,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,economic ,,plants ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,,by ,,william ,,saunders4 ,,published ,,by ,,authority ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,,washington3 ,,government ,,printing ,,office4 #ahia4 ,transcriber's ,note ,variant and obsolete spellings remain as printed4 ,minor typographical errors have been corrected without note1 whilst more significant amendments have been listed at the end of the text4 ,the oe ligature is shown as oe4 ,,catalogue ,,of ,,economic ,,plants ,,in ,,the ,,collection ,,of ,,the ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june #e1 #ahia4 ,,sir3 ,i have duly prepared by your direction a descriptive list of the more important economic plants at present contained in the collection of the ,department1 in such a form as will1 in my opinion1 most satisfactorily meet the wants of the numerous visitors and others interested in the work performed by the ,department in this direction1 and ,i beg to submit the same herewith for publication4 ,,william ,,saunders1 ,superintendent of ,gardens and ,grounds4 ,hon4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,rusk1 ,secretary of ,agriculture4 ,,descriptive ,,catalogue ,,of ,,plants4 #a4 ,,abelmoschus ,,moschatus4--,this plant is a native of ,bengal4 ,its seeds were formerly mixed with hair powder1 and are still used to perfume pomatum4 ,the ,arabs mix them with their coffee berries4 ,in the ,west ,indies the bruised seeds1 steeped in rum1 are used1 both externally and internally1 as a cure for snake bites4 #b4 ,,abrus ,,precatorius4--,wild liquorice4 ,this twining1 leguminous plant is a native of the ,east1 but is now found in the ,west ,indies and other tropical regions4 ,it is chiefly remarkable for its small oval seeds1 which are of a brilliant scarlet color1 with a black scar at the place where they are attached to the pods4 ,these seeds are much used for necklaces and other ornamental purposes1 and are employed in ,india as a standard of weight1 under the name of ,rati4 ,the weight of the famous ,kohinoor diamond is known to have been ascertained in this way4 ,the roots afford liquorice1 which is extracted in the same manner as that from the true ,spanish liquorice plant1 the ,glycyrrhiza glabra4 ,recently the claim was made that the weather could be foretold by certain movements of the leaves of this plant1 but experimental tests have proved its fallacy4 #c4 ,,abutilon ,,indicum4--,this plant furnishes fiber fit for the manufacture of ropes4 ,its leaves contain a large quantity of mucilage4 #d4 ,,abutilon ,,venosum4--,this malvaceous plant is common in collections1 as are others of the genus4 ,they are mostly fiber-producing species4 ,the flowers of ,a4 esculentum are used as a vegetable in ,brazil4 #e4 ,,acacia ,,brasiliensis4--,this plant furnishes the ,brazil wood1 which yields a red or crimson dye1 and is used for dyeing silks4 ,the best quality is that received from ,pernambuco4 #f4 ,,acacia ,,catechu4--,the drug known as catechu is principally prepared from this tree1 the wood of which is boiled down1 and the decoction subsequently evaporated so as to form an extract much used as an astringent4 ,the acacias are very numerous1 and yield many useful products4 ,gum arabic is produced by several species1 as ,a4 vera1 ,a4 arabica1 ,a4 adansonii1 ,a4 verek1 and others4 ,it is obtained by spontaneous exudation from the trunk and branches1 or by incisions made in the bark1 from whence it flows in a liquid state1 but soon hardens by exposure to the air4 ,the largest quantity of the gum comes from ,barbary4 ,gum senegal is produced by ,a4 vera4 ,by some it is thought that the timber of ,a4 arabica is identical with the ,shittim tree1 or wood of the ,bible4 ,from the flowers of ,a4 farnesiana a choice and delicious perfume is obtained1 the chief ingredient in many valued balm of a thousand flowers4 ,the pods of ,a4 concinna are used in ,india as a soap for washing2 the leaves are used for culinary purposes1 and have a peculiarly agreeable acid taste4 ,the seeds of some species are used1 when cooked1 as articles of food4 ,from the seeds of ,a4 niopo the ,guahibo ,indians prepare a snuff1 by roasting the seeds and pounding them in a wooden platter4 ,its effects are to produce a kind of intoxication and invigorate the spirits4 ,the bark of several species is extensively used for tanning1 and the timber1 being tough and elastic1 is valuable for the manufacture of machinery and other purposes where great strength and durability are requisite4 #g4 ,,acacia ,,dealbata4--,the silver wattle tree of ,australia4 ,the bark is used for tanning purposes4 ,it is hardy ,south4 #h4 ,,acacia ,,homolophylla4--,this tree furnishes the scented myall wood1 a very hard and heavy wood1 of an agreeable odor1 resembling that of violets4 ,fancy boxes for the toilet are manufactured of it4 #i4 ,,acacia ,,melanoxylon4--,the wood of this tree is called mayall wood in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,it is also called violet wood1 on account of the strong odor it has of that favorite flower2 hence it is in great repute for making small dressing cases1 etc4 #aj4 ,,acacia ,,mollissima4--,the black wattle tree of ,australia1 which furnishes a good tanning principle4 ,these trees were first called wattles from being used by the early settlers for forming a network or wattling of the supple twigs as a substitute for laths in plastering houses4 #aa4 ,,acrocomia ,,sclerocarpa4--,this palm grows all over ,south ,america4 ,it is known as the great macaw-tree4 ,a sweetish-tasted oil1 called ,mucaja oil1 is extracted from the fruit and is used for making toilet soaps4 #ab4 ,,adansonia ,,digitata4--,the baobab tree1 a native of ,africa4 ,it has been called the tree of a thousand years1 and ,humboldt speaks of it as the oldest organic monument of our planet4 ,adanson1 who traveled in ,senegal in #agid1 made a calculation to show that one of these trees1 #cj feet in diameter1 must be #e1aej years old4 ,the bark of the baobab furnishes a fiber which is made into ropes and also manufactured into cloth4 ,the fiber is so strong as to give rise to a common saying in ,bengal1 as secure as an elephant bound with baobab rope4 ,the pulp of the fruit is slightly acid1 and the juice expressed from it is valued as a specific in putrid and pestilential fevers4 ,the ashes of the fruit and bark1 boiled in rancid palm oil1 make a fine soap4 #ac4 ,,adenanthera ,,pavonina4--,a tree that furnishes red sandal wood4 ,a dye is obtained simply by rubbing the wood against a wet stone1 which is used by the ,brahmins for marking their foreheads after religious bathing4 ,the seeds are used by ,indian jewelers as weights1 each seed weighing uniformly four grains4 ,they are known as ,circassian beans4 ,pounded and mixed with borax1 they form an adhesive substance4 ,they are sometimes used as food4 ,the plant belongs to the ,leguminos4 #ad4 ,,adhatoda ,,vasica4--,this plant is extolled for its charcoal in the manufacture of powder4 ,the flowers1 leaves1 roots1 and especially the fruit1 are considered antispasmodic1 and are administered in ,india in asthma and intermittent fevers4 #ae4 ,,gle ,,marmelos4--,this plant belongs to the orange family1 and its fruit is known in ,india as ,bhel fruit4 ,it is like an orange2 the thick rind of the unripe fruit possesses astringent properties1 and1 when ripe1 has an exquisite flavor and perfume4 ,the fruit and other parts of the plant are used for medicinal purposes1 and a yellow dye is prepared from the skin of the fruits4 #af4 ,,agave ,,americana4--,this plant is commonly known as ,american aloe1 but it is not a member of that family1 as it claims kindred with the ,amaryllis tribe of plants4 ,it grows naturally in a wide range of climate1 from the plains of ,south ,america to elevations of #aj1jjj feet4 ,it furnishes a variety of products4 ,the plants form impenetrable fences2 the leaves furnish fibers of various qualities1 from the fine thread known as pita-thread1 which is used for twine1 to the coarse fibers used for ropes and cables4 ,humboldt describes a bridge of upward of #acj feet span over the ,chimbo in ,quito1 of which the main ropes 7#d inches in diameter7 were made of this fiber4 ,it is also used for making paper4 ,the juice1 when the watery part is evaporated1 forms a good soap 7as detergent as castile71 and will mix and form a lather with salt water as well as with fresh4 ,the sap from the heart leaves is formed into pulque4 ,this sap is sour1 but has sufficient sugar and mucilage for fermentation4 ,this vinous beverage has a filthy odor1 but those who can overcome the aversion to this fetid smell indulge largely in the liquor4 ,a very intoxicating brandy is made from it4 ,razor strops are made from the leaves2 they are also used for cleaning and scouring pewter4 #ag4 ,,agave ,,rigida4--,the sisal hemp1 introduced into ,florida many years ago1 for the sake of its fiber1 but its cultivation has not been prosecuted to a commercial success4 ,like many other of the best vegetable fibers found in leaves1 it contains a gummy substance1 which prevents the easy separation of the fiber from the pulp4 #ah4 ,,aleurites ,,triloba4--,the candleberry tree1 much cultivated in tropical countries for the sake of its nuts4 ,the nuts or kernels1 when dried and stuck on a reed1 are used by the ,polynesians as a substitute for candles and as an article of food2 they are said to taste like walnuts4 ,when pressed1 they yield largely of pure palatable oil1 as a drying oil for paint1 and known as artists' oil4 ,the cake1 after the oil has been expressed1 is a favorite food for cattle4 ,the root of the tree affords a brown dye1 which is used to dye cloths4 #ai4 ,,algarobia ,,glandulosa4--,the mezquite tree1 of ,texas1 occasionally reaching a height of #be to #cj feet4 ,it yields a very hard1 durable wood1 and affords a large quantity of gum resembling gum arabic1 and answering every purpose of that gum4 #bj4 ,,allamanda ,,cathartica4--,this plant belongs to the family of ,apocynace1 which contains many poisonous species4 ,it is often cultivated for the beauty of its flowers2 the leaves are considered a valuable cathartic1 in moderate doses1 especially in the cure of painter's colic2 in large doses they are violently emetic4 ,it is a native of ,south ,america4 #ba4 ,,aloe ,,socotrina4--,bitter aloe1 a plant of the lily family1 which furnishes the finest aloes4 ,the bitter1 resinous juice is stored up in greenish vessels1 lying beneath the skin of the leaf1 so that when the leaves are cut transversely1 the juice exudes1 and is gradually evaporated to a firm consistence4 ,the inferior kinds of aloes are prepared by pressing the leaves1 when the resinous juice becomes mixed with the mucilaginous fluid from the central part of the leaves1 and thus it is proportionately deteriorated4 ,sometimes the leaves are cut and boiled1 and the decoction evaporated to a proper consistence4 ,this drug is imported in chests1 in skins of animals1 and sometimes in large calabash-gourds1 and although the taste is peculiarly bitter and disagreeable1 the perfume of the finer sorts is aromatic1 and by no means offensive4 ,it is common in tropical countries4 #bb4 ,,alsophila ,,australis4--,this beautiful tree-fern attains a height of stem of #be to #cj feet1 with fronds spreading out into a crest #bf feet in diameter4 ,these plants are among the most beautiful of all vegetable productions1 and in their gigantic forms indicate1 in a meager degree1 the extraordinary beauty of the vegetation on the globe previous to the formation of the coal measures4 #bc4 ,,alstonia ,,scholaris4--,the ,pali-mara1 or devil tree1 of ,bombay4 ,the plant attains a height of #hj or #ij feet2 the bark is powerfully bitter1 and is used in ,india in medicine4 ,it is of the family of ,apocynace4 #bd4 ,,amomum ,,melegueta4--,malaguetta pepper1 or grains of paradise2 belonging to the ginger family1 ,zingiberace4 ,the seeds of this and other species are imported from ,guinea2 they have a very warm and camphor-like taste1 and are used to give a fictitious strength to adulterated liquors1 but are not considered particularly injurious to health4 ,the seeds are aromatic and stimulating1 and form1 with other seeds of similar plants1 what are known as cardamoms4 #be4 ,,amyris ,,balsamifera4--,this plant yields the wood called ,lignum ,rhodium4 ,it also furnishes a gum resin analogous to ,elemi1 and supposed to yield ,indian ,bdellium4 #bf4 ,,anacardium ,,occidentale4--,the cashew nut tree1 cultivated in the ,west ,indies and other tropical countries4 ,the stem furnishes a milky juice1 which becomes hard and black when dry1 and is used as a varnish4 ,it also secretes a gum1 like gum arabic4 ,the nut or fruit contains a black1 acrid1 caustic oil1 injurious to the lips and tongue of those who attempt to crack the nut with their teeth2 it becomes innocuous and wholesome when roasted1 but this process must be carefully conducted1 the acridity of the fumes producing severe inflammation of the face if approached too near4 #bg4 ,,ananassa ,,sativa4--,the well-known pineapple1 the fruit of which was described three hundred years ago1 by ,jean de ,lry1 a ,huguenot priest1 as being of such excellence that the gods might luxuriate upon it1 and that it should only be gathered by the hand of a ,venus4 ,it is supposed to be a native of ,brazil1 and to have been carried from thence to the ,west1 and afterwards to the ,east ,indies4 ,it first became known to ,europeans in ,peru4 ,it is universally acknowledged to be one of the most delicious fruits in the world4 ,like all other fruits that have been a long time under cultivation1 there are numerous varieties that vary greatly1 both in quality and appearance4 ,the leaves yield a fine fiber1 which is used in the manufacture of pina cloth2 this cloth is very delicate1 soft1 and transparent1 and is made into shawls1 scarfs1 handkerchiefs1 and dresses4 #bh4 ,,andira ,,inermis4--,this is a native of ,senegambia4 ,its bark is anthelmintic1 but requires care in its administration1 being powerfully narcotic4 ,it has a sweetish taste1 but a disagreeable smell1 and is generally given in the form of a decoction1 which is made by boiling an ounce of the dried bark in a quart of water until it assumes the color of ,madeira wine4 ,three or four grains of the powdered bark acts as a powerful purgative4 ,the bark is known as bastard cabbage bark1 or worm bark4 ,it is almost obsolete in medicine4 #bi4 ,,andropogon ,,muricatus4--,the ,khus-,khus1 or ,vetiver grass of ,india4 ,the fibrous roots yield a most peculiar but pleasing perfume4 ,in ,india the leaves are manufactured into awnings1 blinds1 and sunshades2 but principally for screens1 used in hot weather for doors and windows1 which1 when wetted1 diffuse a peculiar and refreshing perfume1 while cooling the air4 #cj4 ,,andropogon ,,sch,,oe,,nanthus4--,the sweet-scented lemon grass1 a native of ,malabar4 ,an essential oil is distilled from the leaves1 which is used in perfumery4 ,it is a favorite herb with the ,asiatics1 both for medicinal and culinary purposes4 ,tea from the dried leaves is a favorite beverage of some persons4 #ca4 ,,anona ,,cherimolia4--,the ,cherimoyer of ,peru1 where it is extensively cultivated for its fruits1 which are highly esteemed by the inhabitants1 but not so highly valued by those accustomed to the fruits of temperate climates4 ,the fruit1 when ripe1 is of a pale greenish-yellow color1 tinged with purple1 weighing from #c to #d pounds2 the skin thin2 the flesh sweet1 and about the consistence of a custard2 hence often called custard apple4 #cb4 ,,anona ,,muricata4--,the sour-sop1 a native of the ,west ,indies1 which produces a fruit of considerable size1 often weighing over #b pounds4 ,the pulp is white and has an acrid flavor1 which is not disagreeable4 #cc4 ,,anona ,,reticulata4--,the common custard apple of the ,west ,indies4 ,it has a yellowish pulp and is not so highly esteemed as an article of food as some others of the species4 ,it bears the name of ,condissa in ,brazil4 ,the ,anonas are grown to some extent throughout southern ,florida4 #cd4 ,,anona ,,squamosa4--,the sweet-sop1 a native of the ,malay ,islands1 where it is grown for its fruits4 ,these are ovate in shape1 with a thick rind1 which incloses a luscious pulp4 ,the seeds contain an acrid principle1 and1 being reduced to powder1 form an ingredient for the destruction of insects4 #ce4 ,,antiaris ,,innoxia4--,the upas tree4 ,most exaggerated statements respecting this plant have passed into history4 ,its poisonous influence was said to be so great as not only to destroy all animal life but even plants could not live within #aj miles of it4 ,the plant has no such virulent properties as the above1 but1 as it inhabits low valleys in ,java where carbonic acid gas escapes from the crevices in volcanic rocks which frequently proves fatal to animals1 the tree was blamed wrongly4 ,it is1 however1 possessed of poisonous juice1 which1 when dry and mixed with other ingredients1 forms a venomous poison for arrows1 and severe effects have been felt by those who have climbed upon the branches for the purpose of gathering the flowers4 #cf4 ,,antiaris ,,saccidora4--,the sack tree2 so called from the fibrous bark being used as sacks4 ,for this purpose young trees of about a foot in diameter are selected and cut into junks of the same length as the sack required4 ,the outer bark is then removed and the inner bark loosened by pounding1 so that it can be separated by turning it inside out4 ,sometimes a small piece of the wood is left to form the bottom of the sack4 ,the fruit exudes a milky1 viscid juice1 which hardens into the consistency of beeswax1 but becomes black and shining4 #cg4 ,,antidesma ,,bunias4--,an ,east ,india plant which produces small1 intensely black fruit about the size of a currant1 used in making preserves4 ,the bark furnishes a good fiber1 which is utilized in the manufacture of ropes4 ,a decoction of the leaves is a reputed cure for snake bites4 ,the whole plant is very bitter4 #ch4 ,,aralia ,,papyrifera4--,the ,chinese rice paper plant4 ,the stems are filled with pith of very fine texture and white as snow1 from which is derived the article known as rice paper1 much used in preparing artificial flowers4 #ci4 ,,araucaria ,,bidwillii4--,the ,bunya-,bunya of ,australia1 which forms a large tree1 reaching from #aej to #bjj feet in height4 ,the cones are very large1 and contain one hundred to one hundred and fifty seeds1 which are highly prized by the aborigines as food4 ,they are best when roasted in the shell1 cracked between two stones and eaten while hot4 ,in flavor they resemble roasted chestnuts4 ,during the season of the ripening of these seeds the natives grow sleek and fat4 ,that part of the country where these trees most abound is called the ,bunya-,bunya country4 #dj4 ,,araucaria ,,brasiliensis4--,the ,brazilian ,araucaria1 which grows at great elevations4 ,the seeds of this tree are commonly sold in the markets of ,rio ,janeiro as an article of food4 ,the resinous matter which exudes from the trunk is employed in the manufacture of candles4 #da4 ,,araucaria ,,cunninghamii4--,the ,morton ,bay pine4 ,this ,australian tree forms a very straight trunk1 and yields a timber of much commercial importance in ,sidney and other ports4 ,it is chiefly used for house building and some of the heavier articles of furniture4 #db4 ,,araucaria ,,excelsa4--,this very elegant evergreen is a native of ,norfolk ,island4 ,few plants can compare with it in beauty and regularity of growth4 ,the wood is of no particular value1 although used for building purposes in ,norfolk ,island4 #dc4 ,,ardisia ,,crenata4--,a native of ,china4 ,the bark has tonic and astringent properties1 and is used in fevers and for external application in the cure of ulcers1 etc4 #dd4 ,,areca ,,catechu4--,this palm is cultivated in all the warmer parts of ,asia for its seed4 ,this is known under the name of betel nut1 and is about the size of a nutmeg4 ,the chewing of these nuts is a common practice of hundreds of thousands of people4 ,the nut is cut into small pieces1 mixed with a small quantity of lime1 and rolled up in leaves of the betel pepper4 ,the pellet is chewed1 and is hot and acrid1 but possesses aromatic and astringent properties4 ,it tinges the saliva red and stains the teeth4 ,the practice is considered beneficial rather than otherwise1 just as chewing tobacco-leaves1 drinking alcohol1 and eating chicken-salad are considered healthful practices in some portions of the globe4 ,a kind of catechu is obtained by boiling down the seeds to the consistence of an extract1 but the chief supply of this drug is ,acacia catechu4 #de4 ,,argania ,,sideroxylon4--,this is the argan tree of ,morocco4 ,it is remarkable for its low-spreading mode of growth4 ,trees have been measured only #af feet in height1 while the circumference of the branches was #bbj feet4 ,the fruit is much eaten and relished by cattle4 ,the wood is hard and so heavy as to sink in water4 ,a valuable oil is extracted from the seeds4 #df4 ,,aristolochia ,,grandiflora4--,the pelican flower4 ,this plant belongs to a family famed for the curious construction of their flowers1 as well as for their medical qualities4 ,in tropical ,america various species receive the name of ,guaco1 which is a term given to plants that are used in the cure of snake bites4 ,even some of our native species1 such as ,a4 serpentaria1 is known as snake-root1 and is said to be esteemed for curing the bite of the rattlesnake4 ,it is stated that the ,egyptian jugglers use some of these plants to stupefy the snakes before they handle them4 ,a4 bracteata and ,a4 indica are used for similar purposes in ,india4 ,it is said that the juice of the root of ,a4 anguicida1 if introduced into the mouth of a serpent1 so stupefies it that it may be handled with impunity4 ,the ,indians1 after having guaconized themselves1 that is1 having taken ,guaco1 handle the most venomous snakes without injury4 #dg4 ,,artanthe ,,elongata4--,a plant of the pepper family1 which furnishes one of the articles known by the ,peruvians as ,matico1 and which is used by them for the same purposes as cubebs2 but its chief value is as a styptic1 an effect probably produced by its rough under surface1 acting mechanically like lint4 ,it has been employed internally to check hemorrhages1 but with doubtful effect4 ,its aromatic bitter stimulant properties are like those of cubebs1 and depend on a volatile oil1 a dark-green resin1 and a peculiar bitter principle called maticin4 #dh4 ,,artocarpus ,,incisa4--,this is the breadfruit tree of the ,south ,sea ,islands1 where its introduction gave occasion for the historical incidents arising from the mutiny of the ,bounty4 ,the