,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ajhb ,,new ,,york1 ,,septemb] #bf1 #ahif4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 e/abli%$ #ahde4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xlii41 ,no4 #ajhb4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,ar*itecture4--,new ,me?ods ( ,build+ ,con/ruction at ,p>is4--,a typical ,fr5* sy/em ( con/ruction4--,comb9ation ( pla/] & iron2 cem5t arm4--#a illu/ration4 #agbib ,,ii4 ,,autoc>s4--,! ,de ,dion & ,b\ton ,road ,motor4--,an elaborate description ( ?is typical ,fr5* motor op]at$ by /eam4--#d illu/rations4 #agbij ,,iii4 ,,*emi/ry4--,an ,air ,ba?4--,by ,b4,j4,h4 ,,co/e4--#a illu/ration4 #agbif ,! ,feculomet]4--#a illu/ration4 #agbie ,,iv4 ,,dome/ic ,,economy4--,errors 9 ,our ,food ,economy4--,a v practical pap] on sci5tific nutrition4 #agbhh ,v4 ,,geography4--,zanzib>4--,an acc\nt ( ! c\ntry & ! rec5t ev5ts !re4--#c illu/rations4 #agbhg ,,vi4 ,,ma!matics4--,goodman's ,hat*et ,planimet]s4--,in/rum5t = measur+ areas & mean altitudes or irregul> figures4--#e illu/rations4 #agbic ,,vii4 ,,metallurgy4--,! ,great ,krupp ,works4--,notes on ! great iron & /eel works ( ! ,g]man empire1 ) /ati/ics4 #agcjb ,,viii4 ,,m9]alogy4--,preci\s ,/on$--,by ,pr(4 ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,mi]s4--,lecture ,i4--,fir/ in/allm5t ( a mo/ int]e/+ article on ! m9]als us$ 9 ! jewel]'s art4--#c illu/rations4 #agbih ,,ix4 ,,m9+ ,,eng9e]+4--,fir$amp ,te/+ ,/ation at ,m>*i5ne-au-,pont4--,an elaborate exp]im5tal /ation = inve/igation into fir$amp4--#c illu/rations4 #agbig ,x4 ,,miscellane\s4--,device = ! ,display ( ,lant]n ,slides4--,an app>atus = ! display ( lant]n slides 9 ! %op w9d[4--,a rotat+ c>ri]4--#b illu/rations4 #agbie ,:at ! ,sea ,has ,tak54--,de/ruction ( great areas ( c\ntry 9 ! pa/1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,dut* coa/4 #agbhi ,eng9e]+ ,notes4 #agcja ,electrical ,notes4 #agcja ,miscellane\s ,notes4 #agcja ,select$ ,=mul4 #agcjb ,,xi4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4--,"s ,notes on ,spid]s4--,by ,rev4 ,,samuel ,,b>b]4--,"s v curi\s obs]vations on ara*nids4 #agcjj ,,xii4 ,,navigation4--,f ,new ,york to ,havre 9 a ,r[boat4--,! mo/ wond]ful trip on record across ! ocean1 ) portraits ( ! navigators & view ( ! boat4--#b illu/rations4 #agbia ,! ,wa/e ( ,%ipp+3--,losses ( /eam & sail+ vessels due to wreckage & condemnation1 ) valuable tables4 #agbia ,,xiii4 ,,optics4--,! ,colors ,nam$ 9 ,lit]ature4--,) table4 #agbhi ,,xiv4 ,,photography4--,photography = ,*emi/s4--,lant]n slides by r$uction4--,h[ to produce lant]n slides f l>ge negatives4 #agbig ,,xv4 ,,physics4--,a ,rese>* on ! ,liquefaction ( ,helium4--,a rese>* 9 advanc$ exp]im5tal physics ^u ! newly discov]$ elem5t helium4--#a illu/ration4 #agbii ,physics ,)\t ,app>atus4--,sev]al int]e/+ & simple exp]im5ts describ$4--#a illu/ration4 #agcjb ,,xvi4 ,,te*nology4--,app>atus = ! ,manufacture ( ,acetyl5e ,gas4--,description ( a numb] ( prom95t acetyl5e app>atus1 ) illu/rations & sectional views !re(4--#ab illu/rations4 #agbid ,belleek ,*9a4--,hi/ory ( ?is beautiful *9a1 & f\ndation ( its manufacture 9 ,irel& & subsequ5t introduction into ,am]ica4--,description ( diff]5t ,belleek m>ks4 #agbib ,! ,com+ ,light4--,an inc&esc5t gas burn] employ+ artificial draught produc$ by electric motor4--#b illu/rations4 #agbif 99 99 99 99 99 ,,zanzib>4 ,! sudd5 dea? on ,augu/ #be ( ,sultan ,hamid b9 ,?wa91 ! rul] ( ,zanzib>1 ! attempt$ usurpation by ,seyyid ,khalid1 & ! bomb>dm5t ( ! palace by ! ,briti% w>%ips1 h direct$ public att5tion to ?is comp>atively little kn[n b important city on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! ,zanzib> dom9ions a*iev$ _! indep5d5ce "s =ty ye>s ago "u ,seyyid ,majid1 ^: fa!r 0 ,seyyid ,said1 ! ,sultan ( ,muscat & ,zanzib>4 ,! dom9ions =m]ly ext5d$ f ,w>%eik s\? to ,tanghi ,bay4 ,9 #ahij ! coa/ l9e f ,ruvuma to ,wanga1 ) ! isl& ( ,mafia1 0 c$$ to ,g]many1 by :i* p>tition ! c\ntry 0 r$uc$ to two isl&s1 ,zanzib> & ,pemba1 conta9+ ab\t a ?\s& squ>e miles ) #afe1jjj inhabitants1 a /rip ( coa/ l9e t5 miles long1 toge!r ) ?ree small] isl&s & five seaports4 ,zanzib> is a ,briti% protectorate1 z are also ! ,zanzib> dom9ions on ! ma9l& z f> nor? z ! m\? ( ! ,juba4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ma9l& dom9ions to ! s\? are leas$ to an ,italian company4 ,illu/ration3 ,,palace ,,squ>e1 ,,zanzib>3 ,,troops ,,assembl$ ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,h\se2 ,,palace1 ,,) ,,! ,,late ,,sultan ,,9 ,,! ,,gall]y1 ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,h&2 ,,h>em ,,to ,,! ,,left4 ,! isl& ( ,zanzib>1 toge!r ) ! neighbor+ isl&s ( ,pemba & ,mafia1 to ! nor? & s\?1 is g5]ally ( coral =mation1 ) "h & !re hills ( a r$di% clay1 :i* rise 9 ! s\? to an elevation ( #dej feet & 9 ! nor? develop into a range ( hills :i* runs p>allel to ! %ore at a height ( ov] #a1jjj feet4 ,! d5se =e/s :i* orig9ally cov]$ ! isl& h be5 cut d[n1 & ! soil1 :i* is ( unusual f]tility1 is "u ?or\gh cultivation1 yield+ heavy crops ( corn & manioc1 :i* latt] =ms ! /aple food ( ! p4 ,! soil & climate are specially suit$ to ! clove1 :i* is rais$ 9 great quantities1 ! crop =m+ f\r-fif?s ( ! total clove crop ( ! _w4 ,! seabo>d ly+ opposite ! isl& ( ,zanzib> is level & swampy1 & ! _m riv]s :i* fl[ f ! esc>pm5t ( ! great inl& plateau h br\ght d[n a va/ deposit ( ri* alluvial matt]1 ^u :i*1 aid$ by ! moi/1 w>m climate1 a d5se gr[? ( tropical vegetation fl\ri%es4 ,a native gr[? ( ?is region is ! copal tree1 fam\s z yield+ ! be/ gum kn[n to comm]ce4 ,rice1 maize1 millet1 ! cocoa nut & ! oil palm are cultivat$1 & ! :ole c\ntry is well adapt$ to ! rais+ ( sug>1 c(fee1 cotton1 indigo1 & ! v>i\s spices4 ,( ! orig9al races ( ! isl& ( ,zanzib> only a few repres5tatives survive4 ,^! live on ! ea/ side1 & are kn[n z ,wa-,hadimu ,bantus4 ,! ma9 population is a /range mixture ( full blood & half-ca/e ,arabs1 ,indian ',can>ians' 7t is1 half-ca/e ,portuguese f ,kan>a on ! ,malab> coa/ ( ,india71 ,swahili ( e %ade1 slaves or fre$m5 f all p>ts ( ,ea/ ,africa1 ) a small spr9kl+ ( ,am]icans & ,europeans4 ,! city ( ,zanzib> is1 next to ,alex&ria & ,tunis1 ! l>ge/ city on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 & conta9s a population v>i\sly e/imat$ at f #hj1jjj to #ajj1jjj s\ls4 ,x is easily sep>able into two qu>t]s1 ! trad+ qu>t]1 :i* lies along ! bea* & conta9s ! palace ( ! ,sultan1 & ! ea/]n outly+ suburb 9 :i* live ! l[] class4 ,! view ( ,zanzib> f ! sea is picturesque1 ! palace1 =ts & t[]s1 ! ,mission ,ca!dral & ! successive :ite build+s ( v>i$ outl9e1 mak+ a pleas+ panorama4 ,b :5 ! visitor passes into ! he>t ( ! city he loses himself 9 a tangle ( f\l & n>r[ /reets1 :]e fil? & immorality ab\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,late ,,sultan ,,( ,,zanzib> ,,& ,,8 ,,m9i/]s4 ,! palace1 :i* is ! c5tral po9t ( ! city's life1 is ?us describ$ by a =m] resid5t1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,l4 ,lyons3 ,a l[1 rambl+ /ructure divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! high] portion is ( /one1 & surr\nd$ by v]&as ( c>v$ teak wood1 :i* are v ornate & elaborate specim5s ( ea/]n decorative art "w4 ,adjo9+ ?is is ! section occupi$ z liv+ ap>tm5ts1 & ! ?ird section is occupi$ by ! h>em1 :i*1 "u ! late ,sultan1 compris$ ab\t tw5ty-five ,circassian wom54 ,! palace 0 a curi\s comb9ation ( magnific5ce & tawdr9ess4 ,! reception room1 :i* is ab\t #bej ft4 squ>e1 0 hung ) beautiful drap]ies embroid]$ 9 real gold4 ,9 _m places ! walls 7 inlaid ) preci\s /ones curi\sly & indiscrim9ately m+l$4 ,next to a valuable uncut sapphire or a ruby "o w\ld f9d a c>buncle or "s valueless /one4 ,_m ( ! *airs 9 ! f9] ap>tm5ts 7 ( gold inlaid ) preci\s /ones1 & ab\t _m ( ! rooms 7 inscriptions f ! ,koran appli$ 9 solid gold4 ,o!r conspicu\s build+s z se5 f ! wat] are ! ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 ! ,cu/om ,h\se1 ! ,signal ,t[]1 & ! ,mission ,ca!dral4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ext]ior ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,sultan',s ,,palace1 ,,zanzib>4 ,! h>bor af=ds a f9e an*orage = %ipp+1 & is well wor?y to be ! c5tral %ipp+ po9t ( ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! total imports = #ahid 7 valu$ at ov] #f1jjj1jjj & ! exports at ab\t #e1ejj1jjj4 ,briti% ,india controls ! great] %>e ( ! import trade1 s5d+ ov] l>ge c>goes ( gra91 rice1 & piece goods f ,bombay1 ! ye>ly value ( ! trade be+ #a1fge1jjj4 ,! ,g]man trade am\nts to #cdj1jjj1 & a l>ge am\nt ( cotton goods & k]os5e oil is import$ f ,am]ica4 ,! law ( succession to ! ?rone ( ,zanzib> does n recognize ! "r ( ! elde/ son or ! son ( ! elde/ bro!r deceas$4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,mohamm$an ,c\ncil ( ,/ate ,seyyid ,khalid1 ! late usurp]1 has no /rong] claim to ! ?rone ?an 8 c\s91 ! pres5t ,sultan ,hamid b9 ,mohamm$ b9 ,seyyid4 ,khalid is spok5 ( z a ra% & willful "y man ( tw5ty-five1 & ,hamid z an eld]ly g5tleman1 fifty or sixty ye>s ( age1 respect$ = 8 prud5t & peaceable conduct1 acceptable to ! bett] class ( ,mussulman t[nsfolk1 & tru/$ z a rul] likely to pres]ve ! traditional policy ( ! realm4 ,imm$iately ^u ! int]m5t ( ! late ,sultan1 h[ev]1 :i* took place two %ort h\rs aft] 8 suspici\s dea?1 ,khalid proclaim$ himself rul]4 ,he ga!r$ ! palace gu>ds toge!r1 plac$ b>ricades 9 ! palace squ>e1 tra9$ ! guns ^u ! ,briti% w>%ips1 & await$ developm5ts4 ,!y came ! next morn+ 9 ! %ape ( an ultimatum f ,admiral ,rawson ( ! ,/4 ,george1 a fir/ class cruis] ( #g1gjj tons1 :i*1 toge!r ) f\r small] cruis]s & gunboats1 lay (f ! city 9 ! h>bor1 summon+ ,khalid to surr5d]1 leave ! palace1 & make 8 soldi]s pile _! arms 9 front ( x4 ,if he fail$ to d ?is1 ! palace w\ld be bomb>d$ )9 two h\rs aft] ! dispat* ( ! ultimatum4 ,z ,khalid's reply 0 to fur!r /r5g!n 8 def5se1 at ! appo9t$ "t ! bomb>dm5t began4 ,mean:ile ! loyal ,zanzib> troops1 ) a deta*m5t ( ,briti% m>9es & seam51 attack$ ! b>ricades4 ,! palace 0 knock$ to pieces & set on fire by ! %ells1 & ,khalid1 driv5 f ! %elt]1 fl$ to ! ,g]man consulate = safety4 ,hamid 0 proclaim$ ,sultan by ,g5]al ,mat!ws1 ,mr4 ,cave1 ! consul1 & ,admiral ,rawson1 & ord] 0 at once re/or$ to ! city4 ,at ! "t ( ! bomb>dm5t x 0 freely pr$ict$ t ! annexation ( ,zanzib> w\ld spe$ily foll[2 b x n[ appe>s t ! gov]nm5t consid]s t no advantages are to be ga9$ by su* a /ep1 ! co/ ( a direct adm9i/ration be+ mu* great] ?an ! native adm9i/ration1 :i* "u ! pres5t protectorate is work+ satisfactorily4 ,we are indebt$ = our illu/rations to ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news & to ,black & ,:ite4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errors ,,9 ,,our ,,food ,,economy4 ,sci5tific rese>*1 int]pret+ ! obs]vations ( practical life1 implies t sev]al errors are common 9 ! use ( food4 ,fir/1 _m p pur*ase ne$lessly exp5sive k9ds ( food1 do+ ?is "u ! false impression t !re is "s peculi> virtue 9 ! co/li] mat]ials1 & t economy 9 our diet is someh[ detrim5tal to our dignity or our welf>e4 ,&1 un=tunately1 ^? :o are mo/ extravagant 9 ?is respect are (t5 ! ones :o c lea/ af=d x4 ,secondly1 ! food :i* we eat does n always conta9 ! prop] proportions ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( nutritive +r$i5ts4 ,we consume relatively too mu* ( ! fuel +r$i5ts ( food1 su* z ! fats ( meat & butt]1 ! />* :i* makes up ! l>g] "p ( ! nutritive mat]ial ( fl\r & potatoes & sug> & sweetmeats4 ,conv]sely1 we h relatively too little ( ! prote9 ( fle%-=m+ sub/ances1 l ! lean ( meat & fi% & ! glut5 ( :eat1 :i* make muscle & s9ew & :i* are ! basis ( blood1 bone & bra94 ,?irdly1 _m p1 n only ! well-to-d1 b ^? 9 mod]ate circum/ances1 use ne$less quantities ( food4 ,"p ( ! excess1 h[ev]1 is simply ?r[n away ) ! wa/es ( ! table & ! kit*52 s t ! injury to heal?1 great z x may be1 is d\btless mu* less ?an if all 7 eat54 ,probably ! wor/ suff]]s f ?is evil are well-to-d p ( s$5t>y occupations--bra9 work]s z di/+ui%$ f h& work]s4 ,f9ally1 we are guilty ( s]i\s errors 9 our cook+4 ,we wa/e a great deal ( fuel 9 ! prep>ation ( our food1 & ev5 !n a great deal ( ! food is v badly cook$4 ,a re=m 9 ^! me?ods ( cook+ is "o ( ! economic dem&s ( our "t4 ,*eap vs4 ,de> ,food4--,we _c judge ( ! nutritive value ( food by ! quantity4 ,!re is z mu* nutrim5t 9 a p\nd ( :eat fl\r z 9 #c qu>ts ( oy/]s1 :i* weigh #g p\nds4 ,!re is /ill less connection betwe5 nutritive value & price4 ,9 buy+ at ord9>y m>ket rates we get z mu* mat]ial to build up our bodies1 repair _! wa/es1 & give /r5g? = "w 9 #e c5ts' wor? ( fl\r or beans or codfi% z #ej c5ts or #a w pay = 9 t5d]lo91 salmon or lob/]s4 ,r\nd /eak at #ae c5ts a p\nd is j z dige/ible & is fully z nutriti\s z t5d]lo9 at #ej4 ,mack]el has z high nutritive value z salmon1 & co/s f an eigh? to half z mu*4 ,oy/]s are a delicacy4 ,if "o c af=d !m1 !re is no reason = n hav+ !m1 b #be c5ts inve/$ 9 a p9t w\ld br+ only ab\t an ounce ( prote9 & #bcj calories ( en]gy4 ,! same #be c5ts sp5t = fl\r at #f a b>rel1 or #c c5ts a p\nd1 w\ld pay = n9e-t5?s ( a p\nd ( prote9 & #ac1gjj calories ( en]gy4 ,:5 a day labor] buys bread at #g c5ts a p\nd1 ! actual nutritive mat]ial co/s him ?ree times z mu* z x does 8 employ]1 :o buys x 9 fl\r at #f a b>rel4 ,illu/rations ( ! prejudice ( p1 especially ^? 9 mod]ate circum/ances1 aga9/ ! less exp5sive k9ds ( food are v common4 ,mr4 ,lee ,m]iwe!r1 :o has giv5 mu* att5tion to ?is special subject1 cites a case 9 po9t1 t ( a coal labor]1 :o boa/$3 ,no "o c say t ,i d n give my family ! be/ fl\r1 ! f9e/ ( sug>1 ! v be/ quality ( meat4 ,he paid #aef a ye> = ! nice/ cuts ( meat1 :i* 8 wife _h to cook be=e six 9 ! morn+ or aft] half pa/ six at night1 because %e work$ all day 9 a factory4 ,:5 excell5t butt] 0 sell+ at #be c5ts a p\nd he paid #bi c5ts = an extra quality4 ,he sp5t only #ajh a ye> = clo?+ = 8 family ( n9e1 & only #gb a ye> = r5t 9 a close t5em5t h\se1 :]e !y slept 9 rooms )\t w9d[s or closets4 ,he indulg$ 9 ?is extravagance 9 diet1 :5 mu* less exp5sive food mat]ials1 su* z regul>ly come ^u ! tables ( m5 ( weal?1 w\ld h be5 j z nutriti\s1 j z :olesome1 & 9 e way j z good1 save 9 ! gratification to pride & palate4 ,he 0 committ+ an imm5se economic blund]4 ,l ?\s&s ( o!rs1 he did s 9 ! belief t x 0 wise & economical4 ,! sad side ( ! /ory is t ! poor are ! ones :o practice ! wor/ economy 9 ! pur*ase z well z ! use ( food4 ,! ,massa*usetts ,bureau ( ,labor1 9 collect+ ! diet>ies above ref]r$ to1 made num]\s inquiries ( tradesm5 reg>d+ ! food ( ! poor 9 ,bo/on1 mean+ by poor ^? :o e>n j en\gh to keep !mselves & families f want4 ,! almo/ univ]sal te/imony 01 ,!y usually want ! be/ & pay = x1 & ! mo/ fa/idi\s are ^? :o c lea/ af=d x4 ,! co/lie/ k9d ( meat1 ! f9e/ fl\r1 & v highe/ pric$ butt] 7 dem&$1 & _m scorn$ ! less exp5sive meats & groc]ies su* z well-to-d & s5sible p 7 9 ! habit ( buy+4 ,i h tak5 occasion to v]ify ^! obs]vations by p]sonal inquiry 9 ,bo/on m>kets4 ,"o intellig5t meat man gave 8 exp]i5ce ) a poor seam/ress1 :o insi/$ on buy+ t5d]lo9 /eak at #fj c5ts p] p\nd4 ,he tri$ to p]suade h] t o!r p>ts ( ! meat 7 j z nutritive1 z !y really are1 b %e w\ld n believe him2 & :5 he urg$ ! wis] economy ( us+ !m1 %e became angry at him = :at %e reg>d$ z a reflection ^u h] dignity4 ,my weal?y cu/om]s1 said he1 take our *eap] cuts1 b ,i h got ?r\gh try+ to sell ^! economical meats to t woman & o!rs ( h] class4 ,i am told t p 9 ! poor] p>ts ( ,new ,york ,city buy ! highe/ pric$ groc]ies1 & t ! meat m5 say !y c sell ! co>s] cuts ( meat to ! ri*1 b t p ( mod]ate means refuse !m4 ,i he> ! same ?+ 9 ,wa%+ton & o!r cities4 ,"o-sid$ness ( ,our ,diet>y4--,i h said t our diet is "o-sid$1 t ! food :i* we actually eat has relatively too little prote9 & too mu* fat1 />*1 & sug>4 ,9 o!r words1 x is relatively defici5t 9 ! mat]ials :i* make muscle & bone & conta9s a relative excess ( ! fuel +r$i5ts4 ,?is is due p>tly to our l>ge consumption ( sug> & p>tly to our use ( su* l>ge quantities ( fat meats4 ,ov]eat+--,injury to ,heal?4--,b ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ ab\t our food consumption is ! quantity4 ,! ,am]ican diet>ies exam9$ 9 ?is inquiry 7 ( p liv+ at ! "t 9 ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut1 ?\gh _m came f o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,x w\ld be wrong to take _! eat+ habits z an exact measure ( ^? ( p ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= t matt]1 a great deal ( c>eful obs]vation w be ne$$ to %[ precisely :at & h[ mu* is us$ by p]sons ( diff]5t classes 9 diff]5t regions4 ,j ?is k9d ( /udy 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry is greatly ne$$4 ,b su* facts z ,i h be5 able to ga!r seem to imply t ! figures obta9$ indicate 9 a g5]al way ! "* ( our food consumption4 ,( ! ov] #ej diet>ies ( reasonably well-to-d p ?us f> exam9$ ! smalle/ is t ( a me*anic's family4 ,9 ?is ! pot5tial en]gy p] man p] day 0 ab\t #c1jjj calories4 ,! next smalle/ 0 t ( ! family ( a *emi/ :o _h be5 /udy+ ! subject & _h le>n$ some?+ ( ! excessive am\nts ( food :i* _m p ) light muscul> labor consume4 ,?is diet>y suppli$ #c1bjj calories ( en]gy p] man a day4 ,! l>ge/ 0 t ( brickmak]s at v sev]e "w 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,!y liv$ 9 a bo>d+ h\se manag$ by _! employ]s1 :o _h evid5tly f\nd t m5 at h>d muscul> "w out ( doors ne$$ ample n\ri%m5t to d ! l>ge/ am\nt ( "w4 ,! food suppli$ #h1hej calories p] day4 ,voit's /&>d = a labor+ man at mod]ate "w1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! obs]vation ( ! food ( wage work]s1 :o are c\nt$ 9 ,g]many z well paid & well f$1 all[s #aah grammes ( prote9 & #c1jee calories ( en]gy4 ,! /&>ds propos$ by myself1 9 :i* ! /udies ( ,am]ican diet>ies h be5 tak5 into acc\nt1 all[ #abe grammes ( prote9 & #c1ejj calories ( en]gy = a man at mod]ately h>d muscul> "w4 ,! diet>ies ( ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut factory op]atives1 day labor]s & me*anics at mod]ate "w av]ag$ ab\t #abe grammes ( prote9 & #d1ejj calories ( en]gy4 ,= a man at sev]e "w1 ,voit's /&>d calls = #ade grammes ( prote9 & #c1cgj calories ( en]gy4 ,! ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut me*anics at h>d & sev]e "w _h f #ahj to #ebj grammes ( prote9 & f #e1jjj to #g1hjj calories ( pot5tial en]gy1 & 9 "o case !y rose to ! #h1ejj j quot$4 ,9 ! diet>y /&>ds propos$ by myself x did n seem to me p]missible to assign less ?an #d1jjj calories to t = a work+ man at h>d1 & #e1gjj = a man at sev]e "w4#a ,footnote #a3 ,/ati/ics are also giv5 %[+ t ! pr(essional m5 ( c]ta9 ,european c\ntries live com=tably & h good heal? on mu* less ?an ,am]icans ( ! same occupation4--,,ed4 ,n[ x is n easy to see :y ^! m5 requir$ s mu* m ?an 0 suffici5t to n\ri% abundantly m5 ( l occupation1 b unlike temptation to ov]eat+1 9 ,europe4 ,diff]5ce 9 climate _c acc\nt = x4 ,we are a little m giv5 to muscul> ex]cise "h1 :i* is v well = u1 b x _c ju/ify our eat+ s mu*4444 ,i ?9k ! answ] to ?is "q is f\nd 9 ! conditions 9 :i* we live4 ,food is pl5ty4 ,hold+ to a tradition :i* _h its orig9 :]e food 0 less abundant1 t ! natural in/9ct is ! measure ( :at we %\ld eat1 we foll[ ! dictates ( ! palate4 ,liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( abundance1 our diet has n be5 regulat$ by ! re/ra9ts :i* obta9 ) ! great majority ( ! p ( ! ,old ,_w1 :]e food is de> & incomes are small4 ,inde$1 ! v progress :i* we are mak+ 9 our civilization br+s ) x increas$ temptation to ov]eat+4 ,! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>? are ransack$ to supply u ) ! ?+s :i* w mo/ tempt our appetites1 & ! utmo/ ef=t ( cooks & h\sewives is us$ 9 ! same direction4 ,x is all ! m fitt+1 !re=e1 t in=mation z to our excesses & ! ways ( avoid+ !m %\ld come at ! same "t4 ,h[ mu* h>m is done to heal? by our "o-sid$ & excessive diet no "o c say4 ,physicians tell u t x is v great4 ,( ! vice ( ov]eat+1 ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson1 a not$ ,engli% physician & au?ority on ! subject1 says3 ,i h come to ! conclusion t m ?an half ! disease :i* embitt]s ! middle & latt] "p ( life is due to avoidable errors 9 diet1 444 & t m mis*ief 9 ! =m ( actual disease1 ( impair$ vigor1 & ( %ort5$ life accrues to civiliz$ man 444 9 ,engl& & ?r\gh\t c5tral ,europe f errone\s habits ( eat+ ?an f ! habitual use ( alcoholic dr9k1 consid]able z ,i "k t evil to be4 ,?is is 9 ! fulle/ accord ) ! op9ions ( physicians & hygi5i/s :o h giv5 ! mo/ att5tion to ! subject1 & ^! op9ions are exactly p>allel ) ! /ati/ics "h cit$4 ,wa/e ( ,food 9 ,am]ican ,h\seholds4--,! direct wa/e ( food occurs 9 two ways1 9 eat+ m ?an is ne$$ & 9 ?r[+ away valuable mat]ial 9 ! =m ( kit*5 & table refuse4 ,t :i* is ?r[n away does no h>m to heal?1 & 9 s f> z "p ( x may be f$ to animals or o!rwise utiliz$1 x is n an absolute loss4 ,t :i* we consume 9 excess ( our ne$ ( n\ri%m5t is worse ?an wa/$1 because ( ! injury x does to heal?4 ,a few in/ances tak5 f ! inve/igations m5tion$ above w help to illu/rate ! wa/e ( food4 ,"o ( ! diet>ies exam9$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,labor ,bureau 0 t ( a ma*9i/ 9 ,bo/on1 :o e>n$ #c4be p] day4 ,9 food pur*as$ ! diet>y furni%$ #ahb grammes ( prote9 & #e1fdj calories ( en]gy p] man p] day1 at a co/ ( #dg c5ts4 ,"o-half ! meats1 fi%1 l>d1 milk1 butt]1 *eese1 eggs1 sug>1 & molasses w\ld h be5 repres5t$ by #eg grammes ( prote91 #a1fej calories1 & #ai c5ts4 ,if ^! _h be5 subtract$1 ! record w\ld h /ood at #abe grammes1 #c1iij calories1 & #bh c5ts4 ,?is family might h disp5s$ ) "o-half ( all _! meats1 fi%1 eggs1 dairy products1 & sug>1 sav$ #dj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole co/ ( _! food1 & /ill h _h all ! prote9 & mu* m en]gy ?an is call$ = by a /&>d :i* is suppos$ to be decid$ly lib]al4 ,9 ! in/ance j cit$ no attempt 0 made to le>n h[ mu* ( ! food pur*as$ 0 actually consum$ & h[ mu* 0 reject$4 ,9 "s ( ! diet>ies publi%$ by ! ,massa*usetts bureau su* e/imates 7 made4 ,t ( a /ud5ts' club 9 a ,new ,engl& college w s]ve z an example4 ,! "y m5 ( ! club1 "s #be 9 numb]1 7 mo/ly f ! ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & com+ f ! class ( families ^: sons g to college1 x seems fair to assume t _! habits ( eat+ =m$ at home w\ld n diff] mat]ially f ^? ( ! m intellig5t classes ( p 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,:ile ! diet ( ! club 0 sub/antial & :olesome1 x 0 pla91 z 01 inde$1 necess>y1 because sev]al ( ! memb]s 7 dep5d5t ^u _! own ex]tions & ! majority _h r limit$ means4 ,?\gh fond ( a?letic sports !y c\ld h>dly be cr$it$ ) z mu* muscul> ex]cise z ! av]age labor+ man at mod]ate "w4 ,! matron1 a v intellig5t1 capable ,new ,engl& woman1 _h be5 select$ because ( h] especial fitness = ! c>e ( su* an e/abli%m5t4 ,! /ew>d :o pur*as$ ! food 0 a memb] ( ! club1 & _h be5 *os5 z a man ( bus9ess capacity4 ,he ?