there was a general prejudice against tobacco1 in all the tide water regions of the ,state1 because it was through the culture of tobacco that the once fertile soil had been impoverished2 but he did not believe that1 at the present value of negroes1 their labor could be applied to the culture of grain with any profit1 except under peculiarly favorable circumstances4 ,possibly the use of guano might make wheat a paying crop1 but he still doubted4 ,he had not used it1 himself4 ,tobacco required fresh land1 and was rapidly exhausting1 but it returned more money1 for the labor used upon it1 than anything else2 enough more1 in his opinion to pay for the wearing out of the land4 ,if he was well paid for it1 he did not know why he should not wear out his land4 ,his tobacco-fields were nearly all in a distant and lower part of his plantation2 land which had been neglected before his time1 in a great measure1 because it had been sometimes flooded1 and was1 much of the year1 too wet for cultivation4 ,he was draining and clearing it1 and it now brought good crops4 ,he had had an ,irish gang draining for him1 by contract4 ,he thought a negro could do twice as much work in a day as an ,irishman4 ,he had not stood over them and seen them at work1 but judged entirely from the amount they accomplished3 he thought a good gang of negroes would have got on twice as fast4 ,he was sure they must have 'trifled' a great deal1 or they would have accomplished more than they had4 ,he complained much of their sprees and quarrels4 ,i asked why he should employ ,irishmen1 in preference to doing the work with his own hands4 ,it's dangerous work1 7unhealthy67 and a negro's life is too valuable to be risked at it4 ,if a negro dies it's a considerable loss1 you know4' ,he afterwards said that his negroes never worked so hard as to tire themselves--always were lively1 and ready to go off on a frolic at night4 ,he did not think they ever did half a fair day's work4 ,they could not be made to work hard3 they never would lay out their strength freely1 and it was impossible to make them do it4 ,this is just what ,i have thought when ,i have seen slaves at work--they seem to go through the motions of labor without putting strength into them4 ,they keep their powers in reserve for their own use at night1 perhaps4 ,mr4 ,w4 also said that he cultivated only the coarser and lower-priced sorts of tobacco1 because the finer sorts required more pains-taking and discretion than it was possible to make a large gang of negroes use4 ',you can make a nigger work1' be said1 'but you cannot make him think4' ,in speaking of the early tobacco culture of ,virginia1 he says3-- ,the light1 rich mould resting on the sandy soil of ,eastern ,virginia was exactly suited to the cultivation of tobacco1 and no better climate for this plant was to be found on the globe4 ,this had just been sufficiently proved1 and a suitable method of culture learned experimentally1 when the land was offered to individual proprietors by the king1 7,james ,i47 ,very little else was to be obtained from the soil which would be of value to send to ,europe1 without an application to it of a higher degree of art than the slaves1 or stupid1 careless servants of the proprietors could readily be forced to use4 ,although tobacco had been introduced into ,england but a few years1 an enormous number of persons had initiated themselves in the appreciation of its mysterious value4 ,the king1 having taken a violent prejudice against it1 though he saw no harm in the distillation of grain1 had forbidden that it should be cultivated in ,england4 ,virginia1 therefore1 had every advantage to supply the demand4 ,merchants and the super-cargoes of ships1 arriving with slaves from ,africa1 or manufactured goods1 spirits1 or other luxuries from ,england1 very gladly bartered them with the planters for tobacco1 but for nothing else4 ,tobacco1 therefore1 stood for money1 and the passion for raising it1 to the exclusion of everything else1 became a mania1 like the ',california fever' of #ahdi4 ,the culture being once established1 there were many reasons growing out of the social structure of the colony1 which1 for more than a century1 kept the industry of the ,virginians confined to this one staple4 ,these reasons were chiefly the difficulty of breaking the slaves1 or training the bond-servants to new methods of labor1 the want of enterprise or ingenuity of the proprietors to contrive other profitable occupations for them1 and the difficulty or expense of distributing the guard or oversight1 without which it was impossible to get any work done at all1 if the laborers were separated1 or worked in any other way than side by side1 in gangs1 as in the tobacco-fields4 ,owing to these causes the planters kept on raising tobacco with hardly sufficient intermission to provide sustenance1 though often1 by reason of the excessive quantity raised1 scarcely anything could be got for it4 ,tobacco is not now considered peculiarly and excessively exhaustive2 in a judicious rotation1 especially as a preparation for wheat1 it is an admirable fallow crop1 and1 under a scientific system of agriculture1 it is grown with no continued detriment to the soil4 ,but in ,virginia it was grown without interruption or alternation1 and the plantations rapidly deteriorated in fertility4 ,as they did so1 the crops grew smaller in proportion to the labor expended upon them2 yet1 from the continued importation of laborers1 the total crops of the colony increased annually1 and the market value fell proportionately to the better supply4 ,with smaller return for labor and lower prices1 the planters soon found themselves bankrupt1 instead of nabobs4 ,how could they help themselves8 ,only by forcing the merchants to pay them higher prices4 ,but how to do that1 when every planter had his crop pledged in advance1 and was obliged to hurry it off at any price he could get for it1 in order to pay for his food1 and drink1 and clothing1 and to keep his head above water at credit for the following year4 ,the crop supplied more tobacco than was needed1 but no one man would cease to plant it1 or lessen his crop for the general good4 ,then it was agreed all men must be made to do so1 and the colonial legislature was called upon to make them4 ,acts were accordingly passed to prevent any planter from cultivating more than a certain number of plants to each hand he employed in labor1 and prescribing the number of leaves which might be permitted to ripen upon each plant permitted to be grown4 ,an inspection of all tobacco1 after it had been prepared for market1 was decreed1 and the inspectors were bound by oath1 after having rejected all of inferior quality1 to divide the good into two equal parts1 and then to burn and destroy one of them4 ,thus1 it was expected the quantity of tobacco offered for sale would be so small that merchants would be glad to pay better prices for it1 and the planters would be relieved of their embarrassment4 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,p4 ,handy gives the following interesting sketch1 entitled ,on the ,tobacco ,plantation3-- ,illustration3 ,burning the patch4 ,riding through ,southside1 ,virginia1 any warm1 bright winter's day after ,christmas1 the stranger may be startled to see a dense column of smoke rising from the forest beyond4 ,he anxiously inquires of the first person he meets--probably a negro--if the woods are on fire4 ,cuffee shows his white teeth in a grin that is half amusement1 half contempt1 as he answers3 ',no1 sar1 deys jis burnin' a plant-patch4' ,for this is the first step in tobacco-culture4 ,a sunny1 sheltered spot on the southern slope of a hill is selected1 one protected from northern winds by the surrounding forest1 but open to the sun in front1 and here the hot-bed for the reception of the seed is prepared4 ,all growth is felled within the area needed1 large dead logs are dragged and heaped on the ground as for a holocaust1 the whole ignited1 and the fire kept up until nothing is left of the immense wood-heap but circles of the smoldering ashes4 ,these are afterward carefully plowed in2 the soil1 fertilized still further1 if need be1 is harrowed and prepared as though for a garden-bed1 and the small brown seed sown1 from which is to spring the most widely-used of man's useless luxuries4 ,later1 when the spring fairly opens1 and the young plants in this primitive hot-bed are large and strong enough to bear transplanting1 the ,virginian draws them1 as the ,new ,englander does his cabbages1 and plants them in like manner1 in hills from two to four feet apart each way4 ,lucky is he whose plant-bed has escaped the fly1 the first enemy of the precious weed4 ,its attacks are made upon it in the first stage of its existence1 and are more fatal1 because less easily prevented1 than those of the tobacco-worm1 that scourge1 par excellence1 of the tobacco crop4 ,farmers often lose their entire stock of plants1 and are forced to send miles to beg or buy of a more fortunate planter4 ,freshly-cleared land--'new ground1' as the negroes call it--makes the best tobacco-field1 and on this and the rich lowlands throughout ,southside is raised the staple known through the world as ,james ,river tobacco4 ,on this crop the planter lavishes his choicest fertilizers2 for the ranker the growth1 the longer and larger the leaf1 the greater is the value thereof1 though the manufacturers complain bitterly of the free use of guano1 which1 they say1 destroys the resinous gum on which the value of the leaf depends4 ,once set1 the young plant must contend1 not only with the ordinary risk of transplanting1 but the cut-worm is now to be dreaded4 ,working underground1 it severs the stem just above the root1 and the first intimation of its presence is the prone and drooping plant4 ,for this there is no remedy1 except to plant and replant1 until the tobacco itself kills the worm4 ,in one instance1 which came under our observation1 a single field was replanted six times before the planter succeeded in getting 'a good stand1' as they call it on the plantations2 but this was an extreme case4 ,illustration3 ,stringing the primings4 ,when the plants are fairly started in their growth1 the planter tops and primes them1 processes performed1 the first by pinching off the top bud1 which would else run to seed1 and the second by removing the lower leaves of each plant1 leaving bare a space of some inches near the ground1 and retaining from six to a dozen stout1 well-formed leaves on each stem1 according to the promise of the soil and season1 and these leaves form the crop4 ,the rejected lower leaves or primings1 in the days of slavery1 formed one of the mistress' perquisites and were carefully collected by the 'house-gang1' as the force was styled1 strung on small sharp sticks like exaggerated meat-skewers1 and cured1 first in the sun1 afterwards in the barn1 often placing a pretty penny in her private purse4 ,now when all labor must be paid for in money1 they are not worth collecting1 and1 except when some thrifty freedman has a large family which he wishes to turn to account1 are left to wither where they fall4 ,there is absolutely no rest on a large tobacco plantation1 one step following another in the cultivation of the troublesome weed--the last year's crop is rarely shipped to market before the seed must be sown for the next--and planting and replanting1 topping and priming1 suckering and worming1 crowd on each other through all the summer months4 ,withal the ground must be rigidly kept free from grass and weeds1 and after the plants have attained any size this must be done by hoe2 horse and plow would break and bruise the brittle leaves4 ',suckering' is performed by removing every leaf-bud which the plant throws out after the priming 7and topping71 thus retaining all its sap and strength for the development of the leaves already formed1 and this must be done again and again through the whole season4 ,worming is still more tedious and unremitting4 ,in the animal kingdom there are three creatures1 and three only1 to whom tobacco is not poisonous--man1 a goat found among the ,andes1 and the tobacco-worm4 ,this last is a long1 smooth-skinned worm1 its body formed of successive knobs or rings1 furnished each with a pair of legs1 large prominent eyes1 and is in color as green as the leaf upon which it feeds4 ,it is found only on the under side of the leaves1 every one of which must be carefully lifted and examined for its presence4 ,women make better wormers than men1 probably because they are more patient and painstaking4 ,when caught the worm is pulled apart between the thumb and finger1 for crushing it in the soft mold of the carefully cultivated fields is impossible4 ,carelessness in worming was an unpardonable offence in the days of slavery1 and was frequently punished with great severity4 ,an occasional penalty on some plantations--very few1 in justice to ,virginia planters be it said--was to compel the delinquent wormer to bite in two the disgusting worm discovered in his or her row by the lynx-eyed overseer4 ,valuable coadjutors in this work are the housewife's flock of turkeys1 which are allowed the range of the tobacco lots near the house1 and which destroy the worms by scores4 ,the moth1 whose egg produces these larv1 is a large white miller of unusual size and prolificness4 ,liberal and kind masters would frequently offer the negro children a reward for every miller captured1 and many were the pennies won in this way4 ,one of these insects1 placed one evening under an inverted tumbler1 was found next morning to have deposited over two hundred eggs on the glass4 ,illustration3 ,worming4 ,as the plant matures the leaves grow heavy1 and1 thick with gum1 droop gracefully over from the plant4 ,then as they ripen1 one by one the plants are cut1 some inches below the first leaves1 with short stout knives1--scythe or reaper is useless here1--and hung1 heads down1 on scaffolds1 in the open air1 till ready to be taken to the barn4 ,a ,virginia tobacco-barn is totally unlike any other building under the sun4 ,square as to the ground plan1 its height is usually twice its width and length4 ,in the center of the bare earthen floor is the trench for firing2 around the sides runs a raised platform for placing the leaves in bulk2 and1 commencing at a safe distance from the fire1 up to the top of the tall building1 reach beams stretching across for the reception of the tobacco-sticks1 thick pine laths1 from which are suspended the heavy plants4 ,safely housed and beyond all danger of the frost1 whose slightest touch is sufficient to blacken and destroy it1 the crop is now ready for firing1 and through the late autumn days blue clouds of smoke hover over and around the steep roofs of the tall tobacco-barns4 ,a stranger might suppose the buildings on fire1 but not a blaze is within1 the object here1 as in bacon-curing1 being smoke1 not fire4 ,for this the old field-pine is eschewed1 and the planter draws on his stock of oak and hickory-trees4 ,many use sassafras and sweet gum in preference to all other woods for this purpose1 under the impression that they improve the flavor of the tobacco-leaf4 ,when the leaves1 fully cured1 have taken the rich brown hue of the tobacco of commerce1 so unlike the deep green of the growing plant that a person familiar with the one would never recognize the other as the same plant1 the planter must fold his hands and wait until they are in condition for what is technically known as striking1 i4 e41 taking down from the rafters on which they are suspended4 ,touch the tobacco when too dry and it crumbles1 disturb it when too high or damp1 and its value for shipping is materially lessened1 while if handled in too cold weather it becomes harsh4 ,but there comes a mild damp spell1 and the watchful planter seizing the right moment1 since tobacco1 like time and tide1 waits for no man1 musters all the force he can command for the work of stripping and stemming4 ,this done1 the leaves are sorted and tied in bundles1 several being held in one hand1 while around the stalk-end of the cluster is wrapped another leaf1 the loose end of which is tucked through the center of the bundle4 ,great care is taken in this operation not to break the leaf1 and oil or lard is freely used in the work4 ,during this process the crop is divided into the various grades of commerce from 'long bright' leaf to 'lugs' the lowest grade known to manufacturers4 ,these last are not packed into hogsheads1 but are sent loose1 and sold without the trouble of prizing1 in the nearest market-town4 ,shades imperceptible to a novice1 serve to determine the value of the leaf4 ,as it varies in color1 texture1 and length1 so fluctuates its market price1 and at least half the battle lies in the manner in which the crop has been handled in curing4 ,from the mountainous counties of ,south-western ,virginia1 ,franklin1 ,henry1 and ,patrick1 comes all the rarest and the most valuable tobacco1 'fancy wrappers' but these crops are smaller in proportion to those raised along the lowlands of the rivers4 ,this tobacco is much lighter in color1 much softer in texture1 than the ordinary staple1 and is frequently as soft and fine as silk4 ,some years ago a bonnet made of this tobacco was exhibited at the ,border ,agricultural ,fair1 and had somewhat the appearance of brown silk4 ,only one such plant have ,i ever seen grown in ,southside1 and that1 a bright golden brown1 and nearly two feet in length1 was carefully preserved for show on the parlor-mantel of the planter who raised it4 ,after tying1 the bundles are placed in bulk1 and when again 'in order1' are 'prized' or packed into the hogsheads1--no smoothly-planed and iron-hooped cask1 by the way1 but huge pine structures very roughly made4 ,the old machine for prizing was a primitive affair1 the upright beam through which ran another at right angles1 turning slightly on a pivot1 heavily weighted at one end1 and used as a lever for compressing the brown mass into the hogsheads4 ,now1 most well-to-do planters own a tobacco straightener and screw-press1 inventions which materially lessen the manual labor of preparing the crop for market4 ,each hogshead is branded with the name of the owner1 and thus shipped to his commission-merchant1 when the hogshead is 'broken' by tearing off a stave1 thus exposing the strata of the bulk to view4 ,of late years some planters have been guilty of 'nesting1' or placing prime leaf around the outer part and an inferior article in the center of the hogshead4 ,at a tobacco mart in ,southside1 occurred perhaps the only instance of negro-selling since the establishment of the ,freedman's ,bureau4 ,at every town is a huge platform scale for weighing wagon and load1 deducting the weight of the former from the united weight of both to find the quantity of tobacco offered for sale4 ,a small planter has brought a lot of loose tobacco to market1 which1 being sold1 was weighed in this manner1 and for which the purchaser was about to pay1 when a bystander quietly remarked1 ',you forgot to weigh the nigger4' ,an explanation followed1 and the tobacco1 re-weighed1 was found short #aeh lbs41 or the exact weight of the colored driver1 who had1 unobserved1 been standing on the scales behind the cart while the first weighing took place4 ,thirty years or more ago--before the ,danville and ,southside ,railroads were built--the tobacco was principally carried to market on flat-boats1 and the refrain to a favorite negro song was3-- ',oh1 ,i'm gwine down to ,town6 ,an' ,i'm gwine down to ,town6 ,i'm gwine down to ,richmond ,town ,to cayr my 'bacca down6' ,then all along the rivers1 at every landing1 was a tobacco warehouse1 the ruins of some of which may still be seen4 ,with no crop has the ,emancipation ,act interfered so much as with this1 and the old tobacco planters will tell you with a sigh that tobacco no longer yields them the profits it once did3 the manufacturers are the only people who make fortunes on it now-a-days2 #ab per hundred is the lowest price which pays for the raising1 and few crops average that now4 ,still every farmer essays its culture1 every freedman has his email tobacco patch by his cabin door1 and the ,indian weed is still the great staple of ,eastern ,virginia4 ,the first planters of tobacco at the ,west were the ,ohioans1 who began its culture about fifty years ago4 ,from the first they have taken much interest in the plant1 and as the result of many experiments not only produce seed leaf1 but the finest cutting leaf grown in this country4 ,the ,ohio tobacco growers have shown a spirit of enterprise in this direction that is as commendable as it is rare4 ,while they have not tested the great tropical varieties like their brother tobacco growers of ,connecticut1 they have succeeded in producing a leaf for cutting that is the admiration of the world4 ,at first their experiments were unsuccessful1 and the early growers were ridiculed for entertaining the belief that tobacco could be grown at the ,west4 ,yet despite all objections and seeming failures1 the growers continued its cultivation until it has become one of the great products of the ,state4 ,of late the ,ohio growers have demonstrated that their soil is better adapted for the finer grades of cutting leaf1 than for seed leaf or even the more common cinnamon blotch4 ,the soil is rich1 and an experience of half a century has at length given them a thorough knowledge of the plant and the most successful modes of cultivation4 ,in appearance an ,ohio tobacco field resembles those of the ,connecticut valley--the leaf is large1 and though coarser1 cures down a dark rich brown1 like cinnamon blotch1 or a light yellow1 the color of the famous white tobacco4 ,the ,ohio growers have taken much pains with the ,ohio broad leaf1 and have produced a seed leaf tobacco that in many respects is a superior wrapper for cigars4 ,while it does not possess the fine texture of ,connecticut seed leaf it still has many good qualities1 and with the careful culture given it will doubtless become still finer as a leaf tobacco1 for wrapping cigars4 ,but it is in the production of cutting leaf that the ,ohio growers take rank1 and ere long will supply the vast demand made upon them for their great cutting variety4 ,illustration3 ,ohio tobacco field4 ,with a degree of pride peculiar to all tobacco growers1 7when any new variety has originated17 they point with no little egotism to their fields of white tobacco1 and ask their fellow-growers of ,new ,england to rival this great plant4 ,so successful have they been of late with cutting leaf1 that their fields yield them returns not inferior to many of the choicest tobacco farms on the ,connecticut ,river4 ,the ,ohio growers have one advantage over earlier growers of the plant--their land has not been cultivated as long as the famous tobacco lands of the ,connecticut valley1 and does not require that thorough fertilizing which is so necessary in ,new ,england4 ,still the tobacco field cannot be too thoroughly prepared for the growth of tobacco1 whether in the tropics or in the more temperate regions4 ,in the curing of tobacco1 the ,ohio growers have but few equals1 and no superiors4 ,at first1 the complaint made by the buyers of ,ohio tobacco was1 that ,ohio tobacco has the appearance of being too hard fired1 indeed so much so as to have the flavor of being baked4 ,the early culture of tobacco in the ,state attracted the attention of tobacco buyers1 especially those who had dealt largely in ,maryland leaf1 and so much so1 that one large firm issued a circular and sent to all the prominent growers in the tobacco growing section giving instructions in regard to its cultivation and management4 ,we copy from one lying before us1 and dated #ahdb4 ,it reads as follows3 ,as tobacco is every year becoming a more prominent article in your ,state1 we deem it of so much importance that we have had this circular printed on the subject of its ,cultivation and ,management1 and take the liberty to address it to you4 ,new ground produces the finest and highest priced tobacco4 ,the plants should be set about #b feet #i inches or three feet apart1 which will give them sufficient air and sun to ripen1 and give the leaf a good body4 ,it should be topped as soon as it buttons1 kept clear of suckers1 and cut as soon as it is ripe--if favorable weather1 it will be fit for the house in #ae to twenty days after it is topped4 ,when cut1 let it remain until sufficiently lank to handle without breaking2 but it should be housed before it is sun-killed1 or much deadened1 to prevent which1 put it up in small heaps1 say as much as a man can carry1 with the heads to the sun1 as soon as cut1 and even then the top plants may be too much deadened1 unless soon removed to the house4 ,if sun-killed1 it will not cure fine4 ,the ,maryland system is to fire without flues1 and when the precaution is taken to lay planks or boards directly over the fire1 accidents seldom occur4 ,slow fires are kept up for the first four or five days after the house is filled1 so as to give it a moderate heat throughout1 until the ,tobacco is generally yellow1 then the fires are raised or increased so as to kill the leaf and stem in forty-eight hours or less4 ,when cured on the stock1 as is done in ,maryland1 it can be better assorted1 or the different qualities more readily separated than when stripped in the field and cured in the leaf4 ,when stripping and tying up in bundles1 it should be assorted according to the following classifications3 #ast1 ,fine ,yellow2 #b;d1 ,yellow2 #c;d1 ,spangled2 #dth1 ,fine ,red2 #eth1 ,good ,red2 #fth1 ,brown and ,common4 ,it is often put up as if there were but two or three qualities1 hence there is a great mixture of the several sorts1 which is a very serious disadvantage in selling1 as the purchaser generally values it at the price of the most inferior in the sample4 ,the process of curing unfired1 or air-dried tobacco1 is similar to the above1 except the firing2 when so cured1 it is more difficult to condition1 so as to make it keep2 but it generally sells quite as well4 ,planters should be very careful to have their ,tobacco in good dry condition when they deliver it to the dealer or purchaser1 as it is all-important to him to receive it free from dampness or moisture1 which bruises it and injures its quality4 ,we think such management as directed above would raise the value of ,ohio tobacco as high as similar quality of ,maryland4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco warehouse4 ,as when first cultivated1 the ,ohio growers still select new land as the best adapted for tobacco1 though not as easy of cultivation4 ,when the tobacco growers are ready for preparing their new ground they invite in their friends and neighbors1 and the field is grubbed in a short time4 ,grubbing ,day1 with the young people1 is an event of no common interest2 the farmers gather from the adjoining farms and with mirth and muscle soon render the field fit for the ,indian herb4 ,in the evening1 the planter's home is filled with the young people1 bent on having a right good time1 and with stripping the willow and other games1 close the day if not the night in the most enjoyable manner4 ,many of the country merchants take the tobacco of the growers when in condition to handle1 paying them 7or at least a portion of it17 in goods1 or purchasing the tobacco as they do other merchandise4 ,they have large warehouses where they receive and pack the tobacco until shipped to market4 ,in the early ,spring the growers take their tobacco to the workhouses1 where it is packed by the merchants who frequently have a claim on the crop for advances made on the same4 ,having given a description of the ,connecticut1 ,virginia and ,ohio tobacco growers1 we come now to the most extensive cultivators of tobacco in ,america--the ,kentuckians4 ,with the exception of the ,virginians they are the oldest growers of the plant in the ,united ,states1#fe and are confessedly among the most thorough cultivators of the plant in the world4 ,the soil of ,kentucky is admirably adapted for the great staple1 and along the banks of the ,green ,river may be seen the largest tobacco fields in the world4 ,the plant attains a large size1 and grows with a luxuriance common to all products grown in the famous blue grass region4 ,footnote #fe3 ,kentucky was originally a part of ,virginia4 ,illustration3 ,kentucky tobacco plantation4 ,the system adopted by the ,kentucky growers is similar to that adopted by all growers of cut tobacco1 and the fine quality of ,kentucky selections has deservedly gained the leaf a reputation that must place it in the front rank of ,american tobacco4 ,the vast quantity grown in the state is an evidence not only of the good quality of ,kentucky tobacco1 but of the adaptation of the soil and of the method of cultivation in use4 ,as a cut tobacco1 ,kentucky-leaf is held in the highest esteem1 the exportation of the leaf to all parts of ,europe gaining for it a reputation hardly equaled by any ,southern tobacco4 ,the system of cultivation is similar to that pursued by the ,virginian1 and the same process of curing is also adopted4 ,the ,kentucky growers generally succeed in getting a good stand and when once the plants have commenced to grow they come forward with a rapidity that is truly astonishing4 ,the soil of ,kentucky is well adapted for the production of the largest varieties of tobacco as well as the finest grades of cutting leaf4 ,much attention is paid to the selection of soil1 that the light standard of ,kentucky leaf may be further advanced4 ,on the large plantations a vast amount of tobacco is grown1 in some instances equaling the entire product of some of the tobacco-growing towns in the ,connecticut ,valley4 ,the tobacco is packed in hogsheads1 each one containing twelve hundred pounds1 the same as in ,virginia and ,missouri4 ,the ,kentucky planter prides himself on the superior quality of tobacco1 as well as his famous blooded stock4 ,if there is anything more remarkable than the high character of the latter1 it must certainly be the renowned plant which has given the wealthy planters of ,kentucky a national popularity among all cultivators of tobacco4 ,the ,kentuckians are thorough in all of their methods of cultivation1 and with the first stock and tobacco farms in the country bid fair to achieve still further honors as tillers of the soil4 ,possessed of the largest means1 they have brought their farms up to a high state of cultivation1 and produce in their famous valleys the very finest of ,nature's products4 ,kentucky planters are men of the largest endowments2 ,nature1 in her gifts to them has been most lavish1 and the princely fortunes which they have acquired shows how well they have benefited by her munificence4 ,in manners affable1 and in benevolence unsurpassed1 the ,kentucky planter gains the plaudits of all4 ,he is polite to both friend and foe1 and possessed with all of that polished manner which marks the true gentleman1 and especially all growers of the kingly plant4 ,easy of approach1 he has still that reserve that bids all sycophants mark well their conduct and demeanor4 ,on the plantation or at the race1 the ,kentuckian is ever in his best mood for recreation and enjoyment4 ,illustration3 ,the ,kentucky planter4 ,his attachment for the horse has developed qualities of patience and thoroughness that are shown elsewhere than on the course4 ,benefiting by years of training and study1 the success that follows his efforts shows at once that such talents are not confined to a single field of operations4 ,in many respects like the ,virginia planter1 they differ somewhat in their taste in all that pertains to the turf and the field4 ,but we would not lose sight1 among his many noble traits of character1 of that love of his ,state that pre-eminently characterizes the ,kentuckian4 ,he is justly proud of her soil and of her sons1 and whether in the halls of ,congress or on the field of carnage and blood1 fears not to maintain the honor and safety of the one and the other4 ,it is surprising to one acquainted with the growth of tobacco and the value of the ,southern ,states for its production that so small an area of land is devoted to its culture in ,georgia1 ,florida and ,louisiana4 ,when owned by ,spain1 ,west ,florida was noted for its tobacco1 and produced large quantities which were exported to ,spain and ,france4 ,the soil of ,florida is well adapted for tobacco1 and the rich hummock lands produce an excellent quality for cigars1 not unlike ,havana leaf4 ,its cultivation has been tried in various parts of the ,state1 but the result has not warranted its cultivation to any great extent excepting in ,gadsden ,county where the plant flourishes as well as in ,cuba4 ,the seed used in ,havana and the plant resembles it so closely that even ,cuban planters cannot distinguish it from that grown on the island4 ,the mode of cultivation is nearly the same1 and the soil is said to produce a leaf of tobacco similar to that of the celebrated ,vuelta de ,albajo4 ,formerly the product was sent to ,new ,orleans1 and the leaf was pronounced by some dealers to be bitter1 but most of them considered it valuable4 ,the planter selects the high lands or hummocks1 the soil of which is light and rich for the tobacco field4 ,the plants are carefully drawn from the bed1 and transplanted afterwards4 ,the mode of culture is to plow between the rows and hoe the plants carefully4 ,a ,florida tobacco field in appearance is not unlike a vega1 or ,cuba tobacco field2 the same luxuriant growth of the forest may be seen on every hand1 and the queen of herbs grows underneath or near the fragrant ,orange and the stately ,magnolia4 ,the soil of ,gadsden ,county is in some respects unlike that of the rest of the ,state in that there is an entire absence of limestone1 which is found elsewhere all through ,florida4 ,the climate of the ,state is well adapted for the growth of tobacco1 and is less changeable on the ,gulf side than along the ,atlantic coast4 ,formerly larger crops were raised than now4 ,under the old rgime when on every plantation were a score or more of idle negro urchins1 a large portion of the labor could be performed by them1 such as worming1 dropping the plants1 and picking up the primings1 while now the labor has to be paid for in money or its equivalent4 ,at this time1 the wrapper leaf was considered to be among the best for cigars1 and brought high prices4 ,in the days of slavery1 tobacco was considered to be as profitable as the cotton crop1 and good tobacco plantations were considered to be the most valuable in the ,state4 ,illustration3 ,florida tobacco plantation4 ,this peculiar tobacco region is without doubt capable1 with proper management1 of producing a superior article for cigars1 both wrappers and fillers1 and when grown on new ground the staple is exceedingly fine4 ,the leaf cures as rapidly1 and is of as good color as in ,cuba1 and in a favorable season and when harvested fully ripe1 is destitute of that bitter taste formerly ascribed to it4 ,the plants grow large1 and have that smooth1 shiny appearance peculiar to ,havana tobacco1 the leaves growing erect1 and frequently covered with specks or white rust1 one of the best evidences of a fine flavored and a good-burning tobacco4 ,a ,florida tobacco-grower gives the following account of the plant3 ,the ,gadsden 'wrapper-leaf' was always in high repute1 and extensively used in the manufacture of cigars1 being in size1 firmness1 and texture fully equal to the best ,cuba1 and far superior to the ,connecticut seed-leaf4 ,where the variety known as the ,cuba filler has been tried1 it has succeeded finely in this county1 possessing that delicate and peculiar aroma so highly prized in the ,havana cigars4 ,we need but the capital to make the most profitable crop that is grown4 ,it is a fact1 that of all the counties of the ,state1 many of them abounding in the very finest soil1 ,gadsden is the only one that has succeeded in making the ,cuba tobacco a staple market-crop4 ,prior to #ahfj it rivaled in net returns the great staple cotton1 and from present indications1 it is about to resume its former status among the great agricultural products of the country4 ,whether this success is attributable to any peculiarity in the elements of the soil1 ,i am not able to determine1 but this fact is worthy of note1 that1 except immediately on the banks of the ,apalachicola ,river1 which forms the ,western boundary of the ,county1 there is an entire absence of the rotten limestone which so largely pervades the other sections of the ,state4 ,for the planter of limited means1 there is no crop so well suited to his condition as the ,cuba tobacco4 ,to produce a given result there is a less area of land required than is demanded for the production of any other field crop4 ,the cultivation1 harvesting1 and preparation for market is simple1 and the labor so light that it may be participated in by every member of the family1 male and female1 over six years of age4 ,the growth of the plant is so rapid1 and its arrival at maturity so quick1 that it never interferes with any of the provision crops1 and rarely with a moderate cotton crop4 ,in ,louisiana the tobacco plant flourishes well and grows as well and as luxuriantly as sugar cane4 ,even along the banks of the ,mississippi the plants attain good size1 and succeed as finely as in some of the other parishes in the interior of the ,state4 ,the ,perique and ,louisiana tobacco are the principal varieties cultivated1 and attain nearly the size of ,connecticut seed leaf4 ,in ,st4 ,james parish the soil seems well adapted for ,perique tobacco1 and here it readily takes on that black hue that is one of the peculiar features of this singular variety4 ,in ,coddo parish tobacco is cultivated to some extent1 but does not produce a leaf equal to that grown in ,st4 ,james ,parish4 ,the tobacco grown in the ,parishes of ,bossier and ,natchitoches is used chiefly by the growers of the parishes and is fitted for both smoking and snuff4 ,the ,louisiana planters have adopted the method of the ,french in doing up their tobacco--twisting it in rolls1 or as the ,french call them1 ,carrots4 ,the planters of ,st4 ,james ,parish annually put up from ten to fourteen thousand carrots of ,perique1 each carrot weighing about four pounds4 ,mr4 ,perique1 from whom the tobacco takes its name1 made many improvements in the manner of preparing the tobacco for market1 one of which consisted in taking up the twisted lumps 7after remaining in press for six months71 spreading them to fifteen or sixteen inches in length and having completed four pounds in weight1 rolling it into a lump which retained its shape by means of a rope one-fourth inch in diameter1 tightly twisted around it4 ,the labor in pressing and twisting is entirely done by hand1 and attended to with the most scrupulous care4 ,illustration3 ,louisiana tobacco plantation4 ,the ,creole planters sometimes raise two1 and even three crops on the same field1 two of them being the growths of suckers or shoots from the parent stock or stump4 ,the growers of ,perique tobacco have tested ,havana seed1 but can see but little difference between the product and that from ,virginia or ,kentucky tobacco seed1 while the growth is much smaller4 ,in color ,louisiana tobacco is very dark1 entirely different from any other variety grown in the ,mississippi valley4 ,some few years since tobacco culture was introduced into ,california1 and the belief then entertained by those who planted the consoling weed1 that the state would soon become as famous for raising tobacco as she now is for producing wheat and gold seem likely to be realized4 ,the soil and climate of ,california are admirably adapted for tobacco4 ,in the valleys the land is a deep alluvial loam1 easily worked1 producing bountiful crops of the finest leaf tobacco4 ,the planters have experimented with several varieties1 including ,havana1 ,florida1 ,latakia1 ,hungarian1 ,mexican1 ,virginia1 ,connecticut1 ,standard and ,white leaf4 ,large crops are grown1 especially of ,florida tobacco1 which1 with careful culture1 produces two thousand five hundred pounds of merchantable leaf to the acre4 ,the planters get their ,havana seed from ,cuba1 preferring to do so rather than to risk the seed from their own plants4 ,at first they used home-grown seed and could not see any serious deterioration or change in the quality of the tobacco1 but a singular change in the form of the leaf took place4 ,that from home-grown seed grew longer1 and the veins or ribs1 which in ,havana tobacco stand out at right angles from the leaf stalks took an acute angle1 and thus became longer and made up a greater part of the leaf4 ,of ,florida tobacco the home-grown seed comes true4 ,tobacco is now being tested in the several counties in the ,state and with every promise of success4 ,many of the ranches seem well adapted for the plant and the planters are confident by their