,,! ,,/ok]',s ,,cate*ism                
,,!             ,,/ok]',s ,,cate*ism    
,,by                ,w4 ,j4 ,,connor4   
,device                   ,london3  ,e4 
,f4 ,n4 ,,spon1 ,,limit$1 #eg ,,haym>ket
                ,new ,york3  ,,spon     
,,*amb]la91 #abc ,,lib]ty ,,/reet       
#aijf     ,transcrib]'s ,note3          
,m9or typographical errors h be5        
correct$ )\t note4 ,v>iant     spell+s h
 be5 reta9$4 ,! oe ligature is %[n z oe4
     ,,preface4   ,!re is no trade or   
call+ t a work+ man is m h&icapp$ 9 ?an 
t ( a ,/eam ,boil] ,/ok]2 !re are no    
books on /ok+2 ! man leav+ 8 situation  
is n anxi\s to communicate ) ! man :o is
 tak+ 8 place any?+ t might help or     
in/ruct him2 & ! new man w be %y ( ask+ 
= in=mation = fe> ( be+ ?\ght incapable 
= ! po/ he is seek+2 & ! transf] takes  
place almo/ 9 sil5ce1 & ! new man has to
 f9d out all ! ways & means at 8 own    
risk1 sometimes at 8 employ]'s exp5se4  
,my object is to in/ruct t man 9 8      
bus9ess )\t 8 kn[+ x1 or hurt+ 8 v      

s5sitive op9ion on /ok+ & o!r matt]s2 = 
,i am well aw>e t x is only ! lea/      
exp]i5c$ :o are ! h>de/ to conv9ce1 or  
in/ruct--aga9/ _! w4 ,i h !re=e v5tur$  
to devise ?is simple me?od ( "q & answ]1
 :i* ,i h nam$ ,! ,/ok]'s ,cate*ism1 :i*
 ,i hope may in/ruct & int]e/ him4  ,i w
 n encumb] ?is preface ) my p]sonal     
qualifications = ?is little "w--! answ]s
 to ! que/ions might suffice4           
,w4 ,j4 ,c4     ,,! ,,/ok]',s           
,,cate*ism4   #a4 ,"q4--,h[ w\ld y      
proce$ to get /eam up 9 a boil]8        
,answ]4--,hav+ fill$ ! boil] ) wat] to !
 usual height1 t is to say1 ab\t f\r    
in*es ov] ! cr[n ( ! fire-tube1 ,i ?r[ 9
 sev]al %ovelfuls ( coal or coke t[>ds !
 bridge1 left & "r1 keep+ ! c5tre cle>2 
!n ,i place ! firewood 9 ! c5tre1 ?r[ "s
 coals on x1 light up1 & %ut ! door4 ,!n
 ,i op5 ! side-gauge cocks to all[ !    
heat$ air to escape1 & keep !m op5 till 
all ! air has cle>$ out & /eam tak5 !   
place ( x2 by ?is "t ! fire w require m 
fuel1 & :5 ! /eam is high en\gh ,i      

connect h] by op5+ ! /op-valve a little 
at a "t till x is wide op5 & ready = "w4
   #b4 ,"q4--,suppos+ !re are boil]s    
work+ on ea* side ( ! "o y got /eam up  
91 h[ w\ld y act8  ,answ]4--,i w\ld     
light ! fire by putt+ 9 a few %ovelfuls 
( live coal f "o ( !m in/ead ( us+      
firewood2 t is all ! diff]5ce ,i w\ld   
make4   #c4 ,"q4--,:at is ! cause ( !   
rapid motion ( ! wat] 9 ! gauge-glass at
 times8 ,is t motion g5]al ?r\gh\t !    
boil]8  ,answ]4--,no2 air ent]s ! boil] 
) ! fe$-wat]1 & ! gauge-glass tube be+ 9
 ! vic9ity ( ! incom+ wat]1 "s ( ! air  
ent]s ! glass & flies up rapidly ?r\gh !
 top cock & into ! boil] aga92 9 fact   
!re is v little motion ( ! wat] 9 !     
boil] at any "t :ile work+4 ,i h prov$  
?is to be s1 & 9 ?is mann]3 ! boil]     
clean]s hav+ f9i%$ ! clean+1 hurri$ly   
scrambl$ out ( ! boil] & left sev]al    
tools !y _h be5 us+ on ! cr[n ( !       
fire-box1 namely1 a bass h& bru%1 a t9  
c1 & a t9 c&le/ick1 & a small iron pail2
 ! manhole cov] 0 put on & boil] fill$ &

 put to "w be=e ! ?+s 7 ?\ght (1 & !n x 
0 too late & !y _h to rema9 !re until ! 
next clean+ "t1 :i* 0 ?irte5 weeks2 & :5
 ! boil] 0 at la/ bl[n out & ! manhole  
cov] remov$1 ! ?+s 7 on ! cr[n ( !      
fire-box exactly z !y 7 left ?ree mon?s 
previ\sly4 ,9 ord] to satisfy myself (  
?is1 to me1 extraord9>y discov]y1 ,i    
plac$ sev]al articles on ! cr[n ( !     
fire-box1 ?+s t c\ld n /op up ! bl[-(f  
pipe if !y 7 swept (f1 & got up /eam z  
usual1 & aft] ?ree mon?s' h>d /eam+ ,i  
blew out ! wat] & /eam1 took (f !       
manhole cov]1 & !re 7 ! ?+s z ,i _h left
 !m ?irte5 weeks previ\sly2 ( c\rse !y 7
 all coat$ ) f9e mud1 b no signs ( hav+ 
mov$ a hair's bread?4   #d4 ,"q4--,b    
wat] 9 an op5 caldron ) a fire "u x1 z 9
 ! /eam boil]1 w madly sweep ! sides &  
bottom ) t]rific ebullition4 ,h[ w\ld y 
acc\nt = ! great agitation 9 ! op5      
caldron :ile ! /eam boil] _h h>dly any1 
al?\gh bo? vessels _h fi]ce fires "u !m8
  ,answ]4--,9 ! matt] ( ! op5 caldron ! 
action ( ! wat] has no resi/ance b t ( !

 atmosph]e1 :]eas 9 ! /eam boil] !      
movem5t ( ! wat] is resi/$ f ! mom5t x  
is heat$1 = !n a vap\r rises above x1 &1
 z ! heat increases1 ! resi/ance to !   
movem5t ( ! wat] is proportionally      
increas$1 & z ! heat ( ! /eam increases 
! pressure on ! wat] increases          
proportionally all ?r\gh1 ! /eam be+    
above ! wat]4 ,any old /ok] kn[s t :5   
gett+ /eam up 9 a boil] ! l[] p>ts are  
(t5 only w>m :5 !re may be eight or t5  
lb4 on ! squ>e in* 9 ! upp] portions2 :5
 ! wat] beg9s to boil ! /eam rises 9 !  
=m ( m9ute globul> p>ticles1 & rema9s   
above ! wat] until !re is an outlet = x 
by op5+ ! /op-valve or ?r\gh !          
safety-valve2 & z ! pressure is ! same  
?r\gh\t e "p1 nook & corn]1 & angle1 !re
 c be no dom9at+ =ce to cause any       
agitation )9 ! boil]4   #e4 ,"q4--,:at  
is sup]heat$ /eam1 & :y is x us$8       
,answ]4--,if a boil] is plac$ at a long 
di/ance f ! eng9e or :atev] ! /eam may  
be us$ =1 !re is mu* or little          
cond5sation accord+ to ! di/ance & !    

wea!r1 s t !re w\ld always be wat] mix+ 
) ! /eam1 & t is mo/ objectionable :]e a
 /eam eng9e is conc]n$1 & by sup]-heat+ 
! /eam x comes to ! eng9e z hot & dry z 
if ! boil] 7 close by2 b :atev] ! heat (
 ! /eam may be1 ! pressure _c be        
increas$ aft] ! /eam has left ! boil]4  
,9 proportion to ! pressure ( /eam s is 
! heat ( x2 ! high] ! pressure ! hott] !
 /eam4   #f4 ,"q4--,if y\r wat]         
gauge-glass broke :ile ! boil] 0 work+1 
h[ w\ld y proce$ to rectify ! mi%ap8    
,answ]4--,by imm$iately %utt+ (f bo?    
cocks1 ! wat]-cock fir/1 !n ,i w\ld op5 
! bl[-out cock 7at ! bottom ( !         
gauge-glass7 & keep x op5 to ! f9i%1 &  
comm5ce unscrew+ ! nuts1 cle>+ !m ( any 
bits ( india-rubb] t adh]$ to !m1 also !
 sockets4 ,get "o ( ! half doz5 glasses 
already cut1 & my /r+ ( rubb] r+s1 ent] 
two r+s on ! bottom end ( ! glass1 slip 
! nut ov] !m1 slip two r+s on ! top "p (
 ! glass aft] hav+ slipp$ ! nut on1 &   
ent] ! r+s 9 ! sockets1 !n screw up bo? 
top & bottom nuts by h& alt]nately1 & :5

 screw$ up ev5ly1 op5 ! /eam cock a %ade
 to w>m ! glass1 & :5 x is hot en\gh1   
op5 x m & comm5ce clos+ ! bl[-out cock1 
by tapp+ x lightly by h&1 !n op5 ! /eam 
cock a little m & op5 ! wat] cock a     
little also1 & %ut (f ! bl[-out cock1 & 
pres5tly ! wat] ent]s ! glass1 & bo? top
 & bottom cocks may n[ be op5$ to _!    
full ext5t1 & ! job is done4   #g4      
,"q4--,h[ w\ld y cut a wat] gauge-glass 
to ! prop] l5g?8  ,answ]4--,i usually   
cut a piece ( iron wire ! l5g? ! glass  
%\ld be1 9 ?is way3 ,i measure ! l5g? f 
"u ! top nut to ! top ( ! bottom nut1 & 
cut my iron wire to t measurem5t2 !n ,i 
cut sev]al glasses 9 my sp>e "t1 in/ead 
( do+ x :5 ! glass breaks4 ,i m>k a     
circle :]e ,i wi% to cut ! glass1 & ) a 
?ree-corn] file ,i run x r\nd ?is circle
 to a dep? ( ! #af? ( an in*1 & break x 
(f on ! edge ( ! vice1 b5*1 or o!r solid
 woodwork2 ( c\rse ?is iron-wire gauge w
 p]haps only answ] = ?is p>ticul> boil]1
 b 9 "s /oke-hold ! boil]s are all alike
 ) reg>d to ! gauge-glasses4   #h4      

