,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,9 ! text1 !re are symbolic repres5tations ( l9es ( poetry4 ,:]e ^! occur1 u repres5ts an unacc5t$ syllable & -' indicates an acc5t$ syllable4 ,words 9 italics 9 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,words 9 bold 9 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ by plus signs4 ,m transcrib]'s notes foll[ ! text4 ,,elem5t>y ,,guide ,,to ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,by ,f4 ,v4 ,n4 ,,pa9t]1 ,a4,m41 ,d4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,mod]n ,,languages ,,9 ,,roanoke ,,college ,,au?or ,,( ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,education1 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature1 ,,introduction ,,to ,,am]ican ,,lit]ature1 ,,etc4 ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,g9n ,,company1 ,,publi%]s ,! ,a!num ,press #aijc ,,copyright1 #aijc ,,by ,f4 ,v4 ,n4 ,,pa9t] ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,preface ,! aim ( ! pres5t "w1 z is indicat$ by its "n1 is to help ! "y /ud5t 9 lit]>y criticism4 ,x is a sort ( laboratory manual1 9 :i* he w f9d specific direction = a compreh5sive analysis ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( lit]ature4 ,x is int5d$ to %[ him ! v>i\s po9ts 9 relation to =m1 cont5t1 & _s1 to :i* 9 succession he is to devote 8 att5tion4 ,x is hop$ t ! book w give def9it5ess & delight to lit]>y /udy1 :i*1 = lack ( su* a guide1 has s (t5 be5 vague1 unsatisfactory1 & disc\rag+4 ,a glance at ! table ( cont5ts w cle>ly reveal ! plan4 ,! "w is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* treats ( fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,9 ?ree *apt]s ! nature ( criticism1 ! relation ( ! au?or to 8 "w1 & ! /hetic pr9ciples und]ly+ lit]>y art are briefly discuss$4 ,! facts & pr9ciples "h pres5t$ are design$ to give a cle>] & deep] insight into ! nature & processes ( criticism4 ,"p ,second is *iefly conc]n$ ) ! ext]nal elem5ts ( lit]ature4 ,9 ?ree *apt]s x briefly discusses ! diction1 ! v>i\s k9ds ( s5t5ces1 ! use ( figures ( spee*1 & ! diff]5t species ( /yle z det]m9$ p>tly by ! nature ( ! disc\rse & p>tly by ! m5tal end[m5ts ( ! writ]4 ,x is int5d$ to embrace ! rhetorical elem5ts ( =m4 ,9 ,"p ,?ird ! lead+ k9ds ( lit]ature are discuss$1 & ! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n+ ea* are pres5t$4 ,special ef=t has be5 made to ?r[ light ^u ! nature & /ructure ( poetry1 fiction1 & ! drama2 & x is hop$ t ! *apt]s 9 :i* ^! subjects are treat$ w be f\nd p>ticul>ly int]e/+ & helpful4 ,ea* *apt] is foll[$ by a li/ ( review que/ions & by illu/rative & practical ex]cises4 ,! aim has be5 to prep>e n m]ely a !oretical b especially a practical text-book1 = :i*1 x is believ$1 !re exi/s a felt & ackn[l$g$ ne$4 ,x is hop$ t ?is little "w w contribute 9 "s measure to make lit]ature "o ( ! mo/ delightful1 z x is surely "o ( ! mo/ important1 ( all bran*es ( /udy4 ,f4 ,v4 ,n4 ,,pa9t]4 ,,salem1 ,,virg9ia1 ,augu/ #ae1 #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,,fir/ ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,nature ,,& ,,(fice ,,( ,,criticism #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,8 ,,"w #ai ,,iii4 ,,"s ,,/hetic ,,pr9ciples #cd ,,"p ,,second ,,rhetorical ,,elem5ts ,,iv4 ,,words1 ,,s5t5ces1 ,,p>agraphs #ee ,v4 ,,figures ,,( ,,spee* #fh ,,vi4 ,,/yle #hd ,,"p ,,?ird ,,k9ds ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,vii4 ,,nature ,,& ,,/ructure ,,( ,,poetry #ajc ,,viii4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,poetry #acj ,,ix4 ,,epic ,,& ,,dramatic ,,poetry #ade ,x4 ,,nature ,,& ,,=ms ,,( ,,prose #aef ,,xi4 ,,essays ,,& ,,oratory #afg ,,xii4 ,,nature ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,fiction #agh ,,lit]>y ,,criticism ,,"p ,,fir/ ,,fundam5tal ,,pr9ciples ,,*apt] ,i ,,nature ,,& ,,(fice ,,( ,,criticism #a4 ,purpose ( ,lit]>y ,/udy4 ,! /udy or read+ ( lit]ature ord9>ily has a ?reefold purpose1--k1 pleasure1 & culture4 ,?is purpose %[s u bo? ! "* ( ! lit]ature :i* %\ld be read & ! mann] 9 :i* x %\ld be read4 ,z a rule we %\ld read only books ( recogniz$ excell5ce1 & read !m ) sympa!tic intellig5ce4 ,tra%y books1 :atev] pleasure !y may give1 add b little to k or culture2 & immoral books (t5 leave an in]adicable /a9 ^u ! s\l4 ,=tunately !re are good books en\gh to satisfy e ta/e & supply e ne$4 #b4 ,necessity ( ,compreh5d+4 ,a lit]>y "w _c be ( mu* use till x is und]/ood4 ,x is useless to read books entirely beyond our grasp4 ,9 ! p]usal ( an au?or we %\ld endeavor to ent] z fully z possible into 8 ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,our prim>y aim %\ld be n to criticise b to compreh5d4 ,?is is sometimes1 especially = ! "y /ud5t1 a difficult task4 ,x requires pati5t1 pa9/ak+ labor2 b 9 ! end x br+s a ri* rew>d 9 pr(it1 enjoym5t1 & p[]4 ,9 ! /udy ( a lit]>y classic we %\ld aim at m ?an a m]e intellectual appreh5sion ( its te*nique & o!r ext]nal features4 ,! s\l %\ld rise into sympa?y ) x1 & feel its spiritual beauty4 ,all lit]>y /udy t falls %ort ( ?is high end1 h[ev] s*ol>ly or labori\s x may be1 is ess5tially defective4 ,! ext]nalities ( a piece ( lit]ature are compreh5d$ 9 va91 unless !y lead to a full] und]/&+ & appreciation ( its _s & life4 ,un=tunately1 at ! pres5t "t1 philology & lit]>y analysis frequ5tly /op %ort ( ! realization ( ! supreme end ( lit]>y /udy4 ,:at %\ld be only a means is sometimes exalt$ to an end4 #c4 ,def9ition ( ,criticism4 ,criticism1 z its etymology indicates1 is ! act ( judg+4 ,lit]>y criticism endeavors to =m a correct e/imate ( lit]>y productions4 ,its endeavor is to see a piece ( writ+ z x is4 ,x br+s lit]>y productions into comp>ison ) recogniz$ pr9ciples & ideal /&>ds2 x inve/igates !m 9 _! matt]1 =m1 & _s2 &1 z a result ( ?is process1 x det]m9es _! m]its & _! defects4 ,! end ( lit]>y criticism is n fault-f9d+ b tru?4 ,! critic %\ld be m ?an a c5sor or cavil]4 ,he %\ld discov] & make kn[n :atev] is comm5dable or excell5t4 ,at its be/1 criticism is n a m]e record ( g5]al impressions b ! /atem5t ( an intellig5t judgm5t4 ,x is n bias$ or vitiat$ by prejudice1 ignorance1 or self-int]e/2 b1 proce$+ accord+ to well-def9$ pr9ciples1 x is able to trace ! /eps by :i* x rea*es its ultimate conclusions4 #d4 ,hi/ory ( ,criticism4 ,criticism is a natural att5dant ( all =ms ( art4 ,lit]>y criticism is almo/ z old z lit]ature itself4 ,no soon] _h a writ] produc$ a lit]>y "w1 ev5 9 ! mo/ anci5t times1 ?an 8 contempor>ies proce$$ to express _! judgm5ts conc]n+ x4 ,among ! anci5t ,greeks ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 bo? critics2 & ! latt]'s "w on ,poetics is /ill valuable = its discussion ( fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,qu9tilian1 ,cic]o1 & ,horace 7 di/+ui%$ ,roman critics2 & ! poet's ,ars ,poetica1 read 9 e college c\rse1 is an admirable pres5tation ( _m critical pr9ciples4 ,b x is 9 mod]n times1 & p>ticul>ly dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t criticism receiv$ its highe/ developm5t4 ,9 ,engl& n a few ( its lead+ lit]>y m5--,dryd51 ,pope1 ,addison1 ,johnson1 ,col]idge1 ,jeffrey1 ,macaulay1 ,c>lyle1 ,mat!w ,arnold--h be5 critics2 & 9 ,am]ica we meet ) su* honor$ names z ,poe1 ,em]son1 ,:ipple1 ,l[ell1 ,/$man1 & _m o!rs4 ,9 rec5t ye>s criticism has greatly ga9$ 9 bread? & g5iality4 #e4 ,/&>d ( ,criticism4 ,all criticism involves comp>ison4 ,= e species ( lit]ature !re is an ideal ( =m1 cont5t1 & _s1 :i* s]ves ! intellig5t critic z a /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,?is ideal is bas$ on a realization ( ! recogniz$ pr9ciples ( lit]>y art4 ,^! pr9ciples p]ta9 to diction1 /ructure1 matt]1 & _s or purpose4 ,no "o w d5y t ! diction %\ld be well *os52 t ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ces %\ld be correct & cle>2 & t1 9 ! case ( poetry1 ! laws ( v]sification %\ld be obs]v$4 ,^! elem5ts contribute to excell5ce ( =m4 ,9 addition to ^! ext]nal elem5ts !re %\ld be unity ( ?\ght1 symmetry ( pres5tation1 tru? ( /atem5t1 & s9c]ity & self-re/ra9t 9 s5tim5t4 ,^! elem5ts give sub/antial wor? to ! matt] or cont5t ( lit]ature4 ,besides all ?is !re is a grace or elegance or =ce1 proce$+ f ! p]sonality ( ! writ] & transc5d+ all rules ( art1 t gives a peculi> *>m to ! be/ lit]ature4 ,sometimes ! p]sonal elem5t or _s ( a "w is s pleas+ t x m ?an c\nt]balances defects ( =m1 & w9s its way to ! popul> he>t4 #f4 ,classic ,writ]s4 ,our classic writ]s are ^? :o h mo/ ne>ly approa*$ ! ideal4 ,! writ+s ( ,addison1 ,goldsmi?1 ,irv+1 ,l[ell1 & o!rs1 embody 9 a high degree excell5ce ( matt] & =m2 & 9 addition to ?is !re is a p]vad+ _s t imp>ts an irresi/ible *>m to _! works4 ,:ile ! works ( no "o writ]1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n1 c be tak5 z an absolute /&>d ( judgm5t1 ! p]usal ( classic works is exce$+ly helpful4 ,^! works famili>ize u ) :at is excell5t 9 ?\ght1 expression1 & _s4 ,!y cultivate ! ta/e2 & at l5g? x becomes impossible = ! /ud5t to be satisfi$ ) :at is incorrect1 slov5ly1 tawdry1 or untru?ful4 #g4 ,requisites ( ,criticism4 ,_m ?+s are requir$ = ! be/ criticism4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! critic ought to be a p]son ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,x is 9 a measure true t critics1 l poets1 are born1 n made4 ,! critic %\ld h ! p[] to dive/ himself ( prejudice2 &1 l a judge ^u ! b5*1 %\ld decide e "q by ! law & ! evid5ce4 ,he %\ld be a man ( broad sympa?ies & wide culture2 no?+ t is human %\ld be =eign to him4 ,he %\ld be able to ent] into ! feel+s ( e class & to appreciate ! pr9ciples ( e s*ool4 ,he %\ld h a /rong imag9ation to enable him to realize ! conditions ( o!r ages or ( o!r social arrangem5ts4 ,)\t ^! natural gifts ( a s\nd judgm5t1 broad sympa?y1 & vigor\s imag9ation1 ! critic is apt to be limit$1 n>r[1 or unju/ 9 8 criticism4 ,! hi/ory ( lit]ature reveals numb]less critical blund]s2 inde$1 almo/ e attempt to introduce new lit]>y =ms1 z 9 ! case ( ,wordswor?1 ,col]idge1 & ,keats1 has met ) bitt] opposition f unca?olic critics4 #h4 ,criticism an ,acquir$ ,art4 ,criticism is an art t may 9 l>ge measure be acquir$4 ,! requisite faculties may be develop$ by a c\rse ( /udy4 ,! pr9ciples t are to guide ! critical judgm5t are provid$ 9 gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic1 /hetics1 & moral sci5ce4 ,wide read+ 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts w bani% n>r[ness & prov9cialism4 ,/udy & exp]i5ce w br+ a cosmopolitan culture4 ,?\gh few are capable ( atta9+ to em95ce z critics1 x is possible = e "o to acquire "s degree ( lit]>y ta/e & to =m an intellig5t judgm5t ( a lit]>y "w4 #i4 ,div]sity 9 ,criticism4 ,div]sity ( judgm5t is a notable feature 9 ! hi/ory ( criticism4 ,x t5ds to %ake "o's confid5ce 9 ! critical art4 ,x (t5 happ5s t :at "o critic praises ano!r condemns4 ,?is fact has be5 pres5t$ by ,irv+1 ) delightful humor4 ,ev5 ! critics1 he says 9 ! conclusion ( ! ,sket* ,book1 :atev] may be said ( !m by o!rs1 ! au?or has f\nd to be a s+ul>ly g5tle & good-natur$ race2 x is true t ea* has 9 turn object$ to "s "o or two articles1 & t ^! individual exceptions1 tak5 9 ! aggregate1 w\ld am\nt almo/ to a total condemnation ( 8 "w2 b !n he has be5 consol$ by obs]v+1 t :at "o has p>ticul>ly c5sur$1 ano!r has z p>ticul>ly prais$2 & ?us1 ! encomiums be+ set (f aga9/ ! objections1 he f9ds 8 "w1 ^u ! :ole1 comm5d$ f> beyond its des]ts4 #aj4 ,s\rces ( ,div]sity4 ,?is div]sity ( lit]>y criticism1 :i* at fir/ sight tempts u to "q ! value ( ! art1 is easily trac$ to its causes4 ,^! are f\nd n 9 ! nature ( ! art b 9 ! mann] ( its application4 ,_m review]s n[adays d n take ! pa9s to read ! works !y pass judgm5t ^u4 ,_! e/imate is bas$ on little m ?an a rapid survey ( ! preface & table ( cont5ts4 ,?is fact r5d]s a consid]able "p ( curr5t newspap] criticism comp>atively wor?less4 ,x is /ill worse :5 to ?is sup]ficiality is add$ a flippant mann] t seems int5t on no?+ b a display ( ! critic's sm>tness4 ,o!r critics write f ! /&po9t ( a p>ticul> sect or s*ool ( ?\ght1 & und]value or ov]value a "w ?r\gh a p>tisan _s4 ,defective or errone\s pr9ciples are us$ z /&>ds ( judgm5t4 ,/ill o!rs are impressioni/s2 & in/ead ( te/+ a "w by recogniz$ critical canons1 !y simply record h[ x /rikes !m4 ,diff]5ces ( ta/e & "* naturally produce "s div]sity ( view1 b 9 g5]al ! pa9/ak+ & imp>tial application ( critical pr9ciples to a lit]>y "w w yield pretty uni=m results4 ,! m]its & defects ( ! "w w be br\ght to light1 & consci5ti\s & broad-m9d$ critics w be f\nd 9 ! ma9 to agree 9 _! praise or _! c5sure4 #aa4 ,utility ( ,criticism4 ,criticism is n1 z has sometimes be5 suppos$1 a p>asitic gr[? on lit]ature4 ,x is a h&maid ( lit]ature2 x belongs to ! h\sehold ( lit]ature4 ,?\gh x does n des]ve to rank ) ! great creative =ms ( lit]ature1 su* z ! epic1 ! drama1 or ! novel1 x is capable ( a high degree ( excell5ce4 ,"s ( ! greate/ ,engli% writ]s1 z we h se51 h be5 critics4 ,n a few ( ! critical essays ( ,de ,qu9cey1 ,macaulay1 ,c>lyle1 ,arnold1 ,l[ell1 & o!rs1 h an honorable place 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,engli%-speak+ _w4 ,lit]>y criticism has a di/9ct value = ?ree classes ( p]sons4 ,to ! "y /ud5t x gives a cle> insight into lit]>y =m1 & cultivates 8 ta/e = lit]>y excell5ce4 ,to ! au?or x is at once a /imulant & :olesome re/ra9t2 x rew>ds him = :at is good & *a/ises him = :at is bad4 ,to ! public x is useful 9 po9t+ out :at books are wor? read+ & 9 %[+ ! pr9ciples by :i* a "w is to be judg$4 ,x elevates ! popul> ta/e & intellig5ce4 #ab4 ,mat]ials ( ,criticism4 ,all lit]ature is1 9 "s s5se1 mat]ial = criticism4 ,x may be exam9$1 te/$ by critical laws1 & its wor? e/imat$ 9 ! class to :i* x belongs4 ,b z a rule lit]>y criticism is conf9$ to lit]ature 9 ! n>r[] s5se2 t is to say1 to lit]ature t aims at arti/ic excell5ce4 ,?is includes ! v>i\s =ms ( poetry & ! pr9cipal k9ds ( prose1--hi/ory1 oratory1 essays1 & fiction4 ,^! v>i\s k9ds ( lit]ature1 9 _! high] =ms1 aim at pres5t+ _! subject-matt] 9 su* a way z to m9i/] to ! pleasure ( ! read]4 #ac4 ,mold+ ,influ5ces4 ,9 criticis+ x is important to recognize c]ta9 g5]al mold+ influ5ces 9 lit]ature4 ,among ! mo/ pot5t ( ^! influ5ces are race1 epo*1 & surr\nd+s4 ,we _c fully und]/& any "w ( lit]ature1 nor ju/ly e/imate its relative excell5ce1 )\t an acqua9tance ) ! national traits ( ! writ]1 ! g5]al "* ( ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 & ! physical & social conditions by :i* he 0 surr\nd$4 ,^! consid]ations1 indep5d5tly ( specific critical canons t det]m9e intr9sic excell5ce1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt :5 ! critic wi%es to decide ^u ! relative value ( a "w4 ,x is evid5tly unju/ to dem& 9 writ]s ( an uncultivat$ p]iod ! same delicacy ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & expression t is requir$ 9 ! writ]s ( an age ( ref9em5t & intellig5ce4 ,! indec5cies 9 ,*auc] & ,%akespe>e are to be attribut$ to ! grossness ( _! times4 #ad4 ,! ,arti/ic ,elem5t4 ,!re is an arti/ic elem5t 9 lit]ature ^u :i* ! value ( any "w l>gely dep5ds4 ,!re is art 9 ! *oice & m>%al+ ( words4 ,fur!rmore1 e dep>tm5t ( lit]ature--hi/ory1 poetry1 fiction--has a sep>ate & def9ite purpose4 ,9 ! successful realization ( ?is purpose ea* species or =m ( lit]ature mu/ wisely *oose its means4 ,?is consci\s & intellig5t adaptation ( a means to an end is art4 ,ap>t f ! c>eful selection & arrangem5t ( words 9 s5t5ces1 ! hi/orian *ooses ! incid5ts he w relate1 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w appe>1 ! relative prom95ce !y w h1 & ! symmetry & complet5ess ( 8 :ole "w4 ,! noveli/ selects or inv5ts 8 /ory1 portrays f actual life or creates a numb] ( *>act]s1 con/ructs or modifies 8 plot1 & unfolds ! movem5t t[>d a pr$e/9$ end4 ,9 all ?is !re is a con/ant ex]cise ( ! creative faculty2 & ! complete product is z mu* a "w ( art z is a pa9t+ or /atue1 :i* requires ! same sort ( intellectual ef=t4 #ae4 ,matt] & ,=m4 ,9 any lit]>y production we may di/+ui% betwe5 ! ?\ghts t are pres5t$ & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are pres5t$4 ,we may say1 = example1 ,! joys ( heav5 are inf9ite2 or1 asc5d+ to a high] plane ( ?\ght & feel+1 we may pres5t ! same ?\ght 9 ! language ( ,moore 9 8 ,p>adise & ! ,p]i3 ,g1 w+ ?y flight f /> to />1 ,f _w to lum9\s _w1 z f> ,z ! univ]se spreads its flam+ wall2 ,take all ! pleasures ( all ! sph]es1 ,& multiply ea* ?r\gh endless ye>s1-- ,"o m9ute ( ,heav5 is wor? !m all4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! int]e/ & wor? ( lit]ature dep5d l>gely on ! mann] 9 :i* ! ?\ght & emotion are express$4 ,9 g5]al ! matt] ( disc\rse1 :i* aims at ! communication ( ideas1 is ( m importance ?an ! =m4 ,words )\t ?\ght1 no matt] h[ skillfully & musically !y may be arrang$1 are nons5se4 ,b 9 ! light] sorts ( prose1 :i* aim at ent]ta9m5t1 & 9 poetry1 :i* is dep5d5t on met] & h>mony1 =m is ( prem95t importance4 ,! /ory ( ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 = in/ance1 owes its p]5nial *>m to ! inimitable grace & humor ) :i* ,irv+ has told x4 ,!re is a natural & intimate relation betwe5 matt] & =m2 "o is ! s\l1 ! o!r is ! body4 ,=m is n to be unduly magnifi$ by itself2 x is excell5t only :5 x is a fitt+ embodim5t ( ! ?\ght & feel+ express$4 ,=m %\ld be mold$ by ! ?\ght & emotion1 z ! rose or oak is %ap$ by ! pot5cy ( its inn] life4 ,:51 9 any way1 ! =m is out ( keep+ ) ! subject1 ! effect ^u a cultivat$ ta/e is a disagreeable incongruity4 ,9 ! language ( ,horace1-- ,sad words befit ! br[ ) grief o'erhung2 ,ang]1 t fires ! eyeball1 bids ! tongue ,brea! pr\d defiance2 sportive je/ & je] ,become ! gay2 grave maxims ! sev]e4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is ! ?reefold object ( lit]>y /udy8 ,:at k9d ( lit]ature %\ld be read8 ,:y8 #b4 ,:at %\ld be our prim>y aim 9 /udy+ an au?or8 ,:at does ?is (t5 require8 ,:at %\ld be aim$ at besides outw>d =m8 ,:at mi/ake is frequ5tly made8 #c4 ,:at is criticism8 ,:at is ! purpose ( lit]>y criticism8 ,h[ is ?is purpose accompli%$8 ,:at s\rces ( error are m5tion$8 #d4 ,:at is said ( ! hi/ory ( criticism8 ,"n two ,greek critics4 ,:o 7 ! great ,roman critics8 ,m5tion "s di/+ui%$ ,engli% & ,am]ican critics4 ,:at is said ( rec5t criticism8 #e4 ,:at s]ves z a /&>d ( criticism8 ,on :at is ?is ideal bas$8 ,m5tion "s elem5ts ( excell5t =m2 "s elem5ts ( excell5t cont5t4 ,:at is said ( ! p]sonal elem5t or _s8 #f4 ,:o are our classic writ]s8 ,:y /udy classic works8 #g4 ,:at natural gifts %\ld a critic h8 ,:y %\ld he h broad sympa?ies8 ,:at is said ( critical blund]s8 #h4 ,h[ is criticism an acquir$ art8 ,:at is ! advantage ( wide read+8 ,:at may e "o hope to acquire8 #i4 ,:at is said ( div]sity 9 criticism8 ,illu/rate4 #aj4 ,:at are ! s\rces ( div]sity8 ,:at is said ( mu* newspap] criticism8 ,:at is meant by impressioni/s8 ,:at is said ( pa9/ak+ & imp>tial criticism8 #aa4 ,:at is said ( ! relation ( criticism to lit]ature8 ,:at ( its rank8 ,= :at ?ree classes has x a special value8 ,h[8 #ab4 ,:at are ! mat]ials ( lit]>y criticism8 ,to :at class ( lit]ature is x *iefly devot$8 #ac4 ,"n ?ree great mold+ influ5ces4 ,:y %\ld !y be consid]$8 ,illu/rate4 #ad4 ,:at is meant by ! arti/ic elem5t8 ,9 :at does ! hi/orian's art consi/8 ! noveli/'s8 #ae4 ,:at may be di/+ui%$ 9 any lit]>y production8 ,illu/rate4 ,on :at does ! wor? ( lit]ature l>gely dep5d8 ,:i* is ! m important1 matt] or =m8 ,:]e is =m specially important8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is ! relation ( matt] to =m8 ,:5 ! =m is out ( keep+ ) ! matt]1 :at is ! result8 ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! foll[+ critiques %\ld be /udi$ ) ! view ( answ]+ su* que/ions z ^!3 ,does ! critic seek ! tru?8 ,is he prejudic$8 ,is he *iefly conc]n$ ) matt] or =m8 ,is 8 judgm5t s\nd8 ,is he broad or n>r[ 9 8 sympa?ies8 ,does he judge by m]e impressions8 ,is he sup]ficial or ?or\gh8 ,does he belong to a p>ticul> s*ool8 ,is 8 criticism 9 any way helpful8 ,does he try to int]pret ! au?or8 ,is he *iefly conc]n$ to %[ 8 own le>n+ or brilliancy8 ,is he g5ial & tol]ant8 ,is he dogmatic & intol]ant8 ,is he c\rte\s & k9d8 ,is he ill-mann]$ & unk9d8 ,:at po9ts are criticis$8 ,,headley',s ,,sacr$ ,,m\nta9s ,! ,rev]5d ,mr4 ,headley 7:y w he n put 8 full title 9 8 title-pages87 has 9 8 ,sacr$ ,m\nta9s be5 rev]s+ ! facts ( ! old fable ab\t ! m\nta9s t br\ght =? ! m\se--p>turiunt montes2 nascitur ridiculus mus--= 9 ?is in/ance x appe>s to be ! m\se--! little ridiculus mus--t has be5 br++ =? ! m\nta9s1 & a great litt] ( !m1 too4--,,poe4 ,,byron',s ,,h\rs ,,( ,,idl5ess ,! poesy ( ?is "y ,"l belongs to ! class :i* nei!r gods nor m5 are said to p]mit4 ,inde$1 we d n recollect to h se5 a quantity ( v]se ) s few deviations 9 ei!r direction f t exact /&>d4 ,8 effusions are spread ov] a dead flat1 & c no m get above or bel[ ! level1 ?an if !y 7 s mu* /agnant wat]4 ,z an ext5uation ( ?is (f5ce1 ! noble au?or is peculi>ly =w>d 9 plead+ m9ority4 ,we h x 9 ! title-page1 & on ! v back ( ! volume2 x foll[s 8 "n l a favorite "p ( 8 /yle4 ,mu* /ress is laid ^u x 9 ! preface1 & ! poems are connect$ ) ?is g5]al /atem5t ( 8 case1 by p>ticul> dates1 sub/antiat+ ! age at :i* ea* 0 writt54--,,"l ,,br\gham 9 ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,,keats',s ,,endymion ,! au?or is a copyi/ ( ,mr4 ,hunt1 b t5 times m tiresome ?an 8 prototype2 8 nons5se is gratuit\s1 he writes x = its own sake1 & m ?an rivals ! insanity ( 8 ma/]4 ,he writes at r&om ! sugge/ions ( 8 rhyme )\t hav+ h>dly a complete c\plet to endorse a complete idea 9 ! book4 ,if any "o %\ld be bold en\gh to pur*ase x1 & pati5t en\gh to get beyond ! fir/ book & f9d any mean+1 we entreat him to make u acqua9t$ ) 8 success2 we %all !n return to ! task :i* we n[ ab&on 9 despair4--,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,,wordswor? ,! simple ,wordswor?1 fram] ( a lay ,z s(t z ev5+ 9 8 favorite ,may2 ,:o w>ns 8 fri5d to %ake (f toil & tr\ble1 ,& quit 8 books1 = fe> ( gr[+ d\ble2 ,:o1 bo? by precept & example1 %[s ,t prose is v]se1 & v]se is m]ely prose2 ,conv9c+ all1 by demon/ration pla91 ,poetic s\ls delight 9 prose insane1 ,& ,*ri/mas /ories1 tortur$ into rhyme1 ,conta9 ! ess5ce ( ! true sublime2 ,?us1 :5 he tells ! tale ( ,betty ,foy1 ,! idiot "m ( an idiot boy1 ,a moon-/ruck silly lad :o lo/ 8 way1 ,&1 l 8 b>d1 conf\nd$ night ) day2 ,s close on ea* pa!tic "p he dwells1 ,& ea* adv5ture s sublimely tells1 ,t all :o view ! idiot 9 8 glory1 ,conceive ! b>d ! h]o ( ! /ory4 ,,byron 9 ,engli% ,b>ds & ,scot* ,review]s4 ,,crok]',s ,,edition ,,( ,,boswell',s ,,life ,,( ,,johnson ,?is "w has greatly disappo9t$ u4 ,:atev] faults we may h be5 prep>$ to f9d 9 x1 we fully expect$ t x w\ld be a valuable addition to ,engli% lit]ature2 t x w\ld conta9 _m curi\s facts1 & _m judici\s rem>ks2 t ! /yle ( ! notes w\ld be neat1 cle>1 & precise2 & t ! typographical execution w\ld be1 z 9 new editions ( classical works x ought to be1 almo/ faultless4 ,we are sorry to be oblig$ to say t ! m]its ( ,mr4 ,crok]'s p]=mance are on a p> ) ^? ( a c]ta9 leg ( mutton on :i* ,dr4 ,johnson d9$1 :ile travell+ f ,london to ,ox=d1 & :i* he1 ) *>act]i/ic en]gy1 pron\nc$ to be z bad z bad c\ld be1 ill f$1 ill kill$1 ill kept1 & ill dress$4 ,?is edition is ill compil$1 ill arrang$1 ill writt51 & ill pr9t$4--,,macaulay 9 ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,,c>lyle ,!re is 9 ,c>lyle's fi]c] & m s]i\s passages a fi]y gl[ ( en?usiasm or indignation1 9 8 light] ones a qua9t felicity ( unexpect$ humor1 9 8 expositions a vividness ( pres5tm5t1 9 8 argum5ts a sl$ge-hamm] =ce1 all ( :i* are n to be f\nd toge!r any:]e else1 & none ( :i* is to be f\nd any:]e 9 q ! same =m4 ,& despite ! savag]y1 bo? ( 8 indignation & 8 laught]1 !re is no great] ma/] ( t5d]ness4 ,:]ev] he is at home1 & he seldom w&]s f> f x1 ! weapon ( ,c>lyle is l none o!r1--x is ! v sword ( ,golia?4 ,,sa9tsbury4 ,,gray ,aga9/ ! "r ( ,gray to be consid]$ "o ( ! lead+ ,engli% m5 ( lett]s no m /r+5t argum5t has be5 produc$ ?an is f\nd$ ^u ! paucity ( 8 publi%$ "w4 ,x has fairly be5 said t ! spr+s ( orig9ality 9 ! bra9 ( a great inv5tive g5ius are b\nd to bubble up m cont9u\sly & 9 full] volume ?an c\ld be conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ b\nds ( ! poetry ( ,gray4 ,b ! /]ility ( ! age1 ! ea/ w9d ( disc\ragem5t /eadily bl[+ across ! poet's pa?1 _h mu* to d ) ?is app>5t want ( fecundity1 & x w\ld be an error to insi/ too /rongly on a g5]al feature ( ! c5tury 9 ?is individual case4 ,:5 we turn to :at ,gray actually wrote1 al?\gh ! bulk ( x is small1 we are amaz$ at ! orig9ality & v>iety1 ! fre%ness & vigor ( ! m9d t work$ ?us t>dily & 9 m9iature4--,,gosse4 ,,%akespe>e ,%akespe>e has no peculi>ity1 no importunate topic2 b all is duly giv52 no views1 no curiosities2 no c[-pa9t]1 no bird-fanci]1 no mann]i/ is he3 he has no discov]able egotism2 ! great he tells greatly2 ! small1 subord9ately4 ,he is wise )\t emphasis or ass]tion2 he is /rong1 z nature is /rong1 :o lifts ! l& into m\nta9 slopes )\t ef=t1 & by ! same rule z %e floats a bubble 9 ! air1 & likes z well to d ! "o z ! o!r4 ,?is makes t equality ( p[] 9 f>ce1 trag$y1 n>rative1 & love-songs2 a m]it s incessant1 t ea* read] is incr$ul\s ( ! p]ception ( o!r read]s4--,,em]son4 ,,d[d5',s ,,life ,,( ,,%elley ,?is ,%elley biography is a lit]>y cake-walk4 ,! ord9>y =ms ( spee* are abs5t f x4 ,all ! pages1 all ! p>agraphs1 walk by s$ately1 elegantly1 n to say m9c+ly1 9 _! ,sunday-be/1 %9y & sleek1 p]fum$1 & ) b\tonnires 9 _! button-holes2 x is r>e to f9d ev5 a *ance s5t5ce t has =gott5 to dress4 ,if ! book wi%es to tell u t ,m>y ,godw91 *ild ( sixte51 _h kn[n afflictions1 ! fact saunt]s =? 9 ?is nobby outfit3 ,m>y h]self 0 n unle>n$ 9 ! lore ( pa94--,,m>k ,,twa94 ,,milton',s ,,lycidas ,"o ( ! poems on :i* mu* praise has be5 be/[$1 is ,lycidas2 ( :i* ! diction is h>%1 ! rhymes unc]ta91 & ! numb]s unpleas+4 ,:at beauty !re is we mu/ !re=e seek 9 ! s5tim5ts & images4 ,x is n to be consid]$ z ! effusion ( real passion2 = passion runs n aft] remote allusions & obscure op9ions4 ,passion plucks no b]ries f ! myrtle & ivy1 nor calls ^u ,ar?ur & ,m9cius1 nor tells ( r\gh satyrs & fauns ) clov5 heel4 ,:]e !re is leisure = fiction1 !re is little grief4 ,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,,em]son ,&1 9 tru?1 "o ( ! legitimate poets ,em]son1 9 my op9ion1 is n4 ,8 poetry is int]e/+1 x makes "o ?9k2 b x is n ! poetry ( "o ( ! born poets4 ,i say x ( him ) reluctance1 al?\gh ,i am sure t he w\ld h said x ( himself2 b ,i say x ) reluctance1 because ,i dislike giv+ pa9 to 8 admir]s1 & because all my own wi%1 too1 is to say ( him :at is favorable4 ,b ,i reg>d myself1 n z speak+ to please ,em]son's admir]s1 n z speak+ to please myself2 b r1 ,i repeat1 z commun+ ) ,"t & ,nature conc]n+ ! productions ( ?is beautiful & r>e _s1 & z resign+ :at ( him is by _! unalt]able decree t\*$ ) caducity1 9 ord] ! bett] to m>k & secure t 9 him :i* is immortal4--,,mat!w ,,arnold4 ,,george ,,eliot ,:at peculi>ities ( ,george ,eliot's are likely to leave a /rong impress aft] h]8 ,i answ]1 %e1 ( all noveli/s1 has attack$ ! pr(\nd problems ( our exi/5ce4 ,%e has taught t ! my/]y wor?y ( a great arti/ is n ! %all[ my/]y device1 b ! inf9ite p]spective ( ! great1 d>k enigmas ( human nature2 t !re is a deep] int]e/ 9 human life se5 9 ! mod]n1 sci5tific daylight1 ?an 9 life view$ ?r\gh a mi/ ( anci5t & dy+ sup]/itions2 t ! int]e/ ( human "* transc5ds ! int]e/ ( inv5t$ circum/ances2 t ! epic /ory ( a h]o & a h]o9e is n s gr& z ! natural hi/ory ( a community4 ,%e1 fir/ ( all1 has made cross sections ( mod]n life1 & %[n u ! busy human hive 9 ! light ( a great arti/ic & philosophic intellect4--,,edw>d ,,eggle/on4 ,,wordswor? ,he has won = himself a secure immortality by a dep? ( intuition :i* makes only ! be/ m9ds at _! be/ h\rs wor?y1 or inde$ capable1 ( 8 companion%ip1 & by a homely s9c]ity ( human sympa?y :i* rea*es ! humble/ he>t4 ,our language owes him gratitude = ! habitual purity & ab/95ce ( 8 /yle1 & we :o speak x1 = hav+ embold5$ u to take delight 9 simple ?+s1 & to tru/ ourselves to our own in/9cts4--,,l[ell4 ,,p>adise ,,lo/ ,x is requisite t ! language ( an h]oic poem %\ld be bo? p]spicu\s & sublime4 ,9 proportion z ei!r ( ^! two qualities is want+1 ! language is imp]fect4 ,p]spicuity is ! fir/ & mo/ necess>y qualification2 insomu* t a good-natur$ read] sometimes ov]looks a little slip ev5 9 ! gramm> or syntax1 :]e x is impossible = him to mi/ake ! poet's s5se4 ,( ?is k9d is t passage 9 ,milton1 :]e9 he speaks ( ,satan1-- ,god & 8 ,son except1 ,creat$ ?+ n\ght valu$ he nor %unn$1-- & t 9 :i* he describes ,adam & ,eve1-- ,adam ! goodlie/ man ( m5 s9ce born1 ,8 sons1 ! faire/ ( h] daught]s ,eve4 ,,addison4 ,,fri$ri* ,,nietzs*e ,f ! fir/ to ! la/ page ( ,nietzs*e's writ+s ! c>eful read] seems to he> a madman1 ) fla%+ eyes1 wild ge/ures1 & foam+ m\?1 sp\t+ =? deaf5+ bomba/2 & ?r\gh x all1 n[ break+ out into fr5zi$ laught]1 n[ sputt]+ expressions ( fil?y abuse & invective1 n[ skipp+ ab\t 9 a giddy agile dance1 & n[ bur/+ ^u ! auditors ) ?reat5+ mi5 & cl5*$ fi/s4 ,s f> z any mean+ at all c be extract$ f ! endless /ream ( phrases1 x %[s1 z its fundam5tal elem5ts1 a s]ies ( con/antly reit]at$ deliri\s ideas1 hav+ _! s\rce 9 illusions ( s5se & diseas$ organic processes4 ,"h & !re em]ges a di/9ct idea1 :i*1 z is always ! case ) ! insane1 assumes ! =m ( an imp]i\s ass]tion1 a sort ( despotic comm&4 ,,max ,,nordau4 ,,note ,9 addition to ^! brief extracts ! /ud5t %\ld be enc\rag$ or requir$ to read a numb] ( complete reviews bo? 9 our popul> p]iodicals & 9 books ( lit]>y criticism1 ) ! view ( det]m9+ ! critic's temp]1 culture1 judgm5t1 ?or\ghness1 po9ts ( view1 etc4 ,! old] /yle ( criticism is illu/rat$ 9 ,addison's articles on ,milton 9 ! ,spectator & ,johnson's ,lives ( ! ,poets4 ,= ! elaborate review /yle ! /ud5t might read "s ( ! critical essays ( ,macaulay1 ,c>lyle1 & ,l[ell4 ,our pr9cipal reviews1 magaz9es1 & o!r p]iodicals1 z well z rec5t works on ,engli% lit]ature1 w supply abundant mat]ial to %[ ! less elaborate & g5]ally m g5ial criticism ( ! pres5t day4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,au?or ,,& ,,8 ,,"w #af4 ,p]sonality ( ! ,au?or4 ,e lit]>y "w reveals1 to a great] or less degree1 ! p]sonality ( ! au?or4 ,e lit]>y production may be reg>d$ z ! fruitage ( ! writ]'s _s2 & !re is good au?ority = say+ t m5 d n ga!r grapes ( ?orns or figs f ?i/les4 ,a book exhibits n only ! atta9m5ts1 culture1 & lit]>y art ( ! writ] b also 8 intellectual =ce1 emotional nature1 & moral "*4 ,wide atta9m5ts are reveal$ 9 bread? ( view & 9 ma/]y ( l>ge res\rces4 ,culture is exhibit$ 9 a g5]al delicacy ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & expression4 ,lit]>y art is %[n 9 ! *oice ( words & 9 _! arrangem5t 9 s5t5ces & p>agraphs4 ,! arti/ic s5se1 )\t :i* a f9i%$ excell5ce is n atta9able1 reveals itself 9 ! proportion1 symmetry1 & complet5ess ( a "w4 #ag4 ,?\ght & ,feel+4 ,! intellectual & ! emotional nature o a writ] is cle>ly reflect$ 9 8 works4 ,intellectual =ce1 = example1 is recogniz$ 9 ! firm grasp ( a subject1 9 ! m>%al+ ( details t[>d a pr$et]m9$ end1 & 9 ! vigor ( utt]ance4 ,! ,essays ( ,macaulay1 h[ev] mu* !y may lack 9 delicate ref9em5t ( ?\ght & feel+1 display a virile =ce ( intellect2 & _m a page ( ,c>lyle fairly ?robs ) en]gy ( _s4 ,a l>ge1 s5sitive s\l manife/s itself 9 sympa?y ) nature & human life4 ,! wee1 mode/1 crimson-tipp$ daisy1 & ! limp+ w\nd$ h>e t\*$ ! t5d] sympa?ies ( ,burns2 & x 0 ,wordswor? :o said1-- ,to me ! meane/ fl[] t bl[s c give ,?\ghts t d (t5 lie too deep = te>s4 ,!re is no class ( society1 f k+s to begg>s1 f que5s to hags1 ) :i* ,%akespe>e has n ent]$ into sympa?y1 ?9k+ _! ?\ghts & speak+ _! words4 #ah4 ,moral ,"*4 ,! moral "* ( an au?or appe>s 9 8 g5]al attitude t[>d tru? & life4 ,a /rong moral s5se appe>s 9 a firm adh]5ce to "r & an unbl9d$ condemnation ( wrong4 ,a g5ial1 *>itable _s is %[n 9 a k9dly disposition to ov]look ! weaknesses ( m5 & to magnify _! virtues4 ,life may be look$ ^u z some?+ e>ne/1 exalt$1 div9e2 or x may be reg>d$ z insignificant1 wret*$1 & end+ at dea?4 ,x is "* t gives fundam5tal tone to lit]ature2 &1 z ,mat!w ,arnold has said1 ! be/ results are n atta9able )\t high s]i\sness4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! flippant & ! e>ne/ writ] is easily & in/9ctively recogniz$4 ,no "o c read ,rusk91 = in/ance1 )\t feel+ 8 s9c]ity & integrity1 ev5 9 8 mo/ impracticable vag>ies4 ,9 ,addison1 ,goldsmi?1 & ,irv+ we f9d a g5ial1 uplift+ amiability2 & ,:itti]1 9 8 deep love ( human fre$om & ju/ice1 appe>s z a resolute iconocla/ & re=m]4 #ai4 ,au?or%ip & ,"*4 ,x is sometimes suppos$ t ! art ( au?or%ip c be divorc$ f ! p]sonality ( ! writ]4 ,9 s]i\s au?or%ip ?is supposition is a mi/ake4 ,! be/ writ+ is m ?an grace ( rhetoric & ref9em5t ( intellectual culture4 ,back ( all outw>d graces !re is ne$ ( a "r-?9k+ & tru?-lov+ s\l4 ,"o ( ! ess5tial ?