new process of curing1 of being able to produce an article equal to the best ,havana brand4 ,the plants attain a remarkable size1 and grow up like many kinds of tropical vegetation1 without much care being bestowed upon them1 although the plants are regularly cultivated and hoed4 ,the planters are not troubled with that foe of most tobacco fields1 the worm4 ,they attribute this in part to the excellence of their soil and partly to the abundance of birds and yellow jackets4 ,the planters do not always top the ,havana and do very little suckering4 ,if the ground is rich1 and free from weeds they let one of the suckers from that root grow1 and thus become almost as large and heavy as the original plant4 ,they believe that the soil is strong enough to bear the plants and suckers1 and that they get a better leaf and finer quality without suckering4 ,in summer the roads are very dusty in ,california1 and this dust is a disadvantage to the tobacco planter4 ,on some of the plantations double rows of shade trees are planted along the main roads1 and gravel is spread on the interior roads2 and to protect the fields of tobacco from the high winds which sweep through the ,california valley1 almonds and cottonwoods are planted for wind-breaks in the fields4 ,some of the planters employ ,chinese to cultivate the plants1 who are very careful in hoeing and weeding the tobacco1 living an apparently jolly life in shanties near the fields4 ,a witty ,california correspondent of the ,tobacco ,leaf writes concerning the early cultivation of tobacco in that ,state3 ,we are doing a great many other things in ,california now besides raising grain1 fruit1 wine1 wool1 and gold4 ,we are doing a lively business in tobacco4 ,fifteen years ago ,i was down ,east on one occasion when they were gathering the tobacco crop--which goes to ,new ,york1 and1 by a process equal to wine making1 becomes ,havana tobacco4 ,it struck me that this country was admirably adapted to its cultivation1 and ,i brought back some seed1 which ,i gave to a friend living on the bank of the ,sacramento ,river1 instructing him to plant it as per direction given me4 ,we sat down and calculated the immense fortune we would make raising tobacco1 if the experiment was a success4 ,a week later my friend1 who was an impatient sort of a fellow1 wrote me just a line--',no results4' ,i replied1 and asked him if he expected a crop of tobacco in seven days4 ,a few weeks later he wrote1 ',here she comes2' two weeks later1 ',how big is the stuff to be8' two weeks later1 ',not room for tobacco and me too4 ,who shall quit8' ,i heard no more for a month and thought ,i would go up and see it4 ,i did so1 and the steamboat landed me at my friend's ranch4 ,i could not see the house1 and hallooed4 ,i heard an answer from the depths1 and then following a path1 ,i found my friend swinging in a hammock in the shade of a grove of tobacco trees4 ,i desire to maintain my reputation for truth and veracity1 so necessary to a correspondent1 so ,i won't say how big or how high those tobacco plants were2 but my friend's hammock was slung from them--and he was no feather-weight--the leaves completely embowered the cottage4 ,i congratulated him on the results--such a grove and such a shade--and moreover ,i said1 ',you will be permanently rid of mosquitoes4' ',will ,i6' said he4 ',do you know that these gallinippers have learned to chew already1 and the habit is spreading so that all the old he-fellows are coming down from ,marysville to take a hand4' ,i inquired if my friend had cured any or smoked any4 ,he pointed to a ,manyanita pipe split open on the ground1 and said4 ',before it was real strong1 some three weeks ago1 ,i tried a leaf in that pipe4 ,observe the result--busted it the second whiff1 and knocked me off the log ,i was sitting on4' ,such was the first experiment in tobacco raising in ,california4 ,but now they have learned the trick4 ,they have searched the ,state for the poorest and most barren soil1 and1 having found it are cultivating a splendid article of genuine ,havana leaf tobacco1 manufacturing cigars as good as you get one time in twenty even in ,havana1 making several brands of smoking tobacco1 and1 lastly1 an article of ,louisiana perique1 7'peruke' proper17 that any old smoker would go into ecstasies over1 fully equal1 it is said to the genuine old-fashioned article1 and that is saying a good deal4 ,now if we can supply the world with cigars and tobacco1 we have got a dead sure thing for the future1 even if gold gives out1 grain fails and the pigs eat up all the fruit4 ,your people who have been paying fifteen cents apiece for genuine ,havana cigars imported direct from--,connecticut1 should rejoice and join in an earnest hooray6 ,in ,mexico the tobacco plantations exhibit a diversity of scenery not met with in other portions of ,america4 ,the soil is well adapted for the crop1 and on many of the plantations in the ,gulf ,states the plant grows as finely as on any of the vegas of ,cuba4 ,the ,mexicans are among the best cultivators of the plant in the world1 and1 like the ,turks1 prefer its culture to that of any product grown4 ,the plant is a strong1 vigorous grower1 and ripens early1 emitting an odor like that of ,havana tobacco4 ,the climate is so favorable that from one to three crops can be grown on the same field in one year1 and yield a bountiful harvest without seemingly impoverishing the soil4#ff ,transplanted in the summer or autumn1 the plants grow through the winter months1 and in spring are gathered and taken to the sheds4 ,sartorius1 in his work on ,mexico1 says of its culture on the plantation3-- ,footnote #ff3 ,shepard says of the cultivation of tobacco by the ,indians3--,the tobacco which is raised on the ,tehuantepec isthmus is said1 by good judges1 to rival that of ,cuba1 and commands1 in the capital1 equal prices with the far-famed ,havana4 ,it is cultivated by the ,indians1 whose fields1 or 'milpas1' according to ,indian custom1 are situated at some distance from their villages1 often in the depths of the forest4 ,upon these little patches they bestow whatever labor is consistent with dislike for exertion1 leaving the rich soil to accomplish the balance4 ,illustration3 ,mexican tobacco plantation4 ,various kinds of tobacco are planted1 mostly that with the short1 dingy1 yellow blossoms1 which has a very large1 strong leaf4 ,but there is little doubt that the sorts would be more carefully selected1 if the trade were not fettered by the monopoly4 ,most of the government planters enter into an arrangement with the small farmers and peasants who have to grow a certain number of plants1 on conditions of handing over the harvest at a low figure--six to eight dollars per crop4 ,these aviados receive something in advance1 and their chief profit consists in securing the sand leaf and the greater part of the after-harvest1 which they sell to the contrabandists4 ,it is indeed allowed to export whatever remains2 but it is attended with so many annoyances from the authorities1 that it is never attempted4 ,the many ships which enter the ,mexican harbor of the east coast with ,european manufactures1 find no return freight except gold and silver1 cochineal1 vanilla1 a few drugs and goat skins1 all of which take up very little room in the ships 7money is usually sent off in the ,english government steamers72 consequently they must either proceed to ,laguna to buy log-wood1 or they must take in sugar1 coffee1 or tobacco1 in a ,cuban or ,haytian port4 ,as soon as tobacco becomes an export article1 its cultivation must increase immensely in the ,coast ,states1 the ,mexican being very partial to this branch of agriculture1 which occupies him part of the year only4 ,mayer also alludes as follows to the same subject3-- ,a large portion of the tobacco sold in the republic is contraband2 for the ridiculous and greedy restrictions and exactions with which a plant of such universal consumption is surrounded1 necessarily disposes the people to violate laws which they feel were only made to impair their rights of production and trade under a constitution professing to be free4 ,the government planters in the ,state of ,vera ,cruz have large1 fine plantations1 and the plants are carefully tended and cultivated as in all countries where tobacco is a government monopoly4 ,on each plant a certain number of leaves are taken off1 including the sand leaf1 which is thrown away1 and everything in the way of topping and suckering performed as carefully as on the tobacco farms in ,cuba4 ,the small farmers who raise only a few thousand plants are not as careful as the large planters1 and are sometimes guilty of planting more than the number agreed upon1 while the mountain passes towards the table-land are carefully guarded to prevent smuggling of the crop1 which is far more remunerative than selling to the government4 ,we will now take the reader to the primitive tobacco plantations of ,america about the middle of the ,sixteenth ,century4 ,the plantations were not located in ,cuba as many have supposed but what has been variously named ,hispaniola1 ,hayti1 and ,st4 ,domingo4 ,it was in this island that the ,spaniards first began the cultivation of tobacco and inaugurated 7under the guise of ,christianity7 that career of monstrous cruelty1 with which their insatiable appetite for the burning of heretics and for the baiting of bulls so well accords4 ,in #aeji1 ,diego ,columbus1 the eldest son of the great discoverer1 assumed in ,st4 ,domingo1 or as it was then called1 ,hispaniola1 the vice-regal powers which had been intrusted to him4 ,diego as portrayed by the historian was a man as noble as his father1 and almost as gifted2 and he had his father's fate4 ,like his father1 he had to bear all that ,spanish envy and ,spanish malignity could inflict4 ,in #aeaa1 ,diego ,columbus sent ,diego ,velasquez to conquer ,cuba4 ,from historians ,velasquez gets a better character than most of the ,conquistadores1 who in general were as ferocious as they were audacious and fortunate4 ,no serious opposition was or could be offered4 ,with the name of ,velasquez the prosperity of ,cuba is inseparably identified4 ,as ,governor of ,cuba he was a vigorous colonizer and civilizer4 ,he founded ,havana1 which he called the ,key of the ,new ,world1 and which is said to rank as the eighth place in the hierarchy of commercial cities4 ,havana1 however had long been flourishing before the seat of ,government had been transferred to it from ,santiago4 ,it was ,velasquez who introduced slavery into ,cuba2 and it was during his vice-royalty and under his sanction that those memorable exploratory and conquering expeditions began1 the most astonishing of which was that to ,mexico1 led by ,cortez1 the insubordinate lieutenant of ,velasquez1 whose death is said to have been hastened by the rebellious and ungrateful conduct of ,cortez1 and perhaps by the spectacle of such immense and rapid success4 ,the agricultural1 commercial1 and general growth of the ,west ,india islands at this period would have been much more rapid if the ,spaniards had not annihilated the native population1 and if they had not been exposed to incessant piratical attacks4 ,these were often of the most desolating kind4 ,in #afhh1 the city of ,puerto ,principe was plundered and destroyed4 ,from its strongly fortified position ,havana set the buccaneers at defiance1 and sometimes saved the whole island from ruin4 ,illustration3 ,st4 ,domingo tobacco field1 #aece4 ,the exact period of the first cultivation of tobacco in ,st4 ,domingo is not known1 but we find that as early as #aece the negroes had habituated themselves to the use of it in the plantations of their master4 ,soon however its cultivation increased1 and during the latter part of the ,sixteenth ,century the ,spaniards shipped vast quantities to ,europe1 a very large amount of which found its way to ,england1 where it brought fabulous prices4 ,the ,spaniards1 by the application of the lash and other cruelties1 extorted from the negroes an amount of labor never equaled by any other task masters in the world4 ,forcing these slaves to labor on the plantations from morning until night1 with the fierce rays of a tropical sun shining full upon their uncovered backs1 and goaded on to the performance of the severest toil1 is it any wonder that the haughty cavaliers of ,spain grew rich from their industry1 and feasted on the products of the ,indies4 ,cultivated on the rich soil of this fertile island1 the tobacco of ,st4 ,domingo had no competitor1 until the ,spaniards began its culture a little later on the island of ,trinidad1 the product of which in time stood at the head of all the tobaccos of the ,indies and of ,south ,america4 ,the tobacco trade at this time was wholly controlled by the ,spaniards1 who1 though successful in this direction1 made but slow progress in colonization4 ,compared in the ,british colonies in the ,new ,world1 the ,spanish possessions were weak and incompetent1 and for all their advantages in their great product1 it was ultimately rivaled by the ,english ,colonial tobacco4 ,in the conquest of the ,new ,world1 ,spanish energy and enterprise seem to have exhausted themselves2 and as ,spain was declining1 its colonies could not be expected rapidly to advance4 ,the history of the ,spanish conquest in ,america is a record of cruelty and of blood1 while that of ,english colonization is marked by ,english rigor and enterprise1 and is one of successful daring and ultimate triumph4 ,the ,west ,india plantations1 however1 were still worked1 and for more than a century ,st4 ,domingo yielded a vast amount of tobacco1 until the soil of ,cuba was found to be better adapted for its production than any other of the ,west ,india islands1 not excepting even the island of ,trinidad4 ,hazard1 in his work on ,cuba1 describes the celebrated vegas or tobacco plantations1 of the island as follows3 ,illustration3 ,a ,cuban vega4 ,the best properties known as vegas1 or tobacco farms1 are comprised in a narrow area in the south-west part of the island1 about twenty-seven leagues broad4 ,near the western extremity of the ,island of ,cuba1 on the southern coast1 is found one of the finest tobaccos in the world4 ,within a space of seventy-three miles long and eighteen miles wide1 grows the plant that stands as eminent among tobacco plants as the lordly ,johannisberger among the wines of the ,rhine4 ,shut in on the north by mountains1 and south-west by the ocean1 ,pinar del ,rio being the principal point in the district4 ,these vegas are found generally on the margins of rivers1 or in low1 moist localities1 their ordinary size being not more than a coballeria1 which amounts to about thirty-three acres of our measurement4 ,the half of this is also most frequently devoted to the raising of the vegetable known as the platano 7banana71 which may be said to be the bread of the lower classes4 ,a few other small vegetables are raised4 ,the usual buildings upon such places are a dwelling house1 a drying-house1 a few sheds for cattle1 and perhaps a small bohio 7hut71 or two1 made in the rudest manner1 for the shelter of the hands1 who1 upon some of the very largest places number twenty or thirty1 though not always negroes--for this portion of the labor of the island seems to be performed by the lower classes of whites4 ,some of the places that are large have a mayoral1 as he is called1 a man whose business it is to look after the negroes1 and direct the agricultural labors2 but1 as a general thing1 the planter1 who is not always the owner of the property1 but simply the lessee1 lives upon1 directs1 and governs the place4 ,guided by the results of a long experience transmitted from his ancestors 7says a ,spanish author71 the farmer knows1 without being able to explain himself1 the means of augmenting or diminishing the strength or the mildness of the tobacco4 ,his right hand1 as if guided by an instinct1 foresees what buds it is necessary to take off in order to put a limit to the increase or height1 and what amount of trimming is necessary to give a chance to the proper quantity of leaves4 ,but the principal care1 and that which occupies him in his waking hours1 is the extermination of the voracious insects that persecute the plant4 ,one called cachaga domesticates itself at the foot of the leaves2 the verde1 on the under side of the leaves2 the rosquilla1 in the heart of the plant2 all of them doing more or less damage4 ,the planter passes entire nights1 provided with lights1 clearing the buds just opening1 of these destructive insects4 ,he has even to carry on a war with still worse enemies1--the vivijagnas1 a species of large1 native ants1 that are to the tobacco what the locust is to the wheat4 ,this plague is so great1 at times1 that prayers and special adoration are offered up to ,san ,marcial to intercede against the plague of ants4 ,the plant1 whose original name was cohiba1 seems to have been cultivated first by ,europeans on the island in the vicinity of ,havana4 ,the island of ,cuba is without doubt well adapted for the cultivation of tobacco--the soil1 climate1 and improved methods of culture all tend to the production of a leaf tobacco as celebrated as it is valuable4 ,illustration3 ,killing bugs by night4 ,between the ',lower ,valley1' in the ,nicotian1 not the geographical1 sense of these words1 lie the so-called ,partidos which produce the tobacco that is sent to ,europe as ,partido or ,cabaas4 ,the leaf often surpasses that of the ',lower ,valley' in size and fineness1 as well as in the beauty of the color2 but it is inferior in quality4 ,the tobacco farmers though stalwart fellows are not fond of work1 and too often waste their time at the tavern4 ,many of them from thriftlessness are plunged into debt2 and scarcely is the harvest ended when they borrow money from the tobacco merchant on the following harvest1 who thereby obtains the right to interfere1 it may be despotically1 with the management of the crop4 ,continual embarrassments tempt the tobacco planters to be dishonest4 ,to cheat their creditors1 they often sell the best part of the crop in underhand fashion4 ,such of the tobacco farmers as wish to produce a great deal of tobacco1 without regard to the excellence of the article1 leave the plant to its natural growth1 which is both scientifically and otherwise objectionable1 for it is on a process of thinning and pruning a due diffusion of sap in the leaves depends1 and consequently the quality of the tobacco4 ,the tobacco1 after being baled1 is sent to the ,havana market4 ,the bales of tobacco are carried on the backs of mules or horses to the city or to the nearest railway station4 ,illustration3 ,going to market4 ,in the long line or train of mules or horses1 the head of one mule or horse is tied to the tail of the one before it4 ,on the back of the foremost sits the driver4 ,the hindmost carries a bell1 which enables the driver to know whether any of the animals have broken loose4 ,from the description given by ,hazard of ,cuba1 its soil1 climate1 and other resources1 it will readily be seen by all acquainted with the tobacco plant that this famous island is well adapted for the production of a tobacco that for fineness and delicacy of flavor is hardly rivaled4 ,with the peculiar composition of the soil1 and with a climate well adapted for the perfection of all kinds of tropical plants and fruits1 it can hardly be imagined that any finer variety of tobacco can be grown than that produced in ,cuba and the adjoining islands4 ,doubtless the climate of ,cuba is nearly the same as when ,columbus discovered the island1 and wrote in such extravagant language its praise4 ,the soil of ,cuba is prolific1 and the variety of tropical plants and fruits grown upon the island is quite remarkable4 ,nowhere is this seen to a greater extent than in the varieties of tobacco cultivated4 ,although there are several kinds and qualities grown on the island1 the mode of culture upon all the vegas is nearly the same4 ,these vegas or tobacco farms greatly outnumber the coffee and sugar estates1 but are much smaller1 and require a less number of hands to work them4 ,hazard estimates the number at ten thousand1 while they are constantly increasing as new fields are being tried and new modes of culture introduced4 ,russell says of tobacco culture in ,cuba3-- ,in regard to climate1 it is worthy of observation that tobacco is only cultivated during winter1 when there is little rain4 ,it grows most luxuriantly in summer with the increased heat and moisture2 but the leaves grown in this season are devoid of those qualities for which the weed is esteemed4 ,the conditions of growth are less powerful in winter1 when the temperature is ten degrees lower1 and the fall of rain small4 ,at the same time1 there is more sunshine to impart those aromatic qualities which are so much relished by smokers of tobacco4 ,in ,virginia the torrid heat and thunder showers during the summer months are by no means favorable for developing the mild aroma of a good smoking leaf4 ,such atmospheric conditions are better suited for cotton and ,indian corn than tobacco1 which must have dry weather and sunshine to produce it in perfection4 ,no country in ,europe is more celebrated for its tobacco than ,germany4 ,the tobacco plant has been cultivated in some parts of ,prussia for nearly two centuries4 ,the tobacco of ,germany is used for all purposes for which the leaf is designed--for cutting1 cigars1 and snuff4 ,there are various kinds of ,german tobacco1 the finest being grown in the ,grand ,duchy of ,baden4 ,the native tobacco of ,germany1 however1 is not powerful in flavor1 and may be smoked continuously to an extent which would be dangerous and disagreeable if ,american tobacco were used4 ,although it is cultivated in most of the ,states of ,germany1 and by a large number of growers1 still the tobacco fields as a rule are small4 ,the ,germans are among the most thorough cultivators of the plant in ,europe1 and every operation in the field is done at the proper time and in the right manner4 ,after it is cured they prepare it nicely in rolls and carots1 the latter for manufacturing into snuff4 ,the tobacco fields are faithfully tended1 and the utmost pains taken to secure large1 well-formed leaves4 ,the fields present a much more even appearance than similar fields in ,france1 where the tobacco grown is small and uneven4 ,the ,south ,german growers of tobacco are without doubt the most successful tobacco-growers in ,europe1 not excepting the ,hollanders1 who raise an excellent tobacco for snuff4 ,the time of gathering the leaves is the occasion of quite a merry-making among the growers and villagers1 and is considered an event of considerable importance4 ,fairholt says3-- ,the time of harvesting the leaves is an interesting period for a stranger to visit the villages1 which put on a new aspect as every house and barn is hung all over with the drying leaves4 ,illustration3 ,german tobacco field4 ,german tobacco cures well1 and some of the finer sorts make excellent cigar wrappers and are much esteemed throughout ,europe4 ,the following account of the cultivation and production of tobacco in the different ,german ,states1 will give some idea of the amount cultivated and used in ,germany3-- ,the aggregate area of land cultivated with tobacco in ,prussia during the year #ahga1 amounted to #e4ibe hectares 7a hectare being equal to #b4dg ,english acres74 ,it appears that the extent of tobacco-growing land has1 during the last fifty years1 been gradually diminishing in ,prussia1 and that accordingly the expectations entertained in the beginning of that period of a great future development of this branch of agriculture1 have not been realized2 for whilst the area of land planted with tobacco in the year #ahbe was #ab4cgd hectares1 it amounted in #ahga to less than one-half this amount4 ,the reasons for this gradual decline are considered to be1 on the one hand1 the growing competition of the ,south ,german growers1 and the increase in the importations of ,american tobacco2 on the other1 the fact that the cultivation of beet-root 7for sugar manufacturing7 and of potatoes 7for the distilleries7 has proved to be a more profitable business than the cultivation of tobacco4 ,it has1 moreover1 been found by many years' experience1 that whilst the quality of the tobacco cultivated in most parts of ,prussia is not such as to enable the growers to compete successfully with the importers of foreign 7particularly of ,north ,american7 sorts1 the labor attending its cultivation and its preparation for the market1 as well as the uncertainty of only an average crop1 are out of proportion1 as a rule1 to the average profits arising therefrom4 ,the cultivation of the plant has1 consequently1 gradually become restricted1 chiefly to those districts of the country where either the soil is peculiarly adapted for the purpose1 or where it is carried on for the private use of the producer4 ,with regard to the various provinces of ,prussia1 it appears that ,in ,east ,prussia the extent of tobacco land is only a limited one1 and is confined to the district around ,tilsit1 where about two-thirds of the entire cultivation is in the hands of peasants1 who consume their own produce4 ,in ,west ,prussia 7the western portion of the province of ,prussia proper7 the cultivation is rather more extensive1 particularly near the town of ,marienwerder2 the tobacco1 however1 is very inferior4 ,the most important districts of the province of ,posen are those of ,chodziesz and ,meseritz4 ,in ,pomerania1 next to ,brandenburg the most important tobacco-growing province of the kingdom1 the area of land cultivated is very large4 ,the principal districts are those near ,stettin4 ,in ,silesia the most important districts are those around ,breslau1 ,ratibor1 and ,oels4 ,the principal tobacco-growing province of ,prussia is ,brandenburg1 and here again1 particularly the part of the government district of ,potsdam1 which contains the towns of ,neustadt1 ,eberswalde and ,prenzlau4 ,besides the districts mentioned1 tobacco is grown largely in that of ,frankfort-on-the ,oder4 ,in the province of ,saxony the chief districts are those of ,stendal1 ,salzwedel1 ,nordhausen1 ,burg1 and ,wittenburg4 ,hanover1 like the other western provinces of the kingdom1 produces a superior quality of tobacco to that raised in the eastern parts of ,prussia--the most important district is that of ,munden4 ,the chief tobacco-growing districts of ,hesse-,nossau are situated near the towns of ,cassel and ,hanau4 ,in ,rhenish ,prussia the plant is cultivated1 particularly in the neighborhood of ,cleve1 ,emmerich1 ,coblenz1 ,creuznach1 and ,saarbruck2 the districts first mentioned produce a very superior quality4 ,the production of tobacco in ,westphalia is extremely small1 while in the province of ,schleswig-,holstein the plant is not cultivated at all4 ,in the account given it will be seen that the tobacco plant holds an important place among the products of ,prussia1 and although not as extensively cultivated as formerly1 has not been entirely driven from the soil by other products which yield a larger profit to the producer4 ,the plant is cultivated in other parts of ,germany1 especially in ,bavaria1 where large quantities of tobacco are grown1 particularly so in the ,bavarian ,palatinate and in ,franconia 7viz41 the districts around ,nuremberg and ,erlangen74 ,in the ,kingdom of ,saxony but little tobacco is raised1 as is also the case in ,wurtemberg1 although the soil and climate in parts of this state are said to be very favorable to the growth of the tobacco plant2 the area of land cultivated is upon the whole1 a very limited one1 and in #ahga did not exceed #agh4b hectares4 ,the ,grand ,duchy of ,baden has at all times been the chief tobacco-growing part of ,germany2 as far back as the end of the ,seventeenth ,century1 special laws for regulation of the cultivation1 preparation1 and warehousing of this article were in force4 ,the most prominent tobacco-growing districts of ,baden are those of ,carlsruhe1 ,mannheim1 ,heidelburg1 ,badenburg1 ,schwetzingen1 and ,lahr2 the quality of the plant grown in those parts being a very superior one 7among the various kinds of ,german tobacco74 ,the produce of the districts mentioned is therefore applied chiefly in the manufacture of cigar wrappers1 and is exported in considerable quantities to ,bremen1 ,hamburg1 ,switzerland1 ,holland1 and even to ,america for the use of cigar manufacture4 ,the prices of the best kinds of ,baden tobacco are consequently also1 on an average1 much higher than those realized by other ,german growers4 ,in the ,grand ,duchy of ,hesse the plant is cultivated1 the chief district being that around the town of ,darmstadt2 in the ,thuringian ,states1 tobacco is grown2 the most prominent among them as regards its production is the ,duchy of ,saxe-,meiningen4 ,in ,mecklenburg also some tobacco is raised1 the most important district being that of ,neu ,brandenburg 7in ,mecklenburg-,strelitz74 ,in ,brunswick only a small extent of land is used for tobacco growing1 the same being situated near the town of ,helmstadt4 ,in ,alsace and ,lorraine1 the recently acquired provinces of ,germany1 the cultivation of tobacco has been extensively carried on for many years1 more especially in the country around ,strasburg1 ,mulhausen1 ,schirmeck1 and ,munster1 and to a small extent near ,metz and ,thionville4 ,it is apparent from this account that the ,german tobacco fields produce a vast quantity of tobacco1 some of which is of excellent texture and flavor1 and well adapted to the taste of ,european smokers of the plant4 ,ever since the introduction of tobacco into ,holland1 its cultivation and its use has been looked upon with favor by the true-born ,nederlander1 who associates the plant with every social enjoyment4 ,the ,dutch1 on the discovery of tobacco1 were among the first to use it and encourage its cultivation4 ,in the history of the ,dutch colonies in the ,indies it plays an important part4 ,tobacco began to be cultivated in ,holland about ,amersfoot in #afae1 and from that time until now1 its culture has increased until it has become one of the greatest of agricultural products of the country4 ,the plant is grown in the ,veluive 7the valley of ,guelderland71 where the soil is particularly adapted for the rich snuff-leaf which is manufactured from ,amersfoot tobacco4 ,the ,dutch1 like the ,germans1 are excellent cultivators of tobacco1 selecting the richest and the strongest land1 and working the fields of as fine a tilth as possible4 ,the plants do not grow as rapidly as in ,america1 as they are transplanted into the fields in ,may1 and are not harvested until the latter part of ,september or beginning of ,october4 ,the plants attain good size--larger than most of the tobacco of ,europe1 and a tobacco field in ,holland compares favorably with any in this country4 ,the color of the plants while growing1 is a dark rich green1 and they are of a uniform size1 maturing slowly but thoroughly4 ,connor says of ,amersfoot tobacco3 ,this tobacco is much esteemed1 the fineness of the leaf and its freedom from fibres fitting it for cigar-wrappers4 ,illustration3 ,dutch planters4 ,the ,dutch planters of tobacco are among the happiest cultivators of the plant in ,europe1 if not in the world1 and unlike the renowned ,van ,twiller never have any doubts about the matter1 and believe that tobacco is absolutely necessary to sustain life4 ,after the evening meal the planter lights his pipe or calls upon the good dominie1 to have a social chat1 discoursing over their favorite beverage the virtues of two great luxuries4 ,oftener1 however1 he passes his evenings at the village inn1 where1 surrounded by other comrades1 he discourses as follows of his favorite plant1--tabak3 ,that the smoking of tobacco is of infinite benefit1 no one who is impartial and unprejudiced can deny4 ,in a country like ,holland1 where the atmosphere is always laden with heavy and hurtful particles1 and where1 while people breathe that atmosphere from above1 they feel themselves not less affected from below by the cold1 moist1 swampy soil--the smoking and the chewing of tobacco are the wholesome prophylactics of which we can make use4 ,to the ,indians and the ,negroes1 tobacco is almost the only solace in this transient life4 ,they learn1 by means of it1 to support nature1 and to encounter valiantly1 by its help1 all the tribulations incidental to the human lot4 ,if they are depressed1 they smoke or chew tobacco1 and gladden themselves therewith4 ,if they are exhausted1 and the sun and their hard and inhuman masters appear to conspire to destroy them1 a little tobacco restores their strength1 makes them forget their slavish life1 and go vigorously to work again4 ,in the ,thirty ,years' ,war in ,germany1 the smoking and chewing of tobacco proved the salvation of many thousands of men1 who by its aid guarded themselves against the deadly effects of deficient food and of bad meats and drinks4 ,nothing is so good1 nothing so serviceable to human life1 as the smoking of tobacco--which may well be called a kingly plant1 seeing that the monarchs of the earth are not ashamed to use it4 ,while tobacco cultivates sociality1 and is of great avail in severe hunger and thirst1 it strengthens the body and checks fluxions1 and colds1 and slimy humors4 ,nature has willed it that men should make use of plants like tobacco1 which1 by their heat and sharpness1 draw the humors outward1 and cause a slight salivation4 ,witness1 as confirmation of what has been said1 cloves and pepper1 which hold sway nearly over the earth2 betel1 which to the ,hindoos is the remedy for every disease2 the onions and leeks of the ,egyptians1 who while building the pyramids and obelisks1 spent their money eagerly on those dainties2 and tobacco1 which is adopted by the four quarters of the world4 ,the justly celebrated ,british physician1 ,cheyne1 has remarked that both chewing and smoking of tobacco are exceedingly serviceable for those who suffer from rheumatic and catarrhal affections1 have a sluggish digestion1 or live a luxurious life4 ,as tobacco has numerous slanderers1 so there are many who know not how to turn tobacco to a good purpose4 ,excess and abuse may be found in the smoking and chewing of tobacco as in other things4 ,instead of using tobacco in moderation1 there are persons who make themselves its slaves1 and render themselves incapable of the immense benefit of the enlivening and stimulating effect they would otherwise owe to it4 ,a little tobacco smoked or chewed three or four times a day cannot fail to be beneficial4 ,but the adversaries of tobacco1 in order to furnish themselves with an argument1 make tobacco bear all the blame when some one who has given himself up to an intemperate and luxurious life1 and who is besides a great smoker1 becomes the victim of all kinds of discomforts and sickness4 ,to condemn tobacco by saying those who begin to chew or smoke it nearly always suffer from malaise and nausea1 is surely preposterous4 ,may we not in fairness contend that tobacco is essentially wholesome1 that it helps digestion1 relieves the mind and cheers the spirits4 ,the following humorous account of ,thirsty ,tobacco is a most curious illustration of the superstitions which spontaneously grow up in the hearts of the people4 ,soon after the introduction of tobacco into ,holland many of the ,dutch were of the opinion that the tobacco plant drank in moisture greedily and required to be often and abundantly watered4 ,from this insatiable thirst the belief arose that tobacco was the cause of rain1 brought clouds to the heavens1 and restored the general crops4 ,once1 in the neighborhood of ,amersfoot1 the weather was very rainy1 and the crops suffered accordingly4 ,on the tobacco growing round the town the blame of the calamity was thrown2 and it was resolved to punish tobacco1 the sottish rain-drinker and wicked rain-bringer4 ,a rabble1 consisting chiefly of boys and youths1 rushed to the tobacco fields1 and scattered havoc with the ferocity of stupidity4 ,the mad creatures pulled up the stalks1 tore off the leaves1 and trampled leaves and stalks under foot4 ,before they had done the work of destruction quite as completely as they desired1 soldiers appeared on the scene4 ,they sternly commanded the rioters to desist1 but the rioters paid no heed either to entreaties or threats4 ,thereupon they drew their swords1 as if by the mere flash of these to terrify the rioters1 who laughed a laugh of contempt4 ,then effectually to frighten the rioters1 the soldiers fired at them with blank cartridges4 ,this harmless noise drove the mischief-makers to ignominious flight1 and the tobacco plants which were still uninjured were left in peace4 ,at what exact time this destruction of thirsty tobacco took place we are left in doubt4 ,it is doubtless a good joke got up by some ponderous joker for the amusement of ,dutch smokers4 ,all admirers of tobacco like ,holland and its people4 ,it is emphatically the land of smoke4 ,one is constantly in cloud-land1 and whether in the house or on the street the incense of tobacco is perpetual1 from the good natured dominie who puffs leisurely at many pipes to the humblest peasant who works modestly among the plants1 all burn the fragrant weed and pay homage to its shrine4 ,ever since the ,dutch looked upon the plant it has been more to them than king and courtier4 ,the old ,dutch burgomasters who dozed away their lives and grew fat upon the bench of magistracy in ,rotterdam2 and who had comported themselves with such singular wisdom and propriety1 that they were never either heard or talked of1 owed all to the use and influence of the 'kingly plant4' ,not only are the ,dutch prodigious smokers1 but they use the pipe at all places and at all times4 ,on the way to ,church the pipe is lighted1 and after service it is the solace of the evening hour4 ,illustration3 ,success to ,von ,tromp4 ,in all public places the pipe plays an important part4 ,the traveler is constantly reminded of the use of tobacco2 for even the bridges have public notices affixed to them requesting all visitors to prevent the fall of tobacco-ashes on the gravel or grass2 and not to knock out their pipes within bounds of the place4 ,the old ,dutch planters were fond of a silent pipe1 and after the labors of the day gathered together to drink and smoke to the success of ,admiral ,von ,tromp1 whose exploits in the ,british ,channel carried terror to many a heart4 ,or1 speculated upon the voyage of the ,goede ,vrouw 7,good ,woman71 which had been fitted out to colonize the new country4 ,the progress of tobacco-culture in ,oceanica1 is shown in the following account which ,connor gives of the tobacco plantations of ,australia3 ,the development of tobacco culture in ,australia has been great and rapid4 ,in these colonies1 where only a few years ago the plant was not known1 there are now hundreds of acres under tobacco4 ,the local manufacture is also keeping pace with the production of the leaf1 and the import of tobacco into the ,australian colonies yearly diminishes in proportion to the increased consumption of locally grown and manufactured tobacco4 ,imported leaf is used in the manufacture of cigars1 those made from colonial leaf being held in low esteem4 ,steady efforts are being made by the cultivators to improve the quality of the produce1 and with every prospect of success1 many places in the colonies being well adapted for the growth of the plant4 ,colonel ,de ,coin says ,australia is capable of producing very good qualities4 ,tobacco has hitherto been grown upon alluvial lands1 but a preference is evinced for lands somewhat less rich but free from floods4 ,alluvial land gives a larger crop per acre1 but the flavor is ranker4 ,in #ahgb there were #efg acres under tobacco in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,the average produce of the colonies is about #a1cjj pounds to the acre4 ,the amount of produce varied from #igf pounds to the acre in ,new ,south ,wales to #b1jaf in ,tasmania1 the climate of this island being moister and more favorable for tobacco than that of the other colonies4 ,manilla and ,havana tobacco has been grown with great success for seed for many years at the ,adelaide ,botanic ,gardens1 and the seed raised has been largely distributed4 ,the ,australian growers may demonstrate the fact that as good or better ,manilla tobacco can be grown by them than in the ,philippine islands4 ,if the leaf will burn freely1 and leave a white1 firm ash1 the product will no doubt prove a rival of the leaf grown in ,luzon4 ,from the composition of the soil1 it is hardly probable that ,havana tobacco can be grown to perfection2 it may1 however1 resemble in some measure the ,cuban leaf4 ,the climate has much to do with the flavor of tobacco2 more than with the size of the plants or the color of the leaf4 ,cuba in this respect has a decided advantage over ,australia2 