,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,( ,,islam ,,by ,,la?rop ,,/odd>d1 ,a4,m41 ,,ph4,d4 7,h>v47 ,,au?or ,,(3 ,,! ,,ris+ ,,tide ,,( ,,col\r1 ,,! ,,/akes ,,( ,,! ,,w>1 ,,pres5t ,,day ,,europe3 ,,its ,,national ,,/ates ,,( ,,m9d1 ,,! ,,tr5* ,,revolution ,,9 ,,san ,,dom+o1 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,map ,,second ,,impression ,,london ,,*apman ,,& ,,hall1 ,,ltd4 #aibb ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,sons ,,limit$4 ,,bungay1 ,,suffolk ,,preface ,! entire _w ( ,islam is to-day 9 pr(\nd f]m5t4 ,f ,morocco to ,*9a & f ,turke/an to ! ,congo1 ! #bej1jjj1jjj foll[]s ( ! ,prophet ,mohamm$ are /irr+ to new ideas1 new impulses1 new aspirations4 ,a gigantic trans=mation is tak+ place ^: results mu/ affect all mank9d4 ,?is trans=mation 0 greatly /imulat$ by ! late w>4 ,b x began long be=e4 ,m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago ! se$s 7 s[n1 & ev] s9ce !n x has be5 evolv+2 at fir/ sl[ly & obscurely2 lat] m rapidly & p]ceptibly2 until to-day1 "u ! /imulus ( ,armag$don1 x has bur/ into sudd5 & />tl+ bloom4 ,! /ory ( t /range & dramatic evolution ,i h endeav\r$ to tell 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,consid]+ 9 turn its v>i\s aspects--religi\s1 cultural1 political1 economic1 social--,i h tri$ to portray _! g5esis & developm5t1 to analyse _! "*1 & to appraise _! pot5cy4 ,:ile mak+ due all[ance = local diff]5tiations1 ! intimate correlation & und]ly+ unity ( ! v>i\s movem5ts h ev] be5 kept 9 view4 ,al?\gh ! book deals prim>ily ) ! ,moslem _w1 x necess>ily includes ! non-,moslem ,h9du elem5ts ( ,india4 ,! field cov]$ is ?us virtually ! entire ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/4 ,! ,f> ,ea/ has n be5 directly consid]$1 b p>allel developm5ts !re h be5 not$ & %\ld always be kept 9 m9d4 ,,lo?rop ,,/odd>d4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap ,,page ,,introduction3 ,,! ,,decl9e ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,islamic ,,_w #a ,i4 ,,! ,,mohamm$an ,,revival #bj ,,ii4 ,,pan-,,islamism #cg ,,iii4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,we/ #ge ,,iv4 ,,political ,,*ange #aaj ,v4 ,,nationalism #acb ,,vi4 ,,nationalism ,,9 ,,india #bja ,,vii4 ,,economic ,,*ange #bbf ,,viii4 ,,social ,,*ange #bej ,,ix4 ,,social ,,unre/ ,,& ,,bol%evism #bgc ,,conclusion #cjj ,,index #cja ,,map ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,islam at end ( volume ,,! ,,new ,,_w ,,( ,,islam ,das ,alte /rzt1 es nd]t si* die ,zeit1 ,und neues ,leb5 blht aus d5 ,ru954 ,,s*ill]1 ,wilhelm ,tell4 ,,introduction ,,! ,,decl9e ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,islamic ,,_w ,! rise ( ,islam is p]haps ! mo/ amaz+ ev5t 9 human hi/ory4 ,spr++ f a l& & a p alike previ\sly negligible1 ,islam spread )9 a c5tury ov] half ! e>?1 %att]+ great empires1 ov]?r[+ long-e/abli%$ religions1 rem\ld+ ! s\ls ( races1 & build+ up a :ole new _w--! _w ( ,islam4 ,! clos] we exam9e ?is developm5t ! m extraord9>y does x appe>4 ,! o!r great religions won _! way sl[ly1 by pa9ful /ruggle1 & f9ally triumph$ ) ! aid ( p[]ful mon>*s conv]t$ to ! new fai?4 ,*ri/ianity _h its ,con/ant9e1 ,buddhism its ,asoka1 & ,zoroa/rianism its ,cyrus1 ea* l5d+ to 8 *os5 cult ! mighty =ce ( secul> au?ority4 ,n s ,islam4 ,aris+ 9 a des]t l& sp>sely inhabit$ by a nomad race previ\sly undi/+ui%$ 9 human annals1 ,islam salli$ =? on its great adv5ture ) ! sl5d]e/ human back+ & aga9/ ! heavie/ mat]ial odds4 ,yet ,islam triumph$ ) seem+ly miracul\s ease1 & a c\ple ( g5]ations saw ! ,fi]y ,cresc5t borne victori\s f ! ,pyr5ees to ! ,himalayas & f ! des]ts ( ,c5tral ,asia to ! des]ts ( ,c5tral ,africa4 ,?is amaz+ success 0 due to a numb] ( contribut+ factors1 *ief among !m be+ ! "* ( ! ,arab race1 ! nature ( ,mohamm$'s tea*+1 & ! g5]al /ate ( ! contempor>y ,ea/]n _w4 ,undi/+ui%$ ?\gh ! ,arabs _h hi!rto be51 !y 7 a p ( rem>kable pot5tialities1 :i* 7 at t mom5t pat5tly seek+ self-realization4 ,= sev]al g5]ations be=e ,mohamm$1 ,arabia _h be5 a/ir ) exub]ant vitality4 ,! ,arabs _h outgr[n _! ance/ral paganism & 7 in/9ctively ye>n+ = bett] ?+s4 ,a?w>t ?is see?+ f]m5t ( m9d & _s ,islam rang l a trumpet-call4 ,mohamm$1 an ,arab ( ! ,arabs1 0 ! v inc>nation ( ! s\l ( 8 race4 ,prea*+ a simple1 au/]e mono!ism1 free f prie/craft or elaborate doctr9al trapp+s1 he tapp$ ! well-spr+s ( religi\s zeal always pres5t 9 ! ,semitic he>t4 ,=gett+ ! *ronic rivalries & blood-feuds :i* _h consum$ _! en]gies 9 int]nec9e /rife1 & weld$ into a gl[+ unity by ! fire ( _! new-f\nd fai?1 ! ,arabs p\r$ =? f _! des]ts to conqu] ! e>? = ,allah1 ! ,"o ,true ,god4 ,?us ,islam1 l ! resi/less brea? ( ! sirocco1 ! des]t w9d1 swept out ( ,arabia & enc\nt]$--a spiritual vacuum4 ,^? neighb\r+ ,byzant9e & ,p]sian ,empires1 s impos+ to ! casual eye1 7 m]e dri$ husks1 devoid ( real vitality4 ,_! religions 7 a mock]y & a %am4 ,p]sia's ance/ral cult ( ,zoroa/] _h deg5]at$ into ,magism--a pomp\s prie/craft1 tyrannical & p]secut+1 hat$ & secretly despis$4 ,z = ,ea/]n ,*ri/ianity1 b$iz5$ ) ! gewgaws ( paganism & b$evill$ by ! madd5+ !ological speculations ( ! decad5t ,greek m9d1 x _h become a repell5t c>icature ( ! tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,bo? ,magism & ,byzant9e ,*ri/5dom 7 riv5 by great h]esies :i* eng5d]$ savage p]secutions & furi\s hates4 ,fur!rmore1 bo? ! ,byzant9e & ,p]sian ,empires 7 h>% despotisms :i* cru%$ _! subjects to ! du/ & kill$ out all love ( c\ntry or loyalty to ! /ate4 ,la/ly1 ! two empires _h j f\ght a t]rible w> f :i* !y _h em]g$ mutually bl$ :ite & utt]ly exhau/$4 ,su* 0 ! _w compell$ to face ! lava-flood ( ,islam4 ,! result 0 inevitable4 ,once ! discipl9$ /r5g? ( ! ,ea/ ,roman legions & ! ,p]sian cuirassi]s _h brok5 be=e ! fi]y onslaught ( ! fanatic sons ( ! des]t1 x 0 all ov]4 ,!re 0 no patriotic resi/ance4 ,! d[n-trodd5 populations passively accept$ new ma/]s1 :ile ! num]\s h]etics actually welcom$ ! ov]?r[ ( p]secut+ co-religioni/s :om !y hat$ f> worse ?an _! ali5 conqu]ors4 ,9 a %ort "t mo/ ( ! subject peoples accept$ ! new fai?1 s refre%+ly simple comp>$ ) _! own deg5]ate cults4 ,! ,arabs1 9 _! turn1 knew h[ to consolidate _! rule4 ,!y 7 no blood?ir/y savages1 b5t solely on loot & de/ruction4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 an innately gift$ race1 eag] to le>n & appreciative ( ! cultural gifts :i* old] civilizations _h to be/[4 ,int]m>ry+ freely & pr(ess+ a common belief1 conqu]ors & conqu]$ rapidly fus$1 & f ?is fusion arose a new civilization--! ,s>ac5ic civilization1 9 :i* ! anci5t cultures ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,p]sia 7 revitaliz$ by ,arab vig\r & syn!siz$ by ! ,arab g5ius & ! ,islamic _s4 ,= ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( its exi/5ce 7circ4 ,a4,d4 #fej-ajjj7 ! realm ( ,islam 0 ! mo/ civiliz$ & progressive portion ( ! _w4 ,/udd$ ) spl5did cities1 graci\s mosques1 & quiet univ]sities :]e ! wisdom ( ! anci5t _w 0 pres]v$ & appreciat$1 ! ,moslem ,ea/ (f]$ a /rik+ contra/ to ! ,*ri/ian ,we/1 !n sunk 9 ! night ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,h[ev]1 by ! t5? c5tury ! ,s>ac5ic civilization began to display unmi/akable symptoms ( decl9e4 ,?is decl9e 0 at fir/ gradual4 ,d[n to ! t]rible disa/]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury x /ill display$ vig\r & rema9$ ahead ( ! ,*ri/ian ,we/4 ,/ill1 by ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajjj its gold5 age 0 ov]4 ,= ?is !re 7 sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t invet]ate _s ( faction :i* has always be5 ! bane ( ! ,arab race soon reappe>$ once m4 ,rival clans /rove = ! head%ip ( ,islam1 & _! qu>rels deg5]at$ into bloody civil w>s4 ,9 ?is fratricidal /rife ! f]v\r ( ! fir/ days cool$1 & sa9tly m5 l ,abu ,bekr & ,om>1 ,islam's fir/ /&>d-be>]s1 gave place to worldly m9d$ lead]s :o reg>d$ _! position ( ,khalifa#a z a means to despotic p[] & self-glorification4 ,! seat ( gov]nm5t 0 mov$ to ,damascus 9 ,syria1 & aft]w>d to ,bagdad 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! reason = ?is 0 obvi\s4 ,9 ,mecca despotism 0 impossible4 ,! fi]ce1 free-born ,arabs ( ! des]t w\ld tol]ate no ma/]1 & _! innate democracy _h be5 sanction$ by ! ,prophet1 :o _h explicitly decl>$ t all ,believ]s 7 bro!rs4 ,! ,meccan caliphate 0 a !ocratic democracy4 ,abu ,bekr & ,om> 7 elect$ by ! p1 & held !mselves responsible to public op9ion1 subject to ! div9e law z reveal$ by ,mohamm$ 9 ! ,koran4 ,b 9 ,damascus1 & /ill m 9 ,bagdad1 ?+s 7 diff]5t4 ,!re ! pure-blood$ ,arabs 7 only a h&ful among sw>ms ( ,syrian & ,p]sian conv]ts & ,neo-,arab mix$-bloods4 ,^! p 7 fill$ ) traditions ( despotism & 7 q ready to yield ! caliphs obsequi\s ob$i5ce4 ,! caliphs1 9 _! turn1 lean$ m & m ^u ^! complaisant subjects1 draw+ f _! ranks c\rti]s1 (ficials1 & ultimately soldi]s4 ,%ock$ & ang]$1 ! pr\d ,arabs gradually return$ to ! des]t1 :ile ! gov]nm5t fell into ! well-worn ruts ( traditional ,ori5tal despotism4 ,:5 ! caliphate 0 mov$ to ,bagdad aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! ,abbaside dyna/y 7,a4,d4 #gej71 ,p]sian influ5ce became prepond]ant4 ,! fam\s ,caliph ,h>\n-al-,ra%id1 ! h]o ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 0 a typical ,p]sian mon>*1 a true successor ( ,x]xes & ,*osroes1 & z diff]5t f ,abu ,bekr or ,om> z x is possible to conceive4 ,&1 9 ,bagdad1 z else:]e1 despotic p[] 0 fatal to its possessors4 ,"u its blight ! successors ( ,mohamm$ became caprici\s tyrants or deg5]ate h>em puppets1 ^: n]veless h&s 7 :olly incapable ( guid+ ! great ,moslem ,empire4 ,! empire1 9 fact1 gradually w5t to pieces4 ,%ak5 by ! civil w>s1 b]eft ( /rong lead]s1 & depriv$ ( ! invigorat+ amalgam ( ! unspoil$ des]t ,arabs1 political unity c\ld n endure4 ,ev]y:]e !re occurr$ revivals ( suppress$ racial or p>ticul>i/ t5d5cies4 ,! v rapidity ( ,islam's expansion turn$ aga9/ x1 n[ t ! well-spr+s ( t expansion 7 dri$ up4 ,islam _h made millions ( conv]ts1 ( _m sects & races1 b x _h dige/$ !m v imp]fectly4 ,mohamm$ _h really conv]t$ ! ,arabs1 because he m]ely voic$ ideas :i* 7 obscurely g]m9at+ 9 ,arab m9ds & appeal$ to impulses innate 9 ! ,arab blood4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,islam 0 accept$ by non-,arab peoples1 !y in/9ctively int]pret$ ! ,prophet's message accord+ to _! p>ticul> racial t5d5cies & cultural backgr\nds1 ! result be+ t primitive ,islam 0 di/ort$ or p]v]t$4 ,! mo/ extreme example ( ?is 0 9 ,p]sia1 :]e ! au/]e mono!ism ( ,mohamm$ 0 transmut$ into ! elaborate my/ical cult kn[n z ,%iism1 :i* pres5tly cut ! ,p]sians (f f full communion ) ! or?odox ,moslem _w4 ,! same transmutive t5d5cy appe>s1 9 less] degree1 9 ! sa9t-wor%ip ( ! ,nor? ,african ,b]b]s & 9 ! pan!ism ( ! ,h9du ,moslems--bo? developm5ts :i* ,mohamm$ w\ld h unque/ionably execrat$4 ,^! doctr9al fissures 9 ,islam 7 p>allel$ by ! disruption ( political unity4 ,! fir/ =mal split occurr$ aft] ! accession ( ! ,abbasides4 ,a memb] ( ! depos$ ,ommeyyad family fl$ to ,spa91 :]e he set up a rival caliphate at ,cordova1 recogniz$ z lawful n only by ! ,spani% ,moslems1 b by ! ,b]b]s ( ,nor? ,africa4 ,lat] on ano!r caliphate 0 set up 9 ,egypt--! ,fatimite caliphate1 re/+ its title on desc5t f ,mohamm$'s daught] ,fatima4 ,z = ! ,abbaside caliphs ( ,bagdad1 !y gradually decl9$ 9 p[]1 until !y became m]e puppets 9 ! h&s ( a new racial elem5t1 ! ,turks4 ,be=e describ+ t %ift ( p[] f ,neo-,arab to ,turki% h&s :i* 0 s mom5t\s = ! hi/ory ( ! ,islamic _w1 let u fir/ consid] ! decl9e 9 cultural & intellectual vig\r t set 9 concurr5tly ) ! disruption ( political & religi\s unity dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! ,neo-,arab p]iod4 ,! ,arabs ( ,mohamm$'s day 7 a fre%1 unspoil$ p 9 ! full flu% ( pri/9e vig\r1 eag] = adv5ture & inspir$ by a high ideal4 ,!y _h _! full %>e ( ,semitic fanaticism1 b1 ?\gh fanatical1 !y 7 n bigot$1 t is to say1 !y possess$1 n clos$1 b op5 m9ds4 ,!y held firmly to ! t5ets ( _! religion1 b ?is religion 0 extremely simple4 ,! core ( ,mohamm$'s tea*+ 0 !ism plus c]ta9 practices4 ,a /rict belief 9 ! unity ( ,god1 an equally /rict belief 9 ! div9e mission#b ( ,mohamm$ z set =? 9 ! ,koran1 & c]ta9 cle>ly def9$ duties--pray]1 ablutions1 fa/+1 almsgiv+1 & pilgrimage--^!1 & ^! alone1 con/itut$ ! ,islam ( ! ,arab conqu]ors ( ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,s simple a !ology c\ld n s]i\sly fett] ! ,arab m9d1 al]t1 curi\s1 eag] to le>n1 & ready to adju/ itself to conditions ampl] & m complex ?an ^? prevail+ 9 ! p>*$ environm5t ( ! des]t4 ,n[1 n only did ! ,arabs reli% ! mat]ial advantages & luxuries ( ! m develop$ societies :i* !y _h conqu]$2 !y also appreciat$ ! art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & ideas ( ! old] civilizations4 ,! effect ( ^! novel /imuli 0 ! rem>kable cultural & intellectual fl[]+ :i* is ! glory ( ,s>ac5ic civilization4 ,= a "t ?\ght 0 relatively free & produc$ a weal? ( orig9al ideas & d>+ speculations4 ,^! 7 ! "w n only ( ,arabs b also ( subject ,*ri/ians1 ,jews1 & ,p]sians1 _m ( !m be+ h]etics previ\sly depress$ "u ! iron b&s ( p]secut+ ,byzant9e or?odoxy & ,magism4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ?is enlight5$ era pass$ away4 ,reaction>y =ces appe>$ & ga9$ 9 /r5g?4 ,! lib]als1 :o are usually kn[n "u ! g5]al title ( ,motazelites1 n only clung to ! doctr9al simplicity ( primitive ,islam1 b also cont5d$ t ! te/ ( all ?+s %\ld be reason4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! cons]vative s*ools ( ?\ght ass]t$ t ! te/ %\ld be prec$5t & au?ority4 ,^! m51 _m ( !m conv]t$ ,*ri/ians imbu$ ) ! traditions ( ,byzant9e or?odoxy1 und]took an imm5se "w ( ,koranic exegesis1 comb9$ ) an equally elaborate codification & int]pretation ( ! reput$ say+s or traditions ( ,mohamm$1 z h&$ d[n by 8 imm$iate disciples & foll[]s4 ,z ! result ( ^! lab\rs1 !re gradually arose a ,moslem !ology & s*ola/ic philosophy z rigid1 elaborate1 & dogmatic z t ( ! m$ival ,*ri/ian ,we/4 ,naturally1 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! fundam5tally oppos$ t5d5cies ( traditionalism & rationalism 0 long & bitt]4 ,yet ! ultimate outcome 0 almo/ a =egone conclusion4 ,ev]y?+ conspir$ to fav\r ! triumph ( dogma ov] reason4 ,! :ole hi/oric tradition ( ! ,ea/ 7a tradition l>gely induc$ by racial & climatic factors#c7 0 t[>d absolutism4 ,?is tradition _h be5 int]rupt$ by ! inru% ( ! wild lib]t>ianism ( ! des]t4 ,b ! old] t5d5cy pres5tly reass]t$ itself1 /imulat$ z x 0 by ! political trans=mation ( ! caliphate f !ocratic1 democracy to despotism4 ,?is triumph ( absolutism 9 ! field ( gov]nm5t 9 fact assur$ its ev5tual triumph 9 all o!r fields z well4 ,=1 9 ! long run1 despotism c no m tol]ate lib]ty ( ?\ght ?an x c lib]ty ( action4 ,"s ( ! ,damascus caliphs1 to be sure1 toy$ ) ,motazelism1 ! ,ommeyyads be+ ma9ly secul>-m9d$ m5 to :om free?9k+ 0 intellectually attractive4 ,b pres5tly ! caliphs became aw>e ( lib]alism's political implications4 ,! ,motazelites did n conf9e !mselves to ! realm ( pure philosophic speculation4 ,!y also trespass$ on m dang]\s gr\nd4 ,motazelite voices 7 he>d recall+ ! democratic days ( ! ,meccan caliphate1 :5 ! ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful1 in/ead ( be+ an h]$it>y mon>*1 0 elect$ by ! p & responsible to public op9ion4 ,"s bold spirits ev5 ent]$ into relations ) ! fi]ce fanatic sects ( inn] ,arabia1 l ! ,kh>ijites1 :o1 uphold+ ! old des]t fre$om1 refus$ to recognize ! caliphate & proclaim$ !ories ( advanc$ republicanism4 ,! up%ot 0 t ! caliphs turn$ m & m t[>d ! cons]vative !ologians z aga9/ ! lib]als1 j z !y fav\r$ ! mon>*i/ ,neo-,arabs 9 pref]5ce to ! intractable pure-blood$ ,arabs ( ! des]t4 ,"u ! ,abbasides ! gov]nm5t came out frankly = religi\s absolutism4 ,/&>ds ( dogmatic or?odoxy 7 e/abli%$1 ,motazelites 7 p]secut$ & put to dea?1 & by ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d4 ! la/ ve/iges ( ,s>ac5ic lib]alism 7 extirpat$4 ,! canons ( ,moslem ?\ght 7 fix$4 ,all creative activity ceas$4 ,! v memory ( ! great ,motazelite doctors fad$ away4 ,! ,moslem m9d 0 clos$1 n to be re-op5$ until our own day4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury ! decl9e ( ,s>ac5ic civilization _h become s pron\nc$ t *ange 0 cle>ly 9 ! air4 ,hav+ lo/ _! e>ly vig\r1 ! ,neo-,arabs 7 to see _! political p[] pass into o!r h&s4 ,^! political heirs ( ! ,neo-,arabs 7 ! ,turks4 ,! ,turks 7 a we/]n bran* ( t cong]ies ( nomadic tribes :i*1 f "t immemorial1 h roam$ ov] ! limitless /eppes ( ea/]n & c5tral ,asia1 & :i* are kn[n collectively "u ! titles ( ,uralo-,altaic or ,turanian peoples4 ,! ,arabs _h be5 9 contact ) ! ,turki% nomads ev] s9ce ! ,islamic conque/ ( ,p]sia1 :5 ! ,moslem g5]als f\nd ! ,turks beat+ re/lessly aga9/ ,p]sia's nor?-ea/]n fronti]s4 ,9 ! caliphate's palmy days ! ,turks 7 n fe>$4 ,9 fact1 !y 7 pres5tly f\nd to be v useful4 ,a dull-witt$ folk ) few ideas1 ! ,turks c\ld d two ?+s sup]latively well--obey ord]s & fight l devils4 ,9 o!r words1 !y made ideal m]c5>y soldi]s4 ,! caliphs 7 delight$1 & enli/$ ev] l>g] numb]s ( !m = _! armies & _! body-gu>ds4 ,?is 0 all v well :ile ! caliphate 0 /rong1 b :5 x grew weak ! situation alt]$4 ,ris+ ev]y:]e to positions ( au?ority1 ! ,turki% m]c5>ies began to act l ma/]s4 ,op5+ ! ea/]n fronti]s1 !y let 9 fre% sw>ms ( _! c\ntrym51 :o n[ came1 n z individuals1 b 9 tribes or hordes "u _! h]$it>y *iefs1 w&]+ ab\t at _! own sweet w1 settl+ :]e !y pleas$1 & despoil+ or evict+ ! local inhabitants4 ,! ,turks soon r5\nc$ _! ance/ral paganism = ,islam1 b ,islam made little *ange 9 _! natures4 ,9 judg+ ^! ,turki% newcom]s we mu/ n consid] !m ! same z ! pres5t-day ,ottoman ,turks ( ,con/ant9ople & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! mod]n ,osmanli are s saturat$ ) ,european & ,ne> ,ea/]n blood1 & h be5 s leav5$ by ,we/]n & ,s>ac5ic ideas1 !y t are a v diff]5t p f _! remote immigrant ance/ors4 ,yet1 ev5 z x is1 ! mod]n ,osmanli display en\gh ( ^? unlovely ,turanian traits :i* *>act]ize ! unmodifi$ ,turks ( c5tral ,asia1 (t5 call$ ,turkomans1 to di/+ui% !m f _! ,ottoman k9sfolk to ! we/4 ,n[1 :at 0 ! primitive ,turki% nature8 ,fir/ & =emo/1 x 0 t ( ! pr(essional soldi]4 ,discipl9e 0 ! ,turk's wat*word4 ,no orig9ality ( ?\ght1 & b little curiosity4 ,few ideas ev] p5etrat$ ! ,turk's sl[ m9d1 & ! few t did p5etrate 7 receiv$ z milit>y ord]s1 to be obey$ )\t "q & adh]$ to )\t reflection4 ,su* 0 ! be+ :o took ov] ! lead]%ip ( ,islam f ! ,s>ac5's fail+ grasp4 ,no great] mis=tune c\ld h occurr$ bo? = ,islam & = ! _w at l>ge4 ,= ,islam x meant ! rule ( dull-witt$ bigots "u :i* enlight5$ progress 0 impossible4 ,( c\rse ,islam did ga9 a great accession ( w>like /r5g?1 b ?is new p[] 0 s wantonly misus$ z to br+ d[n disa/r\s rep]cussions ^u ,islam itself4 ,! fir/ notable exploits ( ! immigrant ,turki% hordes 7 _! conque/ ( ,asia ,m9or & _! capture ( ,j]usalem1 bo? ev5ts tak+ place t[>d ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury#d4 ,up to ?is "t ,asia ,m9or _h rema9$ "p ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,! orig9al ,arab flood ( ! sev5? c5tury1 aft] ov]runn+ ,syria1 _h be5 /opp$ by ! b>ri] ( ! ,taurus ,m\nta9s2 ! ,byzant9e ,empire _h pull$ itself toge!r2 & !nce=?1 despite bord] bick]+s1 ! ,byzant9e-,s>ac5 fronti] _h rema9$ sub/antially unalt]$4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! ,turks broke ! ,byzant9e b>ri]1 ov]ran ,asia ,m9or1 & ?reat5$ ev5 ,con/ant9ople1 ! ea/]n bulw>k ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,z = ,j]usalem1 x _h1 ( c\rse1 be5 9 ,moslem h&s s9ce ! ,arab conque/ ( ,a4,d4 #fcg1 b ! caliph ,om> _h c>efully respect$ ! ,*ri/ian ,holy ,places1 & 8 successors _h nei!r p]secut$ ! local ,*ri/ians nor maltreat$ ! num]\s pilgrims :o flock$ p]5nially to ,j]usalem f e "p ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,b ! ,turks *ang$ all ?is4 ,avid = loot1 & fill$ ) bigot$ hatr$ ( ! ,misbeliev]s1 !y sack$ ! holy places1 p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians1 & r5d]$ pilgrimage impossible4 ,! effect ( ^! tw9 disa/]s ^u ,*ri/5dom1 occurr+ z !y did almo/ simultane\sly1 0 trem5d\s4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,we/1 !n at ! height ( its religi\s f]v\r1 quiv]$ ) m+l$ fe> & wra?4 ,myriads ( zealots1 l ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 r\s$ all ,europe to fr5zy4 ,fanaticism begat fanaticism1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,we/ p\r$ ^u ! ,moslem ,ea/ va/ ho/s ( w>riors 9 ^? extraord9>y exp$itions1 ! ,crusades4 ,! ,turki% conque/ ( ,islam & its c\nt]bla/1 ! ,crusades1 7 an imm5se mis=tune = ! _w4 ,!y p]man5tly wors5$ ! relations betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajjj ,*ri/ian-,moslem relations 7 fairly good1 & %[$ e prospect ( becom+ bett]4 ,! hatr$s eng5d]$ by ,islam's fir/ irruption 7 dy+ away4 ,! fronti]s ( ,islam & ,*ri/5dom _h become app>5tly fix$1 & nei!r side %[$ mu* desire to encroa* ^u ! o!r4 ,! only s]i\s debatable gr\nd 0 ,spa91 :]e ,moslem & ,*ri/ian 7 cont9ually at h&-grips2 b1 aft] all1 ,spa9 0 mutually reg>d$ z a fronti] episode4 ,betwe5 ,islam & ,*ri/5dom1 z a :ole1 int]c\rse 0 becom+ /eadily m fri5dly & m frequ5t4 ,?is fri5dly int]c\rse1 if cont9u$1 might ultimately h produc$ mom5t\s results = human progress4 ,! ,moslem _w 0 at t "t /ill well ahead ( we/]n ,europe 9 k & culture1 b ,s>ac5ic civilization 0 ossify+1 :]eas ! ,*ri/ian ,we/1 despite its ignorance1 rud5ess1 & b>b>ism1 0 bur/+ ) lu/y life & pat5tly aspir+ to bett] ?+s4 ,_h ! nasc5t amity ( ,ea/ & ,we/ 9 ! elev5? c5tury cont9u$ to develop1 bo? w\ld h greatly pr(it$4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! influ5ce ( ,s>ac5ic culture1 conta9+1 z x did1 ! anci5t le>n+ ( ,greece & ,rome1 might h awak5$ our ,r5aissance mu* e>li]1 :ile 9 ! ,ea/ ! influ5ce ( ! m$ival ,we/1 ) its ab\nd+ vig\r1 might h sav$ ,moslem civilization f ! creep+ p>alysis :i* 0 ov]tak+ x4 ,b x 0 n to be4 ,9 ,islam ! ref9$1 easygo+ ,s>ac5 gave place to ! bigot$1 brutal ,turk4 ,islam became once m aggressive--n1 z 9 its e>ly days1 = an ideal1 b = %e] blood-lu/1 plund]1 & de/ruction4 ,h5ce=? x 0 w> to ! knife betwe5 ! only possible civilization & ! mo/ brutal & hopeless b>b>ism4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is w> 0 de/9$ to la/ = c5turies4 ,! ,crusades 7 m]ely ,we/]n c\nt]-attacks aga9/ a ,turki% assault on ,*ri/5dom :i* cont9u$ = six hundr$ ye>s & 0 def9itely brok5 only "u ! walls ( ,vi5na 9 #afhc4 ,naturally1 f ^! c5turies ( unrel5t+ /rife furi\s hatr$s & fanaticisms 7 eng5d]$ :i* /ill env5om ! relations ( ,islam & ,*ri/5dom4 ,! atrocities ( ,mu/apha ,kemal's ,turki% ,nationali/s & ! atrocities ( ! ,greek troops 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ( :i* we read 9 our morn+ pap]s1 are 9 no small degree a c>ry+ on ( ! mutual atrocities ( ,turks & ,crusad]s 9 ,pale/9e eight hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,) ! details ( ^? old w>s betwe5 ,turks & ,*ri/ians ?is book has no direct conc]n4 ,! w>s !mselves %\ld simply be not$ z a *ronic b>ri] betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,z = ! ,moslem ,ea/1 ) its decl9+ ,s>ac5ic civilization b[$ b5ea? ! brutal ,turki% yoke1 x 0 pres5tly expos$ to ev5 m t]rible mis=tunes4 ,^! mis=tunes 7 also ( ,turanian orig94 ,t[>d ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury ! ea/]n bran*es ( ! ,turanian race 7 weld$ into a tempor>y unity by ! g5ius ( a mighty *iefta9 nam$ ,j5ghiz ,khan4 ,tak+ ! s9i/] title ( ,! ,inflexible ,emp]or1 ?is ar*-savage />t$ out to loot ! _w4 ,he fir/ ov]ran nor!rn ,*9a1 :i* he hide\sly ravag$1 !n turn$ 8 deva/at+ c\rse t[>d ! we/4 ,su* 0 ! rise ( ! t]rible ,mongols1 ^: "n /ill /9ks 9 ! no/rils ( civiliz$ mank9d4 ,c>ry+ ) !m skill$ ,*9ese eng9e]s us+ gunp[d] = ! r$uction ( =tifi$ cities1 ,j5ghiz ,khan & 8 m\nt$ ho/s prov$ ev]y:]e irresi/ible4 ,! ,mongols 7 ! mo/ appall+ b>b>ians :om ! _w has ev] se54 ,_! object 0 n conque/ = settlem5t1 n ev5 loot1 b 9 great "p a %e] satanic lu/ = blood & de/ruction4 ,!y revell$ 9 but*]+ :ole populations1 de/roy+ cities1 lay+ wa/e c\ntrysides--& !n pass+ on to fre% fields4 ,j5ghiz ,khan di$ aft] a few ye>s ( 8 we/w>d progress1 b 8 successors cont9u$ 8 "w ) unabat$ zeal4 ,bo? ,*ri/5dom & ,islam 7 smitt5 by ! ,mongol sc\rge4 ,all ea/]n ,europe 0 ravag$ & re-b>b>iz$1 ! ,russians %[+ ugly traces ( ! ,mongol impr9t to ?is day4 ,b ! woes ( ,*ri/5dom 7 z no?+ to ! woes ( ,islam4 ,! ,mongols nev] p5etrat$ beyond ,pol&1 & we/]n ,europe1 ! seat ( ,we/]n civilization1 0 left unsca!d4 ,n s ,islam4 ,p\r+ d[n f ! nor?-ea/1 ! ,mongol ho/s :irl$ l a cyclone ov] ! ,moslem _w f ,india to ,egypt1 pillag+1 murd]+1 & de/roy+4 ,! nasc5t civilization ( m$ival ,p]sia1 j /ruggl+ into ! light b5ea? ! incubus ( ,turki% h>ry+s1 0 /amp$ flat "u ! ,mongol ho(s1 & ! ,mongols !n proce$$ to deal ) ! ,moslem culture-c5tre--,bagdad4 ,bagdad _h decl9$ consid]ably f ! gorge\s days ( ,h>\n-al-,ra%id1 ) its leg5d>y million s\ls4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 /ill a great city1 ! seat ( ! caliphate & ! unque/ion$ c5tre ( ,s>ac5ic civilization4 ,! ,mongols /orm$ x 7,a4,d4 #abeh71 but*]$ its entire population1 & lit]ally wip$ ,bagdad (f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,& ev5 ?is 0 n ! wor/4 ,bagdad 0 ! capital ( ,mesopotamia4 ,?is ,l& betwe5 ! ,riv]s _h1 9 ! v dawn ( hi/ory1 be5 reclaim$ f swamp & des]t by ! pati5t lab\rs ( half-=gott5 peoples :o1 ) inf9ite toil1 built up a m>vell\s sy/em ( irrigation t made ,mesopotamia ! p]5nial g>d5 & gran>y ( ! _w4 ,ages _h pass$ & ,mesopotamia _h kn[n _m ma/]s1 b all ^! conqu]ors _h respect$1 ev5 *]i%$1 ! irrigation works :i* 7 ! s\rce ( all prosp]ity4 ,^! works ! ,mongols wantonly1 me?odically de/roy$4 ,! olde/ civilization 9 ! _w1 ! cradle ( human culture1 0 hopelessly ru9$2 at lea/ eight ?\s& ye>s ( cont9u\s human ef=t w5t = naught1 & ,mesopotamia became ! noisome l& x /ill rema9s to-day1 p>*$ dur+ ! dr\ghts ( l[ wat]1 soak$ to fev]-/rick5 m>% 9 ! season ( riv]-floods1 t5ant$ only by a few mongrel fellahs inhabit+ wret*$ mud villages1 & c[$ by nomad ,b$\9 br[s+ _! flocks on ! sites ( anci5t fields4 ,! de/ruction ( ,bagdad 0 a fatal bl[ to ,s>ac5ic civilization1 especially 9 ! ,ea/4 ,& ev5 be=e t dreadful disa/] x _h receiv$ a t]rible bl[ 9 ! ,we/4 ,trav]s+ ,nor? ,africa 9 its e>ly days1 ,islam _h tak5 firm root 9 ,spa91 & _h s fl\ri%$ !re t ,spani% ,moslem culture 0 fully abrea/ ( t 9 ! ,moslem ,ea/4 ,! capital ( ,spani% ,islam 0 ,cordova1 ! seat ( ! ,we/]n caliphate1 a mighty city1 p]haps m wond]ful ?an ,bagdad itself4 ,= c5turies ,spani% ,islam liv$ secure1 conf9+ ! ,*ri/ians to ! m\nta9\s regions ( ! nor?4 ,z ,s>ac5 vig\r decl9$1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ians press$ ! ,moslems s\?w>d4 ,9 #abac ,spani% ,islam 0 hopelessly brok5 at ! trem5d\s battle ( ,las ,navas de ,tolosa4 ,!nce=?1 = ! victori\s ,*ri/ians x 0 a case ( pick+ up ! pieces4 ,cordova itself soon fell1 & ) x ! glory ( ,spani% ,islam1 = ! fanatical ,*ri/ian ,spani>ds extirpat$ ,s>ac5ic civilization z effectually z ! pagan ,mongols 7 at t "t do+4 ,to be sure1 a remnant ( ! ,spani% ,moslems held _! gr\nd at ,granada1 9 ! extreme s\?1 until ! ye> ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica1 b ?is 0 m]ely an episode4 ,! ,s>ac5 civilization ( ! ,we/ 0 virtually de/roy$4 ,mean:ile ! ,moslem ,ea/ cont9u$ to ble$ "u ! ,mongol sc\rge4 ,wave aft] wave ( ,mongol raid]s pass$ ov] ! l&1 ! la/ notable invasion be+ t head$ by ! fam\s 7or r infam\s7 ,tam]lane1 e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,by ?is "t ! we/]n ,mongols _h accept$ ,islam1 b t made little diff]5ce 9 _! conduct4 ,to %[ t ,tam]lane 0 a true scion ( 8 ance/or ,j5ghiz ,khan1 x may be rem>k$ t 8 foible 0 pyramids ( human skulls1 8 prize ef=t be+ "o ( #gj1jjj erect$ aft] ! /orm+ ( ! ,p]sian city ( ,ispahan4 ,aft] ! cessation ( ! ,mongol incursions1 ! ravag$ & depopulat$ ,moslem ,ea/ fell "u ! sway ( ! ,ottoman ,turks4 ,! ,ottoman ,turks1 or ,osmanli1 7 orig9ally m]ely "o ( ! _m ,turki% hordes :i* ent]$ ,asia ,m9or aft] ! d[nfall ( ,byzant9e rule4 ,!y ow$ _! greatness ma9ly to a long l9e ( able sultans1 :o gradually absorb$ ! neighb\r+ ,turki% tribes & us$ ?is consolidat$ /r5g? = ambiti\s conque/s bo? to ea/ & we/4 ,9 #adec ! ,osmanli ext+ui%$ ! old ,byzant9e ,empire by tak+ ,con/ant9ople1 & )9 a c5tury !reaft] !y _h conqu]$ ! ,moslem ,ea/ f ,p]sia to ,morocco1 _h subjugat$ ! :ole ,balkan ,p59sula1 & _h advanc$ ?r\gh ,hung>y to ! walls ( ,vi5na4 ,unlike _! ,mongol c\s9s1 ! ,ottoman ,turks built up a durable empire4 ,x 0 a b>b>\s sort ( empire1 = ! ,turks und]/ood v little ab\t culture4 ,! only ?+s !y c\ld appreciate 7 milit>y improvem5ts4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 !y ?or\ghly appreciat$ & kept fully abrea/ ( ! times4 ,9 _! palmy days ! ,turks _h ! be/ artill]y & ! /eadie/ infantry 9 ! _w1 & 7 ! t]ror ( ,europe4 ,meantime ,europe 0 awak5+ to true progress & high] civilization4 ,:ile ! ,moslem ,ea/ 0 s9k+ "u ,mongol h>ry+s & ,turki% milit>ism1 ! ,*ri/ian ,we/ 0 ?rill+ to ! ,r5aissance & ! discov]ies ( ,am]ica & ! wat] r\te to ,india4 ,! effect ( ^! discov]ies simply _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,:5 ,columbus & ,vasco da ,gama made _! memorable voyages at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,we/]n civilization 0 p5t up closely )9 ! re/rict$ b\nds ( we/-c5tral ,europe1 & 0 wag+ a def5sive & none-too-hopeful /ruggle ) ! =ces ( ,turanian b>b>ism4 ,russia lay "u ! heel ( ! ,mongol ,t>t>s1 :ile ! ,turks1 !n 9 ! full flu% ( _! m>tial vig\r1 7 m>*+ triumphantly up f ! s\?-ea/ & ?reat5+ ,europe's v he>t4 ,s /rong 7 ^! ,turanian b>b>ians1 ) ,asia1 ,nor? ,africa1 & ea/]n ,europe 9 _! grasp1 t ,we/]n civilization 0 h>d put to x to hold its own4 ,we/]n civilization 01 9 fact1 fight+ ) its back to ! wall--! wall ( a b\ndless ocean4 ,we c h>dly conceive h[ our m$ival =efa!rs view$ ! ocean4 ,to !m x 0 a numb+1 con/rict+ pres5ce2 ! abode ( d>kness & horror4 ,no wond] m$ival ,europe 0 /atic1 s9ce x fac$ on ru?less1 aggressive ,asia1 & back$ on n[h]e4 ,!n1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 ! sea-wall became a highway1 & dead-end ,europe became mi/ress ( ! ocean--& !reby mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,! greate/ /rategic %ift ( =tune 9 all human hi/ory _h tak5 place4 ,in/ead ( front+ hopelessly on ! fi]ce/ ( ,asiatics1 aga9/ :om victory by direct attack seem$ impossible1 ! ,europeans c\ld n[ flank !m at w4 ,fur!rmore1 ! balance ( res\rces %ift$ 9 ,europe's fav\r4 ,:ole new worlds 7 unmask$ :5ce ,europe c\ld draw limitless weal? to quick5 its home life & initiate a progress t w\ld soon place x immeasurably above its once-dread$ ,asiatic assailants4 ,:at 7 ! res\rces ( ! /agnant ,moslem ,ea/ comp>$ ) ^? ( ! ,am]icas & ! ,indies8 ,s ,we/]n civilization1 quick5$1 en]giz$1 progress$ ) giant /rides1 %ook (f its m$ival fett]s1 grasp$ ! talisman ( sci5ce1 & /rode into ! light ( mod]n times4 ,yet all ?is left ,islam unmov$4 ,wrapp+ itself 9 ! tatt]s ( ,s>ac5ic civilization1 ! ,moslem ,ea/ cont9u$ to fall beh9d4 ,ev5 its milit>y p[] pres5tly vani%$1 = ! ,turk sank into le?>gy & ceas$ to cultivate ! art ( w>4 ,= a "t ! ,we/1 busi$ ) int]nal conflicts1 hesitat$ to attack ! ,ea/1 s great 0 ! pre/ige ( ! ,ottoman "n4 ,b ! cru%+ defeat ( ! ,turks 9 _! ra% attack ^u ,vi5na 9 #afhc %[$ ! ,we/ t ! ,ottoman ,empire 0 f> gone 9 decrepitude4 ,!nce=?1 ! empire 0 h>ri$ m]cilessly by ,we/]n assaults & 0 sav$ f collapse only by ! mutual jeal\sies ( ,we/]n ,p[]s1 qu>rell+ ov] ! ,turki% spoils4 ,h[ev]1 n until ! n9ete5? c5tury did ! ,moslem _w1 z a :ole1 feel ! weight ( ,we/]n attack4 ,?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,we/ assail$ ! ends ( ! ,moslem battle-l9e 9 ea/]n ,europe & ! ,indies1 b ! bulk ( ,islam1 f ,morocco to ,c5tral ,asia1 rema9$ almo/ immune4 ,! ,moslem _w fail$ to pr(it by ?is respite4 ,plung$ 9 le?>gy1 contemptu\s ( ! ,european ,misbeliev]s1 & accept+ defeats z ! inscrutable w ( ,allah1 ,islam cont9u$ to live its old life1 nei!r kn[+ nor c>+ to "k any?+ ab\t ,we/]n ideas or ,we/]n progress4 ,su* 0 ! decrepit ,moslem _w :i* fac$ n9ete5?-c5tury ,europe1 en]giz$ by ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 arm$ z nev] be=e by mod]n sci5ce & inv5tion :i* _h unlock$ nature's secrets & plac$ hi!rto-undream$-( weapons 9 its aggressive h&s4 ,! result 0 a =egone conclusion4 ,"o by "o1 ! decrepit ,moslem /ates fell be=e ! ,we/]n attack1 & ! :ole ,islamic _w 0 rapidly p>tition$ among ! ,european ,p[]s4 ,engl& took ,india & ,egypt1 ,russia cross$ ! ,caucasus & ma/]$ ,c5tral ,asia1 ,france conqu]$ ,nor? ,africa1 :ile o!r ,european nations grasp$ m9or portions ( ! ,moslem h]itage4 ,! ,great ,w> witness$ ! f9al /age 9 ?is process ( subjugation4 ,by ! t]ms ( ! treaties :i* m>k$ its close1 ,turkey 0 ext+ui%$ & n a s+le ,mohamm$an /ate reta9$ g5u9e indep5d5ce4 ,! subjection ( ! ,moslem _w 0 complete--on pap]4 ,on pap]6 ,=1 9 its v h\r ( app>5t triumph1 ,we/]n dom9ation 0 *all5g$ z nev] be=e4 ,dur+ ^? hundr$ ye>s ( ,we/]n conque/ a mighty int]nal *ange _h be5 com+ ov] ! ,moslem _w4 ,! swell+ tide ( ,we/]n aggression _h at la/ mov$ ! immovable ,ea/4 ,at la/ ,islam became consci\s ( its decrepitude1 & ) t consci\sness a va/ f]m5t1 obscure yet pr(\nd1 began to leav5 ! #bej1jjj1jjj foll[]s ( ! ,prophet f ,morocco to ,*9a & f ,turke/an to ! ,congo4 ,! fir/ sp>k 0 fitt+ly /ruck 9 ! ,arabian des]t1 ! cradle ( ,islam4 ,"h at ! op5+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 arose ! ,wahabi movem5t = ! re=m ( ,islam1 :i* pres5tly k9dl$ ! f>-flung ,mohamm$an ,revival1 :i* 9 its turn begat ! movem5t kn[n z ,pan-,islamism4 ,fur!rmore1 a?w>t ^! ess5tially int]nal movem5ts !re came p\r+ a flood ( ext]nal /imuli f ! ,we/--ideas su* z p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 nationalism1 sci5tific education1 indu/rialism1 & ev5 ultra-mod]n concepts l fem9ism1 socialism1 ,bol%evism4 ,/irr$ by ! int]action ( all ^! novel =ces & spurr$ by ! ceaseless pressure ( ,european aggression1 ! ,moslem _w r\s$ m & m to life & action4 ,! ,great ,w> 0 a %ock ( t]rific pot5cy1 & to-day ,islam is see?+ ) mighty =ces fa%ion+ a new ,moslem _w4 ,:at are ^? =ces m\ld+ ! ,islam ( ! future8 ,to _! analysis & appraisal ! body ( ?is book is devot$4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,i4 e4 ,successor2 angliciz$ into ! ^w ,caliph4 #b ,to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f div9ity4 ,mohamm$ n only did n make any pret5sions to div9ity1 b specifically disclaim$ any su* attributes4 ,he reg>d$ himself z ! la/ ( a s]ies ( div9ely inspir$ prophets1 beg9n+ ) ,adam & ext5d+ ?r\gh ,moses & ,jesus to himself1 ! m\?piece ( ,god's la/ & mo/ p]fect revelation4 #c ,! influ5ce ( environm5t & h]$ity on human evolution 9 g5]al & on ! hi/ory ( ! ,ea/ 9 p>ticul>1 ?\gh ( great importance1 _c be treat$ 9 a summ>y su* z ?is4 ,! influ5ce ( climatic & o!r environm5tal factors has be5 ably treat$ by ,pr(4 ,ellswor? ,hunt+ton 9 8 v>i\s works1 su* z ,! ,pulse ( ,asia 7,bo/on1 #aijg72 ,civilization & ,climate 7,yale ,univ4 ,press1 #aiae71 & ,_w-,p[] & ,evolution 7,yale ,univ4 ,press1 #aiai74 ,see also ,*ap4 ,,iii4 9 ,arm9ius ,vambry--,d] ,islam im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t4 ,e9e culturges*i*tli*e ,/udie 7,leipzig1 #ahge74 ,= a summ>y ( racial influ5ces 9 ,ea/]n hi/ory1 see ,madison ,grant--,! ,pass+ ( ! ,great ,race 7,n4 ,y41 #aiaf74 #d ,! ,turki% ov]runn+ ( ,asia ,m9or took place aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,byzant9e army 9 ! great battle ( ,manzik]t1 ,a4,d4 #ajga4 ,! ,turks captur$ ,j]usalem 9 #ajgf4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,mohamm$an ,,revival ,by ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,moslem _w _h sunk to ! l[e/ dep? ( its decrepitude4 ,n[h]e 7 !re any signs ( heal?y vig\r1 ev]y:]e 7 /agnation & decay4 ,mann]s & morals 7 alike execrable4 ,! la/ ve/iges ( ,s>ac5ic culture _h vani%$ 9 a b>b>\s luxury ( ! few & an equally b>b>\s degradation ( ! multitude4 ,le>n+ 0 virtually dead1 ! few univ]sities :i* surviv$ fall5 into dre>y decay & langui%+ 9 pov]ty & neglect4 ,gov]nm5t _h become despotism temp]$ by an>*y & assass9ation4 ,"h & !re a major despot l ! ,sultan ( ,turkey or ! ,indian ,great ,mogul ma9ta9$ "s semblance ( /ate au?ority1 albeit prov9cial pa%as 7 = ev] /riv+ to erect indep5d5t gov]nm5ts bas$1 l _! ma/]s'1 on tyranny & extortion4 ,! pa%as1 9 turn1 /rove ceaselessly aga9/ unruly local *iefs & sw>ms ( brig&s :o infe/$ ! c\ntryside4 ,b5ea? ?is s9i/] hi]>*y groan$ ! p1 robb$1 bulli$1 & gr\nd into ! du/4 ,peasant & t[nsman _h alike lo/ all inc5tive to lab\r or initiative1 & bo? agriculture & trade _h fall5 to ! l[e/ level compatible ) b>e survival4 ,z = religion1 x 0 z decad5t z ev]y?+ else4 ,! au/]e mono!ism ( ,mohamm$ _h become ov]laid ) a rank gr[? ( sup]/ition & pu]ile my/icism4 ,! mosques /ood unfrequ5t$ & ru9\s1 des]t$ by ! ignorant multitude1 :i*1 deck$ out 9 amulets1 *>ms1 & ros>ies1 li/5$ to squalid fakirs or ec/atic d]vi%es1 & w5t on pilgrimages to ! tombs ( holy m51 wor%ipp$ z sa9ts & int]cessors ) t ,allah :o _h become too remote a be+ = ! direct devotion ( ^! b5ight$ s\ls4 ,z = ! moral precepts ( ! ,koran1 !y 7 ignor$ or defi$4 ,w9e-dr9k+ & opium-eat+ 7 well-nigh univ]sal1 pro/itution 0 rampant1 & ! mo/ degrad+ vices flaunt$ nak$ & una%am$4 ,ev5 ! holy cities1 ,mecca & ,m$9a1 7 s9k-holes ( iniquity1 :ile ! ,hajj1 or pilgrimage orda9$ by ! ,prophet1 _h become a sc&al ?r\gh its abuses4 ,9 f9e3 ! life _h app>5tly gone out ( ,islam1 leav+ naught b a dry husk ( s\lless ritual & degrad+ sup]/ition beh9d4 ,c\ld ,mohamm$ h return$ to e>?1 he w\ld unque/ionably h ana!matiz$ 8 foll[]s z apo/ates & idolat]s4 ,yet1 9 ?is d>ke/ h\r1 a voice came cry+ out ( ! va/ ,arabian des]t1 ! cradle ( ,islam1 call+ ! fai?ful back to ! true pa?4 ,?is puritan re=m]1 ! fam\s ,abd-el-,wahab1 k9dl$ a fire :i* pres5tly spread to ! remote/ corn]s ( ! ,moslem _w1 purg+ ,islam ( its slo? & reviv+ ! f]v\r ( old5 days4 ,! great ,mohamm$an ,revival _h begun4 ,mahomm$ ibn ,abd-el-,wahab 0 born ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #agjj 9 ! he>t ( ! ,arabian des]t1 ! region kn[n z ! ,nejd4 ,! ,nejd 0 ! "o clean spot 9 ! decad5t ,moslem _w4 ,we h already se5 h[1 ) ! trans=mation ( ! caliphate f a !ocratic democracy to an ,ori5tal despotism1 ! free-spirit$ ,arabs _h return$ scornfully to _! des]ts4 ,"h !y _h ma9ta9$ _! wild fre$om4 ,nei!r caliph nor sultan d>$ v5ture f> into ^? va/ solitudes ( burn+ s& & *ok+ ?ir/1 :]e ! ra% invad] 0 lur$ to sudd5 dea? 9 a :irl ( /abb+ spe>s4 ,! ,arabs recogniz$ no ma/]1 w&]+ at w ) _! flocks & camels1 or settl$ "h & !re 9 gre5 oases hidd5 9 ! des]t's he>t4 ,& 9 ! des]t !y reta9$ _! primitive political & religi\s virtues4 ,! nomad ,b$\9 liv$ "u ! sway ( patri>*al %eiks2 ! settl$ dwell]s 9 ! oases usually ackn[l$g$ ! au?ority ( "s lead+ family4 ,b ^! rul]s possess$ ! sl5d]e/ au?ority1 n>r[ly circumscrib$ by well-e/abli%$ cu/om & a jeal\s public op9ion :i* !y transgress$ at _! p]il4 ,! ,turks1 to be sure1 _h manag$ to acquire a prec>i\s au?ority ov] ! holy cities & ! ,r$ ,sea littoral1 b ! ,nejd1 ! va/ int]ior1 0 free4 ,&1 9 religion1 z 9 politics1 ! des]t ,arabs kept ! fai? ( _! fa!rs4 ,scornfully reject+ ! corruptions ( decad5t ,islam1 !y held fa/ to ! simple !ology ( primitive ,islam1 s cong5ial to _! ,arab natures4 ,into ?is atmosph]e ( an old] & bett] age1 ,abd-el-,wahab 0 born4 ,display+ f ! fir/ a /udi\s & religi\s b5t1 he soon acquir$ a reputation = le>n+ & sanctity4 ,mak+ ! ,meccan pilgrimage :ile /ill a "y man1 he /udi$ at ,m$9a & travell$ z f> z ,p]sia1 return+ ultimately to ! ,nejd4 ,he return$ burn+ ) holy wra? at :at he _h se51 & det]m9$ to prea* a puritan re=mation4 ,= ye>s he w&]$ up & d[n ,arabia1 & at la/ he conv]t$ ,mahomm$1 head ( ! great clan ( ,saud1 ! mo/ p[]ful *iefta9 9 all ! ,nejd4 ,?is gave ,abd-el-,wahab bo? moral pre/ige & mat]ial /r5g?1 & he made ! mo/ ( 8 opportunities4 ,gradually1 ! des]t ,arabs 7 weld$ into a politico-religi\s unity l t effect$ by ! ,prophet4 ,abd-el-,wahab 01 9 tru?1 a fai?ful c\nt]p>t ( ! fir/ caliphs1 ,abu ,bekr & ,om>4 ,:5 he di$ 9 #aghg 8 disciple1 ,saud1 prov$ a wor?y successor4 ,! new ,wahabi /ate 0 a close c\nt]p>t ( ! ,meccan caliphate4 ,?\gh possess+ great milit>y p[]1 ,saud always consid]$ himself responsible to public op9ion & nev] encroa*$ ^u ! legitimate fre$om ( 8 subjects4 ,gov]nm5t1 ?\gh /]n1 0 able & j4 ,! ,wahabi judges 7 compet5t & hone/4 ,robb]y1 became almo/ unkn[n1 s well 0 ! public peace ma9ta9$4 ,education 0 s$ul\sly fo/]$4 ,e oasis _h its s*ool1 :ile tea*]s 7 s5t to ! ,b$\9 tribes4 ,hav+ consolidat$ ! ,nejd1 ,saud 0 n[ ready to und]take ! great] task ( subdu+ & purify+ ! ,moslem _w4 ,8 fir/ objective 0 ( c\rse ! holy cities4 ,?is objective 0 atta9$ 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,no?+ c\ld /& aga9/ ! ru% ( ! ,wahabi ho/s burn+ ) fanatic hatr$ aga9/ ! ,turks1 :o 7 loa!d bo? z apo/ate ,moslems & z usurp]s ( t supremacy 9 ,islam :i* all ,arabs believ$ %\ld re/ 9 ,arab h&s4 ,:5 ,saud di$ 9 #ahad he 0 prep>+ to invade ,syria4 ,x look$ = a mom5t z ?\gh ! ,wahabis 7 to sweep ! ,ea/ & puritanize all ,islam at a bl[4 ,b x 0 n to be4 ,unable to /em ! ,wahabi flood1 ! ,sultan ( ,turkey call$ on 8 p[]ful vassal1 ! fam\s ,mehemet ,ali4 ,?is able ,albanian adv5tur] _h by t "t made himself ma/] ( ,egypt4 ,frankly recogniz+ ! sup]iority ( ! ,we/1 he _h call$ 9 num]\s ,european (fic]s :o rapidly fa%ion$ a =midable army1 compos$ l>gely ( h>d-fight+ ,albanian highl&]s1 & discipl9$ & equipp$ aft] ,european models4 ,mehemet ,ali gladly answ]$ ! ,sultan's summons1 & x soon became cle> t ev5 ,wahabi fanaticism 0 no mat* = ,european muskets & artill]y h&l$ by season$ vet]ans4 ,9 a %ort "t ! holy cities 7 recaptur$ & ! ,wahabis 7 driv5 back into ! des]t4 ,! nasc5t ,wahabi empire _h vani%$ l a mirage4 ,wahabism's political rle 0 end$4#e ,h[ev]1 ,wahabism's spiritual rle _h only j begun4 ,! ,nejd rema9$ a focus ( puritan zeal :5ce ! new _s radiat$ 9 all directions4 ,ev5 9 ! holy cities ,wahabism cont9u$ to set ! religi\s tone1 & ! numb]less ,hajjis1 or pilgrims1 :o came annually f e "p ( ! ,moslem _w return$ to _! homes zeal\s re=m]s4 ,soon ! ,wahabi leav5 began to produce pr(\nd di/urbances 9 ! mo/ di/ant qu>t]s4 ,= example1 9 nor!rn ,india a ,wahabi fanatic1 ,seyid ,ahm$1#f s r\s$ ! ,punjabi ,mohamm$ans t he actually built up a !ocratic /ate1 & only 8 *ance dea? prev5t$ a possible ,wahabi conque/ ( nor!rn ,india4 ,?is /ate 0 %att]$ by ! ,sikhs1 ab\t #ahcj1 b :5 ! ,engli% conqu]$ ! c\ntry !y _h inf9ite tr\ble ) ! sm\ld]+ emb]s ( ,wahabi feel+1 :i*1 9 fact1 liv$ on1 contribut$ to ! ,indian mut9y1 & p]man5tly fanaticiz$ ,afghani/an & ! wild tribes ( ! ,indian ,nor?-,we/ ,fronti]4#g ,x 0 dur+ ^! ye>s t ! fam\s ,seyid ,mahomm$ b5 ,s5nussi came f 8 ,alg]ian home to ,mecca & !re imbib$ ^? ,wahabi pr9ciples :i* l$ to ! f\nd+ ( ! great ,pan-,islamic frat]nity t be>s 8 "n4 ,ev5 ! ,babbi/ movem5t 9 ,p]sia1 f> remov$ ?\gh x 0 doctr9ally f ,wahabi tea*+1 0 indubitably a second>y reflex ( ! ,wahabi urge4#h ,9 fact1 )9 a g5]ation1 ! /rictly ,wahabi movem5t _h broad5$ into ! l>g] developm5t kn[n z ! ,mohamm$an ,revival1 & ?is 9 turn 0 develop+ num]\s phases1 *ief among !m be+ ! movem5t usually t]m$ ,pan-,islamism4 ,t movem5t1 p>ticul>ly on its political side1 ,i %all treat 9 ! next *apt]4 ,at pres5t let u exam9e ! o!r aspects ( ! ,mohamm$an ,revival1 ) special ref]5ce to its religi\s & cultural phases4 ,! ,wahabi movem5t 0 a /rictly puritan re=mation4 ,its aim 0 ! re=m ( abuses1 ! abolition ( sup]/iti\s practices1 & a return to primitive ,islam4 ,all lat] accretions--! writ+s & int]pretations ( ! m$ival !ologians1 c]emonial or my/ical innovations1 sa9t wor%ip1 9 fact e sort ( *ange1 7 condemn$4 ,! au/]e mono!ism ( ,mohamm$ 0 prea*$ 9 all its uncompromis+ simplicity1 & ! ,koran1 lit]ally int]pret$1 0 tak5 z ! sole guide = human action4 ,?is doctr9al simplification 0 accompani$ by a mo/ rigid code ( morals4 ,! pray]s1 fa/+s1 & o!r practices enjo9$ by ,mohamm$ 7 scrupul\sly obs]v$4 ,! mo/ au/]e mann] ( liv+ 0 en=c$4 ,silk5 clo?+1 ri* food1 w9e1 opium1 tobacco1 c(fee1 & all o!r indulg5ces 7 /]nly proscrib$4 ,ev5 religi\s ar*itecture 0 practically taboo$1 ! ,wahabis pull+ d[n ! ,prophet's tomb at ,m$9a & demoli%+ ! m9>ets ( mosques z godless innovations4 ,! ,wahabis 7 ?us1 despite _! moral e>ne/ness1 excessively n>r[-m9d$1 & x 0 v =tunate = ,islam t !y soon lo/ _! political p[] & 7 compell$ !nce=? to conf9e _! ef=ts to moral tea*+4 ,_m critics ( ,islam po9t to ! ,wahabi movem5t z a pro( t ,islam is ess5tially retrograde & innately incapable ( evolution>y developm5t4 ,^! criticisms1 h[ev]1 appe> to be unw>rant$4 ,! initial /age ( e religi\s re=mation is an uncritical return to ! primitive cult4 ,to ! religi\s re=m] ! only way ( salvation is a d5ial ( all subsequ5t innovations1 reg>dless ( _! "*4 ,our own ,prote/ant ,re=mation began 9 j ?is way1 & ,humani/s l ,erasmus1 repell$ & disgu/$ by ,prote/antism's puritanical n>r[ness1 c\ld see no good 9 ! movem5t1 decl>+ t x m5ac$ all true culture & m]ely replac$ an infallible ,pope by an infallible ,bible4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! puritan beg9n+s ( ! ,mohamm$an ,revival pres5tly broad5$ along m con/ructive l9es1 "s ( ^! becom+ t+$ ) und\bt$ lib]alism4 ,! ,moslem re=m]s ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury _h n dug v deeply into _! religi\s pa/ be=e !y discov]$--,motazelism4 ,we h already review$ ! great /ruggle :i* _h rag$ betwe5 reason & dogma 9 ,islam's e>ly days1 9 :i* dogma _h triumph$ s completely t ! v memory ( ,motazelism _h fad$ away4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ^? memories 7 reviv$1 & ! lib]al-m9d$ re=m]s 7 delight$ to f9d su* /rik+ confirmation ( _! ideas1 bo? 