+s 9 ! tra9+ ( a great writ] is ! developm5t ( an upright1 noble "*4 ,milton 0 "r 9 ma9ta9+ t ! great poet %\ld make 8 life a noble poem4 ,z a rule ! writ]s ( ! _w's greate/ classics h be5 m5 ( s9c]ity1 tru?1 & honor4 ,su* 0 ! "* ( ,plato1 ,v]gil1 ,dante1 ,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,wordswor?1 ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+1 & _m o!rs4 ,our be/ ,am]ican writ]s1 almo/ )\t exception1 h be5 di/+ui%$ = moral wor?4 ,9 m5 l ,burns1 ,byron1 & ,he9e1 ! abs5ce ( a high moral purpose has detract$1 9 spite ( _! unque/ion$ intellectual p[]1 f ! excell5ce ( a l>ge "p ( _! writ+s4 #bj4 ,autobiographic ,elem5ts4 ,our k is ( two k9ds3 ! fir/ comes f our own exp]i5ce2 ! o!r1 f ! exp]i5ce & te/imony ( our fell[-m54 ,p]sonal exp]i5ce c>ries ) x a conviction & p[] t d n usually belong to ! k receiv$ f ! te/imony ( o!rs4 ,:at we h exp]i5c$ has become a "p ( our lives4 ,! writ]s ( vitality & p[] are ^? :o draw l>gely on _! individual res\rces1--! treasures ( _! own exp]i5ce4 ,!y write1 n f ! memory1 b f ! he>t4 ,if !y borr[ f o!rs1 !y assimilate ! in=mation1 & ?us vitalize x be=e giv+ x out aga94 ,! be/ "p ( our k is t :i* comes to u ?r\gh exp]i5ce & assimilation4 ,x is a p]man5t possession4 ,:5 an au?or's exp]i5ce1 ei!r 9 an ideal or a reali/ic =m1 is introduc$ 9 8 "w1 x becomes an int]e/+ biographical elem5t4 ,x pres5ts a "p ( 8 life1 & (t5 x exhibits ! trans=m+ & glorify+ p[] ( 8 g5ius4 ,9 ! drama ,%e ,/oops to ,conqu]1 = example1 ,goldsmi? has turn$ to excell5t acc\nt a humiliat+ incid5t ( 8 y\?4 ,8 ,des]t$ ,village is full ( *ildhood rem9isc5ces4 ,scott's poems & novels are 9 l>ge measure only an expansion ( ! m$ival & o!r lore t he en?usia/ically collect$ 9 8 y\? & e>ly manhood4 ,george ,eliot's e>li] novels are fill$ ) ! sc5es & *>act]s ( h] e>ly life2 & ,dick5s's be/ novel1 ,david ,copp]field1 is l>gely autobiographical4 ,an au?or's be/ "w--t :i* possesses ! greate/ degree ( int]e/ & vitality--is g5]ally t :i* spr+s f ! treasure ( 8 deepe/ exp]i5ce1 & is ! fulle/ expression ( 8 individual ?\ght & feel+4 #ba4 ,view ( ,life4 ,e writ] ( orig9ality & p[] takes a fundam5tal view ( life4 ,he has settl$ convictions ( "s sort 9 reg>d to ! _w 9 :i* he lives4 ,sometimes ?is view comes f religion & sometimes f philosophy or sci5ce1 ?\gh 9 any case x is apt to be influ5c$ by ! writ]'s physical condition4 ,g]man philosophy has influ5c$ _m able writ]s1--,col]idge1 ,c>lyle1 ,em]son1 & o!rs 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica2 & at ! pres5t "t ! !ory ( evolution is leav+ a deep impress on lit]ature4 ,:5ce came ?is magnific5t univ]se8 ,:at is ! orig9 & de/9y ( man8 ,is ! g5]al drift ( human affairs upw>d or d[nw>d8 ,^! are great fundam5tal que/ions1 & ! answ]s we give !m lie at ! bottom ( our ?9k+ & give tone to our writ+4 ,! _w is n ! same to ! ,*ri/ian !i/ & to ! agno/ic4 ,human life has a deep] significance to ! man :o believes 9 ! lov+ provid5ce ( ,god ?an to ! man :o believes only 9 ! exi/5ce ( matt] & natural law4 ,! man :o believes 9 ! pres5ce & sov]eignty ( ,god 9 all ?+s looks hopefully to ! future4 ,he is optimi/ic r ?an pessimi/ic4 ,! pres5ce ( an exub]ant vitality reveals itself 9 a *e]ful1 buoyant tone4 ,scott's exub]ant _s =ms a pleas+ contra/ ) ,c>lyle's dyspeptic cynicism4 ,x is (t5 highly important to und]/& ! fundam5tal beliefs ( a writ]4 ,8 works may be 9 a measure un9telligible till 8 /&po9t is fully und]/ood4 ,sometimes 8 v>i\s writ+s are only an expansion & application ( "o or two great fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,! works ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 = example1 are 9 ! ma9 an elaboration ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,byron repres5t$ a skeptical reaction aga9/ ! conv5tional mann]s & beliefs ( 8 day4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ,em]son's "w is f\nd 9 a s+le s5t5ce 9 ,nature4 ,we le>n1 he says1 t ! ,highe/ is pres5t to ! s\l ( man1 t ! dread univ]sal ,ess5ce1 :i* is n wisdom1 or love1 or beauty1 or p[]1 b all 9 "o1 & ea* entirely1 is t = :i* all ?+s exi/1 & t by :i* !y are2 t _s creates2 t beh9d nature1 ?r\gh\t nature1 _s is pres5t2 t _s is "o1 & n comp\nd2 t _s does n act ^u u f )\t1 t is1 9 space & "t1 b spiritually1 or ?r\gh ourselves4 #bb4 ,lit]>y ,s*ool4 ,9 l mann] x is int]e/+ & sometimes illum9+ to "k ! lit]>y s*ool or t5d5cy to :i* a writ] belongs4 ,e au?or has 8 limitations & idiosyncrasies4 ,fir/ ( all1 he may be a writ] ( prose alone or ( poetry alone4 ,9 prose he may conf9e himself to a s+le dep>tm5t1 z fiction or hi/ory2 or 9 poetry he may be *iefly lyric1 didactic1 or dramatic4 ,)9 ^! n>r[] sph]es he may id5tify himself ) a s+le t5d5cy or gr\p ( writ]s4 ,9 hi/ory he may be philosophic or n>rative2 9 fiction he may be a romantici/ or a reali/2 9 poetry he may be subjective or objective 9 8 treatm5t ( !mes4 ,scott's romanticism1 = in/ance1 :i* delights 9 m$ival sc5es & incid5ts1 is v unlike ,dick5s's realism1 :i* depicts ! sc5es & incid5ts ( actual contempor>y life4 ,george ,eliot's psy*ologic novels are diff]5t f ^? ( ei!r ,scott or ,dick5s4 ,bryant's cle> descriptions ( nature /& 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ,poe's my/ical melodies4 #bc4 ,mood & ,purpose4 ,x is important to und]/& ! mood & purpose ( an au?or4 ,we are n 9 a position fairly to judge a "w until we "k its _s & object4 ,until we "k :e!r ! writ] is playful or e>ne/1 joy\s or sad1 satirical or s]i\s1 we _c give 8 words ! "r tone & value2 & until we see cle>ly :at he is driv+ at1 we _c prop]ly e/imate ! successive /eps 9 8 production nor judge ( its wor? z a :ole4 ,! moods express$ 9 lit]ature are exce$+ly v>i\s4 ,s9ce lit]ature is ! expression ( ! intellectual life ( man1 x embodies ! v>i\s moods & passions to :i* human nature is subject4 ,sometimes1 = example1 !re is laugh+ humor1 z 9 ,holmes's ,! ,deacon's ,ma/]piece4 ,sometimes !re is viol5t ang]1 z 9 ,byron's ,engli% ,b>ds & ,scot* ,review]s4 ,we feel 8 unre/ra9$ wra?1 z he exclaims1-- ,prep>e = rhyme--,i'll publi% "r or wrong2 ,fools are my !me1 let satire be my song4 ,sometimes ! mood is "o ( p5sive m$itation1 z :5 ,gray sits alone 9 ! c\ntry *ur*y>d amid deep5+ twilight3 ,! curfew tolls ! knell ( p>t+ day1 ,! l[+ h]d w9ds sl[ly o'er ! lea1 ,! pl[man homew>d plods 8 we>y way1 ,& leaves ! _w to d>kness & to me4 ,sometimes x is a righte\s indignation t blazes & burns1 z :5 ,c>lyle exclaims1 9 ! pres5ce ( selfi%ness & wrong3 ,fooli% m5 imag9e t because judgm5t = an evil ?+ is delay$1 !re is no ju/ice b an accid5tal "o1 "h bel[4 ,judgm5t = an evil ?+ is _m times delay$ "s day or two1 "s c5tury or two1 b x is sure z life1 x is z sure z dea?6 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! _w-:irlw9d1 v]ily n[ z 9 ! olde/ days1 dwells & speaks a ,god4 ,! great s\l ( ! _w is j4 ,(t5 ! mood or _s ( gift$ writ]s is some?+ too intangible to be firmly grasp$1 yet its pres5ce is felt z a p]vasive & delightful atmosph]e4 ,a "w is sometimes suffus$ ) ! div9e t\* ( g5ius1 z ! delicate & indescribable hues ( autumn glorify ! valleys & m\nta9s4 ,:ile hov]+ ne> ! e>? = a "t1 ! _s ( g5ius1 z 9 ,%akespe>e & ,rusk91 sometimes sudd5ly & spontane\sly so>s to regions ( sup]nal spl5dor1--altitudes ( beauty absolutely inaccessible to ord9>y & unaid$ mortals4 ,! purpose ( a lit]>y "w1 l its mood or _s1 may be v>i\s4 ,9 a measure x v>ies ) ! dep>tm5t ( lit]ature to :i* ! "w belongs4 ,! purpose ( hi/ory1 :i* br+s be=e u ! a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/1 is *iefly in/ruction4 ,! oratory ( ! pulpit & ! =um aims at p]suasion4 ,fiction aims prim>ily at ent]ta9m5t1 ?\gh x may also be made ! vehicle = religi\s1 sociological1 or moral tea*+s4 ,poetry aims at pleasure by means ( melody1 felicity ( expression1 ! pictur+ ( moods & sc5es1 & ! n>ration ( int]e/+ incid5ts or important ev5ts4 ,:5 ! purpose ( a production is cle>ly appreh5d$ we are prep>$ to judge ( ! wisdom ( ! au?or 9 8 *oice & adaptation ( means4 #bd4 ,/udy ( an ,au?or's ,life4 ,! =ego+ consid]ations %[ u ! value ( an acqua9tance ) an au?or's life4 ,)\t ?is acqua9tance we are n prep>$1 9 _m cases1 to und]/& or judge 8 productions4 ,a good biography w acqua9t u ) ! circum/ances 9 :i* 8 tal5ts 7 develop$1 & disclose to u ! autobiographic mat]ials :i* h be5 embodi$ 9 8 works4 ,x w reveal to u 8 views ( life & 8 pr9ciples ( art4 ,x w %[ u1 9 %ort1 ! man beh9d ! "w1 & ?us help u to grasp ! full significance ( 8 utt]ance4 ,no "o is absolutely indep5d5t ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,m5 are frequ5tly l$1 & sometimes driv5 by !m1 into ! l9es ( "w :i* !y pursue4 ,haw?orne's /ories1 = ! mo/ "p1 grew out ( 8 ,new ,engl& life4 ,_h he be5 br\ght up s\? ( ! ,potomac1 !y w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,_h ,irv+ nev] gone to ,engl&1 he w\ld n h writt5 ,bracebridge ,hall2 & _h he n soj\rn$ 9 ,spa91 he w\ld n h writt5 ,alhambra & ! ,life ( ,columbus4 ,byron's ,*ilde ,h>old is b a poetic record ( 8 travels4 ,?us x is se5 t an au?or's "w1 9 l>ge measure1 gr[s out ( 8 surr\nd+s & exp]i5ce1 & _c be ?or\ghly und]/ood )\t an acqua9tance ) 8 life4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 z ,%elley has sung 9 8 int]e/+ ,julian & ,maddalo1 t ,mo/ wret*$ m5 ,are cradl$ into poetry by wrong2 ,!y le>n 9 suff]+ :at !y tea* 9 song4 ,,review ,,que/ions #af4 ,h[ is a book relat$ to its au?or8 ,:at does x exhibit8 ,:at is said ( ! arti/ic s5se8 #ag4 ,h[ is intellectual =ce reveal$8 ,h[ does a s5sitive nature %[ itself8 ,illu/rate4 #ah4 ,9 :at does ! moral nature appe>8 ,:at gives fundam5tal tone to lit]ature8 ,illu/rate4 #ai4 ,:at mu/ be back ( ! be/ writ+8 ,:at 0 ,milton's op9ion ( ! poet8 ,:at is said ( ! _w's great classics8 #bj4 ,:5ce does our k come8 ,:at gives p[] & vitality to a piece ( lit]ature8 ,:at is meant by autobiographic elem5ts8 ,illu/rate f ,goldsmi? & ,dick5s4 #ba4 ,:at is said ( a writ]'s fundam5tal views8 ,:5ce d !y come8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at que/ions lie at ! basis ( our ?9k+8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at has physical vitality to d ) lit]ature8 ,:at ?\ght dom9ates ,sp5c]'s works8 ,:at is ! dom9ant belief ( ,em]son8 #bb4 ,m5tion "s ( a writ]'s limitations4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,scott & ,dick5s2 betwe5 ,bryant & ,poe4 #bc4 ,:y is x important to "k ! mood & purpose ( an au?or8 ,:y are ! moods diff]5t8 ,give examples ( diff]5t moods4 ,expla9 ! g5]al purpose ( hi/ory1 oratory1 fiction1 & poetry4 ,:y %\ld we "k ! purpose ( an au?or8 #bd4 ,:y /udy ! biography ( an au?or8 ,:at w x reveal to u8 ,:at h surr\nd+s to d ) an au?or8 ,give illu/rations4 ,:at is ! quotation f ,%elley8 ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! foll[+ selections %\ld be /udi$ ) ref]5ce to su* que/ions z ^!3 ,:at light does ! selection ?r[ on ! au?or8 ,is he a man ( l>ge atta9m5ts8 ,does x %[ ref9em5t ( ?\ght & feel+8 ,does x display lit]>y art8 ,has x virile =ce8 ,does x %[ a true s5se ( "r8 ,is !re a l>ge1 noble nature back ( x8 ,does x gr[ out ( ! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce8 ,has x ! =ce ( conviction8 ,h[ does ! au?or conceive ( ! _w8 ,:at does he ?9k ( ,god8 ,h[ does he reg>d human life8 ,is he hopeful or pessimi/ic8 ,is he a writ] ( prose1 poetry1 or bo?8 ,to :at s*ool ( writ+ does he belong8 ,:at is ! mood or _s1--humor\s1 buoyant1 s]i\s1 sad1 ironical1 angry1 g5ial1 urbane8 ,:at is its purpose1--to in/ruct1 please1 p]suade8 ,! love ( dirt is among ! e>lie/ ( passions1 z x is ! late/4 ,mud-pies gratify "o ( our fir/ & be/ in/9cts4 ,s long z we are dirty1 we are pure4 ,fondness = ! gr\nd comes back to a man aft] he has se5 ! r\nd ( pleasure & bus9ess1 eat5 dirt1 & s[n wild-oats1 drift$ ab\t ! _w1 & tak5 ! w9d ( all its moods4 ,! love ( digg+ 9 ! gr\nd 7or ( look+ on :ile he pays ano!r to dig7 is z sure to come back to him z he is sure1 at la/1 to g "u ! gr\nd & /ay !re4--,,*>les ,,dudley ,,w>n]4 ,! end ( le>n+ is to repair ! ru9s ( our fir/ p>5ts by rega9+ to "k ,god aright1 & out ( t k to love him1 to imitate him1 to be l him1 z we may ! ne>e/ by possess+ our s\ls ( true virtue1 :i* be+ unit$ to ! heav5ly grace ( fai? makes up ! highe/ p]fection4 ,,milton4 ,we are l lambs 9 a field1 disport+ !mselves "u ! eye ( ! but*]1 :o *ooses out fir/ "o & !n ano!r = 8 prey4 ,s x is t 9 our good days we are all unconsci\s ( ! evil ,fate may h pres5tly 9 /ore = u--sickness1 pov]ty1 mutilation1 loss ( sight or reason4--,,s*op5hau]4 ,alas6 'tis true ,i h gone "h & !re1 ,& made myself a motley to ! view2 ,gor'd m9e own ?\ghts1 sold *eap :at is mo/ de>1 ,made old (f5ces ( affections new2 ,mo/ times x is t ,i h look$ on tru? ,askance & /rangely4--,,%akespe>e4 ,9 ord] to secure my cr$it & "* z a tradesman1 ,i took c>e n only to be 9 reality indu/ri\s & frugal1 b to avoid ! appe>ances to ! contr>y4 ,i dress$ pla91 & 0 se5 at no places ( idle div]sion4 ,i nev] w5t out a fi%+ or %oot+2 a book1 inde$1 sometimes debau*$ me f my "w1 b t 0 seldom1 0 private1 & gave no sc&al2 & to %[ t ,i 0 n above my bus9ess1 ,i sometimes br\ght home ! pap] ,i pur*as$ at ! /ores ?r\gh ! /reets on a :eelb>r[4--,,frankl94 ,giv51 a man ) mod]ate intellect1 a moral /&>d n high] ?an ! av]age1 "s rhetorical afflu5ce & great glibness ( spee*1 :at is ! c>e] 9 :i*1 )\t ! aid ( bir? or money1 he may mo/ easily atta9 p[] & reputation 9 ,engli% society8 ,:]e is ! ,go%5 ( m$iocrity 9 :i* a smatt]+ ( sci5ce & le>n+ w pass = pr(\nd in/ruction1 :]e platitudes w be accept$ z wisdom1 bigot$ n>r[ness z holy zeal1 unctu\s egoism z ,god-giv5 piety8 ,let su* a man become an evangelical prea*]2 he w !n f9d x possible to reconcile small ability ) great ambition1 sup]ficial k ) ! pre/ige ( erudition1 a middl+ morale ) a high reputation = sanctity4--,,george ,,eliot4 ,c>eless seems ! great ,av5g]2 hi/ory's pages b record ,"o dea?-grapple 9 ! d>kness 'twixt old sy/ems & ! ,^w2 ,tru? =ev] on ! scaffold1 ,wrong =ev] on ! ?rone1-- ,yet t scaffold sways ! future1 &1 beh9d ! dim unkn[n1 ,/&e? ,god )9 ! %ad[1 keep+ wat* above 8 own4 ,,l[ell4 ,?us ,i live 9 ! _w r z a spectator ( mank9d ?an z "o ( ! species1 by :i* means ,i h made myself a speculative /atesman1 soldi]1 m]*ant1 & artisan1 )\t ev] m$dl+ ) any practical "p 9 life4 ,i am v well v]s$ 9 ! !ory ( a husb& or a fa!r1 & c disc]n ! errors 9 ! economy1 bus9ess1 & div]sions ( o!rs bett] ?an ^? :o are engag$ 9 !m2 z /&]s-by discov] blots1 :i* are apt to escape ^? :o are 9 ! game4 ,i nev] esp\s$ any p>ty ) viol5ce1 & am resolv$ to obs]ve an exact neutrality betwe5 ! ,:igs & ,tories1 unless ,i %all be =c$ to decl>e myself by ! ho/ilities ( ei!r side4 ,,addison4 ,out--out are ! lights--out all6 ,& ov] ea* quiv]+ =m1 ,! curta91 a fun]al pall1 ,comes d[n ) ! ru% ( a /orm2 ,& ! angels1 all pallid & wan1 ,upris+1 unveil+1 affirm ,t ! play is ! trag$y ,man1 ,& its h]o ! ,conqu]or ,worm4--,,poe4 ,! essays pr(ess$ly s]i\s1 if ,i h be5 able to execute my own int5tions1 w be f\nd exactly con=mable to ! precepts ( ,*ri/ianity1 )\t any accommodation to ! lic5ti\sness & levity ( ! pres5t age4 ,i !re=e look back on ?is "p ( my "w ) pleasure1 :i* no praise or blame ( man c dim9i% or augm5t4 ,i %all nev] envy ! honors :i* wit & le>n+ obta9 9 any o!r cause1 if ,i c be numb]$ among ! writ]s :o h giv5 ardor to virtue & confid5ce to tru?4--,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,:at ?o' on hamely f>e we d9e1 ,we> hodd5 gray1 & a' t2 ,gie fools _! silks1 & knaves _! w9e-- ,a man's a man = a' t4 ,= a' t1 & a' t1 ,_! t9sel %[1 & a' t2 ,! hone/ man1 ?\gh e'er sae poor1 ,is k+ ( m5 = a' t4--,,burns4 ,i said to myself t my h]o %\ld "w 8 way ?r\gh life z ,i _h se5 real liv+ m5 "w !irs2 t he %\ld nev] get a %ill+ he _h n e>n$2 t no sudd5 turn %\ld lift him 9 a mom5t to weal? & high /ation2 t :atev] small compet5cy he might ga91 %\ld be won by ! sweat ( 8 br[2 t be=e he c\ld f9d s mu* z an arbor to sit d[n 91 he %\ld ma/]1 at lea/1 half ! asc5t ( ! ,hill ( ,difficulty2 t he %\ld n ev5 m>ry a beautiful girl or a lady ( rank4 ,z ,adam's son he %\ld %>e ,adam's doom1 & dra91 ?r\gh\t life1 a mix$ & mod]ate cup ( enjoym5t4--,,*>lotte ,,bront4 ,day set on ,norham's ca/l$ /eep1 ,& ,twe$'s fair riv]1 broad & deep1 ,& ,*eviot's m\nta9s lone3 ,! battl$ t[]s1 ! donjon keep1 ,! loophole grates1 :]e captives weep1 ,! flank+ walls t r\nd x sweep1 ,9 yell[ lu/re %one4 ,! w>riors on ! turrets high1 ,mov+ a?w>t ! ev5+ sky1 ,seem$ =ms ( giant height2 ,_! armor1 z x caught ! rays1 ,fla%$ back aga9 ! we/]n blaze1 ,9 l9es ( dazzl+ light4--,,scott4 ,x is a re/ful *apt] 9 any book ( ,coop]'s :5 somebody doesn't /ep on a dry twig & al>m all ! r$s & :ites = two hundr$ y>ds ar\nd4 ,e "t a ,coop] p]son is 9 p]il1 & absolute sil5ce is wor? f\r doll>s a m9ute1 he is sure to /ep on a dry twig4 ,!re may be a hundr$ h&i] ?+s to /ep on1 b t w\ldn't satisfy ,coop]4 ,coop] requires him to turn out & f9d a dry twig2 & if he c't d x1 g & borr[ "o4 ,9 fact ! ,lea!r ,/ock+ ,s]ies ought to h be5 call$ ! ,brok5 ,twig ,s]ies4 ,,m>k ,,twa94 ,live & love1 ,do+ bo? nobly1 because l[lily2 ,live & "w1 /rongly1 because pati5tly6 ,&1 = ! de$ ( ,dea?1 tru/ to ,god ,t x be well done1 unrep5t$ (1 ,& n to loss4 ,& !nce ) con/ant pray]s ,fa/5 y\r s\ls s high1 t con/antly ,! smile ( y\r h]oic *e] may float ,above all floods ( e>?ly agonies1 ,purification be+ ! joy ( pa94--,,mrs4 ,,br[n+4 ,,note ,! autobiographic elem5ts 9 ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$ ,village & ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 9 ,*>lotte ,bront's ,%irley & ,villette1 9 ,dick5s's ,david ,copp]field & ,george ,eliot's ,mill on ! ,floss1 w be f\nd int]e/+ & helpful /udies4 ,9 ea* case a good biography ( ! au?or w give ! necess>y in=mation to ! /ud5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,"s ,,/hetic ,,pr9ciples #be4 /hetics4 ,! sci5ce ( beauty 9 g5]al is call$ /hetics1 to :i* we h to look = "s ( ! pr9ciples t are to guide our critical judgm5t4 ,un=tunately = u1 ! sci5ce ( beauty has n yet be5 fully & satisfactorily wr\ght out1 & ! able/ writ]s1 f ,ari/otle to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 exhibit great div]sity ( view4 ,!re are two ma9 !ories ( beauty3 ! "o makes beauty subjective1 or an emotion ( ! m9d2 ! o!r makes x objective1 or a quality 9 ! ext]nal object4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! intricacies & difficulties ( ! discussion1 beauty w "h be reg>d$ z t quality 9 lit]ature :i* awak5s 9 ! cultivat$ read] a s5se ( ! beautiful4 ,?is s5se ( ! beautiful is a ref9$ & pleasurable feel+2 &1 z we %all see1 x is traceable to a v>iety ( s\rces4 #bf4 ,lit]>y ,ta/e4 ,lit]>y ta/e is t p[] or faculty ( ! m9d :i* appreh5ds & appreciates :at is beautiful & arti/ic 9 lit]ature4 ,x embraces two elem5ts3 fir/1 ! appreh5sion ( ! /hetic quality2 & secondly1 an appreciation or emotional response to its appeal4 ,^! two elem5ts are n always equally develop$ 9 ! critic2 & x frequ5tly happ5s t an arti/ic lit]>y production af=ds exquisite pleasure )\t a cle> appreh5sion ( ! /hetic elem5ts f :i* ! pleasure spr+s4 ,9 lit]>y criticism1 z has already be5 %[n1 ! /&>d ( ta/e is ! ideal1 develop$ by an application ( necess>y & recogniz$ pr9ciples1 :i* ! intellig5t critic is able to =m 9 e dep>tm5t ( lit]ature4 ,! capacity ( ta/e is a natural gift2 b1 l o!r p[]s ( ! m9d1 x is capable ( great developm5t4 ,x is cultivat$ by a /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( beauty & by a contemplation ( beautiful objects 9 nature & art4 ,bad ta/e exhibits itself 9 a failure to appreh5d & appreciate :at is g5u9ely beautiful2 x (t5 mi/akes defects = excell5ces4 ,a ref9$ ta/e responds to :at is delicate 9 beauty1 & a ca?olic ta/e recognizes & responds to beauty ( e k9d4 ,! critic :o w\ld d honor to 8 (fice mu/ h a ta/e bo? ref9$ & ca?olic4 #bg4 /hetic ,elem5ts4 ,lit]>y beauty may p]ta9 ei!r to ! =m or to ! cont5t4 ,def]r+ to subsequ5t *apt]s ! elem5ts ( ext]nal beauty1 we "h consid] ! elem5ts ( int]nal beauty4 ,?\gh beauty ( =m & beauty ( cont5t may ?us be di/+ui%$1 !y are always comb9$ 9 works ( ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,bo? alike h _! s\rce 9 ! cultivat$1 creative _s ( ! writ]4 ,!y _c be effectually le>n$ by rule2 & ! be/ tra9+ = successful au?or%ip is ! developm5t ( ! intellectual & moral faculties4 ,vividness ( description is a frequ5t s\rce ( lit]>y beauty4 ,sc5es1 objects1 & ev5ts are sometimes s pres5t$ z to become visible to ! inn] eye4 ,?us ,t5nyson describes ! fl++ ( ,ar?ur's sword3 ,! great br& ,made lightn+s 9 ! spl5dor ( ! moon4 ,c>lyle 0 a ma/] ( graphic description1 & 9 a few t\*es he ?us br+s ,de ,qu9cey be=e u3 ,"o ( ! smalle/ man figures ,i ev] saw2 %ap$ l a pair ( tongs1 & h>dly above five feet 9 all4 ,:5 he sate1 y w\ld h tak5 him by c&lelight = ! beautifulle/ little *ild2 blue-ey$1 sp>kl+ face1 _h !re n be5 some?+1 too1 :i* said1 ',eccovi--?is *ild has be5 9 hell6' ,m$itative reflection1 :5 aptly associat$ ) circum/ance or occasion1 may become a pleas+ s\rce ( beauty4 ,:5 employ$ by way ( introduction1 x may1 z frequ5tly 9 ,irv+ & ,haw?orne1 /rike ! keynote ( :at foll[s4 ,sometimes x gives natural expression to ! vague ?\ght or feel+ t _h be5 produc$ 9 ! read] by ! prec$+ n>rative & t w\ld o!rwise h rema9$ unsatisfi$4 ,9 ! d>kness & sil5ce ( night ! poet he>s ! /rik+ ( a deep-ton$ bell4 ,naturally he ?9ks ( ! flight ( "t4 ,! bell /rikes "o4 ,we take no note ( "t ,b f its loss3 to give x !n a tongue ,is wise 9 man4 ,z if an angel spoke1 ,i feel ! solemn s\nd4 ,if he>d aright1 ,x is ! knell ( my dep>t$ h\rs4 ,a m$itation may1 z a conclusion1 imp>t a satisfy+ complet5ess to a piece4 ,no?+ c\ld be f9]1 = example1 ?an ,addison's reflections at ! close ( 8 essay on ! tombs ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey3 ,:5 ,i look ^u ! tombs ( ! great1 e emotion ( envy dies 9 me2 :5 ,i read ! epitaphs ( ! beautiful1 e inord9ate desire goes out2 :5 ,i meet ) ! grief ( p>5ts ^u a tomb/one1 my he>t melts ) compassion2 :5 ,i see ! tomb ( ! p>5ts !mselves1 ,i consid] ! vanity ( griev+ = ^? :om we mu/ quickly foll[4 ,:5 ,i see k+s ly+ by ^? :o depos$ !m1 :5 ,i consid] rival wits plac$ side by side1 or ! holy m5 t divid$ ! _w ) _! conte/s & disputes1 ,i reflect ) sorr[ & a/oni%m5t on ! little competitions1 factions1 & debates ( mank9d4 ,:5 ,i read ! sev]al dates ( ! tombs1 ( "s t di$ ye/]day1 & "s six hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,i consid] t great day :5 we %all all ( u be contempor>ies1 & make our appe>ance toge!r4 ,h>mony ( ?\ght & expression is ano!r s\rce ( excell5ce4 ,! ?\ght %\ld be clo!d 9 a p]fect body1 s t no?+ c be add$ or subtract$ )\t m>r+ ! beauty4 ,! foll[+ /anza f ,holmes's ,! ,la/ ,leaf w s]ve = illu/ration3 ,! mossy m>bles re/ ,on ! lips t he has pre/ ,9 _! bloom2 ,& ! names he lov$ to he> ,h be5 c>v$ = _m a ye> ,on ! tomb4 ,:51 9 addition to p]fect h>mony betwe5 _s & =m1 ! s\nd ren=ces ! s5se1 !re is an add$ elem5t ( beauty4 ,! intellect is ?us assi/$ 9 imag+ or realiz+ ! sc5e4 ,z ! h]o9e returns to h] palace 9 ,t5nyson's ,godiva1-- ,all at once ,) twelve great %ocks ( s\nd1 ! %ameless noon ,0 cla%$ & hamm]$ f a hundr$ t[]s4 ,a well-kn[n illu/ration is furni%$ 9 ,pope's ,essay on ,criticism3 ,s(t is ! /ra9 :5 ,zephyr g5tly bl[s1 ,& ! smoo? /ream 9 smoo!r numb]s fl[s2 ,b :5 l\d surges la% ! s\nd+ %ore1 ,! ho>se1 r\gh v]se %\ld l ! torr5t ro>4 ,! felicit\s expression ( "s well-kn[n tru? or exp]i5ce is always pleas+4 ,9 its happie/ =m su* an expression is receiv$ z ! f9al embodim5t ( its tru?4 ,x is h5ce=? tak5 up by ! multitude & quot$ z hav+ ! au?ority ( a sacr$ text4 ,pope tells u1 = example1 t ,to err is human2 to =give1 div9e2 & also t ,fools ru% 9 :]e angels fe> to tread4 ,b no o!r ,engli% writ] has equal$ ,%akespe>e 9 ! numb] ( felicit\s expressions t h pass$ into curr5t use4 ,8 works are a v]itable m9e ( jewel$ phrases4 ,we (t5 feel1 = example1 t someh[ !re is a my/]i\s p[] controll+ our lives2 & ?is exp]i5ce he voices 9 ! well-kn[n l9es1-- ,!re's a div9ity t %apes our ends1 ,r\gh-hew !m h[ we w4 ,yet at ! same "t1 recogniz+ ! tru? ( human fre$om1 he decl>es1-- ,our rem$ies (t 9 ourselves d lie1 ,:i* we ascribe to heav52 ! fat$ sky ,gives u free scope1 only do? backw>d pu% ,our sl[ designs :5 we ourselves are dull4 ,high spiritual tru?1 9 fitt+ expression1 is a s\rce ( great beauty4 ,!re are ?ree great prov9ces ( ?\ght1--man1 nature1 & ,god4 ,! la/ is ! greate/ ( all2 & ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( lit]ature is to lead u to a new or full] appreciation ( 8 "*4 ,z we look ^u ! irrepressible & un5d+ conflict betwe5 good & evil 9 ?is _w1 we are sometimes tempt$ to d\bt a favorable issue2 b ,l[ell tells u1 9 self-evid5c+ words1 t ,beh9d ! dim unkn[n ,/&e? ,god )9 ! %ad[1 keep+ wat* above 8 own4 ,to ,rusk9 ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( nature br\ght a sweet message3 ,all ^? pass+s to & fro ( fruitful %[] & grateful %ade1 & all ^? visions ( silv] palaces built ab\t ! horizon1 & voices ( moan+ w9ds & ?reat5+ ?und]s1 & glories ( color$ robe & clov5 ray1 are b to deep5 9 our he>ts ! acceptance1 & di/9ctness1 & de>ness ( ! simple words1 ',our ,fa!r1 :i* art 9 heav54' ,ano!r pr9cipal s\rce ( lit]>y beauty is f\nd 9 a wor?y expression ( noble ?\ght & s5tim5t4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z ! s\l ( endur+ lit]ature1 & x is z exhau/less z ! human m9d itself4 ,! dauntless love ( lib]ty t brea!s ?r\gh ,patrick ,h5ry's fam\s spee* is ?rill+ 9 its eloqu5ce3 ,:at is x t g5tlem5 wi%8 ,:at w\ld !y h8 ,is life s de>1 or peace s sweet1 z to be pur*as$ at ! price ( *a9s & slav]y8 ,=bid x1 ,almighty ,god6 ,i "k n :at c\rse o!rs may take1 b1 z = me1 give me lib]ty1 or give me dea?6 ,c>lyle conceiv$ ( nature z ! ve/ure ( ,god2 &1 z he speaks ( ! univ]se1 ?is ?\ght lifts 8 /yle to great maje/y3 ,oh1 c\ld ,i transport !e direct f ! beg9n+s to ! end+s1 h[ 7 ?y eyesight unseal$1 & ?y he>t set flam+ 9 ! ,light-sea ( cele/ial wond]6 ,!n sawe/ ?\ t ?is fair ,univ]se1 7 x 9 ! meane/ prov9ce !re(1 is 9 v de$ ! />-dom$ ,city ( ,god2 t ?r\gh e />1 ?r\gh e grass-blade1 & mo/1 ?r\gh e ,liv+ ,s\l1 ! glory ( a pres5t ,god /ill beams4 ,b ,nature1 :i* is ! ,"t-ve/ure ( ,god1 & reveals ,him to ! wise1 hides ,him f ! fooli%4 ,love is a p]5nial inspiration bo? 9 prose & poetry4 ,x p>takes ( ! div9e1 = ,god is love4 ,its highe/ manife/ations1 :e!r 9 ! family1 among relatives & fri5ds1 or betwe5 lov]s1 are always beautiful2 & p]haps ,br[n+ 0 n f> wrong :5 he sang1-- ,!re is no good 9 life b love--b love6 ,:at else looks good1 is "s %ade flung f love2 ,love yields x1 gives x wor?4 ,! portrayal ( noble "* is always inspir+4 ,x appeals to ! bett] side ( our nature1 & /r5g!ns our confid5ce 9 humanity4 ,no lit]>y art c conf] immortality on :at is ignoble4 ,! fiction t is devot$ to obsc5e realism1 :atev] may be ! pre/ige ( its au?ors or its curr5t vogue1 is surely doom$4 ,only t :i* is morally good is de/9$ to live ?r\gh ! ages4 ,! g5ial ,dick5s w always be m popul> ?an ! satirical ,?ack]ay4 ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson owes its pr9cipal *>m n to any trick ( /yle1 b to ! hone/1 rugg$ piece ( manhood x br+s be=e u4 ,only a man ( ,lu!r's h]oic _s c\ld h inspir$ ?is magnific5t tribute 9 ,c>lyle's ,h]oes & ,h]o-,wor%ip3 ,i w call ?is ,lu!r a true great man2 great 9 intellect1 9 c\rage1 affection1 & integrity2 "o ( our mo/ lovable & preci\s m54 ,great1 n z a hewn obelisk1 b z an ,alp9e m\nta91--s simple1 hone/1 spontane\s1 n sett+ up to be great at all2 !re = q ano!r purpose ?an be+ great6 ,ah yes1 unsubduable granite1 pi]c+ f> & wide into ! heav5s2 yet 9 ! clefts ( x f\nta9s1 gre51 beautiful valleys ) fl[]s6 ,a "r spiritual h]o & prophet2 once m1 a true son ( nature & fact1 = :om ^! c5turies1 & _m t are to come yet1 w be ?ankful to ,heav54 ,h]oic self-sacrifice /rongly appeals to u4 ,:5ev] a man or woman gives up self = ! good ( o!rs1 we intuitively admire & honor ! de$4 ,! /ory ( ,!rmopyl1 ! leap ( ,curtius into ! yawn+ *asm1 ! *>ge ( ! ,light ,brigade1-- 444 ?\gh ! soldi] knew ,"s "o _h blund]$1-- are in/ances ( h]oic self-sacrifice :i* ! _w is unwill+ to =get4 ,!re is a *>m 9 ,t5nyson's ,godiva or 8 ,eno* ,ard5 beyond ! rea* ( m]e art2 x is f\nd 9 ! noble _s ( ! h]o9e :o replies to ! taunt ( h] husb&1-- ,b ,i w\ld die2 & 9 ! deep self-r5unciation ( ! h]o :o1 9 he>tbreak+ angui%1 pray$1-- ,help me n to break 9 ^u h] peace4 ,! beauty ( a life ( simplicity & b5evol5ce is se5 9 ! immortal ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,8 unaffect$ goodness has made him de> to successive g5]ations4 ,9 l mann] we pay a spontane\s tribute to ,*auc]'s p\re p>son ( a t\ne1 & to ! prea*] ( ! ,des]t$ ,village3 ,a man he 0 to all ! c\ntry de>1 ,& pass+ ri* ) =ty p\nds a ye>2 ,remote f t[ns he ran 8 godly race1 ,nor e'er _h *ang$1 nor wi%$ to *ange1 8 place4 ,unskilful he to fawn1 or seek = p[]1 ,by doctr9es fa%ion$ to ! v>y+ h\r2 ,f> o!r aims 8 he>t _h le>n$ to prize1 ,m b5t to raise ! wret*$ ?an to rise4 ,! fitt+ description ( sc5es & incid5ts ( gr&eur imp>ts dignity & *>m to a production4 ,gr&eur is ( two k9ds3 fir/1 ! gr&eur or sublimity ( natural objects1 su* z ! ocean1 a /orm1 an e>?quake1 or o!r exhibitions ( trem5d\s p[]2 & secondly1 ! moral sublime1 9 :i* ! h]oic s\l rises sup]ior to dang]s & dea?4 ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/ ab\nds 9 grave & sublime passages4 ,byron rea*es ! sublime 9 _m ( ! descriptions ( ,*ilde ,h>old1 ( :i* ! foll[+ w s]ve = illu/ration3 ,f> along ,f peak to peak1 ! rattl+ crags among1 ,leaps ! live ?und]6 ,n f "o lone cl\d1 ,b e m\nta9 n[ ha? f\nd a tongue1 ,& ,jura answ]s1 ?r\gh h] mi/y %r\d1 ,back to ! joy\s ,alps1 :o call to h] al\d4 ,p]haps no f9] in/ance ( ! moral sublime is to be f\nd ?an 9 ! be>+ ( ,lu!r be=e ! ,imp]ial ,diet 9 ! city ( ,worms4 ,he 0 confront$ by ! *ief dignit>ies ( ,*ur* & ,empire4 ,! emp]or himself1 ,*>les ,v1 0 pres5t4 ,w y1 or w y n1 retract8 solemnly dem&$ ! speak] ( ! ,diet4 ,unless1 repli$ ! intrepid re=m]1 unless ,i am conv9c$ by ! te/imony ( ,holy ,scripture or by cle> & indisputable reason+1 ,i _c1 & w n1 retract any?+2 = x is unsafe = a ,*ri/ian to d any?+ aga9/ 8 consci5ce4 ,"h ,i /&1 ,i _c d o!rwise1 ,god help me4 ,am56 ,ano!r s\rce ( beauty is f\nd 9 t5d]ness & pa?os4 ,^! feel+s appeal to ! g5tl] side ( our nature4 ,! pa?os may arise f v>i\s causes1--f b]eav$ affection1 f fond memories1 f sore disappo9tm5ts1 or f helpless suff]+4 ,e "o is famili> ) ,dick5s's description ( ! dea? ( little ,nell 9 ,old ,curiosity ,%op4 ,irv+'s /ory ( ,! ,brok5 ,he>t is deeply pa!tic4 ,! dea?b$ sc5e ( ,colonel ,newcome 9 ,?ack]ay's great novel is notable = its simple pa?os3 ,at ! usual ev5+ h\r ! *apel bell began to toll1 & ,?omas ,newcome's h&s outside ! b$ feebly beat "t4 ,& j z ! la/ bell /ruck1 a peculi> sweet smile %one ov] 8 face1 & he lift$ up 8 head a little1 & quickly said ',adsum6' & fell back4 ,x 0 ! ^w us$ at s*ool1 :5 names 7 call$2 & lo1 he1 ^: he>t 0 t ( a little *ild1 _h answ]$ to 8 "n1 & /ood 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,!re is a t5d] regret 9 ,hood's little poem1 ,i ,rememb]3 ,i rememb]1 ,i rememb]1 ,! fir-trees d>k & high2 ,i us$ to ?9k _! sl5d] tops ,7 close aga9/ ! sky2 ,x 0 a *ildi% ignorance1 ,b n[ 'tis little joy ,to "k ,i'm fur!r (f f heav5 ,?an :5 ,i 0 a boy4 ,! ludicr\s (t5 adds *>m to lit]ature4 ,x is divid$ into two species1--wit & humor4 ,wit consi/s 9 ! discov]y ( remote analogies or relations1 & produces an amus+ surprise4 ,x has v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ! pun1 :i* is a r l[ ord] ( wit1 !re is a play on ! mean+ ( words4 ,punn+ is an art easily acquir$2 b a pun is usually an imp]t95ce to be excus$ only by its felicity4 ,hood 0 "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ( pun/]s2 & 9 8 ballad1 ,fai?less ,nelly ,gray1 ! wit ( ea* /anza is f\nd 9 a pun4 ,b5 ,battle 0 a soldi] bold1 ,& us$ to w>'s al>ms2 ,b a cannon-ball took (f 8 legs1 ,s he laid d[n 8 arms4 ,satire ridicules ! follies & vices ( m51 & is frequ5t 9 bo? anci5t & mod]n lit]ature4 ,sometimes x is good-natur$1 b (t5] x is bitt]4 ,swift's ,tale ( a ,tub is a fi]ce attack ^u ecclesia/ical divisions1 :ile ,pope's ,dunciad1 :i* impales _m ( 8 contempor>y writ]s1 almo/ ru9$ ! reputations x t\*$4 ,addison 9 ! ,spectator is g5ial 9 8 satire4 ,byron is a ma/] ( p[]ful satire1 & 9 ! ,engli% ,b>ds & ,scot* ,review]s he indiscrim9ately lampoons 8 contempor>ies4 ,= example3 ,%all g5tle ,col]idge pass unnotic$ "h1 ,to turgid ode & tumid /anza de>8 ,?\gh !mes ( innoc5ce amuse him be/1 ,yet /ill obscurity's a welcome gue/4 ,if inspiration %\ld h] aid refuse ,to him :o takes a ,pixy = a muse1 ,yet none 9 l(ty numb]s c surpass ,! b>d :o so>s to elegize an ass4 ,h[ well ! subject suits 8 noble m9d6 ',a fell[-feel+ makes u wondr\s k9d6' ,a p>ody is a burlesque imitation & degradation ( some?+ s]i\s4 ,9 8 song1 ,^? ,ev5+ ,bells1 ,moore wrote 9 p5sive mood1-- ,& s 'twill be :5 ,i am gone2 ,t tuneful peal w /ill r+ on1 ,:ile o!r b>ds %all walk ^! dells1 ,& s+ y\r praise1 sweet ev5+ bells4 ,b 9 ,hood's p>ody ( ! same title1 ?is /anza is trave/i$ z foll[s3 ,& s 'twill be :5 %e is gone2 ,t tuneful peal w /ill r+ on1 ,& o!r maids ) timely yells ,=get to /ay ^? ev5+ bells4 ,! o!r pr9cipal =m ( ! ludicr\s is humor4 ,x is wit modifi$ by a g5ial or sympa!tic feel+4 ,x has its orig9 9 ! disposition or "*1 :ile wit spr+s alone f ! intellect4 ,x (t5 p]vades an entire production4 ,:ile wit g5]ally breaks out 9 brief & sudd5 fla%es1 humor is frequ5tly diffus$ ?r\gh an entire "w l a delici\s fragrance4 ,addison's ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ley pap]s 9 ! ,spectator are delightful examples ( delicate humor4 ,hood's ,up ! ,rh9e is a ri* comm+l+ ( wit & humor4 ,dick5s's ,pickwick ,pap]s & ,m>k ,twa9's ,innoc5ts ,abroad are humor\s works ( a broad] type4 ,irv+'s m9or writ+s are suffus$ ) a delightful humor4 ,& no "o :o has read ! humor\s beg9n+ ( ! ,vic> ( ,wakefield is likely to =get x3 ,i 0 ev] ( op9ion1 t ! hone/ man :o m>ri$ & br\ght up a l>ge family1 did m s]vice ?an he :o cont9u$ s+le & only talk$ ( a population4 ,f ?is motive1 ,i _h sc>cely tak5 ord]s a ye>1 be=e ,i began to ?9k s]i\sly ( matrimony1 & *ose my wife1 z %e did h] w$d+-g[n1 n = a f9e glossy surface1 b = su* qualities z w\ld we> well4 ,,review ,,que/ions #be4 ,:at is meant by /hetics8 ,:at are ! two !ories ( beauty8 ,h[ is beauty consid]$ 9 ?is book8 #bf4 ,:at is meant by ta/e8 ,:at are its two elem5ts8 ,:at is said ( _! developm5t8 ,h[ may ta/e be cultivat$8 ,h[ is bad ta/e exhibit$8 ,:at is ! di/9ction betwe5 a ref9$ & a ca?olic ta/e8 #bg4 ,to :at may lit]>y beauty p]ta98 ,:at elem5ts are consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]8 ,:]e d we f9d beauty ( =m & ( cont5t unit$8 ,:y is vivid description an elem5t ( beauty8 ,give an illu/ration4 ,h[ may m$itative reflection become an elem5t ( beauty8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is meant by h>mony ( ?