round fruits contain a white pulp1 of the consistence of new bread4 ,it is roasted before being eaten1 but has little flavor4 ,the tree furnishes a viscid juice containing caoutchouc1 which is used as glue for calking canoes4 ,in the ,south ,sea ,islands the breadfruit constitutes the principal article of diet2 it is prepared by baking in an oven heated by hot stones4 #di4 ,,artocarpus ,,integrifolia4--,the jack of the ,indian ,archipelago1 cultivated for its fruit1 which is a favorite article among the natives1 as also are the roasted seeds4 ,the wood is much used1 and resembles mahogany4 ,bird-lime is made from the juice4 #ej4 ,,astrocaryum ,,vulgare4--,every part of this ,south ,american palm is covered with sharp spines4 ,it is cultivated to some extent by the ,indians of ,brazil for the sake of its young leaves1 which furnish a strong fiber for making bowstrings1 fishing nets1 etc4 ,the finer threads are knitted into hammocks1 which are of great strength4 ,it is known as ,tucum thread4 ,the pulp of the fruit furnishes an oil4 ,in ,guiana it is called the ,aoura palm4 #ea4 ,,attalea ,,cohune4--,this palm furnishes ,cahoun nuts1 from which is extracted cohune oil1 used as a burning oil1 for which purpose it is superior to cocoanut oil4 ,piassaba fiber is furnished by this and ,a4 funifera1 the seeds of which are known as ,coquilla nuts2 these nuts are #c or #d inches long1 oval1 of a rich brown color1 and very hard2 they are much used by turners for making the handles of doors1 umbrellas1 etc4 ,the fiber derived from the decaying of the cellular matter at the base of the leaf-stalks is much used in ,brazil for making ropes4 ,it is largely used in ,england and other places for making coarse brooms1 chiefly used in cleaning streets4 #eb4 ,,averrhoa ,,bilimbi4--,this is called the blimbing1 and is cultivated to some extent in the ,east ,indies4 ,the fruit is oblong1 obtuse-angled1 somewhat resembling a short1 thick cucumber1 with a thin1 smooth1 green rind1 filled with a pleasant1 acid juice4 #ec4 ,,averrhoa ,,carambola4--,the caramba of ,ceylon and ,bengal4 ,the fruit of this tree is about the size of a large orange1 and1 when ripe1 is of a rich yellow color1 with a very decided and agreeable fragrance4 ,the pulp contains a large portion of acid1 and is generally used as a pickle or preserve4 ,in ,java it is used both in the ripe and unripe state in pies2 a sirup is also made of the juice1 and a conserve of the flowers4 ,these preparations are highly valued as remedies in fevers and bilious disorders4 #ed4 ,,bactris ,,major4--,the ,marajah palm1 of ,brazil1 which grows upon the banks of the ,amazon ,river4 ,it has a succulent1 rather acid fruit1 from which a vinous beverage is prepared4 ,b4 minor has a stem about #ad feet high and about an inch in diameter4 ,these stems are used for walking canes1 and are sometimes called ,tobago canes4 #ee4 ,,balsamocarpon ,,brevifolium4--,this shrub is the algarrobo of the ,chilians4 ,it belongs to the pea family4 ,its pods are short and thick1 and when unripe contain about #hj per cent of tannic acid2 the ripe pods become transformed into a cracked resinous substance1 when their tanning value is much impaired2 this resinous matter is astringent1 and is used for dyeing black and for making ink4 #ef4 ,,balsamodendron ,,myrrha4--,a native of ,arabia ,felix1 producing a gum resin1 sometimes called ,opobalsamum1 which was considered by the ancients as a panacea for almost all the ills that flesh is heir to4 ,b4 mukul yields a resin of this name1 and is considered identical with the ,bdellium of ,dioscorides and of the ,scriptures4 ,the resin has cordial and stimulating properties1 and is burnt as an incense4 ,in ancient times it was used as an embalming ingredient4 #eg4 ,,bambusa ,,arundinacea4--,the bamboo cane1 a gigantic grass1 cultivated in many tropical and semitropical countries4 ,the ,chinese use it in one way or other for nearly everything they require4 ,almost every article of furniture in their houses1 including mats1 screens1 chairs1 tables1 bedsteads1 and bedding1 is made of bamboo4 ,the masts1 sails1 and rigging of their ships consist chiefly of bamboo4 ,a fiber has been obtained from the stem suitable for mixing with wool1 cotton1 and silk2 it is said to be very soft and to take dyes easily4 ,they have treatises and volumes on its culture1 showing the best soil and the seasons for planting and transplanting this useful production4 #eh4 ,,bauhinia ,,vahlii4--,the ,maloo-climber of ,india1 where the gigantic shrubby stems often attain a height of #cjj feet1 running over the tops of the tallest trees1 and twisting so tightly around their stems as to kill them4 ,the exceedingly tough fibrous bark of this plant is used in ,india for making ropes and in the construction of suspension bridges4 ,the seeds form an article of food2 they are eaten raw1 and resemble cashew nuts in flavor4 #ei4 ,,beaucarnea ,,recurvifolia4--,this ,mexican plant is remarkable for the large bulbiform swelling at the base of the stem4 ,it is a plant of much elegance and beauty1 resembling a drooping fountain4 #fj4 ,,bergera ,,koenigii4--,the curry-leaf tree of ,india4 ,the fragrant1 aromatic leaves are used to flavor curries4 ,the leaves1 root1 and bark are used medicinally4 ,the wood is hard and durable1 and from the seeds a clear1 transparent oil1 called ,simbolee oil1 is extracted4 #fa4 ,,berrya ,,ammonilla4--,this furnishes the ,trincomalee wood of the ,philippine ,islands and ,ceylon1 and is largely used for making oil casks and for building boats1 for which it is well adapted1 being light and strong4 #fb4 ,,bertholletia ,,excelsa4--,this furnishes the well known ,brazil nuts1 or cream nuts of commerce4 ,the tree is a native of ,south ,america and attains a height of #ajj to #aej feet4 ,the fruit is nearly round and contains from eighteen to twenty-four seeds1 which are so beautifully packed in the shell that when once removed it is found impossible to replace them4 ,a bland oil is pressed from the seeds1 which is used by artists1 and at ,para the fibrous bark of the tree is used for calking ships1 as a substitute for oakum4 #fc4 ,,bignonia ,,echinata4--,a native of ,mexico1 where it is sometimes called ,mariposa butterfly4 ,the branches are said to be used in the adulteration of sarsaparilla4 ,b4 chica1 a native of ,venezuela1 furnishes a red pigment1 obtained by macerating the leaves in water1 which is used by the natives for painting their bodies4 ,the long flexible stems of ,b4 kerere furnish the natives of ,french ,guiana with a substitute for ropes4 ,b4 alliacea is termed the ,garlic shrub1 because of the powerful odor of garlic emitted from its leaves and branches when bruised4 ,these plants all have showy flowers1 and the genus is represented with us by such beautiful flowers as are produced by ,b4 radicans and ,b4 capreolata4 #fd4 ,,bixa ,,orellana4--,arnotta plant4 ,this plant is a native of ,south ,america1 but has been introduced and cultivated both in the ,west and ,east ,indies4 ,it bears bunches of pink-colored flowers1 which are followed by oblong bristled pods4 ,the seeds are thinly coated with red1 waxy pulp1 which is separated by stirring them in water until it is detached1 when it is strained off and evaporated to the consistence of putty1 when it is made up into rolls2 in this condition it is known as flag or roll arnotta1 but when thoroughly dried it is made into cakes and sold as cake arnotta4 ,it is much used by the ,south ,american ,caribs and other tribes of ,indians for painting their bodies1 paint being almost their only article of clothing4 ,as a commercial article it is mainly used as a coloring for cheese1 butter1 and inferior chocolates1 to all of which it gives the required tinge without imparting any unpleasant flavor or unwholesome quality4 ,it is also used in imparting rich orange and gold-colored tints to various kinds of varnishes4 #fe4 ,,blighia ,,sapida4--,the akee fruit of ,guinea4 ,the fruit is about #c inches long by #b inches wide2 the seeds are surrounded by a spongy substance1 which is eaten4 ,it has a subacid1 agreeable taste4 ,a small quantity of semisolid fatty oil is obtained from the seeds by pressure4 #ff4 ,b,,oe,,hmeria ,,nivea4--,a plant of the nettle family1 which yields the fiber known as ,chinese grass4 ,the beautiful fabric called grasscloth1 which rivals the best ,french cambric in softness and fineness of texture1 is manufactured from the fiber of this plant4 ,the fiber is also variously known in commerce as rheea1 ramie1 and in ,china as ,tchow-ma4 ,it is a plant of the easiest culture1 and has been introduced into the ,southern ,states1 where it grows freely4 ,when once machinery is perfected so as to enable its being cheaply prepared for the manufacturer1 a great demand will arise for this fiber4 #fg4 ,,boldoa ,,fragrans4--,a ,chilian plant which yields small edible fruits2 these1 as well as all parts of the plant1 are very aromatic4 ,the bark is used for tanning1 and the wood is highly esteemed for making charcoal4 ,an alkaloid called boldine1 extracted from the plant1 has reputed medicinal value1 and a drug called ,boldu is similarly produced4 #fh4 ,,borassus ,,flabelliformis4--,the ,palmyra palm4 ,the parts of this tree are applied to such a multitude of purposes that a poem in the ,tamil language1 although enumerating eight hundred uses1 does not exhaust the catalogue4 ,in old trees the wood becomes hard and is very durable4 ,the leaves are from #h to #aj feet long1 and are used for thatching houses1 making various mattings1 bags1 etc4 ,they also supply the ,hindoo with paper1 upon which he writes with a stylus4 ,a most important product called toddy or palm wine is obtained from the flower spikes1 which yield a great quantity of juice for four or five months4 ,palm-toddy is intoxicating1 and when distilled yields strong arrack4 ,very good vinegar is also obtained from it1 and large quantities of jaggery or palm sugar are manufactured from the toddy4 ,the fruits are large and have a thick coating of fibrous pulp1 which is cooked and eaten or made into jelly4 ,the young palm plants are cultivated for the market1 as cabbages are with us1 and eaten1 either when fresh or after being dried in the sun4 #fi4 ,,boswellia ,,thurifera4--,this ,coromandel tree furnishes the resin known as olibanum1 which is supposed to have been the frankincense of the ancients4 ,it is sometimes used in medicine as an astringent and stimulant1 and is employed1 because of its grateful perfume1 as an incense in churches4 #gj4 ,,bromelia ,,karatas4--,the ,corawa fiber1 or silk-grass of ,guiana1 is obtained from this plant1 which is very strong1 and much used for bowstrings1 fishing lines1 nets1 and ropes4 #ga4 ,,bromelia ,,pinguin4--,this is very common as a hedge or fence plant in the ,west ,indies4 ,the leaves1 when beaten with a blunt mallet and macerated in water1 produce fibers from which beautiful fabrics are manufactured4 ,the fruit yields a cooling juice much used in fevers4 #gb4 ,,brosimum ,,alicastrum4--,the bread-nut tree of ,jamaica4 ,the nuts or seeds produced by this tree are said to form an agreeable and nutritious article of food4 ,when cooked they taste like hazelnuts4 ,the young branches and shoots are greedily eaten by horses and cattle1 and the wood resembles mahogany1 and is used for making furniture4 #gc4 ,,brosimum ,,galactodendron4--,the cow tree of ,south ,america1 which yields a milk of as good quality as that from the cow4 ,it forms large forests on the mountains near the town of ,cariaco and elsewhere along the seacoast of ,venezuela1 reaching to a considerable height4 ,in ,south ,america the cow tree is called ,palo de ,vaca1 or ,arbol de ,leche4 ,its milk1 which is obtained by making incisions in the trunk1 so closely resembles the milk of the cow1 both in appearance and quality1 that it is commonly used as an article of food by the inhabitants of the places where the tree is abundant4 ,unlike many other vegetable milks1 it is perfectly wholesome1 and very nourishing1 possessing an agreeable taste1 and a pleasant balsamic odor1 its only unpleasant quality being a slight amount of stickiness4 ,the chemical analysis of this milk has shown it to possess a composition closely resembling some animal substances2 and1 like animal milk1 it quickly forms a cheesy scum1 and after a few days' exposure to the atmosphere1 turns sour and putrefies4 ,it contains upwards of #cj per cent of a resinous substance called galactine4 #gd4 ,,brya ,,ebenus4--,jamaica or ,west ,india ebony tree4 ,this is not the plant that yields the true ebony-wood of commerce4 ,jamaica ebony is of a greenish-brown color1 very hard1 and so heavy that it sinks in water4 ,it takes a good polish1 and is used by turners for the manufacture of numerous kinds of small wares4 #ge4 ,,byrsonima ,,spicata4--,a ,brazilian plant1 furnishing an astringent bark used for tanning1 and also containing a red coloring matter employed in dyeing4 ,the berries are used in medicine1 and a decoction of the roots is used for ulcers4 #gf4 ,c,,salpinia ,,bonduc4--,a tropical plant1 bearing the seeds known as nicker nuts1 or bonduc nuts4 ,these are often strung together for necklaces4 ,the kernels have a very bitter taste1 and the oil obtained from them is used medicinally4 #gg4 ,c,,salpinia ,,pulcherrima4--,this beautiful flowering leguminous plant is a native of the ,east ,indies1 but is cultivated in all the tropics4 ,in ,jamaica it is called the ,barbados flower4 ,the wood is sought after for charcoal1 and a decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in fevers4 #gh4 ,c,,salpinia ,,sappan4--,the brownish-red wood of this ,indian tree furnishes the ,sappan wood of commerce1 from which dyers obtain a red color1 principally used for dyeing cotton goods4 ,its root also affords an orange-yellow dye4 #gi4 ,,calamus ,,rotang4--,this is one of the palms that furnish the canes or rattans used for chair bottoms1 sides of pony-carriages1 and similar purposes4 ,it is a climbing palm and grows to an immense length2 specimens #cjj feet long have been exhibited1 climbing over and amongst the branches of trees1 supporting themselves by means of the hooked spines attached to the leaf stalks4 ,c4 rudentum and ,c4 viminalis furnish flexible canes4 ,in their native countries they are used for a variety of manufacturing purposes1 also for ropes and cables used by junks and other coasting vessels4 ,in the ,himalayas they are used in the formation of suspension bridges across rivers and deep ravines4 ,c4 scipionum furnishes the well-known ,malacca canes used for walking sticks4 ,they are naturally of a rich brown color4 ,the clouded and mottled appearance which some of these present is said to be imparted to them by smoking and steaming4 #hj4 ,,callistemon ,,salignus4--,a medium-sized tree from ,australia2 one of the many so-called tea trees of that country4 ,the wood1 which is very hard1 is known as stone wood and has been used for wood engraving4 ,layers of the bark readily peel off2 hence it also receives the name of paper-bark plant4 #ha4 ,,callitris ,,quadrivalvis4--,this coniferous plant is a native of ,barbary4 ,it yields a hard1 durable1 and fragrant timber1 and is much employed in the erection of mosques1 etc41 by the ,africans of the ,north4 ,the resin that exudes from the tree is used in varnish under the name of gum-sandarach4 ,in powder it forms a principal ingredient of the article known as pounce4 #hb4 ,,calophyllum ,,calaba4--,this is called calaba tree in the ,west ,indies1 and an oil1 fit for burning1 is expressed from the seeds4 ,in the ,west ,indies these seeds are called ,santa ,maria nuts4 #hc4 ,,calotropis ,,gigantea4--,the inner bark of this plant yields a valuable fiber1 capable of bearing a greater strain than hemp4 ,all parts of it abound in a very acrid milky juice1 which hardens into a substance resembling gutta-percha2 but in its fresh state it is a valuable remedy in cutaneous diseases4 ,the bark of the root also possesses similar medical qualities2 and its tincture yields mudarine1 a substance that has the property of gelatinizing when heated1 and returning to the fluid state when cool4 ,paper has been made from the silky down of the seeds4 #hd4 ,,camellia ,,japonica4--,a well-known green-house plant1 cultivated for its large double flowers4 ,the seeds furnish an oil of an agreeable odor1 which is used for many domestic purposes4 #he4 ,,camphora ,,officinarum4--,this tree belongs to the ,laurace4 ,camphor is prepared from the wood by boiling chopped branches in water1 when1 after some time1 the camphor becomes deposited and is purified by sublimation4 ,it is mainly produced in the island of ,formosa4 ,the wood of the tree is highly prized for manufacturing entomological cabinets4 ,as the plant grows well over a large area in the more ,southern ,states1 it is expected that the preparation of its products will become a profitable industry4 #hf4 ,,canella ,,alba4--,this is a native of the ,west ,indies1 and furnishes a pale olive-colored bark with an aromatic odor1 and is used as a tonic4 ,it is used by the natives as a spice4 ,it furnishes the true canella bark of commerce1 also known as white-wood bark4 #hg4 ,,capparis ,,spinosa4--,the caper plant1 a native of the ,south of ,europe and of the ,mediterranean regions4 ,the commercial product consists of the flower-buds1 and sometimes the unripe fruits1 pickled in vinegar4 ,the wood and bark possess acrid qualities which will act as a blister when applied to the skin4 #hh4 ,,carapa ,,guianensis4--,a meliaceous plant1 native of tropical ,america1 where it grows to a height of #fj to #hj feet4 ,the bark of this tree possesses febrifugal properties and is also used for tanning4 ,by pressure1 the seeds yield a liquid oil called carap-oil or crab-oil1 suitable for burning in lamps4 #hi4 ,,carica ,,papaya4--,this is the ,south ,american papaw tree1 but is cultivated in most tropical countries4 ,it is also known as the melon-apple4 ,the fruit is of a dingy orange-color1 of an oblong form1 about #h to #aj inches long1 by #c or #d inches broad4 ,it is said that the juice of the tree1 or an infusion of the leaves and fruit1 has the property of rendering tough fiber quite tender4 ,animals fed upon the fruit and leaves will have very tender and juicy flesh4 #ij4 ,,carludovica ,,palmata4--,a pandanaceous plant from ,panama and southward4 ,panama hats are made from the leaves of this plant4 ,the leaves are cut when young1 and the stiff parallel veins removed1 after which they are slit into shreds1 but not separated at the stalk end1 and immersed in boiling water for a short time1 then bleached in the sun4 #ia4 ,,caryocar ,,nuciferum4--,on the river banks of ,guiana this grows to a large-sized tree4 ,it yields the butter-nuts1 or souari-nuts of commerce4 ,these are of a flattened kidney shape1 with a hard woody shell of a reddish-brown color1 and covered with wart-like protuberances4 ,the nuts are pleasant to eat1 and yield1 by expression1 an oil called ,piquia oil1 which possesses the flavor of the fruit4 #ib4 ,,caryophyllus ,,aromaticus4--,this myrtaceous plant produces the well-known spice called cloves4 ,it forms a beautiful evergreen1 rising from #bj to #cj feet in height4 ,the cloves of commerce are the unexpanded flower-buds2 they are collected by beating the tree with rods1 when the buds1 from the jointed character of their stalks1 readily fall1 and are received on sheets spread on purpose2 they are then dried in the sun4 ,all parts of the plant are aromatic1 from the presence of a volatile oil4 ,the oil is sometimes used in toothache and as a carminative in medicine4 #ic4 ,,caryota ,,urens4--,this fine palm is a native of ,ceylon1 and is also found in other parts of ,india1 where it supplies the native population with various important articles4 ,large quantities of toddy1 or palm-wine1 are prepared from the juice1 which1 when boiled1 yields very good palm sugar or jaggery1 and also excellent sugar candy4 ,sago is also prepared from the central or pithy part of the trunk1 and forms a large portion of the food of the natives4 ,the fiber from the leaf stalk is of great strength2 it is known as ,kittool fiber1 and is used for making ropes1 brushes1 brooms1 etc4 ,a woolly kind of scurf1 scraped off the leaf stalks1 is used for calking boats1 and the stem furnishes a small quantity of wood4 #id4 ,,casimiroa ,,edulis4--,a ,mexican plant1 belonging to the orange family1 with a fruit about the size of an ordinary orange1 which has an agreeable taste1 but is not considered to be wholesome4 ,the seeds are poisonous2 the bark is bitter1 and is sometimes used medicinally4 #ie4 ,,cassia ,,acutifolia4--,the cassias belong to the leguminous family4 ,the leaflets of this and some other species produce the well-known drug called senna4 ,that known as ,alexandria senna is produced by the above4 ,east ,indian senna is produced by ,c4 elongata4 ,aleppo senna is obtained from ,c4 obovata4 ,the native species1 ,c4 marylandica1 possesses similar properties4 ,the seeds of ,c4 absus1 a native of ,egypt1 are bitter1 aromatic1 and mucilaginous1 and are used as a remedy for ophthalmia4 ,c4 fistula is called the ,pudding-,pipe tree1 and furnishes the cassia pods of commerce4 ,the seeds of ,c4 occidentalis1 when roasted1 are used as a substitute for coffee in the ,mauritius and in the interior of ,africa4 #if4 ,,castilloa ,,elastica4--,this is a ,mexican tree1 which yields a milky juice1 forming caoutchouc1 but is not collected for commerce except in a limited way4 #ig4 ,,casuarina ,,quadrivalvis4--,this ,tasmanian tree produces a very hard wood of a reddish color1 often called ,beef wood4 ,it is marked with dark stripes1 and is much used in some places for picture frames and cabinetwork4 ,this belongs to a curious family of trees having no leaves1 but looking like a gigantic specimen of ,horse-tail grass1 a weed to be seen in wet places4 #ih4 ,,catha ,,edulis4--,this plant is a native of ,arabia1 where it attains the height of #g to #aj feet4 ,its leaves are used by the ,arabs in preparing a beverage like tea or coffee4 ,the twigs1 with leaves attached1 in bundles of fifty1 and in pieces from #ab to #ae inches in length1 form a very considerable article of commerce1 its use in ,arabia corresponding to that of the ,paraguay tea in ,south ,america and the ,chinese tea in ,europe4 ,the effects produced by a decoction of the leaves of ,cafta1 as they are termed1 are described as similar to those produced by strong green tea1 only more pleasing and agreeable4 ,the ,arab soldiers chew the leaves when on sentry duty to keep them from feeling drowsy4 ,its use is of great antiquity1 preceding that of coffee4 ,its stimulating effects induced some ,arabs to class it with intoxicating substances1 the use of which is forbidden