,"q4--,:at is ! cause ( a vacuum 9 a    
boil]8 ,& h[ does x affect h]           
injuri\sly8  ,answ]4--,! vacuum is mo/ly
 caus$ by lett+ cold wat] into a hot    
boil]1 ! hott] ! boil] ! /rong] !       
vacuum2 :5 ! wat] is hott] ?an ! boil]1 
!re w be little vacuum2 a /rong vacuum 9
 ! boil] w cause ! air outside to press 
on ! boil] 9 proportion--! /rong] !     
vacuum inside1 ! great] ! pressure      
outside4 ,9 ?is circum/ance ! pressure  
is misplac$ = ! boil] 0 con/ruct$ to be>
 an int]nal pressure & n an ext]nal     
pressure4 ,& 9 gett+ /eam up ! pressure 
on ! boil] has to be rev]s$1 & ?is t5ds 
to loos5 ! plates & rivets & makes h]   
leak1 if %e nev] leak$ be=e4 ,i h       
frequ5tly kn[n boil]s to be fill$ ) wat]
 ov]-night to be ready = light+ up 9 !  
morn+1 & h f\nd ! gauge-glass empty2 ?is
 puzzl$ me at fir/1 b on op5+ ! bl[-out 
cock ( ! wat]-gauge ! air ru%$ into x ) 
a gurgl+ noise1 !n ,i knew !re 0 wat] 9 
! boil] held up by ! vacuum1 b ,i soon  
alt]$ t by op5+ ! side-cocks1 & lett+   

air into h] :i* soon kill$ ! vacuum1 &  
d[n came ! wat] into ! glass aga9 to !  
prop] level4 ,:5 gett+ /eam up1 ,i      
always op5 "o ( ! side gauge cocks &    
keep x op5 until /eam issues f x2 t     
p]mits ! f\l air to escape & prev5ts a  
vacuum be+ creat$2 !re us$ to be a      
vacuum valve 9 ! vic9ity ( ! /eam dome1 
t op5$ inw>ds & prev5t$ a vacuum f be+  
creat$4   #i4 ,"q4--,if y _h only "o    
boil] & "o eng9e at "w1 h[ w\ld y manage
 to clean y\r "o fire )\t lett+ ! /eam g
 d[n8  ,answ]4--,:5 pu%$ = /eam1 :i*    
usually occurs :5 ! fire is gett+ dirty1
 ,i get ready all ! tools & "s ( ! be/ (
 ! coals1 & hav+ a bright fire ,i take !
 long pok] & skim all ! fire to "o side 
& ?r[ a c\ple ( %ovelfuls ( coals ev5ly 
ov] x & rake out all ! cl9k]s on !      
opposite side1 !n ) ! long pok] 7"s p   
call x ,k5n$y7 ,i skim all ! fire ov] to
 ! opposite side & ?r[ a c\ple (        
%ovelfuls ( coals ev5ly ov] ! bright    
fire1 & rake out ! cl9k]s on ! o!r side1
 !n ,i spread ! fire ev5ly ov] ! b>s &  

spr9kle "s m coals ov] all1 & %ut !     
door4 ,?is p]=mance f fir/ to la/ ne$ n 
take m ?an t5 m9utes1 & ! boil] 0 mak+  
/eam all ! "t1 & at ! f9i% ,i _h a bett]
 fire ?an at ! beg9n+1 & ! /eam h>dly   
lo/ a p\nd2 b ! job mu/ be done quickly4
   #aj4 ,"q4--,:at is ! cause ( ! humm+ 
noise t issues f a /eam boil] at times1 
& h[ w\ld y prev5t x8  ,answ]4--,x is   
caus$ *iefly ?r\gh bad /ok+1 9 hav+ an  
unev5 fire1 full ( holes1 or crook$ b>s1
 ! cold air ru%+ ?r\gh :]e !re is ! lea/
 resi/ance1 & into ! tubes1 causes !    
humm+ noise--a locomotive ne>+ home aft]
 h] day's "w has v little fire on ! b>s 
& w g5]ally hum1 s !re is "s excuse =   
h]1 b none = a /ation>y boil]4 ,"s /ok]s
 take cr$it to !mselves = mak+ ! boil]  
,hum2 :5 coals are ?r[n into ! fire     
indiscrim9ately--small & l>ge--! air    
f9ds ! lea/ resi/ance ?r\gh ! small     
coals1 :i* soon bur/ into holes1 :ile ! 
lumps rema9 solid2 !n ! air ru%es into !
 holes & ! humm+ comm5ces2 or1 if !     
fireb>s are n equally sep>at$1 ! air    

ent]s ! wide/ space & ! boil] hums2 or x
 may be t ! b>s next ! side ( !         
fireplace are out ( l9e & lets ! air ru%
 up aga9/ ! side & ! boil] hums4 ,if !  
/ok] w\ld only drop a %ovelful ( coals  
dext]\sly into ea* hole ! humm+ w\ld /op
 imm$iately1 or level ! fire ) ! rake or
 long pok]1 or op5 ! fire door if ! rake
 is too heavy1 & ! noise w cease4 ,!    
*ief po9t is to h a good set ( fireb>s &
 well plac$2 if !y are too long !y w    
hump 9 ! middle or !y w bulge sideways2 
if !y are too close toge!r !y become    
r$-hot because !re is n room en\gh = !  
air to pass betwe5 !m to keep !m        
mod]ately cool1 & if !y are too %ort !y 
w drop d[n into ! a%-pit4   #aa4        
,"q4--,:y is x m difficult to keep      
/eam-tight ! manhole cov] ( a portable  
boil] ?an ! manhole cov] ( a /ation>y   
boil]8  ,answ]4--,! portable cov] is    
usually on ! side ( ! boil]1 & ab\t half
 ! cov] is imm]s$ 9 ! wat] & half 9 !   
/eam2 ! portion "u wat] is ab\t #bab (  
heat1 ! portion ( ! same cov] 9 ! /eam  

is ab\t #ejj ( heat1 ! hotte/ "p exp&+  
mu* m ?an ! cool] "p1 & is con/antly    
t5d+ to te> itself away f ! l[] portion 
( ! cov]1 & ! jo9t _c /& ! unequal /ra94
 ,! manhole cov] ( a /ation>y boil] is  
ne>ly always on top ( ! boil]1 & ! heat 
is equal all ov] x & no contraction &   
expansion to cause ! jo9t to leak z 9 ! 
portable cov]4   #ab4 ,"q4--,h[ w\ld y  
prep>e a boil] = ! inspection ( a boil] 
inspector8  ,answ]4--,i w\ld bl[ h] "r  
out1 take (f ! manhole cov]1 take out ! 
safety valve1 take out all fireb>s & !  
bridge1 take d[n flue-port brickwork1 h 
! boil] & flues ?or\ghly clean$ & swept1
 h a lamp or c&le ready to light1 a h&  
hamm] & *isel1 or scrap]1 a pailful (   
clean wat]1 & a wad ( cotton wa/e4 ,:5 !
 inspector arrives1 he quickly dons 8   
ov]alls2 ,i h& him ! light & ! tools &  
wa/e1 & he is into ! fireplace 9 a      
jiffy2 d[n ! side flues1 "u ! boil]1    
giv+ a :ack ) ! hamm] n[ & !n1 & scrap+ 
(f any suspici\s scale1 etc42 & :5 he   
comes out1 z black z any sweep1 he slips

 out ( ! ov]alls1 gives !m a :ack aga9/ 
! wall1 folds !m up tight1 & crams !m   
into ! black bag2 has a dive 9 ! pail1 &
 is soon ready to g (f some:]e else4 ,b 
he tells me some?+ ab\t ! boil] be=e he 
goes--n to my discr$it4   #ac4 ,"q4--,h[
 d y proce$ to get h] to "w aga91 & :at 
mat]ials d y use8  ,answ]4--,i fir/     
proce$ to build ! bridge & flue-ports1  
put 9 ! fireb>s1 ! ?9 b>s at ! sides2 !n
 ,i replace ! safety-valve1 tak+ c>e n  
to damage x or its seat1 fill ! boil] ) 
clean wat]1 put 9 ! boil] ! usual       
quantity ( ,na5aires ,anti-,corrosion   
liquid1 or ! p[d]1 make ! manhole jo9t )
 plait$ ?ree-/r& spun y>n & /iff putty  
7r$ lead & :ite lead7 & lay ! fire1 :i* 
is done 9 ?is way3 ?r[ a doz5 %ovelfuls 
( coals t[>ds ! bridge1 & to left & "r (
 x till !y rea* ne> to ! dead-plate1    
leav+ ! c5tre cle> = ! firewood2 !n ?r[ 
9 ?ree or f\r %ovelfuls ( coals ov] !   
wood1 ) oily wa/e or pap] 9 front1 & %e 
is ready = light+1 & ! fire is laid4 ,! 
mat]ial = ! bridge & ! flue ports are   

firebricks & fireclay2 ^! are r         
exp5sive1 b ,i le>nt a wr9kle 9 ! build+
 up ( bridge & flues4 ,?r\gh ! frequ5t  
removals ( ^! = boil] inspection & !    
hitt+ ( ! end ( ! long pok]1 sev]al     
bricks 7 brok5 e ?ree mon?s1 & ,i came  
to ! decision to try /ock bricks fac$ ) 
fireclay z mort>2 & ,i 0 m ?an satisfi$ 
) ! result1 & ev] s9ce !n ,i us$ /ock   
bricks & fireclay only4   #ad4 ,"q4--,h[
 high %\ld ! top ( ! bridge be f ! cr[n 
( ! boil] or f ! fire-tube8  ,answ]4--,!
 bridge %\ld be ab\t n9e in*es f ! cr[n 
( ! fire-tube1 if x 7 eight ! draught   
w\ld be curtail$1 if x 7 t5 ! draught "u
 ! b>s w\ld be dim9i%$1 ?r\gh mu* air   
pass+ ov] ! bridge in/ead ( "u !        
fireb>s4 ,z ,i _h p]mission f my        
employ]s to build ! bridge to ! be/     
advantage = myself 9 keep+ up ! /eam1 & 
hav+ tri$ diff]5t heights = _m ye>s1 ,i 
f\nd t n9e in*es 0 ! ne>e/ to p]fection4
 ,& 9 ^! exp]im5ts two additional       
bridges 7 built 9 "o boil]2 six feet    
beh9d ! ord9>y bridge 0 a concave bridge

 & six feet beh9d t 0 a convex bridge4  
,! concave bridge 0 built close up to ! 
bottom ( ! fire-tube1 & resembl$ a small
 ar*way1 & ext5d$ d[n to )9 n9e in*es ( 
! bottom or %ell ( ! fireplace2 ! convex
 bridge 0 built on ! bottom ( ! %ell &  
rea*$ to )9 n9e in*es ( ! fire-tube4 ,:5
 ! flame f ! furnace %ot ov] ! ord9>y   
bridge1 x cla%$ d[n "u ! concave bridge1
 !n rose up & swept ?r\gh ! convex      
bridge & away to ! bottom flues2 !      
object ( ^! ?ree bridges1 9 "o tube & = 
"o fire1 0 to keep ! flame & heat 9 !   
boil] z long z possible1 in/ead ( ! heat
 fly+ swiftly ov] ! bridge & out ( !    
boil]4 ,?is exp]im5t seem$ to answ] v   
well1 b z !re 7 sev]al o!r boil]s       
connect$ ) ?is "o !re 0 no opportunity (
 te/+ x correctly1 b ! ?ree bridges     
rema9$ e/abli%$1 & 7 frequ5tly %[n to   
eng9e]s & o!rs4   #ae4 ,"q4--,:at       
advantage is !re 9 hav+ ! bl[-(f pipe ( 
a boil] ent]+ x f ! top in/ead ( at !   
bottom8  ,answ]4--,i am n aw>e ( any    
advantage 9 x1 b ,i am aw>e ( a         

disadvantage 9 x1 & x is ?is1 t :ile !  
boil] is be+ bl[n "r out = ! purpose (  
clean+1 or o!r reasons1 ! /ok] w (t5    
comm5ce do+ "s o!r "w1 & 9 due c\rse !  
boil] is fill$ up ) wat]1 & ! fire      
light$1 & by-&-by ! /ok] comes to see   
:at progress %e is mak+2 he looks at !  
wat]-gauge b sees no wat] 9 x because x 
has syphon$ out ( ! boil]2 at fir/ !    
heat$ air press$ on ! wat] & =c$ x ?r\gh
 ! bl[-(f pipe1 & !n ! pipe became a    
syphon1 & ! pressure increas+ z ! wat]  
leaves ! boil]1 %e is soon empti$1 & if 
! fire is n rak$ out1 soon burnt4 ,su* a
 mi%ap c\ld n happ5 to a boil] ) !      
bl[-(f pipe at ! bottom1 = :5 ! /ok]    
bl[s out 8 boil] he mu/ %ut ! cock be=e 
he c fill h]1 & :5 fill$ !re is no *ance
 ( ! wat] escap+ out aga94   #af4       
,"q4--,is !re n "s disadvantage 9 hav+ !
 bl[-out cock at ! bottom ( ! boil]8    
,answ]4--,yes2 ! cock & pipe are subject
 to corrosion on acc\nt ( wat] dripp+   
d[n on !m f ! /oke-hold floor1 z "s     
/ok]s qu5* _! cl9k]s & a%es :ile !y are 

up aga9/ ! front ( ! boil]1 in/ead (    
draw+ !m =w>d a few in*es f ! front3 & z
 ! pipe is out ( sight "u ! plates ( !  
floor1 nobody takes ! tr\ble to lift !m 
& exam9e--n only ! pipe & ! cock1 b t "p
 ( ! boil] :]e ! wat] /reams d[n f !    
dr5*$ a%es s frequ5tly4 ,s !re are      
disadvantages 9 bo? me?ods ( bl[+ out ! 
boil]1 & always w be1 until ! /ok] le>ns
 8 bus9ess1 & takes an int]e/ 9 8 "w1 n 
only = 8 own sake1 b 8 employ]'s also4  
#ag4 ,"q4--,:at is ! mo/ important      
app5dage to a /eam boil]8  ,answ]4--,!  
safety-valve1 b x is n always a         
safety-valve1 :5 x is weight$ to twice !
 am\nt ! boil] is c]tifi$ to be work$ at
 safely4 ,z an in/ance3 ,among/ ! _m    
eng9es employ$ at ! ,midl& ,ext5sion    
,works1 ,/4 ,pancras1 0 a light /eam    
crane = hoi/+ e>? f ! deep excavations1 
!re 7 9 use small wood5 skips1 & !      
pressure ( /eam 0 =ty-five lb42 b aft] a
 "t !re arriv$ l>ge iron skips t ! crane
 c\ld n lift1 ev5 :5 empty2 !re 7 ab\t  
tw5ty m5 dep5d+ on ! crane = _! "w & !  

