,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,eclipses ,,simply ,,told ,,= ,,g5]al ,,read]s4 ,,) ,,especial ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj4 ,,by ,,george ,f4 ,,*amb]s1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,( ! ,inn] ,temple1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em2 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,/>s2 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,descriptive ,,a/ronomy1 ,,etc4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,newnes1 ,,ltd4 ,,s\?ampton ,,/reet1 ,,/r& #ahii4 ,! rights ( translation & ( reproduction are res]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,sept4 #g1 #aheh 7,liais74 ,,preface4 ,! pres5t ,volume is int5d$ z a sequel to my two =m] volumes 9 ! ,newnes ,s]ies ( ,useful ,/ories1 entitl$ respectively ! ,/ory ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & ! ,/ory ( ! ,/>s4 ,x has be5 writt5 n only z a necess>y complem5t1 s to speak1 to ^? works1 b because public att5tion is already be+ direct$ to ! =?com+ total eclipse ( ! ,sun on ,may #bh1 #aijj4 ,?is eclipse1 ?\gh only visible z a p>tial "o 9 ,engl&1 w be total no fur!r (f ?an ,portugal & ,spa94 ,consid]+ also t ! l9e ( totality w pass across a l>ge tract ( c\ntry =m+ "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x may be inf]r$ t !re w be an enorm\s numb] ( ,engli%-speak+ spectators ( ! ph5om5on4 ,x is = ^! 9 g5]al t ?is little book has be5 writt54 ,= ! guidance ( ^? :o may be expect$ to visit ,portugal or ,spa91 a tempor>y ,app5dix has be5 prep>$1 giv+ a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation %[+ h[ ^? c\ntries c be be/ rea*$1 :e!r by sea or ov]l&1 f ! %ores ( ,engl&4 ,if anyone is incl9$ to d\bt :e!r an eclipse exp$ition is likely to provide non-a/ronomical t\ri/s ) incid5ts ( travel1 pleasant1 pr(itable1 & ev5 amus+1 p]haps ! d\bt w be remov$ by a p]usal ( ! acc\nts ( ,sir ,f4 ,galton's trip to ,spa9 9 #ahfj 7,vacation ,t\ri/s 9 #ahfj1 p4 #dbb71 or ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall's trip to ,alg]ia 9 #ahgj 7,h\rs ( ,ex]cise 9 ! ,alps1 p4 #dbi71 or ( ,pr(essor ,langley's ,adv5tures on ,pike's ,peak 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,colorado1 ,u4,s41 9 #ahgh 7,wa%+ton ,obs]vations1 #ahgf1 ,app5dix ,,iii4 p4 #bjc72 or ( "s ( ! _m ,magaz9e & o!r n>ratives ( ! ,norway eclipse ( #ahif & ! ,indian eclipse ( #ahih4 ,subject to ^! special po9ts no fur!r prefatory explanation seems ne$$1 ! g5]al /yle ( ! cont5ts be+1 mutatis mut&is1 id5tical ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,volumes :i* h gone be=e4 ,i h to ?ank my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,w4 ,d[n+1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,nautical ,almanac1 = k9dly v]ify+ ! calculations 9 *apt]s ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,g4 ,f4 ,c4 ,,nor?field ,,grange1 ,,ea/b\rne1 #ahii4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #i ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,ideas #aa ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s>os ,,& ,,! ,,p]iodicity ,,( ,,eclipses #ah ,,iv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,!oretical ,,matt]s ,,connect$ ,,) ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun 7,,*iefly7 #cd ,v4 ,,:at ,,is ,,obs]v$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,e>li] ,,/ages ,,( ,,an ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun #dj ,! ,moon's ,%ad[ & ! ,d>kness x causes #da ,%ad[ ,b&s #df ,! ,approa* ( ,totality #di ,! ,d>kness ( ,totality #ec ,meteorological & o!r effects #ed ,,vi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,obs]v$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,total ,,phase ,,( ,,an ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun #ef ,baily's ,beads #eg ,! ,corona #fb ,,vii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,obs]v$ ,,aft] ,,! ,,total ,,phase ,,( ,,an ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,is ,,at ,,an ,,end #gc ,,viii4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,*9ese #ge ,,ix4 ,,are ,,eclipses ,,allud$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,bible #hf ,x4 ,,eclipses ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,classical #ajg ,,xi4 ,,eclipses ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,era ,,to ,,! ,,norman ,,conque/ #abh ,,xii4 ,,eclipses ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,m$i,,val ,,& ,,mod]n #ade ,,xiii4 ,,eclipses ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury #afb ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun #agi ,,xv4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon--,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples #ahf ,,xvi4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory #aig ,,xvii4 ,,catalogues ,,( ,,eclipses3 ,,& ,,_! ,,calculation #bah ,,xviii4 ,,/range ,,eclipse ,,cu/oms #bbd ,,xix4 ,,eclipses ,,9 ,,%akespe>e ,,& ,,! ,,poets #bbi ,,xx4 ,,brief ,,h9ts ,,to ,,obs]v]s ,,( ,,eclipses #bcc ,,xxi4 ,,transits ,,& ,,occultations #bce ,,app5dix--,,in=mation ,,respect+ ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj1 ,,= ,,travell]s ,,visit+ ,,portugal ,,& ,,spa9 #bci ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,,fig4 #a4 ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,septemb] #g1 #aheh ,frontispiece #b4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun #ae #c4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,an ,,annul> ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun #af #d4 ,,annul> ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun #af #e4 ,,p>tial ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun #ag #f4 ,,%ad[ ,,b&s #dg #g4 ,,rays ,,( ,,light ,,se5 ,,dur+ ,,totality #di #h4 ,,bru%es ,,( ,,light #eg #i4 ,,baily',s ,,beads1 ,,f\r ,,/ages1 ,,at ,,brief ,,int]vals 7,,may #ae1 #ahcf7 #eh #aj4 ,,corona ,,( #ahhb4 ,,sun-,,spot ,,maximum #fh #aa4 ,,corona ,,( #ahfg4 ,,sun-,,spot ,,m9imum #gj #ab4 ,,eclipse ,,( ,,jan4 #aa1 #fhi ,b4,c4 ,,at ,,j]usalem #ajj #ac4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,an ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,moon #ahg #ad4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon #ahi #ae4 ,,occultation ,,( ,,jupit]1 ,,aug4 #g1 #ahhi 7,,imm]sion7 #bcg #af4 ,,occultation ,,( ,,jupit]1 ,,aug4 #g1 #ahhi 7,,imm]sion7 #bcg #ag4 ,,occultation ,,( ,,jupit]1 ,,aug4 #g1 #ahhi 7,,em]sion7 #bch #ah4 ,,occultation ,,( ,,jupit]1 ,,aug4 #g1 #ahhi 7,,em]sion7 #bch #ai4 ,,pa? ,,( ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj at end ( book4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,eclipses4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,x may1 ,i fe>1 be tak5 z a truism t ! man 9 ! /reet 7collectively1 ! g5]al public7 kn[s little & c>es less = :at is call$ physical sci5ce4 ,n[ & aga9 :5 some?+ rem>kable happ5s1 su* z a great ?und]/orm1 or an e>?quake1 or a volcanic eruption1 or a brilliant comet1 or a total eclipse1 some?+ 9 fact :i* has become ! talk ( ! t[n1 our fri5d w condesc5d to give ! matt] ! b>e/ am\nt ( att5tion1 :il/ he is fill+ 8 pipe or mix+ a :isky & soda2 b !re is n 9 ,engl& t g5]al att5tion giv5 to ! displays ( nature & ! philosophy ( ^? displays1 :i* c]ta9ly is a *>act]i/ic ( ! phlegmatic ,g]man4 ,h[ev]1 ?+s are bett] ?an !y us$ to be1 & ! =?com+ total eclipse ( ! ,sun ( ,may #bh1 #aijj 7visible z x w be z a p>tial eclipse all ov] ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & z a total eclipse 9 c\ntries s ne> to ,great ,brita9 z ,spa9 & ,portugal1 to say no?+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 w probably n only attract a good deal ( att5tion on ! "p ( _m millions ( ,engli%-speak+ p1 b may also be expect$ to induce a num]ically respectable remnant to give _! m9ds & ?\ghts1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( pati5t att5tion1 to ! ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ,eclipses4 ,!re are o!r causes likely to co-op]ate 9 br++ ?is ab\t4 ,x is true t m5's m9ds are m enlight5$ at ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury ?an !y 7 at ! end ( ! #af? c5tury1 & t a trip to ,spa9 w awak5 va/ly diff]5t ?\ghts 9 ! ye> #aijj to ^? :i* w\ld h be5 awak5$1 say 9 ! ye> #aehg2 b = all t1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( sup]/ition /ill l+]s 9 ! _w1 & total eclipses z well z comets /ill give rise to feel+s ( anxiety & al>m among/ ill-educat$ villag]s ev5 9 s-call$ civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,"s amus+ illu/rations ( ?is w be pres5t$ 9 due c\rse4 ,= ! mom5t let me cont5t myself by /at+ ! imm$iate aim ( ?is little book1 & ! circum/ances :i* h l$ to its be+ writt54 ,:at ^? circum/ances are w be und]/ood g5]ally f :at has be5 said already4 ,its aim is ! unambiti\s "o ( pres5t+ 9 readable yet s\nd sci5tific language a popul> acc\nt ( eclipses ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 & 7v briefly7 ( c]ta9 k9dr$ a/ronomical ph5om5a :i* dep5d ^u causes 9 "s degree simil> to ^? :i* op]ate 9 connection ) eclipses4 ,^! k9dr$ ph5om5a are te*nically kn[n z ,transits & ,occultations4 ,putt+ ^! two matt]s entirely aside = ! pres5t1 we w conf9e our att5tion 9 ! fir/ in/ance to eclipses2 & z eclipses ( ! ,sun d n /& q on ! same foot+ z eclipses ( ! ,moon1 we w1 aft] /at+ ! g5]al circum/ances ( ! case1 put ! eclipses ( ! ,moon aside = a :ile4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,ideas4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( ! ^w ,eclipse 7,greek3 ekleipsis7 is a =sak+1 quitt+1 or disappe>ance4 ,h5ce ! cov]+ ov] ( some?+ by some?+ else1 or ! imm]sion ( some?+ 9 some?+2 & ^! app>5tly crude def9itions w be f\nd on inve/igation to repres5t precisely ! facts ( ! case4 ,inasmu* z ! ,e>? & ! ,moon are = our pres5t purpose practically solid bodies1 ea* mu/ ca/ a %ad[ into space z ! result ( be+ illum9at$ by ! ,sun1 reg>d$ z a s\rce ( light4 ,:at we %all ev5tually h to consid] is3 ,:at results arise f ! exi/5ce ( ^! %ad[s accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* !y are view$8 ,b be=e rea*+ ?is po9t1 "s o!r prelim9>y consid]ations mu/ be dealt )4 ,! v>i\s bodies :i* toge!r make up ! ,sol> sy/em1 t is to say1 9 p>ticul>1 ^? bodies call$ ! planets--"s ( !m prim>y1 o!rs second>y 7alias ,satellites or ,moons7--are con/antly 9 motion4 ,consequ5tly1 if we imag9e a l9e to be drawn betwe5 any two at any giv5 "t1 su* a l9e w po9t 9 a diff]5t direction at ano!r "t1 & s x may occasionally happ5 t ?ree ( ^! ev]-mov+ bodies w come into "o & ! same /raight l9e4 ,n[ ! consequ5ces ( ?is /ate ( ?+s 7 admirably well po9t$ out ne>ly half a c5tury ago by a popul> writ]1 :o 9 8 day greatly aid$ ! developm5t ( sci5ce among/ ! masses4 ,:5 "o ( ! extremes ( ! s]ies ( ?ree bodies :i* ?us assume a common direction is ! ,sun1 ! int]m$iate body deprives ! o!r extreme body1 ei!r :olly or p>tially1 ( ! illum9ation :i* x habitually receives4 ,:5 "o ( ! extremes is ! ,e>?1 ! int]m$iate body int]cepts1 :olly or p>tially1 ! o!r extreme body f ! view ( ! obs]v]s situate at places on ! ,e>? :i* are 9 ! common l9e ( direction1 & ! int]m$iate body is se5 to pass ov] ! o!r extreme body z x ent]s ^u or leaves ! common l9e ( direction4 ,! ph5om5a result+ f su* cont+5cies ( position & direction are v>i\sly d5om9at$ ,eclipses1 ,transits1 & ,occultations1 accord+ to ! relative app>5t magnitudes ( ! int]pos+ & obscur$ bodies1 & accord+ to ! circum/ances :i* att5d !m4#a ,! ,e>? moves r\nd ! ,sun once 9 e ye>2 ! ,moon moves r\nd ! ,e>? once 9 e lun> mon? 7#bg days74 ,i hope ev]ybody und]/&s ^? ess5tial facts4 ,!n we mu/ note t ! ,e>? moves r\nd ! ,sun 9 a c]ta9 plane 7x is no?+ = our pres5t purpose :at t plane is74 ,if ! ,moon z ! ,e>?'s companion mov$ r\nd ! ,e>? 9 ! same plane1 an eclipse ( ! ,sun w\ld happ5 regul>ly e mon? :5 ! ,moon 0 9 ,conjunction 7,new ,moon71 & also e mon? at ! int]m$iate p]iod !re w\ld be a total eclipse ( ! ,moon on ! occasion ( e ,opposition 7or ,full ,moon74 ,b inasmu* z ! ,moon's orbit does n lie 9 q ! same plane z ! ,e>?'s1 b is incl9$ !reto at an angle :i* may be tak5 to av]age ab\t #e-a_/h1 ! actual facts are diff]5t2 t is to say1 in/ead ( !re be+ 9 e ye> ab\t #be eclipses 7sol> & lun> 9 ne>ly equal numb]s71 :i* !re w\ld be if ! orbits _h id5tical planes1 !re are only a v few eclipses 9 ! ye>1 nev]1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 m ?an #g1 & sometimes z few z #b4 ,nor are ! numb]s equally apportion$4 ,9 ye>s :]e !re are #g eclipses1 #e ( !m may be ( ! ,sun & #b ( ! ,moon2 :]e !re are only #b eclipses1 bo? mu/ be ( ! ,sun4 ,"u no circum/ances c !re be 9 any "o ye> m ?an #c eclipses ( ! ,moon1 & 9 "s ye>s !re w be none4 ,! reasons = ^! div]sities are ( a te*nical "*1 & a full elucidation ( !m w\ld n be ( int]e/ to ! g5]al read]4 ,x may "h be add$1 p>5!tically1 t ! occasions w be v r>e ( !re be+ #e sol> eclipses 9 "o ye>4 ,?is la/ happ5$ 9 #ahbc1b & w only happ5 once aga9 9 ! next two c5turies1 namely 9 #aice4 ,if a total eclipse ( ! ,sun happ5s e>ly 9 ,janu>y !re may be ano!r 9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 z 9 #ahhi 7,jan4 #a & ,dec4 #bb74 ,?is w n happ5 aga9 till #bjeg1 :5 !re w be total eclipses on ,jan4 #e & ,dec4 #bf4 ,!re is "o v curi\s fact :i* may be "h conv5i5tly /at$ z a b>e fact1 res]v+ ! explanation ( x = a future page1 namely1 t eclipses ( ! ,sun & ,moon are l9k$ toge!r 9 a c]ta9 *a9 or sequ5ce :i* takes r m ?an #ah ye>s to run out :5 ! sequ5ce recurs & recurs ad inf9itum4 ,9 ?is #ah-ye> p]iod1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ! ,s>os1 !re usually happ5 #gj eclipses1 ( :i* #da are ( ! ,sun & #bi ( ! ,moon4 ,accord+ly1 eclipses ( ! ,sun are m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! ,moon 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #c to #b1 yet at any giv5 place on ! ,e>? m lun> eclipses are visible ?an sol> eclipses1 because ! =m] :5 !y occur are visible ov] ! :ole hemisph]e ( ! ,e>? :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! ,moon :il/ ! area ov] :i* a total eclipse ( ! ,sun is visible is b a belt ( ! ,e>? no m ?an ab\t #aej to #agj miles wide4 ,p>tial eclipses ( ! ,sun1 h[ev]1 are visible ov] a v mu* wid] area on ei!r side ( ! pa? trav]s$ by ! ,moon's %ad[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,!ory ,,( ,a ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,conf9+ our att5tion 9 ! fir/ in/ance to eclipses ( ! ,sun1 ! diagrams fig4 #b & fig4 #c w make cle>1 ) v little v]bal description1 ! ess5tial features ( ! two pr9cipal k9ds ( eclipses ( ! ,sun4 ,9 ^! figures ,s repres5ts ! ,sun1 ,m ! ,moon & ,e ! ,e>?4 ,!y are n1 ( c\rse1 ev5 approximately drawn to scale ei!r z to ! size ( ! bodies or _! relative di/ances1 b ?is is a matt] ( no mom5t z reg>ds ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,m be+ 9 sun%9e receives light on1 z x 71 ! left h& side1 :i* faces ,s ! ,sun4 ,! %ad[ ( ! ,moon ca/ into space is1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ?r[n z reg>ds its tip on to ! ,e>? & is int]cept$ by ! ,e>?4 ,p]sons at ! mom5t situat$ on ! ,e>? )9 ! limits ( ?is %ad[ w n see any "p ( ! ,sun at all2 !y w see1 9 fact1 no?+ b ! ,moon z a black disc ) only su* light beh9d & ar\nd x z may be reflect$ back on to ! sky by ! illum9at$ 7b to ! ,e>? invisible7 hemisph]e ( ! ,moon1 or z may proce$ f ! ,sun's ,corona 7to be describ$ pres5tly74 ,! condition ( ?+s !re=e is t kn[n z a total eclipse ( ! ,sun s f> z reg>ds ! inhabitants ( ! n>r[ /rip ( ,e>? prim>ily affect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,!ory ,,( ,,an ,,annul> ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts ne>ly b n q ! same condition ( ?+s4 ,"h ! ,e>? & ! ,moon are 9 ^? p>ts ( _! respective orbits :i* put ! two bodies at or ne> ! maximum di/ance possible f ! ,sun & f "o ano!r4 ,! ,moon ca/s its usual %ad[1 b ! tip does n actually rea* any "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 to an obs]v] on ! ,e>? ! ,moon is n big en\gh to conceal ! :ole body ( ! ,sun4 ,! result is ?is2 at ! in/ant ( c5tral co9cid5ce ! ,moon cov]s up only ! c5tre ( ! ,sun1 leav+ ! out] edge all r\nd uncov]$4 ,?is out] edge %[s z a bright r+ ( light1 & ! eclipse is ( ! sort kn[n z an annul> eclipse ( ! ,sun4#c ,z ! greate/ bread? ( ! annulus c nev] exce$ #a m9utes ( arc1 an annul> eclipse may sometimes1 9 "s "p ( its track1 become almo/ or q total1 & vice v]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,,annul> ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,! idea w naturally sugge/ itself1 :at exactly does happ5 to ! inhabitants liv+ outside 7on ! "o side or ! o!r7 ( ! /rip ( ! ,e>? :]e ! c5tral l9e ( %ad[ falls8 ,?is dep5ds 9 e case on circum/ances1 b x may be /at$ g5]ally t ! inhabitants outside ! c5tral l9e b )9 #ajjj to #bjjj miles on ei!r side1 w see a l>g] or small] "p ( ! ,sun conceal$ by ! ,moon's solid body1 simultane\sly ) ! total concealm5t ( ! ,sun to ! fav\r$ individuals :o live1 or :o = ! mom5t are locat$1 )9 ! limits ( ! c5tral zone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,p>tial ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,n[ we mu/ advance "o /age 9 our conceptions ( ! movem5ts ( ! ,e>? & ! ,moon1 s f> z reg>ds ! be>+ ( ^? movem5ts on ! "q ( eclipses4 ,! ,e>? moves 9 a plane :i* is call$ ! ,plane ( ! ,ecliptic1 & correspond+ly1 ! ,sun has an app>5t annual motion 9 ! same plane4 ,! ,moon mov+ 9 a diff]5t plane1 incl9$ to ! fir/ m5tion$ "o to ! ext5t ( r m ?an #e1 ! ,moon's orbit w evid5tly int]sect ! ecliptic 9 two places4 ,^! places ( int]section are call$ ,nodes1 & ! l9e :i* may be imag9$ to jo9 ^! ,nodes is call$ ! ,l9e ( ,nodes4 ,:5 ! ,moon is cross+ ! ecliptic f ! ,s4 to ! ,n4 side !re(1 ! ,moon is said to be pass+ ?r\gh its ,asc5d+ ,node 7,symbol3 ,asc5d+ node72 ! conv]se ( ?is w be ! ,moon pass+ back aga9 f ! ,n4 side ( ! ecliptic to ! ,s4 side1 :i* is ! ,desc5d+ ,node 7,symbol3 ,desc5d+ node74 ,su* *anges ( position1 ) ! t]ms designat+ !m1 apply n only to ! ,moon 9 its movem5t r\nd ! ,e>?1 b to all ! planets & comets circulat+ r\nd ! ,sun2 & also to satellites circulat+ r\nd c]ta9 ( ! planets1 b ) ^! matt]s we h no conc]n n[4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,d4 ,l>dn]1 ,h&book ( ,a/ronomy1 #crd ed41 p4 #bhh4 ,footnote #b3 ,b n "o ( !m 0 visible at ,gre5wi*4 ,footnote #c3 ,lat9 ,annulus1 a r+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s>os ,,& ,,! ,,p]iodicity ,,( ,,eclipses4 ,to br+ ab\t an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 two ?+s mu/ comb9e3 7#a7 ! ,moon mu/ be at or ne> "o ( its ,nodes2 & 7#b71 ?is mu/ be at a "t :5 ! ,moon is also 9 ,conjunction ) ! ,sun4 ,n[ ! ,moon is 9 ,conjunction ) ! ,sun 7 ,new ,moon7 #ab or #ac times 9 a ye>1 b ! ,sun only passes ?r\gh ! ,nodes ( ! ,moon's orbit twice a ye>4 ,h5ce an eclipse ( ! ,sun does n & _c occur at e ,new ,moon1 b only occasionally4 ,an exact co9cid5ce ( ,e>?1 ,moon1 & ,sun1 9 a /raight l9e at a ,node is n necess>y to ensure an eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,s long z ! ,moon is )9 ab\t #ah ( its ,node1 ) a latitude ( n m ?an #a #cd'1 an eclipse may take place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! di/ance is less ?an #ae & ! latitude less ?an #a #bc' an eclipse mu/ take place1 ?\gh betwe5 ^! limits#d ! occurr5ce ( an eclipse is unc]ta9 & dep5ds on :at are call$ ! horizontal p>allaxes & ! app>5t semi-diamet]s ( ! two bodies at ! mom5t ( conjunction1 9 o!r words1 on ! ne>ness or f>-(fness ( ! bodies 9 "q4 ,ano!r complication is introduc$ into ^! matt]s by reason ( ! fact t ! ,nodes ( ! ,moon's orbit d n occupy a fix$ position1 b h an annual retrograde motion ( ab\t #ai1 9 virtue ( :i* a complete revolution ( ! ,nodes r\nd ! ecliptic is accompli%$ 9 #ah ye>s #bah-g_/h days 7 #ah4eiig ye>s74 ,! backw>d movem5t ( ! ,moon's ,nodes comb9$ ) ! app>5t motion ( ! ,sun 9 ! ecliptic causes ! ,moon 9 its mon?ly c\rse r\nd ! ,e>? to complete a revolution ) respect to its ,nodes 9 a less "t 7#bg4b days7 ?an x takes to get back to ,conjunction ) ! ,sun 7#bi4e days72 & a curi\s consequ5ce1 z we %all see directly1 fl[s f ^! facts & f "o o!r fact4 ,! o!r fact is to ! ,sun />t+ co9cid5t ) "o ( ! ,moon's ,nodes1 returns on ! ,ecliptic to ! same ,node 9 #cdf4f days4 ,! fir/ nam$ p]iod ( #bg4b days is call$ ! ,nodical ,revolution ( ! ,moon or ,draconic ,mon?1 ! o!r p]iod ( #bi4e days is call$ ! ,synodical ,revolution ( ! ,moon4 ,n[ ! curi\s consequ5ce ( ^! figures be+ :at !y are is t #bdb ,draconic ,mon?s1 #bbc ,lunations1 & #ai ,returns ( ! ,sun to "o & ! same ,node ( ! ,moon's orbit1 are all accompli%$ 9 ! same "t )9 #aa h\rs4 ,?us 7ignor+ ref9em5ts ( decimals73-- ,days ,days4 ,ye>s4 ,days4 ,h\rs4 #bdb times #bg4b #fehe4cf #ah #aj #h #bbc times #bi4e #fehe4cb #ah #aj #g #ai times #cdf4f #fehe4gh #ah #aj #ah ,! int]pretation to be put ^u ^! co9cid5ces is ?is3 t suppos+ ,sun & ,moon to />t toge!r f a ,node !y w\ld1 aft] ! lapse ( #fehe days & a fraction1 be f\nd aga9 toge!r v ne> ! same ,node4 ,dur+ ! int]val !re w\ld h be5 #bbc ,new & ,full ,moons4 ,! exact "t requir$ = #bbc ,lunations is su* t 9 ! case suppos$ ! #bbcrd conjunction ( ! two bodies w\ld happ5 a little be=e !y rea*$ ! ,node2 _! di/ance !refrom w\ld be #bh' ( arc4 ,& ! f9al fact is t eclipses recur 9 almo/1 ?\gh n q1 ! same regul> ord] e #fehe-a_/c days1 or m exactly1 #ah ye>s1 #aj days1 #g h\rs1 #db m9utes4#e ,?is is ! celebrat$ ,*aldean ,,s>os1 & 0 us$ by ! anci5ts 7& c /ill be us$ by ! mod]ns 9 ! way ( a pa/ime7 = ! pr$iction ( eclipses alike ( ! ,sun & ( ! ,moon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! end ( a ,s>os p]iod1 />t+ f any date t may h be5 *os51 ! ,moon w be 9 ! same position ) respect to ! ,sun1 ne>ly 9 ! same "p ( ! heav5s1 ne>ly 9 ! same "p ( its orbit1 & v ne>ly inde$ at ! same di/ance f its ,node z at ! date *os5 = ! t]m9us a quo ( ! ,s>os4 ,b !re are trifl+ discrepancies 9 ! case 7! diff]5ce ( ab\t #aa h\rs betwe5 #bbc lunations & #ai returns ( ! ,sun to ! ,moon's ,node is "o7 & ^! h an appreciable effect 9 di/urb+ n s mu* ! sequ5ce ( ! eclipses 9 ! next foll[+ ,s>os z _! magnitude & visibility at giv5 places on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,h5ce1 a m accurate succession w be obta9$ by comb9+ #c ,s>os p]iods1 mak+ #ed ye>s1 #ca days2 :ile1 be/ ( all1 to secure an almo/ p]fect repetition ( a s]ies ( eclipses w be a comb9ation ( #dh ,s>oses1 mak+ #hfe ye>s = ! ,moon2 & ( ab\t #gj ,s>oses1 or m ?an #abjj ye>s = ! ,sun4 ,^! consid]ations are lead+ u r too f> afield4 ,let u return to a m simple condition ( ?+s4 ,! practical use ( ! ,s>os 9 its mo/ elem5t>y conception is some:at on ?is wise4 ,giv5 #ah or #ai old ,almanacs rang+1 say1 f #ahhj to #ahih1 h[ c we turn to acc\nt ! in=mation !y af=d u 9 ord] to obta9 f !m in=mation respect+ ! eclipses :i* w happ5 betwe5 #ahii & #aiag8 ,no?+ easi]4 ,add #ahy #aj;d #g;h #dbm to ! middle "t ( e eclipse :i* took place betwe5 #ahhj & #ahih beg9n+1 say1 ) ! la/ ( #ahgi or ! fir/ ( #ahhj1 & we %all f9d :at eclipses w happ5 9 #ahih & #ag foll[+ ye>s1 z witness by way ( example ! foll[+ table3-- ,error ( ,s>os by d4 h4 m4 ,exact ,calculation4 ,,moon4 #ahgi ,dec4 #bh #d #bf p4m4 7,mag4 #j4ag7 #ah #aj #g #db ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,mag4 #j4af7 #ahih ,jan4 #h #ab #h a4m4 7civil "t7 #c m4 d4 h4 m4 ,,sun4 #ahhj ,jan4 #aa #aj #dh p4m4 7,total7 #ah #aj #g #db ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,total7 #ahih ,jan4 #bb #f #cj a4m4 7civil "t7 -#a h4 #g m4 d4 h4 m4 ,,moon4 #ahhj ,june #bb #a #ej p4m4 7,mag4 ,total7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,mag4 #j4ic7 #ahih ,july #c #i #cb p4m4 #ce m4 d4 h4 m4 ,,sun4 #ahhj ,july #g #a #ce p4m4 7,mag4 ,annul>7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,mag4 ,annul>7 #ahih ,july #ah #i #ag p4m4 #a h4 #aj m4 d4 h4 m4 ,,sun4 #ahhj ,dec4 #b #c #aa a4m4 7civil "t74 7,mag4 #j4jd7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,mag4 #j4jb7 #ahih ,dec4 #ac #aj #ec a4m4 -#a h4 #e m4 d4 h4 m4 ,,moon4 #ahhj ,dec4 #af #c #ci p4m4 7,mag4 ,total7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,mag4 ,total7 #ahih ,dec4 #bg #aa #ba p4m4 -#ac m4 d4 h4 m4 ,,sun4 #ahhj ,dec4 #ca #a #de p4m4 7,mag4 #j4ga7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ----- 7,mag4 #j4gb7 #ahii ,jan4 #aa #i #bg p4m4 -#a h4 #aa m4 ,!re hav+ be5 #e recurr5ces ( ,feb4 #bi betwe5 ,dec4 #ahgi & ,jan4 #ahii1 #e leap ye>s hav+ int]v5$1 we h to add an extra day to ! ,s>os p]iod 9 ! lat] "p ( ! above ,table4#f ,let u make ano!r />t & see :at we c le>n f ! eclipses1 say1 ( #ahhc4 ,error ( ,s>os by ,exact ,calculation4 h4 m4 ,,moon #ahhc ,april #bb #aa #ci a4m4 7,mag4 #j4h7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ---- 7,mag4 ,p5umbral7 #aija ,may #c #g #ba p4m4 #ea m4 h4 m4 ,,sun #ahhc ,may #f #i #de p4m4 ,visible1 ,philipp9es4 7,mag4 ,total7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ---- 7,mag4 ,total7 #aija ,may #ah #e #bg a4m4 7civil "t74 -#b m4 h4 m4 ,,moon #ahhc ,oct4 #af #f #ed a4m4 ,visible1 ,cali=nia4 7,mag4 #j4bh7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ---- 7,mag4 #j4bc7 #aija ,oct4 #bg #b #cf p4m4 -#ci m4 h4 m4 ,,sun #ahhc ,oct4 #cj #aa #cg p4m4 ,visible1 ,n4 ,japan4 7,mag4 ,annul>7 #ah #aa #g #db ---------------------------------------- ---- 7,mag4 ,annul>7 #aija ,nov4 #aa #g #ai a4m4 7civil "t7 #a m4 ,! =ego+ does n by any means exhau/ all t c be said respect+ ! ,s>os ev5 on ! popul> side4 ,if ! ,s>os compris$ an exact numb] ( days1 ea* eclipse ( a second ,s>os s]ies w\ld be visible 9 ! same regions ( ! ,e>? z ! correspond+ eclipse 9 ! previ\s s]ies4 ,b s9ce !re is a surplus fraction ( ne>ly "o-?ird ( a day1 ea* subsequ5t eclipse w be visible 9 ano!r region ( ! ,e>?1 :i* w be r\ghly a ?ird ( ! ,e>?'s circumf]5ce 9 longitude backw>ds 7i4e4 ab\t #abj to ! ,w471 because ! ,e>? itself w be turn$ on its axis "o-?ird =w>ds4 ,aft] :at has be5 said z to ! ,s>os & its use x might be suppos$ t a correct li/ ( eclipses = #ah4jc ye>s w\ld suffice = all ord9>y purposes ( eclipse pr$iction1 & t ! sequ5ce ( eclipses at any future "t might be asc]ta9$ by add+ to "s "o eclipse :i* _h already happ5$ s _m ,s>os p]iods z might embrace ! ye>s future ^: eclipses x 0 desir$ to /udy4 ,?is w\ld be true 9 a s5se1 b w\ld n be lit]ally & effectively true1 because correspond+ eclipses d n recur exactly "u ! same conditions1 = !re are small residual discrepancies 9 ! times & circum/ances affect+ ! real movem5ts ( ! ,e>? & ,moon & ! app>5t movem5t ( ! ,sun :i*1 9 ! lapse ( ye>s & c5turies1 accumulate suffici5tly to dislocate :at o!rwise w\ld be exact co9cid5ces4 ,?us an eclipse ( ! ,moon :i* 9 ,a4,d4 #efe 0 ( #f digits#g 0 9 #ehc ( #g digits1 & 9 #fja ne>ly #h4 ,9 #ijh ! eclipse became total1 & rema9$ s = ab\t twelve p]iods1 or until #ajhh4 ,?is eclipse cont9u$ to dim9i% until ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury1 :5 x disappe>$ 9 #adac4 ,let u take n[ ! life ( an eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,"o appe>$ at ! ,nor? ,pole 9 ,june ,a4,d4 #abie1 & %[$ itself m & m t[>ds ! ,s4 at ea* subsequ5t p]iod4 ,on ,augu/ #bg1 #acfg1 x made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe2 9 #adci x 0 visible all ov] ,europe2 9 #afja1 be+ its #ai? appe>ance1 x 0 c5tral & annul> 9 ,engl&2 on ,may #e1 #ahah1 x 0 visible 9 ,london1 & aga9 on ,may #ae1 #ahcf4 ,its ?ree next appe>ances 7 on ,may #bf1 #ahed1 ,june #f1 #ahgb1 & ,june #ag1 #ahij4 ,at its #ci? appe>ance1 on ,augu/ #aj1 #aihj1 ! ,moon's %ad[ w h pass$ ! equator1 & z ! eclipse w take place ne>ly at midnight 7,gre5wi* ,m4,t471 ! ph5om5on w be invisible 9 ,europe1 ,africa1 & ,asia4 ,at e succe$+ p]iod ! c5tral l9e ( ! eclipse w lie m & m to ! ,s41 until f9ally1 on ,septemb] #cj1 #bffe1 :i* w be its #gh? appe>ance1 x w vani% at ! ,s\? ,pole4#h ,! op]ation ( ! ,s>os effects :i* h be5 specifi$ above1 may be notic$ 9 "s ( ! gr\ps ( eclipses :i* h be5 mu* 9 evid5ce 7z w appe> f a subsequ5t *apt]71 dur+ ! second half ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! foll[+ are two notewor?y ,s>os gr\ps ( ,sol> eclipses3-- #ahdb ,july #h4 #ahej ,aug4 #g4 #ahfj #ah4 #ahfh #ag4 #ahgh #bi4 #ahhf #bi4 #ahif ,aug4 #i4 #aijd ,sept4 #i4 ,if ! curi\s read] w trace1 by means ( ! ,nautical ,almanac 7or "s o!r ,almanac :i* deals ) eclipses 9 adequate detail71 ! geographical di/ribution ( ! =ego+ eclipses on ! ,e>?'s surface1 he w see t !y fulfil ! /atem5t made on p4 #bd 7ante71 t a ,s>os eclipse :5 x reappe>s1 does s 9 regions ( ! ,e>? av]ag+ #abj ( longitude to ! ,w4 ( ^? 9 :i* x _h1 on ! la/ prec$+ occasion1 be5 se52 & also t x gradually works nor?w>ds or s\?w>ds4 ,b a giv5 ,s>os eclipse 9 its successive reappe>ances und]goes o!r trans=mations besides t ( ,t]re/rial longitude4 ,^! are well set =? by ,pr(essor ,newcomb#i3-- ,s9ce e successive recurr5ce ( su* an eclipse ?r[s ! conjunction #bh' fur!r t[>d ! ,w4 ( ! node1 ! conjunction mu/1 9 process ( "t1 take place s f> back f ! node t no eclipse w occur1 & ! s]ies w end4 ,= ! same reason !re mu/ be a comm5cem5t to ! s]ies1 ! fir/ eclipse be+ ,e4 ( ! node4 ,a new eclipse ?us ent]+ w at fir/ be a v small "o1 b w be l>g] at e recurr5ce 9 ea* ,s>os4 ,if x is an eclipse ( ! ,moon1 x w be total f its #ac? until its #cf? recurr5ce4 ,!re w be !n ab\t #ac p>tial eclipses1 ea* ( :i* w be small] ?an ! la/1 :5 !y w fail entirely1 ! conjunction tak+ place s f> f ! node t ! ,moon does n t\* ! ,e>?'s %ad[4 ,! :ole int]val ( "t ov] :i* a s]ies ( lun> eclipses ?us ext5d w be ab\t #dh p]iods1 or #hfe ye>s4 ,:5 a s]ies ( sol> eclipses beg9s1 ! p5umbra ( ! fir/ w j graze ! e>? n f> f "o ( ! poles4 ,!re w !n be1 on ! av]age1 #aa or #ab p>tial eclipses ( ! ,sun1 ea* l>g] ?an ! prec$+ "o1 occurr+ at regul> int]vals ( "o ,s>os4 ,!n ! c5tral l9e1 :e!r x be t ( a total or annul> eclipse1 w beg9 to t\* ! ,e>?1 & we %all h a s]ies ( #dj or #ej c5tral eclipses4 ,! c5tral l9e w /rike ne> "o pole 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! s]ies2 9 ! equatorial regions ab\t ! middle ( ! s]ies1 & w leave ! ,e>? by ! o!r pole at ! end4 ,t5 or twelve p>tial eclipses w foll[1 & ?is p>ticul> s]ies w cease4 ,^! facts des]ve to be exp&$ a little4 ,we h se5 t all eclipses may be gr\p$ 9 a s]ies1 & t #ah ye>s or !reab\ts is ! duration ( ea* s]ies1 or ,s>os cycle4 ,b ^! cycles are !mselves subject to cycles1 s t ! ,s>os itself passes ?r\gh a cycle ( ab\t #fd ,s>oses be=e ! conditions "u :i* any giv5 />t 0 made1 come q r\nd aga94 ,sixty-f\r times #ah make #aaeb1 s t ! duration ( a ,sol> eclipse ,great ,cycle may be tak5 at ab\t #aaej ye>s4 ,! progression ( su* a s]ies across ! face ( ! ,e>? is ?us describ$ by ,mrs4 ,todd1 :o gives a v cle> acc\nt ( ! matt]3-- ,! adv5t ( a slight p>tial eclipse ne> ei!r pole ( ! ,e>? w h]ald ! beg9n+ ( ! new s]ies4 ,at ea* succe$+ return con=mably to ! ,s>os1 ! p>tial eclipse w move a little fur!r t[>ds ! opposite pole1 its magnitude gradually increas+ = ab\t #bjj ye>s1 b dur+ all ?is "t only ! lun> p5umbra w imp+e ^u ! ,e>?4 ,b :5 ! true %ad[ beg9s to t\*1 ! obscuration w h become annul> or total ne> ! pole :]e x fir/ appe>$4 ,! eclipse has n[ acquir$ a track1 :i* w cross ! ,e>? slightly f>!r f t pole e "t x returns1 = ab\t #gej ye>s4 ,at ! conclusion ( ?is int]val1 ! %ad[ pa? w h rea*$ ! opposite pole2 ! eclipse w !n become p>tial aga91 & cont9ue to gr[ small] & small] = ab\t #bjj ye>s additional4 ,! s]ies !n ceases to exi/1 its entire duration hav+ be5 ab\t #aaej ye>s4 ,! s]ies ( great eclipses ( :i* two occurr$ 9 #ahfe & #ahhc1 :ile o!rs w happ5 9 #aija1 #aiai1 #aicg1 #aiee1 & #aigc1 af=ds an excell5t in/ance ( ! nor?w>d progression ( eclipse tracks2 & ano!r s]ies1 ) totality ne>ly z great 7#ahej1 #ahfh1 #ahhf1 #aijd1 & #aibb71 is progress+ sl[ly s\?w>ds4 ,! ^w ,digit1 =m]ly us$ 9 connection ) eclipses1 requires "s explanation4 ,! orig9 ( ! ^w is obvi\s en\gh1 com+ z x does f ! ,lat9 ^w ,digitus1 a f+]4 ,b z human be+s h only eight f+]s & two ?umbs x is by no means cle> h[ ! ^w came to be us$ = twelf?s ( ! disc ( ! ,sun or ,moon in/ead ( t5?s4 ,h[ev]1 su* 0 ! case2 & :5 a #af?-c5tury a/ronom] spoke ( an eclipse ( six digits1 he meant t "o-half ( ! lum9>y 9 "q1 be x ,sun or ,moon1 0 cov]$4 ,! e>lie/ use ( ! ^w ,digit 9 ?is connection 0 to ref] to ! twelf? "p ( ! visible surface ( ! ,sun or ,moon2 b be=e ! ^w w5t out ( use1 x came to be appli$ to twelf?s ( ! visible diamet] ( ! disc ( ! ,sun or ,moon1 :i* 0 mu* m conv5i5t4 ,h[ev]1 ! ^w is n[ almo/ obsolete 9 bo? s5ses1 & p>tial eclipses1 alike ( ! ,sun & ( ! ,moon1 are def9$ 9 decimal p>ts ( ! diamet] ( ! lum9>y--t5?s or hundr$?s accord+ to ! am\nt ( precision :i* is aim$ at4 ,:]e an eclipse ( ! ,moon is describ$ z be+ ( m ?an #ab ,digits or m ?an #a4j 7 #a diamet]7 x is to be und]/ood t ! eclipse w be 7or 07 n only total1 b t ! ,moon w be 7or 07 imm]s$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[ ) a m or less consid]able ext5t ( %ad[ encompass+ x4 ,!re are "s fur!r matt]s :i* require to be m5tion$ connect$ ) ! p]iodicity ( eclipses4 ,to use a phrase :i* is (t5 employ$1 !re is su* a ?+ z an ,eclipse ,season1 & :at ?is is c only be adequately compreh5d$ by look+ ?r\gh a catalogue ( eclipses = a numb] ( ye>s arrang$ 9 a tabul> =m1 & by collat+ ! mon?s or gr\ps ( mon?s 9 :i* bat*es ( eclipses occur4 ,?is is n an obvi\s matt] to ! casual pur*as] ( an almanac1 :o1 feel+ j a slight int]e/ 9 ! eclipses ( a com+ new ye>1 dips into 8 new pur*ase to see :at ^? eclipses w be4 ,a haphaz>d glance at ! almanacs ( ev5 two or ?ree successive ye>s w probably fail to br+ home to him ! idea t ea* ye> has its own eclipse season 9 :i* eclipses may occur1 & t eclipses are n to be look$ = save at two special epo*s1 :i* la/ ab\t a mon? ea*1 & :i* are sep>at$ f "o ano!r & f ! eclipse seasons ( ! previ\s & ( ! foll[+ ye>s by int]vals ( ab\t six mon?s1 )9 a few days m or less4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! case4 ,a little ?\ght w soon make x cle> :y su* %\ld be ! case4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,moon's orbit1 l t ( e o!r planet>y memb] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 has two cross+ places ) respect to ! ecliptic :i* are call$ ,nodes4 ,we "k also t ! app>5t motion ( ! ,sun causes t body to trav]se ! :ole ( ! ecliptic 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,! conjo9t result ( all ?is is t ! ,moon passes ?r\gh a ,node twice 9 e lun> mon? ( #bg days1 & ! ,sun passes 7app>5tly7 ?r\gh a ,node twice 9 e ye>4 ,! fir/ ultimate result ( ^! facts is t eclipses c only take place at or ne> ! nodal passages ( ! ,moon & ! ,sun1 & t z ! ,sun's nodal passages are sep>at$ by six mon?s 9 e case ! av]age int]val betwe5 ea* set ( eclipses1 if !re is m ?an "o1 mu/ 9 all cases be six mon?s1 m or less by a few days1 dep5d5t ^u ! latitude & longitude ( ! ,moon at or ab\t ! "t ( its ,conjunction or ,opposition "u ! circum/ances already detail$4 ,if ! logic ( ?is comm5ds itself to ! read]'s m9d1 he w see at once :y eclipses or gr\ps ( eclipses mu/ be sep>at$ by int]vals ( ab\t half an ord9>y ye>4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t1 tak+ "o ye> ) ano!r1 x may be said t we %all always h a c\ple ( pr9cipal eclipses ) an int]val ( half a ye> 7say #ahc days7 betwe5 ea*2 & t on ei!r side ( ^! dom9ant eclipses !re w1 or may be1 a =tnight be=e or a =tnight aft]1 two o!r pairs ( eclipses )1 9 occasional ye>s1 "o extra ?r[n 94 ,x is 9 ?is way t we obta9 :at x has already be5 said dogmatically t we d obta92 namely1 always 9 "o ye> two eclipses1 :i* mu/ be bo? ( ! ,sun1 or any numb] ( eclipses up to sev51 :i* numb] w be unequally allott$ to ! ,sun or to ! ,moon accord+ to circum/ances4 ,?\gh x is r\ghly correct to say t ! two eclipse seasons ( e ye> run to ab\t a mon? ea*1 9 l5g?1 yet x may be desirable to be a little m precise1 & to say t ! limits ( "t = sol> eclipses cov] #cf days 7namely #ah days be=e & #ah days aft] ! ,sun's nodal passages72 :il/ 9 ! case ( ! ,moon1 ! limits are ! less] int]val ( #bc days1 be+ #aa on ei!r side ( ! ,moon's nodal passages4 ,we h already se5#aj t ! ,moon's nodes are p]petually und]go+ a *ange ( place4 ,7 x n s1 eclipses ( ! ,sun & ,moon w\ld always happ5 ye> aft] ye> 9 ! same pair ( mon?s = u on ! ,e>?4 ,b ! op]ative effect ( ! %ift+ ( ! nodes is to displace backw>ds ! eclipse seasons by ab\t #bj days4 ,= in/ance 9 #ahii ! eclipse seasons fall 9 ,june & ,decemb]4 ,! middle ( ! eclipse seasons = ! next succe$+ #bj or #cj ye>s w be f\nd by tak+ ! dates ( ,june #h & ,decemb] #b1 #ahii1 & work+ ! mon?s backw>ds by ! am\nt ( #ai-b_/c days = ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,?us ! eclipse seasons 9 #aijj w fall 9 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,novemb]2 accord+ly among/ ! eclipses ( t ye> we %all f9d eclipses on ,may #bh1 ,june #ac1 & ,novemb] #bb4 ,p]haps x w\ld t5d to ! m complete elucidation ( ! facts /at$ 9 ! la/ half doz5 pages1 if ,i 7 to set out 9 a tabul> =m all ! eclipses ( a succession1 say ( half a ,s>os or #i ye>s1 & ?us exhibit by an appeal to ! eye directly ! gr\p+ ( eclipse seasons ! pr9ciples ( :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to def9e & expla9 9 words4 ,approximate ,mid-int]val4 #ahid4 ,m>* #ba4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,m>* #bi4 99 ,april #f4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,sept4 #ae4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,sept4 #bb4 9999 ,sept4 #bi4 ,symbol3 ,sun #ahie4 ,m>* #aa4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,m>* #ah4 99 ,m>* #bf4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,aug4 #bj4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,sept4 #d4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,sept4 #d4 9999 ,sept4 #ah4 ,symbol3 ,sun #ahif4 ,feb4 #ac4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,feb4 #bj4 99 ,feb4 #bh4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,aug4 #i4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,aug4 #af4 9999 ,aug4 #bc4 ,symbol3 ,moon #ahig4 ,feb4 #a4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,feb4 #a4 99 ,july #bi4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,july #bi4 9999 #ahih4 ,jan4 #g4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,jan4 #ad4 99 ,jan4 #bb4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,july #c4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,july4 #aj4 9999 ,july #ah4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,dec4 #ac4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,dec4 #bg4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,dec4 #bg4 99 #ahii4 ,jan4 #aa4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,june #h4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,june #ae4 9999 ,june #bc4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,dec4 #b4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,dec4 #i4 99 ,dec4 #af4 ,symbol3 ,moon #aijj4 ,may #bh4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,june #e4 9999 ,june #ac4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,nov4 #bb4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,nov4 #bb4 99 #aija4 ,may #c4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,may #aj4 9999 ,may #ah4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,oct4 #bg4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,nov4 #c4 99 ,nov4 #aa4 ,symbol3 ,sun #aijb4 ,april #h4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,april #bb4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,april #bb4 9999 ,may #g4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,oct4 #ag4 ,symbol3 ,moon ,oct4 #bd4 99 ,oct4 #ca4 ,symbol3 ,sun ,! ,epo*s 9 ! la/ column :i* are m>k$ ) />s 7997 or 799997 z ! case may be1 repres5t correspond+ nodes s t f any "o s+le-/> date to ! next ne>e/ s+le-/> date means an int]val ( "o ye> less 7on an av]age7 ! #ai-b_/c days spok5 ( on p4 #cb 7ante74 ,a glance at ea* successive pair ( dates w quickly disclose ! p]iodical retrogradation ( ! eclipse epo*s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #d3 ,^! limits are slightly diff]5t 9 ! case ( eclipses ( ! ,moon4 7,see p4 #aij1 po/47 ,footnote #e3 ,?is assumes t #e ( ^! ye>s are leap ye>s4 ,footnote #f3 ,if !re are #e leap ye>s 9 ! #ah1 ! odd days w be #aj2 if #d !y w be #aa2 if only #c leap ye>s 7z f #agig to #ahae & #ahig to #aiae71 ! odd days to be add$ w be #ab4 ,footnote #g3 ,see p4 #bh 7po/7 = an explanation ( ?is ^w4 ,footnote #h3 ,9 ,mrs4 ,d4 ,p4 ,todd's int]e/+ little book1 ,total ,eclipses ( ! ,sun 7,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 #ahid71 :i* w be sev]al times ref]r$ to 9 ?is "w1 two maps w be f\nd1 :i* w help to illu/rate ! successive nor!rly or s\!rly progress ( a s]ies ( ,sol> eclipses1 dur+ c5turies4 ,footnote #i3 ,9 8 & ,pr(essor ,hold5's ,a/ronomy = ,s*ools & ,colleges1 p4 #ahd4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see p4 #ai 7ante74 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,!oretical ,,matt]s ,,connect$ ,,) ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun 7,,*iefly74 ,"o or two miscellane\s matt]s respect+ eclipses ( ! ,sun 7*iefly7 w be dealt ) 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x is n easy to expla9 or def9e 9 words ! circum/ances :i* control ! duration ( a ,sol> eclipse1 :]eas 9 ! case ( a lun> eclipse ! obscuration is ! same 9 degree at all p>ts ( ! ,e>? :]e ! ,moon is visible4 ,9 ! case ( a ,sol> eclipse x may be total1 p]haps1 9 ,africa1 may be ( six digits only 9 ,spa91 & ( two only 9 ,engl&4 ,"u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances ! bread? ( ! track ( totality across ! ,e>? _c be m ?an #agj miles1 & x may be any?+ less ?an t d[n to z]o :]e ! eclipse w cease to be total at all1 & w become annul>4 ,! "q :e!r a giv5 eclipse %all exhibit itself on its c5tral l9e z a total or an annul> "o dep5ds1 z has be5 already expla9$1 on ! v>y+ di/ances ( ! ,e>? & ! ,moon f ! ,sun 9 diff]5t p>ts ( _! respective orbits4 ,h5ce x foll[s t n only may an eclipse %[ itself = sev]al ,s>os appe>ances z total & aft]w>ds become annul>1 & vice v]s1 b on r>e occasions "o & ! same eclipse may be annul> 9 "o "p ( its track across ! ,e>? & total 9 ano!r "p1 a %ort "t e>li] or lat]4 ,?is la/-nam$ condition might arise because ! ,moon's di/ance f ! ,e>? or ! ,sun _h v>i$ suffici5tly dur+ ! progress ( ! eclipse to br+ ab\t su* a result2 or because ! %ad[ j rea*+ ! ,e>? & no m ! eclipse w\ld be total only = ! mom5t :5 a view p]p5dicul> upw>ds c\ld be _h ( x1 & w\ld be annul> = ! m9utes prec$+ & ! m9utes foll[+ ! p]p5dicul> glimpse obta9$ by obs]v]s actually on ! c5tral l9e4 ,! eclipse ( ,decemb] #ab1 #ahij1 0 an in/ance ( ?is4 ,if ! pa?s ( sev]al c5tral eclipses ( ! ,sun are comp>$ by plac+ side by side a s]ies ( *>ts1 su* z ^? giv5 9 ! ,nautical ,almanac or 9 ,oppolz]'s ,canon1 x w be notic$ t ! direction ( ! c5tral l9e v>ies ) ! season ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>* ! l9e runs f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e41 & 9 ,septemb] f ,n4,w4 to ,s4,e4 ,9 ,june ! l9e is a curve1 go+ fir/ to ! ,n4,e4 & !n to ! ,s4,e4 ,9 ,decemb] ! /ate ( ?+s is rev]s$1 ! curve go+ fir/ to ! ,s4,e4 & !n to ! ,n4,e4 ,at all places )9 ab\t #bjjj miles ( ! c5tral l9e ! eclipse w be visible1 & ! ne>] a place is to ! c5tral l9e1 s mu* ! l>g] w be ! portion ( ! ,sun's disc conceal$ f obs]v]s !re by ! ,moon4 ,if ! c5tral l9e runs b a little to ! ,n4 ( ! ,equator 9 ,w9t] or ( #be ( ,n4 latitude 9 ,summ]1 ! eclipse w be visible all ov] ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 & ! conv]se w apply to ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,x is some?