\ght t v little ( ! food 0 left unconsum$4 ,all ( ! meat & o!r available food t 0 n actually s]v$ to ! m5 at ! table1 said he1 0 c>efully sav$ & made ov] into croquettes4 ,m5 :o "w _! way ?r\gh college _c af=d to ?r[ away _! food4 ,b actual exam9ation %[$ ! wa/e to be consid]able4 ,! e/imates ( ! quantities ( nutri5ts 7 bas$ ^u ! quantities ( food mat]ials = a t]m ( ?ree mon?s & ^u ! table & kit*5 refuse = a week4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ,9 food pur*as$1 prote91 #afa grammes2 en]gy1 #e1cde calories4 ,9 wa/e1 prote91 #bc grammes2 en]gy1 #ebj calories4 ,9 food consum$1 prote91 #ach grammes2 en]gy1 #d1hbe calories4 ,"o-eigh? ( ! prote9 & "o-t5? ( ! en]gy 7 simply ?r[n away4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ t]m a second exam9ation ( ! diet>y ( ! same club 0 made4 ,ano!r /ew>d 0 !n 9 *>ge4 ,he _h le>n$ ( ! excessive am\nts ( food 9 ! =m] diet>y1 & plann$ to r$uce ! quantities4 ,?is 0 done l>gely by dim9i%+ ! meats4 ,he /at$ t he did n apprise ! club ( ! *ange1 & t x 0 n notic$4 ,z he put x1 ,! boys _h all !y want$1 & 7 j z well pleas$ z if !y _h m4 ,e/imates z be=e b ) m c>e 9 det]m9+ ! wa/e1 %[$ 9 food pur*as$1 prote91 #aae grammes2 en]gy1 #c1hge calories4 ,9 wa/e1 prote91 #aa grammes2 en]gy1 #dfj calories4 ,9 food consum$1 prote91 #ajd grammes2 en]gy1 #c1dae calories4 ,"o-t5? ( ! nutritive mat]ial ( ! food ?is "t 0 ?r[n away4 ,! "y m5 7 amply n\ri%$ ) ?ree-fif?s ( ! nutri5ts !y _h pur*as$ 9 ! previ\s t]m4 ,h[ mu* food is requir$ on ! av]age by m5 ^: labor is ma9ly intellectual is a "q to :i* physiology has n yet giv5 a def9ite answ]1 b x is safe to say t ! g5]al tea*+ ( ! speciali/s :o h giv5 ! mo/ att5tion to ! subject w\ld call = little m ?an ! #ajd grammes ( prote9 & v mu* less ?an ! #c1djj calories ( en]gy 9 ! food e/imat$ to be actually consum$ by ^! "y m5 :5 ! second exam9ation 0 made4 ,!y c\ld h disp5s$ ) half ( all ! meats1 fi%1 oy/]s1 eggs1 milk1 butt]1 *eese1 & sug> pur*as$ = ! fir/ diet>y & /ill h _h m nutritive mat]ial ?an !y consum$ 9 ! second4 ,n only 0 "o-t5? or m ( ! nutri5ts ?r[n away 9 ea* ( ! two cases1 b :at makes ! case /ill worse pecuni>ily1 ! reject$ mat]ial 0 v l>gely f ! animal foods 9 :i* x is ! mo/ exp5sive4 ,! e/imates ( ! quantities ( food 9 ! two diet>ies j quot$ 7 made f tradesm5's bills & ! composition 0 calculat$ f analyses ( simil> mat]ials r ?an ( ^? actually us$4 ,! figures are !re=e less reliable ?an if ! foods & wa/es _h be5 actually weigh$ & analyz$4 ,9 "s diet>ies lately exam9$ 9 ,middlet[n1 ,conn41 all ! food has be5 c>efully weigh$ & portions h be5 analyz$1 & ! same has be5 done ) ! table & kit*5 refuse4 ,! results1 !re=e1 %[ exactly h[ mu* 0 pur*as$1 consum$ & ?r[n away4 ,"o diet>y s inve/igat$ 0 t ( a bo>d+ h\se4 ,! bo>d]s 7 l>gely me*anics ( sup]ior intellig5ce & skill1 & e>n+ good wages2 ! mi/ress 0 c\nt$ an excell5t h\sekeep] & ! bo>d+ h\se a v good "o4 ,ab\t "o-n9? ( ! total nutritive +r$i5ts ( ! food 0 left 9 ! kit*5 & table refuse4 ,! actual wa/e 0 worse ?an ?is proportion w\ld imply1 because x consi/$ mo/ly ( ! prote9 & fats1 :i* are m co/ly ?an ! c>bohydrates4 ,! wa/e conta9$ ne>ly "o-fif? ( ! total prote9 & fat1 & only "o-tw5tie? ( ! total c>bohydrates ( ! food4 ,or to put x 9 ano!r way1 ! food pur*as$ conta9$ ab\t #bc p] c5t4 m prote91 #bd p] c5t4 m fats1 & #f p] c5t4 m c>bohydrates ?an 7 eat54 ,& wor/ ( all = ! pecuni>y economy1 or lack ( economy1 ! wa/$ prote9 & fats 7 mo/ly f ! meats :i* supply !m 9 ! co/lie/ =m4 ,9 ano!r diet>y1 t ( a c>p5t]'s family1 also 9 ,middlet[n ,conn41 #g4f p] c5t4 ( ! total food pur*as$ 0 left 9 ! kit*5 & table wa/es4 ,! total wa/e 0 some:at worse ?an ?is proportion w\ld imply1 because x consi/$ mo/ly ( ! prote9 & fats1 :i* are m co/ly ?an ! c>bohydrates4 ,! wa/e conta9$ ab\t "o-t5? ( ! total prote9 & fat & only "o-tw5ty-fif? ( ! total c>bohydrates ( ! food4 ,at ! rate 9 :i* ! nutri5ts 7 actually eat5 9 ?is diet>y1 ! prote9 & fats 9 ! wa/e w\ld h ea* suppli$ "o man = a week & ! c>bohydrates = ?ree days4 ,^! cases are probably exceptional2 at lea/ x is to be hop$ t !y are4 ,among eight diet>ies lately /udi$ 9 ,middlet[n ^? above nam$ %[$ ! l>ge/ proportion ( mat]ial ?r[n away4 ,9 ! re/ x 0 mu* less4 ,9 two cases !re 0 almo/ none4 ,x is wor? not+1 h[ev]1 t ! p 9 ^! two _h ! l>ge/ incomes ( all4 ,9 o!r words ! be/-to-d families 7 ! lea/ wa/eful4 ,?is =m ( bad economy is n conf9$ to ! kit*51 b beg9s 9 ! m>ket4444 ,! common say+ t ! av]age ,am]ican family wa/es z mu* food z a ,fr5* family w\ld live ^u is a great exagg]ation1 b ! /ati/ics cit$ %[ t !re is a great deal ( tru? 9 x4 ,ev5 9 "s ( ! mo/ economical families ! am\nt ( food wa/$1 if x c\ld be collect$ = a mon? or a ye>1 w\ld prove to be v l>ge1 & 9 _m cases ! am\nts w\ld be little less ?an enorm\s4--,w4,o4 ,atwat]1 ,*>ities ,review4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,colors ,,nam$ ,,9 ,,lit]ature4 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis has made 7,contempor>y ,review1 ,may7 an int]e/+ /udy ( ! color t]ms us$ by imag9ative writ]s1 :i* is a real contribution to sci5tific /hetics4 ,! fact t ! ,greeks did n "n gre5 & blue does n1 ( c\rse1 indicate 7z ,mr4 ,glad/one & o!rs h alleg$7 t !y c\ld n see ! m refrangible rays ( ! spectrum1 b x does %[ a lack ( int]e/ 9 ^! colors4 ,mr4 ,ellis' /ati/ics are giv5 9 ! annex$ table1 ! numb] ( times ea* ( ! colors is us$ by ! au?or 9 select$ passages be+ r$uc$ to p]c5tages4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:ite4,yell[4,r$4,gre54,blue4,black4 ,,pr$om9ant ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,m\nta9 ( ,*ant #bh #ac #c 444 #ai #cg ,black1 :ite4 ,woo+ ( ,em] #cd #c #dh 444 444 #ad ,r$1 :ite4 ,volsunga ,saga #ad 444 #ga 444 #ad 444 ,r$4 ,isaiah1 ,job1 ,song ( ,songs #ah #d #bi #cc 444 #ae ,gre51 r$4 ,hom] #ba #ba #g #b 444 #di ,black1 :ite-yell[4 ,catullus #dj #ba #ag #i #d #h ,:ite1 yell[4 ,*auc] #cd #aj #bh #ad #a #ac ,:ite1 r$4 ,m>l[e #ai #ba #ai #f #f #bh ,black1 yell[4 ,%akespe>e #bb #ag #cj #g #d #bj ,r$1 :ite4 ,?omson #i 444 #ah #bg #i #cf ,black1 gre54 ,blake #ag #ag #ac #af #g #bi ,black1 :ite-yell[4 ,col]idge #ba #g #ag #be #ad #af ,gre51 :ite4 ,%elley #ag #ai #aa #ba #ba #aa ,gre5-blue4 ,keats #ad #bc #bd #bi #h #a ,gre51 r$4 ,wordswor? #ad #ah #aj #ce #aa #ab ,gre51 yell[4 ,poe #h #cb #bj #ab #d #bd ,yell[1 black4 ,baudelaire #aa #i #ai #aj #af #cd ,black1 r$4 ,t5nyson #bb #ae #bg #ae #aj #aa ,r$1 :ite4 ,rossetti #cj #bb #bb #i #g #aj ,:ite1 yell[4 ,sw9burne #bh #ah #bh #af #f #d ,r$1 :ite4 ,:itman #be #aj #bf #ad #h #af ,r$1 :ite4 ,pat] #dc #ai #aa #aa #i #g ,:ite1 yell[4 ,v]la9e #bj #ae #bd #i #ad #ah ,r$1 :ite4 ,olive ,s*re9] #ch #ab #be #c #ai #b ,:ite1 r$4 ,d',annunzio #ae #aa #df #g #ad #f ,r$1 :ite4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,mr4 ,ellis makes a numb] ( acute psy*ological & lit]>y sugge/ions & concludes t a num]ical /udy ( color vision possesses at lea/ two uses 9 ! precise /udy ( lit]ature4 ,x is1 fir/1 an in/rum5t = inve/igat+ a writ]'s p]sonal psy*ology1 by def9+ ! nature ( 8 /hetic color vision4 ,:5 we h asc]ta9$ a writ]'s color =mula & 8 colors ( pr$iction we c tell at a glance1 simply & reliably1 some?+ ab\t 8 view ( ! _w :i* pages ( description c\ld only tell u ) unc]ta9ty4 ,9 ! second place1 x enables u to take a def9ite /ep 9 ! atta9m5t ( a sci5tific /hetic1 by furni%+ a means ( comp>ative /udy4 ,by its help we c trace ! colors ( ! _w z mirror$ 9 lit]ature f age to age1 f c\ntry to c\ntry1 & 9 f9] %ades among ! writ]s ( a s+le gr\p4 ,at lea/ "o broad & unexpect$ conclusion may be ga!r$ f ! tables "h pres5t$4 ,_m fooli% ?+s h be5 writt5 ab\t ! 'deg5]ation' ( latt]-day art4 ,x is easi] to dogmatize :5 y ?9k t y are safe f ! evid5ce ( precise te/s4 ,b "h is a reasonably precise te/4 ,& ! evid5ce ( ?is te/1 at all ev5ts1 by no means furni%es support = ! !ory ( decad5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x %[s t ! decad5ce1 if any:]e1 0 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 & t our own vision ( ! _w is fairly "o ) t ( classic times1 ) ,*auc]'s & ) ,%akespe>e's4 ,at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury we c say ?is = ! fir/ "t s9ce ,%akespe>e di$4--,sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:at ,,! ,,sea ,,has ,,tak54 ,x 0 rec5tly ann\nc$ t ! committee sitt+ "u ! presid5cy ( ,m9i/] ,lely1 at ! ,hague1 _h det]m9$ to reclaim ! ,zuid] ,sea1 & t = ?is purpose a dam is to be con/ruct$ f ! p59sula ( ,nor? ,holl& to ! opposite coa/ ( ,friesl&4 ,?is ann\ncem5t br+s back to recollection ! pr\d old ,dut* prov]b3 ,god creat$ ! sea1 ! ,holl&] ! coa/4 ,! proposal is to con/ruct a dam f ,ewyk1 on ! nor!a/]n po9t ( ,nor? ,holl&1 to ! isl& ( ,wi]+51 & !n f ! ea/]n po9t ( ?is isl& ano!r dam1 #ah miles long1 to ! coa/ ( ,friesl&1 by ! %orte/ r\te4 ,! ,holl&]s1 9 _! great reclamation works1 ! ,sea ( ,h>lem1 = in/ance1 prep>e ! entire f\ndation fir/ & !n gradually raise ! dam on x4 ,! wat]c\rse is n n>r[$ dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 z ! dam is rais$ uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g?2 ! curr5t !re=e passes sl[ly ov] x1 & ! dam is n subject to damage f flood wat]s4 ,^! deposit enorm\s quantities ( s& & mud )9 ! int]cept$ area1 & aft] a few ye>s ! l& %[s above ! surface ( ! wat]2 ! l& :ile /ill 9 c\rse ( =mation is locally kn[n z ,hell]1 & ! reclaim$ l& z ,pold]4 ,z soon z ! l& has atta9$ ! requir$ height1 ! dam is built suffici5tly high1 & also /rong en\gh1 to answ] ! purposes ( a dike & to )/& ! =ce ( ! l>ge/ tidal waves4 ,9 con/ruct+ ^! dams1 enorm\s rafts are made on ! %ore & !n float$ to ! works1 :]e !y are weight$ by /ones & sunk 9 ! requir$ position4 ,)9 a few weeks l>ge quantities ( silt & mud accumulate1 & ! :ole =ms an exce$+ly t\gh & /rong elevation "u ! wat]2 ! curr5ts gr[ weak]1 & deposits are lodg$ also outside ! dam1 ! base ( :i* is ( c\rse ( great wid?4 ,! ,zuid] ,sea is "o ( ! /ronge/ evid5ces we h ( ! p[] ( ! sea ov] ! l&4 ,its =mation comm5c$ z f> back z ! twelf? c5tury1 prior to :i* x 0 only an inl& lake4 ,on ,decemb] #ad1 #abhg1 dur+ a t]rific /orm1 ! sea broke ?r\gh ! divid+ %ore l9e & wid5$ ! lake into a wide bay 7,s\!rn ,sea1 ,dut*1 ,zuid] ,sea7 ( ! ,nor? ,sea2 #hj1jjj p]sons lo/ _! lives on t occasion4 ,! same /orm also did enorm\s damages 9 o!r localities4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 n ! fir/ occasion on :i* ! sea _h made inroads into ! coa/ l&s4 ,be=e ! works ( de/ruction comm5c$ a n>r[ i/hmus connect$ ,great ,brita9 ) ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,nor? ,sea 0 !n--comp>atively speak+--calm2 va/ *a9s ( s&y d[ns ran p>allel to ! coa/1 & /ret*$ f ?is i/hmus to ! coa/ ( ,jutl&2 !y 7 ( consid]able height1 ^? on ! we/ coa/ ( ,s*leswig atta9+ an altitude ( #bjj feet4 ,beh9d ^! d[ns enorm\s swamps are =m$1 9 :i* ! riv]s1 ) few exceptions1 disappe>$2 b ! deposits !y br\ght d[n =m$ ^? ri* agricultural l&s n[ kn[n locally z ,m>s*l&4 ,! de/ruction ( ! %ores comm5c$ f ! date t ! n>r[ i/hmus above ref]r$ to 0 c>ri$ away by ! tidal waves :i* broke ! ,engli% ,*annel dur+ we/]ly gales4 ,traces1 f\nd f> inl&1 %[ t ?is cata/rophe occurr$ :5 ! locality 0 inhabit$1 9 fact a leg5d1 9 circulation to ?is day1 relates t an ,engli% que51 to rev5ge h]self on a ,dani% k+1 _h ! dam :i* connect$ ,engl& ) ,france pi]c$1 & s de/roy$ ,d5m>k4 ,:5 ! ,romans appe>$ on ! sc5e ! "w ( de/ruction 0 9 progress1 ! *a9 ( d[ns _h be5 brok51 & its place tak5 by _m isl&s1 f> l>g] & m num]\s ?an at pres5t4 ,! fir/ hi/orical acc\nts ( ! /orm tidal waves is ref]r$ to by ,/rabo z hav+ occurr$ 9 #aac ,b4,c41 ?is1 he relates1 drove ! ,cimb]s & ,teutons f _! homes & 0 ! cause ( _! ?reat5+ ,rome4 ,_m o!r floods occurr$ :i* are kn[n z ,manntranke 7man dr[n+74 ,9 ! flood ( #abaf1 = in/ance1 #aj1jjj p]sons lo/ _! lives1 & ?ree ye>s lat] ! ,m>cellus flood caus$ simil> de/ruction4 ,9 #acjj ! second ,m>cellus flood broke #ab feet ov] ! highe/ dikes & ,s*leswig alone lo/ #g1fjj p]sons 9 ! waves4 ,heligol& 0 at t "t a l>ge isl&1 #df miles long & #bd miles wide1 x conta9$ a mona/]y1 _m *ur*es1 l>ge villages1 ext5sive cultivations & =e/s2 ! isl& 0 all b de/roy$ by ?is inundation4 ,be=e t disa/r\s occurr5ce ! isl& c\ld be se5 f ! %ores ( ,friesl&1 :i* 9 ! days ( ,*>les ! ,great 0 twice z l>ge z n[4 ,! ,friesl& ( to-day is only ! s\!rn & poore/ remnant ( ! magnific5t l&s :i* 7 completely de/roy$ on ,octob] #aa1 #afhd2 #bj p>i%es & #aej1jjj p]sons disappe>$ b5ea? ! waves1 :i* broke ?r\gh ! dikes simultane\sly 9 tw5ty-f\r places4 ,to relate all inundations w\ld lead too f>1 b ! mo/ s]i\s may be m5tion$ z %[+ ! /ruggles 9 :i* ! inhabitants ( ! ,nor? ,sea coa/ are engag$4 ,t ( #adba1 :i* swall[$ #ba p>i%es & #ajj1jjj p]sons2 !n ! mo/ t]rible ( :i* !re is any record1 & :i* is kn[n z ! ,all ,sa9ts' ,day flood ( #aegj2 ! sea rag$ along ! :ole ( ! coa/ f ,holl& to ,jutl& = =ty-eight h\rs1 c>ri$ away all ! dikes & caus$ ! loss ( #djj1jjj lives2 ! :ole c\ntry lay wa/e = ye>s1 = ! want ( population to rebuild ! dikes4 ,! ,*ri/mas flood ( #agag also visit$ ! :ole coa/ & #ae1jjj lives 7 lo/4 ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury ! de/ruction by ! sea has be5 m9imiz$1 z ! dikes are n[ built /rong & high en\gh to )/& ! heavie/ seas4 ,! v>i\s isl&s along ! coa/ act z breakwat]s & protect1 to a great ext5t1 ! coa/ l9e2 ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts are endeavor+ to /r5g!n ! isl&s by vegetation1 b x appe>s to be only a "q ( "t :5 !y w disappe> altoge!r4 ,al?\gh ! sea has1 dur+ ! pa/ #a1jjj ye>s1 robb$ ! ,dut* ( great tracts ( l&1 yet !y h1 by endur+ p]sev]ance1 recov]$ a great deal1 & !re appe>s no d\bt t !y w succe$ to =m ! ,zuid] ,sea into ri* agricultural l&s1 j z !y h already dri$ up ! ,h>lem ,sea & conv]t$ x into wav+ cornfields4 ,gr\nd is also ga9$ ye>ly 9 o!r directions1 by cont9ually ext5d+ ! dikes2 ! ri*e/ l&s on ! coa/s ( ,holl& & ,g]many h ?us be5 reclaim$ f ! ocean1 & !y are protect$ by means :i* secure ! coa/s aga9/ future encroa*m5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ajhj1 page #agbfc4 ,,! ,,de ,,dion ,,& ,,b\ton ,,road ,,motor4 ,x 0 ) a vehicle ( ! k9d describ$ 9 our la/ article t ,messrs4 ,de ,dion & ,b\ton obta9$ a conspicu\s success 9 #ahid4 ,9 ?is competition !y 7 ! fir/ to arrive at ,mantes1 do+ ! #cf miles 9 #c h\rs1 s t !y made an av]age ( #ab miles an h\r2 !y 7 foll[$ v closely by ! ,peugeot & ,panh>d-,levassor c>riages4 ,9 spite ( a s]ies ( difficult hills & bad roads1 & an un9t5tional det\r1 !y trav]s$ ! #dh miles betwe5 ,mantes & ,r\5 9 #d h\rs #aj m9utes4 ,!y record$ a spe$ ( #ae miles an h\r on "s ( ! level roads1 & on sev]al occasions t\*$ a maximum ( #ai miles4 ,! fact t !y 7 able to asc5d gradi5ts ( #a 9 #aj at a spe$ ( f #f to #ab miles an h\r suffici5tly prov$ ! effici5cy ( ! ma*9e4 ,! same con/ructors ran ano!r vehicle 9 ?is competition ( a some:at simil> design1 b n adapt$ = a traction eng9e2 ?is c>ri$ six pass5g]s1 & weigh$ ab\t #c1jjj lb4 9 work+ ord]4 ,x 0 m\nt$ on a rectangul> & /rongly brac$ frame1 & 0 furni%$ ) a boil] simil> to t already describ$1 b hav+ only "s #ad squ>e feet ( heat+ surface1 a capacity ( ab\t #f gallons ( wat]1 & #ah r[s ( tubes4 ,! ratio ( ge>+ 0 #d4jf2 ! small cyl9d] 0 #c4ed 94 9 diamet] & ! l[ pressure cyl9d] #e4ea 941 ! /roke be+ #c4id 94 ,ab\t ! same "t ,messrs4 ,de ,dion & ,b\ton built = "o ( _! cli5ts a c>riage 9 :i* ! driv+ :eels 7 entirely indep5d5t1 ea* ( !m be+ driv5 direct by a sep>ate /eam eng9e )\t any int]m$iate ge>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,! ,c\nt de ,dion 0 "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic organiz]s ( ! ,p>is to ,bordeaux competition 9 #ahie1 & naturally 8 firm took "p 9 ! trials4 ,!y ent]$ ?ree vehicles = competition2 "o ( ^!1 call$ ,no4 #a1 0 ! traction eng9e :i* _h tak5 "p 9 ! #ahid trials1 & :i* we h already describ$4 ,= ! second "t ?is ma*9e gave v excell5t results1 z x made ! di/ance f ,p>is to ,ang\lme 7#bhj miles7 9 #cj h\rs1 b on acc\nt ( v>i\s mi%aps x _h to run v sl[ly f ,ang\lme to ,bordeaux 7#hd miles71 tak+1 9 fact1 #ca h\rs = ?is "p ( ! j\rney1 & n arriv+ until long aft] x _h be5 rul$ out ( ! competition4 ,_! second vehicle1 ,no4 #b1 0 a f\r seat$ brake :i* 01 9 fact1 a modifi$ traction eng9e4 ,! boil]1 :i* 0 ( ! ,de ,dion & ,b\ton type1 _h a heat+ surface ( #cf squ>e feet1 & 0 regi/]$ at #bjj lb4 p] squ>e in*2 x weigh$ #eej lb4 ,z to ! motor1 x 0 a ,woolfe eng9e1 ! mov+ p>ts ( :i* 7 c>efully c\nt]balanc$4 ,! cranks 7 set at an angle ( #ahj2 ! diamet] ( ! high pressure cyl9d] 0 #b4ie 941 & t ( ! l[ pressure #e4ij 942 ! l[ pressure cyl9d] 0 /eam jacket$4 ,?is motor1 :i* weigh$ #ccj lb41 develop$ #aa horse p[] at a spe$ ( #hjj revolutions4 ,! eng9e 0 c\pl$ direct to ! %aft ( ! diff]5tial motion1 on :i* 7 m\nt$ two p9ions = *ang+ ! spe$1 & :i* c\ld be mov$ to & fro on ! %aft2 ! movem5t ( ! diff]5tial ge> 0 transmitt$ to ! :eels by articulat$ %afts1 su* z ^? we h already ref]r$ to 9 describ+ ! traction eng9e2 suffici5t wat] & coke c\ld be c>ri$ = a run ( #de miles1 & on a good road a spe$ ( m ?an #be miles an h\r 0 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,messrs4 ,de ,dion & ,b\ton anticipat$ great ?+s f ?is c>riage1 & = ! long run f ,p>is to ,bordeaux !y _h provid$ only ?ree *anges ( driv]s1 9 ord] t ! ma*9e might be 9 z few h&s z possible4 ,_! hopes1 h[ev]1 7 n realiz$1 = al?\gh x made a bett] />t ?an any ( ! o!r competitors1 x only succe$$ 9 runn+ = #abe miles2 aft] hav+ pass$ ,blois ! transmission %aft broke1 & ! brake 0 useless = ! "t be+1 b ! ma*9e did en\gh to satisfy ! con/ructors ( ! s\ndness ( _! idea2 x ran ! #cd4e miles betwe5 ,v]sailles & ,etampes 9 #b h\rs & #af m9utes1 mak+ an av]age spe$ ( #ae miles an h\r ov] difficult c\ntry2 betwe5 ,v]sailles & ,blois ! spe$ t\*$ ne>ly #ah miles4 ,! vehicle ,no4 #c 0 a tricycle driv5 by a petroleum motor2 ?is 0 n s]i\sly ent]$ = competition1 b r to %[ a fir/ ef=t ( a new dep>ture :i* ! con/ructors h s9ce foll[$ ) "s success4 ,at ! pres5t "t ,messrs4 ,de ,dion & ,b\ton are mak+ prep>ations to take "p 9 ! competition :i* is to be arrang$ = ! autumn ( ! pres5t ye>4 ,!y h a traction eng9e ) consid]able modifications 9 its design1 ) :i* !y1 expect to run f ,p>is & ,m>seilles1 & !y h ! int5tion ( haul+ ) x "o ( ! #dj-seat omnibuses ( ! ,p>is ,company1 :i* is usually drawn by ?ree horses4 ,fig4 #aj is a g5]al view ( ! eng9e atta*$ to ! omnibus4 ,?is type ( vehicle is furni%$ ) a comp\nd eng9e1 :i* c be work$ up to #cj horse p[]1 & :i* is to be capable ( haul+ a load ( #e tons at a spe$ ( #ab4e miles2 ! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ?is ma*9e & ! o!r1 :i* we h already describ$1 lie 9 ! great c>e :i* has be5 be/[$ on ! details1 ! precautions tak5 to secure ! mov+ p>ts f du/1 & ! oil ba? 9 :i* ! eng9e works4 ,! wat] supply c>ri$ is suffici5t = a run ( #be miles ov] an av]age road ) a load ( #c tons2 ! manufactur]s /ate t ! co/ ( haul+ ?is load am\nts to #a;d4 p] kilomet]4 ,great c>e has be5 tak5 z to ! quality ( ! /eel employ$ 9 ! frame & o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,by ref]5ce to ,fig4 #aj x w be se5 t ! boil] 7#b7 is surr\nd$ by ! fuel tank1 :ile ! wat] res]voir =ms a seat2 ! motor 7#a7 is plac$ b5ea? ! plat=m z usual4 ,! driv] has all ! controll+ lev]s conv5i5tly at h&2 ! />t+ lev] is %[n at #i1 :ile at #e is a small :eel controll+ ! /eam admission2 ! rev]s+ ge> is actuat$ by ! lev]1 #g4 ,! vehicle is /e]$ by means ( a turn+ b>1 simil> to ^? ( h& brakes on "s wagons2 ! fe$ pump is />t$ & /opp$ by a small :eel m>k$ #aj1 :ile #h & #aa are ! h& & /eam brakes respectively4 ,we ref]r$ j n[ to ! tricycle made by ,messrs4 ,de ,dion & ,b\ton1 & %[n by !m at ! competition ( #ahie1 al?\gh x 0 n ent]$ = ! race4 ,s9ce t "t !y h made two types ( ?is class ( vehicle1 ( :i* we give engrav+s 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,9 ! =m] ! motor is atta*$ to ! back ( ! frame by a susp5d$ connection4 ,x w be se5 t ! frame is n a little complex1 & necess>ily s1 9 ord] t x may c>ry ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! me*anism4 ,! motor has a s+le cyl9d] & is q inclos$ 9 a cas+ t is kept fill$ ) oil2 ! mov+ p>ts ( ! eng9e are )9 ?is cas+2 ! ma9 %aft drives1 by means ( a p9ion1 ! diff]5tial ge> t is m\nt$ on ! axle4 ,x w be se5 f ! illu/ration t ! build]s d n rely :olly on ! motor1 b h provid$ ! usual cycle pit*$ *a9 s t1 9 ! ev5t ( a breakd[n1 ! rid] c propel 8 ma*9e ) ! p$als4 ,inde$1 ?is is always necess>y 9 />t+1 ?\gh a few /rokes ) ! p$als suffice1 & z soon z ! eng9e is />t$ ! p$al clut* is ?r[n out ( ge>4 ,9 m\nt+ a /eep gradi5t ! p$als are also useful z an auxili>y to ! motor4 ,! me*anical p[] provid$ is suffici5t to drive ! ma*9e on a good & level road at ! rate ( #bj kilomet]s an h\r4 ,x c also travel up grades ( #a 9 #bj or #be2 ! weight ( ! ma*9e 9 work+ ord] is only #ajj lb4 ,on ref]r+ to ! engrav+ !re w be se5 atta*$ to ! frame b5ea? ! saddle a rectangul> res]voir t conta9s ! gasol9e1 ! capacity be+ suffici5t = a six h\rs' run4 ,to ! res]voir is atta*$ ! c>buretor1 :i* is connect$ to ! motor by a pipe4 ,! explosive mixture 9 ! cyl9d] is fir$ electrically1 & = ?is purpose a compact & reliable batt]y is hung to ! =w>d "p ( ! frame almo/ b5ea? ! /e]+ b>4 ,?is batt]y w give #ajj h\rs ( "w )\t re*>g+2 x supplies curr5t to a ,ruhmkorff coil plac$ b5ea? ! re> b> ( ! frame 9 a metal case t c be se5 9 ! engrav+2 ! o!r cyl9d] ne> x is a pressure r$uc] into :i* ! gases f ! cyl9d] are exhau/$ be=e !y pass into ! air4 ,! second type ( tricycle1 illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ac1 is an improvem5t on ! fir/4 ,x w be se5 t ! frame is mu* simpl]2 ! total weight is r$uc$2 ! gasol9e res]voir is triangul>1 9 ord] to economize space4 ,! motor employ$ is v +5i\s1 & appe>s to be effici5t2 we h se5 x 9 op]ation at ! works ( ,,mm4 ,de ,dion & ,b\ton4 ,x c be run easily at a spe$ ( #b1ejj revolutions1 al?