and ,havana tobacco will hardly find a rival in ,australian leaf1 though grown on the finest soil1 and given the most thorough care4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco field in ,algiers4 ,so extensive is the cultivation of the tobacco plant1 that even the ,arab cultivates it in the burning desert4 ,in ,algiers it is an important product2 and through the efforts and encouragement of the ,french government its cultivation is assuming large dimensions4 ,some portions of ,algiers seem to be well adapted for tobacco1 the finest of which is equal to any obtained from ,america2 but a large portion of the product from that province is of poor quality4 ,it is a favorite plant with the ,arab1 and his attention seems to be about equally divided between his tobacco and his camels4 ,the plant is light in color and of peculiar flavor1 well suited to his taste1 and in keeping with his idea of quality and excellence4 ,the crop is usually bountiful1 notwithstanding the heat of the summer and the absence of moisture in the soil4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco field in ,africa4 ,the tobacco plant is also cultivated in other parts of ,africa besides ,algiers4 ,in ,egypt and ,nubia it is grown to a considerable extent1 as well as by most of the native tribes of the ,south-west4 ,among some tribes it forms an important article of trade1 and serves the purpose of money or its representative4 ,the natives are partial to the plant1 and devotedly attached to smoking4 ,little patches may be seen near their huts1 on which they lavish their attention and care4 ,in some parts of ,africa tobacco grows to a very great height4 ,livingstone gives an account of a variety that attained an altitude much higher than the ,american plant4 ,several varieties are cultivated1 some of them resembling the ,shiraz and ,latakia1 while most of it is said to be similar to ,virginia tobacco1 only larger4 ,with careful culture the plant would doubtless thrive in most parts of ,africa1 as the soil is light and the season usually favorable4 ,though the heat is extreme the plant flourishes even in the hottest part of the season1 and attains a degree of perfection corresponding to the labor bestowed by the natives in cultivating4 ,their manner of curing is simply by drying the leaves1 and is not suited to the taste of any besides themselves4 ,in ,egypt1 ,algiers1 and ,nubia1 the plant is cultivated with more care1 and a better system of curing is adopted than by the natives of the interior4 ,burton gives an account of the cultivation of tobacco by the natives of ,east ,africa3-- ,tobacco grows plentifully in the more fertile regions of ,east ,africa4 ,planted at the end of the rains1 it gains strength by sun and dew1 and is harvested in ,october4 ,it is prepared for sale in different forms4 ,everywhere1 however1 a simple sun-drying supplies the place of cocking and sweating1 and the people are not so fastidious as to reject the lower or coarser leaves and those tainted by the earth4 ,usumbara produces what is considered at ,zanzibar a superior article2 it is kneaded into little circular cakes four inches in diameter by half an inch deep3 rolls of these cakes are neatly packed in plantain-leaves for exportation4 ,the next in order of excellence is that grown in ,uhiao3 it is exported in leaf or in the form called kambari1 roll-tobacco1 a circle of coils each about an inch in diameter4 ,the people of ,khutu and ,usagara mould the pounded and wetted material into discs like cheeses1 #h or #i inches across by #b or #c in depth1 and weighing about #c lbs42 they supply the ,wagogo with tobacco1 taking in exchange for it salt4 ,the leaf in ,unyamwezi generally is soft and perishable1 that of ,usukuma being the worst2 it is sold in blunt cones1 so shaped by the mortars in which they are pounded4 ,at ,karaguah1 according to the ,arabs1 the tobacco1 a superior variety1 tastes like musk in the water-pipe4 ,the produce of ,ujiji is better than that of ,unyamwezi2 it is sold in leaf1 and is called by the ,arabs hamumi1 after a well-known growth in ,hazramaut4 ,it is impossible to give an average price to tobacco in ,east ,africa2 it varies from #a khete of coral beads per #f oz4 to #b lbs4 ,some of the most beautiful and fragrant tobacco fields in the world are to be found in ,syria4 ,indeed it may truthfully be said that a field of ,latakia tobacco is hardly inferior in beauty to the large and fragrant orchards of the olive and mulberry1 or the wheat fields on the terraced sides of ,mount ,lebanon4 ,the tobacco plant is cultivated in various parts of ,syria and particularly by the ,druses on ,the ,lebanon1 as it is usually called4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco field in ,syria4 ,the cultivation of tobacco in ,syria1 has been a considerable industry1 and the product has acquired a reputation in ,european markets that has demonstrated its real value1 and a constant demand for this variety of the plant4 ,latakia tobacco resembles in flavor the yellow tobacco of ,eastern ,thibet and ,western ,china1 both of them grown from the same seed4 ,latakia tobacco is not sweated like most tobacco1 but is first cured in the sun and then hung up in the peasants' huts to cure until ready for market4 ,the plants ripen very fast and emit an aromatic odor1 increasing in strength as the plants ripen4 ,for smoking it has but few superiors4 ,after curing1 it is baled and sent to ,europe1 where it is manufactured into smoking tobacco4 ,the plants are well cultivated and watched against the ravages of birds1 which seem to like the young and tender plants especially before they are transplanted4 ,from the nature of the soil the plants are watered frequently1 and when the leaves are about the size of a large cabbage leaf are ready to harvest4 ,as the plants ripen the leaves gradually thicken and take on a lighter shade2 the leaf when green is very thick1 but after curing is quite thin and of a bright yellow or brown1 according to the process employed in curing4 ,the peasants take equal pains in its fumigation1 using various kinds of wood according to the color of leaf they wish to obtain4 ,they usually make two kinds of leaf1 the finest being colored brown and known by the name of abowri4 ,the tobacco is fumigated with two kinds of wood1 gozen 7pine wood7 and sindian 7oak71 the tobacco fumigated with gozen having the best smell4 ,the fumigation1 however1 is said not to be resorted to expressly for the tobacco1 but the mountaineers of necessity burn much wood in their huts in the winter1 and the smoke improves the tobacco in color1 smell1 and flavor4 ,all the tobacco grown about ,latakia derives its origin from the same seed1 but the difference between the abowri and the other kinds is owing to the cultivation of the former about high mountains and with the use of pine wood in fumigating it4 ,a field of ,latakia tobacco presents a novel appearance1 the short straight plants with their ovate leaves bearing yellow blossoms form a striking contrast to towering seed leaf rising fully two or three feet higher than the ,syrian plant4 ,fairholt says that ,latakia tobacco is a native of ,america but grows wild in other countries1 and is a hardy annual in ,english gardens1 flowering from midsummer to ,michaelmas1 so that by some botanists it has been termed 'common1 or ',english tobacco4' ,burton's work on unexplored ,syria is full of passages relating to tobacco and the custom of smoking4 ,the tobacco which is grown on the slopes of the ,libanus and the ,anti-,libanus mountains appears to be one of the finest quality and most delicate flavor4 ,the monks of the convents are famous for the production of a snuff1 which for pungency1 at least1 is far superior to the snuffs of ,europe4 ,personal experience of it convinces us that a great deal of the pungency of this snuff is due to the addition of some aromatic herb in addition to the natural acridity produced by the highly dried tobacco4 ,the cultivation of tobacco in ,syria1 will probably increase in proportion to the improved condition of affairs in ,syria1 we have little doubt2 and we trust that when agricultural science is better studied there1 ,englishmen will have the opportunity of testing the value and importance of ,syrian tobacco products4 ,connor says of the tobacco fields of ,india3-- ,in the ,bombay ,presidency tobacco is largely produced1 and its quality in such districts as ,kaira and ,khandesh is superior4 ,in #ahga there were nearly #dc1jjj acres of land under tobacco in the presidency1 the largest quantities being grown in ,kaira1 ,khandesh1 ,belgaum ,sattara1 ,shalopoor1 and ,poona4 ,the trade is extensive4 ,the exports of tobacco to foreign countries amount to several million pounds annually4 ,among foreign countries1 ,mauritius1 ,bourbon1 and neighboring places1 not reckoned as part of ,british ,india1 take a large share of the exports4 ,bombay exports tobacco to other ,indian presidencies4 ,small quantities of the fine ,guzerat tobaccos find their way by rail into the ,north-western ,provinces4 ,numerous endeavors have for many years past been made to improve the quality of ,bombay tobacco4 ,in #ahca the ,resident in the ,persian ,gulf sent to the local ,government a maund of seed of the 'very finest tobacco grown in ,persia1' and with it he sent some observations on the mode of cultivating tobacco in the neighborhood of ,shiraz4 ,in #ahfg fifteen small packets of genuine ,shiraz tobacco were forwarded for trial in the ,bombay ,presidency4 ,of the seed sown in ,kolhopoor1 about eight or nine germinated1 and the plants grew to a height of five feet two inches2 of these only four survived4 ,there were two varieties1 one with oblong the other with circular leaves4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco field in ,india4 ,of the seeds sent to ,kandesh1 only a few germinated4 ,all the seed put down in the ,victoria ,gardens failed4 ,that sent to ,sind1 though said to have been carefully sown1 also failed to germinate4 ,the ,conservator of ,forests had the seeds sent him sown in beds1 and the plants1 when a few inches in height1 were transplanted into pots4 ,they grew with the greatest luxuriance1 and produced abundance of flowers and seed4 ,some of the seed was sent to the collector of ,kaira1 who forwarded a sample of the tobacco grown from it4 ,the ,conservator considered the produce very good1 and the secretary of the ,agri-,horticultural ,society pronounced it 'of a superior kind4' ,the flavor was exceedingly fine1 but it had not been allowed to come to maturity1 hence it was thin and shriveled4 ,it had also been spoilt by rain1 and consequently its market value could not be fairly tested4 ,the experiment1 it is clear1 was not conducted with proper care by most of those to whom the seed was confided1 but the ,local ,government considered that on the whole the result was satisfactory1 as showing that there was every probability that ,shiraz tobacco1 with care and proper gardening1 might be introduced into the ,bombay ,presidency4 ,in ,august1 #ahfi1 the ,bombay ,government again distributed a small supply of seed of the ,shiraz1 ,havana1 and other varieties to the superintendents of cotton experiments1 and to the collectors of ,kaira1 ,khandesh1 ,dharwar1 and ,kurrachee1 for experimental cultivation4 ,the seeds did well in the hands of all the superintendents1 who reported very favorably on the plants raised from them4 ,in ,sind only the soil in which the seed was sown proved unsuitable4 ,in ,dharwar all the five varieties germinated1 though the ,maryland failed to some extent1 and a considerable quantity of seed of each variety was secured4 ,of ,latakia1 only twenty grains were sent to the superintendent2 and the quantity in each case increased to one pound from the produce of the plants4 ,these two varieties of tobacco1 however1 were not so much admired by the cultivators as ,shiraz1 ,havana1 and ,maryland1 to which they gave a decided preference4 ,the only varieties of seed which were available for experiments at ,broach and ,veermgaum were ,havana and ,shiraz4 ,in both places the plants came up well1 and a large quantity of seed was obtained from them4 ,that sent to ,broach arrived a little too late in the season to admit of an extensive experiment being made2 this indeed appears to have been the case at all the other places4 ,the seed1 however1 was of good quality1 germinated freely1 and produced excellent plants in a very short time4 ,the first transplanting was made out into a field in an open piece of land1 where they commenced growing vigorously1 but the rains being then over1 swarms of small locusts made their appearance1 and ate up the young plants before they had thoroughly established themselves in the ground4 ,the second lot was transplanted into a more sheltered patch1 where the progress was all that could be desired1 both the varieties growing rapidly1 the ,havana especially producing some leaves of enormous size4 ,the first cutting was entrusted to a potel1 who managed it according to the native process of curing4 ,the tobacco was so strong1 however1 that only old confirmed smokers could manage it4 ,the most formidable difficulty which presented itself was the management of the midrib1 which in the large leaves was extremely coarse and juicy4 ,when the leaves were made up into hands for the purpose of fermentation before the midrib was thoroughly dry1 the result was invariably mould and discoloration4 ,on the other hand1 when dried sufficiently to insure freedom from mould1 the lamina of the leaf became so brittle that it was crushed to powder at the slightest touch1 and so wrinkled and dry that the heaps did not ferment at all4 ,of the varieties supplied1 the ,shiraz1 ,havana1 and ,maryland attracted most attention and promised the best results4 ,the great drawback was the curing part of the process4 ,so far as the cultivation was concerned1 there was every prospect of success2 but not so with regard to the curing4 ,robertson says of the curing of the leaf3-- ,in my opinion1 all efforts to produce good tobacco will be useless until the services of a competent curer are obtained4 ,he considers the fault of all ,indian tobacco to lie in the curing4 ,the leaf itself is good1 and it is simply the art of curing that should be studied4 ,i have cured tobacco of different varieties1 some of which would hold a good place in the ,english market1 but the fault generally found with the tobacco is that it is too full flavored4 ,further experiments were carried on in the same districts with varying results4 ,in ,sind the experiments and their results were insignificant4 ,in ,broach they were somewhat more successful1 the superintendent thus summarising his experience3--',havana1 ,shiraz1 and other varieties of exotic tobacco will1 with ordinary care and attention1 yield fair and certain crops on ordinary black land1 and presumably on every other kind to be met with in ,guzerat4 ,by the skillful application of manure1 leaf of any desired quality or peculiarity of flavor and texture may be obtained4 ,the quantity of produce is so great that1 should it be found practicable to cure the leaf well enough to make it a salable article in the ,european market1 a source of profit by no means insignificant would be opened up to the ,guzerat ryot4 ,for the native market the country plant is more suitable1 and its cultivation consequently the more profitable4' ,in ,dharwar the superintendent was enabled to distribute seed in sufficient quantities to those applying for it1 but found the ryots would not cultivate it on a large scale1 being apprehensive of loss4 ,native tobacco he considers less liable to injury than the exotic varieties during the squally weather prevalent about the time the leaf is approaching maturity4 ,robertson1 in replying to the assertion that the tobacco of ,india contains little if any nicotine1 says3 ,it appears to me that there must be some mistake as to the tobacco containing little or no nicotine4 ,very many have tried the tobacco1 and pronounce it to be good1 with1 however1 the fault of being exceedingly strong4 ,now1 the strength of tobacco comes from its nicotine1 and if the specimens ,i sent contain no nicotine1 whence the strength8 ,i believe that nothing destroys tobacco so much as moistening it4 ,how1 then1 are acetic acid and chloride of soda to be used in the curing8 ,if the process of desiccation had been carried on too quickly1 the tobacco would have been of either a green or greenish-yellow color4 ,if too slowly1 it would have been black1 like much of the country tobacco4 ,i perceive that the amount of nicotine in a great measure depends on the extent to which the leaf is allowed to ripen4 ,the riper the leaf the more the nicotine4 ,the amount of nicotine does not appear to depend on the amount of curing4 ,the soil the tobacco was grown in is a hardish red moorum soil1 containing much iron2 probably that may account for the red coloring matter being so much developed4 ,i intend to have some of each description of the tobacco leaf analyzed1 and also intend to submit the soil in which it was grown to the same process4 ,i have had some of the cigars packed up for some months to test how far they are proof against insects4 ,none have been attacked by insects4 ,some ,manilla cigars1 some ,trichinopoly cheroots1 all packed up at the same time1 have1 however1 been entirely destroyed by insects4 ,it is clear from the reports that both in ,guzerat and ,khandesh1 ,havana and ,shiraz tobacco will flourish1 and that they may be introduced without difficulty4 ,the ryots1 it is said1 preferred the new kinds to their own1 and desire their introduction1 the foreign varieties commanding a higher price in the market4 ,the chief drawback is the want of knowledge and appliances for the proper curing of the leaf4 ,this1 indeed1 is the great drawback throughout ,india4 ,in the district of ,kaira the seed is always sown in nursery beds in the month of ,july1 and transplanting commences about the end of ,august1 the operation continuing for about two months4 ,the tobacco planted on the dry soil called 'koormit' ripens and is fit for cutting in ,january and ,february2 that which is grown on irrigated land during ,march and ,april4 ,in ,canara1 tobacco is generally grown in elevated situations4 ,the seed is sown in ,august1 and the seedlings are transplanted in ,november1 the crop arriving at maturity in three or four months4 ,north ,canara derives its supply chiefly from ,mysore1 the leaf produced in that province being said to be less liable to affect the head than that of the ,canara plant4 ,the ,turk and his family love to cultivate tobacco as well as to smoke it2 and give it their attention from seed-sowing until it is sold to the merchant4 ,the ,turk is very particular in cultivating it1 as on its color depends in a great measure its value4 ,he commences work on his plant-bed in ,march1 sowing the seed about the same time as the ,virginia planters4 ,after the leaves are gathered the same scrupulous care is taken with them2 especially in drying and baling1 that the leaf may be in just the right condition to ferment properly1 and be ready to be assorted by the tobacco pickers4 ,the ,turk presses his whole family into the cultivation of the plants4 ,the children are engaged in weeding while he waters the beds or prepares the tobacco field for the planting of the tobacco4 ,in pruning and picking the leaves he removes only those that are small--the removal of which will still further advance the growth of the plants1 and is careful to gather only those leaves that are turning yellow1 giving evidence of their maturity4 ,says one in regard to the cultivation of tobacco in ,turkey3 ,illustration3 ,turkish tobacco going to market4 ,the ,turk and his family1 it will seem1 have now been occupied upon their tobacco crop for nearly a whole year4 ,the leaf is just becoming a bright light yellow when it falls into the hands of the merchant1 and it is during this period that the process of fermentation or heating generally occurs1 before which the tobacco can not be shipped4 ,the bales having been placed in the merchant's store1 are left end up until a fermentation or baking has taken place1 the ends being reversed every three or four days4 ,in the course of a few weeks a bale is reduced to about two-thirds of its original size4 ,it is then placed upon its sides to cool4 ,when it is discovered to be cold it is broken open by the native tobacco-pickers1 and every leaf sorted and classified4 ,the patience with which this operation is carried out is truly astonishing4 ,there is a good deal of difference in their rate of work4 ,one man may pick only fifty pounds weight a day1 while another does twice that quantity4 ,it is necessary to watch them closely1 or they will put a dirty brown leaf with a pale yellow4 ,they neither know nor care about the losses that may be incurred by the merchant1 whose samples may be thus spoiled4 ,a bale of leaf purchased at five piastres per oque1 when dissected by the ,greek for various markets will be found to contain varieties ranging in price from #e to #fj piastres2 of these some are dispatched to ,odessa1 some to ,smyrna1 others to ,constantinople1 ,alexandria1 and ,england--the mixed and common qualities generally to the latter country1 the price there obtained being the least remunerative to the ,greek shippers4 ,the bales are brought from the interior to the shipping ports upon mules1 each animal carrying two bales2 and it is a pretty sight to witness1 say #aej mules at a time1 crossing mountains and rugged paths with their burdens1 followed by perhaps fifty camels laden with cotton1 marching to the merry tinkle of the bells on their necks4 ,when the tobacco reaches the shipping port the troubles of the exporter are intensified4 ,the bales are first taken to the ,custom ,house1 and there weighed4 ,the weights thus arrived at are compared with the quantity received from the interior1 and if there be any material difference the shipper has to account for it4 ,if any has been sold for consumption in ,turkey1 duty has to be paid upon the amount2 and in order that no part of his shipment may be used in the country1 he has to sign a bond that the tobacco shall not be landed in any other port of ,turkey4 ,on the arrival of the tobacco in ,england1 the landing certificates are forwarded to ,turkey4 ,it is in this way that the trade is retained in the hands of a few ,greeks1 who naturally put every obstacle in the way of the foreigner1 whose sole remedy is at last found to be the payment of the universal 'backshish1' to the comptroller of customs4 ,the merchant who buys the tobacco of the planter at a low price1 and thereby takes the profit from him of cultivating it1 is preyed upon in the same manner by the ,greek buyers who have the sole monopoly of the trade4 ,like ,shiraz tobacco1 that of ,turkey has to be handled frequently and pass through several stages of curing before it is ready to be manufactured4 ,in this respect it is unlike most of the tobaccos of ,america1 but its treatment is not unlike that of the varieties of the ,east4 ,illustration3 ,japan tobacco field4 ,the tobacco plant is cultivated with great success in many of the provinces of ,japan1 and is exported in large quantities to ,europe4 ,the leaf is excellent1 and is in request by many buyers of ,eastern tobaccos4 ,robertson gives the following interesting account of the ,japan tobacco fields3-- ,according to a native account1 tobacco was introduced into ,japan in the year #afje1 and was first planted at ,nagasaki in ,hizen4 ,it is now very generally grown throughout the country4 ,in the province of ,awa1 where a great deal of tobacco is grown1 the seed is sown in early spring in fields well exposed to the sun and duly prepared for its reception4 ,well sifted stable manure is strewn over the field1 and the seedlings appear after the lapse of about twenty days4 ,the old manure is then swept away1 and liquid manure applied from time to time4 ,if the plants are too dense they are thinned out4 ,the larger plants are now planted out into fields well prepared for the purpose in rows1 with about eight inches space between each plant1 the furrows between each row being about two feet wide4 ,they are again well sprinkled with liquid manure1 also with the lees of oil at intervals of about seven days4 ,a covering of wheat or millet bran is now laid over the furrows4 ,the bitter taste of the leaf is in a measure an effectual safeguard against the ravages of insects1 but the leaves are nevertheless carefully tended to prevent damage from such cause4 ,if the reproduction from seed is not desired the flowers should be cut off and the stem pruned down1 otherwise the leaves will lose in scent and flavor4 ,in ,osumi exceptional attention is paid to the cultivation of the tobacco plant4 ,the lees of oil1 if liberally used1 and stable manure sparsely applied1 have great effect on the plant1 producing a small leaf with an excellent flavor2 while1 if the opposite course is followed1 the leaves grow to an immense size1 but are inferior in taste4 ,illustration3 ,transplanting4 ,when the flowers are in full bloom the 'sand' leaves are picked4 ,after the lapse of twelve or fourteen days the leaves are gathered by twos4 ,any leaves that may remain are afterwards broken off along with the stalk4 ,any sand adhering to the leaves is removed with a brush2 the stems having been cut off1 the leaves are rolled round1 firmly pressed down with a thin board1 and cut exactly in the centre4 ,the two halves are then placed one on the top of the other in such manner that the edges exactly correspond1 and being in this position firmly compressed between two boards1 they are cut into fine strips1 the degree of fineness depending on the skill of the cutter4 ,a machine made of hard wood1 but with the vital parts of iron1 is used by some persons for this purpose4 ,the machine was devised about sixty years ago by a skillful ,yeddo mechanic1 the idea being taken from those used in ,osaka and ,kiyoto for cutting thread used for weaving into silk embroidery4 ,since then numerous improvements have been made in it1 and it is now extremely well adapted for the economization of labor4 ,another machine was invented about eight years since1 also by a ,yeddo mechanic4 ,it is smaller than the first mentioned1 but being very easily worked is much in use4 ,tobacco is sometimes cut in the following crude manner3--,the leaves are piled one on top of the other1 tightly compressed into the consistency of a board1 and then cut into shavings by a carpenter's plane4 ,this is1 however1 about the worst method1 and even the best tobacco1 if treated in such fashion1 loses its flavor and valuable qualities4 ,illustration3 ,chinese tobacco field4 ,in ,china#fg tobacco is cultivated in the western part of the empire1 and grows almost as large as most ,american varieties4 ,chinese tobacco is usually light in color1 of a thin1 silky texture1 and mixed with ,turkey tobacco1 is a considerable feature in the export trade of that country4 ,the ,chinese cultivate the plant like the ,japanese1 and give it as much care and attention as they do the tea plant4 ,the leaves are gathered when ripe1 and are dried and well-assorted before baling4 ,the ,chinese planter often raises large fields of the plants1 and employs many hands to tend and cultivate them4 ,we give a cut of a tobacco field and the planter looking at the field and noting the progress of the laborers4 ,footnote #fg3 ,i saw also great plantations of tobacco1 which they call tharr1 and which yield very considerable profit1 as it is universally used in smoking1 by persons of all ranks1 of both sexes in ,china2 and1 besides great quantities are sent to the ,mongolls1 who prefer the ,chinese manner of preparing it before any other4 ,they make it into a gross powder1 like saw-dust1 which they keep in a small bag1 and fill their little brass pipes out of it1 without touching the tobacco with their fingers4--,bell's ,travels in ,asia1 #agaf1 #agai1 #agbb4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco field in ,persia4 ,in ,persia tobacco is cultivated near ,shiraz1 which gives name to the variety4 ,the soil is very fertile and richly cultivated4 ,not only does the tobacco plant flourish finely1 but all kinds of vegetables grow to perfection4 ,the ,persians cultivate the plant principally for their own use4 ,it is a fine smoking tobacco1 and when cured properly is said to be equal to ,latakia4 ,their mode of curing is unlike that adopted by any other cultivators of the weed but is very successful1 and is no doubt the proper method of preparing the leaves for use4 ,their mode of pressing in large cakes is unlike that of any other growers--but doubtless adds to the aromatic quality of the leaf which makes it so popular in the ,east4 ,the tobacco field is trenched so as to retain water1 while the plants are set on the ridges where they flourish and mature until the buds and flowers are broken off4 ,the harvest occurs in the autumn1 when the singular process of curing begins4 ,abbott says of the culture and commerce of tobacco in ,persia3 ,jehrum1 ,south ,persia1 is the principal mart for tobacco1 which is brought here from all the surrounding districts1 and disposed of to traders1 who distribute it over the country far and near4 ,these traders are numerous1 and many established here are wealthy2 they usually transact their business in their private houses1 without resorting to the caravansaries of which there are six in the place4 ,there are many grades and qualities of ,shiraz tobacco but that produced at ,tuffres 7according to ,forster71 a town about one hundred miles to the south-west of ,turshish1 is esteemed the best in ,persia4 ,of the many varieties of the tobacco plant grown in the ,east1 that known as ,manilla is among the most famous and the most extensively cultivated4 ,it is grown in several of the ,philippine islands1 particularly in ,luzon and the southern group1 known as the ,visayos4 ,the ,philippines are a large group of islands in the ,north ,pacific ,ocean1 discovered by ,magellan in #aeba2 they were afterwards taken posession of by the ,spaniards1 in the reign of ,philip ,,ii41 from whom they take their name4 ,the islands are said to be eleven hundred in number1 but some hundreds of them are very small1 and all are nominally subject to the ,spanish government at ,manilla4 ,the ,philippines produce a great variety of tropical products such as rice1 coffee1 sugar1 indigo1 tobacco1 cotton1 cacao1 abaca1 or vegetable silk1 pepper1 gums1 cocoa-nuts1 dye-woods1 timber of all descriptions for furniture and the buildings1 rattans of various kinds1 and all the agreeable fruits of the tropics4 ,on the shores are found nacre1 or mother of pearl1 magnificent pearls1 bird's-nests1 shells of every description1 an incredible quantity of excellent fish1 and the trpang1 or balat1 a sea-worm1 or animal substance1 found on the shores of the ,philippine ,islands1 resembling a large pudding4 ,the ,chinese esteem it as a great delicacy and mix it with fowl and vegetables4 ,the inhabitants practise various kinds of industry2 they weave matting of extraordinary fineness and of the brightest colors1 straw hats1 cigar cases and brackets2 they manufacture cloth and tissues of every sort from cotton1 silk1 and abaca2 they1 from filaments taken from the leaves of the etuana1 make cambric of a texture much finer than that of ,france2 and they also manufacture coarse strong cloth for sails1 and ropes and cables of all dimensions2 they tan and dress leather and skins to perfection2 they manufacture coarse earthen ware1 and forge and polish arms of various kinds2 they build ships of heavy tonnage1 and also light and neat boats2 and at ,manilla they frame and finish-off beautiful carriages2 they are also very clever workers in gold1 silver1 and copper2 and the ,indian women are specially expert in needlework1 and in all kinds of embroidery4 ,the island of ,luzon is the largest of the ,philippines1 and extends from north to south for the length of about six degrees4 ,it is divided throughout its whole extent by a chain of mountains1 which in general owe their formation to volcanic eruptions4 ,in the provinces of ,laguna and ,batangas there is the high mountain called ,maijai1 one of the loftiest in ,luzon1 which is beyond doubt an ancient crater2 on the summit a little lake is found1 the depth of which cannot be measured4 ,at some period the lava that then flowed from the summit towards the base1 in the neighborhood of the town of ,nacarlan1 covered up immense cavities1 which are now recognizable by the sonorous noise of the ground for a great extent2 and sometimes it happens that1 in consequence of an inundation or an earthquake1 this volcanic crust is in some places broken1 and exposes to the view enormous caverns1 which the ,indians call 'the mouths of hell4' ,in the district about the town of ,san ,pablo1 which is situated on the mountain1 are found great numbers of little circular lakes and immense heaps of rotten stones1 basalt1 and different descriptions of lava1 which show that all these lakes are nothing else than the craters of old volcanoes4 ,altogether the soil to the southward1 in the province of ,albai1 is completely volcanic1 and the frequent eruptions of the volcano bearing that name may1 as the natives say1 be attributed to the same cause as the earthquakes so often felt in the island of ,luzon4 ,over almost the whole of these mountains1 where fire has played so conspicuous a part1 there is a great depth of vegetable earth1 and they are covered with a most splendid vegetation4 ,their declivities nourish immense forests and fine pastures in which grow gigantic trees--palm trees1 rattans1 and lianas of a thousand kinds1 or gramineous plants of various sorts1 particularly the wild sugar cane1 which rises to the height of from nine to twelve feet from the ground2 in their interior are rich mines of copper1 gold1 iron1 and coal4 ,illustration3 ,growing tobacco on the ,philippine islands4 ,there are two distinct and strongly marked seasons in the island of ,luzon1 namely1 the rainy or the wintry season1 and the dry or summer season4 ,for six months of the year--that is from ,june to ,december--the wind blows from the south-west to the north-east1 and then the declivities of the mountains and all the western side of the island are in the season of the rains2 in the six other months1 the wind changes1 and blows from the north-east to the south-west1 when all the eastern parts of the island have the season of winter4 ,during the rainy season1 the incessant fall of rain on the mountains causes the rivers1 both large and small1 to overflow and to become torrents1 that rush down upon the plains1 covering them with water1 and depositing the broken earth and slime which they have gathered in their course4 ,in the dry season1 water is supplied for irrigation from reservoirs1 which are carefully filled during the rains4 ,from these causes it follows that without any manuring1 and with scarcely any improvement from human industry1 the soil of the ,philippines is as fertile as any in the world2 so that1 without great labor1 the cultivator has most abundant harvests4 ,the above description of the ,philippines by ,gironiere gives a faithful account of the vast resources of the islands4 ,of the products cultivated rice and tobacco are the most important4 ,the finest tobacco plantations are situated in the northern parts of the island of ,luzon1 and furnish the finest quality of ,manilla tobacco4 ,that grown in the ,visayos is of an inferior quality1 and is sold to merchants holding a permit to purchase at the shipping ports and transport to ,manilla for sale to the government4 ,in the island of ,luzon1 the greatest quantity of tobacco is cultivated in the provinces of ,nueva ,ecija and ,cagavan4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco plow4 ,tomlinson in an account of the tobacco of the ,philippines says3 ,manilla leaf comes from the three principal districts of the island of ,luzon--,visayos1 ,ygarotes and ,cagayan4 ,the mode of cultivation does not differ in any great respect from that followed in other parts of the world4 ,great seed beds are made on the plantations where the plants are grown until ready to transplant in the tobacco ground4 ,unlike most land adapted for tobacco1 large crops are grown without the aid of any fertilizer whatever4 ,in cultivating the plants1 buffaloes are used1 yoked one after the other1 going between the rows several times1 and at the last ploughing leaving a trench in the middle of the rows1 for letting off the water4 ,the ,indian plow used in cultivating is exceedingly simple3 it is composed of four pieces of wood which the most unhandy ploughman can put together1 with the mould board and share1 which are of cast iron4 ,the lightness and simplicity of this plough render it easy to be used in every kind of cultivation1 where the plantations are divided into rows1 such as those of tobacco1 maize and sugar cane4 ,it is used with great advantage1 not only for cutting down weeds1 but also for giving to each row a ploughing1 which is serviceable to the plantation1 and which is less costly and quicker than simple weeding with the mattock4 ,when the leaves are ripe they are stripped from the stalks and separated into three classes1 according to their size1 and afterwards made into bunches of fifty or a hundred1 by passing through them1 near the foot1 a little bamboo cane1 as if it was a skewer1 by which the bunches are afterwards hung up to dry in vast sheds1 into which the sun's rays cannot enter1 but in which the air circulates freely2 they are left to hang there until they become quite dry1 and for this1 a greater or less time is required1 according to the state of the weather4 ,when the drying is effected the leaves are placed according to their quality1 in bales of twenty-five pounds1 and in that state they are handed over to the administration of the monopoly4 ,gironiere in describing the mode of culture on the tobacco plantations says3 ,during the first two months after the transplanting it is indispensably necessary to give four ploughings to the ground between the rows of the plants1 and every fifteen days to handpick1 or even better1 to root out with the mattock1 all the weeds which cannot be touched by the plough4 ,these four ploughings ought to be done in such a manner as to leave alternately a furrow in the middle of each line1 and on the sides1 and consequently1 at the last ploughing1 the earth covers the plants up to their first leaves1 leaving a trench for carrying off all water that may accumulate during the heavy rains4 ,as soon as each plant has gained a proper height1 its head is lopped off to force the sap to turn into the leaves1 and1 in a few weeks afterwards1 it is fit for being gathered4 ,the tobacco fields or plantations are very large1 and together with the vast sheds for curing1 the fields present a beautiful appearance2 the long straight rows with their dark green leaves adding not a little to the beauty and variety of the landscape4 ,the great growers of the plant are very careful in cultivating the fields and give the tobacco frequent hoeings1 until ready to be gathered and taken to the sheds4 ,the planters are obliged to take the utmost pains1 as the product is obliged to be given up to the monopolizing government which is the sole purchaser1 and which1 in its great establishment at ,binondoc1 employs continually from #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj workmen and workwomen in manufacturing cigars for the consumption of the country and for exportation4 ,illustration3 ,spanish planters4 ,manilla tobacco is much esteemed in the islands both by the ,spaniards and the ,chinese4 ,the custom of smoking is universal among all classes and at all times4 ,in the house1 on the road and street1 the aroma of a fragrant ,manilla is ever borne on the breeze4 ,the ,spaniards are the principal owners of the tobacco fields1 and1 like their brother planters on the island of ,cuba1 are fond of the weed and its more potent companion4 ,after a luxurious breakfast the planter elevates his feet for a quiet smoke1 and lights either a cigar or cheroot1 filling the room with smoke and with the most fragrant perfume4 ,of all the various products cultivated1 but few vie with the tobacco plant in beauty of form and general appearance4 ,by its great variety of colors in leaves and flowers1 it offers a striking contrast with the more sombre hues of most other plants4 ,when left to grow until the plants have reached full size1 the tobacco field has the appearance of a vast flower garden1 the tiny blossoms exhaling their fragrance and the entire plant emitting odors as rare and as delicate as the most fragrant exotic4 ,in the tropics the finest tobacco plantations are found1 as nature is more lavish1 not only in the richness of the soil1 but in the variety of the vegetable