,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ffd ,,new ,,york1 ,,septemb] #bb1 #ahhh ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xxvi41 ,no4 #ffd4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,,ar*itecture4--,! ,comm]cial ,ex*ange1 ,p>is4--,hi/ory ( ! new build+1 ) its g5]al design & ar*itectural features4--#b illu/rations #ajfjg ,! ,new ,c5tral ,railway ,/ation at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94--,a full description ( ?is gigantic /ructure1 ) its con/ructive features & co/4--#b illu/rations #ajfje ,,ii4 ,,art ,,( ,,w>4--,gun ,practice 9 ! ,fr5* ,navy4--,gun practice at sea aga9/ a mov+ t>get4--#a illu/ration #ajeii ,mod]n ,cavalry on ! ,field ( ,battle4--,by ,col4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,liddell4--,an exhau/ive pap] on ?is subject1 treat+ ( a mu* discuss$ bran* ( milit>y tactics #ajfjj ,,iii4 ,,biology4--,subt]rane\s ,flora & ,fauna4--,by ,dr4 ,otto ,za*>ias4--,a popul> article on ! int]e/+ subject ( animal & vegetable life und]gr\nd4--#h illu/rations #ajfab ,,iv4 ,,*emi/ry4--,peps94--,by ,a4 ,,p]cy ,,smi?1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4--,! analysis ( peps91 difficulties ( ! usual me?od1 & simple comp>ative te/1 applicable by any "o #ajfaa ,v4 ,,civil ,,eng9e]+4--,timb] & ,"s ( ,its ,diseases4--,by ,h4 ,,m>%all ,,w>d4--,cont9uation ( ?is valuable s]ies1 treat+ ( fungus life & its de/ructive effects4--#e illu/rations #ajfac ,,vi4 ,,electricity4--,a ,basis f :i* to ,calculate ,*>ges = ,electric ,motor ,s]vice4--,a practical pap] treat+ ( ! p]c5tage ( horse p[] h\rs us$ 9 diff]5t indu/ries #ajfjh ,,vii4 ,,e?nology4--,a ,*9ese ,imp]ial ,cemet]y4--,! cemet]y ( ! emp]ors ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4--,! rem>kable /atues & build+s4--#b illu/rations #ajfaj ,h[ a ,m\nd 0 ,built4--,an int]e/+ contribution to ! hi/ory ( ! ,ohio m\nds by ,mr4 ,,g]>d ,,f[ke #ajfji ,"s ,abyss9ian ,cu/oms4--,! hair dress+ ( ! ,abyss9ian wom54--,_! me?od ( gr9d+ pepp]4--#c illu/rations #ajfji ,,viii4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y4--,a ,new ,surgical ,op]ation4--,dr4 ,brud5ell ,c>t]'s op]ation = reliev+ pressure on ! optic n]ve #ajfaa ,dyspepsia1 its causes & prev5tion4--,h[ ?is malady is caus$ & h[ easily x may be gu>d$ aga9/1 an essay 9 prophylaxis #ajfaj ,,ix4 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]+4--,coal ,t> z ,fuel = ,/eam ,boil]s4--,by ,,john ,mc,c,r,a,e1 ( ,dundee4--,a review ( ! economy ( t> fir+ & ( ! me?od employ$ by ! writ]4--#a illu/ration #ajfjd ,/eam ,g5]ator ( ,s]pollet ,bro!rs1 produc+ /eam in/antane\sly4--,a new inexplodible /eam g5]ator1 its con/ruction & application to a tricycle4--#c illu/rations #ajfjb ,transmission ( ,p[] betwe5 ,bodies ,mov+ at ,diff]5t ,velocities4--,a simple sy/em ( transmitt+ p[] applicable 9 _m places #ajfjb ,x4 ,,miscellane\s4--,note on ,miss\ri ,m>ble #ajfad ,wat] ,bla/ ,pump4--,a filt] pump ( simplifi$ & improv$ con/ruction4--#c illu/rations #ajfjb ,,xi4 ,,naval ,,eng9e]+4--,iron ,sail+ ,%ips4--,scot* sail+ %ips1 built ( iron & /eel1 ! favorite sizes & rigg+ adopt$4--#a illu/ration #ajfjb ,,xii4 ,,sanit>y ,,eng9e]+4--,putzeys' ,flu%+ ,res]voir4--,a ,fr5* inv5tion1 applicable 9 sewage disposal & pipe flu%+4--#a illu/ration #ajfaa ,,xiii4 ,,te*nology4--,gas ,light+ by ,high ,p[] ,burn]s4--,a review ( a numb] ( reg5]ative & o!r gas burn]s & _! practical success #ajfjc ,syn*roniz+ ,clocks4--,a simple syn*roniz+ me*anism describ$ & illu/rat$4--#a illu/ration #ajfjd ,wat* ,clean+ & ,repair+4--,a long pap] treat+ ( ! details ( wat* clean+ f ! practical /&po9t #ajfjd 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,gun ,,practice ,,9 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,navy4 ,,gun ,,practice ,,9 ,,! ,,fr5* ,,navy4 ,! gunn]s ( ! ,fr5* fleet are possess$ ( a skill :i* is recogniz$ by all ! m>itime p[]s1 & ^! pick$ m5 prov$ ?is at ! siege ( ,p>is1 :]e !y made !mselves illu/ri\s1 n only by _! c\rage & _! coolness1 b also by ! accuracy ( _! fir+4 ,no?+ is neglect$1 moreov]1 to keep up ! precision ( h& & eye t di/+ui%es !m1 & :i* has become s mu* ! m necess>y 9 t x is no long] a "q ( fir+ a broadside at ! enemy & reckon+ on "o ball be+ m =tunate ?an ano!r 9 damag+ ! enemy's %ip4 ,at pres5t1 ! mo/ p[]ful ironclad has f\r1 & sometimes six or eight1 guns ( l>ge calib]1 :i* are ( f #cj to #ajj tons4 ,e %ot repres5ts n only an enorm\s sum1 b also a prodigi\s =ce exp5d$1 & s p[d] mu/ n be us$ too lavi%ly1 s9ce ! %ot %\ld be 9 relation ) ! colossal p[] t x repres5ts1 & ! %ell adopt$ 9 ! navy is accompani$ ) s disa/r\s effects t a s+le "o1 well direct$1 is capable ( r$uc+ ! enemy's %ip to impot5ce4 ,s ex]cises 9 fir+ are becom+ m & m frequ5t1 & !y h a "r to be multipli$1 inasmu* z ! pres5t guns are complicat$ affairs1 ! maneuv]+ ( :i* requires con/ant practice4 ,our engrav+ repres5ts "o ( ^! ex]cises p]=m$ by ! ,squadron ( ! ,nor?1 :i* is ( rec5t organization1 & :i* consi/s ( ! ?ree ironclads ,m>5go1 ,suffr51 & ,ocean1 & ?ree coa/ gu>ds ,furieux1 ,fulm9ant1 & ,tonn]re4 ,ea* ( ! ironclads is provid$ ) f\r #bg cm4 guns & f\r #bd cm4 ones1 n c\nt+ ! revolv+ guns1 :i* con/itute ! small artill]y res]v$ = fight+ torp$o boats4 ,! ,furieux has two #cd cm4 guns1 & ! ,tonn]re & ,fulm9ant ea* two #cg cm4 ones4 ,an endeavor is made1 z f> z possible1 to practice fir+ su* z is done 9 a naval action1 t is1 at mov+ t>gets4 ,to ?is effect1 ! dispat* boat ,ep]vi] t[s a rectangul> float ab\t two met]s 9 l5g?1 ^u :i* are arrang$ two canvas balloons kept taut by a wood5 framework4 ,"o ( ^! balloons is :ite & ! o!r is black4 ,ea* is a met] 9 diamet]1 & is support$ by a rod :i* is usually a met] 9 height4 ,! vessels ( ! squadron successively fire _! l>ge guns at ?is t>get1 :i* moves at a def9ite velocity4 ,! %ell1 on dropp+ into ! wat]1 raises an imm5se jet1 :i* entirely hides ! balloons :5 ! projectile falls 9 a l9e ) & suffici5tly ne> ! t>get4 ,! smoke t envelops ! %ips1 ! ?und] t e*oes 9 ! calm ( ! sea1 & ! jet t rises 9 ! air produce a ?rill+ effect & give an idea ( ! p[] ( man c>ri$ to ! la/ expression4--,l',illu/ration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mod]n ,,cavalry ,,on ,,! ,,field ,,( ,,battle4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a lecture lately deliv]$ at ! ,ald]%ot ,milit>y ,society's libr>y4 ,by ,col4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,liddell4 ,i feel t "s apology is due f me = com+ d[n to ,ald]%ot & giv+ my op9ions be=e s _m (fic]s ^: daily exp]i5ce r5d]s !m mu* m capable ?an ,i am ( br++ ?is subject =w>d1 & x 0 ) "s hesitation t ,i yield$ to ! flatt]+ invitation ( ! ,milit>y ,society ( ,ald]%ot to read a pap] "h to-day on cavalry4 ,at ! same "t1 if x is ?\ght t any?+ ,i c say c increase ! success t ?is society has already met )1 ,i c only add t ,i r5d] my s]vices mo/ will+ly4 ,x seems to me "o ( ! _m advantages t ^! meet+s possess is ! br++ toge!r ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! s]vice1 & ! mutual in=mation !y af=d ( ea* o!r's arm4 ,:5 we look back only a few ye>s1 we h mu* to be ?ankful = 9 ! disappe>ance ( a va/ am\nt ( prejudice t us$ to exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5t bran*es4 ,ea* arm ?\ght t !irs1 & !irs only1 0 wor? /udy+4 ,infantry (fic]s sometimes said1 z long z _! arm 0 suffici5tly num]\s & well equipp$1 t1 ) ! exception ( a few sc\ts & ord]lies1 cavalry might be disp5s$ )4 ,artill]y might ?9k t unless guns 7 l>gely us$1 no infantry c\ld ev] make an attack at all2 :ile cavalry (fic]s1 :o 7 p]haps ! mo/ cons]vative ( all1 w\ld po9t to ! pa/1 & %[ h[ e battle t _h ev] be5 f\ght 0 won by cavalry1 & ev] w\ld be4 ,confid5ce 9 "o's own arm is mo/ desirable1 & %\ld be fo/]$1 if at ! same "t we c le>n h[ to "w ) o!rs1 rememb]+ t :ile cavalry gives ! in=mation to & hides ! movem5ts ( ! army1 :ile artill]y %akes & disp]ses ! enemy's =mation1 & prep>es ! way = attack1 x is ! infantry alone :o c assault & hold ! position1 & x is = _! advance & to br+ !m up to ! po9t t det]m9es ! battle 9 ! condition mo/ favorable to insure success t all ! ef=ts ( ! o!r two arms mu/ be devot$4 ,i h made ^! prelim9>y rem>ks1 z f my pap] be+ entirely giv5 to ! actions ( cavalry1 x might appe> t ,i am claim+ m = t arm 9 ! battle field ?an is reasonable2 b ,i wi% x cle>ly und]/ood t :atev] ,i may say is only 9 an auxili>y s5se to ! action ( infantry1 & ,i tru/ t ,i %all n be ?\ght und]e/imat+ o!r arms1 :ile %[+ unb\nd$ confid5ce 9 my own4 ,! necess>y re/ requir$ by ,europe aft] ! exhau/ion ( ! w>s ( ,napoleon result$ 9 ! long peace :i* succe$$ ! campaign ( #ahae4 ,?is1 & ! improvem5t t took place 9 fire arms 9 ! next =ty ye>s1 gave room = speculation z to :e!r cavalry w\ld play z important a "p 9 ! future z x _h done 9 ! pa/1 "u ,m>lbor\gh1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 ,napoleon1 & ,well+ton4 ,! ,crimean w> help$ to confirm ! op9ion t ! days ( cavalry _h gone by4 ,no acc\nt 0 made ( ! enorm\s di/ance by sea t ! cavalry _h to be transport$1 ! unfavorable nature ( ! seat ( w> = t arm1 ! little scope giv5 9 a campaign t resolv$ itself into a siege1 ! smallness ( ! cavalry =ce employ$1 & ! difficulty 9 keep+ up a fre% supply ( horses4 ,aft] ?is w> came ! introduction & improvem5t 9 ! bree* load]1 & ) x op9ions 7 /r5g!n$ t cavalry duties w\ld be /ill fur!r limit$1 & its traditions = a "t appe> to h be5 lo/4 ,! awak5+ f ?is transi5t p]iod ( !ory came f a nation n tra9$ to arms1 & x is to ! ,am]ican civil w> t we owe ! revival t took place 9 ! use ( ! cavalry arm4 ,! raids made by ! ,conf$]ates "u ,morgan1 ,/u>t1 ,=re/1 & by ! ,f$]als "u ,%]idan1 drew att5tion to advanc$ cavalry "w1 su* z sc\t+1 reconnaissance1 outpo/ & dism\nt$ "w4 ,z p>ticul> examples we may select ,morgan's bolde/ & greate/ raid 9 #ahfb1 :5 he pass$ ?r\gh ,k5tucky & ,indiana1 captur+ l>ge /ores f ! enemy4 ,by 8 rapid & skillful m>*es ! ,f$]al (fic]s 7 completely bewild]$4 ,he 0 abs5t f 8 army #bd days1 9 :i* "t he travel$ #a1jjj miles1 captur+ #ag t[ns & de/roy+ all ! gov]nm5t supplies & arms4 ,9 a second raid he =c$ ! ,f$]al army to fall back by tak+ possession ( ! railway 9 its re> :i* br\ght x supplies4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahfb1 ,/u>t made 8 greate/ raid ?r\gh ,p5nsylvania1 ar\nd ! ,nor!rn army4 ,he set out ) #a1hjj cavalry & f\r pieces ( horse artill]y1 & cross$ ! ,potomac4 ,! telegraph wires 7 cut 9 all directions1 railways ob/ruct$1 & a l>ge numb] ( horses captur$1 & all ! public /ores & build+s 7 de/roy$4 ,8 position at ?is "t 0 v critical1 #ij miles f 8 own army4 ,he consid]$ x less dang]\s to return by ! opposite way to :i* he came4 ,=re/ us$ 8 cavalry 9 e possible mann]1 dism\nt+ 9 ! battle field & employ+ x z infantry4 ,9 ,octob]1 #ahfd1 dur+ a raid1 he imp$$ ! navigation ( ! ,t5nessee ,riv]1 :i* 0 fill$ ) ,f$]al gunboats4 ,*oos+ a /rong position on ! bank1 he mask$ 8 guns & await$ ! approa* ( ! enemy's vessels4 ,he captur$ a gunboat & a transport1 & mann$ !m ) 8 own m52 b 8 naval exp$ition did n la/ long4 ,pursu$ by sev]al gunboats1 he _h to run 8 %ips on %ore1 :5 ! troop]s gladly m\nt$ _! horses aga94 ,8 object 01 h[ev]1 ga9$--inspir+ al>m ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & occupy+ a consid]able numb] ( ! enemy4 ,lat] on ! ,f$]als copi$ ?is sy/em1 :5 ! raids ( ,%]idan1 ) 8 #aj1jjj horsem51 arm$ ) ! magaz9e rifle & revolv]1 ) sword atta*$ to ! saddle1 br\ght ab\t ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! ,s\!rn army4 ,! next campaign t took place 0 9 #ahff1 kn[n z ! ,sev5 ,weeks' ,w>1 :5 l>ge bodies ( cavalry 7 us$ by ! ,au/rians & ,prussians4 ,?is campaign 0 ( su* %ort duration t !re 0 n suffici5t "t = ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! use ( cavalry to be utiliz$ :ile ! w> la/$2 b :5 ! w> 0 ov]1 bo? sides1 hav+ b\ght _! exp]i5ce1 set out to reorganize _! sy/ems1 & ! c\rse pursu$ by ! ,prussians aft] ?is campaign 9 l>gely increas+ _! cavalry 0 fully ju/ifi$ by ! advantages reap$ 9 ! w> 9 ,france 9 #ahgj4 ,at ! close ( ! ,franco-,g]man w> ! att5tion ( ! :ole ( ,europe 0 call$ to ! successful use ( ,g]man cavalry dur+ ! campaign1 m especially ! advanc$ duties1 :5 at times #fj miles 9 bread? & #ej 9 advance ( ! army 0 cov]$ by ! cavalry4 ,9 ,engl&1 aft] ! t]m9ation ( ?is w>1 _m ,g]man milit>y works ( great value 7 translat$ & publi%$2 ! battle fields 9 ,france 7 visit$ & describ$2 e movem5t ( bo? armies1 /rategical & tactical1 0 /udi$4 ,all ?is t5d$ to draw our att5tion to ! ext5d$ use ( ! cavalry arm 9 future campaigns1 & ! %ortcom+s ( our own sy/em 7 c>efully scrut9iz$4 ,! movem5ts ( our drill book 7 simplifi$1 ! c>eful tra9+ ( our m5 9 %oot+ 0 m fully recogniz$1 & ! tea*+ ( advanc$ cavalry duties1 reconnaissance1 outpo/ & dism\nt$ "w1 7 gone into mo/ ?or\ghly--9 su* a mann] t ,i may confid5tly appeal to ^? (fic]s :o h ! be/ opportunities ( =m+ an op9ion1 :e!r our cavalry does n be> comp>ison n[ ) :at is be+ done 9 o!r armies1 & 9 ^! matt]s is advanc+ 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,:ile all ?is good "w has be5 go+ on 7& ,i w\ld be ! la/ to say "o ^w t might seem to depreciate its value7 we may p]haps h p]mitt$ ! action ( cavalry on ! field ( battle to escape f suffici5t notice4 ,x is = ?is reason ,i w ask y\r p]mission to br+ be=e y ?is subject1 believ+ t ! op9ions ( all bran*es ( ! s]vice be+ br\ght to be> ^u x1 consid]able advantage maybe obta9$4 ,x w be my endeavor to %[1 n by my own argum5ts1 b by quotations f o!rs1 t cavalry /ill has an important "p to take on ! battle field1 & f> f its duties end+ :5 armies come 9 contact1 t x is /ill res]v$ to !m1 z has be5 ! case be=e1 to decide1 p]haps by only "o *>ge1 ! issue ( a :ole campaign4 ,pr9ce ,kraft 9 8 lett]s on cavalry says3 ,! battle ( ,m>s-la-,t\r1 won by ! bold employm5t ( cavalry1 made possible ! blockade ( ,metz1 & aft]w>d ! surr5d] ( ! :ole ( ,baza9e's army4 ,s x may be said1 )\t exagg]ation1 t ! *>ge ( ,br$['s six squadrons on t day 0 ! turn+ po9t ( ! ,franco-,g]man campaign4 ,colonel ,home1 9 8 ,prcis ( ,mod]n ,tactics1 says3 ,! action ( cavalry on ! actual battle field is by no means a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! use ( cavalry ) skill at ! "r mom5t & 9 ! "r numb]s has always be5 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ difficult problems 9 w>4 ,mod]n arms h increas$ ?is difficulty manifold1 b to say ! day ( cavalry on ! field ( battle is pa/ is m]ely ano!r way ( say+ t ! k ( h[ x %\ld be us$ is want+4 ,cavalry is apportion$ to an army 9 two capacities3 7#a7 ,divisional cavalry1 t is 7if possible7 a regim5t1 or z _m squadrons z c be sp>$1 atta*$ to ea* infantry division1 act+ "u ! ord]s ( ! g5]al ( ! division4 7#b7 ,! cavalry division1 t is1 a l>ge body ( cavalry compos$ ( sev]al brigades1 an indep5d5t body hav+ its own comm&]4 ,on ! m>* ! divisional cavalry cov]s ! head & flanks ( its own division3 on ! field ( battle x w be z ne> z possible to its division1 9 ! mo/ %elt]$ spot t c be f\nd2 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! battle x w\ld be kept z mu* 9 res]ve z possible1 *elon$ 9 re> ( "o flank ( its own infantry4 ,x w\ld rema9 !re until ! artill]y & musketry _h effect$ _! "w1 & ! enemy's flanks _h become ?9n$ & %ak54 ,!n1 :5 8 infantry become tir$ & exhau/$1 "u cov] ( ! smoke1 ! cavalry may be fur!r advanc$4 ,pr9ce ,kraft says3 ,at ,s$an ! divisional cavalry 7 employ$ dur+ ! battle1 *>g+ by s+le squadrons1 patroll+ & reconnoit]+ to obta9 in=mation ( ! enemy & ! gr\nd4 ,e infantry body is accompani$ by patrols1 h[ev] small4 ,an in/ance ( ! too e>ly employm5t ( cavalry 9 a battle occurr$ at ,wat]loo1 :5 ,napoleon at ! comm5cem5t laun*$ 8 cavalry into ! fight4 ,! result 0 t al?\gh x f> outnumb]$ ! ,engli% at fir/1 x became s r$uc$1 depress$1 & worn out1 t x 0 unable aft]w>d to (f] full resi/ance to ! ,briti% squadrons1 :o 7 comp>atively fre%4 ,well+ton1 on ! contr>y1 aft] 8 fir/ successes1 kept 8 cavalry1 z mu* z possible1 9 res]ve4 ,! field ( battle itself %[s ! prop] situation ( cavalry1 b ! divisional cavalry on ! def5sive side mu/ always be at h& to fall ^u ! flanks ( ! enemy's infantry :5 9 ext5d$ ord]1 :ile t ( ! attack+ side mu/ be equally at h& to prev5t ! flanks ( its own infantry be+ s attack$4 ,9 discuss+ ! action ( divisional cavalry1 ! mo/ advantage\s "t = its assi/+ 9 ! combat mu/ be consid]$4 ,at :at mom5t1 if any1 c infantry be attack$ by cavalry8 ,:5 oppos$ to a =ce act+ on ! def5sive1 divisional cavalry has its op]ations limit$1 & probably 9 ! e>li] "p ( an engagem5t1 conf9$ to wat*+1 &1 if possible1 gu>d+ ! flanks ( its own attack+ infantry f surprise4 ,x is ! cavalry on ! def5d]s' side t has ! greate/ opportunities4 ,9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 a rule mu/ be made n to attack infantry :5 x has tak5 up a favorable position1 or be=e its ranks h be5 %ak5 by artill]y or musketry4 ,pr9ce ,kraft1 9 speak+ ( ,m>s-la-,t\r1 says3 ,?is same day took place a s]ies ( cavalry *>ges ( great] or less importance1 :i* all %[$ practically to ! cavalry ! limits ( _! effective action aga9/ infantry4 ,! advanc+ infantry 7 br\ght to a /&1 infantry :o gave way 7 ridd5 d[n1 b :]e ! cavalry attack$ infantry intact1 ! cavalry 7 unable to prevail4 ,! precision ( mod]n fire arms has necessitat$ great *anges 9 infantry tactics4 ,to advance aga9/ ! murd]\s fire ( ! pres5t rifle1 infantry is compell$ to adopt scatt]$ =mations 9 small l9es1 & to move =w>d ) sudd5 ru%es4 ,all ?is l5ds itself to ! attacks ( an active cavalry4 ,:5 ^! infantry attacks take place1 x may be presum$ t !y h already be5 "u arms "s h\rs1 h m>*$ "s di/ance1 & be5 expos$ to consid]able loss f artill]y & musketry fire4 ,_! advance 9 ext5d$ =mation w h comm5c$ at ab\t #a1jjj y>ds1 or e>li]4 ,by ?is "t ! squadrons oppos+ !m w h be5 br\ght to a m advanc$ position1 to ! ne>e/ po9t to _! flank :]e cov] is af=d$1 & to c>ry ?is out successfully requires skillful h&l+4 ,files mu/ be ext5d$1 & %ort ru%es made ) small bodies1 say half a troop if ov] expos$ gr\nd1 into %elt]$ places4 ,x is true t cavalry _c hide !mselves ov] expos$ gr\nd z infantry c1 b !y h "o advantage t no?+ c deprive !m (--rapidity ( motion2 & ! di/ance t w\ld take !m say #aj seconds to trav]se1 viz41 #aej y>ds1 w\ld take infantry a m9ute4 ,pr9ce ,kraft writes3 ,no battle field is a tabula rasa1 = 9 ! mo/ expos$ c\ntry !re are depressions4 ,if /rong skirmi%+ l9es ( infantry c advance directly ov] a c\ntry devoid ( cov]1 cavalry c und\bt$ly d ! l1 if by mak+ use ( ! lie ( ! gr\nd !y c ga9 ! enemy's flank4 ,a skill$ cavalry lead] w ?us und\bt$ly f9d an opportunity to get close to ! enemy4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is m advanc$ position1 say f #ejj to #a1jjj y>ds1 accord+ to ! =mation ( ! gr\nd1 ! ne>] ! bett]1 ! mo/ favorable mom5t to assail ! flanks ( ! attack+ infantry w\ld probably be imm$iately be=e ! la/ belt ( ! fight+ l9e1 & be=e ! ma9 body _h re-en=c$ !m1 z !y are prep>+ = _! la/ unit$ ru%1 & z _! supports are d\bl+ up to jo9 !m4 ,at ?is mom5t ! m5 w\ld be to "s ext5t out ( brea?1 _! att5tion w\ld be fix$ on ! po9t ab\t to be attack$1 & _! flanks w\ld be neglect$4 ,cavalry %\ld !n desc5d ^u !m at ! utmo/ spe$ t c be extract$ f ! horses1 ) a good int]val f knee to knee4 ,if !re is only "o squadron1 "o troop %\ld take ! flank or fight+ l9e1 :ile ! o!r ?r[s itself ^u ! support4 ,z ! di/ance to be cov]$ 9 ! op5 w probably be n m ?an f #bjj to #djj y>ds1 !y w be expos$ to fire1 suppos+ none ( ! gr\nd is undulat+1 = fifte5 to ?irty seconds :5 at full spe$4 ,z !y close on ! infantry nei!r ! supports nor ^? 9 re> ( !m or _! artill]y w d>e to fire1 on acc\nt ( _! own m54 ,if ! infantry run to get into small squ>es1 z is mo/ likely1 ! cavalry mu/ endeavor to cat* !m be=e !y assemble4 ,if !y get toge!r x may be too late = ! cavalry to /op4 ,!y mu/ !n ?r[ !mselves ^u !m & tru/ to ! support+ squadron to complete ! attack4 ,al?\gh x is r>e t a battle field is on su* gr\nd t !re are no undulations to af=d %elt] = cavalry 9 an advanc$ position1 ?is may be ! case1 & if s ! enemy's infantry attack mu/ be all[$ to take place1 b ev5 !n1 by cavalry %[+ itself on ! flanks = a mom5t1 infantry w\ld get toge!r & af=d a bett] m>k = fire1 & ! progress ( ! attack w\ld be delay$4 ,! v appe>ance ( cavalry frequ5tly fright5s infantry into masses4 ,if ! gr\nd 0 too mu* expos$ = ! *>ge1 m5 might be dism\nt$1 ) _! c>b9es1 at a safe di/ance to assi/ ! infantry4 ,if m\nt$ infantry 7 at h&1 !y w\ld be utiliz$ 9 ! same way1 & ! ma*9e guns ( ! cavalry w\ld also p\r 9 _! volleys4 ,if ! enemy's attack is successful1 cavalry mu/ !n advance on _! flanks & take its *ance1 & if necess>y sacrifice itself to give its own infantry "t to rally4 ,if x is unsuccessful1 ! cavalry mu/ be ready to take e favorable opportunity ( mole/+ its brok5 ranks4 ,speak+ ( ,m>s-la-,t\r1 ,pr9ce ,kraft says3 ,dur+ ! battle a ,g]man infantry brigade 0 =c$ to retire ) heavy loss1 & ran "s dang] ( be+ annihilat$ by ! pursu+ enemy4 ,b ! ,fir/ ,dragoons ( ! ,gu>ds ?rew !mselves on ! pursu]s4 ,! enemy's infantry mass$ r\nd ! eagles & ceas$ to press on1 :ile ! ?9 ranks ( our infantry 7 able to rally1 & our guns 7 sav$ & br\ght into position4 ,! losses 7 heavy2 half a regim5t ( cavalry 7#bej horses7 7 sacrific$ 9 ord] to save ! brigade4 ,at ,wat]loo a ,fr5* division ( infantry fl$ be=e ?ree regim5ts ( dragoons 7! ,union ,brigade74 ,! ,royal ,dragoons & ! ,inniskill+s 9 fir/ l9e1 ! ,scots ,greys on _! left re>1 ! :ole "u ,sir ,william ,ponsonby1 act+ 9 support ( ! ,highl& ,infantry ,brigade1 7 await+ ! attack ( ! :ole ( ! #a/ ,fr5* ,division "u ,g54 ,alix4 ,! ?ree ,scot* regim5ts ?rew into !m a conc5trat$ fire1 & z !y 7 /agg]$ by ! %ock ,ponsonby gave ! ord] to advance4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! ,highl&]s1 ! ,greys hav+ come up into l9e1 ! ?ree regim5ts *>g$ ! lead+ portion ( ! ,fr5* column1 :i* yield$1 & ^? 