99,! ,silesian ,horseh]d99 997,das ,pf]debrla799 ,que/ions ( ! ,h\r ,answ]$ ,by 99,fri$ri* ,max ,mll]99 ,translat$ ,f ,! ,g]man ,by ,osc> ,a4 ,fe*t] ,) ,a ,=w>d ,by ,j4 ,e/l9 ,c>p5t]1 ,m4,a4 ,longmans1 ,gre51 & ,co4 #ci ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london ,new ,york & ,bombay 99#aijc99 ,,cont5ts ,preface ,*apt] ,i4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,footnotes ,,preface ,! /ory ( ?is volume is soon told4 ,9 ,july1 #ahie1 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] contribut$ to ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au an essay on ! lo/ treatise aga9/ ,*ri/ianity by ! philosoph] ,celsus1 kn[n to u ?r\gh ! reply ( ,orig5 ( ,alex&ria4 ,?is essay1 entitl$ 8,! #8,true ,hi/ory'7#a7 ( ,celsus10 conta9$ an exposition ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos & its place 9 ,*ri/ian tea*+1 ) ref]5ce also to its applications 9 our mod]n ?\ght4 ,among ! comm5ts ^u x :i* 9 due "t f\nd _! way to ,ox=d1 0 a vigor\s1 if famili>1 lett] 7dat$ ,febru>y1 #ahif7 f a ,g]man emigrant to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 resid+ 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :o sign$ himself by ! unusual "n ( ! ,pf]debrla1 or 8,horseh]d407#b7 ,8 criticisms s]v$ z a fair sample ( o!rs2 & 8 lett] 0 publi%$ ) a reply f ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] 9 ! ,runds*au ( ,novemb]1 #ahif4 ,m lett]s p\r$ 9 ^u ! unwe>i$ s*ol> :o _h ?us set aside preci\s "t out ( 8 la/ ye>s to answ] 8 unkn[n correspond5t4 ,"o ( ^!1 f 8,ignotus ,agno/icus10 suppli$ a text = fur!r comm5t1 & ! :ole grew into a little popul> apologia1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ,b]l9 9 #ahii1 & entitl$ ,das ,pf]debrla1 or 8,que/ions ( ! ,day answ]$ by ,fri$ri* ,max ,mll]40 ,! vet]an tea*] ?us en=c$ once m 8 ideas ( ! relation ( language & ?\ght1 9 :i* he _h long s9ce recognis$ ! clue to man's k ( ! relation ( 8 _s to ,god4 ,?is inn] union he f\nd realis$ 9 ,*ri/1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel27#c7 & ! lucid treatm5t ( ?is great conception1 fre$ f ! te*nicalities ( !ology1 w possibly prove to "s read]s ! mo/ helpful portion ( ?is book4 ,rang+ ov] _m topics1 once ! !mes ( vehem5t controv]sy1 ! discussion has (t5 an intimate1 famili>1 p]sonal air4 ,! disputants on opposite sides _h drawn ne>]2 !y c\ld bett] und]/& ea* o!r's po9ts ( view47#d7 ,^! pages1 !re=e1 reveal ! inmo/ beliefs ( "o :o _h devot$ m ?an fifty ye>s to ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght on ! wide/ scale1 & _h himself pass$ ?r\gh sev]e /ruggles & deep griefs ) un%ak5 calm4 ,no read] ( ,max ,mll]'s writ+s1 or ( ! ,life & ,lett]s1 c fail to recognise 9 ^! tru/s ! secret unity ( all 8 lab\rs4 ,! record ( human exp]i5ce conta9$ 9 ! great sacr$ lit]atures ( ! _w1 & v]ifi$ afre% 9 manifold =ms f age to age1 provid$ a basis = fai? :i* no philosophy or sci5ce c\ld di/urb4 ,?is is ! key to ! reason+s & appeals ( ?is little book4 ,x 0 translat$ z a lab\r ( love by ,mr4 ,fe*t]1 ,mayor ( ,nor? ,yakima1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! translation has be5 revis$ on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 & is n[ (f]$ to ! public 9 ! belief t ?is f9al te/imony ( a 8voice t is /ill0 to ! reality ( 8?+s unse50 w be welcome to _m inquir+ & p]haps tr\bl$ m9ds4 ,j4 ,,e/l9 ,,c>p5t]4 ,,ox=d1 ,april #b1 #aijc4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,true ,hi/ory ,( ,celsus ,! foll[+ essays1 :i* 7 int5d$ prim>ily = ! ,horseh]d1 b :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 dem& a %ort explanatory introduction4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 c be/ be giv5 by me1 by means ( a repr9t ( ano!r essay :i* appe>$ 9 ! same p]iodical1 & 0 ! direct cause = ! lett]1 :i* ! writ]1 "u ! "n ( 8,horseh]d10 address$ to me4 ,i receive _m su* anonym\s communications1 b regret t x is only r>ely possible = me to answ] !m or to give !m att5tion1 mu* z ,i %\ld l to d s4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! some:at abrupt1 b pure1 human tone ( ! lett] appeal$ to me m ?an usual1 & at my leisure ,i attempt$ an answ]4 ,my article1 :i* call$ =? ! lett] ( ! ,horseh]d1 0 entitl$ 8,! #8,true ,hi/ory' ( ,celsus107#e7 9 ! ,july numb] ( ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 #ahie1 &1 ) a few corrections1 is z foll[s3-- ,9 an article :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,m>* numb] ( ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 #ahie1 entitl$ 8,! ,p>liam5t ( ,religions 9 ,*icago10 ,i express$ my surprise t ?is ev5t :i* ,i _h *>act]is$ z 9 my op9ion ! mo/ important ( ! ye> #ahic1 _h be5 s little kn[n & discuss$ 9 ,g]many--s little1 t ! editors ( ! ,wi5] ,fremd5blatt ?\ght x ne$ful to expla9 ! nature ( ! ,*icago ,congress4 ,likewise1 :5 9 answ] to ! "q z to :at ,i %\ld consid] ! mo/ desirable discov]y ( ! com+ ye> 9 my dep>tm5t1 ,i answ]$ ! discov]y ( ! ,s]mo ,v]us ( ,celsus2 ?is1 too1 appe>$ to be a "w s little kn[n1 t ! editors consid]$ x necess>y to add t ,celsus 0 a r5[n$ philosoph] ( ! second c5tury1 :o fir/ subject$ ! ev] spread+ sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity to a ?or\gh criticism 9 a "w entitl$ ,s]mo ,v]us4 ,! wi%1 yes1 ev5 ! hope1 t ?is lo/ book1 ( :i* we ga9 a fair idea f ! reply ( ,orig51 %\ld aga9 make its appe>ance1 0 prompt$ by ! rec5t discov]ies ( anci5t ,greek papyrus manuscripts 9 ,egypt4 ,:]e s _m unexpect$ discov]ies h be5 made1 we may hope = yet m4 ,= :o w\ld h believ$ t anci5t ,greek texts w\ld be f\nd 9 a mummy-case1 ! ,greek papyrus leaves be+ c>elessly roll$ toge!r to s]ve z cu%ions = ! head & limbs ( a skeleton8 ,x 0 pla9 t ^! papyrus leaves _h be5 sold z wa/e pap]1 & t !y 7 probably obta9$ f ! h\ses ( ,greek (ficials & milit>y (fic]s1 :o _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,egypt dur+ ! ,mac$onian occupation1 & ^: furniture & belong+s _h be5 publicly sold & scatt]$ on occasion ( _! rapid )drawal4 ,!re 7 f\nd n only fragm5ts ( classical texts1 z ( ,hom]1 ,plato1 & ! previ\sly unkn[n treatise on 8,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,a!nians10 n1 p]haps1 compos$1 b utilis$1 by ,ari/otle1 b also _m fragm5ts ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 :i* made x probable t ! libr>ies ( ,*ri/ian families also _h be5 ?r[n on ! m>ket1 & t papyrus leaves1 :5 !y appe>$ useless = any o!r purpose1 7 us$ z wa/e pap]1 or z a k9d ( papi]-ma*4 ,b :y %\ld ! 8,true ,hi/ory0 ( ,celsus1 ! 1 or ,s]mo ,v]us1 excite our curiosity8 ,! reason is q pla94 ,we "k practically no?+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fir/1 second1 & ev5 ?ird c5turies1 except :at has be5 transmitt$ to u by ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,x is an old rule1 h[ev]1 t x is well to le>n f ! enemy also1--8,fas e/ et ab ho/e doccri40 ,celsus 0 a resolute foe ( ! new ,*ri/ian tea*+1 & we %\ld1 at all ev5ts1 le>n f 8 treatise h[ ! ,*ri/ian religion appe>$ 9 ! eyes ( a cultivat$ man ( ! second c5tury1 :o1 x seems1 concurr$ 9 _m important po9ts ) ! philosophical conception *]i%$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 or at lea/ 0 famili> ) x1 namely1 ! ,logos idea2 b :o c\ld n compreh5d h[ m51 :o _h once und]/ood & assimilat$ a view ( ! _w f\nd$ on ! ,logos1 c\ld comb9e ) x ! belief 9 ,*ri/ z ! inc>nate ,logos4 ,to ,celsus ! ,*ri/ian religion is some?+ objective2 9 all o!r works ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies x is1 & rema9s1 almo/ entirely subjective4 ,?is c\ld h>dly be o!rwise1 = a religion 9 its fir/ inception sc>cely exi/s = ! out] _w4 ,:at at t "t 7 ,j]usalem & ,pale/9e 9 ! eyes ( ! s-call$ _w8 ,a prov9ce yield+ little pr(it1 & (t5 9 rebellion4 ,! ,jews & _! religion _h c]ta9ly attract$ ! att5tion ( ,rome & ,a!ns by _! peculi>ities2 b ! ,jewi% sects int]e/$ ! classical _w mu* less ?an ! sects ( ! ,platonic & ,/oic s*ools4 ,*ri/ians 7 reg>d$ z ,jews1 j z1 n _m ye>s ago1 ,ja9s 7 treat$ by u z ,buddhi/s1 ,sikhs z ,brahmans1 & ,buddhi/s1 ,ja9s1 ,sikhs1 & ,brahmans 7 promiscu\sly plac$ 9 "o pile z ,indian idolat]s4 ,h[ %\ld ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,*ri/ian f ! ,jew1 & ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian f ! hea!n ,*ri/ian1 h be5 und]/ood at t "t 9 ,rome8 ,to u1 naturally1 ! /ep :i* ,paul & 8 associates took appe>s an enorm\s "o--"o ( _w-wide import2 b ( :at int]e/ c\ld ^! ?+s be outside ( ,pale/9e8 ,t ! ,jews :o look$ ^u !mselves z a peculi> p1 :o w\ld admit no /rang]s1 & tol]ate no m>riages betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 :o1 9 spite ( all _! disappo9tm5ts & defeats1 en]getically clung to _! fai? 9 a deliv]]1 9 an e>?ly ,messiah1 & 9 ! com+ glory ( _! nation2 t !y %\ld sudd5ly decl>e clean :at !y _h always consid]$ unclean2 t !y %\ld trans=m _! national _s into a univ]sal sympa?y2 yes1 t !y %\ld recognise _! ,messiah 9 a crucifi$ malefactor1 indicate a complete revolution 9 _! hi/ory2 b ! race itself 0 & cont9u$ to be1 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 if n b5ea? notice1 at lea/ an object ( contempt4 ,x %\ld n1 !re=e1 surprise u t no classical writ] has giv5 u a really hi/orical acc\nt ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 or has ev5 ) "o ^w ref]r$ to ! wond]ful ev5ts :i*1 _h !y actually tak5 place z describ$ 9 ! ,gospels1 w\ld h /irr$ ! utt]mo/ corn]s ( ! e>?4 ,celsus is ! only writ] ( ! second c5tury :o1 be+ nei!r ,*ri/ian nor ,jew1 0 n only acqua9t$ ) repres5tatives ( ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism1 b _h also1 x w\ld seem1 c>efully read portions ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,he ev5 boa/s ( hav+ a bett] k ( ^! religions ?an _m ( _! adh]5ts 7,,ii1 #ab74 ,t su* a man consid]$ ?is new ,*ri/ian sect ( suffici5t importance to subject x to a se>*+ inve/igation1 is pro( ( 8 deep insight1 & at ! same "t ( ! increas+ p[] ( ,*ri/ianity z a religion indep5d5t ( ,judaism4 ,:o ?is ,celsus really 01 x is n easy to discov]4 ,ev5 8 adv]s>y1 ,orig51 seems to "k b little ( him2 at any rate he tells u no?+ ( him1--inde$1 we are ev5 /ill 9 d\bt ab\t 8 date4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t he is ! ,celsus to :om ,lucian 7#abj-bjj ,a4,d47 d$icat$ 8 "w on ! false ,alex&]4 ,?is is possible2 b ,celsus is a v common "n1 & ,orig5 speaks ( two m5 ( ?is "n :o 7 bo? ,epicureans & are suppos$ to h liv$ 9 ! times ( ,n]o 7#ed-fh ,a4,d47 & ,hadrian 7#aah-ach ,a4,d474 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! latt] c\ld n h be5 ! au?or ( ! ,s]mo ,v]us1 because x app>5tly m5tions ! sect ( ! ,m>cellians1 & ?is 0 n f\nd$ till ! ye> #aee "u ,bi%op ,anicetus4 ,b ,orig5's rem>k1 t ,celsus may h outliv$ ! reign ( ,hadrian1 has be5 ov]look$4 ,at any rate ,orig5 speaks ( ! ,s]mo ,v]us z a "w long kn[n1 & z he did n die until ! ye> #bec ,a4,d41 9 8 "t ! "w ( ,celsus w\ld h be5 recognis$ z ( consid]able age1 ev5 if writt5 aft] ! ye> #aee4 ,mu* le>n+ has be5 exp5d$ on ! id5tification ( ,celsus1 :i* seems to me to h be5 wa/$4 ,x is rem>kable t ,orig5 made no ef=t to become p]sonally acqua9t$ ) 8 adv]s>y4 ,he leaves ! "q op5 :e!r he is ! same ,celsus :o compos$ two o!r books aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 7,contra ,celsum1 ,,iv1 #cf74 ,at ! end ( 8 book he speaks ( him z if he _h be5 a contempor>y1 & ass]ts t a second book by him aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 :i* has ei!r n yet be5 complet$ or has n yet rea*$ him1 %all be z completely refut$ z ! ,s]mo ,v]us4 ,su* language is only us$ ( a contempor>y4 ,c\ld x be prov$ t ,celsus 0 a fri5d ( ,lucian1 !n we %\ld "k t 9 ! judgm5t ( ! latt] he 0 a noble1 tru?-lov+1 & cultivat$ man4 ,x 0 n ,orig5's int]e/ to emphasise ^! aspects ( 8 oppon5t's "*2 b x mu/ be said to 8 cr$it1 t ?\gh he 0 mu* inc5s$ at "s ( ! *>ges ( ,celsus1 he nev] attack$ 8 p]sonal "*4 ,p]haps x 0 n fair 9 ,orig5 to accuse ,celsus ( be+ a%am$ ( 8 ,epicureanism1 & ( conceal+ 8 own philosophical & a!i/ic convictions1 9 ord] to obta9 an easi] he>+ among ,jews & ,*ri/ians47#f7 ,?is does n appe> q fair1 = x 0 a v p>donable device = ,celsus fir/ to attack a "p ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ "u ! mask ( a ,jew1 :o repres5ts 8 fai? z ! old] & m respectable1 & seeks to conv9ce ! ,*ri/ians t !y w\ld h done bett] _h !y rema9$ true to ! religion ( _! fa!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,celsus1 :atev] he may h be5 except a ,jew1 c\ld n ) a good consci5ce h und]tak5 an actual def5ce ( ,judaism1 x 0 q natural t he %\ld *oose a ,jew z an advocate ( ! ,jewi% religion1 & put into 8 m\?1 l a second ,philo1 ideas :i* at all ev5ts s\nd m ,platonic ?an ,epicurean4 ,orig5 0 entirely ju/ifi$ 9 %[+ t 9 ?is process ,celsus frequ5tly =got 8 "p2 & ?is he did ) mu* skill4 ,b :atev] ,celsus may h be51--an ,epicurean1 or1 z has occasionally be5 ma9ta9$1 a ,neo-platoni/1--he 0 at all ev5ts no mean adv]s>y & c]ta9ly n unwor?y ( ,orig5's /eel4 ,if n1 :y %\ld ,orig5 h felt ! ne$ ( su* an e>ne/ refutation8 ,he says1 c]ta9ly1 t he did x only at ! reque/ ( 8 old fri5d & protector1 ,ambrosius4 ,b t is :at _m writ]s "u simil> circum/ances h said & /ill say4 ,we h1 at all ev5ts1 lo/ mu* ?r\gh ! loss 7or de/ruction87 ( all manuscripts ( ,celsus4 ,n only 0 he acqua9t$ ) ! pr9cipal philosophical s*ools ( antiquity1 he appe>s also to h /udi$ zeal\sly ! religions ( ! anci5t _w z !y 7 kn[n at t "t to ! le>n$1 especially 9 ,alex&ria1 ( :i* we h b scant k4 ,orig5 expressly /ates 7,i1 #ad7 t ,celsus describ$ ! v>i\s peoples :o possess$ religi\s & philosophical sy/ems1 because he suppos$ t all ^! views bore a c]ta9 relation%ip to "o ano!r4 ,)\t a d\bt mu* has be5 "h lo/ to u1 n only = ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy1 b also = ! hi/ory ( ,ori5tal religions & philosophies1 ^: repres5tatives at t "t soj\rn$ 9 ,alex&ria1 yet z to ^: p]sonal influ5ce we are almo/ entirely 9 ! d>k4 ,celsus is presum$ to h writt5 ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,egyptians1 ! ,assyrians1 ! ,jews1 ,p]sians1 ,odrysians1 ,samo?racians1 ,eleus9ians1 ev5 ( ! ,samaneans1 i4e4 ! ,buddhi/s 7,i1 #bd71 & to h repres5t$ ^! z bett] accr$it$ ?an ^? ( ! ,jews4 ,we see anew :at treasures 7 /or$ up 9 ,alex&ria1 & we feel all ! m deeply _! irrevocable loss4 ,! desire & ! hope ( recov]+ ! "w ( ,celsus 7 !re=e q natural = any :o wi%$ to p5etrate m deeply into ! spiritual atmosph]e ( ! second & ?ird c5turies1 & especially = su* z /rove to und]/& cle>ly h[ m5 ( ?is age1 v]s$ 9 philosophy1 su* z ,clem5t & ,orig5 himself1 c\ld confess ,*ri/ianity1 or become conv]t$ to x1 or c\ld def5d x aga9/ o!r philosoph]s )\t 9 ! lea/ becom+ untrue to _! philosophical convictions4 ,t ! l[] classes among ,jews & ,greeks foll[$ ! new tea*+1 is mu* m intelligible1 ev5 )\t wi%+ to lay too mu* /ress on ! evid5tial value ( ! miracles at t "t4 ,! great majority 7 accu/om$ to miracles2 :at 0 almo/ entirely lack+ 0 practical religion4 ,! ,greek ?9k]s _h creat$ sy/ems ( philosophy & morals1 b ! traditional wor%ip _h deg5]at$ into a m]e spectacle4 ,ev5 among ! ,jews ! old religion _h become a rigid temple ritual1 :i* (f]$ b little com=t & hope to ! weak he>t ( man4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! majority ( ! philosoph]s ( ! age e religion 0 only p]nici\s sup]/ition1 good en\gh = ! masses1 b sc>cely wor? consid]ation by ! cultur$4 ,t ,celsus made ! ,*ri/ian religion ! object ( s]i\s treatm5t & refutation1 n only implies a subtle & unprejudic$ view ( 8 age1 b %[s u at ! same "t h[ ! ,*ri/ianity ( t p]iod1 entirely indep5d5t ( ! ,jewi% religion1 _h ga9$ 9 significance1 & _h ev5 9 ! eyes ( a hea!n philosoph] begun to be e/eem$ z some?+ important1 z some?+ dang]\s1 z some?+ t _h to be combat$ ) philosophical weapons4 ,*ri/ianity is especially indebt$ = its rapid spread to its practical side1 to ! en]gy ( its love1 :i* 0 be/[$ on all :o 7 we>y & heavy lad54 ,*ri/ & ! apo/les _h und]/ood h[ to ga!r ar\nd !m ! poor1 ! s9n]s1 ! mo/ despis$ memb]s ( human society4 ,!y 7 (f]$ =giv5ess ( _! s9s1 love1 & sympa?y1 if !y m]ely promis$ to am5d & s9 no m4 ,among ^! e>lie/ foll[]s ( ,*ri/ !re 0 sc>cely a *ange ( religion 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,*ri/ianity 0 at fir/ mu* m a new life ?an a new religion4 ,! fir/ disciples 7 & rema9$ ,jews 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 & t !y came f ! mo/ despis$ classes ev5 ,orig5 does n dispute4 ,celsus _h reproa*$ ! ,*ri/ians because ! apo/les1 ar\nd ^: heads ev5 9 8 "t a halo _h begun to %9e1 _h be5 m5 ( bad "*1 crim9als1 fi%]m51 & tax-ga!r]s4 ,orig5 admits t ,mat!w 0 a tax-ga!r]1 ,james & ,john fi%]m51 probably ,pet] & ,&rew z well2 b decl>es t x 0 n kn[n h[ ! o!r apo/les ga9$ a livelihood4 ,ev5 t !y _h be5 malefactors & crim9als1 ,orig5 does n absolutely d5y4 ,he ref]s to ! lett] ( ,b>nabas1 9 :i* x is /at$ 8t ,jesus *ose m5 z 8 apo/les :o 7 guilty ( s9 m ?an all o!r evil do]s407#g7 ,he relies ^u ! words ( ,pet]1 :5 he says1 8,dep>t f me2 = ,i am a s9ful man1 ,o ,"l407#h7 ,paul1 9 l mann]1 says 9 8 epi/le to ,timo?y17#i7 8,?is is a fai?ful say+1 & wor?y ( all acceptation1 t ,*ri/ ,jesus came into ! _w to save s9n]s1 ( :om ,i am *ief40 ,b x is j 9 ?is t ,orig5 recognises ! div9e p[] ( ! p]sonality & ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 t by means ( x m5 :o _h be5 deeply sunk5 9 s9s c\ld be rais$ to a new life2 & he decl>es x to be unju/ t ^? :o rep5t$ ( _! e>ly s9s1 & _h ent]$ into a pure life1 well pleas+ to ,god1 %\ld be reproa*$ ) _! previ\s s9fulness4 ,9 ?is respect he makes1 inde$1 no di/9ction betwe5 ! apo/les & su* m5 z ,phdon & ,polemo1 :o 7 rescu$ f ! mire ( _! s9s ?r\gh philosophy2 & he recognises 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ a /ill great] =ce1 because x _h prov$ its sav+ & sanctify+ p[] )\t any ( ! arts ( le>n+ & eloqu5ce4 ,:at ! apo/les 71 & :at !y became ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,gospel1 ,orig5 himself expla9s 9 ! words ( ,paul1 8,= we also 7 a=etime fooli%1 disob$i5t1 deceiv$1 s]v+ div]s lu/s & pleasures1 liv+ 9 malice & envy1 & hat+ "o ano!r407#aj7 ,he attributes x z an hon\r to ! apo/les t1 ev5 if _! self-accusations 7 extravagant1 !y _h s op5ly ackn[l$g$ _! s9s1 9 ord] to place ! sav+ influ5ce ( ! ,gospel 9 a cle>] light4 ,b ! fact itself1 t ! apo/les _h be5 s9ful & despis$ m51 ,orig5 hone/ly admits4 ,we also "k ) :at true humanity ,*ri/ himself treat$ ! adult]ess3 h[ he *all5g$ ! ,ph>isees1 if !y !mselves 7 free f s91 to ca/ ! fir/ /one at h]4 ,& :o does n admire ! ag$ ,ph>isees :o sil5tly )drew1 "o aft] ! o!r1 f ! olde/ to ! y\nge/1 )\t ca/+ a /one8 ,h we _m su* ,ph>isees 9 our "t8 ,jesus1 h[ev]1 dismiss$ ! adult]ess ) ! compassionate words1 8,s9 no m40 ,t su* a c\rse t[>d s9-lad5 mank9d by "o :o knew no s91 made a deep impression on ! masses1 is p]fectly intelligible4 ,we see a rem>kable p>allel 9 ! fir/ appe>ance ( ,buddha & 8 disciples 9 ,india4 ,he1 too1 0 reproa*$ = invit+ s9n]s & outca/s to him1 & ext5d+ to !m sympa?y & aid4 ,he1 too1 0 call$ a physician1 a heal] ( ! sick2 & we "k :at c\ntless numb]s ( ail+ mank9d f\nd heal? ?r\gh him4 ,all ?is c be q und]/ood f a human /&po9t4 ,a religion is1 9 its nature1 n a philosophy2 & no "o c\ld f9d fault ) ,*ri/ianity if x _h devot$ itself only to ! heal+ ( all human infirmities1 & _h set aside all metaphysical que/ions4 ,we "k h[ ,buddha also p]sonally decl9$ all philosophical discussion4 ,:5 "o ( 8 disciples put que/ions to him ab\t metaphysical problems1 ! solution ( :i* w5t beyond ! limits ( human reason1 he cont5d$ t he wi%$ to be no?+ m ?an a physician1 to heal ! infirmities ( mank9d4 ,accord+ly1 he says to ,mlunkyaputta3 8,:at h ,i said to y be=e8 ,did ,i say1 #8,come to me & be my disciple1 t ,i may tea* y :e!r ! _w is et]nal or n2 :e!r ! _w is f9ite or inf9ite2 :e!r ! life-pr9ciple is id5tical ) ! body or n1 :e!r ! p]fect man lives aft] dea? or n8' 0 ,mlunkyaputta answ]$1 8,ma/]1 y did n say t40 ,!n ,buddha cont9u$1 8,did y !n say1 #8,i w be y\r disciple1' b fir/ answ] ^! que/ions80 8,no10 said ! disciple4 ,!reupon ,buddha said3 8,a man 0 once w\nd$ by a poison$ arr[1 & 8 fri5ds call$ 9 an exp]i5c$ physician4 ,:at if ! w\nd$ man _h said1 ,i %all n p]mit my w\nd to be exam9$ until ,i "k :o w\nd$ me1 :e!r he be a nobleman1 a ,brahman1 a ,vaisya1 or a ,sdra2 :at 8 "n is2 to :at family he belongs2 if he be l>ge or small1 or ( m$ium size1 & h[ ! weapon ) :i* he w\nd$ me look$4 ,h[ w\ld x f>e ) su* a man8 ,w\ld he n c]ta9ly succumb to 8 w\nd80 ,! disciple !n p]ceives t he came to ,buddha z a sick man1 desir+ to be heal$ by him z a physician1 n to be in/ruct$ ab\t matt]s t lie f> beyond ! human horizon4 ,buddha has (t5 be5 c5sur$ because he claim$ = 8 religion su* an exclusively practical "*1 & in/ead ( philosophy prea*$ only morality4 ,^! c5sures began 9 e>ly times2 we f9d !m 9 ! fam\s dialogues betwe5 ,nagas5a & ,mil9da1 ! k+ ,m5&]1 ab\t #ajj ,b4,c4 ,& yet we "k h[1 9 spite ( all w>n+s giv5 by ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 ?is religion 0 soon entirely ov]gr[n ) metaphysics2 & h[1 f9ally1 metaphysics z ,abbidh>ma f\nd an ackn[l$g$ place 9 ! ,sacr$ ,canon ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,*ri/ianity pres5ts a p>allel case4 ,9 ! beg9n+ x s\ght only to call s9n]s to rep5tance4 ,! /rong1 z ,jesus himself said1 d n require a physician1 b ! sick4 ,he !re=e look$ ^u himself z a physician1 j z ,buddha _h done 9 an e>li] day4 ,he decl>$ t he 0 n come to de/roy ! law1 b to fulfil x4 ,! tru? ( 8 tea*+ %\ld be kn[n by its fruits1 & !re is sc>cely a trace 9 ! ,gospels ( philosophical discussions1 or ev5 ( attacks on ! s*ools ( ,greek philosophy4 ,b ev5 "h x 0 soon app>5t t1 = a practical re=mation ( conduct1 a high] consecration is ess5tial4 ,x 0 admitt$1 z an ,indian philosoph] is reput$ long s9ce to h said to ,socrates1 t no "o c\ld und]/& ! human elem5t :o _h n fir/ und]/ood ! div9e4 ,m5 ( ,greek culture :o felt !mselves attract$ by ! moral pr9ciples ( ! little ,*ri/ian congregations soon1 h[ev]1 want$ m4 ,!y _h to def5d ! /ep :i* !y _h tak51 & ! ,*ri/ianity :i* !y wi%$ to pr(ess1 or _h pr(ess$1 aga9/ _! =m] fri5ds & co-believ]s1 & ?is soon produc$ ! s-call$ apologies = ,*ri/ianity1 & expositions ( ! philosophical & !ological views :i* con/itut$ ! f\ndation ( ! new tea*+4 ,a religion :i* 0 recruit$ only f poor s9n]s & tax-ga!r]s c\ld sc>cely h f\nd entry into ! high] circles ( society1 or ma9ta9$ itself 9 lecture-rooms & palaces aga9/ ! cultivat$ memb]s ( ref9$ circles1 if its def5d]s1 l ,buddha1 _h simply ignor$ all philosophical1 especially all metaphysical1 que/ions4 ,h[ came x1 !n1 t cultur$ m5 9 high /ations1 entirely indep5d5t1 pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity8 ,h[ did !y make _! fri5ds & =m] co-believ]s und]/& t su* a /ep 0 bona fide8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q1 we get help f ,celsus1 z well z 8 oppon5t1 ,orig54 ,! bridge :i* l$ across f ,greek philosophy to ,*ri/ianity 0 ! ,logos4 ,x is rem>kable h[ mu* ?is fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity fell1 lat] on1 into ! backgr\nd2 h[ little x is und]/ood1 ev5 by ! educat$ ( our own "t1 & h[ (t51 )\t giv+ x any consid]ation1 !y h ca/ x aside4 ,9 e>ly ,*ri/ian days ?is 0 probably a consequ5ce ( ! practical & political developm5t ( ! new religion4 ,b ! liv+ n]ve ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 :i* 0 its close/ bond to ! highe/ spiritual acquisitions ( ! anci5t ,greek _w1 0 ?us sev]$4 ,fir/1 ! ,logos1 ! ,^w1 ! ,son ( ,god1 0 misund]/ood1 & my?ology 0 employ$ to make ! dogma1 ?us misconceiv$1 intelligible4 ,9 mod]n times1 ?r\gh cont9u$ neglect ( ! ,logos doctr9e1 ! /ronge/ support ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 cut f "u its feet1 & at ! same "t its hi/orical ju/ification1 its liv+ connection ) ,greek antiquity1 has almo/ entirely pass$ out ( view4 ,9 ,g]many x almo/ appe>s z ?\gh ,goe!1 by 8 ,fau/1 is answ]able = ! widespread treatm5t ( ! ,logos idea z some?+ obscure1 incompreh5sible1 my/ical4 ,_m1 :5 read+ ! op5+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w10 say to !mselves1 8,no "o und]/&s t10 & read on4 ,he :o does n e>ne/ly & hone/ly make an ef=t to und]/& ?is beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel1 %[s t he is b little conc]n$ ) ! inn]mo/ ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 z cle>ly pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,he =gets t n only fai?1 b ?\ght1 p]ta9s to a religion4 ,x is no excuse to say1 8,did n ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,fau/ torm5t himself to discov] :at #8! ^w' "h meant1 & did n f9d x out80 ,he says 9 ,goe!3-- 8',tis writ3 #8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w'6 ,i pause p]plex$6 ,:o n[ w help af=d8 ,i _c ! m]e ,^w s highly prize1 ,i mu/ translate x o!rwise40 ,b ?is is j :at he ought n d4 ,x 0 n necess>y to translate x at all2 he only ne$$ to accept ! ,logos z a te*nical expression ( ,greek philosophy4 ,he w\ld !n h se5 t x is impossible to prize ! ,^w too highly1 if we fir/ le>n :at ! ,^w meant 9 ! idiom ( contempor>y philosophy4 ,n ev5 to a ,fau/ %\ld ,goe! h imput$ su* ignorance z :5 he cont9ues to speculate )\t any hi/orical k3-- 8,if by ! _s guid$ z ,i read1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,s5se10 ,take he$4 ,! import ( ?is primal s5t5ce weigh1 ,le/ ?y too ha/y p5 be l$ a/ray4 ,is =ce creative !n ( s5se ! d[]8 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,p[]40 ,?us %\ld x /&2 yet1 :ile ! l9e ,i trace1 ,a some?+ w>ns me once m to efface4 ,! _s aids1 f anxi\s scruples fre$1 ,i write3 #8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,de$4' 07#aa7 ,_h ,goe! wi%$ to sc\rge ! unhi/orical exegesis ( mod]n !ologians1 he c\ld n h done s bett] ?an by ?is attempt ( an int]pret] ( ! ,bible1 fancy+ himself illum9$ by ! _s1 b utt]ly de/itute ( all k ( hi/ory4 ,k ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,greek philosophy ( ! fir/ & second c5turies aft] ,*ri/ is indisp5sable to ! und]/&+ ( su* a ^w z ,logos--a ^w t grew up on ,greek soil1 & ^: fir/ roots rea* f> into ! di/ant pa/ ( ! ,greek m9d2 & = t v reason n admitt+ ( translation1 ei!r into ,hebrew or into ,g]man4 ,l _m o!r t]m9i te*nici1 x mu/ be und]/ood hi/orically2 j z logic1 metaphysic1 analytic1 organon1 etc41 c only be appreh5d$ & und]/ood hi/orically4 ,n[ x is1 p]haps1 n to be d5i$1 t ev5 n[ a majority ( educat$ read]s ei!r p]functorily repeat ! fir/ s5t5ce ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w10 or believe t some?+ lies buri$ !re9 t is beyond ! dep? ( ord9>y m54 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is p>tially true1 & x _c be o!rwise 9 religions :i* are int5d$ n only = ! "y1 b = ! wise & le>n$1 & :i* %\ld be /rong meat = adults1 & n m]ely milk = babes4 ,! fault lies *iefly 9 ! translation1 9 t x %\ld h be5 ?\ght necess>y to translate a ^w in/ead ( p]mitt+ x to rema91 :at x 01 a =eign ^w4 ,?is becomes /ill worse :51 z = in/ance1 9 c]ta9 ,ori5tal languages1 ! newly conv]t$ ,*ri/ian has to read1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,n\n or ! ,v]b40 ,! correct translation w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,logos40 ,= ,logos is n "h ! usual ^w ,logos1 b a t]m9us te*nicus1 t c no m be translat$ out ( ! lexicon ?an "o w\ld ?9k ( etymologically translat+ ,messiah or ,*ri/ z ! 8,ano9t$10 or ,angelos z 8mess5g]0 or 8nuncio40 ,if we read at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,logos10 at lea/ e "o w\ld "k t he has to deal ) a =eign1 a ,greek ^w1 & t he mu/ ga9 an und]/&+ ( x out ( ,greek philosophy1 j z ) su* words z atom1 idea1 cosmos1 etc4 ,x is rem>kable :at human reason w cons5t to4 ,millions ( ,*ri/ians he> & read1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w10 & ei!r give x no ?\ght1 or imag9e ! mo/ inconceivable ?+s1 & !n read on1 aft] !y h simply ?r[n away ! key to ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,t ?\ght & reflection also are a div9e s]vice is only too readily =gott54 ,repeat$ read+ & reflection are necess>y to make ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel accessible & intelligible 9 a g5]al way2 b "o _c be a true ,*ri/ian )\t ?9k+ & reflect+4 ,an explanation ( ,logos 9 ,greek philosophy is mu* simpl] ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,x is only ne$ful n to =get t = ! ,greeks ?\ght & ^w 7 insep>able1 & t ! same t]m1 namely1 ,logos1 express$ bo?1 ?\gh !y di/+ui%$ ! inn] f ! out] ,logos4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ab]rations ( ! human m9d1 to imag9e t !re c\ld be a ^w )\t ?\ght or a ?\ght )\t ^w4 ,! two are insep>able3 "o _c exi/ or be ev5 conceiv$ )\t ! o!r4 ,i believe t ,i h cle>ly %[n 9 my ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght t ?\ght )\t ^w & ^w )\t ?\ght are impossible & inconceivable1 & :y x is s4 ,"h is ! fir/ key to a hi/orical solution ( ! riddle at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,we "k t ,greek philosophy aft] mak+ e possible ef=t to expla9 ! _w me*anically1 _h already 9 ! s*ool ( ,anaxagoras rea*$ ! view t ! hylozoic z well z ! atomic !ory leaves ! human m9d unsatisfi$2 & t x is necess>y to posit z ! orig9 ( all ?+s a ?\ght or ?9k+ m9d t manife/s itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,?is 0 ! n\s1 ! m9d1 ( ,anaxagoras4 ,he c\ld j z well h call$ x ,logos1 = ! ^w 0 9 use ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,anaxagoras1 to express t reason1 ! recognition ( ^: all-p]vad+ pres5ce 9 ! univ]se 0 ! great /ep 9 advance made by ! sy/em ( ,anaxagoras4 ,ev5 ,h]aclitus _h div9$ ! exi/5ce ( reason 9 ! univ]se1 & _h appli$ to x ! "n ,logos4 ,:ile ! masses recognis$ 9 ,moira or ,heim>m5 only de/9y1 or fate1 ,h]aclitus decl>$1 t ! ess5ce ( ?is ,heim>m5 is ! ,logos1 ! ,reason t p]vades ! _w4 ,?is is ! olde/ expression ( ,hegel's ?\ght1 8,:at is1 is rational40 ,we mu/ n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,h]aclitus consid]$ ?is ,logos z id5tical ) 8 fire4 ,he m]ely says t ! fire is subord9ate to ! ,logos1 t x op]ates 1 accord+ to ! ,logos1 or 7z we %\ld say7 rationally4 ,our k ( ! entire sy/em ( ,h]aclitus is ( c\rse s fragm5t>y t we c only speak ( ?is1 z ( _m o!r po9ts1 ) great caution4 ,! same is true1 al?\gh 9 a less] degree1 ( ! sy/em ( ,anaxagoras4 ,8 n\s1 if we translate x by m9d1 is m compreh5sive ?an ,logos4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 suppose1 t ?is n\s bore a p]sonal "*1 = ,anaxagoras expressly /ates t x is a 1 a ?+1 ev5 ?\gh he w\ld h said t ?is n\s regulat$ all ?+s4 ,:e!r an imp]sonal m9d is conceivable1 0 /ill at t "t a remote problem4 ,ev5 9 ,plato we _c cle>ly det]m9e :e!r he repres5t$ 8 n\s z ,god 9 our s5se1 or z ,sophia1 wisdom1 a ^w :i* ) him (t5 replaces n\s4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 8 g5u9e works ,plato does n g5]ally use ! ^w ,logos1 & 9 ,ari/otle z well n\s rema9s ! fir/ t]m1 :at we %\ld call ! div9e m9d1 :ile ,logos is ! reason1 ! causal nexus1 ! 1 !re=e decid$ly some?+ imp]sonal1 if n unsubjective4 ,plato is ! fir/ :o di/+ui%es betwe5 ess5ce & be+ 9 ! primeval cause1 or1 z we might say1 betwe5 re/ & activity4 ,he speaks ( an et]nal plan ( ! _w1 a ?\ght ( ! _w1 ! _w z a product ( ?\ght1 insep>able f ! creator1 b /ill di/+ui%able f him4 ,?is is ! ,platonic _w ( 8,ideas10 :i* lies at ! f\ndation ( ! _w p]ceivable by ! s5ses1 ! ph5om5al _w4 ,:at is m natural or m reasonable ?an ?is ?\ght8 ,if ! _w has an au?or1 :at c we imag9e z reasonable m51 b t ! ?\ght1 ! plan ( ! _w1 belongs to ! au?or1 t x 0 ?\ght1 & !reby realis$ = ! fir/ "t8 ,n[ ?is plan1 ?is idea1 0 ! inn] ,logos1 & z e ?\ght f9ds its imm$iate expression 9 a ^w1 s did ?is "o1 :i* 0 !n call$ ! out] ,logos4 ,! out] 0 n possible )\t ! inn]1 ev5 z a ^w is impossible )\t m9d & reason4 ,b ! inn] ,logos also fir/ realises itself 9 ! out]1 j z ! reasonable ?\ght c only be made real 9 ! ^w4 ,?is "* ( ! ,logos z ?\ght & ^w1 at once capable ( di/9ction & yet undiff]5tiat$ & insep>able1 is ( ! highe/ importance = ,*ri/ian speculation2 )\t an exact compreh5sion ( x1 we %all see t ! relation ( ! ,son to ! ,fa!r z we f9d x expla9$ by ,clem5t & o!r fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 rema9s d>k & mi/y4 ,we h no concept )\t a ^w1 & philology has %[n u h[ e ^w1 ev5 ! mo/ concrete1 is bas$ on a concept4 ,we _c ?9k ( 8tree0 )\t ! ^w or a hi]oglyphic ( "s k9d4 ,we c ev5 say t1 z f> z we are conc]n$1 !re is no tree1 except 9 language1 = 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re are only oaks or bee*es1 b n & nev] a tree4 ,& :at is true ( tree is true ( all words1 or to speak ) ,plato1 ( all ideas1 or to speak ) ! ,/oics1 ( all ,logoi4 ,!re are no d\bt conjur]s :o pret5d to be able to ?9k )\t words1 & ev5 take no little pride 9 be+ able to p]=m ?is trick4 ,!y =get only too (t5 t _! inexpressible ?\ghts are no?+ b obscure feel+s1 9 fact1 !y d n ev5 di/+ui% betwe5 pres5tation & idea1 & =get t :5 we speak ( words1 we d n und]/& by !m m]e mimicry ( s\nd or int]jections1 b only & exclusively intelligible words1 t is1 su* z are bas$ on concepts & are d]iv$ f roots4 ,! old ,greek philosoph]s1 probably fav\r$ by _! language1 appe> nev] to h =gott5 ! true relation betwe5 ,logos & ,logos1 & _! ?\ght f9ally result$ 9 a view ( ! _w f\nd$ ^u x4 ,al?\gh x is n[ ! cu/om to speak slight+ly ( ! lat] ,platoni/s1 we %\ld always recognise t we owe to !m ! pres]vation ( ?is1 ! mo/ preci\s jewel out ( ! ri* /oreh\se ( ,greek philosophy1 t ! _w is ! expression & realisation ( div9e ?\ght1 t x is ! div9e ^w express$4 ,we _c "h ent] into ! v>i\s phases 9 :i* ,plato & 8 foll[]s pres5t$ ^! ideas4 ,at times !y are repres5t$ z indep5d5t ( ! ,creator1 z models1 z gold5 /atues1 to :i* ! creative m9d looks up4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 !y are conceiv$ z ?\ghts ( ?is m9d1 z some?+ second>y1 creat$1 sometimes also z some?+ indep5d5t1 z mu* s z is ! ,son 9 relation to 8 ,fa!r4 ,! :ole ,logos1 ) all ideas1 became 9 ?is mann] ! fir/-born ,son ( ! ,creator1 yet s t ! ,fa!r c\ld n be ,fa!r )\t ! ,son1 or ! ,son )\t ! ,fa!r1 ,son4 ,all ^! di/9ctions1 insignificant z !y may appe> f a purely philosophical po9t ( view1 dem& att5tion because ( ! influ5ce t !y aft]w>d ex]t$ on ,*ri/ian dogma1 especially on t ( ! ,tr9ity--a dogma :i*1 h[ev] specifically ,*ri/ian x may appe> to be1 mu/ /ill 9 all its ess5tial features be trac$ back to ,greek elem5ts4 ,x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t ,jewi% philosophy also develop$ on v simil> l9es1 ( c\rse n ) ! purity & exactness ( ! ,greek m9d1 b /ill ) ! same object 9 view1--to br+ ! reason & wisdom recognis$ 9 nature into r5ew$ connexion ) _! sup]natural ,jehovah4 ,?r\gh ! ,prov]bs ( ,solomon & simil> works ! ,jews 7 well acqua9t$ ) ,wisdom1 :o says ( h]self 7viii4 #bb ff473 8,! ,"l possess$ me 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 way1 be=e 8 works ( old4 ,i 0 set up f ev]la/+1 f ! beg9n+1 or ev] ! e>? 04''' ,be=e ! m\nta9s 7 settl$1 be=e ! hills 0 ,i br\ght =?4''' ,:5 he prep>$ ! heav5s1 ,i 0 !re3 :5 he set a compass ^u ! face ( ! dep?4''' ,!n ,i 0 by him1 z a ma/] workman3 & ,i 0 daily 8 delight1 rejoic+ always be=e him40 ,^! & simil> ?