\gh 9 practice ! rate is limit$ to #gjj revolutions1 9 ord] to r$uce ! we> ( ! mov+ p>ts4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! e>li] type1 ! use ( wat] = cool+ ! cyl9d] is avoid$1 ! outside ( ! latt] be+ made ) a numb] ( w+s t are int5d$ to keep ! cyl9d] cool by contact ) ! air4 ,! me?od ( ignit+ ! gases has also be5 *ang$1 9 s f> z ! arrangem5t ( ! batt]y is conc]n$4 ,! f\r cells us$ = ?is purpose are c>ri$ 9 a lea!r case hung to "o ( ! frames ( ! ma*9e4 ,an int]e/+ detail is t ! exact mom5t = produc+ ! sp>k is regulat$ by ! motor itself1 & ! ,ruhmkorff coil is suppress$4 ,! contact break] has be5 plac$ on ! motor1 & a cyl9drical cam is m\nt$ on ! %aft t controls ! exhau/ valve4 ,9 ?is cam !re is =m$ a recess into :i* ! blade ( ! contact break]1 :i* is fix$ on an insulat$ m\nt1 falls at ! prop] in/ant2 at ! same mom5t ! sp>k is produc$1 ! blade be+ rais$ z x leaves ! recess 9 ! cam4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to regulate exactly ! relative positions ( ! blade & ! cam1 s t ! sp>k may take place :5 ! mixture has to be explod$4 ,! frame ( ! motor is ( alum9um1 by :i* consid]able sav+ 9 weight is effect$2 z 9 ! e>li] model1 ! mov+ p>ts ( ! motor are imm]s$ 9 an oil ba?4 ,! p$als are employ$ to />t1 or z an auxili>y1 or 9 ! ev5t ( a breakd[n4 ,:5 n requir$ = propulsion1 !y are ?r[n out ( ge>1 :5 !y s]ve z foot re/s1 & also z a means = actuat+ an em]g5cy brake4 ,! c>buretor is no long] atta*$ to ! gasol9e res]voir1 b is sep>ate2 ! explosions 9 ! cyl9d] are regulat$ by a lev] close to ! /e]+ b>4 ,! greate/ cr$it mu/ be accord$ to ,,mm4 ,de ,dion & ,b\ton = ! p]sev]ance & +5uity !y h %[n 9 ! design & con/ruction ( ! types ( p[] vehicle !y h made _! own4 ,z to _! l>g] c>riages1 exp]i5ce has prov$ _! practical value2 !y h exp5d$ ev5 m tr\ble on _! p[] cycles1 b x appe>s to u t +5uity & skill are l>gely wa/$ 9 ?is direction1 s9ce ! raison d'etre ( ! cycle 9 all its =ms lies 9 ! fact t x %\ld give p]fect fre$om to ! rid] & leave him dep5d5t = 8 progress ^u 8 own ef=ts4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,havre ,,9 ,a ,,r[boat4 ,! r[boat ,fox1 ( ! port ( ,new ,york1 mann$ by ,george ,h>bo1 ?irty-"o ye>s ( age1 capta9 ( a m]*antman1 & ,frank ,samuelson1 tw5ty-six ye>s ( age1 left ,new ,york = ,havre on ! #f? ( ,june4 ,t5 days lat] ! boat 0 met by ! ,g]man trans-atlantic /eam] ,fr/ ,bism>ck proce$+ f ,*]b\rg to ,new ,york4 ,on ! #h?1 #i? & #aj? ( ,july1 ! ,fox 0 ca/ by a tempe/ ^u ! reefs ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! two m5 jump$ into ! sea1 & ?anks to ! wat]tight comp>tm5ts provid$ ) air *amb]s =e & aft1 x 0 possible = !m to "r ! boat2 b ! un=tunates lo/ _! provisions & _! supply ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,on ! #ae? !y met ! ,norwegian ?ree ma/$ vessel ,cito1 :i* suppli$ !m ) food & wat]4 ,! capta9s ( ! vessels met ) sign$ ! log book & te/ifi$ t ! boat _h nei!r sail nor rudd]4 ,! ,fox rea*$ ! ,scilly ,isl&s on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 hav+ at ?is date be5 on ! ocean fifty-five days4 ,x arriv$ at ,havre on ! #g? ( ,augu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,navigators ,,( ,,! ,,fox4 ,co/ :at x might1 ! m5 7 b5t ^u rea*+ ?is port 9 ord] to ga9 ! rew>d promis$ by ,mr4 ,fox1 ( ! ,police ,gazette4 ,?anks to ! w9d & a favorable curr5t1 !y made #abe miles 9 #bd h\rs4 ,"o slept ?ree h\rs :ile ! o!r r[$4 ,_! sk9s & faces 7 tumefi$ by ! w9d1 salt wat] & sun2 ! epid]mis ( _! h&s 0 r5ew$ ?ree times2 _! legs 7 an*ylos$2 & !y 7 worn out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,r[boat ,,fox4 ,! boat 0 #ah feet 9 l5g?1 #e 9 bread?1 & #bc in*es 9 dep?1 & c>ri$ a small k]os5e /ove = cook+4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wa/e ,,( ,,%ipp+4 ,burd5some z are ! re/rictions impos$ ^u %ip[n]s by legislation1 consid]able ju/ification is f\nd = !m :5 we comp>e ! p]c5tage ( ,briti% vessels lo/ at sea ) t ( =eign-own$ vessels4 ,! great %ipp+ c\ntries1 t is1 ^? :i* h m ?an #a1jjj1jjj tons afloat1 are ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! ,briti% colonies1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,france1 ,g]many & ,norway4 ,( ^! six ! ,unit$ ,k+dom suff]$ ! lea/ comp>ative loss 9 its m]cantile fleet 9 #ahie4 ,"u all ! heads ( ab&on$ at sea1 brok5 up or condemn$1 burnt1 collision1 f\nd]$1 lo/1 miss+ & wreck$1 ! total loss 0 #b4ii p] c5t4 ( ! vessels own$ & #b4cf p] c5t4 ( ! tonnage own$4 ,no o!r ( ! c\ntries nam$ has less ?an #c p] c5t4 ( loss1 :ile only ! ,briti% colonies h less ?an #d1 z ! subjo9$ table %[s4 ,,total ,,losses ,,( ,,/eam ,,& ,,sail+ ,,vessels ,,9 #ahie4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,vessels ,own$4 ,p]c5tage ,lo/4 ------------------------------------ ,flag4 ,vessels ,tonnage ,no4 ,tons4#a ,own$4 ,own$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom4 #ibbg #ab1aag1ieg #b4ii #b4cf ,briti% ,colonies4 #bcjg #a1abd1fhb #c4ch #c4gj ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 #cbbj #b1afd1gec #d4gb #d4jf ,fr5*4 #aafd #a1jid1geb #f4ja #d4jb ,g]man4 #agcj #a1hhf1hab #f4gf #d4ch ,norwegian4 #cjda #a1fei1jab #g4dc #f4df ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,footnote #a3 ,gross tonnage = /eam]s2 net = sail+ vessels4 ,:5 we turn f ! contemplation ( ! complete fleets1 & diff]5tiate betwe5 /eam & sail1 we f9d t ! ,unit$ ,k+dom no long] holds ! premi] position1 be+ surpass$1 z reg>ds /eam1 bo? by ! colonies & by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,/eam vessels are saf] ?an sail+ craft all ov] ! _w1 p>tly1 ( c\rse1 because _! av]age age is less4 ,! losses !y suff]$ la/ ye> are z foll[s3 ,,total ,,losses ,,( ,,/eam ,,vessels ,,9 #ahie4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,vessels ,own$4 ,p]c5tage ,lo/4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,flag4 ,vessels ,tonnage ,no4 ,net4 ,gross4 ,own$4 ,own$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom4 #fddf #e1iic1fffi1fie1igf #c4cc #b4ac ,briti% ,colonies4 #hgd #cbi1hde #edb1jbe #a4gb #a4fi ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 #fbf #ffj1ghd #ibj1fgb #b4bc #a4ic ,fr5*4 #ega #dfg1eec #ijc1aje #d4bj #c4db ,g]man4 #iec #iaj1efga1cdc1ceg #c4jd #b4fd ,norwegian4 #ehf #bhe1cdi #ddf1chd #b4ef #b4hg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom "h /&s ?ird 9 ! li/1 & curi\sly x only /&s second "u ! head ( numb] ( sail+ %ips lo/1 :ile x is fir/ z reg>ds sail+ tonnage lo/4 ,! sail+ tonnage ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is only ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! total1 :ile 9 ! colonies x is ab\t #eb p] c5t4 ,! foll[+ are ! figures3 ,,total ,,losses ,,( ,,sail+ ,,vessels ,,9 #ahie4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,vessels ,own$4 ,p]c5tage ,lo/4 ----------------------------------- ,flag4 ,vessels ,tonnage ,no4 ,tons4 ,own$4 ,own$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,unit$ ,k+dom4 #bgha #b1dba1iha #d4ec #c4bg ,colonies4 #adce #ehb1feg #d4ci #e4ef ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 #beid #a1bdd1jha #e4cb #e4fc ,fr5*4 #eic #aia1fdg #g4gf #f4hc ,g]man4 #ggg #edc1dee #aa4cc #h4ff ,norwegian4 #bdee #a1bab1fbh #h4ei #g4gh ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,! losses ( sail+ vessels are v s]i\s among ! ,cont95tal nations1 especially 9 ,g]many1 :]e m ?an "o 9 n9e 0 lo/ or condemn$ la/ ye>4 ,?is is greatly due to ! fact t our old %ips are l>gely sold to ! =eign] :5 !y w no long] comply ) legislative conditions ( ?is c\ntry4 ,we break up a few1 b only #j4ge p] c5t41 aga9/ #a4ge p] c5t4 = ,norway & #b4e p] c5t4 = ,france & ,g]many4 ,we are m *>y ( break+ up our /eam]s2 la/ ye> only #j4df p] c5t4 met ?is fate "h1 #j4cd p] c5t4 9 ! colonies1 #j4cb p] c5t4 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #j4hf p] c5t4 9 ,france1 #j4ca p] c5t4 9 ,g]many1 :ile ,norway did n lose a s+le /eam] 9 ?is way4 ,turn+ n[ to ! pres5t ye> we f9d t 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ! vessels lo/1 condemn$ or report$ miss+ be=e ,augu/ #g 71 accord+ to returns made out by ,lloyd's ,regi/] ( ,briti% & ,=eign ,%ipp+1 #bhb vessels1 ( an aggregate ( #aie1dhj tons4 ,^! figures are respectively #bc p] c5t4 & #bd p] c5t4 ( ! total losses la/ ye>1 ?us %[+ a favorable beg9n+1 = ! w9t] losses are naturally ! heavie/4 ,! mat]ials ( ! vessels lo/ 73 ,/eel1 #bd vessels ( #dj1dgd tons2 iron1 #gd vessels ( #gh1cad tons2 & wood & composite1 #ahd vessels ( #gf1fib tons4 ,! ,unit$ ,k+dom %[s be/ "u ! heads ( total losses & losses ( sail+ vessels1 b 9 /eam]s x actually comes la/ among ! six nationalities we h select$ = comp>ison4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,briti% fleet is l>ge en\gh = a v fair av]age to be atta9$ 9 ?ree mon?s1 :ile 9 all o!r fleets a s+le loss1 m or less1 makes a great diff]5ce to ! figures ( m]it4 ,! /eam tonnage ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is m ?an sev5 times great] ?an t ( ,g]many1 :i* is our *ief competitor4 ,9 sail+ tonnage we d n hold ?is imm5se sup]iority1 our am\nt be+ only ab\t d\ble t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ,norway respectively4 ,:5 we exam9e ! v>i\s causes ( loss ( vessels at sea1 we f9d ne>ly #dc p] c5t4 ( ! tonnage "u ! head ( wreck$1 :i* includes vessels lo/ ?r\gh /r&+1 or ?r\gh /rik+ rocks1 sunk5 wrecks1 etc4 ,next come #bb p] c5t4 brok5 up or condemn$2 #ad p] c5t4 lo/1 miss+2 #h p] c5t4 lo/ by collision2 #d4c p] c5t4 burnt2 #e p] c5t4 ab&on$ at sea2 & #c4f p] c5t4 f\nd]$4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! m]cantile m>9e ( ! _w1 accord+ to ,lloyd's ,regi/]1 at ! end ( ,m>*1 #ahif3 ,flag4 ,/eam & ,sail+ ,vessels ,own$4 ,no4 ,tons4 ,briti%4 _/,unit$ ,k+dom4 #ibbg #ab1aag1ieg ,colonies4 #bcji #a1abd1fhb ,am]ica1 ,unit$ ,/ates (4 #cbbj #b1afd1gec ,au/ro-,hung>ian4 #cji #cjd1igj ,dani%4 #hab #cef1gad ,dut*4 #deh #ddf1hfa ,fr5*4 #aafd #a1jid1geb ,g]man4 #agcj #a1hhf1hab ,italian4 #abci #ggh1ida ,norwegian4 #cjda #a1fei1jab ,russian4 #ajhf #dhg1fha ,spani%4 #gdh #eed1bch ,sw$i%4 #adcb #dig1hgg ,o!r ,european c\ntries4 4444 444444444 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 4444 444444444 ,asia4 4444 444444444 ,o!r c\ntries4 4444 444444444 --,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,me?ods ,,( ,,build+ ,,con/ruction ,,at ,,p>is4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s an int]e/+ *ange has be5 gradually br\ght ab\t 9 ! v>i\s me?ods ( build+ con/ruction employ$ 9 ,france1 & m especially at ,p>is1 :]e ! size & importance ( public build+s & ! _m-/ori$ h\ses divid$ up into flats necessitate special sy/ems ( con/ruction1 :i* possess ! advantages ( comb9+ economy 9 co/ ) /r5g? & durability4 ,p>isian ar*itects & build]s1 al?\gh f> f approv+ ! extremes to :i* _! ,am]ican confrres g 9 ! employm5t ( iron = ! con/ruction ( _! some:at exagg]at$ sky-scrap+ build+s1 9 :i* ! /yle ( ar*itecture employ$ is (t5 sc>cely logical or consi/5t ) ! mod]n me?ods ( con/ruction1 are nev]!less oblig$ to own to ! necessity & ! utility ( employ+ iron 9 mod]ation = ! framework ( _! build+s4 ,up to ! pres5t ! use ( iron 9 its ord9>y =m has *iefly be5 conf9$ to floors1 p>titions1 & ro(s1 :]e1 z a rule1 its pres5ce is mask$ by cov]+s ( cem5t1 wood1 or /one1 except 9 rec5t examples ( ! new /yle ( build+s de/9$ = brass]ies or dr9k+ halls1 :]e ! iron con/ruction is left visible1 & emphasiz$ by means ( bronze or color pa9t+ & mosaic "w1 or1 aga91 9 ! few examples ( well kn[n "w :]e ! ar*itect has endeavor$ to obta9 a decorative effect by means ( iron l9tels & columns4 ,b :]e ! use ( iron is fa/ f9d+ favor at ,p>is is 9 its employm5t 9 comb9ation ) o!r mat]ials su* z cem5t or concrete1 & 9 a special =m kn[n z ! cem5t arm sy/ems1 9 :i* iron or /eel is employ$ 9 ! =m ( ?ick wire1 trellis1 or light b>s emb$d$ 9 cem5t or concrete4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruction1 ( :i* !re are ?ree diff]5t sy/ems1 has = "s "t be5 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( v>i\s build+s ( m or less importance1 & has giv5 pro( ( its /r5g? & practical use z well z its advantages :5 employ$ = floors1 p>titions1 walls & ro(1 bo? z reg>ds its conv5i5ces = int]nal arrangem5ts1 its economy1 & z reg>ds ! mann] 9 :i* x l5ds itself to mod]n s*emes ( poly*rome decoration4 ,two ( ^! sy/ems h be5 employ$ by ! ar*itect ( ! new build+ n[ be+ con/ruct$ 9 ! ,rue ,blan*e = ! ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s ( ,france4 ,! ?ird sy/em is mu* employ$ by ,m4 ,de ,baudot 9 v>i\s build+s design$ by ?is ar*itect1 an advocate ( rational con/ruction & design & ! logical employm5t ( mod]n build+ mat]ials4 ,x w be int]e/+ to exam9e ! m]its ( ea* sy/em z employ$ 9 ^! build+s1 toge!r ) any o!r po9ts ( con/ruction wor?y ( rem>k4 ,! build+ = ! ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s is rem>kable f sev]al po9ts ( view z reg>ds con/ruction & ! arrangem5t ( plan4 ,! faade & plans w appe> 9 ! ,build+ ,news z soon z ! "w is complet$1 & w =m an int]e/+ subject = comp>ison ) ! build+ rec5tly complet$ = ! ,engli% ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 & ) t ab\t to be comm5c$ at ,new ,york = ! ,am]ican ,society4 ,be=e ent]+ into a detail$ description ( ! sy/em employ$1 a summ>y idea ( ! plan & g5]al s*eme ( con/ruction w n be un9t]e/+4 ,! ar*itect1 ,m4 ,f]n& ,delmas1 has endeavor$ to con/ruct ! build+ on economical l9es1 employ+ to a l>ge ext5t iron & ^? mod]n mat]ials :i* h be5 tri$ & f\nd fitt+ z reg>ds suitability & economy2 ! build+ w co/ #bb1jjj1 & x has be5 made a s9e qua non t all ! contractors %all be memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s4 ,! l5g? ( ! faade is #ajj ft42 ! total dep? ( ! build+ is ne>ly equal to ! frontage2 ! height f pavem5t to cornice is #fj ft4 ,! faade is built ( solid /onework ?r\gh\t its l5g? & height4 ,! ?ickness ( ! masonry is #bd 94 at ! l[] /ories & #ah 94 at ! upp] portion4 ,! faade wall is really ! only portion ( solid masonry "w 9 ! :ole build+1 & =ms a decorative mask to ! body ( ! build+1 :i* is con/ruct$ ( a framework ( iron4 ,! *ief supports ( ! build+ prop] consi/ ( f\r fram$ iron uprights1 #af 94 by #af 94 ris+ f ! basem5t to ! ro(4 ,^! uprights are solidly truss$ & held toge!r at ! floor levels by /rong iron gird]s support+ ! iron joi/s ( ! upp] floors & ! light p>titions :i* divide up ea* /ory4 ,?is sy/em is at once economical & practical4 ,! :ole build+ is ?us self-support+1 & ! ?ick walls :i* w\ld o!rwise be necess>y = c>ry+ ! upp] floors are ?us avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cem5t ,,arm ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,floors1 ,,pill>s ,,& ,,ar*es4 ,! faade wall is built accord+ to ! sy/em always employ$ at ,p>is1 & is =m$ ( blocks ( /one r\ghly cut at ! qu>ries to ! outside dim5sions ( ! propos$ m\ld+ & decorative "w4 ,z soon z ! :ole front is erect$ ! "w ( cutt+ x into %ape w comm5ce1 ! m\ld+s1 pila/]s1 & all c>v+ "w be+ done :ile ! int]ior is be+ prep>$4 ,! build+s at ,p>is are by ?is means erect$ mu* m rapidly ?an :5 ! /one is dress$ or m\ld$ be=e be+ put into place4 ,great] facilities are ?us giv5 = /udy+ ! g5]al ensemble ( ! faade & ! prop] scale to be giv5 to ! m\ld+s & decoration4 ,! /one is z a rule s(t :5 fir/ f ! qu>ries1 b becomes h>d & durable aft] dress+ & exposure to ! air4 ,! c\rty>d wall ( ! build+ is =m$ ( light brick or metallic fill+s betwe5 ! iron uprights & ! p>ty walls4 ,! gr\nd floor comprises a l>ge entrance hall or ve/ibule1 #dj ft4 by #dd ft41 =m+1 ) ! cloakroom1 ! pr9cipal /aircase1 ! rooms = ! conci]ge1 & ! area1 ! :ole front ( ! build+4 ,?is l>ge ve/ibule is vault$ ov] by means ( "o ( ! sy/ems ( cem5t arm to be describ$4 ,! floor is con/ruct$ on ano!r simil> sy/em1 & w be pav$ ) mosaic "w4 ,! gr\nd floor ( ! c\rty>d w be occupi$ by ! conf]5ce hall1 #ej ft4 by #ej ft41 to hold #cjj seats4 ,an annex1 #ej ft4 by #bj ft41 adjo9+ ?is hall1 w op5 on ! same by a l>ge ar*$ bay1 & may be sep>at$ f ! l>g] hall by means ( a special sy/em ( wood5 s\ndpro( roll] %utt]s4 ,! floor ( ! l>ge hall w be a movable "o1 to be rais$ or l[]$ by an +5i\s sy/em ( hydraulics1 & capable ( be+ plac$ 9 an incl9$ position = conf]5ce meet+s1 or rais$ to a horizontal position = ball room purposes4 ,! entresol floor w comprise a l>ge room = meet+1 smok+ & conv]sation rooms1 & a read+ room1 to be us$ z a club = ! memb]s ( ! society4 ,! fir/ floor w conta9 ! (fices ( ! society1 a l>ge committee room1 & all conv5i5ces4 ,! second floor w be devot$ entirely to ! purposes ( ! important libr>y1 compris+ ! libr>y prop]1 a room #de ft4 by #be ft4 by #ag ft4 high1 ris+ to ! ceil+ ( ! l[ /ory above1 & light$ by a l>ge semicircul> bay at ei!r end3 ! surr\nd+ rooms ( ! height ( ! second floor w be de/9$ = ! libr>ian1 catalogues1 draw+ (fice1 & libr>y (fices4 ,! ?ird floor w be devot$ entirely to ! purpose ( /or+ ! books ( ! libr>y1 9 l[ rooms communicat+ by means ( ! gall]y ov]look+ ! libr>y bel[1 :i* w be cross$ by means ( a light1 iron bridge4 ,! bookcases w be susp5d$ f ! upp] floor1 & w be arrang$ 9 v]tical ti]s hung on roll]s1 aft] ! sy/em employ$ at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ro( /ory w be divid$ up into an ap>tm5t = ! *ief secret>y1 & rea*$ by a private /aircase f ! gr\nd floor4 ,! l>ge basem5t1 occupy+ ! :ole ( ! gr\nd surface ( ! build+1 w be us$ = /or+ ! records ( ! society1 & w conta9 ! heat+ app>atus1 /ores1 etc4 ,a hydraulic lift w af=d access to ! l&+s ( ea* floor4 ,! *ief feature ( ! faade1 :i* is simple 9 /yle1 is ! wide ar*$ bay1 #bd ft4 across1 ris+ f ! pavem5t to above ! cornice2 ?is bay w be fill$ 9 ) an op5 decorative framework ( wr\ght & ca/ iron4 ,"s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts ( ! con/ruction1 besides ! l>ge use ( iron1 are ! sy/ems employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! floor4 ,! gr\nd floor is built aft] ! ,coignet sy/em1 compos$ ( light iron b>s & cem5t2 ! fir/ floor & its support+ pill>s & ar*es is con/ruct$ aft] ! ,h5nebique sy/em ( cem5t arm2 ! upp] floors are =m$ ( iron joi/s1 fill$ 9 ei!r ) ! sy/em ( light supports & pla/]1 mu* employ$ at ,p>is1 or ) t]racotta fill+s betwe5 jo9ts4 ,! ro( is l9$ int]nally ) agglom]at$ cork bricks1 af=d+ protection f excessive heat or cold1 & ! walls ( ! area w be l9$ ) opal9e1 a vitre\s mat]ial ( a blui% :ite color1 :i* 9 ?is case w insure cleanl9ess1 & af=d additional light2 ! lavatories & wat] closets w also be l9$ ) ! same mat]ial4 ,speak+ ( ! ,h5nebique sy/em ( cem5t arm1 employ$ = ! ar*es & floor ( ! fir/ /ory1 x w be int]e/+ to illu/rate ! me?od by a few sket*es1 expla9+ ! !ory ( ?is sy/em1 :i* has be5 put to practical pro(s 9 a l>ge numb] ( build+s1 *iefly = indu/rial purposes1 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,! p]spective section w give an idea ( ! con/ruction z employ$ 9 ! build+ = ! civil eng9e]s1 a sy/em :i* holds its gr\nd well aga9/ its rivals ( o!r me?ods ( cem5t arm4--,! ,build+ ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,belleek ,,*9a4 ,belleek porcela9 7frequ5tly pron\nc$ ,bleak by ^? :o d n "k ! d]ivation ( ! "n7 is a ?9 egg%ell w>e ( great lightness & transluc5cy1 *>act]iz$ by a creamy1 or sometimes grayi%1 t9t1 & usually cov]$ ) a delicate pe>ly or lu/r\s glaze4 ,x is 9 reality a v>iety ( ,p>ian w>e1 be+ =m$ 9 ! same mann] by ! process call$ ca/+1 or p\r+ dilut$ clay or slip ( ! consi/5cy ( cream into pla/] m\lds1 :i*1 by absorb+ a "p ( ! moi/ure f ! portion ( ! liquid prep>ation 9 direct contact1 reta9 a ?9 %ell ( p>tially dri$ clay aft] ! sup]flu\s cont5ts are tak5 out4 ,aft] /&+ a few m9utes ! ?9 ca/ c be lib]at$ f ! m\ld4 ,! ?ickness ( ! walls1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( "t ! slip is all[$ to rema9 9 ! m\ld be=e ! surplus is remov$4 ,by ?is +5i\s me?od cups1 sauc]s & o!r =ms ( w>e c be made almo/ z ?9 z an egg %ell or a piece ( heavy pap]1 & aft] be+ all[$ to become ?or\ghly dry c be safely burn$ 9 ! kiln4 ,x c readily be und]/ood t x w\ld n be possible to make su* fragile pieces by ! usual processes ) pla/ic clay1 :i* mu/ be ( ! consi/5cy ( putty or d\gh1 on ! pott]'s :eel or by press+ 9 m\lds4 ,belleek w>e 0 fir/ made at ,/oke ^u ,tr5t by ! em95t pott] ,william ,h5ry ,goss1 :o inv5t$ ! body or composition "s ?irty-five ye>s ago2 b x 0 n !n kn[n by ?is "n4 ,soon aft] its introduction ,messrs4 ,mc,birney ,arm/rong induc$ "s ( ,mr4 ,goss' workm51 includ+ 8 manag]1 ,william ,bromley1 to jo9 !m at _! porcela9 works1 !n rec5tly />t$ 79 #ahfc7 9 ! t[n ( ,belleek1 ,c\nty ,f]managh1 ,irel&1 & ! art 0 e/abli%$ s successfully !re t ! "n ( ! village 0 giv5 to ! w>e :i* has s9ce become s not$4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is beautiful product is its lu/r\s glaz+1 :i* v>ies 9 =m f :ite to yell[ & ?r\gh grad$ t9ts to a d>k lead5 hue4 ,mr4 ,goss has cont9u$ to manufacture ?is da9ty v>iety ( porcela9 until ! pres5t "t1 & 8 factory has become "o ( ! mo/ not$ 9 ! ,briti% empire4 ,among ! mo/ popul> ( 8 productions 9 ?is body are lov+ cups & little cream jugs1 cups & sauc]s1 & fairy tea sets embelli%$ ) beautifully color$ cre/s & coats ( arms ( ! diff]5t ,engli% cities & ( prom95t p]sonages1 su* z ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 ,k+ ,h5ry ( ,nav>re1 ,que5 ,victoria1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,%akespe>e1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 & ,rob]t ,burns4 ,( m int]e/1 p]haps1 to ,am]icans are ! porcela9 tumbl]s :i* h j be5 produc$ at ! same factory1 be>+ on ! front a fai?ful duplication 9 blue & yell[ enamels ( ! insignia ( ! society ( ,sons ( ! ,revolution1 :i* 7 made at ! sugge/ion ( a memb] ( ! society 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! s(t1 sat9y ,belleek body seems to be p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to %[ (f to advantage ! ri* designs ( ^! badges1 & ?is sugge/ion w d\btless be foll[$ by o!r patriotic h]$it>y societies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,john ,h>t ,brew]1 ( ,tr5ton1 fir/ attempt$ ! manufacture ( ,belleek w>e 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 ?is l9e 9 #ahhb1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> br\ght ov] f ,engl& ,william ,bromley & 8 son f ! ,belleek works 9 ,irel&4 ,subsequ5tly ! eld] ,bromley jo9$ ! ,willets ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ! same place1 & introduc$ ! manufacture ( egg%ell porcela9 !re1 & at ! pres5t "t !re are no less ?an five or six e/abli%m5ts 9 ,tr5ton :]e ! same class ( w>e is made4 ,among _m specialties rec5tly introduc$ is a new /yle ( decoration :i* has be5 work$ out by ,miss ,kate ,se>s1 a ,kansas girl :o /udi$ model+ 9 ,bo/on4 ,go+ to ,tr5ton = ! purpose ( pursu+ h] /udies 9 ?is direction1 "o day 9 #ahia1 :ile engag$ 9 work+ ov] ! wet ,belleek1 ! idea ( c>v+ delicate designs 9 ! dry clay occurr$ to h]1 & aft] conduct+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts h] ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success4 ,! process ( model+ :i* ,miss ,se>s has orig9at$ is z foll[s3 ,a vase or o!r piece :i* has be5 =m$ 9 ! wet clay & dri$ is tak5 be=e x has be5 9 ! kiln1 & ) knives or o!r tools ! design is cut or *isel$ s z to leave ! backgr\nd z ?9 & transp>5t z possible :5 f9i%$4 ,z ! dry ,belleek1 besides be+ ?91 is extremely brittle1 & crumbles easily1 ! c>v+ is an exce$+ly difficult op]ation4 ,x is necess>ily a v sl[ process1 s9ce at any mom5t ! knife is liable to cut ?r\gh ! wall & ru9 ! piece4 ,! result ( ?is process is a cle> cut1 *isel$ effect1 :i* _c be obta9$ by m\ld+ or ca/+1 a moonlight effect ( fairy l "*1 mo/ beautiful 9 conception1 & possess+ m>k$ orig9ality4 ,:ile sometimes sev]al weeks are consum$ 9 execut+ a s+le piece ( ! c>v$ w>e1 ,miss ,se>s has produc$ a l>ge numb] ( su* designs1 ea* "o ( :i* is a p]fect "w ( art1 reflect+ cr$it ^u ! arti/ & ! manufactur]s4 ,! m>ks :i* appe> on ! v>i\s productions ( ,belleek porcela9 are ( consid]able int]e/ to collectors & admir]s ( ?is beautiful w>e4 ,mr4 ,gross has adopt$ z a factory m>k 8 family cre/1 a falcon ris+ ducally gorg$1 :i* is pr9t$ on ea* piece 9 black4 ,! m>k ( ! ,belleek factory 9 ,irel&1 consi/s ( ! f\r ,iri% emblems1 ! wat* t[]1 ! h\nd1 ! h>p ( ,er91 & ! %amrock1 & is pr9t$ on ! w>e 9 gre5 or black4 ,at ! ,etruria ,pott]y1 =m]ly op]at$ by ,messrs4 ,ott ,brew]1 n[ kn[n z ! ,cook ,pott]y ,company1 ! m>k us$ on ,belleek w>e 0 a cresc5t be>+ ! "n ) ! initials ( ! proprietors1 ,o4 ,b4 ,! ,willets ,manufactur+ ,company uses = a factory m>k on its decorat$ ,belleek pieces ! figure ( a s]p5t loop$ 9 ! =m ( a ,w1 :i* is pr9t$ 9 r$4 ,on simil> w>e produc$ by ! ,c]amic ,art ,company is pr9t$ 9 r$ a design compos$ ( a pa9t]'s palette & a circle inclos+ ! monogram ,c4 ,a4 ,c41 :ile ,messrs4 ,morris & ,willmore1 ( ! ,columbian ,art ,pott]y1 employ a %ield ) ! initials ( ! firm "n1 ,m4 ,w4 ,! manufacture ( ,belleek w>e 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ,engli% pott]s :o _h le>n$ ! processes at ! pott]ies 9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 & we _c1 !re=e1 lay claim to orig9ality s f> z ! product itself is conc]n$2 yet1 9 a measure1 ! w>e z made 9 ,am]ica diff]s mat]ially f ! =eign 9 _m respects1 & has be5 develop$ 9 new directions1 s t x has come to h di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( its own :i* entitle x to be rank$ ) orig9al ,am]ican productions4 ,:ile our pott]s1 p]haps1 h n yet rea*$ ! high degree ( elaborate model+ :i* *>act]izes "s ( ! import$ ,belleek1 !y h already surpass$ ! =eign manufactur]s 9 ! simplicity & elegance ( _! =ms & ! arti/ic quality ( _! decorations1 :ile 9 delicacy ( color+1 9 ! excell5ce & lightness ( body1 ! ,am]ican products are n surpass$4 ,a visit to ! %[rooms ( ! ,tr5ton pott]ies w prove a revelation to ^? :o /ill believe t no arti/ic *9a is made 9 ?is c\ntry4--,edw9 ,atlee ,b>b]1 9 ,*9a1 ,glass & ,lamps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,goodman',s ,,hat*et ,,planimet]s4 ,! in/rum5t we are ab\t to describe is an improvem5t on ! hat*et planimet] & is due to ,pr(4 ,goodman1 ( ,le$s4 ,"o =m ( ! in/rum5t is int5d$ = ! measurem5t ( areas ( surfaces1 & ! o!r =m = ! measurem5t ( ! mean height ( a figure su* z an indicator diagram4 ,london ,eng9e]+1 to :i* we are indebt$ = ! cuts & copy1 describes ! in/rum5ts z foll[s3 ,! me?od ( us+ ! two in/rum5ts is practically ! same1 b = ! pres5t we %all conf9e our rem>ks to ! in/rum5t = measur+ areas4 ,9 ord] to famili>ize oneself ) ! peculi> action ( ! in/rum5t1 x w be well to get a l>ge %eet ( pap] on a draw+ bo>d or a l>ge blott+ pad1 & hold+ ! in/rum5t v]tical to ! pap]1 grasp ! trac+ leg v lightly inde$ betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb ( ! "r h&1 ) ! hat*et t[>d ! left h&1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,!n by mov+ ! trac+ po9t r\nd & r\nd an imag9>y figure & all[+ ! hat*et to g :]e x pleases1 x w be se5 t ! hat*et moves to & fro along zigzag l9es1 & travels sideways--! side travel be+ ne>ly proportional to ! area ( ! figure describ$ by ! trac+ po9t4 ,if ! trac+ po9t be too tightly grasp$1 ! hat*et w n move freely1 &1 w h a side slip4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! side travel ( ! hat*et ceases