+ l a g5]al rule 9 ! case ( total & annul> eclipses1 ?\gh subject to _m modifications1 t places )9 #bjj-bej miles ( ! c5tral l9e w h p>tial eclipse ( #aa digits2 f !nce to #ejj miles ( #aj digits1 & s on1 dim9i%+ some?+ l #a digit = e #bej miles1 s t at #bjjj miles1 or r m1 ! ,sun w be only to a v slight ext5t eclips$1 or w escape eclipse altoge!r4 ,! diamet] ( ! ,sun be+ #hff1jjj miles & ! ,moon be+ only #bafj miles or #a_/djj? h[ comes x to be possible t su* a t9y object %\ld be capable ( conceal+ a globe #djj times bigg] ?an itself8 ,! answ] is--,di/ance4 ,! increas$ di/ance does x4 ,! ,moon at its normal di/ance f ! ,e>? ( #bcg1jjj miles c\ld only conceal by eclipse a body ( its own size or small]1 b ! ,sun be+ #ic1jjj1jjj miles away1 or #cib times ! di/ance ( ! ,moon1 ! fraction #a_/cib repres5t+ ! ma9 di/ance ( ! ,moon1 m ?an wipes out ! fraction #a_/djj :i* repres5ts our satellite's small] size4 ,dur+ a total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 ! ,moon's %ad[ travels across ! ,e>? at a prodigi\s pace--#ahcj miles an h\r2 #cj miles a m9ute2 or r m ?an a mile a second4 ,?is great velocity is at once a clue to ! fact t ! total phase dur+ an eclipse ( ! ,sun la/s = s brief a "t z a few m9utes2 & also to ! fact t ! %ad[ comes & goes almo/ )\t be+ se5 unless a v %>p wat* is kept = x4 ,inde$1 x is only obs]v]s po/$ on high gr\nd ) "s miles ( op5 l[ gr\nd spread out "u _! eyes :o h mu* *ance ( detect+ ! %ad[ come up1 g ov] !m1 & pass =w>ds4 ,places at or ne> ! ,e>?'s equator enjoy ! be/ opportunities = see+ total eclipses ( ! ,sun1 because :il/ ! ,moon's %ad[ travels ea/w>ds along ! ,e>?'s surface at some?+ l #bjjj miles an h\r1 an obs]v] at ! equator is c>ri$ 9 ! same direction by virtue ( ! ,e>?'s axial rotation at ! rate ( #ajdj miles an h\r4 ,b ! spe$ imp>t$ to an obs]v] z ! result ( ! ,e>?'s axial rotation dim9i%es f ! equator t[>ds ! poles :]e x is nil1 s t ! ne>] he is to a pole ! sl[] he goes1 & !re=e ! soon] w ! ,moon's %ad[ ov]take & pass him1 & ! less ! "t at 8 disposal = see+ ! ,sun hidd5 by ! ,moon4 ,x 0 calculat$ by ,du ,sj\r t ! greate/ possible duration ( ! total phase ( a ,sol> eclipse at ! equator w\ld be #gm #ehs1 & = ! latitude ( ,p>is #fm #ajs4 ,9 ! case ( an annul> eclipse ! figures w\ld be #abm #bds = ! equator1 & #im #efs = ! latitude ( ,p>is4 ,^! figures contemplate a comb9ation ( all ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances possible2 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i believe t ! greate/ l5g? ( total phase :i* has be5 actually kn[n 0 #fm & t 0 9 ! case ( ! eclipse ( ,augu/ #bi1 #ahhf4 ,x 0 9 ! op5 ,atlantic t ?is duration occurr$1 b x 0 n obs]v$4 ,! maximum obs]v$ obscuration dur+ ?is eclipse 0 no m ?an #dm4 ,?\gh total eclipses ( ! ,sun happ5 ) tol]able frequ5cy s f> z reg>ds ! ,e>? z a :ole1 yet !y are exce$+ly r>e at any giv5 place4 ,take ,london1 = in/ance4 ,f ! calculations ( ,h9d1 confirm$ by ,maguire1#aa x may be consid]$ z an e/abli%$ fact t !re 0 no total eclipse visible at ,london betwe5 ,a4,d4 #hgh & #agae1 an int]val ( #hcg ye>s4 ,! next "o visible at ,london1 ?\gh unc]ta91 is also a v long way (f4 ,!re w be a total eclipse on ,augu/ #aa1 #aiii1 :i* w come z ne> to ,london z ! ,isle ( ,wight1 b ,h9d1 writ+ 9 #ahga1 said t he d\bt$ :e!r !re w\ld be any o!r total eclipse visible 9 ,engl& = #bej ye>s#ab f ! pres5t "t4 ,maguire /ates t ! ,sun has be5 eclips$1 besides twice at ,london1 also twice at ,dubl91 & no few] ?an five times at ,ed9burgh dur+ ! #hdf ye>s exam9$ by him4 ,9 fact t e "p ( ! ,briti% ,isles has se5 a total eclipse at "s "t or o!r betwe5 ,a4,d4 #hgh & #agbd except a small tract ( c\ntry at ,d+le1 on ! ,we/ coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,! longe/ totality 0 on ,june #ae1 #hhe1 namely1 #dm #ees1 & ! %orte/ 9 ,july #af1 #accj1 namely1 #jm #efs4 ,contra/ ) ?is ! obscure isl& ( ,blanquilla1 (f ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,v5ezuela4 ,! inhabitants ( t isl& n long ago _h ! *oice ( two total eclipses )9 ?ree & a half ye>s1 namely1 ,augu/ #bi1 #ahhf1 & ,decemb] #bb1 #ahhi2 :il/ ,yell[/one1 ,u4,s41 _h two 9 twelve ye>s 7,july #bi1 #ahgh1 & ,janu>y #a1 #ahhi74 ,c\nt+ f fir/ to la/1 ,du ,sj\r f\nd t at ! equator an eclipse ( ! ,sun might la/ #d;h #bim1 & at ! latitude ( ,p>is #c;h #bfm4 ,^! int]vals1 ( c\rse1 cov] all ! subord9ate phases4 ,! total phase :i* alone 7) p]haps a c\ple ( m9utes add$7 is productive ( spectacul> effects1 & int]e/+ sci5tific results is a m]e matt] ( m9utes :i* may be z few z "o 7or less71 or only z _m z #f or #h4 ,z a rule1 a summ] eclipse w la/ long] ?an a w9t] "o1 because 9 summ] ! ,e>? 7& ! ,moon ) x71 be+ at its maximum di/ance f ! ,sun1 ! ,sun w be at its m9imum app>5t size1 & !re=e ! ,moon w be able to conceal x ! long]4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aa3 ,mon?4 ,n41 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xlv41 p4 #djj4 ,june #ahhe4 ,footnote #ab3 ,johnson makes ! eclipse ( ,june #ad1 #baea1 to be ne>ly1 if n q1 total at ,london4 ,possibly x 0 ?is eclipse :i* ,h9d _h 9 8 ?\ghts :5 he wrote 9 ! ,times 7,july #bh1 #ahga7 ! passage quot$ above4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,:at ,,is ,,obs]v$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,e>li] ,,/ages ,,( ,,an ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,! in=mation to be giv5 9 ?is & ! next foll[+ *apt]s w almo/ exclusively conc]n total & annul> eclipses ( ! ,sun1 =1 9 real tru?1 !re is practically only "o ?+ to ?9k ab\t dur+ a p>tial eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,?is is1 to wat* :5 ! ,moon's black body comes on to ! ,sun & goes (f aga91 = !re are no subsidi>y ph5om5a1 ei!r int]e/+ or un9t]e/+1 unless1 inde$1 ! eclipse %\ld be ne>ly total4 ,! progress ( a/ronomical sci5ce 9 reg>d to eclipses has be5 s ext5sive & rem>kable ( late ye>s t1 unless ! v>i\s po9ts = consid]ation are kept toge!r "u well-def9$ heads1 x w be almo/ impossible ei!r = a writ] or a read] to d full ju/ice to ! subject4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! fact t ! orig9al conception ( ?is volume 0 t x %\ld s]ve z a =]unn] to ! total sol> eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj 7& ?r\gh t to o!r total eclipses71 f a popul> r ?an f a te*nical /&po9t1 ,i ?9k x w be be/ to m5tion "o by "o ! pr9cipal features :i* spectators %\ld look out =1 & to d s z ne>ly z may be 9 ! ord] :i* ,nature itself w obs]ve :5 ! "t comes4 ,( c\rse ! comm5cem5t ( an eclipse1 :i* is virtually ! mom5t :5 ! encroa*m5t on ! circul> outl9e ( ! ,sun by ! ,moon beg9s1 or c be se51 ?\gh int]e/+ z a pro( t ! a/ronom]'s prophecy is ab\t to be fulfill$1 is n a matt] ( any special importance1 ev5 9 a popul> s5se1 mu* less 9 a sci5tific s5se4 ,z a rule1 ! total phase does n become imm95t1 s to speak1 until a :ole h\r & m has elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ contact2 & t h\r w be employ$ by ! sci5tific obs]v]1 less 9 look+ at ! ,sun ?an 9 look+ at 8 in/rum5ts & app>atus4 ,he w d ?is = ! purpose ( mak+ q sure t ev]y?+ w be ready = ! full utilisation to ! utmo/ ext5t ( ! preci\s seconds ( "t into :i* all 8 delicate obs]vations h to be squeez$ dur+ ! total phase4 ,) ^! prelim9>y obs]vations ,i %all proce$ n[ to break up ! rema9d] ( :at ,i h to say respect+ total eclipses into :at sugge/ !mselves z conv5i5t sectional heads4 ,,! ,,moon',s ,,%ad[ ,,& ,,! ,,d>kness ,,x ,,causes4 ,9 await+ ! d>kness :i* is expect$ to manife/ itself an un?9k+ & inexp]i5c$ obs]v] is apt to look out = ! com+ obscurity1 z he looks out = night-fall half an h\r or m aft] sunset & dur+ ! ev5+ twilight4 ,! d>kness ( an eclipse is all ?is & some?+ m4 ,x is some?+ m 9 two s5ses2 = ! int]val ( "t betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( an eclipse & totality is diff]5t 9 duration & diff]5t 9 quality1 s to speak1 f ! dim9ution ( daylight on ! ,e>? :i* ensues z ! twilight ( ev5+ runs its c\rse4 ,speak+ r\ghly1 sunset may be describ$ z an almo/ in/antane\s loss ( full sunlight2 & ! gradual loss ( daylight is noticeable ev5 at su* %ort int]vals z f "o five m9utes to ano!r4 ,?is is by no means ! case previ\s to a total eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,:5 t is ab\t to occur1 ! r$uction ( ! effective sunlight is f> m gradual4 ,= in/ance1 half an h\r aft] an eclipse has comm5c$ m ?an half ! ,sun's disc w /ill be imp>t+ light to ! ,e>?3 b half an h\r aft] sunset ! defici5cy ( daylight w be v mu* m m>k$ &1 if no artificial light is at h&1 v mu* m inconv5i5t4 ,if !re %\ld be )9 easy rea* ( ! obs]v]'s po/ a bu%y tree1 su* = in/ance z an elm1 #cj ft4 or #dj ft4 high1 & spread+ out suffici5tly = him to place himself "u x 9 a /raight l9e ) ! ,sun1 & ) a nice smoo? surface ( gr\nd = ! sun's rays to fall on1 he w see a multitude ( images ( ! ,sun ?r[n ^u ! gr\nd4 ,until ! eclipse has comm5c$ ^! images w be t9y circles ov]lapp+ "o ano!r1 & ( c\rse ea* ( ^! circles means s _m images ( ! ,sun4 ,^! images inde$ c be se5 on any f9e day1 & ! circles increase 9 size 9 proportion to ! height ( ! foliage above ! gr\nd1 be+ some?+ l #a in* = e #aj feet4 ,x may be rem>k$1 by ! way1 t ! images are circles1 because ! ,sun is a s\rce ( light hav+ a circul> outl9e1 & is n a po9t ( light l a />4 ,if x 71 ! outl9e ( ! foliage w\ld be reproduc$ on ! gr\nd leaf = leaf4 ,x foll[s naturally f all ?is t :5 9 consequ5ce ( !re be+ an eclipse 9 progress ! %ape ( ! ,sun's cont\r gradually *anges1 s w ! %ape ( ! ,sol> images on ! gr\nd *ange1 becom+ ev5tually s _m cresc5ts4 ,moreov]1 ! horns ( ! cresc5t-%ap$ images w be 9 ! rev]se direction to ! horns ( ! actual cresc5t ( ! ,sun at ! mom5t1 ! rays ( ! ,sun cross+ z !y pass ?r\gh ! foliage1 j z if ea* int]/ice 7 a l5s4 ,suppos+ !re are "s spots on ! ,sun at a "t :5 an eclipse is 9 progress ! ,moon's passage ov] ^! spots may z well be notic$4 ,9 bygone ye>s "s am\nt ( att5tion 0 devot$ to ?is matt] ) ! view ( asc]ta9+ :e!r any alt]ation took place 9 ! appe>ance ( ! spots2 di/ortion1 = in/ance1 su* z might be produc$ by ! int]v5tion ( a lun> atmosph]e4 ,no su* di/ortion 0 ev] notic$1 & obs]vations ) ?is idea 9 view may be said to possess n[ only an academic int]e/1 = x may be reg>d$ z a well-e/abli%$ fact t ! ,moon has no atmosph]e4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! ,moon ov] ,sun-spots an opportunity is af=d$ ( comp>+ ! blackness1 or p]haps we %\ld r say1 ! int5sity ( ! %ade ( a ,sun-spot ) ! blackness ( ! ,moon's disc4 ,te/imony h]e9 is unanim\s t ! blackness ( ! ,moon dur+ ! /ages ( p>tial eclipse is int5se comp>$ ) ! d>ke/ p>ts ( a ,sun-spot2 & ?is1 be x rememb]$1 9 spite ( ! fact t dur+ ! p>tial phase ! atmosph]e betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! ,sun is brilliantly illum9at$1 :il/ ! ,moon itself1 be+ expos$ to ,e>?-%9e1 is by no means absolutely devoid ( all illum9ation4 ,:5 ! ,moon is pass+ across ! ,sun !re h (t5 be5 notic$ along ! limb ( ! ,moon fr+es ( col\r1 & d>k & bright b&s4 ,?is might n necess>ily be a real appe>ance = x is conceivable t su* traces ( col\r might be due to ! telescopes employ$ n hav+ be5 truly a*romatic1 t is1 n suffici5tly correct$ = col\r2 b mak+ e all[ance = ?is possible s\rce ( mi/ake !re yet rema9s pro( t ! col\r :i* has (t5 be5 se5 has be5 real4 ,z to :e!r ! ,moon's limb c be se5 dur+ a p>tial eclipse1 or dur+ ! p>tial phase ( :at is to be a total eclipse1 ! evid5ce is some:at conflict+4 ,!re is no d\bt t :5 ! totality is close at h& ! ,moon's limb c be se5 project$ on ! ,corona 7pres5tly to be describ$72 b ! "q is1 :e!r ! f>-(f limb ( ! ,moon c be detect$ 9 ! op5 sky :il/ some?+ l full daylight /ill prevails on ! ,e>?4 ,und\bt$ly ! prepond]ance ( evid5ce is aga9/ ! visibility ( ! ,moon z a :ole1 "u su* circum/ances2 b !re is nev]!less "s te/imony to ! contr>y4 ,a ,fr5* obs]v]1 ,e4 ,liais1 said t ?ree photographic plates ( ! eclipse ( #aheh se5 9 ,s4 ,am]ica all %[$ ! out] limb ( ! ,moon ) m or less di/9ctness4 ,?is te/imony1 be x not$1 is photographic & n visual2 & on ! :ole x seems safe/ to say t !re is v small probability ( ! ,moon z a :ole ev] be+ se5 "u ! circum/ances 9 "q4 ,:at has j be5 said conc]ns ! visibility ( ! ,moon dur+ q ! e>ly1 or on ! o!r h& dur+ q ! late1 /ages ( a total eclipse4 ,imm$iately be=e or aft] totality ! visibility ( ! :ole cont\r ( ! ,moon is a c]ta9 fact2 & ! only po9t ^u :i* !re is a diff]5ce ( op9ion is z to :at are ! "t-limits beyond :i* ! ,moon mu/ n be expect$ to be se54 ,! v>i\s records are exce$+ly contradictory3 p]haps ! utmo/ t c be said is t ! :ole ,moon mu/ n be expect$ to be visible till ab\t #bj m9utes be=e totality1 or = m ?an #e m9utes aft] totality--b x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! figures are v unc]ta9 9 reg>d to any p>ticul> eclipse4 ,x has be5 sometimes notic$ :5 ! cresc5t ( ! ,sun _h become comp>atively small1 say t ! ,sun 0 ab\t #g_/h?s cov]$1 t ! uncov]$ portion exhibit$ evid5t col\r :i* has be5 v>i\sly describ$ z violet1 brick-r$1 r$di%1 p9k1 orange1 yell[i%4 ,! obs]vations on ?is po9t are n v num]\s &1 z w appe> f ! /atem5t j made1 are n v consi/5t2 /ill x seems safe to assume t a hue1 m or less r$di%1 does (t5 p]vade ! uncov]$ portion ( a p>tially-eclips$ ,sun4 ,! rem>k j made z reg>ds ! ,sun seems to h "s application to ! ,moon4 ,!re are a c]ta9 numb] ( in/ances on record t :at is commonly spok5 ( z ! black body ( ! ,moon does1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 display traces ( r$ :i* has be5 v>i\sly spok5 ( z crimson1 dull copp]y1 r$di%-br[ni% & dull gl[+ coal4 ,,%ad[ ,,b&s4 ,let u suppose t we h a *ance ( obs]v+ a total eclipse ( ! ,sun2 h complet$ all our prelim9>y prep>ations2 h tak5 note ( ev]y?+ :i* ne$s to be not$ or sugge/s itself = t purpose up till ne>ly ! gr& climax2 & t ! clock tells u t we are )91 say1 five m9utes ( totality4 ,some:]e ab\t ?is "t p]haps we %all be able to detect1 danc+ across ! l&scape1 s+ul> wavy l9es ( light & %ade4 ,^! are ! ,%ad[ ,b&s1 z !y are call$4 ,! phrase is curi\sly inexplicit1 b seem+ly _c be improv$ ^u at pres5t because ! philosophy ( ^! appe>ances--_! orig9 & ! laws :i* regulate _! visibility--are unkn[n1 p]haps because amid ! multitude ( o!r ?+s to ?9k ab\t suffici5t att5tion has hi!rto n be5 paid to ! /udy ( !m4 ,^! %ad[ b&s are mo/ /rik+ if a high pla/]$ wall1 su* z ! front ( a /one or /ucco$ h\se1 is 9 _! track z a scre5 to receive !m4 ,! %ad[ b&s seem to v>y bo? 9 bread? & di/ance ap>t at diff]5t eclipses1 & also 9 ! spe$ ) :i* !y pass along4 ,?\gh1 z already /at$1 little is kn[n ( _! orig9 yet !y may be conceiv$ to be due to irregul>ities 9 ! atmosph]ic refraction ( ! sl5d] beam ( light com+ f ! wan+ or ! wax+ cresc5t ( ! ,sun1 = be x und]/ood !y may be visible aft] totality z well z be=e x4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t !y h nev] be5 photograph$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,%ad[ ,,b&s4 ,9 addition to ! %ad[ b&s !re are in/ances on record ( ! limbs ( ! ,sun's cresc5t appe>+ to undulate viol5tly on ! approa* ( totality4 ,^! undulations 7 notic$ by ,airy 9 #ahdb ab\t #f m9utes be=e totality4 ,blake1 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahfi1 obs]v$ ! same ph5om5on #h m9utes be=e totality4 ,9 o!r cases ! int]val w\ld seem to h be5 v mu* %ort]--a m]e matt] ( seconds4 ,a v s+ul> obs]vation 0 made 9 #aheh by ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,smi? at ,laycock ,abbey1 ,wilt%ire1 on ! occasion ( ! annul> eclipse ( t ye>4 ,he says#ac3--;,bo? my bro!r & myself 7 di/9ctly impress$ ) ! conviction t ! )drawal ( light 0 n cont9u\s1 b by pulsations1 or1 z x 71 waves ( obscuration1 ! d>kness increas+ by /rokes :i* s5sibly smote ! eye1 & 7 repeat$ di/9ctly "s five or sev5 times aft] we _h rem>k$ ! ph5om5on & be=e ! "t ( greate/ obscuration4 ,?is did n occur on ! return ( light1 :i* came back cont9u\sly & )\t %ock or break4 ,rmk] m5tions t ?\gh ?is ph5om5on 0 v app>5t to ! nak$ eye x 0 n visible 9 ! telescope4 ,fa9t rays or bru%es ( light sometimes seem to spr+ f ! dim9i%+ cresc5t ( ! ,sun4 ,^! rays g5]ally are v transi5t & n v conspicu\s1 & p]haps mu/ be di/+ui%$ z reg>ds bo? _! appe>ance & _! orig9 f ! m /rik+ rays :i* are usually se5 a few m9utes be=e or aft] totality1 & :i* are g5]ally associat$ )1 or ev5 deem$ to belong to1 ! ,corona4 ,fig4 #g repres5ts ^! rays z se5 9 ,spa9 on ,july #ah1 #ahfj1 "s m9utes aft] totality4 ,!y are describ$ z hav+ be5 well def9$1 b at "s mom5ts m m>k$ ?an at o!rs1 & ?\gh well-def9$ yet con/antly v>y+4 ,radiations ( light m or less ( ! "* j describ$ may probably be reg>d$ z a /&+ feature ( e total eclipse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,rays ,,( ,,light ,,se5 ,,ne> ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,totality4 ,,! ,,approa* ,,( ,,totality4 ,! next ?+ to ?9k ab\t & to look out = is ! approa* ( ! ,moon's %ad[4 ,i h m5tion$ ?is already1#ad & also ! appall+ velocity ) :i* x seems to approa*4 ,by ?is "t ! com+ d>kness1 :i* *>act]ises e total phase1 w h rea*$ an advanc$ /age ( developm5t4 ,! d>kness beg9s to be felt4 ,! ev5ts :i* manife/ !mselves at ?is juncture on ! ,e>? 7r ?an 9 ! sky ar\nd ! ,sun7 are s graphically describ$ by ! ,am]ican writ] :om ,i h already quot$1 & :o writes1 moreov]1 f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 t ,i _c d bett] ?an transf] h] /rik+ acc\nt to my pages4#ae ,!n1 ) frightful velocity1 ! actual %ad[ ( ! ,moon is (t5 se5 approa*+1 a tangible d>kness advanc+ almo/ l a wall1 swift z imag9ation1 sil5t z doom4 ,! imm5sity ( nature nev] comes q s ne> z !n1 & /rong mu/ be ! n]ves n to quiv] z ?is blue-black %ad[ ru%es ^u ! spectator ) incr$ible spe$4 ,a va/1 palpable pres5ce seems ov]:elm+ ! _w4 ,! blue sky *anges to gray or dull purple1 spe$ily becom+ m dusky1 & a dea?-l trance seizes ^u ev]y?+ e>?ly4 ,birds1 ) t]rifi$ cries1 fly bewild]$ = a mom5t1 & !n sil5tly seek _! night-qu>t]s4 ,bats em]ge /eal?ily4 ,s5sitive fl[]s1 ! sc>let pimp]nel1 ! ,african mimosa1 close _! delicate petals1 & a s5se ( hu%$ expectancy deep5s ) ! d>kness4 ,an assembl$ cr[d is aw$ into absolute sil5ce almo/ inv>iably4 ,trivial *att] & s5seless jok+ cease4 ,sometimes ! %ad[ engulfs ! obs]v] smoo?ly1 sometimes app>5tly ) j]ks2 b all ! _w might well be dead & cold & turn$ to a%es4 ,(t5 ! v air seems to hold its brea? = sympa?y2 at o!r times a lull sudd5ly awak5s into a /range w9d1 bl[+ ) unnatural effect4 ,!n out ^u ! d>kness1 gruesome b sublime1 fla%es ! glory ( ! incomp>able corona1 a silv]y1 s(t1 une>?ly light1 ) radiant /ream]s1 /ret*+ at times millions ( uncompreh5d$ miles into space1 :ile ! rosy1 flam+ protub]ances skirt ! black rim ( ! ,moon 9 e!real spl5d\r4 ,x becomes curi\sly cold1 dew frequ5tly =ms1 & ! *ill is p]haps m5tal z well z physical4 ,sudd5ly1 in/antane\s z a lightn+ fla%1 an arr[ ( actual sunlight /rikes ! l&scape1 & ,e>? comes to life aga91 :ile corona & protub]ances melt into ! return+ brilliance1 & occasionally ! rec$+ lun> %ad[ is glimps$ z x flies away ) ! trem5d\s spe$ ( its approa*4 ,9 connection ) ! approa* ( ! ,moon's %ad[1 x is to be not$ t at totality ! heav5s appe> 9 a c]ta9 s5se to desc5d ^u ! ,e>?4 ,if an obs]v] is look+ upw>ds t[>ds ! z5i? ov] 8 head1 he w see ! cl\ds appe> to drop t[>ds ! ,e>?1 & ! surr\nd+ gloom seems also to h ! effect ( vitiat+ "o's e/imate ( di/ances4 ,to an obs]v] ^u a high hill1 a pla9 bel[ him appe>s to become m di/ant4 ,al?\gh :at has be5 call$ ! desc5t ( ! cl\ds 7t is to say _! appe>ance ( gr[+ proximity7 is mo/ manife/ imm$iately be=e ! totality1 yet a s5se ( gr[+ ne>ness may sometimes be notic$ a v consid]able "t be=e ! total phase is rea*$4 ,:il/ on ! subject ( cl\ds1 x may be m5tion$ t al?\gh !re is 9 ! vault ( heav5 g5]ally dur+ ! total phase an appreciable s5sation ( black d>kness1 m or less absolute1 t is to say1 ei!r blacki% or greyi%1 yet 9 c]ta9 regions ( ! sky1 7g5]ally 9 ! direction ( ! horizon7 ! cl\ds1 :5 !re are any1 (t5 exhibit col\rs 9 /rata1 orange hue bel[ & r$ above1 ) indigo or grey or black high] up /ill1 "r away to ! ,sun's place4 ,! cause ( ^! diff]5ces is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! l[] "p ( ! atmosph]e )9 ! area ( ! ,moon's %ad[ is1 "u ! circum/ances 9 "q1 illum9at$ by light :i* hav+ pass$ ?r\gh _m miles ( atmosph]e ne> to ! ,e>?'s surface1 has lo/ mu* f ! violet end ( its spectrum1 leav+ an undue proportion ( ! r$ end4 ,on c]ta9 occasions iridesc5t or ra9b[-t9t$ cl\ds may be se5 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,sun1 ei!r be=e1 or dur+1 or aft] totality1 dep5d+ on circum/ances unkn[n4 ,su* cl\ds h be5 obs]v$ at all ^! ?ree /ages ( a total eclipse4 ,! effects ( c\rse are atmosph]ic1 & h no physical connection ) ei!r ,sun or ,moon4 ,,! ,,d>kness ,,( ,,totality4 ,) respect to ! g5]al d>kness :i* prevails dur+ totality1 great discrepancies appe> 9 ! acc\nts1 n only z betwe5 diff]5t eclipses1 b 9 respect ( ! same eclipse obs]v$ by diff]5t p at diff]5t places4 ,p]haps ! commone/ te/ appli$ by mo/ obs]v]s is t ( ! facility or difficulty ( read+ ! faces ( *ronomet]s or wat*es4 ,sometimes ?is is done readily1 at o!r times ) difficulty4 ,9 ,india 9 #ahfh1 "o obs]v] /at$ t x 0 impossible to recognise a p]son's face ?ree y>ds (f1 & lamplight 0 ne$$ = read+ 8 *ronomet]4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ,spa9 9 #ahfj1 x 0 not$ t a !rmomet]1 z well z ! f9e/ h&-writ+1 c\ld be read easily4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks apply to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! op5 air4 ,9 #ahfj1 x 0 /at$ t inside a h\se 9 ,spa9 ! d>kness 0 s great t p mov+ ab\t _h to take great c>e le/ !y %\ld run viol5tly aga9/ ! h\sehold furniture4 ,p]haps on ! :ole x may be said t ! d>kness ( an ord9>y totality is decid$ly great] ?an t ( a full ,moon night4 ,_m obs]v]s h not$ dur+ totality t ev5 :5 !re has n be5 any v extreme am\nt ( absolute d>kness1 yet ! ruddy light already m5tion$ z prevail+ t[>ds ! horizon (t5 gives rise to weird une>?ly effects1 s t ! faces ( by/&]s assume a sickly livid hue n unlike t :i* results f ! light ( burn+ salt4 ,,meteorological ,,& ,,o!r ,,effects4 ,x is v g5]ally notic$ t great *anges take place 9 ! meteorological conditions ( ! atmosph]e z an eclipse ( ! ,sun runs its c\rse f p>tial phase to totality1 & back aga9 to p>tial phase4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! ob/ruction ( ! sol> rays by ! oncom+ ,moon w\ld necess>ily lead to a /eady & consid]able dim9ution 9 ! g5]al temp]ature ( ! air4 ,?is has (t5 be5 made ! matt] ( exact !rmometric record1 b x is n equally obvi\s :y m>k$ *anges 9 ! w9d %\ld take place4 ,z ! p>tial phase proce$s x is v usual = ! w9d to rise or bl[ 9 gu/s & to die away dur+ totality1 ?\gh !re are _m exceptions to ?is1 & x c h>dly be call$ a rule4 ,! depression ( temp]ature v>ies v mu* inde$ accord+ to ! locality :]e ! eclipse is be+ obs]v$ & ! local !rmometric conditions :i* usually prevail4 ,! actual depression w (t5 am\nt to #aj or #bj & ! deposit ( dew is occasionally notic$4 ,9 addition to ! g5]al effects ( a total sol> eclipse on m51 animals1 & plants z summ>is$ 9 ! extract already made f ,mrs4 ,todd's book a few additional p>ticul>s may be giv5 cull$ f _m record$ obs]vations4 ,fl[]s & leaves :i* ord9>ily close at night beg9 long be=e totality to %[ signs ( clos+ up4 ,?us we are told t 9 #ahcf ! crocus1 g5tian & anemone p>tially clos$ _! fl[]s & reop5$ !m z ! ph5om5on pass$ (f3 & a delicate ,s\? ,african mimosa :i* we _h re>$ f a se$ entirely fold$ its p9nate leaves until ! ,sun 0 uncov]$4 ,9 #ahea ! night violet1 :i* %ortly be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! eclipse _h little ( its agreeable sc5t ab\t x1 smelt /rongly dur+ ! totality4 ,9 ! insect _w ants h be5 notic$ to g on work+ dur+ totality1 :il/ gras%opp]s are /ill$ by ! d>kness1 & e>?-worms come to ! surface4 ,birds ( all k9ds seem always upset 9 _! habits1 almo/ inv>iably go+ to roo/ z ! d>kness becomes int5sifi$ be=e totality4 ,9 #ahfh a small cock :i* _h be=eh& be5 actively employ$ 9 grubb+ ab\t 9 ! s& w5t to sleep ) 8 head "u 8 w+ & slept = ab\t #aj m9utes1 & on wak+ utt]$ an expression ( surprise1 b did n cr[4 ,9 #ahfi m5tion is made ( an unruly c[ accu/om$ to jump into a corn-field at night be+ f\nd to h trespass$ into ! said corn-field dur+ ! total phase4 ,! ?rill+ descriptions ( ! effects ( ! oncom+ d>kness ( totality1 d]iv$ f ! records ( pa/ total eclipses1 are n likely to be improv$ ^u 9 ! future1 = we %all receive !m m & m f amateurs & less & less f a/ronomical exp]ts4 ,e additional total eclipse :i* happ5s te/ifies to ! fact t ! "t & ?\ghts ( ^! latt] classes ( p w be to an increas+ degree d$icat$ to in/rum5tal "w r ?an to simple nak$ eye or ev5 telescopic obs]vation4 ,! spectroscope & ! cam]a are /eadily ou/+ ! simple telescope ( e sort & unassi/$ eye obs]vations f sol> eclipse "w4 ,mrs4 ,todd has ! foll[+ apt rem>ks by way ( summ>y ( ! results to an individual ( obs]v+ a total eclipse ( ! ,sun3--,i d\bt if ! effect ( witness+ a total eclipse ev] q passes away4 ,! impression is s+ul>ly vivid & quiet+ = days1 & c nev] be :olly lo/4 ,a />tl+ ne>ness to ! gigantic =ces ( ,nature & _! inconceivable op]ation seems to h be5 e/abli%$4 ,p]sonalities & t[ns & cities1 & hates & jeal\sies1 & ev5 mundane hopes1 gr[ v small & v f> away4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ac3 ,mon?4 ,n41 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xviii4 p4 #bea4 ,footnote #ad3 ,see p4 #cf 7ante74 ,footnote #ae3 ,mrs4 ,d4 ,p4 ,todd1 ,total ,eclipses ( ! ,sun1 p4 #ba4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,obs]v$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,total ,,phase ,,( ,,an ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,! c5tral feature ( e total eclipse ( ! ,sun is und\bt$ly ! ,corona#af & ! ph5om5a connect$ ) x2 b imm$iately be=e ! ext9ction ( ! ,sun's light & incid5tal !reto !re are "s m9or features :i* mu/ be briefly notic$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,bru%es ,,( ,,light4 ,! ,corona fir/ makes its appe>ance on ! side ( ! d>k ,moon opposite to ! disappe>+ cresc5t1 b bru%es ( light are sometimes obs]v$ on ! same side1 along ! convex limb ( ! disappe>+ cresc5t4 ,! appe>ance ( ! bru%es w be suffici5tly realis$ by an inspection ( ! annex$ engrav+ )\t ! necessity ( any fur!r v]bal description4 ,^! bru%es are little1 if at all1 col\r$1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ,r$ ,flames or ,prom95ces h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,,baily',s ,,beads4 ,:5 ! disc ( ! ,moon has advanc$ s mu* ov] t ( ! ,sun z to h r$uc$ ! ,sun almo/ to ! n>r[e/ possible cresc5t ( light1 x is g5]ally notic$ t at a c]ta9 /age ! cresc5t sudd5ly breaks up into a succession ( spots ( light4 ,^! spots are sometimes spok5 ( z r\nd$ spots1 b x is v d\btful :e!r 7c]ta9ly 9 view ( _! suppos$ cause7 !y c\ld possibly be deem$ ev] to possess an outl9e1 :i* by any /ret*1 c\ld be call$ r\nd$4 ,collat+ ! record$ descriptions1 "s su* phrase z %apeless beads ( light w\ld seem to be ! mo/ suitable designation4 ,^! are obs]v$ to =m be=e ! total phase1 & (t5 also aft] ! total phase has pass$4 ,"u ! latt] circum/ances1 ! beads ( light ev5tually run "o into ano!r1 l s _m small drops ( wat] m]g+ into "o big "o4 ,! commonly receiv$ explanation ( ,baily's ,beads is t !y are no m ?an portions ( ! ,sun's disc1 se5 ?r\gh valleys betwe5 m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 ! said m\nta9s be+ ! cause :y ! bright pat*es are discont9u\s4 ,x is exce$+ly d\btful :e!r ?is is ! true explanation4 ,! :ole "q is involv$ 9 great unc]ta9ty1 & well des]ves c>eful /udy dur+ future eclipses2 b ?is x is n likely to get1 9 view ( ! curr5t fa%ion ( e suffici5tly skill$ obs]v] conc5trat+ 8 att5tion on matt]s connect$ ) ! sol> ,corona 7obs]v$ spectroscopically or o!rwise71 to ! exclusion ( :at may be call$ old] subjects ( /udy4 ,i w dismiss ,baily's ,beads f our consid]ation ) ! rem>k t ! fir/ photograph ( !m 0 obta9$ at ,ottumwa1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s41 dur+ ! eclipse ( #ahfi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,baily',s ,,beads1 ,,f\r ,,/ages1 ,,at ,,brief ,,int]vals4 ,,may #ae1 #ahcf4 ,baily's ,beads receiv$ _! "n f ,mr4 ,francis ,baily1 :o1 9 #ahcf1 = ! fir/ "t exhau/ively describ$ !m2 b !y 7 probably se5 & ev5 m5tion$ long be=e 8 "t4 ,at ! total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 se5 at ,p5obscot 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 on ,octob] #bg1 #aghj1 !y w\ld seem to h be5 notic$1 & p]haps ev5 e>li] ?an t date4 ,almo/ co9cid5t ) ! appe>ance ( ,baily's ,beads1 t is1 ei!r j be=e or j aft]1 & also j be=e or j aft] ! absolute totality 7!re seems no c]ta9 rule ( "t7 jets ( r$ flame are se5 to d>t out f beh9d ! disc ( ! ,moon4 ,x is n[ q recognis$ z a c]ta9 fact t ^! ,r$ ,flames belong to ! ,sun & are outbur/s ( hydrog5 gas4 ,moreov]1 !y are n[ commonly call$ ,prom95ces1 & ) ! improv$ me?ods ( mod]n sci5ce may be se5 almo/ at any "t :5 ! ,sun is suitably approa*$2 & !y are n re/rict$ 9 _! appe>ance to ! "t :5 ! ,sun is totally eclips$ z 0 long suppos$4 ,i may h m to say ab\t ^! ,r$ ,flames lat] on2 b am at pres5t deal+ only ) ! outw>d appe>ances ( ?+s4 ,c>r+ton's description has be5 consid]$ v apt4 ,"o :i* he saw 9 #ahea he lik5$ to a mighty flame bur/+ ?r\gh ! ro( ( a h\se & bl[n by a /rong w9d4 ,c]ta9 ambigu\s phrases made use ( 9 connection ) eclipses ( anci5t date may p]haps 9 reality h be5 allusions to ! ,r$ ,flames2 o!rwise ! fir/ acc\nt ( !m giv5 ) any?+ l sci5tific precision seems to be due to a ,capta9 ,/annyan1 :o obs]v$ !m at ,b]ne dur+ ! eclipse ( #agjf4 ,8 words are t ! ,sun at 8 gett+ out ( 8 eclipse 0 prec$$ by a blood-r$ /reak f its left limb :i* cont9u$ n long] ?an six or sev5 seconds ( "t2 !n "p ( ! ,sun's disc appe>$ all ( a sudd54 ,"s subsequ5t obs]v]s spoke ( ! ,r$ ,flames z isolat$ jets ( r$ light appe>+ "h & !re2 :il/ o!rs seem to h ?\ght !y _h se5 an almo/ or q cont9u\s r+ ( r$ light ar\nd ! ,sun4 ,! la/-nam$ idea is n[ recognis$ z ! m accurate repres5tation ( ! actual facts1 ! ,r$ ,flames be+ emanations proce$+ f a sort ( %ell envelop+ ! ,sun1 to :i* %ell ! "n ( ,*romosph]e has n[ come to be appli$4 ,z reg>ds ! ,moon itself dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! total phase1 all t ne$ be said is t our satellite usually exhibits a disc :i* is simply black2 b on occasions obs]v]s h call$ x purple or purpli%4 ,al?\gh dur+ totality ! ,moon is illum9at$ by a full all[ance ( ,e>?-%9e 7light reflect$ by ! ,e>? into space71 yet f all acc\nts ?is is always insuffici5t to reveal any traces ( ! irregul>ities ( m\nta9s & valleys1 etc41 :i* exi/ on ! ,moon4 ,:5 dur+ totality any ( ! bright] planets1 su* z ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 or ,saturn1 happ5 to be 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,sun !y are g5]ally recognis$2 b ! />s se5 are usually v few1 & !y are only v bright ones ( ! #a/ or #bnd magnitudes4 ,p]haps an explanation ( ! paucity ( />s notic$ is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! m9ds ( obs]v]s are usually too mu* conc5trat$ on ! ,sun & ,moon = any ?\ght to be giv5 to o!r ?+s or o!r p>ts ( ! sky4 ,p]haps ?is is a conv5i5t place 9 :i* to recall ! fact t !re has be5 mu* controv]sy 9 ! a/ronomical _w dur+ ! la/ #ej ye>s z to :e!r !re exi/ any undiscov]$ planets revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury4 ,:il/ !re is "s evid5ce1 ?\gh slight1 t "o or m su* planets h be5 se51 oppon5ts ( ! idea base _! scepticism on ! fact t ) s _m total eclipses z !re h be5 s9ce #ahei 7:5 ,lesc>bault claim$ to h f\nd a planet :i* has be5 call$ ,vulcan71 no c]ta9 pro( has be5 obta9$ ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a planet2 & :at bett] occasion = f9d+ "o 7if "o exi/s ( any size7 ?an ! d>kness ( a total sol> eclipse8 ,at pres5t x mu/ be confess$ t ! sceptics h ! be/ ( x4 ,,! ,,corona4 ,we h n[ to consid] :at ,i h already call$ ! c5tral feature ( e total eclipse4 ,x 0 long ago comp>$ to ! nimbus (t5 plac$ by pa9t]s ar\nd ! heads ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y & o!r sa9ts ( old2 & z convey+ a r\gh g5]al idea ! comp>ison may /ill /&4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t n a bad idea ( x may be obta9$ by look+ at a ,full ,moon ?r\gh a wire-gauze w9d[-scre54 ,! ,corona comes into view a %ort "t 7usually to be measur$ by seconds7 be=e ! total ext9ction ( ! ,sun's rays1 la/s dur+ totality & endures = a brief int]val ( seconds 7or x might be a m9ute7 aft] ! ,sun has reappe>$4 ,x 0 long a matt] ( discussion :e!r ! ,corona belong$ to ! ,sun or ! ,moon4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( telescopic a/ronomy !re 0 some?+ to be said p]haps on bo? sides1 b x is n[ a matt] ( absolute c]ta9ty t x belongs to ! ,sun1 & t ! ,moon contributes no?+ to ! spectacle ( a total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 except its own solid body1 :i* blocks out ! ,sun's light1 & its %ad[1 :i* passes across ! ,e>?4 ,( ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ,corona "s idea may be obta9$ f ,fig4 #a 7see ,frontispiece7 :i* s f> z x goes ne$s little or no v]bal description4 ,/ress mu/ h[ev] be laid on ! ^w g5]al because e ,corona may be said to diff] f its imm$iate pr$ecessor & successor1 al?\gh1 z we %all see pres5tly1 !re is /rong reason to believe t !re is a p]iodicity 9 connection ) ,coronas z ) s _m o!r ?+s 9 ! _w ( ,a/ronomy4 ,a curi\s po9t may "h be m5tion$ z app>5tly well e/abli%$1 namely1 t :5 long rays are notic$ 9 ! ,corona !y d n seem to radiate f ! ,sun's c5tre z ! %ort rays m or less seem to d4 ,?\gh ! aggregate brilliancy ( ! ,corona v>ies some:at yet x may be tak5 to be mu* ab\t equal on ! :ole to ! ,moon at its full4 ,! ,corona is q unlike ! ,moon z reg>ds heat = its radiant heat has be5 f\nd to be v well m>k$4 ,!re is ano!r ?+ connect$ ) ! ,sun's ,corona :i* ne$s to be m5tion$ at ! outset & :i* also furni%es a reason = treat+ x 9 a some:at special mann]4 ,! usual practice 9 writ+ ab\t sci5ce is to deal ) x 9 ! fir/ in/ance descriptively1 & !n if any hi/orical in=mation is to be giv5 to exhibit t sep>ately & subsequ5tly4 ,b our k ( ! ,sun's ,corona has develop$ s entirely by /eps f a small beg9n+ t x is nei!r easy nor advantage\s to keep ! hi/ory sep>ate or 9 ! backgr\nd & ,i %all !re=e n attempt to d s4 ,a/ronom]s are n agre$ z to :at is ! fir/ record ( ! ,corona4 ,x is commonly associat$ ) a total eclipse :i* occurr$ 9 ! #a/ c5tury ,a4,d4 & possibly 9 ! ye> #if ,a4,d4 ,"s details ( ! discussion w be f\nd 9 a lat] *apt]1#ag & ,i w make no fur!r allusion to ! matt] "h4 ,pass+ ov] ! eclipses ( #ifh ,a4,d4 & #ajcj ,a4,d4 ! records ( bo? ( :i* possibly imply t ! ,corona 0 notic$1 we may f9d ourselves on ?or\ghly firm gr\nd 9 consid]+ ! eclipse ( ,april #i1 #aefg4 ,clavius1 a well-kn[n writ] on *ronology1 und\bt$ly saw !n ! ,corona 9 ! mod]n acceptation ( ! ^w b ?\ght x m]ely ! uncov]$ rim ( ! ,sun4 ,9 reply to ?is ,kepl] %[$ by "s computations ( 8 own1 bas$ on ! relative app>5t sizes ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 t ,clavius's !ory 0 unt5able4 ,kepl]1 h[ev]1 put =? a !ory ( 8 own :i* 0 no bett]1 namely1 t ! ,corona 0 due to ! exi/5ce ( an atmosph]e r\nd ! ,moon & prov$ its exi/5ce4 ,f ?is "t =w>ds we h /atem5ts1 by v>i\s obs]v]s1 apply+ to v>i\s eclipses1 ( ! ,corona seem+ to be endu$ ) a rotatory motion4 ,! ,spani% obs]v]1 ,don ,a4 ,ulloa1 9 #aggh1 wrote ?us respect+ ! ,corona se5 9 t ye>3--,aft] ! imm]sion we began to obs]ve r\nd ! ,moon a v brilliant circle ( light :i* seem$ to h a rapid circul> motion some?+ simil> to t ( a rocket turn+ ab\t its c5tre4 ,mod]n obs]vations furni% no c\nt]p>t ( ^! ideas ( motion 9 ! ,corona4 ,pass+ ov] _m int]v5+ eclipses we mu/ note t ( #ahcf 7:i* gave u ,baily's ,beads7 z ! fir/ :i* set m5 ?9k+ t total eclipses ( ! ,sun exhibit$ subsidi>y ph5om5a des]v+ ( c>eful & pati5t att5tion4 ,su* att5tion 0 giv5 on ! occasion ( ! eclipses ( #ahdb & #ahea1 /ill h[ev] )\t ! ,corona attract+ t int]e/ :i* x has ga9$ = itself m rec5tly4 ,x 0 notic$ inde$ t ! ,corona always fir/ %[$ itself on ! side ( ! ,moon f>!/ f ! vani%+ cresc5t b ! full significance ( ?is fact 0 n at fir/ realis$4 ,mrs4 ,todd well rem>ks3--,9 ! e>ly obs]vations ( ! ,corona x 0 reg>d$ z a halo m]ely & s drawn4 ,its real /ructure 0 nei!r kn[n1 depict$1 nor inve/igat$4 ,! e>lie/ pictures all %[ ?is4 ,preconceiv$ ideas prejudic$ ! obs]v]s1 & _! sket*es 7 mo/ly /ructureless4444 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! ,coronal rays project outw>d into space f a sph]ical ,sun & d n lie 9 a plane z !y appe> to ! eye 9 photographs & draw+s4 ,aft] rem>k+ on ! value ( photographs ( ! ,corona up to a c]ta9 po9t because ( _! automatic accuracy ,mrs4 ,todd v s5sibly says1 b p5cil draw+s1 :ile ord9>ily less tru/wor?y because involv+ ! unc]ta9 elem5t ( p]sonal equation are m valuable 9 del9eat+ ! f9e/ & fa9te/ detail ( :i* ! s5sitive plate r>ely takes note2 ! va/ array ( bo?1 h[ev]1 %[s m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! /ructure & =m ( ! ,corona f "o eclipse to ano!r ?\gh x has n yet reveal$ rapid *anges dur+ any "o obs]vation4 ,?is la/ int]e/+ feature c be /udi$ only by comp>ison ( photographs ne> ! beg9n+ ( an eclipse track & its end1 two or ?ree h\rs ( absolute "t ap>t4 ,conc]t$ ef=ts to accompli% ?is 7 made 9 #ahga1 #ahhg1 & #ahhi1 b !y broke d[n because ! wea!r fail$ at "o or o!r end ( ! *a9 ( obs]v+ /ations & a succession ( photographs n simultane\s b sep>at$ by suffici5t int]vals ( "t c\ld n be _h4 ,! eclipse ( #ahic1 h[ev]1 yield$ successful ?\gh negative results4 ,photographs 9 ,s\? ,am]ica comp>$ ) photographs 9 ,africa two h\rs lat] 9 "t disclos$ no appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( ! ,corona & its /ream]s4 ,! eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 w furni% ! next fav\rable opportunity = a repetition ( ?is exp]im5t by reason ( ! fact t ! l9e ( totality beg9s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 crosses ,portugal & ,spa9 & ceases 9 ,africa4 ,9 o!r words1 trav]ses c\ntries em95tly calculat$ to facilitate ! e/abli%m5t ( photographic obs]v+ /ations :]e obs]vations c be made n simultane\sly b at successive int]vals spread ov] sev]al h\rs4 ,al?\gh ( c\rse ! ,corona _h be5 obs]v$ long be=e ! ye> #ahea1 z inde$ we h already se51 yet ! eclipse ( #ahea is ! f>!/ back :i* we c safely take z a />t+-po9t = ga!r+ up ?or\ghly precise details1 because x 0 ! fir/ at :i* photography 0 br\ght into use4 ,/>t+1 !re=e1 ) t eclipse ,i want to lay be=e ! read] "s ( ! v int]e/+ & rem>kable g5]alisations :i* 7?anks especially to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,wesley's skilful review ( _m ( ! photographic results7 are n[ gradually unfold+ !mselves to a/ronom]s4 ,to put ! matt] 9 ! fewe/ possible words !re seems little or no d\bt t accord+ z spots on ! ,sun are abundant or sc>ce s ! ,corona :5 visible dur+ an eclipse v>ies 9 appe>ance f "o p]iod ( elev5 ye>s to ano!r l p]iod4 ,or1 to put x 9 ano!r way1 giv5 ! date ( a com+ total eclipse we c pr$ict to a c]ta9 ext5t ! probable %ape & "* ( ! ,corona if we "k h[ ! =?com+ date /&s z reg>ds a ,sun-spot maximum or m9imum4 ,! mo/ rec5t important eclipses up to date :i* h be5 obs]v$1 namely ^? ( ,april #af1 #ahic1 ,aug4 #i1 #ahif1 & ,jan4 #ba1 #ahih1 d n add mu* to our useful records ( ! outw>d appe>ances pres5t$ by ! ,corona4 ,! #ahif ,corona is describ$ z int]m$iate betwe5 ! two ,types respectively associat$ ) ye>s ( maximum & m9imum ,sun-spots1 & ?is is z x %\ld h be51 albeit !re 0 "o ext5sion :i* rea*$ to ab\t two diamet]s ( ! ,sun4 ,! #ahih ,corona yield$ f\r long ,coronal /ream]s rea*+ mu* f>!r f ! ,sun ?an any previ\sly se51 ! two longe/ rea*+ to #d & #f diamet]s ( ! ,sun respectively4 ,^! dim5sions are q unprec$5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,corona ,,( #ahhb4 7,,sun-,,spot ,,maximum47 ,! application ( ! spectroscope to obs]vations ( eclipses ( ! ,sun dem&s a few words ( notice 9 ?is place1 b x w\ld n be consi/5t ) ! plan ( ?is "w to g into details4 ,?\gh ! spectroscope has be5 appli$ "u _m diff]5t circum/ances to diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,sun's surr\nd+s 9 connection ) total eclipses yet x is 9 reg>d to ! ,corona t mo/ has be5 done & mo/ has be5 discov]$4 ,! sub/ance ( ! discov]ies made is t ! ,corona %9es ) an intr9sic light ( its own1 t is to say1 t x is compos$ ( con/itu5ts ^: temp]ature is suffici5tly elevat$ to be self-lum9\s4 ,^! con/itu5ts are *iefly hydrog52 ! body :i* corresponds to ! l9e ,d#c 7( ,fraunh(]'s scale71 & :i* has be5 nam$ ,helium2 & ! body :i* corresponds to ! bright gre5 l9e #adgd ( ,kir*(f's scale & :i*1 s9ce its exi/5ce 0 fir/ suspect$ & !n assur$1 has be5 nam$ ,coronium4 ,! read] w n be surpris$ to le>n1 f :at has gone be=e1 t an imm5se mass ( records h accumulat$ respect+ ! appe>ance ( ! ,corona4 ,correspond+ly num]\s & div]g5t are ! !ories :i* h be5 laun*$ to expla9 ! obs]vations made4 ,"o ?+ is 9 ! highe/ degree probable1 namely1 t electricity is l>gely conc]n$4 ,go+ back to ! "q ( ,sun-spots reg>d$ 9 _! possible or probable association ) ! ,corona1 ! pres5t position ( matt]s appe>s to be ?is3 t !re is a real connection betwe5 ! g5]al =m ( ! ,corona & di/urbances on ! ,sun1 tak+ ,sun-spots z an indication ( sol> activity4 ,:5 ,sun-spots are at or ne> _! maximum1 ! ,corona has g5]ally be5 some:at symmetrical1 ) syncl9al gr\ps ( rays mak+ angles ( #de ) its g5]al axis4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! epo*s ( m9imum ,sun-spots1 ! ,corona %[s pol> rifts mu* m widely op51 ) syncl9al zones mak+ l>g] angles ) ! axis1 & be+1 !re=e1 m depress$ t[>ds ! equatorial regions1 9 :i*1 moreov]1 !re is usually a v m>k$ ext5sion ( ,coronal matt] 9 ! =m ( elongat$ /ream]s rea*+ to sev]al diamet]s ( ! ,sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,corona ,,( #ahfg4 7,,sun-,,spot ,,m9imum47 ,?is g5]alisation is well borne out by ! maximum-epo* ,coronas ( #ahgj & #ahga1 & ! m9imum-epo* ,coronas ( #ahfg1 #ahgd1 #ahge1 #ahgh1 & p]haps #ahhg1 & c]ta9ly #ahhi4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! eclipses ( #ahhc1 #ahhe & #ahhf d n /rik+ly confirm ?is !ory4 ,! eclipse ( #ahhc 0 at a "t ( rapidly decreas+ sol> activity1 yet ! ,corona _h ! features ( a ,sun-spot maximum4 ,! same1 ?\gh 9 a some:at less degree1 may be said ( ! eclipses ( #ahhe & #ahhf4 ,at ! times ( bo? ( ^! eclipses ! sol> activity 0 decreas+4 ,! =?com+ eclipse ( #aijj w ne>ly co9cide ) a ,sun-spot m9imum1 & if ! above conclusions are well f\nd$ ! ,corona 9 #aijj %\ld resemble t ( #ahhi1 & be *>act]is$ by1 among/ o!r ?+s1 "s v elongat$ gr\ps ( rays ext5d+ 9 ne>ly opposite directions4 ,we are /ill a long way (f f be+ able to /ate ) p]fect confid5ce :at ! ,corona is4 ,x is c]ta9ly a complex ph5om5on1 & ! v>i\s /ream]s :i* we see are n1 z 0 at "o "t imag9$1 a simple manife/ation ( "o radiant light4 ,mrs4 ,todd ?us conv5i5tly summ>ises ! pres5t /ate ( our k3--,! true corona appe>s to be a triple ph5om5on4 ,fir/1 !re are ! pol> rays1 ne>ly /raight ?r\gh\t _! visible ext5t4 ,gradually1 z ^! rays />t out f po9ts on ! sol> disc f>!r & f>!r remov$ f ! poles1 !y acquire increas+ curvature1 & v probably ext5d into ! equatorial regions1 b are ) great difficulty traceable !re1 because project$ ^u & confus$ ) ! filam5ts hav+ _! orig9 remote f ! poles4 ,!n !re is ! inn] equatorial corona1 app>5tly connect$ intimately ) truly sol> ph5om5a1 q l ! pol> rays2 :ile ! ?ird elem5t 9 ! composite is ! out] equatorial corona1 made up ( ! long ecliptic /ream]s1 = ! mo/ "p visible only to ! nak$ eye1 also exi/+ z a sol> app5dage1 & possibly m]g+ into ! zodiacal light4 ,! total eclipses ( a half c5tury h cle>$ up a few obscurities1 & add$ _m p]plexities4 ,!re is little or no d\bt ab\t ! sub/antial1 if n entire1 reality ( ! corona z a truly sol> ph5om5on4 ,! ,moon1 if x has any?