\ghts 7 famili> to ,jewi% ?9k]s 7see ,prov]bs viii4 & ix41 ,job xxviii4 #ab1 ,ecclesia/icus i4 #d71 & x 0 natural t1 9 com+ 9 contact ) ,greek philosophy1 especially 9 ,alex&ria1 !y %\ld seek to recognise aga9 ?is traditional conception ( div9e ,wisdom 9 ! ,logos ( ,greek philosoph]s4 ,we see ?is mo/ cle>ly 9 ,philo1 a contempor>y ( ,*ri/1 ( :om x is (t5 difficult to say :e!r he reasons m z a ,greek or z a ,jew4 ,:ile ! ,greeks _h almo/ lo/ sight ( ! bridge betwe5 ! _w & ,god by ab/raction1 ! ,jews1 ?r\gh mi/ak5 rev]5ce1 _h s f> remov$ ! ,creator above 8 creation t on bo? sides ! ne$ ( m$iation or a m$iator 0 deeply felt4 ,! ,jewi% ,god 0 little bett] ?an ! ,epicurean4 ,if ! ,epicureans taught t !re probably is a ,god1 b t ! _w is ( no conc]n to ,him1 s among ! ,jews ( ! fir/ c5tury gno/ic ideas prevail$1 accord+ to :i* n ! highe/ b a subord9ate ,god creat$ & rul$ ! _w4 ,! task ( creation seem$ unwor?y ( ! supreme ,god4 ,philo !re=e seiz$ ! ,/oic idea ( ! ,logos or ,logoi 9 ord] to br+ 8 transc5d5tal ,god aga9 into relation ) ! visible _w4 ,! mo/ important attributes & p[]s ( ,god 7 hypo/atis$ z be+s :o p>ticipat$ 9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,philo's ,god fir/ ( all creates or possesses )9 himself a _w t is conceiv$1 an invisible _w17#ab7 :i* is also call$ ! _w ( ideas7#ac7 or ! idea ( ideas47#ad7 ,^! ideas are ! types7#ae7 ( all ?+s1 & ! p[] by :i* ,god creat$ !m is (t5 call$ ,sophia or ,epi/m1 wisdom or k47#af7 ,?is _w ( ideas 9 its entirety corresponds1 z is readily se51 to ! ,greek ,logos1 ! sep>ate types to ! ,platonic ideas or ! ,/oic ,logoi4 ,! entire ,logos1 or ! sum ( ,ideas1 is call$ by ,philo1 entirely indep5d5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! true ,son ( ,god1 :ile ! realis$ _w ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ passes z ! second ,son4 ,if ! fir/ ,logos is occasionally call$ ! image or %ad[ ( ,god1 ! _w ( s5se is ! image ( ! image1 ! %ad[ ( ! %ad[4 ,m logically express$1 ,god w\ld be ! causa effici5s1 matt] ! causa mat]ialis1 ! ,logos ! causa in/rum5talis1 :ile ! goodness ( ,god is sometimes add$ z ! causa f9alis4 ,at ! same "t we also see "h ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! work+ ( ! ,jewi% & ,greek m9ds4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ,philo1 ! ,sophia or wisdom ( ,god becomes a half my?ological be+1 a goddess :o is call$ ! "m1 & ev5 ! nurse17#ag7 ( all be+s4 ,%e bore ) mu* lab\r out ( ! se$ ( ,god17#ah7 z ,philo says1 ! only & belov$ visible ,son1 t is to say1 ?is ,cosmos4 ,?is ,cosmos is call$ by him ! ,son ( ,god17#ai7 ! only begott517#bj7 :ile ! fir/ ,logos is ! fir/-born17#ba7 & z su* (t5 co9cides ) ! ,sophia & its activity47#bb7 ,he is also call$ ! eld] son17#bc7 & z su* is di/+ui%$ f a y\ng] son17#bd7 f ! real1 visible _w4 ,b ?is div9e ,sophia may n1 accord+ to ,philo1 any m ?an ,god ,himself1 come into direct contact ) impure matt]4 ,accord+ to him ?is contact occurs ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( c]ta9 p[]s17#be7 :i* 9 "p correspond to ! ,greek ,logoi1 & :i* 9 8 poetic language are also repres5t$ z angels47#bf7 ,philo says 9 pla9 t]ms t ! et]nal ,logoi1 t is ! ,platonic ideas1 are commonly call$ angels4 ,we see by ?is 9 h[ mi/y an atmosph]e ,philo liv$ & wrote1 & we may be c]ta9 t he 0 n ! only "o :o 9 ?is mann] bl5d$ ! ,jewi% religion ) ,greek philosophy4 ,9 ! ,sam>itan !ology also1 9 ,onkelos & ,jona?an1 traces ( ! ,logos idea are to be f\nd47#bg7 ,if we n[ obs]ve 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 some:]e 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 ?is same amalgamation ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e ) ,platonic philosophy1 only 9 a mu* cle>] mann]1 we c sc>cely d\bt f :at s\rce ! ideas ( ! ,logos z ! only begott5 ,son ( ,god1 & ( ! div9e wisdom1 orig9ally fl[$4 ,*ri/ian !ologians are m incl9$ to f9d ! fir/ g]ms ( ^! ,*ri/ian dogmas 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & x is n to be d5i$ t 9 ! m9ds ( ! au?ors ( "s ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t analog\s ideas /ruggle = expression4 ,b !y are always t9ctur$ ) my?ology1 & among ! prophets & philosoph]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t !re is absolutely no trace ( a truly philosophical conception ( ! ,logos1 su* z confronts u z a result ( c5turies ( ?\ght among ! ,platoni/s & ,neo-,platoni/s1 ! ,/oics & ,neo-,/oics4 ,we look 9 va9 9 ,pale/9e = a ^w l ,logos1 = a conception ( ! ,cosmos z ! expression ( a rationally ?9k+ m9d1 especially = ! ,logoi z ! species ( ! ,logos1 z ! primeval ?\ghts & types ( ! univ]se4 ,x is difficult to und]/& :y !ologians %\ld h s /r5u\sly endeav\r$ to seek ! g]ms ( ! ,logos doctr9e among ! ,jews r ?an ! ,greeks1 z if x 0 ( any mom5t on :i* soil ! tru? _h gr[n1 & z if = purely speculative tru?s1 ! ,greek soil _h n be5 pl\gh$ f> deep] & cultivat$ m ?or\ghly ?an ! ,jewi%4 ,t ,philo f\nd employm5t = ,platonic ideas1 & especially = ! ,/oic ,logos1 nay1 ev5 = ! ,logoi1 9 8 own h\se1 & t o!r philosoph]s w5t s f> z to decl>e ! fundam5tal tru?s ( ,greek philosophy to h be5 borr[$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 is well kn[n2 b mod]n rese>*es h r5d]$ su* ideas impossible4 ,! correspond5ces to ! ,greek ,logos t are f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are ( great int]e/1 9 s f> z !y make ! lat] amalgamation ( ,semitic & ,aryan ideas hi/orically m intelligible1 & also 9 s f> z--l ! correspond5ces to be f\nd among ! ,ea/ ,indians & ev5 ! r$ ,indians7#bh7--!y confirm ! tru? or at lea/ ! innate human "* ( a ,logos doctr9e4 ,b :]ev] we enc\nt] ! ^w ,logos outside ( ,greece1 x is1 & rema9s1 a =eign ^w1 a ,hell5ic ?\ght4 ,jewi% philosoph]s1 :ile !y adopt$ ! ^w1 only fill$ _! old sk9s ) new w9e1 ) ! natural consequ5ce t ! w9e bur/ ! old sk9s2 b )\t spill+4 ,= x 0 ?is :i*1 9 ! h&s ( su* m5 z ! writ] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 z ,hippolytus1 ,clem5t1 ,orig51 & ! be/ ( ! *ur* fa!rs1 gave !m ! /r5g? & en?usiasm to triumph ov] ! _w1 & especially ov] ! /rongholds ( hea!n religion1 & ev5 ov] ,greek philosophy4 ,_h ! ,f\r? ,evangeli/ wi%$ to say t ,*ri/ 0 ! div9e ,sophia or ! ,%ek9ah1 or1 z 9 ,job1 ,wisdom z ! fe> ( ,god1 w\ld he h said1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,logos1 & ! ,logos became fle%1 & liv$ among u1 & we saw 8 glory1 a glory z ( ! only begott5 ,son ( ! ,fa!r1 full ( grace & tru?80 ,:y n take ! facts j z !y are1 & :y wi% to improve t :i* requires no human improvem5t8 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e is & rema9s :at x is2 x re/s on an inde/ructible ar*1 support$ on "o side by ! ,old ,te/am5t & on ! o!r by ,greek philosophy1 ea* z indisp5sable z ! o!r4 ,we =get only too readily h[ mu* ,*ri/ianity1 9 its victory ov] ,greek philosophy1 owes to ?is v philosophy4 ,*ri/ianity c\ld no d\bt h a*iev$ ! moral & social reg5]ation ( ! p )\t ^! weapons ( ! ,greek m9d2 b a religion1 especially 9 ! age ( ! d[nfall ( ,greek & ,roman philosophy1 mu/ h be5 arm$ = battle ) ! be/1 ! mo/ cultur$1 & ! mo/ le>n$ classes ( society1 & su* a battle dem&$ a k ( ! weapons :i* _h be5 =g$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,greek philosophy4 ,we _c !re=e put too high a value on ! ,f\r? ,gospel = a k ( ! intellectual movem5t ( t day4 ,x is true t a religion ne$ n be a philosophy1 b x mu/ n owe philosophy any answ]4 ,small z may be ! emphasis t we n[ lay on ! ,logos doctr9e1 9 t p]iod x 0 ! c5tre1 ! vital g]m ( ! :ole ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,if we read any ( ! writ+s ( ,a?anasius1 or ( any ( ! old] *ur* fa!rs1 we %all be surpris$ to see h[ all ( !m beg9 ) ! ,^w 7,logos7 z a fix$ po9t ( dep>ture1 & !n proce$ to prove t ! ,^w is ! ,son ( ,god1 & f9ally t ! ,son ( ,god is ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,religi\s & philosophical are "h closely relat$4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s ga9 on ! "o h& ! div9ity ( ! ,son ( ,god1 on ! o!r h& !y reta9 ! rationality ( ! creat$ univ]se4 ,t 8! ,,all is ,logos1 is ,^w or ,reason10 0 at t "t z mu* ! battle cry ( ! prevail+ philosophy z ! contr>y has n[ become ! battle cry ( ! ,d>w9ians1 :o seek to expla9 species1 k9ds1 i4e4 ! ,logoi1 ! div9e ideas1 z ! products n ( ! orig9at+ ,m9d1 b ( natural selection1 ( environm5t or circum/ance1 ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,& :at is ! fitte/1 if n ! rational1 ! ,platonic 8,good10 t is1 ! ,logos8 ,:y1 !n1 turn back to ! /one age ( human ?9k+1 :y aga9 turn nature into wood1 :5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s ,greek philosoph]s & ,*ri/ian ?9k]s h recognis$ h] z some?+ spiritual1 z a _w ( et]nal ideas8 ,h[ w\ld su* m5 z ,h]d]1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel h smil$ at su* a view ( ! _w6 ,yes1 ,d>w9 himself w\ld be a%am$ ( 8 foll[]s1 = he saw1 ?\gh n always cle>ly1 t ev]y?+ 9 ?is sph]e presupposes some?+ beyond1 & 9 ! l(tie/ utt]ance ( 8 book he dem&$ an orig91 yes1 an orig9ator4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! philosophical *ur* fa!rs we con/antly he> m ( ! ,logos :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+1 & ?r\gh :i* all ?+s 7 made1 ?an ( ,god1 :o 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ heav5 & e>?4 ,& 9 ?is lies ! great int]e/ ( ! lo/ treatise ( ,celsus4 ,_h he be5 an ,epicurean1 z ,orig5 suppos$1 he w\ld h _h no p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! ,logos4 ,b ?is ,logos _h become at t "t to su* an ext5t ! common prop]ty ( ,greek philosophy1 t ! ,jew1 "u ^: mask ,celsus at ! outset attack$ ! ,*ri/ians1 c\ld q naturally express 8 will+ness to ackn[l$ge ! ,logos z ! ,son ( ,god4 ,orig51 x is true1 says t ! ,jew has "h =gott5 8 "p1 = he _h himself kn[n _m ,jewi% s*ol>s1 no "o ( :om w\ld h ackn[l$g$ su* an idea4 ,?is %[s t ,orig5 did n "k ! works ( ,philo1 :o w\ld c]ta9ly h (f]$ no objection to su* a doctr9e1 = he himself calls ! ,logos ! fir/-born ,son 7 77#bi7 ,:5 !re=e ,celsus1 ! hea!n philosoph]1 admits ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! ,jew t ! ,logos is ! ,son ( ,god1 he is m]ely on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! id5tification ( any individual ) ! ,son ( ,god & indirectly ) ! ,logos1 t is to say1 he does n wi% to be a ,*ri/ian4 ,at all ev5ts we see h[ g5]al 0 ! view at t "t1 t ! :ole creation 0 ! realisation ( ! ,logos1 nay1 ( ! ,son ( ,god2 t ,god utt]$ ,himself1 reveal$ ,himself1 9 ! _w2 t ea* natural species is a ,^w1 a ,?\ght ( ,god1 & t f9ally ! idea ( ! entire _w is born ( ,god1 & is !reby ! ,son ( ,god4 ,?is idea ( a ,son ( ,god1 al?\gh 9 its philosophical s5se decid$ly ,greek1 _h1 x is true1 c]ta9 prep>atory p>allels among ! ,jews1 on :i* ,*ri/ian !ologians h laid only too great /ress4 ,9 ! fif? book ( ,moses we read1 8,y are *ildr5 ( ! ,"l y\r ,god40 ,9 ! book ( ,eno*1 *ap4 cv41 ! ,messiah is also call$ ! ,son ( ,god1 & :5 ! tempt] says to ,*ri/1 ,mat!w iv4 #a1 8,if ?\ be ! ,son ( ,god10 x means ! same z 8,if ?\ be ! ,messiah40 ,! "q is3 ,is ?is ,jewi% conception ( ! ,son ( ,god z ,messiah ! ,*ri/ian z well8 ,su* x has be51 at lea/ 9 "o book ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*1 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & x f\nd its expression fir/ 9 ! repres5tation t ,joseph 0 desc5d$ f ,david2 secondly1 9 ! belief t ,jesus _h no e>?ly fa!r4 ,we see "h at once ! fir/ cle> contradiction betwe5 ,*ri/ian philosophy & ,*ri/ian my?ology4 ,if ,joseph 7 n ! fa!r ( ,jesus1 h[ c\ld ,joseph's desc5t f ,david prove ! royal ance/ry ( ,jesus8 ,& h[ does x foll[ f 8 be+ ! ,son ( ,god t he _h no e>?ly fa!r8 ,al?\gh he 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 he 0 call$ ! son ( ! c>p5t]1 & 8 bro!rs & si/]s 7 well kn[n4 ,! div9e bir? dem&s ! human2 )\t x1 x is entirely un9telligible4 ,we "k f ! rec5tly discov]$ anci5t ,syrian translation ( ! ,gospels t ! two /reams ( ?\ght--t ,*ri/ 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 & t at ! same "t he _h an e>?ly fa!r1--c\ld fl[ side by side1 q undi/urb$1 )\t ! "o r5d]+ ! o!r turbid4 ,x 0 ! misund]/&+ ( ! spiritual bir? ( ,*ri/ f 8 div9e ,fa!r1 & ev5 f 8 div9e "m 7! ,rua*1 fem99e1 ! holy _s71 t appe>$ to make x necess>y to d5y him an e>?ly fa!r1 & to ass]t t ev5 8 human "m did n conceive & give bir? to him 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* ?is 0 o!rwise4 ,x 0 consid]$ at t "t t 9 ,*ri/ ! div9e son%ip w5t h& 9 h& ) ! human1 & fur!r t ! "o )\t ! o!r w\ld lose its true mean+4 ,9 a ,syrian palimpse/1 :i* 0 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ! conv5t at ,m\nt ,s9ai by ,mrs4 ,smi? ,lewis1 & :i*1 be+ writt5 9 ! fif? c5tury1 presupposes a /ill old] ,syrian translator1 we n[ see an orig9al ,greek text1 probably ( ! second c5tury1 9 :i* ! ,davidic g5ealogy ( ,joseph 7,mat!w i4 #af7 is really ! g5ealogy ( ,jesus1 = x is !re said1 8,jacob begat ,joseph2 ,joseph to :om ! virg9 ,m>y 0 esp\s$ begat ,jesus1 :o is call$ ,*ri/40 ,9 ! tw5ty-fir/ v]se x reads also1 8,& %e %all be> him a son10 & 9 ! tw5ty-fif? v]se1 8,& took unto him 8 wife1 & %e b>e him a son1 & he call$ 8 "n ,jesus40 ,?is purely human bir? ( ,jesus does n 9 any mann] di/urb ! belief 9 8 true div9e orig91 z ! ,son ( ,god1 z ! fir/-born1 ! image ( ,god1 ^: "n 0 call$ ! ,^w ( ,god1 i4e4 ,logos4 ,on ! contr>y1 x removes all difficulties ) :i* s _m ,*ri/ians h cont5d$1 op5ly or 9 sil5ce1 :5 !y ask$ !mselves h[ x is possible to conceive a human bir?1 a human "m1 )\t a human fa!r4 ,ev5 a deification ( ! "m1 or ev5 ( ! gr&mo!r1 su* z is proclaim$ by ! ,roman *ur*1 does n help any hone/ s\l out ( ?is mire :i* has be5 made by well-mean+ b ignorant !ologians4 ,! old ,*ri/ian philosoph]s1 ! old *ur* fa!rs1 sa9ts1 & m>tyrs1 alone give u light & lead+4 ,z long z we conceive ! div9e son%ip ( ,*ri/ f ! ,jewi% or ,greek my?ological /&po9t1 ! true div9e nature ( ,*ri/ rema9s a m]e phrase4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we call to our aid ! mo/ or?odox & enlight5$ m5 ( ! second c5tury1 we f9d t su* m5 z ,ju/91 ,tatian1 ,!ophilus1 ,a!nagoras1 ,apollonius7#cj7 & ,clem5t1 to say no?+ ( ,orig51 believ$ 9 ,jesus z ! only begott5 son ( ,god7#ca7 9 ! s5se :i* ^! words _h at t "t = e "o :o spoke & ?\ght 9 ,greek4 ,?is ,son is (t5 repres5t$ z di/+ui%able f ! ,fa!r1 b n z sep>able4 ,( a ,son ( ,god 9 ! ,jewi% s5se ( ! ^w1 ( a desc5dant ( ,david1 ! evangeli/ w\ld nev] h said t all ?+s 7 made by him4 ,t c\ld be affirm$ only ( ! true ,son ( ,god1 ( ! ,logos1 z ! ?\ght ( ,god1 :i* is utt]$ 9 ! visible _w4 ,9 :at s5se ?is ,logos 0 recognis$ 9 ,jesus1 is c]ta9ly a difficult "q1 & "h ! "w ( ,celsus w\ld h be5 ( great use to u1 = he expressly /ates t he has no objection to ! ,logos idea2 b h[ philosoph]s c\ld accept an inc>nation7#cb7 ( ?is ,logos 9 ,jesus1 0 beyond 8 und]/&+4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t matt] & fle% 7 held by ,celsus to be some?+ s unclean1 t accord+ to him ! ,deity c\ld only op]ate on matt] by means ( an endless numb] ( int]m$i>ies 7a true ftus onum74 ,?is obscurity 9 ! conception ( ,jesus z ,logos by ! ,*ri/ian *ur* is ! reason :y ,celsus does n reg>d ,joseph z ! natural fa!r ( ,jesus1 b ,pan!ra4 ,orig51 ( c\rse1 d5\nces ?is v indignantly2 & ! leg5d is no?+ m ?an "o ( ! _m calumnies1 :i* are ne>ly always to be trac$ among ! oppon5ts ( a new religion & its f\nd]s4 ,= ! true nature & ! div9e bir? ( ,*ri/1 z ,orig5 himself seems to feel1 su* a /ory w\ld naturally h no significance :atev]4 ,x rema9s true1 h[ev]1 t no writ] ( au?ority ( ! second & ?ird c5turies has cle>ly expla9$ 9 :at s5se ! ,*ri/ian *ur* conceiv$ ,jesus z ! ,logos4 ,?ree conceptions are possible4 ,! fir/ appe>s to h be5 t ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 t ! ,logos1 9 all its fulness1 z ! ,son1 :o 9 ! beg9n+ 0 ) ,god & 0 ,god1 by :om all ?+s 7 made1 became fle% 9 ,jesus1 & t ?is ,jesus gave to ^? :o believ$ 9 him z ,logos ! p[] !mselves to become sons ( ,god1 born l him n ( blood nor ( ! w ( fle%1 b ( ,god4 ,?is may also expla9 :y ! leg5d>y details ( ! bir? ( ,*ri/ are nev] m5tion$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,b h[ev] cle> ! view ( ! evangeli/ is1 x nev]!less rema9s obscure h[ he conceiv$ ! process ( ?is inc>nation ( an et]nal be+1 transc5d+ "t & space & compreh5d+ ! :ole _w1 :i* liv$ among !m1 :i*1 z is said 9 ! ,epi/le ( ,john1 0 f ! beg9n+1 t :i* we h he>d1 t :i* we h se5 ) our eyes1 t :i* we h beheld & our h&s h&l$1 ! ,^w ( life17#cc7 etc4 ,if we ?9k ourselves = a mom5t into ?is view1 into ! unity ( ! ,div9e t lives & moves 9 ! ,fa!r1 9 ! ,logos1 & 9 all s\ls t h recognis$ ! ,logos1 we %all compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t1 t :oev] believes 9 ,jesus is born ( ,god1 t :oev] has ! ,son1 has ! life4 ,to h ! tru?1 to h et]nal life1 to h ! ,son1 to h ! ,fa!r1 all ?is !n signifies "o & ! same ?+ = ! evangeli/1 & = ! greate/ among ! ante-,nic5e fa!rs4 ,b second1 ! conception t ! ,logos 0 born 9 ,jesus might simply signify ! same z ,philo means1 :5 he speaks ( ! ,logos 9 ,abraham & 9 ! prophets4 ,?is w\ld be intelligible f ,philo's po9t ( view 9 relation to ,abraham1 b cle>ly does n g f> en\gh to expla9 ! deification ( ,*ri/ z we f9d x 9 all ! ,evangeli/s4 ,!re rema9s possible !re=e only a ?ird conception4 ,philo kn[s v well t ,god has an inf9ite numb] ( p[]s or ideas1 all ( :i* might be call$ ,logoi1 & toge!r con/itute ! ,logos4 ,if n[1 among ^! ,logoi1 t ( humanity 7 conceiv$ z highe/1 & ,jesus 7 reg>d$ z ! inc>nate ,logos1 z ! express$ & p]fectly realis$ idea ( man1 all w\ld be intelligible4 ,jesus w\ld !n be ! ideal man1 ! "o among mortals :o _h fully realis$ ! idea ( man z x exi/$ 9 ,god1 :o on ! "o side 0 ! son ( ,god1 on ! o!r side ! son ( man1 ! bro!r ( all m51 if !y w\ld only ackn[l$ge ,*ri/ z ! ,son ( ,god1 & emulate ,8 example4 ,?is w\ld be a correct & to u a p]fectly intelligible & acceptable conception4 ,b _m z are ! difficulties :i* ?is w\ld remove1 ! objection rema9s t we c produce no hi/orical pro( ( su* a conception ( ,jesus z ,logos ( humanity4 ,we are too poor 9 hi/orical monum5ts ( ! fir/ ?ree ,*ri/ian c5turies to be able to speak ) assurance ( ! inn] processes ( ?\ght ( ev5 ! mo/ prom95t p]sonalities ( t "t4 ,9 ev]y?+1 ev5 9 relation to _m ( ! lead+ que/ions ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 we are oblig$ to rely on comb9ation & con/ruction4 ,n only 9 ! ,evangeli/s1 b 9 _m ( ! *ur* fa!rs1 feel+ ov]comes reason1 & _! expressions admit b too (t5 ( ! mo/ v>i$ int]pretations1 z ! lat] hi/ory ( ! *ur* has only too cle>ly prov$4 ,nev]!less we mu/ endeav\r to ent] n only into _! emotions1 b also into _! ?\ghts1 & n believe t !y us$ words )\t ?\ghts4 ,i d n say t ?is is impossible4 ,un?9kable z x is1 t words arise & exi/ )\t ideas1 yet we "k only too well t words become m]e words1 t !y gr[ pale & die1 & t !y may f9ally become vox et prt]ea nihil4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! duty ( ! hi/orian & especially ( ! philologi/ to call back to life su* words z h giv5 up ! gho/4 ,may :at ,i h "h writt5 ab\t ! mean+ ( ! ,logos fulfil ?is aim1 & at ! same "t make x cle> t my desire = ! discov]y ( ! orig9al text ( ! ,s]mo ,v]us 0 n an idle "o4 ,i h s9ce le>n$ t ! same wi% 0 express$ at an e>li] date by no less a p]son ?an ,b>?old ,niebuhr4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,pf]debrla 7,horseh]d7 ,a contributor to a p]iodical1 :i*1 l ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 has a _w-wide circulation1 receives _m lett]s f e corn] ( ! e>?4 ,_m ( !m are no?+ m ?an ! twitt] ( birds 9 ! trees2 he li/5s & goes 8 way4 ,o!rs conta9 n[ & !n some?+ ( use1 = :i* he is ?ankful1 usually ( c\rse 9 sil5ce1 = a day & night toge!r conta9 only tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & b little "t rema9s = correspond5ce4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ radically "o is (t5 misund]/ood4 ,:ile "o p]son anonym\sly accuses ! writ] ( free ?9k+ & h]esy1 ano!r1 & he g5]ally gives 8 "n1 compla9s ( 8 or?odox n>r[-m9d$ness1 hypocrisy1 & bl9dness1 :i* = ! mo/ "p are attribut$ to poor ,ox=d1 :i*1 9 =eign c\ntries at lea/1 /ill has ! reputation ( high *ur* or?odoxy4 ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 su* lett]s are useful1 = !y give u a k ( ! public :i* we desire to influ5ce1 b :i* = ! mo/ "p goes its own way1 z x may f9d mo/ conv5i5t4 ,(t5 su* op9ions come to u f ! highe/ circles1 at times also f ! l[e/1 & x is difficult to tell :i* ( ! two are ! m in/ructive4 ,! problems ( humanity 9 all _! simplicity are aft] all ! same = u all1 only !y are view$ f diff]5t /&po9ts1 & are treat$ ) sci5tific or practical design4 ,memb]s ( ! same pr(ession readily und]/& ea* o!r2 !y employ _! own te*nical language2 b ! unpr(essional p]son (t5 goes /raight] to ! he>t ( a "q1 & refuses to be satisfi$ ) au?orities or traditional =mulas4 ,^! g5tlem5 x is (t5 difficult to sil5ce4 ,we c easily cont5d ) combatants :o wield _! weapons accord+ to ! rules laid d[n by ! s*ools2 we "k :at to expect1 & h[ to p>ry a qu>t or a ti]ce4 ,b an oppon5t :o /rikes reg>dless ( all rule is (t5 h>d to manage1 & we get a sc> :]e x is lea/ expect$ or des]v$4 ,9 ?is wise ,i 0 s]v$ by an unkn[n oppon5t1 :o wrote to me f a place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pittsburgh1 n f> f ,ohio4 ,he _h read 9 8 c\ntry solitude my article on ,celsus 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au4 ,i "k no?+ ( him1 except :at he himself writes1 b ! man int]e/$ me4 ,aft] all1 he says 9 8 rude way v mu* ! same ?+s z o!rs veil 9 le>n$ phrases1 & 8 d\bts & difficulties are manife/ly products ( 8 he>t z well z ( 8 bra94 ,! problems ( humanity h tr\bl$ him ) g5u9e pa91 & aft] hone/ly ?9k+ !m out z well z he knew h[1 8 convictions /& firm z a rock1 & all :o disagree ) him seem to him n only fools1 b un=tunately hypocrites z well4 ,x is ! mis=tune ( ^! lonely ?9k]s t !y _c compreh5d h[ any "o c hold op9ions diff]+ f _! own )\t be+ di%one/4 ,!y _c d\bt t !y h be5 hone/ t[>d !mselves1 & z a consequ5ce !y _c conceive h[ o!rs1 :o are ( a diff]5t m9d1 c be equally hone/1 & h come by _! convictions by a /raight=w>d pa?4 ,(t5 x has be5 v difficult = !m to break ) _! old fai?1 *]i%$ f *ildhood1 & !y c only look ^u x z c[>dice & weakness if o!rs1 z !y ?9k1 h n made or wi%$ to make ?is sacrifice4 ,b we %all let ! horseh]d :o emigrat$ to ,am]ica speak = himself4 ,i "h pr9t 8 lett] exactly z ,i receiv$ x1 )\t any alt]ations47#cd7 ,to me x seems t ! man speaks n only = himself1 b = _m :o ?9k z he does1 b :o h n ! ability nor ! opportunity to express !mselves cle>ly4 ,i resolv$1 accord+ly1 to reply to him1 & once begun1 my p5 ran on1 & my lett] unexpect$ly cov]$ m gr\nd ?an ,i _h int5d$4 ,:e!r he receiv$ ! lett] or n1 ,i d n "k2 at lea/ x mu/ h be5 deliv]$ to 8 address1 = x 0 n return$ to me4 ,z ,i h n1 h[ev]1 he>d f him aga9 s9ce ,febru>y1 & z he speaks 9 8 lett] ( *e/ cat>rh1 :i* he hopes w 9 no long "t br+ him to a joyful end1 ,i mu/ wait no long] = an answ]1 & publi% ! correspond5ce 9 ! hope t !re are o!r 8,pf]debrle0 9 ! _w to :om x may be ( value4 99 99 99 99 99 8 ,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 ,u4,s41 ,febru>y #bf1 #ahif4 ,de> ,colleague ,max ,mll]3 8,y\r article 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au on ,celsus pleas$ me v mu*4 ,:at does x matt] t y d n "k me8 ,i love y1 & t gives me a "r to address y4 ,:y ^? va9 regrets ov] ! loss ( ! orig9al8 ,i w\ld n /ret* out my little f+] = t ,celsus2 gone is gone l ! lo/ p>ts ( ! ,annals ( ,tacitus4 ,m ?an likely bo? ( ^! losses are to be ascrib$ to ,*ri/ian fanaticism4 ,tacitus hat$ ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ian sect d]iv$ f !m4 ,b1 fa!r ,max1 h we n mu* great] mod]n ,celsuses & ,tacituses1 = in/ance ,david ,hume & ,s*op5hau]8 ,"o w\ld ?9k t aft] ! writ+s ( ^! h]oes positive ,*ri/ianity w\ld be an impossibility1 & yet ! p]si/5ce ( error is s great t x may take sev]al c5turies m be=e ! end ( ! ,*ri/ian era is rea*$4 ,has !re ev] be5 any?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w m humiliat+ to ! human und]/&+ ?an ?is false & ly+ tale ( ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,& is !re any?+ 9 face ( our k1 & ( ! realm ( nature & ( man's position 9 x1 s unbe>able1 yes s odi\s1 z ! inoculation ( su* error 9 ! t5d] consci\sness ( our s*ool *ildr58 ,i %udd] :5 ,i ?9k t 9 ?\s&s ( our *ur*es & s*ools ?is sy/ematic ru9 ( ! greate/ ( all gifts1 ! consci\sness1 ! human bra91 is daily1 ev5 h\rly1 go+ on4 ,max1 c y1 too1 /ill cl+ to ! ,god-fable8 ,! ,engli% atmosph]e may s]ve z an apology4 ,i c\ld n /rike a dog1 b ,i am fill$ ) blood?ir/9ess t[>d ! ,jewi% idea ( ,god1 ! s\l-phantom1 & ! halluc9ation ( immortality4--,! facts are s simple & cle>2 we are ! highe/ exi/+ =ms ( be+ 9 ! animal _w ( ?is planet1 & %>e "o & ! same nature ) !m4 ,aft] dea? we are j z entirely r$uc$ to no?+ z be=e our bir?4 ,nature tells u s pla9ly t ! et]nal conditions be=e & aft] our bir? are id5tical4 8,y ask me :at ?is juggl+ means2 ,take ?is %ort answ] = y\r pa9s2 ,a game ( *ance f ! et]nal sea ,by ! same sea aga9 w swall[$ be4 --,,om> ,,khayyam 7,bod5/$t74 8,b !re is no?+ 9 ?is _w s false z ! /atem5t t good c ev] come out ( lies4 ,no?+ 9 ! _w is s :olesome z tru?1 & tru? is "u all circum/ances lovable1 beautiful1 & holy4 ,let u kneel be=e ! tru? ( nature2 nature _c g a/ray4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 ! evil h]itage ( ,judaism1 mu/ fall 9 ! end4 ,max1 on quiet fields1 9 a m\nta9 village ( ,silesia1 ,i turn$ som]saults ) joy at ! discov]y t ?is di/9ction is false1 & t good & evil are id5tical4 ,max1 y w n be angry ) me8 ,i am no le>n$ fell[4 ,i nev] att5d$ a high s*ool1 & n[ ,i rejoice at x1 = :at a ,g]man calls education c only s]ve to mis$ucate aft] all4 ,mod]n life is1 = e op5-m9d$ p]son1 ! real high s*ool4 ,max1 all ,g]man savants1 or1 if y please1 ! majority ( !m1 /ill lab\r "u ! delusion t ! m9d is a #8prius4' ,by no means1 ,max6 ,m9d is a developm5t1 an evolv+ ph5om5on4 ,"o w\ld suppose x impossible t a ?9k+ man1 :o has ev] obs]v$ a *ild1 c\ld be ( any o!r op9ion2 :y seek gho/s beh9d matt]8 ,m9d is a function ( liv+ organisms1 :i* belongs also to a goose & a *ick54 ,!n1 ,max1 :y n be cont5t ) ! limits ( our k1 condition$ by exp]i5ce1 & give up ?is infam\s romanc+ & tyrannical ly+8 ,! only affection :i* aft] fifty ye>s ,i /ill *]i% 9 my bosom is ! sweet1 unqu5*able long+ = t tru? :i* fate has d5i$ u4 8,max1 y are by no means a free man1 z ,i obs]ve t ! religi\s congress 9 ,*icago impress$ y v mu*47#ce7 ,i 0 pres5t :5 ! gayly dress$ idolators f ,c>d9al ,gibbons d[n to ! /upid ,%9to prie/ & ! ill-fav\r$ ,bapti/ woman prea*] sat toge!r on ! plat=m4 ,x 0 v pretty & refre%+ to look ^u4 ,!y all talk$ nons5se & ?\ght !mselves v wise4 ,!re 0 b "o exception :i* int]e/$ me3 a yell[ ,buddhi/ monk inquir$1 :at !y ?\ght ( ,engli% mission>ies1 :o 9 "t ( fam9e di/ribut$ bread to ! poor1 b only on "o condition1 t !y adopt$ ! ,*ri/ian sup]/ition 7indiff]5t :e!r hone/ly or n74 ,! s-call$ #8,e?ical ,culture ,societies' 7 n admitt$ by ! committee to _! congress ( _m religions4 ,max1 x 0 pitiful to li/5 to ! tittle-tattle t 0 read4 ,none _h le>n$ be=eh& :at he want$ to say4 ,dic]e de scripto is a %ame = le>n$ m54 ,only ,c>d9al ,gibbons made a %ort1 b col\rless & dull extemporane\s address1 :i* clos$ ) ! hypocrisy1 :at a great ?+ x is to keep oneself unspott$ by ?is _w4 ,accurs$ hypocrites1 y y\rselves are ?is _w1--pitifully inc>nate1 x is true1--b y y\rselves are ?is #8spott$ _w4' ,:y !n /ill hold to ! /upid di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 :5 we mu/ admit t evil is ess5tial to ! v exi/5ce ( ?+s1 & x w\ld be impossible = ! _w to be1 except z x is4 ,we mu/ be z we are1 or we %\ld n be at all4 ,o beautiful long+ = ! primeval cause6 ,our ignorance is l evil1 welcome4 ,let u1 ,o ,max1 embrace ! evil & ignorance1 = if we 7 no?+ b wret*$ cripples ( virtue1 & knew ev]y?+1 we c\ld n be> to live4 ,z x is1 we enjoy ! spirit$ battle1 & c>ry a sweet ye>n+ 9 our brea/s4 8,max1 h[ are y p]sonally8 ,h y a family8 ,h[ is y\r heal?8 ,h[ old are y8 ,:at relation d y be> to ! le>n$ set 9 ,engl&8 ,d y "k ! "o ,g]man philosoph]1 ) ! c\rage ( 8 convictions1 ,emil ,dhr+1 9 ,b]l94 ,i consid] my k ( ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,dhr+ z ! greate/ gift ( fate :i* has be5 v\*saf$ to me4 ,! ,jews & /ate pr(essors hide 8 fame "u a bu%el4 ,oh6 c\ld n su* indep5d5t m5 z y1 hon\r$ ,max ,mll]1 d some?+ to br+ ?is h]o ne>] to our "y /ud5ts8 ,dhr+ is ! only writ] ( ! pres5t day :o is to be enjoy$ almo/ )\t drawback4 ,:at is to be said ( our ,g]man set :i* is c[>dly en\gh to repress s long ! greate/ m9d :i* our c5tury has produc$8 ,7 ,i 9 y\r position1 h[ w\ld ,i %\t my #8,quos ,ego' across to ,g]many6 ,please1 my c\ntryman1 fav\r me ) a few l9es 9 answ] to ?is effusion1 9 ord] t ,i may le>n :o & :at y are4 ,i am a ,silesian horseh]d 7to be di/+ui%$ f ! c[h]ds khbrla's1 :o till _! field ) pi\s moo-moos74 ,in/ead ( att5d+ a high s*ool1 ,i h]d$ c[s1 pl\gh$1 h>ve/$1 & help$ to ?ra% 9 ! w9t]4 ,:ile h]d+ ,i play$ ! flute 9 ! valleys ( ! ,sudetic ,m\nta9s2 & because ! h&s ( ! old village s*oolma/] trembl$ v mu*1 ,i begg$ ( him to let me try to play ! organ = him4 #8,ah1 y rascal1 y c play bett] ?an ,i1' & he box$ my e>s4 ,!n my elde/ bro!r took possession ( ! f>m ( sev5ty-five acres1 gave u no comp5sation1 & ! re/ ( u lads _h to pack (f4 ,we scrap$ toge!r ! passage money to ,am]ica1 & ab\t ?irty ye>s ago ,i arriv$ "h1 :]e--,i almo/ said ,god be prais$--x has always gone pretty h>d ) me4 ,:e!r ,i f>e well or ill is ! same to me4 ,i make no di/9ction1 = 9 view ( ! rapid pass+ ( life1 x does n pay to give mu* ?\ght to unnecess>y di/9ctions4 ,i nev] c\ld ?9k ( m>ry+1 *iefly because ! majority ( ! wom5 9 ?is c\ntry are %rews1 _c cook1 & sp5d mu* too mu* money on ! h\sekeep+4 ,besides1 ,i h b a %ort "t to live1 = ,i possess a *e/ cat>rh mo/ loyally devot$ to me1 v]g+ ^u a p]fect a/hma1 :i* ,i hope erelong w br+ me to a joyful end4 ,no d\bt y w ?9k :at a disconsolate fell[ ?is is :o has writt5 to me4 ,o p%aw6 ,i h always enjoy$ ! sun%9e1 & h sat alone hundr$s ( snug h\rs be=e my w9t]'s companion1 a small iron /ove4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree nights ,i h repeat$ly read ?r\gh y\r article on ,celsus1 publi%$ 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 by a tall[-c&le4 ,9 relation to y\r en?usiasm ov] ! religi\s clap-trap 9 ,*icago1 ,i %\ld l to obs]ve t y w\ld h be5 entirely 9 ! "r if y _h repres5t$ ! ,exhibition z ! greate/ ev5t ( ! pa/ t5 ye>s4 ,i came ?r\gh ,*icago 9 ,septemb]1 #ahib1 visit$ ! prospective site ( ! ,exposition1 & f\nd !re a m]e wild]ness1 sc>cely a s+le build+ half f9i%$1 & x 0 a wond] ( wond]s :at ,am]ican ent]prise & g5ius = organisation accompli%$ )9 ! s+le int]v5+ w9t]4 ,"o c\ld sc>cely recov] f "o's a/oni%m5t at :at t5 ?\s& lab\r]s1 urg$ on by ! ,yankee la%1 c\ld make ready 9 six mon?s4 #8,!re 0 money 9 ! bus9ess1' & = money ,jona?an works real miracles4 ,its l ! _w has nev] produc$4 ,! ,am]ican is cut on a l>ge patt]n1 & 9 spite ( 8 political delusions ,i ent]ta9 ! greate/ hopes = ! future ( a c\ntry :i* is 9 su* h&s40 ,) _m fri5dly greet+s1 ,a ,silesian ,horseh]d4 ,emigrat$ to ,am]ica4 0 99 99 99 99 99 ,i answ]$ my unkn[n fri5d & correspond5t z foll[s3-- 99 99 99 99 99 8 8,,my ,,good ,,fri5d3 ,y are an hone/ fell[1 & ,i believe t ,i am "o too1 b our views are widely div]g5t4 ,i am an old pr(essor1 am n[ sev5ty-two ye>s old1 or z has be5 (t5 said to me1 sev5ty-two ye>s "y4 ,l y\rself ,i comm5c$ life ) no?+1 & h lab\r$ till ,i h become n ri*1 b indep5d5t4 ,"h 9 weal?y ,engl& & 9 weal?y ,ox=d ,i am consid]$ a poor man1 b ,i am q cont5t1 & call t ri*es4 ,i h be5 m>ri$ ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 h "o son1 secret>y to ! ,embassy at ,con/ant9ople1 & a happily m>ri$ daught]1 ) f\r gr&*ildr54 ,n[ y "k all t y wi%$ to "k4 ,( my sorr[1 ! loss ( two daught]s1 ,i mu/ rema9 sil5t4 8,all my life ,i h be5 engag$ 9 inve/igat+ ! pa/2 ,i am a philologi/ & h !re=e be5 also a /ud5t ( hi/ory1 h especially /udi$ ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! v>i\s religions ( mank9d1 & to ?is end h _h to make a /udy ( anci5t languages1 p>ticul>ly ,ori5tal languages4 ,:5 "o consecrates "o's life to su* a cause1 "o acquires an int]e/ 9 & a love = ! anci5ts1 & a wi% to "k :at has consol$ !m 9 ?is vale ( grief4 ,z y probably acquir$ a love = y\r colts1 m>es1 & /allions1 ,i acquir$ an int]e/ 9 anci5t & mod]n religions4 ,& z y probably d n imm$iately kill or reject y\r horses because !y possess a blemi%1 %y1 kick1 prance ab\t1 etc41 s ,i d n imm$iately de/roy all beliefs1 & lea/ ( all my own m\nt1 because !y are n faultless1 occasionally leave me 9 ! lur*1 behave fooli%ly1 ev5 dance on _! h9d legs ) head 9 air2 b ,i endeav\r to und]/& !m4 ,:5 we und]/& ev5 a little1 we c =give mu*4 ,t _m religions1 includ+ our own1 conta9 errors & weak po9ts1 j z y\r horses d1 ,i "k p]haps ev5 bett] ?an y4 ,b h y ev] ask$ y\rself1 :at w\ld h become ( mank9d )\t any religion1 )\t ! conviction t beyond our horizon1 t is beyond our limit1 !re /ill mu/ be some?+8 ,y w answ]1 #8,h[ d we "k t8' ,well1 c !re be any b\nd>y )\t some?+ beyond x8 ,is n t z true z any !orem 9 geometry8 ,if x 7 n s1 h[ c\ld we expla9 ! fact t mank9d has nev] be5 )\t a belief 9 a _w beyond1 nor )\t religion1 ei!r 9 ! l[e/ or 9 ! highe/ levels4 8,?is horizon1 ?is b\nd>y1 does n relate only to space1 z all w agree1 ev5 :5 c>ri$ beyond ! ,milky ,way2 x relates z well to "t4 ,y ass]t1 #8,! _w is mu* old] ?an we suppose2' y are "r1 b if x 7 a million ye>s1 /ill !re mu/ h be5 a "t be=e x 0 ev5 a day old4 ,t also is indisputable4 ,b :5 we rea* ! limit ( our s5ses & our und]/&+1 !n ! horse %ies1 !n we imag9e t no?+ c g beyond our und]/&+4 ,n[ let u beg9 ) our five s5ses4 ,!y seem to be our w+s1 b se5 9 ! light !y are our fett]s1 our prison walls4 ,all our s5ses h _! horizon & _! limits2 & ! limits 9 ! ext]nal _w are our mak+4 ,our sight sc>cely rea*es a mile1 !n x ceases2 we c obs]ve ! movem5t ( ! second h&1 b t ( ! m9ute h& escapes u4 ,:y8 ,we might "k t a cannon-ball passes ?r\gh our field ( vision1 b we _c locate x4 ,:y n8 ,our s5se ( t\* is also v weak & only ext5ds ov] a v limit$ space4 ,& z x is on ! l>ge scale1 s is x ) ! small4 ,we see ! eye ( a ne$le1 b infusoria & bact]ia1 :i* we "k to be !re & :i* affect u s mu*1 we _c see4 ,) telescopes & microscopes we c slightly ext5d ! field ( our p]ception1 b ! limitations & weakness ( our s5se-impressions rema9 none ! less an und5iable fact4 ,we live 9 a prison1 9 a cave z ,plato said1 & yet we accept our impressions z !y are1 & =m out ( !m g5]al notions & words1 & ) ^! words we erect ?is /ately build+1 or ?is t[] ( ,babel1 :i* we !n call human sci5ce4 8,yes1 say c]ta9 philosoph]s1 our s5ses may be f9ite & untru/wor?y1 b our und]/&+1 & /ill fur!r our reason1 !y are unlimit$1 & recognise no?+ :i* is beyond !m4 ,well1 :at does ?is mo/ wise und]/&+ d = u8 ,has n ,hobbes long s9ce taught u t x adds & subtracts1 & voil t\t8 ,x receives ! impressions ( ! s5ses1 comb9es !m1 feels !m1 compreh5ds & designates or names !m aft] any *>act]i/ic1 & :5 man has f\nd words1 !n ! add+ & subtract+ beg91 b un=tunately also ! jumbl+ & *att]+1 till we f9ally e/abli% t philosophy & religion1 :i* h ar\s$ 9 s great degree y\r ang]1 & ev5 y\r blood ?ir/9ess4 ,9 spite ( all x rema9s true t we c no m get beyond ! horizon ( our s5ses ?an we c jump out ( our sk9s4 ,y "k t old say+ ( ,locke's1 al?\gh x is mu* old] ?an ,locke1 t !re is no?