public doma9 works f ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,digital ,libr>ies47 ,,my/ics ,,& ,,sa9ts ,,( ,,islam ,,by ,,claud ,,field ,,london3 ,,francis ,,griffi?s1 #cd ,,maid5 ,,lane1 ,,/r&1 ,w4,c4 #aiaj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,pan!i/ic ,,sufism #a ,,ii4 ,,hasan ,,basri #ah ,,iii4 ,,rabia1 ,,! ,,woman ,,sufi #bh ,,iv4 ,,ibrahim ,,b5 ,,adham #cf ,v4 ,,fudhayl ,,b5 ,,ayaz #df ,,vi4 ,,bayazid ,,ba/ami #eb ,,vii4 ,,zu',n ,,nun ,,( ,,egypt #fj ,,viii4 ,,mansur ,,hallaj #fh ,,ix4 ,,habib ,,ajami #gi ,x4 ,,avic5na 7,,ibn ,,s9a7 #hf ,,xi4 ,,al ,,ghazzali #ajf ,,xii4 ,,f>idudd9 ,,att> #abc ,,xiii4 ,,suhraw>dy #ada ,,xiv4 ,,jalaludd9 ,,rumi #adh ,,xv4 ,,%>ani1 ,,! ,,egyptian #afd ,,xvi4 ,,mullah ,,%ah #agd ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,mohamm$an ,,conv]sions #aib ,,ii4 ,,exposition ,,( ,,sufism #aif ,,iii4 ,,*ri/ian ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,mohamm$an ,,lit]ature #bjb ,,iv4 ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,mohamm$an ,,tradition #bjh ,,preface ,x is a cu/om 9 "s qu>t]s to repres5t ,mohammadan my/icism z m]ely a late importation into ,islam1 & an altoge!r ali5 elem5t 9 x4 ,b h[ev] mu* lat] ,islamic my/icism may h d]iv$ f ,*ri/ian1 ,neo-platonic1 & ,buddhi/ s\rces1 !re is little d\bt t ! roots ( my/icism are to be f\nd 9 ! ,koran itself4 ,! foll[+ v]se is an in/ance3 ,god is ! ,light ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,8 light is l a ni*e 9 :i* is a lamp1 ! lamp encas$ 9 glass--! glass z x 7 a gli/5+ />4 ,f a bless$ tree is x light$1 ! olive nei!r ( ! ,ea/ nor ( ! ,we/1 ^: oil w\ld well nigh %9e out ev5 ?\gh fire t\*$ x n6 ,x is light ^u light6 7,koran ,sura #bd74 ,inde$ x seems /range to accord ! title ( a practical my/ic to ,cromwell & to d5y x to ,mohammad1 ^: proclivity = religi\s m$itation 0 s /rong t ! ,arabs us$ to say ,muhammad is 9 love ) 8 ,mak]1#a & ^: s5se ( ! t]ror ( ! ,"l 0 s int5se t x turn$ 8 hair prematurely :ite4 ,_m ( ! report$ say+s ( ! ,e>ly ,companions ( ,muhammad %[ t !y %>$ ?is t]ror4 ,v]ily1 y %all see hell1 y %all see x ) ! eye ( c]ta9ty says ! ,koran1 & !y ?\ght x v probable4 ,?us ,ali exclaim$ ,alas = ! %ortness ( ! provision & ! t]rors ( ! way6 ,abu'l ,d>da said ,if ye knew :at ye %all see aft] dea?1 ye w\ld n eat nor dr9k1 & ,i wi% t ,i 7 a tree t is lopp$ & !n dev\r$4#b ,?is fe> ( ! ,"l l$ naturally to an almo/ fi]ce asceticism4 ,abu ,bekr & ,ali bo? f\nd$ communities ( ascetics1#c & dur+ ! fir/ & second c5turies ( ,islam !re 7 _m or?odox my/ics4 ,pr(essor ,ni*olson 9 ! "w j quot$1 rightly says ,i d n ?9k t we ne$ look beyond ,islam = ! orig9 ( ! ,sufi doctr9es4444 ,! e>ly ,sufis are /ill on or?odox gr\nd1 _! relation to ,islam is n unlike t ( ! m$ival ,spani% my/ics to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ sket*es are = ! mo/ "p translations ( pap]s by cont95tal s*ol>s su* z ,alfr$ ,von ,krem]1 ,pavet de ,c\rteille1 & ,a4,f4 ,mehr54 ,! essays on ,ghazzali & ,jalaludd9 ,rumi are1 h[ev]1 f\nd$ on orig9al /udy ( ^? writ]s4 ,! translator hopes a :olesome tonic may be f\nd 9 "s ( ^! ,moslem my/ics at a "t :5 _m ,*ri/ian pulpits & presses seem anxi\s to dilute ,*ri/ianity into a presumptu\s & effem9ate love :i* nev] knew fe>4#d ,he desires to ?ank ! ,editors ( ! ,expository ,times1 ,*ur* ,mission>y ,review1 ,iri% ,*ur* ,qu>t]ly1 & ,london ,qu>t]ly ,review = p]mission to include pap]s :i* h appe>$ 9 ^? j\rnals4 ,c4,f4 #a ,ghazzali1 ,munqidh4 #b ,ni*olson4 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs 7p4 #bbe74 #c ,?oluck4 ,sufismus4 #d ,sir ,john ,seeley4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,pan!i/ic ,,sufism#e ,i4--,,! ,,import ,,( ,,islamic ,,my/icism ,! moral law proclaim$ by ,moses ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago agrees ) t :i* gov]ns m5 to-day1 irrespective ( _! v>i\s /ages ( culture2 ! moral precepts ( a ,buddha & ,confucius agree ) ^? ( ! ,gospel1 & ! s9s = :i*1 accord+ to ! ,book ( ! ,dead ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 m5 w answ] to ! judges ( ! o!r _w are s9s /ill aft] f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,if ! nature ( ! unkn[n ,fir/ ,cause is ev] to be grasp$ at all1 x c only be 9 ! light ( ^? un*ang+ moral pr9ciples :i* e man c>ries 9 8 own brea/4 ,! idea ( ,god is !re=e n an affair ( ! und]/&+1 b ( ! feel+ & consci5ce4 ,my/icism has always s tak5 x1 & has !re=e always _h a /rong attraction = ! excitable & emotional portion ( mank9d :om x has com=t$ 9 trial & affliction4 ,e religion is accord+ly r int5d$ = ! emotions ?an = ! und]/&+1 & !re=e !y all conta9 my/ical t5d5cies4 ,! my/icism ( ,islam & ,*ri/5dom h _m po9ts ( contact1 & by my/icism p]haps w be fir/ bridg$ ! wide gulf :i* sep>ates ,islam f ,*ri/5dom1 & !reby f mod]n civilisation4 ,j 9 proportion z ! v>i\s religions express ! ideals ( goodness & tru? !y approximate to "o ano!r z manife/ations ( ! un*ang+ moral pr9ciple4 ,inasmu* z !y surmis$ ?is1 ! ,motazilites 7or free-?9k]s 9 ,islam71 at a "t :5 ,europe lay 9 ! pr(\nde/ intellectual & moral bewild]m5t1 f\ght = "o ( ^? ideas :i*1 al?\gh !y are quickly subm]g$ aga9 9 ! /ormy curr5t ( ! times1 cont9ue to "w 9 sil5ce & f9ally em]ge victori\s4 ,on t day :5 ! ,moslem no long] beholds 9 ,god simply omnipot5ce1 b also righte\sness1 he w simultane\sly re-ent] ! circle ( ! great civilis$ nations among :om he once be=e1 ?\gh only = a %ort "t1 _h won ! fir/ place4 ,x is n p]haps too fanciful to hail1 z an om5 ( ! triumph ( moral my/icism ov] ! dogmatic rigidity ( ,islam1 ! fact t ! pres5t ,sultan ,muhammad ,v4 0 gird$ ) ! sword ( ,osman by ! head ( ! ,mevlevi d]vi%es1 a sect f\nd$ by ! great my/ic tea*] ,jalaludd9 ,rumi ( ,iconium4 ,=ty-?ree ye>s ago a ,p]sian ,ori5tali/ ,mirza ,kasim ,beg wrote 9 ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique3-- ,l'unique voie qui dans l',islam puisse conduire a la re=me c'e/ la doctr9e du my/icisme4 ,,ii4--,,e>li] ,,phases ,! p]iod dur+ :i* ! asceticism practis$ by ! e>li] ,sufis pass$ into ! dreamy pan!ism :i* *>act]ises ! lat] ,sufism is ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,muhammad4 ,?is introduc$ a new elem5t into ,islam :i* = c5turies ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on national culture1 & is /ill p>tially op]ative at pres5t4 ,! conception ( ,god & ( ! relation ( ! f9ite & human ) ! inf9ite & div9e f ?is "t onw>d =m$ ! *ief subject ( inquiry & m$itation4 ,! man :o 0 de/9$ to be ! fir/ to give ^? ideas1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 =eign to ,arabian ,sufism1 def9ite expression 0 a poor workman1 a cotton-c>d]1 be>+ ! "n ( ,hellaj4 ,he 0 an ,arabis$ ,p]sian1 born 9 ,p]sia1 b educat$ 9 ,irak1 :]e he enjoy$ ! privilege ( be+ in/ruct$ by ,junaid4 ,! /ory ( 8 life z h&$ d[n by ,%iah or ,sunni writ]s has be5 mu* exagg]at$4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t he _h a great numb] ( disciples :o rev]$ him z _! spiritual guide & ascrib$ to him almo/ sup]natural p[]s4 ,8 ev]-gr[+ popul>ity mu* sc&alis$ ! or?odox mullahs1 :o mov$ ! au?orities to proce$ aga9/ him1 & 7 successful 9 procur+ 8 execution #ibb ,a4,d4 ,be=e 8 dea? he 0 subject$ to t]rible tortures1 :i* he bore ) wond]ful composure4 ,! reason ( 8 condemnation 0 decl>$ to be t he reg>d$ himself z an inc>nation ( ! ,godhead4 ,8 disciples hon\r$ him z a sa9t aft] 8 dea?4 ,!y ascrib$ to him ! fam\s say+1 ,i am ! ,tru? 7i4e4 ,god71 :i* !y took 9 a pan!i/ic s5se4 ,he is said to h taught ! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation ( ! ,godhead 9 a man & to h utt]$ ! exclamation3 ,praise to ! ,mo/ ,high ,:o has reveal$ ,8 humanity & conceal$ ! ov]p[]+ spl5d\r ( ,8 ,deity4 ,:oso purifies himself by ab/95ce & purges himself f e trace ( fle%9ess1 unto him ! ,_s ( ,god ent]s1 z x ent]$ into ,jesus4 ,:5 he has atta9$ to ?is degree ( p]fection1 :atev] he wills1 happ5s1 & :atev] he does is done by ,god4 ,8 lett]s to 8 disciples are said to h comm5c$ ) ! =mula1 ,f ! ,"l ( ,lords to ,8 slaves4 ,8 disciples wrote to him3 ,o ,_s ( ! ,_s6 ,o highe/ ,aim ( ! holy3 ,we be> witness t ,?\ ha/ inc>nat$ ,?yself 9 ! =m ( ,hosa9 ! cotton-c>d] 7,hellaj74 ,we flee = protection to ,!e & hope 9 ,?y m]cy1 ,o ,kn[] ( secrets4 ,! g5u95ess ( ^! fragm5ts has mu* to support x1 b is n entirely beyond d\bt4 ,?is mu*1 h[ev]1 is cle>1 t ! disciples ( ,hellaj aft] 8 dea? reg>d$ him z a div9e be+4 ,ibn ,hazm1 a tru/wor?y au?or :o wrote only #aej ye>s aft] ! execution ( ,hellaj1 says s expressly4 ,ghazzali1 :o wrote ab\t fifty ye>s lat] /ill1 does n m5tion ?is1 b %elt]s ,hellaj f ! *>ge ( blasphemy by con/ru+ 8 exclamation ,i am ! ,tru? 9 a pan!i/ic s5se1 & excuses x by ascrib+ x to an excess ( love to ,god & to my/ic ec/acy4 ,9 ano!r place he says3 ,! fir/ veil betwe5 ,god & ,8 s]vant is ,8 s]vant's s\l4 ,b ! hidd5 dep? ( ! human he>t is div9e & illum9at$ by light f above2 = 9 x is mirror$ ! et]nal ,tru? completely1 s t x encloses ! univ]se 9 itself4 ,n[ :5 a man turns 8 gaze on 8 own div9ely illum9$ he>t he is dazzl$ by ! blaze ( its beauty1 & ! expression ,i am ,god6 easily escapes him4 ,if f ?is /age he does n advance fur!r 9 k1 he (t5 falls into error & is ru9$4 ,x is z ?\gh he _h all[$ himself to be misl$ by a little sp>k f ! light-ocean ( ,godhead in/ead ( press+ =w>d to get m light4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is self-deception is t he 9 :om ! ,sup]natural is mirror$ confuses himself ) x4 ,s ! col\r ( a picture se5 9 a mirror is sometimes conf\nd$ ) ! mirror itself4 ,hellaj 0 no m ?an ! repres5tative ( an old idea1 ,indian 9 orig91 :i* he comb9$ ) ,sufism1 !reby giv+ an entirely new direction to ,islamic ?\ght1 :i* 0 important1 z lead+ to an entirely new developm5t ( ! conception ( ,god4 ,ev5 previ\s to ,hellaj1 ! doctr9e ( inc>nation _h em]g$ 9 ,islam4 ,! ,caliph ,ali 0 report$ to h be5 su*1 & 0 accord+ly v5]at$ by ! ,%iahs4 ,! sect ( ! ,khattabiyah wor%ipp$ ! ,imam ,jaf> ,sadik z ,god4 ,ano!r sect believ$ t ! ,div9e ,_s _h desc5d$ ^u ,abdallah ,ibn ,amr4 ,9 ,khorassan ! op9ion 0 widely spread t ,abu ,muslim1 ! great g5]al :o ov]turn$ ! dyna/y ( ! ,ommeyads & set up t ( ! ,abbasides1 0 an inc>nation ( ! _s ( ,god4 ,9 ! same prov9ce "u ,al ,mansur1 ! second ,abbaside ,caliph1 a religi\s lead] nam$ ,o/asys pr(esses to be an emanation ( ! ,godhead4 ,he collect$ ?\s&s ( foll[]s1 & ! movem5t 0 n suppress$ )\t mu* fight+4 ,"u ! ,caliph ,mahdi a self-/yl$ ,avat> nam$ ,ata arose1 :o on acc\nt ( a gold5 mask :i* he cont9ually wore 0 call$ ,mokanna1 or ! veil$ prophet4 ,he also _h a num]\s foll[+1 & held ! ,caliph's armies 9 *eck = sev]al ye>s1 till 9 #ggi ,a4,d41 be+ closely inve/$ 9 8 ca/le1 he1 ) 8 :ole h>em & s]vants1 put an end to !mselves4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury aft] ,muhammad1 ,babek 9 ,p]sia taught ! transmigration ( s\ls & communism4 ,8 foll[]s1 nam$ ,khoramiyyah1 long successfully resi/$ ! ,caliph's troops4 ,he claim$ t ! s\l ( an anci5t law-giv] nam$ ,bod _h pass$ into him1 :i* meant p]haps t he wi%$ to pass = a ,buddha4 ,x is well kn[n t ,%iite tea*]s 7 especially active 9 ,p]sia4 ,9 ! apo!osis ( ,ali1 z well z 9 ! cases ( ,abu ,muslim1 we f9d an ass]tion ( ! ideas peculi> to ! ,p]sians 9 pre-,islamic times4 ,! infusion or indwell+ ( ! ,godhead 9 man z ) ! ,h9du ,avat>s 0 also popul>1 & widely spread 9 ,p]sia4 ,9 ,bagdad1 f ! "t ( ! e>ly ,abbasides1 ! ,p]sians _h ex]cis$ great influ5ce4 ,%iahs 7 able to pr(ess _! views freely "u ! tol]ant or r religi\sly indiff]5t ,caliph ,mam\n4 ,bagdad e>ly h>b\r$ )9 its walls a numb] ( communities imbu$ ) ,%iah doctr9e1 & ! ,p]sian conception ( ,god sil5tly1 b widely prevail$4 ,hellaj1 educat$ 9 ! or?odox ,sunni s*ool ( ,junaid1 :i*1 ?r\gh its lay+ /ress on ! idea ( love to ,god1 possess$ r a my/ic ?an dogmatic "*1 all[$ himself to be c>ri$ away by 8 passionate temp]am5t into n only prea*+1 b practically apply+ to himself ! above-m5tion$ doctr9es1 :i* ?\gh kn[n to _m1 _h be5 discreetly veil$ 9 res]ve4 ,:5 once ! populace h be5 prep>$ = a new idea1 ! m]e expression ( x is suffici5t to act z a sp>k on t9d]4 ,! fatal ^w 0 spok5 by ,hellaj2 ! au?orities did _! duty1 seiz$ ! d>+ innovator & put him to dea? 9 ! cruel fa%ion ( ! "t4 ,b ! ^w once spok5 _h be5 borne on ! w9ds 9 all directions1 & ! execution ( ,hellaj gave a p[]ful impulse to ! spread ( 8 doctr9e4 ,!re are p]iods 9 ! lives ( "s nations :5 ! long+ = a m>tyr's cr[n becomes epidemic4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! execution ( ,hellaj1 a man ( ! p1 ,ibn ,aby ,azkyr1 f ! same village1 ,%almaghan1 :]e ,hellaj _h sp5t 8 y\?1 gave himself out z an inc>nation ( ! ,godhead4 ,he 0 put to dea? ) sev]al ( 8 foll[]s "u ! reign ( ! ,caliph ,radhi1 #icc ,a4,d4 ,a c5tury aft] ,hellaj an ,egyptian1 ,ismail ,d>azy1 f :om ! ,druses d]ive _! "n1 proclaim$ ! ,fatimite ,caliph ,hakim to be an inc>nation4 ,h[ great 0 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ 9 g5]al by ^? ideas = :i* ,hellaj di$ a m>tyr's dea? we le>n mo/ cle>ly f ! pages ( ,ghazzali1 :o wrote n q two hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,he says3 ,! speculations ( ! ,sufis may be divid$ into two classes3 to ! fir/ category belong all ! phrases ab\t love to ,god & union ) ,him1 :i* accord+ to !m comp5sate = all outw>d works4 ,_m ( !m allege t !y h atta9$ to complete on5ess ) ,god2 t = !m ! veil has be5 lift$2 t !y h n only se5 ! ,mo/ ,high ) _! eyes1 b h spok5 ) ,him1 & g s f> z to say ,! ,mo/ ,high spoke ?us & ?us4 ,!y wi% to imitate ,hellaj1 :o 0 crucifi$ = us+ su* expressions1 & ju/ify !mselves by quot+ 8 say+1 ,i am ! ,tru?4 ,!y also ref] to ,abu ,yazid ,bi/amy1 :o is report$ to h exclaim$1 ,praise be to me61 in/ead ( ,praise be to ,god6 ,?is k9d ( speculation is extremely dang]\s = ! common p1 & x is notori\s t a numb] ( craftsm5 h left _! occupation to make simil> ass]tions4 ,su* spee*es are highly popul>1 z !y hold out to m5 ! prospect ( lay+ aside active "w ) ! idea ( purg+ ! s\l ?r\gh my/ical ec/asies & transports4 ,! common p are n sl[ to claim simil> rights = !mselves & to cat* up wild & :irl+ expressions4 ,z reg>ds ! second class ( ,sufi speculation1 x consi/s 9 ! use ( un9telligible phrases :i* by _! outw>d app>5t mean+ & boldness attract att5tion1 b :i* on clos] inspection prove to be devoid ( any real s5se4 ,^! words ( ! greate/ ?9k] among ! ,muhammadans at t "t af=d u a deep insight into ! rem>kable "* ( ! p]iod4 ,f !m we ga!r ) c]ta9ty t ! division ( ,sufism into two classes1 "o or?odox & outw>dly con=m+ to ,islam1 & ! o!r free-?9k+ & pan!i/ic1 0 already an accompli%$ fact be=e ,ghazzali's "t4 ,we recognise also t ! latt] k9d ( ,sufism 0 v popul> among ! l[e/ classes ( ! p & ev5 among ! agricultural population4 ,! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( my/icism1 ! /riv+ aft] ! k ( ,god by way ( ec/atic intuition1 _h already come into op5 conflict ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,islam4 ,my/ical love to ,god 0 ! cat*word :i* br\ght p to plunge into ec/atic rev]ie1 & by complete imm]sion 9 contemplation to lose _! p]sonality1 & by ?is self-annihilation to be absorb$ 9 ,god4 ,! simple ascetic "* ( ! anci5t ,arabian ,sufism 0 cont9ually c\nt]act$ by ! elem5t ( passive contemplation :i* 0 entirely =eign to ! ,arab m9d4 ,! t]ms ascetic & ,sufi1 :i* 7 =m]ly almo/ synonym\s1 h5ce=w>d cease to be s1 & (t5 conceal a fundam5tal v>iance ) ea* o!r4 ,we %all n g v f> wrong if we connect ! crisis ( ?is intellectual developm5t ) ! appe>ance ( ,hellaj1 s t ! close ( ! ?ird & comm5cem5t ( ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,muhammad m>ks ! po9t ( "t :5 ?is philosophico-religi\s s*ism 0 complet$4 ,9 ,p]sia ! !osophy ( ,hellaj & 8 support]s f\nd a receptive soil & fl\ri%$ vigor\sly2 on t soil 7 re>$ ! f9e/ fl[]s ( ,p]sian poetry4 ,f ! ,p]sians ?is t5d5cy pass$ ov] to ! ,turks1 & ! poetry ( bo? nations conta9s /rongly-m>k$ !osophical elem5ts4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,love ,,( ,,god ,,& ,,ec/asy ,already 9 ! second c5tury ( ,islam great /ress 0 laid ^u ! cultivation ( love to ,god1 an out/&+ example ( :i* is ! female ,sufi ,rabia4 ,) x 0 connect$ a gradually elaborat$ doctr9e ( ec/atic /ates & visions :i* 7 believ$ to lead by ! way ( intuition & div9e illum9ation to ! spiritual contemplation ( ,god4 ,we h already endeav\r$ to describe ! religi\s en?usiasm :i* took possession ( ! ,moslems 9 ! fir/ & second c5tury aft] ,muhammad & h p>tly trac$ ! causes :i* l$ to ?is ph5om5on4 ,ec/asy is an inv>iable concomitant ( religi\s en?usiasm4 ,9 ! endeav\r to break ?r\gh ! n>r[ b\nds :i* conf9e ! human _s pi\s & cr$ul\s natures are only too easily l$ a/ray4 ,! in/rum5ts :i* man has at 8 comm& :5 he wi%es to inve/igate ! sup]natural d n suffice to procure him an ev5 approximately correct image ( ! object :i* he w\ld fa9 obs]ve4 ,:ile ! optician ) ! aid ( ma!matics c r$uce errors aris+ f ! convexity ( 8 magnify+ l5s to an inf9itesimally small am\nt1 ! !ologian has nev] f\nd a device1 & nev] w f9d "o1 to obviate ! errors :i* arise f ! fact t 8 intellectual insight has to be ex]cis$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( mat]ial s5ses1 :i* obscure ! cle>ness ( 8 obs]vation4 ,& yet x is precisely ?is ceaseless /riv+1 ?is irresi/ible impulse aft] some?+ high]1 ?is unqu5*able ?ir/ = ! f\nta9-head ( k1 :i* con/itutes ! highe/ & noble/ side ( humanity1 & is ! mo/ indubitable pl$ge ( its spiritual future4 ,! net result ( ^! /riv+s has be5 an endless s]ies ( self-delusions1 & yet humanity takes on a gr&] aspect 9 !m ?an 9 all its o!r manifold ef=ts & successes4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is spiritual wre/l+1 ?is hopeless & yet nev] relax$ /ruggle aga9/ ! impossible1 =ms ! noble/ aspect ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! ph5om5a produc$ by ,islam 9 ?is respect d n fundam5tally diff] f ^? produc$ by ,*ri/ianity & ,buddhism4 ,sufism exhibits a m rem>kable developm5t ( ^! ph5om5a1 simply because x grew up 9 an environm5t :i* fav\r$ _! m luxuriant gr[?4 ,! ,koran1 :i* ,muhammad came1 z he said to prea*1 0 reg>d$ z ! v ^w ( ,god1 & mu/ !re=e h produc$ an ov]p[]+ impression on ! m9ds ( ! fai?ful4 ,( ?is num]\s in/ances are report$4 ,abd al ,wahid ibn ,zaid he>d "o day a ,koran-read] recite ! foll[+ v]se 7,sura #de3 #bh73--,?is is ,our book1 :i* ann\nces to y ! tru?2 = ,we h caus$ to be record$ all t ye h done4 ,^? :o believe & d good works %all _! ,"l admit to ,8 fav\r2 v]ily ?is is ! mo/ manife/ recomp5se4 ,on he>+ ?is ,abd al ,wahid broke into l\d weep+ & fa9t$4 ,misw> ibn ,ma*ramah 0 n ev5 able to he> any v]se ( ! ,koran read1 be+ s p[]fully affect$ !reby z to become s5seless4 ,( ,jobair ibn ,motim x is report$ t he said3 ,i he>d ! ,prophet recite ! foll[+ v]ses ( ! ,koran3-- #a4 ,i swe> by ,tur4 #b4 ,by a book :i* /&s writt5 on outspread p>*m5t4 #c4 ,by ! h\se to :i* pilgrimage is made4 #d4 ,by ! l(ty dome ( heav54 #e4 ,& by ! swell+ ocean4 #f4 ,t ! judgm5t ( ?y ,"l is at h&4 ,!n x appe>$ to me1 said ,jobair1 z if my he>t w\ld bur/ 9 twa94 ,! pi\s ,cadi ,ijad adduces z a special pro( ( ! inspiration ( ! ,koran ! deep impression ( fe> & t]ror :i* its recital produc$ on ! m9ds ( ! he>]s4 ,muhammad ibn ,mansur relates t once pass+ a h\se at midnight he he>d ! voice ( a man pray+ to ,god l\dly & f]v5tly1 lam5t+ 8 s9s ) deep contrition4 ,muhammad ibn ,mansur c\ld n resi/ ! temptation2 he put 8 m\? to ! keyhole & utt]$ ! v]se :i* ?reat5s ! unbeliev]s ) hell-fire4 ,he he>d a heavy fall )9 ! h\se1 & all 0 /ill4 ,z he w5t d[n ! same /reet ! next morn+ he saw a corpse be+ c>ri$ out ( ! same h\se1 foll[$ by an old woman4 ,he inquir$ ( h] ^: body x 01 & %e answ]$3 ,la/ night my son he>d a v]se ( ! ,koran recit$1 & x broke 8 he>t4 ,we are f> f believ+ all ^! /ories1 b !y %[ :at a view 0 held 9 ! e>lie/ times reg>d+ ! effect produc$ by ! ,koran on ! m9ds ( ^? :o he>d x4 ,! ec/atic b5t ( m9d ( ! ascetics ( ,islam & ! lat] ,sufis arose f ^! beg9n+s4 ,!n1 z n[1 self-orig9at$ phases ( feel+ 7 attribut$ to out] causes2 f ! remote/ times m5 h s\ght )\t !m ! ,div9ity :i* !y c>ri$ )94 ,! wid] spread & great] p]man5ce ( ec/atic ph5om5a among ! ,moslems ?an else:]e 0 due to ! concurr5ce ( v>i\s conditions1 *ief among :i* 0 ! peculi> temp]am5t ( ! ,arab4 ,capable ( ! fi]ce/ mom5t>y excitem5t1 he quickly subsid$ into a /ate ( complete apa?y :i* is pa9-pro(4 ,i#f h a lively recollection ( ! cases m5tion$ by my late fri5d ,dr4 ,bilh>z1 :o spoke ( ! a/oni%+ an/hesia :i* ! pati5ts 9 ! m$ical s*ool ( ,kasr al 'a9 9 ,cairo1 :]e he 0 pr(essor1 exhibit$ "u ! mo/ pa9ful op]ations4 ,!y utt]$ h>dly a s\nd :5 op]at$ ^u 9 ! mo/ s5sitive n]ve-c5tres4 ,! negro1 notori\sly excitable z he is1 & !re=e /ill m expos$ to complete pro/ration ( ! organs ( feel+1 exhibits ?is apa?y 9 a yet m m>k$ degree ?an ! ,arab & ,egyptian4 ,_m examples ( ?is are f\nd 9 old ,arabic au?ors--e4g41 9 ! n>ratives ( ! m>tyrdoms ( ,hatyt1 ( ,hellaj & ( a "y ,mameluke crucifi$ 9 #abdg ,a4,d4 ,( ! la/ ,suyuti has pres]v$ a psy*ologically detail$ description4 ,al?\gh ,*ri/ian m>tyrology is ri* 9 su* in/ances ( un%akable =titude "u ! mo/ pa9ful tortures1 yet 9 ,islam ! ec/atic temp] has atta9$ a high] significance & be5 m con/antly exhibit$4 ,a *ief reason ( ?is 0 ! religi\s fanaticism1 :i* 0 incomp>ably /rong] & m widely diffus$ 9 ,islam ?an 9 m$ival ,*ri/5dom4 ,! m9ds ( ! ,moslems 7 kept 9 p]petual t5sion by sev]e religi\s ex]cises1 ! effect ( :i* 0 int5sifi$ by fa/s & pilgrimages4 ,! peculi> mann] ( life 9 ! des]t1 ! bir?place ( ,islam1 also contribut$ to ?is2 ! scanty diet1 ! lonel9ess ( ! des]t1 & 9 ! t[ns ! want ( civic life1 ! pov]ty ( ideas among ! ,arabs1 all help$ to produce ! same result4 ,f9ally1 deception1 hypocrisy1 & sup]/ition1 z1 alas1 s (t5 is ! case 9 religi\s matt]s1 play$ a great "p4 ,:oev] did n feel ec/atically mov$ at ! recitation ( ! ,koran pret5d$ to be s1 & (t5 !reby1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 ex]cis$ a great effect on o!rs4 ,m5 began by pret5d+ to feel religi\s en?usiasm & end$ by believ+ t !y really felt x4 ,ghazzali m5tions 9 ! ,ihya ul-ulum t ! prophet comm&$ t :oev] did n feel mov$ to te>s at ! recitation ( ! ,koran %\ld pret5d to weep & to be deeply mov$2 =1 adds ,ghazzali sagely1 9 ^! matt]s "o beg9s by =c+ oneself to d :at aft]w>ds comes spontane\sly4 ,moreov]1 ! fact t religi\s excitem5t 0 look$ ^u z ! m>k ( a f]v5t m9d & dev\t int5sity1 va/ly increas$ ! numb] ( ^? :o claim$ my/ic illum9ation4 ,:5 v]ses ( ! ,koran ?r\gh frequ5t repetition lo/ _! p[] to awak5 ec/asy1 s+le l9es ( fragm5ts ( poems suffic$ to produce x4 ,once ! my/ic ,taury f\nd himself 9 ! mid/ ( a company :o 7 discuss+ "s sci5tific "q4 ,all took "p 9 x ) ! exception ( ,taury1 :o sudd5ly rose & recit$3-- ,_m coo+ doves m\rn 9 ! mid-day heat1 ,sadly "u ! ro( ( foliage ov]head1 ,rememb]+ old companions & days gone by2 ,_! lam5t awak5s my sorr[ also1 ,my m\rn+ r\ses !m1 & (t5 !irs di/urbs my sleep2 ,i d n und]/& _! coo+1 & !y d n und]/& my weep+3 ,b ?r\gh1 my sorr[ ( he>t ,i "k !m1 & ?r\gh _! he>t-sorr[ !y "k me4 ,h>dly _h ^? pres5t he>d ^! v]ses ?an !y all fell into a /ate ( ec/atic contemplation4 ,ibrahim b5 ,adham1 ! celebrat$ ,sufi1 once he>d ! foll[+ v]ses3-- ,ev]y?+ is =giv5 !e1 except e/rangem5t f ,u3 ,we p>don !e all ! pa/1 & only t rema9s :i* has escap$ ,our eyes 7i4e41 no?+74 ,!y imm$iately caus$ him to fall into a trance :i* la/$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ghazzali1 :o himself borr[$ mu* f ! ,sufis1 & 0 a dilig5t /ud5t ( _! doctr9e1 seeks to expla9 ^! /range ph5om5a on psy*ological gr\nds4 ,he divides ! ec/atic conditions :i* ! he>+ ( poetical recitations produces into f\r classes4 ,! fir/1 :i* is ! l[e/1 is t ( ! simple s5su\s delight 9 melody4 ,! second class is t ( pleasure 9 ! melody & ( und]/&+ ! words 9 _! app>5t s5se4 ,! ?ird class consi/s ( ^? :o apply ! mean+ ( ! words to ! relations betwe5 man & ,god4 ,to ?is class belongs ! w\ld-be initiate into ,sufism2 he has necess>ily a goal m>k$ out = him to aim at1 & ?is goal is ! k ( ,god1 meet+ ,him & union ) ,him by ! way ( secret contemplation1 & ! removal ( ! veil :i* conceals ,him4 ,9 ord] to compass ?is aim ! ,sufi has a special pa? to foll[2 he mu/ p]=m v>i\s ascetic practices & ov]come c]ta9 spiritual ob/acles 9 do+ s4 ,n[ :51 dur+ ! recitation ( poetry1 ! ,sufi he>s m5tion made ( blame or praise1 ( acceptance or refusal1 ( union ) ! ,belov$ or sep>ation f ,him1 ( lam5t ov] a dep>t$ joy or long+ = a look1 z (t5 occurs 9 ,arabic poetry1 "o or ! o!r ( ^! accords ) 8 spiritual /ate & acts ^u him1 l a sp>k on t9d]1 to set 8 he>t aflame4 ,long+ & love ov]p[] him & unfold to him manifold vi/as ( spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,! f\r? & highe/ class is t ( ! fully initiat$ :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! /ages above-m5tion$1 & ^: m9ds are clos$ to ev]y?+ except ,god4 ,su* an "o is :olly d5ud$ ( self1 s t he no long] kn[s 8 own exp]i5ces & practices1 &1 z ?\gh ) s5ses seal$1 s9ks into ! ocean ( ! contemplation ( ,god4 ,?is condition ! ,sufis *>act]ise z self-annihilation 7,fana74 ,b he :o is b]eft ( self-consci\sness is none ! less aw>e ( :at is )\t him2 x is z if 8 consci\sness 7 )drawn f ev]y?+ b ! "o object ( contemplation1 i4e41 ,god4 ,:ile he :o is completely absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( ! object se5 is z little capable ( !oris+ reg>d+ ! act ( contemplation z reg>d+ ! eye1 ! in/rum5t ( sight1 or ! he>t1 ! seat ( joyful emotion4 ,j 9 ! same way a drunk5 man is n consci\s ( 8 intoxication1 s he :o is dr[n$ 9 joy kn[s no?+ ( joy itself1 b only kn[s :at causes x4 ,su* a condition ( m9d may occur ) reg>d to creat$ ?+s z well z ) reg>d to ! ,creator ,himself1 only 9 ! latt] case x is l a fla% ( lightn+1 )\t p]man5ce4 ,c\ld su* a condition ( ! s\l la/ long]1 x w\ld be beyond ! p[] ( human nature to endure & w\ld end 9 ov]:elm+ x4 ,s x is relat$ ( ,taury t once 9 a meet+ he he>d ?is v]se recit$3-- ,9 my love to ,!e ,i atta9$ to a height :]e to tread causes ! s5ses to reel4 ,he imm$iately fell into an ec/atic condition & ran into a field :]e ! newly-cut /ubble cut 8 feet l knives4 ,"h he ran ab\t all night till ! morn+1 & a few days aft]w>ds di$4 ,9 ?is highe/ condition ( ec/asy ! s\l is to be comp>$ to a cle> mirror1 :i*1 itself col\rless1 reflects ! col\rs ( ! object se5 9 x4 ,or to a cry/al1 ^: col\r is t ( ! object on :i* x /&s or ( ! fluid :i* x conta9s4 ,itself col\rless1 x has ! prop]ty ( transmitt+ col\rs4 ,?is exposition ( ,sufi/ic ec/asy by ,ghazzali %[s t 9 8 "t1 f> f be+ on ! wane1 su* ph5om5a 7 on ! increase4 ,= :5 a man ( su* compreh5sive m9d1 su* a deep ?9k]1 s well v]s$ 9 ! k ( m5 & especially ( 8 fell[-,moslems1 speaks s pla9ly & )\t d\bt ^u ! matt] & seeks to expla9 x psy*ologically1 ?is idea mu/ h already tak5 deep root & spread widely4 ,ghazzali is consequ5tly to be reg>d$ z a decid$ adh]5t ( ,sufism & z approv+ ( ! en?usia/ic t5d5cies accompany+ x4 ,he n>rates 9 8 autobiography#g h[ he left 8 family 9 ,bagdad & w5t to ,damascus1 :]e = two :ole ye>s he /udi$ ,sufism4 ,aft]w>ds he made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,9 8 lonely mus+s ?+s 7 reveal$ to him1 :i*1 he said1 c\ld n be describ$1 & he arriv$ at la/ at ! firm conviction t ! ,sufis 7 on ! way ( ,god & t _! tea*+ 0 ! be/4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t by ,sufism ,ghazzali meant t k9d ( x :i* held fa/ to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,islam & 0 9 accord1 ev5 ?\gh only ext]nally1 ) ! or?odox p>ty4 ,^! ,sufis adh]$ to ! ,koran & ! traditions1 b int]pret$ !m allegorically4 ,my/icism mu/ always be propp$ up by a positive religion1 z x has no support 9 itself4 #e ,f ,von ,krem]4 #f ,von ,krem]4 #g ,! ,confessions ( ,al ,ghazzali 7,wisdom ( ! ,ea/ s]ies74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hasan ,,basri#h 7,d #gbh ,,ad7 ,hasan ,basri 0 born 9 ,arabia at ,m$9a1 :]e 8 "m _h be5 br\ght z a captive & sold to ,omm ,salma1 "o ( ! wives ( ! ,prophet4 ,arriv$ at man's e/ate1 & hav+ receiv$ 8 lib]ty1 he retir$ to ,basra on ! ,p]sian gulf1 a /ronghold ( ! ascetic sect4 ,"h he liv$ undi/urb$1 ?\gh 8 op5 disav[al ( ! reign+ family ( ,ommeyah expos$ him to "s dang]4 ,! foll[+ incid5t1 illu/rat+ 8 indep5d5ce ( "* is n>rat$ by ,ibn ,khalliqan4 ,:5 ,om> ibn ,hubaira 0 appo9t$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ,irak 9 ! reign ( ! ,caliph ,abd-al ,malik 7,a4,d4 #gba7 he call$ = ,hasan ,basri1 ,muhammad ,ibn ,sir9 & z ,%abi to :om he said1 ,abd al ,malik has receiv$ my promise t ,i w he> & obey him2 & he has n[ appo9t$ me to :at y see1 & ,i receive f him writt5 ord]s4 ,mu/ ,i obey him 9 :atev] ord]s he takes ^u himself to give8 ,to ?is ,ibn ,sir9 & z ,%abi gave a cauti\s reply1 b ,hasan ,basri1 be+ ask$ 8 op9ion1 made ?is answ]3 ,o ,ibn ,hubaira6 ,god outweighs ,abd al ,malik1 & ,abd al ,malik _c outweigh ,god2 ,god c def5d !e f ,abd al ,malik1 & ,abd al ,malik _c def5d !e f ,god4 ,he w soon s5d an angel to take !e f ?y ?rone1 & s5d !e f ! wid? ( ?y palace into ! n>r[ness ( ! tomb4 ,!n ?y de$s alone c save !e4 ,ibn ,hubaira !n rew>d$ !m1 b be/[$ a d\ble rew>d on ,hasan ,basri1 ^u :i* z ,%abi said to ,ibn ,sir91 ,we gave him a poor answ]1 & he gave u a poor rew>d4 ,hasan ,basri's adoption ( ! ascetic life 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,:5 a "y man he 0 a lapid>y1 & _h gone to ,r\m 7,asia ,m9or7 to practise 8 craft4 ,he !re liv$ on fri5dly t]ms ) ! vizi] ( t c\ntry4 ,"o day ! vizi] said to him1 ,we are go+ out ( ! city to a c]ta9 place2 w y come ) u8 ,hasan ,basri ass5t$1 & w5t4 ,we came1 he said aft]w>ds1 to a pla9 :]e !re 0 a va/ t5t ! ropes ( :i* 7 ( silk & its /akes ( gold4 ,i saw a l>ge numb] ( soldi]s m>*+ r\nd x2 !y repeat$ "s words :i* ,i c\ld n he>1 & !n retir$4 ,!n came ab\t f\r hundr$ mullahs & le>n$ m51 :o did ! same4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by a simil> numb] ( old m54 ,!n ab\t f\r or five hundr$ beautiful maid5s1 ea* hold+ 9 h] h& a di% conta9+ rubies1 pe>ls1 turquoises1 & o!r preci\s /ones4 ,!y w5t 9 procession r\nd ! t5t 9 ! same way4 ,f9ally ! sultan & ! vizi] w5t into ! t5t & came out aga94 ,z = me1 ,i rema9$ transfix$ ) a/oni%m5t4 ',:at does all ?is mean8' ,i ask$ ! vizi]4 ',! ,k+1' he said1 '_h an extremely beautiful *ild ( a happy disposition1 :o fell ill & di$4 ,8 tomb is )9 ?is t5t1 & !y visit x once a ye>4 ,fir/ come ! soldi]s1 :o circle r\nd ! t5t & say1 ',o son ( ! sultan1 if we c\ld h ransom$ ?y life by ! /rokes ( our swords1 we w\ld h done x1 ev5 _h x co/ u our own2 b ,god will$ o!rwise1 & we _c *ange 8 decree4' ,hav+ s said1 !y g away4 ,!n ! mullahs & le>n$ m51 com+ 9 _! turn1 say1 ',o son ( ! sultan1 if we c\ld h ransom$ !e by k or by eloqu5ce1 we w\ld h done s2 b all ! k & eloqu5ce 9 ! _w _c arre/ ! decrees ( ,allah4' ,!n !y dep>t4 ,aft] !m come ! old m51 :o cry1 ',if we c\ld h sav$ !e by groan+s & pray]s1 we w\ld h done s2 b our int]cession is useless4' ,f9ally come ! "y maid5s1 :o say1 ',o son ( ! sultan1 if we c\ld h ransom$ !e at ! price ( beauty & weal?1 we w\ld h done x2 b ! /eps ( fate turn aside = nei!r4' ,aft] !m ! sultan & ! vizi] ent] ! t5t4 ,! sultan says1 ',o my son1 ,i h done all t ,i c\ld d4 ,i h br\ght all ^! soldi]s1 ^! mullahs1 ^! le>n$ m51 ^! old m51 ^! beautiful maid5s be>+ treasures1 & yet ,i _c br+ !e back4 ,x dep5ds n on me1 b on ,him be=e ,:om all p[] is p[]less4 ,may ! m]cy ( ! ,"l be multipli$ ^u !e = ano!r ye>4' ,hav+ ?us spok51 !y return by ! way !y came4' ,hasan ,basri1 hav+ he>d ?is1 felt /irr$ to ! dep?s ( 8 he>t4 ,leav+ ,r\m1 he retir$ to ,basra1 :]e he took an oa? t he w\ld n smile aga9 till he knew :at 8 et]nal de/9y w\ld be4 ,he practis$ ! sev]e/ asceticism1 & _m came to he> him prea*4 ,hasan ,basri _h a disciple :o 0 9 ! habit ( ca/+ himself on ! gr\nd & utt]+ groans :5 he he>d ! ,koran recit$4 ,if ?\ art able to re/ra9 ^! groans1 said he1 !y w prove l a de/ructive fire to !e2 b if !y are really beyond ?y p[] to control1 ,i decl>e t ,i am six /ages beh9d !e 9 ! way ( piety4 ,su* groan+s1 he add$1 are g5]ally ! "w ( ,satan4 ,"o day ,hasan ,basri 0 prea*+ :5 ,hejaj b5 ,yusuf1 ! blood?ir/y & =midable gov]nor ( ,irak1 accompani$ by a great numb] ( 8 ret9ue ) drawn swords1 ent]$ ! mosque4 ,a p]son ( di/9ction 9 ! audi5ce said1 ,we mu/ wat* to-day :e!r ,hasan w be emb>rass$ by ! pres5ce ( ,hejaj4 ,:5 ! latt] _h tak5 8 place1 ,hasan ,basri1 )\t pay+ ! lea/ att5tion to him1 s f> f %ort5+ 8 disc\rse1 prolong$ x4 ,:5 x 0 f9i%$1 ! p]son :o 0 wat*+ him exclaim$1 ,bravo1 ,hasan6 ,:5 he came d[n f ! pulpit1 ,hejaj came =w>d1 &1 tak+ him by ! h&1 said1 address+ ! p1 ,if y wi% to see him :om ! ,"l has di/+ui%$ among y1 come & look on ,hasan ,basri4 ,hasan _h 9 8 he>t su* a fe> ( ! ,"l t1 l a man seat$ ne> an execution]1 he 0 always 9 a /ate ( appreh5sion4 ,see+ "o day a man :o wept1 he ask$ him :at 0 ! matt]4 ,to-day1 answ]$ ! man1 ,i he>d a prea*] say t !re 7 a great _m among ! ,moslems :o1 by reason ( _! s9s w\ld rema9 sev]al ye>s 9 hell1 & !n be tak5 out4 ,may ,god grant1 cri$ ,hasan1 t ,i be "o ( ^? :o come out ( hell at la/2 may ,i be ev5 z t man1 :o1 z ! prophet ( ,god said1 w come out eighty-f\r ye>s aft] all ! re/4 ,"o night he 0 ov]he>d weep+ & groan+ 9 8 h\se4 ,:y ^! te>s & lam5ts8 he 0 ask$4 ,i weep1 he answ]$1 ?9k+ t p]haps to-day ,i h set my foot 9 an unlawful place1 or all[$ an evil ^w to escape my lips :i* w cause me to be *as$ f be=e ! ?rone ( ! mo/ high4 ',away6' x w be said to me2 '?\ ha/ no access "h1 ?y works ( piety are n accept$4' ,& :at answ] %all ,i make8 ,behold ! reason ( my fe>4 ,"o ( 8 say+s 01 ,i nev] saw a c]ta9ty ( :i* !re is no d\bt be> a great] resemblance to a d\btful ?+ ( :i* !re is no c]ta9ty ?an dea? does4 ,hasan ,basri _h a neighb\r nam$ ,%amaun1 :o 0 an infidel & a fire-wor%ipp]4 ,he fell ill1 & 8 la/ h\r approa*$4 ,"s "o said to ,hasan1 ,%amaun is y\r neighb\r1 & 8 la/ h\r is come2 :y don't y g to see him8 ,hasan hav+ come to see him1 saw t by reason ( 8 assidu\s fire-wor%ip1 8 hair & be>d 7 q black5$ by smoke4 ,hop+ t he w\ld become a ,moslem1 he said to him1 ,come1 ,%amaun1 fe> ! puni%m5t :i* ! ,"l prep>es = !e :o ha/ pass$ ?y life ( sev5ty ye>s 9 infidelity & fire-wor%ip4 ,z = me1 answ]$ ,%amaun1 ,i see on ! "p ( y ,moslems ?ree *>act]i/ics :i* ,i _c expla91 & :i* h9d] me f becom+ a ,moslem3--7#a7 ,y nev] cease repeat+ t ! _w is p]i%able & impure1 & yet day & night1 )\t int]val or repose1 y heap up its treasures2 7#b7 ,y say t dea? is c]ta9 & inevitable1 & yet y put ! ?\ght ( x aside1 & practise none ( ! works :i* %\ld fit y = ano!r _w2 7#c7 ,y ass]t y\r belief t 9 t _w x w be possible to contemplate ! face ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & yet y commit acts :i* ,he abhors4 ,?\ speake/ l "o ( ! initiat$1 said ,hasan1 b al?\gh ! fai?ful commit s9s1 none ! less !y confess ! unity & ! exi/5ce ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 :il/ ?\ ha/ sp5t ?y life 9 wor%ipp+ ! fire4 ,at ! day ( judgm5t1 if !y ca/ u bo? into hell1 ! fire w c>ry !e away at once1 b if ! grace ( ! ,"l is accord$ to me1 x w n be able to scor* "o ( my eyebr[s2 ?is %[s t x is only a creature4 ,&1 moreov]1 y h wor%ipp$ x = sev5ty ye>s1 & ,i h nev] wor%ipp$ x4 ,^! words made su* an impression on ,%amaun t he made a pr(ession ( ! fai? ( ,islam1 dy+ soon aft]w>ds4 ,on ! night ( 8 dea?1 ,hasan 9 a dream saw ,%amaun we>+ a cr[n ( gold1 clo!d 9 raim5t ( respl5d5t beauty1 & walk+ 9 ,p>adise4 ,my ,god1 he cri$ :5 he awoke1 ,?\ ha/ _h m]cy on him :o sp5t sev5ty ye>s 9 infidelity2 is x /range t ,?\ %\lde/ %[ m]cy to ! fai?ful8 ,hasan 0 a man ( su* humility ( m9d t he consid]$ ev]yone :om he saw 8 sup]ior4 ,"o day :5 he 0 walk+ along ! bank ( ! riv] ,tigris he saw a negro seat$ ne> a woman2 be=e !m 0 a j> & a cup4 ,ea* ( !m 9 turn p\r$ f ! j> into ! cup & drank4 ,see+ ?is man1 ,hasan1 accord+ to 8 wont1 said to himself1 ,!re is a man bett] ?an myself4 ,at ! same "t he secretly ?