\ght & expression8 ,give an example4 ,h[ may s\nd ren=ce ! s5se8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is said ab\t felicit\s expression8 ,:at writ]s excel 9 felicity ( expression8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is said ( high spiritual tru?8 ,"n ! ?ree great prov9ces ( ?\ght4 ,:at does ,l[ell ?9k ( ! evils 9 ! _w8 ,:at does ,rusk9 say ( ! ph5om5a ( nature8 ,:at is said ( noble ?\ght & s5tim5t8 ,:at makes ,patrick ,h5ry's spee* ?rill+8 ,h[ did ,c>lyle conceive ( nature8 ,:at is said ( love 9 lit]ature8 ,:at is ,br[n+'s idea8 ,:at is ! effect ( portray+ noble "*8 ,:at is said ( obsc5e realism8 ,to :at does ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson owe its pr9cipal *>m8 ,:at does ,c>lyle say ( ,lu!r8 ,:at is said ( h]oic self-sacrifice8 ,illu/rate4 ,:]e d we see ! beauty ( simple goodness portray$8 ,:at is ! effect ( ! fitt+ portrayal ( gr&eur8 ,:at two k9ds ( gr&eur are di/+ui%$8 ,m5tion "s objects ( natural gr&eur4 ,illu/rate f ,byron4 ,give an illu/ration ( ! moral sublime4 ,to :at does pa?os appeal8 ,illu/rate4 ,repeat ! quotation f ,hood4 ,:at two species ( ! ludicr\s are di/+ui%$8 ,:at is wit8 ,:at is a pun8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is satire8 ,:at are ! two k9ds ( satire8 ,give an illu/ration4 ,:at is a p>ody8 ,illu/rate4 ,h[ does humor diff] f wit8 ,give an example ( humor4 ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! foll[+ extracts %\ld be c>efully /udi$ = ! purpose ( det]m9+ _! elem5ts ( int]nal excell5ce or beauty4 ,!y %\ld be te/$ by su* que/ions z ^!3 ,is ! extract descriptive or m$itative8 ,:at gives vividness to ! description8 ,:at po9ts are br\ght out 9 ! m$itation8 ,:at is ! ma9 ?\ght or feel+ pres5t$8 ,does x p]ta9 to man1 nature1 or ,god8 ,:at phases ( nature are consid]$8 ,:at elem5t ( "* is set =?8 ,is !re dignity or felicity ( expression8 ,is gr&eur portray$8 ,is x physical or moral8 ,is !re t5d]ness or pa?os8 ,:at gives x ?is elem5t8 ,is !re art or humor8 ,:at k9d ( wit8 ,:at is ! *ief s\rce ( beauty8 ,a man f ,ma9e1 :o _h nev] paid m ?an tw5ty-five c5ts = admission to an ent]ta9m5t1 w5t to a ,new ,york !atre :]e ! play 0 ,! ,=ty ,?ieves1 & 0 *>g$ a doll> & a half = a ticket4 ,h&+ ! pa/ebo>d back1 he rem>k$1 ,keep x1 ,mi/]2 ,i don't want to see ! o!r ?irty-n9e4--,,anon4 ,,old ,,ironsides ,o bett] t h] %att]$ hulk ,%\ld s9k b5ea? ! wave2 ,h] ?und]s %ook ! mighty deep1 ,& !re %\ld be h] grave2 ,nail to ! ma/ h] holy flag1 ,set e ?readb>e sail1 ,& give h] to ! god ( /orms1 ,! lightn+ & ! gale4--,,holmes4 ,?\gh ,i speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & ( angels1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am become z s\nd+ brass1 or a t9kl+ cymbal4 ,& ?\gh ,i h ! gift ( prophecy1 & und]/& all my/]ies1 & all k2 & ?\gh ,i h all fai?1 s t ,i c\ld remove m\nta9s1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+4 ,& ?\gh ,i be/[ all my goods to fe$ ! poor1 & ?\gh ,i give my body to be burn$1 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+4--,,paul4 ,=? goes ! woodman1 leav+ unconc]n$ ,! *e]ful haunts ( man1 to wield ! axe ,& drive ! w$ge 9 yond] =e/ dre>1 ,f morn to eve 8 solit>y task4 ,%aggy1 & lean1 & %rewd1 ) po9t$ e>s ,& tail cropp$ %ort1 half lur*] & half cur1 ,8 dog att5ds him6 ,close beh9d 8 heel ,n[ creeps he sl[2 & n[1 ) _m a frisk ,wide-scamp]+1 snat*es up ! drift$ sn[ ,) ivory tee?1 or pl\ghs x ) 8 sn\t2 ,!n %akes 8 p[d]$ coat1 & b>ks = joy4 ,he$less ( all 8 pranks1 ! /urdy *url ,moves "r t[>d ! m>k2 nor /ops = aught1 ,b n[ & !n ) pressure ( 8 ?umb1 ,to adju/ ! fragrant *>ge ( a %ort tube1 ,t fumes b5ea? 8 nose2 ! trail+ cl\d ,/reams f> beh9d him1 sc5t+ all ! air4--,,c[p]4 ,oh1 ! grave6 ! grave6 ,x buries e error1 cov]s e defect1 ext+ui%es e res5tm5t4 ,f its peaceful bosom spr+ none b fond regrets & t5d] recollections4 ,:o c look d[n ^u ! grave ev5 ( an enemy1 & n feel a compuncti\s ?rob t he %\ld ev] h w>r$ ) ! poor h&ful ( e>? t lies mold]+ be=e him8 ,b ! grave ( ^? we lov$1--:at a place = m$itation6 ,!re x is we call up1 9 long review1 ! :ole hi/ory ( virtue & g5tl5ess1 & ! ?\s& ende>m5ts lavi%$ ^u u1 almo/ unhe$$1 9 ! daily int]c\rse ( intimacy2 !re x is t we dwell ^u ! t5d]ness1 ! solemn1 awful t5d]ness ( ! p>t+ sc5e4--,,irv+4 ,,joan ,,( ,,arc ,! execution] _h be5 direct$ to apply 8 tor* f bel[4 ,he did s4 ,! fi]y smoke rose up 9 bill[y columns4 ,a ,dom9ican monk 0 !n /&+ almo/ at h] side4 ,wrapp$ up 9 8 sublime (fice1 he saw n ! dang]1 b /ill p]si/$ 9 8 pray]s4 ,ev5 !n :5 ! la/ enemy 0 rac+ up ! fi]y /airs to seize h]1 ev5 at t mom5t did ?is noble/ ( girls ?9k only = him1 ! "o fri5d t w\ld n =sake h]1 & n h]self2 bidd+ him ) h] la/ brea? to c>e = 8 own pres]vation1 b to leave h] to ,god4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,o1 lay ?y h& 9 m9e1 de>6 ,we're gr[+ old2 ,b ,"t ha? br\ght no sign1 de>1 ,t he>ts gr[ cold4 ',tis long1 long s9ce our new love ,made life div9e2 ,b age enri*e? true love1 ,l noble w9e4--,,massey4 ,! noon-day sun came slant+ d[n ! rocky slopes ( ,la ,ricca1 & its masses ( entangl$ & tall foliage1 ^: autumnal t9ts 7 mix$ ) ! wet v]dure ( a ?\s& ev]gre5s1 7 p5etrat$ ) x z ) ra94 ,i _c call x color1 x 0 conflagration4 ,purple1 & crimson1 & sc>let1 l ! curta9s ( ,god's tab]nacle1 ! rejoic+ trees sank into ! valley 9 %[]s ( light1 e sep>ate leaf quiv]+ ) buoyant & burn+ life2 ea*1 z x turn$ to reflect or to transmit ! sunbeam1 fir/ a tor* & !n an em]ald4 ,f> up into ! recesses ( ! valley1 ! gre5 vi/as1 ar*$ l ! holl[s ( mighty waves ( "s cry/all9e sea1 ) ! arbutus fl[]s da%$ along _! flanks = foam1 & silv] flakes ( orange spray toss$ into ! air ar\nd !m1 break+ ov] ! gray walls ( rock into a ?\s& sep>ate />s1 fad+ & k9dl+ alt]nately z ! weak w9d lift$ & let !m fall4--,,rusk94 ,g9]al ,c4 is a dreffle sm>t man2 ,he's b5 on all sides t give places or pelf1 ,b consi/5cy /ill wuz a "p ( 8 plan1-- ,he's be5 true to "o p>ty1--& !t is himself2 ,s ,john ,p4 ,rob9son he ,sez he %all vote = ,g9]al ,c4 ,g9]al ,c4 he goes 9 f] ! w>2 ,he don't vally pr9ciple m 'n an old cud2 ,wut did ,god make u raytional creeturs f]1 ,b glory an' gunp[d]1 plund] an' blood8 ,s ,john ,p4 ,rob9son he ,sez he %all vote = ,g9]al ,c4--,,l[ell4 ,,woman ,n %e ) traitor\s kiss h] ,savi\r /ung1 ,n %e d5i$ him ) unholy tongue2 ,%e1 :ile apo/les %rank1 c\ld dang]s brave1 ,la/ at ! cross & e>lie/ at ! grave4--,,b>rett4 ,te>s1 idle te>s1 ,i "k n :at !y mean1 ,te>s f ! dep?s ( "s div9e despair ,rise 9 ! he>t1 & ga!r to ! eyes1 ,9 look+ on ! happy ,autumn-fields1 ,& ?9k+ ( ! days t are no m4 ,fre% z ! fir/ beam glitt]+ on a sail ,t br+s our fri5ds up f ! und]world1 ,sad z ! la/ :i* r$d5s ov] "o ,t s9ks ) all we love bel[ ! v]ge2 ,s sad1 s fre%1 ! days t are no m4--,,t5nyson4 ,no nation :i* did n contemplate ?is wond]ful univ]se ) an awe-/rick5 & rev]5tial belief t !re 0 a great unkn[n1 omnipot5t1 & all-wise & all-j ,be+1 sup]9t5d+ all m5 9 x1 & all int]e/s 9 x--no nation ev] came to v mu*1 nor did any man ei!r1 :o =got t4 ,if a man did =get t1 he =got ! mo/ important "p ( 8 mission 9 ?is _w4--,,c>lyle4 ,,goldsmi? ,?9k ( him reckless1 ?riftless1 va9 if y l--b m]ciful1 g5tle1 g5]\s1 full ( love & pity4 ,he passes out ( our life & goes to r5d] 8 acc\nt beyond x4 ,?9k ( ! poor p5sion]s weep+ at 8 grave2 ?9k ( ! noble spirits t admir$ & deplor$ him2 ?9k ( ! righte\s p5 t wrote 8 epitaph--& ! wond]ful & unanim\s response ( affection ) :i* ! _w has paid ! love he gave x4 ,8 humor delight+ u /ill2 8 song fre% & beautiful z :5 he fir/ *>m$ ) x2 8 words 9 all our m\?s2 8 v weaknesses belov$ & famili>--8 b5evol5t _s seems /ill to smile ^u u2 to d g5tle k9dnesses2 to succor ) sweet *>ity2 to c>ess1 to soo!1 & =give2 to plead ) ! =tunate = ! unhappy & ! poor--,,?ack]ay4 ,we wat*$ h] brea?+ ?r\gh ! night1 ,h] brea?+ s(t & l[1 ,z 9 h] brea/ ! wave ( life ,kept heav+ to & fro4 ,our v hopes beli$ our fe>s1 ,our fe>s our hopes beli$1-- ,we ?\ght h] dy+ :5 %e slept1 ,& sleep+ :5 %e di$4 ,= :5 ! morn came1 dim & sad1 ,& *ill ) e>ly %[]s1 ,h] quiet eyelids clos$1--%e _h ,ano!r morn ?an ours4--,,hood4 ,,note ,9 addition to ! =ego+ extracts1 ^? app5d$ to ! previ\s *apt]s may be exam9$ aga9 ) ! special view ( discov]+ _! /hetic elem5ts4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /ud5t may be requir$ to /udy complete works--su* z ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$ ,village1 ,burns's ,cott]'s ,saturday ,night1 ,t5nyson's ,eno* ,ard51 ,scott's ,ivanhoe1 ,dick5s's ,david ,copp]field1 & o!rs t w occur to ! tea*]--9 ord] to discov] ! beauties ( description1 m$itation1 ?\ght1 s5tim5t1 "*1 & o!r /hetic elem5ts awak5+ pleasure & imp>t+ excell5ce4 ,! results may be pres5t$ ei!r orally or 9 writ+4 ,,"p ,,second ,,rhetorical ,,elem5ts ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,words1 ,,s5t5ces1 ,,p>agraphs #bh4 ,engli% ,composite4 ,! ,engli% language is composite1 its words be+ drawn f v>i\s s\rces4 ,! orig9al & pr9cipal elem5t is ,anglo-,saxon1 :i* prevail$ 9 ,engl& = ab\t five hundr$ ye>s4 ,by ! conque/ ( ,william ( ,norm&y1 ,fr5* 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1 & 0 spok5 by ! rul+ classes = ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,! amalgamation ( ! ,anglo-,saxon & ! ,norman ,fr5*--a process t 0 fairly complet$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury--result$ 9 mod]n ,engli%4 ,b num]\s words came 9 f o!r s\rces4 ,! e>ly introduction ( ,roman ,*ri/ianity into ,engl&1 & ! revival ( le>n+ at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 introduc$ a l>ge ,lat9 elem5t4 ,! ,celtic population ( ! ,briti% ,isles contribut$ a few words1 su* z pibro*1 clan1 b>d4 ,a consid]able ,greek elem5t has be5 introduc$ by !ology & sci5ce1 & ,engli% conque/s & comm]ce h introduc$ words f almo/ e portion ( ! globe1 ( :i* pagoda1 baza>1 v$a1 bamboo1 taboo1 & raccoon w s]ve z examples4 ,! composite "* ( our language has made x v copi\s & v int]e/+4 ,no o!r language has s _m words1 our l>ge/ diction>ies def9+ m ?an a hundr$ ?\s&4 ,e ^w has its hi/ory1 & (t5 a v int]e/+ "o4 ,raccoon1 = in/ance1 takes u back to ! adv5tures ( ! r$\btable ,john ,smi? 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! ^w bi%op c>ries u back to ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity among ! ,anglo-,saxons at ! close ( ! six? c5tury1 & !n ?r\gh ! ,lat9 to ! primitive days ( ! ,*ur*1 :5 an episkopos1 or ov]se]1 presid$ ov] ! newly f\nd$ congregations 9 ! lead+ cities ( ,greece4 ,taboo rem9ds u ( ,engli% explorations & conque/s 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,?us ne>ly e ^w may be trac$ to its s\rce &1 rightly und]/ood1 is freight$ ) tales ( conque/1 battle1 exploration1 comm]ce1 sci5ce1 & inv5tion4 ,x c>ries ) x its mean+ & atmosph]e ( association1 :i* ! intellig5t & skillful writ] kn[s h[ to use to advantage4 #bi4 ,anglo-,saxon & ,lat9 ,elem5ts4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon or ,teutonic elem5t ( our language embraces ab\t sixty p] c5t ( ! words 9 common use4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! trunk1 on :i* ! o!r elem5ts h be5 graft$ z bran*es4 ,! ,lat9 elem5t embraces ab\t ?irty p] c5t ( an ord9>y vocabul>y1 ne>ly two ?irds ( :i*1 or ab\t tw5ty p] c5t1 comes ?r\gh ! ,fr5*4 ,! "q has be5 rais$ z to :i* elem5t is pref]able4 ,%\ld a writ]'s /yle be ,saxoniz$ or ,lat9iz$8 ,no absolute rule c be laid d[n4 ,! two elem5ts supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,9 g5]al ! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t comprises concrete t]ms1 & ! ,lat9 elem5t ab/ract t]ms4 ,z ,tr5* has po9t$ out1 ,! great features ( nature1 sun1 moon1 & />s1 e>?1 wat]1 & fire2 ! divisions ( "t2 ?ree out ( ! f\r seasons1 spr+1 summ]1 & w9t]2 ! features ( natural sc5]y1 ! words us$ 9 e>lie/ *ildhood1 ! simpl] emotions ( ! m9d2 all ! prime social relations1 fa!r1 "m1 husb&1 wife1 son1 daught]1 bro!r1 si/]1--^! are ( native gr[? & unborr[$4#eg3a ,x is ?us se5 t ! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t is full ( =ce 9 its pres5tation ( def9ite concrete objects2 & x is a notewor?y fact t our be/ writ]s use a l>ge proportion ( native words4 ,9 ord9>y disc\rse none ( our be/ writ]s1 p]haps1 fall bel[ sev5ty p] c5t ( ,anglo-,saxon4 ,b 9 philosophy1 :i* deals l>gely ) ab/ract ideas1 ! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t1 z 9 passages f ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 may fall z l[ z sixty p] c5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to e/imate ! p]c5tage ( ,anglo-,saxon or ,lat9 9 an au?or4 ,?is may easily be done by c\nt+ ! numb] ( words 9 a giv5 passage = ! d5om9ator1 & ! numb] ( ,anglo-,saxon or ,lat9 words = ! num]ator ( a common fraction1 :i* may !n be r$uc$ to a decimal4 #cj4 ,:at ,elem5t to ,*oose4 ,a writ]'s /yle %\ld be det]m9$ by high] consid]ations ?an ! delib]ate purpose to use z f> z possible any s+le elem5t ( our language4 ,su* a purpose deg5]ates into affectation1 & becomes a mann]ism4 ,! foll[+ extract f a sonnet by ,addison ,alex&] %[s :at may be done by %ort ,anglo-,saxon words2 b1 because ( its lack ( musical rhy?m & f9e poetic quality1 x is n to be comm5d$ z a model3 ,?9k n t /r5g? lies 9 ! big r\nd ^w1 ,or t ! brief & pla9 mu/ ne$s be weak4 ,to :om c ?is be true :o once has he>d ,! cry = help1 ! tongue t all m5 speak ,:5 want1 or woe1 or fe>1 is 9 ! ?roat1 ,s t ea* ^w gasp$ out is l a %riek ,press$ f ! sore he>t1 or a /range wild note ,sung by "s fay or fi5d4 ,) ?is may be comp>$ ! foll[+ l9es f a sonnet by ,longfell[1 9 :i* ! musical effect ( ! ,lat9 elem5t w be cle>ly recogniz$3 ,i saw ! long l9e ( ! vacant %ore1 ,& ! sea-we$ & ! %ells ^u ! s&1 ,& ! br[n rocks left b>e on e h&1 ,z if ! ebb+ tide w\ld fl[ no m4 ,!n he>d ,i1 m di/9ctly ?an be=e1 ,! ocean brea! & its great brea/ exp&1 ,& hurry+ came on ! def5celess l& ,! insurg5t wat]s ) tumultu\s ro>4 ,! use ( ,lat9 words (t5 gives cle>ness & melody to /yle2 & in/ead ( a viol5t ef=t to ,saxonize 8 writ+1 an au?or %\ld clo! 8 ?\ghts 9 ! diction t is mo/ fitt+ & expressive4 #ca4 ,diction4 ,ari/otle truly said t ! beg9n+ ( /yle is correctness ( diction4 ,by diction is meant ! *oice & use ( words4 ,good diction lies at ! basis ( good writ+4 ,words are us$ to express ideas2 & 9 view ( ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple1 x foll[s t !y %\ld be intelligible & correct4 ,!y %\ld belong to our language2 & h5ce ! use ( =eign words & phrases1 except to supply a real want 9 ,engli%1 is g5]ally 9 bad ta/e4 ,! use ( prov9cial expressions1 su* z tote = c>ry1 is to be avoid$1 except 9 ! portrayal ( prov9cial "*4 ,ar*aic words1 z well z ^? t h n yet e/abli%$ !mselves1 %\ld n be employ$4 ,= ^! two classes ( words ,pope has laid d[n an excell5t rule 9 8 ,essay on ,criticism3 ,9 words1 z fa%ions1 ! same rule w hold1 ,alike fanta/ic1 if too new or old2 ,be n ! fir/ by :om ! new are tri$1 ,nor yet ! la/ to lay ! old aside4 ,!re is sometimes an obvi\s ef=t among "y or half-cultur$ writ]s to seek aft] unusual words4 ,unless ! purpose ( disc\rse is to be defeat$1 x is evid5t t ! words us$ by a writ] %\ld h _! accept$ & exact mean+4 ,! /udy ( etymology1 ?\gh sometimes mislead+1 is v helpful 9 le>n+ ! exact =ce ( words4 ,!re are v few words 9 our language t are exactly synonym\s2 & :ile synonyms are (t5 loosely us$1 ! skillful writ] is c>eful to di/+ui% _! diff]5t %ades ( mean+4 ,?is nice use ( words1 impossible to ! uncultivat$ m9d1 adds an exquisite *>m to writ+4 ,a v common fault ( diction results 9 :at is call$ f9e writ+4 ,?is fault consi/s 9 ! *oice ( high-s\nd+ words to express commonplace ideas4 ,x is ! besett+ vice ( half-educat$ writ]s4 ,9 ! h&s ( su* p]sons a fair lady becomes a female possess+ consid]able p]sonal attractions1 & dr9k+ liquor turns into +urgitat+ spiritu\s /imulus4 ,except = purposes ( wit or humor1 ?is affectation is n to be tol]at$4 #cb4 ,s5t5ces4 ,9 read+ v>i\s au?ors1 x is readily obs]v$ t !y use diff]5t k9ds ( s5t5ces4 ,"s writ]s use %ort s5t5ces1 o!rs long & complicat$ s5t5ces4 ,9 comp>+ rec5t au?ors ) ^? ( two or ?ree c5turies ago1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t %ort] s5t5ces are n[ m frequ5t4 ,?is brevity & simplicity ( pr$ication has result$ 9 great] cle>ness4 ,b ! con/ant use ( %ort1 simple s5t5ces produces a disagreeable monotony4 ,s5t5ces are rhetorically di/+ui%$ z loose1 p]iodic1 & balanc$4 ,a loose s5t5ce is "o 9 :i* ! mean+ is complete at "o or m po9ts be=e ! end4 ,?us1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,pilgrim's ,progress1 we read3 ,z ,i walk$ ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ?is _w1 ,i light$ on a c]ta9 place :]e 0 a d51 & laid me d[n 9 t place to sleep2 & z ,i slept1 ,i dream$ a dream4 ,a p]iodic s5t5ce holds ! mean+ 9 susp5se till ! close4 ,= example1 ,macaulay writes3 ,if any man c\ld h succe$$ 9 ?is attempt1 a man ( tal5ts s r>e1 ( judgm5ts s prematurely ripe1 ( temp] s calm1 & ( mann]s s plausible1 might h be5 expect$ to succe$4 ,a balanc$ s5t5ce consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! "o correspond+ to ! o!r4 ,9 ,johnson's fam\s p>allel we read3 ,! /yle ( ,dryd5 is caprici\s & v>i$1 t ( ,pope is cauti\s & uni=m2 ,dryd5 obeys ! motions ( 8 own m9d1 ,pope con/ra9s 8 m9d to 8 own rules ( composition4 ,dryd5 is sometimes vehem5t & rapid2 ,pope is always smoo?1 uni=m1 & g5tle4 ,a good /yle is apt to make use ( all ?ree k9ds ( s5t5ces1 :i* give an agreeable div]sity to composition4 ,! exclusive use ( any "o =m produces monotony4 ,9 /udy+ a writ]'s /yle1 x is important to det]m9e ! prevail+ type1 z well z ! av]age l5g?1 ( 8 s5t5ces4 ,?is inve/igation w give u "s insight into a s\rce ( 8 weakness or p[]1 & furni% a basis ( int]e/+ comp>ison ) o!rs4 ,e s5t5ce %\ld h cle>ness1 unity1 h>mony1 & /r5g?4 ,( ^! f\r qualities1 cle>ness is ! mo/ important2 = )\t x ! purpose ( disc\rse is defeat$4 ,ap>t f ! "r *oice & position ( words1 cle>ness is secur$ by unity ( ?\ght4 ,?is requires t ! ma9 subject reta9 a dom9ant place ?r\gh\t ! s5t5ce4 ,! writ] %\ld n all[ himself to be swit*$ (f f ! ma9 proposition4 ,h>mony is atta9$ by ! *oice ( euphoni\s words1 & by _! arrangem5t 9 an agreeable or rhy?mical ord]4 ,/r5g? is secur$1 9 l>ge measure1 by ! omission ( unnecess>y words4 ,! error ( repeat+ ! same ?\ght 9 diff]5t words is call$ tautology1 :ile ! use ( m words ?an are necess>y is kn[n z pleonasm or r$undancy4 ,! fault ( r$undancy is mo/ likely to be f\nd 9 ! use ( adjectives2 & a *a/e or classic /yle appe>s p>ticul>ly 9 a sev]e self-re/ra9t 9 ! use ( qualify+ expressions4 #cc4 ,p>agraph4 ,a p>agraph consi/s ( a gr\p ( s5t5ces relat$ 9 ?\ght4 ,x conta9s ! discussion ( a s+le phase ( ! subject4 ,! nature ( ! p>agraph det]m9es its laws4 ,! p>agraph1 l ea* s5t5ce1 %\ld be *>act]iz$ by unity4 ,! op5+ s5t5ce %\ld conta9 ! subject1 or phase ( ! subject1 to be discuss$4 ,! succe$+ treatm5t %\ld be cumulative 9 "*1 s t ! read] is l$ on by a s5se ( ! unfold+ ( ! po9t "u consid]ation4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( exp&+ or build+ up ! p>agraph4 ,x may be exp&$ by a process ( def9ition4 ,frequ5tly "o specification aft] ano!r is giv5 till all sides ( ! subject h be5 pres5t$4 ,sometimes a g5]al /atem5t is foll[$ by concrete & individual in/ances4 ,aga91 ! developm5t ( ! p>agraph takes ! =m ( pro( or illu/ration4 ,b :atev] may be ! =m ( developm5t1 x %\ld gr[ 9 importance till ! conclusion4 ,! importance ( p>agraph+ is (t5 lo/ sight ( by ev5 exp]i5c$ writ]s4 ,sometimes !re is an abs5ce ( cle>1 def9ite ?\ght4 ,h5ce x happ5s t we frequ5tly f9d :ole pages )\t any break to indicate ! transitions ( ?\ght4 ,su* writ+ is apt to leave a confus$ or obscure impression4 ,,footnotes3 #eg3a ,tr5*'s ,/udy ( ,words1 #aee4 ,,review ,,que/ions #bh4 ,:y is ! ,engli% language call$ composite8 ,:i* is ! pr9cipal elem5t8 ,h[ 0 ,fr5* introduc$8 ,:at 0 ! orig9 ( our pres5t ,engli%8 ,:5ce came ! ,lat9 elem5t8 ,"n "s o!r elem5ts & _! s\rces4 ,:at is said ( ! copi\sness ( our language8 ( ! hi/ory ( words8 ,give illu/rations4 #bi4 ,:at p] c5t 9 daily use is ,anglo-,saxon8 ,:at p] c5t is ,lat98 ,:at proportion ( ! ,lat9 elem5t comes ?r\gh ! ,fr5*8 ,:i* elem5t is pref]able8 ,:at classes ( words are ,anglo-,saxon8 ,:at p] c5t ( ,anglo-,saxon words is us$ by our be/ writ]s8 ,h[ d y e/imate ! p]c5tage8 #cj4 ,h[ is ! purpose to use a s+le elem5t ( our language *>act]iz$8 ,contra/ ! sonnets ( ,alex&] & ,longfell[4 ,:at %\ld det]m9e ! writ]'s *oice ( words8 #ca4 ,:at did ,ari/otle say ( diction8 ,:at is meant by diction8 ,:at qualities %\ld diction h8 ,:at is said ( ! use ( =eign words & phrases8 ,:at is a prov9cialism8 ,def9e ar*aism & neologism4 ,:at is ,pope's rule 9 reg>d to !m8 ,:at is said ( ! /udy ( etymology8 ( synonyms8 ( ! nice use ( words8 ,:at is meant by f9e writ+8 ,give an illu/ration4 #cb4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! s5t5ces ( rec5t & old] writ]s8 ,:at is ! ga9 9 %ort pr$ication8 ,:at is ! rhetorical classification ( s5t5ces8 ,def9e loose1 p]iodic1 & balanc$ s5t5ces4 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is said ( a good /yle8 ,:at f\r *>act]i/ics %\ld a s5t5ce h8 ,:i* is ! mo/ important8 ,:y8 ,:at is meant by unity8 ,h[ is h>mony atta9$8 ,h[ is /r5g? or en]gy secur$8 ,expla9 tautology & r$undancy4 ,by :at is a classic /yle *>act]iz$8 #cc4 ,:at is a p>agraph8 ,:at %\ld be its *ief *>act]i/ic8 ,:at %\ld ! op5+ s5t5ce d8 ,h[ is ! p>agraph exp&$ or develop$8 ,:at is ! effect ( bad p>agraph+8 ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! foll[+ extracts %\ld be te/$ by su* que/ions z ^!3 ,:at p]c5tage ( ! words is ,anglo-,saxon8 ,:at p]c5tage is ,lat98 ,f :at s\rces are !re o!r words8 ,is ! diction pure1 appropriate1 & precise8 ,are !re prov9cialisms1 ar*aisms1 neologisms8 ,are synonyms c>efully discrim9at$8 ,is ! diction high-fl[n8 ,:at proportion ( s5t5ces are simple8 complex8 comp\nd8 ,:at proportion are loose8 p]iodic8 balanc$8 ,:at is ! av]age numb] ( words8 ,are ! s5t5ces cle>8 ,d !y %[ unity ( /ructure8 ,are !y h>moni\s8 ,are !y =cible8 ,c any words be omitt$ )\t loss8 ,is !re tautology or r$undancy8 ,are ! p>agraphs well built up8 ,by :at means are !y develop$8 ,yea1 "h !y he>d cont9ually ! s++ ( birds1 & saw e day ! fl[]s appe> 9 ! e>?1 & he>d ! voice ( ! turtle 9 ! l&4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! sun %9e? night & day2 :]e=e ?is 0 beyond ! valley ( ! ,%ad[ ( ,dea?1 & also out ( ! rea* ( ,giant ,despair2 nei!r c\ld !y f ?is place s mu* z see ,d\bt+-,ca/le4 ,"h !y 7 )9 sight ( ! ,city !y 7 go+ to3 also "h met !m "s ( ! inhabitants !re(2 = 9 ?is l& ! %9+ ones commonly walk$1 because x 0 ^u ! bord]s ( heav54--,,bunyan4 ,god t made ! _w & all ?+s !re91 see+ t he is ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 dwelle? n 9 temples made ) h&s2 nei!r is wor%ipp$ ) m5's h&s1 z ?\gh he ne$$ any ?+1 see+ he give? to all life1 & brea?1 & all ?+s2 & ha? made ( "o blood all nations ( m5 = to dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?1 & ha? det]m9$ ! times be=e appo9t$1 & ! b\nds ( _! habitation2 t !y %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] him1 & f9d him1 ?\gh he be n f> f e "o ( u2 = 9 him we live1 & move1 & h our be+2 z c]ta9 also ( y\r own poets h said1 = we are also 8 (fspr+4--,,paul4 ,criticism1 ei!r didactic or def5sive1 occupies almo/ all 8 prose1 except ^? pages :i* he has devot$ to 8 patrons2 b none ( 8 prefaces 7 ev] ?\ght t$i\s4 ,!y h n ! =mality ( a settl$ /yle1 9 :i* ! fir/ half ( ! s5t5ce betrays ! o!r4 ,! clauses are nev] balanc$1 nor ! p]iods model$2 e ^w seems to drop by *ance1 ?\gh x falls into its prop] place4 ,no?+ is cold or languid2 ! :ole is airy1 animat$1 & vigor\s2 :at is little1 is gay2 & :at is great1 is spl5did4 ,he may be ?\ght to m5tion himself too frequ5tly2 b :ile he =ces himself ^u our e/eem1 we _c refuse him to /& high 9 8 own4 ,ev]y?+ is excus$ by ! play ( images & ! spritel9ess ( expression4 ,?\gh all is easy1 no?+ is feeble2 ?\gh all seems c>eless1 !re is no?+ h>%2 & ?\gh1 s9ce 8 e>li] works1 m ?an a c5tury has pass$1 !y h no?+ yet unc\? or obsolete4--,,samuel ,,johnson4 ,! only accession :i* ! ,roman empire receiv$1 dur+ ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 0 ! prov9ce ( ,brita94 ,9 ?is s+le in/ance1 ! successors ( ,cs> & ,augu/us 7 p]suad$ to foll[ ! example ( ! =m]1 r ?an ! precept ( ! latt]4 ,! proximity ( its situation to ! coa/ ( ,gaul seem$ to invite _! arms2 ! pleas+ ?\gh d\btful intellig5ce ( a pe>l fi%]y attract$ _! av>ice2 & z ,brita9 0 view$ 9 ! light ( a di/9ct & insulat$ _w1 ! conque/ sc>cely =m$ any exception to ! g5]al sy/em ( cont95tal measures4 ,aft] a w> ( ab\t =ty ye>s1 und]tak5 by ! mo/ /upid1 ma9ta9$ by ! mo/ dissolute1 & t]m9at$ by ! mo/ timid ( all ! emp]ors1 ! f> great] "p ( ! isl& submitt$ to ! ,roman yoke4 ,,gibbon4 ,a mob is a society ( bodies volunt>ily b]eav+ !mselves ( reason1 & trav]s+ its "w4 ,! mob is man volunt>ily desc5d+ to ! nature ( ! bea/4 ,its fit h\r ( activity is night4 ,its actions are insane1 l its :ole con/itution4 ,x p]secutes a pr9ciple2 x w\ld :ip a "r2 x w\ld t> & fea!r ju/ice by inflict+ fire & outrage ^u ! h\ses & p]sons ( ^? :o h ^!4 ,x resembles ! prank ( boys :o run ) fire-eng9es to put out ! ruddy aurora /ream+ to ! />s4 ,! inviolate _s turns t spite aga9/ ! wrong-do]s4 ,! m>tyr _c be di%onor$4 ,e la% inflict$ is a tongue ( fame2 e prison a m illu/ri\s abode2 e burn$ book or h\se enlight5s ! _w2 e suppress$ or expung$ ^w rev]b]ates ?r\gh ! e>? f side to side4 ,h\rs ( sanity & consid]ation are always arriv+ to communities1 z to individuals1 :5 ! tru? is se51 & ! m>tyrs are ju/ifi$4--,,em]son4 ,i d5y n b t x is ( greate/ conc]nm5t1 9 ! ,*ur* & ,commonweal?1 to h a vigilant eye h[ books demean !mselves1 z well z m52 & !reaft] to conf9e1 imprison1 & d %>pe/ ju/ice on !m z malefactors4 ,= books are n absolutely dead ?+s1 b d conta9 a pot5cy ( life 9 !m to be z active z t s\l 0 ^: prog5y !y are2 nay1 !y d pres]ve z 9 a vial ! pure/ efficacy & extraction ( t liv+ intellect t br$ !m4 ,i "k !y are z lively1 & z vigor\sly productive1 z ^? fabul\s dragon's tee?2 &1 be+ s[n up & d[n1 may *ance to spr+ up arm$ m54 ,& yet1 on ! o!r h&1 unless w>9ess be us$1 z good almo/ kill a man z kill a good book3 :o kills a man kills a reasonable creature1 ,god's image2 b he :o de/roys a good book kills reason itself1 kills ! image ( ,god1 z x 71 9 ! eye4 ,_m a man lives a burd5 to ! e>?2 b a good book is ! preci\s life-blood ( a ma/]-_s1 embalm$ & treasur$ up on purpose to a life beyond life4--,,milton4 ,?us ! ,puritan 0 made up ( two diff]5t m51 ! "o all self-abasem5t1 p5it5ce1 gratitude1 passion1 ! o!r pr\d1 calm1 inflexible1 sagaci\s4 ,he pro/rat$ himself 9 ! du/ be=e 8 ,mak]2 b he set 8 foot on ! neck ( 8 k+4 ,9 8 devotional retirem5t1 he pray$ ) convulsions1 & groans1 & te>s4 ,he 0 half-madd5$ by glori\s or t]rible illusions4 ,he he>d ! lyres ( angels or ! tempt+ :isp]s ( fi5ds4 ,he caught a gleam ( ! ,beatific ,vision1 or woke scream+ f dreams ( ev]la/+ fire4 ,b :5 he took 8 seat 9 ! c\ncil1 or girt on 8 sword = w>1 ^! tempe/u\s work+s ( ! s\l _h left no p]ceptible trace beh9d !m4 ,p :o saw no?+ ( ! godly b _! unc\? visages1 & :o he>d no?+ f !m b _! groans & _! :9+ hymns1 might laugh at !m4 ,b ^? _h little reason to laugh :o enc\nt]$ !m 9 ! hall ( debate or 9 ! field ( battle4--,,macaulay4 ,m manife/ /ill are ! physiological b5efits ( emotional pleasures4 ,e p[]1 bodily & m5tal1 is increas$ by good spirits1 :i* is our "n = a g5]al emotional satisfaction4 ,! tru? t ! fundam5tal vital actions--^? ( nutrition--are fur!r$ by laught]-mov+ conv]sation1 or r by ! pleasurable feel+ caus+ laught]1 is "o ( old /&+2 & e dyspeptic kn[s t 9 exhil>at+ company1 a l>ge & v>i$ d9n]1 includ+ n v dige/ible ?+s1 may be eat5 ) impunity1 &1 inde$1 ) b5efit1 :ile a small1 c>efully *os5 d9n] ( simple ?+s1 eat5 9 solitude1 w be foll[$ by indige/ion4--,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,,note ,9 addition to ! =ego+ extracts1 "s ( ^? previ\sly giv51 9 poetry z well z prose1 may be /udi$ 9 ! same way4 ,fur!rmore1 ! /ud5t may be requir$ to exam9e m at l5g? a few au?ors designat$ by ! tea*]1 9 ord] to det]m9e 7#a7 ! proportion ( simple1 complex1 & comp\nd s5t5ces2 7#b7 ! proportion ( loose1 p]iodic1 & balanc$ s5t5ces2 7#c7 ! p]c5tage ( ,anglo-,saxon or ,lat9 words2 & 7#d7 ! av]age numb] ( words 9 a s5t5ce4 ,! results w give occasion = int]e/+ & in/ructive comp>isons4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,figures ,,( ,,spee* #cd4 ,def9ition4 ,a figure ( spee* is a deviation f ! pla9 & ord9>y mode ( speak+4 ,its object is great] effect4 ,figures orig9at$1 p]haps1 9 a limitation ( vocabul>y2 & _m words t are n[ reg>d$ z pla9 7 at fir/ figurative4 ,b ! use ( figures is natural1 & at pres5t !y are us$ to embelli% disc\rse & to give x great] vividness & =ce4 ,to say ) ,?omson1 = example1-- ,b yond] comes ! p[]ful ,k+ ( day1 ,rejoic+ 9 ! ea/1-- is f> m vivid & =ceful ?an to say ! sun is ris+4 ,ne>ly all great writ]s1 especially poets1 enri* _! /yle by ! use ( figures4 #ce4 ,k9ds ( ,figures4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( figures1 :i* may be r$uc$1 h[ev]1 to ?ree classes or gr\ps4 ,! figures bas$ ^u resemblance are simile1 metaphor1 p]sonification1 & allegory4 ,^? f\nd$ on contiguity are metonymy1 synecdo*e1 exclamation1 hyp]bole1 apo/rophe1 & vision4 ,^? re/+ ^u contra/ are anti!sis1 climax1 epigram1 & irony4 ,o!r =ms ( classification h be5 propos$4 ,!re are figures ( diction & figures ( ?\ght2 ! =m] are f\nd 9 ! *oice ( words1 ! latt] 9 ! =m ( ! s5t5ce4 ,to figures ( diction has be5 giv5 ! "n ( figures ( intuition1 because !y pres5t a s5sible image to ! m9d2 to figures ( ?\ght has be5 giv5 ! "n ( figures ( emphasis1 because !y emphasize ! ?\ght4 ,we ?us get ! foll[+ division3 ,,figures ,,( ,,intuition ,simile ,metaphor ,p]sonification ,allegory ,metonymy ,synecdo*e ,apo/rophe ,vision ,,figures ,,( ,,emphasis ,int]rogation ,exclamation ,climax ,anti!sis ,epigram ,irony ,hyp]bole #cf4 ,figures ( ,resemblance4 7#a7 ,simile is a =m ( comp>ison 9 :i* "o ?+ is lik5$ to ano!r4 ,x is usually introduc$ by l or z1 or "s o!r ^w ( comp>ison2 z1-- ,! twilight h\rs l birds flew by1 ,z lightly & z free4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ?+s comp>$ 9 simile %\ld h "s sort ( resemblance4 ,:5 ! po9ts ( resemblance are too remote ! simile is said to be f>fet*$4 ,?is 0 a frequ5t mi/ake among ! s-call$ metaphysical poets ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,except 9 burlesque or mock-h]oic /yles1 dignifi$ subjects %\ld n be lik5$ to :at is trifl+ or l[4 ,! effect ( su* a simile is ridicul\s1 z 9 ! well-kn[n l9es f ,butl]'s ,hudibras3 ,&1 l a lob/] boil$1 ! morn ,f black to r$ began to turn4 7#b7 ,metaphor is an abridg$ simile1 ! words express+ lik5ess be+ omitt$4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,rod]ick ,dhu f\ght l a lion1 we h a simile2 b :5 we say1 ,he 0 a lion 9 ! fight1 we h a metaphor4 ,! metaphor is brief] & m /rik+ ?an ! simile2 x spr+s f great] emotion or m5tal en]gy1 & (t5 imp>ts great =ce or beauty to a passage4 ,?us1 lik5+ human life to a voyage at sea1 ,%akespe>e says3 ,!re is a tide 9 ! affairs ( m51 ,:i*1 tak5 at ! flood1 leads on to =tune2 ,omitt$1 all ! voyage ( _! life ,is b\nd 9 %all[s & 9 mis]ies4 ,!re are sev]al errors t are n infrequ5t 9 ! use ( metaphor4 ,a metaphor %\ld n be bl5d$ ) pla9 language 9 ! same s5t5ce1 nor %\ld x be ext5d$ too f>4 ,! latt] fault is call$ /ra9+ ! metaphor4 ,two incongru\s metaphors %\ld n be us$ 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,9 ! foll[+ l9es f ,addison 8 muse is fir/ conceiv$ ( z a /e$ t ne$s to be re/ra9$ ) a bridle1 & !n z a %ip t is eag] to be laun*$3 ,i bridle 9 my /ruggl+ ,muse ) pa91 ,t longs to laun* into a bold] /ra94 7#c7 ,p]sonification is ! attribution ( life to inanimate ?+s4 ,:5 we speak ( ! ?ir/y gr\nd or ! angry ocean1 we end[ ^! objects ) ! feel+s ( liv+ creatures4 ,p]sonification is a bold species ( metaphor2 x is ! (fspr+ ( vivid feel+ or conception1 & (t5 lifts disc\rse to a high plane4 ,?us1 9 ,romeo & ,juliet1 we read1-- ,night's c&les are burnt out1 & jocund day ,/&s tiptoe on ! mi/y m\nta9 tops2 & 9 ,%elley's ,que5 ,mab1-- ,h[ wond]ful is ,dea?1 ,dea? & 8 bro!r ,sleep6 ,"o1 pale z yond] wan+ moon1 ,) lips ( lurid blue2 ,! o!r1 rosy z ! morn ,:51 ?ron$ on ocean's wave1 ,x blu%es o'er ! _w3 ,yet bo? s pass+ wond]ful6 7#d7 ,allegory is ! description ( "o object 9 t]ms ( ano!r4 ,x is a sort ( cont9u$ metaphor 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! ma9 subject ( disc\rse is n m5tion$4 ,9 ! foll[+ beautiful allegory1 ! ,jewi% p are describ$ 9 ! "* ( a v9e3 ,?\ ha/ br\ght a v9e out ( ,egypt2 ?\ ha/ ca/ out ! hea!n1 & plant$ x4 ,?\ prep>$/ room be=e x1 & did/ cause x to take deep root1 & x fill$ ! l&4 ,! hills 7 cov]$ ) ! %ad[ ( x1 & ! b\ghs !re( 7 l ! goodly c$>s4 ,%e s5t out h] b\ghs unto ! sea1 & h] bran*es unto ! riv]4 ,:y ha/ ?\ !n brok5 d[n h] h$ges1 s t all !y :i* pass by ! way d pluck h]8 ,! bo> out ( ! wood do? wa/e x1 & ! wild bea/ ( ! field do? dev\r x4 ,return1 we besee* !e1 ,o ,god ( ho/s2 look d[n f heav51 & behold1 & visit ?is v9e2 & ! v9ey>d :i* ?y "r h& ha? plant$1 & ! bran* t ?