products4 ,here the tobacco plant attains its finest form and most delicately flavored leaves4 ,the hues of the flowers are brighter and their fragrance sweeter4 ,in the tropics the tobacco field may be scented from afar1 as its odors are wafted on the breeze4 ,in its native home it flourishes and matures as readily as the more common kinds of vegetation1 while it affords the planter a larger revenue than many of the more useful of nature's products4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,varieties4 ,the tobacco plant almost vies with the palm in the number of varieties2 botanists having enumerated as many as forty1 which by no means includes the entire number now being cultivated4 ,the plant shows also a great variety of forms1 leaves1 color of flowers1 and texture4 ,each kind has some peculiar feature or quality not found in another2 thus1 one variety will have large leaves1 while another will have small ones2 one kind leaves flowers of a pink or yellow color1 another white2 one variety will produce a leaf black or brown1 another yellow or dark red4 ,the following list includes nearly all of the principal varieties now cultivated3--,connecticut seed leaf 7broad and narrow leaf71 ,new ,york seed leaf1 ,pennsylvania 7,duck ,island71 ,virginia and ,maryland 7,pryor and ,frederick1 ,james ,river1 etc471 ,north ,carolina 7,yellow ,orinoco1 and ,gooch or ,pride of ,granville1 etc471 ,ohio ,seed leaf 7broad leaf71 ,ohio leaf 7,thick ,set1 ,pear ,tree1 ,burley1 and ,white71 ,texas1 ,louisiana 7,perique71 ,florida1 ,kentucky1 ,missouri1 ,wisconsin1 ,havana1 ,yara1 ,mexican1 ,st4 ,domingo1 ,columbia 7,columbian1 ,giron1 ,esmelraldia1 ,palmyra1 ,ambolima71 ,rio ,grande1 ,brazil1 ,orinoco1 ,paraguay1 ,porto ,rico1 ,arracan1 ,greek1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 ,japan1 ,hungarian1 ,china1 ,manilla1 ,algerian1 ,turkey1 ,holland 7,amersfoort71 ,syrian 7,latakia71 ,french 7,st4 ,omer71 ,russian1 and ,circassian4 ,many of these varieties are well known to commerce1 and others are hardly known outside the limit of their cultivation4 ,all of these varieties may be divided into three classes1#fh viz43 cigar1 snuff1 and cut-leaf tobacco4 ,the first class1 cigar leaf1 includes all those varieties of tobacco that are used in the manufacture of cigars1 and embraces the finest quality of tobacco grown1 including ,connecticut seed leaf1 ,havana1 ,yara1 ,manilla1 ,giron1 ,paraguayan1 ,mexican1 ,brazilian1 ,sumatra1 etc4 ,the second class embraces all of the varieties used in the manufacture of snuff1 such as ,virginia1 ,holland 7,amersfoort71 ,brazilian1 ,french 7,st4 ,omer71 etc4 ,the third class includes all of those tobaccos used for smoking and chewing purposes1 such as ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 ,missouri1 ,ohio1 ,maryland1 ,latakia1 ,perique1 ,turkish1 and others4 ,footnote #fh3 ,probably most writers would divide tobacco into but two classes1 including tobacco used for the manufacture of snuff with cut tobacco4 ,south ,american tobaccos are almost exclusively used for the manufacture of cigars4 ,although of various qualities1 they possess the distinctive flavor which characterizes all tobacco used for this purpose4 ,this is generally the case with most of the tobacco grown in the tropics--it seems to be especially adapted for the manufacture of cigars1 rather than for cutting purposes4 ,european tobaccos are milder in flavor1 and are used extensively in the manufacture of snuff2 while the tobacco of the ,east is well adapted for the pipe4 ,tobacco to be used for cigars must not only be of good flavor1 but must burn freely1 without which it has no real value for this purpose4 ,non-burning tobaccos cannot be used1 and are either employed in the manufacture of snuff or for cutting4 ,of the many kinds of tobacco of both the ,old and ,new ,world1 doubtless the most curious of all is that kind known as ,,dwarf ,,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,mexican dwarf tobacco4 ,this plant is a native of ,mexico1 and was discovered by ,houston1 who found it growing near ,vera ,cruz4 ,this is probably the smallest kind of tobacco known4 ,the plant grows to the height of about eighteen inches1 the leaves growing tufts at the base of the plant4 ,some have supposed this tobacco to be what is known as ,deer ,tongue1 which is used for flavoring1 but it is quite probable that it is entirely different4 ,the leaf is small and light green1 and it is quite a showy plant when in blossom4 ,as a curiosity it can hardly fail to attract attention from all those acquainted and interested in tobacco1 but will hardly admit of cultivation1 on account of the absence of leaves1 with the exception of the few growing near the ground4 ,of all the tobaccos used for the manufacture of cigars1 none have obtained an equal reputation 7simply as a cigar wrapper7 with the famous and much sought for variety known as ,,connecticut ,,seed ,,leaf1 which in all respects towers far above the seed products of the other states4 ,the varieties cultivated in the ,united ,states and known as seed leaf tobaccos1 are grown in ,connecticut1 ,massachusetts1 ,vermont1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio and ,wisconsin4 ,all of the seed leaf of these states is used exclusively in the manufacture of cigars4 ,connecticut seed leaf is justly celebrated as the finest known for cigar wrappers1 from the superiority of its color and texture1 and the good burning quality of the leaf4 ,the plant grows to the height of about five feet1 with leaves from two and one half to three feet in length and from fifteen to twenty inches broad1 fitted preminently by their large size for wrappers1 which are obtained at such a distance from the stem of the leaf as to be free from large veins4 ,connecticut seed leaf tobacco in color1 is either dark or light cinnamon1 two of the most fashionable colors to be found in ,american tobaccos4 ,the plant is strong and vigorous1 ripening in a few weeks1 and when properly cultivated attaining a very large size4 ,there are two principal varieties of ,connecticut seed leaf1 viz4--broad and narrow leaf3 of these two1 the broad leaf is considered the finest1 cutting up to better advantage and ripening and curing fully as well4 ,connecticut seed leaf attains its finest form and perfection of leaf in the rich meadows of the ,connecticut ,valley1 where it has been cultivated to a greater or less extent for nearly half a century4 ,illustration3 ,connecticut seed leaf4 ,the plant is one of the most showy of all the varieties of tobacco4 ,the stalk is straight and large1 while the leaf 7especially the broad7 is admirably proportioned1 and the top is broad and graceful1 rendering it far more symmetrical in appearance than many of the smaller varieties4 ,before ,connecticut tobacco became known as a wrapper1 ,maryland and ,havana tobaccos were used for this purpose1 and when ,connecticut first came into use1 it was only as a filler4 ,this variety differs very materially from ,havana in this respect--it has not that fine flavor of ,cuba tobacco1 but in texture is much superior4 ,the lighter shades of it burn purely and freely1 leaving a white or pearl colored ash1 which is one of the best evidences of a good wrapper4 ,the leaf also is very firm and strong1 and sufficiently elastic to bear considerable manipulating in manufacture4 ,the various shades also of the two colors1 dark and light brown or cinnamon1 are among the finest and most delicate of any to be found among the numerous kinds of tobacco used for cigars4 ,the color of the wrapper1 however1 is merely a matter of taste2 when first used for a wrapper the color in demand was a dark brown or cinnamon1 now it is light cinnamon leaf that is the most fashionable1 and leaf of this color is considered the finest and of the most delicate flavor4 ,as a superior burning tobacco1 seed leaf especially commends itself1 and while all of the seed products of the various states producing this description of tobacco1 are remarkable for their good burning qualities1 none are more so than ,connecticut seed leaf4 ,thorough cultivation by the growers has made this quality of tobacco the most profitable of any grown in the ,united ,states4 ,some considerable controversy has arisen among tobacco-growers concerning the origin of this famous variety4 ,one opinion sets forth that it sprung from plants or seeds brought from ,virginia1 while another is that tobacco seed from ,cuba gave it origin4 ,most probably the former theory is correct1 as the plant was cultivated in gardens in ,new ,england1 during the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,however this may be1 the system of cultivation pursued has been successful in the production of a leaf tobacco that can hardly be improved1 so far as the texture of the leaf is concerned4 ,some of the selections of seed leaf have that fine soft feeling peculiar to satin or silks1 and we have seen specimens of such selections1 that seemed almost destitute of veins1 or anything that would naturally suggest that it was a leaf4 ,in this respect it is quite remarkable1 for while the leaf is very large the stem and veins are quite small1 no larger than in many varieties with a much smaller leaf4 ,from its first cultivation in the ,connecticut valley1 the quality has gradually improved until now1 and it seems at last to possess almost every feature desirable in a good wrapper4 ,illustration3 ,havana tobacco4 ,this famous variety of the tobacco plant is by common consent the finest flavored tobacco for cigars now being cultivated4 ,some1 however1 consider ,paraguayian1 ,brazil1 and ,mexican coast tobacco its equals1 while1 according to ,tomlinson1 ,macuba tobacco1 grown on the island of ,martinica1 stands at the head of all varieties of the plant4 ,these statements may1 however1 be regarded as mere opinions rather than acknowledged facts4 ,havana tobacco1 according to ,hazard1 grows to a height of from six to nine feet1 as allowed1 with oblong1 spear-shaped leaves2 the tobacco being stronger when few leaves are permitted to grow4 ,the leaves when young are of a dark-green color and have rather a smooth appearance1 changing at maturity into yellowish-green4 ,the plant grows quickly1 and by careful pruning a fine colored leaf is obtained1 varying from a straw color to dark brown or black4 ,the plant bears a pink blossom1 which is succeeded by capsules not quite as large as those of seed-leaf tobacco4 ,the finest is grown in the ,vuelta de ,abajo1 which1 for nearly a century1 has been celebrated as a fine tobacco-producing district4 ,when growing1 a vega of ,havana tobacco forms a most pleasing feature of the landscape4 ,as the plants ripen1 the dark1 glossy green of the leaves is succeeded by a lighter shade and a thickening of the leaf4 ,the plant ripens in from eight to ten weeks after being transplanted4 ,the stalk and leaves are not as large as its great rival1 ,connecticut seed-leaf1 but it far surpasses it in flavor4 ,the plant emits a pleasant odor while growing1 like most varieties of the plant grown in the tropics4 ,,yara ,,tobacco4 ,this variety of tobacco1 like ,havana1 is grown upon the island of ,cuba1 but is unlike it in flavor1 as well as in the appearance of the plant4 ,it is well known as an admirable tobacco for cigars1 but is not sought after or grown to such an extent as ,havana4 ,the leaf when growing1 is in color a fine green1 and when cured is of considerable body and fine texture4 ,a writer in alluding to ,yara tobacco says3 ,the most noted vega or tobacco plantation is situated near ,santiago de ,cuba and is called ,yara4 ,the choicest tobacco is that grown on the banks of rivers which are periodically overflowed4 ,they are called ,lo ,rio1 ,rio ,hondo1 and ,pinar del ,rio1 and the tobacco is distinguished from all other grown upon the island by a fine sand which is found in the creases of the leaves4 ,the flavor of ,yara tobacco is so essentially different from ,havana1 that it is not cultivated as extensively1 if indeed it could be4 ,it is grown more particularly for home use and for exporting to ,europe1 where it is considered one of the finest of tobaccos4 ,of the other varieties grown in the ,west ,indies such as ,st4 ,domingo1 ,jamaica1 and ,trinidad1 much may be said both in praise and dispraise4 ,st4 ,domingo and ,trinidad have been cultivated for more than two hundred years4 ,st4 ,domingo tobacco has a large leaf1 but is of inferior flavor to most varieties of ,west ,india tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,virginia tobacco4 ,virginia tobacco has acquired a reputation which has gradually strengthened for more than two hundred and fifty years4 ,it was one of the first products to be cultivated by the ,english colony1 and in less than a quarter of a century after the settlement of ,virginia1 had acquired a reputation hardly surpassed by its well known rivals1 ,trinidad1 ,brazil1 ,st4 ,domingo1 and ,various tobaccos4 ,the plant grows to the height of from five to seven feet2 the leaves are long and broad1 and when cured are of various colors1 from a rich brown to a fine yellow4 ,the finest of ,virginia tobacco comes from the mountainous counties1 but the amount is small in proportion to the vast quantities raised on the lowlands of the ,dan and ,james rivers and their tributaries4 ,the leaf grown in the higher counties of ,south-western ,virginia is much lighter in color and much softer than the ordinary ,virginia tobacco4 ,shades of color in ,virginia tobacco 7as well as in most others7 serve to determine its use1 while texture and length of leaf affect as well its market value4 ,there are various grades of ,virginia tobacco1 especially in that grown in ,southside1 ,virginia4 ,long bright leaf is considered the finest1 while that known as ,luga is the poorest and lowest grade of leaf4 ,the staple known as ,james ,river tobacco has acquired a world-wide reputation1 and the same ground is cultivated and planted with tobacco now as in #afbj4 ,virginia tobacco is known chiefly as a cut tobacco2 good1 stout snuff leaf is also obtained from it1 which brings as much in ,european markets as fine spinners4 ,missouri1 ,kentucky1 and some parts of ,ohio also produce large quantities for manufacturing into chewing and smoking tobacco4 ,,ohio ,,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,ohio white tobacco4 ,the tobacco plant has been cultivated in this ,state for nearly fifty years4 ,sullivan1 in describing the kinds used for cutting1 says3-- ,two kinds of seed are used1 viz41 the ',thick ,set' and the ',pear ,tree1' and of late years the ',burley' has come into favor4 ,nearly all tobacco grown in ,ohio is 'fired1' that is1 cured by fires or flues2 it is packed in hogsheads of about eight hundred pounds net4 ,another writer says3-- ,in some parts her soil produces a fine yellow article called ',northern ,ohio2' it is manufactured into the finest quality of smoking tobacco1 and is extensively used by all epicures of the meerschaum1 both in this country and in ,europe4 ,ohio also produces another variety called ,ohio seed leaf1 or more familiarly1 ',seed4' ,while in another section she produces an excellent article of leaf for chewing4 ,ohio tobacco of all kinds is a large plant1 and cures down to fine colors4 ,one variety for cutting1 known as cinnamon blotch1 is a leaf of good body and is considered an excellent tobacco for chewing4 ,a few years since a variety originated in a very curious manner4 ,we give the account as published by ,prof4 ,e4 ,w4 ,smith3-- ,this tobacco is known by the name of ,white tobacco4 ,the seed was procured about three years ago1 in a very singular way4 ,there were a few hills of tobacco that looked very singular1 situated near a thicket of bushes and trees4 ,the rising morning sun sent its rays through this thicket1 striking diagonally upon a few hills1 and producing by some chemical law or daguerreotyping process the 7white7 tobacco4 ,the tobacco was allowed to go to seed4 ,this seed was sown the next year1 and produced the same kind of tobacco4 ,the tobacco1 before the white tobacco was daguerreotyped1 was a cinnamon blotch1 so it may be seen by this freak of nature how it was changed from red to white4 ,,perique ,,tobacco4 ,there are many varieties of tobacco well adapted for smoking1 of all colors and strengths4 ,of ,american tobaccos suitable for this purpose1 none have acquired a wider reputation at home than ,perique4 ,it is cultivated only in small quantities in one or two parishes in ,louisiana4 ,perique tobacco may be used not only for smoking1 but for chewing and for snuff4 ,the leaf when cured measures some eighteen inches in length by fourteen in width1 is thick and substantial1 has the appearance of a rich ,kentucky tobacco1 and when placed under press immediately after being cured becomes black without the aid of any artificial means4 ,it is put up in rolls1 or1 as they are called1 carrots4 ,this tobacco is raised mostly in the parish of ,st4 ,james1 ,la41 and derives its name from an old ,spanish navigator who settled in ,st4 ,james parish in the year #ahbj4 ,his first attempt at raising tobacco1 for his own use1 succeeded so well and gave him such a fine result1 7the plant developing itself to a great extent and being very rich17 that he concluded to devote all his time to the culture of tobacco1 in order to make a living out of it4 ,the seed first used by him was the ,kentucky1 but this was subsequently changed for the ,virginia1 which has been in use up to this time1 being renewed every four or five years4 ,the tobacco originally put up by ,perique was twisted by hand and placed under press for three or four days1 then taken out1 untwisted1 retwisted and replaced in the press for five or six days4 ,after undergoing the same process three or four different times1 it was finally left to remain under press for six months1 and then taken out for use4 ,mr4 ,perique1 however1 soon made a capital improvement in the mode of putting up his tobacco2 for1 as early as the year #ahbd1 we find the tobacco in beautiful rolls of four pounds1 and as hard as a ,saucisson de ,boulogne4 ,this tobacco1 which has retained the name of its producer1 is still manufactured in the same manner as it was fifty-four years ago1 the work still being done entirely by hand4 ,the plant is cultivated as the ,virginia tobacco by about a dozen small planters in that part of the ,parish called ,grande-,pointe1 seven miles from the ,mississippi river4 ,a small quantity is also raised on the banks of the river in the same parish by a few planters4 ,the growers of ,perique tobacco have tried ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 and ,havana seed1 but prefer the former--,havana producing too small a plant without a much better flavor4 ,tobacco is grown in other parishes of the ,state2 it is however of inferior quality1 and is used only for smoking or snuff4 ,perique tobacco1 when cut for smoking1 is very black in appearance1 exceedingly smooth1 and of peculiar odor4 ,it is probably the thinnest tobacco cultivated2 and is strong1 but of agreeable flavor4 ,,peruvian ,,tobacco4 ,john ,gerard gives the following description of the tobacco of ,peru3 ,tobacco1 or henbane of ,peru1 hath very great stalks of the bigness of a child's arme1 growing in fertile and well-dunged ground of seven or eight feet high1 dividing itself in sundry branches of great length2 whereon are placed in most comely order very faire1 long leaves1 broad1 smooth and sharp-pointed1 soft and of a light green color2 so fastened about the stalk that they seem to embrace and compass it about4 ,the flowers grow at the top of the stalks in shape like a bell-flower1 somewhat long and cornered2 hollow within1 of a light carnation color1 tending to whiteness towards the rims4 ,the seed is contained in long1 sharp-pointed cods1 or seed-vessels1 like unto the seed of yellow henbane1 but somewhat smaller1 and browner of color4 ,the root is great1 thicke and of a wooddy substance1 with some threddy strings annexed thereunto4 ,,mexican ,,tobacco4 ,the tobacco plant seems to have been cultivated in ,mexico from time immemorial4 ,francisco ,lopez de ,gomara1 who was chaplain to ,cortez1 when he made conquest of ,mexico1 in #aeai1 alludes to the plant and the custom of smoking2 and ,diaz relates that the king ,montezuma had his pipe brought with much ceremony by the chief ladies of his court1 after he had dined and washed his mouth with scented water4 ,the ,spaniards encouraged its cultivation1 and to this day it is grown in several of the coast states4 ,various kinds are cultivated1 but chiefly a variety bearing yellow flowers1 with a large leaf of fine flavor resembling the ,havana4 ,the plant is a favorite with the ,mexicans1 who prefer it to any other product grown4 ,it is cultivated like most varieties of the tropics1 and is hardly inferior to any grown in the ,west ,indies1 and is especially adapted for cigars and cigaritos4 ,after the first harvest another1 and sometimes a third crop is gathered by allowing one shoot to grow from the parent root1 which oftentimes develops to a considerable size4 ,the quality of leaf1 however1 is inferior2 as is the case with all second and third crops grown in this manner4 ,,st4 ,,domingo ,,tobacco4 ,this well-known ,west ,india variety is inferior to most kinds grown on the neighboring islands4 ,the plant attains a large size1 cures dark1 is coarse1 and of inferior flavor4 ,it is a favorite tobacco in ,germany1 and thousands of ,ceroons are annually shipped to ,hamburg4 ,the ,west ,india islands produce many varieties of tobacco1 which is owing more to the composition of the soil and climate than to the method of cultivation and curing4 ,the demand for ,st4 ,domingo tobacco is limited4 ,it has no established reputation in this country1 and on account of the high duties can not compete with our domestic tobaccos4 ,,latakia ,,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,latakia tobacco1 7,syria74 ,this variety of the tobacco plant is one of the most celebrated known to commerce4 ,it attains its finest form and flavor in ,syria1 where it is cultivated to a considerable extent4 ,for smoking it is among the best of the varieties of the ,east1 and is used for the more delicate cut tobaccos and cigars4 ,it grows to the height of three feet--each offshoot bearing flowers1 the leaves of which are ovate in form1 and are attached to the stalk by a long stem4 ,the flowers are yellow1 and number only a few in comparison with most varieties4 ,when growing1 the leaves are thick1 but after curing are thin and elastic4 ,the stalk is small1 as are also the leaves4 ,while growing1 the plants emit a strong aromatic odor not like that of ,havana tobacco1 but stronger and less agreeable4 ,the plant was introduced into this country by ,bayard ,taylor1 and attains its full size in the ,connecticut valley1 where it has been tested by many growers4 ,after curing1 the leaf is a bright yellow of agreeable flavor1 having the odor of ashes of roses4 ,the flavor is similar to ,turkish tobacco1 but is said to be less delicate4 ,after harvesting1 the plants cure rapidly and on account of their small size rarely sweat4 ,latakia tobacco1 however1 is not adapted to the taste of ,american smokers1 most of whom prefer tobacco of home growth to even the finest of ,turkish leaf4 ,latakia tobacco can be raised with less labor than most varieties4 ,its diminutive size and its unpopularity1 however1 prevent its general culture in this country4 ,,russian ,,tobacco4 ,in no other country in ,europe is the tobacco plant attracting as much as attention as in the empire of ,russia4 ,the varieties grown in ,america1 ,cuba1 ,turkey1 and ,persia1 have been tried1 renewing the seed once in two or three years4 ,the tobacco of ,russia is mild1 and of inferior flavor1 and brings from #dj to #hj kopecks per pood4 ,a very good quality of tobacco is grown in the trans-,caucasian provinces2 it also flourishes well in the ,southern provinces4 ,the plants attain good size1 but lack that fine flavor when cured that other tobaccos possess4 ,a recent traveler through ,russia1 describing the tobacco1 says3 ,russian tobacco is very mild and rather sweet flavored1 though not equal in aroma to the ,havana1 or posessing that rich ripe taste so much prized in that well known tobacco4 ,,colombia ,,tobacco4 ,colombia has long been celebrated for the quality and varieties of its tobacco4 ,its cultivation has been carried on for more than two hundred and fifty years1 and ,varinian tobacco had obtained a well established reputation in ,europe long before ,raleigh's would-be-colonists sailed for ,virginia4 ,the principal varieties grown are ,colombian1 ,carmen1 ,ambalema1 ,palmyra1 and ,giron4 ,most of these tobaccos are used for cigar purposes1 especially the latter4 ,the leaf is fine1 of good size1 and marked with light yellow spots4 ,tanning says of the tobacco of ,colombia3 ,the ,cumanacoa1 ,tobacco de la ,cueva1 de los ,misones1 de la ,laguna de ,valencia cura seca and ,caraco1 de la ,lagunade ,valencia cura negro1 de ,oriluca1 de ,varinos cura seca1 de ,casovare1 de ,baylodores1 de ,rio ,negro en ,andull1 are equal to the tobacco of the ,brazils4 ,the tobacco of the ,cueva1 in the department of ,cumana1 is said to be grown from the excrements of certain birds deposited by them in a cavity1 from which the natives extract it3 it is considered the finest tobacco in ,colombia4 ,the birds are a species of the owl4 ,the natives of ,varinos1 and in fact of the whole kingdom1 chew a substance called chimo1 which is made of a jelly1 by boiling the ,varinos tobacco1 and afterwards mixed with an alkali called hurado1 which is found in a lake near ,merida4 ,both are an estanco of government1 and produce a large annual income4 ,the mode of cultivating the above tobacco by the natives is as follows3--,they prepare a small bed1 sifting the earth very fine1 on which they sow the seed1 and then cover it with plantain leaves for some days4 ,as soon as the plants make their appearance1 they raise the leaves about two feet1 so as to give the plants free air1 and to allow them sooner to grow strong4 ,when they become large enough to transplant1 they have the land prepared2 and as soon as the rainy season sets in1 they plant out their young plants1 taking great care to protect them from the sun1 and to keep them clean as they grow up1 as well as to prevent the worms from destroying or eating the leaves4 ,when the leaf is ripe1 it gets yellow spots on it2 and on bending the leaf it cracks4 ,then it is fit for pulling off1 which is done1 and the leaves are neatly packed in handsful1 placed in a dry situation1 and occasionally shifted from one place to another4 ,when the leaves are well dried they are all packed closely1 and well covered1 to keep the flavor in4 ,the leaf is left in this state for one or two months1 and then made up for use4 ,they never top their tobacco1 and the leaves never ripen together4 ,the mode adopted by the ,north ,american planters is somewhat different2 they top their plants when they have eight full leaves1 or they keep it suckered2 and1 by this means1 the leaves are large and sappy4 ,they cut off the stem at the ground1 when ripe1 and hang it on laths for one day and a night1 with the leaves all hanging down2 they then place it in their barns2 and1 when these are quite full1 they smoke it for some days1 and let it remain in that way until the stem1 as well as the leaf1 is quite dry2 they then put it in a heap1 and cover it up for market4 ,they strip off the leaves1 and pack them in hogsheads1 and it is received in ,london4 ,,sumatra ,,tobacco4 ,sumatra tobacco is one of the finest varieties cultivated1 and commands in ,european markets the very highest prices4 ,the plant is a vigorous grower1 and produces large1 fine leaves of most delicate odor4 ,the leaf is of beautiful appearance1 of almost a silky texture1 and in color a rich brown4 ,it is extensively used in the manufacture of cigars1 and on the continent it frequently realizes as much as #es4 per pound for this purpose4 ,it sells in ,london for from #cs4 #f;d4 to #ds4 per pound4 ,,brazilian ,,tobacco4 ,brazil tobacco is grown chiefly in the valley of ,san ,diego and ,san ,francisco4 ,the former being on the west side of the ,brazilian mountains1 and the latter on the east4 ,the ,san ,diego is the finest1 and the following analysis of the ,san ,diego of ,brazil1 and ,vuelta de ,abajo1 will give one an idea of the soil of these famous tobacco lands3-- ,,vuelta ,,de ,,abajo1 ,,cuba4 ,,san ,,diego1 ,,brazil4 ,,parts4 ,,parts4 ,organic matter1 #i4fj #d4fj ,silica1 #hf4dj #ij4fj ,lime1 4#dj ,alumina1 4#fh #c4jj ,oxide of ,iron1 #a4ib #a4bj ,loss by ,evaporation1 #a4dj 4#bj ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,the tobacco of ,brazil is grown in the same manner as in other parts of ,south ,america4 ,the planter raises two crops a year2 curing for exportation as in ,cuba or ,venezuela4 ,the plant grows to the height of about six feet1 bearing leaves lanceolate in form1 about thirty inches long1 and from eight to twelve inches wide4 ,the tobacco fields are very irregular4 ,after it is cut it is placed on poles in the field1 and afterwards carried to the drying sheds4 ,it is gathered in the dry season in ,september4 ,after curing1 it is removed to the packing house and baled in packages1 and then transported on mules to the coast for shipping4 ,a large portion of the crop is shipped to ,portugal4 ,it is a dark maroon-colored leaf1 and contains a large proportion of the nicotine oil4 ,it is a high-flavored tobacco1 and on this account is used for cigars and cutting4 ,burton says of the tobacco of ,brazil3 ,the tobacco of the ,rio de ,pomba1 especially the ',fumo crespo1' is a dark strong leaf1 well fitted for making ',cavendish' or ',honey-dew2' the weed flourishes throughout ,minos ,gerals4 ,the soil will be much improved by compost2 and the produce by being treated in ,virginia style delicately dried in closed barns with fires4 ,,venezuelan ,,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,orinoco tobacco1 7,venezuela7 ,the ,orinoco tobacco grows from four to five feet high1 bearing large ovate leaves1 and is in all respects a fine quality of tobacco4 ,the plant is grown during all seasons of the year4 ,it is used chiefly for cigars1 and is shipped to ,northern ,europe4 ,it is packed in carrottes1 and then baled4 ,in color it is dark mahogany1 and of good body and texture4 ,the leaf is about eighteen inches long1 and about ten inches wide4 ,the planters cure by air-drying in sheds1 and afterwards it is tied up in hands and baled for export4 ,for their own use1 they have adopted the method of the ,brazilians1 sprinkling the leaf with water containing the juice of the poppy4 ,the flavor is rich and mellow2 a little more oily than ,havana leaf4 ,it is used for the manufacture of cigars4 ,orinoco tobacco makes very fine flavored cigars1 burning freely1 and leaving a pearl-colored ash2 it is considered by the ,venezuelans to be much better than any variety grown in ,south ,america4 ,in cultivating it the planters use no fertilizers whatever1 taking up new land as the old wears out4 ,the crop is gathered first in ,may1 and then in ,september4 ,,persian ,,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,shiraz tobacco1 ,persia4 ,shiraz tobacco is a native of ,persia1 and is one of the finest varieties for the pipe to be found in the ,east4 ,the plant differs from most varieties in the color of the flowers and the form of the leaves4 ,it is not adapted for cigars as it does not readily ignite1 and this variety together with ,manilla1 are known as non-burning tobaccos4 ,after curing1 the color is a light yellow1 the flavor mild and not unlike ,latakia and ,turkish tobacco4 ,the color of the flowers like those of ,guatemala tobacco1 is white1 but in other respects nearly similar to other kinds4 ,,amersfoort ,,tobacco4 ,this variety of tobacco is cultivated quite extensively in ,holland1 in the ,veluwe 7valley of ,guelderland74 ,the plant is of good size and averages #a4ehj kilos to the hectare4 ,the cultivation is very carefully conducted on the richest soil4 ,the leaf is very fine and is free from large fibres1 fitting it for cigars4 ,large quantities are also used in the manufacture of snuff4 ,the tobacco plant has been cultivated in ,holland since its first introduction1 with complete success1 producing a variety for snuff unrivaled by any other tobacco grown in ,europe4 ,in color ,dutch tobacco is both dark and light2 the former being used for snuff and the latter for cigars and cheroots4 ,,st4 ,,omer ,,tobacco4 ,tobacco is an important product in ,france1 and affords the government an immense revenue4 ,in the north of ,france two varieties are cultivated1 the ,brazilian and the ,mexican1 but the tobacco is unlike that grown in those countries4 ,most of the tobacco of ,france is small and inferior to ,havana and ,manilla4 ,in the ,south of ,france tobacco is cultivated to a considerable extent1 but is of inferior quality1 lacking the rich flavor of the tobacco of ,cuba4 ,the cultivation is permitted only in certain departments1 and the cultivators must use only the seed supplied to them by the officers of the regie4 ,this is selected with the greatest care1 the kind and quantity depending upon the nature of the land1 the soil being carefully analyzed1 and cultivation prohibited in soils which do not possess the constituents necessary for the growth of good tobacco4 ,these analyses also determine the quantities and sorts of manure required to bring the land into fit condition4 ,most of the seed used is the produce of seed imported at various times from ,north ,america and ,cuba4 ,the cultivation is most carefully watched1 and the statistics available concerning it are of the minutest kind4 ,not only is the area of each field of tobacco accurately measured1 but each plant is noted down1 and even each leaf on each plant is accounted for4 ,st4 ,omer is used chiefly for snuff1 sometimes used with other kinds and is much esteemed by the ,french who consider it among the best of tobaccos4 ,,hungarian ,,tobacco4 ,this variety is attracting considerable attention1 from the fact that it is well adapted for the manufacture of cigars4 ,like ,connecticut seed leaf1 the leaves are large and well suited for cigar wrappers4 ,a considerable portion is adapted for other uses1 and it is in some respects a good cutting tobacco4 ,when in fine condition1 ,hungarian leaf burns freely and leaves a clean1 light-colored ash4 ,no variety of tobacco grown in ,europe is attracting more notice than this1 and if good leaf tobacco suitable for cigars can be grown1 ,american tobacco will diminish in proportion4 ,hungarian tobacco is a favorite with the ,italians1 and large quantities are sold to the ,italian monopoly to be used both for cigars and cutting4 ,,spanish ,,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,spanish tobacco4 ,for several years the growers of tobacco in the ,connecticut valley have directed their attention towards the production of a tobacco possessing all of the excellencies of both wrapper and filler2 in other words1 if possible securing a leaf of light color and fine texture and good flavor1 so as to combine all of the desirable features and qualities of tobacco in one variety4 ,some few years since the ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington distributed a variety of tobacco seed among the ,connecticut tobacco growers known by the name of ,spanish tobacco4 ,it has been tested by many of the largest tobacco growers in ,connecticut1 and found to be one of the best varieties of the plant ever cultivated in the valley4 ,the plant grows to the height of eight feet1 bearing leaves about two feet in length by one foot in width1 is an erect1 strong1 growing tobacco with a small1 hard stalk and stout1 long roots4 ,the plant1 when growing1 imparts a strong aromatic odor not unlike ,havana tobacco1 but is larger everyway1 and of inferior flavor for cigars4 ,by repeated trials its superiority has been demonstrated to a certainty1 while the profit arising from its culture proves it worthy of attention from all cultivators of tobacco4 ,when cured the leaf is very fine and light of color1 the stem and veins of the leaf are small1 thus fitting it for a good wrapper as well as filler4 ,if the tobacco growers in the ,connecticut valley can succeed in raising this variety1 they will produce a leaf tobacco much superior to the common variety known as seed leaf4 ,beyond all question a much finer flavored tobacco than ,connecticut seed leaf can be grown1 and still retain all of the excellencies of the latter1 such as color1 texture1 and size of leaf4 ,,turkish ,,tobacco4 ,the tobacco of ,turkey has been called by some enthusiastic smoker the king of tobaccos1 but whether it possesses this royal preminence over all other varieties must be decided by other than ourselves4 ,that it is a fine smoking tobacco1 no one can doubt that ever put breath to the favored pipe that contains the yellow shreds1 but we should prefer by far to part with it rather than with its great rival1 ,havana tobacco4 ,the plant is not as large as many varieties1 but grows up strong and flourishes well on account of the care and attention given it by the ,turk and his family1 as it is in all respects a family plant1 and the flower garden is generally the tobacco field4 ,turkey tobacco ranges in color from brown to light yellow1 the latter being the most in demand4 ,this variety is similar in flavor to ,latakia and ,shiraz1 and these three tobaccos1 ,persian1 ,syrian1 and ,turkish1 are considered the finest and best adapted of all tobaccos for the pipe4 ,the work of cultivating a field of ,turkish tobacco is very tedious1 as large quantities of water have to be carried to sprinkle upon the plants4 ,the finest colored1 a pale yellow leaf1 brings inflated prices1 but more often by others than the poor ,turk who grows it4 ,,japan ,,tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,japan tobacco4 ,of the tobacco of ,asia1 the best known in ,europe is the yellow leaf grown in ,japan4 ,in those provinces where a high degree of temperature prevails1 the plant lives throughout the winter1 but it is nevertheless customary to sow fresh seed in the early spring of each successive year4 ,when fully grown1 ,japan tobacco attains an altitude of about six feet1 bearing leaves long and pointed1 completely enveloping the stalk4 ,the leaves1 however1 differ in form in different provinces1 some being round and wide1 others narrow and pointed1 and others thick and long4 ,the mode of cultivating also varies in the different provinces4 ,the sowing and transplanting are dependent on the temperature of the locality1 and each place follows its own customs4 ,in autumn a great number of flowers spring from the tip of the stalk4 ,these are about an inch in length1 and of a pale purple tint4 ,to these succeed small round capsules1 inside of which are three small chambers containing a great number of light red seeds4 ,the method of cultivation is novel1 the manuring of tobacco differing from that of other plants in that it is plentifully applied both to the roots and leaves4 ,,guatemala ,,tobacco4 ,the tobacco of ,central ,america1 though possessing considerable excellence1 has never become an important product1 nor to any great extent an article of commerce4 ,there are several varieties grown in ,guatemala1 ,honduras1 ,nicaragua1 and the other ,central ,american states2 some of which by proper cultivation might be valuable to both the user and the manufacturer4 ,one variety bears white flowers like the tobacco of ,persia1 but in other respects it differs but little from ,south ,american varieties4 ,numerous other sorts occur1 many of which are local1 and differ principally1 if not solely1 in the size or form of the leaves4 ,the soil of ,guatemala is well adapted for tobacco1 and with careful cultivation it could hardly fail of becoming an important agricultural product4 ,it is also probable that the soil of nearly all of ,central ,america is adapted to the plant1 and with the favorable climate1 the varieties now grown would doubtless with proper care1 become noted as tobacco well adapted for cigars4 ,,manilla ,,tobacco4 ,this variety is one of the most celebrated grown in the ,east4#fi ,it is used exclusively for the manufacture of cigars and cheroots1 and supplies ,india and ,spain with a vast quantity of the manufactured article4 ,the plant is a strong1 vigorous grower1 bearing dark green leaves2 coming forward rapidly under the careful culture bestowed upon the plants4#gj ,after curing1 the leaves show a variety of colors ranging from dark brown to light yellow or straw color4 ,the leaf when cured1 has a peculiar appearance unlike that of any other tobacco4 ,it is of good body but smooth1 and has the appearance of tobacco that has been 'frost-bitten4' ,the leaf is not as porous as most other tobaccos1 and