+ at all to d ) ! corona1 aside f ! fact ( its com+ 9 conv5i5tly betwe5 ,sun & ,e>?1 s z to all[ a brief glimpse ( some?+ />tl+ly beautiful :i* o!rwise c\ld nev] h be5 kn[n1 is probably responsible = only a v n>r[ r+ ( ! inn] radiance ( pretty ev5 bread? all r\nd4 ,?is diffraction effect is accept$2 b ! problem /ill rema9s h[ wide ?is annulus may be1 & :e!r x may v>y 9 wid? f "o eclipse to ano!r4 ,^! que/ions once settl$1 ! spuri\s /ructure may !n be exc]pt$ f ! true4 ,inde$ ! coronal /ream]s1 delicately curv+ & int]lac+1 may tell ! :ole /ory ( ! ,sun's radiant en]gy4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #af3 ,!re seems suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t ! ,corona may be se5 ev5 on occasions :5 ! ,sun is n totally eclips$1 provid$ t ! visible cresc5t ( ! ,sun is exce$+ly n>r[4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see p4 #acj 7po/74 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,obs]v$ ,,aft] ,,! ,,total ,,phase ,,( ,,an ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,is ,,at ,,an ,,end4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 a description ( ! incid5ts :i* prec$e ! total disappe>ance ( ! ,sun 9 connection ) a total ,eclipse w apply m or less to ! second half ( ! ph5om5on2 only1 ( c\rse1 9 ! rev]se ord] & on ! opposite side ( ! compass4 ,! ,corona hav+ appe>$ fir/ ( all on ! ,w4 side ( ! ,sun1 !n hav+ %[n itself complete z surr\nd+ ! ,sun1 w beg9 to disappe> on ! ,w4 side1 & w be la/ se5 on ! ,e4 side4 ,baily's ,beads may or may n come into view2 ! ,sun w reappe> fir/ z a v ?9 cresc5t1 gradually wid5+2 ! quasi-nocturnal d>kness visible on ! ,e>? w cease1 & ev5tually ! ,moon w completely pass away f (f ! ,sun1 & ! ,sun once aga9 w exhibit a p]fect circle ( light4 ,:il/ !re is s mu* to look = & look at & ?9k ab\t1 "o ?+ mu/ be s\ght = in/antly aft] totality1 or x w be gone = ev]1 & t is ! ,moon's %ad[ on ! ,e>?4 ,we h already se5 9 ! la/ *apt] ! />tl+ rapidity & solemnity ) :i* ! %ad[ seems to ru% =w>d to ! obs]v] f ! horizon on ! we/]n side ( ! ,m]idian4 ,pass+ ov] him1 or ev51 s to speak1 ?r\gh him1 x travels onw>ds 9 an ea/]ly direction & v soon vani%es4 ,its visibility at all dep5ds a good deal ^u :e!r ! obs]v]1 :o is look+ = x1 is suffici5tly rais$ above ! adjac5t c\ntry to be able to comm& at lea/ a mile or two ( gr\nd4 ,if he is 9 a holl[1 he w h b little *ance ( see+ ! %ad[ at all3 on ! o!r h&1 if he is on ! top ( a consid]able hill 7or high up on ! side ( a hill71 comm&+ ! horizon = a di/ance ( #aj or #bj miles1 he w h a fair *ance ( see+ ! %ad[4 ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy /ates1 9 #ahea1 ,my eye 0 caught by a dusk9ess 9 ! ,s4,e41 & ,i imm$iately p]ceiv$ t x 0 ! ,eclipse-%ad[ 9 ! air1 travell+ away 9 ! direction ( ! %ad['s pa?4 ,= at lea/ six seconds1 ?is %ad[ rema9$ 9 sight1 f> m conspicu\s to ! eye ?an ,i _h anticipat$4 ,i 0 once caught 9 a v viol5t hail & ?und]-/orm on ! ,table-l& ( ! ,c\nty ( ,su!rl& call$ ! ,mo91 & ,i at l5g? saw ! /orm travel away ov] ! ,nor? ,sea2 & ?is view ( ! rec$+ ,eclipse-%ad[1 ?\gh by no means s d>k1 rem9d$ me /rongly ( ! rec$+ /orm4 ,9 t5 or twelve seconds all appe>ance ( ! %ad[ _h pass$ away4 ,p]haps ?is may be a conv5i5t place to make a note ( :at seems to be a fact1 p>tly e/abli%$ at any rate1 ev5 if n :olly e/abli%$1 namely--t !re seems "s connection betwe5 eclipses ( ! ,sun & ,e>?quakes4 ,a ,g]man physici/ nam$ ,g9zel#ah has f\nd a score ( co9cid5ces betwe5 sol> eclipses & e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia 9 ! ye>s betwe5 #ahej & #ahhh inclusive4 ,( c\rse !re 7 eclipses )\t e>?quakes & e>?quakes )\t eclipses1 b tw5ty co9cid5ces 9 ?irty-eight ye>s seems sugge/ive ( some?+4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ah3 ,himmel und ,erde1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bee1 #cji2 #ahij4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,*9ese4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( sev]al *apt]s :i* w be devot$ to hi/orical eclipses4 ,( c\rse ! total eclipse ( ! ,sun ( ,augu/ #i1 #ahif1 obs]v$ 9 ,norway & else:]e1 is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 an eclipse m5tion$ 9 hi/ory1 b t is n :at is int5d$ by ! title prefix$ to ^! *apt]s4 ,by ! t]m hi/orical eclipses1 z us$ "h1 ,i mean eclipses :i* h be5 record$ by anci5t hi/orians & *ronicl]s :o 7 n necess>ily a/ronom]s1 & :o wrote be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope4 ,! date ( ?is may be conv5i5tly tak5 z a divid+ l9e1 s t ,i %all deal *iefly ) eclipses :i* occurr$ be=e1 say1 ! ye> #afjj4 ,!re is ano!r reason :y "s su* date z ?is is a suitable "o f :i* to take a new dep>ture4 ,)\t at all av[+ t sup]/ition ceas$ on ! ,e>? 9 ! ye> #afjj 7= !re is f> too l>ge a residuum /ill available n[1 #cjj ye>s lat]71 x may yet be said t ! ,revival ( ,lett]s did d a good deal to dive/ cele/ial ph5om5a ( ^? al>m+ & panic-caus+ attributes :i* und\bt$ly atta*$ to !m dur+ ! e>li] ages ( ! _w & dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages 9 ,we/]n ,europe q z mu* z dur+ any o!r p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,no "o c exam9e ! writ+s ( ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman hi/orians1 & ! *ronicles kept 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,we/]n ,europe by _! monki% occupi]s1 )\t be+ /ruck by ! influ5ce ( t]ror :i* su* ev5ts z eclipses ( ! ,sun & ,moon & su* cele/ial visitors z ,comets & ,%oot+ ,/>s ex]cis$ f> & wide4 ,& ?is influ5ce ov]spread1 n only ! unlett]$ l[] ord]s1 b _m ( ^? 9 f> high] /ations ( life :o1 "o might h hop$1 w\ld h be5 exempt f su* feel+s ( m5tal di/ress z !y (t5 exhibit$4 ,illu/rations ( ?is fact w be adduc$ 9 due c\rse4 ,x has always be5 suppos$ t ! e>lie/ record$ eclipse ( ! ,sun is "o ?us m5tion$ 9 an anci5t ,*9ese classic--! ,*\-,k+ 7sometimes spelt ,%\-,*+74 ,! actual words us$ may be translat$3--,on ! fir/ day ( ! la/ mon? ( ,autumn ! ,sun & ,moon did n meet h>moni\sly 9 ,fang4 ,to say ! lea/ ( x1 ?is is a mod]ately ambigu\s ann\ncem5t1 & ,*9ese s*ol>s1 bo? a/ronom]s & non-a/ronom]s1 h sp5t a good deal ( "t 9 exam9+ ! v>i\s eclipses :i* might be ?\ght to be repres5t$ by ! inh>moni\s meet+ ( ! ,sun & ! ,moon z above record$4 ,to cut a long /ory %ort1 x is g5]ally agre$ t we are "h consid]+ "o or o!r ( two eclipses ( ! ,sun :i* occurr$ 9 ! ye>s #bacf or #babh ,b4,c4 respectively1 ! ,sun be+ !n 9 ! sid]eal division ,fang1 a locality det]m9$ by ! />s ,greek3 beta1 ,greek3 delta1 ,greek3 pi1 & ,greek3 rho,scorpii1 & :i* includes a few small />s 9 ,libra & ,ophiu*us to ! ,n4 & 9 ,lupus to ! ,s4 ,h[ ?is simple & neat conclusion1 :i* ,i h /at$ ) su* app>5t dogmatism1 0 arriv$ at is q ano!r "q1 & x w\ld h>dly be consi/5t ) ! purpose ( ?is volume to attempt to "w x out 9 detail1 b a few po9ts pres5t$ 9 a summ>y =m may be int]e/+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 be x und]/ood1 t ?\gh x is fa%ionable to ca/ ridicule on ,john ,*9aman1 especially by way ( retaliation = 8 call+ u ,b>b>ians1 yet x is a sure & c]ta9 fact t n only h ! ,*9ese dur+ _m c5turies be5 v att5tive /ud5ts ( ,a/ronomy1 b t we ,we/]ns owe a good deal ( our pres5t k 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts to ! in=mation /or$ up by ,*9ese obs]v]s dur+ _m c5turies bo? be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a digression4 ,! circum/ances ( ?is eclipse z reg>ds its id5tification hav+ be5 c>efully exam9$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,ro?man1#ai 9 #ahci 7 fur!r review$ by ,pr(essor ,s4 ,m4 ,russell 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,pek9 ,ori5tal ,society4#bj ,! sub/ance ( ! case is t 9 ! reign ( ,*ung-,k'ang1 ! f\r? ,emp]or ( ! ,hsia ,dyna/y1 !re occurr$ an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* is int]e/+ n only = its antiquity1 b also = ! dread fate ( ! two ,a/ronom]s ,royal ( ! p]iod1 :o 7 tak5 by surprise at its occurr5ce1 & 7 unprep>$ to p]=m ! cu/om>y rites4 ,^! rites 7 ! %oot+ ( arr[s & ! beat+ ( drums1 gongs1 etc41 ) ! object ( deliv]+ ! ,sun f ! mon/] :i* ?reat5$ to dev\r x4 ,! two a/ronom]s by virtue ( _! (fice %\ld h sup]9t5d$ ^! rites4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 drunk & incapable ( p]=m+ _! duties1 s t great turmoil ensu$1 & x 0 consid]$ t ! l& 0 expos$ to ! ang] ( ! gods4 ,by way ( appeas+ ! gods1 & ( suitably puni%+ ! two ,/ate (ficials = _! neglect & p]sonal misconduct1 !y 7 =?) put to dea?1 a puni%m5t :i* may be said to h be5 some:at excessive1 9 view ( ! fact t ! eclipse 0 n a total b only a p>tial "o4 ,an anonym\s v]se runs3-- ,"h lie ! bodies ( ,ho & ,hi1 ,^: fate ?\gh sad 0 visible-- ,be+ hang$ because !y c\ld n spy ,?' eclipse :i* 0 invisible4 ,x appe>s beyond all reasonable d\bt t ! eclipse 9 "q occurr$ on ,octob] #bb1 #bacf ,b4,c4 ,! prelim9>y difficulties to be got ov] 9 arriv+ at ! date arose f ! fact t !re 0 an unc]ta9ty ( #ajh ye>s 9 ! date :5 ! ,emp]or ,*ung-,k'ang asc5d$ ! ?rone2 & )9 ^! limits ( "t !re 7 #ad possible ye>s 9 :i* an eclipse ( ! ,sun 9 ,fang c\ld h occurr$4 ,!n ! numb] 0 fur!r limit$ by ! necessity ( f9d+ an eclipse :i* c\ld h be5 se5 at ! place :i* 0 ! ,emp]or's capital4 ,! site ( ?is1 aga91 0 a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty4 ,h[ev]1 /ep by /ep1 by a judici\s process ( exhau/ion1 ! ye> #bacf ,b4,c4 0 arriv$ at z ! alt]native to ! previ\sly receiv$ date ( #babh ,b4,c4 ,consid]+ t we are deal+ ) a matt] :i* happ5$ full #djjj ye>s ago1 x may fairly be said t ?is discrepancy is n p]haps mu* to be wond]$ at1 see+ :at disputes (t5 happ5 n[adays z to ! precise date ( ev5ts :i* may h occurr$ b a few ye>s or ev5 a few mon?s be=e ! controv]sy spr+s up4 ,pr(essor ,russell says t3--,"s admir]s ( ! ,*9ese cite ?is eclipse z a pro( ( ! e>ly pr(ici5cy atta9$ by ! ,*9ese 9 a/ronomical calculations4 ,i f9d no gr\nd = t belief 9 ! text4 ,inde$1 = _m c5turies lat]1 ! ,*9ese 7 unable to pr$ict ! position ( ! ,sun accurately among ! />s4 ,!y reli$ :olly on obs]vation to settle _! cal5d>1 ye> by ye>1 & seem to h drawn no conclusions or d$uctions f _! obs]vations4 ,_! cal5d> 0 cont9ually fall+ into confusion4 ,ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is dyna/y1 :5 ! ,jesuits came to ,*9a1 ! ,*9ese a/ronom]s 7 unable to calculate accurately ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ( ! ,sun at ! equ9oxes & sol/ices4 ,x seems to me !re=e v improbable t !y c\ld h be5 able to calculate & pr$ict eclipses4 ,i am n at all sure t ?is is q a fair pres5tation ( ! case4 ,i d n rememb] ev] to h se5 ! p[] to pr$ict eclipses ascrib$ to ! ,*9ese1 b x is a simple matt] ( fact t we owe to !m dur+ _m c5turies unique records ( a va/ numb] ( cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,_! obs]vations ( comets may be s+l$ out z hav+ be5 ( ine/imable value to v>i\s #ai?-c5tury comput]s1 especially ,e4 ,biot & ,j4 ,r4 ,h9d4 ,! second record$ eclipse ( ! ,sun w\ld seem to be also due to ! ,*9ese4 ,confucius relates t dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,yew-,wang an eclipse took place4 ,?is ,emp]or reign$ betwe5 #gha ,b4,c4 & #gga ,b4,c41 & x has be5 g5]ally ?\ght t ! eclipse ( #gge ,b4,c4 is ! "o ref]r$ to1 b ,johnson d\bts ?is on ! gr\nd t ?is eclipse 0 *iefly visible 9 ! circumpol> regions1 & if se5 at all 9 ,*9a mu/ h be5 ( v small dim5sions4 ,he leans to ! eclipse ( ,june #d1 #ghj ,b4,c4 z ! only l>ge "o :i* happ5$ )9 ! limits ( "t /at$ above4 ,an anci5t ,*9ese hi/orical "w1 kn[n z ! ,*un-,tsew1 writt5 by ,confucius1 makes m5tion ( a l>ge numb] ( sol> eclipses :i* occurr$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,?is "w came "u ! notice ( ,m4 ,gaubil1 "o ( ! ,fr5* ,jesuit mission>ies :o lab\r$ 9 ,*9a "s c5tury & a half ago1 & he fir/ gave an acc\nt ( x 9 8 ,trait de la ,*ronologie ,*9oise1 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #aggj4ba ,! ,*un-,tsew is said to be ! only "w really writt5 by ,kung-,foo-,tze1 commonly kn[n z ,confucius1 ! o!r treatises attribut$ to him hav+ be5 compil$ by disciples ( 8 ei!r dur+ 8 life-"t or aft] 8 decease4 ,! ,g]man *ronologi/1 ,idel]1 0 acqua9t$ ) ?is "w1 & 9 a pap] ( 8 own1 pres5t$ to ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 rem>k$3--,:at gives great int]e/ to ?is "w is ! acc\nt ( #cf sol> eclipses obs]v$ 9 ,*9a1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 on ,feb4 #bb1 #gbj ,b4,c41 & ! la/ on ,july #bb1 #die ,b4,c4 ,9 #ahfc ,mr4 ,john ,williams1 !n ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 communicat$ to ! ,society 9 a cond5s$ =m ! p>ticul>s ( ^! eclipses z relat$ 9 ,confucius's book1 toge!r ) "s rem>ks on ! book itself4 ,! ,*un-,tsew treats ( a "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! conf$]at$ nations into :i* ,*9a 0 divid$ dur+ ! ,*[ ,dyna/y1 t is betwe5 #aabb ,b4,c4 & #bee ,b4,c4 ,! p>ticul> p]iod dealt ) is t :i* ext5d$ f #gbb ,b4,c4 to #dgi ,b4,c4 ,x 0 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ?is int]val ( ab\t #bdb ye>s t ,confucius fl\ri%$4 ,b ! book is n q a g5]al hi/ory = x is m p>ticul>ly devot$ to ! small ,/ate ( ,loo ( :i* ,confucius 0 a native1 :]e he pass$ a great portion ( 8 life1 & :]e he 0 advanc$ to ! highe/ hon\rs4 ,x conta9s ! hi/ory ( twelve pr9ces ( ?is ,/ate ) incid5tal notices ( ! o!r conf$]at$ nations4 ,! numb] ( ! ye>s ( ea* reign is accurately det]m9$1 & ! ev5ts are class$ "u ! ye>s 9 :i* !y occurr$4 ,ea* ye> is divid$ into sections accord+ to ! f\r seasons1 ,spr+1 ,summ]1 ,autumn1 ,w9t]1 & ! sections are subdivid$ into mon?s1 & (t5 ! days are di/+ui%$4 ,! "n ,*un-,tsew is said to h be5 giv5 to ?is "w f its hav+ be5 comm5c$ 9 ,spr+ & f9i%$ 9 ,autumn1 b ,williams ?9ks t ! "n r ref]s to ! fact t its cont5ts are divid$ into seasons z /at$4 ,! /yle 9 :i* x is writt5 is v concise1 be+ a b>e m5tion ( facts )\t comm5t1 & al?\gh on ?is acc\nt x might appe> to u dry & un9t]e/+1 x is mu* valu$ by ! ,*9ese z a model ( ! anci5t /yle ( writ+4 ,x =ms "o ( ! ,woo-,k+ or ,five ,classical ,books1 )\t a ?or\gh k ( :i*1 & ( ! ,sze-,%oo or ,f\r ,books1 no man c atta9 to any po/ ( importance 9 ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,! acc\nt ( ea* eclipse is b little m ?an a brief m5tion ( its occurr5ce at a c]ta9 "t4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( ! entries3--,9 ! #eh? ye> ( ! #cbnd cycle 9 ! #ea/ ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,k+-,wang1 ( ! ,*[ ,dyna/y1 ! #crd ye> ( ,y9-,kung1 ,pr9ce ( ,loo1 9 ! spr+1 ! second moon1 on ! day call$ ,kea-,tsze1 !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,?is #eh? ye> ( ! #cbnd cycle answ]s to #gbj ,b4,c4 ,mr4 ,williams 9 ! ye> #ahfc pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society a pap] sett+ out ! :ole ( ! eclipses ( :i* ,i h cit$ b "o example1 conv]t+1 ( c\rse1 ! v complicat$ ,*9ese dates into ,european dates4 ,^! ,*9ese records ( eclipses 7 9 #ahfd subject$ to exam9ation by ! late ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1#bb ) results :i* 7 highly notewor?y1 & ju/ify u 9 repos+ mu* confid5ce 9 ,*9ese a/ronomical "w4 ,airy rem>ks3--,! p]iod ?r\gh :i* ^! eclipses ext5d is includ$ 9 ! "t ?r\gh :i* calculations ( eclipses h be5 made 9 ! ,fr5* "w entitl$ ,l',art de vrifi] les ,dates4 ,i h sev]al times _h occasion to recalculate ) great accuracy eclipses :i* are not$ 9 t "w 7edition ( #ahbj71 & ,i h f\nd t1 to ! limits ( accuracy to :i* x pret5ds1 & :i* are abundantly suffici5t = ! pres5t purpose1 x is p]fectly tru/wor?y4 ,i h !re=e made a comp>ison ( ! ,*un-,tsew eclipses ) ^? ( ,l',art de vrifi] les ,dates4 ,! result is int]e/+4 ,( ! #cf eclipses1 #cb agree ) ^? ( ! ,art de vrifi] les ,dates1 n only 9 ! day1 b also 9 ! g5]al track ( ! eclipse z giv5 9 ! ,art de vrifi]1 :i* appe>s to %[ suffici5tly t ! eclipse w\ld be visible 9 t prov9ce ( ,*9a to :i* ! ,*un-,tsew is ref]r$4 ,airy !n proce$s to po9t out t1 ) reg>d to ! f\r eclipses :i* he c\ld n confirm1 !re _c h be5 eclipses 9 ,april #fde ,b4,c4 or 9 ,june #eib ,b4,c4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f a note by ,williams1 t ! date atta*$ to ! eclipse ( #fde ,b4,c4 is1 9 reality1 an errone\s repetition 79 ! ,*9ese mode ( express+ x7 ( t atta*$ to ! next foll[+ "o1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( correct date x mu/ be reject$4 ,9 ! record ( #eib ,b4,c41 ,june #af1 no cl]ical error is f\nd1 & !re mu/ be an error ( a diff]5t class4 ,! eclipses ( #eeb ,b4,c41 ,septemb] #ai1 & #edi ,b4,c41 ,july #ah1 to :i* !re is no?+ correspond+ 9 ! ,art de vrifi]1 are 9 a diff]5t category4 ,^! occur 9 ! lunations imm$iately succe$+ #eeb ,b4,c41 ,augu/ #bj1 & #edi ,b4,c41 ,june #ai1 respectively1 & !re is no d\bt t ^? :i* agree ) ! ,art de vrifi] 7 real eclipses4 ,n[ !re _c be eclipses visible at ! same place 9 successive lunations1 because ! diff]5ce ( ! ,moon's longitudes is ab\t #bi1 & ! diff]5ce ( latitudes is !re=e ne>ly #c1 :i* is great] ?an ! sum ( ! diamet]s ( ! ,sun & ,moon increas$ by any possible *ange ( p>allax = ! same place4 ,^!1 !re=e1 7 n real eclipses4 ,x seems probable t ! nom9al days 7 set d[n by ! obs]v] 9 8 memor&um book z days on :i* eclipses 7 to be look$ =4 ,airy conjectur$ t ! eclipses ( #eeb ,b4,c41 ,augu/ #bj1 & #edi ,b4,c41 ,june #ai1 7 obs]v$ by "o & ! same p]son1 & t he possess$ sci5ce en\gh to make him connect ! sol> eclipses ) ! *ange ( ! ,moon1 b n en\gh to give him any idea ( ! limitations to ! visibility ( an eclipse4 ,on a subsequ5t occasion ,mr4 ,williams laid be=e ! ,society a fur!r li/ ( sol> eclipses obs]v$ 9 ,*9a1 & ext5d+ f #dha ,b4,c4 to ! ,*ri/ian ,era4 ,he collect$ ^! f a ,*9ese hi/orical "w1 entitl$ ,tung-,ke5-,kang-,muh4 ,?is "w1 :i* runs to #aja volumes1 conta9s a summ>y ( ,*9ese hi/ory f ! e>lie/ times to ! end ( ! ,yu5 ,dyna/y1 ,a4,d4 #acfh1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ ab\t #adgc4 ,! copy 9 ,mr4 ,williams's possession 0 publi%$ 9 #ahjh4 ,! text is v briefly word$1 & consi/s m]ely ( an acc\nt ( ! accessions & dea?s ( ! emp]ors & ( ! rul]s ( ! m9or /ates1 ) "s ( ! m rem>kable occurr5ces 9 ea* reign4 ,! appo9tm5ts & dea?s ( v>i\s em95t p]sonages are also notic$1 toge!r ) special calamities su* z e>?quakes1 inundations1 /orms1 etc4 ,! a/ronomical allusions include eclipses & comets4 ,among/ ! eclipses are also all1 or mo/ ( ^? :i* are record$ 9 ! ,*un-,tsew z hav+ occurr$ prior to #dgi ,b4,c4 ,?\gh no p>ticul> expressions are us$ to def9e ! exact "* ( ! eclipses1 x is to be presum$ t "s ( !m mu/ h be5 total1 because x is /at$ t ! />s 7 visible1 albeit t seem+ly 9 only "o in/ance is a ^w atta*$ :i* specifically expresses ! idea ( totality4 ,"h aga9 all ! dates 7 express$ 9 ,*9ese /yle1 b1 z publi%$ by ,williams1 7 r5d]$1 z be=e1 9 ,european /yle by aid ( *ronological tables1 publi%$ ab\t #ahfj 9 ,japan4 ,mr4 ,williams1 9 8 second pap]1 f :i* ,i h be5 quot+1 /ates t he br\ght 8 publi%$ acc\nt d[n to ! ,*ri/ian ,era only z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 b t he _h 9 h& a fur!r selection ( eclipses f ! ,tung-,ke5-,kang-,muh1 ! int]val f ! ,*ri/ian ,era to ! #d? c5tury ,a4,d4 yield+ ne>ly #ajj additional eclipses4 ,?is fur!r transcript has n yet be5 publi%$1 b rema9s 9 ,,ms4 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,mr4 ,williams di$ 9 #ahgd at ! age ( #gg1 "o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ,*9ese s*ol>s ( ! c5tury4 ,x is rem>kable t none ( ! ,*9ese annals to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made include any m5tion ( eclipses ( ! ,moon2 b ! records ( ,comets are exce$+ly num]\s &1 z ,i h already /at$1 h prov$ ( ! highe/ value to a/ronom]s :o h be5 call$ ^u to inve/igate ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,comets4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ai3 ,memoirs1 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xi4 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,republi%$ 9 ! ,obs]vatory ,magaz9e1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #cbc1 et seq41 #ahie4 ,footnote #ba3 ,a good deal ( in=mation respect+ ,*9ese eclipse records1 s f> z kn[n up to ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai?-c5tury1 w be f\nd 9 ,delambre's ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie ,anci5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahag4 ,footnote #bb3 ,mon?4 ,n41 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #da4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,are ,,eclipses ,,allud$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,bible8 ,an int]e/+ "q has be5 sugge/$3 ,are !re any allusions to eclipses to be f\nd 9 ,holy ,scripture8 ,x seems safe to ass]t t !re is at lea/ "o1 & t !re may be ?ree or f\r4 ,9 ,amos viii4 #i we read3--,i w cause ! ,sun to g d[n at noon1 & ,i w d>k5 ! ,e>? 9 ! cle> day4 ,?is language is s v explicit & applies s precisely to ! circum/ances ( a sol> eclipse t comm5tators are g5]ally agre$ t x c h b "o mean+2#bc & accord+ly x is consid]$ to ref] )\t d\bt to "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ eclipses3--#gia ,b4,c41 #gga ,b4,c41 #ggj ,b4,c41 or #gfc ,b4,c4 ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1#bd ! well-kn[n *ronologi/1 sugge/$ ! fir/ ?ree m ?an two c5turies ago1 :il/ ! eclipse ( #gfc ,b4,c4 0 sugge/$ 9 rec5t times & is n[ g5]ally accept$ z ! "o ref]r$ to4 ,! circum/ances connect$ ) ! discov]y & id5tification ( ! eclipse ( #gfc ,b4,c4 are v int]e/+4 ,! date :5 ,amos wrote is set d[n 9 ! m>g9 ( our ,bibles z #ghg ,b4,c4 & if ?is date is correct x foll[s t = 8 /atem5t to h be5 a pr$iction he mu/ be allud+ to "s eclipse ( lat] date ?an #ghg ,b4,c4 ,?is obvi\s assumption n only %uts out ! eclipse ( #gia ,b4,c41 b op5s ! door to ! acceptance ( ! eclipse ( #gfc ,b4,c4 ,app>5tly ! fir/ mod]n writ] :o look$ into ! matt] aft] ,ar*bi%op ,u%] 0 ! ,g]man comm5tator ,hitzig :o sugge/$ ! eclipse ( ,feb4 #i1 #ghd ,b4,c4 ,dr4 ,pusey 0 s f> tak5 ) ?is idea t he ?\ght x wor? :ile to secure ! co-op]ation ( ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,ma91 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ! ,radcliffe ,obs]v] at ,ox=d1 = ! purpose ( a full inve/igation4 ,mr4 ,ma9 _h ! circum/ances ( t eclipse calculat$1 ) ! result t ?\gh ! eclipse 0 inde$ total 9 ,africa & ,h9do/an1 yet at ,sam>ia x 0 only p>tial & ( no consid]able magnitude4 ,dr4 ,pusey's words1 summ+ up ! situation are3--,! eclipse !n w\ld h>dly h be5 noticeable at ,sam>ia1 c]ta9ly v f> inde$ f be+ an eclipse ( su* magnitude1 z c\ld 9 any degree correspond ) ! expression1 ',i w cause ! ,sun to g d[n at noon4' 444 ,be=eh&1 "o %\ld n h expect$ t an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 be+ itself a regul> natural ph5om5on1 & hav+ no connection ) ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god1 %\ld h be5 ! subject ( ! prophet's pr$iction4 ,/ill x _h a religi\s impressiv5ess !n1 above :at x has n[1 on acc\nt ( t wide-prevail+ idolatry ( ! ,sun4 ,x exhibit$ ! object ( _! false wor%ip1 %orn ( its light1 & passive4 ,dr4 ,pusey's ,comm5t>y f :i* ! above quotation is made#be be>s ! date #ahgc1 b he appe>s n to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! important discov]y ann\nc$ no less ?an six ye>s previ\sly by ! di/+ui%$ ,ori5tal s*ol>1 ,sir ,h4 ,c4 ,rawl9son4 ,! discov]y to :i* ,i allude is a contempor>y record on an ,assyrian tablet ( a sol> eclipse :i* 0 se5 at ,n9eveh ab\t #bd ye>s aft] ! reput$ date ( ,amos's prophecy4 ,?is tablet _h be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,h9ckes 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ,report = #ahed b its *ronological importance _h n !n be5 realis$4 ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son#bf speaks ( ! tablet z a record ( or regi/] ( ! annual ar*ons at ,n9eveh4 ,he says3--,9 ! eighte5? ye> be=e ! accession ( ,tigla?-,piles] !re is a notice to ! foll[+ effect--',9 ! mon? ,sivan an eclipse ( ! ,sun took place' & to m>k ! great importance ( ! ev5t a l9e is drawn across ! tablet al?\gh no int]ruption takes place 9 ! (ficial ord] ( ! ,eponymes4 ,"h !n we h notice ( a sol> eclipse :i* 0 visible at ,n9eveh :i* occurr$ )9 #ij days ( ! 7v]nal7 equ9ox 7tak+ t z ! normal comm5cem5t ( ! ye>7 & :i* we may presume to h be5 total f ! prom95ce giv5 to ! record1 & ^! are conditions :i* dur+ a c5tury be=e & aft] ! era ( ,nabonass> are alone fulfill$ by ! eclipse :i* took place on ,june #ae1 #gfc4 ,?is record 0 submitt$ to ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy & ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,h9d1 & ! circum/ances ( ! eclipse 7 comput$ by ! latt]1 by ! aid ( ,hans5's ,lun> ,tables & ,le ,v]ri]'s ,sol> ,tables4 ,! result1 :5 plott$ on a map1 %[$ t ! %ad[ l9e j miss$ ! site ( ,n9eveh1 b t a v slight & unimportant deviation f ! result ( ! ,tables w\ld br+ ! %ad[ ov] ! city ( ,n9eveh :]e ! eclipse 0 obs]v$1 & ov] ,sam>ia :]e x 0 pr$ict$4 ,! id5tification ( ?is eclipse1 bo? z reg>ds its "t & place1 has also prov$ a matt] ( importance 9 ! revision ( ,scripture *ronology1 by l[]+1 to ! ext5t ( #be ye>s1 ! reigns ( ! k+s ( ! ,jewi% mon>*y4 ,! ne$ = ?is revision is fur!r confirm$1 if we assume t ! celebrat$ incid5t 9 ! life ( ,k+ ,hezekiah1 describ$ z ! retrogradation ( ! ,sun's %ad[ on ! dial ( ,ahaz1 is to be int]pret$ z connect$ ) a p>tial eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,we w n[ consid] ?is ev5t1 & see :at c be made out ( x4 ,"o ,scripture record 7#b ,k+s xx4 #aa7 is z foll[s3--,& ,isaiah ! prophet cri$ unto ! ,"l3 & he br\ght ! %ad[ t5 degrees backw>d1 by :i* x _h gone d[n 9 ! dial ( ,ahaz4 ,?is passage has greatly ex]cis$ comm5tators ( all cre$s 9 diff]5t ages ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! mo/ div]g5t op9ions h be5 express$ z to :at happ5$4 ,?is has be5 due to two causes jo9tly4 ,n only is ! occurr5ce incompreh5sible1 look$ at on ! surface ( ! words1 b we are entirely ignorant ( ! con/ruction ( ! s-call$ dial ( ,ahaz1 & h little or no mat]ial directly available f outside s\rces to enable u to come to a cle> & safe conclusion4 ,no d\bt1 h[ev]1 x 0 a sun-dial1 or gnomon ( "s k9d4 ,bi%op ,wordswor? lays /ress on ! app>5t ass]tion t ! miracle 0 n wr\ght on any o!r dial at ,j]usalem except t ( ,ahaz1 ! fa!r ( ,hezekiah1 & he treats z a confirmation ( ?is ! /atem5t 9 #b ,*ron4 xxxii4 #ca1 t ambassadors came f ,babylon to ,j]usalem1 be+ curi\s to le>n all ab\t ! wond] t _h be5 done 9 ! l& 7i4e4 9 ! l& ( ,judah74 ,b !re is m tak5 = grant$ "h ?an is necess>y1 or1 z we %all pres5tly see1 is ju/ifiable4 ,to beg9 )1 h[ d we "k t !re 0 any o!r dial at ,j]usalem l t ( ,ahaz8 ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 we mu/ make a new dep>ture altoge!r1 = x has be5 sugge/$ 7,i "k n exactly by :om1 or :5 = ! fir/ "t7 t an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 w\ld expla9 all t happ5$1 & reconcile all t has to be reconcil$4 ,:at happ5$ to ,hezekiah is ?\ght by _m to imply cle>ly a miracle1 & x may be said t an eclipse ( ! ,sun _c be held to be a miracle#bg by ! ord9>y def9ition ( ! ^w4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x c]ta9ly might c\nt z su* 9 ! eyes ( ignorant spectators1 :o "k no?+ ( ! !ory or practice ( eclipses1 & :o w\ld reg>d su* a ?+ z q un=ese51 unexpect$1 & al>m+4 ,illu/rations ( ?is might be multipli$ f all p>ts ( ! _w1 9 all ages ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,let u see n[ :at ! argum5t is1 z x 0 work$ out by ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,bosanquet1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,%ortly be=e ! invasion ( ,juda by ,s5na*]ib--say 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #fhi ,b4,c4--,hezekiah 0 sick unto dea?4 ,9 answ] to 8 f]v5t pray] = recov]y ! prophet ,isaiah 0 s5t to him ) ?is message3--,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ,david ?y ,fa!r1 ,i h he>d ?y pray]1 ,i h se5 ?y te>s2 behold1 ,i w add unto ?y days fifte5 ye>s 444 & ,i w def5d ?is city1 & ?is %all be a sign unto !e f ! ,"l1 t ! ,"l w d ?is ?+ t ,he ha? spok54 ,behold1 ,i w br+ aga9 ! %ad[ ( ! degrees1 :i* is gone d[n 9 ! sun-dial ( ,ahaz t5 degrees backw>d4 ,s ! ,sun return$ t5 degrees1 by :i* degrees x _h gone d[n4 7,isaiah xxxviii4 #e-h74 ,9 ^! words we evid5tly h m5tion ( "s in/rum5t erect$ 9 ,hezekiah's palace1 9 ! days ( 8 fa!r ,ahaz1 = %[+ ! *ange 9 ! position ( ! %ad[ ca/ by ! ,sun f day to day4 ,?is /atem5t is confirm$ by a pr(ane writ]1 ,glycas1 :o /ates3 ,!y say t ,ahaz1 by "s contrivance1 _h erect$ 9 8 palace c]ta9 /eps1 :i* %[$ ! h\rs ( ! day1 & also measur$ ! c\rse ( ! ,sun4 ,! idea involv$ 9 br++ aga91 ?r\gh t5 degrees backw>d1 ! %ad[ ( ! degrees :i* _h gone d[n1 is v notewor?y4 ,we seem int5d$ to le>n f ^! words sev]al ?+s4 ,= "o ?+ 7to beg9 )7 t ! /eps 7z we mu/ consid] !m to h be57 on ?is sun-dial ( ,ahaz1 7 turn$ away f ! ,sun4 ,= only 9 t position c\ld !y ca/ _! %ad[1 or c\ld ! numb] ( ! illum9at$ /eps be v>i$1 upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 accord+ to ! v>y+ altitude ( ! sun4 ,! only conceivable use ( a fix$ in/rum5t s plac$ w\ld be to %[ ! rise & fall ( ! %ad[ f day to day1 z ! ,sun on ! m]idian gradually rose high] betwe5 mid-w9t] & mid-summ]1 or desc5d$ l[] betwe5 mid-summ] & mid-w9t]1 9 pass+ ( c\rse ?r\gh ! w9t] & summ] sol/ices 9 turn4 ,no simple motion ( ! ,sun 9 its ord9>y diurnal progress w\ld produce ! effect describ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally cle> t ! %ad[ ca/ by a gnomon prop]ly adju/$ at ! head ( su* a s]ies ( /eps w\ld travel upw>ds & d[nw>ds ^u ! /eps ) ! ,sun1 f w9t] to summ] & f summ] to w9t]1 indicat+ at ea* noon ! m]idian altitude ( ! ,sun f day to day1 ! latitude ( ,j]usalem be+ #ca #dg'1 & ! ,sun's altitude !re on ! %orte/ day be+ #cd #da'4 ,if ! gnomon 7 rais$ above ! topmo/ /ep s z to br+ ! tip ( ! gnomon or any ap]ture 9 x s mu* above ! /ep z w\ld be ! equival5t ( #b #ed' or slightly m1 !n ! top ( ! %ad[ ( ! gnomon 7or a spot ( light pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 x7 w\ld1 on ! %orte/ day ( ! ye>1 fall j beyond ! l[]mo/ /ep4 ,an in/rum5t con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple j set =? 0 kn[n to & us$ by ! ,greek a/ronom]s ( antiquity "u ! "n ( a ,scio!ron or %ad[-tak]4 ,sometimes1 & p]haps m prop]ly1 x 0 call$ a ,heliotropion1 t is1 an in/rum5t design$ to indicate ! turn+ ( ! ,sun at ! ,tropics4#bh ,?is1 be x rememb]$1 0 in=mation ne$$ by ! anci5ts = ! correct regulation ( ! seasons ( ! ye>1 & ( special s]vice to ! ,jews ^: great] fe/ivals 7 fix$ 9 connection ) ! seasons4 ,!re is reason to believe t in/rum5ts ( ?is "* 7 ( e>ly inv5tion1 go+ back p]haps to ! times ( ,hom]1 = we f9d a passage 9 ! ,odyssey1 7xv4 #djc7 z foll[s3-- ,above ,ortygia lies an isle ( fame ,f> h5ce remote1 & ,syria ,syros is ! "n2 ,!re curi\s eyes inscrib'd ) wond] trace ,! ,sun's diurnal & 8 summ] race4 ,pope's r5d]+ ( ?is passage fails1 h[ev]1 to br+ out ! sali5t idea involv$4 ,but*] & ,lang translate ! passage ?us3--,!re is a c]ta9 isle call$ ,syria1 if haply ?\ ha/ he>d tell ( x1 ov] above ,ortygia1 & !re are ! turn+-places ( ! ,sun4 ,m]ry#bi calls ^! isl& names m]e inv5tions ( ! poet4 ,x seems to me a great "q :e!r ,hom]'s words really support ! /atem5t ,i h made j be=e quot+ x4 ,diog5es ,lartius ref]s to ?is same in/rum5t :5 he speaks ( ! ,heliotropion pres]v$ 9 ! ,isl& ( ,syra4#cj ,accord+ to ,lartius1 ,anaxim&]#ca 0 ! fir/ ,greek to use gnomons1 :i* he plac$ on ! ,scio!ra ( ,lac$mon1 = ! express purpose ( indicat+ ! ,tropics & ,equ9oxes4 ,^! ,scio!ra 7 pyramidal 9 =m4 ,an obelisk 0 ! simple/1 ?\gh an imp]fect =m ( ,heliotropion1 m>k+ indi/9ctly ! l5g? ( a %ad[ at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 especially ! extremes ( l5g? & %ortness at mid-w9t] & mid-summ]4 ,x is p]haps int]e/+ to m5tion t travell]s h record$1 9 v>i\s places1 v>i\s devices = furni%+ in=mation respect+ ^! matt]s4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,milan ,ca!dral ! m]idian l9e is m>k$ on ! pavem5t1 & along ?is l9e1 an image ( ! ,sun com+ ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! s\!rn wall travels backw>ds & =w>ds dur+ ! ye> accord+ to ! seasons4 ,"s ,jesuit mission>ies :o visit$ ,*9a ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 notic$ a device ( ?is "* 9 op]ation at ! ,obs]vatory at ,pek94 ,a gnomon _h be5 set up 9 a l[ room & "o ( ! mission>ies1 ,m4 ,le ,comte1 describes 9 ! foll[+ words :at !y saw 9 connection ) ?is gnomon3--,! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! rays ( ! ,sun came 0 ab\t #h ft4 above ! floor2 x is horizontal & =m$ ( two pieces ( copp]1 :i* may be turn$ s z to be f>!r f1 or clos] to1 ea* o!r to enl>ge or contract ! ap]ture4 ,l[] 0 a table ) a brass plate 9 ! middle on :i* 0 trac$ a m]idian l9e #ae ft4 long1 divid$ by transv]se l9es :i* are nei!r f9i%$ nor exact4 ,all r\nd ! table !re are small *annels to receive ! wat]1 :]eby x is to be levell$4#cb ,all ?is may seem r a digression1 & s x is1 b ,i am foll[+ ,mr4 ,bosanquet h]e9 9 ord] ! bett] to ju/ify ! argum5t t x 0 an eclipse ( ! ,sun :i* m>k$ ! important incid5t 9 ,hezekiah's life :i* has be5 h&$ d[n to u by ! sacr$ writ]4 ,x is evid5t t if a flight ( /eps 7 erect$ on ! pr9ciples :i* 7 set =? above1 ! /eps slop+ upw>ds & s\?w>ds 7= ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e7 f ! l[e/ /ep to )9 a few in*es bel[ an ap]ture 9 ! gnomon suitably arrang$1 ! ray or image ( ! ,sun1 :i*ev] x 01 w\ld travel day by day up & d[n su* /eps betwe5 sol/ice & sol/ice4 ,we may conclude1 !re=e1 t ! in/rum5t :i* ,hezekiah gaz$ at1 & :i* is call$ 9 ,scripture1 ! ,dial ( ,ahaz1 0 :at ! ,greeks w\ld h t]m$ a ,heliotropion4 ,! hi/orian's record is to ! effect t on ! day ( ,hezekiah's recov]y an extraord9>y motion ( ! %ad[ 0 obs]v$ on ! ,/eps ( ,ahaz by ! ris+ ( ! %ad[ t5 /eps f ! po9t to :i* x _h gone d[n ) ! ,sun4 ,?is effect is spok5 ( n z a miracle b z a sign4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! cure ( ,hezekiah 0 effect$ n by a miracle b by a simple application ( a lump ( figs4 ,! promise ( 8 recov]y 0 confirm$ by ! motion ( ! %ad[ z already /at$4 ,we are ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 look+ = "s ord9>y natural ph5om5on by :i* to acc\nt = ?is peculi> motion on ! dial1 & some?+ miracul\s is n ess5tial4 ,dean ,milman once sugge/$ t ! effect might h be5 produc$ by a cl\d refract+ ! light4 ,no d\bt a d>k cl\d might produce an app>5t int]f]5ce ) ! %ad[1 b x is well po9t$ out by ,bosanquet t su* a cause z a cl\d w\ld h be5 s manife/ to ev]yone1 & ! effect s transi5t1 t ! ph5om5on c\ld h>dly h be5 ref]r$ to aft]w>ds z x 0 9 ano!r place z a wond] t 0 done 9 ! l&4 7#b ,*ron4 xxxii4 #ca74 ,x becomes1 !re=e1 alike an obvi\s & a simple explanation t a %ad[ caus$ by ! ,sun might be deflect$ d[nw>ds on su* an in/rum5t ) a regul> & /eady motion by ! ,moon pass+ sl[ly ov] ! upp] "p ( ! ,sun's disc1 z ,sun & ,moon bo? approa*$ ! m]idian4 ,! critical "q has n[ to be rais$3 ,c a/ronom]s in=m u :e!r a consid]able eclipse ( ! ,sun occurr$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #fhi ,b4,c4 any:]e ne> noon & :i* 0 visible at ,j]usalem8 ,& ! answ] to ?is x is int]e/+ to be able to say is a pla9 & di/9ct affirmative4 ,!re 0 a l>ge p>tial eclipse ( ! ,sun on ,janu>y #aa1 #fhi ,b4,c41 ab\t #aa4cj ,a4,m41 & x 0 ! upp] limb :i* und]w5t eclipse4 ,?is eclipse fulfils all ! requirem5ts ( ! case1 bo? f ! hi/orian's & ! a/ronom]'s po9t ( view4 ,x occurr$ ab\t ! ye> fix$ by ,demetrius z t ( ,hezekiah's illness3 x occurr$ :ile ! ,sun 0 approa*+ & actually pass+ ! m]idian2 ! obscuration 0 on t "p ( ! ,sun's disc 7namely ! upp] "p7 :i* w\ld h _h ! effect ( caus+ ! po9t ( light1 :i* w\ld seem to emanate f ! ,sun1 to appe> to be depress$ d[nw>ds2 & x 0 visible at ,j]usalem4 ,b !re /ill rema9s = consid]ation ! f9al & mo/ important "q1 ,w\ld a deflection ( light proce$+ f ! ,sun1 reg>d$ z a mov+ body1 be capable ( affect+1 to ! ext5t ( 't5 /eps1' ! %ad[ on su* an in/rum5t z has be5 describ$8 ,& aris+ out ( ?is1 !re is ! subord9ate "q1 ,w\ld ,janu>y1 be+ ! mon? :5 ?is eclipse c]ta9ly occurr$1 also be a mon? suitable = ! exhibition ( su* a ph5om5on8 ,x is asc]ta9able by calculation t ! "t occupi$ by ! ,moon 9 pass+ ov] ! ,sun1 9 ! way x did dur+ ?is eclipse1 0 ab\t #b h\rs4 ,b f ! "t ( c5tral conjunction1 :5 ! obscuration 0 ! greate/ & ! po9t ( light depress$ ! mo/1 to ! "t :5 ! upp]mo/ portion ( ! ,sun's disc 0 releas$ by ! ea/w>d motion ( ! ,moon1 & ! light f t upp]mo/ portion 0 aga9 manife/1 0 ab\t #bj m9utes1 & ?is1 !re=e1 0 ! "t dur+ :i* ! ph5om5on ( retrogression on ! /eps w\ld h be5 exhibit$ to ! ,k+'s eyes4 ,assum+ !n t ! "t :5 ! asc5d+ %ad[ _h travell$ upw>ds to ! t5? /ep co9cid$1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! "t :5 ! ,sun _h rea*$ its highe/ altitude = ! day1 at noon1 we inf] t ! "t ( c5tral conjunction dur+ ?is eclipse 0 n lat] ?an f #bj to #ae m9utes be=e noon4 ,x c\ld n h be5 mu* e>li]1 because ! ph5om5on ( ! re/+ ( ! %ad[ = a "t at its app>5tly highe/ po9t = ! day 7:i* prec$$ ! promise t x %\ld rise t5 /eps7 has also to be acc\nt$ =1 & ?is cessation ( its motion upw>ds c\ld n h tak5 place till ab\t #be m9utes be=e noon1 :5 ! decreas+ motion ( ! ,sun 9 altitude 7or its slack5+ motion upw>ds z x approa*$ mid-day7 w\ld h become c\nt]act$ by ! com+ on ( ! eclipse4 ,n[ at #aa4ce ,a4,m4 ! sun's disc w\ld h ris5 to ! altitude ( #ce #h'2 & ! highe/ visible po9t ( light w\ld1 ow+ to ! eclipse1 !n h be5 ab\t #ce #d'2 & at #aa4dj ,a4,m41 be+ ! "t ( greate/ obscuration1 ! extreme cusps ( light produc$ by ! int]v5tion ( ! ,moon w\ld /ill h /ood at ab\t #ce #d'1 j #bc' bel[ ! highe/ po9t ( light at noon 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! :ole disc ( ! sun _h n[ ris5 above ! gnomon1 yet no motion ( ! %ad[ on ! /eps _h be5 obs]v$ = fully five m9utes4 ,! "t %[n by ! dial 0 seem+ly mid-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,janu>y #aa1 #fhi ,b4,c41 ,,at ,,j]usalem4 ,sun's app>5t semi-diamet] #af' #ac ,moon's #ae' #ac ,moon's relative h\rly motion 9 decl9ation #e' #dd nor?w>d4 ,"r asc5sion1 #bi' #cc ea/w>d4 ,correct$ = ,j]usalem1 #ai' #db ea/w>d4 ,altitude ( ! ,gnomon1 #cd #da' #ac4 ,,sun',s ,,altitude ,,be=e ,,& ,,at ,,noon4 ,illu/ration3 ,phase at #bj m9utes be=e noon4 ,illu/ration3 ,phase at noon4 ,we h n[ to consid] to :at ext5t w\ld a /aircase ris+ at an angle ( #ca #dg' t[>ds ! ,sun1 ) a gnomon s plac$ at ! top z to ca/ a %ad[ to ! foot ( ! l[] /ep on ! %orte/ day ( ! ye> be affect$ by a movem5t 9 a p]p5dicul> direction ( ! po9t ( light to ! ext5t ( #bc'1 or #a_/c ( a degree8 ,! effect w\ld be widely diff]5t at diff]5t times ( ! ye>1 be+ greate/ at mid-w9t] :5 ! %ad[s are longe/1 & lea/ at mid-summ] :5 ! %ad[s are %orte/4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ,janu>y #ac be+ a day b ?ree weeks remov$ f mid-w9t] day ! normal %ad[ w\ld be n f> f its longe/ possible l5g?1 & ! effect ( a displacem5t ( #bc' w\ld be nei!r m nor less ?an #a_/ab? ( ! :ole range ( ! /eps :atev] t range might h be54 ,?is ext5t ( motion1 !n1 is fully suffici5t to satisfy ! condition prescrib$ by ! ,biblical n>rative ( !re be+ su* a deflection ( ! ,sun's light z w\ld affect ! %ad[ to ! ext5t impli$ by ! words t5 /eps or t5 degrees1 :i* is virtually ! same idea4 ,! same ext5t ( motion c\ld n h be5 produc$ "u ! same conditions ei!r a few days e>li] or a few days lat]2 t may c]ta9ly be tak5 = grant$4 ,& ! only po9t 9 :i* we are necess>ily 9 d\bt arises f ! fact t we are ignorant ( ! actual numb] & nature ( ! graduations ( ,ahaz's s-call$ ,dial4 ,if x 7 p]missible to assume t !re 7 #abj graduations on ! in/rum5t1 be !y /eps prop]ly s-call$ on a /ructure erect$ 9 ! op5 air or be !y l9es on a flat surface on "s in/rum5t /&+ 9 a room1 or :at n1 !n ! problem is solv$1 = #a_/ab 7z above7 ( #abj is t5--! t5 degrees /at$ 9 ! hi/ory4 ,z to :e!r ! dial ( ,ahaz 0 a device built up ( masonry 9 ! op5 air or 0 an in/rum5t = indoor use we "k absolutely no?+1 & speculation is useless4 ,!re is some?+ to be said on bo? sides4 ,bosanquet1 on ab/ract gr\nds1 leans to ! latt] view2 on ! o!r h& he calls att5tion to ! pres5t exi/5ce 9 ,india1 at ,delhi & ,b5>es1 ( ru9$ ,h9doo obs]vatories 9 ! =m ( huge masonry sun-dials _m y>ds 9 l5g? & bread? & height4#cc ,f9ally x may be po9t$ out t !re is "s incid5tal confirmation to be f\nd = ?is ,hezekiah incid5t hav+ happ5$ 9 w9t]4 ,t ! season ( ! ye> 0 w9t] seems to be sugge/$ by ! ^w us$ 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew 9 connection ) ! return ( ! %ad[4 ,backw>d 9 ,isaiah xxxviii4 #h might also be translat$1 ,f ! end4 ,x w\ld be v natural to hold t ?is impli$ t ! motion ( ! %ad[ 0 upw>ds f ! l[] end ( ! gr\p ( /eps t[>ds :i* ! %ad[ _h gone d[n4 ,n[ ! l[] end ( ! /eps c\ld only h be5 ! place ( ! %ad[ 9 ,decemb] or ,janu>y at or ne> ! "t ( ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,moreov] ! m5tion ( ! lump ( figs seems to sugge/ ! w9t] season4 ,a cake ( figs means dri$ figs1 n newly ga!r$ summ] figs4 ,putt+ all ! facts toge!r we may fairly conclude t ! a/ronomical ev5t :i* happ5$ 9 connection ) ,hezekiah's illness 0 an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 & t its date 0 ,janu>y #aa1 #fhi ,b4,c4 ,a few o!r ,scripture passages ne$ a pass+ m5tion4 ,9 ,isaiah xiii4 #aj we read3-- ,! ,sun %all be d>k5$ 9 8 go+ =?1 & ! ,moon %all n cause h] light to %9e4 ,x has be5 ?\ght by ,johnson t ?is passage is an allusion to an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 & s x might be2 b on ! o!r h&1 x may be no m ?an "o ( ^? highly figurative phrases :i* ab\nd 9 holy ,scripture1 & ( :i* ! well-kn[n passage1 ,! />s 9 _! c\rses f\ght aga9/ ,sis]a 7,judges v4 #bj71 is a famili> example4 ,9 ,j]emiah x4 #b we read3-- ,be n dismay$ at ! signs ( heav52 = ! hea!n are dismay$ at !m4 ,?is is cit$ z an eclipse allusion by ,johnson1 :o po9ts out t ! utt]ance ( ?is caution prec$$ by ab\t fifte5 ye>s ! celebrat$ eclipse ( ,?ales 7#ehe ,b4,c474 ,b surely ?is is f>-fet*$4 ,i %all be incl9$ to atta* ! same criticism to 8 next citation4 ,ezekiel employs ^! expressions3--,:5 ,i %all put !e out1 ,i w cov] ! heav51 & make ! />s !re( d>k2 ,i w cov] ! ,sun ) a cl\d1 & ! ,moon %all n give h] light 7xxxii4 #g74 ,?is language resembles1 9 no small degree1 ,isaiah's1 already quot$1 &1 l t1 might apply to ! ph5om5on ( a sol> eclipse1 b :e!r t 0 actually ! prophet's int5tion is ano!r matt]4 ,he may h witness$ ! eclipse ( #ehe ,b4,c4 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,*eb>1 & t spectacle may h put ?is imag]y into 8 head4 ,fur!r ?an ?is x seems h>dly safe to g4 ,?is seems an appropriate place to m5tion a v int]e/+ matt]1 to :i* att5tion has be5 call$ by ,ori5tal s*ol>s 9 rec5t times1 :o h inve/igat$ ,assyrian & ,egyptian monum5ts1 & o!r monum5ts ( ! same type4 ,! /ory w\ld be a long & int]e/+ "o if pres5t$ 9 detail1 & w\ld f> exce$ my limits ( space4 ,i mu/1 !re=e1 be cont5t ) su* a summ>y z t :i* has be5 work$ out by ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,maund]4 ,briefly ! facts are ^!4 ,!re are to be f\nd 9 _m places c>v+s 9 /one1 symbolic ( ! ,sun-god once wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! g5]al design1 ) ( c\rse v>iations1 is a circle ) /riat$ w+s ext5d+ "r & left to two diamet]s ( ! w+1 m or less1 ) a less] ext5sion 9 a d[nw>d direction4 ,all[+ = ! r\ghness ( ! art1 & = ! fact t ! mat]ial 0 /one1 x does n require any v great /ret* ( imag9ation to see 9 ^! c>v+s ! disc ( a totally-eclips$ ,sun )1 "r & left & bel[ x1 t =m ( corona :i* we h come to associate ) total eclipses occurr+ at p]iods ( ,sun-spot m9ima4#cd ,?is idea %\ld n seem f>-fet*$ if we be> 9 m9d ! fact t ! anci5t ,ori5tals wor%ipp$ ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,planets2 & "o ( ! natural outcomes ( ?is is submitt$ = our consid]ation by ,maund] 9 ! words foll[+#ce3-- ,!re c be little d\bt t ! ,sun 0 reg>d$ p>tly z a symbol1 p>tly z a manife/ation ( ! unse51 unapproa*able ,div9ity4 ,its light & heat1 its p[] ( call+ into active ex]cise ! my/]i\s =ces ( g]m9ation & rip5+1 ! univ]sality ( its influ5ce1 all seem$ ! fit expressions ( ! yet great] p[]s :i* belong$ to ! ,invisible4 ,:at happ5$ 9 a total sol> eclipse8 ,= a %ort "t t :i* seem$ s p]fect a div9e symbol 0 completely hidd54 ,! light & heat1 ! two great =ms ( sol> en]gy1 7 )drawn1 b some?