navvy-gang] 0 anxi\s = some?+ to be     
done1 & ! crane man h9t$ ab\t weight+ ! 
safety-valve1 & no soon] said ?an almo/ 
done2 ! safety spr+ balance 0 screw$    
d[n1 & a railway *air susp5d$ f x by    
/rong copp] wire1 & ! /eam all[$ to rise
 until x rea*$ n9ety lb4 on ! in*1 & !  
big iron skips 7 hoi/$ ) _! load ( heavy
 balla/ z easily z ! wood5 ones _h be54 
,! boil] happ5$ to /& x4   #ah4 ,"q4--,h
 y any o!r in/ance8  ,answ]4--,yes2 9 an
 e/abli%m5t 9 ,hamm]smi? "s ye>s ago1 ! 
/ok] 0 9 ! habit ( putt+ a bit ( iron on
 ! end ( ! horizontal lev] ( a safety   
valve :5 ! /eam rose too high1 & !      
manag] 0 ab\t1 & :5 x w5t d[n he w\ld   
take (f ! bit ( iron & put x :]e he c\ld
 f9d x = ! next occasion4 ,! manag] _h  
gone away "o day1 & advantage 0 tak5 ( x
 to h a little c>\se 9 :i* mo/ ( ! m5   
took a "p2 & :5 ! /eam rose ! /ok] popp$
 8 bit ( iron on ! lev] & all 0 quiet = 
a "t1 :5 ano!r noisy safety-valve began 
to bl[ (f1 & on w5t ano!r bit ( iron t  
/opp$ ! noise1 & dur+ all ?is "t ! fires

 ( sev5 or eight boil]s 7 burn+ fi]cely1
 & ! /ok] %\ld h *eck$ 8 fires in/ead ( 
:at he _h done2 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! c>\se all
 ! boil]s began to bel* =? /eam :5 !    
manag] came on ! sc5e4 ,! /ok] tri$ to  
pick (f ! bits ( iron be=e ! manag] c\ld
 see !m1 b ! /eam 0 to high = t2 & :5 at
 la/ ! noise subsid$ & ! /eam _h cle>$  
away1 ! :ole ( ! revell]s 7 on view1    
caught 9 a trap1 z !re 0 only "o exit4  
,mo/ ( ! m5 7 f9$ or susp5d$1 ! bits (  
iron 7 discov]$ on ! lev]s1 & ! /ok] _h 
a week's notice to cle> out1 & lock-up  
valves 7 fitt$ on e boil] & ! keys kept 
9 ! manag]'s desk ev] aft]4   #ai4      
,"q4--,c y always dep5d on !            
safety-valve lift+ :5 ! /eam rises8     
,answ]4--,i always keep an eye on !     
pressure gauge1 & if ,i f9d t !         
safety-valve does n lift at ! pressure x
 ought to lift at ,i "k t ! valve is    
/ick+1 & ,i lift ! lev] & let ! /eam    
out2 ! cause ( ! /ick+ may be t ! valve 
has worn d[n 9 its seat & becomes       
conical1 or !re may be a %\ld] on !     

valve t w\ld cause x to /ick1 or x may  
be t ! lev] & fulcrum 7 sme>$ ) oily    
dirty wa/e 9 ! process ( clean+ & n wip$
 (f1 b left to bake betwe5 ! p>ts1 :i*  
w\ld prev5t ! free action ( ! safety    
valve4   #bj4 ,"q4--,:y is !            
safety-valve lift$ at times1 especially 
:5 gett+ /eam up8  ,answ]4--,x is (t5   
done by old /ok]s z well z new ones1 &  
is m ( a silly habit ?an ( try+ !       
pressure ( ! /eam1 especially z !re is  
n[adays a pressure gauge = e boil] 9 a  
/oke-hold4 ,by lift+ ! safety-valve :ile
 /eam is 9 ! boil] & dropp+ x d[n aga9  
is a dang]\s practice2 !re is a ru% (   
/eam to ! valve :5 lift$1 & :5 x drops !
 ru% ( /eam is in/antly /opp$1 & reb\nds
 l an india-rubb] ball hit aga9/ ! wall1
 & ?is commotion )9 ! boil] is likely to
 bl[ ! /op-valve to pieces or ! manhole 
cov] (f4 ,besides t1 !re is always du/  
float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 especially
 9 a boil] j clean$1 & :5 ! valve is    
lift$ ! du/ is c>ri$ up ) ! /eam1 & :5 !
 valve is dropp$ ! du/ is caught "u x & 

(t5 causes ! valve to leak4   #ba4      
,"q4--,:5 ! wat] 9 ! gauge-glass appe>s 
motionless :ile ! boil] is work+1 :at   
does x port5d1 & h[ w\ld y proce$ to    
rectify ! /agnation ( ! wat]8           
,answ]4--,x port5ds t ! passage = ! wat]
 is *ok$ & requires cle>+1 & ,i w\ld    
lose no "t 9 comm5c+ to rectify !       
/oppage2 z a /ok] :o is responsible = ! 
safety ( ! boil] ,i am always prep>$ =  
em]g5cies4 ,i comm5ce by %utt+ bo? cocks
 ( ! glass1 ! /eam & ! wat]1 & unscrew !
 small bolt 9 ! wat] gauge1 :i* is fix$ 
!re = ! purpose ( cle>+ ! tube t conveys
 ! wat] to ! glass1 & ) an iron wire 9  
"o h&1 ,i op5 ! wat] cock ) ! o!r h&1 & 
pu% ! wire into ! small hole f :i* ,i   
took ! bolt1 giv+ sev]al pu%es & pulls  
:ile ! wat] & /eam are fly+ out1 until !
 tube is q cle>2 !n ,i )draw ! wire1 %ut
 ! cock1 & s]ve ! /eam cock 9 l mann]2 &
 :ile ,i 0 do+ all ?is ! bottom cock ( !
 gauge 7! bl[-out cock7 0 op5 f !       
beg9n+4 ,!n ,i comm5ce to put ! pressure
 on ! glass by w>m+ x ) /eam f ! top    

cock sl[ly2 !n ,i op5 ! wat] cock a     
little1 & s on1 alt]nately2 !n ,i       
comm5ce %utt+ ! bl[-out cock a little4  
,by ^! manoeuvres ! pressure on ! glass 
is put on gradually in/ead ( popp+ x on 
too sudd5ly & break+ ! glass1 z is (t5  
done by ! m-ha/e-!-less-spe$ /ok]2 n[ ,i
 %ut ! bottom cock & op5 ! o!r two1 & ! 
wat] b\nds into ! glass q frisky1 & !   
boil] is safe = ! pres5t4   #bb4        
,"q4--,:at w\ld be ! consequ5ce if !    
/eam cock ( ! wat] gauge 0 *ok$1 :ile ! 
wat] cock 0 cle>1 or vice v]sa8         
,answ]4--,! consequ5ce w\ld be mo/ s]i\s
 = ! boil]1 z ! wat] w\ld be =c$ up into
 ! glass by ! /eam "u x1 & w\ld make x  
appe> z if too mu* wat] 0 9 ! boil]1 & !
 /ok] w\ld proce$ 9 ! usual way to bl[  
out "s ( ?is1 app>5tly1 surplus wat]2 & 
!n wat* to see x come d[n to ! work+    
level 9 ! glass1 b he wat*es 9 va9--x w 
nev] come d[n4 ,he might empty ! boil]  
dry1 & ! wat] 9 ! glass w be !re z long 
z a brea? ( /eam rema9s 9 ! boil] to    
keep x up4 ,& 9 ! ev5t ( ! wat]-cock be+

 *ok$ :ile ! /eam-cock 0 cle> !         
consequ5ce w\ld be equally dang]\s1 = ! 
wat] t 0 9 ! glass be=e ! /oppage       
occurr$ w\ld rema9 9 x1 = ! /oppage w\ld
 n all[ x to drop d[n into ! boil] aga92
 s !re x w\ld rema91 & :5 ! /ok] came   
r\nd to look at 8 boil]1 unless he      
happ5$ to notice t no movem5t ( ! wat] 0
 visible1 he w\ld pass on )\t fur!r ado1
 & rema9 9 total ignorance ( 8 dang]4   
,h5ce ! necessity = ! /ok] to bl[ out 8 
wat] gauge e "t he comes 9 front ( 8    
boil]1 & if ! wat] ent]s ! glass 9 a    
sluggi% or dilatory way ! cocks ne$ to  
be cle>$ ( ! p>tial /oppage1 & let !    
wat] ent] ! glass ) a ru%4   #bc4       
,"q4--,c\ld a boil] collapse )\t affect+
 ! fusible plug8  ,answ]4--,yes2 ! tank 
t suppli$ ! boil] ) wat] leak$ badly1 & 
to /op ! leaks a quantity ( f9e oatmeal 
0 mix$ ) wat] & p\r$ into x1 & 9 due "t 
rea*$ ! boil]2 b in/ead ( ! oatmeal     
p]meat+ ! :ole ( ! wat] 9 ! boil]1 x    
nev] got beyond ! p>ts surr\nd+ !       
fireplace2 x /uck on ! sides & top      

?ickly1 & 0 bak$ h>d on !m4 ,aft] a few 
days ! sides ( ! fire-tube bulg$ inw>ds 
ne>ly twelve in*es1 & ! boil] _h to be  
/opp$ & bl[n out1 & ! fusible plug 0    
f\nd to be unaffect$--x 0 "o select$ by 
a ,boil] ,insurance ,company1 :o _h to  
repair ?is damage1 & ! /ok] 0 exon]at$ f
 blame1 b !re is little d\bt t if ! plug
 _h leak$ ! mi%ap w\ld h be5 attribut$  
to %ortness ( wat] & ! /ok] w\ld be     
blam$ = :at he did n d1 & get ! sack    
into ! b>ga94   #bd4 ,"q4--,:y is x t an
 injector c =ce wat] into a boil] f :i* 
! /eam comes to "w ! injector at a      
great] pressure ?an is 9 ! boil]8       
,answ]4--,! secret ( ! work+ ( !        
injector is due to ! velocity ( ! /eam  
issu+ f ! po9t ( a conical tube1 & wat] 
issu+ f ano!r conical tube some:at l>g] 
?an ! /eam cone1 & a p>tial vacuum      
creat$ 9 ! b>rel by ! /eam & cold wat]  
meet+--z bo? cones face ea* o!r4 ,!     
cones are ab\t f\r in*es long1 "o & a   
qu>t] in* wide at ! m\?s1 & ab\t "o half
 ( an in* at ! po9ts4 ,! suction pipe1  