by the ,koran1 but a synod of learned ,mussulmans decreed that1 as it did not impair the health or impede the observance of religious duties1 but only increased hilarity and good humor1 it was lawful to use it4 #ii4 ,,cecropia ,,peltata4--,the ,south ,american trumpet tree1 so called because its hollow branches are used for musical instruments4 ,the ,waupe ,indians form a kind of drum by removing the pith or center of the branches4 ,the inner bark of the young branches yields a very tough fiber1 which is made into ropes4 ,the milky juice of the stem hardens into caoutchouc4 #ajj4 ,,cedrela ,,odorata4--,this forms a large tree in the ,west ,india ,islands1 and is hollowed out for canoes2 the wood is of a brown color and has a fragrant odor1 and is sometimes imported under the name of ,jamaica cedar4 #aja4 ,,ceph,,lis ,,ipecacuanha4--,this ,brazilian plant produces the true ipecacuanha1 and belongs to the ,cinchonace4 ,the root is the part used in medicine1 it is knotty1 contorted1 and annulated1 and of a grayish-brown color1 and its emetic properties are due to a chemical principle called emetin4 #ajb4 ,,ceratonia ,,siliqua4--,the carob bean4 ,this leguminous plant is a native of the countries bordering on the ,mediterranean4 ,the seed pods contain a quantity of mucilaginous and saccharine matter1 and are used as food for cattle4 ,besides the name of carob beans1 these pods are known as locust pods1 or ,st4 ,john's bread1 from a supposition that they formed the food of ,st4 ,john in the wilderness4 ,it is now generally admitted that the locusts of ,st4 ,john were the insects so called1 and which are still used as an article of food in some of the ,eastern countries4 ,there is more reason for the belief that the husks mentioned in the parable of the prodigal son were these pods4 ,the seeds were at one time used by singers1 who imagined that they softened and cleared the voice4 #ajc4 ,,cerbera ,,thevetia4--,the name is intended to imply that the plant is as dangerous as ,cerberus4 ,the plant has a milky1 poisonous juice4 ,the bark is purgative2 the unripe fruit is used by the natives of ,travancore to destroy dogs1 as its action causes their teeth to loosen and fall out4 #ajd4 ,,cereus ,,gigantea4--,the suwarrow of the ,mexicans1 a native of the hot1 arid1 and almost desert regions of ,new ,mexico1 found growing in rocky places1 in valleys1 and on mountain sides1 often springing out of mere crevices in hard rocks1 and imparting a singular aspect to the scenery of the country1 its tall stems often reaching #dj feet in height1 with upright branches looking like telegraph posts for signaling from point to point of the rocky mountains4 ,the fruits are about #b or #c inches long1 of a green color and oval form2 when ripe they burst into three or four pieces1 which curve back so as to resemble a flower4 ,inside they contain numerous little black seeds1 imbedded in a crimson-colored pulp1 which the ,indians make into a preserve4 ,they also eat the ripe fruit as an article of food4 #aje4 ,,cereus ,,macdonaldi4--,a night-blooming cereus1 and one of the most beautiful4 ,the flowers when fully expanded are over a foot in diameter1 having numerous radiating red and bright orange sepals and delicately white petals4 ,it is a native of the ,honduras4 #ajf4 ,,ceroxylon ,,andicola4--,the wax palm of ,new ,grenada1 first described by ,humboldt and ,bonpland1 who found it on elevated mountains1 extending as high as the lower limit of perpetual snow4 ,its tall trunk is covered with a thin coating of a whitish waxy substance1 giving it a marbled appearance4 ,the waxy substance forms an article of commerce1 and is obtained by scraping the trunk4 ,it consists of two parts of resin and one wax1 and1 when mixed with one third of tallow1 it makes very good candles4 ,the stem is used for building purposes1 and the leaves for thatching roofs4 #ajg4 ,,cham,,dorea ,,elegans4--,this belongs to a genus of palms native of ,south ,america4 ,the plant is of tall1 slender growth2 the stems are used for walking canes1 and the young1 unexpanded flower spikes are used as a vegetable4 #ajh4 ,,cham,,rops ,,fortunei4--,this palm is a native of the north of ,china1 and is nearly hardy here4 ,in ,china1 the coarse brown fibers obtained from the leaves are used for making hats and also garments called ,so-e1 worn in wet weather4 #aji4 ,,cham,,rops ,,humilis4--,this is the only ,european species of palm1 and does not extend farther north than ,nice4 ,the leaves are commonly used in the south of ,europe for making hats1 brooms1 baskets1 etc4 ,from the leaf fiber a material resembling horse hair is prepared1 and the ,arabs mix it with camel's hair for their tent covers4 #aaj4 ,,chavica ,,betel4--,this plant is found all over the ,east ,indies1 where its leaf is largely used by ,indian natives as a masticatory4 ,its consumption is immense1 and has been said to equal that of tobacco by ,western peoples4 ,it is prepared for chewing by inclosing in the leaves a slice of the areca nut1 and a small portion of lime4 ,it is thought to act as a stimulant to the digestive organs1 but causes giddiness and other unpleasant symptoms to those not accustomed to its use4 #aaa4 ,,chiococca ,,racemosa4--,this plant is found in many warm countries1 such as in southern ,florida4 ,it is called cahinca in ,brazil1 where a preparation of the bark of the root is employed as a remedy for snake bites4 ,almost every locality where snakes exist has its local remedies for poisonous bites1 but they rarely prove to be efficient when truthfully and fairly tested4 #aab4 ,,chloranthus ,,officinalis4--,the roots of this plant are an aromatic stimulant1 much used as medicine in the ,island of ,java2 also1 when mixed with anise1 it has proved valuable in malignant smallpox4 #aac4 ,,chloroxylon ,,swietenia4--,the satinwood tree of tropical countries4 ,it is principally used for making the backs of clothes and hair brushes1 and for articles of turnery-ware2 the finest mottled pieces are cut into veneers and used for cabinet-making4 #aad4 ,,chrysobalanus ,,icaco4--,the cocoa plum of the ,west ,indies4 ,the fruits are about the size of a plum1 and are of various colors1 white1 yellow1 red1 or purple4 ,the pulp is sweet1 a little austere1 but not disagreeable4 ,the fruits are preserved and exported from ,cuba and other ,west ,india ,islands4 ,the kernels yield a fixed oil1 and an emulsion made with them is used medicinally4 #aae4 ,,chrysophyllum ,,cainito4--,the fruit of this plant is known in the ,west ,indies as the star apple1 the interior of which1 when cut across1 shows ten cells1 and as many seeds disposed regularly round the center1 giving a star-like appearance1 as stars are generally represented in the most reliable almanacs4 ,it receives its botanic name from the golden silky color on the under side of the leaves4 #aaf4 ,,cicca ,,disticha4--,this ,indian plant is cultivated in many parts under the name of ,otaheite gooseberry4 ,the fruits resemble those of a green gooseberry4 ,they have an acid flavor2 are used for preserving or pickling1 and eaten either in a raw state or cooked in various ways4 #aag4 ,,cinchona ,,calisaya4--,the yellow bark of ,bolivia4 ,this is one of the so-called ,peruvian ,bark trees4 ,the discovery of the medicinal value of this bark is a matter of fable and conjecture4 ,the name cinchona is derived from that of the wife of a viceroy of ,peru1 who is said to have taken the drug from ,south ,america to ,europe in #afci4 ,afterwards the ,jesuits used it2 hence it is sometimes called ,jesuit's bark4 ,it was brought most particularly into notice when ,louis ,,xiv of ,france purchased of ,sir ,r4 ,talbor1 an ,englishman1 his heretofore secret remedy for intermittent fever1 and made it public4 ,there are various barks in commerce classified under the head of ,peruvian barks4 ,their great value depends upon the presence of certain alkaloid substances called quinine1 cinchonine1 and quinidine1 which exist in the bark in combination with tannic and other acids4 ,quinine is the most useful of these alkaloids1 and this is found in greatest quantities in ,calisaya bark4 ,the gray bark of ,huanuco is derived from ,cinchona micrantha1 which is characterized by its yield of cinchonine1 and the ,loxa or ,loja barks are furnished in part by ,cinchona officinalis1 and are especially rich in quinidine4 ,there is some uncertainty about the trees that produce the various kinds of bark4 ,these trees grow in the forests of ,bolivia and ,peru1 at various elevations on the mountains1 but chiefly in sheltered mountain valleys1 and all of them at a considerable distance below the frost or snow line4 ,they are destroyed by the slightest frost4 ,plants of various species have been distributed from time to time1 in localities which seemed most favorable to their growth1 but all reports from these distributions have1 so far1 been discouraging4 #aah4 ,,cinnamomum ,,cassia4--,this furnishes cassia bark1 which is much like cinnamon1 but thicker1 coarser1 stronger1 less delicate in flavor1 and cheaper2 hence it is often used to adulterate cinnamon4 ,the unexpanded flower buds are sold as cassia buds1 possessing properties similar to those of the bark4 ,it is grown in southern ,china1 ,java1 and tropical countries generally4 #aai4 ,,cinnamomum ,,zeylanicum4--,a tree belonging to ,laurace1 which furnishes the best cinnamon4 ,it is prepared by stripping the bark from the branches1 when it rolls up into quills1 the smaller of which are introduced into the larger1 and then dried in the sun4 ,cinnamon is much used as a condiment for its pleasant flavor1 and its astringent properties are of medicinal value4 ,it is cultivated largely in ,ceylon4 ,the cinnamon tree is too tender to become of commercial importance in the ,united ,states4 ,isolated plants may be found in southern ,florida1 at least it is so stated1 but the area suited to its growth must be very limited4 #abj4 ,,cissampelos ,,pareira4--,the velvet plant of tropical countries4 ,the root furnishes the ,pareira brava of druggists1 which is used in medicine4 #aba4 ,,citrus ,,aurantium4--,the orange1 generally supposed to be a native of the north of ,india4 ,it was introduced into ,arabia during the ninth century4 ,it was unknown in ,europe in the eleventh century4 ,oranges were cultivated at ,seville towards the end of the twelfth century1 and at ,palermo in the thirteenth4 ,in the fourteenth century they were plentiful in several parts of ,italy4 ,there are many varieties of the orange in cultivation4 ,the blood red1 or ,malta1 is much esteemed2 the fruit is round1 reddish-yellow outside and the pulp irregularly mottled with crimson4 ,the ,mandarin or ,tangerine orange has a thin rind which separates easily from the pulp1 and is very sweet and rich4 ,the ,st4 ,michael's orange is one of the most productive and delicious varieties1 with a thin rind and very sweet pulp4 ,the ,seville or bitter orange is used for the manufacture of bitter tincture and candied orange-peel4 ,the ,bergamot orange has peculiarly fragrant flowers and fruit1 from each of which an essence of a delicious quality is extracted4 #abb4 ,,citrus ,,decumana4--,the shaddock1 which has the largest fruit of the family4 ,it is a native of ,china and ,japan1 where it is known as sweet ball4 ,the pulp is acid or subacid1 and in some varieties nearly sweet4 ,from the thickness of the skin the fruit will keep a considerable time without injury4 #abc4 ,,citrus ,,japonica4--,this is the ,kum-quat of the ,chinese4 ,it forms a small tree1 or rather a large bush1 and bears fruit about the size of a large cherry4 ,there are two forms1 one bearing round fruits1 the other long1 oval fruits4 ,this fruit has a sweet rind and an agreeably acid pulp1 and is usually eaten whole without being peeled4 ,it forms an excellent preserve1 with sugar1 and is largely used in this form4 #abd4 ,,citrus ,,limetta4--,the lime1 which is used for the same purposes as the lemon1 and by some preferred1 the juice being considered more wholesome and the acid more agreeable4 ,there are several varieties1 some of them being sweet and quite insipid4 #abe4 ,,citrus ,,limonum4--,the lemon2 this plant is found growing naturally in that part of ,india which is beyond the ,ganges4 ,it was unknown to the ancient ,greeks and ,romans4 ,it is supposed to have been brought to ,italy by the ,crusaders4 ,arabian writers of the twelfth century notice the lemon as being cultivated in ,egypt and other places4 ,the varieties of the lemon are very numerous and valued for their agreeable acid juice and essential oil4 ,they keep for a considerable time1 especially if steeped for a short period in salt water4 #abf4 ,,citrus ,,medica4--,the citron1 found wild in the forests of northern ,india4 ,the ,jews cultivated the citron at the time they were under subjection to the ,romans1 and used the fruit in the ,feast of the ,tabernacles4 ,there is no proof of their having known the fruit in the time of ,moses1 but it is supposed that they found it at ,babylon1 and brought it into ,palestine4 ,the citron is cultivated in ,china and ,cochin-,china4 ,it is easily naturalized and the seeds are rapidly spread4 ,in its wild state it grows erect2 the branches are spiny1 the flowers purple on the outside and white on the inside4 ,the fruit furnishes the essential oil of citron and the essential oil of cedra4 ,there are several varieties2 the fingered citron is a curious fruit1 and the ,madras citron is very long and narrow2 the skin is covered with protuberances4 #abg4 ,,clusia ,,rosea4--,a tropical plant which yields abundantly of a tenacious resin from its stem1 which is used for the same purpose as pitch4 ,it is first of a green color1 but when exposed to the air it assumes a brown or reddish tint4 ,the ,caribs use it for painting the bottoms of their boats4 #abh4 ,,coccoloba ,,uvifera4--,known in the ,west ,indies as the seaside grape1 from the peculiarity of the perianth1 which becomes pulpy and of a violet color and surrounds the ripe fruit4 ,the pulpy perianth has an agreeable acid flavor4 ,an astringent extract is prepared from the plant which is used in medicine4 #abi4 ,,cocos ,,nucifera4--,the cocoanut palm4 ,this palm is cultivated throughout the tropics so extensively that its native country is not known4 ,one reason of its extensive dissemination is that it grows so close to the sea that the ripe fruits are washed away by the waves and afterwards cast upon far-distant shores1 where they soon vegetate4 ,it is in this way that the coral islands of the ,indian ,ocean have become covered with these palms4 ,every part of this tree is put to some useful purpose4 ,the outside rind or husk of the fruit yields the fiber from which the well-known cocoa matting is manufactured4 ,cordage1 clothes1 brushes1 brooms1 and hats are made from this fiber1 and1 when curled and dyed1 it is used for stuffing mattresses and cushions4 ,an oil is produced by pressing the white kernel of the nut which is used for cooking when fresh1 and by pressure affords stearin1 which is made into candles1 the liquid being used for lamps4 ,the kernel is of great importance as an article of food1 and the milk affords an agreeable beverage4 ,while young it yields a delicious substance resembling blanc-mange4 ,the leaves are used for thatching1 for making mats1 baskets1 hats1 etc42 combs are made from the hard footstalk2 the heart of the tree is used as we use cabbages4 ,the brown fibrous net work from the base of the leaves is used as sieves1 and also made into garments4 ,the wood is used for building and for furniture4 ,the flowers are used medicinally as an astringent and the roots as a febrifuge4 #acj4 ,,cocos ,,plumosus4--,a ,brazilian species1 highly ornamental in its long1 arching leaves1 and producing quantities of orange-colored nuts1 in size about as large as a chestnut1 inclosed in an edible pulp4 #aca4 ,,coffea ,,arabica4--,the coffee plant1 which belongs to the ,cinchonace and is a native of ,abyssinia1 but is now cultivated in many tropical regions4 ,it can not be successfully cultivated in a climate where the temperature1 at any season of the year1 falls below #ee degrees1 although it will exist where the temperature all but falls short of freezing1 but a low fall of temperature greatly retards the ripening of the fruit4 ,ripe fruits are often gathered from plants in the extreme south of ,florida4 ,the beans or seeds are roasted before use1 and by this process they gain nearly one half in bulk and lose about a fifth in weight4 ,heat also changes their essential qualities1 causing the development of the volatile oil and peculiar acid to which the aroma and flavor are due4 ,the berries contain theine2 so also do the leaves1 and in some countries the latter are preferred4 #acb4 ,,coffea ,,liberica4--,the ,liberian coffee1 cultivated in ,africa1 of which country it is a native4 ,this plant is of larger and stronger growth than the ,arabian coffee plant and the fruit is larger4 ,this species is of recent introduction to commerce1 and although it was reported as being more prolific than the ordinary coffee plant1 the statement has not been borne out in ,brazil and ,mexico1 where it has been tested4 ,it is also more tender than the older known species4 #acc4 ,,cola ,,acuminata4--,an ,african tree1 which has been introduced into the ,west ,indies and ,brazil for the sake of its seeds1 which are known as ,cola1 or ,kola1 or ,goora nuts1 and extensively used as a sort of condiment by the natives of ,africa4 ,a small piece of one of these seeds is chewed before each meal to promote digestion4 ,it possesses properties similar to the leaves of coca and contains theine4 ,these nuts have from time immemorial occupied a prominent place in the dietetic economy of native tribes in ,africa1 and the demand for them has established a large commercial industry in the regions where they are obtained4 #acd4 ,,colocasia ,,esculenta4--,this plant has been recommended for profitable culture in this country for its edible root-stock4 ,it is cultivated in the ,sandwich ,islands under the name of ,tara4 ,the young leaves are cooked and eaten in the same manner as spinach or greens in ,egypt4 ,they are acrid1 but lose their acridity when boiled1 the water being changed4 ,the roots are filled with starch1 and have long been used as food in various semitropical countries4 #ace4 ,,condaminea ,,macrophylla4--,this plant belongs to the cinchona family1 and contains tonic properties4 ,the ,peruvian bark gatherers adulterate the true cinchona bark with this1 but it may be detected by its white inner surface1 its less powerful bitter taste1 and a viscidity not possessed by the cinchonas4 #acf4 ,,convolvulus ,,scammonia4--,this plant furnishes the scammony of the druggists4 #acg4 ,,cookia ,,punctata4--,a small-growing tree from ,china1 which produces a fruit known as the ,wampee4 ,this fruit is a globular berry1 with five or fewer compartments filled with juice4 ,it is much esteemed in ,china4 #ach4 ,,copaifera ,,officinalis4--,this tree yields balsam of copaiba1 used in medicine4 ,the balsam is collected by making incisions in the stem1 when the liquor is said to pour out copiously2 as it exudes it is thin and colorless1 but immediately thickens and changes to a clear yellow4 ,like many other balsams1 it is nearly allied to the turpentines2 it has a moderately agreeable smell1 and a bitter1 biting taste of considerable duration4 ,distilled with water it yields a limpid essential oil4 #aci4 ,,copernica ,,cerifera4--,the ,carnuba1 or wax palm of ,brazil4 ,it grows about #dj feet high1 and has a trunk #f or #h inches thick1 composed of very hard wood1 which is commonly employed in ,brazil for building and other purposes4 ,the upper part of the young stem is soft1 and yields a kind of sago1 and the bitter fruits are eaten by the ,indians4 ,the young leaves are coated with wax1 called ,carnaub wax1 which is detached by shaking them1 and then melted and run into cakes2 it is harder than beeswax1 and has been used for making candles4 ,the leaves are used for thatch1 and1 when young1 are eaten by cattle4 #adj4 ,,coprosma ,,robusta4--,a cinchonaceous shrub4 ,the leaves of this plant were formerly used in some of the religious ceremonies of the ,new ,zealanders4 #ada4 ,,cordia ,,myxa4--,this produces succulent1 mucilaginous1 and emollient fruits1 which are eaten4 ,these qualities1 combined with a slight astringency1 have led to their use as pectorals1 known as ,sebestens4 ,the wood of this tree is said to have furnished the material used by the ,egyptians in the construction of their mummy cases2 it is also considered to be one of the best woods for kindling fire by friction4 #adb4 ,,cordyline ,,australis4--,the ,australian ,ti1 or cabbage tree1 a palm-like plant of #ae to #bj feet in height4 ,the whole plant is fibrous1 and it has been suggested as good for a paper-making material4 ,the juice of the roots and stem contains a small amount of sugar1 and has been employed for procuring alcohol4 #adc4 ,,corypha ,,umbraculifera4--,the ,talipot palm1 a native of ,ceylon1 producing gigantic fan-like leaves4 ,these leaves have prickly stalks #f or #g feet long1 and when fully expanded form a nearly complete circle of #ac feet in diameter4 ,large fans made of these leaves are carried before people of rank among the ,cinghalese2 they are also commonly used as umbrellas1 and tents are made by neatly joining them together2 they are also used as a substitute for paper1 being written upon with a stylus4 ,some of the sacred books of the ,cinghalese are composed of strips of them4 ,the hard seeds are used by turners4 #add4 ,,couroupita ,,guianensis4--,the fruit of this tree is called1 from its appearance1 the cannon-ball fruit2 its shell is used as a drinking vessel1 and when fresh the pulp is of an agreeable flavor4 #ade4 ,,crat,,va ,,gynandra4--,this ,west ,indian tree yields a small fruit which has a strong smell of garlic1 hence it is called the garlic pear4 ,the bark is bitter and used as a tonic4 #adf4 ,,crescentia ,,cujete4--,the calabash tree of the ,west ,indies1 where it is valued for the sake of its fruits1 which resemble pumpkins in appearance and occasionally reach a diameter of #ah inches4 ,divested of their pulp1 which is not edible1 they serve various useful domestic purposes1 for carrying water1 and even as kettles for cooking4 ,they are strong and light4 #adg4 ,,croton ,,balsamiferum4--,this ,west ,indian shrub is sometimes called seaside balsam or sage4 ,a thick1 yellowish1 aromatic juice exudes from the extremities of the broken branches1 or wherever the stem has been wounded4 ,in ,martinique a liquor called ,eau de ,mantes is distilled from this balsamic juice with spirits of wine4 ,the young leaves and branches are used in warm baths1 on account of their agreeable fragrance