to be proportional to ! area trac$ out4 ,a loose weight is hung on ! hat*et to prev5t ?is side slip1 b z soon z a little skill is atta9$ 9 ! use ( ! in/rum5t1 ?is weight may be disp5s$ )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,goodman',s ,,hat*et ,,planimet]4 ,:5 measur+ ! area ( su* a surface z t inclos$ by ! b\nd>y l9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 a po9t1 ,a1 is *os5 some:at ne> ! c5t] ( ! figure2 ! exact position is1 h[ev]1 immat]ial4 ,f ! po9t1 ,a1 a l9e1 ,,ab1 is drawn 9 any direction to ! b\nd>y2 ! trac+ po9t ( ! planimet] is n[ plac$ at ,a1 ) ! hat*et at ,x1 ,fig4 #c1 t is1 ) ! in/rum5t r\ghly squ>e ) ,,ab4 ,! hat*et is n[ lightly press$ 9 ord] to m>k its position on ! pap] by mak+ a slight d5t1 !n leav+ ! hat*et free to move z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ! trac+ po9t is caus$ to trav]se ! l9e1 ,,ab1 & ! b\nd>y l9e 9 a clockwise direction1 z %[n by ! arr[s1 return+ to ,a via ,,ab4 ,! hat*et w n[ be f\nd to h tak5 up a new position1 ,y1 :i* mu/ be m>k$ by aga9 press+ ! hat*et to make a slight d5t 9 ! pap]4 ,if ! figure "u measurem5t be on a sep>ate %eet ( pap]1 ! pap] mu/ n[ be revolv$ ab\t ! po9t1 ,a1 ?r\gh ab\t #ahj deg4 7by eye71 us+ ! trac+ po9t ( ! in/rum5t z a c5t]1 c>e be+ tak5 t nei!r ! po9t nor ! hat*et be %ift$ :ile ! pap] is be+ turn$4 ,! l9e1 ,,ab1 w aga9 be r\ghly at "r angles to ! in/rum5t1 b 9 ! rev]se direction 7see dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #c74 ,aga9 cause ! trac+ po9t to trav]se ! l9e1 ,,ab1 & ! b\nd>y l9e z be=e1 b ?is "t 9 a contra-clockwise direction4 ,! hat*et aft] ?is backw>d motion w take up ! new position1 ,x#a1 :i* may or may n co9cide ) ,x2 if n1 prick a c5tral po9t betwe5 ,x & ,x#a1 z %[n1 !n1 ( c\rse1 ! di/ance ( ?is po9t f ,y is ! mean side %ift ( ! hat*et2 ?is di/ance measur$ f ! z]o ( ! scale on ! back ( ! in/rum5t is ! area ( ! figure 9 squ>e in*es4 ,! scale is read 9 exactly ! same mann] z a geometrical scale on a draw+1 ! :ole numb]s be+ read to ! "r ( ! z]o & ! decimals to ! left4 ,! in/rum5t does n pr(ess to give results ne>] ?an "o-t5? ( a squ>e in*4 ,9 "s cases on l>ge maps1 = example1 ! figure _c be turn$ r\nd z indicat$ above2 9 t case ! in/rum5t itself mu/ be turn$ r\nd ?r\gh #ahj & two fre% d5ts1 ,x,y1 obta9$2 ! area ( ! figure is !n ! mean ( ! two read+s1 ,,xy & ,x,y4 ,:5 ! area is l>ge ! in/rum5t w move ?r\gh a l>ge angle1 & consequ5tly1 if squ>e ) ,,ab to />t )1 x w be consid]ably out ( squ>e at ! f9i%4 ,9 su* a case x is only necess>y to see t ! mean position ( ! in/rum5t is squ>e ) ,,ab4 ,by c>efully exam9+ ! scale x w be obs]v$ 7see ,fig4 #a7 t ! divisions are n equal1 b t !y gradually increase f z]o upw>d2 h]e9 consi/s ! improvem5t ( ?is in/rum5t ov] ! ord9>y hat*et planimet] inv5t$ by ,knuds51 ( ,cop5hag51 :o %[s 9 a pamphlet publi%$ by him t c#a c#b ,i ------------- p #a - 7,r _/ #bp7 #b ,:]e ,i ! area trac$ out by ! po9t] 9 squ>e in*es4 c#a ! di/ance betwe5 ! d5ts1 ,x & ,y1 9 in*es4 c#b ! di/ance betwe5 ! d5ts1 ,x#a & ,y1 9 in*es4 p ! l5g? ( ! in/rum5t f c5t] ( hat*et to po9t 9 in*es4 ,r ! mean squ>e ( ! radii ( ! figure4 ,! mak+ ( su* a calculation = e area measur$ is1 ( c\rse1 q out ( ! "q4 ,! labor involv$ w\ld be z great z calculat+ ! area by ! ord9ate or by ,simpson's me?od2 h5ce x is usual to neglect t "p ( ! =mula inclos$ )9 ! squ>e brackets1 :i* am\nts to assum+ ! area to be equal to ! product ( ! mean side %ift ( ! hat*et by ! l5g? ( ! in/rum5t2 ?is1 h[ev]1 involves an error too big to be neglect$1 &1 moreov]1 "o t is n a con/ant fraction ( ! area measur$1 ?us3 ,area ( circle1 squ>e in*es4 #aj #bj #cj #dj ,error p] c5t4 #j4h #a4f #b4d #c4b ,^! errors are1 h[ev]1 comp5sat$ = 9 ,goodman's improv$ in/rum5t by mak+ ! scale ) con/antly & regul>ly increas+ divisions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! area dealt ) be n a circle1 ! error involv$ 9 assum+ t its ,r is equal to ! ,r ( a circle ( equal area is s small t x is q inappreciable on a scale :i* only reads to "o-t5? ( a squ>e in*4 ,if ! ,r = any giv5 area 7 say #e p] c5t4 great] ?an t ( ! equival5t circle1 ! error involv$ w\ld be #j4jjaf ( ! :ole quantity :5 measur+ an area ( #dj squ>e ni*es1 or #j4jfd squ>e in*1 a quantity :i* _c be measur$ on ! scale4 ,x has be5 propos$ to use a roll] & v]ni] to enable ! read+s betwe5 ! d5ts to be measur$ ) a great] degree ( accuracy1 b x w be readily se5 t ! in/rum5t is n reliable to ! second place ( decimals1 h5ce su* ref9em5ts are only imag9>y4 ,ev5 ) ?is special scale t we h describ$ above1 ! inv5tor does n pr(ess to get z good results z ) an ,amsl] planimet]2 he reg>ds 8 in/rum5t z equival5t to a foot rule 9 comp>ison ) a micrometric gage z repres5t+ ,amsl]'s in/rum5t2 b = a great numb] ( purposes ! foot rule is suffici5tly accurate1 & only :5 great accuracy is requir$ w a micromet] be us$1 s ) ! two =ms ( planimet]4 ,! r\gh] in/rum5t has "s advantages1 h[ev]2 !re are no delicate mov+ p>ts to get out ( ord]1 & ! co/ is b "o-f\r?4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! relative accuracy ( v>i\s me?ods ( measur+ areas1 ,pr(4 ,goodman has _h a l>ge numb] ( irregul> areas measur$ by 8 fir/ ye> /ud5ts )9 a week or s ( _! ent]+ ! dep>tm5t1 be=e !y h atta9$ to any degree ( skill 9 us+ in/rum5ts4 ,! results 7 z foll[s4 ,amsl]'s planimet] 0 tak5 z ! /&>d1 ! area measur$ by x be+ indep5d5tly *eck$ by an assi/ant4 ,measurem5t ( ,areas ,me?od4 ,r$uc$ to #ajj4 ,amsl] planimet] #ajj ,goodman #ajj or - #j4f ,simpson's rule #ajj or - #a4j ,mean ord9ates #ajj or - #b4d ,cutt+ out 9 c>dbo>d & weigh+ aga9/ piece ( kn[n area #ajj or - #d4d ,equaliz+ curv$ edges by draw+ /raight l9es along b\nd>y & calculat+ by triangles #ajj or - #g4j ,9 ! av]ag+ in/rum5t = gett+ mean heights ( figures1 ! l5g? ( ! in/rum5t betwe5 ! hat*et & ! po9t] is v>iable4 ,! l5g? is set to ! l5g? ( ! diagram 7see ,fig4 #b72 x is !n us$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z ! planimet] describ$ above4 ,f :at we h already said1 our diagram 9 ,fig4 #e w be p]fectly cle>4 ,! mean di/ance betwe5 ! d5ts is 9 ?is case ! mean height ( ! diagram1 measur$ on an ord9>y scale1 or ! mean pressure 9 ! case ( an indicator diagram measur$ on a scale to suit ! indicator spr+4 ,knuds5's =mula giv5 above applies equally well to ?is av]ag+ in/rum5t4 ,neglect+ = ! mom5t ! quantity 9 ! squ>e brackets1 we h ,i c p :]e c 7c#a c#b7_/b b we also h ,i h l :]e h is ! mean height & l ! l5g? ( ! figure1 !re=e h l c p2 b 9 ?is in/rum5t we make p l4 ,h5ce h c1 or ! mean height ( ! figure is equal to ! mean di/ance betwe5 ! d5ts4 ,! quantity 9 ! brackets is too great to be neglect$1 h[ev]4 ,if we 7 always deal+ ) circles1 ! ratio 7,r_/#bp7 w\ld be a con/ant1 & num]ically equal to #a_/af or #f4be p] c5t4 ,!n all we %\ld h to d w\ld be to use a scale #f4be p] c5t4 long] ?an ! true scale4 ,b ) a long n>r[ figure su* z an indicator diagram1 ?is ratio is mu* small]4 ,! measurem5t ( a l>ge numb] ( diagrams gave a mean value ( #a_/fj = diagrams #d 94 long4 ,x is obvi\s t1 if a diagram be %ort5$1 ?is ratio w increase1 = ! value ( ,r does n decrease z rapidly z p1 & vice v]sa2 h5ce ?is ratio v>ies approximately inv]sely z ! l5g? ( ! diagram4 ,tak+ ! value ( #a_/fj = ! #d 94 diagram1 ?is is equival5t to say+ t !re is an error ( #a 9 #fj1 or #a4fg p] c5t41 9 ! result1 & f ! =mula x w be se5 t ! result is too great by ?is am\nt2 h5ce1 if we make ! l5g?1 l1 betwe5 ! legs ( ! in/rum5t #a4fg p] c5t4 ( #d 941 or #j4jfg 94 less ?an ! l5g? f ! trac+ po9t to ! c5t] ( ! hat*et1 p1 we %all comp5sate = ! error on a diagram #d 94 long4 ,b ! ratio ( ?is con/ant quantity #j4jfg 94 to ! l5g? ( ! diagram also v>ies inv]sely z ! l5g? 9 j ! same mann] z ! ratio ,r_/#bp1 h5ce ?is me?od ( correct+ ! in/rum5t is approximately "r = all l5g?s ( diagrams4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t if ?is correction 7 entirely neglect$1 x w\ld n exce$ two p] c5t42 h5ce any inaccuracy 9 ?is correction is an exce$+ly small quantity1 well "u #a p] c5t4 ,:5ev] errors h be5 attribut$ to ! in/rum5t1 on exam9ation x has always be5 f\nd t !y 7 due to c>elessness 9 sett+ ! l5g? to ! diagram1 or to ! trac+ leg hav+ be5 grasp$ s tightly z to cause side slip4 ,! accuracy ( ! in/rum5t may be easily demon/rat$ by draw+ a rectangle1 say ab\t #d 94 long & #b 94 high1 & f9d+ ! mean height by ! av]ag]1 !n by d\bl+ ! pap] ov] & comp>+ its height ) ! mean di/ance betwe5 ! d5ts1 x w be f\nd t !y agree if ! in/rum5t has be5 c>efully us$4 ,9 _m qu>t]s we "k t !re is a great deal ( prejudice aga9/ in/rum5ts ( ?is k9d4 ,we are q sure1 h[ev]1 t if only draughtsm5 & o!rs w\ld sp5d half an h\r 9 try+ !m ov]1 !y w\ld save !mselves _m h\rs ( t$i\s labor 9 calculat+ areas by me?ods :i* are seldom z accurate z ! results obta9$ by a planimet] 9 ! same numb] ( m9utes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,acetyl5e ,,gas4 ,we give h]e)1 f ,le ,g5ie ,civil1 illu/rations & brief descriptions ( "s ( ! m prom95t app>atus us$ = ! manufacture ( acetyl5e gas4 ,tr\v ,app>atus 7,fig4 #a74--,! pr9ciple ( ! gas g5]ator is t ( ! hydrog5 briquet already appli$ by ,mr4 ,tr\v 9 8 portable lamp4 ,x consi/s ( two vessels1 "o ent]+ ! o!r4 ,! int]nal vessel is provid$ at ! bottom ) a dis*>ge pipe communicat+1 ?r\gh a cock1 ) ! gasomet]4 ,x c>ries a susp5d$ op5 "w basket conta9+ ! c>bide ( calcium4 ,! bottom ( ?is vessel is provid$ ) an ap]ture ?r\gh :i* x communicates ) ! ext]nal vessel conta9+ ! wat]4 ,! latt] is br\ght to a level 9 ! two vessels & attacks ! c>bide4 ,! acetyl5e =m$ is dis5gag$ & ent]s ! gasomet]4 ,at ! same "t1 ! excess ( pressure =ces back ! wat] into ! ext]nal vessel 9 suppress+ its contact ) ! c>bide4 ,! latt]1 nev]!less1 cont9ues to be attack$ sl[ly ?r\gh ! action ( ! aque\s vapor4 ,if ! cock ( ! app>atus n[ be clos$1 ! gas w accumulate 9 ! int]ior vessel & w soon escape ?r\gh ! ap]ture 9 ! bottom 9 rais+ ! column ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,tr\v has endeavor$ to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce by arrang+ ! pieces ( c>bide 9 ! basket 9 di/9ct lay]s sep>at$ by disks ( glass4 ,he has1 besides1 provid$ 8 app>atus ) an electric al>m1 design$ to give w>n+ :5 ! hold] is too full or :5 x is on ! po9t ( be+ empty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,tr\ve',s ,,acetyl5e ,,app>atus4 ,clauzolles ,app>atus 7,fig4 #b74--,?is app>atus consi/s ( a gas g5]ator1 ,a1 h]metically clos$ & conta9+ ! c>bide1 ( a wat] res]voir1 ,b1 communicat+ ) ,a ?r\gh a cock1 ,h1 & ( a gasomet]1 ,d1 connect$ ) ,a by ! tube & cock1 ,a4 ,! cock1 ,h1 is provid$ ) a lev] fix$ by its extremity to a *a9 t foll[s ! motions ( ! hold]4 ,:5 ! latt] rises or desc5ds1 x causes ! cock1 ,h1 to close or op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,clauzolles' ,,acetyl5e ,,app>atus4 ,! receptacle1 ,a1 is held by a cov] fix$ by means ( f\r nuts :i* are remov$ :5 x becomes necess>y to r5ew ! c>bide4 ,! receptacle is remov$ & replac$ by a duplicate "o1 aft] ! cock1 ,k1 has be5 clos$ s z to keep ! gas 9 ! gasomet]4 ,bon ,app>atus 7,figs4 #c & #d74--,! acetyl5e is produc$ by ! reaction ( ! wat] fall+ 9 small quantity ^u ! c>bide conta9$ 9 ! gas g5]ator1 ,a4 ,! latt] is divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 ,f1 :i*1 fill$ ) c>bide1 are rea*$ by ! wat] only successively & progressively4 ,:5 ! c>bide ( ! fir/ comp>tm5t is exhau/$1 ! wat] ent]s ! second1 & s on4 ,! dim5sions & numb]s ( ^! dep>tm5ts v>y ) ! size ( ! app>atus4 ,ea* ( !m conta9s f lb4 to #d4e lb4 ( c>bide4 ,! box ) comp>tm5ts1 ,f1 is cov]$ by a rectangul> hold]1 ,h1 :i* ent]s a flat-bottom$ receptacle1 ,e1 op5$ above & fill$ ab\t two-?irds full ( wat]4 ,! latt] s]ves z a hydraulic jo9t1 &1 at ! same "t1 z a refrig]ator4 ,! hold]1 ,h1 c>ries a lead pipe1 ,g'1 t]m9at+ 9 a funnel into :i* falls ! wat] f ! res]voir1 ,c1 l$ by ! pipe1 ,g4 ,?is wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! extremity1 i1 ( ! pipe1 ,g'1 into ! fir/ comp>tm5t4 ,ea* ( ! comp>tm5ts c>ries1 ^u ! top ( ! p>tition t sep>ates x f ! foll[+1 an ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ent]s ! adjo9+ comp>tm5t z soon z ! gas 9 ! prec$+ comp>tm5t has made its exit f ! gasomet]1 & s on until ! la/ 9 ! ord] ( ! numb]s ( ! comp>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #c ,,& #d4--;,,bon ,,acetyl5e ,,app>atus ,! fl[ ( ! wat] ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,g1 is regulat$ automatically by a cock1 r'1 ) c\nt]poise4 ,! hold]1 9 ris+1 closes ?is cock & gradually cuts (f ! entrance ( ! wat]4 ,! gas produc$1 once consum$1 ! hold] desc5ds 9 op5+ ! cock1 & ! wat] beg9s to fl[ aga94 ,! dis5gag$ acetyl5e ent]s ! gasomet]1 ,b1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,d4 ,! extremity ( ! latt] is b5t into ! =m ( a swan's neck4 ,! gas is ?us =c$ to bubble up ?r\gh ab\t #b 94 ( wat]1 9 :i* x is cool$ & fre$ f all traces ( ! ammonia t x may conta94 ,! cock1 ,r1 9 ! pipe1 ,d1 is a ?ree-way "o4 ,! fir/ op5s & ! second int]cepts communication betwe5 ! gas g5]ator & ! gasomet]1 :ile ! ?ird puts ^! two p>ts ( ! app>atus 9 communication ) ! atmosph]e4 ,! total capacity ( ! gasomet] is s calculat$ t ! acetyl5e produc$ by a s+le "o ( ! comp>tm5ts1 ,f1 may be /or$ up !re9 ^u its exit f ! gasomet] ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,k4 ,! acetyl5e trav]ses a purify+ column1 ,i1 fill$ ) pumice /one saturat$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( copp] & surm\nt$ by a ?9 lay] ( c>bide ( calcium4 ,! object ( ! sulphate ( copp] is to free ! gas f phosphorus & ars5iuret ( hydrog54 ,! lay] ( c>bide s]ves to dry x4 ,x is well to use salt wat] = ! gasomet]1 z acetyl5e is b slightly soluble !re94 ,lequeux-,wiesnegg ,app>atus 7,figs4 #e1 #f1 & #g74--,! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e is capable ( be+ us$ 9 lecture c\rses4 ,x consi/s ( a tank1 ,b1 & a hold]1 ,a1 :i* is provid$ at ! top ) a wide ap]ture clos$ by a hydraulic plug1 ,f4 ,:5 ! app>atus is at ! bottom ( its travel & ready to be fill$ ) acetyl5e1 ! plug1 ,f1 z well z ! basket1 ,d1 & ! bucket1 ,e1 are remov$4 ,! quantity ( c>bide necess>y to fill ! gasomet] is introduc$ into ! basket4 ,aft] c>e has be5 tak5 to put a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] into ! gutt] =m+ ! hydraulic jo9t ( ! plug1 ,f1 ! p>ts1 ,e1 ,d1 ,f1 are introduc$ into ! tube1 ,c1 9 op]at+ rapidly en\gh to prev5t ! loss ( gas4 ,! hold] imm$iately rises z a consequ5ce ( ! production ( acetyl5e4 ,! gas r$esc5ds ?r\gh a tube to ! bottom ( ! tank & rises lat]ally 9 a column by s]v+ z a guide to ! hold] & z a support to ! cocks design$ to s5d ! gas to ! po9ts ( utilization4 ,a cock1 ,h1 plac$ at ! l[] "p ( ! app>atus1 p]mits ( cle>+ ! pip+ 9 case a cond5sation ( wat] occurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #e1 #f1 ,,& #g4--,,lequeux-,,wiesnegg ,,acetyl5e ,,app>atus4 ,! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #f & #g is cont9u\s4 ,x consi/s ( an app>atus ) two hold]s1 t is to say1 s arrang$ z to put ! lea/ liquid possible 9 contact ) ! gas produc$1 & to ?us prev5t absorptions & losses4 ,?is gasomet] consi/s ( a tank1 ,a1 ( a movable hold]1 ,c1 & ( a /ation>y hold]1 ,b4 ,! g5]ator1 ,e1 is =m$ ( a cyl9d]1 at ! bottom ( :i* !re is a bucket1 ,f1 design$ = ! reception ( ! great] "p ( ! lime result+ f ! reaction4 ,x is clos$ by a cov]1 ,g1 arrang$ ) a simple or multiple jo9t1 accord+ to ! precision t x is desir$ to obta9 & t may rea* #cj c5timet]s ( wat]4 ,! figure repres5ts ! hold] at ! bottom ( its travel4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,n4 ,dick]son's ,app>atus 7,figs4 #h to #ac74--,mr4 ,dick]son1 ( ,new ,york 9 ,june1 #ahie1 pat5t$ sev]al arrangem5ts p]mitt+ ( automatically regulat+ ! production ( acetyl5e 9 measure z x is consum$4 ,9 ! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #h ! wat] is l$ f a suffici5tly high res]voir1 ,a1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,b1 into ! gas g5]ator1 ,d1 & ov] ! c>bide1 ,c1 plac$ ^u a grate1 ,o4 ,! acetyl5e =ms :5 ! wat] rea*es ! c>bide1 & its dis5gagem5t ceases :5 ! pressure =ces ! wat] back4 ,! gas passes ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( a cock1 e1 into ! pipe1 ,w1 provid$ ) a cock1 ,z1 into ! automatic regulator1 ,g1 & !n into ! gasomet]1 ,p ,r4 ,betwe5 ! regulator1 ,g1 & ! gasomet]1 ,mr4 ,dick]son int]poses an arrangem5t consi/+ ( an eng9e1 ,h1 actuat+ an air pump1 ,k1 ?r\gh ! pressure ( ! gas :5 x is desir$ to introduce a mixture ( acetyl5e & air into ! gasomet]4 ,?is arrangem5t is evid5tly useless :5 x is desir$ to collect ! acetyl5e alone4 ,! gas ^u mak+ its exit f ! gasomet] fl[s ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,t1 to ! burn]s1 ,v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,dick]son ,,acetyl5e ,,app>atus1 ,,) ,,automatic ,,regulation ,:5 ! hold]1 ,r1 is fill$1 ! cord or *a91 a1 pass+ ov] ! pulley1 b1 revolves ! sector1 c1 until ! p91 g1 meets ! c\nt]pois$ lev]1 d1 ( ! /opcock1 e4 ,9 ! return ( ! *a91 ! o!r p91 o1 c>ries ! lev] back to ! position %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! gas g5]ator1 ,d1 is provid$ ) a dis*>ge cock1 ,e1 & a *>g+ ap]ture1 m4 ,figs4 #i to #ac %[ ano!r ( ,mr4 ,dick]son's app>atus t p]mits ( an int]mitt5t automatic di/ribution ei!r ( ! wat] ^u ! c>bide or ( ! c>bide 9 ! wat] 9 regulat+ su* di/ribution ?r\gh ! displacem5t ( ! hold] ( a gasomet] t collects ! excess ( gas necess>y = ! consumption4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,dick]son ,,acetyl5e ,,app>atus1 ,,p]mitt+ ,,( ,,! ,,automatic ,,int]mitt5t ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,wat] ,,^u ,,c>bide ,,( ,,calcium4 ,mr4 ,dick]son rightly rem>ks t x is disadvantage\s to directly control ! di/ribution ( ! wat] ^u ! c>bide by means ( ! hold] ( ! gasomet]4 ,9 fact1 ! wat] cock may rema9 op5 be=e ! hold] has mov$1 & !re may ?us fall ^u ! c>bide an excess ( wat]1 giv+ rise to a production ( acetyl5e great] ?an ! capacity ( ! hold] w>rants4 ,! object ( ! ,dick]son app>atus is to prev5t su* ov]production & to furni% wat] or c>bide to ! gas g5]ator only z long z ! gasomet] w h be5 empti$ ( ! desir$ quantity ( gas4 ,fig4 #aj %[s a modification ( ! gas g5]ator relative to ! introduction ( ! c>bide into ! wat]2 b ! same lett]s designate ! same p>ts4 ,we %all describe ! op]ations correspond+ to ! figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,modification ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,g5]ator ,,( ,,! ,,dick]son ,,app>atus4 #a repres5ts ! gasomet]2 #d1 ! gas g5]ator2 #aa1 ! funnel ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is introduc$ into ! g5]ator ?r\gh ! pipe1 #ac2 #ab1 ! pipe t connects ! g5]ator ) ! gasomet]2 #e1 a /opcock ) c\nt]poise t alt]nately op5s & closes ! communication betwe5 ! funnel & ! g5]ator2 #aj1 a lev] connect$ ) ! cock1 #e2 #b1 a *a9 t moves ) ! hold] & maneuv]s ! lev]1 #aj4 ,! plug1 #f1 ( ! cock1 #e1 is provid$ ) two conduits1 #g & #h1 at "r angles4 ,?is plug turns #ij degrees1 :5 x is maneuv]$ by ! *a9 ( ! gasomet]4 ,9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac ! hold] is at ! top ( its travel1 & ! c\nt]poise1 #i1 ( ! cock is 9 ! position m>k$ by dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 ,,& #ac4--;,,details ,,( ,,! ,,dick]son ,,acetyl5e ,,app>atus ,9 ?is case1 a *>ge ( wat] fills ! *amb] #g & #h ( ! cock4 ,?is *amb] may be oblong1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab1 9 ord] to increase its capacity4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! position ( ! c\nt]poise1 #i1 m>k$ 9 cont9u\s l9es 9 ,figs4 #i & #aa1 ! *annel1 #h1 communicates ) ! pipe1 #ac2 ! *>ge ( wat] ( *amb]1 #g & #h1 has fall5 ^u ! c>bides1 b ano!r quantity ( wat] has n be5 able to ent]1 because ! revolution ( ! cock has cut (f all communication betwe5 ! funnel1 #aa1 & ! g5]ator1 #d4 ,! acetyl5e produc$ by ! reaction ( ! wat] ^u ! c>bide raises ! gasomet] hold]1 :i* !n actuates ! plug1 #f1 ( ! cock1 #e1 & all[s a new *>ge ( wat] to ent] ! *amb]s1 #g1 #h4 ,x is only :5 ! hold] desc5ds anew to ! position1 #a1 t ! wat] 9 ! *amb]1 #g1 #h1 c fall ^u ! c>bide4 ,! quantity ( wat] t ! cock is capable ( conta9+ is n suffici5t to produce a quantity ( gas exce$+ ! capacity ( ! gasomet]1 &1 z x is impossible to introduce ano!r quantity ( wat] z long z ! gasomet] has n be5 empti$ anew1 any ov]production ( gas is ?us r5d]$ impossible4 ,fig4 #aj applies to ! introduction ( ! c>bide into ! wat]4 ,x is necess>y 9 ?is case t ! c>bide %all h be5 previ\sly r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,! funnel1 #aa1 is !n clos$ by a cov]1 #ba1 9 ord] to prev5t any accid5tal escape ( ! gas4 ,! c>bide falls into ! g5]ator1 ! bottom ( :i* is op54 ,! latt] ent]s a tank into :i* fl[s a curr5t ( wat]1 escap+ ?r\gh ! wa/e pipe1 #ai1 9 c>ry+ along ! lime =m$4 ,! height ( ! wat] 9 ! tank is suffici5t to furni% ! pressure necess>y to all[ ! gas to ent] ! gasomet] ?r\gh ! pipe1 #ab4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,device ,,= ,,! ,,display ,,( ,,lant]n ,,slides4 ,^? :o w\ld wi% to h a little extra %op w9d[ attraction by way ( display+ slides = ! season n[ at h& might d worse ?an resort to some?+ ( ! foll[+ /yle4 ,! appliance c hold any numb] ( slides1 accord+ to ! diamet] ( ! :eel portion1 b 9 ! diagram h]e) x is = hold+ a doz54 ,! slides c be *ang$ readily1 h5ce a little "t w\ld be exp5d$ 9 mak+ a complete *ange at lea/ once a day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,elevation4 ,! relative portions ( ! sket* be+ to scale1 p>ticul>s z to ! mak+ ( ! revolv+ :eel ne$ n be ent]$ into1 z any me*anic c\ld grasp ! :ole idea at a glance4 ,! edge ( ! :eel %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be plac$ fac+ ! w9d[1 & a b& on ! pulley :eel1 ,a1 atta*$ to a clockwork or electric motor w\ld supply all ! driv+ p[] necess>y4 ,9 ord] to get good illum9ation on ! slides1 x w be necess>y to h a piece ( :ite c>dbo>d or opal glass1 ,b1 hung on ! axle1 ! l[] side be+ ! heavi]1 s t al?\gh ! :eel revolves1 x w rema9 /ation>y4 ,v>i\s devices may be resort$ to = hang+ ! slides on ! cross rods1 b p]haps ! me?od %[n at ,c w prove z simple z any1 & consi/s ( small spr+s :i* grip ! slide at bo? sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,side ,,elevation4 ,by ! judici\s arrangem5t ( %ield$ lights plac$ at side ( reflector1 a pretty effect is produc$ z ea* slide is gradually br\ght to view4--,! ,optical ,magic ,lant]n ,j\rnal & ,photographic ,enl>g]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,feculomet]4 ,! sell+ price ( beets naturally dep5ds ^u _! yield 9 sug>1 & :at gives potatoes _! value is _! yield 9 fecula or />*1 a product t s]ves to n\ri% man & animals & t is also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( alcohol & glucose4 ,no acc\nt1 h[ev]1 is tak5 ( ?is important coeffici5t 9 bus9ess transactions1 potatoes conta9+ proportions ( />* v>y+ f #ac to #bc p] c5t4 be+ sold at ! same price4 ,nev]!less1 x is ( ! greate/ int]e/ to cultivators to make su* measurem5ts1 s9ce1 9 ord] to increase ! value ( _! product1 !y might !reby be l$ to make a judici\s selection 9 _! plant+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,feculomet]4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,all>d1 />t+ f ! fact t ! ri*ness 9 />* increases along ) ! d5sity1 has con/ruct$ a simple app>atus t gives bo? ^! data at once1 ) suffici5t precision1 & )\t calculations1 tables1 etc4 ,x is1 ^u ! :ole1 a l>ge areomet] ) con/ant weight & v>iable volume t is plung$ into a cyl9drical vessel #j4e m4 9 dep? & #j4c m4 9 diamet]1 fill$ ) wat]4 ,! in/rum5t itself consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 7#a7 ,a l[] receptacle 9 :i* is plac$ a weight to assure ! equilibrium2 7#b7 a c5tral float into :i* is put a kilogramme ( v clean & v dry potatoes2 & 7#c7 a rod graduat$ = d5sity & feculometric ri*ness4 ,! deep] ! app>atus s9ks1 ! m valuable is ! potato4 ,h[ mu* m8 ,! degree to :i* ! rod s9ks %[s ?is4 ,! same pr9ciple & ! same in/rum5t might be appli$ to ! det]m9ation ( ! d5sity ( v>i\s agricultural products1 su* z beets1 cid] fruits1 gra91 etc4 ,x w\ld suffice to graduate a special scale ea* "t4 ,= ea* v>iation ( a ?