/eam pipe & deliv]y pipe are ab\t "o in*
 diamet]1 & ! ov]fl[ pipe half an in*   
diamet]1 & ! wat] tank ?ree feet bel[ ! 
level ( ! injector1 ! space )9 ! b>rel  
might be twelve squ>e in*es2 ! wat] &   
/eam cocks are suppos$ to be always op51
 & ?is is h[ ! injector is />t$ work+4  
,! wat]-:eel is turn$ p>tly r\nd1 & a   
figur$ disc beh9d x indicates ! quantity
 ( wat] let into ! b>rel1 :ile ! /eam is
 let 9 by turn+ a :eel atta*$ to a      
quick-screw sp9dle2 !n !re are ructions 
inside--! /eam & wat] h come toge!r1 & !
 wat] ov]fl[s ?r\gh ! half-in* pipe2 b  
by a little manipulation ( ! wat]1 air w
 soon />t x work+2 !n ! ov]fl[ ceases1 &
 ! air ru%es into ! pipe & hums1 & !    
injector is work+4 ,& ! reason ( its    
work+ is1 9 my humble op9ion1 !         
conc5tration ( wat] & /eam1 ) ! vacuum  
?r[n 91 t gives additional pressure to !
 wat] 9 ! injector4 ,i might v5ture to  
say x gives fully t5 lb4 on ! squ>e in* 
ov] & above ! pressure ( /eam )9 !      
boil]4   #be4 ,"q4--,! noise creat$ by !

 injector :ile work+ be+ v              
objectionable1 c\ld x be mitigat$8 ,&1  
if s1 h[8  ,answ]4--,yes2 ,i succe$$ 9  
quiet+ an injector 9 "o e/abli%m5t :]e  
any?+ l\d] ?an ! scrat*+ ( a goose-quill
 0 consid]$ a nuisance4 ,i fir/ began by
 putt+ a piece ( pap] aga9/ ! m\? ( !   
ov]fl[ pipe :ile ! injector 0 work+1 & !
 noise ceas$1 b soon aft] t ! pap] 0    
suck$ up into ! injector4 ,i !n appli$ a
 lea!rn disc1 :i* answ]$ well1 & prov$ j
 ! "r ?+2 sometimes ! wat] blurt$ out1 b
 n (t51 & ! lea!rn disc 0 p]man5tly     
e/abli%$2 b ! injector w\ld n "w ) wat] 
above #ajj degrees ( heat2 s ,i w\ld />t
 ) cold wat] & gradually turn on ! hot  
wat] & %ut (f ! cold1 & %e nev] notic$ !
 *ange1 b ! noise 0 /opp$4   #bf4       
,"q4--,h[ w\ld y quiet a noisy pump--"o 
( ^? /uck up 9 a corn] ( ! /oke-hold t c
 be he>d1 b n (t5 se58  ,answ]4--,i _h  
"o ( !m once--a v good little ,man*e/]  
,donkey ,pump1 b z noisy z !y make      
'em--& x became a "q :e!r %e %\ld be    
disc>d$ = an injector2 %e 0 bolt$ to a  

wall 9 ! basem5t ( a block ( (fices &   
c\ld be he>d ?r\gh\t ! build+1 & my     
employ] told me t he w\ld will+ly give a
 #el4 note to anyone :o w\ld /op !      
noise4 ,! donkey 0 v]tical2 ,i took (f  
bo? valve cov]s & drill$ a #c_/h-;in*   
hole 9 ea* projection f ! cov] t gave ! 
valve its lift1 & drove a wood5 peg into
 ea* hole f ! "u side1 & rasp$ !m d[n to
 give ! requir$ lift1 & put ! cov]s on  
aga9 & />t$ ! donkey1 & aft] "s m rasp+s
 ( ! plugs ,i />t$ h] aga91 & ?is "t 0  
successful2 %e work$ l india-rubb]1 no  
noise :atev]1 & ,i ga9$ m ?an 0 (f]$ to 
quiet h]--a *eque ( #bal4 ,?is happ5$ 9 
,drap]'s ,g>d5s1 ,?rogmorton ,av5ue1    
,e4,c4   #bg4 ,"q4--,:5 sev]al boil]s   
are work+ 9 a r[1 & "o ( ! middle ones  
has to be clean$1 :at w\ld y d to keep x
 cool en\gh to enable ! m5 to d !       
clean+1 & also to protect !m :ile 9 !   
boil]8  ,answ]4--,hav+ bl[n h] "r out ,i
 w\ld take (f ! :eel ( ! /op-valve      
sp9dle1 tie a piece ( canvas on ! top ( 
! sp9dle & lock ! :eel up1 s t no "o    

%\ld op5 ! /op-valve :ile ! m5 7 9 !    
boil]4 ,_m dreadful ?+s h happ5$ ?r\gh  
"s ?\ghtless or m$dlesome idiot op5+ !  
/op-valve :ile m5 7 work+ 9 ! boil]4 ,i 
also cov] ! bl[-(f cocks ( ! boil]s 9   
/eam1 z !re is usually a pipe into :i* !
 /eam & wat] is c>ri$ (f runn+ p>allel )
 ! cocks1 & take *>ge ( ! spann] us$ 9  
op5+ !m1 9 case an abs5t-m9d$ /ok] might
 attempt to bl[ "s ( ! muddy wat] out ( 
8 boil] :5 ! m5 7 9 ! empty "o1 & scald 
!m to dea?1 ! /eam ru%+ up ?r\gh !      
bl[-(f4 ,i !n fill ! boil] up ) cold    
wat] sev]al times1 & all[ cold wat] to  
play into ! boil] f ! manhole by means (
 ! hose pipe1 & ! bl[-(f cock be+ op5   
!re is always a cool atmosph]e = ! m5 to
 "w 92 !y c rema9 long] 9 ! boil]1 d    
twice ! am\nt ( "w1 & 9 less "t ?an 9 a 
scor*+ atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! clean+ is done &
 ! boil] r9s$ out1 ,i %ut ! bl[-(f cock 
& fill h] ) clean wat] to ! usual       
height2 take (f ! canvas on ! sp9dle1   
replace ! :eel1 & ! boil] is ready =    
light+ up ! fire4   #bh4 ,"q4--,does    

famili>ity ) "o's "w z /ok] sometimes   
lead to c>elessness & !n to mi%aps8 ,&1 
if s1 give an in/ance8  ,answ]4--,yes2  
famili>ity 9 do+ ?+s frequ5tly dur+ "w1 
t5ds to a c>eless (f-h& /yle (          
self-importance t has (t5 caus$ tr\ble &
 mi%ap4 ,a crane driv] employ$ at !     
,midl& ,railway ,ext5sion at ,/4        
,pancras1 came to "w "o w9t]'s morn+ & !
 /eam be+ already up1 turn$ x on to w>m 
! /eam *e/ & cyl9d]1 prep>atory to      
comm5c+ "w = ! day1 =gett+ t x _h be5   
freez+ h>d all night1 & split ! /eam *e/
 to pieces4 ,8 plea ( def5ce 0 t /eam _h
 rema9$ 9 ! *e/ & cond5s$1 & become ice1
 !n exp&+1 bur/ ! /eam *e/2 ?is plea    
s]v$ all "r1 b ! foll[+ summ] he 0 less 
successful4 ,he came to me dur+ ! d9n]  
h\r & said1 ,jack1 ,i c't get any wat]  
into my boil]1 w y come ov] & look at   
h]8 ,i did g ov]1 & on look+ at ! wat]  
gauge saw x 0 empty1 op5$ ! cocks1 b dry
 /eam came =?1 op5$ ! fire door & f\nd a
 bright fire ( coke2 :ile ! eng9e 0     
pegg+ away to get wat] into ! boil]4 ,i 

said1 ,bill1 /op y\r eng9e & draw y\r   
fire at once1 & my "n's ,walk]4 ,i w5t  
back quick] ?an ,i came2 & an h\r lat]  
he came ov] to me look+ v d[n1 & said1  
,jack1 ,i've done x4 ,i knew :at he     
meant & w5t ov] ) him to look at !      
boil]4 ,x 0 z complete wreck1 & ,i told 
him to fly (f & get any money t 0 ow+   
him be=e he got lock$ up2 he did g1 & ,i
 nev] saw him s9ce4 ,?is man 0 an eng9e 
fitt] be=e he took to eng9e driv+--poor 
fell[1 ,i 0 v sorry = him4 ,ano!r       
in/ance4 ,a /ok] _h to fill a boil] &   
get up /eam 9 h] "o ,sunday morn+1 !re 0
 a big tank ov] ! /oke-hold f :i* wat] 0
 tak5 to fill cold boil]s1 a two-in*    
pipe ) /op-cock l$ to ! top ( ea* boil] 
f ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,b ! tank 0 empty  
on ?is occasion2 a donkey pump close by 
0 us$ to keep ! tank fill$1 b ?is boil] 
0 ! "o f :i* ! donkey took h] /eam1 & 0 
n[ empty1 b ! /ok] solv$ ! puzzle3 a    
boil] ) /eam 0 9 use ab\t fifty y>ds    
away1 & hav+ a /eam-pipe connection to !
 empty "o he op5$ ! cock & comm5c$ lett+

 ! /eam into h]1 b x 0 cond5s+ z fa/ z x
 w5t 92 & be+ "o ( ! extra clev] ones1  
he light$ a fire 9 ! grate s z to /op ! 
cond5s+1 & did /op x1 & let 9 suffici5t 
/eam to "w ! donkey-pump & p>tly fill$ !
 tank1 & 0 proce$+ to op5 ! two-in* cold
 wat] pipe :5 "o ( ! workm5 pass+ by saw
 "s cotton wa/e smok+ /rongly on top ( !
 boil]1 :i* induc$ him to op5 ! furnace 
door1 & he saw t ! boil] 0 r$-hot &     
collaps$2 he ru%$ up to ! /ok] :o _h 8  
h& already on ! /op-cock to let wat]    
into h] :5 he 0 =cibly pull$ away f x1  
mu* aga9/ 8 w1 b :5 he saw ! damage he  
_h caus$ he %e]$ (f & we saw no m ( him4
 ,?is case occurr$ at ! ,london         
,hydro-,c>bon ,oil ,works1 ,s\?all1 ,w4 
,"o m3 ,on a ,sunday morn+ a /ok] came 9
 to break ! jo9t ( a manhole1 empty !   
boil] & fill h] up aga9 ) wat]4 ,aft]   
tak+ ! dogs (f & secur+ ! cov] f fall+  
into ! boil]1 ! /ok] gave ! cov] a tap )
 ! end ( ! spann] to loos5 ! jo9t1 b !  
cov] %[$ no signs ( slack5+1 & ! end ( a
 cr[b> 0 requisition$ b )\t result2 & 9 