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,motazelite doctors & 9 ! sacr$ texts !mselves4 ,! pr9ciple t reason & n bl9d prescription 0 to be ! te/ op5$ ! door to ! possibility ( all ^? re=ms :i* !y _h mo/ at he>t4 ,= example1 ! re=m]s f\nd t 9 ! traditional writ+s ,mohamm$ 0 report$ to h said3 ,i am no m ?an a man2 :5 ,i ord] y any?+ respect+ religion1 receive x2 :5 ,i ord] y ab\t ! affairs ( ! _w1 !n ,i am no?+ m ?an man4 ,&1 aga91 z ?\gh =esee+ ! day :5 sweep+ *anges w\ld be necess>y4 ,ye are 9 an age 9 :i*1 if ye ab&on "o-t5? ( t :i* is ord]$1 ye w be ru9$4 ,aft] ?is1 a "t w come :5 he :o %all obs]ve "o-t5? ( :at is n[ ord]$ w be r$eem$4#i ,be=e discuss+ ! ideas & ef=ts ( ! mod]n ,moslem re=m]s1 x might be well to exam9e ! ass]tions made by num]\s ,we/]n critics1 t ,islam is by its v nature incapable ( re=m & progressive adaptation to ! expansion ( human k4 ,su* is ! cont5tion n only ( ,*ri/ian polemici/s1#aj b also ( rationali/s l ,r5an & ,european adm9i/rators ( ,moslem populations l ,"l ,crom]4 ,"l ,crom]1 9 fact1 pi?ily summ>izes ?is critical attitude 9 8 /atem5t3 ,islam _c be re=m$2 t is to say1 re=m$ ,islam is ,islam no long]2 x is some?+ else4#aa ,n[ ^! criticisms1 com+ z !y d f close /ud5ts ( ,islam (t5 possess+ intimate p]sonal acqua9tance ) ,moslems1 des]ve respectful consid]ation4 ,& yet an hi/orical survey ( religions1 & especially a survey ( ! ?\ghts & accompli%m5ts ( ,moslem re=m]s dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 seem to refute ^! pessimi/ic *>ges4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,islam to-day /&s j ab\t :]e ,*ri/5dom /ood 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation4 ,!re is ! same supremacy ( dogma ov] reason1 ! same bl9d adh]5ce to prescription & au?ority1 ! same suspicion & ho/ility to fre$om ( ?\ght or sci5tific k4 ,!re is no d\bt t a /udy ( ! ,mohamm$an sacr$ texts1 p>ticul>ly ( ! %]iat or canon law1 toge!r ) a glance ov] ,moslem hi/ory = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 reveal an attitude on ! :ole q incompatible ) mod]n progress & civilization4 ,b 0 n precisely ! same ?+ true ( ,*ri/5dom at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury8 ,comp>e ! %]iat ) ! ,*ri/ian canon law4 ,! _s is ! same4 ,take1 = example1 ! %]iat's prohibition on ! l5d+ ( money at int]e/2 a prohibition :i*1 if obey$1 r5d]s impossible any?+ l bus9ess or indu/ry 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,?is is ! example (t5e/ cit$ to prove ,islam's innate incompatibility ) mod]n civilization4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian canon law equally =bade int]e/1 & en=c$ t prohibition s /rictly1 t = c5turies ! ,jews _h a monopoly ( bus9ess 9 ,europe1 :ile ! fir/ ,*ri/ians :o d>$ to l5d money 7! ,lomb>ds7 7 reg>d$ almo/ z h]etics1 7 univ]sally hat$1 & 7 frequ5tly p]secut$4 ,aga91 take ! matt] ( ,moslem ho/ility to fre$om ( ?\ght & sci5tific inve/igation4 ,c ,islam %[ any?+ m revolt+ ?an t sc5e 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory :51 less ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1#ab ! great ,galileo 0 hal$ be=e ! ,papal ,inquisition & =c$1 "u ?reat ( torture1 to recant ! damnable h]esy t ! e>? w5t r\nd ! sun8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,mohamm$ rev]5c$ k4 ,8 own words are eloqu5t te/imony to t4 ,"h are "s ( 8 say+s3 ,seek k1 ev51 if ne$ be1 on ! bord]s ( ,*9a4 ,seek k f ! cradle to ! grave4 ,"o ^w ( k is ( m value ?an ! recit+ ( a hundr$ pray]s4 ,! ink ( sages is m preci\s ?an ! blood ( m>tyrs4 ,"o ^w ( wisdom1 le>n$ & communicat$ to a ,moslem bro!r1 outweighs ! pray]s ( a :ole ye>4 ,wise m5 are ! successors ( ! ,prophet4 ,god has creat$ no?+ bett] ?an reason4 ,9 tru?1 a man may h pray$1 fa/$1 giv5 alms1 made pilgrimage1 & all o!r good works2 nev]!less1 he %all be rew>d$ only 9 ! measure t he has us$ 8 common s5se4 ,^! citations 7& !re are o!rs ( ! same t5or7 prove t ! mod]n ,moslem re=m]s h good scriptural back+ = _! lib]al attitude4 ,( c\rse ,i d n imply t ! re=m movem5t 9 ,islam1 j because x is lib]al & progressive1 is !reby ipso facto assur$ ( success4 ,hi/ory reveals too _m melan*oly in/ances to ! contr>y4 ,inde$1 we h already se5 h[1 9 ,islam itself1 ! promis+ lib]al movem5t ( its e>ly days pass$ utt]ly away4 ,:at hi/ory does %[1 h[ev]1 is t :5 ! times fav\r progress1 religions are adapt$ to t progress by be+ re=m$ & lib]aliz$4 ,no human society once fairly on ! m>* 0 ev] turn$ back by a cre$4 ,halt$ x may be1 b if ! progressive urge p]si/s1 ! doctr9al b>ri] is ei!r surm\nt$1 und]m9$1 flank$1 or swept aside4 ,n[ !re is no possibility t ! ,moslem _w w h5ce=? lack progressive influ5ces4 ,x is 9 close contact ) ,we/]n civilization1 & is be+ increas+ly p]meat$ ) ,we/]n ideas4 ,islam _c break away & isolate itself if x w\ld4 ,ev]y?+ !re=e port5ds its pr(\nd modification4 ,( c\rse critics l ,"l ,crom] cont5d t ?is modifi$ ,islam w be ,islam no long]4 ,b :y n8 ,if ! p cont9ue to call !mselves ,mohamm$ans & cont9ue to draw spiritual su/5ance f ! message ( ,mohamm$1 :y %\ld !y be d5i$ ! "n8 ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity is c]ta9ly va/ly diff]5t f m$ival ,*ri/ianity1 :ile among ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian *ur*es !re exi/ ! wide/ doctr9al v>iations4 ,yet all :o consid] !mselves ,*ri/ians are consid]$ ,*ri/ians by all except bigots out ( /ep ) ! times4 ,let u n[ scrut9ize ! ,moslem re=m]s1 judg+ !m1 n by texts & *ronicles1 b by _! words & de$s2 s9ce1 z "o ( _! numb]1 an ,alg]ian1 v p]t95tly rem>ks1 m5 %\ld be judg$1 n by ! lett] ( _! sacr$ books1 b by :at !y actually d4#ac ,mod]n ,moslem lib]alism1 z we h se51 receiv$ its fir/ enc\ragem5t f ! discov]y ( ! old ,motazelite lit]ature ( ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,to be sure1 ,islam _h nev] be5 q de/itute ( lib]al m9ds4 ,ev5 9 its d>ke/ days a few voices _h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! prevail+ obscurantism4 ,= example1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! celebrat$ ,el-,gh>ani _h writt53 ,x is n at all impossible t ,god may hold 9 res]ve = m5 ( ! future p]ceptions t h n be5 v\*saf$ to ! m5 ( ! pa/4 ,div9e munific5ce nev] ceases to p\r b5efits & enlight5m5t into ! he>ts ( wise m5 ( e age4#ad ,^! isolat$ voices f ,islam's ,d>k ,"t help$ to enc\rage ! mod]n re=m]s1 & by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury e ,moslem l& _h its gr\p ( =w>d-look+ m54 ,at fir/ _! numb]s 71 ( c\rse1 insignificant1 & ( c\rse !y drew d[n ^u !mselves ! ana!mas ( ! fanatic ,mollahs#ae & ! hatr$ ( ! ignorant multitude4 ,! fir/ c\ntry :]e ! re=m]s made _! influ5ce def9itely felt 0 9 ,india4 ,"h a gr\p head$ by ! fam\s ,sir ,sy$ ,ahm$ ,khan />t$ an important lib]al movem5t1 f\nd+ associations1 publi%+ books & newspap]s1 & e/abli%+ ! well-kn[n college ( ,alig>h4 ,sir ,sy$ ,ahm$ is a good type ( ! e>ly lib]al re=m]s4 ,cons]vative 9 temp]am5t & p]fectly or?odox 9 8 !ology1 he yet d5\nc$ ! curr5t decad5ce ( ,islam ) truly ,wahabi f]v\r4 ,he also 0 frankly appreciative ( ,we/]n ideas & eag] to assimilate ! _m good ?+s :i* ! ,we/ _h to (f]4 ,z he wrote 9 #ahfg3 ,we mu/ /udy ,european sci5tific works1 ev5 ?\gh !y are n writt5 by ,moslems & ?\gh we may f9d 9 !m ?+s contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ! ,koran4 ,we %\ld imitate ! ,arabs ( old5 days1 :o did n fe> to %ake _! fai? by /udy+ ,py?agoras4#af ,?is nucleus ( ,indian ,moslem lib]als rapidly grew 9 /r5g?1 produc+ able lead]s l ,m\lvie ,*]agh ,ali & ,sy$ ,amir ,ali1 ^: s*ol>ly works 9 faultless ,engli% are kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w4#ag ,^! m5 call$ !mselves ,neo-,motazelites & boldly advocat$ re=ms su* z a ?or\gh ov]haul+ ( ! %]iat & a g5]al mod]nization ( ,islam4 ,_! view-po9t is well set =? by ano!r ( _! lead+ figures1 ,s4 ,khuda ,bukh%4 ,no?+ 0 m di/ant f ! ,prophet's ?\ght1 he writes1 ?an to fett] ! m9d or to lay d[n fix$1 immutable1 un*ang+ laws = 8 foll[]s4 ,! ,quran is a book ( guidance to ! fai?ful1 & n an ob/acle 9 ! pa?1 ( _! social1 moral1 legal1 & intellectual progress4 ,he lam5ts ,islam's pres5t backw>dness1 = he cont9ues3 ,mod]n ,islam1 ) its hi]>*y ( prie/hood1 gross fanaticism1 appall+ ignorance1 & sup]/iti\s practices is1 inde$1 a discr$it to ! ,islam ( ! ,prophet ,mohamm$4 ,he concludes ) ! foll[+ lib]al confession ( fai?3 ,is ,islam ho/ile to progress8 ,i w emphatically answ] ?is "q 9 ! negative4 ,islam1 /ripp$ ( its !ology1 is a p]fectly simple religion4 ,its c>d9al pr9ciple is belief 9 "o ,god & belief 9 ,mohamm$ z 8 apo/le4 ,! re/ is m]e accretion1 sup]fluity4#ah ,mean:ile1 ! lib]als 7 mak+ !mselves felt 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,9 ,turkey lib]als actually head$ ! gov]nm5t dur+ mu* ( ! g5]ation betwe5 ! ,crimean ,w> & ! despotism ( ,abdul ,hamid1#ai & ,turki% lib]al m9i/]s l ,re%id ,pa%a & ,midhat ,pa%a made e>ne/ ?\gh unavail+ ef=ts to lib]alize & mod]nize ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,ev5 ! dreadful ,hamidian tyranny c\ld n kill ,turki% lib]alism4 ,x w5t und]gr\nd or into exile1 & 9 #aijh put ?r\gh ! revolution :i* depos$ ! tyrant & br\ght ! ,"y ,turks to p[]4 ,9 ,egypt lib]alism took firm root1 repres5t$ by m5 l ,%eikh ,mohamm$ ,abd\1 ,rector ( ,el ,azh> ,univ]sity & respect$ fri5d ( ,"l ,crom]4 ,ev5 outly+ fragm5ts ( ,islam l ! ,russian ,t>t>s awoke to ! new _s & produc$ lib]al-m9d$1 =w>d-look+ m54#bj ,! lib]al re=m]s1 :om ,i h be5 describ+1 ( c\rse =m ! "p ( evolution>y progress 9 ,islam4 ,!y are 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w cons]vatives1 receptive to heal?y *ange1 yet ma9ta9+ _! h]$it>y poise4 ,s9c]ely religi\s m51 !y h fai? 9 ,islam z a liv+1 moral =ce1 & f x !y cont9ue to draw _! spiritual su/5ance4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r gr\ps 9 ! ,moslem _w :o h s f> succumb$ to ,we/]n influ5ces t !y h m or less lo/ t\* ) bo? _! spiritual & cultural pa/s4 ,9 all ! m civiliz$ portions ( ! ,moslem _w1 especially 9 c\ntries long "u ,european control l ,india1 ,egypt1 & ,alg]ia1 !re are _m ,moslems1 ,we/]n educat$ & ,we/]n culture-v5e]$1 :o h drift$ into an attitude v>y+ f easygo+ religi\s indiff]5ce to av[$ agno/icism4 ,f _! m9ds ! old ,moslem zeal has entirely dep>t$4 ,! ,alg]ian ,ismael ,hamet well describes ! attitude ( ?is class ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 :5 he writes3 ,european scepticism is n )\t influ5ce ^u ! ,alg]ian ,moslems1 :o1 if !y h kept "s atta*m5t = ! ext]nal =ms ( _! religion1 usually ignore ! unheal?y excesses ( ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,!y d n give up _! religion1 b !y no long] dream ( conv]t+ all ^? :o d n practise x2 !y want to h& x on to _! *ildr51 b !y d n worry ab\t o!r m5's salvation4 ,?is is n belief2 x is n ev5 free ?\ght2 b x is lukew>mness4#ba ,beyond ^! tepid latitud9>ians are /ill o!r gr\ps ( a v diff]5t "*4 ,"h we f9d comb9$ ! mo/ contradictory s5tim5ts3 "y m5 ^: bra9s are see?+ ) radical ,we/]n ideas--a!ism1 socialism1 ,bol%evism1 & :at n4 ,yet1 curi\sly en\gh1 ^! fanatic radicals t5d to jo9 h&s ) ! fanatic reaction>ies ( ,islam 9 a common hatr$ ( ! ,we/4 ,consid]+ !mselves ! born lead]s 7& exploit]s7 ( ! ignorant masses1 ! radicals hung] = political p[] & rage aga9/ t ,we/]n dom9ation :i* vetoes _! ambiti\s pret5sions4 ,h5ce1 !y are mo/ly extreme ,nationali/s1 :ile !y are also deep 9 ,pan-,islamic reaction>y s*emes4 ,inde$1 we (t5 witness ! /range spectacle ( a!i/s pos+ z ,moslem fanatics & affect+ a truly d]vi% zeal4 ,mr4 ,bukh% well describes ?is type :5 he writes3 ,i "k a g5tleman1 a ,mohamm$an by pr(ession1 :o owes 8 success 9 life to 8 fai?4 ,?\gh1 outw>dly1 he con=ms to all ! precepts ( ,islam & occasionally /&s up 9 public z ! *ampion & spokesman ( 8 co-religioni/s2 yet1 to my utt] horror1 ,i f\nd t he held op9ions ab\t 8 religion & its f\nd] :i* ev5 ,voltaire w\ld h reject$ ) indignation & ,gibbon ) commis]at+ contempt4#bb ,lat] on we %all exam9e m fully ! activities ( ^! g5try 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to ,pan-,islamism & ,nationalism4 ,:at ,i desire to emphasize "h is _! p]nici\s influ5ce on ! prospects ( a g5u9e ,mohamm$an re=mation z visualiz$ by ! true re=m]s :om ,i h describ$4 ,_! malevol5t desire to /ir up ! fanatic passions ( ! ignorant masses & _! equally malevol5t hatr$ ( ev]y?+ ,we/]n except milit>y improvem5ts are reveal$ by outbur/s l ! foll[+ f ! p5 ( a prom95t ,"y ,turk4 ,yes1 ! ,mohamm$an religion is 9 op5 ho/ility to all y\r _w ( progress4 ,le>n1 ye ,european obs]v]s1 t a ,*ri/ian1 :atev] 8 position1 by ! m]e fact t he is a ,*ri/ian1 is 9 our eyes a be+ devoid ( all human dignity4 ,our reason+ is simple & def9itive4 ,we say3 ! man ^: judgm5t is s p]v]t$ z to d5y ! evid5ce ( ! ,"o ,god & to fabricate gods ( diff]5t k9ds1 _c be o!r ?an ! mo/ ignoble expression ( human /upidity4 ,to speak to him w\ld be a humiliation to our reason & an (f5ce to ! gr&eur ( ! ,ma/] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! wor%ipp] ( false gods is a mon/] ( +ratitude2 he is ! execration ( ! univ]se2 to combat him1 conv]t him1 or annihilate him is ! holie/ task ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,^! are ! et]nal comm&s ( our ,"o ,god4 ,= u !re are 9 ?is _w only ,believ]s & ,misbeliev]s2 love1 *>ity1 frat]nity to ,believ]s2 disgu/1 hatr$1 & w> to ,misbeliev]s4 ,among ,misbeliev]s1 ! mo/ odi\s & crim9al are ^? :o1 :ile recogniz+ ,god1 create ,him ( e>?ly p>5ts1 give ,him a son1 a "m2 s mon/r\s an ab]ration surpasses1 9 our eyes1 all b\nds ( iniquity2 ! pres5ce ( su* miscreants among u is ! bane ( our exi/5ce2 _! doctr9e is a direct insult to ! purity ( our fai?2 _! contact a pollution = our bodies2 any relation ) !m a torture = our s\ls4 ,:ile dete/+ y1 we h be5 /udy+ y\r political in/itutions & y\r milit>y organizations4 ,besides ! new arms :i* ,provid5ce procures = u by y\r own means1 y y\rselves h rek9dl$ ! inext+ui%able fai? ( our h]oic m>tyrs4 ,our ,"y ,turks1 our ,babis1 our new frat]nities1 all are sects 9 _! v>i$ =ms1 are inspir$ by ! same ?\ght1 ! same purpose4 ,t[>d :at end8 ,*ri/ian civilization8 ,nev]6#bc ,su* h>angues un=tunately f9d ready he>]s among ! ,moslem masses4 ,al?\gh ! lib]al re=m]s are a gr[+ p[] 9 ,islam1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y are z yet only a m9ority1 an lite1 bel[ :om lie ! ignorant masses1 /ill suff]+ f ! blight ( age-long obscurantism1 wrapp$ 9 admiration ( _! own _w1 :i* !y reg>d z ! highe/ ideal ( human exi/5ce1 & fanatically hat+ ev]y?+ outside z wick$1 despicable1 & deceptive4 ,ev5 :5 compell$ to admit ! sup]ior p[] ( ! ,we/1 !y hate x none ! less4 ,!y rebel bl9dly aga9/ ! _s ( *ange :i* is =c+ !m out ( _! old ruts1 & _! ang] is /ill fur!r height5$ by t ubiquit\s ,we/]n dom9ation :i* is press+ ^u !m f all sides4 ,su* p]sons are z clay 9 ! h&s ( ! ,pan-,islamic & ,nationali/ lead]s :o m\ld ! multitude to _! own s9i/] ends4 ,islam is1 9 fact1 to-day torn betwe5 ! =ces ( lib]al re=m & *auv9i/ic reaction4 ,! lib]als are n only ! hope ( an evolution>y re=mation1 !y are also fav\r$ by ! tr5d ( ! times1 s9ce ! ,moslem _w is be+ cont9ually p]meat$ by ,we/]n progress & mu/ cont9ue to be ?us p]meat$ unless ,we/]n civilization itself collapses 9 ru94 ,yet1 ?\gh ! ultimate triumph ( ! lib]als appe>s probable1 :at delays1 :at setbacks1 :at fre% b>ri]s ( w>f>e & fanaticism may n ! *auv9i/ reaction>ies br+ ab\t6 ,nei!r ! re=m ( ,islam nor ! relations betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ are free f p]ils ^: om9\s possibilities we %all lat] discuss4 ,mean:ile1 !re rema9s ! hopeful fact t ?r\gh\t ! ,moslem _w a num]\s & p[]ful m9ority1 compos$ n m]ely ( ,we/]niz$ p]sons b also ( or?odox cons]vatives1 are aw>e ( ,islam's decad5ce & are conv9c$ t a ?or\ghgo+ re=mation along lib]al1 progressive l9es is at once a practical necessity & a sacr$ duty4 ,exactly h[ ?is re=mation %all be legally effect$ has n yet be5 det]m9$1 nor is a detail$ discussion ( te*nical ma*9]y necess>y = our consid]ation4#bd ,hi/ory tea*es u t :]e ! w to re=m is vitally pres5t1 re=mation w someh[ or o!r be accompli%$4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 ! re=m+ _s1 9 its v>i\s manife/ations1 has already produc$ pr(\nd *anges ?r\gh\t ,islam4 ,! ,moslem _w ( to-day is va/ly diff]5t f ! ,moslem _w ( a c5tury ago4 ,! ,wahabi leav5 has de/roy$ abuses & has rek9dl$ a pur] religi\s fai?4 ,ev5 its fanatical zeal has n be5 )\t moral comp5sations4 ,! spread ( lib]al pr9ciples & ,we/]n progress goes on apace4 ,if !re is mu* to fe> = ! future1 !re is also mu* to hope4 ,,footnotes3 #e ,on ! ,wahabi movem5t1 see ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,l',islam au dix-neuvime ,sicle 7,p>is1 #ahhh72 ,w4 ,g4 ,palgrave1 ,essays on ,ea/]n ,que/ions 7,london1 #ahgb72 ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald1 ,muslim ,!ology 7,london1 #aijc72 ,j4 ,l4 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes on ! ,b$\9s & ,wahabys 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahca72 ,a4 ,*odzko1 ,le ,disme des ,wahhabis1 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,,iv41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #afh et seq4 #f ,n to be confus$ ) ,sir ,sy$ ,ahm$ ( ,alig>h1 ! ,indian ,moslem lib]al ( ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury4 #g ,= ,engli% al>m at ! lat5t fanaticism ( ! ,nor? ,indian ,moslems1 d[n ?r\gh ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 see ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]1 ,! ,indian ,musalmans 7,london1 #ahgb74 #h ,= ! ,babbi/ movem5t1 see ,clm5t ,hu>t1 ,la ,rligion de ,bab 7,p>is1 #ahhi72 ,comte ,ar?ur de ,gob9eau1 ,trois ,ans en ,p]se 7,p>is1 #ahfg74 ,a good summ>y ( all ^! e>ly movem5ts ( ! ,mohamm$an revival is f\nd 9 ,le ,*ateli]1 op4 cit4 #i ,mi%kat-el-,masabih1 ,i41 #df1 #ea4 #aj ,! be/ rec5t examples ( ?is polemical lit]ature are ! writ+s ( ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,m4 ,zwem]1 ! well kn[n mission>y to ! ,arabs2 especially 8 ,arabia1 ! ,cradle ( ,islam 7,ed9burgh1 #aijj71 & ,! ,reproa* ( ,islam 7,london1 #aiae74 ,also see volume entitl$ ,! ,mohamm$an ,_w ( ,to-day1 be+ a collection ( ! pap]s read at ! ,prote/ant ,mission>y ,conf]5ce held at ,cairo1 ,egypt1 9 #aijf4 #aa ,crom]1 ,mod]n ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bbi 7,london1 #aijh74 ,= ,r5an's attitude1 see 8 ,l',islamisme et la ,sci5ce 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 #ab ,9 ! ye> #afcc4 #ac ,ismael ,hamet1 ,les ,musulmans franais du ,nord de l',afrique 7,p>is1 #aijf74 #ad ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,p]ron 9 8 "w ,l',islamisme 7,p>is1 #ahgg74 #ae ,! ,mollahs are ! ,moslem cl]gy1 ?\gh !y d n exactly correspond to ! cl]gy ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,mohamm$ 0 av]se to any?+ l a prie/hood1 & ,islam makes no legal provision = an orda9$ prie/ly class or ca/e1 z is ! case 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,judaism1 ,brahmanism1 & o!r religions4 ,!oretically any ,moslem c conduct religi\s s]vices4 ,z "t pass$1 h[ev]1 a class ( m5 develop$ :o 7 le>n$ 9 ,moslem !ology & law4 ,^! ultimately became practically prie/s1 ?\gh !oretically !y %\ld be reg>d$ z !ological lawy]s4 ,!re also develop$ religi\s ord]s ( d]vi%es1 etc42 b primitive ,islam knew no?+ ( !m4 #af ,f ! article by ,lon ,cahun 9 ,lavisse et ,rambeaud1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale1 ,vol4 ,,xii41 p4 #dih4 ,?is article gives an excell5t g5]al survey ( ! intellectual developm5t ( ! ,moslem _w 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 #ag ,especially 8 be/-kn[n book1 ,! ,_s ( ,islam 7,london1 #ahia74 #ah ,s4 ,khuda ,bukh%1 ,essays3 ,indian & ,islamic1 pp4 #bj1 #bd1 #bhd4 7,london1 #aiab74 #ai #ahef to #ahgh4 #bj ,= ! lib]al movem5t among ! ,russian ,t>t>s1 see ,arm9ius ,vambry1 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s 7,london1 #aijf74 #ba ,ismael ,hamet1 ,les ,musulmans franais du ,nord de l',afrique1 p4 #bfh 7,p>is1 #aijf74 #bb ,s4 ,khuda ,bukh%1 op4 cit41 p4 #bda4 #bc ,%eikh ,abd-ul-,haak1 9 ,%]if ,pa%a's organ1 ,me*]\tiette1 ( ,augu/1 #aiba4 ,quot$ f ,a4 ,s]vi]1 ,le ,nationalisme musulman1 ,con/ant9e1 ,alg]ia1 #aiac4 #bd ,= su* discussion ( legal me?ods1 see ,w4 ,s4 ,blunt1 ,! ,future ( ,islam 7,london1 #ahhb72 ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,l',islam au dix-neuvime ,sicle 7,p>is1 #ahhh72 ,dr4 ,p]ron1 ,l',islamisme 7,p>is1 #ahgg72 ,h4 ,n4 ,brails=d ,mod]nism 9 ,islam1 ,! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,septemb]1 #aijh2 ,sir ,!odore ,morison1 ,c ,islam be ,re=m$8 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,octob]1 #aijh2 ,m4 ,pick?all1 ,la ,morale islamique1 ,revue ,politique ,int]nationale1 ,july1 #aiaf2 ,,xx1 ,l',islam aprs la ,gu]re1 ,revue de ,p>is1 #ae ,janu>y1 #aiaf4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,pan-,,islamism ,l all great movem5ts1 ! ,mohamm$an ,revival is highly complex4 ,/>t+ ) ! simple1 puritan prote/ ( ,wahabism1 x has develop$ _m phases1 widely div]se & sometimes almo/ anti!tical4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we exam9$ ! phase look+ t[>d an evolution>y re=mation ( ,islam & a g5u9e assimilation ( ! progressive _s z well z ! ext]nal =ms ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,at ! same "t we saw t ^! lib]al re=m]s are z yet only a m9ority1 an lite2 :ile ! ,moslem masses1 /ill plung$ 9 ignorance & imp]fectly awak5$ f _! age-long torpor1 are influ5c$ by o!r lead]s ( a v diff]5t "*--m5 incl9$ to militant r ?an pacific c\rses1 & ho/ile r ?an receptive to ! ,we/4 ,^! militant =ces are1 9 _! turn1 complex4 ,!y may be gr\p$ r\ghly "u ! g5]al concepts kn[n z ,pan-,islamism & ,nationalism4 ,x is to a consid]ation ( ! fir/ ( ^! two concepts1 to ,pan-,islamism1 t ?is *apt] is devot$4 ,pan-,islamism1 :i* 9 its broade/ s5se is ! feel+ ( solid>ity betwe5 all ,true ,believ]s1 is z old z ! ,prophet1 :5 ,mohamm$ & 8 few foll[]s 7 b\nd toge!r by ! tie ( fai? aga9/ _! pagan compatriots :o s\ght _! de/ruction4 ,to ,mohamm$ ! pr9ciple ( frat]nal solid>ity among ,moslems 0 ( transc5d5t importance1 & he succe$$ 9 implant+ ?is s deeply 9 ,moslem he>ts t ?irte5 c5turies h n s5sibly weak5$ x4 ,! bond betwe5 ,moslem & ,moslem is to-day mu* /rong] ?an t betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,*ri/ian4 ,( c\rse ,moslems fight bitt]ly among !mselves1 b ^! conflicts nev] q lose ! aspect ( family qu>rels & t5d to be adj\rn$ 9 pres5ce ( infidel aggression4 ,islam's pr(\nd s5se ( solid>ity probably expla9s 9 l>ge "p its extraord9>y hold ^u its foll[]s4 ,no o!r religion has su* a grip on its vot>ies4 ,islam has won va/ t]ritories f ,*ri/ianity & ,brahmanism1#be & has driv5 ,magism f ! face ( ! e>?2#bf yet !re has be5 no s+le in/ance :]e a p1 once become ,moslem1 has ev] ab&on$ ! fai?4 ,extirpat$ !y may h be51 l ! ,moors ( ,spa91 b extirpation is n apo/asy4 ,islam's solid>ity is p[]fully buttress$ by two ( its fundam5tal in/itutions3 ! ,hajj1 or pilgrimage to ,mecca1 & ! caliphate4 ,contr>y to ! g5]al op9ion 9 ! ,we/1 x is ! ,hajj r ?an ! caliphate :i* has ex]t$ ! m consi/5tly unify+ influ5ce4 ,mohamm$ orda9$ ! ,hajj z a supreme act ( fai?1 & e ye> fully #ajj1jjj pilgrims arrive1 drawn f e qu>t] ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,!re1 be=e ! sacr$ ,kaaba ( ,mecca1 m5 ( all races1 tongues1 & cultures meet & m+le 9 an ec/asy ( common devotion1 return+ to _! homes be>+ ! pr\d title ( ,hajjis1 or ,pilgrims--a title :i* insures !m ! rev]5t homage ( _! fell[ ,moslems = all ! re/ ( _! days4 ,! political implications ( ! ,hajj are obvi\s4 ,x is 9 reality a p]5nial ,pan-,islamic congress1 :]e all ! int]e/s ( ! fai? are discuss$ by delegates f e "p ( ! ,mohamm$an _w1 & :]e plans are elaborat$ = ,islam's def5ce & propagation4 ,"h ne>ly all ! militant lead]s ( ! ,mohamm$an ,revival 7,abd-el-,wahab1 ,mahomm$ b5 ,s5nussi1 ,djemal-ed-,d9 el-,afghani1 & _m m7 felt ! imp]i\s summons to _! task4#bg ,z = ! caliphate1 x has play$ a great hi/oric rle1 especially 9 its e>ly days1 & we h already /udi$ its v>y+ =tunes4 ,r$uc$ to a m]e %ad[ aft] ! ,mongol de/ruction ( ,bagdad1 x 0 reviv$ by ! ,turki% sultans1 :o assum$ ! title & 7 recogniz$ z caliphs by ! or?odox ,moslem _w4#bh ,h[ev]1 ^! sultan-caliphs ( ,/ambul#bi nev] succe$$ 9 w9n+ ! religi\s homage accord$ _! pr$ecessors ( ,mecca & ,bagdad4 ,9 ,arab eyes1 especially1 ! spectacle ( ,turki% caliphs 0 an ana*ronism to :i* !y c\ld nev] be truly reconcil$4 ,sultan ,abdul ,hamid1 to be sure1 made an ambiti\s attempt to revive ! caliphate's pri/9e greatness1 b su* success z he atta9$ 0 due m to ! g5]al tide ( ,pan-,islamic feel+ ?an to ! inh]5t pot5cy ( ! caliphal "n4 ,! real lead]s ( mod]n ,pan-,islamism ei!r gave ,abdul ,hamid a m]ely qualifi$ allegiance or 71 l ,el ,s5nussi1 def9itely ho/ile4 ,?is 0 n realiz$ 9 ,europe1 :i* came to fe> ,abdul ,hamid z a sort ( ,mohamm$an pope4 ,ev5 to-day mo/ ,we/]n obs]v]s seem to ?9k t ,pan-,islamism c5tres 9 ! caliphate1 & we see ,european publici/s hopefully discuss+ :e!r ! caliphate's ret5tion by ! discr$it$ ,turki% sultans1 its transf]5ce to ! ,%]eef ( ,mecca1 or its total suppression1 w be/ clip ,pan-,islam's w+s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a di/9ctly %ort-sight$ view4 ,! caliphal in/itution is /ill und\bt$ly v5]at$ 9 ,islam4 ,b ! %rewd lead]s ( ! mod]n ,pan-,islamic movem5t h long be5 work+ on a mu* broad] basis4 ,!y realize t ,pan-,islamism's real driv+-p[] to-day lies n 9 ! caliphate b 9 in/itutions l ! ,hajj & ! great ,pan-,islamic frat]nities su* z ! ,s5nussiya1 ( :i* ,i %all pres5tly speak4#cj ,let u n[ trace ! =tunes ( mod]n ,pan-,islamism4 ,its fir/ /age 0 ( c\rse ! ,wahabi movem5t4 ,! ,wahabi /ate f\nd$ by ,abd-el-,wahab 9 ! ,nejd 0 modell$ on ! !ocratic democracy ( ! ,meccan caliphs1 & :5 ,abd-el-,wahab's pr9cely disciple1 ,saud1 loos$ 8 fanatic ho/s ^u ! holy cities1 he dream$ t ?is 0 b ! fir/ /ep 9 a puritan conque/ & consolidation ( ! :ole ,moslem _w4 ,foil$ 9 ?is gr&iose design1 ,wahabism1 nev]!less1 soon produc$ pr(\nd political di/urbances 9 di/ant regions l nor!rn ,india & ,afghani/an1 z ,i h already n>rat$4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 all integral p>ts ( ! ,wahabi phase1 be+ ess5tially prote/s aga9/ ! political decad5ce ( ,moslem /ates & ! moral decad5ce ( ,moslem rul]s4 ,^! outbreaks 7 n inspir$ by any special fe> or hatr$ ( ! ,we/1 s9ce ,europe 0 n yet s]i\sly assail+ ,islam except 9 outly+ regions l ,european ,turkey or ! ,indies1 & ! imp5d+ p]il 0 consequ5tly n appreciat$4 ,by ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! situation _h radically alt]$4 ,! ,fr5* conque/ ( ,alg]ia1 ! ,russian acquisition ( ,transcaucasia1 & ! ,engli% ma/]y ( virtually all ,india1 conv9c$ ?\ghtful ,moslems ev]y:]e t ,islam 0 9 deadly p]il ( fall+ "u ,we/]n dom9ation4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,pan-,islamism assum$ t ess5tially anti-,we/]n "* :i* x has ev] s9ce reta9$4 ,at fir/ resi/ance to ,we/]n encroa*m5t 0 sporadic & unco-ord9at$4 ,"h & !re h]oic figures l ,abd-el-,kad] 9 ,alg]ia & ,%amyl 9 ! ,caucasus f\ght brilliantly aga9/ ! ,european invad]s4 ,b ?\gh ^! palad9s ( ! fai? 7 accord$ widespread sympa?y f ,moslems1 !y receiv$ no tangible assi/ance &1 unaid$1 fell4 ,fe> & hatr$ ( ! ,we/1 h[ev]1 /eadily grew 9 int5sity1 & ! sev5ties saw ! ,moslem _w swept f end to end by a wave ( militant fanaticism4 ,9 ,alg]ia !re 0 ! ,kabyle insurrection ( #ahga1 :ile all ov] ,nor? ,africa arose fanatical ,holy ,m5 prea*+ holy w>s1 ! greate/ ( ^! be+ ! ,mahdi/ insurrection 9 ! ,egyptian ,sudan1 :i* ma9ta9$ itself aga9/ ,engl&'s be/ ef=ts d[n to ,kit*5]'s capture ( ,kh>tum at ! v end ( ! c5tury4 ,9 ,afghani/an !re 0 an int5se exac]bation ( fanaticism awak5+ sympa!tic e*oes among ! ,indian ,moslems1 bo? ( :i* gave ! ,briti% mu* tr\ble4 ,9 ,c5tral ,asia !re 0 a simil> access ( fanaticism1 c5tr+ 9 ! p[]ful ,nake*ab5diya frat]nity1 spread+ ea/w>d into ,*9ese t]ritory & culm9at+ 9 ! great revolts ( ! ,*9ese ,mohamm$ans bo? 9 ,*9ese ,turke/an & ,yunnan4 ,9 ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies !re 0 a :ole s]ies ( revolts1 ! mo/ s]i\s ( ^! be+ ! ,at*9 ,w>1 :i* dragg$ on int]m9ably1 n be+ q /amp$ out ev5 to-day4 ,! sali5t *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod ( militant unre/ is its lack ( co-ord9ation4 ,^! ris+s 7 all spontane\s outbur/s ( local populations2 animat$1 to be sure1 by ! same _s ( fe> & hatr$1 & inflam$ by ! same fanatical hopes1 b ) no evid5ce ( a c5tral au?ority lay+ settl$ plans & mov+ 9 accordance ) a def9ite programme4 ,! ris+s 7 inspir$ l>gely by ! my/ical doctr9e kn[n z ,mahdism4 ,mahdism 0 unkn[n to primitive ,islam1 no trace ( x occurr+ 9 ! ,koran4 ,b 9 ! traditions1 or reput$ say+s ( ,mohamm$1 !re occurs ! /atem5t t ! ,prophet pr$ict$ ! com+ ( "o be>+ ! title ( ,el ,mahdi#ca :o w\ld fill ! e>? ) equity & ju/ice4 ,f ?is arose ! widespread my/ical hope 9 ! appe>ance ( a div9ely inspir$ p]sonage :o w\ld effect ! univ]sal triumph ( ,islam1 purge ! _w ( infidels1 & assure ! la/+ happ9ess ( all ,moslems4 ,?is doctr9e has pr(\ndly influ5c$ ,moslem hi/ory4 ,at v>i\s times fanatic lead]s h aris5 claim+ to be ,el ,mahdi1 ,! ,ma/] ( ! ,h\r1 & h won ! fr5zi$ devotion ( ! ,moslem masses2 j z c]ta9 ,messiahs h simil>ly excit$ ! ,jews4 ,x 0 ?us natural t1 9 _! gr[+ appreh5sion & impot5t rage at ,we/]n aggression1 ! ,moslem masses %\ld turn to ! messianic hope ( ,mahdism4 ,yet ,mahdism1 by its v nature1 c\ld effect no?+ con/ructive or p]man5t4 ,x 0 a m]e /raw fire2 fl>+ up fi]cely "h & !re1 !n dy+ d[n1 leav+ ! disillusion$ masses m disc\rag$ & apa!tic ?an be=e4 ,n[ all ?is 0 recogniz$ by ! wis] support]s ( ! ,pan-,islamic idea4 ,! impot5ce ( ! wilde/ outbur/s ( local fanaticism aga9/ ! me?odical might ( ,europe conv9c$ ?9k+ ,moslems t long prep>ation & complete co-ord9ation ( ef=t 7 necess>y if ,islam 0 to h any *ance ( ?r[+ (f ! ,european yoke4 ,su* m5 also realiz$ t !y mu/ /udy ,we/]n me?ods & adopt mu* ( ! ,we/]n te*nique ( p[]4 ,above all1 !y felt t ! political lib]ation ( ,islam f ,we/]n dom9ation mu/ be prec$$ by a pr(\nd spiritual reg5]ation1 !reby eng5d]+ ! moral =ces necess>y bo? = ! w> ( lib]ation & = ! fruitful recon/ruction :i* %\ld foll[ !reaft]4 ,at ?is po9t ! ideals ( ,pan-,islami/s & lib]als approa* ea* o!r4 ,bo? recognize ,islam's pres5t decad5ce2 bo? desire its spiritual reg5]ation4 ,x is on ! nature ( t reg5]ation t ! two p>ties are oppos$4 ,! lib]als believe t ,islam %\ld really assimilate ,we/]n ideas4 ,! ,pan-,islami/s1 on ! o!r h&1 believe t primitive ,islam conta9s all t is necess>y = reg5]ation1 & cont5d t only ,we/]n me?ods & mat]ial a*ievem5ts %\ld be adopt$ by ! ,moslem _w4 ,! beg9n+s ( self-consci\s1 sy/ematic ,pan-,islamism date f ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! movem5t cry/allizes ab\t two foci3 ! new-type religi\s frat]nities l ! ,s5nussiya1 & ! propag&a ( ! gr\p ( ?9k]s head$ by ,djemal-ed-,d94 ,let u fir/ consid] ! frat]nities4 ,religi\s frat]nities h exi/$ 9 ,islam = c5turies4 ,!y all possess ! same g5]al type ( organization1 be+ divid$ into lodges 7,zawias7 head$ by ,ma/]s kn[n z ,mokaddem1 :o ex]cise a m or less ext5sive au?ority ov] ! ,kh\an or ,bre?r54 ,until ! f\ndation ( ! new-type organizations l ! ,s5nussi1 h[ev]1 ! frat]nities ex]t$ little practical influ5ce ^u mundane affairs4 ,_! int]e/s 7 almo/ :olly religi\s1 ( a my/ical1 devotional nature1 (t5 *>act]iz$ by great au/]ities or by fanatical excesses l ^? practis$ by ! :irl+ & h[l+ d]vi%es4 ,su* political influ5ce z !y did ex]t 0 casual & local4 ,any?+ l jo9t action 0 impossible1 ow+ to _! mutual rivalries & jeal\sies4 ,^! old-type frat]nities /ill exi/ 9 great numb]s1 b !y are )\t political importance except z !y h be5 leav5$ by ! new-type frat]nities4 ,! new-type organizations date f ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! mo/ important 9 e way be+ ! ,s5nussiya4 ,its f\nd]1 ,seyid ,mahomm$ b5 ,s5nussi1 0 born ne> ,mo/aganem1 ,alg]ia1 ab\t ! ye> #ahjj4 ,z 8 title ,seyid indicates1 he 0 a desc5dant ( ! ,prophet1 & 0 ?us born to a position ( hon\r & importance4#cb ,he e>ly display$ a /rong b5t = le>n+ & piety1 /udy+ !ology at ! ,moori% ,univ]sity ( ,fez & aft]w>ds travell+ widely ov] ,nor? ,africa prea*+ a re=m ( ! prevail+ religi\s abuses4 ,he !n made ! pilgrimage to ,mecca1 & !re 8 re=mi/ zeal 0 /ill fur!r quick5$ by ! ,wahabi tea*]s4 ,x 0 at t "t t he appe>s to h def9itely =mulat$ 8 plan ( a great puritan ord]1 & 9 #ahdc he return$ to ,nor? ,africa1 settl+ 9 ,tripoli1 :]e he built 8 fir/ ,zawia1 kn[n z ! ,zawia ,baida1 or ,:ite ,mona/]y1 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ,d]na4 ,s impressive 0 8 p]sonality & s great 8 organiz+ ability t conv]ts flock$ to him f all ov] ,nor? ,africa4 ,inde$1 8 p[] soon al>m$ ! ,turki% au?orities 9 ,tripoli1 & relations became s /ra9$ t ,seyid ,mahomm$ pres5tly mov$ 8 headqu>t]s to ! oasis ( ,j>abub1 f> to ! s\? 9 ! ,lybian des]t4 ,:5 he di$ 9 #ahei1 8 organization _h spread ov] ! great] "p ( ,nor? ,africa4 ,seyid ,mahomm$'s "w 0 c>ri$ on un9t]rupt$ly by 8 son1 usually kn[n z ,s5nussi-el-,mahdi4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is son ga9$ 8 succession typifies ! ,s5nussi _s4 ,seyid ,mahomm$ _h two sons1 ,el ,mahdi be+ ! y\ng]4 ,:ile !y 7 /ill m]e lads1 _! fa!r det]m9$ to put !m to a te/1 to discov] :i* ( !m _h ! /rong] fai?4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! entire ,zawia he bade bo? sons climb a tall palm-tree1 & !n adjur$ !m by ,allah & 8 ,prophet to leap to ! gr\nd4 ,! y\ng] lad leap$ at once & rea*$ ! gr\nd unh>m$2 ! eld] boy refus$ to spr+4 ,to ,el ,mahdi1 :o fe>$ n to commit himself to ! w ( ,god1 pass$ ! "r to rule4 ,?r\gh\t 8 long life ,s5nussi-el-,mahdi ju/ifi$ 8 fa!r's *oice1 display+ wisdom & piety ( a high ord]1 & fur!r ext5d+ ! p[] ( ! frat]nity4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( 8 reign he remov$ 8 headqu>t]s to ! oasis ( ,j[f1 /ill f>!r into ! ,lybian des]t1 :]e he di$ 9 #aijb1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 nephew1 ,ahm$-el-,%]if1 ! pres5t head ( ! ,ord]1 :o also appe>s to possess m>k$ ability4 ,) ne>ly eighty ye>s ( successful activity beh9d x1 ! ,s5nussi ,ord] is to-day "o ( ! vital factors 9 ,islam4 ,x c\nts its adh]5ts 9 e qu>t] ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,9 ,arabia its foll[]s are v num]\s1 & x pr(\ndly influ5ces ! spiritual life ( ! holy cities1 ,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,nor? ,africa1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s ! focus ( ,s5nussism4 ,! :ole ( nor!rn ,africa1 f ,morocco to ,somalil&1 is dott$ ) its ,zawias1 or lodges1 all absolutely dep5d5t ^u ! ,gr& ,lodge1 head$ by ,! ,ma/]1 ,el ,s5nussi4 ,! ,s5nussi /ronghold ( ,j[f lies 9 ! v he>t ( ! ,lybian ,sah>a4 ,only "o ,european eye#cc has ev] se5 ?is my/]i\s spot4 ,surr\nd$ by absolute des]t1 ) wells _m leagues ap>t1 & ! r\tes ( approa* kn[n only to exp]i5c$ ,s5nussi guides1 e "o ( :om w\ld suff] a ?\s& dea?s r ?an betray him1 ,el ,s5nussi1 ,! ,ma/]1 sits s]5ely ap>t1 s5d+ 8 ord]s ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,africa4 ,! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! ,s5nussiya is pr(\nd4 ,! local ,zawias are m ?an m]e lodges4 ,besides ! ,mokaddem1 or ,ma/]1 !re is also a ,wekil1 or civil gov]nor1 & ^! (fic]s h discretion>y au?ority n m]ely ov] ! ,zawia memb]s b also ov] ! community at l>ge--at lea/1 s great is ! awe inspir$ by ! ,s5nussiya ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,africa1 t a ^w f ,wekil or ,mokaddem is always li/5$ to & obey$4 ,?us1 besides ! v>i\s ,european colonial au?orities1 ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 or ,italian1 z ! case may be1 !re exi/s an occult gov]nm5t ) :i* ! colonial au?orities are c>eful n to come into conflict4 ,on _! "p1 ! ,s5nussi are equally c>eful to avoid a d[nright brea* ) ! ,european ,p[]s4 ,_! long-head$1 cauti\s policy is truly a/oni%+4 ,= m ?an half a c5tury ! ord] has be5 a great =ce1 yet x has nev] risk$ ! supreme adv5ture4 ,9 _m ( ! fanatic ris+s :i* h occurr$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,africa1 local ,s5nussi h und\bt$ly tak5 "p1 & ! same 0 true dur+ ! ,italian campaign 9 ,tripoli & 9 ! late w>1 b ! ord] itself has nev] (ficially ent]$ ! li/s4 ,9 fact1 ?is attitude ( m+l$ cauti\s res]ve & haughty alo(ness is ma9ta9$ n only t[>ds ,*ri/ians b also t[>ds ! o!r p[]s t be 9 ,islam4 ,! ,s5nussiya has always kept its absolute fre$om ( action4 ,its relations ) ! ,turks h nev] be5 cordial4 ,ev5 ! wily ,abdul ,hamid1 at ! height ( 8 pre/ige z ! *ampion ( ,pan-,islamism1 c\ld nev] get f ,el ,s5nussi m ?an coldly platonic expressions ( approval1 & "o ( ,s5nussi-el-,mahdi's fav\rite rem>ks 0 said to h be53 ,turks & ,*ri/ians3 ,i w break bo? ( !m ) "o & ! same /roke4 ,equally *>act]i/ic 0 8 attitude t[>d ,mahomm$ ,ahm$1 ! lead] ( ! ,mahdi/ upris+ 9 ! ,egyptian ,sudan4 ,flu%$ ) victory1 ,mahomm$ ,ahm$ s5t emiss>ies to ,el ,s5nussi1 ask+ 8 aid4 ,el ,s5nussi refus$1 rem>k+ haughtily3 ,:at h ,i to d ) ?is fakir f ,dongola8 ,am ,i n myself ,mahdi if ,i *oose8 ,^! ,fabian tactics d n mean t ! ,s5nussi are idle4 ,f> f x4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are ceaselessly at "w ) ! spiritual arms ( tea*+1 discipl9e1 & conv]sion4 ,! ,s5nussi programme is ! weld+1 fir/1 ( ,moslem ,africa &1 lat]1 ( ! :ole ,moslem _w into ! reviv$ ,immt ( ,islam's e>ly days2 into a great !ocracy1 embrac+ all ,true ,believ]s--9 o!r words1 ,pan-,islamism4 ,b !y believe t ! political lib]ation ( ,islam f ,*ri/ian dom9ation mu/ be prec$$ by a pr(\nd spiritual reg5]ation4 ,t[>d ?is end !y /rive ceaselessly to improve ! mann]s & morals ( ! populations "u _! influ5ce1 :ile !y also /rive to improve mat]ial conditions by enc\rag+ ! bett] cultivation ( oases1 digg+ new wells1 build+ re/-h\ses along ! c>avan r\tes1 & promot+ trade4 ,! slaught] & rap9e practis$ by ! ,sudanese ,mahdi/s disgu/$ ! ,s5nussi & drew f _! *ief words ( sca?+ condemnation4 ,all ?is expla9s ! ,ord]'s unprec$5t$ self-re/ra9t4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 ye> aft] ye> & decade aft] decade1 ! ,s5nussi advance sl[ly1 calmly1 coldly2 ga!r+ great lat5t p[]1 b avoid+ ! temptation to exp5d x "o in/ant be=e ! prop] "t4 ,mean:ile !y are cov]+ ,nor? ,africa ) _! lodges & s*ools1 discipl9+ ! p to ! voice ( _! ,mokaddems & ,wekils2 &1 to ! s\?w>d1 conv]t+ millions ( pagan negroes to ! fai? ( ,islam4#cd ,no?+ bett] %[s mod]n ,islam's quick5$ vitality ?an ! revival ( mission>y f]v\r dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,( c\rse ,islam has always display$ /rong proselytiz+ p[]4 ,its mission>y successes 9 its e>ly days 7 extraord9>y1 & ev5 9 its p]iod ( decl9e x nev] :olly lo/ its propagat+ vig\r4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,middle ,ages ,islam cont9u$ to ga9 gr\nd 9 ,india & ,*9a2 ! ,turks plant$ x firmly 9 ! ,balkans2 :ile betwe5 ! f\rte5? & sixte5? c5turies ,moslem mission>ies won notable triumphs 9 su* di/ant regions z ,we/ ,africa1 ! ,dut* ,indies1 & ! ,philipp9es4 ,nev]!less1 tak+ ! ,moslem _w z a :ole1 religi\s zeal und\bt$ly decl9$1 rea*+ l[-wat] m>k dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ brea? ( ! ,mohamm$an ,revival1 h[ev]1 blew ! sm\ld]+ emb]s ( proselytism into a new flame1 & ev]y:]e except 9 ,europe ,islam began once m advanc+ port5t\sly along all its f>-flung fronti]s4 ,e ,moslem is1 to "s ext5t1 a born mission>y & in/9ctively propagates 8 fai? among 8 non-,moslem neighb\rs1 s ! "w 0 c>ri$ on n only by prie/ly speciali/s b also by multitudes ( travell]s1 trad]s1 & humble migratory work]s4#ce ,( c\rse num]\s zealots consecrat$ _! lives to ! task4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true ( ! religi\s frat]nities4 ,! ,s5nussi h especially di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! apo/olic f]v\r1 & f ^? natural mona/]ies1 ! oases ( ! ,sah>a1 ?\s&s ( ,m>ab\ts h gone =? ) fla%+ eyes & swell+ brea/s to prea* ! m>vels ( ,islam1 dev\r$ ) a zeal l t ( ! ,*ri/ian m5dicant fri>s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,islam's mission>y triumphs among ! negroes ( ,we/ & ,c5tral ,africa dur+ ! pa/ c5tury h be5 extraord9>y4 ,e c&id ,european obs]v] tells ! same /ory4 ,z an ,engli%man v ju/ly rem>k$ "s tw5ty ye>s ago3 ,mohamm$anism is mak+ m>vell\s progress 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,x is cru%+ paganism out4 ,aga9/ x ! ,*ri/ian propag&a is a my?4#cf ,& a ,fr5* ,prote/ant mission>y rem>ks 9 simil> ve93 ,we see ,islam on its m>*1 sometimes sl[$ d[n b nev] /opp$1 t[>ds ! he>t ( ,africa4 ,despite all ob/acles enc\nt]$1 x tirelessly pursues its way4 ,x fe>s no?+4 ,ev5 ,*ri/ianity1 its mo/ s]i\s rival1 ,islam reg>ds )\t hate1 s sure is x ( victory4 ,:ile ,*ri/ians dream ( ! conque/ ( ,africa1 ! ,mohamm$ans d x4#cg ,! way 9 :i* ,islam is m>*+ s\?w>d is dramatically %[n by a rec5t incid5t4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,briti% au?orities sudd5ly discov]$ t ,mohamm$anism 0 p]vad+ ,nyassal&4 ,an inve/igation br\ght out ! fact t x 0 ! "w ( ,zanzib> ,arabs4 ,!y began _! propag&a ab\t #aijj4 ,t5 ye>s lat] almo/ e village 9 s\!rn ,nyassal& _h its ,moslem tea*] & its mosque hut4 ,al?\gh ! movem5t 0 frankly anti-,european1 ! ,briti% au?orities did n d>e to *eck x = fe> ( rep]cussions else:]e4 ,_m ,european obs]v]s fe> t x is only a "q ( "t :5 ,islam w cross ! ,zambezi & ent] ,s\? ,africa4 ,& ^! ga9s are n made solely aga9/ paganism4 ,!y are be+ won at ! exp5se ( ,african ,*ri/ianity z well4 ,9 ,we/ ,africa ! ,european missions lose _m ( _! conv]ts to ,islam1 :ile across ! cont95t ! anci5t ,abyss9ian ,*ur*1 s long an outpo/ aga9/ ,islam1 seems 9 dang] ( subm]sion by ! ris+ ,moslem tide4 ,n by w>like incursions1 b by peaceful p5etration1 ! ,abyss9ians are be+ ,islamiz$4 ,tribes :i*1 fifty or sixty ye>s ago1 c\nt$ h>dly a ,mohamm$an among !m1 to-day live p>tly or :olly accord+ to ! precepts ( ,islam4#ch ,islam's triumphs 9 ,africa are p]haps its mo/ notewor?y mission>y victories1 b !y by no means tell ! :ole /ory1 z a few in/ances drawn f o!r qu>t]s ( ! ,moslem _w w %[4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] ,i m5tion$ ! lib]al movem5t among ! ,russian ,t>t>s4 ,t1 h[ev]1 0 only "o phase ( ! ,mohamm$an ,revival 9 t region1 ano!r phase be+ a m>k$ resurg5ce ( proselyt+ zeal4 ,^! ,t>t>s _h long be5 "u ,russian rule1 & ! ,or?odox ,*ur* _h made p]si/5t ef=ts to conv]t !m1 9 "s in/ances ) app>5t success4 ,b :5 ! ,mohamm$an ,revival rea*$ ! ,t>t>s e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !y imm$iately began lab\r+ ) _! *ri/ianiz$ bre?r51 & 9 a %ort "t mo/ ( ^! rev]t$ to ,islam despite ! be/ ef=ts ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur* & ! punitive measures ( ! ,russian gov]nm5tal au?orities4 ,t>t> mission>ies also began conv]t+ ! hea!n ,turko-,f9ni% tribes to ! nor?w>d1 9 defiance ( e h9drance f _! ,russian ma/]s4#ci ,9 ,*9a1 likewise1 ! n9ete5? c5tury witness$ an extraord9>y developm5t ( ,moslem en]gy4 ,islam _h rea*$ ,*9a 9 v e>ly times1 br\ght 9 by ,arab trad]s & b&s ( ,arab m]c5>y soldi]s4 ,despite c5turies ( int]m>riage ) ,*9ese wom51 _! desc5dants /ill diff] p]ceptibly f ! g5]al ,*9ese population1 & reg>d !mselves z a sep>ate & sup]ior p4 ,! ,*9ese ,mohamm$ans are ma9ly conc5trat$ 9 ! s\!rn prov9ce ( ,yunnan & ! inl& prov9ces beyond4 ,besides ^! racially ,*9ese ,moslems1 ano!r c5tre ( ,mohamm$an population is f\nd 9 ! ,*9ese dep5d5cy ( ,ea/]n or ,*9ese ,turke/an1 inhabit$ by ,turki% /ocks & conqu]$ by ! ,*9ese only 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,until comp>atively rec5t times ! ,*9ese ,moslems 7 well treat$1 b gradually _! pr\d-spirit$ attitude al>m$ ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t1 :i* )drew _! privileges & p]secut$ !m4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ! brea? ( ! ,mohamm$an ,revival rea*$ ,*9a1 z x did e o!r "p ( ! ,moslem _w1 & ! ,*9ese ,mohamm$ans1 inflam$ by resurg5t fanaticism1 began a s]ies ( revolts culm9at+ 9 ! great rebellions :i* took place ab\t ! ye> #ahgj1 bo? 9 ,yunnan & 9 ,ea/]n ,turke/an4 ,z usual1 ^! fanaticiz$ ,moslems display$ fi]ce fight+ p[]4 ,! ,turke/an rebels f\nd an able lead]1 "o ,yakub ,beg1 & = "s ye>s bo? ,turke/an & ,yunnan 7 virtually indep5d5t4 ,to _m ,european obs]v]s at t "t x look$ z ?