\ made/ /rong = ?yself4#gb3a ,! p>able & ! fable are closely ak9 to allegory4 ,a p>able is a brief n>rative ( real or imag9>y incid5ts = ! purpose ( inculcat+ "s moral or religi\s tru?4 ,x has be5 describ$ z an e>?ly /ory ) a heav5ly mean+4 ,a consid]able "p ( ,*ri/'s tea*+ 0 9 p>ables1 _m ( :i* are z beautiful z !y are pr(\nd4 ,a fable is a fictiti\s /ory introduc+ animals or ev5 inanimate ?+s z rational speak]s & actors1 = ! purpose ( tea*+ or en=c+ a moral4 ,! fables ( sop are almo/ univ]sally kn[n1 & ! fables ( ,la ,fonta9e exhibit a high degree ( arti/ic m]it4 #cg4 ,figures ( ,contiguity4 7#a7 ,metonymy consi/s 9 nam+ an object by "o ( its attributes or accompanim5ts4 ,x is bas$1 n on resemblance1 b on relation1 su* z cause & effect1 conta9] & ?+ conta9$1 mat]ial & ?+ made ( x1 etc4 ,:5 we say1 = example1 t gray hairs are v5]able1 we mean old age1 putt+ an effect = ! cause4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,socrates drank ! fatal cup1 ! conta9] is put = ! ?+ conta9$1 namely1 ! deadly hemlock4 ,! g5]al effect ( metonymy is to br+ be=e ! m9d a def9ite image1 & ?us to imp>t a graphic quality to ! /yle4 ,to say1 ,! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword1 is m graphic & =cible ?an to say1 ,lit]ature is mighti] ?an w>4 7#b7 ,synecdo*e puts a "p = ! :ole1 or a :ole = ! "p2 z1 ,! h>bor 0 cr[d$ ) ma/s4 ,synecdo*e is a species ( metonymy1 & has ! same effect ( giv+ vividness4 ,?is is app>5t 9 a well-kn[n quatra9 f ,goe!3 ,:o ne'er 8 bread 9 sorr[ ate1 ,:o ne'er ! m\rnful midnight h\rs ,weep+ ^u 8 b$ has sate1 ,he kn[s y n1 ye heav5ly ,p[]s4 7#c7 ,exclamation is a figure ( ?\ght4 ,x is ! result ( k9dl$ emotion1 & expresses 9 exclamatory =m :at w\ld usually be /at$ 9 decl>ative =m4 ,?us ,hamlet1 outrag$ at ! conduct ( 8 "m1 bur/s =?3 ,o t ?is too too solid fle% w\ld melt1 ,?aw & resolve itself into a dew6 ,or t ! ,ev]la/+ _h n fix$ ,8 canon 'ga9/ self-slaught]6 ,o ,god6 ,god6 ,h[ we>y1 /ale1 flat & unpr(itable1 ,seem to me all ! uses ( ?is _w6 ,?\gh *iefly conf9$ to poetry1 exclamation is frequ5t 9 f]vid prose1 & ,c>lyle's works fairly bri/le ) exclamation po9ts4 7#d7 ,apo/rophe is a direct address to ! abs5t z pres5t1 ! inanimate z liv+1 or ! ab/ract z p]sonal4 ,x is closely alli$ to p]sonification1 ) :i* x is (t5 associat$4 ,?is figure is expressive ( int5se emotion4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,k+ ,le> w s]ve = illu/ration3 ,bl[1 w9ds1 & crack y\r *eeks6 rage6 bl[6 ,y cat>acts & hurricanoes1 sp\t ,till y h dr5*'d our /eeples1 dr[n'd ! cocks6 ,y sulphur\s & ?\ght-execut+ fires1 ,vaunt-c\ri]s to oak-cleav+ ?und]bolts1 ,s+e my :ite head6 ,& ?\1 all-%ak+ ?und]1 ,smite flat ! ?ick rotundity o' ! _w6 7#e7 ,vision is a description ( abs5t ?+s z pres5t4 ,x is suit$ only to animat$ disc\rse 9 ei!r prose or poetry4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! argum5t ( ,milton's ,areopagitica we f9d ?is spl5did outbur/ portray+ ! future ( ,engl&3 ,me?9ks ,i see 9 my m9d a noble & puissant nation r\s+ h]self l a /rong man aft] sleep1 & %ak+ h] inv9cible locks2 me?9ks ,i see h]1 z an eagle1 mew+ h] mighty y\?1 & k9dl+ h] undazzl$ eyes at ! full midday beam2 purg+ & scal+ h] long abus$ sight at ! f\nta9 itself ( heav5ly radiance2 :ile ! :ole noise ( timor\s & flock+ birds1 ) ^? also t love ! twilight1 flutt] ab\t1 amaz$ at :at %e means1 & 9 _! envi\s gabble w\ld progno/icate a ye> ( sects & s*isms4 7#f7 ,hyp]bole is an exagg]at$ =m ( /atem5t1 & is us$ to magnify or dim9i% an object4 ,x is q natural1 "u ! impulse ( /rong emotion or imag9ation1 to use exagg]at$ /atem5ts1 & frequ5tly x s]ves to l5d piquancy & =ce to /yle4 ,b ?is t5d5cy is dang]\s1 & %\ld be kept "u re/ra9t4 ,z a rule x is be/ to see & describe ?+s z !y are4 ,! foll[+ f ,julius ,cs> w s]ve z an example ( hyp]bole3 ,:y1 man1 he do? be/ride ! n>r[ _w ,l a ,colossus1 & we petty m5 ,walk "u 8 huge legs & peep ab\t ,to f9d ourselves di%onorable graves4 #ch4 ,figures ( ,contra/4 7#a7 ,anti!sis pres5ts a /rong contra/ ( words or s5tim5ts1 usually 9 ! =m ( balanc$ s5t5ces4 ,x gives =ce to /yle by unit+ opposite ?+s 9 "o conception4 ,its excessive use1 h[ev]1 becomes monoton\s2 & anti!sis 9 con/ruction1 )\t a real contra/ ( ?\ght1 is confus+ & disagreeable4 ,macaulay1 p]haps1 makes m frequ5t use ( anti!sis ?an any o!r ( our great mod]n writ]s4 ,( ! ,puritans he says3 ,if !y 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! works ( philosoph]s & poets1 !y 7 deeply read 9 ! oracles ( ,god2 if _! names 7 n f\nd 9 ! regi/]s ( h]alds1 !y felt assur$ t !y 7 record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,life2 if _! /eps 7 n accompani$ by a spl5did tra9 ( m5ials1 legions ( m9i/]+ angels _h *>ge ov] !m4 7#b7 ,climax arranges its words1 phrases1 or clauses 9 an ord] ( increas+ impressiv5ess4 ,its prop] use gives an accumulative =ce to ! s5t5ce4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ! climax c be giv5 ?an ! well-kn[n "o 9 ,cic]o's oration aga9/ ,v]res3 ,to b9d a ,roman citiz5 is an outrage2 to sc\rge him is an atroci\s crime2 to put him to dea? is almo/ p>ricide2 b to crucify him--:at %all ,i call x8 ,! arrangem5t ( ! words or clauses 9 a desc5d+ ord] is call$ anticlimax or ba?os4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ 9 wit & humor4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce is a ridicul\s anticlimax3 ,! enemy is n[ hov]+ ^u our bord]s1 prep>+ to press ! knife to our ?roats1 to deva/ate our fields1 to qu>t] !mselves 9 our h\ses1 & to dev\r our p\ltry4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! climax is ( wide application4 ,n only 9 ! s5t5ce b also 9 ! p>agraph1 *apt]1 & entire "w1 !re %\ld be1 z f> z possible1 progress 9 ! importance1 int5sity1 or amplitude ( ! ?\ght4 7#c7 ,int]rogation /r5g!ns an affirmation or d5ial by ?r[+ x into ! =m ( a "q4 ,x is a figure frequ5t 9 poetry & emotional prose4 ,! foll[+ example f ,gray's ,elegy w be suffici5t = illu/ration3 ,c /ori$ urn or animat$ bu/ ,back to its mansion call ! fleet+ brea?8 ,c ,honor's voice provoke ! sil5t du/1 ,or ,flatt]y soo! ! dull cold e> ( dea?8 ,^! que/ions are n ask$ = in=mation1 b = rhetorical effect1 & !y =cibly sugge/ ! tru? ( _! negation4 7#d7 ,epigram is ! pung5t phras+ ( a %rewd obs]vation4 ,x may be recogniz$ by two *>act]i/ics1--x mu/ be brief1 & x mu/ h an unexpect$ turn ( ?\ght4 ,?is turn ( ?\ght may spr+ f an app>5t contradiction1 f ! solemn ass]tion ( a truism1 f a play on words1 or f o!r s\rces4 ,!re is an app>5t contradiction 9 ,wordswor?'s epigrammatic l9e1-- ,! *ild is fa!r ( ! man4 ,!re is a play on words 9 ! foll[+ epigrammatic *>act]ization ( a l\d & viol5t speak]3 ,he mi/akes p]spiration = inspiration4 7#e7 ,irony expresses a ?\ght contr>y to ! =m ( words4 ,its seem+ praise is really condemnation2 its complim5ts are insults4 ,its advantage lies 9 ! difficulty its victim exp]i5ces 9 mak+ a reply4 ,x is useful 9 *a/is+ follies & vices2 b z a rule ironic t\*es are to be pref]r$ to cont9u\s irony4 ,! foll[+ is f ,?ack]ay3 ,s 0 ,hel5 ( ,greece innoc5t4 ,%e nev] ran away ) ,p>is1 ! dang]\s "y ,trojan4 ,m5elaus1 h] husb&1 ill-us$ h]2 & !re nev] 0 any siege ( ,troy at all4 ,s 0 ,bluebe>d's wife innoc5t4 ,%e nev] peep$ into ! closet :]e ! o!r wives 7 ) _! heads (f4 ,%e nev] dropp$ ! key1 or /a9$ x ) blood2 & h] bro!rs 7 q "r 9 f9i%+ ,bluebe>d1 ! c[>dly brute6 ,yes1 ,madam ,laff>ge nev] poison$ h] husb&1 & ,m>y ( ,scotl& nev] blew up h]s2 & ,eve nev] took ! apple--x 0 a c[>dly fabrication ( ! s]p5t's4 ,,footnotes3 #gb3a ,psalm lxxx4 #h-ae4 ,,review ,,que/ions #cd4 ,:at is a figure8 ,h[ did x orig9ate8 ,:at is its object8 ,9 :at two ways is x us$8 ,illu/rate4 #ce4 ,to h[ _m classes may figures be r$uc$8 ,on :at are ^! sev]al gr\ps bas$8 ,"n ! figures bas$ on resemblance2 ^? bas$ on contiguity2 on contra/4 ,:at "n is giv5 to figures ( diction8 to figures ( ?\ght8 ,/ate ! figures ( intuition2 ( emphasis4 #cf4 ,:at is a simile8 ,h[ is x introduc$8 ,give an illu/ration4 ,:at errors %\ld be avoid$ 9 ! use ( simile8 ,:at is a metaphor8 ,:at is its effect z comp>$ ) a simile8 ,:at errors 9 ! use ( metaphor are to be avoid$8 ,:at is mix$ metaphor8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is p]sonification8 ,give an example4 ,:at is allegory8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is a p>able8 ,give an example4 ,:at is a fable8 #cg4 ,:at is metonymy8 ,on :at is x bas$8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is its effect on /yle8 ,:at is synecdo*e8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is exclamation8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is apo/rophe8 ,to :at is x closely relat$8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is vision8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is hyp]bole8 ,give an example4 ,:at is said ( ! use ( hyp]bole8 #ch4 ,:at is anti!sis8 ,:at is said ( its use8 ,give an example4 ,:at is climax8 ,give an illu/ration4 ,:at is ba?os8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is int]rogation8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is epigram8 ,h[ recogniz$8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is irony8 ,:at is said ( its use8 ,illu/rate4 ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! foll[+ passages %\ld be /udi$ 9 ! light ( su* que/ions z ^!3 ,:at figure or figures does ! piece conta98 ,is x a figure ( resemblance1 contiguity1 or contra/8 ,is x a figure ( diction or ( ?\ght8 ,:at is its effect8 ,does x give =ce or beauty to ! s5t5ce8 ,h[ w\ld ! ?\ght be express$ 9 pla9 language8 ,is x us$ consi/5tly8 ,9 :at way does x /r5g!n or weak5 ! s5t5ce8 ,is ! figure trite or orig9al8 ,is x f>fet*$ or natural8 ,:at p]c5tage ( s5t5ces is figurative8 ,are figures m common 9 prose or poetry8 ,:y8 ,d ! m9or or ! major poets use m figures8 ,:at /rong] brea/-plate ?an a he>t unta9t$8 ,?rice is he arm$ t ha? 8 qu>rel j2 ,& he b nak$ ?\gh lock$ up 9 /eel ,^: consci5ce ) inju/ice is corrupt$4 ,,%akespe>e4 ,ha/ ?\ left ?y blue c\rse 9 heav51 gold5-hair$ son ( ! sky8 ,! we/ ha? op5$ its gates2 ! b$ ( ?y repose is !re4 ,! waves ga!r to behold ?y beauty2 !y lift _! trembl+ heads2 !y see !e lovely 9 ?y sleep2 b !y %r9k away ) fe>4 ,re/ 9 ?y %ad[y cave1 ,o ,sun6 & let ?y return be 9 joy4--,,macph]son4 ,i see be=e me ! ,gladiator lie2 ,he leans ^u 8 h&2 8 manly br[ ,cons5ts to dea?1 b conqu]s agony1 ,& 8 droop$ head s9ks gradually l[2 ,& ?r\gh 8 side ! la/ drops1 ebb+ sl[ ,f ! r$ ga%1 fall heavy1 "o by "o1 ,l ! fir/ ( a ?und]-%[]2 & n[ ,! ar5a swims ar\nd him2 he is gone1 ,ere ceas$ ! inhuman %\t :i* hail$ ! wret* :o won4--,,byron4 ,if a man indulges himself 9 murd]1 v soon he comes to ?9k little ( robb+2 & f robb+ he comes next to dr9k+ & ,sabba?-break+1 & f t to incivility & procra/9ation4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,assemble all ! poor m5 ( y\r sort2 ,draw !m to ,tib] banks & weep y\r te>s ,into ! *annel1 till ! l[e/ /ream ,d kiss ! mo/ exalt$ %ores ( all4--,,%akespe>e4 ,no d\bt b ye are ! p1 & wisdom %all die ) y4--,,job4 ,! ,assyrian came d[n l ! wolf on ! fold1 ,& 8 cohorts 7 gleam+ 9 purple & gold2 ,& ! %e5 ( _! spe>s 0 l />s on ! sea1 ,:5 ! blue wave rolls nightly on deep ,galilee4--,,byron4 ,! be/ ( m5 ,t e'er wore e>? ab\t him 0 a suff]]1 ,! fir/ true g5tleman t ev] brea!d4--,,dekk]4 ,! glories ( our bir? & /ate ,are %ad[s1 n sub/antial ?+s2 ,!re is no armor aga9/ fate2 ,dea? lays 8 icy h& on k+s4 ,scept] & cr[n ,mu/ tumble d[n1 ,& 9 ! du/ be equal made ,) ! poor crook$ scy! & spade4--,,%irley4 ,:at a piece ( "w is man6 h[ noble 9 reason6 h[ inf9ite 9 faculty6 9 =m & mov+ h[ express & admirable6 9 action h[ l an angel6 9 appreh5sion h[ l a god6 ! beauty ( ?is _w6 ! p>agon ( animals6 ,& yet1 to me1 :at is ?is qu9tess5ce ( du/8 man delights n me2 no1 nor woman nei!r1 ?\gh by y\r smil+ y seem to say s4--,,%akespe>e4 ,great lords1 wise m5 ne'er sit & wail _! loss1 ,b *e]ly seek h[ to r$ress _! h>ms4 ,:at ?\gh ! ma/ be n[ ?r[n ov]bo>d1 ,! cable broke1 ! hold+ an*or lo/1 ,& half our sailors swall[$ 9 ! flood8 ,yet lives our pilot /ill4 ,is 't meet t he ,%\ld leave ! helm1 &1 l a fe>ful lad1 ,) te>ful eyes1 add wat] to ! sea1 ,& give m /r5g? to t :i* ha? too mu*1 ,:ile 9 8 moan ! %ip splits on ! rock1 ,:i* indu/ry & c\rage might h sav$8 ,ah1 :at a %ame6 ah1 :at a fault 7 ?is6 ,,%akespe>e4 ,! unwont$ l9es :i* mom5t>y passion _h rul$ 9 ,mr4 ,pickwick's cle> & op5 br[ gradually melt$ away1 z 8 "y fri5d spoke1 l ! m>ks ( a black lead p5cil b5ea? ! s(t5+ influ5ce ( ,india rubb]4--,,dick5s4 ,:5 ?us1 z ,i may say1 be=e ! use ( ! load/one1 or k ( ! compass1 ,i 0 sail+ 9 a va/ ocean1 )\t o!r help ?an ! pole-/> ( ! anci5ts1 & ! rules ( ! ,fr5* /age among ! mod]ns4--,,dryd54 ,once z ,i told 9 glee ,tales ( ! /ormy sea1 ,s(t eyes did gaze on me1 ,burn+ b t5d]2 ,& z ! :ite />s %9e ,on ! d>k ,norway p9e1 ,on t d>k he>t ( m9e ,fell _! s(t spl5dor4--,,longfell[4 ,s9ce ! vessel ( ?y unb\nd$ ambition ha? be5 wreck$ 9 ! gulf ( ?y self-love1 x w\ld be prop] t ?\ %\ld/ take 9 ! sails ( ?y tem]ity1 & ca/ ! an*or ( rep5tance 9 ! port ( s9c]ity & ju/ice1 :i* is ! port ( safety2 le/ ! tempe/ ( our v5geance make !e p]i% 9 ! sea ( ! puni%m5t ?\ des]ve/4--,,anon4 ,%e nev] told h] love1 ,b let concealm5t1 l a worm 9 ! bud1 ,fe$ on h] damask *eek2 %e p9$ 9 ?\ght2 ,&1 ) a gre5 & yell[ melan*oly1 ,%e sat l ,pati5ce on a monum5t1 ,smil+ at grief4--,,%akespe>e4 ,engl& ne'er _h a k+ until 8 "t2 ,virtue he _h1 des]v+ to comm&2 ,8 br&i%$ sword did bl9d m5 ) its beams2 ,8 arms spread wid] ?an a dragon's w+s2 ,8 sp>kl+ eyes1 replete ) awful fire1 ,m dazzl$1 & drove back 8 enemies1 ,?an midday sun fi]ce beat aga9/ _! faces4 ,:at %\ld ,i say8 8 de$s exce$ all spee*2 ,he nev] lift$ up 8 h&1 b conqu]$4 ,,%akespe>e4 ,e>? pr\dly we>s ! ,p>!non1 ,z ! be/ gem ^u h] zone1 ,& ,morn+ opes ) ha/e h] lids ,to gaze ^u ! ,pyramids2 ,o'er ,engl&'s abbeys b5ds ! sky1 ,z on its fri5ds1 ) k9dr$ eye2 ,= out ( ,?\ght's int]ior sph]e ,^? wond]s rose to upp] air2 ,& ,nature gladly gave !m place1 ,adopt$ !m into h] race1 ,& grant$ !m an equal date ,) ,&es & ) ,ar>at4--,,em]son4 ,,note ,9 addition to ! extracts "h giv51 ! /ud5t might exam9e ^? connect$ ) previ\s *apt]s1 & discov] ! v>i\s figures !y conta94 ,fur!rmore1 x is recomm5d$ t he /udy ! figures 9 a :ole piece2 z ,milton's ,l',allegro or ,il ,p5s]oso1 ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$ ,village1 ,gray's ,elegy1 ,burns's ,cott]'s ,saturday ,night1 ,wordswor?'s ,ode on ,intimations ( ,immortality1 ,col]idge's ,anci5t ,m>9]1 ,moore's ,p>adise & ! ,p]i1 ,%elley's ,adonais1 ,t5nyson's ,pass+ ( ,ar?ur1 ,longfell['s ,build+ ( ! ,%ip1 ,l[ell's ,vision ( ,sir ,launfal1 & _m o!rs t w occur to ! tea*]4 ,let him det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( figurative s5t5ces1 & comp>e ! results ) ^? obta9$ f an exam9ation ( ! prose ( ,macaulay1 ,rusk91 ,c>lyle1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,l[ell1 & o!r /&>d writ]s4 ,?is comp>ison w ?r[ light on ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 poetry & prose4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,/yle #ci4 ,def9ition4 ,/yle means an au?or's mode ( expression4 ,x is n1 z is sometimes suppos$1 an artificial trick1 b a g5u9e expression ( ! m9d & "*4 ,buffon _h ! "r idea :5 he said1 ,! /yle is ! man4 ,x d]ives its lead+ *>act]i/ics f ! intellect1 culture1 & "* ( ! writ]4 ,a man ( indep5d5t =ce & integrity gives natural expression to 8 p]sonality4 ,8 /yle reveals 8 m5tal & moral qualities4 ,only weakl+s1 :o are afraid to be natural & :o are de/itute ( sub/antial wor?1 become consci\s imitators or affect artificial peculi>ities4 ,we h already consid]$ /yle z relat$ to diction1 diff]5t k9ds ( s5t5ces1 & figures ( spee*4 ,x rema9s to consid] x1 fir/1 9 relation to ! v>i\s k9ds ( disc\rse1 &1 secondly1 to ! g5]ic types ( m9d4 #dj4 ,k9ds ( ,disc\rse4 ,!re are f\r g5]ic k9ds ( disc\rse1 namely1 description1 n>ration1 exposition1 & argum5t4 ,?\gh frequ5tly unit$ 9 ! same "w1 or ev5 9 ! same p>agraph1 !y are yet cle>ly di/+ui%able4 ,ea* has a well-def9$ purpose & me?od1 to :i* ! mode ( expression is naturally b5t or adapt$4 ,! result is :at may be call$ a descriptive1 n>rative1 expository1 or argum5tative /yle4 ,^! diff]5t k9ds ( disc\rse w n[ be consid]$ & illu/rat$ 9 great] detail4 7#a7 ,description is ! portrayal ( an object by means ( language4 ,! object describ$ may belong ei!r to ! mat]ial or ! spiritual _w4 ,x may be a s+le fl[]1 a l&scape1 or a /ell> sy/em4 ,! purpose ( description is to enable ! read] to reproduce ! sc5e1 object1 or exp]i5ce 9 8 own imag9ation4 ,9 g5]al !re are two k9ds ( description1--! objective & ! subjective2 b ! laws ( bo? are ! same4 ,!re mu/ be a judici\s selection & gr\p+ ( ! details1 & _! numb] mu/ be s re/rict$ z n to produce confusion4 ,objective description portrays objects z !y exi/ 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,x po9ts out 9 succession _! di/+ui%+ features4 ,?us we read 9 ,wordswor?'s ,a ,night ,piece1-- ,! travell] looks up--! cl\ds are split ,asund]--& above 8 head he sees ,! cle> moon1 & ! glory ( ! heav5s4 ,!re1 9 a black-blue vault %e sails along1 ,foll[$ by multitudes ( />s1 t1 small ,& %>p1 & bright1 along ! d>k abyss ,drive z %e drives2 h[ fa/ !y :eel away1 ,yet vani% n6--! w9d is 9 ! tree1 ,b !y are sil5t2--/ill !y roll along ,immeasurably di/ant2 & ! vault ,built r\nd by ^? :ite cl\ds1 enorm\s cl\ds4 ,subjective description notes ! effects produc$ by an ext]nal object or sc5e on ! m9d & he>t4 ,! eye ( ! writ] is turn$ inw>d r ?an outw>d2 he br+s be=e u ! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 fancies t are />t$ )9 8 s\l4 ,?us ,br[n+ speaks ( music 9 8 e>ly poem1 ,paul9e3 ,= music 7:i* is e>ne/ ( a heav51 ,see+ we "k emotions /range by x1 ,n else to be reveal$7 is z a voice1 ,a l[ voice call+ fancy1 z a fri5d1 ,to ! gre5 woods 9 ! gay summ] "t2 ,& %e fills all ! way ) danc+ %apes ,:i* h made pa9t]s pale1 & !y g on1 ,:ile />s look at !m & w9ds call to !m1 ,z !y leave life's pa? = ! twilight _w ,:]e ! dead ga!r4 7#b7 ,n>ration is a recital ( incid5ts or ev5ts 9 an ord]ly sequ5ce4 ,x is closely relat$ to description1 ) :i* x is frequ5tly jo9$ 9 ! same p>agraph4 ,! "o is us$ to aid or supplem5t ! o!r4 ,l description1 n>ration has its place 9 ne>ly e =m ( composition2 & 9 hi/ory1 fiction1 & epic poetry x con/itutes1 p]haps1 ! body ( disc\rse4 ,! incid5ts n>rat$ %\ld be select$ accord+ to _! int]e/ & importance2 !y %\ld usually be pres5t$ 9 _! *ronological ord]1 & !re %\ld be a p]ceptible & (t5 a rapid movem5t t[>d a def9ite end4 ,9 all arti/ic n>ration we f9d unity1 proportion1 & complet5ess4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,addison's ,vision ( ,mirza w s]ve = illu/ration3 ,on ! fif? day ( ! moon--:i*1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( my =efa!rs1 ,i always keep holy--aft] hav+ wa%$ myself & (f]$ up my morn+ devotions1 ,i asc5d$ ! high hills ( ,bagdat1 9 ord] to pass ! re/ ( ! day 9 m$itation & pray]4 ,z ,i 0 "h air+ myself on ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 ,i fell into a pr(\nd contemplation on ! vanity ( human life2 &1 pass+ f "o ?\ght to ano!r1 ',surely1' said ,i1 'man is b a %ad[1 & life a dream4' 7#c7 ,exposition expla9s ! nature or mean+ ( ?+s4 ,! purpose ( description is to =m a picture2 ( n>ration1 to portray an ev5t2 ( exposition1 to set =? ! di/9ctive nature ( an object or conception4 ,! me?ods ( exposition are v>i\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! di/+ui%+ features ( an object may be pres5t$2 & 9 ?is case exposition p>takes ( ! nature ( description4 ,9 ! second place1 an object or idea may be expla9$ by po9t+ out its effects2 & 9 ?is case exposition p>takes ( ! "* ( n>ration4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we may expla9 or def9e an object or conception by indicat+ its resemblance or its unlik5ess to some?+ else t is kn[n4 ,b :atev] me?od ( exposition is adopt$1 x %\ld be full & def9ite en\gh to imp>t a cle> idea ( ! ?+ expla9$4 ,e text-book w furni% examples ( exposition2 ! foll[+ is tak5 f ,hit*cock's ,geology3 ,a volcano is an op5+ 9 ! e>? f :5ce matt] has be5 eject$ by heat1 9 ! =m ( lava1 scoria1 or a%es4 ,usually ! op5+ call$ ! crat] is an inv]t$ cone2 & ar\nd x !re rises a m\nta9 9 ! =m ( a cone1 ) its apex truncat$1 produc$ by ! elevation ( ! e>?'s cru/ & ! ejection ( lava4 7#d7 ,argum5tation is ! process ( e/abli%+ ! tru? or falsity ( a ?+4 ,! means x uses is call$ pro( or evid5ce1 & w be consid]$ m fully 9 a subsequ5t *apt] treat+ ( oratory4 ,?is pro( or evid5ce may be d]iv$ f pr9ciples orig9at+ 9 ! m9d1 9 :i* case x is call$ intuitive2 or x may be f\nd 9 ext]nal s\rces1 9 :i* case x is call$ empirical4 ,! latt] includes1 among o!r =ms ( pro(1 a /atem5t ( facts1 a consid]ation ( ! nature or circum/ances ( ! case1 ! te/imony ( eyewitnesses1 & an appeal to au?ority or g5]ally accept$ pr9ciples4 ,:5 ! argum5t is att5d$ ) an appeal to ! feel+s & w1 x is kn[n z p]suasion4 ,9 ! foll[+ extract1 note ! ?ree facts adduc$ by ,m>k ,antony to prove t ,cs> 0 n ambiti\s4 ,he 0 my fri5d1 fai?ful & j to me3 ,b ,brutus says he 0 ambiti\s2 ,& ,brutus is an honorable man4 ,he ha? br\ght _m captives home to ,rome1 ,^: ransoms did ! g5]al c(f]s fill3 ,did ?is 9 ,cs> seem ambiti\s8 ,:5 t ! poor h cri$1 ,cs> ha? wept3 ,ambition %\ld be made ( /]n] /uff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y all did see t on ! ,lup]cal ,i ?rice pres5t$ him a k+ly cr[n1 ,:i* he did ?rice refuse3 0 ?is ambition8 #da4 ,g5]ic ,diff]5ces ( ,m9d4 ,z we h j se51 /yle is affect$ 9 a measure by ! species ( disc\rse4 ,x is det]m9$1 fur!r1 by ! m5tal con/itution ( ! writ]1 & v>ies accord+ to ! dom9ance ( p>ticul> faculties4 ,we may di/+ui% f\r g5]ic types ( m9d1 :i* are reflect$ 9 f\r fundam5tal diff]5ces ( /yle4 7#a7 ,:5 ! logical faculties ( ! m9d pr$om9ate1 ! /yle w be simple1 direct1 & pla94 ,x is apt to be dry4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,locke's ,?\ghts on ,education w s]ve = illu/ration3 ,i say ?is1 t1 :5 y consid] ( ! bre$+ ( y\r son1 & are look+ out = a s*oolma/]1 or a tutor1 y w\ld n h 7z is usual7 ,lat9 & logic only 9 y\r ?\ghts4 ,le>n+ mu/ be _h1 b 9 ! second place1 z subs]vi5t only to great] qualities4 ,seek out somebody t may "k h[ discreetly to frame 8 mann]s2 place him 9 h&s1 :]e y may1 z mu* z possible1 secure 8 innoc5ce1 *]i% & nurse up ! good1 & g5tly correct & we$ out any bad incl9ations1 & settle 9 him good habits4 ,?is is ! ma9 po9t2 &1 ?is be+ provid$ =1 le>n+ may be _h into ! b>ga94 7#b7 ,aga91 ! imag9ation may pr$om9ate4 ,9 ?is case ! writ] is cont9ually leav+ ! ma9 ?\ght to br+ 9 additional & embelli%+ ideas1 p>ticul>ly if he is a man ( wide exp]i5ce or great le>n+4 ,! result is apt to be an elaborate or /ately /yle4 ,l[ell's /yle is em95tly *>act]iz$ by a play ( ! imag9ation4 ,8 essay on ,sp5s] beg9s z foll[s3 ,*auc] _h be5 9 8 grave "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ere ,engl& _h secret$ *oice mat]ial en\gh = ! mak+ ( ano!r great poet4 ,! nature ( m5 liv+ toge!r 9 societies1 z ( ! individual man1 seems to h its p]iodic ebbs & floods1 its oscillations betwe5 ! ideal & ! matt]-(-fact1 s t ! d\btful b\nd>y l9e ( %ore betwe5 !m is 9 "o g5]ation a h>d s&y actuality /rewn only ) su* remembrances ( beauty z a dead sea-moss "h & !re1 & 9 ! next is :elm$ ) ^? lacelike curves ( ev]-ga9+1 ev]-rec$+ foam1 & t dance ( joy\s spray :i* = a mom5t cat*es & holds ! sun%9e4 ,:5 ! imag9ation is ill-gov]n$1 & especially 9 ! case ( inexp]i5c$ writ]s1 ! result+ /yle is apt to be florid or bomba/ic4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,headley's ,sacr$ ,m\nta9s1 connect$ ) a description ( ! crucifixion1 is imag9ative extravagance1--a va91 artificial ef=t at ! sublime3 ,i "k n b all ! radiant ranks on high1 & ev5 ,gabriel himself1 turn$ ) ! deepe/ solicitude to ! ,fa!r's face1 to see if ,he 0 calm & untr\bl$ amid x all4 ,i "k n b ,8 compos$ br[ & s]5e maje/y 7 all t re/ra9$ ,heav5 f "o univ]sal %riek ( horror :5 !y he>d groans on ,calv>y--dy+ groans4 ,i "k n b !y ?\ght ,god _h giv5 ,8 glory to ano!r1 b "o ?+ ,i d "k1 t :5 !y saw ?r\gh ! va/ design1 compreh5d$ ! /up5d\s sc5e1 ! hills ( ,god %ook to a %\t t nev] be=e rang ov] _! bright tops1 & ! cry/al sea trembl$ to a song t _h nev] be=e /irr$ its bright dep?s1 & ! ',glory to ,god 9 ! ,highe/' 0 a sev5fold *orus ( hallelujahs & h>p+ symphonies4 ,?\ghtful writ]s ( ref9$ ta/e are m res]v$ & rev]5t 9 speak+ ( occurr5ces 9 ! cele/ial _w4 7#c7 ,aga91 ! s5sibilities may be 9 ! asc5dant4 ,!re is !n a quick & full response to ! beauties ( nature & human life4 ,! /yle becomes w>m1 graphic1 gl[+1 pictorial4 ,unless held 9 *eck by intellectual culture1 an excess ( s5sibility is likely to deg5]ate into s5tim5talism4 ,:5 comb9$ ) judgm5t & imag9ation1 z 9 ! case ( ,rusk91 an emotional temp]am5t yields admirable results4 ,take ! foll[+ spl5did passage f ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 descriptive ( a sunrise 9 ! ,alps3 ,wait = "o h\r1 until ! ea/ aga9 becomes purple1 & ! heav+ m\nta9s1 roll+ aga9/ ! d>kness1 l waves ( a wild sea1 are dr[n$ "o by "o 9 ! glory ( its burn+2 wat* ! :ite glaci]s blaze 9 _! w9d+ pa?s ab\t ! m\nta9s1 l mighty s]p5ts ) scales ( fire2 wat* ! column> peaks ( solit>y sn[1 k9dl+ d[nw>ds1 *asm by *asm1 ea* 9 itself a new morn+2 _! long avalan*es ca/ d[n 9 ke5 /reams bright] ?an ! lightn+1 s5d+ ea* its tribute ( driv5 sn[1 l alt>-smoke1 up to ! heav52 ! rose-light ( _! sil5t domes flu%+ t heav5 ab\t !m & above !m1 pi]c+ ) pur] light ?r\gh its purple l9es ( lift$ cl\d1 ca/+ a new glory on e wrea? z x passes by1 until ! :ole heav5--"o sc>let canopy--is int]wov5 ) a ro( ( wav+ flame1 & toss+1 vault beyond vault1 z ) ! drift$ w+s ( _m companies ( angels2 & !n1 :5 y c look no m = gladness1 & :5 y are b[$ d[n ) fe> & love ( ! ,mak] & ,do] ( ?is1 tell me :o has be/ deliv]$ ?is ,8 message unto m56 7#d7 ,once m1 =ce ( w1 firmness ( conviction1 en]gy ( "* are conducive to /r5g?4 ,:]e ^! exi/ !re w be directness ( aim1 & ! /yle w be cle>1 unwav]+1 & /rong4 ,!re w be positiv5ess ( /atem5t1 & sometimes intol]ant dogmatism4 ,c>lyle & ,macaulay are among our /ronge/ writ]s1 ! =m] be+ rugg$1 & ! latt] m poli%$ 9 8 /r5g?4 ,macaulay's broad-%\ld]$1 /\t-limb$ con/itution is reflect$ 9 su* passages z ! foll[+ f 8 essay on ,"l ,bacon3 ,! moral qualities ( ,bacon 7 n ( a high ord]4 ,we d n say t he 0 a bad man4 ,he 0 n inhuman or tyrannical4 ,he bore ) meekness 8 high civil honors1 & ! f> high] honors ga9$ by 8 intellect4 ,he 0 v seldom1 if ev]1 provok$ into treat+ any p]son ) malignity & insol5ce4 ,no man m readily held up ! left *eek to ^? :o _h smitt5 ! "r4 ,no man 0 m exp]t at ! s(t answ] :i* turne? away wra?4 ,8 faults 7--we write x ) pa9--coldness ( he>t & meanness ( _s4 ,he seems to h be5 incapable ( feel+ /rong affection1 ( fac+ great dang]s1 ( mak+ great sacrifices4 ,8 desires 7 set on ?+s bel[4 ,weal?1 prec$5ce1 titles1 patronage1 ! mace1 ! seals1 ! coronet1 l>ge h\ses1 fair g>d5s1 ri* manors1 massive s]vices ( plate1 gay hang+s1 curi\s cab9ets1 _h z great attractions = him z = any ( ! c\rti]s :o dropp$ on _! knees 9 ! dirt :5 ,elizabe? pass$1 & !n ha/5$ home to write to ! ,k+ ( ,scots t h] ,grace seem$ to be break+ fa/4 #db4 ,symmetrical ,faculties4 ,:5 ! m5tal faculties are symmetrical & h>moni\s 9 _! op]ation1 no p>ticul> feature ( /yle may /& out prom95t4 ,x w b5d to suit ! exig5cies ( ! subject4 ,x w rise & s9k ) ! v>y+ ?\ght & feel+4 ,x w be judici\s1 & at times commonplace4 ,b if1 at ! same "t1 m5tal symmetry is unit$ ) f95ess ( fib] & ) adequate culture & practice1 ! /yle w probably be1 z 9 ! case ( ,addison & ,irv+1 full ( grace & elegance4 ,note ! easy grace ) :i* ,addison beg9s 8 fir/ pap] on ! ,pleasures ( ! ,imag9ation3 ,our sight is ! mo/ p]fect & mo/ delightful ( all our s5ses4 ,x fills ! m9d ) ! l>ge/ v>iety ( ideas1 conv]ses ) its objects at ! greate/ di/ance1 & cont9ues longe/ 9 action )\t be+ tir$ or satiat$ ) its prop] enjoym5ts4 ,! s5se ( feel+ c inde$ give u a notion ( ext5sion1 %ape1 & all o!r ideas t ent] at ! eye1 except colors2 b at ! same "t x is v mu* /ra9$1 & conf9$ 9 its op]ations1 to ! numb]1 bulk1 & di/ance ( its p>ticul> objects4 ,our sight seems design$ to supply all ^! defects1 & may be consid]$ z a m delicate & diffusive k9d ( t\*1 t spreads itself ov] an inf9ite multitude ( bodies1 compreh5ds ! l>ge/ figures1 & br+s into our rea* "s ( ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,e pass+ mood & e peculi>ity ( m9d or "* are reflect$ 9 ! /yle4 ,x may be gay1 humor\s1 s]i\s1 sad1 melan*oly1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! writ]'s feel+s4 ,x may be colloquial or /ately1 concise or diffuse1 pla9 or florid1 fl[+ or abrupt1 feeble or en]getic1 natural or affect$1 commonplace or epigrammatic1--z v>i$1 9 fact1 z ! "* & m5tal con/itution ( ! writ]s4 ,b e writ] has a prevail+ /yle2 & x is an int]e/+ /udy to det]m9e ! nature ( 8 m9d & "* f 8 works4 #dc4 ,importance ( ,/yle4 ,a good /yle is a matt] ( importance4 ,! success or failure ( a lit]>y "w dep5ds l>gely ^u ! mann] 9 :i* its /atem5ts are pres5t$4 ,! classic works ( ,greece & ,rome owe _! popul>ity & influ5ce n s mu* to ! facts :i* !y conta9 z to ! art ) :i* _! cont5ts are giv54 ,our mo/ popul> ,engli% writ+s1 especially 9 fiction & poetry1 owe _! vogue1 9 no small degree1 to "s excell5ce or *>m ( /yle4 ,x is *iefly 9 hi/ory1 sci5ce1 & philosophy t ! weight ( fact & ?\ght may be 9 a measure indep5d5t ( /yle4 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species w\ld be a great book ev5 if its /yle 7 f> m un9t]e/+ ?an is really ! case4 ,,review ,,que/ions #ci4 ,:at is /yle8 ,:5ce does x d]ive its *>act]i/ics8 ,:at is ,buffon's rem>k8 ,:o become imitators8 #dj4 ,:at f\r g5]al k9ds ( disc\rse are !re8 ,to :at f\r k9ds ( /yle d !y lead8 ,:at is description8 ,:at is its purpose8 ,:at two k9ds ( description are !re8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is n>ration8 ,h[ is x relat$ to description8 ,:]e is x dom9ant8 ,h[ %\ld its facts be pres5t$8 ,:at is necess>y 9 arti/ic n>ration8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is exposition8 ,h[ does x diff] f description & n>ration8 ,:at ?ree k9ds ( exposition are m5tion$8 ,:at con/itutes a good exposition8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is argum5tation8 ,:at means does x use8 ,:at two k9ds ( pro( are m5tion$8 ,:at may con/itute empirical pro(8 ,illu/rate4 #da4 ,:at fur!r det]m9es /yle8 ,:at f\r g5]ic types ( m9d are !re8 ,:at is ! result :5 ! logical faculties are dom9ant8 ,:at is ! effect ( a dom9ant imag9ation8 ,:at au?or is quot$ 9 illu/ration8 ,:5 ! imag9ation is ill-regulat$1 :at is ! result8 ,:at illu/ration is giv58 ,:at is ! effect ( /rong s5sibilities8 ,into :at may s5tim5t deg5]ate8 ,:at is ! result :5 comb9$ ) judgm5t & imag9ation8 ,:o is quot$ 9 illu/ration8 ,:at is ! effect ( w p[]8 ,:o are m5tion$ z /rong writ]s8 #db4 ,:at is said ( symmetrical faculties8 ,:at w be ! result :5 unit$ ) delicacy & culture8 ,:o are m5tion$ 9 illu/ration8 ,:at may be reflect$ 9 /yle8 ,:at k9ds ( /yle ?us result8 ,:y has e writ] a di/9ctive /yle8 #dc4 ,:y is a good /yle important8 ,to :at d _m writ+s1 anci5t & mod]n1 owe _! popul>ity8 ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! foll[+ extracts %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,! diction1 =ms ( s5t5ces1 & figures1 z pres5t$ 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 may be inve/igat$ along ) ! fur!r elem5ts ( /yle j consid]$4 ,su* que/ions z ! foll[+ may be appli$ to ! selections3 ,:at k9d ( disc\rse is x8 ,is x descriptive8 ,is x objective or subjective8 ,:at po9ts are describ$8 ,is x n>rative8 ,is x expository8 ,by :at means is ! elucidation made8 ,is x argum5tative8 ,:at k9d ( pro( is us$8 ,is ! ?\ght ! *ief conc]n ( ! writ]8 ,is ! piece imag9ative8 ,does x ab\nd 9 adjectives8 ,does x pres5t pictures8 ,is x /ately & 9 full dress8 ,:at faculty pr$om9ates8 ,does x gl[ ) feel+8 ,does x rea* ! po9t ( s5tim5talism8 ,does x %[ a love ( nature8 ( humanity8 ,d ! emotions c\nt = m ?an ! ?\ght8 ,is x en]getic or vehem5t8 ,has ! writ] positive convictions8 ,is he hesitat+ or dogmatic8 ,is x graceful or elegant8 ,does x exhibit ecc5tricity or sanity8 ,is x smoo?1 abrupt1 laconic1 epigrammatic1 humor\s1 colloquial8 ,are !re o!r *>act]i/ics8 ,long l9es ( cliff break+ h left a *asm2 ,& 9 ! *asm are foam & yell[ s&s2 ,beyond1 r$ ro(s ab\t a n>r[ :>f ,9 clu/]2 !n a m\ld]$ *ur*2 & high] ,a long /reet climbs to "o tall-t[]$ mill2 ,& high 9 heav5 beh9d x a gray d[n ,) ,dani% b>r[s2 & a hazel-wood1 ,by autumn nutt]s haunt$1 fl\ri%es ,gre5 9 a cuplike holl[ ( ! d[n4--,,t5nyson4 ,! ,normans gave way4 ,! ,engli% press$ =w>d4 ,a cry w5t =? among ! ,norman troops t ,duke ,william 0 kill$4 ,duke ,william took (f 8 helmet1 9 ord] t 8 face might be di/9ctly se51 & rode along ! l9e be=e 8 m54 ,?is gave !m c\rage4 ,z !y turn$ aga9 to face ! ,engli%1 "s ( ! ,norman horse divid$ ! pursu+ body ( ! ,engli% f ! re/1 & ?us all t =emo/ portion ( ! ,engli% army fell1 fight+ bravely4--,,dick5s4 ,poetry ( late has be5 t]m$ a =ce1 or mode ( =ce1 v mu* z if x 7 ! heat1 or light1 or motion kn[n to physics4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ages be=e our era ( sci5tific r$uctions1 ! en]gia--! vital en]gy--( ! m9/rel's song 0 undisput$4 ,x seems to me1 9 spite ( all we he> ab\t mat]ialism1 t ! s5tim5t imp>t+ ?is en]gy--! poetic impulse1 at lea/--has seldom be5 m =ceful ?an at ?is mom5t4 ,,/$man4 ,h[ inexhau/ibly ! _s gr[s6 ,"o object1 %e seem$ ere:ile born to rea* ,) h] :ole en]gies & die cont5t1-- ,s l a wall at ! _w's edge x /ood1 ,) n\ght beyond to live =1--is t rea*$8-- ,already are new undream$ en]gies ,outgr[+ "u1 & ext5d+ f>!r ,to a new object2 !re's ano!r _w6--,,br[n+4 ,i h he>d t no?+ gives an au?or s great pleasure z to f9d 8 works respectfully quot$ by o!r le>n$ au?ors4 ,?is pleasure ,i h seldom enjoy$2 = ?