?is case1 z 9 a =m] "o1 my op9ion 0     
solicit$ z well z help4 ,i us$ ! cr[b>  
end h>d] e bl[2 :5 at la/ ! cov] seem$  
to spr+ d[nw>ds & upw>ds1 ,i dropp$ ! b>
 in/antly1 ?9k+ ! devil _h a hold ( !   
cov]4 ,aft] a mom5t's ?\ght ,i w5t d[n  
into ! /oke-hold & op5$ "o ( ! gauge    
cocks & /eam ru%$ out2 !re 7 no pressure
 gauges 9 ?is e/abli%m5t2 e "o ( ! tw5ty
 boil]s _h eight weights susp5d$ f !    
lev] ( ! safety-valve1 ea* weight       
repres5t+ five lb4 pressure4 ,i took (f 
! weights "o by "o1 & :5 five ( !m _h   
be5 remov$ /eam began to bl[ (f1 %[+ t  
fifte5 lb4 pressure 0 9 ! boil] :ile ,i 
0 try+ to knock ! manhole cov] 94 ,on   
inquiry x transpir$ t ! man ^: duty x 0 
to bl[ out ?is boil] ! previ\s day ask$ 
8 mate to d x1 & ! mate =got all ab\t x 
7x be+ ,saturday night71 & ^! omissions 
ne>ly caus$ a cata/rophe4 ,?is occurr$ 9
 ,pimlico1 ,s4,w4   #bi4 ,"q4--,:at     
advantage to ! employ] is ! self-act+   
/ok] = /eam boil]s8  ,answ]4--,he c use 
! v *eape/ & smalle/ coals2 ! cold air  

is nev] p]mitt$ to ent] ! boil]2 !re is 
no clean+ out fires ) ! door wide op52 !
 /eam is m uni=m 9 pressure2 ! boil] w  
la/ long]1 & little or no smoke4 ,!re is
 a drawback to ^! advantages3 !re mu/ be
 a live /ok] to keep ! automatic /ok] up
 to its "w2 he has to keep ! coals      
suppli$ to ! ,jacob's ,ladd]2 he has to 
regulate ! supply ( coals to ! boxes ov]
 ea* boil]1 & regulate ! supply ( coals 
dropp+ d[n into ! fireplace1 regulate ! 
spe$ ( ! travell+ furnace by means ( !  
rat*et1 clean out ! a%-hole ( cl9k]s e  
two h\rs & :eel !m out ( ! /oke-hold1   
regulate ! wat]-supply to ! boil]s1 &   
keep ! /eam at ! prop] pressure1 &      
rectify any & e d]angem5t & mi%ap t     
occurs to ! self act+ /ok]4   #cj4      
,"q4--,b are n ^! self-act+ /ok]s smoke 
consum]s z well8  ,answ]4--,! self-act+ 
/ok]s h to be kept work+ by ! live /ok]1
 & are smoke consum]s s long z ! coals  
let d[n on ! travell+ furnace is exactly
 proportionate to ! requirem5ts ( x1 b  
if ! supply %\ld exce$ :at is necess>y1 

! grate becomes *ok$ ) coals & has to be
 cle>$ ( "s ( !m1 & 9 do+ ?is ) coals   
p>tly burnt1 smoke is inevitable2 & if !
 supply is insuffici5t1 ! grate becomes 
b>e ( fuel1 & cold air f9ds its way     
?r\gh ! b>s & *ecks ! /eam4 ,to rem$y   
?is1 ! coal is let d[n & c>ri$ onw>d by 
! mov+ grate be=e !y c be ignit$1 & soon
 beg9 to smoke1 s t 9 ^! two extremes1  
too mu* or too little coals w cause     
smoke2 b if ?is type ( furnace is 9 *>ge
 ( a compet5t /ok]1 !re is little *ance 
( ! b>s be+ *ok$ ) coals1 or />v$ = want
 ( !m4   #ca4 ,"q4--,is x n possible to 
consume ! smoke ( a boil] furnace       
indep5d5t ( pat5ts & me*anical          
contrivances t c only be work$ by an    
exp]i5c$ /ok]8  ,answ]4--,i h prov$ x   
possible :]e sev]al boil]s 7 connect$ & 
work+1 & us+ small & smoky coals4 ,9 an 
e/abli%m5t 9 ,we/ ,london ! sy/em 9     
vogue 0 9 ?is mann]3 all ! bridges 7    
built holl[1 & an iron flap cov]$ !     
bottom ( ! bridge1 & a long iron rod f !
 flap 0 c>ri$ to ! front ( ! boil]1 & an

 in* /eam pipe ) cock atta*$ ent]$ !    
fireplace above ! door1 & 0 jo9$ to a   
two-in* p]=at$ pipe t 0 fix$ f left to  
"r ov] & above ! dead-plate4 ,:5 ! fires
 requir$ repl5i%+1 ! flap 0 op5$1 !n !  
door & /eam cock1 & six %ovelfuls (     
coals 7 ha/ily ?r[n 9 ev5ly ov] ! fire1 
& ! door 0 !n %ut4 ,! result ( ?is      
p]=mance 0 a mixture ( /eam & smoke     
obs]vable at ! *imney top1 ! /eam 0 kept
 on :ile any smoke 0 visible2 !n ! next 
boil] 0 s]v$ 9 l mann]1 & 0 a cont9ual  
r\nd ( "w to ! exclusion ( o!r ?+s4 ,?is
 me?od prevail$ = _m ye>s be=e ,i came  
on ! sc5e1 & notic+ t a great quantity (
 /eam 0 wa/$ = ! purpose ( hid+ ! smoke1
 & ! six %ovelfuls ( coals h>dly        
comp5sat$ = ! /eam spread ov] !m1 ,i    
induc$ ! man :o built ! bridges1 aft]   
inspection1 to build !m solid1 & !n ,i  
comm5c$ a new me?od ( fir+1 9 ?is mann]3
 ,i spr9kle ! small coals ) wat] f a    
hose-pipe1 & burn "o fire d[n l[1 b     
bright2 ,i %ut ! damp] ne>ly close &    
comm5ce fir+ t[>ds ! bridge & sides1    

until ! grate is full ne>ly to ! cr[n ( 
! fireplace1 all[+ ! gas to rema9 9 !   
furnace & flues = tw5ty m9utes1 !n ,i   
op5 ! damp] a c\ple ( in*es2 by ?is "t  
!re are num]\s jets ( flame flick]+ all 
ov] ! coals1 & n[ ,i op5 ! damp] to !   
full ext5t & ,i soon h a r\s+ /eam-mak+ 
fire4 ,i s]ve ! next l[ fire 9 l mann]1 
& s on4 ,b x is necess>y always :ile    
burn+ "o fire d[n = ! purpose ( bank+ x 
up1 to h all ! o!r fires 9 good         
condition & capable ( keep+ up ! /eam   
indep5d5tly ( ! "o to be bank$ up2 if ! 
o!rs %\ld burn d[n too l[ be=e "o ( !m  
is bank$1 smoke w foll[ ! neglect4 ,i   
rema9$ sev]al ye>s 9 ?is employ2 my     
me?od 0 v successful1 ) prop] c>e &     
wat*fulness1 & 0 adopt$ 9 a simil>      
e/abli%m5t 9 ,s\? ,london4 ,! =m]       
e/abli%m5t 0 ! ,we/ ,middlesex ,wat]    
,works1 & ! latt] ! ,s\?w>k & ,vauxhall 
,wat] ,works4 ,"o ton ( ,wel% coals 0   
all[$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs to get ! sev5    
fires up aft] clean+4 ,"h is ano!r me?od
 = consum+ ! smoke1 b is a v wa/eful "o2

 f\r or five %ovelfuls ( small smoky    
coals are ?r[n on or ne> ! dead-plate1  
:]e !y rema9 until !y become suffici5tly
 heat$ to ignite1 & are !n pu%$ on to ! 
b>s by ! rake1 & a simil> quantity aga9 
?r[n on ! dead-plate1 & :5 ignit$ pu%$  
on to ! b>s z be=e1 & s x is cont9u$4 ,x
 is expect$ t ! smoke :ile pass+ ov] !  
bright fire t[>ds ! bridge w be ignit$1 
b only a v small portion ( x becomes    
flame1 & ! smoke t5ds to dead5 ! bright 
fire to a great ext5t4 ,! door has to be
 op5$ s frequ5tly 9 ?is me?od1 & 9 pu%+ 
! coals f ! dead-plate to ! b>s a l>ge  
am\nt ( live fuel drops d[n into !      
a%-pit1 & if ?is %\ld be ?r[n into !    
furnace aga91 ! fire is dead5$          
imm$iately4 ,!re is no economy 9 ?is    
me?od1 :i* ,i tri$ ye>s ago b nev]      
cont9u$ s9ce4   #cb4 ,"q4--,is !re any  
diff]5ce1 & if s1 :at is x1 9 locomotive
 & /ation>y boil] /ok+8  ,answ]4--,!re  
is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?ods1 n   
only ( fir+ b ( ! g5]al "w ( ! firem5 & 
! /ok]4 7,i _c see :y "o %\ld be call$  

/ok] & ! o!r fireman1 = !y bo? h to keep
 ! fire go+ & ! /eam up74 ,! loco4      
fireman _h to be at ! eng9e %$ =ty-five 
m9utes1 & ! driv] ?irty m9utes1 be=e !  
"t ( ! tra9 />t+2 ! fireman gets ! /ores
 necess>y = ! j\rney1 su* z oil1 tall[1 
cotton wa/e1 yell[ grease1 & p]haps fog 
signals1 gets 8 lamps f ! lamp room     
already trimm$--^! are ! head lamp1 side
 lamp1 wat] gauge lamp1 tail lamp & h&  
lamp2 he places ! head lamp on ! "r h&  
side ( ! buff] plank1 ! side lamp on !  
left side ( ! t5d]1 ! gauge lamp close  
to ! glass1 ! tail lamp beh9d ! t5d]2 he
 has to take 8 eng9e to be coal$ 7x us$ 
to be coke 9 my e>ly days on ! ,l4  ,n4 
,w4 ,r471 & fills 8 t5d] ) wat]1 & br+s 
8 eng9e ov] a pit1 fills ! axle-boxes ( 
eng9e & t5d]2 by ?is "t ! driv] %[s up1 
& goes "u ! eng9e & ?or\ghly exam9es e  
"p ( ! ge>2 !n he oils h]1 & bo? m5 sign
 on = ! p>ticul> tra9 t ! eng9e's numb] 
is 9 l9e )1 & run d[n ! incl9e to       
,eu/on1 :]e !y hook on to _! tra9 &     
wait4 ,if x %\ld turn out to be a       

p>ticul>ly heavy tra91 ! driv] w reque/ 
! pilot-eng9e driv] to hook on & g      
p]haps z f> z ,tr+ or ,wolv]ton ) !     
tra91 o!rwise ! pilot w deta* at ! top (
 ! incl9e at ,camd52 if x %\ld be a     
night tra91 ) ! pilot 9 front1 x is an  
exp]i5ce nev] to be =gott5 by a "y /ok]4
 7,i 0 n f> 9 my te5s :5 ,i _h ?is      
exp]i5ce1 b an old man n[74 ,& at la/ ! 
signal is giv5 u to />t2 we bl[ ! :i/le 
& (f we g1 two eng9es pant+1 puff+1 s5d+
 up %[]s ( sp>ks1 & soon we leave ,camd5
 beh9d1 & by ! "t we rea* ,wat=d we are 
travell+ ab\t fifty miles an h\r2 ?is is
 ! spe$ to te/ ! /ok] :o has to light 8 
lamps ! :ile1 travel r\nd ! foot-plate &
 keep 8 balance1 & repl5i% 8 fire &     
climb ! t5d] frequ5tly2 b ! pass5g]     
tra9s are a luxury 9 comp>ison to !     
luggage tra9s4 ,! luggage eng9es be+    
bigg] & /rong] ?an ! pass5g] eng9e      
requires m /eam & wat]1 because %e has m
 ?an d\ble ! load to run )1 & at !      
/ations wagons h to be %unt$ frequ5tly &
 (t5 re-%unt$2 "s are left & o!rs tak5  

to f>-(f places2 ! gu>d's van has to be 
deta*$ always 9 ord] to h x at ! end ( !
 tra92 ! /ok] is h>d at "w ) ! brake    
putt+ x on & (f1 jump+ d[n to hold !    
po9ts1 or c\pl+ wagons--?is is n 8      
bus9ess1 b he does x to facilitate ! "w4
 ,:5 ! luggage tra9 _h to get into a    
sid+ to let a pass5g] tra9 g by1 !re 0  
no pit 7except at a /ation7 = ! eng9e to
 /& ov]1 & bo? m5 w\ld h to crawl "u !  
eng9e to d any?+ necess>y1 ?r\gh wet1 or
 sn[1 or mud2 & :5 />t+ ! eng9e out ( ! 
sid+ or f a /ation1 & ! driv+ :eels     
slipp+ r\nd1 ! /ok] _h to jump d[n ) 8  
%ovel & scrape up a bit ( gravel1 or s&1
 or clay1 & pop x on ! rail 9 front ( ! 
driv+ :eel1 & if t %\ld /op ! slipp+1 ! 
eng9e gave a b\nd =w>d & ! /ok] _h to   
run to keep up ) ! eng9e1 ?r[ 8 %ovel on
 to ! foot-plate1 & scramble up ! be/   
way he c\ld1 or be left beh9d4 ,9 bad   
wea!r1 if x ra9$1 hail$1 or sn[$1 bo?   
driv] & /ok] _h to keep a look-out by   
hold+ _! h&s up be=e _! eyes & look+    
betwe5 _! f+]s2 :5 x ra9$1 & "o side (  