and reputed medicinal virtues4 #adh4 ,,croton ,,eleutheria4--,this plant furnishes cascarilla bark1 used as an aromatic bitter tonic1 having no astringency4 ,it has a fragrant smell when burnt1 on which account it has been mixed with smoking tobacco4 #adi4 ,,croton ,,tiglium4--,a plant of the family ,euphorbiace1 from the ,indian ,archipelago1 which produces the seeds from whence croton oil is extracted4 ,it is a very powerful medicine1 and even in pressing the seeds for the purpose of extracting the oil1 the workmen are subject to irritation of the eyes and other casualties4 #aej4 ,,cubeba ,,officinalis4--,a native of ,java1 which furnishes the cubeb fruits of commerce4 ,these fruits are like black pepper1 but stalked1 and have an acrid1 hot1 aromatic taste2 frequently used medicinally4 #aea4 ,,curcas ,,purgans4--,a tropical plant cultivated in many warm countries for the sake of its seeds1 known as physic nuts4 ,the juice of the plant1 which is milky1 acrid1 and glutinous1 produces an indelible brown stain on linen4 ,the oil from the seeds is used for burning in lamps2 and in paints4 ,in ,china it is boiled with oxide of iron and used as a varnish4 ,it is also used medicinally4 #aeb4 ,,curcuma ,,longa4--,a plant belonging to the ,zingiberace1 the roots of which furnish turmeric4 ,this powder is used in ,india as a mild aromatic1 and for other medicinal purposes4 ,it also enters into the composition of curry-powder1 and a sort of arrowroot is made from the young tubers4 #aec4 ,,curcuma ,,zedoaria4--,this plant furnishes zedoary tubers1 much used in ,india as aromatic tonics4 #aed4 ,,cyathea ,,medullaris4--,this beautiful tree fern is a native of ,australia1 where it attains a height of #be to #cj feet1 having fronds from #aj to #ae feet in length4 ,it contains a pulpy substance in the center of the stem1 of a starchy1 mucilaginous nature1 which is a common article of food with the natives4 ,the trees have to be destroyed in order to obtain it4 #aee4 ,,cybistax ,,antisyphilitica4--,a plant of the order of ,bignoniace1 called ,atunyangua in the ,andes of ,peru1 where the inhabitants dye their cotton clothes by boiling them along with the leaves of this plant2 the dye is a permanent blue4 ,the bark of the young shoots is much employed in medicine4 #aef4 ,,cycas ,,revoluta4--,the sago palm of gardens4 ,the stem of the plants abounds in starch1 which is highly esteemed in ,japan4 ,a gum exudes from the trunk of the old plant1 which is employed medicinally by the natives of ,india4 #aeg4 ,,cycas ,,circinalis4--,a native of ,malabar1 where a kind of sago is prepared from the seeds1 which are dried and powdered2 medicinal properties are also attributed to the seeds4 #aeh4 ,,dacrydium ,,franklinii4--,called ,huon pine1 because of its being found near the ,huon ,river1 in ,tasmania4 ,it belongs to the yew family4 ,it furnishes valuable timber1 very durable1 and is used for ship and house building2 some of the wood is very beautifully marked1 and is used in furniture making and cabinetwork4 #aei4 ,,dalbergia ,,sissoo4--,a tree of northern ,india1 the timber of which is known as ,sissum wood4 ,this wood is strong1 tenacious1 and compact1 much used for railway ties and for gun-carriages4 #afj4 ,,damara ,,australis4--,a singular plant of the ,conifer family1 called the ,kauri pine4 ,it forms a tree #aej to #bjj feet in height1 and produces a hard1 brittle resin-like copal1 which is used in varnish4 #afa4 ,,dasylirion ,,acrotrichum4--,a plant of the pineapple family1 from ,mexico4 ,the leaves contain a fine fiber1 which may be ultimately more extensively utilized than it is at present4 #afb4 ,,desmodium ,,gyrans4--,an interesting plant of the pea family1 called the moving plant1 on account of the rotatory motion of the leaflets4 ,these move in all conceivable ways1 either steadily or by jerks4 ,sometimes only one leaf or two on the plant will be affected2 at other times a nearly simultaneous movement may be seen in all the leaves4 ,these movements are most energetic when the thermometer marks about #hj4 ,this motion is not due to any external or mechanical irritation4 #afc4 ,,dialium ,,acutifolium4--,the velvet tamarind1 so called1 from the circumstance that its seed-pods are covered with a beautiful black velvet down4 ,the seeds are surrounded by a farinaceous pulp of an agreeable acid taste4 #afd4 ,,dialium ,,indum4--,the tamarind plum1 which has a delicious pulp of slightly acid flavor4 #afe4 ,,dicksonia ,,antarctica4--,the large fern tree of ,australia4 ,this plant attains the height of #cj or more feet1 and its fronds or leaves spread horizontally some #bj to #be feet4 ,it is found in snowy regions1 and would be perfectly hardy south4 ,it is one of the finest objects of the vegetable kingdom when of sufficient size to show its true beauties4 #aff4 ,,dieffenbachia ,,seguina4--,this has acquired the name of dumb cane1 in consequence of its fleshy1 cane-like stems1 rendering speechless any person who may happen to bite them1 their acrid poison causing the tongue to swell to an immense size4 ,an ointment for applying to dropsical swellings is prepared by boiling the juice in lard4 ,notwithstanding its acridity1 a wholesome starch is prepared from the stem4 #afg4 ,,dillenia ,,speciosa4--,an ,east ,indian tree1 bearing a fruit which is used in curries and for making jellies4 ,its slightly acid juice1 sweetened with sugar1 forms a cooling beverage4 ,the wood is very tough1 and is used for making gun-stocks4 #afh4 ,,dion ,,edule4--,a ,mexican plant1 bearing large seeds containing a quantity of starch1 which is separated and used as arrowroot4 #afi4 ,,diospyros ,,ebenum4--,an ,east ,indian tree which in part yields the black ebony wood of commerce1 much used in fancy cabinetwork and turnery1 door knobs1 pianoforte keys1 etc4 #agj4 ,,diospyros ,,kaki4--,the ,chinese date plum or persimmon4 ,the fruits vary in size from that of a medium-sized apple to that of a large pear2 they also vary much in their flavor and consistency1 some being firm1 and others having a soft custard-like pulp1 very sweet and luscious4 ,the ,chinese dry them in the sun and make them into sweetmeats2 they are sometimes imported1 and in appearance resemble large-sized preserved figs4 ,these plants are being quite largely cultivated in some of the southern ,states1 and the fruit is entering commerce4 #aga4 ,,dipterix ,,odorata4--,this leguminous plant yields the fragrant seed known as ,tonka bean1 used in scenting snuff and for other purposes of perfumery4 ,the odor resembles that of new-mown hay1 and is due to the presence of coumarine4 ,the tree is a native of ,cayenne and grows #fj to #hj feet high4 #agb4 ,,dorstenia ,,contrayerva4--,a plant from tropical ,america1 the roots of which are used in medicine under the name of ,contrayerva root4 #agc4 ,,drac,,na ,,draco4--,the ,dragon's ,blood tree of ,teneriffe4 ,this liliaceous plant attains a great age and enormous size4 ,the resin obtained from this tree has been found in the sepulchral caves of the ,cuanches1 and hence it is supposed to have been used by them in embalming the dead4 ,trees of this species1 at present in vigorous health1 are supposed to be as old as the pyramids of ,egypt4 #agd4 ,,drac,,nopsis ,,australis4--,ti or cabbage tree of ,new ,zealand4 ,the whole of this plant is fibrous and has been used for paper making4 ,the juice of the roots and stem contains a small amount of sugar and has been used for producing alcohol4 #age4 ,,drimys ,,winteri4--,this plant belongs to the magnolia family and furnishes the aromatic tonic known as ,winter's bark4 ,it is a native of ,chili and the ,strait of ,magalhaens4 #agf4 ,,dryobalanops ,,aromatica4--,a native of the ,island of ,sumatra4 ,it furnishes a liquid called camphor oil and a crystalline solid known as ,sumatra or ,borneo camphor4 ,camphor oil is obtained from incisions in the tree1 and has a fragrant1 aromatic odor4 ,it has been used for scenting soap4 ,the solid camphor is found in cracks of the wood1 and is obtained by cutting down the tree1 dividing it into blocks and small pieces1 from the interstices of which the camphor is extracted4 ,it differs from the ordinary camphor in being more brittle and not condensing on the sides of the bottle in which it is kept4 ,it is much esteemed by the ,chinese1 who attribute many virtues to it4 ,it has been long known and is mentioned by ,marco ,polo in the thirteenth century4 #agg4 ,,duboisia ,,hopwoodii4--,the leaves of this ,australian plant are chewed by the natives of ,central ,australia1 just as the ,peruvians and ,chilians masticate the leaves of the ,erythroxylon coca1 to invigorate themselves during their long foot journeys through the country4 ,they are known as ,pitury leaves4 #agh4 ,,durio ,,zibethinus4--,a common tree in the ,malayan ,islands1 where its fruit forms a great part of the food of the natives4 ,it is said to have a most delicious flavor combined with a most offensive odor1 but when once the repugnance of the peculiar odor is overcome it becomes a general favorite4 ,the unripe fruit is cooked and eaten1 and the seeds roasted and used like chestnuts4 #agi4 ,,el,,is ,,guineensis4--,the ,african oil palm is a native of southwestern ,africa1 but has been introduced into other regions4 ,it grows to a height of #bj to #cj feet and bears dense heads of fruit4 ,the oil is obtained by boiling the fruits in water and skimming off the oil as it rises to the surface4 ,it is used in the manufacture of candles4 ,in ,africa it is eaten as butter by the natives4 #ahj4 ,,el,,is ,,melanococca4--,a palm from tropical ,america which produces large quantities of oil4 #aha4 ,,el,,ocarpus ,,hinau4--,a ,new ,zealand tree1 of the linden family4 ,the bark affords an excellent permanent dye1 varying from light brown to deep black4 ,the fruits are surrounded by an edible pulp1 and they are frequently pickled like olives4 #ahb4 ,,elettaria ,,cardamomum4--,this plant furnishes the fruits known as the ,small or ,malabar cardamoms of commerce4 ,the seeds are used medicinally for their cordial aromatic properties1 which depend upon the presence of a volatile oil4 ,in ,india the fruits are chewed by the natives with their betel4 #ahc4 ,,emblica ,,officinalis4--,a plant belonging to ,euphorbiace1 a native of ,india4 ,in ,borneo the bark and young shoots are used to dye cotton black1 for which purpose they are boiled in alum4 ,the fruits are made into sweetmeats1 with sugar1 or eaten raw1 but they are exceedingly acid2 when ripe and dry1 they are used in medicine1 under the name of ,myrobalani emblici4 ,the natives of ,travancore have a notion that the plant imparts a pleasant flavor to water1 and therefore place branches of the tree in their wells1 especially when the water is charged with an accumulation of impure vegetable matter4 #ahd4 ,,enckea ,,unguiculata4--,a plant of the family ,piperace1 having an aromatic fruit like a berry1 with a thick rind4 ,the roots are used medicinally in ,brazil4 #ahe4 ,,entada ,,scandens4--,this leguminous plant has remarkable pods1 which often measure #f or #h feet in length4 ,the seeds are about #b inches across1 and half an inch thick1 and have a hard1 woody1 and beautifully polished shell1 of a dark-brown or purplish color4 ,these seeds are frequently converted into snuff-boxes and other articles1 and in the ,indian bazars they are used as weights4 #ahf4 ,,eriodendron ,,anfractuosum4--,the silk-cotton1 or ,god tree of the ,west ,indies4 ,the fruit is a capsule1 filled with a beautiful silky fiber1 which is very elastic1 but can not be woven1 and is only used for stuffing cushions4 #ahg4 ,,erythrina ,,caffra4--,the ,kaffir tree of ,south ,africa4 ,the wood is soft and so light as to be used for floating fishing nets4 ,the scarlet seeds are employed for making necklaces4 ,the ,erythrinas1 of which there are many species1 are mostly remarkable for the brilliant scarlet of their flowers1 and are known as ,coral trees4 #ahh4 ,,erythrina ,,umbrosa4--,this is a favorite tree for growing in masses1 for the purpose of sheltering cocoanut plantations1 and inducing a proper degree of moisture in their neighborhood4 #ahi4 ,,erythroxylon ,,coca4--,the leaves of this plant1 under the name of coca1 are much used by the inhabitants of ,south ,america as a masticatory4 ,it forms an article of commerce among the ,indians1 who carefully dry the leaves and use them daily4 ,their use1 in moderation1 acts as a stimulant to the nervous system and enables those who chew them to perform long journeys without any other food4 ,the use of coca in ,peru is a very ancient custom1 said to have originated with the ,incas4 ,it is common throughout the greater part of ,peru1 ,quito1 ,new ,granada2 and on the banks of the ,rio ,negro it is known as ,spadic4 ,a principle1 called cocaine1 has been extracted from the leaves1 which is used in medicine4 #aij4 ,,eucalyptus ,,amygdalina4--,the peppermint tree1 a native of ,tasmania4 ,it produces a thin1 transparent oil possessed of a pungent odor resembling oil of lemons1 and tasting like camphor1 which has great solvent properties4 ,the genus ,eucalyptus is extensive and valuable4 ,the greater number form large trees1 known in ,australia as gum trees4 #aia4 ,,eucalyptus ,,gigantea4--,this stringy bark gum furnishes a strong1 durable timber1 used for shipbuilding and other purposes4 ,e4 robusta contains large cavities in its stem1 between the annual concentric circles of wood1 filled with a red gum4 ,many of the species yield gums and astringent principles and also a species of manna4 ,the timber of these trees has been pronounced to be unsurpassed for strength and durability by any other timber known4 ,the leaves of these trees are placed vertically to the sun1 a provision suited to a dry and sultry climate4 #aib4 ,,eucalyptus ,,globulus4--,the blue gum1 a rapid-growing tree1 attaining to a large size4 ,recently it has attracted attention and gained some repute in medicine as an antiperiodic4 ,the leaves have also been applied to wounds with some success4 ,it produces a strong camphor-smelling oil1 which has a mint-like taste1 not at all disagreeable4 #aic4 ,,eugenia ,,acris4--,the wild clove or bayberry tree of the ,west ,indies4 ,in ,jamaica it is sometimes called the black cinnamon4 ,the refreshing perfume known as bay rum is prepared by distilling the leaves of this tree with rum4 ,it is stated that the leaves of the allspice are also used in this preparation4 #aid4 ,,eugenia ,,jambosa4--,a tropical plant1 belonging to the myrtle family1 which produces a pleasant rose-flavored fruit1 known as the ,roseapple1 or ,jamrosade4 #aie4 ,,eugenia ,,pimento4--,the fruits of this ,west ,indian tree are known in commerce as allspice2 the berries have a peculiarly grateful odor and flavor1 resembling a combination of cloves1 nutmeg1 and cinnamon2 hence the name of allspice4 ,the leaves when bruised emit a fine aromatic odor1 and a delicate odoriferous oil is distilled from them1 which is said to be used as oil of cloves4 ,the berries1 bruised and distilled with water1 yield the pimento oil of commerce4 #aif4 ,,eugenia ,,ugni4--,this small-foliaged myrtaceous plant is a native of ,chili4 ,it bears a glossy black fruit1 which has an agreeable flavor and perfume1 and is highly esteemed in its native country4 ,the plant is hardy in the ,southern ,states4 #aig4 ,,euphorbia ,,canariensis4--,this plant grows in abundance in the ,canary ,islands and ,teneriffe1 in dry1 rocky districts1 where little else can grow1 and where it attains a height of #aj feet1 with the branches spreading #ae or #bj feet4 ,it is one of the kinds that furnish the drug known as ,euphorbium4 ,the milky juice exudes from incisions made in the branches1 and is so acrid that it excoriates the hand when applied to it4 ,as it hardens it falls down in small lumps1 and those who collect it are obliged to tie cloths over their mouths and nostrils to exclude the small1 dusty particles1 as they produce incessant sneezing4 ,as a medicine its action is violent1 and it is now rarely employed4 ,there are a vast number of species of ,euphorbia1 varying exceedingly in their general appearance1 but all of them having a milky juice which contains active properties4 ,many of them can scarcely be distinguished from cactuses so far as relates to external appearances1 but the milky exudation following a puncture determines their true character4 ,e4 grandidens is a tall-growing1 branching species1 and attains a height of #cj feet4 ,the natives of ,india use the juice of ,e4 antiquorum1 when diluted1 as a purgative4 ,the juice of ,e4 heptagona and other ,african species is employed to poison arrows2 the juice of ,e4 cotinifolia is used for the same purpose in ,brazil4 ,the roots of ,e4 gerardiana and ,e4 pithyusa are emetic1 while ,e4 thymifolia and ,e4 hypericifolia possess astringent and aromatic properties4 ,the poisonous principle which pervades these plants is more or less dissipated by heat4 ,the juice of ,e4 cattimandoo furnishes caoutchouc of a very good quality1 which1 however1 becomes brittle1 although soaking in hot water renders it again pliable4 ,e4 phosphorea derives the name from the fact of its sap emitting a phosphorescent light1 on warm nights1 in the ,brazilian forests4 #aih4 ,,euterpe ,,edulis4--,the assai palm of ,para4 ,it grows in swampy lands1 and produces a small fruit thinly coated with clotted flesh of which the inhabitants of ,para manufacture a beverage called assai4 ,the ripe fruits are soaked in warm water and kneaded until the fleshy pulp is detached4 ,this1 when strained1 is of a thick1 creamy consistence1 and1 when thickened with cassava farina and sweetened with sugar1 forms a nutritious diet1 and is the daily food of a large number of the people4 #aii4 ,,euterpe ,,montana4--,the center portion of the upper part of the stem of this ,west ,indian palm1 including the leaf bud1 is eaten either when cooked as a vegetable or pickled1 but the tree must be destroyed in order to obtain it4 #bjj4 ,,exc,,oe,,caria ,,sebifera4--,this ,euphorbiaceous plant is the tallow tree of ,china4 ,the fruits1 are about half an inch in diameter1 and each contains three seeds1 thickly coated with a fatty substance which yields the tallow4 ,this is obtained by first steaming the seeds1 then bruising them to loosen the fat without breaking the seeds1 which are removed by sifting4 ,the fat is then made into flat circular cakes and pressed1 when the pure tallow exudes in a liquid state and soon hardens into a white1 brittle mass4 ,candles made from this get soft in hot weather1 which is prevented by coating them with insect wax4 ,a liquid oil is obtained from the seeds by pressing4 ,the tree yields a hard wood1 used by the ,chinese for printing blocks1 and its leaves are used in dyeing black4 #bja4 ,,exogonium ,,purga4--,this plant furnishes the true jalap-tubers of commerce4 ,they owe their well-known purgative properties to their resinous ingredients4 ,various species of ,ipomoea furnish a spurious kind of this drug1 which is often put in the market as the genuine article4 #bjb4 ,,exostemma ,,carib,,um4--,this ,west ,indian plant has become naturalized in southern ,florida4 ,it belongs to the cinchona family and is known as ,jamaica bark4 ,it is also known as ,quinquina ,caraibe4 ,the bark is reputed to be a good febrifuge1 and also to be employed as an emetic4 ,it is supposed to contain some peculiar principle1 as the fracture displays an abundance of small crystals4 ,the capsules1 before they are ripe1 are very bitter1 and their juice causes a burning itching on the lips4 #bjc4 ,,feronia ,,elephantum4--,the wood apple or elephant apple tree of ,india1 belonging to the family ,aurantiace4 ,it forms a large tree in ,ceylon1 and yields a hard1 heavy wood1 of great strength4 ,it yields a gum1 which is mixed with other gums and sold under the name of ,east ,indian gum arabic4 ,the fruit is about the size of an orange1 and contains a pulpy flesh1 which is edible1 and a jelly is made from it1 which is used in cases of dysentery4 ,the leaves have an odor like that of anise1 and the native ,india doctors employ them as a stomachic and carminative4 #bjd4 ,,fevillea ,,cordifolia4--,the sequa or cacoon antidote of ,jamaica4 ,it belongs to the cucumber family1 and climbs to a great height up the trunks of trees4 ,the seeds are employed as a remedy in a variety of diseases1 and are considered an antidote against the effects of poison2 they also contain a quantity of semisolid fatty oil1 which is liberated by pressing and boiling them in water4 #bje4 ,,ficus ,,elastica4--,this plant is known as the india-rubber tree4 ,it is a native of the ,east ,indies1 and is the chief source of caoutchouc from that quarter of the globe1 although other species of ,ficus yield this gum1 as well as several plants of other genera4 ,it is a plant of rapid growth1 and from the larger branches roots descend to the earth as in the case of the banyan tree4 #bjf4 ,,ficus ,,indica4--,the famous banyan tree of history4 ,specimens of this ,indian fig are mentioned as being of immense size4 ,one in ,bengal spreads over a diameter of #cgj feet4 ,another covered an area of #a1gjj square yards4 ,it is one of the sacred trees of the ,hindoos4 ,it was known to the ancients4 ,strabo describes it1 and it is mentioned by ,pliny4 ,milton also alludes to it as follows3 ,branching so broad along1 that in the ground ,the bending twigs take root2 and daughters grow ,about the mother tree2 a pillared shade1 ,high overarched1 with echoing walks between4 ,there oft the ,indian herdsman1 shunning heat1 ,shelters in cool2 and tends his pasturing herds ,at loop-holes cut through thickest shade4 #bjg4 ,,ficus ,,religiosa4--,the pippul tree of the ,hindoos1 which they hold in such veneration that1 if a person cuts or lops off any of the branches1 he is looked upon with as great abhorrence as if he had broken the leg of one of their equally sacred cows4 ,the seeds are employed by ,indian doctors in medicine4 #bjh4 ,,flacourtia ,,sepiaria4--,a bushy shrub1 used in ,india for hedges4 ,its fruit has a pleasant1 subacid flavor when perfectly ripe1 but the unripe fruit is extremely astringent4 ,the ,indian doctors use a liniment made of the bark in cases of gout1 and an infusion of it as a cure for snake bites4 #bji4 ,,fourcroya ,,cubense4--,this plant is closely related to the agave1 and1 like many of that genus1 furnishes a fine fiber1 which is known in ,st4 ,domingo as ,cabuya fiber4 ,these plants are very magnificent when in flower1 throwing up stems #bj to #cj feet in height1 covered with many hundreds of yucca-like blossoms4 #baj4 ,,franciscea ,,uniflora4--,a ,brazilian plant called ,mercurio vegetal2 also known as ,manaca4 ,the roots1 and to some extent the leaves1 are used in medicine2 the inner bark and all the herbaceous parts are nauseously