9 re> 7 hurl$ back4 ,! dragoons hav+ ! advantage ( ! desc5t ( ! hill appe>$ to m[ d[n ! mass1 ! ,greys on ! left press$ on ?r\gh ! support+ brigade ( ! ,fr5*1 :ile ! ,royals drove back ! "r1 giv+ no "t = fire4 ,_m ?rew d[n _! arms1 :ile hundr$s ( prison]s 7 hurri$ (f to ! re> ( ! l9e4 ,at ! same "t ! ,inniskill+s =c$ _! way ?r\gh ! c5t]1 :5 ! rema9d] ( ! ,fr5* division broke & fl$4 ,x may be said t ?is took place be=e ! introduction ( ! rifle1 & is !re=e no example1 b x took place )9 ! range ( ! weapon !n 9 use1 & at t di/ance x 0 equally effective4 ,! celebrat$ *>ge ( ,br$['s brigade at ,vieuville 7,m>s-la-,t\r7 also %[s :at an en]getic attack may d4 ,x _h become necess>y to dem& a sacrifice f ! cavalry = ! good ( ! army1 to enable ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 ) only #bd1jjj infantry1 to hold 9 *eck ,baza9e's army ( #ahj1jjj until 8 own ma9 body came up4 ,br$['s cavalry brigade consi/$ ( six squadrons ( ! #g? ,cuirassi]s & ! #af? ,uhlans4 ,!y 7 ord]$ to make a brea* 9 ! front ( ! #af? ,fr5* ,army ,corps4 ,! six squadrons advanc$ 9 column1 ! cuirassi]s lead+1 :5 !y receiv$ ! ^w to *ange direction to ! "r1 !n to =m l9e1 :i* 0 done "u heavy fire4 ,! cuirassi]s gett+ into l9e fir/1 *>g$ at once1 ! #af? foll[+ 9 e*elon4 ,9 a mom5t ! batt]ies1 vomit+ flames1 7 rea*$ ) a l\d hurrah1 & ! gunn]s cut d[n at _! guns1 :5 ! :ole brigade1 :i* _h n[ got into "o l9e1 *>g$ ! long l9es ( infantry 9 re>1 :o receiv$ !m ) a heavy fire f _! *assepots4 ,^! l9es1 too1 7 brok5 ?r\gh1 & ! ma9 object ( ! *>ge 0 atta9$1 b1 c>ri$ away by ! ardor ( ! combat1 !y *>g$ & took ! mitrailleuses1 :5 ! ,fr5* cuirassi]s1 ) a dragoon brigade 9 support1 come d[n ^u !m1 & compell$ !m to fall back4 ,?is !y did1 hav+ to =ce _! way back ?r\gh ! enemy's masses ( infantry ) enorm\s loss4 ,! object1 h[ev]1 0 ga9$1 & ! attack ( ! ,fr5* corps *eck$ & nev] resum$4 ,! cavalry division cov]s ! advance ( ! :ole army1 & is a day or two 9 front ( x4 ,x conceals & gu>ds ! army1 :ile f9d+ out ! movem5ts ( ! enemy4 ,x collects in=mation1 & is also us$ ) horse artill]y on great ent]prises on ! enemy's communications4 ,hav+ f9i%$ ! reconnaissance & cov]+ ! army on ! day ( battle1 x falls back z ! two oppos+ sides come 9 contact1 & awaits fur!r ord]s4 ,on ! battle field x %\ld be plac$ s z to suff] z little loss z possible--z a rule1 9 re> ( ! flanks4 ,h[ f> mu/ dep5d on ! =mation ( ! gr\nd2 if %elt] is to be obta9$ ne>] ! front1 ! bett]4 ,if n1 !n "s #b1jjj y>ds 9 re> ( "o flank w\ld seem advisable4 ,its duties are to gu>d ! expos$ flank or flanks & re> ( ! army1 :ile x wat*es ! cavalry ( ! enemy4 ,if )9 range ( artill]y1 x %\ld be kept on ! move f front to re>4 ,its /r5g? %\ld n be wa/$ or fritt]$ away on d\btful ent]prises1 z x maybe requir$ = "s decisive bl[1 9 pursuit1 or 9 cov]+ ! retreat4 ,pr9ce ,kraft1 speak+ ( ! battle ( ,/4 ,privat1 says3 ,on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ ! gigantic fight ( ,/4 ,privat took place4 ,! cavalry divisions 7 held back 9 res]ve1 b ! divisional cavalry took an active "p4 ,dur+ ! battle a squadron ( huss>s advanc$ & s5t in=mation ( ! enemy mak+ a flank movem5t4 ,he also says3 ,at ,s$an ! cavalry division 0 kept 9 res]ve4 ,! mass+ ( artill]y at ! comm5cem5t ( a battle mu/ expose a long l9e ) "s weak spot to attack4 ,if protect$ by cavalry1 !n probably a cavalry combat w ensue4 ,pr9ce ,kraft says3 ,! action ( ! masses ( ,g]man cavalry at ,m>s-la-,t\r excit$ wond] & admiration2 !y surpris$ ! enemy's cavalry :5 9 biv\ac1 !y met & surr\nd$ ! ho/ile infantry 9 a ?reat5+ mann]1 & ?us #h1jjj cavalry occupi$ #fe1jjj infantry1 until ! ,prussian infantry came up4 ,! cavalry made no *>ges :i* c\ld n h be5 successful1 b c>ri$ out _! task ( occupy+ ! enemy almo/ )\t loss4 ,9 ! old days ^! squadrons w\ld h *>g$ & ridd5 d[n ! infantry4 ,! *ange is ! result ( ! improvem5t 9 fire arms4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( a battle1 advanc$ p>ties1 "u (fic]s select$ = ! purpose1 mu/ be kept out f ! cavalry division to wat* ! enemy's movem5ts1 & ! in=mation !y %\ld be able to af=d %\ld be invaluable to ! g5]al-9-*ief4 ,an engagem5t ) ! enemy's cavalry %\ld n be s\ght unless !y are mu* weak]2 b %\ld ! necessity arise1 ! gr\nd %\ld be reconnoit]$1 & e advantage ( position tak5 to insure success4 ,! attack be+ det]m9$ on1 ! prep>ations = x %\ld be c>ri$ out rapidly4 ,e*elon movem5ts h _m advantages4 ,!y favor ! =mation ( oblique l9es1 !y also insure 9 a *>ge direct to ! front ! br++ up ( squadron aft] squadron 9 support4 ,! attack ( ,vivian's ,huss> ,brigade ^u ! ,fr5* res]ves at ,wat]loo gives a brilliant illu/ration ( ?is1 & has be5 t]m$ by ,siborne ! crisis ( ,wat]loo4 ,?is celebrat$ *>ge1 int5d$ to be 9 l9e1 became virtually a *>ge 9 e*elon ( squadrons 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid pace ( ! head ( ! column4 ,! movem5t ( cavalry mu/ be rapid & unexpect$1 & be> ! "* ( det]m9$ confid5ce2 an ef=t %\ld be made by maneuv]+ to come sudd5ly on ! enemy's flank4 ,a g5tle declivity = ! f9al *>ge mu/ be s\ght4 ,! rapid1 vigor\s1 & det]m9$ *>ge 9 l9e on to cavalry1 rid+ knee to knee1 is :at is requir$4 ,! *>ge to be made effectual1 ! horses mu/ be br\ght up 9 w9d1 ! gallop mu/ n be begun too e>ly2 :5 begun x mu/ gradually be increas$ to a fa/ gallop1 ! f9al *>ge = ! la/ sixty y>ds made ) e horse ext5d$4 ,no?+1 !n1 mu/ be left undone to excite ! _s ( en?usiasm1 ev5 to f]ocity2 !n1 & only !n1 ! '*e]' to be rais$4 ,at ,wat]loo ! *>ge ( ! heavy brigade1 ! #a/ & #b;d ,life ,gu>ds & ,k+'s ,dragoon ,gu>ds1 ) ! ,blues 9 support1 is a good example ( a successful attack on cavalry4 ,! ,fr5* l9e ( cavalry z x advanc$ pres5t$ an impos+ appe>ance4 ,!y _h asc5d$ ! br[ ( ! ridge1 :5 a vigor\s fire f ,ross' ,horse ,artill]y 0 op5$ on to !m4 ,9 ! next mom5t _! trumpets s\nd$ ! *>ge & !y ru%$ to ! attack1 & z cuirassi]s approa*$ ! ,briti% squ>es1 ! ,heavy ,brigade da%$ into !m4 ,! %ock 0 t]rific4 ,! "r ( ! ,life ,gu>ds be+ ?r[n =w>d1 came fir/ into collision4 ,! "r ( ! ,fr5* 0 sudd5ly ?r[n out by com+ unexpect$ly on to a holl[ way1 & z !y pass$ x ! #b;d ,life ,gu>ds came full spe$ ^u !m4 ,! ,fr5* cuirassi]s 7 driv5 back & pursu$ until ! ,engli% brigade came "u infantry fire4 ,! *>ge ( ! ,heavy ,cavalry ,brigade at ,balaklava1 "u ,g54 ,sc>lett1 is ano!r good example1 :5 ! ,russian cavalry1 receiv+ ! ,briti% *>ge at a halt1 7 entirely ov]?r[n4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties aft] ! *>ge is to "k :5 & h[ to /op1 & x is !n t ! squadron & troop lead]s1 well 9 front ( _! m51 mu/ use all _! ef=ts to c>ry out ! ends ( _! comm&]4 ,i ?9k ?is is ! "t :5 a /rong :i/le c>ri$ by ! comm&+ (fic] & ! squadron lead]s c be us$ ) good effect4 ,be+ an unusual s\nd1 x w\ld attract att5tion4 ,! battle be+ ov]1 "s ( ! mo/ s]i\s duties ( cavalry comm5ce4 ,if ! enemy is victori\s1 ! pursuit has imm$iately to foll[4 ,hi/ory po9ts out ! difficulty ( c>ry+ ?is out4 ,unc]ta9ty ( ! victory1 or h[ f> x c be c\nt$ on1 (t5 delays its comm5cem5t4 ,battles are (t5 end$ by nightfall1 valuable "t is lo/1 & ! gold5 opportunities are pa/4 ,an active cavalry lead] w1 h[ev]1 )\t fur!r ord]s at lea/1 foll[ ) 8 advanc$ p>ties & n lose t\* ( ! enemy4 ,he w soon le>n ! condition ( ! enemy1 act accord+ly1 h>ass 8 flanks & re> & play ^u him ) 8 artill]y4 ,an example ( ano!r mann] 9 :i* cavalry may be employ$ aft] a victory c be tak5 f ! ,egyptian campaign ( #ahhb1 :51 aft] ! battle ( ,tel-el-,kebir1 by a rapid advance ( ! cavalry "s fifty miles ahead ( ! infantry1 ! capital ( ! c\ntry 0 captur$ by ! ,engli% cavalry division4 ,if ! battle is lo/1 /ill great] are ! responsibilities ( ! cavalry4 ,deta*$ squadrons ) sc\ts mu/ be s5t r\nd ! flanks to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! enemy s5t 9 pursuit4 ,e available position mu/ be tak5 up by ! horse artill]y1 & e advantage seiz$ = c\nt] attack4 ,above all1 accurate in=mation mu/ be obta9$ = ! g5]al-9-*ief ( ! nature ( ! pursuit1 9 ord] t he may n h>ass 8 ma9 body by fall+ back fur!r ?an necess>y4 ,?is subject1 h[ev]1 is beyond ! scope ( ?is lecture1 & is "o ( /udy ( pa/ campaigns4 ,( ! action ( cavalry 9 savage w>f>e1 ! rec5t campaigns 9 ,africa h giv5 "s exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( an enemy met ) 9 su* enorm\s numb]s z 9 ! des]t1 cut (f f all help1 kn[+ t unless y w9 y die1 x seems to be decid$ t our infantry mu/ adopt ! squ>e z ! mo/ suitable =mation4 ,9 ! ,zulu w>1 ! cavalry at ! battle ( ,ulundi 0 plac$ inside ! squ>e4 ,! exp]i5ce met ) !re 0 exceptional1 & f ! sw>ms ( savages surr\nd+ ! squ>e 9 all directions x 0 consid]$ desirable to keep ! #ag? ,lanc]s 9 ! c5t] ( x1 9 ord] t !y %\ld n int]f]e ) ! infantry fire1 & t :5 ! enemy 0 repuls$1 !y %\ld be laun*$ out ^u !m1 & ?is 0 done ) p]fect success4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 contr>y to ! in/9cts & traditions ( cavalry to be %ut up 9 a squ>e1 &1 :]e practicable1 ,i %\ld ?9k cavalry outside a squ>e1 ev5 at "s di/ance out ( ! way ( ! infantry fire1 act+ ) horse artill]y1 w\ld v mu* di/urb ! attack+ bodies ( ! enemy1 & p]haps attract away a portion ( !m1 & !y c\ld be br\ght up1 :5 call$ ^u to d s1 to c>ry out ! pursuit4 ,9 ! fir/ campaign on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! ,s\dan1 on ! advance to ,el ,teb & aft]w>d to ,tok>1 squadrons 7 s5t 9 front & on ! flanks ( ! squ>e ) sc\ts ?r[n out to feel ! way & obta9 in=mation1 :ile ! ma9 body ( ! cavalry 0 e*elon$ on ! re> & flank opposite an angle ( ! squ>e 9 ! mo/ suitable mann] to avoid any int]f]5ce ) its fire4 ,dur+ ! action x rema9$ 9 ?is position until aft] ! fir/ attack on ! squ>e1 :5 x mov$ away pa/ ! squ>e on ! outw>d flank & act$ on ! enemy's re> & engag$ _! res]ves until ! action 0 ov]4 ,dur+ ! des]t m>* 9 ! ,nile exp$ition1 ! #ai? ,huss>s1 by its sc\t+1 protect$ ! squ>e & gave x timely notice ( ! approa* ( ! enemy4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e a great deal ( bu% ab\nds ! effective *>ge ( cavalry on to gr\ps ( savages is v mu* curtail$4 ,! ,arabs ?r[ !mselves on to ! gr\nd beh9d ! prickly bu%es1 ! ranks are op5$ out z ! horses avoid ! ?orns1 & ! m5 get no *ance ( us+ _! swords2 b al?\gh mu* execution is n a*iev$ "u ^! circum/ances1 ! natives h great fe> ( cavalry1 & !y are prev5t$ f attack+ else:]e4 ,:5 _! att5tion is ?us occupi$1 horse artill]y & ma*9e guns might make great havoc among !m4 ,at ! action ( ,tamai1 :]e ! gr\nd1 f ! rocks & rav9es ( ! neighbor+ m\nta9s1 0 unsuitable = cavalry *>ges1 :5 "o ( ! infantry squ>es 0 brok51 ! cavalry advanc$1 & "o squadron ( ! #aj? ,huss>s1 dism\nt+1 help$ to create a favorable div]sion by p\r+ fire into ! flanks ( ! attack+ ,arabs4 ,my rem>ks w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be consid]$ incomplete if ,i did n t\* on ! "q ( cavalry *>g+ squ>es1 z ?is po9t is always made v prom95t 9 all discussions on ! action ( cavalry4 ,i !re=e mu/ n pass x by4 ,i w say at once t ,i ?9k x mo/ undesirable1 ev5 "u favorable circum/ances1 t cavalry %\ld *>ge a =m$ squ>e & m5 arm$ ) ! bree* load]4 ,at be/ ! ga9 c be b local & p>tial1 :ile ! loss to ! cavalry--an arm s difficult to keep up 9 numb]s--mu/ be disa/r\s1 & x seems to me t if cavalry by its appe>ance c =ce infantry to =m squ>e1 x has done en\gh1 & t ! artill]y1 infantry1 & ma*9e guns %\ld d ! re/4 ,! necessity might1 h[ev]1 arise1 & by look+ at ! pa/ we see its possibility4 ,at ,lang5salza two ,prussian squ>es 7 brok5 by ! ,hanov]ian cavalry1 & ! major "p tak5 prison]s4 ,we h only to turn to ! rec5t campaigns 9 ,egypt to see ! effect ( det]m9$ ru%es ( m51 int5d+ to succe$1 *>g+ on to squ>es c>efully =m$ on gr\nd af=d+ %elt]1 ) an enorm\s am\nt ( fire be+ p\r$ ^u !m4 ,x w be said t ^! m5 7 fanatics1 b our cavalry1 too1 h be51 & w be1 fanatics 9 a *>ge2 & ,i /ill ?9k1 if ! necessity recurs1 t an attack1 prop]ly conduct$ on favorable gr\nd1 "o troop *>g+ on ! corn] ( a squ>e1 foll[$ by ano!r at d\ble di/ance1 o!rs 9 e*elon on bo? flanks imm$iately foll[+1 ! :ole *>g+ ) ! greate/ impetuosity1 int5d$ to w91 w break d[n any squ>e t ,engli%m5 are likely to meet )4 ,if we look back aga9 on ! pa/1 we w f9d _m in/ances ( ,briti% cavalry n be+ call$ ^u 9 va9 to make a sacrifice4 ,at ,talav]a1 ! #bc;d ,light ,dragoons1 support$ by ! #a/ ,huss>s ( ! ,g]man ,legion1 advanc$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* squ>es4 ,9 _! impetu\s ru% !y came ^u a holl[ cleft cov]$ ) long grass1 eight feet deep1 & eighte5 feet broad4 ,too late to pull up1 ! =emo/ rode headlong into x1 "s tumbl$ 91 o!rs ov] x1 "s rode boldly at x & ga9$ ! o!r side4 ,/ill !y w5t on1 swept pa/ ! infantry columns1 & fell ^u a brigade ( ,fr5* *asseurs4 ,at ,balaklava #fgj ,briti% horsem5 7 laun*$ aga9/ an entire w+ ( ! ,russian army4 ,! brigade1 at fir/ 9 two l9es1 ! #aa? ,huss>s1 #ag? ,lanc]s1 & #ac? ,light ,dragoons1 foll[$ by ! #d? ,light ,dragoons & #h? ,huss>s1 advanc$ d[n a gradual desc5t ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile2 ! ,russian guns vomit+ %ell & %ot ^u !m1 "o batt]y be>+ on _! "r1 ano!r on _! left1 & all ! int]m$iate gr\nd cov]$ ) riflem54 ,! guns 7 *>g$ & =c$ ?r\gh1 ! =ces drawn up 9 re> 7 ov]p[]$4 ,!y !n _h to turn1 &1 retir+ up hill1 ran ?r\gh ! same gauntlet4 ,9 ! ,sikh w>1 at ! battle ( ,f]oze%ah1 ! #c;d ,light ,dragoons *>g$ ! enemy's entr5*m5ts at a po9t def5d$ by "s ( _! heavie/ batt]ies4 ,:5 )9 #bej y>ds ! regim5t mov$ at spe$ "u a de/ructive fire ( grape & musketry1 & press+ =w>d at ! *>ge ent]$ ! enemy's camp & captur$ ! :ole ( ! batt]ies4 ,cavalry attacks h be5 made ) success aft] d>k1 & ! advantage1 ( c\rse1 is ga9$ ( obviat+ oppos+ fire4 ,pr9ce ,kraft m5tions t aft] ! battle ( ,m>s-la-,t\r1 ! cavalry division1 re-en=c$ by ! divisional cavalry1 rode =w>d to complete ! advantages ga9$4 ,x 0 almo/ night1 & fault has be5 f\nd ) mak+ ! attack 9 ! d>k4 ,if ! gr\nd is well kn[n a night attack may be advisable4 ,:ile criticis+ x1 we h to ?9k ( ! feel+s ( a half-defeat$ army ab\t to biv\ac be+ attack$ by unkn[n =ces 9 ! d>k4 ,9 ?is case1 at ,vionville1 ! enemy did n wait = a second1 b )drew1 & ab&on$ ! :ole field ( battle4 ,pr9ce ,kraft quotes ! attack ( ,bl*] at ,gross-,gor*5 & a cavalry attack at ,loon4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ,egyptian campaign ! ,life ,gu>ds made an attack by moonlight at ,kassass94 ,i h n[1 ,i ?9k1 t\*$ lightly on "s important cavalry duties on a campaign4 ,9 "s po9ts p]haps ^! rem>ks may appe> contradictory4 ,h[ to comb9e keep+ cavalry 9 res]ve = any great action x may be call$ ^u to p]=m1 :ile us+ x unsp>+ly to assi/ on ! battle field1 if ! necessity arises4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be notic$ t1 mu* z !y may be criticis$1 few cavalry comm&]s h be5 sev]ely blam$ :5 !y h ?\ght x be/ to take ! bold] c\rse4 ,to insure to cavalry ! p[] ( c>ry+ out its duties successfully 9 w>1 organization & practice 9 peace is mo/ ess5tial4 ,infantry may sudd5ly be increas$ )\t mu* d]ang+ its action 9 ! field1 b cavalry _c be hurri$ into an increas$ augm5tation4 ,9 tactics simplicity 9 e evolution & rapidity 9 execution are ! mo/ important pr9ciples4 ,?is simplicity ( drill1 ,i ?9k1 might be assi/$ if our squadrons 7 divid$ into f\r divisions1 zuges1 or pelotons4 ,:5 squadrons h #dh files 9 ! front rank !re might be f\r ( ^!1 :ile weak regim5ts ) #cf files c\ld drill equally z well ) ?ree divisions4 ,?is sy/em1 introduc$ by ! late ,g54 ,val5t9e ,bak] into ! ,engli% s]vice = a "t1 & n[ us$ by all ,european c\ntries1 0 f\nd to "w well4 ,i ?9k ! :i/le c\ld be c>ri$ ) advantage by all cavalry (fic]s4 ,= advanc$ "w att5tion c be drawn by x )\t be+ he>d at a di/ance l a bugle4 ,9 movem5ts ! comm&+ (fic]s w\ld f9d x useful to call ! att5tion ( lead]s to himself1 especially 9 ext5d$ or *elon =mation4 ,i h omitt$ to make mu* m5tion ( ! action ( horse artill]y comb9$ ) cavalry1 z x seems beyond ! limits ( ?is pap]2 b x is "o to :i* ! cavalry (fic]'s att5tion requires to be br\ght mo/ /rongly to be>4 ,i w\ld also h wi%$ to h made "s rem>ks on ! _m advantages to be obta9$ by hav+ m\nt$ infantry atta*$ to cavalry4 ,i und]/& t ?is =ce w\ld be "u ! ord]s ( ! cavalry g5]al1 & if s1 ,i ?9k a cavalry division well f\nd 9 horse artill]y1 ) m\nt$ infantry1 :e!r convey$ on horses1 or1 :]e ! cavalry admitt$ ( x1 on c>s1 & accompani$ by ma*9e guns on :eels1 c\ld act 9 su* an indep5d5t mann] z to enable x to p5etrate f> ahead into an enemy's c\ntry1 or ?reat5 8 communications1 & be abs5t f its ma9 body = _m days or weeks4 ,z reg>ds ! ,engli% cavalry1 ,i ?9k x may be said1 )\t boa/+1 t ! mat]ial is excell5t4 ,! m5 are ( ! be/ physique1 recruit$ f a good class1 & pl5ty ( !m to be _h4 ,! non-commission$ (fic]s are intellig5t & always ready = in/ruction2 ! rid+ comp>es favorably ) cavalry ( o!r nations1 c]ta9ly f> bett] ?an any ,i h ev] se5 abroad1 ei!r ,g]man1 ,russian1 or ,fr5*1 & among all =eign c\ntries we h ! reputation ( be+ ! be/ horsem5 9 ! _w1 :i* at all ev5ts has a good moral effect4 ,our horses are und\bt$ly fir/-rate1 hav+ m quality & great] spe$ ?an =eign]s4 ,we h 9 our (fic]s ! exact /uff we want4 ,_! v sports & amusem5ts />t !m ) all ! mak+s ( cavalry soldi]s4 ,b ! quickness ( eye1 ! self-confid5ce & read9ess t ^! sports & games may give1 require n[adays m ?an ev] some?+ beyond ?is to produce ! tra9$ cavalry lead]4 ,cavalry is an arm ( opportunity1 & above all o!rs dep5ds greatly on its lead]s1 b ) ! *ances n[ available ( read+1 9 e detail1 ! campaigns ( ! pa/1 if tak5 advantage (1 z is n[ daily becom+ m common1 we %\ld produce 9 ! future ! be/ & mo/ accompli%$ cavalry (fic]s t ?is c\ntry or any o!r has ev] se54 ,z !re appe>$ to be a unanimity ( op9ion on ! lecture1 !re 0 no discussion1 & ! proce$+s clos$ ) a vote ( ?anks to ! lectur]4--,broad ,arr[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iron ,,sail+ ,,%ips4 ,messrs4 ,russell ,co41 ,gre5ock & ,port ,glasg[1 %[ at ! ,glasg[ exhibition a v num]\s & v>i$ %[ ( sail+ models4 ,fir/1 we f9d ! noble f\r-ma/$ %ips ( f #a1hjj tons to #b1bjj tons1 :i* sail & c>ry well on _! tonnage1 & :i* are work$ by few] h&s ?an are requir$ = a %ip ( ! same burd5 ) ?ree ma/s b squ>] y>ds4 ,"s own]s pref] ! latt]1 & s ,messrs4 ,russell %[ n only su* h&some specim5s z ! f\r-ma/$ ,falls ( ,e>n1 b also ! ?ree-ma/$ ,ard5craig & ,s\dan4 ,"o ( ! favorite models ( ?is firm is t ( _! #a1ejj ton %ip ) ?ree ma/s1 repres5t$ by ! ,crom>ty%ire1 ( :i* type !y h built a l>ge numb] ( vessels not$ alike = _! c>ry+ capacity & _! excell5t sail+ qualities4 ,! ,ma91 built = ,mr4 ,james ,n\rse1 ( ,london1 is a good specim5 ( _! #a1gjj ton %ip1 z design$ = ! special trade ( ! own]1 betwe5 ,calcutta1 ,dem]>a1 & ,london4 ,_! #a1cjj ton b>k is repres5t$ by ! model ( ! ,ab\kir ,bay & h] si/]s ( ! ,bay ,l9e1 own$ by ,messrs4 ,hatfield1 ,cam]on ,co41 ( ,glasg[2 :ile _! #a1jjj ton b>ks are %[n 9 ! model ( ! ,banca1 belong+ to ,messrs4 ,p4 ,d5ni/on ,co41 ( ! same city4 ,^! are ab\t ! smalle/ class ( sail+ %ips built dur+ rec5t ye>s1 ! dem&s ( ! %ipp+ trade be+ su* z to make x unpr(itable to sail any?+ small] ?an ab\t #a1ejj tons2 :ile ! t5d5cy is to exce$ #b1jjj tons 9 burd51 & to rea* ev5 z high z #c1jjj tons4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wat] ,,bla/ ,,pump4 ,x is well kn[n t ! pr9ciple :i* is appli$ to ! con/ruction ( vacuum or filt] pumps1 & :i* aims at ! production ( r>efi$ air 9 a c]ta9 inclos$ space1 may also be appli$ to ! production ( air pressure4 ,a simple app>atus by :i* ?is may be accompli%$ has rec5tly be5 con/ruct$ by ,a4 ,beutell4 ,a tall cyl9drical flask1 ,k 7see cut71 is provid$ ) an outlet tube ne> ! bottom1 & its /opp] c>ries two tubes1 "o 7,m7 = ! entrance ( a jet ( wat]1 & ! o!r 7,l7 = ! exit ( ! compress$ air1 :i* may be conduct$ to a bla/ lamp or :]ev] air "u pressure may be ne$$4 ,! column ( wat] ent]+ ?r\gh ,m causes air to be suck$ 9 ?r\gh ! little hole at c1 & ?is air1 aft] arriv+ 9 ! flask1 is gradually compress$ by ! cont9u\sly ent]+ wat]4 ,9 ord] t ! app>atus may "w prop]ly1 x is necess>y to con/ruct ! tube1 ,m1 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 & ( c]ta9 def9ite proportions4 ,fig4 #c exhibits its bore & %ape 9 an enl>g$ view4 ,a %ort di/ance bel[ ! orifice ( ! tube x is slightly exp&$1 & !n gradually contracts to ! place1 b4 ,x !n aga9 exp&s to an oblong cavity1 & contracts aga9 to a neck1 e1 :i* is a trifle wid] ?an t at b1 & :i* mu/ be s situat$ t ! column ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh b is exactly p]p5dicul> to ! c5t] ( ! ap]ture at e4 ,! tube !n exp&s aga9 to its orig9al diamet]1 & is slightly curv$1 :i* is done to prev5t any ( ! compress$ air 9 ! cyl9d]1 ,k1 f regurgitat+ upw>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a41 ,,fig4 #b41 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,beutell',s ,,wat] ,,bla/ ,,pump4 ,! outlet tube at ,a is pref]ably con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,in/ead ( be+ made ( "o piece1 x is !re repres5t$ z consi/+ ( two pieces jo9$ toge!r by rubb] tub+1 a sort ( *eck valve1 ,g1 be+ introduc$ into ! rubb] jo9t4 ,by regulat+ ! *eck valve1 t is by approa*+ x m or less to ! exit ( ! tube1 ,a1 ! outfl[ ( wat] may be regulat$4 ,x is important to adju/ ?is s t ! cyl9drical flask w always be at lea/ half full1 & nev] ov] ?ree-f\r?s fill$4 ,:ile ! column ( wat] falls ?r\gh ! ap]ture at b1 into ! exp&$ portion ( ,m1 x aspirates air ?r\gh ! little orifice1 c1 communicat+ ) ! out] air1 & ?is air is c>ri$ along ) x into ! flask1 :]e x accumulates until x is "u a pressure equal to t ( ! column ( wat] ent]+ ! app>atus1 :5 ! latt] w cease to fl[4 ,by all[+ ! air to escape ?r\gh ,l1 m w be successively compress$1 s t a /eady bla/ may be obta9$4 ,! proportions betwe5 ! diamet]s ( ! exp&$ & contract$ portions ( ! glass tube1 ,m1 are important4 ,if ! bore at b am\nts to #b4e millimet]s1 t at e %\ld be #c millimet]s4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 & ) a pressure ( wat] equal to a column ( #fa4g cubic c5timet]s1 ! app>atus w furni% #hij lit]s ( air = e #a1jjj lit]s ( wat] consum$4 ,if ! two diamet]s 73 b1 #a millimet]1 & e1 #b4d mm41 "o lit] ( wat] aspirates #b4ce lit]s ( air4 ,^! proportions are1 no d\bt1 capable ( improvem5t4--,*em4 ,zeit4 & ,*4 ,c5tralbl4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[] ,,betwe5 ,,bodies ,,mov+ ,,at ,,diff]5t ,,velocities4 ,a few mon?s ago !re 0 exhibit$1 9 ! society's read+ room1 a work+ model ( an application to railway work+ ( :at ! inv5tor calls division ( ! mass4 ,9 caus+ a body1 mov+ at a high velocity1 to communicate motion to ano!r at re/1 or mov+ at a l[] velocity1 he splits "o ( !m up into p>ts all ! m num]\s1 & !re=e t5u\s1 z ! diff]5ce 9 velocity is great]2 & ?is is accompli%$ by caus+ "o ( ! p>ts to take ! =m ( a bru% compos$ ( metal fib]s4 ,9 apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! transmission ( motion = driv+ ma*9]y1 a disk1 fitt$ ) segm5tal bru%es1 is slid lat]ally along ! %aft1 s t ! fib]s come into contact ) radial projections on a second disk2 &1 al?