ea* man 0 wet ?r\gh1 !y w\ld *ange      
places till ! o!r side got wet ?r\gh    
also4 ,^! 7 ! good old times4 ,driv]s & 
firem5 9 ! pres5t "t may ?ank _! />s t !
 way 0 well pav$ = !m be=e !y />t$4 ,s  
!re is h>dly any simil>ity betwe5 a     
/ation>y boil] /ok] & a locomotive /ok]1
 except keep+ ! /eam up p]haps2 ! loco4 
/ok] is ! k+ ( all /ok]s4   #cc4        
,"q4--,h[ is ! /ok+ done on a big /eam  
%ip8  ,answ]4--,9 a ,royal ,we/ ,indian 
,mail ,/eam ,packet1 9 :i* ,i 0 /ok]1   
!re 7 =ty-five /ok]s & coal trimm]s1    
=ty-five sailors1 besides a numb] (     
/ew>ds1 /ew>desses1 six eng9e]s1 six    
%ip's (fic]s1 sev]al mail (ficials1     
but*]s1 bak]s1 & a brass b& ( eighte5   
musicians4 ,!re 7 two /oke-holds1 "o =e 
& "o abaft ! funnel1 & f\r boil]s 9 ea*1
 & f\r furnaces 9 ea* boil]1 & ?ree     
/ok]s 9 ea* /oke-hold1 also ?ree trimm]s
 9 ea* /oke-hold4 ,!re 0 ! same me?od ( 
work+ 9 bo? /oke-holds1 & a con/ant &   
cont9ual r\nd ( fir+ kept up day &      
night4 ,:5 go+ d[n on wat* ,i h a piece 

( wa/e 9 ea* h& to protect !m f ! hot   
h&rails2 ,i comm5ce "w by clean+ ! small
 tubes ( f\r furnaces1 !n clean out !   
f\r furnaces1 rake out ! a%es f ! pit & 
fill !m & ! cl9k]s into iron buckets1   
:i* ! sailors haul up & empty ov] !     
%ip's side4 ,& :ile ,i am engag$ 9 ?is  
"w my two mates are do+ my fir+ =       
me--:i* is 9 ?is way3 "o man fires e o!r
 fire ( ! sixte5 fires1 !n goes r\nd    
aga9 & fires ^? he miss$ ! fir/ r\nd1 !n
 8 mate takes ! %ovel f 8 h&s & fires e 
o!r fire1 !n fires ^? he miss$ ! fir/   
r\nd2 ! ?ird man does likewise1 & s x is
 con/ant fir+ all ?r\gh4 ,& hav+ t[]+   
hot boil]s bo? sides ( u & ro>+ furnaces
 beh9d & 9 front1 ! sweat p\rs f u      
cont9ually1 & we are glad to pop into ! 
eng9e room aft] fir+ to get a draught ( 
some:at cool] air4 ,i happ5$ to h !     
middle wat*--#ab midnight to #d         
a4m4--:i* is ! wor/ ( ! wat*es1 = :5 ,i 
came (f at f\r ! h&s on deck 7 always   
do+ some?+ to make a noise1 & !re is    
little *ance ( gett+ a sleep1 & hammocks

 mu/ be /[$ away be=e eight2 !n         
breakfa/1 & ! brass b& /rikes up = half 
an h\r2 b if !re _h be5 dog-wat*es all (
 u w\ld %>e 9 ! middle wat*--z foll[s3--
      ,br[n       ,morn+    ,wat*     #d
 to  #h a4m4     ,jones       ,=5oon    
#h to #ab noon4     ,rob9son            
,aft]noon          #ab to  #d p4m4      
,br[n       ,fir/ ,dog           #d to  
#f p4m4     ,jones       ,second ,dog   
#f to  #h p4m4     ,rob9son    ,fir/    
#h to #ab midnight4     ,br[n           
,middle             #ab to  #d a4m4     
,jones       ,morn+             #d to   
#h a4m4  #bd h\rs4  ,a few h\rs aft]    
leav+ ,s\?ampton all h&s are mu/]$ &    
apportion$ to man ! sev5te5 boats hang+ 
f ! davits1 eight on ea* side1 & !      
capta9's gig "u ! /]n2 aft] ?is c]emony 
we get an all[ance ( grog4 ,! fires are 
n[ beg9n+ to be dirty1 hav+ cl9k]s sev5 
or eight in*es ?ick1 :i* are n all[$ to 
be pull$ out until ! :ole fire is clean$
 at ! usual "t2 ?is ord] f ! *ief eng9e]
 surpris$ me at ! "t1 z cl9k]s are n    

calculat$ to increase ! /eam1 s ,i left 
!m !re to dead5 ! fire1 b lat] on ,i    
f\nd ! solution2 ,i 0 told by an old    
/ok] t !re 0 %>p competition betwe5 !   
*ief eng9e]s z to :o c\ld d ! voyage at 
! lea/ exp5se ( coals1 & t in=mation    
expla9$ ! action ( our *ief eng9e] :o   
w\ld (t5 p]ambulate ! deck till         
midnight1 wat*+ ! w9dsails t !y %\ld    
rema9 ) _! backs to ! w9d 9 ord] to     
prev5t a brea? ( cool air rea*+ ! fires1
 t w\ld cause !m to burn a few m p\nds (
 coals1 :ile "s ( ! /ok]s 7 (t5 haul$ up
 9 ! a%-bucket fa9t+ f ! /ifl+ heat ( ! 
f\l-smell+ /oke-hold4 ,we 7 all suppli$ 
) fi%+-l9es & hooks ( ?ree diff]5t      
sizes1 & extra grog :5 gett+ /eam up4 ,!
 me?od ( clean+ & poli%+ ! eng9es & all 
bright "w 0 v effectual1 & did ! /ok]s  
great cr$it2 aft] hav+ sc\r$ & poli%$ ! 
/eel & bright ironwork !y 7 fro/$1 9    
imitation ( ho> fro/4 ,a pot ( hot tall[
 & :ite lead 9 :i* a clean piece (      
cotton wa/e 0 dipp$1 & ! p>ts sme>$     
ev5ly 9 l9e ) ! metal1 & :5 ?is dri$ x 0

 dabb$1 or patt$1 ) ano!r clean piece ( 
wa/e also dipp$ 9 ! hot tall[1 :i* gave 
! metal a good imitation ( ho> fro/2 !  
brass & copp] "w 7 burni%$ & %one l     
gold4 ,! boat drill & fire drill create 
"s wond] = ! pass5g]s1 z !y always happ5
 unexpect$ly2 ! =m] beg9s 9 ?is way3 a  
l>ge gong is rapidly hit ) a mallet by !
 qu>t]ma/]1 & all ^? /ok]s & sailors1 :o
 belong to ! sev5te5 boats hang+ f !    
davits1 imm$iately make _! way t[>ds !m 
& comm5ce to cle> ! falls1 & ! ^w is    
giv5 to l[] all boats1 :ile ! m5 hold _!
 o>s ready to pu% (f1 & ! boats are run 
d[n ne>ly to ! wat]'s edge2 !n x is up  
all boats1 & ^? on deck run !m up 9 a   
jiffy to _! places "u ! davits1 & coil !
 tails up1 & ?is ends ! boat drill4 ,!  
fire drill takes place on ano!r day1 &  
comm5ces 9 ?is mann]3 ! %ip's bell is   
rapidly rung by ! qu>t]ma/]2 ! unusual  
rapidity ( ! r++ attracts ! att5tion (  
all ! pass5g]s :o comm5ce to cr[d ! upp]
 deck2 ! /ok]s drop d[n a doz5          
hose-pipes on ! deck & run !m out       

/raight1 & screw !m to nozzles lead+ d[n
 to ! eng9e room4 ,! eng9e]s pop ! pumps
 on & up comes ! wat]2 e hose is n[     
/iff5$ & ! bran*es are all direct$ ov] !
 %ip's side1 :]e !y make a gr& display4 
,all ^? ( ! %ip's company :o take no    
wat*es1 z cooks1 /ew>ds1 b&sm51 etc41 h 
ea* a pail full ( wat] 9 h&1 o!rs a     
blanket ov] _! arm1 all 9 exact l9e1 &  
ready to help if requir$2 & aft] a few  
m9utes' display ( ! hose-pipes1 !       
boatswa9's :i/le ends ?is drill = ?is   
voyage1 & ! hose-pipes are disconnect$1 
roll$ up1 & hung up1 to be ready at any 
mom5t if requir$4 ,!re are pl5ty (      
amusem5ts on bo>d1 su* z s+le-/ick1     
glove-box+1 wre/l+1 etc4 ,b ! game ( !  
,man 9 ! ,*air1 is "o ( ! mo/ laughable4
 ,a piece ( bo>d1 #ab in*es by #ah      
in*es1 9 :i* a /rong rope is ins]t$ 9 a 
hole 9 ea* corn] & knott$ on ! und]side1
 ! f\r ropes are c>ri$ upw>ds & made fa/
 to ! =e/ay1 & ! *air has to be #f feet 
f ! deck4 ,!re are p]haps ?irty /ok]s 9 
?is game1 & ea* "o has twi/$ 8 black    

silk neck]*ief into rope %ape1 & a      
volunte] sits on ! *air1 hold+ on to "o 
( ! *air-ropes ) "o h& & 9 ! o!r 8 silk5
 rope4 ,dur+ ^! prelim9>y tactics !     
pass5g]s are cr[d+ r\nd to see :at may  
happ54 ,at la/ ! man on ! *air gives !  
^w ,ready ,boys1 & !n comm5ces a real   
slogg+ mat*1 hitt+ ! *airman on legs1   
arms1 face1 neck1 any:]e !y c hit him1 &
 e hit be+ a matt] ( *ance ! pass5g]s   
ro> :5 ! man 9 ! *air deliv]s a /+] to 8
 torm5tors2 8 bl[s come ) d\ble =ce1 z  
he is high above !m1 & sw++ r\nd & r\nd1
 & to & fro1 !y come unexpect$ly & cause
 ro>s ( laught]2 :ile ?is is go+ on a   
little tub1 call$ a spitk91 is          
surreptiti\sly pu%$ 9 view1 & a few     
silv] co9s dropp$ into x by "o ( our m51
 :i* causes ! audi5ce to dip _! h&s 9 _!
 pockets & a few p\nds 9 silv] are      
quickly ?r[n 92 & aft] half an h\r's    
play ?is game comes to an end4 ,"o m    
specim5 ( ! _m games t delight !        
pass5g]s3 ab\t tw5ty m5 /& close toge!r 
& 9 l9e1 _! faces to ! %ip's head1 !    