bitter2 it is regarded as a purgative1 emetic1 and alexipharmic2 in overdoses it is an acrid poison4 #baa4 ,,fusanus ,,acuminatus4--,a small tree of the ,cape of ,good ,hope and ,australia4 ,it bears a globular fruit of the size of a small peach1 and is known in ,australia as the native peach4 ,it has an edible nut1 called the ,quandang nut1 which is said to be as sweet and palatable as the almond4 #bab4 ,,galipea ,,officinalis4--,this ,south ,american tree furnishes ,angostura bark1 which has important medical properties1 some physicians in ,south ,america preferring it to cinchona in the treatment of fevers4 ,its use has been greatly retarded by bark of the deadly nux-vomica tree having been inadvertently sold for it4 ,as this bark is sometimes used in bitters1 a mistake1 as above1 might prove as fatal as cholera4 #bac4 ,,garcinia ,,mangostana4--,this tree produces the tropical fruit called mangosteen1 a beautiful fruit1 having a thick1 succulent rind1 which contains an astringent juice1 and exudes a gum similar to gamboge4 ,the esculent interior contains a juicy pulp1 of the whiteness and solubility of snow1 and of a refreshing1 delicate1 delicious flavor4 ,the bark of the tree is used as a basis for black dye1 and it has also some medicinal value4 #bad4 ,,garcinia ,,morella4--,it is supposed that ,siam gamboge is obtained from this tree1 also that known as ,ceylon gamboge4 ,the juice is collected by incising the stems1 or by breaking young twigs of the tree and securing the yellow gum resinous exudations in hollow bamboos1 where it is allowed to harden4 ,it is employed by artists in water colors and as a varnish for lacquer work4 #bae4 ,,garcinia ,,pictoria4--,a fatty matter known as gamboge butter is procured from the seeds of this tree in ,mysore4 ,they are pounded in a stone mortar1 then boiled till the butter or oil rises to the surface4 ,it is used as a lamp oil1 and sometimes in food4 #baf4 ,,gardenia ,,florida and ,,gardenia ,,radicans4--,cape ,jasmines1 so called from a supposition that they were natives of the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,the genus belongs to the cinchona family4 ,g4 lucida furnishes a fragrant resin somewhat similar to myrrh4 ,the fruit of ,g4 campanulata is used as a cathartic1 and also to wash out stains in silks4 ,g4 gummifera yields a resin something like ,elemi4 #bag4 ,,gastrolobium ,,bilobum4--,a leguminous plant1 having poisonous properties4 ,in western ,australia1 where it is a native1 farmers often lose their cattle through their eating the foliage4 ,cats and dogs that eat the flesh of these poisoned cattle are also poisoned4 ,g4 obtusum and ,g4 spinosum possess similar properties4 #bah4 ,,genipa ,,americana4--,this belongs to the cinchona family1 and produces the fruit called genipap or marmalade box4 ,it is about the size of an orange1 and has an agreeable flavor4 ,the juice of the fruit yields a bluish-black dye1 called ,canito or ,lana-dye4 ,this color is very permanent1 and is much used by ,indians in ,south ,america4 #bai4 ,,geonoma ,,schottiana4--,a pretty ,brazilian palm2 the leaves are used for thatching huts1 and other parts of the plant are utilized4 #bbj4 ,,gouania ,,domingensis4--,a plant of the buckthorn family1 known in ,jamaica as ,chaw-,stick1 on account of its thin branches being chewed as an agreeable stomachic4 ,tooth brushes are made by cutting pieces of the stem to convenient lengths and fraying out the ends4 ,a tooth powder is prepared by pulverizing the dried stems4 ,it is said to possess febrifugal properties1 and owing to its pleasant bitter taste it is used for flavoring cooling beverages4 #bba4 ,,grevillea ,,robusta4--,the silk oak tree of ,australia2 a tree that attains a large size1 and is remarkable for the graceful beauty of its foliage4 #bbb4 ,,grewia ,,asiatica4--,this ,indian tree represents a genus of plants of considerable economic value4 ,this particular species yields a profusion of small red fruits which are used for flavoring drinks1 having a pleasant acid flavor4 ,the fibrous inner bark is employed by the natives for making fishing nets1 ropes1 twine1 and for other similar purposes4 #bbc4 ,,grias ,,cauliflora4--,the anchovy pear of ,jamaica4 ,the fruit is pickled and eaten like the mango1 having a similar taste4 #bbd4 ,,guaiacum ,,officinale4--,the wood of this tree is called ,lignum ,vit4 ,a resin1 called gum guaiacum1 exudes from the stem1 and is otherwise obtained from the wood by artificial means4 ,it is of a greenish-brown color1 with a balsamic fragrance1 and is remarkable for the changes of color it undergoes when brought into contact with various substances4 ,gluten gives it a blue tint3 nitric acid and chlorin change it successively to green1 blue1 and brown4 ,the resin is used medicinally as also are the bark and wood4 #bbe4 ,,guazuma ,,tomentosa4--,this plant is nearly allied to the chocolate-nut tree1 and yields fruits that abound in mucilage1 as also does the bark of the young shoots4 ,the mucilage is given out in water1 and has been used as a substitute for gelatin or albumen in clarifying cane juice in the manufacture of sugar4 ,the timber is light1 and is employed for the staves of sugar hogsheads2 it is known in ,jamaica as bastard cedar4 ,a strong fiber is obtained from the young shoots4 #bbf4 ,,guilielma ,,speciosa4--,the peach palm of ,venezuela4 ,the fruits are borne in large drooping bunches1 and their fleshy outer portion contains starchy matter1 which forms a portion of the food of the natives4 ,they are cooked and eaten with salt1 and are said to resemble a potato in flavor4 ,a beverage is prepared by fermenting them in water1 and the meal obtained from them is made into bread4 ,the wood of the old trees is black1 and so hard as to turn the edge of an ax4 #bbg4 ,h,,matoxylon ,,campechianum4--,the logwood tree4 ,this dyestuff is largely used by calico printers and other dyeing manufacturers4 ,it is also used as an ingredient in some writing inks4 ,the heart wood is the part used for dyeing4 ,this is cut into chips which yield their color to water and alcohol4 ,the colors are various according to treatment1 giving violet1 yellow1 purple1 and blue1 but the consumption of logwood is for black colors1 which are obtained by alum and iron bases4 #bbh4 ,,hardenbergia ,,monophylla4--,an ,australian climbing plant of the leguminous family4 ,the long1 carrot-shaped1 woody root was called1 by the early settlers in that country1 sarsaparilla1 and is still used in infusion as a substitute for that root4 #bbi4 ,,hartighsea ,,spectabilis4--,a ,new ,zealand tree1 called ,wahahe by the natives1 who employ the leaves as a substitute for hops1 and also prepare from them a spirituous infusion as a stomachic medicine4 #bcj4 ,,heliconia ,,bihai4--,a plant of the order ,musace1 from ,south ,america4 ,the young shoots are eaten by the natives1 and the fruits are also collected and used as food4 ,it also furnishes a useful fiber4 #bca4 ,,hevea ,,brasiliensis4--,a tree of tropical ,america growing in damp forests1 especially in the ,amazon valley1 which1 together with other trees called siphonia furnish the ,para rubber1 or ,american caoutchouc4 ,the sap is collected from incisions made in the tree during the dry season1 and is poured over clay molds and dried by gentle heat1 successive pourings being made till a sufficiently thick layer is produced4 #bcb4 ,,hibiscus ,,rosa ,,sinensis4--,the flowers of this malvaceous plant contain a quantity of astringent juice1 and1 when bruised1 rapidly turn black or deep purple2 they are used by the ,chinese ladies for dyeing their hair and eyebrows1 and in ,java for blacking shoes4 #bcc4 ,,hibiscus ,,sabdariffa4--,this species is known in the ,west ,indies as red sorrel1 on account of the calyxes and capsules having an acid taste4 ,they are made into cooling drinks1 by sweetening and fermentation4 ,the bark contains a strong useful fiber which makes good ropes if not too much twisted4 ,it is also known as the ,roselle plant4 #bcd4 ,,hibiscus ,,tiliaceus4--,a plant common to many tropical countries4 ,its wood is extremely light when dry1 and is employed by the ,polynesians for getting fire by friction1 which is said to be a very tedious and tiresome operation1 and difficult to accomplish4 ,good fiber is also obtained from the bark4 #bce4 ,,hippomane ,,mancinella4--,this is the poisonous manchineel tree of ,south ,america and other tropical regions4 ,the virulent nature of the juice of this tree has given it a reputation equal to that forced upon the upas tree of ,java4 ,the juice is certainly very acrid1 and even its smoke1 when burning1 causes temporary blindness4 ,the fruit is equally dangerous1 and from its beautiful appearance is sometimes partaken of by those who are unaware of its deleterious properties1 but its burning effects on the lips soon causes them to desist4 ,indians are said to poison their arrows with the juice of this tree4 #bcf4 ,,hura ,,crepitans4--,this tropical plant is known as the sand-box tree4 ,its deep-furrowed1 rounded1 hard-shelled fruit is about the size of an orange1 and when ripe and dry1 it bursts open with a sharp noise like the report of a pistol2 hence1 it is also called the monkey's dinner bell4 ,an emetic oil is extracted from the seeds1 and a venomous1 milky juice is abundant in all parts of the plant4 #bcg4 ,,hymen,a ,,courbaril4--,the locust tree of the ,west ,indies2 also called algarroba in tropical regions4 ,this is one of the very largest growing trees known1 and living trees in ,brazil are supposed to have been growing at the commencement of the ,christian era4 ,the timber is very hard1 and is much used for building purposes4 ,a valuable resin1 resembling the anime of ,africa1 exudes from the trunk1 and large lumps of it are found about the roots of old trees4 #bch4 ,,hyph,,ne ,,thebaica4--,the doum1 or doom palm1 or gingerbread of ,egypt2 it grows also in ,nubia1 ,abyssinia1 and ,arabia4 ,the fibrous1 mealy husks of the seeds are eaten1 and taste almost like gingerbread4 ,in the ,thebias this palm forms extensive forests1 the roots spreading over the lurid ruins of one of the largest and most splendid cities of the ancient world4 #bci4 ,,icica ,,heptaphylla4--,the incense tree of ,guiana1 a tall-growing tree1 furnishing wood of great durability4 ,it is called cedar wood on account of its fragrant odor4 ,the balsam from the trunk is highly odoriferous1 and used in perfumery1 and is known as balsam of acouchi2 it is used in medicine4 ,the balsam and branches are burned as incense in churches4 #bdj4 ,,ilex ,,paraguayensis4--,this is the tea plant of ,south ,america1 where it occupies the same important position in the domestic economy of the country as the ,chinese tea does in this4 ,the mat is prepared by drying and roasting the leaves1 which are then reduced to a powder and made into packages4 ,when used1 a small portion of the powder is placed in a vessel1 sugar is added1 and boiling water poured over the whole4 ,it has an agreeable1 slightly aromatic odor1 rather bitter to the taste1 but very refreshing and invigorating to the human frame after severe fatigue4 ,it acts in some degree as an aperient and diuretic1 and in overdoses produces intoxication4 ,it contains the same active principle1 theine as tea and coffee1 but not their volatile and empyreumatic oils4 #bda4 ,,illicium ,,anisatum4--,this magnoliaceous plant is a native of ,china1 and its fruit furnishes the star anise of commerce4 ,in ,china1 ,japan1 and ,india it is used as a condiment in the preparation of food1 and is chewed to promote digestion1 and the native physicians prescribe it as a carminative4 ,it is the flavoring ingredient of the preparation ,anisette de ,bordeaux4 ,its flavor and odor are due to a volatile oil1 which is extracted by distillation1 and sold as oil of anise1 which is really a different article4 #bdb4 ,,illicium ,,floridanum4--,a native of the ,southern ,states4 ,the leaves are said to be poisonous2 hence1 the plant is sometimes called poison bag4 ,the bark has been used as a substitute for cascarilla4 #bdc4 ,,illicium ,,religiosum4--,a ,japanese species1 which reaches the size of a small tree1 and is held sacred by the ,japanese1 who form wreaths of it with which to decorate the tombs of their deceased friends1 and they also burn the fragrant bark as incense4 ,their watchmen use the powdered bark for burning in graduated tubes1 in order to mark the time1 as it consumes slowly and uniformly4 ,the leaves are said to possess poisonous properties4 #bdd4 ,,indigofera ,,tinctoria4--,the indigo plant1 a native of ,asia1 but cultivated and naturalized in many countries4 ,the use of indigo as a dye is of great antiquity4 ,both ,dioscorides and ,pliny mention it1 and it is supposed to have been employed by the ancient ,egyptians4 ,the indigo of commerce is prepared by throwing the fresh cut plants into water1 where they are steeped for twelve hours1 when the water is run off into a vessel and agitated in order to promote the formation of the blue coloring matter1 which does not exist ready formed in the tissues of the plant1 but is the result of the oxidation of other substances contained in them4 ,the coloring matter then settles at the bottom2 it is then boiled to a certain consistency and afterwards spread out on cloth frames1 where it is further drained of water and pressed into cubes or cakes for market4 #bde4 ,,ipom,,oe,a ,,purga4--,a species of jalap is obtained from this convolvulaceous plant2 this is a resinous matter contained in the juices4 #bdf4 ,,iriartella ,,setigera4--,a ,south ,american palm growing in the underwood of the forests on the ,amazon and ,rio ,negro4 ,the ,indians use its slender stems for making their blow pipes or gravatanas1 through which they blow small poisoned arrows with accuracy to a considerable distance4 #bdg4 ,,jambosa ,,malaccensis4--,this ,indian plant belongs to the myrtle family4 ,it produces a good-sized edible fruit known as the ,malay apple4 #bdh4 ,,jasminum ,,sambac ,,trifoliatum4--,a native of ,south ,america4 ,the flowers are very fragrant1 and an essential oil1 much used in perfumery under the name of jasmine oil1 is obtained from this and other species4 #bdi4 ,,jatropha ,,clauca4--,an ,east ,indian plant the seeds of which when crushed furnish an oil which is used in medicine4 #bej4 ,,jatropha ,,curcas4--,the physic nut tree of tropical ,america4 ,this plant contains a milky1 acrid1 glutinous juice1 which forms a permanent stain when dropped on linen1 and which might form a good marking ink4 ,burning oil is expressed from the seeds in the ,philippine ,islands2 the oil1 boiled with oxide of iron1 is used in ,china as a varnish4 ,it is used in medicine in various ways1 the leaves for fomentations1 the juice in treating ulcers1 and the seeds as purgatives4 #bea4 ,,jub,a ,,spectabilis4--,the coquito palm of ,chili4 ,the seed or nut is called cokernut1 and has a pleasant1 nutty taste4 ,these are used by the ,chilian confectioners in the preparation of sweetmeats1 and by the boys as marbles1 being in shape and size like them4 ,the leaves are used for thatching1 and the trunks or stems are hollowed out and converted into water pipes4 ,a sirup called ,miel de ,palma or palm honey1 is prepared by boiling the sap of this tree to the consistency of treacle1 and is much esteemed for domestic use as sugar4 ,the sap is obtained by cutting off the crown of leaves when it immediately begins to flow and continues for several months provided a thin slice is shaved off the top every morning4 ,full-grown trees will thus yield #ij gallons4 #beb4 ,k,,mpferia ,,galanga4--,this plant belongs to the family of gingers4 ,the root stocks have an aromatic fragrance and are used medicinally in ,india as well as in the preparation of perfumery4 ,the flowers appear before the leaves upon very short stems4 #bec4 ,,kigelia ,,pinnata4--,this plant is interesting from the circumstance of its being held sacred in ,nubia1 where the inhabitants celebrate their religious festivals under it by moonlight1 and poles made of its wood are erected as symbols of special veneration before the houses of their great chiefs4 ,the fruits1 which are very large1 when cut in half and slightly roasted1 are employed as an outward application to relieve pains4 #bed4 ,,krameria ,,triandra4--,this is one of the species that yield the rhatany roots of commerce4 ,in ,peru an extract is made from this species1 which is a mild1 easily assimilated1 astringent medicine4 ,it acts as a tonic1 and is used in intermittent and putrid fevers4 ,it is also styptic1 and when applied in plasters is used in curing ulcers4 ,the color of the infusion of the roots is blood-red1 on which account it is used to adulterate1 or rather it forms an ingredient in the fabrication of port wine4 #bee4 ,,kydia ,,calycina4--,an ,indian plant of the family ,byttneriace4 ,the bark is employed in infusion as a sudorific and in cutaneous diseases1 and its fibrous tissue is manufactured into cordage4 #bef4 ,,lagetta ,,lintearia4--,the lace-bark tree of ,jamaica4 ,the inner bark consists of numerous concentric layers of fibers1 which interlace in all directions1 and thus present a great resemblance to lace4 ,articles of apparel are made of it4 ,caps1 ruffles1 and even complete suits of lace are made with it4 ,it bears washing with common soap1 and when bleached in the sun acquires a degree of whiteness equal to the best artificial lace4 ,ropes made of it are very durable and strong4 #beg4 ,,lansium ,,domesticum4--,a low-growing tree of the ,east ,indies1 which is cultivated to some extent for its fruit1 which is known in ,java and ,malacca as lanseh fruit1 and is much esteemed for its delicate aroma2 the pulp is of somewhat firm consistence and contains a cooling1 refreshing juice4 #beh4 ,,lapageria ,,rosea4--,a twining plant from ,chili4 ,the flowers are very beautiful1 and are succeeded by berries1 which are said to be sweet and eatable4 ,the root has qualities closely resembling sarsaparilla and used for the same purpose4 #bei4 ,,latania ,,rubra4--,a very beautiful palm from the ,mauritius4 ,the fruit contains a small quantity of pulp1 which is eaten by the natives1 but is not considered very palatable by travelers4 #bfj4 ,,lawsonia ,,inermis4--,this is the celebrated henna of the ,east4 ,the use of the powdered leaves as a cosmetic is very general in ,asia and northern ,africa1 the practice having descended from very remote ages1 as is proved by the ,egyptian mummies1 the parts dyed being usually the finger and toe nails1 the tips of the fingers1 the palms of the hands1 and soles of the feet1 receiving a reddish color1 considered by ,oriental belles as highly ornamental4 ,henna is prepared by reducing the leaves to powder1 and when used is made into a pasty mass with water and spread on the part to be dyed1 being allowed to remain for twelve hours4 ,the plant is known in the ,west ,indies as ,jamaica ,mignonette4 #bfa4 ,,lecythis ,,ollaria4--,this tree produces the hard urn-shaped fruits known in ,brazil as monkey cups4 ,the seeds are eatable and sold as ,sapucaia nuts4 ,the fruit vessels are very peculiar1 being #f inches in diameter and having closely fitting lids1 which separate when the seeds are mature4 ,the bark is composed of a great number of layers1 not thicker than writing paper1 which the ,indians separate and employ as cigar wrappers4 #bfb4 ,,leptospermum ,,lanigerum4--,a plant known throughout ,australia as ,captain ,cook's tea tree1 from the circumstance that1 on the first landing of this navigator in that country1 he employed a decoction of the leaves of this plant as a corrective to the effects of scurvy among his crew1 and this proved an efficient medicine4 ,thickets of this plant1 along the swampy margin of streams1 are known as ,tea-tree scrubs4 ,it is also known among the natives as the ,manuka plant4 ,the wood is hard and heavy1 and was formerly used for making sharp-pointed spears4 ,it belongs to the myrtle family of plants4 #bfc4 ,,licuala ,,acutifida4--,this palm is a native of the island of ,pulo-,penango1 and yields canes known by the curious name of ,penang ,lawyers4 ,it is a low-growing plant1 its stems averaging an inch in diameter4 ,the stems are converted into walking canes by scraping their rough exteriors and straightening them by means of fire heat4 #bfd4 ,,limonia ,,acidissima4--,an ,east ,india shrub which produces round fruits about the size of damson plums1 of a yellowish color1 with reddish or purplish tints4 ,they are extremely acid1 and the pulp is employed in ,java as a substitute for soap4 #bfe4 ,,livistona ,,australis4--,this is one of the few palms found in ,australia4 ,the unexpanded leaves1 prepared by being scalded and dried in the shade1 are used for making hats1 while the still younger and more tender leaves are eaten like cabbage4 #bff4 ,,lucuma ,,mammosum4--,this sapotaceous plant is cultivated for its fruit1 which is called marmalade1 on account of its containing a thick agreeably flavored pulp1 bearing some resemblance in appearance and taste to quince marmalade4 ,a native of ,south ,america4 #bfg4 ,,maba ,,geminata4--,the ebony wood of ,queensland4 ,the heart wood is black1 and the outside wood of a bright red color4 ,it is close-grained1 hard1 heavy1 elastic and tough1 and takes a high polish4 #bfh4 ,,macadamia ,,ternifolia4--,an ,australian tree which produces an edible nut called the ,queensland nut4 ,this fruit is about the size of a walnut1 and within a thick pericarp1 a smooth brown-colored nut1 inclosing a kernel of a rich and agreeable flavor1 resembling in some degree that of a filbert4 #bfi4 ,,mach,,rium ,,firmum4--,a ,south ,american tree which furnishes a portion of the rosewood of commerce4 ,various species of the genus1 under the common ,brazilian name of ,jaccaranda1 are said to yield this wood1 but there is some uncertainty about the origin of the various commercial rosewoods4 #bgj4 ,,maclura ,,tinctoria4--,the fustic tree4 ,large quantities of the bright yellow wood of this tree are exported from ,south ,america for the use of dyers1 who obtain from it shades of yellow1 brown1 olive1 and green4 ,a concentrated decoction of the wood deposits1 on cooling1 a yellow crystalline matter called ,morine4 ,this tree is sometimes called old fustic1 in order to distinguish it from another commercial dye called young fustic1 which is obtained in ,europe from a species of ,rhus4 #bga4 ,,macropiper ,,methysticum4--,a plant of the pepper family1 which furnishes the root called ,ava by the ,polynesians4 ,it has narcotic properties1 and is employed medicinally1 but is chiefly remarkable for the value attached to it as a narcotic and stimulant beverage1 of which the natives partake before they commence any important business or religious rites4 ,it is used by chewing the root and extracting