therefore does not as readily ignite1 and frequently 'chars' in burning--thus giving it the name of a non-burning tobacco4 ,footnote #fi3 ,blanco thus describes the tobacco of the ,philippines3 ,it is an annual1 growing to the height of a fathom1 and furnishes the tobacco for the estancos 7licensed shops74 ,general opinion prefers the tobacco of ,gapan1 but that of the ,pasy districts1 ,laglag and ,lambunao1 in ,iloilo1 of ,maasin or ,leyte1 is appreciated for its fine aroma2 also that of ,cagayan1 after being kept for some years1--for this use like the tobacco of the island of ,negros it burns the mouth4 ,footnote #gj3 ,the seedlings are planted in ,january1 and the greater part of the crop comes forward in ,may and ,june4 ,the plants are 'set' wide apart1 and during the first two months are carefully cultivated1 when the top is broken off and the leaves allowed to ripen4 ,in some respects1 ,manilla tobacco is one of the best varieties of the plant cultivated1 and were it not for its non-burning quality1 it would have but few rivals among cigar tobaccos4#ga ,we have thus1 at some length1 described nearly half of the varieties of tobacco now being cultivated4 ,there are1 however1 others as well known and of equal value and favor4 ,some of these are of superior quality and of world-wide repute4 ,of those described1 the varieties grown in the tropics are the most celebrated and of the finest flavor4 ,as when first discovered1 the tobaccos of the tropics command the highest prices1 and possess qualities not easily transmitted when grown in a temperate clime4 ,footnote #ga3 ,the soil of many of the islands especially of the ,bisayas is favorable to the growth of tobacco4 ,the island of ,negros formerly produced some of very good quality4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,tobacco ,,houses4 ,the drying houses or sheds for the curing and storing of tobacco are among the most interesting objects to be seen on the tobacco plantation4 ,these sheds vary in size from a small structure capable of holding only a few thousand plants to the immense sheds with sufficient capacity for hanging the products of several acres4 ,in the ,connecticut valley1 the ,southern ,states1 at the ,west1 and in the ,philippine ,islands these tobacco sheds are often several hundred feet in length1 built in the most substantial manner and provided with suitable side doors and ventilators for the free passage of air1 and the most perfect system of ventilation4 ,the most substantial and finest tobacco sheds are to be found in the ,connecticut valley1 which are provided with every convenience for hanging and taking down or striking the crop4 ,many of them are painted and adorned with a cupola1 which serves the double purpose of an ornament and a ventilator for the hot air to pass off from the curing and heated plants4 ,formerly1 the tobacco being harvested was hung in barns and sheds1 used for storing grain and hay1 and better adapted to other purposes than to that of a tobacco shed1 where thorough ventilation is necessary to avoid sweat and pole-rot1 attending upon the curing of the plants4 ,of late1 tobacco growers1 throughout the world1 have paid considerable attention to the method of curing1 and to erecting more suitable buildings for the purpose4 ,at the ,south and ,west1 the log tobacco barns are giving way to the more substantial frame buildings1 and better facilities are employed for firing the tobacco in the sheds4 ,formerly1 the tobacco sheds at the ,south looked more like the rude huts of the herders on the pampas of ,south ,america1 than buildings devoted to the curing of tobacco4 ,tobacco barns and sheds are built of a great variety of material1 and in various ways1 according to the manner of building where the tobacco is grown4 ,thus in the ,connecticut valley1 such sheds or barns are large and commodious frame buildings2 at the ,south and ,west1 many of them are built of logs2 in ,cuba1 of slabs covered with palm leaves or thatched4 ,in ,turkey1 of stones covered with rough boards1 and daubed with mud4 ,illustration3 ,old ,connecticut tobacco shed4 ,in selecting a site for the tobacco shed1 not only should its proximity to the tobacco field be considered1 but also the ground on which it is to be built4 ,it should always be erected on dry ground1 rather than upon moist1 so that no dampness may arise and injure the leaves in curing4 ,the tobacco shed should also be built on an elevated spot1 so that a free circulation of air may be had1 which is hardly possible if built on low ground or among trees or in the woods as at the ,south4 ,this applies more particularly to sheds where the method of curing is by air-drying instead of by firing or by flues4 ,in ,new ,england the strongest timber1 as oak1 is used for building1 as the weight of the plants before fully cured is immense4 ,the shed is braced at every point and generally rests upon stone posts so as to allow a good circulation underneath the building4 ,poles are used for hanging1 either round or sawed1 when the plants are hung with twine2 when hung on tobacco hooks1 laths are used1 the hooks attached to the lath2 more frequently the plants are strung upon the laths without the aid of hooks1 the lath passing through the center of the stalk an inch or two from the end4 ,the doors lengthwise of the building are simply the outside boards hung on hinges1 every second or third being chosen according to the ideas of curing entertained by the grower4 ,some planters are of the opinion that the plants need all the air that can be obtained1 and keep the sheds open during both day and night1 while others open the doors only now and then--closing during warm days1 and during a storm4 ,sometimes the doors are hung on hinges at the top--opening but partially and not allowing as free circulation as when hung on the sides4 ,illustration3 ,modern ,connecticut tobacco shed4 ,another building of late has been built by the growers in the ,connecticut valley1 called a stripping house4 ,this building is frequently attached to the shed or near by so that stripping may be performed during all kinds of weather1 without danger of injuring the tobacco1 or the health of the stripper4 ,such buildings however are needed only in tobacco sections where the cold is extreme during the winter1 when most of the tobacco is to be stripped4 ,the stripping room or house is provided with a stove1 a long table1 or elevated platform1 in front of the windows1 of which there should be several to admit plenty of light1 and a number of chairs to accommodate the strippers4 ,on the stove a kettle of water is kept constantly boiling or heated1 the ascending steam of which keeps the leaves of tobacco from drying and consequently from cracking or breaking4 ,when in condition for striking or taking down1 the plants are carried to the stripping-room1 and covered with boards and blankets1 when the operation called stripping commences4 ,many of the stripping-rooms are built large enough to contain the cases after the tobacco is packed1 thus answering a double purpose4 ,illustration3 ,stripping room4 ,in ,virginia and the other tobacco-growing states of the ,south1 the tobacco barn is built altogether different1 as the method of curing is by fires or flues instead of air curing4 ,the height of the building is usually twice its width and length4 ,in the center of the smooth earthen floor1 is the trench for firing1 while around the sides of the building runs an elevated platform for placing the tobacco leaves in bulk2 and1 commencing at a safe distance from the trench1 up to the top of the building1 reach beams stretching across for the reception of the pine laths1 from which are suspended the tobacco plants4 ,many of the tobacco sheds at the ,south1 are built like those of ,new ,england1 but many log structures are still to be seen and many planters prefer them to those made like other frame buildings4 ,the old ,virginia planters of a hundred years ago1 built rough log sheds for housing the plants1 which afforded little protection from wind and rain1 which1 in consequence1 injured much of the tobacco hanging around the sides of the building4 ,tatham gives the following description of the ,tobacco house and its variety in his work on tobacco4 ,illustration3 ,modern ,virginia shed4 ,the barn which is appropriated to the use of receiving and curing this crop1 is not1 in the manner of other barns1 connected with the farm yard1 so that the whole occupation may be rendered snug and compact1 and occasion little waste of time by inconsiderate and useless locomotion2 but it is constructed to suit the particular occasion in point of size1 and is generally erected in1 or by the side of1 each respective piece of tobacco ground2 or sometimes in the woods1 upon some hill or particular site which may be convenient to more than one field of tobacco4 ,the sizes which are most generally built where this kind of culture prevails1 are what are called forty-feet1 and sixty-feet tobacco houses2 that is1 of these lengths respectively1 and of a proportionate width2 and the plate of the wall1 or part which supports the eaves of the roof1 is generally elevated from the groundsel about the pitch of twelve feet4 ,about twelve feet pitch is indeed a good height for the larger crops2 because this will allow four pitch each to three successive tiers of tobacco1 besides those which are hung in the roof2 and this distance admits a free circulation of air1 and is a good space apart for the process of curing the plant4 ,there are various methods in use in respect to the construction of tobacco houses1 and various materials of which they are constructed2 but such are generally found upon the premises as suffice for the occasion4 ,and although these sizes are most prevalent1 yet tobacco houses are in many instances built larger or smaller according to the circumstances of the proprietor1 or the size of the spot of ground under cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,virginia shed #aej years ago4 ,the most ordinary kinds consist of two square pens built out of logs of six or eight inches thick1 and from sixteen to twenty feet long4 ,out of this material the two pens are formed by notching the logs near their extremities with an axe2 so that they are alternately fitted one upon another1 until they rise to a competent height2 taking care to fit joists in at the respective tiers of four feet space1 so that scaffolds may be formed by them similar to those heretofore described to have been erected in the open field1 for the purpose of hanging the sticks of tobacco upon1 that they may be open to a free circulation of air during this stage of the process4 ,these pens are placed on a line with each other1 at the opposite extremes of an oblong square1 formed of such a length as to admit of a space between the two pens wide enough for the reception of a cart or wagon4 ,this space1 together with the two pens1 is covered over with one and the same roof1 the frame of which is formed in the same way as the walls by notching the logs aforesaid1 and narrowing up the gable ends to a point at the upper extremity of the house1 termed the ridge pole4 ,the remaining part of the fabric consists of a rough cover of thin slabs of wood1 split first with a mall and wedges1 and afterwards riven with an instrument or tool termed a froe4 ,the only thing which then remains to be done1 is to cut a door into each of the pens1 which is done by putting blocks or wedges in betwixt the logs which are to be cut out1 and securing the jambs with side pieces pinned on with an anger and wooden pins4 ,the roof is secured by weighing it down with logs2 so that neither hammer1 nails1 brick1 or stone1 is concerned in the structure2 and locks and keys are very rarely deemed necessary4 ,the second kind of tobacco houses differ somewhat from these1 with a view to longer duration4 ,the logs are to this end more choicely selected4 ,the foundation consists of four well hewn groundsels1 of about eight by ten inches1 leveled and laid upon cross sawed blocks of a larger tree1 or upon large stones4 ,the corners are truly measured1 and squared diamond-wise1 by which means they are more nicely notched in upon each other2 the roof is fitted with rafters1 footed upon wall plates1 and covered with clap-boards nailed upon the rafters in the manner of slating4 ,in all other respects this is the same with the last mentioned method2 and both are left open for the passage of the air between the logs4 ,the third kind is laid upon a foundation similar to the second2 but instead of logs1 the walls are composed of posts and studs1 tenoned into the sells1 and braced2 the top of these are mounted with a wall-plate and joists2 upon these come the rafters2 and the whole is covered with clap-boards and nails1 so as to form one uninterrupted oblong square1 with doors1 etc41 termed1 as heretofore1 a forty1 sixty1 or one hundred feet tobacco house1 etc4 ,the fourth species of these differs from the third only in the covering1 which is generally of good sawed feather-edged plank2 in the roof1 which is now composed of shingles2 and in the doors and finishing1 which consist of good sawed plank1 hinged1 c4 ,sometimes this kind are underpinned with a brick or stone wall beneath the groundsels2 but they have no floors or windows1 except a plank or two along the sides to raise upon hinges for sake of air1 and occasional light3 indeed1 if these were constructed with sides similar to the brewery tops in ,london1 ,i think it would be found advantageous4 ,in respect to the inside framing of a tobacco house1 one description may serve for every kind3 they are so contrived as to admit poles in the nature of a scaffold through every part of them1 ranging four feet from centre to centre1 which is the length of the tobacco stick1 as heretofore described2 and the lower ties should be so contrived as to remove away occasionally1 in order to pursue other employments at different stages in the process of curing the crop4 ,in ,ohio1 the tobacco barns are built in a manner similar to those in ,virginia2 constructed of logs and provided with trenches for fires in curing the tobacco4 ,the tobacco sheds for hanging the tobacco cured by air-drying1 are built of the same material without trenches1 as smoke is not employed in curing seed-leaf tobacco4 ,the sheds for both kinds of curing tobacco are large structures1 varying in size according to the area of tobacco planted4 ,sometimes the sheds are built near the woods where fuel can be procured1 and in the immediate vicinity of the tobacco field4 ,the tobacco houses are built in the strongest manner and of the most durable material1 and are well fitted for the purpose designed4 ,in the counties bordering the ,ohio ,river1 where a large quantity of tobacco is raised1 the tobacco sheds are to be seen on every hand1 the smoke issuing from the sides of the building1 giving a stranger the idea of a burning building rather than the curing of a great staple4 ,illustration3 ,ohio tobacco shed4 ,the following account of constructing tobacco barns in ,missouri1 is from a ,st4 ,louis paper3 ,we believe in small barns for any kind of curing4 ,a house built #af feet inside and divided into four rooms and six tier high in the body is the preferable size for flue or coal curing4 ,for flues they should be built on a very slightly sloping place2 just enough to make the flues draw well4 ,flues four inches lower at the eye than the chimney will be slope enough4 ,the door should always be between the flues and in the end of the house1 to prevent the drip from falling before the door and the eye of the flues4 ,the tiers should begin eight feet above the ground and be placed two feet above each other to the top4 ,they should be placed across the house so that the roof tier can conveniently be placed above them4 ,the door1 three feet wide and six feet high1 furnished with a good1 close shutter4 ,a barn of this size will cure #hjj sticks of common size tobacco1 which will weigh about #abjj lbs4 ,the proper construction of flues is of great importance2 they should be built of any stone that will stand fire without bursting4 ,white sand-stone1 bastard soap-stone1 or any other that does not contain flint4 ,the size of a flue for a sixteen foot barn1 is generally about #ab inches wide by #ad inches high inside4 ,not much care need be taken to have them smooth on the outside4 ,if stone can be had to make the inside smooth so as not to obstruct the putting on of wood1 it is all that is necessary4 ,they should be run just far enough from the house-side not to set the house on fire1 and there is not as much danger of this as may be supposed4 ,run the walls of the house-side all around1 running the stem out at the middle of the upper side4 ,the stem should be run far enough above the wall of the house to avoid danger of sparks from the chimney4 ,the height of the inside of the flue should be preserved its whole length4 ,the width may be slightly decreased from the elbow to the chimney4 ,the inner wall is carried all around4 ,but too much explanation bewilders2 we think we have said enough4 ,as before said1 we like small barns2 where too much tobacco is together1 it all can not receive the heat alike1 which is our main objection to large barns4 ,as to the number of barns necessary1 we would say that there ought to be enough to receive all the crop without moving any4 ,say one sixteen-foot barn to every #h1jjj hills of tobacco planted4 ,as a general rule1 plant one thousand hills for every hundred sticks house-room4 ,that is1 if you have three barns plant #bd1jjj hills1 and if it is common tobacco1 they will receive it4 ,a much larger quantity may be saved in this number of barns by curing and moving out1 but it is very troublesome4 ,illustration3 ,persian tobacco shed4 ,in ,kentucky and ,tennessee the tobacco barns resemble those of ,ohio and the other ,western states1 and are large1 commodious structures1 provided with every facility for curing the plants4 ,in other tobacco-growing countries the tobacco barns and sheds differ but little from those in ,america1 the only difference being in form and building material4 ,in countries where tobacco is a government monopoly1 large and comfortable buildings are provided for the crop with all the necessary accessories for the curing1 packing1 and storing of the tobacco4 ,in ,south ,america many of the sheds are large and low1 built on the plantation1 and close to the tobacco field4 ,in ,cuba1 the curing houses are located on the vegas1 and as soon as the tobacco is cut it is placed on the poles to dry or cure4 ,in ,asia1 a large quantity of the tobacco is cured in the peasants' huts1 where the smoke is said to impart additional flavor to the already fragrant leaves4 ,in the ,philippines the largest tobacco sheds are found1 described by ,gironiere as vast sheds1 and of sufficient capacity to hold acres of the leaves4 ,in ,persia1 where the celebrated ,shiraz tobacco is grown1 the sheds are simply covered buildings without any boards on the sides1 the only protection afforded from the weather being supplied by light1 thorny bushes1 so that the plants may be exposed to the wind4 ,after fully curing1 the tobacco is removed to another drying-house and turned every day4 ,the drying-houses in other tobacco-growing countries differ but little from those described1 while the manner of curing is similar1 the plants being fired1 sun-cured1 or air-dried--the three modes now employed in drying the leaves4 ,if the tobacco of the tropics is fragrant while growing1 it is doubly so after being harvested and carried to the sheds4 ,the odor from the well-filled barns is borne on the breeze alike to friend and foe of the plant4 ,as the process of drying goes on1 the plants gradually lose the strong perfume emitted during the earlier stages of curing1 and by the time the leaves are cured down and the sheds closed1 but little odor issues from the plants1 and this continues to be the case until the leaves are entirely dried4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,tobacco ,,culture4 ,tobacco at the present time is one of the great products of the world4 ,as an article of agriculture and of commerce1 it holds an important place among the great staples1 while as a luxury1 its use has become as extensive as its culture4 ,the tobacco plant is now cultivated in nearly all parts of the world with varying success1 according to the system of cultivation adopted by its growers4 ,primarily cultivated by the aborigines of ,america in the rude manner common to uncivilized races1 the plant has1 by numerous experiments and careful culture1 become one of the greatest of agricultural products4 ,when first discovered by the ,spanish and ,portuguese1 the plant was small1 and in flavor poor and weak and of a byting taste4 ,as soon1 however1 as the ,spaniards began its cultivation in the islands of ,st4 ,domingo and ,trinidad1 attention was paid to developing it1 and in a few years the description we find of the latter variety is that it is large1 sharp1 and growing two or three yards from the ground4 ,at the close of the sixteenth century the ,portuguese began its cultivation in ,portugal1 the soil of which seemed well adapted to the plant1 and still further increased the size and quality of the leaf4 ,tobacco is now cultivated through a wider range of temperature than any other tropical plant1 and whether grown amid the sands of ,arabia1 the plains of ,south ,america1 or in the rich valley of the ,connecticut1 develops its finest form and perfection of leaf4 ,during the last half-century the plant has been developed to a greater extent than during the three hundred years succeeding its discovery4 ,now its cultivation has been reduced to almost an exact science1 and the quality of the leaf is in a great measure within the control of the growers of the plant4 ,formerly it was supposed that the varieties that grew in the tropics could not be successfully cultivated in the temperate regions1 but recent and repeated experiments have demonstrated the fact that the tobacco of ,cuba can be grown with success in the ,connecticut valley4 ,while the tobacco of the tropics is the finest in flavor1 the more temperate regions produce the finest and best colored leaf4 ,the tobacco of the tropics1 as to the uses to which it is put1 is limited1 while the tobacco of the more temperate regions can be used for all the purposes for which the plant is designed4 ,the cultivation of the plant varies with the variety1 the soil1 and the use to be made of the leaf4 ,thus a tobacco designed for cutting purposes is cultivated somewhat differently from that designed for the manufacture of snuff or cigars4 ,in the one case the plant is allowed to remain growing longer in the field1 while in the other the work of topping the plants is performed at an earlier stage of their growth4 ,primarily but little attention was paid to the color and texture of the leaf1 the principal object being the production of a leaf of large size1 rather than one of good color1 and of a silky texture4 ,now1 however1 these are most important considerations1 and give value to the tobacco in proportion to the perfection of these qualities4 ,the soil1 too1 is carefully chosen and fitted in the most thorough manner1 while the fertilizers used are selected with reference to the color of leaf desired4 ,when first cultivated in the ,united ,states it was thought that tobacco designed for various uses could not be grown in the same state or section2 now1 however1 tobacco for cigars and for cutting are grown nearly side by side4 ,but in the fineness of the leaf1 tobacco culture has made its greatest stride4 ,by a careful selection of soil1 and by the judicious application of proper fertilizers1 the leaf tobaccos of ,connecticut1 ,cuba1 and ,virginia1 resemble in texture the finest satins and silks4 ,this result has been reached1 not by the sacrifice of the strength of the leaf1 but by the most careful culture and improved methods of curing4 ,the first labor to be performed in connection with the growth of a crop of tobacco1 is the selection of a site for1 and the making of1 the plant bed or plant patch4 ,these beds for the early growth of the plants until large enough to transplant1 are made in various ways and at different times1 according to the method of tilling adopted and the climate4 ,in ,california the tobacco bed is made in ,january1 in the ,southern ,states1 ,syria1 ,turkey1 and ,holland1 in ,march4 ,in ,new ,england in ,april4 ,in ,mexico and ,java in ,june1 and in ,persia in ,december4 ,in the ,connecticut valley the manner of making the ,,plant ,,bed1 as given by a ,massachusetts tobacco-grower1 is as follows3-- ,no rigid rules can be given for any process in tobacco culture1 which depends much upon weather and season1 but certain advantages may be obtained by skillful adaptation of general principles to circumstances4 ,this is especially true of raising tobacco plants1 which occupy an extremely slight depth of ground for weeks after sowing1 making it necessary to prepare the whole soil with reference to the state of this thin surface4 ,any slight mistake of treatment may make in the end a difference of several days2 consequently each item is of importance4 ,while every tobacco-raiser wants early plants1 and appreciates the value of a good location for growing them1 many naturally sheltered spots of ground1 protected from northerly winds by buildings1 trees1 or hills1 remain unappreciated4 ,tight board fences are no protection worth mentioning4 ,a heavily manured crop of tobacco would fit such places for tobacco beds1 and leave them freer from weeds than any other cultivation2 and a subsequent use of some commercial fertilizer would avoid the introduction of weed seed4 ,with these precautions1 and a careful destruction of all neighboring weeds1 a tolerably clean bed may be expected4 ,to prepare the ground1 plow or loosen deeply with a large cultivator2 harrow in two-thirds of the fertilizer to be used2 rake the bed perfectly level1 then rake in the other third2 roll once1 and another slight raking will fit the bed for sowing1 after which it should be rolled down hard4 ,if the soil is handled in drying weather1 it should be done quickly1 because damp ground1 if prepared and rolled down before drying1 will 'set' like mortar1 and remain damp on the surface4 ,moisture and darkness are essential to the germination of the seed1 and these conditions can be secured only by making the surface compact while damp4 ,the disintegration of the deeper lumps1 and the decomposition of fertilizers1 will cause the surface to grow gradually softer4 ,the effect of plowing is to break the ground into lumps1 which lie upon each other1 giving free admission to the air between them4 ,harrowing makes finer the lumps near the surface1 and mixes the fertilizer deeper than a rake can be used4 ,the first raking is to pulverize and level1 so that rains will neither collect in ponds1 nor run off1 but penetrate the soil evenly4 ,the second raking is to mix the fertilizer equally through the soil1 to the depth of an inch or less1 and reduce the lumps to the size of peas1 which is as fine as a medium loam can be made without danger of a tough crust4 ,too much working destroys the healthy grain of the soil1 and reduces it to a paste1 which the roots of the tobacco plants can penetrate but slowly4 ,illustration3 ,making the plant bed in ,connecticut4 ,the bed should not be watered before nor after the plants come up4 ,the ground will be cold enough without any extra evaporation1 and if the place is suitable for tobacco plants1 and rightly fitted1 the surface will be damp in the morning1 even in very dry weather4 ,if the plants need stimulating1 sow on them a coat of ,peruvian guano or super-phosphate at the commencement of a rain1 regulating the quantity used by the amount of the water likely to fall4 ,superphosphate makes dark-colored1 thick-leaved1 stocky plants4 ,fish guano has about the same effect1 but gives a lighter color and thinner leaf4 ,peruvian guano is more stimulating than either1 and makes a light-colored1 thin leaf4 ,great caution is necessary in the use of these powerful medicines to avoid an over-dose4 ,a quantity that would be safe in a heavy rain1 would in a light rain kill many or nearly all the plants4 ,old seed will sprout sooner than new4 ,the seed should be measured while dry1 and the same spoon used every year1 so the effect of a given amount may be noted and the quantity regulated by experience4 ,level the seed in the spoon with a knife-blade1 like measuring grain in a half-bushel4 ,after sprouting again1 allowing for the seed1 increase in bulk for each rod separately4 ,the amount of seed needed to the square rod varies with different seasons1 soils1 and seeds1 but can be loosely a tablespoonful4 ,there are many breeds of tablespoons4 ,too thick sowing will nearly spoil a bed by causing it to produce weak1 yellow1 spindling plants1 while thin sowing will give good square ones4 ,a bed should appear about half stocked till the plants are nearly ready to set1 when they will suddenly spread and seem to multiply4 ,some growers sprout and some prefer dry seed4 ,in favorable circumstances sprouting will give a gain of four to six days1 but in many cases dry seed will be fully as early4 ,a long sprout is liable to be broken off in sowing1 or killed by cold1 after it is in the ground4 ,a sprout just showing will endure several nights' freezing if there is some warm sun in the day-time4 ,one way to sprout is to spread the seed thinly on cotton cloth1 and roll it up inside of woolen cloth1 keep it in a warm place1 and dip in warm water every day4 ,in about four days the white spots will show4 ,sprouted no more than this1 it will stand unfavorable weather as well as dry seed4 ,a pint of meal and a pint of plaster to each rod1 is a good mixture to sow in4 ,pouring from one dish to another many times will mix the plaster1 meal1 and seed perfectly if dry4 ,if sprouted1 it should be rubbed through the hands a few times with the mixture1 to dry it and prevent any bunches of plants coming from seed stuck together4 ,the plaster will show on the ground whether the sowing is being done evenly4 ,weeding should of course be done early and thoroughly4 ,weeds are stronger than the plants1 and a little neglect will check them1 making practically1 perhaps1 a difference of several days4 ,a good way to prepare for weeding and taking up plants1 is to make the bed about fifteen feet wide1 and place round1 straight poles across it about eleven feet apart4 ,the poles should be three inches in diameter at the smallest end4 ,they cost nothing and save moving blocks around with the weeding planks4 ,if the plants are tardy of growth1 or the season is backward1 wooden frames covered with cloth soaked in linseed oil may be placed over the beds1 which is far better than to cover with pine boughs or glass even4 ,the cloth soaked in oil draws the rays of the sun and keeps the earth dry and warm1 causing a rapid growth of the plants1 which at this stage need forcing in order to be forward enough for early transplanting4 ,a ,virginia planter gives the following description of making the ,,plant ,,patch4 ,cut wood in ,september or ,october1 so that it may season1 to burn patches 7beds7 in winter or spring4 ,for ten acres1 or fifty thousand hills1 burn and sow three patches each of seventy-five square yards4 ,say one 7if the land be in good condition7 the latter part of ,december1 and if it be not in condition then1 burn one hundred and fifty square yards the first good weather in ,january or ,february1 and the other the first of ,march4 ,select a place on some small constant running stream1 not liable to overflow1 with a moist1 sandy soil2 cut down all trees close to the ground2 get off all shrubbery1 leaves1 etc4 ,the patch will then be ready for wooding4 ,commence by laying on skids ten or twelve feet long1 four in diameter1 three and a half feet apart2 cover thickly with brush1 then put on wood regular all over1 and thick enough to burn dry an inch in depth4 ,commence your fires on the side1 and continue to move after it has burnt hard enough4 ,after it has burned1 sweep off all coals1 but not the ashes3 then it will be ready for hoeing up1 which can be done with good grub hoes2 hoe deep1 but do not turn over the soil2 get off all large and small roots2 chop over with hill hoes1 and rake until the earth is thoroughly pulverized2 then put on twenty-five bushels of good1 fine1 stable manure1 without weed and grass seed1 and twenty-five pounds of ,peruvian guano1 which should be put on regularly1 hoed and raked in4 ,for sowing1 lay off beds four feet wide1 so that the water from rains may run or drain off4 ,for every bed four feet wide and twelve yards long1 sow one chalk pipe bowl full of seed1 after being mixed with ashes2 tread with the feet or pat it over with weeding hoes1 that it may be close and smooth2 cover it with dog-wood1 maple1 or any fine brush1 to the depth of twenty or twenty-four inches1 to protect the young plants from cold or a drouth4 ,after the plants have commenced coming up1 re-sow the patches with half the quantity of seed first sown1 which will not interfere with the plants first up1 but make good re-planting plants4 ,when the plants1 or some of them1 have grown to the size of a ,spanish mill dollar1 take off the brush1 pick off all sticks1 weeds1 and grass1 and keep them well picked until you have finished setting out4 ,should the plants not grow fast enough to suit1 manure with ,peruvian guano2 have it fine1 and sow over in the middle of the day when they are dry1 or if it be raining briskly1 it may then be sown over4 ,should the patches be suffering for rain1 put five pounds of ,peruvian guano in twenty gallons of water1 and sprinkle it over with a watering-pot4 ,to destroy the flea1 bug1 or fly1 put dry leaves around the patch1 and set fire to them at night1 which will attract and destroy them if they are disturbed with a broom or leafy brush4 ,the old ,virginia planters selected and made the plant patch as follows3-- ,the quality of earth1 and places which are universally chosen for this purpose1 are newly cleared lands of the best possible light black soil1 situated as near to a small stream of water as they can be conveniently found1 due attention being paid to the dryness of the place4 ,the beds1 or patches1 as they are called1 differ in size1 from the bigness of a small salad bed to a quarter of an acre1 according to the magnitude of the crop proposed2 and they are prepared for receiving the seed in ,march and the early part of ,april1 as the season suits1 first by burning upon them large heaps of brush wood1 the stalks of the maize or ,indian corn1 straw1 or other rubbish2 and afterwards1 by digging and raking them in the same manner of preparing ground for lettuce seed2 which is generally sown mixed with the tobacco seed 7the same process being suitable to both plants72 and which answers the double purpose of feeding the laborer1 and of protecting the young tobacco plant from the fly2 for which intent a border of mustard seed round the plant patch is found to be an effectual remedy1 as the fly prefers mustard1 especially white mustard1 to any other young plant2 and will continue to feed upon that until the tobacco plant waxes strong1 and becomes mature enough for transplantation4 ,a ,tennessee planter gives the following description of making the plant bed as practised in his ,state4 ,in some respects1 especially in preventing the growth of weeds1 it is the best process of making the plant patch that we have ever seen described4 ,he says3-- ,to make a good plant bed it requires good management and pretty hard work4 ,it will hardly be done well without the presence of the farmer to attend to it4 ,the time to make a bed is from the #aeth of ,october to the first of ,april4 ,the best beds are made in the ,fall1 for the reason that the ground is then very dry and therefore more easily burned1 and besides there is more time for the ashes to rot before the hot weather4 ,a bed turned in the ,fall will hold moisture better than burned later4 ,it takes less wood to burn well4 ,the plants are more vigorous and tougher4 ,the soil should be rich and light and never tilled before4 ,the location should be as much exposed to the sun as possible4 ,it is best for a bed to be surrounded by timber4 ,the bugs are not so apt to find it4 ,low rich valleys will generally do better than ridges1 though any good rich new ground will make good plants if well burned and prepared4 ,the ground should be raked very clean of leaves before packing on the brush and wood4 ,the fire must have a fair chance at the ground4 ,the brush should be packed on straight and close1 at least enough wood mixed with it to make it lie close4 ,if the brush is green1 endeavor to mix what dry stuff there is thorough1 so the fire will burn through without trouble4 ,it is very important that the fire should be as hot as possible while it is burning4 ,the bed should not be rained upon after it is set before it is burned1 as it will be doubtful whether the ground beneath the brush will get dry well4 ,the ground should always be as dry as possible when it is burned4 ,the bed should be set on fire in several places at once so as to have a very great heat on it at once4 ,if the ground is well burned it will be a little crusty and whitish1 and will pulverize beautifully4 ,as soon as the ground is cool enough it may be loosened up and pulverized4 ,this should be done well1 and may be done with a good sharp harrow and then followed with hoes and grubbing hoes4 ,aim to keep the ashes and rich soil on the surface1 and for this reason a bed is sometimes damaged by a too deep working4 ,rake carefully1 getting off all the roots and trash4 ,the bed should be drained by a little ditch around it on the upper side4 ,if it is very early in the ,fall1 the seed should not be sown until the danger of very warm days has passed4 ,after the last of ,november the sowing should be as soon as the bed is prepared4 ,a little less than a heaping tablespoonful to ten steps square is about the quantity of seed4 ,cover the seed very lightly with the rake or tramping the ground with the feet4 ,cover the bed with a good layer of straight brush1 not enough to keep the light rains from the bed1 but at the same time enough to keep the ground in a moist condition even in hot weather4 ,make a low close brush fence around the bed to keep the leaves from being blown upon it4 ,re-sow whenever the plants are well up1 so as to have two chances4 ,take off the brush cover when the plants are big enough to shade the ground themselves4 ,if the plants are rather thin on the bed1 do not uncover until you go there to draw the plants4 ,if there is any danger of a scarcity of plants1 always put the trash back after drawing4 ,in ,cuba the ,,semilleros or planting beds as a rule1 lie higher than the rest of the farm4 ,on the large vegas or tobacco plantations1 numbers of planting beds are made under the supervision of the mayoral4 ,siecke gives the following account of making the beds or semilleros3 ,on the island of ,cuba any field selected for the cultivation of tobacco is divided into long beds 7,canteras7 twenty-five to twenty-eight feet long1 and nineteen to twenty inches wide4 ,the soil is then manured with a mixture of two parts of well rotten dung and one part of either sand or fine sandy earth4 ,during the months of ,august1 ,september1 and even ,october1 the beds are watered1 and the seeds mingled with the nine-fold quantity of fine sand1 are sown broad cast or through a fine sieve1 and immediately after covered with a mixture of dung and triturated or molaxated earth1 in such a manner that this mixture forms a covering layer of about #a-cb inches4 ,the utmost care is taken to protect the seeds against the stifling heat of sunrays as well as heavy showers4 ,to this end forked sticks about three inches high1 are placed around the tobacco beds1 opposite one another1 and into these forks thin twigs are laid1 which are covered with palm-leaves in such a way as to form a slight roof4 ,illustration3 ,covering plant bed4 ,in ,syria the tobacco seed is sown in ground free from stones1 well manured with goats dung1 and strewn over with prickly bushes to protect the young plants from birds4 ,the plants are watered daily till they reach the height of eight or ten inches1 when they are transplanted4 ,in ,persia where the celebrated ,shiraz tobacco is cultivated1 the seed is planted in a dark soil slightly manured2 the ground is covered with light thorny bushes to keep it warm1 and these are removed when the plants are a few inches high4 ,the ground is regularly watered if required1 and when the plants are six to eight inches high are transplanted4 ,in ,turkey the tobacco seed is sown early in the spring1 in small beds carefully prepared for the early growth of the young plants4 ,in a few weeks the plants appear