+ 9 our intellect :i* 0 n fir/ 9 our s5ses4 ,& !re=e1 h[ev] mu* we may ext5d our k by add+ & subtract+1 ev]y:]e we feel 9 ! end our horizon1 our limitations1 our ignorance1 = ) ! limitations ( our s5ses x _c be o!rwise4 ,inv>iably we receive ! old answ]1 #8,y are l ! m9d :i* y conceive1 n me4' 8,b y say t we h no "r :atev] to speak ( a m9d4 ,t is possible1 b ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u :at we und]/& by ! t]m #8m9d4' ,is n m9d1 t is to say1 a recipi5t1 ess5tial to our see+ & he>+8 ,! eye c no m see ?an a cam]a obscura4 ,true see+1 he>+1 & feel+ are n p]ceptible ?r\gh ! organs ( s5se1 b ?r\gh ! recipi5t1 = )\t x ! organs ( s5se c\ld make no resi/ance1 c\ld n receive1 c\ld n p]ceive4 ,?is unkn[n elem5t :i* lies beyond ! s5ses1 ?is recipi5t mu/ be !re4 ,x is true he _c be nam$4 ,p]haps x w\ld h be5 bett] to h call$ him #8x' or ! ,unkn[n2 b :5 we "k :at is meant1 :y n call x m9d or _s1 t is1 brea?8 ,y call x a s\l-phantom4 ,well1 good1 b )\t su* a s\l-phantom we _c get on2 y w\ld h to consid] y\rself a m]e photographic app>atus1 & ,i d n believe t y d4 8,( c\rse y c /ill say t ! m9d is a developm5t1 a self-evolv+ ph5om5on4 ,rightly und]/ood t is q true1 b h[ mislead+ t ^w #8evolution' has be5 9 ^! latt] days4 ,d>w9 c]ta9ly br\ght mu* t is beautiful & true to ! light ( day4 ,he demon/rat$ t _m ( ! s-call$ species are n indep5d5t creations1 b h be5 develop$ f o!r species4 ,t means t he has correct$ ! e>li] errone\s nom5clature ( ,natural ,hi/ory & has introduc$ a m correct classification4 ,he has greatly simplifi$ ! "w ( ! ,creator ( ! _w4 ,( t m]it no "o w deprive him1 & x is a great m]it4 ,& ^? :o believ$ t e species requir$ its own act ( creation1 & _h to be f9i%$ by ! ,creator sep>ately 7z 0 ! e/abli%$ op9ion 9 ,engl&1 & /ill is 9 "s places71 _c be grateful en\gh to ,d>w9 = hav+ giv5 !m a simpl] & wor?i] idea ( ! orig9 ( ! e>? & ( its animal & vegetable k+doms4 8,b n[ comes ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & tells u1 #8,we h to deal ) man z a product ( evolution1 ) society z a product ( evolution1 & ) moral ph5om5a z products ( evolution4' ,t s\nds spl5did1 b e "o :o does n q ignore ! pa/1 kn[s t evolution or developm5t is nei!r any?+ v new or v useful4 ,=m]ly we us$ simply to say ! tree gr[s1 ! *ild develops1 & ?is 0 metaphorically transf]r$ to society1 ! /ate1 sci5ce1 & religion4 ,! /udy ( ?is developm5t 0 call$ hi/ory1 & occasionally g5etic or pragmatic hi/ory2 b in/ead ( talk+ z we d n[ ( evolution ) imp]ceptible transitions1 x 0 ^! transitions :i* indu/ri\s & hone/ inve/igators =m]ly s\ght to obs]ve4 ,!y aim$ at le>n+ to "k ! m51 & ! ev5ts1 :i* m>k$ a decid$ /ep 9 advance 9 ! hi/ory ( society1 or 9 ! hi/ory ( morals4 ,?is requir$ pa9/ak+ ef=t1 b ! result obta9$ 0 q diff]5t f ! mod]n view1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is evolv$1 &1 :at is ! wor/1 by imp]ceptible degrees4 ,9 ,natural ,hi/ory ?is is o!rwise2 9 x ! t]m #8evolution1' or #8gr[?1' may be correctly appli$1 because no "o really has ev] se5 or he>d ! grass gr[1 & no "o has ev] obs]v$ ! once g5]ally accept$ transition f a reptile to a bird4 ,9 ?is we mu/ d\btless admit imp]ceptible transitions4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is we mu/ n g beyond ! facts2 & if a man l ,vir*[ assures u t ! int]m$iate /ages betwe5 man & any sort ( animal h nev] be5 f\nd to ?is day1 !n 9 spite ( all /orms we %all probably h to re/ !re4 ,b ,i g /ill f>!r4 ,ev5 suppos+1 say ,i1 t !re is an imp]ceptible transition f ! ,pi!can?ropos to man1 affect+ 8 ?igh1 8 skull1 8 bra91 8 entire body1 h we !n f\nd a transition f ! animal to man8 ,c]ta9ly n2 = man is man1 n because he has no tail1 b because he speaks1 & spee* implies n only communication1--an animal c d t p]haps bett] ?an a man1--b x implies ?9k+1 & ?9k+ n only z an animal ?9ks1 b ?9k+ conceptually4 ,& ?is small ?+1 ! concept1 is ! transition :i* no animal has ev] accompli%$4 ,! mom5t an ape a*iev$ x1 he w\ld be ipso facto a man1 9 spite ( 8 mis]able bra91 & 9 spite ( 8 long tail4 8,concepts d n pres5t !mselves spontane\sly 7or we %\ld f9d !m also among animals71 b !y are a special product1 9 "p ! "w ( our ance/ors1 & inh]it$ by u ) our language1 & 9 "p ev5 n[ ! "w ( m gift$ m5 f "t to "t4 ,?is mak+ necess>ily implies ! exi/5ce ( a mak]1 & if we n[ provisionally call ?is mak]1 ?is transc5d5t1 invisible1 b v p[]ful #8x1' m9d1 are we !reby *>geable1 z y say1 ) hav+ conjur$ up a s\l-phantom8 ,call x a phantom if y w1 b ev5 z a phantom x has a "r to exi/4 ,call x m9d1 brea?1 brea?+1 will+1 or 7) ,s*op5hau]7 w1 !re is always a ,he or ,x to be reckon$ )4 ,( ?is ,he or ,x1 ?is pronom9al s\l-phantom1 y w nev] rid y\rself4 8,& if we n[ p]ceive ) our s5ses a _w z x is giv5 u :e!r we w or no1 & 9 ?is objective _w1 )\t u1 :i* s _m reg>d z )9 u1 we ev]y:]e recognise ! pres5ce ( purpose1 mu/ we !n n also h a "n = t :i* manife/s itself 9 nature z purposive or rational8 ,%all we only call x #8x1' or may we transf] ! ^w designat+ :at works purposively 9 u to ?is ,unkn[n1 & speak ( a univ]sal ,m9d )\t :i* nature c\ld n be :at x is8 ,nature is n crazy nor incoh]5t4 ,:5 ! *ild is born1 has ! "m milk1 & to :at purpose8 ,:y1 c]ta9ly1 to n\ri% ! *ild4 ,& ! *ild has ! lips & muscles to suck4 ,:5 ! fruit has rip5$ on ! tree1 x falls to ! e>? full ( se$4 ,! husk breaks1 ! se$ falls 9 ! soil1 x ra9s & ! ra9 f]tilises ! se$1 ! sun %9es & makes x gr[1 & :5 ! tree has gr[n & aga9 be>s blossoms & fruit1 ?is fruit is useful to man1 is food & n poison to him4 ,is all ?is )\t purpose1 )\t reason8 ,is x a symphony )\t a compos]8 ,man1 too1 ne$s ra9 & sun%9e1 & w>m? & d>kness2 & all ?is is giv5 to him s t he may live & "w & ?9k4 ,:at w\ld man be )\t d>kness1 )\t ! re/ af=d$ by night8 ,probably crazy4 ,:at w\ld he be )\t sun%9e8 ,p]haps an ,esquimau or a mole4 ,b h[ rem>kable x is t z ! tree always reproduces itself1 s also does man4 ,! son diff]s f ! fa!r1 & yet h[ l !y are4 ,:]e is ! =m :i* reta9s ! cont9u\s resemblance to itself1 & yet leaves to ea* sep>ate p]son fre$om & individuality8 ,:5ce comes ?is purpose 9 all nature8 ,t is an old "q :i* has receiv$ _m answ]s1 bo? wise & fooli%4 ,un=tunately m5 s frequ5tly =get :at has already be5 atta9$1 & !n beg9 aga9 at ! beg9n+4 ,d>w9 0 an indu/ri\s & delicate obs]v]1 & %[$ admirable p[] ( comb9ation4 ,b he 0 no philosoph]1 & nev] s\ght to be "o4 ,he 0 ( op9ion t ev]y?+ 9 nature :i* appe>$ to %[ purpose proce$$ f ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,b t is no answ]4 ,we ask1 ,:y does ! fitte/ survive8 ,& :at is ! answ]8 ,because only ! fitte/ survives4 ,& :5 we come to ,natural ,selection1 :o is ! selector t selects8 ,^! are no?+ b phrases1 :i* h long be5 kn[n & long s9ce be5 ab&on$1 & /ill are always w>m$ up aga94 ,if we recognise 9 nature purpose or reason1 !n we h a "r to conclude t ! s\rce ( x lies 9 ! et]nal reason1 9 ! et]nally rational4 ,beh9d all objects lies ! ?\ght or ! idea4 ,if !re are rational ideas 9 nature1 !n !re mu/ be a rational ?9k]4 ,beh9d all trees--oaks1 bir*es1 p9es--lies ! ?\ght1 ! idea1 ! =m1 ! ^w1 ! logos ( tree4 ,:o made or ?\ght x be=e ev] ! fir/ tree exi/$8 ,we c nev] see a tree2 we see only an oak1 a bir*1 a p9e1 nev] a tree4 ,b ! ?\ght or idea ( tree meets u1 realis$ & div]sifi$ 9 all trees4 ,?is is true ( all ?+s4 ,no "o has ev] se5 an animal1 a man1 a dog1 b he sees a ,/4 ,b]n>d1 a greyh\nd1 a da*%und1 & /rictly n ev5 t4 ,:at1 !n1 is x t is p]man5t1 always recurr+ 9 ! dog1 by means ( :i* !y resemble ea* o!r1 ! invisible =m 9 :i* !y are all ca/8 ,t is ! ?\ght1 ! idea1 ! logos ( dog4 ,c !re be a ?\ght )\t a ?9k]8 ,did ! ideas 9 nature1 ! millions ( objects :i* make up our k1 fall f ! cl\ds8 ,did !y make !mselves or did nature make !m8 ,:o1 !n1 is nature8 ,is x a mascul9e1 fem99e1 or neut]8 ,if nature c *oose1 !n x c also ?9k & produce4 ,b c x8 ,no1 nature is a ^w1 v useful = c]ta9 purposes2 b empty1 intangible1 & incompreh5sible4 ,nature is an ab/raction1 z mu* z dog or tree1 b f> m inclusive4 ,:5 we recognise ?\ght1 reason1 purpose 9 nature1 /ill x is all 9 va91 we mu/ assume a ?9k] 91 above1 beh9d nature1 & we mu/ z a matt] ( c\rse h a "n = him4 ,! inf9ite ?9k] ( all ?+s1 ( all ideas1 ( all words1 :o c nev] be se5 & nev] compreh5d$1 because he is inf9ite1 b 9 ^: ?\ghts all creatures1 ! entire creation1 h _! s\rce1 & :o :5 rightly und]/ood approa*es u palpably or symbolically 9 all ?+s1 9 ! sole pa? ( s5se by :i* he c approa* u s5ti5t be+s1 :y %\ld we n call him ,m9d1 or ,god1 or z ! ,jews call$ him1 ,jehovah1 or ! ,mohamm$ans1 ,allah1 or ! ,brahm9s1 ,brahman8 ,ei!r reason op]ates 9 nature1 or nature is )\t reason1 is *aos & confusion4 ,nei!r survival ( ! fitte/ nor natural selection c\ld br+ ord] into ?is confusion2 we might z well believe t if ! type 9 a pr9t+ (fice be ?or\ghly %ak5 & mix$1 x c\ld produce ,goe!'s ,fau/ by *ance4 ,if we insi/ ^u adh]+ to ! !ories ( natural selection1 or survival ( ! fitte/1 be x s2 we only transf] ! *oice to a ,some?+ :i* c *oose1 & leave ! fitness or adaptability to ! judgm5t ( an orig9ator1 :o c really judge & ?9k4 8,i hope t ,i h made ?is pla9 to y2 b :at w\ld be pla9 to u w\ld n be pla9 to *ildr51 & /ill less to mank9d 9 its infancy five ?\s& or fifty ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,i h especially endeav\r$ to discov] :at l$ ^! m5 ( old1 9 _m respects s uncultivat$1 to believe 9 some?+ beyond1 invisible1 sup]human1 sup]natural4 ,we c see f _! language & f ! olde/ monum5ts ( _! religion t !y e>ly obs]v$ t some?+ happ5$ 9 ! _w4 ,! _w 0 n d>k1 nor /ill1 nor dead4 ,! sun rose1 & man awoke1 & ask$ himself & ! sun%9e4 #8,:5ce8' he said2 #8/op1 :at is !re8 :o is !re8' ,su* an object z ! sun _c rise ( its own volition4 ,!re is some?+ beh9d x4 ,at fir/ ! sun itself 0 consid]$ a lab\r]2 x accompli%$ ! greate/ "w on e>?1 gave light1 heat1 life1 gr[?1 fruits4 ,x 0 q natural1 !n1 to pay great hon\r to ! sun2 to be grateful to x1 to appeal to x = light1 heat1 & increase4 ,& !re=e ! sun became a ,god1 e4g4 a ,deva 7deus71 :i* orig9ally meant no?+ m ?an light4 ,b ev5 !n an old ,inca 9 ,p]u obs]v$ t ! sun 0 n free2 c\ld n1 !re=e1 be a be+1 to :om man c\ld be grateful1 to :om he c\ld pray4 ,x is1 said he1 l a bea/ ( burd51 :i* mu/ daily tread its appo9t$ r\nd4 ,& al?\gh ! wor%ip ( ! sun 0 ! religion ( 8 c\ntry1 & he himself 0 wor%ipp$ z a *ild ( ! sun1 he r5\nc$ ! anci5t fai? ( 8 c\ntry1 & became :at is n[ frequ5tly call$ an a!i/2 t is1 he long$ aft] a tru] ,god4 ,:at say y to ?is ,inca8 ,?is same ?+ occurr$ also 9 o!r l&s1 & in/ead ( cont9u+ to wor%ip ! sun & moon1 ! dawn1 ! /orm-w9d1 or ! sky1 !y wor%ipp$ t :i* mu/ be beh9d x all1 :i* 0 call$ ,heav5-,fa!r1 ,jupit]1 & e conceivable "n4 ,^! names 7 no long] to indicate ! visible object1 b ,him :o _h ?\ght & creat$ ! object1 ! ?9k] & rul] ( ! _w4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal idea f :i* all religions h aris53 n animism1 feti%ism1 totemism1 or :atev] ! little tribut>ies may be call$1 :i* h p\r$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s into ! ma9 /ream4 ,e p has produc$ its own religion1 its own language1 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s2 lat]1 religions h be5 fram$ = all mank9d1 & we are /ill engag$ 9 t task1 ev5 9 :at y call t clap-trap ( ,*icago4 ,ev5 ?\gh we h all be5 born & educat$ 9 "s religion1 we nev]!less h ! "r1 ev5 ! duty1 l ! old ,inca1 to exam9e e article ( our h]$it>y religion1 to reta9 x or to ca/ x aside1 accord+ to our own judgm5t & conception ( ! tru?4 ,only ! fundam5tal pr9ciple mu/ rema92 !re is a ?9k] & a rul] ( ! univ]se4 ,( ,pontius ,pilate & ,caiaphas1 ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 ( ! resurrection & asc5sion1 let ea* "o believe :at he w1 b ! highe/ comm&m5t applies to all1 #8,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ?y neighb\r z ?yself4' 8,y see1 !re=e1 t ,i1 too1 am a ,god-romanc]4 ,& :at objection c y raise aga9/ x8 ,y are ( op9ion t to love ,god & y\r neighb\r is equival5t to be+ good1 & are evid5tly v pr\d ( y\r discov]y t !re is no di/9ction betwe5 good & evil4 ,well1 if lov+ ,god & y\r neighb\r is equival5t to be+ good1 !n x foll[s t n lov+ ,god & n lov+ y\r neighb\r is equival5t to n be+ good1 or to be+ evil4 ,!re is1 !n1 a v pla9 di/9ction betwe5 good & bad4 ,& yet y say t y turn$ a som]sault :5 y discov]$ t !re 0 no su* di/9ction4 ,x is true t ! nature ( ?is di/9ction is (t5 dep5d5t on ! degree ( latitude & longitude :]e m5 are congregat$1 & /ill m on ! int5tion ( ! ag5t4 ,?is is v anci5t k4 ,! old ,h9du philosoph]s w5t /ill f>!r1 & said ( an assass9 & 8 victim1 #8,! "o does n commit murd]1 & ! o!r is n murd]$4' ,t goes /ill f>!r ?an y\r som]sault4 ,at all ev5ts1 we entirely agree ) ea* o!r1 t ev]y?+ :i* is done out ( love to ,god & our neighb\r is good1 & ev]y?+ :i* is done ?r\gh selfi%ness is bad4 ,! old philosoph] 9 ,india mu/ h turn$ m som]saults ?an y2 b :at he _h 9 8 m9d 9 do+ x does n conc]n u "h4 ,b x 0 n s bad z x s\nds1 & ,i believe t :at y say1 t !re is no real di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 is n s bad z x s\nds4 8,we h n[ rea*$ t /age t we mu/ admit t !re is a m9d )9 u1 9 our inn] _w1 & a m9d )\t u1 9 ! out] _w4 ,:at we call ?is m9d1 ! ,ego1 ! s\l )9 u1 & ! ,non-ego1 ! _w-s\l1 ! ,god )\t u1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,! ,brahmans appe> to me to h f\nd ! be/ expression4 ,!y call ! fundam5tal cause ( ! s\l1 ( ! ,ego1 ! ,self1 & ! fundam5tal cause ( ! ,non-ego1 ( ! ,_w-s\l1 ( ,god1 ! highe/ ,self4 ,!y g /ill f>!r1 & hold ^! two selves to be 9 _! deepe/ nature "o & ! same--b ( ?is ano!r "t4 ,to-day ,i am cont5t1 if y w admit1 t our m9d is n m]e /eam1 nor ! _w m]ely a /eam-eng9e1 b t 9 ord] t ! ma*9e %all run1 t ! eye %all see1 ! e> he>1 ! m9d ?9k1 add1 & subtract1 we ne$ a se]1 a he>]1 a ?9k]4 ,m ?an ?is ,i w n inflict on y to-day2 b y see t )\t deviat+ a f+]'s bread? f ! /raight pa? ( reason1 t is f correct & hone/ addition & subtraction1 we f9ally come to ! s\l-phantom & to ! idea ( ,god1 :i* y look ^u ) su* blood-?ir/9ess4 ,i h indicat$ to y1 ) only a few /rokes1 ! hi/orical c\rse ( human k4 ,!re /ill rema9s mu* to fill 91 :i* mu/ be ga9$ f hi/ory & ! dilig5t /udy ( ! sacr$ books ( mank9d1 & ! works ( ! lead+ philosoph]s ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,we %all !n le>n t ! hi/ory ( mank9d is ! be/ philosophy1 & t n only 9 ,*ri/ianity & ,judaism1 b t 9 all religions ( ! _w1 ,god has at div]s times spok5 ?r\gh ! prophets 9 div]s mann]s1 & /ill speaks4 8,& n[ only a few words m ov] ano!r som]sault4 ,y say t ! m9d is n a prius1 b a developm5t out ( matt]4 ,y are "r aga91 if y view ! matt] only f an embryological or psy*ological /&po9t4 ,a *ild beg9s ) deep sleep1 !n comes dream-sleep1 & f9ally awak5+1 collect+1 nam+1 add+1 subtract+4 ,:at is t :i* awak5s 9 ! *ild8 ,is x a bone1 or is x ! s(t mass :i* we call bra98 ,c ! gray matt] )9 our skulls give names1 or add8 ,:y1 !n1 has no craniologi/ told u t ! monkey's bra9 lacks precisely ^? tracts :i* are conc]n$ ) spee* or ) aphasia87#cf7 ,i ask aga91 ,c ! eye see1 ! e> he>8 ,try x on ! body "u dissection1 or try x y\rself 9 y\r sleep4 ,)\t a subject !re is no object 9 ! _w1 )\t und]/&+ !re is no?+ to und]/&1 )\t m9d no matt]4 ,y ?9k t matt] comes fir/1 & !n :at we call m9d4 ,:]e is ?is matt]8 ,:]e h y ev] se5 matt]8 ,y see oak1 fir1 slate1 & granite1 & all sorts ( o!r mat]ies1 z ! old ar*itects call$ !m1 nev] matt]4 ,matt] is ! creation ( ! m9d1 n ! rev]se4 ,our entire _w is ?\ght1 n wood & /one4 ,we le>n to ?9k or reflect ^u ! ?\ghts1 :i* ! ,?9k] ( ! _w1 invisible1 yet ev]y:]e visible1 has fir/ ?\ght4 ,:at we see1 he>1 ta/e1 & feel1 is all )9 u1 n )\t4 ,sug> is n sweet1 we are sweet4 ,! sky is n pa9t$ blue1 we are blue4 ,no?+ is l>ge or small1 heavy or light1 except z to ourselves4 ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 z an anci5t ,greek philosoph] ass]t$2 & man has inf]r$1 discov]$1 & nam$ matt]4 ,& h[ did he d x8 ,he call$ ev]y?+1 out ( :i* he made any?+1 matt]2 mat]ia fir/ meant no?+ m ?an wood us$ = build+1 out ( :i* man built 8 dwell+4 ,"h y h ! :ole secret ( matt]4 ,x is build+-mat]ial1 oak1 p9e1 bir*1 :i*ev] y pref]4 ,ab/ract e individual *>act]i/ic1 g5]alise z y w1 ! wood1 ! hyle1 always rema9s4 ,& y w h x t ?\ght1 or ev5 ! ?9k]1 orig9at$ f ?is wood4 ,d y really believe t !re is an out] _w su* z we see1 he>1 or feel8 ,:]e h we a tree1 except 9 our imag9ation8 ,h y ev] se5 a :ole tree1 f all f\r qu>t]s at once8 ,ev5 "h we h some?+ to add fir/4 ,& ( :at are our ideas compos$1 if n our s5se-p]ceptions8 ,& ^! p]ceptions1 imp]fect z !y are1 exi/ only 9 u1 = u1 & ?r\gh u4 ,! ?+ p]ceiv$ is & always rema9s1 z f> z we are conc]n$ 9 ! out] _w1 transc5d5t1 a ?+ 9 itself2 all else is our do+2 & if y wi% to call x matt] or ! mat]ial _w1 well & good1 b at lea/ x is n ! prius ( m9d1 b ! po/]ius1 t :i* is dem&$ by ! m9d1 b is always unatta9able4 ,ev5 ! pr(essional mat]iali/ ascribes in]tia to matt]4 ,! atoms1 if he assumes atoms1 are motionless1 unless di/urb$4 ,f :5ce comes ?is di/urbance8 ,x mu/ proce$ f some?+ outside ! atoms1 or ! matt]1 s t we c nev] say t !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se b matt]4 ,& n[ if we ascribe motion to ! atoms1 or l o!r philosoph]s1 p]ception1 !n t is no?+ m nor less ?an to ascribe m9d to !m1 :i*1 h[ev]1 if y are "r1 mu/ fir/ evolve itself out ( ?is matt]4 ,if we w9d some?+ into ^! atoms1 !n we c also w9d some?+ out ( !m2 9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 we give up at ! outset ! exp]im5t ( lett+ m9d evolve itself out ( matt]4 ,give an atom ! g]m-p[] ( an acorn1 & x w develop into an oak4 ,give an atom ! capacity ( s5se-p]ception1 & x w become an animal1 possibly a man4 ,b :at 0 promis$ u 0 ! developm5t ( feel+ & p]ception out ( ! dead atoms ( hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bon1 etc4 ,ev5 if we c\ld expla9 life out ( ! activities ( ^! atoms1 :i* may be possible1--al?\gh d5i$ by ,haeckel & ,tyndall1--/ill feel+1 p]ception1 und]/&+1 all ! functions ( m9d1 w\ld rema9 unexpla9$4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill is c]ta9ly no ideali/1 & no d\bt is "o ( y\r h]oes4 ,well ,mr4 ,mill decl>es t no?+ b m9d c\ld produce m9d4 ,ev5 ,tyndall1 9 8 address z ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,belfa/1 decl>$ 9 pla9 words t ! cont9uity ( molecul> processes & ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness con/itute ! rock on :i* all ,mat]ialism mu/ inevitably be %att]$4 8,?9k ov] all ( ?is by y\r iron /ove1 or bett] /ill at "s beautiful sunrise 9 spr+1 & y w see be=e y a m glori\s revelation ?an all ! revelations ( ! ,old ,_w40 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,f4 ,max ,mll] ,ox=d1 ,novemb]1 #ahif4 0 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,conc]n+ ,! ,horseh]d ,! appe>ance ( my article 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au seems to h caus$ mu* head%ak+ among my fri5ds 9 ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica4 ,_m lett]s came to me privately1 o!rs 7 s5t directly to ! publi%]s4 ,!y came *iefly f two sides4 ,"s 7 ( ! op9ion t ,i dealt too lightly ) ! ,horseh]d2 o!rs prote/$ aga9/ :at ,i said ab\t ! curr5t !ory ( evolution4 ,! fir/ objection ,i h s\ght to make up = 9 :at foll[s4 ,! o!r requir$ no answ]1 = ,i _h ,i ?9k1 9 my previ\s writ+s1 q cle>ly & fully expla9$ my attitude 9 opposition to s-call$ ,d>w9ism4 ,"s ( my correspond5ts wi%$ p]emptorily to d5y me ! "r ( pass+ judgm5t ^u ,d>w9's doctr9e1 because ,i am n a naturali/ by pr(ession4 ,"h we see an example ( ! confusion ( ideas t results f confusion ( language4 ,d>w9ism is a high-s\nd+1 b holl[ & unreal ^w1 l mo/ ( ! names t end 9 ism4 ,:at d su* words z ,puseyism1 ,jesuitism1 ,buddhism1 & n[ ev5 ,pre-,d>w9ism & ,pre-,lam>ckism signify8 ,ev]y?+ & no?+1 & no "o is m on 8 gu>d aga9/ ^! g5]alis+ t]m9i te*nici ?an ! h]oes eponymi himself4 ,:at has n be5 call$ ,d>w9ism8 ,t ! pres5t has come out ( ! pa/1 has be5 call$ ! greate/ discov]y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,d>w9 himself is n responsible = su* ?+s4 ,he wi%$ to %[ h[ ! pres5t has come out ( ! pa/1 & he did x 9 su* a mann] t ev5 ! laity c\ld foll[ him & s9c]ely admire him4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 x _c be d5i$ t if we und]/& ,d>w9ism to mean ,d>w9's close obs]vations conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! high] organisms out ( l[] z well z ! v>iations ( individuals f _! specific types1 caus$ by ext]nal conditions1 x w\ld z ill become me to pass ei!r a fav\rable or unfav\rable judgm5t z x w\ld ,d>w9 to e/imate my edition ( ! ,rig-,v$a1 or a foll[] ( ,d>w9 to criticise my root !ory 9 philology1 )\t kn[+ ! ,,abc ( ! sci5ce ( language4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we speak ( ,d>w9ism 9 ! doma9 ( univ]sal philosophical problems1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! creation or developm5t ( ! _w1 !n we poor philosoph]s also h no d\bt a "r to jo9 9 ! conv]sation4 ,& if1 )\t appe>+ too presum+1 we n[ & !n d>e to diff] f ,kant1 or f ,plato or ,ari/otle1 is x m]e insol5ce1 or p]haps treason1 to diff] f ,d>w9 on c]ta9 po9ts8 ,?is 0 n ! tone assum$ by ,d>w91 giant z he 01 ev5 :5 he spoke to s insignificant a p]son z myself4 ,i h on a previ\s occasion publi%$ a %ort lett] address$ to me by ,d>w9 7,auld ,lang ,syne1 p4 #agh74 ,"h foll[s ano!r1 :i* ,i may no d\bt also publi% )\t be+ indiscreet4 99 99 99 99 99 8 ,d[n1 ,beck5ham1 ,k5t1 ,july #c1 #ahgc4 8,,de> ,,sir3 ,i am mu* oblig$ = y\r k9d note & pres5t ( y\r lectures4 ,i am extremely glad to h receiv$ !m f y1 & ,i _h int5d$ ord]+ !m4 8,i feel q sure f :at ,i h read 9 y\r "w1 t y w\ld nev] say any?+ to an hone/ adv]s>y to :i* he w\ld h any j "r to object2 & z = myself1 y h (t5 spok5 highly ( me1 p]haps m highly ?an ,i des]ve4 8,z f> z language is conc]n$1 ,i am n wor?y to be y\r adv]s>y1 z ,i "k extremely little ab\t x1 & t little le>nt f v few books4 ,i %\ld h be5 glad to h avoid$ ! :ole subject1 b 0 compell$ to take x up z well z ,i c\ld4 ,he :o is fully conv9c$1 z ,i am1 t man is desc5d$ f "s l[] animal1 is almo/ =c$ to believe1 a priori1 t articulate language has be5 develop$ f in>ticulate cries1 & he is !re=e h>dly a fair judge ( ! argum5ts oppos$ to ?is belief40 ,) cordial respect ,i rema91 de> sir1 ,y\rs v fai?fully1 ,*>les ,d>w94 0 ,?is w at all ev5ts %[ t a man :o c\ld look ^u a *impanzee z 8 equal1 did n entirely ignore1 z an un9=m$ layman1 a poor philologi/4 ,d>w9 did n 9 ! lea/ disda9 ! un9=m$ layman4 ,he ?\ght & wrote = him1 & !re is sc>cely "o ( ,d>w9's books t _c be read by ! un9=m$ layman ) pr(it4 ,& 9 ! int]*ange ( acquir$ facts or ideas1 m5tal sci5ce has at lea/ z mu* "r z natural sci5ce4 ,we live1 x is true1 9 diff]5t worlds4 ,:at "s look ^u z ! real1 o!rs reg>d z ph5om5al4 ,:at ^! 9 _! turn look ^u z ! real1 seems to ! fir/ to be non-exi/5t4 ,x w always be ?us until philology has def9$ ! true mean+ ( reality4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a worn-out device to place all ^? :o diff] f ,d>w9 9 ! pillory ( sci5ce z my/ics1 metaphysicians1 & 7:at seems wor/ ( all7 z or?odox4 ,x requires m ?an c\rage1 too1 to class all :o d n agree ) u z un9=m$ laym51 8to accuse !m ( ignorance & sup]/ition1 & to praise our fri5ds & disciples z ! only exp]ts or compet5t judges1 z imp>tial & consi/5t ?9k]s40 ,?r\gh su* a def5ce ! greate/ tru?s w\ld lose _! wor? & dignity4 ,! true s*ol> simply leaves su* attacks alone4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ?is res\nd+ trumpet bla/ ( a few naturali/s r5d]s any peaceful int]*ange ( ideas impossible f ! beg9n+4 ,i h express$ my admiration = ,d>w9 m freely & e>li] ?an _m ( 8 pres5t eulogi/s4 ,b ,i ma9ta91 t :5 an?ropog5y is discuss$1 x is desirable fir/ ( all to expla9 :at is und]/ood by an?ropos4 ,man is n only an object1 b a subject also4 ,all t man is z an object1 or appe>s to be = a "t on e>?1 is 8 organic body ) its organs ( s5se & w1 & ) its sl[ly develop$ s-call$ ego4 ,?is body is1 h[ev]1 only ph5om5al2 x comes & goes1 x is n real 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,to man belongs1 toge!r ) ! visible objective body1 ! invisible subjective ,some?+ :i* we may call m9d or s\l or x1 b :i*1 at all ev5ts1 fir/ makes ! body into a man4 ,to obs]ve & make out ?is ,some?+ is 9 my view ! true an?ropog5y2 h[ ! body orig9at$ conc]ns me z little z does ! "q :e!r my gloves are made ( kid or peau de sude4 ,t w1 ( c\rse1 be call$ my/icism1 second sight1 or?odoxy1 hypocrisy1 b =tunately x is n contradict$ by su* nicknames4 ,if an animal c\ld ev] speak & ?9k 9 concepts1 x w\ld be my bro!r 9 spite ( tail or sn\t2 if any human be+ _h a tail or a =ty-f\r too!d sn\t1 b c\ld use ! language ( concepts1 !n he w\ld be & rema9 a man1 z f> z ,i am conc]n$1 9 spite ( all t4 ,we1 too1 h a "r to express our convictions4 ,!y are z de> to u z to ^? :o believe or believ$ 9 ! ,protog5es ,haeckelii4 ,x is true we d n prea* to ! :ole _w t our age is ! great age ( ! /udy ( language & m9d1 & t x has ca/ m light on ! orig9 ( ! m9d 7logog5y7 & on ! classification ( ! human race 7an?ropology7 ?an all o!r sci5ces toge!r4 ,a little progress1 h[ev]1 we h made4 ,:o is !re t /ill classifies ! human race by _! skulls1 hair1 anatomy1 etc41 & n by _! spee*8 ,if1 l zology1 we may borr[ c\ntless millions ( ye>s1 :]e is !re any pure blood left1 amid ! endless w>s & migrations1 ! polygamy & slav]y ( ! anci5t _w8 ,language alone is & rema9s id5tical1 :oev] may speak x2 b ! blood1 8?is v peculi> fluid10 h[ c we get at t sci5tifically8 ,x is1 h[ev]1 & rema9s a fix$ idea ) ^! 8consi/5t ?9k]s0 t ! sci5ces ( language & m9d lead to sup]/ition & hypocrisy1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! sci5ce ( language gratefully ackn[l$ges ! results ( zology1 & only prote/s aga9/ encroa*m5ts4 ,bo? sci5ces might advance peacefully side by side1 r5d]+ aid & seek+ x2 & z = prejudices1 !re are pl5ty ( !m surviv+ among zologi/s z well z philologi/s1 :i* mu/ be remov$ viribus unitis4 ,:at is common to u is ! love ( tru? & cle>ness1 & ! hone/ ef=t to le>n to und]/& ! processes ( gr[? 9 m9d & language1 z well z 9 nature1 9 ! individual 7ontog5etically7 z well z 9 ! race 7phylog5etically74 ,:e!r we n[ call ?is evolution or gr[?1 philology at all ev5ts has be5 9 advance ( natural sci5ce 9 sett+ a good example1 & secur+ recognition ( ! g5etic me?od4 ,su* m5 z ,william ,humboldt1 ,grimm1 & ,bopp did n exactly belong to ! d>k ages1 & ,i d n believe t !y ev] d\bt$ t man is a mammal & /&s at ! head ( ! mammalia4 ,?is is no discov]y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,l9nu liv$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury & ,ari/otle some:at e>li]4 ,i see t ! ,/&>d ,diction>y already makes a di/9ction betwe5 ,d>w9ism & ,d>w9ianism1 betwe5 ! views ( ,d>w9 & ^? ( ! ,d>w9ians1 & we cle>ly see t 9 "s ( ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts ^! two t5d5cies are diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,!re is "o ?+ t naturali/s c\ld c]ta9ly le>n f philologi/s1 viz41 to def9e _! t]m9i te*nici1 & n to believe t wond]s c be p]=m$ ) words1 if only !y are spok5 l\d en\gh4 ,! foll[+ lett] comes f a naturali/1 b is writt5 9 a s9c]e & c\rte\s tone1 & des]ves to be made public4 ,i believe t ! writ] & ,i c\ld easily come to t]ms1 z ,i h briefly indicat$ 9 my p>5!ses4 99 99 99 99 99 8 ,an ,op5 ,lett] ,to ,pr(essor ,f4 ,max ,mll]4 8,,respect$ ,,sir3 ,y\r correspond5ce 9 ?is p]iodical ) ! #8,horseh]d' has no d\bt ar\s$ an int]e/ on _m sides4 ,!re are _m m ,horseh]ds ?an might be suppos$2 t is to say1 m5 9 all possible positions & call+s1 :o aft] e>ne/ reflection h rea*$ a conclusion t does n ess5tially diff] f ! mode ( ?\ght ( y\r backwoods fri5d4 8,! pres5t writ] consid]s himself "o ( ^!2 he is1 inde$1 n self-taught l ! ,horseh]d1 b a sci5tific man1 & l y1 a pr(essor2 b z he _h no philosophical tra9+1 & he has only rea*$ 8 views ?r\gh obs]vation & reflection2 9 contra/ to y1 ! pr(\nd philologi/1 he /&s n mu* high] ?an ! ,silesian c\ntryman4 ,& to complete ! contra/1 he adds1 t he has long be5 a sev]e suff]]4 ,s t in/ead ( guid+ ! pl\gh on ! field ( sci5ce ) a /rong h&1 he mu/ rema9 idly at home1 & mode/ly :ittle p9e %av+s = ! enlight5m5t ( 8 home circle4 8,i d n "k :e!r ! ,horseh]d w consid] t 8 argum5t has be5 refut$ :5 he reads y\r lett] by 8 w>m /ove4 ,9 ?is1 accord+ to my view1 y h practically fail$4 7,my c\nt] argum5ts %all foll[ lat]47 8,yes1 ,i f9d 9 y\r reason+ v rem>kable contradictions4 ,y ackn[l$ge = in/ance ! inf9ity ( space & "t1 & 9 spite ( ?is y say t !re 0 a "t be=e ! _w 0 a ye> old4 ,i d n und]/& t4 ,we mu/ assume = matt]1 = t is no d\bt :at y mean by ! t]m #8_w1' ! same et]nity z = space & "t1 ^: inf9ity c be prov$ b n compreh5d$4 7,well1 :5 we say t ! _w is #ahih ye>s old1 we c also say t x once 0 a ye>1 or half a ye> old2 ( c\rse n o!rwise47 8,a #8creation' 9 ! s5se ( ! v>i\s religions is equally incompreh5sible to u4 7,c]ta9ly47 8,b ,i d n wi% to enl>ge on ?is po9t any f>!r4 ,"h beg9s ! limit ( our ?9k+ faculties1 & x is ! defect ( all religions t !y require u to occupy ourselves ) matt]s t lie beyond ?is limit1 t nev] c be reveal$ to u1 s9ce we are d5i$ ! und]/&+ ( !m2 a revelation is at all ev5ts a *im]a4 ,= ei!r t :i* is to be reveal$ lies beyond our s5ses & ideas1--& !n x _c be reveal$ to u1--or x lies on ?is side1 & !n x ne$ n be reveal$ to u4 7,?is is n direct$ aga9/ me47 8,i believe1 moreov]1 de> sir1 t ?r\gh y\r comp>ative /udies ( religion y mu/ rea* ! same conclusion z myself1 t all religi\s ideas h aris5 solely 9 ! bra9 ( man himself1 z ef=ts at explanation 9 ! broade/ s5se2 t dogmas 7 made out ( hypo!ses1 & t no religion z a matt] ( fact reveals any?+ to u4 7,n only religi\s ideas1 b all ideas h aris5 9 ! bra947 8,y express a pr(\nd tru? :5 y say t a!ism is prop]ly a se>* = a tru] ,god4 ,i 0 rem9d$ by x ( a passage 9 "o ( ,daudet's novels1 9 :i* ! blasphemy ( "o :o despairs ( a good ,god1 is yet call$ a k9d ( pray]4 ,y w !re=e be> ) me if ,i expla9 to y h[ a sci5tific man :o ?9ks consi/5tly c rea* a conclusion n f> remov$ f t :i* prompt$ ! ,horseh]d to turn a som]sault4 8,good & evil are purely human notions2 an almighty ,god /&s beyond good & evil4 ,he is z incompreh5sible to u 9 moral relations z 9 e o!r4 7,f ! highe/ po9t ( view1 yes2 b 9 ! lives ( m5 !re is su* a di/9ction47 8,only look at ! _w6 ,! exi/5ce ( ! majority ( liv+ creatures is possible only ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( o!rs4 ,:at ref9$ cruelty is express$ by ! v>i\s weapons ) :i* animals are provid$4 ,"s zologi/ ought to write an illu/rat$ "w entitl$1 ,! ,torture ,*amb] ( ,nature4 ,i m]ely wi% to t\* ^u ?is field2 to exhau/ x w\ld require pages & volumes4 ,y\r adopt$ c\ntryman1 ,wallace1 seeks1 x is true1 to set aside ^! facts by a sup]ficial obs]vation4 ,t mo/ ( ! animals t are doom$ to be dev\r$1 enjoy _! lives until imm$iately be=e ! cata/rophe1 takes none ( its horror f ! mode ( dea?4 ,to be dismemb]$ alive is c]ta9ly n an agreeable exp]i5ce1 & ,i sugge/ t y %\ld obs]ve h[1 = in/ance1 a wat]-add] swall[s a frog2 h[ ! poor creature1 seiz$ by ! h9d legs1 gradually disappe>s d[n its ?roat1 :ile its eyes project />+ out ( _! sockets2 h[ x does n cease /ruggl+ desp]ately ev5 z x rea*es ! /oma*4 8,n[ ,i1 :o am b a poor *ild ( man1 full ( evil incl9ations accord+ to ,biblical lore1 lib]at$ ! poor frog on my gr\nd4 ,b #8m]ciful nature' daily br+s millions & millions ( innoc5t creatures to a l cruel & mis]able end4 8,i int5tionally leave out ( consid]ation "h ! unspeakable suff]+s ( mank9d4 ,believ]s 9 ! ,bible f9d x s conv5i5t to argue ab\t orig9al s94 ,:]e is ! orig9al s9 ( ! torm5t$ animal k+dom8 8,( c\rse man 9 8 unutt]able pride looks ) deep disda9 on all liv+ creatures t are n human4 ,z if he 7 n bone ( _! bone1 z if suff]+ did n =m a common bond ) all liv+ creatures6 7,i h nev] done t1 b ,i ?9k t x is difficult to e/abli% a !rmomet] ( suff]+47 8,d y n be?9k y1 hon\r$ /ud5t ( ,sanskrit1 ( ! religion ( ! ,brahm9s8 ,9 sp>+ all animals1 ! ,h9dus h %[n only ! broade/ consi/5cy4 8,!re w come a "t :5 !re w be only "o religion1 )\t dogma3 ! religion ( compassion4 7,buddhism is f\nd$ on ,krunya1 compassion47 ,*ri/ianity1 l(ty z is its e?ical cont5t1 is n ! goal1 b only a /age 9 our religi\s developm5t4 8,x is a mis=tune t ,nietzs*e1 ! great ke5 ?9k]1 %\ld h be5 misl$ into an opposite conclusion by ! m5tal weakness1 ! p>alytic imbecility1 :i* gradually envelop$ 8 bra9 l a gr[? ( m\ld4 ,& ! fooli% y\?s1 :o e/eem ! expressions ( ?is incipi5t insanity z ! revelations ( a vigor\s g5ius1 swe> by 8 lat] halluc9ations ab\t ! ,ov]-man & ! blond bea/4 8,a speciali/ 9 m5tal disease c po9t out ! traces ( 8 malady ye>s be=e x op5ly broke out4 ,& z if he _h n writt5 en\gh :5 ! _w /ill consid]$ him ( s\nd m9d1 mu/ m5 /ill try to glean f ! "t :5 8 bra9 0 already visibly cl\d$8 8,h[ few !re are :o c pick out ( ! desolate morass ( gr[+ imbecility ! scanty gra9s ( high] intellig5ce6 ,!re w always be p :o w be impress$1 n by ! s\nd "p ( 8 ?\ght1 b by 8 p>adoxical nons5se4 7,may be47 8,b--,i am /ray+ f ! pa?4 ,n[ to ! subject4 ,i p]fectly und]/& t ! majority ( religions _h to assume a good & evil pr9ciple to gu>d !mselves aga9/ ! blasphemy ( attribut+ all ! suff]+ ( ! _w to an all-m]ciful ,creator4 7,"s religions h done ?is1 on ! !ory t an almighty ,god /&s beyond good & evil47 ,! devil is a necess>y anti!sis to ,god2 to d5y him is ! fir/ /ep made by ! consi/5t man ( sci5ce t[>d t a!ism :i* orig9ates really f ! se>* = a bett] ,god4 ,! ,horseh]d is wrong :5 he d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ?+s beyond our p[] ( conception4 ,!re are1 z c be prov$1 tones t we d n he>1 & rays t we _c see4 ,!re are _m ?+s t we %all le>n to compreh5d 9 ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s t are 9 /ore = mank9d4 ,we are m]ely 9 ! beg9n+ ( our developm5t4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 w always rema9 ov]4 ,! #8,ignorabimus' ( "o ( our =emo/ ?9k]s & inve/igators w always reta9 its value = u4 7,mo/ c]ta9ly47 8,! o!r _w is ( b little conc]n to him :o has con/antly endeav\r$ to lead a good life1 ev5 if he has nev] giv5 mu* ?\ght to correct belief4 ,if p]sonal exi/5ce is cont9u$1 our e>?ly be+ mu/ be dive/$ ( s _m ( its out] husks t we %\ld sc>cely recognise ea* o!r1 = only a "p ( ! s\l is ! s\l4 7,:at we call s\l is a modification ( ! ,self47 ,if1 h[ev]1 an et]nal sleep is decre$ = u1 !n ?is c be no great mis=tune4 ,let ! wise say+ 9 ,/obi ,florilegium1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #ai1 9 #8praise ( dea?' s]ve to com=t u3 #8 1 1'--#8,anaxagoras said t two ?+s admoni%$ u ab\t dea?3 ! "t be=e bir? & sleep4' 8,! ra9drop1 because x is a drop1 may fe> = its individuality :5 x falls back into ! sea :5ce x came4 ,we m5 are p]haps only pass+ drops =m$ out ( ! ev]la/+ *anges ( ! _w-sea4 7,( :at does ! _w-sea consi/ b drops87 8,^? :o ?9k z ,i d con/itute a sil5t b l>ge congregation3 sil5t1 because ! "t is n yet ripe = a view t w rob ?\s&s ( _! illusions4 ,we d n prea* a new salvation1 b a sil5t1 = _m1 a pa9ful1 r5unciation4 ,b ! pr(\nd peace t lies 9 ?is view is z preci\s to ^? :o h acquir$ x z is ! hope ( heav5 to ! believ]4 ,9 hone/ d\bt1 too1 lies a sav+ p[] z well z 9 fai?2 & y\r ,horseh]d is on ! pa? ( ?is salvation4 7,i believe t too470 ,) great respect1 ,y\rs v fai?fully1 ,ignotus ,agno/icus4 0 99 99 99 99 99 ,:il/ ,i receiv$ ?is & _m o!r lett]s f _m l&s1 no sign ( life rea*$ me f my ,horseh]d4 ,he mu/ h receiv$ my lett]1 or x w\ld h be5 return$ to me ?r\gh ! po/4 ,i regrett$ ?is1 = ,i _h =m$ a lik+ = ! man z he appe>$ 9 8 lett]1 & he no d\bt w\ld h _h mu* to say 9 reply to my lett]1 :i* w\ld h plac$ 8 views 9 a cle>] light4 ,he 0 an hone/ fell[1 & ,i respect e conviction t is hone/ & s9c]e1 ev5 if x is diametrically opposite to my own4 ,n[1 my unkn[n fri5d c\ld h _h no ?\ght ( self 9 ! matt]4 ,he knew t 8 "n w\ld n be m5tion$ by me1 & x w\ld probably h be5 ( little conc]n to him if 8 "n _h become kn[n4 ,! wor/ feature ( all discussions is ! intrusion ( ! p]sonal elem5t4 ,if = in/ance 9 a criticism ( a new book we emphasise t :i* we ?9k errone\s1 = :i* e au?or %\ld be grateful1 we feel at ! same "t1 t :ile desir+ to r5d] a s]vice to ! cause ( tru?1 we may n only h hurt ! book or ! writ]1 b may h done a positive injury4 ,! writ] !n feels himself impell$ to def5d 8 view n only ) all ! legitimate arts ( advocacy1 b also ) ! illegitimate4 ,?is poor tru? is ! greate/ suff]]4 ,z long z two pa?s are op51 !re is room = quiet discussion ) "o's travell+ companion z to :i* may be ! "r & be/ pa? by :i* to rea* ! desir$ po9t4 ,bo? p>ties h ! same object 9 view1 ! tru?4 ,z soon h[ev] z "o goes1 or has gone 8 own way1 ! controv]sy becomes p]sonal & viol5t4 ,!re is no ?