\gh ! rebels might jo9 h&s1 erect a p]man5t ,mohamm$an /ate 9 we/]n ,*9a1 & ev5 ov]run ! :ole empire4 ,! fame ( ,yakub ,beg spread ?r\gh ! ,moslem _w1 ! ,sultan ( ,turkey hon\r+ him ) ! high title ( ,comm&] ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,aft] ye>s ( bitt] fight+1 accompani$ by frightful massacres1 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nm5t subdu$ ! rebels4 ,! ,*9ese ,moslems1 greatly r$uc$ 9 numb]s1 h n yet recov]$ _! =m] /r5g?2 b _! _s is /ill unbrok51 & to-day !y numb] fully #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,?us1 ,*9ese ,islam1 despite its setbacks1 is a factor to be reckon$ ) 9 ! future4#dj ,! above in/ances d n exhau/ ! li/ ( ,islam's activities dur+ ! pa/ c5tury4 ,9 ,india1 = example1 ,islam has cont9u$ to ga9 gr\nd rapidly1 :ile 9 ! ,dut* ,indies x is ! same /ory4#da ,european dom9ation actually fav\rs r ?an ret>ds ! spread ( ,islam1 = ! ,moslem f9ds 9 ,we/]n improvem5ts1 l ! railroad1 ! po/-(fice1 & ! pr9t+-press1 useful adjuncts to ,islamic propag&a4 ,let u n[ consid] ! second orig9at+ c5tre ( mod]n ,pan-,islamism--! movem5t especially associat$ ) ! p]sonality ( ,djemal-ed-,d94 ,seyid ,djemal-ed-,d9 el-,afghani 0 born e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury at ,asadabad1 ne> ,hamadan1 9 ,p]sia1 albeit1 z 8 "n %[s1 he 0 ( ,afghan r ?an ,iranian desc5t1 :ile 8 title ,seyid1 mean+ desc5dant ( ! ,prophet1 implies a /ra9 ( ,arab blood4 ,end[$ ) a ke5 intellig5ce1 great p]sonal magnetism1 & ab\nd+ vig\r1 ,djemal-ed-,d9 _h a /ormy & *equ]$ c>e]4 ,he 0 a great travell]1 kn[+ intimately n only mo/ ( ! ,moslem _w b we/]n ,europe z well4 ,f ^! travels1 supplem5t$ by wide read+1 he ga9$ a notable fund ( in=mation :i* he employ$ effectively 9 8 manifold activities4 ,a born propag&i/1 ,djemal-ed-,d9 attract$ wide att5tion1 & :]ev] he w5t 9 ,islam 8 /rong p]sonality />t$ an intellectual f]m5t4 ,unlike ,el ,s5nussi1 he conc]n$ himself v little ) !ology1 devot+ himself to politics4 ,djemal-ed-,d9 0 ! fir/ ,mohamm$an :o fully grasp$ ! imp5d+ p]il ( ,we/]n dom9ation1 & he devot$ 8 life to w>n+ ! ,islamic _w ( ! dang] & attempt+ to elaborate measures ( def5ce4 ,by ,european colonial au?orities he 0 soon s+l$ out z a dang]\s agitator4 ,! ,engli%1 9 p>ticul>1 fe>$ & p]secut$ him4 ,imprison$ = a :ile 9 ,india1 he w5t to ,egypt ab\t #ahhj1 & _h a h& 9 ! anti-,european movem5t ( ,arabi ,pa%a4 ,:5 ! ,engli% occupi$ ,egypt 9 #ahhb !y promptly expell$ ,djemal1 :o cont9u$ 8 w&]+s1 f9ally rea*+ ,con/ant9ople4 ,"h he f\nd a g5]\s patron 9 ,abdul-,hamid1 !n evolv+ 8 ,pan-,islamic policy4 ,naturally1 ! ,sultan 0 en*ant$ ) ,djemal1 & promptly made him ! head ( 8 ,pan-,islamic propag&a bureau4 ,9 fact1 x is probable t ! success ( ! ,sultan's ,pan-,islamic policy 0 l>gely due to ,djemal's ability & zeal4 ,djemal di$ 9 #ahif at an advanc$ age1 active to ! la/4 ,djemal-ed-,d9's tea*+s may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,! ,*ri/ian _w1 despite its int]nal diff]5ces ( race & nationality1 is1 z aga9/ ! ,ea/ & especially z aga9/ ,islam1 unit$ = ! de/ruction ( all ,mohamm$an /ates4 ,! ,crusades /ill subsi/1 z well z ! fanatical _s ( ,pet] ! ,h]mit4 ,at he>t1 ,*ri/5dom /ill reg>ds ,islam ) fanatical hatr$ & contempt4 ,?is is %[n 9 _m ways1 z 9 int]national law1 be=e :i* ,moslem nations are n treat$ z ! equals ( ,*ri/ian nations4 ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts excuse ! attacks & humiliations inflict$ ^u ,moslem /ates by cit+ ! latt]'s backw>d & b>b>\s condition2 yet ^! same gov]nm5ts /ifle by a ?\s& means1 ev5 by w>1 e attempt$ ef=t ( re=m & revival 9 ,moslem l&s4 ,hatr$ ( ,islam is common to all ,*ri/ian peoples1 n m]ely to "s ( !m1 & ! result ( ?is _s is a tacit1 p]si/5t ef=t = ,islam's de/ruction4 ,e ,moslem feel+ & aspiration is c>icatur$ & calumniat$ by ,*ri/5dom4 ',! ,europeans call 9 ! ,ori5t fanaticism :at at home !y call nationalism & patriotism4 ,& :at 9 ! ,we/ !y call self-respect1 pride1 national hon\r1 9 ! ,ea/ !y call *auv9ism4 ,:at 9 ! ,we/ !y e/eem z national s5tim5t1 9 ! ,ea/ !y consid] x5ophobia4'#db ,f all ?is1 x is pla9 t ! :ole ,moslem _w mu/ unite 9 a great def5sive alliance1 to pres]ve itself f de/ruction2 &1 to d ?is1 x mu/ acquire ! te*nique ( ,we/]n progress & le>n ! secrets ( ,european p[]4 ,su*1 9 brief1 are ! tea*+s ( ,djemal-ed-,d91 propagat$ ) eloqu5ce & au?ority = _m ye>s4 ,giv5 ! /ate ( m+l$ fe> & hatr$ ( ,we/]n encroa*m5t t 0 /eadily spread+ ?r\gh\t ! ,moslem _w1 x is easy to see h[ great ,djemal's influ5ce mu/ h be54 ,& ( c\rse ,djemal 0 n alone 9 8 prea*+4 ,o!r influ5tial ,moslems 7 agitat+ along mu* ! same l9es z e>ly z ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ^! pione]s 0 ! ,turki% notable ,aali ,pa%a1 :o 0 said to rem>k3 ,:at we want is r an increase ( fanaticism ?an a dim9ution ( x4#dc ,arm9ius ,vambry1 ! em95t ,hung>ian ,ori5tal s*ol>1 /ates t %ortly aft] ! ,crimean ,w> he 0 pres5t at a militant ,pan-,islamic ga!r+1 att5d$ by emiss>ies f f> p>ts ( ! ,moslem _w1 held at ,aali ,pa%a's palace4#dd ,su* 7 ! f\ndations ^u :i* ,sultan ,abdul ,hamid built 8 ambiti\s ,pan-,islamic /ructure4 ,abdul ,hamid is "o ( ! /range/ p]sonalities ( mod]n times4 ,a man ( unusual intellig5ce1 8 m9d 0 yet w>p$ by /range twi/s :i* w5t to ! v]ge ( insanity4 ,nurs+ ambiti\s1 gr&iose projects1 he tri$ to c>ry !m out by d>k & tortu\s me?ods :i*1 ?\gh (t5 clev]ly ,mac*iavellian1 7 sometimes absurdly pu]ile4 ,an autocrat by nature1 he /rove to keep ! smalle/ decisions dep5d5t on 8 arbitr>y w1 albeit he 0 frequ5tly guid$ by clev] sycophants :o knew h[ to play ^u 8 sup]/itions & 8 prejudices4 ,abdul ,hamid asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 #ahgf "u v difficult circum/ances4 ,! c\ntry 0 on ! v]ge ( a disa/r\s ,russian w>1 :ile ! gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( /atesm5 :o 7 endeav\r+ to trans=m ,turkey into a mod]n /ate & :o _h introduc$ all sorts ( ,we/]n political innovations1 includ+ a p>liam5t4 ,abdul ,hamid1 h[ev]1 soon *ang$ all ?is4 ,tak+ advantage ( ! confusion :i* m>k$ ! close ( ! ,russian w>1 he aboli%$ p>liam5t & made himself z absolute a despot z any ( 8 ance/ors _h ev] be54 ,secure 9 8 autocratic p[]1 ,abdul ,hamid n[ began to evolve 8 own peculi> policy1 :i*1 f ! fir/1 _h a di/9ctly ,pan-,islamic tr5d#de4 ,unlike 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 ,abdul ,hamid det]m9$ to use 8 position z caliph = f>-rea*+ political ends4 ,emphasiz+ 8 spiritual head%ip ( ! ,mohamm$an _w r ?an 8 political head%ip ( ! ,turki% /ate1 he endeav\r$ to w9 ! active support ( all ,moslems &1 by t support1 to intimidate ,european ,p[]s :o might be =mulat+ aggressive measures aga9/ ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,be=e long ,abdul ,hamid _h built up an elaborate ,pan-,islamic propag&a organization1 work+ ma9ly by secretive1 tortu\s me?ods4 ,con/ant9ople became ! ,mecca ( all ! fanatics & anti-,we/]n agitators l ,djemal-ed-,d94 ,& f ,con/ant9ople !re w5t =? sw>ms ( pick$ emiss>ies1 be>+ to ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ,islam ! ,caliph's message ( hope & imp5d+ deliv]ance f ! m5ace ( infidel rule4 ,abdul ,hamid's ,pan-,islamic propag&a w5t on un9t]rupt$ly = ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,precisely :at ?is propag&a accompli%$ is v difficult to e/imate4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 cut %ort1 & to "s ext5t rev]s$1 by ! ,"y-,turk resolution ( #aijh :i* drove ,abdul ,hamid f ! ?rone4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 nev] put to ! te/ ( a w> betwe5 ,turkey & a fir/-class ,european ,p[]4 ,?is is :at r5d]s any !oretical appraisal s inconclusive4 ,abdul ,hamid did succe$ 9 ga9+ ! respectful ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 spiritual au?ority by mo/ ,moslem pr9ces & notables1 & he c]ta9ly won ! pi\s v5]ation ( ! ,moslem masses4 ,9 ! mo/ di/ant regions m5 came to reg>d ! mighty ,caliph 9 ,/ambul z1 9 v tru?1 ! ,def5d] ( ! ,fai?1 & to consid] 8 empire z ! bulw>k ( ,islam4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a f> cry f pi\s en?usiasm to practical p]=mance4 ,fur!rmore1 ,abdul ,hamid did n succe$ 9 w9n+ ov] p[]ful ,pan-,islamic lead]s l ,el ,s5nussi1 :o suspect$ 8 motives & que/ion$ 8 judgm5t2 :ile ,moslem lib]als ev]y:]e dislik$ him = 8 despotic1 reaction>y1 ineffici5t rule4 ,x is ?us a v debatable "q :e!r1 if ,abdul ,hamid _h ev] call$ ^u ! ,moslem _w = arm$ assi/ance 9 a holy w>1 he w\ld h be5 g5]ally support$4 ,yet ,abdul ,hamid und\bt$ly fur!r$ ! g5]al spread ( ,pan-,islamic s5tim5t ?r\gh\t ! ,moslem _w4 ,9 ?is l>g] s5se he succe$$2 albeit n s mu* f 8 position z caliph z because he inc>nat$ ! gr[+ fe> & hatr$ ( ! ,we/4 ,?us we may conclude t ,abdul ,hamid's ,pan-,islamic propag&a did produce pr(\nd & la/+ effects :i* w h to be s]i\sly reckon$ )4 ,! ,"y-,turk revolution ( #aijh greatly complicat$ ! situation4 ,x 0 soon foll[$ by ! ,p]sian revolution & by k9dr$ symptoms 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,^! ev5ts br\ght into sudd5 prom95ce new =ces1 su* z con/itutionalism1 nationalism1 & ev5 social unre/1 :i* _h long be5 obscurely g]m9at+ 9 ,islam b :i* _h be5 previ\sly d5i$ expression4 ,we %all lat] consid] ^! new =ces 9 detail4 ,! po9t to be "h not$ is _! complicat+ effect on ! ,pan-,islamic movem5t4 ,pan-,islamism 01 9 fact1 cross-cut & deflect$ f its previ\s c\rse1 & a p]iod ( confusion & m5tal unc]ta9ty sup]v5$4 ,?is int]im p]iod 0 %ort4 ,by #aiab ,pan-,islamism _h recov]$ its poise & 0 mov+ =w>d once m4 ,! reason 0 r5ew$ pressure f ! ,we/4 ,9 #aiaa came ,italy's b>efac$ raid on ,turkey's ,african dep5d5cy ( ,tripoli1 :ile 9 #aiab ! alli$ ,*ri/ian ,balkan /ates attack$ ,turkey 9 ! ,balkan ,w>1 :i* %e>$ away ,turkey's ,european prov9ces to ! v walls ( ,con/ant9ople & left h] crippl$ & discr$it$4 ,moreov]1 9 ^? same fateful ye>s ,russia & ,engl& /rangl$ ! ,p]sian revolution1 :ile ,france1 z a result ( ! ,agadir crisis1 clos$ h] grip on ,morocco4 ,?us1 9 a scant two ye>s1 ! ,moslem _w _h suff]$ at ,european h&s assaults n only unprec$5t$ 9 gravity b1 9 ,moslem eyes1 q )\t provocation4 ,! effect ^u ,islam 0 trem5d\s4 ,a flood ( m+l$ despair & rage swept ! ,moslem _w f end to end4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! ,pan-,islamic implication 0 obvi\s4 ,?is 0 precisely :at ,pan-,islam's agitators _h be5 prea*+ = fifty ye>s--! ,crusade ( ! ,we/ = ,islam's de/ruction4 ,:at c\ld be bett] confirmation ( ! w>n+s ( ,djemal-ed-,d98 ,! results 7 soon se54 ,9 ,tripoli1 :]e ,turks & ,arabs _h be5 on ! wor/ ( t]ms1 bo? races clasp$ h&s 9 a sudd5 access ( ,pan-,islamic f]v\r1 & ! ,italian invad]s 7 met ) a fanatical fury t r\s$ ,islam to wild applause & inspir$ ,we/]n obs]v]s ) grave disquietude4 ,:y has ,italy f\nd 'def5celess' ,tripoli su* a hornets' ne/8 qu]i$ ,gabriel ,hanotaux1 a =m] ,fr5* m9i/] ( =eign affairs4 ,x is because %e has to d1 n m]ely ) ,turkey1 b ) ,islam z well4 ,italy has set ! ball roll+--s mu* ! worse = h]--& = u all4#df ,! ,anglo-,russian man-h&l+ ( ,p]sia likewise r\s$ mu* wra?ful comm5t ?r\gh\t ,islam1#dg :ile ! imp5d+ ext9ction ( ,moroccan indep5d5ce at ,fr5* h&s 0 discuss$ ) m\rnful indignation4 ,b ) ! com+ ( ! ,balkan ,w> ! wra? ( ,islam knew no b\nds4 ,f ,*9a to ! ,congo1 pi\s ,moslems wat*$ ) bat$ brea? ! sway+ battle-l9es 9 ! f>-(f ,balkans1 & :5 ! news ( ,turki% disa/] came1 ,islam's cry ( wra?ful angui% rose ho>se & high4 ,a prom95t ,indian ,mohamm$an well express$ ! feel+s ( 8 co-religioni/s ev]y:]e :5 he wrote3 ,! ,k+ ( ,greece ord]s a new ,crusade4 ,f ! ,london ,*ancell]ies rise calls to ,*ri/ian fanaticism1 & ,sa9t ,pet]sburg already speaks ( ! plant+ ( ! ,cross on ! dome ( ,sant' ,sophia4 ,to-day !y speak ?us2 to-morr[ !y w ?us speak ( ,j]usalem & ! ,mosque ( ,om>4 ,bro!rs6 ,be ye ( "o m9d1 t x is ! duty ( e ,true ,believ] to ha/5 b5ea? ! ,khalifa's bann] & to sacrifice 8 life = ! safety ( ! fai?4#dh ,& ano!r ,indian ,moslem lead] ?us adjur$ ! ,briti% au?orities3 ,i appeal to ! pres5t gov]nm5t to *ange its anti-,turki% attitude be=e ! fury ( millions ( ,moslem fell[-subjects is k9dl$ to a blaze & br+s disa/]4#di ,mo/ significant ( all 7 ! appeals made at ?is "t by ,moslems to non-,mohamm$an ,asiatics = sympa?y & solid>ity aga9/ ! hat$ ,we/4 ,?is 0 a developm5t z unprec$5t$ z x 0 />tl+4 ,mohamm$1 rev]+ z he did ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & reg>d+ himself z ! successor ( ! div9ely inspir$ prophets ,moses & ,jesus1 _h enjo9$ ^u 8 foll[]s relative respect = ,*ri/ians & ,jews 7,peoples ( ! ,book7 9 contra/ ) o!r non-,moslems1 :om he /igmatiz$ z ,idolat]s4 ,^! injunctions ( ! ,prophet _h always be5 he$$1 & d[n to our own days ! hatr$ ( ,moslems = ,*ri/ians1 h[ev] bitt]1 _h be5 z no?+ comp>$ ) _! loa?+ & contempt = ,idolat]s l ! ,brahmani/ ,h9dus or ! ,buddhi/s & ,confuciani/s ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! fir/ symptom ( a *ange 9 attitude appe>$ dur+ ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> ( #aijd4 ,s great _h ,islam's fe> & hatr$ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,we/ !n become1 t ! triumph ( an ,asiatic p ov] ,europeans 0 en?usia/ically hail$ by _m ,moslems1 ev5 ?\gh ! victors 7 ,idolat]s4 ,x 0 q 9 keep+ ) ,pan-,islamism's /rong mission>y b5t t _m pi\s ,moslems %\ld h dream$ ( br++ ^! h]oes )9 ! ,islamic fold4 ,ef=ts to get 9 t\* ) ,japan 7 made4 ,propag&i/ pap]s 7 f\nd$1 mission>ies 7 select$1 & ! ,sultan s5t a w>%ip to ,japan ) a ,pan-,islamic delegation abo>d4 ,?r\gh\t ,islam ! project$ conv]sion ( ,japan 0 widely discuss$4 ,said an ,egyptian j\rnal 9 ! ye> #aijf3 ,engl&1 ) h] sixty million ,indian ,moslems1 dreads ?is conv]sion4 ,) a ,mohamm$an ,japan1 ,mussulman policy w\ld *ange entirely4#ej ,&1 at ! o!r end ( ! ,moslem _w1 a ,*9ese ,mohamm$an %eikh wrote3 ,if ,japan ?9ks ( becom+ "s day a v great p[] & mak+ ,asia ! dom9ator ( ! o!r cont95ts1 x w be only by adopt+ ! bless$ religion ( ,islam4#ea ,( c\rse x soon became pla9 to ^! en?usia/s t :ile ,japan receiv$ ,islam's emiss>ies ) smil+ c\rtesy1 %e _h n ! fa9te/ int5tion ( turn+ ,mohamm$an4 ,nev]!less1 ! fir/ /ep _h be5 tak5 t[>ds fri5dly relations ) non-,moslem ,asia1 & ! ,balkan ,w> drove ,moslems mu* fur!r 9 ?is direction4 ,! *ange 9 ,moslem s5tim5t c be gaug$ by ! num]\s appeals made by ! ,indian ,mohamm$ans at ?is "t to ,h9dus1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ sample entitl$ significantly ,! ,message ( ! ,ea/4 ,_s ( ! ,ea/1 reads ?is notewor?y docum5t1 arise & repel ! swell+ flood ( ,we/]n aggression6 ,*ildr5 ( ,h9du/an1 aid u ) y\r wisdom1 culture1 & weal?2 l5d u y\r p[]1 ! bir?right & h]itage ( ! ,h9du6 ,let ! ,_s ,p[]s hidd5 9 ! ,himalayan m\nta9-peaks arise4 ,let pray]s to ! god ( battles float upw>d2 pray]s t "r may triumph ov] might2 & call to y\r myriad gods to annihilate ! armies ( ! foe6#eb ,to any "o :o realizes ! traditional ,moslem attitude t[>ds ,idolat]s su* words are simply amaz+4 ,!y betok5 a v]itable revolution 9 outlook4 ,& su* s5tim5ts 7 n conf9$ to ,indian ,moslems2 !y 7 equally evid5t among ,*9ese ,moslems z well4 ,said a ,mohamm$an newspap] ( ,*9ese ,turke/an1 advocat+ a frat]nal union ( all ,*9ese aga9/ ,we/]n aggression3 ,europe has gr[n too presumptu\s4 ,x w deprive u ( our lib]ty2 x w de/roy u altoge!r if we d n be/ir ourselves promptly & prep>e = a p[]ful resi/ance4#ec ,dur+ ! tr\bl\s fir/ /ages ( ! ,*9ese revolution1 ! ,mohamm$ans1 em]g+ f _! sulky alo(ness1 co-op]at$ s loyally ) _! ,buddhi/ & ,confucian fell[-patriots t ,dr4 ,sun-,yat-,s51 ! ,republican lead]1 ann\nc$ gratefully3 ,! ,*9ese w nev] =get ! assi/ance :i* _! ,moslem fell[-c\ntrym5 h r5d]$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ord] & lib]ty4#ed ,! ,great ,w> ?us f\nd ,islam ev]y:]e deeply /irr$ aga9/ ,european aggression1 ke5ly consci\s ( its own solid>ity1 & frankly rea*+ out = ,asiatic allies 9 ! project$ /ruggle aga9/ ,european dom9ation4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x may at fir/ sight appe> /range t no g5]al ,islamic explosion occurr$ :5 ,turkey ent]$ ! li/s at ! close ( #aiad & ! ,sultan ,caliph issu$ a =mal summons to ! ,holy ,w>4 ,( c\rse ?is summons 0 n ! flat failure :i* ,alli$ reports l$ ! ,we/ to believe at ! "t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re 0 tr\ble 9 practically e ,mohamm$an l& "u ,alli$ control4 ,to "n only a few ( _m in/ances3 ,egypt broke into a tumult smo!r$ only by ov]:elm+ ,briti% re9=cem5ts1 ,tripoli bur/ into a flame ( insurrection t drove ! ,italians headlong to ! coa/1 ,p]sia 0 prev5t$ f jo9+ ,turkey only by prompt ,russo-,briti% int]v5tion1 :ile ! ,indian ,nor?-,we/ ,fronti] 0 ! sc5e ( fight+ t requir$ ! pres5ce ( a qu>t] ( a million ,anglo-,indian troops4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t has (ficially admitt$ t dur+ #aiae ! ,allies' ,asiatic & ,african possessions /ood )9 a h&'s bread? ( a cataclysmic insurrection4 ,t insurrection w\ld c]ta9ly h tak5 place if ,islam's lead]s _h ev]y:]e spok5 ! fateful ^w4 ,b ! ^w 0 n spok54 ,in/ead1 influ5tial ,moslems outside ( ,turkey g5]ally condemn$ ! latt]'s action & did all 9 _! p[] to calm ! passions ( ! fanatic multitude4 ,! attitude ( ^! lead]s does cr$it to _! disc]nm5t4 ,!y recogniz$ t ?is 0 nei!r ! "t nor ! occasion = a decisive /ruggle ) ! ,we/4 ,!y 7 n yet mat]ially prep>$1 & !y _h n p]fect$ _! und]/&+s ei!r among !mselves or ) _! prospective non-,moslem allies4 ,above all1 ! moral urge 0 lack+4 ,!y knew t a?w>t ! ,khalifa's writ 0 /5cill$ ,made 9 ,g]many4 ,!y knew t ! ,"y-,turk clique :i* _h eng9e]$ ! c\p 0 made up ( ,europeaniz$ r5egades1 _m ( !m n ev5 nom9al ,moslems1 b a!i/ic ,jews4 ,f>-sight$ ,moslems _h no int5tion ( pull+ ,g]many's *e/nuts out ( ! fire1 nor did !y wi% to fur!r ,prussian s*emes ( _w-dom9ion :i* = !mselves w\ld h meant a m]e *ange ( ma/]s4 ,f> bett] to let ! ,we/ fight out its desp]ate feud1 weak5 itself1 & reveal fully its future int5tions4 ,mean:ile ,islam c\ld bide its "t1 gr[ 9 /r5g?1 & await ! morr[4 ,! ,v]sailles peace conf]5ce 0 j su* a revelation ( ,european int5tions z ! ,pan-,islamic lead]s _h be5 wait+ = 9 ord] to p]fect _! programmes & enli/ ! moral solid>ity ( _! foll[]s4 ,at ,v]sailles ! ,european ,p[]s %[$ unequivocally t !y _h no int5tion ( relax+ _! hold ^u ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/4 ,by a numb] ( secret treaties negotiat$ dur+ ! w>1 ! ,ottoman ,empire _h be5 virtually p>tition$ betwe5 ! victori\s ,allies1 & ^! secret treaties =m$ ! basis ( ! ,v]sailles settlem5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ,egypt _h be5 decl>$ a ,briti% protectorate at ! v beg9n+ ( ! w>1 :ile ! ,v]sailles conf]5ce _h sc>cely adj\rn$ be=e ,engl& ann\nc$ an agreem5t ) ,p]sia :i* made t c\ntry ano!r ,briti% protectorate 9 fact if n 9 "n4 ,! up%ot 01 z already /at$1 t ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ 7 subject$ to ,european political dom9ation z nev] be=e4 ,b !re 0 ano!r side to ! %ield4 ,dur+ ! w> ye>s ! ,alli$ /atesm5 _h (ficially proclaim$ times )\t numb] t ! w> 0 be+ f\ght to e/abli% a new _w-ord] bas$ on su* pr9ciples z ! rights ( small nations & ! lib]ty ( all peoples4 ,^! pron\ncem5ts _h be5 treasur$ & memoriz$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! ,ea/ saw a peace settlem5t bas$1 n ^u ^! high pr(essions1 b ^u ! imp]iali/ic secret treaties1 x 0 fir$ ) a moral indignation & s5se ( outrag$ ju/ice nev] kn[n be=e4 ,a tide ( impassion$ det]m9ation began ris+ :i* has set already ! entire ,ea/ 9 tumultu\s f]m5t1 & :i* seems m]ely ! premonitory gr\nd-swell ( a great] /orm4 ,s om9\s 7 ! port5ts t ev5 be=e ! ,v]sailles conf]5ce _h adj\rn$ _m ,european /ud5ts ( ,ea/]n affairs express$ grave al>m4 ,"h1 = example1 is ! judgm5t ( ,leone ,caetani1 ,duke ( ,s]moneta1 an ,italian au?ority on ,mohamm$an que/ions4 ,speak+ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai on ! w>'s effect on ! ,ea/1 he said3 ,! convulsion has %ak5 ,islamic & ,ori5tal civilization to its f\ndations4 ,! entire ,ori5tal _w1 f ,*9a to ! ,m$it]ranean1 is 9 f]m5t4 ,ev]y:]e ! hidd5 fire ( anti-,european hatr$ is burn+4 ,riots 9 ,morocco1 ris+s 9 ,algi]s1 discont5t 9 ,tripoli1 s-call$ ,nationali/ attempts 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 & ,lybia are all diff]5t manife/ations ( ! same deep s5tim5t1 & h z _! object ! rebellion ( ! ,ori5tal _w aga9/ ,european civilization4#ee ,^? words are a prophetic =eca/ ( :at has s9ce occurr$ 9 ! ,moslem _w4 ,because rec5t ev5ts are p]haps ev5 m involv$ ) ! nationali/ic aspirations ( ! ,moslem peoples ?an !y are ) ! /rictly ,pan-,islamic movem5t1 ,i propose to def] _! detail$ discussion till ! *apt] on ,nationalism4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 rememb] t ,moslem nationalism & ,pan-,islamism1 :atev] _! int]nal diff]5ces1 t5d to unite aga9/ ! ext]nal pressure ( ,european dom9ation & equally desire ,islam's lib]ation f ,european political control4 ,rememb]+ ^! facts1 let u survey ! pres5t condition ( ! ,pan-,islamic movem5t4 ,pan-,islamism has be5 trem5d\sly /imulat$ by ,we/]n pressure1 especially by ! late w> & ! rec5t peace settlem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 ,pan-,islamism mu/ n be consid]$ z m]ely a def5sive political reaction aga9/ ext]nal aggression4 ,x spr+s prim>ily f t deep s5tim5t ( unity :i* l9ks ,moslem to ,moslem by bonds mu* /rong] ?an ^? :i* unite ! memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,^! bonds are n m]ely religi\s1 9 ! te*nical s5se2 !y are social & cultural z well4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,moslem _w1 despite wide diff]5ces 9 local cu/oms & regulations1 ! basic laws ( family & social conduct are ev]y:]e ! same4 ,! tru? is t ,islam is m ?an a cre$1 x is a complete social sy/em2 x is a civilization ) a philosophy1 a culture1 & an art ( its own2 9 its long /ruggle aga9/ ! rival civilization ( ,*ri/5dom x has become an organic unit consci\s ( itself4#ef ,to ?is ,islamic civilization all ,moslems are deeply atta*$4 ,9 ?is l>g] s5se1 ,pan-,islamism is univ]sal4 ,ev5 ! mo/ lib]al-m9d$ ,moslems1 h[ev] mu* !y may welcome ,we/]n ideas1 & h[ev] /rongly !y may condemn ! fanatical1 reaction>y aspects ( ! political ,pan-,islamic movem5t1 believe f]v5tly 9 ,islam's ess5tial solid>ity4 ,z a lead+ ,indian ,moslem lib]al1 ,! ,aga ,khan1 rem>ks3 ,!re is a "r & legitimate ,pan-,islamism to :i* e s9c]e & believ+ ,mohamm$an belongs--t is1 ! !ory ( ! spiritual bro!rhood & unity ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,prophet4 ,! real spiritual & cultural unity ( ,islam mu/ ev] gr[1 = to ! foll[] ( ! ,prophet x is ! f\ndation ( ! life & ! s\l4#eg ,if su* is ! attitude ( ,moslem lib]als1 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ,we/]n culture & receptive to ,we/]n progress1 :at mu/ be ! feel+s ( ! ,moslem masses1 ignorant1 reaction>y1 & fanatical8 ,besides p]fectly und]/&able fe> & hatr$ due to ,we/]n aggression1 !re is1 among ! ,moslem masses1 a great deal ( g5u9e fanaticism caus$1 n by ,european political dom9ation1 b by religi\s bigotry & bl9d hatr$ ( ,we/]n civilization4#eh ,b ?is fanaticism has1 ( c\rse1 be5 greatly inflam$ by ! political ev5ts ( ! pa/ decade1 until to-day religi\s1 cultural1 & political hatr$ ( ! ,we/ h coalesc$ 9 a /ate ( m9d decid$ly om9\s = ! peace ( ! _w4 ,we %\ld n delude ourselves into m9imiz+ ! dang]\s possibilities ( ! pres5t situation4 ,j because ! fake ,holy ,w> proclaim$ by ! ,"y-,turks at ,g]man in/igation 9 #aiad did n come (f is no reason = believ+ t a real holy w> is impossible4 ,z a ,g]man /aff-(fic] 9 ,turki% s]vice dur+ ! late /ruggle v c&idly says3 ,! ,holy ,w> 0 an absolute fiasco j because x 0 n a ,holy ,w>4#ei ,i h already expla9$ h[ mo/ ,moslems saw ?r\gh ! trick & refus$ to budge4 ,h[ev]1 ! long s]ies ( ,european aggressions1 culm9at+ 9 ! rec5t peace settlem5ts :i* subject$ virtually ! entire ,moslem _w to ,european dom9ation1 h be5 /eadily r\s+ 9 ,moslem he>ts a _s ( despair+ rage t may h disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! mat]ials = a holy w> h long be5 heap+ high4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago ,arm9ius ,vambry1 :o knew ! ,moslem _w z few ,europeans h ev] kn[n x1 w>n$ ! ,we/ ( ! p]ils eng5d]$ by recklessly imp]iali/ic policies4 ,z "t passes1 he wrote 9 #ahih1 ! dang] ( a g5]al w> becomes ev] great]4 ,we %\ld n =get t "t has consid]ably augm5t$ ! adv]s>y's =ce ( resi/ance4 ,i mean by ?is ! s5tim5t ( solid>ity :i* is becom+ liveli] ( late ye>s among ! peoples ( ,islam1 & :i* 9 our age ( rapid communication is no long] a negligible quantity1 z x 0 ev5 t5 or tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,x may n be sup]flu\s to draw ! att5tion ( our n9ete5?-c5tury ,crusad]s to ! importance ( ! ,moslem press1 ^: ramifications ext5d all ov] ,asia & ,africa1 & ^: exhortations s9k m pr(\ndly ?an !y d ) u into ! s\ls ( _! read]s4 ,9 ,turkey1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,c5tral ,asia1 ,java1 ,egypt1 & ,alg]ia1 native organs1 daily & p]iodical1 beg9 to ex]t a pr(\nd influ5ce4 ,ev]y?+ t ,europe ?9ks1 decides1 & executes aga9/ ,islam spreads ?r\gh ^? c\ntries ) ! rapidity ( lightn+4 ,c>avans c>ry ! news to ! he>t ( ,*9a & to ! equator1 :]e ! tid+s are comm5t$ ^u 9 v s+ul> fa%ion4 ,c]ta9 sp>ks /ruck at our meet+s & banquets k9dle1 little by little1 m5ac+ flames4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld be an unp>donable leg]ity to close our eyes to ! dang]s lurk+ b5ea? an app>5t passivity4 ,:at ! ,t]djuman ( ,crimea says betwe5 ! l9es is repeat$ by ! ,con/ant9ople ,ikdam1 & is comm5t$ on & exagg]at$ at ,calcutta by ,! ,moslem ,*ronicle4 ,( c\rse1 at pres5t1 ! bond ( ,pan-,islamism is compos$ ( t5u\s & disp]s$ /r&s4 ,b ,we/]n aggression might easily unite ^? /r&s into a solid :ole1 br++ ab\t a g5]al w>4#fj ,9 ! decades :i* h elaps$ s9ce ,vambry wrote ^? l9es ! situation has become mu* m t5se4 ,moslem res5tm5t at ,european dom9ance has increas$1 has be5 re9=c$ by nationali/ic aspirations almo/ unkn[n dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 & possesses me?ods ( highly effici5t propag&a4 ,= example1 ! ,pan-,islamic press1 to :i* ,vambry ref]s1 has develop$ 9 truly extraord9>y fa%ion4 ,9 #aijj !re 7 9 ! :ole ,islamic _w n m ?an #bjj propag&i/ j\rnals4 ,by #aijf !re 7 #ejj1 :ile 9 #aiad !re 7 well ov] #ajjj4fa ,moslems fully appreciate ! po/-(fice1 ! railroad1 & o!r mod]n me?ods ( rapidly int]*ang+ ideas4 ,e ,moslem c\ntry is 9 communication ) e o!r ,moslem c\ntry3 directly1 by means ( special emiss>ies1 pilgrims1 travell]s1 trad]s1 & po/al ex*anges2 indirectly1 by means ( ,mohamm$an newspap]s1 books1 pamphlets1 leaflets1 & p]iodicals4 ,i h met ) ,cairo newspap]s 9 ,bagdad1 ,teh]an1 & ,pe%aw>2 ,con/ant9ople newspap]s 9 ,basra & ,bombay2 ,calcutta newspap]s 9 ,mohamm]ah1 ,k]bela1 & ,port ,said4#fb ,z = ! pr(essional ,pan-,islamic propag&i/s1 m p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! religi\s frat]nities1 !y sw>m ev]y:]e1 r\s+ ! fanaticism ( ! p3 ,travell+ "u a ?\s& disguises--z m]*ants1 prea*]s1 /ud5ts1 doctors1 workm51 begg>s1 fakirs1 m\ntebanks1 pret5d$ fools or rhapsodi/s1 ^! emiss>ies are ev]y:]e well receiv$ by ! ,fai?ful & are efficaci\sly protect$ aga9/ ! suspici\s inve/igations ( ! ,european colonial au?orities4#fc ,fur!rmore1 !re is to-day 9 ! ,moslem _w a widespread conviction1 held by lib]als & *auv9i/s alike 7albeit = v diff]5t reasons71 t ,islam is ent]+ on a p]iod ( ,r5aissance & r5ew$ glory4 ,says ,sir ,!odore ,morison3 ,no ,mohamm$an believes t ,islamic civilization is dead or incapable ( fur!r developm5t4 ,!y recognize t x has fall5 on evil days2 t x has suff]$ f an excessive v5]ation ( ! pa/1 f prejudice & bigotry & n>r[ s*ola/icism n unlike t :i* obscur$ ,european ?\ght 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 b !y believe t ,islam too is ab\t to h its ,r5aissance1 t x is receiv+ f ,we/]n le>n+ a /imulus :i* w quick5 x into fre% activity1 & t ! evid5ces ( ?is new life are ev]y:]e manife/4#fd ,sir ,!odore ,morison describes ! attitude ( ,moslem lib]als4 ,h[ ,pan-,islami/s ) anti-,we/]n s5tim5ts feel is well set =? by an ,egyptian1 ,yahya ,siddyk1 9 8 well-kn[n book1 ,! ,awak5+ ( ! ,islamic ,peoples 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury ( ! ,hegira4#fe ,! book is d\bly int]e/+ because ! au?or has a ?or\gh ,we/]n education1 hold+ a law degree f ! ,fr5* univ]sity ( ,t\l\se1 & is a judge on ! ,egyptian b5*4 ,al?\gh1 writ+ ne>ly a decade be=e ! cataclysm1 ,yahya ,siddyk cle>ly =esaw ! imm95ce ( ! ,european ,w>4 ,behold1 he writes1 ^! ,great ,p[]s ru9+ !mselves 9 t]rify+ armam5ts2 measur+ ea* o!r's /r5g? ) defiant glances2 m5ac+ ea* o!r2 contract+ alliances :i* cont9ually break & :i* presage ^? t]rible %ocks :i* ov]turn ! _w & cov] x ) ru9s1 fire1 & blood6 ,! future is ,god's1 & no?+ is la/+ save ,8 ,w4 ,yahya ,siddyk consid]s ! ,we/]n _w deg5]ate4 ,does ?is mean1 he asks1 t ,europe1 our 'enlight5$ guide1' has already rea*$ ! summit ( its evolution8 ,has x already exhau/$ its vital =ce by two or ?ree c5turies ( hyp]ex]tion8 ,9 o!r words3 is x already /rick5 ) s5ility1 & w x see itself soon oblig$ to yield its civiliz+ rle to o!r peoples less deg5]ate1 less neura/h5ic1 t is to say1 y\ng]1 m robu/1 m heal?y1 ?an itself8 ,9 my op9ion1 ! pres5t m>ks ,europe's apogee1 & its immod]ate colonial expansion means1 n /r5g?1 b weakness4 ,despite ! aureole ( s mu* gr&eur1 p[]1 & glory1 ,europe is to-day m divid$ & m fragile ?an ev]1 & ill conceals its malaise1 its suff]+s1 & its angui%4 ,its de/9y is inexorably work+ out6444 ,! contact ( ,europe on ! ,ea/ has caus$ u bo? mu* good & mu* evil3 good1 9 ! mat]ial & intellectual s5se2 evil1 f ! moral & political po9t ( view4 ,exhau/$ by long /ruggles1 en]vat$ by a brilliant civilization1 ! ,moslem peoples inevitably fell into a malaise2 b !y are n /rick51 !y are n dead6 ,^! peoples1 conqu]$ by ! =ce ( cannon1 h n 9 ! lea/ lo/ _! unity1 ev5 "u ! oppressive rgimes to :i* ! ,europeans h long subject$ !m4444 ,i h said t ! ,european contact has be5 salut>y to u f bo? ! mat]ial & intellectual po9t ( view4 ,:at re=m+ ,moslem pr9ces wi%$ to impose by =ce on _! ,moslem subjects is to-day realiz$ a hundr$fold4 ,s great has be5 our progress 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s 9 sci5ce1 lett]s1 & art t we may well hope to be 9 all ^! ?+s ! equals ( ,europe 9 less ?an half a c5tury4444 ,a new era op5s = u ) ! f\rte5? c5tury ( ! ,hegira1 & ?is happy c5tury w m>k our ,r5aissance & our great future6 ,a new brea? animates ! ,mohamm$an peoples ( all races2 all ,moslems are p5etrat$ ) ! necessity ( "w & in/ruction6 ,we all wi% to travel1 d bus9ess1 tempt =tune1 brave dang]s4 ,!re is 9 ! ,ea/1 among ! ,mohamm$ans1 a surpris+ activity1 an animation1 unkn[n tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,!re is to-day a real public op9ion ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,! au?or concludes3 ,let u hold firm1 ea* = all1 & let u hope1 hope1 hope6 ,we are fairly laun*$ on ! pa? ( progress3 let u pr(it by x6 ,x is ,europe's v tyranny :i* has wr\ght our trans=mation6 ,x is our cont9u$ contact ) ,europe t fav\rs our evolution & inevitably ha/5s our revival6 ,x is simply hi/ory repeat+ itself2 ! ,w ( ,god fulfill+ itself despite all opposition & all resi/ance4444 ,europe's tutelage ov] ,asiatics is becom+ m & m nom9al--! gates ( ,asia are clos+ aga9/ ! ,european6 ,surely we glimpse be=e u a revolution )\t p>allel 9 ! _w's annals4 ,a new age is at h&6 ,if ?is 0 ! way ,pan-,islami/s 7 ?9k+ 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 x is cle> t _! views mu/ h be5 confirm$ & int5sifi$ by ! ,great ,w>4#ff ,! mat]ial p[] ( ! ,we/ 0 !reby greatly r$uc$1 :ile its pre/ige 0 equally sapp$ by ! "* ( ! peace settlem5t & by ! att5dant disputes :i* broke out among ! victors4 ,! mutual rivalries & jeal\sies ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ,italy1 & _! satellites 9 ! ,ea/ h giv5 ,moslems mu* food = hopeful ?\ght1 & h caus$ correspond+ disquietude 9 ,european m9ds4 ,a ,fr5* publici/ rec5tly admoni%$ 8 fell[ ,europeans t ,islam does n recognize our colonial fronti]s1 & add$ w>n+ly1 ! great movem5t ( ,islamic union inaugurat$ by ,djemal-ed-,d9 el-,afghani is go+ on4#fg ,! m5ac+ temp] ( ,islam is %[n by ! furi\s agitation :i* has be5 go+ on = ! la/ ?ree ye>s among ,india's #gj1jjj1jjj ,moslems aga9/ ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,?is agitation is n conf9$ to ,india4 ,x is g5]al ?r\gh\t ,islam1 & ,sir ,!odore ,morison does n ov]/ate ! case :5 he says3 ,x is "t ! ,briti% public realiz$ ! gravity ( :at is happ5+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,mohamm$an _w is ablaze ) ang] f end to end at ! p>tition ( ,turkey4 ,! outbreaks ( viol5ce 9 c5tres s f> remote z ,kabul & ,cairo are symptoms only ( ?is widespread res5tm5t4 ,i h be5 9 close t\* ) ,mohamm$ans ( ,india = close ^u ?irty ye>s & ,i ?9k x is my duty to w>n ! ,briti% public ( ! passionate res5tm5t :i* ,moslems feel at ! propos$ dismemb]m5t ( ! ,turki% ,empire4 ,! diplomats at ,v]sailles app>5tly ?\ght t outside ! ,turki% homel&s !re is no sympa?y = ,turkey4 ,?is is a disa/r\s blund]4 ,y h b to meet ! ,mohamm$an n[ 9 ,london to realize ! :ite heat to :i* _! ang] is ris+4 ,9 ,india itself ! :ole ( ! ,mohamm$an community f ,pe%aw> to ,arcot is see?+ ) passion ^u ?is subject4 ,wom5 inside ! ,z5anas are weep+ ov] x4 ,m]*ants :o usually take no int]e/ 9 public affairs are leav+ _! %ops & c\nt+-h\ses to organize remon/rances & petitions2 ev5 ! m$ival !ologians ( ,deob& & ! ,nadwatul-,ulama1 ^: deta*m5t f ! mod]n _w is prov]bial1 are com+ f _! cloi/]s to prote/ aga9/ ! de/ruction ( ,islam4#fh ,possibly ! mo/ s]i\s aspect ( ! situation is t ! ,moslem lib]als are be+ driv5 into ! camp ( political ,pan-,islamism4 ,receptive ?\gh ! lib]als are to ,we/]n ideas1 & av]se ?\gh !y are to ,pan-,islamism's *auv9i/ic1 reaction>y t5d5cies1 ,europe's intransigeance is =c+ !m to make at lea/ a tempor>y alliance ) ! ,pan-,islamic & ,nationali/ gr\ps1 ev5 ?\gh ! lib]als "k t any?+ l a holy w> w\ld dig a gulf betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1 /op ! influx ( ,we/]n /imuli1 fav\r reaction>y fanaticism1 & p]haps po/pone = g5]ations a mod]ni/ re=mation ( ,islam4 ,p]haps x is symptomatic ( a m bellicose temp] 9 ,islam t ! la/ few ye>s h witness$ ! rapid spread ( two new puritan1 fanatic movem5ts--! ,ikhwan & ! ,salafya4 ,! ,ikhwan movem5t began obscurely ab\t t5 ye>s ago 9 inn] ,arabia--! ,nejd4 ,x is a direct outgr[? ( ,wahabism1 f :i* x diff]s 9 no ess5tial respect4 ,s rapid has be5 ,ikhwanism's progress t x to-day absolutely dom9ates ! entire ,nejd1 & x is head$ by des]t ,arabia's mo/ p[]ful *iefta91 ,b9 ,saud1 a desc5dant ( ! ,saud :o head$ ! ,wahabi movem5t a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! fanaticism ( ! ,ikhwans is said to be extraord9>y1 :ile _! programme is ! old ,wahabi dream ( a puritan conv]sion ( ! :ole ,islamic _w4#fi ,z = ! ,salaf movem5t1 x />t$ 9 ,india ev5 m obscurely ?an ,ikhwanism did 9 ,arabia1 b dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s x has spread widely ?r\gh ,islam4 ,l ,ikhwanism1 x is puritanical & fanatical 9 _s1 its adh]5ts be+ f\nd especially among d]vi% organizations4#gj ,su* ph5om5a1 tak5 ) ev]y?+ else1 d n augur well = ! peace ( ! ,ea/4 ,s mu* = ,pan-,islamism's religi\s & political sides4 ,n[ let u glance at its comm]cial & indu/rial aspects--at :at may be call$ economic ,pan-,islamism4 ,economic ,pan-,islamism is ! direct result ( ! p]meation ( ,we/]n ideas4 ,half a c5tury ago ! ,moslem _w 0 economically /ill 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! provisions ( ! %]iat1 or ,moslem canon law1 su* z ! prohibition ( int]e/ r5d]$ economic life 9 ! mod]n s5se impossible4 ,:at little trade & indu/ry did exi/ 0 l>gely 9 ! h&s ( native ,*ri/ians or ,jews4 ,fur!rmore1 ! :ole economic life ( ! ,ea/ 0 be+ disorganiz$ by ! aggressive competition ( ! ,we/4 ,europe's political conque/ ( ! ,moslem _w 01 9 fact1 p>allel$ by an economic conque/ ev5 m complete4 ,ev]y:]e p]colat$ ! flood ( *eap1 abundant ,european ma*9e-made goods1 :ile close beh9d came ,european capital1 tempt+ly (f]+ itself 9 return = loans & concessions :i*1 once grant$1 pav$ ! way = ,european political dom9ation4 ,yet 9 economics z 9 politics ! v complet5ess ( ,europe's triumph provok$ resi/ance4 ,ang]$ & al>m$ by ,we/]n exploitation1 ,islam frankly recogniz$ its economic inf]iority & s\ght to escape f its subjection4 ,f>-sight$ ,moslems began ca/+ ab\t = a modus viv5di ) mod]n life t w\ld put ,islam economically abrea/ ( ! times4 ,we/]n me?ods 7 /udi$ & copi$4 ,! prohibitions ( ! %]iat 7 evad$ or quietly ignor$4 ,! up%ot has be5 a m>k$ evolution t[>d ,we/]n economic /&>ds4 ,?is evolution is ( c\rse /ill 9 its e>ly /ages1 & is mo/ noticeable 9 l&s mo/ expos$ to ,we/]n influ5ces l ,india1 ,egypt1 & ,alg]ia4 ,yet ev]y:]e 9 ! ,moslem _w ! tr5d is ! same4 ,! details ( ?is economic trans=mation w be discuss$ 9 ! *apt] devot$ to economic *ange4 ,:at we are "h conc]n$ ) is its ,pan-,islamic aspect4 ,& t aspect is v /rong4 ,n[h]e does ,islam's innate solid>ity come out bett] ?an 9 ! economic field4 ,! religi\s1 cultural1 & cu/om>y ties :i* b9d ,moslem to ,moslem enable ,mohamm$ans to feel m or less at home 9 e "p ( ! ,islamic _w1 :ile ,we/]n me?ods ( transit & communication enable ,mohamm$ans to travel & keep 9 t\* z !y nev] c\ld be=e4 ,new types ( ,moslems--:olesale m]*ants1 /eam%ip own]s1 bus9ess m51 bank]s1 ev5 factory indu/riali/s & brok]s--are rapidly evolv+2 types :i* w\ld h be5 simply un?9kable a c5tury1 or ev5 half a c5tury1 ago4 ,& ^! new m5 und]/& ea* o!r p]fectly4 ,b\nd toge!r bo? by ! ties ( ,islamic frat]nity & by ! pressure ( ,we/]n competition1 !y co-ord9ate _! ef=ts mu* m easily ?an politicals h succe$$ 9 do+4 ,"h lib]als1 ,pan-,islami/s1 & nationali/s c meet on common gr\nd4 ,"h is no "q ( political conspiracies1 revolts1 or holy w>s1 *all5g+ ! arm$ might ( ,europe & risk+ bloody repression or bl9d reaction4 ,on ! contr>y1 "h is m]ely a work+ toge!r ( fell[ ,moslems = economic ends by bus9ess me?ods :i* ! ,we/ _c decl>e unlawful & d>e n repress4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! specific programme ( economic ,pan-,islamism8 ,x is easily /at$3 ! weal? ( ,islam = ,moslems4 ,! pr(its ( trade & indu/ry = ,moslem in/ead ( ,*ri/ian h&s4 ,! eviction ( ,we/]n capital by ,moslem capital4 ,above all1 ! break+ ( ,europe's grip on ,islam's natural res\rces by ! t]m9ation ( concessions 9 l&s1 m9es1 =e/s1 railways1 cu/om-h\ses1 by :i* ! weal? ( ,islamic l&s is to-day dra9$ away to =eign %ores4 ,su* are ! aspirations ( economic ,pan-,islamism4 ,!y are :olly mod]n concepts1 ! outgr[? ( ^? ,we/]n ideas ^: influ5ce ^u ! ,moslem _w ,i %all n[ discuss4#ga ,,footnotes3 #be ,islam has n only won mu* gr\nd 9 ,india1 ,brahmanism's homel&1 b has also conv]t$ virtually ! entire populations ( ! great isl&s ( ,java & ,sumatra1 :]e ,brahmanism 0 =m]ly asc5dant4 #bf ,! small ,p>si communities ( ,india1 c5tr+ 9 ,bombay1 are ! sole surviv+ repres5tatives ( ,zoroa/rianism4 ,!y 7 f\nd$ by ,zoroa/rian refugees aft] ! ,mohamm$an conque/ ( ,p]sia 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d4 #bg ,?\gh ,mecca is =bidd5 to non-,moslems1 a few ,europeans h manag$ to make ! ,hajj 9 disguise1 & h writt5 _! impressions4 ,( ^!1 ,sn\ck ,hurgronje's ,mekka 7#b vols41 ,! ,hague1 #ahhh7 & ,het ,mekkaans*e ,fee/ 7,leid51 #ahhi7 are ! mo/ rec5t good works4 ,also see ,burton & ,burckh>dt4 ,a rec5t acc\nt ( value f ! p5 ( a ,mohamm$an lib]al is3 ,gazanf> ,ali ,khan1 ,) ! ,pilgrims to ,mecca2 ,! ,great ,pilgrimage ( ,a4 ,h4 #acai 7,a4,d4 #aijb71 ) an ,introduction by ,arm9ius ,vambry 7,london1 #aije74 #bh ,! ,%iite ,p]sians ( c\rse refus$ to recognize any ,sunnite or or?odox caliphate2 :ile ! ,moors pay spiritual allegiance to _! own ,%]eefian sultans4 #bi ,! ,turki% "n = ,con/ant9ople4 #cj ,on ! caliphate1 see ,sir ,w4 ,muir1 ,! ,caliphate3 ,its ,rise1 ,decl9e1 & ,fall 7,ed9burgh1 #aiae72 ,sir ,m>k ,sykes1 ,! ,caliph's ,la/ ,h]itage 7,london1 #aiae72 ,,xx1 ,l',islam aprs la ,gu]re1 ,revue de ,p>is1 #ae ,janu>y1 #aiaf2 ,! ,indian ,khilafat ,delegation1 ,=eign ,affairs1 ,july1 #aibj 7,special ,supplem5t74 #ca ,lit]ally1 he :o is guid$ aright4 #cb ,seyid means ,"l4 ,?is title is borne only by desc5dants ( ! ,prophet4 #cc ,! explor] ,dr4 ,na*tigal4 #cd ,on ! ,islamic frat]nities 9 g5]al & ! ,s5nussiya 9 p>ticul> see ,w4 ,s4 ,blunt1 ,! ,future ( ,islam 7,london1 #ahhb72 ,o4 ,depont & ,x4 ,coppolani1 ,les ,confrries rligieuses musulmanes 7,p>is1 #ahig72 ,h4 ,duveyri]1 ,la ,confrrie musulmane de ,sidi ,mohamm$ b5 ,ali es ,sn\ssi 7,p>is1 #ahhd72 ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,les ,confrries musulmanes du ,h$jaz 7,p>is1 #ahhg72 ,l4 ,petit1 ,confrries musulmanes 7,p>is1 #ahii72 ,l4 ,r9n1 ,m>ab\ts et ,kh\an 7,algi]s1 #ahhd72 ,a4 ,s]vi]1 ,le ,nationalisme musulman 7,con/ant9e1 ,alg]ia1 #aiac72 ,simian1 ,les ,confrries islamiques en ,algrie 7,algi]s1 #aiaj72 ,a*m$ ,abdullah 7himself a ,s5nussi71 ,! ,s5nussiyehs1 ,! ,=um1 ,may1 #aiad2 ,a4 ,r4 ,colquh\n1 ,pan-,islam1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,june1 #aijf2 ,t4 ,r4 ,?relfall1 ,s5ussi & ,8 ,?reat5$ ,holy ,w>1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>*1 #aijj2 ,capta9 ,h4 ,a4 ,wilson1 ,! ,moslem ,m5ace1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,septemb]1 #aijg2 444 ,la ,puissance de l',islam3 ,ses ,confrries ,rligieuses1 ,le ,correspondant1 #be ,novemb] & #aj ,decemb]1 #aiji4 ,! above judgm5ts1 p>ticul>ly reg>d+ ! ,s5nussiya1 v>y greatly1 "s be+ highly al>mi/1 o!rs m9imiz+ its importance4 ,a full balanc+ ( ! entire subject is t ( ,comm&ant ,b+]1 ,le ,pril de l',islam1 ,bullet9 du ,comit de l',afrique franaise1 #aijb4 ,p]sonal int]views ( educat$ ,moslems ) ,el ,s5nussi are ,si ,mohamm$ el ,he*ai%1 ,*ez les ,s5\ssia et les ,t\>eg1 ,l',expansion ,coloniale franaise1 #aijj2 ,muhammad ibn ,utman1 ,voyage au ,pays des ,sn\ssia trav]s la ,tripolita9e 7translat$ f ! ,arabic71 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #ce ,on ,moslem mission>y activity 9 g5]al1 see ,jans51 ,v]breitung des ,islams 7,b]l91 #ahig72 ,m4 ,t[ns5d1 ,asia & ,europe1 pp4 #df-di1 #fj-fa1 #ha2 ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,l',islam au dix-neuvime ,sicle 7,p>is1 #ahhh72 v>i\s pap]s 9 ,! ,mohamm$an ,_w ,to-day 7,london1 #aijf74 #cf ,t4 ,r4 ,?relfall1 ,s5ussi & ,8 ,?reat5$ ,holy ,w>1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>*1 #aijj4 #cg ,d4 ,a4 ,=get1 ,l',islam et le ,*ri/ianisme dans l',afrique c5trale1 p4 #fe 7,p>is1 #aijj74 ,= o!r /atem5ts reg>d+ ,moslem mission>y activity 9 ,africa1 see ,g4 ,bonet-,maury1 ,l',islamisme et le ,*ri/ianisme en ,afrique 7,p>is1 #aijf72 ,e4 ,w4 ,blyd51 ,*ri/ianity1 ,islam1 & ! ,negro ,race 7,london1 #ahhg72 ,=get1 op4 cit4 #ch ,a4 ,gur9ot1 ,l',islam et l',abyss9ie1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 #aiah4 ,also see simil> op9ion ( ! ,prote/ant mission>y ,k4 ,c$]qui/1 ,islam & ,*ri/ianity 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 ,april1 #aiba4 #ci ,s4 ,brobovnikov1 ,moslems 9 ,russia1 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 ,janu>y1 #aiaa4 #dj ,broomhall1 ,islam 9 ,*9a 7,london1 #aiaj72 ,nigrnd1 ,notes sur les ,musulmans ,*9ois1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,janu>y1 #aijg2 pap] on ,islam 9 ,*9a 9 ,! ,mohamm$an ,_w ,to-day 7,london1 #aijf74 #da ,see pap]s on ,islam 9 ,java & ,sumatra 9 ,! ,mohamm$an ,_w ,to-day 7,london1 #aijf72 ,a4 ,cabaton1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 & ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies 7translat$ f ! ,dut*71 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 #db ,quot$ f article by ,x1 ,le ,pan-,islamisme et le ,pan-,turquisme1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,m>*1 #aiac4 ,?is au?oritative article is1 s ! editor in=ms u1 f ! p5 ( an em95t ,mohamm$an--un homme d'tt musulman4 ,= o!r activities ( ,djemal-ed-,d91 see ,a4 ,s]vi]1 ,le ,nationalisme musulman1 pp4 #aj-ac4 #dc ,quot$ f ,w4 ,g4 ,palgrave1 ,essays on ,ea/]n ,que/ions1 p4 #aaa 7,london1 #ahgb74 #dd ,a4 ,vambry1 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s1 p4 #cea 7,london1 #aijf74 #de ,abdul ,hamid's ,pan-,islamic s*emes 7 fir/ cle>ly disc]n$ by ! ,fr5* publici/ ,gabriel ,*>mes z e>ly z #ahha1 & 8 w>n+s 7 publi%$ 9 8 prophetic book ,l',av5ir de la ,turquie--,le ,panislamisme 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 #df ,gabriel ,hanotaux1 ,la ,crise mdit]ranenne et l',islam1 ,revue ,hebdomadaire1 ,april #ac1 #aiab4 #dg ,see ,x1 ,la ,situation politique de la ,p]se1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,june1 #aiad2 ,b4 ,temple1 ,! ,place ( ,p]sia 9 ,_w-,politics1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,c5tral ,asian ,society1 ,may #d1 #aiaj2 ,w4 ,m4 ,%u/]1 ,! ,/rangl+ ( ,p]sia 7,new ,york1 #aiab74 #dh ,quot$ f ,a4 ,vambry1 ,die trkis*e ,kata/rophe und die ,islamwelt1 ,deuts*e ,revue1 ,july1 #aiac4 #di ,%ah ,mohamm$ ,naimatullah1 ,rec5t ,turki% ,ev5ts & ,moslem ,india1 ,asiatic ,review1 ,octob]1 #aiac4 #ej ,quot$ by ,f4 ,f>janel1 ,le ,japon et l',islam1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,novemb]1 #aijf4 #ea ,f>janel1 supra4 #eb ,quot$ by ,vambry1 supra4 #ec ,vambry1 ,an ,approa* betwe5 ,moslems & ,buddhi/s1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,april1 #aiab4 #ed ,vambry1 ,an ,approa* betwe5 ,moslems & ,buddhi/s1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,april1 #aiab4 #ee ,special cable to ! ,new ,york ,times1 dat$ ,rome1 ,may #bh1 #aiai4 #ef ,sir ,t4 ,morison1 ,engl& & ,islam1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,july1 #aiai4 #eg ,h4 ,h4 ,! ,aga ,khan1 ,india 9 ,transition1 p4 #aeh 7,london1 #aiah74 #eh ,?is hatr$ ( ,we/]n civilization1 z su*1 w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 #ei ,ern/ ,p>aqu91 =m]ly ,ottoman lieut5ant-colonel & *ief ( g5]al /aff1 9 ! ,b]l9] ,tageblatt1 ,janu>y #bd1 #aibj4 #fj ,a4 ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans1 pp4 #ga1 #gb 7,p>is1 #ahih74 #fa ,a4 ,s]vi]1 ,le ,nationalisme musulman1 p4 #ahb4 #fb ,b4 ,temple1 ,! ,place ( ,p]sia 9 ,_w-,politics1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,c5tral ,asian ,society1 ,may1 #aiaj4 #fc ,l4 ,r9n1 ,m>ab\ts et ,kh\an1 p4 vi4 #fd ,sir ,t4 ,morison1 ,engl& & ,islam1 op4 cit4 #fe ,yahya ,siddyk1 ,le ,reveil des ,peuples islamiques au quatorzime ,sicle de l',hgire 7,cairo1 #aijg74 ,also publi%$ 9 ,arabic4 #ff ,= a full discussion ( ! effect ( ! ,great ,w> ^u ,asiatic & ,african peoples1 see my book ,! ,ris+ ,tide ( ,col\r aga9/ ,:ite ,_w-,supremacy 7,new ,york & ,london1 #aibj74 #fg ,l4 ,massignon1 ,l',islam et la ,politique des ,allis1 ,revue des ,sci5ces politiques1 ,june1 #aibj4 #fh ,sir ,t4 ,morison1 ,engl& & ,islam1 op4 cit4 #fi ,= ! ,ikhwan movem5t1 see ,p4 ,w4 ,h>rison1 ,! ,situation 9 ,arabia1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #aibj2 ,s4 ,mylrea1 ,! ,politico-,religi\s ,situation 9 ,arabia1 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 ,july1 #aiai4 #gj ,= ! ,salaf movem5t1 see ,wahhabisme--,son ,av5ir sociale et le ,m\vem5t salaf1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 #aiai4 #ga ,on ! g5]al subject ( economic ,pan-,islamism1 see ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,le ,reveil de l',islam--,sa ,situation conomique1 ,revue conomique int]nationale1 ,july1 #aiaj2 also 8 article ,politique musulmane1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,septemb]1 #aiaj2 ,m4 ,pick?all1 ,la ,morale islamique1 ,revue ,politique int]nationale1 ,july1 #aiaf2 ,s4 ,khuda ,bukh%1 ,essays3 ,indian & ,islamic 7,london1 #aiab74 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,! influ5ce ( ! ,we/ is ! great dynamic 9 ! mod]n trans=mation ( ! ,ea/4 ,! ubiquit\s impact ( ,we/]nism is modify+ n m]ely ! ,islamic _w b all non-,moslem ,asia & ,africa1#gb & 9 subsequ5t pages we %all exam9e ! effects ( ,we/]n influ5ce ^u ! non-,moslem elem5ts ( ,india4 ,( c\rse ,we/]n influ5ce does n entirely acc\nt = ,islam's rec5t evolution4 ,we h already se5 t1 = ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 ,islam itself has be5 eng5d]+ =ces :i*1 h[ev] quick5$ by ext]nal ,we/]n /imuli1 are ess5tially int]nal 9 _! nature1 aris+ spontane\sly & work+ t[>d di/9ctive1 orig9al goals4 ,x is n a m]e copy+ ( ! ,we/ t is to-day go+ on 9 ! ,moslem _w1 b an attempt at a new syn!sis--an assimilation ( ,we/]n me?ods to ,ea/]n ends4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t ! ,asiatic /ocks :i* con/itute ! bulk ( ,islam's foll[]s are n primitive savages l ! ,african negroes or ! ,au/raloids1 b are ma9ly peoples ) g5u9e civilizations built up by _! own ef=ts f ! remote pa/4 ,9 view ( _! hi/oric a*ievem5ts1 !re=e1 x seems safe to conclude t 9 ! great f]m5t n[ /irr+ ! ,moslem _w we behold a real ,r5aissance1 ^: g5u95ess is be/ atte/$ by ! fact t !re h be5 simil> movem5ts 9 =m] times4 ,! mod]n influ5ce ( ! ,we/ on ! ,ea/ is q unprec$5t$ 9 bo? int5sity & scope4 ,! f> m local1 p>tial influ5ce ( ,greece & ,rome _c be comp>$ to x4 ,ano!r po9t to be not$ is t ?is mod]n influ5ce ( ! ,we/ ^u ! ,ea/ is a v rec5t ?