+ took _! place4 ,a my/]i\s light ( my/]i\s =m1 unlike any o!r light1 unlike any o!r s+le =m1 0 se5 9 its place4 ,c\ld !y fail to see 9 ?is a clos]1 a m intimate revelation1 a m exalt$ symbolism ( ! ,div9e ,nature & ,pres5ce8 ,j z 9 ! v>i\s ,greek 'my/]ies' ! /ud5t 0 gradually advanc$ f "o set ( symbols to ano!r ev5 m ab/ruse & esot]ic1 s "h1 on ! broad face ( heav5 itself1 v\*saf$ = a brief space ( "t & at long int]vals ap>t1 ! ,deity reveal$ ,himself to ! initiat$ by a high] & m difficult symbol ?an ord9>ily4 ,! symbol w\ld v>y 9 %ape4 ,we may take x = grant$ t ! old ,*aldeans1 z mod]n a/ronom]s to-day1 _h at "o "t or ano!r pres5t$ to !m e type ( ,coronal /ructure4 ,b !re w\ld1 no d\bt1 be a difficulty 9 grasp+ or rememb]+ ! irregul> details ( ! ,corona z se5 9 mo/ eclipses4 ,x occasionally happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! ,corona %[s itself "u a =m ( gr& & /rik+ simplicity4 ,x is n[ widely recognis$ t ! typical ,corona ( ! m9imum ( ! ,sun-spot cycle consi/s *iefly ( two great equatorial /ream]s4 ,maund] !n goes on to cite c]ta9 ,am]ican pictures by ,tr\velot & o!rs ( ! eclipse ( ,july #bi1 #ahgh1 9 :i* ! great ext5sion ( ! ,corona to ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ is specially %[n4 ,"o draw+ 9 p>ticul>1 by ,miss ,k4 ,e4 ,wolcott1 exhibits ! ,sun ) a p]fect bright r+ r\nd x f :i* ! ,coronal /ream]s emanate 9 ! directions m5tion$4 ,maund] !n rem>ks t he has a /rong conviction t x 0 a ,corona ( ?is type :i* 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,r+ ) ,w+s1 ! symbol :i* on ,assyrian monum5ts is always %[n z float+ ov] ! head ( ! r+ :i* is design$ to indicate ! pres5ce & protection ( ! ,deity4 ,9 ! article cit$ he gives illu/rations ( two =ms "u :i* ! ,r+ ) ,w+s appe>s on ,assyrian & ,egyptian monum5ts respectively1 rem>k+ t ,egyptians too 7 ,a/ronom]s & ,sun-wor%ipp]s & 7 exp]ts 9 ! language ( symbols4 ,equally ) ! ,*aldeans ! ,egyptian prie/s %\ld h reg>d$ ! ,corona z a symbolical revelation ( ! ,deity ^: usual manife/ation !y recognis$ 9 ! ,sun1 & accord+ly we f9d !m employ+ a symbol :i* is almo/ z p]fect a repres5tation ( ! ,corona ( m9imum z t :i* ! ,assyrians adopt$4 ,ano!r curi\s po9t comm5t$ ^u by ,maund] is t ! ,assyrians frequ5tly ins]t ! figure ( _! ,deity )9 ! r+1 & atta* !reto a kilt-l dress4 ,ev5 :5 !y %[ ! r+ )\t ! figure ! kilt1 z x may be call$1 is /ill !re1 indicat+ t x is n simply a g>m5t worn by ! figure1 b an integral "p ( ! symbol4 ,?is kilt is repres5t$ z pleat$1 & ! resemblance ( ! pleat+s to ! pol> rays %[n 9 ,tr\velot's draw+ ( ! ,corona1 is practically p]fect4 ,on ?is po9t ,maund] adds3--,if ?is be a m]e *ance co9cid5ce1 x seems to me a mo/ extraord9>y "o4 ,he concludes by say+ t ^! symbols1 s frequ5tly met )1 & s cle>ly design$ to indicate ! pres5ce ( ! ,deity1 are1 9 _! orig91 draw+s ( ! sol> ,corona1 z se5 at ! ,sun-spot m9imum1 & z su* are ! e>lie/ eclipse repres5tations :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,i give ^! ideas = :at !y are wor?2 !y are v +5i\sly work$ out1 & ?\gh ! argum5t is n conclusive1 yet ,i d ?9k t !re is en\gh 9 x to be wor? att5tion4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bc3 ,less c]ta9 is ! allusion 9 ,amos v4 #h3--,seek him t 444 make? ! day d>k ) night4 ,footnote #bd3 ,annales1 ,a4,m41 #cbac1 p4 #de4 ,folio ,ed4 ,footnote #be3 ,m9or ,prophets1 p4 #bag4 ,footnote #bf3 ,a!num1 ,may #ah1 #ahfg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,aft] all1 d ! circum/ances necess>ily presuppose a miracle8 ,hezekiah _h only ask$ = a sign4 ,9 #b ,*ron4 xxxii4 #ca ! ^w wond] is appli$ to ! ev5t4 ,footnote #bh3 ,h5ce ! ^w ,tropic1 f ,greek3 trep 7,i turn74 ,footnote #bi3 ,hom]1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bee4 ,cl>5don ,press ,s]ies4 ,footnote #cj3 ,life ( ,ph]ecydes1 sec4 #f4 ,footnote #ca3 ,life ( ,anaxim&]1 sec4 #c4 ,footnote #cb3 ,du ,halde's ,*9a1 #crd edition1 #agda1 vol4 iii4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #cc3 ,pap] by ,w4 ,hunt] 9 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 v41 p4 #aij4 ,! ,b5>es ,obs]vatory is describ$ by ,sir ,r4 ,b>k] 9 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lxvii41 p4 #eih4 #aggg4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see p4 #gj 7ante74 ,footnote #ce3 ,k1 vol4 xx41 p4 #i1 ,janu>y #ahig4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory--,,classical4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all1 = ! mo/ "p1 be on firm] gr\nd ?an hi!rto1 because sev]al ( ! mo/ em95t ,greek & ,lat9 hi/orians h left on record full & circum/antial acc\nts ( eclipses :i* h come "u _! notice1 & :i* h be5 m or less completely v]ifi$ by ! computations & rese>*es ( a/ronom]s 9 mod]n times4 ,b ^! rem>ks d n1 h[ev]1 q apply to ! fir/ eclipse :i* w be m5tion$4 ,plut>*1 9 8 ,life ( ,romulus1 ref]s to "s rem>kable incid5t connect$1 9 po9t ( "t at any rate1 ) 8 dea?3--,! air on t occasion 0 sudd5ly convuls$ & alt]$ 9 a wond]ful mann]1 = ! light ( ! ,sun fail$1 & !y 7 involv$ 9 an a/oni%+ d>kness1 att5d$ on e side ) dreadful ?und]+s & tempe/u\s w9ds4 ,?is s-call$ d>kness is consid]$ to h be5 ! same z t m5tion$ by ,cic]o4#cf ,!re is s mu* my? ab\t ,romulus t x is n safe to write 9 confid5t language4 ,nev]!less x is a fact1 accord+ to ,johnson1 t !re 0 a v l>ge eclipse ( ! ,sun visible at ,rome 9 ! aft]noon ( ,may #bf1 #gae ,b4,c41 & #gae ,b4,c4 is suppos$ to h be5 ! ye>1 or ab\t ! ye>1 ( ! dea? ( ,romulus4 ,plut>* is also responsible = ! /atem5t t a great eclipse ( ! ,sun took place sometime be=e ! bir? ( ,romulus2 & if !re is any?+ 9 ?is /atem5t ,johnson ?9ks t ! annul> eclipse ( ,novemb] #bh1 #gga ,b4,c41 might meet ! circum/ances ( ! case1 b too mu* romance atta*es to ! hi/ory ( ,romulus = anyone to write ) assurance respect+ ! circum/ances ( 8 c>e]4 ,mu* ( x is g5]ally consid]$ to be fabul\s4 ,9 "o ( ! extant fragm5ts ( ! ,greek poet ,ar*ilo*us 7said to be ! fir/ :o introduc$ iambics into 8 v]ses71 ! foll[+ s5t5ce occurs3--,zeus ! fa!r ( ! ,olympic ,gods turn$ mid-day into night hid+ ! light ( ! dazzl+ sun2 an ov]:elm+ dread fell ^u m54 ,! poet's language may evid5tly apply to a total eclipse ( ! ,sun2 & inve/igations by ,oppolz] & ,millosevi* make x probable t ! ref]5ce is to ! total eclipse ( ! ,sun :i* happ5$ on ,april #f1 #fdh ,b4,c4 ,?is 0 total at ab\t #aj a4m4 at ,?asos & 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! gean ,sea4 ,! acceptance ( ?is date displaces by ab\t half a c5tury ! date commonly assign$ = ! poet's c>e]1 b ?is is n ?\ght to be ( mu* acc\nt hav+ reg>d to ! hazy "* ( ,grecian *ronology be=e ! ,p]sian w>s4#cg ,on ,may #bh1 #ehe ,b4,c4 !re occurr$ an eclipse ! surr\nd+ circum/ances ( :i* pres5t sev]al features ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! a/ronom]s ( antiquity 0 ,?ales ( ,miletus1 & 8 a/ronomical lab\rs 7 said to h includ$ a pr$iction ( ?is eclipse1 :i* moreov] has ! fur!r int]e/ to u t x has assi/$ *ronologi/s & hi/orians 9 fix+ ! precise date ( an important ev5t 9 anci5t hi/ory4 ,h]odotus#ch describ+ a w> :i* _h be5 go+ on = "s ye>s betwe5 ! ,lydians & ! ,m$es gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! circum/ances :i* l$ to its premature t]m9ation3--,z ! balance _h n incl9$ 9 fav\r ( ei!r nation1 ano!r engagem5t took place 9 ! six? ye> ( ! w>1 9 ! c\rse ( :i*1 j z ! battle 0 gr[+ w>m1 day 0 sudd5ly turn$ into night4 ,?is ev5t _h be5 =etold to ! ,ionians by ,?ales ( ,miletus1 :o pr$ict$ = x ! v ye> 9 :i* x actually took place4 ,:5 ! ,lydians & ,m$es obs]v$ ! *ange !y ceas$ fight+1 & 7 alike anxi\s to conclude peace4 ,peace 0 accord+ly agre$ ^u & cem5t$ by a tw(old m>riage4 ,= 7says ! hi/orian7 )\t "s /rong bond1 !re is little security to be f\nd 9 m5's cov5ants4 ,! exact date ( ?is eclipse 0 long a matt] ( discussion1 & eclipses :i* occurr$ 9 #faj ,b4,c4 & #eic ,b4,c4 7 ea* ?\ght at "o "t or ano!r to h be5 ! "o ref]r$ to4 ,! "q 0 f9ally settl$ by ! late ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1 aft] an exhau/ive inquiry1 9 fav\r ( ! eclipse ( #ehe ,b4,c4 ,?is date has ! fur!r advantage ( h>monis+ c]ta9 /atem5ts made by ,cic]o & ,pl9y z to its hav+ happ5$ 9 ! #d? ye> ( ! #dh? ,olympiad4 ,ano!r ^w or two may be int]e/+ z reg>ds ! %>e :i* ,?ales is suppos$ to h _h 9 pr$ict+ ?is eclipse1 ! m s1 t v high au?orities 9 ! doma9s ( a/ronomy1 & *ronology1 & antiquities take opposite sides 9 ! matt]4 ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis1 ,b>t41 ,m4,p41 may be cit$ fir/ z "o ( ! unbeliev]s4 ,he says#ci t ,?ales is report$ to h pr$ict$ x to ! ,ionians4 ,if he _h pr$ict$ x to ! ,lydians1 9 ^: c\ntry ! eclipse 0 to be total1 8 conduct w\ld be intelligible1 b x seems /range t he %\ld h pr$ict$ x to ! ,ionians :o _h no direct int]e/ 9 ! ev5t4 ,bosanquet replies to ?is by po9t+ out t ,miletus1 9 ,ionia1 0 ! bir?place ( ,?ales1 & also t a %ad[1 cov]+ two degrees ( latitude1 pass+ ?r\gh ,ionia1 w\ld also necess>ily cov] ,lydia4 ,ano!r diss5ti5t is ,sir ,h4 ,c4 ,rawl9son1#dj :o1 rememb]+ t ,?ales is said to h pr$ict$ a good olive crop1 & ,anaxagoras ! fall ( an arolite1 says3--,! pr$iction ( ?is eclipse by ,?ales may fairly be class$ ) ! pr$iction ( a good olive crop1 or ! fall ( an arolite4 ,?ales1 inde$1 c\ld only h obta9$ ! requisite k = pr$ict+ eclipses f ! ,*aldeans2 & t ! sci5ce ( ^! a/ronom]s1 al?\gh suffici5t = ! inve/igation ( lun> eclipses1 did n enable !m to calculate sol> eclipses--dep5d5t z su* a calculation is1 n only on ! det]m9ation ( ! p]iod ( recurr5ce1 b on ! true projection also ( ! track ( ! ,sun's %ad[ along a p>ticul> l9e ov] ! surface ( ! e>?--may be inf]r$ f our f9d+ t 9 ! a/ronomical canon ( ,ptolemy1 :i* 0 compil$ f ! ,*aldean regi/]s1 ! obs]vations ( ! ,moon's eclipse are alone ent]$4 ,airy#da repli$ to ^! obs]vations z foll[s3--,i ?9k x n at all improbable t ! eclipse 0 s pr$ict$1 & !re is "o easy way1 & only "o ( pr$ict+ x--namely1 by ! ,s>os1 or p]iod ( #ah ye>s1 #aj days1 #h h\rs ne>ly4 ,by use ( ?is p]iod an ev5+ eclipse may be pr$ict$ f a morn+ eclipse b a morn+ eclipse c r>ely be pr$ict$ f an ev5+ eclipse 7z ! int]val ( eight h\rs aft] an ev5+ eclipse w g5]ally ?r[ ! eclipse at ! end ( ! ,s>os into ! h\rs ( night74 ,! ev5+ eclipse1 !re=e1 ( ,b4,c4 #ehe1 ,may #bh1 :i* ,i adopt z be+ mo/ c]ta9ly ! eclipse ( ,?ales1 might be pr$ict$ f ! morn+ eclipse ( ,b4,c4 #fjc1 ,may #ag4444 ,no o!r ( ! eclipses discuss$ by ,baily & ,oltmanns pres5t ! same facility = pr$iction4 ,x5ophon#db m5tions an eclipse z hav+ l$ to ! capture by ! ,p]sians ( ! ,m$ian city ,l>issa4 ,9 ! retreat ( ! ,greeks on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,tigris1 !y cross$ ! riv] ,zapetes & also a rav9e1 & !n rea*$ ! ,tigris4 ,accord+ to ,x5ophon1 !y f\nd at ?is place a l>ge des]t$ city =m]ly inhabit$ by ! ,m$es4 ,its wall 0 #be feet ?ick & #ajj feet high2 its circumf]5ce #b p>asangs #g miles4 ,x 0 built ( burnt brick on an "u /ructure ( /one #bj feet 9 height4 ,x5ophon !n proce$s to say t :5 ! ,p]sians obta9$ ! ,empire f ! ,m$es1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,p]sians besieg$ ! city b 0 unable by any means to take x till a cl\d hav+ cov]$ ! ,sun & caus$ x to disappe> completely1 ! inhabitants )drew 9 al>m1 & ?us ! city 0 captur$4 ,close to ?is city 0 a pyramid ( /one1 "o ple?rum 9 bread?1 two ple?ra 9 height4444 ,!nce ! ,greeks proce$$ six p>asangs to a great des]t$ ca/le by a city call$ ,mespila =m]ly inhabit$ by ! ,m$es2 ! sub/ructure ( its wall 0 ( squ>$ /one ab\nd+ 9 %ells 444 ! ,k+ ( ! ,p]sians besieg$ x b c\ld n take x2 ,zeus t]rifi$ ! inhabitants ) ?und]bolts1 & s ! city 0 tak54 ,! m9ute description "h giv5 by ,x5ophon enabl$ ,sir ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d1 ,capta9 ,felix ,jones1 & o!rs1 to id5tify ,l>issa ) ! mod]n ,nimrud & ,mespila ) ,mosul4 ,a suspicion is ?r[n out 9 "s editions ( ! ,anabasis t ! language cit$ might ref] to an eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t x is n includ$ by ,ricciolus 9 ! li/ ( eclipses m5tion$ 9 anci5t writ]s :i* he gives 9 8 ,almage/um ,novum4 ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1 hav+ _h 8 att5tion call$ to ! matt]1 exam9$ r\ghly all ! eclipses :i* occurr$ dur+ a p]iod ( #dj ye>s1 cov]+ ! suppos$ date impli$ by ,x5ophon4 ,hav+ select$ two1 he comput$ !m accurately b f\nd !m inapplicable4 ,he !n tri$ ano!r 7,may #ai1 #eeg ,b4,c47 :i* he _h previ\sly pass$ ov] because he d\bt$ its totality1 & he _h ! great satisfaction ( f9d+ t ! eclipse1 ?\gh giv+ a small %ad[1 _h be5 total1 & t x _h pass$ s ne> to ,nimrud t !re c\ld be no d\bt ( its be+ ! eclipse s\ght4 ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy 0 su* a v c>eful work] & inve/igator ( eclipses t 8 conclusions 9 ?is matt] h met ) g5]al acceptance4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 9 fairness be /at$ t a v compet5t ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 has express$ d\bts z to :e!r aft] all ,x5ophon's allusion is to an eclipse1 b1 judg+ by 8 clos+ words1 ! le>n$ ,am]ican does n seem q satisfi$ ) 8 own scepticism1 = he says--,not)/&+ my want ( confid5ce1 ,i conceive ! possibility ( a real eclipse to be great] ?an 9 ! eclipse ( ,?ales1 :ile we h ! great advantages t ! po9t ( occurr5ce is well def9$1 ! %ad[ n>r[1 &1 if x 0 an eclipse at all1 ! circum/ance ( totality plac$ beyond s]i\s d\bt4#dc ,9 ! same ye> z t 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! common acc\nt1 ! battle ( ,salamis 0 f\ght 7#dhj ,b4,c471 !re occurr$ a ph5om5on :i* is ?us adv]t$ to by ,h]odotus#dd--;,at ! fir/ approa* ( ,spr+ ! army quitt$ ,s>dis & m>*$ t[>ds ,abydos2 at ! mom5t ( its dep>ture ! ,sun sudd5ly quitt$ its place 9 ! heav5s & disappe>$ ?\gh !re 7 no cl\ds 9 sight & ! day 0 q cle>2 day 0 ?us turn$ into night4 ,we are told#de t ,z ! k+ 0 go+ aga9/ ,greece1 & _h come into ! region ( ! ,hellespont1 !re happ5$ an eclipse ( ! ,sun 9 ! ,ea/2 ?is sign port5d$ to him 8 defeat1 = ! ,sun 0 eclips$ 9 ! region ( its ris+1 & ,x]xes 0 also m>*+ f t qu>t]4 ,s f> z words g ^! acc\nts admirably befit a total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 b reg>d$ z su* x has giv5 great tr\ble to *ronolog]s1 & ! id5tification ( ! eclipse is /ill unc]ta94 ,h9d's !ory is t ! allusion is to an eclipse & 9 p>ticul> to ! eclipse ( ,febru>y #ag1 #dgh ,b4,c4 ,?\gh n total at ,s>dis yet ! eclipse 0 v l>ge1 #id_/ajj?s ( ! ,sun be+ cov]$4 ,if we accept ?is1 x foll[s t ! usually recognis$ date = ! battle ( ,salamis mu/ be alt]$ by two ye>s4 ,airy ?\ght x extremely probable t ! n>rative relat$ to ! total eclipse ( ! ,moon1 :i* happ5$ on ,m>* #ac1 #dgi ,b4,c41 b ?is is difficult to accept1 especially z ,plut>*1 9 8 ,life ( ,pelopidas1 says--,an army 0 soon got ready1 b z ! g5]al 0 on ! po9t ( m>*+1 ! ,sun began to be eclips$1 & ! city 0 cov]$ ) d>kness 9 ! daytime4 ,?is seems explicit en\gh1 assum+ ! record to be true & t ! same incid5t is ref]r$ to by ,plut>* z by ,h]odotus & ,ari/ides4 ,s9ce ! "t :5 ,airy & ,h9d exam9$ ?is "q1 all ! kn[n facts h be5 aga9 review$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,lynn1 :o pron\nces1 b ) "s hesitation1 9 fav\r ( ! eclipse ( ,octob] #b1 #dhj ,b4,c41 z ! "o associat$ ) ! battle ( ,salamis4 ,he does ?is by refus+ to see 9 ! above quotations f ,h]odotus any allusion to a sol> eclipse at all1 b invites u to consid] a lat] /atem5t 9 ,h]odotus#df z relat+ to an eclipse ?\gh ! hi/orian only calls x a prodigy4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,!rmopyl ! ,peloponnesian ,greeks comm5c$ to =tify ! i/hmus ( ,cor9? ) ! view ( def5d+ x ) _! small army aga9/ ! invad+ ho/ ( ,x]xes4 ,! ,sp>tan troops 7 "u ! comm& ( ,cleombrotus1 ! bro!r ( ,leonidas1 ! h]o ( ,!rmopyl4 ,he _h be5 consult+ ! oracles at ,sp>ta1 & ,h]odotus /ates t :ile he 0 (f]+ sacrifice to "k if he %\ld m>* out aga9/ ! ,p]sian1 ! ,sun 0 sudd5ly d>k5$ 9 mid-sky4 ,?is occurr5ce s fright5$ ,cleombrotus t he drew (f 8 =ces & return$ home4 ,x is unc]ta9 f ! n>rative ( ,h]odotus :e!r ,cleombrotus return$ to ,sp>ta 9 ! autumn ( ! ye> ( ! battle ( ,salamis1 or 9 ! spr+ ( ! next foll[+ ye> :i* 0 t 9 :i* ! battle ( ,plata 0 f\ght4 ,bi%op ,?irlwall#dg ?9ks t x 0 ! latt]1 b ,lynn pron\nces = ! =m]1 add+ t ! date may well h be5 9 ,octob]1 & ! sol> eclipse ( ,octob] #b1 #dhj ,b4,c4 may h be5 ! ph5om5on :i* attract$ notice1 p>ticul>ly z ! ,sun w\ld h be5 high 9 ! heav5s1 ! greate/ phase 7#f_/aj?s7 occurr+1 accord+ to ,h9d1 at #ej m9utes pa/ noon4 ,"h ,i mu/ leave ! matt]1 m]ely rem>k+ t ?is alt]native explanation obviates ! necessity = di/urb+ ! commonly receiv$ date ( ! battle ( ,salamis4 ,?ucydides /ates t dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w> ?+s =m]ly repeat$ on he>say1 b v r>ely confirm$ by facts1 became n incr$ible1 bo? ab\t e>?quakes & eclipses ( ! ,sun :i* came to pass m frequ5tly ?an _h be5 rememb]$ 9 =m] times4 ,"o su* eclipse he assigns to ! fir/ ye> ( ! w> & says#dh t 9 ! same summ]1 at ! beg9n+ ( a new lun> mon? 7at :i* "t alone ! ph5om5on seems possible7 ! ,sun 0 eclips$ aft] mid-day1 & became full aga9 aft] x _h assum$ a cresc5t =m & aft] "s ( ! />s _h %one out4 ,aug4 #c1 #dca ,b4,c4 is g5]ally recognis$ z ! date ( ?is ev5t4 ,! eclipse 0 n total only ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,sun's disc be+ obscur$4 ,v5us 0 #bj & ,jupit] #dc di/ant f ! ,sun1 s probably ^! 7 ! />s t 7 se54 ,?is eclipse ne>ly prev5t$ ! ,a!nian exp$ition aga9/ ! ,lac$monians4 ,! sailors 7 fright5$ by x1 b a happy ?\ght occurr$ to ,p]icles1 ! comm&] ( ! ,a!nian =ces4 ,plut>*1 9 8 ,life ( ,p]icles1 says3--,! :ole fleet 0 9 read9ess1 & ,p]icles on bo>d 8 own galley1 :5 !re happ5$ an eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,! sudd5 d>kness 0 look$ ^u z an unfav\rable om51 & ?rew ! sailors into ! greate/ con/]nation4 ,p]icles obs]v+ t ! pilot 0 mu* a/oni%$ & p]plex$1 took 8 cloak1 & hav+ cov]$ 8 eyes ) x1 ask$ him if he f\nd any?+ t]rible 9 t1 or consid]$ x z a bad presage8 ,^u 8 answ]+ 9 ! negative1 he said1 ',:]e is ! diff]5ce1 !n betwe5 ?is & ! o!r1 except t some?+ bigg] ?an my cloak causes ! eclipse8' ,ano!r eclipse is m5tion$ by ,?ucydides#di 9 connection ) an exp$ition ( ! ,a!nians aga9/ ,cy!ra4 ,he says3--,at ! v comm5cem5t ( ! foll[+ summ] !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,sun at ! "t ( a new moon1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! same mon? an e>?quake4 ,?is has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! annul> eclipse ( ,m>* #ba1 #dbd ,b4,c41 ! c5tral l9e ( :i* pass$ across ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ! hi/orian wi%es to ins9uate t ! eclipse caus$ ! e>?quake or ! e>?quake ! eclipse4 ,an eclipse kn[n z t ( ,ennius is ano!r ( ! eclipses antec$5t to ! ,*ri/ian ,era :i* has be5 ! subject ( full mod]n inve/igation1 & ! circum/ances ( :i* are su* t1 9 ! language ( ,pr(essor ,hans51 x may be reckon$ z "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9 & well-e/abli%$ eclipses ( antiquity4 ,! record ( x has only be5 br\ght to light 9 mod]n times by ! discov]y ( ,cic]o's ,treatise1 ,de ,republic4 ,accord+ to ,cic]o1#ej ,ennius ! great ,roman poet1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 & :o di$ ( g\t contract$1 x is said1 by frequ5t intoxication1 record$ an int]e/+ ev5t 9 ! foll[+ words3--,nonis ,junii soli luna ob/etit et nox1 ,on ! ,nones ( ,june ! ,moon 0 9 opposition to ! ,sun & night4 ,?is s+ul> phrase has long be5 assum$ to allude to an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 b ! precise int]pretation ( ! words 0 n = a long "t realis$4 ,9 ,cic]o's "t ! ,nones ( ,june fell on ! #e?1 b 9 ! "t ( ,ennius1 :o liv$ a c5tury & a half be=e ,cic]o1 ! ,nones ( ,june fell betwe5 ,june #e & ,july #d on acc\nt ( ! lun> ye>s & ! int]cal>y mon? ( ! ,roman ,cal5d>4 ,! date ( ?is eclipse is di/9ctly kn[n to be ,june #ba1 #djj ,b4,c41 b ! h\r 0 long 9 dispute4 ,pr(essor ,ze* f\nd t ! ,sun set at ,rome eclips$1 & t ! maximum phase took place aft] sun-set4 ,hans51 h[ev]1 ) 8 bett] ,tables1 f\nd t ! eclipse 0 total at ,rome1 & t ! totality end$ at #g4cc p4m41 ! ,sun sett+ almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds at #g4cf4 ,?is fact1 ,hans5 consid]s1 expla9s ! o!rwise un9telligible passage ( ,ennius quot$ above3 in/ead ( say+ et nox1 he %\ld h said et simul nox1 & imm$iately x 0 night4 ,newcomb que/ions ! totality ( ?is eclipse1 b assigns no cle> reasons = 8 d\bts4#ea ,on ,augu/ #ad1 #cid ,b4,c41 !re 0 a l>ge eclipse ( ! ,sun visible 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x occurr$ 9 ! =5oon1 & is m5tion$ by ,x5ophon#eb 9 connection ) a naval engagem5t 9 :i* ! ,p]sians 7 defeat$ by ,conon4 ,plut>*1 9 8 ,life ( ,pelopidas1 relates h[ "o1 ,alex&] ( ,ph]1 _h deva/at$ sev]al cities ( ,!ssaly1 & t z soon z ! oppress$ inhabitants _h le>n$ t ,pelopidas _h come back f an embassy on :i* he _h be5 to ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 !y s5t deputies to him to ,!bes to beg ! fav\r ( arm$ assi/ance1 ) ,pelopidas z g5]al4 ,! ,!bans will+ly grant$ _! reque/1 & an army 0 soon got ready1 b z ! g5]al 0 on ! po9t ( m>*+1 ! ,sun began to be eclips$1 & ! city 0 cov]$ ) d>kness 9 ! day-"t4 ,?is eclipse is g5]ally id5tifi$ ) t ( ,july #ac1 #cfd ,b4,c4 ,if ?is is correct1 ,plut>*'s language mu/ be incorrect1 or at lea/ greatly exagg]at$1 = no m ?an ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,sun 0 obscur$4 ,on ,febru>y #bi1 #ceg ,b4,c41 !re happ5$ an eclipse1 also visible 9 or ne> ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is is suppos$ to h be5 ! eclipse = ! pr$iction ( :i* ,helicon1 a fri5d ( ,plato1 receiv$ f ,dionysius1 ,k+ ( ,syracuse1 paym5t 9 ! %ape ( a tal5t4 ,we h n[ to consid] ano!r anci5t eclipse :i* has a hi/ory ( peculi> int]e/ z reg>ds ! inve/igations to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,x is commonly kn[n z ! ,eclipse ( ,aga?ocles1 & is record$ by two hi/orians ( antiquity 9 ! words foll[+4 ,diodorus ,siculus#ec says3-- ,aga?ocles also1 ?\gh closely pursu$ by ! enemy1 by ! advantage ( ! night com+ on 7beyond all hope71 got safe (f f !m4 ,! next day !re 0 su* an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 t ! />s appe>$ ev]y:]e 9 ! firmam5t1 & ! day 0 turn$ into night1 ^u :i* ,aga?ocles's soldi]s 7conceiv+ t ,god !reby did =etell _! de/ruction7 fell into great p]plexities & discont5ts conc]n+ :at 0 l to befall !m4 ,ju/9 says#ed3-- ,by ! h>angue ! he>ts ( ! soldi]s 7 some:at elevat$1 b an eclipse ( ! ,sun t _h happ5$ dur+ _! voyage /ill possess$ !m ) sup]/iti\s fe>s ( a bad om54 ,! k+ 0 at no less pa9 to satisfy !m ab\t ?is affair ?an ab\t ! w>1 & !re=e he told !m t he %\ld h ?\ght ?is sign an ill presage = !m1 if x _h happ5$ be=e !y set out1 b hav+ happ5$ aft]w>ds he c\ld n b ?9k x presag$ ill to ^? aga9/ :om !y m>*$4 ,besides1 eclipses ( ! lum9>ies always signify a *ange ( affairs1 & !re=e "s *ange 0 c]ta9ly signifi$1 ei!r to ,c>?age1 :i* 0 9 su* a fl\ri%+ condition1 or to !m ^: affairs 7 9 a v ru9\s /ate4 ,! sub/ance ( ^! /atem5ts is t 9 ! ye> #caj ,b4,c4 ,aga?ocles1 ,tyrant ( ,syracuse1 :ile conduct+ 8 fleet f ,syracuse to ! ,coa/ ( ,africa1 f\nd himself envelop$ 9 ! %ad[ ( an eclipse1 :i* evid5tly1 f ! acc\nts1 0 total4 ,8 fleet _h be5 *as$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians on leav+ ,syracuse ! prec$+ day1 b got away "u ! cov] ( night4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ ab\t #h or #i a4m4 a sudd5 d>kness came on :i* greatly al>m$ ! sailors4 ,s consid]able 0 ! d>kness1 t num]\s />s appe>$4 ,x is n at ! fir/ easy to localise ! position ( ! fleet1 except t we may inf] t x c\ld h>dly h got m ?an #hj or at ! mo/ #ajj miles away f ! h>b\r ( ,syracuse :]e x _h be5 closely blockad$ by a ,c>?ag9ian fleet4 ,aga?ocles w\ld n h got away at all b = ! fact t a reliev+ fleet 0 expect$1 & ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 oblig$ to relax _! blockade 9 ord] to g 9 se>* ( ! reliev+ fleet4 ,?us x came ab\t n only t ,aga?ocles set himself free1 b 0 able to retaliate on 8 enemies by l&+ on ! coa/ ( ,africa at a po9t ne> ! mod]n ,cape ,bon1 & deva/at+ ! ,c>?ag9ian t]ritories4 ,! voyage ?i!r occupi$ six days1 & ! eclipse occurr$ on ! second day4 ,?\gh we are n in=m$ ( ! r\te foll[$ by ,aga?ocles1 t is to say :e!r he pass$ r\nd ! ,nor? or ! ,s\? side ( ! isl& ( ,sicily1 yet x has be5 made cle> by a/ronom]s t ! s\!rn side 0 t tak54 ,baily1 :o 0 ! fir/ mod]n a/ronom] to inve/igate ! circum/ances ( ?is eclipse1 f\nd t !re 0 an irreconcilable diff]5ce betwe5 ! pa? ( ! %ad[ f\nd by himself & ! hi/orical /atem5t1 a gap ( ab\t #ahj geographical miles seem+ to int]v5e betwe5 ! mo/ s\!rly position :i* c\ld be assign$ to ! fleet ( ,aga?ocles1 & ! mo/ nor!rly possible limit ( ! pa? ( ! eclipse %ad[4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( ! problem :5 ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy took x up 9 #ahec4ee ,he1 h[ev]1 0 able to ?r[ an entirely new light ^u ! matt]4 ,! tables us$ by ,baily 7 di/9ctly inf]ior to ^? n[ 9 use1 & ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy ?\ght himself ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t to obviate ! discordance ( #ahj miles j ref]r$ to x is only necess>y to suppose an error ( #c' 9 ! comput$ di/ances ( ! ,sun & ,moon at conjunction1 a v inconsid]able correction = a date ant]ior to ! epo* ( ! tables by m ?an tw5ty-"o c5turies4 ,x des]ves to be m5tion$1 ?\gh ! po9t _c "h be dwelt ^u at mu* l5g?1 t ^! anci5t eclipses all hang toge!r 9 su* a way t x is n suffici5t = ! man ( ,a/ronomy & ! man ( ,*ronology to agree on "o eclipse1 unless !y c h>monise ! facts ( sev]al4 ,= in/ance1 ! eclipse ( ,?ales1 ! date ( :i* 0 long & mu* disput$1 has a mat]ial be>+ on ! eclipse ( ,aga?ocles1 ! date ( :i* admits ( no dispute2 & "o ( ! problems :i* _h to be solv$ half a c5tury ago 0 h[ be/ to use ! eclipse ( ,aga?ocles to det]m9e ! date ( t ( ,?ales4 ,if #faj ,b4,c4 7 accept$ = ! ,?ales eclipse1 s z to ?r[ ! zone ( total d>kness any:]e ov] ,asia ,m9or 7:]e = ! sake ( hi/ory x 0 ess5tial to put x7 ! consequ5ce w\ld be t ! %ad[ ( ! eclipse ( #caj ,b4,c4 w\ld h be5 ?r[n s f> on to l&1 9 ,africa1 z to make x out ( ! "q = ,aga?ocles & 8 fleet to h be5 9 x1 yet we "k = a c]ta9ty t he 0 9 x 9 t ye>1 & no o!r ye>4 ,conv]sely1 if #fjc ,b4,c4 7 accept$ = ! ,?ales eclipse1 !n to raise nor?w>ds ! position ( ! %ad[ 9 t ye> f ! l9e ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 t x might pass ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or1 w\ld s raise ! position ( ! %ad[ 9 #caj ,b4,c4 z to ?r[ x f> too mu* to ! ,n4 ( ,sicily = ,aga?ocles1 :o we "k mu/ h gone s\?w>ds to ,africa1 to h ent]$ x4 ,b if we assume #ehe ,b4,c4 z ! date ( ! eclipse ( ,?ales1 we obta9 a p]fect reconciliation ( ev]y?+ t ne$s to be reconcil$2 ! %ad[ ( ! eclipse ( #ehe ,b4,c4 w be f\nd to h pass$ :]e anci5t hi/ory tells u x did pass--namely1 ?r\gh ,ionia1 & !re=e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ,asia ,m9or1 & on ! direct r\te f ,lydia to ,m$ia2 :il/ we also f9d t ! %ad[ ( ! #caj ,b4,c4 eclipse1 t is ! "o 9 ! "t ( ,aga?ocles1 pass$ )9 #ajj miles ( ,syracuse1 a fact :i* is /at$ almo/ 9 ^? v words by ! two hi/orians :o h record$ ! do+s ( ,aga?ocles & 8 fleet 9 ^? ye>s4 ,?is is :]e ! matt] 0 left by ,airy 9 #ahec4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ! new sol> & lun> tables ( ! ,g]man a/ronom] ,hans5 7 publi%$1 & hav+ be5 appli$ to ! eclipse ( #ehe ,b4,c41 ! conclusions j /at$ 7 amply confirm$4 ,z if to make assurance d\bly sure1 ,airy w5t ov] 8 gr\nd aga91 te/+ 8 =m] conclusions ) reg>d to ! eclipse ( ,?ales by ! eclipse ( ,l>issa1 9 #eeg ,b4,c4 already ref]r$ to1 & br++ 9 ! eclipse ( ,/ikla/ad 9 #ajcj ,a4,d41 to be ref]r$ to pres5tly4 ,& z ! f9al result1 x may be /at$ t all ! =ego+ dates are n[ kn[n to an absolute c]ta9ty1 especially confirm$ z !y 7 9 all ess5tial po9ts by a comput] ( ! em95ce ( ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,h9d4 ,on a date :i* corresponds to ,febru>y #aa1 #bah or #bag ,b4,c41 an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* 0 p>tial 9 ,italy1 is m5tion$ by ,livy4#ef ,newcomb f\nd t ! c5tral l9e pass$ a long way f ,italy1 to wit1 f> d[n 9 ,africa4 ,an eclipse ( ! ,sun is m5tion$ by ,dion ,cassius#eg z hav+ happ5$ :5 ,cs> cross$ ! ,rubicon1 a celebrat$ ev5t made use ( by speak]s1 political & o!rwise1 on endless occasions 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,!re seems no d\bt t ! passage ( ! ,rubicon took place 9 #ea ,b4,c41 & t ! eclipse mu/ h be5 t ( ,m>* #g1 #ea ,b4,c4 ,! circum/ances ( ?is eclipse h be5 inve/igat$ by ,h9d1 :o f\nd t ! eclipse 0 an annul> "o1 ! annul> phase la/+ #f m9utes 9 ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,arago associates ! dea? ( ,julius ,cs> 9 #dd ,b4,c4 ) an annul> eclipse ( ! ,sun1 b seem+ly )\t suffici5t w>rant4 ,! actual record is to ! effect t ab\t ! "t ( ! great w>rior's dea? !re 0 an extraord9>y dimness ( ! ,sun4 ,:atev] x 0 t 0 notic$1 cle>ly x c\ld n h be5 an annul> eclipse1 because no su* eclipse !n happ5$4 ,johnson sugge/s t ,arago confus$ ! record ( "s meteorological int]f]5ce ) ! ,sun's light ) ! annul> eclipse t happ5$ sev5 ye>s previ\sly :5 ,cs> pass$ ! ,rubicon1 to :i* eclipse allusion has already be5 made4 ,t !re 0 = a long :ile a great defici5cy ( sun%9e 9 ,italy ab\t ! "t ( ,cs>'s dea? seems cle> f rem>ks made by ,pl9y1 ,plut>*1 & ,tibullus1 & ! words ( ,suetonius seem to imply some?+ ( a meteorological "*4 ,i %\ld n h m5tion$ ?is matt] at all1 b = ,arago's high repute z an a/ronom]4 ,accord+ to ,s5eca#eh dur+ an eclipse a comet 0 also se54 ,x is an int]e/+ "q to inquire :e!r any allusions to eclipses are to be f\nd 9 ,hom]1 & no v c]ta9 answ] c be giv54 ,9 ! ,iliad 7book xvii41 l9es #cff-h7 ! foll[+ passage w be f\nd3--,nor w\ld y say t ! ,sun 0 safe1 or ! ,moon1 = !y 7 wrapt 9 d>k haze 9 ! c\rse ( ! combat4 ,9 ! ,odyssey 7book xx41 l9es #cef-g7 we f9d3--,& ! ,sun has utt]ly p]i%$ f heav5 & an evil gloom is ov]spread4 ,?is 0 consid]$ by old comm5tators to be an allusion to an eclipse1 & 9 ! op9ion ( ,w4 ,w4 ,m]ry#ei ?is is n impossible1 z !y 7 celebrat+ ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,new ,moon4 ,c]ta9ly ?is language has some:at ! sav\r ( a total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 b x is difficult to say :e!r ! allusion is hi/oric1 z ( a fact t _h happ5$1 or only a vague g5]ality4 ,p]haps ! latt] is ! mo/ ju/ifiable surmise4 ,i h 9 ! _m prec$+ pages be5 cit+ anci5t eclipses1 = ! reason1 m or less pla9ly express$1 t !y are ( value to a/ronom]s z assi/+ to def9e ! !ory ( ! ,moon's motions 9 its orbit1 & ?is !y %\ld d2 b x is n unreasonable to br+ ?is *apt] to a close by giv+ ! views ( an em95t ,am]ican a/ronom] z to ! objections to plac+ too mu* reliance on anci5t acc\nts ( eclipses4 ,says ,pr(4 ,s4 ,newcomb#fj3--,! fir/ difficulty is to be reasonably sure t a total eclipse 0 really ! ph5om5on obs]v$4 ,_m ( ! /atem5ts suppos$ to ref] to total eclipses are s vague t !y may be ref]r$ to o!r less r>e ph5om5a4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t we are deal+ ) an age :5 accurate obs]vations & descriptions ( natural ph5om5a 7 unkn[n1 & :5 mank9d 0 subject to be impos$ ^u by imag9>y wond]s & prodigies4 ,! circum/ance :i* we %\ld reg>d z mo/ unequivocally m>k+ a total eclipse is ! visibility ( ! />s dur+ ! d>kness4 ,b ev5 ?is c sc>cely be reg>d$ z conclusive1 because ,v5us may be se5 :5 !re is no eclipse1 & may be q conspicu\s 9 an annul> or a consid]able p>tial eclipse4 ,! exagg]ation ( a s+le object into a plural is 9 g5]al v easy4 ,ano!r difficulty is to be sure ( ! locality :]e ! eclipse 0 total4 ,x is commonly assum$ t ! description necess>ily ref]s to some?+ se5 :]e ! writ] fl\ri%$1 or :]e he locates 8 /ory4 ,x seems to me t ?is _c be safely done unless ! /atem5t is made 9 connection ) "s battle or milit>y movem5t1 9 :i* case we may presume ! ph5om5a to h be5 se5 by ! army4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #cf3 ,de ,republic1 ,lib4 vi41 cap4 #bb4 ,footnote #cg3 ,e4 ,millosevi*1 ,memorie della ,societa ,spettroscopi/i ,italiani1 vol4 xxii4 p4 #gj4 #ahic4 ,footnote #ch3 ,h]odotus1 ,book i41 *ap4 #gd4 ,?is eclipse is also m5tion$ by ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/41 ,book ii41 *ap4 #i7 & by ,cic]o 7,de ,div9atione1 cap4 #di74 ,footnote #ci3 ,a/ronomy ( ! ,anci5ts1 p4 #hh4 ,footnote #dj3 ,h]odotus1 edit$ by ,rev4 ,g4 ,rawl9son1 vol4 i4 p4 #bab4 ,footnote #da3 ,mon?4 ,n41 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xviii4 p4 #adh2 ,m>* #aheh4 ,footnote #db3 ,anabasis1 ,lib4 iii41 cap4 #d1 sec4 #g4 ,footnote #dc3 ,wa%+ton ,obs]vations1 #ahge1 ,app5dix ,,ii41 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #dd3 ,book vii41 *ap4 #cg4 ,see ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #de3 ,s*olia1 9 ,ari/idis ,orationes1 ,ed4 ,frommel1 p4 #bbb4 ,footnote #df3 ,book ix41 *ap4 #aj4 ,see ,rawl9son's ,h]odotus1 #crd ed4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cgi4 ,footnote #dg3 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccj4 ,footnote #dh3 ,book ii41 *ap4 #bh4 ,footnote #di3 ,book iv41 *ap4 #eb4 ,footnote #ej3 ,de ,republic1 ,lib4 i4 c4 #af4 ,footnote #ea3 ,wa%+ton ,obs]vations1 #ahge1 ,app5dix ,,ii41 p4 #cc4 ,footnote #eb3 ,hell5ics1 ,book iv41 *ap4 #c1 sec4 #aj4 ,footnote #ec3 ,biblio!c ,hi/oric1 ,lib4 xx41 cap4 #a1 sec4 #e4 ,footnote #ed3 ,hi/oria1 ,lib4 xxii41 cap4 #f4 ,footnote #ee3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 cxliii4 pp4 #ahg-ia1 #ahec4 ,footnote #ef3 ,hi/4 ,rom41 ,lib4 xxii41 cap4 #a4 ,footnote #eg3 ,hi/4 ,rome1 ,book xli41 *ap4 #ad4 ,footnote #eh3 ,naturalium ,que/ionum1 ,lib4 vii4 ,footnote #ei3 ,hom]1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbh4 ,cl>5don ,press ,s]ies4 ,footnote #fj3 ,wa%+ton ,obs]vations1 #ahge1 ,app5dix ,,ii41 p4 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory4-- ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,era ,,to ,,! ,,norman ,,conque/4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,era is1 = sev]al reasons1 a suitable po9t ( "t f :i* to take a new dep>ture 9 speak+ ( hi/orical eclipses1 al?\gh ! ,fir/ ,c5tury1 at lea/1 might obvi\sly be reg>d$ z belong+ to classical hi/ory--b let t pass4 ,dion ,cassius#fa relates t on a date correspond+ to ,m>* #bh1 ,a4,d4 #e1 ! ,sun 0 p>tly eclips$4 ,john/on says t ! c5tral l9e pass$ ov] ,norway & ,sw$54 ,x seems1 p]haps1 a little /range t a writ] :o liv$ 9 ,bi?ynia 9 ! #crd ,c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era %\ld h pick$ up any in=mation ab\t some?+ t happ5$ 9 ! extreme ,nor? ( ,europe two c5turies previ\sly4 ,b probably ! eclipse mu/ h be5 se5 9 ,italy4 ,on ,novemb] #bd1 ,a4,d4 #bi1 !re happ5$ an eclipse ( ! ,sun :i* is sometimes spok5 ( z ! eclipse ( ,phlegon4 ,eusebius1 ! ecclesia/ical hi/orian1 records ,phlegon's te/imony4 ,phlegon 0 a native ( ,tralles 9 ,lydia1 & "o ( ! ,emp]or ,adrian's fre$m54 ,! eclipse 9 "q happ5$ at noon1 & ! />s 7 se54 ,x 0 total1 & ! l9e ( totality1 accord+ to ,h9d1#fb pass$ across ! ,black ,sea f ne> ,odessa to ,s9ope1 !nce ne> ! site ( ,n9eveh to ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,a p>tial eclipse ) f\r-fif?s ( ! ,sun's diamet] cov]$ 0 visible at ,j]usalem4 ,?is is ! only sol> eclipse :i* 0 visible at ,j]usalem dur+ ! p]iod usually fix$ = ,*ri/'s public m9i/ry4 ,?is eclipse 0 = a long "t1 & by v>i\s writ]s1 associat$ ) ! d>kness :i* prevail$ at ,j]usalem on ! day ( our ,"l's ,crucifixion1 b !re seems no w>rant :atev] = associat+ ! two ev5ts4 ,! ,crucifixion d>kness 0 assur$ly a sup]natural ph5om5on1 & !re is no?+ sup]natural 9 a total eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t bo? ,t]tullian at ! beg9n+ ( ! #crd c5tury & ,lucian1 ! m>tyr ( ,nicom$ia1 :o di$ 9 #cab1 appeal$ to ! te/imony ( national ar*ives !n 9 exi/5ce1 z witness+ to ! fact t a sup]natural d>kness _h prevail$ at ! "t ( ,*ri/'s dea?4 ,moreov]1 ! g5]ally record$ date ( ! ,crucifixion1 namely1 ,april #c1 ,a4,d4 #cc1 w\ld co9cide ) a full ,moon4 ,z x happ5$1 t full ,moon suff]$ eclipse1 b %e em]g$ f ! ,e>?'s %ad[ ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r be=e %e rose at ,j]usalem 7#f h4 #cf m4 p4m473 ! p5umbra cont9u$ ^u h] disc = an h\r aft]w>ds4 ,speak+ ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 ,dion ,cassius#fc says3--,!re 0 go+ to be an eclipse on 8 bir?day4 ,claudius fe>$ "s di/urbance1 z !re _h be5 o!r prodigies1 s he put =? a public notice1 n only t ! obscuration w\ld take place & ab\t ! "t & magnitude ( x1 b also ab\t ! causes :i* produce su* ev5ts4 ,?is is an int]e/+ /atem5t1 especially 9 view ( :at ,i h said on a previ\s page ab\t ! indiff]5ce ( ! ,romans to ,a/ronomy4 ,x w\ld1 likewise1 be int]e/+ to "k h[ ,claudius acquir$ 8 k1 & :o coa*$ him up 9 ! matt]4 ,?is eclipse occurr$ on ,augu/ #a1 ,a4,d4 #de4 ,b>ely half ! ,sun's diamet] 0 cov]$4 ,philo/ratus#fd /ates t ab\t ?is "t :ile he 0 pursu+ 8 /udies 9 ,greece su* an om5 0 obs]vable 9 ! heav5s4 ,a cr[n resembl+ ,iris surr\nd$ ! disc ( ! ,sun & d>k5$ its rays4 ,ab\t ?is "t is to be und]/ood z ref]r+ to "s date %ortly prec$+ ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,domitian :i* occurr$ on ,septemb] #ah1 ,a4,d4 #if4 ,?is has usually be5 reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ allusion to :at we n[ call ! ,sun's ,corona2 or1 z an alt]native idea1 t ! allusion is simply to an annul> eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,b bo? ^! !ories h be5 call$ 9 "q2 by ,john/on because he _c f9d an eclipse :i* 9 8 view ( ?+s w respond z reg>ds date to ! /atem5t ( ,philo/ratus1 & by ,lynn on ! same gr\nd & on o!r gr\nds1 m suo4 ,! "q ( id5tification requires look+ into m fully4 ,!re 0 a total eclipse on ,may #ba1 ,a4,d4 #ie1 b x 0 only visible z a p>tial eclipse 9 ,we/]n ,asia & n visible at all 9 ,greece4 ,?is is giv5 z ! conclusion arriv$ at by ! ,g]man a/ronom] ,g9zel4 ,b x does n seem to me suffici5t to ov]?r[1 )\t fur!r inve/igation1 ! fairly pla9 language ( ,philo/ratus1 :i* is possibly confirm$ by a passage 9 ,plut>*#fe 9 :i* he discusses c]ta9 eclipse ph5om5a 9 ! light ( a rec5t eclipse4 ,! date ( ,plut>*'s rec5t eclipse is some:at unc]ta91 b t fact does n necess>ily militate aga9/ 8 te/imony respect+ ! ,corona or :at is reg>d$ to h be5 su*4 ,! /atem5t ( ,philo/ratus1 treat$ z a m5tion ( a total sol> eclipse1 is accept$ z suffici5tly conclusive by ,sir ,w4 ,hugg9s & ! late ,pr(essor ,r4 ,grant4 ,john/on1 to meet ! suppos$ difficulty ( f9d+ an eclipse to accord ) ! ass]tion ( ! hi/orian1 sugge/s t p]haps "s peculi> sol> halo or mock ,sun1 or o!r meteorological =mation is ref]r$ to4 ,b ,/ockwell has advanc$ v good reasons = ! op9ion t ! eclipse ( ,sept4 #c1 ,a4,d4 #aah1 fully meets ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,grant's op9ion is giv5 9 ^! emphatic words3--,x appe>s to me t ! words "h quot$ f ,apollonius ref] beyond all d\bt to a total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 & ?us ! ph5om5on se5 encompass+ ! ,sun's disc 01 really z well z v]bally1 id5tical ) ! mod]n ,corona4#ff ,) ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era we may be said to quit ! realms ( classical hi/ory & to pass on to eclipse records ( a diff]5t "*1 &1 s f> z reg>ds ,european obs]vations1 ( comp>atively small sci5tific value or usefulness4 ,our in=mation is l>gely d]iv$ f ecclesia/ical hi/orians &1 lat] on1 f monki% *ronicles1 :i* z a rule are meagre 9 a surpris+ degree4 ,p]haps ,i ought n to say surpris+1 because aft] ! times ( ! ,greek a/ronom]s 7:o 9 _! way may almo/ be reg>d$ z pr(essionals71 & aft] ! epo* ( ! fam\s ,ptolemy1 ,a/ronomy well-nigh ceas$ to exi/ = _m c5turies 9 ,europe1 until1 say1 ! #ae? c5tury1 b>r+ ! lab\rs ( ! ,arabians & _! k9sm5 ! ,moors 9 ,spa9 9 ! #i? & foll[+ c5turies4 ,9 exam9+ !re=e ! records ( eclipses :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u f ,a4,d4 #ajj =w>ds ?r\gh m ?an #ajjj ye>s1 ,i %all n (f] my read]s a long dry /atem5t ( eclipse dates1 b only pick out "h & !re su* p>ticul> eclipses z seem to pres5t details ( int]e/ = "s or o!r reason4 ,on ,april #ab1 #bcg ,a4,d41 !re 01 accord+ to ,julius ,capitol9us1 an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 s great t p ?\ght x 0 night1 & no?+ c\ld be done )\t lights4 ,ricciolus rem>k$ t ?is eclipse happ5$ ab\t ! "t ( ! ,six? ,p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 & :5 ! y\ng] ,gordian 0 proclaim$ ,emp]or1 aft] 8 fa!r _h decl9$ ! pr(f]$ dignity1 be+ #hj ye>s ( age4 ,! l9e ( totality cross$ ,italy ab\t #e p4m4 9 ! aft]noon1 to ! ,n4 ( ,rome1 & embrac$ ,bologna4 ,calvisius records1 on ! au?ority ( ,c$r5us1 an eclipse ( ! ,sun on ,augu/ #f1 #cbd ,a4,d41 :i* 0 suffici5tly great = ! />s to be se5 at mid-day4 ,! eclipse 0 associat$ ) an e>?quake1 :i* %att]$ ?irte5 cities 9 ,campania4 ,john/on rem>ks t no m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,sun's disc w\ld h be5 cov]$1 z se5 9 ,campania1 b t else:]e 9 ,italy1 at ab\t #c p4m41 ! eclipse 0 mu* l>g]1 & p]haps "o or two ( ! planets might h be5 visible4 ,on ,july #ag1 #ccd ,a4,d41 !re 0 an eclipse1 :i* seems to h be5 total 9 ,sicily1 if we may judge f ! description giv5 by ,julius ,firmicus4#fg ,ammianus ,m>cell9us#fh describes an eclipse1 to :i* ! date ( ,augu/ #bh1 #cfj ,a4,d41 has be5 assign$4 ,humboldt1 quot+ ?is hi/orian1 says t ! description is q t ( a sol> eclipse1 b its /at$ long duration 7daybreak to noon71 & ! ^w caligo 7fog or mi/7 are awkw>d factors4 ,moreov]1 ! hi/orian associates x ) ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire2 b ,john/on seems 9 effect to *all5ge ,m>cell9us's /atem5t :5 he says1 ,x is true t !re 0 an annul> eclipse ( ! ,sun 9 ! e>ly morn+ on ! above date1 b x c\ld only be se5 9 c\ntries ,e4 ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,ab\t ! "t t ,al>ic1 ,k+ ( ! ,visigo?s appe>$ be=e ,rome1 !re 0 a gloom s great t ! />s appe>$ 9 ! daytime4 ,?is n>rative is consid]$ to apply to an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* occurr$ on ,june #ah1 #daj ,a4,d4 ,! eclipse 0 an annul> "o1 b z ! c5tral l9e mu/ h cross$ f> ,s4 ( ,rome1 ! />s mu/ h be5 se5 n at ,rome b some:]e else4 ,an eclipse occurr$ on ,july #ai1 #dah ,a4,d41 :i* is rem>kable = a tw(old reason4 ,p _h an opportunity n only ( see+ an eclipse1 b also a comet4 ,we owe ! acc\nt ( ! circum/ances to ,philo/orgius1#fi :o tells u t--,on ,july #ai1 t[>ds ! #h? h\r ( ! day1 ! ,sun 0 s eclips$1 t ev5 ! />s 7 visible4 ,b at ! same "t t ! ,sun 0 ?us hid1 a light1 9 ! =m ( a cone 0 se5 9 ! sky2 "s ignorant p call$ x a comet1 b 9 ?is light we saw no?