\gh ,i h be51 if ,i may say x )\t vanity1 an em95t au?or 7( almanacs7 annually1 n[ a full qu>t] ( a c5tury1 my bro!r au?ors 9 ! same way 7= :at reason ,i "k n7 h ev] be5 v sp>+ 9 _! applauses2 & no o!r au?or has tak5 ! lea/ notice ( me3 s t1 did n my writ+s produce me "s solid pudd+1 ! great defici5cy ( praise w\ld h q disc\rag$ me4--,,frankl94 ,/udies s]ve = delight1 = ornam5t1 & = ability4 ,_! *ief use = delight is 9 privat5ess & retir+2 = ornam5t1 is 9 disc\rse2 & = ability1 is 9 ! judgm5t & disposition ( bus9ess2 = exp]t m5 c execute1 & p]haps judge ( p>ticul>s1 "o by "o2 b ! g5]al c\nsels1 & ! plots & m>%all+ ( affairs1 come be/ f ^? t are le>n$4 ,to sp5d too mu* "t 9 /udies1 is slo?2 to use !m too mu* = ornam5t1 is affectation2 to make judgm5t :olly by _! rules1 is ! humor ( a s*ol>3 !y p]fect nature1 & are p]fect$ by exp]i5ce2 = natural abilities are l natural plants1 t ne$ prun+ by /udy2 & /udies !mselves d give =? directions too mu* at l>ge except !y be b\nd$ 9 by exp]i5ce4--,,bacon4 ,we want ! same glori\s privileges :i* we enjoy to g d[n to our *ildr54 ,we _c sleep well ! la/ sleep1 nor w ! pill[ ( du/ be easy to our heads until we are assur$ t ! ,god ( our ,am]ican in/itutions 9 ! pa/1 w be ! ,god ( our ,am]ican in/itutions 9 ! days t are to come4 ,oh1 :5 all ! riv]s :i* empty into ! ,atlantic & ,pacific seas %all pull on factory b&s1 :5 all ! great m9es ( gold1 & silv]1 & iron1 & coal %all be laid b>e = ! nation1 :5 ! la/ swamp %all be reclaim$1 & ! la/ jungle cle>$1 & ! la/ ,am]ican des]t ,ed5iz$1 & f sea to sea ! cont95t %all be occupi$ by m ?an twelve hundr$ million s\ls1 may x be f\nd t moral & religi\s influ5ces 7 multipli$ 9 m rapid ratio ?an ! population4 ,& !n !re %all be f\r doxologies com+ f nor?1 & s\?1 & ea/1 & we/--f\r doxologies roll+ t[>d ea* o!r & meet+ mid-cont95t ) su* da% ( holy joy t !y %all m\nt to ! ?rone4 ,,talmage4 ,books6 'tis a dull & endless /rife3 ,come1 he> ! woodl& l9net1 ,h[ sweet 8 music6 on my life1 ,!re's m ( wisdom 9 x4 ,& h>k6 h[ bli! ! ?ro/le s+s6 ,he1 too1 is no mean prea*]2 ,come =? into ! light ( ?+s1 ,let ,nature be y\r tea*]4--,,wordswor?4 ,%e is s5sible ( my suff]+s4 ,?is morn+ h] look pi]c$ to my v s\l4 ,i f\nd h] alone1 & %e 0 sil5t2 %e /eadfa/ly survey$ me4 ,i no long] saw 9 h] face ! *>m ( beauty or ! fire ( g5ius2 ^! _h disappe>$4 ,b ,i 0 affect$ by an expression mu* m t\*+1 a look ( ! deepe/ sympa?y & ( ! s(te/ pity4 ,:y 0 ,i afraid to ?r[ myself at h] feet8 ,:y did ,i n d>e to take h] 9 my arms1 & answ] h] by a ?\s& kisses8 ,%e _h rec\rse to h] piano = relief1 & 9 a l[ & sweet voice accompani$ ! music ) delici\s s\nds4 ,h] lips nev] appe>$ s lovely2 !y seem$ b j to op51 t !y might imbibe ! sweet tones :i* issu$ f ! in/rum5t1 & return ! heav5ly vibration f h] lovely m\?4 ,oh6 :o c express my s5sations8 ,i 0 q ov]come1 &1 b5d+ d[n1 pron\nc$ ?is v[3 ,beautiful lips1 :i* ! angels gu>d1 nev] w ,i seek to pr(ane y\r purity ) a kiss4 ,,goe!4 ,! only happ9ess a brave man ev] tr\bl$ himself ) ask+ mu* ab\t 0 happ9ess en\gh to get 8 "w done4 ,n ,i c't eat6 b ,i c't "w6 t 0 ! burd5 ( all wise compla9+ among m54 ,x is1 aft] all1 ! "o unhapp9ess ( a man4 ,t he _c "w2 t he _c get 8 de/9y z a man fulfill$4 ,behold1 ! day is pass+ swiftly ov]1 our life is pass+ swiftly ov]2 & ! night come?1 :]e9 no man c "w4 ,! night once come1 our happ9ess1 our unhapp9ess1--x is all aboli%$2 vani%$1 clean gone2 a ?+ t has be53 n ( ! slighte/ consequ5ce :e!r we 7 z happy z eupeptic ,curtis1 z ! fatte/ pig ( ,epicurus1 or unhappy z ,job ) pot%]ds1 z musical ,byron ) ,gia\rs & s5sibilities ( ! he>t4 ,b our "w1--behold1 t is n aboli%$1 t has n vani%$3 our "w1 behold1 x rema9s1 or ! want ( x rema9s2 = endless ,times & ,et]nities1 rema9s2 & t is n[ ! sole "q ) u =ev]more4--,,c>lyle4 ,among ! p[]s 9 man :i* suff] by ?is too int5se life ( ! social in/9cts1 none suff]s m ?an ! p[] ( dream+4 ,let no man ?9k ?is a trifle4 ,! ma*9]y = dream+ plant$ 9 ! human bra9 0 n plant$ = no?+4 ,t faculty1 9 alliance ) ! my/]y ( d>kness1 is ! "o great tube ?r\gh :i* man communicates ) ! %ad[y4 ,& ! dream+ organ1 9 connection ) ! he>t1 ! eye1 & ! e>1 composes ! magnific5t app>atus :i* =ces ! inf9ite into ! *amb]s ( a human bra91 & ?r[s d>k reflections f et]nities bel[ all life ^u ! mirrors ( ! sleep+ m9d4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,?us ) ! ye> ,seasons return2 b n to me returns ,day1 or ! sweet approa* ( ev5 or morn ,or sight ( v]nal bloom1 or summ]'s rose1 ,or flocks1 or h]ds1 or human face div9e2 ,b cl\d in/ead & ev]-dur+ d>k ,surr\nds me1 f ! *e]ful ways ( m5 ,cut (f1 &1 = ! book ( k fair1 ,pres5t$ ) a univ]sal blank ,( ,nature's works1 to me expung$ & ras$1 ,& wisdom at "o entrance q %ut out4 ,,milton4 ,x happ5$ "o day1 ab\t noon1 go+ t[>ds my boat1 ,i 0 exce$+ly surpris$ ) ! pr9t ( a man's nak$ foot on ! %ore1 :i* 0 v pla9 to be se5 9 ! s&4 ,i /ood l "o ?und]-/ruck1 or z if ,i _h se5 an app>ition4 ,i li/5$1 ,i look$ ar\nd me1 ,i c\ld he> no?+1 nor see any?+4 ,i w5t up to a ris+ gr\nd to look f>!r4 ,i w5t up ! %ore1 & d[n ! %ore1 b x 0 all "o1 ,i c\ld see no o!r impressions b t "o4 ,i w5t to x aga9 to see if !re 7 any m1 & to obs]ve if x might n be my fancy2 b !re 0 no room = t1 = !re 0 exactly ! v pr9t ( a foot1 toes1 heel1 & e "p ( a foot4 ,h[ x came ?i!r ,i knew n1 nor c\ld 9 ! lea/ imag9e4--,,defoe4 ,,note ,x w\ld be well to apply ! critical pr9ciples ( ?is *apt]1 & inde$ ( ! entire ,"p ,second1 to "s brief b complete "w4 ,= ?is purpose ! tea*] might assign ,macaulay's ,essay on ,milton1 ,de ,qu9cey's ,joan ( ,arc1 ,t5nyson's ,eno* ,ard51 ,web/]'s ,fir/ ,bunk] ,hill ,oration1 or "s o!r simil> "w4 ,aft] det]m9+ ! diction1 prevail+ type ( s5t5ces1 & figures ( spee*1 let ! /ud5t divide ! "w1 z f> z possible1 into its descriptive1 n>rative1 expository1 argum5tative1 & p]suasive portions4 ,9 _m cases ! v>i\s k9ds ( disc\rse w be s int]wov5 t ! classification w be d\btful & difficult4 ,at ! same "t ! /ud5t might po9t out ! passages 9 :i* ?\ght1 imag9ation1 feel+1 or en]gy ( w pr$om9ates 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,! ef=t %\ld be made accurately to *>act]ize ! au?or's /yle z a :ole4 ,,"p ,,?ird ,,k9ds ,,( ,,lit]ature ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,nature ,,& ,,/ructure ,,( ,,poetry #dd4 ,def9ition4 ,we may approximately def9e poetry z ! metrical expression ( l(ty or beautiful ?\ght1 feel+1 or action1 9 imag9ative & arti/ic =m4 ,its metrical "* di/+ui%es x f prose2 = !re is no su* ?+ z prose poetry1 ?\gh we sometimes f9d1 z 9 ! be/ passages ( ,rusk91 poetical prose4 ,its /hetic idea or cont5t1 its exquisite diction1 & its arti/ic =m di/+ui% g5u9e poetry f m]e v]se1 :i* is ! me*anical or un>ti/ic expression ( commonplace ?\ght1 feel+1 or incid5t4 ,poetry is1 9 l>ge measure1 a product ( ! creative imag9ation2 & 9 its highe/ =ms !re mu/ be en]gy ( passion1 int5sity yet delicacy ( feel+1 l(t9ess ( ?\ght1 dep? & cle>ness ( intuitive vision4 ,x is ! metrical expression ( an exaltation ( s\l1 :i* sometimes suffuses ! objects ( nature & ! sc5es ( human life ) a beauty & glory ( its own1-- ,! light t nev] 0 on sea or l&1 ,! consecration & ! poet's dream4 #de4 ,poetry & ,prose4 ,poetry occupies a region above prose4 ,:ile prose 9 its highe/ flights approa*es ! plane ( poetry1 & poetry 9 its l[e/ desc5t t\*es ! level ( prose1 !y are yet ess5tially diff]5t4 ,! "o is commonplace1 ! o!r elevat$ or ideal4 ,?is tru? is br\ght out cle>ly :5 we comp>e ! same fact or incid5t ( hi/ory z relat$ 9 poetry & prose4 ,! neid is v unlike a prose acc\nt ( ! f\nd+ ( ,rome4 ,we sometimes say 9 pla9 prose1 ,! ev5+ pass$ pleasantly & quickly2 b :5 ! poet describes x1 !re is an elevation ( ?\ght & gl[ ( feel+ t make x ideal3 ,! twilight h\rs l birds flew by1 ,z lightly & z free2 ,t5 ?\s& />s 7 9 ! sky1 ,t5 ?\s& 9 ! sea4 ,= e wave ) dimpl$ face ,t leap$ ^u ! air1 ,_h caught a /> 9 its embrace1 ,& held x trembl+ !re4 #df4 ,s\rces ( ,poetry4 ,nature is fill$ ) poetry4 ,! great poet is ,god1 & he has fill$ ! univ]se ) rhy?m1 h>mony1 beauty4 ,human poems are b faulty %ells ga!r$ on ! %ore ( ! div9e ocean ( poetry4 ,! />s are ! poetry ( ! skies4 ,! planets & /ell> sy/ems t circle 9 _! glori\s orbits pres]ve a sublime h>mony ( movem5t4 ,! light t rea*es u f di/ant worlds comes to u 9 rhy?mical wavelets4 ,e human life is a poem1--(t5 an amus+ com$y1 b /ill (t5] a mov+ trag$y4 ,! t5d] fri5d%ips1 ! innoc5t joys1 ! noble aspirations1 ! high a*ievem5ts ( m51 =m ! lyric poetry ( human exi/5ce4 ,! rippl+ ( ! =e/ /ream )9 its %ady banks ( f]n1 ! rhy?mical roll & heavy ro> ( ! ocean surges1 are ! poetry ( ! sp>kl+ wat]s4 ,! audible sil5ce & my/]i\s :isp]+s ( ! d>k & maje/ic =e/1 ! mode/ hid+ ( ! little violet t gives *>m to "s neglect$ spot1--?is is ! poetry ( ! woods & fields4 ,:e!r we look ^u e>?1 or air1 or sky1 we may be sure t ! unwritt5 poetry ( ,god is !re4 ,9 our be/ mom5ts we feel its pres5ce1--its mute yet eloqu5t appeal to our high] natures4 ,x lifts u up into fell[%ip ) ,him :o ?us speaks to u4 #dg4 ,! ,poet4 ,:5 mat]ial int]e/s dom9ate ! life ( a p1 ! poet is g5]ally und]valu$4 ,he is apt to be reg>d$ z an unpractical1 or ev5 an ecc5tric & valueless memb] ( society4 ,too (t5 ! ecc5tricities ( g5ius af=d "s basis = ?is prejudice2 b x is :olly gr\ndless 9 ! case ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ gift$ ( ! poetic race4 ,high poetic gifts are favorable to ! noble/ types ( manhood4 ,! great poet1 beyond all o!r m51 possesses an intuitive insight into tru?1 dep? ( feel+1 & appreciation ( beauty4 ,^! gifts lift ! poet out ( ! rank ( common m51 & make him1 9 8 mom5ts ( highe/ inspiration1 a prophet to 8 p4 ,9 ! language ( ,bailey 9 8 ,fe/us1-- ,poetry is itself a ?+ ( ,god2 ,he made ,8 prophets poets1 & ! m ,we feel ( poesy1 d we become ,l ,god 9 love & p[]--"u mak]s4 ,among ! greate/ ( e nation1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n1 poets /& almo/ prem95t4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory !re is no "o great] ?an ! sweet ,psalmi/ ( ,israel4 ,hom] /&s 9 almo/ solit>y gr&eur 9 ! e>ly annals ( ,greece4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,italy1 :at "n is to be plac$ above t ( ,dante8 ,9 ,engl& !re are1 p]haps1 no names to be rank$ above ^? ( ,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,t5nyson1 ^: imp]i%able works abide ) u1 & 9 no small degree m\ld ! ?\ght & feel+ ( ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,& among ! illu/ri\s citiz5s ( our own c\ntry !re are few or none :o h rea*$ a high] nobility ( "* ?an its great s+]s1--,longfell[1 ,bryant1 ,:itti]1 ,hayne1 & ,l[ell4 ,_! lives 7 no less sane ?an beautiful4 #dh4 ,! ,poet z ,se]4 ,! poet is prem95tly a se]4 ,he disc]ns ! div9e beauty & tru? ( life :i* escape ! common sight2 & because he reveals !m to u 9 8 melodi\s art he becomes an exalt$ tea*]4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! tumults ( gre$ & ga9 he lifts up 8 voice to witness ( high] ?+s4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( :at seem$ to h] a sordid g5]ation1 ,mrs4 ,br[n+ calls poets ,! only tru?-tell]s n[ left to ,god1 ,! only speak]s ( ess5tial tru?1 ,oppos$ to relative1 comp>ative1 ,& temporal tru?s2 ! only hold]s by ,8 sun-skirts1 ?r\gh conv5tional gray glooms2 ,! only tea*]s :o in/ruct mank9d1 ,f j a %ad[ on a *>nel-wall1 ,to f9d man's v]itable /ature out1 ,erect1 sublime--! measure ( a man4 ,! poet1 ) 8 int5s] nature1 gives expression to our deepe/ ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,:at we h (t5 felt b vaguely1 he utt]s = u 9 imp]i%able =ms4 ,9 h[ _m ?+s ,%akespe>e has voic$ ! human s\l6 ,:ile poetry has rippl+ measures suit$ to our smiles1 x belongs1 9 its ri*e/ =m1 to ! deep] side ( our nature4 ,its l(tie/ numb]s are giv5 to tru? & righte\sness1 to ! tragic /riv+s & sorr[s ( life1 & to ! my/]ies ( dea?less love4 #di4 ,v]sification4 ,v]sification is ! sci5ce ( mak+ v]se4 ,! unit or />t+ po9t 9 v]sification is ! syllable1 :i* may be long or %ort1 accord+ to ! "t x requires 9 pron\nc+1 & acc5t$ or unacc5t$1 accord+ to ! /ress ( tone ) :i* x is pron\nc$4 ,quantity1 by :i* is meant ! l5g? ( syllables1 =m$ ! basis ( v]sification 9 ,lat9 & ,greek poetry2 b 9 ,engli% poetry x is us$ to give v>iety1 music1 or "s o!r elem5t ( effectiv5ess to ! v]se4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ 9 a well-kn[n passage f ,pope3 ,:5 ,ajax /rives "s rock's va/ weight to ?r[1 ,! l9e1 too1 labors1 & ! words move sl[2 ,n s1 :5 swift ,camilla sc\rs ! pla91 ,flies o'er ! unb5d+ corn1 & skims along ! ma94 ,! fir/ two l9es occupy m "t 9 read+ ?an ! la/ two1 ! s\nd 9 ea* case correspond+ 9 "s measure to ! s5se4 ,an exam9ation ( ! l9es w %[ t ! fir/ two h m long v[el s\nds ?an ! la/ two1 & t ^! & o!r v[el s\nds are l5g!n$ 9 pronunciation by ! pres5ce ( difficult consonant comb9ations4 ,ajax /rives & rock's va/ weight are n phrases t slip quickly f ! tongue4 ,fur!rmore1 ! second l9e is l5g!n$ by no few] ?an ?ree pauses4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,engli% v]se is acc5t1 & n quantity4 ,9 ! l9e1 ,! mossy m>bles re/1 x w be obs]v$ t e o!r syllable receives a /ress ( voice or is acc5t$4 ,! s*eme ( ! v]se may be repres5t$ z foll[s3 u-'u-'u-'1 ! l9e be+ brok5 up into ?ree equal & simil> p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is call$ a foot4 ,! foot consi/+ ( an unacc5t$ foll[$ by an acc5t$ syllable is call$ an iambus4 ,9 ! l9e1 ,home !y br\ght h] w>rior dead1 we obs]ve t beg9n+ ) ! fir/ syllable e o!r "o is acc5t$1 giv+ u ! foll[+ z ! s*eme ( ! v]se3 -'u-'u-'u-'4 ,! la/ foot is obvi\sly incomplete or catalectic4 ,! foot t consi/s ( two syllables1 ! fir/ ( :i* is acc5t$1 is call$ a tro*ee4 ,x is ! opposite ( ! iambus4 ,aga91 9 ! l9e1 ,?is is ! =e/ primeval2 ! murmur+ p9es & ! hemlocks1 x w be notic$ t1 beg9n+ ) ! fir/1 ea* acc5t$ syllable is foll[$ by two unacc5t$ syllables1 except 9 ! la/ foot1 :i* is a tro*ee4 ,! s*eme ( ! v]se is z foll[s3 -'uu-'uu-'uu-'uu-'uu-'u4 ,?is foot1 consi/+ ( "o acc5t$ syllable1 foll[$ by two unacc5t$ syllables1 is call$ a dactyl4 ,once m1 9 ! l9e1 ,?r\gh ! dep?s ( ,lo* ,katr9e ! /e$ %all c>e]1 ! ?ird syllable is acc5t$1 & ! s*eme ( ! v]se may be ?us indicat$3 uu-'uu-'uu-'uu-'4 ,?is foot1 :i* is ! opposite ( ! dactyl1 is kn[n z ! anape/4 ,a spondee is a foot ( two equally acc5t$ syllables2 z1 ma9spr+1 sea-maid4 ,!re is /ill ano!r foot1 kn[n z ! amphibra*1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree syllables1 ! second ( :i* is acc5t$1 z 9 ! ^w de-ni'-al4 ,! s*eme ( ! foll[+ l9e1 ,! fle% 0 a picture = pa9t]s to /udy1 may be indicat$ ?us3 u-'uu-'uu-'uu-'u4 ,b ne>ly all ,engli% poetry is bas$ ^u ! f\r feet1--iambus1 tro*ee1 dactyl1 & anape/1--fir/ giv54 #ej4 ,met]s4 ,a v]se is nam$ f ! numb] ( prevail+ feet4 ,a v]se conta9+ "o iambic foot is call$ iambic monomet]2 two feet1 iambic dimet]2 ?ree feet1 iambic trimet]2 f\r feet1 iambic tetramet]2 five feet1 iambic p5tamet]2 six feet1 iambic hexamet]4 ,! l9e1 ,! twilight h\rs l birds flew by1 is made up ( f\r iambic feet1 & is !re=e an iambic tetramet]4 ,iambic p5tamet]1 9 :i* ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/1 mu* ( ,pope's poetry1 ,%akespe>e's dramas1 &1 inde$1 a l>ge proportion ( ,engli% v]se1 are writt51 is call$ h]oic measure4 ,9 l mann] we h tro*aic monomet]1 dimet]1 trimet]1 tetramet]1 p5tamet]1 & hexamet]4 ,! foll[+ l9e1 ,z unto ! b[ ! cord is1 is tro*aic tetramet]1 :i* is ! met] ( ,hiawa?a4 ,! =ego+ are call$ dissyllabic met]s2 b ! trisyllabic measures h ! same names accord+ to ! numb] ( feet4 ,a v]se consi/+ ( a s+le dactyl is ?us dactylic monomet]2 ( two dactyls1 dactylic dimet]2 & s on up to dactylic hexamet]1 :i* is ! met] ( ,hom]'s ,iliad1 ,v]gil's neid1 & ,longfell['s ,evangel9e & ,c\rt%ip ( ,miles ,/&i%4 ,! l9e1 ,s(tly ! breezes desc5d 9 ! valley1 is dactylic tetramet]1 ?\gh ! la/ foot is a tro*ee4 ,9 l mann] we h anape/ic l9es ( all l5g?s f monomet] to hexamet]4 ,! l9e1 ,h[ %e smil$1 & ,i c\ld n b love1 conta9s ?ree anape/s1 & is !re=e anape/ic trimet]4 ,b ! "t elem5t ( a poetic foot is important1 z x expla9s ! seem+ irregul>ities (t5 met ) 9 v]se4 ,an additional syllable may be add$ to a foot or subtract$ f x :5 ! "t ( ! foot or v]se is n *ang$4 ,by rapid utt]ance two syllables are (t5 equal to "o1 & 9 ?is way an anape/ is frequ5tly us$ ) ! "t value ( an iambus4 ,9 l mann] a pause may sometimes take ! place ( an unacc5t$ syllable4 ,bo? cases are fully illu/rat$ 9 ,t5nyson's well-kn[n lyric1-- ,break1 break1 break1 ,on ?y cold gray /ones1 ,o sea6 ,9 spite ( ! seem+ irregul>ity ( ?is poem1 ! pres5ce ( ! prop] "t elem5t1 toge!r ) ! regul> acc5ts1 pres]ves its metrical h>mony4 ,!re are few poems )\t slight metrical irregul>ities4 ,! met] is v>i$ to prev5t monotony1 to give emphasis to a ^w1 or to respond bett] to "s turn ( ! ?\ght or feel+4 ,take1 = example1 ! foll[+ c\plet f ,wordswor?3 ,to me ! meane/ fl[] t bl[s c give ,?\ghts t d (t5 lie too deep = te>s4 ,! met] is iambic p5tamet]2 b ! fir/ foot ( ! second l9e is a tro*ee1 & emphasizes ?\ghts ) f9e effect4 ,! "t ( ! l9e rema9s un*ang$4 ,9 ,milton we read1-- ,levia?an1 :i* ,god ( all 8 works ,creat$ huge/ t swim ! ocean /ream4 ,?is is likewise iambic p5tamet]2 b 9 ! second l9e a clumsy anape/ic foot is ins]t$ to correspond to ! nature ( ! mon/] describ$4 ,no d\bt irregul>ities sometimes occur by ov]sight or f lack ( skill2 b ) our great] poets1 ^: ?\ght & emotion in/9ctively assume ! prop] metrical =m1 ! irregul>ities are motiv$4 #ea4 ,rhyme4 ,rhyme1 or z x is m correctly spell$ rime1 is a simil>ity ( s\nd betwe5 words or syllables4 ,id5tity ( s\nd1 z heir1 air1 site1 sight1 is n rhyme4 ,x usually occurs betwe5 words at ! end ( a v]se1 & s]ves to l5d bo? beauty & emphasis to poetry4 ,! ord] 9 :i* rhymes occur is v>i\s4 ,!y may be f\nd 9 succe$+ l9es2 z1-- ,! te> d[n *ildhood's *eek t fl[s ,is l ! dewdrop on ! rose2 ,:5 next ! summ] breeze comes by1 ,& %akes ! bu%1 ! fl[] is dry4 ,!y may occur 9 alt]nate l9es2 z1-- ,! sun has long be5 set2 ,! />s are out by twos & ?rees2 ,! little birds are pip+ yet ,among ! bu%es & ! trees4 ,or ! rhymes may occur at long] int]vals2 z1-- ,i envy n 9 any moods ,! captive void ( noble rage1 ,! l9net born )9 ! cage1 ,t nev] knew ! summ] woods4 ,9 d\ble rhyme ! correspond5ce ( s\nd ext5ds to two syllables1 & 9 triple rhyme to ?ree4 ,a d\ble rhyme1 z pleasure1 measure1 is also call$ fem99e1 :ile s+le rhymes are call$ mascul9e4 ,! foll[+ illu/rates bo? d\ble1 or fem99e1 & mascul9e rhymes3 ',tis ! h\r :5 happy faces ,smile ar\nd ! tap]'s light2 ,:o w fill our vacant places8 ,:o w s+ our songs to-night8 ,! foll[+ f ,hood illu/rates triple rhyme3 ,take h] up t5d]ly1 ,lift h] ) c>e2 ,fa%ion$ s sl5d]ly1 ,"y & s fair4 ,triple rhyme is usually employ$ only 9 a light1 satirical1 or mock+ ve94 ,byron uses x frequ5tly 9 8 frivol\s or reckless moods2 = example1-- ,o _w t 0 & is6 ,:at is cosmogony8 ,"s p h accus$ me ( misan?ropy1 ,& yet ,i "k no m ?an ! mahogany ,t =ms ?is desk ( :at !y mean2 lycan?ropy ,i compreh5d2 =1 )\t trans=mation ,m5 become wolves on any slight occasion4 ,middle rhyme is t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! middle & f9al words or syllables ( a v]se4 ,x is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,! ,anci5t ,m>9]3 ,! fair breeze blew1 ! :ite foam flew1 ,! furr[ foll[$ free2 ,we 7 ! fir/ t ev] bur/ ,into t sil5t sea4 ,sectional rhyme is t occurr+ 9 ! fir/ half or section ( a v]se2 z1-- ,lightly & brightly breaks away ,! morn+ f h] mantle gray4 ,allit]ation is ! use ( ! same lett] at ! beg9n+ ( two or m words or syllables 9 ! same v]se or successive v]ses4 ,x 0 ! det]m9+ pr9ciple 9 ,anglo-,saxon poetry1 & has rema9$ ev] s9ce a s\rce ( h>mony 9 ,engli% v]se4 ,its effects are sometimes mo/ pleas+ :5 ! allit]ation turns on "o or m int]nal syllables4 ,! foll[+ f ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s ,romance ( ! ,swan's ,ne/ w s]ve = illu/ration3 ,little ,ellie sits al"o1 ,& ! smile she s(tly uses ,fills ! sil5ce like a spee*1 ,while she ?9ks what shall be done1 ,& ! sweete/ pleasure *ooses ,for h] future )9 rea*4 ,! light rippl+ melody ( ?is /anza is due1 9 consid]able measure1 to its f9e allit]ative /ructure4 ,t5nyson likewise makes effective use ( allit]ation1 z may be not$ especially 9 ! mat*less lyrics int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t ,! ,pr9cess4 ,a s+le /anza w make ?is cle>3 ,! spl5dor falls on castle walls ,& sn[y summits old 9 story2 ,! long light %akes across ! lakes ,& ! wild cat>act leaps 9 glory4 ,bl[1 bugle1 bl[1 set ! wild e*oes fly+1 ,bl[1 bugle2 answ]1 e*oes1 dy+1 dy+1 dy+4 #eb4 ,/anzas4 ,a /anza is a sep>ate division ( a poem1 & conta9s two or m l9es or v]ses4 ,a /anza ( two l9es is call$ a c\plet2 ( ?ree l9es1 a triplet2 ( f\r l9es1 a quatra94 ,t5nyson's ,locksley ,hall is 9 two-l9e /anza3 ,m51 my bro!rs1 m5 ! work]s1 ev] reap+ some?+ new2 ,t :i* !y h done b e>ne/ ( ! ?+s t !y %all d4 ,8 ,two ,voices is 9 ! triplet /anza3 ,a /ill small voice spake unto me1 ',?\ art s full ( mis]y1 ,7 x n bett] n to be8' ,!n to ! /ill small voice ,i said1 ',let me n ca/ 9 endless %ade ,:at is s wond]fully made4' ,num]\s examples ( ! f\r-l9e /anza h already be5 giv54 ,rhyme royal is a sev5-l9e /anza inv5t$ by ,*auc]4 ,z w be se5 f ! foll[+ example1 x is made up ( iambic p5tamet] l9es1 ! fir/ f\r =m+ a quatra9 ( alt]nate rhymes1 ! fif? l9e repeat+ ! rhyme ( ! f\r?1 & ! la/ two l9es =m+ a rhym+ c\plet4 ,its s*eme is a b a b b c c1 9 :i* ! same lett]s indicate rhymes4 ,= lo6 ! sea t fleets ab\t ! l&1 ,& l a girdle clips h] solid wai/1 ,music & measure bo? do? und]/&1 ,= 8 great cry/al eye is always ca/ ,up to ! moon1 & on h] fixe? fa/2 ,& z %e circles 9 h] pallid sph]e1 ,s dance? he ab\t ! c5tre "h4 ,ottava rima is compos$ ( eight iambic p5tamet] v]ses ) alt]nate rhymes1 except ! la/ two l9es1 :i* =m a rhym$ c\plet4 ,byron's ,don ,juan is writt5 9 ?is /anza4 ,! s*eme ( rhyme is a b a b a b a c4 ',tis sweet to he> ! wat*-dog's hone/ b>k ,bay deep-m\!d welcome z we draw ne> home2 ',tis sweet to "k !re is an eye w m>k ,our com+1 & look bright] :5 we come2 ',tis sweet to be awak5$ by ! l>k ,or lull$ by fall+ wat]s2 sweet ! hum ,( bees1 ! voice ( girls1 ! song ( birds1 ,! lisp ( *ildr51 & _! e>lie/ words4 ,! ,sp5s]ian /anza1 inv5t$ by ,edmund ,sp5s] & employ$ by him 9 ! ,fa]ie ,que5e1 is a difficult b effective =m ( poetry4 ,x consi/s ( n9e v]ses1 ! fir/ eight be+ iambic p5tamet]1 & ! n9? l9e iambic hexamet]1 or ,alex&r9e4 ,its rhyme s*eme is a b a b b c b c c4 ,! foll[+ f ,byron's ,*ilde ,h>old w s]ve = illu/ration3 ,to sit on rocks1 to muse o'er flood & fell1 ,to sl[ly trace ! =e/'s %ady sc5e1 ,:]e ?+s t own n man's dom9ion dwell1 ,& mortal foot ha? ne'er or r>ely be52 ,to climb ! trackless m\nta9 all unse51 ,) ! wild flock t nev] ne$s a fold2 ,alone o'er /eeps & foam+ falls to lean2 ,?is is n solitude2 'tis b to hold ,conv]se ) ,nature's *>ms1 & view h] /ores unroll$4 ,! pr9cipal hymn /anzas are kn[n z long met]1 common met]1 & %ort met]4 ,! long-met] /anza is compos$ ( f\r iambic tetramet] l9es1 rhym+ ei!r alt]nately or 9 c\plets2 z1 ,wide z ! _w is ,?y comm&2 ,va/ z et]nity ,?y love2 ,firm z a rock ,?y tru? mu/ /&1 ,:5 roll+ ye>s %all cease to move4 ,! common-met] /anza conta9s f\r iambic l9es1 ! fir/ & ?ird be+ tetramet]1 & ! second & f\r? trimet]4 ,! rhymes are alt]nate2 z1 ,et]nity1 ) all its ye>s1 ,/&s pres5t to ,?y view2 ,to ,!e !re's no?+ old appe>s1 ,to ,!e !re's no?+ new4 ,! %ort-met] /anza consi/s ( f\r iambic l9es1 ! fir/1 second1 & f\r? be+ trimet]1 & ! ?ird tetramet]4 ,! rhymes are alt]nate2 z1 ,let good or ill befall1 ,x mu/ be good = me2 ,secure ( hav+ ,!e 9 all1 ,( hav+ all 9 ,!e4 #ec4 ,blank ,v]se4 ,unrhym$ poetry1 usually 9 iambic p5tamet] measure1 is kn[n z blank v]se4 ,x is our ord9>y epic & dramatic v]se1 z exemplifi$ 9 ,%akespe>e & ,milton4 ,blank v]se has great] fre$om ?an rhym$ v]se1 b ! atta9m5t ( a high degree ( excell5ce 9 x is sc>cely less difficult4 ,x approa*es ! ease & fre$om ( prose1 & p]haps = t reason x is apt to s9k bel[ a high level ( poetry4 ,ap>t f its diction & met]1 ! h>mony ( blank v]se dep5ds ^u two ?+s1--namely1 its pauses & its p]iods4 ,! rhy?mical pause occurr+ 9 a l9e is call$ a csura4 ,?\gh usually fall+ ne> ! middle ( ! l9e1 ! csural pause may occur at any po9t1 & sometimes !re may be two csuras4 ,!re is g5]ally a rhy?mical pause at ! end ( a v]se1 & :5 ?is pause is /ress$ by a completion ( ! s5se ! l9e is said to be end-/opt2 b if ! s5se awaits completion 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 ! l9e is said to be run-on4 ,! ,fr5* "n enjambem5t is sometimes us$ to designate a run-on l9e4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,?omson w s]ve to illu/rate ! csural pauses1 z well z end-/opt & run-on l9es3 ,^! z !y *ange1 ,almighty ,fa!r1 ^! ,are b ! v>i$ ,god4 ,! roll+ ye> ,is full ( !e4 ,=? 9 ! pleasant ,spr+ ,?y beauty walks1 ?y t5d]ness & love4 ,wide flu% ! fields2 ! s(t5+ air is balm2 ,e*o ! m\nta9s r\nd2 ! =e/ smiles2 ,& e s5se1 & e he>t1 is joy4 ,!n comes ?y glory 9 ! summ] mon?s ,) light & heat refulg5t4 ,!n ?y sun ,%oots full p]fection ?r\gh ! swell+ ye>4 ,by p]iod is meant ! conclusion ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! p]iod or end ( a s5t5ce may fall at ! end ( a l9e or at any po9t 9 x4 ,! p]iod s]ves to break up ! poem into long] or %ort] p>ts4 ,9 ,milton ! s5t5ces are g5]ally long1 & ! p]iods ?us break up ! poem into a sort ( /anza ( v>y+ l5g?4 ,run-on l9es are ! prevail+ type2 & ?is fact1 9 connection ) ! l5g? ( ! s5t5ces & ! con/ant %ift+ ( ! pauses1 imp>ts to 8 ,p>adise ,lo/ its peculi> organ roll4 ,! foll[+ passage w s]ve to make ?is cle>3 ,( man's fir/ disob$i5ce1 & ! fruit ,( t =bidd5 tree1 ^: mortal ta/e ,br\ght dea? into our _w1 & all our woe1 ,) loss ( ,ed51 till "o great] ,man ,re/ore u1 & rega9 ! blissful seat1 ,s+1 ,heav5ly ,muse1 t on ! secret top ,( ,oreb1 or ( ,s9ai1 did/ inspire ,t %eph]d :o fir/ taught ! *os5 se$ ,9 ! beg9n+ h[ ! heav5s & e>? ,rose out ( ,*aos4 ,or1 if ,sion hill ,delight !e m1 & ,siloa's brook t fl[$ ,fa/ by ! oracle ( ,god1 ,i !nce ,invoke ?y aid to my adv5tur\s song1 ,t ) no middle flight int5ds to so> ,above ! ,aonian m\nt1 :ile x pursues ,?+s unattempt$ yet 9 prose or rhyme4 ,^! sixte5 l9es practically make two /anzas4 ,twelve l9es1 or ?ree f\r?s ( ! :ole numb]1 are run-on4 ,! csural pause1 z w be se5 on c\nt+ ! feet 9 connection ) :i* !y occur1 is exce$+ly v>i$4 ,) ! two =ego+ extracts may be comp>$ ! foll[+ f ,%elley's ,ala/or1 9 :i* all ! p]iods are end-/opt1 & divide ! selection into cle>ly recognizable & almo/ regul> /anzas4 ,x w be not$ t ! movem5t & effect are v diff]5t f ^? ( ,?omson & ,milton4 ,!re 0 a poet ^: untimely tomb ,no human h& ) pi\s rev]5ce re>$1 ,b ! *>m$ eddies ( autumnal w9ds ,built o'er 8 m\ld]+ bones a pyramid ,( m\ld]+ leaves 9 ! wa/e wild]ness4 ,a lovely y\?1 no m\rn+ maid5 deck$ ,) weep+ fl[]s or votive cypress wrea? ,! lone c\* ( 8 ev]la/+ sleep2 ,g5tle & brave & g5]\s1 no lorn b>d ,brea!d o'er 8 d>k fate "o melodi\s sigh2 ,he liv$1 he di$1 he sang1 9 solitude4 ,/rang]s h wept to he> 8 passionate notes2 ,& virg9s1 z unkn[n he pass$1 h p9$ ,& wa/$ = fond love ( 8 wild eyes4 ,! fire ( ^? s(t orbs has ceas$ to burn1 ,& ,sil5ce1 too enamor$ ( t voice1 ,locks its mute music 9 h] rugg$ cell4 ,x w be obs]v$ t n only all ! p]iods1 b also twelve out ( ! sev5te5 l9es are end-/opt4 #ed4 ,poetic ,/yle4 ,by poetic /yle is meant ! *oice & arrangem5t ( words peculi> to poetry4 ,:ile 9 ! ma9 poetic & prose diction is ! same1 /ill !re are words & v]bal comb9ations admissible only 9 poetry4 ,poetry /rives aft] concret5ess & vividness ( expression4 ,su* words z /e$1 swa91 wight1 muse1 ,pegasus1 yclept1 a-cold1 spr5t1 b[]1 me$1 isle1 a-field1 dight1 soo?1 hight1 & _m o!rs1 are h>dly ev] met ) 9 ord9>y prose4 ,_! prose equival5ts are g5]ally pref]r$4 ,poetry uses great fre$om1 call$ poetic lic5se1 9 ! ord] ( words & con/ruction ( s5t5ces4 ,! pr9cipal deviations f ! prose ord] are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! v]b may prec$e ! subject = ! sake ( emphasis or met]2 z1 ,came a troop ) broad swords sw++4 7#b7 ,! v]b may foll[ its object2 z1 ,!e1 %eph]d1 !e ! woods1 & des]t caves1 ,& all _! e*oes1 m\rn4 7#c7 ,! inf9itive may prec$e ! ^w on :i* x dep5ds2 z1 ,:5 fir/ ?y sire1 to s5d on e>? ,virtue1 8 d>l+ *ild1 design$4 7#d7 ,prepositional phrases may prec$e ! v]bs !y modify2 z1 ,( man's fir/ disob$i5ce1 s+1 ,heav5ly ,muse4 7#e7 ,! preposition may foll[ ! n\n x gov]ns2 z1 ,f peak to peak1 ! rattl+ crags among1 ,leaps ! live ?und]4 7#f7 ,adv]bs may prec$e ! words !y modify2 z1 ,! pl[man homew>d plods 8 we>y way4 7#g7 ,cond5s$ expressions 9 ! =m ( comp\nd epi!ts are frequ5tly us$2 z1 ,o music1 sph]e-desc5d$ maid6 7#h7 ,an expletive pron\n may be us$ to ?r[ ! subject aft] ! v]b2 z1 ,x ceas$1 ! melan*oly s\nd4 7#i7 ,! relative pron\n may be omitt$2 z1 ',tis fancy1 9 h] fi]y c>1 ,transports me to ! ?icke/ w>4 7#aj7 ,intransitive v]bs are sometimes us$ ) an objective case2 z1 ,/ill 9 h>moni\s int]c\rse !y liv$ ,! rural day1 & talk$ ! fl[+ he>t4 7#aa7 ,ar*aic or antiquat$ words & modes ( expression may be us$2 z1 ,:ilome 9 ,albion's isle !re dwelt a y\? ,:o ne 9 virtue's ways did take delight4 7#ab7 ,! n\n may prec$e ! adjective modify+ x2 z1 ,! will[s1 & ! hazel copses gre54 ,,review ,,que/ions #dd4 ,:at is poetry8 ,h[ is x di/+ui%$ f prose8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 poetry & v]se8 #de4 ,:at is ! relative position ( poetry & prose8 ,illu/rate ! diff]5ce4 #df4 ,:at is ! s\rce ( poetry8 ,:at is said ( human life8 ,:at con/itutes its lyric poetry8 ,m5tion "s m5tal aspects ( nature4 #dg4 ,h[ is ! poet reg>d$ 9 a mat]iali/ic age8 ,) :at is ! great poet gift$8 ,:at is ,bailey's e/imate ( poets8 ,:at is said ( ! rank ( great poets8 ,m5tion "s ( ! _w's greate/ poets4 #dh4 ,:y is ! poet call$ a se]8 ,:at is 8 relation to 8 contempor>ies8 ,:at does ,mrs4 ,br[n+ say ( poets8 ,:at is said ( ,%akespe>e8 ,to :at class ( !mes does ! be/ poetry give itself8 #di4 ,:at is v]sification8 ,:at is its unit8 ,h[ are syllables di/+ui%$8 ,:at is ! function ( quantity 9 ,engli% v]se8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is ! pr9ciple ( ,engli% v]se8 ,:at is a metrical foot8 ,def9e iambus8 ,illu/rate4 ,def9e a tro*ee1 ) example4 ,:5 is a v]se or foot catalectic8 ,def9e a dactyl1 ) illu/ration4 ,def9e an anape/1 ) example4 ,def9e a spondee2 amphibra*1 ) example4 #ej4 ,h[ is a v]se nam$8 ,:at is iambic trimet]8 ,:at is iambic p5tamet] call$8 ,:at is tro*aic tetramet]8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is dactylic hexamet]8 ,illu/rate4 ,m5tion "s well-kn[n poems writt5 9 ?is met]4 ,:at is anape/ic trimet]8 ,illu/rate4 ,on :at pr9ciple may a syllable be add$ to a foot or omitt$ f x8 ,expla9 ! irregul>ities 9 ! fir/ two l9es ( ,t5nyson's ,break1 break1 break4 ,:at is said ( metrical irregul>ities8 ,:at is _! purpose8 ,illu/rate f ,wordswor? & ,t5nyson4 #ea4 ,:at is rhyme8 ,( :at use is x8 ,9 :at ord] may rhymes occur8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is a d\ble rhyme8 ,:at o!r "n has x8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is a triple rhyme8 ,illu/rate4 ,:5 is triple rhyme usually employ$8 ,:at is middle rhyme8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is sectional rhyme8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is allit]ation8 ,:at is said ( x8 ,give illu/rations f ,mrs4 ,br[n+ & ,t5nyson4 #eb4 ,:at is a /anza8 ,:at is a /anza ( two l9es call$8 ( ?ree8 ( f\r8 ,illu/rate4 ,expla9 rhyme royal2 ottava rima2 ,sp5s]ian /anza4 ,illu/rate4 ,expla9 ! usual hymn met]s1 illu/rat+ 9 ea* case4 #ec4 ,:at is blank v]se8 ,:at is said ( its fre$om & difficulty8 ,on :at does its h>mony dep5d8 ,:at is meant by csura8 ,:at is an end-/opt l9e8 ,a run-on l9e8 ,:at ,fr5* "n is us$ = ! latt]8 ,:at is meant by p]iod8 ,into :at does ! p]iod practically divide blank v]se8 ,on :at does ,milton's organ roll dep5d8 ,po9t out a notable diff]5ce betwe5 ,milton's & ,%elley's blank v]se4 #ed4 ,:at is meant by poetic /yle8 ,:at is said ( poetic diction8 ,m5tion "s poetic words4 ,/ate "s ( ! lead+ deviations 9 con/ruction8 ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! foll[+ selections %\ld be exam9$ 9 ! light ( su* que/ions z ^!3 ,is x poetry or v]se8 ,:at lifts x above prose8 ,does x treat ( nature1 man1 or ,god8 ,is x intellectual1 emotional1 or bo?8 ,:at is ! poet's idea8 ,is x commonplace1 true1 elevat$1 delicate1 exquisite8 ,:at is ! mood ( ! poet1--s]i\s1 playful1 humor\s1 calm1 exalt$8 ,:at imag9ative features has x8 ,:at concrete pictures8 ,:at figures8 ,is x self-re/ra9$ & classic8 ,is x loose & voluble8 ,z to /ructure1 :at is ! fundam5tal foot8 ,"n ea* l9e4 ,:at irregul>ities may exi/ & = :at purpose8 ,is ! movem5t sl[ or rapid8 ,expla9 ! s\rce ( sl[ness or rapidity4 ,:at is ! ord] ( rhymes8 ,are !y p]fect or defective8 ,are !re d\ble1 triple1 middle1 or sectional rhymes8 ,po9t out ! allit]ation4 ,:at is ! effect8 ,"n ! /anza4 ,is x blank v]se8 ,:]e does ! csural pause fall 9 ea* l9e8 ,is !re v>iety8 ,are ! l9es end-/opt or run-on8 ,po9t out ! poetic words4 ,:at is _! effect8 ,:at poetic con/ructions are !re8 ,divide ! selections into ?ree classes1--feeble1 good1 excell5t4 ,n[ all our neighbors' *imneys smoke1 ,& ,*ri/mas blocks are burn+2 ,_! ov5s !y ) bak$ meats *oke1 ,& all _! spits are turn+4 ,)\t ! door let sorr[ lie2 ,& if = cold x hap to die1 ,we'll bury x 9 a ,*ri/mas pie1 ,& ev]more be m]ry4--,,)]4 ,sil5ce 9 love betrays m woe ,?an words1 ?\gh ne'er s witty2 ,a begg> t is dumb1 y "k1 ,may *all5ge d\ble pity4 ,!n wrong n1 de>e/ to my he>t1 ,my true1 ?