thick2 then begins the occupation of the farmer's wife1 and their numerous children1 whose little fingers are engaged day by day in thinning the beds1 care being taken to leave the most healthy looking plants4 ,the husband is engaged either in carrying water from the nearest well by the aid of his mule1 or in preparing the land for the reception of the plants4 ,the beds are well watered before sunrise and after sundown4 ,the ,hungarian peasantry always make their tobacco beds against the south ends of their houses4 ,these beds are enclosed by hurdles two feet high1 at the bottom of which stones are laid1 and on the outside of these1 thorns are thickly placed1 to exclude the moles4 ,they fill this enclosure to the height of eighteen inches with fresh1 coarse manure1 which they press closely by beating as they throw it on2 covering with finely pulverized earth mixed with dung of the preceding year that had become soil4 ,they do not regulate their time of sowing either by the moon1 month1 the season1 but by the holy week of the passing year2 it is on ,good ,friday that all of their beds are sown1 and although this day may vary nearly one month in different years1 they are faithful to their thermometer--their piety not permitting them to know any other4 ,to the mysterious influence of the day1 without regard to the season1 they ascribe their success and they generally succeed4 ,bickinson gives an account of the manner of making the plant bed in the ,east ,indian ,archipelago4 ,he says3 ,not far from us is a hut inhabited by two natives1 who are engaged in cultivating tobacco4 ,their ladangs1 or gardens1 are merely places of an acre or less1 where the thick forest has been partially destroyed by fire1 and the seed is sown in the regular spaces between the stumps4 ,after making the plant bed and tending through the weeding season1 the next step to be taken is the ,,choice ,,of ,,ground for the tobacco fields4 ,tobacco1 unlike any other plant1 readily adapts itself to soil and climate4 ,the effect produced upon the plant may be seen in comparing the tobacco of ,holland and ,france1 the one raised upon low1 damp ground1 the other on a sandy loam4 ,the early growers of the plant in ,virginia1 were very particular in the selection of soil for the plant4 ,the lands which they found best adapted were the light red1 or chocolate-colored mountain lands1 the light black mountain soil in the coves of the mountains1 and the richest low grounds4 ,tatham says3 ,the condition of soil of which the planters make choice1 is that in which nature presents it when it is first disrobed of the woods with which it is naturally clothed throughout every part of the country2 hence in the parts where this culture prevails1 this is termed new ground1 which may be there considered as synonymous with tobacco ground4 ,thus the planter is continually cutting down new ground1 and every successive spring presents an additional field1 or opening of tobacco 7for it is not necessary to put much fence round that kind of crop72 and to procure this new ground you will observe him clearing the woods from the sides of the steepest hills1 which afford a suitable soil2 for a ,virginian never thinks of reinstating or manuring his land with economy until he can find no more new land to exhaust1 or wear out as he calls it2 and1 besides1 the tobacco which is produced from manured or cow-penned land1 is only considered1 in ordinary1 to be a crop of second quality4 ,it will hence be perceived1 7and more particularly when it is known that the earth must be continually worked to make a good crop of tobacco1 without even regarding the heat of the sun1 or the torrent of sudden showers17 that1 however lucrative this kind of culture may be in respect to the intermediate profits1 there is a considerable drawback in the waste of soil4#gb ,footnote #gb3 ,liancourt in his ,travels in ,north ,america1 says of tobacco culture in ,virginia3 ,the nature of the country beyond the ,james ,river is much more variegated than on this side4 ,at present they are preparing the lands for the planting of tobacco4 ,after having worked the land it is thrown into small hillocks4 99 99 99 ,the cultivation of tobacco1 which has been very much neglected during several years1 is more followed this year on account of the high price it bears in ,europe2 but the soil has been so long worked with this exhausting produce1 and is so badly manured 7for manure is absolutely necessary for tobacco when the soil is not newly broken up71 that it is not capable of producing good crops4 ,in the ,connecticut valley where tobacco is grown for wrapping purposes1 the selection of soil will depend upon the color of leaf in demand 7as the soil as well as the fertilizers determine in a measure the color and texture of the tobacco74 ,if the grower wishes to obtain dark colored tobacco then the soil selected should be a dark loam2 on the other hand1 if a light colored wrapper is desired he selects a light loam1 and with the application of proper fertilizers the proper color will be obtained4 ,the tobacco plant flourishes well either on high or low ground1 providing the soil be dry and free from stones1 which are a source of annoyance during the cultivation of the plants and especially in harvesting4 ,when grown on very low ground the plants should be set early1 so as to harvest before early frosts4 ,the plant may be cultivated on such soil in almost any part of the valley excepting only near the sound1 or other body of salt water1 the effect produced by planting tobacco too near the sea1 more especially in ,connecticut1 being injurious to the leaf1 which is apt to be thick and unfit for a cigar wrapper4 ,in some countries1 however1 the leaf grown near salt water is equal in color and texture to any grown in the interior4 ,but generally the plant obtains its finest form and quality of leaf--whether in the islands of the ocean1 on the great prairies of the west1 amid the sands of ,arabia1 on the mountains of ,syria1 or along the dykes of ,holland--on lands bordering the largest rivers4 ,this is true of the tobacco lands of ,connecticut1 ,kentucky1 ,virginia1 ,florida1 ,brazil1 ,venezuela1 and ,paraguay1 as well as of those in the islands of ,cuba and ,st4 ,domingo1 where the rivers flow to the southern coast from the mountains which lie to the north4 ,it must not be imagined from this that tobacco can not be successfully cultivated at a distance from valleys enriched by large and overflowing rivers4 ,some of the finest tobacco grown in ,connecticut is grown in counties some distance from the river that gives name to our state4 ,when possible1 select that kind of soil for the tobacco field that will produce the color and texture of leaf desired4 ,for ,connecticut seed leaf a light moist loam is the proper soil4 ,the same field can be used a number of seasons in succession2 the result will be a much finer leaf than will come from selecting a new field each year4 ,the early planters of tobacco in ,virginia soon ruined their fields by failing to manure them4 ,in ,maryland the soil best adapted for the growth of tobacco is a light1 friable soil1 or what is commonly called a sandy loam1 not too flat1 but of a rolling1 undulating surface1 and not liable to overflow in excessive rains4 ,new land is far better than old4 ,a ,missouri tobacco grower gives the following account of the selection of soil for tobacco in that ,state3-- ,select upland1 or black oak ridges and slopes1 which comprise a large area of the tobacco lands of our county1 and carefully clear off all the timber1 and take out all the roots we can conveniently1 and break up the ground as thoroughly as can be done by ploughing and harrowing until all the tufts and dirt are perfectly pulverized4 ,in ,cuba the planters select the red soil as the best for fine tobacco4 ,some planters1 however1 prefer a soil mixed of #a_/d sand and #a_/b to #c_/d of decayed vegetable matter4 ,in ,st4 ,domingo the soil is not uniform4 ,the planters select a deep black loam or tenacious clay1 or even loams mixed with sand4 ,the most fertile places are on the banks of the ,yuna1 from ,laxay to ,jaigua1 in the vicinity of ,mocha1 on the banks of the ,camoo1 and around ,la ,vega4 ,around ,santiago1 clay and sand predominate1 and the soil can not be highly praised4 ,most of the tobacco grown in the island is raised in the valley of the ,vega4 ,cussree1 in treating of this subject1 says3-- ,the quality of tobacco depends as much upon the nature of the soil as of the climate4 ,the plant requires peculiarities of soil to develop certain of its qualities4 ,and these peculiarities are such that art cannot furnish the conditions to produce them where they are naturally wanting4 ,the sugar-cane grows chiefly on soils derived from calcareous formations2 but few or none of these are fitted for tobacco1 which is cultivated only on sandy loams4 ,both the ,cuban and ,american planters concur in asserting that a large quantity of silicious matters in soils is essential for the growth of good tobacco4 ,as already noticed1 the rich clay loams on the banks of the ,james ,river1 in ,virginia1 do not grow good tobacco2 while the less fertile silicious soils in the county of ,louisa produce it much superior in quality4 ,small patches of tobacco are everywhere seen growing over the sugar producing districts of ,cuba2 but ,i saw no tobacco plantations in the calcareous regions over which ,i traveled4 ,the soils rest upon the primary formation4 ,even in the tobacco districts the planters know the spots in the different fields that produce the various qualities of leaf4 ,in ,,preparing ,,the ,,soil for the reception and growth of the plants1 the fertilizing as well as the plowing of the fields should be performed in the most thorough manner4 ,the first is essential for a large and vigorous growth1 while the latter renders the cultivation of the plants much easier4 ,the careful preparation of soil is so intimately connected with all that pertains to the plant1 that it should be done well in order that the best results may follow4 ,tobacco of good body1 color1 and texture1 cannot be grown on land devoid of fertility4 ,the field selected for tobacco1 if heavy sward1 should be plowed early in the spring or the fall before1 and later in the season if the turf is well rotted4 ,after spreading on the manure1 the field may be plowed again and harrowed frequently until all the lumps are made fine1 and the surface mellow4 ,in the use of fertilizers select1 if a light colored leaf is desired1 either horse manure or tobacco stems4 ,in the ,connecticut valley nearly all kinds of ,domestic1 ,commercial1 and ,special fertilizers are used4 ,of domestic fertilizers1 horse manure is considered the best1 as it produces the finest and lightest colored leaf of any known fertilizer4 ,of commercial fertilizers1 ,peruvian guano is doubtless one of the best--imparting both color and fineness to the leaf4 ,of special manures1 tobacco stems are perhaps the best1 at least the most frequently used4 ,of the other special fertilizers1 such as cotton seed meal1 castor pomace1 ground bone1 damaged grain1 tobacco waste and saltpetre waste1 much may be said both in praise and dispraise4 ,cotton seed meal1 when used with domestic manure is an excellent and powerful manure4 ,if domestic manures are applied1 use about twelve cords to the acre1 composting before plowing under4 ,as soon as spread1 plow the field and see that all of the manure is covered4 ,if tobacco stems are used1 plow in from three to five tons to the acre1 all of them at once1 or a part in the fall and the remainder in the spring4 ,if ,peruvian guano is applied1 sow on about three hundred pounds to the acre in connection with the domestic manure4 ,fish guano should be composted before sowing1 either with loam or manure1 and when used on light soil is a very good fertilizer1 producing a light1 thin leaf4 ,after the tobacco field is harrowed it is ready for the ridger1 which makes the hills and gathers together all of the loose manure on the surface1 and collects it in the ridges4 ,where a ridger is not used1 work off the rows from three and one half to four feet apart1 or even wider than this4 ,in the ,connecticut valley the field is marked and hilled so as to give about #fjjj hills to the acre4 ,this will be a sufficient number if the growth is likely to be large4 ,where a ridger is used1 manure can not be dropped in the hill and in many respects it is well not to do so1 as the plants are liable to be blown over during a storm--not standing as firmly in the hills as plants when no manure is used in the hills4 ,if the hills are to be made with the hoe1 avoid all stones1 bits of turf and grass in making them1 and select only the fresh earth--gently patting the top of the hill with the hoe4 ,new made hills are better than old1 but it will make but little difference unless the soil is very dry at the time of transplanting4 ,illustration3 ,a tobacco ridger4 ,the following description of the manner of preparing the tobacco field in ,virginia by the old planters is quite interesting1 and gives some idea of the amount of labor to be performed on the tobacco plantation3-- ,there are two distinct and separate methods of preparing the tobacco ground3 the one is applicable to the preparation of new and uncultivated lands1 such as are in a state of nature1 and require to be cleared of the heavy timber and other productions with which ,providence has stocked them2 and the other method is designed to meliorate and revive lands of good foundation1 which have been heretofore cultivated1 and1 in some measure1 exhausted by the calls of agriculture and evaporation4 ,the process of preparing new lands begins as early in the winter as the housing and managing the antecedent crop will permit1 by grabbing the undergrowth with a mattock2 felling the timber with a poll-axe2#gc lopping off the tops1 and cutting the bodies into lengths of about eleven feet1 which is about the customary length of an ,american fence rail1 in what is called a worm or panel fence4#gd ,during this part of the process the negro women1 boys1 and weaker laborers1 are employed in piling or throwing the brush-wood1 roots1 and small wood1 into heaps to be burned2 and after such logs or stocks are selected as are suitable to be malled into rails1 make clapboards1 or answer for other more particular occasions of the planter1 the remaining logs are rolled into heaps by means of hand-spikes and skids2 but the ,pennsylvania and ,german farmers1 who are more conversant with animal powers than the ,virginians1 save much of this labor by the use of a pair of horses with a half sledge1 or a pair of truck wheels4 ,footnote #gc3 ,this is a short1 thick1 heavy-headed axe1 of a somewhat oblong shape1 with which the ,americans make great dispatch4 ,they treat the ,english poll-axe with great contempt1 and always work it over again as old iron before they deem it fit for their use4 ,footnote #gd3 ,the worm or panel fence1 originally of ,virginia1 consists of logs or malled rails from about four to six or eight inches thick and eleven feet in length4 ,a good fence consists of ten rails and a rider4 ,it is called a worm fence from the zigzag manner of its construction4 ,the burning of this brush-wood1 and the log piles1 is a business for all hands after working hours2 and as nightly revels are peculiar to the ,african constitution1 this part of the labor proves often a very late employment1 which affords many scenes of rustic mirth4 ,when this process has cleared the land of its various natural incumbrances 7to attain which end is very expensive and laborious71 the next part of the process is that of the hoe2 for the plough is an implement which is rarely used in new lands when they are either designed for tobacco or meadow4 ,there are three kinds of the hoe which are applied to this tillage3 the first is what is termed the sprouting hoe1 which is a smaller species of mattock that serves to break up any particular hard part of the ground1 to grub up any smaller sized grubs which the mattock or grubbing hoe may have omitted1 to remove small stones and other partial impediments to the next process4 ,the narrow or hilling hoe follows the operation of the sprouting hoe4 ,it is generally from six to eight inches wide1 and ten or twelve in the length of the blade1 according to the strength of the person who is to use it2 the blade is thin1 and by means of a movable wedge which is driven into the eye of the hoe1 it can be set more or less digging 7as it is termed71 that is1 on a greater or less angle with the helve1 at pleasure4 ,in this respect there are few instances where the ,american blacksmith is not employed to alter the eye of an ,english-made hoe before it is fit for use2 the industrious and truly useful merchants of ,glasgow have paid more minute attention to this circumstance4 ,illustration3 ,drawing the dirt around the foot4 ,the use of this hoe is to break up the ground and throw it into shape2 which is done by chopping the clods until they are sufficiently fine1 and then drawing the earth round the foot until it forms a heap round the projected leg of the laborer like a mole hill1 and nearly as high as the knee2 he then draws out his foot1 flattens the top of the hill by a dab with the flat part of the hoe1 and advances forward to the next hill in the same manner1 until the whole piece of ground is prepared4 ,the center of these hills are in this manner guessed by the eye2 and in most instances they approach near to lines of four feet one way1 and three feet the other4 ,the planter always endeavors to time this operation so as to tally with the growth of his plants1 so that he may be certain by this means to pitch his crop within season4 ,the third kind of hoe is the broad or weeding hoe4 ,this is made use of during the cultivation of the crop1 to keep it clean from the weeds4 ,it is wide upon the edge1 say from ten inches to a foot1 or more2 of thinner substance than the hilling hoe1 not near so deep in the blade1 and the eye is formed more bent and shelving than the latter1 so that it can be set upon a more acute angle upon the helve at pleasure1 by removing the wedge4 ,the manner of preparing the soil in ,virginia at the present time is thus described by a ,virginia planter3-- ,the crop usually1 grown in ,virginia is divided into three classes1 viz43--,shipping1 ,sun-cured ,fillers1 and ,bright ,coal-cured ,wrappers and ,smokers4 ,the first may be grown on any good soil1 upland or alluvial3 the latter two on dry1 well-drained upland only4 ,all require thorough preparation of the soil to insure good crops4 ,the work first necessary for this crop is to burn a sufficiency of plant land4 ,to prepare the land for transplanting1 put the land in full tilth1 then mark off with a shovel1 plow furrows three feet to three feet four inches apart1 and into these furrows sow the fertilizers2 then with turning plows1 bed the land on these furrows1 and to facilitate the hilling1 cross these beds three feet apart with furrows by a shovel plow1 and the hills are made1 except to pat them with hoes4 ,hilly lands will seldom admit of this cross-plowing1 and the beds must be chopped into hills4 ,on new ground apply the fertilizers broadcast4 ,it acts well1 and for fine yellow pays better on new grounds than any other lands4 ,the culture is essentially the same for all classes of tobacco4 ,stir the land up as often as necessary to promote a rapid growth of the plants1 and to keep down grass and weeds4 ',shipping' tobacco may be plowed later and worked longer than 'fine yellow4' ,for 'coal-curing' sacrifice pounds for color4 ,the next operation to be performed on the tobacco farm or plantation is ,,transplanting4 ,illustration3 ,transplanting4 ,as soon as four or five leaves on a plant about the size of a dollar have appeared1 they are large enough to transplant4 ,take the plants up with care1 sprinkling with water and keeping covered4 ,in taking them up1 the earth may be allowed to remain on the roots1 or shaken off1 at the option of the grower4 ,as a general rule1 however1 the earth should remain rather than be shaken off4 ,remove to the field and drop one at each hill1 and where the plants are small1 two4 ,a common custom is to set every tenth or twelfth hill with two plants4 ,this is a good plan1 as they are frequently needed during hoeing time to fill in4 ,if holes have not been made1 insert the first two fingers1 making a hole large enough for the roots to remain in an easy and natural position4 ,press the earth gently around the plant if the soil is moist1 but if dry1 more firmly4 ,see that the plant stands in an upright position4 ,if dry after setting the plants1 water them1 and if a protracted drought follows1 cover them up with grass or hay dipped in water2 remove1 however1 in a day or two4#ge ,plaster may also be used to advantage1 as it keeps the hill moist1 besides fertilizing the plant2 put a little just around the plants4 ,in taking up from the bed select large ones1 leaving the smaller ones to grow4 ,transplanting should commence as early as possible that this result may follow4 ,footnote #ge3 ,walker says of tobacco culture in ,colombia 7,south ,america73--,it is advisable to cover the plant with a banana leaf1 or something similar3 by this means the tobacco is protected from the heat of the sun1 and from the heavy rains1 which would not prove less prejudicial4 ,illustration3 ,transplanting4 ,plants with large broad leaves are considered the best1 those that grow tall and spindling or long shank plants1 as they are called at the ,south1 are rejected and should not be set out when others that are more stocky can be obtained4 ,avoid1 however1 setting too large plants1 as they are not as apt to live as smaller ones4 ,transplanting should be done as fast as possible1 that the tobacco field may present an even appearance and be ready to harvest at one time4 ,if the plants are to grow and ripen evenly1 the transplanting should be finished in a week or two from the time of the first setting4 ,this can generally be done unless plants are very scarce1 when circumstances1 beyond the growers' control1 often make the field give apparent evidence of want of care1 although the real trouble is a want of plants4 ,it may be necessary to water the plants once or twice after transplanting2 this in a measure will depend upon the season4 ,tatham in his ,essay on the ,culture and ,commerce of ,tobacco1 7,london #ahjj17 gives an account of the manner of transplanting in ,virginia at that period4 ,under the head of ,,the ,,season ,,for ,,planting1 he says3 ,the term1 'season for planting1' signifies a shower of rain1 of sufficient quantity to wet the earth to a degree of moisture which may render it safe to draw the young plants from the plant bed1 and transplant them into the hills which are prepared for them in the field1 as described under the last head2 and these seasons generally commence in ,april1 and terminate with what is termed the long season in ,may2 which 7to make use of an ,irishism71 very frequently happens in ,june2 and is the opportunity which the planter finds himself necessitated to seize with eagerness for the pitching of his crop3 a term which comprehends the ultimate opportunity which the spring will afford him1 for planting a quantity equal to the capacity of the collective power of his laborers when applied in cultivation4 ,by the time which these seasons approach1 nature has so ordered vegetation1 that the weather has generally enabled the plants1 7if duly sheltered from the spring frosts1 a circumstance to which a planter should always be attentive in selecting his plant patch17 to shoot forward in sufficient strength to bear the vicissitude of transplantation4 ,they are supposed to be equal to meet the imposition of this task1 when the leaves are about the size of a dollar2 but this is more generally the minor magnitude of the leaves2 and some will be of course about three or four times that medium dimension4 ,thus1 when a good shower or season happens at this period of the year1 and the field and plants are equally ready for the intended union1 the planter hurries to the plant bed1 disregarding the teeming element1 which is doomed to wet his skin1 from the view of a bountiful harvest1 and having carefully drawn the largest sizable plants1 he proceeds to the next operation1 7that7 of planting4 ,the office of planting the tobacco1 is performed by two or more persons1 in the following manner3 ,the first person bears1 suspended upon one arm1 a large basket full of the plants1 which have just been drawn and brought from the plant bed to the field1 without waiting for an intermission of the shower1 although it should rain ever so heavily2 such an opportunity indeed1 instead of being shunned1 is eagerly sought after1 and is considered to be the sure and certain means of laying a good foundation1 which cherishes the hope of a bounteous return4 ,the person who bears the basket1 proceeds thus by rows from hill to hill2 and upon each hill he takes care to drop one of his plants4 ,those who follow make a hole in the center of each hill with their fingers1 and having adjusted the tobacco plant in its natural position1 they knead the earth round the root with their hands1 until it is of a sufficient consistency to sustain the plant against wind and weather4 ,in this condition they leave the field for a few days1 until the plants shall have formed their radifications2 and where any of them shall have casually perished1 the ground is followed over again by successive replantings1 until the crop is rendered complete4 ,in tropical regions1 the plants are transplanted as well in summer and fall as in the spring1 but more frequently in the early autumn4 ,in ,mexico1 transplanting is performed from ,august till ,november4 ,in ,persia1 the tobacco plants are transplanted on the tops of ridges in a ground trenched so as to retain water4 ,when the plants are thirty to forty inches high1 the leaves vary from three to fifteen inches in length1 when the buds are ready to be pinched off2 the leaves increase in size until ,august and ,september1 when they have attained their growth4 ,in ,turkey when the young plants are about six inches in height they are removed from the small beds and planted in fields like cabbages in this country1 and are then left to nature to develop them to a height of from three to four feet2 three leaves1 however1 are removed from each plant to assist its growth4 ,illustration3 ,american transplanter4 ,a year or two since1 a machine was invented and offered to the growers of the ,connecticut valley1 called a transplanter1 of which we here give an engraving4 ,the inventor claimed that the ,american ,transplanter could do the work of several men and do it equally well4 ,it rolls along the ridge something like a wheelbarrow1 marking the hills with a sharp joint in the wheel and setting the plants as they are dropped into the receptacles at the top4 ,the tobacco plant1 like most of the vegetable products1 has many and varied foes4 ,not only is it most easily affected and damaged by wind and hail1 but it seems to be the especial favorite of the insect world1 who1 like man1 love the taste of the plant4 ,the first of them puts in an appearance immediately after transplanting1 which necessitates the performance of what is known to all growers of the plant as ,,worming4 ,illustration3 ,the worm4 ,there are two kinds of worms that prey upon the plants2 viz3 the cut worm#gf and the green or horn worm4 ,the first commences its work of destruction in a few hours after transplanting in the field4 ,during the night it begins by eating off the small or central leaves called by the grower the chit1 and often so effectually as to destroy the plant4 ,the time chosen by the planter to find these pests of the tobacco field is early in the morning1 when they can be found nearer the surface than later in the day4 ,remove the earth around the roots of the plants1 where the worm will generally be found4 ,occasionally they are found farther from the hill4 ,if they are numerous1 the field should be wormed every morning1 or at least every other day1 which labor will be rewarded with a choice collection of primitive tobacco chewers4 ,sometimes the worms are very small and difficult to find1 while at other times more are found than are required for the growth and development of the plants4 ,as soon as they disappear they make way for the horn worm who now takes his turn at a chaw4 ,by some the cut worm is considered the most dangerous foe2 as it often destroys the plant1 while the other injures the leaf without endangering the plant4 ,a little plaster sprinkled around the hill sometimes checks their progress1 yet we have never found any remedy that would hinder their depredations very much4 ,the plants should be kept growing as soon as transplanted1 which will be found the better method1 as they will soon be too large for the cut worm to injure them much1 if at all4 ,footnote #gf3 ,hughes1 in his ,history of ,barbadoes1 says that the common people call the worm kitifonia4 ,illustration3 ,worming tobacco4 ,the horn worm feeds upon the finest and largest leaves4 ,they are not found as often on the top leaves--especially those growing on the very highest part of the stalk1 as they prefer the ripe leaves and those lower on the plant4 ,the horn worm1 if large1 eats the leaves in the finest part of them1 frequently destroying half of a leaf4 ,they leave large holes which renders the leaf worthless for a cigar wrapper1 leaving it fit only for fillers or seconds4 ,in ,cuba the tobacco plant is assailed by three different kinds of insects--one attacks the foot of the leaves2 a second the under side2 a third devours the heart of the plant4 ,in ,colombia the following are the great enemies of the tobacco plant3 ,a grub1 named canne1 which devours the young buds2 the rosca-worm1 which commits its depredations in the night only1 burrowing in the ground during the day2 the grub of a butterfly1 called by the ,creoles palometa2 a species of scarabus called arader1 which feeds on the root of the plant2 and a species of caterpillar#gg which is called in the country the horned-worm1 so voracious as to require one night only to devour an entire leaf of tobacco4 ,at the ,south1 and especially in ,virginia1 the housewife's flock of turkeys are allowed to range in the tobacco fields and devour many of these pests4 ,footnote #gg3 ,wallace says of worming tobacco in ,brazil3 ,the plants are much attacked by the caterpillar of a sphinx moth1 which grows to a large size1 and would completely devour the crop unless carefully picked off4 ,old men1 and women1 and children are therefore constantly employed going over a part of the field every day1 and carefully examining the plants leaf by leaf till the insects are completely exterminated4 ,almost as soon as the plants have been transplanted1 the work of ,,cultivating should commence4 ,as the tobacco plant grows and ripens in a few weeks from the time it is transplanted in the field1 it is of the utmost importance that the plants get a good start as soon as possible4 ,in a favorable season1 and with ordinary culture1 the plants will do to harvest or cut in from eight to ten weeks after transplanting4 ,from the rapidity of its growth it will readily be seen that the plant should come forward at once1 if large1 fine leaves are desired4 ,in a week from the time of transplanting a light cultivator should be run between the rows1 stirring the soil lightly1 after which the plants should be hoed carefully1 drawing away from the hill and plant the old and baked earth and replacing it with fresh4 ,if the hill is hard around the plant it should be loosened by striking the hoe carefully into the hill and gently lifting the earth1 thus making the hill mellow4 ,this is apt to be the case with stiff1 clayey soil1 which1 if possible1 should be avoided in selecting the tobacco field4 ,it is doubtless as true a saying as it is a common one with ,connecticut tobacco-growers1 that the plants will not start much until they have been hoed4 ,where the first hoeing is delayed two or three weeks1 the plants will to a certain extent become stunted and dwarfed1 and will hardly make up for the delay in growing4 ,in from two to three weeks1 the field should be hoed again1 and this time the cultivator should mellow the soil a little deeper than the first time1 while the hoeing should be done in the most thorough manner4 ,draw the earth around the plant and cut up with the hoe all grass and weeds1 and remove all stone and lumps of manure and any rubbish that will hinder easy cultivation1 or retard the growth of the plants4 ,at this period the most careful attention must be given to the plants1 as they are 7or ought to be7 growing rapidly1 and upon their early maturity will depend the color and texture of the leaf4 ,in a short time the plants may be hoed for the third and last time 7as a fourth hoeing is but rarely necessary74 ,at this time they have attained considerable size1 7say two or three feet high7 and are rapidly maturing1 and ere long will be ready to harvest4 ,at the last hoeing the plants should be hilled up1 that is1 the earth should be drawn around the plant under the leaves1 causing it to stand firmly in the hill1 and keeping the roots well protected and covered4 ,the tobacco plant requires constant cultivation1 and the cultivator may be run through the rows after loosening the earth and turning up the manure towards the plants4 ,some growers of tobacco in the early stages of its growth apply some kind of fertilizers to the backward plants2 this will be found to be of advantage1 and should be done just before a rain1 when the plants will start in a manner almost surprising4 ,a little phosphate or ,peruvian guano may be used1 but should be applied with care or the plants may be retarded instead of quickened in their growth4 ,there is much to be done in the tobacco field besides cultivating and hoeing the plants4 ,in many hills there will be found two plants1 which should be re-set at the second hoeing if needed1 and if not1 pulled up and destroyed1 as it is better to have one large plant in the hill than two small ones4 ,again1 after the last hoeing1 the tobacco should be kept free from worms4 ,if any have been overlooked they will have attained to a good size by this time1 and will devour in a short time enough tobacco to make a short six4 ,from this account of the cultivation of tobacco as practiced in the ,connecticut valley1 one will readily see that the labor performed during the growing of the plants should not be superficial4 ,on their rapid growth depends the color and texture of the leaf4 ,plants that are slow in maturing never make fine wrapping leaves or show a good color4 ,where the growth is rapid the plants will be more brittle than if of slower growth1 and must therefore be handled with care in passing through the rows to worm1 top1 and sucker the plants4 ,illustration3 ,topping4 ,a century ago the ,virginia planters cultivated their tobacco fields in the following manner3-- ,hoeing commences with the first growth of the tobacco after transplantation1 and never ceases until the plant is nearly ripe1 and ready to be laid by1 as they term the last weeding with the hoe2 for he who would have a good crop of tobacco1 or of maize1 must not be sparing of his labor1 but must keep the ground constantly stirring during the whole growth of the crop4 ,and it is a rare instance to see the plough introduced as an assistant1 unless it be the slook plough1 for the purpose of introducing a sowing of wheat for the following year1 even while the present crop is growing2 and this is frequently practiced in fields of maize1 and sometimes in fields of tobacco1 which may be ranked amongst the best fallow crops1 as it leaves the ground perfectly clean and naked1 permitting neither grass1 weed1 nor vegetable to remain standing in the space which it has occupied4 ,the next operation to be performed in the tobacco field is known by the name of ,,topping1 and is simply breaking or cutting off the top of the stalk1 preventing the plant from running up to flower and seed4 ,by so doing the growth of the leaves is secured1 and they at once develop to the largest possible size4 ,the leaves ripen sooner if the plant is topped1 while the quality is much better4 ,there are various methods of topping as well as different periods4 ,some growers top the plant as soon as the capsules appear1 while others wait until the plants are in full blossom4 ,if topped before the plants have come into blossom1 the operation should be performed as soon as possible1 as a longer time will be required for the leaves to grow and ripen than when topping is delayed until the plants are in blossom4 ,in the ,connecticut valley most growers wait until the blossoms appear before breaking off the top4 ,topping must not be delayed after the blossoming1 in order that all danger from an untimely frost may be avoided4 ,the top may be broken off with the hand or cut with a knife1 the latter being the better as well as the safer way4 ,sometimes the rain soaks into the stalk1 rotting it so that the leaves fall off1 injuring them for wrappers4 ,top the plants at a regular height1 leaving from nine to twelve leaves1 so that the field will look even1 and also make the number of leaves to a plant uniform4 ,late plants may be topped with the rest or not1 at the option of the grower4 ,this mode of topping refers more particularly to cigar rather than cutting leaf4 ,those varieties of tobacco adapted for cutting leaf should be topped as soon as the button appears2 top low1 thereby throwing the strength of the stalk into a few leaves1 making them large and heavy4 ,the number of leaves should not exceed fourteen4 ,let it stand from five to six weeks after it is topped4 ,the object in letting it stand so long after topping is to have it thoroughly ripe4 ,this gives it the bright1 rich1 golden color1 entirely different from cigar leaf1 but very desirable for chewing leaf4 ,on account of the length of time it must stand after topping1 it is desirable to take that which has been topped early1 in order to have it ripen1 and get it in before a freeze1 although ripe tobacco is not injured by cold nights1 and will sometimes stand even an ordinary frost4 ,the manner of topping in ,virginia by the first planters in the colony1 is thus described3-- ,this operation1 simply1 is that of pinching off with the thumb nail#gh the leading stem or sprout of the plant1 which would1 if left alone1 run up to flower and seed2 but which1 from the more substantial formation of the leaf by the help of the nutritive juices1 which are thereby afforded to the lower parts of the plant1 and thus absorbed through the ducts and fibres of the leaf1 is rendered more weighty1 thick1 and fit for market4 ,footnote #gh3 ,many of the ,virginians let the thumb nail grow long1 and harden it in the candle1 for this purpose3 not for the use of gouging out people's eyes1 as some have thought fit to insinuate4 ,now the custom is to top for shipping from eight to ten leaves1 for coal-curing from ten to twelve1 according in both cases to strength of soil and time of doing the work4 ,in ,mexico as soon as the buds begin to show themselves the top is broken off4 ,not more than from eight to ten leaves are left on the plant1 without counting the sand-leaf1 which is thrown away1 and destroyed in the same manner as the ,dutch are said to do of spies4 ,in some countries the plants are not topped at all1 and the leaves are left upon the stalk until fully ripe1 when they are picked4 ,the next labor following the topping of the plants is called ,,suckering4 ,immediately after topping the plants1 shoots or sprouts make their appearance at the base of the leaves where they join the parent stalk4 ,they are known by the name of suckers and the removal of them by breaking them off is called suckering4 ,at first the suckers make their appearance at the top of the plants at the base of the upper leaves1 and then gradually appear farther down on the stalk until they are found at the very root of the plant4 ,the plants should be suckered before the shoots are tough1 when they will be removed with difficulty1 frequently clinging to both stalk and leaf1 thereby injuring the latter1 as the leaf very often comes off with the sucker if the latter is left growing too long4 ,the plants should be kept clean of them and especially at the time of harvesting4 ,an old writer on tobacco says of ,suckers and ,suckering3-- ,the sucker is a superfluous sprout which is wont to make its appearance and shoot forth from the stem or stalk1 near to the junction of the leaves with the stem1 and about the root of the plant and if these suckers are permitted to grow1 they injure the marketable quality of the tobacco by compelling a division of its nutriment during the act of maturation4 ,the planter is therefore careful to destroy these intruders