+ t ann\nc$ a comet1 = x 0 n t]m9at$ by a tail2 x resembl$ ! flame ( a tor*1 subsi/+ by itself1 )\t any /> = its base4 ,its movem5t too 0 v diff]5t f t ( a comet4 ,x 0 fir/ se5 to ! ,e4 ( ! equ9oxes2 aft] t1 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! la/ /> 9 ! ,be>'s tail1 x cont9u$ sl[ly its j\rney t[>ds ! ,w4 ,hav+ ?us trav]s$ ! heav5s1 x at l5g? disappe>$1 hav+ la/$ m ?an f\r mon?s4 ,x fir/ appe>$ ab\t ! middle ( ! summ]1 & rema9$ visible until ne>ly ! end ( autumn4 ,boillot1 a ,fr5* writ]1 has sugge/$ t ?is description is t ( ! zodiacal light1 b ?is seems out ( ! "q 9 view ( ! details giv5 by ! ,*9ese ( a comet hav+ be5 visible 9 ! autumn ( ?is ye> = #aa weeks1 & hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! squ>e ( ,ursa ,major4 ,rev]t+ to ! eclipse--,john/on f9ds t ! greate/ phase at ,con/ant9ople1 :i* 0 probably ! place ( obs]vation1 occurr$ at ab\t half an h\r aft] noon1 :5 a ?9 cresc5t ( light might h be5 se5 on ! nor!rn limb ( ! ,sun4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t ! c5tral l9e ( eclipse mu/ h pass$ some:at to ! s\? ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,to ! same effect ,h9d1 :o f\nd t #ie_/ajj?s ( ! ,sun's diamet] 0 cov]$ at ,con/ant9ople4 ,an eclipse ( ! ,sun seems to be ref]r$ to by ,gregorius ,turon5sis1 :5 he says#gj t3--,!n ev5 ! ,sun appe>$ hide\s1 s t sc>cely a ?ird "p ( x gave light1 ,i believe on acc\nt ( su* de$s ( wick$ness & %$d+ ( innoc5t blood4 ,?is w\ld seem to h be5 ! eclipse :i* occurr$ on ,febru>y #bd1 #dec ,a4,d41 :5 ,attila & ! ,huns 7 ravag+ ,italy1 & to !m x 0 d\btless t ! writ] allud$4 ,at ,rome ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,sun's disc w\ld h be5 eclips$ at sunset1 a f9d+ :i* tallies fairly ) ! /atem5t ( ,gregorius4 ,x is n till f> into ! #f? c5tury t we come ^u a native ,engli% record ( an eclipse ( ! ,sun z hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?is defici5cy 9 our national annals is ?us judici\sly expla9$ & comm5t$ on by our clev] & tal5t$ ,am]ican au?oress4#ga ,speak+ ( ! eclipse ( ,febru>y #ae1 #ech ,a4,d41 %e says3--,! acc\nts1 h[ev]1 are greatly confus$ & unc]ta91 z w\ld p]haps be natural fully #fj ye>s be=e ! adv5t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & :5 ,brita9 0 helplessly h>ass$ ) its cont9ual /ruggle 9 ! fi]ce h&s ( ,we/ ,saxons & ,ea/ ,saxons1 ( ,picts & conqu]+ ,angles4 ,m5 h little "t to record cele/ial happ5+s cle>ly1 mu* less to indulge 9 sci5tific comm5t & !oris+ ^u natural ph5om5a1 :5 ! hi/ory ( a nation sways to & fro ) ! tide ( battle1 & :at is ga9$ to-day may be fatally lo/ to-morr[4 ,& s !re is little said ab\t ?is eclipse1 & t little is m vague & unc]ta9 ev5 ?an ! monoton\s pla9ts ( ,gildas--! "o writ] :om ,brita9 has left u1 9 8 meagre acc\nts ( ! conque/ ( ,k5t1 & ! =sak5 walls & violat$ %r9es ( ?is e>ly epo*4 ,! well-kn[n ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle#gb is our au?ority = ?is eclipse hav+ be5 not$ 9 ,engl&1 b ! record is b>e inde$3--,9 ?is ye> ! ,sun 0 eclips$ #ad days be=e ! ,cal5ds ( ,m>* f e>ly morn+ till #i a4m4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 borr[+ f ,calvisius1 :o borr[$ f somebody else1 says t ! eclipse happ5$ 9 ! #e? ye> ( ,h5ry1 ,k+ ( ! ,we/ ,saxons1 at ! #a/ h\r ( ! day till ne>ly ! #crd1 or imm$iately aft] sunrise4 ,johnson f9ds t at ,london ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,sun's disc 0 cov]$ at #g4dc a4m4 ,! next eclipse record$ 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle is some:at difficult to expla94 ,x is said t 9 #edj ,a4,d4 ,! ,sun 0 eclips$ on ! #ab? ( ! ,cal5ds ( ,july ,june #bj1 & ! />s appe>$ full nigh half an h\r aft] #i a4m4 ,johnson's calculations make ! middle ( ! eclipse to h occurr$ at ab\t #g4cg a4m4 at ,london1 two-?irds ( ! ,sun's diamet] be+ cov]$4 ,he notes t ! ,moon's semi-diamet] 0 ne>ly at its maximum :il/ ! ,sun's semi-diamet] 0 ne>ly at its m9imum--a fav\rable comb9ation = a long totality4 ,! visibility ( ! />s seems difficult to expla9 9 connection ) ?is eclipse1 & !re=e he sugge/s t ! annali/ has made a mi/ake ( f\r ye>s & meant to ref] to ! eclipse ( ,septemb] #a1 #ecf ,a4,d41 b ?is does n seem a satisfactory !ory4 ,! ye> aft] ,pope ,m>t9 held a ,synod to condemn ! ,mono!lite h]esy1 an eclipse ( ! ,sun took place4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,ty*o ,brahe 9 8 catalogue ( eclipses z hav+ be5 se5 9 ,engl&4 ,johnson gives ! date z ,febru>y #f1 #fej ,a4,d41 & f9ds t ! ,sun 0 ?ree-f\r?s obscur$ at ,london at #c4cj p4m4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle tells u "u ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ffd t1 ,9 ?is ye> ! ,sun 0 eclips$ on ! #e? ( ! ,nones ( ,may2 & ,e>c5bryht1 ,k+ ( ! ,k5ti% p di$ & ,ecgbryht 8 son succe$$ to ! ,k+dom4 ,kepl] ?\ght ?is eclipse _h be5 total 9 ,engl&1 & ,johnson calculat+ = ,london f\nd t on ,may #a1 at #e p4m41 !re w\ld only h be5 a v ?9 cresc5t ( ! ,sun left uncov]$ on ! s\!rn limb1 s t ! l9e ( totality w\ld h pass$ across ! c\ntry "s di/ance to ! ,n4 ( ,london4 ,! eclipse ( ,dec4 #g1 ,a4,d4 #fga1 seems to be associat$ ) a comic trag$y4 ,! ,caliph ,moawiyah _h a fancy to remove ,mahomet's pulpit f ,m$9a to 8 own resid5ce at ,damascus4 ,he said t ! walk+-/ick & pulpit ( ! ,apo/le ( ,god %\ld n rema9 9 ! h&s ( ! murd]]s ( ,o?man4 ,great se>* 0 made = ! walk+-/ick1 & at la/ !y f\nd x4 ,!n !y w5t 9 ob$i5ce to 8 comm&s to remove ! pulpit1 :5 imm$iately1 to _! great surprise & a/oni%m5t1 ! ,sun 0 eclips$ to t degree t ! />s appe>$4#gc ,once aga9 ! "q ( visible />s is 9 "s s5se a s\rce ( difficulty4 ,h9d f\nd t ! eclipse 0 annul> on ! c5tral l9e4 ,at ,m$9a ! greate/ phase occurr$ at #aj;h4 #dcm4 a4m4 :5 #he_/ajj?s ( ! ,sun's diamet] 0 obscur$4 ,h9d sugge/s t 9 ! cle> skies ( t "p ( ! _w su* a degree ( eclipse might be suffici5t to br+ out ! bright] planets or />s4 ,at any rate no l>g] eclipse visible at ,m$9a occurr$ ab\t ?is epo*4 ,pr(4 ,ockley seems to ref] to ?is eclipse 9 mak+1 on ! au?ority ( sev]al ,arabian writ]s1 ! m5tion he does ( an eclipse 9 ! quotation j giv54 ,p]haps ?is w be a conv5i5t place to br+ 9 "s rem>ks on c]ta9 ,arabian obs]vations ( eclipses only made kn[n to ! sci5tific _w 9 mod]n times4 ,t ! ,arabians 7 v capable practical a/ronom]s has long be5 recognis$ z a well-e/abli%$ fact1 & if x _h n be5 = !m !re w\ld h be5 a trem5d\s blank 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy dur+ at lea/ six c5turies f ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #gjj onw>ds4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjd !re 0 publi%$ at ,p>is a ,fr5* translation ( an ,arabian manuscript pres]v$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd5 ( :i* little 0 kn[n until ne> ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! manuscript 0 !n s5t to ,p>is on loan to ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t :i* caus$ a translation to be made by ,citiz5 ,causs91 & ?is 0 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,le ,livre de la gr&e ,table ,haknate4#gd ,causs9 0 ,pr(essor ( ,arabic at ! ,college ( ,france4 ,newcomb consid]s ?is to conta9 ! e>lie/ exact a/ronomical obs]vations ( eclipses :i* h rea*$ u4 ,he rem>ks t "s ( ! data left u by ,ptolemy1 ,!on1 ,albategnius & o!rs may be ! results ( actual obs]vations1 b 9 no case1 s f> z is kn[n1 h ! figures ( ! actual obs]vations be5 h&$ d[n4 ,= example1 we _c reg>d midnight nor ! middle ( an eclipse z mom5ts capable ( direct obs]vation )\t in/rum5ts ( precision2 b 9 ! ,arabian "w "u consid]ation we f9d def9ite /atem5ts ( ! altitudes ( ! heav5ly bodies at ! mom5ts ( ! beg9n+ & end+ ( eclipses--data n likely to be tamp]$ ) 9 ord] to agree ) ! results ( calculation4 ,! eclipses record$ are #bh 9 numb] & usually ! beg9n+ & end ( !m 7 obs]v$4 ,! altitudes are giv5 sometimes only 9 :ole degrees1 sometimes 9 co>se fractions ( a degree4 ,! mo/ s]i\s s\rce ( error to be confront$ 9 turn+ ^! obs]vations to acc\nt arises f ! unc]ta9ty z to h[ long aft] ! fir/ contact ! eclipse 0 p]ceiv$ & ! altitude tak52 & h[ long be=e ! true end 0 ! eclipse lo/ sight (4 ,mak+ ! be/ use he c\ld ( ! records available ,newcomb f\nd t !y c\ld safely be employ$ 9 8 inve/igations into ! !ory ( ! ,moon4 ,! obs]vations 7 tak51 "s at ,bagdad & ! rema9d] at ,cairo4 ,i d n propose to occupy space by transcrib+ ! acc\nts 9 detail1 b "o extract may be (f]$ z a sample ( ! re/--,eclipse ( ! ,sun obs]v$ at ,bagdad1 ,augu/ #ah1 #ibh ,a4,d4 ,! ,sun rose ab\t "o-f\r? eclips$4 ,we look$ at ! ,sun on a surface ( wat] & saw x di/9ctly4 ,at ! end :5 we f\nd no "p ( ! ,sun 0 any long] eclips$1 & t its disc appe>$ 9 ! wat] z a complete circle1 its altitude 0 #ab 9 ! ,e41 less ! "o-?ird ( a division ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* itself 0 divid$ to ?irds ( a degree4 ,"o mu/ !re=e r$uce ! /at$ altitude by "o-n9? ( a degree1 leav+1 !re=e1 ! true altitude z #aa #ec' #bj4 ,! skill & c>e %[n 9 ?is record %[s t ! ,arab :o obs]v$ ?is eclipse ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s ago mu/ h be5 a man ( a diff]5t type f an ord9>y resid5t at ,bagdad 9 ! ye> #ahii4 ,no description is giv5 ( ! in/rum5t us$1 b presumably x 0 "s k9d ( a quadrant4 ,x does n appe> :y "s ( ! obs]vations 7 made at ,bagdad & "s at ,cairo4 ,! ,bagdad obs]vations comm5ce ) an eclipse ( ! ,sun on ,novemb] #cj1 #hbi1 & end ) an eclipse ( ! ,moon on ,novemb] #e1 #icc4 ,! ,cairo obs]vations beg9 ) an eclipse ( ! ,sun on ,decemb] #ab1 #igg1 & end ) an eclipse ( ! ,sun on ,janu>y #bd1 #ajjd4 ,^! /atem5ts apply to ! #be obs]vations :i* ,newcomb consid]$ 7 tru/wor?y en\gh to be employ$ 9 8 rese>*es1 b he reject$ ?ree z imp]fect4 ,i h brok5 away f ! /rict ?read ( *ronological sequ5ce 9 ord] to keep toge!r ! notes respect+ ,arabian obs]vations ( eclipses4 ,let u n[ rev]t to ! ,european eclipses4 ,"u ! date ( ,a4,d4 #gcc1 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle tells u t1 ,9 ?is ye> !lbald captur$ ,som]ton2 & ! ,sun 0 eclips$1 & all ! ,sun's disc 0 l a black %ield2 & ,acca 0 driv5 f 8 bi%opric4 ,john/on sugge/s t ! ref]5ce is to an annul> eclipse :i* he f9ds occurr$ on ,augu/ #ad1 at ab\t #h h4 9 ! morn+4 ,9 ,s*nurr]'s ,*ronik d] ,seu*5 7pt4 i41 #aac1 p4 #afd71 x is /at$ t1 ,"o ye> aft] ! ,arabs _h be5 driv5 back across ! ,pyr5ees aft] ! battle ( ,t\rs1 ! ,sun 0 s mu* d>k5$ on ! #ai? ( ,augu/ z to excite univ]sal t]ror4 ,x may be t ! ,engli% eclipse is "h ref]r$ to1 & a date wrong by five days assign$ to x by ,s*nurr]4 ,humboldt 7,cosmos1 vol4 iv4 p4 #chd1 ,bohn's ed47 reports ?is eclipse 9 an enum]ation he gives ( in/ances ( ! ,sun hav+ be5 d>k5$4 ,on ,may #e1 ,a4,d4 #hdj1 !re happ5$ an eclipse ( ! ,sun :i*1 among/ o!r effects1 is said to h s greatly fright5$ ,l\is ,le ,debonnaire 7,*>lemagne's son7 t x contribut$ to 8 dea?4 ,! ,emp]or 0 tak5 ill at ,worms1 & hav+ be5 remov$ to ,+elheim1 an isl& 9 ! ,rh9e1 ne> ,may5ce1 di$ !re on ,june #bj4 ,h9d#ge f\nd t ?is 0 a total eclipse1 & t ! nor!rn limit ( totality pass$ ab\t #ajj miles s\? ( ,worms4 ,! middle ( ! eclipse occurr$ at #a;h4 #aem4 p4m4 ) ! ,sun at an altitude ( #eg4 ,! duration ( ! eclipse 0 unusually long1 namely ab\t #e m9utes4 ,) ! ,sun s high & ! obscuration la/+ s long1 ?is eclipse mu/ h be5 an unusually impos+ "o1 & well calculat$ to inspire special al>m4 ,on ,oct4 #bi1 #hgh1 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 !re 0 a total eclipse visible at ,london4 ,! m5tion ( x 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle is z foll[s3--,! ,sun 0 eclips$ at #a h\r ( ! day4 ,no mon? is giv51 & ! ye> is said to h be5 #hgi1 :i* is und\bt$ly wrong4 ,h9d f\nd t ! c5tral l9e ( ! eclipse pass$ ab\t #bj miles ,n4 ( ,london1 & t ! totality la/$ #am4 #eas4 ,ty*o ,brahe 9 8 ,hi/oria ,coele/is quotes f ! ,annales ,fuld5ses a /atem5t t ! ,sun 0 s mu* d>k5$ aft] ! #i? h\r t ! />s appe>$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,?orpe 9 8 edition ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle quotes f ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,price a note :i* assigns ! date ( ,m>* #ad1 #hhj1 to ?is eclipse1 & cites 9 confirmation a passage f ! ,*ronicle ( ,flor5ce ( ,worce/]1 anno #hgi4 ,! #hhj eclipse is m5tion$ by ,ass] 9 8 ,de ,vit et ,rebus ge/is ,alfr$i 9 ! words foll[+3--,9 ! same ye> #hgi an eclipse ( ! ,sun took place betwe5 ?ree o'clock & ! ev5+1 b ne>] ?ree o'clock4 ,! confusion ( dates is rem>kable4 ,9 ! ,*ronicon ,scotorum1 "u ! date ( #hhe1 we f9d3--,an eclipse ( ! ,sun2 & />s 7 se5 9 ! heav5s4 ,! ref]5ce appe>s to be to ! total eclipse ( ,june #af1 ,a4,d4 #hhe4 ,! totality la/$ m ?an f\r m9utes1 & z ! />s are said to h be5 visible 9 ! ,nor? ( ,irel&1 d\btless t "p ( ,irel& came )9 ! eclipse limits4 ,on ,dec4 #bb1 #ifh1 !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* 0 almo/ total at ,london at ab\t #h;h4 #ccm4 a4m41 or soon aft] sunrise4 ,! c5tral l9e pass$ across ! ,s4-,w4 ( ,engl&1 & !nce ?r\gh ,france to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,"o ,leon1 a deacon at ,corfu1 obs]v$ ?is eclipse1 & has left beh9d :at probably is ! fir/ p]fectly explicit m5tion ( ! ,corona4#gf ,on ,aug4 #cj1 #ajcj1 !re happ5$ an eclipse visible 9 ,norway1 :i* has already be5 allud$ to on a previ\s page "u ! "n ( ! eclipse ( ,/ikla/ad4 ,?is 0 "o ( ^? eclipses1 ! circum/ances ( :i* 7 exam9$ _m ye>s ago 9 detail by ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1#gg because he ?\ght t in=mation ( value might be obta9$ !refrom ) respect to ! motions ( ! ,moon4 ,its availability = t purpose has1 h[ev]1 be5 s]i\sly que/ion$ by ,pr(essor ,newcomb4 ,/ikla/ad is a place :]e a battle 0 f\ght1 at :i* ,olav1 ,k+ ( ,norway1 is said to h be5 kill$4 ,:ile ! battle 0 9 progress ! ,sun 0 totally eclips$1 & a r$ light appe>$ ar\nd x4 ,?is is reg>d$ z an e>ly record ( ! ,corona1 ?\gh n ! fir/4#gh ,john/on f\nd t ! eclipse 0 ne>ly total at ab\t #b;h4 #bam4 p4m4 ,9 #ajcc !re happ5$ on ,june #bi an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* evid5tly _h _m obs]v]s1 because x is m5tion$ by _m contempor>y writ]s4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,fr5* hi/orian1 ,glab]1#gi says t on ! #crd ( ! ,cal5ds ( ,july !re 0 an eclipse f ! six? to ! eigh? h\r ( ! day exce$+ly t]rible4 ,= ! ,sun became ( a sapphire col\r2 9 its upp] "p hav+ ! lik5ess ( a f\r? "p ( ! ,moon4 ,?is suffici5tly h>monises ) ,john/on's calculations t ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! ,sun on ! l[] side 0 cov]$ at #aj;h4 #ejm4 9 ! morn+4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fa3 ,hi/4 ,rome1 ,book lv41 *ap4 #bb4 ,footnote #fb3 ,lett] 9 ! ,times1 ,july #ai1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #fc3 ,hi/4 ,rome1 ,book lx41 *ap4 #bf4 ,footnote #fd3 ,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 ,book viii41 c4 #bc4 ,footnote #fe3 ,plut4 ,op]a ,mor4 et ,phil41 vol4 xix4 p4 #fhb ,ed4 ,lipsi1 #aggh4 ,footnote #ff3 ,a/4 ,na*1 ,no4 #ahch1 vol4 lxxvii4 p4 #bbc3 ,m>* #ca1 #ahga4 ,footnote #fg3 ,ma!seos1 ,lib4 i41 cap4 #b1 p4 #e1 ,basile4 #aecc4 ,footnote #fh3 ,hi/ori1 ,lib4 xx41 cap4 #c1 sec4 #a4 ,footnote #fi3 ,epitome ,hi/ori ,ecclesia/ic1 ,lib4 xii41 cap4 #h4 ,footnote #gj3 ,hi/oria ,francorum1 ,lib4 ii41 cap4 #c 7ad f9474 ,footnote #ga3 ,mrs4 ,d4 ,p4 ,todd1 ,total ,eclipses ( ! ,sun1 p4 #aja4 ,footnote #gb3 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ad4 ,ed4 ,b4 ,?orpe1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #gc3 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,ockley1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,s>ac5s1 vol ii4 p4 #aaj4 ,camb4 #ageg4 ,footnote #gd3 ,x %\ld be /at$ t prior to ! publication ( ! "w 9 a book =m ! great] "p ( ! eclipse obs]vations _h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,mmoires de l',in/itut ,national des ,sci5ces et ,arts3 ,sci5ces ,ma?matiques et ,physiques1 tome ii4 ,footnote #ge3 ,lett] 9 ! ,times1 ,july #ai1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #gf3 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 ,a/4 ,na*41 vol4 lxxvii4 p4 #abg1 ,feb4 #a1 #ahga4 ,footnote #gg3 ,memoirs1 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xxvi4 p4 #aca1 #aheh4 ,footnote #gh3 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,drey]1 ,nature1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #edi1 ,oct4 #be1 #ahgg4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory4-- ,,m$i,,val ,,& ,,mod]n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ eclipses ( m$ival times 0 t ( ,augu/ #b1 #aacc1 visible z a total eclipse 9 ,scotl&4 ,x 0 consid]$ a presage ( mis=tune to ,h5ry ,i4 & 0 ?us ref]r$ to by ,william ( ,malmesbury#hj3-- ,! elem5ts manife/$ _! sorr[ at ?is great man's la/ dep>ture f ,engl&4 ,= ! ,sun on t day at ! #f? h\r %r\d$ 8 glori\s face1 z ! poets say1 9 hide\s d>kness agitat+ ! he>ts ( m5 by an eclipse2 & on ! #f? day ( ! week e>ly 9 ! morn+ !re 0 s great an e>?quake t ! gr\nd appe>$ absolutely to s9k d[n2 an horrid noise be+ fir/ he>d b5ea? ! surface4 ,?is eclipse is also allud$ to 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle ?\gh ! ye> is wrongly giv5 z #aace in/ead ( #aacc z x c]ta9ly 04 ,! ,*ronicle says3--,9 ?is ye> ,k+ ,h5ry w5t ov] sea at ,lammas1 & ! second day z he lay & slept on ! %ip ! day d>k5$ ov] all l&s2 & ! ,sun became z x 7 a ?ree-night-old ,moon1 & ! />s ab\t x at mid-day4 ,m5 7 greatly wond]-/rick5 & affright$1 & said t a great ?+ %\ld come h]eaft]4 ,s x did1 = ! same ye> ! k+ di$ on ! foll[+ day aft] ,/4 ,&rew's ,mass day1 ,dec4 #b1 9 ,norm&y4 ,! k+ did die 9 #aace1 b !re 0 no eclipse ( ! ,augu/ new ,moon1 & )\t d\bt ! writ] has muddl$ up ! ye> ( ! eclipse & ( ! k+'s dep>ture f ,engl& 7to :i* he nev] return$7 & ! ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,calvisius /ates t ?is eclipse 0 obs]v$ 9 ,fl&]s & t ! />s appe>$4 ,respect+ ! above-m5tion$ discrepancy ,mrs4 ,todd aptly rem>ks3--,s ,h5ry mu/ h di$ 9 #aacc1 :i* he did n2 or else !re mu/ h be5 an eclipse 9 #aace1 :i* !re 0 n4 ,b ?is is n ! only labyr9? into :i* *ronology & old eclipses1 imag9ation1 & computation1 lead ! unw>y se>*]4 ,pr(essor ,freeman's explanation fairly cle>s up ! difficulty3--,! fact t he nev] came back to ,engl&1 toge!r ) ! circum/ances ( 8 voyage1 seems to h made a deep impression on m5's m9ds4 ,9 popul> belief ! signs & wond]s :i* m>k$ 8 la/ voyage 7 transf]r$ to ! ,lammas-tide be=e 8 dea? two ye>s lat]4#ha ,! c5tral l9e ( ?is eclipse trav]s$ ,scotl& f ,ross to ,=f> & ! eclipse 0 ( c\rse l>ge 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,! totality la/$ #dm4 #bjs4 9 ,=f>%ire4 ,h9d has furni%$ "s fur!r in=mation respect+ ?is eclipse4 ,x appe>s t dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,k+dom ( ,j]usalem creat$ by ! ,crusad]s an eclipse occurr$ :i* w\ld appe> to h be5 total at ,j]usalem or 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,no date is giv5 & a date c only be guess$1 & ,h9d guess$ t ! eclipse ( #aacc 0 ! "o ref]r$ to4 ,he f\nd t aft] leav+ ,scotl& & cross+ ,europe ! c5tral l9e ( ! #aacc eclipse ent]$ ,pale/9e ne> ,jaffa & pass$ ov] ,j]usalem :]e ! ,sun 0 hidd5 = #d m9utes at ab\t #c;h4 p4m4 ,f ,nabl\s on ! ,n4 to ,ascalon on ! ,s4 ! c\ntry 0 9 d>kness = ne>ly ! same p]iod ( "t4 ,! alt]native eclipses to ?is "o w\ld be ^? ( ,sept4 #d1 #aahg1 magnitude at ,j]usalem #i_/aj?s ( ! ,sun's diamet]2 or ,june #bc1 #aaia1 magnitude at ! same place ab\t #g_/aj?s2 b ^! d n seem to h>monise s well ) ! acc\nts h&$ d[n to u z does ! eclipse ( #aacc4 ,9 #aadj1 on ,m>* #bj1 !re happ5$ a total eclipse ( ! ,sun visible 9 ,engl& :i* is ?us ref]r$ to by ,william ( ,malmesbury#hb3-- ,dur+ ?is ye>1 9 ,l5t1 on ! #ac? ( ! ,cal5ds ( ,april1 at ! #i? h\r ( ! #d? day ( ! week1 !re 0 an eclipse1 ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 z ,i h he>d4 ,) u1 inde$1 & ) all our neighb\rs1 ! obscuration ( ! ,sun also 0 s rem>kable1 t p]sons sitt+ at table1 z x !n happ5$ almo/ ev]y:]e1 = x 0 ,l5t1 at fir/ fe>$ t ,*aos 0 come aga93 aft]w>ds1 le>n+ ! cause1 !y w5t out & beheld ! />s ar\nd ! ,sun4 ,x 0 ?\ght & said by _m1 n untruly1 t ! ,k+ ,/eph5 w\ld n cont9ue a ye> 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,! same eclipse is also ?us m5tion$ 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle3--,aft]w>ds 9 ,l5t ! ,sun & ! day d>k5$ ab\t ! noontide ( ! day1 :5 m5 7 eat+1 & !y light$ c&les to eat by2 & t 0 ! #ac? ( ! ,cal5ds ( ,april1 ,m>* #bj4 ,m5 7 greatly wond]-/rick54 ,! greate/ obscuration at ,london took place at #b;h4 #cfm4 p4m41 b x is n q cle> :e!r ! l9e ( totality did actually pass ov] ,london4 ,x 0 long suppos$ t ?is eclipse 0 total at ,london1 an idea :i* seems to h aris5 f ,halley hav+ told ! ,royal ,society an5t ! total eclipse ( ,may #c1 #agae1 t he c\ld n f9d t any total eclipse _h be5 visible at ,london s9ce ,m>* #bj1 #aadj4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is /atem5t ( ,halley's1 ,h9d c>efully inve/igat$ ! circum/ances ( ?is eclipse1 & f\nd t x _h n be5 total at ,london4 ,! c5tral l9e ent]$ our isl& at ,ab]y/)1 & pass+ ne> ,%rewsbury1 ,/af=d1 ,d]by1 ,nott+ham1 & ,l9coln1 rea*$ ! ,g]man ,ocean1 #aj miles ,s4 ( ,saltfleet4 ,! s\!rn limit ( ! zone ( totality pass$ ?r\gh ! ,s\? ,midl& c\nties1 & ! ne>e/ po9t ( approa* to ,london 0 a po9t on ! bord]s ( ,nor?ampton%ire & ,b$=d%ire4 ,= a position on ! c5tral l9e ne> ,/af=d1 ,h9d f\nd t ! totality began at #b;h4 #cfm4 p4m4 local mean "t1 ! duration be+ #cm4 #bfs41 & ! ,sun's altitude be+ m ?an #cj4 ,! />s se5 7 probably ! planets ,m]cury & ,v5us1 !n )9 a degree ( ea* o!r1 & #aj ,w4 ( ! ,sun1 & p]haps ! />s =m+ ! well-kn[n ,squ>e ( ,pegasus4 ,m>s & ,saturn 7 also1 at t "t1 )9 a degree ( ea* o!r1 b v ne> ! we/]n horizon4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to look fur!r back ?an #aadj to f9d a total sol> eclipse visible 9 ,london4#hc ,a sol> eclipse seems to h be5 allud$ to by c]ta9 hi/orians z hav+ happ5$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aaec4 ,we h ! obscure /atem5t t some?+ s+ul> happ5$ to ! ,sun ! day aft] ! ,conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,a some:at l>ge eclipse hav+ be5 visible at ,augsburg 9 ,g]many1 on ,janu>y #bf1 ?is may h be5 ! some?+ ref]r$ to4 ,x w\ld seem t ab\t #aa_/ab?s ( ! ,sun's diamet] 0 cov]$4 ,on ,may #ad1 ,a4,d4 #abcj1 !re happ5$ a great eclipse ( ! ,sun1 ?us describ$ by ,rog] ( ,w5dov]#hd3--,on ! #ad? ( ,may1 :i* 0 ! ,tuesday 9 ,rogation ,week1 an unusual eclipse ( ! ,sun took place v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 imm$iately aft] sunrise2 & x became s d>k t ! lab\r]s1 :o _h comm5c$ _! morn+'s "w1 7 oblig$ to leave x1 & return$ aga9 to _! b$s to sleep2 b 9 ab\t an h\r's "t1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( _m1 ! ,sun rega9$ its usual brightness4 ,?is eclipse1 z reg>ds its total phase1 is said by ,john/on to h begun 9 ! horizon1 a little to ! ,n4 ( ,london1 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,on ,june #c1 ,a4,d4 #abci1 & ,octob] #f1 #abda1 !re occurr$ total eclipses ( ! ,sun1 :i* h be5 v c>efully discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,celoria ( ,milan1 ) ! view ( us+ !m 9 inve/igations into ! ,moon's mean motion4#he ,! second ( ^! eclipses is m5tion$ by ,ty*o ,brahe4#hf ,he /ates t a few />s appe>$ ab\t noonday1 & ! ,sun 0 hidd5 f sight 9 a cle> sky4 ,! eclipse 0 total 9 ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,dr4 ,l+>d1#hg ! well-kn[n ,roman ,ca?olic hi/orian1 speak+ ( ! battle ( ,cressy1 :i* 0 f\ght on ,augu/ #bf1 #acdf1 says3--,nev]1 p]haps1 7 prep>ations = battle made "u circum/ances s truly awful4 ,on t v day ! ,sun suff]$ a p>tial eclipse3 birds 9 cl\ds1 precursors ( a /orm1 flew scream+ ov] ! two armies2 & ! ra9 fell 9 torr5ts1 accompani$ ) incessant ?und] & lightn+4 ,ab\t #e 9 ! aft]noon1 ! wea!r cle>$ up1 ! ,sun 9 full spl5d\r d>t$ 8 rays 9 ! eyes ( ! enemy2 & ! ,g5oese1 sett+ up _! %\ts1 dis*>g$ _! qu>rels4 ,?is 0 n an eclipse1 = none 0 due to take place2 & ! ph5om5on c\ld only h be5 meteorological--d5se cl\ds or some?+ ( t sort 9 ! sky4 ,on ,june #af1 #adjf1 !re 0 a l>ge eclipse ( ! ,sun1 #i_/aj?s ( its diamet] be+ cov]$ at ,london2 b on ! ,cont95t x seems to h be5 total4 ,x is /at$ t ! d>kness 0 su* t p c\ld h>dly recognise "o ano!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ eclipses dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 0 und\bt$ly t ( ,june #ag1 #adcc4 ,?is 0 long rememb]$ 9 ,scotl& z ! ,black ,h\r1 & its circum/ances 7 fully inve/igat$ "s ye>s ago by ,h9d4 ,x 0 a rem>kable eclipse 9 t ! ,moon 0 )9 #ac ( p]igee & ! ,sun only #b f apogee4 ,! c5tral l9e trav]s$ ,scotl& 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction f ,ross to ,=f>1 pass+ ne> ,inv]ness & ,dundee4 ,maclaur9#hh :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury m5tions t 9 8 "t a manuscript acc\nt ( ?is eclipse 0 pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh :]e9 ! d>kness is said to h come on at ab\t #c p4m41 & to h be5 v pr(\nd4 ,! duration ( ! totality at ,inv]ness 0 #dm4 #cbs42 at ,ed9burgh #cm4 #das4 ,! c5tral l9e pass$ f ,brita9 to ! ,n4 ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma9e1 ?r\gh ,bav>ia1 to ! ,d>danelles1 to ! ,s4 ( ,aleppo & !nce ne>ly p>allel to ! riv] ,euphrates to ! ,n4-,e4 bord] ( ,arabia4 ,9 ,turkey1 accord+ to ,calvisius1 ne> ev5+ ! light ( ! ,sun 0 s ov]p[]$ t d>kness cov]$ ! l&4 ,9 #aedd1 on ,jan4 #bd1 !re occurr$ an eclipse ( ! ,sun :i* 0 ne>ly b n q total4 ,! *ief int]e/ arises f ! fact t x 0 "o ( ! fir/ obs]v$ by pr(ess$ a/ronom]s3 ,gemma ,frisius saw x at ,l\va94 ,kepl] says#hi t ! day became d>k l ! twilight ( ev5+ & t ! birds :i* f ! break ( day _h be5 s++ became mute4 ,! middle ( ! eclipse 0 at ab\t #i a4m4 ,9 #aefj an eclipse ( ! ,sun took place :i* 0 total 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,clavius :o obs]v$ x at ,coimbra says#ij t ! ,sun rema9$ obscur$ = no little "t3 !re 0 d>kness great] ?an t ( night1 no "o c\ld see :]e he trod & ! />s %one v brightly 9 ! sky3 ! birds moreov]1 wond]ful to say1 fell d[n to ! gr\nd 9 fright at su* />tl+ d>kness4 ,kepl] is responsible = ! /atem5t t ,ty*o ,brahe did n believe ?is1 & wrote to ,clavius to t effect #dj ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,9 #aefg !re 0 an annul> eclipse visible at ,rome on ,april #i4 ,clavius says#ia t ! :ole ,sun 0 n eclips$ b t !re 0 left a bright circle all r\nd4 ,?is 9 set t]ms is a description ( an annul> eclipse1 b ,john/on :o calculat$ t at ,rome ! greate/ obscuration took place at #bjm4 pa/ noon po9ts out t ! augm5tation ( ! ,moon's semi-diamet] w\ld almo/ h produc$ totality4 ,ty*o tells u t he saw ?is eclipse on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic :5 a "y man ab\t #bj ye>s ( age4 ,! total eclipse ( ,febru>y #be1 #aeih1 long left a special m>k on ! memories ( ! p ( ,scotl&4 ,! day 0 spok5 ( z ,black ,saturday4 ,maclaur9 /ates#ib3--,!re is a tradition t "s p]sons 9 ! ,nor? lo/ _! way 9 ! "t ( ?is eclipse1 & p]i%$ 9 ! sn[--a /atem5t :i* ,h9d discr$its4 ,! c5tral l9e pass$ f ne> ,/ranra]1 ov] ,dalkei?1 & !re=e ,ed9burgh 0 )9 ! zone ( totality4 ,totality came on at ,ed9burgh at #aj;h4 #aem4 & la/$ #am4 #cjs4 ,f ! rapid motion ( ! ,moon 9 decl9ation1 ! c\rse ( ! c5tral l9e 0 a quickly asc5d+ "o 9 latitude on ! ,e>?'s surface1 ! totality pass+ (f )9 ! ,arctic circle4 ,kepl] 9 8 acc\nt ( ! new /> 9 ! con/ellation ,ophiu*us#ic ref]s to ! total eclipse ( ! ,sun ( ,octob] #ab1 #afje1 z hav+ be5 obs]v$ at ,naples1 & t ! ,r$ ,flames 7 visible z a rim ( r$ light r\nd ! ,sun's disc3 at lea/ ?is seems to be ! con/ruction :i* may fairly be put ^u ! ,lat9 ( ! orig9al description4 ,! p>tial eclipse ( ! ,sun ( ,may #cj1 #afab1 is record$ to h be5 se5 ?r\gh a tube4 ,no d\bt ?is is an allusion to ! newly-inv5t$ in/rum5t :i* we n[ call ! telescope4 ,seem+ly ?is is ! fir/ eclipse ( ! ,sun s obs]v$1 b x is on record t an eclipse ( ! ,moon _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$ ?r\gh a telescope4 ,?is 0 ! lun> eclipse ( ,july #f1 #afaj1 ?\gh ! obs]v]'s "n has n be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,! eclipse ( ,april #h1 #afeb1 is ano!r ( ^? ,scot* eclipses1 z we may call !m1 :i* left _! m>k on ! p ( t c\ntry4 ,maclaur9#id speaks ( x 9 8 "t 7he di$ 9 #agdf7 z "o ( ! two c5tral eclipses :i* are /ill fam\s among ! populace 9 ?is c\ntry ,scotl&1 & kn[n among/ !m by ! appellation ( ,mirk ,monday4 ,! c5tral l9e pass$ ov] ! ,s4,e4 ( ,irel&1 ne> ,wex=d & ,wickl[1 & rea*+ ,scotl& ne> ,burr[ ,head 9 ,wigt[n%ire1 & pass+ n f> f ,ed9burgh1 ,montrose & ,ab]de51 quitt$ ,scotl& at ,pet]head4 ,gre5ock & ,elg9 7 ne> ! nor!rn limit ( ! zone ( totality1 & ! ,*eviots & ,b]wick ^u ! s\!rn limit4 ,! eclipse 0 obs]v$ at ,c>rickf]gus by ,dr4 ,wyb]d4#ie ,h9d f\nd t its duration !re 0 b #dds4 ,?is %ort duration1 he sugge/$1 may p>tly expla9 ! curi\s rem>k ( ,dr4 ,wyb]d t :5 ! ,sun 0 r$uc$ to a v sl5d] cresc5t ( light1 ! ,moon all at once ?rew h]self )9 ! m>g9 ( ! sol> disc ) su* agility t %e seem$ to revolve l an upp] mill/one1 af=d+ a pleasant spectacle ( rotatory motion4 ,wyb]d's fur!r description cle>ly applies to ! ,corona4 ,a ,scot* acc\nt says t ! c\ntry p till+1 loos$ _! pl\ghs4 ,! birds dropp$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! eclipse ( ,novemb] #d1 #affh1 visible z a p>tial "o 9 ,engl&1 0 ( no p>ticul> int]e/ 9 itself b des]ves notice z hav+ be5 obs]v$ by ,flam/e$1#if :o gives a few diagrams ( 8 obs]vations at ,d]by4 ,he /ates t ! eclipse came on mu* e>li] ?an _h be5 pr$ict$4 ,x 0 well kn[n at ?is "t t ! tables ( ! ,sun & ,moon !n 9 use 7 v defective1 & x 0 a recognition ( ?is fact :i* ev5tually l$ to ! f\ndation ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 9 #afge4 ,on ,septemb] #bc1 #afii1 an eclipse ( ! ,sun occurr$ :i* 0 total to ! ,n4 ( ,cai?ness = ! v brief space ( #aj-ae secs4 ,at ,ed9burgh1 ab\t #aa_/ab?s ( ! ,sun's diamet] 0 obscur$4 ,9 ! ,app5dix to ,pepys's ,di>y#ig !re is a lett] f ,dr4 ,wallis m5tion+ t 8 daught]'s att5tion 0 call$ to x by notic+ ! light ( ! ,sun look some:at dim at ab\t #i a4m41 :il/ %e 0 writ+ a lett]1 %e kn[+ no?+ ( ! eclipse4 ,an eclipse ( ! ,sun occurr$ on ,may #ab1 #agjf1 :i* 0 visible z a p>tial eclipse 9 ,engl& & 0 total on ! ,cont95t1 especially 9 ,switz]l&4 ,a c]ta9 ,capta9 ,/annyan :o made obs]vations at ,b]ne1 writes ?us to ,flam/e$#ih3--,t ! ,sun 0 totally d>k5$ !re = f\r & a half m9utes ( "t2 t a fix$ /> & a planet appe>$ v bright2 & t 8 gett+ out ( 8 eclipse 0 prec$$ by a blood-r$ /reak ( light f its left limb1 :i* cont9u$ n long] ?an six or sev5 seconds ( "t2 !n "p ( ! ,sun's disc appe>$ all ( a sudd5 z bright z ,v5us 0 ev] se5 9 ! night2 nay1 bright]2 & 9 t v in/ant gave a light & %ad[ to ?+s z /rong z ! ,moon uses to d4 ,on ?is communication ,flam/e$ rem>ks3--,! ,capta9 is ! fir/ man ,i ev] he>d ( t took notice ( a r$ /reak prec$+ ! em]sion ( ! ,sun's body f a total eclipse1 & ,i take notice ( x to y ! ,royal ,society1 because x inf]s t ! ,moon has an atmosph]e2 & its %ort cont9uance1 if only six or sev5 seconds' "t1 tells u t its height 0 n m ?an five or six hundr$?s "p ( h] diamet]4 ,on ! :ole1 p]haps1 ! mo/ celebrat$ eclipse ( ! ,sun ev] record$ 9 ,engl& 0 t ( ,may #c1 #agae4 ,! l9e ( totality pass$ "r across ,engl& f ,cornwall to ,norfolk1 & ! ph5om5on 0 c>efully obs]v$ & describ$ by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ a/ronom] ( ! "t1 ,dr4 ,edmund ,halley4 ,! l9e ( totality pass$ ov] ,london among/ o!r places1 & z ! maximum phase took place soon aft] #i a4m4 on a f9e spr+ morn+1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,metropolis saw a sight :i* _! successors w n see aga9 till _m g5]ations h come & gone4 ,halley has left beh9d him an exce$+ly int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is ev5t1 "s allusions to :i* h already be5 made4 ,he seems to h se5 :at we call ! ,corona1 describ$ by him h[ev] z a lum9\s r+1 ( a pale :it5ess1 or r pe>l col\r1 a little t+$ ) ! col\rs ( ! ,iris1 & conc5tric ) ! ,moon4 ,he speaks also ( a dusky b /rong r$ light :i* seem$ to col\r ! d>k edge ( ! ,moon j be=e ! ,sun em]g$ f totality4 ,jupit]1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ! />s ,capella & ,aldeb>an 7 se5 9 ,london1 :il/ ,n4 ( ,london1 m directly "u ! c5tral l9e1 z _m z tw5ty />s 7 se54 ,! inhabitants ( ,engl& :o liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,george ,i4 7 s+ul>ly =tunate 9 _! *ances ( see+ total eclipses ( ! ,sun1 = only n9e ye>s aft]#ii ! "o j describ$1 namely1 on ,may #bb1 #agbd1 ano!r total eclipse occurr$4 ,! c5tral l9e cross$ "s ( ! s\!rn c\ntries1 & ! ph5om5on 0 well se5 & report$ on by ,dr4 ,/ukeley1#ajj :o /ation$ himself on ,h>ad5 ,hill1 ne> ,salisbury4 ,! ,doctor says ( ! d>kness t he seem$ to feel x1 z x 71 drop ^u u 444 l a great d>k mantle1 & t dur+ ! totality ! spectacle pres5t$ to 8 view 0 beyond all t he _h ev] se5 or c\ld picture to 8 imag9ation ! mo/ solemn4 ,he c\ld ) difficulty disc]n ! faces ( 8 companions :i* _h a gha/ly />tl+ appe>ance4 ,:5 ! totality 0 end+ !re appe>$ a small lucid spot1 & f x ran a rim ( fa9t brightness4 ,9 ab\t #c m9utes f ?is appe>ance ! hill-tops *ang$ f black to blue1 ! horizon gave out ! grey /reaks previ\s to morn+ dawn1 & ! birds sprang joy\sly into ! air4 ,?is eclipse seems to h _h royal obs]v]s4 ,x 0 wat*$ at ,k5s+ton app>5tly by ! ,k+ or "s ( ! royal family ( ,engl&1 & at ,trianon 7,p>is7 by ! ,k+ ( ,france1#aja "u ! compet5t guidance ( ,m>aldi1 ,cass9i & ,de ,l\ville4 ,x 0 ! la/ :i* 0 visible z a total "o 9 any "p ( ,engl&4 ,on ,may #b1 #agcc1 !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* 0 total 9 ,sw$5 & p>tial 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,sw$5 ! total obscuration la/$ m ?an #c m9utes4 ,jupit]1 ! />s 9 ,ursa ,major1 ,capella1 & sev]al o!r />s 7 visible to ! nak$ eye1 z also 0 a lum9\s r+ r\nd ! ,sun4 ,?ree or f\r spots ( r$di% col\r 7 also p]ceiv$ ne> ! limb ( ! ,moon1 b n 9 imm$iate contact ) x4 ,^! s-call$ r$ spots 7 d\btless ! ,r$ ,flames ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & ! lum9\s r+ ! ,corona4 ,on ,m>* #a1 #agcg1 a good annul> eclipse 0 obs]v$ at ,ed9burgh by ,maclaur94#ajb ,9 8 acc\nt he says3--,a little be=e ! annulus 0 complete a rem>kable po9t or speck ( pale light appe>$ ne> ! middle ( ! "p ( ! ,moon's circumf]5ce t 0 n yet come ^u ! disc ( ! ,sun4444 ,dur+ ! appe>ance ( ! annulus ! direct light ( ! ,sun 0 /ill v consid]able1 b ! places t 7 %ad$ f 8 light appe>$ gloomy4 ,!re 0 a dusk 9 ! atmosph]e1 especially t[>ds ! ,n4 & ,e4 ,9 ^? *amb]s :i* _h n _! lights we/w>ds ! obscurity 0 consid]able4 ,v5us appe>$ pla9ly1 & cont9u$ visible long aft] ! annulus 0 dissolv$1 & ,i am told t o!r />s 7 se5 by "s4 ,"l ,ab]d\r m5tions a n>r[ /reak ( dusky r$ light on ! d>k edge ( ! ,moon imm$iately be=e ! r+ 0 complet$1 & aft] x 0 dissolv$4 ,no d\bt ?is is a record ( ! ,r$ ,flames4 ,9 #agdh ,scotl& 0 aga9 fav\r$ ) a c5tral eclipse1 b x 0 only annul>4 ,! ,e>l ( ,morton#ajc & ,james ,%ort1 ! optician1 :o obs]v$ ! ph5om5on at ,ab]d\r ,ca/le1 #aj miles ,n4-,w4 ( ,ed9burgh1 j outside ! l9e ( annul>ity1 saw a br[n col\r$ light /ret*+ along ! circumf]5ce ( ! ,moon f ea* ( ! cusps4 ,a /> 7probably ! planet ,v5us7 0 se5 to ! ,e4 ( ! ,sun4 ,! annul> eclipse ( ,april #a1 #agfd1 visible z su* 9 ,nor? ,k5t1 0 ! subject ( ! foll[+ qua9t lett] by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,/ukeley3-- ,to ! ,pr9t] ( ,:itehall ,ev5+ ,po/1-- ,9 reg>d to ! approa*+ sol> eclipse ( ,sunday1 ,april #a1 ,i ?9k x advisable to rem>k t1 x happ5+ 9 ! "t ( div9e s]vice1 x is desir$ y w\ld ins]t ?is caution 9 y\r public pap]4 ,! eclipse beg9s soon aft] #i1 ! middle a little be=e #aa1 ! end a little aft] #ab4 ,!re w be no total d>kness 9 ! v middle1 obs]vable 9 ?is metropolis1 b z p's curiositys w n be ov] ) ! middle ( ! eclipse1 if ! *ur* s]vice be ord]$ to beg9 a little be=e #ab1 x w prop]ly be morn+ pray]1 & an uni=mity pres]v$ 9 our duty to ! ,supreme ,be+1 ! au?or ( ^! amaz+ cele/ial movem5ts1-- ,y\rs1 ,,rector ,,( ,,/4 ,,geo41 ,q4,s4#ajd ,! ye> #agff furni%es ! some:at r>e case ( a total eclipse ( ! ,sun obs]v$ on bo>d %ip on ! high seas4 ,! obs]v]s 7 (fic]s ( ! ,fr5* man-(-w> ! ,comte d',artois4 ,?\gh ! total obscuration la/$ only #ec secs41 !re 0 se5 a lum9\s r+ ab\t ! ,moon :i* _h f\r rem>kable expansions1 situate at a di/ance ( #ij f ea* o!r4#aje ,^! expansions are d\btless ^? rays :i* we n[ speak ( z /ream]s f ! ,corona4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! next important total eclipse des]v+ ( notice 0 also obs]v$ at sea4 ,?is 0 ! eclipse ( ,june #bd1 #aggh4 ,! obs]v] 0 ! ,spani% ,admiral1 ,don ,antonio ,ulloa1 :o 0 pass+ f ! ,azores to ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t4 ,! total obscuration la/$ #d m9utes4 ,! lum9\s r+ pres5t$ a v beautiful appe>ance3 out ( x !re issu$ =? rays ( light :i* rea*$ to ! di/ance ( a diamet] ( ! ,moon4 ,be=e x became v conspicu\s />s ( ! #a/ & #bnd magnitudes 7 di/9ctly visible1 b :5 x atta9$ its greate/ brilliancy1 only />s ( ! #a/ magnitude c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! d>kness 0 su* t p]sons :o 7 asleep & happ5$ to wake1 ?\ght t !y _h slept ! :ole ev5+ & only wak$ :5 ! night 0 pretty f> advanc$4 ,! f[ls1 birds1 & o!r animals on bo>d took _! usual position = sleep+1 z if x _h be5 night4#ajf ,on ,sept4 #e1 #agic1 !re happ5$ an eclipse :i*1 annul> to ! ,n4 ( ,scotl&1 0 se5 & obs]v$ 9 ,engl& by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el#ajg z a p>tial eclipse4 ,he made "s important obs]vations on ! ,moon on ?is occasion measur+ ! height ( sev]al ( ! lun> m\nta9s4 ,consid]ations respect+ ! %ape ( "o ( ! ,moon's horns l$ him to =m an op9ion adv]se to ! idea t !re ! ,moon _h an atmosph]e4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #gi3 ,hi/ori>um ,sui ,temporis1 ,lib4 iv41 cap4 #i4 ,footnote #hj3 ,hi/oria ,novella1 ,lib4 i41 sec4 #h4 ,footnote #ha3 ,norman ,conque/1 vol4 v4 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #hb3 ,hi/oria ,novella1 ,lib4 ii41 sec4 #ce4 ,footnote #hc3 ,lett] 9 ! ,times1 ,july #bh1 #ahga4 ,footnote #hd3 ,rog]us de ,w5dov]1 ,flores ,hi/ori>um1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ece1 ,bohn's ed4 ,footnote #he3 ,sugli ,eclissi ,sol>i ,totali del #c ,giugno #abci1 e del #f ,ottobre #abda 9 ! ,memorie del ,r4 ,i/ituto ,lomb>do di ,sci5ze e ,litt]e1 vol4 xiii4 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #hf3 ,hi/oria ,coele/is1 vol4 i4 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #hg3 ,hi/4 ,engl41 vol4 iii4 *ap4 xviii4 p4 #ej1 #dto4 ed4 ,footnote #hh3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xl4 p4 #aid1 #agcg4 ,footnote #hi3 ,a/ronomi ,p>s ,optica1 c4 viii4 sec4 #c2 ,op]a ,omnia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cae4 ,ed4 ,fris*1 #ahei4 ,footnote #ij3 ,quot$ by ,kepl]1 z above1 at p4 #cae4 ,footnote #ia3 ,comm5t>ius 9 ,sacroboscum1 cap4 iv42 quot$ 9 ,kepl]'s ,a/ronomi ,p>s ,optica1 c4 viii4 sec4 #c2 ,op]a ,omnia1 vol ii4 p4 #caf4 ,ed4 ,fris*1 #ahei4 ,footnote #ib3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xl4 p4 #aic2 #agcg4 ,footnote #ic3 ,de ,/ell ,nov 9 ,p$e ,s]p5t>ii1 p4 #aae2 ,prag1 #afjf4 ,footnote #id3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xl4 p4 #aic2 #agcg4 ,footnote #ie3 ,v4 ,w+1 ,a/ronomia ,britannica1 p4 #cee4 ,footnote #if3 ,hi/oria ,coele/is1 vol4 i4 pp4 #g & #ba4 ,footnote #ig3 ,di>y ( ,samuel ,pepys1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bjh2 ,ed4 ,m4 ,bright1 #ahgi4 ,footnote #ih3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xxv4 p4 #bbdj2 #agjf4 ,footnote #ii3 ,be+ half a ,s>os p]iod 7see p4 #bj1 ante74 ,footnote #ajj3 ,it9]>ium ,curiosum1 #bnd ed41 vol4 i4 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #aja3 ,mem4 de ,ma?matique et de ,physique de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 #agbd1 p4 #bei4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xl4 pp4 #aha1 #ahd4 #agcg4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 xlv4 p4 #ehf4 #agej4 ,?is is ! man :o "u ! designation ( ,"l ,ab]d\r obs]v$ ! eclipse ( #agcg 7ante74 ,footnote #ajd3 ,rev4 ,w4 ,/ukeley1 ,rector ( ,/4 ,george's1 ,que5's ,squ>e1 ,london1 ,di>y1 vol4 xx4 p4 #dd1 ed4 ,surtees ,soc41 vol4 lxxvi4 p4 #chd4 ,footnote #aje3 ,le ,g5til1 ,voyage dans les ,m]s de l',inde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #af4 ,p>is1 #agfi4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lxix4 p4 #aje4 #aggi4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lxxxiv4 p4 #ci4 #agid4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,dur+ ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,obs]vations ( total sol> eclipses dur+ ! #ai? c5tury h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 c>ri$ on "u circum/ances s ess5tially diff]5t f ev]y?+ t has gone be=e1 t n only does a new *apt] seem desirable b also new =m ( treatm5t4 ,up to ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury ! obs]vations 7ev5 ! be/ ( !m7 may be said to h be5 made & record$ ) b few exceptions by unskill$ obs]v]s ) no cle> ideas z to :at !y %\ld look = & :at !y might expect to see4 ,?+s improv$ a little dur+ ! #ah? c5tury & ! obs]vations by ,halley1 ,maclaur91 ,bradley1 ,don ,antonio ,ulloa1 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 & o!rs 9 p>ticul> rose to a mu* high] /&>d ?an any :i* _h prec$$ !m4 ,h[ev]1 x has only be5 dur+ ! #ai? c5tury1 & especially dur+ ! latt] half ( x1 t total eclipses ( ! ,sun h be5 obs]v$ "u circum/ances calculat$ to extract f !m l>ge & solid ext5sions ( sci5tific k4 ,inasmu* z x has be5 deem$ conv5i5t to sort out & classify our k "u p>ticul> heads 9 previ\s *apt]s1 ,i %all 9 ?is *apt] speak only ( ! lead+ facts ( ea* eclipse 9 su* an outl9e =m z w avoid z f> z possible unnecess>y repetition4 ,9 #ahjf a total eclipse ( ! ,sun occurr$1 visible 9 ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,obs]vations made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,don ,joa*9 ,f]r]1 a ,spani% a/ronom]1 obs]v$ ! eclipse at ,k9d]hook 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,! totality la/$ m ?an #d m4--a some:at unusual l5g? ( "t4 ,"o or two planets & a few #a/ magnitude />s 7 se54 ,dur+ ! totality !re 0 a slight fall ( dew4 ,on ,nov4 #ai1 #ahaf1 !re occurr$ ! fir/ total eclipse ( ! ,sun 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 ! c5tral l9e ( :i* pass$ ov] ,europe4 ,!re is only "o kn[n obs]vation ( ! total phase1 & ?is 0 by ,hag5 at ,culm 9 ,bohemia1 b he appe>s to h se5 only ! beg9n+ ( ! totality & n ! :ole ( x4 ,a p>tial eclipse ( ! ,sun visible z su* 9 ,engl& b :i* 0 annul> 9 ! ,%etl& ,isles took place on ,sept4 #g1 #ahbj4 ,! only reason :y ?is is wor? m5tion is = its political associations4 ,! trial ( ,que5 ,c>ol9e 0 go+ on 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & ! ,h\se susp5d$ its sitt+ = a %ort "t = ! sake ( ! eclipse4 ,on ,may #ae1 #ahcf1 !re occurr$ an annul> eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* ?