\ght1 ,z reg>ds ! obs]vance ( ! c]emonial law1 x is possible t he is n sup]ior to me1 = he is sitt+ ne> a woman ( d\btful "* & dr9k+ w9e4 ,:ile he 0 ?us reflect+1 !re appe>$ on ! riv] a boat heavily lad51 & conta9+ sev5 p]sons4 ,j z x 0 approa*+ ! %ore1 x f\nd]$4 ,! negro1 ca/+ himself into ! wat]1 drew out six p]sons 9 succession2 !n1 go+ to ,hasan1 he said to him1 ,rise1 if ?\ art bett] ?an ,i4 ,i h sav$ six1 = my "p2 ?\ save "o1 = ?9e4 ,!n he add$1 ,o true believ]s1 ?is j> conta9s wat]1 & ?is woman is my "m4 ,i h wi%$ to tempt ,hasan4 ,!n1 address+ ! latt]1 he said1 ,see1 ?\ ha/ look$ ) ! out] eye only1 & ha/ n be5 capable ( look+ ) ! inn] eye4 ,at ^! words1 ,hasan1 fall+ at 8 feet1 kiss$ 8 h&1 & und]/ood t he 0 "o ( ! ,"l's *os5 s]vants4 ,sir1 he said1 z ?\ ha/ drawn ^! dr[n+ m5 f ! wat] s save me f ! abyss ( self-wor%ip4 ,! negro repli$1 ,g1 ?\ art sav$4 ,f t "t ,hasan consid]$ no "o small] ?an himself1 b ev]yone 8 sup]ior4 ,on "o occasion1 ,hasan ,basri said1 ,i h be5 />tl$ by ! say+s ( f\r p]sons1 7#a7 a drunk>d1 7#b7 a debau*ee1 7#c7 a *ild1 7#d7 a woman4 ,h[ 0 t8 he 0 ask$4 ,"o day1 he said1 ,i saw a drunk>d /agg]+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! mire4 ,i said to him1 ',try & walk s z n to /umble4' ',o ,hasan1' ! drunk>d repli$1 '9 spite ( all y\r ef=ts1 d y walk firmly 9 ! way ( ,god8 ,tell me1 yes or no4 ,if ,i fall 9 ! mire no great h>m is done1 ,i c get rid ( x by wa%+2 b if y fall into ! pit ( self-conceit1 y w nev] em]ge clean & y\r et]nal welf>e w be entirely ru9$4' ,^! words pi]c$ me to ! he>t4 7#b7 ,aga91 z ,i pass$ once close to a man ( infam\s "*1 ,i drew my robes close ab\t me le/ !y %\ld t\* him4 ',o ,hasan1' he said1 ':y draw ?y robes away f contact ) me4 ,only ! ,mo/ ,high kn[s :at w be ! end ( ea*4' 7#c7 ,ano!r "t ,i saw a *ild com+ t[>ds me hold+ a light$ tor* 9 8 h&4 ',:]e h y br\ght ?is light f8' ,i ask$ him4 ,he imm$iately blew x out1 & said to me1 ',o ,hasan1 tell me :]e x is gone1 & ,i w tell y :5ce ,i fet*$ x4' 7#d7 ,"o day a beautiful woman1 ) h] face unveil$1 came to me4 ,%e _h j be5 qu>rell+ ) h] husb&1 & no soon] _h %e met me ?an %e began report+ 8 words4 ',o woman1' ,i said1 'fir/ cov] ?y face & !n speak4' ',o ,hasan1' %e answ]$1 ',9 my excitem5t ,i lo/ reason1 & ,i did n ev5 "k t my face 0 uncov]$4 ,if y _h n told me ,i %\ld h gone ?us into ! baza>4 ,b y :o ) s great zeal cultivate ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 ought y n to curb y\r eye1 s z n to see :e!r my face 0 uncov]$ or n8' ,h] words sank deeply into my he>t4 ,"o day ,hasan said to 8 fri5ds1 ,y are l ! companions ( ! prophet1 on :om be peace4 ,!y felt imm5sely gratifi$ at ?is1 b he add$1 ,i mean y\r faces & be>ds are l !irs1 b no?+ else 9 y4 ,if y _h se5 !m1 su* 0 _! absorption 9 div9e ?+s1 y w\ld h ?\ght !m mad4 ,_h !y se5 y1 !y w\ld n h reg>d$ "o ( y z a real ,moslem4 ,!y1 9 ! practice ( ! fai?1 7 l horsem5 m\nt$ on swift /e$s1 or l ! w9d1 or l ! bird :i* cleaves ! air2 :ile we progress l m5 m\nt$ on donkeys ) sores on _! backs4 ,an ,arab visit+ ,hasan ,basri ask$ him = a def9ition ( pati5ce4 ,hasan answ]$1 ,!re are two k9ds ( pati5ce2 "o k9d consi/s 9 be>+ afflictions & calamities bravely & 9 ab/a9+ f :at ! ,"l has =bidd51 ! o!r k9d consi/s 9 nev] l5d+ an e> to ! sugge/ions ( ,satan4 ,z = me1 said ! ,arab1 ,i h nev] se5 anyone m retir+ f ! _w & m pati5t ?an ?yself4 ,alas1 answ]$ ,hasan1 my r5\ncem5t ( ! _w & my pati5ce c\nt z no?+4 ,:y do/ ?\ say s8 exclaim$ ! ,arab4 ,because1 if ,i practise r5\ncem5t x is only f dread ( hell-fire1 & if ,i keep pati5t x is only because ,i hope to ent] ,p>adise4 ,n[ t man alone des]ves to be tak5 into acc\nt :o1 )\t self-reg>d+ motives practises pati5ce = ! sake ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 & ^: r5\ncem5t ( ! _w has n ,p>adise = its object1 b only ! desire to please ,god4 ,su* a way ( act+ is a manife/ sign ( s9c]ity ( he>t4 ,ask$ on ano!r occasion :at 8 spiritual /ate 0 l1 ,hasan repli$1 ,my /ate is l t ( a man %ipwreck$ 9 ! sea1 :o is cl++ to a solit>y plank4 ,he nev] laugh$4 ,at ! mom5t ( dea? he smil$ once1 & call$ out ,:at s98 ,:at s98 ,someone saw him aft] 8 dea? 9 a dream1 & ask$ him1 ,o ,hasan ,basri1 ?\ :o nev] w]t 9 ! habit ( smil+1 :y1 :5 dy+1 did/ ?\ say ) a smile1 ',:at s98 ,:at s98' ,hasan answ]$1 ,:5 ,i 0 dy+ ,i he>d a voice :i* said1 ',o ,azrael1 hold back 8 s\l a little long]1 x has /ill "o s91' & 9 my joy ,i exclaim$1 ',:at s98' ,! night ( 8 dea? ano!r ( 8 fri5ds _h a dream1 9 :i* he saw ! gates ( heav5 op5 & he>d a voice proclaim1 ,hasan ,basri has come to 8 ,"l1 ,:o is satisfi$ ) him4 #h ,^! & ! foll[+ eight sket*es are tak5 f ,att>'s ,tazkirat-ul-,auliya4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,rabia1 ,,! ,,woman ,,sufi ,rabia1 ! daught] ( ,ismail1 a woman celebrat$ = h] holy life1 & a native ( ,basra1 belong$ to ! tribe ( ,adi4 ,al ,qu%airi says 9 8 treatise on ,sufism1 ,%e us$ to say :5 hold+ conv]se ) ,god1 ',consume ) fire ,o ,god1 a presumptu\s he>t :i* love? ,!e4' ,on "o ( ^! occasions a voice spoke to h] & said1 ',t we %all n d4 ,?9k n ( u an ill ?\ght4' ,(t5 9 ! sil5ce ( ! night %e w\ld g on ! ro( ( h] h\se & say1 ',! lov] is n[ ) 8 belov$1 b ,i rejoice 9 be+ alone ) ,!e4' ,:5 ,rabia grew up h] fa!r & "m di$4 ,at t "t !re 0 a fam9e 9 ,basra4 ,%e came into ! possession ( an evil man1 :o sold h] z a slave4 ,! ma/] :o b\ght h] treat$ h] h>dly1 & exact$ all k9ds ( m5ial s]vices f h]4 ,"o day1 :5 %e 0 seek+ to avoid ! rude gaze ( a /rang]1 %e slipp$ on ! pa? & fell1 break+ h] wri/4 ,ly+ !re ) h] face to ! gr\nd1 %e said ,"l1 ,i am f> f my own1 a captive & an orphan1 & my wri/ has j be5 brok51 & yet none ( ^! ?+s grieve me4 ,only ?is "o ?\ght causes me disquiet2 x is t ,i "k n if ,?\ art satisfi$ ) me4 ,%e !n he>d a voice1 ,vex n ?yself1 ,o ,rabia1 = at ! day ( ,resurrection ,we %all give !e su* a rank t ! angels ne>e/ ,u %all envy !e4 ,rabia w5t home ) h] he>t at peace4 ,"o night1 ,rabia's ma/] be+ awake1 he>d ! s\nd ( h] voice4 ,he p]ceiv$ ,rabia ) h] head b5t1 say+1 ,my ,"l1 ,?\ kn[e/ t ! desire ( my he>t is to seek ,?y approbation1 & t its only wi% is to obey ,?y comm&s4 ,if ,i _h lib]ty ( action1 ,i w\ld n rema9 a s+le in/ant )\t do+ ,!e s]vice2 b ,?\ ha/ deliv]$ me into ! h&s ( a creature1 & !re=e ,i am h9d]$ 9 ! same4 ,h] ma/] said to himself t x 0 n possible any long] to treat h] z a slave1 & z soon z daybreak appe>$1 he said to h]1 ,o ,rabia1 ,i make !e free4 ,if ?\ desire/1 rema9 "h1 & we %all be at ?y s]vice4 ,if ?\ do/ n wi% to /ay "h1 g :i!rsoev] x please? !e4 ,!n ,rabia dep>t$ f !m & devot$ h]self entirely to works ( piety4 ,"o day :5 %e 0 mak+ ! pilgrimage to ! ,kaaba#i %e halt$ 9 ! des]t & exclaim$1 ,my ,god1 my he>t is a prey to p]plexity 9 ! mid/ ( ?is solitude4 ,i am a /one1 & s is ! ,kaaba2 :at c x d = me8 ,t :i* ,i ne$ is to contemplate ,?y face4 ,at ^! words a voice came f ! ,mo/ ,high1 ,o ,rabia1 wilt ?\ be> alone t :i* ! :ole _w _c8 ,:5 ,moses desir$ to see ,our ,face we %[$ ,x to a m\nta91 :i* dissolv$ into a ?\s& fragm5ts4 ,abda1 ! s]vant maid ( ,rabia1 relates z foll[s1 ,rabia us$ to pass ! :ole night 9 pray]1 & at morn+ dawn %e took a light sleep 9 h] oratory till daylight1 & ,i h he>d h] say :5 %e sprang 9 dread f h] c\*1 ',o my s\l1 h[ long wilt ?\ sleep8 ,soon ?\ %alt sleep to rise no m1 till ! call %all summon !e on ! day ( resurrection4' ,hasan ,basri once ask$ ,rabia if %e ev] ?\ght ( m>ry+4 ,%e answ]$1 ,! m>riage contract c be ent]$ into by ^? :o h possession ( _! free-w4 ,z = me1 ,i h no w to dispose (2 ,i belong to ! ,"l1 & ,i re/ 9 ! %ad[ ( ,8 comm&m5ts1 c\nt+ myself z no?+4 ,b1 said ,hasan1 h[ h y arriv$ at su* a degree ( piety8 ,by annihilat+ myself completely4 ,be+ ask$ on ano!r occasion :y %e did n m>ry1 %e answ]$1 ,!re are ?ree ?+s :i* cause me anxiety4 ,& :at are !y8 ,"o is to "k :e!r at ! mom5t ( dea? ,i %all be able to take my fai? ) me intact4 ,! second is :e!r 9 ! ,day ( ,resurrection ! regi/] ( my actions w be plac$ 9 my "r h& or n4#aj ,! ?ird is to "k1 :5 "s are l$ to ,p>adise & "s to hell1 9 :i* direction ,i %all be l$4 ,b1 !y cri$1 none ( u "k any ( ^! ?+s4 ,:at6 %e answ]$1 :5 ,i h su* objects to pre-occupy my m9d1 %\ld ,i ?9k ( a husb&8 ,someone ask$ h] "o day1 ,:5ce come/ ?\8 ,f ! o!r _w1 0 h] reply4 ,& :i!r goe/ ?\8 ,into ! o!r _w4 ,& :at doe/ ?\ 9 ?is _w4 ,i je/ ) x by eat+ its bread & do+ ! works ( ! o!r _w 9 x4 ,o ,rabia1 said ano!r to h]1 do/ ?\ love ! ,"l8 ,truly1 %e repli$1 ,i love ,him4 ,& do/ ?\ reg>d ,satan z an enemy8 ,i love ! ,"l s mu*1 %e answ]$1 t ,i d n tr\ble myself ab\t ! enmity ( ,satan4 ,"o night %e saw ! ,prophet 7on :om be peace7 9 a dream4 ,he salut$ h] & said1 ,rabia1 love/ ?\ me8 ,o ,prophet ( ,god1 %e repli$1 is !re anyone :o does n love !e8 ,yet ! love ( ! ,mo/ ,high fills my he>t to su* a degree t !re is no room = love or hatr$ t[>ds anyone else4 ,on "o occasion %e 0 ask$1 ,do/ ?\ see ,him ,:om ?\ s]ve/8 ,if ,i did n see ,him1 %e said1 ,i w\ld n s]ve ,him4 ,%e 0 frequ5tly f\nd 9 te>s1 &1 be+ ask$ ! reason :y1 repli$1 ,i fe> t at ! la/ mom5t a ,voice may cry1 ',rabia is n wor?y to appe> 9 ,our c\rt4' ,! foll[+ "q 0 put to h]1 ,if "o ( ,8 s]vants truly rep5ts1 w ! ,"l accept x or n8 ,z long z ,god does n grant rep5tance1 %e repli$1 h[ c anyone rep5t8 ,& if ,he does grant x1 !re is no d\bt t he w accept x4 ,once :5 ,rabia _h immur$ h]self = a long :ile 9 h] h\se )\t com+ =?1 h] s]vant said to h]1 ,lady1 come =? out ( ?is h\se & contemplate ! works ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,nay1 said ,rabia1 ent] r into ?yself & contemplate ,8 "w 9 ?yself4 ,hav+ kept a /rict fa/ = sev5 days & nights 9 ord] to give h]self to pray]1 on ! eigh? night %e seem$ to he> h] emaciat$ body say1 ,o ,rabia1 h[ long wilt ?\ torture me )\t m]cy8 ,:il/ %e 0 hold+ ?is soliloquy ) h]self1 sudd5ly someone knock$ at ! door1 & a man br\ght 9 "s food 9 a b[l4 ,rabia took x & set x d[n2 !n :ile %e w5t to light ! lamp1 a cat came & ate ! food4 ,no soon] _h ,rabia return$ & se5 :at _h happ5$ ?an %e said to h]self1 ,i w break my fa/ on wat]4 ,z %e w5t to draw wat] h] lamp w5t out4 ,%e !n utt]$ a deep sigh1 & said1 ,"l1 :y do/ ?\ make me wret*$8 ,:]eupon %e he>d a voice say+1 ,o ,rabia1 if ?\ desire/ x1 ,i w give !e ! :ole _w = ?9e own2 b ,i %all h to take away ! love :i* ?\ ha/ = ,me f ?y he>t1 = ! love ( ,me & ( ! _w _c exi/ toge!r4 ,he>+ myself ?us address$1 said ,rabia1 ,i entirely expell$ f my he>t ! love ( e>?ly ?+s1 & resolutely turn$ my gaze away f !m4 ,= ?irty ye>s ,i h n pray$ )\t say+ to myself1 ',?is pray]1 p]haps1 is ! la/ :i* ,i %all pray1' & ,i h nev] be5 tir$ ( say+1 ',my ,god1 let me be s absorb$ 9 ,?y love t no o!r affection may f9d room 9 my he>t4' ,"o day "s m5 ( le>n+ & piety came to h] & said1 ,! ,mo/ ,high has cr[n$ ,8 *os5 sa9ts ) ! gift ( p]=m+ miracles1 b su* privileges h nev] be5 grant$ to a woman4 ,h[ did/ ?\ atta9 to su* a high degree8 ,:at y say is true1 %e answ]$1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 wom5 h nev] be5 s infatuat$ ) !mselves z m51 nor h !y ev] claim$ div9ity4 ,hasan ,basri relates1 ,"o day :5 ,i _h be5 to ,rabia :o _h fall5 sick1 to ask aft] h]1 ,i saw seat$ at h] gate a m]*ant :o wept4 ',:y are y weep+8' ,i ask$ him4 ',i h j br\ght = ,rabia1' he answ]$1 '?is purse ( gold1 & ,i am tr\bl$ 9 m9d1 n kn[+ :e!r %e w accept x or n4 ,g 9 ,hasan1 & ask :e!r %e w4' ,!n ,i w5t 91 & no soon] _h ,i report$ to h] ! words ( ?is m]*ant ?an %e said to me1 ',?\ kn[e/ well1 ,o ,hasan1 t ! ,mo/ ,high gives daily bread ev5 to ^? :o d n wor%ip ,him2 h[ !n w ,he n give x to ^? ^: he>ts are agl[ ) love to ,him8 ,besides1 ev] s9ce ,i h kn[n ,god1 ,i h turn$ my eyes away f all except ,him4 ,h[ c ,i accept anyone's money :5 ,i "k n :e!r x has be5 ga9$ by lawful or unlawful means8 ,pres5t !n my excuses to ?is m]*ant1 & let him g4' ,ano!r m]*ant visit+ ,rabia f\nd h] h\se 9 ill repair4 ,he pres5t$ h] ) a new h\se4 ,rabia _h no soon] ent]$ x ?an1 see+ pa9t+s on ! wall1 %e became absorb$ 9 contemplat+ !m4 ,recov]+ h]self1 %e quitt$ ! h\se1 & refus$ to re-ent] x1 say+1 ,i fe> le/ my he>t may become atta*$ to ?is h\se to su* a degree t ,i neglect prep>ation = ! o!r _w4 ,"o day ,abdul ,wahid & ,s(in ,tsavri w5t to see ,rabia 9 h] illness4 ,!y 7 s t\*$ by ! sight ( h] weakness t = "s mom5ts !y c\ld n speak a ^w4 ,at la/ ,s(in said1 ,o ,rabia1 pray t ! ,"l may light5 ?y suff]+s4 ,o ,s(in1 %e answ]$1 :o has s5t me ^! suff]+s8 ,! ,mo/ ,high1 he said4 ,v well1 %e repli$1 if x is 8 w t ?is trial come ^u me1 h[ c ,i1 ignor+ ,8 w1 ask ,him to remove x8 ,rabia1 said ,s(in1 ,i am n capable ( talk+ to !e ab\t ?y own affairs2 talk to me ab\t m9e4 ,well1 answ]$ ,rabia1 if ?\ had/ n an incl9ation to ?is l[ _w1 ?\ w\ld/ be a man )\t fault4 ,!n1 relates ,s(in1 ,i cri$ ) te>s1 ',my ,god1 can/ ,?\ be satisfi$ ) me8' ,o ,s(in1 said ,rabia1 do/ ?\ n blu% at say+ to ! ,"l1 ',can/ ,?\ be satisfi$ ) me8' )\t hav+ done a s+le ?+ to please him8 ,malik ,d9> rec\nts ! foll[+3 ,i w5t to see ,rabia1 & f\nd h] dr9k+ wat] out ( a brok5 pit*]4 ,%e 0 ly+ /ret*$ on an old mat1 ) a brick = h] pill[4 ,i 0 pi]c$ to ! he>t at ! sight1 & said1 ,o ,rabia1 ,i h ri* fri5ds2 if y w let me1 ,i w g & ask !m = some?+ = y4 ,y h spok5 ill1 ,malik1 %e repli$2 x is ! ,"l :o1 to !m z to me1 gives daily bread4 ,he ,:o provides = ! ne$s ( ! ri*1 %all ,he n provide = ! necessities ( ! poor8 ,if ,he wills t x %\ld be ?us ) u1 we %all gladly submit to ,8 w4' ,on "o occasion :5 ,malik ,d9>1 ,hasan ,basri & ,%aqiq 7 ) h]1 ! conv]sation turn$ on s9c]ity ( he>t t[>ds ,god4 ,hasan ,basri said1 ,he has n s9c]e love to ,god :o does n be> ) con/ancy ! afflictions :i* ! ,"l s5ds him4 ,t rem>k sav\rs ( self-conceit1 said ,rabia4 ,%aqiq obs]v$1 ,he is n s9c]e :o does n r5d] ?anks = afflictions4 ,!re is a high] degree ( s9c]ity ?an t1 said ,rabia4 ,malik ,d9> sugge/$1 ,he is n s9c]e :o does n f9d delight 9 ! afflictions :i* ! ,"l s5ds4 ,t is n ! pure/ s9c]ity1 %e rem>k$4 ,!n !y ask$ h] to def9e s9c]ity4 ,%e said1 ,he is n s9c]e :o does n =get ! pa9 ( affliction ?r\gh 8 absorption 9 ,god4 ,"o ( ! le>n$ !ologians ( ,basra1 once visit+ ,rabia1 began to enl>ge ^u ! defects ( ! _w4 ,y mu/ be v fond ( ! _w1 said ,rabia1 = if y 7 n1 y w\ld n talk s mu* ab\t x4 ,he :o really int5ds to buy some?+ keeps on discuss+ x4 ,if y 7 really dis5tangl$ f x1 :at w\ld y c>e ab\t its m]its or its faults8 ,o!r say+s ( ,rabia 7 ^!1 ,my ,god1 if on ! day ( judgm5t ,?\ s5de/ me to hell1 ,i %all reveal a secret :i* w make hell fly f> f me4 ,o ,"l1 give all ,?\ de/9e/ = me ( ! goods ( ?is _w to ,?y enemies1 & all t ,?\ res]ve/ = me 9 ,p>adise to ,?y fri5ds1 = x is ,?\ only ,:om ,i seek4 ,my ,god1 if x is f fe> ( hell t ,i s]ve ,!e1 condemn me to burn 9 hell2 & if x is = ! hope ( ,p>adise1 =bid me entrance !re2 b if x is = ,?y sake only1 d5y me n ! sight ( ,?y face4 ,rabia di$ ,a4,d4 #geb1 & 0 buri$ ne> ,j]usalem4 ,h] tomb 0 a c5tre ( pilgrimage dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 #i ,! sacr$ %r9e at ,mecca4 #aj ,a sign ! p]son is acquitt$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,ibrahim ,,b5 ,,adham ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,balkh 7,d #hge7 ,ibrahim ,b5 ,adham 0 orig9ally ,pr9ce ( ! city ( ,balkh1 & _h control ( ! ri*es ( _m prov9ces4 ,"o night :5 he 0 9 b$ he he>d a s\nd ( foot/eps on ! ro( ( 8 palace4 ,:o are y on ! ro(8 he cri$ out4 ,an answ] came1 ,i h lo/ a camel1 & ,i am look+ = x on ?is ro(4 ,well1 he said1 y mu/ be a fool = y\r pa9s1 to look = a camel on a ro(4 ,& ?\1 witless man1 return$ ! voice1 is x :ile seat$ on a ?rone ( gold t ?\ expecte/ to f9d ! ,mo/ ,high8 ,t is f> madd] ?an to seek a camel on a ro(4 ,at ^! words1 fe> seiz$ ! he>t ( ,ibrahim1 :o sp5t ! re/ ( ! night 9 pray]1 till ! e>ly dawn4 ,! next morn+ he took 8 seat ^u 8 ?rone1 r\nd :i* 7 rang$ all ! gr&ees ( 8 k+dom & 8 gu>ds1 accord+ to _! rank1 9 ! usual mann]4 ,all ( a sudd5 ,ibrahim p]ceiv$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! cr[d a maje/ic figure1 :o advanc$ t[>ds him unse5 by ! re/4 ,:5 he _h come ne>1 ,ibrahim ask$ him1 ,:o art ?\1 & :at ha/ ?\ come to seek "h8 ,i am a /rang]1 he answ]$1 & ,i wi% to /ay at ?is inn4 ,b ?is is n an inn1 answ]$ ,ibrahim1 x is my own h\se4 ,to :om did x belong be=e !e8 inquir$ ! /rang]4 ,to my fa!r4 ,& be=e ?y fa!r1 to :om did x belong8 ,to my gr&fa!r4 ,& :]e are ?y ance/ors n[8 ,!y are dead4 ,well !n1 is ?is h\se any?+ b an hotel1 :]e ! com+ gue/ succe$s to ! dep>t+ "o8 ,s say+1 ! /rang] began to )draw4 ,ibrahim rose1 ran t[>d him1 & said1 ,i adjure !e to /op1 9 ! "n ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! /rang] paus$4 ,:o art ?\1 cri$ ,ibrahim1 :o ha/ lit ?is fire 9 my s\l8 ,i am ,khizr1 ,o ,ibrahim4 ,x is "t = !e to awake4 ,s say+1 he disappe>$4 ,ibrahim1 pi]c$ ) sorr[1 awoke f 8 trance1 & felt a ke5 disda9 = all e>?ly gr&eur4 ,! next morn+1 be+ m\nt$ & go+ to ! *ase1 he he>d a voice :i* said1 ,o ,ibrahim1 ?\ wa/ n creat$ = ?is4 ,he look$ r\nd him on all sides1 b c\ld see no "o1 & w5t on aga94 ,pres5tly aga9 ! voice 0 he>d1 proce$+1 z x 71 f 8 saddle1 ,o ,ibrahim1 ?\ wa/ n creat$ = ?is4 ,/ruck to ! he>t1 ,ibrahim exclaim$1 ,x is ! ,"l :o comm&s2 ,8 s]vant w obey4 ,he !reupon dism\nt$1 ex*ang$ clo!s ) a %eph]d :om he discov]$ close by1 & began to lead ! life ( a w&]+ d]vi%1 & became fam\s = 8 dev\tness & au/]ity4 ,aft] "s ye>s1 he und]took ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 & jo9$ a c>avan :i* 0 b\nd ?i!r4 ,! news ( 8 com+ hav+ rea*$ ! *ief m5 ( ! city1 !y all came out to meet him4 ,"s ( _! s]vants1 go+ on1 met ,ibrahim 7:om1 ( c\rse1 !y did n "k71 & ask$ him if ,ibrahim b5 ,adham 0 approa*+4 ,:y d y ask me8 he said4 ,because ! *ief m5 ( ! city are come out to meet him4 ,& :y make s mu* ado ab\t t man1 he said1 :o is a s9n] & an infidel8 ,:at "r ha/ ?\ to speak ?us ( him8 !y cri$2 &1 seiz+ him1 h&l$ him r\ghly4 ,aft] hav+ beat5 him !y w5t on _! way4 ,ibrahim said to himself1 ,?\ ha/ _h ?y des]ts4 ,:5 he 0 recognis$ aft]w>ds1 an ample apology 0 made to him1 & he 0 conduct$ to ,mecca1 :]e he rema9$ sev]al ye>s1 support+ himself by money e>n$ by 8 daily toil4 ,:5 ,ibrahim left ,balkh1 he _h a son :o 0 !n a *ild4 ,:5 ! latt] became a "y man1 he ask$1 ,:]e is my fa!r8 ,:]eupon 8 "m told him all t _h occurr$ to 8 fa!r4 ,well1 said ! y\?1 :]e is he to be f\nd n[8 ,at ,mecca1 8 "m answ]$4 ,v well1 ,i w g to ,mecca1 he repli$1 & f9d my fa!r4 ,he set out1 & :5 he arriv$ !re1 he f\nd 9 ! sacr$ prec9ct surr\nd+ ! ,kaaba _m fakirs clo!d ) rags4 ,d y "k ,ibrahim b5 ,adham8 he ask$ !m4 ,he is "o ( ourselves1 "o ( !m answ]$2 he has gone to ga!r & sell wood :]e) to buy bread & br+ x u4 ,! y\ng] ,ibrahim imm$iately w5t out ( ! city to seek 8 fa!r4 ,pres5tly he f\nd an old man c>ry+ a bundle ( wood on 8 head1 :om he recognis$ z 8 fa!r4 ,at ?is sight he 0 ne> weep+1 b controll$ himself1 & walk$ beh9d him unobs]v$4 ,z = ,ibrahim b5 ,adham1 he c>ri$ 8 wood to ! baza>1 sold x1 & b\ght bread1 :i* he took to 8 fell[-fakirs1 & !n p]=m$ 8 devotions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 son did n disclose himself1 = he fe>$ t to d s sudd5ly w\ld cause 8 fa!r to fly4 ,! next morn+ "o ( ,ibrahim b5 ,adham's fell[-fakirs rose & w5t to 8 son's t5t4 ,he f\nd ! "y man read+ ! ,koran & weep+4 ,! fakir advanc$ & salut$ him1 ask+1 ,:o art ?\8 ,:5ce come/ ?\8 ,^: son art ?\8 ,i am ! son ( ,ibrahim b5 ,adham1 repli$ ! "y man1 & ,i 0 nev] able to see my fa!r until n[2 b ,i fe> t if ,i make myself kn[n to him1 he w repulse me brusquely & flee away4 ,come1 said ! fakir1 ,i w myself lead y to him4 ,)\t fur!r delay ! wife & son ( ,ibrahim jo9$ ! fakir1 & w5t to seek him4 ,no soon] _h 8 wife p]ceiv$ him ?an %e utt]$ a cry & said1 ,my son1 behold ?y fa!r4 ,all ! by/&]s bur/ into te>s1 :ile ,ibrahim's son fell d[n 9 a swoon4 ,:5 he came to himself he salut$ 8 fa!r1 :o return$ 8 greet+1 embrac$ him1 & said1 ,o my son1 ( :at religion art ?\8 ,( ! religion ( ,muhammad1 he answ]$4 ,god be prais$6 exclaim$ ,ibrahim4 ,!n he ask$1 ,do/ ?\ "k ! ,koran8 ,i "k x1 0 ! reply4 ,do/ ?\ read ! books :i* treat ( religi\s k8 ,i read !m4 ,god be prais$6 aga9 exclaim$ ,ibrahim4 ,!n he prep>$ to leave !m & dep>t1 b 8 wife & son w\ld n let him1 & began to weep4 ,b ,ibrahim1 lift+ up 8 eyes to heav51 pray$1 ,my ,god1 come to my help1 on :i* 8 son imm$iately di$4 ,! companions ( ,ibrahim ask$ him1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,:5 ,i saw my son1 he answ]$1 my pat]nal t5d]ness 0 ar\s$4 ,b imm$iately ,i he>d a voice1 ',:at1 ,ibrahim6 ,do/ ?\ pret5d atta*m5t to ,u :ile all ! :ile ?y he>t is engag$ ) ano!r p]son8 ,h[ c two loves co-exi/ 9 "o he>t8' ,on he>+ ?is1 ,i pray$ to ! ,"l & said1 ',o my ,god1 if my love to ?is *ild makes ,!e )draw f me1 take 8 s\l or m9e4' ,my pray] 0 he>d1 & ,he has tak5 ! s\l ( my son4 ,on "o occasion ,ibrahim is report$ to h said1 ,_m nights 9 succession ,i s\ght to f9d ! ,kaaba unoccupi$4 ,"o night :5 x 0 ra9+ v h>d1 ,i at la/ f\nd x s4 ,i ent]$ x1 & lift+ my he>t to ,god1 ,i said1 ',o ,god1 blot out my s9s1' ^u :i* ,i he>d a ,voice1 :i* said1 ',o ,ibrahim1 all ov] ! _w m5 ask ,u ! same ?+2 b if ,we blot out ev]yone's s9s1 :om %all ,we cause to %>e 9 ! ocean ( ,our m]cy8' ,on ano!r occasion he 0 ask$1 ,:y ha/ ?\ giv5 up ?y rank & ?y k+dom8 ,"o day1 he said1 ,:5 ,i 0 seat$ on my ?rone1 ,i look$ at a mirror4 ,i saw reflect$ 9 x my la/ re/+-place1 :i* 0 an obscure tomb1 :]e9 ,i _h no "o to keep me company4 ,! road :]eby to rea* ! o!r _w 0 long1 nay inf9ite1 & ,i _h no provision = ! way4 ,i saw besides an upright judge1 :o que/ion$ me s rigor\sly t ,i c\ld return him no fit answ]4 ,behold :y my rank & my k+dom lo/ all value 9 my eyes1 & :y ,i ab&on$ !m4 ,b :y1 cont9u$ ! que/ion]1 did/ ?\ flee ,khorasan8 ,because1 he said1 !y kept on que/ion+ me4 ,& :y do/ ?\ n m>ry8 ,is !re any woman :o w\ld m>ry a man l myself1 :o am always hungry & nak$8 ,if ,i c\ld1 ,i w\ld divorce myself2 h[ !n c ,i atta* anyone to myself8 ,once ,ibrahim ask$ a d]vi%1 ,h y a wife & *ildr58 ,no1 answ]$ ! d]vi%4 ,x is all !n well = !e4 ,:y s8 ask$ ! d]vi%4 ,because1 said ,ibrahim1 ev]ytime a d]vi% m>ries he is l "o :o emb>ks on a vessel1 b :5 *ildr5 are born to him he is l "o :o is dr[n+4 ,see+ a d]vi% groan+1 he said1 ,d\btless ?\ ha/ b\ght ?is position ( d]vi% at a l[ price4 ,:at1 ,ibrahim1 answ]$ ! o!r1 c ! position ( d]vi% be b\ght8 ,c]ta9ly1 answ]$ ,ibrahim2 ,i h b\ght x at ! price ( royalty1 & ,i f9d ,i h made a good b>ga94 ,"o day a man br\ght to ,ibrahim a sum ( a ?\s& pieces ( gold1 :i* he _h v[$ to (f] him4 ,i d n take any?+ f ! wret*$1 ! latt] said4 ,b1 said ! o!r1 ,i am a ri* man4 ,:at1 answ]$ ,ibrahim1 y are z ri* z t1 & /ill seek to increase y\r weal?8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i d4 ,well !n1 y are m wret*$ ?an anyone1 & he add$1 ,li/56 ,i possess no?+1 & ,i ask no?+ ( anyone4 ,i h aspir$ aft] ! condition ( a d]vi% & f\nd ri*es 9 x2 o!rs h aspir$ aft] ri*es & f\nd pov]ty4 ,ano!r p]son also (f]$ ,ibrahim a ?\s& pieces ( gold1 :i* he refus$1 say+1 ,y wi% d\btless by means ( ?is gold to erase my "n f ! li/ ( d]vi%es4 ,e day ,ibrahim work$ = hire1 & :atev] he e>n$ he sp5t on provisions to take to 8 companions2 !n !y all broke _! fa/ toge!r4 ,he nev] return$ 9 any case till he _h p]=m$ 8 ev5+ devotions4 ,"o day :5 he _h be5 absorb$ 9 !m1 he return$ lat] ?an usual4 ,8 companions1 :o 7 wait+ = him1 said to !mselves1 ,we _h bett] break our fa/ & all g to b$4 ,:5 ,ibrahim sees :at we h done1 he w come e>li] ano!r "t1 & n keep u wait+4 ,accord+ly1 !y all ate & lay d[n4 ,:5 ,ibrahim came & saw !m asleep1 he said to himself1 ,p]haps !y h gone to b$ hungry4 ,he _h br\ght ) him a little meal1 :i* he made into d\gh2 !n he blew up ! fire1 & cook$ supp] = 8 companions4 ,!y !n rose & said to him1 ,:at are y do+1 ,ibrahim8 ,i am cook+ some?+ = y1 = x has occurr$ to me t p]haps y h gone to b$ )\t tak+ any?+4 ,!y look$ at ea* o!r1 & said1 ,see1 :ile we 7 plott+ aga9/ him1 he 0 engag$ 9 ?9k+ = u4 ,"o day a man came to ,ibrahim & said1 ,o ,ibrahim1 ,i h done myself a great deal ( h>m 7by s974 ,give me "s advice4 ,li/5 !n1 said ,ibrahim1 "h are six rules = y4 ,fir/3 ,:5 y h committ$ a s91 d n eat ! food :i* ! ,"l s5ds y4 ,b ,i _c live )\t food1 said ! o!r4 ,:at6 exclaim$ ,ibrahim1 is x j t y %\ld pr(it by :at ! ,"l supplies :ile y d n s]ve ,him & nev] cease to (f5d ,him8 ,second3 ,:5 y are on ! po9t ( committ+ a s91 quit ! ,k+dom ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,b1 said ! man1 ,8 ,k+dom ext5ds f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/2 h[ c ,i g out ( x8 ,v well1 rema9 9 x2 b give up s91 & don't be rebelli\s4 ,?ird3 ,:5 y are ab\t to s91 place ?yself :]e ! ,mo/ ,high _c see y4 ,b "o _c hide any?+ f ,him4 ,v well !n1 said ,ibrahim1 is x "r t y %\ld live on :at ,he supplies1 & t y %\ld dwell 9 ,8 ,k+dom1 & commit evil actions "u ,8 eyes8 ,f\r?3 ,:5 ,azrael1 ! ,angel ( ,dea?1 comes to claim y\r s\l1 say to him1 ',give me a respite1 ,i wi% to rep5t4' ,b h[ w ,azrael li/5 to su* a pray]8 ,if x is s1 repli$ ,ibrahim1 rep5t n[1 s z n to h to d s :5 ,azrael comes4 ,fif?3 ,:5 y are plac$ 9 ! tomb1 dismiss ! angels ,munkir & ,nakir1#aa :o w come to exam9e !e4 ,b ,i _c4 ,v well1 live su* a life z to be able to reply satisfactorily to !m4 ,six?3 ,on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 :5 ! ord] goes =? to conduct s9n]s to hell1 say y won't g4 ,x suffices1 ,ibrahim1 y h said en\gh4 ,! man rep5t$1 & ! f]v\r ( 8 conv]sion la/$ till 8 dea?4 ,ibrahim is said to h told ! foll[+ /ory4 ,"o day ,i w5t to glean1 b z soon z ,i put any e>s ( corn 9 ! lappet ( my robe !y 7 %ak5 out4 ,?is happ5$ some?+ l =ty times4 ,at la/ ,i cri$1 ',:at does ?is mean1 ,o ,"l8' ,i he>d a ,voice say 9 reply1 ',o1 ,ibrahim1 9 ! "t ( y\r prosp]ity =ty buckl]s ( r$ gold 7 c>ri$ 9 front ( !e4 ,x 0 necess>y t y %\ld be ?us mole/$ z a requital = ! luxury ( ^? =ty gold5 buckl]s4' ,once ,ibrahim 0 entru/$ ) ! *>ge ( an or*>d4 ,! own] "o day came d[n to visit x1 & told ,ibrahim to br+ him "s sweet pomegranates4 ,ibrahim w5t & ga!r$ ! l>ge/ he c\ld f9d1 b !y all prov$ to be bitt]4 ,:at6 said ! own]1 y h eat5 ^! pomegranates s long1 & _c di/+ui% ! sweet f ! bitt]8 ,sir1 repli$ ,ibrahim1 y told me to take *>ge ( ! or*>d1 b y did n tell me to eat ! pomegranates4 ,ah1 repli$ ! o!r1 to judge by y\r au/]ity1 y mu/ be no o!r ?an ,ibrahim b5 ,adham4 ,! latt]1 see+ t he 0 discov]$1 left ! or*>d & dep>t$4 ,a /ory told by ,ibrahim 0 z foll[s4 ,"o night ,i saw 9 a dream ,gabriel1 ) a piece ( pap] 9 8 h&4 ',:at are y do+8' ,i ask$ him4 ',i am writ+ on ?is %eet ( pap] ! names ( ! fri5ds ( ! ,"l4' ',w y write m9e among !m8' ,ibrahim ask$4 ',b y are n "o ( ,8 fri5ds4' ',if ,i am n "o ( ,8 fri5ds1 at lea/ ,i am a fri5d ( ,8 fri5ds4' ,imm$iately a ,voice 0 he>d1 ',o ,gabriel1 write ,ibrahim's "n on ! fir/ l9e1 = he :o loves ,our fri5ds is ,our fri5d4'#ab ,once :ile ,ibrahim 0 walk+ 9 ! c\ntry1 a horseman met him & ask$ him :o he 01 ,i am1 answ]$ ,ibrahim1 ! s]vant ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,well1 said ! horseman1 direct me to ! ne>e/ dwell+s4 ,ibrahim po9t$ to ! cemet]y4 ,y are je/+ at me1 ! o!r cri$1 & /ruck him on ! head s sev]ely t ! blood began to fl[4 ,!n he ti$ a cord r\nd 8 neck1 & dragg$ him =cibly into ! middle ( ! neighb\r+ t[n4 ,! p cri$ out ,madman1 :at are y do+8 ,x is ,ibrahim b5 ,adham4 ,imm$iately ! horseman pro/rat$ himself be=e ,ibrahim & implor$ 8 p>don4 ,o ,ibrahim1 he said1 :5 ,i ask$ y :]e 7 ! ne>e/ dwell+s1 :y did y po9t to ! cemet]y8 ,e day1 he answ]$1 ! cemet]y becomes m & m peopl$1 :ile ! t[n & its mo/ fl\ri%+ qu>t]s are cont9ually fall+ into ru9s4 ,:5 ,ibrahim's la/ h\r arriv$1 he disappe>$ f sight1 & no "o has be5 able to say exactly :]e 8 tomb is4 ,"s say x is at ,bagdad1 o!rs at ,damascus1 o!rs at ,p5tapolis4 ,:5 he di$1 a ,voice 0 he>d say+1 ,! man :o excell$ all o!rs 9 fai? is dead2 ,ibrahim b5 ,adham has pass$ away4 #aa ,accord+ to ! ,mahommadan belief e man z soon z he is buri$ is exam9$ by ^! two angels4 #ab ,leigh ,hunt's well kn[n poem ref]s to ?is3 ,ab\ b5 ,adhem 7may 8 tribe increase67 ,awoke "o night f a deep dream ( peace1 ,& saw )9 ! moonlight 9 8 room1 ,mak+ x ri* & l a lily 9 bloom1 ,an angel writ+ 9 a book ( gold4 ,exce$+ peace _h made ,b5 ,adhem bold1 ,& to ! pres5ce 9 ! room he said3 ,:at write/ ?\8 ,! vision rais$ its head1 ,& ) a look made all ( sweet accord1 ,answ]$ ,! names ( ^? :o love ! ,"l1 ,& is m9e "o8 said ,ab\4 ,nay n s1 ,repli$ ! ,angel4 ,ab\ spoke m l[ ,b *e]ily /ill2 & said3 ,i pray !e !n ,write me z "o t loves 8 fell[ m54 ,! angel wrote & vani%$4 ,! next night ,he came aga9 ) a great wak5+ light1 ,& %[$ ! names :om love ( ,god _h ble/1 ,& lo6 ,b5 ,adhem's "n l$ all ! re/4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,fudhayl ,,b5 ,,ayaz1 ,,! ,,highwayman 7,d #hjc ,,ad7 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] ,fudhayl b5 ,ayaz 0 a highwayman1 & us$ to pit* 8 t5t on ! pla9s betwe5 ,m]v & ,abiw]d4 ,he _h collect$ _m o!r robb]s r\nd him2 :5 !y br\ght 9 booty1 he1 z _! *ief1 apportion$ x4 ,he nev] neglect$ say+ ! ,friday pray]s1 & dismiss$ any ( 8 s]vants :om he f\nd neglect+ !m4 ,"o day 8 m5 7 ly+ 9 wait on ! high road :5 a num]\s c>avan arriv$ & fell into _! clut*es4 ,9 ?is c>avan 0 a m]*ant :o _h a l>ge sum ( money 9 8 purse4 ,desir\s ( hid+ x1 he fl$ t[>ds ! op5 pla92 !re he f\nd a t5t & a man clo!d 9 co>se g>m5ts seat$ 9 x4 ,! m]*ant1 hav+ expla9$ ! matt] to him1 0 told to leave 8 money !re4 ,he did s1 & return$ to ! c>avan4 ,:5 he got !re he saw t ! robb]s _h attack$ x & tak5 all ! goods1 aft] hav+ b\nd & laid on ! e>? all ! travell]s4 ,he ransom$ !m1 & help$ !m to ga!r toge!r ! rema9s ( _! prop]ty4 ,:5 he return$ to ! t5t he f\nd ! robb]s !re divid+ _! booty4 ,see+ ?is1 he said1 ,woe is me6 ,!n he :om ,i tru/$ my money to 0 a robb]4 ,he 0 on ! po9t ( dep>t+ :5 ,fudhayl call$ out to him1 ,:at is ! matt]8 ,i _h come1 he answ]$1 to take back my money :i* ,i _h deposit$ "h4 ,well1 said ,fudhayl1 y w f9d x :]e y plac$ x4 ,! m]*ant did s4 ,b1 cri$ ,fudhayl's companions1 we did n f9d any co9$ money at all 9 ?is c>avan2 h[ is x t y h& ov] su* a l>ge sum8 ,?is man1 answ]$ ,fudhayl1 has tru/$ me 9 ! simplicity ( 8 he>t2 n[ ,i1 9 ! simplicity ( my he>t1 tru/ 9 ! ,"l2 & j z ,i h ju/ifi$ ! good op9ion :i* ! m]*ant _h ( me1 ,i hope ! ,"l w ju/ify t :i* ,i h ( ,him4 ,! conv]sion ( ,fudhayl to an ascetic life took place 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,z he 0 climb+ ov] a wall to see a girl :om he lov$1 he he>d a voice pron\nce ?is v]se ( ! ,koran3 ,is n ! "t yet come unto ^? :o believe t _! he>ts %\ld humbly submit to ! admonition ( ,god8#ac ,on ?is he exclaim$1 ,o ,"l1 t "t is come4 ,he !n w5t away f ! place1 & ! approa* ( night induc$ him to repair = %elt] to a ru9$ edifice4 ,a c>avan 0 encamp$ n f> (f1 & ,fudhayl he>d "o ( ! travell]s say to ano!r1 ,we mu/ rise & be go+1 le/ ,fudhayl %\ld arrive & rob u4 ,fudhayl !n came =w>d & said1 ,i h good news = y4 ,fudhayl has ent]$ ^u ! pa? ( p5it5ce1 & is m likely to flee f y ?an y f him4 ,!n he dep>t$1 aft] hav+ ask$ _! p>don = 8 =m] misde$s4 ,= "s "t he resid$ at ,mecca1 :]e he receiv$ in/ruction f ,ab\ ,hanifeh1 & subsequ5tly return$ to 8 own c\ntry1 :]e 8 sanctity became widespread4 ,x is relat$ t "o night ! ,caliph ,h>un-al-,ra%id said to ,fazl ! ,b>mecide1 ,take me to a man by ^: aid ,i may rise out ( ! moral torpor into :i* ,i h fall54 ,fazl took him to ! door ( a celebrat$ ascetic1 ,s(yan ibn ,oya9a1 :o ask$ on _! knock+1 ,:o is !re8 ,! ,pr9ce ( ! ,fai?ful1 answ]$ ,fazl4 ,:y did y n s5d = me8 said ,s(yan1 ,i w\ld h come myself 9 p]son to s]ve him4 ,al-,ra%id1 he>+ ?is1 said1 ,?is is n ! man ,i seek4 ,!y !n dep>t$1 & knock$ at ! door ( ,fudhayl4 ,z !y arriv$1 ! latt] 0 recit+ ! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,koran3 ,d ^? :o h done evil imag9e t we %all set !m on ! same level ) ^? :o h done well8 ,koran 7,sura xlv41 v4 #bj74 ,! ,caliph _h no soon] he>d ?is v]se ?an he said1 ,if x is good advice we are seek+1 "h is en\gh = u4 ,!n !y knock$ at ! door4 ,:o is !re8 ask$ ,fudhayl4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ! ,fai?ful1 ,fazl answ]$4 ,:at d y want8 0 ! reply2 ,i h no?+ to d ) y1 leave me alone & don't wa/e my "t4 ,b y %\ld treat ! ,caliph ) hon\r1 & let u 94 ,x is = y to come 9 if y mu/1 9 spite ( me1 answ]$ ,fudhayl4 ,:5 ! ,caliph & 8 att5dant ent]$1 ,fudhayl ext+ui%$ ! lamp 9 ord] n to see ! intrud]s4 ,h>un-al-,ra%id1 hav+ t\*$ ,fudhayl's h& 9 ! d>k1 ! latt] exclaim$1 ,h[ s(t ?is h& is2 may x escape hell fire4 ,hav+ ?us spok51 he rose to pray4 ,z = ! ,caliph1 he began to weep1 & said1 ,speak to me at lea/ "o ^w4 ,fudhayl1 :5 he _h f9i%$ 8 pray]s1 said to him1 ,o ,h>un1 ?y ance/or ,abbas1 :o 0 ! pat]nal uncle ( ! ,prophet 7on :om be peace67 said to him "o day1 ,o ,prophet ( ,god1 make me rul] ov] a nation4 ,! ,prophet repli$1 ,i h made !e rul] ov] ?yself4 ,if ?\ rule/ ?9e own body & keepe/ x con/ant 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,"l1 t is bett] ?an rul+ a nation = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,aga91 ,om>1 ! son ( ,abd al ,aziz1 be+ in/all$ on ! ?rone ( ! ,caliphate1 s5t = ?ree ( 8 intimate fri5ds1 & said to !m1 ',behold me caught 9 ! toils ( ! ,caliphate2 h[ %all ,i get rid ( !m8 ,_m p consid] p[] a bless+2 ,i reg>d x z a calamity4' ,!n ,fudhayl add$1 ,o ,h>un1 if ?\ wi%e/ to escape ! puni%m5t ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 reg>d ea* old man among ! ,moslems z ?y fa!r1 ! "y m5 z ?y bro!rs1 ! wom5 z ?y si/]s4 ,o ,h>un1 ,i fe> le/ ?y h&some visage be scor*$ by ! flames ( hell4 ,fe> ! ,mo/ ,high1 & "k t ,he w int]rogate !e on ! ,day ( ,resurrection4 ,at ^! words1 ,h>un-al-,ra%id wept copi\sly4 ,!n ,fazl said to ,fudhayl1 ,say no m2 y h kill$ ! ,caliph ) grief4 ,oh ,haman6#ad ,fudhayl answ]$1 x is n ,i1 x is ?\ & ?y relations :o h misl$ ! ,caliph & de/roy$ him4 ,he>+ ^! words1 ,h>un-al-,ra%id wept /ill m bitt]ly1 & said to ,fazl1 ,be sil5t6 ,if he has call$ y ,haman1 he has 7tacitly7 comp>$ me to ,ph>aoh4 ,!n1 address+ ,fudhayl1 he ask$ him1 ,h y any debt to pay8 ,yes1 he answ]$1 t ( ! s]vice :i* ,i owe to ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,he furni%es me ) subsi/5ce1 ,i h no ne$ to borr[4 ,!n ,h>un-al-,ra%id plac$ 9 ,fudhayl's h& a purse 9 :i* 7 a ?\s& pieces ( gold1 say+1 ,?is money is lawfully acquir$1 ,i h inh]it$ x f my "m4 ,ah6 exclaim$ ,fudhayl1 my advice has be5 wa/$2 my object 9 giv+ x 0 to light5 ?y burd52 ?\ seeke/ to make m9e m heavy4 ,at ^! words1 ,h>un-al-,ra%id rose1 salut$ him1 & dep>t$4 ,all ! way home he kept repeat+ to himself1 ,?is ,fudhayl is a great tea*]4 ,on ano!r occasion ! ,caliph is report$ to h said to ,fudhayl1 ,h[ great is ?y self-abnegation1 to :i* ,fudhayl made answ]1 ,?9e is great]4 ,h[ s8 said ! ,caliph4 ,because ,i make abnegation ( ?is _w1 & ?