\s&? 9 d5sity1 ! areomet] s9ks ab\t #e millimet]s--t is to say1 x pres5ts a s5sitiv5ess t is m ?an suffici5t 9 practice4--,le ,monde ,illu/r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,com+ ,,light4 ,!re is no m eag] conte/ ?an t :i* has be5 go+ on = "s "t betwe5 gas & electricity4 ,:i* ( ^! two sy/ems ( light+ w triumph8 ,w electricity suppress gas1 z gas has de?ron$ ! oil lamp8 ,a few ye>s ago1 ! answ] to ?is "q w\ld n h be5 d\btful1 & x seem$ z if gas 9 su* conte/ mu/ play ! role ( ! e>!n pot aga9/ ! iron "o4 ,at pres5t ! case is o!rwise4 ,! ,au] burn] has re-e/abli%$ ! equilibrium1 & ! ,d5ayr\se burn] is p]haps go+ to decide ! fate ( electricity4 ,z naturali/s say1 ! function creates ! organ1 & x is truly int]e/+ to obs]ve t 9 measure z ! ne$ ( an int5s] & *eap] light gr[s ) u1 sci5ce makes x possible = u to satisfy x by giv+ u new sy/ems ( light+ or by improv+ ^? t we already h at our disposal4 ,:at a cycle trav]s$ 9 tw5ty ye>s6 ,:at progress made6 ,let u rememb] t ! electric light sc>cely became indu/rial until ! "t ( ! ,exposition 7#ahgh71 & t ! ,au] burn] obta9$ ! fre$om ( ! city only five or six ye>s ago4 ,is !re any ne$ ( recall+ ! advantages ( ^! two lights8 ,9 ! fir/1 a feeble dis5gagem5t ( caloric1 automatic light+ & a /eadi] light2 9 ! second1 a bett] utilization ( ! gas1 :i* gives m light & less heat4 ,a description ( ! ,au] burn] w n be expect$ f u4 ,x is n[ s widely employ$ z to r5d] a new description useless4 ,z an (fset we ?9k t our read]s w be m int]e/$ 9 a description ( ! ,d5ayr\se burn]1 ! indu/rial application ( :i* has b j begun4 ,?is burn] has be5 con/ruct$ 9 view ( ! be/ possible utilization ( ! gas1 9 approa*+ a complete !oretical combu/ion4 ,9 ord] t x may give its entire illum9at+ p[]1 gas1 z we "k1 mu/ be burn$ 9 five & a half times its volume ( air4 ,9 ! ,d5ayr\se burn] ! gas burns 9 f\r & f\r-t5?s its volume ( air4 ,! result rea*$ is1 consequ5tly1 v appreciable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,lamp4 ,a1 entrance = ! air2 ,g1 entrance = ! gas2 ,v1 mix]2 ,m1 electric motor4 ,! app>atus consi/s ess5tially ( a bronze or brass box 9 :i* revolves a fan key$ ^u an axle t passes ?r\gh ! box4 ,! axle is revolv$ by means ( a small electro-magnetic ma*9e m\nt$ ^u "o ( ! ext]nal sides ( ! box4 ,! motor may also be a hydraulic or compress$ air "o4 ,^u ! axle is arrang$ a spe$ regulator4 ,! air ent]s at ! bottom ( ! box & ! gas at ! c5t]4 ,! exit ( ! mixture takes place ?r\gh a *imney arrang$ at ! top & to :i* is fix$ a lum9\s mantle4 ,! app>atus op]ates z foll[s3 ,! motor causes ! fan to make ab\t #a1bjj revolutions a m9ute4 ,!re is ?us =m$ a /rong draught ( air1 :i* mixes ) ! gas t ent]s at ! side4 ,! ignition occurs at ! upp] ap]ture ( ! *imney4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is competition ( gas & electricity ! int5sity ( ! light &1 its quality are important factors1 x is c]ta9 t :at w decide ! victory w be ! price4 ,?is is :y we are go+ to e/abli% ! net co/ ( ! diff]5t lights2 =1 al?\gh up to ! pres5t ! conte/ has seem$ to be limit$ to gas & electricity 7oil & k]os5e n be+ capable ( hav+ any o!r pret5sion ?an to pres]ve _! position71 a new competitor--acetyl5e--w p]haps soon put gas manufactur]s & electricians 9 accord1 to ! great b5efit ( ! public1 by furni%+ a brilliant light at a price t defies competition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,d5ayr\se ,,lamp4 ,9 all sy/ems ( light+1 save electricity1 ! unit ( light is ! c>cel4 ,?is repres5ts ! light produc$ = "o h\r by #aj wax c&les1 or1 bett] /ill1 x is ! illum9at+ p[] giv5 by ! combu/ion ( #db grammes ( pure colza oil = "o h\r 9 :at is call$ a c>cel lamp4 ,9 electricity we c\nt by watts4 ,! watt1 l ! kilogrammet]1 ( :i* x repres5ts ne>ly a t5?1 is n a unit ( light1 b a unit ( en]gy4 ,:at is call$ a kilogrammet] is ! =ce capable ( lift+ #a kilogramme to #a met] 9 height dur+ #a second4 ,fur!r along we %all e/imate ! watts 9 c>cels4 ,?is /at$1 let u asc]ta9 ! net co/ ( ! unit ( light 9 ea* sy/em ( light+4 ,we %all take z a basis ! ,p>is prices1 :i* are g5]ally high] ?an ^? ( o!r c\ntries1 ow+ to taxes1 & %all conf9e our rese>*es to ! eight foll[+ sy/ems3 ,electricity 7inc&esc5t & arc lamps71 gas 7butt]fly1 ,au] & ,d5ayr\se burn]s71 lamp oil1 k]os5e & acetyl5e4 #a4 ,oil ,lamp4--,?is me?od ( light+ has become m & m neglect$ because x is ! mo/ tr\blesome4 ,! mean price ( ! kilo is #a4f francs4 ,z ! c>cel h\r consumes #db grammes1 x consequ5tly am\nts to #j4jf1 say #f c5times4 #b4 ,! ,inc&esc5t ,lamp4--,9 ! scale ( prices "o ( ! olde/ processes ( light+ is closely foll[$ by "o ( ! mo/ rec5t--! inc&esc5t lamp4 ,we %all base our calculations ^u ! ,edison #af c&le electric lamp1 :i* is ! "o mo/ widely us$4 ,9 ?is x takes #ce watts to obta9 a c>cel4 ,z ! hect[att1 ! mean price ( :i* is #ae c5times1 gives approximately #c c>cels1 ! price ( ! c>cel w1 consequ5tly1 be #e c5times4 #c4 ,gas4--,gas1 ) ! butt]fly burn]1 burns f #abe to #acj lit]s to furni% ! c>cel4 ,z ! price ( a cubic met] is #cj c5times1 ! c>cel w co/ #j4ci1 t is to say1 #d c5times4 #d4 ,k]os5e1 ! decl9e ( :i* is p]haps beg9n+1 co/s ab\t #j4ge c5time p] kilo4 ,! consumption p] c>cel is ne>ly #dj grammes4 ,x am\nts1 !re=e1 to #c c5times4 #e4 ,! arc lamp is ( v v>i$ model4 ,we %all take z a type ^? us$ = light+ ! l>ge b\lev>ds4 ,!y are ( #h amp]es & #ej volts2 t is to say1 ( #d hect[atts1 & are presum$ to give an illum9at+ p[] ( #cjj c>cels4 ,! c>cel is consequ5tly obta9$ ) #ac watts & its net co/ is #j4jaie1 or1 approximately1 #b c5times4 #f4 ,acetyl5e4--,?is new sy/em ( light+ has h>dly z yet made its exit f ! laboratory4 ,s we mu/ n be greatly a/oni%$ at ! v>iations 9 ! price at :i* x is claim$ t x c be obta9$ on ! two sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,z a kilo ( c>bide ( calcium gives #cjj lit]s ( acetyl5e1 & z ! m9imum price ( ! c>bide is #dj c5times p] kilo 9 ,france1 a cubic met] ( ! gas co/s #a4ce franc4 ,z x requires ab\t #g4e lit]s to give ! c>cel1 ! latt] w consequ5tly am\nt to #j4ja2 say #a c5time4 #g4 ,! ,d5ayr\se ,burn]4--,?is burns ne>ly #cjj lit]s ( gas to produce #cj c>cels1 normally4 ,z ! photometric exp]im5ts are rec5t1 let u suppose t x gives b #be c>cels4 ,z #cjj lit]s ( gas repres5t an approximate exp5se ( #aj c5times1 we %all obta9 ! c>cel at ! price ( #j4jjd1 or at less ?an half a c5time4 #h4 ,! ,au] ,burn]4--,?is burns ne>ly #aae lit]s ( gas to produce #e c>cels4 ,! exp5se p] c>cel1 ) ! cubic met] ( gas at #cj c5times1 is !re=e #j4jjfi2 say #j4g ( a c5time4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?anks to p>ticul>ly favorable hydraulic in/allations1 x is claim$ t x is possible to produce acetyl5e at a v l[ price1 say at #cc c5times p] cubic met]4 ,"u su* conditions1 ! c>cel w\ld co/ no m ?an #j4jjbe1 say ( a c5time4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ^! are hypo!ses z yet4 ,if !y *anc$ to be realiz$1 x is c]ta9 t acetyl5e w\ld be ! light ( ! future2 b ^? :o are be/ in=m$ 9 ! matt] ass]t t !y nev] w be realiz$4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% /ill m accurately ! net co/ ( ea* ( ^! sy/ems ( light+1 x is necess>y to take into acc\nt ! we> ( ! mantles ( ! inc&esc5t lamps & ! c>bons ( ! arc ones4 ,z reg>ds ^! latt]1 x is cu/om>y to e/imate ! we> ( ! c>bons at #h c5timet]s an h\r4 ,z = ! mantles1 we %all base our calculations ^u ! data furni%$ by ^? int]e/$2 say #a1jjj h\rs = ! ,edison lamp1 #a1bjj = ! ,au] burn] & #djj h\rs = ! ,d5ayr\se burn]4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t 9 practice su* duration g5]ally drops to a half4 ,! price ( ! mantles 9 ^! diff]5t sy/ems is approximately #b4e francs4 #a4 ,z ! ,edison #af c&le lamp gives #a4f c>cels & its filam5t burns #a1jjj h\rs1 ! we> w increase ! price ( ! c>cel by #j4jjae4 #b4 ,z ! ,au] burn] gives #e c>cels & its mantle burns #a1bjj h\rs1 ! we> w increase ! price ( ! c>cel by #j4jjjd4 #c4 ,z ! ,d5ayr\se burn] gives #be p>cels1 & its mantle burns b #djj h\rs1 ! we> w increase ! price ( ! c>cel by #j4jjjb4 ,f9ally1 if we comp>e ! butt]fly1 ,au] & ,d5ayr\se burn]s ) ea* o!r1 9 tak+ into acc\nt ! co/ ( replac+ ! mantles ( ! two latt] & ! actuat+ ( ! ,d5ayr\se burn]1 we f9d ! foll[+ figures p] c>cel h\r3 ,butt]fly burn]1 consumption #j4jd _/consumption #j4jjfi ,au] burn]1 we> ( mantle #j4jjjd _/consumption #j4jd ,d5ayr\se burn]1 we> ( mantle #j4jjjb exp5se ( motor #j4jjjc ,say #d c5times p] c>cel h\r ,butt]fly burn]4 #j4g ,au] #d4e ,d5ayr\se ,= ! same sum1 ! ,au] burn]1 !re=e1 burns six times m & ! ,d5ayr\se n9e times m ?an ! butt]fly4 ,^! figures may give an idea ( ! surpris+ int5sity ( ! ,d5ayr\se light4 ,^u ! :ole1 if ! exp]im5ts t are be+ made publicly at ?is mom5t confirm ! data ( ! laboratory1 ! ,d5ayr\se burn] w be de/9$ to play a consid]able role 9 ! light+ ( public g>d5s1 /reets & build+s1 = ! v int5sity ( ! light t x gives r5d]s x unfitt$ = private use4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t x requires a motor to actuate its fan1 & ev]yone has n ! necess>y motive p[] 9 8 h\se4 ,?is new burn] w likewise prove v valuable = ! right+ ( !at]s4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,an ,,air ,,ba?4 ,by ,j4,h4 ,,co/e4 ,?is has be5 f\nd useful = dry+ sub/ances at temp]atures above #ajj ,c4 ,x is usually difficult to obta9 a temp]ature mu* above1 say1 #abj 9 ! ord9>y air ov5 )\t us+ a l>ge burn]1 :i* is g5]ally difficult to regulate4 ,! temp]ature also v>ies consid]ably at diff]5t heights 9 ! ov54 ,if ! sub/ance is attack$ by air at high temp]atures or gives (f o!r sub/ances ?an wat]1 an e/imation ( ! wat] is difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,air ,ba? ,app>atus ,! app>atus figur$--:i* is made f a squ>e t9 or copp] box1 ) a lid p]=at$ at ! top to take a !rmomet] 7,t71 ! bulb ( :i* is level ) ! tubes 7,a & ,b7 pass+ ?r\gh ! sides ( ! box--is heat$ by an ,arg& burn] & support$ on a retort /&4 ,dry air 7or o!r gas7 passes ?r\gh ! tube1 ,b1 :]e x und]goes a prelim9>y heat+1 & !n ?r\gh ! dry+ tube1 ,a4 ,! sub/ance to be dri$ is plac$ 9 a porcela9 boat1 or 9 a tube pass+ ?r\gh ! cork ( ,a 7by ! latt] means precipitates on filt] tubes c be dri$74 ,x is usually suffici5t to e/imate ! loss 9 weight ( ! sub/ance 9 ! boat2 b1 if necess>y1 dry+ tubes c be us$ to collect ! wat]1 or special absorb+ app>atus = o!r volatile sub/ances4 ,a temp]ature ( ov] #bjj ,c4 c be easily obta9$ ) an ord9>y ,arg& flame & ma9ta9$ fairly con/ant4 ,:5 a !rmomet] 0 plac$ inside z well z "o outside ! dry+ tube1 x 0 f\nd t ! temp]atures only diff]$ by a few degrees :5 a wat] pump 0 draw+ air ?r\gh ! sy/em at ! rate ( ab\t #h lit]s p] h\r4 ,if ?is ba? is protect$ f draught1 any temp]ature c be ma9ta9$ )9 a few degrees easily4--,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,*emical ,indu/ry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fir$amp ,,te/+ ,,/ation ,,at ,,m>*i5ne-,,au-,,pont4#a ,footnote #a3 ,h4 ,s*m]b]1 ,g5ie ,civil1 xxix1 ,no4 #aa4--;,f ! ,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,9 a previ\s pap]#b a description 0 giv5 ( ! exp]im5tal gall]y at ! ,/4 ,william pit ( ! ,kais]-,f]d9&s-,nordbahn ,colli]y at ,mahris*-,o/rau 7,moravia74 ,9 ! pres5t article a simil> exp]im5tal /ation1 design$ = ! same purpose1 b pres5t+ c]ta9 consid]able advantages on ! score ( economy by reason ( ! mod]ate exp5se ( its in/allation1 w be describ$4 ,footnote #b3 ,reproduc$ 9 ! ,colli]y ,gu>dian1 vol4 lxxi1 p4 #cag4 ,"s few ye>s ago ! ,socit des ,explosifs ,favi] obta9$ p]mission f ! proprietors ( ! ,m>*i5ne-au-,pont1 ne> ,*>l]oi1 ,belgium1 to con/ruct !re an exp]im5tal /ation = te/+ ! explosives manufactur$ by ! company4 ,?\gh ( b mode/ proportions1 ?is /ation is well design$1 & _m valuable rese>*es & te/s h be5 made on ! explosives us$ 9 ! fi]y pits ( ,belgium1 ?anks to :i* inve/igations "o is able to readily det]m9e 9 a practical mann] ! degree ( security (f]$ by any explosive int5d$ = use 9 pits conta9+ coal-du/ 9 susp5sion or fir$amp4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! exp5se ( con/ruct+ a l>ge gall]y above gr\nd1 rec\rse 0 _h to ! cyl9drical %ell ( a disus$ boil] ( l>ge dim5sions--"s #e m4 9 l5g? by #a m4 int]nal diamet]--"o end ( :i* 0 tak5 out1 & ! %ell made to d duty = a te/+ gall]y4 ,) ?is object x 0 m\nt$ on two sett+s ( brickwork 7,fig4 #b71 & ! fur!r end back$ by a brick wall ( v sub/antial con/ruction1 be+ #a m4 ?ick & #b m4 9 height1 & =m+ ! base ( a high bank ( e>?4 ,! boil]1 z may be se5 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 0 let into ! gr\nd a little1 9 ord] t 9 case ( an explosion !re might be less *ance ( ! debris be+ project$ to a di/ance4 ,on "o side ! boil] 0 pi]c$ by six rectangul> op5+s #bj cm4 9 height fitt$ ) ?ick glass panes 9 ca\t*\c frames1 to prev5t _! becom+ fractur$ by ! a]ial vibrations result+ f explosions4 ,^! w9d[s enable ! op]ators to obs]ve ! ph5om5a occurr+ )9 ! *amb] at ! mom5t ! explosion is produc$4 ,at ! top ( ! boil]1 two circul> ap]tures1 ea* #ej cm4 diamet]1 7 made = ! purpose ( act+ z safety valves4 ,by means ( two rabbets1 "o fix$ at ! op5 end ( ! gall]y & ! o!r 9 ! c5t]1 ! te/+ *amb] c\ld be made ei!r l>ge or small by means ( pap] disks pa/$ on to ! fir/ or second rabbet4 ,! capacity ( ! l>ge *amb] 0 d\ble t ( ! small] "o1 & ! cubical area ( ea* 0 kn[n be=eh&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a1 ,,fig4 #b1 & ,,fig4 #c4 ,fir$amp ,te/+ ,/ation ,9 ! back+ wall 0 fitt$ a l>ge mort> ( ca/ /eel1 :i* 9 c>ry+ out ! te/s s]v$ to replace ! borehole us$ 9 actual m9+ op]ations4 ,a pipe = convey+ ! gas & ano!r = /eam 7 laid on ! floor ( ! *amb]1 ! latt] = heat+ purposes1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r1 9 c]ta9 cases1 an increase 9 temp]ature ex]ts any s5sible influ5ce on ! inflammability ( ! explosive mixture4 ,! temp]ature ( ! *amb] is read (f f a !rmomet] plac$ at ! top ( ! boil]1 its position be+ indicat$ by ,t 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,9 view ( ! possibility ( ! boil]1 not)/&+ its /r5g?1 bur/+1 9 ! ev5t ( a viol5t explosion ( ! gas1 x became necess>y to make special arrangem5ts = all[+ ! op]ators to obs]ve ev]y?+ occurr+ 9 ! te/+ *amb] )\t be+ !mselves expos$ to ! consequ5ces ( any accid5t t might ensue4 ,a special %elt] 01 !re=e1 erect$ = occupation by ! op]ators at ! mom5t ( ! explosion4 ,?is %elt]1 at ab\t a doz5 y>ds away f ! boil]1 consi/$ ( a *amb] protect$ on ! side next ! gall]y by a /\t bank ( e>?1 9 :i* a longitud9al ap]ture 0 provid$ 7by means ( a l9+ ( bo>ds7 at ab\t ! height ( ! face1 ?r\gh :i* ! op]ators c\ld obs]ve ! progress ( ! te/s1 )\t dang]4 ,x may be /at$1 h[ev]1 t hi!rto no accid5t has occurr$1 ! boil] effectually resi/+ ! =ce ( ! explosions4 ,! *amb] ( %elt] likewise conta9$ ! gasomet] = regulat+ ! supply ( gas to ! te/+ app>atus1 & ! electrical ma*9e = fir+ ! c>tridges "u te/4 ,!re be+ no cont9u\s curr5t ( fir$amp at disposal1 use 0 made ( illum9at+ gas 9 prep>+ ! explosive mixtures = ! te/s4 ,! borehole is *>g$ ) ! explosive to be fir$1 & ! temp]ature is regulat$ by means ( ! /eam pipe4 ,! entrance ( ! *amb] & ! two safety ap]tures 9 ! ro( hav+ be5 clos$ by disks ( pap] fa/5$ by pa/e1 ! gas is turn$ on until ! desir$ p]c5tage1 has be5 introduc$2 ! mixture ( ! air & gas takes m]ely a %ort "t to effect by diffusion1 ! diff]5ce 9 d5sity caus+ ! gas to rise on issu+ f ! jet1 :i* is on ! floor ( ! *amb]4 ,! detonat+ cap is !n ignit$ by ! passage ( ! electric curr5t & ! %ot fir$4 ,! op]ator1 plac$ 9 8 %elt]1 c obs]ve1 by means ( ! small lat]al w9d[s1 :e!r any flame is produc$1 & inde$1 a little exp]i5ce w enable him to det]m9e by ! s\nd alone1 :e!r an explosion has ignit$ ! mixture or n4 ,fig4 #a is a front view ( ! te/+ *amb] ) transv]se section ( ! %elt]4 ,fig4 #b is a longitud9al section ( ! *amb] along ,,cd1 & ,fig4 #c a view1 half 9 plan1 half 9 section1 along ,,ab4 ,! foll[+ are ! ref]5ces3 ,m1 back+ wall2 ,c1 boil]2 ,g1 gas pipe2 ,v1 /eam pipe2 ,m1 mort>2 ,e1 electric wires2 ,a1 %elt]2 ,,rg1 gasomet]2 ,,me1 electrical ma*9e2 ,r'1 protective bank2 ,r1 back+ ( e>?2 ,r1 glaz$ w9d[s2 ,s1 ap]tures s]v+ z valves2 ,t1 !rmomet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photography ,,= ,,*emi/s4 ,,lant]n ,,slides ,,by ,,r$uction4 ,:5 a negative happ5s to be ( l>g] size ?an a qu>t] plate1 x r>ely happ5s t we c pr9t a small portion by contact on a lant]n plate )\t spoil+ ! composition ( ! picture4 ,?is is assum+1 ( c\rse1 t ! op]ator has compos$ a picture & n put 8 cam]a d[n any:]e4 ,!re is no great difficulty 9 mak+ lant]n slides by r$uction2 ! exposure is ! only bugbe>1 z usual4 ,!re are two di/9ct me?ods ( r$uction3 7#a7 daylight2 7#b7 artificial light4 ,!re is no?+ to *oose betwe5 !m1 & ! "q ( "t & opportunity mu/ decide :i* is to be adopt$4 ,! app>atus requir$ is n exp5sive4 ,x c be made 9 odd mom5ts = a few p5ce1 & is applicable to day & artificial light4 ,x consi/s ( a pr9t+ frame ! size ( ! l>ge negative1 f\r pieces ( bamboo a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]1 "s black twill1 ! ord9>y cam]a & l5s1 & a c>ri] to take lant]n plates #c ,x #c in*es4 ,! negative is plac$ 9 ! pr9t+ frame upside d[n & kept 9 position by f\r little slips ( wood1 or bett] /ill1 a frame su* z ! gold slip us$ 9 picture frames1 :i* w fit tightly into ! frame & hold ! negative securely4 ,( c\rse1 brads may be driv5 into two sides ( ! frame & ! negative slipp$ beh9d !m1 b 9 ?is case x is necess>y to safe edge ! negative4 ,?is is done by cutt+ /rips ( t9foil j wide en\gh to cov] ! rabbet ( ! negative s t no cle> glass c be se52 ^! %\ld be pa/$ & /uck on ! glass ( negative r\nd ! f\r sides4 ,! /rips ( bamboo are ei!r nail$ to ! pr9t+ frame or m]ely fa/5$ toge!r by /\t copp] wire1 ! %ape be+ exactly t ( ! pr9t+ frame4 ,! o!r end ( ! bamboos are ti$ ) /\t /r+ to a piece ( c>dbo>d tube1 po/al tube1 :i* slips ov] ! l5s4 ,! l5g? ( ! bamboos dep5ds ^u ! focus ( ! l5s & ! am\nt ( r$uction4 ,x w sometimes be f\nd conv5i5t to h ! bamboo 9 two l5g?s2 ?us1 suppos+ we want z a g5]al rule #cf in*es1 two pieces1 #bd in*es ea*1 %\ld be obta9$1 & by fa/5+ ^! toge!r 9 ! middle by two loose r+s ( copp] wire we c ext5d !m to #dh in*es or r$uce !m to #bd in*es4 ,! black twill or ! focus+ clo? 7or ev5 a d>k table clo? may be us$7 mu/ also dep5d = its size on ! l5g? ( bamboo1 b suffici5t %\ld be obta9$ to completely cov] ov] ! space betwe5 l5s & negative1 & hang d[n on ea* side4 ,( c\rse1 two la?s ( wood c be us$1 m]ely re/+ !m on ! top ( pr9t+ frame & cam]a1 b ! o!r plan is pref]able1 ! arrangem5t be+ m complete & adaptable to bo? day & artificial light1 & also m rigid1 especially :5 ! cam]a is slop$ t[>d ! sky4 ,! ord9>y cam]a may be us$1 b a c>ri] to take lant]n plates mu/ be us$ 9 ! d>k slide4 ,! ord9>y l5s may be us$ unless ( inord9ately long focus1 :5 x becomes inconv5i5t on acc\nt ( ! great di/ance betwe5 negative & l5s4 ,to f9d ! requir$ di/ance !re is a simple rule1 :i* is z foll[s3 7a7 ,divide ! long] base ( ! plate by ! long] base ( ! image requir$1 to ! quoti5t add #a1 & multiply by ! focus ( l5s us$2 ! result w be ! di/ance betwe5 negative & l5s4 7b7 ,divide ! di/ance f\nd z above by ! quoti5t obta9$ 9 ! fir/ rule1 & ! result w be ! di/ance betwe5 l5s & plate4 ,example4--,:at are ! relative di/ances 9 r$uc+ a :ole plate negative1 #h ,x #f in*es1 to lant]n1 size ) an #h in* focus l5s8 ,n[ t ! :ole ( ! lant]n plate is n us$1 we reckon t #c in*es is all t c be us$1 because ( ! mask1 h5ce3 7a7 #h #c #ag_/f ! am\nt ( r$uction4 #ag_/f #a #h #bc_/f #h #cj-b_/c in*es4 7b7 #cj-b_/c #ag_/f #aa in*es 7practically74 ,!re=e1 if we place our l5s ab\t #cj in*es f ! negative & rack ! cam]a out to ab\t #aa in*es1 we %all h an image on ! gr\nd glass :i* m]ely requires a little adju/m5t ( ! cam]a screw to be %>p & ( ! "r size4 ,9 focus+1 x is always advisable to tempor>ily affix to ! outside ( ! focus+ scre5 a squ>e m>k1 ?is be+1 ( c\rse1 accurately plac$ z reg>ds ! c5t] ( ! scre51 & to use a focus+ magnifi] to obta9 critical %>pness4 ,hav+ satisfactorily arrang$ our image z reg>ds composition by %ift+ ! cam]a ne>] to or f>!r f ! negative--because x w be obvi\s t ! ne>] ! l5s to ! negative1 ! less ( ! negative we %all include1 & vice v]sa--we fill our d>k slide & are ready = exposure4 ,= daylight "w ! arrangem5t ( frame & cam]a %\ld be plac$ ne> a w9d[1 & if any?+ b sky is se5 opposite ! negative1 place outside ! w9d[ a l>ge %eet ( :ite c>dbo>d at an angle ( #de4 ,?is w reflect equal skylight ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! negative4 ,n[ cov] ov] ! space betwe5 negative & l5s1 ins]t y\r d>k slide1 9 front ( ! negative place an opaque c>d1 draw ! %utt] ( ! d>k slide1 & remove ! opaque c>d f negative & expose4 ,v little assi/ance c really be giv5 z to exposure1 b ) a negative ( av]age d5sity1 :i* w give a good silv] pr9t1 & us+ a l5s work+ at ,f_/#aa & a ,mawson lant]n plate at midday 9 ,may1 t5 seconds w give a good black slide4 ,!re is b "o little po9t t has be5 miss$--! diaphragm2 always use ! l>ge/ diaphragm :i* w give satisfactory def9ition1 ?is w usually be ,f_/#aa or ,f_/#af4 ,be v c>eful :ile expos+ n to %ake ! cam]a--x is q suffici5t = anyone weigh+ ab\t elev5 or twelve /ones to walk across ! room to give d\ble outl9es4 ,daylight is n a con/ant quantity1 & al?\gh visually ! same on two diff]5t days1 ! act9ic p[] ( ! light v>ies enorm\sly2 !re=e we pref] artificial light4 ,precisely ! same app>atus c be us$ = artificial light ) "o or two additions4 ,9 "s su* arrangem5t 9 use ! pr9t+ frame conta9+ ! negative is fa/5$ to ! side ( a cube sug> box 9 :i* a hole is cut4 ,opposite to ! negative on ! o!r side ( ! box is plac$ a %eet ( :ite c>dbo>d b5t slightly to ! arc ( a circle4 ,! lights1 etc4--two inc&esc5t gas burn]s d well ) t9 reflectors beh9d !m--are plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! negative inside ! box1 s t ! light is reflect$ on to ! c>d & !nce on to ! negative1 & no direct light rea*es ! negative4 ,absolutely ev5 illum9ation1 ev5 ( a l>ge negative1 is ?us obta9$1 & ! exposure1 us+ ! same conditions z /at$ = daylight1 is only tw5ty seconds4 ,( c\rse1 ! light may be plac$ directly beh9d ! negative1 b 9 ?is case a diffus]1 su* z a %eet ( opal glass1 mu/ be plac$ betwe5 light & negative1 & ev5 !n1 unless great c>e is ex]cis$1 unev5 illum9ation ( ! negative & consequ5t unequal d5sity ( ! slide mu/ ensue4 ,we may use magnesium ribbon1 & a diffus] ( opal is !n necess>y1 & ! ribbon mu/ be kept 9 motion ! :ole ( ! "t4 ,magnesium is objectionable because ! p>ticles ( magnesia =m a volum9\s cl\d1 :i* ta/es & smells unpleasantly & settles d[n on ev]y?