\gh ! contact is made in/antane\sly1 ! action is ex]t$ gradually1 ow+ to ! flexibility ( ! fib]s4 ,t is to say1 ! full p[] is communicat$ )\t any %ock4 ,a simil> arrangem5t1 b ) "o ( ! disks fix$1 s]ves z a brake = arre/+ motion1 & ?is aga9 )\t %ock1 b ) gradually increas+ action4 ,:]e space is v mu* circumscrib$1 ! clut* & ! brake may be comb9$1 by fitt+ a disk ) bru%es on "o side1 & projections on ! o!r1 s t x may be br\ght by a lev] aga9/ a second disk1 = transmitt+ motion1 & aga9/ a ?ird1 fix$1 = /opp+ x4 ,safety appliances = arre/+ ! desc5t ( m9e cages1 9 ! ev5t ( ! rope break+1 h hi!rto dep5d$ ^u ! entrance ( claws into ! guides1 or ! clipp+ ( ! latt]1 or ! w$g+ ( ! cage betwe5 ! guides4 ,9 ?is application ( ! sy/em1 ! guides ( ! %aft are fitt$ ) corrugat$ iron plates1 & ! sides ( ! cage ) /eel bru%es4 ,9 ! normal /ate ( work+1 ! bru%es are kept cle> ( ! guides1 b1 %\ld ! rope break1 a small bru%1 fitt$ on a sector1 con/antly rubb+ aga9/ ! corrugations ( ! guides1 aid$ by a spr+ or c\nt]weight1 br+s ! ma9 bru%es into contact ) ! guides by a l9k arrangem5t1 l t ( ! p>allel rul]1 ?us arre/+ ! cage1 & hold+ x susp5d$ until ! bru%es are gradually relax$1 = brak+ ! cage sl[ly d[n to ! next l&+4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to cause a locomotive1 runn+ at full spe$1 to ex]t su* a me*anical action z w\ld set a signal to dang]1 s z to protect ! tra9 f ano!r foll[+ 9 ! re>4 ,by fitt+ ! eng9e ) a /eel bru%1 atta*$ to ! axle boxes1 s z to pres]ve a uni=m height ) respect to ! rails1 a /ation>y lev] may be gradually mov$1 s t ! signal is set at dang] )\t %ock4 ,moreov]1 by means ( ano!r bru%1 9 ! ev5t ( ! eng9e be+ turn$ ^u ! wrong l9e1 a lev] may be made to %ut (f ! /eam1 apply ! brakes1 bl[ ! :i/le1 or move an index on a dial1 record+ a neglect ( duty1 or may ex]t ^! f\r actions simultane\sly4 ,all ! above applications ( ?is pr9ciple--! division ( ! mass--h be5 te/$ exp]im5tally1 ! la/ nam$ by ! model above ref]r$ to4 ,! clut* arrangem5t has transmitt$ six horse p[] f a petroleum motor1 mak+ #bjj revolutions a m9ute1 to a dynamo mak+ #b1jjj revolutions1 :ile applications to indu/rial purposes are n[ be+ made1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,belgium4 ,! inv5tor ( ! sy/em is ,m4 ,raymond ,sny]s1 ,+nieur des ,m9es1 du ,gnie ,civil1 et des ,arts et ,manufactures1 ( ! ,l\va9 ,univ]sity4--,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eam ,,g5]ator ,,( ,,s]pollet ,,bro!rs1 ,,produc+ ,,/eam ,,in/antane\sly4 ,! explosibility ( a /eam g5]ator may be measur$ by ! relation ( its total capacity to its vaporiz+ p[]4 ,! old fa%ion$ g5]ators & "s ( ! mod]n ones are s con/ruct$ z to conta9 f fifte5 to tw5ty times m wat] ?an !y are able to vaporize )9 "o h\r4 ,?us a great quantity ( heat is obta9$ & a uni=m pressure assur$1 b ! /eam-g5]at+ app>atus is co/ly1 heavy1 & cumb]some2 x requires a long "t be=e ! necess>y pressure is obta9$1 & ! g5]ator is only suitable = a /ation>y in/allation & :]e x c un9t]rupt$ly "w = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,besides1 ! enorm\s quantity ( hot wat] "u pressure con/itutes a con/ant dang]1 & ! explosion ( a /eam g5]ator ) boil] tubes becomes a real disa/]4 ,9 ord] to satisfy ! requirem5ts :i* h newly aris5 9 connection ) navigation1 locomotion1 small motors & app>atus :i* ne$ = _! work+ an int]mitt5t supply ( /eam1 x became necess>y to modify ! con/ruction ( /eam boil]s1 to augm5t _! heat+ surface1 to dim9i% _! residue ( wat]1 & to gradually con/ruct s-call$ inexplosible app>atus1 ( :i* ! ,belleville boil] =ms "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic prototypes4 ,9 try+ to r$uce ! inexplosibility to ! utmo/1 ,messrs4 ,s]pollet ,bro!rs h succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ a type ( boil]s :i* may be call$ absolutely inexplosible1 & ?is result has be5 obta9$ by r$uc+ ! capacity ( ! boil] to practically nil1 ?us r5d]+ ! explosibility also nil1 = "u ! circum/ances ! relation betwe5 capacity & vaporiz+ p[] becomes itself nil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,in/antane\s ,,vaporization ,,boil] ,,( ,,messrs4 ,,s]pollet4 #a4 ,g5]al view ( boil] 7exp]im5tal arrangem5t74 #b4 ,cross section ( boil] 7natural size74 ,! l9e ,a ,b indicates1 at some:at exagg]at$ scale1 ! cross section ( ! int]ior empty space ( ! boil]4 ,! me?od employ$ = ?is purpose by ,messrs4 ,s]pollet is an extremely simple "o4 ,a cyl9drical /eel tube ( conv5i5t diamet] & suffici5t ?ickness is roll$ flat at a temp]ature bel[ ! :ite heat ( ! metal1 & ! la/ t\* ( ! roll]s is giv5 to x :5 already cold4 ,by ?is means a flat tube is obta9$1 ! empty int]ior space ( :i* looks 9 a cross section 7,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #b7 l a black l9e n ?ick] ?an a hair1 & measures f #j4a to #j4c millimet]4 ,?is tube is f9ally roll$ up 9 ! =m ( a spiral1 or left /raight1 accord+ to ! use to be made ( x1 & put into an appropriate furnace 7,fig4 #a1 ,no4 #a74 ,to ei!r end ( ! tube a jo9t is atta*$1 ! "o = ! purpose ( admitt+ ! wat]1 ! o!r = admitt+ ! /eam4 ,:5 "u ^! circum/ances ! tube has be5 heat$ to a high temp]ature 9 a conv5i5t fire box1 ! wat] :i* has be5 pump$ into x1 by a fe$ pump fa/5$ to "o ( its extremities1 is in/antly *ang$ into /eam & escapes at ! o!r end at a pressure & 9 a /ate ( dryness dep5d+ on ! work+ conditions ( ! app>atus4 ,! +5i\s & really orig9al & novel idea 9 ?is inv5tion is ?is flatt5$ tube1 :i* con/itutes an actual capill>y boil] inside ( :i* ! wat] squeez$ 9 betwe5 its walls _c assume its sph]oidal /ate1 & ! =mation ( drops becomes absolutely impossible4 ,!re exi/s no long] a residue ( hot wat]1 nor are wat] gauges1 safety valves1 or any o!r ( ^? num]\s accessories requir$ :i* make all /eam boil]s s complicat$ & :i* augm5t consid]ably _! co/4 ,x also becomes unnecess>y to connect ! jo9t f :i* ! /eam escapes by means ( a valve ) ! motor = :i* ! /eam is to be us$4 ,if ! supply ( /eam is to be /opp$1 ?is c be done by simply suppress+ ! supply ( wat]1 i4e41 by empty+ ! boil]4 ,! regul> work+ is assur$ by ! quantity ( heat conta9$ 9 ! heat$ iron tube1 to :i*1 = ?is purpose1 an int5tionally great ?ickness has be5 giv51 & x is ?is heat ( ! iron :i* replaces ! heat furni%$ by ! hot wat] 9 ! /eam g5]ators ) boil] tubes4 ,f ! above x w be easy to und]/& ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! new /eam g5]ator1 :5 connect$ ) its motor4 ,?is motor works a small int]mitt+ pump1 :i* supplies ! capill>y boil] ) wat]1 accord+ to ! quantity consum$4 ,! ma*9e is />t$ by means ( a small special pump work$ by h&4 ,:5ev] ! velocity ( ! motor t5ds to increase1 a c5trifugal regulator plac$ ^u ! motor r$uces ! action ( ! pump &1 consequ5tly1 ! supply ( wat] to ! tube1 ?us *eck+ ! velocity ( ! ma*9e4 ,if ! velocity t5ds to slack51 ! inv]se process is employ$4 ,9 ord] to /op ! ma*9e1 x suffices to turn (f ! wat] furni%$ by ! pump by means ( a ?ree-way cock1 & to s5d ! wat] back to ! res]voir ( supply4 ,! boil] c be empti$ 9 less ?an a second1 & ! motor /ops 9 consequ5ce ( be+ depriv$ ( motive p[]4 ,! :ole is m>vel\sly simple1 & creates a/oni%m5t & admiration 9 ! m9d ( ev5 ! mo/ skeptical p]sons :o see ! app>atus4 ,! boil] ( ! "o horse p[] type weighs #cc kilogrammes4 ,x consi/s ( an iron tube hav+ a l5g? ( #b met]s & a height ( #aj4e c5timet]s aft] x has be5 flatt5$2 ! total heat+ surface ?us obta9$ be+ #dh squ>e c5timet]s4 ,! p[] ( vaporization am\nts to #bj kilogrammes ( wat] p] h\r1 :ile ! quantity ( coal consum$ dur+ ! same p]iod am\nts to only #d kilogrammes1 :i* is comp>atively little = a boil] ( s small a p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,tricycle ,,propell$ ,,by ,a ,,s]pollet ,,boil] ,fig4 #b %[s ! fir/ model ( a tricycle con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,s]pollet z an application ( _! boil] = locomotion4 ,! writ] has se5 ! work+ ( ?is app>atus1 & consequ5tly is able to give "s data4 ,! total weight ( ! ma*9e is #ahe kilogrammes1 or ab\t #bej kilogrammes :5 m\nt$ by a p]son4 ,! boil] is plac$ beh9d ! tricycle1 ! motor is "u ! seat1 inside ( :i* is ! wat] res]voir & ! supply ( coal4 ,9 ! motor employ$ 9 ! pres5t case ! fe$ pump is a con/ant supply pump1 b by means ( a direct+ lev] turn+ ar\nd its own axis & act+ ^u a ?ree-way cock1 ! wat] c be divid$ into two /reams1 ! "o empty+ into ! fe$+ res]voir1 ! o!r into ! boil]4 ,by v>y+ ! position ( ! cock1 ! p[] ( ! ma*9e c be modifi$ & its velocity regulat$4 ,! ma*9e c be br\ght to a /op )9 less ?an two met]s by means ( ! comb9$ action ( a brake & ! complete suppression ( wat] 9 ! boil]4 ,9 ord] to />t ! ma*9e1 ! wat] is s5t into ! tube by a little extra pump work$ = a mom5t by ! left h& ( ! cycli/ :5 />t+4 ,on ,july #be "s exp]im5ts 7 made be=e ! ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s ) ! tricycle above describ$1 & on t occasion x trav]s$ ! ,rue ,gir>don & ! ,rue de ,norv9o to ,montm>tre 7/reets 9 :i* ! gradi5t rises to #ae c5timet]s p] met]7 ) a velocity ( ?ree met]s p] second4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( ! fir/ /ation>y boil] ( ! new k9d4 ,! lett]s ( ref]5ce w suffice to indicate ! position ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( x1 ! =ms ( :i* may be v>i$ accord+ to ! object = :i* ! boil] is to be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,complete ,,view ,,( ,a ,,s]pollet ,,boil]4 #a4 ,ext]ior view4 #b4 ,cross section4 #c4 ,horizontal section at ! height ( ! tube4 ,messrs4 ,s]pollet are occupi$ at pres5t ) /udy+ ! special arrangem5ts :i* w be ne$$ = connect+ _! boil] ) a quadricycle1 a torp$o boat1 a /ove1 a locomotive1 or a /ation>y ma*9e ( #aj horse p[]1 & ) rectangul> p>ts4 ,! inexplosibility ( _! boil] has be5 te/$ dur+ an exp]im5t made be=e ! eng9e]s ( m9es1 on :i* occasion a manomet] 7/eam gauge7 graduat$ = a pressure ( upw>d #bjj kilogrammes p] squ>e c5timet] 0 us$1 & ! pressure rais$ f> beyond ! limits indicat$4 ,! result 0 t ! h& ( ! manomet]1 be+ press$ aga9/ ! walls ( ! box1 became b5t1 & ?\gh ! boil] 0 submitt$ to a pressure ! degree ( :i* x 0 impossible to measure1 x 0 n *ang$ 9 ! slighte/4 ,incru/ation ( ! boil] is n to be fe>$1 =1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great velocity ) :i* ! /eam circulates ?r\gh ! tube1 ! solid matt] dissolv$ 9 ! wat] becomes pulv]iz$ & is =c$ out1 me*anically assi/+ to lubricate & poli% ! p>ts ( ! motor4 ,! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,s]pollet is /ill too new to =etell all its possible applications1 b _! app>atus1 9 its pres5t =m1 is exactly ! /eam g5]ator :i* w be useful = produc+ a small motive =ce2 :ile x w be necess>y to wait until x has be5 asc]ta9$1 by fur!r /udy1 h[ ! sy/em c economically be us$ = high motive p[]4 ,! mo/ natural & imm$iate application ( ! inv5tion seems to be its use = ! electric light+ ( re/aurants1 9 :i* case "o ( ! in/antane\s vaporization tubes might be connect$ ) /oves :i* rema9 light$ all day1 & :i* might ?us besides supply ! necess>y motive =ce to "w a small dynamo *>g+ "s accumulators4--,e4 ,hospitali]1 9 ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gas ,,light+ ,,by ,,high-,,p[] ,,burn]s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a communication pres5t$ to ! ,societe ,indu/rielle du ,nord de la ,france by ! manag] ( ! ,wazemmes ,gas ,company1 he made ! foll[+ rem>ks on gas light+ ) high-p[] burn]s3 ,= gas ( a /&>d illum9at+ value1 ! light+ p[] increases ) ! temp]ature ( ! flame4 ,x also increases1 "u favorable conditions1 if ! quantity ( gas consum$ by ! burn] 9 a c]ta9 p]iod is augm5t$4 ,?us1 two burn]s consum+ #fj lit]s 7r m ?an #b cubic feet7 ( gas1 plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 produce less light ?an "o burn] consum+ #abj lit]s4 ,z x is impossible to indef9itely increase ! supply to ord9>y burn]s1 multiple-flame burn]s h be5 inv5t$1 9 :i* two or m ord9>y flames are unit$ s t !y may imp+e ^u ea* o!r4 ,by an +5i\s arrangem5t = br++ ! air into contact ) ! multiple flames1 two excell5t types ( lamps are obta9$1 consum+ respectively #gjj & #a1djj lit]s p] h\r1 :i* meet ) a rapid dem& 9 ,p>is1 & 9 _m o!r t[ns1 = light+ wide public ?or\ghf>es1 squ>es1 & l>ge op5 spaces4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ to obta9 a flame ) a mu* high] temp]ature1 x is necess>y to resort to a special arrangem5t = heat+ ! air int5d$ = combu/ion ) ! gas4 ,! pr9ciple ( heat+ ! air by means ( wa/e heat escap+ ) ! products ( ! wa/e gas--! reg5]ative pr9ciple--0 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,siem5s1 & appli$ n only to gas burn]s1 b to high temp]ature /oves4 ,) ! ,siem5s burn] on ! reg5]ative pr9ciple ! foll[+ results are obta9$3 ,) a consumption ( #aej lit]s p] h\r1 ! light ( f #a to #c c>cels2 #bej to #cjj lit]s1 #f to #g c>cels2 #fjj lit]s1 #ae c>cels2 #hjj lit]s1 #bj to #bb c>cels2 #a1fjj lit]s1 #df to #dh c>cels2 #b1bjj lit]s1 #gb c>cels4 ,un=tunately1 ! con/ruction ( ! ,siem5s ,arg& lamps is v delicate1 &1 moreov]1 !y h ! disadvantage ( be+ heavy & r unsightly4 ,9 ,g]many !y h be5 widely adopt$2 b 9 ,france !y h met ) b little success4 ,! ,s*ulke lamp is made on ! same pr9ciple2 & ?is appe>s to be too delicate to come into g5]al use4 ,"o ( ! late/ burn]s ( ! reg5]ative class is ! ,w5ham1 :i* has be5 be=e ! public = "s "t 9 ,engl& & is n[ be+ adopt$ 9 ,france4 ,9 po9t ( fact x is m]ely a v effective improvem5t on ,breittmay]'s burn]1 f :i* x diff]s only 9 its con/ruction2 be+ produc$ 9 "s elegant /yles1 :i* l5d !mselves p]fectly to ! decorations ( private h\ses4 ,! ,no4 #b lamp ( ?is type1 ) a consumption ( #bhc lit]s 7#aj cubic feet7 p] h\r1 has giv5 #abf c&les1 9 a v]tical direction )\t reflectors3 horizontally1 #ej c&les4 ,b ! gas employ$ 9 ! te/s _h an illum9at+ p[] ab\t #bj p] c5t4 high] ?an t usual 9 ,p>is4 ,:5 exp]im5t+ 9 ,p>is ) a ,no4 #c lamp 9 a v]tical direction1 x %[$ a consumption ( #cd4f lit]s 7#a4b cubic feet7 p] c>cel obta9$4 ,! ,w5ham lamp is con/ruct$ to give light 9 a v]tical direction2 & by adopt+ a l>ge reflector1 ! illum9at+ p[] is increas$ #ah p] c5t4 9 a v]tical l9e & #ee p] c5t4 at #hj1 :i* is a highly satisfactory result4 ,!re are at pres5t five sizes ( ^! lamps4 ,!re is also ! ,delmas hot air burn]1 9 :i* ! batsw+ flame is completely inclos$ 9 a glass1 m\nt$ ) a %eet-iron cas+1 heat$ by ! products ( combu/ion1 ?r\gh :i* ! air passes on its passage d[nw>d to fe$ ! flame2 & x ?us increases ! temp]ature1 improves ! illum9at+ p[]1 & produces a beautiful /eady light4 ,m5tion also may be made ( ! ,siem5s radiat$ heat burn]1 by means ( :i* ! heat+ ( ! air is effect$ simply by ! radiation ( ! metallic p>ts ( ! appliance :i* are 9 contact ) ! flame4 ,^! burn]s produce ! light ( #a c>cel 7#i4e c&les7 ) a gas consumption ( #gj lit]s 7ab\t #b cubic feet71 & are !re=e1 f an economical po9t ( view1 int]m$i>y betwe5 ! high p[] & reg5]ative burn]s4 ,?is degree ( economy c be asc]ta9$ by an +5i\s arrangem5t ( ! air supply 9 a burn] ) holes1 :i* has be5 made 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,wazemmes ,gas ,company by ,m4 ,v]l1 ! eng9e]1 :o has inv5t$ a v simple burn] call$ ! ,lillois1 ) :i* ! light ( #a c>cel is obta9$ ) a consumption ( #gj lit]s4 ,?is produces a tulip-%ap$ flame1 & x has a specially con/ruct$ glass arrangem5t on ! outside = regulat+ ! combu/ion4 ,comp>+ ! above-m5tion$ burn]s ) ea* o!r1 we arrive at ! foll[+ results3 ,! ,lillois burn] consumes #gj lit]s ( gas p] c>cel2 ! ,siem5s ord9>y1 #gj lit]s2 ! ,siem5s-,breittmay]1 #ce to #ci lit]s2 ! ,w5ham1 ab\t #ce lit]s4 ,tak+ ?is into acc\nt1 & consid]+ t a c>cel corresponds ) #aje lit]s ( gas consum$ 9 ! ,b5gal =m ( burn]1 we see t ! economy 9 gas might1 by employ+ ^! burn]s1 rea* f #cc to #ga p] c5t4 ,if ?is is comp>$ ) ! batsw+ burn]1 :i* produces ! light ( #a c>cel ) a consumption ( #abj lit]s ( gas1 ! economy is great]--v>y+1 accord+ to ! type ( lamp1 f #da to #he p] c5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,syn*roniz+ ,,clocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,davey',s ,,p5dulum ,,= ,,syn*roniz+ ,,clocks4 ,w1 friction :eel atta*$ to p5dulum4 ,l gives no impulse except :5 ! electro-magnet is excit$4 ,k1 lev] & weight lift$ by electro-magnet1 ,e4 ,a1 op5 contact complet$ by p5dulum ea* sw+4 ,b1 batt]y4 ,r1 rat*et :eel & pawl4 ,m1 lev] fix$ at top4 ,l1 weight at end ( bell crank lev]1 :i* drives p5dulum once ea* m9ute1 be+ rais$ by ! electro-magnets4 ,at ! rec5t meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 ,dubl91 ,mr4 ,davey1 ( ,le$s1 spoke ( syn*roniz+ me*anisms4 ,he _h occupi$ "s ( 8 sp>e "t 9 attempt+ to syn*ronize clocks f a /&>d clock4 ,! problem is simil> to ! pres5t "o1 except t x is r\gh-&-ready1 comp>$ to ! pres5t "o4 ,he _h a novel electrical p5dulum1 to drive a seconds p5dulum by electricity4 ,electrical clocks are notori\sly bad timekeep]s2 on acc\nt ( v>iation 9 ! /r5g? ( ! electrical curr5t1 ! batt]y falls (f4 ,he _h con/ruct$ an electric clock hav+ a seconds p5dulum1 & record+ an impulse once a m9ute4 ,on ! p5dulum he _h a little rat*et :eel1 ,r1 hav+ ?irty tee?4 ,! pawl 0 connect$ ) a lev]1 ,m1 fix$ at ! top4 ,on ! face ( ! :eel a little p9 rotates ) ! :eel4 ,on ! side ( ! clock case 0 a contact mak]1 :i* clos$ ! circuit by ! p9 on ! rat*et :eel1 ,r1 once e m9ute4 ,! weight 0 lift$ by ! electric curr5t1 & by its fall gave an impulse to ! p5dulum4 ,! p5dulum 0 a free sw++ p5dulum = #ei sec41 & ! increase ( ! arc c\ld sc>cely be detect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,coal ,,t> ,,z ,,fuel ,,= ,,/eam ,,boil]s4 ,by ,,john ,mc,c,r,a,e1 ( ,dundee4 ,ab\t ?ree ye>s ago1 :5 ! sudd5 & s]i\s fall took place 9 ! value ( ! second>y products produc$ 9 gas works1 _m gas manag]s--ev] desir\s ( do+ _! v be/ = _! employ]s--7 =c$ to look ar\nd = "s bett] m>ket 9 :i* to dispose ( ! products :i* _h s s]i\sly fall5 9 value4 ,?is 0 no easy task2 & ev5 n[ x =ms v uphill "w inde$4 ,a comp>atively new m>ket has be5 creat$ = ! disposal ( boil$ t> at sev]al ( ! ,g]man ports4 ,b ! exp5se & difficulty ( load+ %ips ) t> 9 casks take v mu* f ! sav+ d]iv$ f ! new mann] ( disposal4 ,x occurr$ to me1 !re=e1 t we mu/ look ne>] home = a rem$y4 ,9 all gas works ( any magnitude1 a consid]able quantity ( fuel mu/ be employ$ = ! purpose ( supply+ ! works ) /eam = ! exhau/] eng9es1 *emical app>atus1 ?aw+ purposes1 etc4 ,:e!r ?is fuel consi/s ( coke or ( coal1 w n 9 ! lea/ affect or alt] my figures4 ,i h no d\bt if any manag] discov]s t he is work+ m economically by sell+ ! coke & us+ a *eap small or o!r coal1 he w adopt ! *eape/ process4 ,9 ,dundee1 :]e we get a good price = coke1 ,i f\nd1 = ! purpose ( /eam fuel1 x w\ld be f> *eap] to buy small coal co/+ f #es4 to #es4 #f;d4 p] ton deliv]$ 9 ! works1 & dispose ( ! coke4 ,! "q ( fuel !n lay betwe5 coal & t>2 & ,i h exp]im5t$ some:at ext5sively to asc]ta9 ! true relative values ( ! two classes ( fuel4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is pap]1 & )9 ! la/ few days1 ,i made a fur!r exam9ation into ! "q2 & ! results arriv$ at w be ^? "h quot$4 ,! coal we employ$ 0 :at is kn[n z ,/rav5h\se small coal1 :i* co/s #es4 p] ton deliv]$4 ,! exp]im5t 9 ea* case la/$ #dh h\rs4 ,! t> employ$ 0 :at is kn[n z boil$ t>2 ! naph?a hav+ be5 previ\sly remov$1 b ! pit* oil left 9 ! t>4 ,! value ( ?is t> 9 ,dundee is ab\t #ds4 p] ton4 ,! foll[+ are ! figures3 ,coal1 #aj tons #af cwt41 at #es4 #b #ad #j ,t>1 #a1dfj gallons 7or #i tons #c cwt4 #afj gallons #a ton71 at #ds4 #a #af #g ------- ,sav+ p] day by us+ t>4 #j #ag #e ,& ?is at ! longe/ day1 :5 we are us+ a m]e fraction ( /eam1 z comp>$ ) our w9t] requirem5ts1 & consequ5tly ! pr(it is proportionally less ?an x w be :5 we are 9 full "w4 ,illu/ration ,& n[ all[ me to direct y\r att5tion = a %ort "t to ! appliance made use ( 9 accompli%+ ?is t> burn+4 ,on ! wall is %[n a diagram giv+ 9 detail ! injector kn[n z ,c4 ,w4 ,walk]'s pat5t t> spray] burn]2 & x is suppli$ only by t firm4 ,! t>1 :i* has be5 br\ght =w>d to ! boil]s 9 a ?or\ghly liquid /ate1 is dis*>g$ f ! c5t] ( ! injector into ! furnace ( ! boil]4 ,surr\nd+ ! c5t] nozzle ( ! injector is an annul> space ?r\gh :i* high pressure /eam passes1 also into ! furnace4 ,! mean+ ( ?is /eam mov+ along ) ! t> is to =ce a draught1 z well z to raise ! temp]ature ( ! t>1 & s p>tially conv]t ! t> into vapor2 !reby mak+ ! combu/ion m complete4 ,! fl[ ( ! t> is regulat$ by ! v delicate sluices atta*$ to ! injectors4 ,^! valves consi/ ( elongat$ cones & plugs1 & are con/ruct$ n only = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! fl[ ( t>1 b also = remov+ any ob/ruction or incru/ation :i* may accumulate 9 ! nozzle4 ,9 ord] to keep ! t> 9 a liquid /ate 7:i* 9 ! w9t] "t is n an easy matt]71 a small /eam pipe is pass$ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! t> pipe2 b1 ( c\rse1 no /eam is dis*>g$ among ! t>1 z ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 ! injector prev5ts its correct work+4 ,! /eam pipe is simply pass$ ?r\gh ! t> pipe1 & a /eam trap atta*$ to its end4 ,9 *ang+ f ! coal or coke fuel to ! t>1 little or no difficulty is exp]i5c$1 & v r>ely is a %ovelful ( any k9d ( solid mat]ial requir$4 ,! furnace b>s h only to be kept cov]$ to prev5t ! wa/e ( t> & ! too rapid +ress ( air2 & :5 ! furnaces are 9 full "w1 & be+ well & c>efully att5d$ to1 ! t> w be f\nd to h be5 ne>ly all consum$ be=e rea*+ ! solid mat]ial cov]+ ! b>s4 ,! action is v mu* ! same z 9 ! p>aff9 oil lamp4 ,! wick is ! m$ium by :i* ! oil is br\ght to ! po9t ( combu/ion1 :]e x is develop$ into light2 b ! wick rema9s little injur$1 al?\gh 9 close proximity to su* int5se heat4 ,! oil burns1 n ! wick4 ,9 ! t> furnace1 ! t> itself burns1 & ! t> only4 ,x w be easily und]/ood t a little exp]i5ce is necess>y to enable ! att5dant to fully und]/& ! quantity ( t> by :i* complete combu/ion is to be obta9$1 & :i* 9 no case mu/ be exce$$4 ,! mom5t "o atom ( t> is s5t into ! furnace beyond t :i* c be ?or\ghly consum$1 y h !n ! mo/ hide\s dis*>ge ( black smoke 7c>bon7 :i* x is difficult to describe1 b :i* c be easily und]/ood1 &1 ,i believe1 c be se5 )9 a few miles ( :]e we n[ sit4 ,i %\ld m5tion t ! injectors are fitt$ on ! furnace doors2 b ! connections are ( su* a nature t ! doors c be op5$ )\t di/urb+ any ( ! p]man5t fitt+s4 ,& n[ ,i h told y t ! results detail$ 9 ?is %ort pap] 7 ^? obta9$ 9 ! ,dundee gas works4 ,?is is s2 b 7 ,i to leave ! matt] "h1 x might be inf]r$ t ,i consid]$ simil> results might be obta9$ 9 any & e gas works4 ,i w\ld n mislead y2 & !re=e mu/ deta9 y = a few mom5ts long] 9 ord] to %[ y h[ my t[n is diff]5t f _m o!rs4 ,dundee is v peculi>ly situat$ 9 ?is respect4 ,x is a long di/ance f any t> di/ill]'s works capable ( deal+ ) ! l>ge quantity ( t> we h = sale dur+ ! w9t]4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! value ( our t> mu/1 !re=e1 g to ! railway company1 to cov] ! co/ ( transit betwe5 ! two po9ts1 & s ! t> di/ill] c all[ u b a small figure = x at ! />t+ po9t4 ,!n aga91 ,dundee be+ f> di/ant f ! coal fields1 ! coal is exceptionally high 9 price4 ,i q believe t 9 _m ( ! we/ c\ntry t[ns ! coal = :i* we are pay+ #es4 p] ton c\ld be _h = #cs42 & ! t> = :i* we are receiv+ #ds4 p] ton1 !y w\ld get n mu* "u ! d\ble ( ?is4 ,!re=e1 y see1 9 a place s circum/anc$1 ! figures ,i h giv5 w\ld be mo/ mislead+4 ,/ill1 ,i d\bt n !re are places z badly situat$ z ,dundee2 & x is to su* places t my rem>ks are direct$4 ,i believe also t1 9 _m t[ns di/ant f colli]ies1 ! t> might be sold to manufactur]s = use 9 _! /eam boil]s2 & su* an arrangem5t w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 prove advantage\s bo? to ! sell] & ! us] ( ?is liquid fuel4 ,i ?9k t z mu* has be5 said 9 reg>d to my subject z is necess>y2 b p]mit me to add t ,i believe !re is a future = liquid fuels4 ,i d n say t>1 b m conc5trat$ fuels1 su* z crude naph?as1 p>aff9s1 & pit* oil4 ,:5 y see "o ( our l>ge /eam]s tak+ coal into h] bunk]1 x mu/ h appe>$ to y t !re 0 great wa/e ( p[] "h4 ,e ton ( coal laid 9 mu/ require a c]ta9 am\nt ( p[] to c>ry x2 & e ton ( coal s laid 9 r$uces ! c>go-c>ry+ p[] to ?is ext5t4 ,a few gallons ( oil w give y ! /eam-produc+ p[] ( a ton ( coal2 & ?is is a fact :i* ! own]s ( non-pay+ /eam%ips %\ld note4 ,take our locomotives also4 ,ev]y?