+4 ,! full impact ( ,we/]nism ^u ! ,ori5t z a :ole dates only f ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 ! process has be5 go+ on by leaps & b\nds4 ,roads & railways1 po/s & telegraphs1 books & pap]s1 me?ods & ideas1 h p5etrat$1 or are 9 process ( p5etrat+1 e nook & cranny ( ! ,ea/4 ,/eam%ips sail ! remote/ seas4 ,comm]ce drives =? & scatt]s ! multitud9\s products ( ,we/]n indu/ry among ! remote/ peoples4 ,nations :i* only half a c5tury ago liv$ ! life ( ?irty c5turies ago1 to-day read newspap]s & g to bus9ess 9 electric tram-c>s4 ,bo? ! habits & ?\ghts ( ,ori5tals are be+ revolutioniz$4 ,to a discussion ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,we/ ^u ! ,moslem _w ! rema9d] ( ?is book w be devot$4 ,! *ief elem5ts w be sep>ately analys$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 ! pres5t *apt] be+ a g5]al survey ( an introductory "*4 ,! p]meation ( ,we/]nism is naturally mo/ advanc$ 9 ^? p>ts ( ,islam :i* h be5 longe/ "u ,we/]n political control4 ,! p5etration ( ! ,briti% ,raj into ! remote/ ,indian jungles1 = example1 is an extraord9>y ph5om5on4 ,by ! co9age1 ! po/-(fice1 ! railroads1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! enc\ragem5t ( education1 ! relief ( fam9e1 & a ?\s& o!r ways1 ! great organization has p5etrat$ all ,india4 ,b ev5 9 regions :]e ,european control is /ill nom9al1 ! p]meation ( ,we/]nism has gone on apace4 ,! cu/oms & habits ( ! p h be5 di/9ctly modifi$4 ,we/]n mat]ial improvem5ts & com=ts l ! k]os5e-oil lamp & ! sew+-ma*9e are to-day "p & p>cel ( ! daily life ( ! p4 ,new economic wants h be5 creat$2 /&>ds ( liv+ h be5 rais$2 canons ( ta/e h be5 alt]$4#gc ,9 ! intellectual & spiritual fields1 likewise1 ! leav5 ( ,we/]nism is cle>ly app>5t4 ,we h already se5 h[ pr(\ndly ,moslem lib]al re=m]s h be5 influ5c$ by ,we/]n ideas & ! _s ( ,we/]n progress4 ,( c\rse 9 ^! fields ,we/]nism has progress$ m sl[ly & has awak5$ mu* /rong] opposition ?an x has on ! mat]ial plane4 ,mat]ial innovations1 especially me*anical improvem5ts1 com=ts1 & luxuries1 make _! way mu* fa/] ?an novel cu/oms or ideas1 :i* usually %ock e/abli%$ beliefs or ance/ral prejudices4 ,tobacco 0 tak5 up ) extraord9>y rapidity by e race & clime1 & ! k]os5e-lamp has 9 half a c5tury p5etrat$ ! recesses ( ,c5tral ,asia & ( ,*9a2 :]eas cu/oms l ,we/]n dress & ideas l ,we/]n education enc\nt] _m setbacks & are (t5 adopt$ ) su* modifications t _! orig9al _s is d5atur$ or p]v]t$4 ,! sup]ior /r5g? & skill ( ! ,we/ are to-day g5]ally admitt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 b 9 _m qu>t]s ! fir/ receptivity to ,we/]n progress & zeal = ,we/]n ideas h cool$ or h actually giv5 place to a reaction>y hatr$ ( ! v _s ( ,we/]n civilization4#gd ,we/]n influ5ces are mo/ app>5t 9 ! upp] & middle classes1 especially 9 ! ,we/]n-educat$ intellig5tsia :i* to-day exi/s 9 e ,ea/]n l&4 ,^! lites ( c\rse v>y greatly 9 numb]s & influ5ce1 b !y all possess a m or less def9ite grasp ( ,we/]n ideas4 ,9 _! reactions to ,we/]nism !y are %>ply diff]5tiat$4 ,"s1 :ile reta9+ ! fundam5tals ( _! ance/ral philosophy ( life1 attempt a g5u9e assimilation ( ,we/]n ideals & envisage a high] syn!sis ( ! spirits ( ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,o!rs break ) _! traditional pa/s1 /eep !mselves 9 ,we/]nism1 & become m or less g5u9ely ,we/]niz$4 ,/ill o!rs conceal beh9d _! ,we/]n v5e] disillusionm5t & dete/ation4#ge ,( c\rse x is 9 ext]nals t ,we/]nization is mo/ pron\nc$4 ,! ,indian or ,turki% intellectual1 hold+ ,we/]n univ]sity degrees & speak+ flu5tly sev]al ,european languages1 & ! weal?y pr9ce or pa%a1 ) 8 motor-c>s1 8 rac+-/ables1 & 8 annual cure at ,european wat]+-places1 appe> v ,occid5tal to ! casual eye4 ,su* m5 we> ,european clo!s1 eat ,european food1 & live 9 h\ses p>tly or :olly furni%$ 9 ,european /yle4 ,beh9d ?is faade exi/s e possible v>iation ( inn] life1 f e>ne/ en?usiasm = ,we/]n ideals to invet]ate reaction4 ,^! v>i$ attitudes t[>d ,we/]nism are n p>k$ (f by gr\ps or localities1 !y co-exi/ among ! individuals ( e class & e l& 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! entire ,ori5t is1 9 fact1 und]go+ a prodigi\s trans=mation1 f> m sudd5 & int5se ?an any?+ ! ,we/ has ev] kn[n4 ,our civilization is ma9ly self-evolv$2 a natural gr[? develop+ by normal1 logical1 & relatively gradual /ages4 ,! ,ea/1 on ! contr>y1 is und]go+ a conc5trat$ process ( adaptation :i*1 ) u1 0 spread ov] c5turies1 & ! result is n s mu* evolution z revolution--political1 economic1 social1 ideali/ic1 religi\s1 & mu* m besides4 ,! up%ot is confusion1 unc]ta9ty1 grotesque ana*ronism1 & gl>+ contradiction4 ,s+le g5]ations are sund]$ by unbridgeable m5tal & spiritual gulfs4 ,fa!rs d n und]/& sons2 sons despise _! fa!rs4 ,ev]y:]e ! old & ! new /ruggle fi]cely1 (t5 )9 ! bra9 or _s ( ! same individual4 ,! inf9ite complexity ( ?is /ruggle z x appe>s 9 ,india is well summ>iz$ by ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol :5 he speaks ( ! _m curr5ts & cross-curr5ts ( ! confus$ movem5t :i* is /irr+ ! /agnant wat]s ( ,indian life--! /eady impact ( ali5 ideas on an anci5t & obsolesc5t civilization2 ! m or less imp]fect assimilation ( ^? ideas by ! few2 ! dread & res5tm5t ( !m by ^? ^: traditional asc5dancy !y ?reat52 ! dis9tegration ( old beliefs1 & !n aga9 _! aggressive revival2 ! c>eless diffusion ( an artificial sy/em ( education1 bas$ none too firmly on m]e intellectualism1 & b]eft ( all moral or religi\s sanction2 ! application ( ,we/]n !ories ( adm9i/ration & ( jurisprud5ce to a social =mation /ratifi$ on l9es ( s+ul> rigidity2 ! play ( mod]n economic =ces ^u primitive conditions ( indu/ry & trade2 ! con/ant & unconsci\s b inevitable friction betwe5 subject races & _! ali5 rul]s2 ! rev]b]ation ( di/ant w>s & di/ant racial conflicts2 ! exaltation ( an ,ori5tal p 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4#gf ,^! l9es1 ?\gh writt5 ab\t ,india1 apply ) fair exactitude to e o!r portion ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ to-day4 ,z a ,fr5* writ] rem>ks ) special ref]5ce to ! ,levant3 ,! tru? is t ! ,ori5t is 9 trans=mation1 & ! ,mohamm$an m5tality z well--?\gh n p]haps exactly z we might wi%4 ,x is und]go+ a p]iod ( crisis1 :]e9 ! pa/ /ruggles ev]y:]e aga9/ ! pres5t2 :]e anci5t cu/oms1 impair$ by mod]n innovations1 pres5t a hybrid & disconc]t+ spectacle4#gg ,to ?is is l>gely due ! unlovely traits display$ by mo/ ( ! s-call$ ,we/]niz$ ,ori5tals2 ! /ucco civilization#gh ( ! ,indian ,babu1 & ! b\lev>di] culture ( ! ,turki% ,eff5di--syphiliz$ r ?an civiliz$4 ,any pr(\nd trans=mation mu/ eng5d] _m wor?less by-products1 & ! contempor>y ,we/]nization ( ! ,ori5t has its d>k z well z its bright side4 ,! v process ( re=m1 h[ev] necess>y & inevitable1 l5ds fre% virul5ce to old ills & imports new evils previ\sly unkn[n4 ,z ,"l ,crom] says3 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! price :i* is be+ paid = introduc+ ,european civilization into ^! backw>d ,ea/]n societies is always recogniz$ z fully z x %\ld be4 ,! mat]ial b5efits d]iv$ f ,european civilization are unque/ionably great1 b z reg>ds ! ultimate effect on public & private morality ! future is altoge!r unc]ta94#gi ,! good & ! evil ( ,we/]nization are alike mo/ly cle>ly evid5t among ! ranks ( ! educat$ lites4 ,"s ( ^! m5 %[ ! happie/ effects ( ! ,we/]n _s1 b an ev5 l>g] numb] fall into ! gulf betwe5 old & new1 & !re mis]ably p]i%4 ,"l ,crom] *>act]iz$ _m ( ! ,europeaniz$ ,egyptians z at ! same "t de-,moslemiz$ ,moslems & inv]tebrate ,europeans2#hj :ile ano!r ,briti% writ] ?us pessimi/ically describes ! sup]ficial ,europeanism preval5t 9 ,india3 ,beautiful ,mogul palaces furni%$ ) crack$ furniture f ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road4 ,t is :at we h done to ! ,indian m9d4 ,we h n only made x despise its own culture & ?r[ x out2 we h ask$ x to fill up ! vacant spaces ) furniture :i* w n /& ! climate4 ,! m5tal ,eurasianism ( ,india is appall+4 ,su* m9ds are nomad4 ,!y belong to no civilization1 no c\ntry1 & no hi/ory4 ,!y create a crav+ t _c be satisfi$1 & ideals t are unreal4 ,!y falsify life4 ,!y deprive m5 ( ! n\ri%m5t ( _! cultural pa/1 & ! sub/itutes !y supply are unsub/antial4444 ,we s\ght to give ! ,ea/]n m9d a ,we/]n cont5t & environm5t2 we h succe$$ too well 9 e/abli%+ intellectual & moral an>*y 9 bo?4#ha ,^! pat5t evils ( ,we/]nization are a prime cause ( t implacable hatr$ ( ev]y?+ ,we/]n :i* animates s _m ,ori5tals1 includ+ "s well acqua9t$ ) ! ,we/4 ,su* p]sons are preci\s auxili>ies to ! ignorant reaction>ies & to ! rebels aga9/ ,we/]n political dom9ation4 ,! political pr$om9ance ( ! ,we/ ov] ! ,ea/ is1 inde$1 ! out/&+ factor 9 ! :ole "q ( ,we/]n influ5ce ^u ! ,ori5t4 ,we h already survey$ ,europe's conque/ ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 & we h se5 h[ helpless ! backw>d1 decrepit ,moslem _w 0 9 face ( ! tw(old tide ( political & economic subjugation4 ,9 fact1 ! economic phase 0 p]haps ! m important factor 9 ! rapidity & complet5ess ( ,europe's success4 ,to be sure1 "s ,ea/]n l&s 7 subjugat$ at a /roke by nak$ milit>y =ce1 z 9 ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,algi]s1 ! ,russian conque/ ( c5tral ,asia1 & ! ,italian desc5t ^u ,tripoli4 ,mu* (t5]1 h[ev]1 subjection began by ! ess5tially economic process kn[n z pacific p5etration--! acquirem5t ( a f9ancial grip ^u a hi!rto indep5d5t ,ori5tal c\ntry by ,we/]n capital 9 ! =m ( loans & concessions1 until ! assumption ( ,we/]n political control became little m ?an a =mal regi/ration ( :at already exi/$ 9 fact4 ,su* is ! /ory ( ! subjection ( ,egypt1 ,morocco1 & ,p]sia1 :ile ,engl&'s ,indian ,empire />t$ 9 a purely trad+ v5ture--! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,! trem5d\s pot5cy ( pacific p5etration is (t5 n fully appreciat$4 ,take ! significance ( "o item alone--railway concessions4 ,says t ke5 /ud5t ( ,weltpolitik1 ,doctor ,dillon3 ,railways are ! iron t5tacles ( latt]-day exp&+ ,p[]s4 ,!y are /ret*$ out c>ess+ly at fir/4 ,b once ! iron has1 s to say1 ent]$ ! s\l ( ! weak] nation1 ! t5tacles swell to ! dim5sions ( brawny arms1 & ! embrace tight5s to a cru%+ grip4#hb ,on ! "q ( ! ab/ract rightness or wrongness ( ?is subjection ( ! ,ea/ by ! ,we/1 ,i d n propose to ent]4 ,x has be5 exhau/ively discuss$1 pro & con1 & e read] ( ^! pages is und\bt$ly famili> ) ! /ock argum5ts on bo? sides4 ,! "o ?+ c]ta9 is t ?is process ( subjugation 01 broadly speak+1 inevitable4 ,giv5 two worlds at su* diff]5t levels z ,ea/ & ,we/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--! ,we/ ov]fl[+ ) vitality & /rid+ at ! =efront ( human progress1 ! ,ea/ sunk 9 le?>gy & decrepitude--& x 0 a =egone conclusion t ! =m] w\ld encroa* ^u ! latt]4 ,:at does conc]n u 9 our pres5t discussion is ! effect ( ,european political control ^u ! g5]al process ( ,we/]nization 9 ,ea/]n l&s4 ,& !re c be no d\bt t su* ,we/]nization 0 !reby greatly fur!r$4 ,once 9 control ( an ,ori5tal c\ntry1 ! ,european rul]s 7 b\nd to fav\r its ,we/]nization = a v>iety ( reasons4 ,m]e self-int]e/ impell$ !m to make ! c\ntry peaceful & prosp]\s1 9 ord] to extract pr(it = !mselves & reconcile ! inhabitants to _! rule4 ,?is meant ! replacem5t ( ineffici5t & sangu9>y native despotisms inhibit+ progress & eng5d]+ an>*y by /able colonial gov]nm5ts1 ma9ta9+ ord]1 enc\rag+ indu/ry1 & introduc+ improvem5ts l ! railway1 ! po/1 sanitation1 & mu* m besides4 ,9 addition to ^! mat]ial innovations1 practically all ! ,we/]n gov]nm5ts endeav\r$ to bett] ! social1 intellectual1 & spiritual condition ( ! peoples t _h come "u _! control4 ,! ,european ,p[]s :o built up colonial empires dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 actuat$ by a _s f> m enlight5$ ?an t ( =m] times1 :5 ! e>ly colonial empires ( ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,holl&1 & ! ,engli% ,ea/ ,india ,company _h be5 run on ! brutal & %ort-sight$ doctr9e ( %e] exploitation4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury all ,we/]n rule 9 ! ,ori5t 0 m or less impregnat$ ) ! ideal ( ,! ,:ite ,man's ,burd54 ,! great empire-build]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 actuat$ z !y 7 n m]ely by self-int]e/ & patriotic ambition b also by a pr(\nd s5se ( obligation to improve ! populations :i* !y _h br\ght "u _! c\ntry's sway1 felt !mselves be>]s ( ,we/]n enlight5m5t & lab\r$ to diffuse all ! b5efits ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,!y hone/ly believ$ t ! ext5sion ( ,we/]n political control 0 ! be/ & quicke/1 p]haps ! only1 means ( mod]niz+ ! backw>d portions ( ! _w4 ,t /&po9t is ably pres5t$ by a ,briti% lib]al imp]iali/1 ,pr(essor ,ramsay ,muir1 :o writes3 ,x is an und5iable fact t ! imp]ialism ( ! ,european peoples has be5 ! means :]eby ,european civilization has be5 9 "s degree ext5d$ to ! :ole _w1 s t to-day ! :ole _w has become a s+le economic unit1 & all its memb]s are p>ts ( a s+le political sy/em4 ,& ?is a*ievem5t br+s u 9 sight ( ! creation ( a _w-ord] su* z ! wilde/ dream]s ( ! pa/ c\ld nev] h anticipat$4 ,)\t ! imp]ialism ( ! ,european peoples ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa1 mu/ h rema9$ wild]nesses1 peopl$ by scatt]$ b&s ( savages4 ,)\t x ,india & o!r l&s ( anci5t civilization mu/ h rema9$1 = all we c see1 ext]nally subject to t endless succession ( w>s & arbitr>y despotisms :i* h =m$ ! sub/ance ( _! hi/ory ?r\gh untold c5turies1 & "u :i* nei!r rational & equal law nor political lib]ty1 z we conceive !m1 7 practicable conceptions4 ,)\t x ! backw>d peoples ( ! e>? mu/ h cont9u$ to /agnate "u ! dom9ance ( an un*ang+ primitive cu/om>y rgime1 :i* has be5 _! /ate ?r\gh\t record$ "t4 ,if to-day ! mo/ fruitful political ideas ( ! ,we/--! ideas ( nationality & self-gov]nm5t--:i* are purely products ( ,we/]n civilization1 are beg9n+ to produce a heal?y f]m5tation 9 _m p>ts ( ! non-,european _w1 t result is due to ,european ,imp]ialism4#hc ,! e?ics ( mod]n imp]ialism h n[h]e be5 bett] =mulat$ ?an 9 an essay by ,"l ,crom]4 ,an imp]ial policy1 he writes1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ out ) reasonable prud5ce1 & ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t :i* guide our relations ) :atsoev] races are br\ght "u our control mu/ be politically & economically s\nd & morally def5sible4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! key/one ( ! imp]ial ar*4 ,! ma9 ju/ification ( imp]ialism is to be f\nd 9 ! use :i* is made ( imp]ial p[]4 ,if we make good use ( our p[]1 we may face ! future )\t fe> t we %all be ov]tak5 by ! ,nemesis :i* att5d$ ,roman misrule4 ,if ! rev]se is ! case1 ! ,briti% ,empire w des]ve to fall1 & ( a surety x w ultimately fall4#hd ,su* are ! basic sanctions ( ,we/]n imp]ialism z evolv$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:e!r or n x is de/9$ to endure1 !re c be no "q t ?is prodigi\s ext5sion ( ,european political control greatly fav\r$ ! spread ( ,we/]n influ5ces ( e k9d4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 arguable t ! ,ea/ w\ld h volunt>ily adopt$ ,we/]n me?ods & ideas ev5 if no sort ( ,we/]n pressure _h be5 appli$4 ,b !y w\ld h be5 adopt$ mu* m sl[ly1 & ?is vital elem5t ( "t r5d]s su* argum5ts m]e academic speculation4 ,= ! vital1 exp&+ n9ete5?-c5tury ,we/ to h delib]ately re/ra9$ itself :ile ! backw>d ,ea/ blund]+ly exp]im5t$ ) ,we/]nism1 accept+ & reject+1 buy+ goods & refus+ to pay = !m1 negotiat+ loans & !n squ&]+ & repudiat+ !m1 invit+ 9 ,europeans & !n expell+ or massacr+ !m1 w\ld h be5 aga9/ all hi/ory & human nature4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,we/]n pressure 0 appli$1 z x 0 b\nd to be appli$2 & ?is con/ant1 ubiquit\s1 unrel5t+ pressure1 broke d[n ! b>ri]s ( ,ori5tal cons]vatism & in]tia z no?+ else c\ld h done1 =c$ ! ,ea/ out ( its old ruts1 & compell$ x to take /ock ( ?+s z !y are 9 a _w ( h>d facts in/ead ( rem9isc5t dreams4 ,9 subsequ5t *apt]s we %all exam9e ! manifold results ( ?is process :i* has s pr(\ndly trans=m$ ! ,ori5t dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,"h we w cont9ue our g5]al survey by exam9+ ! m rec5t aspects ( ,we/]n control ov] ! ,ea/ & ! reactions ( ! ,ea/ !reto4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! *ief fallacy involv$ 9 criticisms ( ,we/]n control ov] ,ea/]n l&s arises f failure to discrim9ate betwe5 n9ete5?-c5tury & tw5tie?-c5tury imp]ialism4 ,n9ete5?-c5tury imp]ialism 0 c]ta9ly inevitable1 & 0 app>5tly b5eficial 9 ! ma94 ,tw5tie?-c5tury imp]ialism _c be s fav\rably judg$4 ,by ! ye> #aijj ! ,ori5tal peoples 7 no long] m]e fanatical obscuranti/s nei!r kn[+ nor c>+ to "k any?+ outside ! clos$ circle ( _! ossifi$1 decad5t civilizations4 ,! ,ea/ _h be5 go+ to s*ool1 & want$ to beg9 to apply :at x _h be5 taught by ! ,we/4 ,x %\ld h be5 obvi\s t ^! peoples1 ^: pa/ hi/ory prov$ !m capable ( a*ievem5t & :o 7 n[ %[+ an app>5tly g5u9e desire = new progress1 ne$$ to be treat$ diff]5tly f :at !y _h be54 ,9 o!r words1 a m lib]al attitude on ! "p ( ! ,we/ _h become advisable4 ,b no su* *ange 0 made4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! ,we/ itself1 ! lib]al idealism :i* _h prevail$ dur+ mo/ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 giv+ way to t _s ( fi]ce political & economic rivalry :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,great ,w>4#he ,nev] _h ,europe be5 s avid = colonies1 = sph]es ( influ5ce1 = concessions & pref]5tial m>kets2 9 f9e1 s imp]iali/ic1 9 ! unfav\rable s5se ( ! t]m4 ,! result 0 t ) ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ,we/]n pressure on ! ,ea/1 in/ead ( be+ relax$1 0 r$\bl$2 & ! awak5+ ,ori5t1 f> f be+ met ) sympa!tic consid]ation1 0 treat$ m ru?lessly ?an x _h be5 = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! way 9 :i* ,ea/]n c\ntries l ,turkey & ,p]sia1 /riv+ to re=m !mselves & protect _! indep5d5ce1 7 treat$ by ,europe's new ,realpolitik w\ld h sc&aliz$ ! lib]al imp]iali/s ( a g5]ation be=e4 ,x c]ta9ly sc&aliz$ pres5t-day lib]als1 z witness ^! sca?+ l9es writt5 9 #aiab by ! well-kn[n ,briti% publici/ ,sidney ,l[3 ,! conduct ( ! ,mo/ ,*ri/ian ,p[]s dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s has borne a /rik+ resemblance to t ( robb]-b&s desc5d+ ^u an un>m$ & helpless population ( peasants4 ,s f> f respect+ ! rights ( o!r nations1 !y h exhibit$ ! mo/ complete & cynical disreg>d = !m4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 ass]t$ ! claim ( ! /rong to prey ^u ! weak1 & ! utt] impot5ce ( all e?ical consid]ations 9 ! face ( arm$ =ce1 ) a crude nak$ness :i* few ,ea/]n milit>y conqu]ors c\ld well h surpass$4 ,! great cosmic ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury has be5 ! awak5+ ( ,asia aft] c5turies ( somnol5ce4 ,! ,ea/ has sudd5ly sprung to life1 & endeav\r$ to ?r[ itself vigor\sly into ! full curr5t ( ,we/]n progress4 ,japan />t$ ! ent]prise2 &1 =tunately = h]self1 %e ent]$ ^u x be=e ! new ,we/]n policy _h fully develop$ itself1 & :ile c]ta9 ar*aic ideals ab\t ! rights ( peoples & ! sanctity ( treaties /ill prevail$4 ,:5 ! new era 0 inaugurat$ by ! great ,japanese /atesm5 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,europe did n feel call$ ^u to int]f]e4 ,we reg>d$ ! ,japanese r5aissance ) int]e/ & admiration1 & left ! p ( ,nippon to "w out ! difficulties ( _! own salvation1 unob/ruct$4 ,if t revolution _h tak5 place ?irty ye>s lat]1 !re w\ld probably h be5 a diff]5t /ory to tell2 & ,new ,japan1 9 ! ?roes ( h] travail1 w\ld h f\nd ! arm$ ,great ,p[]s at h] b$side1 ea* /ret*+ =? a mail$ fi/ to grab some?+ wor? tak+4 ,o!r ,ea/]n c\ntries :i* h endeav\r$ to foll[ ! example ( ,japan dur+ ! pres5t c5tury h _h worse luck4 ,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s a wave ( %e] mat]ialism & absolute contempt = int]national morality has swept across ! ,=eign ,(fices ( ,europe1 & has react$ disa/r\sly ^u ! v>i\s ,ea/]n nations 9 _! desp]ate /ruggles to re=m a con/itutional sy/em4 ,!y h be5 attempt+ to c>ry out ! sugge/ions made to !m = g5]ations by b5evol5t advis]s 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,n[1 :5 !y take ^! c\nsels to he>t1 & endeav\r1 ) halt+ /eps1 & 9 ! face ( imm5se ob/acles1 to pursue ! pa? ( re=m1 "o might suppose t _! ef=ts w\ld be reg>d$ ) sympa!tic att5tion by ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! ,we/2 & t1 ev5 if ^! (f]$ no direct aid1 !y w\ld at lea/ all[ a fair trial4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 "o ,great ,p[] aft] ano!r has us$ ! opportunity pres5t$ by ! int]nal difficulties ( ! ,ea/]n c\ntries to set out ^u a c>e] ( annexation4#hf ,we h already se5 h[ rapid 0 ?is c>e] ( annexation1 ext+ui%+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! la/ rema9+ ,mohamm$an /ates at ! close ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,we h also se5 h[ x exac]bat$ ,moslem fe> & hatr$ ( ! ,we/4 ,& ! ,we/ 0 already fe>$ & hat$ = _m reasons4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we trac$ ! gr[? ( ! ,pan-,islamic movem5t1 & 9 subsequ5t *apt]s we %all trace ! developm5t ( ,ori5tal nationalism4 ,^! politico-religi\s movem5ts1 h[ev]1 by no means exhau/ ! li/ ( ,ori5tal reactions to ,we/]nism4 ,!re are o!rs1 economic1 social1 racial 9 "*4 ,9 view ( ! complex nature ( ! ,ori5t's reaction aga9/ ,we/]nism1 let u briefly analyse ! problem 9 its v>i\s con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,anti-,we/]n feel+ has be5 wan+ 9 "s qu>t]s & wax+ 9 o!rs dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,by temp]am5tal reaction>ies & fanatics ?+s ,we/]n h1 ( c\rse1 always be5 abhorr$4 ,b1 leav+ aside ?is intransigeant m9ority1 ! attitude ( o!r categories ( ,ori5tals has v>i$ greatly accord+ to times & circum/ances4 ,by lib]al-m9d$ p]sons ,we/]n influ5ces 7 at fir/ hail$ ) cordiality & ev5 ) en?usiasm4 ,9 ! op5+ *apt] we saw h[ ! lib]al re=m]s welcom$ ! ,we/]n concept ( progress & made x "o ( ! bases ( _! project$ religi\s re=mation4 ,& ! lib]als display$ ! same attitude 9 secul> matt]s4 ,! lib]al /atesm5 :o gov]n$ ,turkey dur+ ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury made e>ne/ ef=ts to re=m ! ,ottoman ,/ate1 & x 0 ! same 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,an int]e/+ example is ! attempt made by ,g5]al ,kheir-ed-,d9 to mod]nize ,tunis4 ,?is man1 a ,circassian by bir?1 _h won ! confid5ce ( 8 ma/]1 ! ,bey1 :o made him vizi]4 ,9 #ahfj he t\r$ ,europe & return$ greatly impress$ ) its civilization4 ,conv9c$ ( ,europe's inf9ite sup]iority1 he desir$ passionately to transplant ,we/]n ideas & me?ods to ,tunis4 ,?is he believ$ q feasible1 & ! result w\ld1 s he ?\ght1 be ,tunis's rapid reg5]ation4 ,kheir-ed-,d9 0 n 9 ! lea/ a hat] ( ! ,we/4 ,he m]ely recogniz$ cle>ly ! ,moslem _w's p]il ( spe$y subjection to ! ,we/ if x did n set its h\se rapidly 9 ord]1 & he !re=e desir$1 9 a p]fectly legitimate feel+ ( patriotism1 to press 8 c\ntry along ! road ( progress1 t x might be able to /& alone & pres]ve its indep5d5ce4 ,s greatly 0 ! ,bey impress$ by ,kheir-ed-,d9's report t he gave him a free h& 9 8 re=m+ endeav\rs4 ,= a %ort "t ,kheir-ed-,d9 display$ great activity1 ?\gh he enc\nt]$ /ubborn opposition f reaction>y (ficials4 ,8 "w 0 cut %ort by 8 untimely dea?1 & ,tunis1 /ill unmod]niz$1 fell tw5ty ye>s lat] "u ! p[] ( ,france4 ,kheir-ed-,d91 h[ev]1 work$ = po/]ity4 ,9 ord] to r\se 8 compatriots to ! realities ( _! situation he publi%$ a rem>kable book1 ,! ,sure/ ,means ( ,kn[+ ! ,/ate ( ,nations4 ,?is book has pr(\ndly influ5c$ bo? lib]als & nationali/s ?r\gh\t ! ,ne> ,ea/1 especially 9 ,nor? ,africa1 :]e x has become ! bible ( ,tunisian & ,alg]ian nationalism4 ,9 8 book ,kheir-ed-,d9 %[s 8 co-religioni/s ! necessity ( break+ ) _! attitude ( bl9d admiration = ! pa/ & pr\d indiff]5ce to ev]y?+ else1 & ( /udy+ :at is go+ on 9 ! out] _w4 ,europe's pres5t prosp]ity is due1 he ass]ts1 n to natural advantages or to religion1 b to progress 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 :i* facilitate ! circulation ( weal? & exploit ! treasures ( ! e>? by an enlight5$ protection con/antly giv5 to agriculture1 indu/ry1 & comm]ce3 all natural consequ5ces ( ju/ice & lib]ty--two ?+s :i*1 = ,europeans1 h become second nature4 ,9 pa/ ages ! ,moslem _w 0 great & progressive1 because x 0 !n lib]al & op5 to progress4 ,x decl9$ ?r\gh bigotry & obscurantism4 ,b x c revive by reviv+ ! _s ( its e>ly days4 ,i h /ress$ ! example ( ! ,tunisian ,kheir-ed-,d9 r ?an ! bett]-kn[n ,turki% in/ances because x illu/rates ! g5]al receptivity ( mid-n9ete5?-c5tury ,moslem lib]als to ,we/]n ideas & _! fre$om f anti-,we/]n feel+4#hg ,z "t pass$1 h[ev]1 _m ( ^! er/:ile lib]als1 disillusion$ ) ! ,we/ = v>i\s reasons1 notably ,european aggression1 became ! bitt]e/ enemies ( ! ,we/1 hat+ ! v _s ( ,we/]n civilization4#hh ,?is anti-,we/]n feel+ has1 ( c\rse1 be5 greatly exac]bat$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,z an influ5tial ,mohamm$an wrote j be=e ! ,great ,w>3 ,! ev5ts ( ^! la/ t5 ye>s & ! disa/]s :i* h /rick5 ! ,mohamm$an _w h awak5$ 9 its bosom a s5tim5t ( mutual cordiality & devotion hi!rto unkn[n1 & a unanim\s hatr$ aga9/ all its oppressors has be5 ! f]m5t :i* to-day /irs ! he>ts ( all ,moslems4#hi ,! bitt] ranc\r see?+ 9 _m ,moslem he>ts %[s 9 outbur/s l ! foll[+1 f ! p5 ( a popul> ,turki% writ] at ! close ( ! ,balkan ,w>s3 ,we h be5 defeat$1 we h be5 %[n ho/ility by ! outside _w1 because we h become too delib]ative1 too cultur$1 too ref9$ 9 our conceptions ( "r & wrong1 ( humanity & civilization4 ,! example ( ! ,bulg>ian army has taught u t e soldi] fac+ ! enemy mu/ return to ! days ( b>b>ism1 mu/ h a ?ir/ ( blood1 mu/ be m]ciless 9 slaught]+ *ildr5 & wom51 old & weak1 mu/ disreg>d o!rs' prop]ty1 life1 & hon\r4 ,let u spread blood1 suff]+1 wrong1 & m\rn+4 ,?us only may we become ! fav\rites ( ! civiliz$ _w l ,k+ ,f]d9&'s army4#ij ,! ,great ,w> itself 0 hail$ by multitudes ( ,moslems z a well-m]it$ ,nemesis on ,we/]n arrogance & gre$4 ,"h is h[ a lead+ ,turki% newspap] *>act]iz$ ! ,european ,p[]s3 ,!y w\ld n look at ! evils 9 _! own c\ntries or else:]e1 b int]f]$ at ! slighte/ incid5t 9 our bord]s2 e day !y w\ld gnaw at "s "p ( our rights & our sov]eignty2 !y w\ld p]=m vivisection on our quiv]+ fle% & cut (f great pieces ( x4 ,& we1 ) a =cibly controll$ _s ( rebellion 9 our he>ts & ) cl9*$ b p[]less fi/s1 sil5t & depress$1 w\ld murmur z ! fire burn$ )93 ',oh1 t !y might fall out ) "o ano!r6 ,oh1 t !y might eat "o ano!r up6' ,& lo6 to-day !y are eat+ ea* o!r up1 j z ! ,turk wi%$ !y w\ld4#ia ,su* anti-,we/]n s5tim5ts are n conf9$ to j\rnali/s or politicians1 !y are %>$ by all classes1 f pr9ces to peasants4 ,ea* class has its special reasons = hat+ ,european political control4 ,! native pr9ces1 ev5 :5 ma9ta9$ ^u _! ?rones & confirm$ 9 _! dignities & emolum5ts1 bitt]ly res5t _! /ate ( vassalage & _! loss ( limitless1 despotic p[]4 ,d y "k1 ,i c h>dly buy a p5 or a sword = myself )\t ask+ ! ,resid5t = p]mission8 rem>k$ an ,indian rajah bitt]ly4 ,8 attitude 0 precisely t ( ,kh$ive ,tewfik ,pa%a1 :o1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,briti% occupation ( ,egypt1 :ile wat*+ a review ( ,briti% troops1 said to "o ( 8 m9i/]s3 ,d y suppose ,i l ?is8 ,i tell y1 ,i nev] see an ,engli% s5t9el 9 my /reets )\t long+ to jump out ( my c>riage & /rangle him ) my own h&s4#ib ,! upp] classes feel mu* ! same z _! sov]eigns4 ,!y regret _! =m] monopoly ( privilege & (fice4 ,?is is especially true ( ! ,we/]n-educat$ intellig5tsia1 :o believe t !y %\ld hold all gov]nm5t po/s & res5t bitt]ly ! res]vation ( high-sal>i$ directive positions = ,europeans4 ,( c\rse _m intellig5t lib]als realize s fully ! educative effect ( ,european control t !y acquiesce 9 a tempor>y loss ( indep5d5ce 9 ord] to complete _! mod]nization & ultimately be able to /& alone )\t fe> ( reaction or an>*y4 ,h[ev]1 ^! lib]als are only a small m9ority1 hat$ by _! upp]-class fell[s z "t-s]v]s & r5egades1 & sund]$ by an imm5se gulf f ! ignorant masses4 ,at fir/ sight we might ?9k t ! masses w\ld1 on ! :ole1 be fav\rably dispos$ t[>d ,european political control4 ,despite c]ta9 economic disadvantages t ,we/]nization has impos$1 ! masses h unque/ionably ga9$ mo/ by ,european rule4 ,=m]ly exploit$ ru?lessly by bo? pr9ces & upp] classes1 ! peasants & t[n work]s are to-day assur$ peace1 ord]1 ju/ice1 & security = _! l&hold+s & ! fruits ( _! toil4 ,n[ x w\ld be a mi/ake to ?9k t ! masses are ins5sible to all ?is4 ,! fact is1 !y d recognize ! b5efits ( ,european rule4 ,nev]!less1 ! new rul]s1 :ile tol]at$ & ev5 respect$1 are nev] belov$4 ,fur!rmore1 z ! g5]ation :i* knew ! old rgime dies (f1 its evils are =gott51 & ! y\ng] g5]ation1 tak+ pres5t b5efits = grant$1 murmurs at ! flaws 9 ! exi/+ ord]1 & l5ds a readi] e> to native agitators extoll+ ! glories ( indep5d5ce & idealiz+ ! good old times4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is t1 despite all its %ortcom+s1 ! av]age ,ori5tal hank]s aft] ! old way ( life4 ,ev5 :5 he recognizes ! good po9ts ( ! new1 he nev]!less ye>ns irrationally = ! old4 ,a ,moslem rul] ?\gh he oppress me & n a kafir#ic ?\gh he "w me weal is a ,moslem prov]b ( long /&+4 ,e colonial adm9i/ration1 no matt] h[ enlight5$1 runs c\nt] to ?is in]adicable av]sion ( ,moslems = ,*ri/ian rule4 ,a ,russian adm9i/rator 9 ,c5tral ,asia voices ! s5tim5ts ( ,european (ficials g5]ally :5 he /ates3 ,pi\s ,moslems _c accommodate !mselves to ! gov]nm5t ( ,gia\rs4#id ,fur!rmore1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t mo/ ,ori5tals ei!r d n recognize mu* b5efit 9 ,european rule1 or1 ev5 ?\gh !y d recognize consid]able b5efits1 consid] ^! m ?an (fset by _m po9ts :i*1 9 _! eyes1 are madd5+ annoyances or burd5s4 ,! v ?+s :i* we mo/ pride ourselves on hav+ giv5 to ! ,ori5t--peace1 ord]1 ju/ice1 security--are n valu$ by ! ,ori5tal any:]e ne> z highly z we might expect4 ,( c\rse he likes ^! ?+s1 b he w\ld pref] to get less ( !m if :at he did get 0 giv5 by native rul]s1 %>+ 8 prejudices & po9t ( view4 ,take ! s+le factor ( ju/ice4 ,z an ,engli% writ] rem>ks3 ,! ,asiatic is n delight$ ) ju/ice p] se2 inde$1 ! ,asiatic really c>es b little ab\t x if he c get sympa?y 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he und]/&s t misund]/ood ^w4444 ,?is is ! real reason :y e ,asiatic 9 8 he>t ( he>ts pref]s ! rule ( 8 own nationality1 bad ?\gh x be1 to ! mo/ ideal rule ( ali5s4 ,= :5 he is rul$ by 8 own c\ntrym51 he is dealt ) by p :o und]/& 8 frailties1 & :o1 ?\gh !y may savagely puni% him1 are at lea/ 9 sympa?y ) ! motives :i* prompt 8 del9qu5cies4#ie ,take aga9 ! matt] ( ord]4 ,! av]age ,ori5tal n only does n appreciate1 b dete/s1 our well-regulat$1 sy/ematic mann] ( life4 ,accu/om$ z he has be5 = c5turies to a slip%od1 easygo+ exi/5ce1 9 :i*1 if !re 0 mu* inju/ice1 !re 0 also mu* fav\ritism1 he in/9ctively hates ?+s l sanit>y measures & police regulations4 ,accu/om$ to a wide p]sonal lib]ty 9 ! an>*ic s5se1 he is n will+ to limit ?is lib]ty = ! common weal4 ,he wants 8 own way1 ev5 ?\gh x involves possible dang]s to himself--dang]s :i* may always be av]t$ by brib]y1 fav\ritism1 or viol5ce4 ,said an ,am]ican :o _h li/5$ to a ,filip9o's gl[+ words on indep5d5ce3 ,:at c\ld y d1 if y 7 indep5d5t1 t y _c d n[8 ,i c\ld build my h\se !re 9 ! middle ( ! /reet1 if ,i want$ to4 ,b suppose y\r neighb\r object$ & int]f]$8 ,i w\ld 'get' him4 ,b suppose he 'got' y8 ,a %rug ( ! %\ld]s 0 ! only answ]4#if ,! fact is t ! majority ( ,ori5tals1 despite ! consid]able p5etration ( ,we/]n ideas & me?ods t has be5 go+ on = ! la/ c5tury1 /ill love _! old ruts & hate to be budg$ out ( !m4 ,!y realize t ,we/]n rule fur!rs m ?an any?+ else ! ,we/]nization ( _! social sy/em1 _! traditional mann] ( life1 & !y !re=e t5d to react fanatically aga9/ x4 ,e innovation impos$ by ! colonial au?orities is apt to r\se ! mo/ purbl9d resi/ance4 ,= example1 compulsory vacc9ation 0 bitt]ly oppos$ = ye>s by ! natives ( ,alg]ia4 ,! ,fr5* (ficials po9t$ out t smallpox1 hi!rto rampant1 0 be+ rapidly extirpat$4 ,! natives repli$ t1 9 _! op9ion1 x 0 m]ely a crafty s*eme = /]iliz+ !m sexually & ?us make room = ,fr5* coloni/s4 ,! (ficials !reupon po9t$ to ! c5sus figures1 :i* %[$ t ! natives 7 increas+ at an unprec$5t$ rate4 ,! natives m]ely %rugg$ _! %\ld]s & cont9u$ to inveigh aga9/ ! innovation4 ,?is :ole matt] has be5 well summ>iz$ by a ,fr5* writ] ) a wide k ( ,mohamm$an l&s4 ,says ,l\is ,b]tr&3 ,9 reality1 all ^! peoples1 indispos$ z !y are by _! traditions1 cu/oms1 & climates to live accord+ to our social ideal1 hate to endure ! con/ra9t ( our police1 ( our adm9i/ration--9 a ^w1 ( any sort ( regulat$ gov]nm5t1 no matt] h[ j & hone/4 ,deliv]$ f ! mo/ an>*ic & vexati\s ( tyrannies1 !y rema9 9 _s m or less l our vagabonds1 always hop+ to escape f ! g5d>mes4 ,9 va9 d we po9t out to ! ,arabs ( ,nor? ,africa t1 ?anks to ! protection ( ,france1 !y are no long] pillag$ by ,turki% despots nor massacr$ & tortur$ by rival tribes4 ,!y see only "o ?+3 ! necessity ( pay+ taxes = matt]s t !y d n und]/&4 ,we %all nev] realize ! rage1 ! fury1 ar\s$ 9 our ,alg]ian t[ns by ! simple heal? dep>tm5t ord9ance requir+ ! empty+ ( a g>bage-c at a fix$ h\r4 ,at ,cairo & else:]e ,i h obs]v$ ! same rebelli\s feel+s among ! donkey-boys & cab-driv]s subject$ to ! regulations ( ! ,engli% policeman4 ,b x is n m]ely our municipal & adm9i/rative regulations :i* !y f9d insupportable2 x is all our habits1 tak5 en bloc--9 a ^w1 ! ord] :i* regulates our civiliz$ life4 ,= in/ance3 on ! railway-l9e f ,jaffa to ,j]usalem ! tra9 /ops at a /ation beside :i* /&s ! tomb ( a holy man4 ,! s*$ule calls = a /op ( a m9ute at mo/4 ,b no soon] _h we arriv$ ?an :at 0 my /upefaction to see all ! ,mohamm$ans on ! tra9 get (f1 spread _! pray]-rugs1 & tranquilly beg9 _! devotions4 ,! /ation-ma/] blew 8 :i/le1 ! conductor yell$ at !m t he 0 go+ to leave !m beh9d2 nobody budg$4 ,a squad ( railway employees _h to be mobiliz$1 :o1 ) bl[s & curses1 f9ally bundl$ ^! pi\s p]sons back into ! tra9 aga94 ,! bus9ess la/$ a good qu>t] ( an h\r1 & 0 n easy4 ,! m vigor\s ( ! wor%ipp]s put up an en]getic resi/ance4 ,! above is only a casual in/ance1 *os5 at r&om4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ^! peoples d n yet und]/& :at we mean by exactitude1 & t ! concept ( a well-regulat$ exi/5ce has n yet p5etrat$ _! heads4#ig ,:at has j be5 writt5 ( c\rse applies prim>ily to ! ignorant masses4 ,b ?is attitude ( m9d is m or less common to all classes ( ,ori5tal peoples4 ,! habits ( c5turies are n easily trans=m$4 ,9 fact1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! upp] classes 7 able to enjoy mo/ fully ! caprici\s p]sonal lib]ty ( ! unmodifi$ ,ea/1 & t1 !re=e1 ?\gh !y may be bett] able to und]/& ! value ( ,we/]nization1 !y h 9 "o s5se ! mo/ to lose4#ih ,9 fact1 = all ,ori5tals1 high & l[ alike1 ! good old times _h *>ms :i* !y m\rnfully regret4 ,= ! pr9ce1 ! pa%a1 ! c\rti]1 exi/5ce 0 truly an ,ori5tal p>adise4 ,to be sure1 ! pr9ce might at any mom5t be defeat$ & sla9 by a rival mon>*2 ! pa%a /rangl$ at 8 ma/]'s ord]2 ! c\rti] tortur$ ?r\gh a sup]ior's :im4 ,b1 mean:ile1 x 0 life1 ri* & full4 ,ea* ( ^! m5 _h 8 own "* & 8 own r5[n among 8 c\ntrym51 & ea* enjoy$ a position su* z is n[ unatta9able 9 ,europe1 9 :i* he 0 releas$ f laws1 c\ld indulge 8 own fancies1 bad or good1 & 0 f$ e day & all day ) ! special flatt]y ( ,asia--t will+ submissiv5ess to m]e volition :i* is s l adoration1 & :i* is to its recipi5ts ! mo/ intoxicat+ ( delights4 ,ea*1 too1 _h 8 c\rt ( foll[]s1 & e c\rti] %>$ 9 ! p[]1 ! luxury1 & ! adulation accru+ to 8 "l4 ,! p[] 0 t ( life & dea?2 ! luxury includ$ possession ( e woman he desir$2 ! adulation 01 z ,i h said1 almo/ religi\s wor%ip4#ii ,b1 x may be ask$1 :at ab\t ! poor man1 exploit$ by ?is hi]>*y ( caprici\s despots8 ,:at _h he to ga9 f all ?is8 ,well1 9 mo/ cases1 he got no?+ at all2 b he might ga9 a great deal4 ,life 9 ! old ,ori5t 0 a gigantic lott]y4 ,any "o1 h[ev] humble1 :o *anc$ to please a great man1 might rise to fame & =tune at a b\nd4 ,& ?is is j :at pleases ! ,ea/]n temp]am5t2 = 9 ! ,ea/1 luck & caprice are m priz$ ?an ! security *]i%$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,ori5t ! fav\rite /ories are ^? n>rat+ sudd5 & amaz+ %ifts ( =tune--begg>s become vizi]s or vizi]s become begg>s1 & all 9 a s+le night4 ,to ! majority ( ,ori5tals x is /ill ! unc]ta9ties ( life1 & ! caprici\s fav\r ( ! p[]ful1 :i* make x mo/ wor? liv+2 n ! sure rew>d ( hone/y & well-regulat$ lab\r4 ,all ^! ?+s made ! life ( ! ,ori5t inf9itely int]e/+ to all4 ,& x is precisely ?is gambl]'s int]e/ :i* ,we/]nization has m or less de/roy$4 ,z an ,engli% writ] v ju/ly rem>ks propos ( mod]n ,egypt3 ,our rule may be p]fect1 b ! ,ea/ f9ds x dull4 ,! old ord] 0 a ragg$ g>m5t1 b x 0 gay4 ,its v vicissitude _h a *>m4 ',ah6 yes1' said an ,egyptian to a *ampion ( ,engli% rule1 'b 9 ! old days a begg> might sit at ! gate1 & if he 7 f\nd pleas+ 9 ! eyes ( a great lady1 he might be a great man on ! morr[4' ,!re is a natural & inevitable regret = ! gorge\s & p]il\s pa/1 :5 fav\r took ! place ( ju/ice1 & life _h great heights & dep?s--= ! ,egypt ( ,joseph1 ,h>\n-al-,ra%id1 & ,ismail ,pa%a4 ,we h spread ! coat ( broadclo? ov] ! radiant g>m5t4#ajj ,sadd5$ & irritat$ by ! ?reat5$ loss ( s mu* t !y hold de>1 x is n /range t _m ,ea/]n cons]vatives glorify ! pa/ z a sort ( ,gold5 ,age1 inf9itely sup]ior to any?+ ! ,we/ c produce1 & 9 ?is !y are jo9$ by _m quondam lib]als1 disillusion$ ) ,we/]nism & fly+ into ! arms ( reaction4 ,! result is a _s ( hatr$ aga9/ ev]y?+ ,we/]n1 :i* sometimes assumes ! mo/ extravagant =ms4 ,says ,l\is ,b]tr&3 ,dur+ a lecture t ,i att5d$ at ,cairo ! speak] cont5d$ t ,france ow$ ,islam 7#a7 its civilization & sci5ces2 7#b7 half ( its vocabul>y2 7#c7 all t 0 be/ 9 ! "* & m5tality ( its population1 see+ t1 f ! ,middle ,ages to ! ,revolution ( #aghi1 all ! re=m]s :o lab\r$ = its enfran*isem5t--,albig5sians1 ,vaudois1 ,calv9i/s1 & ,camis>ds--7 probably desc5dants ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,x 0 no?+ less ?an ! total annexation ( ,france to ,morocco4 ,mean:ile1 x has become ! fa%ion = f]v5t 7,egyptian7 nationali/s to g to ,spa9 & m$itate 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,alcaz> ( ,seville or 9 ! patios ( ! ,alhambra ( ,granada on ! defunct spl5d\rs ( we/]n ,islam4#aja ,ev5 m grotesque are ! rhapsodies ( ! ,h9du w+ ( ?is ,gold5 ,age s*ool4 ,^! ,h9du en?usia/s f> outdo ! wilde/ flights ( _! ,moslem fell[s4 ,!y solemnly ass]t t ,h9du/an is ! nurs]y & home ( all true religion1 philosophy1 culture1 civilization1 sci5ce1 inv5tion1 & ev]y?+ else2 & !y av] t :5 ,india's pres5t regrettable eclipse is pa/ 7an eclipse ( c\rse caus$ entirely by ,engli% rule7 %e is aga9 to %9e =? 9 h] glory = ! salvation ( ! :ole _w4 ,employ+ to ! full ! old adage t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 !y h discov]$ 9 ! ,v$as & o!r ,h9du sacr$ texts irrefutable evid5ce t ! anci5t ,h9du sages anticipat$ all our mod]n ideas1 includ+ su* up-to-date matt]s z bomb-dropp+ a]oplanes & ! ,league ( ,nations4#ajb ,all ?is rhapsodical laudation ( ! pa/ w1 9 ! long run1 prove futile4 ,! ,ea/1 l ! ,we/1 has its peculi> virtues2 b ! ,ea/ also has its special faults1 & x is ! faults :i*1 = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 h be5 ga9+ on ! virtues1 result+ 9 backw>dness1 /agnation1 & inf]iority4 ,to-day ! ,ea/ is be+ p5etrat$--& quick5$--by ! ,we/4 ,! outcome w nev] be complete ,we/]nization 9 ! s5se ( a m]e :olesale copy+ & absolute trans=mation2 ! ,ea/ w always rema9 fundam5tally itself4 ,b x w be a new self1 ! result ( a true assimilation ( ,we/]n ideas4 ,! reaction>ies c only delay ?is process1 & !reby prolong ! ,ori5t's inf]iority & weakness4 ,nev]!less1 ! reaction>y attitude1 ?\gh un9tellig5t1 is intelligible4 ,we/]nization hurts too _m *]i%$ prejudices & ve/$ int]e/s n to ar\se *ronic resi/ance4 ,?is resi/ance w\ld occur ev5 if ,we/]n influ5ces 7 all good & ,we/]n]s all angels ( light4 ,b ( c\rse ,we/]nization has its d>k side1 :ile our ,we/]n culture-be>]s are animat$ n m]ely by altruism1 b also by f> less wor?y motives4 ,?is /r5g!ns ! h& ( ! ,ori5tal reaction>ies & l5ds !m ! cov] ( moral sanctions4 ,9 addition to ! extremely pa9ful nature ( any trans=mative process1 especially 9 economic & social matt]s1 !re are _m incid5tal factors ( an extremely irritat+ nature4 ,to beg9 )1 ! m]e pres5ce ( ! ,european1 ) 8 pat5t sup]iority ( p[] & progress1 is a con/ant annoyance & humiliation4 ,?is physical pres5ce ( ! ,european is probably z necess>y to ! ,ori5t's reg5]ation z x is inevitable 9 view ( ! ,ori5t's pres5t inf]iority4 ,b1 h[ev] b5eficial1 x is none ! less a s\rce ( pr(\nd irritation4 ,^! ,europeans di/urb ev]y?