+4 ,/ill1 = ^? :o wi% to "w ) ?is sub/ance1 ab\t #ah in*es burnt close to ! opal & mov$ ab\t all ov] x w be ab\t suffici5t to obta9 good results "u above m5tion$ conditions4 ,an ord9>y oil lamp or gas may also be us$1 provid$ ! light is diffus$4 ,only ! bromide lant]n plates are suitable = r$uction1 ! exposure1 especially ) ! *loride emulsions1 be+ s long z to place !m out ( c\rt4 ,! *loro-bromide may be us$ = daylight & magnesium ribbon4 ,aft] developm5t & fix+1 :i* may be p]=m$ 9 ! develop]s recomm5d$ by ! mak]s ( ! plates us$1 ! lant]n slide mu/ be well wa%$ & cle>$ 9 an alum & acid ba?1 !n aga9 well wa%$ & f9ally giv5 a g5tle rub ) a piece ( cotton wool "u ! tap1 & set up to dry4 ,! f9i%+ (f ( a slide is n a difficult matt]1 b "o :i* wants do+ prop]ly4 ,place ! slide film d[nw>d ^u a piece ( :ite pap]1 & ) a box ( assort$ masks try v>i\s %apes till ! "o mo/ suitable to ! picture is f\nd1 & frequ5tly a mask ) a comp>atively small op5+ w give ! be/ results pictorially4 ,hav+ f\nd ! mo/ suitable mask1 lay x on ! slide1 on ! top ( ?is a cov] glass well clean$1 & x is ready = b9d+4 ,b9d+ /rips c be pur*as$ comm]cially 9 long /rips1 b p]sonally we pref] to use #c /rips1 z some:at easi] to apply4 ,wet #c 94 ( ! /rip1 lay x flat on ! table1 pick up ! slide & cov] glass & adju/ on ! wett$ slip s t !re is an equal wid? on ei!r side2 n[ press ! glasses firmly on to ! /rip & lift f ! table & ) a h&k]*ief or s(t du/] wipe ! /rip on to ! glass ( ! slide & cov]1 tak+ c>e t ^! d n slip2 :5 x adh]es firmly1 t is1 does n imm$iately rise up1 lay ! :ole on "o side & g on ) next slide2 by ! "t half a doz5 h be5 ?us treat$ a second side may be /uck d[n1 & ?us ) ! ?ird & f\r?4 ,by work+ 9 ?is way a f> neat] & saf] job is made ( x ?an if all f\r sides are b\nd at once4 ,! f9al op]ation is tilt+ & spott+4 ,!re are sev]al makes ( masks on ! m>ket on :i* a blank :ite space is left = ! title1 & x is j z well to write ! title on ! mask1 z x is !n protect$ by ! cov] glass4 ,if ! ord9>y masks are us$1 ,*9ese :ite may be us$ = ! titles4 ,spott+ ! slides is affix+ to !m two m>ks1 by means ( :i* ! lant]n op]ator c tell :i* side is to be plac$ next ! lant]n1 & ^! m>ks usually take ! =m ( two :ite circles4 ,su* spots c be b\ght comm]cially already gumm$1 or po/age /amp edg+ may be us$4 ,a few m9utes' ?\ght w %[ t ! project+ l5s ( ! lant]n w rev]se an image j z ! l5s ( ! cam]a does1 s t we mu/ ins]t ! slide into ! lant]n c>ri] upside d[n & wrong way r\nd1 & z ! spots are us$ to indicate ?is1 !y mu/ be plac$ at ! top ( ! slide1 :5 ! view appe>s to u z we saw x 9 nature4 ,if x be a subject ) lett]+ 9 x1 ! spots mu/ be plac$ at ! top ( ! slide1 :5 we c read ! lett]+ ! "r way z ! slide is look$ at aga9/ a piece ( :ite pap]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preci\s ,,/ones4#a ,footnote #a3 ,lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,h5ry ,a4 ,,mi]s1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,! object :i* ,i h propos$ to myself 9 ^! two lectures is to consid]1 n ! hi/ory nor ! arti/ic int]e/ ( preci\s /ones1 b simply "s ( _! curi\s prop]ties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ,i w ask y to accompany me 9 ! inquiry z to ^? *>act]s ( preci\s /ones to :i* !y owe _! beauty & _! value1 & next to pursue ! inquiry a little f>!r & to see h[1 by means ( ^! *>act]s1 ! same /ones may be /udi$1 & h5ce1 also1 id5tifi$ ) accuracy4 ,f ! e>lie/ times c]ta9 m9]als1 :i* are conspicu\s = _! beauty1 h be5 priz$ = decorative purposes2 ! brilliant gre5 hue ( mala*ite1 ! deep blue ( lapis lazuli & ! ri* color ( r$ jasp] w\ld naturally attract e>ly att5tion4 ,b ^! p>ticul> m9]als are n numb]$ among ! true preci\s /ones2 !y d n possess ! rem>kable qualities :i* end[ ! diamond1 ! ruby or ! topaz ) _! peculi> attractiv5ess4 ,! two ess5tial qualities1 namely1 brilliancy & h>dness1 are only possess$ by c]ta9 r>e m9]als2 a brilliancy :i* makes !m unrival$ = ornam5tal purposes & a h>dness :i* protects !m f we> & te> & makes !m practically inde/ructible4 ,x is difficult 9 a t[n l ,london1 :]e e jewel]'s %op is ablaze ) diamonds1 to realize t l>ge & good /ones possess+ ^! qualities are s r>e2 t ?\s&s ( natives are toil+ 9 ! riv] b$s ( ,india1 ,burma & ,ceylon wa%+ out f ! gravel or ! s& ! little blue & r$ pebbles :i* are to be conv]t$ by ! lapid>y's art into brilliant jewels ( sapphire & ruby4 ,ev5 9 t wond]ful pit at ,kimb]ley1 :]e half ! diamonds ( ! _w seem to h be5 cr[d$ toge!r = ! use ( man1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 t5 tons ( diamonds1 wor? m ?an #ej1jjj1jjj1 h be5 extract$ 9 tw5ty-five ye>s1 yet ^? :i* weigh m ?an an ounce ea* may be c\nt$ on ! f+]s4 ,x is 9 ! qualities ( h>dness & brilliancy t su* m9]als z mala*ite & lapis lazuli fail2 ow+ to _! comp>ative s(tness1 !y w\ld n1 if cut & poli%$1 possess ! %>p edges & brilliant surface ( ! em]ald or sapphire1 & w\ld soon become dull & r\nd$ by friction1 ev5 by ! friction ( ord9>y du/4 ,aga91 s9ce !y are opaque1 !y c nev] fla% l ! sapphire or ! em]ald2 & yet x is q a mi/ake to suppose t ! necess>y qualities are conf9$ to ^? few /ones :i* are famili> to ev]yone1 su* z ! diamond1 ruby1 sapphire1 em]ald1 g>net & ame?y/4 ,!re are _m o!rs1 ?\gh !y are n s well kn[n4 ,i ?9k we may fairly ass]t t su* m9]als z t\rmal9e1 j>goon1 p]idote1 sp9el & *rysob]yl1 ?\gh _! names may be famili>1 are n /ones :i* w\ld be recogniz$ by any b ^? :o are 9 "s s5se exp]ts2 :ile o!r m9]als1 su* z sph5e1 &alusite1 ax9ite1 idocrase & diopside1 are possibly almo/ unkn[n to mo/ p1 ev5 by reputation4 ,yet all ^! m9]als possess qualities ( transp>5cy1 h>dness & beauty ( color :i* r5d] !m extraord9>ily int]e/+ & attractive z preci\s /ones4 7,a numb] ( facet$ /ones cut f ! less kn[n m9]als 7 ?r[n ^u ! scre5 by reflect$ light47 ,take fir/ ! h>dness4 ,a few ye>s ago ! h>dness ( /ones 0 a v important "* 9 ! eyes ( ! m9]alogi/2 x 0 "o ( ! *>act]s by :i* !y 7 inv>iably id5tifi$1 & a di/+ui%$ ,g]man m9]alogi/ drew up a table by means ( :i* ! h>dness ( m9]als c be comp>$4 ,any /one is said to be h>d] ?an ! m9]als ( ?is scale :i* x c scrat*1 & s(t] ?an ^? by :i* x c be scrat*$4 ,9 ! "r h& column ! gem /ones are arrang$ accord+ to _! h>dness4 ,,mohs' ,,scale ,,( ,,h>dness4 #a4 ,talc4 #b4 ,gypsum4 #c4 ,calcite4 #d4 ,fluor4 #e4 ,apatite4 _/ ,sph5e4 ,opal4 #f4 ,feldsp>4 _/ ,diopside4 ,moon/one4 _/ ,epidote4 ,idocrase4 ,p]idote4 ,ax9ite4 #g4 ,qu>tz4 _/ ,qu>tz4 ,t\rmal9e4 ,cordi]ite4 ,g>net4 _/ ,&alusite4 ,zircon4 ,em]ald4 ,ph5acite4 #h4 ,topaz4 _/ ,sp9el4 ,topaz4 ,*rysob]yl4 #i4 ,corundum4 _/ ,ruby4 ,sapphire4 #aj4 ,diamond4 ,diamond4 ,among preci\s /ones diamond /&s out pre-em95t z ! h>de/ ( all kn[n sub/ances4 ,ruby & sapphire are scrat*$ by diamond alone1 :ile *rysob]yl1 topaz & sp9el scrat* all ! rema9+ /ones1 al?\gh !y d !mselves yield to ! scrat* ( ruby & sapphire4 ,! h>dness is a "* /ill g5]ally utiliz$ by ! exp]t :5 he is 9 d\bt2 9 exp]i5c$ h&s x has "s value4 ,by long practice x is possible to =m a v close e/imate ( ! h>dness ( a giv5 /one1 & t (t51 n by ! scrat* ( ! o!r m9]als 9 ! scale1 b by ! feel ( ! /one aga9/ a file2 ! resi/ance (f]$ by ! /one to ! file is tak5 z a measure ( its h>dness4 ,x is n a "* capable ( any accurate measurem5t1 nei!r is x to be recomm5d$ = use by inexp]i5c$ p]sons4 ,i hope to %[1 z ,i g on1 t we h n[ accurate me?ods ( te/+ at our disposal :i* r5d] ! trial ( h>dness q unnecess>y4 ,b1 none ! less1 ! "* is "o ( great importance1 z inve/+ ! /one ) durability4 ,all ! preci\s /ones1 except moon/one1 opal & sph5e1 h at lea/ ! h>dness ( qu>tz1 & c b>ely be scrat*$ by metals1 ev5 by h>d /eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,total ,,reflection ,,( ,,light ,,9 ,,glass4 ,take next ! quality ( brilliancy4 ,?is dep5ds ^u two ?+s--fir/1 ! mann] 9 :i* rays ( light are affect$ :5 !y ent] or leave ! /one1 &1 secondly1 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is action c be int5sifi$ by ! art ( ! lapid>y4 ,:5 light passes f "o transp>5t sub/ance to ano!r x is b5t or refract$1 z e "o kn[s f ! b5t appe>ance ( a /ick plung$ into wat]4 ,consid]1 n[1 a ray ( light fall+ ^u ! surface ( a transp>5t /one2 a portion ( ! light is reflect$1 b a portion ent]s ! /one4 ,9 pass+ f air into ! /one x is refract$ inw>d4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 x passes f a transp>5t /one into air1 its c\rse is rev]s$ & ! em]g+ ray is refract$ outw>d or t[>d ! surface4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) ! em]g+ z ) ! ent]+ light1 ! beam is subdivid$1 only a portion is refract$ out1 ano!r portion ( ! light is reflect$ )9 ! /one4 ,consid] next successive rays )9 a piece ( glass or a /one :i* are ab\t to em]ge ) diff]5t incl9ations4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,z _! c\rse approa*es m ne>ly to ! surface1 s w ! em]g+ rays issue m ne>ly along ! surface ( ! /one2 b ! obliquity ( ! em]g+ rays increases mu* m rapidly ?an t ( ! int]nal rays1 until = "o ray 9 ! s]ies ! direction ( ! light 7,c 9 ! figure7 refract$ out co9cides ) t surface4 ,:at1 !n1 w happ5 to ! light )9 ! /one1 :i* falls /ill m obliquely8 ,x _c be refract$ out1 &1 z a fact1 x is entirely reflect$ )9 ! /one4 ,imag9e1 !n1 h[ mu* great] is ! brilliancy ( ! beam ( light1 c1 e1 d1 :i* is completely reflect$1 ?an t ( ! int]m$iate portion ( ! reflect$ light1 a1 b1 c1 :i* has lo/ a l>ge "p ( its rays by refraction4 ,! diff]5ce is easily se5 by look+ at a glass ( wat] held above ! head2 ! brilliant silv]y appe>ance ( ! surface1 :5 view$ obliquely1 is due to total reflection4 ,! light1 c1 d1 e1 is said to h be5 totally reflect$2 & half ! angle betwe5 ,c & c is call$ ! angle ( total reflection4 ,?is angle dep5ds ^u ! refractive p[] ( ! /one4 ,! angle ( total reflection = diamond is ab\t #be2 9 no o!r /one is ! correspond+ angle less ?an #cj2 = mo/ ( !m x is mu* great]2 :ile = heavy glass x is ab\t #dj4 ,light /rik+ ! int]nal surface m obliquely is reflect$ )\t los+ any ( its rays by refraction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,total ,,reflection ,,( ,,light ,,)9 ,a ,,brilliant4 ,x is v cle>1 !n1 t ( ! light travel+ 9 directions )9 a diamond1 a f> l>g] proportion is int]nally reflect$ ?an is ! case ) any o!r /one4 ,we %all see pres5tly t x is ?is prop]ty :i* gives ! diamond its consummate brilliancy4 ,ano!r effect produc$ by refraction is1 z e "o kn[s1 ! sep>ation ( ord9>y light into rays ( diff]5t colors--x is se5 9 any prism ( glass4 ,?is prop]ty is kn[n z ! disp]sion ( light2 & a /one :i* possesses great disp]sion w exhibit a beautiful play ( spectral colors--w exhibit a high degree ( :at is call$ fire4 ,9 ?is respect aga9 ! diamond is pre-em95t2 its disp]sion is ne>ly twice z great z t ( o!r /ones4 ,all ^! optical prop]ties are beautifully %[n by ^? unwork$ jewels ( :i* ! smoo? facets h be5 produc$ by nature2 ,i mean ! cry/als ( ! v>i\s m9]als4 ,! beauty ( natural cry/als ( transp>5t m9]als is l>gely due to ! optical effects :i* ,i h j be5 describ+4 ,! beautiful specim5s ( rock cry/al1 calc sp>1 topaz1 em]ald1 & o!r /ones :i* adorn m9]al collections are suffici5t evid5ce ( ^! prop]ties4 ,b x is v c]ta9 t natural cry/als1 al?\gh !y possess a beauty ( =m :i* is all _! own1 are n by a long way s brilliant z ! facet$ /ones :i* are cut f !m by ! art ( ! lapid>y2 t a natural diamond is n s lu/r\s z a facet$ brilliant4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! f9e/ gem /ones pres5t a v mean & sordid aspect be=e !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ! lapid>y2 "o has only to comp>e ! dull & unattractive appe>ance ( a p>cel ( r\gh rubies1 sapphires or r\gh diamonds ) ! f9i%$ jewels display$ 9 ! jewel]s' w9d[s to see h[ mu* ^! owe to ! lapid>y's art4 ,9 recutt+ ! ,koh-i-noor x 0 ?\ght advisable to sp5d #h1jjj on ! process & to r$uce its weight f #ahf to #ajf c>ats4 ,:5 ! great ,pitt diamond 0 cut1 its weight 0 r$uc$ f #daj c>ats to #acg2 & ! fragm5ts & du/ remov$ 7 valu$ at #h1jjj2 b ! ext5t to :i* ! /one 0 improv$ is indicat$ 9 ! fact t hav+ be5 pur*as$ = #bj1jjj1 x 0 aft] cutt+ sold = #ace1jjj4 ,to und]/& h[ ! cutt+ ( a preci\s /one adds to its brilliancy1 we h only to trace ! c\rse ( ! rays )9 ! /one1 & consid] h[ x c be/ be facet$ 9 ord] t ! light :i* ent]s 9 v>i\s directions on ! upp] side1 or cr[n1 may be reflect$ int]nally f facet to facet on ! "u side ( ! /one ) z little loss z possible1 & may be ?r[n out f ! front ( ! /one4 ,= ?is purpose ! facets mu/ be s arrang$ t z mu* ( ! light z possible )9 ! cry/al %all meet ! facets at an incl9ation exce$+ ! angle ( total reflection4 ,a brilliant ) its #eh facets is "o ( ! =ms :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be be/ adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,h[ little ( ! light gets ?r\gh a /one s facet$1 &1 !re=e1 h[ mu* ( x is totally reflect$ int]nally1 is easily %[n by hold+ ! /one 9 a /rong beam ( light2 fir/ s t ! light is s reflect$1 & !n s t ! light %all1 if possible1 be transmitt$4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! /one m]ely ?r[s a d>k %ad[1 indicat+ t little light1 if any1 has pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,a facet$ /one is always cut f a s+le cry/al1 & n f an ord9>y lump ( ! m9]al1 :i* is g5]ally a mass ( cry/als4 ,! *ief reason :y jewels are cut f natural cry/als is t ^!1 by virtue ( _! cry/all9e nature1 are rem>kably homog5e\s1 & !re=e cle> & limpid :5 free f cracks & flaws4 ,a /one :i* is n homog5e\s c nev] h ! purity & limpid brilliancy ( a s+le cry/al1 = at e po9t ( contact ( "o "p ) ano!r reflection takes place4 ,among m9]als us$ z preci\s /ones :i* are n cry/als may be m5tion$ ! opal4 ,! opal probably owes its peculi> beauty to ! v fact t x is fill$ ) m9ute cracks or cavities1 ea* ( :i* contributes "s t9t ( color by reason ( its extreme ?9ness1 j z ! colors ( ! soap bubble are due to ! ?9ness ( its film4 ,or take ! agate4 ,"h ! /one consi/s ( lay]s ( diff]5t mat]ials diff]5tly color$4 ,its beauty is ( a diff]5t nature f t ( cle> cry/als1 :i* x c nev] rival 9 brilliancy4 ,/ones l ! agate are g5]ally class$ ap>t z semi-preci\s /ones1 & _! int]e/ dep5ds ^u beauty ( /ructure or color1 or possibly to a l>ge ext5t ^u _! r>ity4 ,! turquois1 = example1 is a v r>e /one1 :i* is app>5tly absolutely uncry/alliz$1 b possesses great beauty ( color1 & is !re=e mu* priz$4 ,! same is true ( c>nelian4 ,on ! pres5t occasion we are n conc]n$ ) ^? opaque or curi\sly /ructur$ m9]als ^: beauty resides almo/ solely 9 _! color4 ,^? :o h _h no practical acqua9tance ) m9]als h little idea h[ v>iable & accid5tal are _! colors4 ,!y may sc>cely realize t ! ruby & ! sapphire are ! same m9]al1 & t ?is m9]al also occurs1 & is us$ 9 jewelry1 absolutely colorless1 :5 x is kn[n z lux sapphire1 gre5 z ! s-call$ ,ori5tal em]ald1 & yell[ z ! s-call$ ,ori5tal topaz2 t topaz itself may be yell[1 br[n1 blue1 or colorless2 t zircons range f colorless ?r\gh almo/ all conceivable %ades ( br[n & gre51 & t ev5 diamond has be5 f\nd gre51 r$ & blue4 ,:5 we come to consid] ! prop]ties by :i* preci\s /ones are recogniz$1 ,i %all say little or no?+ ab\t color1 = x is ( little value z a crit]ion4 ,!re are1 = example1 c]ta9 r$ /ones :i* ! mo/ skillful exp]ts _c by _! color alone ref] ) c]ta9ty to ruby1 g>net or sp9el4 ,x might be expect$ t a notewor?y diff]5ce 9 *emical composition w\ld accompany ?is diff]5ce ( color1 or t ! pigm5t c\ld be asc]ta9$ by analysis4 ,9 reality ?is is sc>cely ev] ! case4 ,x is fairly c]ta9 t ! em]ald owes its color to ! pres5ce ( *romium1 b ! v>iation 9 ! analyses ( preci\s /ones _c g5]ally be attribut$ to any?+ indicat$ by ! v>iation ( color4 ,! *emical composition1 ?\gh ( great g5]al importance 9 m9]alogy1 is ( little practical value 9 ! discrim9ation ( preci\s /ones1 s9ce x is usually impossible to sacrifice a suffici5t quantity = *emical analysis4 ,if we are deal+ ) a facet$ /one1 n ev5 ! smalle/ portion c be utiliz$1 = fe> ( injur+ x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o rem>kable optical prop]ty1 :i* is ultimately relat$ to ! *emical composition4 ,z is well kn[n1 _m sub/ances possess ! prop]ty ( absorb+ c]ta9 rays ( light4 ,:5 ! sol> spectrum produc$ by admitt+ ord9>y daylight ?r\gh a slit1 & transmitt+ x ?r\gh a prism1 is pass$ ?r\gh ! gl[+ vapor ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 p>ticul> rays ( light are absorb$1 & _! abs5ce f ! em]g+ fight is manife/$ by correspond+ d>k b&s 9 ! spectrum4 ,! in/rum5t by :i* ! obs]vations are made is ! spectroscope4 ,x is well kn[n to mo/ p t ! sol> spectrum itself conta9s c]ta9 d>k b&s ( ?is sort1 :i* are produc$ by vapors t c be id5tifi$ by ! position ( ! b&s 9 ! spectrum2 & ?us x is possible to asc]ta9 some?+ reg>d+ ! *emical con/itution ( ! sun & c]ta9 ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,n[1 a precisely simil> effect is produc$ by c]ta9 elem5ts if pres5t 9 a m9]al1 by m]ely transmitt+ ! light ?r\gh a piece ( x4 ,?us1 transp>5t m9]als :i* conta9 ! r>e elem5t didymium betray ! pres5ce ( t elem5t z soon z !y are view$ ?r\gh a spectroscope by ord9>y daylight2 ! spectrum is se5 to be trav]s$ by black b&s 9 ! gre51 :i* are q *>act]i/ic4 ,among gem /ones !re are two :i* possess ?is curi\s prop]ty4 ,"o is ! v>iety ( r$ g>net kn[n z alm&9e1 & ! o!r is ! j>goon4 ,! alm&9e produces *>act]i/ic b&s 9 ! gre5 & ! j>goon 9 ! r$1 gre5 & blue portion ( ! spectrum4 ,to see ^! rem>kable absorption spectra1 to :i* att5tion 0 fir/ call$1 ,i ?9k1 by my fri5d1 ,pr(4 ,*ur*1 x is n necess>y to look ?r\gh ! /one1 x is q suffici5t to place x 9 a /rong light1 & look at x ?r\gh an ord9>y pocket spectroscope2 ! light :i* ent]s ! in/rum5t consi/s l>gely ( rays :i* h p5etrat$ ! /one1 & be5 reflect$ f ! facets at ! back4 ,^! rays produce ! absorption spectrum4 ,9 ?is way we are enabl$ to id5tify a j>goon or an alm&9e m]ely by look+ at x4 ,!re is no te/ s simple or s easy ( application4 ,x is curi\s t ! alm&9e1 or iron alum9um g>net1 is ! only g>net :i* pres5ts an absorptive spectrum1 & x is n yet c]ta9 to :at elem5t ! b&s are due4 ,9 ! case ( j>goon1 !y are suppos$ to be caus$ by ! pres5ce ( "s uranium comp\nd 9 ! m9]al4 ,all ! alm&9e g>nets :i* ,i h exam9$1 & ne>ly all ! j>goons1 %[ ^! *>act]i/ic absorption spectra4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,graph ( ,specific gravity vs ,refractive index ( gems ,by way ( summ>y1 ,i h ?\ght x desirable to indicate ! g5]al *>act]s ( preci\s /ones 9 a diagram1 :i* exhibits "s ( _! relation%ips & also "s ( _! diff]5ces 9 a graphic mann]4 ,opal1 :i* is a comp>atively light m9]al1 has a l[ refractive p[]2 zircon or j>goon is a heavy m9]al1 & has a high refractive p[]4 ,let n[ ! refractive p[] ( any m9]al 7z measur$ by its refractive index = yell[ light7 be repres5t$ by a correspond+ l5g? set (f f left to "r1 & let its d5sity 7z measur$ by its specific gravity7 be repres5t$ by a correspond+ l5g? measur$ d[nw>d4 ,fix+ 9 ?is way a po9t correspond+ to opal1 & ano!r repres5t+ ! "* ( zircon1 draw a /raight l9e f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,x w !n be f\nd t ! po9ts :i*1 by _! position on ! diagram1 repres5t ! specific gravity & refractive index ( ! v>i\s m9]als w be v ne>ly ^u ?is l9e2 t is to say1 z ! refractive index ( preci\s /ones increases1 s also does _! d5sity1 & ! two increase toge!r 9 a rem>kably regul> mann]4 ,x appe>s f ?is table t ^? m9]als :i*1 by _! high refractive p[]1 possess ! greate/ brilliancy1 possess also ! highe/ specific gravity or weight9ess2 t ! preci\s /ones are !re=e all heavy m9]als4 ,!re is also a r\gh g5]al correspond5ce betwe5 ^! *>act]s & ! h>dness ( ! /ones2 ! brilliant heavy m9]als are also g5]ally speak+ h>d4 ,two rem>kable exceptions display !mselves4 ,sph5e lies f> to ! "r ( ! position :i* x %\ld occupy accord+ to its specific gravity2 x possesses an extraord9>ily high refractive index1 & is1 !re=e1 an extremely brilliant gem /one4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a glance at ! scale ( h>dness %[s t x is1 un=tunately1 "o ( ! s(te/ ( ! possible gem /ones1 & t 9 ?is respect x is n v well fitt$ = jewelry4 ,diamond is /ill m rem>kable2 its refractive index places x at ! extreme "r ( ! diagram1 ) a refractive p[]1 & !re=e a brilliancy1 great] ?an t ( any o!r /one2 at ! same "t its h>dness exce$s t ( any m9]al1 & ?is comb9ation ( qualities r5d]s x ! *ief among gem /ones1 unequal$ = brilliancy & durability1 al?\gh n a heavy m9]al4 ,moreov]1 9 disp]sion1 & !re=e 9 fire1 x /&s alone4 ,m9]als :i* are heavi] ?an zircon1 su* z ! metallic sulphides & iron glance1 are unsuitable = gem /ones1 s9ce !y are ne>ly opaque1 b !y foll[ ! same law1 & possess a refractive p[] /ill great] ?an t ( zircon or ev5 diamond4 ,!re is "o o!r /one :i* is exceptional1 b 9 less degree & 9 ! o!r direction1 namely1 topaz1 ^: refractive index is n #a4g1 z x %\ld be by its position on ! l9e due to ! specific gravity1 b #a4fb2 ! po9t correspond+ to topaz mu/ !re=e be plac$ a %ort di/ance to ! left ( ! l9e4 ,x is curi\s t ^! ?ree exceptional /ones lie on ! same horizonal l9e1 hav+ all ! same specific gravity1 #c4e4 ,9 m5tion+ ! specific gravity ,i h introduc$ a prop]ty :i* is n ess5tial to w9 e/eem = a preci\s /one1 b "o :i* is ( great value 9 its id5tification4 ,we h next !n to consid] ^? prop]ties by :i* preci\s /ones may 9 practice be mo/ readily recogniz$4 ,! table %[s v cle>ly t specific gravity is "o su* prop]ty4 ,! mean+ ( specific gravity is easily expla9$4 ,a piece ( t\rmal9e ( any size weighs ?ree times z mu* z an equal volume ( pure wat] at #d ,c41 ! specific gravity ( t\rmal9e is !re=e said to be #c2 a piece ( alm&9e g>net ( any size weighs f\r times z mu* z an equal volume ( wat] "u ! same conditions1 & ! specific gravity ( g>net is !re=e #d4 ,n[ any sub/ance imm]s$ 9 wat] loses 9 weight by an am\nt exactly equal to t ( ! wat] displac$4 ,h5ce1 to asc]ta9 ! specific gravity x is only necess>y to susp5d ! /one by a f9e ?read to ! beam ( a balance & weigh x fir/ 9 air1 & !n imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,! fir/ weigh+ gives ! weight ( ! /one itself1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ weigh+ & ! second gives ! weight ( ! displac$ wat]2 h5ce ! specific gravity is f\nd at once by divid+ ! weight ( ! /one by ?is diff]5ce4 ,= v small /ones1 :]e ! weights conc]n$ are slight1 x is necess>y to use a ref9$ *emical balance4 ,b = ord9>y /ones a well made ,we/phal balance is suffici5t4 ,! ,we/phal balance is con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! common /eely>d4 ,at "o end ( ! beam is a c\nt]weight1 at ! o!r end ! /one is susp5d$2 ! beam is divid$ into t5 equal p>ts4 ,a weight c be susp5d$ on ! beam1 & its action1 ( c\rse1 v>ies ) its position on ! beam2 at ! t5? division f ! c5t] x has a value t5 times z great z at ! fir/ division4 ,! specific gravity is !n f\nd z foll[s3 ,fir/1 c\nt]poise ! c\nt]weight4 ,let ?is require a weight1 ,a1 on ! "r h& side ( ! beam4 ,next1 f9d ! weight necess>y to re/ore equilibrium :5 ! /one is susp5d$ f ! beam4 ,let ?is be ,b4 ,!n ,a-,b is ! weight ( ! /one 9 air4 ,next raise ! vessel ( di/ill$ wat] bel[ ! /one until x is imm]s$4 ,if ,c be ! weight n[ requir$ to re/ore equilibrium1 ,c-,b is ! loss ( weight 9 wat]1 &1 f9ally1 ! specific gravity is 7,a-,b7_/7,c-,b74 ,?is process is kn[n z hydro/atic weigh+1 & c be appli$ to any /one1 except su* z are v small4 ,great precautions mu/ be tak51 9 ord] to det]m9e ! specific gravity ) accuracy4 ,especially x is necess>y to free ! /one f all adh]+ bubbles ( air4 ,= ?is reason ! process ( hydro/atic weigh+ is a some:at labori\s "o4 ,n[1 9 ord] to id5tify a m9]al1 x ought to be unnecess>y to det]m9e exactly ! specific gravity1 provid$ t means c be devis$ = %[+ t its specific gravity is ! same z t ( "s kn[n sub/ance4 ,= purposes ( id5tification1 a comp>ative me?od is (t5 q z efficaci\s1 & mu* m easy ?an actual measurem5t4 ,?is may n[ be done by means ( c]ta9 heavy liquids4 ,wood floats 9 wat] because x is light] ?an wat]2 iron s9ks because x is heavi]2 b a sub/ance :i* possess$ exactly ! specific gravity ( wat] w\ld nei!r float nor s9k1 b w\ld rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! wat] l a balloon 9 midair4 ,tak51 !n1 a liquid :i* is heavy--! mo/ conv5i5t is me?yl5e iodide1 ^: specific gravity is #c4c--;a fragm5t ( zircon w s9k 9 ?is1 & a fragm5t ( t\rmal9e w float1 b a fragm5t ( ! m9]al augite1 ^: specific gravity is also #c4c1 w rema9 exactly susp5d$4 ,?is liquid1 !n1 enables "o to say ) c]ta9ty :e!r a giv5 /one has a specific gravity great] or less ?an #c4c2 9 ! "o case x w s9k1 9 ! o!r x w float4 ,b me?yl5e iodide fur!r possesses ! valuable prop]ty ( mix+ easily ) b5z5e1 :i* is a v light liquid4 ,e drop ( b5z5e add$ r$uces ! specific gravity ( ! mixture1 :i* c ?us easily be made to range betwe5 t ( *rysolite & t ( opal4 ,to id5tify any "o ( ! /ones :i* lie betwe5 ^? limits on ! diagram1 x is only necess>y to drop x into a te/ tube or small vessel conta9+ me?yl5e iodide--! /one w float--b5z5e is add$ drop by drop1 ! mixture be+ kept well /irr$ until a po9t is rea*$ at :i* ! /one nei!r s9ks nor floats4 ,!n diff]5t fragm5ts ( m9]al possess+ specific