+ ,i h said 9 reg>d to /eam%ips applies to !m2 & ! com=t to ! /ok]s & ! g5]al r$uction 9 labor w\ld be v m>k$ inde$4 ,( c\rse1 x may be argu$ t if !re 7 su* a l>ge dem& creat$ = oils = furnaces1 ! old fa%ion$ law ( supply & dem& might come into play1 & s =ce up ! price ( ! article = :i* ! increas$ dem& _h tak5 place4 ,b ,i ?9k ?is /ate ( matt]s is r remote1 :5 we be> 9 m9d ! great oil wells only n[ becom+ develop$1 & ! oils f :i* c be run 9 bulk direct f ! wells into %ips1 & br\ght to ?is c\ntry at v l[ rates4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wat* ,,clean+ ,,& ,,repair+4 ,by ,,old ,,fogy4 ,be=e proce$+ ) :at ,i consid] ! be/ me?ods 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( ! wat* & jewelry bus9ess1 ,i w say t ,i d n1 by any means1 consid] t my way is ! be/1 = al?\gh ,i h be5 9 ! bus9ess q a :ile1 yet ,i f9d t ,i le>n some?+ new almo/ e day t ,i live1 & expect to d s1 s long z ,i cont9ue 9 ! bus9ess4 ,be v p>ticul> 9 select+ y\r tools2 ab\t ?ree wid?s ( screwdriv]s1 & keep !m 9 ! be/ ( ord]1 squ>e across ! po9t ( blade1 & nev] use a screwdriv] too n>r[ nor too wide = ! screw1 & 9 us+ be c>eful n to let x slip1 & ?us m> ! plates or bridges ( a wat*4 ,i also recomm5d t ! h&les ( ^! screwdriv]s be ( diff]5t %apes or /yles1 s z to save "t 9 pick+ up ! "o y want 7& j "h ,i w say t e device or me?od t saves "t w be ( great value to ! op]ator72 !n h ab\t ! same numb] ( tweez]s 7#c71 "o ( good1 solid1 heavy po9ts1 say #a_/af in* wide at ! po9ts1 = tak+ d[n a wat*1 & h&l+ ! heavi] p>ts1 & !n "o a little f9]1 & "o v f9e to "w 9 ab\t ! tra91 hairspr+1 etc41 & always keep ^! tweez]s 9 p]fect ord] at ! po9ts1 s t :atev] y h&le1 y w n m> or drop ! ?+s y are h&l+4 ,"r 9 ?is connection ,i w say t ,i _c f9d tweez]s t suit me4 ,s ,i make my own1 & y c d ! same if y w by select+ "s nice /eel4 ,!n a good assortm5t ( pli]s1 cutt+1 flat1 & r\nd4 ,9 select+ bru%es1 y w h to be v p>ticul> & secure ! op5 & /raight bri/le bru%es1 :i* are also h>d to f9d ^! latt] ye>s4 ,take all ! co>s] bru%es & hold !m on a co>se gr9d/one1 runn+ !m :ole l5g?1 bo? ways2 ?is takes (f ! new r\gh end ( ! bri/les be=e us+ fir/ "t4 ,!n !re are pun*es1 broa*es1 drills1 calip]s1 c\nt]s9ks1 files1 etc41 etc4 ,besides ?is1 ,i h adopt$ ! plan ( mak+ any tool ,i happ5 to ne$ = any special purpose1 s t by mak+ ^! at ! "t ,i happ5 to want a tool t ,i _c pur*ase1 ,i h accumulat$ q a v>iety ( odd tools2 among !m are a v>i$ lot ( mill]s1 = mill+ & rais+ jewels1 & deep5+ ! c\nt]s9k holes = jewel sett+s & screw heads1 also a tool = hold+ a roll]1 to set ! jewel p91 & "o = hold+ ! hair spr+ collet1 & a pair ( tweez]s = hold+ jewels :ile clean+1 etc41 etc4 ,z to la!s1 ,i h f\nd t !re is a necessity ( ab\t two la!s2 "o a ,swiss1 light runn+ la! = cem5t+ any pivot "w1 & ,i pref] ^! because !y run mu* light] & easi] ?an ^? heavi] ,am]ican la!s2 & yet if conf9$ to b "o la!1 ,i w\ld use a small siz$ ,am]ican la!1 ) a good assortm5t ( split *ucks1 p>ticul>ly ^? ) ! small] siz$ holes1 = hold+ balance /affs1 :eel arbors1 etc41 :i* come 9 use almo/ ev]yday1 = tak+ (f ! burr f ! po9t ( a balance pivot1 :i* has come f a collapse ( ! case2 driv+ ! end /ones d[n on ! end ( pivots1 ev5 sometimes to ! ext5t ( head+ !m ov] inside ( ! hole jewel4 ,^! small size split *ucks ,i h f\nd extremely useful = ! la/ nam$ purpose1 & ,i am n s s5tim5tal b t ,i (t5] use ^! split *ucks1 ev5 = sett+ f9e balance pivots1 r ?an take "t to cem5t !m2 & :ile ,i d n advise ! use ( a split *uck = ?is purpose 9 e case1 yet ) a little exp]i5ce "o c tell :5 a /aff is held s t ! new pivot :5 set w l9e & be true1 & ( a cle> beat or sw+4 ,to make a v nice pivot ! cem5t+ process is pref]able1 & yet1 = ne>ly a ye>1 my old ,no4 #a ,am]ican la! 0 n set up 7= reasons ,i ne$ n take space to expla971 & dur+ t "t ,i employ$ a v skillful workman to d my pivot+1 & ?is man w\ld n ?9k ( ev] do+ a nice job unless he cem5t$ x1 & ,i c assure y t he put 9 m pivots out ( l9e1 & out ( true1 9 ! c\rse ( ^? few mon?s1 ?an ,i _h done badly 9 my life4 ,speak+ ( s5tim5t1 ,i w say t too _m "y workm5 use ! la! too mu*1 & seem to dep5d on a f9e look+ la! & h&some tools1 & sp5d too mu* "t 9 us+ ! la! & 9 decorat+ _! b5* ) a f9e display4 ,b don't con/rue ?is z mean+ t "o c d nice "w ) a jack knife & h&saw1 = ,i mo/ c]ta9ly believe 9 a good & sub/antial set ( tools1 or ,i w\ld n h tak5 s mu* space 9 speak+ ( !m4 ,next1 "o mu/ h a good b5*1 wide & ( good l5g?3 & if no o!r draw]s1 a %all[ dep? draw]1 exactly 9 c5t] ( ! b5*1 ) no knob 9 front1 b r a lip runn+ its :ole l5g?1 und]nea?4 ,s t :]ev] y place y\r h& y c pull x out4 ,?is draw] ,i w\ld h l>ge & roomy 7wide & long & ext5d+ back z f> z ! dep? ( ! b5* w all[1 b %all[1 n deep d[n 971 & !n p>tition x (f by n>r[ slats1 diagonally across x1 runn+ ^! slats f ! extreme ne> "r h& corn] to ! fur!r & extreme left h& corn]1 s t z y rea* y\r "r h& 9 to take out a tool1 y c grasp x naturally )\t twi/+ or cramp+ y\r h&4 ,ab\t eight in*es bel[ ! top ( ! b5*1 ,i w\ld place a sk9 draw] 7! "n comes f ! practice at wat* factories1 =m]ly us+ %eepsk9s = ! bottoms71 :i* is made ) a squ>e frame 7say l a picture frame71 slid+ on slats or a groove1 s t x c be drawn out t[>d ! op]ator1 & :5 s drawn1 ! elb[s w re/ on ?is frame1 ) ! wri/s re/+ on ! edge ( ! top ( ! b5*1 ?us giv+ a firm support = bo? arms & h&s1 & ?is frame hav+ /ret*$ across its bottom a sk9 or canvas1 w cat* & reta9 any?+ t drops or rolls f ! b5*4 ,?is latt] draw] ,i consid] almo/ an indisp5sable article to do+ good & successful "w4 ,at ! "r h& ( ^! two draw]s nam$1 runn+ d[n to floor if ne$ be1 !re c be a s]ies ( draw]s = tools & mat]ials4 ,n[ ) ^! equipm5ts1 & "s o!rs1 n h]e9 nam$1 su* z vise1 file block1 b5* /ake or anvil1 & a l>ge v>iety ( su* tools z w accumulate1 ,i am ready to give y my ideas reg>d+ ! clean+ & repair+ ( wat*es4 ,fir/ & =emo/1 d n und]take any job t y h any or consid]able d\bt b :at y c d successfully1 & nev] leave a job worse ?an y f\nd x2 & nev] m>1 cut1 or sla% any "p ( a wat*4 ,9 o!r words1 don't und]take a job t y h d\bts z to :e!r y c d x correctly4 ,"o ( my old ma/]s told me nev] to und]take to improve on ! mak]'s "w1 & ?is1 :ile n true 9 e case 7p>ticul>ly *eap wat*es71 yet is a safe rule to g by4 ,nev] all[ y\r file1 screwdriv]1 pli]s1 tweez]s1 or any tool to deface any "p ( a wat*4 ,i %all speak ( ?is z ,i proce$4 ,fir/1 be c>eful & n let ! movem5t sw+ s z to 9 any way injure ! balance1 9 tak+ f case1 & if a lev] wat*1 take out ! balance ! fir/ ?+ aft] gett+ out ( case4 ,n[ see t ! ma9spr+ is let d[n & !n remove ! screws f ! plates1 tak+ c>e n to damage or b5d any ( ! pivots z y d ?is4 ,:5 all 9 pieces1 be=e y proce$ to clean1 exam9e ) a /rong glass to see if ! rim ( any :eel is rubb+ or cla%+ ) any?+1 p>ticul>ly ! c5t] :eel 9 any full plate ,am]ican wat*1 = ^! :eels are (t5 dragg+ on ! plate or /rik+ ! rat* :eel because x is n true1 & if exam9$ be=e clean+ ! places :]e x drags1 are a tell-tale ( ! mis*ief4 ,also make any diagnosis ( ! wat* t is ne$$ to discov] any errors f we> or accid5t1 & correct !m be=e go+ fur!r1 su* z look+ to ea* jewel1 pivot1 & o!r p>ts1 & make all necess>y repairs be=e clean+4 ,i h be5 9 ! habit = sev]al ye>s ( putt+ my balance :eel sep>ate f all connections1 & try+ its fre$om 9 all positions1 & if y w try ?is me?od1 y w be surpris$ h[ _m y w f9d t b9d or are n p]fectly free 9 all positions1 :5 y give !m ! v slighte/ impulse by a twirl ( ! h&1 hold+ ! plate4 ,!n1 too1 a c>eful exam9ation ( ea* jewel2 y w be surpris$ h[ _m are ei!r loose 9 ! sett+ or plate4 ,9 reg>d to clean+1 ,i use ! old me?od 7aft] try+ all ways sugge/$7--t ( *alk 7b ,i use ! old lump *alk1 = ^? c>p5t]s' *alk balls are made ) "s k9d ( pa/e t adh]es to ! plate7--& h ?is lump ( *alk at my "r h&1 9 a p]=at$ bottom box1 s t any co>se pieces fall ?r\gh to ! floor1 & by rubb+ ! bru% across x & !n giv+ x a slight rap1 be=e apply+ x to plate1 any h>d or heavy sub/ance w fall out1 & !n ) light pressure ) ! bru% t is m$ium s(t 7& prep>$ on gr9d/one z be=e m5tion$1 if a new "o7 bru% ! plates1 ) an occasional brea?+ on ! surface1 clean ! old oil or t>ni%1 & !n peg out ea* hole _m times1 until y are sure e hole is clean1 by pegg+ bo? sides1 & !n ) a s(t du/ bru% du/ ?or\ghly by /rik+ ! bru% into ! holes on bo? sides4 ,( c\rse1 remove all end /ones1 & clean out ) s(t pi?1 hold+ ! jewels 9 a pair ( hook nose tweez]s1 m5tion$4 ,%\ld ! plates & :eels be v mu* soil$ & oily1 a cov]$ di% ( alcohol is indisp5sable1 & ,i h _h a glass /opp] bottle1 ) e!r1 9 :i* to dip ! jewels1 pallets1 & o!r small pieces1 :i* takes ! oil all (f1 b be sure & clean (f ) s(t pi? or pegwood su* pieces z y h ?us dipp$4 ,?is e!r w c>ry all loose l9t or o!r ?+s to its bottom1 f hairspr+s or roll] table1 & if held b a mom5t w d effective "w1 & n loos5 %ellac4 ,reg>d+ loose jewels1 ,i am n s s5tim5tal z to refuse us+ "s %ellac1 if ! burni%$ lip has be5 s ?9 z to be p>tially gone1 ?us loos5+ ! jewel to hold 9 ! jewel1 by tak+ small & m9ute p>ticles1 & plac+ ar\nd ! edge ( ! jewel1 & !n hold+ ! plate or bridge ov] an alcohol flame1 & all[+ ! %ellac to fl[ ar\nd ! jewel & fa/5 x firm1 & by ?is process ,i h kept jewels firm 9 place = ye>s1 ) no o!r att5tion ?an ! fir/1 & z a rule ?is c be done & n %[4 ,:5 y h ?or\ghly clean$ ! diff]5t p>ts1 hold+ ev]y?+ ) s(t tissue pap]1 !n ) ! pap] put ! wat* toge!r1 nev] =c+ any "p into place1 & :5 screw$ or p9n$ toge!r1 try e :eel to see t !re is ! prop] end & side %ake to ea* pivot1 !n introduce ! balance :eel1 hav+ be5 once tri$ alone z describ$1 & see t ! bank+ p9s are s adju/$ t ! gu>d p9 on ! =k 7lev]7 does n drag on ei!r side1 & t ! jewel p9 ent]s ! slot1 cle>+ ! opposite corn]1 & t ! gu>d p9 is s 9 position t x w n all[ ! p9 to pass by at any po9t & br+ ! jewel p9 outside ! lev]1 or s x w /rike 9 holl[1 or on ! corn]s ( ! holl[ ( ! roll]4 ,:5 y h oil$ ea* pivot exactly on its connect+ po9t ( be>+ ) j ! "r am\nt ( oil 7( c\rse1 oil ^? jewels hav+ end /ones be=e putt+ wat* toge!r71 y\r wat* is ready = ! dial1 & 9 replac+ ! h&s y _c be too p>ticul> ab\t _! be+ free & cle>+ ea* o!r & ! dial & glass4 ,!re is ! c>e ( ! ma9spr+ ,i h int5tionally res]v$ till ! la/4 ,!re are lots ( !ories :y a spr+ w break j aft] clean+1 b ,i only "k t s9ce ,i h adopt$ ! me?od ( nev] tak+ out ! spr+ 7except :51 aft] tak+ (f ! cap ( b>rel1 ,i f9d x is all gumm$ up ) bad oil1 & !n ( c\rse clean x7 ,i h f\nd t a spr+ does n break any (t5] ?an is common1 ev5 if ! wat* is n clean$2 b ,i inv>iably remove ! b>rel arbor & clean out ! holes & ! arbor itself4 ,( c\rse to expla9 e detail ( ! me?od ( repair+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( a wat* w\ld take m space ?an y w\ld all[ 9 y\r j\rnal1 & h5ce ,i w n attempt to g into m9ute detail1 except p]haps "s ( ! m important items1 & ! mo/ common ?+s f\nd 9 ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,among ^! are brok5 pivots1 worn pivots 7sometimes requir+ new ones71 worn holes 9 plates1 & at ! int]section ( b>rel arbor1 rat* & bridge ( ,swiss wat*es1 etc41 :i*1 z a rule1 require common s5se z mu* z practice1 & x v>ies 9 diff]5t wat*es1 s t ! common s5se rule applies ! be/ to ne>ly all ( ^!1 & if y h n got common me*anical s5se1 !n y h mi/ak5 y\r call+ & %\ld d some?+ else4 ,9 any ( ^! repairs don't g x bl9d1 b /udy y\r case c>efully & d ! be/ ?+ y /udy out4 ,:5 !re is a worn pivot hole 9 a plate1 & "o side is c\nt]sunk = oil1 !n h a pun* r\nd$ at ! po9t1 j ! %ape ( ! c\nt]s9k 7& if y h n "o make "o1 & "h is :]e my rule1 t ( mak+ a tool z ! ne$ comes = x1 comes 9 play71 & by screw+ ?is pun* into ! vise1 & ) a smoo?1 flat po9t pun* 7slightly corn]$ ( c\rse7 9 "o h& & hold+ ! plate or bridge ) ! o!r1 ) ! c\nt]s9k on ! pun*1 h a /rik] tap light & quick bl[s1 & y move ! pun* ar\nd on ! side mo/ worn 7& "o side is almo/ inv>iably worn mo/1 ?r[+ ! :eel arbor out ( upright7 & close up1 ev5 a little too mu*1 & !n ) a r\nd1 smoo? broa* enl>ge x1 s t x w be "r size1 & ?is leaves x h>d & smoo?4 ,brok5 pivots1 z ,i h h9t$1 ,i place ! arbor 9 a split *uck1 & if true1 ,i drill into ! /aff ) a drill1 made f a nice piece ( /eel wire1 ! old & ord9>y %ape ( a drill1 :i* is a trifle l>g] at ! cutt+ po9t ?an x is back ( ! po9t1 & ,i make ^! z ,i ne$ !m1 & h>d5 simply by hold+ ! wire 9 a flame till r$ hot1 & !n da% into an apple1 potato1 soap1 or pure rubb]4 ,:i* is ! be/ ( ^! ,i h z yet be5 unable to det]m9e1 s ,i use ei!r z ! mo/ h&y4 ,take a good1 t\gh & small po9t$ grav] & turn a slight c5t] 9 ! end ( arbor ,i am to drill1 & !n by giv+ my la! a back & =w>d motion1 ,i beg9 to drill1 & by ! s5se ( feel+ ,i c tell :e!r my drill is cutt+ or n1 & if n1 ,i h a small1 smoo? oil/one at h& & %>p5 ! drill z (t5 z x refuses to cut1 & if t drill w n cut1 ,i make ano!r4 ,i make my drills ( v small wire1 fil+ !m at po9t & !n tap ! po9t 7hold+ ! wire 9 a v f9e p9 vise71 ?us flatt5+ z well z spread+ x1 & !n %ape ! cutt+ edges z spok5 ( above4 ,:5 y h drill$ suffici5tly to hold a plug firmly1 !n h a piece ( /eel ( spr+ temp] fil$ s z to fit closely & s /raight t x w n act too w$g+ 7& split ! arbor71 drive x 91 cut x (f & turn d[n1 f9i%+ ) an oil/one slip1 & poli% by runn+ ! la! rapidly & ) a piece ( ?9 boxwood 7or h>d pegwood7 *>g$ ) diamant9e1 be+ sure t ! end ( ! pivot has no burr1 ?r[n ei!r way1 ov] end or on side1 = su* a burr w cause a lack ( fre$om ( a balance pivot p>ticul>ly4 ,?is matt] ( sett+ pivots requires a long] exp]i5ce ?an almo/ any o!r "w1 & x ne$s a long practice to d a nice job4 ,if y\r split *uck w n hold y\r /aff or arbor true1 !n use cem5t2 b 9 ?is1 too1 y mu/ be sure t y\r c5t] is true1 & t ! s\nd pivot ent]s x p]fectly4 ,sometimes y meet ) /eel s h>d t y _c t\* x ) a drill1 9 :i* case draw ! temp] ( ! /aff or arbor y are drill+1 & if x projects s little t y _c draw ! temp] )\t injury to ! :eel1 !n un/ake or sep>ate ! :eel1 & by drill+ a hole into a piece ( brass wire1 ab\t ! size ( ! /aff y are drill+1 ins]t ! /aff 9 ?is hole1 & !n heat ! wire ne> ! /aff & ?us gradually & yet effectively draw ! temp]4 ,i consid] x well = "y workm5 to practice pivot sett+ 9 "s old & useless wat* any sp>e "t !y may h1 & ?us become adepts at ?is "w4 ,unh9d]$1 ,i am n ov] on an av]age ( "o-half h\r 9 sett+ any ord9>y pivot1 especially if ,i d n h to cem5t my "w4 ,if ?is is a balance pivot1 be v c>eful to see t y\r balance is true & pois$ be=e putt+ on hairspr+ & roll]4 ,!re are "s pivots t are und]turn$ 7to make look tidy & light71 & sometimes x is ab\t an impossibility to put 9 a new "o1 & 9 ?is case1 if an ,am]ican wat*1 ,i always put 9 an entire new /aff1 & h5ce keep a full assortm5t on h&4 ,reg>d+ replac+ brok5 jewels1 ,i also keep a full /ock ( ^!1 turn$ 7! sett+7 to mat* any make or /yle ( wat*2 except1 ( c\rse1 ,swiss wat*es1 & = ^! ,i keep a l>ge assortm5t ( sizes1 bo? ( cock & foot & :eel jewels1 & a full /ock once procur$1 !y la/ a long "t & are a good inve/m5t1 = ) !m y c meet any em]g5cy4 ,9 a ,swiss wat*1 or any wat* :]e ! jewel is set into ! plate1 h "s "o ( ! devices = ?r[+ up ! burni%$ lip1 & !n select a jewel t j fills ! space1 & !n ) a smoo? po9t$ pun*1 su* z ,i describ$ ,i us$ = clos+ up a pivot hole1 ,i turn ?is lip back by slid+ ?is r\nd po9t$ pun* ar\nd ! outside1 mak+ x act z a burni%4 ,cap jewels ,i ei!r treat 9 ! same mann] z ! la/1 or cut away ! sett+1 & ins]t !m z !y are ins]t$ 9 mo/ ,swiss wat*es4 ,i h n[ tak5 up ! m common repairs1 & w close by ha/ily speak+ ( ! m r>e cases1 & ! adju/m5t ( ! hair spr+1 etc41 etc4 ,x is (t5 ! case t !re is nev] end %ake to ! balance to make x absolutely safe :5 screw$ into ! case1 & :5 ?is happ5s ,i take ! po9t ( a %>p grav] & prick up a burr on ! bridge1 & nev] on ! plate1 z any unskill$ workman does1 = ! "u side ( ! bridge nev] be+ f9i%$1 y really m> no?+1 & sometimes ?is rais+ ( ! cock 7or bridge7 becomes a necessity1 to h x cle> ! rim ( ! balance1 :i*1 if rais$1 x w cle>1 & !n by b5d+ d[n ! end ( ! cock at po9t :]e ! jewel is1 & ?us regulate ! end %ake4 ,i h>dly "k h[ to give directions h[ to proce$ 9 adju/+ hairspr+s1 :5 !y are dis>rang$1 b if ,i c\ld see y1 ,i c\ld expla9 by example :at ,i _c well d 9 words4 ,to comm5ce1 a hairspr+1 :5 !re is no p[] appli$ to balance f ! jewel p91 %\ld be1 :5 p9n$1 j z free f any twi/ or cramp+ z x w\ld be if ly+ flat & free on a smoo? piece ( glass1 be=e x has be5 p9n$ at ei!r end1 & :5 x is p9n$ 9 ! wat* 7at /ud & collet7 x %\ld be ?us free4 ,to br+ x ?us requires demon/ration t _c be made on pap]1 unless y c\ld make diagrams1 too num]\s = ?is article4 ,:at ,i h said reg>d+ x1 h[ev]1 gives an idea ( h[ a hairspr+ %\ld be p9n$4 ,common s5se is dem&$ "h z else:]e4 ,to put a wat* 9 beat1 too1 is a v important item1 :i* ,i d by plac+ %>p po9t$ tweez]s1 fir/ on "o side ( ! arm ( balance & !n on ! o!r1 & s p9 my hairspr+ 9 ! /ud1 t x w let (f z readily on "o side z ! o!r4 ,i _h =gott5 to say t e wat* %\ld h a little oil on ! face ( ! pallet /ones4 ,i "k full well t "s workm5 w say t !re %\ld be none1 b ,i c tell ( scores ( wat*es t h fail$ & inde$ /opp$ simply = want ( oil on ! pallets4 ,select+ ma9spr+s1 too1 ne$s mu* m c>e ?an is usually giv5 to ?is dep>tm5t1 & z a rule ev5 ! wat* factories fill ! b>rel too full1 t is1 too long spr+s4 ,:e!r ,i am correct 9 ?is or n1 y _c be too p>ticul> 9 select+ ! "r /r5g?1 l5g?1 & wid? ( ma9spr+s4 ,ma9spr+s %\ld be well & c>efully oil$4 ,!re are _m ways ( replac+ brok5 tee? 9 :eels1 & ! wid? ( ! web & ! size ( ! tee? has mu* to d ) h[ !y are put 91 b ,i usually dovetail !m 91 & !n ) ! v t9ie/ bit ( s(t sold] fa/5 !m1 b 9 s do+ be positive y h got (f all sold]+ fluid1 t x w n ru/ ! p9ion into :i* x me%es1 & be v p>ticul> to h x exactly l ! re/ ( ! tee? 9 same :eel1 & don't m> ! web ( ! :eel m ?an is possible4 ,i w n[ draw ?is article to a close1 well appreciat+ ! fact t ,i h only made a sup]ficial attempt to in/ruct y\ng] m5 9 ! clean+ & repair+ ( wat*es1 = !re is almo/ an endless v>iety ( special repairs com+ almo/ unexpect$ly to any "o1 ev5 if !y h be5 9 ! bus9ess a long "t1 z ,i h1 & z ,i fir/ said1 ,i am le>n+ daily "s new phase ( ! bus9ess1 & am surpris$ t ,i nev] _h kn[n x be=e4 ,i h1 too1 tak5 p]haps m space ?an ,i ought1 reg>d+ tools & b5*1 yet ! old] ,i gr[1 ! m ,i c see ! importance ( ?is "p1 t ,i may be enabl$ to d "w well & quick4 ,besides1 ,i h left su* repairs z ! *a9 & fusee1 upright+ :eels1 repair+ cases1 adju/m5t to position1 heat & cold1 iso*ronism1 enl>g+ jewels1 or *ang+ angles ( pallet /ones1 etc41 etc41 all ( :i* ,i d z necessity dem&s1 z well z ! c>e ( /rik+ wat*es1 fly backs1 etc41 :i*1 too1 ,i make a specialty (1 & ( *ronomet] escapem5t wat*es1 :i* w\ld take m space ?an ,i feel dispos$ to ask y to give me4--,am]ican ,jewel]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,c5tral ,,railway ,,/ation ,,at ,,frank=t ,,on ,,! ,,ma94 ,! new c5tral railway /ation at ,frank=t on ! ,ma9 is "o ( ! mo/ impos+ /ructures ( mod]n times1 n only z reg>ds its dim5sions1 b also because ( ! effect :i* its ar*itectural proportions produce ^u ! eye4 ,nobody look+ at ! long l9e ( build+s surr\nd$ by gigantic p]ron halls c help be+ impress$ ) _! gr&eur4 ,! behold]1 h[ev]1 is n only /ruck by ! g5]al aspect1 b also by ! beauty ( detail 9 ?is magnific5t specim5 ( ! ,r5aissance /yle4 ,! int]ior ( ! p]ron hall %[n 9 "o ( our engrav+s is especially impressive1 & e "o w admire ! graceful outl9es ( ! heavy iron /ructures 9 ! upp] "p1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( _! enorm\s height1 look f bel[ l a spid] web4 ,! base & ! e>? works 7 begun 9 ! summ] ( #ahha1 & if we take into consid]ation ! fact t #b1gjj1jjj cubic met]s ( s& & gravel 7 necess>y = ! f\ndation1 we w h "s idea ( ! scale on :i* ! edifice 0 und]tak54 ,9 #ahhc1 ! great hall1 :i* has a wid? ( #bbj met]s & :i* w %ortly be op5$ to traffic1 0 begun4 ,! p]spective view ( ?is portion ( ! /ation is giv5 9 "o ( our engrav+s4 ,inspector ,egg]t _h ! g5]al managem5t ( ! build+1 :i* 0 erect$ aft] ! plan submitt$ by him1 & :i* receiv$ ! prize 9 ! competition betwe5 ! diff]5t ar*itects4 ,h]r ,frantz1 a di/+ui%$ eng9e]1 :o und]took ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! con/ruction1 _h an important "p 9 ! execution ( ! entrance hall = ! tra9s1 & x 0 he1 also1 :o built ! p]ron hall1 aft] designs ( ,h]r ,s*w$l]4 ,! middle "p ( ! /ation1 :i* conta9s ! por*1 ! ticket (fices1 ! baggage dep>tm5t1 ! police qu>t]s & ! telegraph (fices1 projects1 z %[n 9 ! picture1 consid]ably beyond ! re/ ( ! build+1 & by ! di/9ct memb]+ ( its m\ld+ /&s out conspicu\sly f ! :ole4 ,protrud+ portals ( peculi> /ructure & corn] pavilions enliv5 ! aspect ( ! w+s ( ! edifice1 ! great r\nd ar*$ w9d[s ( :i* are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by p[]ful /one pill>s4 ,! corn] pavilions to ! left 9 ! view conta9 ! s-call$ imp]ial ap>tm5ts = ! reception ( royal travel]s1 & on ! o!r side are ! meet+ hall & reception rooms ( ! diff]5t railway adm9i/rations4 ,on ! "r & left ( ! impos+ ma9 ve/ibule1 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! /r5g? & ! beauty ( its /yle1 lobbies ) ar*$ ro(s lead to ! wait+ & d9+ rooms1 ! ladies' rooms1 ! imp]ial ap>tm5ts & ! above m5tion$ meet+ hall ( ! adm9i/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,c5tral ,,railway ,,/ation4 ,,frank=t ,,on ,,! ,,ma94--,drawn by ,fr4 ,s*urmann4 ,! ladies' & g5tlem5's toilet rooms also are 9 t "p ( ! build+4 ,! ar*itect has laid especial /ress ^u ! ar*itectural ornam5tation ( ! build+4 ,^u ! apex ( ! ar* ov] ! ma9 ve/ibule a great gr\p w be plac$1 repres5t+ ,atlas c>ry+ ! _w on 8 %\ld]s1 & support$ 9 8 "w by ! allegorical figures ( ,/eam & ,electricity4 ,?is gr\p1 :i* is at ! pres5t mom5t be+ execut$ 9 copp] by ,h\wald1 9 ,brunswick1 is ! "w ( a ,frank=t sculptor1 ,h]r ,gu/av ,h]old4 ,9 ! ar* itself1 ne> ! clock1 we see two allegorical female figures1 ov] life size1 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 model$ by ,pr(4 ,gu/av ,kaup]t 9 ,frank=t1 & repres5t+ ,day & ,night4 ,9 front ( ! pill>s support+ ! ar*1 two o!r female sitt+ figures1 also above life size1 w be p]ceiv$4 ,^! 