\gh x 0 n[h]e total1 may be look$ ^u z ! fir/ ( ! mod]n eclipses ! obs]vations ( :i* h tak5 su* a great developm5t dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,! annul>ity ( ?is eclipse 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ,n4 ( ,engl& & 9 ! ,s4 ( ,scotl&2 & x 0 at ,j$burgh 9 ,roxburgh%ire t ,mr4 ,francis ,baily#ajh obs]v$ t feature ( eclipses ( ! ,sun n[ univ]sally kn[n z ,baily's ,beads4 ,"s indications ( ! ,r$ ,flames 7 also obta9$ at places :]e ! eclipse 0 annul>4 ,probably x 0 ! recognition ( ,baily's ,beads z a regul> concomitant ( eclipses ( ! ,sun1 :i* help$ to pave ! way = ! ext5sive prep>ations made 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,au/ria1 & ,russia = obs]v+ ! total eclipse ( ,july #h1 #ahdb4 ,_m ( ! mo/ em95t a/ronom]s ( ,europe repair$ to diff]5t /ations on ! c5tral l9e 9 ord] to see ! ph5om5on4 ,among/ ^! may be nam$ ,arago1 ,valz1 ,airy1 ,c>l9i1 ,sant9i1 & ,o4 ,/ruve4 ,! eclipse 0 witness$ "u fav\rable circum/ances at all ! v>i\s /ations on ! c5tral l9e across ,europe1 f ,p]pignan 9 ,france 9 ! ,we/ to ,lipesk 9 ,russia 9 ! ,ea/4 ,arago wrote#aji su* an exce$+ly graphic acc\nt ( ?is eclipse f :at may be t]m$ ! /&po9t ( ! g5]al public1 t ,i w quote x at "s l5g?1 because1 ) an alt]ation ( date1 x might be re-writt5 & appli$ to e total eclipse visible 9 mu* populat$ tracts ( c\ntry4 ,at ,p]pignan p]sons :o 7 s]i\sly unwell alone rema9$ )9 doors4 ,z soon z day began to break ! population cov]$ ! t]races & battlem5ts ( ! t[n1 z well z all ! little em95ces 9 ! neighb\rhood1 9 hopes ( obta9+ a view ( ! ,sun z he asc5d$ above ! horizon4 ,at ! citadel we _h "u our eyes1 besides num]\s gr\ps ( citiz5s e/abli%$ on ! slopes1 a body ( soldi]s ab\t to be review$4 ,! h\r ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! eclipse drew nigh4 ,m ?an tw5ty ?\s& p]sons1 ) smok$ glasses 9 _! h&s1 7 exam9+ ! radiant globe project$ ^u an azure sky4 ,al?\gh arm$ ) our p[]ful telescopes1 we _h h>dly begun to disc]n ! small not* on ! we/]n limb ( ! ,sun1 :5 an imm5se exclamation1 =m$ by ! bl5d+ toge!r ( tw5ty ?\s& diff]5t voices1 ann\nc$ to u t we _h anticipat$ by only a few seconds ! obs]vation made ) ! unaid$ eye by tw5ty ?\s& a/ronom]s equipp$ = ! occasion1 ^: fir/ essay ?is 04 ,a lively curiosity1 a _s ( emulation1 ! desire ( n be+ outdone1 _h ! privilege ( giv+ to ! natural vision an unusual p[] ( p5etration4 ,dur+ ! int]val t elaps$ betwe5 ?is mom5t & ! almo/ total disappe>ance ( ! ,sun we rem>k$ no?+ wor?y ( relation 9 ! c\nt5ances ( s _m spectators4 ,b :5 ! ,sun1 r$uc$ to a v n>r[ filam5t1 began to ?r[ ^u ! horizon only a v feeble light1 a sort ( uneas9ess seiz$ ^u all2 e p]son felt a desire to communicate 8 impressions to ^? ar\nd him4 ,h5ce arose a deep murmur1 resembl+ t s5t =? by ! di/ant ocean aft] a tempe/4 ,! hum ( voices increas$ 9 int5sity z ! sol> cresc5t grew m sl5d]2 at l5g? ! cresc5t disappe>$1 d>kness sudd5ly succe$$ light1 & an absolute sil5ce m>k$ ?is phase ( ! eclipse ) z great precision z did ! p5dulum ( our a/ronomical clock4 ,! ph5om5on 9 its magnific5ce _h triumph$ ov] ! petulance ( y\?1 ov] ! levity :i* c]ta9 p]sons assume z a sign ( sup]iority1 ov] ! noisy indiff]5ce ( :i* soldi]s usually make pr(ession4 ,a pr(\nd /illness also reign$ 9 ! air2 ! birds _h ceas$ to s+4 ,aft] an int]val ( solemn expectation1 :i* la/$ ab\t two m9utes1 transports ( joy1 %\ts ( en?usia/ic applause1 salut$ ) ! same accord1 ! same spontane\s feel+1 ! fir/ reappe>ance ( ! rays ( ! ,sun4 ,to a condition ( melan*oly produc$ by s5tim5ts ( an indef9able nature !re succe$$ a lively & intelligible feel+ ( satisfaction :i* no "o s\ght to escape f or mod]ate ! impulses (4 ,to ! majority ( ! public ! ph5om5on _h arriv$ at its t]m4 ,! o!r phases ( ! eclipse _h few att5tive spectators beyond ! p]sons devot$ especially to a/ronomical pursuits4 ,! total eclipse ( ,july #bh1 #ahea1 may be said to h be5 ! fir/ :i* 0 ! subject ( an ,eclipse ,exp$ition1 a phrase :i* ( late ye>s has become exce$+ly famili>4 ,! total phase 0 visible 9 ,norway & ,sw$51 & great numb]s ( a/ronom]s f all p>ts ( ,europe flock$ to ^? c\ntries4 ,among/ ^? :o w5t f ,engl& 7 ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal 7!n ,mr4 ,airy71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,h9d & ,mr4 ,lassell4 ,! ,r$ ,flames 7 v mu* 9 evid5ce1 & ! fact t !y belong$ to ! ,sun & n to ! ,moon 0 cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,h9d m5tions t ! aspect ( ,nature dur+ ! total eclipse 0 gr& beyond description4 ,?is feature is dwelt ^u ) m ?an usual emphasis 9 _m ( ! publi%$ acc\nts4 ,i h nev] se5 x sugge/$ t ! m\nta9\s "* ( ! c\ntry may h _h some?+ to d ) x1 b t idea w\ld seem n improbable4 ,9 ! ye> #aheh1 two c5tral eclipses ( ! ,sun occurr$1 bo? pres5t+ "s features ( int]e/4 ,t ( ,m>* #ae 0 annul>1 ! c5tral l9e pass+ across ,engl& f ,lyme ,regis 9 ,dorset%ire to ! ,wa%1 trav]s+ portions ( ,som]set%ire1 ,wilt%ire1 ,b]k%ire1 ,ox=d%ire1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,l9coln%ire1 & ,norfolk4 ,! wea!r g5]ally 0 unfav\rable & ! annul> phase 0 only obs]v$ at a few places1 b important meteorological obs]vations 7 made & yield$ results1 z reg>ds ! dim9ution ( temp]ature1 :i* 7 v def9ite4 ,all ov] ! c\ntry rooks & pigeons 7 se5 return+ home dur+ ! greate/ obscuration2 />l+s 9 _m places took flight2 at ,ox=d a ?ru% comm5c$ its ev5+ song2 at ,v5tnor a fi% 9 an aqu>ium1 ord9>ily visible 9 ! ev5+ only1 0 9 full activity ab\t ! "t ( greate/ gloom2 & g5]ally1 x 0 not$ t ! birds /opp$ s++ & flew l[ f bu% to bu%4 ,! d>kness1 ?\gh n[h]e int5se1 0 ev]y:]e v appreciable & decid$4 ,! second c5tral eclipse ( #aheh took place on ,septemb] #g & 0 obs]v$ 9 ,p]u by ,lieut5ant ,gilliss ( ! ,u4,s4 ,navy4 ,! totality only la/$ "o m9ute1 & ! g5]al features ( a total eclipse d n appe> to h be5 v conspicu\sly visible4 ,gilliss rem>ks#aaj3--,two citiz5s ( ,olmos /ood )9 a few feet ( me1 wat*+ 9 sil5ce1 & ) anxi\s c\nt5ances1 ! rapid & fe>ful decrease ( light4 ,!y 7 :olly ignorant t any sudd5 effect w\ld foll[ ! total obscuration ( ! ,sun4 ,at t in/ant "o exclaim$ 9 t]ror ,la ,gloria1 & bo?1 ,i believe1 fell to _! knees1 fill$ ) awe4 ,!y appreciat$ ! resemblance ( ! ,corona to ! halos ) :i* ! old ma/]s h encircl$ _! ideals ( ! heads ( our ,savi\r & ! ,madonna1 & dev\tly reg>d$ ?is z a manife/ation ( ! ,div9e ,pres5ce4 ,! ye> #ahfj saw ! dep>ture f ,engl& ( ! fir/ great ,%ip ,exp$ition to see an eclipse4 ,"o 0 due to happ5 on ,july #ah1 & a l>ge p>ty w5t out f ,engl& to ,spa9 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,himalaya4 ,mr4 ,de ,la ,rue took a v well-equipp$ photographic deta*m5t1 & 8 photographs 7 em95tly successful4 ,?is eclipse settl$ = ev] ! d\bt z to :e!r ! ,r$ ,flames belong$ to ! ,sun or ! ,moon1 & 9 fav\r ( ! =m] view4 ,! ye>s #ahfh1 #ahfi1 & #ahgj 7 ea* m>k$ by total eclipses1 :i* 7 obs]v$ to a great] or less ext5t4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ ye> ! eclipse occurr$ on ,augu/ #ah1 ! c5tral l9e pass+ across ,india4 ,! wea!r 0 n ev]y:]e fav\rable1 b sev]al exp$itions 7 dispat*$ to ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! spectroscope 0 l>gely br\ght into play ) ! imm$iate result ( %[+ t ! ,corona 0 to be deem$ a sort ( atmosph]e ( ! ,sun1 n self-lum9\s1 b %9+ by reflect$ light4 ,! eclipse ( #ahfi 0 obs]v$ by sev]al well-equipp$ p>ties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & a v complete s]ies ( excell5t photographs 0 obta9$4 ,to view ! eclipse ( ,decemb] #bb1 #ahgj1 sev]al exp$itions 7 dispat*$1 ! c5tral l9e pass+ ov] "s v accessible places 9 ,spa91 ,sicily1 & ,nor? ,africa4 ,! ,engli% obs]v]s w5t *iefly 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,urg5t1 ?\gh "s ( !m travell$ ov]l& to ,sicily4 ,! exp5ses1 bo? ( ! sea & l& p>ties1 7 to a l>ge ext5t defray$ by ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t4 ,x des]ves to be not$ t s great 0 ! anxiety ( ! ,fr5* a/ronom] ,janss5 to see ?is eclipse1 t he det]m9$ to try & escape 9 a balloon f ,p>is 7!n besieg$ by ! ,g]mans7 & succe$$1 c>ry+ 8 in/rum5ts ) him4 ,! wea!r s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! "w ( all ! obs]v]s :o w5t out to see ?is eclipse1 :i* 0 ! m to be regrett$ because ! prep>ations _h be5 on a v ext5sive & co/ly scale4 ,! *ief result 0 t x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! ,r$ ,flames 7h5ce =w>d g5]ally call$ ,prom95ces7 are compos$ ( hydrog5 gas 9 an inc&esc5t /ate4 ,! ye> #ahga saw1 on ,decemb] #ab1 ano!r ,indian eclipse1 notewor?y = ! num]\s & excell5t photographs :i* 7 obta9$ ( ! ,corona1 ( ! rifts 9 x1 & ( ! g5]al details1 :i* 7 well record$ on ! plates4 ,!re 0 an eclipse visible 9 ,s\? ,africa on ,april #af1 #ahgd4 ,"s useful nak$ eye views 7 obta9$ & record$1 b z no photographic "w 0 done1 ?is eclipse _c be said to come into l9e ) ^? :i* prec$$ or foll[$ x4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 t is to say on ,april #f1 #ahge1 !re 0 a total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 visible 9 ! f> ,ea/1 especially ,siam2 b ! di/ance f ,engl&1 c\pl$ ) ! v g5]ally unfav\rable wea!r1 prev5t$ ?is f be+ any?+ m ?an a second-class total eclipse1 s to speak1 al?\gh ext5sive prep>ations _h be5 made1 & ! sum ( #ajjj _h be5 grant$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t t[>ds ! exp5ses4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( photographs 7 obta9$1 b none ( any v great value4 ,p]haps ( ! next eclipse :i* we h to consid]1 x may be said t ! circum/ances 7 m v>i$ ?an ^? ( any o!r dur+ ! second half ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,! eclipse 9 "q occurr$ on ,july #bi1 #ahgh4 ,sev]al fav\rable circum/ances concurr$ to make x a notable ev5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! c5tral l9e pass$ entirely across ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 9 o!r words1 across a long /ret* ( inhabit$ & civilis$ t]ritory1 accessible f bo? sides to a nation well provid$ ) ! requisite sci5tific skill & mat]ial res\rces ( e k9d4 ,b !re 0 ano!r special & r>e facility available3 ! c5tral l9e cross$ ! *a9 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 an elevat$ locality1 :i* an ,am]ican writ] speaks ( z ov]hung by skies ( su* limpid cle>ness1 t on sev]al ev5+s ,jupit]'s satellites 7 se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,on ! summit ( a c]ta9 peak1 kn[n z ,pike's ,peak1 a p>ty ( skill$ obs]v]s1 head$ by ,pr(essor ,langley1 obs]v$ ! wond]ful developm5ts ( ! ,corona1 m5tion$ on a previ\s page4 ,! fact t su* a display came "u ! eyes ( man 0 no d\bt ma9ly due to ! sup]bly cle> atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* ! obs]vations 7 made4 ,t ?is is n a m]e supposition may be inf]r$ f ! fact t at ! l[] elevation ( only #hjjj feet1 in/ead ( #ad1jjj feet1 ! ,coronal /ream]s 7 se5 by ,pr(essor ,newcomb's p>ty1 f> less ext5d$ ?an ,langley saw !m4 ,p]haps ! be/ pro( ( ! importance ( a diaphan\s sky is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t on ! summit ( ,pike's ,peak1 ! ,corona rema9$ visible = fully #d m9utes aft] ! total phase _h come to an end4 ,a comp>ison ( ! descriptions %[s t ev5 at ! elevation ( #aj1bjj ft4 ! obs]v]s plac$ !re1 :il/ !y 7 bett] (f ?an ^? at #hjjj ft41 assur$ly did n see s mu* or s well z ^? at #ad1jjj ft4 ,!re occurr$ a total eclipse on ,july #aa1 #ahhj1 visible 9 ,cali=nia1 b z ! totality la/$ only #cb secs4 & ! ,sun's elevation 0 only #aa1 n mu* 0 got out ( ?is eclipse not)/&+ t x 0 obs]v$ 9 a cl\dless sky at a /ation #fjjj ft4 above ! sea4 ,! eclipse ( ,may #ag1 #ahhb1 yield$ sev]al int]e/+ & important features al?\gh ! totality 0 %ort--only ab\t #a m9utes4 ,"h aga9 fav\rable local circum/ances help$ a/ronom]s 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,x 0 9 ,egypt t ! eclipse 0 visible1 & ,egypt is a c\ntry :i* x is exce$+ly easy = travell]s to rea*1 & x is also not$ = its cle> skies4 ,^! 7 d\btless two ( ! reasons :i* comb9$ to inspire ! elaborate prep>ations :i* 7 made = photographic & spectroscopic obs]vations4 ,! =m] result$ 9 a v unprec$5t$ success4 ,"o ( ,dr4 ,s*u/]'s photographs ( ! totality %[$ n only ! expect$ ,corona1 b an unexpect$ comet4 ,?\gh on m ?an "o previ\s occasion 9 hi/ory ! d>kness :i* is a special accompanim5t ( a total eclipse _h caus$ a comet to be se51 yet ! #ahhb eclipse 0 ! fir/ at :i* a comet _h ?ru/ itself ^u ! notice ( a/ronom]s by means ( a photographic plate4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! political circum/ances ( ,egypt 9 #ahhb 7 ( a some:at /ra9$ "* & probably ?is contribut$ to ! developm5t ( an unusual am\nt ( a/ronomical competition 9 connection ) ?is eclipse4 ,n only did ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t grant special facilities1 b /rong p>ties w5t out repres5t+ ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy1 al?\gh n p]haps 9 set t]ms at ! direct in/igation ( _! respective ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! next eclipse1 t ( ,may #f1 #ahhc1 _h "s dramatic features ab\t x4 ,to beg9 ) its duration 0 unusually long--ne>ly #e m9utes1 & ,mrs4 ,todd 9 h] g5ial ,am]ican /yle rem>ks3--,aft] ! frequ5t mann] ( its k9d1 ! pa? lay :]e x w\ld be lea/ useful--across ! w9d-swept wa/es ( ! ,pacific4 ,b =tunately "o ( a small gr\p ( coral isl&s lay q 9 its l9e1 &1 no?+ daunt$1 ! brave sci5tific m5 set _! faces t[>d ?is fri5dly clu/]1 9 *e]ful fai? t !y c\ld locate !re4 ,direct$ to take up _! abode some:]e on a dim9utive isl& ab\t :i* no?+ c\ld be asc]ta9$ be=eh&1 save ! b>e fact ( its exi/5ce at a kn[n spot 9 mid-ocean1 ! ,am]ican obs]v]s 7 abs5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates m ?an ?ree mon?s1 mo/ ( :i* "t 0 sp5t 9 travell+1 #ae1jjj miles 9 all1 ) t5 full weeks at sea4 ,_! t9y foo?old 9 ! ,pacific 0 ,c>ol9e ,isl&1 a coral atoll on ! outskirts ( ! ,m>quesas gr\p4 ,9 spite ( ! unattractive1 n to say =bidd+1 "* ( ! place to :i* !y w\ld h to g1 p>ties ( a/ronom]s w5t out f ,engl&1 ,france1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy1 & al?\gh ra9 fell on ! morn+ ( ! day ! sky became q cle> by ! "t ( totality & ! obs]vations 7 completely successful4 ,"o ( ! pictures ( ! ,corona obta9$ by ,tr\velot1 an obs]v] ( ,fr5* desc5t1 b belong+ to ! ,am]ican p>ty1 has be5 (t5 reproduc$ 9 books & exhibit$ ! ,corona 9 a /rik+ =m4 ,h[ few 7 ! attractions ( ,c>ol9e ,isl& z an eclipse /ation may be judg$ f ! fact t ! inhabitants consi/$ ( only f\r native m51 "o woman1 & two *ildr5 :o liv$ 9 ?ree h\ses & two %$s4 ,on ,septemb] #h1 #ahhe1 !re occurr$ a total eclipse1 :i* 0 se5 z su* 9 ,new ,zeal&1 b ! obs]vations 7 few1 & ) "o exception1 unimportant & un9t]e/+4 ,a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,graydon1 h[ev]1 made a sket* :i* %[$ at "o po9t a complete break 9 ! ,corona s t f ! v edge ( ! ,moon outw>ds into space1 !re 0 a long & n>r[ black space %[+ no?+ b a vacuity4 ,if ?is 0 really ! condition ( ?+s1 su* a break 9 ! ,corona is app>5tly q unprec$5t$4 ,9 #ahhf1 on ,augu/ #bi1 !re occurr$ a total eclipse1 visible 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* yield$ v>i\s important results4 ,x 0 un=tunate t = ! great] "p ( its l5g?1 ! zone ( totality cov]$ ocean & n l&1 ! only l& be+ ! ,isl& ( ,gr5ada & "s adjac5t p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! result+ re/riction z reg>ds *oice ( obs]v+ /ations 0 ! m to be regrett$ because ! duration ( ! totality 0 s unusually long1 & !re=e fav\rable1 be+ m ?an #f m9utes 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,p>ties ( ,engli%1 ,am]ican1 & ,italian a/ronom]s assembl$1 h[ev]1 at ,gr5ada1 & ?\gh ! wea!r 0 n ! be/ possible1 "s int]e/+ photographs 7 obta9$ :i* exhibit$ an unusual developm5t ( hydrog5 protub]ances4 ,! c5tral l9e 9 ?is eclipse n only /ret*$ "r across ! ,atlantic1 b ent]$ ,africa on ! ,we/ ,coa/ :]e a mission>y saw ! eclipse z a m]e spectator1 & aft]w>ds express$ 8 regret t no a/ronom]s 7 )9 rea* ) in/rum5ts to record ! rem>kable ,corona :i* 0 display$ to 8 gaze4 ,?\gh ! unusual opportunities :i*1 s f> z ! ,sun & ! ,moon 7 conc]n$1 7 af=d$ by ! eclipse ( #ahhf 7 lo/1 a/ronom]s look$ out hopefully = ,augu/ #ai1 #ahhg1 :5 ano!r eclipse 0 due to happ5 :i*1 wea!r p]mitt+1 w\ld be obs]vable ov] a v long /ret* ( l&1 f ,b]l9 ?r\gh ,russia & ,sib]ia to ,japan4 ,unusually ext5sive prep>ations 7 made 9 ,russia at "o end & 9 ,japan at ! o!r1 b cl\ds prevail$ v g5]ally1 & ! pictures ( ! ,corona :i* 7 obta9$ fell f> %ort 9 numb] & quality f :at _h be5 hop$ =1 hav+ reg>d to ! numb] & importance ( ! /ations *os51 & ( ! a/ronom]s :o made _! prep>ations !reat4 ,an en?usia/ic ,russian1 9 ! hopes ( emancipat+ himself f ! risks ( t]re/rial wea!r at ! ,e>?'s surface1 w5t up 9 a balloon to an elevation ( m ?an two miles4 ,8 en?usiasm 0 s f> rew>d$ t he _h a v cle> view ( a magnific5t ,corona2 b z1 ow+ to "s mis*ance1 ! balloon rose1 convey+ only ! a/ronom] & leav+ beh9d 8 assi/ant :o 0 to h manag$ ! balloon1 all 8 "t 0 engross$ by ! managem5t ( ! balloon1 & he c\ld d v little 9 ! way ( purely a/ronomical "w4 ,! ye> #ahhi af=d$ two total eclipses ( ! ,sun = :i* ! usual prep>ations 7 made4 ,! fir/ occurr$ on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 & ! pa? ( ! %ad[ cross$ ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,cont95t f ,cali=nia to ,manitoba4 ,! wea!r 0 ne>ly ev]y:]e v fav\rable1 & an enorm\s numb] ( obs]v]s & in/rum5ts 7 assembl$ along ! c5tral l9e4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t a v l>ge numb] ( photographs 7 obta9$4 ,x may be said g5]ally ( ?is eclipse1 t z x co9cid$ ) a ,sun-spot m9imum1 x left u 9 a position to le>n v di/9ctly :at are ! *>act]i/ic features ( a sol> ,corona at a p]iod :i* is "o ( re/ & repose on ! ,sun1 at lea/1 s f> z reg>ds visible ,sun-spots4 ,! second eclipse ( #ahhi occurr$ on ,decemb] #bb1 & %\ld h be5 visible (f ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,attempts 7 made to utilise ! ,s\? ,am]ican *ances by ,engli% & ,am]ican p>ties1 :il/ a small exp$ition compris+ a/ronom]s ( bo? nations w5t to ,cape ,l$o 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,! ,african ef=ts fail$ entirely ow+ to cl\ds1 b ! ,s\? ,am]ican p>ties at ,cay5ne 7 successful4 ,"o v deplorable result1 h[ev]1 aris+ out ( ! exp$ition to ,cay5ne 0 ! illness & subsequ5t dea? ( ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,p]ry1 ,s4,j41 :o 0 /ruck d[n by mal>ia & di$ at sea on ! return j\rney4 ,none :o knew ,mr4 ,p]ry p]sonally c\ld fail to realise :at a loss he 0 bo? to a/ronomy g5]ally & to 8 own circle ( fri5ds p>ticul>ly4 ,on ,april #af1 #ahic1 !re happ5$ a total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* 0 successfully wat*$ by a l>ge numb] ( skill$ obs]v]s ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,inde$ x is believ$ t only "o p>ty 0 unsuccessful4 ,! l9e ( totality />t$ on ! coa/ ( ,*ili1 pass$ ov] ! highl&s ( t c\ntry1 across ! bord]s ( ,arg5t9a & ,p>aguay1 & ov] ! va/ pla9s & =e/s ( ,c5tral ,brazil1 em]g+ at ab\t noon ( local "t at a %ort di/ance to ! ,n4-,w4 ( ,ce>a on ! ,nor? ,atlantic seabo>d4 ,cross+ ! ,atlantic ne>ly at its n>r[e/ "p1 x /ruck ! coa/ ( ,africa ,n4 ( ! riv] ,gambia1 & f9ally disappe>$ some:]e 9 ! ,sah>a4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican obs]vations 7 ! mo/ ext5sive & successful1 ! latt] fact be+ due to ! circum/ance t ! sky at _m ( ! pr9cipal /ations 0 pre-em95tly fav\rable1 ow+ to ! cle>ness & dryness ( ! atmosph]e4 ,on ,sept4 #bi1 #ahid1 !re 0 a total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 b z its duration 0 brief & ! zone ( totality lay *iefly ov] ! ,indian ,ocean1 practically no?+ came ( x4 ,?+s seem$1 h[ev]1 mu* m promis+ = ! total eclipse ( ,aug4 #i1 #ahif1 & a v l>ge numb] ( obs]v]s w5t out to ! ,nor? ( ,norway hop+ to cat* ! %ad[ at its ,european end1 :il/ a ya*t p>ty w5t to ,nova ,zembla 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & a few obs]v]s travell$ z f> z ,japan4 ,s f> z ! v l>ge numb] ( w\ld-be obs]v]s :o w5t f ,engl& to ,norway 7 conc]n$1 ! eclipse 0 a pr(\nd disappo9tm5t1 = ow+ to bad wea!r practically no?+ 0 se5 9 ,norway except on ! ,we/ coa/ ne> ,bod1 :]e ! wea!r 0 beautifully f9e1 b :]e no adequate prep>ations _h be5 made1 because nobody believ$ t ! coa/ w\ld be free f fog4 ,exceptionally f9e wea!r prevail$ at ,nova ,zembla1 & ! small b select p>ty :o 7 k9dly tak5 !re by ! late ,sir ,g4 ,b4 ,p[ell1 ,m4,p41 9 8 ya*t1 7 v =tunate1 & an excell5t s]ies ( photographs 0 secur$4 ,"o important result obta9$ at ,nova ,zembla 0 a full confirmation by ,mr4 ,%ackleton ( ,pr(4 ,"y's discov]y 9 #ahgj ( ! ,rev]s+ ,lay]1 a discov]y :i* 0 long & vehem5tly disput$ by ,sir ,norman ,locky]4 ,fairly successful obs]vations 7 made ( ?is eclipse 9 ,sib]ia & ,japan4 ,! la/ total eclipse ( ! ,sun :i* has to be notic$ z an accompli%$ fact 0 ! ,indian ,eclipse ( ,jan4 #bb1 #ahih1 :i* 0 v successfully se5 by l>ge numb]s ( p :o w5t to ,india f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,z usual 9 all total eclipses ( ! ,sun n[adays1 ! photograph]s 7 v mu* to ! front1 & ! photographs ( ! inn] ,corona1 tak5 by ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 are ?\ght to h be5 probably ! be/ t h yet be5 done4 ,among/ ! miscellane\s obs]vations made1 x may be m5tion$ t m />s 7 se5 dur+ ! second p>tial phases ?an dur+ totality 7a circum/ance :i* _h be5 notic$ by ,don ,a4 ,ulloa z f> back z #aggh74 ,x is /at$ also t a my/]i\s object 0 se5 betwe5 ,m>s & ,v5us by two (fic]s ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,melpom5e1 :i* 0 n put d[n on ! publi%$ *>t z a /> to be look$ =4 ,! id5tity ( ?is object has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ajh3 ,memoirs1 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 x4 p4 #e4 ,footnote #aji3 ,l',annuaire1 #ahdf1 p4 #cjc4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,mon?4 ,n41 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xx4 p4 #cja2 ,may #ahfj4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,among/ ! auxili>y ag5cies :i* h be5 br\ght into use 9 rec5t ye>s1 to enable a/ronom]s ! bett] to c>ry out sy/ematic obs]vations ( eclipses ( ! ,sun1 ! electric telegraph occupies a place :i* may h]eaft] become prom95t4 ,z x is n likely t ?is little book w fall into ! h&s ( any p]sons :o w\ld be able to make mu* use ( telegraphy 9 connection ) eclipse obs]vations1 x w n be necess>y to give mu* space to ! matt]1 b a few outl9es w c]ta9ly be int]e/+4 ,:5 ! idea ( utilis+ ! telegraph wire fir/ came into m5's m9ds1 x 0 ) ! object ( enabl+ obs]v]s :o saw ! comm5cem5t ( an eclipse at "o end ( ! l9e ( totality1 to give caution>y notices to obs]v]s f>!r on1 or t[>ds ! f> end1 ( special po9ts :i* _h be5 se5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! totality1 & z to :i* confirmatory obs]vations1 at a lat] h\r1 7 evid5tly v desirable4 ,x is obvi\s t a s*eme ( ?is k9d dep5ds = its success ^u ea* end 7or some?+ l x7 ( ! l9e ( totality be+ 9 telegraphic communication ) ! o!r end1 & ?is involves a comb9ation ( fav\rable circum/ances n likely to exi/ at e occurr5ce ( a total eclipse1 & 9 g5]al only likely to prevail 9 ! case ( eclipses visible ov] inhabit$ t]ritory1 su* z ! two ,am]icas1 ,europe1 & p>ts ( ,asia4 ,?is use ( ! telegraph 01 ,i ?9k1 fir/ propos$ z f> back z #ahgh1 by an ,am]ican a/ronom]1 9 connection ) ! total eclipse ( t ye>4 ,8 proposal fell ^u sympa!tic e>s1 ) ! result t arrangem5ts 7 conclud$ ) ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ( ,nor? ,am]ica = ! exp$iti\s =w>d+ ( messages f nor!rn /ations on ! eclipse l9e to s\!rn /ations4 ,"s att5tion 0 be+ giv5 at t "t to ! "q ( ,intra-,m]curial planets1 & x 0 ?\ght t if by good =tune any su* objects 7 unexpect$ly f\nd at ! nor!rn /ation1 & obs]v]s at a s\!rn /ation c\ld be advis$ ( ! fact1 !re might be a bett] *ance ( procur+ an accurate & precise record ( ! discov]y4 ,z x happ5$1 no?+ came ( x on t occasion1 b ! idea ( utilis+ ! telegraph hav+ once tak5 possession ( m5's m9ds1 x 0 soon se5 :at important possibilities 7 op5$ up4 ,! want ( telegraph organisation curi\sly made itself felt 9 ! ,egyptian eclipse ( #ahhb4 ,x is /at$ 9 ano!r *apt] ( ?is "w t dur+ ! total phase a comet 0 unexpect$ly discov]$4 ,n[ comets sometimes move v rapidly 7especially :5 !y are ne> ! ,sun71 & _h x be5 possible to h w>n$ "s obs]v] to ! ,e4 ( ,egypt to look out = ?is comet1 & _h he se5 x ev5 only a c\ple ( h\rs aft] x _h be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt1 "s data respect+ its position might h be5 obta9$ :i* w\ld h p]mitt$ a r\gh e/imate be+ =m$ ( its movem5t ?r\gh ! heav5s4 ,su* an e/imate might h enabl$ a/ronom]s to h hunt$ up ! comet at sunset or sunrise on ! days imm$iately foll[+ ! eclipse4 ,z x happ5$1 h[ev]1 ! comet 0 n se5 aga9 9 #ahhb1 &1 s f> z we "k1 may nev] be se5 aga94 ,x 0 n till #ahhi t a complete organisation ( a telegraph s]vice 9 connection ) an eclipse 0 accompli%$4 ,! eclipse ( ,janu>y #a ( t ye> began 9 ! ,pacific & ! l9e ( totality t\*$ l& 9 ,cali=nia1 pass+ across ,nor? ,am]ica to ,manitoba4 ,! fir/ ,cali=nian /ation 0 at ,will[s1 & 0 occupi$ by a p>ty f ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 :o 7 suppli$ ) an unusually complete equipm5t ( photographic app>atus1 toge!r ) a l>ge cam]a = *>t+ all ! />s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,sun1 s z to detect an ,intra-,m]curial planet if "o exi/$4 ,! telegraph s*eme :i* _h to be work$ out 0 some:at complicat$1 & "o ( ! *ief actors 9 ! sc5e has furni%$ a fairly full acc\nt ( :at 0 done4 ,fir/ ( all1 a complete li/ ( ! in/rum5ts & ( ! "w propos$ to be done by !m _h to be prep>$4 ,! wea!r probabilities be+ ev]y:]e v unsatisfactory1 !re 0 a possibility ( all degrees ( success or failure1 & "o ?+ :i* _h to be pre>rang$ = ea* /ation 0 a cyph] code :i* %\ld be available = all ! likely comb9ations ( in/rum5ts1 wea!r & results4 ,x 0 f\nd t ab\t "o hundr$ words w\ld suffice = ! necess>y code1 includ+ words :i* w\ld indicate 9 a suffici5tly precise mann] ! position ( any new planet :i* a photograph might disclose4 ,! foll[+1 be+ a "p ( ! code prescrib$ = use at ,will[s1 w s]ve to indicate ! nature ( ! :ole s*eme3-- ,africa1 ,p]fectly cle> ?r\gh\t ! :ole eclipse4 ,alaska1 ,p]fectly cle> dur+ totality4 ,belgium1 ,cle> sky = ! p>tial phases1 b cl\dy = totality4 ,bolivia1 ,entirely cl\dy ?r\gh\t ! :ole eclipse4 ,brazil1 ,obs]v$ all ! contacts4 ,brem51 ,obs]v$ ?ree ( ! contacts4 ,ceylon1 ,made obs]vations on ! %ad[-b&s4 ,*ili1 ,obs]v$ l9es ( ! rev]s+ lay] visually4 ,*9a1 ,! ,corona %[$ great detail4 ,cork1 ,obta9$ #dj-ej negatives dur+ totality4 ,corsica1 ,obta9$ #ej-fj negatives dur+ totality4 ,crimea1 ,obta9$ #fj-gj negatives dur+ totality4 ,cuba1 ,obs]v$ a comet4 ,upw>ds ( tw5ty codes 7 prep>$ = ! l numb] ( /ations1 & ! obs]v]s 7 to report _! results at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t4 ,on a rehe>sal ( ! programme ! ?\ght occurr$ t ! s5d+ & reception ( s _m cyph] messages 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( bus9ess might lead to delays :i* w\ld be productive ( s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 & t ! success ( ! :ole s*eme c\ld be only well assur$ if a special wire1 9 direct circuit f ,new ,york to ! eclipse /ations 9 turn1 c\ld be d$icat$ to ! "w4 ,?anks to ! lib]ality ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company ?is privilege 0 secur$1 & a bran* wire 0 l$ across f ! ,company's ,new ,york (fice to ! (fice ( ! ,new ,york ,h]ald1 :i* j\rnal _h und]tak5 to be responsible = ! non-a/ronomical "p ( ! bus9ess4 ,mrs4 ,todd gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! f9al arrangem5ts1 & ( h[ !y began to "w :5 ! mom5t = action arriv$3--,f ,san ,francisco e ,cali=nia obs]v] 0 )9 easy telegraphic rea*1 & ! wire ?us ext5d$ by direct circuit to ea* eclipse /ation 9 turn4 ,f ! editorial rooms ( ! ,h]ald ,pr(essor ,todd 0 9 imm$iate communication ) any obs]v]s :om he *ose to call4 ,z previ\sly intimat$1 arrangem5ts _h be5 made ) ! ,h>v>d a/ronom]s at ,will[s to receive _! message fir/ & ) ! utmo/ despat*1 9 ord] to te/ ! feasibility ( out/ripp+ ! ,moon4 ,%ortly be=e #e o'clock 9 ! aft]noon despat*es began to come 94 ,( c\rse a slight delay 0 unavoidable1 z ! obs]v]s at ! v>i\s /ations 7 "s rods di/ant f ! local telegraph (fices1 & x w\ld take a few m9utes aft] ! eclipse 0 ov] to prep>e ! suitable message f ! cyph] code4 ,on ! a/ronom]'s table 9 ! ,h]ald (fice 7 a l>ge map & a *ronomet]4 ,! latt] indicat$ exact ,gre5wi* "t1 & ! =m] %[$ ! correct position ( ! ,moon's %ad[ at ! beg9n+ ( e m9ute by ! *ronomet]4 ,9 ?is way x 0 possible to foll[ readily ! precise phase ( ! eclipse at e /ation4 ,ab\t ! rooms & accessible = imm$iate use 7 arrang$ ! cyph] codes p]ta9+ to ! sev]al /ations & o!r pap]s necess>y 9 prep>+ ! reports = ! press4 ,ev]y?+ be+1 z 0 suppos$1 9 work+ ord]1 ,new ,york ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r be=e totality comm5c$ inquir$ ( ,will[s ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,! answ] 0 t ! sky 0 gett+ d>k1 & t !re 7 no cl\ds any:]e ne> ! ,sun4 ,at t "t ! ,moon's %ad[ 0 travell+ across ! op5 wat]s ( ! ,pacific4 ,x rapidly ru%$ along2 totality came & w5t at ,will[s2 a two m9utes' glimpse ( ! ,corona 0 _h1 & ! ,corona swept rapidly ea/w>ds4 ,aft] a brief int]val ,pr(essor ,pick]+ s5t (f f ,will[s a telegram :i* began--,alaska1 ,*9a1 ,corsica1 & !n ! connection fail$4 ,! break 0 locat$ some:]e betwe5 ,cali=nia & ,utah1 & m ?an half an h\r elaps$ ere ! circuit 0 re-e/abli%$1 & ! re/ ( ! message receiv$4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ?rill+ incid5ts ( t ev5tful day _c possibly be bett] told ?an 9 ,mrs4 ,todd's crisp & /rik+ language#aaa3-- ,dur+ ?is int]val ! lun> %ad[1 advanc+ ov] ,montana & ,dakota1 _h left ! ,e>? entirely1 sweep+ (f aga9 into space4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! prospect t ! telegraph might w9 ! race 0 hopeful4 ,_h ,new ,york be5 locat$ 9 ! eclipse pa? z well z ,will[s1 ) bo? /ations symmetrically plac$1 ! total eclipse w\ld h become visible at ,new ,york ab\t an h\r & a qu>t] aft] ! %ad[ _h left ,cali=nia4 ,?us !re 0 "t to sp>e4 ,hav+ recov]$ ! wire1 ,pr(essor ,pick]+'s message 0 complet$ at #aj;h4 #cfm4 ,g4,m4,t41 ! cyph] translat$1 & ! /5ograph]'s notes 7 writt5 out & despat*$ to ! compos+-room six m9utes lat]4 ,! copy 0 quickly put 9 type1 & ! hurri$ pro( h&$ to ,pr(essor ,todd at #aj;h4 #ejm41 exactly an h\r ( absolute "t aft] ! obs]vations 7 conclud$4 ,_h ! ,moon's %ad[ be5 advanc+ f ,cali=nia t[>d ,new ,york1 !re 0 /ill a m>g9 ( sev]al m9utes be=e ! eclipse c\ld become total at ! latt] place4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 :ile ! pro( %eet ( ! fir/ message 0 be+ read1 ! lun> %ad[ w\ld h be5 loit]+ among ! ,alleghanies4 ,man's mess5g] _h ?us outrun ! ,moon4 ,! telegraphic reports ( ! o!r a/ronom]s 7 gradually ga!r$ & put 9 type1 & ! =ms ( ! ,h]ald 7 ready = ! /]eotyp] at ! prop] "t1 "s two h\rs aft] midnight4 ,at #c o'clock a4m4 ! ,european mails clos$1 & ! p\*es put on bo>d ! /eam%ip ,all] c>ri$ ! usual copies = ! =eign circulation4 ,)9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] ! obs]vations ( ! eclipse 7 made ne> ! ,pacific coa/1 ! results _h be5 telegraph$ to ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 collect$ & pr9t$1 & ! pap]s 7 well out on _! j\rney to ,european read]s4 ,! =ego+ n>rative w make amply cle> ! future possibilities ( telegraphy z a coadjutor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! obs]vation ( total eclipses ( ! ,sun4 ,& if ! w & ! funds are =?com+1 ! eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 w af=d an excell5t opportunity ( aga9 putt+ to ! te/ ! excell5t ideas ( :i* our ,am]ican fri5ds work$ out s successfully t5 ye>s ago4 ,! zone ( totality 9 t eclipse pass+ z x w ?r\gh s _m ( ! d5sely populat$ ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & !n ?r\gh ,portugal1 ,spa91 & ,algi]s1 great facilities w pres5t !mselves = telegraphic comb9ations1 if political & f9ancial difficulties d n int]f]e4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aaa3 ,!re is a want ( uni=mity 9 ,mrs4 ,todd's ref]5ces to times :i* ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to put /raight4 ,gre5wi* ,mean ,"t1 ,ea/]n ,u4,s4 ,/&>d ,"t1 & ,pacific ,"t1 are all sev]ally quot$ 9 happy-g-lucky confusion4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon--,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples4 ,9 deal+ ) eclipses g5]ally1 b ) m especial ref]5ce to eclipses ( ! ,sun1 9 a previ\s *apt]1 x 0 unavoidable to mix up 9 "s degree eclipses ( ! ,moon ) ^? ( ! ,sun4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 di/9ctions betwe5 ! two ph5om5a :i* make x conv5i5t to sep>ate !m z mu* z possible4 ,eclipses ( ! ,moon are1 l ^? ( ! ,sun1 divisible into p>tial & total eclipses1 b ^? words h a diff]5t application 9 reg>d to eclipses ( ! ,moon f :at !y h :5 eclipses ( ! ,sun are 9 "q4 ,a little ?\ght w soon make x cle> :y ?is %\ld be ! case4 ,a p>tial eclipse ( ! ,sun results f ! visible body ( ! ,sun be+ 9 "p conceal$ f u by ! solid body ( ! ,moon1 & s 9 a total eclipse !re is total concealm5t ( ! "o object by ! o!r4 ,b :5 we come to deal ) p>tial & total eclipses ( ! ,moon1 ! situation1 is mat]ially diff]5t4 ,! ,moon becomes invisible by pass+ into ! d>k %ad[ ca/ by ! ,e>? into space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,!ory ,,( ,,an ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,fig4 #ac w make ?is cle> )\t ! necessity ( mu* v]bal explanation4 ,s repres5ts ! ,sun1 ,e ! ,e>?1 & mn ! orbit ( ! ,moon4 ,x is obvi\s t :il/ ! ,moon is mov+ f m to n x becomes imm]s$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[4 ,b be=e actually rea*+ ! %ad[ ! ,moon passes ?r\gh a po9t 9 its orbit at :i* x beg9s to lose ! full light ( ! ,sun4 ,?is is ! entrance into ! p5umbra 7or ,p>tial %ade74 ,simil>ly1 aft] ! eclipse1 :5 ! ,moon has em]g$ f ! full %ad[ x does n all at once come into full sun%9e1 b aga9 passes ?r\gh ! /age ( p5umbral illum9ation1#aab & "u su* circum/ances 7to speak 9 ! /yle ( ,old ,oirel&7 ! invisible ,moon is v (t5 n invisible1 & ! "p p>tially eclips$ is (t5 n eclips$1 & :5 ! ,moon is totally eclips$ x is frequ5tly /ill visible4 ,( c\rse ! g5]al idea involv$ 9 all cases ( a body pass+ into ! %ad[ ( ano!r body is t ! body :i* s passes disappe>s1 because all direct light is cut (f f x4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( a lun> eclipse ?is /ate ( ?+s is n always lit]ally accompli%$1 & v (t5 "s residual light rea*es ! ,moon 7( c\rse f ! ,sun7 ) ! result t traces ( ! ,moon may (t5 be disc]n$4 ,! laws :i* gov]n ?is matt] are v ill-und]/ood4 ,! fact rema9s t if we exam9e a s]ies ( reports ( obs]v$ eclipses ( ! ,moon ext5d+ ov] _m c5turies 7& records exi/ :i* enable u to d ?is7 we %all f9d t 9 "s in/ances :5 ! ,moon 0 totally eclips$ 9 ! te*nical s5se ( t ^w1 x 0 /ill p]fectly visible1 :il/ dur+ o!r eclipses x absolutely & entirely disappe>$ f view4 ,su* eclipses are sometimes spok5 ( z black eclipses ( ! ,moon1 b ! phrase is n a happy "o4 ,_m in/ances ( bo? k9ds w be f\nd m5tion$ 9 ! *apt] on hi/orical lun> eclipses4#aac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,conditions ,,( ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,! diff]5t conditions ( eclipses ( ! ,moon are illu/rat$ by ,fig4 #ad :i* mu/ be /udi$ ) ! aid ( ! rem>ks made 9 a =m] *apt] conc]n+ ! app>5t movem5ts ( ! ,sun & ,moon & _! nodal passages4 ,suffice x to /ate "h t 9 ,fig4 #ad ,,ab repres5ts ! ecliptic1 & ,,cd ! ,moon's pa?4 ,! ?ree black circles are imag9>y sections ( ! ,e>?'s %ad[ z ca/ :5 ! ,e>? is 9 ?ree successive positions 9 ! ecliptic4 ,if :5 ! ,e>?'s %ad[ is ne> ,a ! ,moon %\ld be at ,e1 & 9 ,conjunction ) ! ,e>? ! ,moon w escape eclipse2 if ! ,conjunction takes place ) bo? ! ,e>?'s %ad[ & ! ,moon a little fur!r =w>d1 say at ,f1 ! ,moon w be p>tially obscur$2 b if ! ,moon is at or v ne> its node1 z at ,g1 x w be :olly involv$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[ & a total eclipse w be ! result4 ,9 ! case contemplat$ at ,g 9 ! diagram1 ! ,moon is conc5trically plac$ ) respect to ! %ad[1 b ! eclipse w equally be total ev5 ?\gh ! two bodies are n conc5trically dispos$1 s long z ! ,moon is :olly )9 ! cone ( ! ,e>?'s %ad[4#aad ,j z 9 ! case ( ! ,sun s ) ! ,moon !re are c]ta9 limits on ! ecliptic )9 :i* eclipses ( ! ,moon may take place1 o!r 7n>r[]7 limits )9 :i* !y mu/ take place1 & aga9 o!r limits beyond :i* !y _c take place4 ,rev]t+ to :at has be5 said on a previ\s page#aae ) respect to ^! matt]s :5 an eclipse ( ! ,sun is 9 "q x is only necess>y to sub/itute = ! ^w ,conjunction1 ! ^w ,opposition2 & = #ah & #ae ( longitude ! figures #ab & #i4 ,! limits 9 latitude w be #a #c' & #j #eb' in/ead ( #a #cd' & #a #bc'4 ,^! sub/itutions made1 ! g5]al ideas & facts /at$ ) reg>d to ! conditions ( an eclipse ( ! ,sun w apply also to ! "o ( ! ,moon4 ,x is to be not$ t :]eas eclipses ( ! ,sun always beg9 on ! ,w4 side ( ! ,sun1 eclipses ( ! ,moon beg9 on ! ,e4 side ( ! ,moon4 ,?is diff]5ce arises f ! fact t ! ,sun's movem5t 9 ! ecliptic is only app>5t 7x be+ ! ,e>? :i* really moves71 :il/ ! ,moon's movem5t is real4 ,eclipses ( ! ,moon1 ?\gh m (t5 & m widely visible ?an eclipses ( ! ,sun1 d n (f] by any means ! same v>iety ( int]e/+ or /rik+ ph5om5a to ! m]e />-gaz]1 & x 0 long ?\ght t !y 7 9 a c]ta9 s5se ( no use to sci5ce4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 a/ronom]s are incl9$ to utilise !m = det]m9+ ! diamet] ( ! ,moon by not+ occultations#aaf ( />s by ! ,moon1 ! duration ( a />'s invisibility beh9d an eclips$ ,moon be+ a measure ( ! lun> diamet] :5 su* an obs]vation is prop]ly trans=m$ & r$uc$4 ,obs]vations ( ! heat radiat$ 7or r reflect$7 by an eclips$ ,moon h also be5 made ) ! int]e/+ result ( %[+ t dur+ an eclipse ! ,moon's p[] to reflect sol> heat to ! ,e>? s5sibly decl9es4 ,! duration ( an eclipse ( ! ,moon is dep5d5t on its magnitude4 ,:]e ! eclipse is total ! d>kness1 or :at c\nts = su*1 may la/ = ne>ly #d h\rs1 ?\gh ?is is an extreme limit r>ely atta9$4 ,an eclipse ( f #f to #ab digits 7to use ! old-fa%ion$ nom5clature :i* has be5 already expla9$7 w cont9ue f #b to #c h\rs4 ,an eclipse ( #c to #f digits w la/ #b or #c h\rs1 & a small] eclipse only #a or #b h\rs4 ,! visual obs]vations to be made 9 connection ) p>tial or total eclipses ( ! ,moon *iefly relate to ! appe>ances pres5t$ by our satellite :5 imm]s$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[4 ,on su* occasions1 z has be5 already /at$1 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! ,moon does n :olly disappe>1 b may be detect$ ei!r ) a telescope or ev5 )\t "o4 ,x may exhibit ei!r a dull grey appe>ance1 or m commonly a p9ki%-r$ hue to :i* ! designation copp]y is g5]ally appli$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( ?is 0 ! eclipse ( ,m>* #ai1 #ahdh4 ,mr4 ,=/] :o obs]v$ ! ph5om5on at ,bruges ?us describes#aag :at he saw3--,i wi% to call y\r att5tion to ! fact :i* ,i h cle>ly asc]ta9$1 t dur+ ! :ole ( ! late eclipse ( ,m>* #ai ! %ad$ surface pres5t$ a lum9osity q unusual1 probably ab\t ?ree times ! int5sity ( ! mean illum9ation ( ! eclips$ lun> disc4 ,! light 0 ( a deep r$ col\r4 ,dur+ ! totality ( ! eclipse ! light & d>k places on ! face ( ! ,moon c\ld be almo/ z well made out z on an ord9>y dull moonlight night1 & ! deep r$ col\r :]e ! sky 0 cle>] 0 v rem>kable f ! contra/$ :it5ess ( ! />s4 ,my obs]vations 7 made ) diff]5t telescopes1 b all pres5t$ ! same appe>ance1 & ! rem>kable lum9osity /ruck ev]yone4 ,! ,briti% ,consul at ,gh5t1 :o did n "k !re 0 an eclipse1 wrote to me = an explanation ( ! blood-r$ col\r#aah ( ! ,moon at #i o'clock4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ?is /&s ! total eclipse ( ,oct4 #d1 #ahhd1 :i* is describ$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,/one#aai z mu* ! d>ke/ t ,i h ev] se51 & j be=e ! in/ant ( totality x appe>$ z if ! ,moon's surface w\ld be invisible to ! nak$ eye dur+ totality2 b su* 0 n ! case1 = ) ! la/ appe>ance ( ! bright reflect$ sunlight !re appe>$ a dim circle ( light ar\nd ! ,moon's disc1 & ! :ole surface became fa9tly visible1 & cont9u$ s until ! end ( totality4 ,a total eclipse ( ! ,moon :i* happ5$ on ,janu>y #bh1 #ahhh1 0 obs]v$ 9 _m places "u exceptionally fav\rable circum/ances z reg>ds wea!r4 ,! famili> copp] col\r is spok5 ( by _m obs]v]s4 ,! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,p]ry makes m5tion#abj ( pat*es ( col\r ev5 z bright z brick r$1 almo/ orange 9 ! bright] p>ts1 & ?is1 #bj m9utes be=e ! total phase began4 ,mr4 ,p]ry conduct$ on ?is occasion spectroscopic obs]vations = ! fir/ "t on an eclips$ ,moon1 b no special results 7 obta9$4 ,v>i\s explanations h be5 (f]$ = ^! div]sities ( appe>ance4 ,und\bt$ly !y dep5d ^u diff]5ces 9 ! condition ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e1 su* z ! unusual pres5ce or unusual abs5ce ( aque\s vap\r2 b x _c be said t ! laws :i* control ^! div]sities are by any means capable ( be+ pla9ly enunciat$1 not)/&+ t ! explanation g5]ally 9 vogue dates f z f> back z ! "t ( ,kepl]4 ,he sugge/$ t ! copp]y hue 0 a result ( ! refraction ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e :i* _h ! effect ( b5d+ ! sol> rays pass+ ?r\gh x1 s t !y imp+$ ^u ! ,moon ev5 :5 ! ,e>? 0 actually int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ,moon4 ,t ! out/&+ rays :i* became visible are r$ may be consid]$ due to ! fact t ! blue rays are absorb$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! t]re/rial atmosph]e1 j z bo? ! ea/]n & we/]n skies are frequ5tly se5 to assume a ruddy hue :5 illum9at$ 9 ! morn+ or ev5+ by ! sol> rays at or ne> sunrise or sunset4 ,ow+ to ! v>iable meteorological condition ( our atmosph]e1 ! actual quantity ( light transmitt$ ?r\gh x is liable to consid]able fluctuations1 & no wond] !re=e t v>iations occur 9 ! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! ,moon dur+ h] imm]sion 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t if ! portion ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* ! ,sun's rays h to pass is tol]ably free f aque\s vap\r1 ! r$ rays w be almo/ :olly absorb$1 b n ! blue rays2 & ! result+ illum9ation w ei!r only r5d] ! ,moon's surface visible ) a greyi% blue t+e1 or n visible at all4 ,?is w yield ! black eclipse--to recall ! phrase quot$ else:]e4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! region ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e ?r\gh :i* ! ,sun's rays pass be highly saturat$1 x w be ! blue rays :i* suff] absorption1 :il/ ! r$ rays w be transmitt$ & w imp>t a ruddy hue to ! ,moon4 ,f9ally1 if ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e is 9 a diff]5t condition 9 diff]5t places1 saturat$ 9 "s p>ts & n 9 o!rs1 a piebald sort ( effect w be ! result1 & "s portions ( ! ,moon's disc w be invisible1 :il/ o!rs w be m or less illum9at$4 ,fur!r illu/rations ( all ^! ?ree alt]natives w be f\nd among/ ! eclipses ( ! ,moon record$ 9 ! *apt]#aba devot$ to hi/orical matt]s4 ,a few in/ances are on record ( a curi\s spectacle connect$ ) eclipses ( ! ,moon :i* mu/ h a ^w ( m5tion4 ,i ref] to ! simultane\s visibility ( ! ,sun & ! ,moon above ! horizon1 ! ,moon at ! "t be+ eclips$4 ,at ! fir/ blu% ( ! ?