+1 modify cu/oms1 raise liv+ /&>ds1 erect sep>ate qu>t]s 9 ! cities1 :]e !y =m extrat]ritorial colonies exempt f native law & cu/om>y regulation4 ,an ,engli% t[n rises 9 ! he>t ( ,cairo1 a ,little ,p>is eats into ,arabesque ,algi]s1 :ile ,european ,p]a flaunts itself opposite ,turki% ,/ambul4 ,z = ,india1 x is dott$ ) ,briti% enclaves4 ,! great ,presid5cy t[ns1 ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 ,madras1 are ,european cities plant$ on ,indian soil4 ,all ! prom95t build+s are ,european1 ?\gh 9 "s ( ! m rec5t ones an endeav\r has be5 made to adopt :at is kn[n z ! ',indo-,s>ac5ic' /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,= ! re/1 ! /reets are call$ by ,engli% names1 g5]ally ! names ( bygone vic]oys & gov]nors1 or ( ! soldi]s :o conqu]$ ! l& & quell$ ! mut9y--h]oes ^: effigies meet y at e turn4 ,! %ops are ,engli% %ops1 :]e ,engli% or ,eurasian assi/ants traffic 9 ,engli% goods4 ,engli% c>riages & motors b[l along ! macadamiz$ or t>r$ roads ( ,old ,engl&4 ,on e h& !re is evid5ce ( ! in/9ctive ef=t to reproduce1 z ne>ly z ! climate w p]mit1 ,engli% conditions ( life4444 ,almo/ ! :ole life ( ! p ( ,india is relegat$ to ! back /reets1 n to say ! slums--frankly call$ 9 ,madras ! ,black ,t[n4 ,!re are a few po9ts--clubs & gymkhanas specially e/abli%$ to t end--:]e ,engli%m51 & ev5 wom51 meet ,indian m51 & ev5 wom51 ( ! weal?i] classes1 on a basis ( social equality4 ,b few inde$ are ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! ,asian t[n & ! ,european city :i* has be5 sup]impos$ ^u x4 ,! mission>y1 ! ,salvation ,army outpo/1 p]haps ! curiosity-hunt+ t\ri/1 may g =? into ! baza>s2 b ! ,european community z a :ole c>es no m = ! sw>m+ br[n multitudes ar\nd x ?an ! dwell]s on an isl& c>e = ! fi%es 9 ! circumambi5t sea4#ajc ,& :at is true ( ! great t[ns holds good = scores ( prov9cial c5tres1 /ations1 & cantonm5ts4 ,! scale may be small]1 b ! type is ! same4 ,! ,european 9 ! ,ori5t is ?us ev]y:]e pr(\ndly an ali51 liv+ ap>t f ! native life4 ,& ! ,european is n m]ely an alo( ali52 he is a rul+ ali5 z well4 ,always 8 attitude is t ( ! sup]ior1 ! ma/]4 ,?is attitude is n due to brutality or snobb]y2 x is inh]5t 9 ! v ess5ce ( ! situation4 ,( c\rse _m ,europeans h bad mann]s1 b t does n *ange ! basic reality ( ! case4 ,& ?is reality is t1 :atev] ! future may br+1 ! ,european fir/ e/abli%$ himself 9 ! ,ori5t because ! ,we/ 0 !n inf9itely ahead ( ! ,ea/2 & he is /ill !re to-day because1 despite all rec5t *anges1 ! ,ea/ is /ill beh9d ! ,we/4 ,!re=e ! ,european 9 ! ,ori5t is /ill ! rul]1 & s long z he /ays !re mu/ cont9ue to rule--ju/ly1 temp]ately1 ) politic reg>d = ,ea/]n progress & lib]al devolution ( p[] z ! ,ea/ becomes ripe = its lib]al ex]cise--b1 nev]!less1 rule4 ,:]ev] ! ,occid5tal has e/abli%$ 8 political control1 !re are b two alt]natives3 gov]n or g4 ,fur!rmore1 9 8 gov]n+1 ! ,occid5tal mu/ rule accord+ to 8 own lights2 despite all concessions to local feel+1 he mu/1 9 ! la/ analysis1 act z a ,we/]n1 n z an ,ea/]n1 rul]4 ,"l ,crom] voices ! he>t ( all true colonial gov]nm5t :5 he says3 ,9 gov]n+ ,ori5tal races ! fir/ ?\ght mu/ be :at is good = !m1 b n necess>ily :at !y ?9k is good = !m4#ajd ,n[ all ?is is inevitable1 & %\ld be self-evid5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! fact rema9s t ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ ,ori5tal c h>dly reg>d x z o!r ?an a bitt] ?\gh salut>y m$ic9e1 :ile mo/ ,ori5tals feel x to be humiliat+ or intol]able4 ,! v virtues ( ! ,european are prime causes ( 8 unpopul>ity4 ,=1 z ,m]$i? ,t[ns5d well says3 ,! ,european is1 9 ,asia1 ! man :o w insi/ on 8 neighb\r do+ bus9ess j aft] d9n]1 & be+ exact :5 he is half-asleep1 & be+ 'prompt' j :5 he wants to enjoy1--& he rules 9 ,asia & is lov$ 9 ,asia accord+ly4#aje ,fur!rmore1 ! ,european 9 ! ,ori5t is dislik$ n m]ely z a rul] & a di/urb]1 b also z a man ( widely diff]5t race4 ,?is matt] ( race is v complicat$1#ajf b x cuts deep & is ( fundam5tal importance4 ,mo/ ( ! peoples ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ ) :i* our pres5t discussion is conc]n$ belong to :at is kn[n z ! br[n category ( ! human species4 ,( c\rse1 9 /rict an?ropology1 ! t]m is inexact4 ,an?ropologically1 we _c set (f a %>ply diff]5tiat$ gr\p ( br[n types z a br[n race1 z we c set (f ! :ite types ( ,europe z a :ite race or ! yell[ ,mongoloid types ( ! ,f> ,ea/ z a yell[ race4 ,?is is because ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ h be5 racially a va/ melt+-pot1 or s]ies ( melt+-pots1 :]e9 conque/ & migration h cont9ually p\r$ new het]og5e\s elem5ts1 produc+ ! mo/ div]se e?nic amalgamations4 ,?us to-day "s ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/]n peoples are l>gely :ite1 l ! ,p]sians & ,ottoman ,turks2 o!rs1 l ! s\!rn ,indians & ,yem5ite ,arabs1 are l>gely black2 :ile /ill o!rs1 l ! ,himalayan & ,c5tral ,asian peoples1 h mu* yell[ blood4 ,aga91 z !re is no br[n racial type-norm1 z !re are :ite & yell[ type-norms1 s !re is no g5]aliz$ br[n culture l ^? possess$ by yell[s & :ites4 ,! great br[n spiritual bond is ,islam1 yet 9 ,india1 ! *ief seat ( br[n population1 ,islam is pr(ess$ by only "o-fif? ( ! inhabitants4 ,la/ly1 :ile ! spiritual fronti]s ( ! ,moslem _w co9cide ma9ly ) ! e?nic fronti]s ( ! br[n _w1 ,islam ov]laps at sev]al po9ts1 includ+ "s pure :ites 9 ea/]n ,europe1 _m true yell[s 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 & multitudes ( negroes 9 ,africa4 ,nev]!less1 despite ^! p>tial modifications1 ! t]ms br[n race & br[n _w d connote g5u9e realities :i* sci5ce & politics alike recognize to be ess5tially true4 ,!re c]ta9ly is a fundam5tal comity betwe5 ! br[n peoples4 ,?is comity is subtle & intangible 9 "*2 yet x exi/s1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances x is capable ( mom5t\s manife/ations4 ,its sali5t feature is ! in/9ctive recognition by all ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/]n peoples t !y are fell[ ,asiatics1 h[ev] bitt] may be _! int]nec9e feuds4 ,?is in/9ctive ,asiatic feel+ has be5 not$ by hi/orians = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 & x is true to-day z 9 ! pa/4 ,! great racial divisions ( mank9d are ! mo/ fundam5tal1 ! mo/ p]man5t1 ! mo/ in]adicable ?+s 9 human exp]i5ce4 ,!y are n m]e div]se colorations ( sk94 ,matt]s l complexion1 /ature1 & hair-=mation are m]ely ! outw>d1 visible symbols ( correlative m5tal & spiritual diff]5ces :i* reveal !mselves 9 %>ply contra/$ temp]am5ts & view-po9ts1 & :i* translate !mselves into ! inf9ite ph5om5a ( div]g5t gr\p-life4 ,n[ x is "o ( ^! basic racial l9es ( cleavage :i* runs betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,broadly speak+1 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ is ! br[n _w1 & ?is diff]5tiates x f ! :ite _w ( ! ,we/ 9 a way :i* nev] c be really oblit]at$4 ,inde$1 to attempt to oblit]ate ! diff]5ce by racial fusion w\ld be ! madde/ ( follies4 ,ea/ & ,we/ c mutually quick5 ea* o!r by a mutual ex*ange ( ideas & ideals4 ,!y c only h>m ea* o!r by transfusions ( blood4 ,to unite physically w\ld be ! greate/ ( disa/]s4 ,ea/ & ,we/ h bo? giv5 mu* to ! _w 9 ! pa/1 & promise to give m 9 ! future4 ,b :atev] ( true value !y are to give c be giv5 only on condition t !y rema9 ess5tially !mselves4 ,e?nic fusion w\ld de/roy bo? _! race-s\ls & w\ld result 9 a dre>y mongrelization f :i* w\ld issue no?+ b deg5]ation & decay4 ,bo? ,ea/ & ,we/ in/9ctively recognize ! tru? ( ?is1 & %[ x by _! common contempt = ! ,eurasian--! mongrel (fspr+ ( unions betwe5 ! two races4 ,z ,m]$i? ,t[ns5d well says3 ,! *asm betwe5 ! br[n man & ! :ite is unfa?omable1 has exi/$ 9 all ages1 & exi/s /ill ev]y:]e4 ,no :ite man m>ries a br[n wife1 no br[n man m>ries a :ite wife1 )\t an inn] s5se ( hav+ be5 false to "s un9telligible b irresi/ible comm&4#ajg ,! above summ>y ( ! political1 economic1 social1 & racial diff]5ces betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ gives u a fair idea ( ! num]\s cross-curr5ts :i* complicate ! relations ( ! two worlds & :i* h9d] ,we/]nization4 ,! ,we/]niz+ process is assur$ly go+ on1 & 9 subsequ5t *apt]s we %all see h[ f>-rea*+ is its scope4 ,b ! factors j consid]$ w indicate ! possibilities ( reaction & w r\ghly assign ! limits to :i* ,we/]nization may ultimately ext5d4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 ,we/]n political control 9 ! ,ori5t1 h[ev] prolong$ & h[ev] impos+ 9 appe>ance1 mu/ ev] re/ on ess5tially fragile f\ndations4 ,! ,we/]n rul]s w always rema9 an ali5 ca/e2 tol]at$1 ev5 respect$1 p]haps1 b nev] lov$ & nev] reg>d$ z any?+ b =eign]s4 ,fur!rmore1 ,we/]n rule mu/ necess>ily become m prec>i\s ) ! increas+ enlight5m5t ( ! subject peoples1 s t ! acquiesc5ce ( "o g5]ation may be foll[$ by ! ho/ile prote/ ( ! next4 ,x is inde$ an un/able equilibrium1 h>d to ma9ta9 & easily upset4 ,! lat5t in/ability ( ,european political control ov] ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ 0 dramatically %[n by ! moral effect ( ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>4 ,d[n to t "t ! ,ori5t _h be5 s helpless 9 face ( ,european aggression t mo/ ,ori5tals _h come to reg>d ,we/]n supremacy ) fatali/ic resignation4 ,b ! defeat ( a fir/-class ,european ,p[] by an ,asiatic p in/antly broke ! spell1 & all ,asia & ,africa ?rill$ ) a wild intoxication :i* we c sc>cely conceive4 ,a ,scot* mission>y ?us describes ! effect ( ! ,japanese victories on nor!rn ,india1 :]e he 0 /ation$ at ! "t3 ,a /ir ( excitem5t pass$ ov] ! nor? ( ,india4 ,ev5 ! remote villag]s talk$ ov] ! victories ( ,japan z !y sat 9 _! circles & pass$ r\nd ! huqqa at night4 ,"o ( ! old] m5 said to me1 ',!re has be5 no?+ l x s9ce ! mut9y'4 ,a ,turki% consul ( long exp]i5ce 9 ,we/]n ,asia told me t 9 ! int]ior y c\ld see ev]y:]e ! mo/ ignorant peasants 't+l+' ) ! news4 ,asia 0 mov$ f end to end1 & ! sleep ( ! c5turies 0 f9ally brok54 ,x 0 a "t :5 x 0 'good to be alive1' = a new *apt] 0 be+ writt5 9 ! book ( ! _w's hi/ory4#ajh ,( c\rse ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> did n create ?is new _s1 ^: roots lay 9 ! previ\s epo* ( subtle *anges t _h be5 go+ on4 ,! ,russo-,japanese ,w> 0 ?us r ! occasion ?an ! cause ( ! wave ( exultant self-confid5ce :i* swept ov] ,asia & ,africa 9 ! ye> #aijd4 ,b x did dramatize & cl>ify ideas t _h be5 g]m9at+ half-unconsci\sly 9 millions ( ,ori5tal m9ds1 & 0 ?us ! sign manual ( ! :ole nexus ( =ces mak+ = a revivifi$ ,ori5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is new temp] pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! ,ori5t's attitude t[>d ! s]ies ( fre% ,european aggressions :i* !n began4 ,x is a curi\s fact t j :5 ! ,f> ,ea/ _h successfully resi/$ ,european encroa*m5t1 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ %\ld h be5 subject$ to ,european aggressions ( unp>allel$ sev]ity4 ,we h already not$ ! furi\s prote/s & ! unwont$ moral solid>ity ( ! ,moslem _w at ^! manife/ations ( ,we/]n ,realpolitik4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k exactly h[ mu* ( ?is defiant temp] 0 due to ! he>t5+ example ( ,japan4 ,c]ta9ly our ultra-imp]iali/s ( ! ,we/ 7 play+ a dang]\s game dur+ ! decade betwe5 #aijd & #aiad4 ,z ,arm9ius ,vambry rem>k$ aft] ! ,italian raid on ,tripoli3 ,! m ! p[] & au?ority ( ! ,we/ ga9s gr\nd 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ! /rong] becomes ! bond ( unity & mutual int]e/ betwe5 ! sep>ate factions ( ,asiatics1 & ! deep] burns ! fanatical hatr$ ( ,europe4 ,is x wise or exp$i5t by useless provocation & unnecess>y attacks to increase ! feel+ ( animosity1 to hurry on ! /ruggle betwe5 ! two worlds1 & to nip 9 ! bud ! "w ( mod]n culture :i* is n[ go+ on 9 ,asia8#aji ,! ,great ,w> ( c\rse imm5sely aggravat$ an already critical situation4 ,! ,ori5t sudd5ly saw ! ,european peoples1 :o1 9 racial matt]s1 _h hi!rto ma9ta9$ some?+ l solid>ity1 lock$ 9 an int]nec9e dea?-grapple ( unp>allel$ f]ocity2 x saw ^? same peoples put "o ano!r furi\sly to ! ban z irreconcilable foes2 x saw :ite race-unity cleft by moral & political gulfs :i* :ite m5 !mselves cont9u\sly it]at$ w\ld nev] be fill$4 ,! "o r$eem+ feature ( ! /ruggle1 9 ,ori5tal eyes1 0 ! lib]al programme :i* ! ,alli$ /atesm5 inscrib$ ^u _! bann]s4 ,b :5 ! w> 0 ov] & ! ,allies _h won1 x promptly leak$ out t at ! v "t :5 ! ,alli$ lead]s 7 mak+ _! lib]al spee*es !y _h be5 negotiat+ a s]ies ( secret treaties p>tition+ ! ,ne> ,ea/ betwe5 !m 9 a _s ( ! mo/ cynical imp]ialism2 & 9 ! peace conf]5ces t clos$ ! w> x 0 ^! secret treaties1 n ! lib]al spee*es1 :i* det]m9$ ! ,ori5tal settlem5t1 result+ 7on pap] at lea/7 9 ! total subjugation ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ to ,european political control4 ,! wave ( wra? :i* !reupon roll$ ov] ! ,ea/ 0 n conf9$ to furi\s remon/rance l ! prote/s ( pre-w> days4 ,!re 0 a note ( imm$iate resi/ance & rebellion n audible be=e4 ,?is rebelli\s temp] has translat$ itself into w>like action :i* has already =c$ ! ,european ,p[]s to abate "s ( _! extreme pret5sions & :i* w und\bt$ly make !m abate o!rs 9 ! ne> future4 ,! details ( ?is po/-w> unre/ w be discuss$ 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,suffice x to say "h t ! ,great ,w> has %att]$ ,european pre/ige 9 ! ,ea/ & has op5$ ! eyes ( ,ori5tals to ! weaknesses ( ! ,we/4 ,to ! ,ori5t ! w> 0 a gigantic c\rse ( education4 ,= "o ?+1 millions ( ,ori5tals & negroes 7 tak5 f ! remote/ jungles ( ,asia & ,africa to s]ve z soldi]s & lab\r]s 9 ! ,:ite ,man's ,w>4 ,?\gh ! bulk ( ^! auxili>ies 7 us$ 9 colonial op]ations1 m ?an a million ( !m 7 br\ght to ,europe itself4 ,"h !y kill$ :ite m51 rap$ :ite wom51 ta/$ :ite luxuries1 le>n$ :ite weaknesses--& w5t home to tell _! p ! :ole /ory4#aaj ,asia & ,africa to-day "k ,europe z !y nev] knew x be=e1 & we may be sure t !y w make use ( _! k4 ,! mo/ s]i\s factor 9 ! situation is t ! ,ori5t realizes t ! fam\s ,v]sailles ,peace :i* purports to h pacifi$ ,europe is no peace1 b r an uncon/ructive1 un/atesmanlike futility t left old sores unheal$ & ev5 dealt fre% w\nds4 ,europe to-day lies debilitat$ & uncur$1 :ile ,asia & ,africa see 9 ?is a /&+ incitem5t to ra% dreams & viol5t action4 ,su* is ! situation to-day3 an ,ea/1 torn by ! conflict betwe5 new & old1 fac+ a ,we/ riv5 ) diss5sion & sick f its mad follies4 ,probably nev] be=e h ! relations betwe5 ! two worlds conta9$ s _m incalculable1 ev5 cataclysmic1 possibilities4 ,! po9t to be "h not$ is t ?is /range new ,ea/ :i* n[ faces u is ma9ly ! result ( ,we/]n influ5ces p]meat+ x 9 unprec$5t$ fa%ion = ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,to ! *ief elem5ts 9 t p]meation let u n[ turn4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,= ! l>g] aspects1 see my book ,! ,ris+ ,tide ( ,col\r aga9/ ,:ite ,_w-,supremacy 7,new ,york & ,london1 #aibj74 #gc ,on ^! po9ts1 see ,arm9ius ,vambry1 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s 7,london1 #aijf72 also 8 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans 7,p>is1 #ahih72 ,c4 ,s4 ,coop]1 ,! ,mod]niz+ ( ! ,ori5t 7,new ,york1 #aiad72 ,s4 ,khuda ,bukh%1 ,essays3 ,indian & ,islamic 7,london1 #aiab72 ,a4 ,j4 ,br[n1 ,economic ,*anges 9 ,asia1 ,! ,c5tury1 ,m>*1 #aijd4 #gd ,= ! effect ( ! ,we/ intellectually & spiritually1 see ,vambry1 op4 cit42 ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol1 ,indian ,unre/ 7,london1 #aiaj72 ,j4 ,n4 ,f>quh>1 ,mod]n ,religi\s ,movem5ts 9 ,india 7,new ,york1 #aiae72 ,rev4 ,j4 ,morrison1 ,new ,ideas 9 ,india3 ,a ,/udy ( ,social1 ,political1 & ,religi\s ,developm5ts 7,ed9burgh1 #aijf72 ! ,e>l ( ,crom]1 ,mod]n ,egypt1 especially ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #bbh-bdc 7,london1 #aijh74 #ge ,= ! ,we/]nis$ lites1 see ,l4 ,b]tr&1 ,le ,mirage ,ori5tale 7,p>is1 #aiaj72 ,crom]1 op4 cit42 ,a4 ,mt91 ,l',inde d'auj\rd'hui3 tude ,sociale 7,p>is1 #aiah72 ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,politique musulmane1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,septemb]1 #aiaj4 #gf ,*irol1 op4 cit41 pp #cba-cbb4 #gg ,b]tr&1 op4 cit41 p #ci4 ,see also ,bukh%1 op4 cit42 ,f>quh>1 op4 cit42 ,morrison1 op4 cit42 ,r4 ,muk]jee1 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,indian ,economics 7,london1 #aiaf72 ,d4 ,h4 ,dodwell1 ,economic ,transition 9 ,india1 ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj4 #gh ,w4 ,s4 ,lilly1 ,india & ,its ,problems1 p4 #bdc 7,london1 #aijb74 #gi ,crom]1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bca4 #hj ,ibid41 p4 #bbh4 #ha ,j4 ,ramsay ,macdonald1 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 pp4 #aga-agb 7,london1 #aibj74 ,on ! evils ( ,we/]nization1 see fur!r3 ,bukh%1 ,crom]1 ,dodwell1 ,muk]jee1 already cit$2 ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,! ,turki% ,peasantry ( ,anatolia1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aiah2 ,h4 ,m4 ,hyndman1 ,! ,awak5+ ( ,asia 7,new ,york1 #aiai72 ,t4 ,ro?/e91 ,egypt's ,ru9 7,london1 #aiaj72 ,capta9 ,p4 ,azan1 ,re*]*e d'une ,solution de la ,"q indigne en ,algrie 7,p>is1 #aijc74 #hb ,e4 ,j4 ,dillon1 ,p]sia1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,june1 #aiaj4 #hc ,ramsay ,muir1 ,europe & ! ,non-,european ,_w1 ,! ,new ,europe1 ,june #bh1 #aiag4 #hd ,! ,e>l ( ,crom]1 ,political & ,lit]>y ,essays1 p4 #e 7,london1 #aiac74 #he ,= a full discussion ( ^! *anges 9 ,we/]n ideas1 see my ,ris+ ,tide ( ,col\r aga9/ ,:ite ,_w-,supremacy1 especially *aps4 vi4 & vii4 #hf ,sidney ,l[1 ,! ,mo/ ,*ri/ian ,p[]s1 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,m>*1 #aiab4 #hg ,on ?is po9t see also ,a4 ,vambry1 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s 7,london1 #aijf72 ,w4 ,s4 ,blunt1 ,! ,future ( ,islam 7,london1 #ahhb72 also ! two articles by ,lon ,cahun on intellectual & social developm5ts 9 ! ,islamic _w dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ,lavisse et ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 *ap4 xv42 ,vol4 ,,xii41 *ap4 xiv4 #hh ,see ,a4 ,vambry1 ,d] ,islam im neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]t1 *ap4 vi4 7,leipzig1 #ahge74 #hi ,x1 ,la ,situation politique de la ,p]se1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,june1 #aiad4 ,z already /at$1 ! editor v\*es = ?is anonym\s writ] z a di/+ui%$ ,mohamm$an (ficial--un homme d'tt musulman4 #ij ,ahm$ ,em91 ,! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,turkey z ,measur$ by ,its ,press1 p4 #ajh 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,ph4,d4 ,!sis1 ,new ,york1 #aiad74 #ia ,! ,con/ant9ople ,tan9e4 ,quot$ f ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,octob] #bd1 #aiad1 p4 #ghd4 ,?is attitude t[>d ! ,great ,w> & ! ,european ,p[]s 0 n conf9$ to ,mohamm$an peoples2 x 0 common to non-:ite peoples ev]y:]e4 ,= a survey ( ?is feel+ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 see my ,ris+ ,tide ( ,col\r aga9/ ,:ite ,_w-,supremacy1 pp4 #ac-af4 #ib ,bo? ! above in/ances are tak5 f ,c4 ,s4 ,coop]1 ,! ,mod]niz+ ( ! ,ori5t1 pp4 #cci-cdj 7,new ,york1 #aiad74 #ic ,an ,unbeliev]--9 o!r words1 a ,*ri/ian4 #id ,quot$ by ,a4 ,woeik(1 ,le ,turke/an russe 7,p>is1 #aiad74 #ie ,b4 ,l4 ,putnam ,weale1 ,! ,conflict ( ,col\r1 p4 #aic 7,london1 #aiaj74 #if ,quot$ f ,h4 ,h4 ,p[]s1 ,! ,great ,peace1 p4 #hb 7,new ,york1 #aiah74 #ig ,l4 ,b]tr&1 ,le ,mirage ori5tal1 pp4 #dda-ddb 7,p>is1 #aiaj74 #ih ,on ?is po9t see ! v int]e/+ essay by ,m]$i? ,t[ns5d entitl$ ,! ,*>m ( ,asia = ,asiatics1 9 8 book ,asia & ,europe1 pp4 #abj-abh4 #ii ,t[ns5d1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajd4 #ajj ,h4 ,sp5d]1 ,engl&1 ,egypt1 & ,turkey1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,octob]1 #aijf4 #aja ,b]tr&1 pp4 #bji1 #baj4 #ajb ,= discussion ( ?is ,h9du attitude see ,w4 ,ar*]1 ,india & ! ,future 7,london1 #aiah72 ,"y & ,f]r]s1 ,india 9 ,conflict 7,london1 #aibj74 ,also see ,h9du writ+s ( ?is nature3 ,h4 ,maitra1 ,h9duism3 ,! ,_w-,ideal 7,london1 #aiaf72 ,a4 ,coom>aswamy1 ,! ,dance ( ,siva 7,new ,york1 #aiah72 ,m4 ,n4 ,*att]jee1 ,! ,_w & ! ,next ,w>1 ,j\rnal ( ,race ,developm5t1 ,april1 #aiaf4 #ajc ,ar*]1 pp4 #aa1 #ab4 #ajd ,crom]1 ,political & ,lit]>y ,essays1 p4 #be4 #aje ,t[ns5d1 ,asia & ,europe1 p4 #abh4 #ajf ,i h dealt ) x at l5g? 9 my ,ris+ ,tide ( ,col\r aga9/ ,:ite ,_w-,supremacy4 #ajg ,t[ns5d1 p4 #ig4 #ajh ,rev4 ,c4 ,f4 ,&rews1 ,! ,r5aissance 9 ,india1 p4 #d 7,london1 #aiaa74 ,= o!r simil> acc\nts ( ! effect ( ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> ^u ,ori5tal peoples g5]ally1 see ,a4 ,m4 ,l[1 ,egyptian ,unre/1 ,! ,=um1 ,octob]1 #aijf2 ,f4 ,f>janel1 ,le ,japon et l',islam1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,novemb]1 #aijf2 ,ori5tal ,ideals z ,affect$ by ! ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 ,am]ican ,review ( ,reviews1 ,febru>y1 #aije2 ,a4 ,vambry1 ,japan & ! ,mahometan ,_w1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,april1 #aije2 ,yahya ,siddyk1 op4 cit41 p4 #db4 #aji ,a4 ,vambry1 ,an ,approa* betwe5 ,moslems & ,buddhi/s1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,april1 #aiab4 #aaj ,= ! effect ( ! w> on ,asia & ,africa1 see ,a4 ,demangeon1 ,le ,dcl9 de l',europe 7,p>is1 #aibj72 ,h4 ,m4 ,hyndman1 ,! ,awak5+ ( ,asia 7,new ,york1 #aiai72 ,e4 ,d4 ,morel1 ,! ,black ,man's ,burd5 7,new ,york1 #aibj72 ,f4 ,b4 ,fi%]1 ,india's ,sil5t ,revolution 7,new ,york1 #aiai72 also1 my ,ris+ ,tide ( ,color aga9/ ,:ite ,_w-,supremacy4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,political ,,*ange ,! ,ori5t's *ief h&icap has be5 its vici\s political tradition4 ,f e>lie/ times ! typical =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! ,ea/ has be5 despotism--! arbitr>y rule ( an absolute mon>*1 ^: subjects are slaves1 hold+ _! goods1 _! hon\rs1 _! v lives1 at 8 w & pleasure4 ,! sole consi/5t *eck ^u ,ori5tal despotism has be5 religion4 ,"s critics may add cu/om2 b x am\nts to ! same ?+1 = 9 ! ,ea/ cu/om always acquires a religi\s sanction4 ,! mantle ( religion ( c\rse cov]s its m9i/]s1 ! prie/s =m+ a privileg$ ca/e4 ,b1 ) ^! exceptions1 ,ori5tal despotism has usually kn[n no b\nds2 & ! despot1 s long z he respect$ religion & ! prie/hood1 has be5 able to act pretty mu* z he *ose4 ,9 ! v dawn ( hi/ory we see ,ph>aoh exhau/+ all ,egypt to gratify 8 :im = a colossal pyramid tomb1 & ?r\gh\t hi/ory ,ori5tal life has be5 curs$ by ?is fatal political simplicity4 ,n[ manifold human exp]i5ce has conclusively prov$ t despotism is a bad =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ! long run4 ,( c\rse !re is ! leg5d>y b5evol5t despot--! fa!r ( 8 p1 surr\nd$ by wise c\nsellors & aboli%+ evils by a nod or a /roke ( ! p54 ,t is all v well 9 a fairy-tale4 ,b 9 real life ! b5evol5t despot r>ely happ5s & /ill m r>ely succe$s himself4 ,! fa!r ( 8 p usually has a pomp\s son & a vici\s gr&son1 :o br+ ! p to ru94 ,! melan*oly tr9ity--,david1 ,solomon1 ,rehoboam--has reappe>$ ) depress+ regul>ity ?r\gh\t hi/ory4 ,fur!rmore1 ev5 ! b5evol5t despot has 8 limitations4 ,! tr\ble ) all despots1 good or bad1 is t _! rule is entirely p]sonal4 ,ev]y?+1 9 ! la/ analysis1 dep5ds on ! despot's p]sonal w4 ,no?+ is fix$ or c]ta94 ,! b5evol5t despot himself may disc>d 8 b5evol5ce ov]night1 & ! fate ( an empire may be jeop>diz$ by ! mon>*'s infatuation = a woman or by an upset 9 8 dige/ion4 ,we ,occid5tals h1 9 fact1 nev] kn[n despotism1 9 its ,simon ,pure1 ,ori5tal s5se2 n ev5 "u ! ,roman ,empire4 ,inde$1 we c h>dly conceive :at x means4 ,:5 we speak ( a b5evol5t despot we usually ?9k ( ! enlight5$ autocrats ( eighte5?-c5tury ,europe1 su* z ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,b ^! mon>*s 7 n despots z ,ori5tals und]/& x4 ,take ,fr$]ick1 = example4 ,he 0 reg>d$ z absolute4 ,b 8 subjects 7 n slaves4 ,^? pr\d ,prussian (fic]s1 />*$ bureaucrats1 /iff-neck$ burgh]s1 & /ubborn peasants ea* _h 8 s5se ( p]sonal dignity & legal /atus4 ,! unque/ion+ ob$i5ce :i* !y gave ,fr$]ick 0 giv5 n m]ely because he 0 _! k+1 b also because !y knew t he 0 ! h>de/-work+ man 9 ,prussia & tireless 9 8 devotion to ! /ate4 ,if ,fr$]ick _h sudd5ly *ang$ into a lazy1 deprav$1 caprici\s tyrant1 8 ob$i5t ,prussians w\ld h soon %[$ him t !re 7 limits to 8 p[]4 ,9 ! ,ori5t x is q o!rwise4 ,9 ! ,ea/ !re lies ^u ! eyes & =eheads ( all m5 a law :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,european decalogue2 & ?is law runs3 ',?\ %alt hon\r & wor%ip ! man :om ,god %all set above !e = ?y ,k+3 if he *]i% !e1 ?\ %alt love him2 & if he plund] & oppress !e ?\ %alt /ill love him1 = ?\ art 8 slave & 8 *attel4'#aaa ,! ,ea/]n mon>* may immure himself 9 8 h>em1 ca/+ ! burd5s ( /ate ^u ! %\ld]s ( a gr& vizi]4 ,?is vizi] has !nce=? limitless p[]2 ! life ( e subject is 9 8 h&s4 ,yet1 any ev5+1 at ! p\t ( a danc+-girl1 ! mon>* may s5d f 8 h>em to ! vizi]'s palace a negro mute1 arm$ ) ! b[/r+4 ,& :5 t black mute arrives1 ! vizi]1 d(f+ 8 robe ( (fice1 & ) nei!r "q nor remon/rance1 w b>e 8 neck to be /rangl$4 ,t is real despotism--! despotism t ! ,ea/ has kn[n4 ,su* is ! political tradition ( ! ,ori5t4 ,& x is surely obvi\s t "u su* a tradition nei!r ord]$ gov]nm5t nor consi/5t progress is possible4 ,ea/]n hi/ory is1 9 fact1 l>gely a record ( sudd5 fl[]+s & equally sudd5 decl9es4 ,a /rong1 able man cuts 8 way to p[] 9 a p]iod ( confusion & decay4 ,he mu/ be /rong & able1 or he w\ld n w9 ov] o!r m5 ( simil> nature /ruggl+ = ! covet$ prize4 ,8 en]gy & ability soon "w wond]s4 ,he kn[s ! r\gh-&-ready way ( gett+ ?+s done4 ,8 vig\r & resolution supply ! driv+-p[] requir$ to compel 8 subord9ates to act ) reasonable effici5cy1 especially s9ce incompet5ce or di%one/y are puni%$ ) ! t]rible sev]ity ( ! ,p]sian k+ :o flay$ an unju/ satrap alive & made ! sk9 into ! seat ( ! (ficial *air on :i* ! new satrap sat to adm9i/] ju/ice4 ,:ile ! ma/] lives1 ?+s may g well4 ,b ! ma/] dies1 & is succe$$ by 8 son4 ,?is son1 ev5 assum+ t he has inh]it$ mu* ( 8 fa!r's ability1 has _h ! wor/ possible upbr++4 ,rais$ 9 ! h>em1 surr\nd$ by obsequi\s slaves & design+ wom51 nei!r 8 pride nor 8 passions h be5 effectively re/ra9$1 & he gr[s up a pomp\s tyrant & probably precoci\sly deprav$4 ,su* a man w n be apt to look aft] ?+s z 8 fa!r did4 ,& z soon z ! ma/]'s eye %ifts1 ?+s beg9 to g to pieces4 ,h[ c x be o!rwise8 ,8 fa!r built up no gov]nm5tal ma*9e1 function+ almo/ automatically1 z 9 ! ,we/4 ,8 (fic]s work$ f fe> or p]sonal loyalty2 n out ( a patriotic s5se ( duty or imp]sonal esprit de corps4 ,"u ! gr&son1 matt]s get ev5 worse1 p[] slips f 8 incompet5t h&s & is p>cell$ out among _m local despots1 ( :om ! /ronge/ cuts 8 way to p[]1 assum+ t ! decad5t /ate is n ov]run by "s =eign conqu]or4 ,9 ei!r ev5tuality1 ! old cycle--,david1 ,solomon1 ,rehoboam--is f9i%$1 & a new cycle beg9s--) ! same de/9$ end4 ,t1 9 a nut%ell1 is ! political hi/ory ( ! ,ea/4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 modifi$ or tempor>ily int]rupt$ by ! impact ( m lib]al political influ5ces1 ex]t$ sometimes f special ,ea/]n regions & sometimes f ! ,we/4 ,n all ! ,ori5t has be5 giv5 ov] to unreliev$ despotism4 ,"h & !re h be5 peoples 7mo/ly m\nta9 or pa/oral peoples7 :o abhorr$ despotism4 ,su* a p h always be5 ! ,arabs4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! ,arabs1 fir$ by ,islam1 e/abli%$ a mighty caliphate :i*1 9 its e>ly days1 0 a !ocratic democracy4 ,( c\rse we h also se5 h[ ! old] tradition ( despotism reass]t$ itself ov] mo/ ( ! ,moslem _w1 h[ ! democratic caliphate turn$ into a despotic sultanate1 & h[ ! lib]ty-lov+ ,arabs retir$ sull5ly to _! des]ts4 ,political lib]alism1 l religi\s lib]alism1 0 cru%$ & almo/ =gott54 ,almo/--n q2 = memories ( ! ,meccan caliphate1 l memories ( ,motazelism1 rema9$ 9 ! back ( m5's m9ds1 ready to come =? aga9 ) bett] days4 ,aft] all1 free ,arabia /ill /ood1 ) e ,arab tribesman arm$ to ! tee? to see t x kept free4 ,& !n1 !re 0 ,islam4 ,no c\rt !ologian c\ld entirely expla9 away ! fact t ,mohamm$ _h said ?+s l ,all ,believ]s are bro!rs & ,all ,moslems are free4 ,no c\rt *ronicl] c\ld entirely expunge f ,moslem annals ! /ory ( ,islam's e>ly days1 kn[n z ! ,wakti-,seadet1 or ,age ( ,bless$ness4 ,ev5 9 ! d>ke/ times ,moslems ( lib]al t5d5cies mu/ h be5 greatly int]e/$ to read t ! fir/ caliph1 ,abu ,bekr1 aft] 8 election by ! p1 said3 ,oh nation6 y h *os5 me1 ! mo/ unwor?y among y1 = y\r caliph4 ,support me z long z my actions are j4 ,if o!rwise1 admoni% me1 r\se me to a s5se ( my duty4 ,tru? alone is desirable1 & lies are despicable4444 ,z ,i am ! gu>dian ( ! weak1 obey me only s long z ,i obey ! ,%]iat ,div9e ,law4 ,b if y see t ,i deviate b 9 ! m9ute/ details f ?is law1 y ne$ obey me no m4#aab ,9 f9e1 no subsequ5t di/ortions c\ld entirely oblit]ate ! fact t primitive ,islam 0 ! supreme expression ( a fre$om-lov+ folk ^: religion mu/ necess>ily conta9 _m lib]al t5d5cies4 ,ev5 ! %]iat1 or canon law1 is1 z ,pr(essor ,lyby] /ates1 fundam5tally democratic & oppos$ 9 ess5ce to absolutism4#aac ,vambry well summ>izes ?is matt] :5 he writes3 ,x is n ,islam & its doctr9es :i* h deva/at$ ! we/]n portion ( ,asia & br\ght ab\t ! pres5t sad /ate ( ?+s2 b x is ! tyranny ( ! ,moslem pr9ces1 :o h wilfully p]v]t$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,prophet1 & s\ght & f\nd maxims 9 ! ,koran z a basis = _! despotic rule4 ,!y h n all[$ ! fa9te/ suspicion ( d\bt 9 matt]s ( religion1 &1 efficaci\sly di/ort+ & cru%+ all lib]al pr9ciples1 !y h prev5t$ ! dawn ( a ,moslem ,r5aissance4#aad ,9 ! op5+ *apt] we saw h[ ,ori5tal despotism rea*$ its evil maximum 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & h[ ! ,mohamm$an ,revival 0 n m]ely a puritan re=mation ( religion1 b 0 also 9 "p a political prote/ aga9/ ! vici\s & contemptible tyrants :o misrul$ ! ,moslem _w4 ,?is int]nal movem5t ( political lib]alism 0 soon cross-cut by ano!r political curr5t com+ 9 f ! ,we/4 ,comp>+ ! mis]able decrepitude ( ! ,moslem ,ea/ ) ,europe's prosp]ity & vig\r1 ?9k+ ,moslems 7 beg9n+ to recognize _! %ortcom+s1 & !y c\ld n avoid ! conclusion t _! woes 7 9 l>ge "p due to _! wret*$ gov]nm5ts4 ,inde$1 a few ev5 ( ! ,moslem pr9ces came to realize t !re mu/ be "s adoption ( ,we/]n political me?ods if _! c\ntries 7 to be sav$ f de/ruction4 ,! mo/ notable examples ( ?is new type ( ,ori5tal sov]eign 7 ,sultan ,mahmud ,,ii ( ,turkey & ,mehemet ,ali ( ,egypt1 bo? ( :om came to p[] ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,( c\rse none ( ^! re=m+ pr9ces _h ! slighte/ idea ( grant+ _! subjects con/itutional lib]ties or ( trans=m+ !mselves into limit$ mon>*s4 ,!y int5d$ to rema9 absolute1 b absolute m 9 ! s5se ( ! enlight5$ autocrat ( ,europe & less 9 ! s5se ( ! purely ,ori5tal despot4 ,:at !y want$ 7 true organs ( gov]nm5t--army1 civil s]vice1 judici>y1 etc4--:i* w\ld function effici5tly & semi-automatically z gov]nm5tal ma*9]y1 & n z m]e amorph\s masses ( individuals :o _h to be cont9u\sly prodd$ & puni%$ by ! sov]eign 9 ord] to get any?+ done4 ,mahmud ,,ii1 ,mehemet ,ali1 & _! pr9cely colleagues p]si/$ 9 _! new policies1 b ! outcome ( ^! re=ms f above 01 on ! :ole1 disappo9t+4 ,! mon>*s might build b>racks & bureaux on ,european models & fill !m ) soldi]s & bureaucrats 9 ,european clo!s1 b !y did n get ,european results4 ,mo/ ( ^! ,we/]n-type (ficials knew almo/ no?+ ab\t ! ,we/1 & 7 !re=e incapable ( do+ ?+s 9 ,we/]n fa%ion4 ,9 fact1 !y _h small he>t = ! bus9ess4 ,devoid ( any sort ( en?usiasm = ideas & in/itutions :i* !y did n compreh5d1 !y appli$ !mselves to ! "w ( re=m ) secret ill-w & repugnance1 mov$ only by bl9d ob$i5ce to _! sov]eign's comm&4 ,z "t pass$1 ! milit>y bran*es did ga9 "s mod]n effici5cy1 b ! civil s]vices made little progress1 adopt+ _m ,we/]n bureaucratic vices b few or none ( ! virtues4 ,mean:ile re=m]s ( q a diff]5t sort began to appe>3 m5 dem&+ ,we/]n innovations l con/itutions1 p>liam5ts1 & o!r ph5om5a ( mod]n political life4 ,_! numb]s 7 con/antly recruit$ f ! wid5+ circles ( m5 acqua9t$ ) ,we/]n ideas ?r\gh ! books1 pamphlets1 & newspap]s :i* 7 be+ increas+ly publi%$1 & ?r\gh ! education giv5 by s*ools on ! ,we/]n model :i* 7 spr++ up4 ,! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury saw ! =mation ( g5u9e political p>ties 9 ,turkey1 & 9 #ahgf ! lib]al gr\ps actually wrung f a weak sultan ! grant ( a p>liam5t4 ,^! e>ly successes ( ,moslem political lib]alism 71 h[ev]1 foll[$ by a p]iod ( reaction4 ,! ,moslem pr9ces _h become increas+ly al>m$ at ! gr[? ( lib]al agitation among _! subjects & 7 det]m9$ to ma9ta9 _! despotic au?ority4 ,! new ,sultan ( ,turkey1 ,abdul ,hamid1 promptly suppress$ 8 p>liam5t1 savagely p]secut$ ! lib]als1 & re/or$ ! mo/ uncompromis+ despotism4 ,9 ,p]sia ! ,%ah repress$ a nasc5t lib]al movem5t ) equal sev]ity1 :ile 9 ,egypt ! sp5d?rift rule ( ,kh$ive ,ismail end$ all native political life by provok+ ,european int]v5tion & ! imposition ( ,briti% rule4 ,d[n to ! ,"y-,turk revolution ( #aijh !re 7 few ov]t signs ( lib]al agitation 9 ^? ,moslem c\ntries :i* /ill reta9$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! agitation 0 !re1 work+ und]gr\nd4 ,hundr$s ( y\?ful patriots fl$ abroad1 bo? to obta9 an education & to conduct _! lib]al propag&a1 & f hav5s ( refuge l ,switz]l& ^! ,"y-,turks1 ,"y-,p]sians1 & o!rs issu$ manife/oes & publi%$ revolution>y lit]ature :i* 0 smuggl$ into _! homel&s & eag]ly read by _! oppress$ bre?r54#aae ,z ! ye>s pass$1 ! cry = lib]ty grew /eadily 9 /r5g?4 ,a "y ,turki% poet wrote at ?is "t3 ,all t we admire 9 ,european culture z ! fruit ( sci5ce & art is simply ! outcome ( lib]ty4 ,ev]y?+ d]ives its light f ! bright /> ( lib]ty4 ,)\t lib]ty a nation has no p[]1 no prosp]ity2 )\t lib]ty !re is no happ9ess2 & )\t happ9ess1 exi/5ce1 true life1 et]nal life1 is impossible4 ,ev]la/+ praise & glory to ! %9+ light ( fre$om6#aaf ,by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ke5-sight$ ,european obs]v]s not$ ! work+ ( ! lib]al f]m5t "u ! surface calm ( absoluti/ repression4 ,?us1 ,arm9ius ,vambry1 revisit+ ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahif1 0 a/\nd$ by ! lib]al evolution t _h tak5 place s9ce 8 fir/ soj\rn 9 ,turkey =ty ye>s be=e4 ,al?\gh ,con/ant9ople 0 subject$ to ! sev]e/ phase ( ,hamidian despotism1 ,vambry wrote1 ,! old atta*m5t ( ,turkey = ! absolute rgime is done =4 ,we he> mu* 9 ,europe ( ! ',"y-,turk' ,p>ty2 we he> ev5 ( a con/itutional movem5t1 political emigrs1 revolution>y pamphlets4 ,b :at we d n realize is ! f]m5t :i* exi/s 9 ! diff]5t social classes1 & :i* gives u ! conviction t ! ,turk is 9 progress & is no long] clay 9 ! h&s ( 8 despotic pott]4 ,9 ,turkey1 !re=e1 x is n a "q ( a ,"y-,turk ,p>ty1 because e civiliz$ ,ottoman belongs to ?is p>ty4#aag ,9 ?is connection we %\ld note ! /irr+s ( unre/ t 7 n[ rapidly develop+ 9 ! ,ea/]n l&s subject to ,european political control4 ,by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury only f\r consid]able ,moslem /ates--,turkey1 ,p]sia1 ,morocco1 & ,afghani/an--reta9$ any?+ l indep5d5ce f ,european dom9ation4 ,s9ce ,afghani/an & ,morocco 7 s backw>d t !y c\ld h>dly be reckon$ z civiliz$ c\ntries1 x 0 only 9 ,turkey & ,p]sia t g5u9e lib]al movem5ts aga9/ native despotism c\ld arise4 ,b 9 ,european-rul$ c\ntries l ,india1 ,egypt1 & ,alg]ia1 ! cultural level ( ! inhabitants 0 high en\gh to eng5d] lib]al political aspirations z well z t m]e dislike ( =eign rule :i* may be felt by savages z well z by civiliz$ peoples4 ,^! lib]al aspirations 7 ( c\rse /imulat$ by ! movem5ts aga9/ native despotism 9 ,turkey & ,p]sia4 ,nev]!less1 ! two sets ( ph5om5a mu/ be %>ply di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,! ,turki% & ,p]sian agitations 7 ess5tially movem5ts ( lib]al re=m4 ,! ,indian1 ,egyptian1 ,alg]ian1 & k9dr$ agitations 7 ess5tially movem5ts = indep5d5ce1 ) no settl$ programme z to h[ t indep5d5ce %\ld be us$ aft] x _h be5 atta9$4 ,^! latt] movem5ts are1 9 fact1 nationali/ r ?an lib]al 9 "*1 & x is 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to nationalism t !y w be discuss$4 ,! po9t to be not$ "h is t !y are really coalitions1 aga9/ ! =eign rul]1 ( m5 hold+ v div]se political ideas1 embrac+ z ^! nationali/ coalitions d n m]ely g5u9e lib]als b also self-seek+ demagogues & ev5 />k reaction>ies :o w\ld l to fa/5 ^u _! lib]at$ c\ntries ! yoke ( ! blacke/ despotism4 ,( c\rse all ! nationali/ gr\ps use ! famili> slogans fre$om & lib]ty2 nev]!less1 :at _m ( !m mean is m]ely fre$om & lib]ty f =eign tutelage--9 o!r words1 indep5d5ce4 ,we mu/ always rememb] t patriotism has no ess5tial connection ) lib]alism4 ,! ,spani% peasants1 :o %\t$ lib]ty z !y rose aga9/ ,napoleon's armies1 greet$ _! contemptible tyrant-k+ ) deliri\s en?usiasm & welcom$ 8 glorification ( absolutism ) cries ( ,long live *a9s6 ,! p]iod ( despotic reaction :i* _h afflict$ ,turkey & ,p]sia s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury came dramatically to an end 9 ! ye> #aijh4 ,bo? c\ntries explod$ into revolution1 ! ,turks depos+ ! tyrant ,abdul ,hamid1 ! ,p]sians ris+ aga9/ _! infam\s rul] ,muhammad ,ali ,%ah1 p]haps ! mo/ p]v]t$1 c[>dly1 & vice-sodd5 mon/] t _h disgrac$ ! ?rone ( ,p]sia 9 _m g5]ations4#aah ,^! revolutions releas$ ! p5t-up lib]al =ces :i* _h be5 sl[ly ga!r+ /r5g? "u ! repression ( ! previ\s g5]ation1 & ! up%ot 0 t ,turkey & ,p]sia alike blossom$ out ) con/itutions1 p>liam5ts1 & all ! o!r political ma*9]y ( ! ,we/4 ,h[ ! new rgimes w\ld h work$ 9 normal times x is pr(itless to speculate1 because1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! times 7 abnormal to ! highe/ degree4 ,un=tunately = ! ,turks & ,p]sians1 !y _h made _! revolutions j :5 ! _w 0 ent]+ t pr(\nd malaise :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,nei!r ,turkey nor ,p]sia 7 all[$ "t to attempt ! difficult process ( political trans=mation4 ,lynx-ey$ ,we/]n *ancell]ies not$ e blund] &1 9 ! inevitable weakness ( transition1 p\nc$ ^u !m to _! undo+4 ,! ,great ,w> m]ely complet$ a process ( ,we/]n aggression & int]v5tion :i* _h begun "s ye>s be=e4 ,?is virtual abs5ce ( specific fact-data r5d]s l>gely academic any discussion ( ! mu*-debat$ "q :e!r or n ! peoples ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ are capable ( self-gov]nm5t2 t is1 ( e/abli%+ & ma9ta9+ ord]$1 con/itutional political life4 ,op9ions on ?is po9t are at absolute v>iance4 ,p]sonally1 ,i h n be5 able to make up my m9d on ! matt]1 s ,i %all cont5t myself ) /at+ ! v>i\s argum5ts )\t attempt+ to draw any g5]al conclusion4 ,be=e /at+ ^! contra/$ view-po9ts1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! di/9ction :i* %\ld be made betwe5 ! ,mohamm$an peoples & ! non-,mohamm$an ,h9dus ( ,india4 ,moslems ev]y:]e possess ! democratic political example ( ,arabia z well z a religion :i*1 z reg>ds its own foll[]s at lea/1 conta9s _m lib]al t5d5cies4 ,! ,h9dus h no?+ l ?is4 ,_! political tradition has be5 practically t ( unreliev$ ,ori5tal despotism1 ! only exceptions be+ a few primitive self-gov]n+ communities 9 v e>ly times1 :i* nev] ex]t$ any widespread influ5ce & quickly fad$ away4 ,z = ,brahm9ism1 ! ,h9du religion1 x is p]haps ! mo/ illib]al cult :i* ev] afflict$ mank9d1 divid+ society z x does into an inf9ity ( rigid ca/es betwe5 :i* no real int]c\rse is possible2 ea* ca/e reg>d+ all ^? ( less] rank z unclean1 pollut+ creatures1 sc>cely to be di/+ui%$ f animals4 ,x is obvi\s t ) su* h&icaps ! e/abli%m5t ( true self-gov]nm5t w be apt to be m difficult = ,h9dus ?an = ,mohamm$ans1 & ! read] %\ld keep ?is po9t 9 m9d 9 ! discussion :i* foll[s4 ,consid]+ fir/ ! attitude ( ^? :o d n believe ! peoples ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ capable ( real self-gov]nm5t 9 ! ,we/]n s5se ei!r n[ or 9 ! imm$iate future1 we f9d ?is !sis bo? ably & emphatically /at$ by ,"l ,crom]4 ,"l ,crom] believ$ t ! anci5t tradition ( despotism 0 f> too /rong to be ov]come1 at lea/ 9 our "t4 ,f ! dawn ( hi/ory1 he ass]ts1 ,ea/]n politics h be5 /rick5 ) a fatal simplicity4 ,d n let u = "o mom5t imag9e t ! fatally simple idea ( despotic rule w readily give way to ! f> m complex conception ( ord]$ lib]ty4 ,! trans=mation1 if x ev] takes place at all1 w probably be ! "w1 n ( g5]ations1 b ( c5turies4444 ,our prim>y duty1 !re=e1 is1 n to introduce a sy/em :i*1 "u ! speci\s cloak ( free in/itutions1 w enable a small m9ority ( natives to misgov]n _! c\ntrym51 b to e/abli% "o :i* w enable ! mass ( ! population to be gov]n$ accord+ to ! code ( ,*ri/ian morality4 ,a freely elect$ ,egyptian p>liam5t1 suppos+ su* a ?+ to be possible1 w\ld n improbably legislate = ! protection ( ! slave-own]1 if n ! slave-deal]1 & no assurance c be felt t ! electors ( ,rajputana1 if !y _h _! own way1 w\ld n re-e/abli% suttee4 ,good gov]nm5t has ! m]it ( pres5t+ a m or less atta9able ideal4 ,be=e ,ori5tals c atta9 any?+ approa*+ to ! ,briti% ideal ( self-gov]nm5t1 !y w h to und]go v num]\s transmigrations ( political ?\ght4 ,& ,"l ,crom] concludes pessimi/ically3 ,x w probably nev] be possible to make a ,we/]n silk purse out ( an ,ea/]n s['s e>4#aai ,9 simil> ve91 ! vet]an ,engli% publici/ ,doctor ,dillon1 writ+ aft] ! ,turki% & ,p]sian revolutions1 _h little hope 9 _! success1 & ridicul$ ! curr5t fai? 9 ! sacram5tal virtue ( con/itutional gov]nm5t4 ,=1 he cont9ues3 ,no p>*m5t yet manufactur$1 & no con/itution draft$ by ! sons ( m51 c d away ) ! f\ndations ( national "*4 ,fla%y phrases & elegant declamations may p]suade p t !y h be5 transmut$2 b !y alt] no facts1 & 9 ,p]sia's case ! facts po9t to utt] incapacity = self-gov]nm5t4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,p]sian revolution1 ,doctor ,dillon cont9ues3 ,at bottom1 only names ( p]sons & ?