\gh secret passion2 ,he sm>te? mo/ t hides 8 sm>t1 ,& sues = no compassion4--,,raleigh4 ,fa!r1 ?y h& ,ha? re>$ ^! v5]able columns1 ?\ ,did/ weave ?is v]dant ro(4 ,?\ did/ look d[n ,^u ! nak$ e>?1 & =?) rose ,all ^! fair ranks ( trees4 ,!y1 9 ?y sun1 ,budd$ & %ook _! gre5 leaves 9 ?y breeze1 ,& %ot t[>d heav54 ,! c5tury-liv+ cr[ ,^: bir? 0 9 _! tops1 grew old & di$ ,among _! bran*es1 till at la/ !y /ood1 ,z n[ !y /&1 mossy1 & tall1 & d>k1 ,fit %r9e = humble wor%ipp] to hold ,communion ) 8 ,mak]4--,,bryant4 ,b s9ce1 ,o man6 ?y life & heal? dem& ,n food alone1 b labor f ?y h&1 ,fir/1 9 ! field1 b5ea? ! sun's /rong rays1 ,ask ( ?y "m ,e>? ! ne$ful maize2 ,%e loves ! race t c\rts h] yield+ soil1 ,& gives h] b\nties to ! sons ( toil4--,,b>l[4 ,my days among ! dead are pass$2 ,ar\nd me ,i behold1 ,:]e'er ^! casual eyes are ca/1 ,! mighty m9ds ( old2 ,my nev]-fail+ fri5ds are !y1 ,) :om ,i conv]se day by day4 ,) !m ,i take delight 9 weal1 ,& seek relief 9 woe2 ,& :ile ,i und]/& & feel ,h[ mu* to !m ,i owe1 ,my *eeks h (t5 be5 b$ew$ ,) te>s ( ?\ghtful gratitude4--,,s\!y4 ,x is a beaute\s ev5+1 calm & free2 ,! holy "t is quiet z a nun ,brea?less ) adoration2 ! broad sun ,is s9k+ d[n 9 its tranquillity2 ,! g5tl5ess ( heav5 is on ! sea2 ,li/56 ! mighty be+ is awake1 ,& do? ) 8 et]nal motion make ,a s\nd l ?und]--ev]la/+ly4 ,,wordswor?4 ,lives ( great m5 all rem9d u ,we c make our lives sublime1 ,& dep>t+ leave beh9d u ,footpr9ts on ! s&s ( "t2 ,footpr9ts1 t p]haps ano!r ,sail+ o'er life's solemn ma91 ,a =lorn & %ipwreck$ bro!r1 ,see+1 %all take he>t aga94 ,let u1 !n1 be up & do+1 ,) a he>t = any fate2 ,/ill a*iev+1 /ill pursu+1 ,le>n to labor & to wait4--,,longfell[4 ,b5ea? ^? rugg$ elms1 t yew-tree's %ade1 ,:]e heaves ! turf 9 _m a m\ld]+ heap1 ,ea* 9 8 n>r[ cell =ev] laid1 ,! rude =efa!rs ( ! hamlet sleep4 ,! breezy call ( inc5se-brea?+ morn1 ,! swall[ twitt]+ f ! /raw-built %$1 ,! cock's %rill cl>ion1 or ! e*o+ horn1 ,no m %all r\se !m f _! l[ly b$4 ,= !m no m ! blaz+ he>? %all burn1 ,or busy h\sewife ply h] ev5+ c>e2 ,no *ildr5 run to lisp _! sire's return1 ,or climb 8 knees ! envi$ kiss to %>e4--,,gray4 ,& sl[ly answ]$ ,ar?ur f ! b>ge3 ,! old ord] *ange?1 yield+ place to new1 ,& ,god fulfils himself 9 _m ways1 ,le/ "o good cu/om %\ld corrupt ! _w4 ,com=t ?yself3 :at com=t is 9 me8 ,i h liv$ my life1 & t :i* ,i h done1 ,may ,he )9 himself make pure6 b ?\1 ,if ?\ %\ld/ nev] see my face aga91 ,pray = my s\l4 ,m ?+s are wr\ght by pray] ,?an ?is _w dreams (4 ,:]e=e1 let ?y voice ,rise l a f\nta9 = me night & day4 ,= :at are m5 bett] ?an %eep or goats ,t n\ri% a bl9d life )9 ! bra91 ,if1 kn[+ ,god1 !y lift n h&s ( pray] ,bo? = !mselves & ^? :o call !m fri5d8 ,= s ! :ole r\nd e>? is e way ,b\nd by gold *a9s ab\t ! feet ( ,god4 ,,t5nyson4 ,all day ?y w+s h fann$ ,at t f> height1 ! cold1 ?9 atmosph]e1 ,yet /oop n1 we>y1 to ! welcome l&1 ,?\gh ! d>k night is ne>4 ,& soon t toil %all end2 ,soon %alt ?\ f9d a summ] home1 & re/1 ,& scream among ?y fell[s2 re$s %all b5d1 ,soon1 o'er ?y %elt]$ ne/4--,,bryant4 ,!n f a neighbor+ ?icket ! mock+-bird1 wilde/ ( s+]s1 ,sw++ al(t on a will[y spray t hung o'er ! wat]1 ,%ook f 8 little ?roat su* floods ( deliri\s music1 ,t ! :ole air & ! woods & ! waves seem$ sil5t to li/54 ,pla9tive at fir/ 7 ! tones1 & sad2 !n so>+ to madness ,seem$ !y to foll[ or guide ! revel ( fr5zi$ ,bac*antes4 ,s+le notes 7 !n he>d1 9 sorr[ful1 l[ lam5tation2 ,till1 hav+ ga!r$ !m all1 he flung !m abroad 9 d]ision1 ,z :51 aft] a /orm1 a gu/ ( w9d ?r\gh ! tree-tops ,%akes d[n ! rattl+ ra9 9 a cry/al %[] on ! bran*es4 ,,longfell[4 ,ov] 8 keys ! mus+ organi/1 ,beg9n+ d\btfully & f> away1 ,fir/ lets 8 f+]s w&] z !y li/1 ,& builds a bridge f ,dreaml& = 8 lay2 ,!n1 z ! t\* ( 8 lov$ in/rum5t ,gives hope & f]vor1 ne>] draws 8 !me1 ,fir/ guess$ by fa9t auroral flu%es s5t ,along ! wav]+ vi/a ( 8 dream4--,,l[ell4 ,& :5 ,i am /ret*$ b5ea? ! p9es1 ,:]e ! ev5+ /> s holy %9es1 ,i laugh at ! lore & ! pride ( man1 ,at ! sophi/ s*ools1 & ! le>n$ clan2 ,= :at are !y all1 9 _! high conceit1 ,:5 man 9 ! bu% ) ,god may meet8--,,em]son4 ',twas twilight & ! sunless day w5t d[n ,ov] ! wa/e ( wat]s2 l a veil ,:i*1 if )drawn1 w\ld b disclose ! fr[n ,( "o ^: hate is mask$ b to assail4 ,?us to _! hopeless eyes ! night 0 %[n1 ,& grimly d>kl$ o'er ! faces pale1 ,& ! dim desolate deep3 twelve days _h ,fe> ,be5 _! famili>1 & n[ ,dea? 0 "h4--,,byron4 ,& (t ! craggy cliff he lov$ to climb1 ,:5 all 9 mi/ ! _w bel[ 0 lo/-- ,:at dreadful pleasure6 !re to /& sublime1 ,l %ipwreck$ m>9] on des]t coa/1 ,& view ! enorm\s wa/e ( vapor1 toss$ ,9 bill[s1 l5g!n+ to ! horizon r\nd1 ,n[ scoop$ 9 gulfs1 ) m\nta9s n[ emboss$1 ,& he> ! voice ( mir? & song reb\nd1 ,flocks1 h]ds1 & wat]falls1 along ! ho> pr(\nd6 ,,beattie4 ,,note ,9 addition to ! =ego+ poetical selections1 ^? previ\sly giv5 may be analyz$ ) ref]5ce to =m1 cont5t1 & mood4 ,_! beauty or excell5ce w n[ be m cle>ly und]/ood4 ,fur!rmore1 x is recomm5d$ t ! tea*] assign brief poems1 ei!r f our /&>d au?ors or f curr5t lit]ature1 = full analysis & criticism4 ,! blank v]se ( ,t5nyson1 ,%elley1 ,milton1 & ,%akespe>e might be inve/igat$ & comp>$ at consid]able l5g? 9 ord] to det]m9e ! av]age l5g? ( _! s5t5ces1 ! place ( ! csural pause1 & ! proportion ( end-/opt or run-on l9es4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,k9ds ,,( ,,poetry #ee4 ,classification4 ,poetry may be divid$ into f\r g5]al types or classes3 7#a7 didactic poetry1 :i* is *iefly conc]n$ ) in/ruction2 7#b7 lyric poetry1 :i* g5]ally gives expression to "s emotion2 7#c7 epic poetry1 :i* is devot$ pr9cipally to n>ration2 & 7#d7 dramatic poetry1 :i* deals ) direct repres5tation4 ,all ^! types or classes h v>iations & subdivisions1 :i* call = consid]ation 9 "s detail4 #ef4 ,didactic ,poetry4 ,! t]m didactic z appli$ to poetry involves a seem+ contradiction4 ,in/ruction is a function peculi> to prose2 b 9 ! h&s ( a g5u9e poet1 didactic v]se may be s adorn$ by ! imag9ation & s w>m$ by ! feel+s z to lift x sometimes into ! realm ( g5u9e poetry4 ,?us ,dryd5's ,religio ,laici1 ! fir/ didactic poem ( special note 9 our language1 is ess5tially prosaic 9 !me & purpose4 ,b its op5+ l9es1 by a happy simile1 are unmi/akably poetic3 ,dim z ! borr[$ beams ( moon & />s ,to lonely1 we>y1 w&]+ travell]s1 ,is ,reason to ! s\l2 & z on high ,^? roll+ fires discov] b ! sky1 ,n light u "h1 s ,reason's glimm]+ ray ,0 l5t1 n to assure our d\btful way1 ,b guide u upw>d to a bett] day4 ,a didactic poem1 at its be/1 is apt to be m or less prosaic4 ,9 e/imat+ its wor?1 ?ree po9ts are pr9cipally to be consid]$3 7#a7 ,to :at ext5t has x a true poetic quality8 7#b7 ,to :at ext5t is x complete1 symmetrical1 & true8 & 7#c7 ,to :at ext5t is x correct & skillful 9 v]sification8 ,our language is specially ri* 9 didactic poems1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ,dryd5's ,religio ,laici & ,h9d & ,pan!r1 ,pope's ,essay on ,criticism & ,essay on ,man1 ,"y's ,night ,?\ghts1 ,johnson's ,vanity ( ,human ,wi%es1 ,c[p]'s ,task1 ,ak5side's ,pleasures ( ! ,imag9ation1 ,rog]s's ,pleasures ( ,memory1 ,campbell's ,pleasures ( ,hope1 ,wordswor?'s ,excursion1 & ,pollok's ,c\rse ( ,"t4 7#a7 ,satire is a species ( didactic poetry4 ,x is ! use ( wit1 irony1 & s>casm to ridicule foibles1 vices1 or evils ( any k9d4 ,?ree k9ds ( satire may be di/+ui%$3 p]sonal satire1 :i* is direct$ aga9/ individuals1 & usually spr+s f malignant or unwor?y motives2 p>tisan satire1 :i* aims to make an oppos+ p>ty or sect odi\s2 & social satire1 :i* seeks to improve ! mann]s or morals ( society4 ,dryd51 himself a ma/] ( ! dang]\s art1 says1-- ,satire has always %one among ! re/1 ,& is ! bolde/ way1 if n ! be/1 ,to tell m5 freely ( _! fa9te/ faults1 ,to laugh at _! va9 de$s & va9] ?\ghts4 ,! mood ( satire may be v>i\s3 x may be g5ial & pleasant2 x may be e>ne/ & j2 or x may be p]sonal1 unju/1 & malici\s4 ,any species ( satire may exhibit ke5ness ( wit1 b satire rea*es its highe/ excell5ce only :5 x spr+s f upright motives & conf9es itself to tru?4 ,if !re is exagg]ation or c>icature1 z is g5]ally ! case1 !re /ill mu/ be a sub/antial basis ( fact4 ,no am\nt ( intellectual brilliancy or arti/ic skill c ju/ify :at is false & sl&]\s4 ,satirical poetry is v old4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,juv5al1 ,horace 7 di/+ui%$ satiri/s ( antiquity4 ,satire is f\nd 9 almo/ e p]iod ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,among our well-kn[n satires are ,butl]'s ,hudibras1 ,dryd5's ,mac ,flecknoe & ,absalom & ,a*itophel1 ,pope's ,dunciad1 ,byron's ,engli% ,b>ds & ,scot* ,review]s & ,waltz1 ,l[ell's ,fables = ,critics1 ,moore's ,fudge ,family 9 ,p>is1 & n a few o!rs4 7#b7 ,descriptive poetry1 or ! nature epic1 z x has be5 call$1 may be class$ "u didactic poetry4 ,x is devot$ to ! description n ( successive ev5ts b ( successive sc5es 9 nature4 ,x is sob] & reflective 9 "*4 ,beg9n+ ) ,*auc]1 :o delights 9 ,may "t & ! daisies1 nature occupies a prom95t place & displays an ev]-unfold+ ri*ness 9 ,engli% poetry4 ,pope's ,w9dsor ,=e/ is an elaborate ?\gh artificial piece ( description4 ,milton's ,l',allegro & ,il ,p5s]oso are nature pictures t h nev] be5 surpass$ 9 _! graphic portraiture4 ,o!r celebrat$ descriptive poems are ,goldsmi?'s ,travell] & ,des]t$ ,village1 ,?omson's ,seasons1 ,bryant's ,=e/ ,hymn1 ,:itti]'s ,sn[-,b\nd4 ,b 9 poems ( e class !re are descriptions ( nature1 ?\gh occupy+ an incid5tal & second>y position4 ,9 ^! nature poems !re %\ld be tru?fulness ( description4 ,!y %\ld be g5u9e2 n coldly conv5tional1 z ,pope's ,w9dsor ,=e/1 b real or idealiz$ pictures f nature4 ,! descriptions %\ld be specific r ?an g5]al2 & if1 9 addition to fai?ful portraiture1 we h ! w>m? & elevation t come f human emotion or f ! recognition ( an all-p]vad+ ,pres5ce1 ! result is ! highe/ type ( descriptive poetry4 ,^! f9] descriptions ( nature are f\nd 9 all ! great poets s9ce ! days ( ,wordswor?4 7#c7 ,pa/oral poetry is a species ( descriptive poetry4 ,x is devot$ to a portrayal ( c\ntry life & mann]s1 & g5]ally embodies a slight degree ( dramatic action4 ,a pa/oral1 says ,alex&] ,pope1 is an imitation ( ! action ( a %eph]d1 or "o consid]$ "u t "*4 ,! =m ( ?is imitation is dramatic or n>rative1 or mix$ ( bo?2 ! fable simple1 ! mann]s n too polite nor too ru/ic2 ! ?\ghts are pla91 yet admit a little quickness & passion1 b t %ort & fl[+2 ! expression humble1 yet z pure z ! language w af=d2 neat b n florid2 easy & yet lively4 ,engli% lit]ature is n ri* 9 pa/oral poetry4 ,:at we h is g5]ally an imitation or translation ( classical models4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ,engli% pa/orals is ,sp5s]'s ,%eph]d's ,cal5d>1 :i* conta9s imitations ( ,!ocritus & ,m>ot4 ,milton's ,comus is a k9d ( pa/oral4 ,! pure/ examples ( pa/oral poetry are f\nd 9 ,pope1 :o has a s]ies :i* he calls ,pa/orals4 ,keats's ,endymion has be5 class$ ) pa/oral poetry1 b x is n a pure example ( ! type4 #eg4 ,lyric ,poetry4 ,lyric poetry gives int5se expression to ?\ght & emotion4 ,z ! "n indicates1 x 0 orig9ally accompani$ by music4 ,?\gh lyric poems are %ort1 !y con/itute1 9 ! aggregate1 a l>ge "p ( ,engli% poetry4 ,at ! pres5t day didactic & epic poetry is r>ely writt52 b lyric poetry cont9ues to fl\ri%4 ,its range ( !me is practically )\t limits4 ,!re are num]\s k9ds or classes ( lyric poetry1 ( :i* we may di/+ui% ! foll[+3 7#a7 ballads1 7#b7 songs1 7#c7 odes1 7#d7 elegies1 7#e7 sonnets4 ,^! w n[ be consid]$ 9 ! ord] giv54 7#a7 ,a ballad is a brief n>rative poem 9 lyric =m4 ,! ballad 0 orig9ally ! production ( w&]+ m9/rels1 & 9 its old ,engli% =m x possess$ a simplicity1 directness1 & *>m+ crud5ess t a m cultivat$ age _c successfully imitate4 ,! old ,engli% ballads1 mo/ ( :i* 7 compos$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 depict ! lawlessness1 d>+1 =titude1 & passion *>act]i/ic ( life along ! ,scotti% bord]4 ,a gr\p ( ballads ga!rs ab\t ! "n ( ,rob9 ,hood1 ! g5tle/ ?ief1 z ,scott calls him1 t ev] 04 ,a /anza or two w illu/rate _! g5]al tone & /yle3 ,he t ha? nei!r be5e ki! nor k9 ,might h se5 a full fayre sight1 ,to see h[ toge!r ^! yeom5 w5t ,) blades bo? br[n & bright4 ,to see h[ ^! yeom5 toge!r !y f\ght ,two h\rs ( a summ]'s day1 ,yet nei!r ,rob9 ,hood nor ,sir ,guy ,!m fettl$ to flye away4 ,rec5t poets h writt5 ballads1 among ! be/ ( :i* may be m5tion$ ,longfell['s ,skeleton 9 ,armor & ,wreck ( ! ,hesp]us1 ,t5nyson's ,edw>d ,gray & ,lady ,cl>e1 & ,goldsmi?'s ,h]mit4 ,^! are all ballads ( a pure type4 7#b7 ,a song is a lyric poem int5d$ to be sung4 ,songs may be classifi$ accord+ to s5tim5t or occasion4 ,9 ?is way we may di/+ui% love songs1 convivial or dr9k+ songs1 political songs1 w> songs1 national songs1 religi\s songs or hymns4 ,z ) lyric poems 9 g5]al1 !re is no ?\ght or s5tim5t ( ! human s\l t may n f9d expression 9 song4 ,burns is di/+ui%$ z "o ( ! be/ ( all song writ]s4 ,moore's ,iri% ,melodies & ,national ,airs are bright ?\gh some:at artificial4 ,among ! writ+s ( ne>ly all our poets are pieces suitable = music4 ,our hymns d n z a rule rea* a high degree ( poetic excell5ce4 ,! reason is1 p]haps1 n difficult to f9d4 ,! hymn writ]s are conc]n$ less ) a free play ( ! imag9ation & emotions ?an ) a /rict reg>d to !ological or ev5 dogmatic tru?4 ,b not)/&+ ! difficulties ( ! case1 n a few hymn writ]s h giv5 beautiful expression to _! fai?1 adoration1 & love4 ,keble1 ,watts1 ,wesley1 ,c[p]1 ,bon>1 & _m o!rs h writt5 hymns t give satisfy+ expression to a deep religi\s f]vor4 7#c7 ,! ode1 is a some:at l5g?y lyric1 *>act]iz$ by exalt$ feel+1 dignity ( !me1 & irregul> & complicat$ /ructure4 ,our lit]ature conta9s a numb] ( excell5t & fam\s odes1 among :i* may be m5tion$ ,dryd5's ,alex&]'s ,fea/1 :i* ! confid5t au?or ?\ght w\ld nev] be surpass$4 ',twas at ! royal fea/1 = ,p]sia won ,by ,philip's w>like son3 ,al(t 9 awful /ate ,! godlike h]o sate ,on 8 imp]ial ?rone2 ,8 valiant pe]s 7 plac$ ar\nd1 ,_! br[s ) roses & ) myrtles b\nd2 7,s %\ld des]t 9 arms be cr[n$74 ,! lovely ,?ais1 by 8 side1 ,sate l a bloom+ ,ea/]n bride1 ,9 fl[] ( y\? & beauty's pride4 ,happy1 happy1 happy pair6 ,none b ! brave1 ,none b ! brave1 ,none b ! brave des]ve ! fair4 ,pope's ,ode on ,sa9t ,cecilia's ,day is sc>cely inf]ior4 ,coll9s's ,ode on ! ,passions is well kn[n1 ?\gh n equal p]haps to 8 ,ode to ,ev5+4 ,gray's ,ode on a ,di/ant ,prospect ( ,eton ,college & ,progress ( ,poesy are des]v+ ( m5tion4 ,%elley wrote an ,ode to ,lib]ty & an ,ode to ! ,we/ ,w9d1 bo? well wor? read+ & /udy4 ,col]idge's ,ode on ,france des]v$ly ranks high1 & ,wordswor?'s ,ode to ,duty & ,ode on ! ,intimations ( ,immortality are almo/ unsurpass$4 ,l[ell's ,commemoration ,ode is ju/ly admir$4 7#d7 ,! elegy is a m$itative poem ( sorr[ful !me1 usually lam5t+ ! dead4 ,engli% lit]ature may boa/ ( sev]al elegies unsurpass$ 9 any age or c\ntry4 ,sp5s]'s ,a/rophel is a lam5t ov] ! dea? ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,milton's ,lycidas is a monody on ! dea? ( ! poet's fri5d1 ,edw>d ,k+4 ,gray's ,elegy 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d is celebrat$ = its graphic description & beautiful ?\ght4 ,%elley's ,adonais1 a lam5t = ,keats1 belongs to ! upp] regions ( song2 & ,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam belongs to ! great poetic a*ievem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 7#e7 ,! sonnet is a lyric poem consi/+ ( f\rte5 iambic p5tamet] l9es4 ,x is divid$ into two p>ts3 ! fir/ consi/+ ( an octave or d\ble quatra91 & ! o!r ( a se/et4 ,! rhymes ( ! fir/ two quatra9s are usually ! same2 ^? ( ! se/et are v>i\sly arrang$4 ,! sonnet is an artificial & complicat$ poetic =m2 b x l5ds itself admirably to ! developm5t ( a s+le poetic ?\ght1 & ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 ,wordswor?1 ,mrs4 ,br[n+1 ,longfell[1 ,hayne1 & _m o!rs h us$ x ) great skill & p[]4 ,! foll[+ sonnet by ,mrs4 ,br[n+ w s]ve = illu/ration3 ,i ?\ght once h[ ,!ocritus _h sung ,( ! sweet ye>s1 ! de> & wi%$-= ye>s1 ,:o ea* "o 9 a graci\s h& appe>s ,to be> a gift = mortals1 old or "y2 ,&1 z ,i mus$ x 9 8 antique tongue1 ,i saw 9 gradual vision ?r\gh my te>s1 ,! sweet1 sad ye>s1 ! melan*oly ye>s1 ,^? ( my own life1 :o by turns _h flung ,a %ad[ across me4 ,/raightway ,i 0 'w>e1 ,s weep+1 h[ a my/ic ,%ape did move ,beh9d me1 & drew me backw>d by ! hair1 ,& a voice said 9 ma/]y :ile ,i /rove1 ',guess n[ :o holds !e8' ',dea?1' ,i said4 ,b1 !re1 ,! silv] answ] rang1 ',n ,dea? b ,love6' ,z w be se5 on exam9ation1 ! rhyme s*eme is z foll[s3 a b b a a b b a c d c d c d4 ,b ! quatra9s may h alt]nate rhymes1 & ! se/et may consi/ ( a quatra9 & c\plet or ( int]wov5 triplets1 z 9 ! foll[+ s*emes3 a b a b a b a b c d c d e e2 a b b a a b b a c d e c d e4 #eh4 ,"s ,crit]ia4 ,! brief lyric1 above all o!r k9ds ( poetry1 %\ld be f9i%$ 9 =m & expression4 ,! imp]fections ( diction t might g un*all5g$ 9 a long] poem are inexcusable 9 a lyric4 ,delicacy ( ?\ght & int5sity ( feel+ con/itute its brea? ( life1 & %\ld mold = !mselves a beaute\s =m4 ,:at is commonplace1 h>%1 or unmusical 9 expression %\ld be avoid$1 unless su* diction is w$d$ to ! ?\ght4 ,concrete & sugge/ive words are to be us$ r ?an ab/ract & vague expressions4 ,!re is always a di/9ct ga9 :5 ! poem evokes pleas+ pictures4 ,z a rule ! ?\ght & expression %\ld be cle>2 ! poet %\ld n my/ify ! read] nor tax too f> 8 ef=ts at compreh5sion4 ,br[n+ sometimes griev\sly (f5ds 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,:ile insi/+ on cle>ness1 h[ev]1 we %\ld n =get t ! my/ical & ! musical h _! place 9 poetry4 ,a poem may sometimes be pleas+ ?r\gh its melodi\s & my/ical "*1 ev5 :5 x is n cle>ly intelligible4 ,:e!r ! poet has a di/9ct introduction1 or :e!r he plunges into ! mid/ ( 8 !me1 he %\ld obs]ve me?od & symmetry ( /ructure2 & 9 spite ( ! livelie/ play ( ! imag9ation & s5sibilities1 he %\ld impose a sev]e re/ra9t ^u himself4 ,he %\ld leave some?+ to ! imag9ation ( ! read]4 ,,review ,,que/ions #ee4 ,into h[ _m classes is poetry divid$8 ,"n !m1 giv+ ! g5]al "* ( ea* class4 #ef4 ,:at contradiction is !re 9 ! t]m didactic poetry8 ,h[ is x sav$ f ?is contradiction8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at po9ts are to be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ didactic poetry8 ,m5tion "s pr9cipal didactic poems4 ,:at is poetic satire8 ,:at ?ree species are m5tion$8 ,:at is said ( ! mood ( satire8 ,m5tion "s well-kn[n satires4 ,:at is meant by descriptive poetry8 ,:at is said ( nature 9 poetry8 ,m5tion "s descriptive pieces1 or nature epics4 ,:at are _! crit]ia8 ,:at is pa/oral poetry8 ,:at 0 ,pope's conception ( x8 ,:at is its place 9 ,engli% lit]ature8 ,m5tion our pr9cipal pa/orals4 #eg4 ,:at is lyric poetry8 ,m5tion ! pr9cipal k9ds4 ,:at is a ballad8 ,:at is said ( old ,engli% ballads8 ,m5tion "s rec5t ballads4 ,:at is a song8 ,"n ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,:o are m5tion$ z song writ]s8 ,:at is said ( hymns8 ,:y are !y n bett]8 ,"n "s prom95t hymn writ]s8 ,:at is an ode8 ,:at place does x hold 9 our lit]ature8 ,"n a few fam\s odes4 ,:at is an elegy8 ,m5tion "s fam\s elegies4 ,:at is a sonnet8 ,h[ is x divid$8 ,:at is ! rhyme s*eme ( ! sonnet8 ,"n "s ( our great sonnete]s4 #eh4 ,:at are "s ( ! crit]ia = judg+ lyric poetry8 ,:at 0 "o ( ,br[n+'s faults8 ,,illu/rative ,,& ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,! foll[+ selections %\ld be /udi$ 9 ! light ( su* que/ions z ^!3 ,to :at division ( poetry does x belong8 ,is x didactic1 descriptive1 pa/oral1 satirical8 ,:at is ! _s ( ! piece8 ,is x a ballad1 song1 hymn1 ode1 elegy1 sonnet8 ,is x elevat$ & int5se8 ,is x true 9 s5tim5t & ?\ght8 ,is x well con/ruct$ & h>moni\s8 ,is x cle> or hazy8 ,is x natural or affect$8 ,:at is its met]8 ,( all ! causes :i* conspire to bl9d ,man's err+ judgm5t1 & misguide ! m9d1 ,:at ! weak head ) /ronge/ bias rules1 ,is pride1 ! nev]-fail+ vice ( fools4 ,:atev] nature has 9 wor? d5i$1 ,%e gives 9 l>ge recruits ( ne$ful pride2 ,= z 9 bodies1 ?us 9 s\ls1 we f9d ,:at wants 9 blood & spirits1 swell$ ) w9d3 ,pride1 :]e wit fails1 /eps 9 to our def5ce1 ,& fills up all ! mighty void ( s5se4--,,pope4 ,( ^! ! false ,a*itophel 0 fir/1 ,a "n to all succe$+ ages curs$3 ,= close designs1 & crook$ c\nsels fit2 ,sagaci\s1 bold1 & turbul5t ( wit2 ,re/less1 unfix$ 9 pr9ciples & place2 ,9 p[] unpleas$1 impati5t ( disgrace3 ,a fi]y s\l1 :i*1 work+ out its way1 ,frett$ ! pigmy-body to decay2 ,a d>+ pilot 9 extremity2 ,pleas$ ) ! dang]1 :5 ! waves w5t high1 ,he s\ght ! /orms2 b1 = a calm unfit1 ,w\ld /e] too nigh ! s&s to boa/ 8 wit4 ,,dryd54 ,deign on ! pass+ _w to turn ?9e eyes1 ,& pause a:ile f lett]s to be wise2 ,!re m>k :at ills ! s*ol>'s life assail1 ,toil1 envy1 want1 ! patron1 & ! jail4 ,see nations1 sl[ly wise1 & meanly j1 ,to buri$ m]it raise ! t>dy bu/4 ,if dreams yet flatt]1 once aga9 att5d1 ,he> ,lydiat's life & ,galileo's end4--,,johnson4 ,! groves ( ,ed51 vani%$ n[ s long1 ,live 9 description1 & look gre5 9 song3 ,^!1 7 my brea/ inspir$ ) equal flame1 ,l !m 9 beauty1 %\ld be l 9 fame4 ,"h hills & vales1 ! woodl& & ! pla91 ,"h e>? & wat] seem to /rive aga92 ,n *aos-l toge!r cru%$ & bruis$1 ,b1 z ! _w1 h>moni\sly confus$3 ,:]e ord] 9 v>iety we see1 ,& :]e1 ?\gh all ?+s diff]1 all agree4 ,"h wav+ groves a *equ]$ sc5e display1 ,& "p admit1 & "p exclude ! day2 ,z "s coy nymph h] lov]'s w>m address ,nor q indulges1 nor c q repress4--,,pope4 ,"r aga9/ ! ea/]n gate1 ,:]e ! great sun beg9s 8 /ate1 ,rob$ 9 flames1 & amb] light1 ,! cl\ds 9 ?\s& liv]ies dight2 ,:ile ! pl[man1 ne> at h&1 ,:i/les o'er ! furr[$ l&1 ,& ! milkmaid s+e? bli!1 ,& ! m[] :ets 8 si!1 ,& e %eph]d tells 8 tale ,"u ! haw?orn 9 ! vale4--,,milton4 ,9 ?is1 our happy & progressive age1 ,:5 all alike ambiti\s c>es engage2 ,:5 be>dless boys to sudd5 sages gr[1 ,& ,miss h] nurse ab&ons = a beau2 ,:5 = _! dogmas ,non-,resi/ants fight1 ,:5 dunces lecture1 & :5 d&ies write2 ,:5 sp9/]s1 trembl+ = ! nation's fate1 ,neglect _! /ock+s to pres]ve ! /ate2 ,:5 critic wits _! braz5 lu/re %$ ,on gold5 au?ors :om !y nev] read2 ,) p>rot praise ( ,roman gr&eur speak1 ,& 9 bad ,engli% eulogize ! ,greek2-- ,:5 facts l ^! no repreh5sion br+1 ,may n1 unc5sur$1 an ,attorney s+8--,,saxe4 ,9 ! /reet ,i he>d a ?ump+2 & ,i knew x 0 ! /ump+ ,( ! ,corporal1 our old neighbor1 on t wood5 leg he wore1 ,) a knot ( wom5 r\nd him1--x 0 lucky ,i _h f\nd him1 ,s ,i foll[$ ) ! o!rs1 & ! ,corporal m>*$ be=e4 ,!y 7 mak+ = ! /eeple1--! old soldi] & 8 p2 ,! pigeons circl$ r\nd u z we climb$ ! creak+ /air2 ,j across ! n>r[ riv]--,o1 s close x made me %iv]6-- ,/ood a =tress on ! hill-top t b ye/]day 0 b>e4 ,,holmes4 ,j5ny kiss$ me :5 we met1 ,jump+ f ! *air %e sat 94 ,"t1 y ?ief6 :o love to get ,sweets into y\r li/1 put t 94 ,say ,i'm we>y1 say ,i'm sad2 ,say t heal? & weal? h miss$ me3 ,say ,i'm gr[+ old1 b add-- ,j5ny kiss$ me4--,,leigh ,,hunt4 ,^? ev5+ bells6 ^? ev5+ bells6 ,h[ _m a tale _! music tells1 ,( y\?1 & home1 & t sweet "t ,:5 la/ ,i he>d _! soo?+ *ime6 ,^? joy\s h\rs are pass$ away2 ,& _m a he>t t !n 0 gay1 ,)9 ! tomb n[ d>kly dwells1 ,& he>s no m ^? ev5+ bells4--,,moore4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 mead[1 grove1 & /ream1 ,! e>?1 & e common sight1 ,to me did seem ,app>ell$ 9 cele/ial light1 ,! glory & ! fre%ness ( a dream4 ,x is n n[ z x ha? be5 ( yore2-- ,turn :]esoe'er ,i may1 ,by night or day1 ,! ?+s :i* ,i h se5 ,i n[ c see no m4 ,,wordswor?4 ,abide ) me6 fa/ falls ! ev5-tide2 ,! d>kness deep5s2 ,"l1 ) me abide6 ,:5 o!r help]s fail1 & com=ts flee1 ,help ( ! helpless1 oh1 abide ) me4 ,swift to its close ebbs out life's little day2 ,e>?'s joys gr[ dim2 its glories pass away2 ,*ange & decay 9 all ar\nd ,i see2 ,o ,?\ :o *ange/ n1 abide ) me6--,,lyte4 ,:5 ,i consid] h[ my light is sp5t ,ere half my days 9 ?is d>k _w & wide1 ,& t "o tal5t :i* is dea? to hide1 ,lodg$ ) me useless1 ?\gh my s\l m b5t ,to s]ve !re) my ,mak]1 & pres5t ,my true acc\nt1 le/ he return+ *ide2 ,do? ,god exact day-labor1 light d5i$8 ,i fondly ask2 b ,pati5ce1 to prev5t ,t murmur1 soon replies1 ,god do? n ne$ ,ei!r man's "w or 8 own gifts2 :o be/ ,be> 8 mild yoke1 !y s]ve him be/2 8 /ate ,is k+ly3 ?\s&s at 8 bidd+ spe$1 ,& po/ o'er l& & ocean )\t re/2 ,!y also s]ve :o only /& & wait4--,,milton4 ,,note ,9 addition to ^! selections ! /ud5t might classify1 z f> z possible1 ! poetical extracts previ\sly giv54 ,9 "s cases1 ow+ to brevity1 ?is classification w be difficult4 ,fur!rmore1 ! tea*] might assign p>ticul> didactic1 descriptive1 satirical1 or lyric poems = special /udy z to =m1 cont5t1 & mood4 ,! special crit]ia ( ?is *apt] %\ld be appli$4 ,a comp>ative /udy ( ,pope's ,w9dsor ,=e/1 ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$ ,village1 & ,wordswor?'s ,t9t]n ,abbey w\ld be specially in/ructive1 z %[+ ! diff]5t ways ( treat+ nature4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,epic ,,& ,,dramatic ,,poetry #ei4 ,! ,epic4 ,! epic is a long poem celebrat+ 9 /ately v]se "s important & h]oic ev5t ( ! pa/4 ,x may be bas$ ei!r on hi/ory or tradition1 ?\gh 9 our greate/ epics !re is a comm+l+ ( ! two4 ,! me?od ( ! epic is *iefly n>rative & descriptive4 ,! !me is g5]ally /at$ 9 ! beg9n+1 & ! n>rative1 frequ5tly int]sp]s$ ) episodes1 pursues an ev5 c\rse4 ,hom] ?us beg9s ! ,iliad3 ,( ,peleus' son ,a*illes1 s+1 ,o ,muse1 ,! direful wra?1 :i* sorr[s numb]less ,br\ght on ! ,greeks1 & _m mighty s\ls ,( y\?ful h]oes1 sla9 untimely1 s5t ,to ,pluto's d>k abode1 _! bodies left ,a prey to dogs & all ! f[ls ( heav54 ,v]gil beg9s ! neid 9 a simil> mann]1 & ! op5+ l9es ( ,p>adise ,lo/ foll[ classic models4 ,! /ructure ( ! epic may be det]m9$ f ! fundam5tal conception ( its nature4 ,z a n>rative ( an important & h]oic ev5t1 x %\ld be simple1 direct1 & dignifi$ 9 its treatm5t4 ,! incid5ts %\ld be introduc$ 9 a natural ord]1 & _! prom95ce %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to _! relative importance4 ,9 an epic poem1 z 9 e o!r creation ( art1 ! law ( symmetry %\ld be obs]v$4 ,b ! epic admits ( episode4 ,! poet may /op ! fl[ ( 8 n>rative = a "t to dwell ^u "s incid5t connect$ ) or gr[+ out ( ! ma9 !me4 ,su* an episode is ! /ory ( ! de/ruction ( ,troy 9 ! second & ?ird books ( ! neid4 ,! episode may be employ$ to ?r[ light on exi/+ conditions or to add int]e/ to ! g5]al n>rative4 ,9 ! neid x s]ves bo? purposes to an em95t degree4 ,! epic makes ext5sive use ( dialogue1 & ?us1 9 a measure1 p>takes ( ! nature ( ! drama4 ,! introduction ( ! dialogue s]ves a d\ble purpose3 fir/1 x l5ds great] vividness to ! n>rative2 & second1 x l5ds v>iety to ! /ory1 enabl+ ! anci5t m9/rel1 & 9 a less degree ! mod]n read]1 to d a little act+4 ,(t5 ! dialogue is highly dramatic1 z 9 ! qu>rel betwe5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,iliad4 ,a l>ge "p ( our greate/ epics is 9 dialogue4 ,! great epics ( ! _w are all h]oic4 ,!y celebrate great ev5ts--! ,trojan w>1 ! f\nd+ ( ,rome1 ! loss ( ,p>adise--& br+ be=e u a l>ge numb] ( h]oes1 div9ities1 & angels4 ,! ,iliad is made up *iefly ( battle sc5es1 9 :i* mighty h]oes & ,olympian deities take "p4 neas is ! h]o ( ! neid2 b back ( ! tribulations ?r\gh :i* he passes1 we recognize ! ag5cy ( cont5d+ div9ities4 ,& 9 ,p>adise ,lo/ ,milton introduces ! mighty be+s ( heav5 & hell4 ,! epic is ?us ! /atelie/ & gr&e/ =m ( poetry4 ,!re are m9or v>ieties ( ! epic1 :i* occupy an important place 9 mod]n poetry4 7#a7 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! v>ieties is ! metrical romance1 ( :i* ,scott's ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake or ,ow5 ,m]$i?'s ,lucile may be tak5 z ! type4 ,x diff]s f ! gr& or h]oic epic 9 conf9+ itself to l[li] !mes1 & 9 introduc+ ! passion ( love4 ,! metrical romance l5ds itself readily to e =m ( romantic /ory4 ,9 ,scott x introduces ! sc5es & *>act]s ( m$ival ,scotl&4 ,byron1 9 ,! ,gia\r1 ,! ,siege ( ,cor9?1 ,! ,bride ( ,abydos1 & o!rs1 works up ori5tal leg5ds4 ,moore's ,lalla ,rookh is a beautiful ori5tal romance4 ,ow5 ,m]$i?'s ,lucile is a mod]n love /ory1 :ile ,morris's ,/ory ( ,sigurd is d]iv$ f ,sc&9avian leg5ds4 7#b7 ,! metrical tale may be di/+ui%$ f ! metrical romance by ! abs5ce ( romantic love & adv5ture4 ,x is naturally brief] 9 =m4 ,byron's ,prison] ( ,*illon & ,burns's ,tam ,o',%ant] may be tak5 z types ( ! metrical tale4 ,on ! "o side x approa*es ! metrical romance1 & on ! o!r ! lyrical ballad4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,g[] & ,*auc] ! metrical tale has add$ to ,engli% poetry "s ( its *oice/ pieces4 7#c7 ,! mock epic is1 z ! "n sugge/s1 a burlesque4 ,x n>rates trivial incid5ts 9 a /ately mann]4 ,x is n to be tak5 s]i\sly1 & may be employ$ ei!r to satirize or to amuse4 ,butl]'s ,hudibras is a mock h]oic satire1 :ile ,pope's ,! ,rape ( ! ,lock 0 int5d$ to amuse ) its pleasant conceits & to effect a reconciliation betwe5 two ali5at$ families among ! nobility4 ,"h are ! op5+ l9es ( ,canto ,,iii3 ,close by ^? meads1 =ev] cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 ,:]e ,?ames ) pride surveys 8 ris+ t[]s1 ,!re /&s a /ructure ( maje/ic frame1 ,:i* f ! neighbor+ ,hampton takes its "n4 ,"h ,brita9's /atesm5 (t ! fall =$oom ,( =eign tyrants1 & ( nymphs at home2 ,"h ?\1 great ,anna1 :om ?ree realms obey1 ,do/ sometimes c\nsel take--& sometimes tea4 #fj4 ,! ,drama4 ,! drama is a composition 9 prose or v]se usually int5d$ to be act$ on ! /age4 ,repres5tation takes ! place ( n>ration4 ,9 ord] to add to ! reality & int]e/ ( ! repres5tation1 ! accessories ( dress & sc5]y are c>efully employ$4 ,:e!r 9 prose or v]se1 ! laws ( dramatic /ructure are ! same4 ,! two pr9cipal divisions ( ! drama are trag$y & com$y4 ,trag$y repres5ts an important & s]i\s action1 :i* usually has a fatal t]m9ation2 x appeals to ! e>ne/ side ( our nature1 & moves our deepe/ feel+s4 ,com$y consi/s 9 a repres5tation ( light & amus+ incid5ts2 x exhibits ! foibles ( individuals1 ! mann]s ( society1 & ! humor\s phases ( life4 ,! "n tragi-com$y is appli$ to a drama 9 :i* tragic & comic sc5es are int]m+l$4 ,a f>ce is a %ort com$y di/+ui%$ by its slight ?\ght & ridicul\s c>icature or extravagance4 ,a melodrama is a drama ) a romantic /ory or plot1 & s5sational situations & incid5ts4 ,an op]a is a musical drama1 ! high] =ms ( :i* are kn[n z gr& op]a1 & ! l[] or f>cical =ms z op]a b\ffe4 ,! laws ( ! drama are sub/antially ! same = all =ms4 ,!re %\ld be unity ( dramatic action2 t is1 ! sep>ate sc5es & incid5ts %\ld contribute 9 "s way to ! developm5t ( ! plot & to ! f9al result or dn\em5t4 ,a collection ( disconnect$ sc5es1 no matt] h[ int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 w\ld n make a drama4 ,9 addition to unity ( action1 :i* is obvi\sly ! "o indisp5sable law ( ! drama1 two o!r unities 7 prescrib$ by anci5t au?orities4 ,! "o is unity ( "t1 :i* requires t ! action fall )9 ! limits ( a s+le day2 ! o!r is unity ( place1 :i* requires t ! action occur 9 ! same locality4 ,:ile evid5tly artificial & disp5sable1 ^! latt] unities conduce to cle> & concise treatm5t4 ,among ! ,greeks & ,romans ! ?ree unities1 z !y are call$1 7 /rictly obs]v$2 !y h be5 foll[$ also by ! old] ,fr5* drama2 b ! ,engli% /age1 break+ away 9 ! days ( ,elizabe? f e artificial re/riction1 recognizes unity ( action alone4 ,! action ( ! drama %\ld exhibit movem5t or progress1 9 :i* sev]al /ages may be cle>ly m>k$4 ,! introduction acqua9ts u1 m or less fully1 ) ! subject to be treat$4 ,x usually br+s be=e u "s ( ! lead+ *>act]s1 & %[s u ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,aft] ! introduction foll[s ! gr[? or developm5t ( ! action t[>d ! climax4 ,f ! days ( ,ari/otle ?is "p ( ! drama has be5 call$ ! ty+ ( ! knot1 & x ne$s to be manag$ ) great c>e4 ,if ! developm5t is too sl[1 ! int]e/ lags2 if too rapid1 ! climax appe>s tame4 ,! int]e/ ( a drama dep5ds 9 a l>ge measure ^u ! successful arrangem5t ( ! climax1 or ! po9t 9 :i* ! oppos+ =ces imm$iately confront ea* o!r4 ,9 our be/ dramas x usually occurs ne> ! middle ( ! piece4 ,f ?is po9t ! action proce$s to ! close or dn\em5t4 ,! knot is unti$2 ! complications 9 :i* ! lead+ *>act]s h become involv$ are ei!r happily remov$ or lead to ! inevitable cata/rophe4 ,avoid+ e digression1 ! action %\ld g =w>d rapidly1 9 ord] n to we>y ! pati5ce & dissipate ! int]e/ ( ! spectator4 ,! dn\em5t %\ld n be dep5d5t ^u "s =eign elem5t introduc$ at ! la/ mom5t1 b %\ld spr+ naturally f ! antec$5t action4 ,9 addition to ! five pr9cipal p>ts j indicat$--introduction1 rise or ty+ ( ! knot1 climax1 fall or unty+ ( ! knot1 & dn\em5t--!re are ?ree o!r elem5ts or factors t ne$ to be po9t$ out4 ,! fir/ is ! cause or excit+ impulse ( ! dramatic action1 & naturally /&s betwe5 ! introduction & ! rise or ty+ ( ! knot4 ,! second is ! cause or tragic impulse ( ! c\nt]action1 & /&s betwe5 ! climax & ! fall or unty+ ( ! knot4 ,! ?ird is ! cause or impulse t sometimes holds ! action 9 *eck = a mom5t be=e rea*+ its f9al issue1 & /&s betwe5 ! fall & ! dn\em5t4 ,! /ructure & eight compon5t p>ts ( a complete or ideal drama may be repres5t$ 9 a diagram z foll[s4 ,c ,a ,introduction4 _/ ,b ,rise or ty+ ( knot4 _/ b ,c ,climax4 _/ ,d ,fall or unty+ ( knot4 _/ ,b ,e ,dn\em5t4 _/ ,d a ,cause or excit+ impulse4 _/ b ,tragic impulse4 _/a c c ,impulse ( la/ susp5se4 _/ _/,a ,e #fa4 ,*>act]s & ,mann]s4 ,ap>t f ! plot or /ory ! int]e/ ( a drama dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t on ! dramatis p]sonae4 ,9 ! classic drama ! *>act]s are few & dignifi$2 9 ! romantic drama1 z fir/ develop$ 9 ! age ( ,%akespe>e1 ! *>act]s are num]\s & drawn f e class ( society4 ,! same diff]5ce is f\nd 9 ! classic s*ool ( ,france1 repres5t$ by ,corneille1 ,molire1 & ,rac9e1 & ! romantic s*ool f\nd$ by ,victor ,hugo4 ,! *>act]s %\ld be cle>ly drawn & suffici5tly diff]5tiat$4 ,ea* "o %\ld h 8 peculi> individuality1 & be reasonably consi/5t ) himself 9 all p>ts ( ! dramatic action4 ,! :ole _w ( mank9d is at ! s]vice ( ! dramati/1 & !re is no type ( humanity t may n be br\ght ^u ! /age4 ,! anci5t _w ( hi/ory or ( tradition may be repres5t$1 or ! /age may hold up ! mirror to contempor>y mann]s & society4 ,! drama %\ld be true to ! "t & locality 9 :i* ! action is plac$4 ,! dress & mann]s %\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! conditions assum$1 & ! tone ( ?