+ ?is w\ld seem to be an impossibility1 rememb]+ t x is a c>d9al pr9ciple ( eclipses1 bo? ( ! ,sun & ( ! ,moon1 t ! ?ree bodies mu/ be 9 ! same /raight l9e 9 ord] to con/itute an eclipse4 ,! anomal\s spectacle j ref]r$ to is simply ! result ( ! refraction ex]cis$ by ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,! sett+ ,sun :i* has actually set has app>5tly n done s1 b is displac$ upw>ds by refraction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ris+ ,moon :i* has n actually ris5 is displac$ upw>ds by refraction & s becomes1 z x 71 prematurely visible4 ,9 o!r words1 refraction ret>ds ! app>5t sett+ ( "o body1 ! ,sun1 & accel]ates ! app>5t ris+ ( ! o!r body1 ! ,moon4 ,! effect ( ^! two displacem5ts w be to br+ ! two bodies clos] by m ?an #a ( a great circle ?an !y really are1 ?is be+ ! conjo9t am\nt ( ! d\ble displacem5ts due to refraction4 ,amateur obs]v]s ( eclipses ( ! ,moon w f9d "s pleasure1 & pr(it z well1 9 hav+ be=e !m on ! occasion ( an eclipse a picture ( ! ,moon's surface 9 diagrammatic =m ) a few ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9s m>k$ !reon2 & !n wat*+ f "t to "t 7say by qu>t]s ( an h\r7 ! successive encroa*m5ts ( ! ,e>?'s %ad[ on ! ,moon's surface & ! gradual cov]+ up ( ! l>g] m\nta9s z ! %ad[ moves =w>d4 ,! curv$ l9es repres5t ! gradual progress ( ! %ad[ dur+ ! eclipse nam$4 ,?is diagram1 ignor+ ! curv$ l9es actually m>k$ on x1 may be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = any numb] ( eclipses1 simply not+ f ! ,nautical ,almanac or o!r suitable ephem]ides ! po9ts on ! ,moon's disc at :i* ! %ad[ fir/ t\*es ! disc z x comes on1 & la/ t\*es ! disc z x goes (f4 ,! ,almanac indicates ^! po9ts by /at+ t ! eclipse beg9s1 or ends1 z ! case may be1 at a po9t :i* is s _m degrees f ! ,n4 po9t ( ! ,moon measur$ r\nd ! ,moon's circumf]5ce by ! ,e4 or by ! ,w4 z ! case may be4 ,"o o!r po9t & we h dispos$ ( eclipses ( ! ,moon4 ,! %ad[ :i* we see creep+ ov] ! ,moon dur+ an eclipse is1 z we "k1 ! %ad[ ca/ by ! ,e>?4 ,if we notice x att5tively we %all see t its outl9e is curv$1 & t x is 9 fact a complete segm5t ( a circle4 ,moreov] t ! circul>ity ( ?is %ad[ is ma9ta9$ f fir/ to la/ s f> z we are able to foll[ x4 ,:at is ?is1 !n1 b a pro( ( ! rotundity ( ! e>?8 ,?is %ape ( ! ,e>?'s %ad[ on ! ,moon dur+ a lun> eclipse 0 sugge/$ z a pro( ( ! rotundity ( ! ,e>? by two old ,greek a/ronom]s1 ,manilius & ,cleom$es1 :o liv$ ab\t #bjjj ye>s ago1 & is "o m illu/ration ( ! great p[]s ( obs]vation & ! g5]al acut5ess ( ! natural philosoph]s ( antiquity4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aab3 ,! "t occupi$ by ! ,moon 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! p5umbra1 be=e & aft] a lun> eclipse1 w g5]ally run to ab\t an h\r = ea* passage4 ,x w occasionally happ5 t ! ,moon gets imm]s$ 9 a p5umbra b escapes ! d>k %ad[4 ,su* an ev5t w n be ann\nc$ 9 ! almanacs "u ! head ( ,eclipses4 ,footnote #aac3 ,see p4 #aig 7po/74 ,footnote #aad3 ,! %ad[ is spok5 ( z be+ 9 ! =m ( a cone because x is necess>ily su* on acc\nt ( ! light-giv+ disc ( ! ,sun be+ s enorm\sly l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! light-receiv+ sph]e ( ! ,moon4 ,?is idea c be pursu$ by any read] ) ! aid ( a lamp enclos$ 9 a glass globe & an opaque sph]e su* z a cricket ball4 ,footnote #aae3 ,see p4 #ai 7ante74 ,footnote #aaf3 ,z to occultations see *ap4 xxi4 7po/74 ,footnote #aag3 ,mon?4 ,n41 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 viii4 p4 #acb4 ,m>*1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #aah3 ,a v /rik+ *romoli?ograph ( ! lun> eclipses ( ,oct4 #d1 #ahhd1 & ,jan4 #bh1 #ahhh1 %[+ ! contra/ (--7#a7 an almo/ invisible grey ,moon1 & 7#b7 a r$di%-p9k ,moon1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,g]man a/ronomical mon?ly1 ,sirius1 vol4 xxi4 p4 #bda4 ,nov4 #ahhh4 ,footnote #aai3 ,mon?4 ,n41 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xlv4 p4 #ce4 ,footnote #abj3 ,mon?4 ,n41 ,r4,a4,s41 vol4 xlviii4 p4 #bbg4 ,m>* #ahhh4 ,footnote #aba3 p4 #aig 7po/74 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,moon ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,hi/ory4 ,we saw 9 a previ\s *apt] t we owe to ! ,*9ese ! fir/ record ( an eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,x mu/ n[ be /at$ t ! same rem>k applies to ! fir/ record$ eclipse ( ! ,moon1 & ,pr(4 ,s4 ,m4 ,russell is aga9 our au?ority4 ,he ref]s to a book call$ ! ,*\-,%u or book ( ! ,*\ ,dyna/y1 said to h be5 f\nd 9 #bhj ,a4,d4 9 ! tomb ( an ,emp]or :o liv$ _m c5turies previ\sly4 ,9 ?is book x is /at$ t 9 ! #ce? ye> ( ,w5-,wang on ! day ,p+-,tzu !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,moon4 ,russell f9ds t ?is ev5t may be assign$ to ,janu>y #bi1 #aacf ,b4,c41 & t ! eclipse 0 total4 ,next aft] ?is ,*9ese eclipse1 9 po9t ( "t1 come sev]al eclipses record$ by ,ptolemy1 on ! au?ority ( records collect$ or exam9$ by himself4 ,! ?ree e>lie/ ( ^! came f ,*aldan s\rces4 ,! fir/ ( ^! eclipses 0 obs]v$ at ,babylon1 9 ! #bg? ye> ( ! era ( ,nabonass>1 ! #a/ ( ! reign ( ,m>dokempadius1 on ! #bi? ( ! ,egyptian mon? ,?o?1 answ]+ to ,m>* #ai1 #gba ,b4,c4 ,! eclipse began be=e moonrise1 & ! middle ( ! totality appe>s to h occurr$ at #i;h4 #cjm4 p4m4 ,! o!r two eclipses1 also obs]v$ at ,babylon1 occurr$ on ,m>* #h1 #gbj ,b4,c41 & ,septemb] #a1 9 ! same ye>1 respectively4 ,?ree o!r lun> eclipses1 record$ by ,ptolemy1 assi/$ ,sir ,i4 ,newton 9 fix+ ! ,t]m9us a quo f :i* ! #gj weeks ( ye>s 7 to run :i* ! prophet ,daniel#abb pr$ict$ 7 to elapse be=e ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,?is ,t]m9us a quo dates f ! ,re/oration ( ! ,jews "u ,artax]xes1 #deg ,b4,c4 ,! ?ree eclipses :i* ,newton made use ( 7 ^? ( ,july #af1 #ebc1 ,novemb] #ai1 #ejb1 & ,april #be1 #dia ,b4,c4 ,ari/ophanes1 9 ,! ,cl\ds 7l9es #efa-ff71 makes an allusion to :i* has be5 suppos$ 7b probably )\t adequate w>rant1 9 ,spanheim's op9ion71 to ref] to an eclipse ( ! ,moon4 ,! eclipse1 ,octob] #i1 #dbe ,b4,c41 has1 moreov]1 be5 sugge/$ z t ref]r$ to1 b ! :ole idea seems to me too %ad[y4 ,an eclipse ( ! ,moon took place 9 ! #d? ye> ( ! #ia/ ,olympiad1 answ]+ to ,augu/ #bg1 #dac ,b4,c41 :i* produc$ v disa/r\s consequ5ces to an ,a!nian army1 ow+ to ! ignorance & incapacity ( ,nicias1 ! comm&]4 ,! army 0 9 ,sicily1 confront$ by a ,syracusan army1 & hav+ fail$1 m or less1 & sickness hav+ brok5 out1 x 0 decid$ t ! ,a!nians %\ld emb>k & quit ! isl&4 ,plut>*1 9 8 ,life ( ,nicias1 says3--,ev]y?+ accord+ly 0 prep>$ = emb>kation1 & ! enemy paid no att5tion to ^! movem5ts1 because !y did n expect !m4 ,b 9 ! night !re happ5$ an eclipse ( ! ,moon1 at :i* ,nicias & all ! re/ 7 /ruck ) a great panic1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or sup]/ition4 ,z = an eclipse ( ! ,sun1 :i* happ5s at ! ,conjunction1 ev5 ! common p _h "s idea ( its be+ caus$ by ! int]position ( ! ,moon2 b !y c\ld n easily =m a conception1 by ! int]position ( :at body ! ,moon1 :5 at ! full1 %\ld sudd5ly lose h] light1 & assume su* a v>iety ( col\rs4 ,!y look$ ^u x !re=e z a /range & pret]natural ph5om5on1 a sign by :i* ! gods ann\nc$ "s great calamity4 ,& ! calamity came to pass1 b only indirectly 0 x caus$ by ! ,moon6 ,plut>* & ,pl9y bo? m5tion t elev5 days be=e ! victory ( ,alex&] ov] ,d>ius1 at ,arbela 9 ,assyria1 !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,moon4 ,plut>*'s words 7,life ( ,alex&]7 are1 t !re happ5$ an eclipse ( ! ,moon1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fe/ival ( ! great my/]ies at ,a!ns4 ,! elev5? night aft] t eclipse1 ! two armies be+ 9 view ( ea* o!r1 ,d>ius kept 8 m5 "u arms1 & took a g5]al review ( 8 troops by tor*-light4 ,?is seems to h l$ to a great deal ( disord]ly tumult 9 ! ,assyrian camp1 a fact :i* 0 notic$ by ,alex&]4 ,sev]al ( 8 fri5ds urg$ him to make a night attack on ! enemy's camp1 b he pref]r$ t 8 ,mac$onians %\ld h a good night's re/1 & x 0 !n t he utt]$ ! celebrat$ answ]1 ,i w n /eal a victory4 ,plut>* ent]s ^u "s r int]e/+ moral reflections connect$ ) ?is answ]1 b :i* ( c\rse are =eign to ! subject ( ?is volume4 ,?is eclipse happ5$ on ,septemb] #bj1 #cca ,b4,c41 & 0 total1 ! middle ( ! eclipse be+ at ab\t #h4ae p4m4 ,x foll[s !re=e1 t ! celebrat$ battle ( ,arbela 0 f\ght on ,octob] #a1 #cca ,b4,c4 ,9 #bai ,b4,c4 an eclipse ( ! ,moon 0 se5 9 ,mysia1 accord+ to ,polybius4#abc ,! date ( ,septemb] #a has be5 assign$ = ?is eclipse :i* is said to h s greatly al>m$ "s ,gauli% ,m]c5>y troops 9 ! s]vice ( ,attalus1 ,k+ ( ,p]gamos1 t he _h to get rid ( !m z soon z he c\ld--make t]ms ) !m to g home4 ,on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,pydna :5 ,p]seus1 ,k+ ( ,mac$onia1 0 conqu]$ by ,paulus milius1 !re happ5$ an eclipse ( ! ,moon4 ,plut>* 9 8 ,life ( ,paulus milius1 speak+ ( 8 army hav+ settl$ d[n 9 a camp1 says3--,:5 !y _h supp$ & 7 ?9k+ ( no?+ b go+ to re/1 on a sudd5 ! ,moon1 :i* 0 !n at full & v high1 began to be d>k5$1 & aft] *ang+ into v>i\s col\rs1 0 at la/ totally eclips$4 ,! ,romans1 accord+ to _! cu/om1 made a great noise by /rik+ ^u vessels ( brass & held up light$ faggots & tor*es 9 ! air 9 ord] to recall h] light2 b ! ,mac$onians did no su* ?+2 horror & a/oni%m5t seiz$ _! :ole camp1 & a :isp] pass$ among ! multitude t ?is appe>ance port5d$ ! fall ( ! k+4 ,z = milius1 he 0 n entirely unacqua9t$ ) ?is matt]2 he _h he>d ( ! ecliptic inequalities :i* br+ ! ,moon at c]ta9 p]iods "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,e>? & d>k5 h] till %e has pass$ t qu>t] ( obscurity & receives light f ! ,sun aga94 ,nev]!less1 z he 0 wont to ascribe mo/ ev5ts to ! ,deity1 0 a religi\s obs]v] ( sacrifices & ( ! art ( div9ation1 he (f]$ up to ! ,moon #aa heif]s z soon z he saw h] rega9 h] =m] lu/re4 ,at break ( day he also sacrific$ ox5 to ,h]cules to ! numb] ( #bj )\t any auspici\s sign1 b 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ ! desir$ tok5s appe>$ & he ann\nc$ victory to 8 troops1 provid$ !y /ood ^u ! def5sive4 ,! a/ronomical k ascrib$ 9 ?is acc\nt to ,paulus milius1 con/itutes a v int]e/+ feature 9 ?is record because ! ,romans ?\gh !y 7 good at mo/ ?+s1 7 by no means adepts at ! sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy4 ,livy#abd tells u t ,sulpicius ,gallus1 "o ( ! ,roman tribunes1 =etold ?is eclipse1 fir/ to ! ,consul & !n1 ) 8 leave1 to ! army1 :]eby t t]ror :i* eclipses 7 wont to bre$ 9 ignorant m9ds 0 entirely tak5 (f & ! soldi]s m & m dispos$ to confide 9 (fic]s ( s great wisdom & ( su* g5]al k4 ,?is eclipse is (t5 id5tifi$ ) t ( ,june #ba1 #afh ,b4,c41 b ,johnson gives reasons :y ?is _c be ! case & t ! eclipse 9 "q 0 t :i* happ5$ on ! night ( ,june #aj-aa1 #afg ,b4,c41 & comm5c$ ab\t midnight1 :]eas ! eclipse ( #afh ,b4,c4 0 ne>ly ov] :5 ! ,moon 0 above ! horizon at ,rome4 ,/ockwell1 h[ev]1 fixes on ! eclipse ( ,septemb] #c1 #agb ,b4,c4 z t :i* 0 connect$ ) ! ,battle ( ,pydna4 ,josephus#abe speak+ ( ! b>b>\s acts ( ,h]od1 says3--,& t v night !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,moon4 ,!re has be5 "s controv]sy respect+ ! id5tification ( ?is eclipse 7! only "o m5tion$ by ,josephus7 :i* also is associat$ ) ,h]od's la/ illness1 x n hav+ be5 easy to reconcile "s discordant *ronological /atem5ts connect$ ) ! l5g? ( ,h]od's reign & ! date :5 he began to reign4 ,on ! :ole1 probably1 we %all be safe 9 say+ t ! ref]5ce is to ! eclipse ( ,m>* #ac1 #d ,b4,c4 ,?is 0 a p>tial eclipse to ! ext5t ( less ?an half ! ,moon's diamet]1 a defalcation ( light suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to attract public notice ev5 at #c a4m41 see+ t no d\bt1 ev5 at t h\r1 ! /reets ( ,j]usalem 7 9 a /ate ( turmoil ow+ to ! burn+ alive by ,h]od ( "s s$iti\s ,rabbis4 ,x %\ld be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ,h9d assigns ! acc\nt by ,josephus to ! eclipse :i* occurr$ on ,janu>y #i1 #a ,b4,c4 ,on ?is occasion ! ,moon pass$ ne>ly c5trally ?r\gh ! ,e>?'s %ad[ soon aft] midnight1 em]g+ at #b4eg a4m4 on ! e>ly morn+ ( ,janu>y #aj1 local ,mean ,"t at ,j]usalem4 ,tacitus#abf m5tions an eclipse ( ! ,moon z hav+ happ5$ soon aft] ! dea? ( ,augu/us4 ,?is has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! eclipse ( ,septemb] #bg1 ,a4,d4 #ad4 ,tacitus says3--,! ,moon 9 ! mid/ ( a cle> sky became sudd5ly eclips$2 ! soldi]s :o 7 ignorant ( ! cause took ?is = an om5 ref]r+ to _! pres5t adv5tures3 to _! lab\rs !y comp>$ ! eclipse ( ! planet1 & prophesi$ 't if to ! di/ress$ goddess %\ld be re/or$ h] wont$ brightness & spl5d\r1 equally successful w\ld be ! issue ( _! /ruggle4' ,h5ce !y made a l\d noise1 by r++ ^u braz5 metal1 & by bl[+ trumpets & cornets2 z %e appe>$ bright] or d>k] !y exult$ or lam5t$4 ,!re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,moon on ! g5]ally record$ date ( ! ,crucifixion ( our ,"l1 ,april #c1 ,a4,d4 #cc4 ,h9d f\nd t our satellite em]g$ f ! ,e>?'s d>k %ad[ ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r be=e %e rose at ,j]usalem 7#f;h4 #cfm4 p4m471 b ! p5umbra cont9u$ ^u h] disc = an h\r aft]w>ds4 ,on ,jan4 #a1 ,a4,d4 #dg1 a total eclipse ( ! ,moon 0 se5 at ,rome1 & on ! same night an isl& rose up 9 ! gean ,sea4 ,! total eclipse ( ,feb4 #bb1 ,a4,d4 #gb1 not$ by ,pl9y1#abg is ! fir/ 9 :i* x is record$ t ,sun & ,moon 7 bo? visible at ! same "t1 ! eclipse occurr+ :5 ! ,sun 0 ris+ & ! ,moon sett+4 ,tri!nius speaks ( an eclipse ( ! ,moon obs]v$ 9 ! "t ( ,m]ovu4 ,johnson id5tifies x ) ! eclipse ( ,sept4 #ae1 #deb ,a4,d4 ,x 0 f ,m]ovu t ! l9e ( ,fr5* k+s kn[n z ,m]ov+ians receiv$ _! "n4 ,on ,april #af1 ,a4,d4 #fhc1 accord+ to ,ana/asius ! ,papal hi/orian1 ! ,moon = ne>ly ! :ole night exhibit$ a blood-r$ appe>ance1 & did n em]ge f obscurity till cockcr[+4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fij an eclipse ( ! ,moon 0 obs]v$ 9 ,wales4 ,we are told#abh t ! ,moon 0 turn$ to ! col\r ( blood4 ,?is w\ld seem to be ! fir/ eclipse ( ! ,moon record$ 9 ,brita94 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle tells u t 9 ,a4,d4 #gcd ! ,moon 0 z if x _h be5 spr9kl$ ) blood1 & ,ar*bi%op ,tatw9e & ,b$a di$ & ,ecgb]ht 0 hall[$ bi%op4 ,! int5d$ inf]5ce app>5tly is t ! ,moon _h some?+ to d ) ! dea?s ( ! two ecclesia/ics1 b ?is !ory w n hold wat]4 ,b$a1 x may be rem>k$1 is ! correct "n ( ! man g5]ally kn[n to u z ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,x is evid5t t f ! description ( ! ,moon x exhibit$ on t occasion ! well-kn[n copp]y hue :i* is a recognis$ feature ( _m total eclipses ( our satellite4 ,?is eclipse occurr$ on ,janu>y #bd1 beg9n+ at ab\t #a a4m4 ,on ! night ( ,janu>y #bc1 ,a4,d4 #gec1 ! ,moon 0 cov]$ ) a horrid black %ield4 ,?is is ! record ( an eclipse4 ,x occurr$ at ab\t midnight1 & app>5tly we are entitl$ to inf] t on ?is occasion ! ,moon disappe>$ altoge!r1 in/ead ( be+ discov]able dur+ ! total phase by exhibit+ a copp]y hue4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #gee or #gef 9 orig41 on ,novemb] #bc1 !re happ5$ an exce$+ly int]e/+ ev5t :i* /&s1 ,i ?9k1 )\t a prec$5t 9 ! annals ( sci5ce--an eclipse ( ! ,moon contemporane\s ) an occultation ( a planet by ! ,moon4 ,?is s+ul> comb9ation is ?us describ$ 9 ! annals ( ,rog] de ,hov$5#abi3--,on ! #h? day be=e ! ,cal5ds ( ,decemb] ! ,moon on h] #ae? day be+ ab\t h] full1 appe>$ to be cov]$ ) ! col\r ( blood1 & !n ! d>kness decreas+ %e return$ to h] usual brightness2 b1 9 a wondr\s mann]1 a bright /> foll[$ ! ,moon1 & pass+ across h]1 prec$$ h] :5 %9+1 at ! same di/ance :i* x _h foll[$ h] be=e %e 0 d>k5$4 ,! details "h giv5 are n a/ronomically q correct1 b let t pass2 ! writ]'s int5tion is fairly cle>4 ,calculation %[s t ! eclipse occurr$ on ,novemb] #bc1 & t ! planet1 :i* 0 ,jupit]1 0 conceal$ 9 ! ev5+ by ! ,moon = ab\t an h\r f #g;h4 #cjm4 to #h;h4 #cjm4 p4m41 ! imm]sion tak+ place ab\t ! end ( ! total phase4 ,?is is ! fir/ occultation ( a /> or planet by ! ,moon obs]v$ & record$ 9 ,engl&4 ,"u ! ye> #gie ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle says3--,9 ?is ye> ! ,moon 0 eclips$ betwe5 cockcr[+ & dawn on ! #e? ( ! ,cal5ds ( ,april2 & ,e>dwalf succe$$ to ! k+dom ( ! ,nor?umbrians on ! #bnd ( ! ,ides ( ,may4 ,?is signifies t ! eclipse happ5$ on ,m>* #bh betwe5 #c;h4 & #f;h4 9 ! morn+1 ! me?od ( divid+ ! h\rs ( night into equal portions ( ?ree h\rs ea* be+ /ill 9 use4 ,!re 0 no eclipse 9 #gie on ! date 9 "q b !re 0 "o 9 #gif1 s we may suppose an error 9 ! ye>4 ,?is assum$1 ,johnson f\nd t ! eclipse began at ab\t #d;h4 a4m41 0 total = ne>ly an h\r1 & end$ at ab\t #g;h41 s t ! ,moon set eclips$4 ,b ! above assumption is disp5s$ ) by ,lynn :o sub/itutes "o ( 8 own4#acj ,= #e? ( ! ,cal5ds he reads #e? ( ! ,ides1 :i* means ,april #i2 & on t day 9 #gie he says !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,moon1 b ,i h n f\nd any o!r record ( x4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #hjj1 accord+ to ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 ! ,moon 0 eclips$ at ! #bnd h\r ( ! night 7#h;h4 p4m47 on ! #ag? day ( ! ,cal5ds ( ,febru>y4 ,johnson f9ds t !re 0 an eclipse ( ! ,moon on ,jan4 #ae4 ,! middle ( ! eclipse occurr$ at #h;h4 #cdm41 #i_/aj?s ( ! ,moon's upp] limb hav+ be5 obscur$4 ,"u ! date ( #hjf ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle says3--,?is ye> 0 ! ,moon eclips$ on ! ,kal5ds #a/ ( ,septemb]2 & ,e>dwulf1 ,k+ ( ! ,nor?umbrians1 0 driv5 f 8 k+dom1 & ,eanb]ht1 ,bi%op ( ,hexham1 di$4 ,?is eclipse 0 total1 ! totality la/+ f #i;h4 #cgm4 to #aj;h4 #eim4 p4m4 ,on ,feb4 #ae1 #hag1 accord+ to ! ,annales ,fuld5ses1 an eclipse ( ! ,moon 0 obs]v$ 9 ! e>ly ev5+ at ,p>is1 & on ! same night a ,comet 0 se54 ,?is ,comet is describ$ by ano!r au?ority z a mon/r\s "o & z be+ 9 ,sagitt>ius on ,feb4 #e4 ,! ,*9ese date x = ,feb4 #ag1 & place x ne> ! />s ,greek3 alpha & ,greek3 gamma ,tauri4 ,9 #hbh two lun> eclipses 7 se5 9 ,europe1 ! fir/ on ,july #a v e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & ! second on ! morn+ ( ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle ?us speaks ( ! second eclipse3--,9 ?is ye> ! ,moon 0 eclips$ on ,mid-w9t]'s ,mass-night1 & ! same ye> ,k+ ,ecgbryht subdu$ ! k+dom ( ! ,m]cians & all t 0 ,s\? ( ! ,humb]4 ,! totality occurr$ aft] midnight4 ,!re is "s confusion 9 ! ye> ( ?is eclipse1 ! ,*ronicle giv+ x z #hbg1 :il/ calculation %[s t x mu/ h be5 #hbh4 ,lynn def9es ,mid-w9t]'s ,mass-night z ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,"u ! date ( #ijd ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle says3--,9 ?is ye> ! ,moon 0 eclips$4 ,!re 7 two total eclipses ( ! ,moon ?is ye>1 "o on ,may #ca1 & ! o!r on ,nov4 #be1 & x does n appe> :i* "o is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*ronicle cit$4 ,ano!r writ]1 ,c$r5us1 speaks ( a great eclipse ( ! ,moon ?is ye> :i* he says =etold ! dea? ( a k9sman ( ! ,emp]or4 ,on ,octob] #f1 #ajji1 !re 0 a total eclipse ( ! ,moon :i* presumably is ref]r$ to 9 ! /atem5t t ?is ye> ! ,moon 0 *ang$ into blood4 ,on ,nov4 #h1 #ajdd1 !re 0 a l>ge p>tial eclipse 9 ! morn+4 ,ra\l ,glab]#aca 7a ,fr5* *ronicl] :o di$ ab\t #ajej7 comm5ts ^u x ?us3--,9 :at mann] x happ5$1 :e!r a prodigy br\ght to pass by ! ,deity or by ! int]v5tion ( "s heav5ly body1 rema9s kn[n to ! au?or ( k4 ,= ! ,moon h]self became l d>k blood1 only gett+ cle> ( x a little be=e ! dawn4 ,truly ^? times 7 ! ,d>k ,ages 9 :i* ignorance & folly 7 rampant1 see+ t m ?an #ajjj ye>s previ\sly ! ,greeks knew all ab\t ! causes ( eclipses4 ,"u #ajgh ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle says3--,9 ?is ye> ! ,moon 0 eclips$ #c nights be=e ,c&lemas1 & gelwig1 ! '_w-wide' ,abbot ( ,eve%am1 di$ on ,/4 ,juliana's ,mass-day ,feb4 #af2 & 9 ?is ye> 0 ! dry summ]1 & wildfire came 9 _m ,%ires & burn$ _m t[ns4 ,johnson f\nd t a total eclipse ( ! ,moon happ5$ 9 ! e>ly ev5+ ( ,jan4 #cj4 ,on ,may #e1 #aaaj1 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,i41 !re occurr$ a total eclipse ( ! ,moon dur+ :i*1 says ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 ! ,moon appe>$ 9 ! ev5+ brightly %9+ & aft]w>ds by little & little its light wan$1 s t z soon z x 0 night x 0 s completely qu5*$ t nei!r light nor orb nor any?+ at all ( x 0 se54 ,& s x cont9u$ v ne> until day1 & !n appe>$ full & brightly %9+4 ,x 0 on ?is same day a =tnight old4 ,all ! night ! air 0 v cle>1 & ! />s ov] all ! heav5 7 brightly %9+4 ,& ! tree-fruits on t night 7 sorely nipt4 ,! totality occurr$ be=e mid-night4 ,x is evid5t t ?is 0 an in/ance ( a black eclipse :5 ! ,moon becomes q invisible in/ead ( %9+ ) ! famili> copp]y hue4 ,9 #aaag !re 7 two total eclipses1 ! fir/ on ,june #af1 & ! second on ,decemb] #aj4 ,! latt] is ?us ref]r$ to 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle3--,9 ! night ( ! #crd ( ! ,ides ( ,decemb] ! ,moon 0 f> 9 dur+ a long "t ( ! night z if x 7 all bloody1 & aft]w>ds eclips$4 ,! totality comm5c$ at #aa4cf p4m4 ,x is record$ by ,mat!w ,p>is#acb 9 connection ) ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,i4 t ! ,moon also 0 eclips$ ! same ye> on ! #bi? ( ,july #aace4 ,^! words seem to indicate a total eclipse ( ! ,moon4 ,johnson gives ! date z ,dec4 #bb1 #aace4 ,if ?is is correct ! text ( ! ,*ronicle mu/ be corrupt4 ,! :ole eclipse 0 n visible 9 ,engl&1 ! ,moon sett+ be=e ! middle ( ! eclipse4 ,/eph5 _h be5 cr[n$ k+ ! same day1 namely ,dec4 #bb4 ,on ,june #cj1 #acdi1 !re 0 a total eclipse ( ! ,moon visible at ,london to :i* "s int]e/ atta*es4 ,ar*deacon ,*urton#acc connects x ) ! foll[+ incid5t3--,! wor?y ,abp4 ,bradw>d9e1 :o n\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ! ,norman ,edw>ds1 & di$ ,a4,d4 #acdi1 tells a /ory ( a wit* :o 0 attempt+ to impose on ! simple p ( ! "t4 ,x 0 a f9e summ]'s night1 & ! ,moon 0 sudd5ly eclips$4 ',make me good am5ds1' said %e1 '= old wrongs1 or ,i w bid ! ,sun also to )draw 8 light f y4' ,bradw>d9e1 :o _h /udi$ ! ,arabian a/ronom]s1 0 m ?an a mat* = ?is simple trick1 )\t call+ 9 ! aid ( ! ,saxon law4 ',tell me1' he said1 'at :at "t y w d ?is1 & we w believe y2 or if y w n tell me1 ,i w tell y :5 ! ,sun or ! ,moon w next be d>k5$1 9 :at "p ( _! orb ! d>kness w beg91 h[ f> x w spread1 & h[ long x w cont9ue4' ,an eclipse ( ! ,moon :i* happ5$ :5 ,columbus 0 at ! ,isl& ( ,jamaica prov$ ( great s]vice to him :5 he 0 9 difficulties ow+ to ! want ( food supplies :i* ! inhabitants refus$ to af=d4 ,! eclipse 0 a total "o1 & s f> z ! description goes ! eclipses ( ,april #b1 #adic1 & ,m>* #a1 #aejd1 bo? respond to ! record$ circum/ances3 bo? 7 total & bo? occurr$ soon aft] sunset4 ,b1 inasmu* z 9 ! life ( ,columbus writt5 by 8 son ! incid5t is plac$ ne>ly at ! end ( ! "w1 !re c be no d\bt t x is ! lat] ( ! above eclipses :i* 0 ! "o 9 "q4 ,! /ory is v graphically told by ,sir ,a4 ,helps#acd 9 ! words foll[+3-- ,! ,indians refus$ to m9i/] to _! wants any long]2 & fam9e 0 imm95t4 ,b j at ?is la/ extremity1 ! admiral1 ev] f]tile 9 devices1 be?\ght him ( an exp$i5t = re-e/abli%+ 8 influ5ce ov] ! ,indians4 ,8 a/ronomical k told him t on a c]ta9 night an eclipse ( ! ,moon w\ld take place4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t p liv+ 9 ! op5 air mu/ be accu/om$ to see su* eclipses suffici5tly (t5 n to be p>ticul>ly a/oni%$ at !m4 ,b ,columbus judg$--& z ! ev5t prov$1 judg$ rightly--t by pr$ict+ ! eclipse he w\ld ga9 a reputation z a prophet1 & comm& ! respect & ! ob$i5ce due to a p]son inve/$ ) sup]natural p[]s4 ,he assembl$ ! caciques ( ! neighb\r+ tribes4 ,!n1 by means ( an int]pret]1 he reproa*$ !m ) refus+ to cont9ue to supply provisions to ! ,spani>ds4 ',! ,god :o protects me1' he said1 'w puni% y4 ,y "k :at has happ5$ to ^? ( my foll[]s :o h rebell$ aga9/ me2 & ! dang]s :i* !y enc\nt]$ 9 _! attempt to cross ,haiti1 :ile ^? :o w5t at my comm& made ! passage )\t difficulty4 ,soon1 too1 %all ! div9e v5geance fall on y2 ?is v night %all ! ,moon *ange h] col\r & lose h] light1 9 te/imony ( ! evils :i* %all be s5t ^u y f ! skies4' ,! night 0 f9e3 ! moon %one d[n 9 full brilliancy4 ,b at ! appo9t$ "t ! pr$ict$ ph5om5on took place1 & ! wild h[ls ( ! savages proclaim$ _! abject t]ror4 ,!y came 9 a body to ,columbus & implor$ 8 int]cession4 ,!y promis$ to let him want = no?+ if only he w\ld av]t ?is judgm5t4 ,z an e>ne/ ( _! s9c]ity !y collect$ ha/ily a quantity ( food & (f]$ x at 8 feet4 ,at fir/1 diplomatically hesitat+1 ,columbus pres5tly affect$ to be s(t5$ by _! entreaties4 ,he cons5t$ to int]c$e = !m2 &1 retir+ to 8 cab91 p]=m$1 z !y suppos$1 "s my/ic rite :i* %\ld deliv] !m f ! ?reat5$ puni%m5t4 ,soon ! t]rible %ad[ pass$ away f ! face ( ! moon1 & ! gratitude ( ! savages 0 z deep z _! previ\s t]ror4 ,b be+ bl5d$ ) mu* awe1 x 0 n s evanesc5t z gratitude (t5 is2 & h5ce=? !re 0 no failure 9 ! regul> supply ( provisions to ! ca/aways4 ,ty*o ,brahe obs]v$ a lun> eclipse on ,july #g1 #aeij4 ,he writes3--,9 ! morn+ ab\t #c;h4 ! ,moon began to be eclips$3 9 ?is eclipse x is notable t bo? lum9>ies 7 at ! same "t above ! horizon2 a l case :i* ,pl9y cites4 ,= ! c5tre ( ! ,sun em]g$ :5 ! ,moon 0 #b elevat$ above ! ,we/]n horizon1 & :5 h] c5tre 0 sett+1 ! c5tre ( ! ,sun 0 elevat$ ne>ly #b4ace ,on ,augu/ #af1 #aeih1 !re occurr$ a total eclipse ( ! ,moon1 obs]v$ by ,kepl]1#acf 9 :i* dur+ totality a "p ( ! ,moon 0 visible & ! re/ invisible4 ,he says1 t :ile "o-half ( ! disc 0 se5 ) great difficulty ! o!r half 0 disc]nible by a deep r$ light ( su* brilliancy t at fir/ he 0 d\btful :e!r our satellite 0 imm]s$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[ at all4 ,?is is an in/ance ( ! simultane\s op]ation ( ^? causes 7:atev] !y may be7 :i* result 9 a totally-eclips$ ,moon be+ sometimes :olly invisible & sometimes entirely visible z a copp]-col\r$ disc4 ,an eclipse ( ! ,moon :i* happ5$ on ! morn+ ( ,july #f1 #afaj1 may be m5tion$ z hav+ be5 ! fir/ to be view$ ?r\gh a telescope4 ,! eclipse 0 only a l>ge p>tial "o4 ,! foll[+ record ( ! fact is due to ,ty*o ,brahe4#acg ,! beg9n+ ( ! eclipse ( ! ,moon z obs]v$ ?r\gh ! ,roman telescope1 appe>$ l a d>k ?read 9 contact ) ! %ad[--a description :i* _c be said to be unduly explicit4 ,9 #afbj1 on ,june #ae1 !re 0 a total eclipse ( ! ,moon1 :5 dur+ ! total phase ! ,moon 0 se5 ) great difficulty4 ,x %one1 moreov]1 l ! ?9ne/ nebula1 f> fa9t] ?an ! ,milky ,way1 )\t any copp] t+e4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second h\r no?+ at all c\ld be se5 ( ! ,moon ) ! nak$ eye1 & ?r\gh ! telescope s d\btfully 0 any?+ se5 t no "o c\ld tell :e!r ! ,moon 0 n some?+ else4 ,x is expressly /at$1 h[ev]1 t ! sky 0 q cle>4 ,kepl] also obs]v$ ?is eclipse1 & says t ! ,moon q disappe>$1 ?\gh />s ( ! #d? & #e? magnitudes 7 pla9ly visible4#ach ,9 ?is same ye> #afbj1 !re 0 on ,decemb] #i ano!r total eclipse1 :5 ! ,moon altoge!r disappe>$ s t no?+ c\ld be se5 ( x1 ?\gh ! />s %one brightly all ar\nd3 %e cont9u$ lo/ & invisible = a qu>t] ( an h\r m or less4 ,?is obs]vation seems to h be5 made at ,+ol/adt4 ,w5del9us m5tions ! eclipse ( ,april #ad1 #afbc1 9 connection ) ! "q ( ! visibility ( ! ,moon :5 totally eclips$4 ,he says1 b sometimes x s f> reta9s ! light d]iv$ f ! ,sun t y w\ld d\bt :e!r any "p ( x 7 eclips$4 ,?is eclipse 0 obs]v$ by ,gass5di1 & if ! above record is correct1 x is ! m rem>kable see+ t ! eclipse 0 n total1 only #aa_/ab?s ( ! ,moon's diamet] be+ obscur$4 ,on ,april #be1 #afdb1 on ! occasion ( a total eclipse1 ,hevelius#aci not$ t ! ,moon :olly disappe>$ :5 imm]s$ 9 ! ,e>?'s %ad[4 ,crabtree is /at$ by ,flam/e$#adj to h obs]v$ ?is eclipse1 b he does n pla9ly /ate t he lo/ sight ( ! ,moon4 ,crabtree or 8 editor dates ?is eclipse = ,april #d2 ,f]guson = ,april #ae4 ,!re appe>s to be "s muddle z betwe5 old /yle & new /yle4 ,f]guson pr(ess+ to be ,n4,s4 is evid5tly wrong4 ,hevelius gives ! d\ble date1 #ae_/be1 :i* is evid5tly "r4 ,on ,june #af1 #afff1 ! ,moon 0 se5 9 ,tuscany to rise eclips$1 ! ,sun n hav+ yet set 9 ! ,w4 ,on ,may #bf1 #affh1 an eclipse ( ! ,moon 0 9 progress 9 ! e>ly morn+1 :5 ! ,sun 0 se5 to rise by memb]s ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces :o 7 obs]v+ ! ph5om5on at ,montm>tre ne> ,p>is4 ,on ,decemb] #bc1 #agjc1 ! ,moon :5 totally imm]s$ 0 se5 at ,avignon %[+ a ruddy light ( su* brilliancy t we are told x _h ! appe>ance ( a transp>5t body illum9at$ by a light plac$ beh9d4 ,johnson f9ds t ! total phase took place 9 ! e>ly morn+1 & la/$ f #e;h4 #cfm4 to #g;h4 #bbm4 a4m4 ,! lun> eclipse ( ,may #ah1 #agfa1 z obs]v$ by ,w>g5t91#ada at ,/ockholm1 furni%es a rem>kable in/ance ( ! invisibility ( ! ,moon on c]ta9 occasions1 :5 completely imm]s$ 9 ! e>?'s %ad[4 ,! total imm]sion ( ! ,moon took place at #aj;h4 #dam4 p4m4 ,! "p ( ! m>g9 ( ! lun> disc :i* _h la/ ent]$ ! %ad[ 0 fairly conspicu\s = #e or #f m9utes aft] ! imm]sion1 & to ! nak$ eye exhibit$ a lu/re equal to t ( a /> ( ! #bnd magnitude2 b at #aj;h4 #ebm4 ?is "p1 z well z ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! ,moon's body1 _h disappe>$ s completely1 t n ! slighte/ trace ( any portion ( ! lun> disc c\ld be disc]n$ ei!r ) ! nak$ eye or ) ! telescope1 al?\gh ! sky 0 cle>1 & ! />s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,moon 7 di/9ctly visible 9 ! telescope4 ,aft] m ?an half an h\r's se>*1 ,w>g5t9 at l5g? discov]$ ! :]eab\ts ( ! ,moon by means ( a fa9t light1 :i* 0 visible at ! ,ea/]n edge ( ! disc4 ,a few m9utes aft]w>ds1 "s p]sons ( acute vision 7 able to disc]n1 ) ! nak$ eye1 a trace ( ! ,moon1 look+ l a pat* ( ?9 vap\r1 b m ?an half ! disc 0 /ill invisible4 ,an eclipse ( ! ,moon1 on ,m>* #bi1 #ahja1 0 obs]v$ by ,humboldt1 on bo>d %ip1 (f ! ,isl& ( ,b>u1 n f> f ,c>tag5a de las ,indias1 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4#adb ,he rem>ks t he 0 exce$+ly /ruck ) ! great] lum9\s int5sity ( ! ,moon's disc "u a tropical sky ?an 9 my native ,nor?4 ,johnson makes ,humboldt to ref] to ! great] cle>ness ( ! r$d5$ disc1 b ^! words d n appe> ei!r 9 ! ,g]man or 9 ! ,engli% v]sion4 ,a total eclipse ( ! ,moon occurr$ on ,june #aj1 #ahaf4 ,z obs]v$ by ,be] & ,mdl] & o!rs1 ! ,moon completely disappe>$4 ,! summ] ( #ahaf1 be x rememb]$1 0 v wet1 & probably ?is _h some?+ to d ) ! ,moon's invisibility at ! eclipse 9 "q4 ,on ,octob] #ac1 #ahcg1 !re happ5$ a total eclipse ( ! ,moon1 ( :i* ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el & ,admiral ,w4 ,h4 ,smy? h left u int]e/+ acc\nts4#adc ,! *anges ( t9t1 bo? z reg>ds times & places on ! ,moon's disc1 record$ by ! latt]1 are v rem>kable4 ,& ! t9ts !mselves v>i$ v mu* int] se3 ,! ,admiral speaks ( copp]1 sea-gre51 neutral t9t1 & silv]y1 z hues visible 9 "o "p ( ! ,moon or ano!r1 & at "o "t or ano!r4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #abb3 ,dan4 ix4 #bd4 ,footnote #abc3 ,hi/ories1 ,book v41 *ap4 lxxviii4 ,footnote #abd3 ,hi/4 ,rom41 ,lib4 xliv41 cap4 #cg4 ,footnote #abe3 ,antiq41 ,lib4 xvii41 cap4 #f1 sec4 #d4 ,footnote #abf3 ,annales1 ,lib4 i41 cap4 #bh4 ,footnote #abg3 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,lib4 ii41 cap4 #c4 ,footnote #abh3 ,annales ,cambri1 ,rolls ed41 p4 #h4 ,footnote #abi3 ,annales1 ,rog]us de ,hov$51 ,bohn's ed41 p4 #e4 ,footnote #acj3 ,obs]vatory1 vol4 xv4 p4 #bbd4 ,may #ahib4 ,footnote #aca3 ,hi/ori>um sui ,temporis1 ,lib4 v41 cap4 #c4 ,footnote #acb3 ,*ronica ,majora1 ,rolls ed41 edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,r4 ,lu>d1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afa4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ?is "w is 9 circulation "u ! "n ( ,rog]us de ,w5dov]1 ,flores ,hi/ori>um4 ,! passage "h quot$ appe>s 9 vol4 i4 p4 #dhb1 ,bohn's ed4 ,footnote #acc3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,*ur*1 #ahgj ed41 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #acd3 ,life ( ,columbus1 p4 #bdg4 ,footnote #ace3 ,hi/oria ,coele/is1 vol4 i4 p4 xci4 ,footnote #acf3 ,a/ronomi ,p>s ,optica1 p4 #bgf2 ,op]a ,omnia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjb2 ,fris*'s edition4 ,footnote #acg3 ,hi/oria ,coele/is1 vol4 ii4 p4 #iba4 ,footnote #ach3 ,epitomes ,a/ronomi1 p4 #hbe2 ,op]a ,omnia1 vol4 vi4 p4 #dhb2 ,fris*'s edition4 ,footnote #aci3 ,sel5ographia1 p4 #aag4 ,footnote #adj3 ,hi/oria ,coele/is1 vol4 i4 p4 #d4 ,footnote #ada3 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 lii4 p4 #baj4 #agfb4 ,footnote #adb3 ,cosmos4 ,trans4 ,sab9e1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cef2 vol4 iv4 p4 #dhc4 ,bohn's ed4 ,footnote #adc3 ,cycle ( ,cele/4 ,obj41 vol4 i4 p4 #add2 transcrib$ 9 ,g4 ,f4 ,*amb]s's ,h&book ( ,a/ronomy1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbi4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,catalogues ,,( ,,eclipses3 ,,& ,,_! ,,calculation4 ,?is mu/ ( necessity be a brief *apt]1 s f> z m]e l9es ( text are conc]n$1 b x w n on t acc\nt be unimportant4 ,x w be evid5t to ! read] t _m m eclipses ( int]e/ h happ5$1 & w happ51 ?an x has be5 possible to speak ( 9 ^! pages4 ,accord+ly1 z x is "o ( ! ma9 objects ( ?is s]ies ( volumes to create a ?ir/ = k1 to be satisfi$ by ! /udy ( o!r & bigg] volumes1 x w be desirable to furni% a li/ ( "s ( ! v>i\s books & publications1 9 :i* eclipses w be f\nd catalogu$ or describ$ 9 detail1 s t read]s desir\s ( pursu+ ! matt] fur!r1 may possess facilities = do+ s4 ,by f> ! mo/ complete & compreh5sive catalogue ( sol> eclipses is t prep>$ "s ye>s ago by an ,au/rian a/ronom]1 ! late ,!odore ,von ,oppolz] ( ,vi5na1 & publi%$ "u ! title ( ,canon d] ,f9/]nisse1 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces4#add ,?is "w supplies approximate calculations ( ab\t #hjjj eclipses ( ! ,sun1 = a p]iod ( m ?an #cjjj ye>s1 f ,novemb] #aj1 #abjg ,b4,c4 7,julian ,cal5d>71 to ,novemb] #ag1 #bafa ,a4,d4 7,gregorian ,cal5d>74 ,!re are app5d$ #afj *>ts1 ( all ! pr9cipal eclipses2 b z ! *>ts only exhibit ! beg9n+s1 middles1 & ends ( ! eclipses dealt )1 !y are frequ5tly mislead+1 because ! int]m$iate l9es ( pa? are1 9 _m cases1 m or less consid]ably curv$4 ,ano!r v important & compreh5sive catalogue ( eclipses1 sol> & lun> toge!r1 w be f\nd 9 ! well-kn[n ,fr5* "w1 ,l',art de vrifi] les ,dates1#ade compil$ by a memb] ( ! religi\s ord] ( ,/4 ,maur4 ,"o volume ( ?is fam\s "w conta9s eclipses f ! ye> #ajja ,b4,c4 to ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 :il/ ano!r volume gives a simil> catalogue f ! ye> #a ,a4,d4 to #bjjj ,a4,d4 ,! o!r volumes deal ) *ronological matt]s only4 ,al?\gh n /rictly a "w ( extreme a/ronomical exactness1 yet ,l',art de vrifi] les ,dates /&s unrivall$ z a record n only to subs]ve ! purpose indicat$ by its title1 b ( ! b>e facts ( ! eclipses :i* h happ5$ dur+ ! p]iod ( #cjjj ye>s /at$ above4 ,!re has n be5 mu* done 9 ,engl& 9 ! way ( publi%+ eclipse records or tables1 pa/ or future1 b 9 ! ,briti% ,almanac & ,companion = #ahcb !re is giv5 a catalogue1 :i* 0 useful 9 its day1 ( eclipses1 !n future f #ahcb to #aijj1 omitt+1 h[ev]1 sol> eclipses h>dly visible to any inhabit$ portion ( ! ,e>?1 & lun> eclipses :]e ! "p ( ! ,moon's diamet] obscur$ 0 less ?an #a_/ab?4 ,9 by-gone days sev]al attempts 7 made to ga!r toge!r 9 a tabul> or p>agraph =m ! details ( eclipses :i* _h happ5$1 & "s ( ^! h be5 important s\rces ( in=mation = ! guidance ( u mod]ns4 ,=emo/ among/ ^! ef=ts mu/ be nam$ ! ,almage/um ,novum ( ,j4 ,b4 ,ricciolus4#adf ,?is "w conta9s a catalogue ( eclipses obs]v$ f #ggb ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #afdg1 & cont9u$ 9 tables to ,a4,d4 #agjj4 ,x is prefac$ 7pp4 #bhf-h7 by a long s]ies ( quotations f classical au?ors relat+ to eclipses1 "s few ( :i* h already be5 m5tion$ 9 ^! pages4 ,kepl] paid mu* att5tion to eclipses1 & left beh9d him a l>ge mass ( notes & orig9al obs]vations4 ,^! w be f\nd *iefly 9 8 ,a/ronomi ,p>s ,optica1 c4 vii4 #b1 orig9ally publi%$ at ,frankfurt 9 #afjd4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t & accessible edition ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ,fris*'s repr9t ( all ,kepl]'s works4#adg ,ty*o ,brahe also ga!r$ toge!r f v>i\s s\rces _m obs]vations ( eclipses1 & comb9$ !m ) a numb] ( 8 own1 ! :ole be+ publi%$ 9 8 ,hi/oria ,coele/is4#adh ,ty*o ,brahe 0 a v int]e/+ p]sonage 9 spite ( ! fact t he w5t all a/ray on ! subject ( ! sy/em ( ! ,univ]se1 & he well des]ves1 :at has be5 giv5 to him1 a book#adi all to himself4 ,x is peculi>ly appropriate t ,i %\ld give him a good ^w 9 ?is little volume on eclipses1 because x 0 ! sol> eclipse ( ,aug4 #ba1 #aefj1 :i* fir/ s]i\sly l$ him to take up a/ronomical pursuits1 he be+ !n #ad ye>s ( age1 & /ruck ) wond] t eclipses c\ld be pr$ict$4 ,a va/ am\nt ( hi/orical & o!r in=mation respect+ eclipses w be f\nd 9 a book1 ! lat9is$ "n ( ^: au?or is ,se?us ,calvisius4 ,! title ( ! "w is ,opus ,*ronologicum4#aej ,! hi/orical matt] is v mu* mix$1 b ! eclipses c be got hold ( ?r\gh ! ,index1 :i* is v full4 ,p4 ,gass5di1#aea a well-kn[n a/ronom] ( ! #ag? c5tury1 left beh9d him obs]vations ( _m eclipses obs]v$ by himself betwe5 #afbh & #afee4 ,9 a book entitl$ ,an ,introduction to ,univ]sal ,geography1#aeb "o ,nicolas ,/ruyck 9 ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury publi%$ a v full array ( eclipse obs]vations collect$ ) inf9ite pa9s f an endless v>iety ( au?ors anci5t & mod]n4 ,9 #ageg ! well-kn[n ,james ,f]guson repr9t$ 9 8 ,a/ronomy1#aec b 9 a v cond5s$ =m1 all ,/ruyck's eclipses f #gba ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #adhe4 ,!n he c>ri$ on 8 catalogue to #ahjj by means ( ! mat]ials furni%$ by ,ricciolus & ,l',art de vrifi] les ,dates4 ,f]guson also inv5t$ a ma*9e = illu/rat+ me*anically ! circum/ances ( an eclipse4 ,he call$ x ! ,eclips>eon4 ,a full description is giv5 9 8 book1 m5tion$ above1 b ,i d n "k :e!r any su* in/rum5t is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 or1 if s1 :]e x is to be f\nd4 ,f]guson apologises#aed = ! incomplet5ess ( 8 eclipse in=mation 9 ! foll[+ words3--,i h n cit$ "o half ( ,ricciolus's li/ ( port5t\s eclipses1 & = ! same reason t he decl9es giv+ any m ( !m ?an :at t li/ conta9s1 namely1 t 'tis mo/ disagreeable to dwell any long] on su* nons5se1 & z mu* z possible to avoid tir+ ! read]4 ,! sup]/ition ( ! anci5ts may be se5 by ! few "h copi$4 ,my au?or fur!r says t !re 7 treatises writt5 to %[ aga9/ :at regions ! malevol5t effects ( any p>ticul> eclipse 0 aim$1 & ! writ]s affirm$ t ! effects ( an eclipse ( ! ,sun cont9u$ z _m ye>s z ! eclipse la/$ h\rs1 & t ( ! ,moon z _m mon?s4 ,! mo/ compreh5sive 7inde$ almo/ ! only7 mod]n ,engli% book on eclipses is ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,j4 ,johnson's1#aee ( :i* frequ5t use has already be5 made 9 ^! pages4 ,x conta9s a va/ am\nt ( matt] put toge!r 9 a cond5s$ =m b ! ref]5ces to au?orities are r defective & defici5t4 ,less compreh5sive 9 "o s5se yet exce$+ly valuable & int]e/+ z a succ9ct summ>y ( sol> eclipse k up to ! date ( #ahif is ,mrs4 ,d4 ,p4 ,todd's excell5t little volume#aef :i* has be5 sev]al times quot$ on previ\s pages4 ,on v>i\s occasions 9 #ahij & foll[+ ye>s ,pr(essor ,j4 ,n4 ,/ockwell contribut$ to ! ,am]ican ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal a numb] ( pap]s#aeg discuss+ 9 a v int]e/+ & exhau/ive mann] _m ( ! eclipses record$ by ! anci5t classical au?ors4 ,^! pap]s %\ld be consult$ by all :o desire to realise ! value ( eclipse records 9 connection ) mundane *ronology4 ,! calculation ( eclipses is a matt] ( "s int]e/4 ,x is beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t "w to expla9 ev5 9 outl9e ! me?ods 9 use1 b ) ! aid ( ! books m5tion$ bel[#aeh a read] possess$ ( ! necess>y "t1 ma!matical k1 & pati5ce1 w be able to pursue ?is matt] z f> z 8 incl9ation may lead him4 ,johnson has f\nd v useful ! tables giv5 9 ! eigh? edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7,article1 ,a/ronomy7 b /range to say ^! tables d n appe> 9 n9? edition ( t fam\s "w4 ,lal&e#aei has giv5 num]\s ref]5ces to eclipses ( ! ,sun dur+ ! #af?1 #ag? & #ah? c5turies :i* may be useful to ^? :o wi% to "w at ! hi/ory ( eclipses4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #add3 ,d5ks*rift5 d] ,kais]li*5 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 vol4 lii4 ,vi5na1 #ahhg4 ,footnote #ade3 ,!re are sev]al editions ( ?is "w 9 circulation4 ,! fir/ 7publi%$ 9 #aghc7 0 9 folio volumes1 b ! be/ kn[n edition is 9 a l>ge numb] ( octavo volumes publi%$ 9 #ahah & foll[+ ye>s4 ,! eclipse li/s w be f\nd 9 ! #a/ volumes ( ! fir/ & second s]ies respectively4 ,! ,fr5* a/ronom]1 ,p+r1 is responsible = !m4 ,footnote #adf3 ,publi%$ at ,bononia 7,bologna7 9 #afec4 ,footnote #adg3 ,omnia ,op]a1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #caa-af4 ,edit$ by ,*4 ,fris*4 #h vols4 #hvo4 ,frank(urti-a-,m41 #aheg-fj4 ,footnote #adh3 ,a collect$ edition ( ,ty*o ,brahe's works1 edit$ by ,lucius ,b>ettus1 0 publi%$ at ,augu/ ,v9dilicorum 7,augsburg7 9 #afff4 ,lucius ,b>ettus is an anagram = ! real "n ,alb]tus ,curtius4 ,footnote #adi3 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,drey]1 ,ty*o ,brahe3 a ,picture ( ,sci5tific ,life & ,"w 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,footnote #aej3 ,opus ,*ronologicum4 ,franc(urti ad ,mo5um1 #afej4 ,footnote #aea3 ,a/ronomica1 vol4 iv4 ,lugduni1 #afeg4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,inleid+ tot de ,algeme5e ,geographie4 ,am/]dam1 #agdj4 ,footnote #aec3 ,a/ronomy ,expla9$ ^u ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,pr9ciples4 #bnd ed4 #dto1 pp4 #afg-gi4 ,london1 #ageg4 ,footnote #aed3 ,a/ronomy1 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #aee3 ,hi/orical & ,future ,eclipses4 #bnd ,ed41 #ahif4 ,footnote #aef3 ,total ,eclipses ( ! ,sun4 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s41 #ahid4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,a/ronomical ,j\rnal1 vol4 x4 pp4 #be1 #ahe2 vol4 xi4 pp4 #e1 #bh1 #eg2 vol4 xii4 p4 #aba2 vol4 xiii4 p4 #gc2 vol4 xv4 p4 #gc2 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #hi1 #age4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,j4 ,f]guson4 ,op4 cit42 ,w4 ,d4 ,snooke1 ,brief ,a/ronomical ,tables = ! ,exp$iti\s ,calculation ( ,eclipses1 #hvo4 ,lond4 #aheb4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,/range ,,eclipse ,,cu/oms4 ,i _h int5d$ head+ ?is *apt] ,eclipse ,cu/oms among/ ,b>b>\s ,nations1 b 9 ^! days x is dang]\s to talk ( b>b>ians or to speak "o's m9d on po9ts ( social etiquette s ,i h ?\ght x well to tone d[n ! orig9al title1 o!rwise ,i %\ld h ! p>tisans ( ! ,hea!n ,*9ee hold+ me up to scorn z a revil] ( ! bre?r54 ,did space p]mit a v int]e/+ record might be furni%$ ( eclipse cu/oms 9 =eign p>ts4 ,an eclipse happ5$ dur+ ,"l ,mac>tney's embassy to ,*9a#afj :i* kept ! ,emp]or & 8 ,m&>9s = a :ole day dev\tly pray+ ! gods t ! ,moon might n be eat5 up by ! great dragon :i* 0 hov]+ ab\t h]4 ,! next day a pantomime 0 p]=m$1 exhibit+ ! battle ( ! dragon & ! ,moon1 & 9 :i* two or ?ree hundr$ prie/s1 be>+ lant]ns at ! end ( long /icks1 danc+ & cap]+ ab\t1 sometimes ov] ! pla91 & !n ov] *airs & tables1 bore no mean "p4 ,pr(essor ,russell1 :o is quot$ else:]e 9 ?is "w ) respect to ,*9ese eclipses1 makes ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 reg>d to :at happ5s n[ 9 ,*9a :5 eclipses occur3--,x w be int]e/+ "h to note t1 ev5 at pres5t1 by ,imp]ial comm&1 special rites are p]=m$ dur+ sol> & lun> eclipses4 ,a presid5t f ea* ( ! six bo>ds1 ) two inf]ior (ficials1 dress$ 9 _! (ficial clo!s1 proce$ to ! ,t'ai-,*'ang-,ssu4 ,:5 ! eclipse beg9s !y *ange _! robes = common g>m5ts made ( pla9 black mat]ial1 & kneel+ d[n1 burn inc5se4 ,! presid5t !n beats "o /roke on a gong1 & ! c]emony is tak5 up by all ! att5dant (ficials4 ,a writ] 9 ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal#afa 9 an article entitl$ ,! ,h9du view ( ! late ,eclipse1 gives an int]e/+ & orig9al acc\nt ( div]s ,h9du sup]/itions & c]emonies :i* came "u 8 notice 9 connection ) ! total eclipse ( ! ,sun ( ,aug4 #ah1 #ahfh4 ,he rem>ks t ,european sci5ce has z yet produc$ b little effect ^u ! m9ds ( ! sup]/iti\s masses ( ,india4 ,( ! _m millions :o witness$ ! eclipse ( ! #ah? ( ,augu/ la/ !re 7 comp>atively few :o did n v]ily believe t x 0 caus$ by ! dragon ,rahu 9 8 endeav\r to swall[ up ! ,"l ( ,day4444 ,! pi\s ,h9du1 be=e ! eclipse comes on1 takes a tor*1 & beg9s to se>* 8 h\se & c>efully removes all cook$ food1 & all wat] = dr9k+ purposes4 ,su* food & wat]1 by ! eclipse1 incur ,grahana se%ah1 t is1 uncleanness1 & are r5d]$ unfit = use4 ,"s1 ) less scruples ( consci5ce1 decl>e t ! food may be pres]v$ by plac+ on x dh>ba or ,kusa grass1 & mu* m to ! l effect is duly set out 9 ! int]e/+ article cit$4 ,dur+ ! total eclipse ( ! ,sun ( ,aug4 #g1 #ahfi1 ! foll[+ incid5t is not$#afb to h occurr$ at a /ation on ! ,*ilkaht riv]1 9 ,alaska1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 frequ5t$ by ,indians3-- ,ab\t ! "t ! ,sun 0 half obscur$ ! *ief ,koh-,klux & all ! ,indians _h disappe>$ f ar\nd ! obs]v+ t5t2 !y left (f fi%+ on ! riv] banks2 all employm5ts 7 discont9u$2 & e s\l disappe>$2 nor 0 a s\nd he>d ?r\gh\t ! village ( #ec h\ses4 ,! natives _h be5 w>n$ ( :at w\ld take place1 b d\bt$ ! pr$iction4 ,:5 x did occur !y look$ ^u me z ! cause ( ! ,sun's be+ 'v sick & go+ to b$4' ,!y 7 ?or\ghly al>m$1 & ov]:elm$ ) an undef9able dread4 ,a /ill m ?rill+ incid5t is ?us record$#afc ( ! eclipse ( ,july #bi1 #ahgh1 by a witness at ,=t ,sill1 ,indian ,t]ritory1 ,u4,s43-- ,on ,monday la/ we 7 p]mitt$ to see ! eclipse ( ! ,sun 9 a beautiful bright sky4 ,n a cl\d 0 visible4 ,we _h made ample prep>ation1 lay+ 9 a /ock ( smok$ glass sev]al days 9 advance4 ,x 0 ! gr&e/ sight ,i ev] beheld1 b x fright5$ ! ,indians badly4 ,"s ( !m ?rew !mselves ^u _! knees & invok$ ! ,div9e bless+2 o!rs flung !mselves flat on ! gr\nd1 face d[nw>d2 o!rs cri$ & yell$ 9 frantic excitem5t & t]ror4 ,f9ally "o old fell[ /epp$ f ! door ( 8 lodge1 pi/ol 9 h&1 & fix+ 8 eyes on ! d>k5$ ,sun1 mumbl$ a few un9telligible words & rais+ 8 arm took direct aim at ! lum9>y1 fir$ (f 8 pi/ol1 & aft] ?r[+ 8 arms ab\t 8 head 9 a s]ies ( extraord9>y ge/iculations retreat$ to 8 own qu>t]s4 ,z x happ5$1 t v in/ant 0 ! conclusion ( totality4 ,! ,indians beheld ! glori\s orb ( day once m peep =?1 & x 0 unanim\sly vot$ t ! timely dis*>ge ( t pi/ol 0 ! only ?