+s h be5 alt]$2 m5 may come & m5 may g1 b an>*y goes on = ev]4444 ,f9ancial support ( ! new gov]nm5t is impossible4 ,= =eign capitali/s w n give money to be squ&]$ by filibu/]s & irresponsible agitators :o1 l bubbles 9 boil+ wat]1 appe> on ! surface & disappe> at once4#abj ,a high ,fr5* colonial (ficial ?us *>act]izes ! ,alg]ians & o!r ,moslem populations ( ,fr5* ,nor? ,africa3 ,our natives ne$ to be gov]n$4 ,!y are big *ildr51 incapable ( go+ alone4 ,we %\ld guide !m firmly1 /& no nons5se f !m1 & cru% intrigu]s & ag5ts ( s$ition4 ,at ! same "t1 we %\ld protect !m1 direct !m pat]nally1 & especially obta9 influ5ce ov] !m by ! con/ant example ( our moral sup]iority4 ,above all3 no va9 humanit>ian illusions1 bo? 9 ! int]e/ ( ,france & ( ! natives !mselves4#aba ,_m obs]v]s1 p>ticul>ly colonial (ficials1 h be5 disappo9t$ ) ! way ,ori5tals h us$ exp]im5tal fir/ /eps 9 self-gov]nm5t l ,advisory ,c\ncils grant$ by ! ,european rul]s2 h us$ !m1 t is1 to play politics & grasp = m p[]1 in/ead ( devot+ !mselves to ! duties assign$4 ,z ,"l ,kit*5] said 9 8 #aiac report on ! /ate ( ,egypt3 ,repres5tative bodies c only be safely develop$ :5 x is %[n t !y are capable ( p]=m+ adequately _! pres5t functions1 & t !re is good hope t !y c\ld und]take /ill m important & ardu\s responsibilities4 ,if repres5tative gov]nm5t1 9 its simple/ =m1 is f\nd to be unworkable1 !re is little prospect ( its becom+ m useful :5 its scope is ext5d$4 ,no gov]nm5t w\ld be insane en\gh to consid] t1 because an ,advisory ,c\ncil _h prov$ itself unable to c>ry out its functions 9 a reasonable & satisfactory mann]1 x %\ld !re=e be giv5 a l>g] measure ( p[] & control4#abb ,^! nationali/ agitations arise prim>ily among ! native upp] classes & ,we/]n-educat$ lites1 h[ev] successful !y may be 9 inflam+ ! ignorant masses1 :o are (t5 q cont5t$ ) ! mat]ial b5efits ( enlight5$ ,european rule4 ,?is po9t is well br\ght out by a lead+ ,am]ican mission>y 9 ,india1 ) a lifetime ( exp]i5ce 9 t c\ntry1 :o wrote "s ye>s ago3 ,! common p ( ,india are1 n[1 on ! :ole1 m cont5t$ ) _! gov]nm5t ?an !y ev] 7 be=e4 ,x is ! classes1 r1 :o reveal ! real _s ( discont5t4444 ,if ! common p 7 let alone by ! agitators1 !re w\ld n be a m loyal p on e>? ?an ! p ( ,india4 ,b ! educat$ classes are c]ta9ly possess$ ( a new ambition1 politically1 & w no long] rema9 satisfi$ ) inf]ior places ( responsibility & l[] po/s ( emolum5t4444 ,^! p h little or no sympa?y ) ! k9d ( gov]nm5t :i* is gradually be+ ext5d$ to !m4 ,ultimately !y d n ask = repres5tative in/itutions1 :i* w give !m a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _! own l&4 ,:at !y really seek is absolute control4 ,! ,brahm9 7only five p] c5t4 ( ! community7 believes t he has be5 div9ely appo9t$ to rule ! c\ntry & w\ld )hold ! fran*ise f all o!rs4 ,! ,sudra--! ,b\rgeois ( ,india--w\ld no m ?9k ( giv+ ! ballot to ! fifty million ,p>iahs ( ! l& ?an he w\ld give x to 8 dog4 ,x is ! ,briti% p[] t has introduc$1 & n[ ma9ta9s1 ! equality ( rights & privileges = all ! p ( ! l&4#abc ,! appreh5sion t ,india1 if lib]at$ f ,briti% control1 might be exploit$ by a tyrannical ,brahm9 olig>*y is %>$ n only by ,we/]n obs]v]s b also by multitudes ( l[-ca/e ,h9dus1 kn[n collectively z ! ,depress$ ,classes4 ,^! p oppose ! ,indian nationali/ agitation = fe> ( los+ _! pres5t protection "u ! ,briti% ,raj4 ,!y believe t ,india /ill ne$s g5]ations ( education & social re=m be=e x is fit = home rule1 mu* less indep5d5ce1 & !y h organiz$ into a p[]ful association ! ,namasudra1 :i* is loyali/ & anti-nationali/ 9 "*4 ,! ,namasudra view-po9t is well express$ by its lead]1 ,doctor ,nair4 ,democracy z a cat*word1 he says1 has already rea*$ ,india & is widely us$4 ,b ! _s ( democracy /ill pauses ea/ ( ,suez1 & w f9d x h>d to secure a foot+ 9 a c\ntry :]e ca/e is /rongly intr5*$4444 ,i d n want to lay ! *>ge ( oppress+ ! l[] ca/es at ! door ( any p>ticul> ca/e4 ,all ! high] ca/es take a h& 9 ! game4 ,! ,brahm9 oppresses all ! non-,brahm9 ca/es4 ,! high-ca/e non-,brahm9 oppresses all ! ca/es bel[ him4444 ,we want a real democracy & n an olig>*y1 h[ev] cam\flag$ by _m high-s\nd+ words4 ,moreov]1 if an olig>*y is e/abli%$ n[1 x w be a p]petual olig>*y4 ,we fur!r say t we %\ld pref] a delay$ democracy to an imm$iate olig>*y1 hav+ m tru/ 9 a sympa!tic ,briti% bureaucracy ?an 9 an unsympa!tic olig>*y ( ! s-call$ high ca/es :o h be5 oppress+ u 9 ! pa/ & w d s aga9 b = ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,our attitude is bas$1 n on 'fai?' alone1 b on ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4#abd ,_m ,mohamm$ans z well z ,h9dus feel t ,india is n ripe = self-gov]nm5t1 & t ! relax+ ( ,briti% au?ority n[1 or 9 ! imm$iate future1 w\ld be a grave disa/] = ,india itself4 ,! ,moslem loyali/s reprobate ! nationali/ agitation = ! reasons express$ by "o ( _! repres5tative m51 ,s4 ,khuda ,bukh%1 :o rem>ks3 ,rightly or wrongly1 ,i h always kept alo( f mod]n ,indian politics1 & ,i h always held t we %\ld devote m att5tion to social problems & intellectual advancem5t & less to politics1 :i*1 9 our pres5t condition1 is an unmix$ evil4 ,i am firmly p]suad$ t we w\ld consult our int]e/ bett] by leav+ politics sev]ely alone4444 ,x is n a h&ful ( m5 arm$ ) ! le>n+ & culture ( ! ,we/1 b x is ! masses t mu/ feel1 und]/&1 & take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 _! own affairs4 ,! inf9itesimal educat$ m9ority d n con/itute ! population ( ,india4 ,x is ! masses1 !re=e1 t mu/ be tra9$1 educat$1 br\ght to ! level ( unassailable uprightness & devotion to _! c\ntry4 ,?is goal is yet f> beyond measurable rea*1 b until we atta9 x our hopes w be a *im]a1 & our ef=ts futile & illusory4 ,ev5 ! educat$ m9ority h sc>cely ca/ (f ! swaddl+-clo!s ( political infancy1 or h ris5 above ! illusions ( p[] & ! ambitions ( =tune4 ,we h yet to le>n au/]ity ( pr9ciple & rectitude ( conduct4 ,nor c we hope to raise ! /&>d ( private & public morality s long z we cont9ue to subord9ate ! int]e/ ( our community & c\ntry to our own4#abe ,su* pron\ncem5ts z ^! f consid]able portions ( ! native population give pause ev5 to ^? lib]al ,engli% /ud5ts ( ,indian affairs :o are conv9c$ ( ! !oretical desirability ( ,indian home rule4 ,z "o ( ^!1 ,edwyn ,bevan1 says3 ,:5 ,indian ,nationali/s ask = fre$om1 !y mean autonomy2 !y want to get rid ( ! =eign]4 ,our answ] z giv5 9 ! re=ms is3#abf ',yes1 autonomy y %all h1 b on "o condition--t y h democracy z well4 ,we w give up ! control z soon z !re is an ,indian p :i* c control its native rul]s2 we w n give up ! control to an ,indian olig>*y4' ,?is is ! root ( ! disagreem5t betwe5 ^? :o say t ,india might h self-gov]nm5t imm$iately & ^? :o say t ,india c only become capable ( self-gov]nm5t ) "t4 ,= ! =m]1 by 'self-gov]nm5t'1 mean autonomy1 & x is p]fectly true t ,india might be made autonom\s imm$iately4 ,if ! =eign control 7 )drawn to-day1 "s sort ( indig5\s gov]nm5t or gr\p ( gov]nm5ts w\ld1 no d\bt1 aft] a p]iod ( confusion1 come into be+ 9 ,india4 ,b x w\ld n be democratic gov]nm5t2 x w\ld be ! despotic rule ( ! /rong] or m cunn+4#abg ,! citations j quot$ portray ! /&po9t ( ^? critics1 bo? ,we/]n & ,ori5tal1 :o ma9ta9 t ! peoples ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ are incapable ( self-gov]nm5t 9 our s5se1 at lea/ to-day or 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,let u n[ exam9e ! views ( ^? :o hold a m optimi/ic attitude4 ,"s obs]v]s /ress /rongly ,islam's lib]al t5d5cies z a f\ndation on :i* to erect political /ructures 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,vambry says1 ,islam is /ill ! mo/ democratic religion 9 ! _w1 a religion fav\r+ bo? lib]ty & equality4 ,if !re ev] 0 a con/itutional gov]nm5t1 x 0 t ( ! fir/ ,caliphs4#abh ,a close ,engli% /ud5t ( ! ,ne> ,ea/ decl>es3 ,tribal ,arabia has ! only true =m ( democratic gov]nm5t1 & ! ,arab tribesman goes arm$ to make sure t x cont9ues democratic--z _m a w\ld-be despot kn[s to 8 co/4#abi ,reg>d+ ! ,"y-,turk revolution ( #aijh1 ,pr(essor ,lyby] rem>ks3 ,turkey 0 n s unprep>$ = p>liam5t>y in/itutions z might at fir/ sight appe>4 ,!re lay hidd5 "s prec$5t1 mu* prep>ation1 & a /rong desire1 = p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t4 ,bo? ! religi\s & ! secul> in/itutions ( ,turkey involve prec$5ts = a p>liam5t4 ,mohamm$ himself conf]r$ ) ! wise/ ( 8 companions4 ,! ,ulema#acj h tak5 c\nsel toge!r up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,sacr$ ,law 7,%]iat7 is fundam5tally democratic & oppos$ 9 ess5ce to absolutism4 ,! habit ( reg>d+ x z fundam5tal law enables ev5 ! mo/ ignorant ( ,mohamm$ans to grasp ! idea ( a ,con/itution4 ,he po9ts out t ! e>ly sultans _h _! ,divan1 or assemblage ( high (ficials1 meet+ regul>ly to give ! sultan in=mation & advice1 :ile m rec5tly !re h be5 a ,c\ncil ( ,/ate & a ,c\ncil ( ,m9i/]s4 ,also1 !re 7 ! p>liam5ts ( #ahgg & #ahgh4 ,abortive ?\gh ^! 7 & foll[$ by ,hamidian absolutism1 !y 7 legal prec$5ts1 nev] =gott54 ,f all ?is ,pr(essor ,lyby] concludes3 ,! ,turki% ,p>liam5t may !re=e be reg>d$1 n z a complete innovation1 b z an enl>gem5t & improvem5t ( famili> in/itutions4#aca ,reg>d+ ,p]sia1 ! ,am]ican ,w4 ,morgan ,%u/]1 :om ! ,p]sian ,revolution>y ,gov]nm5t call$ 9 to organize ! c\ntry's f9ances1 & :o 0 ou/$ 9 less ?an a ye> by ,russo-,briti% pressure1 expresses an optimi/ic reg>d = ! political capacities ( ! ,p]sian p4 ,i believe1 he says1 t !re has nev] be5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w an in/ance :]e a p *ang$ sudd5ly f an absolute mon>*y to a con/itutional or repres5tative =m ( gov]nm5t & at once succe$$ 9 display+ a high /&>d ( political wisdom & k ( legislative proc$ure4 ,su* a ?+ is inconceivable & n to be expect$ by any reasonable p]son4 ,! memb]s ( ! fir/ ,m$jlis#acb 7 compell$ to fight = _! v exi/5ce f ! day t ! ,p>liam5t 0 con/itut$4444 ,!y _h no "t = s]i\s legislative "w1 & b little hope t any measures :i* !y might enact w\ld be put into effect4 ,! second & la/ ,m$jlis1 practically all ( ^: memb]s ,i knew p]sonally1 0 d\btless incompet5t if x 7 to be judg$ by ! /&>ds ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t or ! ,am]ican ,congress4 ,x w\ld be /range inde$ if an absolutely new & untri$ gov]nm5t 9 a l& fill$ ) ! decay ( ages %\ld1 f ! outset1 be able to conduct its bus9ess z well z gov]nm5ts ) g5]ations & ev5 c5turies ( exp]i5ce beh9d !m4 ,we %\ld make all[ances = lack ( te*nical k2 = ! important "q1 ( c\rse1 is t ! ,m$jlis 9 ! ma9 repres5t$ ! new & j ideals & aspirations ( ! ,p]sian p4 ,its memb]s 7 m5 ( m ?an av]age education2 "s display$ rem>kable tal5t1 "*1 & c\rage4444 ,!y respond$ en?usia/ically to any patriotic sugge/ion :i* 0 put be=e !m4 ,!y !mselves lack$ any great k ( gov]nm5tal f9ances1 b !y realiz$ ! situation & 7 bo? will+ & anxi\s to put _! full confid5ce 9 any =eign advis]s :o %[$ !mselves capable ( resi/+ political intrigues & brib]y & work+ = ! welf>e ( ! ,p]sian p4 ,no ,p>liam5t c rightly be t]m$ incompet5t :5 x has ! support ( an entire p1 :5 x recognizes its own limitations1 & :5 its memb]s are will+ to und]go great sacrifices = _! nation's dignity & sov]eign rights4444 ,z to ! ,p]sian p !mselves1 x is difficult to g5]alize4 ,! great mass ( ! population is compos$ ( peasants & tribesm51 all d5sely ignorant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m ?\s&s h be5 educat$ abroad1 or h travell$ aft] complet+ _! education at home4 ,!y1 or at lea/ c]ta9 elem5ts among !m :i* _h _h ! support ( ! masses1 prov$ _! capacity to assimilate ,we/]n civilization & ideals4 ,!y *ang$ despotism into democracy 9 ! face ( untold ob/acles4 ,opportunities 7 equaliz$ to su* a degree t any man ( ability c\ld occupy ! highe/ (ficial po/s4 ,z a race !y %[$ dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s an unp>allel$ eag]ness = education4 ,hundr$s ( s*ools 7 e/abli%$ dur+ ! ,con/itutional rgime4 ,a rem>kable free press sprang up ov]night1 & fe>less writ]s came =w>d to d5\nce inju/ice & tyranny :e!r f )9 _! c\ntry or )\t4 ,! ,p]sians 7 anxi\s to adopt :olesale ! political1 e?ical1 & bus9ess codes ( ! mo/ mod]n & progressive nations4 ,!y burn$ ) t same _s ( ,asiatic unre/ :i* p]vades ,india1 :i* produc$ ! ',"y-,turk' movem5t1 & :i* has m rec5tly manife/$ itself 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*9ese ,republic4#acc ,mr4 ,%u/] concludes3 ,kipl+ has intimat$ t y _c hu/le ! ,ea/4 ,?is includes a w>n+ & a reflection4 ,we/]n m5 & ,we/]n ideals c hu/le ! ,ea/1 provid$ ! ,ori5tals realize t !y are be+ c>ri$ along l9es reasonably b5eficial to !mselves4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! moral appeal & ! appeal ( race-pride & patriotism1 are z /rong 9 ! ,ea/ z 9 ! ,we/1 ?\gh x does n lie s ne> ! surface1 & naturally ! ,ori5tal displays no great desire to be hu/l$ :5 x is along l9es b5eficial only to ! ,we/]n]4#acd ,inde$1 _m ,we/]n lib]als believe t ,european rule1 h[ev] b5evol5t & effici5t1 w nev] prep>e ! ,ea/]n peoples = true self-gov]nm5t2 & t ! only way !y w le>n is by try+ x out !mselves4 ,?is view-po9t is admirably /at$ by ! well-kn[n ,briti% publici/ ,lionel ,curtis4 ,speak+ ( ,india1 ,mr4 ,curtis says t education & k9dr$ b5efits conf]r$ by ,briti% rule w n1 ( !mselves1 avail to prep>e ,indians = ! task ( responsible gov]nm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 education w prove a dang] & positive mis*ief1 unless accompani$ by a def9ite in/alm5t ( political responsibility4 ,x is 9 ! work%ops ( actual exp]i5ce alone t electorates w acquire ! art ( self-gov]nm5t1 h[ev] highly educat$ !y may be4 ,!re mu/1 ,i urge1 be a devolution ( def9ite p[]s on electorates4 ,! (fic]s ( ,gov]nm5t#ace mu/ give e possible help & advice to ! new au?orities1 = :i* ^? au?orities may ask4 ,!y mu/ act z _! fo/]-mo!rs1 n z /epmo!rs4 ,b if ! new au?orities are to le>n ! art ( responsible gov]nm5t1 !y mu/ be free f control f above4 ,n o!rwise w !y le>n to feel !mselves responsible to ! electorate bel[4 ,nor w ! electorates !mselves le>n t ! rem$y = _! suff]+s re/s 9 _! own h&s4 ,suff]+ !re w be1 & x is only by suff]+1 self-inflict$ & p]haps long endur$1 t a p w le>n ! faculty ( self-help1 & g5u9e electorates be br\ght into be+4444 ,i am pr\d to ?9k t ,engl& has conf]r$ immeasurable good on ,india by creat+ ord] & %[+ ,indians :at ord]ly gov]nm5t means4 ,b1 ?is hav+ be5 done1 ,i d n believe ! sy/em c n[ be cont9u$ z x is1 )\t positive damage to ! "* ( ! p4 ,! burd5 ( tru/ee%ip mu/ be transf]r$1 piece by piece1 f ! %\ld]s ( ,engli%m5 to ^? ( ,indians 9 "s sort able to be> x4 ,_! /r5g? & numb]s mu/ be develop$4 ,b t c be done by ! ex]cise ( actual responsibility /eadily increas$ z !y c be> x4 ,x _c be done by any sy/em ( s*ool-tea*+1 ?\gh su* tea*+ is an ess5tial concomitant ( ! process4 ,! goal n[ set by ! rec5t ann\ncem5t ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate#acf w only be rea*$ ?r\gh tr\ble4 ,yet tr\bl\s z ! times be=e u may be1 we h at la/ rea*$ t /age ( our "w 9 ,india :i* is truly consonant ) our own traditions4 ,! task is "o wor?y ( ?is epo* 9 our hi/ory1 if only because x calls = ! effacem5t ( ourselves4#acg ,mr4 ,curtis's conclud+ words =e%ad[ a process :i* is to-day actually go+ on1 n only 9 ,india b 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/ z well4 ,! ,great ,w> has s /r5g!n$ ,ea/]n nationali/ aspirations & has s weak5$ ,european p[] & pre/ige t a widespread relax+ ( ,europe's hold ov] ! ,ori5t is tak+ place4 ,?is process may make = good or = ill1 b x is app>5tly inevitable2 & a g5]ation 7p]haps a decade7 h5ce may see mo/ ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ autonom\s or ev5 indep5d5t4 ,:e!r ! lib]at$ peoples w misuse _! opportunities & fall into despotism or an>*y1 or :e!r !y succe$ 9 e/abli%+ ord]ly1 progressive1 con/itutional gov]nm5ts1 rema9s to be se54 ,we h exam9$ ! factors1 pro & con4 ,let u leave ! problem 9 ! only way 9 :i* to-day x c sci5tifically be left--on a note ( int]rogation4 ,,footnotes3 #aaa ,t4 ,morison1 ,imp]ial ,rule 9 ,india1 p4 #dc 7,london1 #ahii74 #aab ,quot$ f ,arm9ius ,vambry1 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s1 pp4 #cje-cjf 7,london1 #aijf74 #aac ,a4 ,h4 ,lyby]1 ,! ,turki% ,p>liam5t1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,association1 ,vol4 ,,vii41 p4 #fg 7#aiaj74 #aad ,vambry1 op4 cit41 p4 #cjg4 #aae ,a good acc\nt ( ^! lib]al movem5ts dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury is f\nd 9 ,vambry1 ,freiheitli*e ,be/rebung5 im moslimis*5 ,asi51 ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ,octob]1 #ahic2 a %ort] summ>y ( ,vambry's views is f\nd 9 8 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s1 especially *ap4 v4 ,also1 see articles by ,lon ,cahun1 previ\sly not$1 9 ,lavisse et ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire ,gnrale1 ,vols4 ,,xi4 & ,,xii4 #aaf ,vambry1 supra1 p4 #ccb4 #aag ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans1 p4 #bb 7,p>is1 #ahih74 #aah ,w4 ,morgan ,%u/]1 ,! ,/rangl+ ( ,p]sia1 p4 xxi 7,new ,york1 #aiab74 #aai ,crom]1 ,political & ,lit]>y ,essays1 pp4 #be-bh4 #abj ,e4 ,j4 ,dillon1 ,p]sia n ,ripe = ,self-,gov]nm5t1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,april1 #aiaj4 #aba ,e4 ,m]ci]1 ,la ,"q indigne1 p4 #bbj 7,p>is1 #aija74 #abb ,egypt1 ,no4 #a 7#aiad71 p4 #f4 #abc ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,jones1 ,! ,pres5t ,situation 9 ,india1 ,j\rnal ( ,race ,developm5t1 ,july1 #aiaj4 #abd ,dr4 ,t4 ,madavan ,nair1 ,ca/e & ,democracy1 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,octob]1 #aiah4 #abe ,bukh%1 ,essays3 ,indian & ,islamic1 pp4 #bac-bad 7,london1 #aiab74 #abf ,i4 e41 ! increase ( self-gov]nm5t grant$ ,india by ,brita9 z a result ( ! ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report4 #abg ,e4 ,bevan1 ,! ,re=ms 9 ,india1 ,! ,new ,europe1 ,janu>y #bi1 #aibj4 #abh ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans1 p4 #eh4 #abi ,g4 ,w4 ,bury1 ,pan-,islam1 pp4 #bjb-bjc 7,london1 #aiai74 #acj ,! assembly ( religi\s notables4 #aca ,a4 ,h4 ,lyby]1 ,! ,turki% ,p>liam5t1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,association1 ,vol4 ,,vii41 pp4 #ff-fg 7#aiaj74 #acb ,! "n ( ! ,p]sian ,p>liam5t4 #acc ,%u/]1 ,! ,/rangl+ ( ,p]sia1 pp4 #bdj-bdf4 #acd ,ibid41 p4 #ccc4 #ace ,i4 e41 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ( ,india4 #acf ,i4 e41 ! ,montagu-,*elms=d re=ms1 previ\sly not$4 #acg ,lionel ,curtis1 ,lett]s to ! ,p ( ,india on ,responsible ,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #aei-afj 7,london1 #aiah74 ,,*apt] ,v ,,nationalism ,! _s ( nationality is "o ( ! great dynamics ( mod]n times4 ,9 ,europe1 :]e x fir/ atta9$ self-consci\s maturity1 x radically alt]$ ! face ( ?+s dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 s t t c5tury is (t5 call$ ! ,age ( ,nationalities4 ,b nationalism is n m]ely a ,european ph5om5on4 ,x has spread to ! remote/ corn]s ( ! e>?1 & is app>5tly /ill de/9$ to effect mom5t\s trans=mations4 ,giv5 a ph5om5on ( s vital a "*1 ! "q at once arises3 ,:at is nationalism8 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?is "q has be5 endlessly debat$4 ,_m !ories h be5 advanc$1 seek+ v>i\sly to id5tify nationalism ) language1 culture1 race1 politics1 geography1 economics1 or religion4 ,n[ ^!1 & ev5 o!r1 matt]s may be factors pr$ispos+ or contribut+ to ! =mation ( national consci\sness4 ,b1 9 ! la/ analysis1 nationalism is some?+ ov] & above all its con/itu5t elem5ts1 :i* x works into a new & high] syn!sis4 ,!re is really no?+ recondite or my/]i\s ab\t nationalism1 despite all ! argum5ts t h rag$ conc]n+ its exact mean+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 nationalism is a /ate ( m9d4 ,nationalism is a belief1 held by a fairly l>ge numb] ( individuals1 t !y con/itute a ,nationality2 x is a s5se ( belong+ toge!r z a ,nation4 ,?is ,nation1 z visualiz$ 9 ! m9ds ( its believ]s1 is a p or community associat$ toge!r & organiz$ "u "o gov]nm5t1 & dwell+ toge!r 9 a di/9ct t]ritory4 ,:5 ! nationali/ ideal is realiz$1 we h :at is kn[n z a body-politic or ,/ate4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ?is ,/ate is ! mat]ial manife/ation ( an ideal1 :i* may h pre-exi/$ = g5]ations z a m]e pi\s aspiration ) no tangible attributes l /ate sov]eignty or physical fronti]s4 ,conv]sely1 we mu/ rememb] t a /ate ne$ n be a nation4 ,witness ! defunct ,hapsburg ,empire ( ,au/ria-,hung>y1 an assemblage ( discordant nationalities :i* flew to pieces "u ! %ock ( w>4 ,! late w> 0 a lib]al education reg>d+ nationali/ic ph5om5a1 especially z appli$ to ,europe1 & mo/ ( ! fallacies reg>d+ nationality 7 vividly disclos$4 ,x is en\gh to cite ,switz]l&--a c\ntry ^: v exi/5ce flagrantly violates te/s l language1 culture1 religion1 or geography1 & :]e nev]!less a lively s5se ( nationality em]g$ triumphant f ! ordeal ( ,armag$don4 ,s famili> are ^! matt]s to ! g5]al public t only "o po9t ne$ "h be /ress$3 ! diff]5ce betwe5 nationality & race4 ,un=tunately ! two t]ms h be5 us$ v loosely1 if n int]*angeably1 & are /ill mu* confus$ 9 curr5t ?9k+4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y connote utt]ly diff]5t ?+s4 ,nationality is a psy*ological concept or /ate ( m9d4 ,race is a physiological fact1 :i* may be accurately det]m9$ by sci5tific te/s su* z skull-measurem5t1 hair-=mation1 & col\r ( eyes & sk94 ,9 o!r words1 race is :at p an?ropologically really are2 nationality is :at p politically ?9k !y are4 ,"r "h we enc\nt] a mo/ curi\s p>adox4 ,!re c be no "q t1 z betwe5 race & nationality1 race is ! m fundam5tal1 &1 9 ! long run1 ! m important4 ,a man's innate capacity is obvi\sly dep5d5t ^u 8 h]$ity1 & no matt] h[ /imulat+ may be 8 environm5t1 ! pot5tial limits ( 8 reaction to t environm5t are fix$ at 8 bir?4 ,nev]!less1 ! fact rema9s t m5 pay scant att5tion to race1 :ile nationalism /irs !m to _! v s\ls4 ,! ma9 reason = ?is seems to be because x is only ab\t half a c5tury s9ce ev5 savants realiz$ ! true nature & importance ( race4 ,ev5 aft] an idea is sci5tifically e/abli%$1 x takes a long "t = x to be g5u9ely accept$ by ! public1 & only aft] x has be5 ?us accept$ w x =m ! basis ( practical conduct4 ,mean:ile ! f> old] idea ( nationality has p]meat$ ! popul> consci\sness1 & has !reby be5 able to produce tangible effects4 ,9 f9e1 our political life is /ill dom9at$ by nationalism r ?an race1 & practical politics are ?us condition$1 n by :at m5 really are1 b by :at !y ?9k !y are4 ,! late w> is a /rik+ case 9 po9t4 ,t w> is v g5]ally reg>d$ z hav+ be5 "o ( race4 ,! idea c]ta9ly l5t to ! /ruggle mu* ( its bitt]ness & uncompromis+ fury4 ,& yet1 f ! g5u9e racial /&po9t1 x 0 no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,e?nologi/s h prov$ conclusively t1 ap>t f c]ta9 paloli?ic survivals & a few hi/orically rec5t ,asiatic intrud]s1 ,europe is inhabit$ by only ?ree /ocks3 7#a7 ,! blond1 long-head$ ,nordic race1 7#b7 ! m$ium-complexion$1 r\nd-head$ ,alp9e race1 7#c7 ! brunet1 long-head$ ,m$it]ranean race4 ,^! races are s disp]s$ & int]m+l$ t e ,european nation is built ( at lea/ two ( ^! /ocks1 :ile mo/ are comp\nd$ ( all ?ree4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re=e1 ! ,european ,w> 0 n a race-w> at all1 b a dome/ic /ruggle betwe5 closely knit blood-relatives4 ,n[ all ?is 0 kn[n to mo/ well-educat$ ,europeans long be=e #aiad4 ,& yet x did n make ! slighte/ diff]5ce4 ,! reason is t1 9 spite ( ev]y?+1 ! va/ majority ( ,europeans /ill believe t !y fit into an entirely diff]5t race-category4 ,!y ?9k !y belong to ! ,teutonic race1 ! ,lat9 race1 ! ,slav race1 or ! ,anglo-,saxon race4 ,! fact t ^! s-call$ races simply d n exi/ b are really hi/orical diff]5tiations1 bas$ on language & culture1 :i* cut sublimely across g5u9e race-l9es--all t is q beside ! po9t4 ,y\r ,european may appreh5d ?is intellectually1 b s long z x rema9s an intellectual novelty x w h no appreciable effect ^u 8 conduct4 ,9 8 he>t ( he>ts he w /ill believe himself a ,lat91 a ,teuton1 an ,anglo-,saxon1 or a ,slav4 ,= 8 blood-race he w n /ir2 = 8 ?\ght-race he w die4 ,= ! glory ( ! doli*ocephalic ,nordic or ! bra*ycephalic ,alp9e he w n prick 8 f+] or wag] a groat2 = ! triumph ( ! ,teuton or ! ,slav he w give 8 la/ f>?+ & %$ 8 he>t's blood4 ,9 o!r words3 ,n :at m5 really are1 b :at !y ?9k !y are4 ,at fir/ x may seem /range t 9 contempor>y ,europe ?\ght-race %\ld be all-p[]ful :ile blood-race is impot5t4 ,yet !re are v good reasons4 ,n only has mod]n ,europe's great dynamic be5 nationalism1 b also nationalism has seiz$ ^u ! nasc5t racial concept & has p]v]t$ x to its own ends4 ,until q rec5t times ,nationality 0 a di/9ctly int5sive concept1 connot+ approximate id5tity ( culture1 language1 & hi/oric pa/4 ,x 0 ! logical product ( a relatively n>r[ ,european outlook4 ,inde$1 x grew out ( a /ill n>r[] outlook :i* _h cont5t$ itself ) ! regional1 feudal1 & dialectic loyalties ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury saw a /ill fur!r wid5+ ( ! ,european outlook to a cont95tal or ev5 to a _w horizon4 ,at once ! e>ly concept ( nationality ceas$ to satisfy4 ,nationalism became ext5sive4 ,x t5d$ to embrace all ^? ( k9dr$ spee*1 culture1 & hi/oric tradition1 h[ev] di/ant su* p]sons might be4 ,obvi\sly a new t]m9ology 0 requir$4 ,! keyword 0 pres5tly discov]$--,race4 ,h5ce we get t :ole s]ies ( pseudo race phrases--,pan-,g]manism1 ,pan-,slavism1 ,pan-,angleism1 ,pan-,lat9ism1 & ! re/4 ,( c\rse ^! are n racial at all4 ,!y m]ely signify nationalism br\ght up to date4 ,b ! ,european peoples1 ) all ! f]v\r ( ! nationali/ fai? t is 9 !m1 believe & proclaim !m to be racial4 ,h5ce1 s f> z practical politics are conc]n$1 !y are racial & w s cont9ue :ile ! nationali/ dynamic endures4 ,?is new developm5t ( nationalism 7! racial /age1 z we may call x7 0 at fir/ conf9$ to ! old] c5tres ( ,european civilization1 b ) ! spread ( ,we/]n ideas x pres5tly appe>$ 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ qu>t]s4 ,its adv5t 9 ! ,balkans1 = example1 quickly eng5d]$ ^? fanatical propag&as1 ,pan-,hell5ism1 ,pan-,s]bism1 etc41 :i* turn$ t unhappy region fir/ into a be>-g>d5 & latt]ly into a wit*es' sabba?4 ,mean:ile1 by ! clos+ decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! fir/ phase ( nationalism _h pat5tly pass$ into ,asia4 ,! ,"y-,turk & ,"y-,egyptian movem5ts1 & ! ,nationali/ /irr+s 9 regions s f> remote f ea* o!r z ,alg]ia1 ,p]sia1 & ,india1 7 unmi/akable signs t ,asia 0 gripp$ by ! initial ?roes ( nationali/ self-consci\sness4 ,fur!rmore1 ) ! op5+ ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 num]\s symptoms proclaim$ ! fact t 9 ,asia1 z 9 ! ,balkans1 ! second or racial /age ( nationalism _h begun4 ,^! ye>s saw ! def9ite em]g5ce ( f>-flung ,pan- movem5ts3 ,pan-,turanism1 ,pan-,arabism1 & 7mo/ amaz+ ( app>5t p>adoxes7 ,pan-,islamic ,nationalism4 ,i ,let u n[ trace ! g5esis & gr[? ( nationalism 9 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/1 devot+ ! pres5t *apt] to nationali/ developm5ts 9 ! ,moslem _w ) ! exception ( ,india4 ,india requires special treatm5t1 because !re nationali/ activity has be5 ma9ly ! "w ( ! non-,moslem ,h9du elem5t4 ,indian nationalism has foll[$ a c\rse diff]+ di/9ctly f t ( ,islam1 & w !re=e be consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,be=e x receiv$ ! ,we/]n impact ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,islamic _w 0 virtually devoid ( self-consci\s nationalism4 ,!re 71 to be sure1 /rong local & tribal loyalties4 ,!re 0 int5se dyna/ic s5tim5t l ! ,turks' devotion to _! ,padi%as1 ! ,ottoman sultans4 ,!re 0 also m>k$ pride ( race su* z ! ,arabs' conviction t !y 7 ! ,*os5 ,p4 ,"h1 obvi\sly1 7 pot5tial nationali/ elem5ts4 ,b ^! elem5ts 7 z yet disp]s$ & unco-ord9at$4 ,!y 7 n yet fus$ into ! new syn!sis ( self-consci\s nationalism4 ,! only ,moslem p :i* c\ld be said to possess any?+ l true nationali/ feel+ 7 ! ,p]sians1 ) _! traditional devotion to _! plateau-l& ( ,iran4 ,! v>i\s peoples ( ! ,moslem _w _h ?us1 at mo/1 a rudim5t>y1 in*oate nationali/ consci\sness3 a dull1 in]t unit>y _s2 capable ( developm5t1 p]haps1 b z yet sc>cely p]ceptible ev5 to outsid]s & c]ta9ly unp]ceiv$ by !mselves4 ,fur!rmore1 ,islam itself 0 9 _m respects ho/ile to nationalism4 ,islam's insi/5ce ^u ! bro!rhood ( all ,true ,believ]s1 & ! ,islamic political ideal ( ! ,immt1 or univ]sal !ocratic democracy1 naturally t5d$ to inhibit ! =mation ( sov]eign1 mutually exclusive national units2 j z ! nasc5t nationalities ( ,r5aissance ,europe conflict$ ) ! m$ival ideals ( univ]sal papacy & ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,giv5 su* an unfav\rable environm5t1 x is n /range to see ,moslem nationali/ t5d5cies g]m9at+ obscurely & confus$ly ?r\gh\t ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,n until ! second half ( ! c5tury is !re any cle> conception ( ,nationalism 9 ! ,we/]n s5se4 ,!re are di/9ct nationali/ t5d5cies 9 ! tea*+s ( ,djemal-ed-,d9 el-,afghani 7:o is philosophically ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,pan-,islamism & ,moslem nationalism71 :ile ! ,turki% re=m]s ( ! mid-n9ete5? c5tury 7 pat5tly influ5c$ by nationalism z !y 7 by o!r ,we/]n ideas4 ,x 01 9 fact1 9 ,turkey t a true nationali/ consci\sness fir/ appe>$4 ,work+ ^u ! ,turks' traditional devotion to _! dyna/y & pride 9 !mselves z a rul+ race lord+ x ov] _m subject peoples bo? ,*ri/ian & ,moslem1 ! ,turki% nationali/ movem5t made rapid progress4 ,precisely z 9 ,europe1 ! nationali/ movem5t 9 ,turkey began ) a revival ( hi/oric memories & a purification ( ! language4 ,half a c5tury ago ! ,ottoman ,turks knew almo/ no?+ ab\t _! orig9s or _! hi/ory4 ,! m>tial de$s ( _! ance/ors & ! /irr+ annals ( _! empire 7 rememb]$ only 9 a vague1 leg5d>y fa%ion1 ! /udy ( ! national hi/ory be+ completely neglect$4 ,religi\s discussions & details ( ! life ( ,mohamm$ or ! e>ly days ( ,islam int]e/$ m5 m ?an ! spread ( ,ottoman p[] 9 ?ree cont95ts4 ,! nationali/ pione]s taught _! fell[-c\ntrym5 _! hi/oric glories & awak5$ bo? pride ( pa/ & confid5ce 9 ! future4 ,simil>ly ) ! ,turki% language2 ! e>ly nationali/s f\nd x virtually cleft 9 twa94 ,on ! "o h& 0 (ficial ,turki%--a clumsy hot*pot*1 ov]load$ ) fl[]s ( rhetoric & cryptic expressions borr[$ f ,arabic & ,p]sian4 ,?is extraord9>y j>gon1 c\*$ 9 a bomba/ic /yle1 0 virtually un9telligible to ! masses4 ,! masses1 on ! o!r h&1 spoke popul> ,turki%--a primitive1 limit$ idiom1 divid$ into _m dialects & despis$ z unc\? & boori% by educat$ p]sons4 ,! nationali/s *ang$ all ?is4 ,appreciat+ ! simple1 direct /r5g? ( ! ,turki% tongue1 nationali/ en?usia/s tra9$ 9 ,european pr9ciples ( gramm> & philology proce$$ to build up a real ,turki% language 9 ! ,we/]n s5se4 ,s well did !y succe$ t 9 less ?an a g5]ation !y produc$ a simplifi$1 flexible ,turki% :i* 0 us$ effectively by bo? j\rnali/s & m5 ( lett]s1 0 intelligible to all classes1 & became ! unque/ion$ vehicle = ?\ght & ! canon ( /yle4#ach ,( c\rse ! *ief /imulus to ,turki% nationalism 0 ,we/]n political pressure4 ,! m m5 came to love _! c\ntry & aspire to its future1 ! m ,european assaults on ,turki% t]ritorial integrity spurr$ !m to def5d _! ?reat5$ indep5d5ce4 ,! nationali/ ideal 0 ,ottomanism--! weld+ ( a real nation 9 :i* all citiz5s1 :atev] _! orig9 or cre$1 %\ld be ,ottomans1 speak+ ! ,turki% language & inspir$ by ,ottoman patriotism4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 conflict$ %>ply ) ! rival 7& prior7 nationalisms ( ! ,*ri/ian peoples ( ! empire1 to say no?+ ( ! new ,arab nationalism :i* 0 tak+ %ape at j ?is same "t4 ,turki% nationalism 0 also fr[n$ on by ,sultan ,abdul ,hamid4 ,abdul ,hamid _h an in/9ctive av]sion to all nationali/ movem5ts1 bo? z limitations to 8 p]sonal absolutism & z conflict+ ) t univ]sal ,pan-,islamic ideal on :i* he bas$ 8 policy4 ,accord+ly1 ev5 ^? ,turki% nationali/s :o proclaim$ complete loyalty 7 suspect1 :ile ^? ) lib]al t5d5cies 7 p]secut$ & driv5 into exile4 ,! revolution ( #aijh1 h[ev]1 br\ght nationalism to p[]4 ,:atev] _! diff]5ces on o!r matt]s1 ! ,"y-,turks 7 all ard5t nationali/s4 ,9 fact1 ! v ard\r ( _! nationalism 0 a prime cause ( _! subsequ5t mis=tunes4 ,) ! ra%ness ( fanatics ! ,"y-,turks tri$ to ,ottomanize ! :ole empire at once4 ,?is enrag$ all ! o!r nationalities1 ali5at$ !m f ! revolution1 & gave ! ,*ri/ian ,balkan /ates _! opportunity to attack disorganiz$ ,turkey 9 #aiab4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] 0 t ,turki% nationalism 0 evolv+ 9 a direction :i* c\ld only mean height5$ antagonism betwe5 ! ,turki% elem5t on ! "o side & ! non-,turki% elem5ts1 ,*ri/ian or ,moslem1 on ! o!r4 ,turki% nationalism _h1 9 fact1 n[ rea*$ ! second or racial /age4 ,pass+ ! b\nds ( ! limit$1 ma9ly t]ritorial1 idea connot$ by ! t]m ,ottomanism1 x _h embrac$ ! f>-flung & ess5tially racial concepts kn[n z ,pan-,turkism & ,pan-,turanism4 ,^! wid] developm5ts we %all consid] lat] on 9 ?is *apt]4 ,be=e s do+ let u exam9e ! beg9n+s ( nationalism's fir/ /age 9 o!r portions ( ! ,moslem _w4 ,%ortly aft] ! ,ottoman ,turks %[$ signs ( a nationali/ic awak5+1 k9dr$ symptoms began to appe> among ! ,arabs4 ,z 9 all self-consci\s nationali/ movem5ts1 x 0 l>gely a prote/ aga9/ "s o!r gr\p4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,arabs ?is prote/ 0 naturally direct$ aga9/ _! ,turki% rul]s4 ,we h already se5 h[ ,des]t ,arabia 7! ,nejd7 _h always ma9ta9$ its fre$om1 & we h also se5 h[ ^? ,arab l&s l ,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 & ! ,h$jaz :i* fell "u ,turki% control nev]!less cont9u$ to feel an in]adicable repugnance at see+ !mselves1 ,islam's ,*os5 ,p1 b5ea? ! yoke ( a folk :i*1 9 ,arab eyes1 7 m]e up/>t b>b>ians4 ,despite a ?\s& ye>s ( ,turki% dom9ation ! two races nev] got on well toge!r1 _! racial temp]am5ts be+ too incompatible = really cordial relations4 ,! pr(\nd temp]am5tal incompatibility ( ,turk & ,arab has be5 well summ>iz$ by a ,fr5* writ]4 ,says ,victor ,br>d3 ,su* are ! two languages & su* ! two peoples3 9 ! latitude ( ,rome & 9 ! latitude ( ,algi]s1 ! ,turk ( ,adrianople1 l ! ,turk ( ,adalia1 rema9s a man ( ! nor? & ( ! extreme nor?2 9 all climates ! ,arab rema9s a man ( ! s\? & ( ! extreme s\?4 ,to ! ,arab's suppl5ess1 mobility1 imag9ation1 arti/ic feel+1 democratic t5d5cies1 & an>*ic individualism1 ! ,turk opposes 8 sl[ness1 gravity1 s5se ( discipl9e & regul>ity1 innate milit>ism4 ,! ,turki% ma/] has always felt disda9 = ! 'arti/ic canaille1' ^: pose1 ge/iculations1 & indiscipl9e1 %ock him pr(\ndly4 ,on _! side1 ! ,arabs see 9 ! ,turk only a blockhead2 9 8 placidity & taciturnity only /upidity & ignorance2 9 8 respect = law only slavi%ness2 & 9 8 love ( mat]ial well-be+ only gross be/iality4 ,especially d ! ,arabs je] at ! ,turk's arti/ic incapacity3 aft] hav+ gone to s*ool to ! ,*9ese1 ,p]sians1 ,arabs1 & ,greeks1 ! ,turk rema9s1 9 ,arab eyes1 j a big booby ( b>rack & b>ny>d4#aci ,add to ?is ! fact t ! ,arabs reg>d ! ,turks z p]v]t]s ( ! ,islamic fai?1 & we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d t ,turkey's ,arab subjects h ev] display$ symptoms ( rebelli\s unre/4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ,wahabi movem5t 0 specifically direct$ aga9/ ,turki% control ( ! holy cities1 & despite ! ,wahabi defeat1 ,arab discont5t liv$ on4 ,ab\t #ahbj ! ,g]man explor] ,burckh>dt wrote ( ,arabia3 ,:5 ,turki% p[] 9 ! ,h$jaz decl9es1 ! ,arabs w av5ge !mselves = _! subjection4#adj ,& "s tw5ty ye>s lat] ! ,%]eef ( ,mecca rem>k$ to a ,fr5* travell]3 ,we1 ! direct desc5dants ( ! ,prophet1 h to b[ our heads be=e mis]able ,pa%as1 mo/ ( !m =m] ,*ri/ian slaves come to p[] by ! mo/ %ameful c\rses4#ada ,?r\gh\t ! n9ete5? c5tury e ,turki% defeat 9 ,europe 0 foll[$ by a s$iti\s outbur/ 9 its ,arab prov9ces4 ,d[n to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ^! s$iti\s /irr+s rema9$ sporadic1 unco-ord9at$ outbur/s ( religi\s1 regional1 or tribal feel+1 ) no g5u9ely ,nationali/ic programme ( action or ideal4 ,b 9 ! lat] sixties a real nationali/ agitation appe>$4 ,its bir?place 0 ,syria4 ,t 0 :at might h be5 expect$1 s9ce ,syria 0 ! "p ( ,turkey's ,arab dom9ions mo/ op5 to ,we/]n influ5ces4 ,?is fir/ ,arab nationali/ movem5t1 h[ev]1 did n am\nt to mu*4 ,direct$ by a small gr\p ( noisy agitators devoid ( real ability1 ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t suppress$ x )\t mu* difficulty4 ,! disa/r\s ,russian w> ( #ahgg1 h[ev]1 blew ! scatt]$ emb]s into a fre% flame4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,turkey's ,arab prov9ces 7 9 full f]m5t4 ,! nationali/s spoke op5ly ( ?r[+ (f ! ,turki% yoke & weld+ ! ,arab l&s into a loose-knit conf$]ation head$ by a religi\s pot5tate1 probably ! ,%]eef ( ,mecca4 ,?is 0 obvi\sly an adaptation ( ,we/]n nationalism to ! traditional ,arab ideal ( a !ocratic democracy already realiz$ 9 ! ,meccan caliphate & ! ,wahabi gov]nm5t ( ! ,nejd4 ,?is second /irr+ ( ,arab nationalism 0 likewise ( %ort duration4 ,turkey 0 n[ rul$ by ,sultan ,abdul ,hamid1 & ,abdul ,hamid's ,pan-,islamic policy look$ t[>d good relations ) 8 ,arab subjects4 ,accord+ly1 ,arabs 7 welcom$ at ,con/ant9ople1 fav\rs 7 heap$ ^u ,arab *iefs & notables1 :ile ef=ts 7 made to promote ! cont5tm5t ( ! empire's ,arab populations4 ,at ! same "t ! con/ruction ( /rategic railways 9 ,syria & ! ,h$jaz gave ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t a /rong] grip ov] its ,arab prov9ces ?an ev] be=e1 & conv]sely r5d]$ successful ,arab revolts a f> m remote possibility4 ,fur!rmore1 ,abdul ,hamid's ,pan-,islamic propag&a 0 specially direct$ t[>d awak5+ a s5se ( ,moslem solid>ity betwe5 ,arabs & ,turks z aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian ,we/4 ,^! ef=ts a*iev$ a measure ( success4 ,c]ta9ly1 e ,european aggression 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ 0 an object-lesson to ,turks & ,arabs to =get1 or at lea/ adj\rn1 _! dome/ic qu>rels 9 face ( ! common foe4 ,despite ! p>tial successes ( ,abdul ,hamid's ef=ts1 a consid]able section ( 8 ,arab subjects rema9$ unreconcil$1 & t[>d ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a fre% /irr+ ( ,arab nationali/ discont5t made its appe>ance4 ,rel5tlessly p]secut$ by ! ,turki% au?orities1 ! ,arab nationali/ agitators1 mo/ly ,syrians1 w5t into exile4 ,ga!r+ 9 ne>-by ,egypt 7n[ ( c\rse "u ,briti% gov]nance7 & 9 we/]n ,europe1 ^! exiles organiz$ a revolution>y propag&a4 ,_! =mal organization dates f ! ye> #ahie1 :5 ! ,arabian ,national ,committee 0 creat$ at ,p>is4 ,= a decade _! propag&a w5t on obscurely1 b evid5tly ) effect1 = 9 #aije ! ,arab prov9ces ( ,h$jaz & ,yem5 bur/ into arm$ insurrection4 ,?is insurrection1 despite ! be/ ef=ts ( ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t1 0 nev] :olly suppress$1 b dragg$ on ye> aft] ye>1 dra9+ ,turkey ( troops & treasure1 & contribut+ mat]ially to h] ,tripolitan & ,balkan disa/]s 9 #aiaa-ab4 ,! ,arab revolt ( #aije focuss$ ! _w's att5tion ^u ,! ,arab ,"q1 & ! nationali/ exiles made ! mo/ ( _! opportunity by r$\bl+ _! propag&a1 n only at home b 9 ! ,we/ z well4 ,europe 0 fully in=m$ ( ,"y ,arabia's wrongs & aspirations1 notably by an extremely clev] book by "o ( ! nationali/ lead]s1 entitl$ ,! ,awak5+ ( ! ,arab ,nation1#adb :i* made a di/9ct s5sation4 ,! aims ( ! ,arab nationali/s are cle>ly set =? 9 ! manife/o ( ! ,arabian ,national ,committee1 address$ to ! ,great ,p[]s & publi%$ e>ly 9 #aijf4 ,says ?is manife/o3 ,a great pacific *ange is on ! eve ( occurr+ 9 ,turkey4 ,! ,arabs1 :om ! ,turks tyranniz$ ov] only by keep+ !m divid$ on insignificant que/ions ( ritual & religion1 h become consci\s ( _! national1 hi/oric1 & racial homog5eity1 & wi% to deta* !mselves f ! worm-eat5 ,ottoman trunk 9 ord] to =m !mselves into an indep5d5t /ate4 ,?is new ,arab ,empire w ext5d to its natural fronti]s1 f ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates to ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,sea ( ,oman4 ,x w be gov]n$ by ! con/itutional & lib]al mon>*y ( an ,arabian sultan4 ,! pres5t ,vilayet ( ! ,h$jaz1 toge!r ) ! t]ritory ( ,m$9a1 w =m an indep5d5t empire ^: sov]eign w be at ! same "t ! religi\s ,khalif ( all ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,?us1 "o great difficulty1 ! sep>ation ( ! civil & ! religi\s p[]s 9 ,islam1 w h be5 solv$ = ! great] good ( all4 ,to _! fell[ ,arabs ! committee issu$ ! foll[+ proclamation3 ,de> ,compatriots6 ,all ( u "k h[ vile & despicable ! glori\s & illu/ri\s title ( ,arabian ,citiz5 has become 9 ! m\?s ( all =eign]s1 especially ,turks4 ,all ( u see to :at dep?s ( mis]y & ignorance we h fall5 "u ! tyranny ( ^! b>b>ians sprung f ,c5tral ,asia4 ,our l&1 ! ri*e/ & f9e/ on e>?1 is to-day an arid wa/e4 ,:5 we 7 free1 we conqu]$ ! _w 9 a hundr$ ye>s2 we spread ev]y:]e sci5ces1 arts1 & lett]s2 = c5turies we l$ _w-civilization4 ,b1 s9ce ! spawn ( ,ertogrul#adc usurp$ ! caliphate ( ,islam1 !y h brutaliz$ u s z to exploit u to su* a degree t we h become ! poore/ p on e>?4 ,! proclamation !n goes on to decl>e ,arabia's indep5d5ce4#add ,( c\rse ,"y ,arabia did n !n atta9 its indep5d5ce4 ,! revolt 0 kept localiz$ & ,turkey ma9ta9$ its hold ov] mo/ ( its ,arab dom9ions4 ,nev]!less1 !re 0 con/ant unre/4 ,dur+ ! rema9d] ( ,abdul ,hamid's reign 8 ,arab prov9ces 7 9 a sort ( un/able equilibrium1 torn betwe5 ! =ces ( nationali/ s$ition on ! "o h& & ,pan-,islamic1 anti-,european feel+ on ! o!r4 ,! ,"y-,turk revolution ( #aijh caus$ a new %ift 9 ! situation4 ,! ,arab prov9ces1 l ! o!r p>ts ( ! empire1 rejoic$ 9 ! d[nfall ( despotism & hop$ great ?+s = ! future4 ,9 ! ,turki% ,p>liam5t ! ,arab prov9ces 7 well repres5t$1 & _! deputies ask$ = a measure ( f$]al autonomy4 ,?is ! ,"y-,turks1 b5t ^u ,ottomanization1 curtly refus$4 ,! result 0 pr(\nd disillusionm5t 9 ! ,arab prov9ces & a revival ( sep>ati/ agitation4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! new indep5d5ce agitation _h a mu* m ambiti\s programme ?an t ( a few ye>s be=e4 ,! ,arab nationali/s ( ,turkey 7 by ?is "t def9itely l9k+ up ) ! nationali/s ( ,egypt & ,fr5* ,nor? ,africa--,arabic-speak+ l&s :]e ! populations 7 at lea/ p>tly ,arab 9 blood4 ,arab nationalism 0 beg9n+ to speak al\d :at x _h previ\sly :isp]$--! programme ( a great ,pan-,arab empire /ret*+ "r across ,nor? ,africa & s\!rn ,asia f ! ,atlantic to ! ,indian ,oceans4 ,?us1 ,arab nationalism1 l ,turki% nationalism1 0 evolv+ into ! second1 or racial1 /age4 ,def]r+ discussion ( ?is broad] developm5t1 let u foll[ a trifle fur!r ! c\rse ( ! m re/rict$ ,arab nationalism )9 ! ,turki% ,empire4 ,despite ! ,pan-,islamic s5tim5t evok$ by ! ,european aggressions ( #aiaa-ab1 nationali/ feel+ 0 cont9ually ar\s$ by ! ,ottomaniz+ measures ( ! ,"y-,turk gov]nm5t1 & ! indep5d5ce agitation 0 pres5tly 9 full sw+ once m4 ,9 #aiac an ,arabian nationali/ congress conv5$ 9 ,p>is & revolution>y propag&a 0 inaugurat$ on an increas$ scale4 ,:5 ! ,great ,w> broke out next ye>1 ,turkey's ,arab prov9ces 7 see?+ ) s$iti\s unre/4#ade ,! ,turki% au?orities took /]n measures aga9/ possible tr\ble1 imprison+ & execut+ all prom95t nationali/s ^u :om !y c\ld lay _! h&s1 :ile ! proclamation ( ! ,holy ,w> ralli$ a c]ta9 portion ( ,arab public op9ion to ! ,turki% side1 especially s9ce ! conque/ ( ,egypt 0 a possibility4 ,b z ! w> dragg$ on ! =ces ( discont5t once m rais$ _! heads4 ,9 #aiaf ! revolt ( ! ,%]eef ( ,mecca gave ! signal = ! d[nfall ( ,turki% rule4 ,?is revolt1 lib]ally back$ by ,engl&1 ga9$ ! active or passive support ( ! ,arab elem5ts ?r\gh\t ! ,turki% ,empire4 ,inspir$ by ,alli$ promises ( national indep5d5ce ( a mo/ allur+ "*1 ! ,arabs f\ght /r5u\sly aga9/ ! ,turks & 7 a prime factor 9 ! dbcle ( ,ottoman milit>y p[] 9 ! autumn ( #aiah4adf ,be=e discuss+ ! mom5t\s ev5ts :i* h occurr$ 9 ! ,arab prov9ces ( ! =m] ,ottoman ,empire s9ce #aiah1 let u consid] nationali/ developm5ts 9 ! ,arabiz$ regions ( ,nor? ,africa ly+ to ! we/w>d4 ,( ^! developm5ts ! mo/ important is t ( ,egypt4 ,! mass ( ! ,egyptian p is to-day1 z 9 ,ph>aoh's "t1 ( ! old ,nilotic /ock4 ,a sl[1 self-conta9$ peasant folk1 ! ,egyptian fellahe5 h submitt$ passively to a long s]ies ( conqu]ors1 albeit ?is passivity has be5 occasionally brok5 by outbur/s ( volcanic fury pres5tly dy+ away into passivity once m4 ,above ! ,nilotic masses /&s a relatively small upp] class desc5d$ *iefly f ,egypt's m rec5t ,asiatic conqu]ors--,arabs1 ,kurds1 ,circassians1 ,albanians1 & ,turks4 ,9 addition to ?is upp] class1 :i* until ! ,engli% occupation monopoliz$ all political p[]1 !re are l>ge ,european colonies ) extrat]ritorial rights1 :ile a fur!r complication is add$ by ! p]si/5ce ( a consid]able native ,*ri/ian elem5t1 ! ,copts1 :o refus$ to turn ,mohamm$an at ! ,arab conque/ & :o to-day numb] fully "o-t5? ( ! total population4 ,) su* a m$ley ( races1 cre$s1 & cultures1 & ) s prolong$ a tradition ( =eign dom9ation1 ,egypt might seem a mo/ unlikely milieu = ! gr[? ( nationalism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,egypt has be5 m expos$ to ,we/]n influ5ces ?an any o!r "p ( ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,bonap>te's invasion at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury pr(\ndly affect$ ,egyptian life1 & ?