7 model$ by ,pr(essor ,cal&relli 9 ,b]l91 & repres5t ,agriculture & ,comm]ce1 & 9 ! ni*es on bo? sides !re are ! /atues ( ,navigation & ,indu/ry1 ! "w ( ! sculptor ,hundries]1 ( ,b]l94 ,! two side portals ( ! entrance hall are surm\nt$ by figures ( boys1 hav+ a height #b4dj met]s2 on ! left ! comm]cial travel] & travel+ /ud5t1 modell$ by ,rudolph ,eckh>dt 9 ,frank=t2 on ! "r ! travel] = pleasure & ! emigrant1 ! works ( ! sculptor ,s*oll1 ( ,may5ce4 ,! gr\ps ( ! corn] pavilions1 allegoric repres5tations ( ma*9e build+ & eng9e]+1 7 model$ by ,pr(essor ,max ,wiese1 ( ,hanau4 ,! figures1 l ! :ole build+1 are ( ,heibronn s&/one4 ,ei!r w+ has a ve/ibule lead+ to ! middle p]ron ( ! great hall4 ,!y resemble 9 /yle ! ar*itecture ( ! front ( ! middle build+1 only _! ar*es are small]4 ,"h also we meet ri* ar*itectural ornam5tation on ! pill>s 9 ! great ar*4 ,! ornam5ts consi/1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ( allegorical figures ( boys4 ,!y h a height ( #b4bj met]s1 & repres5t ,agriculture & ,art ,indu/ry on ! "o side & ,art & ! ,retail ,trade ( ,frank=t on ! o!r side4 ,! two =m] figures are ! "w ( ! sculptor ,a4 ,brutt1 ( ,b]l92 ! two latt] 7 model$ by ,h]mann ,beck]1 ( ,frank=t4 ,! side facades are v long1 b ( simpl] /yle ?an ! front ( ! build+1 & connect ) ! p]ron halls1 :i* on _! "p end 9 semi-t[]s4 ,!re ! (fices ( ! adm9i/rations are locat$4 ,! ma9 ve/ibule leads directly to ! middle ( ! p]ron 9 ! l>ge hall1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree naves1 & into :i* ent] ! tra9s ( six railway l9es1 ea* sep>at$ f ! o!r by p]rons4 ,! p]ron hall has a l5g? ( #ahf met]s & a wid? ( #afh met]s4 ,! height ( ! naves1 ) _! l[ ar*$ ro(s1 rises 9 ! c5t] to #bh4e met]s4 ,tunnels connect ! diff]5t railway l9es1 9 ord] to assi/ ! rapid transit ( ?r\gh tra9s4 ,! port also b5efits by ^! tunnels4 ,! inside front ( ! ma9 ve/ibule is v ri*ly decorat$4 ,9 its c5t] a l>ge clock is situat$1 & on bo? sides ( x are colossal allegorical figures model$ by ,f4 ,krug]1 ( ,frank=t1 & repres5t+ ! h\rs ( ,morn+ & ,ev5+1 :ile on ! pill>s we p]ceive l>ge male figures 9 a sitt+ po/ure1 repres5t+ ! ,def5se ( ! ,c\ntry & ,m9+1 ! "w ( ,h]r ,kell]1 ( ,frank=t4 ,! pill>s are cr[n$ by gr\ps ( sculpture1 repres5t+ ! ,honeymoon ,travel & ,in/ruction 9 ,travel+1 ! "o model$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,rumpf1 & ! o!r by ,fri$ri* ,s*i]holz1 ( ,frank=t4 ,! :ole edifice is fire pro(1 sc>cely any wood hav+ be5 us$ 9 its erection4 ,! hall z well z ! o!r p>ts ( ! build+ are heat$ by /eam & light$ by electricity4 ,! :ole co/ ( ! /ructure am\nt$ to ab\t #h1ejj1jjj4--;,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,ex*ange1 ,,p>is4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahha1 ! committee on f9ances ( ! common c\ncil ( ,p>is receiv$ a petition f ! c5tral committee ( ! syndical *amb]s ask+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( an (ficial ex*ange = m]*&ise & comm]cial transactions = ! especial use ( ,p>isian comm]ce4 ,to ?is petition 0 add$ a project ( organization :i* propos$ ! appropriation ( ! gra9 m>ket1 ) a cle>+ ( ! approa*es4 ,! ,p>is *amb] ( comm]ce _h likewise be5 = a long "t contemplat+ ! e/abli%m5t ( a m]*&ise ex*ange1 & 0 /udy+ ! practical means ( organiz+ x4 ,call$ ^u to decide1 ! common c\ncil1 at its session ( ,may #bh1 #ahha1 decre$ t an (ficial m]*&ise ex*ange = ! comm]ce ( ,p>is %\ld be organiz$1 & t ! gra9 m>ket1 or any o!r place consid]$ favorable by ! adm9i/ration1 %\ld be appropriat$4 ,desir\s ( aid+ 9 c>ry+ out ?is decree1 ! *amb] ( comm]ce (f]$ its s]vices to ! city4 ,x propos$ to take ^u itself ! responsibility ( organiz+ & manag+ ! ex*ange1 & ( borr[+ ! money necess>y = conv]t+ ! gra9 m>ket into a m]*&ise ex*ange1 & = cle>+ ! approa*es & op5+ ,l\vre ,/reet4 ,! /udy ( ?is project soon became connect$1 by reason ( ! proximity ( ! places1 ) ! "o hav+ = its object ! enl>g+ ( ! c5tral m>kets & ! con/ruction ( two pavilions to complete !m4 ,x 0 recogniz$ t x w\ld be ( int]e/ to make ! appropriation necess>y = ! enl>g+ ( ! m>kets & to unite ! two op]ations4 ,aft] _m vicissitudes1 ?is project receiv$ ! approval ( ! common c\ncil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,ext]nal ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,comm]cial ,,ex*ange ,,( ,,p>is4 ,! contract = ! "w 0 giv5 on ! #b;d ( ,m>*1 #ahhf1 to ,mr4 ,blondel1 ! well kn[n ar*itect4 ,let u n[ see h[ ! contract has be5 foll[$ out4 ,! gra9 m>ket 0 built 9 #agfg1 ^u ! site ( ! hotel ( ,soissons4 ,( ?is1 no?+ 0 pres]v$ b ! a/ronomical t[] ( ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis1 :i* /ill rema9s4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! m>ket left free 0 soon cov]$ ) a wood5 framework1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 #ahjb4 ,?is 0 !n replac$ by ! ar*itect ,brunet ) an iron cupola cov]$ ) %eet copp]4 ,?is m>ket 0 design$ = ! reception ( ! gra9 & fl\r necess>y to supply ! city1 b 0 soon supplant$ by public gran>ies1 & !n by g5]al /ores4 ,x aft]w>d became a depot 9 :i* gra9 & fl\r brok]s receiv$ m]*&ise f %ipp]s 9 ord] to effect a sale ( x4 ,! abolition ( ! factorat gave x its la/ bl[4 ,let u exam9e ! trans=mations made by ,mr4 ,blondel 9 ! old /ructure4 ,he began by excavat+ "u ! entire ext5t ( ! m>ket a basem5t #ac ft4 9 dep?4 ,! old f\ndations ( ! circul> walls1 :i* are m ?an #f ft4 ?ick1 & :i* are extremely solid1 ext5d to a dep? ( ab\t #b ft4 b5ea? ! surface4 ,! ceil+ ( ! basem5t1 9 ! annul> "p betwe5 ! walls1 is =m$ ( l>ge ,t iron gird]s1 re/+ ^u ! circul> walls4 ,^! support transv]se gird]s1 :i*1 9 turn1 support ! floor irons4 ,! floor+ ( ! hall is =m$ ( ord9>y floor irons1 assembl$ ^u l>ge gird]s1 :i* are support$ "h & !re by ca/ iron columns4 ,"u ?is floor+ !re is a second "o1 leav+ a free space ( ab\t t5 in*es1 9 :i* w be plac$ ! tubes s]v+ = v5tilation4 ,to ^! pipes w be jo9$ v]tical ones deb\*+ 9 ! floor+ ( ! hall4 ,! old dome did n h ap]tures en\gh1 & ! skylight ev5 0 n transp>5t1 & s ! light+ ( ! hall 0 v defective4 ,! mode ( cov]+ ! dome 0 !re=e completely modifi$4 ,! copp] 0 remov$1 & ^u ! old framework 0 laid a wood5 framework1 to :i* w be nail$ la?s design$ to receive a slate ro(4 ,! slate w n ext5d to ! summit ( ! dome1 b w leave above x a sph]ical cap1 :i* w be glaz$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! light w ent] ! hall 9 abundance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,int]nal ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,ex*ange4 ,9 ! basem5t w be in/all$ ! v5tilat+ & heat+ app>atus4 ,ano!r "p ( ! basem5t w be occupi$ by ! dynamo ma*9es t are to furni% ! electric light4 ,ano!r "p w receive ! bake ov5s t belong to ! laboratory ( ! committee on gra9 & fl\r4 ,! re/ ( ! basem5t w be r5t$4 ,! c5tral "p w probably be conv]t$ into a cold room = ! pres]vation ( e>ly fruit & vegetables4 ,on ! gr\nd floor1 we f9d1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! rooms t ! contractor is to furni% gratuit\sly = po/ (fice1 telegraph1 & telephones1 & to lic5s$ brok]s1 & especially a hall ( sup]b dim5sions design$ = ! public sale ( raw mat]ials by ! brok]s4 ,:at rema9s ( ! gr\nd floor w be devot$ to (fices look+ at once ^u ! hall & ,vi>ones ,/reet4 ,! entresol & ! two /ories w be connect$ by sev]al /aircases4 ,! v>i\s /ories w also be rea*$ ?r\gh elevators4 ,a circul> balcony w ext5d ar\nd ! hall at ! level ( ea* ( ! two upp] /ories4 ,^! w be occupi$ by (fices small] ?an ^? on ! gr\nd floor1 :i* w1 "s ( !m1 get _! light f ! hall1 & o!rs f ! /reet4 ,a "p ( ! second /ory w be res]v$ = ! s]vice ( ! committees on gra9 & fl\r1 :o1 z exp]ts1 are call$ ^u to det]m9e to :at type ea* specim5 is to be ref]r$4 ,f ! ex*ange1 let u pass to ! annexes4 ,! "o on ! "r is de/9$ to become a l>ge hotel = ! accommodation ( prov9cial & =eign m]*ants4 ,! "o to ! left w be a t5em5t h\se1 ) %ops & ap>tm5ts4 ,along ea* ( ^! annexes1 on ,vi>ones ,/reet1 w ext5d a cov]$ colonnade4--,ab/ract f ,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,basis ,,f ,,:i* ,,to ,,calculate ,,*>ges ,,= ,,electric ,,motor ,,s]vice4#a ,footnote #a3 ,read be=e ! electric light conv5tion1 ,new ,york1 ,augu/1 #ahhh4 ,! !oretical side ( ! electric motor "q has be5 v ably pres5t$ to & discuss$ by ?is association1 b ?us f> ! practical side has be5 some:at neglect$4 ,x w be my purpose 9 ?is pap]1 if possible1 to %[ t !re is a g5]al av]age controll+ ! use ( ma*9]y :i* x w be safe = electric light & p[] companies to foll[ 9 mak+ _! *>ges = motor s]vice1 r ?an adopt an arbitr>y price p] horse p[] reg>dless ( ! "* ( s]vice requir$ ( ! motor4 ,i h arrang$ :at might be call$ a p[] curve1 repres5t+ ! approximate av]age actual s]vice 9 electric motors 9 connection ) ! sev]al classes ( "w repres5t$ 9 ! li/ accompany+ ! diagram4 ,?is curve is calculat$ on motors :i* are only ( suffici5t capacity 9 ea* case to c>ry ! full load4 ,if ! motor %\ld be l>g] ?an is necess>y to drive ! ma*9]y1 ! p]c5tage ( actual s]vice w1 ( c\rse1 drop bel[ t %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,by adopt+ a basis ( av]ages :i* %all be g5]al among memb]s ( ?is association1 ! *>ges = a con/ant horse p[] ( curr5t may v>y ) ! circum/ances ( its fir/ co/ 9 ea* case1 b ! g5]al classification ( motor s]vice may be a comp>atively fix$ rule4 ,i am n prep>$ to say t ?is is ! be/ plan to foll[1 b respectfully submit ! foll[+ z a possible solution ( ! frequ5tly ask$ "q1 ,h[ %all we *>ge = electric motor s]vice8 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exhau/ ,,fans4 ,fir/ on ! li/ ( p[] consum]s is ! exhau/ fan1 tak+ x 9 av]age use4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 circum/ances "u :i* its use w be limit$ to z l[ z #gj or #ge p] c5t4 ( its contract h\rs ( s]vice4 ,z1 = in/ance1 9 a d9+ room x may be cut out except dur+ meal h\rs1 or entirely cut out on cool days4 ,9 places ( ?is description1 h[ev]1 its contract use is usually limit$ to five or six mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & o!r ?an electric p[] is1 by circum/ances ( fir/ co/ & inconv5i5ce1 b a feeble competitor4 ,! fir/ f\r applications on ! accompany+ li/1 viz41 exhau/ fans1 bl[]s1 ceil+ fans1 & fan outfits1 are all m or less subject to ! =ego+ conditions1 & !re=e curr5ts suppli$ to motors = ^! purposes comm& ! maximum price p] horse p[]4 ,"o important feature 9 ! in/allation ( ceil+ fans is ! c\nt]%aft+ to ! motor4 ,9 "o rec5t case we _h a compla9t f a cu/om] t ! half horse p[] motor s5t him w\ld n drive ! ceil+ fans1 & t ! motor mu/ be defective1 & %\ld he return x = repairs4 ,we imm$iately s5t a repres5tative to f9d out ! difficulty1 :i* 0 f\nd1 z is usual 9 su* cases1 9 ! c\nt]%aft+1 or r ! want ( x4 ,! #c 94 pulley on ! motor 0 connect$ to a #f 94 pulley on ! l9e %aft+4 ,! rat$ spe$ ( ! motor 0 #b1jjj revolutions1 & _h x be5 able to develop ?is spe$1 w\ld h driv5 ! l9e %aft #a1jjj revolutions & ! fans a relative spe$4 ,to accompli% ?is w\ld probably require a motor ( #c or #d ,h4 ,p4 ,! l9e %aft+ driv+ ceil+ fans usually runs ab\t #ge revolutions4 ,to give ?is spe$ on ! l9e %aft ) a rat$ spe$ ( #b1jjj on ! #c 94 pulley ( ! motor w\ld require a c\nt]%aft ) a #bd 94 pulley belt$ to ! motor4 ,on ! same c\nt]%aft %\ld be a #e 94 pulley belt$ to a #ae or #af 94 pulley on ! l9e %aft4 ,fully ?ree-f\r?s ( ! tr\ble f\nd 9 electric motors arises f improp] %aft+ & belt+4 ,! av]age make ( #cj 94 exhau/ :eel1 a ,h4 ,p4 motor %\ld drive ab\t #djj revolutions4 ,say1 !n1 ! spe$ ( ! motor is #b1jjj & ! pulley #c 941 x w\ld require a #ae 94 pulley on ! fan to d ! "w4 ,a #cf 94 :eel requires #a ,h4 ,p4 to develop ! same spe$4 ,if ! motor spe$ is #a1hjj1 ! pulley #d 941 x w\ld require an #ah 94 pulley on ! fan to d ! "w4 ,^! are ! mo/ popul> sizes ( exhau/ :eels4 ,! next application on ! li/1 op5 tank elevator pumps1 comm&s ! highe/ price = curr5t p] ,h4 ,p4 9 ! motor ( any elevator application4 ,! me?ods ( op]at+ ! op5 tank hydraulic elevators 9 "q are und\bt$ly famili> to y all4 ,in/ead ( ! usual /eam pump1 a p[] pump ( "s approv$ design is sub/itut$1 & connect$ to ! motor by suitable c\nt]%aft+ to give ! requir$ revolutions at ! pump4 ,! regulation ( ! motor 9 ?is case %\ld be controll$ by ! position ( wat] 9 ! l[] tank1 z 9 ! case ( ! /eam pump4 ,& 9 ?is connection let me sugge/ ! necessity ( great c>e1 bo? 9 in/allation & insulation4 ,on all in/allations 9 basem5ts & cell>s or else:]e :]e !re is ! slighte/ t5d5cy to dampness1 raise ! motor (f ! floor on a suitable frame or /& & build ar\nd x on all sides ( possible approa* a l[ plat=m1 us+ glass insulators z legs or /&>ds to support x4 ,s arrange ?is t ! motor or its connections _c be rea*$ except :5 /&+ on ?is insulat$ plat=m1 & ! liability to a %ock w be r$uc$ to ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! ma*9e4 ,to return to ! subject4 ,let u take = an illu/ration an elevator us+ #abj gallons ( wat] p] trip & consum+ "o m9ute 9 mak+ its entire up trip or ab\t two p] r\nd trip4 ,! l[] tank or wat] supply is on a level ) ! pump4 ,! upp] tank is #gj ft4 above ! pump1 & 9 ! pip+ to ! upp] tank are five elb[s4 ,= ea* elb[ add #b ft4 to ! elevation1 or an approximate total elevation ( #hj ft4 #abj gallons gives u #i1fjj foot gallons4 ,?is am\nt w\ld be requir$ e two m9utes if ! elevator 0 9 absolutely con/ant op]ation1 or #d1hjj foot gallons p] m9ute #h gives u #dj1hjj foot p\nds4 ,?is we mu/ at lea/ d\ble to all[ = friction 9 pump %aft+1 etc41 mak+ #ha1fjj foot p\nds1 or ab\t #b ,h4 ,p41 say #c requir$ 9 ! motor4 ,?is class ( elevator is conf9$ almo/ entirely to pass5g] use4 ,!re=e ! s]vice requir$ ( ! motor is mu* m con/ant & ! m>g9 betwe5 ! ,h4 ,p4 h\rs contract$ = & ! ,h4 ,p4 h\rs ( actual s]vice mu* small] ?an 9 any o!r elevator use1 except+ possibly ! s]vices 9 connection ) pressure tank elevators 9 ! m popul> (fice build+s4 ,9 ?is case we h a maximum av]age use ( #hj1 & in/ances su* z ! hotels1 small (fice build+s1 etc41 :]e ! s]vice w n exce$ #fj ( ! contract ,h4 ,p4 h\rs4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t ! electric light company %all d]ive ! greate/ b5efit f ?is incon/ant s]vice1 ! in/allation & wir+ %\ld be ! be/1 & only ! mo/ approv$ & economical app>atus employ$4 ,! next application on our li/1 pressure tank pumps 9 connection ) elevators1 repres5ts a some:at small] p]c5tage ( ,h4 ,p4 h\rs ( actual s]vice 9 ! motor z comp>$ ) ! possible ,h4 ,p4 h\rs ?an 9 ! case ( an op5 tank pump4 ,9 case ( ! pressure tank ! wat] res]ve is usually limit$1 & ! motor !re=e mu/ be equal to ! cont9u\s op]ation ( ! elevator at maximum load4 ,tak+ ?is fact into consid]ation1 & ! circum/ances ( elevator use be+ ab\t ! same 9 ?is case z 9 ! case ( ! op5 tank elevator1 we h a great] ratio ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! possible or contract ,h4 ,p4 h\rs 9 ! motor & ! ,h4 ,p4 h\rs ( actual s]vice1 ! maximum av]age use be+ ab\t #gj p] c5t4 to #ge p] c5t4 & ! m9imum z l[ z #ce p] c5t4 to #dj p] c5t41 dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 on ! "* ( build+ 9 :i* ! elevator is employ$ or ! "* ( s]vice4 ,9 calculat+ ! size ( motor requir$ on an elevator ( ?is description1 a v conv5i5t fact to rememb] is t e p\nd ( pressure p] squ>e in* is equival5t to lift+ wat] ab\t #bc ft41 or ab\t #bcj ft4 p] #ajj p\nds pressure1 ,by r$uc+ ! requir$ pressure to a relative lift 9 feet1 & kn[+ ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ by ! elevator p] m9ute1 ! motor calculation becomes ! same z 9 case ( ! op5 tank elevator1 ! same all[ances be+ made = friction1 etc41 z 9 ! fir/ case4 ,! regulation ( ! motor 9 ?is case %\ld be accompli%$ by ! conditions ( pressure 9 ! pressure tank1 z is ! case ) a /eam pump employ$ 9 ?is s]vice4 ,! next application ( importance on ! li/ is sew+ ma*9es4 ,9 ! te/s ,i h be5 able to make on ?is class ( "w ,i h obta9$ "s s+ul> results4 ,"o item ( importance is ! fact t ! s+le ?read ma*9es1 :i* are lighte/ runn+1 consume ! mo/ p[] 9 op]at+4 ,p>adoxical z ?is may seem1 x is easily expla9$4 ,z a rule ?is class ( ma*9e is us$ on light "w1 su* z %irts1 ladies' und]we>1 etc41 & op]at$ at a high] spe$ ?an any o!r class ( ma*9e4 ,at equal spe$ ! volts consum$ on a s+le ?read ma*9e z comp>$ ) a %uttle ma*9e is ab\t z #b to #c4 ,9 av]age comm]cial use1 h[ev]1 ! positions are rev]s$1 & ! ratio ( volts consum$ 9 ! s+le ?read z comp>$ ) ! %uttle ma*9e is ab\t z #e to #c4 ,to d\ble ! spe$ on a sew+ ma*9e requires ab\t #b times ! p[]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 volts consum$ on ! diff]5t makes ( sew+ ma*9es is s small t we may disreg>d x entirely1 z well z ! "* ( "w done by ! ma*9e1 = ! heavi] ! "w ! sl[] ! spe$1 & m frequ5t & long] /ops on ! ma*9e1 ?us keep+ ! av]age volts p] op]ator ab\t con/ant 9 all cases4 ,?is leaves ! spe$ 9 /it*es p] m9ute at ! sew+ ma*9e ! factor f :i* we mu/ calculate ! p[] requir$ 9 a sew+ ma*9e plant4 ,to illu/rate ?is ,i w give y ! record ( two cases :i* are ab\t ! av]age4 ,case ,no4 #a is a %op 9 :i* are #cj sew+ ma*9es connect$ to a #b ,h4 ,p4 motor4 ,at ! "t te/s 7 made !re 7 b tw5ty op]ators at "w1 leav+ t5 idle ma*9es1 ! entire %aft+1 h[ev]1 be+ 9 op]ation4 ,! class ( goods manufactur$ 9 ?is %op is a *eap grade ( cotton & wool pants1 r heavy goods to sew4 ,a volt met] across ! t]m9als ( ! motor gave ! foll[+ read+s ) ! curr5t at #i amp]es3 ,m9imum #ij volts1 maximum #adh volts1 av]age #aai1 :i* gives u a m9imum av]age p] op]ator ( #d4e volts & a maximum av]age ( #g4d volts1 or a g5]al av]age ( #e4i volts p] op]ator4 ,?is motor 0 driv+ ! %aft+ = #cj ma*9es1 & z ! av]age op]ators employ$ ! ye> r\nd w n exce$ #ge p] c5t4 ( ! %op capacity1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be entirely fair to e/imate ! av]age volts p] ma*9e r ?an p] op]ator1 z ! us] ( ! motor has contract$ = p[] suffici5t to drive 8 entire plant4 ,9 ?is case1 !n1 we h a m9imum av]age ( #c volts p] ma*9e & a maximum ( #d4i volts1 or a g5]al av]age ( say #d volts p] ma*9e4 ,a #b horse motor ( #hb p] c5t4 effici5cy ) #i amp]es ( curr5t w require ab\t #bjj volts to develop #b actual ,h4 ,p4 ,two hundr$ volts !re=e is :at ! electric light company contract to deliv]1 :ile1 9 reality1 !y deliv] only #abi volts or #fj p]c5t41 or a m9imum av]age ( #ij volts or #de p] c5t4 ( ! p[] contract$ =4 ,^! ma*9es 7 mak+ ab\t #a1bjj /it*es p] m9ute--an av]age ( #d volts p] #ajj /it*es4 ,case ,no4 #b is a %op 9 :i* !re are #cb ma*9es1 runn+ ab\t #a1bjj /it*es1 ea* be+ suppli$ ) an individual motor ( #a_/h ,h4 ,p4 capacity1 & ! class ( goods manufactur$ be+ m5's summ] clo?+1 su* z :ite duck ve/s1 flannel coats & ve/s1 etc41 ! duck f :i* ^! ve/s are made be+ ab\t z h>d "w on a sew+ ma*9e z c be f\nd4 ,9 ?is %op 7 #bd op]ators at "w4 ,! maximum volts 9 ?is case 7 #aaf & ! m9imum #dj1 or g5]al av]age ( b #gh volts1 or ab\t #b volts p] ma*9e ) #d m op]ators ?an 9 ! fir/ case1 9 :i* we _h an av]age ( #aai volts4 ,?is %op has be5 pay+ ! electric light company #cb p] mon? = m ?an a ye>1 :i* is ! price ! company *>ge = curr5t = a #d ,h4 ,p4 motor :i* approximates #djj volts1 ! company contracts to deliv]4 ,?is gives u a m9imum av]age use ( b #aj p] c5t4 & a maximum ( #bi p] c5t4 ) a g5]al av]age ( #ai p] c5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! company is sav+ 9 ?is %op ! price ( a #a_/h ,h4 ,p4 motor ea* mon?1 besides mak+ a pr(it on ! volts actually deliv]$4 ,on a contract = ?ree ye>s ! electric light company w\ld be money 9 pocket if !y w\ld pres5t ! cu/om] ) #cj small motors1 *>g+ him #a p] mon? p] motor = curr5t1 r ?an let him buy a #b ,h4 ,p4 motor to op]ate ! same ma*9es ) ! necess>y %aft+ at a *>ge ( #ah p] mon? = curr5t4 ,tak+ ?is av]age 9 case ,no4 #b ( #b volts p] ma*9e1 f a #ej light ma*9e1 we c\ld run n less ?an #ijj sew+ ma*9es1 or ab\t #ah to ! arc lamp4 ,at #a p] mon? p] ma*9e an income ( #ijj p] mon? w\ld be d]iv$ f a #ej light ma*9e )\t any lamp exp5ses1 su* z c>bons1 repairs on lamps1 globes1 etc4 ,on ! av]age1 9 case ,no4 #a1 ( #d volts p] ma*9e1 we c\ld op]ate b ab\t #efb1 say #fjj ma*9es4 ,divid$ up 9 %ops ( #cj ma*9es & a #b ,h4 ,p4 motor to ea* %op1 we w\ld h #bj two ,h4 ,p4 motors4 ,at a *>ge ( #ah p] mon? ea*1 we w\ld h an e>n+ capacity ( b #cfj p] mon? f ! same #ej light ma*9e4 ,?is is b "o page f ! ?us f> unwritt5 hi/ory ( ! mu* malign$ small motor4 ,/ill ! "q is frequ5tly ask$1 ,c we sell curr5t = #a p] mon? = a small motor driv+ a sew+ ma*9e & make a pr(it8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 #ej c5ts p] mon? = small motors driv+ sew+ ma*9es yields a bett] pr(it to ! company supply+ ! curr5t ?an #aj p] mon? p] ,h4 ,p4 9 l>ge motors to drive ! same ma*9es1 besides ! imm5se advantage :i* ! small motors possess ( keep+ ! circuit 9 mu* bett] balance1 ! fluctuations due to ! /opp+ & />t+ ( l>ge motors be+ at times a s]i\s matt]4 ,"o electric light company1 mak+ r a specialty ( ^! small ma*9es1 r5t ! motor & supply ! curr5t = #a4be p] mon? p] sew+ ma*9e1 & report t at ?is price ! motor pays !m a bett] p]c5tage ( pr(it ?an _! lamps4 ,?is company h "s #bjj small motors on _! circuits4 ,a m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! advantages to ! electric light company 9 ! subdivision ( p[] into ! smalle/ possible units x w\ld be h>d to f9d4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 effici5cy ( f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 9 ^! two sizes ( motors1 b ?is diff]5ce is fully lo/ to ! l>ge motor 9 driv+ ! %aft+1 & ! small motor /ill has ! advantage ( be+ out ( circuit entirely :5 ! ma*9e x is driv+ is /opp$4 ,!re is sc>cely a manufactur+ indu/ry :i* does n possess its busy & dull seasons4 ,?is means t 9 no indu/ry w ov] #ge p] c5t4 ( ! ma*9es or ma*9]y employ$ be 9 av]age op]ation4 ,! entire %aft+ 9 ! %ops mu/ be kept 9 op]ation ! entire ye>1 (t5 = less ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( ! ma*9]y4 ,subdivide ^! same %ops into z _m small units z possible1 & ! curr5t necess>y to op]ate ! %aft+ = ?is idle ma*9]y w be sav$1 besides ! sav+ f frequ5t /ops :ile ! ma*9]y is 9 active use4 ,to return aga9 to ! li/1 ! next two applications1 picture frame manufactur]s & m\ld+ manufactur]s1 are v simil>4 ,_! busy seasons1 z a rule1 are 9 ! spr+ & fall1 & also foll[ closely any activity 9 h\se build+4 ,9 ! case ( ! l>g] manufactur]s 9 ?is l9e1 a maximum av]age ( #ge p] c5t4 w possibly be rea*$1 b probably nev] exce$$4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ! picture deal] :o has a small %op 9 :i* he makes picture frames & m\ld+s to ord] ! actual s]vice ( ! motor w fall z l[ z #be p] c5t4 or #cj p] c5t4 ( its contract h\rs1 "o case 9 our exp]i5ce ! actual s]vice hav+ rea*$ ?is l[ av]age4 ,a fair g5]al av]age 9 ?is class ( works w\ld be ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ,! next application1 nickel & silv] plat]s & buff]s1 are good contract cu/om]s z a rule2 "o case 9 our exp]i5ce %[+ b an av]age use ( #bj p] c5t4 ( ! contract horse p[] h\rs4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is probably an exceptional case1 &1 z ne> z we c e/imate on ?is class ( "w1 ! actual motor s]vice w n exce$ 9 any case #fj p] c5t4 ( ! contract h\rs2 a fair av]age be+ probably #de or #ej p] c5t4 ,! next two applications1 pr9t+ presses on news & job "w1 are probably met ) m frequ5tly ?an any o!r4 ,on exclusively news "w1 ! in/ances :]e ! motor is 9 s]vice m ?an #c or #d h\rs is r>e4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usual 9 news (fices to f9d two or m job presses4 ,if ! newspap] pr9t$ happ5s to be a morn+ pap]1 ! h\rs ( news "w are usually betwe5 #ab midnight & #d o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ! job "w be+ done ?r\gh ! day4 ,i h 9 m9d a case ( ?is description4 ,9 ! %op is "o cyl9d] press & ?ree job presses connect$ to a #b ,h4 ,p4 motor4 ,?is motor is on an inc&esc5t circuit ( #aaj volts4 ,to develop its rat$ p[] at #aaj volts w\ld require ab\t #af amp]es 9 ! motor4 ,an amp]e motor 9 s]ies ) ! motor :ile runn+ (f ! morn+ pap] ) only ! cyl9d] press 9 op]ation /ood at #ab amp]es4 ,= #c h\rs ?is load 0 practically con/ant1 :5 x 0 ?r[n (f entirely4 ,?is gave on ! night s]vice b #cj p] c5t4 ( ! contract h\rs4 ,?is motor requir$ #e amp]es to drive ! %aft+1 & b #h amp]es or "o ,h4 ,p4 to drive ! ?ree job presses ) ! cyl9d] press (f4 ,"h !n is b a #ej p] c5t4 use if ! presses be us$ con/antly2 !re are1 h[ev]1 _m days :5 !y are comp>atively idle1 #cj to #dj p] c5t41 !re=e1 is a v