with the thumb-nail as in the act of topping1 and this process is termed suckering4 ,illustration3 ,suckering4 ,after this operation is performed the planter ascertains in regard to the ,,ripening ,,of ,,the ,,plants4 ,as soon as the plants are fully ripe they not only take on a different hue but give evidence of decay4 ,the leaves as they ripen become rougher and thicker1 assume a tint of yellowish green and are frequently mottled with yellow spots4 ,the tobacco grower has two signs which he regards as infallible in this matter4 ,one is that on pinching the under part of the leaf together1 if ripe it will crack or break2 the other is the growth of suckers to be found 7if ripe7 around the base of the stalk4 ,tatham says3-- ,much practice is requisite to form a judicious discernment concerning the state and progress of the ripening leaf2 yet care must be used to cut up the plant as soon as it is sufficiently ripe to promise a good curable condition1 lest the approach of frost should tread upon the heels of the crop-master2 for in this case1 tobacco will be among the first plants that feel its influence1 and the loss to be apprehended in this instance1 is not a mere partial damage by nipping1 but a total consumption by the destruction of every plant4 ,i find it difficult to give to strangers a full idea of the ripening of the leaf3 it is a point on which ,i would not trust my own experience without consulting some able crop-master in the neighborhood2 and ,i believe this is not an uncustomary precaution among those who plant it4 ,so far as ,i am able to convey an idea1 which ,i find it easier to understand than to express1 ,i should judge of the ripening of the leaf by its thickening sufficiently2 by the change of its color to a more yellowish green2 by a certain mellow appearance1 and protrusion of the web of the leaf1 which ,i suppose to be occasioned by a contraction of the fibres2 and other appearances as ,i might conceive to indicate an ultimate suspension of the vegetative functions4 ,illustration3 ,cutting the plants4 ,after the plants have ripened the operation of cutting or ,,harvesting begins4 ,the cutter passes from plant to plant cutting only those plants that are ripe4 ,in harvesting a light hatchet or saw may be used or a tobacco cutter which is the better and not as liable to injure the leaves4 ,the plants may be cut either in the morning 7after the dew is off7 or just at night1 providing there are no indications of frost4 ,lay the plants carefully on the sides to avoid breaking the leaves4 ,if the plants are cut during a very warm day they should be examined from time to time as they are liable to sun-burn1 an injury much dreaded by the planter1 as sun-burnt leaves are useless for cigar wrappers4 ,illustration3 ,putting on lath4 ,after the plants are wilted on one side they are turned so that the entire plant will be in good condition to handle without breaking4 ,harvesting should be performed in the most careful manner4 ,at this time the leaves are very brittle and unless the cutter is an experienced hand much injury may be done to the leaves4 ,the stem of each plant is severed as near as possible to the ground and afterwards if hung on lath they are divided longitudinally to admit the air and dry them sooner4 ,when the plants are to be hung on lath they may be wilted before stringing or not1 at the option of the grower4 ,most growers are of the opinion now that the plants should be harvested without wilting at all1 stringing on the lath as soon as cut and carrying them immediately to the shed4 ,when wilted in the field there is often much damage done to the leaves whether they are sun-burnt or not4 ,oftentimes the ground is hot and the plants in a few hours both on the under and upper sides become very warm and almost burnt by the rays of the sun4 ,for this reason the manner of hanging on lath is the better way and in ,new ,england is fast displacing the old method of hanging with twine4 ,when hung in this manner five or six plants to the lath are the usual number unless they are very large4 ,when placed or strung on the lath the plants are not as liable to sweat or pole rot1 owing in part to the splitting of the stalk1 which causes the rapid curing of the leaves as well as the stalk itself4 ,a new method of hanging tobacco has been introduced of late in the ,connecticut valley by means of tobacco hooks attached to the lath4 ,this mode is considered by many growers the safest way1 and by others as no better than the more common way of hanging simply on the lath4 ,illustration3 ,carrying to the shed4 ,in ,virginia in ye olden time1 the following method of harvesting was adopted3-- ,when the plant has remained long enough exposed to the sun1 or open air1 after cutting1 to become sufficiently pliant to bear handling and removal with conveniency1 it must be removed to the tobacco house1 which is generally done by manual labor1 unless the distance and quantity requires the assistance of a cart4 ,if this part of the process were managed with horses carrying frames upon their backs for the conveniency of stowage1 in a way similar to that in which grain is conveyed in ,spain1 it would be found a considerable saving of labor4 ,it becomes necessary1 in the next place1 to see that suitable ladders and stages are provided1 and that there be a sufficient quantity of tobacco sticks1 such as have been described to answer the full demand of the tobacco house1 whatsoever may be its size2 time will be otherwise lost in make-shifts1 or sending for a second supply4 ,when everything is thus brought to a point at the tobacco house1 the next stage of the process is that termed hanging the tobacco4 ,this is done by hanging the plants in rows upon the tobacco sticks with the points down1 letting them rest upon the stick by the stem of the lowest leaf1 or by the split which is made in the stem when that happens to be divided4 ,in this operation care must be taken to allow a sufficient space between each of the successive plants for the due circulation of air between3 perhaps four or five inches apart1 in proportion to the bulk of the plant4 ,when they are thus threaded upon the sticks 7either in the tobacco houses1 or1 sometimes1 suspended upon a temporary scaffold near the door71 they must be carefully handed up by means of ladders and planks to answer as stages or platforms1 first to the upper tier or collar beams of the house1 where the sticks are to be placed with their points renting upon the beams transversely1 and the plants hanging down between them4 ,this process must be repeated tier after tier of the beams1 downwards1 until the house is filled2 taking care to hang the sticks as close to each other as the consideration of admitting air will allow1 and without crowding4 ,in this position the plants remain until they are in condition to be taken down for the next process4 ,in ,cuba about the beginning of ,january the tobacco is ready for cutting4 ,if the harvest is good1 all the leaves are taken from the plants at once4 ,tobacco consisting of those leaves is called ,temprano1 or ,early ,pipe4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the harvest is not good1 the immature leaves are left to grow4 ,tobacco formed of these leaves has the name of ,tardio1 or ,late ,pipe4 ,in every respect1 appearance included1 the ,temprano is much superior to the ,tardio4 ,in the purchase of tobacco1 it is a principal thing to ascertain how much or how little ,temprano a parcel contains4 ,moreover1 there are what may be called bastard leaves1 which grow after the leaves proper have been gathered4#gi ,tobacco made from these bastard leaves is easily recognizable1 the leaves being long and narrow1 of a reddish color1 and a bitter taste4 ,footnote #gi3 ,second crop1 or ,volunteer tobacco4 ,the mode of harvesting tobacco in ,virginia at present is thus described by a ,virginia planter3-- ,in bringing to the barn place the tobacco on scaffolds near the barn-door1 so that it can be readily housed in case of rain4 ,as ,bright ,wrappers and ,smokers pay so much better than dark tobaccos1 it is advisable1 whenever practicable1 to coal-cure all that ripens of a uniform yellow color4 ,the quality of the leaf will determine the hanging3 ',shipping' should be hung seven to nine plants to the stick four and a half feet long4 ,to cure the plants properly requires some experience1 great care1 and much attention4 ,the plants should not be 'cut' until fully ripe4 ,be careful in cutting to select plants of a uniform size1 color1 and quality1 putting six or seven to the stick4 ,let the plants go from the cutter's hands on to sticks held in the hands of women or boys2 and as soon as the sticks are full1 place them carefully on wagons and carry them to the barn4 ,place the sticks on tiers about ten inches apart1 and regulate the plants on the sticks4 ,it is impossible to lay down any uniform system or give specific instructions4 ,general principles will be suggested to guide the planter amid the changeableness of seasons and variableness of material to be operated upon4 ,in ,turkey-- ,the planters calculate always fifty-five days from ,may #abth1 for their crops to be ready for gathering4 ,when the leaves show the necessary yellow tips1 they are carried to the house1 and there threaded into long bunches by a large1 flat needle1 about a foot long1 passed through the stalk of each4 ,in ,ohio the process of harvesting tobacco for cutting is thus described by a grower3-- ,when thoroughly ripe1 having stood two or three weeks longer than is necessary for cigar leaf1 it is ready to cut4 ,this is done with a knife made for the purpose4 ,it resembles a wide chisel1 except that the handle and chisel are at right angles4 ,before cutting1 the stalk is split down through the center4 ,being ripe1 it splits before the knife1 and following the grain the leaves escape unharmed4 ,this splitting is done in as little time as is necessary to cut the stalk off in the ordinary way4 ,split it to within about three or four inches of the ground1 and cut it off in the ordinary way with the same knife4 ,cut it off and hang it over one of your sticks that you have driven slanting into the ground near you4 ,cut and put six stalks on the stick1 and then lay it down on the ground to wilt1 taking the usual care to prevent sun-burn4 ,when it is sufficiently wilted1 haul to the shed and hang it up4 ,in the ,east ,indian ,archipelago1 as soon as the leaves are fully grown they are plucked off1 and the petiole and a midrib are cut away4 ,each leaf is then cut transversely into strips about a sixteenth of an inch wide1 and these are dried in the sun until a mass of them looks like a bunch of oakum4 ,in ,persia1 when the plants are ripe they are cut off close to the root1 and again stuck firmly in the ground4 ,by exposure to the night dews the leaves change from green to yellow4 ,when of the proper tint1 they are gathered in the early morning while wet with dew1 and heaped up in a shed1 the sides of which are closed in with light thorny bushes1 so as to be freely exposed to the wind4 ,in ,japan1 the leaves are gathered in the height of summer4 ,when the flowers are of a light tint1 two or three of the leaves nearest the root are gathered4 ,these are called first leaves1 but produce tobacco of second quality4 ,after the lapse of a fortnight1 the leaves are gathered by twos1 and from these the best tobaccos are produced4 ,any remaining leaves are afterwards broken off along with the stem and dried4 ,these form the lowest quality of tobacco4 ,after gathering1 the leaves are arranged in regular layers and covered with straw matting1 which is removed in a couple of days4 ,the leaves are now of a light yellow color4 ,they are then fastened by the stem in twos and threes to a rope slung in a smoke room1 and after being so left for fourteen or fifteen days1 they are dried for two or three days in the sun1 after which they are exposed for a couple of nights in order that they may be moistened with dew4 ,they are then smoothed out and arranged in layers1 the stems being fastened together1 pressed down with boards1 and packed away in a dark room4 ,d',almirda says that in ,java1 the leaves are gathered and tied up in bundles of fifteen1 twenty or thirty1 and suspended from bamboo poles running across the interior of the shed1 where they are left to dry for twenty days or more1 according to the state of the atmosphere4 ,as soon as the plants have been hung in the shed the process of ,,curing begins4 ,if fully ripe at the time of harvesting1 the plants will cure down very fast and take on a better hue than when they cure less rapidly4 ,during cool weather the doors and ventilators should be left open that the plants may have a free circulation of air and cure the faster4 ,when1 however1 the weather is damp1 they should be closed1 to avoid sweating and pole rot4 ,when a light leaf is desired1 the tobacco shed should be provided with windows to let in plenty of sunlight1 which has much to do with the color of the leaf4 ,when a dark leaf is desired1 all light should be excluded4 ,the time necessary for the curing of the plants will depend upon the ripeness of the plants as well as the weather during curing4 ,there are three kinds or methods of curing1 viz3 air curing1 sun curing and firing1 or curing by flues4 ,air curing is the curing of the plants in sheds or barns4 ,sun curing is the process of curing in the open air1 while firing is the process of curing by smoke1 the common method employed at the ,south and to some extent at the ,west4 ,this is the common way of curing cutting leaf1 while air curing is the manner of curing cigar leaf4 ,tatham1 already quoted1 gives the following account of the process as performed in ,virginia of ,,smoking ,,the ,,crop4 ,from what has been said under the head of hanging the plant1 it will be perceived that the air is the principal agent in curing it1 but it must be also considered that a want of uniform temperature in the atmosphere calls for the constant care of the crop-master1 who generally indeed becomes habitually weather-wise1 from the sowing of his plants1 until the delivery of his crop to the inspector4 ,to regulate this effect upon the plants he must take care to be often among them1 and when too much moisture is discovered1 it is tempered by the help of smoke1 which is generated by means of small smothered fires made of old bark1 and of rotten wood1 kindled about upon various parts of the floor where they may seem to be most needed4 ,in this operation it is necessary that a careful hand should be always near3 for the fires must not be permitted to blaze1 and burn furiously2 which might not only endanger the house1 but which1 by occasioning a sudden over-heat while the leaf is in a moist condition1 might add to the malady of 'firing' which often occurs in the field4 ,in ,virginia the manner of curing tobacco at the present time1 is thus described by a planter4 ,for curing tobacco the simplest method is sun-curing or air curing and the one most likely to prove successful4 ,the tobacco barn should be so constructed as to contain four1 five or six rooms four feet wide1 so that four and a half feet sticks may fit1 all alike4 ,log barns are best for coal curing4 ,all should be built high enough to contain four firing tiers under joists covered with shingles or boards and daubed close4 ,fire with hickory all rich1 heavy1 shipping tobacco4 ,as soon as the barn is filled kindle small fires of coals or hickory wood1 about twenty fires to a barn twenty feet square1 four under each room4 ,coal is best1 but hickory saplings1 chopped about two feet long1 make a good steaming heat4 ,the successful coal-curer is an artist1 and all engaged in the business are experimenters in nature's great laboratory4 ,a ,north ,carolina planter gives an interesting account of curing tobacco yellow4 ,curing tobacco yellow1 for which this section is so famous1 is a very nice process and requires some experience1 observation1 and a thorough knowledge of the character and quality of the tobacco with which you have to deal1 in order to insure uniform success4 ,much depends upon the character of the crop when taken from the hill4 ,if it is of good size1 well matured and of good yellowish color1 there is necessarily but little difficulty in the operation4 ,as soon as the tobacco is taken from the hill and housed1 we commence with a low degree of heat1 say #ie to #ajj ,fahr41 'the yellowing' or 'steaming' process4 ,this is the first and simplest part of the whole process1 and requires from fifteen to thirty-six hours1 according to the size and quality of the tobacco1 and this degree of heat should be continued until the leaf opens a lemon color1 and is nearly free from any green hue4 ,when this point is reached1 the heat should be gradually raised to #aje in order to commence drying the leaf1 and here lies the whole difficulty in curing 7,i mean in drying the leaf74 ,the last degree of heat indicated1 should be continued five or six hours1 when it should again be gradually raised to #aaj1 when it should be maintained at this point1 until the tail or points of the leaves begin to curl and dry4 ,indeed it will probably be safest for beginners to continue this degree of heat until one-third of the leaf is dried4 ,the temperature may then be gradually increased to #aae1 and kept for several hours at that point1 until the leaf begins to rattle when shaken1 then again raise the heat to #abj1 at which point it should be continued until the leaf is dried1 after which the temperature may be increased to #aej or #afj to dry the stem and stalks2 the latter should be blackened by the heat before the curing is complete4 ,ordinarily it requires from two and a half to five days to cure a barn of tobacco1 dependent entirely upon the size and quality4 ,put seven or eight plants on each stick and place them eight inches apart on tier poles4 ,in the yellowing process the door of the barn should be kept closed to exclude the air4 ,when this point is reached for drying the leaf1 the door may be opened occasionally1 and kept open for twenty or thirty minutes at a time1 especially if the tobacco gets into a sweat1 as it is called1 or becomes damp and clammy4 ,the temperature is raised in the barn by cautiously adding coal from time to time to the fires1 which should be placed in small piles on the floor1 in rows1 allowing about five feet between each pile1 which should at first contain a double handful of coal4 ,in adding coal1 you will soon learn the quantity necessary to be applied by the effect produced4 ,avoid raising the heat hastily after the drying is commenced1 lest the leaf should be scalded and reddened2 on the other hand1 it should not be raised too slowly for fear of 'raising the grain1' or the leaf becoming spongy and dingy4 ,both extremes are to be avoided1 and the skill required is attained only by experience and observation4 ,we usually cut tobacco the latter part of the week1 house it and suffer it to remain until the first of next week1 that we may not violate the fourth commandment4 ,in ,california tobacco is cured by the method known as the ,culp process from the name of its patentee4 ,when the plant lies in the field1 ,mr4 ,culp's peculiar process begins which is described as follows3 ,tobacco had long been grown in ,california1 even before ,americans came4 ,he had raised it as a crop for fifteen years2 and before he perfected his new process1 he was able usually to select the best of his crop for smoking tobacco1 and sold the remainder for sheep wash4 ,one year1 two millions of pounds were raised in the ,state1 and as it was mostly sold for sheep wash1 it lasted several years1 and discouraged the growers4 ,tobacco always grew readily1 but it was too rank and strong4 ,they used ,eastern methods1 topping and suckering1 and as the plant had here a very long season to grow and mature1 the leaf was thick and very strong4 ,the main features of the ,culp process are1 he said1 to let the tobacco1 when cut1 wilt on the field2 then take it at once to the tobacco house and pile it down1 letting it heat on the piles to #ajj for ,havana4 ,it must1 he thinks1 come to #ajj1 but if it rises to #ajb it is ruined4 ,piling1 therefore1 requires great judgment4 ,the tobacco houses are kept at a temperature of about #gj2 and late in the fall1 to cure a late second or third crop they sometimes use a stove to maintain a proper heat in the house1 for the tobacco must not lie in the pile without heating4 ,when it has had its first sweat1 it is hung up on racks2 and here ,mr4 ,culp's process is peculiar4 ,he places the stalk between two battens1 so that it sticks out horizontally from the frame2 thus each leaf hangs independently from the stalk2 and the racks or frames are so arranged that all the leaves on all the stalks have a separate access to the air4 ,the tobacco houses are frame buildings1 #ajjx#fj feet1 with usually four rows of racks1 and two gangways for working4 ,on the rack the surface moisture dries from the leaf2 and at the proper time it is again piled1 racked1 and so on for three or even four times4 ,the racks are of rough boards1 and the floor of the houses is of earth4 ,after piling and racking for three weeks1 the leaves are stripped from the stalk and put into 'hands1' and they are then 'bulked' and lie thus about three months1 when the tobacco is boxed4 ,from the time of cutting1 from four to six months are required to make the leaf ready for the manufacturer4 ,piling appears to be the most delicate part of the cure1 and they have often to work all night to save tobacco that threatens to overheat4 ,in ,mexico the leaves are hung up on bast#hj strings1 dried in the shade and then sent to the chief depots1 where1 when they have undergone fermentation1 they are sorted1 and tied up in bundles4 ,in ,persia1 the plants are carried to the shed and heaped1 and in four or five days the desired pale yellow color is further developed4 ,the stalks and center stem of each leaf are now removed and thrown away1 while the leaves are heaped together in the drying house for another three or four days1 when they are fit for packing4 ,footnote #hj3 ,the inner bark of the lime-tree4 ,illustration3 ,stripping4 ,in ,turkey the bunches of leaves are exposed to the sun to dry1 and some months' exposure is necessary before they are sufficiently matured for baling4 ,rain sets in at a later period1 and the tobacco becoming moist and fit for handling1 is then removed from the threads1 and made into bundles or hands of about sixty leaves each and tied around the stems4 ,after the leaves are thoroughly cured they are in condition for ,,stripping4 ,the leaves of the tobacco are easily affected by the humidity of the atmosphere and during damp weather every opportunity is improved by the grower for taking down the tobacco preparatory to stripping4 ,after taking down from the poles the plants should be packed in order to keep moist until stripped4 ,the tobacco should not be removed from the poles when it drips or the juice exudes from either the stalk or the leaves4 ,if stripped in this condition the leaves are apt to stain and thus become unfit for wrappers4 ,the operation of stripping consists in taking the leaves from the stalk and tying them in bundles or hands with a leaf around the base of the hand4 ,each hand or bunch should contain at least eight leaves and from that number to twelve4 ,if the plants are large the leaves of one stalk will form a hand2 a poor leaf is used for binding as it can not be used for the same purpose as the leaves around which it is bound4 ,illustration3 ,hands4 ,the old planters of tobacco in ,virginia called this operation of taking off the leaves and tying them up stripping and bundling which is here described4 ,when the plants of tobacco which are thus hanging upon the sticks in the house have gone through the several stages of process before the time of stripping1 and are deemed to be in case for the next operation1 a rainy day 7which is the most suitable7 is an opportunity which is generally taken advantage of when the hands cannot be so well employed out of doors4 ,the sticks containing the tobacco which may be sufficiently cured1 are then taken down and drawn out of the plants4 ,they are then taken one by one respectively1 and the leaves being stripped from the stalk of the plant are rolled round the butts or thick ends of the leaves with one of the smallest leaves as a bandage1 and thus made up into little bundles fit for laying into the cask for final packing4 ,hazard gives the following method of assorting and stripping tobacco in ,cuba3-- ,among the ,cubans1 the leaves are divided into four classes3 first1 desecho1 desecho limpio1 which are those immediately at the top of the plant1 and which constitute the best quality1 from the fact that they get more equally the benefit of the sun's rays by day and the dew by night2 second1 desechito1 which are the next to the above2 third1 the libra1 the inferior or small leaves about the top of the plant2 and fourth1 the injuriado1 or those nearest the root4 ,of the injuriado there are three qualities2 the best is called injuriado de reposo1 or 'the picked over1' and the other two1 firsts and seconds 7primeros1 sequndos74 ,tobacco of the classes desechito and libra1 of which the leaves are not perfect1 is called injuriado bueno1 while all the rest1 of whatever quality1 that is broken in such a manner as to be unfit for wrappers are called injuriado malo4 ,amongst the trade in place of the above names1 the different qualities are simply designated by numbers4 ,meyer1 a ,german writer who resided several years in ,cuba1 gives another classification1 making ten classes altogether1 while ,hazard mentions only four general classes4 ,after the leaves are stripped from the stalk the process known as ,,assorting commences4 ,assorting tobacco is doing up in hands the various qualities and keeping them separate4 ,in the ,connecticut valley the growers make usually but two kinds or qualities excepting only when the crop is poor when three qualities are made1 viz3 ,wrappers1 ,seconds1 and ,fillers4 ,the ,wrappers are the largest and finest leaves on the plant and should be free from holes and sweat as well as green and white veins4 ,the leaves selected for this quality come from the middle and even the top leaves of the plant4 ,the ,seconds are made up of leaves not good enough for ,wrappers and too good for ,fillers4 ,such leaves sometimes are worm-eaten and of various colors on the same leaf--one part dark and another light4 ,the fillers are the poorest quality of leaves to be found on the plants1 and consist of the sand or ground leaves1 one or two to each plant4 ,some of our largest growers in assorting the leaves keep each color by itself1 an operation known as ,,shading4 ,this is a very delicate operation and requires a good eye for colors as well as a correct judgment in regard to the quality of the leaf4 ,this mode of assorting colors in stripping is similar to that of shading cigars1 in which the utmost care is taken to keep the various colors and shades by themselves4 ,in shading the wrappers only are so assorted1 and may be run into two or three shades depending on the number of shades or colors of the leaf4 ,the better way is to make only two qualities of the wrappers in shading--viz41 light and dark cinnamon selections4 ,shading tobacco does not imply that it is carried to its fullest extent in point of color as in shading cigars1 but simply keeping those general colors by themselves like light and dark brown leaves4 ,cutting tobaccos before being used are subjected to a process known as ,,stemming4 ,tatham gives the following account of the process of stemming in ,virginia a century ago3-- ,stemming tobacco is the act of separating the largest stems or fibres from the web of the leaf with adroitness and facility1 so that the plant may be nevertheless capable of package1 and fit for a foreign market4 ,it is practised in cases where the malady termed the fire1 or other casual misfortune during the growth of the plant1 may have rendered it doubtful in the opinion of the planter whether something or other which he may have observed during the growth of his crop1 or in the unfavorable temperature of the seasons by which it hath been matured does not hazard too much in packing the web with a stem which threatens to decay4 ,to avoid the same species of risk1 stemming is also practised in cases where the season when it becomes necessary to finish packing for a market is too unfavorable to put up the plant in leaf in the usual method2 or when the crop may be partially out of case4 ,besides the operation of stemming in the hands of the crop-master1 there are instances where this partial process is repeated in the public warehouses2 of which ,i shall treat under a subsequent head4 ,illustration3 ,stemming4 ,the operation of stemming is performed by taking the leaf in one hand1 and the end of the stem in the other1 in such a way as to cleave it with the grain2 and there is an expertness to be acquired by practice1 which renders it as easy as to separate the bark of a willow1 although those unaccustomed to it find it difficult to stem a single plant4 ,when the web is thus separated from the stem1 it is made up into bundles in the same way as in the leaf1 and is laid in bulk for farther process4 ,the stems have been generally thrown away1 or burnt with refuse tobacco for the purpose of soap-ashes2 but the introduction of snuff-mills has1 within a few years back1 found a more economical use for them4 ,as soon as the tobacco has been stripped it is ready for ,,packing4 ,illustration3 ,packing4 ,it is necessary to pack the hands after stripping in order to keep it moist1 or in nearly the same condition as when stripped4 ,select a cool place1 not too dry or too damp1 but one where if properly protected1 the tobacco will remain moist4 ,it should be packed loosely or compact1 according as the hands are moist or dry4 ,it may be packed in the center of the floor so that it may be examined from either side1 or against the sides of the packing house1 as may be thought best4 ,hand the tobacco to the packer1 who presses the hands firmly with his knees and hands1 laying the tobacco in two tiers and keeping the pile at about the same height until all is packed4 ,if possible pack all together1 that is1 each kind by itself1 as it is better to have the wrappers or fillers all together rather than in several places1 as the moisture is retained better than when it is packed in small piles or heaps4 ,use in packing a plank or board1 placing it against the front of the tier and bring the ends of the hands up against it4 ,this will make the tobacco look much better and also render the process of packing firmer4 ,the tobacco may be packed any height or length desired1 according to the quantity1 but usually from three to four feet high will be found to be convenient while the length may be proportioned to the height or not4 ,tobacco may be packed by the cord or half cord so as to be able to judge of the quantity--good large wrappers averaging a ton to the cord4 ,seconds and ,fillers will not contain as many pounds to the cord as wrappers4 ,after the tobacco is packed1 cover first with boards--planed ones are preferable1--or even shingles--and press firmly1 especially if the tobacco is dry1 then cover with blankets or any kind of covering1 adding plank or pieces of timber if additional pressure is needed4 ,it can now remain packed until sold or cased1 and will hardly need to be examined unless packed while very damp or kept packed until warm weather4 ,wailes says of planting by the early planters of tobacco in ,mississippi3-- ,the larger planters packed it in the usual way in hogsheads4 ,much of it1 however1 was put up in carrets1 as they were called1 resembling in size and form two small sugar-loafs united at the larger ends4 ,the stemmed tobacco was laid smoothly together in that form coated with wrappers of the extended leaf1 enveloped in a cloth1 and then firmly compressed by a cord wrapped around the parcel1 and which was suffered to remain until the carret acquired the necessary dryness and solidity1 when together with the surrounding cloth1 it was removed1 and strips of lime-bark were bound around it at proper distances1 in such a manner as to secure it from unwrapping and losing its proportions4 ,in ,turkey1 after the tobacco is made into bundles or hands1 it is piled against the walls inside the dwelling rooms and a carefully graduated pressure put upon it until ready for baling4 ,in ,java1 when the tobacco is ready to pack the leaf is examined1 and if found quite brown1 it is tightly pressed and packed up either in boxes or matting for exportation1 or in the bark of the tree plantain1 for immediate sale4 ,the next process on the tobacco plantation is that of ,,prizing1 ,,casing1 ,,and ,,baling4 ,the term prizing originated in ,virginia1 and as performed by the early planters1 is thus described by an old writer on tobacco culture3-- ,prizing1 in the sense in which it is to be taken here is1 perhaps1 a local word1 which the ,virginians may claim the credit of creating1 or at least of adopting2 it is at best technical1 and must be defined to be the act of pressing or squeezing the article which is to be packed into any package1 by means of certain levers1 screws1 or other mechanical powers2 so that the size of the article may be reduced in stowage1 and the air expressed so as to render it less pregnable by outward accident1 or exterior injury1 than it would be in its natural condition4 ,the operation of prizing1 however1 requires the combination of judgment and experience2 for the commodity may otherwise become bruised by the mechanic action1 and this will have an effect similar to that of prizing in too high case1 which signifies that degree of moisture which produces all the risks of fermentation1 and subjects the plant to be shattered into rags4 ,the ordinary apparatus for prizing consists of the prize beam1 the platform1 the blocks1 and the cover4 ,the prize beam is a lever formed of a young tree or sapling1 of about ten inches diameter at the butt or thicker end1 and about twenty or twenty-five feet in length2 but in crops where many hands are employed1 and a sufficient force always near for the occasional assistance of managing a more weighty leverage1 this beam is often made of a larger tree1 hewn on two of its sides to about six inches thick1 and of the natural width1 averaging twelve or fourteen inches4 ,the thick end of this beam is so squared as to form a tenon1 which is fitted into a mortise that is dug through some growing tree1 or other1 of those which generally abound convenient to the tobacco house1 something more than five feet above the platform4 ,close to the root of this tree1 and immediately under the most powerful point of the lever1 a platform or floor of plank is constructed for the hogshead to stand upon during the operation of prizing4 ,this must be laid upon a solid foundation1 levelled1 upon hewn pieces of wood as sleepers2 and so grooved and perforated that any wet or rain which may happen to fall upon the platform may run off without injuring the tobacco4 ,blocks of wood are prepared about two feet in length1 and about three or four inches in diameter1 with a few blocks of greater dimensions1 for the purpose of raising the beam to a suitable purchase2 and a movable roof constructed of clap-boards nailed upon pairs of light rafters1 of sufficient size to shelter the platform and hogshead1 is made ready to place astride of the beam1 as a saddle is put upon a horse's back1 in order to secure the tobacco from the weather while it is subjected to this tedious part of the process4 ,illustration3 ,prizing in olden times4 ,that part of the apparatus which is designed to manage and give power to the lever is variously constructed3 in some instances two beams of timber about six feet long1 and squared to four by six inches1 are prepared2 through these1 by means of an auger hole1 a sapling of hickory or other tough wood1 is respectively passed2 and the root thereof being formed like the head of a pin to prevent its slipping through the hole1 the sapling is bent like a bow1 and the other end is passed through the same piece of wood in a reversed direction1 in which position it is wedged4 ,these two bows are in this manner hung by the sapling loops upon the end of the prize beam or lever2 and loose planks or slabs of about five or six feet long being laid upon these suspended pieces of timber1 a kind of hanging floor or platform is constructed1 upon which weights are designed to act as in a scale4 ,a pile of large stones are then carted to the place1 and a sufficient number of these are occasionally placed upon this hanging platform1 until the lever has obtained precisely the power which the crop master wishes to give it by this regulating medium4 ,the prizing or packing by the old planters must have been a tedious affair1 and far different from the quick work made by the screw-press now owned by all well to-do planters4 ,the size of the hogsheads containing the tobacco was regulated by law to the standard of four feet six inches in length1 but the shape of the cask varied according to the fancy of the cooper1 or roughness of his work4 ,at this period 7a century ago71 the tobacco hogshead was made most generally of white oak2 but ,spanish oak1 and red oak1 were sometimes used1 when the usual kind could not be so readily commanded4 ,now the hogsheads are made of pine1 but are nearly as rough as those made by the colonial growers4 ,tobacco1 if well packed1 and prized duly1 will resist the water for a surprising length of time4 ,an instance is recorded in strong proof of this1 which occurred at ,kingsland upon ,james river in ,virginia1 where tobacco1 which had been carried off by the great land floods in #agga1 was found in a large raft of drift wood in which it had lodged when the warehouses at ,richmond were swept away by the overflowing of the freshets2 an inundation which had happened about twenty years before this cask was found4 ,tatham gives the following account of a similar instance3-- ,on the sixth of ,october1 #aghb1 ,i myself was one of a party who were shipwrecked upon the coast of ,new ,jersey1 in ,america1 on board the brigantine ,maria1 ,captain ,mc,aulay1 from ,richmond in ,virginia1 and laden with tobacco4 ,several hogsheads1 which were saved from the wreck were brought round to ,stillwill's landing upon ,great ,egg harbor2 and amongst them some which had lost the headings of the cask1 and the hoops and staves1 were so much shattered by the beating of the surf1 that it was not thought worth while to land them1 and they were just tumbled out of the lighter upon the beach1 and left to remain where the tide constantly flowed over them for several weeks1 so that the outside was completely rotten1 and they had the appearance of heaps of manure4 ,in this very bad condition1 ,i still persisted in trying to save what ,i supposed might remain entire in the interior of the lump1 and at last prevailed so far over the ignorance and prejudice by which ,i had been ridiculed1 as to effect an overhauling and repacking of this damaged commodity and to save a proportion thereof very far beyond what ,i myself had expected4 ,some of the heart of this was so highly improved1 that ,i have seldom seen tobacco equal to it for chewing1 or for immediate manufacture2 and what was repacked was sold to a tobacconist in ,water ,street1 ,philadelphia1 at a price so little reduced below the ordinary market1 that the man very frankly told me1 that if he could have had the whole drowned tobacco in a short time after it was saved from the wreck1 he would have made no difference in the price but would rather have preferred it for immediate manufacture1 as it would have spared him1 some little labor in a part of the process4 ,prizing tobacco applies to the packing of tobacco in hogsheads all such leaf being used for cutting purposes1 cigar leaf being either cased or baled4 ,in some sections about #hjj pounds net is packed in one parcel1 while in others #ajjj pounds and sometimes even #aejj and #ahjj pounds4 ,seed leaf tobacco in this country is all packed in cases instead of hogsheads1 each case containing from #cge to #djj pounds net4 ,it is necessary that all kinds of tobacco should be pressed in some kind of package before it is ready to be manufactured4 ,there are exceptions1 however1 as in the case of ,latakia tobacco1 which is simply hung in the peasant's huts through the winter to be fumigated and to acquire the peculiar flavor this tobacco has4 ,tobacco in good condition to case must be damp enough to bear the pressure in casing without breaking and crumbling1 while it must not be too moist or it will rot in the case4 ,the number of pounds to the case will vary according to the size of the leaf1 as well as the condition of the tobacco4 ,when ready to case the hands are packed in the case1 