\ght & expression %\ld n d viol5ce to "t or place4 ,a ,c>?ag9ian nobleman1 = example1 %\ld n asc]ta9 ! "t ( day by means ( a gold wat*1 nor %\ld an unlett]$ ru/ic speak 9 /ra9s ( eloqu5t poetry4 ,a violation ( ! tru? 9 "t is call$ an ana*ronism4 ,b 9 "s dramas1 & 9 "s species ( drama1 z ,w>d has said1 "t & place are s purely imag9>y & s mu* a matt] ( indiff]5ce t ! adoption ( a purely conv5tional /&>d ( mann]s1 or at lea/ ! exclusion ( any def9itely fix$ "o1 is "h desirable4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,%akespe>e's ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,! drama %\ld be moral bo? 9 tone & tea*+4 ,we may apply to ! drama1 z to e o!r species ( composition1 ,pope's well-kn[n c\plet3 ,immode/ words admit ( no def5se1 ,= want ( dec5cy is a want ( s5se4 ,indec5t language & grossly immoral situations %\ld be exclud$ f ! /age4 ,:5 ?is is n done1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! drama1 in/ead ( uplift+1 degrades humanity4 ,?is fact has br\ght ! /age into disrepute ) _m excell5t p4 ,9 its close or dn\em5t ! drama %\ld n let vice triumph ov] virtue1 nor %\ld x make ! impression t wick$ness ev] escapes unpuni%$4 ,su* tea*+ places ! /age 9 contrav5tion ) ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 accord+ to :i*1 ev5 :5 ! punitive consequ5ces are n op5ly manife/1 wick$ness is inevitably accompani$ ) "s =m ( int]nal or ext]nal retribution4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is an epic8 ,on :at may x be bas$8 ,:at is ! me?od ( ! epic8 ,:]e is ! !me /at$8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at %\ld be ! /ructure ( ! epic8 ,:at is meant by symmetry8 ,:at is an episode8 ,:y may x be introduc$8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is said ( ! use ( dialogue8 ,:at is ! nature ( ! great epic8 ,:at is meant by h]oic "h8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is a metrical romance8 ,h[ does x diff] f ! gr& epic8 ,:at is said ( ! adaptability ( ! metrical romance8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is a metrical tale8 ,"n an example or two4 ,:at is a mock epic8 ,= :at ends may x be us$8 ,m5tion a mock epic4 #b4 ,:at is a drama8 ,:at is said ( ! laws ( ! drama8 ,"n ! two *ief divisions4 ,def9e trag$y2 com$y4 ,:at is tragi-com$y8 f>ce8 melodrama8 op]a8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 gr& op]a & op]a b\ffe8 ,:at is meant by unity ( action8 ,:at o!r two unities are !re8 ,:at is meant by unity ( "t8 ,:at is meant by unity ( place8 ,:]e are ! ?ree unities /rictly obs]v$8 ,:i* is obs]v$ on ! ,engli% /age8 ,m5tion ! successive /eps ( dramatic action4 ,:at is ! function ( ! introduction8 ,:at foll[s ! introduction8 ,:at "n did ,ari/otle give x8 ,:at is ! climax8 ,:at is said ab\t ! arrangem5t ( ! climax8 ,:at is ! fall or unty+ ( ! knot8 ,:y %\ld x n be protract$8 ,:at is meant by ! dn\em5t8 ,:at are ! ?ree o!r dramatic elem5ts8 ,:at is meant by ! cause or excit+ impulse8 ,:at is meant by ! tragic impulse8 ,by ! impulse ( la/ susp5se8 #c4 ,on :at does ! int]e/ l>gely dep5d8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! *>act]s ( ! classic & ! romantic drama8 ,:at is said ( ea* "*8 ,:5ce may ! drama draw its *>act]s8 ,:]e may ! dramati/ get 8 mat]ials8 ,to :at %\ld ! drama be true8 ,:at is an ana*ronism8 ,illu/rate4 ,is con=mity to "t & place always to be adh]$ to8 ,:at is said ( ! moral tone ( ! drama8 ,:at is ,pope's op9ion8 ,9 :at two ways %\ld ! /age be moral8 ,,note ,9 place ( ! illu/rative & practical ex]cises1 z h]et(ore giv51 x is recomm5d$ t ! /ud5t be ref]r$ to repres5tative epic & dramatic productions4 ,besides ! great epics m5tion$ 9 ! text1 "s ( ! foll[+ works might be us$3 ,scott's ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake or ,m>mion1 ,t5nyson's ,ela9e or ,eno* ,ard51 ,dryd5's ,palamon & ,arcite1 ,byron's ,bride ( ,abydos & ,prison] ( ,*illon1 ,burns's ,tam ,o',%ant]1 ,pope's ,rape ( ! ,lock1 ,goldsmi?'s ,%e ,/oops to ,conqu]1 ,%]idan's ,rivals1 & ,%akespe>e's ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ,julius ,cs>1 & ,hamlet4 ,to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! classic & ! ,%akespe>ian drama ! /ud5t %\ld read "o or m ( ! plays ( ,euripides1 ,corneille1 & ,molire 9 good translations4 ,victor ,hugo's ,ruy ,blas is recomm5d$ z an excell5t type ( ! romantic drama ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,ap>t f ! criticism ( diction1 s5t5ce1 & figure1 ! pieces assign$ %\ld be /udi$ ) ! view ( answ]+ su* que/ions z ! foll[+3 ,to :at division ( ! epic or drama does ! "w belong8 ,:at is its s\rce8 ,is x leg5d or hi/ory8 ,:at is ! /ory8 ,has x a beg9n+1 middle1 & end8 ,is x symmetrical 9 /ructure8 ,:at episodes are introduc$8 ,is ! treatm5t 9 keep+ ) ! subject8 ,is x true to fact & "*8 ,does x fai?fully portray an age or c\ntry8 ,:at cu/oms are reflect$8 ,:at is ! /ate ( society8 ,describe ! lead+ *>act]s4 ,:at is ! rank ( ! piece8 ,:at o!r productions resemble x8 ,is x classic or romantic8 ,are !re autobiographic elem5ts8 ,:at light is ?r[n on ! au?or8 ,h[ is nature treat$8 ,:at fundam5tal views ( life are reflect$8 ,:at is ! mov+ impulse 9 ! drama8 ,:at con/itutes ! introduction8 ,:]e is ! climax8 ,is ! dn\em5t natural & satisfactory8 ,trace ! ty+ & ! unty+ ( ! knot4 ,:at furni%es ! tragic impulse8 ,is !re an impulse ( la/ susp5se8 ,:at unities are obs]v$8 ,:at is ! l5g? ( "t consum$8 ,:at is ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! piece8 ,,*apt] ,x ,,nature ,,& ,,=ms ,,( ,,prose #fb4 ,def9ition4 ,prose is ! ord9>y =m ( disc\rse4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f poetry n only by m commonplace ?\ght b also by ! abs5ce ( regul> metrical /ructure4 ,prose & poetry toge!r con/itute ! great body ( lit]ature2 b at ! pres5t "t1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! pr$om9ance ( mat]ial & comm]cial int]e/s1 prose =ms by f> ! l>g] "p4 ,9 our popul> magaz9es1 poetry is relegat$ to a v subord9ate place4 ,! =ms ( prose are v>i\s4 ,!y may be approximately classifi$ "u hi/ory1 essays1 oratory1 fiction1 sci5ce1 philosophy1 & epi/ol>y correspond5ce4 ,^! classes1 z w be se5 lat]1 are subject to num]\s subdivisions4 ,! la/ ?ree classes--sci5ce1 philosophy1 & epi/ol>y correspond5ce--d n come )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t "w1 b 9 g5]al x may be said t !y are subject to ! same laws ( tru? & beauty t gov]n o!r =ms ( lit]>y composition4 #fc4 ,hi/ory4 ,hi/ory is a sy/ematic record ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,x re/s ^u contempor>y te/imony1 :i* may exi/ 9 ! =m ( writt5 docum5ts or ( oral tradition4 ,hi/ory passes into my?ology :5 x treats ( leg5d>y h]oes & div9ities1 & into fiction :5 x treats ( imag9>y ev5ts4 ,metrical *ronicles1 h[ev] valuable may be ! hi/orical mat]ials !y conta91 are n to be reg>d$ z hi/ory 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,hi/ory presupposes *ange1 :i* may take ! =m ( progress or decad5ce4 ,)\t ! elem5t ( *ange1 !re is no?+ to relate beyond ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s4 ,engli% lit]ature is v ri* 9 hi/orical writ+ ( e k9d1 & 9 ! c5tury t has j pass$1 we meet 9 ,engl& ) ! names ( ,macaulay1 ,c>lyle1 & ,fr\de1 & 9 ,am]ica ) ! names ( ,bancr(t1 ,prescott1 & ,motley4 ,z to "t1 hi/ory has a well-def9$ & g5]ally accept$ division4 ,?is division recognizes ?ree great p]iods1--namely1 anci5t1 m$ival1 & mod]n4 ,9 ea* ( ^! p]iods a g5]al type ( social condition1 v>y+ some:at 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 prevail$ )\t ess5tial *ange4 ,anci5t hi/ory ext5ds f ! beg9n+ ( tru/wor?y records to ! fall ( ! ,roman empire 9 ,a4,d4 #dgf2 m$ival hi/ory ext5ds f t date to ! revival ( le>n+ & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 9 #aeag2 & mod]n hi/ory embraces ! p]iod ext5d+ f t "t d[n to ! pres5t4 ,z to subject-matt]1 hi/ory has be5 v>i\sly divid$4 ,:5 x treats ( human progress 9 all nations & ages x is call$ g5]al or univ]sal hi/ory4 ,:5 x deals ) a s+le c\ntry x becomes national hi/ory2 ?us we h hi/ories ( ,engl& & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 x treats ( sep>ate in/itutions or int]e/s x may be reg>d$ z special hi/ory1--z *ur* hi/ory or a hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,aga91 hi/ory may be divid$ accord+ to ! s\rces f :i* x d]ives its data4 ,:5 bas$ on ! facts suppli$ 9 ! ,scriptures x is kn[n z sacr$ hi/ory2 :5 bas$ on o!r s\rces ( in=mation x is call$ pr(ane or secul> hi/ory4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only an arbitr>y ?\gh conv5i5t di/9ction2 = all hi/ory1 z a record ( ! unfold+ purposes ( ,god1 is sacr$4 ,z to =m1 hi/ory is divid$ into sev]al classes4 ,a *ronicle is a regi/] ( facts & ev5ts 9 ! ord] ( "t 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,x does n ent] into a discussion ei!r ( causes or effects4 ,x is r a s\rce ( hi/orical mat]ials ?an hi/ory itself4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 = example1 conta9s valuable facts1 b c h>dly be reg>d$ z a hi/ory ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,annals are *ronicles t give ! ev5ts ye> by ye>4 ,z to me?od1 hi/ory may be divid$ into n>rative1 descriptive1 & philosophical4 ,ea* has its def9ite object1 by :i* its treatm5t ( mat]ials is det]m9$4 ,n>rative hi/ory is *iefly conc]n$ ) a sy/ematic pres5tation ( ! facts4 ,x is satisfi$ :5 ^! are cle>ly pres5t$ 9 due p]spective1 & af=d a compreh5sive survey ( ! p]iod or subject treat$ (4 ,ne>ly all ! manuals ( hi/ory 9 common use belong to ?is class4 ,descriptive hi/ory aims at pres5t+ a graphic portraiture ( ! pa/4 ,its me?od is n s mu* n>ration z description4 ,m5 & ev5ts are br\ght =w>d 9 vivid colors4 ,x makes ! pa/ live aga9 be=e our eyes l a mov+ pageant2 & bett] to accompli% ?is result1 p]spective1 & ev5 a full /atem5t ( ev5ts1 are sometimes sacrific$4 ,:ile n>rative hi/ory is conc]n$ mo/ly ) ! succession ( important public ev5ts1--w>s1 *anges ( adm9i/ration1 & f>-rea*+ legislative enactm5ts1--descriptive or sc5ic hi/ory introduces1 9 l>ge measure1 ! social life & mann]s4 ,macaulay is a pr9ce among descriptive hi/orians1 ?\gh no bett] example ( sc5ic hi/ory c be f\nd ?an ,c>lyle's ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,philosophic hi/ory is conc]n$ less ) n>ration & description ?an ) ! und]ly+ causes & effects ( ev5ts4 ,x reg>ds all human ev5ts z an outw>d movem5t or evolution1 :i* proce$s accord+ to fix$ & asc]ta9able laws4 ,x looks ^u hi/ory1 to use ! words ( ,macaulay1 z philosophy tea*+ by example4 ,philosophic hi/ory is a product ( rec5t times2 & among ! be/ examples are ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 ,guizot's ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 & ,lecky's ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals4 ,x is evid5t t an ideal hi/ory w be a comb9ation ( ! n>rative1 descriptive1 & philosophic4 ,! fir/ gives ! ev5ts 9 due ord] & proportion2 ! second clo!s !m 9 liv+ reality2 & ! ?ird expla9s _! causes & results4 ,b ! production ( su* a hi/ory requires a r>e comb9ation ( m5tal gifts2 ! vivid imag9ation requir$ 9 sc5ic description is n usually f\nd associat$ ) philosophic dep?4 ,p]haps ,gre5's ,hi/ory ( ,engl& & ,bancr(t's ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are z good examples ( ! highe/ type ( hi/orical writ+ z c be f\nd4 ,!re is a v noticeable diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?ods ( anci5t & mod]n hi/orians4 ,! =m]1 x has be5 said1 7 arti/ic1 & ! latt] sociological4 ,^! t]ms1 :ile aim+ at ! facts1 are nei!r accurate nor happy4 ,! anci5t hi/orians1 z ,h]odotus & ,?ucydides1 aim$ at a pleas+ n>rative4 ,to atta9 ?is end1 nei!r an exhau/ive inve/igation ( facts nor a consci5ti\s ab/5tion f fiction 0 necess>y4 ,h5ce we f9d ! works ( ! "o fill$ ) impossible ev5ts1 & ^? ( ! o!r ) orations confess$ly fictiti\s2 b 9 bo? cases ! introduction ( leg5d & fiction has imp>t$ an int]e/ t w\ld o!rwise be lack+ 9 _! works4 ,) mod]n hi/orians1 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( ! exi/+ dom9ant sci5tific _s1 x is diff]5t4 ,! fir/ requisite ( hi/orical writ+ at ! pres5t day is absolute tru?1 z ne>ly z x c be asc]ta9$4 ,! mod]n hi/orian is n all[$ to draw ^u 8 imag9ation = facts2 he is held to a labori\s & exhau/ive inve/igation ( ! s\rces ( in=mation4 ,he writes out ( abundant /ores ( accurate in=mation2 & n cont5t ) ! m]e *ronological n>ration ( facts1 he seeks b5ea? !m ! pr9ciples or laws t b9d !m toge!r z a :ole4 ,mod]n hi/ory1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! la/ fifty ye>s1 has a bread?1 accuracy1 & dep?1 ( :i* ! hi/orians ( ,greece & ,rome h>dly dream$4 #fd4 ,biography4 ,biography is t dep>tm5t ( hi/ory t gives ! facts & ev5ts ( an individual life4 ,x is at once an int]e/+ & important =m ( hi/ory4 ,we h a natural desire to "k ! lives & *>act]s ( ! m5 :o h 9 any way ris5 above _! fell[s1 & be5 associat$ ) great social1 lit]>y1 or political movem5ts4 ,:ile great m5 are 9 l>ge measure ! creatures ( mighty movem5ts1 !y at ! same "t give direction to hi/oric developm5t4 ,!re is tru? 9 ,c>lyle's idea t univ]sal hi/ory is at bottom ! hi/ory ( ! great m5 :o h work$ !re4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al types ( biography1 correspond+ to ! ?ree k9ds ( hi/ory4 ,! fir/ is n>rative biography1 :i* is conc]n$ *iefly ) an ord]ly /atem5t ( ! lead+ facts--bir?1 p>5tage1 education1 m>riage1 & a*ievem5ts--9 a p]son's life4 ,! second is sc5ic or descriptive biography1 :i* aims at int]e/ by means ( *>act]i/ic incid5ts or anecdotes4 ,! ?ird is philosophic1 :i* tries to trace ! relation ( a p]son's life to ! age 9 :i* he liv$1 & to e/imate ! influ5ce he ex]t$ on 8 own & subsequ5t ages4 ,! fir/ is m common1 ! second m int]e/+1 ! ?ird m in/ructive2 b x is evid5t t ! be/ biographies pres5t a judici\s comb9ation ( all ?ree types4 ,! fir/ ess5tial ( biography1 z ( hi/ory 9 g5]al1 is tru?4 ,:5 we are /udy+ a man's life we want to "k ! facts2 o!rwise we %all n be able to judge correctly ( 8 life & "w4 ,!re are two pr9cipal s\rces ( error 9 writ+ biography3 ! fir/ is ignorance1 :i* leads to ! omission ( important p>ticul>s or to a mis9t]pretation ( ^? t are kn[n2 ! o!r s\rce ( error is prejudice = or aga9/ ! p]son ^: life is portray$4 ,?is prejudice leads1 on ! "o h&1 to su* a pres5tation ( ! biographical facts z to magnify ! m]its ( ! man2 & on ! o!r1 x leads to su* a suppression or di/ortion ( ! facts z to detract f 8 j des]ts4 ,bo? faults are illu/rat$ 9 ,johnson's ,lives ( ! ,poets1 :i*1 ?\gh excell5t 9 ! ma91 are sometimes defective = lack ( rese>*1 & color$ by ! writ]'s /rong ,tory & ,anglican s5tim5ts4 ,autobiography is ! /ory ( a man's life writt5 by himself4 ,x is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ =m ( biography4 ,9 autobiography ! writ] has ! advantage ( an intimate acqua9tance n only ) ! outw>d facts b also ) ! secret influ5ces & motives by :i* 8 life has be5 controll$4 ,x takes u1 z x 71 beh9d ! sc5es ( hi/ory2 b at ! same "t !re is inevitably ! error t spr+s f undue p>tiality4 ,& ?\gh m5 l ,r\sseau1 ,gibbon1 & ,frankl9 attempt to dive/ !mselves ( ?is prejudice1 & ev5 succe$ 9 a rem>kable degree1 !re is reason to suspect ! omission ( facts & motives t w\ld reflect too unfavorably ^u ! "*4 ,a di>y is a record ( "o's daily occupations & exp]i5ces4 ,x su/a9s ! same relation to biography t *ronicles or annals d to hi/ory3 x furni%es ! mat]ials out ( :i* biography is made4 ,:5 ! di>i/ is a man ( prom95ce1 z 9 ! case ( ,dean ,swift1 8 j\rnal ?r[s an int]e/+ light n only ^u 8 own life b also ^u ! times 9 :i* he lives4 ,x introduces u to m5 9 ! fre$om & frankness ( private life4 ,:5 ! di>y is kept1 n ) a view to subsequ5t publication b m]ely to aid "o's memory1 x becomes a valuable record ( facts4 #fe4 ,"s ,crit]ia4 ,9 judg+ a hi/orical "w ?ree pr9cipal po9ts are to be tak5 into consid]ation4 7#a7 ,! fir/ is conc]n$ ) ! mode ( execution4 ,is ! outw>d =m ( ! "w su* z is requir$ by ! laws ( art8 ,! diction %\ld be con=mable to ! subject1 & m>%al$ 9 correct1 v>i$1 & =cible s5t5ces4 ,! /yle %\ld b5d to suit ! *ang+ !mes4 ,! int]e/ & impressiv5ess ( a "w1 z may be se5 9 ,macaulay & ,irv+1 dep5d 9 no small measure ^u its lit]>y quality4 ,fur!rmore1 !re %\ld be movem5t & symmetry4 ,! progress ( ev5ts %\ld be foll[$ 9 a natural ord]1 & ! place & treatm5t ( ea* %\ld be accord+ to its relative importance4 ,z 9 a drama1 !re %\ld be a beg9n+1 middle1 & end4 7#b7 ,! second po9t to be consid]$ 9 a hi/ory is ! subject-matt]4 ,obvi\sly ?is is ( prime importance1 = ! object ( hi/ory is ! pres]vation & communication ( tru?4 ,9 weigh+ a hi/orical "w1 we %\ld consid] bo? ! writ]'s s\rces ( in=mation & ! use he has made ( !m4 ,has he gone to orig9al & tru/wor?y s\rces ( in=mation or has he tak5 8 mat]ials at secondh&8 ,has he giv5 !m ?or\gh or only p>tial exam9ation8 ,has he well dige/$ 8 mat]ials1 s t he writes f ! fullness ( assimilat$ k1 or does he pres5t only ! raw mat]ials ( hi/ory8 ,:ile delightful & useful hi/ories may be writt5 l>gely ( secondh& mat]ials1 x is evid5t t monum5tal hi/oric a*ievem5ts1 l ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall or ,c>lyle's ,oliv] ,cromwell1 mu/ be bas$ on exhau/ive orig9al inve/igation4 ,& h[ev] useful may be ! works t s]ve up undige/$ mat]ials1 !y _c be reg>d$ z con/itut+ hi/ory 9 a lit]>y s5se1 = !y lack ! elem5t ( art4 7#c7 ,! ?ird po9t to be consid]$ 9 judg+ a hi/orical "w is ! p]sonality ( ! au?or4 ,:at is 8 m5tal calib]8 ,he %\ld h ! bread? ( view t enables him to grasp ! subject 9 its entirety1 & to cord9ate ! facts accord+ to _! relative importance4 ,o!rwise he w dwell on insignificant details1 lack l>g5ess ( movem5t1 &1 in/ead ( sweep+ =w>d l a riv]1 spread out aimlessly l a dre>y m>%4 ,he %\ld h ! bread? ( culture t w enable him to weigh ! facts he uses4 ,?is requires famili>ity ) v>i\s sy/ems ( belief4 ,:e!r a !ologian or a sci5ti/1 a ,prote/ant or a ,romani/1 he %\ld be able to d ju/ice to ! facts & motives ( ! opposite p>ty4 ,8 love ( tru? %\ld be supreme4 ,he %\ld h s\ndness ( judgm5t 9 connection ) a cle> logical s5se4 ,he mu/ n jump at conclusions1 b base !m on suffici5t evid5ce4 ,& !n ! mood1 attitude1 & prejudices %\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,?is con/itutes 8 /&po9t4 ,mo/ writ]s h convictions or belong to s*ools ( belief t consci\sly or unconsci\sly influ5ce _! "w4 ,a skeptic l ,gibbon c\ld h>dly d ju/ice to ! rise & progress ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is prose8 ,h[ is x di/+ui%$ f poetry8 ,:at is said ( prose 9 ?is age8 ,"n ! pr9cipal =ms ( prose4 ,:i* d n come )9 ! scope ( ?is book8 #b4 ,:at is hi/ory8 ,on :at does x re/8 ,h[ is x diff]5t f my?ology8 f fiction8 ,:at is ! relation ( hi/ory to *ange8 ,:at is said ( hi/ory 9 ,engli% lit]ature8 ,:at ?reefold division ( hi/ory is !re 9 reg>d to "t8 ,"n ! limits ( ea*4 ,z to subject-matt]1 h[ is hi/ory divid$8 ,:at division is bas$ on ! s\rces ( in=mation8 ,def9e a *ronicle2 annals4 ,z to me?od1 :at ?reefold division ( hi/ory is !re8 ,def9e n>rative1 descriptive1 & philosophic hi/ory4 ,:at me?od does ! be/ hi/ory foll[8 ,:at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 anci5t & mod]n me?ods 9 hi/ory8 ,:at is ! fir/ requisite ( hi/oric writ+ to-day8 #c4 ,:at is biography8 ,:y is x int]e/+8 ,:at 0 ,c>lyle's idea8 ,:at ?ree diff]5t types exi/8 ,:at is ! *ief requisite8 ,:at are ! two pr9cipal s\rces ( error8 ,:at is autobiography8 ,:at advantage has autobiography8 :at s\rce ( error8 ,:at is a di>y8 ,( :at use is a di>y8 #d4 ,9 judg+ a hi/ory1 :at is ! fir/ po9t to be consid]$8 ,:at is requir$ by ! laws ( art8 ,:at is said ( /yle8 ,:at is meant by symmetry8 ,:at is ! second po9t to be consid]$8 ,:at two inquiries %\ld be made8 ,on :at are ! greate/ hi/orical works bas$8 ,:at is ! ?ird po9t to be consid]$8 ,:at %\ld be ! hi/orian's m5tal equipm5t8 ,:y is x important to "k 8 fundam5tal philosophical or religi\s beliefs8 ,,note ,9 place ( illu/rative & practical selections1 z giv5 9 e>li] *apt]s1 x is sugge/$ t ! /ud5t be ref]r$ to a few lead+ works 9 ! dep>tm5t ( hi/ory4 ,among ^? t might be us$1 ap>t f popul> text-books on ! subject1 are ,macaulay's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,gre5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 ,c>lyle's ,fr5* ,revolution1 ,prescott's ,conque/ ( ,mexico1 ,motley's ,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic1 ,irv+'s ,life ( ,goldsmi?1 ! autobiographies ( ,frankl91 ,gibbon1 & ,rusk91 ! di>ies ( ,pepys & ,evelyn1 ,johnson's ,lives ( ! ,poets1 volumes f ! ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies1 ! ,am]ican ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies1 ! ,am]ican ,/atesm5 s]ies1 or any o!r works to :i* ! /ud5t may h access4 ,! volumes assign$ by ! tea*] %\ld be /udi$ ) ref]5ce to diction & /yle z pres5t$ 9 ,"p ,second ( ?is "w4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! n>rative1 descriptive1 & philosophical passages %\ld be di/+ui%$4 ,by an analysis ( a s+le *apt] or ( ! :ole book1 ! symmetry & complet5ess ( ! au?or's treatm5t may be judg$4 ,! writ]'s purpose & /&po9t %\ld1 if possible1 be asc]ta9$1 & ! effect ^u ! "w po9t$ out4 ,8 mood1 "*1 & intellectual gifts %\ld be trac$ z reflect$ 9 8 "w4 ,! results ( ?is inve/igation might be pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a writt5 critique4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,essays ,,& ,,oratory #ff4 ,essays4 ,an essay is a brief diss]tation on "s special subject4 ,x aims to pres5t its /atem5ts 9 a cle> & int]e/+ mann]1 & ?is c>eful reg>d = a f9i%$ =m br+s ! essay )9 ! scope ( lit]ature 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! essay does n usually aim at an elaborate discussion ( a subject 9 all its phases1 & x is ?us di/+ui%$ f ! treatise4 ,its orig9 dates f ! ,fr5* au?or ,montaigne 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b s9ce ! va/ multiplication ( p]iodicals 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! essay has become a prom95t dep>tm5t ( lit]ature4 ,!re is sc>cely any subject ( human int]e/ t may n be discuss$ 9 an essay4 ,! pr9cipal =ms ( ! essay are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! tract1 :i* is usually a brief discussion ( "s religi\s or moral subject4 7#b7 ,! editorial1 :i* is an editor's discussion ( "s !me ( public int]e/4 7#c7 ,! review or critique1 :i* is a critical exam9ation & discussion ( "s lit]>y "w4 ,two g5]al & well-def9$ types ( essays may be pr(itably di/+ui%$4 ,! fir/ may be call$ ! p]sonal essay4 ,x all[s great fre$om ( treatm5t1 & 9 l>ge measure reflects ! p]sonality ( ! au?or4 ,x has some?+ ( ! ease & *>m ( conv]sation4 ,! essays ( ,montaigne1 ( ,addison1 & ( ,lamb are ( ?is p]sonal type4 ,! o!r k9d may be designat$ z ! didactic essay4 ,its aim is ! imp>tation ( k & ! =mation ( public op9ion4 ,! p]sonality ( ! au?or is conceal$ beh9d 8 /atem5ts & argum5ts4 ,he does n write 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,9 our be/ writ+ ( ?is k9d !re is a c>eful treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,! me?od ( ! essay is *iefly exposition4 ,x uses n>ration & description only 9 a subord9ate way4 ,! essayi/ usually has "s in=mation to imp>t1 "s argum5t to pres5t1 or "s conclusion to be rea*$4 ,8 purpose naturally det]m9es ! mode ( treatm5t4 ,g5]ally !re w be a beg9n+ or introduction1 a middle conta9+ ! body ( treatm5t1 & a conclusion4 ,v frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! writ] plunges at once into 8 subject )\t ! =mality ( an introduction4 ,9 e/imat+ ! wor? ( an essay ?ree ?+s are to be *iefly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! fir/ is its =m1 includ+ diction1 s5t5ces1 p>agraphs1 & arrangem5t4 ,! v>i\s po9ts br\ght =w>d %\ld be 9 a natural ord]1 & ea* %\ld h ! prom95ce to :i* its relative importance entitles x4 ,!re %\ld be movem5t or progress 9 ! treatm5t1 & ! essay %\ld ga9 9 weight z x advances to ! conclusion4 ,! second po9t is ! subject-matt] ( ! essay4 ,z ! essay is n int5d$ to be exhau/ive1 !re %\ld be judgm5t 9 ! selection ( po9ts to be pres5t$4 ,a skillful writ] w be recogniz$ z mu* by :at he leaves 9 ! ink/& z by :at he says4 ,9 ! pres5tation ( facts !re %\ld be a consci5ti\s reg>d = tru?4 ,! au?or's orig9ality1 =ce1 culture w be reflect$ 9 ! matt] & mann] ( 8 discussion4 ,!n1 la/ ( all1 ! writ]'s mood & /&po9t %\ld be consid]$4 ,is he s]i\s1 satirical1 humor\s8 ,is he writ+ f ! /&po9t ( p>ty or sect1 or is he seek+ only to "k & pres5t ! tru?8 ,is he ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! subject t he discusses8 ,only z we answ] que/ions l ^! c we ent] into full sympa?y ) an au?or & =m a j & adequate conception ( 8 "w4 #fg4 ,oratory4 ,oratory is t =m ( disc\rse t is prim>ily int5d$ n to be read b to be spok54 ,its object is m+l$ in/ruction & p]suasion1 & x may be def9$ z in/ruction suffus$ ) feel+4 ,9 its l(ty & impassion$ =ms oratory atta9s to eloqu5ce1--t quality :i* pr(\ndly moves ! he>ts & wills ( ! he>]s4 ,b x is well to recognize ! s\rce ( eloqu5ce1 :i* is to be di/+ui%$ f bomba/ & fu/ian4 ,eloqu5ce is n a trick ( rhetoric2 x spr+s f ! moral "* ( ! speak]1 f 8 gifts & atta9m5ts1 & f ! subject & occasion4 ,m]e eloqu5ce1 said ,web/]1 does n consi/ 9 spee*4 ,x _c be br\ght f f>4 ,labor & le>n+ may toil = x1 b !y w toil 9 va94 ,words & phrases may be m>%al$ 9 e way1 b !y _c compass x4 ,x mu/ exi/ 9 ! man1 9 ! subject1 & 9 ! occasion4 ,affect$ passion1 int5se expression1 ! pomp ( declamation1 all may aspire to x2 !y _c rea* x4 ,x comes1 if x come at all1 l ! outbreak+ ( a f\nta9 f ! e>?1 or ! bur/+ ( volcanic fires1 ) spontane\s1 orig9al1 native =ce4 ,oratory is v>i\sly divid$1 b p]haps no o!r division is bett] ?an t ( ,ari/otle4 ,he di/+ui%es ?ree species ( oratory3 7#a7 ,delib]ative oratory1 :i* has its place 9 delib]ative bodies4 ,9 ,p>liam5t or ,congress x is conc]n$ ) que/ions ( legal enactm5t1 f9ance1 or adm9i/ration2 9 religi\s bodies1 ) ecclesia/ical que/ions2 9 sci5tific bodies1 ) que/ions ( sci5ce4 ,at ! pres5t day a l>ge "p ( oratory is delib]ative 9 "*4 7#b7 ,judicial or =5sic oratory1 :i* is he>d be=e c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,x is *iefly conc]n$ ) human conduct 9 relation to law1 & its aim is to det]m9e :at is legally "r & j4 7#c7 ,demon/rative oratory is *iefly occupi$ ) ! pres5tation ( ab/ract or practical tru?4 ,x is he>d 9 lectures1 s]mons1 & o!r public addresses4 ,x draws its !mes f any dep>tm5t ( human k1 & aims at imp>t+ in/ruction1 uplift+ "*1 or influ5c+ conduct4 ,a f9i%$ oration is a "w ( art4 ,anci5t rhetoricians di/+ui%$ six p>ts1 :i* may /ill be f\nd 9 "s elaborate specim5s ( pulpit or =5sic eloqu5ce4 ,^! six p>ts 7 7#a7 ! exordium or introduction1 7#b7 ! division ( ! subject1 7#c7 ! /atem5t ( :at is to be e/abli%$1 7#d7 ! argum5tation1 7#e7 ! appeal to ! feel+s1 & 7#f7 ! p]oration or conclusion4 ,x is evid5t t ?is s*eme = an oration is1 z a rule1 mu* too artificial & elaborate = use at ! pres5t day4 ,mod]n intellig5ce & mod]n int5sity ( life dem& great] brevity & directness4 ,an audi5ce ( ! pres5t "t r>ely has pati5ce ) a disc\rse ( m ?an an h\r1 & x g5]ally pref]s "o ( half t l5g?4 ,9 a mod]n disc\rse we may g5]ally recognize a ?reefold division3 7#a7 ,! introduction1 :i* po9ts out ! relation ( ! subject to ! occasion1 or o!rwise prep>es ! audi5ce bett] to appreciate ! discussion t is to foll[4 ,x %\ld be natural1 & n s l5g?y z to be out ( keep+ ) ! ma9 body ( ! disc\rse4 7#b7 ,! discussion ( ! subject 9 h&4 ,?is consi/s ( a /atem5t ( ! !me & ! v>i\s facts1 argum5ts1 & illu/rations t are design$ to ?r[ light ^u x & e/abli% its tru?4 ,?is is ! ma9 "p ( ! disc\rse1 & great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! /atem5t ( facts & ! arrangem5t ( argum5ts4 ,p]sonal conviction %\ld be back ( :at is said1 = )\t ?is tone ( s9c]ity ! mo/ brilliant rhetoric & eloqu5t declamation w be 9 va94 7#c7 ,! conclusion1 9 :i* ! results ( ! discussion are pres5t$4 ,x %\ld be cle> & claim no m ?an has be5 fairly e/abli%$ 9 ! prec$+ discussion4 ,on ! basis ( ! tru? previ\sly pres5t$ x may conta9 an appeal to ! feel+s & ! w1 urg+ ! c\rse ( action t has be5 %[n to be advisable1 wise1 or obligatory4 ,argum5tation may seek to e/abli% ! tru? ( a proposition 9 f\r diff]5t ways3 7#a7 ,!re may be ! introduction ( te/imony4 ,by te/imony is meant ! /atem5ts ( actual obs]v]s or witnesses4 ,x re/s on exp]i5ce1 & may be giv5 orally or 9 writ+2 h5ce we h oral & writt5 te/imony4 7#b7 ,a proposition may be support$ or e/abli%$ by analogy4 ,reason+ f analogy is t process by :i* we inf] t :5 two objects resemble ea* o!r 9 sev]al kn[n p>ticul>s !y w also resemble ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 unkn[n p>ticul>4 ,! planet ,m>s1 = example1 resembles ! e>? 9 %ape1 motion1 atmosph]e1 *ange ( seasons1 & relation to ! sun2 & f ! resemblance 9 ^! kn[n p>ticul>s "s p]sons h inf]r$ t1 l ! e>?1 x is also inhabit$4 ,analogical reason+ has a prom95t place 9 our m5tal op]ations4 ,analogy lies at ! basis ( simile1 metaphor1 & p]sonification1 :i* are (t5 us$ 9 argum5tation4 ,we frequ5tly use analogical processes 9 ! practical affairs ( life1 inf]r+1 = example1 t !re w be ra9 to-day because ! temp]ature1 appe>ance ( ! cl\ds1 & ! condition ( ! atmosph]e resemble ^? ( a ra9y day la/ week4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t ! argum5ts f analogy give u at ! be/ only probable tru?4 ,! degree ( probability dep5ds ^u ! nature & numb] ( ! resemblances ^u :i* ! conclusion is bas$4 ,!re mu/ be no po9t ( dissimil>ity t w\ld disprove ! conclusion inf]r$4 7#c7 ,we may e/abli% a conclusion by an array ( facts4 ,?is is call$ inductive reason+4 ,we obs]ve1 = example1 t ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & all o!r m5 ( ! pa/1 s f> z our k goes1 h di$2 & 9 view ( ^! individual cases we draw ! compreh5sive conclusion t all m5 are mortal4 ,b ?is mode ( reason+1 common & indisp5sable z x is1 ne$s to be employ$ ) caution4 ,!re is always dang] ( inf]r+ m ?an ! facts w>rant4 ,:5 ! inf]5ce is bas$ on an inadequate induction ( facts1 ! process is call$ jump+ at a conclusion1--a mi/ake t is frequ5tly made4 ,ev5 l>ge inductions are n always safe4 ,we might conclude1 = in/ance1 t1 because ! bulldog1 h\nd1 ma/iff1 sett]1 spaniel1 t]ri]1 & o!r species we h kn[n1 are accu/om$ to b>k1 !re=e all dogs b>k4 ,yet ?is app>5tly well-f\nd$ conclusion is errone\s1 = !re is a non-b>k+ species 9 ,gre5l&4 7#d7 ,aga91 we may e/abli% a tru? by %[+ t x comes )9 an e/abli%$ & recogniz$ pr9ciple4 ,?is process is kn[n z d$uctive reason+4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* d$uctive reason+ dep5ds is ! self-evid5t tru? t :atev] is true ( ! :ole is true ( ! p>ts4 ,/>t+ f ! g5]al tru? t all m5 are mortal1 we may conclude t ,a1 ,b1 & ,c are mortal4 ,! g5]al tru? t supplies ! basis ( d$uctive reason+ may be tak5 f v>i\s s\rces4 ,sometimes ! tru? is self-evid5t or intuitive1 z ! axioms t lie at ! basis ( ma!matical reason+4 ,sometimes !y are tru?s arriv$ at by inductive processes4 ,sometimes !y are maxims t h ga9$ ! ass5t ( mank9d2 & aga91 !y are ! /atem5ts ( an accept$ philosophy1 cre$1 code1 or o!r recogniz$ s\rce ( au?ority4 ,9 d$uctive reason+ two po9ts ne$ p>ticul> att5tion3 7#a7 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* ! argum5t is bas$ %\ld be well e/abli%$ or recogniz$ z true2 & 7#b7 ! conclusion %\ld necess>ily foll[ f ! tru? assum$ 9 ! beg9n+1 & n embrace m ?an is duly w>rant$ by x4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( an oration is det]m9$ by its object4 ,!re %\ld be1 9 l>ge measure1 simplicity1 unity1 & progress4 ,! language %\ld be )9 ! compreh5sion ( ! av]age he>]2 ! s5t5ces1 z a rule1 %\ld be brief & =cible2 & ! g5]al /yle %\ld be concrete r ?an ab/ract4 ,all p>ts ( ! oration %\ld be b\nd toge!r by ! s+le tru? & purpose at :i* ! orator aims4 ,! argum5ts %\ld n be ab/ruse b cle> & /rik+4 ,irrelevant matt] ( e k9d1 no matt] h[ brilliant 9 itself1 %\ld be exclud$2 & e fact & pr9ciple %\ld be scrupul\sly correct4 ,und]/atem5t is bett] ?an ov]/atem5t4 ,! orator %\ld cont9ually advance t[>d 8 conclusion2 ! auditor %\ld feel himself borne along n on a circl+ eddy b on ! bosom ( a full1 /rong curr5t ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,x 0 ,cic]o :o said t ! orator %\ld "k ev]y?+4 ,h[ev] desirable su* atta9m5ts might be1 !y are no long] possible2 b ! orator %\ld h a wide range ( culture & exp]i5ce4 ,?is is necess>y to give bread? & proportion to 8 outlook ^u ! _w4 ,9 addition to ?is g5]al culture he %\ld1 z f> z possible1 be ma/] ( 8 subject2 & to ?is end he %\ld be/[ ^u 8 disc\rse c>eful & ev5 labori\s prep>ation4 ,)\t ^! requisites ! orator is apt to prove un9t]e/+1 inconclusive1 & unsuccessful4 ,,review ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at is an essay8 ,:at br+s x )9 ! range ( art8 ,h[ is x di/+ui%$ f a treatise8 ,) :om did x orig9ate8 ,:at gives x prom95ce n[8 ,"n its pr9cipal =ms4 ,:at is a tract8 an editorial8 a critique or review8 ,"n two types ( essay4 ,:at is ! "* ( ! p]sonal essay8 ,give examples4 ,def9e ! didactic essay4 ,:at is ! me?od ( ! essay8 ,:at p>ts may usually be di/+ui%$8 ,:at ?ree ?