\ make/ abnegation ( ! next2 n[ ?is _w is transitory1 & ! next w endure = ev]4 ,s(in ,tsavri relates ! foll[+ anecdote4 ,"o night ,i 0 talk+ ) ,fudhayl1 & aft] we _h be5 conv]s+ on all k9ds ( subjects1 ,i said to him1 ',:at a pleasant ev5+ we h _h1 & :at int]e/+ conv]sation4' ',no1' he said1 'nei!r ! ev5+ nor ! conv]sation h be5 good4' ',:y s8' ,i rem>k$4 ',because1' he said1 'y s\ght to speak words :i* might please me1 & ,i s\ght to answ] s z to gratify y4 ,bo? ( u1 pre-occupi$ ) our talk1 _h =gott5 ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,x w\ld be bett] = ea* ( u to sit /ill 9 8 place & to lift up 8 he>t t[>ds ,god4' ,a /rang] com+ to ,fudhayl "o day 0 ask$ by ! latt] = :at purpose he came4 ,i h come1 he answ]$1 to talk ) y1 & to f9d 9 s do+ calm ( m9d1 ,t is to say1 broke 9 ,fudhayl1 y wi% to mislead me ) lies1 & desire me to d ! same to y4 ,be (f ab\t y\r bus9ess4 #ae;,b ) all 8 au/]ity ( life1 8 prolong$ fa/s & wat*+s1 8 ragg$ dress & we>isome pilgrimages1 he pref]r$ ! practice ( int]ior virtue & purity ( int5tion to all outw>d obs]vances1 & us$ (t5 to say t he :o is mode/ & compliant to o!rs & lives 9 meekness & pati5ce ga9s a high] rew>d by s do+ ?an if he fa/$ all 8 days & wat*$ 9 pray] all 8 nights4 ,at s high a price did he place ob$i5ce to a spiritual guide1 & s necess>y did he deem x1 t he decl>$1 ,_h ,i a promise ( :atev] ,i %\ld ask 9 pray]1 yet w\ld ,i n (f] t pray] save 9 union ) a sup]ior4 ,b 8 fav\rite virtue 0 ! love ( ,god 9 p]fect con=mity to ,8 w above all hope or fe>4 ,?us1 :5 8 only son 7^: virtues resembl$ 8 fa!r's7 di$ 9 e>ly age1 ,fudhayl 0 se5 ) a c\nt5ance ( unusual *e]fulness1 &1 be+ ask$ by 8 intimate disciple1 ,ab\ ,ali1 ! reason :]e=e1 he answ]$1 ,x 0 ,god's good pleasure1 & x is !re=e my good pleasure also4 ,o!rs ( 8 say+s are ! foll[+3 ,to leave aught undone = ! e/eem ( m5 is hypocrisy1 & to d ought = _! e/eem is idolatry4 ,mu* is he beguil$ :o s]ves ,god = fe> or hope1 = ,8 true s]vice is = m]e love4 ,i s]ve ,god because ,i _c help s]v+ ,him = v love's sake4 #ac ,koran1 ,sura #eg1 v #ae4 #ad ,accord+ to ! ,koran1 ,haman 0 ! vizi] ( ,ph>aoh :om he misl$ by bad advice4 #ae ,vide ,palgrave3 ,asceticism among ,mohamm$an nations4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,bayazid ,,ba/ami 7,d #hgd ,,ad7 ,bayazid ,ba/ami1 ^: gr&fa!r 0 a ,zoroa/rian conv]t$ to ,islam1 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 piety :ile /ill a *ild4 ,8 "m us$ to s5d him regul>ly to ! mosque to read ! ,koran ) a mullah4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! *apt] ,luqman1 he read ! v]se1 ,%[ ?y gratitude 9 s]v+ ,me1 & %[ ?y gratitude to ?y p>5ts 9 s]v+ !m4 ,he ask$ 8 tea*] ! mean+ ( ! v]se1 & _h no soon] he>d x expla9$ ?an he imm$iately ran home4 ,:5 %e saw him1 8 "m said1 ,:y h y come home s e>ly1 my *ild8 ,h !y s5t y = ! fees8 ,"m1 answ]$ ,bayezid1 ,i h j read ! v]se 9 :i* ! ,"l comm&s me to s]ve ,him1 & to s]ve !e2 b1 z ,i _c s]ve 9 two places at once1 ,i h come to propose to y t y %\ld ask ! ,"l to give me to y 9 ord] t ,i may s]ve y1 or t y %\ld y\rself give me to ! ,"l t ,i may s]ve ,him4 ,s9ce t is ! case1 said 8 "m1 ,i give y up to ! ,"l1 & r5\nce all my rights ov] y4 ,accord+ly1 a few ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,bayazid left 8 native village ,ba/am1 & = ?irty ye>s liv$ z a b>e-foot$ ascetic 9 ! des]ts ( ,syria4 ,once dur+ ?is "t ,bayazid came home & li/5$ at ! door ( 8 "m's h\se be=e go+ 94 ,he he>d h] say+ 9 pray]1 ,may ,god bless my poor exile1 may ! he>ts ( ! pi\s be rejoic$ by him & accord him grace4 ,bayazid1 he>+ ^! words1 wept1 & knock$ at ! door4 ,:o is !re8 %e ask$4 ,?y exile1 he answ]$4 ,no soon] _h %e op5$ ! door ?an1 embrac+ ,bayazid1 %e said to him1 weep+1 ,o my son1 sep>at$ f !e z ,i h be51 my eyes h lo/ ! p[] to see1 & my back is b5t1 & !y bo? m+l$ _! te>s toge!r4 ,"s "t aft] ,bayazid said to a fri5d1 ,:at ,i ought to h kn[n mo/ cle>ly is j :at ,i h only le>nt :5 too late--to s]ve my "m4 ,t :i* ,i s\ght 9 devot+ myself to s _m religi\s ex]cises1 9 putt+ myself at ! s]vice ( o!rs1 & 9 exil+ myself f> f my k9dr$ & my c\ntry1 see1 h[ ,i h discov]$ x4 ,"o night :5 my "m ask$ = wat]1 z !re 0 none 9 ! pit*]1 ,i w5t to ! canal to draw "s4 ,x 0 a w9t] night1 & ! fro/ 0 v %>p4 ,:ile ,i _h gone = ! wat]1 my "m _h fall5 asleep aga94 ,i /ood wait+ ) ! full pit*] 9 my h& till %e %\ld awake4 ,:5 %e did s1 %e ask$ = wat]1 b :5 ,i wi%$ to give x h]1 ,i f\nd t ! wat] 0 froz51 & ! h&le ( ! jug /uck fa/ to my h&4 ',:y1' said my "m1 'did y n put x d[n8' ',because ,i fe>$1' ,i answ]$1 'n to be ready :5 y ask$ = x4' ,t same night ! ,"l reveal$ to me all t ,i want$ to "k4 ,bayazid us$ to tell ! foll[+ /ory4 ,a man came to see me1 & ask$ :]e ,i 0 go+4 ',i am go+ to ,mecca1' ,i said1 'to make ! circuit ( ! ,kaaba4'#af ',h[ mu* money ha/ ?\8' he ask$4 ',two hundr$ pieces ( gold1' ,i answ]$4 ',v well1' he said1 'give !m me & walk sev5 times r\nd me4 ,by ?is act ( *>ity ?\ wilt des]ve a great] recomp5se ?an ?\ w\lde/ obta9 at ! ,kaaba4'#ag ,i did z he ask$1 & t ye> ,i did n make ! pilgrimage4 ,"o day ! ?\ght cross$ ,bayazid's m9d t he 0 ! greate/ ,sufi ( ! age4 ,b no soon] _h x done s1 ?an he und]/ood x 0 an ab]ration on 8 "p4 ,i rose imm$iately1 he said1 & w5t "s way into ! des]t ( ,khorassan1 :]e ,i sat d[n4 ,i took !n ! resolution ( n mov+ f ! spot :]e ,i 0 seat$ till ! ,"l %\ld s5d me someone :o w\ld make me see myself z ,i really 04 ,i wait$ ?us = ?ree days & ?ree nights4 ,on ! f\r? night a rid] on a camel approa*$4 ,i p]ceiv$ on 8 c\nt5ance ! m>ks ( a p5etrat+ m9d4 ,he halt$1 &1 fix+ 8 eyes on me1 said1 ',?\ desire/ d\btless1 t 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye ,i %\ld cause to be swall[$ up ! village ( ,ba/am & all its population1 toge!r ) its ri*es1 & ,bayazid himself4' ,at ^! words ,i 0 seiz$ ) an indescribable fe>1 & ask$ him1 ',:5ce come/ ?\8' ',o ,bayazid1' he answ]$1 ':ile ?\ ha/ be5 seat$ "h ,i h travell$ ?ree ?\s& miles4 ,take c>e1 ,o ,bayazid1 to place a curb on ?y he>t1 & n to =get ! road2 else %alt ?\ infallibly p]i%4' ,!n he turn$ 8 back & dep>t$4 ,"o night ,bayazid1 hav+ gone out ( 8 h\se1 w5t to ! burial-gr\nd to p]=m 8 devotions4 ,!re he f\nd a "y man play+ a guit>1 :o came t[>ds him4 ,bayazid1 consid]+ music unlawful1 exclaim$1 ,!re is no might or p[] except 9 ,god4#ah ,! "y man1 irritat$1 /ruck ! head ( ,bayazid ) 8 guit>1 break+ x1 & w\nd+ him4 ,bayazid return$ home4 ,! next morn+ v e>ly he plac$ "s sweetmeats & "s pieces ( gold 9 a di% & s5t x to ! "y man1 *>g+ ! mess5g] to say f him1 ,la/ night y broke y\r guit> by /rik+ my head ) x2 take1 !re=e1 ?is money1 buy ano!r guit>1 & eat ! sweetmeats s t !re may rema9 no ranc\r 9 y\r he>t4 ,:5 he _h receiv$ ! message1 ! "y man came 9 te>s to ,bayazid1 ask$ 8 p>don1 & rep5t$4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,bayazid 0 say+ 8 pray]s 9 company ) a fri5d4 ,:5 !y _h f9i%$ _! devotions1 8 fri5d said to him1 ,tell me1 ,bayazid1 y d n ask any?+ ( anyone1 y d n engage 9 any indu/ry2 :5ce d y get y\r provision8 ,wait a little1 said ,bayazid1 ,i am go+ to say my pray]s aga94 ,:y8 ,because x is unlawful to pray ) a man :o does n "k ,:o is ! ,be/[] ( daily bread4 ,hatim ,assam us$ to say to 8 disciples1 ,if1 on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t y d n int]c$e = ^? :o w be conduct$ to hell1 y are n my disciples4 ,bayazid1 hav+ he>d ?is1 said 9 8 turn1 ,^? only are my disciples :o1 on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 w /& on ! br9k ( hell1 9 ord] to seize & save ! wret*es ca/ d[n ?i!r1 ev5 7 x necess>y to ent] hell !mselves = ! salvation ( ! o!rs4 ,bayazid relat$ z foll[s4 ,"o day ,i he>d a ,voice1 :i* said1 ',o ,bayazid1 our treasure-h\se is brimm$ full ) acts ( adoration & devotion (f]$ by m52 br+ ,u some?+ :i* is n 9 ,our treasury4' ',b1 ,o ,god1' ,i cri$1 ':at !n %all ,i br+8' ,& ! voice answ]$ me1 ',br+ ,me sorr[ ( he>t1 humility1 contrition4' ,ano!r "t he said1 ,aft] hav+ endur$ ! rig\rs ( asceticism = =ty ye>s1 "o night ,i f\nd myself be=e ! doors & curta9s :i* hide ! ?rone ( ,god4 ',= pity's sake1' ,i exclaim$1 groan+1 'let me pass4' ',o ,bayazid1' cri$ a ,voice1 'y /ill possess a pit*] & an old cloak2 y _c pass4' ,!n ,i ca/ away ! pit*] & ! cloak1 & ,i he>d ! ,voice aga9 address me1 ',o ,bayazid1 g & say to ^? :o d n "k3 ,behold1 = =ty ye>s ,i h practis$ rigor\s asceticism4 ,well1 till ,i ca/ away my brok5 pit*] & torn cloak1 ,i c\ld n f9d access to ,god2 & y1 :o are entangl$ 9 ! ties ( worldly int]e/s1 h[ %all y discov] ! way to ,him8' ,"o night1 aft] hav+ said 8 ev5+ pray]1 ,bayazid rema9$ /&+ till ! morn+1 & %$d+ te>s4 ,:5 morn+ came1 8 s]vant ask$ him1 ,:at has happ5$ to y to-night8 ,me?\ght ,i _h arriv$ at ! ?rone ( ,god1 repli$ ,bayazid1 & ,i said to x1 ',o ,?rone1 we are taught t ! ,"l re/s on !e4' ',o ,bayazid1' repli$ ! ?rone1 'x is said "h t ! ,"l dwells 9 a humble he>t2 b :]e is ! intellig5ce capable ( p5etrat+ ?is my/]y8 ,heav5ly be+s "q e>?ly ones conc]n+ x1 & !y only ca/ ! "q back4' ,bayazid said once1 ,:5 ,i _h arriv$ at ! /ation ( ,proximity1 ,i he>d a ,voice say to me1 ',o ,bayazid1 ask :at ?\ ha/ to ask4' ',my ,god1' ,i answ]$1 ',?\ art ! ,object ( my desire4' ',o ,bayazid1' ! ,voice repli$1 'if !re l+]s 9 !e an atom ( e>?ly desire1 & till ?\ art r$uc$ to no?+ 9 ! /ation ( ,annihilation1 ?\ can/ n f9d ,me4' ',my ,god1' ,i answ]$1 ',i %all n return f ,?y ,c\rt empty-h&$2 ,i wi% to ask some?+ f ,!e4' ',v well1 ask x4' ',grant me m]cy = all m54' ,! ,voice said1 ',o ,bayazid lift up ?9e eyes4' ,i lift$ !m1 & ,i saw t ! ,mo/ ,high 0 f> m incl9$ to h m]cy on ,8 s]vants ?an ,i4 ',"l1' ,i cri$1 'h m]cy on ,satan4' ',o ,bayazid1' ! ,voice answ]$1 ',satan is made ( fire1 & fire mu/ ne$s g to ! fire4 ,take he$ le/ ?\ ?yself des]ve to g !re4' ,"o day1 :5 ,bayazid 0 walk+ along ! road1 a "y man :o foll[$ him closely1 sett+ 8 feet 9 8 tracks1 said to him1 ,te> (f a piece ( ?y cloak & give x me1 9 ord] t ?y bless+ may re/ ^u me4 ,bayazid answ]$1 ,al?\gh ?\ /rip ,bayazid ( 8 sk9 & clo! ?yself ) x1 x w pr(it !e no?+1 unless ?\ reproduce ! actions ( ,bayazid4 ,among/ o!r rem>kable utt]ances ( ,bayazid are ! foll[+4 ,:5 f hatr$ to ! _w ,i fl$ to ! ,"l1 ,8 love s fill$ my he>t t ,i hat$ myself4 ,he :o relies on 8 acts ( piety is worse ?an he :o commits s94 ,!re are ^? among ! s]vants ( ! ,"l :o w\ld utt] groans l ! damn$ 9 hell if "o put !m 9 possession ( ! eight p>adises )\t ,him4 ,a s+le gra9 ( ! love ( ,god is wor? m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& p>adises4 ,he :om ! ,"l loves is kn[n by ?ree di/9ct signs--8 lib]ality is l ! sea1 8 k9dness is l ! sun1 8 humility is l ! e>?1 :i* all[s itself to be trampl$ on by ev]yone4 ,:oso has ! k ( ! ,"l receives f ,him intuitional wisdom 9 su* a mann] t he ne$s n to h rec\rse to anyone to le>n any?+4 ,be+ ask$ 8 age1 he repli$1 ,i am f\r ye>s old4 ,h[ is t1 ,%eikh8 !y said4 ,= sev5ty ye>s1 he said1 ,i h be5 envelop$ 9 ! veils ( ?is dull _w2 x is only f\r ye>s s9ce ,i dis5tangl$ myself f !m & see ,god4 ,be+ ask$ to def9e ,sufism1 he said1 ,sufism consi/s 9 giv+ up repose1 & accept+ suff]+4 ,9 ! la/ mom5ts ( 8 life he put on a girdle & seat$ himself 9 ! mihrab#ai ( ! mosque4 ,!n1 turn+ 8 cloak & cap inside out1 he said1 ,my ,god1 ,i ask = no rew>d = ! au/]ities ,i h practis$ all my life4 ,i say no?+ ( ! pray]s :i* ,i h pray$ dur+ :ole nights1 ( ! fa/s ,i h kept dur+ ! day1 ( ! numb] ( times ,i h said ! ,koran ?r\gh4 ,o my ,god1 ?\ kn[e/ t ,i ?9k no?+ ( ! works :i* ,i h done1 & t s f> f putt+ tru/ 9 !m1 ,i w\ld r =get !m4 ,besides1 is x n ?\ :o ha/ cov]$ my nak$ness ) ! raim5t ( ^! good works8 ,z = me1 ,i consid] myself z a fire-wor%ipp] :o has gr[n to old age 9 a /ate ( infidelity4 ,b n[ ,i say ',allah6 ,allah6' & ,i cut ! girdle ( ! idolator4 ,i ent] ,islam z a new proselyte1 & ,i repeat ! pr(ession ( ! ,moslem fai?4 ,i reckon all t ,i h done no?+4 ,deign1 = ,?y m]cy's sake1 to blot out all my evil de$s & transgressions4 ,:5 he 0 dy+1 he aga9 ejaculat$ ,allah6 ,allah6 ,!n he cri$1 ,my ,god1 ,i h pass$ my life 9 neglect ( !e2 ,i h n s]v$ ,!e fai?fully1 & expir$4 #af ,pilgrims at ,mecca g r\nd ! ,kaaba sev5 times4 #ag ,an allusion to ! my/ics' doctr9e t man himself is ! true ,kaaba or ,h\se ( ,god4 #ah ,a =mula us$ by dev\t ,mussalm5 at ! sight ( any?+ evil4 #ai ,! ,mihrab is ! ni*e or apse 9 ! wall ( ! mosque fac+ t[>ds ,mecca4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,zu',n ,,nun ,,( ,,egypt 7,d #hfj ,,ad7 ,ibn ,khalliqan1 ! hi/orian1 calls ,zu'n ,nun ! fir/ p]son ( 8 age = le>n+1 devotion & communion ) ! ,div9ity4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 a native ( ,nubia1 0 a slave1 enfran*is$ & adopt$ by ! tribe ( ,korai%4 ,zu'n ,nun1 be+ ask$ :y he _h r5\nc$ ! _w1 said1 ,i w5t =? f ,misr 7,egypt7 j\rney+ to a c]ta9 village1 & ,i fell asleep 9 "o ( ! des]ts on ! way4 ,& my eye 0 op5$1 & lo1 a little bird1 /ill bl9d1 fell f its ne/ to ! gr\nd4 ,!n ! gr\nd split op5 & two trays came =?1 "o ( gold1 ! o!r ( silv]2 9 "o 0 sesame1 & 9 ! o!r wat]2 & ! bird ate ( t1 & drank ( ?is4 ',t'1 said ,i1 'is a suffici5t w>n+ = me2 ,i r5\nce ! _w4' ,& !n ,i did n quit ! door ( div9e m]cy till ,i 0 let 94 ,hav+ be5 d5\nc$ by 8 enemies to ! ,caliph ,mutawakkil ( ,bagdad1 he 0 summon$ f ,egypt to appe> be=e him4 ,on ent]+ into 8 pres5ce1 he address$ a pi\s exhortation to ! ,caliph1 :o %$ te>s1 & dismiss$ him hon\rably4 ,aft] ?is1 :5ev] m5 ( piety 7 spok5 ( be=e ! ,caliph1 he w\ld weep & say1 ,speak+ ( pi\s m51 let me h ,zu'n ,nun4 ,at ,cairo1 h[ev]1 ,zu'n ,nun did n come (f s easily4 ,he op5ly rebuk$ ! vices ( ! inhabitants1 & especially ( ! local gov]nors1 :o caus$ him to be beat5 & imprison$4 ,all ?is is z no?+1 s ,i be n sep>at$ f !e1 ,o my ,god1 0 8 exclamation :ile dragg$ ?r\gh ! cr[d$ /reet ) bl[s & insults by ! soldi]s ( ! g>rison4 ,zu'n ,nun relat$ ! foll[+ /ory ( himself4 ,"o day ,i saw a beautiful palace on ! bank ( a riv] :]e ,i 0 p]=m+ my devotions4 ,on ! ro( ( ?is palace ,i p]ceiv$ a lovely maid54 ,curi\s ( le>n+ :o %e 01 ,i approa*$ & ask$ h] ! "n ( h] ma/]4 ,%e answ]$1 ',o ,zu'n ,nun :5 y 7 /ill a great way (f1 ,i took y = a madman1 :5 y came ne>]1 = a religi\s man1 :5 y came /ill ne>]1 = "o ( ! initiat$4 ,i n[ p]ceive t y are nei!r mad1 nor religi\s1 nor initiat$4 ,if y _h be5 mad1 y w\ld n h engag$ 9 religi\s ex]cises2 if y _h be5 religi\s1 y w\ld n h look$ at a p]son :om y ought n to approa*2 if y _h be5 initiat$1 no?+ w\ld h drawn y\r att5tion away f ,god4' ,s say+1 %e disappe>$4 ,i !n recognis$ t %e 0 no mortal1 b an angel4 #bj,zu'n ,nun relates t he he>d 8 spiritual tea*] ,s*akran rec\nt ! foll[+ /ory4 ,:5 ,i 0 "y1 ,i liv$ on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,nile1 ne> ,cairo1 & ga9$ my livelihood by f]ry+ pass5g]s across to ! we/]n side4 ,"o day1 z ,i 0 sitt+ 9 my boat ne> ! riv] edge1 an ag$ man pres5t$ himself be=e me2 he wore a tatt]$ robe1 a /aff 0 9 8 h&1 & a wat]-sk9 susp5d$ f 8 neck4 ',w y f]ry me ov] = ! love ( ,god8' said he4 ,i answ]$1 ',yes4' ',& w y fulfil my commission = ! love ( ,god8' ',yes4' ,accord+ly1 ,i r[$ him across to ! we/]n side4 ,on alight+ f ! boat1 he po9t$ to a solit>y tree "s di/ance (f1 & said to me1 ',n[ g y\r way1 & d n tr\ble y\rself fur!r ab\t me till to-morr[2 nor inde$ w x be 9 y\r p[]1 ev5 %\ld y desire x1 = z soon z ,i h left y1 y w at once =get me4 ,b to-morr[1 at ?is same h\r ( noon1 y w sudd5ly call me to m9d4 ,!n g to t tree :i* y see be=e y1 ,i %all be ly+ dead 9 its %ade4 ,say ! cu/om>y pray]s ov] my corpse1 & bury me2 !n take my robe1 my /aff & ! wat]-sk91 & return ) !m to ! o!r side ( ! riv]2 !re deliv] !m to him :o %all fir/ ask !m ( y4 ,?is is my commission4' ,hav+ said ?is1 he imm$iately dep>t$4 ,i look$ aft] him1 b soon lo/ sight ( him2 & !n1 z he _h himself already =ew>n$ me1 ,i utt]ly =got him4 ,b next day1 at ! approa* ( noon1 ,i sudd5ly rememb]$ ! ev5t1 & ha/ily cross+ ! riv] alone1 ,i came to ! we/]n bank1 & !n made /raight = ! tree4 ,9 its %ade ,i f\nd him /ret*$ out at full l5g?1 ) a calm & smil+ face1 b dead4 ,i recit$ ov] him ! cu/om>y pray]s1 & buri$ him 9 ! s& at ! foot ( ! tree2 !n ,i took ! g>m5t1 ! /aff & ! wat]-sk91 & return$ to my boat4 ,arriv$ at ! ea/]n side1 ,i f\nd /&+ on ! %ore to meet me a "y man :om ,i knew z a mo/ dissolute fell[ ( ! t[n1 a hir$ musician by pr(ession4 ,he 0 gaudily dress$1 8 c\nt5ance bore ! traces ( rec5t debau*1 & 8 f+]s 7 /a9$ ) h5na4 ',give me ! beque/1' said he4 ,amaz$ at su* a dem& f su* a "*1 ',:at beque/8' ,i answ]$4 ',! /aff1 ! wat]-sk9 & ! g>m5t1' 0 8 reply4 ,!reupon ,i drew !m1 ?\gh unwill+ly1 f ! bottom ( ! boat1 :]e ,i _h conceal$ !m1 & gave !m to him4 ,he at once /ripp$ (f 8 gay clo!s1 put on ! tatt]$ robe1 hung ! wat]-sk9 r\nd 8 neck1 took ! /aff 9 8 h&1 & turn$ to dep>t4 ,i1 h[ev]1 caught hold ( him & exclaim$1 ',= ,god's sake1 ere y g1 tell me ! mean+ ( ?is1 & h[ ?is beque/ has become y\rs1 su* z ,i "k y4' ',by no m]it ( my own1 c]ta9ly1' answ]$ he2 'b ,i pass$ la/ night at a w$d+-fea/1 ) _m boon companions1 9 s++1 dr9k+ deep1 & mad debau*4 ,z ! night wore away & morn+ drew ne>1 tir$ out ) pleasure & heavy ) w9e1 ,i lay d[n to sleep4 ,!n 9 my sleep "o /ood by me1 & said1 ,god has at ?is v h\r tak5 to himself ! s\l ( su* an ascetic1 & has *os5 y to fill 8 place on e>?4 ,rise & g to ! riv] bank1 !re y w meet a f]ryman 9 8 boat2 dem& f him ! beque/4 ,he w give y a g>m5t1 a /aff & a wat]-sk92 take !m1 & live z _! fir/ own] liv$4' ,su* 0 8 /ory4 ,he !n bade me f>ewell1 & w5t 8 way4 ,b ,i wept bitt]ly ov] my own loss1 9 t ,i _h n be5 *os5 9 8 place z successor to ! dead sa9t1 & ?\ght t su* a fav\r w\ld h be5 m wor?ily be/[$ on me ?an on him4 ,b t same night1 z ,i slept1 ,i he>d a voice say+ unto me1 ',s*akran1 is x grief to !e t ,i h call$ an err+ s]vant ( ,m9e to rep5tance8 ,! fav\r is ,my free gift1 & ,i be/[ su* on :om ,i w1 nor yet d ,i =get ^? :o seek ,me4' ,i awoke f sleep1 & rep5t$ ( my impati5t ambition4 ,zu'n ,nun _h a disciple :o _h made ! pilgrimage to ! ,kaaba =ty times1 & dur+ =ty ye>s _h pass$ all 8 nights 9 devotional ex]cises4 ,"o day he came to ,zu'n ,nun & said1 ,dur+ ! =ty ye>s t ,i h practis$ au/]ity1 no?+ ( ! unse5 _w has be5 reveal$ to me2 ! ,fri5d 7i4e41 ,god7 has n spok5 to me1 nor ca/ ^u me a s+le look4 ,i fe> le/ ,i die & leave ?is _w 9 despair4 ,?\1 :o are ! physician ( sick s\ls1 devise "s means = my cure4 ,g1 ,zu'n ,nun repli$1 ?is ev5+1 omit y\r pray]s1 eat z mu* z y l1 & g to sleep4 ,d\btless1 if ! ,fri5d does n look ^u y ) an eye ( m]cy1 ,he w at any rate look ^u y ) an eye ( ang]4 ,! d]vi% w5t away1 b said 8 pray]s z usual1 say+ to himself t x w\ld be wrong to omit !m4 ,!n he ate to satiety1 & w5t to sleep4 ,9 8 dreams he saw ! ,prophet1 :o said to him1 ,o ,d]vi%1 ! ,fri5d s5ds !e 8 salutation1 & says1 ',surely t man is pusillanim\s :o1 z soon z he has arriv$ at ,my c\rt1 ha/5s to return2 set ?y feet on ?is pa? l a brave man1 & !n ,we w give !e ! rew>d = all ! au/]ities :i* ?\ ha/ practis$ = =ty ye>s1 & make !e rea* ! goal ( ?y desires4' ,p]haps someone may ask :y ,zu'n ,nun told 8 disciple to omit 8 pray]s4 ,we %\ld consid] t %eikhs are physicians kn[+ ! rem$y = e k9d ( disease4 ,n[ !re are _m diseases ^: treatm5t involves ! use ( poisons4 ,besides1 ,zu'n ,nun knew well t 8 disciple w\ld c]ta9ly n neglect 8 pray]s4 ,!re are 9 ! spiritual pa? 7t>iqat7 _m ?+s n ju/ifiable accord+ to ! writt5 law 7%>iat74 ,x is ?us t ! ,"l ord]$ ,abraham to slay 8 son1 an act unlawful accord+ to ! writt5 law4 ,b :oev]1 )\t hav+ atta9$ to s high a degree 9 ! spiritual life z ,zu'n ,nun1 %\ld act z he did 9 ?is matt] w\ld be a be+ )\t fai? or law2 = ea* "o 9 8 actions mu/ con=m to ! decisions ( ! writt5 law4 ,zu'n ,nun relat$ once ! foll[+4 ,:5 ,i 0 mak+ ! circuit ( ! ,kaaba1 ,i saw a man ) a pale face & emaciat$ frame4 ,i said to him1 ',do/ ?\ really love ,him8' ',yes1' he answ]$4 ',does ! ,fri5d come ne> !e8' ',yes1 assur$ly4' ',is ,he k9d to !e8' ',yes1 c]ta9ly4' ',:at6' ,i exclaim$1 '! ,fri5d approa*es !e1 ,he is k9d to !e1 & look at ! wret*$ /ate ( ?y body6' ,he repli$1 ',simpleton6 ,kn[e/ ?\ n t !y :om ! ,fri5d approa*es mo/ ne>ly1 are ! mo/ sev]ely tri$8' ,"o day1 said ,zu'n ,nun1 :5 ,i 0 travell+1 ,i arriv$ at a pla9 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,i saw a fire-wor%ipp] :o 0 /rew+ se$s ( millet !re4 ',o infidel1' ,i said1 ':y are y /rew+ ?is millet8' ',to-day1' he said1 'z x has be5 sn[+1 ,i reflect$ t ! birds w\ld f9d no?+ to eat1 & ,i /rew$ ?is millet t !y may f9d "s food1 & ,i hope t ! ,mo/ ,high w p]*ance h m]cy ^u me4' ',! gra9 :i* an infidel s[s1' ,i repli$1 'does n g]m9ate1 & ?\ art a fire-wor%ipp]4' ',well1' he answ]$1 'ev5 if ,god does n accept my (f]+1 may ,i n hope t ,he sees :at ,i am do+8' ',c]ta9ly ,he sees x1' ,i said4 ',if ,he sees x1' he rem>k$ 't is en\gh = me4' ,long aft]w>ds ,i met ?is infidel at ,mecca mak+ ! circuit ( ! ,kaaba4 ,he recognis$ me1 & exclaim$1 ',o ,zu'n ,nun1 ! ,mo/ ,high1 witness+ my act1 has accept$ x4 ,! gra9 ,i s[$ has inde$ sprung up1 = ,god has giv5 me fai?1 & br\ght me to ,8 ,h\se4' ,see+ him1 add$ ,zu'n ,nun1 ,i rejoic$1 & cri$1 ',my ,god1 do/ ,?\ give p>adise to an infidel = a h&ful ( millet se$8' ,!n ,i he>d a voice reply1 ',o ,zu'n ,nun1 ! m]cy ( ! ,"l is )\t limit4' ,zu'n ,nun daily ask$ ?ree ?+s ( ,god 9 pray]4 ,! fir/ 0 nev] to h any c]ta9ty ( 8 means ( subsi/5ce = ! morr[4 ,! second 0 nev] to be 9 hon\r among m54 ,& ! ?ird 0 to see ,god's face 9 m]cy at 8 dea?-h\r4 ,ne> ! end ( 8 life1 "o ( 8 m intimate disciples v5tur$ to "q him on ?is triple pray]1 & :at _h be5 its result4 ,z = ! fir/ & second petitions1 answ]$ ,zu'n ,nun1 ,god has lib]ally grant$ !m1 & ,i tru/ 9 ,8 goodness t ,he w n refuse me ! ?ird4 ,dur+ 8 la/ mom5ts he 0 ask$ :at he wi%$4 ,i wi%1 he repli$1 t if ,i h only "o m brea? left1 x may be sp5t 9 bless+ ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,z he said ?is1 he brea!d 8 la/4 ,he di$ #hfj ,a4,d41 & 8 tomb is /ill an object ( popul> v5]ation at ,cairo4 #bj ,vide ,palgrave3 ,asceticism among ,muhammadan ,nations4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,mansur ,,hallaj 7,d #ibb ,,ad7 ,mansur ,hallaj 7! cotton-comb]71 a ,p]sian1 ( ,zoroa/rian l9eage1 0 a pupil ( ,junaid ( ,bagdad1 a m sob]-m9d$ ,sufi ?an 8 contempor>y ,bayazid ,ba/ami4 ,mansur himself h[ev] 0 ( an en?usia/ic temp]am5t1 & took no pa9s to gu>d 8 language4 ,"o ( 8 extraord9>y utt]ances1 ,i am ! tru?1 l$ at la/ to 8 execution1 ! ,tru? be+ "o ( ! recognis$ names ( ,god 9 ,muhammadan nom5clature4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ev5 at ! pres5t day he passes among ! ,sufis = "o ( _! greate/ sa9ts1 :ile ! m or?odox reg>d him z a d>+ blasphem] :o receiv$ 8 des]ts4 ,8 contempor>ies1 says a ,muhammadan writ]1 ent]ta9$ z _m diff]5t views conc]n+ him z ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians ) respect to ! ,messiah4 ,c]ta9ly :5 we read ! v>i\s acc\nts ( him by au?ors ( diff]5t t5d5cies1 if we did n "k to ! contr>y1 we might suppose ourselves read+ ab\t diff]5t p]sons be>+ ! same "n4 ,! or?odox reg>d him *iefly z a sorc]] 9 league ) sup]natural p[]s1 :e!r cele/ial or inf]nal1 = he caus$1 x is said1 summ] fruits to appe> 9 w9t] & vice v]sa4 ,he c\ld reveal 9 op5 day :at _h be5 done 9 secret1 knew ev]yone's mo/ private ?\ghts1 & :5 he ext5d$ 8 empty h& 9 ! air he drew x back full ( co9s be>+ ! inscription1 ,say3 ,god is ,"o4 ,among ! mod]ate ,%iites1 :o _h m ?an "o po9t ( contact ) ! ,sufis1 x is n a "q ( sorc]y at all4 ,= !m ! doctr9e ( ,hallaj1 :i* he _h also practis$ himself1 meant t by us+ ab/95ce1 by refus+ pleasure & by *a/is+ ! fle%1 man c lift himself gradually to ! height ( ! elect & ev5 ( angels4 ,if he p]sev]es 9 ?is pa? he is gradually purg$ f ev]y?+ human1 he receives ! _s ( ,god z ,jesus did1 & all t he does is done by ,god4 ,! ,%iites say1 moreov]1 t ! reason = :i* ,hallaj 0 put to dea? %\ld be f\nd n 9 8 utt]ances b 9 ! a/oni%+ influ5ce :i* he ex]cis$ ov] ! highe/ classes ( society1 on pr9ces & _! c\rts1 & :i* caus$ mu* disquietude to o!rs1 especially to ! or?odox mullahs4 ,hallaj has ev5 be5 judg$ n unfav\rably by ^? among ! or?odox :o 7 *>act]is$ by a c]ta9 bread? ( view1 & :o1 l ,ghazzali1 al?\gh !y dislik$ free-?9k+1 yet wi%$ = a religion ( ! he>t1 & 7 n cont5t ) ! dry or?odoxy ( ! great majority ( !ologians4 ,ghazzali inde$ has gone s f> z to put a fav\rable con/ruction on ! foll[+ say+s ( ,hallaj3 ,i am ! ,tru?1 ,!re is no?+ 9 ,p>adise except ,god4 ,he ju/ifies !m on ! gr\nd ( ! speak]'s excessive love = ,god4 ,9 8 eyes1 z well z 9 ^? ( o!r great au?orities1 ,hallaj is a sa9t & a m>tyr4 ,! mo/ le>n$ !ologians ( ! t5? c5tury1 on ! contr>y1 believ$ t he des]v$ execution z an infidel & a blasphem]4 ,ev5 ! greate/ admir]s ( ,hallaj1 ! ,sufis1 are n agre$ reg>d+ him4 ,"s ( !m "q :e!r he 7 a ?or\gh-go+ pan!i/1 & ?9k t he taught a num]ical ,pan!ism1 an imman5ce ( ! ,deity 9 c]ta9 s\ls only4 ,b ?is is n ! op9ion ( ! majority ( ! ,sufis4 ,! high e/eem :i* !y ent]ta9 = him is be/ und]/ood by comp>+ ! acc\nt !y give ( 8 m>tyrdom ) t by or?odox writ]s4 ,! latt] runs z foll[s3 ,! common p ( ,bagdad 7 circulat+ reports t ,hallaj c\ld raise ! dead1 & t ! ,j9n#ba 7 8 slaves1 & br\ght him :atev] he desir$4 ,hamid1 ! vizi] ( ! ,caliph ,muqtadir1 0 mu* di/urb$ by ?is1 & reque/$ ! ,caliph to h ,hallaj & 8 p>tizans arre/$4 ,b ! gr& *amb]la9 ,nasir 0 /rongly 9 8 fav\r1 & oppos$ ?is2 8 influ5ce1 h[ev]1 be+ less ?an t ( ! vizi]1 ,hallaj & "s ( 8 foll[]s 7 arre/$4 ,:5 ! latt] 7 que/ion$1 !y admitt$ t !y reg>d$ _! lead] z ,god1 s9ce he rais$ ! dead2 b :5 he 0 que/ion$ himself1 he said1 ,god pres]ve me f claim+ div9ity or ! dignity ( a prophet2 ,i am a mortal man :o adores ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,! vizi] !n summon$ two cadis#bb & ! pr9cipal !ologians1 & desir$ t !y %\ld give s5t5ce aga9/ ,hallaj4 ,!y answ]$ t !y c\ld n pron\nce s5t5ce )\t pro(s & )\t confession on ! "p ( ! accus$4 ,! vizi]1 foil$ 9 8 attempt1 caus$ ,hallaj to be br\ght sev]al times be=e him1 & tri$ by artfully devis$ que/ions to elicit f him "s h]etical utt]ance1 b 9 va94 ,f9ally he succe$$ 9 f9d+ 9 "o ( 8 books ! ass]tion t if a man wi%$ to make ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 b 0 h9d]$ f do+ s by "s reason or o!r1 he c\ld p]=m ! equival5t ( x 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,he %\ld g ?r\gh all ! prescrib$ circuits 9 a *amb] c>efully cleans$ & clos$4 ,9 ?is *amb] also he %\ld give a fea/ ( ! *oice/ food to ?irty orphans1 %\ld wait ^u !m himself1 make !m a pres5t ( clo?+1 & give !m ea* sev5 dirhems4#bc ,all ?is1 he ma9ta9$1 w\ld be a "w m m]itori\s ?an ! pilgrimage itself4 ,! vizi] %[$ to ! cadi ,ab\ ,amr ?is passage :i* sc&alis$ him4 ,ab\ ,amr !n ask$ ,hallaj1 ,:5ce did y d]ive ?is idea8 ,hallaj quot$ a "w ( ,hassan ( ,basra1 f :i* he said he _h tak5 x4 ,x is a lie1 ,o infidel1 ^: dea? is lawful1 exclaim$ ! cadi2 ! book y speak ( 0 exp\nd$ to u at ,mecca by "o ( ! le>n$1 b :at y h writt5 is n 9 x4 ,! vizi] eag]ly caught up ! expressions ,o infidel1 etc41 :i* escap$ ! cadi 9 8 excitem5t1 & ask$ him to pron\nce s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,! cadi refus$2 t1 he said1 0 n 8 int5tion2 b ! vizi] insi/$1 & end$ by obta9+ ! s5t5ce ( dea?1 :i* 0 sign$ by all ! maulvies pres5t4 ,9 va9 ,hallaj s\ght to prove t ! condemnation 0 unju/4 ,y h no "r1 he exclaim$1 to %$ my blood4 ,my religion is ,islam2 ,i believe 9 ! traditions h&$ d[n f ! ,prophet1 & ,i h writt5 on ?is subject books :i* y c f9d ev]y:]e4 ,i h always ackn[l$g$ ! f\r ,imams#bd & ! fir/ f\r ,caliphs4 ,i invoke ! help ( ,god to save my life6 ,he 0 tak5 to prison4 ,! vizi] despat*$ ! s5t5ce ( dea?1 sign$ by ! maulvies1 to ! ,caliph1 :o ord]$ t ,hallaj %\ld be h&$ to ! ,*ief ( ,police & receive a ?\s& /rokes ( ! rod1 & !n ano!r ?\s& if he did n die f ! effects ( ! fir/ sc\rg+1 & f9ally be decapitat$4 ,! vizi]1 h[ev]1 did n transmit ! ord] accurately1 b modifi$ x z foll[s3 ,if ,hallaj does n die "u ! bl[s ( ! rod1 let him fir/ h a h& cut (f1 !n a foot1 !n ! o!r h& & foot4 ,la/ly let 8 head be cut (f1 & 8 body burnt4 ,hallaj und]w5t ! t]rible puni%m5t ) admirable c\rage1 & :5 8 body _h be5 burnt ! a%es 7 ca/ into ! ,tigris4 ,b 8 disciples did n believe 9 8 dea?2 !y 7 p]suad$ t a p]son resembl+ him _h be5 m>tyr$ 9 8 place1 & t he w\ld %[ himself aga9 aft] =ty days4 ,"s decl>$ t !y _h met him m\nt$ on an ass on ! road lead+ to ,nahrawan1 & _h he>d him say1 ,be n l ^? simpletons :o ?9k t ,i h be5 sc\rg$ & put to dea?4 ,?us f> ! !ologians' acc\nt4 ,t giv5 by ,f>idudd9 ,att> 9 8 ,tazkirat-ul-,aulia is z foll[s3 ,?is is he :o 0 a m>tyr 9 ! way ( tru?1 ^: rank has become exalt$1 ^: out] & inn] man 7 pure1 :o has be5 a patt]n ( loyalty 9 love1 :om an irresi/ible long+ drew t[>ds ! contemplation ( ! face ( ,god2 ?is is ! en?usia/ ,mansur ,hallaj1 may ! m]cy ( ,god be ^u him6 ,he 0 intoxicat$ ) a love ^: flames consum$ him4 ,! miracles he work$ 7 su* t ! le>n$ 7 ?und]/ruck at !m4 ,he 0 a man ^: range ( vision 0 imm5se1 ^: words 7 riddles1 & pr(\ndly v]s$ 9 ! k ( my/]ies4 ,born 9 ! canton ( ,baida 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%iraz1 he grew up at ,wasit4 ,abd ,allah ,khafif us$ to say1 ,mansur really possess$ ! k ( ! tru?4 ,i & ,mansur1 decl>$ ,%ibli1#be foll[$ ! same pa?2 !y reg>d$ me z mad1 & my life 0 sav$ !reby1 :ile ,mansur p]i%$ because he 0 sane4 ,if ,mansur _h be5 really a/ray 9 error1 ! two le>n$ m5 we h j quot$ w\ld n h spok5 ( him 9 su* t]ms4 ,_m wise m51 h[ev]1 h reproa*$ him = reveal+ ! my/]ies ( tru? to ! vulg> h]d4 ,:5 he _h gr[n up1 he 0 two ye>s 9 ! s]vice ( ,abd ,allah ,te%t>i4 ,he made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 & on 8 return became a disciple ( ! ,sufi ,junaid4 ,"o day1 :5 ,mansur 0 ply+ him ) que/ions on c]ta9 obscure & difficult po9ts1 ,junaid said1 ,o ,mansur1 be=e v long y w r$d5 ! head ( ! /ake4#bf ,! day :5 ,i r$d5 ! head ( ! /ake1 rejo9$ ,mansur1 y w ca/ away ! g>m5t ( ! d]vi% & assume t ( ord9>y m54 ,x is relat$ t on ! day :5 ,mansur 0 tak5 to execution all ! ,ulama#bg sign$ ! s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,junaid also mu/ sign1 said ! ,caliph4 ,junaid accord+ly repair$ to ! college ( ! ,ulama1 :]e1 aft] putt+ on a mullah's robe & turban1 he record$ 9 writ+ 8 op9ion t ?\gh app>5tly ,mansur des]v$ dea?1 inw>dly he possess$ ! k ( ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,hav+ left ,bagdad1 ,mansur sp5t a ye> at ,ta%t]1 !n he sp5t five ye>s 9 travell+ ?r\gh ,khorassan1 ,sei/an & ,turke/an4 ,on 8 return to ,bagdad1 ! numb] ( 8 foll[]s l>gely increas$1 & he gave utt]ance to _m /range say+s :i* excit$ ! suspicions ( ! or?odox4 ,at la/ he began to say1 ,i am ! ,tru?4 ,^! words 7 repeat$ to ! ,caliph1 & _m p]sons r5\nc$ ,mansur z a religi\s lead] & appe>$ z witnesses aga9/ him4 ,among ^! 0 ,junaid1 to :om ! ,caliph said1 ,o ,junaid1 :at is ! mean+ ( ?is say+ ( ,mansur8 ,o ,caliph1 answ]$ ,junaid1 ?is man %\ld be put to dea?1 = su* a say+ _c be reasonably expla9$4 ,! ,caliph !n ord]$ him to be ca/ into prison4 ,!re = a :ole ye> he cont9u$ to hold discussions ) ! le>n$4 ,at ! end ( t "t ! ,caliph =bade t anyone %\ld h access to him2 9 consequ5ce1 no "o w5t to see him = five mon?s except ,abd ,allah ,khafif4 ,ano!r "t ,ibn ,ata s5t someone to say to him1 ,o ,%eikh1 )draw :at y said1 s t y may escape dea?4 ,nay1 r he :o s5t y to me %\ld ask =giv5ess1 repli$ ,mansur4 ,ibn ,ata1 he>+ ?is1 %$ te>s & said1 ,alas1 he is irrep>ably lo/6 ,9 ord] to =ce him to retract1 he 0 fir/ ( all giv5 ?ree hundr$ bl[s ) a rod1 b 9 va94 ,he 0 !n l$ to execution4 ,a cr[d ( ab\t a hundr$ ?\s& m5 foll[$ him1 & z he look$ r\nd on !m1 he cri$1 ,true6 ,true6 ,true6 ,i am ! ,tru?6 ,x is said t among !m 0 a d]vi% :o ask$ him1 ,:at is love8 ,?\ %alt see1 ,mansur repli$1 to-day & to-morr[ & ! day aft]4 ,&1 z x happ5$1 t day he 0 put to dea?1 ! next day 8 body 0 burnt1 & on ! ?ird 8 a%es 7 scatt]$ to ! w9ds4 ,he meant t su* w\ld be ! results ( 8 love to ,god4 ,on 8 son ask+ ( him a la/ piece ( advice1 ,:ile ! p ( ! _w1 he said1 sp5d _! en]gies on e>?ly objects1 d ?\ apply ?yself to a /udy1 ! lea/ portion ( :i* is wor? all t m5 & ,j9n c produce--! /udy ( tru?4 ,z he walk$ along lightly & al]tly1 ?\gh load$ ) _m *a9s1 !y ask$ him ! reason ( 8 confid5t be>+4 ,x is1 he said1 because ,i am go+ to ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+4 ,!n he add$1 ,my ,ho/1 9 :om !re is no inju/ice1 has pres5t$ me ) ! dr9k :i* is usually giv5 to a gue/2 b :5 ! cups h began to circulate he has s5t = ! execution] ) 8 sword & lea!rn c>pet4 ,?us f>es x ) him :o dr9ks ) ! ,dragon#bh 9 ,july4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! scaffold1 he turn$ 8 face t[>ds ! we/]n gate ( ,bagdad1 & set 8 foot on ! fir/ rung ( ! ladd]1 ! fir/ /ep heav5w>d1 z he said4 ,!n he gird$ himself ) a girdle1 &1 lift+ up 8 h&s t[>ds heav51 turn$ t[>ds ,mecca1 & said exultantly1 ,let x be z ,he has will$4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! plat=m ( ! scaffold1 a gr\p ( 8 disciples call$ out to him1 ,:at d y say reg>d+ u1 ?y disciples1 & reg>d+ ^? :o d5y ?y claims & are ab\t to /one !e8 ,!y w h a two-fold rew>d1 & y only a s+le "o1 he answ]$1 = y limit y\rselves to hav+ a good op9ion ( me1 :ile !y are c>ri$ on by _! zeal = ! unity ( ,god & = ! writt5 law4 ,n[ 9 ! law ! doctr9e ( ,god's unity is fundam5tal1 :ile a good op9ion is m]ely accessory4 ,%ibli ! ,sufi /ood 9 front ( him & cri$1 ,did we n tell !e n to ga!r m5 toge!r8#bi ,!n he add$1 ,o ,hallaj1 :at is ,sufism8 ,?\ see/1 repli$ ,hallaj1 ! lea/ "p ( x4 ,:at is !n ! highe/8 ask$ ,%ibli4 ,?\ can/ n atta9 to x1 he answ]$4 ,!n !y all began to /one him4 ,%ibli mak+ common cause ) ! o!rs ?rew mud at him4 ,hallaj utt]$ a cry4 ,:at1 said "o1 y h n fl9*$ "u ?is hail ( /ones1 & n[ y cry out because ( a little mud6 ,:y is t8 ,ah6 he repli$1 !y d n "k :at !y are do+1 & are excusable2 b he grieves me because he kn[s ,i ought n to be /on$ at all4 ,:5 !y cut (f 8 h&s1 he laugh$ & said1 ,to cut (f ! h&s ( a fett]$ man is easy1 b to sev] ! l9ks :i* b9d me to ! ,div9ity w\ld be a task inde$4 ,!n !y cut (f 8 two feet4 ,he said smil+1 ,) ^! ,i us$ to accompli% my e>?ly j\rneys1 b ,i h ano!r pair ( feet ) :i* ,i c trav]se bo? worlds4 ,hew ^! (f if ye c6 ,!n1 ) 8 ble$+ /umps1 he rubb$ 8 *eeks & arms4 ,:y d y d t8 he 0 ask$4 ,i h lo/ mu* blood1 he answ]$1 & le/ y %\ld ?9k ! pallor ( my c\nt5ance betok5s fe>1 ,i h r$d5$ my *eeks4 ,b :y y\r arms4 ,! ablutions ( love mu/ be made 9 blood1 he repli$4 ,!n 8 eyes 7 torn out4 ,at ?is a tumult arose 9 ! cr[d4 ,"s bur/ into te>s1 o!rs ca/ /ones at him4 ,:5 !y 7 ab\t to cut out 8 tongue1 he exclaim$1 ,wait a little2 ,i h some?+ to say4 ,!n1 lift+ 8 face t[>ds heav51 he said1 ,my ,god1 = ! sake ( ^! suff]+s1 :i* !y inflict on me because ( ,!e1 d n inflict loss ^u !m nor deprive !m ( _! %>e ( felicity4 ,behold1 ^u ! scaffold ( my torture ,i enjoy ! contemplation ( ,?y glory4 ,8 la/ words 71 ,help me1 ,o ,?\ only ,"o1 to :om !re is no second6 & he recit$ ! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,koran1 ,^? :o d n believe say1 ',:y does n ! day ( judgm5t ha/58' ,^? :o believe tremble at ! m5tion ( x1 = !y "k t x is ne>4 ,!n !y cut out 8 tongue1 & he smil$4 ,f9ally1 at ! "t ( ev5+ pray]1 8 head 0 cut (f4 ,8 body 0 burnt1 & ! a%es ?r[n into ! ,tigris4 ,! high op9ion ent]ta9$ ( ,mansur ,hallaj by ,f>idudd9 ,att>1 z se5 9 ! above acc\nt1 has be5 e*o$ by subsequ5t ,sufi writ]s4 ,jalaludd9 ,rumi1 ! great my/ic poet1 says ( him3 ,ph>aoh said ',i am ! ,tru?1'#cj & 0 laid l[4 ,mansur ,hallaj said ',i am ! ,tru?1' & escap$ free4 ,ph>aoh's ',i' 0 foll[$ by ! curse ( ,god4 ,mansur's ',i' 0 foll[$ by ! m]cies ( ,god4 ,because ,ph>aoh 0 a /one1 ,mansur a ruby1 ,ph>aoh an enemy ( light1 ,mansur a fri5d4 ,mansur's ',i am ,he1' 0 a deep my/ic say+1 ,express+ union ) ! light1 n m]e inc>nation4#ca ,simil>ly ,abdurrahman1 ! *ief poet ( ! ,afghans says3 ,e "o :o is crucifi$ l ,mansur1 ,aft] dea? 8 cross becomes a fruitful tree4 #ba ,spirits4 #bb ,judges4 #bc ,a small co94 #bd ,! f\nd]s ( ! f\r or?odox ,sects4 #be ,a celebrat$ contempor>y ,sufi #bf ,ref]r+ to puni%m5t by impal+4 #bg ,le>n$ m54 #bh i4e4 ,god4 #bi ,koran ,v1 v #gj4 #cj ,accord+ to ! ,koran1 ,ph>aoh claim$ div9ity4 #ca ,:9field's ,masnavi p4 #bdh4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,habib ,,ajami 7,d #ggc ,,ad7 ,habib ,ajami 0 a ri* usur] ( ,basra1 & us$ to sp5d mo/ ( 8 "t go+ ab\t & collect+ ! money :i* 0 due to him4 ,he us$ also to insi/ on be+ paid = ! "t s sp5t4 ,"o day he _h gone to ! h\se ( "o ( 8 debtors1 & :5 he _h knock$ at ! door ! debtor's wife said to him1 ,my husb& is n at home4 ,if he is n1 said ,habib1 pay me = my lo/ "t & ,i w g4 ,b ,i h no?