laying them in two tiers4 ,the case being nearly full the contents are then subjected to a strong pressure until it is reduced to one half its bulk1 then another layer is placed in the case and again pressed1 and succeeded by as many as are required to fill the case4 ,the tobacco should be packed evenly in layers with the ends of the leaves touching one another or even crossing1 and the whole mass presenting a smooth and even appearance4 ,the wrappers should be cased by themselves and the seconds and fillers together or separate at the option of the packer4 ,the tobacco should be cased hard so that the mass will rise but little when the pressure is removed4 ,as the fillers are usually dry they must be moistened before casing or subjected to a very strong pressure4 ,after packing the cases should be turned on their sides1 and the grower's name marked on each case1 also the kind of tobacco1 whether wrappers or fillers1 together with the number of pounds and the weight of the case4 ,this is necessary to ascertain the quality of leaf produced by each grower1 as well as to protect the buyer against all fraud in packing and casing4 ,illustration3 ,tobacco press4 ,the cases may be piled one upon another1 but should be kept from the rays of the sun and in a dry room1 so that the sweating of the leaf may be sufficient to fit it for use4 ,it is necessary that the season during sweating should be warm1 in order to secure a good sweat4 ,it will commence to warm up sometime in ,april or ,may1 and will be ready to sample or uncase about the first of ,september4 ,after going through a sweat1 the leaf takes on a darker color1 and loses the rank flavor which it had before4 ,it is better to let the tobacco dry off before being used or taken from the case4 ,baling is packing tobacco in small bundles or packages containing from one hundred to two hundred pounds1 and is the manner of putting up tobacco for export in ,cuba1 ,paraguay1 ,algiers1 ,hungary1 ,mexico1 ,syria1 the ,philippines1 ,china1 ,sumatra1 ,japan1 ,java1 ,turkey1 and in some other tobacco-growing countries4 ,in ,cuba after being formed into hands or gavillos and four of these tied together with strips of palm-leaf so as to constitute a manoja1 fifty or eighty of them are packed together1 making what is called a tercio or bale1 the average weight of which is two hundred pounds4 ,hazard says of the number of pounds produced on the vegas3 ,a caballeria of thirty-three acres of ground produces about nine thousand pounds of tobacco1 made up in about the following proportions3 four hundred and fifty of desecho1 or best2 one thousand eight hundred pounds desechito1 or seconds2 two thousand two hundred and fifty pounds of libra1 or thirds2 and four thousand five hundred pounds of injuriado4 ,from these figures1 taking the bale at one hundred pounds1 and the average price of the tobacco at twenty dollars per bale1 7though this is a low estimate1 for the crops of some of the vegas are sold as high1 sometimes1 as four hundred dollars per bale17 an approximate idea may be formed of the profit of a large plantation in a good year1 when the crops are satisfactory4 ,in ,mexico1 after being baled1 the tobacco is sent to the government factories1 where it is not weighed until two months afterwards4 ,the price is high1 varying from twelve to twenty-eight dollars per crate2 and is paid in ten monthly installments4 ,in ,persia1 when the tobacco is fit for packing1 the leaves are carefully spread on each other1 and formed into cakes four or five feet round1 and three to four inches thick1 care being taken not to break or injure the leaves4 ,bags of strong cloth1 thin and open at the sides1 are provided1 into which the cakes are pressed strongly down on each other4 ,when the bags are filled they are placed in a separate drying house1 and are turned every day4 ,water is then sprinkled on the cakes1 if required1 to prevent them from breaking4 ,the leaf is valued for being thick1 tough1 of a uniform light yellow color1 and of an agreeable aromatic smell4 ,in ,turkey1 the tobacco after remaining in the dwelling-room of the house a sufficient time1 is ready for baling4 ,the bales average in weight about forty oques 7#aaj ,english pounds74 ,the covering of the bales is a sort of netting made by the peasants from goat's hair2 it is elastic and of great strength4 ,vamberry says of packing tobacco in ,european ,turkey3 ,the tobacco is packed in small packets 7bog tche71 and only after it has lain for years in the warehouses of the tobacco merchants1 is it honored by the connoisseurs of ,stamboul with the title of ',aala ,gobeck4' ,this sort of finely-cut tobacco resembling the finest silk1 is held in equally high estimation in the palaces of the ,grand ,seignior1 in the seraglio1 and in the divan of the sublime ,porte1 where the privy council debate the most important affairs of the empire1 under the soothing influence of its aromatic vapors4 ,in ,st4 ,domingo and the ,united ,states of ,colombia1 ,south ,america1 the bales are called ,serous1 and in ,holland and ,germany1 ,packages4 ,tobacco is sent to market in bales of various sizes and made of various materials4 ,in ,cuba1 the tobacco is bound with palm leaves4 ,in ,south ,america it is packed in ox hides4 ,from the ,east it comes in camel's hair sacks or netting made from goat's hair1 while from ,persia1 tobacco is exported in sacks of strong cloth4 ,manilla tobacco is shipped in bales containing four hundred pounds net4 ,it is covered first with bass and then with sacking1 made of ,indian grass tied around with ratan4 ,each bale contains a printed statement1 of which the following is a copy3 ,,provincia ,,de ,,cagayan1 ,,partido ,,de ,,cit4 ,cosecha de #ahf4 ,clas de conteine #dj manos de tabaco aforado por la junta de aforo y enfardelado por el que subscribe4 ,tuguegarao de de #ahf4 ,el ,gobernadorcillo caudillo4 ,v4o ,b4o ,vicente ,lasan4 ,el ,interventor de aforo4 ,the tobacco plant while growing is easily affected by a wet season1 while it is also liable to injury by the opposite extreme of heat or drought4 ,if a drought occurs soon after the plants are transplanted1 their growth and development is greatly hindered4 ,when1 however1 the plants are nearly grown1 a severe drought affects the plants but little1 the large palm-like leaves forming a kind of canopy and keeping the earth moist and cool4 ,during a wet season1 and sometimes when the plants have been set in damp soil1 they are affected by brown rust1 or1 as it is called at the ,south4 ,,firing4 ,illustration3 ,firing4 ,it is supposed to be caused by very damp weather1 and is much dreaded by all growers of the weed1 as it is sometimes quite common1 and on low soil affects the crop to a considerable extent4 ,it spots the leaf with hard brown spots that often fall out1 producing holes fatal to the value of the crop4 ,the lower leaves on the plant are more likely to be injured than those higher on the stalk4 ,the spots vary in size2 sometimes they are as large as a three cent piece1 but more frequently about the size of a small pearl button4 ,at the ,south1 rust or firing is much more common than in the ,connecticut valley1 and often whole fields are badly affected by the malady4 ,some seasons hardly any rust can be discovered on the leaves1 and if any spots are found they are fixed and do not spread4 ,small plants are more liable to be injured than large ones1 and not unfrequently nearly every leaf is covered with the spots4 ,many theories have been advanced in regard to the cause of rust and how to prevent it4 ,it usually occurs just before1 or after1 topping1 and if the plants are ripe enough to harvest1 they should be cut before the rust spreads to any great extent4 ,it makes its appearance very suddenly1 and if the weather be favorable 7damp71 spreads rapidly1 often in a few days injuring the plants to a great extent4 ,there are two varieties of rust or firing1 brown and white2 and while the former is dreaded by the grower1 as it injures the quality of the plant1 the other is regarded with special favor1 as it gives value to the leaf4 ,the white rust1#ha as it is termed1 is a small white speck 7often noticed on cigars71 making its appearance on the leaves of the plant towards the latter part of its growth1 and usually found on the top and middle leaves4 ,it is usually found on the best1 and more frequently on light than dark tobacco4 ,unlike the brown rust1 the white does not fall out1 but is as firm in its place as any part of the leaf2 sometimes the spots are as white as chalk1 and again they will be of a yellowish shade1 though lighter in color than brown rust4 ,the lighter the color the better their effect on the leaf upon which they are found4 ,leaves thus spotted make the finest of wrappers1 and light-colored leaf thus affected brings the very highest price4 ,it is well known to manufacturers of cigars that such leaves burn well1 and almost invariably make a light ash4 ,good judges of cigars always pick for those thus affected1 and watch with interest the ash of the cigar1 noting the color as well as the flavor4 ,footnote #ha3 ,florida tobacco is noted for the white rust found on the leaves4 ,some seasons this kind of rust is quite common1 and it is supposed to be caused in the same way as the brown1 although there are some growers who think that it is produced by altogether different causes4 ,there is1 however1 a marked difference in the appearance of the leaves thus spotted2 the white rust is not usually as thick upon the leaf1 and is more generally found along the sides of the leaf1 while the brown rust is found more in the center than along the sides4 ,tobacco of a light cinnamon color thus marked is considered the most valuable1 and could the planter obtain such a crop at option1 he could realize the very highest price for it4 ,large growers who find much of their tobacco spotted in this manner1 would do well to keep such leaves by themselves1 and sell direct to the manufacturer4 ,both kinds of rust are more commonly seen on the plants during a wet than a dry season1 and particularly if the plants have grown rapidly during the latter part of the time4 ,formerly buyers of leaf tobacco were more interested in leaf of this description than now2 and some of them1 more anxious than others1 made liberal offers to any grower of tobacco who could ascertain how such tobacco could be obtained4 ,it is hardly probable that any method of culture could be devised so as to obtain such leaf2 it seems to be a freak of nature1 depending somewhat on the soil as well as the humidity of the atmosphere1 and without doubt is beyond the control of the grower4 ,various theories propounded and experiments tried have not met with any success that we are aware of4 ,some growers are of the opinion that light manure spread on moist soil will tend to produce leaf affected with white rust1 while others affirm that such leaf is common on high ground when manured with light fertilizers4 ,it is a matter of doubt whether such leaf can be obtained by any preparation of soil1 or any system of cultivation whatever4 ,,seed ,,plants4 ,the selection of large1 well-formed plants for the maturing of the seeds1 is of more importance than most growers are aware of4#hb ,not only should the altitude of the plant be taken into account1 but also the size and texture of the leaf4 ,footnote #hb3 ,liancourt says of the selection of seed plants in ,virginia3--,the seed for the next year is obtained from forty to fifty stalks per acre1 which the cultivator lets run up as high as they will grow1 without bruising their heads4 ,if a variety foreign to the soil 7on which it is cultivated7 is grown1 then particular pains should be taken to select seed plants resembling those cultivated in its native home4 ,in cultivating foreign varieties1 even the first season plants may be seen that do not resemble the majority1 but are seemingly trying to accommodate themselves to the soil and climate1 and in consequence resemble in a measure the variety commonly cultivated4 ,growers of ,havana tobacco in the ,connecticut valley can testify to this1 and especially to the increased size of the plants4 ,there are1 however1 growers of ,havana tobacco1 who claim that it will never deteriorate in quality1 and that seed from ,havana is not required in order to secure the delightful flavor of the ,vuelta de ,abajo leaf4 ,our experience is the reverse of this1 and applies more directly to the flavor of the leaf than the size1 color1 or texture4 ,in the ,connecticut valley ,havana leaf retains in a remarkable degree the texture and color of leaf1 but not the flavor4 ,fresh or new seed is required from time to time4 ,sieckle says on the choice of seed3-- ,illustration3 ,spanish seed tobacco4 ,the selection of seed is one of the principal conditions for raising good tobacco1 especially when intended for the manufacture of cigars4 ,in the ,united ,states now and then ,havana seeds are planted4 ,the tobacco raised therefrom generally resembles the real ,havana in shape and color of leaves4 ,but in order to reproduce approximately also the fine taste and flavor of genuine ,havana tobacco1 it would be required to impart to the soil exactly the components which constitute the famous tobacco-ground1 viz43 the soil of the above-mentioned ,vuelta de ,abajo in ,cuba4 ,we say approximately1 because the climate is a thing that can be neither transplanted nor fully equaled by artificial means4 ,havana seed propagated in the ,united ,states usually degenerates very soon1 even in the course of two or three years4 ,in other countries the experiment has been made to acclimate foreign seeds1 for instance1 ,havana1 by crossing1 respectively changing the sexes and giving the male influence now to the foreign1 then to the home plant4 ,in the ,connecticut valley the cultivation of ,havana tobacco is increasing year by year1 and it promises to become the principal variety cultivated4 ,all of the leading qualities of ,connecticut seed leaf1 such as color1 strength1 and texture1 are preserved1 while the flavor is as fine as that of much that is imported4 ,the plants selected for seed should be allowed to fully ripen1 when the leaves may be stripped from the stalks1 that the capsules may receive all the strength of the growing and maturing plants4 ,the seed plants should be left standing some six or eight weeks after the other plants have been harvested4 ,if the nights are very cold and frosty1 the top of the plants may be covered with a light cloth or paper to protect the seed buds4 ,when the capsules are of full size and brown in color1 the top may be broken off and hung up in a dry1 cool place to cure1 after which the seeds should be taken from the capsules4 ,to do this1 the end of the seed buds may be cut1 when most of the seeds will fall out if the buds are fully ripe and dry4 ,a southern planter gives the following account of the curing and management of seed plants3-- ,there are four classes of tobacco grown in ,virginia and ,north ,carolina1 viz43 ,shipping1 filling1 smoking1 and wrapping2 and it is important that planters desiring to raise either one of these should choose the kind of seed best adapted to each particular class4 ,the ,pryor makes the heaviest1 richest shipping1 and can only be grown to perfection on alluvial or heavily manured lands4 ,the ,frederick or ,maryland grows larger1 but is not so rich and waxy4 ,the ,oronoko is far preferable for fillers1 smokers or wrappers1 being sweeter in flavor1 finer in fibre and texture1 and more easily cured yellow4 ,this is the kind best adapted to our gray soils1 giving best returns4 ,the product is not so large as on black or brown lands1 yet with skill in curing and management1 the difference in product is more than made up in quality4 ,the ,oronoko1 therefore1 is the only kind suited to our gray lands1 and of this there are several varieties1 the two most in favor being the yellow ,oronoko1 and the ,gooch or ,pride of ,granville4 ,the first is the kind that gave character to the ,caswell 7,north ,carolina7 yellow tobacco more than twenty years ago1 and is still preferred by a very large number of planters who grow the finest yellow smokers and wrappers4 ,the latter is preferred in ,granville county1 ,north ,carolina1 that produces the finest yellow tobacco grown on this continent1 or1 perhaps1 in the world4 ,this latter is clearly an ,oronoko tobacco1 very much resembling the former1 except that the leaf grows rather broader1 and by some is considered sweeter4 ,these two kinds have been grown with special reference to their adaptation to producing the finest quality of wrappers1 smokers1 and fillers4 ,i am satisfied that the art of curing and management have not only been very far advanced toward scientific perfection1 but that in perfecting the kinds of seed grown much improvement has been made4 ,for instance1 in the saving of seed1 by adopting the plan of turning out the forwardest plants growing in the best soil1 and afterwards observing to cut off all the heads of plants that ripen up coarse1 narrow or ill-shaped1 or of a green color on the hill1 and saving only those heads that ripen yellow in color and of a smooth and fine texture1 much has been done to improve the kind4 ,besides1 the most important point in the saving of tobacco seed is to cut off all the lateral shoots1 leaving only three crown shoots to perfect seed1 thereby securing larger pods and more perfect seed that always ripen in good time1 and are more reliable for seed beds and the production of early1 vigorous plants4 ,by following this mode of saving seed with special reference to the growth of a particular class of tobacco1 in a few years the seed is not only greatly improved1 but as like begets like in the vegetable as in the animal kingdom1 becomes sui generis--the first of its species4 ,the writer can bear testimony to the above facts and desires that others may profit thereby4 ,where any plant attains its highest perfection1 there is the place to secure the best seed4 ,the home of the tobacco plant is in ,virginia and ,north ,carolina1 and the growth and perfection of the kinds here cultivated have reached a point unattained any where else4 ,the ,west and ,south would do well to procure their seed from us1 and then save and propagate after the instructions above given4 ,,second ,,growth4 ,the first account we find of raising a second crop of tobacco on the original field1 is found in the early history of the ,virginia colony2 who1 not satisfied with the vast amount cultivated in the usual manner1 allowed a second growth to spring up from the parent stalk and thus obtained two crops from the same field in one year4 ,the inferior quality of this growth at length caused its prohibition by law1 as described elsewhere in this work4 ,of late1 however1 this new departure in tobacco culture seems to have attracted some attention1 particularly in the ,southern ,states1 where numerous experiments have been made1 and in some instances with complete success4 ,in ,mexico and also in ,louisiana and ,california1 two and even three crops are gathered1 thus adding to the profit of the grower1 but hardly to the fertility of the tobacco fields4 ,whatever the fertility of the tobacco field may be1 or the care and attention given to the second crop by the planter1 it can not equal the first crop1 and must from the nature of the case be quite inferior in size1 texture1 and flavor of leaf4 ,doubtless the varieties grown in the tropics will be much finer than the varieties grown in a more temperate region4 ,there are many reasons why a second and third crop can not be equal to the first in the qualities necessary for fine leafy tobacco4 ,in the first place1 the soil will hardly produce a second crop of the size and texture of leaf that will compare with the first growth3 the leaves will be small and resemble the top leaves of the original plant rather than the large1 well-formed leaves of the center4 ,again1 the season will hardly be favorable 7unless in the tropics71 for a second growth1 which has much to do with the quality of the leaf and which alone ensures large1 well-matured plants4 ,in the ,connecticut valley but one crop can be grown of seed leaf1 and even this when planted late is frequently overtaken by the frost king whose cold breath strikes a chill to the heart of the tobacco grower who has been so unfortunate as to have but a few plants2 especially if his fields were set late in the season1 or with spindling or long shank plants which come forward slowly and forbid all thought of a second growth1 and sometimes give small hopes of even the first4 ,in ,virginia and ,north ,carolina the experiment has been tried of covering the stumps or trunk of the plants with straw1 followed by plowing on both sides of the rows1 thereby covering them to a depth of several inches1 in which condition they are left until spring1 when the covering is removed and the suckers or sprouts shoot forth and grow with great rapidity4 ,this novel experiment may succeed so far as the growth and maturing of the plants is concerned1 but will hardly add to the reputation of ,virginia's kingly plant or to the profit of the growers1 as the product must necessarily be small if the labor of transplanting is avoided4 ,beyond all question1 experiments with the growth and culture of the tobacco plant are among the most interesting and valuable1 and afford the planter the most pleasure and instruction of all similar trials with the products of the vegetable kingdom4 ,these experiments at once develop not only the rare qualities of the plant1 but its various forms and habit of growth4 ,they show as well as its adaptation to all countries and climes1 and the preservation of its qualities when grown in regions far remote from its native home4 ,the florist finds no more pleasure in the cultivation of the rarest exotic than the tobacco planter in testing some new variety of tobacco1 and noting its varied qualities and adaptation to his fields4 ,by trying new varieties1 some of the finest qualities of the plant have been developed1 and many other of its excellences still further advanced4 ,in the ,united ,states numerous trials and experiments are constantly being made to still further perfect the various kinds already cultivated1 as well as to test other varieties and note their qualities and adaptation to the soil4 ,already far advanced1 the culture of the plant has not yet reached its highest point4 ,the adaptation1 soil1 and fertilizers1 are now attracting much attention1 and further study of these elements promises to bring out qualities of leaf hitherto overlooked1 or at least but partially developed4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,production1 ,,commerce ,,and ,,manufacture ,,of ,,tobacco4 ,few comparatively of the users or even of the growers and manufacturers of tobacco1 are aware of the vast amount cultivated1 manufactured and used4 ,many suppose that its cultivation is confined to the ,united ,states and a few of the ,west ,india ,islands1 having no idea of the large quantities grown in ,europe1 ,asia and ,africa and the islands of the ,east ,india ,archipelago4 ,the ,spaniards first began the cultivation of the plant on the ,island of ,st4 ,domingo1 afterwards extending it to ,trinidad1 the coast of ,south ,america1 ,mexico and the ,philippine ,islands4 ,in ,portugal the cultivation commenced about #aege-hj1 and continued some years4 ,the ,dutch a little later1 began the production of tobacco in the ,east ,indies1 and in connection with the ,spaniards and ,portuguese were the only cultivators of tobacco until the ,english commenced its growth in ,virginia in #afaf4 ,the first production in ,st4 ,domingo by the ,spaniards was sometime previous to #aece1 and the island has continued to produce the great staple until now4 ,in ,trinidad1 however1 a finer article was yielded1 and its cultivation became more general here until the ,spaniards began to plant it in ,cuba in #aehj4 ,from the ,west ,indies1 ,south ,america and the ,east ,indies1 ,europe raised its supply of tobacco until the ,english colonists commenced its cultivation in ,virginia4 ,the ,spaniards and ,portuguese at first controlled the trade in tobacco1 and extorted most fabulous prices for it4 ,as soon1 however1 as the ,dutch and ,english began to cultivate it and receive it from their colonies the price gradually fell while the demand and consumption for it increased in proportion to the falling off of prices4 ,from the island of ,trinidad1 ,europe received its finest tobacco1 and it continued to maintain its reputation as such until that variety known as ,varinas tobacco from ,south ,america appeared2 this variety attracted the attention of ,european buyers and consumers1 from its superiority in flavor and appearance which it has maintained for more than two hundred and fifty years4 ,in ,south ,america1 the cultivation of tobacco took its rise in ,venezuela1 ,brazil and ,colombia4 ,the varieties there produced had acquired an established reputation as early as #afjj1 together with ,st4 ,lucia1 ,philippine and ,margarita tobaccos4 ,early in the ,seventeenth ,century1 the ,dutch became the great producers and importers into ,europe1 and the growths of their colonies continued to furnish a large proportion of the quantity used until ,english colonial tobacco made its appearance from ,virginia4 ,the ,plymouth and ,london companies from its first appearance in their markets1 saw its vast importance as an article of agriculture and commerce1 and in twenty years after the first planting of it1 began to reap rich returns from its sale and production4 ,from this time forward1 not only in ,america1 but in ,europe and ,asia1 its cultivation spread among other nations until at length it has become one of the great sources of revenue of almost every country1 and a leading product of nearly every clime4 ,the islands of ,st4 ,domingo1 ,trinidad1 ,st4 ,lucia and ,martinique1 do not produce as large quantities of tobacco as formerly2 its cultivation in the ,west ,indies being now confined chiefly to the island of ,cuba4 ,this island produces at the present time the finest cigar leaf of the ,west ,indies1 which is considered by many as the best grown4 ,the value of the annual product of ,cuba is estimated at #bj1jjj1jjj1 nearly as much as that of the entire ,united ,states4 ,brazil1 ,colombia1 ,venezuela1 and ,paraguay1 which are the tobacco-producing countries of ,south ,america1 furnish ,europe with a large amount of leaf tobacco4 ,in ,brazil according to ,scully it occupies the fourth place in the exports and is extensively cultivated in various parts of the empire4 ,in ,venezuela it is an important article of agriculture1 and the product is of fine quality and in good repute in ,europe4 ,colombia has long been noted for the amount and excellence of its tobacco2 its various growths are fine in all respects and are among the finest cigar tobaccos grown4 ,in ,paraguay large quantities of excellent cigar tobacco are raised1 much of which is used in various parts of ,south ,america1 the remainder going to ,europe4 ,all of the tobacco of ,south ,america is unrivaled in flavor and is well adapted for the manufacture of cigars4 ,in ,mexico1 tobacco is raised to some extent1 particularly in the ,gulf ,states1 where it develops remarkably and is of excellent quality both in texture and flavor4 ,mexico is doubtless as well adapted for tobacco as any country in the world1 and if certain restrictions#hc were removed1 its culture would increase and the demand would cause its extensive production4 ,in the ,central ,american ,states1 some tobacco is cultivated1 but not to the extent that is warranted by the demand or the adaptation of the soil4 ,some parts of the ,states1 especially of ,honduras1 are well adapted for the production of the very finest leaf4 ,as it is but little is grown2 hardly any being exported to ,europe4 ,america is the native home of the tobacco plant1 and in the ,united ,states vast quantities are produced of all qualities and suited for all purposes4 ,footnote #hc3 ,tobacco is not allowed to pass from one state into another without paying a certain duty4 ,in ,new ,england from #bj1jjj to #cj1jjj acres are cultivated annually1 estimated to yield on an average from #aejj to #agjj pounds to the acre4 ,the annual product in cases is from #ej1jjj to #agj1jjj4hd ,of the ,middle ,states1 ,new ,york and ,pennsylvania furnish a large amount of seed leaf as it is called4 ,in #ahgb the latter state reported #ch1jaj cases1 mostly grown in three counties4 ,a fine quality of tobacco is raised in the immediate vicinity of the old ,william ,penn mansion1 and is known to all dealers as superior leaf4 ,in ,new ,york the crop is usually good1 and along the valleys are found some excellent lands for its culture4 ,footnote #hd3 ,the amount in #ahgb1 was #agb1jjj4 ,as we go ,south1 we reach the great tobacco-growing states1 ,maryland1 ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 and others4 ,maryland has long been noted for its tobacco1 and annually exports thousands of hogsheads to ,european markets4 ,virginia1 as we have seen1 is the oldest tobacco-producing state in the ,union1 and still continues to raise thousands of acres of the weed for home use and for export4 ,in #afbb1 six years after its cultivation began1 she produced #fj1jjj pounds of leaf tobacco4 ,north ,carolina also raises a fine article of smoking tobacco--of fine color and superior flavor4 ,this state has long been noted for its superior leaf tobacco1 and ever since the first settlement of the state has produced large quantities of it4 ,in #agec #ajj hogsheads were exported1 the number constantly increasing until the present4 ,in ,georgia some tobacco is grown4 ,havana tobacco was first cultivated in this state by ,col4 ,mc,intosh1 and succeeded finely in some of the counties along the coast4 ,in ,florida1 ,havana tobacco is cultivated altogether4 ,it differs somewhat in flavor1 however1 so that it is called ,florida tobacco1 not because it is grown in that state1 but because it is a little bitter1 unlike that grown in ,cuba4 ,kentucky is the great tobacco-producing state of the ,union4 ,two-fifths of the entire amount grown in the country comes from this state4 ,in #ahga nearly #aej1jjj acres were devoted to it in the state--producing #ajc1ejj1jjj pounds of leaf tobacco4 ,in ,ohio and ,missouri large quantities of tobacco are grown1 the former state furnishing both cutting and seed leaf tobaccos4 ,the other ,western states including ,illinois1 ,indiana1 and ,wisconsin1 are engaged largely in its production1 and furnish a good article of leaf4 ,california for the last few years has given the culture of tobacco some attention1 and promises to become a great tobacco-producing state4 ,the ,united ,states have cultivated in some seasons #cej1gfi acres of tobacco1 valued at #be1ija1gfi4 ,the average yield per acre is greater in ,connecticut than in any other state1 being #a1gjj pounds1 while the smallest yield is in ,georgia1 #cej pounds4 ,the average price per pound in ,connecticut is #be cts2 in ,kentucky #g #g-aj cts2 in ,georgia #ba #d-aj cts2 in ,ohio #i #a-aj cts2 and in ,pennsylvania #ae #b-aj cts4 ,in #ahee there was exported from this country #aej1bac hogsheads and #ac1cff cases of tobacco4 ,in ,europe large quantities of tobacco are grown1 excepting in ,england1 ,spain1 and ,portugal1 where its culture is prohibited by law to benefit the colonial growers of the plant4 ,austria is the great tobacco-producing country of ,europe1 and yields an annual product of #de1jjj1jjj pounds of tobacco2 the leaf is of good quality1 and is used for cigars4 ,france also raises about #cj1jjj1jjj pounds of tobacco besides importing large quantities from the ,united ,states4 ,in ,russia the annual tobacco crop is about #be1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,in ,holland about as much tobacco is grown as in the state of ,connecticut--#f1jjj1jjj pounds and the product is adapted for both cigar and snuff-leaf4 ,large quantities of tobacco are also imported1 from #cj1jjj1jjj to #ce1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,the tobacco factories in the country are stated to give employment to one million operatives4 ,belgium produces considerable tobacco1 about #c1jjj1jjj pounds annually4 ,switzerland also raises from #a1jjj1jjj to #a1bjj1jjj pounds of leaf4 ,in ,greece tobacco is an important product and the quality of leaf is very fine2 her product has been as high as #e1ejj1jjj pounds4 ,in ,asia tobacco has long been cultivated1 and is one of the greatest products of the country4 ,in both ,asiatic and ,european ,turkey the annual production is about #dc1jjj1jjj pounds4 ,in ,china and ,japan large quantities are grown1 as well as in ,persia1 ,thibet1 and other portions of ,asia4 ,in the ,philippine ,islands its cultivation is carried on by the ,spaniards1 as it has been for upwards of #bej years4 ,bowring says of its culture3-- ,the money value of the tobacco grown in the ,philippines is estimated at from #d1jjj1jjj to #e1jjj1jjj of dollars1 say #a1jjj1jjjl4 sterling4 ,of this nearly one half is consumed in the island1 one quarter is exported in the form of cheroots 7which is the ,oriental word for cigars71 and the remainder sent to ,spain in leaves and cigars1 being estimated as an annual average contribution exceeding #hjj1jjj dollars4 ,the sale of tobacco is a strict government monopoly1 but the impossibility of keeping up any sufficient machinery for the protection of that monopoly is obvious even to the least observant4 ,the cultivator1 who is bound to deliver all his produce to the government1 first takes care of himself and his neighbors1 and secures the best of his growth for his own benefit4 ,from functionaries able to obtain the best which the government brings to market1 a present is often volunteered1 which shows that they avail themselves of something better than the best4 ,and in discussing the matter with the most intelligent of the empleados1 they agreed that the emancipation of the producer1 the manufacturer and the seller1 and the establishment of a simple duty1 would be more productive to the revenue than the present vexatious and inefficient system of privileges4 ,in #ahaj the deliveries were #ej1jjj bales 7of two arrobas71 of which ,gapan furnished #dg1jjj and ,cayayan #b1jjj4 ,in #ahda ,cayayan furnished #agj1jjj bales2 ,gapan1 #hd1jjj2 and ,new ,biscay1 #cd1jjj4 ,but the produce is enormously increased2 and so large is the native consumption1 of which a large proportion pays no duty1 that it would not be easy to make even an approximative estimate of the extent and value of the whole tobacco harvest4 ,where the fiscal authorities are so scattered and so corrupt2--where communications are so imperfect and sometimes wholly interrupted2 where large tracts of territory are in the possession of tribes unsubdued or in a state of imperfect subjection2 where even among the more civilized ,indians the rights of property are rudely defied1 and civil authority imperfectly maintained2 where smuggling1 though it may be attended with some risk1 is scarcely deemed by any body an offense1 and the very highest functionaries themselves smoke and offer to their guests contraband cigars on account of their superior quality1--it may well be supposed that lax laws1 lax morals and lax practices1 harmonize with each other1 and that such a state of things as exists in the ,philippines must be the necessary1 the inevitable result4 ,i am informed by the alcalde mayor of ,cayayan that he sent in #aheh to ,manilla from that province tobacco for no less a value than #b1jjj1jjj dollars4 ,the quality is the best of the ,philippines2 it is all forwarded in leaf to the capital4 ,the tobacco used by the natives is not subject to the estanco1 and on my inquiring as to the cost of a cigar in ,cagayan1 the answer was ',casinada' 7,almost nothing74 ,they are not so well rolled as those of the government1 but undoubtedly the raw material is of the very best4 ,in ,sumatra some of the finest tobacco in the world is produced which has an established reputation in ,european markets4 ,in ,africa tobacco is grown to some extent in ,egypt1 ,algiers and ,tripoli as well as by the natives of ,central and ,south1 ,western ,africa4 ,the ,french have paid particular attention to its culture in ,algiers and have succeeded in producing tobacco of good flavor and texture4 ,in ,australia the plant does remarkably well and promises to become as celebrated as that of other portions or islands of the ,east ,india ,archipelago4 ,it readily appears from the extensive cultivation of tobacco that it can hardly fail of becoming an important article of commerce4 ,the ,spaniards and ,portuguese found it to be an important source of revenue1 and from ,south ,america and the ,west ,indies exported large quantities to ,europe4 ,as soon as it began to be cultivated in ,virginia its commercial value began to be apparent and attracted many navigators who came thither to barter for tobacco and furs1 and other articles of inferior value4 ,most of the tobacco exported from the ,united ,states is shipped to ,europe and from there is reshipped to ,asia and ,africa4 ,of foreign tobacco but little finds its way to this country1 the duties#he preventing many varieties of excellent quality competing with our domestic tobacco4 ,cuba1 ,st4 ,domingo and ,manilla tobacco are the only varieties that are imported from other countries4 ,west ,india tobacco1 more particularly that of ,cuba--is shipped to all parts of the world1 especially to ,spain1 ,great ,britain1 ,russia1 ,france and the ,united ,states4 ,footnote #he3 ,thirty-five cents a pound1 gold4 ,the tobacco of ,south ,america is exported almost entirely to ,europe4 ,england receives a large quantity of ,south ,american tobacco as well as ,spain and ,portugal4 ,the varieties cultivated in ,asia and ,africa for export are shipped mostly to ,europe4 ,great ,britain1 ,spain1 ,france and ,germany are the great tobacco-consuming countries of the world1 or at least of ,europe4 ,in ,great ,britain1 ,spain and ,portugal1 no tobacco is cultivated1 and these countries are therefore dependent upon their colonies for a supply of the great product4 ,the commerce in the plant is extensive and reaches to every part of the globe4 ,no nation1 state1 or empire now ignores the revenue to be derived from its import or culture1 and many a government receives more from this plant alone than from any other source4 ,while some nations prohibit its culture at home1 their colonies are allowed to grow it1 and thus the article and the revenue are both secured4 ,but while the production of the plant and the commerce depending on it are extensive1 they are not more so than the manufacture of the leaf into the various preparations for use4 ,the government work-shops of ,seville and ,manilla1 as well as those of ,havana and ,paris are of enormous proportions and employ thousands of operatives in the manufacture of cigars and cigarettes4 ,in this country and in ,england1 large quantities of cigars are made both from domestic and foreign tobaccos4 ,in ,south ,america also many are made1 but more for home use than for export4 ,cutting leaf is largely manufactured in this country1 especially near the great leaf growing sections4 ,most of this is used here1 the leaf for manufacture abroad being exported in hogsheads for cutting in any form desired4 ,snuff leaf is exported largely from this country to ,great ,britain and ,france1 where are the largest manufacturers of snuff in the world4 ,at the present time the demand seems greater for cutting than for cigar leaf4 ,the growths of the ,west ,indies and ,south ,america furnish a large quantity of fine tobacco for cigars1 but comparatively little for cutting purposes4 ,european tobaccos are adapted for both cutting and for cigars1 and are used extensively at home though not considered equal to ,american varieties1 being of a milder flavor4 ,as an article of production and commerce1 tobacco must be considered as important as any of the great products or staples1 since the demand is constant and continually increasing4 ,year by year its cultivation extends into new sections1 where it becomes a permanent production if the soil and climate prove congenial4 ,from time to time new varieties become known1 and are cultivated in various countries with success varying according to the soil and climate and the knowledge of the planter4 ,nowhere is the plant receiving more attention both in its cultivation and manufacture1 than in this country4 ,the varieties grown in the tropics have been tested with more or less success1 and bid fair ere long to become the leading kinds in some sections4 ,but not alone in this country is the plant attracting the attention of the great commercial nations4 ,in ,europe and ,asia as well as in ,africa1 its production is assuming the large proportions due to its vast importance to ,agriculture and ,commerce4 ,illustration3 ,end4