\gh ! ,fr5* 7 soon expell$1 ,european influ5ces cont9u$ to p]meate ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,mehemet ,ali1 ! able ,albanian adv5tur] :o made himself ma/] ( ,egypt aft] ! d[nfall ( ,fr5* rule1 realiz$ ! sup]iority ( ,european me?ods & fo/]$ a process ( ,europeanization :i*1 h[ev] sup]ficial1 result$ 9 a wide dissem9ation ( ,we/]n ideas4 ,mehemet ,ali's policy 0 cont9u$ by 8 successors4 ,t magnific5t sp5d?rift ,kh$ive ,ismail1 ^: reckless contraction ( ,european loans 0 ! prim>y cause ( ,european int]v5tion1 prid$ himself on 8 ,europeanism & surr\nd$ himself ) ,europeans4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ /irr+s ( ,egyptian nationalism took ! =m ( a prote/ aga9/ ! noxi\s1 p>asitical ,europeanism ( ,kh$ive ,ismail & 8 c\rti]s4 ,sob]-m9d$ ,egyptians became increas+ly al>m$ at ! way ,ismail 0 mortgag+ ,egypt's indep5d5ce by huge ,european loans & suck+ its life-blood by m]ciless taxation4 ,inspir$ consci\sly or unconsci\sly by ! ,we/]n concepts ( nation & patriotism1 ^! m5 desir$ to /ay ,ismail's de/ructive c\rse & to safegu>d ,egypt's future4 ,9 fact1 _! ef=ts 7 direct$ n m]ely aga9/ ! motley crew ( ,european adv5tur]s & concessionaires :o 7 lur+ ! ,kh$ive into fre% extravagances1 b also aga9/ ! complaisant ,turki% & ,circassian pa%as1 & ! ,arm5ian & ,syrian usur]s1 :o 7 ! in/rum5ts ( ,ismail's w4 ,! nasc5t movem5t 0 ?us basically a patriotic prote/ aga9/ all ^?1 bo? =eign]s & native-born1 :o 7 endang]+ ! c\ntry4 ,?is %[$ cle>ly 9 ! motto adopt$ by ! agitators--! hi!rto unhe>d-( slogan3 ,egypt = ! ,egyptians6 ,into ?is incipi5t f]m5t !re 0 pres5tly inject$ ! dynamic p]sonality ( ,djemal-ed-,d94 ,n[h]e else did ?is extraord9>y man ex]t s pr(\nd & la/+ an influ5ce z 9 ,egypt4 ,x is n too mu* to say t he is ! fa!r ( e %ade ( ,egyptian nationalism4 ,he influ5c$ n m]ely viol5t agitators l ,arabi ,pa%a b also cons]vative re=m]s l ,%eikh ,mohamm$ ,abd\1 :o realiz$ ,egypt's weakness & 7 cont5t to lab\r pati5tly by evolution>y me?ods = di/ant goals4 ,= ! mom5t ! apo/les ( viol5t action _h ! /age4 ,9 #ahhb a revolution>y agitation broke out head$ by ,arabi ,pa%a1 an army (fic]1 :o1 significantly en\gh1 0 ( fellah orig91 ! fir/ man ( ,nilotic /ock to sway ,egypt's de/9ies 9 mod]n times4 ,rais+ _! slogan1 ,egypt = ! ,egyptians1 ! revolutioni/s s\ght to drive all =eign]s1 bo? ,europeans & ,asiatics1 f ! c\ntry4 ,_! attempt 0 ( c\rse =$oom$ to failure4 ,a massacre ( ,europeans 9 ! port-city ( ,alex&ria at once precipitat$ ,european int]v5tion4 ,an ,engli% army cru%$ ! revolutioni/s at ! battle ( ,tel-el-,kebir1 & aft] ?is "o battle1 disorganiz$1 bankrupt ,egypt submitt$ to ,briti% rule1 p]sonifi$ by ,evelyn ,b>+1 ,"l ,crom]4 ,! kh$ivial dyna/y 01 to be sure1 reta9$1 & ! native =ms ( gov]nm5t respect$1 b all real p[] c5tr$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,briti% ,f9ancial ,advis]1 ! repres5tative ( ,brita9's imp]ial w4 ,= tw5ty-five ye>s ,"l ,crom] rul$ ,egypt1 & ! record ( ?is able proconsul w place him = ev] 9 ! front rank ( ! _w's great adm9i/rators4 ,8 /rong h& drew ,egypt f hopeless bankruptcy into ab\nd+ prosp]ity4 ,mat]ial well-be+1 h[ev]1 did n kill ,egyptian nationalism4 ,scatt]$ to ! w9ds be=e ! ,briti% bayonet *>ges1 ! se$s ( unre/ sl[ly g]m9at$ b5ea? ! f]tile ,nilotic soil4 ,almo/ imp]ceptible at fir/ "u ! numb+ %ock ( ,tel-el-,kebir1 nationali/ s5tim5t grew /eadily z ! ye>s wore on1 & by ! clos+ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury x _h become di/9ctly p]ceptible to ke5-sight$ ,european obs]v]s4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ,egypt 9 #ahie1 ! well-kn[n ,african explor] ,s*we9fur? 0 /ruck ) ! psy*ological *ange :i* _h occurr$ s9ce 8 e>li] visits to ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,a true national self-consci\sness is sl[ly beg9n+ to awak51 he wrote4 ,! ,egyptians are /ill v f> f be+ a true ,nationality1 b ! beg9n+ has be5 made4#adg ,) ! op5+ ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury :at _h previ\sly be5 visible only to disc]n+ eyes bur/ into sudd5 & />tl+ bloom4 ,?is resurg5t ,egyptian nationalism _h1 to be sure1 its mod]ate w+1 repres5t$ by cons]vative-m9d$ m5 l ,mohamm$ ,abd\1 ,rector ( ,el ,azh> ,univ]sity & respect$ fri5d ( ,"l ,crom]1 :o s\ght to tea* 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 t ! sure/ road to fre$om 0 along ! pa? ( enlight5m5t & progress4 ,9 ! ma91 h[ev]1 ! movem5t 0 an impati5t & viol5t prote/ aga9/ ,briti% rule & an intransigeant dem& = imm$iate indep5d5ce4 ,p]haps ! mo/ significant po9t 0 t virtually all ,egyptians 7 nationali/s at he>t1 cons]vatives z well z radicals decl9+ to consid] ,egypt z a p]man5t "p ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,! nationali/s _h a s\nd legal basis = ?is attitude1 ow+ to ! fact t ,briti% rule re/$ ^u insecure diplomatic f\ndations4 ,engl& _h int]v5$ 9 ,egypt z a self-con/itut$ ,m&atory ( ,european f9ancial int]e/s4 ,its action _h r\s$ mu* opposition 9 ,europe1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,france1 & to allay ?is opposition ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t _h repeat$ly ann\nc$ t its occupation ( ,egypt 0 ( a tempor>y nature4 ,9 fact1 ,egyptian discont5t 0 delib]ately fann$ by ,france "r d[n to ! conclusion ( ! ,ent5te ,cordiale 9 #aijd4 ,?is ,fr5* sympa?y = ,egyptian aspirations 0 ( capital importance 9 ! developm5t ( ! nationali/ movem5t4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,france's cultural pre/ige 0 pr$om9ant4 ,9 ,egyptian eyes a ,european education 0 synonym\s ) a ,fr5* education1 s ! ris+ g5]ation inevitably sat "u ,fr5* tea*]s1 ei!r 9 ,egypt or 9 ,france1 & ^! ,fr5* preceptors1 be+ usually ,anglophobes1 r>ely lo/ an opportunity = in/ill+ dislike ( ,engl& & av]sion to ,briti% rule4 ,! radical nationali/s 7 head$ by a "y man nam$ ,mu/apha ,kamel4 ,he 0 a v pr9ce ( agitators2 ard5t1 magnetic1 en?usia/ic1 & possess$ ( a fi]y eloqu5ce :i* fairly swept away bo? 8 he>]s & 8 read]s4 ,an indefatigable propag&i/1 he edit$ a :ole *a9 ( newspap]s & p]iodicals1 & z fa/ z "o organ 0 suppress$ by ! ,briti% au?orities he />t$ ano!r4 ,8 uncompromis+ nationalism may be gaug$ f ! foll[+ examples f 8 writ+s4 ,tak+ = 8 motto ! phrase ,! ,egyptians = ,egypt2 ,egypt = ! ,egyptians1 he wrote z e>ly z #ahif3 ,egyptian civilization _c endure 9 ! future unless x is f\nd$ by ! p itself2 unless ! fellah1 ! m]*ant1 ! tea*]1 ! pupil1 9 f9e1 e s+le ,egyptian1 kn[s t man has sacr$1 intangible rights2 t he is n creat$ to be a tool1 b to lead an intellig5t & wor?y life2 t love ( c\ntry is ! mo/ beautiful s5tim5t :i* c ennoble a s\l2 & t a nation )\t indep5d5ce is a nation )\t exi/5ce6 ,x is by patriotism t backw>d peoples come quickly to civilization1 to greatness1 & to p[]4 ,x is patriotism t =ms ! blood :i* c\rses 9 ! ve9s ( virile nations1 & x is patriotism t gives life to e liv+ be+4 ,! ,engli%1 ( c\rse1 7 bitt]ly d5\nc$4 ,"h is a typical editorial f 8 organ ,el ,lewa3 ,we are ! despoil$4 ,! ,engli% are ! despoil]s4 ,we dem& a sacr$ "r4 ,! ,engli% are ! usurp]s ( t "r4 ,?is is :y we are sure ( success soon] or lat]4 ,:5 "o is 9 ! "r1 x is only a "q ( "t4 ,despite 8 ard5t aspirations1 ,mu/apha ,kamel _h a s5se ( realities1 & recogniz$ t1 = ! mom5t at lea/1 ,briti% p[] c\ld n be =cibly ov]?r[n4 ,he did n1 !re=e1 attempt any op5 viol5ce :i* he knew w\ld m]ely ru9 himself & 8 foll[]s4 ,e>ly 9 #aijh he di$1 only ?irty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,8 mantle fell ^u 8 lead+ disciple1 ,mohamm$ ,f>id ,bey4 ,?is man1 :o 0 n ( equal calibre1 tri$ to make up = 8 defici5cy 9 true eloqu5ce by ! viol5ce ( 8 invective4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two lead]s c be gaug$ by ! editorial columns ( ,el ,lewa4 ,"h is an editorial ( ,septemb]1 #aiji3 ,?is l& 0 pollut$ by ! ,engli%1 putrefi$ ) _! atrocities z !y suppress$ our belov$ du/\r con/itution1 ti$ our tongues1 burn$ our p alive & hang$ our innoc5t relatives1 & p]petrat$ o!r horrors at :i* ! heav5s are ab\t to tremble1 ! e>? to split1 & ! m\nta9s to fall d[n4 ,let u take a new /ep4 ,let our lives be *eap :ile we seek our indep5d5ce4 ,dea? is f> bett] ?an life = y if y rema9 9 y\r pres5t condition4 ,mohamm$ ,f>id's fanatical impati5ce ( all opposition l$ him into tactical blund]s l ali5at+ ! native ,*ri/ian ,copts1 :om ,mu/apha ,kamel _h be5 c>eful to conciliate4 ,! foll[+ diatribe 7:i*1 by ! way1 reveals a grotesque jumble ( ,we/]n & ,ea/]n ideas7 is an answ] to ,coptic prote/s at ! increas+ viol5ce ( 8 propag&a3 ,! ,copts %\ld be kick$ to dea?4 ,!y /ill h faces & bodies simil> to ^? ( demons & monkeys1 :i* is a pro( t !y hide poison\s spirits )9 _! s\ls4 ,! fact t !y exi/ 9 ! _w confirms ,d>w9's !ory t human be+s are g5]at$ f monkeys4 ,y sons ( adult]\s wom56 ,y desc5dants ( ! be>]s ( trays6 ,y tails ( camels ) y\r monkey faces6 ,y bones ( bodies6 ,9 ?is m viol5t attitude ! nationali/s 7 enc\rag$ by sev]al reasons4 ,= "o ?+1 ,"l ,crom] _h laid d[n 8 proconsulate 9 #aijg & _h be5 succe$$ by ,sir ,eldon ,gor/4 ,! new rul] repres5t$ ! ideas ( ,briti% ,lib]alism1 n[ 9 p[]1 :i* wi%$ to appease ,egyptian unre/ by conciliation in/ead ( by ,"l ,crom]'s autocratic indiff]5ce4 ,9 ! second place1 ! ,"y-,turk revolution ( #aijh gave an enorm\s impetus to ! ,egyptian cry = con/itutional self-gov]nm5t4 ,la/ly1 ,france's gr[+ intimacy ) ,engl& da%$ ! nationali/'s *]i%$ hope t ,brita9 w\ld be =c$ by outside pressure to r$eem h] diplomatic pl$ges & evacuate ! ,nile valley1 ?us driv+ ! nationali/s to rely m on _! own ex]tions4 ,giv5 ?is nationali/ temp]1 conciliatory attempt 0 =$oom$ to failure4 ,=1 h[ev] conciliatory ,sir ,eldon ,gor/ might be 9 details1 he c\ld n promise ! "o ?+ :i* ! nationali/s supremely desir$--indep5d5ce4 ,?is dem& ,engl& refus$ ev5 to consid]4 ,practically all ,engli%m5 _h become conv9c$ t ,egypt ) ! ,suez ,canal 0 a vital l9k betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n halves ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 & t p]man5t control ( ,egypt 0 ?us an absolute necessity4 ,!re 0 ?us a fundam5tal deadlock betwe5 ,briti% imp]ial & ,egyptian national convictions4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,briti% ,lib]al policy ( conciliation prov$ a fiasco4 ,ev5 ,sir ,eldon ,gor/ admitt$ 9 8 (ficial reports t concessions 7 simply reg>d$ z signs ( weakness4 ,be=e long s$iti\s agitation & att5dant viol5ce grew to su* proportions t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t became conv9c$ t only /rong measures w\ld save ! situation4 ,!re=e1 9 #aiaa1 ,sir ,eldon ,gor/ 0 replac$ by ,"l ,kit*5]--a pat5t w>n+ to ! nationali/s t s$ition w\ld be giv5 %ort %rift by ! iron h& :i* _h cru%$ ! ,khalifa & 8 ,d]vi% hordes at ,omdurman4 ,kit*5] arriv$ 9 ,egypt ) ! express m&ate to re/ore ord]1 & ?is he did ) ?or\ghness & exactitude4 ,! ,egyptians 7 told pla9ly t ,engl& nei!r int5d$ to evacuate ! ,nile valley nor consid]$ its inhabitants fit = self-gov]nm5t )9 any disc]nible future4 ,!y 7 admoni%$ to turn _! ?\ghts f politics1 at :i* !y 7 s bad1 to agriculture1 at :i* !y 7 s good4 ,z = s$iti\s propag&a1 new legislation enabl$ ,"l ,kit*5] to deal ) x 9 summ>y fa%ion4 ,practically all ! nationali/ pap]s 7 suppress$1 :ile ! nationali/ lead]s 7 imprison$1 int]n$1 or exil$4 ,9 fact1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t did its be/ to di/ract att5tion ev]y:]e f ,egypt1 ! ,briti% press co-op]at+ loyally by labell+ ! subject taboo4 ,! up%ot 0 t ,egypt became quiet] ?an x _h be5 = a g5]ation4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 only a surface calm4 ,driv5 und]gr\nd1 ,egyptian unre/ ev5 atta9$ new virul5ce :i* al>m$ close obs]v]s4 ,9 #aiac ! well-kn[n ,engli% publici/ ,sidney ,l[1 aft] a c>eful inve/igation ( ! ,egyptian situation1 wrote3 ,we are n popul> 9 ,egypt4 ,fe>$ we may be by "s2 respect$ ,i d\bt n by _m o!rs2 b really lik$1 ,i am sure1 by v few4#adh ,/ill m outspok5 0 an article significantly entitl$ ,! ,d>kness ov] ,egypt1 :i* appe>$ on ! eve ( ! ,great ,w>4#adi ,its publication 9 a semi-sci5tific p]iodical = speciali/s 9 ,ori5tal problems r5d]$ x wor?y ( s]i\s att5tion4 ,! long-cont9u$ abs5ce ( practically all discussion or ev5 m5tion ( ,egyptian int]nal affairs f ! ,briti% press1 ass]t$ ?is article1 is n indicative ( a heal?y condition4 ,9 ,egypt ! sup]ficial quiet is t ( suppress$ discont5t--( a sull51 hopeless mi/ru/ t[>d ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,occupation4 ,c]ta9 rec5t happ5+s h /r5g!n$ 9 ,egyptian m9ds ! conviction t ! ,gov]nm5t is mak+ prep>ations = ! complete annexation ( ! c\ntry4444 ,we are n conc]n$ to "q h[ f> ! motives attribut$ to ! ,gov]nm5t are true4 ,! ess5tial fact is t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,occupation has n yet succe$$ 9 ende>+1 or ev5 recomm5d+1 itself to ! ,egyptian p1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 an object ( suspicion1 an occasion ( enmity4 ,! article expresses grave d\bt :e!r ,"l ,kit*5]'s repressive measures h done m ?an drive discont5t und]gr\nd1 & %[s h[ /rong is ! ,nationali/ feel+ 9 ,egypt to-day 9 spite ( ! det]m9$ attempts to /amp out all fre$om ( political op9ion4 ,z might be expect$1 ?is :olesale muzzl+ ( ! press has n only r$uc$ ! ,mohamm$an majority to a condition ( int]nal f]m5t1 b has s]i\sly ali5at$ ! hi!rto loyal ,copts4 ,x may be t ! ,gov]nm5t c discov] no bett] means ( recomm5d+ itself to ! confid5ce & good-w ( ! ,egyptian p2 x may be t only by ! in/ant repression ( e outw>d sign ( discont5t c x feel secure 9 its occupation2 b if su* be ! case1 x is an admission ( extreme weakness1 or recogniz$ insecurity ( t5ure4 ,! article concludes ) ! foll[+ w>n+ z to ! problem's wid] implications3 ,egypt1 ?\gh a subject ( pr(\nd indiff]5ce to ! ,engli% vot]1 is be+ fev]i%ly wat*$ by ! ,indian ,mohamm$ans1 & by ! :ole ( our ,we/ & ,c5tral ,african subjects--!mselves /rongly ,moslem 9 sympa?y1 & at ! pres5t "t jeal\sly suspici\s ( ! political activities ( ,*ri/ian ,imp]ialism4 ,su* be+ ! /ate ( ,egyptian feel+ 9 #aiad1 ! outbreak ( ! ,great ,w> 0 b\nd to produce int5sifi$ unre/4 ,engl&'s position 9 ,egypt 01 9 tru?1 v difficult4 ,al?\gh 9 fact ,engl& ex]cis$ complete control1 9 law ,egypt 0 /ill a dep5d5cy ( ! ,ottoman ,empire1 ,brita9 m]ely ex]cis+ a tempor>y occupation4 ,n[ x soon became evid5t t ,turkey 0 go+ to jo9 ,engl&'s enemies1 ! ,teutonic empires1 :ile x 0 equally evid5t t ! ,egyptians sympa?iz$ ) ! ,turks1 ev5 ! ,kh$ive ,abbas ,hilmi mak+ no secret ( 8 pro-,turki% views4 ,dur+ ! fir/ mon?s ( ! ,european ,w>1 :ile ,turkey 0 /ill nom9ally neutral1 ! ,egyptian native press1 despite ! ,briti% c5sor%ip1 0 full ( veil$ s$iti\s /atem5ts1 :ile ! unruly attitude ( ! ,egyptian populace & ! /irr+s among ! ,egyptian native regim5ts left no d\bt z to h[ ! w9d 0 bl[+4 ,engl& 0 s]i\sly al>m$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,turkey ent]$ ! w> 9 ,novemb]1 #aiad1 ,engl& took ! decisive plunge1 depos$ ,abbas ,hilmi1 nom9at$ 8 c\s9 ,husse9 ,kamel ,sultan1 & decl>$ ,egypt a protectorate ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,?is /ung ! nationali/s to fury4 ,any?+ l =mal rebellion 0 r5d]$ impossible by ! heavy masses ( ,briti% & colonial troops :i* _h be5 p\r$ into ! c\ntry4 ,nev]!less1 !re 0 a good deal ( sporadic viol5ce1 suppress$ only by a /]n application ( ! ,/ate ( ,siege4 ,a ,fr5* obs]v] ?us vividly describes ^! critical days3 ,! ,jehadd is r\s+ ! anti-,*ri/ian fanaticism :i* always /irs 9 ! s\l ( e good ,moslem4 ,s9ce ! end ( ,octob] "o c\ld read 9 ! eyes ( ! l[-class ,mohamm$an natives _! hope--! massacre ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ! /reets ( ,cairo !y />$ insol5tly at ! ,european pass]s-by4 ,"s ev5 danc$ = joy on le>n+ t ! ,sultan _h decl>$ ! ,holy ,w>4 ,d5\nc$ to ! police = ?is1 !y 7 incont95tly ba/9ado$ at ! ne>e/ police-/ation4 ,! same /ate ( m9d reign$ at ,el ,azh>1 & ,i am told t ,europeans :o visit ! celebrat$ ,mohamm$an ,univ]sity h _! e>s fill$ ) ! /ronge/ epi!ts ( ! ,arab rep]tory--t be/-furni%$ language 9 ! _w4#aej ,! nationali/ exiles vehem5tly express$ abroad :at _! fell[s c\ld n say at home4 ,_! lead]1 ,mohamm$ ,f>id ,bey1 issu$ f ,g5eva an (ficial prote/ aga9/ ! new illegal rgime proclaim$ by ,engl& ! #ah? ( la/ ,decemb]4 ,engl&1 :i* pret5ds to make w> on ,g]many to def5d ,belgium1 ought n to trample und]foot ! rights ( ,egypt1 nor consid] ! treaties relative !reto z 'scraps ( pap]4'#aea ,^! exiles ?rew !mselves vehem5tly into ! arms ( ,g]many1 z may be gaug$ f ! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,abd-el-,malek ,hamsa1 secret>y ( ! nationali/ p>ty1 9 a ,g]man p]iodical3 ,!re is h>dly an ,egyptian :o does n pray t ,engl& may be beat5 & h] ,empire fall 9 ru9s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! w>1 :ile ,i 0 /ill 9 ,egypt1 ,i 0 a witness ( ?is popul> feel+4 ,9 cities & villages1 f sage to simple peasant1 all are conv9c$ 9 ! ,kais]'s love = ,islam & fri5d%ip = its caliph1 & !y are hop+ & pray+ = ,g]many's victory4#aeb ,( c\rse1 9 face ( ! ov]:elm+ ,briti% g>rison 9 ,egypt1 su* pron\ncem5ts 7 z idle z ! w9d4 ,! hop$-= ,turki% attacks 7 beat5 back f ! ,suez ,canal1 ! ,/ate ( ,siege function$ ) /]n effici5cy1 & ,egypt1 flood$ ) ,briti% troops1 laps$ into sull5 sil5ce1 n to be brok5 until ! end ( ! w>4 ,turn+ back at ?is po9t to consid] nationali/ developm5ts 9 ! re/ ( ,nor? ,africa1 we d n1 z 9 ,egypt1 f9d a well-m>k$ t]ritorial patriotism4 ,anti-,european hatr$ !re is 9 pl5ty1 b su* patriotic s5tim5ts z exi/ belong r to ^? m diffus$ types ( nationali/ feel+ kn[n z ,pan-,arabism & ,pan-,islamic ,nationalism1 :i* we %all pres5tly discuss4 ,! basic reason = ?is ,nor? ,african lack ( national feel+1 9 its re/rict$ s5se1 is t n[h]e outside ( ,egypt is !re a l& :i* ev] has be51 or :i* %[s di/9ct signs ( becom+1 a true nation4 ,! mass ( ! populations inhabit+ ! va/ b& ( t]ritory betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & ! ,sah>a des]t are ,b]b]s--an anci5t /ock1 racially ,european r ?an ,asiatic or negroid1 & closely ak9 to ! ,lat9 peoples across ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,b]b]s rem9d "o ( ! ,balkan ,albanians3 !y are extremely t5aci\s ( _! language & cu/oms1 & !y h an in/9ctive racial feel+2 b !y are invet]ate p>ticul>i/s1 hav+ always be5 split up into _m tribes1 sometimes comb9+ into p>tial conf$]ations b nev] develop+ true national patriotism4#aec ,alongside ! ,b]b]s we f9d ev]y:]e a v>y+ proportion ( ,arabs4 ,! ,arabs h coloniz$ ,nor? ,africa ev] s9ce ! ,moslem conque/ twelve c5turies ago4 ,!y conv]t$ ! ,b]b]s to ,islam & ,arab culture1 b !y nev] made ,nor? ,africa "p ( ! ,arab _w z !y did ,syria & ,mesopotamia1 & 9 some:at less] degree ,egypt4 ,! two races h nev] really fus$4 ,despite m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ( ,arab tutelage1 ! ,b]b]s' mann] ( life rema9s di/9ct4 ,!y h l>gely kept _! language1 & !re has be5 comp>atively little int]m>riage4 ,pure-blood$ ,arabs ab\nd1 (t5 9 l>ge tribal gr\ps1 b !y are /ill1 9 a way1 =eign]s4#aed ,) su* elem5ts ( discord1 ,nor? ,africa's political life has always be5 tr\bl$4 ,! mo/ /able region has be5 ,morocco1 ?\gh ev5 !re ! sultan's au?ority has nev] really ext5d$ to ! m\nta9 tribes4 ,z = ! s-call$ ,b>b>y ,/ates 7,algi]s1 ,tunis1 & ,tripoli71 !y 7 little m ?an port-cities along ! coa/1 ! h9t]l& enjoy+ practically complete tribal indep5d5ce4 ,ov] ?is confus$ turmoil spread ! tide ( ,fr5* conque/1 beg9n+ ) ,algi]s 9 #ahcj & end+ ) ,morocco to-day4#aee ,france br\ght peace1 ord]1 & mat]ial prosp]ity1 b "h1 z 9 o!r ,ea/]n l&s1 ^! v b5efits ( ,european tutelage creat$ a new sort ( unity among ! natives 9 _! common dislike ( ! ,european conqu]or & _! common aspiration t[>d indep5d5ce4 ,accord+ly1 ! pa/ g5]ation has witness$ ! appe>ance ( ,"y ,alg]ian & ,"y ,tunisian political gr\ps1 l$ by ,fr5*-educat$ m5 :o h imbib$ ,we/]n ideas ( self-gov]nm5t & lib]ty4#aef ,h[ev]1 z we h already rem>k$1 _! goal is n s mu* ! erection ( di/9ct ,alg]ian & ,tunisian ,nations z x is creation ( a l>g] ,nor? ,african1 p]haps ,pan-,islamic1 unity4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y are 9 close t\* ) ! ,s5nussi & k9dr$ influ5ces :i* we h already exam9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,pan-,islamism4 ,s mu* = fir/-/age nationali/ developm5ts 9 ! ,arab or ,arabiz$ l&s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o m important c5tre ( nationali/ s5tim5t 9 ! ,moslem _w to be consid]$--,p]sia4 ,p]sia is1 9 fact1 ! l& :]e a g5u9e nationali/ movem5t w\ld h be5 mo/ logically expect$1 because ! ,p]sians h = ages possess$ a /rong] feel+ ( c\ntry ?an any o!r ,ne> ,ea/]n p4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,p]sia _h sunk into su* deep decrepitude t its pat5t weakness excit$ ! imp]iali/ic appetites ( ,cz>i/ ,russia &1 9 some:at less] degree1 ( ,engl&4 ,p]sia's decad5ce & ext]nal p]ils 71 h[ev]1 appreciat$ by ?9k+ ,p]sians1 & a s]ies ( re=mi/ agitations took place1 beg9n+ ) ! religi\s movem5t ( ! ,bab e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury & culm9at+ ) ! revolution ( #aijh4aeg ,t revolution 0 l>gely precipitat$ by ! ,anglo-,russian ,agreem5t ( #aijg by :i* ,engl& & ,russia virtually p>tition$ ,p]sia2 ! c\ntry be+ divid$ into a ,russian sph]e ( influ5ce 9 ! nor? & a ,briti% sph]e ( influ5ce 9 ! s\?1 ) a neutral zone betwe54 ,! revolution 0 ?us 9 great "p a desp]ate attempt ( ! ,p]sian patriots to set _! h\se 9 ord] & av]t1 at ! elev5? h\r1 ! %ad[ ( ,european dom9ation :i* 0 creep+ ov] ! l&4 ,b ! revolution 0 n m]ely a prote/ aga9/ ,european aggression4 ,x 0 also aim$ at ! ali5 ,khadj> dyna/y :i* _h s long misrul$ ,p]sia4 ,^! ,khadj> sov]eigns 7 ( ,turkoman orig94 ,!y _h nev] become really ,p]sianiz$1 z %[n by ! fact t ! intimate c\rt language 0 ,turki1 n ,p]sian4 ,!y occupi$ a position some:at analog\s to t ( ! ,man*us be=e ! ,*9ese revolution4 ,! ,p]sian revolution 0 ?us basically an ,iranian patriotic outbur/ aga9/ all ali5 influ5ces1 :e!r f ,ea/ or ,we/4 ,we h already se5 h[ ?is patriotic movem5t 0 cru%$ by ! =cible int]v5tion ( ,european imp]ialism4#aeh ,by #aiab ,russia & ,engl& 7 9 full control ( ! situation1 ! patriots 7 proscrib$ & p]secut$1 & ,p]sia sank into despair+ sil5ce4 ,z a ,briti% writ] !n rem>k$3 ,= su* brok5 _s & %att]$ hopes1 z = ! 'an>*y' n[ exi/+ 9 ,p]sia1 ,russia & ,great ,brita9 are directly responsible1 & if !re be a ,reckon+1 w "o day be held to acc\nt4 ,x is idle to talk ( any improvem5t 9 ! situation1 :5 ! only ,gov]nm5t 9 ,p]sia consi/s ( a ,cab9et :i* does n comm& ! confid5ce ( ! p1 t]roriz$ by ,russia1 f9ancially />v$ by bo? ,russia & ,engl&1 all[$ only mis]able doles ( money on usuri\s t]ms1 & =bidd5 to employ hone/ & effici5t =eign exp]ts l ,mr4 ,%u/]2 :5 ! ,k+ is a boy1 ! ,reg5t an abs5tee1 ! ,p>liam5t p]man5tly susp5d$1 & ! be/1 brave/1 & mo/ hone/ patriots ei!r kill$ or driv5 into exile1 :ile ! wolf-pack ( f9anci]s1 concession-hunt]s & l&-grabb]s presses ev] h>d] on ! exhau/$ victim1 ^: /ruggles gr[ fa9t] & fa9t]4 ,little less ?an a miracle c n[ save ,p]sia4#aei ,s ends our survey ( ! ma9 fir/-/age nationali/ movem5ts 9 ! ,moslem _w4 ,we %\ld ( c\rse rememb] t a nationali/ movem5t 0 develop+ concurr5tly 9 ,india1 albeit foll[+ an ecc5tric orbit ( its own4 ,we %\ld also rememb] t1 9 addition to ! ma9 movem5ts j discuss$1 !re 7 m9or nationali/ /irr+s among o!r ,moslem peoples su* z ! ,russian ,t>t>s1 ! ,*9ese ,mohamm$ans1 & ev5 ! ,javanese ( ! ,dut* ,indies4 ,la/ly1 we %\ld rememb] t ^! nationali/ movem5ts 7 m or less int]wov5 ) ! non-national movem5t ( ,pan-,islamism1 & ) ^? second-/age1 racial nationali/ movem5ts :i* we %all n[ consid]4 ,,ii ,e>li] 9 ?is *apt] we h already rem>k$ t ! op5+ ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury witness$ ! appe>ance 9 ,asia ( nationalism's second or racial /age1 especially among ! ,turki% & ,arab peoples4 ,?is wid] /age ( nationalism has atta9$ its highe/ developm5t among ! ,turks2 :]e1 inde$1 x has gone ?r\gh two di/9ct phases1 describable respectively by ! t]ms ,pan-,turkism & ,pan-,turanism4 ,we h describ$ ! prim>y phase ( ,turki% nationalism 9 its re/rict$ ,ottoman s5se d[n to ! close ( ! ,balkan w>s ( #aiab-ac4 ,x is at t "t t ! second>y or racial aspects ( ,turki% nationalism fir/ come prom95tly to ! =e4 ,by ?is "t ! ,ottoman ,turks _h begun to realize t !y did n /& alone 9 ! _w2 t !y 71 9 fact1 ! we/]nmo/ bran* ( a va/ b& ( peoples ext5d+ "r across ea/]n ,europe & ,asia1 f ! ,baltic to ! ,pacific & f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 to :om e?nologi/s h assign$ ! "n ( ,uralo-,altaic race1 b :o are m g5]ally t]m$ ,turanians4 ,?is gr\p embraces ! mo/ widely scatt]$ folk--! ,ottoman ,turks ( ,con/ant9ople & ,anatolia1 ! ,turkomans ( ,p]sia & ,c5tral ,asia1 ! ,t>t>s ( ,s\? ,russia & ,transcaucasia1 ! ,magy>s ( ,hung>y1 ! ,f9ns ( ,f9l& & ! ,baltic prov9ces1 ! aborig9al tribes ( ,sib]ia1 & ev5 ! di/ant ,mongols & ,man*us4 ,div]se ?\gh !y are 9 culture1 tradition1 & ev5 p]sonal appe>ance1 ^! p nev]!less possess c]ta9 well-m>k$ traits 9 common4 ,_! languages are all simil>1 :ile _! physical & m5tal make-up displays und\bt$ aff9ities4 ,!y are all not$ = great physical vitality comb9$ ) unusual t\ghness ( n]ve-fibre4 ,?\gh some:at defici5t 9 imag9ation & creative arti/ic s5se1 !y are ri*ly end[$ ) pati5ce1 t5acity1 & dogg$ en]gy4 ,above all1 !y h usually display$ extraord9>y milit>y capacity1 toge!r ) a no less rem>kable aptitude = ! ma/]ful h&l+ ( subject peoples4 ,! ,turanians h c]ta9ly be5 ! greate/ conqu]ors t ! _w has ev] se54 ,attila & 8 ,huns1 ,arpad & 8 ,magy>s1 ,isp]i* & 8 ,bulg>s1 ,alp ,arslan & 8 ,seljuks1 ,ertogrul & 8 ,ottomans1 ,j5ghiz ,khan & ,tam]lane ) _! inflexible ,mongol hordes1 ,bab] 9 ,india1 ev5 ,kubilai ,khan & ,nurha*u 9 f>-(f ,ca?ay3 ! type is ev] ! same4 ,! ho(-pr9t ( ! ,turanian man on horseback is /amp$ deep all ov] ! palimpse/ ( hi/ory4 ,glori\s or s9i/] accord+ to ! po9t ( view1 ,turan's is c]ta9ly a /irr+ pa/4 ,( c\rse "o may qu]y :e!r ^! div]se peoples actually d =m "o g5u9e race4 ,b1 z we h already se51 s f> z practical politics g1 t makes no diff]5ce4 ,possess$ ( k9dr$ tongues & temp]am5ts1 & d[]$ ) su* a weal? ( s\l-/irr+ tradition1 x w\ld suffice = !m to ?9k !mselves racially "o to =m a nationali/ dynamic ( truly appall+ pot5cy4 ,until ab\t a g5]ation ago1 to be sure1 no signs ( su* a movem5t 7 visible4 ,n only 7 di/ant /ocks l ,f9ns & ,man*us q unaw>e ( any common ,turanian bond1 b ev5 obvi\s k9dr$ l ,ottoman ,turks & ,c5tral ,asian ,turkomans reg>d$ "o ano!r ) indiff]5ce or contempt4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,ottoman ,turks 7 almo/ z devoid ( racial z !y 7 ( national feel+4 ,arm9ius ,vambry tells h[1 :5 he fir/ visit$ ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahef1 ! ^w ,turkluk 7i4 e41 ',turk'7 0 consid]$ an opprobri\s synonym ( grossness & savag]y1 & :5 ,i us$ to call p's att5tion to ! racial importance ( ! ,turki% /ock 7/ret*+ f ,adrianople to ! ,pacific7 !y answ]$3 ',b y are surely n class+ u ) ,kirghiz & ) ! gross nomads ( ,t>t>y4' 444 ,) a few exceptions1 ,i f\nd no "o 9 ,con/ant9ople :o 0 s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 ! que/ions ( ,turki% nationality or language4#afj ,x 01 9 fact1 ! lab\rs ( ,we/]n e?nologi/s l ! ,hung>ian ,vambry & ! ,fr5*man ,lon ,cahun t fir/ cle>$ away ! mi/s :i* en%r\d$ ,turan4 ,^! lab\rs disclos$ ! unexpect$ va/ness ( ! ,turanian _w4 ,& ?is pres5tly acquir$ a mo/ unacademic significance4 ,! writ+s ( ,vambry & 8 colleagues spread f> & wide ?r\gh ,turan & 7 !re dev\r$ by receptive m9ds already /irr+ to ! obscure prompt+s ( a new "t4 ,! normality ( ! ,turanian movem5t is %[n by its simultane\s appe>ance at su* widely sund]$ po9ts z ,turki% ,con/ant9ople & ! ,t>t> c5tres along ! ,russian ,volga4 ,inde$1 if any?+1 ! leav5 began its work+ on ! ,volga soon] ?an on ! ,bosphorus4 ,?is ,t>t> revival1 ?\gh little kn[n1 is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y ph5om5a 9 all nationali/ hi/ory4 ,! ,t>t>s1 once ma/]s ( ,russia1 ?\gh long s9ce fall5 f _! high e/ate1 h nev] vani%$ 9 ! ,slav ocean4 ,al?\gh _m ( !m h be5 = f\r c5turies "u ,russian rule1 !y h /ubbornly ma9ta9$ _! religi\s1 racial1 & cultural id5tity4 ,clu/]$ ?ickly along ! ,volga1 especially at ,kazan & ,a/rakhan1 reta9+ mu* ( ! ,crimea1 & =m+ a consid]able m9ority 9 ,transcaucasia1 ! ,t>t>s rema9$ di/9ct enclaves 9 ! ,slav ,empire1 widely scatt]$ b indomitable4 ,! fir/ /irr+s ( nationali/ self-consci\sness among ! ,russian ,t>t>s appe>$ z f> back z #ahie1 & f !n on ! movem5t grew ) a/oni%+ rapidity4 ,! removal ( gov]nm5tal re/rictions at ! "t ( ! ,russian revolution ( #aijd 0 foll[$ by a regul> lit]>y floresc5ce4 ,/reams ( books & pamphlets1 num]\s newspap]s1 & a solid p]iodical press1 all atte/$ ! vig\r & fecundity ( ! ,t>t> revival4 ,! high economic level ( ! ,russian ,t>t>s assur$ ! mat]ial s9ews ( w>4 ,! ,t>t> oil millionaires ( ,baku "h play$ a conspicu\s rle1 freely op5+ _! capaci\s purses = ! good ( ! cause4 ,! ,russian ,t>t>s also %[$ di/9ct political ability & soon ga9$ ! confid5ce ( _! ,turkoman c\s9s ( ,russian ,c5tral ,asia1 :o 7 also /irr+ to ! brea? ( nationalism4 ,! fir/ ,russian ,duma conta9$ a l>ge ,mohamm$an gr\p s ent]pris+ 9 _s & s skilfully l$ t ,russian public op9ion became g5u9ely uneasy & enc\rag$ ! gov]nm5t to dim9i% ,t>t> influ5ce 9 ,russian p>liam5t>y life by summ>y curtailm5ts ( ,mohamm$an repres5tation4#afa ,( c\rse ! ,russian ,mohamm$ans 7 c>eful to proclaim _! political loyalty to ! ,russian ,empire4 ,nev]!less1 _m e>ne/ spirits reveal$ _! secret aspirations by seek+ a fre] & m fruitful field ( lab\r 9 ,turki% ,/ambul1 :]e ! ,russian ,t>t>s play$ a prom95t "p 9 ! ,pan-,turk & ,pan-,turanian movem5ts )9 ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,9 fact1 x 0 a ,volga ,t>t>1 ,yusuf ,bey ,ak*ura ,oglu1 :o 0 ! real f\nd] ( ! fir/ ,pan-,turanian society at ,con/ant9ople1 & 8 well-kn[n book1 ,?ree ,political ,sy/ems1 became ! text on :i* mo/ subsequ5t ,pan-,turanian writ+s h be5 bas$4#afb ,d[n to ! ,"y-,turk revolution ( #aijh1 ,pan-,turanism 0 some:at "u a cl\d at ,/ambul4 ,sultan ,abdul ,hamid1 z already rem>k$1 0 a ,pan-,islami/ & _h a root$ av]sion to all nationali/ movem5ts4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,pan-,turanians1 :ile n actually p]secut$1 7 nev] 9 ! ,sultan's fav\r4 ,) ! adv5t ( ,"y-,turk nationalism to p[]1 h[ev]1 all 0 *ang$4 ,! ,ottomaniz+ lead]s ( ! new gov]nm5t li/5$ eag]ly to ,pan-,turanian prea*+1 & mo/ ( !m became affiliat$ ) ! movem5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,russian ,t>t>s cont9u$ to play a prom95t "p4 ,! *ief ,pan-,turanian propag&i/ 0 ! able publici/ ,ahm$ ,bey ,agayeff1 a ,volga ,t>t>4 ,8 well-edit$ organ1 ,turk ,yurdu 7,turki% ,home71 p5etrat$ to e corn] ( ! ,turko-,t>t> _w & ex]cis$ great influ5ce on ! developm5t ( its public op9ion4 ,al?\gh lead]s l ,ahm$ ,bey ,agayeff cle>ly visualiz$ ! entire ,turanian _w f ,f9l& to ,man*uria z a pot5tial :ole1 & 7 ?us full-fl$g$ ,pan-,turanians1 _! practical ef=ts 7 at fir/ conf9$ to ! closely relat$ ,turko-,t>t> segm5t2 t is1 to ! ,ottomans ( ,turkey1 ! ,t>t>s ( ,russia1 & ! ,turkomans ( c5tral ,asia & ,p]sia4 ,s9ce all ^! peoples 7 also ,mohamm$ans1 x foll[s t ?is propag&a _h a religi\s z well z a racial complexion1 tr5d+ 9 _m respects t[>d ,pan-,islamism4 ,inde$1 ev5 disreg>d+ ! religi\s factor1 we may say t1 ?\gh ,pan-,turanian 9 !ory1 ! movem5t 0 at t "t 9 practice little m ?an ,pan-,turkism4 ,x 0 ! ,balkan w>s ( #aiab-ac :i* really precipitat$ full-fl$g$ ,pan-,turanism4 ,^? w>s n m]ely expell$ ! ,turks f ! ,balkans & turn$ _! eyes increas+ly t[>d ,asia1 b also r\s$ su* hatr$ ( ! victori\s ,s]bs 9 ! brea/s ( ,hung>ians & ,bulg>ians t bo? ^! peoples proclaim$ _! ,turanian orig9s & toy$ ) ideas ( ,pan-,turanian solid>ity aga9/ ! m5ace ( ,s]bo-,russian ,pan-,slavism4#afc ,! ,pan-,turanian ?9k]s 7 assur$ly evolv+ a body ( doctr9e gr&iose en\gh to satisfy ! mo/ ambiti\s hopes4 ,emphasiz+ ! great virility & n]ve-=ce ev]y:]e pat5t 9 ! ,turanian /ocks1 ^! ?9k]s saw 9 ,turan ! dom9ant race ( ! morr[4 ,zeal\s /ud5ts ( ,we/]n evolutionism & e?nology1 !y 7 evolv+ _! own special !ory ( race gr&eur & decad5ce4 ,accord+ to ,pan-,turanian tea*+1 ! hi/oric peoples ( s\!rn ,asia--,arabs1 ,p]sians1 & ,h9dus--are hopelessly deg5]ate4 ,z = ! ,europeans1 !y h rec5tly pass$ _! apogee1 &1 exhau/$ by ! consum+ fires ( mod]n indu/rialism1 are already ent]+ ^u _! decl9e4 ,x is ! ,turanians1 ) _! inh]5t virility & /eady n]ves unspoil$ by ! we> & te> ( ,we/]n civilization1 :o mu/ be ! great dynamic ( ! future4 ,inde$1 "s ,pan-,turanian ?9k]s g s f> z to proclaim t x is ! sacr$ mission ( _! race to revitalize a :ole s5esc5t1 worn-out _w by ! sav+ infusion ( reg5]ative ,turanian blood4#afd ,( c\rse ! ,pan-,turanians recogniz$ t any?+ l a realization ( _! ambiti\s dreams 0 dep5d5t ^u ! virtual de/ruction ( ! ,russian ,empire4 ,9 fact1 ,russia1 ) its ,t>t>s1 ,turkomans1 ,kirghiz1 ,f9ns1 & num]\s k9dr$ tribes1 0 9 ,pan-,turanian eyes m]ely a ,slav alluvium laid ) v>y+ ?ickness ov] a ,turanian subsoil4 ,?is turn+ ( ,russia into a va/ ,turania irr$5ta 0 c]ta9ly an ambiti\s ord]4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,pan-,turanians c\nt$ on p[]ful ,we/]n back+4 ,!y realiz$ t ,g]many & ,au/ria-,hung>y 7 fa/ drift+ t[>d w> ) ,russia1 & !y felt t su* a cataclysm1 h[ev] p]il\s1 w\ld also (f] mo/ glori\s possibilities4 ,^! ,pan-,turanian aspirations und\bt$ly _h a great deal to d ) driv+ ,turkey into ! ,great ,w> on ! side ( ! ,c5tral ,empires4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,env] ,pa%a & mo/ ( ! o!r lead]s ( ! gov]n+ gr\p _h long be5 m or less affiliat$ ) ! ,pan-,turanian movem5t4 ,( c\rse ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t _h m ?an "o /r+ to its b[4 ,x tri$ to drive ,pan-,turanism & ,pan-,islamism 9 d\ble h>ness1 us+ ! ,holy ,w> agitation = pi\s ,moslems ev]y:]e1 :ile x r$\bl$ ,pan-,turanian propag&a among ! ,turko-,t>t> peoples4 ,a good /atem5t ( ,pan-,turanian ambitions 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! w> is t ( ! publici/ ,tek9 ,alp 9 8 book1 ,! ,turki% & ,pan-,turki% ,ideal1 publi%$ 9 #aiae4 ,says ,tek9 ,alp3 ,) ! cru%+ ( ,russian despotism by ! brave ,g]man1 ,au/rian1 & ,turki% armies1 #cj1jjj1jjj to #dj1jjj1jjj ,turanians w receive _! indep5d5ce4 ,) ! #aj1jjj1jjj ,ottoman ,turks1 ?is w =m a nation ( #ej1jjj1jjj1 advanc+ t[>d a great civilization :i* may p]haps be comp>$ ) t ( ,g]many1 9 t x w h ! /r5g? & en]gy to rise ev5 high]4 ,9 "s ways x w be sup]ior to ! deg5]ate ,fr5* & ,engli% civilizations4 ,) ! collapse ( ,russia aft] ! ,bol%evik revolution at ! end ( #aiag1 ,pan-,turanian hopes knew no b\nds4 ,s c]ta9 7 !y ( triumph t !y began to fl\t ev5 _! ,g]man allies1 ?us reveal+ t hatr$ ( all ,europeans :i* _h always lurk$ at ! back ( _! m9ds4 ,a ,g]man /aff-(fic] ?us describes ! table-talk ( ,halil ,pa%a1 ! ,turki% comm&] ( ! ,mesopotamian front & uncle ( ,env]3 ,fir/ ( all1 e tribe ) a ,turki% "m-tongue mu/ be =g$ into a s+le nation4 ,! national pr9ciple 0 supreme2 s x 0 ! design to conqu] ,turke/an1 ! cradle ( ,turki% p[] & glory4 ,t 0 ! fir/ task4 ,f t base connections mu/ be e/abli%$ ) ! ,yakutes ( ,sib]ia1 :o 7 consid]$1 on acc\nt ( _! l+ui/ic k9%ip1 ! remote/ outpo/s ( ! ,turki% blood to ! ea/w>d4 ,! closely relat$ ,t>t> tribes ( ! ,caucasus mu/ naturally jo9 ?is union4 ,arm5ians & ,georgians1 :o =m m9ority nationalities 9 t t]ritory1 mu/ ei!r submit volunt>ily or be subjugat$4444 ,su* a great compact ,turki% ,empire1 ex]cis+ hegemony ov] all ! ,islamic _w1 w\ld ex]t a p[]ful attraction ^u ,afghani/an & ,p]sia4444 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aiag1 :5 ! ,turki% front 9 ,mesopotamia ?reat5$ to yield1 ,halil ,pa%a said to me1 half vex$1 half jok+ly3 ',suppos+ we let ! ,engli% h ?is curs$ des]t hole & g to ,turke/an1 :]e ,i w erect a new empire = my little boy4' ,he _h nam$ 8 y\nge/ son aft] ! great conqu]or & de/roy]1 ,j5ghiz ,khan4#afe ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! summ] ( #aiah saw ,transcaucasia & nor!rn ,p]sia ov]run by ,turki% armies head$ = ,c5tral ,asia4 ,!n came ! ,g]man collapse 9 ! ,we/ & ! end ( ! w>1 app>5tly doom+ ,turkey to de/ruction4 ,= ! mom5t ! ,pan-,turanians 7 /unn$4 ,nev]!less1 _! hopes 7 soon de/9$ to revive1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,be=e describ+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ s9ce #aiah1 :i* ne$ to be treat$ z a unit1 let u g back to consid] ! e>li] developm5ts ( ! o!r second-/age nationali/ movem5ts 9 ! ,moslem _w4 ,we h already se5 h[1 concurr5tly ) ,turki% nationalism1 ,arab nationalism 0 likewise evolv+ into ! racial /age1 ! ideal be+ a great ,pan-,arab empire1 embrac+ n m]ely ! e?nically ,arab p59sula-homel&1 ,syria1 & ,mesopotamia1 b also ! ,arabiz$ regions ( ,egypt1 ,tripoli1 ,fr5* ,nor? ,africa1 & ! ,sudan4 ,pan-,arabism has n be5 z intellectually develop$ z ,pan-,turanism1 ?\gh its g5]al tr5d is s simil> t its doctr9es ne$ n be discuss$ 9 detail4 ,"o important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two movem5ts is t ,pan-,arabism is mu* m religi\s & ,pan-,islamic 9 "*1 ! ,arabs reg>d+ !mselves z ,! ,*os5 ,p div9ely pr$e/9$ to dom9ate ! :ole ,islamic _w4 ,pan-,arabism also lacks ,pan-,turanism's unity ( direction4 ,!re h be5 two di/9ct intellectual c5tres--,syria & ,egypt4 ,9 fact1 x is 9 ,egypt t ,pan-,arab s*emes h be5 mo/ concretely elaborat$1 ! ,egyptian programme look+ t[>d a reunion ( ! ,arab-speak+ l&s "u ! ,kh$ive--p]haps at fir/ subject to ,briti% tutelage1 ?\gh ultimately ?r[+ (f ,briti% control by conc]t$ ,pan-,arab action4 ,! late ,kh$ive ,abbas ,hilmi1 depos$ by ! ,briti% 9 #aiad1 is suppos$ to h enc\rag$ ?is movem5t4#aff ,! ,great ,w> und\bt$ly /imulat$ ,pan-,arabism1 especially by its creation ( an indep5d5t ,arab k+dom 9 ! ,h$jaz ) claims on ,syria & ,mesopotamia4 ,h[ev]1 ! v>i\s ,arab peoples are s engross$ ) local indep5d5ce agitations look+ t[>d ! elim9ation ( ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian control f specific regions l ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 & ,tripoli1 t ! l>g] concept ( ,pan-,arabism1 :ile und\bt$ly an und]ly+ factor1 is n to-day 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,arab nationali/ programmes4 ,fur!rmore1 z ,i h already said1 ,pan-,arabism is int]wov5 ) ! non-racial concepts ( ,pan-,islamism & ,pan-,islamic ,nationalism4 ,?is latt] concept may seem a r grotesque contradiction ( t]ms4 ,s x may be to u ,we/]n]s4 ,b x is n necess>ily s to ,ea/]n m9ds4 ,h[ev] eag]ly ! ,ea/ may h seiz$ ^u our ideas ( nationality & patriotism1 ^? ideas h ent]$ m9ds already full ( concepts l ,islamic solid>ity & ! bro!rhood ( all ,true ,believ]s4 ,! result has be5 a subtle coloration ( ! new by ! old1 s t ev5 :5 ,moslems use our exact words1 nationality1 race1 etc41 _! conception ( :at ^? words mean is di/9ctly diff]5t f ours4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 fact ext5d to all political concepts4 ,take ! ^w ,/ate1 = example4 ,! typical ,mohamm$an /ate is n1 l ! typical ,we/]n /ate1 a %>ply def9$ unit1 ) fix$ b\nd>ies & full sov]eignty ex]cis$ ev]y:]e )9 its fronti]s4 ,x is m or less an amorph\s mass1 ) a c5tral nucleus1 ! seat ( an au?ority :i* %ades (f into ill-def9$1 an>*ic indep5d5ce4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! pa/ half-c5tury1 mo/ ,mohamm$an /ates h tri$ to remodel !mselves on ,we/]n l9es1 b ! traditional t5d5cy is typifi$ by ,afghani/an1 :]e ! tribes ( ! ,indian nor?-we/ fronti]1 ?\gh nom9ally ,afghan1 enjoy practical indep5d5ce & h frequ5tly conduct$ private w>s ( _! own aga9/ ! ,briti% :i* ! ,ame] has disav[$ & = :i* ! ,briti% h n held him responsible4 ,simil>ly ) ! t]m ,nationality4 ,9 ,moslem eyes1 a man ne$ n be born or =mally naturaliz$ to be a memb] ( a c]ta9 ,moslem ,nationality4 ,e ,moslem is m or less at home 9 e "p ( ,islam1 s a man may j happ5 into a p>ticul> c\ntry & !reby become at once1 if he wi%es1 a national 9 good /&+4 ,= example3 ,egypt = ! ,egyptians does n mean precisely :at we ?9k4 ,let a ,mohamm$an ( ,algi]s or ,damascus settle 9 ,cairo4 ,no?+ prev5ts him f act+1 & be+ consid]$ z1 an ,egyptian ,nationali/ 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m4 ,?is is because ,islam has always _h a di/9ct idea ( t]ritorial z well z spiritual unity4 ,all pr$om9antly ,mohamm$an l&s are believ$ by ,moslems to con/itute ,d>-ul-,islam1#afg :i* is 9 a s5se ! jo9t possession ( all ,moslems & :i* all ,moslems are jo9tly obligat$ to def5d4 ,t is ! reason :y ali5 encroa*m5ts on any ,moslem l& are in/antly res5t$ by ,moslems at ! opposite end ( ! ,moslem _w1 :o c\ld h no possible mat]ial int]e/ 9 ! matt]4 ,we are n[ bett] able to und]/& h[ _m ,moslem ?9k]s1 comb9+ ! ,we/]n concept ( nationality ) ! traditional idea ( ,d>-ul-,islam1 h evolv$ a new syn!sis ( ! two1 express$ by ! t]m ,pan-,islamic ,nationalism4 ,?is tr5d ( ?\ght is well set =? by an ,indian ,moslem1 :o writes3 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! :ole sci5ce ( gov]nm5t re/s on ! axiom t ! ess5tial divisions ( humanity are det]m9$ by consid]ations ( race & geography2 b = ,ori5tals ^! ideas are v f> f be+ axioms4 ,= !m1 humanity divides accord+ to religi\s beliefs4 ,! unity is no long] ! nation or ! ,/ate1 b ! ',millah4'#afh ,europeans see 9 ?is a c\nt]p>t to _! ,middle ,ages--a /age :i* ,islam %\ld pass ?r\gh on its way to mod]nity 9 ! ,we/]n s5se4 ,h[ badly !y und]/& h[ religion looks to a ,mohamm$an6 ,!y =get t ,islam is n only a religion1 b also a social organization1 a =m ( culture1 & a nationality4444 ,! pr9ciple ( ,islamic frat]nity--( ,pan-,islamism1 if y pref] ! ^w--is analog\s to patriotism1 b ) ?is diff]5ce3 ?is ,islamic frat]nity1 ?\gh result+ 9 id5tity ( laws & cu/oms1 has n 7l ,we/]n ,nationality7 be5 br\ght ab\t by community ( race1 c\ntry1 or hi/ory1 b has be5 receiv$1 z we believe1 directly f ,god4#afi ,pan-,islamic nationalism is a relatively rec5t ph5om5on & has n be5 doctr9ally work$ out4 ,nev]!less x is visible ?r\gh\t ! ,moslem _w & is ga9+ 9 /r5g?1 p>ticul>ly 9 regions l ,nor? ,africa & ,india1 :]e /rong t]ritorial patriotism has1 = "o reason or ano!r1 n develop$4 ,z a ,fr5* writ] rem>ks3 ,mohamm$an ,nationalism is n an isolat$ or sporadic agitation4 ,x is a broad tide1 :i* is fl[+ ov] ! :ole ,islamic _w ( ,asia1 ,india1 & ,africa4 ,nationalism is a new =m ( ! ,mohamm$an fai?1 :i*1 f> f be+ und]m9$ by contact ) ,european civilization1 seems to h discov]$ a surplus ( religi\s f]v\r1 & :i*1 9 its desire = expansion & proselytism1 t5ds to realize its unity by r\s+ ! fanaticism ( ! masses1 by direct+ ! political t5d5cies ( ! lites1 & by s[+ ev]y:]e ! se$s ( a dang]\s agitation4#agj ,pan-,islamic nationalism may ?us1 9 ! future1 become a major factor :i* w h to be s]i\sly reckon$ )4#aga ,,iii ,s ends our survey ( nationali/ movem5ts 9 ! ,moslem _w4 ,giv5 su* a tangl$ complex ( aspirations1 enorm\sly /imulat$ by ,armag$don1 x 0 only natural t ! close ( ! ,great ,w> %\ld h left ! ,ori5t a v]itable welt] ( unre/4 ,obvi\sly1 any?+ l a con/ructive settlem5t c\ld h be5 effect$ only by ! ex]cise ( true /atesman%ip ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,v]sailles peace conf]5ce 0 devoid ( true /atesman%ip1 & ! result+ settlem5t n only fail$ to give peace to ,europe b disclos$ an attitude t[>d ! ,ea/ inspir$ by ! pre-w> _s ( pr$atory imp]ialism & cynical ,realpolitik4 ,app>5tly oblivi\s ( ! mighty psy*ological *anges :i* ! w> _h wr\ght1 & ( ! consequ5t *anges ( attitude & policy requir$1 ! victori\s ,allies proce$$ to treat ! ,ori5t z ?\gh ,armag$don 7 a skirmi% & ,asia ! sleep+ giant ( a c5tury ago4 ,9 fact1 disreg>d+ bo? ! g5]al pron\ncem5ts ( lib]al pr9ciples & ! specific promises ( self-det]m9ation = ,ne> ,ea/]n peoples :i* !y _h made dur+ ! w>1 ! ,allies n[ p>ad$ a s]ies ( secret treaties 7negotiat$ betwe5 !mselves dur+ ^? same w>-ye>s :5 !y _h be5 s unctu\sly orat+71 & ^! secret treaties cle>ly divid$ up ! ,ottoman ,empire among ! victors1 9 absolute disreg>d ( ! wi%es ( ! inhabitants4 ,! purposes ( ! ,allies 7 fur!r reveal$ by ! way 9 :i* ! ,v]sailles conf]5ce refus$ to receive ! repres5tatives ( ,p]sia 7!oretically /ill indep5d5t71 b kept !m cool+ _! heels 9 ,p>is :ile ,briti% pressure at ,teh]an =c$ ! ,%ah's gov]nm5t to ent] into an agreem5t t made ,p]sia a virtual protectorate ( ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,z = ! ,egyptians1 :o _h always prote/$ aga9/ ! protectorate proclaim$ by ,engl& solely on its own initiative 9 #aiad1 ! conf]5ce refus$ to pay any att5tion to _! delegates1 & !y 7 giv5 to und]/& t ! conf]5ce reg>d$ ! ,briti% protectorate ov] ,egypt z a fait accompli4 ,! up%ot 0 t1 z a result ( ! w>1 ,european dom9ation ov] ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ 0 rivet$ r ?an relax$4 ,b ! /range/ feature ( ?is /range bus9ess rema9s to be told4 ,"o might imag9e t ! ,alli$ lead]s w\ld h realiz$ t !y 7 play+ a dang]\s game1 :i* c\ld succe$ only by close team-"w & quick action4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! v rev]se 0 ! case4 ,aft] %[+ _! h&1 & !reby fill+ ! ,ea/ ) disillusionm5t1 despair1 & fury1 ! ,allies proce$$ to qu>rel ov] ! spoils4 ,ne>ly two ye>s pass$ be=e ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy 7 able to come to an ev5 sup]ficial agreem5t z to ! p>tition ( ! ,ottoman ,empire1 & mean:ile !y _h be5 bick]+ & intrigu+ aga9/ ea* o!r all ov] ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,?is 0 %e] madness4 ,! de/9$ victims 7 !reby in=m$ t ,european dom9ation re/$ n only on disreg>d ( ! moral impond]ables b on diplomatic bankruptcy z well4 ,! obvi\s reflection 0 t a dom9ation re/+ on su* rott5 f\ndations might well be ov]?r[n4 ,t1 at any rate1 is ! way multitudes ( ,ori5tals read ! situation1 & _! rebelli\s feel+s 7 /imulat$ n m]ely by consci\sness ( _! own /r5g? & ,we/]n disunion1 b also by ! active enc\ragem5t ( a new ally--,bol%evik ,russia4 ,russian ,bol%evism _h ?r[n d[n ! gauntlet to ,we/]n civilization1 & 9 ! desp]ate /ruggle :i* 0 n[ on1 ! ,bol%evik lead]s saw ) t]rible glee ! gold5 opportunities v\*saf$ !m 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! details ( ,bol%evik activity 9 ! ,ori5t w be consid]$ 9 ! *apt] on ,social ,unre/4 ,suffice x to rememb] "h t ,bol%evik propag&a is an important elem5t 9 t pr(\nd f]m5t :i* ext5ds ov] ! :ole ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/2 a f]m5t :i* has r$uc$ "s regions to ! v]ge ( *aos & :i* ?reat5s to increase r ?an dim9i% 9 ! imm$iate future4 ,to relate all ! details ( contempor>y ,ea/]n unre/ w\ld fill a book 9 itself4 ,let u "h cont5t ourselves ) consid]+ ! *ief c5tres ( ?is unre/1 rememb]+ always t x exi/s ?r\gh\t ! ,moslem _w f ,fr5* ,nor? ,africa to ,c5tral ,asia & ! ,dut* ,indies4 ,! c5tres to be "h survey$ w be ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ! ,turki% & ,arab regions ( ! =m] ,ottoman ,empire4 ,a fif? ma9 c5tre ( unre/--,india--w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! ga!r+ /orm fir/ broke 9 ,egypt4 ,dur+ ! w> ,egypt1 flood$ ) ,briti% troops & subject$ to ! mo/ /r+5t m>tial law1 _h rema9$ quiet1 b x 0 ! quiet ( repression1 n ( passivity4 ,we h se5 h[1 ) ! op5+ ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 virtually all educat$ ,egyptians _h become m or less impregnat$ ) nationali/ ideas1 albeit a l>ge proportion ( !m believ$ 9 evolution>y r ?an revolution>y me?ods4 ,! *ief hope ( ! mod]ates _h be5 ! provisional "* ( ,engli% rule4 ,s long z ,engl& decl>$ h]self m]ely 9 tempor>y occupation ( ,egypt1 any?