+1 repli$ ! woman1 except a neck ( mutton4 ,%e fet*$ x & gave x to him4 ,habib took x home to 8 wife1 & told h] to cook x4 ,b1 said %e1 we h no bread or wood4 ,s ,habib w5t (f aga91 exact$ 8 indemnity = lo/ "t f ano!r debtor1 & b\ght wood & bread1 :i* he took home4 ,8 wife set ab\t cook+ ! food1 :5 a d]vi% appe>$ at ! door ask+ alms4 ,g away1 said ,habib to him2 y won't become ri* ) :at y get "h4 ,! d]vi% dep>t$ 9 sil5ce4 ,habib's wife prep>$ to put ! food on ! plates1 b :5 %e look$ into ! cook+ pot %e saw a mass ( blood4 ,fill$ ) t]ror1 %e said to ,habib1 ,y\r h>%ness t[>ds ! d]vi% has br\ght ?is mis=tune on u4 ,all ! food 9 ! cook+ pot has turn$ to blood4 ,habib1 fright5$ himself1 rep5t$1 &1 z a pl$ge ( ! reality ( 8 conv]sion1 v[$ to ab&on ! practice ( usury4 ,! foll[+ day 0 a ,friday4 ,habib1 hav+ gone out1 saw z he 0 walk+ along1 *ildr5 play+ on ! road4 ,!y no soon] saw him ?an !y said to ea* o!r1 ,"h is ! usur] com+2 let u be (f1 le/ ! du/ rais$ by 8 feet t\* u & we become curs$ l him4 ,at ^! words ,habib ,ajami 0 pr(\ndly /irr$1 & w5t (f to consult ,hasan ,basri1 :om he f\nd 9 ! act ( prea*+ on ! t]rors ( ! judgm5t-day4 ,habib 0 s ov]come ) fe> t he fa9t$4 ,:5 he came to himself1 he made public confession ( 8 s9s 9 ! pres5ce ( ,hasan ,basri & ! congregation4 ,!n he left ! mosque & return$ home4 ,"o ( 8 debtors1 see+ him on ! road1 attempt$ to get out ( 8 way1 b ,habib call$ aft] him & said1 ,don't fly away2 =m]ly y us$ to avoid me1 b n[ x is ,i :o seek to avoid y4 ,z he approa*$ 8 h\se he met ! same *ildr5 z be=e1 & he>d !m say to "o ano!r1 ,we mu/ get out ( ! way1 le/ ! du/ rais$ by our feet %\ld soil ,habib1 :o has rep5t$4 ,habib1 he>+ ?is1 exclaim$1 ,o ,"l1 9 t v h\r1 :51 return+ f my errors1 ,i h tak5 refuge ) ,!e1 ,?\ ha/ put affection = me 9 ! he>ts ( ,?y fri5ds1 & *ang$ into bless+s ! curses :i* us$ to greet my "n4 ,he remitt$ all ! debts t 7 due to him1 & gave public notice t all 8 debtors _h only to come & take back _! bonds4 ,!y all came & did s4 ,!n he gave away all ! weal? he _h be5 amass+ = ye>s1 till he _h no?+ left4 ,he built a h]mitage on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 :]e he gave himself up to a devotional life1 sp5d+ :ole nights 9 pray]4 ,dur+ ! day he att5d$ ! in/ructions ( ,hasan ,basri4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 religi\s life he receiv$ ! appellation ,ajami 7ill-in/ruct$7 because he c\ld n pron\nce ! words ( ! ,koran prop]ly4 ,aft] "s "t 8 wife began to compla91 say+1 ,i mu/ really h "s money2 we h nei!r food to eat nor clo!s to we>4 ,at ?is "t ,habib 0 9 ! habit ( go+ e day to 8 h]mitage on ! banks ( ! riv]1 & sp5d+ ! day 9 devotional ex]cises4 ,9 ! ev5+s he came home4 ,"o ev5+ 8 wife ask$ him :]e he _h be5 dur+ ! day4 ,i h be5 work+1 he repli$4 ,v well1 :]e are y\r wages8 %e ask$4 ,my employ]1 said ,habib1 is a g5]\s p]son4 ,he has promis$ to pay me at ! end ( t5 days4 ,s he cont9u$ sp5d+ 8 "t z be=e4 ,on ! t5? day1 z he reflect$ 9 8 h]mitage1 he wond]$ :at he %\ld say to 8 wife :5 he return$ 9 ! ev5+1 & %e want$ some?+ to eat4 ,t day f\r m5 came to ! h\se ( ,habib4 ,"o br\ght a quantity ( fl\r1 ano!r a %eep1 a ?ird a j> ( honey1 & ! f\r? a bottle ( oil4 ,n long aft] !m a fif? came ) a purse ( gold4 ,!y gave all ^! to ,habib's wife1 say+ to h]1 ,y\r husb&'s ,employ] has s5t ^!1 & !y add$1 ,tell y\r husb& t 8 ,ma/] bids him cont9ue 8 "w1 & ,he w cont9ue 8 wages4 ,!n !y dep>t$4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,habib came home1 p5sive & anxi\s4 ,z he ent]$ ! h\se an od\r ( cook+ greet$ him4 ,8 wife ha/5$ to meet him1 & said1 ,o ,habib1 g on work+ = y\r employ]1 = he is v g5]\s1 & has s5t all t y see "h1 ) ?is message t y are to g on work+1 & he w cont9ue to pay y4 ,he>+ ?is1 ,habib became m confirm$ ?an ev] 9 8 resolve to give up ! _w & to live to ,god4 ,"o day ,hasan ,basri paid ,habib a visit 9 8 h]mitage4 ,! latt] _h two b>ley loaves & a little salt1 :i* he plac$ be=e 8 gue/4 ,j z ! latt] 0 comm5c+ to eat & 9 ! act ( /ret*+ out 8 h&1 a d]vi% appe>$ at ! door & ask$ = alms4 ,habib imm$iately h&$ him ! two loaves4 ,hasan1 some:at ruffl$1 said1 ,habib1 y are a good man1 b y w\ld be none ! worse = a little culture & intellig5ce4 ,don't y "k t "o ought nev] to take food away f be=e a gue/8 ,at any rate1 y might h giv5 "o ( ^? loaves to ! d]vi%1 & left ! o!r4 ,habib made no reply4 ,"s m9utes aft]w>ds a man came c>ry+ 9 a napk9 a roa/ lamb1 a l>ge plate ( sweetmeats1 & "s money4 ,he set !m be=e ,habib & said1 ,sir1 s & s s5ds y ^! ) 8 complim5ts4 ,habib & ,hasan made a he>ty meal1 & ,habib di/ribut$ ! money to "s pass+ m5dicants4 ,!n he said to ,hasan ,basri1 ,my ma/]1 y are a good man1 b x w\ld h be5 bett] _h y %[n m s9c]ity 9 ?is matt]1 = !n y w\ld h possess$ bo? k & s9c]ity1 & ! two g well toge!r4 ,on ano!r occasion ,hasan ,basri arriv$ at ,habib's h]mitage j z ! latt] 0 comm5c+ 8 ev5+ pray]s4 ,he>+ him pron\nce ! words al hamdu#cb z al hemdu1 ,hasan said to himself1 ,?is man _c pron\nce ! words ( ! ,koran prop]ly2 x is impossible to pray ) him1 & he said 8 pray]s ap>t4 ,t same night he saw ! ,"l 9 a dream1 & ask$ him1 ,"l1 :at mu/ ,i d to ga9 ,?y approval4 ,an answ] came1 ,o ,hasan1 ?\ had/ ga9$ x1 b did/ n appreciate its value4 ,?\ %\lde/ h pray$ ) ,habib ,ajami4 ,su* a pray] w\ld h _h m wor? ?an all ^? :i* ?\ ha/ made 9 ! c\rse ( ?y life4 ,! tongues ( o!rs may speak rightly1 b ! he>t ( ,habib feels rightly4 ,"o day ,hasan ,basri1 fly+ f ! ag5ts ( ,hejjaj ibn ,yusuf1 ! blood?ir/y gov]nor ( ,irak1 took refuge 9 ,habib's h]mitage4 ,! pursu]s1 arriv+1 ask$ ,habib :e!r ,hasan _h pass$ t way4 ,no1 he said1 he is "h 9 my dwell+4 ,!y ent]$1 & see+ no "o said to ,habib1 ,o ,habib1 :atev] treatm5t ,hejjaj deals out to y1 y w h ri*ly des]v$ x4 ,:y did y lie to u8 ,i tell y1 said ,habib1 ,hasan is )9 ?is dwell+2 if y don't see him1 :at c ,i d8 ,!y aga9 made a se>*1 b n succe$+ 9 f9d+ ,hasan1 dep>t$4 ,hasan !n came out ( 8 hid+-place1 & said1 ,o ,habib1 is ?is ! way ?\ repaye/ ?y debt to ?y ma/]1 by betray+ him8 ,ma/]1 answ]$ ,habib1 x is ?anks to my tru?fulness t ?\ ha/ escap$4 ,if ,i _h told a lie we %\ld h bo? be5 caught4 ,hasan !n said1 ,:at words did/ ?\ recite z a safegu>d8 ,i repeat$ t5 times1 said ,habib1 ! ',v]se ( ! ?rone1'#cc t5 times ',believe 9 ! ,apo/le1'#cd six times ',say1 !re is "o ,god1' & 9 addition ,i said1 ',"l1 ,i entru/ ,hasan to ,!e2 take c>e ( him4' ,hasan !n ask$ ,habib h[ he _h arriv$ at su* a high degree ( sanctity4 ,i sp5d my "t1 he said1 9 purify+ my he>t1 :ile y sp5d y\rs 9 black5+ pap] 7,hasan hav+ writt5 _m !ological works74 ,alas6 said ,hasan4 ,mu/ !n my k b5efit o!rs1 only :ile ,i h no?+ b ! outw>d %[ ( x8 ,we mu/ n suppose1 says ,f>idudd9 ,att> 9 n>rat+ ! above incid5t1 t ,habib _h really atta9$ a high] degree ( piety ?an ,hasan2 = 9 ! eyes ( ! ,"l no?+ is high] ?an k4 ,! doctors ( ,islam h said truly1 ',9 ! spiritual pa? ! gift ( p]=m+ miracles is ! f\rte5? /age1 :ile k is ! eighte5?4 ,! gift ( miracles is ! rew>d ( _m works ( piety1 :ile ! k ( my/]ies is reveal$ only to pr(\nd m$itation4 ,consid] ! case ( ,solomon1 ^u :om be peace6 ,he und]/ood ! language ( birds1 & yet1 ?\gh arriv$ at su* a high degree ( k1 he submitt$ to ! ,law giv5 by ,moses1 & act$ accord+ to its in/ructions4' ,e "t t he he>d ! ,koran read1 ,habib us$ to weep bitt]ly4 ,"s "o said to him1 ,y are a b>b>ian 7! lit]al mean+ ( ! ^w ',ajami'74 ,! ,koran is 9 ,arabic1 & y don't und]/& x2 :y !n d y weep8 ,x is true1 he said my tongue is b>b>ian1 b my he>t is ,arab4 #cb ,praise to ,god4 #cc ,koran c4 #b1 v4 #bef4 #cd ,koran c4 #d1 v4 #ace4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,avic5na 7,,ibn ,,s9a7 7,,ad #ihj-ajcg7 ,avic5na1 n[ be/ kn[n z a philosoph]1 0 p]haps bett] kn[n 9 ! middle ages z a k9d ( magician ow+ to ! ma/]y ( m$ical sci5ce4 ,8 fa!r 0 a native ( ,balkh1 b remov$ f t city to ,bokh>a2 hav+ display$ great abilities z a gov]nm5t tax collector he 0 appo9t$ to fill t (fice 9 a t[n call$ ,kh>mai!n1 "o ( ! dep5d5cies ( ,bokh>a4 ,"h ,avic5na 0 born4 ,at ! age ( t5 ye>s he 0 a p]fect ma/] ( ! ,koran1 & _h /udi$ ari?metic & algebra4 ,! philosoph] ,an-,natili hav+ visit$ !m ab\t t "t1 ,avic5na's fa!r lodg$ him 9 8 own h\se1 & ,avic5na /udi$ "u him logic1 ,euclid & ! ,almage/ 7an a/ronomical treatise ( ,ptolemy74 ,he soon surpass$ 8 ma/]1 & expla9$ to him difficulties & obscurities :i* ! latt] _h n und]/ood4 ,on ! dep>ture ( ,an-,natili1 ,avic5na appli$ himself to ! /udy ( natural philosophy1 div9ity1 & o!r sci5ces4 ,he !n felt an incl9ation to le>n m$ic9e1 & /udi$ m$ical works2 he treat$ pati5ts1 n = ga91 b 9 ord] to increase 8 k4 ,:5 he 0 sixte5 ye>s ( age1 physicians ( ! highe/ em95ce came to him = in/ruction & to le>n f him ^? modes ( treatm5t :i* he _h discov]$ by 8 practice4 ,b ! great] portion ( 8 "t 0 giv5 to ! /udy ( logic & philosophy4 ,:5 ,i 0 p]plex$ ab\t any "q1 he says 9 an autobiographical fragm5t1 ,i w5t to ! mosque & pray$ ,god to resolve ! difficulty4 ,at night ,i return$ home2 ,i lit ! lamp1 & set myself to read & write4 ,:5 ,i felt myself gr[+ tir$ & sleepy ,i drank a glass ( w9e1 :i* r5ew$ my en]gy1 & !n resum$ read+4 ,:5 f9ally ,i fell asleep ,i kept dream+ ( ! problems :i* _h ex]cis$ my wak+ ?\ghts1 & z a matt] ( fact (t5 discov]$ ! solution ( !m 9 my sleep4 ,:5 he came across ! ,metaphysics ( ,ari/otle1 t "w 9 spite ( 8 acut5ess seem$ to pres5t an insup]able difficulty4 ,i read ?is book1 he says1 b ,i did n und]/& x1 & ! purport ( x rema9$ s obscure to me t ?\gh ,i read x =ty times ?r\gh & c\ld repeat x by he>t1 ,i 0 z f> f und]/&+ x z ev]4 ,9 despair1 ,i said to myself1 ',?is book is q incompreh5sible4' ,"o day at ! "t ( aft]noon pray] ,i w5t to a booksell]'s1 & !re ,i met a fri5d :o _h a book 9 8 h&1 :i* he prais$ & %[$ me4 ,i look$ at x 9 a li/less way & h&$ x back1 c]ta9 t x 0 ( no use to me4 ,b he said to me1 ',buy x2 x is v *eap4 ,i w sell x y = ?ree dirhems2 its own] is 9 ne$ ( money4' ,x 0 a comm5t>y ( ,al ,f>abi on ! metaphysics ( ,ari/otle4 ,i b\ght x1 took x home & began to read x4 ,imm$iately all my difficulties 7 cle>$ up1 z ,i knew ! ,metaphysics by he>t4 ,i 0 delight$1 & ! next day di/ribut$ alms to ! poor 9 ord] to %[ my gratitude to ,god4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! ,emir ,nuh ,ibn ,mansur1 pr9ce ( ,khorassan1 fell ill1 & hav+ he>d ( ,avic5na's tal5t1 s5t = him & 0 re/or$ to heal? "u 8 treatm5t4 ,z a rew>d1 ,avic5na 0 all[$ to /udy 9 ! pr9ce's libr>y1 :i* conta9$ sev]al *e/s ( r>e manuscripts4 ,"h he discov]$ treatises on ! sci5ces ( ! anci5ts1 & o!r subjects1 ! ess5ce ( :i* he extract$4 ,x happ5$ "s "t aft]w>ds t ?is libr>y 0 de/roy$ by fire1 & ,avic5na rema9$ ! sole depository ( ! k :i* x conta9$4 ,"s p]sons ev5 said t x 0 he :o _h set fire to ! libr>y because he alone 0 acqua9t$ ) its cont5ts1 & wi%$ to be _! sole possessor4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he _h completely ma/]$ all ! sci5ces :i* he _h /udi$4 ,! dea? ( 8 fa!r & ! fall ( ! ,samanide dyna/y =c$ him to quit ^? lit]>y treasures :i* he _h le>nt to appreciate s well4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-two he left ,bokh>a & w5t to ,jorjan1 ! capital ( ,khw>ezm :]e he frequ5t$ ! ,c\rt ( ,%ah ,ali ibn ,mam\n4 ,at ?is "t ! celebrat$ ,sultan ,mahm\d ( ,ghazni1 hav+ he>d t !re 7 sev]al le>n$ m51 & among !m ,avic5na1 at ! ,c\rt ( ,mam\n1 reque/$ ! latt] to s5d !m to him4 ,sev]al ( !m w5t1 b ,avic5na refus$1 probably because 8 or?odoxy 0 suspect$1 & ,sultan ,mahm\d 0 a /rict ,sunni4 ,mahm\d 0 mu* displeas$ at n see+ ,avic5na appe> at 8 c\rt ) ! re/1 & s5t descriptions & draw+s ( him 9 sev]al directions 9 ord] t he might be arre/$4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,avic5na f9d+ ! all[ance made to him at ! ,c\rt ( ,mam\n insuffici5t1 left ,jorjan & w&]$ ?r\gh ! t[ns ( ,khorassan4 ,f9ally he settl$ 9 a little village ne> ,balkh4 ,!re he compos$ ! great] "p ( 8 philosophical works1 & among o!rs ! book on ! ,et]nal ,pr9ciple & ! ,return ( ! ,s\l4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds he 0 call$ to ,hamadan to treat ! ,buwayhid ,sultan ,%ams-ed ,dawla1 :o suff]$ f a dang]\s ga/ric malady4 ,he 0 successful 9 cur+ ! ,sultan1 :o %[$ 8 gratitude by appo9t+ ,avic5na 8 vizi]4 ,! affairs ( ,/ate did n prev5t ,avic5na f c>ry+ on 8 /udies1 = dur+ 8 /ay at ,hamadan he f\nd "t to comm5ce 8 exposition ( ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle entitl$ ! ,%ifa :i* he und]took at ! ,sultan's reque/4 ,at ?is "t ,avic5na pres5t$ ! r>e spectacle ( a philosoph] dis*>g+ ! functions ( a /atesman1 )\t injury to ei!r /atesman%ip or philosophy4 ,8 great physical en]gy enabl$ him to sp5d ! day 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,sultan & a great "p ( ! night 9 philosophical discussions ) 8 disciples4 ,8 writ+s1 :i* date f ?is "t1 all[ u to judge ) :at success he pursu$ 8 philosophical /udies1 & we h e reason to believe t he 0 equally successful 9 ! conduct ( affairs1 =1 aft] ! dea? ( ,%ams-ed-,dawla1 8 son & successor ,taj-ed-,dawla reque/$ him to reta9 ! po/ ( vizi]4 ,avic5na appreciat$ ?is te/imony to 8 wor?1 b decl9$ ! (f] 9 ord] to devote himself to ! completion ( 8 great "w1 ! ,%ifa4 ,b ev5 9 8 /udi\s retirem5t he 0 n out ( rea* ( political di/urbance4 ,suspect$ ( c>ry+ on secret correspond5ce ) ,ala-ed-,dawla1 ! gov]nor ( ,ispahan1 an enemy ( ,taj-ed-,dawla1 ,avic5na 0 imprison$ 9 a neighb\r+ =tress4 ,he w\ld probably h rema9$ !re a long "t _h n ! =tune ( w> put ,ala-ed-,dawla 9 possession ( ,hamadan1 ,avic5na 0 lib]at$ aft] an imprisonm5t ( f\r mon?s4 ,despite ?is misadv5ture he succe$$ dur+ 8 /ay at ,hamadan 9 complet+ ! ,%ifa & sev]al m$ical treatises1 besides1 a little my/ical allegory1 ,hay ibn ,yokdhan 7,! liv+ "o1 son ( ! ,wak+ ,"o74 ,?is %[s ! my/ical side ( ,avic5na's philosophy1 & we !re=e subjo9 an abridgm5t & explanation ( x4 ,dur+ my soj\rn 9 a c]ta9 c\ntry1 ,i us$ to make excursions ) my fri5ds to pleasant spots 9 our vic9ity4 ,"o day :5 /roll+ out ) !m ,i met an old man :o1 9 spite ( 8 advanc$ age1 seem$ brimful ( juv5ile ard\r1 be+ nei!r b5t nor hav+ :ite hairs4 ,we felt attract$ by him & acco/$ him4 ,aft] ! usual salutations1 ,i op5$ ! conv]sation by reque/+ him to in=m u ab\t himself1 8 trade1 "n1 family1 & c\ntry4 ',z to my "n & family1' he answ]$1 ',i am call$ ,hay ibn ,yokdhan1 & ,i 0 born 9 ,j]usalem2 z to my occupation1 x consi/s 9 trav]s+ all ! regions ( ! e>?1 always foll[+ ! direction indicat$ by my ,fa!r4 ,he has entru/$ to me ! keys ( all ! sci5ces & guid$ me ?r\gh all ways ev5 to ! utmo/ b\nds ( ! univ]se4' ,we cont9u$ to ask him que/ions reg>d+ diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce till we t\*$ on ! sci5ce ( physiognomy1 on :i* he spoke ) m>vell\s precision1 tak+ x z ! />t+ po9t ( a disc\rse :i* he deliv]$ to u4 ,?is exordium may be int]pret$ z foll[s3 ,dur+ ! soj\rn ( my s\l 9 ! body ,i felt a desire "u ! guidance ( my imag9ation & my s5ses to exam9e :atev] pres5t$ itself to me4 ,:ile ?us engag$1 ,i came 9 contact ) active ,intellig5ce 7! old man71 ! salut>y effects ( :i* ,i _h long exp]i5c$ & :i* _h pres]v$ my vig\r unabat$4 ,i comm5c$ to exam9e ! nature ( ?is ,intellig5ce fre$ z x is f all mat]ial grossness & yet 9 a c]ta9 way1 l9k$ to ! mat]ial _w4 ,s9ce life includes ! two conditions necess>y to actual developm5t1 consci\sness & movem5t1 he calls himself ',hay' '! ,liv+1' & adds 'ibn ,yokdhan' ',son ( ! ,wak+1' mean+ t he d]ives 8 orig9 f a ,be+ high] ?an himself1 ,:o is always awake & has no ne$ ( repose4 ,8 bir?place is ! holy city ( ,j]usalem1 free f all e>?ly /a91 & 8 occupation is to trav]se ! highe/ regions op5 to intellig5ce 9 ord] to und]/& ! nature ( 8 heav5ly ,fa!r1 :o has committ$ to him ! keys ( all =ms ( k4 ,?us1 fav\r$ by 8 help1 we arrive at ,logic1 a sci5ce :i* leads by sure & evid5t conclusions to a k ( :at is remote & occult4 ,= ?is reason logic is indicat$ by ! t]m 'physiognomy' :i* judges ( ! hidd5 by its outw>d manife/ation4 ,aft] ?is comm5cem5t ! allegory proce$s3 ,logic1 cont9u$ ! old man1 is a sci5ce ^: income is paid 9 ready money2 %e br+s to light :at nature conceals1 & :at may be a s\rce ( ei!r joy or sorr[2 %e po9ts y out ! way ( fre$om f e>?ly entanglem5ts & s5sual prop5sities4 ,if h] heal+ h& t\*es y1 x w give y salut>y support1 b if y\r weakness cause y to /umble1 y w be expos$ to ru91 accompani$ z y always are by bad companions#ce f :i* x is impossible to get free4 ,z to ?y ne>e/ companion 7imag9ation71 he is a confus$ babbl]1 ab\nd+ 9 futility & falsity2 he br+s y news 9 :i* tru? & falsehood are m+l$ toge!r1 & t1 ?\gh he pr(esses to be y\r guide & enlight5]4 ,he (t5 br+s matt]s be=e y v ill-suit$ to y\r dignity & position1 & y mu/ be at ! pa9s ( di/+ui%+ ! false f ! true 9 !m4 ,b = all t1 he is v necess>y to y1 & w\ld ex]t a heal?y influ5ce on y1 if 8 false witness did n lead y into error4 ,b y\r companion on ! "r 7irascibility7 is /ill m impetu\s1 & x is only ) ! greate/ difficulty t 8 attacks c be repuls$ by reason or avoid$ by dext]ity4 ,he is l a blaz+ fire1 a ru%+ torr5t1 a runaway horse1 or a lioness depriv$ ( its "y4 ,simil>ly ) y\r left-h& companion 7c>nal concupisc5ce7 ^: evil influ5ce spr+s f insatiable appetite2 he is l a fami%$ bea/ let loose to graze4 ,su* are y\r companions1 unhappy mortal1 to :om y are ti$1 & f :om no release is to be obta9$ except by migrat+ to ^? c\ntries :]e su* creatures are unkn[n4 ,b till y are all[$ to d s1 y\r h& at any rate mu/ tame !m2 bew>e ( fl++ ! re9 on _! necks & giv+ !m free c\rse2 if y hold ! re9s tight !y w submit1 & y w be ma/]4 ,aft] ,i _h he>d ?is description ( my companions1 ,i began to recognise ! ju/ice ( x1 & accord+ly ,i v>i$ g5tl5ess & sev]ity 9 my treatm5t ( !m4 ,alt]nately ,i & !y _h ! upp] h&4 ,b ,i con/antly invok$ ! help ( ,god 9 ?is respect1 until ,i 0 deliv]$4 ,mean:ile ,i prep>$ = ! j\rney1 & ! old man add$ ?is la/ c\nsel3 ',y & ^? l y w be con/antly imp$$ 9 ?is j\rney1 & ! road w be v difficult = y1 unless y c succe$ 9 quitt+ ?is _w = ev]2 b y _c ha/5 ! "t fix$ by ,god4 ,y mu/ !re=e be cont5t ) a frequ5tly int]rupt$ progress2 sometimes y w make way1 sometimes y w be at ! beck & call ( y\r companions4 ,:5 y apply y\rself ) y\r :ole he>t to mak+ progress1 y w succe$1 & y\r companions w lose all influ5ce ov] y2 b if y connive at _! importunities1 !y w conqu] y1 & y w altoge!r lose t\* ) me4' ,i !n ask$ ! old man = in=mation on ! v>i\s regions ( ! univ]se1 ( :i* he possess$ ample k1 & he repli$3 ',! univ]se has ?ree p>ts2 fir/1 ! visible heav5 & e>?1 ! nature ( :i* is asc]ta9able by ord9>y obs]vation3 ,b z to ! o!r two p>ts1 !y are m>vell\s inde$2 "o is on ! ,ea/1 ! o!r on ! ,we/4 ,ea* ( ^! regions is sep>at$ f our _w by a b>ri] :i* only a few elect s\ls succe$ 9 pass+1 & t only by div9e grace2 ! man :o relies only on 8 natural p[]s is exclud$ f !m4 ,:at makes ! passage ?i!r easi] is to wa% 9 ! fl[+ wat]s ( ! f\nta9 ^: s\rce is close to a /agnant pool4#cf ,! travell] :o has f\nd ! way to x & is refre%$ by its heal+ wat]s1 w feel himself endu$ ) a m>vell\s en]gy1 :i* w help him to trav]se savage des]ts4 ,unfatigu$ he w scale ! heights ( ,m\nt ,kaf1 & ! gu>dians ( hell w lose all p[] to seize him & to ca/ him into ! abyss4' ,we ask$ him to expla9 m precisely ! situation ( ?is f\nta91 & he said3 ',y are d\btless aw>e t p]petual d>kness surr\nds ! pole#cg unp5etrat$ by any ray ( light till ,god p]mits4 ,b he :o fe>lessly ent]s ?is d>kness w em]ge into a cle>ly light$ pla91 :]e he w f9d ?is spr++ f\nta94 ,we !n ask$ him to tell u m ab\t ! ,we/]n region bord]+ our e>?1 ( :i* he _h spok51 & he gave u ! foll[+ in=mation3 ',9 ! extreme ,we/ is an imm5se sea call$ 9 ! ,div9e ,revelation#ch ! miry sea1 :]e ! sun sets & along :i* /ret*es a desolate & /]ile l&1 :]e ! inhabitants nev] abide b are always pass+ away1 & :i* is cov]$ by ?ick d>kness4 ,^? :o g !re are expos$ to e k9d ( illusion4 ,! sun only gives a feeble light1 ! soil is completely b>r51 :atev] is built !re is soon de/roy$ aga91 conflict & /rife p]petually rage !re1 :atev] gets ! upp] h& tyrannises ov] ^? :i* 7 9 p[] be=e x4 ,!re are f\nd all k9ds ( animals & plants pass+ ?r\gh /range developm5ts4 ',n[ if y turn to ! ,ea/#ci y w see a region :]e !re is no human be+1 nor plant1 nor tree1 nor animal2 x is an imm5se & empty pla94 ,cross+ x1 y w rea* a m\nta9\s region1 :]e are cl\ds & /rong w9ds & rapid riv]s2 !re are also gold & silv] & preci\s /ones1 b no plants4 ,f !nce y w pass into a region :]e !re are plants b no animals1 !n into ano!r :]e !re are animals b no m54 ,la/ly y w arrive at a region :]e !re are human be+s su* z are famili> to y4 ',aft] pass+ ! extreme limit ( ! ,ea/1 y w see ! sun ris+ betwe5 ! two horns ( ,satan1 ! fly+ horn & ! m>*+ horn4 ,?is latt] is divid$ into two p>ts1 "o hav+ ! =m ( a fi]ce animal1 ! o!r ( a gross "o2 betwe5 ^! two compos+ ! left horn is p]petual /rife4 ,z to ! fly+ horn1 x has no "o di/9ct =m1 b is compos$ ( sev]al1 su* z a w+$ man1 a s]p5t ) a sw9e's head1 or m]ely a foot or an arm4 ,! human s\l :i* rules ?is region has e/abli%$ five ways ( communication "u ! c>e ( a wat*man :o takes :atev] comes along !m & passes x on to a treasur] :o pres5ts x to ! ,k+4 ',! two horns cont9ually attack ! human s\l1 ev5 to ! po9t ( driv+ x to madness4 ,z to ! m>*+ horn1 ! fi]ce animal ( :i* x is p>tly compos$ lays a trap = man by embelli%+ 9 8 eyes all 8 evil actions1 murd]1 mutilation1 oppression & de/ruction1 by excit+ 8 hatr$ & impell+ him to viol5ce & inju/ice2 :ile ! o!r "p 9 ! %ape ( a gross animal cont9ually attacks ! human s\l by ca/+ a glam\r ov] vil5ess & f\lness & urg+ h] !reto2 nor does x cease its assaults till %e is br\ght into complete subjection4 ,x is second$ 9 its attacks by ! spirits ( ! fly+ horn1 :i* make man reject :atev] he _c see ) 8 own eyes1 :isp]+ to him t !re is no resurrection nor retribution nor spiritual ,"l ( ! univ]se4 ',pass+ h5ce1 we f9d a region inhabit$ by be+s ( angelic orig91 free f ! defects above-m5tion$4 ,!y ent] into communication ) man1 & contribute t[>ds 8 spiritual progress4 ,^! are ! intellectual faculties1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are f> bel[ ! pure ,intellig5ces1 h an in/9ctive desire to %ake (f ! yoke ( irascibility & concupisc5ce4 ,beyond ?is region is t ( ! angels1 & fur!r /ill1 "o directly gov]n$ by ! ,great ,k+1 & dwelt 9 by 8 fai?ful s]vants1 :o are engag$ 9 fulfill+ ,8 comm&s4 ,^! are free f all evil incl9ation1 :e!r to concupisc5ce or inju/ice or envy or idl5ess4 ,to !m is committ$ ! def5ce ( ! fronti] ( ?is ,k+dom1 :i* !y gu>d 9 p]son4 ,allott$ to diff]5t p>ts1 !y occupy l(ty =ts con/ruct$ ( cry/al & preci\s /ones1 :i* surpass 9 durability all t may be f\nd 9 ! region ( e>?4 ,!y are immortal1 & subject to no feebl5ess nor decay ( =ce 9 dis*>g+ _! duties4 ',beyond ?is region aga9 are be+s 9 imm$iate & cont9ual relation ) ! supreme ,k+1 con/antly occupi$ 9 ,8 s]vice1 & nev] replac$ by o!rs4 ,!y are all[$ to approa* ! ,"l1 to contemplate ! ?rone ( ,8 ,maje/y & to adore ,him1 enjoy+ ! sight ( ,him cont9ually & )\t int]mission4 ,!y h ! g5tle/ natures1 great spiritual beauty1 & a ke5 faculty ( p5etration & ( arriv+ at ! tru?4 ,to ea* has be5 assign$ a di/9ct place & fix$ rank1 :i* c be %>$ by no "o4 ,highe/ ( all is t unique be+1 ! ne>e/ to ! ,"l1 & ! p>5t ( all ! re/4 ,active ,intellig5ce#dj2 x is by 8 m$iation t ! ^w & comm&m5t ( ! ,"l g =? to all ! o!r be+s ( creation4 ',9 ?is highe/ region all are pure spirits1 hav+ no relation to matt]1 except 9 s f> z innate desire may set !m 9 movem5t or cause !m to move o!rs4 ,f su* desire only1 ! ,"l himself is absolutely exempt4 ',^? :o ?9k t ,he _h a beg9n+ are 9 complete error1 & ^? :o ?9k to describe ,him fully are beside !mselves4 ,9 relation to ,him all description & comp>ison are impossible4 ,^? :o attempt to describe ,him c only indicate ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ,him f all human attributes2 ! beauty ( be+ is repres5t$ 9 scriptural language by ,8 ,face & ,8 inf9ite b\nty by ,8 ,h&4 ,if ev5 "o ( ! *]ubims wi%$ to contemplate ,8 ess5ce1 he w\ld be dazzl$ & fru/rat$ by ,8 glory4 ,s9ce beauty is ! veil ( beauty1 ,8 manife/ation mu/ always rema9 a my/]y1 9 ! same way z ! sun1 :5 lightly obscur$ by a cl\d all[s its disc to be se51 b :5 x blazes =? 9 all its spl5d\r1 its disc is veil$ f human eye by excess ( light4 ,! ,"l1 h[ev]1 is always communicat+ ,8 spl5d\r to ,8 creation )\t grudg+ or res]ve2 ,he imp>ts ,himself g5]\sly & ! pl5itude ( ,8 b\nty is )\t limit3 ,he :o has ! lea/ glimpse ( ,8 beauty rema9s entranc$ by x = ev]2 sometimes sa9ts ( extraord9>y atta9m5ts :o h giv5 !mselves up to ,him & h be5 fav\r$ by ,8 grace1 aw>e ( ! wor?lessness ( ! p]i%able _w1 :51 f _! ec/atic /ate !y return to x1 are haunt$ = ! re/ ( _! lives by regret & sadness4' ,"h ,hay ibn ,yokdhan clos$ 8 disc\rse by add+3 ',if ,i _h n1 9 ?us address+ y1 be5 act+ 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( my ,"l1 ,i w\ld r h left y = ,him4 ,if y w1 accompany me on ! pa? ( safety4' ,?us concludes ?is brief allegory1 :i*1 l ,avic5na's o!r my/ical treatises1 is conc]n$ ) ! progress & developm5t ( ! human s\l4 ,accord+ to him1 ! s\l is creat$ = et]nity1 & ! object ( its union ) ! body is ! =mation ( a spiritual & indep5d5t microcosm4 ,dur+ our e>?ly life we h b a dim pres5tim5t ( ?is future condition2 ?is pres5tim5t produces 9 diff]5t *>act]s a less] or great] desire = x1 & ! ?or\ghness ( our prep>ation dep5ds on ?is desire4 ,?is prep>ation is only accompli%$ by ! developm5t ( ! highe/ faculties ( ! s\l1 & ! inf]ior faculties ( ! s5ses furni% ! indisp5sable basis = ?is4 ,e human faculty has "s pleasure correspond+ to x4 ,! pleasure ( ! appetitive faculty = example1 is to receive a s5sation :i* accords ) its desire2 ! pleasure ( ! irascible faculty is attack2 ! pleasure ( ! surmis+ faculty1 hope2 t ( ! recollective faculty1 memory4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! pleasures att5d+ ^! faculties consi/ 9 _! realis+ !mselves 9 action1 b !y diff] widely 9 rank1 ! s\l's delight 9 intellectual p]ception ( realities1 9 :i* ! kn[] & ! kn[n are "o1 be+ incomp>ably high] ?an any m]e s5sual satisfaction4 ,by atta9+ to su* p]ceptions1 ! s\l prep>es itself = ! beatitude ( ! next life4 ,! degree ( ?is beatitude w correspond to ! int5sity ( spiritual desire awak5$ 9 x dur+ its e>?ly soj\rn4#da ,x is extremely difficult1 n to say impossible1 to det]m9e ! degrees ( beatitude ( ! s\l aft] dea?4 ,we may1 nev]!less1 und]/& t ! v>i\s imp$im5ts ( passions1 prejudices1 etc41 to :i* its union ) ! body has giv5 rise1 are n imm$iately dissolv$ on its sep>ation f ! body4 ,s\ls ?us h9d]$ may pass into a /ate depict$ by ,plato & o!r anci5t philosoph]s1 9 :i* !y are /ill weigh$ d[n by ! passions !y indulg$ 94 ,e s\l is et]nal & imp]i%able1 & w f9ally atta9 ! beatitude = :i* x 0 creat$4 ,b x may be puni%$ aft] dea? by a %ort] or long] exclusion f t beatitude4 ,to suppose ) ,alex&] ,aphrodisius t an imp]fect or ill-prep>$ s\l may be annihilat$1 w\ld be to admit a belief at complete v>iance ) its et]nal ess5ce & orig94 ,b we may well conjecture t ! puni%m5t ( su* ill-prep>$ & refractory s\ls w\ld consi/ 9 _! be+ 9 a /ate 9 :i* aft] sep>ation f ! body !y /ill p9e aft] s5sual enjoym5ts & suff] f ! impossibility ( su* gratification4 ,x may also be suppos$ t su* ill-prep>$ s\ls rememb] ! notions t 7 curr5t 9 ?is _w reg>d+ beatitude & damnation2 _! conceptions w\ld 9 t case resemble dreams :i* are (t5 m vivid ?an impressions receiv$ 9 wak+ mom5ts4 ,!y w\ld imag9e !mselves und]go+ ! exam9ation 9 ! tomb & all ! o!r puni%m5ts depict$ 9 ! ,koran1 or x may be enjoy+ ! s5sual pleasures !re describ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! noble & well-prep>$ s\l w pass at once to ! contemplation ( ! et]nal1 & w be exempt f e memory & e conception relat+ to ?is _w4 ,= if any?+ ( ?is k9d rema9$ 9 x z a rem9d] ( its union ) ! body1 x w\ld s f> fall %ort ( ! pl5itude ( its p]fection4 ,besides 8 my/ical treatise ,on ! s\l1 ,avic5na has left a %ort b rem>kable poem on ! same subject1 :i* runs z foll[s3-- ,,! ,,s\l4 ,x desc5d$ ^u !e f ! l(ty /ation 7heav572 a dove r>e & uncaptur$1 curta9$ f ! eyes ( e kn[] yet :i* is manife/ & nev] wore a veil4#db ,x came to !e unwill+ly & x may p]haps be unwill+ to ab&on !e al?\gh x compla9 ( its suff]+s4 ,x resi/$ at fir/1 & w\ld n become famili>1 b :5 x 0 9 fri5dly union ) ! body1 x grew accu/om$ to ! des]t wa/e 7! _w74 ,me?9ks x !n =got ! recollections ( ! protect$ p>k 7heav571 & ( ^? abodes :i* x left ) regret2 b :5 9 its spiral desc5t x arriv$ at ! c5tre ( its circle 9 ! t]re/rial _w1 x 0 unit$ to ! infirmity ( ! mat]ial body & rema9$ among ! monum5ts & pro/rate ru9s4 ,x n[ rememb]s ! protect$ p>k & weepe? ) te>s :i* fl[ & cease n till ! "t = sett+ out t[>ds ! protect$ p>k approa*e?2 till ! in/ant ( dep>ture = ! va/ pla9 7! spiritual _w7 drawe? nigh4 ,x !n cooe? on ! top ( a l(ty p9nacle 7= k c exalt all :o 7 n exalt$7 & x has come to ! k ( e my/]y 9 ! univ]se1 :ile yet its tatt]$ ve/ ha? n be5 m5d$4#dc ,its desc5t 0 pr$e/9$ s t x might he> :at x _h n he>d1 else :y did x desc5d f ! high & l(ty heav5 to ! dep? ( ! l[ & humble e>?8 ,if ,god s5t x d[n by a decision ( ,8 w1 ,8 motive is conceal$ f ! intellig5ce ( man4 ,:y did x desc5d to be )held f ! exalt$ summit ( heav5 by ! co>se net ( ! body1 & to be deta9$ 9 a cage8 ,x is l a fla% ( lightn+ %9+ ov] ! mead[1 & disappe>+ z if x _h nev] gleam$4 ,al?\gh ,avic5na's reputation 9 ! ,muhamm$an _w has always be5 high1 8 my/ical treatises h g5]ally be5 reg>d$ z h]etical1 & _m h only be5 pres]v$ 9 ,hebrew translations4 ,he himself says explicitly t he only int5d$ !m = 8 mo/ intimate disciples1 & =bade !m to be communicat$ to ! multitude4 ,= 8 own "p1 he con=m$ to ! religi\s law & cu/oms4 ,! celebrat$ contempor>y ,sufi ,ab\ ,said ,abi'l ,khair hav+ ask$ 8 op9ion reg>d+ ! cu/om ( pray+ = ! dead1 & visit+ _! tombs1 he answ]s ?us3 ,god ! ,unique ,be+ & ,s\rce ( all t exi/s--angels1 intellig5ces exempt f connection ) matt]1 s\ls unit$ to matt]1 elem5ts 9 all _! v>i$ developm5ts--animal1 vegetable & m9]al1 inspires ,8 :ole creation1 & ,8 omnisci5ce embraces all4 ,8 influ5ce 9 ! fir/ place acts imm$iately on ! ,active ,intellig5ces & angels1 :o 9 _! turn act on s\ls :i* 9 _! turn act on our sublun>y _w4 ,if !re 7 n homog5eity ( sub/ance betwe5 cele/ial & t]re/rial s\ls & lik5ess betwe5 ! macrocosm ( ! univ]se1 & ! microcosm ( man1 ! k ( ,god w\ld be impossible = u1 z ! ,prophet himself ha? said1 ',he :o kn[s himself1 kn[s ,god4' ,all creation1 ^: p>ts are l9k$ toge!r1 is subject to influ5ces :i* all d]ive f a s+le s\rce--,god4 ,t]re/rial s\ls diff] widely 9 rank2 ! highe/ are end[$ ) gifts ( prophecy1 & p]fect$ s f> t !y atta9 ! sph]e ( pure intellig5ce4 ,a s\l ( ?is k9d ent]+ aft] dea? into et]nal beatitude1 %>$ ) its pe]s1 cont9ues along ) !m to ex]cise a c]ta9 influ5ce on t]re/rial s\ls4 ,! object ( pray] = ! dead & visit+ _! tombs is to beg = ! help ( ^? pure s\ls1 a help :i* is realis$ sometimes 9 a mat]ial1 sometimes 9 a spiritual way4 ,! =m] k9d ( help may be comp>$ ) ! direction :i* ! body receives f ! bra92 spiritual assi/ance is realis$ by ! purification ( ! m9d f e ?\ght b t ( ,god4 ,avic5na1 aft] 8 lib]ation f imprisonm5t by ,ala-ed-,d[la1 be+ anxi\s to quit ,hamadan1 left ! city secretly ) 8 bro!r1 8 disciple ,j\jani & two s]vants1 all five disguis$ z ,sufis4 ,aft] a pa9ful j\rney !y rea*$ ,ispahan1 :]e !y 7 receiv$ 9 a fri5dly mann] by ,ala-ed-,d[la4 ,avic5na "h cont9u$ to hold philosophical discussions z he _h done at ,hamadan4 ,at ,ispahan he also compos$ two ( 8 mo/ important works1 ! ,%ifa & ! ,najat1 treat+ ( m$ic9e4 ,lat] on he foll[$ ,ala-ed-,d[la to ,bagdad1 b on ! way 0 seiz$ ) a ga/ric malady1 accompani$ by an attack ( apoplexy4 ,he recov]$ at ! "t1 b n long aft]w>ds ! sickness return$1 & he di$ at ! age ( #eg1 ,a4,d4 #ajcg4 ,9 8 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia 7vo4 ,,ii41 p4 #ajh7 ,pr(essor ,br[ne po9ts out t "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ /anzas 9 ,fitzg]ald's translation ( ,om> ,khayyam 0 really compos$ by ,avic5na3-- ,up f e>?'s c5tre ?r\gh ! ,sev5? ,gate ,i rose1 & on ! ?rone ( ,saturn sate1 ,& _m a knot unravell$ by ! road1 ,b n ! ma/]-knot ( human fate4 ,ano!r int]e/+ l9k betwe5 ! two philosoph]s is suppli$ by ! fact1 m5tion$ by ,pr(essor ,br[ne1 t a few days be=e 8 dea? ,om> ,khayyam 0 read+ 9 ! ,%ifa ( ,avic5na ! *apt] treat+ ( ! ,"o & ( ! ,_m4 #ce ,! bad companions ( man :i* h9d] 8 intellectual progress are unregulat$ imag9ation1 irascibility & c>nal concupisc5ce4 ,dea? alone deliv]s him & transports him to ! cele/ial c\ntry ( true repose4 #cf ,! fl[+ wat]s signify logic & metaphysics1 :i* help man to atta9 to ! unkn[n4 ,because !y provoke argum5t & discussion1 !y are call$ fl[+4 ,! /agnant pool signifies positive sci5ce1 :i* is ! basis ( philosophy4 ,! man :o is refre%$ by ! fl[+ wat]s ( philosophy w grasp ! s*eme ( ! univ]se )\t los+ himself 9 ! confusion ( details2 he w scale ! heights ( sci5ce 7! encircl+ m\nta9 ( ,kaf7 )\t be+ held back by worldly entanglem5ts4 #cg ,! pole surr\nd$ by d>kness signifies ! s\l ( man :i*1 ?\gh int5d$ to gov]n ! body1 is )\t any p[] to atta9 tru? unless guid$ by div9e grace1 b !n x w em]ge into ! full light & atta9 ! end = :i* x 0 creat$4 #ch ,koran1 c4 #ah1 v4 #hd4 ,! miry sea indicates ,matt] /irr$ into life by ! sett+ sun 7,=m71 ent]+ at e mom5t into union ) "s new =m1 bir? & dea? & ebb & fl[ proce$+ 9 ceaseless *ange4 #ci ,9 ! k+dom ( ,=m at fir/ no?+ is f\nd b ! f\r elem5ts m+l$ ) ea* o!r1 develop$ successively ?r\gh m9]al1 vegetable & animal /ages4 ,aft] ! la/ is f\nd pure intellect /ruggl+ ) p[]ful oppon5ts1 t is to say1 ! v>i\s human faculties4 ,! fly+ horn signifies imag9itive faculties2 ! m>*+ horn ! passions1 ! fi]ce animal repres5t+ irascibility1 & ! gross "o1 concupisc5ce4 ,! fly+ horn1 irregulat$ imag9ation1 is 9 ne$ ( con/ant sup]vision by ! human s\l4 ,! wat*man is ! p]ceptive faculty1 :i*1 ga!r+ ! v>i\s impressions ( ! five s5ses1 conveys !m to ! ,k+1 ! human s\l4 #dj c4f4 ! ,logos ( ,philo4 #da c4f4 ,l[ell ,p]haps ! long+ to be s1 ,helps make ! s\l immortal4 #db ,! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 ?