gravities betwe5 #c4c & #b4e are tak5 9 ord] ( increas+ d5sity & dropp$ into ! liquid2 ! /one "u exam9ation possesses a specific gravity betwe5 t ( ! la/ :i* float$ & ! fir/ :i* s9ks1 & ! limits may1 if necess>y1 be fur!r n>r[$ by comp>+ x ) o!r m9]al fragm5ts ( kn[n d5sity int]m$iate betwe5 ^? two4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is me?od is t ! size ( ! fragm5t does n affect ! result2 a m9ute fragm5t only j l>ge en\gh to be visible is equally conv5i5t2 9 fact1 m conv5i5t ?an a l>g] "o4 ,if a /one 9 ! r\gh is "u exam9ation1 a m9ute *ip c easily be tak5 f x1 & us$ = ! exp]im5t 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,! me?od is1 moreov]1 extremely s5sitive2 a m]e drop ( b5z5e add$ to a consid]able volume ( ! liquid is suffici5t to s5d to ! bottom a /one :i* 0 previ\sly float+4 ,s mu* = /ones ^: d5sity is less ?an t ( *rysolite4 ,z reg>ds ! d5s] m9]als1 x 0 until a %ort "t back impossible to te/ !m by any su* me?od2 !y all sank 9 ! heavie/ liquid available4 ,b n[1 ?anks to ! =tunate discov]y by ,dr4 ,retg]s ( ! rem>kable prop]ties ( ?allium silv] nitrate1 all ! kn[n gem /ones may be di/+ui%$ by a simil> process4 ,?is salt1 :i* may be prep>$ by fus+ toge!r 9 equal molecul> proportions nitrate ( silv] & nitrate ( ?allium1 possesses ! rem>kable prop]ty ( fus+ at a temp]ature f> bel[ t ( ei!r ( its con/itu5ts1 & well bel[ t ( boil+ wat]1 :ile at ! same "t ! fus$ salt possesses a specific gravity great] ?an t ( zircon4 ,! salt fuses at #ge ,c4 to a cle> colorless liquid 9 :i* zircon j floats2 x fur!r possesses ! useful prop]ty ( be+ miscible 9 all proportions ) wat]1 s t ! specific gravity c be r$uc$ to any desir$ ext5t by add+ wat]1 j z t ( me?yl5e iodide1 0 r$uc$ by add+ b5z5e4 ,! sub/ance c be kept liquid by ma9ta9+ x at a temp]ature above #ge ,c41 & ?is may easily be done by imm]s+ ! vessel 9 :i* x is conta9$ 9 wat] heat$ to ne> ! boil+ po9t4 ,9 ^! two liquids !n we h ! means ( produc+ a liquid ( any requir$ d5sity = ! discrim9ation ( gem /ones1 s9ce we c obta9 f "o or ! o!r a liquid 9 :i* any preci\s /one w be exactly susp5d$4 ,! nitrate might be us$ by itself to include ! :ole s]ies1 b x is m conv5i5t to use ! me?yl5e iodide :5 possible1 bo? because x c be employ$ at ord9>y temp]atures & because x is *eap] ?an ! nitrate4 ,bo? sub/ances d>k5 on exposure to light1 & %\ld be bo? kept & us$ 9 ! d>k z f> z possible3 !y are easily fre$ f ! liquid employ$ to dilute !m4 ,! b5z5e readily evaporates spontane\sly f ! me?yl5e iodide1 & ! wat] c be driv5 (f f ! dilut$ ?allium silv] nitrate by boil+4 7,to be cont9u$47 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,rese>* ,,on ,,! ,,liquefaction ,,( ,,helium4#a ,footnote #a3 ,translat$ f ! orig9al pap]1 by ,pr(4 ,k4 ,olszewski1 9 ! ,bullet9 de l',academie des ,sci5ces de ,cracovie = ,june1 #ahif1 ,e9 ,v]su*1 das ,helium zu v]flunig51 by ,morris ,trav]s1 & publi%$ 9 ,nature4 ,my exp]im5ts on ! liquefaction ( helium 7 c>ri$ out ) a sample ( t gas1 s5t to me by ,pr(4 ,ramsay f ,london1 9 a seal$ glass tube hold+ ab\t #adj c4 cm4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( r5d]+ him my mo/ s9c]e ?anks4 ,9 8 lett] ,pr(4 ,ramsay in=m$ me t ! gas _h be5 obta9$ f ! m9]al clevite1 & t x 0 q free f nitrog5 & o!r impurities1 :i* c\ld be remov$ by circulation ov] r$ hot magnesium1 oxide ( copp]1 soda lime1 & p5toxide ( phosphorus4 ,! d5sity ( ! gas 0 #b4acc & ! ratio ( its specific heats 7,cp_/,cv7 #a4feb1 ! latt] figure indicat+ t ! molecule ( helium 0 monatomic1 z _h already be5 f\nd to be ! case ) argon4 ,pr(4 ,ramsay fur!r in=m$ me t ! gas 0 only v slightly soluble 9 wat]1 #ajj c4 cm4 ( wat] dissolv+ sc>cely #j4g c4 cm4 ( helium4 ,f ! results ( my e>li] exp]im5ts ,i _h be5 l$ to expect t x w\ld be only possible to liquefy helium at a v l[ temp]ature2 ! small values obta9$ = ! d5sity & solubility ( ! gas1 toge!r ) ! fact t its molecule is monatomic1 indicat+ a v l[ boil+ po9t4 ,= ?is reason ,i did n consid] x necess>y to use liquid e?yl5e z a prelim9>y cool+ ag5t1 b proce$$ directly to conduct my exp]im5ts at ! l[e/ temp]ature t c\ld be produc$ by means ( liquid air4 ,! app>atus employ$ 9 ^! inve/igations is figur$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,! helium 0 conta9$ 9 ! glass tube1 c1 ( ! ,cailletet's app>atus1 ,c4 ,! tube1 c1 rea*$ to ! bottom ( a glass vessel1 a1 :i* 0 int5d$ to conta9 ! liquid air4 ,! vessel1 a1 0 surr\nd$ by ?ree glass cyl9d]s1 b1 b' & b1 clos$ at ! bottom & sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,! out] vessel1 b1 0 made j l>ge en\gh to fit into ! brass coll>1 o1 :i* support$ ! lid1 u1 ( ! app>atus4 ,! tube1 a1 fitt$ into an op5+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! lid2 ! tube1 t1 connect$ ) an app>atus deliv]+ liquid oxyg51 pass$ ?r\gh a hole on ! "r4 ,! vessel1 b1 0 also connect$ ) a m]cury manomet] & air pump by means ( a ,t tube1 p1 v1 "o arm ( :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ird hole 9 ! lid ( ! app>atus4 ,! tube1 a1 0 clos$ by a /opp]1 ?r\gh :i* pass$ ! tube1 c1 ( ! ,cailletet's app>atus1 a tube connect$ ) ! dry+ app>atus1 u1 u'1 & "o limb ( a ,t tube1 by means ( :i* ! manomet] & air pump c\ld be put 9 connection ) ! int]ior ( ! vessel4 ,! l[] "p ( ! :ole app>atus 0 inclos$ 9 a ?ick wall$ vessel1 e1 conta9+ a lay] ( phosphorus p5toxide4 ,by turn+ ! valve1 k1 ! vessel1 b1 c\ld be p>tially fill$ ) liquid oxyg51 :i*1 "u a pressure ( #aj mm4 ( m]cury1 boil$ at ab\t -#baj ,c4 ,almo/ imm$iately ! gase\s air began to cond5se & collect 9 ! tube1 a2 a supply ( fre% air 0 con/antly ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! dry+ tubes1 u & u'1 :i* 7 fill$ ) sulphuric acid & soda lime respectively4 ,:5 ! quantity ( liquid air ceas$ to increase1 ! tap on ! ,u tube1 u1 0 clos$1 ! ,t tube1 p' v'1 0 connect$ ) ! manomet] & air pump1 & ! liquid air 0 made to boil "u a pressure ( #aj mm4 ( m]cury4 ,9 ord] to protect ! liquid air f its w>m] surr\nd+s1 a v ?91 d\ble wall tube1 f1 rea*+ to ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! out] vessel1 0 plac$ inside ! tube1 a4 ,:51 z 9 "s ( my exp]im5ts1 liquid oxyg5 0 us$ 9 ! inn] vessel1 ?is "p ( ! app>atus 0 disp5s$ )4 ,illu/ration3 ,helium cool+ app>atus ,us+ ! app>atus ,i h j describ$1 ,i c>ri$ out two s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 9 :i* liquid air & liquid oxyg5 7 employ$ z cool+ ag5ts4 ,! tube ( ! ,cailletet's app>atus 0 ?or\ghly exhau/$ by means ( a m]cury pump1 & !n c>efully fill$ ) dry helium4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! helium1 conf9$ "u a pressure ( #abe atmosph]es1 0 cool$ to ! temp]ature ( oxyg5 boil+1 fir/ "u atmosph]ic pressure 7-#ahb4e71 & !n "u a pressure ( #aj mm4 ( m]cury 7-#baj74 ,! helium did n cond5se "u ^! conditions1 & ev5 :51 z 9 subsequ5t exp]im5ts1 ,i exp&$ ! gas till ! pressure fell to tw5ty atmosph]es1 & 9 "s cases to "o atmosph]e1 ,i c\ld n detect ! slighte/ indication t liquefaction _h tak5 place4 ,! fir/ "t t ,i compress$ ! gas ,i _h1 inde$1 notic$ t a small quantity ( a :ite sub/ance sep>at$ out & rema9$ at ! bottom ( ! tube :5 ! pressure 0 releas$4 ,possibly ?is may h be5 due to ! pres5ce ( a small trace ( impurity 9 ! helium1 b x c\ld n h con/itut$ m ?an #a p] c5t4 ( ! total volume ( ! gas4 ,9 ! second s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,i employ$ liquid air1 boil+ "u a pressure ( #aj mm4 ( m]cury4 ,! helium 0 fir/ conf9$ "u a pressure ( #adj atmosph]es1 & !n all[$ to exp& till ! pressure fell to tw5ty atmosph]es1 or1 9 "s cases1 to "o atmosph]e4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 also negative1 ! gas rema9$ p]fectly cle> dur+ ! expansion1 & n ! slighte/ trace ( liquid c\ld be detect$4 ,! boil+ po9t ( liquid air 0 tak51 f my previ\s det]m9ation1 to be -#bbj ,c4 7,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahhe1 p4 #bch74 ,?is numb] _c1 h[ev]1 be tak5 z a con/ant1 z ! liquid air1 boil+ "u r$uc$ pressure1 becomes gradually poor] 9 nitrog54 ,fur!r1 ! quantity ( nitrog5 lo/ by ! liquid air on p>tial evaporation v>ies n only ) ! rate ( boil+1 b ev5 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 liquefi$4 ,if air1 "u high pressure1 be cool$ fir/ to ! temp]ature ( boil+ e?yl5e1 & !n to -#aej ,c41 x liquefies1 &1 on r$uc+ ! pressure sl[ly1 liquid air is obta9$ boil+ "u atmosph]ic pressure4 ,dur+ ! process a consid]able quantity ( ! liquid air evaporates1 & ! proportion ( nitrog5 to oxyg5 9 ! rema9+ liquid is less ?an 9 air liquefi$ "u high pressure4 ,if ! liquid air obta9$ by ?is process be made to boil "u a pressure ( #aj mm4 ( m]cury1 ! proportion ( nitrog5 9 ! mixture cont9ues to decrease1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! l>ge quantity ( oxyg5 pres5t1 ! liquid does n solidify1 al?\gh its temp]ature is "s six degrees bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( nitrog54 ,:51 z 9 "s ( my =m] exp]im5ts1 ! air 0 liquefi$ "u normal pressure by means ( liquid oxyg5 boil+ "u a pressure ( #aj mm4 ( m]cury1 ! ratio ( nitrog5 to ! oxyg5 9 ! liquid air 0 ! same z 9 ! gase\s air f :i* x _h be5 produc$4 ,! liquid air1 obta9$ by direct cond5sation at normal pressure1 appe>$ to lose oxyg5 & nitrog5 ) ab\t equal rapidity1 & at ! end ( ! exp]im5t a consid]able quantity ( liquid nitrog5 rema9$ beh9d 9 ! app>atus4 ,on r$uc+ ! pressure to #aj mm4 ( m]cury ! nitrog5 solidifi$4 ,pr(4 ,dew> has /at$ t liquid air solidifies z su*1 ! solid product conta9+ a slightly small] p]c5tage ( nitrog5 ?an is pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,my exp]im5ts h prov$ ?is /atem5t to be incorrect2 liquid oxyg5 does n solidify ev5 :5 boil+ "u a pressure ( #b mm4 ( m]cury4 ,aft] c>ry+ ^! exp]im5ts to a successful conclusion1 ,i f\nd t x 0 yet necess>y to prove t1 on r$uc+ ! vapor pressure ( boil+ oxyg51 to a m9imum1 no correspond+ fall ( temp]ature takes place4 ,! vessel1 e1 0 p>tially fill$ ) liquid oxyg51 &1 by means ( a small siphon1 a small quantity ( ! liquid 0 all[$ to fl[ into ! tube1 a4 ,! inn] vessel1 a1 0 !n connect$ ) ! air pump & manomet]1 & ! pressure 0 r$uc$ to #b mm4 ( m]cury4 ,! oxyg5 rema9$ liquid & q cle>4 ,9 a second exp]im5t ! temp]ature ( ! liquid oxyg51 boil+ "u #b mm4 ( m]cury pressure1 0 measur$ by means ( a !rmomet]4 ,! temp]ature indicat$ lay above -#bbj ,c41 a temp]ature easily arriv$ at by means ( liquid air4 ,i1 !re=e1 conclud$ t liquid air 0 a mu* m effici5t cool+ ag5t ?an liquid oxyg51 & t x w\ld be q unnecess>y to make fur!r exp]im5ts on ! liquefaction ( helium4 ,9 e s+le in/ance ,i h obta9$ negative results1 &1 z f> z my exp]im5ts g1 helium rema9s a p]man5t gas1 & app>5tly mu* m difficult to liquefy ?an ev5 hydrog54 ,! small quantity ( ! gas at my disposal1 &1 inde$1 ! extreme r>ity ( ! m9]als f :i* x is obta9$1 compell$ me to c>ry out my inve/igation on a v small scale4 ,us+ a l>g] app>atus1 & work+ at a mu* high] pressure1 ,i c\ld h submitt$ ! gas to great] expansion4 ,fur!r1 ,i %\ld h be5 able to measure ! temp]ature ( ! gas at ! mom5t ( expansion by means ( a plat9um !rmomet]1 z ,i did :5 work+ ) hydrog52 b to make su* exp]im5ts ,i %\ld h requir$ #aj1 if n #ajj1 lit]s ( ! gas4 ,z ,i 0 unable to det]m9e ! temp]atures to :i* ,i cool$ ! gas1 by any exp]im5tal means1 ,i h be5 oblig$ to calculate !m f ,laplace's & ,poisson's =mula = ! *ange ( temp]ature 9 a gas dur+ adiabatic expansion4 ,t_/,t#a 7p_/p#a77k - #a_/k7 ,:]e3 ,t1 p are ! initial temp]ature & pressure ( ! gas4 ,t#a1 p#a are ! f9al temp]ature & pressure ( ! gas4 k is ! ratio 7cp_/cv7 :i*1 = a monatomic gas1 is #a4ff4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies ( exp]im5ts ! gas1 "u a pressure ( #abh atmosph]es1 0 cool$ d[n to -#baj ,c4 p ,t p#a ,t#a ,at4 ,deg4 ,at4 ,deg4 ,deg4 #abe -#baj ,c4 #ej -#bbi4c ,c4 #dc4g ,a4 444 444 #bj -#bdb4g ,c4 #cj4c ,a4 444 444 #aj -#bej4a ,c4 #bb4i ,a4 444 444 #e -#bee4f ,c4 #ag4d ,a4 444 444 #a -#bfc4i ,c4 #i4a ,a4 ,! results ( ^! calculations t5d to %[ t ! boil+ po9t ( helium lies bel[ -#bfd ,c41 at lea/ #bj l[] ?an ! value ,i h f\nd = ! boil+ po9t ( hydrog54 ,if ! boil+ po9t ( a gas be tak5 z a simple function ( its d5sity1 helium1 :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,ramsay's det]m9ation1 has a d5sity ( #b4acc1 m ?an d\ble t ( hydrog51 %\ld liquefy at a mu* high] temp]ature4 ,bo? argon & helium h mu* l[] boil+ po9ts ?an might be expect$1 judg+ f _! d5sities4 ,?is anomal\s condition may be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t 9 ea* case ! molecul> /ructure is monatomic1 z %[n by ! values obta9$ = ! ratios ( _! specific heats4 ,! p]man5t "* ( helium might be tak5 advantage ( 9 its application to ! gas !rmomet]4 ,! helium !rmomet] c\ld be us$ to advantage 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! critical temp]ature & boil+ po9t ( hydrog54 ,to det]m9e :e!r ! hydrog5 !rmomet] is ( any value at temp]atures bel[ -#aih ,c4 ,i c>ri$ out a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ,i measur$ ! temp]ature ( liquid oxyg5 boil+ "u r$uc$ pressure4 ,i made use ( ! id5tical !rmomet] tube employ$ by ,t4 ,e/rei*] 7,phil4 ,mag4 #e #dj1 #ed1 #ahih7 z a hydrog5 !rmomet] = ! same purpose1 & appli$ ! same corrections z 7 made 9 8 exp]im5ts4 ,temp]ature4 ,pressure ,helium ,!rmomet]4 ,hydrog5 ,!rmomet]4 ,mm4 ,deg4 ,deg4 #gda -#ahb4f ,c4 -#ahb4f ,c4 #bdj -#aia4h ,c4 -#aia4he ,c4 #ij4d -#aih4g ,c4 -#aih4ge ,c4 #ab -#bji4c ,c4 -#bji4b ,c4 #i -#baj4eg ,c4 -#baj4f ,c4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts prove t ! coeffici5t ( expansion ( hydrog5 does n *ange betwe5 ^! limits ( temp]ature1 & t ! hydrog5 !rmomet] is a p]fectly tru/wor?y in/rum5t ev5 :5 employ$ to measure ! v l[e/ temp]atures4 ,i h already po9t$ out 7,wi$4 ,ann41 ,bd4 xxxi1 #hfi1 #ahhg7 t ! gas !rmomet] c be us$ to measure temp]atures :i* lie ev5 bel[ ! critical po9t ( ! gas ) :i* ! in/rum5t is fill$4 ,= in/ance1 ! critical temp]ature ( hydrog51 :i* ,i h f\nd to be -#bcd4e ,c4 7,wi$4 ,ann41 #ef1 #acc2 ,phil4 ,mag4 #e #dj1 #bjb1 #ahih7 c be det]m9$ by means ( a hydrog5 !rmomet]4 ,! helium !rmomet] c\ld be us$ at mu* l[] temp]atures1 & w\ld probably give a m exact value = ! boil+ po9t ( hydrog5 ?an x is possible to obta9 by means ( a plat9um !rmomet]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,notes ,,on ,,spid]s4 ,by ,rev4 ,,samuel ,,b>b]4 ,! in/9ct ( spid]s 9 at once attack+ a vital "p ( _! antagoni/--z 9 ! case ( a !ridion but*]+ a cockroa* by fir/ b9d+ its legs & !n bit+ ! neck--is mo/ rem>kable2 b !y d n always h x _! own way4 ,a c]ta9 species ( mason wasp selects a c]ta9 spid] z food = its l>v1 &1 entomb+ fifte5 or sixte5 9 a tunnel ( mud1 fa/5s !m d[n 9 a p>alyz$ /ate z food = ! prospective grubs4 ,p]haps ! mo/ ent]ta9+ po9ts 9 connection ) spid]s are _! conc5tration ( en]gy1 _! amaz+ rapidity ( action1 & _! inscrutable me?ods ( transition & flotation4 ,dur+ ! pa/ autumn l>ge numb]s ( ^! creatures appe>$ at int]vals4 ,?us ,i obs]v$ a va/ network ( l9es t seem$ to h desc5d$ ov] ! t[n ( ,:it/able1 9 ,k5t1 & :i* 7 n visible ! day be=e or ! day aft]4 ,_m 7 fifte5 to tw5ty feet long2 !y /ret*$ f h\se to lamppo/1 f tree to tree1 f bu% to bu%2 & )9 six or sev5 feet ( ! gr\nd ,i c\nt$1 9 a g>d51 tw5ty-f\r or m p>allel /r&s4 ,! rapidity ) :i* spid]s "w may be ga!r$ f ! fact t1 :ile mov+ ab\t 9 my room1 ,i f\nd _! l9es /rung f ! v books ,i _h1 a mom5t be=e1 be5 us+4 ,insect life1 z might h be5 expect$ aft] s mild a w9t] & s dry a spr+ & summ]1 is 7#ahif7 int5sely exub]ant4 ,! balance is pres]v$ by a correspond+ numb] ( ,ara*nida4 ,on ,may #be & #bf ! ea/ wall ( ! vic>age ( ,burgh-by-s&s 0 coat$ ) a tissue ( web s delicate t x requir$ a v close scrut9y to detect x4 ,i c\ld f9d none ( ! sp9n]s4 ,e squ>e in* ( ! build+ appe>$ coat$ ) filmy l9es1 cross+ 9 places1 b mo/ly horizontal1 f nor? to s\?4 ,walk+ by ! edge ( a :eatfield 9 ,suffolk on ,may #ad1 ,i obs]v$ all ov] ! pa?1 :i* 0 crack$ ) ! dr\ght1 d>k objects flitt+ to & fro4 ,!y 7 spid]s--mo/ly ( ! hunt+ ord]4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s mu/ h occupi$ a mod]ate space ( ! field1 & ! cracks 9 ! p>*$ soil af=d$ !m a h&y retreat4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! visitation ( spid]s at ,:it/able dur+ ! autumn & w9t] ( #ahie-f1 x is "r to note t ! p ( t place reg>d !m z a sign ( an ea/ w9d4 ,9 ?is connection we c note ! fact ( ! ph5om5al cl\ds ( flies occurr+ at times on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl&2 & x w\ld be int]e/+ if obs]v]s c\ld asc]ta9 :e!r spid]s ev] cross ! ,*annel & accompany su* visitations ( insects4 ,! production ( ! flotation l9e1 & its me?od ( atta*m5t1 are ! two po9ts to :i* ,i ask ! att5tion ( obs]v]s4 ,is x n evid5t t air 7& probably at a high temp]ature7 mu/ be inclos$ )9 ! me%es ( ! sub/ance =m+ ! l9e :5 x passes f ! sp9n]ets into ! atmosph]e8 ,! creature ) ?is sub/ance )9 its body drops to ! gr\nd at once by =ce ( gravitation2 yet1 :5 emitt$1 ! v same sub/ance lifts x into ! air4 ,x has be5 usual to expla9 ! asc5t by ! kite pr9ciple1 i4e41 ! me*anical =ce ( ! contigu\s atmosph]e4 ,b air movem5ts1 especially on a small scale1 are s caprici\s & uncontrollable t1 )\t a directive =ce1 ! ph5om5a seem q inexplicable4 ,moreov]1 all my own obs]vations lead me to accept ! !ory ( a direct propell+ =ce1 & ,i c h>dly accept ! conclusions on ?is po9t ( ,mr4 ,blackwall1 ?\gh he is an au?ority on ! subject4 ,! int5se rapidity ) :i* ! initial movem5ts are made _c be reconcil$ ) any !ory ( simple atmosph]ic convection2 & illu/rations su* z ! foll[+ g to prove t spid]s possess ! faculty ( weight+ or cond5s+ ! ends ( _! ?reads1 & ?r[+ !m1 )9 limit$ di/ances1 to a po9t fix$ ^u4 ,i 0 writ+1 & _h two %eets ( qu>to be=e me4 ,p]ceiv+ a small spid] on ! pap] ,i rose & w5t to ! w9d[ to obs]ve x4 ,to te/ its p[] ( pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 ,i held ano!r %eet ab\t a foot f t on :i* ! creature 0 runn+4 ,x asc5d$ to ! edge1 & vani%$2 b 9 a mom5t ,i saw x l&+ ^u ! o!r %eet ?r\gh midair 9 a horizontal direction1 & pick+ up ! ?read z x advanc$4 ,9 ?is case !re 0 no air movem5t to facilitate1 nor any "t to ?r[ a l9e upw>d1 :i*1 inde$1 w\ld n h solv$ ! difficulty4 ,propulsion appe>s ! only explanation4 ,! next illu/ration is m m>vel\s1 & seems to indicate t "s species1 at any rate1 h ! p[] ( movem5t ?r\gh ! air 9 any direction at w4 ,"s ye>s ago1 at a d9n] p>ty 9 ,k5t1 f\r c&les be+ light$ on ! table1 ,i notic$ a ?read /rung f ! tip ( "o ( ! light$ c&les close to ! flame1 & atta*$ to ano!r c&le ab\t a y>d (f2 & all ! f\r lights 7 connect$ 9 ?is way1 & t by a web drawn q tight4 ,no little surprise 0 caus$ among ! gue/s on f9d+ t ! diamond =m ( ! web 0 complete4 ,no satisfactory explanation ( ?is has be5 (f]$1 & ,i c only sugge/ t ! sp9n] 0 susp5d$ at fir/ by a v]tical l9e f above1 & ?us sway$ itself to & fro1 f tip to tip ( ! c&les4 ,x 0 c]ta9 t ! spid] c\ld n h asc5d$ f ! table2 & x 0 equally c]ta9 t a]ial flotation ( ! l9e f a fix$ po9t 0 impossible1 z x involv$ float+ 9 f\r opposite directions4 ,i h se5 a creature ( ?is or a ne>ly alli$ species mov+ lat]ally ?r\gh ! air ( a room 9 ?is way4--,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eng9e]+ ,,notes4 ,,au/ria is turn+ out a new v>iety ( ,mannli*] repeat+ rifle = its army1 :i* is ! lighte/ rifle 9 ! _w1 weigh+ #c4c kilogrammes1 sev5 p\nds & f\r ounces1 in/ead ( #d4d kilogrammes1 n9e p\nds elev5 ounces1 ! weight ( ! old patt]n4 ,all ! individual p>ts 9 ! new rifle1 includ+ ! lock+ box1 ! magaz9e & ! b>rel1 are light] ?an 9 ! old4 ,! bayonet & %ea? are also made light]4 ,a ,,trolley express c> sy/em is n[ 9 successful op]ation 9 ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 ,! trolley sy/em ( ,brooklyn is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ! _w1 & _m ( ! outly+ di/ricts are n[ s]v$ ) great dispat*4 ,p>cels are collect$ by wagons1 !y are !n br\ght to ! c>s1 &1 aft] be+ c>ri$ to ! ne>e/ express /ation to _! de/9ation1 !y are !n transport$ aga9 by wagons4 ,on ,sundays ! c>s are run to c>ry bicycles4 ,,9 ,,/anislau oil gas is be+ a good deal us$ = inc&esc5t light+1 says ! ,gas ,_w4 ,! gas is us$ at a pressure ( f #a4a 94 to #a4b 94 ,:5 #a4g cubic feet p] h\r is us$ ! ,welsba* mantle gives #fi c&les at fir/1 #fe c&les aft] #abj h\rs1 #dh c&les aft] #ejj h\rs4 ,! fall 9 light+ p[] is comp>atively sl[ ) oil gas1 & ! mantles are n s mu* worn by light+ ! gas1 = ! k9d ( oil gas is n z explosive z t ( coal gas4 ,! mantles are f\nd to la/ f #djj to #fjj h\rs4 ,,dur+ ,,! con/ruction ( ! ,simplon tunnel e possible alleviation w be made = ! workm5 employ$1 says ! ,railway ,review4 ,on leav+ ! tunnel :5 !y are hot & wet ?r\gh !y w g at once to ! d\*e & ba?rooms provid$ = _! accommodation1 :]e1 aft] a refre%+ %[] ba?1 !y w resume _! dry clo!s4 ,! %$s f :i* ! workm5 leave ! tunnel are to be cov]$ 9 & clos$ at ! sides s z to protect !m f cold4 ,wat] w be tak5 at int]vals to ! workm5 :o may require x1 ei!r f ! pipe :i* fe$s ! drills or f t :i* br+s wat] = cool+4 ,no provision has be5 made z reg>ds workm5's lodg+s1 because x is suppos$ t !y w easily f9d accommodation 9 ! neighborhood4 ,z x is believ$ t ! temp]ature ( ! rock ( ! ,simplon tunnel may rea* a maximum ( #ajd ,f41 co/ly measures w h to be tak5 to cool ! air 9 _m p>ts :]e ! works are to be c>ri$ on4 ,,rec5t ,,developm5ts ,,9 ,,ligh?\se ,,eng9e]+ 0 ! title ( a pap] read rec5tly at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 by ,mr4 ,n4,g4 ,g$ye1 says ! ,colli]y ,gu>dian4 ,! au?or po9t$ out ! m>k$ developm5t :i* has ( late ye>s tak5 place 9 ! direction ( r$uc+ ! l5g? ( fla% emitt$ by ligh?\se app>atus to a m9imum1 & ! consequ5t increase obta9$ 9 int5sity4 ,! app>atus n[ be+ erect$ at ,cape ,leeuw91 ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 gives a fla% ( "o-fif? ( a second duration e five seconds4 ,x is ! mo/ p[]ful oil light 9 ! _w1 ! fla% be+ ov] #ade1jjj c&le p[] emitt$ f a pair ( dioptric l5ses m\nt$ on a m]cury float revolv+ once e t5 seconds4 ,ea* ( ! two l5ses is #h feet 9 diamet]4 ,! p[]s ( ^! oil lights are f> exce$$ by electric ligh?\se lights1 !re be+ sev]al 9 ,france up to #bc1jjj1jjj c&le p[]1 :ile !re has rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ at ,fire ,isl&1 at ! entrance to ,new ,york ,h>bor1 an electric light1 ( ,fr5* design & con/ruction1 ( #abc1jjj1jjj c&le p[]2 ?is is ! mo/ p[]ful ligh?\se light 9 ! _w4 ,,discuss+ ,,! use ( potassium cyanide = /eel-h>d5+ purposes1 ,t4,r4 ,almond1 ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y41 sugge/s t ?is salt assi/s ! h>d5+ process because ( its p[]ful deoxidiz+ prop]ties1 & also because x =ms a liquid film on ! surface ( ! /eel1 :i* causes a m p]fect contact betwe5 ! /eel & ! wat]1 !reby p]mitt+ a m rapid ab/raction ( heat4 ,! inevitable =mation ( a ?9 coat ( oxide is unfavorable to ! process ( rapid cool+2 & z rapid cool+ seems to be ! "o ?