safe e/imate ( ! maximum use ( ?is motor on ! day circuit1 or1 _h ! motor be5 a #a ,h4 ,p41 :i* w\ld h be5 suffici5t to drive ! job presses1 ! use w\ld be #fj to #hj p] c5t4 ( ! contract h\rs1 probably n above #fj p] c5t4 ,all pr9t+ (fices w probably come )9 ?is range1 unless ! motor be l>g] ?an is necess>y to d ! "w4 ,ma*9e %ops do+ pr9cipally la! "w z a matt] ( c\rse use a l>g] p]c5tage ( _! contract$ p[] ?an %ops do+ la! & b5* "w ) ! same h&s4 ,9 no case w ! s]vice ( ! motor exce$ #fe or #gj p] c5t4 ( its contract use1 = ma*9e %ops1 l sew+ ma*9e %ops1 w nev] av]age ov] #ge p] c5t4 ( ! %op capacity = op]ators ! ye> r\nd4 ,! av]age1 especially 9 ! case ( a %op do+ mu* b5* "w1 w fall z l[ z #dj p] c5t4 ,! driv+ ( laundry ma*9]y1 :i* is our next application1 usually proves a pr(itable contract1 accord+ to reports4 ,?is fact arises f ! int]mitt5t use ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! heavie/ s]vice on motor w probably be f\nd dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ea* week1 ) a g5]al fall+ (f 9 "w dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 :ile ! patrons ( ! laundry are away at ! sea-%ore or 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,9 ?is application1 !re=e1 a #ge p] c5t4 s]vice w\ld probably be an exception1 )1 probably1 _m in/ances :]e ! s]vice w\ld fall bel[ #ej p] c5t4 ,! next application1 model & patt]n mak]s1 are small us]s ( p[]1 z _! occupation requires a l>ge proportion ( h& "w4 #ej p] c5t4 s]vice 9 ! motor w be f\nd a fair av]age maximum use1 ) in/ances z l[ z #bj or #be p] c5t4 ,! next application1 direct p[] or belt elevators1 is ano!r application frequ5tly met4 ,! av]age s]vice 9 ! motor is also mu* small] ?an 9 any o!r elevator application4 ,let u suppose a case ( ! famili> grip connect$ to ! ord9>y h& hoi/1 ) a lift+ capacity ( #b1jjj p\nds4 ,9 ?is case ! motor is 9 use only go+ up1 & ! usual brake is us$ 9 com+ d[n4 ,connect$ to ?is elevator1 9 ! l(t ( ! build+1 we h a #e ,h4 ,p4 motor wir$ to a cut-out on ! gr\nd floor4 ,we w call ! lift #de feet & ! "t consum$ p] trip #a m9ute4 ,we w all[ #fj full trips ( ! elevator at full load1 at #b1jjj lb4 p] trip1 ea* day4 ,?is w\ld approximate #aj c> loads ( m]*&ise h&l$ by ! elevator1 :i* is c]ta9ly above ! av]age4 ,?is motor1 we w say1 is on a t5 h\r day circuit4 ,its possible horse p[] h\rs1 !re=e1 w\ld be #e ,h4 ,p4 = #aj h\rs1 or #ej ,h4 ,p4 h\rs p] day4 #fj trips ( #a m9ute ea* gives u exactly #a h\r's s]vice ( ! full #e ,h4 ,p4 or #e ,h4 ,p4 h\rs4 ,to drive ! %aft+ only :ile ! elevator is com+ d[n or idle w\ld require ab\t #aej volts or #a ,h4 ,p41 & if ?is 0 9 con/ant op]ation ! balance ( ! day1 #i h\rs1 its total use on %aft+ w\ld be #ac ,h4 ,p4 h\rs1 :i*1 add$ to ! #e ,h4 ,p4 h\rs1 gives u a gr& total ( #ah ,h4 ,p4 h\rs1 or #cg p] c5t4 ( ! contract h\rs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! us] ( ! motor avails himself ( ! cut-out box1 & cuts ! curr5t out :5 ! motor is n 9 use1 ! av]age use w\ld drop to #bj or #be p] c5t41 in/ead ( #cg p] c5t4 ,9 ! case ( a direct p[] pass5g] elevator1 ! use might possibly run up to #fj p] c5t41 b ?is w\ld be exceptional4 ,c(fee mills w av]age f #dj to #fj p] c5t4 ( _! contract h\rs1 manufactur+ jewel]s ab\t ! same1 :ile retail jewel]s w run z l[ z #be p] c5t4 ,ice cream freez]s w n av]age ov] #be p] c5t41 b z ! contract season 9 ?is case is usually %ort1 !y %\ld be rat$ at lea/ a #ej p] c5t4 basis1 except possibly 9 cases :]e ! cu/om] pays ! co/ ( in/allation & wir+1 :i* is usual 9 ^! cases4 ,a d5ti/ is "o ( ! smalle/ ( p[] us]s1 s small1 9 fact1 t if e "o 9 a city 7 connect$ ) a circuit1 ! load f ?is cause w\ld nev] be felt4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 put !m d[n at f #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ,! optician uses a motor to turn 8 gr9d /ones1 & its use 9 ?is case w av]age f #bj to #cj p] c5t4 ,! la/ application on ! li/--*ur* organs--uses only f #aj to #bj p] c5t4 ( ! contract s]vice4 ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 b few ( ! v _m applications ( ! electric motor1 & if1 z ,i tru/1 ! possible subsequ5t discussion ( ?is g5]al plan may e/abli% a basis = rat+ motor applications1 n only w ! objects ( ?is pap] be obta9$1 b a "q ( consid]able annoyance n[ exi/+ betwe5 ! motor man & ! electric light or p[] company w be solv$4 ,9 conclusion1 ,mr4 ,*airman1 ,i beg to sugge/ t ! supply & rates ( *>ge = electric p[] h become ( suffici5t importance to ?is association to be repres5t$ by a p]man5t committee1 ^: duty x %\ld be to obta9 f ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! association1 z f> z possible1 _! exp]i5ce 9 ! supply ( p[] 9 su* mann] & =m z %all be deem$ by ! committee be/ suit$ to ! wants ( ?is association4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,abyss9ian ,,cu/oms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,woman ,,) ,,undress$ ,,hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,abyss9ian ,,hair ,,dress]4 ,abyss9ian wom5 h an extraord9>y head ( hair4 ,! hair1 ?\gh n v long1 is v bu%y1 s t x takes ! capill>y arti/ no less ?an a day to succe$ 9 r$uc+ ?is =e/ into a small bulk4 ,z x requires "s =ce to draw ! comb ?r\gh ! hair1 ! op]ation is pa9ful1 & ?is is :y ! ,abyss9ian wom5 h x p]=m$ e =ty or fifty days only4 ,! ,abyss9ian wom5 ( rank pass _! life 9 almo/ complete idl5ess1 occupi$ almo/ exclusively 9 b$eck+ !mselves & 9 mak+ or receiv+ calls4 ,x is n ! same ) ! wom5 ( ! p4 ,!y h _m labors to p]=m1 & are ! ones :o manipulate ! gra9s1 hydromel & be]1 & gr9d pepp] 9 ! matt-biett4 ,?is latt] op]ation is v pa9ful1 & s !y take ! precaution to fir/ close ! no/rils ) plugs ( cotton4 ,wom5 :o h *ildr5 ( a t5d] age g at ^! op]ations ) _! prog5iture ^u ! back1 aft] ! mann] ( negro peoples4--,l',illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,pepp] ,,gr9d]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,a ,,m\nd ,,0 ,,built4 ,:ile explor+ m\nds 9 ,ohio ?is season1 "u ! direction ( ! ,national ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 says ,mr4 ,g]>d ,f[ke1 9 a pap] prep>$ = ,sci5ce1 ,i us$ great c>e 9 ! exam9ation ( "o m\nd 9 ,pike ,c\nty1 9 ord] to asc]ta91 if possible1 ! exact me?od ( its con/ruction4 ,! m\nd 0 built ^u ! site ( a h\se1 :i* _h probably be5 occupi$ by ^? ^: skeletons 7 f\nd4 ,! ro( _h be5 support$ by side po/s1 & at int]vals by additional inn] po/s4 ,! out] po/s 7 arrang$ 9 pairs a few in*es ap>t1 !n an int]val ( ab\t ?ree feet1 !n two m1 & s on4 ,!y 7 all ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & ext5d$ f two & a half to ?ree feet into ! gr\nd1 except "o a few feet f ! c5t]1 :i* w5t d[n fully five feet4 ,all ! holes 7 fill$ ) ! loose d>k dirt :i* results f decay ( wood2 a few conta9$ fragm5ts ( *>coal1 burn$ bones or /one1 b no a%es2 nor 0 ! surr\nd+ e>? at all burn$4 ,ar\nd ! outside a tr5* f ?ree to f\r feet wide1 & f eighte5 to tw5ty in*es deep1 _h be5 dug1 to c>ry away ! wat] :i* fell f ! ro(4 ,ne> ! middle ( ?is h\se1 :i* measur$ ab\t =ty feet f side to side1 a l>ge fire _h be5 kept burn+ = sev]al h\rs1 ! a%es be+ remov$ f "t to "t4 ,! a% b$ 0 elliptical 9 =m1 measur+ ab\t ?irte5 feet f ea/ to we/1 & five f nor? to s\?4 ,"u ! c5t] ( x 0 a hole1 t5 in*es across & a foot deep1 fill$ ) clean :ite a%es 9 :i* 0 a little *>coal1 pack$ v h>d4 ,at ! we/]n end1 on ! s\? side 7or f>!/ f ! c5t] ( ! h\se71 0 a mass ( burn$ animal bones1 a%es1 & *>coal4 ,?is 0 cont9u\s ) ! a% b$1 ?\gh app>5tly n a "p ( x4 ,! bones 7 9 small pieces1 & 71 no d\bt1 ! rema9s ( a fun]al fea/ or (f]+4 ,aft] ! fire di$ d[n1 rude tools 7 us$ to dig a grave at ! middle ( ! h\se4 ,x measur$ t5 feet 9 l5g?1 f ea/ to we/1 by a little m ?an six 9 bread?4 ,! sides 7 /raight1 slant+ inw>d1 ) r\nd$ corn]s4 ,! bottom 0 ne>ly level1 f\rte5 in*es deep1 b slightly l[] at ! c5t]4 ,ov] ! bottom1 a%es _h be5 ?9ly spr9kl$1 & on ^! a s+le ?ickness ( b>k _h be5 laid4 ,! sides _h be5 l9$ ) wood or b>k f two to f\r in*es ?ick4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 two bodies 7 plac$ side by side 9 ! grave1 bo? ext5d$ at full l5g? on ! back1 ) heads directly we/4 ,"o1 judg+ f ! bones & condition ( ! tee?1 0 a woman ( consid]able age4 ,%e 0 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! grave4 ,h] "r arm lay along ! side1 ! left h& be+ "u ! pelvic bones ( ! o!r skeleton4 ,?is 0 app>5tly ( a man n mu*1 if any1 pa/ maturity4 ,! "r arm lay across ! /oma*1 ! left across ! hips4 ,?is skeleton 0 five feet t5 in*es 9 l5g?2 ! o!r1 five feet f\r in*es4 ,! space betwe5 ! fir/ skeleton & ! s\? side ( ! grave 0 cov]$ ) ! a%es t _h be5 remov$ f ! fire4 ,beg9n+ at ! feet 9 a ?9 lay]--a m]e /reak--!y gradually increas$ 9 ?ickness t[>d ! head1 :]e !y 7 fully six in*es ?ick4 ,! head 0 emb$d$ 9 !m4 ,!y ext5d$ to ! end ( ! grave1 rea*+ across its entire wid? & com+ almo/1 b n q1 9 contact ) ! o!r head4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( ! burn$ bones lay 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! grave1 & ! a%es along ?is "p curv$ up ov] ! side until !y m]g$ into :at rema9$ ( ! a% b$4 ,?is _h ext5d$ to ! we/ slightly beyond ! end ( ! grave4 ,z ! e>? remov$ f ! grave _h be5 ?r[n out on e side1 ! bodies 7 9 a hole t 0 ne>ly two feet deep4 ,! next /ep 0 to cov] !m4 ,!re 0 no sign ( b>k1 clo?1 or any o!r protect+ mat]ial above !m4 ,!y 7 cov]$ ) a black s&y e>?1 :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght f ! creek n f> di/ant4 ,?is 0 pil$ ov] !m :ile wet1 or at lea/ damp en\gh to pack firmly1 z x requir$ ! pick to loos5 x1 &1 besides1 0 /eep] on ! sides ?an dry dirt w\ld h be54 ,x rea*$ j beyond ! grave on e side1 & 0 ab\t five & a half feet high1 or z high z x c\ld be conv5i5tly pil$4 ,s f>1 all 0 pla9 en\gh2 b n[ ano!r "q pres5t$ itself t puzzl$ me n a little2 & t 01 ,:at became ( ! h\se8 ,t !re _h be5 "o1 ! arrangem5t ( ! num]\s po/ holes pla9ly %[$2 b ! l>ge e>? m\nd above ! tumulus or grave 0 p]fectly solid above ! orig9al surface1 giv+ n ! slighte/ evid5ce t ! po/s or any "p ( ! h\se _h ev] rea*$ up into x4 ,i incl9e to ! op9ion t ! great fire ne> ! middle ( ! h\se _h be5 made f ! timb]s compos+ x2 t ! upp] timb]s _h be5 torn d[n1 & ! po/s cut (f at ! surface1 ! :ole be+ a k9d ( votive (f]+ to ! dead4 ,at any rate1 x is pla9 t a h\se /ood !re until ! "t ! m\nd 0 built2 & x 0 n !re aft]w>d4 ,= ! purpose ( cov]+ ! grave1 s& 0 br\ght f a ridge a %ort di/ance away4 ,!re 0 no /ratification1 ei!r horizontal or curv+4 ,e>? _h be5 pil$ up fir/ ar\nd ! black mass =m+ ! grave m\nd1 & !n diff]5t p>ties _h deposit$ _! loads at conv5i5t places1 until ! m\nd assum$ its f9al conical arrangem5t4 ,! l5ticul> masses ?r\gh almo/ ! :ole m\nd %[$ t ! e>? _h be5 c>ri$ 9 sk9s or small baskets4 ,! complet$ m\nd 0 ?irte5 feet high1 & ab\t "o hundr$ feet 9 diamet]4 ,two & a half feet above ! orig9al surface 0 an ext5d$ skeleton1 head we/4 ,x lay j ea/ ( ! black e>? ov] ! grave4 ,sixte5 feet s\? ( ! grave1 on ! orig9al surface1 & )9 ! out] r[ ( po/ holes1 7 two skeletons ext5d$1 heads ne>ly we/4 ,x w\ld seem t ! fle% 0 remov$ be=e burial1 z ! bones 7 cov]$ ) a dull r$ sub/ance1 :i* %[$ a waxy texture :5 work$ ) a knife blade4 ,no relics ( any description 7 f\nd ) any ( ! skeletons2 b a f9e copp] bracelet 0 pick$ up 9 a position t %[$ x 0 dropp$ accid5tally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,*9ese ,,imp]ial ,,cemet]y4 ,by ,lieut4 ,hon4 ,h4 ,n4 ,,%ore1 ,r4,n4 ,"s t5 miles nor? ( ,pek+1 9 a valley :]e sil5ce reigns supreme1 is situat$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & impos+ burial gr\nds 9 ! _w4 ,"h1 ne/l+ along ! slopes ( ! inclos+ m\nta9s1 :i* =m a natural amphi!at]1 are a s]ies ( va/ mausoleums :]e lie buri$ ! emp]ors ( ! la/ ,*9ese dyna/y4 ,?is 0 ! celebrat$ ,m+ dyna/y1 :i* cont9u$ f #acff till #afdd1 :51 aft] a sangu9>y /ruggle la/+ = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 x succumb$ to ! ,man*u ,t>t>s1 :o1 "u ! title ( ! ,ts9 dyna/y1 h occupi$ ! ?rone to ! pres5t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,av5ue4 ,x has be5 v truly rem>k$ ( ! ,*9ese t !y h probably exp5d$ m labor ov] _! public works ?an any o!r nation ( antiquity2 & assur$ly :5 any great national "w is und]tak51 h[ev] r>e ! occurr5ce1 x is inv>iably c>ri$ out on a scale ( unp>allel$ magnific5ce4 ,x 01 !re=e1 only fitt+ t ! tombs conta9+ ! emp]ors ( _! own native dyna/y %\ld be con/ruct$ on a scale comm5surate ) ! weal? & ext5t ( ! empire ^: de/9ies !y sway$ = nigh #cjj ye>s4 ,! valley conta9s altoge!r ?irty tombs1 ea* ( :i* /&s 9 ! c5t] ( a wood$ inclosure sev]al acres 9 ext5t1 surr\nd$ by a high wall1 ) an impos+ gateway4 ,! l>ge/ & mo/ celebrat$ is t ( ,y5-wang1 ^: body reposes 9 a l(ty build+ re/+ on an imm5se brick m\nd pi]c$ by a slant+ tunnel1 ^: curi\s ac\/ic prop]ties entitle x to be rank$ z a :isp]+ gall]y4 ,9 front ( ! mausoleum is a hall measur+ #bbj ft4 long by ov] #ij ft4 broad1 :i* conta9s ! emp]or's tablet4 ,! ro( ( ?is build+ is support$ 9 ! c5t] by ?irty-two pill>s1 compos$ ( s+le trees #fj ft4 high & ov] #aa ft4 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* are said to h be5 br\ght f ,corea4 ,! transport ( ^! enorm\s blocks mu/ h be5 a "w ( no ord9>y difficulty1 m especially 9 ! abs5ce ( good roads4 ,accord+ to ! description ( a mission>y :o rec5tly witness$ ! mov+ ( a some:at simil> object1 x w\ld seem t ! ,*9ese foll[$ ! practice ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 z depict$ on _! tombs1 & 9 a c\ntry :]e labor is abundant su* a me?od w\ld be natural4 ,an inscription ne> ! entrance /ates t ?is tomb1 among o!rs1 0 repair$ by ! ,emp]or ,ki5lung1 :o reign$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury2 b l e o!r anci5t build+ 9 ,*9a at ! pres5t day1 x is fa/ go+ to ru9 = ! want ( ord9>y c>e1 l>ge trees be+ p]mitt$ to gr[ out ( ! v ro( itself1 al?\gh !re are sev]al att5dants resid+ 9 ! inclosure2 :ile1 d\btless1 c]ta9 (ficials are entru/$ ) ! c>e ( ?is spl5did mausoleum1 & draw _! sal>ies regul>ly4 ,b laiss] faire is ! ord] ( ! day ev]y:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( ,pek+1 & no?+ is ev] repair$ n[adays by any *ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,road ,,to ,,pek+4 ,a "p ( ! orig9al s*eme1 :i* %[s ! magnific5t scale on :i* ! :ole ?+ 0 plann$ & execut$1 0 a f9e pav$ road1 c>ri$ ov] /reams & riv]s by m>ble bridges & ext5d+ ! :ole way f ,pek+1 a di/ance ( t5 miles4 ,on approa*+ ! valley :]e ! tombs repose ! road passes "u ?ree h&some pailaus1 or gateways1 & !n ?r\gh "o ( ! mo/ impos+ av5ues t 0 ev] con/ruct$4 ,?is av5ue1 :i* ext5ds = ab\t two-?irds ( a mile1 is flank$ on ei!r side ) colossal /one figures at int]vals ( ab\t #ej y>ds1 repres5t+ m5 & animals 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,six m51 app>5tly w>riors & prie/s1 9 pairs1 /&+2 f\r horses1 f\r griff9s1 f\r elephants1 f\r camels1 & f\r lions1 ! fir/ pair 9 ea* set /&+1 ! second recumb5t4 ,z ! ,*9ese h nev] a*iev$ any great di/9ction 9 ! art ( sculpture1 ! repres5tations ( animal life are1 ne$less to say1 some:at c>icatur$4 ,b ! conception ( ! :ole 0 magnific5t1 & ! effect ( ?is long av5ue ( colossal figures /&+ 9 sil5t gr&eur is z impressive z any?+ t ev] emanat$ f ! g5ius ( ! ,*9ese race4--,ill4 ,naval & ,milit>y ,magaz9e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dyspepsia3 ,,its ,,causes ,,& ,,prev5tion4 ,dyspepsia has once be5 call$ ! ,am]ican sickness1 & al?\gh ?is may be a sl&] aga9/ :i* _m ( ! inhabitants ( our great republic might prote/1 bad dige/ion is a disease frequ5t en\gh among u to ju/ify u 9 consid]+ its causes & 9 asc]ta9+ by :at means ?is curse ( mod]n civilization may be avoid$4 ,a ,fr5*man1 "u ! title ,la dyspepsie des g5s d'esprit1 9 ! ,p>is ,revue ,sci5tifique ( ,augu/ #ah1 %[s h[ utt]ly disreg>d$ are ! sanit>y rules at ! d9n]s ( well br$ p 9 ,france2 & an ,am]ican lady 9 a rec5t edition ( a well kn[n ,new ,york daily humori/ically enl>ges ^u ! (f5ses committ$ aga9/ heal? by p]sons ( h] own sex :ile d9+ 9 ! l>ge/ city ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,speak+ ( ! lun* ( %op girls up t[n1 ! contributor to ! ,am]ican pap] deprecates ! fact t ! "y ,am]ican girls employ$ 9 bus9ess h\ses at lun*eon "t live almo/ entirely on sweets & food t r5d]s little or no n\ri%m5t1 r ?an procur+ at ! same co/ a repa/ :i*1 ?\gh p]haps less da9ty1 w\ld be f> bett] = _! con/itution4 ,left to h]self1 ! writ] says1 ,miss ,saleslady1 pretty & ref9$ ?\gh %e may be1 day aft] day & day aft] day keeps h] temp]1 & waits on h] cu/om]s1 lean+ on a slim lun*eon ( pie & tea4 ',x is sweet & nice1' plead$ "o girl to me ! o!r day1 '& x goes s mu* fur!r ?an any?+ else4' ',n fur!r ?an bread & milk' ,i urg$1 '& x is surely n half z good = y\r complexion4' ',oh1 b ! o!r ladies w\ld laugh at me well if !y saw me eat+ bread & milk = my lun*eon4 ,i ?9k myself a bit ( some?+ light & nice1 l eclairs or a *>lotte russe1 is ev] s mu* m ladylike & nice4' ,heav5 save ! m>k6 ,:at sort ( fle% & blood d !y make to put on ! sl5d] bones ( a gr[+ girl8 ,h[ w !y /& by h]1 :5 p]haps %e leaves ! %op & *ooses ! life ( wife & "m8 ,! answ] is easy4 ,:5 ! pie-eat+1 cooky-fe$+ girl gets m>ri$1 put x d[n 9 y\r note book3 ,"o m dyspeptic1 peevi% woman ent]$ ! li/s ( ! unlovely4 ,! contributor to ! ,fr5* review1 al?\gh also condemn+ ! c>eless *oice ( food1 m especially po9ts out ! evil consequ5ces ( eat+ too ha/ily2 & ?\gh ,m4 ,julva directs 8 attack *iefly aga9/ ! g5s d'esprit1 i4e41 ! well br$ p ( ,france :o neglect ! rules ( heal? = polit5ess' sake1 8 words apply equally well to ! ,am]ican bus9ess man :o sacrifices 8 heal? dur+ lun*eon to ! almighty doll>4 ,! fev]i% activity ( mod]n life1 he says1 induces _m p to abridge ! duration ( _! repa/1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 lun*eon is tak5 too ha/ily--a practice ! dang] ( :i*1 z a cause ( dyspepsia1 _c be ov]rat$4 ,?is practice might n be s dang]\s if1 dur+ ! %ort "t :i* we d$icate to our midday meal1 we w\ld at lea/ imitate ! habit ( ! ,japanese1 :om polit5ess requires to be absolutely sil5t :ile eat+4 ,:5 !y l a c]ta9 di%1 !y express _! satisfaction by graceful ge/ures address$ to _! ho/1 b !y ?9k x w\ld (f5d him if !y op5 _! m\? = any?+ else except eat+4 ,wat*1 on ! o!r h&1 "o ( our lawy]s at lun*eon4 ,he has j dismiss$ 8 la/ cli5t1 at ! mom5t :5 he %\ld be already at c\rt1 & 9 ord] n to be too late he has to lun* 9 d\ble quick "t4 ,he has to eat 8 vi&s )\t hav+ "t to ma/icate !m1 & he swall[s 8 big pieces1 wa%+ !m d[n ) sev]al glasses ( w9e & wat]1 & ha/5s to 8 c>riage almo/ )\t giv+ himself "t to brea!1 9 ord] n to miss 8 call4 ,look at a ,p>isian d9+ 9 t[n4 ,fr5* polit5ess =bids him to be sil5t l ! ,japanese1 & also requires ( him n to speak ) 8 m\? full ( food4 ,& if ?is 7 n en\gh1 ,fr5* gallantry comm&s him to s]ve ! ladies fir/1 s t j ab\t :5 !y h f9i%$1 he may comm5ce to eat4 ,9 addition to ?is1 if he does n want to appe> ill br$1 he mu/ reply to all _! que/ions1 :i* he w\ld n be able to d if he did n gulp d[n 8 morsels un*ew$4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t mo/ m5 h to suff] f eat+ d9n] 9 su* a mann]1 :ile all discom=t c\ld be avoid$1 if ! vi&s 7 s]v$ to "o gue/ aft] ! o!r 9 succession8 ,we don't want to exagg]ate4 ,!re are privileg$ /oma*s :i* c /& all t4 ,b !re are _m to :i* half-ma/icat$ food is a real poison4 ,! unconsci\s dyspeptic con/itutes an extremely frequ5t v>iety4 ,dyspeptics r>ely compla9 ( suff]+ f ! /oma*2 _m ( !m w ev5 say to y t _! /oma* is excell5t4 ,b let u rememb] ! old fable ( ,m55ius ,agrippa3 ,! :ole organism suff]s :5 ! /oma* is ill treat$4 ,premature calvity 7baldness71 "s eruptions ( acne 7pu/ules ( ! sk971 a slight dyspnoea 7difficulty 9 brea?+7 :5 m\nt+ /airs1 a blu% ( heat on ! *eeks a qu>t] ( an h\r aft] lun*eon1 a viol5t crav+ = smok+ aft] ! repa/1 a feel+ ( sleep9ess1 :i*1 h[ev]1 quickly fades t[>d t5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 little incl9ation to "w dur+ ! fir/ h\rs aft] awak5+ 9 ! morn+1 all ^! symptoms1 or any "p ( !m1 %[ t y h be=e y a c&idate ( ! disease kn[n z bloat+ ( ! /oma* or ! g\t4 ,accord+ to ! wise enum]ation ( ,moli]e1 :o 0 evid5tly prompt$ by ,r5audot1 su* a p]son beg9s ) bradypepsia 7sl[ dige/ion71 !n suff]s f dyspepsia 7bad dige/ion71 aft]w>d f apepsia 7indige/ion71 & lat] ly5t]y 7a lax or di>rhea 9 :i* food is dis*>g$ only half dige/$71 & at ! la/ ! vici\s circle is (t5 complet$ by obesity1 uric affections ( ! liv] or bladd]1 & all ! o!r diseases belong+ to t class4 ,un=tunately1 we are /ill f> f ! "t :5 ! public w appreciate t prev5tion is bett] ?an cure4 ,p]haps ?is fundam5tal pr9ciple ( heal? w be honor$ dur+ ! #bj? c5tury4 ,at pres5t x c]ta9ly is n4 ,mean:ile1 ^? :o h ru9$ _! heal? by mod]n city life take rec\rse = _! cure to a holiday1 ha/5 to places :]e !y f9d m9]al wat]s1 or try laxatives or milk diet to improve _! condition4 ,!y wi% to d some?+ = _! heal? once or twice a ye>4 ,h[ mu* bett]1 if !y _h n be5 act+ aga9/ _! heal? all ! ye> r\nd4 ,x is extremely difficult to tea* our p to eat heal?ily4 ,y w f9d no difficulty to p]suade !m to take m$ic9e4 ,p h always "t to swall[ a pill1 b y w c]ta9ly h tr\ble to tea* !m to *ew ) leisure4 ,h[ _m p :o f9d "t e ye> to sp5d ! season at ,vi*y w tell y x is q impossible = !m to sp5d five m9utes m e day at lun*eon "t4 ,& nev]!less !y w\ld rega9 ^! few m9utes a day ) int]e/1 if !y w\ld avoid t ho/ ( maladies :i* w /op !m "o day 9 ! mid/ ( _! occupations4 ,i h se5 a good _m ( my cli5ts gett+ entirely rid ( _! rheumatic pa9s & g\t & ceas+ to suff] f sleepless nights by obs]v+ ! foll[+ simple rules4 ,9 ord] to *ew meat conv5i5tly--& ?is is "o ( ! ma9 po9ts--"o mu/ accu/om "o's self nev] to mix meat & bread 9 ! same m\?ful4 ,take a small m\?ful1 *ew x ab\t ?irty times1 !n swall[ t "p :i* has be5 r$uc$ to pulp1 & s on until all has be5 ma/icat$4 ,9 do+ ?is y w soon f9d out t roa/$ & broil$ beef or mutton requires a long] trituration ?an boil$ meats or /ews2 y w also p]ceive t fi% is m easily ma/icat$ ?an meat1 & y w f9ally und]/& :y c]ta9 dyspeptics are =c$ to limit _! food to fi%1 eggs1 & milk diet4 ,9 fact1 milk diet s]ves no o!r purpose ?an to furni% a p]fectly dige/ible n\ri%m5t4 ,"o ( ! indirect & un=ese5 b5efits ( a c>eful ma/ication is t p gradually become accu/om$ to be satisfi$ ) a comp>atively small quantity ( food1 = z sl[ *ew+ is always m or less t$i\s1 ^? :o obs]ve ?is rule soon cease to be great eat]s1 & also le>n quickly to accu/om !mselves to ano!r v important rule1 viz41 to dr9k mod]ately :ile eat+4 ,two glasses ( liquid w !n q suffice = a p]son :o w\ld dr9k f\r if he ate 8 vi&s swall[+ !m d[n )\t *ew+4 ,_m obese dyspeptics :5 !y once comm5ce to ma/icate c>efully & to take liquid mod]ately :ile eat+ lose weight ) an a/oni%+ rapidity & become cur$ ( ! bloat+ ( ! /oma* )\t be+ f9ally oblig$ to h rec\rse to ! rigor\s dry diet ( ,pr(4 ,b\*>d4 ,w9e & wat]1 ! ,fr5* national dr9k1 is an extremely frequ5t1 & v (t5 misund]/ood1 cause ( dyspepsia4 ,a good _m p w\ld enjoy excell5t heal? if !y 7 satisfi$ ) pure wat]1 t favorite dr9k ( ! ag$4 ,x is q p]plex+ sometimes to see at ! same table ?ree neighbors1 dr9k+ at _! d9n]1 ! "o w9e1 ! o!r be]1 & ! ?ird tea4 ,h[ mu* bett] w\ld x be if p1 in/ead ( *oos+ _! habitual dr9k accord+ to ! place t !y come f1 w\ld select x m ) reg>d to _! individual con/itution6 ,i "k _m :o1 aft] hav+1 = fifty ye>s1 quietly ignor$ ! fact1 h come to ! recognition t = !m1 w9e1 ev5 if dilut$ ) mu* wat]1 is absolutely hurtful1 & :o1 by giv+ x up1 & by tak+ pure wat]1 tea1 or cid]1 to :i* ,pr(4 ,c4 attributes great success 9 8 practice1 in/ead1 h got rid ( _! ailm5ts almo/ z if by en*antm5t4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i %\ld l to say a ^w ) reg>d to salt1 ?is panacea ( ar?ritic p]sons 7p]sons suff]+ f ar?ritis1 swell+ ( ! jo9ts1 z 9 g\t74 ,= _m ye>s ,i h be5 labor+ "u ! wrong impression1 t salt is plac$ on ! table m]ely = ! purpose ( salt+ boil$ eggs1 :i* ! cook _c salt 9 advance4 ,great mi/ake6 ,! wisdom ( nations has discov]$ t !re are p = :om a great quantity ( salt is a necessity1 & t !re are o!rs :o w\ld become ill if !y 7 to eat vi&s t are mu* salt$4 ,! salt cell> is !re 9 ord] to enable e "o to salt 8 food accord+ to 8 own requirem5ts4 ,_m p are l$ by _! natural in/9ct to salt _! vi&s 9 a proportion to suit !m4 ,b !re are o!rs1 among !m1 above all1 ! well br$ p]sons previ\sly m5tion$1 :o treat eat+ ) disda9 & = :om ! :ole attraction ( a repa/ is ! *>m ( conv]sation1 & to !m ! idea ( hav+ rec\rse to ! salt cell> nev] occurs4 ,:e!r salt is ne$$ 9 ord] to add acid to ! ga/ric juice or :e!r x has an antiseptic action 9 ! dige/ive *annel1 ,i d n "k4 ,c]ta91 h[ev]1 x is1 t x possesses v appreciable laxative qualities1 & "u its influ5ce ^? :o g to dr9k ! wat]s at ,wiesbad5 (t5 see _! inte/9al functions re/or$ to a surpris+ degree4 ,x is j z well1 h[ev]1 & ev5 bett]1 to take "o's ,vi*y at home1 & no?