\gh n manife/ to ! s5ses1 is yet too manife/ to leave any d\bt4 #dc ,! tatt]$ ve/ ( ! s\l or ! body de/roy$ by dea? is n m5d$ till ! day ( resurrection2 & yet ! s\l is 9 heav5 & 9 ! enjoym5t ( all k4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,al ,,ghazzali 7,,ad #ajeh--aaaa7 ,al ,ghazzali is "o ( ! deepe/ ?9k]s1 greate/ !ologians & pr(\nde/ morali/s ( ,islam4 ,9 all ,muhammadan l&s he is celebrat$ bo? z an apologi/ ( or?odoxy & a w>m advocate ( ,sufi my/icism4 ,intimately acqua9t$ ) all ! le>n+ ( 8 "t1 he 0 n only "o ( ! num]\s ori5tal philosoph]s :o trav]se e sph]e ( intellectual activity1 b "o ( ^? r>] m9ds ^: orig9ality is n cru%$ by _! le>n+4 ,he 0 imbu$ ) a sacr$ en?usiasm = ! triumph ( 8 fai?1 & 8 :ole life 0 d$icat$ to "o purpose--! def5ce ( ,islam4 ,z ,br[n+ says1 he made life consi/ ( "o idea4 ,8 full "n 0 ,abu ,hamid ,muhammad ,ibn ,muhammad ,ibn ,ahm$ ,algazzali1 & he 0 born at ,tus 9 ,khorassan1 #ajeh ,a4,d41 :]e a g5]ation e>li] ,firdausi1 ! au?or ( ! ,%ahnama1 _h di$4 ,tus 0 already fam\s = le>n+ & culture1 & lat] on ,ghazzali's own fame caus$ ! t[n to become a c5tre ( pilgrimage = pi\s ,moslems1 till x 0 laid 9 ru9s by ,g5ghis ,khan1 a c5tury aft] ,ghazzali's dea?4 ,8 bir? occurr$ at a "t :5 ! p[] ( ! ,caliphs _h be5 long on ! wane1 & ! ,turki% militia1 l ! ,pretorian gu>ds ( ! lat] ,roman empire1 7 ! real disp5s]s ( p[]4 ,:ile ! political unity ( ,islam _h be5 brok5 up into a numb] ( mutually-oppos$ /ates1 ,islam itself 0 ?reat5$ by dang]s f )\t4 ,9 ,spa91 ,alphonso ,,ii4 _h begun to press ! ,moors h>dly4 ,be=e ,ghazzali 0 =ty1 ,pet] ! ,h]mit 0 prea*+ ! ,fir/ ,crusade1 & dur+ 8 lifetime ,baldw9 ( ,b\illon 0 proclaim$ ,k+ 9 ! ,mosque ( ,om> at ,j]usalem4 ,b m s]i\s ?an ^! out] foes 0 ! great s*ism :i* _h split ,islam into ! two great oppos+ p>ties ( ,%iahs & ,sunnis--a s*ism :i* 0 embitt]$ & complicat$ by ! /ruggle ( rival dyna/ies = p[]4 ,:ile ! ,%iites prevail$ 9 ,egypt & ,p]sia1 ! ,turks & ,seljuks 7 ,sunnis4 ,9 ,bagdad ! seat ( ! ,caliphate dur+ ! reign ( ,al ,kasim1 :5 ,ghazzali 0 a y\?1 fatal enc\nt]s betwe5 ! two cont5d+ factions 7 ( daily occurr5ce4 ,ghazzali's native city 0 ,%iite1 & n till ,khorassan _h be5 conqu]$ by ! ,ghaznevides & ,seljuks did ,sunni tea*+ prevail !re4 ,yet1 h[ev] bitt]ly ,%iahs & ,sunnis might be oppos$ to ea* o!r1 !y bo? c\nt$ z or?odox & 7 agre$ z to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,islam1 nor did _! /rife endang] ! religion itself4 ,b besides ! two great p>ties ( ,%iahs & ,sunnis1 a mass ( h]etical sects1 class$ "u ! common "n ( ,mutazilites1 _h sprung up )9 ,islam4 ,^! h]etics _h /udi$ ,ari/otle & ,greek philosophy 9 ,arabic translations1 & = a long "t all t ! or?odox c\ld d 0 to ?und] ana!mas at !m & d5\nce all speculation4 ,b at la/ ,al ,a%a'ari1 himself =m]ly a ,mutazilite1 r5\nc$ 8 h]esies1 & s\ght to def5d or?odoxy & confute ! h]etics on philosophical gr\nds4 ,! ,mutazilites _h cultivat$ ! /udy ( philosophy ) especial zeal1 & !re=e ! /ruggle ) !m 0 a fi]ce "o1 complicat$ z x 0 by political animosity4 ,! mo/ dang]\s sect ( all 0 t ( ! ,ismailians & ,assass9s1 ) _! doctr9e ( a hidd5 ,imam or lead]4 ,9 "s ( 8 works ,ghazzali gives special att5tion to confut+ ^!4 ,! :ole aspect & condition ( ,islam dur+ ,ghazzali's lifetime 0 su* z to cause a dev\t ,moslem deep di/ress & anxiety4 ,x is !re=e natural t a man :o1 aft] long & e>ne/ se>*1 _h f\nd re/ & peace 9 ,islam1 %\ld h b5t all ! en]gies ( 8 en?usia/ic "* to oppose ^! de/ructive =ces to ! utmo/4 ,ghazzali is nev] we>y ( exhort+ ^? :o h no fai? to /udy ! ,muhammadan revelation2 he def5ds religion 9 a philosophical way aga9/ ! philosoph]s1 refutes ! h]etics1 *ides ! laxity ( ! ,%iites1 def5ds ! au/]e pr9ciples ( ! ,s*afiites1 *ampions or?odoxy1 & f9ally1 by ^w & example1 urges 8 read]s t[>ds ! my/icism & asceticism ( ! ,sufis4 ,8 num]\s writ+s are all direct$ to "o or ano!r ( ^! objects4 ,z a recognition ( 8 endeav\rs1 ! ,muhammadan ,*ur* has conf]r$ ^u him ! title ( ,hujjat al ,islam1 ! witness ( ,islam4 ,x is a fact wor?y ( notice t :5 ! p[] ( ! ,caliphs 0 %att]$ & ,muhammadanism1 already 9 a /ate ( decl9e1 precisely at t p]iod !ology & all o!r sci5ces 7 fl\ri%+4 ,! reason ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ne>ly all ! ,muhammadan dyna/ies1 h[ev] mu* !y might be oppos$ to ea* o!r1 zeal\sly fav\r$ lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,besides ?is1 ! m e>ne/ spirits1 we>y ( ! political confusions ( ! "t1 devot$ !mselves all ! m f]v5tly to cultivat+ ! inn] life1 9 :i* !y s\ght comp5sation & refuge f outw>d di/ractions4 ,ghazzali 0 ! mo/ /rik+ figure among all ^!4 ,( 8 e>ly hi/ory n mu* is kn[n4 ,8 fa!r is said to h di$ :ile he 0 a *ild1 b he _h a bro!r ,abu'l ,futuh ,ahm$ ,alghazzali1 :o 0 9 great fav\r ) ! ,sultan ,malik ,%ah1 & ow+ to 8 zeal = ,islam _h won ! title ( ,glory ( ! ,fai?4 ,f ! simil>ity ( _! pursuits we ga!r t ! relation%ip betwe5 ! bro!rs mu/ h be5 a close "o4 ,ibn ,khalliqan ! hi/orian in=ms u t lat] on ,abu'l ,futuh succe$$ 8 bro!r z pr(essor1 & abridg$ 8 mo/ important lit]>y "w1 ,! ,revival ( ! religi\s sci5ces4 ,:ile /ill a y\?1 ,ghazzali /udi$ !ology at ,jorjan "u ! ,imam ,abu ,nasr ,ismail4 ,on 8 return j\rney f ,jorjan to ,tus1 he is said to h fall5 into ! h&s ( robb]s4 ,!y took f him all t he _h1 b at 8 e>ne/ entreaty return$ to him 8 note books1 at ! same "t tell+ him t he c\ld "k no?+ really1 if he c\ld be s easily depriv$ ( 8 k4 ,?is made him resolve = ! future to le>n ev]y?+ by he>t4 ,lat] on ,ghazzali /udi$ at ,ni%apur "u ! celebrat$ ,abu'l-,maali4 ,"h also at ! c\rt ( ! ,vizi] ,nizam-ul-mulk 7! s*ool-fell[ ( ,om> ,khayyam7 he took a di/+ui%$ "p 9 ^? discussions on poetry & philosophy :i* 7 s popul> 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 #ajia ,nizam-ul-mulk appo9t$ him to ! pr(essor%ip ( ,jurisprud5ce 9 ! ,nizamiya ,college at ,bagdad1 :i* he _h f\nd$ tw5ty-f\r ye>s previ\sly4 ,"h ,ghazzali lectur$ to a class ( #cjj /ud5ts4 ,9 8 leisure h\rs1 z he in=ms u 9 8 brief autobiography1 ,al munkidh m9 uddallal 7,! ,deliv]ance f error7 he busi$ himself ) ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,he also receiv$ a commission f ! ,caliph to refute ! doctr9e ( ! ,ismailians4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] x has be5 m5tion$ h[ a deep-seat$ unre/ & ?ir/ = peace l$ him1 aft] _m m5tal /ruggles1 to ?r[ up 8 appo9tm5t & betake himself to religi\s seclusion at ,damascus & ,j]usalem4 ,?is1 toge!r ) 8 pilgrimage to ,mecca & ,m$9a1 la/$ ne>ly t5 ye>s4 ,ibn ,khalliqan in=ms u t he also w5t to ,egypt & /ay$ "s "t 9 ,alex&ria4 ,"h ! fame ( ! ,almoravide lead] 9 ,spa91 ,yusuf ibn ,ta%if91 is said to h rea*$ ,ghazzali1 & to h made him ?9k ( j\rney+ ?i!r4 ,?is pr9ce _h begun ^? campaigns 9 ,spa9 aga9/ ! ,cid & o!r ,*ri/ian lead]s :i* 7 de/9$ to add ,&alusia to 8 ,moroccan dom9ions4 ,by ^! victories 9 ! ,we/ he _h to "s ext5t retriev$ ! decl9e ( ,islam 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is natural to suppose t ! en?usia/ic ,ghazzali w\ld gladly h met ) ?is *ampion ( ,muhammadanism4 ,! news ( ,yusuf ibn ,ta%if9's dea? 9 #aajf seems to h made him r5\nce 8 int5tion ( proce$+ to ,spa94 ,! realisation ( ,ghazzali's wi% to )draw f public affairs & give himself to a contemplative life 0 n[ int]rupt$4 ,! reque/s ( 8 *ildr5 & o!r family affairs1 ( :i* we h no exact in=mation1 caus$ him to return home4 ,besides ?is1 ! cont9u$ progress ( ! ,ismailians1 ! spread ( irreligi\s doctr9es1 & ! increas+ religi\s indiff]5ce ( ! masses n only fill$ ,ghazzali & 8 ,sufi fri5ds ) pr(\nd grief b det]m9$ !m to /em ! evil ) ! :ole =ce ( _! philosophy1 ! ard\r ( vital conviction1 & ! au?ority ( noble example4 ,9 addition1 ! gov]nor ( ,ni%apur1 ,muhammad ,ibn ,malik%ah1 _h ask$ ,ghazzali to proce$ ?i!r 9 ord] to help to br+ ab\t a religi\s revival4 ,?us1 aft] an abs5ce ( t5 ye>s1 he return$ to ,ni%apur to resume 8 po/ z tea*]4 ,b 8 activity at ?is p]iod 0 direct$ to a diff]5t aim ?an t ( ! =m] "o4 ,reg>d+ ! contra/ he speaks l a ,muhammadan ,?omas ,kempis4 ,=m]ly1 he says1 he taught a k :i* won him fame & glory1 b n[ he taught a k :i* br\ght j ! opposite4 ,inspir$ ) an e>ne/ desire = ! spiritual progress ( 8 co-religioni/s & himself1 & conv9c$ t he 0 call$ to ?is task by ,god1 he prays ! ,almighty to lead & enlight5 him1 s t he may d ! same = o!rs4 ,h[ long ,ghazzali occupi$ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,ni%apur ! second "t is n precisely cle>4 ,only five or six ye>s ( 8 life rema9$1 & t[>ds ! close he aga9 resign$ 8 po/ to give himself up to a life ( contemplation to :i* he felt irresi/ibly drawn1 9 8 native city ( ,tus4 ,"h he sp5t ! re/ ( days 9 devotional ex]cises 9 fri5dly int]c\rses ) o!r ,sufis & 9 religi\s in/ruction ( ! "y4 ,he di$1 dev\t z he liv$1 9 ! fifty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age1 ,a4,d4 #aaaa4 ,he f\nd$ a conv5t = ,sufis & a pr(essor%ip ( jurisprud5ce4 ,ghazzali's activity z an au?or dur+ 8 relatively %ort life 0 enorm\s4 ,accord+ to ! lit]>y hi/orians1 he is ! au?or ( n9ety-n9e diff]5t works4 ,^! are n all kn[n to u1 b !re are exi/+ 9 ! ,we/ a consid]able quantity ( !m1 "s 9 ,lat9 & ,hebrew translations1 z he 0 mu* /udi$ by ! ,jews 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclopdia says 7sub4 voc471 ,f 8 ',makasid-al-,falasifah' 9 :i* he exp\nd$ logic1 physics & metaphysics accord+ to ,ari/otle1 _m a ,jewi% /ud5t ( philosophy d]iv$ mu* accurate in=mation4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh 8 attacks on philosophy t ,ghazzali's au?ority 0 e/abli%$ among ,jewi% ?9k]s ( ! middle ages1 b ?r\gh ! e?ical tea*+s 9 8 !ological works4 ,he approa*$ ! e?ical idea ( ,judaism to su* an ext5t t "s suppos$ him to be actually drift+ 9 t direction4 ,al?\gh ,ghazzali 0 a ,p]sian1 bo? by race & bir?place1 mo/ ( 8 works are compos$ 9 ,arabic1 t language be+ z famili> to ,muhammadan !ologians z ,lat9 to ^? ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ important works is ! ,tahafut al falasifah1 ,de/ruction ( ! ,philosoph]s1 :i* ! great ,av]roes endeav\r$ to refute4 ,some:at 9 ! /yle ( ,mr4 ,balf\r's ,def5ce ( philosophic d\bt1 ,ghazzali attempts to erect 8 religi\s sy/em on a basis ( scepticism4 ,he d5ies causation z ?or\ghly z ,hume1 b ass]ts t ! div9e m9d has orda9$ t c]ta9 ph5om5a %all always occur 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & t philosophy )\t fai? is p[]less to discov] ,god4 ,al?\gh *iefly fam\s 9 ! ,we/ z a philosoph]1 he himself w\ld probably h repudiat$ ! title4 ,he tells u t 8 object 9 /udy+ philosophy 0 to confute ! philosoph]s4 ,8 true elem5t 0 n philosophy b religion1 ) :i* 8 :ole be+ 0 p5etrat$1 & :i* met all 8 spiritual ne$s4 ,ev5 9 8 mo/ het]og5e\s /udies he always kept be=e him "o aim--! confirmation1 spread1 & glorification ( ,islam4 ,x is true t m ?an "o ( 8 contempor>ies accus$ him ( hypocrisy1 say+ t he _h an esot]ic doctr9e = himself & 8 private circle ( fri5ds1 & an exot]ic = ! vulg>4 ,8 ,sufi/ic lean+s might l5d "s col\r to ?is accusation1 x be+ a well-kn[n ,sufi habit to cloak _! tea*+ "u a metaphorical veil1 w9e repres5t+ ! love ( ,god1 etc41 z 9 ,hafiz & ,om> ,khayyam4 ,aga9/ ?is mu/ be set ! fact t 9 8 autobiography writt5 ne> ! close ( 8 life1 he con/antly ref]s to 8 =m] works1 :i* he w\ld h>dly h done _h he be5 consci\s ( any /rik+ discrepancy betwe5 8 e>li] & 8 lat] tea*+4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt 8 previ\sly-quot$ /atem5t t he /udi$ philosophy 9 ord] to refute ! philosoph]s4 ,he 01 at any rate1 int5sely indignant at hav+ 8 or?odoxy impugn$1 z appe>s f a /rik+ /ory n>rat$ by ! ,arabic hi/orian ,abu'l ,f$a4 ,he tells u t ,ghazzali's mo/ important "w1 ,! revival ( ! religi\s sci5ces _h creat$ a great s5sation :5 x rea*$ ,cordova4 ,! ,muhammadan !ologians ( ,spa9 7 rigidly or?odox1 & accus$ ! "w ( be+ ta9t$ by h]esy4 ,!y repres5t$ to ! ,caliph ,ali ,ibn ,yusuf t n only ?is b all ,ghazzali's o!r works :i* circulat$ 9 ,&alusia %\ld be collect$ & burnt1 :i* 0 accord+ly done4 ,n long aft]1 a "y ,b]b] f ,nor? ,africa nam$ ,ibn ,tum>t w&]$ to ,bagdad1 :]e he att5d$ ,ghazzali's lectures4 ,ghazzali notic+ ! =eign]1 acco/$ him1 & inquir$ reg>d+ religi\s affairs 9 ! ,we/1 & h[ 8 works _h be5 receiv$ !re4 ,to 8 horror he le>n$ t !y _h be5 condemn$ z h]etical & committ$ to ! flames by ord] ( ! ,almoravide ,caliph ,ali4 ,^u ?is1 ,ghazzali1 rais+ 8 h&s t[>ds heav51 exclaim$ 9 a voice %ak5 ) emotion1 ,o ,god1 de/roy 8 k+dom z he has de/roy$ my books1 & take all p[] f him4 ,ibn ,tum>t1 9 sympa?y ) 8 tea*]1 said1 ,o ,imam#dd ,ghazzali1 pray t ?y wi% may be accompli%$ by my means4 ,& s x happ5$4 ,ibn ,tum>t return$ to 8 ,nor? ,african1 proclaim$ himself a ,mahdi1 ga9$ a l>ge foll[+ among ! ,b]b]s1 & ov]?rew ,ali & ! dyna/y ( ! ,almoravides4 ,?is /ory is n entirely beyond d\bt1 b %[s ! importance atta*$ by ,ghazzali's contempor>ies to 8 influ5ce & tea*+4 ,z an example ( ,ghazzali's e?ical e>ne/ness1 we may quote ! foll[+ f 8 ,ihya-ul-ulum 7,revival ( ! religi\s sci5ces74 ,he ref]s to ! habit common to all ,muhammadans ( ejaculat+1 ,we take refuge 9 ,god4 ,by ! fe> ( ,god1 he says1 ,i d n mean a fe> l t ( wom5 :5 _! eyes swim & _! he>ts beat at he>+ "s eloqu5t religi\s disc\rse1 :i* !y quickly =get & turn aga9 to frivolity4 ,!re is no real fe> at all4 ,he :o fe>s a ?+ flees f x1 & he :o hopes = a ?+ /rives = x1 & ! only fe> t w save !e is ! fe> t =bids s9n+ aga9/ ,god & in/ils ob$i5ce to ,him4 ,bew>e ( ! %all[ fe> ( wom5 & fools1 :o1 :5 !y he> ( ! t]rors ( ! ,"l1 say lightly1 ',we take refuge 9 ,god1' & at ! same "t cont9ue 9 ! v s9s :i* w de/roy !m4 ,satan laughs at su* pi\s ejaculations4 ,!y are l a man :o %\ld meet a lion 9 a des]t1 :ile !re is a =tress at no great di/ance away1 & :5 he sees ! rav5\s bea/1 %\ld /& exclaim+1 ',i take refuge 9 t =tress1' )\t mov+ a /ep t[>ds x4 ,:at w su* an ejaculation pr(it him8 ,9 ! same way1 m]ely ejaculat+ ',i take refuge 9 ,god' w n protect !e f ! t]rors ( ,8 judgm5t unless ?\ really take refuge 9 ,him4 ,ghazzali's moral e>ne/ness is equally app>5t 9 ! foll[+ extract f 8 "w ,munqidh m9 uddallal ,! ,deliv]ance f error1 9 :i* he sets himself to combat ! g5]al laxity & h]etical t5d5cies ( 8 "t3-- ,man is compos$ ( a body & a he>t2 by ! ^w 'he>t' ,i und]/& t spiritual "p ( him :i* is ! seat ( ! k ( ,god1 & n ! mat]ial organ ( fle% & blood :i* he possesses 9 common ) ! animals4 ,j z ! body fl\ri%es 9 heal? & decays 9 disease1 s ! he>t is ei!r spiritually s\nd or ! prey ( a malady :i* ends 9 dea?4 ,n[ ignorance ( ,god is a deadly poison1 & ! revolt ( ! passions is a disease = :i* ! k ( ,god & ob$i5ce to ,him1 manife/$ 9 self-control1 are ! only antidote & rem$y4 ,j z rem$ies = ! body are only kn[n to physicians :o h /udi$ _! secret prop]ties1 s ! rem$ies = ! s\l are devotional practices z def9$ by ! prophets1 ! effects ( :i* transc5d reason4 ,! prop] "w ( reason is to confess ! tru? ( inspiration & its own impot5ce to grasp :at is only reveal$ to ! prophets2 reason takes u by ! h& & h&s u ov] to ! prophets1 z bl9d m5 commit !mselves to _! guides1 or z ! desp]ately sick to _! physicians4 ,su* are ! range & limits ( reason2 beyond prophetic tru? x _c take a /ep4 ,! causes ( ! g5]al religi\s languor & decay ( fai? 9 our "t are *iefly to be trac$ to f\r classes ( p3 7#a7 ,philosoph]s1 7#b7 ,sufis1 7#c7 ,ismailians#de1 7#d7 ! ,ulema or s*ola/ic !ologians4 ,i h specially int]rogat$ ^? :o 7 lax 9 _! religion2 ,i h que/ion$ !m conc]n+ _! d\bts1 & spok5 to !m 9 ^! t]ms3 ',:y are y s lukew>m 9 y\r religion8 ,if y really believe 9 a future life1 & in/ead ( prep>+ = x sell x 9 ex*ange = ! goods ( ?is _w1 y mu/ be mad4 ,y w\ld n give two ?+s = "o ( ! same quality2 h[ c y b>t] et]nity = days :i* are numb]$8 ,if y d n believe1 y are infidels1 & %\ld seek to obta9 fai?4' ,9 answ] to su* appeals1 ,i h he>d m5 say1 ',if ! obs]vance ( religi\s practices is obligatory1 x is c]ta9ly obligatory on ! ,ulema or !ologians4 ,& :at d we f9d among/ ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^!8 ,"o does n pray1 ano!r dr9ks w9e1 a ?ird dev\rs ! orphans' inh]itance1 & a f\r? lets himself be brib$ into giv+ wrong decisions1 & s =?4' ,ano!r man giv+ himself out z a ,sufi said t he _h atta9$ to su* a high pit* ( pr(ici5cy 9 ,sufism t = him religi\s practice 0 no long] necess>y4 ,an ,ismailian said1 ',tru? is v difficult to f9d1 & ! road to x is /rewn ) ob/acles2 s-call$ pro(s are mutually contradictory1 & ! speculations ( philosoph]s _c be tru/$4 ,b we h an ,imam 7lead]7 :o is an infallible judge & ne$s no pro(s4 ,:y %\ld we ab&on tru? = error8' ,a fif? said1 ',i h /udi$ ! subject1 & :at y call inspiration is really a high degree ( sagacity4 ,religion is int5d$ z a re/ra9t on ! passions ( ! vulg>4 ,b ,i1 :o d n belong to ! common h]d1 :at h ,i to d ) su* /r+5t obligations8 ,i am a philosoph]2 sci5ce is my guide1 & disp5ses me f submission to au?ority4' ,?is la/ is ! fate ( philosophic !i/s1 z we f9d x express$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,avic5na & ,f>abi4 ,x is no r>e ?+ to f9d m5 :o read ! ,koran1 att5d public wor%ip at ! mosque1 & outw>dly pr(ess ! greate/ respect = ! religi\s law1 9 private indulg+ 9 ! use ( w9e & committ+ o!r %ameful actions4 ,if we ask su* m5 h[ x comes t al?\gh !y d n believe 9 ! reality ( inspiration1 !y att5d public wor%ip1 !y say t !y practise x z a useful ex]cise & z a safegu>d = _! =tunes & families4 ,if we fur!r ask !m :y !y dr9k w9e1 :i* is absolutely prohibit$ 9 ! ,koran1 !y say1 ,! only object ( ! prohibition ( w9e 0 to prev5t qu>rell+ & viol5ce4 ,wise m5 l ourselves are 9 no dang] ( su* excesses1 & we dr9k 9 ord] to bright5 & k9dle our imag9ative p[]s4' ,su* is ! fai? ( ^! pret5d$ ,moslems & _! example has l$ _m a/ray :o h be5 all ! m enc\rag$ to foll[ ^! philosoph]s because _! oppon5ts h (t5 be5 incompet5t4 ,9 ! above extracts ,ghazzali appe>s z a re=m]1 & x w\ld n be difficult to f9d mod]n p>allels = ! t5d5cies :i* he describes4 ,pr(essor ,d4,b4 ,macdonald comp>es him to ,rits*l 9 ! /ress :i* he lays on p]sonal religi\s exp]i5ce1 & 9 8 suspicion ( ! intrusion ( metaphysics into ! doma9 ( religion4 ,al?\gh int5sely 9 e>ne/1 he 0 diffid5t ( 8 p[]s z a prea*]1 & 9 a surviv+ lett] says1 ,i d n ?9k myself wor?y to prea*2 = prea*+ is l a tax1 & ! prop]ty on :i* x is impos$ is ! acceptance ( prea*+ to oneself4 ,he !n :o has no prop]ty1 h[ %all he pay ! tax8 & he :o lacks a g>m5t h[ %all he cov] ano!r8 & ',:5 is ! /ick crook$ & ! %ad[ /raight8' ,& ,god reveal$ to ,jesus 7^u :om be peace74 ,prea* to ?yself1 !n if ?\ accepte/ ! prea*+1 prea* to mank9d1 & if n1 be a%am$ be=e ,me4#df ,l o!r prea*]s ( righte\sness1 ,ghazzali /rove to r\se m5 out ( le?>gy by lay+ /ress on ! t]rors ( ! _w to come & ! ,judgm5t ,day4 ,he 0 n "o ( ^? :o ?9k fe> too base a motive to appeal to2 he /rikes ! note ( w>n+ aga9 & aga94 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 life he compos$ a %ort "w on es*atology ,al ,durra al ,fakhirah 7,! preci\s pe>l7 ( a suffici5tly lurid "*4 ,9 x he says3 ,:5 y wat* a dead man & see t ! saliva has run f 8 m\?1 t 8 lips are contract$1 8 face black1 ! :ites ( 8 eyes %[+1 "k t he is damn$1 & t ! fact ( 8 damnation 9 ! o!r _w has j be5 reveal$ to him4 ,b if y see ! dead ) a smile on 8 lips1 a s]5e c\nt5ance1 8 eyes half-clos$1 "k t he has j receiv$ ! good news ( ! happ9ess :i* awaits him 9 ! o!r life4 ,on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 :5 all m5 are ga!r$ be=e ! ?rone ( ,god1 _! acc\nts are all ca/ up1 & _! good & evil de$s weigh$4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ea* man believes he is ! only "o ) :om ,god is deal+4 ,?\gh p]adv5ture at ! same mom5t ,god is tak+ acc\nt ( c\ntless multitudes ^: numb] is kn[n to ,him only4 ,m5 d n see ea* o!r1 nor he> ea* o!r speak4 ,reg>d+ fai?1 ,ghazzali says 9 ! ,ihya-ul-ulum3 ,fai? consi/s ( two elem5ts1 pati5ce & gratitude4 ,bo? are graces be/[$ by ,god1 & !re is no way to ,god except fai?4 ,! ,koran exp\nds ! excell5ce ( pati5ce 9 m ?an sev5ty passages4 ,! ,caliph ,ali said1 ',pati5ce be>s ! same relation to fai? z ! head does to ! body4 ,he :o has no head1 has no body1 & he :o has no pati5ce has no fai?4' ,ghazzali's philosophy is ! re-action ( 8 int5sely religi\s p]sonality aga9/ ! naturali/ic t5d5cies ( m5 l ,avic5na & ,av]roes4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! et]nity ( matt]1 & r$uc$ ,god to a b>e ,fir/ ,cause4 ,he also1 ?\gh sympa?is+ ) ! ,sufis1 especially on ! side ( _! asceticism1 0 oppos$ to ,sufi/ic ,pan!ism4 ,he conceiv$ ,god *iefly z an active ,w1 & n m]ely z ! ,self exi/5t4 ,:ile 8 contempor>ies 7 busy+ !mselves ) metaphysical !ories conc]n+ matt] & creation1 ,ghazzali laid /ress on self-obs]vation & self-k 7,he :o kn[s himself1 kn[s ,god74 ,z ,/4 ,augu/9e f\nd deliv]ance f d\bt & error 9 8 inw>d exp]i5ce ( ,god1 & ,desc>tes 9 self-consci\sness1 s ,ghazzali1 unsatisfi$ ) speculation & tr\bl$ by scepticism1 surr5d]s himself to ! w ( ,god4 ,leav+ o!rs to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ! ext]nal _w1 he f9ds ,god reveal$ 9 ! dep?s ( 8 own consci\sness & ! my/]y ( 8 own free w4 ,he f>$ z innovators 9 religion & philosophy always d1 & 0 look$ ^u dur+ 8 lifetime z a h]etic4 ,he admits himself t 8 ,de/ruction ( ! philosoph]s 0 writt5 to expose _! mutual contradictions4 ,b he has no m]e ,mephi/ophelic pleasure 9 de/ruction2 he pulls d[n 9 ord] to erect4 ,he is n a m]e sceptic on ! "o h&1 nor a bigot$ !ologian on ! o!r1 & 8 v]dict on ! ,mutazilite h]etics ( 8 day is especially mild4 ,acute ?9k] ?\gh he 01 9 him w & feel+ pr$om9at$ ov] ?\ght4 ,he reject$ ! dogmatic & philosophic sy/ems ( 8 contempor>ies z m]e jejune skeletons ( reality1 & devot$ ! close ( 8 life to /udy ( ! traditions & ! ,koran4 ,l ,augu/9e1 he f9ds 9 ,god-d]iv$ self-consci\sness ! />t+-po9t = ! ?\ght1 & l him emphasizes ! fundam5tal significance ( ! w4 ,he sees ev]y:]e ! ,div9e ,w at "w 9 :at philosoph]s call natural causes4 ,he seeks ! tru?1 b seeks x ) a c]ta9 consci\sness ( possess+ x already )9 himself4 ,he is a unique & lonely figure 9 ,islam1 & has to ?is day be5 only p>tially und]/ood4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages 8 fame 0 eclips$ by t ( ,av]roes1 ^: comm5t>y on ,ari/otle is allud$ to by ,dante1 & 0 /udi$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as & ! s*oolm54 ,av]roes' sy/em 0 r\nd$ & complete1 b ,ghazzali 0 "o ( ^? ^: rea* exce$s _! grasp2 he 0 always /rik+ aft] some?+ he _h n atta9$1 & /&s 9 _m respects ne>] to ! mod]n m9d ?an ,av]roes4 ,r5an1 ?\gh f> f sympa?is+ ) 8 religi\s e>ne/ness1 calls him ! mo/ orig9al m9d among ,arabian philosoph]s1 & ,de ,bo] says1 ,m5 l ,ghazzali h = philosophy ?is significance t !y are a problem alike = !mselves & = philosophy1 because !y are a fragm5t ( spiritual reality t requires explanation4 ,by ! =ce ( _! p]sonality !y remove :at h9d]s !m 9 ! con/ruction ( _! sy/ems )\t tr\bl+ ab\t correctness4 ,lat] ?9k]s make x _! bus9ess to expla9 ! impulses t guide su* m5 bo? 9 _! "w ( de/ruction & ( re/oration4 ,orig9al m9ds l 8 supply food = reflection to future g5]ations4 #dd ,imam1 i4e4 lead]4 #de ,a sect :i* decl>$ ! impossibility ( arriv+ at tru? except ?r\gh an ,imam or infallible guide4 #df ,d4,b4 ,macdonald ,life ( ,ghazzali4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,f>idudd9 ,att> 7,,ad #aaai-abbi7 ,f>idudd9 ,att> 0 born 9 ! village ( ,k]k5 ne> ,ni%apur 9 ,khorassan1 ,a4,d4 #aaai "u ! ,sultan ,s&j>4 ,"s ye>s aft] 8 bir? 8 fa!r remov$ to ,s*adbakh1 :]e he kept a druggi/'s %op4 ,on 8 fa!r's dea?1 ,f>idudd9 c>ri$ on ! bus9ess1 :5ce he receiv$ 8 cognom5 ,att> 7druggi/74 ,8 call to ! religi\s life 0 z foll[s3 ,"o day :ile he 0 seat$ 9 8 %op surr\nd$ by s]vants busily att5d+ to 8 ord]s1 a w&]+ d]vi% paus$ at ! door & reg>d$ him sil5tly1 :ile 8 eyes sl[ly fill$ ) te>s4 ,att> %>ply told him to be (f ab\t 8 bus9ess4 ,t is easily done1 repli$ ! d]vi%2 ,i h only a light bundle to c>ry1 no?+ 9 fact b my clo!s4 ,b y ) y\r sacks full ( valuable drugs1 :5 ! "t comes to g1 :at w y d8 ,_h y n bett] consid] a little8 ,! appeal w5t home4 ,he promptly ab&on$ 8 bus9ess 9 ord] to devote himself to a religi\s life4 ,bidd+ a decisive adieu to ! _w1 he betook himself to a ,sufi conv5t1 presid$ ov] by ,%eikh ,ruknudd94 ,"h he resid$ = "s "t engag$ 9 devotional practices1 & !n made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 :]e he met ) _m devotees & conceiv$ ! idea ( compil+ a collection ( /ories ( ! holy m5 ( ,islam4 ,to ?is "w he devot$ sev]al ye>s ( 8 long life2 he also compos$ a ,p&-nama or ,book ( ,c\nsels4 ,b ! "w by :i* he is *iefly kn[n is ! ,mantiq-ut-tair or ,p>liam5t ( ,birds1 & ( ?is we proce$ to give "s acc\nt4 ,9 ?is allegorical poem v>i\s birds repres5t+ my/ics1 unite !mselves "u ! lead]%ip ( ! hoopoe 9 ord] to j\rney to ! c\rt ( ! ,simurgh1 a my/]i\s bird ^: "n signifies ?irty birds1 dwell+ 9 ,m\nt ,kaf1 ! m\nta9 :i* encircles ! _w4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! poem !re is a long debate betwe5 ! hoopoe & ! o!r birds1 :o at fir/ allege v>i\s excuses = n und]tak+ ! j\rney1 :ile he rebukes !m = _! lukew>mness1 n conceal+1 h[ev]1 ! fact t ! j\rney is full ( p]il1 & t ?\gh _m />t few w rea* ! goal4 ,! hoopoe's description ( ! road is z foll[s3 ,we h sev5 valleys to trav]se4#dg ,! fir/ is ! ,valley ( ,se>*2 ! second ! ,valley ( ,love1 :i* has no limits2 ! ?ird is ! ,valley ( ,k2 ! f\r? is ! ,valley ( ,indep5d5ce2 ! fif? is ! ,valley ( ,unity1 pure & simple2 ! six? is ! ,valley ( ,amazem5t2 la/ ( all is ! valley ( ,pov]ty & ,annihilation1 beyond :i* !re is no advance4 ,!re ?\ wilt feel ?yself drawn1 b w h no p[] to g any fur!r4 7#a7 ,:5 ?\ ent]e/ ! ,valley ( ,se>*1 at e /ep new trials w pres5t !mselves2 !re ! p>rot ( ! cele/ial sph]e is z mute z a fly4 ,!re ?\ mu/ ca/ away all ?y possessions & imp]il all ?y ri*es4 ,n only mu/ ! h& be empty1 b ?y he>t mu/ be deta*$ f all t is e>?ly4 ,!n ! ,light ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce w beg9 to ca/ ^u !e "s rays4 7#b7 ,9 ord] to ent] ! second valley 7( love7 ?\ mu/ be made all ( fire2 he :o is n compos$ ( fire w f9d no pleasure 9 t valley2 he mu/ n ?9k ( ! future1 b be ready to sacrifice a hundr$ worlds to ! flames1 if ne$s be4 ,fai? & infidelity1 good & evil1 religion & irreligion1 are all "o = him :o has arriv$ at ! second /age2 = :]e love reigns1 none ( !m exi/ any m4 7#c7 ,9 ! ?ird valley 7( k7 ! progress ( ! pilgrims is 9 proportion to _! innate p[]s4 ,9 ! pa? trav]s$ by ,abraham ! ,fri5d ( ,god1 c a feeble spid] keep pace ) an elephant8 ,let ! gnat fly z h>d z he may1 he w nev] keep up ) ! w9d4 ,?us ! degrees ( k atta9$ to by ! initiat$ are diff]5t2 "o only rea*es ! entrance ( ! temple1 :ile ano!r f9ds ! ,div9ity :o dwells 9 x4 ,:5 ! ,sun ( ,k d>ts its rays1 ea* is illum9$ 9 proportion to 8 capacity1 & f9ds 9 ! contemplation ( ! tru? ! rank :i* belongs to him4 ,he sees a pa? lie op5 be=e him ?r\gh ! mid/ ( ! fire1 ! furnace ( ! _w becomes = him a g>d5 ( roses4 ,he p]ceives ! almond )9 ! %ell1 t is to say1 he sees ,god "u ! veil ( all app>5t ?+s4 ,b = "o happy man :o p5etrates into ^! my/]ies1 h[ _m millions h gone a/ray8 ,only ! p]fect c dive ) success into ! dep?s ( ?is ocean4 7#d7 ,9 ! f\r? valley 7( indep5d5ce7 ?\ ha/ done ) ev]y?+ b ,god4 ,out ( ?is disposition ( m9d1 :i* no long] feels ! ne$ ( any?+1 !re rises a tempe/u\s hurricane1 e bla/ ( :i* annihilates :ole k+doms4 ,! sev5 seas are !n no m ?an a pool ( wat]2 ! sev5 planets are a sp>k2 ! eight p>adises are only a s+le curta92 ! sev5 hells a mass ( ice4 ,9 less "t ?an x takes ! gre$y cr[ to fill its crop1 out ( a hundr$ c>avans ( travell]s !re rema9s n "o alive4 7#e7 ,! ,valley ( ,unity :i* succe$s to t ( ,indep5d5ce1 is ! valley ( privation ( all ?+s & r$uction to unity1 t is to say1 ! atta9m5t ( a degree ( spirituality1 9 :i* ! ,div9e ,ess5ce1 ap>t f e attribute1 is ! object ( contemplation4 7#f7 ,9 ! six? valley1 t ( ,amazem5t1 ! pilgrim's lot is to suff] & to groan2 ea* brea? he draws is l a sword2 8 days & nights are pass$ 9 sighs2 f ea* ( 8 hairs di/ils a drop ( blood1 :i*1 z x falls1 traces 9 ! air ! lett]s ( ! ^w alas6 ,!re he rema9s 9 a /ate ( /upefaction1 & f9ds 8 way no m4 ,to make ! mean+ ( ,amazem5t cle>]1 ,att> gives ! foll[+ allegory4 ,he supposes t ! "y companions ( a pr9cess wi%$ "o day to amuse !mselves at ! exp5se ( a slave4 ,!y made him dr9k w9e 9 :i* !y _h dropp$ a n>cotic drug1 & :5 he 0 asleep _h him c>ri$ to ! h>em4 ,at midnight1 :5 he woke1 he f\nd himself on a gild$ c\* surr\nd$ by p]fum$ c&les1 sc5t-boxes ( aloes1 & lovely wom5 ^: songs ravi%$ 8 e>4 ,disconc]t$ & /upefi$1 says ! poet1 he no long] reta9$ reason nor life4 ,he 0 no long] 9 ?is _w1 nor 0 he 9 ! o!r4 ,8 he>t 0 full ( love = ! pr9cess1 b 8 tongue rema9$ mute4 ,8 _s 0 9 ec/acies4 ,:5 he awoke 9 ! morn+ he f\nd himself aga9 a slave at 8 old po/4 ,! memory ( ! pa/ night 0 s vivid t x caus$ him to utt] a cry2 he tore 8 g>m5ts1 & ?rew du/ ^u 8 head4 ,!y ask$ him :at 0 ! matt]1 b he knew n :at to reply4 ,he c\ld n say :e!r :at he _h se5 0 a dream or a reality2 :e!r he _h pass$ ! night 9 drunk5ness or 9 full possession ( 8 faculties4 ,:at he _h se5 _h left a pr(\nd impression on 8 m9d1 & yet he c\ld n trace x out accurately4 ,he _h contemplat$ ,beauty beyond all words1 & yet he 0 n sure :e!r he _h se5 ,x aft] all4 ,! only effect ( 8 vision 0 a tr\ble ( m9d & unc]ta9ty4 7#g7 ,at la/ comes ! sev5? valley1 t ( ,pov]ty & ,annihilation4 ,b ^! words are insuffici5t to describe x2 =getfulness1 deafness1 dumbness1 fa9t+--su* is ! condition ( ! pilgrim 9 ?is valley4 ,"o sun causes millions ( %ad[s to vani%4 ,:5 ! ocean is agitat$1 h[ c ! figures trac$ on its wat]s rema98 ,su* figures are ?is _w & ! _w to come1 & he :o kn[s !m to be no?+ is "r4 ,he :o is plung$ 9 ?is sea1 :]e ! he>t is a/ray & lo/1 has by means ( 8 v annihilation f\nd immutable repose4 ,9 ?is ocean1 :]e reigns a con/ant calm1 ! he>t f9ds n\ght b annihilation4 ,att> also illu/rates ! ,sufi doctr9e ( annihilation 7:i* resembles ! ,buddhi/ic nirvana7 by an allegory4 ,"o night1 he says1 ! butt]flies 7 torm5t$ by ! desire to unite !mselves ) ! c&le-flame4 ,!y held a meet+1 & resolv$ t "o ( !m %\ld g & exp]im5t1 & br+ back news4 ,a butt]fly 0 s5t to a neighb\r+ h\se1 & he p]ceiv$ ! flame ( ! c&le :i* 0 burn+ )94 ,he br\ght back ^w & tri$ to describe ! flame accord+ to ! measure ( 8 intellig5ce2 b ! butt]fly :o presid$ ov] ! assembly said t ! explor+ butt]fly _h atta9$ no real k ( ! c&le-flame4 ,a second butt]fly w5t =?1 & approa*$ s close to ! flame z to s+e 8 w+s4 ,he also return$1 & ?rew a little light on ! my/]y ( union ) ! flame4 ,b ! presid+ butt]fly f\nd 8 explanation n mu* m satisfactory ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,a ?ird butt]fly !n flew =?2 he 0 intoxicat$ ) love = ! flame1 & flung himself :olly into x2 he lo/ himself1 & id5tifi$ himself ) x4 ,x embrac$ him completely1 & 8 body became z fi]y-r$ z ! flame itself4 ,:5 ! presid+ butt]fly saw f af> t ! flame _h absorb$ ! devot$ butt]fly & communicat$ its own qualities to x2 ',t butt]fly1' he exclaim$1 'has le>nt :at he wi%$ to "k1 b he alone und]/&s x4 ,only he :o has lo/ all trace & tok5 ( 8 own exi/5ce kn[s :at annihilation is4 ,until ?\ ignore/ ?yself1 body & s\l1 ?\ can/ n "k ! object :i* des]ves ?y love4' ,! =ego+ t]rible description ( ! sev5 my/]i\s valleys 0 well calculat$ to disc\rage ! birds1 & ,att> tells u t aft] he>+ x !y /ood ) he>ts oppress$ & heads b5t4 ,all und]/ood1 he says1 t x 0 n = a feeble h& to b5d ?is b[4 ,!y 7 s t]rifi$ by ! disc\rse ( ! hoopoe t a great numb] di$ on ! spot :]e !y 7 assembl$4 ,z to ! o!rs1 9 spite ( _! dismay1 !y cons5t$ to comm5ce ! j\rney4 ,dur+ long ye>s !y travell$ ov] hill & dale1 & sp5t a great "p ( _! lives 9 pilgrimage4 ,f9ally1 ( all :o set out1 a v small b& arriv$ at ! goal4 ,"s 7 dr[n$ 9 ! ocean1 o!rs 7 annihilat$ & disappe>$4 ,o!rs p]i%$ on ! peaks ( high m\nta9s1 dev\r$ by ?ir/ & a prey to all k9ds ( ills4#dh ,o!rs _h _! plumes burnt & _! he>ts dri$ up by ! scor*+ heat ( ! sun2 o!rs fell a prey to ! wild bea/s :i* haunt$ ! road1 fall+ panic-/ruck1 )\t resi/ance1 into _! claws2 o!rs di$ ( %e] exhau/ion 9 ! des]t2 o!rs f\ght & kill$ ea* o!r madly = *ance gra9s ( corn2 o!rs exp]i5c$ all k9ds ( pa9s & fatigues1 & end$ by /opp+ %ort ( ! goal2 o!rs1 engross$ 9 curiosity & pleasure1 p]i%$ )\t ?9k+ ( ! object = :i* !y _h set out4 ,:5 !y />t$1 _! numb]s 7 c\ntless1 b at la/ only ?irty arriv$1 & ^! )\t fea!rs & w+s1 exhau/$ & pro/rat$1 _! he>ts brok51 _! s\ls fa9t+1 _! bodies worn out by fatigue4 ,!y _h arriv$ at ! ,palace ( ! ,simurgh4 ,a *amb]la9 ( ! ,k+1 :o saw ^! ?irty hapless birds )\t fea!rs or w+s1 que/ion$ !m :5ce !y came1 & :y4 ',we h come1' !y answ]$1 't ! ,simurgh may become our k+4 ,! love t we feel = him has unsettl$ our reason4 ,we h d5i$ ourselves all re/ to foll[ ! road t leads to ,him4 ,x is v long s9ce we />t$1 & ( our _m millions1 only ?irty h rea*$ ! goal4 ,! hope ( appe>+ "h has buoy$ u up hi!rto2 may ! ,k+ ?9k k9dly ( ! p]ils we h und]gone1 & ca/ ^u u at lea/ a glance ( compassion4' ,! *amb]la9 return$ a h>% answ]1 & ord]$ !m to g back1 tell+ !m t ! ,k+ _h no ne$ ( _! homage4 ,?is answ] at fir/ ca/ !m into despair1 b aft]w>ds1 imitat+ ! mo? :i* seeks c]ta9 dea? 9 ! flame ( ! lamp1 !y p]si/$ 9 _! reque/ to be admitt$ to ! pres5ce ( ! ,simurgh4 ,_! /eadfa/ness did n rema9 unrew>d$4 ,! *amb]la9 ( grace came out1 op5$ a door1 & pres5t$ !m ) a docum5t :i* he ord]$ !m to read4 ,?is conta9$ a li/ ( all ! s9s :i* ! birds _h committ$ aga9/ ! ,simurgh4 ,! p]usal ( x caus$ !m no?+ less ?an dea?1 b ?is dea? 0 = !m ! bir? into a new life4 ,att> says3 ,by reason ( ! %ame & confusion :i* ^! birds exp]i5c$1 _! bodies became du/1 & _! s\ls 7 annihilat$4 ,:5 !y 7 entirely purifi$ f all e>?ly elem5ts1 !y all receiv$ a new life4 ,all t !y _h done or omitt$ to d dur+ _! e>?ly exi/5ce pass$ entirely out ( m9d4 ,! sun ( proximity burnt !m1 t is to say1 _! =m] exi/5ce 0 consum$ by ! sun ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce :i* !y _h approa*$1 & a ray ( ?is light produc$ a life :i* animat$ !m all4 ,at ?is mom5t !y beheld !mselves reflect$ 9 ! ,simurgh4#di ,:5 !y /ole a glance at ,him1 ,he appe>$ to be ! ?irty birds !mselves2 :5 !y look$ at !mselves1 !y seem$ to be ! ,simurgh2 & :5 !y look$ at bo? toge!r1 only "o ,simurgh appe>$4 ,! situation 0 inexpressible 9 words4 ,!y 7 all subm]g$ 9 an ocean ( /upefaction1 ) all faculties ( ?\ght susp5d$4 ,)\t mov+ a tongue1 !y int]rogat$ ! ,awful ,pres5ce = an explanation ( ! my/]y ( app>5t id5tity betwe5 ! ,div9ity & 8 ador]s4 ,!n a voice 0 he>d say+1 ',! ,maje/y ( ! ,simurgh is a sun-resembl+ mirror2 :osoev] contemplates ,him beholds 8 own reflection2 body & s\l see 9 ,him body & s\l4 ,z y are ?irty birds1 y appe> 9 ?is mirror z ?irty birds2 if =ty or fifty birds came "h !y w\ld see =ty or fifty4 ,al?\gh y h pass$ ?r\gh _m *anges1 x is y\rselves only :om y h se5 ?r\gh\t4 ,c ! eye ( an ant rea* ! ,pleiades8 ,!n h[ c y\r in* ( inkl+ atta9 to ,u8 ,9 all ! valleys :i* y h trav]s$1 9 all ! acts ( k9dness :i* y h done to o!rs1 x 0 by ,our impulse alone t y 7 act+4 ,all ?is :ile y h be5 asleep 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,ess5ce & ! ,attributes4 ,y ?irty birds h be5 unconsci\s hi!rto4 ,! "n ?irty birds belongs r to ,u1 :o are ! v]itable ,simurgh4 ,f9d !n 9 ,u a glori\s self-effacem5t1 9 ord] to f9d y\rselves aga9 9 u4' ,s !y vani%$ 9 ,him = ev]1 z ! %ad[ disappe>s 9 ! sun4 ,:ile on pilgrimage !y conv]s$2 :5 !y _h arriv$1 all conv]se ceas$4 ,!re 0 no long] a guide2 !re 7 no long] pilgrims2 ! road itself _h ceas$ to be4 ,su* is ?is allegory1 or ,sufi's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 :i* conta9s ne>ly five ?\s& c\plets4 ,att> v>ies ! monotony ( ! long spee*es ( ! ,hoopoe & ! o!r birds by ins]t+ anecdotes1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+3-- ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,%eikh ,,sanaan4 ,! ,%eikh ,sanaan 0 "o ( ! sa9ts ( 8 age2 f\r or five times he _h made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca2 8 pray]s & fa/s 7 c\ntless2 no practice enjo9$ by ! religi\s law 0 omitt$ by him2 he _h pass$ ?r\gh all ! degrees ( ! spiritual life2 8 v brea? _h a heal+ influ5ce ^u ! sick4 ,9 joy & 9 grief1 he 0 an example = m51 &1 z x 71 a /&>d lift$ up4 ,"o night1 to 8 di/ress1 he dreamt t he 0 fat$ to leave ,mecca 7:]e he 0 !n resid+7 = ,r\m 7,asia ,m9or71 & !re become an idolator4 ,:5 he awoke1 he said to 8 disciples1 ( :om he _h f\r hundr$1 ,my decision is tak52 ,i mu/ g to ,r\m 9 ord] to h ?is dream expla9$4 ,8 f\r hundr$ disciples accompani$ him on ! j\rney4 ,!y w5t f ,mecca to ,r\m1 & trav]s$ ! c\ntry f "o end to ano!r4 ,"o day1 by *ance !y saw on an elevat$ balcony a "y & lovely ,*ri/ian girl4 ,no soon] _h ! ,%eikh se5 h] ?an he became viol5tly 9 love1 & seem$ to lose all reg>d = 8 religi\s duties4 ,8 disciples tri$ to r\se him out ( 8 p]il\s /ate1 b 9 va94 ,"o said to him1 ,o ?\ kn[] ( secrets1 rise & p]=m ?y pray]s4 ,he repli$1 ,my 'mihrab'#ej is ! face ( my ,belov$2 only ?i!r w ,i direct my pray]s4 ,ano!r said1 ,do/ ?\ n rep5t8 ,do/ ?\ n pres]ve any reg>d = ,islam8 ,no "o1 he said1 rep5ts m deeply ?an ,i d = n hav+ be5 9 love be=e4 ,a ?ird said1 ,anyone ) intellig5ce c see t ?\gh ?\ wa/ our guide1 ?\ ha/ gone a/ray4 ,he answ]$1 ,say :at y l1 ,i am n a%am$2 ,i break ) a /one ! vase ( hypocrisy4 ,to _m simil> remon/rances he made simil> replies4 ,at la/1 f9d+ _! ef=ts ( no avail1 8 disciples left him4 ,lo/ 9 a k9d ( /upor1 he rema9$ ! :ole night motionless be=e ! balcony4 ,9 ! morn+ ! "y ,*ri/ian came out1 & see+ t he did n got away1 und]/ood t he 0 9 love4 ,he p\r$ out a passionate appeal1 :5 %e w\ld h dismiss$ him1 & refus$ to dep>t4 ,at la/ %e said1 ,if ?\ art really 9 e>ne/1 ?\ mu/ utt]ly wa% ?y h&s ( ,islam2 ?\ mu/ b[ to idols1#ea burn ! ,koran1 dr9k w9e1 & give up ?y religi\s obs]vances4 ,! ,%eikh repli$1 ,i w dr9k w9e1 b ,i _c cons5t to ! ?ree o!r conditions4 ,%e said1 ,rise1 !n1 & dr9k2 :5 ?\ ha/ drunk1 ?\ maye/1 p]*ance1 be able4 ,accord+ly ! ,%eikh drank w9e1 &1 hav+ done s1 lo/ 8 s5ses entirely1 compli$ ) h] reque/s1 & became h] abject slave4 ,he !n said to h]1 ,o *>m+ maid51 :at rema9s to be done8 ,i h drunk w9e1 ,i h ador$ idols2 no "o c\ld d m = love ?an ,i h done4 ,%e1 ?