the juice1 and has a calming rather than an intoxicating effect4 ,it is a filthy preparation1 and only partaken of by the lower classes of ,feejeeans4 #bgb4 ,,macrozamia ,,denisonii4--,an ,australian cycad1 the seeds of which contain a large amount of farina1 or starchy matter1 which formerly supplied a considerable amount of food for the natives of that country4 ,the fresh seeds are very acrid1 but when steeped in water and roasted they become palatable and nutritious4 #bgc4 ,,malpighia ,,glabra4--,a low-growing tree of the ,west ,indies1 which produces an edible fruit called the ,barbadoes cherry4 #bgd4 ,,mammea ,,americana4--,the fruit of this tree1 under the name of mammee apple1 is very much esteemed in tropical countries4 ,it often attains a size of #f or #h inches in diameter and is of a yellow color4 ,the outer rind and the pulp which immediately surrounds the seeds are very bitter1 but the intermediate is sweet and aromatic4 ,the seeds are used as anthelmintics1 an aromatic liquor is distilled from the flowers1 and the acrid1 resinous gum distilled from the bark is used to destroy insects4 #bge4 ,,manettia ,,cordifolia4--,this climbing-plant is a native of ,south ,america1 and belongs to the family of ,cinchonace4 ,the rind of the root has emetic properties1 and is used in ,brazil for dropsy and other diseases4 ,it is also exported under the name of ,ipecacuan1 chiefly from ,buenos ,ayres4 #bgf4 ,,mangifera ,,indica4--,the mango1 in some of its varieties esteemed as the most delicious of tropical fruits1 while many varieties produce fruit whose texture resembles cotton and tastes of turpentine4 ,the unripe fruit is pickled4 ,the pulp contains gallic and citric acid4 ,the seeds possess anthelmintic properties4 ,a soft gum resin exudes from the wounded bark1 which is used medicinally4 #bgg4 ,,manicaria ,,saccifera4--,bussu palm of ,south ,america4 ,its large leaves are used for thatching roofs1 for which purpose they are well fitted and very durable4 ,the fibrous spathe furnishes a material of much value to the natives4 ,this fibrous matter when taken off entire is at once converted into capital bags1 in which the ,indian keeps the red paint for his toilet1 or the silk cotton for his arrows1 or he stretches out the larger ones to make himself a cap of nature's own weaving1 without seam or joint4 #bgh4 ,,manihot ,,utilissima4--,this euphorbiaceous plant yields cassava or mandiocca meal4 ,it is extensively cultivated in tropical climates and supplies a great amount of food4 ,the root is the part used1 and in its natural condition is a most virulent poison1 but by grating the roots to a pulp the poison is expelled by pressure1 and altogether dissipated by cooking4 ,the expressed juice1 when allowed to settle1 deposits the starch known as tapioca4 #bgi4 ,,maranta ,,arundinacea4--,the arrowroot plant1 cultivated for its starch4 ,the tubers being reduced to pulp with water1 the fecula subsides1 and is washed and dried for commerce4 ,it is a very pure kind of starch1 and very nutritious4 ,the term arrowroot is said to be derived from the fact that the natives of the ,west ,indies use the roots of the plant as an application to wounds made by poison arrows4 #bhj4 ,,mauritia ,,flexuosa4--,the ,moriche1 or ,ita palm1 very abundant on the banks of the ,amazon1 ,rio ,negro1 and ,orinoco ,rivers4 ,in the delta of the latter it occupies swampy tracts of ground1 which are at times completely inundated1 and present the appearance of forests rising out of the water4 ,these swamps are frequented by a tribe of ,indians called ,guaranes1 who subsist almost entirely upon the produce of this palm1 and during the period of the inundations suspend their dwellings from the tops of its tall stems4 ,the outer skin of the young leaves is made into string and cord for the manufacture of hammocks4 ,the fermented sap yields palm wine1 and another beverage is prepared from the young fruits1 while the soft inner bark of the stem yields a farinaceous substance like sago4 #bha4 ,,maximiliana ,,regia4--,an ,amazonian palm called ,inaja4 ,the spathes are so hard that1 when filled with water1 they will stand the fire1 and are sometimes used by the ,indians as cooking utensils4 ,the ,indians who prepare the kind of rubber called bottle rubber1 make use of the hard stones of the fruit as fuel for smoking and drying the successive layers of milky juice as it is applied to the mold upon which the bottles are formed4 ,the outer husk1 also1 yields a kind of saline flour used for seasoning their food4 #bhb4 ,,melaleuca ,,minor4--,a native of ,australia and the islands of the ,indian ,ocean4 ,the leaves1 being fermented1 are distilled1 and yield an oil known as cajuput or cajeput oil1 which is green1 and has a strong aromatic odor4 ,it is valuable as an antispasmodic and stimulant1 and at one time had a great reputation as a cure for cholera4 ,in ,china the leaves are used as a tonic in the form of decoction4 #bhc4 ,,melicocca ,,bijuga4--,this sapindaceous tree is plentiful in tropical ,america and the ,west ,indies1 and is known as the ,genip tree4 ,it produces numerous green egg-shaped fruits1 an inch in length1 possessing an agreeable vinous and somewhat aromatic flavor1 called honey berries or bullace plums4 ,the wood of the tree is hard and heavy4 #bhd4 ,,melocactus ,,communis4--,commonly called the ,turk's ,cap cactus1 from the flowering portion on the top of the plant being of a cylindrical form and red color1 like a fez cap4 ,notwithstanding that they grow in the most dry sterile places1 they contain a considerable quantity of moisture1 which is well known to mules1 who resort to them when very thirsty1 first removing the prickles with their feet4 #bhe4 ,,mesembryanthemum ,,crystallinum4--,the ice plant1 so called in consequence of every part of the plant being covered with small watery pustules1 which glisten in the sun like fragments of ice4 ,large quantities of this plant are collected in the ,canaries and burned1 the ashes being sent to ,spain for the use of glass makers4 ,m4 edule is called the ,hottentot's fig1 its fruit being about the size of a small fig1 and having a pleasant1 acid taste when ripe4 ,m4 tortuosum possesses narcotic properties1 and is chewed by the ,hottentots to induce intoxication4 ,the fruits possess hygrometric properties1 the dried1 shriveled1 capsules swelling out and opening so as to allow of the escape of the seeds when moistened by rain1 which at the same time fits the soil for their germination4 #bhf4 ,,mikania ,,guaco4--,a composite plant which has gained some notoriety as the supposed ,cundurango1 the cancer-curing bark4 ,it has long been supposed to supply a powerful antidote for the bite of venomous serpents4 #bhg4 ,,mimusops ,,balata4--,the ,bully tree4 ,this sapotaceous plant attains a great size in ,guiana and affords a dense1 close-grained1 valuable timber4 ,its small fruits1 about the size of coffee berries1 are delicious when ripe4 ,the flowers also yield a perfume when distilled in water1 and oil is expressed from the seeds4 #bhh4 ,,mimusops ,,elengi4--,a native of ,ceylon1 where its hard1 heavy1 durable timber is used for building purposes4 ,the seed also affords a great amount of oil4 #bhi4 ,,monodora ,,grandiflora4--,an ,african plant belonging to the ,anonace4 ,it produces large fruit1 which contains a large quantity of seeds about the size of the ,scarlet-,runner bean4 ,they are aromatic and impart to the fruit the odor and flavor of nutmeg2 hence they are also known as calabash nutmegs4 #bij4 ,,monstera ,,deliciosa4--,this is a native of southern ,mexico and yields a delicious fruit with luscious pineapple flavor4 ,the outer skin of the fruit1 if eaten1 causes a stinging sensation in the mouth4 ,this is easily removed when the fruit is ripe4 ,the leaves are singularly perforated with holes at irregular intervals1 from natural causes not sufficiently explained4 ,in ,trinidad the plant is called the ,ceriman4 #bia4 ,,moringa ,,pterygosperma4--,a native of the ,east ,indies1 where it bears the name of horse-radish tree4 ,the seeds are called ben nuts and supply a fluid oil1 highly prized by watchmakers1 called oil of ben4 ,the root is pungent and stimulant and tastes like horse-radish4 #bib4 ,,moronobea ,,coccinea4--,the hog gum tree1 which attains the height of #ajj feet4 ,a fluid juice exudes from incisions in the trunk and hardens into a yellow resin4 ,it is said the hogs in ,jamaica when wounded rub the injured part against the tree so as to cover it with the gum1 which possesses vulnerary properties2 hence its name4 ,the resin has been employed as a substitute for copaiba balsam1 and plasters are made of it4 #bic4 ,,mucuna ,,pruriens4--,a tall climbing plant of the ,west ,indies and other warm climates4 ,it is called the cowage1 or cow-itch1 on account of the seed pods being covered with short brittle hairs1 the points of which are finely serrated1 causing an unbearable itching when applied to the skin1 which is relieved by rubbing the part with oil4 ,it is employed as a vermifuge4 ,in ,east ,africa it is called ,kitedzi4 ,the sea beans found on the coast of ,florida are the seeds of ,mucuna altissima4 ,in ,cuba these are called bulls' eyes4 #bid4 ,,murraya ,,exotica4--,a ,chinese plant of the orange family4 ,the fruit is succulent1 and the white flowers are very fragrant4 ,they are used in perfumery4 #bie4 ,,musa ,,cavendishii4--,this is a valuable dwarf species of the banana from southern ,china4 ,it bears a large truss of fine fruit1 and is cultivated to some extent in ,florida1 where it endures more cold than the ,west ,india species and fruits more abundantly4 #bif4 ,,musa ,,ensete4--,this ,abyssinian species forms large foliage of striking beauty4 ,the food is dry and uneatable2 but the base of the flower stalk is eaten by the natives4 #big4 ,,musa ,,sapientum4--,the banana plant4 ,this has been cultivated and used as food in tropical countries from very remote times1 and furnishes enormous quantities of nutritious food1 and serves as a staple support to a large number of the human race4 ,the expressed juice is in some countries made into a fermented liquor and the young shoots eaten as a vegetable4 #bih4 ,,musa ,,textilis4--,this furnishes the fiber known as manilla hemp1 and is cultivated in the ,philippine ,islands for this product4 ,the finer kinds of the fiber are woven into beautiful shawls and the coarser manufactured into cordage for ships4 ,the fiber is obtained from the leaf-stalks4 #bii4 ,,muss,,nda ,,frondosa4--,this cinchonaceous plant is a native of ,ceylon4 ,the bark and leaves are esteemed as tonic and febrifuges in the ,mauritius1 where they are known as wild cinchona4 ,the leaves and flowers are also used as expectorants1 and the juice of the fruit and leaves is used as an eyewash4 #cjj4 ,,myristica ,,moschata4--,the nutmeg tree4 ,the seed of this plant is the nutmeg of commerce1 and mace is the seed cover of the same4 ,when the nuts are gathered they are dried and the outer shell of the seed removed4 ,the mace is also dried in the sun and assumes a golden yellow color4 ,the most esteemed nutmegs come from ,penang4 ,at one time the nutmeg culture was monopolized by the ,dutch1 who were in the habit of burning them when the crop was too abundant1 in order to keep up high prices4 #cja4 ,,myrospermum ,,peruiferum4--,this plant yields the drug known as balsam of ,peru1 which is procured by making incisions in the bark1 into which cotton rags are thrust2 a fire is then made round the tree to liquefy the balsam4 ,the balsam is collected by boiling the saturated rags in water4 ,it is a thick1 treacly looking liquid1 with fragrant aromatic smell and taste1 and is not used so much in medicine as it formerly was4 #cjb4 ,,myrospermum ,,toluiferum4--,a ,south ,american tree1 also called ,myroxylon1 which yields the resinous drug called balsam of ,tolu4 ,this substance is fragrant1 having a warm1 sweetish taste1 and burns with an agreeable odor4 ,it is used in perfumery and in the manufacture of pastilles1 also for flavoring confectionery1 as in ,tolu lozenges4 #cjc4 ,,myrtus ,,communis--,the common myrtle4 ,this plant is supposed to be a native of western ,asia1 but now grows abundantly in ,italy1 ,spain1 and the south of ,france4 ,among the ancients the myrtle was held sacred to ,venus and was a plant of considerable importance1 wreaths of it being worn by the victors of the ,olympic games and other honored personages4 ,various parts of the plant were used in medicine1 in cookery1 and by the ,tuscans in the preparation of myrtle wine1 called myrtidanum4 ,it is still used in perfumery1 and a highly perfumed distillation is made from the flowers4 ,the fruits are very aromatic and sweet1 and are eaten fresh or dried and used as a condiment4 #cjd4 ,,nandina ,,domestica4--,a shrub belonging to the family of berberries4 ,it is a native of ,china and ,japan1 where it is extensively cultivated for its fruits4 ,it is there known as ,nandin4 #cje4 ,,nauclea ,,gambir4--,a native of the ,malayan ,islands1 which yields the ,gambir1 or ,terra ,japonica of commerce4 ,this is prepared by boiling the leaves in water until the decoction thickens1 when it is poured into molds1 where it remains until it acquires the consistency of clay2 it is then cut into cubes and thoroughly dried4 ,it is used as a masticatory in combination with the areca nut and betel leaf1 and also for tanning purposes4 #cjf4 ,,nectandra ,,leucantha4--,the greenheart1 or bibiru tree of ,british ,guiana1 furnishing bibiru bark1 which is used medicinally as a tonic and febrifuge1 its properties being due to the presence of an uncrystallizable alkaloid1 also found in the seeds4 ,the seeds are also remarkable for containing upwards of #ej per cent of starch1 which is made into a kind of bread by the natives4 ,the timber of this tree is extensively employed in shipbuilding1 its great strength and durability rendering it peculiarly well suited for this purpose4 #cjg4 ,,nepenthes ,,distillatoria4--,this pitcher plant is a native of ,ceylon4 ,the pitchers are partly filled with water before they open2 hence it was supposed to be produced by some distilling process4 ,in ,ceylon the old1 tough1 flexible stems are used as willows4 #cjh4 ,,nephelium ,,litchi4--,this sapindaceous tree produces one of the valued indigenous fruits of ,china4 ,there are several varieties2 the fruit is round1 about an inch and a half in diameter1 with a reddish-colored1 thin1 brittle shell4 ,when fresh they are filled with a sweet1 white1 transparent1 jelly-like pulp4 ,the ,chinese are very fond of these fruits and consume large quantities of them1 both in the fresh state and when dried and preserved4 #cji4 ,,nerium ,,oleander4--,this is a well-known plant1 often seen in cultivation1 and seemingly a favorite with many4 ,it belongs to a poisonous family and is a dangerous poison4 ,a decoction of its leaves forms a wash1 employed in the south of ,europe to destroy vermin2 and its powdered wood and bark constitute the basis of an efficacious rat-poison4 ,children have died from eating the flowers4 ,a party of soldiers in ,spain1 having meat to roast in camp1 procured spits and skewers of the tree1 which there attains a large size4 ,the wood having been stripped of its bark1 and brought in contact with the meat1 was productive of fatal consequences1 for seven men died out of the twelve who partook of the meat and the other five were for some time dangerously ill4 #caj4 ,,notel,a ,,ligustrina4--,the ,tasmanian iron wood tree4 ,it is of medium growth and furnishes wood that is extremely hard and dense1 and used for making sheaves for ships' blocks1 and for other articles that require to be of great strength4 ,the plant belongs to the olive family4 #caa4 ,,ochroma ,,lagopus4--,a tree that grows about #dj feet high1 along the seashores in the ,west ,indies and ,central ,america1 and known as the cork wood4 ,the wood is soft1 spongy1 and exceedingly light1 and is used as a substitute for cork1 both in stopping bottles and as floats for fishing nets4 ,it is also known as ,balsa4 #cab4 ,,oe,,nocarpus ,,batava4--,a ,south ,american palm1 which yields a colorless1 sweet-tasted oil1 used in ,para for adulterating olive oil1 being nearly as good for this purpose as peanut oil1 so largely used in ,europe4 ,a palatable but slightly aperient beverage is prepared by triturating the fruits in water1 and adding sugar and mandiocca flour4 #cac4 ,,olea ,,europ,a4--,the ,european olive1 which is popularly supposed to furnish all the olive oil of commerce4 ,it is a plant of slow growth and of as slow decay4 ,it is considered probable that trees at present existing in the ,vale of ,gethsemane are those which existed at the commencement of the ,christian era4 ,the oil is derived from the flesh of the fruit1 and is pressed out of the bruised pulp2 inferior kinds are from second and third pressings4 ,the best salad oil is from ,leghorn1 and is sent in flasks surrounded by rush-work4 ,gallipoli oil is transported in casks1 and ,lucca in jars4 ,the pickling olives are the unripe fruits deprived of a portion of their bitterness by soaking in water in which lime and wood ashes are sometimes added1 and then bottled in salt and water with aromatics4 #cad4 ,,ophiocaryon ,,paradoxum4--,the snake nut tree of ,guiana1 so called on account of the curious form of the embryo of the seed1 which is spirally twisted1 so as to closely resemble a coiled-up blacksnake4 ,the fruits are as large as those of the black walnut1 and although they are not known to possess any medical properties1 their singular snake-like form has induced the ,indians to employ them as an antidote to the poison of venomous snakes4 ,the plant belongs to the order of ,sapindace4 #cae4 ,,ophiorrhiza ,,mungos4--,a plant belonging to the cinchona family1 the roots of which are reputed to cure snake bites4 ,they are intensely bitter1 and from this circumstance they are called earth-galls by the ,malays4 #caf4 ,,ophioxylon ,,serpentinum4--,a native of the ,east ,indies1 where the roots are used in medicine as a febrifuge and alexipharmic4 #cag4 ,,opuntia ,,cochinellifera4--,a native of ,mexico1 where it is largely cultivated in what are called the ,nopal plantations for the breeding of the cochineal insect4 ,this plant and others are also grown for a similar purpose in the ,canary ,islands and ,madeira4 ,some of these plantations contain fifty thousand plants4 ,cochineal forms the finest carmine scarlet dye1 and at least there are #b1jjj tons of it produced yearly1 in value worth #b1jjj per ton4 #cah4 ,,opuntia ,,tuna4--,this plant is a native of ,mexico and ,south ,america generally4 ,it reaches a height of #ae to #bj feet and bears reddish-colored flowers1 followed by pear-shaped fleshy fruits #b or #c inches long1 and of a rich carmine color when ripe4 ,it is cultivated for rearing the cochineal insect4 ,the fruits are sweet and juicy2 sugar has been made from them4 ,the juice is used as a water-color and for coloring confectionery4 #cai4 ,,oreodaphne ,,californica4--,the mountain laurel1 or spice bush1 of ,california4 ,when bruised it emits a strong1 spicy odor1 and the ,spanish ,americans use the leaves as a condiment4 #cbj4 ,,oreodoxa ,,oleracea4--,the ,west ,indian cabbage palm1 which sometimes attains the height of #agj feet1 with a straight cylindrical trunk4 ,the semicylindrical portions of the leaf-stalk are formed into cradles for children1 or made into splints for fractures4 ,their inside skin1 peeled off while green1 and dried1 looks like vellum1 and can be written upon4 ,the heart of young leaves1 or cabbage1 is boiled as a vegetable or pickled1 and the pith affords sago4 ,oil is obtained from the fruit4 #cba4 ,,ormosia ,,dasycarpa4--,this is the ,west ,indian bead tree1 or necklace tree1 the seeds of which are roundish1 beautifully polished1 and of a bright scarlet color1 with a black spot at one end resembling beads1 for which they are substitutes1 being made into necklaces1 bracelets1 or mounted in silver for studs and buttons4 ,it is a leguminous plant4 #cbb4 ,,osmanthus ,,fragrans4--,this plant has long been cultivated as ,olea fragrans4 ,the flowers have a fine fragrance1 and are used by the ,chinese to perfume tea4 ,it appears that they consider the leaves also valuable1 for they are frequently found in what is expected to be genuine tea4 #cbc4 ,,pachira ,,alba4--,a ,south ,american tree the inner bark of which furnishes a strong useful fiber1 employed in the manufacture of ropes and various kinds of cordage4 ,the petals of the flowers are covered with a soft silky down which is used for stuffing cushions and pillows4 #cbd4 ,,pandanus ,,utilis4--,the screw pine of the ,mauritius1 where it is largely cultivated for its leaves1 which are manufactured into bags or sacks for the exportation of sugar4 ,they are also used for making other domestic vessels and for tying purposes4 #cbe4 ,,pappea ,,capensis4--,a small tree of the soapberry or sapindaceous family1 a native of the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 where the fruit is known as the wild plum1 from the pulp of which a vinous beverage and excellent vinegar are prepared1 and an eatable1 though slightly purgative1 oil is extracted from the seeds4 ,the oil is also strongly recommended for baldness and scalp affections4 #cbf4 ,,papyrus ,,antiquorum4--,the paper-reed of ,asia1 which yielded the substances used as paper by the ancient ,egyptians4 ,the underground root-stocks spread horizontally under the muddy soil1 continuing to throw up stems as they creep along4 ,the paper was made from thin slices1 cut vertically from the apex to the base of the stem1 between its surface and center4 ,the slices were placed side by side1 according to the size required1 and then1 after being wetted and beaten with a wooden instrument until smooth1 were pressed and dried in the sun4 #cbg4 ,,paritium ,,elatum4--,the mountain mahoe1 a malvaceous plant1 that furnishes the beautiful lace-like bark called ,cuba bast1 imported by nurserymen for tying their plants4 ,it was at one time only seen as employed in tying together bundles of genuine ,havana cigars4 ,it forms a tree #dj feet or more in height1 and yields a greenish-blue timber1 highly prized by cabinet-makers4 #cbh4 ,,parkia ,,africana4--,the ,african locust tree1 producing seeds which the natives of ,soudan roast1 and then bruise and allow to ferment in water until they become putrid1 when they are carefully washed1 pounded into powder1 and made into cakes1 which are said to be excellent1 though having a very unpleasant smell4 ,the pulp surrounding the seeds is made into a sweet farinaceous preparation4 #cbi4 ,,parkinsonia ,,aculeata4--,this leguminous plant is called ,jerusalem ,thorn4 ,although a native of ,southern ,texas and ,mexico1 it is found in many tropical