\ght ( turn+ back4 ,x is no long] said3 8,?is is ! wrong pa?10 b 8,y are on ! wrong pa?10 & ev5 if x 7 possible to turn back1 ! controv]sy g5]ally ends )1 8,i told y s40 ,poor ,tru? /&s by sorr[fully & rubs its eyes4 ,n[ :at 0 ! ,horseh]d to me1 & :at is he n[1 ev5 if he has be5 br\ght to :at he call$ a joyful end by 8 cat>rh 8v]g+ ^u a p]fect a/hma40 ,!re 0 no?+ p]sonal betwe5 u4 ,he knew me only by t :i* ,i h ?\ght & said2 ,i knew ( him only :at he _h ga!r$ 9 8 h\rs ( leisure1 & _h laid aside = life4 ,i h nev] se5 him face to face1 d n "k ! col\r ( 8 eyes1 h>dly ev5 :e!r he 0 old or "y4 ,he 0 a man1 b he may be ev5 t no long]4 ,ev]y?+ t 9 our common view con/itutes a man1 8 body1 8 spee*1 8 exp]i5ce1 is gone4 ,we did n br+ ^! ?+s ) u into ! _w & probably %all n take !m away ) u4 ,:at ! body is1 we see ) our eyes1 especially if we att5d a cremation1 or if 9 anci5t graves we look into ! urns :i* conta9 ! grayi% black a%es1 :il/ ne> by !re sleeps 9 cold m>ble1 z 9 ! ,museo ,nazionale 9 ,rome1 ! lovely head ( ! "y ,roman maid51 to :om two ?\s& ye>s ago belong$ ^! a%es1 z well z ! beautiful mansion t has be5 excavat$ f ! e>? & rebuilt r\nd ab\t h]4 ,& ! language1 ! language 9 :i* all our exp]i5ce "h on e>? lies /or$1 w ?is be ev]la/+8 ,%all we 9 ano!r life speak ,engli% or ,sanscrit8 ,! philologi/ kn[s too well ( :at mat]ial spee* is made1 h[ mu* ( ! temporal & accid5tal x has adopt$ 9 its et]nal =ms1 to *]i% su* a hope1 & to ?9k t ! ,logos c be et]nally b\nd to ! regul> or irregul> decl5sions or conjugations ( ! ,greek1 ! ,g]man1 or ev5 ! ,hott5tot languages4 ,:at !n rema9s8 ,n ! p]son1 or ! s-call$ ego--t _h a beg9n+1 a cont9uation1 & an end4 ,ev]y?+ t _h a beg9n+1 once 0 n1 & :at once 0 n1 has 9 itself1 f its v beg9n+1 ! g]m ( its end4 ,:at rema9s is only ! et]nal ,"o1 ! et]nal ,self1 t lives 9 u all )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 9 :i* ea* "o has 8 true exi/5ce1 9 :i* we live1 move1 & h our be+4 ,ea* temporal ego is only "o ( ! million ph5om5a ( ?is et]nal ,self1 & su* a ph5om5on 0 ! ,horseh]d to me4 ,x is only :at we recognise 9 all m5 z ! et]nal1 or z ! div9e1 t we c love & reta94 ,ev]y?+ else comes & goes1 z ! day comes 9 ! morn+ & goes at night1 b ! light ( ! sun rema9s =ev]4 ,n[ x may be said3 ,?is ,self1 t is & abides1 is aft] all next to no?+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 & t 8is0 is m ?an ev]y?+ else4 ,light is n mu* ei!r1 probably only vibration1 b :at w\ld ! _w be )\t x8 ,did we n beg9 ?is life simply ) ?is ,self1 cont9ue x ) ?is ,self1 & br+ x to an end ) ?is ,self8 ,!re is no?+ t ju/ifies u 9 say+ t ?is ,self _h a beg9n+1 & w !re=e h an end4 ,! ego _h a beg9n+1 ! p]sona1 ! temporal mask t unfolds itself 9 ?is life1 b n ! ,self t we>s ! mask4 ,:5 !re=e my ,horseh]d says1 8,aft] dea? we are j z mu* a nullity z be=e our bir?10 ,i say1 quod]at demon/r&um is /ill to be prov$4 ,:at does he mean by we8 ,if we 7 no?+ be=e bir?1 t is1 if we nev] _h be5 at all1 :at w\ld t be t is born8 ,be+ born does n mean becom+ some?+ out ( no?+4 ,:at is born or produc$ 0 !re1 be=e x 0 born or produc$1 be=e x came into ! light ( ! _w4 ,all creation out ( no?+ is a pure *im]a = u4 ,h we ev] ! feel+ or exp]i5ce t we _h a beg9n+ "h on e>?1 or h we entirely =gott5 ! mo/ rem>kable ?+ 9 our life1 viz41 its beg9n+8 ,h we ev] se5 a beg9n+8 ,c we ev5 ?9k ( an absolute beg9n+8 ,9 ord] to h _h our beg9n+ on e>?1 !re mu/ h be5 some?+ t beg9s1 be x a cell or be x ! ,self4 ,all t we call ego1 p]sonality1 "*1 etc41 has unfold$ itself on e>?1 is e>?ly1 b n ! ,self4 ,if we n[ on e>? 7 cont5t ) ! pure ,self1 if 9 all ^? t we love1 we lov$ ! et]nal ,self & n only ! appe>ance1 :at !n is m natural ?an t x %\ld be s 9 ! next _w1 t ! cont9uity ( exi/5ce _c be sev]$1 t ! ,self %\ld f9d itself aga91 ev5 ?\gh 9 new & unexpect$ =ms8 ,:5 !re=e my fri5d makes ! bold ass]tion3 8,aft] our dea? we are aga9 z mu* a nullity z be=e our bir?10 ,i say1 8,yes1 if we take nullity 9 ! ,hegelian s5se40 ,o!rwise ,i say ! direct contr>y to ?is3 8,aft] our dea? we are aga9 z little a nullity z be=e our bir?4 ,:at we %all be we _c "k2 b t we %all be1 foll[s f ?is1 t ! ,self or ! div9e )9 u c nei!r h a beg9n+ nor an end40 ,t is :at ! anci5ts meant 9 say+ t dea? 0 to be be/ und]/ood f ! "t be=e bir?4 ,b we mu/ n ?9k t ea* s+le ego lays claim only to a "p ( ! ,self1 = !n ! ,self w\ld be divid$1 limit$1 & f9ite4 ,no1 ! entire ,self be>s u1 j z ! entire light illum9es all1 e gra9 ( s& & e />1 b = t reason does n belong exclusively to any "o gra9 ( s& or />4 ,x is t :i* is et]nal1 or 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w t :i* is div9e 9 u1 t endures 9 all *anges1 t makes all *ange possible1 = )\t some?+ t endures 9 *ange1 !re c\ld be no *ange2 )\t some?+ cont9u\s1 t p]si/s ?r\gh trans=mation1 no?+ c\ld be trans=m$4 ,! ,self is ! bond t unites all s\ls1 ! r$ ?read :i* runs ?r\gh all be+1 & ! k ( :i* alone gives u k ( our true nature4 8,"k ?yself0 no long] means = u 8,"k ?y ego10 b 8,"k :at lies beyond ?y ego1 "k ! ,self10 ! ,self t runs ?r\gh ! :ole _w1 ?r\gh all he>ts1 ! same = all m51 ! same = ! highe/ & ! l[e/1 ! same = creator & creature1 ! tman ( ! ,v$a1 ! olde/ & true/ ^w = ,god4 ,= ?is reason ! ,horseh]d 0 to me :at all m5 h always be5 to me--an appe>ance ( ! ,self1 ! same z ,i myself1 n only a fell[-creature1 b a fell[-man1 a fell[-self4 ,_h ,i met him 9 life1 :o kn[s :e!r 8 ego or 8 appe>ance w\ld h attract$ me z mu* z 8 lett]4 ,we all h our prejudices1 & mu* z ,i hon\r a ,silesian peasant :o has sp5t 8 life fai?fully & hone/ly 9 a /range l&1 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i %\ld h sat d[n by 8 iron /ove & *att$ ) him ab\t 4 ,i also felt z ,i read 8 lett]1 t x 0 n a solit>y voice 9 ! des]t1 b t he spoke 9 ! "n ( _m :o felt z he felt1 )\t be+ will+ or able to express x4 ,?is also has prov$ to be entirely true4 ,judg+ by ! num]\s lett]s & manuscripts t rea* me1 ! ,horseh]d 0 n alone 9 8 op9ions4 ,!re are c\ntless o!rs 9 ! _w ( ! same m9d1 & ev5 if 8 voice is sil5c$1 8 ideas survive 9 all places & directions1 & he w n lack foll[]s & def5d]s4 ,! /rik+ ?+ 9 ! lett]s t rea*$ me 0 t ! great] numb] & ! mo/ *>act]i/ic among 8 sympa?is]s did n wi% _! names to be kn[n4 ,:at does ?is signify8 ,d we /ill live on a planet on :i* we d>e n express :at we hold to be ! tru?--planet ,t]ra s huge & yet s contemptibly small8 ,has mank9d /ill only fre$om ( ?\ght1 b n fre$om ( utt]ance8 ,! p[]s may blockade ,greece2 c !y blockade ?\ghts on w+s ( words8 ,x has be5 attempt$1 b =ce is no pro(1 & :5 we h visit$ ! prisons 9 :i* ,galilei or ev5 ,giordano ,bruno 0 immur$1 we le>n h[ no?+ l5ds great] /r5g? to ! w+s ( tru? ?an ! heavy *a9s ) :i* m5 try to fett] x4 ,x is /ill ! g5]al op9ion t ev5 9 free ,engl& ?\ght & spee* are n free1 t 9 ! realm ( ?\ght !re is ev5 less fre$om on ?is side ( ! ,*annel ?an on ! o!r47#cg7 ,ox=d especially1 my own univ]sity1 is /ill consid]$ ! /ronghold ( obscuranti/s1 & my ,horseh]d ev5 consid]s ! fact t ,i h liv$ s long 9 ,ox=d a circon/ance attnuante ( my s-call$ or?odoxy4 ,pla9ly :at is ?\ght1 said1 & publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 & especially 9 ,ox=d1 is n read4 ,9 ,engl& we c say any?+ we please1 we mu/ only be> 9 m9d t ! same consid]ation is due to o!rs t we claim f o!rs4 ,x is true t f "t to "t 9 ,engl&1 & ev5 9 ,ox=d1 feeble ef=ts h be5 made1 if n to curtail fre$om ( ?\ght1 at lea/ to puni% ^? :o laid claim to x4 ,:]e possible ! sal>ies ( pr(essors 7 curtail$2 9 c]ta9 elections v weak c&idates 7 pref]r$ because !y 7 outw>dly or?odox4 ,i d n wi% to m5tion any names1 b ,i myself h receiv$ 9 ,engl&1 ev5 if n 9 ,ox=d1 a g5tle aft]ta/e ( ?is antiquat$ physic4 ,:5 at ! reque/ ( my fri5d ,/anley1 ! ,dean ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,i deliv]$ a disc\rse 9 8 v5]able *ur*1 :i* 0 cr[d$ to ! doors1 petitions 7 s5t to ,p>liam5t to condemn me to six mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,i 0 acco/$ 9 ! /reets & an ord9>y tradesman said to me1 8,sir1 if y are s5t to prison1 y %all h at lea/ two w>m d9n]s ea* week f me40 ,i am1 to be sure1 ! fir/ layman t ev] spoke publicly 9 an ,engli% *ur*1 b ,i _h ! advice ( ! highe/ au?orities t ! ,dean 0 p]fectly )9 8 rights & t we 7 guilty ( no violation ( law4 ,i !re=e wait$ 9 sil5ce2 ,i knew t public op9ion 0 on my side1 & t 9 ! end ! petition to ,p>liam5t w\ld simply be laid aside4 ,lat] on x 0 attempt$ aga94 ,at ! "t t ,i deliv]$ my lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion at ! univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 by invitation ( ! ,s5ate1 ,i 0 accus$ fir/ be=e ! presbyt]y at ,glasg[1 & :5 ?is attempt fail$1 ! *>ge 0 c>ri$ be=e ! great ,synod at ,ed9burgh4 ,9 ?is case1 too1 ,i w5t on my way1 9 sil5ce1 & 9 ! end1 ev5 9 ,scotl&1 ! old say+1 8,mu* cry & little wool10 0 v]ifi$4 ,?is prov]b is frequ5tly he>d 9 ,engl&4 ,i h (t5 inquir$ into its orig94 ,f9ally ,i f\nd t !re is a second l9e1 8,z ! deil said :5 he %ore ! s[40 ,( c\rse su* an op]ation 0 accompani$ ) mu* noise on ! "p ( ! s[1 b little wool1 no?+ b bri/les4 ,i h nev]1 h[ev]1 _h to turn my bri/les aga9/ ! g5tlem5 :o wi%$ to %e> me4 ,i am ( op9ion1 !re=e1 t ^? :o wi%$ to esp\se ! cause ( my ,horseh]d %\ld h done s publicly & ) op5 visor4 ,z soon z any "o feels t he has f\nd ! tru?1 he kn[s also t :at is real & true c nev] be kill$ or sil5c$2 & secondly1 t tru? 9 ! _w has its purpose1 & ?is purpose mu/ 9 ! end be a good "o4 ,we d n compla9 ab\t ?und] & lightn+1 b accu/om ourselves to !m1 & seek to und]/& !m1 s z to live on good t]ms ) !m2 & we f9ally inv5t lightn+ conductors1 to protect ourselves1 z f> z we c1 aga9/ ! inevitable4 ,s x is ) e new tru?1 if x is only ma9ta9$ ) c\rage4 ,at fir/ we cry & clam\r t x is false1 t x is dang]\s4 ,9 ! end we %ake our wise heads & say ^! are old matt]s kn[n long s9ce1 ( :i* only old wom5 7 afraid4 ,9 ! end1 aft] ! ?und] & lightn+1 ! air is made cle>]1 fre%]1 & m :olesome4 ,:5 ,i fir/ read ! long lett] ( my ,horseh]d1 ,i said to myself1 8,he is a man :o has done ! be/ he c\ld 9 8 position40 ,he has let himself be taught1 b also irresi/ibly influ5c$1 by c]ta9 popul> books1 & has come to ?9k t ! ab&onm5t ( views t h be5 in/ill$ into him f 8 y\? is s brave & m]itori\s1 t all :o disagree ) him mu/ be c[>ds4 ,?is inculcation ( tru? into *ildi% m9ds is always a dang]\s matt]1 & ev5 if ,i d n use ! /rong expressions t are us$ by my fri5d1--= ,i always ?9k1 ! /rong] ! expression ! weak] ! argum5t1--,i mu/ admit t he is "r up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,x does n seem fair t 9 ! decision ( ! mo/ important que/ions ( life ! "y m9d %\ld h no voice4 ,a ,jewi% *ild becomes a ,jew1 a ,*ri/ian *ild a ,*ri/ian1 & a ,buddhi/ *ild a ,buddhi/4 ,:at does ?is prove8 ,unque/ionably1 t 9 ! highe/ conc]n 9 life ! *ild is n all[$ a voice4 ,my fri5d asks indignantly3 8,is !re any?+ 9 face ( our k1 & ( ! realm ( nature & ( man's position 9 x1 s unbe>able1 yes s odi\s1 z ! inoculation ( su* error 9 ! t5d] consci\sness ( our s*ool *ildr58 ,i %udd] :5 ,i ?9k t 9 ?\s&s ( our *ur*es & s*ools ?is sy/ematic ru9 ( ! greate/ ( all gifts1 ! consci\sness1 ! human bra91 is daily1 ev5 h\rly1 go+ on4 ,max1 c y1 too1 /ill cl+ to ! ,god-fable80 etc4 ,n[ ,i h expla9$ cle>ly & concisely 9 :at s5se ,i cl+ to ! ,god-fable1 & ,i %\ld l to "k if ,i h conv9c$ my ,horseh]d4 ,i belong1 above all1 to ^? :o d n consid] ! _w an irrational *aos1 & also to ^? :o _c conc$e t !re c be reason )\t a reason]4 ,reason is an activity1 or1 z o!rs h x1 an attribute1 & !re c nei!r be an activity )\t an ag5t1 nor an attribute )\t a subject2 at lea/1 n 9 ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,:5 ord9>y p]sons & ev5 pr(essional philosoph]s speak ( reason z if x 7 a jewel t c be plac$ 9 a draw] or 9 a human skull1 !y are simply my?-mak]s4 ,x is precisely 9 ?is ev] recurr+ elevation ( an adjective or a v]b to a n\n1 ( a pr$icate to a subject1 t ?is disease ( language1 z ,i h call$ my?ology1 has its deepe/ roots4 ,"h lies ! g5esis ( ! majority ( gods1 n by any means1 z x is g5]ally believ$ ,i h taught1 m]ely 9 lat] quibbles & misund]/&+s1 :i* are int]e/+ & popul>1 b h little ref]5ce to ! deepe/ nature ( ! my?4 ,we mu/ n take ^! matt]s too lightly4 ,i recognise !re=e a reason]1 & consequ5t reason 9 ! _w1 or 9 o!r words1 ,i believe 9 a ?9k] & rul] ( ! _w1 b gladly conc$e t ?is ,be+ s inf9itely transc5ds our faculties ( compreh5sion1 t ev5 to wi% only to give him a "n bord]s on madness4 ,if1 9 spite ( all ( ?is1 we use su* names z ,jehovah1 ,allah1 ,deva1 ,god1 ,fa!r1 ,creator1 ?is is only a result ( human weakness4 ,i cl+ !re=e to ! ,god-fable 9 ! s5se :i* is m fully set =? 9 my lett]1 & x pleas$ me v mu* to see t at lea/ a few ( ^?1 :o z !y said 7 =m]ly on ! side ( ! ,horseh]d1 n[ fully agree ) me1 t ! _w is n irrational4 ,"h is ! divid+ l9e betwe5 two sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,:oev] ?9ks t an irrational _w becomes rational by ! survival ( ! fitte/1 etc41 /&s on "o side2 ,i /& on ! o!r1 & hold ) ! ,greek ?9k]s1 :o accept ! _w z ! expression ( ! ,logos1 or ( a reasonable ?\ght or ?9k]4 ,b "h ! matt] became s]i\s4 ,to my ,horseh]d ,i ?\ght t ,i c\ld make myself intelligible 9 a humor\s /ra91 = 8 lett] 0 p]meat$ ) a quiet hum\r4 ,b my kn[n & unkn[n oppon5ts take ! matt] mu* m s]i\sly & ?or\ghly1 & ,i am consequ5tly oblig$ at lea/ to try to answ] !m s]i\sly & ?or\ghly4 ,:at my read]s w say to ?is ,i d n "k4 ,i believe t ev5 9 %ort words we c be s]i\s & pr(\nd4 ,:5 ,s*ill] says t he belongs to no religion1 & :y8 because ( religion1 ! /atem5t is %ort & concise1 & yet easily und]/ood4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 at lea/ attempt to foll[ my oppon5ts /ep by /ep1 ev5 at ! risk ( becom+ t$i\s4 ,& fir/ ( all a confession4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out to me t 9 "o place ,i did my ,horseh]d an inju/ice4 ,i wrote3 8,y are ( op9ion t to love ,god & y\r neighb\r is equival5t to be+ good1 & are evid5tly v pr\d ( y\r discov]y t !re is no di/9ction betwe5 good & evil4 ,well10 ,i !n cont9ue1 8if lov+ ,god & y\r neighb\r is equival5t to be+ good1 !n x foll[s t n lov+ ,god & n lov+ y\r neighb\r is equival5t to n be+ good1 or to be+ evil4 ,!re is1 !n1 a v pla9 di/9ction betwe5 good & evil4 ,& yet y say t y turn$ a som]sault :5 y discov]$ t !re 0 no su* di/9ction40 ,well1 t look$ z ?\gh ,i _h driv5 my fri5d into a corn] f :i* he w\ld f9d x difficult to extricate himself4 ,b ,i did him an inju/ice & %all !re=e d ev]y?+ 9 my p[] to "r x4 ,my memory1 z x s frequ5tly does1 play$ me a prank4 ,at ! same "t t ,i answ]$ him1 ,i 0 9 active correspond5ce ) "o ( ! delegates to ! ,*icago ,p>liam5t ( ,religions1 at :i* ! love ( ,god & "o's neighb\r _h be5 adopt$1 z a sort ( article ( agreem5t :i* ! foll[]s ( any or e fai? c\ld accept4 ,?us x befell t ,i suppos$ ! ,horseh]d 9 ,am]ica to /& at ! same po9t ( view1 & consequ5tly to be guilty ( a contradiction4 ,su* is1 h[ev]1 n ! case2 he made no su* concession ( love ( ,god & "o's neighb\r 9 8 lett]4 ,if he !re=e insi/s t !re is no di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 ,i _c at lea/ refute him out ( 8 own m\?4 ,! only place :]e he is inconsi/5t is :]e he conc$es t he c\ld n /rike a dog1 b is fill$ ) blood?ir/9ess t[>d ! ,jewi% idea ( ,god4 ,"h he cle>ly holds x good t he _c be cruel to an animal1 & t he looks ^u blood?ir/9ess z a contra/4 ,he also conc$es t a lie c nev] accompli% any good1 & believes t ! tru? is beautiful & holy4 ,if a lie c accompli% no good1 only evil1 !n !re mu/ be a di/9ction betwe5 good & evil4 ,& :at is ! mean+ ( beautiful & holy1 if !re is no contra/ betwe5 good & evil4 ,b ,i %all argue ?is po9t no f>!r1 b simply say peccavi1 & ,i believe t he1 & ^? l-m9d$ ) him1 w be satisfi$ ) t4 ,h[ diff]5t x w\ld h be51 h[ev]1 _h ,i be5 guilty ( su* a mi/ake 9 a p]sonal dispute6 ,! injur$ p>ty w\ld nev] h believ$ t my ov]sight 0 accid5tal1 & n malici\s1 9 spite ( ! fact t x w\ld h be5 ! mo/ /upid malevol5ce to say t :i* e "o :o c read w\ld in/antly recognise z untrue4 ,b en\gh ( ?is1 & en\gh to %[ t my ,horseh]d at lea/ rema9$ consi/5t4 ,ev5 :5 he s f> =gets himself z to say1 8,god be prais$10 he excuses himself4 ,only he has un=tunately n told u :at he really means :5 he says t good & evil are id5tical4 ,good & evil are relative ideas1 j l "r & left1 black & :ite1 & al?\gh he has told u t he turn$ som]saults ) joy ov] ! discov]y t ?is di/9ction is false1 he has left u 9 total d>kness z to h[ we %all conceive ?is id5tity4 ,b let u turn back to m important ?+s4 ,my oppon5ts fur!r call me %>ply to acc\nt1 & ask h[ ,i c imag9e t ! mat]ial _w c be rational1 or p]meat$ ) reason4 ,i believ$ t x mu/ be cle> to e p]son ) a philosophical tra9+1 t !re are ?+s t are beyond our und]/&+1 t man c nei!r s5sibly appreh5d nor logically conceive an actual beg9n+1 & t to inquire = ! beg9n+ ( ! subjective self1 or ( ! objective _w1 is l inquir+ = ! beg9n+ ( ! beg9n+4 ,all t we c d is to inve/igate our p]ceptions1 to see :at !y presuppose4 ,a p]ception pla9ly presupposes a self t p]ceives1 or t resi/s1 & on ! o!r side1 some?+ t =ces itself ^u u1 or1 z ,kant says1 some?+ t is giv54 ,?is 8giv50 elem5t might be m]e confusion1 b x is n2 x displays ord]1 cause & effect1 & reveals itself z rational4 ,?is revelation ( a rational _w may1 h[ev]1 be expla9$ 9 two ways4 ,t !re is reason 9 nature1 ev5 ! majority ( ,d>w9ians admit1 b !y ?9k t x arises ( itself1 s9ce 9 ! /ruggle = life t :i* is mo/ adapt$ to its conditions1 fitte/1 be/1 necess>ily survives4 ,9 ?is view ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 if ,i see x aright1 mu* is admitt$ surreptiti\sly4 ,:5ce comes all at once ?is idea ( ! be/1 ( ! good1 ! fit1 ! adapt$1 9 ! _w8 ,d roa/$ pigeons fall f ! sky8 ,is ! pigeon itself an accid5tal comb9ation1 an evolution1 t might z well h be5 z x is1 or o!rwise8 ,x is all v f9e to recognise 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( protozoa1 cl5t]ata1 e*9od]ms1 worms1 mollusks1 fi%es1 amphibia1 reptiles1 ! /ages ( progress t[>d birds & f9ally to mammals & man4 ,b :5ce comes ! idea ( bird or pigeon8 ,is x no m ?an an ab/raction f our p]ceptions ( ?\s&s ( birds or pigeons1 or mu/ ! idea ( bird1 ( pigeon1 ev5 ( ! wood pigeon1 be !re already1 t we may detect x beh9d ! multiplicity ( our p]ceptions8 ,is ! pigeon1 9 ^: w+ ea* fea!r is c\nt$1 a m]e accid5t1 a m]e survival :i* might h be5 :at x is or some?+ diff]5t1 or is x some?+ will$ & ?\ght1 an organic :ole8 ,x is ! old "q :e!r ! idea prec$$ or foll[$ ! reality1 on :i* ! :ole ,middle ,ages broke _! tee?1 ! "q :i* sep>at$ & /ill sep>ates philosoph]s into two camps1--! ,reali/s & ! ,nom9ali/s4 ,i ?9k t ! late/ inve/igations %[ u t ! ,greek philosoph]s1 & especially ,plato1 saw m correctly :5 !y recognis$ beh9d ! multiplicity ( individuals ! unity ( ! idea1 or ! species1 & !n s\ght ! true sequ5ce ( evolution n 9 ?is _w1 9 a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b beyond ! p]ception ( ! s5ses1 9 a developm5t ( ! ,logos or ! idea4 ,! circum/ances1 x appe>s to me1 9 ?is view rema9 j ! same2 ! sequ5ce1 & ! purposiv5ess 9 ?is sequ5ce1 rema9 unt\*$1 only t ! ,greeks saw 9 ! rational & purposive 9 nature ! realisation ( rational progressive ?\ghts1 n ! bloody survivals ( a mon/r\s gladiatorial combat 9 nature4 ,! ,d>w9ians appe> to me to resemble ! ,roman emp]ors1 :o wait$ till ! combat 0 end$1 & !n applaud$ ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,! ideali/ philosophy1 be x ,plato's or ,hegel's1 recognises 9 :at actually is1 ! rational1 ! realisation ( et]nal1 rational ideas4 ,?is realisation1 or ! process ( :at we call creation1 c nev] be conceiv$ by u o!rwise ?an figuratively4 ,b we c make ?is figurative pres5tation cle>] & cle>]4 ,t ! _w 0 made by a wood cutt]1 z 0 orig9ally impli$ 9 ! ,hebrew ^w b>a1 & 9 ! ,g]man s*oepf]1 s*aff]1 9 ! ,engli% %ap]1 or 9 ! ,v$ic tva%t1 & ! ,greek 1 0 q compreh5sible at a "t 9 :i* man's highe/ product 0 t ( ! c>p5t] & ! /one mason2 & 9 :i* ! "n ( timb] 7mat]ies7 c\ld become ! univ]sal "n = matt] 71 wood74 ,aft] ?is idea ( ! f\nd] ( ! univ]se z a c>p5t] or build] 0 ab&on$ z inadequate1 ! _w 0 divid$ into two p>ties4 ,! "o adopt$ ! !ory ( mat]ial primitive elem5ts1 :e!r !y be call$ atoms1 or monads1 or cells1 :i* by collision or /ruggle ) ea* o!r1 & by mutual aff9ity1 became t :i* we n[ see ar\nd u4 ,! o!r saw ! impossibility ( ! rise ( some?+ rational out ( ! irrational1 & conceiv$ a rational be+1 9 :i* 0 develop$ ! orig9al type ( ev]y?+ produc$1 ! s-call$ ,logos ( ! univ]se4 ,h[ ?is ,logos became objectively & mat]ially real1 is z f> beyond human compreh5sion z is ! orig9 ( ! cosmos out ( c\ntless atoms1 or ev5 out ( liv+ cells4 ,s f>1 !n1 "o hypo!sis w\ld be z complete & z incomplete z ! o!r4 ,b ! ,logos hypo!sis has ! f>-rea*+ advantage1 t in/ead ( a long succession ( wond]s1--call !m if y l ! wond] ( ! monads1 or ! worm1 or ! mollusk1 or ! fi%1 or ! amphibian1 or ! reptile1 or ! bird1 or1 la/ly1 man1--x has b "o wond] be=e x1 ! ,logos1 ! idea ( ?\ght1 or ( ! et]nal ?9k]1 :o ?\ght ev]y?+ t exi/s 9 natural sequ5ce1 & 9 ?is s5se made all4 ,9 ?is view we ne$ n ev5 ab&on ! survival ( ! fitte/1 only x proce$s 9 ! ,logos1 9 ! m9d1 n 9 ! outw>d ph5om5al _w4 ,x w\ld !n also become conceivable t ! embryological developm5t ( animat$ nature runs p>allel ) ! biological or hi/orical1 or z x 7 recapitulates x1 only ! cont9uity ( ! idea is f> clos] & m intimate ?an t ( ! reality4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! developm5t ( ! human embryo1 ! transition f ! inv]tebrate to ! v]tebrate may be repres5t$ 9 ! reality by ! isolat$ amphioxus1 :i* rema9s /ation>y :]e v]tebrate man beg9s1 & c make no /ep =w>d1 :ile ! human embryo advances f>!r & f>!r till x rea*es its highe/ limit4 ,9 ord] n[ to inf] f ^! & simil> facts t man at "o "t really exi/$ 9 ?is sc>cely v]tebrate condition ( ! amphioxus1--a conclusion :i*1 /rictly und]/ood1 yields no mean+1--we c make ! case mu* m easily conceivable if we repres5t ! ?9k+1 or inv5tion ( ! _w1 z an asc5d+ scale1 9 :i* ev5 ! lea/ *romatic tone mu/ h a place )\t a break1 :ile ! pr9cipal tones d n become cle> & full until ! requisite numb] ( vibrations is atta9$4 ,^! gradations ( tone are ! really int]e/+ ?+ 9 nature4 ,z ! full1 cle> tones imply c]ta9 num]ical relations among ! vibrations1 s ! successive /ages or ! true species 9 nature imply a w or ?\ght 9 :i* ! true ,orig9 ( ,species has its f\ndation4 ,t natural selection1 z x is call$1 c\ld suffice to expla9 ! orig9 ( species1 0 d\bt$ ev5 by ,huxley17#ch7 :o yet describ$ himself z ,d>w9's bull-dog4 ,if we h foll[$ ! support]s ( my ,horseh]d s f>1 ,i %\ld l "h to ent] a caveat1 t is inde$ ( no great significance1 b may turn "o or ano!r f a by-way1 :i* ! ,horseh]d himself has n avoid$4 ,he speaks ( ! place ( man 9 nature2 he ?9ks 7l s _m o!rs7 t man is n only an animal belong+ to ! mammalia1 :i* no "o has ev] d5i$1 b t he is ( ! same nature z ! animal _w4 ,he ne$ n !re=e h accept$ ! :ole simian !ory1 at lea/ he does n say s2 b t ea* man1 & ! entire human race1 has desc5d$ f an unkn[n pair ( animals1 he appe>s to receive z indubitable4 ,?is w\ld n1 s f> z ,i c see1 make ! slighte/ diff]5ce 9 ! s-call$ dignity ( mank9d4 ,if man _h a preh5sile tail1 x w\ld n detract f 8 wor?4 ,i myself h little d\bt t !re 7 m5 ) tails 9 prehi/oric or ev5 9 hi/oric times4 ,i g /ill f>!r & decl>e t if ev] !re %\ld be an ape :o c =m ideas & words1 he w\ld ipso facto be a man4 ,i h !re=e no prejudices su* z ! advocates ( ! simian !ory l to attribute to u4 ,:at ,i & ^? :o agree ) me dem& ( our oppon5ts1 is m]ely some:at ke5] ?\ght1 & a c]ta9 consid]ation = ! results ( our k1 su* z we on our side h be/[$ on _! rese>*es4 ,!y h taught u t ! body 9 :i* we live 0 at fir/ a simple cell4 ,! significance ( ?is 8at fir/0 is left some:at vague4 ,?is cell 0 really :at ! ^w means1 ! cella 7room7 ( a dumb inhabitant1 ! ,self4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is & rema9s :at 0 9 ! cell4 ,?r\gh gemmation1 diff]5tiation1 segm5tation1 evolution1 or :atev] o!r te*nical expressions we may use = division1 multiplication1 budd+1 increase1 etc41 ea* cell became a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 a million4 ,)9 ?is cell is a bright spot into :i* n ev5 ! microscope c p5etrate1 al?\gh :ole worlds may be conta9$ !re94 ,if x is n[ rememb]$ t no "o has ev] succe$$ 9 di/+ui%+ ! human cell f ! cell ( a horse1 an elephant1 or an ape1 we %all see h[ mu* unnecess>y indignation has be5 exp5d$ 9 rec5t ye>s ov] ! simian orig9 ( ! human race1 & h[ mu* intellig5t ?\ght has be5 wa/$ ab\t ! animal orig9 ( man1 t is ( ! individual4 ,my body1 y\r body1 8 body1 is d]iv$ 7ontog5etically7 f ! cell1 is 9 fact ! cell :i* has rema9$ p]si/5tly ! same f beg9n+ to end1 )\t ev]1 9 spite ( all *anges1 los+ its id5tity4 ,?is cell 9 its trans=mations has %[n rem>kable analogies ) ! trans=mations ( o!r animal cells4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! o!r animal cells 9 _! trans=mations rema9 /ation>y "h & !re1 ei!r at ! b\nd>y l9e ( worms1 fi%es1 amphibia1 reptiles1 or mammals1 ! "o cell :i* 0 de/9$ to become man moves on to ! /age ( ! tail$ cat>rh9e apes1 !n ( ! tailless apes1 & )\t /ay+ "h x irresi/ibly /rides t[>ds its orig9al goal1 & only /ops :]e x is de/9$ to /op4 ,speak+1 h[ev]1 n phylog5etically1 b ontog5etically1 at :at po9t does our own cell come 9 contact ) ! cell t 0 int5d$ to become an ape1 & t became & rema9$ an ape8 ,if we accept ! cell !ory 9 its late/ =m1 :at mean+ c !re be 9 ! /atem5t ( ! late ,h5ry ,drummond1 t 8,9 a v di/ant p]iod ! prog5itors ( birds & ! prog5itors ( m5 7 "o & ! same087#ci7 ,w\ld n a v small quantity ( /rictly logical ?\ght h cut (f a priori ! bold hypo!sis t directly or indirectly we desc5d f a m5ag]ie8 ,e man1 & consequ5tly all mank9d1 has accompli%$ 8 un9t]rupt$ embryological developm5t on 8 own acc\nt2 no man & no human cell spr+s f ! womb ( an ape or any o!r animal1 b only f ! womb ( a human "m1 f]tilis$ by a human fa!r4 ,or d m5 owe _! be+ to a misc>riage8 ,z _m /reams may fl[ alongside ( ea* o!r & ?r\gh ! same /rata1 & "o ends 9 a lake :ile ! o!rs fl[ on & gr[ l>g] & l>g]1 till f9ally "o riv] atta9s its highe/ goal1 ! sea1 s ! cells develop = a "t alongside ( ea* o!r1 !n "s rema9 /ation>y at _! po9ts ( de/9ation1 :ile o!rs move on f>!r2 b ! cell t has mov$ =w>d is z little d]iv$ f ! /ation>y cell z ! ,indus f ! ,s>asvati4 ,x is at ! po9ts ( de/9ation t ! true species digress1 & :5 ^! po9ts are rea*$1 ! specific developm5t ceases1 & !re rema9s only ! possibility ( ! v>iety1 ! orig9 ( :i* is condition$ by ! multiplicity ( individuals2 b :i* mu/ nev] be conf\nd$ ) a true species4 ,e species repres5ts an act ( ! w1 a ?\ght1 & ?is ?\ght _c be %ak5 f its c\rse1 h[ev] close temptation may (t5 come4 ,) ?is ,i believe ,i h cle>$ up & refut$ "o ( ! objections t my correspond5ts made1 at any rate to ! be/ ( my ability4 ,:oev] is conv9c$ t ea* individual1 be x fi% or bird1 spr+s f its own cell1 kn[s ipso facto t a human cell1 h[ev] undi/+ui%able x may be to ! human eye f ! cell ( a cat>rh9e ape1 c\ld nev] h be5 ! cell ( an ape4 ,& :at is true ontog5etically1 is ( c\rse true phylog5etically4 ,= myself ?is inquiry into ! simian orig9 ( man nev] _h any great int]e/2 ,i ev5 d\bt :e!r ! ,horseh]d w\ld h laid great /ress ^u x4 ,8 *ampions1 h[ev]1 pla9ly consid] x "o ( ! pr9cipal & fundam5tal que/ions on :i* our :ole view ( ! _w mu/ be erect$4 ,9 my op9ion s little dep5ds on our cov]+ ( fle%1 t z ,i h (t5 said1 ,i %\ld in/antly ackn[l$ge an ape t c\ld speak1 t is1 ?9k 9 concepts1 z a man & bro!r1 9 spite ( 8 hide1 9 spite ( 8 tail1 9 spite ( 8 /unt$ bra94 ,we are n t :i* is buri$ or burn$4 ,we are n ev5 ! cell1 b ! inhabitant ( ! cell4 ,b ?is leads me to new que/ions & objections1 :i* h be5 made by ! repres5tatives & successors ( ! ,horseh]d1 & to :i* ,i hope to reply on "s o!r occasion1 assum+ t my own some:at dilapidat$ cell holds out s long aga9/ w9d & ra94 ,f4 ,,max ,m,,ll]4 ,,frascati1 ,april1 #ahig4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,language ,& ,m9d ,! numb] ( ,horseh]ds appe>s to gr[ ea* mon?4 ,he w\ld rejoice to see ! lett]s ( m5 & wom5 :o are all on 8 side1 & give me cle>ly to und]/& t ,i %\ld by no means imag9e t ,i h refut$ my unkn[n fri5d4 ,! lett] ( ,ignotus ,agno/icus 9 ! ,june numb] ( ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au is a good example ( ^! communications4 ,i h read x ) mu* int]e/1 & h p>tly dealt ) x 9 my article 9 ! same numb]2 b ,i hope at "s future "t to answ] 8 objections1 & ^? ( sev]al o!r correspond5ts1 m fully4 ,i %\ld h be5 glad to publi% "s ( ^! lett]s4 ,b fir/1 !y are too long1 & !y are f> inf]ior 9 p[] to ! lett] ( ! ,horseh]d4 ,moreov]1 !y are usually s full ( fri5dly recognition1 ev5 :5 disagree+ ) me1 t x w\ld ill become me to give !m publicity4 ,t !re 0 no lack ( co>se lett]s z well1 may be tak5 = grant$2 ^! h[ev] 7 all anonym\s1 z if ! writ]s 7 a%am$ ( _! h]oic /yle4 ,i h nev] be5 able to und]/& :at attraction !re c be 9 co>s5ess4 ,! co>se "w is g5]ally left = ! appr5tice4 ,ev]y?+ co>se1 be x a block1 a w$ge1 or a blade1 passes z unf9i%$1 z raw1 jagg$1 & j ! rev]se ( cutt+4 ,no "o is pr\d ( a co>se %irt1 b _m1 ev5 q di/+ui%$ p1 pr\dly /rut ab\t ! /reets 9 a co>se smock ( abusive language1 q unconc]n$ly1 )\t any suspicion ( _! unsuitable attire4 ,well1 ,i %all endeav\r to be z fair z ,i c to my unkn[n oppon5ts & fri5ds1 ! co>se z well z ! c\rte\s4 ,i _c be co>se myself1 mu* z x seems to be desir$ 9 "s qu>t]s t ,i %\ld4 ,ea* "o mu/ det]m9e = himself :at is specially meant = him4 ,i _c ( c\rse ent] into all ! objections t h be5 made4 ,_m h v little or no?+ to d ) :at lay ne>e/ ! ,horseh]d's he>t4 ,! ant9omies1 = example1 on ! inf9ity ( space & "t1 h long s9ce belong$ to ! hi/ory ( metaphysics1 & h be5 s ?or\ghly work$ out by ,kant & 8 s*ool t !re is h>dly any?+ new to be said ab\t !m4 ,9 ! "q ab\t ! age ( our _w1 we ne$ only di/+ui% betwe5 _w z univ]se & _w z our _w1 t is1 z ! e>? or ! t]re/rial _w4 ,a beg9n+ ( ! _w z univ]se is ( c\rse incompreh5sible to u2 b we may speak ( ! beg9n+ ( ! e>?1 especially ( ! e>? z inhabit$ by man1 because "h1 z ,"l ,kelv9 has %[n1 a/ronomical physics & geology h enabl$ u to fix c]ta9 *ronological limits1 & to say h[ old our e>? may be1 & no old] or y\ng]4 ,:5 ,i said ( ! _w1 t ?\gh x 7 millions ( ye>s old1 !re /ill 0 a "t be=e x 0 "o ye> or #ahig ye>s old1 ,i ref]r$ to ! _w 9 ! s5se ( our _w1 t is1 ! e>?4 ,( ! _w z univ]se ?is w\ld sc>cely be said2 on ! contr>y1 we %\ld "h apply ! axiom t e b\nd>y implies some?+ beyond1 i4e4 an unb\nd$1 until we arrive at ! region :]e1 z p say1 ! _w is nail$ up ) bo>ds4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i tri$ to prove t our s5ses c nev] p]ceive a real b\nd>y1 be x on ! l>ge/ or ! smalle/ scale2 !y pres5t to u ev]y:]e ! inf9ite z _! backgr\nd1 & ev]y?+ t has to d ) religion has sprung out ( ?is inf9ite backgr\nd z its ultimate & deepe/ f\ndation4 ,in/ead ( say+ t by our s5ses we p]ceive only ! f9ite or limit$1 ,i h s\ght to %[ 7,on ! ,p]ception ( ! ,inf9ite7 t we ev]y:]e p]ceive ! unlimit$1 & t x is we1 & n ! objects ab\t u1 t draw ! b\nd>y l9es 9 our p]ceptions4 ,:5 ,i also call$ ?is unkn[n omnipres5ce ( ! inf9ite ! s\rce ( all religion1 ?is 0 ! highe/1 ! mo/ ab/ract1 & ! mo/ g5]al expression t c\ld be f\nd = ! wide doma9 ( ! transc5d5t2 x _h ( c\rse no?+ to d ) ! hi/orical beg9n+s ( religion4 ,:5 ! ,aryans felt1 ?\ght1 & nam$ _! god1 _! ,dyaus1 9 ! blue sky1 !y meant ! blue sky )9 ! limits ( ! horizon4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t :ile !y call$ ! sky ,dyaus1 !y _h 9 m9d an inf9ite subject1 a ,deva1 a ,god4 ,b1 z /at$1 ^! ?+s 7 remote f ! ,horseh]d1 & he w\ld sc>cely h _h any?+ to object4 ,8 *ief objection 0 ( a q diff]5t nature4 ,he wi%$ to %[ t ! human m9d 0 a m]e phantom ( man's mak+1 t !re are only bodies 9 ! _w1 & t ! m9d has sprung f ! body1 & !re=e con/itut$1 n ! prius1 b ! po/]ius ( ^? bodies4 ,?is view is evid5tly widely dissem9at$ & has f\nd v abundant support1 at lea/ 9 ! lett]s address$ to me4 8,! m9d10 s wrote ! ,horseh]d1 8is n a prius1 x is a developm5t1 a self-evolv+ ph5om5on40 ,ev]y?+ is n[ developm5t1 & !re is no bett] salve = all ills ?an developm5t4 ,if our k ( developm5t is tak5 9 ! s5se ( sci5tific hi/orical inquiry1 !n we all agree1 = h[ c !re be any?+ t has n develop$8 ,9 ord] to "k :at a ?+ is1 we mu/ le>n h[ x became :at x is4 ,a mu*-admir$ philosoph]1 rec5tly deceas$1 ,h5ry ,drummond1 :o 0 q intoxicat$ ) evolution1 nev]!less admits q pla9ly 9 8 la/ "w1 ,! ,asc5t ( ,man1 t 8,ord] ( ev5ts is hi/ory1 & evolution is hi/ory0 7p4 #acb74 ,) ?is ,i am ( c\rse q satisfi$1 = x is :at ,i h be5 prea*+ 9 season & out ( season = at lea/ ?irty ye>s4 ,b ?is ord]1 or ?is sequ5ce ( facts1 mu/ be prov$ ) sci5tific accuracy1 & n m]ely po/ulat$4 ,if !n my ,horseh]d _h be5 cont5t to say1 8,! human m9d is also a developm5t10 c]ta9ly no /ud5t ( hi/ory1 lea/ ( all a philologi/1 w\ld h contradict$ him4 ,b he says3 8,max1 all ,g]man savants1 or1 if y please1 ! majority ( !m1 /ill lab\r "u ! delusion t m9d is a prius4 ,b nons5se1 ,max1 m9d is a developm5t1 a self-evolv+ ph5om5on4 ,"o w\ld consid] x impossible t a ?9k+ man1 :o has ev] obs]v$ a *ild1 c\ld be ( any o!r op9ion2 :y seek gho/s beh9d matt]8 ,m9d is a function ( liv+ organisms1 :i* belongs also to a goose & a *ick540 ,9 ! ,horseh]d su* language 0 excusable1 b = philosoph]s to talk 9 ! same /yle is /range1 to say ! lea/4 ,h[ c su* an ass]tion be made )\t any pro( :atev]1 )\t ev5 a few words to expla9 :at is meant by ! t]m m9d8 ,! ,g]man l ! ,engli% language sw>ms ) words t may be us$ int]*angeably1 ?\gh ea* ( !m has its own %ade ( mean+4 ,if we translate ,gei/ 7,_s7 z m9d1 !n we mu/ consid] t 8_s10 9 su* expressions z 8,he has yield$ up 8 _s10 means ! same z ! pr9ciple ( life or physical life4 ,! same is true ( 8_s0 9 su* a phrase z 88 _s has dep>t$40 ,b easy z x is to di/+ui% betwe5 _s 9 ! s5se ( ! brea? ( life1 & _s 9 ! s5se ( m9d1 ! exact def9ition ( su* words z intellect1 reason1 und]/&+1 ?\ght1 consci\sness1 or self-consci\sness becomes v difficult1 to say no?+ ( s\l & feel+ 9 _! v>i\s activities4 ,^! words are us$ 9 bo? ,engli% & ,g]man s confus$ly t we (t5 hesitate m]ely to t\* !m4 ,n[ if we say t ! m9d is a developm5t1 & is n a prius1 :at idea ought x to sugge/8 ,does ?is mean ! pr9ciple ( life1 or ! und]/&+1 or ! reason1 or consci\sness8 ,we suff] "h f a real & v dang]\s emb>ras de ri*esse4 ,! words are (t5 int5d$ to signify ! same ?+s1 only view$ "u diff]5t aspects4 ,b z !re 7 v>i\s words1 x 0 believ$ t !y mu/ also signify v>i\s ?+s4 ,diff]5t philosoph]s h fur!r advanc$ diff]5t def9itions ( ^! words1 until x 0 f9ally suppos$ t ea* ( ^! names mu/ be borne by a sep>ate subject1 :ile "s ( !m orig9ally only signifi$ activities ( "o & ! same sub/ance4 ,und]/&+1 reason1 & ?\ght orig9ally express$ prop]ties or activities1 ! activities ( und]/&+1 ( p]ceiv+1 ( ?9k+1 & _! elevation to n\ns 0 simply psy*ological my?ology1 :i* has prevail$1 & /ill prevails j z ext5sively z ! physical my?ology ( ! anci5t ,aryan peoples4 ,x w\ld be mo/ useful if we c\ld lay aside all ^! m\ldy & decay$ expressions1 & introduce a ^w t simply means :at is n und]/ood by body1 ! subject1 9 opposition to ! objective _w4 ,x w\ld by no means foll[ t :at is n body mu/ !re=e exi/ indep5d5t ( ! body4 ,x w\ld fir/ ( all only decl>e t beside ! objective body p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 !re is also some?