\gh %e began to requite 8 affection1 wi%+ /ill fur!r to prove him1 answ]$1 ,g1 !n1 & fe$ my sw9e = a ye>1 & !n we w pass our lives toge!r 9 joy or 9 sorr[4 ,s ?is sa9t & great ,%eikh cons5t$ to keep sw9e = a ye>4 ,! news ( 8 apo/asy spread all ov] ,r\m1 & 8 disciples aga9 came to remon/rate ) him1 & said1 ,o ?\ :o disreg>de/ religion1 return ) u aga9 to ! ,kaaba4 ,! ,%eikh answ]$1 ,my s\l is full ( sadness2 g :i!r y\r desires c>ry y4 ,z = me1 ! ,*ur* is h5ce=? my place1 & ! "y ,*ri/ian ! happ9ess ( my life4 ,he spoke1 & turn+ 8 face f 8 fri5ds1 w5t back to fe$ 8 sw9e4 ,!y wept1 & look$ at him wi/fully f af>4 ,at la/ !y return$ sadly to ! ,kaaba4 ,n[ !re 0 a fri5d ( ! ,%eikh1 :o happ5$ to h be5 abs5t :5 ! ,%eikh left ,mecca4 ,on ! arrival ( ! ,%eikh's disciples1 he que/ion$ !m1 & le>n$ all t _h happ5$4 ,he !n said1 ,if y are really 8 fri5ds1 g & pray to ,god night & day = ! ,%eikh's conv]sion4 ,accord+ly1 =ty days & nights !y pray$ & fa/$1 till _! pray]s 7 he>d1 & ,god turn$ ! %eikh's he>t back aga9 to ,islam4 ,! secrets ( div9e wisdom1 ! ,koran1 ! prophecies1 all t he _h blott$ out ( 8 m9d1 came back to 8 memory1 & at ! same "t he 0 deliv]$ f 8 folly & 8 mis]y4 ,:5 ! fire ( rep5tance burns1 x consumes ev]y?+4 ,he made 8 ablutions1 resum$ 8 ,moslem g>b1 & dep>t$ = ,mecca1 :]e he & 8 old disciples embrac$ ) te>s ( joy4 ,9 ! meantime ! "y ,*ri/ian saw ! ,prophet appe>+ to h] 9 a dream1 & say+1 ,foll[ ! ,%eikh6 ,adopt 8 doctr9e2 be ! du/ "u 8 feet4 ,?\ :o w]t ! cause ( 8 apo/asy1 be pure z he is4 ,:5 %e awoke f h] dream1 a /rong impulse urg$ h] to seek = him4 ,) a he>t full ( affection1 ?\gh ) a feeble body1 %e w5t to seek = ! ,%eikh & 8 disciples4 ,:ile %e 0 on ! way1 an inn] voice appris$ ! ,%eikh ( :at 0 pass+4 ,?is maid51 x said1 has ab&on$ infidelity2 %e has he>d ( ,our sacr$ ,h\se1#eb %e has ent]$ 9 ,our way2 ?\ maye/ take h] n[1 & be blameless4 ,=?)1 ! ,%eikh set out on ! way t[>ds ,r\m to meet h]2 8 disciples essay$ to /op him & said1 ,0 ?y rep5tance n real8 ,art ?\ turn+ back aga9 to folly8 ,b he told !m ( ! intimation :i* he _h receiv$1 & !y set out toge!r till !y arriv$ :]e ! "y ,*ri/ian 04 ,b !y f\nd h] pro/rate on ! gr\nd1 h] hair soil$ by ! du/ ( ! way1 h] feet b>e1 h] g>m5ts torn4 ,at ?is sight te>s ran d[n ! ,%eikh's *eeks2 %e1 :5 %e saw him1 said1 ,lift ! veil t ,i may be in/ruct$1 & tea* me ,islam4 ,:5 ?is lovely idol _h become "o ( ! ,fai?ful1 !y %$ te>s ( joy1 b %e 0 sad2 ,o ,%eikh6 %e cri$1 my p[]s are exhau/$2 ,i _c support abs5ce4 ,i am go+ to leave ?is du/y & bewild]+ _w4 ,f>ewell1 ,%eikh ,sanaan1 f>ewell6 ,i c say no m2 p>don me & oppose me n4 ,s say+1 h] s\l left ! body2 ! drop return$ to ! ocean4 ,o!r anecdotes :i* occur 9 ! ,mantiq-ut-tair are ! foll[+3-- ,,! ,,angel ,,gabriel ,,& ,,! ,,infidel4 ,"o night ,gabriel 0 ne> ! ,?rone1 :5 he he>d ,allah pron\nc+ words ( acquiesc5ce 9 answ] to someone's pray]4 ,a s]vant ( ,god1 said ,gabriel to himself1 is invok+ ! ,et]nal j n[2 b :o is he8 ,all t ,i c und]/& is t he mu/ be a sa9t ( surpass+ m]it1 ^: _s has entirely subdu$ 8 fle%4 ,gabriel wi%$ to "k :o ! happy mortal 01 b ?\gh he flew ov] l&s & seas1 he did n f9d him4 ,he ha/5$ to return to ! proximity ( ! ,?rone & he>d aga9 ! same answ] giv5 to ! same pray]s4 ,9 8 anxiety to "k ! suppliant1 he aga9 s\ght = him ?r\gh\t ! _w1 b 9 va94 ,!n he cri$1 ,o ,god1 %[ me ! way t conducts to 8 dwell+4 ,g1 0 ! answ]1 to ! c\ntry ( ,r\m2 ent] a c]ta9 ,*ri/ian conv5t1 & ?\ %alt f9d him4 ,gabriel ha/5$ ?i!r1 & saw ! man :o 0 ! object ( ! div9e fav\r2 at t v mom5t he 0 ador+ an idol4 ,!n ,gabriel said to ,god1 ,o ,ma/] ( ! _w1 reveal to me ?is secret2 ,h[ can/ ,?\ he> ) k9dness him :o prays to an idol 9 a conv5t8 ,god answ]$ him1 ,a veil is ^u 8 he>t2 he kn[s n t he is a/ray4 ,s9ce he has err$ ?r\gh ignorance1 ,i p>don him1 & grant him access to ! highe/ rank ( sa9ts4 ,,! ,,clay ,,( ,,:i* ,,man ,,is ,,made4 ,"o day ! ,prophet drank ( a /ream & f\nd its ta/e m sweet ?an rose-wat]4 ,z he 0 sitt+ by ! /ream1 someone came & fill$ 8 clay pit*] f x1 & ! ,prophet drank out ( t also4 ,to 8 amazem5t1 he f\nd ! wat] bitt]4 ,o ,god1 he said1 ! wat] ( ! /ream & ! wat] 9 ! pit*] are "o2 disclose to me ! secret ( ! diff]5ce 9 _! ta/e4 ,:y is ! wat] 9 ! pit*] bitt]1 & ! o!r sweet z honey8 ,f ! pit*] itself came ! answ]4 ,i am old2 ! clay ( :i* ,i am made has be5 work$ ov] & ov] aga9 into a ?\s& %apes4 ,b 9 e %ape ,i am impregnat$ ) ! bitt] sav\r ( mortality4 ,x exi/s 9 me 9 su* a way t ! wat] :i* ,i hold _c be sweet4 ,,! ,,dead ,,crim9al4 ,a poor crim9al di$1 & z !y 7 c>ry+ him to burial1 a devotee :o 0 pass+ by /ood alo(1 say+ t fun]al pray]s %\ld n be said ov] su* an "o4 ,! next night1 9 a dream1 ! devotee saw ! crim9al 9 heav51 ) 8 face %9+ l ! sun4 ,amaz$1 he said to him1 ,h[ ha/ ?\ obta9$ s l(ty a place1 ?\ :o ha/ sp5t ?y life 9 crime1 & art f\l f head to foot8 ,he answ]$1 ,x is because ( ?y want ( compassion t[>ds me t ,god has %[n me m]cy1 ?\gh s great a s9n]4 ,behold ! my/]y ( ,god's love & wisdom4 ,9 ,8 wisdom1 ,he s5ds man1 l a *ild ) a lamp1 ?r\gh ! night z black z a rav52 imm$iately aft]w>ds he comm&s a furi\s w9d to bl[ & ext+ui% ! lamp4 ,!n ,he asks ,8 *ild :y ! lamp is bl[n out4 ,night & day1 ,o my *ild1 ! sev5 sph]es c>ry on _! revolutions = !e4 ,heav5 & hell are reflections ( ?y goodness & ( ?y wick$ness4 ,! angels h all b[$ d[n to !e4#ec ,! "p & :ole are lo/ 9 ?y ess5ce4 ,d n1 !re=e1 despise ?9e own self1 = no?+ is high] ?an x4 ,! body is "p ( ! ,:ole1 & ?y s\l is ! ,:ole4 ,! body is n di/9ct f ! s\l1 b is a "p ( x1 nei!r is ! s\l di/9ct f ! ,:ole4 ,x is = !e t ! "t arrives :5 ! rose displays its beauty2 = !e t ! cl\ds p\r d[n ! ra9 ( m]cy4 ,:atev] ! angels d1 !y h done = !e4 ,,anecdote ,,( ,,bayazid ,,ba/ami4 ,"o night ,%eikh ,bayazid w5t out ( ! t[n1 & f\nd reign+ ev]y:]e pr(\nd sil5ce4 ,! moon 0 %9+ at ! full1 mak+ ! night z cle> z day4 ,! sky 0 cov]$ ) con/ellations1 ea* fulfill+ its c\rse4 ,! ,%eikh walk$ on = a long :ile )\t he>+ ! lea/ s\nd1 & )\t p]ceiv+ anyone4 ,he 0 deeply mov$1 & said1 ,o ,"l1 my he>t is pa9$4 ,:y is su* a sublime audi5ce-hall z ,?9e )\t ?rongs ( wor%ipp]s8 ,cease ?y wond]1 an inn] voice repli$ to him4 ,! ,k+ does n accord access to ,8 ,c\rt to ev]yone4 ,:5 ! sanctu>y ( ,our spl5d\r is display$1 ! c>eless & ! slumb]+ are )\t4 ,^? :o are to be admitt$ to ?is ,c\rt wait :ole ye>s1 & !n only "o 9 a million ent]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 8 latt] ye>s1 ,f>idudd9 ,att> c>ri$ 8 asceticism to su* a degree t he gave up compos+ poetry altoge!r4 ,! /ory ( 8 dea? illu/rates 9 a /rik+ way ! indiff]5ce to ext]nal ?+s cultivat$ by ! ,sufis4 ,dur+ ! invasion ( ,p]sia by ,j5ghiz ,khan 7#abbi ,a4,d47 :5 ,att> _h rea*$ ! great age ( #aaj1 he 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,mongols4 ,"o ( !m 0 ab\t to kill him1 :5 ano!r said1 ,let ! old man live2 ,i w give a ?\s& pieces ( silv] z 8 ransom4 ,8 captor 0 ab\t to close ) ! b>ga91 b ,att> said1 ,don't sell me s *eaply2 y w f9d someone will+ to give m4 ,subsequ5tly ano!r man came up & (f]$ a bag ( /raw = him4 ,sell me to him1 said ,att>1 = t is all ,i am wor?4 ,! ,mongol1 irritat$ at ! loss ( ! fir/ (f]1 slew ! sa9t1 :o ?us f\nd ! dea? he desir$4 #dg i4e43 ,! /ages ( ! ,sufi's progress to ,god4 #dh c4f4 ,g4 ,m]$i? ,out ( hundr$s :o aspire1 ,eighties p]i%1 n9eties tire2 ,^? :o be> up 9 spite ( wrecks & wracks1 ,7 season$ by cele/ial bl[s & ?wacks4 #di ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! "n ,simurgh means ?irty birds4 #ej ,! ni*e 9 ! mosque wall fac+ ,mecca1 t[>ds :i* ,muhammadans pray4 #ea ,*ri/ians are reg>d$ z idolators by ,moslems4 #eb ,! ,kaaba4 #ec ,allud+ to ! ,koran 7,sura #ah7 :]e ! angels are repres5t$ z wor%ipp+ ,adam by ! comm& ( ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,suhraw>dy#ed 7#aaec-aaia ,,ad7 ,v few rema9s 9 writ+1 except _! ,p]sian poems1 h come d[n to u f ! old] ,pan!i/ic my/ics4 ,9 ! ,k+dom ( ! ,caliphs h]etical books 7 suppress$ by /rong] measures ?an be+ plac$ on ! ,index4 ,to express views op5ly at v>iance ) ! e/abli%$ religion 0 to imp]il "o's life4 ,! ,p]sian ,sufis1 !re=e1 :o 9 _! my/ical works g5]ally us$ ,arabic1 veil$ _! views 9 a sort ( te*nical language1 :i* 0 q un9telligible to ! un9itiat$4 ,/ill "s works are pres]v$ :i* give u an insight into _! t5d5cies4 ,! ,%eikh ,suhraw>dy1 :o 0 a m>tyr to 8 convictions1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! *ief repres5tative ( ?is free-?9k+ t5d5cy 9 ,sufism4 ,8 works h be5 m appreciat$ by ! ,p]sians & ,turks ?an by ! ,arabs1 among :om copies ( !m are no long] to be f\nd1 :ile !y may be met ) 9 ,turki% libr>ies4 ,suhraw>dy belong$ to ! or?odox s*ool ( ! ,%afiites1 & ga9$ a great reputation = 8 le>n+4 ,he /udi$ jurisprud5ce 9 ,m>aghah1 !n w5t to ,ispahan1 & lat] to ,bagdad & ,aleppo1 :]e he occupi$ himself *iefly ) philosophical /udies4 ,he gave himself ! title ,disciple ( ! ,_s-_w4 ,9 ! ,arabic biographies ( him1 8 tea*+ is said to h aim$ at ov]?r[+ ,islam2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is always said ( anyone :o v5tures to oppose ! dom9ant or?odox p>ty4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 he f\nd$ a sect :o bore ! "n ,i%rakiyya--,! ,illum9$4 ,= !m he compos$ a "w1 ,hikmat al ,i%rak1 i4e41 ,! philosophy ( illum9ation1 conta9+ my/ical & fanta/ic tea*+4 ,9 ,aleppo1 :]e he f9ally took up 8 abode1 he seems to h ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ,pr9ce ,malik ,zahir1 ! son ( ! fam\s ,salad94 ,! or?odox p>ty p]suad$ ! latt] to pass s5t5ce ( dea? on him z a h]etic1 :i* s5t5ce ,malik ,zahir caus$ to be c>ri$ out 7#aaia ,a4,d471 b n till he _h receiv$ a ?reat5+ lett] f 8 fa!r = 8 dilator9ess4 ,suhraw>dy is said :5 he he>d ! s5t5ce1 to h quot$ a ,p]sian v]se3 ,x is n wor? :ile to draw ! sword4 ,by 8 own cons5t1 he 0 !n %ut up 9 a sep>ate *amb] & depriv$ ( meat & dr9k till he pass$ into ! _w = :i* he long$4 ,8 tomb is /ill pres]v$ 9 ,aleppo1 :]e ! memory ( him z ! murd]$ ,suhraw>dy has by no means fad$4 ,! inhabitants say t no tree or %rub w gr[ 9 ! tomb-enclosure4 ,8 real "* has1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 =gott51 & he is repres5t$ z a magician & sorc]] :o possess$ ! philosoph]'s /one1 & knew h[ to make gold4 ,_m ev5 believe t he 0 nev] kill$ at all1 b disappe>$1 :ile a phantom 0 put to dea? 9 8 place4 ,!y say t at night weird s\nds are he>d f 8 grave4 ,^! popul> leg5ds give u reason to suppose t ,suhraw>dy's life & dea? 9 ,aleppo really made an extraord9>y impression on ! p1 & t 8 tea*+ p5etrat$ m deeply ?an ,muhamm$an writ]s f9d conv5i5t to admit4 ,suhraw>dy's writ+s 7 pres]v$ f entire de/ruction by ! ,p]sians & ,turks4 ,! mo/ important ( !m are ! above-m5tion$ ,hikmat al ,i%rak1 ,haikal-un-nur 7,! ,temple ( ,light7 & o!rs4 ,f ! two fir/ a few passages may be quot$1 :i* suffice to %[ t ! !osophy ( ?is ,p]sian ,sufi took a mu* bold] flight ?an t ( ! ,arabian ,sufis1 & t = x ,islam 0 a m]e outw>d =m4 ,9 ! ,hikmat al ,i%rak we f9d ! influ5ces ( two entirely diff]5t s*ools ( ?\ght fanta/ically bl5d$ into an extraord9>y comp\nd ( philosophy & my/icism4 ,9 ?is1 ,neo-platonic ideas are br\ght into connection ) a !ory ( light obvi\sly d]iv$ f ,zoroa/rian doctr9e1 & bo? are v>i\sly modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( ,islamic mono!ism & pres5t$ 9 ! ab/ract t]m9ology ( ! ,arabic ,sufis4 ,) ^! la/1 ,suhraw>dy f\nd himself 9 h>mony ) reg>d to _! ec/atic /ages & arrival at ! k ( ,god by way ( intuition4 ,he also betrays ! influ5ce ( ! ,p]so-,%iite dogma ( ! hidd5 spiritual ,imams1 ( :om only "o is believ$ to be on e>? at any giv5 "t1 & he is ! highe/ spiritual & religi\s au?ority among 8 contempor>ies4 ,! foll[+ is an abridg$ translation ( ! preface to ! ,hikmat al ,i%rak3 ,long h ye1 ,o wor?y fri5ds & companions--may ,god protect y6--pray$ me to write = y a book :]e9 ,i %\ld describe :at has be5 reveal$ to me by way ( inspiration 9 my lonely contemplations & s\l-combats4 ,spiritual sci5ce is no class privilege res]v$ = ! elect1 beh9d :om ! doors ( ! _s-_w are clos$1 & !reby he :o w\ld le>n some:at ( ! sup]natural is exclud$4 ,nay1 ,he :o graci\sly grant$ u ?is k1 ,he1 ! ,horizon ( ,illum9ation1 is n mis]ly ) ! secrets ( ! o!r _w4 ,! wor/ ( all ages is t 9 :i* ! c>pet ( free spiritual inve/igation is roll$ up1 ! w+s ( ?\ght are cramp$1 ! gates ( intuition clos$ & ! road ( contemplation b>ricad$4 ,! _w 0 nev] :olly )\t philosophy1 & )\t someone :o cultivat$ x & 0 decl>$ a philosoph] by manife/ pro(s & facts4 ,?is man is ! real ,caliph or repres5tative ( ,god on e>?1 & 8 successors w be s1 z long z heav5 & e>? %all endure4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & new philosoph]s only consi/s 9 ! v>iations ( _! phraseology & ( _! me?ods ( exposition & pro(4 ,all 9 common ackn[l$ge ! ?ree worlds 7! e>?ly _w1 ! _s _w1 & ! _w ( ,deity72 all alike are agre$ 9 ,mono!ism & 9 _! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ tea*]1 ,ari/otle1 x is cle> t he is ( incomp>able value1 t 8 wisdom is great & 8 faculty ( p5etration pr(\nd2 yet we %\ld n s exagg]ate our rev]5ce = him z to und]value 8 ma/]s1 among :om especially are to be c\nt$ ! travell+ & law-giv+ philosoph]s1 su* z ,aga?odmon1 ,h]mes1 sculapius & o!rs4 ,! l9e ( _! succession is long2 ! *ief classes into :i* !y may be divid$ are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,!osophi/ )\t philosophy2 7#b7 ! speculative philosoph] )\t !osophy2 7#c7 ! philosoph] :o is equally /rong 9 bo?2 7#d7 ! ,!osophi/ :o is /rong 9 !osophy b m$iocre or weak 9 philosophy2 7#e7 ! philosoph] :o is /rong 9 philosophy b m$iocre or weak 9 !osophy1 etc4 ,n[ if ! complete ma/]y ( bo? philosophic & !osophic sci5ce is f\nd 9 "o man1 ?is man is ! repres5tative ( ,god on e>?4 ,fail+ su* a p]son1 ! title devolves on him :o is complete 9 !osophy1 ?\gh he may be m$iocre 9 philosophy4 ,fail+ him1 ! repres5tative ( ,god is he :o is complete 9 !osophy )\t possess+ any philosophy at all4 ,!re nev] fails to be 9 ! _w "o great !osophi/4 ,b ! speculative philosoph]1 fully equipp$ 9 philosophy1 has no claim to ! rule 9 ?is e>?4 ,= !re is always a !osophi/ on e>? & he is bett] fitt$ = ! po/ ?an ! philosoph]1 z ! place ( ,god's ,vic> on e>? _c rema9 unoccupi$4 ,by ?is 'rule1' h[ev]1 ,i d n mean ! possession ( political p[]2 only ! ,imam :o is also a !osophi/ may take ov] ! political p[] & ex]cise x publicly1 or he may rule 9 secret4 ,9 ! latt] case he is t]m$ ! my/ical pole 7qutb72 to him ! rule belongs1 ev5 ?\gh he live 9 ! deepe/ pov]ty4 ,if ! political p[] %\ld really come into 8 h&1 ! age becomes illum9at$2 b if x lacks su* div9e guidance1 x is ov]:elm$ by d>kness4 ,x is nobl] to aim at a high atta9m5t at !osophy & philosophy alike ?an to conf9e "o's ef=t to "o or ! o!r4 ,?is book is int5d$ = ^? :o devote !mselves to bo?1 & n to ! latt] only2 9 x we address ourselves only to ! untrammell$ ?9k] 9 ! reign ( !osophy2 ! l[e/ /ep :i* ! read] ( x %\ld h atta9$1 if he w\ld d]ive any b5efit !refrom1 is at any rate to h felt a fla% ( ! div9e light rea* him1 & 9 "s measure to h made x 8 own4 ,:oev] m]ely wi%es to /udy philosophy1 let him att5d ! s*ool ( ! ,p]ipatetics2 = t purpose x is good & suffici5t4 ,j z we =m c]ta9 s5se-p]ceptions & recognise _! conditions ) c]ta9ty1 & base fur!r sci5tific inve/igations ^u !m1 s 9 ! spiritual realm we =m c]ta9 p]ceptions & build ^u !m2 b he :o does n adopt ?is me?od1 und]/&s no?+ ( philosophy4 ,cont9u+1 he assumes a peculi> !ory ( light1 :i* betrays a really ,p]sian orig94 ,"o special light he designates by ! old ,p]sian ^w ,isfahbad4 ,! ,godhead ,itself he calls ! light ( lights4 ,9 o!r places he borr[s f ,neo-,platonism4 ,he assumes a region 9 ! heav5ly sph]es :]e ! ideal prototypes ( exi/+ ?+s are f\nd4 ,! sa9ts & dev\t ascetics1 accord+ to him1 h ! p[] to call ^? ideal prototypes into real exi/5ce1 & ^! c produce at _! wi%1 food1 figures or melodies1 etc4 ,suhraw>dy's optimi/ic way ( conceiv+ ! _w is peculi> = a ,moslem4 ,:ile ,islam reg>ds ! _w z a vale ( te>s1 & e>?ly life z a "t ( temptation1 he f9ds ! evil 9 ?is _w mu* less ?an ! good4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces ( 8 "w are notewor?y3 ,"k t s\ls 9 :om ! heav5ly illum9ations are la/+1 r$uce ! mat]ial _w to ob$i5ce4 ,_! supplication is he>d 9 ! ,upp] ,_w1 & fate has already decre$ t ! supplication ( su* a p]son = su* an object %\ld be he>d4 ,! light :i* /reams f ! highe/ _w is ! ,elixir ( p[] & k & ! _w obeys x4 ,9 ! purifi$ s\ls is reproduc$ a reflex ( ,god's light1 & a creative ray is focuss$ 9 !m4 ,! 'evil eye' is only a light-p[]1 :i* influ5ces objects & injures !m4 ,soon aft] ,suhraw>dy _h be5 put to dea?1 ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 books 7 committ$ to ! flames by ord] to ! ,caliph ,nasir4 #ed ,f ,von ,krem]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,jalaludd9 ,,rumi ,jalaludd9 ,rumi has be5 call$ by ,pr(essor ,e? 79 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica7 ! greate/ pan!i/ic writ] ( all ages4 ,h[ev] t may be1 he is c]ta9ly ! greate/ my/ical poet ( ,p]sia1 ?\gh n s well kn[n 9 ,europe z ,saadi1 ,hafiz & ,om> ,khayyam4 ,saadi1 ,jalaludd9's contempor>y1 seems to h be5 consci\s ( ?is1 = :5 ask$ by ! ,pr9ce ( ,%iraz to s5d him ! f9e/ poem :i* _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,p]sia1 he s5t an ode f ,jalaludd9's ,diwan4 ,jalaludd9 7! glory ( religion7 0 born at ,balkh1 9 ,c5tral ,asia 7#abjg ,,ad71 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,behaudd91 0 a pr(essor ( !ology "u ! ,sultan ,khw>ezm ,%ah4 ,8 disc\rses 7 l>gely att5d$ by great & small1 b = "s reason he seems to h excit$ ! ,sultan's displeasure4 ,he !re=e left ,balkh ) ! :ole ( 8 family & dep5dants1 tak+ an oa? n to return ?i!r :ile ! ,sultan 0 on ! ?rone4 ,behaudd9's way l$ him to ,ni%apur1 :]e he met ! ,%eikh ,f>iddud9 ,att>1 :o1 po9t+ to ,jalaludd91 said1 ,take c>e6 ,?is son ( y\rs w light a great flame 9 ! _w4 ,att> also pres5t$ ! boy ) 8 ,asr>nama1 or book ( secrets4 ,9 e t[n :i* !y visit$ ! *ief m5 came to see ,behaudd9 & li/5$ to 8 tea*+4 ,behaudd9 & 8 son made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 aft] :i* ! =m] settl$ at ,konia 7,iconium71 9 ,asia ,m9or 7,r\m71 :5ce ! poet receiv$ ! title ,rumi4 ,"h ,behaudd9 obta9$ z great a reputation z he _h done at ,balkh1 & on 8 dea? ,jalaludd9 succe$$ him z ,%eikh1 or spiritual in/ructor4 ,he soon grew tir$ ( ! ord9>y r\nd ( ,mohamm$an le>n+ & gave himself up to my/icism4 ,?is t5d5cy ( 8 receiv$ an additional impulse f ! arrival 9 ,iconium ( an extraord9>y man1 ! fakir ,%ams-i-,tabriz1 a disciple ( ! celebrat$ ,%eikh ,ruknudd94 ,"o day ,ruknudd91 :5 conv]s+ ) ,%ams-i-,tabriz1 _h said to him1 ,9 ! l& ( ,r\m is a ,sufi :o gl[s ) div9e love2 ?\ mu/ g ?i!r & fan ?is gl[ to a cle> flame4 ,%ams-i-,tabriz imm$iately w5t to ,iconium4 ,on 8 arrival he met ,jalaludd9 rid+ on a mule 9 ! mid/ ( a ?rong ( disciples :o 7 escort+ him f ! lecture hall to 8 h\se4 ,he at once intuitively recognis$ t "h 0 ! object ( 8 se>* & 8 long+4 ,he !re=e w5t /raight up to him & ask$1 ,:at is ! aim ( all ! tea*+ t y give1 & all ! religi\s ex]cises :i* y practise8 ,! aim ( my tea*+1 answ]$ ,jalaludd91 is ! regulation ( conduct z prescrib$ by ! traditions & ! moral & religi\s law4 ,all ?is1 answ]$ ,%ams-i-,tabriz1 is m]e skimm+ ! surface4 ,b :at !n is "u ! surface8 ask$ ,jalaludd94 ,only complete union ( ! kn[] ) ! kn[n is k1 answ]$ ,%ams-i-,tabriz & quot$ ! foll[+ v]se ( ,hakim ,sanai3-- ,only :5 k frees !e f ?yself1 ,is su* k bett] ?an ignorance4 ,^! words made a mo/ p[]ful impression on ,jalaludd91 s t he pli$ ,%ams-i-,tabriz ) que/ions & resort$ ) him to lonely des]t places = un9t]rupt$ conv]se4 ,?is l$ to a neglect ( tea*+ on 8 "p1 & 8 pupils & adh]5ts p]secut$ & ridicul$ ,%ams-i-,tabriz1 call+ him a b>e-foot$ & b>e-head$ fakir1 :o has come hi!r to lead ! patt]n ( believ]s a/ray4 ,_! treatm5t caus$ ,%ams-i-,tabriz to flee to 8 native city )\t tell+ ,jalaludd94 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 ov]come by love & long+1 w5t aft] him1 f\nd him & p]suad$ him to return4 ,%ams-i-,tabriz did s1 & = "s "t long] !y liv$ 9 fri5dly int]c\rse toge!r2 b ,jalaludd9's disciples aga9 began to p]secute ! =m]1 :o dep>t$ to ,syria1 :]e he rema9$ two ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is int]val1 9 ord] to s(t5 ! pa9 ( sep>ation1 ,jalaludd9 in/itut$ my/ical dances1 :i* he ord]$ to be accompani$ by ! flute4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! celebrat$ ord] ( ,mevlevis1 or danc+ d]vi%es1 :i* has n[ exi/$ = ov] six hundr$ ye>s1 successively presid$ ov] by desc5dants ( ,jalaludd94 ,_! gyrations are int5d$ to symbolise ! :eel+s ( ! planets r\nd _! c5tral sun & ! attraction ( ! creature to ! ,creator4 ,!y exi/ 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ,turkey1 & to ?is day ! coronation ( ! ,sultan ( ,turkey is n consid]$ complete till he is gird$ ) a sword by ! head d]vi% ( ! ,mevlevi ord]4 ,%ams-i-,tabriz subsequ5tly return$ to ,konia & p]i%$ !re 9 a tumult1 ! details ( :i* are n kn[n4 ,to commemorate 8 fri5d ,jalaludd9 compos$ 8 ,diwan-i-,%ams-i-,tabriz1 putt+ ! latt]'s "n 9 place ( 8 own z ! au?or4 ,x is a collection ( spirit$ odes sett+ =? ! doctr9es ( ,sufi/ic ,pan!ism4 ,! foll[+ l9es on pilgrimage to ! ,kaaba af=d a good in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,sufi poets endeav\r to spiritualise ! rites ( ,islam3-- ,beats !re a he>t )9 t brea/ ( ?9e1 ,!n compass rev]5tly its sacr$ %r9e3 ,= ! ess5tial ,kaaba is ! he>t1 ,& no pr\d pile ( p]i%able art4 ,:5 ,god orda9$ ! pilgrim rite1 t sign ,0 meant to lead ?y ?\ghts to ?+s div9e2 ,a ?\s& times he treads t r\nd 9 va9 ,:o gives "o human he>t a ne$less pa94 ,leave weal? beh9d2 br+ ,god ?y he>t1 ,^: light ,w guide ?y foot/eps ?r\gh ! gloomie/ night ,god spurns ! ri*es ( a ?\s& c(f]s1 ,& says1 ',! sa9t is he 8 he>t :o (f]s2 ,nor gold nor silv] seek ,i1 b above ,all gifts ! he>t1 & buy x ) ,my love3 ,yea6 "o sad1 contrite he>t :i* m5 despise ,m ?an ,my ?rone & fix$ decree ,i prize'2 ,! meane/ he>t t ev] man has spurn$ ,is a cle> glass :]e ,god may be disc]n$4 ,! foll[+ ode1 translat$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,falcon]1 is frankly pan!i/ic3-- ,i 01 ere a "n _h be5 nam$ ^u e>?1 ,ere "o trace yet exi/$ ( aught t has bir?3 ,:5 ! locks ( ! ,lov$ ,"o /ream$ =? = a sign ,& ,be+ 0 none1 save ! ,pres5ce ,div9e4 ,nam$ & "n 7 alike emanations f ,me1 ,ere aught t 0 ',i' yet exi/$1 or ',we'2 ,ere ! veil ( ! fle% = ,messiah 0 wr\ght1 ,to ! ,godhead ,i b[$ 9 pro/ration ( ?\ght2 ,i measur$ int5tly1 ,i pond]$ ) he$ 7,b1 ah1 fruitless my lab\r67 ! ,cross & its ,cre$3 ,to ! pagod ,i ru%$ & ! ,magian's %r9e1 ,b my eye caught no glimpse ( a glory div9e2 ,! re9s ( rese>* to ! ,kaaba ,i b5t1 ,:i!r hopefully ?rong+ ! old & "y w5t2 ,c&ahr & ,h]at se>*$ ,i wi/fully ?r\gh1 ,nor above nor b5ea? came ! ,lov$ ,"o to view4 ,i toil$ to ! summit1 wild1 pa?less & lone1 ,( ! globe-gird+ ,kf1#ee b ! ,anka#ef _h fl[n6 ,! sev5? e>? ,i trav]s$1 ! sev5? heav5 explor$1 ,b 9 nei!r disc]n$ ,i ! c\rt ( ! ,"l4 ,i que/ion$ ! ,p5 & ! ,tablet ( ,fate1 ,b !y :isp]$ n :]e ,he pavilions ,8 /ate2 ,my vision ,i /ra9$1 b my ,god-scann+ eye ,no trace t to ,godhead belongs c\ld descry4 ,my glance ,i b5t inw>d3 )9 my own brea/ ,lo1 ! va9ly s\ght else:]e6 ! ,godhead confess$6 ,jalaludd9's *ief "w1 ! ,masnavi1 conta9+ upw>ds ( #bf1jjj c\plets1 0 und]tak5 at ! in/ance ( "o ( 8 disciples & intimates1 ,husam-ud-d91 :o _h (t5 urg$ him to put 8 tea*+ into a writt5 =m4 ,"o day :5 ,husam-ud-d9 press$ ! subject ^u him1 ,jalaludd9 drew f 8 turban a pap] conta9+ ! op5+ c\plets ( ! ,masnavi1 :i* are ?us translat$ by ,mr4 ,:9field3-- ,he>k5 to ! re$ flute1 h[ x disc\rses1 ,:5 compla9+ ( ! pa9s ( sep>ation3-- ',ev] s9ce !y tore me f my ozi]-b$1 ,my pla9tive notes h mov$ m5 & wom5 to te>s4 ,i bur/ my brea/1 /riv+ to give v5t to sighs1 ,& to express ! pangs ( my ye>n+ = my home4 ,he :o abides f> away f 8 home ,is ev] long+ = ! day he %all return2 ,my wail+ is he>d 9 e ?rong1 ,9 conc]t ) !m t rejoice & !m t weep4' ,! re$ flute is "o ( ! pr9cipal in/rum5ts 9 ! melan*oly music :i* accompanies ! danc+ ( ! ,mevlevi d]vi%es4 ,x is a picture ( ! ,sufi or enlight5$ man1 ^: life is1 or ought to be1 "o long lam5t ov] 8 sep>ation f ! ,godhead1 = :i* he ye>ns till 8 purifi$ _s is re-absorb$ into ! ,supreme ,unity4 ,we are "h rem9d$ ( ! words ( ,novalis1 ,philosophy is1 prop]ly speak+1 home sickness2 ! wi% to be ev]y:]e at home4 ,briefly speak+1 ! subject ( ! ,masnavi may be said to be ! love ( ! s\l = ,god z its ,orig91 to ,:om x longs to return1 n ! submission ( ! ord9>y pi\s ,moslem to ! iron despotism ( ,allah4 ,?is !sis is illu/rat$ ) an extraord9>y weal? ( imag]y & apologue ?r\gh\t ! six books compos+ ! "w4 ,! foll[+ fable illu/rates ! famili> ,sufi doctr9e t all religions are ! same to ,god1 ,:o only reg>ds ! he>t3-- ,moses1 to 8 horror1 he>d "o summ] day ,a b5ight$ %eph]d blasphem\sly pray3 ',"l6' he said1 ',i w\ld ,i knew ,!e1 :]e ,?\ art1 ,t = ,!e ,i might p]=m a s]vant's "p2 ,comb ,?y hair & du/ ,?y %oes & sweep ,?y room1 ,br+ ,!e e morn+ milk & honeycomb4' ,moses cri$3 ',blasphem]6 curb ?y blatant spee*6 ,:om art ?\ address+8 ,"l ( all & ea*1 ,allah ! ,almighty8 ,?9ke/ ?\ ,he do? ne$ ,?9e (fici\s folly8 ,wilt all b\nds exce$8 ,miscreant1 h a c>e1 le/ ?und]bolts %\ld break ,on our heads & o!rs p]i% = ?y sake4 ,)\t eyes ,he see?1 )\t e>s ,he he>s1 ,ha? no son nor p>tn] ?r\gh ! endless ye>s1 ,space _c conta9 ,him1 "t ,he is above1 ,all ! limits t ,he kn[s are ,light & ,love4' ,put to %ame1 ! %eph]d1 8 poor g>m5t r5t1 ,w5t away di%e>t5$1 all 8 ard\r sp5t4 ,!n spake ,god to ,moses3 ',:y ha/ ?\ f ,me ,driv5 away ,my s]vant1 :o goes heavily8 ,n = sev]ance x 01 b union1 ,i commission$ !e to prea*1 ,o ha/y "o6 ,hatefulle/ ( all ?+s is to ,me divorce1 ,& ! wor/ ( all ways is ! way ( =ce4 ,i made n creation1 ,self to aggr&ize1 ,b t creatures might ) ,me communion prize4 ,:at ?\gh *ildi% tongues trip8 ',tis ! he>t ,i see1 ,if x really loves ,me 9 s9c]ity4 ,blood-/a9s ( ! m>tyrs no ablution ne$1 ,"s mi/akes are bett] ?an a cauti\s cre$1 ,once )9 ! ,kaaba1#eg :]esoe'er m5 turn1 ,is x mu* to ,him ,:o spirits do? disc]n8 ,love's religion compreh5ds ea* cre$ & sect1 ,love flies /raight to ,god1 & outso>s intellect4 ,if ! gem be real1 :at matt]s ! device8 ,love 9 seas ( sorr[ f9ds ! pe>l ( price4' ,a simil> lesson is taught by ! apologue ( ! ,elephant 9 ! ,d>k3-- ,dur+ ! reign ( an ,ea/]n sov]eign1 he rem>k$ t ! le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t diff]$ widely 9 _! e/imate ( ! ,deity1 ea* ascrib+ to ,him diff]5t *>act]i/ics4 ,s he _h an elephant br\ght 9 secret to 8 capital & plac$ 9 a d>k *amb]2 !n1 invit+ ^? le>n$ m51 he told !m t he 0 9 possession ( an animal :i* none ( !m _h ev] se54 ,he reque/$ !m to accompany him to ! *amb]1 &1 on ent]+ x1 said t ! animal 0 be=e !m1 & ask$ if !y c\ld see x4 ,be+ answ]$ 9 ! negative1 he begg$ !m to approa* & feel x1 :i* !y did1 ea* t\*+ x 9 a diff]5t "p4 ,aft] return+ to ! light1 he ask$ !m :at !y ?\ght ! animal 0 really l4 ,"o decl>$ t x 0 a huge column1 ano!r t x 0 a r\gh hide1 a ?ird t x 0 ( ivory1 a f\r? t x _h huge flaps ( "s co>se sub/ance2 b n "o c\ld correctly /ate :at ! animal 04 ,!y return$ to ! *amb]1 & :5 ! light 0 let 91 ^? le>n$ m5 beheld = ! fir/ "t ! object ( _! curiosity1 & le>n$ t1 :il/ ea* 0 correct 9 :at he _h said1 all diff]$ widely f ! tru?4 ,?\gh a pan!i/1 ,jalaludd9 lays great /ress on ! fact ( man's s9fulness & frailty & on ! p]sonality ( ! ,devil1 z 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- ,_m a net ! ,devil spreads1 weav+ sn>e on sn>e1 ,we1 l fooli% birds1 are caught captive unaw>e2 ,f "o net no soon] free1 /raightway 9 ano!r ,we are tangl$1 fre% defeats aspirations smo!r2 ,till ^u ! gr\nd we lie1 helpless z a /one1 ,we1 :o might h ga9$ ! sky1 we1 :o might h fl[n4 ,:5 we seek to h\se our gra91 pile a goodly /ore1 ,pride1 a hidd5 m\se1 is !re nibbl+ ev]more2 ,till ^u ! h>ve/ day1 lo1 no gold5 heap1 ,b a mildew$ mass ( *aff maggots ov]creep4 ,_m a brilliant sp>k is born :]e ! hamm]s ply1 ,b a lurk+ ?ief is !re2 prompt1 ) f+] sly1 ,sp>k on sp>k he puts !m out1 sp>ks :i* might h so>$ ,p]i% und]nea? 8 t\*4 ,help u !n1 ,o ,"l6 ,:at ) g9 & trap & sn>e1 pitfall & device1 ,h[ %all we poor s9n]s rea* ,?y fair p>adise8 ,aga91 9 contradiction to logical pan!ism ,jalaludd9 lays /ress on man's free-w & responsibility1 z 9 ! foll[+ illu/ration3-- ,on ! fronti] set1 ! w>d5 ( a =t1 ,f> f 8 mon>* & 8 mon>*'s c\rt1 ,holds ! =t1 let foem5 blu/] z !y may1 ,nor = fe> or fav\r w 8 tru/ betray2 ,f> f 8 mon>*1 on ! empire's edge1 ,he1 ) 8 ma/]1 keeps unbrok5 pl$ge2 ,surely !n 8 "l 8 wor? w high] own1 ,?an _! prompt ob$i5ce :o surr\nd 8 ?rone2 ,9 ! ,ma/]'s abs5ce a little "w done well ,weighs m ?an a great "o :5 8 eyes compel2 ,n[ is ! "t to %[ :o fai? & tru/ w keep1 ,once probation ov]1 fai? & tru/ are *eap4 ,h[ev] mu* individual ,sufis may h fall5 into ,ant9omianism & act$ z if !re 0 no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil1 ! great ,sufi tea*]s h always enjo9$ self-mortification1 quot+ ! say+1 ,die be=e y die4 ,?is dy+ is divid$ by !m into ?ree k9ds3 black dea? 7suff]+ oppression f o!rs71 r$ dea? 7mortify+ ! fle%71 & :ite dea? 7suff]+ hung]74 ,jalaludd9 illu/rates ?is by ! foll[+ p>able3-- ,a m]*ant f ,india a p>rot _h br\ght1 ,& p5t 9 a n>r[ cage1 sorr[-di/raught ,) long+ = fre$om4 ,"o day ! good man ,det]m9$ to try ) 8 w>es ,h9du/an2 ,s he said to 8 p>rot1 ',:at gift %all ,i br+ ,f ! l& y 7 born 9--:at curi\s ?+8' ,! p>rot repli$1 ',!re are k9sfolk ( m9e ,fly+ bli! 9 ^? woods1 = ^: fre$om ,i p9e2 7,oh1 ! gre5 woods ( ,india674 ,g1 tell !m my /ate-- ,a captive 9 grip ( implacable fate-- ,& say1 ,is x ju/ice t ,i %\ld despair ,:ile y1 :]e y li/1 c fla% swift ?r\gh ! air1 ,c peck at ! p9eapples1 ba! 9 ! spr+s1 ,& spread 9 ! sunlight y\r gre5-gleam+ w+s8 ,8 message ! man took1 & made 8 ^w good ,:5 he came :]e ! p>rots flew free 9 ! wood2 ,b no soon] ! message 0 giv5 ?an "o ,l lead to ! e>? fell z dead z a /one4 ,! m]*ant upbraid$ himself1 ',x is cle> ,?is p>rot ( m9e 0 a relative de>1 ,& ! %ock has be5 fatal2 myself am to blame4' ,:5 8 j\rney 0 f9i%$ & homew>d he came1 ,8 p>rot inquir$1 ',ha/ br\ght me a crumb ,( com=t 9 sorr[ :]e1 cag$1 ,i sit dumb8' ,! m]*ant said1 ',no2 'twas a pity y s5t1 ,= ! message y gave prov$ ( fatal cont5t2 ,z soon z ,i gave x "o %udd]$ & fell ,/one-dead1 z if /ruck by "s magical spell4' ,no soon] t bird's fate x he>d1 ?an 8 own ,on ! floor ( its cage fell z dead z a /one4 ',alas6' cri$ ! m]*ant1 'my own bird ,i've kill$-- ,my own pretty p>rot1 s ,allah has will$6' ,sadly out f ! cage ! dead body he drew1 ,:51 to 8 amazem5t1 /raight upw>ds x flew ,& p]*$ on a tree4 ',lo6 ! message1' he said1 ',my fri5d s5t--,die ?\1 z ,i make myself dead1 ,& by dy+ w9 fre$om4 ,f>ewell1 ma/] de>1 ,i caught ! pla9 h9t ) intellig5ce cle>4 ,?yself reckon dead1 & !n ?\ %alt fly ,free1 free1 f ! prison ( e>? to ! sky6 ,spr+ may come1 b on granite w gr[ no gre5 ?+2 ,x 0 b>r5 9 w9t]1 'tis b>r5 9 spr+2 ,& granite man's he>t is1 till grace int]v5e1 ,&1 cru%+ x1 clo! ! long b>r5 ) gre54 ,:5 ! fre% brea? ( ,jesus %all t\* ! he>t's core1 ,x w live1 x w brea!1 x w blossom once m4' ,! la/ c\plet is a good illu/ration ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ,*ri/ is reg>d$ by ! ,sufi poets & by ,mohamm$ 9 ! ,koran4 ,9 ! latt]1 x is true1 ,he is ackn[l$g$ z ! ,^w ( ,god & ! ,_s ( ,god1 b ,8 "w among m5 is done1 hav+ be5 entirely sup]s$$ by ! com+ ( ,mohamm$1 ! la/ & greate/ ( ! prophets4 ,jalaludd9 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 ! above c\plet1 speaks ( ,*ri/ z /ill ex]cis+ heal+ influ5ces4 ,else:]e he says1 ref]r+ to ! ,gospel n>rative ( ,*ri/'s entry into ,j]usalem 7n m5tion$ 9 ! ,koran71 & tak+ ! ass z ! symbol ( ! body pamp]$ by ! s5suali/3-- ,y des]t$ ,jesus1 a m]e ass to fe$1 ,9 a cr[d ( asses y w\ld take ! lead2 ,^? :o foll[ ,jesus1 w9 to wisdom's ranks2 ,^? :o fatt5 asses get a kick = ?anks4 ,pity keep = ,jesus1 pity n ! ass1 ,let n fle%ly impulse intellect surpass4 ,if an ass c\ld some:at cat* ( ,jesus' m9d1 ,class$ among ! sages he himself w\ld f9d2 ,?\gh because ( ,jesus y may suff] woe1 ,/ill f ,him comes heal+1 nev] let ,him g4 ,9 ano!r place1 speak+ ( ! importance ( controll+ ! tongue because ( ! g5]al s5sitiv5ess ( human nature1 he says3-- ,9 ea* human _s is a ,*ri/ conceal$1 ,to be help$ or h9d]$1 to be hurt or heal$2 ,if f any human s\l y lift ! veil ,y w f9d a ,*ri/ !re hidd5 )\t fail2 ,woe1 !n1 to bl9d tyrants ^: v9dictive ire1 ,v5t+ words ( fury1 sets ! _w on fire4 ,b ?\gh he speaks ) rev]5ce ( ,*ri/1 he %>es ! common ,mohamm$an animus aga9/ ,/4 ,paul4 ,z a matt] ( fact ,/4 ,paul is r>ely m5tion$ 9 ,mohamm$an writ+s1 b ,jalaludd9 sp5t mo/ ( 8 life at ,iconium1 :]e1 probably1 ow+ to ! t5acity ( ,ori5tal tradition1 traces ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ l+]$4 ,9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,masnavi a curi\s /ory is told ( an e>ly corrupt] ( ,*ri/ianity :o wrote lett]s conta9+ contradictory doctr9es to ! v>i\s lead]s ( _! ,*ur*1 & br\ght ! religion into confusion4 ,9 ?is case ,jalaludd9 seems to h neglect$ ! importance ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 second-h& op9ion & fir/-h& k1 on :i* he else:]e lays /ress3-- ,k ha? two w+s1 ,op9ion ha? b "o1 ,& op9ion soon fails 9 its orphan flight2 ,! bird ) "o w+ soon droops its head & falls1 ,b give x two w+s & x ga9s its desire4 ,! bird ( ,op9ion flies1 ris+ & fall+1 ,on its w+ 9 va9 hope ( its re/2 ,b :5 x escapes f ,op9ion & ,k receives x1 ,x ga9s its two w+s & spreads !m wide to heav52 ,on its two w+s x flies l ,gabriel ,)\t d\bt or conjecture1 & )\t spee* or voice4 ,?\gh ! :ole _w %\ld %\t b5ea? x1 ',?\ art 9 ! road to ,god & ! p]fect fai?1' ,x w\ld n become w>m] at _! spee*1 ,& its lonely s\l w\ld n mate ) !irs2 ,& ?\gh !y %\ld %\t to x1 ',?\ ha/ lo/ ?y way2 ,& ?9ke/ ?yself a m\nta9 & art b a leaf1' ,x w\ld n lose its convictions f _! c5sure1 ,nor vex its bosom ) _! l\d repro(2 ,& ?\gh sea & l& %\ld jo9 9 conc]t1 ,exclaim+1 ',o w&]]1 ?\ ha/ lo/ ?y road6' ,n an atom ( d\bt w\ld fall into its s\l1 ,nor a %ade ( sorr[ at ! scorn]'s scorn4 7,pr(essor ,c[ell's translation47 ,l all quieti/s1 ,jalaludd9 dwells on ! importance ( keep+ ! m9d uncl\d$ by ang] & res5tm5t1 z 9 ! foll[+ little p>able3-- ,"o day a lion1 look+ d[n a well1 ,saw :at appe>$ to him a miracle1 ,ano!r lion's face t upw>d gl>$ ,z if ! fir/ to try 8 /r5g? he d>$4 ,furi\s1 ! lion took a sudd5 leap ,& o'er him clos$ ! placid wat]s deep4 ,?\ :o do/ blame inju/ice 9 mank9d1 ',tis b ! image ( ?9e own d>k m9d2 ,9 !m reflect$ cle> ?y nature is ,) all its angles & obliquities4 ,ar\nd ?yself ?yself ! noose ha/ ?r[n1 ,l t mad bea/ precipitate & prone2 ,face answ]e? to face1 & he>t to he>t1 ,z 9 ! well t lion's c\nt]p>t4 ',back to ea* o!r we reflections ?r[1' ,s spake ,arabia's ,prophet long ago2 ,& he1 :o views m5 ?r\gh self's murky glass1 ,proclaims himself no lion1 b an ass4 ,z ,ghazzali _h done be=e him1 ,jalaludd9 sees 9 ! ph5om5a ( sleep a picture ( ! /ate ( m9d :i* %\ld be cultivat$ by ! true ,sufi1 dead to ?is _w & alive to ,god3-- ,e night1 ,o ,god1 f ! net ( ! body ,?\ release/ our s\ls & make/ !m l blank tablets2 ,e night ?\ release/ !m f _! cages ,& sette/ !m free3 none is ma/] or slave4 ,at night ! prison]s =get _! prisons1 ,at night ! mon>*s =get _! weal?3 ,no sorr[1 no c>e1 no pr(it1 no loss1 ,no ?