+ necess>y = success 9 h>dness1 any means us$ = ! removal ( a bad conductor ( heat1 l ! black oxide1 w be ( advantage1 & m especially if ?is means also results 9 ! =mation ( a liquid film on ! /eel surface hav+ ! aff9ity = wat] :i*1 x is well kn[n1 is peculi> to potassium cyanide4 ,mr4 ,almond recomm5ds ! removal ( all scale or oxide f ! surfaces ( /eel to be h>d5$1 ei!r by pickl+ or by ! cyanide4 ,/eel cov]$ ) a v ?9 film ( oxide w take ! heat less quickly :5 imm]s$ 9 hot lead ?an if ! /eel be bright be=e be+ imm]s$4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t1 because ( a film ( oxide1 heat w leave /eel m sl[ly :5 be+ cool$ by wat]4 ,,! ,,gigantic ,,:eel1 n[ be+ erect$ on ! site ( ! old b[l+ gre5 9 a corn] ( ! ,w9t] ,g>d5s1 ,blackpool1 0 comm5c$ on ,decemb] #a1 #ahie1 says ! ,build+ ,news4 ,! "w ( erect+ ! supports 0 n f9i%$ until ! ?ird week 9 ,m>*1 & !n ! mo/ difficult portion ( ! "w1 viz41 t ( hoi/+ ! axle1 0 comm5c$4 ,! axle1 a /eel =g+ weigh+ ov] #bh tons & measur+ ne>ly #da ft4 long & #bf 94 9 diamet]1 0 =g$ at ! works ( ,messrs4 ,w4 ,be>dmore ,company1 ( ,glasg[4 ,! axle & be>+s be+ fix$ complete1 ! "w ( build+ ! rims ( ! :eel w be pu%$ =w>d rapidly "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,b4 ,basset1 :o also built ! ,e>l's ,c\rt :eel4 ,! c>riages1 ?irty 9 numb]1 & ea* capable ( c>ry+ =ty p]sons1 are rapidly approa*+ completion 9 ! works ( ,messrs4 ,br[n1 ,m>%all ,company1 ( ,birm+ham4 ,! driv+ eng9es & mo/ ( ! int]m$iate ge>+ are already 9 position 9 ! eng9e h\se4 ,^! eng9es w op]ate two /eel wire ropes1 "o on ei!r side ( ! rim ( ! :eel1 & arrangem5ts h be5 made & provid$ = 9 su* ge>+ to enable ! :eel to be turn$ at a quick] spe$ ?an t at ,e>l's ,c\rt4 ,! ,blackpool :eel w be able to c>ry m pass5g]s p] h\r ?an its pr$ecessor 9 ,london4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ! great :eel are3 ,total height above sea level1 #bej ft42 total diamet] 7across c5t]s ( p9s71 #bjj ft42 total weight1 #a1jjj tons4 ,! solid axle is ( a diamet] ?r\gh ! j\rnals ( #b ft4 #b 941 a diamet] across ! flanges ( #e ft4 #c 941 l5g? ov] all #da ft41 & weight #bh tons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,notes4 ,,portraits ( ,morse & ,fulton are pr9t$ on ! rev]se ( ! new two doll> silv] c]tificate1 af=d+ a relief to ! dre>y monotony ( ex-presid5ts1 g5]als & /atesm54 ,a ,,mon/] electric elevator is to be erect$ at ,allegh5y1 ,pa4 ,x w be l>ge en\gh to c>ry up sev]al wagons at once4 ,! new elevator w save a trip ( a mile & a qu>t]4 ,,an ,,excursion ,,trolley c> on ! ,milwaukee ,/reet ,railway has #gjj inc&esc5t lights4 ,! c> is #cb feet ov] all4 ,! plat=ms are #e foot4 ,! floor ( ! c> is c>pet$ & a few tables = refre%m5ts are provid$4 ,,am/]dam w h next ye> an int]national exhibition ( hotel arrangem5ts & accommodations = travel]s4 ,among ! features ( ! exhibition w be an electric re/aurant1 )\t wait]s1 9 :i* visitors w be s]v$ automatically ) a complete d9n] on press+ an electric button4 ,,pr(4 ,,flem+ has %[n by exp]im5ts t ) a #b1jjj volt alt]nat+ curr5t ) a wat] resi/ance1 t ! latt] is q non-inductive1 & t ! read+s ( ! amp]es may be tak51 says ! ,electrical ,_w1 z a measurem5t ( ! voltage1 & ! product ( ! volts & amp]es w repres5t correctly ! p[] consum$4 ,,our contempor>y1 ,! ,eng9e]1 sugge/s do+ away ) w9dsails on bo>d /eam]s entirely & sub/itut+ electric fans4 ,9 w>%ips ! fan ought to be plac$ :]e room c be f\nd = x l[ d[n 9 ! %ip1 f> bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,an electrically driv5 horizontal fan1 ) its motor1 c be got into ! ?ickness ( a deck ) its beams1 if ne$s be4 ,?is w\ld cle>ly be bett] ?an dep5d+ on a flimsy con/ruction1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly be greatly damag$1 if n entirely %ot away1 9 action4 ,if cle> decks are want$1 ! w9dsail is ab\t z inconv5i5t z x is ugly1 & t is say+ a great deal4 ,,s9ce ,janu>y #a1 la/1 a new & r$uc$ telephone t>iff has be5 9 =ce 9 ,switz]l&1 & f reports to h& x appe>s to h work$ satisfactorily all r\nd4 ,! =m] *>ge p] annum = a telephone1 ) an annual limit ( #hjj conv]sations1 0 #hj francs 7#c #ds47 ,! new t>iff n[ 9 =ce is #dj francs 7#a #abs47 p] annum1 plus an additional *>ge ( #e c5times = ea* local connection4 ,! *>ges = int]urban connections1 ) a "t limit ( ?ree m9utes1 are z foll[s3 ,up to a di/ance ( ?irty-"o miles1 #c d42 up to sixty-two miles1 #e d42 & above sixty-two miles1 #g d4 ,! telephone sy/em ?r\gh\t ,switz]l& is own$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & ! s]vice1 says ! ,electrician1 is fir/ class 9 e respect4 ,,!re ,,are ?ree ways by :i* high temp]ature may be measur$1 says ! ,electrical ,eng9e]1 ,london4 ,! fir/ uses an air !rmomet] ( refractory mat]ial2 ! second dep5ds on ! *ange 9 ! resi/ance ( a plat9um wire ) *ange 9 temp]ature2 & ! ?ird is bas$ on ! employm5t ( a !rmo c\ple ( relatively infusible metals4 ,accord+ to ,messrs4 ,holborn & ,w4 ,we91 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ,wi$emann's ,annal51 ! air !rmomet] me?od 0 valueless until rec5tly1 z suitable vessels c\ld n be made4 ,b n[ ^! are produc$ f refractory clays1 & p]mit ( measurem5ts up to #a1ejj ,c4 7#b1gcb ,f47 ,! results are1 h[ev]1 vitiat$ by ! effects ( capill>ity 9 ! int]ior ( ! vessel4 ,! resi/ance me?od has also its disadvantages4 ,at high temp]atures ! resi/ance g5]ally increases1 b ! temp]ature coeffici5t is irregul>4 ,! pres5ce ( free hydrog5 also affects ! resi/ance4 ,! ?ird or !rmopile me?od is favor$ by ! au?ors1 :o pref] a circuit ( plat9um & an alloy ( plat9um ) t5 p] c5t4 ( rhodium4 ,temp]atures up to #a1fjj ,c4 7#b1iab ,f47 c be measur$ by x1 & x is rem>kably con/ant "u v>i\s conditions4 ,,! ,,london ,,electrician /ates t at a special meet+ ( ! ,s\? ,african ,philosophical ,society held on ,augu/ #b1 a lecture on ! above subject 0 deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,a4,p4 ,trott]1 ,gov]nm5t ,electrician & ,inspector4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! lecture ! lectur] rang up ! ,capet[n ,telephone ,ex*ange1 & ask$ if any ( ! long] po/ (fice telegraph l9es 7 cle>4 ,! ,port ,elizabe? l9e 0 !n connect$ up1 & by means ( a ,:eat/one bridge on ! lecture table1 ! resi/ance ( ! l9e 0 measur$4 ,! lectur] !n obs]v$ t1 ) ! extremely s5sitive in/rum5t us$ 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,electrical ,laboratory1 x 0 n necess>y to use ord9>y electric batt]ies = signal+ to su* a di/ance z to ,port ,elizabe?4 ,he disconnect$ ! batt]y1 &1 plung+ a /eel knife & silv] =k into an orange1 s5t signals by means ( ! feeble curr5t ?us g5]at$4 ,he !n ask$ ! front r[ ( ! audi5ce to jo9 h&s1 &1 putt+ !m 9 ! circuit1 s5t signals ?r\gh _! bodies to ,port ,elizabe? & back by means ( ! orange cell4 ,z a conclud+ exp]im5t an omelette 0 made "u "s disadvantages1 & ! co/ ( ! electrical en]gy 0 /at$ to be only two c5ts4 ,,! ,,"q ( injury to ! eyes f ! electric light is be+ prom95tly discuss$ by sci5ti/s1 oculi/s1 & laym5 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 says ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,photography4 ,:ile op9ion widely diff]s z to ! ultimate injury likely to result f ! rapidly increas+ use ( electricity1 ! cons5sus ( op9ion is t light f uncov]$ or uncolor$ globes is work+ damage to eyesight ( humanity4 ,9 a discussion ( ! subject a ,london electric light j\rnal 9 def5d+ its trade feels call$ ^u to make "s important admissions4 ,x says3 ',x is n cu/om>y to look at ! sun1 & n ev5 ! mo/ en?usia/ic electrician w\ld sugge/ t nak$ arcs & inc&esc5t filam5ts 7 objects to be gaz$ at )\t limit4 ,b nak$ arc lights are n usually plac$ s z to come )9 ! l9e ( sight1 & :5 !y d s accid5tally1 :atev] may result1 ! injury to ! eye is q p]ceptible4 ,! filam5t ( a gl[ lamp1 on ! o!r h&1 is mo/ likely to meet ! eye1 b a fro/$ bulb is an extremely simple & common way ( entirely gett+ ov] t difficulty4 ,! :ole tr\ble c be easily rem$i$ by ! use ( prop]ly fro/$ or color$ glass globes4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! actual p]man5t injury to ! eye by ! gl[+ filam5t is no great] ?an t due to an ord9>y gas flame4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,,miscellane\s ,,notes4 ,,rubb] trees are report$ f\nd gr[+ 9 ,manatee ,c\nty1 ,fla4 ,,japan proposes to build up h] comm]cial navy by giv+ subsidies to %ip build]s on e ton above #a1jjj1 & to %ip own]s = %ips ( #a1jjj tons t c make t5 knots an h\r1 ! subsidy be+ increas$ = e #ejj tons additional burd5 or e knot additional spe$4 ,,rosa ,,bonheur began to "w s]i\sly at pa9t+ :5 %e 0 ab\t fifte51 & donn$ male attire s t %e c\ld g ab\t )\t attract+ att5tion4 ,%e wore x s naturally t no "o ev] suspect$ h] ( be+ a girl1 & f\nd x s com=table t %e has worn x ev] s9ce to "w 94 ,%e & ,mme4 ,dieulafoy1 ! wife ( ! explor]1 are ! only two wom5 9 ,france :o are legally au?oriz$ to appe> 9 public 9 m5's clo!s4 ,a ,,device = p]mitt+ ! unsophi/icat$ gue/ to bl[ out ! gas 9 8 b$room at ! city hotel )\t inconv5i5ce to himself or anybody else has be5 devis$4 ,! gas burn] is made ( a metal hav+ great expansive & contractive prop]ties4 ,! gas is turn$ on 9 ! regul> way & a small screw is turn$ :i* admits a small fl[ ( gas ?r\gh ! burn]4 ,! gas is light$1 & ! heat exp&s ! metal & automatically op5s a valve p]mitt+ a full fl[ ( gas4 ,! gas c be turn$ (f 9 ! ord9>y way1 b if ! gas is bl[n out ! metal contracts1 clos+ ! valve1 & all ! gas t escapes is ! v small quantity admitt$ by ! screw valve4 ,a ,,movem5t is on foot 9 ,europe hav+ = its object ! secur+ ( a complete c5sus ( ! inhabitants ( all ! civiliz$ c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,) ?is end 9 view ! sev]al gov]nm5ts are to be approa*$ ) ! reque/ t !y w endeavor to decide ^u a mutual date = c\nt+ ! p "u _! v>i\s jurisdictions4 ,h]et(ore ! diff]5t c\ntries h tak5 _! c5sus on diff]5t dates1 & x has be5 impossible to obta9 accurate /ati/ics 9 reg>d to ! _w's population at any "o p>ticul> p]iod4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! la/ ye> ( ! pres5t c5tury or ! fir/ ye> ( ! com+ c5tury w\ld be ! mo/ appropriate date = obta9+ /ati/ics4 ,,( ,,! #cgf suicides :o end$ _! lives 9 ,new ,york la/ ye>1 by f> ! great] numb] 7 divorc$ p1 says ! ,m$ical ,review4 ,f a table prep>$ = ! ye> #ahie1 x is %[n t !re 7 9 ,g]many dur+ t ye> #b1hcd suicides ( m5 ei!r divorc$ or sep>at$ f _! wives & #idh suicides ( wid[]s1 z aga9/ only #bhf suicides ( m>ri$ m54 ,x is also %[n t #cdc wom5 sep>at$ f _! husb&s & #abd wid[s di$ by _! own h&s1 9 contra/ ) #fa m>ri$ wom5 & #hg unm>ri$4 ,9 ,wurtemburg1 to e million inhabitants1 !re are #a1edj lunatics among divorcs or wom5 sep>at$ f _! husb&s & #cch among ! wid[s1 :ile !re are only #bbd among unm>ri$ wom54 ,!re are #a1dhd lunatics among ! m5 :o are divorc$ or sep>at$ f _! wives1 #cch among ! wid[]s1 & only #bcf among ! ba*elors4 ,,! ,,qu>t]ly li/ ( ,am]ican t9 plate works1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,metal ,work] a %ort "t ago1 %[s t on ,july #a !re 7 ?irty-six complete t9 plate plants roll+ _! own black plates 9 actual op]ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ?ree 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,! active plants possess$ an aggregate ( #agi t9 mills1 hav+ an e/imat$ ye>ly capacity ( ab\t #e1ejj1jjj boxes ( t9 plates4 ,9 addition to ^! e/abli%m5ts !re 7 ?irty-"o t9 plate dipp+ works1 )\t roll+ mills1 possess+ an aggregate ( #afi t9n+ sets4 ,at ! end ( ,june ! production ( ,am]ican t9 plate is e/imat$ to h be5 go+ on at ! rate ( ov] #d1jjj1jjj boxes ye>ly4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ! ,new ,ca/le ,/eel & ,t9 ,plate ,company1 ( ,new ,ca/le1 ,pa41 has complet$ l>ge ext5sions to its works1 mak+ x an eighte5-mill plant4 ,?is gives ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! l>ge/ & mo/ complete t9 plate works 9 ! _w4 ,its annual capacity is ?ree-qu>t]s ( a million boxes4 ,,! ,,moniteur ,,v9icole has rec5tly publi%$ a /atem5t %[+ ! w9e production ( ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,f ?is /atem5t x appe>s ! yield 9 ,france am\nt$ 9 ! ye>s #ahie & #ahid to #ehg1abg1jjj gallons & #hei1afb1jjj gallons respectively2 9 ,alg]ia to #hc1edi1jjj & #hj1abd1jjj gallons2 ,tunis1 #c1ief1jjj & #c1icf1jjj3 ,italy1 #dfi1eee1jjj & #eci1jjj1jjj2 ,spa9 #cgi1ejj1jjj & #ebh1jjj1jjj2 ,portugal1 #dc1hij1jjj & #cc1jjj1jjj2 ,azores1 ,can>ies1 & ,madeira1 #d1fbj1jjj & #b1fdj1jjj2 ,au/ria1 #ff1jjj1jjj & #hh1jjj1jjj2 ,hung>y1 #fc1jcj1jjj & #df1ajc1jjj2 & ,g]many1 #hj1aij1jjj & #aaj1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,9 ,turkey & ,cyprus ! production la/ ye> am\nt$ to #eb1hjj1jjj gallons1 & ?is comp>es ) an av]age yield ( #dj1jjj1jjj gallons4 ,9 ,bulg>ia ! yield 0 #bf1djj1jjj gallons2 ,s]via1 #ag1fjj1jjj2 ,greece1 #ce1bjj1jjj2 ,r\mania1 #fh1fdj1jjj2 ,switz]l&1 #bg1ejj1jjj2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #hi1gjj1jjj2 ,mexico1 #a1ihj1jjj2 ,arg5t9e ,republic1 #bi1gjj1jjj2 ,*ile1 #cc1jjj1jjj1 ,brazil1 #g1gjj1jjj2 ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #b1dbj1jjj2 ,p]sia1 #eid1jjj2 & ,au/ralia1 #c1cjj1jjj gallons4 ,,! ,hi/orical ,museum ( ,hesse ,cassel1 9 ,g]many1 says ! ,c>p5t] & ,build]1 conta9s a mo/ rem>kable collection ( curiosities4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a wood5 libr>y1 compos$ ( five hundr$ & =ty volumes ( folio & qu>to sizes4 ,! books are made ( ! diff]5t specim5s ( trees f\nd 9 ! fam\s p>k ( ,wilhelm%oehe4 ,on ! back ( ea* ( ^! s+ul> books is pa/$ a l>ge %ield ( r$ morocco1 :i* be>s ! popul> & sci5tific names ( ! tree & ! family to :i* x belongs4 ,ea* label is inlaid ) "s ( ! b>k ( ! tree1 ! moss & li*51 & a drop or two ( ! res91 if ! tree produces x4 ,! upp] edge ( ! book %[s ! tree 9 its y\?1 cut f a horizontal section1 ) ! sap 9 ! c5t] & ! ecc5tric circles4 ,! same me?od prevails ) ! l[] edge1 %[+ ! *anges t h tak5 place4 ,! int]ior ( ! book1 9 ! %ape ( a box1 conta9s 9 manuscript ! hi/ory ( ! tree1 ) num]\s h9ts z to its treatm5t1 capsules fill$ ) se$s1 buds1 roots1 leaves1 & s on4 ,! inn] sides %[ ! div]se trans=mations :i* take place f bloom to fruit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,select$ ,,=mul4 ,,ambrosia ,,sirup4-- ,raspb]ry sirup444444444444444444444 #h vol4 ,vanilla sirup44444444444444444444444 #h ,hock w9e444444444444444444444444444 #a ,,amycose4-- ,%av$ ice44444444444444444444444444 tumbl]ful4 ,raspb]ry juice444444444444444444444 #a fl4 oz4 ,orange sirup444444444444444444444444 #b ,juice ( half an orange4 ,%ake well1 add soda wat]1 & be=e s]v+ add a small1 ?9 slice ( orange or p9eapple4 ,s]ve ) two /raws 9 a #ad oz4 tumbl]4 ,,banana ,,sirup4-- ,cut ! fruit 9 slices & place !m 9 a j>2 spr9kle ) sug> & cov] ! j>1 :i* is !n envelop$ 9 /raw & plac$ 9 cold wat]1 & ! latt] is heat$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! j> is !n remov$1 all[$ to cool1 & ! juice is p\r$ into bottles4 ,,banana ,,cream4-- ,%av$ ice44444444444444444444444444 tumbl]ful4 ,banana sirup444444444444444444444444 #b fl4 oz4 ,cream ( milk44444444444444444444444 #h ,%ake well1 add a few pieces ( banana1 & fill ) soda wat]1 us+ ! f9e /ream1 & s]ve 9 a #ab oz4 tumbl] ) a spoon & /raws4 ,,*>lotte ,,russe4-- ,%av$ ice44444444444444444444444444 tumbl]ful4 ,vanilla sirup44444444444444444444444 #a fl4 oz4 ,cream4444444444444444444444444444444 #f ,"o egg4 ,%ake & fill ) soda wat]1 us+ ! f9e /ream4 ,s]ve 9 a #ad oz4 tumbl] ) a spoon2 x w h a head l a *>lotte russe4 ,,*ocolate ,,sirup4-- ,be/ *ocolate4444444444444444444444 lb4 ,gelat944444444444444444444444444444 #c oz4 ,wat]4444444444444444444444444444444 #d pts4 ,sug>4444444444444444444444444444444 #g lb4 ,! *ocolate & gelat9 are dissolv$ 9 ! wat] by boil+1 & !n ! sug> is add$ & /irr$ until dissolv$2 or1 ,*ocolate444444444444444444444444444 lb4 ,glyc]94444444444444444444444444444 #ab fl4 oz4 ,heat toge!r on hot wat] ba? until ! *ocolate is melt$1 con/antly /irr+1 & !n add en\gh sirup to make #a gallon4 ,! sirup mu/ be add$ 9 small portions at fir/1 "u con/ant /irr+1 & ! result w be a sup]ior sirup4 ,extract ( vanilla may be add$ if x is desir$ to fur!r improve ! ta/e4 ,,clam ,,juice ,,%ake4-- ,clam juice44444444444444444444444444 #a fl4 oz4 ,milk44444444444444444444444444444444 #b ,soda wat]44444444444444444444444444 #e ,add a p9* ( salt & a little :ite pepp] to ea* glass2 %ake well4 ,,c(fee ,,sirup4-- ,mo*a c(fee444444444444444444444444 lb4 ,java c(fee4444444444444444444444444 ,boil+ wat]44444444444444444444444 #a gal4 ,granulat$ sug>44444444444444444444 #aj lb4 ,boil toge!r1 or pass ?r\gh a suitable filt] c(fee pot1 until "o gallon ( infusion is obta9$2 let x settle & add ! sug>4 ,,egg ,,lemonade4-- ,%av$ ice44444444444444444444444444 tumbl]ful4 ,"o egg4 ,juice ( "o l>ge lemon4 ,p[d]$ sug>4444444444444444444444 #c teaspoonfuls4 ,wat]4444444444444444444444444444444 #f fl4 oz4 ,%ake ?or\ghly4 ,draw a small quantity ( soda wat]1 f9e /ream only1 & grate a little nutmeg on top4 ,,egg ,,phosphate4-- ,draw into a ?9 #i oz4 tumbl]1 #b oz4 ( ,maltese 7r$7 orange sirup1 & add an egg1 a few squirts ( acid phosphate1 & a small piece ( ice2 %ake well1 fill %ak] ) soda wat]--us+ ! l>ge /ream only--& /ra94 ,,orange ,,phosphate4-- ,,r$ ,,orange ,,phosphate4 ,r$ orange sirup44444444444444444444 #f p9ts4 ,orange w9e4444444444444444444444444 #a ,p9eapple sirup444444444444444444444 #a ,acid solution phosphates444444444444 #h fl4 oz4 ,,tang]9e ,,phosphate4 ,tang]9e sirup444444444444444444444 #g p9ts4 ,p9eapple sirup444444444444444444444 ,muscatel4444444444444444444444444444 ,acid solution ( phosphates444444444 #h fl4 oz4 --,montreal ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal4 ,,am]ican ,,metal ,,poli%+ ,,pa/e4-- ,bohemian ,tripoli p[d]4444444444444 #a p\nd4 ,spani% :it+444444444444444444444 #a ,comm]cial r$ oxide ( iron44444444 ,common petrol9-burn+ oil444444444 #a ounce4 ,glyc]9e444444444444444444444444444 q4 s4 ,wat]4444444444444444444444444444444 q4 s4 ,oil ( citronella4444444444444444444 ounce4 ,?or\ghly mix ! p[d]s1 !n add ! petrol91 etc4--,mag4 ,ph>macy4 ,,cem5t ,,= ,,porcela9 ,,lett]s4-- ,solution sodium silicate444444444444 #cj p>ts4 ,slak$ lime4444444444444444444444444 #de ,mix1 & add3 ,li?>ge4444444444444444444444444444 #cj p>ts4 ,glyc]9e44444444444444 quantities suffici5t4 ,make a pa/e1 & use imm$iately4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,great ,,krupp ,,works4 ,m ?an #a1bej1jjj tons ( coal are consum$ ye>ly by ! fam\s ,krupp works at ,ess51 ,we/phalia1 comm5c$ 9 #ahaj by ,pet] ,fri$ri* ,krupp1 & n[ 9 ! possession ( ,h]r ,fri$ri* ,krupp1 memb] ( ! ,rei*/ag4 ,! e/abli%m5t consi/s1 accord+ to ! ,eis5 ,zeitung1 ( two /eel works1 ) #ae ,bessem] conv]t]s2 f\r /eelworks1 ) ,siem5s-,m>t9 op5 he>? furnaces2 iron1 /eel & brass f\ndries2 puddl+1 melt+1 reheat+ & anneal+ furnaces2 draw b5*es2 a h>d5+ & temp]+ dep>tm5t2 file manufactory2 roll+ mills = plates1 rails & tires2 railway spr+ & :eel manufactory2 /eam hamm]s1 =ges1 axle turn+ %op1 boil] %op1 eng9e]+ & repair %op4 ,besides ! above & _m o!r dep>tm5ts1 at ,ess51 connect$ ) ! mak+ ( cannons1 !re are /eel works at ,ann51 9 ,we/phalia1 ?ree colli]ies 9 ,we/phalia1 besides p>ticipation 9 sev]al o!rs2 #edg iron m9es 9 ,g]many2 v>i\s iron m9es at ,bilboa1 9 ,spa92 f\r iron works1 includ+ "o at ,duisburg1 "o at ,eng]s1 "o at ,neuwid1 & "o at ,sahn2 v>i\s qu>ries ( clay1 s&/one1 etc42 f\r /eam]s1 & artill]y gr\nd at ,mepp51 ,hanov]4 ,! prop]ty own$ ext5ds ov] #igd hect>es1 & ! numb] ( h&s employ$ 9 ! m9es & /eelworks is #be1cja4 ,!re are altoge!r #a1ejj furnaces ( v>i\s k9ds1 #c1jjj eng9es & ma*9e tools1 #bb roll tra9s1 #aaa /eam hamm]s1 #b hydraulic presses1 #bfc /ation>y boil]s1 #dba /eam eng9es1 repres5t+ toge!r a =ce ( #cc1aci horse p[]1 & #dcj cranes1 includ+ travel]s1 hav+ a collective lift+ p[] ( #d1ffb tons4 ,! total l5g? ( ! %aft+ is #h4h kiloms4 7#e miles71 & t ( railways1 /&>d & small gage1 #he kiloms4 7#ec miles71 work$ by #cb regul> tra9s1 ) #cc locomotives4 ,! annual consumption ( coal am\nts to #a1bec1afa tons1 & t ( light+ gas to #ab1jjj1jjj cubic met]s1 :ile !re are #egc arc & #a1hjd inc&esc5t electric lamps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,physics ,,)\t ,,app>atus4 ,! ,*a9 & ! ,/r+4--,to ! extremity ( a /r+ ab\t #ah 94 9 l5g? atta* a *a9 ab\t #ae 94 9 l5g?1 ! extremities ( :i* are unit$4 ,hold+ ! /r+ v]tically betwe5 ! f+]s1 give x a rapid rot>y motion4 ,! *a9 w fir/ op5 out z se5 at ,a ( ! figure4 ,^u increas+ ! velocity ( rotation1 x w be ?r[n out f>!r & f>!r until x f9ally =ms a circle 9 a horizontal plane4 ,9 ?is motion1 ! /r+ =ms a sort ( conoidal surface1 di/5d$ by c5trifugal =ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,*a9 & ! ,/r+ ,b ( ! figure gives ! exact aspect t ! arrangem5t (f]s to ! eye dur+ ! revolution4 ,9 ! same way1 a p5hold] atta*$ by "o ( its extremities to a /r+ assumes an almo/ horizontal position4 ,?is exp]im5t illu/rates ! pr9ciple ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,a ,co9 ,roll+ ,^u a ,p>asol4--,9 treatises ^u physics & me*anics in]tia is def9$ z foll[s3 ,no p>ticle ( matt] 9 a /ate ( re/ possesses )9 itself ! p[] ( putt+ itself 9 motion2 or1 if x be mov+1 ( br++ itself to a /ate ( re/4 ,z an example ( ?is pr9ciple1 we may recall "h ! trick p]=m$ by c]ta9 juggl]s1 & t consi/s 9 mak+ a co9 roll ov] ! top ( a ,japanese pap] p>asol4 ,! p>asol is revolv$ v rapidly1 &1 to ! eyes ( ! spectator1 ! co9 seems to rema9 immovable4 ,x is1 9 reality1 ! p>asol t revolves "u ! co94 ,break+ ,/ones ) ! ,fi/4--,x is ?r\gh ! live =ce acquir$1 or in]tia at re/1 t /ones are brok5 by a bl[ ( ! fi/4 ,?is exp]im5t is p]=m$ z foll[3 ,! "r h& be+ prop]ly b&ag$ ) a h&k]*ief1 ! /one to be brok5 is tak5 ) ! left & all[$ to re/ ^u a l>g] /one or ^u an anvil4 ,!n ! /one to be brok5 is /ruck ) ! "r fi/1 :ile c>e is tak5 to raise x a slight di/ance above ! anvil j be=e ! fi/ t\*es x4 ,! /one !n takes on ! velocity ( ! fi/ t /rikes x1 & com+ into viol5t contact ) its support1 is v promptly brok54 ,z simple z ?is exp]im5t is1 x always surprises ! spectators4 ,exp]im5t on ,in]tia4--,x is n impossible to remove f a table set = a gue/ a l>ge napk9 employ$ 9 lieu ( a table clo?1 )\t dis>rang+ ! objects plac$ ^u x4 ,to ?is effect1 x suffices to give ! napk9 a quick horizontal j]k 9 /iff5+ ! edges held by ! h&s4 ,we recomm5d our read]s to try ?is exp]im5t only ) table w>e ( slight value1 = "o _c always be sure ( succe$+ imm$iately4 ,t9w>e may be employ$ v advantage\sly4 ,! ,dice & ! ,dice ,box4--,a dice box & two dice are held 9 ! h&1 & ! "q is to ?r[ "o die into ! air & cat* x 9 ! box4 ,?is is n difficult1 b ! difficulty is to cause ! second to ent]1 = if ?is be ?r[n into ! air1 ! fir/1 :i* is already 9 ! box1 w fly into ! air likewise & fall outside4 ,9 ord] to make ! second ent] :ile ! fir/ is already 9 ! box1 x mu/ n be ?r[n into ! air1 b ! h& & ! box mu/ be quickly l[]$ 9 free+ x1 s t ! fir/ die1 :i* is 9 ! box1 %all be at a less height ?an ! second1 :i* is 9 ! f+]s4 ,! dice fall less quickly ?an ! h& & ! box4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates4--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4,y44 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican4 ,^? :o contemplate build+ %\ld n fail to subscribe4 ,,only #b4ej ,a ,,ye>4 ,ea* numb] conta9s elevations & plans ( a v>iety ( c\ntry h\ses2 also a h&some ,,color$ ,,plate4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,catalogues ,a ,catalogue ( ,valuable ,pap]s conta9$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address2 also1 a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$ = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?ors4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cja ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts6 ,,messrs4 ,,munn ,,co41 9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 cont9ue to exam9e improvem5ts1 & to act z ,solicitors ( ,pat5ts = ,inv5tors4 ,9 ?is l9e ( bus9ess !y haw _h ne>ly fifty ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h unequall$ facilities = ! prep>ation ( ,pat5t ,draw+s1 ,specifications1 & ! prosecution ( ,applications = ,pat5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 & ,=eign ,c\ntries4 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 also att5d to ! prep>ation ( ,caveats1 ,copyrights = ,books1 ,labels1 ,reissues1 ,assignm5ts1 & ,reports on ,infr+em5ts ( ,pat5ts4 ,all bus9ess intru/$ to !m is done ) special c>e & promptness1 on v reasonable t]ms4 ,a pamphlet s5t free ( *>ge1 on application1 conta9+ full in=mation ab\t ,pat5ts & h[ to procure !m3 directions conc]n+ ,labels1 ,copyrights1 ,designs1 ,pat5ts1 ,appeals1 ,reissues1 ,infr+em5ts1 ,assignm5ts1 ,reject$ ,cases1 ,h9ts on ! ,sale ( ,pat5ts1 etc4 ,we also s5d1 free ( *>ge1 a ,synopsis ( ,=eign ,pat5t ,laws1 %[+ ! co/ & me?od ( secur+ pat5ts 9 all ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,solicitors ,,( ,,pat5ts1 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 ,,bran* ,,(fices4--,no4 #fbb & #fbd ,f ,/reet1 ,pacific ,build+ ne> #g? ,/reet1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4