+s are to be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ ! wor? ( an essay8 ,h[ %\ld ! successive po9ts be pres5t$8 ,h[ is a skillful writ] recogniz$8 ,:at is said ( ! essayi/'s mood & /&po9t8 #b4 ,:at is oratory8 ,:at is its object8 ,:at is eloqu5ce8 ,:5ce does x rise8 ,:at is ! sub/ance ( ,web/]'s view8 ,h[ did ,ari/otle divide oratory8 ,:at is delib]ative oratory8 judicial or =5sic8 demon/rative8 ,:at p>ts 7 anci5tly di/+ui%$8 ,:at is said ( ?is s*eme8 ,:at ?ree p>ts are n[ g5]ally recogniz$8 ,:at is ! purpose ( ! introduction8 ,:at is said ( ! discussion8 ,:at is said ( ! speak]'s convictions8 ,:at is ! nature ( ! conclusion8 ,:at f\r me?ods ( pro( may be us$8 ,:at is meant by te/imony8 ,:at are ! two k9ds ( te/imony8 ,:at is meant by reason+ f analogy8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is said ( its use8 ,:at sort ( tru? is furni%$ by analogical reason+8 ,on :at does ! degree ( its probability dep5d8 ,:at is inductive reason+8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is meant by jump+ at a conclusion8 ,give a case ( errone\s conclusion4 ,:at is d$uctive reason+8 ,illu/rate4 ,:5ce may come ! g5]al tru? ly+ at ! basis ( d$uction8 ,:at two po9ts mu/ be att5d$ to c>efully8 ,:at qualities %\ld an oration h8 ,:y %\ld ! diction & s5t5ce /ructure be simple8 ,:at %\ld give unity to ! oration8 ,:at is said ( irrelevant matt]8 ( movem5t or progress8 ,:at 0 ,cic]o's view ( an orator's atta9m5ts8 ,:at is ! advantage ( broad culture8 ,:at is said ( special prep>ation8 ,,note ,9 place ( brief illu/rative & practical selections1 x is recomm5d$ t ! /ud5t be ref]r$ to complete essays & orations4 ,9 addition to curr5t lit]ature1 9 :i* w be f\nd essays ( v>i\s k9ds1 ,bacon's ,essays1 ! pap]s ( ! ,spectator1 ,lamb's ,essays ( ,elia1 & ! essays ( ,macaulay1 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,c>lyle1 & ,em]son may be us$4 ,"u ! head ( oratory1 ap>t f contempor>y spee*es & s]mons1 ! /ud5t might be ref]r$ to ,burke's ,spee* on ,am]ican ,taxation1 ,web/]'s ,bunk] ,hill ,orations1 ,patrick ,h5ry's ,spee* be=e ! ,virg9ia ,conv5tion1 ,em]son's ,repres5tative ,m51 & ,c>lyle's ,h]oes & ,h]o ,wor%ip4 ,! essays assign$ %\ld be inve/igat$ z to =m1 matt]1 & mood or purpose4 ,su* que/ions z ! foll[+ may be answ]$3 ,:at k9d ( essay is x8 ,is x p]sonal or didactic8 ,:at is ! !me8 ,:at is ! writ]'s aim8 ,:at is 8 mood8 ,:at con/itutes ! introduction8 ! body ( ! essay8 ! conclusion8 ,:at may be said ( ! diction1 s5t5ces1 & /yle8 ,:at is ! ord] ( ?\ght z det]m9$ by analysis8 ,is !re symmetry8 ,is !re movem5t8 ,is irrelevant matt] exclud$8 ,is ! treatm5t lit up by humor8 ,is !re bread? ( view8 ,:at is ! writ]'s /&po9t8 ,is !re c>e & self-re/ra9t ( /atem5t8 ,9 ! case ( a spee* ! same que/ions may be ask$ 9 ref]5ce to =m1 cont5t1 mood1 or purpose4 ,9 addition ! /ud5t may det]m9e ! class ( oratory to :i* ! spee* belongs4 ,he may ask su* que/ions z ! foll[+3 ,is x eloqu5t 9 any "p8 ,:at is ! mode ( argum5tation8 ,:at is ! =m ( pro(8 ,is ! argum5t s\nd & conv9c+8 ,! /ud5t %\ld analyze ! spee*1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 & make a synopsis ( its pr9cipal propositions & pro(s4 ,! result may be pres5t$ 9 a writt5 or oral critique4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,nature ,,& ,,classification ,,( ,,fiction #fh4 ,def9ition4 ,fiction is t =m ( prose n>rative 9 :i* ! *>act]s1 sc5es1 & incid5ts are p>tly or entirely imag9>y4 ,9 its highe/ =m x is a sort ( prose epic2 & ,hom]'s ,odyssey f9ds a p>allel 9 ,fnelon's ,telema*us4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( *>act]s & incid5ts to =m a plot1 fiction resembles ! drama2 & at ! pres5t "t e notable "w ( fiction is apt to make its way to ! /age4 ,l poetry 9 g5]al1 fiction has its pr9cipal s\rce 9 ! creative imag9ation1 :i*1 work+ on ! basis ( exp]i5ce1 modifies or produces "*1 sc5e1 & incid5t4 ,a common division ( fiction1 ?\gh n consi/5tly obs]v$1 is ! novel & ! romance4 ,! novel is a fictiti\s n>rative 9 :i* ! *>act]s & incid5ts are 9 keep+ ) ! ord9>y tra9 ( ev5ts 9 society4 ,goldsmi?'s ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 :i* br+s be=e u ! simple life ( a c\ntry pa/or1 may be tak5 z a type4 ,a romance is a fictiti\s n>rative 9 :i* ! *>act]s & sc5es & incid5ts are uncommon1 improbable1 or m>vel\s4 ,scott's ,ivanhoe may be tak5 z a repres5tative ( ! be/ type ( romance4 ,! "o =m ( fiction may readily %ade into ! o!r1 & x becomes difficult 9 "s cases to det]m9e ! classification2 b 9 g5]al ! two species are cle>ly m>k$4 #fi4 ,romanticism4 ,dur+ ! pa/ c5tury !re 7 two f>-rea*+ movem5ts 9 ! field ( fiction4 ,bo? came 9 ! "* ( a reaction2 tak5 toge!r !y h giv5 great] bread? & dep? to ?is dep>tm5t ( lit]ature4 ,! fir/ movem5t1 :i* dates ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 is kn[n z romanticism4 ,x 0 a reaction aga9/ ! =mal & ! conv5tional4 ,romanticism may be def9$ z lib]alism 9 lit]ature2 x is a break+ away f au?ority & a return to nature4 ,x manife/$ itself 9 two p>ticul>s bo? 9 fiction & poetry3 fir/1 !re 0 great] fre$om 9 subject1 =m1 & "*2 & second1 !re 0 a return to ! pa/1 p>ticul>ly to an idealiz$ age ( *ivalry 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,scott 0 ! great lead] ( ! romantic movem5t bo? 9 poetry & 9 fiction4 ,9 _! wide range ( "* & incid5t1 & 9 _! idealization ( ! pa/1 ! ,wav]ley ,novels are 9 g5]al p]fect types ( romanticism4 #gj4 ,realism4 ,realism came ab\t ! middle ( ! ,victorian era z a reaction aga9/ romanticism4 ,x 0 born ( ! sci5tific _s1 :i* r5d]$ ! public dissatisfi$ ) fanciful pictures ( pa/ ages & ) ! impossibilities ( wild romance4 ,realism1 z ! ^w indicates1 adh]es to reality4 ,disc>d+ :at is ideali/ic or unreal 9 *>act]s & situations1 x aims at be+ true to life4 ,all ! great noveli/s ( ?is p]iod--,dick5s1 ,?ack]ay1 ,george ,eliot--7 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w reali/s4 ,z an ef=t to repres5t life z x is1 ! wor? ( realism mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,9 its prop] application x places ! novel on an immovable basis4 ,:ile idealism %[s u h[ life might be or ought to be1 realism %[s h[ x actually is4 ,un=tunately1 reali/ic writ]s h n1 9 _m cases1 be5 true to _! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,! great cont95tal lead]s ( realism--,tol/oi1 ,zola1 ,ibs5--h be5 ta9t$ ) a fatal pessimism4 ,reali/s ( ?is type seem to see only "o side ( life1--! d>k] side ( s9 & wret*$ness & despair4 ,!y (t5 describe :at is co>se1 impure1 obsc5e4 ,no d\bt _! pictures are true z f> z !y g2 b ! fatal defect ( _! "w is t x does n reflect life z a :ole4 ,x does n portray ! pure & noble & happy side ( life1 :i* is j z real z ! o!r4 ,except 9 ! h&s ( g5ius1 realism is apt to be dull4 ,x gives u un9t]e/+ photographs4 ,!re are times :5 we d n c>e s mu* = in/ruction z = amusem5t & recreation4 ,?is fact op5s a legitimate field = ! imag9ative /ory-tell]4 ,!re is to-day a decid$ reaction aga9/ realism 9 ! =m ( :at has be5 call$ ! new romanticism4 ,x does n pres5t to u elaborate /udies ( actual life1 b ent]ta9s u ) an int]e/+ or excit+ /ory4 ,/ev5son1 ,weyman1 ,hope1 & ,doyle h be5 lead]s 9 ?is movem5t1 & "s ( ! mo/ widely read novels ( ! pa/ few ye>s h belong$ to ?is new romanticism4 #ga4 ,idealism4 ,! influ5ce ( idealism 9 fiction %\ld be recogniz$4 ,x may t+e ! "w bo? ( romanticism & ( realism4 ,x is1 p]haps1 to be reg>d$ z an atmosph]e r ?an z a me?od4 ,! aim ( idealism is to s(t5 ! h>d realities ( life4 ,x 9 a measure portrays ?+s n z !y are b z !y %\ld be2 & z f> z x def9itely pursues ?is c\rse x pres5ts a contra/ to realism4 ,x naturally *ooses = ! mo/ "p ! nobl] types ( "*2 & to ! villa9s t may be introduc$ x metes out 9 due "t a m]it$ puni%m5t4 ,! trials ( life are br\ght to happy issue4 ,! h]o & h]o9e1 bo? some:at above ! *>act]s ( ord9>y life1 at l5g? triumph ov] all ! ob/acles t beset _! pa?4 ,kept )9 due b\nds1 idealism gives a hopeful & uplift+ tone to fiction2 b )\t c>eful re/ra9t x is 9 dang] ( becom+ false & injuri\s4 ,x pres5ts to ! "y a c>icature ( ! _w1 & exposes !m1 at a lat] p]iod1 to bitt] & dang]\s disillusionm5t4 ,among our greate/ noveli/s an ideali/ic t5d5cy is v p]ceptible 9 ,scott & ,dick5s4 #gb4 ,compon5t ,elem5ts4 ,9 e important "w ( fiction !re are six ?+s to be consid]$1 namely1 ! *>act]s1 ! incid5ts1 ! environm5t1 ! plot1 ! purpose1 & ! view or philosophy ( life4 ,! fir/ ?ree elem5ts con/itute ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! noveli/ builds 8 "w2 ! la/ ?ree supply ! g5]al plan by :i* he builds x4 ,! excell5ce ( ! "w1 z 9 ar*itecture1 dep5ds bo? on ! "* ( ! mat]ials & on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are put toge!r4 ,:5 ,solomon con/ruct$ 8 fam\s temple he n only us$ c$> & gold b also jo9$ !m toge!r accord+ to a wise design & noble purpose4 ,^! v>i\s elem5ts are wor?y ( sep>ate consid]ation4 7#a7 ,! *>act]s ( a novel are ( prime importance4 ,z 9 actual life1 !y give tone to ! society to :i* we are introduc$4 ,!y %\ld be cle>ly individualiz$1 z 9 ! drama1 & ma9ta9 ?r\gh\t a reasonable consi/5cy4 ,!y may be tak5 f any class ( society2 & writ]s ( l>ge creative g5ius1 l ,%akespe>e1 ,scott1 ,dick5s1 ,balzac1 w be di/+ui%$ bo? = ! numb] & = ! v>iety ( _! *>act]s4 ,x is n en\gh t ! *>act]s be describ$ 9 _! outw>d appe>ance & exp]i5ces4 ,9 all pr(\nd] "w1 z 9 ,george ,eliot1 !re w be an unveil+ ( ! hidd5 spr+s ( motive & disposition4 ,! great pot5tialities ( human nature bo? = good & evil w be br\ght to light1 & ?us ! mimic _w ( ! noveli/ w reflect ! life ( ! great real _w 9 its m tragic aspects4 7#b7 ,by ! incid5ts ( a novel we mean ! acts & exp]i5ces ( ! *>act]s4 ,!y make up ! connect$ & progressive /ory4 ,! incid5ts may be z v>i$1 z ! occurr5ces ( human life1 sweep+ ! :ole range ( toil1 sorr[1 & joy4 ,!y may be ei!r comic or tragic4 ,! int]e/ ( a "w ( fiction dep5ds l>gely ^u its incid5ts4 ,sep>ately !y may be ent]ta9+1 absorb+1 or ?rill+2 & tak5 toge!r 9 _! sequ5ce !y may c>ry u =w>d irresi/ibly to ! conclusion4 ,!y %\ld be 9 keep+ ) ! "t & place1 & ! sev]al acts ( ! p]sonages %\ld be 9 h>mony ) _! "* & culture4 7#c7 ,z 9 real life1 ! p]sonages ( a novel or romance live & move 9 ! mid/ ( an environm5t4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( circum/ances1 ^u :i* !y act & by :i* !y are act$ ^u4 ,!y may live on l& or sea1 9 ! c\ntry or 9 ! city1 amid ! wildness ( unsubdu$ =e/s or ! culture ( long-e/abli%$ communities4 ,!y may be surr\nd$ by intellig5ce & luxury or by ignorance & squalor4 ,! environm5t is br\ght be=e u by description1 :i* necess>ily con/itutes no inconsid]able "p ( e "w ( fiction4 ,! descriptive passages %\ld be true to fact1 & graphic en\gh to enable ! read] to picture ! sc5es 9 8 m9d2 b !y %\ld n be s long drawn z to encumb] or imp$e ! /ory4 ,description is subord9ate 9 fiction2 in/ead ( be+ an end 9 itself1 its purpose is to ?r[ light ^u ! *>act]s & incid5ts ( ! /ory4 7#d7 ,by plot1 we mean ! mann] 9 :i* ! incid5ts ( a /ory are arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! f9al issue4 ,! incid5ts may be loosely connect$ or !y may be s skillfully ord]$ z to ar\se ! read]'s brea?less int]e/4 ,a skillful plot presupposes dramatic tal5t4 ,?is is n always f\nd 9 union ) a /rong creative imag9ation2 & ?us x happ5s t "s ( our greate/ noveli/s1 z ,?ack]ay & ,george ,eliot1 are defective 9 dramatic plots4 ,:ile a skillfully arrang$ plot is n an ess5tial elem5t 9 a "w ( fiction1 x is always a s\rce ( int]e/ & p[]4 7#e7 ,e "w ( fiction has an aim or purpose4 ,sometimes ! au?or m]ely aims at tell+ an int]e/+ /ory :i* has no o!r significance ?an to provoke a smile or a te>4 ,sometimes x may be int5d$ to illu/rate a p]iod 9 hi/ory or ! mann]s ( a p>ticul> locality4 ,sometimes x is design$ to ?r[ light on "s phase ( human "* or human exp]i5ce4 ,& aga91 x may be a vehicle = convey+ "s =m ( tea*+ or = illu/rat+ ! gr[? ( culture & "*4 ,9 /udy+ a "w ( fiction ! purpose %\ld be cle>ly appreh5d$1 = ! m]it ( a novel or romance dep5ds 9 a measure ^u ! au?or's aim & 8 degree ( success 9 realiz+ x4 7#f7 ,e "w ( fiction1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly to ! au?or1 is apt to embody a p>ticul> view or philosophy ( life4 ,e ?\ghtful p]son has convictions 9 reg>d to ,god1 nature1 & man4 ,he may believe 9 a p]sonal deity or an unconsci\s =ce z ! s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,he may ?9k ( nature z a creation or z a product ( imp]sonal natural law4 ,he may ?9k ( man z an immortal be+ or z a creature ^: exi/5ce ceases ) dea?4 ,b :atev] may be an au?or's fundam5tal beliefs1 !y w inevitably color 8 "w4 #gc4 ,k9ds ( ,novels4 ,novels may be divid$ into v>i\s classes accord+ to subject or me?od ( treatm5t4 ,z to me?od1 we h already _h ! g5]al division ( romanticism & realism4 ,ano!r g5]ic classification has be5 propos$3 fir/1 novels ( life1 :i* include ! works portray+ bo? pa/ & contempor>y life2 & second1 novels ( idea1 :i* include didactic & arti/ic works ( fiction4 ,! didactic novel discusses "s practical problem or advances "s social or moral !ory2 ! arti/ic novel subord9ates ! /ory to p]fection ( =m4 ,x w be helpful to ! /ud5t to di/+ui% ! foll[+ classes3 7#a7 ,! society novel is devot$ to a portrayal ( exi/+ m5 & mann]s4 ,! field is a wide "o4 ,! *>act]s may be tak5 f any class ( society4 ,! society novel may br+ be=e u1 z 9 ,?ack]ay's ,vanity ,fair1 :at is kn[n z fa%ionable life4 ,x may aga91 z 9 ,george ,eliot's ,adam ,b$e or ,goldsmi?'s ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 introduce u to ! lives ( pla9 p4 ,x may acqua9t u1 z 9 ,du ,mauri]'s ,trilby1 ) ! ,bohemian or arti/ class 9 our great cities4 ,x may deal1 z 9 ,dick5s's ,oliv] ,twi/ or ,bulw]'s ,paul ,clif=d1 ) ! crim9al class4 ,9 %ort1 !re is no class ( society or type ( "* t may n become ! subject ( treatm5t 9 novels ( ?is class4 7#b7 ,local novels are devot$ to ! portrayal ( ! life & mann]s ( a well-m>k$ locality4 ,!y are social novels )9 a re/rict$ field4 ,diff]5ces ( race1 ( language1 ( pursuit1 & ( intellig5ce1 z se5 9 p>ticul> localities1 are reflect$ 9 novels ( ?is k9d4 ,!re is sc>cely any portion ( ,engl& t has n be5 describ$ 9 "s "w ( fiction4 ,*>lotte ,bront br+s ,york%ire sc5]y & "* be=e u 9 ,%irley2 ,george ,eliot portrays ! sc5es ( h] native ,w>wick 9 ,! ,mill on ! ,floss2 ,blackmore's ,lorna ,doone portrays ! sc5]y1 life1 & language ( ,devon%ire4 ,am]ica has af=d$ a v ri* field = ! local novel4 ,n a few ( its *oice/ works belong to ?is class4 ,sc>cely any "p ( our wide c\ntry or any special phase ( its life has escap$ ! eyes ( ! ent]pris+ /ory-tell]4 ,9 8 ,gr&issimes1 = example1 ,george ,w4 ,cable gives u a glimpse ( ! ,creole life ( ,l\isiana4 ,9 ! ,hoosi] ,s*oolma/] ,edw>d ,eggle/on describes pione] life 9 ,indiana4 ,9 ,gabriel ,conroy ,bret ,h>te br+s be=e u ! wild & lawless life ( ,cali=nia a half c5tury ago4 ,9 v>i\s works ,miss ,murfree has describ$ ! dwell]s 9 ! ,t5nessee m\nta9s4 ,new ,engl& & ! ,s\? h be5 portray$ by v>i\s writ]s4 7#c7 ,! hi/orical novel is devot$ to ! description ( life 9 ! pa/4 ,x %\ld be bas$ on a c>eful /udy ( ! p]iod to be portray$4 ,x may deal ) ! sc5es ( a hundr$ ye>s ago or x may g back a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,no o!r dep>tm5t ( fiction has a pr\d] array ( great books4 ,hi/orical fiction has gone h& 9 h& ) a reviv$ int]e/ 9 hi/orical & ar*ological rese>*4 ,! greate/ ( all hi/orical noveli/s is ,scott1 ^: ,wav]ley s]ies cov]s ! c5turies betwe5 ! crusades1 :i* ,ivanhoe describes1 & ! rebellion ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,*>les 9 #agde1 :i* ,wav]ley describes4 ,b o!r great names--,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,am]ican--belong to ?is class ( fiction4 ,u>da1 = example1 by ,george ,eb]s1 describes life 9 ,egypt a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,k+sley's ,hypatia takes u back to ! city ( ,alex&ria 9 ! fif? c5tury ( our era4 ,9 ! ,la/ ,days ( ,pompeii ,bulw] ,lytton describes ! life ( ! ,roman city at ! "t ( its de/ruction4 ,george ,eliot's ,romola portrays ! _s & mann]s ( ! city ( ,flor5ce 9 ! days ( ,savon>ola & ! revival ( le>n+4 ,b5 ,hur by ,lew ,wallace is a tale ( ! ,*ri/4 ,! ,s*nb]g-,cotta ,family by ,mrs4 ,elizabe? ,*>les is a graphic portrayal ( movem5ts & sc5es 9 ,g]many at ! p]iod ( ! ,re=mation4 ,rec5tly !re has be5 a notable revival 9 hi/orical fiction4 ,x has come1 p]haps1 z a reaction aga9/ a h>d realism & empty romanticism4 ,x probably /rikes its roots 9 ! desire = k :i* at ! pres5t "t is s g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,n a few ( ! rec5t books ( ph5om5al popul>ity--,*ur*ill's ,ri*>d ,c>vel1 ,miss ,johnson's ,to ,h & to ,hold1 ,=d's ,janice ,m]$i?1 ,page's ,r$ ,rock1 ,?ompson's ,alice ( ,old ,v9c5nes--deal ) int]e/+ p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry4 7#d7 ,! problem or purpose novel has be5 prom95t 9 rec5t fiction4 ,x has be5 a natural product ( ?is re/less1 intellectual age4 ,fiction has be5 made ! m$ium = ! discussion ( political1 social1 & religi\s problems4 ,n a few ( !m1 z ,bellamy's sociali/ic ,look+ ,backw>d1 h _h an enorm\s circulation4 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 by ,mrs4 ,/[e 0 a sev]e arraignm5t ( slav]y1 & ex]t$ a /rong influ5ce 9 mold+ ! s5tim5t ( a l>ge "p ( our c\ntry4 ,rec5t !ological unre/ is reflect$ 9 ,mrs4 ,w>d's ,rob]t ,elsm]e & 9 ,m>g>et ,del&'s ,john ,w>d1 ,prea*]4 ,! nature & influ5ce ( labor organizations are pres5t$ 9 ,*>les ,reade's ,put ,y\rself 9 ,8 ,place1 & 9 ! anonym\s ,am]ican /ory ,! ,bread ,w9n]s4 ,hall ,ca9e's ,*ri/ian involves a s]i\s indictm5t aga9/ ! *ur* 9 ,engl&4 ,disraeli trav]s$ ! field ( ,engli% politics 9 8 ,con+sby & ,endymion1 z did ,trollope 9 8 ,ph9eas ,f9n & ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,9 8 ,gu>dian ,angel & ,elsie ,v5n] ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes traces ! effects ( h]$ity1 a subject previ\sly h&l$ by ,haw?orne 9 8 ,h\se ( ,sev5 ,gables4 ,9 ?is way we see t ne>ly e great practical "q ( g5]al int]e/ may be discuss$ or portray$ 9 fiction4 7#e7 ,! love /ory & ! /ory ( adv5ture embrace a consid]able ?\gh unambiti\s "p ( fiction4 ,! love /ory deals ) c\rt%ip & m>riage4 ,z a rule1 aft] enc\nt]+ m or less opposition or difficulty1 ! lov]s are at la/ happily unit$4 ,a ?read ( love usually runs ?r\gh all ! m ambiti\s types ( fiction1 = x is a s\rce ( univ]sal int]e/ t _c lightly be set aside2 b 9 ! love /ory x is ! c5tral & dom9ant int]e/4 ,! /ory ( adv5ture consi/s ( a succession ( int]e/+ or ?rill+ incid5ts4 ,! type ( ?is species ( fiction is ,defoe's ,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,! new romantic movem5t already ref]r$ to lays mu* /ress on a rapid succession ( excit+ incid5ts4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ,hope's ,prison] ( ,z5da or by mo/ ( ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son's works1 ( :i* ,kidnapp$ & ,! ,ma/] ( ,ballantrae may be tak5 z fair examples4 7#f7 ,naval fiction belongs to ! sea4 ,x is an int]e/+ field1 ?\gh some:at limit$ 9 its range ( "* & incid5t4 ,! sea itself1 ) its magnific5t & *ang+ moods1 is a sublime object4 ,! re/rict$ life on %ipbo>d--! tell+ ( y>ns b5ea? ! />lit skies1 ! _s ( m+l$ sup]/ition & d>+1 ! prompt & brave activities att5d+ a /orm1 &1 above all1 ! excitem5t & dang]s ( battle--has = ! l&sman a peculi> *>m4 ,noveli/s ( ! sea are n num]\s2 =1 9 ord] to be 9 ! be/ s5se successful1 ! writ] mu/ h _h a seaf>+ exp]i5ce4 ,james ,f5imore ,coop]1 :o _h be5 9 ! navy1 criticis$ ,scott's ,pirate z ! "w ( a l&sman4 ,he und]took to produce a g5u9e /ory ( ! sea 9 8 ,pilot1 :i*1 :atev] else may be its defects1 is correct 9 sailor's l+o & br9y flavor4 ,he 0 no less successful 9 ,! ,r$ ,rov]1 ! sc5es ( :i* ant$ate ! ,revolution4 ,b ! pr9ce ( m>9e noveli/s is unque/ionably ,fr$]ick ,m>ryat1 ^: ,pet] ,simple1 ,jacob ,fai?ful1 & ,mr4 ,mid%ipman ,easy are p]haps unsurpass$ 9 _! sph]e4 7#g7 ,! psy*ologic novel is conc]n$ *iefly ) m5tal analysis4 ,x traces ! work+s ( ! s\l "u diff]5t circum/ances & diff]5t influ5ces4 ,x foll[s ! "* 9 its asc5t to high] goodness or 9 its desc5t to l[] degradation4 ,/ev5son's ,dr4 ,jekyll & ,mr4 ,hyde1 = example1 is a p[]ful exhibition ( ! duality--! brute & ! div9ity--9 human nature4 ,haw?orne's ,sc>let ,lett]1 :ile 9 "o s5se a hi/orical novel1 is an incomp>able /udy ( ! human s\l "u ! weight ( guilt & remorse4 ,?r\gh\t ,george ,eliot's novels !re is a con/ant portrayal ( m5tal & moral conditions t give to h] works an unusual dep? & p[]4 ,h] me?od has be5 ju/ly call$ psy*ologic realism4 ,"u ?is head we may place :at has be5 call$ ! art & culture novel1 ! object ( :i* is to exhibit ! gradual developm5t ( individual "* by means ( a *ang+ environm5t4 ,! type ( ?is sort ( fiction is ,goe!'s ,wilhelm ,mei/]4 ,! %ort /ory1 :i* our magaz9es h r5d]$ s popul> 9 rec5t ye>s1 is a novel 9 m9iature4 ,x pa9ts on a small canvas b ) exce$+ delicacy4 ,l ! novel or ! romance1 x may f9d its mat]ials 9 any age or 9 any class ( society2 & 9 its g5]al me?od x con=ms to ! laws ( fiction 9 g5]al4 ,,review ,,que/ions #fh4 ,:at is fiction8 ,h[ does x resemble ! drama8 ,:at is said ( dramatiz$ novels8 ,def9e novel & romance4 ,give examples ( ea*4 #fi4 ,:at is romanticism8 ,:5 did x manife/ itself8 ,9 :at two p>ticul>s8 #gj4 ,:at is realism8 ,:5ce did x spr+8 ,:at are its m]its8 ,:at t5d5cy ( reali/ic writ]s is not$8 ,:at is ! dang] ( realism8 ,:at is meant by ! new romanticism8 ,m5tion "s ( its repres5tative writ]s4 #ga4 ,:at is ! aim ( idealism8 ,h[ does x d ?is8 ,:at two great noveli/s %[ ideali/ic t5d5cies8 #gb4 ,:at six ?+s are to be not$ 9 e novel8 ,:at two gr\ps are di/+ui%$ among !m8 ,on :at does ! excell5ce ( a novel dep5d8 ,:at is said ( ! *>act]s8 ,:5ce may !y be drawn8 ,h[ are great writ]s di/+ui%$8 ,:at *>act]izes pr(\nd novels8 ,:at is meant by incid5ts8 ,:at is said ( _! v>iety8 ,h[ %\ld !y be arrang$8 ,:at is meant by environm5t8 ,:at environm5ts may be us$8 ,h[ may !y be br\ght be=e u8 ,:at %\ld be ! "* ( ?is description8 ,:at is its place8 ,:at is meant by plot8 ,:at is presuppos$ 9 a skillful plot8 ,:at great writ]s are lack+ 9 dramatic p[]8 ,:at purposes may be aim$ at8 ,:y %\ld ! purpose be appreh5d$8 ,ab\t :at h ?\ghtful p]sons convictions8 ,:at is ! effect ( ^! convictions8 ,:y %\ld ! writ]'s aim or purpose be und]/ood8 #gc4 ,h[ may novels & romances be divid$8 ,:at are novels ( life8 novels ( idea8 ,:at sev5 classes are di/+ui%$8 ,:at is a society novel8 ,:at may x portray8 ,:at are local novels8 ,:at is said ( !m 9 ,am]ica8 ,m5tion "s well-kn[n local novels4 ,:at is a hi/orical novel8 ,on :at %\ld x be bas$8 ,:at is said ( hi/orical fiction8 ,:o is ! greate/ ( hi/orical noveli/s8 ,m5tion "s o!rs4 ,:at is said ( rec5t t5d5cies8 ,m5tion "s rec5t hi/orical novels4 ,:at is meant by problem or purpose novels8 ,illu/rate by v>i\s examples4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! love /ory8 ( ! /ory ( adv5ture8 ,illu/rate4 ,:at is naval fiction8 ,:y are sea noveli/s n num]\s8 ,:at is said ( ,coop]8 ,:o is ! *ief ( m>9e noveli/s8 ,) :at is ! psy*ologic novel pr9cipally conc]n$8 ,give examples4 ,:at gives ,george ,eliot's novels _! dep?8 ,:at is said ( ! %ort /ory8 ,to :at laws is x subject8 ,,note ,z illu/rative & practical ex]cises1 let ! /ud5t criticise sev]al pieces ( fiction assign$ by ! tea*]4 ,= ?is purpose any ( ! /&>d or popul> works m5tion$ 9 ! text may be select$1 or any o!rs to :i* ! /ud5t may h access4 ,aft] classify+ ! "w & det]m9+ its /yle1 ! /ud5t %\ld inve/igate x accord+ to its six compon5t elem5ts1--*>act]s1 incid5ts1 environm5t1 plot1 purpose1 & views ( life4 ,! po9ts to be inve/igat$ "u ea* head are sugge/$ 9 ! text4 ,z po9ts ( special int]e/1 he may inquire into ! orig9 ( ! "w & ! s\rces f :i* its mat]ials 7 d]iv$4 ,?is inve/igation w frequ5tly reveal1 z 9 ! case ( ,?ack]ay1 ,*>lotte ,bront1 ,dick5s1 & ,george ,eliot1 int]e/+ autobiographic details4 ,! results ( ?is inve/igation may be pres5t$ 9 a writt5 critique1 9 :i* ! value ( ! "w z a :ole1 9 ! light ( correct /hetic & critical pr9ciples1 %\ld be det]m9$4 ,x w sometimes be f\nd t novels ( wide popul>ity are de/itute ( great intr9sic excell5ce4 ,,index /hetics def9$1 #cd2 /hetic elem5ts1 #ce4 ,allegory1 #ga4 ,allit]ation1 #aad4 ,analogy1 argum5t f1 #agb4 ,anglo-,saxon & ,lat9 elem5ts ( ,engli%1 #ef4 ,annals1 #aeh4 ,anti!sis1 #ge4 ,apo/rophe1 #gc4 ,argum5tation1 #hg2 f\r k9ds (1 #agb4 ,arti/ic elem5t 9 lit]ature1 #h4 ,au?or & 8 "w1 #ai2 p]sonality (1 #ai2 m5tal qualities (1 #ai2 "* (1 #bj2 view ( life (1 #bb2 lit]>y s*ool (1 #bd2 mood & purpose (1 #bd2 life (1 #bg4 ,autobiographic elem5ts 9 lit]ature1 #ba4 ,autobiography1 #afb4 ,ballad def9$1 #acd4 ,beauty1 #ce4 ,biography1 #afj2 ?ree types (1 #afa2 ess5tials (1 #afa4 ,blank v]se1 #aag4 ,csura1 #aah4 ,"* & au?or%ip1 #ba4 ,*ronicle1 #aeh4 ,classic writ]s1 #d4 ,climax1 #ge4 ,com$y1 #adh4 ,criticism1 def9$1 #b2 hi/ory (1 #c2 /&>d (1 #c2 requisites (1 #d2 z an art1 #e2 div]sity (1 #e2 div]sity (1 expla9$1 #f2 utility (1 #g2 mat]ials (1 #h4 ,description1 #ce1 #db1 #he4 ,di>y1 #afb4 ,diction1 #eh4 ,disc\rse1 k9ds (1 #hd4 ,drama1 #adh-aec2 unity (1 #adi2 five pr9cipal p>ts1 #aej2 o!r elem5ts1 #aej4 ,dramatis p]sonae1 #aea4 ,elegy1 #acg4 ,eloqu5ce1 s\rce (1 #afi4 ,engli% language1 composite1 #ee2 copi\s1 #ef2 elem5ts (1 #ef2 :at elem5ts to *oose1 #eg4 ,enjambem5t1 #aah4 ,epic poetry1 #adf2 diff]5t species (1 #adg2 mock epic1 #adg4 ,epigram1 #gf4 ,essay1 #afg2 pr9cipal =ms (1 #afg2 crit]ia (1 #afh4 ,exclamation1 #gc4 ,exposition1 #hg4 ,fable1 #gb4 ,faculties1 symmetrical1 #ib4 ,f>ce1 #adi4 ,felicity ( expression1 #ch4 ,fiction1 def9$1 #agh2 elem5ts (1 #aha2 *>act]s (1 #ahb2 incid5ts (1 #ahb2 environm5t 91 #ahc2 plot 91 #ahc2 aim (1 #ahd2 view ( life (1 #ahd2 k9ds (1 #ahd2 society novel1 #ahe2 local novel1 #ahe2 hi/orical novel1 #ahf2 problem or purpose novel1 #ahg2 love /ory1 #ahh2 m>9e novel1 #ahi2 psy*ologic novel1 #ahi2 %ort /ory1 #aij4 ,figures1 def9$1 #fh2 k9ds (1 #fh2 ( resemblance1 #fi2 ( contra/1 #ge4 ,h>mony ( ?\ght & expression1 #cg4 ,h]oism1 #da4 ,hi/ory1 def9$1 #aef2 divisions (1 #aeg2 me?ods (1 #aeh2 crit]ia (1 #afc4 ,humor1 #df4 ,hymns1 #ace4 ,hyp]bole1 #gd4 ,idealism1 #ahj4 ,imag9ation1 #hi2 ill-gov]n$1 #ij4 ,int]rogation1 #gf4 ,irony1 #gg4 ,life1 an au?or's view (1 #bb4 ,lit]>y s*ool1 #bd4 ,love 9 lit]ature1 #dj2 love /ory1 #ahh4 ,ludicr\s1 !1 9 lit]ature1 #dd4 ,matt] & =m 9 lit]ature1 #i4 ,metaphor1 #gj4 ,met]1 #aaa1 #aaf4 ,metonymy1 #gb4 ,m9d1 g5]ic diff]5ces (1 #hh4 ,mock epic1 #adg4 ,mold+ influ5ces 9 lit]ature1 #h4 ,moral "*1 #bj2 moral sublime1 #dc4 ,n>ration1 #hf4 ,necessity ( und]/&+ a "w1 #a4 ,novel & romance1 #agh4 ,see ,fiction4 ,ode def9$1 #acf4 ,op]a1 #adi4 ,oration1 divisions (1 #agj2 crit]ia (1 #agd4 ,oratory1 #afi2 diff]5t k9ds (1 #agj4 ,p>able1 #gb4 ,p>agraph1 #fb4 ,p>ody1 #de4 ,p]iod 9 v]se1 #aah4 ,p]sonification1 #gj4 ,poet1 !1 #aje2 z se]1 #ajf4 ,poetic lic5se1 #abj-abb4 ,poetry1 def9$1 #ajc2 & prose1 #ajd2 s\rces (1 #ajd2 classification (1 #acj2 didactic1 #acj2 descriptive1 #acb2 pa/oral1 #acc2 lyric1 #acd2 crit]ia (1 #ach2 epic1 #ade4 ,prose & poetry1 #ajd2 def9$1 #aef4 ,purpose ( lit]>y /udy1 #a4 ,realism1 #agi4 ,rhyme1 #aab2 diff]5t k9ds (1 #aab-aad4 ,romance1 metrical1 #adg2 def9$1 #agh4 ,see ,fiction4 ,romanticism1 #agi4 ,satire1 #de1 #aca4 ,s5sibilities 9 asc5dant1 #ij4 ,s5t5ces1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #fj2 qualities (1 #fa4 ,simile1 #fi4 ,song def9$1 #ace4 ,sonnet1 #acg4 ,spiritual tru?1 #ci4 ,/anza1 def9$1 #aae2 diff]5t k9ds (1 #aae-aag4 ,/yle1 #fa2 def9$1 #hd2 importance (1 #id2 poetic1 #abj4 ,synecdo*e1 #gb4 ,tale1 metrical1 #adg2 ( adv5ture1 #ahh4 ,ta/e1 lit]>y1 #cd4 ,t5d]ness & pa?os1 #dc4 ,trag$y1 #adh4 ,tragi-com$y1 #adh4 ,v]sification1 def9$1 #ajg2 quantity 91 #ajg2 acc5t 91 #ajg2 poetic feet 91 #ajh-aaj2 "t elem5t 91 #aaa2 met] 91 #aaa4 ,vision1 #gd4 ,w1 =ce (1 9 lit]ature1 #ia4 ,,adv]tisem5ts ,,books ,,on ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,alex&]'s ,introduction to ! ,poetry ( ,rob]t ,br[n+ #a4jj ,a!num ,press ,s]ies3 #bd volumes n[ ready4 ,baldw9's ,inflections & ,syntax ( ,malory's ,morte d',ar?ur #a4dj ,bellamy's ,twelve ,engli% ,poets 4#ge ,br[ne's ,%aksp]e's ,v]sification 4#be ,corson's ,prim] ( ,engli% ,v]se #a4jj ,eaton's ,college ,requirem5ts 9 ,engli%4 ,?ird ,s]ies 4#ge ,em]y's ,notes on ,engli% ,lit]ature #a4jj ,g>nett's ,selections 9 ,engli% ,prose f ,elizabe? to ,victoria #a4ej ,gayley's ,classic ,my?s 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature #a4ej ,gayley & ,scott's ,lit]>y ,criticism #a4be ,gumm]e's ,h&book ( ,poetics #a4jj ,hudson's ,life1 ,art1 & ,*>act]s ( ,%akespe>e4 #b vols4 #d4jj ,hudson's ,classical ,engli% ,read] #a4jj ,hudson's ,text-,book ( ,prose #a4be ,hudson's ,text-,book ( ,poetry #a4be ,hudson's ,essays on ,engli%1 ,/udies 9 ,%akespe>e1 etc4 4#be ,k5t's ,%akespe>e ,note-,book 4#fj ,lewis' ,beg9n+s ( ,engli% ,lit]ature 4#ij ,lit*field's ,sp5s]'s ,britom>t 4#fj ,m9to's ,manual ( ,engli% ,prose ,lit]ature #a4ej ,m9to's ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,engli% ,poets #a4ej ,phelps' ,beg9n+s ( ! ,engli% ,romantic ,movem5t #a4jj ,smi?'s ,synopsis ( ,engli% & ,am]ican ,lit]ature 4#hj ,/&>d ,engli% ,classics3 #bb volumes n[ ready4 ,?ay]'s ,be/ ,elizabe?an ,plays #a4be ,:ite's ,philosophy ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature 4#cj ,:ite's ,philosophy ( ,engli% ,lit]ature #a4jj ,w9*e/]'s ,five ,%ort ,c\rses ( ,read+ 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature 4#dj ,,g9n ,,company1 ,,publi%]s ,bo/on ,new ,york ,*icago ,san ,francisco ,atlanta ,dallas ,columbus ,london ,,! ,,a!naeum ,,press ,,s]ies ,issu$ "u ! g5]al editor%ip ( ,pr(essor ,,george ,,lyman ,,kittr$ge ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & ,pr(essor ,c4 ,t4 ,,w9*e/] ( ,wesleyan ,univ]sity4 ,,! ,,foll[+ ,,volumes ,,are ,,n[ ,,ready3 ,burke's ,spee* on ,conciliation ) ,am]ica4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,hammond ,,lamont1 rec5tly ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 #ej c5ts4 ,burns3 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ! late ,,john ,g4 ,,d[1 =m]ly ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 #gj c5ts4 ,c>lyle's ,h]oes1 ,h]o-,wor%ip1 & ! ,h]oic 9 ,hi/ory4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,ar*ibald ,,macme*an ( ,dalh\sie ,college1 ,halifax1 ,n4,s4 #hj c5ts4 ,c>lyle's ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,ar*ibald ,,macme*an ( ,dalh\sie ,college1 ,halifax1 ,n4,s4 #hj c5ts4 ,coll9s3 ,poems (4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,walt] ,c4 ,,bronson ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 #fj c5ts4 ,c[p]3 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,,james ,o4 ,,murray1 =m]ly ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity4 #fj c5ts4 ,de ,qu9cey3 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,milton ,h4 ,,turk ( ,hob>t ,college4 ,elizabe?an ,lyrics4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,e4 ,,s*ell+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #ge c5ts4 ,gibbon's ,memoirs4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,oliv] ,f4 ,,em]son ( ,we/]n ,res]ve ,univ]sity4 #ge c5ts4 ,gray3 ,selections f ! ,works (4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,wm4 ,l4 ,,phelps ( ,yale ,univ]sity4 #fj c5ts4 ,h]rick3 ,selections f ! ,hesp]ides & ! ,noble ,numb]s4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,e4 ,,hale1 ,jr41 ( ,union ,univ]sity4 #fj c5ts4 ,jeffrey3 ,selections f ! ,essays (4 ,edit$ by ,,lewis ,e4 ,,gates ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #fj c5ts4 ,jonson's ,timb]2 or ,discov]ies4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,e4 ,,s*ell+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #hj c5ts4 ,keats3 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,arlo ,,bates ( ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 #fj c5ts4 ,l&or3 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,b4 ,s4 ,,clym]1 =m]ly ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #fj c5ts4 ,malory's ,morte ,d>?ur1 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,william ,e4 ,,mead ( ,wesleyan ,univ]sity1 ,middlet[n1 ,conn4 #hj c5ts4 ,old ,engli% ,ballads4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,b4 ,,gumm]e ( ,hav]=d ,college4 #hj c5ts4 ,pre-,%aksp]ean ,drama1 ,specim5s (4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,john ,m4 ,,manly ( ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,9 ?ree volumes4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 n[ ready4 #a4be ea*4 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury ,lyrics4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,e4 ,,s*ell+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #ge c5ts4 ,%elley3 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,,alex&] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto4 #hj c5ts4 ,sidney's ,def5se ( ,poesy4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,alb]t ,s4 ,,cook ( ,yale ,univ]sity4 #fe c5ts4 ,/eele3 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,george ,r4 ,,c>p5t] ( ,columbia ,univ]sity4 #fj c5ts4 ,wordswor?3 ,selections f4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,,edw>d ,,d[d5 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,dubl94 #ij c5ts4 ,,g9n ,,company ,publi%]s ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! text3 page #cf3 quotation m>k miss+ 9 orig9al,! great br& page #gd3 exagg]at$ =m ( /atem5t1orig9al has p]iod ,! foll[+ words appe> 9 ! text ) & )\t hyph5s4 ,!y h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al4 common-met] common met] long-met] long met] love-songs love songs %ort-met] %ort met] ,! foll[+ words h v>iations 9 spell+4 ,!y h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,a!num ,,a!naeum d',ar?ur ,d>?ur ,pre-,%aksp]ean ,%akespe>ian ,%aksp]e's ,%akespe>e