\ght or fe> ( ?is man or t4 ,su* is ! /ate ( ! ,sufi 9 ?is _w1 ,l ! sev5 sleep]s#eh he sleeps op5-ey$1 ,dead to worldly affairs1 day & night1 ,l a p5 held 9 ! h& ( 8 ,"l4 --7,pr(essor ,c[ell47 ,z we h se51 ,jalaludd9's conception ( ,god is a f> high] "o ?an is embodi$ 9 ! or?odox =mula ( ! ,koran1 ,say3 ,god is ,"o4 ,he nei!r begette? nor is begott54 ,) ,jalaludd9 ,god is f> m imman5t ?an transc5d5t4 ,9 "o place he says1 ,he :o beholde? ,god is godlike1 & 9 ano!r1 ,our attributes are copies ( ,8 attributes4 ,9 a rem>kable passage anticipat+ ! !ory ( ,evolution he portrays man asc5d+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( exi/5ce back to 8 ,orig93-- ,f ! inorganic we develop$ into ! vegetable k+dom1 ,dy+ f ! vegetable we rose to animal1 ,& leav+ ! animal1 we became man4 ,!n :at fe> t dea? w l[] u8 ,! next transition w make u an angel1 ,!n %all we rise f angels & m]ge 9 ! ,nameless1 ,all exi/5ce proclaims1 ,unto ,him %all we return4 ,else:]e he says3-- ,s\l becomes pregnant by ! ,s\l ( s\ls ,& br+s =? ,*ri/2 ,n t ,*ri/ ,:o walk$ on l& & sea1 ,b t ,*ri/ ,:o is above space4 ,! "w ( man 9 ?is _w is to poli% 8 s\l f ! ru/ ( concupisc5ce & self-love1 till1 l a cle> mirror1 x reflects ,god4 ,to ?is end he mu/ be> pati5tly ! discipl9e appo9t$3-- ,if ?\ take/ (f5ce at e rub1 ,h[ wilt ?\ become a poli%$ mirror8 ,he mu/ *oose a pir1 or spiritual guide :o may repres5t ! ,unse5 ,god = him2 ?is guide he mu/ obey & imitate n f slavi% compulsion1 b f an inw>d & spontane\s attraction1 = ?\gh x may be logically inconsi/5t ) ,pan!ism1 ,jalaludd9 is a ?or\gh believ] 9 free-w4 ,love is ! keynote ( all 8 tea*+1 & )\t free-w love is impossible4 ,allud+ to ! anci5t ori5tal belief t jewels are =m$ by ! long-cont9u$ action ( ! sun on common /ones1 he says3-- ,= z a /one1 s ,sufi leg5ds run1 ,woo$ by unwe>i$ pati5ce ( ! sun ,pi]c+ its d5se opacity1 has gr[n ,f a m]e pebble to a preci\s /one1 ,its fl9t9ess imp]meable & crass ,turn$ cry/all9e to let ! sunlight pass2 ,s he>ts long ye>s impassive & opaque ,:om t]ror c\ld n cru% nor sorr[ break1 ,yield+ at la/ to love's ref9+ ray ,trans=m+ & transmut+1 day by day1 ,f dull gr[n cle>1 f e>?ly gr[n div9e1 ,fla% back to ,god ! light t made !m %9e4 ,jalaludd9 did n live to f9i% ! ,masnavi1 :i* breaks (f abruptly ne> ! end ( ! six? book4 ,he di$ 9 #abgb1 sev5 ye>s aft] ,dante's bir?4 ,8 la/ *>ge to 8 disciples 0 z foll[s3-- ,i bid y fe> ,god op5ly & 9 secret1 gu>d aga9/ excess 9 eat+1 dr9k+ & spee*2 keep alo( f evil companion%ip2 be dilig5t 9 fa/s & self-r5unciation & be> wrongs pati5tly4 ,! be/ man is he :o helps 8 fell[-m51 & ! be/ spee* is a brief "o :i* leads to k4 ,praise be to ,god alone6 ,he is buri$ at ,iconium1 & 8 tomb1 l ^? ( all ,mohamm$an sa9ts1 9 a great] or less] degree1 is a c5tre ( pilgrimage4 ,! rev]5ce ) :i* he is reg>d$ is express$ 9 ! say+ curr5t among ,moslems3-- ,paigumb> ne/1 wali d>ad ,kitab 7,he is n a prophet1 b he has a book7 #ee ,! m\nta9 :i* encircles ! _w4 #ef ,! ,ea/]n ,pho5ix4 #eg ,all ,mohamm$ans pray t[>ds ! ,kaaba4 #eh ,koran1 c4 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,%>ani1 ,,! ,,egyptian 7,,ad #aeej7 ,"o ( ! la/ repres5tatives ( ! my/ical s*ool ( ,islam is ,%>ani1 :o wrote 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 8 "t ,egypt _h j be5 conqu]$ by ! ,turks1 ^: milit>y despotism took ! place ( ! feudal an>*y :i* _h prevail$ "u ! ,mameluke sultans4 ,! supremacy ( ,islam 0 n affect$ by ! *ange1 ! ,turks be+ z s9c]e ,moslems z ! ,arabs4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! c\ntry 0 c5tralis$ 9 ! h&s ( a ,pa%a1 :o resid$ at ,cairo z gov]nor-g5]al4 ,z else:]e 9 ! ,muhammadan _w1 ! mo/ p[]ful class 0 t ( ! ,ulema1 or le>n$ m54 ,! g5]\s gifts :i* ! ,sultan %[]$ ^u !m & ! privileg$ position he all[$ !m quickly reconcil$ !m to ! new regime4 ,b !re 0 ano!r num]\s body1 :o1 ?\gh depriv$ ( ! sub/antial advantages :i* ! ,ulema enjoy$1 _h1 h[ev]1 ) ! masses a pre/ige almo/ z great4 ,^! 7 ! ,sufis4 ,poor & humble1 !y 7 lo/ 9 ! cr[d1 :5ce !y drew _! orig91 & ^: mis]ies !y %>$4 ,a sm\ld]+ animosity exi/$ betwe5 ^! ,ess5es ( ,islam & ! ,ulema1 :o correspond$ to ! ,ph>isees4 ,^! la/ claim$ to be ! exclusive deposit>ies ( religi\s k & div9e wisdom2 !y adm9i/]$ ju/ice & monopolis$ b5efices4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,sufis 0 9 diametrical opposition to ?is4 ,9 _! eyes ! k d]iv$ f books & !ological sci5ce 0 f> inf]ior to ! inn] p]ception ( ! sup]natural1 ! my/ic intuition to :i* !y claim$ to atta9 9 _! religi\s ec/acies4 ,!y reg>d$ ! !osophi/ z f> sup]ior 9 e respect to ! !ologian4 ,besides ?is1 !y consid]$ ! diff]5t sects ( ,islam z equally good1 & atta*$ no importance to any ( ! =malities ( ! c]emonial law1 ! /rict obs]vation ( :i* 0 consid]$ by ! or?odox z b9d+ on e good ,moslem4 ,?us1 ! read+ ( ! ,koran1 ) rhy?mical intonation1 z practis$ 9 e mosque1 _h 9 _! eyes no value4 ,to adore ,god ) a pure he>t1 accord+ to !m1 0 inf9itely m important ?an all outw>d obs]vances4 ,su* ideas c\ld n be acceptable to ! ,ulemas1 :o saw ! absolute au?ority 9 religi\s matt]s slipp+ f _! h&s4 ,only a mod]ate p[] ( p]ception 0 ne$$ to und]/& :at dang]s = ! (ficial hi]>*y lurk$ 9 ! ideas ( ^! en?usia/s :o claim$ to d]ive div9e wisdom f a s\rce s diff]5t to t ( :i* ! ,ulemas believ$ !mselves to be ! sole disp5s]s4 ,x is true t ,arab my/icism _h nev] tak5 su* a bold flight z ,p]sian !osophy1 :i* proclaim$ op5ly a ,pan!i/ic sy/em1 9 :i* ! au?ority ( ! books reveal$ to diff]5t prophets 0 displac$ by a poetic belief4 ,accord+ to ?is fai?1 ! univ]se 0 an emanation ( ,god1 ! human s\l a sp>k ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce gone a/ray 9 ?is transitory _w1 b de/9$ to return f9ally to ,god1 aft] hav+ be5 purifi$ ( its e>?ly /a9s4 ,! ,arab ,sufis did n g s f>2 = !m ! ,koran 0 always ! ,^w ( ,god1 & ,muhamm$ 0 ,8 prophet4 ,!y con=m$ ext]nally to ! precepts ( ,islam1 b claim$ at ! same "t to und]/& ,god & ,8 law bett] ?an ! !ologians1 & t n by ! /udy ( l>ge volumes ( exegesis & traditions1 b by cele/ial inspiration4 ,! or?odox mullahs und]/ood ! dang]1 & did n conceal _! gr[+ irritation aga9/ ^! audaci\s h]etics4 ,! gov]nm5t & ! great majority ( ,moslems 7 on ! side ( ! ,ulema1 b ! my/ics f\nd sympa?y among ! p1 & _! ideas spread ) incr$ible rapidity4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury1 a man ( great ability1 ( :om ! ,muhammadans are ju/ly pr\d1 made a vigor\s ef=t to reconcile or?odox ,islam ) ! ,sufi doctr9es curr5t 9 8 "t4 ,?is man 0 ,ghazzali4 ,he consecrat$ ! lab\r ( a lifetime to ?is task1 & 8 *ief "w1 ,! ,revival ( ! ,religi\s ,sci5ces1 is a v]itable encyclopdia ( ,islam4 ,he did n "w 9 va91 b succe$$ 9 erect+ a sy/em 9 :i* dogmatic !ology is clev]ly comb9$ ) ! !osophy ( ! ,arab s*ool ( my/icism4 ,b ,islam su* z ,ghazzali conceiv$ x is no long] t ( anci5t times4 ,ano!r ord] ( ideas has be5 ins5sibly sub/itut$ = ! au/]e cre$ ( ! ,prophet ( ,mecca1 ! v f\ndations ( :i* !y h und]m9$4 ,muhammad's religi\s edifice rema9s /&+1 its framework & ext]nal outl9es are ! same2 b ! _s :i* in=ms x is pr(\ndly diff]5t4 ,arab my/icism has succe$$ 9 f9d+ a foot+ 9 ! (ficial circles ( ! ,moslem hi]>*y4 ,! reconciliation1 h[ev]1 ( ! my/ics ) ! !ologians 0 only app>5t1 & c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,at ! bottom ( ! "q !re 7 two incompatible pr9ciples4 ,= ! !ologians ! lett] ( ! ,koran & writt5 tradition conta9$ all religi\s k4 ,= ! my/ics ! dead lett] 0 no?+1 & ! inspiration ( _! own he>ts 0 ! sole s\rce ( all k4 ,( ^! two pr9ciples1 "o subord9ates reason to tradition & t5ds to ! almo/ complete abdication ( ?\ght 9 fav\r ( absolute fai?2 ! o!r results 9 en?ron+ imag9ation1 spiritual halluc9ation & my/ic ec/acy4 ,! fir/ conf9es religion to too n>r[ limits2 ! second robs x ( all palpable sub/ance & positive =m1 & makes x z vague & intangible z ! cl\ds4 ,egypt has always be5 a soil fav\rable to ! developm5t ( my/ic t5d5cies4 ,*ri/ian asceticism took e>ly root !re1 & dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( our era ?\s&s ( an*orites inhabit$ ! des]ts ( ! ,!baid1 & c>ri$ on !re religi\s ex]cises ( extreme au/]ity4 ,we d n "k :at secret connection may exi/ betwe5 ! climate ( ! valley ( ! ,nile & ! "* ( its inhabitants1 b if ! ,arab *ronicl]s des]ve any cr$it1 ,arab my/icism orig9at$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! celebrat$ !osophi/ ,zu'l ,n\n is kn[n z ! fir/ :o introduc$ into ,islam visions & my/ic ec/acies4 ,"s c5turies lat] ! fam\s poet ,om> ,ibn ,f>idh saw ! light at ,cairo1 & s9ce !n ,egypt has produc$ a long s]ies ( ,muhammadan ascetics m or less fam\s4 ,%>ani is "o ( ! la/ ( ?is !osophic s*ool ( ,egypt1 ! doctr9es ( :i* he exp\nds 9 8 num]\s works4 ,we d n "k if ! impression he made on 8 contempor>ies 0 z great z ! zeal ) :i* he pleads ! cause ( my/icism1 b up to ! pres5t day 8 memory is religi\sly pres]v$ at ,cairo1 :]e a mosque /ill be>s 8 "n4 ,! natives rev]e 8 memory z t ( a sa9t4 ,he himself in=ms u t ! publication ( 8 "w entitl$ ,al bahr al ,maurud gave rise to s]i\s di/urbances at ,cairo4 ,9 ?is "w ,%>ani exp\nds ! duties ( ! true ,sufi1 ! p]fect !osophi/1 & at ! same "t 9 v en]getic language he exposes ! defects & weakness ( ! ,muhammadan society ( 8 day4 ,8 mo/ virul5t attacks are naturally direct$ aga9/ ! ,ulema1 z 9 ! foll[+ extract3 ,we ,sufis h ent]$ into an engagem5t nev] to all[ "o ( our body to h rec\rse to intrigues to obta9 employm5t su* z ^? practis$ by self-/yl$ doctors ( ! law4 ,! endeav\r to obta9 su* a po/ is all ! m contemptible :5 x has belong$ to a p]son rec5tly deceas$ :o has left sons or bro!rs or :5 x is already occupi$ by a poor man :o has no protector or support 9 ! _w4 ,su* acts ( inju/ice1 h[ev]1 are (t5 committ$ by ! s-call$ ,ulema4 ,! plot to supplant m5 ( m]it1 ) ! aim ( obta9+ = !mselves lucrative po/s1 :i* !y /raightway dispose ( = money to incompet5t individuals4 ,(t5 "o man occupies m ?an "o (fice1 e4g41 t ( prea*] 9 mosques s f> ap>t t x is impossible = him to att5d to bo? prop]ly2 9 :i* case he puts 9 a deputy-prea*] 7sometimes he does n ev5 d t7 & pays him "p ( ! emolum5t ( ! po/1 pocket+ ! re/4 ,we h also ent]$ into an engagem5t to rise be=e our sup]iors :5 !y appe>1 & to kiss _! h&s ev5 :5 !y are unju/4 ,we d ?is ) ! ,ulema1 al?\gh !y d n act 9 a mann] con=mable to ! sci5ce :i* !y pr(ess4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,jews1 he praises _! demean\r1 9 ord] to c5sure all ! m %>ply ! pret5sions ( ! ,ulema4 ,see1 he says1 h[ mode/ly !y conduct !mselves t[>ds ! meane/ subord9ates1 & y w see t _! mann]s & demean\r are m noble & wor?y ( imitation ?an ^? ( ! ,ulema4 ,!y are n angry if p d n make room = !m :5 !y ent] a public assembly2 & if !y are (f]$ to dr9k wat] :i* has be5 sulli$ by ! h&s ( *ildr51 slaves or begg>s1 !y d n *ange c\nt5ance1 b on ! contr>y consid] !mselves z ! la/ ( m54 ,:5 !y are all[$ to sit d[n 9 an assembly !y look ^u x z a fav\r4 ,!y take _! places ) heads b5t1 pray+ ,god to cov] _! faults ) ! veil ( 8 clem5cy1 & n to expose !m to ! scorn ( o!rs4 ,^! are ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! truly le>n$2 = if le>n+ does n increase ! mode/y ( him :o has x1 x is good = no?+4 ,^! extracts make x suffici5tly pla9 ) :at c\rage ! d>+ !osophi/ c5sur$ ! mo/ influ5tial class ( ,moslem society 9 8 day4 ,%>ani reproa*es ! ,ulema1 ) _! ambition1 _! cupidity1 _! pride1 _! hypocrisy1 & he advises !m to conf9e !mselves 9 _! s]mons simply to dwell+ on ! precepts ( ! moral law & to ab/a9 f speak+ ( ! recomp5ses & puni%m5ts ( ! future life1 s9ce ! de/9y ( s\ls aft] dea? dep5ds on ,god1 & n on !m4 ,z a natural consequ5ce ( ^! ideas1 ,%>ani goes on to inveigh aga9/ ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t1 :i*1 wi%+ to create = itself a support 9 ! p[]ful class ( ! ,ulema1 made !m great concessions1 & by do+ s annoy$ _! antagoni/s ! ,sufis4 ,?us ,%>ani does n hesitate to say t s9ce a4d4 #aeag real le>n+ _h ceas$ to exi/1 t be+ ! date ( ! conque/ ( ,egypt by ! ,sultan ,selim4 ,! lot ( ! ,egyptian fellah9 or peasants has nev] be5 an enviable "o4 ,successive ,roman & ,arab dom9ations br\ght no *ange fav\rable to !m4 ,"u ! ,mamelukes1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 p>cell$ out among petty feudal lords rul+ ov] _! doma9s ) absolute au?ority1 ! condition ( ! peasants 0 "o ( extreme wret*$ness4 ,%>ani f9ds t 9 8 "t ! /ate ( ! agricultural class 0 worse ?an =m]ly4 ,9 pa/ times1 he says1 :5 a peasant di$1 !re 0 (t5 f\nd 9 ! corn] ( 8 h\se a j>1 a pot or o!r vessel fill$ ) pieces ( gold4 ,x 0 :at ! poor man _h sav$ f 8 h>ve/s aft] hav+ paid 8 taxes & ! daily exp5ses ( 8 family & 8 gue/s4 ,b 9 our day1 9 ord] to pay 8 taxes1 ! peasant is (t5 oblig$ to sell ! produce ( 8 l&1 ! ox ) :i* he pl\ghs1 & ! c[ :i* gives him milk4 ,if "p ( 8 tax is unpaid he is tak5 to prison1 & (t5 8 wife & *ildr5 accompany him ?i!r4 ,(t5 ! ,ka%if or gov]nor disposes ( ! h& ( 8 daught] )\t consult+ him1 & h] d[ry is kept back to pay ! arre>s ( 8 tax4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! tax *>g$ ^u him is n really due f him at all1 b f 8 fell[-villag]s :o h gone away to avoid mole/ation4 ,else:]e he says1 ,we ,sufis h ent]$ into an engagem5t n to buy m]*&ises1 g>d5s or wat]-:eels1 = 9 our "t ! taxes on ^! are s heavy t no "o c af=d to possess !m4 ,let him :o li/5s n to our c\nsel & acquires su* prop]ty1 blame himself if he has to und]go all k9ds ( humiliations2 if1 9 ord] t ! ,gov]nm5t may pay = naval exp$itions1 x dem&s ( him 9 advance a ye>'s taxes on 8 h\ses1 8 m]*&ise or 8 l&s4 ,!n he w say ) a sigh1 ',h[ happy are !y :o possess no?+4' ,x is n difficult to see 9 ^! passages a pr(\nd dissatisfaction1 n only ) ! rul+ class1 b ) ! ,gov]nm5t itself4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ,%>ani enjo9s 8 disciples to respect ! temporal au?ority & to submit to ! laws4 ,passive ob$i5ce has always *>act]is$ ! ,ori5tal4 ,we d n "k precisely :e!r ,%>ani _h 9 view a v]itable re=m ( ,muhammadan society4 ,probably ! contr>y4 ,he felt deeply ! g5]al uneas9ess ( ! "t2 he und]/ood t ,islam 0 ent]+ a p]iod ( decad5ce1 b he _h1 z f> z we c see1 no cle> plan = its reg5]ation4 ,my/icism1 9 :i* he 0 su* a f]v5t adept1 "h h9d]$ him4 ,b ?is my/ical t5d5cy1 :i* 0 9 "o respect 8 weakness1 0 8 glory 9 ano!r4 ,a tone ( high moral purity m>ks 8 utt]ances on ! social & religi\s /ate ( 8 "t1 &1 l$ r by in/9ct ?an by philosophical consid]ations1 he hits ! blot on ,muhammadan society--polygamy4 ,we may judge by ! foll[+ extract3 ,we ,sufis h ent]$ into an engagem5t to esp\se only "o wife1 & n to associate o!rs ) h]4 ,! man :o has only "o wife is happy2 8 means are suffici5t to support 8 home2 b z soon z he takes a second wife1 ! prosp]ity ( 8 h\se decreases1 & :5 he op5s 8 money-box he f9ds x empty4 ,a pure-he>t$ wife is a great happ9ess 9 ! h\se4 ,oh1 h[ (t5 :ile ,i 0 weav+#ei h ,i /ol5 a glance at my wife1 ! "m ( my son ,abdurahman1 sew+ g>m5ts = ! poor4 ,i und]/ood !n t ,i _h happ9ess 9 my h\se4 ,(t5 %e op5$ h] l>d] :i* suffic$ u = :ole mon?s1 & di/ribut$ ! cont5ts to ! poor1 :o quickly empti$ x4 ,may ,god be m]ciful to h]4 ,z a religi\s re=m]1 ,%>ani endeav\r$ to re/ore ,islam to its primitive unity4 ,_m sects exi/$ 9 x f ! e>lie/ times#fj f\r ( :i* pres]v$ ! title ( or?odox4 ,%>ani s\ght to unite ^! sects on a common basis1 & num]\s passages 9 8 writ+s atte/ t ?is idea rema9$ ) him all 8 life4 ,8 ef=ts app>5tly _h no success1 b = ^? :o h fai? 9 ! p[] ( ideas1 x is c]ta9 t ,%>ani has n liv$ nor lab\r$ 9 va94 ,9 ! ,ea/1 re=m+ ideas d n make way s quickly z 9 ,europe1 b _! effect is none ! less great :5 !y come to ! front4 ,few details ( ,%>ani's life are kn[n4 ,he in=ms u t he belong$ to ! ord] ( ! ,%adiliyah d]vi%es1 & t 8 in/ructor 9 my/icism 0 ! ,egyptian ,sufi1 ,ali ,khawass4 ,he di$ at ,cairo1 ,a4,d4 #aefe4 #ei ,%>ani 0 a weav] by trade4 #fj ,!y are g5]ally reckon$ at #gc4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,mullah ,,%ah 7,d #affa7 ,mullah ,%ah 0 born ,a4,d4 #aehd1 9 ! village ( ,erkesa 9 ,badak%an1 a m\nta9\s & inaccessible c\ntry to ! nor? ( ! ,indian ,caucasus4 ,8 family1 :i* 0 ( ,mongol orig91 held a c]ta9 position1 & 8 gr&fa!r _h be5 judge ( ! village4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-"o ! "y man quitt$ 8 relatives & 8 c\ntry1 & w5t back to ,balkh1 !n a c5tre ( le>n+ 9 ,c5tral ,asia4 ,he made great progress !re1 especially 9 ! k ( ,arabic4 ,aft] "s "t he left ,balkh1 & turn+ 8 /eps s\?w>d1 arriv$ at ,ka%mir1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 /udies1 b an irresi/ible ?ir/ aft] tru? made him feel ! necessity ( seek+ a spiritual guide1 & he resolv$ to g to ,lahore1 :]e !re liv$ a celebrat$ sa9t1 ,%eikh ,mian ,mir4 ,! reception he met ) 0 n fav\rable4 ,mian ,mir at fir/ repuls$ him1 b all[$ himself at la/ to be ov]come by ! p]sev]ance ( ! "y man1 & taught him ,sufi ex]cises accord+ to ! rule ( ! ,qadiri ord] ( d]vi%es4#fa ,! /ifl+ heat ( ,lahore did n suit ! heal? ( ,mullah ,%ah1 :o accord+ly resolv$ to sp5d ! summ]s 9 ,ka%mir1 return+ to ,lahore = ! w9t]4 ,he l$ ?is life = sev]al ye>s1 till he _h pass$ ?r\gh all ! /ages ( asceticism1 b 8 spiritual guide w\ld n lead him to ! supreme goal ( my/ical sci5ce1 :i* is t]m$ ,union ) ,god1 or k ( oneself4#fb ,mian ,mir only spoke to him ( x 9 an enigmatic way & said1 ,d n cease to /udy ?yself & ?9e own he>t1 = ?y goal is 9 ?yself4 ,9 ! ye> #afcf ,a4,d4 he return$ aga91 z usual1 f ,lahore to ,ka%mir1 & practis$ 8 au/]ities )\t relaxation1 :5 "o day1 by ! special fav\r ( ! ,div9ity1 & )\t ! assi/ance ( any spiritual preceptor1 ! desir$ image reveal$ itself to him4 ,by ?is expression is und]/ood1 9 my/ic phraseology1 union ) ,god1 & ! conception ( ,absolute ,be+1 :i* is equival5t to ! k ( "o's self4 ,:5 ,mullah ,%ah ?us atta9$ ! goal ( 8 my/ical aspirations he 0 9 8 =ty-sev5? ye>1 & _h be5 engag$ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s 9 ! spiritual ex]cises ( ! ,sufis4 ,:5 he return$ to ,lahore1 he in=m$ 8 spiritual guide t he _h atta9$ union ) ,god4 ,! latt] advis$ him n to divulge ! fact1 & n to give up 8 ascetic practices4 ,9 ,ka%mir ,mullah ,%ah _h collect$ r\nd him a little circle ( devot$ disciples4 ,! /rong emotional condition into :i* ,mullah ,%ah's new spiritual exp]i5ce _h br\ght him did n prev5t him f do+ 8 be/ n to (f5d aga9/ ! religi\s law1 & he 0 9 ! habit ( say+ to 8 fri5ds1 ,:oso does n respect ! precepts ( ! religi\s law is n "o ( u4 ,mullah ,%ah _h always be5 ( a retir+ disposition1 b 9 8 pres5t mood he c>ri$ 8 self-isolation s f> t he clos$ ! door ( 8 h\se & only receiv$ 8 intimates at fix$ times1 :5 he dropp$ 8 habitual res]ve4 ,! spiritual p[] ( ,mullah ,%ah _h become s great t e novice :om he caus$ to sit 9 front ( him & to conc5trate 8 m5tal faculties on 8 own he>t1 became clairvoyant to su* a degree t 8 int]nal s5ses 7 unfold$1 & ! unse5 _w appe>$ to him4 ,mullah ,%ah express$ himself 9 v bold t]ms reg>d+ ! mann] ) :i* he conceiv$ ,god & ,8 relation to humanity4 ,?us he said1 ,s9ce ,i h arriv$ at und]/&+ ! absolute ,reality & t ,i "k mo/ positively t no?+ exi/s besides ,god1 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce are 9 my eyes ! same ?+4 ,9 "o ( 8 poems he says1 ,! sage :o kn[s himself has become ,god1 be sure ( t1 my fri5d4 ,9 ano!r poem1 :i* caus$ a tempor>y e/rangem5t betwe5 himself & ! ,%eikh ,mian ,mir1 he said3 ,my he>t by a ?\s& tongues cries to me ',i am ,god4' ,:at reproa* ( h]esy c !y br+ aga9/ me t ?is utt]ance comes to my lips8 ,^? :o _h atta9$ union ) ,god us$ to say1 ',i am ,absolute ,be+4' ,b ,i only say :at ,i h he>d f ! m\? ( ,%eikh ,mian ,mir4 ,9 ! meantime ! numb] ( 8 adh]5ts daily increas$2 p]sons ( all classes 9 society became 8 adh]5ts2 ev5 wom5 became capable ( my/ical intuitions by ! effect ( 8 pray]s & )\t hav+ se5 him4 ,h[ev]1 ! increas+ numb] ( ^? :o wi%$ to approa* him comm5c$ to be inconv5i5t1 & he said1 ,i am n a %eikh ( d]vi%es :o receives novices & builds conv5ts4 ,nei!r ! mosque nor ! d]vi%-conv5t attract me1 ,b ! purity ( ! des]t & ! fre$om ( ! op5 c\ntry4 ,9 ! ye> #afcd ,a4,d41 a c]ta9 ,mir ,baki1 a desc5dant ( ! prophet1 atta*$ himself to ,mullah ,%ah1 & exp]i5c$ 9 a %ort "t ec/atic /ates2 he !n prea*$ ! doctr9e ( union ) ,god )\t any res]ve4 ,at ! same "t he claim$ to be free f ! precepts ( ! religi\s law4 ,! foll[+ l9es 7 compos$ by him3-- ,:y %\ld my h& let g ?is sp>kl+ cup ( my s\l1 ,i already realise ! aspirations ( to-morr[4 ,:i* l9es1 r5d]$ into prose1 seem to mean1 ,:y %\ld ,i pass my life sadly on 9 self-mac]ation & au/]ity8 ,i pref] to anticipate n[ ! delights :i* !y speak ( z belong+ to ! future life4 ,?is is epicureanism1 pure & simple1 su* z we f9d x 9 ! odes ( ,hafiz & ! ,quatra9s ( ,om> ,khayyam4 ,:5 ,mullah ,%ah he>d ( ^! extravagant utt]ances1 he caus$ ,mir ,baki to be expell$ f ! t[n4 ,at ! same "t ! doctr9es ( ,mullah ,%ah reg>d+ union ) ,god began to make a great deal ( s5sation1 & a l>ge numb] ( influ5tial m5 :o belong$ to ! ,cons]vative p>ty rais$ aga9/ him ! accusation ( h]esy )\t really und]/&+ 8 tea*+4 ,!y quot$ "s ( 8 v]ses aga9/ him1 & said1 ,mullah ,%ah is beg9n+ to imitate ,mansur ,hellaj4#fc ,he %\ld be br\ght to trial & s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,!y unanim\sly drew up an indictm5t aga9/ him & affix$ _! seals2 a l>ge numb] ( religi\s function>ies jo9$ !m1 & !y submitt$ _! petition to ! ,emp]or ,%ah-jehan1 reque/+ him to pron\nce s5t5ce ( dea? aga9/ ,mullah ,%ah4 ,! ,emp]or cons5t$1 & despat*$ a firman to t effect to ,zaf]-,khan1 gov]nor ( ,ka%mir4 ,%ah-jehan's son1 ! pr9ce ,d>a-,%ikoh1 _h be5 abs5t1 & only le>n$ :at _h happ5$ :5 he return$4 ,he imm$iately w5t to 8 fa!r & repres5t$ to him t ,mullah ,%ah 0 a pupil ( ,%eikh ,mian ,mir1 a man r5[n$ = piety1 & t ! ,emp]or ought1 be=e pron\nc+ f9al judgm5t1 to ask ! latt] reg>d+ ! conduct ( 8 =m] disciple4 ,! pr9ce conclud$ by say+ t 9 su* a matt] ha/e 0 ill-om5$1 because to deprive a man ( life is to pull d[n a build+ ( :i* ,god is ! ,ar*itect4 ,! ,emp]or accept$ ?is appeal graci\sly1 & ord]$ ! execution to be def]r$4 ,mean:ile ! news ( ! condemnation ( ,mullah ,%ah _h spread & rea*$ ,ka%mir1 b ! respite obta9$ by ! ,pr9ce 0 /ill unkn[n !re4 ,! fri5ds ( ,mullah ,%ah 7 9 despair1 & us$ _! utmo/ endeav\rs to p]suade him to fly4 ,b he answ]$1 ,i am n an impo/or t ,i %\ld seek safety 9 flight2 ,i am an utt]] ( tru?2 dea? & life are to me alike4 ,let my blood 9 ano!r life also r$d5 ! impal+ /ake4 ,i am liv+ & et]nal2 dea? recoils f me1 = my k has vanqui%$ dea?4 ,! sph]e :]e all col\rs are effac$ has become my abode4 ,once1 he add$1 ,i us$ to b> ! door ( my h\se ) a bolt 9 ord] n to be di/urb$ by anyone1 b n[ ,i w leave x wide op51 9 ord] t :oev] wi%es to make me a m>tyr may ent] at 8 pleasure4 ,mullah ,%ah ?us await$ dea? 9 an attitude ( imp]turbable calm1 b fate _h decid$ o!rwise4 ,n long aft]w>ds ! ,emp]or ,%ah-jehan w5t to ,lahore1 & 9 ! company ( ,pr9ce ,d>a-,%ikoh paid a visit to ! ,%eikh ,mian ,mir1 & que/ion$ him conc]n+ ,mullah ,%ah4 ,mian ,mir told him t ,mullah ,%ah 0 apt to be c>ri$ out ( himself :5 9 an ec/atic /ate1 & t !n he sometimes spoke )\t obs]v+ ! res]ve necess>y on ! doctr9e ( union ) ,god2 b he adjur$ ! ,emp]or at ! same "t to take no /eps aga9/ 8 old pupil1 ,=1 he said1 ?is holy man is a consum+ fire1 & woe to y if he be irritat$1 = he c\ld de/roy ! _w4 ,9 any case prev5t ! or?odox p>ty f p]secut+ him1 o!rwise "s dreadful disa/] may happ54 ,?is advice made a deep impression on ! ,emp]or1 :o ?ank$ ,pr9ce ,d>a-,%ikoh = hav+ prev5t$ 8 c>ry+ out ! s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,he said1 ,^! !ologians h tri$ to p]suade me to kill a vision>y d]vi%2 ,i ?ank !e1 my son1 = hav+ prev5t$ my committ+ an act ( inju/ice4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds ! ,emp]or w5t to ,ka%mir1 b he did n see ,mullah ,%ah1 :o _h become s fond ( solitude t he r>ely %[$ himself 9 ! city4 ,9 #afce ,a4,d41 ! ,%eikh ,mian ,mir di$ at ,lahore1 & 9 ! same ye> "o ( ! *ief nobles ( ! c\rt nam$ ,najat ,khan became a disciple ( ,mullah ,%ah4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,mozaff] ,beg1 "o ( ! ,emp]or's suite1 devot$ himself to 8 s]vice1 & 8 example 0 foll[$ by sev]al ( 8 fri5ds4 ,b no soon] _h !y be5 initiat$ into ! my/ical doctr9es ?an !y believ$ !mselves privileg$ to disp5se ) ! prescrib$ fa/ ( ,ramazan & ! obligatory pray]s1 consid]+ t ! religi\s law no long] appli$ to !m4 ,be+ in=m$ ( ^! irregul>ities1 ,mullah ,%ah pray$ ! gov]nor to h !m remov$ f ! t[n4 ,ab\t ?is "t he made a collection ( 8 v]ses1 among :i* are ! foll[+3-- ,if al*emy c *ange du/ into gold1 ?\ m>velle/2 ,b asceticism is an al*emy :i* *anges du/ into ,god4 ,if a man dives into ! ocean ( ,deity :at does he become8 ,z a drop :i* falls f ! cl\ds into ! sea4 ,reg>d+ p$antic !ologians1 he says3-- ,well ,i "k ^! prea*]s :o d n practise1 ,_! memory /or$ ) a hundr$ ?\s& traditions1 ,:ile _! m9d is empty ( ideas4 ,9 #afci ! ,emp]or ,%ah-jehan came a second "t to ,ka%mir1 & took up 8 dwell+ 9 ! p>k call$ ,zaf]-abad1 9 a pavilion :i* comm&$ a delightful view ( ! lake4 ,no soon] _h he arriv$ ?an he s5t = ,mullah ,%ah1 :o came )\t delay4 ,! ,emp]or receiv$ him ) m>k$ k9dness & conv]s$ long ) him on subjects relat+ to ! ,sufi sci5ces4 ,?is same ye> is rem>kable = an ev5t :i* _h important results = ,mullah ,%ah & 8 foll[]s4 ,! ,pr9ce ,d>a-,%ikoh1 :o _h sav$ ,mullah ,%ah's life by 8 int]v5tion1 _h always be5 m>k$ by ke5 religi\s feel+1 & (t5 sp5t :ole nights 9 pray] & m$itation4 ,he _h (t5 he>d ( ! extraord9>y p[]s ( ,mullah ,%ah1 b _h nev] _h ! opportunity ( see+ him1 z ! %eikh /ill ma9ta9$ 8 habits ( retirem5t4 ,little by little1 a feel+ ( irresi/ible curiosity took possession ( ! ,pr9ce2 he det]m9$ to see ! holy man :o 0 s highly spok5 (1 & "o night1 accompani$ by a s+le s]vant nam$ ,mujahid1 he left 8 palace & direct$ 8 /eps t[>ds ! dwell+ ( ,mullah ,%ah4 ,! latt] _h 9 8 c\rty>d an anci5t plane-tree1 & 0 9 ! habit ( sitt+ at ! foot ( x dur+ ! night1 lo/ 9 m$itation4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! h\se1 ! pr9ce ord]$ 8 s]vant to wait ne> ! door1 & ent]$ ! c\rty>d alone4 ,see+ ! ,%eikh seat$ at ! foot ( ! tree1 he /opp$ & rema9$ /&+ till ! ma/] %\ld speak to him4 ,! latt] knew v well :o ! new-com] 01 & t little p]suasion 0 ne$$ to make him "o ( 8 disciples2 b he made z ?\gh he did n see him4 ,a long "t pass$ ?us1 till ! ,%eikh broke ! sil5ce by ask+ ! ,pr9ce ,:o art ?\8 ,! ,pr9ce did n speak4 ,mullah ,%ah !n said aga91 ,:y do/ ?\ n answ]8 ,speak1 & tell ?y "n4 ,! ,pr9ce1 fill$ ) emb>rassm5t1 repli$1 ,my "n is ,d>a-,%ikoh4 ,:o is ?y fa!r8 ,! ,emp]or ,%ah-jehan1 ,:y ha/ ?\ come to see me8 ,because ,i feel drawn t[>ds ,god1 & seek = a spiritual guide4 ,on ?is ,mullah ,%ah exclaim$ %>ply1 ,:at are emp]ors & pr9ces to me8 ,"k t ,i am a man devot$ to asceticism4 ,is ?is h\r ( ! night ! "t to come & tr\ble me8 ,g1 & d n %[ ?yself "h a second "t4 ,deeply w\nd$ by ?is reception1 ! ,pr9ce )drew & re-ent]$ 8 palace1 :]e he sp5t ! :ole night weep+4 ,b 9 spite ( all 8 disappo9tm5t1 he felt himself drawn ! next night by an irresi/ible attraction t[>ds ! sa9t's dwell+1 b ! latt] ?is "t did n ev5 condesc5d to speak to him4 ,mujahid1 ! s]vant :o accompani$ ! ,pr9ce1 became angry1 & said to 8 ma/]1 ,:at miracles has ?is crabb$ d]vi% %[n y t y %\ld come "h e night & expose y\rself to su* indignities8 ,ord9>y d]vi%es are *e]ful folk1 n uncivil & morose l ?is old man4 ,= my own "p1 ,i set no great /ore by ?is asceticism1 & ! only ?+ t makes me uneasy is y\r putt+ fai? 9 x4 ,! ,pr9ce answ]$1 ,if ,mullah ,%ah 0 an impo/or1 s f> f treat+ me z he has done1 he w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 h pray$ ,god to br+ me to him4 ,x is precisely 8 indep5d5t _s & irritat$ mann] :i* proves him to be an extraord9>y man4 ,t same night :5 ,mujahid return$ home1 he 0 seiz$ by fev] & c>ri$ (f 9 a few h\rs4 ,d>a-,%ikoh1 :5 in=m$ ( ?is t]rible ev5t1 0 pr(\ndly mov$4 ,he reproa*$ himself bitt]ly = n hav+ at once puni%$ 8 s]vant's insol5ce1 & consid]$ ! dea? ( ,mujahid z a div9e puni%m5t :i* m5ac$ him also4 ,he imm$iately s5t = ! ,qazi ,afzal1 "o ( 8 mo/ devot$ fri5ds1 & told him ( 8 anxiety4 ,! latt] 0 a fri5d ( ,akhund ,mullah ,muhammad ,synd1 a disciple ( ,mullah ,%ah1 & at 8 in/ance ! ,%eikh cons5t$ to see ! pr9ce4 ,d>a-,%ikoh c\ld n pay 8 visit dur+ ! day1 f fe> ( ar\s+ public curiosity1 b z soon z night fell1 he pres5t$ himself be=e ! ,%eikh1 :om ?is "t he f\nd seat$ 9 8 cell4 ,be=e cross+ ! ?re%old1 ! ,pr9ce salut$ ! holy man ) pr(\nd respect1 & ! latt] bade him ent] & be seat$4 ,! cell 0 light$ by a s+le lamp1 ^: wick 0 smok+2 9 8 eag] desire to disc]n ! v5]able features ( ! ,%eikh1 ! ,pr9ce dress$ ! wick ) 8 own f+]s4 ,?is simple action ga9$ him ! ,%eikh's affection4 ,at ! end ( "s days he bade him to bl9dfold himself1 !n he conc5trat$ 8 att5tion ^u him 9 su* a way t ! invisible _w 0 reveal$ to ! view ( ! ,pr9ce1 :o felt 8 he>t fill$ ) joy4 ,d>a-,%ikoh _h a si/]1 ! ,pr9cess ,fatimah1 to :om he 0 deeply atta*$4 ,z soon z he _h become a disciple ( ,mullah ,%ah & 8 he>t _h be5 op5$ to ! intuition ( ! spiritual _w1 he ha/5$ to in=m 8 si/]4 ,?is news made su* an impression on ! m9d ( ! ,pr9cess t %e wrote to ! ,%eikh sev]al lett]s full ( humility & devotion4 ,he read !m all1 b made no reply = m ?an a mon?1 till he 0 conv9c$ t ,fatimah 0 animat$ by an inv9cible resolution4 ,at la/ he accord$ 8 sympa?y to h] also1 & admitt$ h] to ! circle ( ! initiates4 ,! ,pr9cess p]sev]$ ard5tly 9 ^! my/ical /udies1 & receiv$ ! in/ructions ( h] spiritual guide by correspond5ce4 ,%e atta9$ to su* p]fection t %e arriv$ at intuitive k ( ,god & union ) ,him4 ,al?\gh ! ,%eikh 0 full ( affection = all 8 disciples1 he _h a p>ticul> reg>d = h]1 & 0 9 ! habit ( say+ t %e _h atta9$ to su* an extraord9>y degree ( k t %e 0 fit to be 8 successor4 ,mullah ,%ah 0 n[ old & infirm2 he _h pass$ sev]al w9t]s at ,lahore1 surr\nd$ by ! c>e & att5tion ( 8 fri5ds & pupils4 ,9 ! ye> #afee ,a4,d41 ! ,emp]or wrote to him to invite him to pass ! w9t] ) him at ,%ahjahanabad1 8 ord9>y resid5ce1 b ! ,%eikh 0 beg9n+ to suff] f weakness ( ! eyes1 & did n feel /rong en\gh to und]take ! j\rney4 ,= "s ye>s he rema9$ 9 ,ka%mir1 & w\ld (t5 say1 ,! !osophi/ ought to pr(it by l5g? ( life4 ,my life is approa*+ its end2 let u !n enjoy our /ay 9 ,ka%mir1 & n leave x4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #afeh ,aurangzeb1 ,d>a-,%ikoh's y\ng] bro!r1 seiz$ on ! p]son ( 8 fa!r ! ,emp]or ,%ah-jehan1 :om he kept 9 conf9em5t = ! re/ ( 8 life1 & _h ,d>a assass9at$ 9 prison4 ,aurangzeb 0 a bigot$ ,muhammadan1 & 8 accession to ! ?rone ?reat5$ to h s]i\s consequ5ces = ,mullah ,%ah4 ,z soon z he _h assum$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 ! cl]ical p>ty began to repres5t to him t ,mullah ,%ah taught doctr9es contr>y to reveal$ religion4 ,!re 7 n want+ witnesses on ! o!r side1 b ! ,emp]or1 on he>+ ! compla9ts aga9/ ,mullah ,%ah1 s5t an ord] to ! gov]nor ( ,ka%mir to s5d him to ! capital4 ,! gov]nor plead$ = a delay on acc\nt ( ,mullah ,%ah's advanc$ age & weakness till he 0 /rong en\gh to make ! j\rney4 ,a ye> ?us pass$ by2 "s v]ses :i* ,mullah ,%ah compos$ 9 hon\r ( ,aurangzeb made a fav\rable impression on ! ,emp]or1 & ! ,pr9cess ,fatimah hav+ int]c$$ on behalf ( h] old tea*]1 ,aurangzeb revok$ 8 fir/ ord]1 & m]ely enjo9$ him to take up 8 resid5ce at ,lahore z soon z possible4 ,x 0 n till #affj ,a4,d4 t ,mullah ,%ah c\ld obey ?is ord]2 he left ,ka%mir at ! beg9n+ ( w9t] & came to ,lahore1 :]e he cont9u$ to live a retir$ life1 only grant+ int]views to a few *os5 disciples4 ,b :5 f "t to "t he _h an access ( my/ical emotion he w\ld speak ( union ) ,god )\t any res]ve1 9 a l\d voice1 & )\t notic+ :o 0 pres5t4 ,"o ( 8 fri5ds said to him "o day1 ,we live 9 a /range "t1 & p are disquiet$ by y\r disc\rses on ?is matt]2 x w\ld be m prud5t to exp\nd y\r doctr9es ) a little m res]ve4 ,! ,%eikh answ]$ him1 ,up to ! pres5t ,i h nev] be5 afraid = my life2 books conta9+ su* doctr9e are kn[n to all1 & ev]yone has read !m4 ,:at precautions1 !n1 at my "t ( life1 ought ,i to obs]ve8 ,i _c ab&on or *ange my habits ( ?9k+ & speak+ n[4 ,"s ( 8 o!r say+s report$ at ?is "t %[ t he _h already a pres5tim5t ( 8 approa*+ dea?4 ,kabil ,khan1 "o ( 8 fri5ds1 said to him "o day1 ,=m]ly our sov]eign ,aurangzeb lov$ to li/5 to disc\rses on ! subject ( my/icism1 & ,i h (t5 _h ! hon\r ( read+ be=e him passages f ! ,masnavi ( ,jalaludd9 ,rumi4#fd ,! ,emp]or 0 (t5 s t\*$ by !m t he %$ te>s2 c]ta9ly :5 he comes to ,lahore he w wi% to see y4 ,no1 repli$ ,mullah ,%ah2 we %all nev] see him3 ',! night is great ) *ild1 see :at x w br+ =?4' ,9 #affa he _h an attack ( fev] :i* la/$ ab\t fifte5 days4 ,t ye> fev] became epidemic at ,lahore1 & on ! #aa? ( ! mon? ( ,saf> ,mullah ,%ah _h ano!r attack1 :i* c>ri$ him (f on ! night ( ! #ae? ( ! same mon?4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 a plot ( gr\nd :i* he _h already acquir$ = ! purpose4 ,! ,pr9cess ,fatimah b\ght ! surr\nd+ l&1 & erect$ a %r9e ( r$ /one ov] 8 tomb4 ,! =ego+ sket* ( ,mullah ,%ah gives a g5]al view ( ori5tal spiritualism z x prevail$ two & a half c5turies ago ov] a great "p ( ,asia4 ,! fir/ po9t wor?y ( notice 9 x is ! imm5se popul>ity ( my/ical ideas at t "t1 & ! wide influ5ce :i* !y ex]cis$ ov] all m9ds4 ,r\nd ,mullah ,%ah ga!r$ p]sons ( e condition2 poor peasants z well z pr9ces 7 seiz$ ) ! same en?usiasm = 8 doctr9es2 ! same ascetic tra9+ produc$ ! same results 9 ! mo/ v>y+ temp]am5ts4 ,! ,ma/] seems to h ex]cis$ a k9d ( magnetic influ5ce ov] 8 neophytes4 ,he fixes 8 gaze ^u !m = a long] or %ort] "t1 till _! inw>d s5ses op5 & r5d] !m capable ( see+ ! wond]s ( ! spiritual _w4 ,all ! acc\nts are unanim\s 9 ?is respect1 & !y c>ry su* a /amp ( s9c]ity t _! v]acity is indisputable4 ,we are !n oblig$ to admit t at ?is p]iod _m m9ds %>$ a pr$isposition to religi\s ec/acy & en?usiasm4 ,"u ! app>5t /agnation ( ! ,ea/1 !re is cont9ually go+ on a collision betwe5 two oppos+ =ces--! (ficial hi]>*y ( ! ,ulema1 cons]vative to ! core1 & my/icism 9 its e>ly phases1 pieti/ic & en?usia/ic1 b gradually t5d+ to scepticism1 & f9ally to pan!ism & ! negation ( all positive religion4 ,! ,mussalman hi]>*y1 :i* 9 its own int]e/s desir$ to ma9ta9 ! pre/ige ( dogma & ( ! reveal$ law1 combatt$ ?is t5d5cy to my/icism1 b1 z we h se51 )\t success4 ,! or?odox mullahs made fruitless ef=ts to obta9 ! condemnation ( ,mullah ,%ah1 :o _h on 8 side ! memb]s ( ! imp]ial family ( ,delhi & ! ,emp]or himself1 all m or less imbu$ ) my/ical ideas4 ,! biography ( ,mullah ,%ah also ?r[s a great deal ( light on ! fundam5tal ideas ( ori5tal my/icism4 ,!y spr+ f a pan!i/ic philosophy 9 _m respects1 />tl+ly resembl+ ^? ( mod]n times4 ,mullah ,%ah (t5 insi/s t individual exi/5ce c\nts = no?+1 & t no?+ 9 reality exi/s outside ( ,god1 ! ,absolute ,be+2 e p>ticul> life dissolves 9 ?is univ]sal unity1 life & dea? are m]e *anges 9 ! =m ( exi/5ce4 ,! individual is only 9 "s way a "p ( ! ,inf9ite ,be+ :o fills ! univ]se2 a p>ticle :i* has be5 mom5t>ily deta*$ !refrom1 only to return ?i!r4 ,to "k oneself is !re=e ! equival5t ( kn[+ ,god4 ,b 9 ord] to acquire ?is k ! pupil mu/ submit to long & pa9ful self-discipl9e2 he mu/ pass ?r\gh all ! te/s ( ! sev]e/ asceticism2 only aft] he has ?us prep>$ himself w ! spiritual ma/] op5 8 he>t & r5d] him capable ( p]ceiv+ ! my/]ies ( ! spiritual _w4 ,b ?is great secret mu/ n be divulg$2 x is only p]missable to speak ( x to ! initiate1 z ,mullah ,%ah says1 9 ! foll[+ v]ses3-- ,we mu/ say t only ,"o exi/s1 ,?\gh su* a say+ excite a/oni%m5t2 ,! univ]se is ,he1 ?\gh we mu/ n say s op5ly1 ,su* doctr9es mu/ be kept secret4 ,?is ,ea/]n ,pan!ism does n lack a c]ta9 gr&eur1 b x has also a dang]\s side1 & t5ds to a!ism & mat]ialism4 ,( ?is "s in/ances occur 9 ! life ( ,mullah ,%ah4 ,! passage f pan!ism to epicureanism is n a long "o4 ,if ! human s\l only possesses a transi5t individuality1 & aft] dea? is m]g$ l a drop 9 ! ocean ( div9ity1 :y1 _m w argue1 n h done ) asceticism = good1 & enjoy ! pleasures ( exi/5ce z long z possible dur+ ! little :ile our individuality endures8 ,?us ,om> ,khayyam says3-- ,ah1 make ! mo/ ( :at we yet may sp5d1 ,be=e we too into ! du/ desc5d1 ,du/ into du/1 & "u du/ to lie1 ,sans w9e1 sans song1 sans s+]1 &--sans end4 ,x is precisely ?is dang]\s side ( ori5tal philosophy :i* has unhappily atta9$ a mu* great] developm5t & an incomp>ably m complete success ?an ! elevat$ moral sy/ems ( ! *ief !osophi/s ( ,p]sia4 ,a mock+ cynicism has be51 up to mod]n times1 a common *>act]i/ic ( ! great majority ( ,sufis & d]vi%es4 ,! dang]\s consequ5ces ( !osophical ideas & ( ori5tal spiritualism 9 g5]al became at an e>ly date s app>5t t ,ghazzali1 al?