+ subjective1 :i* ! five s5ses _c p]ceive4 ,! be/ "n = ?is appe>s to me /ill to be ! ,v$antic t]m tman1 :i* ,i translate into 8! ,self0 7neut]71 because our language w sc>cely all[ ! phrase 8! ,self0 7mascul9e74 8,s\l0 has a too t5d] quality to be ! equival5t ( tman4 ,?is ,self is some?+ t exi/s = itself & n = o!rs4 ,:ile ev]y?+ t is purely corporeal only exi/s = u m51 inasmu* z x is p]ceiv$1 ! ,self exi/s by reason ( ! fact t x p]ceives4 ,:ile ! ,esse ( all objects is a p]cipi1 a some?+ p]ceiv$1 :i* has come into k1 ! ,esse ( ! self is a p]cip]e1 a p]ceiv+1 a kn[+1 t is1 ! ,self c only be ?\ght ( z self-kn[+4 ,! ,self exi/s ev5 :5 x does n yet cle>ly "k itself1 b x is n ! real ,self until x kn[s itself2 & x requires long & e>ne/ ?\ght = ! ,self to "k or recognise itself z diff]5t f ! ego or ! body4 ,b if ! ,self has once come to itself1 ! d>kness or ! ph5om5al appe>ance :i* ! ,v$nta philosoph]s call$ ,avidy 7n kn[+1 ignorance71 or also ,my 7appe>ance1 or illusion71 vani%es4 ,! orig9 ( ?is ignorance1 ?is illusion1 or ! _w ( appe>ance1 is a "q :i* no human be+ w ev] solve4 ,!re are que/ions :i* mu/ be set aside z simply ultra vires by e reasonable philosophy4 ,we "k t we _c he> c]ta9 tones1 _c see c]ta9 col\rs2 :y n !n und]/& t we _c compreh5d c]ta9 ?+s8 ,! ,v$nta philosoph]s consid] ! ,avidy 7ignorance7 z inexplicable1 & ?is 0 no d\bt orig9ally impli$ 9 ! "n :i* !y gave x4 ,_! aim 01 to prove ! temporal exi/5ce ( su* an ,avidy1 n to discov] its orig92 & !n 9 ! ,vidy1 ! ,v$nta philosophy1 to set =? ! means by :i* ! ,avidy c\ld be de/roy$4 ,h[ or :5 ! ,self came into ?is ignorance1 ,avidy1 or ,my 7illusion1 or ! ph5om5al _w71 ! ,v$nta philosoph]s no m s\ght to expla9 ?an we seek to expla9 h[ ! ,self comes into ! body1 ! bodily s5ses1 & ! ph5om5al _w :i* !y p]ceive4 ,we beg9 our philosophy ) :at is giv5 u1 t is1 ) a ,self1 t 9 its embodim5t kn[s ev]y?+ t befalls ! body2 t = a "t is bl5d$ ) ! body1 till x atta9s a true self-k1 & !n1 ev5 9 life1 or lat] 9 dea?1 by lib]ation f its ph5om5al exi/5ce1 or f ! body1 aga9 comes to itself4 ,h[ ?is body1 ) its s5ses t convey & pres5t to u ! ph5om5al _w1 orig9at$ or develop$1 is a "q t belongs to biology4 ,s f> z is possible to ! human und]/&+1 ?is "q has be5 solv$ by ! cell !ory4 ,! o!r "q is ! developm5t ( :at we call m9d1 t is1 ! subjective k ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,to ?is ! body1 z x exi/s & lives1 & ! organs ( s5se1 z !y exi/1 are ess5tial4 ,we "k t all s5se-p]ceptions dep5d ^u bodily vibrations1 i4e4 ! n]ves2 & if we wi% to make pla9 ! transition ( impressions to consci\s ideas1 we c be/ d s ?r\gh ! assumption ( ! ,self z a witness or accessory to ! n]ve-vibrations4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only an image1 n an explanation1 = an explanation belongs to ! ,utopia ( philosophy4 ,h[ x happ5s t atoms ?9k1 atomi/s d n "k1 & no "o %\ld imag9e t s-call$ ,d>w9ism has help$ or c help u ev5 "o /ep f>!r4 ,:atev] "s ,d>w9ians may say1 no?+ c be simpl] ?an ! frank admission ( ignorance on ?is po9t on ! "p ( ,d>w94 ,! frank & mode/ expressions ( ?is great b sob] ?9k] are g5]ally pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce1 or are ev5 controv]t$ z signs ( a tempor>y weakness4 ,to me1 on ! contr>y1 !y are v valuable1 & v *>act]i/ic ( ,d>w94 ,9 "o place7#dj7 he says1 8,i h no?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( ! prim>y m5tal p[] any m ?an ,i h ) t ( life itself40 ,9 ano!r place7#da7 he speaks /ill m pla9ly & says1 8,9 :at mann] ! m5tal p[]s 7 fir/ develop$ 9 ! l[e/ organisms is z hopeless an inquiry z h[ life fir/ orig9at$40 ,let no "o suppose1 !re=e1 t all gates & doors c be op5$ ) ! ^w 8evolution0 or ! "n ,d>w94 ,x is easy to say ) ,drummond1 8,evolution is revolutionis+ ! _w ( nature & ( ?\ght1 & )9 liv+ memory has op5$ up av5ues into ! pa/ & vi/as into ! future su* z sci5ce has nev] witness$ be=e407#db7 ,^? are bold words1 b :at d !y mean or prove8 ,du,bois-,reymond has said long be=e1 8,h[ consci\sness c arise f ! co-op]ation ( atoms is beyond our compreh5sion40 ,9 ! ,contempor>y ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahga17dc7 ,huxley speaks j z decid$ly z ,d>w9 9 ! "n ( biology1 8,i really "k no?+ :atev]1 & nev] hope to "k any?+1 ( ! /eps by :i* ! passage f molecul> movem5t to /ates ( consci\sness is effect$40 ,molecules & atoms are objects ( k4 ,if we ascribe k to !m1 !y imm$iately become ! monads ( ,leibnitz2 y may evolve out ( !m :at y h fir/ involv$ into !m4 ,k belongs to ! ,self alone1 call x :at we w4 ,! n]ve-fibres might vibrate z (t5 z !y pleas$1 millions & millions ( times 9 a second2 !y w\ld nev] produce ! s5sation ( r$ if !re 7 no ,self z ! receiv] & illum9ator1 ! translator ( ^! vibrations ( e!r2 ?is ,self1 t alone receives1 alone illum9es1 alone kn[s1 & ( :i* we c say no?+ m ?an :at ! ,indian philosoph]s call sak-kid-n&a1 t x exi/s1 t x p]ceives1 & z !y add1 t x is bless$1 i4e4 t x is complete 9 itself1 s]5e & et]nal4 ,if we take a firm /& on ?is liv+ & p]ceiv+ ,self 7= kid is n s mu* ?9k+ z p]ceiv+1 or kn[+71 !re c !n be no "q t x is pres5t n only 9 m51 b 9 animals z well2 only let u bew>e ( ! inf]5ce t :at we mean by human m9d1 t is1 und]/&+ & reason+ ?\ght1 is a necess>y function ( all liv+ organisms1 & is possess$ also by a goose or a *ick54 ,x is j ! same ) ! p]ceiv+ ,self z x is ) ! cell4 ,to ! eye !y are all alike4 ,to express x figuratively1 "o cell has a ticket to ,cologne1 ano!r to ,p>is1 a ?ird to ,london4 ,ea* rea*es its de/9ation1 & !n rema9s /ation>y1 & no p[] on e>? c make x advance beyond ! place to :i* x is ticket$1 t is1 its orig9al de/9ation1 its fundam5tal et]nal idea4 ,x is j ! same ) ! p]ceiv+ ,self4 ,x is true t ! ,self sees1 he>s1 & ?9ks4 ,z !re are animals t _c see1 t _c he>1 s !re are animals--& ?is class includes ! :ole ( !m--t _c speak4 ,x is true t ! speak+ animals1 t is m51 h pass$ ! =m] /ations on a fa/ tra92 b !y did n leave ! tra91 nor h !y any?+ 9 common ) ^? :o rema9$ beh9d at previ\s /ations1 lea/ ( all c we consid] !m z ! (fspr+ ( ^? t rema9$ beh9d4 ,?is is only a simile1 & %\ld n provoke ridicule4 ,( c\rse x w be said t ^? :o c j\rney to ,cologne may g on to ,p>is1 & once 9 ,p>is may easily cross ! ,*annel4 ,we mu/ n ride a comp>ison to dea?1 b always adh]e to ! facts4 ,:y does n grass gr[ z high z a popl>1 :y is c>e tak51 z ,goe! says1 t no tree gr[s up to ! sky8 ,a /rawb]ry might gr[ z l>ge z a cucumb] or a pumpk91 b x does n4 ,:o draws ! l9e8 ,x is true1 too1 t along e l9e slight deviations take place "r & left4 ,ne>ly ea* ye> we he> ( an abnormally l>ge /rawb]ry1 & no d\bt abnormally small ones c\ld be f\nd z well4 ,b 9 spite ( all1 ! normal rema9s4 ,& :5ce comes x1 if n f ! same h& or ! same s\rce :i* we comp>$ ) ! ticket ag5t at ! railway /ation1 9 :om all :o are famili> ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy w aga9 readily recognise ! ,greek ,logos8 ,^! comp>isons %\ld at lea/ be s f> useful z to disclose ! confusion ( ?\ght1 :51 = in/ance1 ,mr4 ,romanes holds t x is n only compreh5sible1 b ! conclusion is unavoidable1 t ! human m9d has sprung f ! m9ds ( ! high] quadrumana on ! l9e ( natural g5esis4 ,! human m9d may mean e possible ?+2 ! "q !re=e arises if he ref]s only to consci\sness1 or to und]/&+ & reason4 ,9 ! second place ! human m9d is n some?+ subsi/+ by itself1 b c only be ! m9d ( an individual man4 ,we _c be too c>eful 9 ^! discussions--o!rwise we only end by sub/itut+ b>e ab/ractions = concrete ?+s4 ,we d n "k ! human m9d z any?+ concrete at all1 only z an ab/raction1 & 9 t case only z ! m9d ( "o man1 or ( _m m54 ,h[ c x !n be ?\ght t my m9d or ! m9d ( ,d>w9 sprang f ! m9ds ( ! high] quadrumana4 ,we may say su* ?+s1 b :at mean+ c we atta* to !m8 ,! same misconception exi/s "h1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 z 9 ! /atem5t1 t ! human body spr+s f ! bodies ( ! high] quadrup$s--a misconception to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,t has absolutely no s5se if we only hold firmly1 t e organis$ body 0 orig9ally a cell1 or orig9ates 9 a cell1 & t ea* cell1 ev5 9 its mo/ complicat$1 manifold1 & p]fect =m1 always is1 & rema9s1 an individual4 ,x is useless !re=e to talk ( a desc5t ( ! human m9d f ! m9ds ( ! high] quadrup$s1 = no intelligible mean+ c be discov]$ 9 x2 we %\ld h to fall back on a misc>riage1 & to set up ?is misc>riage z ! "m ( all m51 & )\t a legitimate fa!r4 ,su* are ! w&]+s ( a wrong me?od ( ?\ght1 ev5 if x /ruts ab\t 9 k+ly robes4 ,above all ?+s we mu/ settle :at we are really to und]/& by ! m9d ( ! high] quadrup$s z di/+ui%$ f ! human m9d4 ,:at is !re lack+ 9 ^! animal m9ds to make !m human8 ,& :at d !y possess1 or :at are !y1 t !y %\ld claim equal bir? ) man8 ,h[ mu* obscurity !re is 9 ^! matt]s among ! be/ animal psy*ologi/s is se5 :51 = in/ance1 we comp>e ! ass]tions ( ,romanes ) ^? ( ,lloyd ,morgan4 ,:ile ! =m] sets up a natural g5esis ( ! human m9d f animal m9d z be+ indisputable & z n be+ ?9kable 9 any o!r way1 ! latt]1 8 greate/ admir]1 says1 8,believ+1 z ,i d1 t conception is beyond ! p[] ( my fav\rite & clev] dog1 ,i am =c$ to believe t 8 m9d diff]s g5]ically f my own407#dd7 ,und\bt$ly by 8g5]ically0 is meant1 accord+ to 8 g5us or 8 g5esis4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is1 ! same savant says 9 ano!r place1 t he _c all[ t !re is a diff]5ce 9 k9d1 t is 9 g5]e1 betwe5 ! human m9d & ! m9d ( a dog4 ,if m5 w\ld only def9e _! words1 su* contradictions w\ld 9 "t become impossible4 ,:at m5 & animals h 9 common is ! ,self1 & ?is s-call$ ,self consi/s fir/ ( all 9 p]ception4 ,?is p]ception belongs1 z has be5 said1 to ^? ?+s :i* are giv5 u1 & n to ^? :i* c be expla9$4 ,x is a prop]ty ( ! et]nal ,self1 z ( light1 to %9e1 to illum9e itself1 t is1 to "k4 ,its kn[+ is its be+1 & its be+ is its kn[+1 or its self-consci\sness4 ,if we take ! ,self z we f9d x1 n m]ely 9 itself1 b embodi$1 we mu/ attribute to x1 besides its own self-consci\sness1 a consci\sness ( ! conditions ( ! body2 b ( c\rse we mu/ n imag9e t we c make ?is embodim5t 9 any way conceivable to u4 ,x is s--t is all t we c say1 j z 9 an e>li] consid]ation ( ! embodim5t & multiplication ( ! et]nal ,logos we _h to accept ?is z a datum1 )\t be+ able to come any ne>] to ! fact by conceptions1 or ev5 by m]e analogies4 ,?is is :]e ! task ( ! psy*ologi/ beg9s4 ,grant ! self-consci\sness ( ! individual1 al?\gh /ill v obscure2 grant ! s5ti5t p]ception2 ev]y?+ else t we call m9d is ! result ( a developm5t1 :i* we mu/ foll[ hi/orically 9 ord] to und]/& t x c\ld n come ab\t 9 any o!r way4 ,b :]e are ! facts1 :]e ! monum5ts1 :]e ! tru/wor?y docum5ts1 f :i* we c draw our k ( ?is wond]ful developm5t8 ,f\r s\rces h be5 prop\nd$ = ! /udy ( psy*og5esis4 ,x has be5 said t to inve/igate ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 ! foll[+ objects mu/ be sci5tifically obs]v$3 7#a7 ,! m9d ( a *ild2 7#b7 ! m9d ( ! l[] animals2 7#c7 ! survivals ( ! olde/ culture1 z we f9d x 9 e?nological collections2 7#d7 ! m9d ( /ill liv+ savages4 ,i =m]ly ent]ta9$ simil> hopes1 b 9 my own melan*oly exp]i5ce all ^! /udies end 9 delusion1 9 s f> z !y are appli$ to expla9 ! g5esis ( ! human m9d4 ,!y d n rea* f> en\gh1 !y give u ev]y:]e only ! products ( gr[?1 ! result ( art1 n ! natural gr[?1 or ! real evolution4 ,! obs]vations on ! developm5t ( a *ild's m9d are v attractive1 especially :5 !y are made by ?\ghtful mo!rs4 ,b ?is nurs]y psy*ology is want+ 9 all sci5tific exactness4 ,! object ( obs]vation1 ! *ild t _c yet speak1 c nev] be entirely isolat$4 ,its environm5t is ( incalculable influ5ce1 & ! pett$ *ild develops v diff]5tly f ! neglect$ f\ndl+4 ,! e>ly smile ( ! "o is (t5 z mu* a reflex action z ! cry+ & blu/]+ ( ! o!r1 f hung] or inh]it$ disease4 ,mu* z ,i admire ! pa9/ak+ ef=t ) :i* ! fir/ evid5ces ( p]ception or ( m5tal activity 9 a *ild h be5 record$ f day to day1 f week to week1 ^! obs]vations prove untru/wor?y :5 we endeav\r to control !m indep5d5tly4 ,x has be5 said t ! m5tal activities ( a *ild develop 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- ,aft] ?ree weeks fe> is manife/$2 ,aft] sev5 weeks social affections2 ,aft] twelve weeks jeal\sy & ang]2 ,aft] five mon?s sympa?y2 ,aft] eight mon?s1 pride1 s5tim5t1 love ( ornam5t2 ,aft] fifte5 mon?s1 %ame1 remorse1 a s5se ( ! ludicr\s47#de7 ,we may g5]alise ?is scale z mu* z we please1 & gradually p]mit ! gradations to vani%1 b ,i d\bt if ev5 two mo!rs c\ld be f\nd :o w\ld agree 9 su* an int]pretation ( _! *ildr5's looks4 ,add to ?is t ?is :ole scale has v little to d ) :at1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 we call m9d4 ,f fe> up to %ame & p5it5ce are all manife/ations simply ( ! feel+s1 & n ( ! m9d4 ,we "k t :at we call fe> is (t5 a reflex action1 z :5 a *ild closes its eyelids be=e a bl[4 ,:at has be5 nam$ jeal\sy 9 a *ild1 is (t5 no?+ b hung]1 :ile %ame is in/ill$ into "o *ild1 & 9 o!rs is by no means ( spontane\s gr[?4 ,! wor/ feature ( su* obs]vations is t !y are v quickly reg>d$ z safe gr\nd1 & are re>$ high] & high] until 9 ! end ! entire scaffold collapses4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% ! tru? ( ?is psy*ologic scale 9 *ildr5 /ill m firmly1 & at ! same "t to make good its univ]sal necessity1 an ef=t has be5 made to prove t a simil> scale is to be f\nd 9 ! animal k+dom1 & ( c\rse :at 0 s\ght has be5 f\nd4 ,romanes ass]ts t ! l[e/ ord] ( animals1 ! annelids1 only %[ traces ( fe>2 a little high] 9 ! scale1 9 insects1 are f\nd social in/9cts su* z indu/ry1 combativ5ess1 & curiosity2 ano!r /ep high]1 fi%es exhibit jeal\sy1 & birds1 sympa?y2 !n 9 c>nivor\s animals foll[ cruelty1 hate1 & grief2 & la/ly1 9 ! an?ropoid apes1 remorse1 %ame1 & a s5se ( ! ridicul\s1 z well z deceit4 ,x ne$s b "o /ep m to make ?is scale1 :i* belongs mu* m to ! sph]e ( feel+ ?an ! realm ( ?\ght1 univ]sally applicable to all psy*ology4 ,h[ %\ld we o!rwise expla9 ! p>allelism betwe5 ! m5tal developm5t ( infants & t ( undevelop$ animals8 ,"o ne$ b take a firm hold ( su* obs]vations1 & !y are trans=m$ into airy visions4 ,:o1 = in/ance1 w\ld d>e to di/+ui% ! traces ( fe> 9 annelids f ^? ( surprise 9 high] animals8 ,nev]!less fe> occupies ! fir/ place1 surprise ! ?ird4 ,& :at m>k di/+ui%$ combativ5ess 9 insects f jeal\sy 9 fi%es8 ,9 ! same way ,i d\bt if any two nurses w\ld agree 9 ! *ronology ( ! ph5om5a ( ! infant disposition1 & h !re=e long s9ce giv5 up all hope ( obta9+ any h9ts ei!r 9 embryological or physiological developm5t1 ab\t ! real hi/orical unfold+ ( ! human consci\sness1 ei!r out ( a nurs]y or out ( a zological g>d54 ,z = e?nological museums1 !y c]ta9ly give u wond]ful glimpses into ! skilfulness ( primitive man1 especially 9 :at relates to ! /ruggle = life2 b ( ! hi/oric or prehi/oric age ( ^! wood1 horn1 & /one weapons1 !y tell u absolutely no?+4 ,:oev] ?9ks t man desc5d$ f an ape1 may no d\bt say t fl9t implem5ts = k9dl+ fire belong$ to a high] p]iod1 po/ hom9em natum1 al?\gh x has be5 ?\ght t ev5 apes c\ld h imitat$ su* weapons1 ?\gh !y c\ld n h inv5t$ !m4 ,romanes1 9 8 book on ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals1 has collect$ a l>ge numb] ( illu/rations ( animal skilfulness2 ! majority ( !m1 h[ev]1 are expla9$ by m]e mimicry2 ( a developm5t ( orig9al ideas peculi> to animals 9 _! wild /ate1 ap>t f ! contact & influ5ce ( human society1 !re is no trace4 ,ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t animal1 ! elephant1 acquires reason only 9 its int]c\rse ) m51 & simil>ly ! m or less tra9$ apes1 dogs1 p>rots1 etc4 ,all ?is is v int]e/+ read+1 & an ,engli% weekly1 ,! ,spectator1 has f week to week giv5 u simil> anecdotes ab\t wond]fully gift$ animals f all p>ts ( ! e>?1 b ^! matt]s lie outside ! n>r[ sph]e ( sci5ce4 ,:at !n rema9s to enable u to /udy ! e>lie/ phase ( developm5t ( ! human m9d accessible to u8 ,if we g to savages1 ^: language we only und]/& imp]fectly1 ^! obs]vations are ( c\rse /ill m untru/wor?y ?an 9 ! case ( our own *ildr52 at all ev5ts we mu/ wait be=e we receive any really valuable evid5ce ( ! developm5t ( ! human m9d f t s\rce4 ,i repeat t ! human m9d itself1 z f> z x p]ceives1 mu/ simply be accept$ z a fact1 giv5 to u & inexplicable1 :e!r 9 civilis$ or uncivilis$ races2 b only 9 its greate/ simplicity1 z m]e self-consci\s p]ception--a p]ception :i* 9 ?is simplicity c 9 no wise be d5i$ to animals1 al?\gh we c only ) difficulty =m a cle> idea ( ! peculi>ity ( _! s5ti5t p]ceptions4 ,:]e c we obs]ve ! fir/ /eps t rise above ?is simple p]ception8 ,i say1 z ,i h always said1 ,9 language & 9 language alone4 ,language is ! olde/ monum5t :i* we possess ( man's m5tal p[]1 old] ?an /one weapons1 ?an cunei=m inscriptions1 ?an hi]oglyphics4 ,! developm5t ( language is cont9u\s1 = :]e ?is cont9uity is brok51 language dies4 ,aft] e ,tasmanian _h be5 kill$ or _h di$1 ! ,tasmanian language ipso facto ceas$2 & ev5 if any lit]>y rema9s _h surviv$1 ! language itself w\ld h to be reckon$1 l ,lat9 & ,greek1 ) dead languages4 ,?\s&s ( !m may h disappe>$ f ! e>?2 9 its developm5t a language may h *ang$ z mu* z ,sanskrit to ,b5gali2 b x suff]s no break1 x rema9s always ! same1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se we /ill speak 9 ,g]man ! same tongue z 0 spok5 by ! ,aryans be=e !re 0 a ,sanskrit1 a ,greek1 or a ,lat9 language4 ,consid] :at ?is signifies4 ,*ronologically1 we _c get at ?is primitive ,aryan spee*4 ,let u assume t ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 & ,lat9 7 spok5 z indep5d5t national tongues at lea/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e our *ronology--:at an age _h elaps$ be=e ^! ?ree1 z well z ! rema9+ ,aryan tongues1 c\ld h div]g$ s mu* z ,sanskrit div]ges f ,greek & ,greek f ,lat94 ,! num]als are ! same 9 ^! ?ree languages1 & yet katvras s\nds q diff]5tly f & quatuor & our f\r4 ,! words = eight1 octo 9 ,lat91 9 ,greek1 & a%tau 9 ,sanskrit1 are ne>ly id5tical2 & x is ev5 possible t ! less] deviations 9 ! pronunciation ( ^! words dem&$ no great int]val ( "t4 ,b n[ let u consid] :at lies beh9d ^! t5 num]als4 ,!re is ! elaboration ( a decimal sy/em f #a to #aj1 no1 to #ajj 771 ,sanskrit satm1 c5tum4 ,!re is ! =mation & fix+ ( names = ^! numb]s1 :i* mu/ h be5 orig9ally m or less arbitr>y1 because numb]s only subord9ate !mselves ) difficulty to "o ( ^? g5]al ideas :i* are express$ 9 ! ,aryan roots4 ,besides ^! words are1 ev5 9 _! olde/ atta9able =ms1 already s wea!r-beat51 t 9 mo/ cases x is impossible ev5 to guess _! etymology & orig9al mean+4 ,we see t ! names = two & eight are dual1 :ile ^? = ?ree & f\r cle>ly h plural end+s4 ,b :y eight 9 ! primitive ,aryan 0 a dual1 & :at 7 ! two tetrads1 :i*1 comb9$ 9 a%t-au1 oct-o1 -1 express$ ! numb] eight1 w probably nev] be discov]$4 ,x is possible t a%t-i 0 a "n = ! f\r phases ( ! moon1 or = ! f\r f+]s ( ! h& )\t ! ?umb4 ,analogies occur 9 o!r families ( language1 b c]ta9ty is beyond our rea*4 ,if we n[ consid] :at m5tal ef=t is necess>y to "w out a decimal sy/em1 & to secure g5]al recognition & value = ! "n giv5 to ea* numb]1 we %all readily realise :at remote p]iods 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d op5 up be=e u "h1 & ( h[ little use x w\ld be to try to e/abli% *ronological limits4 ,old z ! ,v$as1 old z ! ,hom]ic songs may be1 :at is _! age comp>$ ) ! p]iods t 7 requir$ n only to "w out ! num]als b ! entire treasury ( ,aryan words1 & ! wond]ful network ( gramm> t surr\nds ?is treasure1 :i* also 0 complete be=e ! sep>ation ( ! ,aryan languages began4 ,! immeasurable _c be measur$1 b ?is mu* /&s immovable 9 ! m9d ( e l+ui/1 t !re is no?+ old] 9 ! entire ,aryan _w ?an ! complete primitive ,aryan language & gramm>1 9 :i* ne>ly all ! categories ( ?\ght1 & consequ5tly ! :ole scaffold ( our ?9k+1 h f\nd _! expression4 ,( c\rse x w be said t all ?is only applies to ! ,aryan race1 & t !y con/itute only a small & p]haps ! y\nge/ portion ( ! human race4 ,well1 x is difficult to prove t ! ,aryans con/itute ! lea/ num]\s subdivision4 ,we "k too little ( _! great masses to attempt a c5sus4 ,t !y are ! y\nge/ bran* ( ! human race is really ( no consequ5ce2 we %\ld !n h to assume aga9/ all ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 v>i\s1 n contemporane\s1 b successive mon/rosities1 sl[ly asc5d+ to humanity1 & ?is w\ld only be pure inv5tion4 ,no?+ absolutely compels u to ascribe a %ort] e>?ly life to ^? races :i* speak ,*9ese1 ,semitic1 ,bantu1 ,am]ican1 ,au/ralian1 or o!r languages1 ?an to ! ,aryans4 ,t all races h begun on a l[] plane ( culture1 & especially ( ! k ( language1 w no d\bt be univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,b ev5 if we only place ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! ,aryan race at #aj1jjj ,b4,c41 !re is "t en\gh = x & o!r races to h ris51 & also to h aga9 decl9$4 ,! diff]5ce w\ld m]ely be t ! ,aryans1 9 spite ( _m drawbacks1 on ! :ole con/antly progress$1 :ile ! ,au/ralians1 ,negroes1 & ,patagonians1 =c$ into unfav\rable positions1 rema9$ /ation>y on a v l[ level4 ,t _! pres5t plane c 9 any respect1 & especially 9 reg>d to _! language1 supply a picture ( ! e>lie/ condition ( ! human race1 or ev5 ( c]ta9 bran*es ( x1 is aga9 m]e assumption1 & z b>e ( all analogy z ! attempt to see 9 ! salons ( ,london a picture ( ,aryan family life be=e ! fir/ sep>ation4 ,!re are savages :o are cannibals4 ,%all we conclude f ?is t ! fir/ m5 all dev\r$ ea* o!r1 or t only ^? :o 7 lea/ appetis+ rema9$ ov] z survivals ( ! fitte/8 ,x is rem>kable h[ _m ideas are curr5t 9 sci5ce :i* ! heal?y human m9d1 aft] %ort reflection1 sil5tly lays aside4 ,any "o :o has occupi$ himself ) ! polysyn!tic tongues ( ! ,r$sk9s1 or ) ! prefixes 9 ! languages ( ! ,bantus1 kn[s h[ mu* "t mu/ h be5 ne$$ to develop _! gramm>1 & h[ mu* high] ! mak]s ( ^! languages mu/ h /ood ?an ^? :o speak !m n[4 ,b ev5 if language is ! olde/ *ronicle 9 :i* ! human m9d has trac$ its own developm5t1 we mu/ by no means imag9e t any kn[n language1 be x z old z ! pyramids1 or z ! cunei=m inscriptions1 c (f] u a picture ( ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ! m5tal life ( ! race4 ,long be=e ! pyramids1 long be=e ! olde/ monum5ts 9 ,babylon1 ,n9eveh1 & ,*9a1 !re 0 language1 ev5 writ+2 = on ! olde/ ,egyptian inscriptions we f9d among ! hi]oglyphic signs writ+ mat]ials & ! /ilus4 ,"h p]spectives op5 up to u1 be=e :i* e *ronological telescope gives way4 ,!re is a rigor\s cont9uity 9 ! developm5t ( a language1 b ?is cont9uity 9 no wise excludes a trans=mation z m>k$ z t ( ! butt]fly f ! cat]pill>4 ,ev5 :51 z = in/ance 9 ,sanskrit1 we g back to a numb] ( roots1 to :i* ,indian gramm>ians su* z ,pn9i h sy/ematically trac$ back ! entire weal? ( _! abundant language1 we mu/ n suppose t ^! roots really con/itut$ ! orig9al & complete mat]ial ) :i* ! primitive ,aryan tongue began its hi/orical c>e]4 ,?is is n true ev5 ( ! ,indian bran* ( ?is primitive tongue1 = 9 its developm5t mu* may h be5 lo/1 & mu* s *ang$ t we d>e n ?9k ( re/or+ a p]fect picture f ^! fragm5ts ( ! e>lie/ m5tal developm5t ( ! ,indians4 ,^! ?+s are s simple t philologi/s accept !m z axioms2 b x is curi\s to obs]ve1 t 9 spite ( ! widespread int]e/ t has be5 creat$ 9 all civilis$ nations by ! results ( ! sci5ce ( language1 philosoph]s :o write ab\t language & its relation to ?\ght /ill tr\ble !mselves ov] notions long s9ce antiquat$4 ,i _h1 = in/ance1 classifi$ ! pr9cipal ideas express$ 9 ,sanskrit roots1 & _h r$uc$ !m to ! small numb] ( #aba47df7 ,) ^! #aba ideas1 ,indian philology pl$ges itself to expla9 all ! simple & d]ivative mean+s ( words t fill ! ?ick volumes ( a ,sanskrit lexicon4 ,& :at did e?nologi/s say to ?is8 ,in/ead ( gratefully accept+ ?is fact1 !y ass]t$ t _m ( ^! #aba radical ideas1 z = in/ance1 weav+ or cook+1 c\ld n possibly be primitive4 ,impossible is always a v conv5i5t ^w4 ,b :o ev] claim$ t ^! #aba fundam5tal ideas all belong$ to ! primitive ,aryan language4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 ! ideas t are indicat$ 9 ! ?\s&s ( words 9 classical ,sanskrit1 b !y h nev] made any claim to h con/itut$ ! m5tal capital ( ! primitive ,aryans1 :e!r acquir$ f heav5 or f ! domicile ( apes4 ,& if n[ a few ( ^! ideas1 su* z to weave1 to cook1 to clean1 appe> mod]n1 :at ( t comp>$ ) ! simple fact t !y are actually !re8 ,^! e?nologi/s1 too1 always make ! old mi/ake ( conf\nd+ ! le>n+ ( a language1 z is done by e *ild1 ) ! fir/ inv5tion or =mation ( a language4 ,! two ?+s are z radically diff]5t z ! lab\r ( m9]s :o br+ =? to ! light ( day gold ore out ( ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 & ! enjoym5t :i* ! heirs ( a ri* man h 9 squ&]+ 8 ca%4 ,! two ?+s are q diff]5t1 & yet !re are books ^u books :i* attempt to draw conclusions z to ! creation ( language f *ildr5 le>n+ to talk4 ,we h at lea/ n[ got s f> z to admit t language facilitates ?9k+2 b t language fir/ made ?\ght possible1 t x 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 b few an?ropologi/s h se547#dg7 ,!y d n "k :at language 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w means1 & /ill ?9k t x is only communication1 & t x does n diff] f ! signals made by *amois1 or ! in=mation imp>t$ by ! ant5n ( ants4 ,h5ry ,drummond goes s f> z to say t 8,any means by :i* in=mation is convey$ f "o m9d to ano!r1 is language407#dh7 ,t is entirely errone\s4 ,! entire *apt] on sign language1 int]e/+ z x is1 mu/ be treat$ q diff]5tly by ! philologi/1 comp>$ ) ! e?nologi/4 ,:5 ! sign is su* z 0 us$ 9 ! old me?od ( telegraph+1 & meant a real ^w1 or1 z 9 mod]n electric telegraphy1 ev5 a lett]1 ?is is really speak+ by signs2 & s is ! f+] language ( ! deaf & dumb4 ,b :5 ,i ?reat5 my oppon5t ) my fi/1 or /rike him 9 ! face1 :5 ,i laugh1 cry1 sob1 sigh1 ,i c]ta9ly d n speak1 al?\gh ,i d make a communication1 ! mean+ ( :i* _c be d\bt$4 ,n e communication1 !re=e1 is language1 nor does e act ( speak+ aim at a communication4 ,!re are philologi/s :o ma9ta9 t ! fir/ words 7 m]ely a cle>+ ( ! ideas1 a sort ( talk+ to oneself4 ,?is may h be5 s or n1 at any rate x appe>s to me t 9 su* primitive times1 practical ends des]ve ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,no "o c di/+ui% ! diff]5ce 9 ! /ages ( m5tal developm5t1 betwe5 wip+ ! p]spiration f ! br[ aft] "w1 :i* signifies & communicates to e obs]v]1 8,x is w>m0 or 8,i am tir$10 & ! man :o c actually say1 8,x is w>m10 8,i am tir$40 ,?\s&s1 millions ( ye>s may lie betwe5 ^! two /eps4 ,we d n "k1 & to attempt to fix p]iods ( "t :]e ! means are lack+1 is l p\r+ wat] into ! ,danaids' sieves4 ,j consid] :at ef=t 0 requir$ to enable an ,aryan man to say1 8,x is w>m40 ,we %all say no?+ ( 8x02 x may be a simple demon/rative /em1 :i* ne$$ little = its =mation4 ,b be=e ?is 8i-t0 or 8id0 c\ld become an imp]sonal 8x10 long-cont9u$ ab/raction1 or1 if y pref]1 long-cont9u$ poli%+1 0 requir$4 ,take ! ^w is4 ,:5ce comes su* a v]bal =m1 ,sanskrit z-ti1 ,greek 1 ,lat9 e/8 ,0 ! ab/ract 8to be0 onomatopoetically imitat$8 ,(t51 ( c\rse1 we _c answ] su* que/ions at all4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x is possible4 ,! root z 9 a/i1 t we n[ translate z is1 means z we see f z-u1 brea?1 orig9ally to brea!4 ,:oev] likes may see 9 z1 to brea!1 an imitation ( hiss+ brea?4 ,we nei!r ga9 or lose any?+ by ?is2 = ! critical /ep always rema9s to be tak5 f a s+le imitation ( a s+le act1 to ! compreh5sion ( _m su* acts1 at v>i\s places1 & at v>i\s times1 z "o & ! same1 :i* is call$ ab/raction or ! =m+ ( a concept4 ,?is may appe> to be a v small /ep1 j z ! fir/ slight deviation 9 a railroad track is sc>cely a f+]'s bread?1 b 9 "t *anges ! c\rse ( ! tra9 to an entirely diff]5t "p ( ! _w4 ,! =mation ( an idea1 su* z to be1 or to become1 or to take a /ill simpl] "o1 su* z f\r or eight1 appe>s to u to be a v small matt]1 & yet x is ?is v small matt] t di/+ui%es man f ! animal1 t pu%$ man =w>d & left ! animal beh9d on 8 old track4 ,nay1 m1 ?is 8concept0 has caus$ mu* %ak+ ( ! head among philosoph]s ( all times4 ,t "o & "o are two1 two & two1 f\r1 f\r & f\r1 eight1 eight & eight1 sixte51 etc41 appe>s to be s v easy1 t we d n und]/& h[ su* ?+s c con/itute an et]nally int5d$ di/9ction betwe5 man & animal4 ,i h myself se5 an ape s well tra9$ t z ! ^w 8sev50 0 spok51 he pick$ up sev5 /raws4 ,b :at is su* *ild's play 9 comp>ison ) ! fir/ =mation ( ! idea ( sev58 ,d y n see t ! =mation ( su* an ab/ract idea1 isolat+ m]e quantity ap>t f all qualities1 requires a p[] ( ab/raction su* z has nev] be5 display$ by an animal8 ,if !re 7 any languages n[ t actually _h no ^w = sev51 x w\ld be a valuable confirmation ( ?is view4 ,i d\bt only1 :e!r ! speak]s ( su* languages c\ld n call composition to _! aid1 & atta9 ! idea ( sev5 by two1 two1 two1 plus "o4 ,we /ill "k too little ( ^! languages & ( ^? :o speak !m4 ,( :at takes place 9 animals we "k absolutely no?+1 & n[h]e w\ld a dose ( agno/icism be m useful ?an "h4 ,s5se-impressions an animal c]ta9ly has2 :e!r q ! same z man mu/ rema9 unc]ta94 ,& s5se-impressions enable an animal to accompli% mu*1 especially 9 ! realm ( feel+2 b language--nev]4 ,?is fact1 z a b>e und5iable fact1 %\ld h />tl$ ! ,d>w9ians1 ev5 z x />tl$ ! v5]able ,d>w91 :5 ,i simply set ! facts be=e him1 & he imm$iately drew ! necess>y consequ5ces4 ,( any dang] !re c\ld be no fe>4 ,! facts are !re & %[ u ! "r pa?4 ,& x is n only simple facts1 b ! consequ5ces ( prexi/+ conditions :i* r5d] e s-call$ transition f animal to man absolutely un?9kable4 ,language--z e?nologi/s %\ld h le>n$--has nei!r orig9at$ f artificial signs1 nor f imitation ( s\nds4 ,t we c communicate ) signs )\t say+ a ^w1 t we ev5 n[ use signs 9 our spee*1 is be/ le>n$ 9 s\!rn races1 & 9 su* pantomimes z ,l'enfant prodigue4 ,we h long kn[n t imitations ( s\nd exi/ 9 great] or less] numb]s 9 e language1 & h[ f> !y c rea* has probably nev] be5 %[n 9 su* detail z by myself47#di7 ,b t our ,aryan tongues1 & also ! ,semitic1 & all o!rs t h be5 /udi$ sci5tifically1 orig9at$ f roots1 is n[ g5]ally kn[n & recognis$4 ,t ^! roots may 9 remote times h conta9$ an elem5t ( imitation1 we may readily conc$e1 = x is really self-evid5t2 only we %\ld n f ! beg9n+ b> our way by conceiv+ !m z m]e imitations ( s\nd4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! problem ( language w\ld long s9ce h be5 solv$1 & ! fir/ =mation ( ideas w\ld require no fur!r reflection4 ,x mu/ be conc$$ on ! o!r side t ! orig9 ( roots /ill conta9s mu* t is obscure1 & t ev5 ,noir's clamor concomitans does n expla9 e case4 ,only x is firmly e/abli%$ t a sci5tific analysis ( language leaves a c]ta9 numb] ( roots :i* are n m]e s\nd-imitations1 su* z 8b[ w[10 or 8moo moo40 ,!re are p :o h tak5 mu* pa9s to discov] :e!r ! roots ev] _h an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 or if !y h m]ely be5 sci5tifically ab/ract$1 or %ell$ out ( ! words 9 :i* !y occur4 ,^! are va9 que/ions1 = we c nev] ( c\rse come at ! matt] hi/orically1 & ! attempt to prove ! necessity ( ! "o or ! o!r view is a useless und]tak+4 ,x appe>s to be ! mo/ reasonable plan to assume = ! ,aryan languages a p]iod t approa*es ! ,*9ese1 9 :i* roots _h ! same s\nd & ! same =m z ! correspond+ n\n1 adjective1 & v]b4 ,ev5 9 ,sanskrit roots appe> at times /ill un*ang$1 al?\gh x is q "r t z soon z !y take on grammatical functions1 !y %\ld no long] be call$ roots4 ,mu* may be said 9 fav\r ( bo? views1 )\t arriv+ "o /ep ne>] our goal4 ,if we n[ only rememb] t ! :ole ,sanskrit language has be5 r$uc$ to #aba primitive ideas1 & t ! roots d5ot+ ^! 7:i* are ( c\rse mu* m num]\s7 are n imitations ( s\nd 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 b s\nds ab\t ^: orig9 we may say mu* b c prove little1 we h at lea/ a = our rese>*es4 ,i myself1 l my deceas$ fri5d ,noir1 h look$ ^u roots z clamor concomitans1 t is1 n z s\nd-imitations1 b z actual s\nds1 utt]$ by m5 9 common occupations1 & to be he>d ev5 n[4 ,:y1 h[ev]1 ! ,aryans us$ & reta9$ ad = eat1 tan = /ret*1 m> = rub1 z = brea!1 /a = /&1 ga = g1 no human ?\ght c f9d out2 we mu/ be cont5t ) ! fact t x 0 s1 & t a c]ta9 numb] ( su* roots--( c\rse mu* great] ?an ! #aba ideas express$ by !m--con/itute ! k]nels f :i* has spr\t$ ! entire flora ( ! ,indian m9d4 ,if we n[ return1 to our is1--,sanskrit z-ti1 ,greek 1 ,lat9 e/1--we see t x orig9ally meant 8to brea! out40 ,?is bl[+ or brea?+ 0 !n us$ = 8life10 z 9 z-u1 brea? ( life1 & f life x lo/ its cont5t until x c\ld be appli$ to ev]y?+ exi/+1 & meant no?+ m ?an ! ab/ract 8to be40 ,!re are languages t possess no su* pale ^w z 8be0 & c\ld n =m su* a s5t5ce z 8,x is w>m40 ,! auxili>y v]b 8to h0 is also lack+ 9 _m languages1 especially ! anci5t1 su* z ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 & ev5 classical ,lat94 ,if ! words fail$1 ! ideas fail$ z well1 & su* languages _h to try & fulfil _! requirem5ts 9 o!r ways4 ,if !re 0 no su* ^w z 8be10 8/&0 0 employ$2 :]e !re 0 no ^w = 8h10 !n 8hold10 t5]e1 w\ld r5d] ! same1 or at lea/ simil> s]vice4 ,b ?is impli$ n only diff]5t spee*1 b diff]5t ?\ght4 ,b "h ,i %\ld l to call att5tion to ! long process ?r\gh :i* a language mu/ pass1 be=e x c\ld r$uce 8brea!0 to 8be0 & =m su* a s5t5ce z 8,x is w>m40 ,ev5 an animal feels w>m?1 & c 9 v>i\s ways make kn[n if x is ov]heat$4 ,b 9 all ?is x is only a "q ( feel+s1 n to ideas1 & /ill less ( language4 ,let u consid] 8w>m40 ,( c\rse 8w>m0 may repres5t a m]e feel+1 & !n a simple pant+ w\ld suffice to express x4 ,t is communication1 b n language4 ,to ?9k a ^w l w>m1 a root & an idea are necess>y4 ,probably1 & 9 spite ( a few phonetic difficulties1 ! root 0 9 ?is case gh> 79 gh>m1 71 & ?is meant at fir/ to be bright1 to glitt]1 to %9e1 !n to burn1 to heat1 to be w>m2 t is to say1 ! obs]v+ m9d ( man 0 able to ab/ract brightness f ! s5se-impressions produc$ by sun1 fire1 gold1 & _m o!r objects1 &1 lett+ ev]y?+ else drop1 to rea* ! idea ( %9+1 !n ( be+ w>m4 ,^! ideas1 ( c\rse1 d n exi/ on _! own acc\nt any:]e 9 ! _w2 !y mu/ be & h be5 con/ruct$ by man alone1 nev] by an animal4 ,:y8 ,because an animal does n possess :at man possesses3 ! faculty ( grasp+ ! _m z "o1 s z to =m an idea & a ^w4 ,light or light+1 w>m? or w>m+1 exi/ n[h]e 9 ! _w1 & are n[h]e giv5 9 s5ti5t exp]i5ce4 ,e object ( s5se exi/s individually1 & is p]ceiv$ z su* individually1 su* z ! sun1 a tor*1 a /ove2 b heat 9 g5]al1 l ev]y?+ g5]al1 is ! product ( our ?\ght2 its "n is made by u1 & is n giv5 u4 ,( all ?is1 ( c\rse1 :5 we le>n to speak z *ildr51 we h no suspicion4 ,we le>n ! language made by o!rs :o came be=e u1 & proce$ f words to ideas1 n f ideas to words4 ,:e!r ! relation betwe5 ideas & words 0 a succession1 x is h>d to say1 because no idea exi/s )\t a ^w1 any m ?an a ^w )\t an idea4 ,^w & idea exi/ ?r\gh ea* o!r1 beside ea* o!r1 ) ea* o!r2 !y are insep>able4 ,we c\ld z easily try to speak )\t ?9k+1 z to ?9k )\t speak+4 ,x is at fir/ difficult to grasp ?is4 ,we are s accu/om$ to ?9k sil5tly1 be=e speak+ al\d1 t we actually believe t ! same is true1 ev5 ( ! fir/ =mation ( ideas & words4 ,our s-call$ ?9k+ be=e speak+1 h[ev]1 ref]s simply to reflection1 or delib]ation4 ,x is some?+ q diff]5t1 & occurs only ) ! aid ( sil5t words t are 9 u1 ev5 if !y are n utt]$4 ,e p]son1 p>ticul>ly 9 8 y\?1 believes t he *]i%es )9 himself inexpressible feel+s1 or ev5 ?\ghts4 ,^! are *iefly obscure feel+s1 & ! expression ( feel+s has always be5 ! mo/ difficult task to be p]=m$ by language1 because !y mu/ fir/ pass ?r\gh a phase ( conception4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y are actually ideas1 !y are su* z h an old expression t is felt to be inconv5i5t1 or inadequate1 & mu/ be replac$ by a new "o4 ,we _c d en\gh to rid ourselves ( ! old error1 t ?\ght is possible )\t words4 ,we c1 ( c\rse1 repeat words )\t mean+2 b t is n speak+1 only mak+ a noise4 ,if any "o1 h[ev]1 tells u t he c ?9k q well )\t words1 let ?is sil5t ?9k] be sudd5ly int]rupt$1 ask him ( :at he has ?