front man has a b&age on 8 eyes1 any "o 
9 ! rank is at lib]ty to /ep out & g up 
to him & slap 8 *eek1 & d>t (f to 8     
place 9 ! rank be=e ! bl9dfold t\*es    
him2 if he does1 ! t\*$ "o has to don ! 
b&age1 & ! o!r pulls 8 b&age (f & takes 
a place 9 ! rank4 ,:5 ! slap is deliv]$1
 ! slapp] d>ts back to 8 place 9 ! rank 
) all possible spe$1 & ! slapp$ "o d>ts 
aft] ! o!r l greas$ lightn+1 & t\*es !  
wrong man p]haps1 & pulls ! b&age (f1   
only to h to put on aga91 :ile !        
pass5g]s ro> ) delight2 ! little tub is 
n =gott5 9 ?is game2 & !n ! climax comes
 :5 we ?9k ! bl9dfold has _h en\gh ( x1 
& :5 a burly /ok] /eps out to deliv] 8  
slap1 ! rank closes up tightly1 & on    
ru%+ back to 8 place ) ! bl9dfold at 8  
heels1 & ! wild ex]tions ( ! man to     
squeeze himself into ! rank be=e he is  
t\*$ & ! joy ( ! bl9dfold :o has j t\*$ 
8 man1 creates l\d *e]s & laught]1 & !  
burly man has to don ! b&age & take 8 /&
 9 front4 ,be=e arriv+ at ,/4 ,?omas1   
!re is a g5]al clean up1 bilges pump$   

out1 eng9es clean$1 boil] fronts & lagg+
 poli%$2 ! pass5g]s are prep>+ = ano!r  
voyage to "s ( ! isl&s fur!r we/1 z     
,tr9idad1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,b>badoes1        
,m>t9ique1 ,/4 ,kitts1 ,/4 ,lucia1 etc4 
,on ent]+ ! h>b\r guns are fir$ 9 our   
hon\r1 & we return ! complim5t by fir+  
our six-p\nd] f ! =eca/le1 ! ,colonial  
/eam] comes alongside our %ip1 :5 !re   
are *e]s & wav+ ( h&k]*iefs & h&%ak+2 ! 
bumboats come alongside also & _m p1 &  
bo>d our %ip1 (f]+ u a great v>iety (   
?+s = sale2 wom5 galavant+ ov] e "p     
solicit+ ! (fic]s' wa%+1 etc41 etc4 ,our
 eng9es receive a ?or\gh ov]haul1 boil]s
 are clean$1 cab9s & /airways pa9t$1 &  
all bright metal clean$ & repoli%$2 our 
coals are deliv]$ on bo>d by a sw>m (   
m51 wom5 & y\?s1 ( bo? sexes1 c>ry+ !m 9
 small wick] baskets on _! heads1 &     
/epp+ on a scale or c\nt] on _! way to !
 %ip1 ! process occupy+ ab\t ?ree days =
 ab\t #hjj tons ( ,wel% coal4 ,at la/ ! 
"t has come = />t+ = home2 all visitors 
are ord]$ (f ! %ip3 moor+s are ca/ (f1 &

 a man at ! voice-pipe speaks to !      
eng9e]s d[n bel[1 & ! great paddle-:eels
 revolve sl[ly = a m9ute1 :ile ! b&     
/rikes up "s appropriate air1 z ,afloat 
on ! ,ocean my days gaily fly1 or       
,afloat on ! ,ocean ,wave4 ,!n comm5ce !
 wild *e]+ & wav+ ( hats & h&k]*iefs    
:ile ! great paddles h la%$ ! wat] into 
:ite foam1 & we are fairly (f = a f\rte5
 days' voyage home4 ,9 all our games on 
bo>d 9 :i* ,i took "p ,i notic$ !       
di/+ui%$ pres5ce ( our highly respect$  
capta91 :i* ,i am sure greatly enhanc$  
our tak+s 9 ! little di%4   #cd4        
,"q4--,h[ is a hydraulic pump con/ruct$8
  ,answ]4--,!re are v>i\s sizes1 rang+ f
 a #a_/d-;in* to #d in*es 9 ! diamet] ( 
! plung] or pi/on1 z x is sometimes     
call$2 ! l>g] size w\ld be con/ruct$ 9  
?is mann]2 ! b>rel ( ! pump is #c feet  
long1 & on its top1 & 9 l9e ) x1 & 9 !  
same ca/+1 an air *amb] is situate into 
:i* wat] & air ent] at e suction (      
plung]1 & s]ve z a buff] or cu%ion 9 !  
deliv]y /roke4 ,! sp9dle ( ! plung] is  

connect$ to ! pi/on ( ! /eam eng9e by a 
hole & /uff+ box 9 ! cyl9d] cov]1 & a   
connect+ cros%ead secures ! sp9dle ( !  
plung] & ! extra pi/on1 s t w\ld br+ !  
crank ( ! eng9e1 ! connect+ rod1 pi/on1 
extra pi/on1 & plung] all 9 a /raight   
l9e1 & a direct /roke4 ,ab\t #f in*es ( 
! plung] is occupi$ by ! pack+ at ! out]
 end2 a solid r+ ( iron an in* wide1 &  
an in* high1 & securely p9n$ to !       
plung]1 has a lea!r cup pu%$ on to x1 !n
 a loose r+ is slid up aga9/ ! back ( ! 
lea!r cup & ano!r cup1 & ano!r r+1 until
 ! space = ! pack+ is fill$ up2 !n a nut
 is screw$ up beh9d ^! :i* br+s cups &  
r+s tightly toge!r1 & a jam-nut ) a     
split-p9 go+ ?r\gh nut & sp9dle & op5$  
wide en\gh to cle> ! sides ( ! b>rel1 & 
! hydraulic pump is ready = "w4   #ce4  
,"q4--,h[ is a hydraulic accumulator    
con/ruct$1 & :y is x necess>y8          
,answ]4--,by hav+ an accumulator1 a     
lift1 crane1 or press1 works smoo?ly1 z 
!re is a /eady & smoo? supply ( ! p[]2  
:]eas )\t x1 ! lift1 crane1 or press1   

w\ld "w 9 j]ks or jumps2 ) e /roke ( !  
pumps !re w\ld be a j]k2 x w\ld be an   
int]mitt5t n a cont9ual p[]4 ,!         
accumulator consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( ca/    
iron ab\t #i feet 9 height1 #d feet     
outside diamet] & #c feet int]nal       
diamet]2 x re/s on massive oak5 timb]s  
ab\t #d feet f ! gr\nd2 inside ! cyl9d] 
is a ram #i feet high1 also #b feet     
outside measurem5t1 & #ab in*es diamet] 
inside2 x is la!-turn$1 smoo? & bright2 
f\r slabs ( ca/ iron1 ea* a qu>t] ( !   
circumf]5ce ( ! base ( ! cyl9d]1 are    
plac$ ov] f\r /eel bolts t h to support 
! dead weight1 ea* bolt be+ ab\t #ab    
feet high1 #d in*es 9 diamet]1 ) squ>e  
necks & flat heads1 & a hole 9 ea* slab 
to receive ! bolts2 ! flat heads ( !    
bolts are to facilitate ! accumulator   
re/+ level on ! oak5 timb]s2 ! slabs    
w\ld be #b tons ea*4 ,on ! slabs are    
fix$ small segm5ts all r\nd & r\nd !    
base ( ! cyl9d] until ! requir$ numb]   
7p]haps #aej7 is plac$ "o on top ( !    
o!r1 ea* segm5t weigh+ #b cwt42 !n !    

cros%ead is plac$ ov] ! top ti]1 & hav+ 
a hole 9 ea* ( its f\r arms x is ent]$  
on ! bolts :i* h a screw-?read2 ! nuts  
are put on & screw$ up tightly1 & !     
accumulator is erect$4   #cf4 ,"q4--,h[ 
is ! accumulator />t$ work+8            
,answ]4--,! eng9es are />t$ pump+ into !
 ram & cyl9d]1 ^: dra9-cocks h previ\sly
 be5 op5$1 & air & wat] issues f !m2 :5 
! air has escap$ !y are %ut (f1 & !n !  
great mass ( iron & /eel beg9s to       
tremble & tott] & moves upw>ds & upw>ds1
 & on ne>+ ! limit ( its j\rney ! top ( 
! accumulator lifts a project+ lev] :i* 
has a small *a9 atta*$ to x1 ! bottom   
end ( ! *a9 is atta*$ to ! /eam ?rottle 
valve1 & :5 ! *a9 is pull$ up at ! top !
 /eam is %ut (f at ! ?rottle-valve & !  
eng9e /ops1 b w />t z soon z any wat] is
 tak5 f ! accumulator4   #cg4 ,"q4--,is 
!re any simil>ity 9 t]ms us$ 9 hydraulic
 "w & /eam boil] "w8  ,answ]4--,!re are 
sev]al t]ms common to hydraulics & /eam2
 ! /eam boil] might be call$ an         
accumulator ( p[]2 !re is a slide-valve 

9 hydraulics z 9 ! /eam eng9e1 to admit 
! p[] & to all[ ! exhau/ to escape2 !re 
are /op-valves & int]m$iate valves 9    
hydraulics1 z 9 /eam pipes1 also        
air-vessels 9 ea*3 !re are suction &    
deliv]y pipes & valves 9 ea*1 & relieve 
valves also 9 ea*2 !re is a cyl9d] 9 ea*
 9 :i* ! p[] is conc5trat$2 !re are     
rev]s+ lev]s 9 a hydraulic crane1 z 9 a 
/eam crane4   #ch4 ,"q4--,:o inv5t$ !   
atmosph]ic eng9e1 & h[ 0 x con/ruct$8   
,answ]4--,savory1 a m9+ ag5t1 inv5t$ !  
fir/ me?od1 :i* he call$ an eng9e1 (    
draw+ wat] up f a well by means ( a     
vacuum :i* he happ5$ accid5tally to     
discov] a me?od to create1 & ! pressure 
( ! atmosph]ic comb9$ ) x4 ,he procur$ a
 real /eam boil] ) a safety valve &     
gauge cocks & erect$ two vessels 9 :i*  
to create a vacuum2 a suction pipe f !  
bottom ( ea* vessel l$ d[n into a well  
b5ea? ! vessels1 & a valve t op5$ upw>ds
 0 on ! end ( ea* pipe4 ,:5 ab\t to />t 
"w1 /eam f ! boil] 0 turn$ into "o ( !  
vessels1 & kept on until x 0 z hot z !  

boil] itself1 :ile a dra9 cock 0 kept   
op5 ! :ile1 & :5 air & wat] _h be5 =c$  
out ( ! vessel /eam 0 %ut (f1 & wat] f a
 tank above ! vessel 0 all[$ to fl[ on  
x1 :i* soon made a vacuum inside !      
vessel1 & wat] 0 suck$ up ?r\gh ! valves
 op5+ upw>ds & deliv]$ into a tank plac$
 = ! purpose4 ,:ile ?is p]=mance 0 9    
progress1 ! o!r vessel 0 be+ *>g$ ) /eam
 to repeat ! p]=mance1 etc4 ,?is is !   
ext5t z f> z ,i "k ( ,savory's claim to 
be ! inv5tor ( ! atmosph]ic eng9e4      
#ci4 ,"q4--,:o 0 ! real inv5tor !n8     
,answ]4--,newcom5 & 8 p>tn] ,cawly      
adopt$ a work+ beam1 t is1 a beam work+ 
on a c5tre or trunnion4 ,at "o end ( !  
beam 0 ! pump1 at ! o!r 0 an iron cyl9d]
 ) an iron pi/on 9 x2 bo? ends ( ! beam 
7 ar*$ or sexton-%ap$1 & _h a *a9 on    
ea*1 "o connect$ to ! pump rod1 ! o!r to
 ! pi/on rod4 ,:5 ab\t to />t "w1 !     
pi/on be+ up ne> ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 /eam 
0 let 9 "u x & a jet ( wat] 0 let 9 :i* 
soon cond5s$ ! /eam & creat$ a vacuum )9
 ! cyl9d]1 & ! pi/on 0 drawn d[n to !   