+ is m simple ?an to use "o's ,wiesbad5 at home1 by us+ ! salt cell>4 ,! cure may !n be complet$ by di/ribut+ ov] a :ole ye> ! ?irty w>m ba?s :i* h to be tak5 dur+ ! season at t wat]+ place4 ,! ba? at #dj ,celsius is a real boon = ar?ritic p]sons4 ,! w>m] x is1 :e!r salt or n1 ! bett] x acts 9 produc+ an exub]ant p]spiration1 & ! less is "o apt to cat* cold :5 leav+ x4 ,! above by no means exhau/s ! va/ subject ( dyspepsia & ar?ritis4 ,b )\t ignor+ ! utility ( !rmal wat]s1 ( morn+ prom5ades1 ( dry frictions & gymna/ics1 ! suff]]s %\ld1 above all1 be advis$ to m9utely ma/icate _! food1 to limit ! am\nt ( liquids at meal "t1 to use salt1 :i* w by no means increase _! ?ir/2 & 9 c]ta9 cases to ab/a9 entirely f alcoholic dr9ks4 ,^? :o obs]ve ^! rules may ) impunity d9e out1 al?\gh ^? s-call$ great d9n]s1 :]e all rules ( heal? are left aside1 are absolutely baneful = a great numb] ( ! inhabitants ( our cities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,surgical ,,op]ation4 ,among ! matt]s ( int]e/ :i* 7 br\ght be=e ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association1 at ! rec5t ,glasg[ meet+1 0 an acc\nt by ,mr4 ,brud5ell ,c>t] ( a me?od :i* he _h devis$ ( op5+ ! %ea? ( ! optic n]ve beh9d ! eye1 = ! relief ( pressure )9 ?is %ea? & )9 ! cavity ( ! skull4 ,! bra9 is inve/$ by firm membranes1 :i* secrete a c]ta9 am\nt ( fluid & are cont9u$ d[n to ! eye 9 ! =m ( a %ea? :i* surr\nds ! optic n]ve2 &1 :5ev] ! pressure )9 ! cavity ( ! skull is increas$1 z by ! gr[? ( a bra9 tumor1 or ev5 by excess ( secretion f ! membranes !mselves1 a sup]abundance ( fluid is apt to f9d its way d[n ! n]ve %ea? to ! level ( ! eye1 to subject ! optic n]ve to injuri\s pressure1 &1 9 _m cases1 to de/roy ! sight4 ,x n infrequ5tly happ5s t ! pressure )9 ! bra9 cavity may be increas$ by tempor>y or curable causes1 :i*1 nev]!less1 cont9ue 9 action suffici5tly long to produce p]man5t bl9dness1 ev5 al?\gh ! pati5t may1 9 o!r respects1 recov]4 ,9 view ( ^! conditions x 0 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,de ,weck]1 ( ,p>is1 sixte5 or sev5te5 ye>s ago1 t x might be possible to op5 ! optic n]ve %ea?1 & ?us n only to relieve ! n]ve f pressure & to pres]ve x f injury1 b also1 on acc\nt ( ! position ( ! eye relatively to ! bra9 cavity1 to dra9 ! latt] by gravitation1 & to relieve ! bra9 z well z ! eye4 ,dr4 ,de ,weck] made two endeavors to accompli% ?is object1 b he tri$ to feel 8 way to ! optic n]ve )\t ! aid ( sight1 & to incise ! %ea? by means ( an in/rum5t c>ry+ a conceal$ knife1 capable ( be+ project$ by means ( a spr+4 ,! risks ( failure1 &1 /ill m1 ! risks ( inflict+ irrep>able injury ^u ! n]ve1 7 su* t he only attempt$ 8 op]ation 9 two well nigh hopeless cases1 & only "o attempt to foll[ 8 example has be5 record$4 ,mr4 ,c>t]'s att5tion 0 call$ to ! matt] la/ ye> by a case 9 :i* ! dim9ution ( pressure )9 ! optic n]ve %ea? 0 manife/ly desirable2 & he devis$ a me?od ( op]at+ by :i* ! %ea? c\ld be expos$ to view1 & ! object atta9$ ) c]ta9ty1 "u ! guidance ( sight at e /ep ( ! process4 ,he read be=e ! ,m$ical ,society ( ,london1 la/ ye>1 an acc\nt ( ! fir/ case 9 :i* he op]at$1 :i* 0 successful2 & he read an acc\nt ( ?ree m cases at ,glasg[1 9 "o ( :i* ! result 0 negative1 z f> z sight 0 conc]n$1 :ile 9 ! o!r two ! pati5ts 7 n only quickly re/or$ to useful vision1 9 "o in/ance f complete1 9 ! o!r f ne>ly complete1 bl9dness1 b 7 at ! same "t reliev$ or cur$ ( o!r symptoms1 su* z heada*e & sickness1 aris+ f direct pressure on ! bra94 ,9 8 pap] at ,glasg[1 ,mr4 ,c>t] claim$ = ! new op]ation t x c\ld be p]=m$ ) c]ta9ty & )\t risk ei!r to life or to any important /ructure1 & t x af=d$ a reasonable prospect ( ! pres]vation ( sight 9 _m =ms ( disease 9 :i* x is n[ habitually or frequ5tly lo/4 ,z 9 ! case ( e new op]ation1 "t & fur!r exp]i5ce ( its effects are requir$ 9 ord] to det]m9e ! precise limits ( its usefulness4 ,9 ! discussion :i* foll[$ ! pap]1 ,mr4 ,bick]ton1 ( ,liv]pool1 said t1 9 consequ5ce ( read+ ! acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,c>t]'s fir/ case1 he _h himself p]=m$ ! op]ation 9 two in/ances1 9 "o ( :i* tempor>y re/oration ( sight 0 foll[$ by relapse1 :ile 9 ! second ! ultimate issue 0 favorable4--,london ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,putzeys' ,,flu%+ ,,res]voir4 ,e sew] is m or less expos$ to int]missions 9 ! fl[ ( ! wat] t x leads1 & ! result is a dim9ution 9 velocity :i* leads to deposits ( solid mat]ial4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( regul>ly flu%+ ! sew] ) wat]1 :i* removes f ! sides ! sub/ances t h atta*$ !mselves !reto1 & :i*1 )\t su* precaution1 soon decompose4 ,9 a ^w1 x is necess>y t a p]fect wa%+ %all be assur$1 & ?is c be done only by heavy ra9s or by /rong curr5ts ( wat]4 ,z reg>ds ra91 t c\ld n be reli$ ^u2 & to h a =ce ( m5 specially *>g$ ) ! s]vice ( wa%+1 t w\ld be too co/ly1 & s rec\rse has be5 _h to automatic app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,flu%+ ,,res]voir4 ,! automatic siphons us$ = flu%+ sew]s are *>act]iz$ 9 g5]al by ! pres5ce1 at ! base ( ! dis*>ge bran*1 ( a fix$ or movable receiv+ vessel full ( wat]4 ,?is vessel has ! inconv5i5ce ( break+ ! effect ( ! *>ge1 & ! result is t ^! app>atus d n r5d] ! s]vices t might be expect$ f !m4 ,"s ( ^! app>atus h valves1 floats1 *a9s1 pulleys1 & lev]s4 ,^! are /ill m defective1 s9ce _! op]ation is delicate4 ,! p>ts ( :i* !y are compos$ easily get out ( ord]1 & !n ! res]voir does no m flu%+ at all4 ,a good automatic flu%+ res]voir mu/ !re=e be ( ! greate/ simplicity1 & its p>ts mu/ be fix$ & /rong1 & ! outfl[ ( ! wat] mu/ be rapid & en]getic & directly f ! res]voir into ! sew]4 ,9 a ^w1 its con/ruction %\ld be su* t !re %all be no ne$ ( inspect+ x1 & t its op]ation be regul>4 ,! app>atus devis$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,putzeys1 ,director ( ,works ( ! city ( ,v]vi]s1 well fulfills ! conditions ( an excell5t flu%+ res]voir ) an automatic siphon4 ,! siphon has a d\ble curve1 b may1 h[ev]1 h diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! v>i\s uses = :i* x may be employ$1 su* z = flu%+ sew]s1 ur9als1 closets1 etc4 ,! annex$ figure repres5ts ! app>atus z arrang$ = flu%+ a sew]4 ,! app>atus op]ates z foll[s3 ,9 ! bottom ( ! bran* ( ! siphon1 ,s1 !re is always "s wat]1 s t1 dur+ ! fill+ ( ! res]voir by means ( ! cock se5 9 ! figure1 ! air is compress$ 9 ! bran* ,s to a degree t _c exce$ ! pressure ( an equal height ( wat] to ab\t d\ble ! height ( ! siphon4 ,! res]voir !re=e c cont9ue to fill )\t ! wat] escap+4 ,! subm]sion ( ! small siphon1 a1 b1 c1 is less ?an t ( ! pr9cipal siphon1 ,s1 & x foll[s t :5 ! level ( ! res]voir rea*es a height equal to b1 a1 a new influx1 h[ev] small x be1 causes ! dis*>ge ( a few drops ( wat] f ! auxili>y siphon1 a1 b1 c1 :i* is always full ( wat]4 ,at ?is mom5t ! wat] t x conta9s c no long] resi/ ! ?ru/ ( ! compress$ air 9 ! bran* ( ! siphon1 ,s1 & is !re=e =c$1 along ) ! compress$ air1 into ! flu%+ pipe4 ,by virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( communicat+ vessels1 ! wat] ( ! res]voir t5ds to resume its level 9 ! int]ior ( ! app>atus1 & x !n ent]s ) su* impetuosity t ! siphon1 :atev] be its dim5sions1 is prim$4 ,! entire res]voir empties in/antane\sly1 & ! wat] fl[s to op5 ! sew]4 ,f ! exp]im5ts made at ,v]vi]s by ! inv5tor1 x results t1 ) a pipe #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 ! empty+ ( a #age cubic foot res]voir c be effect$ 9 #cj seconds4 ,we may rem>k t ) ?is app>atus we obta9 ! maximum ( useful effect1 see+ t ! "w develop$ is repres5t$ by ! total head ( ! wat] dim9i%$ simply by losses ( *>ge due to friction 9 ! pipes4 ,9 o!r app>atus ! loss ( *>ge is mu* less1 s9ce ! flu%+ is brok5 by a receiv]4 ,putzeys' app>atus1 !re=e1 ) a mu* less dis*>ge ( wat]1 is capable ( produc+ an effect sup]ior to t ( simil> app>atus4 ,on acc\nt ( its simplicity & pla9 "*1 !re is no ne$ ( precision 9 ! in/allation ( ?is app>atus1 & horizontality1 ev51 is n a s9e qua non = its p]fect op]ation4 ,! siphon is v easily clean$1 & ?is is a great advantage1 s9ce x p]mits ( utiliz+ sewage matt] = fill+ ! flu%+ res]voir4--,*ronique ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,peps94 ,by ,a4 ,,p]cy ,,smi?1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,rugby4 ,! me?od usually adopt$ = e/imat+ ! peptoniz+ p[] ( peps9a porci consi/s 9 dissolv+ #a to #b gra9s 9 #h to #ab ounces ( wat]1 to :i* #dj to #fj m9ims ( hydro*loric acid has be5 add$4 #ejj to #a1jjj gra9s ( h>d-boil$ :ite ( egg1 granulat$ by rubb+ ?r\gh a wire sieve1 is imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 & ! :ole kept at #ih to #acj ,f4 = f\r h\rs1 :5 ! undissolv$ album5 is filt]$ (f ?r\gh musl91 &1 aft] p>tial dry+1 is weigh$ to asc]ta9 ! am\nt dissolv$4 ,! v>iable numb]s above quot$ embrace v>i\s =mul recomm5d$ by diff]5t exp]im5t]s4 ,?is me?od ( analysis is excessively crude & untru/wor?y4 ,:5 h>d-boil$ :ite ( egg is kept 9 w>m wat]1 x absorbs a consid]able quantity ( t m5/ruum1 z mu* z sev]al units p] c5t42 consequ5tly1 on weigh+ ! residual album51 y may f9d t ! weight is great] in/ead ( less ?an t ) :i* y />t$1 ! ga9 9 weight due to absorb$ wat] m ?an c\nt]balanc+ ! loss obta9+ ?r\gh solution1 z has happ5$ ) indiff]5t samples ( peps94 ,!n :o %all say :51 by simple air dry+1 ! album5 has rega9$ its =m] condition8 ,! enorm\s quantity ( album5 is =eign to ! usual habits ( ! sci5tific analy/1 & involves an enorm\s wa/e ( "t 9 manipulation4 ,"o trial ( ?is me?od 0 en\gh = me4 ,! fir/ modification ,i adopt$ consi/$ 9 sub/itut+ = ! l>ge quantity ( granulat$ album5 a s+le half ( ! :ite ( an egg 9 "o piece4 ,i likewise arrang$ a *eck exp]im5t 9 :i* ! peps9 0 omitt$1 o!r conditions rema9+ unalt]$4 ,at ! end ( f\r h\rs ! residual pieces ( album5 7 plac$ on blott+ pap] to remove sup]flu\s moi/ure1 & weigh$4 ,! ga9 9 weight ( ! album5 9 ! *eck exp]im5t1 due to absorb$ wat]1 0 calculat$ into p]c5tage1 & ! same d$uct$ f ! weights ( ! o!r portions :i* _h be5 subject$ to ! action ( v>i\s peps9s4 ,?is1 al?\gh an improvem5t ^u ! old me?od1 prov$ likewise unreliable1 because ! wat] absorb$ 0 n equal 9 ea* exp]im5t4 ,! album5 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 acidulat$ wat] only quickly dri$1 sup]ficially1 :5 plac$ on blott+ pap]1 :]eas t :i* _h be5 act$ on by peps9 0 r5d]$ glut9\s & incapable ( be+ dri$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 fact1 "o sample weigh$ consid]ably m ?an x did at />t+1 ev5 aft] d$uct+ ! all[ance = wat] absorb$4 ,i next tri$ mu* small] pieces ( album51 ab\t #a c4c41 9 hope t complete solution might ensue1 & a "t value be obta9$4 ,i soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! solubility does n dep5d ^u ! mass1 b ^u ! surface expos$4 ,f9ally ,i disc>d$ altoge!r ! use ( fre% :ite ( egg1 & _h rec\rse to dry p[d]$ album51 prep>$ by dry+ 9 a /eam ov5 & levigation 9 a mort>4 ,) ?is ,i succe$$ 9 gett+ accurate comp>isons betwe5 ! dige/ive p[]s ( v>i\s peps9s4 ,album5 9 ?is =m dissolves ) rapidity1 ow+ to its /ate ( f9e division4 ,any rema9+ undissolv$ c be filt]$ (f on a c\nt]pois$ filt] pap]1 & heat$ 9 a wat] ov5 until absolutely dry4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unnecess>y to d ?is :5 two samples only are comp>$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 nor is x ess5tial to "k ! actual weight ( album5 employ$1 provid$ x be ! same 9 ea* exp]im5t4 ,?is is insur$ by plac+ "s on ! nak$ pan ( ! balance 7!re is no objection to s do+1 z x is a dry gritty p[d]1 & does n adh]e to ! metal71 & c\nt]pois+ by a simil> addition to ! o!r pan4 ,let ! album5 fall on ! c5t] ( ! filt]$ liquid1 avoid+1 if possible1 contact ) ! glass ( ! beak]4 ,x soon s9ks1 & aft] ! lapse ( "s "t1 a simple inspection w %[ :i* is dissolv+ ) ! great] rapidity4 ,agitation assi/s solution4 ,!re=e take ! two beak]s1 "o 9 ea* h&1 & rotate ! cont5ts equally4 ,:5 "o sample has dissolv$ all ! album51 x is manife/ly sup]ior to ! o!r :i* has fail$ to d s 9 ! giv5 "t4 ,if _m samples h to be comp>$1 x w be necess>y to />t ) kn[n quantities ( album51 & weigh ! undissolv$ residues 9 ! mann] above indicat$4 ,an objection may possibly be rais$ to ?is modifi$ me?od1 viz41 t album5 z +e/$ is n 9 ! =m ( a dry p[d]1 & t we ought to copy z ne>ly z possible ! conditions exi/+ 9 ! /oma*4 ,to ?is ,i w\ld reply t x does n matt] 9 ! lea/1 to u1 z analy/s1 :at are ! conditions :i* obta9 9 ! /oma*2 s9ce !re is no absolute te/ = peps91 we c only comp>e "o sample aga9/ ano!r1 & t :i* dissolves ! mo/ album5 9 ! %orte/ "t is tak5 to be ! be/4 ,ano!r imp]fect me?od ( analysis is t employ$ 9 ! exam9ation ( malt extracts = dia/ase1 9 :i* a c]ta9 weight ( extract ought to dissolve a c]ta9 weight ( />* 9 t5 m9utes1 :5 if x does s dissolve x1 ! extract is a good "o2 if n1 x is to be condemn$4 ,! m correct way is to asc]ta9 ! r$uc+ p[] on ,fehl+'s solution1 be=e & aft] dige/ion ) an excess ( />*1 & ,i int5d to say a few words ^u ?is subject on a future occasion1 :5 ,i h asc]ta9$ ! maximum am\nt ( dia/ase exi/+ 9 ! be/ samples ( malt4--,! ,analy/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,subt]rane\s ,,flora ,,& ,,fauna4 ,by ,dr4 ,,otto ,,za*>ias4 ,x is g5]ally correct to say t air1 light & moi/ure =m ! *ief conditions necess>y = ! developm5t ( organic plant or animal life4 ,"o ( ^! conditions1 h[ev]1 namely light1 is n ( equal importance ) ! two o!rs4 ,= mod]n inve/igation & ! discov]ies made dur+ ! progress ( natural sci5ces h %[n t 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 :]e an ev]la/+ d>kness reigns1 & :]e ! temp]ature is extremely l[1 nev]!less a great abundance ( animal life is to be f\nd1 & t !re exi/ liv+ be+s1 n only ( ! l[e/ organization1 b ev5 fi%es & cru/aceans ( v complicat$ /ructure1 all ( :i* ?rive )\t enjoy+ ! slighte/ ray ( light4 ,a simil> example ( animal life 9 ! abs5ce ( light is to be f\nd 9 ! fauna ( caves & grottoes4 ,?is 0 fir/ made kn[n to ! _w by ,au/rian & ,am]ican naturali/s4 ,! well kn[n ,adelsb]g grotto 9 ,kra91 & ! gigantic ,mammo? ,cave 9 ,k5tucky1 furni%$ mu* int]e/+ mat]ial = a detail$ /udy ( ! biological conditions ( subt]rane\s animal life4 ,x 0 gradually discov]$ t 9 ^? d>k places !re exi/$ n only insects1 spid]s1 cru/aceans1 c5tip$es1 worms1 & snails1 b also a k9d ( salam&] & fi%es4 ,b :at gave special int]e/ to ^! discov]ies 0 ! fact1 asc]ta9$ by c>eful /udy1 t n all ( ^! be+s 7 gift$ ) normally develop$ organs ( vision1 b t 9 "s ^! organs _h und]gone a retrograde developm5t1 :ile o!rs 7 entirely bl9d4 ,among ! latt]1 ! bl9d fi% ( ! ,mammo? ,cave 7,amblyopsis spelacus7 is especially rem>kable1 because 9 ?is be+ ! retrograde developm5t ( ! organ ( vision is accompani$ by ! production ( c]ta9 ridges ( sk9 on ! body :i* are end[$ ) an extreme s5sitiv5ess ( t\*1 & :i*1 accord+ to a "w lately publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,von ,leydig1 are compos$ ( little w>ts 9 :i* ! n]ve fib]s end4 ,nature1 !re=e1 has 9 ?is case comp5sat$ ! amblyopsis = 8 loss ( sight by end[+ him ) a highly develop$ organ ( feel+4 ,a simil> ph5om5on is to be obs]v$ 9 ! bl9d crab 7,camb>as pellucidus71 :i* is also f\nd 9 ! ,mammo? ,cave1 = 9 ?is be+1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,von ,leydig1 ! little w>ts on ! int]ior feel]s1 :i* con/itute ! organ ( smell1 h also receiv$ an abnormal developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,semi-,,bl9d ,,salam&] 7,,proteus ,,angu9eus7 ,,( ,,! ,,adelsb]g ,,grotto1 ,,9 ,,au/ria4 ,bett] kn[n ?an ! bl9d fi% & ! bl9d crab ( ,k5tucky is ! ,proteus angu9eus1 a k9d ( salam&]1 ( a pale rose color1 end[$ ) gills & f\nd 9 ! ,adelsb]g grotto 9 ,au/ria4 7,fig4 #a47 ,?is amphibium has an eye :i* lies v deep 9 ! body & is almo/ ov]gr[n by ! sk94 ,b ?is eye is by no means z develop$ z ! organ ( vision1 = in/ance1 ( ! wat] salam&] 7! triton7 or ( ! s-call$ axolotl1 = x exi/s only 9 a k9d ( embryonic developm5t1 & conta9s nei!r a vitre\s humor nor a l5s = ! refraction ( ! rays ( light4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! n]ve ( vision exi/s1 x is possible t ?is salam&] may be able to disc]n 9 "s mann] betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,! ?9k+ /ud5t1 :5 discov]+ su* imp]fect organs ( sight1 w naturally ask h[ ! eye ( ?is salam&]1 :i* is s useless = its real purpose1 has come into exi/5ce1 & he w weigh ! comp>ative value ( ! two foll[+ explanations4 ,x may be assum$ t !re exi/$ once 9 ! ,adelsb]g grotto a salam&] :i* 0 absolutely bl9d1 & 9 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( an innate p[] ( evolution1 an organ ( vision ( ! l[e/ k9d 0 gradually =m$4 ,b to ?is assumption ! objection may be rais$ at once1 :y nature %\ld h produc$ an organ ( vision 9 an animal liv+ 9 a grotto1 :]e su* an organ is absolutely useless1 & :]e su* a developm5t w\ld be q z p>adoxical & improbable z1 = in/ance1 ! developm5t ( f9s in/ead ( legs 9 an animal liv+ on dry l&4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o may suppose1 & ?is is ! m probable explanation1 t ! ,proteus angu9eus is desc5d$ f a k9d ( salam&]1 :i* possess$ p]fectly develop$ eyes 9 ! beg9n+1 & t ! imp]fect organ ( vision 9 ! desc5dants liv+ 9 ! d>k caves is ! result ( gradual deg5]ation4 ,?is is ! m likely to be true z 9 _m o!r cases1 also1 we f9d t organs :i* become useless & _c be employ$ h gradually deg5]at$4 ,our common mole furni%es an example4 ,its eyes also h become small & are deeply hidd5 9 ! muscles1 al?\gh !y are by no means z mu* deg5]at$ z 9 ! ,proteus angu9eus1 & are /ill possess$ ( a l5s & a ret9a4 ,_! n]ve ( vision1 h[ev]1 has become v imp]fect1 & its connection ) ! bra9 is int]rupt$1 s t ! animal = ?is reason c h no p]ception ( light4 ,not)/&+ ! above1 h[ev]1 x is d\btful :e!r ! deg5]ation & gradual disappe>ance ( ! visual organ is 9 all cases ! result ( _! be+ no long] employ$1 s9ce !re exi/s 9 d>k caves a k9d ( beetle1 ! ,ma*a]ites1 9 :i* species ! female only is bl9d1 :ile ! male has a well develop$ organ ( sight4 ,9 ?is case x _c be ma9ta9$ t ! abs5ce ( light has be5 ! cause ( ! bl9dness ( ! female beetle1 because x w\ld h act$ equally ^u ! male4 ,nev]!less1 no o!r explanation c be f\nd = ! bl9dness4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 is hi!rto unsolv$4 ,( late ! inve/igations ( naturali/s h be5 ext5d$ to ! animal life exi/+ n only 9 grottoes & caves1 b also 9 m9es & pits creat$ by ! action ( man1 & ?is has l$ to _m int]e/+ discov]ies & rem>kable results4 ,a naturali/ :o has especially enl>g$ our k ) reg>d to ! subt]rane\s fauna & flora is ,dr4 ,rob]t ,s*neid]1 ( ,b]l91 :o made 8 /udies 9 ! coal m9es ne> ,wald5burg & ,altwass]1 9 ,silesia1 ! salt m9es ( ,/assfurt & ! metal m9es ( ,klau/hal1 9 ! ,upp] ,h>z ,m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,gr\p ,,( ,,pyr5omycetes1 ,a ,,species ,,( ,,fungi ,,frequ5t ,,9 ,,! ,,wat]s ,,( ,,m9es4 a4 ,f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,wald5burg2 b4 ,9 ! br[n-coal pits ne> ,we/]egeln2 c4 ,9 ! ,doro!a pit at ,klau/hal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 a4 ,rhizomorpha canalicul>is ( ,h(fmann1 b4 ,club fungus 7,clav>ia deflexa7 ( ,h(fmann1 f\nd 9 ! m9es at ,klau/hal4 ,z reg>ds ! subt]rane\s flora1 ,dr4 ,s*neid]'s inve/igations result$ 9 %[+ t ! plants :i* ?rive 9 ! d>k regions "u gr\nd are ^? :i* possess no *lorophyl & are s5sitive to light4 ,^? :i* vegetate mo/ luxuriantly !re are ! fungi1 & among !m especially ! pyr5omycetes1 :i* are frequ5t 9 ! wat]s ( m9es4 ,_! g5]al aspect is %[n 9 a #dhj times magnifi$ =m 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,!y resemble f9e ?reads ( delicate /ructure1 & :]e f\nd are always discov]$ 9 great abundance4 ,mo/ conspicu\s by _! %ape & consid]able size are ! rhizomorph1 ,fig4 #c;a1 & !y are rem>kable1 n only = _! brilliant phosphoresc5ce1 b also = ! peculi> fact t !y are only f\nd 9 places :]e light does n ent]4 ,^! rhizomorph1 ?\gh ?is is n easily recognizable f _! ext]nal appe>ance1 also belong to ! fungi & are (t5 se5 9 /r+s ( ! l5g? ( ov] a met] & ! ?ickness ( a quill1 spread+ out 9 peculi> bran*es & hang+ d[n f moi/ beams 9 d>k places4 ,sometimes !y gr[ l seawe$ 9 ! wat] ( ! m9es1 & 9 ?is case !y give mu* emb>rassm5t to ! m9]s1 because !y are apt to ob/ruct ! *annels con/ruct$ = lead+ (f ! sup]flu\s wat]4 ,9 ! m9es ( ,freib]g ^! rhizomorph exi/ 9 great abundance1 & ,humboldt already m5tions specim5s ( ! l5g? ( #d feet4 ,m9]s 9 ,g]many call !m zwirn 7?read74 ,! /ud5t ( natural sci5ces1 :5 enc\nt]+ ^! peculi> =ms ( vegetation1 w ask 9 h[ f> !y are ! product ( _! surr\nd+ circum/ances 7i4e41 ( ! abs5ce ( light or ! pres5ce ( moi/ure71 & 9 ord] to f9d a reply to ?is "q exp]im5ts h be5 made to gr[ ^! rhizomorph "u diff]5t conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,^! exp]im5ts h %[n t f sev]al species ( rhizomorph o!r ord9>y fungi c be develop$1 & t ! subt]rane\s specim5s !re=e may be consid]$ a deg5]ation & v>iation ( ! fungi f\nd above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 a4 ,ag>icus myurus ( ,h(fmann1 a subt]ranean fungus4 b4 ,himantia villosa1 a species ( rhizomorpha f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,h>z ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ,fig4 #d;b ! ,himantia villosa is repres5t$1 a rhizomorpha f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ! ,upp] ,h>z ,m\nta9s1 ?us %[+ ano!r =m ( ?is vegetable gr[?4 ,?