\ght 9 sil5ce1 & he w h to admit t x 0 ( a dog1 a horse1 or a man--9 %ort1 ( some?+ t has a "n4 ,he ne$ n utt] ^! words--t has nev] be5 ma9ta9$1 b he mu/ h ! ideas & _! signs1 o!rwise !re are n1 & !re _c be = him1 ei!r ideas or ?+s4 ,h[ (t5 we see *ildr5 move _! lips :ile !y are ?9k+1 t is1 speak+ )\t articulation4 ,we c1 ( c\rse1 9 case ( necessity1 use o!r signs2 we c hold a dog on high & %[ him1 b if we ask :at is %[n1 we %all f9d t ! actual dog is only a sub/itute = ! ab/ract ^w 8dog10 n ! rev]se1 = a dog t is nei!r a spaniel1 poodle1 da*%und1 etc41 is n[h]e to be f\nd1 9 r]um natura1 or 9 dome/ic life4 ,^! ?+s1 t give u s mu* tr\ble1 7 (t5 q cle> to ! anci5t ,h9dus1 = _! usual ^w = 8?+0 is padr?a2 t is1 mean+ or purpose ( ! ^w4 ,b m5 p]si/ t !y are able to ?9k )\t speak+ al\d1 or 9 sil5ce4 ,!y p]si/ t ?\ght comes fir/1 & !n spee*2 !y p]si/ t !y c speak )\t ?9k+1--& t is (t5 q true1--& t !y c also ?9k )\t speak+1 :i* mu/ fir/ be prov$4 ,consid] only :at is necess>y to =m s simple a ^w z 8:ite40 ,! idea ( :ite mu/ be =m$ at ! same "t1 & ?is c only be done by dropp+ ev]y?+ b ! col\r f ! s5se-p]ceptions ( su* ?+s z sn[1 sn[drop1 cl\d1 *alk1 or sug>1 !n m>k+ ?is col\r1 &1 by means ( a sign 79 ?is case a vocal "o71 elevat+ x to a compreh5sible idea1 & at ! same "t to a ^w4 ,h[ ?is vocal tok5 orig9ates x is (t5 difficult1 (t5 q impossible1 to say4 ,! simple/ mode is1 = example1 if !re be a ^w = sn[1 to take ?is & to g5]alise x1 & !n to call sug>1 = in/ance1 sn[1 or sn[y1 or sn[-:ite4 ,b ! prior "q1 h[ sn[ 0 nam$1 only rec$es = a :ile1 & mu/ ( c\rse be answ]$ = itself4 ,giv5 a ^w = sn[1 x c easily be g5]alis$4 ,b h[ did we "n sn[8 ,i believe t sn[1 :i* =ms into balls 9 melt+ & coh]es1 0 nam$ nix nivis1 f a root snigh or snu1 d5ot+ ev]y?+ :i* melt$ & yet /uck toge!r or coh]$4 ,b ^! are m]e possibilities t may be true or false2 yet _! tru? or falsity leave undi/urb$ ! fundam5tal tru?1 t ea* individual p]ception1 z1 = example1 ?is sn[ or ?is ice1 fir/ _h to be br\ght "u a g5]al conception1 be=e x c\ld be cle>ly m>k$1 or elevat$ to a ^w4 ,9 su* a case m5 =m$1 by liv+ & work+ toge!r1 a g5]al conception & a root1 = an (t-repeat$ action1 su* z =m+ into balls2 & "u ?is g5]al concept !y !n conceiv$ an individual impression l sn[2 t is1 t :i* is =m$ into a ball1 s t !y _h ! sign1 & ) ! sign ! concept ( sn[1 bo? insep>able 9 reality1 di/+ui%able z !y are 9 _! orig94 ,hav+ ?is1 !y c\ld ext5d ! concept 9 ! vocal sign = sn[1 & speak ( sn[y ?+s1 j z !y spoke ( rosy *eeks4 ,only we mu/ n imag9e t x w ev] be possible to make ! orig9 ( root s\nds p]fectly cle>4 ,?is goes back to times t are entirely )drawn f our obs]vation4 ,x goes back to times 9 :i* ! fir/ g5]al ideas 7 =m$1 & !reby ! fir/ /eps 7 tak5 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d4 ,h[ is x possible t any recollection %\ld h rema9$ ( su* e>ly times1 or ev5 any und]/&+ ( ^! m5tal processes8 ,we may settle _m ?+s1 b 9 ! end no?+ is left b to say3 ,x is s1 & rema9s s1 :e!r we c expla9 x or n4 ,! fir/ g5]al concept may no d\bt h be51 z ,noir affirm$1 an (t5 repeat$ action1 su* z /rik+1 go+1 rubb+1 *ew+--acts t spontane\sly pres5t !mselves to consci\sness1 z manifold & yet s+le1 t is1 z cont9ually repeat$1 9 :i* ! m9d consequ5tly f\nd ! fir/ natural /imulus to ! =mation ( concepts4 ,:y1 h[ev]1 rub 0 d5ot$ by m>1 eat by ad1 g by ga1 /rike by tud1 we may p]haps appreh5d by feel+1 b we c\ld n acc\nt = or ev5 conceive x4 ,"h we mu/ be cont5t ) ! facts1 especially z 9 o!r families ( languages we f9d entirely diff]5t vocal signs4 ,no d\bt !re 0 a reason = all ( !m2 b ?is reason1 ev5 if we c\ld prove x hi/orically1 w\ld always rema9 incompreh5sible to u1 & only z fact w\ld x h any significance = sci5ce4 ,at any rate1 we c n[ und]/& 9 :at mann] language (f]s u really hi/orical docum5ts ( ! olde/ /ages :i* we c rea* 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d4 ,i say1 8:i* we c rea*10 = :at lies beyond language does n exi/ = u4 ,no?+ rema9s ( ! hi/ory ( homo alalus4 ,b e ^w repres5ts a de$1 an acquisition ( ! m9d4 ,if we take su* a ^w z ! ,v$ic deva1 !re may h be5 _m old] words = god1 b let u n imag9e t a feti% or totem1 ^: etymology is or %\ld be kn[n1 belongs to !m4 ,b at all ev5ts we "k f deva & ! ,lat9 deus1 t ev5 be=e ! ,aryan sep>ation a root dyu or div _h be5 =m$1 z well z ! conception 8%9e40 ,if ?is root 0 fir/ us$ actively = ! act ( %$d+ light1 ( /rik+ a sp>k1 ( %9+1 x 0 a /ep f>!r to transf] ?is orig9ally active root to ! image :i* ! sky produces 9 u1 & to call x a 8%9]10 dyu 7nom4 dyaus71 & !n ) a new upw>d t5d5cy to call all bright & %9+ be+s1 deva1 deus4 ,man />t$1 !re=e1 f a g5]alisation1 or an idea1 & !n "u ?is idea gr\p$ o!r s+le pres5tations1 su* z sun1 moon1 & />s1 f :i* 8%9+0 _h be5 )drawn1 or ab/ract$1 & ?us obta9$ z a m5tal acquisition a sign = ! idea 8%9e10 & fur!r =mations su* z ,dyaus 7%9]7 & deva 7%9+74 ,n[ obs]ve h[ ,dyaus1 z 8%9]10 at ! same "t assum$ ! significance ( an o!rwise unkn[n ag5t or au?or ( light1 & develop$ into ! anci5t ,dyaus1 into ,zeus & ,jove2 t is1 into ! olde/ p]sonal ,god ( ! /ill unit$ ,aryans4 ,^! are ! true /ages ( ! developm5t ( ! human m9d1 :i* are susceptible ( docum5t>y pro( 9 ! ar*ives ( language4 ,all ?is occurr$1 ( c\rse1 on exclusively ,aryan gr\nd1 :ile ! ,semitic & o!r bran*es w5t _! own way 9 ! =mation ( ideas1 & ( s\nds = _! ideas4 ,physiologically all ^! bran*es may h "o & ! same orig91 b l+ui/ically !y h v>i\s beg9n+s1 & h n1 at lea/ z f> z sci5tific pro( is possible1 sprung f "o & ! same s\rce4 ,! common orig9 ( all languages is n impossible1 b x is & rema9s undemon/rable1 & to sci5ce t is en\gh1 sapi5ti sat4 ,if we analyse ! ,semitic & o!r languages1 we %all f9d 9 !m z _m anci5t docum5ts ( ! developm5t ( ! human m9d z 9 ! ,aryan4 ,& j z we c cle>ly & pla9ly trace back ! ,fr5* dieu1 ! ,lat9 deus1 ! ,sanskrit deva1 div9e1 to ! physical idea div1 8%9e10 s we c ) ?\s&s ( o!r words1 ( :i* ea* indicates an act ( w1 & ea* gives u an insight into ! developm5t ( our m9d4 ,:e!r ! ,aryans 7 9 possession ( o!r ideas & s\nds = 8%9e10 etc41 be=e ! =mation ( div1 ,dyaus1 & deva1 mu/ be left unc]ta92 at all ev5ts we see h[ naturally ! fir/ consci\sness ( ,god develop$ 9 !m1 h[ ! idea condition$ ! language1 & ! language ! idea1 & bo? orig9at$ & cont9u$ insep>able "o f ! o!r4 ,if we take any root ( ! ,aryan language1 we %all be a/oni%$ at ! enorm\s numb] ( its d]ivatives & ! %ades 9 _! mean+4 ,"h we see v pla9ly h[ ?\ght has climb$ =w>d ^u words4 ,we f9d1 = in/ance1 9 ! li/ ( ,sanskrit roots1 ! root bh> ) ! simple mean+ to be>4 ,?is we see pla9ly 9 bh>mi1 9 bibh>mi1 9 bibh>ti 7,i be>1 he be>s71 also 9 bhras or bh>tr 7a be>]71 & bhrs 7load7 & bhrman & bh>t 7be>+71 etc4 ,b ^! =ms1 ) all _! cases & p]sons & t5ses1 give u no idea ( ! fruitfulness ( a root1 especially if we foll[ its ramifications 9 ! cognate languages4 ,9 ,greek we h 1 9 ,lat9 f]o1 9 ,go?ic bairan1 9 ,engli% to be>4 ,! pr9cipal mean+s :i* ?is root assumes are1 to c>ry1 c>ry hi!r1 c>ry away1 c>ry 91 to support1 to ma9ta91 to br+ =?1 etc4 ,we f9d simple d]ivatives su* z ! ,g]man ,bahre1 ,engli% bi] 7,fr5* bire1 borr[$71 & also & f]etrum1 z well z f]culum 7a litt]74 ,on ! o!r h& !re is 7a port]'s wages71 & aa 7quiv]74 ,& b>r[ 9 :eel-b>r[ has ! same orig94 ,burd5 is t :i* is borne1 !n a load1 z1 = in/ance1 ! burd5 ( ye>s4 ,a /ep f>!r takes u to 7be>able7 & 7unbe>able74 ,we also f9d 9 ,greek 1 :i* corresponds exactly to ! ,sanskrit durbh>a1 ) ! mean+ 8heavy to be>40 ,9 ,lat91 h[ev]1 f]tus signifies fruitful1 l f]tilis1 f]ax4 ,we say1 8,! e>? be>s0 7trgt71 & ,getreide 7gra97 meant orig9ally t borne 7getrag57 by ! e>? 7h5ce 9 ,middle ,high ,g]man ,getrg$e74 ,s we h also f>1 ! olde/ corn gr[n by ! ,romans1 d]iv$ f f]o1 & along ) x fr9a 7fl\r71 if x /&s = f>r9a4 ,f> may orig9ally1 h[ev]1 h also meant food1 ma9t5ance1 & ! ,anglo-,saxon b]e1 ! ,engli% b>ley1 are aga9 relat$ to x4 ,( c\rse we h ! same root 9 d]ivatives1 su* z lucif]1 frugif]1 9 ,greek or 4 ,9 ,g]man x becomes a m]e suffix1 z fru*tb>1 dankb>1 s*e9b>1 urb>4 ,l 1 means also :at is c>ri$ or br\ght1 h5ce specially tribute1 duty1 tax4 ,to be> a *ild 0 us$ 9 ! s5se ( to br+ =?1 & f ?is we h _m d]ivatives su* z bir?1 born1 & ,go?ic b]usjos 7p>5ts71 p>5tes & b>n 7! *ild71 l ! ,greek 4 ,if 7c>riage7 /&s = 1 x means orig9ally a c>riage = two p]sons1 j z 1 ,lat9 amphora1 0 a vessel ) two h&les4 ,we %\ld sc>cely believe t ! same root is conceal$ 9 ! ,g]man ,zub] 7tub7 & ,eim] 7bucket74 ,b ,zub] 0 orig9ally ,zwib]1 a vessel ) two h&les1 & ,eim] 0 ,e9b]1 a bucket ) "o bail4 ,we may comp>e manubrium 7h&le7 & d]ivatives l c&elebrum1 lugubris1 z well z luctif]4 ,if bh>tri meant be>] & !n husb&1 z bhrya meant wife1 i4e4 ! "o to be ma9ta9$1 we are probably ju/ifi$ 9 see+ 9 bhrt> 7bro!r7 ! orig9al mean+ ( help]1 protector4 ,al?\gh ! wife is to be ma9ta9$ & su/a9$1 %e1 too1 br+s some?+ to ! h\sehold1 & t is ! 7d[ry74 ,! ,middle ,lat9 expression p>aph]nalia is prop]ly d[ry1 ?\gh x has n[ assum$ an entirely diff]5t mean+4 8,to be c>ri$0 easily takes ! mean+ ( be+ torn away1 s'emport]1 & ?is we f9d 9 ! ,greek repres5t$ by 1 9 ! ,sanskrit 9 ! second>y =m bhur 7to ha/571 yield+ bhurany1 bhrni 7ha/y1 viol5t71 & o!r d]ivatives4 ,we h already se5 h[ & signifi$ t :i* is contribut$1 !n duty1 tribute4 ,?is is ! ,go?ic gabaur1 t is1 gebhr 7due71 & consequ5tly all ?+s t are prop] or becom+4 ,(f]re 7br+ be=e7 leads to ,opf] 7sacrifice7 & to ! simpl] (frir1 z suff]re to s\ffrir 7suff]74 ,x has be5 usual to d]ive ,=s1 ,=tuna1 f f]re17#ej7 ! goddess :o br+s1 al?\gh %e takes away z well4 ,! anci5ts _h no d\bts ( ?is d]ivation1 & 7fate7 & 7*ance7 seem to sub/antiate x4 ,b ! old div9e "* ( ,=s1 ,=tuna 7z relat$ to ,h>it71 po9ts to o!r s\rces1 :i* _h already entirely vani%$ f ! consci\sness ( ! anci5ts4 ,yet ! expression1 es trgt si* zu 7x happ5s71 ! old gaburjan1 ,anglo-,saxon gebyrian1 & kipuri 7zufllig1 casual71 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 & =ms su* z =te1 =san1 =tassis 7=te an si vis71 =tuitus1 are v remote f _! suppos$ my?ological mean+4 ,if f]re 7 ! root1 we %\ld h fur!r pro( ( ! immeasurable f]tility to :i* we owe su* words z =tune & mis=tune4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> if we tri$ to collect all ! mean+s :i* our roots _h 9 ! v>i\s anci5t ,aryan tongues 9 comb9ation ) prepositions4 ,x mu/ suffice to select a small numb] f a mod]n language su* z ,fr5*1 :i* give u an idea ( ! endless modifications to :i* e root is m or less adapt$4 ,?us f circumf]re we h circonfr5ce1 also priphrie1 f conf]re1 confr5ce & also con=table1 f def]re dfr5ce1 f diff]re diffr5ce1 f praef]re prfr5ce1 f pr(]re pr(r]1 f ref]re rfr5ce1 ea* ^w aga9 ) num]\s (f%oots4 ,we are n at ! end yet1 & /ill less :5 we keep 9 view also ! p>allel =mations tuli & latum1 or port>e4 ,we !n see :at a root 9 ?is language has to signify1 :e!r consid]$ z a concrete ^w or z a m]e ab/raction4 ,?is is prolific ( cont5tion & has be5 mu* disput$2 ! ma9 ?+ is to "k ! facts4 ,f ^! we may inf] h[ 9 all ?is multiplicity ! unity ( ! root elem5t c be be/ expla9$4 ,i d n say t all ideas c be s cle>ly trac$ to _! orig9 z 9 ?is root4 ,9 "s ! int]m$iate =ms h be5 lo/1 & ! etymologies become unc]ta91 (t5 impossible4 ,b ! result on ! :ole rema9s ! same4 ,:]ev] we c see cle>ly1 we see t :at we call m9d & ?\ght consi/s 9 ?is1 t man has ! p[] n only to receive pres5tations l an animal1 b to discov] some?+ g5]al 9 !m4 ,?is elem5t he c elim9ate & fix by means ( vocal signs2 & he c fur!r classify s+le pres5tations "u ! same g5]al concepts1 & m>k !m by ! same vocal signs4 ,:at we call d]ivative =ms1 su* z deva besides div1 are orig9ally v>ieties 9 ! =mation ( words1 t 9 "t prov$ useful1 & ?r\gh repeat$ employm5t obta9$ _! special application4 ,(t51 too1 !re are real comp\nds1 j z ! ,g]man b> 9 fru*tb>1 fur*tb>1 etc41 0 orig9ally ! same ^w t we h 9 ,bahre 7bi]71 b 0 v diff]5t f b> 9 ,na*b> 7neighb\r71 :i* 9 spite ( ! simil>ity 9 s\nd comes f an entirely diff]5t root1 se5 9 bau5 7build71 bebau5 7cultivate71 bau] 7peasant71 & 9 ! ,engli% neighb\r4 ,if we h ! ideas & ! words1 ! process ( ?\ght1 z ,hobbes has taught u1 is no?+ b an addition & subtraction ( ideas4 ,we add :5 we say1 ,a is ,b2 :5 we say1 = in/ance1 man1 or ,caius1 is mortal1 add+ ,caius1 or man1 to all t we call mortal2 we subtract :5 we say1 ,a is n ,b2 t is1 :5 we ab/ract ,eno* f all t we call mortal4 ,ev]y?+ t man has ev] ?\ght1 humiliat+ z x may s\nd1 consi/s 9 ^! two op]ations2 j z ! mo/ ab/ruse op]ations ( ma!matics g back 9 ! end to addition & subtraction4 ,to :at else c\ld !y g back8 ,:e!r ^! m5tal op]ations are true or false1 is ano!r "q1 ) :i* ! me?od ( ! ?9k] has no?+ to d2 any m ?an =mal logic inquires :e!r all m5 are mortal1 b only inf]s on ! basis ( ^! premises t ,caius1 because he is a man1 is also mortal4 ,we see1 !re=e1 h[ language & ?\ght g h& 9 h&2 :]e !re is z yet no ^w1 !re is n yet an idea4 ,! ?9k+ capacity ( ! m9d has its s\rce 9 language1 lives 9 language1 & develops cont9u\sly 9 language4 ,! human m9d is human language1 & z animals possess no language1 !y d n ipso facto possess :at philosoph]s und]/& by m9d4 ,we ne$ n = ?is reason ascribe any special faculty to m54 ,spee* & ?\ght are only a wid] developm5t ( ! faculty ( pres5tation su* z an animal may h2 b 9 an animal x nev] develops any f>!r1 = an animal has no g5]al ideas2 x rema9s at ! individual1 & nev] atta9s unity 9 plurality4 ,x kn[s1 z ,plato w\ld say1 a horse1 b n 8hors$om40 ,if we wi% to say t ! p]ceiv+ self is pres5t 9 animals z 9 m51 !re is no objection1 ?\gh 9 all su*1 que/ions relat+ to animals we are always grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,b ! fact rema9s t ! /ep1 :e!r small or va/1 t leads f ! individual to ! g5]al1 f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 f p]ceiv+ 7t is1 be+ act$ ^u7 to conceiv+1 ?9k+1 speak+1 t is1 to act+1 is = ! animal impossible4 ,an animal might speak1 b x _c2 a /one might gr[1 b x _c2 a tree might walk1 b x _c4 ,:y n8 ,because !re are natural b\nd>ies t are app>5tly easy to pass1 & yet impassable4 ,! tree gr[s up a tree1 ! animal an animal1 b no f>!r1 j z man nev] surpasses ! human1 & !re=e c nev] ?9k except ?r\gh language1 :i* (t5 is v imp]fect4 ,9 "o s5se1 !re=e1 ! ,horseh]d is q "r4 ,! m9d is a developm5t1 an et]nal1 ceaseless developm5t2 b :5 he calls x a function possess$ by all liv+ organisms1 ev5 a goose & a *ick51 he goes f> beyond ! facts4 ,no goose speaks1 al?\gh x cackles1 & al?\gh by cackl+ x appris$ ! ,romans ( ! important fact t _! ,capitol 0 9 dang]4 ,h[ mu* a dog c\ld tell u if he c\ld speak6 ,z if ?is capacity or incapacity is n z mu* ! result ( int5tion z e o!r capacity & incapacity 9 nature6 ,if we translate ?is ability by facultas1 t is facilitas1 we ne$ n = t reason assume 9 man a faculty1 or z ! ,horseh]d calls x1 a phantom1 b ! ?+ rema9s ! same4 ,we c speak1 & an animal _c2 we c ?9k1 & an animal _c4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t because we d5y ?\ght & spee* to animals1 we wi% to degrade !m4 ,ev]y?+ t has be5 told u ( ! +5i\s tricks ( animals1 ev5 ! mo/ incr$ible1 we %all gladly believe1 only n t bos locutus e/1 or t an actual utt]ance lies hidd5 9 ! b>k ( a dog4 ,a man :o sees no diff]5ce betwe5 language & communication w ( c\rse cont9ue to say t a dog speaks1 & expla9 9 h[ _m dialects he b>ks1 :5 he is hungry1 :5 he wants to g out ) 8 ma/]1 :5 he he>s burgl>s 9 ! h\se1 or :5 he has be5 :ipp$ & :9es4 ,x w\ld be m natural if sci5ti/s conf9$ !mselves to facts1 )\t ask+ = reasons1 & prim>ily to ! great fact t no animal1 ) ! exception ( man1 speaks1 or ev] has spok54 ,! next duty ( ! obs]v] is to ask3 ,:y is ?is8 ,!re is no physical impossibility4 ,a p>rot c imitate all words4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be a non-physical cause :y !re has nev] be5 a p>rot or dog language4 ,is t true or false8 ,& if we n[ call t non-physical cause m9d1 or /ill bett] ! ,logos1 namely1 ! ga!r] ( ! _m into ! "o1 compreh5d+1 conceiv+1 is our argum5t s errone\s if we seek ! di/9ction betwe5 man & animal 9 ! ,logos1 9 spee* & ?\ght1 or 9 m9d8 ,?is m9d is no gho/1 z ! ,horseh]d ass]ts1 nor is x a m]e phantom ( ! bra9 z is imag9$ by s _m sci5ti/s4 ,x is some?+ real1 = we see its effects4 ,x is born1 l ev]y?+ t belongs to our ego1 ( ! self-consci\s ,self1 :i* alone really & et]nally exi/s & abides4 ,s f> ,i hope to h answ]$ ! second objection ( ! ,horseh]d or ,horseh]ds1 t ! m9d is a function possess$ also by a goose or a *ick54 ,m9d is language1 & language is m9d1 ! "o ! s9e qua non ( ! o!r1 & s f> no goose has yet spok51 b only cackl$4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,reasonabl5ess ,( ,religion ,! mo/ difficult & at all ev5ts ! ?ornie/ problem t 0 pres5t$ to me by ! ,horseh]d /ill rema9s unansw]$1 & ,i h long d\bt$ :e!r ,i %\ld attempt to answ] x 9 s popul> a p]iodical z ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au4 ,!re are s _m ?+s t h be5 s long settl$ among s*ol>s t !y are sc>cely m5tion$1 :ile to a great majority ( ev5 well-in=m$ p !y are /ill envelop$ 9 a mi/y gloom4 ,to ?is class belong especially ! s-call$ articles ( fai?4 ,we mu/ n =get t ) _m1 ev5 ) mo/ m51 fai? is n fai?1 b acquir$ habit4 ,:y o!rwise %\ld ! son ( a ,jew be a ,jew1 ! son ( a ,p>si a ,p>si8 ,moreov]1 no "o likes to be di/urb$ 9 8 old habits4 ,!re are que/ions1 too1 on :i* mank9d z x is n[ con/itut$ w nev] rea* a common und]/&+1 because !y lie outside ! realm ( sci5ce or ! kn[able4 ,conc]n+ su* que/ions x is well to wa/e no m words4 ,b x is on j su* a "q1 namely1 ! true nature ( revelation1 t ! ,horseh]d & 8 companions p>ticul>ly wi% to "k my views4 ,! curr5t !ory ( revelation is _! greate/ /umbl+ block1 & !y cont9ually direct _! pr9cipal attack aga9/ ?is anci5t /ronghold4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is no?+ s conv5i5t z ?is !ory1 & _m :o h no o!r support cl+ fa/ to ?is an*or4 ,! ,bible is div9e revelation1 say !y1 !re=e x is infallible & unassailable1 & t settles ev]y?+4 ,n[ we mu/1 above all ?+s1 come to an und]/&+ z to :at is meant by revelation be=e we attribute revelation to ! ,bible4 ,!re are n _m n[ :o really believe t an angel 9 bodily =m desc5d$ f heav5 & :isp]$ into ! e> ( ! apo/les1 9 r bad ,greek1 e v]se1 e ^w1 ev5 e lett] ( our ,gospels4 ,:5 ,pet] 9 8 second ,epi/le 7i4 #ah7 assures u t he he>d a voice f heav51 t is a fact t c only be confirm$1 or invalidat$1 by witnesses4 ,b :5 he imm$iately aft] says 7i4 #ba7 t 8holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,_s10 he pres5ts to u a view ( inspiration t is easily intelligible1 ! possibility or tru? ( :i* mu/ yet be fir/ det]m9$ by psy*ologi/s4 ,if x be conc$$1 h[ev]1 t holy m5 may p>take ( su* an inspiration1 ev5 !n x is pla9 t x requires a mu* high] inspiration to decl>e o!rs to be div9ely inspir$ ?an to make su* a claim = oneself alone4 ,?is !ory1 t ! ,gospels are inspir$ by ,god1 & !re=e are infallible & unassailable1 has ga9$ m & m curr5cy s9ce ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4 ,! ,bible 0 to be ! only au?ority 9 future = ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,pope & ecclesia/ical tradition 7 ca/ aside1 & a great] /ress 0 consequ5tly laid on ! lit]a scripta ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is naturally l$ to a v labori\s & detail$ criticism ( ^! records1 :i* ye> by ye> assum$ a wid] scope1 & 0 f9ally absorb$ 9 s _m special inve/igations t its orig9al purpose ( e/abli%+ ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t seems to h q pass$ out ( sight4 ,^! critical inve/igations conc]n+ ! manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,codex ,s9aiticus1 ,alex&rimus1 & ,vaticanus1 d[n to ,numb] #bfi1 ,b5tley's ,q1 are probably ( less int]e/ to ! ,horseh]d2 !y are kn[n to ^? :o make a special /udy ( ?is subject1 & are ( no int]e/ outside4 ,if1 z might h happ5$1 )\t any miracle1 ! orig9al autograph ( ! ,gospels1 z !y 7 writt5 by ! apo/les or "s "o else ) _! own h&s1 _h be5 c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! fir/ popes1 our pr(essors w\ld h be5 sp>$ mu* lab\r4 ,b we n[h]e read t ^! successors & heirs ( ,pet] %[$ any special solicitude = ?is prime duty ( _! (fice1 ! pres]vation ( ?is preci\s jewel ( _! treasure1 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:at !y neglect$1 _h !re=e to be recov]$ by our philologi/s4 ,j z ^? :o wi%$ to /udy ! ,peloponnesian w> resort$ to ! manuscripts ( ,?ucydides1 ! ,*ri/ian s*ol>s1 to become acqua9t$ ) ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity1 betook !mselves to ! manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,& z ! manuscripts ( ,?ucydides v>y widely f "o ano!r & 9 c]ta9 passages leave u q helpless1 s d ! manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b5tley speaks ( ?irty ?\s& v>i lectiones 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b s9ce 8 "t _! numb] mu/ h increas$ f\rfold4 ,! manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t are m num]\s ?an ^? ( any classic4 ,two ?\s& are kn[n & h be5 describ$1 & m yet may lie buri$ 9 libr>ies4 ,n[ :ile ?is l>ge numb] ( manuscripts & v>i\s read+s h giv5 ! philologi/s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t great] difficulties ?an ! classical philologi/ enc\nt]s1 /ill on ! o!r h& ! ,new ,te/am5t has ! advantage ov] all classical texts1 9 t "s ( its manuscripts are mu* old] ?an ^? ( ! majority ( classical writ]s4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 no complete manuscripts ( ,hom] e>li] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :ile ! olde/ manuscripts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t desc5d f ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,x is frequ5tly said t all ^! ?+s are ( no importance = ! und]/&+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & t !ologians ne$ n tr\ble !mselves ab\t !m4 ,b ?is is say+ too mu*4 ,!re are v>i lectiones1 :i* are c]ta9ly n )\t importance = ! facts & ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 :i* ! la/ ^w belongs n to ! !ologian1 b to ! philologi/4 ,no "o w\ld say t x makes no diff]5ce if ,m>k xvi4 #i-bj is omitt$ or n2 no "o w\ld decl>e t ! au!nticity or spuri\sness ( ! section on ! adult]ess 7,john vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa7 0 entirely indiff]5t4 ,:5 we consid] :at cont5tion !re has be5 ov] ! sev5? v]se ( ! fif? *apt] ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 & h[ ! entire doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity has be5 bas$ on t 78,= !re are ?ree t be> record 9 heav51 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/3 & ^! ?ree are "o071 x w h>dly be ma9ta9$ t ! manuscripts are ( no importance = ,*ri/ian dogma4 ,:e!r 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y iii4 #af1 we read = 1 t is1 1 is also n q immat]ial4 ,/ill ,i admit t 9 comp>ison to ! problems pres5t$ to me by ! ,horseh]d & 8 comrades1 ^! v>i lectiones w n rack our bra9s ne>ly s badly4 ,i h be5 reproa*$ = /ill ow+ my fri5ds an answ] to ! attacks :i* !y direct$ exclusively aga9/ ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 impossible to deal ?or\ghly ) ^! matt]s1 )\t fir/ tak+ into consid]ation _! objections aga9/ all religion4 ,i !re=e fir/ endeav\r$ to make cle> to my unkn[n fri5ds two ?+s1 :i* con/itute ! f\ndation ( all religion3 fir/1 t ! _w is rational1 t x is ! result ( ?\ght1 & t 9 ?is s5se only is x ! creation ( a be+ :i* possesses reason1 or is reason itself 7! ,logos72 & secondly1 t m9d or ?\ght _c be ! outcome ( matt]1 b on ! contr>y is ! prius ( all ?+s4 ,to ?is end a /atem5t ( ! results ( ! philosophy ( language 0 absolutely necess>y1 p>tly to e/abli% m cle>ly ! relation ( ?\ght to spee*1 p>tly to compreh5d ! true mean+ ( ! ,logos or ! ,^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & und]/& 9 h[ easily intelligible & p]fectly reasonable a s5se ! t]m 8,^w0 7,logos7 c be appli$ to ! ,son ( ,god4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o pret5d to f9d no difficulties 9 all ^! que/ions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i h wre/l$ ) !m = ye>s1 & rememb] well ! joy ,i felt :5 fir/ ! true hi/orical mean+ ( ! op5+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ^w10 became cle> to me4 ,x is true t ,i turn$ no som]saults l ! ,horseh]d1 b ,i 0 well satisfi$4 ,i d n !re=e consid] ! objections rais$ by him z unf\nd$ or )\t ju/ification2 on ! contr>y1 x 7 bett] if o!rs w\ld speak ) ! same fre$om z he has done1 al?\gh a calm] tone 9 su* matt]s w\ld be m effective ?an ! =tissimo ( ! ,horseh]d4 ,:at aid$ me mo/ 9 ! solution ( ^! religi\s or !ological difficulties1 0 a comp>ative /udy ( ! religions ( mank9d4 ,9 spite ( _! diff]5ces1 !y are all afflict$ ) ! same ailm5ts1 & :5 we f9d t we enc\nt] ! same difficulties 9 o!r religions z ^? ) :i* we are ourselves cont5d+1 x is safe to consid] !m z deeply root$ 9 human nature1 & 9 ?is same nature1 be x weak or /rong1 to seek _! solution4 ,z comp>ative philology has prov$ t _m ( ! irregul> n\ns & v]bs are really ! mo/ regul> & anci5t1 s x is ) ! irregul>1 t is1 ! miracul\s occurr5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,inde$1 we may n[ say t x w\ld be a miracle if !re 7 any:]e any religion )\t miracles1 or if ! ,scriptures on :i* any religion is bas$ 7 n pres5t$ by ! prie/s & accept$ by ! believ]s z ( sup]human1 ev5 div9e orig91 & !re=e infallible4 ,9 all ^! matt]s we mu/ seek = ! reasons1 & 9 ?is mann] endeav\r to und]/& _! tru? z well z error4 ,:e!r or n ,i h succe$$ 9 prov+ t ! _w is rational1 & t m9d is ! prius ( matt]1 ,i mu/ leave to ! decision ( ! ,horseh]d & 8 fri5ds4 ,=tunately ^! que/ions are ( t nature t we may ent]ta9 diff]5t op9ions ^u !m )\t accus+ ea* o!r ( h]esy4 ,_m ,d>w9ians1 = in/ance1 ,romanes1 & ev5 ,huxley1 h always consid]$ !mselves good ,*ri/ians1 al?\gh !y believ$ ! doctr9e ( ,d>w9 to be ! only way ( salvation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take up su* que/ions z 7 prop\nd$ to me by ! ,horseh]d1 & :i* h m to d ) ,*ri/ian !ology ?an ,*ri/ian religion1 !re is an imm$iate *ange ( tone1 & un=tunately ! diff]5ce ( view becomes at once a diff]5ce ( aim4 ,! moral elem5t ent]s imm$iately1 & ^? :o believe o!rwise are designat$ unbeliev]s1 ?\gh we d n at once /amp ^? :o ?9k o!rwise z incapable ( ?\ght4 ,"h lies ! great difficulty 9 consid]+ & treat+ calmly religi\s1 or r1 !ological que/ions4 ,!re is little hope ( rea*+ a mutual und]/&+ :5 ! fir/ attack is *>act]is$ by su* vig\r z 0 %[n by ! ,horseh]d & _m ( 8 comrades4 ,he speaks at once ( tales ( fraud & deceit1 & ( ! fantasies ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,he says t he is full ( blood?ir/9ess aga9/ ! ,jewi% idea ( ,god1 & believes t s9ce ! writ+s ( ,hume & ,s*op5hau]1 positive ,*ri/ianity has become a %e] impossibility1 & m ( ! same import4 ,?is is c]ta9ly 8=tissimo10 b n !re=e by any means 8v]issimo40 ,o!r correspond5ts1 su* z ,agno/icus1 decl>e all revelation a *im]a2 9 %ort1 !re has be5 no lack ( expressions subv]sive ( ,*ri/ianity1 &1 9 fact1 ( all reveal$ religion4 ,at ?is po9t a glance at ! developm5t ( ! religion ( ! ,h9dus may be ( great s]vice to u4 ,n[h]e is ! idea ( revelation work$ out s c>efully z 9 _! lit]ature4 ,!y h a volum9\s lit]ature1 treat+ ( religion & philosophy1 & !y draw a v %>p di/9ction betwe5 reveal$ & unreveal$ works 7,sruti & ,smriti74 ,"h mu* dep5ds ^u ! "n4 ,reveal$ meant orig9ally no?+ m ?an pla9 & cle>1 & :5 we speak ( a revelation1 9 ord9>y life1 ?is is n mu* m ?an a communication4 ,b erelong 8reveal0 0 us$ 9 ! special s5se ( a communication f a sup]human to a human be+4 ,! "q ( ! possibility ( su* a communication rais$ little difficulty4 ,b ?is possibility dep5ds naturally on ! prior conception ( sup]human be+s & ( _! relation%ip to human be+s4 ,s long z x 0 imag9$ t !y occasionally assum$ human =m1 & c\ld m+le 9 v human affairs1 a communication f a ,n-man1 ,i w n say a mon/]1 pres5ts no great difficulties4 ,! ,greeks w5t s f> z to ascribe to m5 ( e>li] times a clos] int]c\rse ) ! gods4 ,b ev5 ) !m ! idea t man %\ld n ent] too closely into ! pres5ce ( ! gods breaks =? "h & !re1 & ,semele1 :o wi%$ to be embrac$ by ,zeus 9 all 8 glory1 f\nd h] de/ruction 9 ?is ec/asy4 ,z soon z ! ,deity 0 conceiv$ 9 less human fa%ion1 z 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 int]c\rse betwe5 ,god & man became m & m difficult4 ,9 ,g5esis ?is int]c\rse is /ill repres5t$ v simply & famili>ly1 z :5 ,god walks ab\t 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 & ,adam & ,eve are a%am$ ( _! nak$ness be=e ,him4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 a high] conception ( ,god ent]s1 s t ,moses1 = example 7,exodus xxxiii4 #bc71 may n see ! face ( ,jehovah1 b /ill v5tures at lea/ to look ^u ,8 back4 ,! writ] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel goes /ill f>!r & decl>es 7i4 #ah71 8,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t1 ! only begott5 son1 :i* is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 he ha? decl>$ ,him40 ,"h we cle>ly see t ! possibility ( int]c\rse betwe5 man & ,god1 & a revelation ( ,god to man1 dep5ds *iefly or exclusively on ! conception :i* man has previ\sly =m$ ( ,god & man4 ,9 all !ological rese>*es we mu/ c>efully be> 9 m9d t ! idea ( ,god is our idea1 :i* we h =m$ 9 "p ?r\gh tradition1 & 9 "p by our own ?9k+2 & we mu/ n =get t exi/5ce =m$ an ess5tial attribute ( ?is idea1 :atev] opposition may h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! ontological pro( 9 lat] times4 ,aft] :at we h se5 ( ! true relation%ip betwe5 ?\ght & spee*1 x foll[s t ! "n1 & ) x ! idea ( a div9e be+1 c only proce$ f man4 ,god is & rema9s our ,god4 ,we c h a k ( ,him only ?r\gh our inn] consci\sness1 n ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,god ,himself has no m imp>t$ ,8 "n to mank9d ?an ! fix$ />s & planets to :i* we h giv5 names1 al?\gh we only see1 b d n he> or t\* !m4 ,?is mu/ be absolutely cle> to u be=e we d>e speak ( ! possibility or impossibility ( a revelation4 ,n[ x is v useful1 be=e we treat ( our own idea ( a revelation emanat+ f ,god1 to look r\nd among o!r nations & see h[ !y rea*$ ! idea ( a revelation4 ,we see 9 ,india t a numb] ( hymns 9 an anci5t dialect & 9 fix$ metres 7 pres]v$ by oral tradition--! me?od 0 wond]ful1 b is au!nticat$ by hi/ory--be=e !re c\ld h be5 a ?\ght ( r$uc+ !m to writ+4 ,^! hymns conta9 v little t w\ld appe> to be too high or too deep = an ord9>y human poet4 ,!y are ( great int]e/ to u because !y make kn[n1 z cle>ly z possible1 ! s\nd ( ! olde/ ,aryan language1 & ! nature ( ! olde/ ,aryan gods4 ,z ,pr(essor ,deuss51 9 8 valuable ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy says1 7,i1 #hc71 ! ,v$ic religion1 :i* he at ! same "t calls ! olde/ philosophy1 is ri*] 9 disclosures ?an any o!r 9 ! _w4 ,9 ?is s5se he v prop]ly calls ! /udy ( ! ,rigv$a ! high s*ool ( ! sci5ce ( religion1 s t z he says no "o c discuss ^! matt]s )\t a k ( x4 ,?is unique di/9ction re/s1 z he truly rem>ks1 on ! fact1 8,t ! process on :i* orig9ally all gods dep5d1 ! p]sonification ( ! ph5om5a ( nature1 :ile x is m or less obscur$ by all o!r religions1 9 ! ,rigv$a /ill takes place1 s to speak1 be=e our eyes visibly & palpably40 ,i h long prea*$ ?is 9 va94 ,all :o h /udi$ ! ,rigv$a say ?is1 & all :o h n /udi$ x say j ! contr>y1 & lay especial /ress ^u ! fact t ^! hymns conta9 ideas t once & = all !y decl>e z mod]n4 ,b no "o has ev] cont5d$ t ?is is n s4 ,:at is hi/orically ! olde/1 may f a high] po9t ( view be q mod]n1 & !re are s*ol>s :o ev5 look ^u ,adam z a re=m] ( mank9d4 ,^? :o be/ "k ! ,rigv$a h (t5 %[n t x /&s at a tol]ably advanc$ /age1 & "h & !re ca/s a di/ant glance into its own pa/4 ,i myself h (t5 said t ,i w\ld give mu* if ,i c\ld escape f my own pro(s ( ! age ( ?is collection ( hymns1 & c\ld cle>ly %[ t at lea/ "s ( ^! ,v$ic hymns _h be5 add$ lat]4 ,^! hymns1 !re=e1 j because1 judg+ f _! language & metre1 !y are old] ?an ev]y?+ else 9 ,india1 or ev5 9 ! entire ,aryan _w1 & because !y are ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! anci5t gods ( nature1 appe>$ to ! ,h9dus !mselves z apauru%eya1 t is1 n wr\ght by man4 ,!y 7 call$ ,sruti1 7t :i* 0 he>d71 9 di/9ction f o!r lit]ature1 :i* 0 designat$ z ,smriti1 or recollection4 ,all ?is is easily intelligible4 ,!re foll[$ a p]iod1 h[ev]1 dur+ :i* ! true und]/&+ ( ! hymns became consid]ably obscur$1 & a new s]ies ( works1 ! s-call$ ,brhmanz1 arose4 ,^! 7 v diff]5t f ! hymns4 ,!y are compos$ 9 a y\ng] language & 9 prose4 ,!y treat ( ! sacrifice1 s full ( significance 9 ,india1 at :i* ! hymns 7 employ$1 & :i* seems to me to h be5 orig9ally design$ = measur+ "t1 & ?us s]v$ to m>k ! progress ( civilisation4 ,!y expla9 ! mean+ ( ! hymns1 (t5 q errone\sly2 b !y conta9 "s int]e/+ in=mation ^u ! condition ( ,india1 long aft] ! p]iod :5 ! hymns fir/ appe>$1 & yet be=e ! rise ( ,buddhism 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t1 z ! ,brhmanz 7 compos$ 9 prose1 !y 7 orig9ally writt51 accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ,wolf1 t prose ev]y:]e presupposes ! k ( writ+4 ,i _c admit ?is 9 ! case ( ,india2 at any rate1 !re is no trace ( any acqua9tance ) writ+ 9 ! :ole ( ?is ext5sive mass ( lit]ature4 ,x 0 ?r\gh\t a mnemonic lit]ature1 & j because ! art ( writ+ 0 unkn[n1 ! memory 0 cultivat$ 9 a mann] ( :i* we h no idea4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! ,brahmans !mselves knew no?+ ( ! ,brhmanz 9 writt5 =m1 & includ$ !m ) ! hymns "u ! names ,v$a & ,sruti2 t is1 !y reg>d$ !m1 9 our phraseology1 z reveal$1 & n ! "w ( m54 ,! rem>kable ?+1 h[ev]1 is t !y did n assume1 l ! ,romans 9 ! case ( ,numa & ,eg]ia1 a communication f ! ,v$ic gods ( nature to ord9>y m51 b cont5t$ !mselves ) decl>+ t ! ,v$a _h be5 se5 by ! ,ri%is1 ^: "n ,ri%i !y expla9$ etymologically z 8se]40 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t :at ! ,brahmans und]/ood "u ,sruti 0 no?+ m ?an lit]ature compos$ 9 an anci5t language 7= ! ,brhmanz are also compos$ 9 an anci5t language1 ?\gh n z anci5t z t ( ! hymns71 & treat+ ( matt]s on :i* app>5tly man alone c e/abli% no au?ority4 ,= h[ c\ld ord9>y man take on himself to speak ab\t ! gods or to give directions = ! sacrifice1 to make promises = ! rew>d ( pi\s works1 or ev5 to decide :at is morally "r or wrong8 ,m ?an human au?ority 0 necess>y = ?is1 & s ! ,brhmanz1 z well z ! hymns1 7 decl>$ to be apauru%eya1 t is1 n human1 ?\gh by no means div9e1 9 ! s5se ( hav+ be5 imp>t$ by "o ( ! ,devas4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! idea ( ! ,sruti1 :ile approa*+ to our idea ( revelation z apauru%eya1 t is1 n human1 does n q co9cide ) x4 ,:at 0 anci5t & incompreh5sible1 0 call$ sup]human1 & soon became infallible & beyond assault4 ,if we look at o!r religions1 we f9d t ,buddhism d5i$ ! ,v$a e au?ority1 & 9 con=mity ) its own "* especially exclud$ e idea ( sup]human revelation4 ,9 ,*9a1 too1 we look 9 va9 = revelation4 ,9 ,pale/9e1 h[ev]1 we f9d ! idea t ! ,"l ,himself spoke ) ,moses1 :o deliv]$ ,8 comm&s to ,israel1 & ! tables ( ! comm&m5ts 7 ev5 writt5 by ,god's own f+]s on bo? sides4 ,b ?