\gh a f]v5t p>tisan ( ,sufism1 did n hesitate to av[ t if ^! doctr9es 7 g5]ally accept$ society w\ld necess>ily fall into a /ate ( an>*y4 ,9 face ( ! wild ab]rations caus$ by ,sufism1 we %\ld n grudge all ! great] cr$it to ! few di/+ui%$ m5 :o1 al?\gh adh]5ts ( ,sufism & dom9at$ by its doctr9es1 kept _! *>act]s cle> ( /a94 ,9 spite ( _! conviction t !re 0 no individual life aft] dea?1 ^! m5 sp5t _! lives 9 mortification ( ! s5ses & 9 ab/95ce1 & (t5 brav$ dea? ) a truly ,roman /oicism4 ,su* %9+ *>act]s are n ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ori5tal hi/ory2 b c]ta9ly ,mullah ,%ah is "o & ,pr9ce ,d>a-,%ikoh ano!r4 ,9 a pa? /rewn ) pitfalls he kept a "n )\t /a9 & )\t reproa*1 ?anks to ! au/]e moral pr9ciples in/ill$ into him by 8 ma/]4 ,he fac$ dea? ) calm resignation1 & knew h[ to die z a pr9ce & z a philosoph]4 ,,note4--,pr9ce ,d>a-,%ikoh has left a curi\s fragm5t ( spiritual autobiography 9 8 preface to a ,p]sian translation ( ! ,upani%ads or *apt]s f ! ,v$as :i* he _h caus$ to be translat$ f ,sanskrit4 ,x is inde$ /range to see ?is son ( a ,muhammadan ,emp]or rank+ ^! selections f ! ,v$as above ! ,koran1 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,psalms & ,gospels1 all ( :i* he says he _h read4 ,! ,preface runs z foll[s3-- ,:5 ,d>a-,%ikoh1 ! resign$ wor%ipp] ( ,god1 visit$ ,ka%mir 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hegira #ajej 7,a4,d4 #afdj71 by ! bless+ ( ! ,mo/ ,high he met ) ,mullah ,%ah1 ! *ief ( ! le>n$1 ! tea*] ( tea*]s1 v]s$ 9 ! subtleties ( ,tauhid 7,unity72 may he be jo9$ ) ,god6 ,z t pr9ce already reli%$ ! pleasure ( see+ ! le>n+ ( ea* sect1 _h p]us$ v>i\s treaties ( ! ,sufi philosoph]s1 & ev5 compos$ "s himself1 ! ?ir/ ( explor+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,unity 7:i* is a b\ndless ocean7 daily increas$1 & 8 m9d atta9$ a degree ( acut5ess & subtlety :i* w\ld h be5 impossible )\t ! imm$iate assi/ance & fav\r ( ! ,div9e w4 ,n[ ! sacr$ ,koran1 be+ frequ5tly obscure1 & few at ?is day be+ f\nd capable ( expla9+ x1 he det]m9$ to read all inspir$ works2 t ! ^w ( ,god might furni% a comm5t>y on itself1 & :at is concisely express$ 9 "o book might be elucidat$ by a ref]5ce to o!rs2 ! abridg$ be+ ! m diffuse4 ,) ?is view he p]us$ ! ,p5tateu*1 ! ,gospels & ! ,psalms1 b ! unity ( ,god 0 obscurely & enigmatically express$ 9 ^! works2 nor did he d]ive m in/ruction f ! simple translations ( hir$ l+ui/s4 ,he next desir$ to asc]ta9 h[ x happ5$ t 9 ,h9du/an ! ,unity ( ,god is ! frequ5t !me ( disc\rse1 & t ! anci5t philosoph]s ( ,india nei!r d5i$ nor object$ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e ,unity1 b on ! contr>y held x z an axiom4 ,unlike ! ignorant race ( ! pres5t day :o set up = philosoph]s1 ?\gh !y h fall5 into ! track ( blood%$ & infidelity1 d5y+ ! attributes & unity ( ,god1 & contradict+ ! pro(s ( t doctr9e d]iv$ f ! ,koran & au!ntic traditions2 ^! may be consid]$ z b&itti on ! pa? ( ,god4 ,9 ! cause ( ?is inquiry x 0 discov]$ t among/ ! ,h9dus1 f\r inspir$ books 7 held peculi>ly sacr$1 viz43 ! ,rig ,v$a1 ! ,jajur ,v$a1 ! ,sam ,v$a & ,a?>va ,v$a1 :i* _h desc5d$ f ! skies to ! prophets ( ^? times1 ( :om ,adam 7purifi$ by ,god2 may bless+s att5d him67 0 ! *ief1 conta9+ rules & precepts2 & ?is doctr9e 7viz43 ! ,unity ( ,god7 is cle>ly express$ 9 ^? books4 ,z ! object ( ?is explor] ( tru? 7,d>a-,%ikoh7 0 n ! acquisition ( languages1 :e!r ,arabic1 ,syriac or ,sanskrit1 b ! pro(s ( ! ,unity ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 he det]m9$ t ! ,upani%ads 7:i* might be consid]$ z a treasure ( ,unit>ianism7 %\ld be translat$ into ,p]sian )\t add+ or expung+1 & )\t bias or p>tiality1 b correctly & lit]ally t x might appe> :at my/]ies are conta9$ 9 ^? books :i* ! ,h9dus s c>efully conceal f ,moslems4 ,z ! city ( ,b5>es1 :i* is ! seat ( ,h9du sci5ce1 0 a dep5d5cy ( ?is explor] ( tru? 7,d>a-,%ikoh71 hav+ assembl$ ! ,pundits & ,sanyasis :o are ! exp\nd]s ( ! ,v$as & ,upani%ads1 he caus$ a translation to be made ( ! latt] into ,p]sian4 ,?is 0 complet$ 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hegira1 #ajfg1 ,a4,d41 #afef4 ,e difficulty 0 elucidat$ by ?is anci5t compilation1 :i*1 )\t d\bt1 is ! fir/ ( inspir$ works1 ! f\nta9 ( tru?1 ! ,sea ( ! ,unity2 n only cons5tane\s ) ! ,koran1 b a comm5t>y on x4 #fa ,f\nd$ by ,abdul ,qadir ,gilani4 #fb ,accord+ to ! report$ say+ ( ,muhammad1 ,he :o kn[s himself1 kn[s ,god4 #fc ,*apt] #e4 #fd ,! great my/ic poet ( ,p]sia 7,a4,d4 #abjg-abgb74 ,,app5dix ,i ,,mohamm$an ,,conv]sions ,by ,mohamm$an ,conv]sion is n "h meant conv]sion f ,*ri/ianity to ,mohamm$anism1 or vice v]sa1 b ^? spiritual crises :i* take place )9 ,mohamm$anism1 z )9 ,*ri/ianity1 by :i* ! s\l is /ung z ) a reg5]at+ %udd] to use ,george ,eliot's phrase1 to rise f a notional to a real belief 9 ,god4 ,mohamm$an !ologians are z aw>e ( ?is di/9ction z ,*ri/ian ones4 ,?us ,al ,ghazzali1 9 8 ,revival ( ! ,religi\s ,sci5ces1 is v s>ca/ic on ! indulg5ce 9 ! common expletive1 ,we take refuge 9 ,god1 by ,mohamm$ans )\t atta*+ any real mean+ to x4 ,he says3 ,if y see a lion com+ t[>ds y1 & !re is a =t close by1 y d n /& exclaim+1 ',i take refuge 9 ?is =t6' b y get into x4 ,simil>ly1 :5 y he> ( ! wra? to come1 d n m]ely say1 ',i take refuge 9 ,god1' b take refuge 9 ,him4 ,?is trans=mation ( a notional into a real belief has prov$ ! crisis 9 ! lives ( _m ( ! sa9ts & my/ics ( ,islam1 )\t1 z f> z x appe>s1 any contact on _! "p ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us1 ,ibn ,khalliqan1 9 8 great ,biographical ,diction>y1 tells ( ,al-,fudail1 a celebrat$ highwayman1 :o1 "o night1 :ile he 0 on 8 way to an immoral assignation1 0 arre/$ by ! voice ( a ,koran-read] *ant+ ! v]se1 ,is n ! "t yet come unto ^? :o believe1 t _! he>ts %\ld humbly submit to ! admonition ( ,god8 ,on ?is he exclaim$1 ,o ,"l6 t "t is come4 ,he !n w5t away f t place1 & ! approa* ( night induc$ him to repair = %elt] to a ru9$ edifice4 ,he !re f\nd a b& ( travell]s1 "o ( :om said to ! o!rs1 ,let u set out2 b ano!r answ]$1 ,let u r wait till daylight1 = ,al-,fudail is on ! road1 & w /op u4 ,al-,fudail !n turn$ 8 he>t to ,god1 & assur$ !m t !y _h no?+ to fe>4 ,= ! re/ ( 8 life he liv$ z an ascetic1 & rank$ among ! greate/ sa9ts4 ,"o ( 8 record$ say+s is1 ,if ! _w ) all x conta9s 7 (f]$ to me1 ev5 on ! condition ( my n be+ tak5 to acc\nt = x1 ,i w\ld %un x z y w\ld %un a c>rion1 le/ x %\ld defile y\r clo!s4 ,ano!r /rik+ conv]sion is t ( ,ibrahim ,b5 ,adham1 ,pr9ce ( ,khorassan4 ,he 0 passionately addict$ to ! *ase1 & "o day :5 s employ$ he>d a voice beh9d him exclaim+1 ,o ,ibrahim1 ?\ wa/ n born = ?is4 ,at fir/ he took x = a delusion ( ,satan1 b on he>+ ! same words pron\nc$ m l\dly exclaim$1 ,x is ! ,"l :o speaks2 ,8 s]vant w obey4 ,imm$iately he desi/$ f 8 amusem5t1 &1 *ang+ clo!s ) an att5dant1 bade adieu to ,khorassan1 took ! road t[>ds ,syria1 & f !nce=? devot$ himself entirely to a life ( piety & lab\r4 ,a ?ird example is t ( ,ghazzali himself1 :o1 9 8 "w ,! ,deliv]ance f ,error1 has left "o ( ! v few specim5s ( ,ea/]n religi\s autobiography1 & "o be>+ a c]ta9 resemblance to ,newman's ,apologia4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( !ology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bagdad 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,9 8 autobiography he says3 ,reflect+ ^u my situation1 ,i f\nd myself b\nd to ?is _w by a ?\s& ties2 temptations assail$ me on all sides4 ,i !n exam9$ my actions4 ,! be/ 7 ^? relat+ to in/ruction & education2 & ev5 !re ,i saw myself giv5 up to unimportant sci5ces1 all useless 9 ano!r _w4 ,reflect+ on ! aim ( my tea*+1 ,i f\nd x 0 n pure 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l4 ,i saw t all my ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>ds ! acquisition ( glory to myself4 ,aft] ?is1 z he 0 "o day ab\t to lecture1 8 tongue refus$ utt]ance2 he 0 dumb4 ,he look$ ^u ?is z a visitation f ,god1 & 0 deeply afflict$ at x4 ,he became s]i\sly ill1 & ! physicians said 8 recov]y 0 hopeless unless he c\ld %ake (f 8 depression4 ,!n1 he cont9ues1 feel+ my helplessness1 ,i _h rec\rse to ,god1 z "o :o has no o!r rec\rse 9 8 di/ress4 ,he compassionat$ me z ,he compassionates ! unhappy :o invoke ,him4 ,my he>t no long] made any resi/ance1 b will+ly r5\nc$ ! glories & ! pleasures ( ?is _w4 ,we may close ?is %ort li/ ) ! "n ( ! ,sufi poet1 ,f]id-edd9-,att>4 ,he 0 a druggi/ by trade1 & "o day 0 />tl$ by "o ( ! half-mad fakirs1 :o sw>m 9 ,ori5tal cities1 p5sively gaz+ at him :ile 8 eyes sl[ly fill$ ) te>s4 ,f]id-edd9 angrily ord]$ him to g ab\t 8 bus9ess4 ,sir1 repli$ ! fakir1 t is easily done2 = my baggage is light4 ,b w\ld x n be wise = y to comm5ce prep>ations = y\r j\rney8 ,! words /ruck home1 ,f]id-edd9 ab&on$ 8 bus9ess1 & devot$ ! re/ ( 8 life to m$itation & collect+ ! say+s ( ! wise4 ,^! f\r cases1 ! highwayman1 ! pr9ce1 ! !ologian1 ! poet1 are suffici5t to %[ t ! ,recognition 7anagnorisis7 & ,revolution 7p]ipeteia71 to use ,ari/otle's phrase1 :i* turns life f a *aotic dream into a well-ord]$ drama1 ( :i* ,god is ! ,protagoni/1 may receive z signal ?\gh n z frequ5t illu/ration 9 ! t]ritory ( ,islam z 9 t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y also s]ve to illu/rate ,pr(essor ,w4 ,james' !sis 9 8 ,gif=d ,lectures1 t conv]sion1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or extra-,*ri/ian1 is a psy*ological fact1 & n a m]e emotional illusion4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,a ,,mohamm$an ,,exposition ,,( ,,sufism ,,by ,,ibn ,,khald\n ,sufism consi/s ess5tially 9 giv+ up oneself con/antly to devotional ex]cises1 9 liv+ solely = ,god1 9 ab&on+ all ! frivol\s attractions ( ! _w1 9 disreg>d+ ! ord9>y aims ( m5--pleasures1 ri*es & hon\rs--& f9ally 9 sep>at+ oneself f society = ! sake ( practis+ devotion to ,god4 ,?is way ( life 0 extremely common among ! companions ( ! ,prophet & ! e>ly ,moslems4 ,b :5 9 ! second c5tury ( ,islam & ! succe$+ c5turies ! desire = worldly weal? _h spread1 & ord9>y m5 all[$ !mselves to be drawn into ! curr5t ( a dissipat$ & worldly life1 ! p]sons :o gave !mselves up to piety 7 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,sufis1 or aspirants to ,sufism4 ,! mo/ probable d]ivation is f suf 7wool71 =1 z a rule1 ,sufis we> wooll5 g>m5ts to di/+ui% !mselves f ! cr[d1 :o love gaudy attire4 ,= an intellig5t be+ possess$ ( a body1 ?\ght is ! jo9t product ( ! p]ception ( ev5ts :i* happ5 f )\t1 & ( ! emotions to :i* !y give rise )91 & is t quality :i* di/+ui%es man f animals4 ,^! emotions proce$ "o f ano!r2 j z k is born ( argum5ts1 joy & sadness spr+ f ! p]ception ( t :i* causes grief or pleasure4 ,simil>ly ) ! disciple ( ! spiritual life 9 ! w>f>e :i* he wages ) himself1 & 9 8 devotional ex]cises4 ,e /ruggle :i* he has ) 8 passions produces 9 him a /ate result+ f ?is /ruggle4 ,?is /ate is ei!r a disposition to piety :i*1 /r5g!n+ by repetition1 becomes = him a /ation 7maqam71 or m]ely an emotion :i* he und]goes1 su* z joy1 m]rim5t1 c4 ,! disciple ( ! spiritual life cont9ues to rise f "o /ation to ano!r1 till he arrives at ! k ( ! ,div9e ,unity & ( ,god1 ! necess>y condition = obta9+ felicity1 con=mably to ! say+ ( ! ,prophet3 ,:osoev] dies :ile confess+ t !re is no god b ,god1 %all ent] ,p>adise4 ,progress ?r\gh ^! diff]5t /ages is gradual4 ,!y h z _! common f\ndation ob$i5ce & s9c]ity ( int5tion2 fai? prec$es & accompanies !m1 & f !m proce$ ! emotions & qualities1 ! transi5t & p]man5t modifications ( ! s\l2 ^! emotions & qualities g on produc+ o!rs 9 a p]petual progression :i* f9ally arrives at ! /ation ( ! k ( ! ,unity ( ,god4 ,! disciple ( ! spiritual life ne$s to dem& an acc\nt ( 8 s\l 9 all its actions1 & to keep an att5tive eye on ! mo/ hidd5 recesses ( 8 he>t2 = actions mu/ necess>ily produce results1 & :atev] evil is 9 results betok5s a correspond+ evil 9 actions4 ,!re are b a few p]sons :o imitate ! ,sufis 9 ?is practice ( self-exam9ation1 = neglig5ce & indiff]5ce 9 ?is respect are almo/ univ]sal4 ,pi\s m5 :o h n ris5 to ?is class 7! my/ics7 only aim at fulfill+ ! works comm&$ by ! law 9 all ! complet5ess laid d[n by ! sci5ce ( jurisprud5ce4 ,b ! my/ics exam9e scrupul\sly ! results ( ^! works1 ! effects & impressions :i* !y produce ^u ! s\l4 ,= ?is purpose !y use :atev] rays ( div9e illum9ation may h rea*$ !m :ile 9 a /ate ( ec/acy1 ) ! object ( assur+ !mselves :e!r _! actions are exempt or n f "s defect4 ,! ess5ce ( _! sy/em is ?is practice ( oblig+ ! s\l (t5 to r5d] an acc\nt ( its actions & ( :at x has left undone4 ,x also consi/s 9 ! developm5t ( ^? gifts ( discrim9ation & ec/acy :i* are born out ( /ruggles ) natural incl9ations1 & :i* !n become = ! disciple /ations ( progress4 ,! ,sufis possess "s rules ( conduct peculi> to !mselves1 & make use ( c]ta9 te*nical expressions4 ,( ^! ,ghazzali has treat$ 9 ,ihya-ul-ulum 7,revival ( ! ,religi\s ,sci5ces74 ,he speaks ( ! laws regulat+ devotion1 he expla9s ! rules & cu/oms ( ! ,sufis & ! te*nical t]ms :i* !y use4 ,?us ! sy/em ( ! ,sufis1 :i* 0 at fir/ only a special way ( c>ry+ on wor%ip1 & ! laws ( :i* 7 only h&$ on by example & tradition1 0 me?odis$ & r$uc$ to writ+1 l ! exegesis ( ! ,koran1 ! ,traditions1 ,jurisprud5ce1 & s =?4 ,?is spiritual combat & ?is habit ( m$itation are usually foll[$ by a lift+ ( ! veils ( s5se1 & by ! p]ception ( c]ta9 worlds :i* =m "p ( ! ?+s ( ,god 7k ( :i* ,he has res]v$ = ,himself74 ,! s5sual man c h no p]ception ( su* ?+s4 ,dis5tanglem5t f ! ?+s ( s5se & consequ5t p]ception ( invisible ?+s takes place :5 ! _s1 giv+ up ! uses ( ext]ior s5ses1 only uses int]ior ones2 9 ?is /ate ! emotions proce$+ f ! =m] gr[ feebl]1 :ile ^? :i* proce$ f ! _s gr[ /rong]2 ! _s dom9ates1 & its vig\r is r5ew$4 ,n[1 ! practice ( m$itation contributes mat]ially to ?is result4 ,x is ! n\ri%m5t by :i* ! _s gr[s4 ,su* gr[? cont9ues till :at 0 ! k ( ,"o abs5t becomes ! consci\sness ( ,"o pres5t1 & ! veils ( s5se be+ lift$1 ! s\l enjoys ! fullness ( ! faculties :i* belong to x 9 virtue ( its ess5ce1 i4e41 p]ception4 ,on ?is plane x becomes capable ( receiv+ div9e grace & k grant$ by ! ,deity4 ,f9ally its nature z reg>ds ! real k ( ?+s z !y are1 approa*es ! l(tie/ heav5 ( angelic be+s4 ,?is dis5tanglem5t f ?+s ( s5se takes place (t5e/ 9 m5 :o practise ! spiritual combat1 & ?us !y arrive at a p]ception ( ! real nature ( ?+s su* z is impossible to any beside !mselves4 ,simil>ly1 !y (t5 "k ( ev5ts be=e !y arrive2 & by ! p[] ( _! pray]s & _! spiritual =ce1 !y hold sway ov] inf]ior be+s :o are oblig$ to obey !m4 ,! greate/ ( ! my/ics d n boa/ ( ?is dis5tanglem5t f ?+s ( s5se & ?is rule ov] inf]ior creatures2 unless !y h receiv$ an ord] to d s1 !y reveal no?+ ( :at !y h le>nt ( ! real nature ( ?+s4 ,^! sup]natural work+s are pa9ful1 & :5 !y exp]i5ce !m !y ask ,god = deliv]ance4 ,! companions ( ! ,prophet also practis$ ?is spiritual w>f>e2 l ! my/ics1 !y 7 ov]:elm$ ) ^! tok5s ( div9e fav\r su* z ! p[] to walk on ! wat]1 to pass ?r\gh fire )\t be+ burnt1 to receive _! food 9 miracul\s ways1 b !y did n atta* great importance to !m4 ,abu-bekr1 ,om>1 & ,ali 7 di/+ui%$ by a great numb] ( ^! sup]natural gifts1 & _! mann] ( view+ !m 0 foll[$ by ! my/ics :o succe$$ !m4 ,b among ! mod]ns !re are m5 :o h set great /ore by obta9+ ?is dis5tanglem5t f ?+s ( s5se1 & by speak+ ( ! my/]ies discov]$ :5 ?is veil is remov$4 ,to rea* ?is goal !y h _h rec\rse to diff]5t me?ods ( asceticism1 9 :i* ! intellectual s\l is n\ri%$ by m$itation to ! utmo/ ( its capacity1 & enjoys 9 its fullness ! faculty ( p]ception :i* con/itutes its ess5ce4 ,accord+ to !m1 :5 a man has arriv$ at ?is po9t1 8 p]ception compreh5ds all exi/5ce & ! real nature ( ?+s )\t a veil1 f ! ?rone ( ,god to ! smalle/ drops ( ra94 ,ghazzali describes ! ascetic practices :i* are necess>y to arrive at ?is /ate4 ,?is condition ( dis5tanglem5t f ! ?+s ( s5se is only held to be p]fect :5 x spr+s f "r dispositions4 ,= !re are1 z a matt] ( fact1 p]sons :o pr(ess to live 9 retirem5t & to fa/ )\t possess+ "r dispositions2 su* are sorc]]s1 ,*ri/ians1 & o!rs :o practise ascetic ex]cises4 ,we may illu/rate ?is by ! image ( a well-poli%$ mirror4 ,accord+ z its surface is convex or concave1 ! object reflect$ 9 x is di/ort$ f its real %ape2 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! mirror has a plane surface1 ! object is reflect$ exactly z x is4 ,n[1 :at a plane surface is = ! mirror1 a "r disposition is = ! s\l1 z reg>ds ! impressions x receives f )\t4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,*ri/ian ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,mohamm$an ,,lit]ature ,! almo/ miracul\s r5aissance 9 ,islam :i* is n[ proce$+ 9 ,turkey & o!r ,mohamm$an c\ntries rem9ds "o =cibly ( ,dante's l9es3 ,= ,i h se5 ,! ?orn fr[n rudely all ! w9t] long1 ,& aft] be> ! rose ^u its top4 ,p>adiso1 xiii4 #acc4 ,x is n p]haps fanciful to conjecture t "o ( ! hidd5 causes ( ?is r5aissance is ! l>ge quantity ( ,*ri/ian tru? :i* ,islam lit]ature holds1 s to speak1 9 solution4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! ,koran has borr[$ l>gely f ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,apocryphal ,gospels1 b x is n s g5]ally kn[n t ,mohamm$an philosoph]s1 !ologians1 & poets betray an acqua9tance ) facts & incid5ts ( ! ,gospels ( :i* ! ,koran conta9s no m5tion4 ,leav+ ! ,koran on "o side1 9 ! ,traditions1 i4e41 say+s ( ,mohamm$ h&$ d[n by tradition1 we f9d ,god repres5t$ z say+ at ! ,judgm5t1 ,o ye sons ( m51 ,i 0 hungry & ye gave ,me no food1 ! :ole ( ! passage 9 ,matt4 xxv4 be+ quot$4 ,?is is rem>kable1 z x /rikes directly at ! or?odox ,mohamm$an conception ( ,god z an impassible despot4 ,o!r say+s attribut$ to ,god :i* h a ,*ri/ian r+ are1 ,i 0 a hidd5 ,treasure & desir$ to be kn[n1 !re=e ,i creat$ ! _w2 ,if x 7 n = ,!e1 ,i w\ld n h made ! _w 7address$ to ,mohamm$71 evid5tly an e*o ( ,col4 ,i4 #ag1 ,all ?+s h be5 creat$ ?r\gh ,him & unto ,him 7,r4,v474 ,! writ] has (t5 he>d ?is la/ say+ quot$ by ,indian ,mohamm$ans 9 controv]sy4 ,ano!r traditional say+ attribut$ to ,mohamm$ is n unlike ! doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,_s3 ,v]ily f y\r ,"l come brea?+s4 ,be ye prep>$ = !m4 ,! ,second ,adv5t is also ref]r$ to 9 o!rs3 ,h[ w x be ) y :5 ,god s5ds ,jesus to judge y8 ,!re is no ,mahdi b ,jesus4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t a c]ta9 gate 9 ,j]usalem is kept wall$ up because ! ,mohamm$ans believe t ,jesus w pass ?r\gh x :5 ,he returns4 ,"s traditions h twi/$ ,gospel p>ables1 c41 9 fav\r ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,?us 9 ! m5tion ( ! p>able ( ! hir$ lab\r]s1 ! fir/ two sets ( lab\r]s are said to mean ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & ! la/ com]s1 :o receive an equal wage1 ?\gh grumbl$ at by ! o!rs1 are believ$ to indicate ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,o!r traditions give "o ( ,*ri/'s say+s a grotesquely lit]al dress4 ,?us our ,"l is said to h met a fox1 & to h said1 ,fox6 :]e art ?\ go+8 ,! fox repli$1 to 8 home4 ,^u :i* our ,"l utt]$ ! v]se1 ,foxes h holes1 c4 ,once :5 ent]+ an ,afghan village ! writ] 0 met by a ,pa?an1 :o ask$ if ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9$ t v]se4 ,?is %[s h[ ev5 g>bl$ traditions may pr$ispose ! ,mohamm$an m9d = ! /udy ( ! ,gospels4 ,tab>i1 ! hi/orian 7d4 #ibc ,a4,d471 gives an acc\nt ( ! ,la/ ,supp] & ( ,*ri/ wa%+ ! disciples' h&s 7sic7--topics entirely ignor$ by ! ,koran--& quotes ! say+ ( our ,"l reg>d+ ! smit+ ( ! ,%eph]d & ! scatt]+ ( ! %eep4 ,sufi lit]ature1 repres5t+ z x does ! my/ical side ( ,islam1 ab\nds ) allusions to ,scripture4 ,al ,ghazzali1 ! great oppon5t ( ,av]roes 7#ajeh-aaaa ,a4,d471 9 8 ,ihya-ul-ulum 7,revival ( ! ,religi\s ,sci5ces7 quotes ! say+ ( ,*ri/ reg>d+ ! *ildr5 play+ 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,9 8 ,kimiya-i-,saadat 7,al*emy ( ,happ9ess7 he writes1 ,x is said t ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 a vision saw ?is _w 9 ! =m ( an old woman1 & ask$ h[ _m husb&s %e _h liv$ )4 ,%e said !y 7 innum]able4 ,he ask$ h] if !y _h di$1 or _h divorc$ h]4 ,%e repli$ t x 0 nei!r1 ! fact be+ t %e _h kill$ all4 ,"h we seem to h a confus$ e*o ( ! episode ( ! woman ( ,sam>ia4 ,aga9 9 ! same "w he says1 ,x is a say+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ t ! seek] ( ! _w is l a man suff]+ f dropsy2 ! m he dr9ks wat] ! m he feels ?ir/y4 ,9 ! ,ihya-ul-ulum1 ! v]se ,eye ha? n se51 c41 is quot$ z if f ! ,koran1 :]e x n[h]e occurs4 ,ghazzali 0 an ard5t /ud5t ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 & ?r\gh him ! phrases ,aql-i-,kull 7--,logos7 & ,nafs-i-,kull 7--,pneuma7 pass$ into ,sufi writ+s 7v4 ,:9field1 ,preface to ! ,masnavi74 ,saadi 7b4 #aahd ,a4,d471 ! fam\s au?or ( ! ,guli/an & ,bo/an1 0 = "s "t kept 9 captivity by ! ,crusad]s4 ,?is may acc\nt = e*oes ( ! ,gospels :i* we f9d 9 8 writ+s4 ,9 ! ,guli/an he quotes ! v]se1 ,we are memb]s ( "o ano!r1 & 9 ! ,bo/an ! p>able ( ! ,ph>isee & ,publican is told 9 great detail4 ,nizami 7b4 #aadj7 gives a /ory :i*1 ?\gh grotesque1 seems to %[ t he _h appreh5d$ some?+ ( ! ,*ri/ian _s4 ,"s pass]s-by 7 comm5t+ on ! body ( a dead dog1 say+ h[ abom9ably x smelt1 c4 ,*ri/ pass$1 & said1 ,behold1 h[ :ite its tee? are6 ,b ( all ! ,mohamm$an writ]s1 none be>s su* di/9ct traces ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce z ,jalaludd9 ,rumi1 ! greate/ ( ! ,sufi poets1 :o is to ?is day mu* /udi$ 9 ,p]sia1 ,turkey & ,india4 ,9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,masnavi he has a /range /ory ( a vizi] :o p]suad$ 8 k+1 a ,jewi% p]secutor ( ! ,*ri/ians1 to mutilate him4 ,he !n w5t to ! ,*ri/ians & said1 ,see :at ,i h suff]$ = y\r religion4 ,aft] ga9+ _! confid5ce & be+ *os5 _! guide1 he wrote epi/les 9 diff]5t directions to ! *ief ,*ri/ians1 contradict+ ea* o!r1 ma9ta9+ 9 "o t man is sav$ by grace1 & 9 ano!r t salvation re/s ^u works1 c4 ,?us he br\ght _! religion into inextricable confusion4 ,?is is evid5tly aim$ at ,/4 ,paul1 & x is a curi\s fact t ,jalaludd9 ,rumi sp5t mo/ ( 8 life at ,iconium1 :]e "s traditions ( ! apo/le's tea*+ mu/ h l+]$4 ,o!r allusions to ! ,gospel n>rative 9 ! ,masnavi are f\nd 9 ! m5tion ( ,john ! ,bapti/ leap+ 9 8 "m's womb1 ( ,*ri/ walk+ on ! wat]1 c41 none ( :i* occur 9 ! ,koran4 ,isolat$ v]ses ( ,jalaludd9's cle>ly %[ a ,*ri/ian orig93 ,i am ! sweet-smil+ ,jesus1 ,& ! _w is alive by ,me4 ,i am ! sunlight fall+ f above1 ,yet nev] sev]$ f ! ,sun ,i love4 ,x w be se5 t ,jalaludd9 gives our ,"l a mu* high] rank ?an is accord$ to ,him 9 ! ,koran1 :i* says1 ,& :o c\ld h9d] ,god if ,he *ose to de/roy ,m>y & h] son toge!r8 ,a /range e*o ( ! ,gospel n>rative is f\nd 9 ! /ory ( ! celebrat$ ,sufi1 ,mansur-al-,hallaj1 :o 0 put to dea? at ,bagdad1 #iai ,a4,d41 = exclaim+ :ile 9 a /ate ( my/ic ec/acy1 ,i am ! ,tru?4 ,%ortly be=e he di$ he cri$ out1 ,my ,fri5d 7,god7 is n guilty ( injur+ me2 ,he gives me to dr9k :at z ,ma/] ( ! fea/ ,he dr9ks ,himself 7,:9field1 preface to ! ,masnavi74 ,not)/&+ ! app>5t blasphemy ( ,mansur's exclamation1 he has always be5 ! object ( eulogy by ,mohamm$an poets4 ,ev5 ! or?odox ,afghan poet1 ,abdurrahman1 says ( him3 ,e man :o is crucifi$ l ,mansur1 ,aft] dea? 8 cross becomes a fruit-be>+ tree4 ,_m ( ! fav\rite ,sufi phrases1 ,! ,p]fect ,man1 ,! new creation1 ,! return to ,god1 h a ,*ri/ian s\nd1 & ! mod]n ,babi movem5t :i* has s pr(\ndly influ5c$ ,p]sian life & ?\ght owes its v "n to ! say+ ( ,*ri/1 ,i am ! ,door 7,ana ul ,bab71 adopt$ by ,mirza ,ali1 ! f\nd] ( ! sect4 ,:5 ,h5ry ,m>tyn rea*$ ,%iraz 9 #ahaa1 he f\nd 8 mo/ att5tive li/5]s among ! ,sufis4 ,^! ,sufis1 he writes 9 8 di>y1 are q ! ,me?odi/s ( ! ,ea/4 ,!y delight 9 ev]y?+ ,*ri/ian except 9 be+ exclusive4 ,!y consid] !y all w f9ally return to ,god1 f :om !y emanat$4 ,x is c]ta9ly notewor?y t "s ( ! highly educat$ ,indian conv]ts f ,islam to ,*ri/ianity h be5 m5 :o h pass$ ?r\gh a /age ( ,sufism1 e4g41 ,m\lvie ,imadudd9 ( ,amrits>1 on :om ,ar*bi%op ,b5son conf]r$ a ,d4,d4 degree1 & ,safd> ,ali1 late ,inspector ( ,s*ools at ,jabalpur4 ,9 "o ( ! semi-domes ( ! ,mosque ( ,/4 ,sophia at ,con/ant9ople is a gigantic figure ( ,*ri/ 9 mosaic1 :i* ! ,mohamm$ans h n de/roy$1 b ov]laid ) gild+1 yet s t ! outl9es ( ! figure are /ill visible4 ,is x n a p>able8 ,,app5dix ,,iv ,,*ri/ ,,9 ,,modamm$an ,,tradition4 ,! foll[+ brief article is an attempt to br+ toge!r "s ( ! passages 9 ,mohamm$an writ]s 9 :i* ,*ri/ is accord$ a high] place ?an 9 ! ,koran1 & 9 :i* de$s & words ( ,8 are m5tion$ reg>d+ :i* ! ,koran is q sil5t4 ,= ?\gh ! ,koran calls ,him '! ,_s ( ,god' & 'a ,^w proce$+ f ,him1' at ! same "t x says ',:at c\ld h9d] ,god if ,he *ose to de/roy ! ,messiah & ,8 "m bo? toge!r8' ,9 ! traditional say+s ( ,mohamm$ collect$ by ,al ,bokh>i1 accept$ by all ,sunni ,mohamm$ans1 we h ! foll[+3-- #a/4 ,! s9lessness ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,prophet said1 ',satan t\*es e *ild at its bir? & x cries out f ! t\* ( ,satan4 ,?is is ! case ) all1 except ,m>y & h] son4' #bnd4 ,a fam\s utt]ance ( ,*ri/ is attribut$ to ,god4 ,! ,prophet said1 ',at ! resurrection ,god %all say1 ,o ye sons ( m51 ,i 0 sick & ye visit$ ,me n4 ,!y %all say1 ,?\ art ! ,"l ( ! worlds h[ %\ld we visit ,!e8 ,he w say1 ,a c]ta9 s]vant ( ,m9e 0 sick2 if y _h visit$ him y w\ld h f\nd ,me ) him4' ,?is tradition is notewor?y z x br+s out ! aff9ity betwe5 ,god & man :i* ! ,koran = ! mo/ "p ignores4 #crd4 ,*ri/ return+ to judgm5t4 ,! ,prophet said1 ',h[ w x be ) y :5 ,god s5ds back ! ,son ( ,m>y to rule & to judge 7hakiman1 muqsitan78' ,9 ! ',aw>ifu-l-,maw>if ( ,%ahabu-d-,d9 ,suhraw>di ! doctr9e ( ! ,new ,bir? is def9itely attribut$ to ,*ri/3 ',! dea? ( nature & ( w :i* !y call ! second bir? ev5 z ,*ri/ has writt54' ,ghazzali 9 ! ,ihya-ul-ulum ?us ref]s to ,/4 ,matt4 xi4 #ag3 ',"s "o said1 ,i saw writt5 9 ! ,gospel1 ,we h sung to y b ye h n be5 mov$ ) emotion2 we h pip$ unto y b ye h n danc$4' ,he also quotes ,/4 ,matt4 vi4 #be1 ',jesus said1 ,consid] ! f[ls1 etc4' ,! hi/orian ,tab>i m5tions ! in/itution ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,*ri/'s wa%+ ,8 disciple's h&s1 reque/+ !m to wat* ) ,him1 pr$ict+ ,pet]'s d5ial1 & quotes ! text1 ',! %eph]d %all be smitt51 & ! %eep %all be scatt]$4' ,9 ! ,bo/an ( ,sa'di ! p>able ( ! ,publican & ! ,ph>isee takes ! foll[+ curi\s %ape3-- ,9 ,jesus' "t !re liv$ a y\? s black & dissolute1 ,t ,satan f him %rank appall$ 9 e attribute2 ,he 9 a sea ( pleasures f\l un9t]rupt$ swam ,& gluttoniz$ on da9ty vices1 sipp+ _m a dram4 ,:oev] met him on ! highway turn$ z f a pe/1 ,or1 po9t+ lift$ f+] at him1 crack$ "s horrid je/4 ,i h be5 told t ,jesus once 0 pass+ by ! cave ,:]e dwelt a monk :o ask$ ,him 91-- ,:5 sudd5ly t slave ( s9 appe>$ across ! way1 ,f> (f he paus$1 fell d[n & sobb+ly began to pray2 ,& l a /orm or ra9 ! te>s p\r gu%+ f 8 eyes4 ',alas1 & woe is me = ?irty squ&]$ ye>s1' he cries2 ,! pride-puff$ monk self-righte\s lifts 8 eyebr[s ) a sne]1 ,& haughtily exclaims1 ',vile wret*6 9 va9 ha/ ?\ come "h4 ,art ?\ n plung$ 9 s91 & toss$ 9 lu/'s dev\r+ sea8 ,:at w ?y fil?y rags avail ) ,jesus & ) me8 ,o ,god6 ! grant+ ( a s+le wi% is all ,i pray1 ,grant me to /& f> di/ant f ?is man at ,judgem5t ,day4' ,f heav5's ?rone a revelation in/antane\s broke1 ,& ,god's own ?und]-words ?r\gh ! m\? ( ,jesus spoke3 ',! two :om pray+ !re ,i see1 %all equally be he>d2 ,!y pray div]se1--,i give to ea* accord+ to 8 ^w4 ,t poor "o ?irty ye>s has roll$ 9 s9's mo/ slimy /eeps1 ,b n[ ) /rick5 he>t & /ream+ eyes = p>don weeps4 ,^u ! ?re%old ( ,my grace he ?r[s him 9 despair1 ,& fa9tly hop+ pity p\rs 8 supplications !re4 ,!re=e =giv5 & fre$ f all ! guilt 9 :i* he lies ,my m]cy *ooses him a citiz5 ( p>adise2 ,?is monk desires t he may n t s9n] /& beside1 ,!re=e he goes to hell & s 8 wi% is gratifi$4' 7,alg]3 ,poetry ( ! ,ori5t7 ,x is refre%+ to f9d "o ( ! classical ,moslem writ]s s /rongly d5\nc+ self-righte\sness4 ,! poet ,nizami 9 ! foll[+ apologue seems to h caught no little ( ! _s ( ! ,gospel3-- ,"o ev5+ ,jesus l+]$ 9 ! m>ket-place ,tea*+ ! p p>ables ( tru? & grace1 ,:5 9 ! squ>e remote a cr[d 0 se5 to rise ,& /op ) loa?+ ge/ures & abhorr+ cries4 ,! ,ma/] & ,8 meek ,disciples w5t to see ,:at cause = ?is commotion & disgu/ c\ld be1 ,& f\nd a poor dead dog beside ! gutt] laid2 ,revolt+ sight6 at :i* ea* face its hate betray$4 ,"o held 8 nose1 "o %ut 8 eyes1 "o turn$ away1 ,& all among/ !mselves began l\d to say1 ',dete/$ creature6 he pollutes ! e>? & air6' ',8 eyes are ble>6' ',8 e>s are f\l6' ',8 ribs are b>e6' ',9 8 torn hide !re's n a dec5t %oe-/r+ left6' ',no d\bt ! execrable cur 0 hung = !ft6' ,!n ,jesus spake & dropp$ on him ?is sav+ wrea?3 ',ev5 pe>ls are d>k be=e ! :it5ess ( 8 tee?6' 7,alg]3 ,poetry ( ! ,ori5t47 ,! entrance ( our ,"l into ,j]usalem is ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ passage f ! ,masnavi ( ,jalaludd9 ,rumi3-- ,hav+ left ,jesus1 ?\ *]i%e/ an ass1 ,& art p]=ce exclud$ l an ass2 ,! portion ( ,jesus is k & wisdom1 ,n s ! portion ( an ass1 ,o ass99e "o6 ,?\ pitie/ ?9e ass :5 x compla9s2 ,s art ?\ ignorant1 ?9e ass makes !e ass99e1 ,keep ?y pity = ,jesus1 n = ! ass1 ,make n ?y lu/ to vanqui% ?y reason4 7,:9field's ,translation74 ,else:]e 9 ! ,masnavi ,jalaludd9 ,rumi says3-- ,jesus1 ?y ,_s1 is pres5t ) !e2 ,ask help ( ,him1 = ,he is a good ,help]4 ,9 ! ,diwan-i-,%ams-i-,tabriz1 by ! same au?or1 we h ! l9es3-- ,i am t sweet-smil+ ,jesus1 ,& ! _w is alive ?r\gh ,me4 ,else:]e he says1 ',! pure "o is reg5]at$ by ! brea? ( ,jesus4' ,x is a significant fact t ,jalaludd9 ,rumi sp5t mo/ ( 8 life at ,iconium1 :]e v likely "s apo/olic traditions l+]$4 ,"o aspect ( our ,"l :i* has /rongly impress$ itself on ! ,mohamm$an imag9ation is ,8 homelessness4#fe ,once on ent]+ a ,pa?an village ! writ] 0 met by a y\?1 :o ask$1 ',is ?is v]se 9 ! ,injil3 ,! ,son ( ,m>y _h n[h]e to lay ,8 head8' ,9 ! ,qissas-al-ambiya 7,/ories ( ! ,prophets7 ?is takes ! foll[+ grotesque %ape3-- ,"o day ,jesus saw a fox runn+ ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,he said to him1 ',o fox6 :i!r art ?\ go+8' ,! fox answ]$1 ',i h come out = ex]cise2 n[ ,i am return+ to my own home4' ,jesus said1 ',e "o has built himself a h\se2 b = ,me !re is no re/+-place4' ,"s p :o he>d x1 said1 ',we are sorry = ,!e & w build ,!e a h\se4' ,he repli$1 ',i h no money4' ,!y answ]$1 ',we w pay all ! exp5ses4' ,!n he said1 ',v well1 ,i w *oose ! site4' ,he l$ !m d[n to ! edge ( ! sea &1 po9t+ :]e ! waves 7 da%+ highe/1 said1 ',build ,me a h\se !re4' ,! p said1 ',t is ! sea1 ,o ,prophet6 h[ c we build !re8' ',yea1 & is n ! _w a sea1' ,he answ]$1 'on :i* no "o c raise a build+ t abides8' ,a simil> e*o ( ,*ri/'s words is f\nd 9 ! fam\s inscription ov] a bridge at ,fatehpur ,sikri3 ',jesus 7^u ,:om be peace7 said1 ,! _w is a bridge2 pass ov] x1 b d n build ^u x4' ,?is ke5 s5se ( ! transitor9ess ( ev]y?+ e>?ly is a /rongly-m>k$ feature ( ! ,ori5tal m9d1 & *>act]iz$ all _! sa9ts & my/ics4 ,!re is no wond] t ?is side ( ! gospel %\ld make a special appeal to ,ori5tals1 & t ! ,fakir-mission>y %\ld seem to !m to approximate mo/ closely to 8 ,ma/]4#ff ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! trial ( our ,"l be=e ! ,sanh$r9 & ,pilate :i* occurs 9 ! ,dabi/an ( ,mohs9 ,fani 7,a4,d4 #afdg7 approximates m ne>ly to ! ,gospel n>rative ?an t :i* is ord9>ily curr5t among ,mohamm$an writ]s3-- ,:5 ,jesus appe>$1 ! high-prie/ said1 ',we *>ge ,!e ^u ,?y oa? by ! liv+ ,god1 say art ,?\ ! ,son ( ,god8' ,! bless$ & holy ,"l ,jesus repli$ to him1 ',i am :at ?\ ha/ said4 ,v]ily ,we say unto y1 y %all see ! ,son ( man seat$ at ! "r h& ( ,god1 & ,he %all desc5d 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54' ,!y said1 ',?\ utt]e/ a blasphemy1 because1 accord+ to ! cre$ ( ! ,jews1 ,god nev] desc5ds 9 ! cl\ds ( heav54' ,isaiah ! prophet has ann\nc$ ! bir? ( ,jesus 9 words ! translation ( :i* is z foll[s3--',a bran* f ! root ( ,i'%ai %all spr+ up1 & f ?is bran* %all come =? a fl[] 9 :i* ! ,_s ( ,god %all dwell1 v]ily a virg9 %all be pregnant & br+ =? a ,son4' ,i'%ai is ! "n ( ! fa!r ( ,david4 ,:5 !y _h appreh5d$ ,jesus1 !y spat ^u ,8 bless$ face & smote ,him4 ,isaiah _h pr$ict$ x4 ',i %all give up ,my body to ! smit]s1 & ,my *eek to ! digg]s ( w\nds4 ,i %all n turn ,my face f ^? :o w use bad words & ?r[ spittle ^u ,me4' ,:5 ,pilatus1 a judge ( ! ,jews1 sc\rg$ ! ,"l ,jesus 9 su* a mann] t ,8 body f head to foot became b "o w\nd1 s 0 x z ,isaiah _h pr$ict$1 ',he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions2 ,i /ruck ,him = ,8 p4' ,:5 ,pilatus saw t ! ,jews insi/$ ^u ! dea? & crucifixion ( ,jesus1 he said1 ',i take no "p 9 ! blood ( ?is ,man2 ,i wa% my h&s clean ( ,8 blood4' ,! ,jews answ]$1 ',8 blood be on u & on our *ildr54' ,on t acc\nt ! ,jews are oppress$ & curb$ d[n 9 retribution ( _! iniquities4 ,:5 !y _h plac$ ! cross ^u ! %\ld]s ( ,jesus & l$ ,him to die1 a woman wip$ ) ! bord] ( h] g>m5t ! face1 full ( blood1 ( ! ,"l ,jesus4 ,v]ily %e obta9$ ?ree images ( x & c>ri$ !m home2 ! "o ( ^! images exi/s /ill 9 ,spa91 ! o!r is 9 ! t[n ( ,milan 9 ,italy1 & ! ?ird 9 ! city ( ,rome4 ,! same au?or1 ,mohs9 ,fani1 says3-- ,! ,gospel has be5 translat$ f ! tongue ( ,jesus into diff]5t languages1 namely1 into ,arabic1 ,greek1 ,lat91 :i* la/ is ! language ( ! le>n$ among ! ,firangis2 & into ,syriac1 & ?is all le>n$ m5 "k4 ,fragm5ts ( our ,"l's tea*+ are f\nd n only 9 religi\s b also 9 secul> ,mohamm$an books2 ?us 9 ! ,kitab ,jawidan ( ,ibn ,muskawih we h ! foll[+3-- ,! hatefulle/ ( le>n$ m5 9 ! eyes ( ,god is he :o loves reputation & t room %\ld be made = him 9 ! assemblies ( ! great1 & to be invit$ to fea/s4 ,v]ily ,i say !y h _! rew>d 9 ! _w4 ,9 ! ,kitab-al-,aghani1 a hi/ory ( ,arabic poetry1 x is relat$3-- ,satan came to ,jesus & said1 ',do/ ,?\ n speak ! tru?8' ',c]ta9ly1' answ]$ ,jesus4 ',well !n1' said ,satan1 'climb ?is m\nta9 & ca/ ,?yself d[n4' ,jesus said1 ',woe to !e1 = ha? n ,god said1 ,o ,son ( ,man1 tempt ,me n by ca/+ ?yself into de/ruction1 = ,i d t :i* ,i w4' ,f ! above in/ances tak5 f well-kn[n ,mohamm$an writ]s x w be se5 t ! ,*ri/ ( po/-,koranic tradition is f> m life-l ?an ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,koran4 ,! latt] is a m]e lay-figure1 b$eck$ ) honorific titles inde$1 su* z ! ',_s ( ,god & a ^w proce$+ f ,him1' & work+ miracles1 b display+ no "*4 ,9 ! po/-,koranic writ]s1 on ! o!r h&1 we h ,8 s9lessness1 ,8 return to judgm5t1 ,8 humility1 ,8 unworldl9ess1 ,8 suff]+s1 ,8 doctr9e ( ! ,new ,bir?1 topics ^u :i* ! ,koran is entirely sil5t4 ,an op5-m9d$ ,moslem p]us+ ! above passages 9 ! orig9al ,p]sian & ,arabic 7& _m might be add$7 w\ld c]ta9ly ga9 a f> high] conception ( our ,"l ?an f any?+ he w\ld f9d 9 ! ,koran4 #fe ,9 "o tradition ,he is call$ ',imam al a%91' ',lead] ( ! w&]]s4' #ff ,al?\gh ,mohamm$ said1 ',!re is no monk]y 9 ,islam1' & rebuk$ "o ( 8 foll[]s :o %[$ a t5d5cy to x1 celibacy & homelessness h (t5 m>k$ ! sa9ts ( ,islam4 ,"o ( !m1 ,bi%r ,hafi1 be+ ask$ :y he did n m>ry1 answ]$1 ',i am afraid ( t v]se 9 ! ,koran1 ,! rights ( wom5 ov] m5 are ! same z ! rights ( m5 ov] wom54' ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,!re are a numb] ( words1 mo/ly ,arabic1 spell$ 9 diff]5t ways 9 ! pres5t book4 ,z _m ( ^! are v>iants (t5 us$ 9 ! translit]ation ( ,arabic names1 ^! diff]5ces h be5 reta9$4 ,bel[ is ! li/ ( ! words :i* h be5 spell$ diff]5tly at diff]5t places 9 ! book3 ,adham1 ,adhem4 ,alghazzali1 ,algazzali4 ,bayazid1 ,bayezid4 ,hassan1 ,hasan4 ,hejaj1 ,hejjaj4 ,judgm5t1 ,judgem5t4 ,kaf1 ,kf4 ,khorassan1 ,khorasan4 ,muhammad1 ,mohamm$1 ,muhamm$1 ,mohammad4 ,mohamm$an1 ,muhammadan1 ,muhamm$an1 ,mahommadan1 ,mohammadan4 ,mohamm$anism1 ,muhamm$anism4 ,saadi1 ,sa'di4 ,s(in1 ,s(yan4 ,suhraw>dy1 ,suhraw>di4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------