countries1 and is frequently used for making hedges4 ,indians in ,mexico employ it as a febrifuge and sudorific and also as a remedy for epilepsy4 #ccj4 ,,parmentiera ,,cereifera4--,in the ,isthmus of ,panama this plant is termed the ,candle tree1 because its fruits1 often #d feet long1 look like yellow candles suspended from the branches4 ,they have a peculiar1 apple-like smell1 and cattle that partake of the leaves or fruit have the smell communicated to the beef if killed immediately4 #cca4 ,,passiflora ,,quadrangularis4--,the fruit of this plant is the ,granadilla of the tropics4 ,the pulp has an agreeable though rather mawkish taste4 ,the root is said to possess narcotic properties1 and is used in the ,mauritius as an emetic4 #ccb4 ,,paullinia ,,sorbilis4--,the seeds of this climbing sapindaceous plant furnish the famous guarana of the ,amazon and its principal tributaries4 ,the ripe seeds1 when thoroughly dried1 are pounded into a fine powder1 which made into dough with water1 is formed into cylindrical rolls1 from #e to #h inches long1 becoming very hard when dry4 ,it is used as a beverage1 which is prepared by grating about half a teaspoonful of one of the cakes into about a teacup of water4 ,it is much used by ,brazilian miners1 and is considered a preventive of all manner of diseases4 ,it is also used by travelers1 who supply themselves with it previous to undertaking lengthy or fatiguing journeys4 ,its active principle is identical with theine1 of which it contains a larger quantity than exists in any other known plant1 being more than double that contained in the best black tea4 #ccc4 ,,pavetta ,,borbonica4--,this belongs to the quinine family4 ,the roots are bitter1 and are employed as a purgative2 the leaves are also used medicinally4 #ccd4 ,,pedilanthus ,,tithymaloides4--,this euphorbiaceous plant has an acrid1 milky1 bitter juice2 the root is emetic1 and the dried branches are used medicinally4 #cce4 ,,pereskia ,,aculeata4--,the ,barbadoes gooseberry1 which belongs to the family ,cactace4 ,it grows about #ae feet in height1 and produces yellow-colored1 eatable1 and pleasant-tasted fruit1 which is used in the ,west ,indies for making preserves4 #ccf4 ,,persea ,,gratissima4--,the avocado or alligator pear1 a common tree in the ,west ,indies4 ,the fruits are pear-shaped1 covered with a brownish-green or purple skin4 ,they are highly esteemed where grown1 but strangers do not relish them4 ,they contain a large quantity of firm pulp1 possessing a buttery or marrow-like taste1 and are frequently called vegetable marrow4 ,they are usually eaten with spice1 lime-juice1 pepper1 and salt4 ,an abundance of oil1 for burning and for soap-making1 may be obtained from the pulp4 ,the seeds yield a deep1 indelible black juice1 which is used for marking linen4 #ccg4 ,,ph,,oe,,nix ,,dactylifera4--,the date palm1 very extensively grown for its fruit1 which affords the principal food for a large portion of the inhabitants of ,africa1 ,asia1 and southern ,europe1 and likewise of the various domestic animals--dogs1 horses1 and camels being alike partial to it4 ,the tree attains to a great age1 and bears annually for two hundred years4 ,the huts of the poorer classes are constructed of the leaves3 the fiber surrounding the bases of their stalks is used for making ropes and coarse cloth2 the stalks are used for the manufacture of baskets1 brooms1 crates1 walking sticks1 etc41 and the wood for building substantial houses2 the heart of young leaves is eaten as a vegetable2 the sap affords an intoxicating beverage4 ,it may be further mentioned that the date was1 probably1 the palm which supplied the branches of palm trees mentioned by ,st4 ,john 7xii1 #ac7 as having been carried by the people who went to meet ,christ on his triumphal entry into ,jerusalem1 and from which ,palm ,sunday takes its name4 #cch4 ,,phormium ,,tenax4--,this plant is called ,new ,zealand flax1 on account of the leaves containing a large quantity of strong1 useful fiber1 which is used by the natives of that country for making strings1 ropes1 and articles of clothing4 ,the plant could be grown in this climate1 and would no doubt be largely cultivated if some efficient mode of separating the fiber could be discovered4 #cci4 ,,photinia ,,japonica4--,the ,japanese ,medlar1 or ,chinese ,lo-quat4 ,it bears a small oval fruit of an orange color when ripe1 having a pleasant subacid flavor4 ,it stands ordinary winters in this climate1 and forms a fine evergreen1 medium-sized tree4 #cdj4 ,,physostigma ,,venenosum4--,a strong leguminous plant1 the seeds of which are highly poisonous1 and are employed by the natives of ,old ,calabar as an ordeal4 ,persons suspected of witchcraft or other crimes are compelled to eat them until they vomit or die1 the former being regarded as proof of innocence1 and the latter of guilt4 ,recently the seeds have been found to act powerfully in diseases of the eye4 #cda4 ,,phytelephas ,,macrocarpa4--,the vegetable ivory plant1 a native of the northern parts of ,south ,america4 ,the fruit consists of a collection of six or seven drupes2 each contains from six to nine seeds1 the vegetable ivory of commerce4 ,the seeds at first contain a clear1 insipid liquid2 afterwards it becomes milky and sweet1 and changes by degrees until it becomes hard as ivory4 ,animals eat the fruit in its young green state2 a sweet oily pulp incloses the seeds1 and is collected and sold in the markets under the name of ,pipa de ,jagua4 ,vegetable ivory may be distinguished from animal ivory by means of sulphuric acid1 which gives a bright red color with the vegetable ivory1 but none with the animal ivory4 #cdb4 ,,picrasma ,,excelsa4--,this yields the bitter wood known as ,jamaica ,quassia4 ,the tree is common in ,jamaica1 where it attains the height of #ej feet4 ,the wood is of a whitish or yellow color1 and has an intensely bitter taste4 ,although it is used as a medicine in cases of weak digestion1 it acts as a narcotic poison on some animals1 and the tincture is used as fly poison4 ,cups made of this wood1 when filled with water and allowed to remain for some time1 will impart tonic properties to the water4 #cdc4 ,,pinckneya ,,pubens4--,this cinchonaceous plant is a native of the ,southern ,states and has a reputation as an antiperiodic4 ,it is stated that incomplete examinations have detected cinchonine in the bark4 ,it has been used successfully as a substitute for quinine4 ,a thorough examination of this plant seems desirable so that its exact medical value may be ascertained4 #cdd4 ,,piper ,,betel4--,this plant belongs to the ,piperace4 ,immense quantities of the leaves of this plant are chewed by the ,malays4 ,it tinges the saliva a bright red and acts as a powerful stimulant to the digestive organs and salivary glands2 when swallowed it causes giddiness and other unpleasant symptoms in persons unaccustomed to its use4 #cde4 ,,piper ,,nigrum4--,this twining shrub yields the pepper of commerce4 ,it is cultivated in the ,east and ,west ,indies1 ,java1 etc41 the ,malabar being held in the highest esteem4 ,the fruit when ripe is of a red color1 but it is gathered before being fully ripe and dried in the sun1 when it becomes black and shriveled4 ,white pepper is the same fruit with the skin removed4 ,when analyzed1 pepper is found to contain a hot acrid resin and a volatile oil1 as well as a crystalline substance called piperin1 which has been recommended as a substitute for quinine4 #cdf4 ,,pistacia ,,lentiscus4--,the mastic tree1 a native of southern ,europe1 northern ,africa1 and western ,asia4 ,mastic is the resin of the tree and is obtained by making transverse incisions in the bark1 from which it exudes in drops and hardens into small semitransparent tears4 ,it is consumed in large quantities by the ,turks for chewing to strengthen the gums and sweeten the breath4 ,it is also used for varnishing4 #cdg4 ,,pistacia ,,terebinthus4--,the ,cyprus turpentine tree4 ,the turpentine flows from incisions made in the trunk and soon becomes thick and tenacious1 and ultimately hardens4 ,galls gathered from this tree are used for tanning purposes1 one of the varieties of morocco leather being tanned with them4 #cdh4 ,,pistacia ,,vera4--,the pistacia tree1 which yields the eatable pistachio nuts4 ,it is a native of western ,asia4 ,the nuts are greatly eaten by the ,turks and ,greeks1 as well as in the south of ,europe1 either simply dried like almonds or made into articles of confectionery4 #cdi4 ,,pithecolobium ,,saman4--,this leguminous plant yields eatable pods1 which are fed to cattle in ,brazil4 ,some ,mexican species produce pods that are boiled and eaten1 and certain portions contain saponaceous properties4 ,the pods are sometimes called ,manila tamarinds4 ,the leaves of this tree fold closely up at night1 so that they do not prevent the radiation of heat from the surface of the ground1 and dew is therefore deposited underneath its branches4 ,the grass on the surface of the ground underneath this tree being thus wet with dew1 while that under other trees is found to be dry1 has given it the name of rain tree1 under the supposition that the leaves dropped water during the night4 #cej4 ,,pittosporum ,,undulatum4--,a plant from ,new ,zealand1 which reaches a considerable size1 and furnishes a wood similar to boxwood4 ,the flowers are very fragrant4 #cea4 ,,plagianthus ,,betulinus4--,the inner bark of the young branches of this plant yields a very fine fiber1 sometimes called ,new ,zealand cotton1 though more like flax than cotton2 it is the ,akaroa of the ,new ,zealanders4 ,in ,tasmania it bears the name of ,currajong4 ,good cordage and twine for fishing nets are made from this fiber4 ,a superior paper pulp is prepared from the wood2 it is also employed in making handles to baskets1 rims for sieves1 and hoops for barrels4 #ceb4 ,,platonia ,,insignis4--,a ,brazilian tree which bears a fruit known in that country as ,pacoury-uva4 ,the pulp of this fruit is semiacid1 very delicious1 and is employed in making preserves4 ,the seeds embedded in this pulp have the flavor of almonds4 #cec4 ,,plumbago ,,scandens4--,the root of this plant is called ,herbe du ,diable in ,san ,domingo2 it is acrid in the highest degree1 and is a most energetic blistering agent when fresh4 #ced4 ,,plumeria ,,alba4--,a ,south ,american plant4 ,the flowers are used in perfumery1 and furnish the scent known as ,frangipane or ,frangipani4 ,in ,jamaica the plant is known as red jasmine4 #cee4 ,,pogostemon ,,patchouly4--,this plant affords the celebrated patchouli perfume4 ,the peculiar odor of patchouli is disagreeable to some1 but is very popular with many persons4 ,the odoriferous part of the plant is the leaves and young tops1 which yield a volatile oil by distillation1 from which an essence is prepared2 satchels of patchouli are made of coarsely powdered leaves4 ,genuine ,indian shawls and ,indian ink were formerly distinguished by their odor of this perfume1 but the test does not now hold good4 ,ill effects1 such as loss of sleep1 nervous attacks1 etc41 have been ascribed to its extensive use4 #cef4 ,,pongamia ,,glabra4--,some years ago this tree was recommended as suitable for avenue-planting in the south of ,france4 ,in ,india an oil called poonga is expressed from the seeds1 which is much used for mixing with lamp oil4 ,it is of a deep yellow color1 and is fluid at temperatures above #fj ,f41 but below that it becomes solid4 #ceg4 ,,portlandia ,,grandiflora4--,this plant belongs to the cinchonaceous family1 and is said to possess properties similar to those of the true cinchona4 ,the bark is exceedingly bitter4 #ceh4 ,,psidium ,,cattleyanum4--,this is the purple guava from ,china4 ,the fruits are filled with juicy1 pale flesh1 of a very agreeable acid-sweet flavor4 #cei4 ,,psidium ,,pyriferum4--,the ,west ,indian guava1 a well-known fruit in the tropics1 but only known here in the shape of guava jelly4 ,the wood of the tree has a fine1 close grain1 and has been experimented with as a substitute for boxwood for engraving purposes1 but it is too soft to stand the pressure of printing4 #cfj4 ,,psychotria ,,leucantha4--,a plant belonging to the cinchona family4 ,emetic properties are assigned to the roots1 which are also used in dyeing4 ,native of ,peru4 #cfa4 ,,pterocarpus ,,marsupium4--,this tree affords gum-kino1 which is obtained by making incisions in the bark1 from which the juice exudes and hardens into a brittle mass1 easily broken into small angular1 shining fragments of a bright ruby color4 ,it is highly astringent4 ,the wood is hard and valuable for manufacturing purposes4 #cfb4 ,,punica ,,granatum4--,the pomegranate1 a native of northern ,africa and western ,asia4 ,the fruit is valued in warm countries on account of its delicious cooling and refreshing pulp4 ,numerous varieties are grown1 some being sweet and vinous1 and others acid or of a bitter1 stringent taste2 the color also varies from light to dark red4 ,the bark of the root abounds in a peculiar principle called punicin4 ,this bark appears to have been known to the ancients1 and used by them as a vermifuge1 and is still used in ,hindostan as a specific against tapeworm4 ,the rind of the fruit of the bitter varieties contains a large amount of tannin1 and is used for tanning morocco leather4 ,the flowers yield a red dye4 #cfc4 ,,quassia ,,amara4--,the wood of this plant furnishes ,surinam quassia4 ,it is destitute of smell1 but has an intensely bitter taste1 and is used as a tonic4 ,the root has also reputed medicinal value1 as also have the flowers4 #cfd4 ,,quillaja ,,saponaria4--,the ,quillai or ,cully of the ,chilians4 ,its bark is called soap-bark1 and is rough and dark-colored externally1 but internally consists of numerous regular whitish or yellowish layers1 and contains a large quantity of carbonate of lime and other mineral matters4 ,it is also rich in saponine1 and is used for washing clothes2 #b ounces of the bark is sufficient to wash a dress4 ,it also removes all spots or stains1 and imparts a fine luster to wool2 when powdered and rubbed between the hands in water1 it makes a foam like soap4 ,it is to be found in commerce4 #cfe4 ,,randia ,,aculeata4--,a small tree native of the ,west ,indies1 also found in southern ,florida4 ,in the ,west ,indies the fruit is used for producing a blue dye1 and medicinal properties are assigned to the bark4 #cff4 ,,raphia ,t,,digera4--,the ,jupati palm4 ,the leaf-stalks of this plant are used by the natives of the ,amazon for a variety of purposes1 such as constructing inside walls1 making boxes and baskets1 etc4 ,r4 vinifera1 the ,bamboo palm1 is similarly used by the ,africans1 who also make a very pliable cloth of the undeveloped leaves4 ,palm wine is one of the products of the genus4 #cfg4 ,,ravenala ,,madagascariensis4--,this plant is called the ,traveler's tree1 probably on account of the water which is stored up in the large cup-like sheaths of the leaf-stalks1 and which is sought for by travelers to allay their thirst4 ,the broad leaves are used in ,madagascar as thatch to cover their houses4 ,the seeds are edible1 and the blue1 pulpy aril surrounding them yields an essential oil4 #cfh4 ,,rhapis ,,flabelliformis4--,the ground rattan palm4 ,this is supposed to yield the walking-canes known as rattan1 which is doubted4 ,it is a native of southern ,china1 and is also found in ,japan1 where it is known by the name of ,kwanwortsik4 #cfi4 ,,rhizophora ,,mangle4--,this plant is known as the mangrove1 possibly because no man can live in the swampy groves that are covered with it in tropical countries4 ,the seeds germinate1 or form roots before they quit the parent tree1 and drop into the mud as young trees4 ,the old plants send out aerial roots into the water1 upon which the mollusca adhere1 and as the tide recedes they are seen clinging to the shoots1 verifying the statements of old travelers that they had seen oysters growing on trees4 ,all parts of this tree contain tannin4 ,the bark yields dyes1 and in the ,west ,indies the leaves are used for poulticing wounds4 ,the fruit is edible2 a coarse1 brittle salt is extracted from the roots1 and in the ,philippines the bark is used as a febrifuge4 #cgj4 ,,rottlera ,,tinctoria4--,this plant belongs to the order ,euphorbiace1 and reaches the size of a small tree in the ,indian ,archipelago and southern ,australia4 ,from the surface of the trilobed capsules of this plant1 which are about the size of peas1 a red1 mealy powder is obtained1 well known in ,india as kamala1 and which is used by ,hindoo silk-dyers1 who obtain from it a deep1 bright1 durable orange or flame color of great beauty4 ,this is obtained by boiling the powder in a solution of carbonate of soda4 ,when the capsules are ripe the red powder is brushed off and collected for sale1 no other preparation being necessary to preserve it4 ,it is also used medicinally as an anthelmintic and has been successfully used in cases of tapeworm4 ,a solution removes freckles and pustules and eruptions on the skin4 #cga4 ,,ruellia ,,indigotica4--,this small bush is extensively cultivated in ,china for the preparation of a blue coloring-matter of the nature of indigo4 ,the pigment is prepared from the entire plant by a process similar to that employed in procuring the common indigo4 ,it is sold in ,china in a pasty state4 ,the water in which the plant is steeped is mixed with lime and rapidly agitated1 when the coloring deposits at the bottom of the vessel4 #cgb4 ,,sabal ,,adansonii4--,this dwarf palm is a native of the ,southern ,states4 ,the leaves are made into fans1 and the soft interior of the stem is edible4 #cgc4 ,,sabal ,,umbraculifera4--,this is a ,west ,indian palm2 the leaves are used for various purposes1 such as making mats1 huts1 etc4 #cgd4 ,,saccharum ,,officinarum4--,the sugar cane4 ,where the sugar cane was first cultivated is unknown1 but it is supposed to have been in the ,east ,indies1 for the ,venetians imported it from thence by the ,red ,sea prior to the year #aadh4 ,it is supposed to have been introduced into the islands of ,sicily1 ,crete1 ,rhodes1 and ,cyprus by the ,saracens1 as abundance of sugar was made in these islands previous to the discovery of the ,west ,indies in #adib by the ,spaniards1 and the ,east ,indies and ,brazil by the ,portuguese in #adig and #aefj4 ,it was cultivated afterwards in ,spain1 in ,valentia1 ,granada1 and ,murcia by the ,moors4 ,in the fifteenth century it was introduced into the ,canary ,islands by the ,spaniards and to ,madeira by the ,portuguese1 and thence to the ,west ,india ,islands and to ,brazil4 ,the ,dutch began to make sugar in the island of ,st4 ,thomas in the year #afaj and in ,jamaica in #afdd4 ,its culture has since become general in warm climates and its use universal4 #cge4 ,,saguerus ,,saccharifer4--,the arenga palm1 which is of great value to the ,malays4 ,the black horsehair like fiber surrounding its leaf-stalks is made into cordage2 a large amount of toddy or palm wine is obtained by cutting off the flower spikes1 which1 when inspissated1 affords sugar1 and when fermented a capital vinegar4 ,considerable quantities of inferior sago and several other products of minor importance are derived from this palm4 #cgf4 ,,sagus ,,rumphii4--,this palm produces the sago of commerce1 which is prepared from the soft inner portion of the trunk4 ,it is obtained by cutting the trunk into small pieces1 which are split and the soft substance scooped out and pounded in water till the starchy substance separates and settles4 ,this is sago meal2 but before being exported it is made into what is termed pearl sago4 ,this is a ,chinese process1 principally carried on at ,singapore4 ,the meal is washed1 strained1 and spread out to dry2 it is then broken up1 pounded1 and sifted until it is of a regular size4 ,small quantities being then placed in bags1 these are shaken about until it becomes granulated or pearled4 #cgg4 ,,salvadora ,,persica4--,this is supposed to be the plant that produced the mustard seed spoken of in the ,scriptures4 #cgh4 ,,sandoricum ,,indicum4--,a tropical tree1 sometimes called the ,indian sandal tree1 which produces a fruit like an apple1 of agreeable acid flavor4 ,the root of the tree has some medicinal value4 #cgi4 ,,sanseviera ,,guineensis4--,called the ,african bowstring hemp1 from the fibers of the leaves being used for bowstrings4 #chj4 ,,santalum ,,album4--,this tree yields the true sandalwood of ,india4 ,this fragrant wood is in two colors1 procured from the same tree2 the yellow-colored wood is from the heart and the white-colored from the exterior1 the latter not so fragrant4 ,the ,chinese manufacture it into musical instruments1 small cabinets1 boxes1 and similar articles1 which are insect proof4 ,from shavings of the wood an essential oil is distilled1 which is used in perfumery4 #cha4 ,,sapindus ,,saponaria4--,the soapberry tree4 ,the fruit of this plant is about the size of a large gooseberry1 the outer covering or shell of which contains a saponaceous principle in sufficient abundance to produce a lather with water and is used as a substitute for soap4 ,the seeds are hard1 black1 and round1 and are used for making rosaries and necklaces1 and at one time were covered for buttons4 ,oil is also extracted from the seeds and is known as soap oil4 #chb4 ,,sapium ,,indicum4--,a widely distributed ,asiatic tree which yields an acrid1 milky juice1 which1 as also the leaves of the plant1 furnishes a kind of dye4 ,the fruit in its green state is acid1 and is eaten as a condiment in ,borneo4 #chc4 ,,sapota ,,achras4--,the fruit of this plant is known in the ,west ,indies as the sapodilla plum4 ,it is highly esteemed by the inhabitants2 the bark of the tree is astringent and febrifugal2 the seeds are aperient and diuretic4 #chd4 ,,sapota ,,mulleri4--,the bully or balata tree of ,british ,guiana1 which furnishes a gum somewhat intermediate between ,india rubber and gutta-percha1 being nearly as elastic as the first without the brittleness and friability of the latter1 and requiring a high temperature to melt or soften it4 #che4 ,,schinus ,,molle4--,the root of this plant is used medicinally and the resin that exudes from the tree is employed to astringe the gums4 ,the leaves are so filled with resinous fluid that when they are immersed in water it is expelled with such violence as to have the appearance of spontaneous motion in consequence of the recoil4 ,the fruits are of the size of pepper corns and are warm to the taste4 ,the pulp surrounding the seeds is made into a kind of beverage by the ,mexican ,indians4 ,the plant is sometimes called ,mexican pepper4 #chf4 ,,schotia ,,speciosa4--,a small tree of ,south ,africa called ,boerboom at the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,the seeds or beans are cooked and eaten as food4 ,the bark is used for