bottom & ! pump drawn up ) its load (   
wat]2 & a c\nt] weight 0 atta*$ to !    
pump-rod to always br+ ! pi/on to ! top 
( ! cyl9d] aft] ea* desc5t4 ,?is is a v 
brief description ( ?is atmosph]ic      
eng9e2 !re 7 n[ only two cocks to op5 & 
close--! /eam cock & wat] cock1 & !     
eng9e only requir$ a boy = ?is purpose1 
b ! boy himself add$ a %>e 9 ?is eng9e4 
,9 ord] to h a relief f ! monotony (    
op5+ & %utt+ ! cocks alt]nately1 he ti$ 
/r+s to ! h&les & !n connect$ to ! work+
 beam 9 su* a mann] t ! cocks 7 op5$ &  
clos$ exactly at ! nick ( "t2 ?is caus$ 
! eng9e to "w f> m regul>ly & to d twice
 ! "w x _h done previ\sly1 ! boy's "n 0 
,humphrey ,pott]4   #dj4 ,"q4--,:at did 
,james ,watt d 9 connection ) !         
atmosph]ic eng9e8  ,answ]4--,watt be+ a 
ma!matical in/rum5t mak]1 0 reque/$ to  
repair an old eng9e us$ by "s /ud5ts (  
,glasg[ ,univ]sity2 hav+ f9i%$ !        
repairs1 & 9 work+ ?is model 7! be/ type
 ( ! atmosph]ic eng9e71 he f\nd & prov$ 
by _m & v>i\s exp]im5ts1 t an enorm\s   

wa/e ( fuel 0 absolutely necess>y 9     
work+ ! eng9e2 he f\nd great difficulty 
9 keep+ ! air f ent]+ ! cyl9d]1 & !     
cyl9d] top 0 s expos$ to ! atmosph]e t !
 /eam 0 mu* cond5s$ :5 x ent]$ ! cyl9d]1
 & he came to ! conclusion to put a cov]
 on ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 & all[ ! pi/on-rod
 to play 9 a hole 9 ! cov] ) a gl& &    
/uff+ box1 & to press d[n ! pi/on ) /eam
 in/ead ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is eng9e 0 no  
long] atmosph]ic1 x 0 a real /eam eng9e1
 ! fir/ ev] se5 or con/ruct$1 = /eam 0  
us$ to create ! vacuum1 & /eam 0 us$ to 
"w ! pi/on2 b ?is 0 only ! beg9n+ ( 8   
great improvem5ts4 ,?is eng9e ?\gh      
suitable = ! purpose ( pump+ wat]1 0    
totally unsuitable = cont9u\s rot>y     
motion1 ! /eam act+ only on ! d[nw>d    
/roke aft] ! pi/on _h be5 pull$ up to ! 
top ( ! cyl9d] by means ( ! additional  
weight fix$ on ! pump end ( ! beam4 ,he 
devis$ a me?od to admit /eam "u ! pi/on 
z well z above x1 b ! flexible *a9s     
al?\gh suitable = ! d[n /roke ( ! pi/on 
7 p[]less 9 ! up /roke1 !y w\ld hang    

li/less & useless4 ,?is be+ s1 he       
det]m9$ to get rid ( ! *a9s at bo? ends 
( ! beam1 & also bo? ar*$ ends1 &       
sub/itute a ridg$ connection at bo? ends
 ( ! beam4 ,he put an iron connect+ rod 
f ! end ( ! beam to ! pump rod1 & ! o!r 
end ( ! beam 0 connect$ to ! pi/on rod  
by a cros%ead2 to ?is eng9e he atta*$ t 
gr& app5dage ! ,p>allel ,motion :i* is !
 pride ( ! beam eng9e up to to-day4 ,he 
devis$ ! improvem5t ( ! sep>ate cond5s] 
= ! exhau/ /eam1 in/ead ( ! jet ( wat]  
"u ! pi/on4 ,he inv5t$ ! crank = 8      
eng9e1 also ! sun & planet motion1 also 
! ?rottle valve1 also ! c\nt] to        
indicate ! numb] ( revolutions ! eng9e  
_h p]=m$1 also ! ,cut (f1 ! /eam mov+ ! 
pi/on by expansion :5 x 0 cut (f at     
"o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d]1 & ?us sav+   
two-?irds ( ! /eam & a m uni=m rate (   
spe$4   #da4 ,"q4--,give a description (
 ! ,sun & ,planet me?od1 & :y he inv5t$ 
x8  ,answ]4--,! sun & planet 7 two      
cog-:eels ge>$ into ea* o!r1 ! sun be+  
#c feet diamet] & ! planet #b feet      

diamet]1 ! latt] 0 key$ tightly on !    
bottom end ( ! connect+ rod1 & ! sun :i*
 0 key$ tightly on ! end ( ! %aft1 t 0  
to revolve & "w ! ma*9]y4 ,b al?\gh ?is 
me?od did make ! ma*9]y revolve1 x 0 n  
smoo?ly1 = :5 ! planet :eel 0 at ei!r   
top or bottom ( ! sun :eel1 ! p[] ( !   
eng9e 0 less effective ?an x 0 half way 
9 ! opposite positions4 ,?is l$ ,watt to
 add a l>ge :eel on ! %aft ( ! sun :eel1
 call$ ! fly :eel1 :i* equalis$ ! rate (
 motion to uni=mity4 ,watt inv5t$ !     
crank = 8 eng9e1 b "o ( 8 m5 gave ! tip 
to an eng9e] at ,bri/ol1 :o =?) took out
 a pat5t = x & =e/all$ ,watt1 :o _h to  
inv5t ano!r means--! sun & planet4 ,b :5
 ! t]m ( ! pat5t expir$1 ,watt resum$ ! 
crank me?od in/ead ( ! sun & planet1 :i*
 0 noisy1 ! we> & te> v great1 & also   
exp5sive4   #db4 ,"q4--,:at o!r ?+s did 
,watt d t[>ds ! p]fection ( ! /eam      
eng9e8  ,answ]4--,he add$ ! air pump to 
8 eng9e to draw ! cond5s$ /eam & wat] f 
8 sep>ate cond5s]2 he inv5t$ ! ?rottle  
valve & ! gov]nor1 9 ord] to su/a9 a    

uni=m rate ( spe$ 9 ! eng9e1 :atev]     
pressure ( /eam might be on1 or v>iation
 ( "w1 :e!r heavy or light4   #dc4      
,"q4--,:y is ! p[] ( ! eng9e call$      
horse-p[]8  ,answ]4--,be=e ! inv5tion ( 
! eng9e1 horses 7 employ$ 9 mills &     
m9es1 & o!r places2 ! numb] ( horses    
employ$ 9 a mill or m9e1 indicat+ !     
am\nt ( "w go+ on1 & ! necessity (      
employ+ !m1 & :5 ! /eam eng9e came on ! 
sc5e1 & a pur*as] want$1 he 0 told t !  
eng9e 0 equal to s _m horses2 t         
comp>ison gave ! pur*as] a cle> idea ( !
 eng9e he requir$4 ,savory 0 ! fir/ to  
sugge/ ?is comp>ison1 b ,watt knew t    
horses diff]$ 9 size & /r5g?1 & 9 ord]  
to be sure ( a safe /&>d = 8 eng9e p[]  
he exp]im5t$ ) big horses 9 "s ,london  
brew]ies1 & aft] c>eful calculation &   
comp>ison he fix$ a horse-p[] at #cb1jjj
 lb41 t is to say1 t a horse c\ld lift t
 weight ( wat] "o foot above ! gr\nd 9 a
 m9ute = eight h\rs p] day4 ,?is /&>d   
has rema9$ ev] s9ce1 al?\gh x is above !
 av]age ( ! p[] ( ! av]age horse1 x is 9

 fav\r ( ! pur*as] ( an eng9e1 z well z 
be+ capable ( work+ m ?an eight h\rs a  
day1 or tw5ty h\rs if requir$4   #dd4   
,"q4--,:at is meant by nom9al horse-p[]8
  ,answ]4--,x is a r\gh & ready way (   
giv+ "s idea ( ! p[] ( an eng9e or      
eng9es on ! basis ( ! numb] ( in*es 9 ! 
area ( ! cyl9d] or cyl9d]s1 b :5 !      
process ( tak+ ! diagram ( ! eng9e is   
gone ?r\gh ! t]m nom9al is dropp$1 &    
indicat$ horse-p[] is !n express$1      
because x 0 prov$ by actual exp]im5t &  
c]ta9ty4   #de4 ,"q4--,h[ is t p]=mance 
accompli%$8  ,answ]4--,9 horizontal     
eng9es !re are g5]ally two gun-metal    
screw-plugs on ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 "o ov] 
ea* end & 9 front ( ! pi/on2 :5 a       
diagram is to be tak51 ^! plugs are tak5
 out & o!r screws put 9 _! places1 to   
:i* a copp] pipe is atta*$2 ! screw     
plugs are #a in* 9 diamet]1 also ! copp]
 pipes2 & exactly mid-way on ! copp]    
pipe is a small cyl9d] :i* moves on a   
pivot1 by means ( a /r+ ) a turn r\nd x4
 ,"o end ( ! /r+ is fix$ by a clip on ! 

connect+ rod1 ! o!r end any:]e to keep !
 /r+ tight1 s t by ! movem5t ( ! /eam   
ent]+ ! cyl9d] at ei!r end1 & ! connect+
 rod work+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 ! small    
cyl9d] is made to turn frontways &      
backways2 & )9 ! small cyl9d] is ano!r  
cyl9d] v mu* small]2 x has a t9y pi/on  
)9 x1 & z ! /eam presses on ! little    
pi/on at e /roke ( ! eng9e1 a p5cil f ! 
out] cyl9d] is fix$ 9 a slot & m>ks !   
movem5ts ( ! little pi/on on a roll (   
prep>$ pap]1 slid ov] ! inn] cyl9d] = t 
purpose1 ! p5cil be+ kept up to ! pap]  
by means ( a small /eel spr+4 ,?is      
diagram on ! pap] cyl9d]1 n only is us$ 
= det]m9+ ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 b = detect+  
any irregul>ity 9 ! slide-valve         
movem5ts4 ,e h\r dur+ ! trial ! f9i%$   
diagram is torn (f ! roll & a fre% "o   
/>t$1 & :5 "t is up ! eng9e is /opp$ & !
 diagrams comp>$4 ,!n comm5ce !         
calculations1 :i* are gone ?r\gh some:at
 9 ?is mann]3 ! common multipli] is f\nd
 by multiply+ ! area ( ! pi/on 9 in*es  
by ! spe$ ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute & ! 

product divid$ by #cb1jjj 7,watt's      
horse-p[]71 !n ! effective mean pressure
 f\nd on ! diagram is multipli$ by !    
common multipli]1 & ! quoti5t w be !    
indicat$ horse-p[] ( ! eng9e4   #df4    
,"q4--,h[ is ! consumption ( coals      
apportion$ to ! horse-p[] ( ! eng9e at !
 f9i% ( ! trial8  ,answ]4--,!           
consumption ( coals 9 p\nds is divid$ by
 ! product ( ! indicat$ horse-p[] & ! "t
 9 h\rs4 ,! quoti5t is ! quantity       
consum$ p] horse-p[] p] h\r4   #dg4     
,"q4--,w\ld ! quality ( ! coals us$ 9 ! 
trial be ( ! same quality z w be us$ 9 !
 ord9>y work+ ( ! boil] aft] ! trial is 
end$8  ,answ]4--,no2 ! coals :i* are us$
 9 ! trial are g5]ally ! be/ ,wel%1 n   
%ovell$ up indiscrim9ately1 b c>efully  
h&-pick$1 weigh$ & :eel$ into !         
/oke-hold2 ! eng9e dur+ ! trial is      
lavi%ly suppli$ ) oils & tall[1 ) great 
regul>ity4 ,aft] ! trial1 & ! horse-p[] 
is indicat$1 ! boil] resumes h] ord9>y  
"w2 ! /ok] is ev] aft] expect$ to create
 suffici5t /eam ) v inf]ior coals to    

develop ! same am\nt ( p[] 9 ! eng9e z 0
 done 9 ! trial4 ,i ?9k t is v unfair to
 ! /ok]4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,let ! f9i% give y pleasure
 0 ! la/ headl9e 9 my la/ s*ool copybook
 9 ! long1 long ago2 & x has giv5 me z  
mu* pleasure to beg9 ?is cate*ism z to  
f9i% x2 x has giv5 me pleasure to (f] to
 bro!r /ok]s my v long exp]i5ce 9 /ok+1 
& k9dr$ vocations1 su* z hydraulics1    
/eam-pipe jo9t mak+1 wat]-pipe jo9t     
mak+1 eng9e driv+1 etc41 9 ! hope t 9 ! 
p]usal ( ?is cate*ism !y may f9d some?+ 
to _! advantage4 ,& ) my be/ wi%es = _! 
future success1 rema9 _! true fri5d4    
,w4 ,j4 ,c4  #aijf4         99       99 
99       99       99          ,,london3 
,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,&      
,,sons1 ,,limit$  ,,great ,,w9dmill     
,,/reet1 ,w41 ,,& ,,duke ,,/reet1       
,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,s4,e4