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) writt5 lit]ature4 ,! idea t ! entire ,old ,te/am5t 0 writt5 or reveal$ by ,jehovah is absolutely n ( anci5t ,jewi% orig91 :atev] respect may h be5 %[n to ! holy books z recognis$ 9 ! ,synagogue4 ,z = ,islam1 ! ,koran is look$ ^u z communicat$ to ,mohamm$ by ! angel ,gabriel1 ev5 z ,zoroa/] 9 ! ,ave/a claims to h receiv$ c]ta9 communications 9 conv]sation ) ,ahuramazda4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity1 9 ^: hi/ory ! !ory ( revelation has play$ s great a "p1 !re is 9 fact--& ?is is frequ5tly ov]look$--no decl>ation on ! subject by ,*ri/ or ! apo/les !mselves4 ,t ! ,gospels1 z !y h come d[n to u1 h be5 reveal$1 is n[h]e /at$ 9 !m1 nor c x be ga!r$ f ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les or ! ,epi/les4 ,no "o has ev] ma9ta9$ t any ,new ,te/am5t ,scripture 0 kn[n to ,*ri/ or ev5 to ! apo/les47#ea7 ,on ! contr>y1 if we take ! titles ( ! ,gospels 9 _! natural mean+1 !y d n purport to h be5 writt5 d[n by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john !mselves3 !y are simply ! sacr$ hi/ory z x 0 record$ by o!rs accord+ to ea* ( ^! m54 ,attempts h inde$ be5 made to reason away ! mean+ ( 1 8accord+ to10 & int]pret x z 8by10 b x is m natural to take x 9 its ord9>y s5se4 ,:5 ,paul1 9 8 second ,epi/le to ,timo?y 7iii4 #af71 says1 8,e scripture inspir$ ( ,god is also pr(itable = tea*+10 ?is is ! usual mode ( expression appli$ to ! ,scriptures ( ! ,old1 n ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7,john v4 #ci71 & w\ld m]ely signify inspir$1 brea!d 91 n reveal$ 9 ea* ^w & lett]4 ,9 any case we le>n ?is mu* f a comp>ative /udy ( religions1 t ! majority ( !m h _! holy books1 :i* are usually ! olde/ rema9s ( lit]ature1 oral or writt51 t !y possess4 ,!y look ^u ! au?ors ( ^! ,scriptures z extraord9>y1 ev5 sup]human be+s2 & ! lat] !ologians 9 ord] to remove f ! m9ds ( ! p e d\bt z to _! tru?1 devis$ ! mo/ +5i\s !ories1 to %[ h[ ^! books 7 n produc$ by m51 b 7 m]ely se5 by !m1 & h[ 9 ! end ev5 ! words & lett]s ( ! orig9al text 7 dictat$ to c]ta9 individuals4 ,x is imag9$1 !re=e1 t ! ,deity condesc5d$ to speak ,hebrew or ,greek 9 ! dialect ( t p]iod1 & t !re=e no lett] or acc5t may be di/urb$4 ,?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 make ! matt] v easy1 & ?is is no d\bt ! reason :y ! !ory has f\nd s _m adh]5ts4 ,x is only /range t no f\nd] ( any religion ev] appe>s to h felt ! necessity ( leav+ any?+ 9 8 own writ+ ei!r to 8 contempor>ies or to po/]ity4 ,no "o has ev] attempt$ to prove t ,moses wrote books1 nor has x ev] be5 said ( ,*ri/ t he compos$ a book 7,john vii4 #ae74 ,! same is true ( ,buddha1 9 spite ( ! leg5d ( ! alphabets2 & ( ,mohamm$ we "k f himself t he c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,:at we possess1 !re=e1 9 ! way ( holy ,scriptures is always ! product ( a lat] g5]ation1 & subject to all ! haz>ds involv$ 9 oral tradition4 ,?is 0 n to be avoid$1 & ought n to surprise u4 ,if we attempt ourselves to write d[n )\t ! aid ( books or memor&a1 occurr5ces or conv]sations ( :i* we 7 witnesses fifty ye>s ago1 we %all see h[ difficult x is1 & h[ untru/wor?y is our memory4 ,we may be entirely v]aci\s1 b x by no means foll[s t we are also true & tru/wor?y4 ,let any "o try to describe ! incid5ts ( ! ,au/ro-,prussian ,w> )\t ref]r+ to books1 & he w see h[1 ) ! be/ int5tions1 names & dates w wav] & reel4 ,:5 did ! ,g]man ,national ,assembly elect ! ,g]man ,emp]or8 ,:o 7 ! memb]s ( ! reg5cy8 ,:o 0 ,h5ry ,simon1 & 7 !re "o or m ,simons1 l ! n9e ,simons 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,:o c answ] ^! que/ions n[ )\t newspap]s1 & yet ^! are matt]s only fifty ye>s old1 & at ! "t 7 well kn[n to all ( u4 ,0 x diff]5t ) ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! ye> #ej ,a4,d48 ,x 0 !re=e v natural t a c]ta9 inspiration or prem95t end[m5t %\ld be dem&$ = ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels2 if "s d s /ill1 x is on _! own responsibility1 j z if we dem&$ = ! "m ( ,m>y ! same immaculate bir? z = ,m>y h]self1 et sic ad inf9itum4 ,^! are = ! mo/ "p m]ely excuses = human unbelief4 ,no?+ proves ! v]acity ( ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels s cle>ly z ! natural1 (t5 d]ogatory words :i* !y use ( !mselves1 or ev5 m ( ! apo/les4 ,^! did n und]/&1 z !y say1 ! simple/ p>ables or tea*+s2 !y 7 jeal\s ( "o ano!r2 ,pet] ev5 d5i$ ! ,"l2 9 %ort1 ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels _c be cr$it$ ) s9lessness & infallibility1 suppos+ t !y 7 really ! apo/les4 ,if !y 7 n1 !n all ^! difficulties ( our own mak+ disappe>4 ,we !n f9d 9 ! ,gospels j :at we might expect3 no +5i\sly prep>$ /atem5ts )\t inconsi/5cies & )\t contradictions1 b simple1 natural acc\nts1 su* z 7 curr5t f ! fir/ to ! ?ird g5]ations 9 c]ta9 circles or localities1 & ev5 accord+ to ! atta*m5t ( c]ta9 families to ! p]sonal n>rations ( "o or ano!r ( ! apo/les4 ,we mu/ n =get t 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ! necessity = a record 0 n ev5 felt4 ,*ildr5 7 /ill br\ght up z ,jews1 = ,*ri/ianity did n seek to de/roy1 only to fulfil2 & z all ! ,scriptures1 t is ! ,old ,te/am5t1 7 d]iv$ f ,god & 7 good = in/ruction1 !y cont9u$ 9 use = tea*+ )\t fur!r "q4 ,b 9 ! second & ?ird g5]ations ! brea* betwe5 ,jews & ,*ri/ians became wid] & wid]1 & ! numb] ( ^? :o _h kn[n ,*ri/ & ! apo/les1 less & less2 ! ne$ ( books especially = ! in/ruction ( *ildr5 consequ5tly became m urg5t1 & ! f\r ,gospels ?us arose by a natural process 9 answ] to a natural & ev5 irresi/ible want4 ,! difficulties involv$ ev5 9 ! smalle/ contradiction betwe5 ! ,gospels on a !ory ( inspiration ?us disappe> ( !mselves2 nay1 _! discrepancies become welcome1 because !y entirely exclude e idea ( int5tional deviation1 & simply exhibit :at ! hi/orical conditions w\ld lead u to expect4 ,( :at h>m is x1 = in/ance1 t ,mat!w 7viii4 #bh71 9 relat+ ! expulsion ( ! devils 9 ! l& ( ! ,g]ges5es1 speaks ( two possess$ m51 :ile ,m>k 7v4 #b7 kn[s only ( "o among ! ,gad>5es8 ,m>k also speaks only ( unclean spirits1 :ile ,mat!w speaks ( devils4 ,m>k & ,luke "k ! "n ( ! suff]]1 ,legion2 ,mat!w does n m5tion ! ,roman "n4 ,^! are matt]s ( small import 9 human traditions & records2 9 div9e revelations !y w\ld be difficult to expla94 ,b x becomes /ill m difficult :5 we come to expressions :i* are really significant & ess5tial = ,*ri/ianity1 = ev5 9 ^! we f9d inconsi/5cies4 ,:at c be m important ?an ! passage 9 :i* ,*ri/ asks 8 disciples1 8,b :om say ye t ,i am10 & ,pet] answ]s1 8,?\ art ! ,messiah0 7,m>k viii4 #bi74 ,t 0 a purely ,jewi%-,*ri/ian answ]1 & ,jesus accepts x z ! p]fect tru?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld /ill rema9 secret4 ,9 7,mat!w xvi4 #af7 ,pet] says n only1 8,?\ art ! ,messiah10 b adds1 8,son ( ! liv+ ,god40 ,?is makes a great diff]5ce1 & ! rem>kable ?+ is1 t lat] on ,jesus only comm&s 8 disciples to keep secret t he1 ,jesus1 0 ! ,messiah1 & says no?+ ( himself z ! ,son ( ,god4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t o!r discrepancies 9 ?is passage1 p>ticul>ly ( ! promise ( ! build+ ( ! *ur* ^u ?is rock 7,pet]71 :i* is only f\nd 9 7,mat!w xvi4 #ah71 t we h no?+ fur!r to say ab\t x1 unless x be t 9 ,m>k 9 ?is v passage ,jesus rebukes ,pet] because he ?9ks m ( ! _w ?an ( ,god1 l s _m ( 8 lat] successors4 ,let u be> 9 m9d fur!r t nei!r revelation nor div9e inspiration 0 really necess>y = record+ mo/ ( ! ?+s relat$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! less1 ! bett]2 = ei!r ! witnesses knew t ,pilate 0 at ! "t gov]nor 9 ,pale/9e1 t ,caiaphas 0 high prie/1 & t ,jairus 0 rul] ( a synagogue1 or !y did n "k x1 & 9 t case we _c assume t ^! ?+s 7 reveal$ to !m by ,god )\t irrev]5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is impossible t ,god %\ld h inspir$ or sanction$ ! hi/orical "p ( ! ,gospels1 :y !n ! o!r "p1 :i* conta9s ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/8 ,is x n mu* bett]1 mu* m hone/ & tru/wor?y = ! writ]s to h communicat$ !m to u1 z !y knew & und]/ood !m 7& t !y occasionally misund]/ood !m !y !mselves q hone/ly admit71 ?an to h be5 sup]naturally inspir$ = ! purpose1 & ev5 to h receiv$ a revelation 9 ! =m ( a !ophany8 ,?r\gh su* weak human ideas we m]ely drag ! ,real1 ! truly ,div9e1 into ! du/1 & f :om d ^! ideas ( a div9e inspiration or revelation come1 if n f m5 z !y 7 ev]y:]e1 :e!r 9 ,india or ,judea8 ,ev]y:]e ! natural is div9e1 ! sup]natural or miracul\s is human4 ,ev5 = ! ,apo/les & ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels !re 0 only "o revelation3 t 0 ! revelation ?r\gh ,*ri/2 & ?is has an entirely diff]5t mean+4 ,to und]/& ?is1 h[ev]1 we mu/ glance at :at we "k ( ! intellectual movem5ts ( t "t4 ,! ,jewi% nation *]i%$ two great expectations4 ,! "o 0 anci5t & purely ,jewi%1 ! expectation ( ! ,messiah1 ! ano9t$ 7,*ri/71 :o %\ld be ! political & spiritual lib]ator ( ! *os5 b enslav$ p ( ,israel4 ,! o!r 0 also ,jewi%1 b transfus$ ) ,greek philosophy1 ! recognition ( ! ^w 7,logos7 z ! ,son ( ,god1 :o %\ld reconcile or unite humanity ) ,god4 ,! fir/ decl>es itself mo/ cle>ly1 ?\gh n exclusively1 9 ! ?ree s-call$ ,synoptic ,gospels1 ! second 9 ! s-call$ ,gospel ( ,john4 ,b x is wor?y ( note h[ (t5 ^! app>5tly remote ideas are f\nd comb9$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! idea t a man c be ! ,son ( ,god 0 blasphemy 9 a /rict ,jewi% view1 & x 0 = ?is reason t ! la/ "q ( ! high prie/ 01 8,i adjure !e by ! liv+ ,god1 t ?\ tell u :e!r ?\ be ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god0 7,mat!w xxvi4 #fc74 ,! ,jewi% ,messiah c\ld nev] be ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,^w1 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( ! t]m1 b only 9 ! s5se 9 :i* _m nations h call$ ,god ! ,fa!r ( m54 ,9 ?is s5se1 also1 ! ,jews say 7,john viii4 #d71 8,we h "o fa!r1 ev5 ,god10 :ile !y />t back affright$ at ! idea ( a div9e son%ip ( man4 ,! ,messiah1 accord+ to ,jewi% doctr9e1 0 to be ! son ( ,david 7,mat!w xxii4 #db71 z ! p appe> to h call$ ,jesus 7,m>k x4 #dg1 xv4 #ci71 & 9 ord] to c\nt]act ?is view ,*ri/ himself said1 9 a passage ( great hi/orical import3 8,h[ !n do? ,david 9 _s call ! ,messiah ,"l1 say+1 ,! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 ,sit ?\ on my "r h& till ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool8 ,if !n ,david call$ him ,"l1 h[ is he 8 son80 ,) ^! words ! true ,messiah publicly r5\nc$ 8 royal desc5t f ,david1 :il/ he imm$iately laid claim to a mu* high] "o4 ,( :at use is x1 !n1 t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel takes su* pa9s 9 ! fir/ *apt] to trace ,joseph's desc5t g5ealogically f ,david1 9 spite ( ! fact t he does n repres5t ,joseph himself z ! natural fa!r ( ,jesus8 ,^! contradictions are q conceivable 9 an age /rongly influ5c$ by diff]5t intellectual curr5ts1 b !y w\ld be intol]able 9 a reveal$ or div9ely inspir$ book4 ,all becomes intelligible1 cle>1 & free f contradiction1 if we see 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels t :i* !y pr(ess to be--n>ratives ( :at _h long be5 told & believ$ 9 c]ta9 circles ab\t ! tea*+ & p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,i say1 :at !y !mselves pr(ess to be2 = c we believe1 t if ! au?ors _h really witness$ a miracul\s vision1 if e ^w & e lett] _h be5 :isp]$ to !m1 !y w\ld h made no m5tion ( x8 ,!y relate s _m wond]s1 :y n ?is "o1 ! greate/ ( all8 ,b x is n en\gh t !y d n claim any miracul\s communication = !mselves or _! works4 ,luke /ates 9 pla9 words ! "* ( 8 gospel1 8,= z mu* z _m h tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative conc]n+ ^? matt]s :i* h be5 fulfill$ among u1 ev5 z !y deliv]$ !m unto u1 :i* f ! beg9n+ 7 eye-witnesses1 & m9i/]s ( ! ^w 7,logos72 x seem$ good to me also1 hav+ trac$ ! c\rse ( all ?+s accurately f ! fir/1 to write unto !e 9 ord]1 mo/ excell5t ,!ophilus1 t ?\ mighte/ "k ! c]ta9ty conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e9 ?\ wa/ in/ruct$40 ,:at c be cle>]8 ,!ophilus _h evid5tly receiv$ a n v sy/ematic ,*ri/ian tra9+1 su* z 0 possible "u ! conditions ( t "t4 ,z ,luke says1 !re 7 ev5 !n sev]al works on ! matt]s ( common belief among ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 t ,!ophilus may h a tru/wor?y k ( !m1 8 fri5d 7:e!r ,luke or any "o else7 det]m9es to communicate !m to him 9 regul> ord]1 z !y _h be5 imp>t$ to him1 )\t ass]t+ t he _h himself be5 f ! beg9n+ an eye-witness ( !m1 or a m9i/] ( ! ,^w4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t ! writ] re/s ^u a tradition d]iv$ f eye-witnesses1 & t he _h ev5 inve/igat$ ev]y?+ ) c>e4 ,is x cr$ible t he w\ld n h made m5tion ( a revelation or a !ophany1 _h ei!r fall5 to 8 lot8 ,he also lays /ress ^u 8 ord]ly arrangem5t1 :i* probably implies t ev5 at t "t !re 7 ! same discrepancies 9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts t we obs]ve 9 ! f\r ,gospels1 to say no?+ ab\t ! num]\s apocryphal ,gospels4 ,?is is j :at we z hi/orians expect$1 9 fact x c\ld sc>cely be o!rwise4 ,*ri/'s message _h fir/ to pass ?r\gh ! colloquial process1 ! leav5+ process ( oral transmission2 !n foll[$ ! r$uction to writt5 =m1 & x is ?is t we h1 ap>t f ! corruptions ( copyi/s4 ,x is difficult to conceive h[ x c\ld h be5 o!rwise1 & /ill we are n cont5t ) ^! facts1 & imag9e t we c\ld h done x mu* bett] ourselves4 ,:5 we take ! ,synoptic ,gospels "o by "o1 we f9d 9 ,luke ! mo/ complete & probably ! late/ sequ5ce ( all ! important ev5ts2 9 ,m>k1 ! %orte/ & probably mo/ orig9al n>rative1 :i* only conta9s t :i* seem$ to him undisput$ or ( ! greate/ importance2 :ile ,mat!w1 on ! contr>y1 cle>ly pres5ts ! tradition =m$ & e/abli%$ among ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians & believ]s 9 ! ,messiah4 ,if we may speak ( communities at ?is e>ly "t1 ! community = :i* ! fir/ ,gospel 0 int5d$ manife/ly consi/$ ( conv]t$ ,jews1 :o _h recognis$ 9 ,jesus _! long-expect$ ,messiah or ,*ri/1 & 71 !re=e1 conv9c$ t ev]y?+ :i* _h be5 expect$ ( ! ,messiah came true 9 ?is ,jesus4 ,!y w5t /ill f>!r4 ,:5 !y 7 once conv9c$ t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 _m traditions arose :i* ascrib$ to him :at he1 if he 7 ! ,messiah1 mu/ h done4 ,?is is ! p]vad+ feature ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 z e "o :o reads x c>efully may easily be conv9c$4 ,?is alone expla9s ! frequ5t & frank expression t ?is & t occurr$ 8= ?us x 0 writt51 & ?us x 0 spok5 by ! prophet40 ,e idea ( int5tional inv5tion ( ,messianic fulfilm5ts1 :i* has s (t5 be5 ass]t$1 disappe>s ( itself 9 our int]pretation ( ! orig9 ( ! ,gospel4 ,x mu/ be s1 p ?\ght1 & !y soon told !mselves & _! *ildr5 t x _h be5 s1 & all 9 good fai?1 = o!rwise ,jesus c\ld n h be5 ! expect$ ,messiah4 ,if we exam9e ! gospel ( ,mat!w f ?is hi/orical /&po9t 9 detail1 we f9d t x beg9s ) an entirely unnecess>y g5ealogy ( ,joseph1 ! o/5sible fa!r ( ,jesus4 ,!n foll[s ! bir?1 & ?is is confirm$ 9 i4 #bb1 8,= all ?is 0 done1 t x might be fulfill$ :i* 0 spok5 by ! ,"l ?r\gh ! prophet10 namely1 ,isaiah 7vii4 #ad71 8,behold a maid5 is ) *ild & %all be> a son1 & %all call 8 "n ,immanuel40 ,?is means simply t x w be ! fir/-born son1 & t he w be call$ 8,god is ) u10 &1 !re=e1 c]ta9ly no?+ sup]natural4 ,! next /ory t ! bir? took place 9 ,be?lehem1 & t ! wise m5 f ! ,ea/ saw ! /> ov] ,be?lehem1 is aga9 f\nd$ on ! prophet's ^w t ! rul] ( ,israel w\ld come f ,be?lehem4 ,:5 ! flight ( ,joseph & ,m>y to ,egypt ) ! ,*ri/ *ild is told1 x is aga9 set =? 9 ii4 #ae1 t :at ! prophet said might be fulfill$1 8,out ( ,egypt h ,i call$ my son40 ,! massacre ( ! *ildr5 9 ,be?lehem1 ) all its difficulties 9 ! eyes ( ! hi/orian1 f9ds a suffici5t reason 9 v]se #ag on ! words :i* 7 spok5 by ,j]emiah ! prophet1 8,a voice 0 he>d 9 ,rama1 weep+ & great m\rn+1 ,ra*el weep+ = h] *ildr52 & %e w\ld n be com=t$1 because !y are n40 ,lat]1 :5 ,joseph returns ) ! *ild & j\rneys to ,naz>e?1 ?is too is expla9$ by ! words ( ! prophet1 :o said1 8,he %all be call$ a ,naz>5e40 ,on ! false idea ( ! words ( ! prophet1 t a ,naz>5e is an inhabitant ( ,naz>e?1 ,i %all say no?+ "h4 ,ev]y?+1 ev5 su* popul> errors1 is q intelligible f ?is po9t ( view1 & only %[s h[ conv9c$ ! p 7 t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 & !re=e mu/ h fulfill$ ev]y?+ :i* 0 expect$ ( ! ,messiah4 ,to u ^! fulfilm5ts ( ! prophecy may n s\nd v conv9c+4 ,b z a pres5tation ( ! ideas :i* !n held sway ov] ! p1 & z pro( ( ! grasp ( ! colloquial process1 !y are ( great value to ! hi/orian4 ,! appe>ance ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 too1 is imm$iately expla9$ by ref]5ce to prophetic words 7iii4 #c74 ,& :5 ,jesus1 aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,john1 left 8 abode & remov$ to ,cap]naum1 z 0 q natural1 ?is1 likewise mu/ h occurr$ 7iv4 #ad-af7 t c]ta9 words ( ,isaiah %\ld be fulfill$4 ,!re foll[s 9 ! fif? to ! sev5? *apt]s ! real k]nel ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ 9 ! s]mon on ! m\nt1 & ! ann\ncem5t ( ! com+ k+dom ( ,god ^u e>?4 ,"h we ask no?+ m ?an a true /atem5t1 su* z an apo/le or 8 disciples 7 fully 9 a position to give u4 ,no miracul\s inspiration is ne$$ = x2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld only injure = u ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! report]4 ,9 ! next *apt]s we read ( ! works done by ,jesus1 :i* 7 soon con/ru$ by ! p z miracles1 :ile 9 ano!r place ! evangeli/ sets ! =giv5ess ( s9s high] ?an all miracles1 ?an all heal+ ( ! sick1 & ev5 decl>es ?is to be a p[] :i* ,god _h giv5 to m5 7ix4 #h74 ,jesus himself (t5 makes 8 heal+ p[] dep5d on ! fai? ( ! p]son to be heal$1 & ( miracul\s arts he says n a ^w 7ix4 #bh74 ,next foll[ ! appo9tm5t & despat* ( ! disciples1 & soon aft] ^? words1 :i* are s significant = ?is ,gospel 7xi4 #bg71 8,all ?+s are deliv]$ unto me ( my ,fa!r2 & no man kn[e? ! ,son1 b ! ,fa!r2 nei!r kn[e? any man ! ,fa!r1 save ! ,son1 & he to :omsoev] ! son wille? to reveal him40 ,"h we h 9 a few words ! true _s1 ! true inspiration ( ! tea*+ :i* ,*ri/ proclaim$1 t he 0 n only ! ,messiah or ! son ( ,david1 b ! true son ( ,god1 ! ,logos1 :i* ,god will$ :5 he will$ man1 ! highe/ ?\ght ( ,god1 ! highe/ revelation ( ,god1 :i* 0 imp>t$ 9 ,jesus to bl9d humanity4 ,we _c judge ( ?is s correctly z ^? :o saw & knew ,jesus 9 8 corporeal exi/5ce1 & f\nd 9 him all ^? p]fections1 p>ticul>ly 9 8 life & conduct1 ( :i* human nature is capable4 ,we mu/ "h rely on ! evid5ce ( 8 contempor>ies :o _h no motive to discov] 9 him1 ! son ( a c>p5t]1 ! realisation on e>? ( ! div9e ideal ( man1 if ?is ideal _h n /ood realis$ 9 him1 be=e _! eyes1 9 ! fle%4 ,:at is true ,*ri/ianity if x be n ! belief 9 ! div9e son%ip ( man1 z ! ,greek philosoph]s _h rightly surmis$1 b _h nev] se5 realis$ on e>?8 ,"h is ! po9t1 :]e ! two great intellectual curr5ts ( ! ,aryan & ,semitic worlds fl[ toge!r1 9 t ! long-expect$ ,messiah ( ! ,jews 0 recognis$ z ! ,logos1 ! true son ( ,god1 & t he op5$ or reveal$ to e man ! possibility to become :at he _h always be51 b _h nev] be=e appreh5d$1 ! highe/ ?\ght1 ! ,^w1 ! ,logos1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,kn[+ "h means be+4 ,a man may be a pr9ce1 ! son ( a k+1 b if he does n "k x1 he is n s4 ,ev5 s f all et]nity man 0 ! son ( ,god1 b until he really knew x1 he 0 n s4 ,! report]s 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels only occasionally recognise ! div9e son%ip ( man ) real cle>ness1 = 9 _! view ! practical elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity 0 pr$om9ant1 b 9 ! end ev]y?+ practical mu/ be bas$ ^u !ory or fai?4 ,our duties t[>d ,god & man1 our love = ,god & = man1 are z no?+1 )\t ! firm f\ndation :i* is =m$ only by our fai? 9 ,god1 z ! ,?9k] & ,rul] ( ! _w1 ! ,fa!r ( ! ,son1 :o 0 reveal$ ?r\gh him z ! ,fa!r ( all sons1 ( all m54 ,su* say+s are especially significant 9 ! ,synoptic ,evangeli/s1 because x might appe> z ?\gh !y _h n recognis$ ! deepe/ my/]y ( ! revelation ( ,*ri/1 b 7 satisfi$ ) ! purely practical p>ts ( 8 tea*+s4 ,%ortly aft]1 :5 ,jesus aga9 proves 8 heal+ p[]s among ! p1 & ! ,ph>isees p]secute him because ! p 7 m & m incl9$ to recognise 9 him ! son ( ,david1 ! ,evangeli/ aga9 decl>es 7xii4 #ag7 t all ?is occurr$ t ! words ( ! prophet ,isaiah might be fulfill$1 8,behold my s]vant1 :om ,i h *os51 my belov$ 9 :om my s\l is well pleas$2 ,i w put my _s ^u him1 & he %all decl>e judgm5t unto ! ,g5tiles40 ,!n foll[ _m ( ! pr(\nde/ & mo/ beautiful p>ables :i* conta9 ! secrets ( ,*ri/'s tea*+1 & ( :i* "s1 z we read1 & n by any means ! mo/ obscure1 rema9$ un9telligible ev5 to ! disciples4 ,ev5 at t "t 8 fame _h become s great1 t on return+ to 8 own bir?place1 ! p w\ld sc>cely believe t he 0 ! same z ! son ( ! c>p5t]1 t 8 "m 0 nam$ ,m>y1 & 8 bro!rs1 ,jacob1 ,joseph1 ,simon1 & ,judas1 :o l 8 si/]s 7 all /ill liv+4 ,yet among 8 own p he c\ld accompli% b few works4 ,! ,gospel !n goes on to relate t z ,h]od _h caus$ ,john to be behead$1 ,jesus aga9 )drew to a lonely place1 probably to escape ! p]secutions ( ,h]od4 ,!n foll[ ! really important *apt]s1 full ( tea*+s & ( p>ables1 int5d$ to illum9e ^! tea*+s & to br+ !m home to ! p4 ,"h we naturally d n expect any appeal to ! prophets2 on ! contr>y we (t5 f9d a v bold advance beyond ! anci5t law or a high] int]pretation ( ! anci5t ,jewi% tea*+s4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z we return to facts l ! la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem1 & ! arre/ ( ,jesus ?r\gh ! trea*]y ( ,judas1 ! words imm$iately recur t all ?is came to pass t ! ,scriptures %\ld be fulfill$ 7xxvi4 #ed74 ,ev5 ,jesus himself1 :5 he comm&s 8 disciples to make no resi/ance1 mu/ h add$ ! words1 8,b h[ !n %all ! scriptures be fulfill$1 t ?us x mu/ be10 :i* cle>ly ref]s to ! fam\s prophecy ( ,isaiah 9 ! fifty-?ird *apt]4 ,ev5 ! ?irty pieces ( silv] :i* 7 paid ,judas = 8 betrayal1 are consid]$ necess>y1 t a prophesy ( ,j]emiah's may be fulfill$4 ,b x seems t ?is prophesy is n to be f\nd 9 ,j]emiah1 & mu/ be s\ght 9 ,ze*>iah 7xi4 #ab1 #ac74 ,su* a confusion might easily occur among ! p1 imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! text ( ! prophets4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 x is q h>mless2 b h[ c\ld x possibly occur 9 a reveal$ gospel8 ,at ! crucifixion ( ,jesus ! g>m5ts are divid$1 & ano!r passage is imm$iately recall$1 ?is "t 9 a ,psalm 7xxii4 #ai71 9 :i* ! poet says ( himself t 8 enemies divid$ 8 g>m5ts betwe5 !m1 b !re is no m5tion ( ! ,messiah4 ,su* an application ( ! words ( ! ,psalm to ,jesus is p]fectly intelligible 9 ! contempor>y feel+ ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,once conv9c$ t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah or ,*ri/1 all ! incid5ts ( 8 life & dea? mu/ necess>ily rem9d !m ( ! prophecies :i* _h be5 curr5t = ye>s1 & kept alive among !m ! hope ( _! deliv]]4 ,su* details 7 probably employ$ to deep5 ! conviction 9 !mselves & o!rs t ,jesus 0 really ! ,messiah4 ,?is is all q natural & compreh5sible2 b if we look at x ) ! idea t ! writ] 0 call$ & inspir$ by ,god1 :at mu/ we say8 ,fir/1 9 "s cases !re are pla9 errors :i* w\ld be impossible 9 an infallible witness4 ,secondly1 mu/ we believe t su* ev5ts z ! bir? ( ,*ri/ 9 ,be?lehem & 8 betrayal by ,judas took place m]ely 9 ord] t c]ta9 prophecies might be fulfill$8 ,?is w\ld r$uce ! life ( ,*ri/ to a m]e phantasm & rob x ( its entire hi/orical significance4 ,or %all we assume 7z "s critics h done7 t all ^! ev5ts 7 simply inv5t$ to prove ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus8 ,f all ^! difficulties we escape :5 we recognise 9 ! ,gospels a record or deposit ( :at 0 develop$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury 9 ! consci\sness ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & conc]n+ ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w 9 p>ticul>1 ,*ri/ians :o 7 conv]ts f ,judaism4 ,9 ?is view ev]y?+ t bord]s on int5tional deceit drops away ( itself4 ,! facts rema9 z be=e1 z ! p _h expla9$ & arrang$ !m4 ,accord+ to ,mat!w & 8 successors1 ,*ri/ianity orig9at$ z is describ$ 9 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w4 ,_m facts may 9 ! m9ds & m\?s ( ! p h assum$ a m popul> or leg5d>y =m2 t 0 n to be avoid$4 ,we "k h[ mu* ?is popul> influ5ce1 or :at ,i call ! colloquial process1 has infect$ ! traditions ( o!r nations1 & x is v helpful to "k ?is1 9 ord] to d ju/ice to ! ,gospels4 ,= h[ %\ld ?is influ5ce h be5 want+ j 9 ! fir/ & second c5turies 9 ,pale/9e8 ,ev]y?+ becomes cle> :5 we accept ! hi/orical view1 support$ by _m p>allel cases1 ( ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels 9 ! m\?s ( ! p4 ,! tradition 0 j su* z we %\ld expect "u ! exi/+ conditions4 ,( int5tional deceit !re is no fur!r "q4 ,we _c expect any?+ o!r or bett] ?an :at we h1 i4e4 :at ! p1 or ! "y ,*ri/ian community1 relat$ ab\t ! life ( ! f\nd] ( ! new religion1 unless x 7 a record f ! h& ( ! f\nd] ( our religion himself2 = ev5 ! apo/les are only depict$ z m51 & _! compreh5sion is repres5t$ z purely human & (t5 v fallible4 ,:5 we speak ( revelation1 ! t]m c only ref] to ! true revelation ( ! et]nal tru?s ?r\gh ,jesus himself1 z we f9d !m 9 ! ,gospels1 & ! v]ity ( :i*1 ev5 :]e x is some:at veil$ by ! tradition1 conf]s on x ! "* ( revelation4 ,= x is a fact :i* we %\ld nev] =get1 t ev5 ! be/ atte/$ revelation1 z x c only rea* u 9 human sett+ & by human means1 does n make tru?1 b x is tru?1 deeply felt tru?1 :i* makes revelation4 ,tru? con/itutes revelation1 n revelation tru?4 ,we !re=e lose no?+ by ?is view1 b ga9 imm5sely1 & are at once reliev$ f all ! little difficulties :i* a labori\s criticism ?9ks x discov]s by a comp>ison ( ! ,gospels ) "o ano!r4 ,! only difficulty t seems to rema9 is ?is1 t ! ,synoptic ,gospels are s (t5 cont5t to put ! ,jewi% conception ( ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 z ! son ( ,david & ,abraham1 & f9ally z ! bodily son ( ,god1 9 ! =egr\nd1 & only h9t at ! lead+ & fundam5tal tru? ( ,*ri/'s tea*+4 ,we mu/ nev] =get t ! apo/les 7 no philosoph]s1 & ! ,logos idea 9 its full significance & hi/orical developm5t dem&s1 = its correct und]/&+1 a consid]able philosophical tra9+4 ,"h we are help$ by ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :i* mu/ decid$ly be ascrib$ to ,*ri/ians ) m ( ,greek culture4 ,t ,greek ideas _h p5etrat$ into ,pale/9e is be/ se5 9 ! works ( ,philo ,judu1 ! contempor>y ( ,jesus4 ,we _c suppose t he /ood alone1 & o!r ,jewi% ?9k]s mu/ l him h accept$ ! ,logos idea z a solution ( ! riddle ( ! univ]se4 ,out ( soil l ?is1 p]meat$ & fructifi$ ) su* ideas1 grew ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,if we ev] make x pla9 to ourselves t ,jews :o1 l ,philo1 _h adopt$ ! ,logos idea ) all its consequ5ces1 necess>ily recognis$ 9 ! ,logos ! ,son ( ,god1 ! *os5 ( ,god 7,luke xxiii4 #ce71 ! realis$ image ( ,god1 & !n 9 ! actual ,jesus ! inc>nation or realisation1 or r ! univ]salis+ ( ?is image1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ascrib$ to ,john w become mu* cle>] to u4 ,"h lies ! nucleus ( true ,*ri/ianity1 9 s f> z x deals ) ! p]sonality ( ,*ri/1 & ! relation ( ,god to humanity4 ,x is no long] said t ,god has made & creat$ ! _w1 b t ,god has ?\ght & utt]$ ! _w4 ,all exi/5ces are ?\ghts1 or collectively ! ?\ght 7,logos7 ( ,god1 & ?is ?\ght has f\nd its mo/ p]fect expression1 its true/ ^w1 9 a man 9 ,jesus4 ,9 ?is s5se & 9 no o!r 0 ,jesus ! ,son ( ,god & ! ,^w1 z ! ,jews ( ,greek culture believ$1 & z ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel believ$1 & z /ill lat] ! "y ,a?anasius & 8 contempor>ies believ$1 & z we mu/ believe if we really wi% to be ,*ri/ians4 ,!re is no o!r really ,*ri/ian explanation ( ! _w ?an t ,god ?\ght & utt]$ x1 & t man foll[s 9 life & ?\ght ! ?\ghts ( ,god4 ,we mu/ n =get t all our k & hold ( ! _w are aga9 no?+ b ?\ghts1 :i* we trans=m "u ! law ( causality into objective realities4 ,x 0 ?is unsw]v+ dep5d5ce on ,god 9 ?\ght & life t made ,jesus :at he 01 & :at we %\ld be if we only tri$1 viz41 *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,?is light or ?is revelation %9es ?r\gh "h & !re ev5 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 ?\gh s (t5 obscur$ by ! ,jewi% ,messianic ideas4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ! influ5ce ( ^! ideas & _! employm5t by ,jesus & 8 disciples _c be mi/ak54 ,& :y %\ld n ,jesus h adopt$ & fulfill$ ! ,logos ideas ( ! ,greek _w z well z ! ,messianic ideas ( ! ,jewi% p8 ,d ! ,jews z ?9k]s rank s mu* high] ?an ! ,greeks8 ,h[ does ! fir/ v]se read1 :i* might well h be5 said by a ,neo-platonic philosoph]1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w08 ,?is ,^w is ! ,logos1 & ?is ,greek ^w is 9 itself q en\gh to indicate ! ,greek orig9 ( ! idea4 ,^w 7,logos71 h[ev]1 signifi$ at ! same "t ?\ght4 ,?is creative ,^w 0 ) ,god1 nay1 ,god himself 0 ?is ,^w4 ,& all ?+s 7 made by ?is ,^w1 t is to say1 9 ?is ,^w & 9 all ,words ,god ?\ght ! _w4 ,:oev] _c or w n und]/& ?is1 w nev] ent] into ! deepe/ dep?s ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 good ,*ri/ian z he may o!rwise be1 & ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 its deepe/ mean+ does n exi/ = him4 ,t !re 0 life 9 ^! words or ?+s %9+ =? f ,god1 we "k1 & ?is life1 be x :at x may1 0 a light to man1 ! light ( ! _w1 ev5 ?\gh man _h long be5 bl9d & imprison$ 9 d>kness1 & did n und]/& ! life1 ! light1 ! ,^w4 ,n[1 9 pass+ to ! gospel /ory1 ! evangeli/ says t ,jesus br\ght or himself 0 ! true light1 :ile ,john's duty 0 m]ely to ann\nce 8 com+ be=eh&4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a great /ep--x is ! ,*ri/ian recognition ( ! ,^w or ( ! ,son ( ,god 9 ! hi/orical ,jesus1 ^: hi/orical "* is confirm$ by ! "* ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! p believ$ 9 ,john1 & ,john believ$ 9 ,jesus4 ,( c\rse we mu/ n assume t ! philosophical significance ( ! ,^w1 or ( ! ,logos1 0 ev] cle>ly & completely pres5t to ! p 9 ! =m work$ out by ! ,neo-platoni/s4 ,t 0 impossible at ! "t1 & x is s ev5 n[ ) ! great mass ( ,*ri/ians4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! _m subtleties & oddities :i* h made ! lat] ,neo-platonism s repulsive to u1 h>dly exi/$ = ! consci\sness ( ! masses1 :i* c\ld only adopt ! fundam5tal ideas ( ! ,logos sy/em ) a great ef=t4 ,religion is n philosophy2 b !re has nev] be5 a religion1 & !re nev] c be1 :i* is n bas$ on philosophy1 & does n presuppose ! philosophical notions ( ! p4 ,! highe/ aim1 t[>d :i* all philosophy /rives1 is & w always rema9 ! idea ( ,god1 & x 0 ?is idea :i* ,*ri/ianity grasp$ 9 ! ,platonic s5se1 & pres5t$ to u mo/ cle>ly 9 its highe/ =m1 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,to ,john1 if = brevity we may s call ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ,god 0 no long] ! ,jewi% ,jehovah1 :o _h creat$ ! _w 9 six days1 =m$ ,adam out ( ! du/1 & e liv+ creature out ( ! gr\nd2 = him ,god _h acquir$ a high] significance1 8 nature 0 a spiritual nature1 8 creation 0 a spiritual creation1 & z = man ! ,^w compreh5ds ev]y?+1 repres5ts ev]y?+1 realises ev]y?+ t exi/s = him2 s ,god 0 conceiv$ z be+ 9 ! beg9n+1 & !n express+ ,himself 9 ! ,^w1 or z "o ) ! ,^w4 ,to ,god ! ,^w1 t is ! all-compreh5sive ,^w1 0 ! utt]ance1 ! actualis+ or communicat+ ( ,8 subjective div9e ideas1 :i* 7 9 ,him1 & ?r\gh ! ,^w pass$ out ( ,him into human p]ception1 & !reby into objective reality4 ,?is second reality1 insep>able f ! fir/1 0 ! second ,logos1 insep>able z cause & effect are insep>able 9 ess5ce4 ,z ! highe/ ( all ,logoi 0 man1 ! mo/ p]fect man 0 recognis$ z ! son ( ,god1 ! ,logos become fle%1 ! highe/ ?\ght & w ( ,god4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ miracul\s4 ,ev]y?+ is consi/5tly ?\ght out1 & 9 ?is s5se ,jesus c\ld h be5 no?+ else ?an ! ,^w or ! ,son ( ,god4 ,all ?is s\nds v /range to u at fir/1 because we h =gott5 ! full mean+ ( ! utt]ance or ! ,^w1 & are n able to transf] ! creation ( ! ,^w & ! ,?\ght1 ev5 ?\gh only 9 ! =m ( a similitude1 to t :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,a similitude x is & mu/ rema91 l ev]y?+ t we say ( ,god2 b x is a high] & m spiritual similitude ?an any t h be5 or c be appli$ to ,god 9 ! v>i\s religions & philosophies ( ! _w4 ,god has ?\ght ! _w1 & 9 ! act ( ?9k+ has utt]$ or express$ x2 & ^! ?\ghts :i* 7 9 ,him1 & 7 ?\ght & utt]$ by ,him 9 rational sequ5ce1 are ! ,logoi1 or species1 or k9ds1 :i* we recognise aga9 by reflection 9 ! objective _w1 z rationally develop+ "o f ano!r4 ,"h we h ! true 8,orig9 ( ,species0 long be=e ,d>w9's book4 ,to ! philosoph]s ?is is all p]fectly intelligible4 ,! /ep tak5 by ,*ri/ & 8 disciples 7^?1 namely1 :o speak to u 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel7 0 ?is1 t !y believ$ !y recognis$ 9 ! hi/orical ,jesus1 ! son ( ! c>p5t] ( ,naz>e?1 ! highe/ ,logos 8,man0 9 8 complete realisation4 ,x 0 entirely natural1 b x c only h occurr$ aft] ov]p[]+ exp]i5ces1 = x mu/ h signifi$ m ?an we und]/& "u ! 8ideal ( a man10 al?\gh orig9ally bo? expressions are d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,nor 0 ! designation ( ! ,savi\r z ! ,^w1 or1 9 m human fa%ion1 ! ,son ( ,god1 int5d$ s mu* = him conceiv$ purely spiritually1 b r = 8 p]sonality z inspir$ by ! highe/ ideas4 ,9 all ^! matt]s we mu/ ?9k ( ! ev] *ang+ m$ium1 9 :i* ^! expressions mov$4 ,^w & ,son 9 ! m\?s ( ! p might coalesce or be kept q ap>t2 ,son ( ,david1 ,son ( ,abraham1 might at times take ! place ( ,son ( ,god1 & all ^! phrases might appe> 9 popul> int]c\rse to express only :at o!rs call$ ! ,messiah or ,*ri/4 ,9 any case1 all ^! 7 ! highe/ expressions :i* c\ld be appli$ to man or to ! son ( man4 ,to ! ord9>y und]/&+1 /ill p]meat$ ) hea!n ideas1 x 0 c]ta9ly mon/r\s to elevate a man to ,olympus1 to trans=m him into a son ( ,god4 ,b :at 0 !re = man high] ?an man8 ,int]m$iate be+s1 su* z demons1 h]oes1 or angels1 _h nev] be5 se51 nor did !y answ] ! purpose4 ,"o /ep1 h[ev] small1 above ! human1 c\ld only lead to ! div9e1 or br+ into consci\sness ! div9e 9 man4 ,:at seem$ blasphemy to ! ,jewi% consci\sness 0 j t tru? :i* ,*ri/ proclaim$1 ! tru? = :i* he laid d[n 8 human life4 ,if we ent] into ?is ?\ght1 we %all und]/& n only ! occasional expressions ( ! ,synoptics1 b ! ,f\r? ,gospel especially 9 all its dep?4 ,h[ x 0 possible to make ?is la/ ,gospel intelligible )\t ^! ideas1 is almo/ incompreh5sible4 ,:at1 !n1 did ! read]s ?9k ( ! ,^w1 t 0 9 ! beg9n+1 t 0 ) ,god1 t ev5 0 ,god1 ( ! ,^w1 by :i* all ?+s 7 made8 ,& :at 0 und]/ood :5 ,jesus 0 call$ ! ,^w1 t 0 9 ! _w1 )\t ! _w kn[+ him1 :ile ^? :o recognis$ & ackn[l$g$ him z ! ,^w1 !reby became l him sons ( ,god8 ,we mu/ ascribe "s mean+ to ^! words1 & :at c we ascribe if we d n take ! philosophic t]m 8,logos0 9 its hi/oric s5se8 ,"o ne$ only attempt to translate ! beg9n+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel into a non-,*ri/ian language1 & we %all realise t )\t its hea!n antec$5ts ! words rema9 absolutely un9telligible4 ,we f9d translations t mean simply1 8,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! sub/antive40 ,t may seem incr$ible to u2 b :at bett] idea has a poor old peasant woman 9 read+ ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 & :at bett] idea c ! village prea*] give h] if %e asks = an explanation8 ,= u ! greate/ difficulty rema9s 9 v]se #ad1 8,! ,^w became fle%1 & dwelt among u40 ,b :at gr\nds h we = sett+ our op9ion aga9/ ! unhesitat+ acceptance ( contempor>ies1 & lat] ev5 ( ! ,alex&rian philosoph]s8 ,!y mu/ h felt ! same difficulties z ourselves1 b !y ov]came !m 9 consid]ation ( :at !y _h se5 9 ,jesus1 or ev5 only he>d ( him4 ,!y c\ld n compreh5d him 9 8 moral elevation & hol9ess1 except z ! ,logos1 ! ,^w1 ! ,son ( ,god4 ,if we foll[ !m1 we are safe2 if n1 we c no d\bt say mu* 9 excuse1 b we place ourselves 9 ! /ronge/ opposition to hi/ory4 ,we may say t m5 h nev] se5 any div9e idea1 any div9e ^w1 any div9e ?\ght ( any k9d realis$ on e>?2 nay1 t man c nev] h ! "r to pass su* a deify+ judgm5t1 ( 8 own sov]eign p[]1 on any?+ ly+ )9 8 actual exp]i5ce4 ,we s easily =get t if ,god is once br\ght ne> to humanity1 & no long] reg>d$ z only transc5d5t1 humanity mu/1 at ! same "t1 be ?