tanning purposes and as an astringent in medicine4 #chg4 ,,seaforthia ,,elegans4--,this palm is a native of the northern part of ,australia1 where it is utilized by the natives4 ,the seeds have a granular fibrous rind1 and are spotted and marked like a nutmeg4 #chh4 ,,selaginella ,,lepidophylla4--,this species of club moss is found in southern ,california1 and has remarkable hygrometric qualities4 ,its natural growth is in circular roseate form1 and fully expanded when the air is moist1 but rolling up like a ball when it becomes dry4 ,it remains green and acts in this peculiar manner for a long time after being gathered4 ,of late years numbers have been distributed throughout the country under the names of ,rose of ,jericho and ,resurrection ,plant4 ,this is1 however1 quite distinct from the true ,rose of ,jericho1 ,anastatica hierochuntica1 a native of the ,mediterranean region1 from ,syria to ,algeria4 ,this plant1 when growing and in flower1 has branches spread rigidly1 but when the seed ripens the leaves wither1 and the whole plant becomes dry1 each little branch curling inward until the plant appears like a small ball2 it soon becomes loosened from the soil1 and is carried by the winds over the dry plains1 and is often blown into the sea1 where it at once expands4 ,it retains this property of expanding when moistened for at least ten years4 #chi4 ,,semecarpus ,,anacardium4--,the marking nut tree of ,india4 ,the thick1 fleshy receptacle bearing the fruit is of a yellow color when ripe1 and is roasted and eaten4 ,the unripe fruit is employed in making a kind of ink4 ,the hard shell of the fruit is permeated by a corrosive juice1 which is used on external bruises and for destroying warts4 ,the juice1 when mixed with quick-lime1 is used to mark cotton or linen with an indelible mark4 ,when dry it forms a dark varnish1 and among other purposes it is employed1 mixed with pitch and tar1 in the calking of ships4 ,the seeds1 called ,malacca beans1 or marsh nuts1 are eaten1 and are said to stimulate the mental powers1 and especially the memory2 and finally they furnish an oil used in painting4 #cij4 ,,serissa ,f,,oe,,tida4--,a cinchonaceous shrub1 having strong astringent properties4 ,the roots are employed in cases of diarrhea1 also in ophthalmia and certain forms of ulcers4 ,it is a native of ,japan and ,china4 #cia4 ,,shorea ,,robusta4--,this tree produces the ,saul wood of ,india1 which has a very high reputation1 and is extensively employed for all engineering purposes where great strength and toughness are requisite4 ,it is stronger and much heavier than teak4 ,an oil is obtained from the seeds1 and a resin similar to ,dammar resin is likewise obtained from the tree4 #cib4 ,,sida ,,pulchella4--,a plant of the mallow family2 the bark contains fibrous tissues available for the manufacture of cordage4 ,the root of ,s4 acuta is esteemed by the ,hindoos as a medicine1 and particularly as a remedy for snake bites4 ,the light wood of these species is used to make rocket sticks4 #cic4 ,,simaba ,,cedron4--,a native of ,new ,grenada1 where it attains the size of a small tree1 and bears a large fruit containing one seed2 this seed1 which looks like a blanched almond1 is known in commerce as the cedron4 ,as a remedy for snake bites it has been known from time immemorial in ,new ,grenada4 ,it is mentioned in the books of the seventeenth century4 ,recently it has obtained a reputation as a febrifuge1 but its value as an antidote to the bites of snakes and scorpions is universally believed1 and the inhabitants carry a seed with them in all their journeyings2 if they happen to be bitten by any venomous reptile they scrape about two grains of the seed in brandy or water and apply it to the wound1 at the same time taking a like dose internally4 ,this neutralizes the most dangerous poisons4 #cid4 ,,simaruba ,,officinalis4--,this tree yields the drug known as ,simaruba bark1 which is1 strictly speaking1 the rind of the root4 ,it is a bitter tonic4 ,it is known in the ,west ,indies as the mountain damson4 #cie4 ,,siphonia ,,elastica4--,the ,south ,american rubber plant1 from which a great portion of the caoutchouc of commerce is obtained4 ,there are several species of siphonia which1 equally with the above1 furnish the ,india rubber exported from ,para4 ,the caoutchouc exists in the tree in the form of a thin1 white milk1 which exudes from incisions made in the trunk1 and is poured over molds1 which were formerly shaped like jars1 bottles1 or shoes1 hence often called bottle rubber4 ,as it dries1 the coatings of milky juice are repeated until the required thickness is obtained1 and the clay mold removed4 ,it belongs to the extensive family ,euphorbiace4 #cif4 ,,smilax ,,medica4--,this plant yields ,mexican sarsaparilla1 so called to distinguish it from the many other kinds of this drug4 ,the plant is a climber1 similar to the smilax of our woods4 #cig4 ,,spondias ,,mombin4--,this yields an eatable fruit called hog plum in the ,west ,indies4 ,the taste is said to be peculiar1 and not very agreeable to strangers4 ,it is chiefly used to fatten swine4 ,the fruit is laxative1 the leaves astringent1 and the seeds possess poisonous qualities4 ,the flower buds are used as a sweetmeat with sugar4 #cih4 ,,strelitzia ,,regin4--,a plant of the ,musa or banana family4 ,the flowers are very beautiful for the genus4 ,it is a native of the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,the seeds are gathered and eaten by the ,kaffirs4 #cii4 ,,strychnos ,,nux-,,vomica4--,this is a native of the ,coromandel coast and ,cochin-,china4 ,it bears an orange-like fruit1 containing seeds that have an intensely bitter taste1 owing to the presence of two most energetic poisons1 strychnine and brucine4 ,the pulp surrounding the seeds is said to be harmless1 and greedily eaten by birds4 ,the wood of the plant is hard and bitter1 and possesses similar properties to the seeds1 but in a less degree4 ,it is used in ,india in intermittent fevers and in cases of snake bites4 ,s4 tiente is a ,java shrub1 the juice of which is used in poisoning arrows4 ,s4 toxifera yields a frightful poison called ,ourari or ,wourari1 employed by the natives of ,guiana4 ,this is considered to be the most potent sedative in nature4 ,several species of ,strychnos are considered infallible remedies for snake bites2 hence are known as snakewood4 ,s4 pseudo-quina1 a native of ,brazil1 yields ,colpache bark1 which is much used in that country in cases of fever1 and is considered equal to quinine in value4 ,it does not contain strychnine1 and its fruits are edible4 ,s4 potatorum furnishes seeds known in ,india as clearing-nuts1 on account of their use in clearing muddy water4 ,st4 ,ignatius beans are supposed to be yielded by a species of ,strychnos1 from the quantity of strychnine contained in the seeds4 #djj4 ,,swietenia ,,mahagoni4--,this ,south ,american plant furnishes the timber known in commerce as mahogany4 ,the bark is considered a febrifuge1 and the seeds prepared with oil were used by the ancient ,aztecs as a cosmetic4 ,the timber is well known1 and much used in the manufacture of furniture4 #dja4 ,,tacca ,,pinnatifida4--,this is sometimes called ,south ,sea arrowroot4 ,the tubers contain a great amount of starch1 which is obtained by rasping them and macerating four or five days in water1 when the fecula separates in the same manner as sago4 ,it is largely used as an article of diet throughout the tropics1 and is a favorite ingredient for puddings and cakes4 #djb4 ,,tamarindus ,,indica4--,the tamarind tree4 ,there are two varieties of this species4 ,the ,east ,indian variety has long pods1 with six to twelve seeds4 ,the variety cultivated in the ,west ,indies has shorter pods1 containing one to four seeds4 ,tamarinds owe their grateful acidity to the presence of citric1 tartaric1 and other vegetable acids4 ,the pulp mixed with salt is used for a liniment by the ,creoles of the ,mauritius4 ,every part of the plant has had medicinal virtues ascribed to it4 ,fish pickled with tamarinds are considered a great delicacy4 ,it is said that the acid moisture exhaled by the leaves injures the cloth of tents that remain under them for any length of time4 ,it is also considered unsafe to sleep under the trees4 #djc4 ,,tanghinia ,,venenifera4--,this plant is a native of ,madagascar1 and of the family ,apocynace4 ,formerly1 when the custom of trial by ordeal was more prevalent than now1 the seeds of this plant were in great repute1 and unlimited confidence was placed in the poisonous seeds as a detector of guilt4 ,the seeds were pounded1 and a small piece swallowed by each person to be tried2 those in whom it caused vomiting were allowed to escape1 but when it was retained in the stomach1 it would quickly prove fatal1 and their guilt was thus held to be proven4 #djd4 ,,tasmannia ,,aromatica4--,the bark of this plant possesses aromatic qualities1 closely resembling ,winter's bark4 ,the small black fruits are used as a substitute for pepper4 #dje4 ,,tectona ,,grandis4--,the teak tree4 ,teak wood has been extensively employed for shipbuilding in the construction of merchant vessels and ships of war2 its great strength and durability1 the facility with which it can be worked1 and its freedom from injury by fungi1 rendering it peculiarly suitable for these purposes4 ,it is a native of the ,east ,india ,islands1 and belongs to the order ,verbenace4 #djf4 ,,terminalia ,,catappa4--,the astringent fruits of this tropical plant are employed for tanning and dyeing1 and are sometimes met with in commerce under the name of myrobalans1 and used by calico printers for the production of a permanent black4 ,the seeds are like almonds in shape and whiteness1 but1 although palatable1 have a peculiar flavor4 #djg4 ,,tetranthera ,,laurifolia4--,this plant is widely dispersed over tropical ,asia and the islands of the ,eastern ,archipelago4 ,its leaves and young branches abound in a viscid juice1 and in ,cochin-,china the natives bruise and macerate them until this becomes glutinous1 when it is used for mixing with plaster1 to thicken and render it more adhesive and durable4 ,its fruits yield a solid fat1 used for making candles1 although it has a most disagreeable odor4 #djh4 ,,thea ,,viridis4--,this is the ,china tea plant1 whose native country is undetermined4 ,all kinds and grades of the teas of commerce are made from this species1 although probably it has some varieties4 ,black and green teas are the result of different modes of preparation2 very much of the green1 however1 is artificially colored to suit the foreign trade4 ,the finest teas do not reach this country2 they will not bear a sea voyage1 and are used only by the wealthy classes in ,china and ,russia4 ,the active principles of the leaves are theine and a volatile oil1 to which latter the flavor and odor are due4 ,so far as climate is concerned for the existence of the tea plant in the ,united ,states1 it will stand in the open air without injury from ,virginia southwards4 ,a zero frost will not kill it4 ,but with regard to its production as a profitable crop1 the rainfall in no portion of the ,states is sufficient to warrant any attempt to cultivate the plant for commercial purposes4 ,but this does not prevent its culture as a domestic article1 and many hundreds of families thus prepare all the tea they require1 from plants it may be from the pleasure ground or lawn1 where the plant forms one of the best ornaments4 #dji4 ,,theobroma ,,cacao4--,this plant produces the well-known cacao1 or chocolate1 and is very extensively cultivated in ,south ,america and the ,west ,india ,islands4 ,the fruit1 which is about #h to #aj inches in length by #c to #e in breadth1 contains between fifty and a hundred seeds1 and from these the cacao is prepared4 ,as an article of food it contains a large amount of nutritive matter1 about #ej per cent being fat4 ,it contains a peculiar principle1 which is called theobromine4 #daj4 ,,theophrasta ,,jussi,i4--,a native of ,st4 ,domingo1 where it is sometimes called ,le petit ,coca4 ,the fruit is succulent1 and bread is made from the seeds4 #daa4 ,,thespesia ,,populnea4--,a tropical tree1 belonging to the mallow family4 ,the inner bark of the young branches yields a tough fiber1 fit for cordage1 and used in ,demerara for making coffee bags1 and the finer pieces of it for cigar envelopes4 ,the wood is considered almost indestructible under water1 and its hardness and durability render it valuable for various purposes4 ,the flower buds and unripe fruits yield a viscid yellow juice1 useful as a dye1 and a thick1 deep1 red-colored oil is expressed from the seeds4 #dab4 ,,thevetia ,,neriifolia4--,this shrubby plant is common in the ,west ,indies and in many parts of ,central ,america4 ,its bark abounds in a poisonous milky juice1 and is said to possess powerful properties4 ,a clear1 bright1 yellow-colored oil1 called ,exile oil1 is obtained1 by expression1 from the seeds4 #dac4 ,,thrinax ,,argentea4--,this beautiful palm is called the ,silver ,thatch palm of ,jamaica1 and is said to yield the leaves so extensively used in the manufacture of hats1 baskets1 and other articles4 ,it is also a native of ,panama1 where it is called the broom palm1 its leaves being there made into brooms4 #dad4 ,,tillandsia ,,zebrina4--,a ,south ,american plant of the pineapple family2 the bottle-like cavity at the base of the leaves will sometimes contain a pint or more of water1 and has frequently furnished a grateful drink to thirsty travelers4 #dae4 ,,tinospora ,,cordifolia4--,a climbing plant1 so tenacious of life that when the stem is cut across or broken1 a rootlet is speedily sent down from above1 which continues to grow until it reaches the ground4 ,a bitter principle1 calumbine1 pervades the plant4 ,an extract called galuncha is prepared from it1 considered to be a specific for the bites of poisonous insects and for ulcers4 ,the young shoots are used as emetics4 #daf4 ,,triphasia ,,trifoliata4--,a ,chinese shrub1 with fruit about the size of hazelnuts1 red-skinned1 and of an agreeable sweet taste2 when green1 they have a strong flavor of turpentine1 and the pulp is very sticky4 ,they are also preserved whole in sirup1 and are sometimes called limeberries4 #dag4 ,,tristania ,,neriifolia4--,a myrtaceous plant from ,australia1 called the turpentine tree1 owing to its furnishing a fluid resembling that product4 #dah4 ,,urceola ,,elastica4--,a plant belonging to the ,apocynace1 a native of the islands of ,borneo and ,sumatra1 where its milky juice1 collected by making incisions in its soft1 thick1 rugged bark1 or by cutting the trunk into junks1 forms one of the kinds of caoutchouc called juitawan1 but it is inferior to the ,south ,american1 chiefly owing to want of care in its preparation1 the milky juice being simply coagulated by mixing with salt water1 instead of being gradually inspissated in layers on a mold4 ,the fruit contains a pulp which is much eaten by the natives4 #dai4 ,,urena ,,lobata4--,a malvaceous plant1 possessing mucilaginous properties1 for which it is used medicinally4 ,the bark affords an abundance of fiber1 resembling jute rather than flax or hemp4 #dbj4 ,,uvaria ,,odoratissima4--,an ,indian plant which is supposed to yield the essential oil called ,ylang-,ylang1 or ,alan-gilan4 ,this oil is obtained by distillation from the flowers1 and is highly esteemed by perfumers1 having an exquisite odor partaking of the jasmine and lilac4 #dba4 ,,vangueria ,,edulis4--,a cinchonaceous plant1 the fruits of which are eaten in ,madagascar under the name of ,voa-vanga4 ,the leaves are used in medicine4 #dbb4 ,,vanilla ,,planifolia4--,the vanilla plant1 which belongs to the orchid family4 ,the fruit is used by confectioners and others for flavoring creams1 liquors1 and chocolates4 ,there are several species1 but this gives the finest fruit4 ,it is a climbing orchid1 and is allowed to climb on trees when cultivated for its fruit4 ,in ,mexico1 from whence is procured a large portion of the fruit1 it is cultivated in certain favorable localities near the ,gulf coast1 where the climate is warm4 ,much of the value of the bean depends upon the process of its preparation for the market4 ,in ,mexico1 where much care is given to this process1 the pods are gathered before they are fully ripe and placed in a heap1 under protection from the weather1 until they begin to shrivel1 when they are submitted to a sweating process by wrapping them in blankets inclosed in tight boxes2 afterwards they are exposed to the sun4 ,they are then tied into bundles or small bales1 which are first wrapped in woolen blankets1 then in a coating of banana leaves first sprinkled with water1 then placed in an oven heated up to about #adj ,f4 ,here they remain for twenty-four to forty-eight hours1 according to the size of the pods1 the largest requiring the longest time4 ,after this heating they are exposed to the sun daily for fifty or sixty days1 until they are thoroughly dried and ready for the market4 #dbc4 ,,vateria ,,indica4--,this plant yields a useful gum resin1 called ,indian copal1 piney varnish1 white dammar1 or gum anine4 ,the resin is procured by cutting a notch in the tree1 so that the juice may flow out and become hardened4 ,it is used as a varnish for pictures1 carriages1 etc4 ,on the ,malabar coast it is manufactured into candles1 which burn with a clear light and an agreeable fragrance4 ,the ,portuguese employ this resin instead of incense4 ,ornaments are fashioned from it under the name of amber4 ,it is also employed in medicine4 #dbd4 ,,weinmannia ,,racemosa4--,a ,new ,zealand tree called ,towhia by the natives of that country4 ,its bark is used for tanning purposes1 and as a red and brown dye1 which give fast colors upon cotton fabrics4 #dbe4 ,,wrightia ,,tinctoria4--,the leaves of this plant furnish an inferior kind of indigo4 ,the wood is beautifully white1 close-grained1 and ivory-like1 and is much used for making ,indian toys4 #dbf4 ,,xanthorrh,,oe,a ,,arborea4--,the grass gum tree of ,australia1 also called black boy4 ,this is a liliaceous plant1 which produces a long flower-stalk1 bearing at the top an immense cylindrical flower-spike1 and when the short black stem is denuded of leaves1 the plants look very like black men holding spears4 ,the leaves afford good fodder for cattle1 and the tender white center is used as a vegetable4 ,a fragrant resin1 called acaroid resin1 is obtained from it4 #dbg4 ,,ximenia ,,americana4--,a small tree1 found in many warm regions2 among others in southern ,florida4 ,in ,brazil it is called the ,native ,plum on account of its small yellow fruits1 which have a subacid and somewhat astringent aromatic taste4 ,the wood is odoriferous and is used in the ,west ,indies as a substitute for sandalwood4 #dbh4 ,,yucca ,,al,,oe,,folia4--,the yucca leaves afford a good fiber1 and some southern species are known as bear's grass4 ,the root stems also furnish a starchy matter1 which has been rendered useful in the manufacture of starch4 #dbi4 ,,zamia ,,furfuracea4--,this plant belongs to the order ,cycadace1 and is grown to some extent for the starchy matter contained in the stem1 which is collected and used as arrowroot2 but it is not the true arrowroot1 that being produced by a species of ,maranta4 #dcj4 ,,zamia ,,integrifolia4--,the coontie plant of ,florida4 ,the large succulent roots afford a quantity of arrowroot1 said to be equal to the best of that from ,bermuda4 ,the fruit has a coating of an orange-colored pulp1 which is said to form a rich edible food4 ,it was from the roots of this plant that the ,seminoles of ,florida obtained their white meal4 #dca4 ,,zingiber ,,officinale4--,this plant is cultivated in most warm countries for the sake of its rhizomes1 which furnish the spice called ginger4 ,it is prepared by digging up the roots when a year old1 scraping them1 and drying them in the sun4 ,ginger1 when broken across1 shows a number of little fibers embedded in floury tissue4 ,its hot pungent taste is due to a volatile oil4 ,it also contains starch and yellow coloring matter4 ,ginger is used for various medicinal purposes1 and in many ways as a condiment1 and in the preparation of cordials and so-called teas4 ,transcriber's ,endnotes ,the following list details significant changes to the originally published text1 along with other noteworthy points3 ,page #d4 ,acacia deal bata amended to ,acacia dealbata4 ,page #e4 ,amomum meleguetta amended to ,amomum melegueta4 ,page #f4 ,andropogon schnanthus amended to ,andropogon schoenanthus4 ,page #g4 ,araucaria bidwilli amended to ,araucaria bidwillii4 ,page #g4 ,araucaria cunninghami amended to ,araucaria cunninghamii4 ,page #i4 ,beaucarnea recurvifolia remains as printed but could be an earlier classification of ,beaucarnea recurvata based upon the description4 ,page #i4 ,bergera konigi amended to ,bergera koenigii4 ,page #aj4 ,brosium alicastrum amended to ,brosimum alicastrum4 ,page #aj4 ,csalpina pulcherrima amended to ,csalpinia pulcherrima4 ,page #aa4 ,callistemon salignum amended to ,callistemon salignus4 ,page #ac4 ,cinchonac amended to ,cinchonace4 ,page #ac4 ,chamrops fortunii amended to ,chamrops fortunei4 ,page #ag4 ,croton calsamiferum amended to ,croton balsamiferum4 ,page #ah4 ,dialium acutifolium remains as printed but could be an earlier classification of ,dialium cochinchinense or ,codarium acutifolium4 ,page #ai4 ,dubosia hopwoodii amended to ,duboisia hopwoodii4 ,page #bb4 ,feuilla cordifolia amended to ,fevillea cordifolia4 ,page #bb4 ,fourcroya cubense remains as printed but probably refers to ,furcra cubensis4 ,page #bc4 ,gastrolobium bilobium amended to ,gastrolobium bilobum4 ,page #bd4 ,roselee amended to ,roselle4 ,page #be4 ,hyph thebaica amended to ,hyphne thebaica4 ,page #be4 ,ipoma purga amended to ,ipomoea purga4 ,page #bf4 ,jatropha clauca remains as printed but probably refers to ,jatropha glauca4 ,page #bf4 ,krameria triandria amended to ,krameria triandra4 ,page #bg4 ,leptosperum lanigerum amended to ,leptospermum lanigerum4 ,page #bg4 ,livistonia australis amended to ,livistona australis4 ,page #bg4 ,machrum firmum amended to ,machrium firmum4 ,page #bi4 ,monstera dellciosa amended to ,monstera deliciosa4 ,page #cj4 ,myrosperum toluiferum amended to ,myrospermum toluiferum4 ,page #ca4 ,ophiorhiza mungos amended to ,ophiorrhiza mungos4 ,page #ce4 ,plumieria alba amended to ,plumeria alba4 ,page #ce4 puniein amended to punicin4 ,page #cf4 ,raphia toedigera amended to ,raphia tdigera4 ,page #cg4 ,sabal adansoni amended to ,sabal adansonii4 ,page #ch4 ,anastatica hierochuntina amended to ,anastatica hierochuntica4 ,page #ci4 ,strelitzia regina amended to ,strelitzia regin4 ,page #ci4 ,strychnos nux vomica amended to ,strychnos nux-vomica4 ,page #da4 ,tristania nerifolia amended to ,tristania neriifolia4