+ t drove away ! %ad[ & sav$ !m f ! public inconv5i5ce t w\ld h c]ta9ly result$ f ! entire ext9ction ( ! ,sun4 ,a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,f4 ,k]igan1 9 a book publi%$ 9 #ahdd1 made ! foll[+ rem>ks on anci5t ,jewi% ideas respect+ eclipses3-- ,! ,israelites1 l _! b5ight$ neighb\rs1 e/eem$ an eclipse ( ei!r lum9>y z a sup]natural & inauspici\s om51 :i* fill$ !m ) ! mo/ gloomy & fe>ful appreh5sions3 z may fairly be d$uc$ f ! #h? *apt] ( ,ezekiel1 v4 #ae3 ',!n he br\ght me to ! door ( ! ,"l's ,h\se1 :i* 0 t[>ds ! ,n42 &1 behold !re sat wom5 weep+ = ,tammuz4' ,n[ ,tammuz is ! "n "u :i* ,adonis 0 kn[n 9 ,pale/9e3 he 0 ! fav\rite ( ,v5us1 or ,a/>te1 ! pr9cipal goddess ( ! ,phili/9es & ,pho5icians4 ,be+ kill$ by a wild bo>1 ! prevail+ sup]/ition ( ! age induc$ ! un9=m$ multitude to believe t :5 ! ,moon 0 eclips$1 x 0 9 complem5t to _! belov$ goddess ,v5us or ,a/>te1 :o1 conceal$ beh9d ! full ,moon1 sat weep+ "u a d>k veil = ! loss ( h] belov$ ,tammuz or ,adonis4#afd ,! ,african travell]s1 ,r4 & ,j4 ,l&]1 h giv5#afe a graphic acc\nt ( :at took place on ! occasion ( ! eclipse ( ! ,moon ( ,sept4 #b1 #ahcj1 z witness$ by !mselves3--,! e>li] "p ( ! ev5+ _h be5 mild1 s]5e1 & rem>kably pleasant4 ,! ,moon _h aris5 ) uncommon lu/re1 & be+ at ! full1 h] appe>ance 0 extremely delightful4 ,x 0 ! conclusion ( ! holidays1 & _m ( ! p 7 enjoy+ ! delici\s coolness ( a s]5e night1 & re/+ f ! labori\s ex]tions ( ! day2 b :5 ! ,moon became gradually obscur$1 fe> ov]came e "o4 ,z ! eclipse increas$ !y became m t]rifi$4 ,all ran 9 great di/ress to in=m _! sov]eign ( ! circum/ance1 = !re 0 n a s+le cl\d to cause s deep a %ad[1 & !y c\ld n compreh5d ! nature or mean+ ( an eclipse4444 ,gr\ps ( m5 7 bl[+ on trumpets1 :i* produc$ a h>% & discordant s\nd2 "s 7 employ$ 9 beat+ old drums1 o!rs aga9 7 bl[+ on bullocks' horns4444 ,! dim9i%$ light1 :5 ! eclipse 0 complete1 0 j suffici5t = u to di/+ui% ! v>i\s gr\ps ( p1 & contribut$ 9 no small degree to r5d] ! sc5e m impos+4 ,if a ,european1 a /rang] to ,africa1 _h be5 plac$ on a sudd5 9 ! mid/ ( ! t]ror-/ruck p1 he w\ld h imag9$ himself to be among a legion ( demons1 hold+ a revel ov] a fall5 _s4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aei3 ,bibliographie ,a/ronomique4 ,p>is1 #ahjc4 ,index$ at p4 #ich4 ,footnote #afj3 ,au!ntic ,acc\nt ( an ,embassy to ,*9a1 by ,sir ,g4 ,/aunton4 ,footnote #afa3 ,f\r? ,s]ies1 vol4 v4 p4 #fgf4 ,octob] #bd1 #ahfh4 ,footnote #afb3 ,report ,u4,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahfi1 p4 #agi4 ,footnote #afc3 ,lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,philadelphia ,inquir]4 ,footnote #afd3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,eclipses1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #afe3 ,j\rnal ( an ,exp$ition to ,explore ! ,nig]1 vol4 i4 p4 #cff4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,eclipses ,,9 ,,%akespe>e ,,& ,,! ,,poets4 ,! s\nd ( ^! words may be l>ge b facts d n be> out ! !ory1 = eclipses d n appe> to h captivat$ our great poets to any?+ l ! ext5t t ,moon1 ,/>s1 & ,comets h done4 ,%akespe>e has a few allusions to eclipses1 b !y are n ( prime importance4 ,9 ,macbe? we f9d3-- ,& slips ( yew ,%iv]$ 9 ! ,moon's eclipse --,act iv4 sc4 #a4 ! precise mean+ ( :i* is n v obvi\s4 ,%iv]$ ( c\rse means divid$ into pieces1 b ! idea int5d$ is obscure4 ,! next quotation is m compreh5sive & reflects m pla9ly ! curr5t ( ?\ght preval5t 9 ,%akespe>e's day1 albeit "h aga9 ! ^w eclipse w be f\nd to /& )\t mu* def9ite connection ) :at goes be=e4 ,h[ev] ! read] %all judge = himself3-- ,z />s ) tra9s ( fire & dews ( blood1 ,disa/]s 9 ! ,sun2 & ! moi/ />1 ,^u ^: influ5ce ,neptune's ,empire /&s1 ,0 sick almo/ to doomsday ) eclipse4 --,hamlet1 act i4 sc4 #a4 ,9 ,k+ ,le> we seem to come ^u some?+ v def9itely hi/orical1 b ,i am n able to say :at x is4 ,! ,e>l ( ,glo/] says3-- ,^! late eclipses 9 ! ,sun & ,moon port5d no good to u4 ,) ?is1 ,edmund1 ,glo/]'s son1 app>5tly agrees1 = he exclaims3-- ,^! eclipses d port5d ^! divisions4 --,act i4 sc4 #b4 ,9 ,o!llo1 ! ,moor ( ,v5ice himself1 9 a mom5t ( excitem5t1 says3-- ,o1 insupportable6 ,o1 heavy h\r6 ,me?9ks x %\ld be n[ a huge eclipse ,( ,sun & ,moon1 & t ! affright$ globe ,%\ld yawn at alt]ation4 --,act v4 sc4 #b4 ,9 ,an?ony & ,cleopatra we f9d ,an?ony express+ :at our =efa!rs s (t5 ?\ght 9 connection ) a/ronomical matt]s3-- ,alack1 our t]r9e ,moon is n[ eclips$2 ,& x port5ds alone ,! fall ( ,an?ony6 --,act iii4 sc4 #aa4 ,milton has an allusion to an eclipse ( ! ,sun :i* possesses a two-fold int]e/--intr9sic & extr9sic4 ,! =m] feature w be self-evid5t :5 ! passage is read4 ,! poet1 9 describ+#aff ! fad$ spl5d\r ( ! fall5 ar*angel1 comp>es him to ! ,sun se5 "u circum/ances :i* h tempor>ily depriv$ x ( its normal brilliancy & glory3-- ,z :5 ! ,sun new-ris5 ,looks ?r\gh ! horizontal mi/y air ,%orn ( 8 beams1 or1 f beh9d ! ,moon ,9 dim eclipse1 disa/r\s twilight %$s ,on half ! nations1 & ) fe> ( *ange ,p]plexes ,mon>*s4 ,x has be5 well said by ,dr4 ,or*>d#afg t ?is passage af=ds u an example ( ! sublimity ( ,milton's imag9ation & ( 8 skill 9 adapt+ ! gr&e/ ph5om5a ( nature to ! illu/ration ( 8 subject4 ,:at ,i allud$ to 9 say+ t extr9sic int]e/ atta*$ to ?is quotation1 is ! fact t ^! l9es might h caus$ ! suppression ( ! poem z a :ole4 ,mrs4 ,todd puts ! matt] ?us3--,p>adise ,lo/ 0 begun probably 9 #afeh1 al?\gh n f9i%$ until #affc1 nor its ?or\gh revision complet$ until #affe4 ,! c5sor%ip /ill exi/$1 & ,tomkyns 7"o ( ! *apla9s ?r\gh :om ! ,ar*bi%op gave or refus$ lic5se71 al?\gh a broad]-m9d$ man ?an _m ( 8 day1 f\nd ?is passage especially objectionable4 ,! poem 0 all[$ to see ! light only ?r\gh ! int]position ( a fri5d ( ,milton4 ,^u su* sl5d] *ances may hang ! life ( an incomp>able "w ( art6 ,b x is easy to see t 9 ! turbul5t days :5 ,*>les ! ,second _h return$ to p[]1 aft] ! dea? ( ,cromwell1 ^! l9es %\ld h be5 deem$ dang]\sly sugge/ive1 9 imput+ to mon>*s 'p]plexity' & 'fe> ( *ange4' ,o!r allusions to eclipses by ,milton w be f\nd z foll[s3-- ,?r\gh ! air %e comes1 ,lur'd ) ! smell ( infant blood1 to dance ,) ,lapl& wit*es1 :ile ! lab\r+ ,moon ,eclipses at _! *>ms4 --,p>adise ,lo/1 ,bk4 ii4 l9es #ffc-f4 ,s say+1 he dismiss'd !m2 !y ) spe$ ,_! c\rse ?r\gh ?icke/ con/ellation held1 ,spread+ _! bane2 ! bla/$ />s look'd wan1 ,& planets1 planet-/ruck1 real eclipse1 ,!n suff]'d4 --,p>adise ,lo/1 ,bk4 x4 l9es #daj-ad4 ,o d>k1 d>k1 d>k1 amid ! blaze ( ,noon1 ,irrecov]ably d>k1 total eclipse1 ,)\t all hope ( day6 --,samson ,agoni/es1 ,l9es #hj-b4 ,x 0 t fatal & p]fidi\s b>k1 ,built 9 ?' eclipse1 & rigg'd ) curses d>k1 ,t sunk s l[ t sacr$ he>t ( ?9e4 --,lycidas1 ,l9es #ajj-b4 ,pope1 9 ! foll[+ l9es1 may be presum$ to mean t ! cov]+ up ( ! ,sun by ! ,moon1 dur+ a total eclipse1 results 9 ! ,moon becom+ visible1 at ! co/ ( ! ,sun's disappe>ance3-- ,= ,envy'd wit1 l ,sol eclips'd1 makes kn[n ,?' oppos+ body's grossness1 n its own4 --,essay on ,criticism1 ,l9es #dfi-gj4 ,i h n attempt$ to pursue ?is matt] ?r\gh ! pages ( our mod]n poets1 b x is n unlikely t ,scott & ,t5nyson 7especially7 w\ld h some?+ on ! subject ( eclipses4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aff3 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,book i41 l9es #eid-i4 ,footnote #afg3 ,! ,a/ronomy ( ,milton1 p4 #bei4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,brief ,,h9ts ,,to ,,obs]v]s ,,( ,,eclipses ,,( ,,! ,,sun4 ,a few words 7!y mu/ be few = lack ( space7 may usefully be add$1 by way ( advice1 to p]sons propos+ to *oose a suitable locality at :i* to /ation !mselves = view+ a total eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,to beg9 )1 ( c\rse !y ought to get z close z possible to ! c5tral l9e1 say )9 #aj or #bj miles at ! mo/2 ?is matt] settl$1 ! next important po9t is to f9d out :]e ! duration ( ! totality w be longe/1 c\pl$ ) ! ,sun at its maximum elevation above ! horizon 7to escape ! influ5ce ( mi/s & fogs74 ,no advice1 prop]ly s-call$1 c be giv5 on ^! po9ts1 because !y dep5d on ! special circum/ances ( e eclipse1 & mu/ be asc]ta9$ ad hoc f ! ,nautical ,almanac4 ,9 anticipation ( a =?com+ eclipse1 x is v important to "k be=eh& ! probabilities ( wea!r4 ,if ! locus 9 quo ( an expect$ eclipse is 9 a civilis$ c\ntry1 !re w g5]ally n be mu* difficulty 9 obta9+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation z to ?is #f or #ab mon?s 9 advance4 ,b inasmu* z total eclipses ( ! ,sun1 & (t5 ! be/ ( !m1 are visible only 9 uncivilis$ c\ntries or ov] trackless wa/es1 ! problem becomes a complicat$ & anxi\s "o4 ,9 su* cases x is exce$+ly desirable1 :]e compet5t obs]v]s 7includ+ money7 are available1 t prelim9>y notes ( wea!r %\ld be made = a ye> or ev5 two ye>s 9 advance4 ,!re is 9 "o s5se no difficulty z to ?is1 = all ! ma!matical local elem5ts ( e eclipse are always made public ?ree or f\r ye>s 9 advance ?r\gh ! pages ( books l ! ,nautical ,almanac1 ! ,connaissance des ,temps1 ! ,b]l9] ,jahrbu*1 c4 ,"o difficulty always confronts e eclipse exp$ition4 ,if an out-(-!-way "p ( ! _w has to be visit$1 accessible by sea1 transport f ,engl&1 say1 to ! =eign %ore is n usually a matt] ( difficulty1 because ,gov]nm5t %ips are (t5 plac$ at ! disposal ( a/ronom]s4 ,b ! grave/ difficulties (t5 h to be fac$ aft] ! arrival at ! =eign %ore1 & = ?is reason4 ,e sea coa/ is1 z a g5]al rule applicable to ! :ole _w1 bad = a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,! problem !n :i* has to be solv$ is1 h[ be/ to get away f ! coa/ inl& to a high hill1 & to f9d ! means ( transport+ ?i!r heavy pack+-cases ( in/rum5ts1 p]sonal luggage1 creature com=ts1 &1 if ne$s be1 t5ts & ! o!r accessories ( camp life4 ,let n ! read] ( ei!r sex take fright at ! idea ( sleep+ "u a t5t4 ,i speak ) consid]able exp]i5ce :5 ,i say t1 giv5 f9e or fairly f9e wea!r1 no?+ is m enjoyable 9 a temp]ate climate4 ,"u ! t]m creature com=ts ,i mean su* ?+s z t9n$ s\ps & pres]v$ provisions :i* n[adays c s easily be pur*as$ ev]y:]e 9 ,engl&1 & ( su* good quality4 ,i w\ld recomm5d ^! be+ tak5 ev5 :5 ! eclipse travell] expects to be lodg$ 9 ! dwell+-places ( civilis$ nations4 ,( c\rse1 if 9 ord] to see 8 eclipse he has to g into ! wilds ( ,am]ica1 ,asia1 or ,africa1 he mu/ />t fully equipp$ ) all ^? p]sonal imp$im5ta :i* w be f\nd s*$ul$ 9 ! books m5tion$ 9 ! footnote4#afh ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #afh3 ,! ,t\ri/s' ,pocket-,book1 #as4 7,philip72 ,f4 ,galton's ,art ( ,travel1 #gs4 #f;d4 7,murray72 ,royal ,geographical ,society's ,h9ts to ,travell]s1 #es4 7,r4 ,g4 ,s41 ,savile ,r[74 c4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,transits ,,& ,,occultations4 ,no book pr(ess+ to deal ) eclipses w\ld be complete )\t a few words ( m5tion ( transits & occultations4 ,a transit is ! pass+ ( a prim>y planet across ! ,sun1 or ( a second>y planet 7i4e4 satellite7 across its prim>y1 :il/ an occultation is ! concealm5t ( a /> by ! ,moon1 or ( a second>y planet 7i4e4 satellite7 by its prim>y4 ,a little ?\ght giv5 to ?is def9ition w make x cle> t a transit is ess5tially ! same 9 pr9ciple z an eclipse ( ! ,sun by ! ,moon--"o body comes 9 front ( ano!r1 & ! =m] conceals 9 succession p>ts ( ! latt]4 ,practically ! ^w transit 9 ?is connection is m especially appli$ to passages ( ! inf]ior planets1 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 across ! ,sun1 or ( ! satellites ( ,jupit] across ! disc ( ,jupit]1 :il/ ! ^w occultation m p>ticul>ly calls to m9d ! concealm5t ( a /> 7app>5tly a little body7 by ! ,moon 7app>5tly a big body7 or ( a satellite ( ,jupit] 7a little body7 by ,jupit] 7a big body71 ! /> & ! satellite 9 ea* respective case pass+ beh9d ! occult+ body & be+ conceal$ = a %ort] or long] "t4 ,commonly ! occult$ body w rema9 hidd5 = an h\r or two1 m or less4 ,9 ! case ( ,jupit] ! satellites ( t planet may also1 on occasions1 be se5 to und]go eclipse 9 ! %ad[ ca/ by ,jupit] itself4 ,an eclipse ( a ,jovian satellite is !re=e on all f\rs 9 pr9ciple ! same z an eclipse ( ! ,moon1 caus$1 z we "k1 by ! ,moon pass+ = a %ort "t into ! d>k %ad[ ca/ by ! ,e>?4 ,! conditions j laid d[n 9 respect ( ,jupit] & its satellites also f9d a c\nt]p>t 9 ! case ( ! satellites ( ,saturn1 b :il/ ^! ph5om5a are incessantly occurr+ & visible 9 ! case ( ,jupit]1 !y are exce$+ly r>e 9 ! case ( ,saturn ow+ to its great] di/ance & ! difficulty ( see+ mo/ ( its satellites because ( _! small app>5t size4 ,hav+ reg>d to ! circum/ance t transits ( ,m]cury & ,v5us only happ5 at int]vals ( _m ye>s1 x is n wor? :ile = ! purposes ( ?is "w to devote any great am\nt ( space to !m4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 :il/ ! next ?ree transits ( ,m]cury are z remote z #aijg1 #aiad & #aibd1 !re w be no transit ( ,v5us at all dur+ ! #bj? c5tury2 n ano!r inde$ until ,a4,d4 #bjjd4 ,f ! /&po9t ( an amateur a/ronom] ! v>i\s ph5om5a :i* att5d ! movem5ts ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 con/itute an endless v>iety ( int]e/+ sc5es1 :i* are ! m des]v+ ( att5tion 9 t !y c be foll[$ ) ! aid ( a telescope ( v mod]ate size & capabilities4#afi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae-af4--,,occultation ,,( ,,jupit]1 ,,aug4 #g1 #ahhi 7,imm]sion7 ,occultations ( planets & />s by ! ,moon may also be recomm5d$ to ! notice ( ! own]s ( small telescopes z ev5ts :i* are con/antly happ5+ & :i* may be readily obs]v$4 ,! ,moon be+ rapidly 9 motion x w happ5 9 po9t ( fact t />s are occult$ by x1 "o may say e day1 b ( c\rse ! ,moon's light entirely blots out ! small] />s & only ^? z l>ge z1 say1 ab\t ! #e? magnitude are z a rule wor? try+ to see 9 ?is connection4 ,a table ( ! occultations ( su* />s1 copi$ f ! ,nautical ,almanac1 w be f\nd 9 su* almanacs z ,:itak]'s & ! ,briti%4 ,if su* a table is consult$ x w be f\nd t nev] does a lunation pass )\t a few />s be+ not$ z und]go+ occultation1 & n[ & !n a planet4 ,an occultation ( a planet is obvi\sly /ill m int]e/+ ?an t ( a />4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag-ah4--,,occultation ,,( ,,jupit]1 ,,aug4 #g1 #ahhi 7,em]sion74 ,f ! epo* ( ,new to ,full ,moon ! ,moon moves ) its d>k edge =emo/ f ! epo* ( ,full to ,new ) its illum9at$ edge =emo/4 ,dur+ !re=e ! fir/ half ( a lunation ! objects occult$ disappe> at ! d>k edge & reappe> at ! illum9at$ edge1 dur+ ! second half ( a lunation ?+s are vice v]s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "t = wat*+ occultations is ) a "y ,moon no m ?an1 say1 f #b to #f days old1 because "u su* circum/ances ! /> occult$ is sudd5ly ext+ui%$ at a po9t 9 ! sky :]e !re seems no?+ to int]f]e ) x4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #afi3 ,= details z to ^! matt]s1 see my ,h&book ( ,a/ronomy1 #d? ed41 vol4 i4 pp4 #ahf-aif4 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,,( ,,may #bh1 #aijj4 ,?is ,app5dix deals solely ) geographical & transport matt]s z to :i* accurate in=mation is n easily obta9able1 ! ,european locus 9 quo ( ! ,eclipse be+ 9 ! b5ight$ & some:at untravell$ c\ntries ( ,portugal & ,spa94 ,! int5d+ ,eclipse excursioni/ mu/ fir/ make 8 *oice betwe5 7practically7 a j\rney ( all sea or ( all l&4 ,! sev]al sea r\tes are "o & all v mu* *eap] ?an any possible l& j\rney1 & almo/ z quick 9 po9t ( "t1 ) ! m9imum am\nt ( p]sonal knock+ ab\t4 ,b 7"s p]sons w say7 sea is sea1 & s x is4 ,on ! o!r h& ! l& j\rney is exce$+ly exp5sive2 & beyond ,france ! tra9s are v incommodi\s z reg>ds h\rs1 spe$1 & connections4 ,moreov]1 !re be+ m fronti]s ?an "o to cross1 !re are extra opportunities = ,cu/om-h\se squabbles1 & ,spa9 especially is fam\s = ?is sort ( ?+4 ,z ! ,eclipse %ad[ w /rike ,europe 9 ,portugal & quit ,europe 9 ,spa9 ! int5d+ travell] mu/ fir/ decide = himself :e!r he w pref] to g to ,portugal or ,spa94 ,?is settl$1 he w h ! *oice ( sev]al sea r\tes &1 9 p>ticul>1 ( two l& r\tes4 ,b be=e consid]+ ^! fur!r x w be well to /ate :at are ! *ief ( ! v>i\s places :i* are available z obs]v+ /ations = mix$ travell+ p>ties ( ladies & g5tlem5 :o h no desire to r\gh x 9 out-(-!-way p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! l9e ( c5tral eclipse passes across ! ,p59sula diagonally f ,n4,w4 to ,s4,e4 ,x ent]s ,portugal on ! coa/ n f> f ,oporto 9 latitude #dj #ej' ,n41 longitude #h #ch' ,w4 ( ,gre5wi*4 ,x quits ,spa9 on ! coa/ at ,cape ,santa ,pola1 n f> f ,alicante1 9 latitude #ch #ac' ,n41 longitude #j #cj' ,w4 ,at ,ov> 9 ,portugal 7pop4 #aa1jjj71 #bcm4 ,s4 ( ,oporto ! duration ( ! total phase w be #am4 #ccs41 & ! ,sun's altitude at totality w be #db4 ,at ,talav]a de la ,re9a 9 ,spa9 7pop4 #igjj7 ! duration w be #am4 #bgs41 & ! altitude #ci2 :il/ at ,alicante 7pop4 #dj1jjj7 ! duration w be /ill less1 #am4 #ais41 & ! ,sun's altitude only #cd4 ,! ?ree t[ns ( ,ov>1 ,talav]a & ,alicante are select$ ,nautical ,almanac ,eclipse /ations1 = :i* special calculations h be5 made4 ,hotel accommodation may be _h at all ! =ego+ places1 ,oporto1 ,ov>1 ,talav]a & ,alicante1 z w be /at$ lat] on1 b ! ,hotels at ,ov> & ,talav]a are n ( mu* acc\nt4 ,o!r t[ns m or less h&y = ! c5tral l9e are few 9 numb]1 & z a rule defici5t 9 lodg+ accommodation con=m+ to ! ,engli% /&>d4 ,among/ su* possible alt]native places ! foll[+ may be nam$ 79 ord] ( position f ,n4,w4 to ,s4,e47 z accessible by railway3-- ,,vizeu 7pop4 #gjjj2 hotels1 ,mabilia1 ,cadite71 on a bran* ( ! ,beira ,alta ,railway #cam4 f ,santa ,comba ,dao ,junction1 :i* itself is #hhm4 f ,oporto4 ,,mangualde 7pop4 #cjjj71 on ! ,beira ,alta ,railway1 #aaem4 f ,oporto1 & #dim4 f ,pampilhosa ,junction4 ,,plas5cia 7pop4 #fjjj2 hotel1 ,f4 de ,eusebio ,si]ra71 #fm4 ,n4 ( ! /ation ( t "n on ! ,lisbon & ,madrid ,railway4 ,,navalmoral 7pop4 #ccjj1 buffet71 a /ation on ! ,lisbon & ,madrid ,railway ab\t #hm4 ,w4 ( ! c5tral l9e ( eclipse4 ,,urda1 a small /ation on ! ,madrid & ,ciudad ,real ,railway1 cross$ by ! c5tral l9e4 ,! ne>e/ accommodation w\ld seem to be at ,ciudad ,real 7pop4 #ad1jjj2 hotel1 ,baltas> ,g>cia71 #ccm4 to ! ,s4 ,,alcaz> ,,de ,,san ,,juan ,junction 7pop4 #hdjj2 good buffet2 hotel1 ,casa ,briseo74 ,alcaz> is #ibm4 ,s4 ( ,madrid2 ! c5tral l9e crosses ! railway ab\t #aem4 to ! ,s4 ( ! t[n4 ,,tob>ra 7pop4 #gejj71 a /ation on ! ,*9*illa & ,c>tag5a ,railway1 #babm4 ,s4 ( ,madrid1 & #aaem4 ,n4 ( ,c>tag5a1 lies ab\t #fm4 ,s4 ( ! c5tral l9e4 ,,novelda 7pop4 #hjjj71 a /ation on ! ,alicante & ,madrid ,railway1 9 a beautiful valley ab\t #bjm4 ,n4 ( ,alicante4 ,9 addition to ! above places x mu/ n be =gott5 t bo? ,oporto at "o end ( ! zone ( totality & ,alicante at ! o!r are )9 ! track ( ! %ad[1 b ! "q ( ! meteorological conditions ( ! atmosph]e at ^! places 7on ! seabo>d z !y virtually are7 has to be consid]$4 ,a travell] f ,engl& to ,portugal or ,spa9 by sea has ! foll[+ *oice ( r\tes3-- #a4 ,s\?ampton to ,oporto1 =tnightly1 on ,fridays1 by ! /eam]s ( ! ,royal ,mail ,/eam ,packet ,co4 ,f>e1 fir/-class return1 ab\t #aa4 ,"t1 ab\t #ed;h4 ,! return tickets are conv5i5tly gr\p$ 9 v>i\s ways1 e4g4 ,s\?ampton to ,oporto1 & back f ,vigo or ,lisbon2 or ,s\?ampton to ,lisbon & back1 or back f ,vigo 7b n back f ,oporto74 ,:]e ! book+ is to ,vigo1 or ,lisbon1 ( c\rse ! local railway f>es h to be paid 9 addition4 ,lisbon is #bjim4 ,s4 ( ,oporto2 ,vigo1 #aajm4 ,n4 ( ,oporto4 ,"o objection to mak+ any use ( ,vigo is ! extra ,cu/om-h\se =malities :i* h to be gone ?r\gh on ! fronti]1 & ,spani% ,cu/om-h\se (ficials are specially objectionable4 #b4 ,liv]pool to ,corunna1 ,c>ril1 ,vigo & ,oporto1 =tnightly1 on ,?ursdays1 by ! /eam]s ( ! ,pacific ,/eam ,navigation ,co4 ,f>es1 to ! ,spani% ports1 fir/-class s+le1 #f1 #ajs41 return1 #i1 #aes42 second-class s+le1 #d4 ,to ! ,portuguese ports1 fir/-class s+le1 #h1 return1 #ab2 second-class s+le1 #e4 ,"t1 ab\t #d to #e days4 ,?is does n mean t ! /eam]s are v sl[1 b !y call also at ,la ,ro*elle1 9 ,france4 #c4 ,london 7,irongate ,:>f7 to ,oporto1 at int]vals ( #c weeks1 on ,?ursdays1 by ! /eam]s ( ! ,g5]al ,/eam ,navigation ,co4 ,f>es1 fir/-class s+le1 #d 7no return tickets issu$2 no second-class74 ,! /eam]s ( ?is l9e are inf]ior to all ! o!rs4 #d4 ,london 7,tilbury7 to ,gibralt>1 weekly1 on ,?ursdays1 by ! ,p4 ,o4 /eam]s4 ,f>es1 fir/-class s+le1 #aj1 return1 #af4 ,"t1 #d to #e days4 #e4 ,london 7,tilbury7 & ,plym\? to ,gibralt>1 =tnightly1 on ,fridays1 by ! /eam]s ( ! ,ori5t ,co4 ,f>es & "t ! same z ! ,p4 ,o4 ,travell]s j\rney+ to ,oporto f ,engl& w probably n attempt to d any m local sight-see+ ?an :at c be readily accompli%$ by simple railway trips 9 ,portugal to or f ,lisbon2 b travell]s l&+ at ,gibralt> w h x )9 _! p[] to visit "s ( ! important t[ns ( ,s\!rn ,spa91 su* z ,granada1 ,seville1 ,cordova1 ,tol$o1 ,cadiz1 ,malaga1 c4 ,an ,eclipse excursioni/ :o f9ds himself at ,gibralt>1 & :o wi%es to avoid z mu* z possible l& travell+ 9 ,spa9 by go+ on to ,alicante & /ation+ himself 9 t neighb\rhood1 mu/ take %ipp+ locally at ,gibralt>4 ,!re are ,spani% /eam] s]vices f ,gibralt>1 & ,malaga1 to ,alicante4 ,an ov]l& travell] to ,spa9 7x is presum$ t none su* w g z f> z ,portugal7 has ! *oice ( two r\tes to eclipse /ations 9 ,spa91 bo? />t+ f ,p>is3--7#a7 vi ,bordeaux1 ,h5daye1 ,vittoria1 ,burgos & ,m$9a del ,campo1 to ,madrid1 & !nce ei!r ,w4 to ,talav]a 7#hdm4 f ,madrid71 or ,s4 t[>ds ,alcaz> de ,san ,juan 7#ibm4 f ,madrid72 7#b7 vi ,lyons1 ,p]pignan1 ,b>celona & ,val5cia to ,alicante4 ,! "* ( ! tra9 s]vice on ! second ( ^! r\tes is almo/ prohibitive1 s t x is almo/ a "q ( vi ,madrid or n at all4 ,! =ego+ p>agraphs w furni% ! read] ) an outl9e ( ! :ole problem ( h[ to rea* f ,engl& a suitable eclipse /ation 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,?is outl9e w pave ! way = fur!r details z to l& j\rneys1 :i* w be exhibit$ some:at 9 ! ord] ( relative complexity & exp5se1 beg9n+ ) ! simple/4 ,,vigo ,,to ,,oporto4 ,*ief /ations & di/ances f ,vigo3--,r$ondela 7#hm471 ,guill>ey ,junct4 7#bdm471 ,tuy 7#bfm471 ,vianna 7#egm471 ,famalicao ,junct4 7#hhm471 ,oporto 7#ajhm474 ,,vigo 7pop4 #ag1jjj2 hotel1 ,cont95tal7 is an important comm]cial c5tre ) f9e sc5]y all r\nd4 ,,r$ondela is "o ( ! prettie/ t[ns 9 ,spa91 especially z view$ f ! railway viaducts4 ,at ,,guill>ey c>riages may h to be *ang$ = ,,tuy1 ! la/ /ation 9 ,spa9 & a ,cu/om-h\se4 ,!re is a f9e ca!dral at ,tuy4 ,! b\nd>y is =m$ by ! riv] ,m9ho1 spann$ by a magnific5t bridge #djj y>ds long1 railway above & c>riage road und]nea?4 ,cross+ x ! tra9 ent]s ! ,portuguese t[n ( ,,val5,a1 :]e !re is a /rong =tress & a cu/om-h\se4 ,,vianna 7pop4 #gjjj2 hotel1 ,c5tral74 ,! riv] ,lima is "h spann$ by a d\ble bridge 7rail & road7 #gjj ft4 long4 ,f ,,famalicao !re is a loop l9e to ,oporto runn+ r\nd ! coa/ & #aem4 long] ?an ! ma9 l9e4 ,,ermez9de is ! junction ) ! ,spani% l9e to ,b>ca d',alva1 ,salamanca & ,france4 ,,oporto ,,to ,,ov> ,,& ,,lisbon4 ,f ,oporto to ,lisbon by ! direct l9e x is #baam4 ,f>es--fir/1 s+le1 #a1 #aas42 second1 s+le1 #a1 #cs4 ,b =w>ds f ,pampilhosa 7#ffm47 !re is a loop l9e to ,lisbon1 runn+ along ! coa/1 & #bem4 long] ?an ! direct l9e4 ,if x is propos$ to visit "s ( ! sights :i* w be m5tion$ pres5tly1 ! coa/ l9e mu/ be tak54 ,*ief /ations betwe5 ,oporto & ,lisbon by ! coa/ l9e3--,ov> 7#bcm471 ,pampilhosa ,junct4 7#ffm471 ,figueira da ,foz 7#ibm471 ,leiria 7#acbm471 ,torres ,v$ras 7#aibm471 ,lisbon1 ,rocio /ation1 7#bcfm474 ,,oporto 7pop4 #abj1jjj2 hotels1 ,gr&e ,hotel d ,porto1 ,hotel de ,p>is7 is a busy comm]cial city ) mu* ,engli% col\r+2 e4g4 *ur*1 hospital1 doctor1 club1 & full mod]n facilities = locomotion by tramways1 cabs & excursion c>riages4 ,! *ief sights are3--7#a7 ,ca!dral1 7#b7 ,bi%op's ,palace1 7#c7 ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francisco1 7#d7 ,palacio da ,bolsa1 7#e7 ,museu ,portu5se1 7#f7 ,museu ,indu/rial1 7#g7 ,cry/al ,palace & ,g>d5s1 7#h7 ,bridge ( ,don ,luiz ,i41 & 7#i7 ,conv5t immortalis$ by ,well+ton 9 #ahji :5 he made 8 celebrat$ ,passage ( ! ,d\ro4 ,! port = ,oporto :]e ! /eam]s f ,engl& load & dis*>ge is ,leixes1 ab\t #dm4 to ! ,w41 ) a s]vice ( tra9s & trams into ! city4 ,,ov>4--,?is t[n be+ ! ne>e/ eclipse c5tre to ,engl& may be expect$ to draw _m travell]s 9 #aijj4 ,be+ only #bbm4 or #a h\rs f ,oporto1 a day trip may be made ?i!r f ,oporto1 & ?is w suit ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o pref] = lodg+s a l>ge city to a small prov9cial t[n4 ,a tra9 f ,oporto at #g a4m4 return+ at #g4de p4m4 w suffice = ! requirem5ts ( all :o w g arm$ only ) small in/rum5ts4 ,,pampilhosa ,,junction 7,good ,hotel74--,)9 #ajm4 to ! ,n4-,e4 ( ?is /ation is ! fir/ ( ! special sights :i* c be se5 9 connection ) ! ,oporto-,lisbon railway4 ,take ! tra9 f ,pampilhosa to ,luzo 7#fm471 omnibus !nce 7 h\r7 to ,busaco 7,good ,hotel71 & see ! battlefield1 ! site ( "o ( ,well+ton's lea/ successful victories4 ,! panoramic views 9 all directions are sup]b4 ,! fam\s conv5t is n[ a ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,=e/ry4 ,aft] see+ ,busaco progress may be made to ,,figueira ,,da ,,foz 7#chm4 f ,luzo--,good ,hotel71 :]e ! t\ri/ may pass ! night1 unless he pref]s to /ay at ,pampilhosa4 ,figueira is a seaside ba?+-place ( repute on a bran* l9e4 ,,leiria 7pop4 #cjjj1 ,novo ,hotel74--,/ay "h two nights 9 ord] to h ! :ole ( ! int]v5+ day available = a circul> t\r by road to ! ,dom9ican ,mona/]y at ,batalha 7#gm471 & to ! ,ci/]cian ,mona/]y at ,alcobaa 7#acm4 f ,batalha1 & also #acm4 f ,leiria74 ,! ,batalha ,mona/]y 7built #achh-aeae7 is by common cons5t ! f9e/ piece ( ar*itecture 9 ,portugal4 ,! ,alcobaa ,mona/]y1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 is ( e>li] date 7#aadh-abbb74 ,! *41 #cfj ft4 long1 is ! mo/ int]e/+ example ( e>ly ,*ri/ian art 9 ,portugal1 :il/ ! cloi/]s are reput$ to be among/ ! f9e/ 9 ,europe4 ,refre%m5ts mu/ be tak5 by ! travell]1 = none c be procur$ dur+ ! drive4 ,vallado is really ! ne>e/ /ation to ,alcobaa 7#cm471 b !re is no sleep+ accommodation !re4 ,,lisbon 7pop4 #bej1jjj2 hotels--,braganza1 ,av5ida1 & "s adjo9+ ! railway /ation7 ow+ to its great l5g? f ,e4 to ,w41 & n>r[ bread? f ,n4 to ,s41 is a less easy city to f9d "o's way 9 ?an _m o!r cities4 ,?is difficulty is aggravat$ by ! want ( lead+ ?or\ghf>es & an effici5t sy/em ( /reet nam+ & numb]+4 ,! sights are ! usual ones ( e l>ge ,cont95tal city1 su* z *ur*es1 museums1 & picture gall]ies2 e4g4 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,roque1 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,v9c5te ) its rem>kable ,royal ,mortu>y ,*apel1 ! *ur* & conv5t at ,belem1 & ! g>d5s ( ! ,escola ,polyte*nica4 ,b a day %\ld c]ta9ly be set ap>t = a trip to ,c9tra 7#agm4 by rail1 tra9s ab\t e h\r74 ,! t[n 7pop4 #ejjj1 hotel--,lawr5ce's7 is #ahjj ft4 above ! sea4 ,see ! ,royal or ,moori% ,palace 9 ! t[n1 ! beautiful ,p5a ,palace & gr\nds1 & ! g>d5s ( ,sir ,f4 ,cook at ,villa ,monts]rate 7#cm74 ,^! la/ are op5 daily to visitors :o write _! names at ! entrance lodge4 ,ab\t #ae miles f ,c9tra is ,mafra1 ) a palace1 conv5t1 & *ur* ( wond]ful magnific5ce4 ,an ,eclipse excursioni/ plann+ a "t-table = sight-see+ betwe5 ,oporto & ,lisbon inclusive1 & ) ! int5tion ( return+ to ,engl& f ,lisbon1 mu/ rememb] t ! ,royal ,mail ,company's boats only sail =tnightly 7on ,tuesdays or ,w$nesdays7 f ,lisbon4 ,! boats an*or 9 ! riv]1 & are rea*$ by a /eam t5d]4 ,,oporto ,,to ,,p>is4 ,?is r\te = gett+ f or to possible eclipse /ations 9 ,nor!rn ,spa9 or ,portugal is set out on ! supposition t a c]ta9 numb] ( ,eclipse excursioni/s may wi% to comb9e ! ,p>is ,exhibition ) ! eclipse4 ,!re is an ,int]national ,express f ,oporto 7& ,lisbon7 e ,tuesday & ,friday1 :i* does ! j\rney to ,p>is 9 #dj h\rs1 b no "o travell+ = pleasure w\ld use ?is tra91 especially z mu* ( ! be/ sc5]y is trav]s$ by night4 ,! j\rney %\ld !re=e be p]=m$ 9 sections1 :i* may be made up z foll[s3-- ,miles4 ,oporto to ,salamanca vi ,pampilhosa #bfi ,salamanca to ,burgos #aej ,burgos to ,bi>ritz #ahf ,bi>ritz to ,p>is #dic ,use %\ld be made z f> z possible ( ! ,int]national ,express4 ,:]e ?is is n done1 & ord9>y tra9s h to be tak51 ! delays are int]m9able & ! comb9ations mo/ exasp]at+ to an ,engli%man4 ,! hotel accommodation 9 all ! small] t[ns ( ,spa9 is s univ]sally bad t x is n easy to sugge/ :at o!rwise w\ld seem obvi\s1 namely1 h[ be/ to subdivide1 at any rate1 ! fir/ ?ree ( ! above sections4 ,! ,int]national ,express has a connection ) ,lisbon1 ! ma9 tra9 be+ made up or divid$ z ! case may be at ,pampilhosa ,junction4 ,,lisbon ,,to ,,talav]a ,,& ,,madrid4 ,obs]v]s :o ?9k !y w be able to d bett] z reg>ds a cle> sky inl& 9 ,spa9 ?an ne> ei!r ! coa/ ( ,portugal or t ( ,spa9 w /ill f9d 9 _m cases t ,lisbon is _! mo/ conv5i5t port = l&+4 ,! *ief /ations on ?is r\te are3--,entroncam5to ,junction 7#fgm471 ,m>vo 7#adim471 ,val5cia de ,alcant>a 7#aeim471 99,plas5cia 7#befm471 99,navalmoral 7#bhgm471 99,talav]a de la ,re9a 7#cbhm471 ,madrid1 ,delicias ,/at4 7#dabm474 ,! places m>k$ 7997 are all )9 ! %ad[ track ( ! eclipse4 ,,entroncam5to 7,good ,buffet7 is ! junction /ation = ! l9es ,n4 to ,oporto & ,s4-,e4 to ,badajos & mo/ tra9s wait "h3 #hm4 beyond1 ! ,tagus is cross$ by a f9e bridge comm&+ good views4 ,,m>v,o 7,cu/om-h\se7 is ! la/ /ation 9 ,portugal b ! actual fronti] is #fm4 fur!r on4 ,,val5cia ,,de ,,alcant>a 7,cu/om-h\se7 is ! fir/ /ation 9 ,spa94 ,dur+ ! next #ejm4 ! railway passes ?r\gh mu* wild m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,,plas5cia1 ,,navalmoral1 & ,,talav]a z eclipse /ations h be5 m5tion$ on a previ\s page4 ,_m celebrat$ /ruggles dur+ ! ,p59sul> ,w> took place 9 ?is "p ( ,spa91 notably at ,talav]a 9 #ahji & at ,alm>az 9 #ahab4 ,,madrid 7pop4 #dgj1jjj2 ,hotel de ,p>is1 ,hotel de la ,paix74 ,,gibralt> ,,to ,,madrid 7,,) ,,excursions1 ,,on ,,! ,,way1 ,,to ,,granada ,,& ,,seville74 ,f ,algeiras 7opposite ,gibralt>7 !re runs e ,w$nesday an ,int]national ,express tra9 to ,madrid & ,p>is4 ,! eclipse c5tral l9e crosses ?is r\te ab\t #aem4 ,s4 ( ,alcaz> de ,san ,juan ,junction 7pop4 #hdjj2 ,good ,buffet1 ,hotel1 ,casa ,briseo7 :i* is #cfhm4 ,n4 ( ,algeiras & #icm4 ,s4 ( ,madrid4 ,! *ief /ations betwe5 ,algeiras & ,madrid are3--,bobadilla ,junct4 7#aajm471 ,cordova 7#ahem471 ,alcaz> de ,san ,juan 7#cfim471 ,aranjuez 7#dcjm471 & ,madrid 7#dfam474 ,bobadilla is a d\ble junction4 ,a l9e runs !nce ,e4 to ,granada 7#gem471 & ,w4 to ,seville 7#ajdm474 ,a travell] visit+ ,granada mu/ return to ,bobadilla to get to ,seville1 b f ,seville he c rejo9 ! ma9 l9e at ,cordova #gem4 ,n4 ( ,bobadilla1 & avoid ,bobadilla4 ,f ,seville to ,cordova is #ham4 ,algeiras is rea*$ f ,gibralt> by a local /eam]4 ,ab\t "o h\r is all[$ to make ! connection ) ! tra94 ,eclipse travell]s go+ to ?is "p ( ,spa9 :o wi% to take advantage ( _! proximity to ,granada & ,seville w f9d ! foll[+ "t-table usefully sugge/ive3-- ,may #af1 ,w4 ,gibralt> to ,granada1 #h a4m4 to #h p4m4 #ag1 ,t4 ,at ,granada4 #ah1 ,f4 ,at ,granada4 #ai1 ,s4 ,granada to ,seville1 #g a4m4 to #f p4m4 #bj1 ,sun4 ,at ,seville4 #ba1 ,m4 ,at ,seville4 #bb1 ,tu4 ,seville to ,cordova1 #aa a4m4 to #c p4m4 #bc1 ,w4 ,at ,cordova4 #bd1 ,t4 ,cordova to ,alcaz>1 #b a4m4 to #c p4m4 #be1 ,f4 ,at ,alcaz>4 #bf1 ,s4 ,at ,alcaz>4 #bg1 ,sun4 ,at ,alcaz>4 #bh1 ,m4 ,eclipse day4 ,correspond+ to ! above ,int]national tra9 !re is an express f ,p>is on ,mondays rea*+ ,algeiras on ,w$nesdays4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 might suit ! conv5i5ce ( ,eclipse travell]s propos+ to g to ,spa9 vi ,france1 & p]haps return vi ,gibralt>4 ,! "t occupi$ by ! ,int]national tra9 betwe5 ,p>is & ,algeiras & vice v]s is ab\t #di h\rs4 ,,london ,,to ,,alicante4 ,! c5tral l9e ( ! eclipse quits ,spa9 at ,cape ,santa ,pola ab\t #ajm4 ,s4 ( ,alicante 7pop4 #dj1jjj73 x crosses ! l9e ( ! ,alicante & ,madrid railway at ,novelda 7pop4 #hjjj7 a /ation ab\t #bjm4 inl& f ,alicante4 ,alicante may be rea*$ f ,engl& z foll[s3--7#a7 ,all sea1 vi ,gibralt> & ,malaga2 7#b7 all l&1 vi ,p>is1 ,bi>ritz & ,madrid 7#ajggm471 or ,p>is1 ,lyons & ,p]pignan 7#aabfm472 or 7#c7 "p l& & "p sea1 vi ,p>is & ,m>seilles1 & !nce by /eam] to ,b>celona & ,val5cia4 ,z reg>ds ! two l& r\tes !re is n v mu* to *oose except t ! ,bi>ritz-,madrid r\te is some:at %ort] & mu* quick] ?an ! ,p]pignan-,b>celona r\te4 ,z reg>ds ! two sea r\tes bo? are probably bad f ! /&po9t ( com=t1 ! /eam]s 9 :i* ! voyage w\ld h to be complet$ be+ ,spani% coa/+ vessels1 b x is difficult to obta9 p>ticul>s ( !m 9 ,engl&4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! *ief places betwe5 ,p>is & ,alicante on ! ,p]pignan r\te3--,dijon 7#aiem471 ,lyons 7#cahm471 ,avignon 7#dfam471 ,nmes 7#dijm471 ,p]pignan 7#fbcm471 ,spani% fronti] at ,port ,b\ 7#fejm471 ,b>celona 7#gehm471 ,t>ragona 7#hbem471 ,val5cia 7#iigm471 ,alicante 7#aabfm474 ,! j\rney f ,p>is to ,b>celona is accompli%$ 9 #bc;h4 by ! ,int]national ,express3 ! rema9+ #cfh miles take #bg h\rs ow+ to ! bad connections ( ! tra9s4 ,madrid is #bhem4 f ,alicante1 ! j\rney occupy+ ab\t #bi;h4 ,,useful ,,books ,,= ,,portugal ,,& ,,spa94 ,z ! result ( mu* inquiry & rese>*1 ! foll[+ may be sugge/$3-- ,,guide-,,books4 ,h&book = ,spa91 #b vols4 #bjs4 7,j4 ,murray47 ,h&book to ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ,dr4 ,*>nock4 #gs4 #f;d4 7,w4 ,j4 ,adams47 ,guide to ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ,o',%ea & ,lomas4 #aes4 7,a4 ,c4 ,black47 ,h&book = ,portugal4 #abs4 7,j4 ,murray47 ,,diction>ies4 ,j,,s*ke1 ,r4 ,engli%-,spani% ,conv]sation ,diction>y4 #cs4 #f;d4 7,nutt47 ,,ca/ro ,,de ,,la ,,fayette4 ,novo ,diccion>io ,+lez-,portugueze4 #b vols4 #fs4 ,,gramm>s ,,& ,,phrase ,,books4 ,d',,orsey1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,d4 ,colloquial ,portuguese4 #cs4 #f;d4 7,kegan ,paul47 ,,wall1 ,c4 ,h4 ,practical ,portuguese ,gramm>4 #gs4 7,nutt47 ,,?imm1 ,c4 ,a4 ,spani% ,self-taught4 #as4 #f;d4 7,m>lbor\gh47 ,spani% ,conv]sation ,book4 #as4 7,walt] ,scott47 ,,hugo4 ,spani% ,simplifi$4 #b ,p>ts & ,key4 #as4 #f;d4 7#a;,a ,pat]no/] ,r[47 ,,v>i\s4 ,,*amb]s1 ,g4 ,f4 ,! ,t\ri/'s ,pocket-,book4 ,vocabul>y ( #af ,languages4 #as4 7,philip47 ,,?imm1 ,c4 ,a4 ,spani% ,wa%+ ,li/s = bo? ,sexes4 #f;d4 7,m>lbor\gh47 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,conspicu\s ,,/>s ,,& ,,planets ,,likely ,,to ,,be ,,visible ,,dur+ ,,! ,,total ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,sun1 ,,may #bh1 #aijj4 ,,index4 999999 ,! ,eclipses ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*apt]s on ,hi/ory 7,,viii4-,,xiii47 are n1 z reg>ds dates1 dealt ) 9 ?is ,index4 ,a4 ,ab]d\r1 ,"l1 #aei4 ,aga?ocles1 ,! ,eclipse (1 #abj4 ,ahaz1 ,dial (1 #ij1 #if1 #aja4 ,airy1 ,sir ,g4 ,b41 #dh1 #gd1 #hc1 #hd1 #hi1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aae1 #abc1 #abd1 #add1 #afd1 #afg4 ,almanac1 ,briti%1 #bai4 ,almanac1 ,nautical1 #bf1 #ce1 #bcd1 #bch4 ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 #acc4 ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach1 #adb1 #adc1 #adf1 #adh1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bji4 ,annales ,fuld5ses1 #adc1 #bjg4 ,annul> ,eclipses ( ! ,sun1 #af4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 #acj4 ,arabian ,records1 #acb1 #ach4 ,arago1 #abe1 #afd4 ,ar*ilo*us1 #ajh4 ,ari/ophanes1 #aii4 ,asc5d+ ,node1 #ah4 ,ass]1 #add4 ,b4 ,baily1 ,f41 #eg1 #aab1 #abb1 #afd4 ,baily's ,beads1 #eg1 #fd1 #afd4 ,b>k]1 ,sir ,r41 #ajb4 ,b$e1 #bje4 ,be]1 #bag4 ,bible1 ,eclipses m5tion$ 91 #hf4 ,biot1 ,e41 #hj4 ,black ,eclipses ( ! ,moon1 #ahi4 ,blackness ( ! ,moon dur+ ,sol> ,eclipses1 #dc4 ,blake1 #dh4 ,boillot1 #ace4 ,bosanquet1 ,j4 ,w41 #ia1 #ie1 #aja4 ,c4 ,calvisius1 #acc1 #acg1 #adf1 #bba4 ,c>l9i1 #afd4 ,c>r+ton1 ,r4 ,c41 #fj4 ,cass9i1 #aeh4 ,causs91 #aci4 ,c$r5us1 #bjh4 ,celoria1 ,pr(41 #aej4 ,*9ese ,eclipses ( ! ,sun1 #ge4 ---- ( ! ,moon1 #aig4 ,*romosph]e1 #fj4 ,*ronicon ,scotorum1 #adc4 ,*urton1 ,ar*deacon1 #baj4 ,cic]o1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aah4 ,classical ,hi/ory1 ,eclipses m5tion$ 91 #ajg4 ,clavius1 #fd1 #aeb4 ,columbus1 #baa4 ,confucius1 #ha4 ,conjunction ( ! ,moon1 #ca4 ,copp] col\r ( ,moon 9 ,lun> ,eclipses1 #aib4 ,corona1 #ef1 #fb1 #aje1 #acj1 #add1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afa1 #afh1 #afi4 ,coronium1 #fi4 ,crabtree1 ,w41 #bae4 ,crucifixion1 ,! d>kness at1 #abi4 ,d4 ,delambre1 #ha4 ,de ,la ,rue1 ,w41 #afh4 ,de ,l\ville1 #aeh4 ,desc5d+ ,node1 #ah4 ,dial ( ,ahaz1 #ij1 #if1 #aja4 ,digit expla9$1 #bh4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 #abj4 ,diog5es ,lartius1 #id4 ,dion ,cassius1 #abh1 #acj4 ,draconic ,mon?1 #bj4 ,drey]1 ,j4 ,l4 ,e41 #bba4 ,du ,sj\r1 #cg1 #ci4 ,e4 ,e>?quakes & ,eclipses1 #ge4 ,e>?-%9e1 #fa4 ,eclips>eon1 ,f]guson's1 #bbb4 ,eclipse1 ,d]ivation ( ! ^w1 #aa4 ----1 numb] ( 9 a ye>1 #ac4 ---- ( ! ,moon1 #aa4 ---- ( ! ,sun1 #aa4 ----1 ,!ory (1 #ae4 ,eclipse ( ! ,sun ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 #i1 #dj1 #ff1 #ga1 #bci4 ,ennius1 #aah4 ,f4 ,f]guson1 ,j41 #bae1 #bba4 ,f]r]1 ,don ,j41 #afc4 ,flam/e$1 ,j41 #aee1 #bae4 ,flor5ce ( ,worce/]1 #adc4 ,=/]1 #aib4 ,freeman1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,a41 #adf4 ,full ,moon1 #ac4 ,g4 ,gass5di1 ,p41 #bae1 #bba4 ,gaubil1 #hj4 ,gemma ,frisius1 #aeb4 ,gilliss1 ,lieut4 ,j4 ,m41 #afh4 ,g9zel1 #ge1 #aca4 ,glab]1 #ade1 #bjh4 ,glycas1 #ib4 ,grant1 ,r41 #aca4 ,graydon1 #agd4 ,gregorius ,turon5sis1 #ace4 ,h4 ,hag51 #afc4 ,halley1 ,e41 #adh1 #aeg4 ,hans5's ,lun> ,tables1 #hi1 #aah1 #aai1 #abd4 ,helium1 #fi4 ,helps1 ,sir ,a41 #baa4 ,h]odotus1 #aji1 #aad1 #aaf4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,j41 #bag4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,w41 #afa1 #afb4 ,hevelius1 #bae4 ,hezekiah1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 #ij4 ,h9ckes1 ,dr41 #hi4 ,h9d1 ,j4 ,r41 #ch1 #hj1 #hi1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abe1 #ach1 #adb1 #adc1 #adg1 #adh1 #aea1 #aec1 #aed1 #afg1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,hitzig1 #hg4 ,hom]'s ,iliad quot$1 #abf4 ,hom]'s ,odyssey quot$1 #id1 #abf4 ,hugg9s1 ,sir ,w41 #aca4 ,humboldt1 ,a4 ,von1 #acc1 #adb1 #bag4 ,hunt]1 ,w41 #ajb4 ,i4 ,idel]1 #ha4 ,j4 ,janss51 #afi4 ,jesuit ,mission>ies 9 ,*9a1 #ha1 #ie4 ,johnson1 ,rev4 ,s4 ,j41 #ch1 #hj1 #abh1 #aca1 #acc1 #ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #aej1 #bjb1 #baj1 #baf1 #bbb4 ,jones1 ,capt4 ,f41 #aac4 ,josephus1 #bjb4 ,ju/91 #aba4 ,k4 ,kepl]1 #fd1 #aeb1 #aec1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbj4 ,k]igan1 ,f41 #bbg4 ,kir*(f1 #fi4 ,l4 ,lal&e1 ,j4 ,de1 #bbd4 ,l&]1 ,r4 & ,j41 #bbh4 ,langley1 ,pr(41 #aga4 ,l>dn]1 ,d41 ,8 ,h&-book ( ,a/ronomy cit$1 #ab4 ,lassell1 ,w41 #afg4 ,lay>d1 ,sir ,a4 ,h41 #aac4 ,leon ( ,corfu1 #add4 ,le ,v]ri]'s ,sol> ,tables1 #hi4 ,lewis1 ,sir ,g4 ,c41 #aaj4 ,liais1 ,e41 #dd4 ,limits1 ,lun> ,ecliptic1 #aij4 ,l+>d1 ,dr41 #aej4 ,livy1 #abe1 #bjb4 ,locky]1 ,sir ,n41 #agh4 ,lynn1 ,w4 ,t41 #aae1 #aca4 ,m4 ,mac>tney1 ,"l1 8 ,embassy to ,*9a1 #bbd4 ,maclaur91 #aea1 #aec1 #aei4 ,mdl]1 #bag4 ,magnitude ( an ,eclipse1 #bi4 ,ma91 ,rev4 ,r41 #hh4 ,m>aldi1 #aeh4 ,mat!w ,p>is1 #baj4 ,maund]1 ,e4 ,w41 #ajd1 #ajf4 ,meteorological effects ( a sol> eclipse1 #ed1 #afg4 ,millosevi*1 #aji4 ,milton1 ,j41 #bca4 ,moon1 ,eclipses (1 #ahf4 ,n4 ,nautical ,almanac1 #bf1 #ce1 #bcd1 #bch4 ,newcomb1 ,s41 #aai1 #abg1 #aci1 #add1 #aga4 ,newcomb1 ,s41 ,8 ,a/ronomy cit$1 #bf4 ,new ,moon1 #ac4 ,newton1 ,sir ,i41 #aih4 ,nicias1 #aii4 ,n9eveh ,tablets1 #hi4 ,nodes1 #ah1 #ai1 #cj4 ,o4 ,occultations1 #aj1 #ab1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,ockley1 ,s41 #ach4 ,oltmanns1 #aab4 ,oppolz]1 ,t4 ,von1 ,8 ,canon cit$1 #ce1 #aji1 #bah4 ,opposition ( ! ,moon1 #ca4 ,or*>d1 ,dr41 #bca4 ,p4 ,p>tial ,eclipses ( ! ,sun1 #ag4 ,pek91 ,obs]vatory at1 #ie4 ,p5umbra 9 ,lun> ,eclipses1 #ahh4 ,pepys1 ,s41 ,8 ,di>y cit$1 #aee4 ,p]ry1 ,s4 ,j41 #agg1 #aic4 ,philo/orgius1 #acd4 ,philo/ratus1 #acj4 ,pick]+1 ,e4 ,h41 #ahd4 ,p+r1 #bai4 ,planets1 ,prim>y1 #ab4 ----1 ,second>y1 #ab4 ----1 ,visibility ( dur+ ,eclipses1 #fa4 ,pl9y1 #abf1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bac4 ,plut>*1 ,lives1 #ajh1 #aae1 #aag1 #abj1 #abf1 #aca1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,polybius1 #bjj4 ,pope1 ,a41 #id1 #bcc4 ,p[ell1 ,sir ,g4 ,b41 #agh4 ,prom95ces1 #ei4 ,pusey1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,b41 #hg1 #hh4 ,r4 ,rawl9son1 ,sir ,h4 ,c41 #hh1 #aaa4 ,r$ ,flames1 #ei1 #aef1 #aei1 #afh4 ,ricciolus1 ,j4 ,b41 #bbj1 #bbb4 ,rog] ( ,w5dov]1 #adi1 #baj4 ,rog] de ,hov$51 #bje4 ,ro?mann1 ,r4 ,w41 #gg4 ,rmk]1 #dh4 ,russell1 ,s4 ,m41 #gh1 #gi1 #aih1 #bbe4 ,s4 ,sant9i1 #afd4 ,s>os1 ,!1 #ad1 #ah1 #aab1 #aeg4 ,s*nurr]1 #adb4 ,s*u/]1 #agb4 ,season ( ,eclipses1 #bi4 ,s5eca1 #abf4 ,%ad[ ,b&s1 #df4 ,%ad[ ( ,moon on ,e>?1 #cf1 #da1 #di1 #gc4 ,%akespe>e1 ,w41 #bbi4 ,smi?1 ,j4 ,d41 #dh4 ,smy?1 ,admiral ,w4 ,h41 #bag4 ,%ort1 ,j41 #aei4 ,suetonius1 #abf4 ,snooke1 ,w4 ,d41 #bbc4 ,spa91 ,eclipse ( #aijj visible 91 #aj4 ,spots on ! ,sun1 #fg1 #fi4 ,/annyan1 ,capt41 #fj1 #aef4 ,/aunton1 ,sir ,g41 #bbd4 ,/ockwell1 ,j4 ,n41 #aca1 #bjb1 #bbc4 ,/one1 ,e4 ,j41 #aic4 ,/ikla/ad1 ,eclipse (1 #add4 ,/ruve1 ,o41 #afd4 ,/ruyck1 ,n41 #bba4 ,/ukeley1 ,dr4 ,w41 #aeg1 #afj4 ,t4 ,tacitus1 #bjc4 ,telegraph1 ,electric1 & ,eclipses1 #agi4 ,?ales1 ,eclipse (1 #ajc1 #aji1 #abc4 ,?irlwall1 ,bi%op1 #aaf4 ,?ucydides1 #aag1 #aah4 ,tibullus1 #abf4 ,todd1 ,mrs4 ,d4 ,t41 h] ,total ,eclipses cit$1 #be1 #bg1 #ej1 #ef1 #fe1 #ga1 #acf1 #adf1 #agc1 #ahc1 #bbc1 #bca4 ,totality1 ,approa* (1 #di4 ----1 ,d>kness (1 #ec4 ,transits1 #aj1 #ab1 #bce4 ,tri!nius1 #bjd4 ,tr\velot1 #ajf4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 #acg1 #adc1 #aej1 #aeb1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbj4 ,u4 ,ulloa1 ,don ,a41 #fd1 #afa1 #agi4 ,u%]1 ,ar*bi%op1 #hg4 ,v4 ,valz1 #afd4 ,w4 ,wallis1 ,dr41 #aee4 ,w>g5t91 #baf4 ,wesley1 ,w4 ,h41 #ff4 ,william ( ,malmesbury1 #ade1 #adg4 ,williams1 ,j41 #ha1 #hb1 #hc1 #he1 #hf4 ,wolcott1 ,miss ,k4 ,e41 #ajf4 ,wyb]d1 ,dr41 #aed4 ,x4 ,x5ophon1 #aab1 #aac1 #aai4 ,y4 ,"y1 ,pr(41 #agh4 ,z4 ,ze*1 #aai4 ,transrib]'s ,note3 ,! table bel[ li/s all corrections appli$ to ! orig9al text4 p4 #jad3 remov$ extra hyph5 m ?an #ah-ye>s - #ah ye>s p4 #jbc3 ,phillip9es - ,philipp9es p4 #jbg3 occur+ at regul> int]vals - occurr+ p4 #jdh3 ,rumk] m5tions t - ,rm] p4 #jei3 e suffici5tly skill$ ob]sv] - obs]v] p4 #jgj3 add$ clos+ bracket 7,,sun-,,spot ,,m9imum47 p4 #aed3 remov$ comma ,gre5ock & ,elg91 7 ne> p4 #bag3 9 ! ,c>ribean ,sea - ,c>ibbean p4 #bbg3 ,a c]ta9 ,mr ,f4 ,k]igan - ,mr4 ,f4 ,k]igan p4 #bcj3 remov$ comma ,z1 />s ) tra9s ( fire p4 #bda3 ,casa ,briseno - ,briseo p4 #bdd3 ,vi5na 7#egm47 - ,vianna p4 #bdi3 normaliz$ ,plas5tia 7#befm47 - ,plas5cia p4 #bej3 ,casa ,briseno - ,briseo