\ght & br\ght ne>] to ! div9e4 ,we may ackn[l$ge ?is & /ill ma9ta9 t o!rs1 l ! apo/les & ! philosoph]s ( ,alex&ria aft] !m1 mu/ h felt ! same difficulty1 p]haps ev5 m /rongly ?an we1 :o nev] 7 eye-witnesses nor ,platonic philosoph]s4 ,yet !y /ill insi/$ t ,jesus 9 8 life1 conduct1 & dea? demon/rat$ t human nature c\ld rise no high] ?an 9 him1 & t he 0 all & fulfill$ all t ,god _h compris$ 9 ! ,logos 8man40 ,jesus himself decl>es1 :5 ,pet] fir/ call$ him ! son ( ,god1 t fle% & blood _h n reveal$ x unto him1 b 8 ,fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 7,mat!w xvi4 #ag74 ,& ?is 0 p]fect tru? & applies to u also4 ,we may g ?r\gh ! :ole ,f\r? ,gospel1 & we %all f9d t x rema9s incompreh5sible1 except f ! /&po9t t we ascribe to ! au?or4 ,:5 we read 7i4 #ah71 8,no man ha? se5 ,god at any "t2 ! only begott5 ,son1 :i* is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 he ha? decl>$ him10 %all we !n ?9k only ( ! son ( ! c>p5t]1 ! bodily ,jesus1 & n r ( ! ,^w t 0 9 him1 & t 0 z ne> to ! ,fa!r z ,he to himself2 t 0 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 & t decl>$ to u ! ,fa!r1 :o 0 9 ! beg9n+8 ,has n ,jesus himself /at$ 7iii4 #ac7 t no man ha? asc5d$ up to heav5 except him :o came d[n f heav51 t is f ,god1 & t no "o has se5 ! ,fa!r1 save he :i* is ( ,god1 t is ! ,son 7vi4 #df78 ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 figurative expressions1 b _! mean+ _c be d\btful4 ,:5 ,na?anael call$ ,jesus1 ,rabbi1 ,k+ ( ,israel1 & ,son ( ,god1 8 ideas may /ill h be5 v immature1 b 9 "t ! true mean+ ( ! ,son ( ,god breaks ?r\gh m & m cle>ly4 ,! decl>ation ( ,jesus to ,nicodemus1 8,ye mu/ be born anew10 is a rem>kable "o--rem>kable1 because ! ,brahmans f ! e>lie/ times make use ( ! same expression1 & call !mselves ! reborn1 ! twice born 7,dvija71 & bo? no d\bt attribut$ ! same mean+ to ! second bir?1 namely1 ! recognition ( ! true nature ( man1 ! ,brahmans z "o ) ,brahman1 t is1 ! ,^w2 ! ,*ri/ians z "o ) ! ,^w1 or ! ,son ( ,god4 ,& :y %\ld ?is belief 9 ! ,son give ev]la/+ life 7ii4 #af78 ,because ,jesus has ?r\gh 8 own son%ip 9 ,god decl>$ to u ours also4 ,?is k gives u et]nal life ?r\gh ! conviction t we too h some?+ div9e & et]nal )9 u1 namely1 ! ^w ( ,god1 ! ,son1 :om ,he ha? s5t 7v4 #ch74 ,jesus himself1 h[ev]1 is ! only begott5 ,son1 ! light ( ! _w4 ,he fir/ fulfill$ & illum9$ ! div9e idea :i* lies d>kly 9 all m5 7see ,john viii4 #ab1 xii4 #ce1 #df71 & made x possible = all m5 to become actually :at !y h always be5 pot5tially--sons ( ,god4 ,fur!r read+ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel w ( c\rse %[ u _m ?+s t are only indirectly connect$ ) ?is1 :i* ,i believe to be ! supreme tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,to ! woman ( ,sam>ia ,jesus only decl>es t ,god is a _s1 & t he mu/ be wor%ipp$ 9 _s1 b\nd nei!r to ,j]usalem nor to ,sam>ia4 ,%e kn[s only t ! ,messiah w come1 %e 0 sc>cely ready = ! idea ( a son ( ,god1 b l ! ,ph>isees 7v4 #ah7 w\ld h consid]$ ?is only z blasphemy 7x4 #cc74 ,b aga9 & aga9 ! keynote ( ! new tea*+ breaks ?r\gh4 ,:5 ,jesus speaks ( 8 works1 he calls !m ! works ( 8 ,fa!r 7v4 #ai72 ev5 ! resurrection f ! dead is expla9$ by him1 z cle>ly z possible1 to be an awak5+ ?r\gh ! ,^w1 8,he t he>e? my ^w1 & believe? on him t s5t me1 ha? ev]la/+ life0 7v4 #ad71 :i* means t he is immortal4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o did n recognise ! ,^w & 8 div9e nature1 z ,jesus taught x1 does n yet possess t et]nal life1 = :i* he is de/9$1 b :i* mu/ fir/ be ga9$ ?r\gh insight1 or belief 9 ,jesus4 ,c any?+ be cle>] ?an ! words 7,john xvii4 #c71 8,& ?is is life et]nal1 t !y might "k !e1 ! only true ,god1 & ,jesus ,*ri/1 :om ?\ ha/ s5t08 ,( c\rse _m ( ^! expressions 7 n und]/ood by ! masses1 or 7 ev5 misund]/ood4 ,! words 7 repeat$1 & :5 necess>y1 especially 9 ! que/ion+s ( *ildr51 !y _h to be expla9$ someh[1 (t5 by a p>able or /ory1 :i* ! "m inv5ts at ! mom5t1 to quiet !m4 ,all ?is is inevitable2 x has happ5$ ev]y:]e1 & happ5s /ill4 ,:oev] wi%es to le>n h[ tradition or common report treats hi/orical facts1 %\ld comp>e ! ,gn!r or ,etzel ( ! ,nibelung5 ) ! ,gundic>ius or ,attila ( hi/ory1 or ,*>les ! ,great cr[n$ by ! ,pope ) ! ,*>lemagne :o besieg$ ,j]usalem1 or ,hruodl&us ) ,rol&1 or ,arturus ) ,ar?ur4 ,or1 to come to lat] days1 we ne$ only recall ! wond]ful tales ( ! ,fr5* j\rnals dur+ ! la/ ,franco-,g]man ,w>1 & we %all be a/oni%$ at ! mann] 9 :i*1 q un9t5tionally1 ! p adapt all tid+s to _! own views4 ,n9ete5 hundr$ ye>s ago !re 7 no newspap]s4 ,:y %\ld x h be5 diff]5t !n8 ,:at ! *ildr5 _h he>d & believ$1 !y rememb]$ :5 !y _h gr[n old]1 or !mselves _h become p>5ts4 ,x 0 conv5i5t & natural to tell _! *ildr5 aga9 :at !y _h he>d 9 _! own *ildhood1 & l a roll+ /one1 ) ea* repetition ! tradition con/antly took up new miracul\s elem5ts4 ,!re is sc>cely a miracle 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t t did n acc\nt = itself spontane\sly 9 ?is way1 & t did n 9 its orig9al =m reveal to u a f> high] tru? ?an ! m]e miracle itself4 ,& :5 ! "t came = a record1 0 x n q natural t ev]y?+ available %\ld be ga!r$ toge!r1 accord+ to ! tales told & believ$ f h\se to h\se1 or village to village8 ,9 ?is process1 moreov]1 ! appeal to a v\*]1 if possible to a contempor>y or eye-witness1 0 n at all surpris+1 especially if !re 0 a /ill liv+ tradition1 t ?is or t _h be5 he>d f "o ( ! apo/les1 & c\ld be trac$ back to him f son to fa!r4 ,:y %\ld we put aside1 nay1 indignantly reject1 ?is simple1 natural !ory1 sugge/$ by all ! circum/ances1 & capable ( at once remov+ all difficulties1 9 ord] to pref] ano!r1 :i* has ! advantage1 x is true1 ( hav+ be5 g5]ally accept$ = c5turies1 b nev]!less 0 orig9ally no?+ m ?an a human appeal to a sup]human atte/ation8 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t if a voice 7 really he>d f heav51 x lies ) man to und]/& x1 or1 on 8 own au?ority1 to decl>e x ! voice ( ,god or an angel4 ,) "o-half ( ,*ri/5dom ! doctr9e ( ! v]bal inspiration ( ! f\r ,gospels nev] became an article ( fai?4 ,x 0 fir/ made s among ! ,prote/ants to provide some?+ inconte/able 9 place ( ! c\ncils & ! ,pope4 ,b ?is only drove ,prote/ants f ,scylla into ,*>ybdis1 & l&$ !m 9 inextricable difficulties1 because !y )drew ! ,gospels f ! hi/orical soil out ( :i* !y sprang4 ,b we d n escape ,*>ybdis by /e]+ aga9 into ,scylla1 b by endeav\r+ to rise above ,*>ybdis1 ay1 ev5 above ! ,gospels4 ,9 our human %ortsight$ness we may believe t x w\ld h be5 bett] = u _h ,jesus or ! apo/les !mselves left u some?+ 9 writ+4 ,b z ?is did n happ51 :y %\ld we n be cont5t ) :at we h8 ,! ru9s ( ! true ,*ri/ianity /ill rema92 :y %\ld we n endeav\r ) _! help to re/ore ! anci5t temple8 ,:y %\ld we contemptu\sly reject ! tradition :i* arose 9 ! m\?s ( ! p8 ,%\ld we be worse ,*ri/ians if x 7 cle>ly & pla9ly demon/rat$ t we only possess popul> traditions1 out ( :i* we mu/ ourselves =m a conception ( ! c>e] & tea*+ ( ,*ri/8 ,is x n good = u1 t we are free 9 _m po9ts to decide = ourselves :at ,jesus 0 & :at he taught8 ,& 9 a _w 9 :i* ev]y?+ develops1 ev]y?+ gr[s & *anges1 :y %\ld religion alone be an exception8 ,d we n all freely confess t c]ta9 precepts :i* are ascrib$ to ,jesus 9 ! ,gospels are no long] adapt$ to our times & to our circum/ances8 ,does any ,*ri/ian turn 8 left *eek :5 he has be5 /ruck ^u ! "r8 ,d we give our cloak :5 our coat has be5 tak5 f u8 ,d we hold ev]y?+ t we possess 9 common z ! fir/ ,*ri/ians did8 ,d we sell all t we h & give x to ! poor 7,mat!w xix4 #ba78 ,x is q true t "u ?is me?od a c]ta9 p]sonal fre$om 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,gospels is unavoidable1 b is n ?is fre$om at ! same "t accompani$ by a v important feel+ ( p]sonal responsibility1 :i* is ( ! utmo/ significance = e religi\s conviction8 ,x _c be d5i$1 t ?is op5 & hone/ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! und5iable influ5ce ( popul> tradition has f>-rea*+ consequ5ces1 & w take f u mu* to :i* we are accu/om$1 & t has become ne> & de>1 ev5 sacr$1 to u4 ,b x has ?is advantage1 t we feel we are c&id & hone/ 9 our fai?1 to :i* we may add t we are nev] =c$ 9 deal+ ) human hypo!ses to give our ass5t bl9dly1 b may foll[ our own judgm5t4 ,we may adopt or reject ! view t 9 ! developm5t ( ! gospel /ory mu* mu/ be ascrib$ to popul> tradition1 & ,i c readily believe t _m :o d n "k1 ei!r ?r\gh ! /udy ( leg5ds or _! own exp]i5ce1 ! trans=m+ influ5ce :i* s*ool & family traditions ex]cise on ! =m ( hi/orical n>ratives1 f9d x incr$ible t su* a c>bonis+ process c\ld h tak5 place also 9 ! evangelical tradition z relat$ by ! m5 ( ! next g5]ation4 ,!y mu/ !n cont5t !mselves ) ! alt]native1 t ! laws ( nature1 :i* !y !mselves ascribe to ! ,deity1 mu/ h be5 abrogat$ by _! own f\nd] 9 ord] t ! tru? ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ might ga9 a c]ta9 probability 9 ! eyes ( ! p by s-call$ miracles4 ,let u take an example 9 ord] to see :at we %all ga9 on ! "o side & lose on ! o!r4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( mak+ ! bl9d see1 ,jesus has himself told u 7,john ix4 #ci71 8,= judgm5t ,i am come into ?is _w1 t !y :i* see n might see2 & t !y :i* see might be made bl9d40 ,?is ref]s to spiritual1 n physical bl9dness1 & :i* is ! m difficult to heal1 ! spiritual or ! physical8 ,b :5 ,jesus 0 repeat$ly said to h heal$ ?is spiritual bl9dness1 to h op5$ ! eyes ( ! bl9d & unbeliev+1 h[ 0 x possible t ! masses1 especially ! *ildr51 %\ld n misund]/& su* cures1 & int]pret & repeat !m z cures ( physical bl9dness8 ,c]ta9ly su* an idea c>ries u a long way4 ,we mu/ !n1 = in/ance1 expla9 su* an expression z t plac$ 9 ! m\?s ( ! ,ph>isees 7,john x4 #ba71 8,c a devil op5 ! eyes ( ! bl9d80 z a fur!r ext5sion ( a popul> notion already 9 ! field4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t cures ( ! physically bl9d h ?is 9 _! fav\r1 t s exceptional a p]sonality z ,jesus may also h possess$ an exceptional heal+ p[]4 ,x !n dep5ds only on ! "* ( ! bl9dness1 :e!r x 0 curable or incurable1 & ! solution ( ?is "q we may be cont5t to leave to ! m$ical man4 ,i only rem>k1 t if ! m$ical man %\ld d5y su* a possibility1 a true ,*ri/ian w\ld lose no?+ 9 consequ5ce1 = "u all circum/ances a spiritual heal+ p[] 9 ,*ri/ w\ld /& high] ) all ( u ?an "o m]ely physical4 ,?is may be call$ %all[ rationalism1 b surely ! human ratio or reason _c be entirely reject$4 ,_m "k ( _! own exp]i5ce t a man ( high moral en]gy c ev5 n[ drive out devils & base ?\ghts4 ,:y n also believe t ?r\gh 8 appe>ance & words ,jesus made su* an impression ^u ^? possess$1 = in/ance1 ^u ! man or ! two m5 :o h]d$ sw9e 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es or ,g]ges5es1 t !y came to !mselves & began to lead new lives8 ,t on su* a conv]sion ! sw9e-h]ds %\ld =get _! sw9e :i* ru%$ headlong into ! lake1 is easily und]/ood1 & :5 ^! two incid5ts came to ! e>s ( ! p1 :at 0 m natural ?an ! /ory :i* we f9d 9 ,mat!w 7viii4 #bh71 ,m>k 7v4 #a71 & ,luke 7viii4 #bf71 b n 9 ,john8 ,we ne$ n n[ ent] into ! discrepancies betwe5 ^! ?ree n>ratives1 /rik+ z !y w\ld be 9 a div9ely inspir$ book4 ,( c\rse x w be said aga91 t ?is is a %all[1 rationali/ic explanation1 z if ! ^w 8rationali/0 conta9$ )9 itself some?+ condemnatory4 ,at all ev5ts1 no "o c n[ demon/rate t ,jesus did n bewit* ! unclean spirits out ( ! two demoniacs into ! two ?\s& sw9e2 b ,i confess t ! %all[ rationali/ic explanation seems to me f> bett] calculat$ to br+ cle>ly to light ! influ5ce :i* ,jesus c\ld ex]cise ov] ! mo/ ab&on$ m54 ,"o m in/ance4 ,h[ (t5 does ,jesus say t he is ! bread t really satisfies man1 & ! wat] t qu5*es all ?ir/ 7vi4 #dh73 8,i am ! bread ( life4 ,?is is ! bread :i* come? d[n f heav51 t a man may eat !re( & n die4 ,:oso eate? my fle% & dr9ke? my blood ha? et]nal life1 & ,i w raise him up at ! la/ day40 ,w\ld any "o1 ev5 ! woman ( ,sam>ia1 take ^! words lit]ally8 ,does n ,jesus himself help u to a correct und]/&+ ( !m :5 he says 7vi4 #ce71 8,i am ! bread ( life2 he t come? to me %all nev] hung]2 & he t believe? on me %all nev] ?ir/10 & aga91 7vii4 #cg71 8,if any man ?ir/ let him come unto me1 & dr9k40 ,& 9 ord] to %ield 8 words aga9/ any misund]/&+ he himself says 7vi4 #fc71 8,x is ! _s t quick5e?2 ! fle% pr(ite? no?+2 ! words t ,i speak unto y1 !y are _s & !y are life40 ,& are we resolv$ 9 spite ( all ?is n to und]/& ! deep mean+ ( 8 words1 to rema9 bl9d & deaf2 & d we1 l ! ,ph>isees1 pref] ! /ory ( h[ ,jesus by magic means f$ ?\s&s ) five or sev5 loaves & two fi%es 7vi4 #i71 s t 9 ! end twelve baskets ( bread rema9$ aft] all 7 satisfi$8 ,we c readily compreh5d h[ 9 ! m\?s ( ! p ! great miracles ( ,jesus1 ! real mira wr\ght by 8 life & tea*+1 became small miracula4 ,b if we surr5d] ^! small miracula1 is n some?+ f> bett] left u1 namely1 t ,jesus1 :o s (t5 call$ himself ! bread & ! w9e1 :o ev5 at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 z he broke bread ) 8 disciples1 comm&$ !m to eat ! bread :i* 0 8 body1 & dr9k ! w9e :i* 0 8 blood1--t ?is tea*] c\ld by 8 tea*+ satisfy1 cont5t1 & conv]t ?\s&s1 :o came to him & believ$ 9 him6 ,x is true t ! /ory ( ! fe$+ ( ?\s&s ) five loaves ( bread is m intelligible to wom5 & *ildr51 & makes a /rong] impression ?an ! metaphorical words ( ,*ri/2 b no?+ is m easy to und]/& ?an ! trans=mation ( a tale ( ! conv]sion or spiritual satisfy+ ( ?\s&s1 into a p>able ( ! fe$+ ( ?\s&s ) five loaves4 ,b h n ! truly dev\t & consci5ti\s ?9k]s rights ( _! own 9 ! community8 ,mu/ !y really hold !mselves alo( f ! *ur*1 because !y h too deep a rev]5ce = ! true tea*+ ( ,*ri/8 ,gr& & beautiful z are ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome1 ,/4 ,m>k's 9 ,v5ice1 or ! ,ca!dral at ,milan1 x is he>tbreak+ to obs]ve ! s-call$ div9e s]vice 9 ^! build+s4 ,let u n be deceiv$ by ! say+s1 t ! k+dom ( heav5 belongs to ! *ildr51 or t a *ildlike fai? is be/4 ,t is q true1 b x has absolutely no?+ to d ) our "q4 ,( c\rse 9 e g5]ation millions ( *ildr5 are born1 & milk mu/ be provid$ = ^! z well2 b ?is milk is n = m51 & ^! %\ld n p]mit !mselves to be fright5$ by m]e words1 su* z %all[ enlight5m5t1 rationalism1 unbelief1 etc4 ,! wor/ ( x is t we h p]mitt$ our m9i/ri to become our ma/]s in/ead ( our s]vants1 & t ! weak among !m f> outnumb] ! /rong4 ,9 hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ! m9ority is always victori\s4 ,popul> leg5d has c]ta9ly at times griev\sly obscur$ ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 b n s mu* z to prev5t ^? :o are famili> ) its nature & effect f discov]+ ! gra9s ( gold 9 ! s&1 ! rays ( tru? beh9d ! cl\ds4 ,at all ev5ts1 popul> leg5d refuses to be rul$ out4 ,a k ( x & its influ5ce on hi/orical ev5ts 9 o!r nations1 & especially a famili>ity ) ! modes ( expression 9 ,ori5tal languages1 are ( ! greate/ use 9 all ^! inve/igations4 ,only let no "o conf\nd leg5d & metaphor ) my?ology4 ,:5 ,jesus says t he is ! wat]1 & t :oev] dr9ks ( ?is wat] %all nev] ?ir/ aga91 e "o readily p]ceives t he speaks metaphorically4 ,& likewise :5 he says t he is ! v9e or ! good %eph]d4 ,b "h ! transition f p>able to reality v soon beg9s4 ,among s _m pictures ( ! good %eph]d x ne$ occasion no surprise t x is commonly imag9$ t ,jesus actually 0 a %eph]d & c>ri$ a lamb on 8 %\ld]s4 ,:at occurs n[ 0 ( c\rse equally possible 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,:5 ! common p saw daily1 9 old mosaic pictures1 a sword com+ =? f ! m\? ( ,god1 !y =m$ a repres5tation ( ,god correspond+ to ^! pictures 7,rev4 i4 #bj74 ,& ?us _m read]s ( ! ,gospel suppose t ,jesus 0 really c>ri$ up into ! air by ! devil & plac$ on ! summit ( ! temple or ( a high m\nta91 t he might %[ him all ! k+doms ( ! e>?1 & tempt him to e/abli% an e>?ly realm4 ,is x rev]5t to imag9e ,*ri/ borne ?r\gh ! air by ! devil1 in/ead ( simply le>n+ t ,*ri/ himself1 z we read1 0 n a /rang] to inw>d trials1 & t he freely confess$ !m to 8 disciples8 ,_m p>ables are repres5t$ 9 ! ,gospels1 z ?\gh !y _h really occurr$ at ! "t4 ,?us1 9 ! p>ables ( ! k+dom ( heav51 ! phrase always runs t x is l se$ :i* a man s[$1 & :ile he slept an enemy came & s[$ t>es4 ,or ! k+dom ( heav5 is l leav51 :i* a woman took & hid 9 ?ree measures ( meal1 or l a treasure f\nd by a man 9 a field1 or l a m]*ant seek+ goodly pe>ls1 etc4 ,9 li/5+ to ^! p>ables or look+ at pictorial repres5tations ( !m1 !re develops almo/ unconsci\sly1 especially among ! "y1 a belief 9 _! reality1 9 _! actual occurr5ce at ! "t ( ,*ri/4 ,9 _m cases ?is belief is widely spread1 z1 = example1 9 ! /ory ( ! good ,sam>itan1 ,n[ x is q possible t "s su* incid5t z ,jesus relat$ _h occurr$ 9 8 "t1 or %ortly be=e x2 b x is j z likely to h be5 a p>able inv5t$ = a specific purpose4 ,& :y %\ld n ?is be true ( o!r ?+s1 :i* ! ,gospels ascribe to ,jesus himself8 ,is x necess>y to believe1 t ,jesus saw ! ,ph>isees ca/+ _! gifts into ! treasury ) 8 own eyes 7,luke xxi4 #a71 & ! poor wid[ :o ?rew 9 two mites1 or is x possible to consid] ?is1 too1 z a p>able1 )\t insi/+ t ,jesus really sat opposite ! sacr$ *e/1 & c\nt$ ! alms1 & knew t ! wid[ _h put 9 two mites1 & _h really no?+ left8 ,( _m ?+s1 z ( ! conv]sation betwe5 ,jesus & ,nicodemus1 or betwe5 ,jesus & ! woman ( ,sam>ia1 no "o c\ld h _h any k except ^? :o took "p 9 x4 ,we mu/ !re=e assume t ,jesus communicat$ ^! conv]sations to 8 disciples1 & t ^! h report$ to u ! ipsissima v]ba4 ,9 ?is mann] we are con/antly involv+ ourselves 9 fre% difficulties ( our own mak+1 :i* we may inde$ leave out ( consid]ation1 b :i* w\ld nev] exi/ at all if we w\ld only consid] ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ,gospels arose4 ,i h previ\sly exp\nd$ ?is view ( ! popul> orig9 ( ! evangelic n>ratives 9 my ,gif=d lectures be=e an audi5ce1 c]ta9ly v or?odox2 & al?\gh a small numb] ( !ologians 7 mu* inc5s$ aga9/ me1--x 0 _! duty1--! majority1 ev5 ( ! cl]gy1 7 decid$ly ) me4 ,! ?+s !mselves & _! lessons rema9 undim9i%$ 9 value2 we m]ely ackn[l$ge a fact1 q natural f an hi/orical /&po9t1 viz4 t ! acc\nts ( ! life & tea*+s ( ,jesus h n come to u direct f ,*ri/1 nor f ! apo/les1 b f m5 :o1 z !y !mselves tell u1 receiv$ ! report f o!rs by tradition4 ,_! n>ratives1 consequ5tly1 are n p]haps fictiti\s1 or prep>$ ) a c]ta9 object2 b !y d %[ traces ( ! influ5ce t 0 unavoidable 9 oral transmission1 especially at a "t ( great spiritual excitem5t4 ,?is is a problem :i* 9 itself has no?+ :atev] to d ) religion4 ,we h ! ,gospels z !y are4 ,x rema9s ) ! hi/orian alone to pass judgm5t ^u ! orig91 ! transmission1 & ! au!nticity ( ^! texts1 j z ! recon/ruction ( ! text lies solely ) ! philologi/4 ,= ?is he ne$ n ev5 be a ,*ri/ian1 m]ely an hi/orian4 ,:atev] may be ! judgm5t ( ! hi/orical inquir]1 we mu/ le>n to be cont5t ) :at !y leave u4 ,9 ?is1 too1 ! half is (t5 bett] ?an ! :ole4 ,q suffici5t rema9s1 ev5 :5 ! critical hi/orian assures u t ! ,gospels z we possess !m 7 nei!r writt5 by ,*ri/ nor ! apo/les1 b conta9 ! traditions ( ! olde/ ,*ri/ian communities1 & t ! manuscripts 9 :i* !y h rea*$ u 7 n writt5 till ! fif? or at ! e>lie/ ! f\r? c5tury4 ,we may deal ) ^! mat]ials z ) all o!r hi/orical mat]ials f t p]iod2 & we d s r z indep5d5t hi/orians ?an z ,*ri/ians4 ,! view t ! f\r ,gospels 7 miracul\sly reveal$ to _! au?ors1 miracul\sly writt51 miracul\sly copi$ & f9ally pr9t$1 is a view no d\bt des]v+ ( respect1 b x leaves ! cont5ts ( ! ,gospels unt\*$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hi/orical & ! conv5tional int]pretation ( ! ,gospels comes out mo/ cle>ly 9 ! doctr9e ( et]nal life4 ,:at ,jesus und]/&s by ! et]nal life t he has br\ght to mank9d1 is z cle> z ! sun4 ,he repeats x aga9 & aga94 ,et]nal life consi/s 9 kn[+ t m5 h _! ,fa!r & _! true be+ 9 ! only true ,god1 & t z sons ( ?is same ,fa!r1 !y are ( l nature ) ,god & ,*ri/ 7,john xvii4 #c74 ,?is is ! fundam5tal tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 & x holds good n only = ! contempor>ies ( ,jesus1 b = all times4 ,^? :o see 9 ?is view an ov]e/imate ( human nature1 ne$ only ask !mselves :at man c\ld be1 if he 7 n a p>tak] ( ! div9e nature4 ,?is excludes ! diff]5ce betwe5 human & div9e nature z little z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! physical fa!r & ! physical son4 ,ev5 9 ?is case we speak figuratively1 = h[ c\ld we speak o!rwise ( :at is sup]s5sual8 ,! repetition ( /ories among ! p1 n>rat+ h[ ,jesus rais$ "o or ano!r to life1 to et]nal life1 v soon l$ among wom5 & *ildr5 to ! misund]/&+ t ?is ref]r$ only to a resurrection f bodily dea?4 ,nay1 ?is rais+ pass$ ) !m1 z x /ill does ) _m1 = a /rong] pro( ( ! div9e nature & p[] ( ,*ri/ ?an ! resurrection f t spiritual dea?1 :i* holds 9 captivity all :o h n recognis$ _! own div9e son%ip & h n und]/ood ! glad tid+s :i* ,jesus br\ght to all mank9d4 ,su* misund]/&+s we f9d ev]y:]e1 z :51 = in/ance1 ev5 a man l ,nicodemus fails to compreh5d ! new bir? ( :i* ,jesus speaks1 & asks if a man c ent] 8 "m's womb a second "t4 ,if ?is 0 possible 9 a ,scribe1 h[ mu* m s ) ! un$ucat$ p4 ,9 ! same way ! ,jews misund]/& ! say+ ( ,jesus1 t ! tru? w make !m free1 & answ] t !y are ! se$ ( ,abraham1 & free m51 s t ,jesus _h to repeat t :osoev] commits s9 is n free1 b a slave ( s9 7,john viii4 #cc74 ,su* misund]/&+s meet u ev]y:]e1 & _! influ5ce ext5ds mu* f>!r ?an we at fir/ suppose4 ,naturally ! tradition also puts words into ,jesus' m\? t c\ld only h issu$ out ( ! notions ( ! p1 & almo/ entirely conceal ! dep? ( 8 own words4 ,:ile ! revelation ( ! true div9e son%ip ( man imm$iately be/[s et]nal life on him :o compreh5ds or believes 9 x1 heals 8 bl9dness1 & raises him f spiritual dea?1 ,jesus is pres5t$ z n purpos+ to raise ! dead until ! la/ day 7,john vi4 #dj74 ,m>?a makes ! same mi/ake1 :5 to ! words ( ,jesus1 8,?y bro!r %all rise aga910 %e answ]s1 8,i "k t he %all rise at ! la/ day0 7,john xi4 #bd74 ,ev5 "s ( ! works :i* are ascrib$ to ,jesus are pla9ly d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,a spiritual resurrection is n suffici5t1 x ev5 passes = less ?an a bodily1 & ?is is ! v reason = ! num]\s /ories ( ! rais+ ( ! dead4 ,^! are matt]s f :i*1 ev5 to ?is day1 dev\t ,*ri/ians are loa? to "p1 especially :]e ! details are giv5 s m9utely z 9 ! rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,n[ !re is absolutely no objection to ?is1 if we are resolv$ to cl+ to ! hi/orical reality ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,only 9 t case ! t]ms employ$ %\ld be exactly def9$4 ,if we give ! "n dea? to ! condition :i* excludes any return to life1 especially :51 z ) ,laz>us1 decay _h already set 91 ! condition f :i* ,laz>us return$ to life _c be call$ dea? )\t a contradiction4 ,jesus ev5 says t 8 sickness 0 n fatal 7,john xi4 #d71 & t he is n dead1 b m]ely sleeps 7,john xi4 #aa74 ,0 he mi/ak58 ,su* words %\ld at lea/ n be entirely disreg>d$1 ev5 ?\gh ! o!r words foll[ imm$iately aft]1 8,laz>us is dead0 7,john xi4 #ad74 ,t a highly gift$ nature1 l t ( ,jesus1 may h possess$ wond]ful heal+ p[]s1 _c be d5i$1 h[ev] difficult x may be to det]m9e ! b\nd>y betwe5 :at is & is n possible "h4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is firmly e/abli%$ t :5 once su* an idea z ! rais+ f physical dea? becomes root$ 9 ! popul> m9d1 ! details1 especially su* z c s]ve z evid5ce1 are provid$ spontane\sly4 ,! nucleus ( ! /ory ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us lies ( c\rse 9 ! words 7,john xi4 #be1 #bf71 8,i am ! resurrection & ! life1 he t believe? 9 me ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live1 & :osoev] live? & believe? 9 me %all nev] die40 ,"h we h ! true tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 9 8 own app>5tly contradictory language4 ,! say+1 8,:oev] believes 9 me %all nev] die10 does n necess>ily mean t 8 body w nev] die2 & s ! words1 8,?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live10 c]ta9ly d n signify t 8 dead & decay$ body %all receive new life4 ,b ! p want$ some?+ else4 ,= ! true miracles1 = ! spiritual resurrection1 !y _h no compreh5sion1 !y want$ s5su\s miracles1 !y want$ ! resurrection ( a body already decay$1 & ?is is describ$ 9 ! ,gospels 9 detail4 ,su* is ! regul> privilege ( popul> tradition1 & x happ5s )\t delib]ate int5tion1 except t ( br++ vividly be=e u ! common int]pretation ( ! fact4 ,popul> tradition is n int5tional deception1 x is only an unavoidable fusion ( facts ) conv5tional ideas1 :]eby ,god becomes a labor] we>i$ by six days' "w2 8 seat becomes ,olympus or a gold5 ?rone 9 "s corn] ( ! blue sky2 ! ,son ( ,god s9ks to ! level ( a pr9ce ( ! h\se ( ,david1 ! ,savi\r to a miracle doctor1 & 8 message ( salvation to a promise ( resurrection f physical dea?4 ,!re are _m good m5 & wom5 fulfill+ 9 _! daily walk ! comm&s ( ,*ri/1 to :om ! true hi/orical conception ( ! gospel /ory w\ld be a t]rible disillusion4 ,well1 su* ,*ri/ians are at lib]ty to rema9 9 _! own views4 ,our own int]pretation ( _m ( ! details 9 ! traditional repres5tation ( ! ,gospels1 ?\gh details c]ta9ly ( v great significance1 makes no claim to papal au?ority4 ,x gladly conc$es ! possibility ( error1 & only claims to give an int]pretation ( ! evangelic writ+s1 f\nd$ on nature & hi/ory4 ,x %\ld answ]1 & at ! same "t appease1 ! v num]\s &1 at bottom1 hone/ m51 :o1 l ! ,horseh]d1 decl>e ! gospel n>ratives1 z ord9>ily und]/ood1 full ( falsehood & fraud or ev5 pure fancy1 & :o h consequ5tly brok5 ) ! ,*ri/ian revelation f consci5ti\s scruples4 ,_! numb] is great] ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 & x mu/ on no acc\nt be suppos$ t !y are necess>ily wick$ or ev5 immoral m54 ,:5 !y decl>e ! ,*ri/ian revelation to be an absurdity1 x is because !y d n "k x 9 its hi/orical orig9 & its div9e tru?4 ,to assume t e ^w1 e lett]1--= x has be5 c>ri$ ev5 s f>1--t e p>able1 e figure1 0 :isp]$ to ! au?ors ( ! ,gospels1 is c]ta9ly an absurdity1 & re/s only on human & (t5 only on prie/ly au?ority4 ,b ! true revelation1 ! real tru?1 z x 0 already anticipat$ by ! ,greek philosoph]s1 sl[ly accept$ by ,jews l ,philo & ! contempor>ies ( ,jesus1 taught by m5 l ,clem5t & ,orig5 9 ! anci5t ,greek *ur*1 &1 9 f9e1 realis$ 9 ! life ( ,jesus & seal$ by 8 dea?1 is no absurdity2 x is = e ?9k+ ,*ri/ian ! et]nal life or ! k+dom ( ,god on e>?1 :i* ,jesus wi%$ to e/abli%1 & 9 "p did e/abli%4 ,to become a citiz5 ( ?is k+dom is ! highe/ t man c atta91 b x is n atta9$ m]ely ?r\gh baptism & confirmation2 x mu/ be ga9$ 9 e>ne/ spiritual conflict4 ,9 ne>ly all religions ,god rema9s f> f man4 ,i say 9 ne>ly all religions2 = 9 ,brahmanism ! unity1 n ! union1 ( ! human s\l ) ,brahman is recognis$ z ! highe/ aim4 ,?is unity ) ,deity1 toge!r ) ph5om5al diff]5ce1 ,jesus express$ 9 "p ?r\gh ! ,logos1 9 "p ?r\gh ! ,son4 ,!re is no?+ s closely alli$ z ?\ght & ^w1 ,fa!r & ,son4 ,!y c be di/+ui%$1 b nev] sep>at$1 = !y exi/ only ?r\gh ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is mann] ! ,greek philosoph]s consid]$ all creation z ! ?\ght or ! ^w ( ,god1 & ! ?\ght 8man0 became naturally ! highe/ ,logos1 realis$ 9 millions ( m51 & rais$ to ! highe/ p]fection 9 ,jesus4 ,z ! ?\ght exi/s only ?r\gh ! ^w1 & ! ^w only ?r\gh ! ?\ght1 s also ! ,fa!r exi/s only ?r\gh ! ,son1 & ! ,son ?r\gh ! ,fa!r1 & 9 ?is s5se ,jesus feels & decl>es himself ! ,son ( ,god1 & all m5 :o believe 9 him 8 bre?r54 ,?is revelation or inspiration came to mank9d ?r\gh ,jesus4 ,no "o knew ! ,fa!r except ! ,son1 :o is 9 ! bosom ( ! ,fa!r1 & ^? to :om ! ,son wille? to reveal him4 ,?is is ! ,*ri/ian revelation 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x has long be5 attempt$ to make an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,jesus1 ! only begott5 ,son1 & 8 bre?r51 ?r\gh an exagg]at$ feel+ ( affect$ rev]5ce4 ,b if ?is is c>ri$ too f>1 ! temple :i* ,jesus himself erect$ = mank9d is de/roy$4 ,x is true t no "o comes to ! ,fa!r except ?r\gh ,jesus1 & t ,jesus is ! only begott5 ,son1 = he is 9 ! ,fa!r & ! ,fa!r 9 him 7,john xiv4 #aj71 nay1 he & ! ,fa!r are "o 7,john x4 #cj74 ,! di/9ction is !re=e !re1 b ! unity z well1 = ,jesus himself says t he is 9 8 disciples z ! ,fa!r is 9 him1 t !y all may be "o1 z he is "o ) ,god1 & ,god ) him 7,john xvii4 #ba74 ,to _m !re may be no s5se 9 ?is1 because _! ideas ( ,god & ( ! ,son ( ,god are altoge!r mat]iali/ic1 b to ^? :o h le>n$ to feel ! div9e1 n only )\t b also )91 ^! words are ! light ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is s5se we ne$ n be a%am$ ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/1 & c be prep>$ to look all ! ,horseh]ds ( ! _w 9 ! face z intellectually free1 yet at ! same "t z true ,*ri/ians1 9 ! way ,jesus himself w\ld h desir$2 (t5 9 error1 l ! disciples ( old1 b /ill loyal & hone/ foll[]s ( ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! ma9 issue 9 all ^! que/ions is hone/y1 hone/y t[>d ourselves ev5 m ?an t[>d o!rs4 ,we "k h[ easily we may all be deceiv$1 h[ easily we are put (f ) words1 especially :5 !y are words ( anci5t use4 ,x 0 ! s9c]e tone ( ! ,horseh]d t prompt$ me to public discussion ( 8 d\bts1 = d\bts are g5]ally anticipations ( tru?1 & to be true to oneself is bett] ?an to possess all tru?4 ,x gave me pleasure to le>n rec5tly t he is /ill among ! liv+1 al?\gh = an int]val he 0 beyond ! range ( ! usual po/al facilities1 s t my lett]s did n rea* him4 ,:e!r he ?9ks me z hone/ z himself1 we mu/ wait to "k4 ,i did n seek ei!r to p]suade or to conv9ce him4 ,su* ?+s dep5d too mu* on circum/ances & environm5t4 ,i m]ely wi%$ to %[ him t o!rs1 :o d n agree ) him1 or ) :om he does n agree1 are hone/1 & may hone/ly hold entirely diff]5t views4 ,to le>n to und]/& ea* o!r is ! great art ( life1 & to 8agree to diff]0 is ! be/ lesson ( ! comp>ative sci5ce ( religion4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,conclusion4 ,! allusion 9 ! =ego+ page is to a v long lett] :i* ! ,horseh]d wrote to my husb&1 dat$ ,septemb] #aj1 #ahig1 eighte5 mon?s aft] 8 fir/ lett]4 ,?is 0 foll[$ ?ree days lat] by a %ort note1 say+ t ! long lett] 0 n writt5 = publication1 & t x 0 ! ,horseh]d's express wi% t x %\ld n be pr9t$4 ,9 ?is note he m5tions t he 0 p]fectly well1 & t he _h be5 s successful 9 8 trade1 t he no long] sat ) an oil lamp by an iron /ove1 b 0 8e in* a g5tleman10 z he express$ x4 ,! ,pf]debrla 0 br\ght out e>ly 9 #ahii1 & my husb& s5t a copy to ! only address he _h1--8,pf]debrla1 ,po/-,(fice1 ,pittsburgh10--) ! foll[+ lett]3-- 8 7,translation47 #g ,norham ,g>d5s1 ,feb4 #aj _/#ii4 ,de> f>-(f ,fri5d3 8,y see ,i h kept my promise1 & aft] _m delays ! book is ready4 ,h[ are y8 :e!r y are sitt+ by y\r iron & oil light1 or h become a great & ri* man4 ,well1 all t is only ext]nal1 ! great ?+1 ! ,self1 rema9s un*ang$4 ,i am gr[+ old--pa/ sev5ty-five--& h /ill s mu* to d1 & am n[ pr9t+ a big book1 ! ,six ,sy/ems ( ,indian ,philosophy4 ,t w\ld please y1 = ^? old fell[s saw deep] ?an our philosoph]s1 ?\gh !y don't talk s mu* ab\t x4 ,n[ write & tell me h[ x is ) y1 & :e!r y are pleas$ or n ) y\r & my book4 ,b make ha/e1 = :o kn[s h[ long x may la/4 ,x is /range h[ well "o c "k ^? :om "o has nev] se510 ,) all good wi%es1 ,f4 ,max ,mll]4 0 ,! book & lett] 7 return$ z unclaim$ aft] ?ree mon?s4 ,b on ,septemb] #bi1 #ahii1 ! ,horseh]d wrote aga91 giv+ 8 real "n1 ,fritz ,m5zel1 & ! address ,monangahela ,hotel1 ,pittsburgh4 ,?is lett] ,i h be5 unable to f9d4 ,on ,octob] #ag1 #ahii1 ,i wrote by my husb&'s desire4 8,,de> ,,sir3 ,my husb&1 :o is s]i\sly ill1 wi%es me to s5d y ?is lett] f him1 writt5 la/ ,febru>y & return$ late 9 ,april1 & to say1 z he has n[ receiv$ y\r lett] ( ,septemb] #bi1 ) y\r real "n & address1 he is s5d+ y ! copy ( 8 book1 ,das ,pf]debrla1 :i* 0 also return$ to him40 ,aft] a few mon?s bo? lett] & book came back unclaim$1 & f t "t no?+ m has be5 he>d f ! ,horseh]d4 ,! book be>s ! inscription3-- 8,to ! ,pf]debrla1 ) greet+s f 8 ,p>dn]40 ,a few words mu/ be said ab\t ! translation4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahih1 a translation ( ! fir/ article on ,celsus1 made by ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,fe*t] ( ,nor? ,yakima1 ,wa%+ton1 ,u4,s4,a41 0 s5t to my husb& by an old fri5d1 ,mrs4 ,b>tlett1 wife ( ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,m4 ,b>tlett1 rector ( ! *ur* 9 ! same place4 ,he lik$ x & return$ x at once1 begg+ t ! o!r articles1 :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ?\gh n yet publi%$ z a book1 might be translat$4 ,= m ?an two ye>s no?+ 0 he>d f ,nor? ,yakima1 ?\gh ,i wrote m ?an once dur+ my husb&'s illness1 s anxi\s 0 he to see ! translation c>ri$ out4 ,at l5g?1 j be=e ,*ri/mas1 #aija1 ,i wrote once m & regi/]$ ! lett]1 :i* 0 safely deliv]$1 & ,i !n he>d t my fri5d _h n only writt5 repeat$ly1 b t ! :ole f9i%$ translation _h be5 s5t1 ne>ly two ye>s be=e1 & t %e 0 a/oni%$ at he>+ no?+ fur!r4 ,"s fault 9 ! po/-(fice _h caus$ ! long sil5ce on bo? sides4 ,a r\gh copy ( ! translation _h be5 kept1 & 0 s5t ov] aft] x _h be5 cle>ly writt5 out4 ,i _c suffici5tly express my gratitude to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,e/l9 ,c>p5t]1 :o has revis$ ! :ole "w 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]1 devot+ to x mu* ( 8 v valuable "t4 ,,georg9a ,,max ,m,,ll] ,,footnotes #a ,! ,greek t]m 8logos0 0 r5d]$ ,ges*i*te 9 ! ,g]man title4 #b ,! ^w ,pf]debrla is app>5tly a ,silesian equival5t = ,pf]deburs*e1 & is repres5t$ 9 ?is volume by ! t]m 8horseh]d10 aft] ! analogy ( c[h]d1 sw9eh]d1 or %eph]d4 ,! t]m9ation brla is probably a local corruption ( ! dim9utive brs*el or brs*le94 #c 8,:at diff]5ce does x make10 he w\ld ask1 8:e!r x 0 writt5 by ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 or "s o!r ,john1 if only x reveals to u ! ,son ( ,god80 7lett] f ! ,vic> ( ,/4 ,giles's1 ,ox=d1 ,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 xxxvi474 #d ,see ! lett]s betwe5 ,max ,mll] & ,dr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,romanes1 ,life & ,lett]s1 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 xxxi4 #e ,ueb] die ,wahre ,ges*i*te des ,celsus4 #f ,contra ,celsum1 ,i1 #h4 #g ,contra ,celsum1 ,i1 #fc4 #h ,luke v4 #h4 #i #a ,tim4 i4 #ae4 #aj ,tit4 iii4 #c4 #aa ,miss ,swanwick's translation4 #ab 1 4 #ac 4 #ad 4 #ae 4 #af ,philo1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ajf4 #ag 4 #ah ,de ,ebriet41 ,,viii1 #a1 #cfa f4 #ai 4 #bj 4 #ba 4 #bb 4 #bc 4 #bd 4 #be 4 #bf ,m4 ,m41 ,!osophy & ,psy*ological ,religion1 p4 #djf4 #bg ,lcke1 ,comm5t>y on ! ,gospel ( ,john4 #bh ,m4 ,m41 ,!osophy & ,psy*ological ,religion1 p4 #chc4 #bi ,m4 ,m41 ,!osophy1 p4 #djd4 #cj ,see ! ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 #ahie1 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #dg4 #ca 4 #cb 4 #cc 4 #cd ,! orig9al 01 h[ev]1 9 ,g]man4 #ce ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 #ahie1 ,,lxxxii1 #dji ff41 8,! ,p>liam5t ( ,religions 9 ,*icago10 by ,f4 ,max ,mll]4 #cf ,see ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,paul ,fle*sig1 ,neue ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,m>kbildung 9 d5 m5s*li*5 ,gehirnlapp51 p4 #fg4 #cg ,^! pron\ns1 ref]r+ ( c\rse to ,engl& & ! ,cont95t1 7 rev]s$ 9 ! orig9al4 #ch ,academy1 ,janu>y #b1 #ahig1 p4 #ab4 #ci ,asc5t ( ,man1 p4 #ahg4 #dj ,orig9 ( ,species1 #e? ed41 #ahfi1 p4 #bee4 #da ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahga1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cf4 #db ,asc5t ( ,man1 #ahid1 p4 #i4 #dc ,vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #dfd4 #dd ,lloyd ,morgan1 ,animal ,life & ,intellig5ce1 p4 #cej4 #de ,h4 ,drummond1 ,asc5t ( ,man1 #ahid1 p4 #afi4 #df ,see ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #dje4 #dg ,see ! au?or's preface to 8 ,engli% translation 7second edition7 ( ,kant's ,critic ( ,pure ,reason1 p4 xxviii1 to :i* we n[ add ! prophetic words ( ,%elley1 9 8 ,prome!us ,unb\nd 7,,ii1 #d73-- 8,he gave man spee*1 & spee* creat$ ?\ght1 ,:i* is ! measure ( ! ,univ]se40 #dh ,asc5t ( ,man1 #ahid1 p4 #bjj4 #di ,sci5ce ( ,language1 #ahia1 p4 #dii4 #ej ,cf4 ,biographies ( ,words1 by ,m4 ,m41 #ahhh4 #ea ,?is mu/ ( c\rse be und]/ood ( au?oritative or canonical ,scripture4--ed4 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4