\gh x is difficult1 z above /at$1 to recognize by _! %ape ! rhizormorph z fungi1 ! orig9 ( ! peculi> ,ag>icus myurus ( ,h(fmann 7,fig4 #d;a7 w be mu* easi] discov]$1 ?\gh a retrograde developm5t & deg5]ation has tak5 place also 9 ?is fungus4 ,x /ill %[s1 h[ev]1 ! elem5ts ( a regul> toad/ool1 only t ! /em is mu* elongat$ & looks l a ?read or a tube1 :ile ! cap is small1 & ?is expla9s h[1 by gradual deg5]ation1 ! cap may disappe> entirely1 leav+ no?+ b a /em1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! ,clav>ia deflexa1 ! club fungus1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #c;b4 ,9 connection ) ! above x may be well to speak ( ! fungi con/itut+ ! m\ld :i* (t5 cov]s ! ro( & ! doors 9 ! br[n-coal m9es ( ,halle1 specim5s ( :i* are %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,=ms ,,( ,,m\ld ,,fungi ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,br[n-,,coal ,,m9es ,,ne> ,,halle ,a4 ,s4 ,we n[ come to ! animal life 9 m9es & pits4 ,?is is mo/ly repres5t$1 ( c\rse1 by l[] organisms1 z infusoria & worms4 ,?us1 9 ! slime on ! bottom ( ! wat]s 9 m9es1 sev]al species ( amoeb are f\nd1 :i* consi/ ( microscopically small animat$ bodies1 cont9ually float+ ab\t1 n\ri%+ !mselves by absorb+ organic matt]1 possess+ s5sation1 propagat+1 etc41 &1 9 fact1 hav+ actually ! qualities ( real animal nature4 ,fur!r1 we f9d 9 ^? subt]rane\s wat]s a species ( ! sun infusorium 7,act9ophrys71 :i* is especially frequ5t 9 ! m9es ( ,klau/hal4 ,fig4 #f %[s "o ( ^! peculi> little be+s4 ,also ! ,/ylony*ia 7,fig4 #g7 is a *>act]i/ic inhabitant ( ^? places1 & always pres5t !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,! ,,sun ,,infusorium 7,,act9ophrys74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,rapaci\s ,,infusorium 7,,/ylony*ia74 ,x moves ) great rapidity 9 ! wat] by means ( ! num]\s hairs cov]+ its body1 c turn quickly 9 any direction1 & ?us is enabl$ to cat* sudd5ly ! little be+s on :i* x lives & :i* x hunts2 = :i* reason ! /ylony*ia is call$ ! rapaci\s infusorium4 ,! above are organisms :i* c be se5 only ?r\gh ! microscope1 b ! fauna ( m9es conta9s also l>g] organisms1 ?\gh !y are n f\nd z regul>ly & are n z *>act]i/ic = ^? places z ! =ms m5tion$ hi!rto4 ,among ^! organisms !re are sev]al species ( worms1 spid]s1 gnats1 &1 above all1 cru/aceans ( ! l[] class4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! latt] is p]haps a v>iety ( ! s& flea 7,fig4 #h--;,gamm>us pulex74 ,! cru/acean f\nd 9 ! pits ( m9es1 :i* is relat$ to ! s& flea1 %[s1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,r4 ,s*neid]1 a slight deg5]ation ( ! organ ( sight1 :i* has tak5 place 9 consequ5ce ( its adaptation to ! d>k places1 9 :i* ?is v>iety ( ! ,gamm>us pulex is f\nd1 :i* c make no use ( eyes1 :ile ! s& flea possesses !m fully develop$4 ,o!rwise1 h[ev]1 ! two v>ieties are almo/ absolutely alike1 diff]+ only 9 "s details4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,! ,,s& ,,flea 7,,gamm>us ,,pulex74 ,f ! above ! read] w see t brea?+ 9 ! rosy light1 z ,s*ill] calls x1 is n an absolutely necess>y condition = ! exi/5ce ( organic be+s1 b t life exi/s ev]y:]e1 :]e !re is air & moi/ure1 & a temp]ature :i* is n always bel[ freez+ po9t1 ?\gh ev5 et]nal fro/ does n exclude life entirely1 z is prov$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! glaci] flea1 %[+ t ev5 9 ! icy cov]+s ( ! ,alps life /ill is possible4 ,mephi/opheles may !re=e well say3 ,f wat]1 e>?1 & air unfold+1 ,a ?\s& g]ms break =? & gr[ ,9 dry & wet1 & w>m & *illy2 ,& _h ,i n ! ,flame res]v$1 :y really1 ,!re's no?+ special ( my own to %[6 --,leipzig] ,illu/rirte ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,timb]1 ,,& ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,diseases4#a ,footnote #a3 ,cont9u$ f ,supplem5t1 ,no4 #ffa1 page #ajeeh4 ,by ,h4 ,,m>%all ,,w>d4 ,,ix4 ,9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may1 ! y\ng] ne$le-l leaves ( ! ,scot* p9e are occasionally se5 to h assum$ a yell[ t+e1 & on clos] exam9ation ?is *ange 9 color1 f gre5 to yell[1 is se5 to be due to ! developm5t ( :at look l small orange color$ vesicles /&+ (f f ! surface ( ! epid]mis1 & :i* h 9 fact bur/ ?r\gh f ! int]ior ( ! leaf 7,fig4 #ca74 ,betwe5 ^! l>g] orange yell[ vesicles ! l5s %[s c]ta9 small] br[ni% or almo/ black specks4 ,ea* ( ! vesicul> swell+s is a =m ( fungus fructification kn[n z an cidium1 & ea* ( ! small] specks is a fungus /ructure call$ a ,sp]mogonium1 & bo? ( ^! bodies are develop$ f a mycelium 9 ! tissues ( ! leaf4 ,i mu/ employ ^! te*nical t]ms1 b w expla9 !m m 9 detail %ortly3 ! po9t to be att5d$ to = ! mom5t is t ?is fungus 9 ! leaf has long be5 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7v>4 acicola1 i4e41 ! v>iety :i* lives ^u ! ne$le-l leaves74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,to ! "r is a pair ( leaves ( ! ,scot* p9e1 ) ! bli/]-l cidia a4 ( ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7v>4 acicola7 project+ f _! tissues3 ^! bli/]s are orange yell[ 9 color1 & conta9 spores1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cc4 ,betwe5 ! bli/]s are ! m9ute sp]mogonia1 b4 ,to ! left is a small bran*1 kill$ at a a a by ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7v>4 corticola71 ! bli/]-l yell[ cidia ( ! fungus be+ v conspicu\s4 7,r$uc$1 aft] ,h>tig47 ,on ! y\ng] bran*es ( ! ,scot* p9e1 ! ,weym\? p9e1 ! ,au/rian p9e1 & "s o!rs1 !re may also be se5 9 ,may & ,june simil> b l>g] bladd]-l orange vesicles 7cidia7 bur/+ ?r\gh ! cortex 7,fig4 #ca72 & "h1 aga91 c>eful exam9ation %[s ! d>k] small] ,sp]mogonia 9 pat*es betwe5 ! cidia4 ,^! also arise f a fungus mycelium 9 ! tissues ( ! cortex1 :5ce ! fungus 0 nam$ ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7v>4 corticola74 ,x is ?us se5 t ! fungus ,p]id]mium ,p9i 0 reg>d$ z a p>asite ( p9es1 & t x possess$ two v>ieties1 "o inhabit+ ! leaves & ! o!r ! cortex3 ! v>ieties 7 s consid]$1 because c]ta9 trivial diff]5ces 7 f\nd 9 ! m9ute /ructure ( ! cidia & ,sp]mogonia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,bli/]s 7cidia7 ( ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7v>4 corticola7 on a bran* ( ! ,scot* p9e3 "s ( ! cidia h already bur/ at ! apex & scatt]$ _! spores1 b1 b2 ! o!rs are /ill intact4 7,natural size1 aft] ,hess74 ,if we cut ?9 v]tical sections ?r\gh a leaf & "o ( ! smalle/ cidia1 & exam9e ! latt] ) ! microscope1 x w be f\nd to consi/ ( a mass ( spores arrang$ 9 v]tical r[s1 ea* r[ spr++ f a bran* ( ! mycelium3 ! out]mo/ ( ^! spores--i4e41 ^? :i* =m a compact lay] close b5ea? ! epid]mis--rema9 b>r51 & s]ve z a k9d ( membrane cov]+ ! re/ 7,fig4 #cc1 p74 ,x is ?is membrane :i* protrudes l a bli/] f ! tissues4 ,! hyph ( ! fungus are se5 runn+ 9 all directions betwe5 ! cells ( ! leaf tissue1 & z !y rise up & =m ! v]tical *a9s ( spores1 ! pressure gradually =ces up ! epid]mis ( ! leaf1 bur/s x1 & ! mass ( orange yell[ p[d]y spores protrude to ! ext]ior envelop$ 9 ! a=esaid membrane ( contigu\s b>r5 spores4 ,if we exam9e old] cidia1 x w be f\nd t ?is membrane bur/s also at l5g?1 & ! spores escape4 ,simil> sections across a ,sp]mogonium exhibit a /ructure :i* diff]s slightly f ! above4 ,"h also ! hyph 9 ! leaf turn upw>d1 & s5d delicate bran*es 9 a conv]g+ cr[d b5ea? ! epid]mis2 ! latt] gives way b5ea? ! pressure1 & ! free tips ( ! hyph con/rict (f v m9ute spore-l bodies4 ,^! m9ute bodies are t]m$ ,sp]matia1 & ,i %all say no m ab\t !m aft] rem>k+ t !y are q b>r51 & t simil> /]ile bodies are kn[n to occur 9 v _m ( ! fungi belong+ to ?is & o!r gr\ps4 ,sections ?r\gh ! cidia & ,sp]mogonia on ! cortex pres5t /ructures s simil>1 except 9 m9ute details :i* c\ld only be expla9$ by l5g?y descriptions & _m illu/rations1 t ,i %all n dwell ^u !m2 simply rem9d+ ! read] t ! resemblances are s /rik+ t sy/ematic mycologi/s h long ref]r$ !m to a m]e v>iety ( ! same fungus4 ,n[ z to ! k9d & am\nt ( damage caus$ by ! ravages ( ^! two =ms ( fungus4 ,9 ! leaves1 ! mycelium is f\nd runn+ betwe5 ! cells 7,fig4 #cc1 h71 & absorb+ or de/roy+ _! cont5ts3 s9ce ! leaves d n fail ! fir/ season1 & ! mycelium rema9s liv+ 9 _! tissues well into ! second ye>1 x is g5]ally accept$ t x does v little h>m4 ,at ! same "t1 x is evid5t t1 if v _m leaves are be+ ?us tax$ by ! fungus1 !y _c be supply+ ! tree ) food mat]ials 9 su* quantities z if ! leaves 7 intact4 ,h[ev]1 ! fungus is rem>kable 9 ?is respect--t x lives & gr[s = a ye> or two 9 ! leaves1 & does n 7z s _m ( its allies d7 kill !m aft] a few weeks4 ,x is also /at$ t only "y p9es are badly attack$ by ?is =m3 x is r>e to f9d cidia on trees m ?an tw5ty ye>s or s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,v]tical section ?r\gh a v "y cidium ( ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7v>4 acicola71 ) "p ( ! subjac5t tissue ( ! leaf1 h1 ! mycelium ( ! p>asitic fungus runn+ betwe5 ! cells ( ! leaf2 imm$iately b5ea? ! epid]mis ( ! leaf1 ! ends ( ! hyph give rise to ! v]tical r[s ( spores 7b71 ! out]mo/ ( :i* 7p7 rema9 b>r51 & =m ! membrane ( ! bli/]-l body4 ,! epid]mis is already ruptur$ at p by ! pressure ( ! "y cidium4 7,aft] ,k4 ,h>tig3 highly magnifi$47 ,mu* m disa/r\s results c be trac$ directly to ! action ( ! mycelium 9 ! cortex4 ,! hyph gr[ & bran* betwe5 ! gre5 cells ( ! true cortex1 z well z 9 ! va/ tissues b5ea?1 & ev5 make _! way into ! m$ull>y rays & res9 canals 9 ! wood1 ?\gh n v deep4 ,%ort bran*es ( ! hyph pi]ce ! cells1 & consume _! />* & o!r cont5ts1 caus+ a l>ge outfl[ ( res91 :i* soaks into ! wood or exudes f ! b>k4 ,x is probable t ?is effusion ( turp5t9e into ! tissues ( ! wood1 cambium1 & cortex has mu* to d ) ! dry+ up ( ! p>ts above ! attack$ portion ( ! /em3 ! tissues %rivel up & die1 ! turp5t9e 9 ! canals sl[ly s9k+ d[n into ! injur$ region4 ,! dry+ up w\ld ( c\rse occur if ! conduct+ portions are /eep$ 9 turp5t9e1 prev5t+ ! conduction ( wat] f bel[4 ,! mycelium lives = ye>s 9 ! cortex1 & may be f\nd kill+ ! "y tissues j =m$ f ! cambium dur+ ! e>ly summ]3 ( c\rse ! annual r+ ( wood1 etc41 is "h impov]i%$4 ,if ! mycelium is conf9$ to "o side ( ! /em1 a flat or depress$ spread+ w\nd arises2 if ?is ext5ds all r\nd1 ! p>ts above mu/ die4 ,:5 fairly ?ick /ems or bran*es h ! mycelium on "o side only1 ! cambium is injur$ locally1 & ! ?ick5+ is ( c\rse p>tial4 ,! annual r+s are =m$ z usual on ! opposite side ( ! /em1 :]e ! cambium is /ill intact1 or !y are ev5 ?ick] ?an usual1 because ! cambium !re div]ts to itself m ?an ! usual %>e ( food sub/ances2 :]e ! mycelium exi/s1 h[ev]1 ! cambium is de/roy$1 & no ?ick5+ lay] is =m$4 ,f ?is cause arise canc]\s mal=mations :i* are v common 9 p9e woods 7,fig4 #cd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,section across an old p9e /em 9 ! canc]\s region injur$ by ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7v>4 corticola74 ,z %[n by ! figures1 ! /em 0 fifte5 ye>s old :5 ! ravages ( ! fungus began to affect ! cambium ne> a4 ,! mycelium1 spread+ 9 ! cortex & cambium on all sides1 gradually re/rict$ ! action ( ! latt] m & m2 at ?irty ye>s old1 ! /ill s\nd cambium only ext5d$ half way r\nd ! /em--no wood be+ develop$ on ! opposite side4 ,by ! "t ! tree 0 eighty ye>s old1 only ! small area ( cambium indicat$ by ! ?9 l9e m>k$ #hj 0 /ill alive2 & soon aft]w>d ! /em 0 completely r+$1 & dead1 all ! tissues be+ suffus$ ) res94 7,aft] ,h>tig47 ,putt+ ev]y?+ toge!r1 x is n difficult to expla9 ! symptoms ( ! disease4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! mycelium on ! "o h&1 :i* tries to ext5d all r\nd 9 ! cortex1 & ! tree itself1 on ! o!r1 z x tries to repair ! mis*ief1 w end 9 ! triumph ( ! fungus z soon z its ravages ext5d s f> z to cut (f ! wat] supply to ! p>ts above3 ?is w occur z soon z ! mycelium ext5ds all r\nd ! cortex1 or ev5 soon] if ! effusion ( turp5t9e ha/5s ! block+ up ( ! *annels4 ,?is may take _m ye>s to accompli%4 ,s f>1 & tak+ into acc\nt ! enorm\s spread ( ?is disa/r\s disease1 ! obvi\s rem$ial measures seem to be1 to cut d[n ! diseas$ trees--( c\rse ?is %\ld be done 9 ! w9t]1 or at lea/ be=e ! spores come--& use ! timb] z be/ may be2 b we mu/ fir/ see :e!r su* a sugge/ion ne$s modify+1 aft] le>n+ m ab\t ! fungus & its habits4 ,x appe>s cle>1 at any rate1 h[ev]1 t e diseas$ tree remov$ means a s\rce ( cidiospores ! less4 ,probably e "o kn[s ! common gr\ndsel1 :i* ab\nds all ov] ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t1 & no d\bt _m ( my read]s are acqua9t$ ) o!r species ( ! same g5us 7,s5ecio7 to :i* ! gr\ndsel belongs1 & especially ) ! ragwort 7,s5ecio ,jacoba74 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! leaves ( ^! plants1 & ( sev]al alli$ species1 are attack$ by a fungus1 ! mycelium ( :i* spreads 9 ! leaf passages1 & gives rise to p[d]y masses ( orange yell[ spores1 arrang$ 9 v]tical r[s b5ea? ! /omata3 ^! p[d]y masses ( spores bur/ =? ?r\gh ! epid]mis1 b are n clo!d by any cov]+1 su* z ! cidia ( ,p]id]mium ,p9i1 = in/ance4 ,^! gr\ps ( yell[ spores bur/ =? 9 irregul> p[d]y pat*es1 scatt]$ ov] ! "u sides ( ! leaves 9 ,july & ,augu/3 t[>d ! end ( ! summ] a slightly diff]5t =m ( spore1 b simil>ly arrang$1 spr+s f ! same mycelium on ! same pat*es4 ,f ! diff]5ces 9 _! =m1 "t ( appe>ance1 & 7z we %all see7 functions1 ^! two k9ds ( spores h receiv$ diff]5t names4 ,^? fir/ produc$ h num]\s papill on !m1 & 7 call$ ,ur$ospores1 f _! analogies ) ! ur$ospore ( ! ru/ ( :eat2 ! second k9d ( spore is smoo?1 & is call$ ! ,teleutospore1 also f analogies ) ! spores produc$ 9 ! late summ] by ! :eat ru/4 ,! fungus :i* produces ^! ur$ospores & teleutospores 0 nam$ & has be5 long di/+ui%$ z ,coleosporium ,s5ecionis 7,p]s47 ,we are n imm$iately int]e/$ 9 ! damage done by ?is p>asite to ! we$s :i* x infe/s1 & at any rate we might well be tempt$ to rejoice 9 its de/ructive action on ^! g>d5 pe/s4 ,x is suffici5t to po9t out t ! influ5ce ( ! mycelium is to %ort5 ! lives ( ! leaves1 & to rob ! plant ( food mat]ial 9 ! way ref]r$ to g5]ally 9 my la/ article4 ,:at we are "h m directly int]e/$ 9 is ! foll[+4 ,a few ye>s ago ,wolff %[$ t if ! spores f ! cidia ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7v>4 acicola7 are s[n on ! leaf ( ,s5ecio1 ! g]m9al hyph :i* gr[ out f ! spores ent] ! /omata ( ! ,s5ecio leaf1 & !re develop into ! fungus call$ ,coleosporium ,s5ecionis4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fungus gr[+ 9 ! cortex ( ! p9e1 & t p>asitic on ! leaves ( ! gr\ndsel & its allies1 are "o & ! same3 x sp5ds "p ( its life on ! tree & ! o!r "p on ! h]b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,a spore ( ,p]id]mium ,p9i g]m9at+4 ,x puts =? ! long1 bran*$ g]m9al hyph on ! damp surface ( a leaf ( ,s5ecio1 & "o ( ! bran*es ent]s a /oma1 & =ms a mycelium 9 ! leaf3 aft] "s "t1 ! mycelium gives rise to ! ur$ospores & teleutospores ( ,coleosporium ,s5ecionis4 7,aft] ,tulasne3 highly magnifi$47 ,if ,i left ! matt] /at$ only 9 ?is bald mann]1 x is probable t few ( my read]s w\ld believe ! wond]4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ?is ph5om5on1 on ! "o h&1 is by no means a solit>y in/ance1 = we "k _m ( ^! fungi :i* require two ho/ plants 9 ord] to complete _! life hi/ory2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 sev]al obs]v]s ( ! highe/ rank h repeat$ ,wolff's exp]im5t & f\nd 8 results correct4 ,h>tig1 = in/ance1 to ^: indefatigable & +5i\s rese>*es we owe mo/ t is kn[n ( ! disease caus$ by ! ,p]id]mium1 has confirm$ ,wolff's results4 ,x 0 to ! brilliant rese>*es ( ! late ,pr(4 ,de ,b>y t we owe ! fir/ recognition ( ?is rem>kable ph5om5on ( het]oecism--i4e41 ! inhabit+ m ?an "o ho/--( ! fungi4 ,de ,b>y prov$ t ! old idea ( ! f>m]1 t ! ru/ is v apt to appe> on :eat gr[+ 9 ! neighborhood ( b]b]ry bu%es1 0 no fable2 b on ! contr>y1 t ! yell[ cidium on ! b]b]ry is a phase 9 ! life hi/ory ( ! fungus caus+ ! :eat ru/4 ,_m o!r cases are n[ kn[n1 e4g441 ! cidium abiet9um1 on ! spruce firs 9 ! ,alps1 passes ! o!r "p ( its life on ! rhodod5drons ( ! same region4 ,ano!r well kn[n example is t ( ! fungus ,gymnosporangium1 :i* injures ! wood ( junip]s4 ,o]/$ fir/ prov$ t ! o!r "p ( its life is sp5t on ! leaves ( c]ta9 ,rosace1 & 8 discov]y has be5 repeat$ly confirm$4 ,i h myself obs]v$ ! foll[+ confirmation ( ?is4 ,! /ems ( ! junip]s s common 9 ! neighborhood ( ,silv]dale 7ne> ,morecambe ,bay7 us$ to be di/ort$ ) ,gymnosporangium1 & cov]$ ) ! teleutospores ( ?is fungus e spr+3 9 ,july all ! haw?orn h$ges 9 ! neighborhood _h _! leaves cov]$ ) ! cidium =m 7=m]ly call$ ,roe/elia71 & x 0 q easy to %[ t ! fungus on ! haw?orn leaves 0 produc$ by s[+ ! ,gymnosporangium spores on !m4 ,_m o!r well e/abli%$ cases ( simil> het]oecism c\ld be quot$4 ,b we mu/ return to ! ,p]id]mium ,p9i4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,i express$ myself some:at cauti\sly reg>d+ ! ,p]id]mium on ! leaves 7v>4 acicola74 ,x appe>s t !re is ne$ = fur!r inve/igations into ! life hi/ory ( ?is =m1 = x has be5 ?\ght m ?an probable t x is n a m]e v>iety ( ! o!r1 b a totally diff]5t species4 ,only s lately z #ahhc1 h[ev]1 ,wolff succe$$ 9 infect+ ! leaves ( ,s5ecio ) ! spores ( ,p]id]mium ,p9i 7acicola71 & develop+ ! ,coleosporium1 ?us %[+ t bo? ! v>ieties belong to ! same fungus4 ,x w be se5 f ! =ego+ t 9 ! /udy ( ! biological relation%ips betwe5 any "o plant :i* we happ5 to value because x produces timb] & any o!r :i* gr[s 9 ! neighborhood !re may be 7& !re usually is7 a s]ies ( problems fraught ) int]e/ s deep sci5tifically1 & s important economically1 t "o w\ld suppose no ef=ts w\ld be sp>$ to inve/igate !m3 no d\bt x w be se5 z "t progresses t :at occasionally looks l apa?y ) reg>d to ^! matt]s is 9 reality only app>5t indiff]5ce due to want ( in=mation4 ,return+ once m to ! p>ticul> case 9 "q1 x is obvi\s t our new k po9ts to ! desirability ( keep+ ! se$ b$s & nurs]ies especially clean f gr\ndsel & we$s ( t description3 on ! "o h&1 su* we$s are noxi\s 9 !mselves1 & on ! o!r !y h>bor ! ,coleosporium =m ( ! fungus ,p]id]mium "u ! be/ conditions = infection4 ,x may be add$ t x is kn[n t ! fungus c g on be+ reproduc$ by ! ur$ospores on ! gr\ndsel plants :i* live ?r\gh ! w9t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,/4 ,g5evieve & ,cape ,gir>deau ,c\nties1 ,mo41 9 ! ,niag>a lime/one is f\nd a h&some m>ble ( a v>iegat$ liv] color4 ,ne> ,%epp>d ,l&+ x is #hj feet ?ick1 & at ,janis ,mill1 9 ,/4 ,g5evieve ,c\nty1 ,dr4 ,%um>d speaks ( b$s ( f9e texture & v>i\s %ades ( fle%1 yell[1 gre51 p9k1 purple1 & *ocolate1 all h&somely bl5d$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,catalogue ,,( ,,valuable ,,pap]s ,conta9$ 9 ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 s5t free ( *>ge to any address4 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,ar*itects ,,& ,,build]s ,,edition4 #b4ej ,a ,,ye>4 ,,s+le ,,copies1 #be ,,cts4 ,?is is a ,special ,edition ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 issu$ mon?ly--on ! fir/ day ( ! mon?4 ,ea* numb] conta9s ab\t =ty l>ge qu>to pages1 equal to ab\t two hundr$ ord9>y book pages1 =m+1 practically1 a l>ge & spl5did ,,magaz9e ,,( ,,ar*itecture1 ri*ly adorn$ ) elegant plates 9 colors & ) f9e engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! mo/ int]e/+ examples ( mod]n ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction & alli$ subjects4 ,a special feature is ! pres5tation 9 ea* numb] ( a v>iety ( ! late/ & be/ plans = private resid5ces1 city & c\ntry1 includ+ ^? ( v mod]ate co/ z well z ! m exp5sive4 ,draw+s 9 p]spective & 9 color are giv51 toge!r ) full ,plans1 ,specifications1 ,co/s1 ,bills ( ,e/imate1 & ,%eets ( ,details4 ,no o!r build+ pap] conta9s s _m plans1 details1 & specifications regul>ly pres5t$ z ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,hundr$s ( dwell+s h already be5 erect$ on ! v>i\s plans we h issu$ dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 & _m o!rs are 9 process ( con/ruction4 ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 & ,own]s w f9d ?is "w valuable 9 furni%+ fre% & useful sugge/ions4 ,all :o contemplate build+ or improv+ homes1 or erect+ /ructures ( any k9d1 h be=e !m 9 ?is "w an almo/ endless s]ies ( ! late/ & be/ examples f :i* to make selections1 ?us sav+ "t & money4 ,_m o!r subjects1 includ+ ,sew]age1 ,pip+1 ,light+1 ,w>m+1 ,v5tilat+1 ,decorat+1 ,lay+ out ( ,gr\nds1 etc41 are illu/rat$4 ,an ext5sive ,comp5dium ( ,manufactur]s' ,ann\ncem5ts is also giv51 9 :i* ! mo/ reliable & approv$ ,build+ ,mat]ials1 ,goods1 ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 & ,appliances are describ$ & illu/rat$1 ) addresses ( ! mak]s1 etc4 ,! fullness1 ri*ness1 *eapness1 & conv5i5ce ( ?is "w h won = x ! ,,l>ge/ ,,circulation ( any ,ar*itectural publication 9 ! _w4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,catalogue ( valuable books on ,ar*itecture1 ,build+1 ,c>p5try1 ,masonry1 ,heat+1 ,w>m+1 ,light+1 ,v5tilation1 & all bran*es ( indu/ry p]ta9+ to ! art ( ,build+1 is suppli$ free ( *>ge1 s5t to any address4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,build+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4 ,9 connection ) ! publication ( ! ,build+ ,edition ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 furni% plans & specifications = build+s ( e k9d1 includ+ ,*ur*es1 ,s*ools1 ,/ores1 ,dwell+s1 ,c>riage ,h\ses1 ,b>ns1 etc4 ,9 ?is "w !y are assi/$ by able & exp]i5c$ ar*itects4 ,full plans1 details1 & specifications = ! v>i\s build+s illu/rat$ 9 ?is pap] c be suppli$4 ,^? :o contemplate build+1 or :o wi% to alt]1 improve1 ext5d1 or add to exi/+ build+s1 :e!r w+s1 por*es1 bay w9d[s1 or attic rooms1 are invit$ to communicate ) ! und]sign$4 ,our "w ext5ds to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,e/imates1 plans1 & draw+s promptly prep>$4 ,t]ms mod]ate4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,! ,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,! ,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,comb9$ ,rates4--,"o copy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican & "o copy ( ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,useful ,,eng9e]+ ,,books ,manufactur]s1 ,agriculturi/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,eng9e]s1 ,me*anics1 ,build]s1 m5 ( leisure1 & pr(essional m51 ( all classes1 ne$ good books 9 ! l9e ( _! respective call+s4 ,our po/ (fice dep>tm5t p]mits ! transmission ( books ?r\gh ! mails at v small co/4 ,a compreh5sive catalogue ( useful books by diff]5t au?ors1 on m ?an fifty diff]5t subjects1 has rec5tly be5 publi%$1 = free circulation1 at ! (fice ( ?is pap]4 ,subjects classifi$ ) names ( au?or4 ,p]sons desir+ a copy h only to ask = x1 & x w be mail$ to !m4 ,address1 ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,munn ,co4 are solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #db ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats1 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,bran* ,,(fice1 #fbb ,,& #fbd ,f ,,/41 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,9 ! orig9al publication ! au?or ( ',coal ,t> z ,fuel = ,/eam ,boil]s' is describ$ z ,john ,mc,crae 9 ! ,cont5ts & ,john ,m',crae 9 ! article head]4 ,! second 0 consid]$ an error & correct$4