+ 0 possible4 ,b ! proclamation ( ! protectorate 9 #aiad1 :i* decl>$ ,egypt "p ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 entirely *ang$ ! situation4 ,ev5 ! mo/ mod]ate nationali/s felt t ! future 0 def9itely prejudg$ aga9/ !m & t ! door _h be5 irrevocably clos$ ^u _! ultimate aspirations4 ,! result 0 t ! mod]ates 7 driv5 ov] to ! extremi/s & 7 ready to jo9 ! latt] 9 viol5t action z soon z opportunity might (f]4 ,! extreme nationali/s _h ( c\rse prote/$ bitt]ly aga9/ ! protectorate f ! fir/1 & ! close ( ! w> saw a delegation compos$ ( bo? nationali/ w+s proce$ to ,p>is to lay _! claims be=e ! ,v]sailles conf]5ce4 ,rebuff$ by ! conf]5ce1 :i* recogniz$ ! ,briti% protectorate ov] ,egypt z "p ( ! peace settlem5t1 ! ,egyptian delegation issu$ a =mal prote/ w>n+ ( tr\ble4 ,?is prote/ read3 ,we h knock$ at door aft] door1 b h receiv$ no answ]4 ,9 spite ( ! def9ite pl$ges giv5 by ! /atesm5 at ! head ( ! nations :i* won ! w>1 to ! effect t _! victory w\ld mean ! triumph ( ,"r ov] ,might & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciple ( self-det]m9ation = small nations1 ! ,briti% protectorate ov] ,egypt 0 writt5 into ! treaties ( ,v]sailles & ,sa9t ,g]ma9 )\t ! p ( ,egypt be+ consult$ z to _! political /atus4 ,?is crime aga9/ our nation1 a brea* ( good fai? on ! "p ( ! ,p[]s :o h decl>$ t !y are =m+ 9 ! same ,treaty a ,society ( ,nations1 w n be consummat$ )\t a solemn w>n+ t ! p ( ,egypt consid] ! decision tak5 at ,p>is null & void4444 ,if our voice is n he>d1 x w be only because ! blood already %$ has n be5 en\gh to ov]?r[ ! old _w-ord] & give bir? to a new _w-ord]4#agb ,be=e ^! l9es _h appe>$ 9 type1 tr\ble 9 ,egypt _h begun4 ,simultane\sly ) ! arrival ( ! ,egyptian delegation at ,p>is1 ! nationali/s 9 ,egypt laid _! dem&s be=e ! ,briti% au?orities4 ,! nationali/ programme dem&$ complete self-gov]nm5t = ,egypt1 leav+ ,engl& only a "r ( sup]vision ov] ! public debt & ! ,suez ,canal4 ,! nationali/s' /r5g? 0 %[n by ! fact t ^! proposals 7 indors$ by ! ,egyptian cab9et rec5tly appo9t$ by ! ,kh$ive at ,briti% sugge/ion4 ,9 fact1 ! ,egyptian ,premi]1 ,r\%di ,pa%a1 ask$ to be all[$ to g to ,london ) "s ( 8 colleagues = a he>+4 ,?is plac$ ! ,briti% au?orities 9 ,egypt 9 a di/9ctly try+ position4 ,h[ev]1 !y det]m9$ to /& firm1 & accord+ly answ]$ t ,engl& c\ld n ab&on its responsibility = ! cont9uance ( ord] & good gov]nm5t 9 ,egypt1 n[ a ,briti% protectorate & an integral "p ( ! empire1 & t no useful purpose w\ld be s]v$ by all[+ ! ,egyptian lead]s to g to ,london & !re advance immod]ate dem&s :i* c\ld n possibly be ent]ta9$4 ,! ,engli% attitude 0 firm4 ,! ,egyptian attitude 0 no less firm4 ,! cab9et at once resign$1 no new cab9et c\ld be =m$1 & ! ,briti% ,high ,commission]1 ,g5]al ,all5by1 0 =c$ to assume unveil$ control4 ,mean:ile ! nationali/s ann\nc$ t !y 7 go+ to hold a plebiscite to det]m9e ! attitude ( ! ,egyptian p4 ,=bidd5 by ! ,briti% au?orities1 ! plebiscite 0 nev]!less illegally held1 & result$1 accord+ to ! nationali/s1 9 an ov]:elm+ popul> indorsem5t ( _! dem&s4 ,?is defiant attitude det]m9$ ! ,briti% on /rong action4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai1 mo/ ( ! nationali/ lead]s 7 seiz$ & deport$ to ,malta4 ,egypt's answ] 0 an explosion4 ,f "o end ( ! c\ntry to ! o!r1 ,egypt flam$ into rebellion4 ,ev]y:]e x 0 ! same /ory4 ,railways & telegraph l9es 7 sy/ematically cut4 ,tra9s 7 /all$ & loot$4 ,isolat$ ,briti% (fic]s & soldi]s 7 murd]$4 ,9 ,cairo alone1 ?\s&s ( h\ses 7 sack$ by ! mob4 ,soon ! dang] 0 r5d]$ m acute by ! irruption out ( ! des]t ( sw>ms ( ,b$\9 ,arabs b5t on plund]4 ,= a few days ,egypt trembl$ on ! v]ge ( an>*y1 & ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t admitt$ 9 ,p>liam5t t all ,egypt 0 9 a /ate ( insurrection4 ,! ,briti% au?orities met ! crisis ) vig\r & det]m9ation4 ,! numb] ( ,briti% troops 9 ,egypt 0 l>ge1 tru/y black regim5ts 7 hurri$ up f ! ,sudan1 & ! well-discipl9$ ,egyptian native police g5]ally obey$ ord]s4 ,aft] sev]al weeks ( %>p fight+ & heavy loss ( life1 ,egypt 0 aga9 gott5 "u control4 ,ord] 0 re/or$1 b ! outlook 0 om9\s 9 ! extreme4 ,only ! pres5ce ( mass$ ,briti% & ,sudanese troops enabl$ ord] to be ma9ta9$4 ,ev5 ! application ( /]n m>tial law c\ld n prev5t cont9u\s nationali/ demon/rations1 sometimes end+ 9 riots1 fight+1 & heavy loss ( life4 ,! mo/ s]i\s aspect ( ! situation 0 t n only 7 ! upp] classes solidly nationali/1 b !y _h beh9d !m ! hi!rto passive fellah millions4 ,! w>-ye>s _h borne h>d on ! fellahe54 ,milit>y exig5cies _h compell$ ,brita9 to conscript fully a million ( !m = =c$ lab\r 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ & ev5 9 ,europe1 :ile !re _h also be5 :olesale requisitions ( gra91 fodd]1 & o!r supplies4 ,^! ?+s _h caus$ pr(\nd discont5t & _h r\s$ among ! fellahe5 n m]ely passive dislike b active hatr$ ( ,briti% rule4 ,au?oritative ,engli% exp]ts on ,egypt 7 s]i\sly al>m$4 ,%ortly aft] ! riots ,sir ,william ,willcocks1 ! not$ eng9e]1 said 9 a public /atem5t3 ,! key/one ( ! ,briti% occupation ( ,egypt 0 ! fact t ! fellahe5 7 = x4 ,! ,%eikhs1 ,omdehs1 gov]n+ classes1 & high religi\s heads might or might n be ho/ile1 b no?+ c\nt$ = mu* :ile ! millions ( fellahe5 7 solid = ! occupation4 ,! ,briti% h und\bt$ly to-day lo/ ! fri5d%ip & confid5ce ( ! fellahe54 ,& ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol /at$ 9 ! ,london ,times3 ,we are n[ admitt$ly face to face ) ! om9\s fact t = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! ,briti% occupation l>ge numb]s ( ! ,egyptian fellahe51 :o owe f> m to u ?an does any o!r class ( ,egyptians1 h be5 work$ up into a fev] ( bitt] discont5t & hatr$4 ,v few p at home1 ev5 9 responsible qu>t]s1 h1 ,i ?9k1 ! slighte/ conception ( ! v dang]\s degree ( t5sion :i* has n[ be5 rea*$ out "h4 ,all =eign obs]v]s 7 impress$ by ! nationali/ feel+ :i* unit$ all cre$s & classes4 ,reg>d+ ! mon/] demon/rations held dur+ ! summ] ( #aiai1 an ,italian publici/ wrote3 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 ! bann]s fl[n %[$ ! ,cresc5t int]wov5 ) ! ,cross4 ,until a %ort "t ago ! two elem5ts 7 z di/9ct f ea* o!r z ea* ( !m 0 f ! ,jews4 ,to-day1 precisely z has happ5$ 9 ,india among ! ,mussulmans & ! ,h9dus1 e trace ( religi\s division has dep>t$4 ,all ,egyptians are enroll$ "u a s+le bann]4 ,e "o beh9d 8 mask ( sil5ce is burn+ ) ! same fai?1 & confid5t t 8 cause w ultimately triumph4#agc ,& a ,fr5*woman1 a lifelong resid5t ( ,egypt1 wrote3 ,we h se5 surpris+ ?+s 9 ?is c\ntry1 s (t5 divid$ by p>ty & religi\s /ruggles3 ,coptic prie/s prea*+ 9 mosques1 ulemas prea*+ 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es2 ,syrian1 ,m>onite1 or ,mohamm$an /ud5ts2 wom51 :e!r ( ,turki% or ,egyptian blood1 unit$ 9 ! same f]v\r1 ! same ard5t desire to see break ov] _! anci5t l& ! radiant dawn ( indep5d5ce4 ,= ^? :o1 l myself1 h kn[n ! ,egypt ( ,tewfik1 ! attitude ( ! wom5 ^! la/ few ye>s is ! mo/ surpris+ trans=mation t has happ5$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile4 ,"o %\ld h se5 ! non*alant life1 ! almo/ complete indiff]5ce to any?+ sav\r+ ( politics1 to appreciate ! enorm\s /eps tak5 9 ! la/ few mon?s4 ,= example3 la/ summ] a procession ( wom5 demon/rators 0 surr\nd$ by ,briti% soldi]s ) fix$ bayonets4 ,"o ( ! wom51 ?reat5$ by a soldi]1 turn$ on him1 b>+ h] brea/1 & cri$3 ',kill me1 !n1 s t !re may be ano!r ,miss ,cavell4'#agd ,fac$ by ?is unprec$5t$ nationali/ f]v\r1 ,engli%m5 on ! spot 7 ( two op9ions4 ,"s1 l ,sir ,william ,willcocks & ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol1 /at$ t ext5sive concessions mu/ be made4#age ,o!r qualifi$ obs]v]s ass]t$ t concessions w\ld be weakness & w\ld spell disa/]4 ,said ,sir ,m4 ,mc,ilwraith3 ,five ye>s ( a ,nationali/ rgime w\ld lead to hopeless *aos & disord]4444 ,if ,egypt is n to fall back into ! morass ( bankruptcy & an>*y f :i* we rescu$ h] 9 #ahhb1 ) ! /ill great] horrors ( ,bol%evism1 ( :i* !re are already s9i/] indications1 sup]add$1 ,brita9 mu/ n loos5 h] control4#agf ,9 ,engl& ! ,egyptian situation caus$ grave disquietude1 & 9 ! summ] ( #aiai ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ann\nc$ ! appo9tm5t ( a commission ( inquiry head$ by ,"l ,miln] to inve/igate fully into ,egyptian affairs4 ,! appo9tm5t 0 a wise "o4 ,"l ,miln] 0 "o ( ! able/ figures 9 ,briti% political life1 a man ( long exp]i5ce ) imp]ial problems1 includ+ t ( ,egypt1 & possess$ ( a temp]am5t equally remote f ! doctr9aire lib]al or ! hideb\nd cons]vative4 ,9 %ort1 ,"l ,miln] 0 a reali/1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 z 8 action soon prov$4 ,arriv+ 9 ,egypt at ! beg9n+ ( #aibj1 ,"l ,miln] & 8 colleagues f\nd !mselves confront$ ) a mo/ difficult situation4 ,9 ,egypt ! ^w _h gone =? to boycott ! commission1 & n m]ely nationali/ politicians b also religi\s lead]s l ! ,gr& ,mufti refus$ ev5 to discuss matt]s unless ! commission]s w\ld fir/ agree to ,egyptian indep5d5ce4 ,?is look$ l a deadlock4 ,nev]!less1 by inf9ite tact & pati5ce1 ,"l ,miln] f9ally got into free & frank discussion ) ,zagl\l ,pa%a & ! o!r responsible nationali/ lead]s4 ,8 ef=ts 7 und\bt$ly help$ by c]ta9 developm5ts )9 ,egypt itself4 ,9 ,egypt1 z else:]e 9 ! ,ea/1 !re 7 appe>+ symptoms n m]ely ( political b also ( social unre/4 ,new types ( agitators 7 spr++ up1 prea*+ to ! populace ! mo/ extreme revolution>y doctr9es4 ,^! y\?ful agitators disquiet$ ! regul> nationali/ lead]s1 :o felt !mselves ?reat5$ bo? z p>ty *iefs & z m5 ( social /&+ & prop]ty4 ,! up%ot 0 t1 by ! autumn ( #aibj1 ,"l ,miln] & ,zagl\l ,pa%a _h agre$ ^u ! basis ( :at look$ l a g5u9e compromise4 ,accord+ to ! intimations !n giv5 out to ! press1 & lat] confirm$ by ! nature ( ,"l ,miln]'s (ficial report1 ! l9es ( ! t5tative agreem5t ran z foll[s3 ,engl& 0 to )draw h] protectorate & 0 to decl>e ,egypt indep5d5t4 ,?is indep5d5ce 0 qualifi$ to ab\t ! same ext5t t ,cuba's is t[>d ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,egypt 0 to h complete self-gov]nm5t1 bo? ! ,briti% g>rison & ,briti% civilian (ficials be+ )drawn4 ,egypt 01 h[ev]1 to make a p]petual treaty ( alliance ) ,great ,brita91 0 to agree n to make treaties ) o!r ,p[]s save ) ,brita9's cons5t1 & 0 to grant ,brita9 a milit>y & naval /ation = ! protection ( ! ,suez ,canal & ( ,egypt itself 9 case ( sudd5 attack by =eign enemies4 ,! vex$ "q ( ! ,sudan 0 left tempor>ily op54 ,^! proposals bore ! e>m>ks ( g5u9ely con/ructive compromise4 ,un=tunately1 !y 7 n at once act$ ^u4#agg ,bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,egypt !y r\s$ /rong opposition4 ,9 ,engl& adv]se (ficial influ5ces held up ! commission's report till ,febru>y1 #aiba4 ,9 ,egypt ! extreme nationali/s d5\nc$ ,zagl\l ,pa%a z a traitor1 ?\gh mod]ate op9ion seem$ sub/antially satisfi$4 ,! commission's report1 z f9ally publi%$1 decl>$ t ! grant ( self-gov]nm5t to ,egypt c\ld n be safely po/pon$2 t ! nationali/ _s c\ld n be ext+ui%$2 t an attempt to gov]n ,egypt 9 ! tee? ( a ho/ile p w\ld be a difficult & disgraceful task2 & t x w\ld be a great mis=tune if ! pres5t opportunity = a settlem5t 7 lo/4 ,h[ev]1 ! report 0 n indors$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 its entirety1 & ,"l ,miln] =?) resign$4 ,z = ,zagl\l ,pa%a1 he /ill ma9ta9s 8 position z nationali/ lead]1 b 8 au?ority has be5 gravely %ak54 ,su* is ! situation ( ,egypt at ?is pres5t writ+3 a situation frankly n s enc\rag+ z x 0 la/ ye>4 ,mean:ile ! /orm :i* _h begun 9 ,egypt _h long s9ce spread to o!r p>ts ( ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,9 fact1 by ! op5+ mon?s ( #aibj1 ! /orm-c5tre _h %ift$ to ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,= ?is ! ,allies !mselves 7 l>gely to blame4 ,( c\rse a con/ructive settlem5t ( ^! tr\bl$ regions w\ld h be5 v difficult4 ,/ill1 x might n h prov$ impossible if ,alli$ policy _h be5 fair & above-bo>d4 ,! close ( ! w> f\nd ! v>i\s peoples ( ! ,ottoman ,empire hopeful t ! lib]al w>-aims pr(ess$ by ! ,alli$ spokesm5 w\ld be r$eem$4 ,! ,arab elem5ts 7 notably hopeful1 because !y _h be5 giv5 a :ole s]ies ( ,alli$ promises 7%ortly to be repudiat$1 z we %all pres5tly see71 :ile ev5 ! beat5 ,turks 7 n entirely b]eft ( hope 9 ! future4 ,besides ! g5]al pron\ncem5ts ( lib]al treatm5t z =mulat$ 9 ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts programme ( ,presid5t ,wilson & indors$ by ! ,allies1 ! ,turks _h pl$ges ( a m specific "*1 notably by ,premi] ,lloyd ,george1 :o1 on ,janu>y #e1 #aiah1 _h said3 ,nor are we fight+ to deprive ,turkey ( its capital or ( ! ri* & r5[n$ l&s ( ,asia ,m9or & ,?race1 :i* are pr$om9antly ,turki% 9 race4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,turks 7 giv5 unequivocally to und]/& t1 :ile _! rule ov] non-,turki% regions l ! ,arab prov9ces mu/ cease1 ! ,turki% regions ( ! empire 7 n to pass "u ali5 rule1 b 7 to =m a ,turki% national /ate4 ,! ,turks did n "k ab\t a s]ies ( secret treaties betwe5 ! ,allies1 begun 9 #aiae1 :i* p>tition$ practically ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or betwe5 ! ,alli$ ,p[]s4 ,^! 7 to come out a little lat]4 ,= ! mom5t ! ,turks might hope4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,arabs !re 7 f> bright] gr\nds = nationali/ hopes--& f> d>k] dep?s ( ,alli$ duplicity4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! ,arab revolt ( #aiaf1 :i*1 beg9n+ 9 ! ,h$jaz "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,%]eef ( ,mecca1 pres5tly spread ?r\gh all ! ,arab prov9ces ( ! ,ottoman ,empire & contribut$ s l>gely to ! collapse ( ,turki% resi/ance4 ,?is revolt 01 h[ev]1 n a sudd51 unprem$itat$ ?+4 ,x _h be5 c>efully plann$1 & 0 due l>gely to ,alli$ back+--& ,alli$ promises4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ( ! w> ,arab nationali/ malcont5ts _h be5 9 t\* ) ! ,briti% au?orities 9 ,egypt4 ,!y 7 w>mly welcom$ & enc\rag$ 9 _! sep>ati/ s*emes1 because an ,arab rebellion w\ld obvi\sly be ( invaluable assi/ance to ! ,briti% 9 safegu>d+ ,egypt & ! ,suez ,canal1 to say no?+ ( an advance into ,turki% t]ritory4 ,! ,arabs1 h[ev]1 ask$ n m]ely mat]ial aid b also def9ite promises t _! rebellion %\ld be rew>d$ by ! =mation ( an ,arab /ate embrac+ ! ,arab prov9ces ( ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,un=tunately = ,arab nationali/ aspirations1 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts _h _! own ideas z to ! future ( ,turkey's ,arab prov9ces4 ,bo? ,engl& & ,france _h long possess$ sph]es ( influ5ce 9 ^? regions4 ,! ,engli% sph]e 0 9 s\!rn ,mesopotamia at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! ,fr5* sph]e 0 ! ,lebanon1 a m\nta9\s di/rict 9 nor!rn ,syria j inl& f ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 :]e ! population1 kn[n z ,m>onites1 7 ,roman ,ca?olics1 ov] :om ,france _h long ext5d$ h] diplomatic protection4 ,( c\rse bo? ^! di/ricts 7 legally ,turki% t]ritory4 ,also1 bo? 7 small 9 area4 ,b sph]es ( influ5ce are ela/ic ?+s4 ,"u fav\rable circum/ances !y are capable ( sudd5 expansion to an extraord9>y degree4 ,su* a circum/ance 0 ! ,great ,w>4 ,accord+ly ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,=eign ,(fices put _! heads toge!r & on ,m>* #e1 #aiae1 ! two gov]nm5ts sign$ a secret treaty by ! t]ms ( :i* ,france 0 giv5 a pr$om9ant position 9 ,syria & ,brita9 a pr$om9ant position 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,no def9ite b\nd>ies 7 !n assign$1 b ! int5t 0 to /ake out claims :i* w\ld p>tition ,turkey's ,arab prov9ces betwe5 ,engl& & ,france4 ,naturally ! exi/5ce ( ?is secret treaty 0 an emb>rassm5t to ! ,briti% (ficials 9 ,egypt 9 _! negotiations ) ! ,arabs4 ,h[ev]1 an ,arab rebellion 0 too valuable an asset to be lo/1 & ! ,briti% negotiators f9ally evolv$ a =mula :i* satisfi$ ! ,arab lead]s4 ,on ,octob] #be1 #aiae1 ! ,%]eef ( ,mecca's repres5tative at ,cairo 0 giv5 a docum5t by ! ,gov]nor-,g5]al ( ,egypt1 ,sir ,h5ry ,mc,mahon1 9 :i* ,great ,brita9 und]took1 conditional ^u an ,arab revolt1 to recognize ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,arabs ( ! ,ottoman ,empire except 9 s\!rn ,mesopotamia1 :]e ,briti% int]e/s requir$ special measures ( adm9i/rative control1 & also except areas :]e ,great ,brita9 0 n free to act )\t detrim5t to ! int]e/s ( ,france4 ,?is la/ clause 0 ( c\rse a jok]4 ,h[ev]1 x a*iev$ its purpose4 ,! ,arabs1 kn[+ no?+ ab\t ! secret treaty1 suppos$ x ref]r$ m]ely to ! re/rict$ di/rict ( ! ,lebanon4 ,!y w5t home jubilant1 to prep>e ! revolt :i* broke out next ye>4 ,! revolt began 9 ,novemb]1 #aiaf4 ,x might n h begun at all _h ! ,arabs kn[n :at _h happ5$ ! prec$+ ,may4 ,9 t mon? ,engl& & ,france sign$ ano!r secret treaty1 ! celebrat$ ,sykes-,picot ,agreem5t4 ,?is agreem5t def9itely p>tition$ ,turkey's ,arab prov9ces along ! l9es sugge/$ 9 ! initial secret treaty ( ! ye> be=e4 ,by ! ,sykes-,picot ,agreem5t mo/ ( ,mesopotamia 0 to be def9itely ,briti%1 :ile ! ,syrian coa/ f ,tyre to ,alex&retta 0 to be def9itely ,fr5*1 toge!r ) ext5sive ,arm5ian & ,asia ,m9or regions to ! nor?w>d4 ,pale/9e 0 to be int]national1 albeit its *ief seaport1 ,haifa1 0 to be ,briti%1 & ! implication 0 t ,pale/9e fell )9 ! ,engli% sph]e4 ,z to ! great h9t]l& ly+ betwe5 ,mesopotamia & ! ,syrian coa/1 x 0 to be indep5d5t ,arab "u two sph]es ( influ5ce1 ,briti% & ,fr5*2 ! ,fr5* sph]e embrac+ all ! re/ ( ,syria f ,aleppo to ,damascus1 ! ,engli% sph]e embrac+ all ! re/ ( ,mesopotamia--! region ab\t ,mosul4 ,9 o!r words1 ! indep5d5ce promis$ ! ,arabs by ,sir ,h5ry ,mc,mahon _h vani%$ into ?9 air4 ,?is little %ift beh9d ! sc5es 0 ( c\rse n communicat$ to ! ,arabs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,briti% did ev]y?+ possible to /imulate ,arab nationali/ hopes--?is be+ ! be/ way to extract _! fight+ zeal aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t s5t ! ,arabs a numb] ( pick$ intellig5ce (fic]s1 notably a c]ta9 ,colonel ,lawr5ce1 an extraord9>y "y man :o soon ga9$ unb\nd$ influ5ce ov] ! ,arab *iefs & became kn[n z ,! ,s\l ( ! ,arabian ,revolution4#agh ,^! m51 *os5 = _! k (1 & sympa?y =1 ! ,arabs1 7 n in=m$ ab\t ! secret treaties1 s t _! enc\ragem5t ( ,arab zeal might n be m>r$ by any lack ( s9c]ity4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,briti% g5]als 7 prodigal ( promises 9 _! proclamations4#agi ,! climax ( ?is bless$ com$y occurr$ at ! v close ( ! w>1 :5 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts issu$ ! foll[+ jo9t decl>ation :i* 0 po/$ ?r\gh\t ! ,arab prov9ces3 ,! aim :i* ,france & ,great ,brita9 h 9 view 9 wag+ 9 ! ,ea/ ! w> let loose ^u ! _w by ,g]man ambition1 is to insure ! complete & f9al emancipation ( all ^? peoples1 s long oppress$ by ,turks1 & to e/abli% national gov]nm5ts & adm9i/rations :i* %all d]ive _! au?ority f ! initiative & free w ( ! p !mselves4 ,?is climax 01 h[ev]1 foll[$ by a swift dn\em5t4 ,! w> 0 ov]1 ! enemy 0 beat51 ! com$y 0 end$1 ! curta9 0 rung d[n1 & on t curta9 ! ,arabs read--! inn] tru? ( ?+s4 ,fr5* troops appe>$ to occupy ! ,syrian coa/1 ! secret treaties came out1 & ! ,arabs le>n$ h[ !y _h be5 trick$4 ,black & bitt] 0 _! wra?4 ,probably !y w\ld h explod$ at once _h x n be5 = _! cool-head$ *iefs1 especially ,pr9ce ,feisal1 ! son ( ! ,%]eef ( ,mecca1 :o _h prov$ himself a real lead] ( m5 dur+ ! w> & :o _h n[ atta9$ a position ( unque/ion$ au?ority4 ,feisal knew ! ,allies' milit>y /r5g? & realiz$ h[ haz>d\s w> w\ld be1 especially at t "t4 ,feel+ ! moral /r5g? ( ! ,arab position1 he bes\ght 8 c\ntrym5 to let him plead ,arabia's cause be=e ! imp5d+ peace conf]5ce1 & he _h 8 way4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aiai ! ,arab l&s 7 quiet1 ?\gh x 0 ! quiet ( susp5se4 ,pr9ce ,feisal plead$ 8 case be=e ! peace conf]5ce ) eloqu5ce & dignity4 ,b ,feisal fail$4 ,! cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations might conta9 ! b5evol5t /atem5t t c]ta9 communities =m]ly belong+ to ! ,turki% ,empire h rea*$ a /age ( developm5t :]e _! exi/5ce z indep5d5t nations c be provisionally recogniz$ subject to ! r5d]+ ( adm9i/rative advice & assi/ance by a m&atory until su* "t z !y are able to /& alone4#ahj ,! ,arabs knew :at m&atories meant4 ,lloyd ,george might utt] felicit\s phrases su* z ,arab =ces h r$eem$ ! pl$ges giv5 to ,great ,brita91 & we %\ld r$eem our pl$ges4#aha ,! ,arabs _h read ! secret treaties4 ,9 va9 is ! net spread 9 ! sight ( any bird4 ,! game no long] work$4 ,! ,arabs knew t !y mu/ rely on _! own ef=ts1 ei!r 9 diplomacy or w>4 ,feisal /ill c\nsell$ peace4 ,he 0 probably influ5c$ to ?is n m]ely by ! risks ( arm$ resi/ance b also by ! fact t ! ,allies 7 n[ qu>rell+ among !mselves4 ,^! qu>rels ( c\rse ext5d$ all ov] ! ,ne> ,ea/1 b !re 0 none m bitt] ?an ! qu>rel :i* _h brok5 out betwe5 ,engl& & ,france ov] ! division ( ! ,arab spoils4 ,?is dispute orig9at$ 9 ,fr5* dissatisfaction ) ! secret treaties4 ,no soon] _h ! ,sykes-,picot ,agreem5t be5 publi%$ ?an l>ge & influ5tial sections ( ,fr5* op9ion began %\t+ t !y _h be5 dup$4 ,= g5]ations ,fr5* imp]iali/s _h _h _! eye on ,syria1#ahb & s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! w> ! imp]iali/ press _h be5 conduct+ an ard5t propag&a = :olesale annexations 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,la ,syrie intgrale6 ,all ,syria6 0 ! cry4 ,& ?is all includ$ n m]ely ! coa/-/rip assign$ ,france by ! ,sykes-,picot ,agreem5t1 b also ,pale/9e & ! va/ ,aleppo-,damascus h9t]l& "r across to ! ri* oil-fields ( ,mosul4 ,to ?is entire region1 (t5 t]m$ 9 ,fr5* expansioni/ circles ,la ,france du ,levant1 ! imp]iali/s ass]t$ t ,france _h imprescriptible hi/oric rights runn+ back to ! ,crusades & ev5 to ,*>lemagne4 ,syria 0 a second ,alsace1 :i* held out its arms to ,france & w\ld n be d5i$4 ,x 0 also ! indisp5sable fulcrum ( ,fr5* _w-policy4 ,^! imp]iali/ aspirations _h p[]ful back+ 9 ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t circles4 ,= example1 e>ly 9 #aiae1 ,m4 ,leygues _h said 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies3 ,! axis ( ,fr5* policy is 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,"o ( its poles is 9 ! ,we/1 at ,algi]s1 ,tunis1 & ,morocco4 ,! o!r mu/ lie 9 ! ,ea/1 ) ,syria1 ,lebanon1 ,pale/9e4#ahc ,aft] su* high hopes1 ! effect ( ! ,sykes-,picot ,agreem5t on ,fr5* imp]iali/s c be imag9$4 ,_! ang] turn$ naturally ^u ! ,engli%1 :o 7 r\ndly d5\nc$ & blam$ = ev]y?+ t 0 happ5+ 9 ! ,ea/1 ,arab nationali/ aspirations be+ /igmatiz$ z no?+ b ,briti% propag&a4 ,cri$ "o ,fr5* writ]3 ,"s psy*iatri/ ought to write a /udy ( ^! ,briti% colonial (ficials1 implacable imp]iali/s1 megalomaniacs1 :o1 night & day1 "w = _! c\ntry )\t ev5 ask+ c\nsel f ,london1 & ^: con/ant c>e is to annihilate 9 ,syria1 z !y once annihilat$ 9 ,egypt1 ! supremacy ( ,france4#ahd ,9 answ] to su* fulm9ations1 ,engli% writ]s scor$ ,fr5* gre$ & folly :i* 0 compromis+ ,engl&'s pre/ige & ?reat5+ to set ! :ole ,ea/ on fire4#ahe ,9 f9e1 !re 0 a v pretty r[ on betwe5 p :o1 less ?an a ye> be=e1 _h be5 pl$g+ _! sacr$ union = all et]nity4 ,! ,arabs 7 c]ta9ly mu* edifi$1 & ! o!r ,ea/]n peoples z well4 ,l>gely ow+ to ^! bick]+s1 ,alli$ action 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ 0 delay$ ?r\gh #aiai4 ,b by ! spr+ ( #aibj ! ,allies came to a measure ( agreem5t4 ,! meet+ ( ! ,alli$ ,premi]s at ,san ,remo elaborat$ ! t]ms ( ! treaty to be impos$ on ,turkey1 divid+ ,asia ,m9or into sph]es ( influ5ce & exploitation1 :ile ! ,arab prov9ces 7 assign$ ,engl& & ,france accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! ,sykes-,picot ,agreem5t--prop]ly cam\flag$1 ( c\rse1 z m&ates ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,engl&1 ,france1 & _! satellite1 ,greece1 prep>$ = action4 ,briti% re9=cem5ts 7 s5t to ,mesopotamia & ,pale/9e2 ,fr5* re9=cem5ts 7 s5t to ,syria2 an ,anglo-,franco-,greek =ce prep>$ to occupy ,con/ant9ople1 & ,premi] ,v5izelos promis$ a ,greek army = ,asia ,m9or cont+5cies4 ,! "o rift 9 ! lute 0 ,italy4 ,italy saw big tr\ble brew+ & det]m9$ n to be directly involv$4 ,said ,premi] ,nitti to an ,engli% j\rnali/ aft] ! ,san ,remo conf]5ce3 ,y w h w> 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,italy w n s5d a s+le soldi] nor pay a s+le lira4 ,y h tak5 f ! ,turks _! sacr$ city ( ,adrianople2 y h plac$ _! capital city "u =eign control2 y h tak5 f !m e port & ! l>g] "p ( _! t]ritory2 & ! five ,turki% delegates :om y w select w sign a treaty :i* w n h ! sanction ( ! ,turki% p or ! ,turki% ,p>liam5t4 ,premi] ,nitti 0 a true prophet4 ,= mon?s pa/ ! ,turki% nationali/s1 kn[+ :at 0 9 /ore = !m1 _h be5 build+ up a c5tre ( resi/ance 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,( c\rse ! =m] nationali/ lead]s su* z ,env] ,pa%a _h long s9ce fl$ to di/ant hav5s l ,transcaucasia or ,bol%evik ,russia1 b new lead]s appe>$1 notably a "y (fic] ( m>k$ milit>y tal5t1 ,mu/apha ,kemal ,pa%a4 ,) great en]gy ,mu/apha ,kemal built up a really cr$itable army1 & f 8 capital1 ! city ( ,angora 9 ! he>t ( ,asia ,m9or1 he n[ defi$ ! ,allies1 emphasiz+ 8 defiance by attack+ ! ,fr5* g>risons 9 ,cilicia 7a coa/ di/rict 9 ,asia ,m9or j nor? ( ,syria71 inflict+ heavy losses4 ,! ,arabs also 7 prep>+ = action4 ,9 ,m>* a ,pan-,syrian ,congress met at ,damascus1 unanim\sly decl>$ ! indep5d5ce ( ,syria1 & elect$ ,feisal k+4 ,?is ann\ncem5t electrifi$ all ! ,arab prov9ces4 ,9 ! ,fr5*-occupi$ coa/al zone riots broke out aga9/ ! ,fr5*2 9 ,pale/9e !re 7 pogroms aga9/ ! ,jews1 :om ! ,arabs1 bo? ,moslem & ,*ri/ian1 hat$ = _! ,zioni/ plans2 :ile 9 ,mesopotamia !re 7 sporadic upris+s ( tribesm54 ,fac$ by ?is om9\s situation1 ! m&atories took milit>y c\nt]-measures4 ,! ,fr5* took especially vigor\s action4 ,france n[ _h ne>ly #ajj1jjj m5 9 ,syria & ,cilicia1 head$ by ,g5]al ,g\raud1 a vet]an ( _m colonial w>s & a believ] 9 /rong-arm me?ods4 ,on ,july #ae ,g\raud s5t ,feisal an ultimatum requir+ complete submission4 ,feisal1 diplomatic to ! la/1 actually accept$ ! ultimatum1 b ,g\raud ignor$ ?is acceptance on a te*nicality & /ruck = ,damascus ) #fj1jjj m54 ,feisal attempt$ no real resi/ance1 fight+ only a re>gu>d action & )draw+ into ! des]t4 ,on ,july #be ! ,fr5* ent]$ ,damascus1 ! ,arab capital1 depos$ ,feisal1 & set up ?or\ghgo+ ,fr5* rule4 ,opposition 0 puni%$ ) ! greate/ sev]ity4 ,damascus 0 mulct$ ( a w>-contribution ( #aj1jjj1jjj francs1 aft] ! ,g]man fa%ion 9 ,belgium1 _m nationali/ lead]s 7 imprison$ or %ot1 :ile ,g\raud ann\nc$ t ! dea? ( "o ,fr5* subject or "o ,*ri/ian w\ld be foll[$ by :olesale mo/ t]rible reprisals by bomb+ a]oplanes4#ahf ,be=e ?is ,napoleonic ?und]-/roke ,syria b5t = ! mom5t1 app>5tly t]roriz$4 ,9 ,mesopotamia1 h[ev]1 ! ,briti% 7 n s =tunate4 ,= "s mon?s tr\ble _h pat5tly be5 brew+1 & 9 ,m>* ! ,briti% comm&] _h express$ himself z mu* /ruck ) ! volcanic possibilities ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,july all ,mesopotamia flam$ into insurrection1 & ?\gh ,brita9 _h fully #ajj1jjj troops 9 ! prov9ce1 !y 7 h>d put to x to /em ! rebellion4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,allies _h occupi$ ,con/ant9ople1 to =ce acceptance ( ! draft treaty ( peace4 ,naturally1 !re 0 no resi/ance1 ,con/ant9ople be+ entirely at ! m]cy ( ! ,alli$ fleet4 ,b ! sil5ce ( ! va/ ?rongs ga!r$ to wat* ! incom+ troops fill$ "s ,alli$ obs]v]s ) disquietude4 ,a ,fr5* j\rnali/ wrote3 ,! sil5ce ( ! multitude 0 m impressive ?an boi/]\s prote/s4 ,_! eyes gl[$ ) sull5 hatr$4 ,scatt]$ ?r\gh ?is ?rong ( mute1 pro/rat$1 hopeless p circulat$ wat*ful & s9u\s emiss>ies1 :o 7 to c>ry ^w ( ?is mis=tune to ! remote/ conf9es ( ,islam4 ,9 a few h\rs !y w\ld be 9 ,anatolia4 ,a c\ple ( days lat] ! news w\ld h spread to ,konia1 ,angora1 & ,sivas4 ,9 a brief space ( "t x w\ld be h]ald$ ?r\gh\t ! regions ( ,bol%evi/ influ5ce1 ext5d+ to ! ,caucasus & beyond4 ,9 a few weeks all ^! c5tres ( agitation w be prep>+ _! c\nt]-attack4 ,asia & ,africa w aga9 cem5t _! union ( fai?4 ,intellig5t ag5ts w record 9 ! ret5tive m9ds ( p :o d n read1 ! hi/ory ( our blund]s4 ,^! mission>ies ( insurrection & fanaticism come f e race & class ( society4 ,educat$ & ref9$ m5 disguise !mselves z begg>s & outca/s1 9 ord] to spread ! news apace & to prep>e = bitt] v5geance4#ahg ,ev5ts 9 ,turkey n[ proce$$ precisely z ! ,italian ,premi] ,nitti _h =etold4 ,! ,alli$ ma/]s ( ,con/ant9ople compell$ ! ,sultan to appo9t a fri5dly cab9et :i* solemnly d5\nc$ ,mu/apha ,kemal & 8 rebels1 & s5t a h&-pick$ delegation to ,svres1 ,france1 :]e !y dutifully sign$ on ! dott$ l9e ! treaty t ! ,allies _h prep>$4 ,! ,allies _h ?us impos$ _! w--on pap]4 ,= e s5sible man knew t ! :ole bus9ess 0 a ro>+ f>ce2 knew t ! fri5dly gov]nm5t1 f ,sultan to meane/ cl]k1 0 z nationali/ z ,mu/apha ,kemal himself2 knew t ! real ,turki% capital 0 n ,con/ant9ople b ,angora1 & t ! ,allies' p[] 0 measur$ by ! range ( _! guns4 ,z = ,mu/apha ,kemal1 8 comm5t on ! ,svres ,treaty 03 ,i w fight to ! end ( ! _w4 ,! ,allies 7 ?us 9 a decid$ly emb>rass+ situation1 especially s9ce ,! ,allies n[ meant only ,engl& & ,france4 ,italy 0 out ( ! game4 ,z ,nitti _h w>n$ at ,san ,remo1 %e w\ld n s5d a s+le soldi] nor pay a s+le lira4 ,) #bjj1jjj soldi]s hold+ d[n ! ,arabs1 & pl5ty ( tr\ble else:]e1 nei!r ,france nor ,brita9 _h ! troops to cru% ,mu/apha ,kemal--a job :i* ! ,fr5* /aff e/imat$ w\ld take #cjj1jjj m54 ,"o weapon1 h[ev]1 !y /ill possess$--,greece4 ,9 return = l>ge t]ritorial concessions1 ,premi] ,v5izelos (f]$ to br+ ! ,turks to reason4 ,8 (f] 0 accept$1 & #ajj1jjj ,greek troops l&$ at ,smyrna4 ,b ! ,greek campaign 0 n a success4 ,ev5 #ajj1jjj m5 soon wore ?9 :5 spread out ov] ! va/ ,asia ,m9or plateau4 ,mu/apha ,kemal avoid$ decisive battle1 h>ass+ ! ,greeks by gu]illa w>f>e j z he 0 h>ass+ ! ,fr5* 9 ,cilicia at ! o!r end ( ! l9e4 ,! ,greeks dug 91 & a deadlock ensu$ :i* ?reat5$ to cont9ue indef9itely4 ,?is soon caus$ a new complication4 ,v5izelos might be will+ to c>ry on z ! ,allies' subm&atory1 b ! ,greek p 7 n4 ,kept virtually on a w>-foot+ s9ce #aiab1 ! ,greeks kick$ ov] ! traces4 ,9 ! ,novemb] elections !y repudiat$ ,v5izelos by a vote ( #iij1jjj to #aj1jjj1 & recall$ ,k+ ,con/ant9e1 :o _h be5 depos$ by ! ,allies ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,?is meant t ,greece1 l ,italy1 0 out ( ! game4 ,to be sure1 ,k+ ,con/ant9e pres5tly />t$ ho/ilities ) ! ,turks on 8 own acc\nt4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 some?+ v diff]5t f ,greece's attitude "u ! ,v5izeli/ rgime4 ,! ,allies' weapon _h ?us brok5 9 _! h&s4 ,mean:ile ,mu/apha ,kemal 0 n m]ely consolidat+ 8 au?ority 9 ,asia ,m9or b 0 ga9+ allies ( 8 own4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he 0 e/abli%+ close relations ) ! ,arabs4 ,x may appe> /range to f9d su* bitt] foes become fri5ds2 nev]!less1 ,franco-,briti% policy _h a*iev$ ev5 ?is seem+ miracle4 ,! reason 0 cle>ly expla9$ by no less a p]son ?an ,lawr5ce 7,! ,s\l ( ! ,arab ,revolution71 :o _h return$ to civil life & 0 ?us free to speak 8 m9d on ! ,ea/]n situation1 :i* he did 9 no unc]ta9 fa%ion4 ,9 "o ( sev]al /atem5ts giv5 to ! ,briti% press1 ,lawr5ce said3 ,! ,arabs rebell$ aga9/ ! ,turks dur+ ! w>1 n because ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t 0 notably bad1 b because !y want$ indep5d5ce4 ,!y did n risk _! lives 9 battle to *ange ma/]s1 to become ,briti% subjects or ,fr5* citiz5s1 b to w9 a ,/ate ( _! own4 ,! matt] 0 put ev5 m po9t$ly by an ,arab nationali/ lead] 9 ! columns ( a ,fr5* radical pap] oppos$ to ! ,syrian adv5ture4 ,said ?is lead]3 ,bo? ! ,fr5* & ! ,engli% %\ld "k once = all t ! ,arabs are jo9$ by a common religion ) ! ,turks1 & h be5 politically id5tifi$ ) !m = c5turies1 & !re=e d n wi% to sep>ate !mselves f _! fell[ believ]s & bro!rs-9-arms m]ely to submit to ! dom9ation ( a ,european nation1 no matt] :at =m ! latt]'s suz]a9ty may assume4444 ,x is no use = ,m4 ,mill]& to say3 ',we h nev] ?\ght ( trespass+ 9 any respect ^u ! indep5d5ce ( ^! p4' ,no "o is deceiv$ by su* /atem5ts z t4 ,! armi/ice 0 sign$ 9 accordance ) ! conditions proclaim$ by ,mr4 ,wilson1 b z soon z ,g]many & its allies 7 helpless1 ! promises ( ! armi/ice 7 trodd5 und]foot1 z well z ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts4 ,su* a violation ( ! promises ( complete indep5d5ce1 s prodigally made to ! ,arabs on s _m occasions1 has result$ 9 re-unit+ clos] ?an ev] ! ,arabs & ! ,turks4 ,x has tak5 b a few mon?s to re/ore t intimacy4444 ,x is probable t ,france1 by ma9ta9+ an army ( #aej1jjj m5 9 ,syria1 & by sp5d+ billions ( francs1 w be able to subdue ! ,syrian ,arabs4 ,b t w n f9i% ! task4 ,! int]ior ( t c\ntry bord]s ^u o!r l&s inhabit$ by ,arabs1 ,kurds1 & ,turks1 & by ! imm5se des]t4 ,9 />t+ a conflict ) #d1jjj1jjj ,syrians1 ,france w be mak+ enemies ( #ae1jjj1jjj ,arabs 9 ! ,levant1 mo/ ( :om are arm$ tribes1 )\t includ+ ! o!r ,mohamm$an peoples1 :o are spe$ily acquir+ solid>ity & organization "u ! bl[s t are be+ dealt !m by ! ,ent5te4 ,if y believe ,i am exagg]at+1 all y h to d is to inve/igate ! facts y\rself4 ,b :at good w x d to confirm ! tru? too late1 & aft] floods ( blood h fl[$8#ahh ,9 fact1 signs ( ,turco-,arab co-op]ation became ev]y:]e app>5t4 ,to be sure1 ?is co-op]ation 0 n op5ly av[$ ei!r by ,mu/apha ,kemal or by ! depos$ ,k+ ,feisal :o1 flee+ to ,italy1 cont9u$ 8 diplomatic manoeuvres4 ,b ,arabs f\ght beside ,turks aga9/ ! ,fr5* 9 ,cilicia2 ,turks & ,kurds jo9$ ! ,syrian ,arabs 9 _! cont9ual local ris+s2 :ile ,kemal's h& 0 cle>ly app>5t 9 ! rebellion aga9/ ! ,briti% 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,?is ,arab ent5te 0 n ! :ole ( ,mu/apha ,kemal's =eign policy4 ,he 0 also rea*+ out nor?-ea/w>d to ! ,t>t>s ( ,transcaucasia & ! ,turkomans ( ,p]sian ,az]baidjan4 ,! ,caucasus 0 by ?is "t ! sc5e ( a highly complicat$ /ruggle betwe5 ,moslem ,t>t>s & ,turkomans1 ,*ri/ian ,arm5ians & ,georgians1 & v>i\s ,russian factions1 :i* 0 fa/ r$uc+ t unhappy region to *aos4 ,among ! ,t>t>-,turkomans1 long leav5$ by ,pan-,turanian propag&a1 ,mu/apha ,kemal f\nd en?usia/ic adh]5ts2 & 8 ef=ts 7 support$ by a ?ird ally--,bol%evik ,russia4 ,bol%evik policy1 :i*1 z we h already /at$1 0 seek+ to /ir up tr\ble aga9/ ! ,we/]n ,p[]s ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 _h wat*$ ,kemal's rise ) great satisfaction4 ,at fir/ ! ,bol%eviki c\ld d v little = ! ,turki% nationali/s because !y 7 n 9 direct t\*1 b ! collapse ( ,wrangel's ,:ite army 9 ,novemb]1 #aibj1 & ! consequ5t ov]runn+ ( all s\? ,russia by ! ,r$ armies1 op5$ a direct l9e f ,mosc[ to ,angora via ! ,caucasus1 & h5ce=? ,mu/apha ,kemal 0 suppli$ ) money1 arms1 & a few m54 ,fur!rmore1 ,kemal & ! ,bol%eviki 7 />t+ tr\ble 9 ,p]sia4 ,t c\ntry 0 9 a mo/ deplorable condition4 ,dur+ ! w> ,p]sia1 despite h] te*nical neutrality1 _h be5 a battle-gr\nd betwe5 ! ,anglo-,russians on ! "o h& & ! ,turco-,g]mans on ! o!r4 ,russia's collapse 9 #aiag _h l$ to h] milit>y )drawal f ,p]sia1 & ,engl&1 pr(it+ by ! situation1 _h made h]self supreme1 legaliz+ h] position by ! fam\s ,agreem5t negotiat$ ) ! ,%ah's gov]nm5t 9 ,augu/1 #aiai4ahi ,?is treaty1 ?\gh sign$ & seal$ 9 due =m1 0 bitt]ly res5t$ by ! ,p]sian p4 ,"h 0 obvi\sly ano!r ripe field = ,bol%evik propag&a4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,bol%evik gov]nm5t r5\nc$ all rights 9 ,p]sia acquir$ by ! ,cz>i/ rgime & proclaim$ !mselves ! fri5ds ( ! ,p]sian p aga9/ ,we/]n imp]ialism4 ,naturally ! game work$1 & ,p]sia soon became honeycomb$ ) militant unre/4 ,9 ! e>ly summ] ( #aibj a ,bol%evi/ =ce actually cross$ ! ,caspian ,sea & l&$ on ! ,p]sian %ore4 ,!y did n p5etrate f> into ! c\ntry4 ,!y did n ne$ to1 = ! c\ntry simply eff]vesc$ 9 a way :i* made ! ,briti% position increas+ly unt5able4 ,= _m mon?s a confus$ situation ensu$4 ,9 fact1 at ?is writ+ ! situation is /ill obscure4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t ,brita9's hold on ,p]sia is gravely %ak51 & %e may soon be compell$ to evacuate ! c\ntry1 ) ! possible exception ( ! extreme s\?4 ,turn+ back to ! autumn ( #aibj3 ! position ( ,engl& & ,france 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ _h become f> f bright4 ,des]t$ by ,italy & ,greece1 defi$ by ! ,turks1 h>ri$ by ! ,arabs1 worri$ by ! ,egyptians & ,p]sians1 & ev]y:]e m5ac$ by ! subtle work+s ( ,bol%evism1 ! situation 0 n a happy "o4 ,! burd5 ( empire 0 prov+ heavy4 ,9 ,mesopotamia alone ! bill 0 already #ajj1jjj1jjj /]l+1 ) no relief 9 sight4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is n surpris+ t 9 bo? ,engl& & ,france ,ne> ,ea/]n policies 7 subject$ to a gr[+ flood ( criticism4 ,9 ,engl& especially ! tide ran v /rong4 ,! ,mesopotamian imbroglio 0 d5\nc$ z bo? a crime & a blund]4 ,= example1 ,colonel ,lawr5ce /at$3 ,we are to-day n f> f disa/]4 ,our gov]nm5t is worse ?an ! old ,turki% sy/em4 ,!y kept #ad1jjj local conscripts 9 ! ranks & kill$ ye>ly an av]age ( #bjj ,arabs 9 ma9ta9+ peace4 ,we keep #ij1jjj m51 ) a]oplanes1 arm\r$ c>s1 gunboats1 & arm\r$ tra9s4 ,we h kill$ ab\t #aj1jjj ,arabs 9 ! ris+ ?is summ]4#aij ,influ5c$ by su* criticisms & by ! g5]al tr5d ( ev5ts1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t modifi$ its attitude1 s5d+ out ,sir ,p]cy ,cox to negotiate ) ! ,arabs4 ,sir ,p]cy ,cox 0 a man ( ! ,miln] type1 ) a firm grip on realities & an intimate exp]i5ce ) ,ea/]n affairs4 ,au?oriz$ to discuss l>ge concessions1 he met ! nationali/ lead]s frankly & made a good impression ^u !m4 ,at ?is writ+ matt]s h n be5 def9itely settl$1 b x looks z ?\gh ,engl& 0 plann+ to limit h] direct control to ! extreme s\? ( ,mesopotamia at ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf--practically h] old sph]e ( influ5ce be=e #aiad4 ,mean:ile1 9 ,syria1 ,france has ?us f> succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ relative ord] by /rong-arm me?ods4 ,b ! situation is highly un/able4 ,all classes ( ! population h be5 ali5at$4 ,ev5 ! ,ca?olic ,m>onites1 traditionally pro-,fr5*1 h begun agitat+4 ,g5]al ,g\raud promptly squel*$ ! agitation by deport+ ! lead]s to ,corsica2 nev]!less1 ! fact rema9s t ,france's only real fri5ds 9 ,syria are dissatisfi$4 ,up to ! pres5t ^! ?+s h n *ang$ ,france's attitude4 ,a %ort "t ago ex-,premi] ,leygues rem>k$ ( ,syria1 ,france w occupy all ( x1 & always2 :ile /ill m rec5tly ,g5]al ,g\raud /at$3 ,france mu/ rema9 9 ,syria1 bo? = political & economic reasons4 ,! political consequ5ces ( our ab&onm5t ( ! c\ntry w\ld be disa/r\s4 ,our pre/ige & influ5ce 9 ! ,levant & ! ,m$it]ranean w\ld be doom$4 ,! economic int]e/s ( ,france also compel u to rema9 !re4 ,:5 fully develop$1 ,syria & ,cilicia w h an economic value fully equal to t ( ,egypt4 ,h[ev]1 despite ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t's firmness1 !re is an increas+ public criticism ( ! ,syrian adv5ture1 n m]ely f radical anti-imp]iali/ qu>t]s1 b f unimpea*ably cons]vative circles z well4 ,! editor ( "o ( ! mo/ cons]vative ,fr5* political p]iodicals has /at$3 ,jeal\s ( its autonomy1 ! ,arab p1 lib]at$ f ! ,ottoman yoke1 d n desire a new =eign dom9ation4 ,to say t ,syria dem&s our protection is a lie4 ,syria wi%es to be entirely indep5d5t4#aia ,& rec5tly ,s5ator ,victor ,br>d1 "o ( ,france's recogniz$ au?orities on ,ea/]n affairs made a spee* 9 ! ,fr5* ,s5ate /rongly criticis+ ! ,gov]nm5t's ,syrian policy f ! v />t & decl>+ t a free ,syria 0 a "q ( bo? int]e/ & hon\r4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 /ill s unyield+ t[>d ! ,arabs1 has rev]s$ its attitude t[>d ! ,turks4 ,side-/epp+ ! ,svres ,treaty1 x has lately agre$ on provisional peace t]ms ) ! ,turki% nationali/s1 actually agree+ to evacuate ,cilicia4 ,9 fact1 bo? ,france & ,engl& "k t ! ,svres ,treaty is unworkable1 & t ,turki% possession ( virtually ! :ole ( ,asia ,m9or w h to be recogniz$4 ,9 negotiat+ ) ,mu/apha ,kemal1 ,france und\bt$ly hopes to get him to ?r[ ov] ! ,arabs4 ,b ?is is sc>cely ?9kable4 ,! :ole tr5d ( ev5ts betok5s an increas+ solid>ity ( ! ,ne> ,ea/]n peoples aga9/ ,we/]n political control4 ,a mo/ rem>kable port5t 9 ?is direction is ! ,pan-,islamic conf]5ce held at ,sivas e>ly 9 #aiba4 ,?is conf]5ce1 call$ to draw up a def9ite s*eme = effective ,moslem co-op]ation ! _w ov]1 0 att5d$ n m]ely by ! high or?odox ,moslem dignit>ies & political lead]s1 b also by het]odox *iefs l ! ,%iah ,emir ( ,k]bela1 ! ,imam ,yahya1 & ! ,zaidite ,emir ( ,yem5--lead]s ( h]etical sects betwe5 :om & ! or?odox ,sunnis co-op]ation _h previ\sly be5 impossible4 ,mo/ notable ( all1 ! press reports /ate t ! conf]5ce 0 presid$ ov] by no less a p]sonage ?an ,el ,s5nussi4 ,?is may well be s1 = we h already se5 h[ ! ,s5nussi h always work$ = a close union ( all ,islam aga9/ ,we/]n dom9ation4 ,su* is ! situation 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/--a situation v grave & full ( tr\ble4 ,! mo/ hopeful port5t is ! app>5t awak5+ ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to ! gr[+ p]ils ( ! h\r1 & its consequ5t modifications ( attitude4 ,! lab\rs ( m5 l ,"l ,miln] & ,sir ,p]cy ,cox1 h[ev] hamp]$ by purbl9d influ5ces1 c sc>cely be :olly b>r5 ( results4 ,su* m5 are ! diplomatic desc5dants ( ,*a?am & ( ,durham2 ! uphold]s ( t great political tradition :i* has /e]$ ! ,briti% ,empire safely ?r\gh crises t appe>$ hopeless4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! d>ke/ port5t 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/ is ! cont9u$ intransigeance ( ,france4 ,/eep$ 9 its old traditions1 ,fr5* policy app>5tly refuses to face realities4 ,if an explosion comes1 z come x mu/ unless ,france modifies h] attitude2 if1 "s d>k day1 ?irty or =ty ,fr5* battalions are caught 9 a simoom ( ,arab fury bl[+ out ( ! des]t & are annihilat$ 9 a new ,ad[a2 ! regretful v]dict ( _m v]s$ 9 ,ea/]n affairs c only be3 ,fr5* policy has des]v$ x4 ,leav+ ! ,ne> ,ea/]n problem at ?is critical juncture to ! inscrutable solution ( ! future1 let u n[ turn to ! great political problem ( ! ,middle ,ea/--! nationali/ movem5t 9 ,india4 ,,footnotes3 #ach ,= ^! e>ly /ages ( ! ,turki% nationali/ movem5t1 see ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans2 & 8 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s4 ,also ! articles by ,lon ,cahun 9 ,lavisse et ,rambaud1 previ\sly cit$2 & ,l4 ,r\sseau1 ,l',ef=t ,ottoman 7,p>is1 #aijg74 #aci ,br>d1 ,le ,sultan1 l',islam et les ,puissances1 p4 #af 7,p>is1 #aijg74 #adj ,cit$ by ,br>d1 p4 #ai4 #ada ,cit$ by ,br>d1 p4 #bj4 #adb ,le ,revil de la ,nation arabe1 by ,negib ,az\ry 7,p>is1 #aije74 #adc ,! semi-leg5d>y f\nd] ( ! ,ottoman ,empire4 #add ,! texts ( bo? ! above docum5ts c be mo/ conv5i5tly f\nd 9 ,e4 ,jung1 ,les ,puissances devant la ,rvolte arabe3 ,la ,crise mondiale de ,dema91 pp4 #bc-be 7,p>is1 #aijf74 #ade ,a good analysis ( ,arab affairs on ! eve ( ! ,great ,w> is t ( ! ,moslem publici/ ,x1 ,les ,c\rants politiques dans le ,monde arabe1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,decemb]1 #aiac4 ,also see ,g4 ,w4 ,bury1 ,arabia ,infelix1 or ! ,turks 9 ,yem5 7,london1 #aiae74 #adf ,= ,arab affairs dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 see ,e4 ,jung1 ,l',indp5dance arabe et la ,rvolte actuelle1 ,la ,revue1 #a ,augu/1 #aiaf2 ,i4 ,d4 ,lev9e1 ,arabs v]sus ,turks1 ,am]ican ,review ( ,reviews1 ,novemb]1 #aiaf2 ,a4 ,musil1 ,zur ,zeitges*i*te von ,arabi5 7,leipzig1 #aiah72 ,g4 ,w4 ,bury1 ,pan-,islam 7,london1 #aiai72 ,s4 ,mylrea1 ,! ,politico-,religi\s ,situation 9 ,arabia1 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 ,july1 #aiai2 ,l4 ,?omas1 ,lawr5ce3 ,! ,s\l ( ! ,arabian ,revolution1 ,asia1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 #aibj4 #adg ,georg ,s*we9fur?1 ,die ,wi$]geburt gypt5s im ,li*te e9es aufgeklrt5 ,islam 7,b]l91 #ahie74 #adh ,l[1 ,egypt 9 ,transition1 p4 #bfj 7,london1 #aiad74 #adi ,! ,asiatic ,review1 ,april1 #aiad4 #aej ,l'gypte et les ,dbuts du ,protectorat1 ,revue des ,sci5ces ,politiques1 #ae ,june1 #aiae4 #aea ,mohamm$ ,f>id ,bey1 ,l'gypte et la ,gu]re1 ,revue ,politique ,int]nationale1 ,may1 #aiae4 #aeb ,abd-el-,malek ,hamsa1 ,die gyptis*e ,frage1 ,asi51 ,novemb]1 #aiaf4 #aec ,a good summ>y ( ,b]b] hi/ory is ,h4 ,weisg]b]1 ,les ,blancs d',afrique 7,p>is1 #aiaj74 #aed ,= analyses ( diff]5ces betwe5 ,arabs & ,b]b]s1 see ,caix de ,sa9t-,aym\r1 ,arabes et ,kabyles 7,p>is1 #ahia72 ,a4 ,bel1 ,c\p d',oeil sur l',islam en ,b]brie 7,p>is1 #aiag74 #aee ,= %ort hi/orical summ>y1 see ,a4 ,c4 ,coolidge1 ,! ,european ,reconque/ ( ,nor? ,africa1 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review1 ,july1 #aiab4 #aef ,= ^! nationali/ movem5ts 9 ,fr5* ,nor? ,africa1 see ,a4 ,s]vi]1 ,le ,nationalisme musulman 7,con/ant9e1 ,alg]ia1 #aiac72 ,p4 ,lapie1 ,les ,civilisations tunisi5nes 7,p>is1 #ahih72 ,p4 ,millet1 ,les ,jeunes-,algri5s1 ,revue de ,p>is1 #a ,novemb]1 #aiac4 #aeg ,a good analysis ( ! pre-revolution>y re=mi/ movem5ts is f\nd 9 ,x1 ,la ,situation politique de la ,p]se1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,june1 #aiad4 ,see also ,vambry1 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s2 ,g5]al ,sir ,t4 ,e4 ,gordon1 ,! ,re=m ,movem5t 9 ,p]sia1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,c5tral ,asian ,society1 #ac ,m>*1 #aijg4 #aeh ,see ,w4 ,morgan ,%u/]1 ,! ,/rangl+ ( ,p]sia 7,new ,york1 #aiab74 ,also1 = e>li] phase ( ! revolution1 see ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,! ,revolution 9 ,p]sia 7,london1 #aiaj74 #aei ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,! ,pres5t ,situation 9 ,p]sia1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,novemb]1 #aiab4 #afj ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans1 pp4 #aa-ab4 #afa ,= ! ,t>t> revival1 see ,s4 ,brobovnikov1 ,moslems 9 ,russia1 ,! ,moslem ,_w1 ,janu>y1 #aiaa2 ,fvret1 ,les ,tat>s de ,crime1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,augu/1 #aijg2 ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,les ,musulmans russes1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,decemb]1 #aijf2 ,fr4 von ,mackay1 ,die ,erweckung ,russl&s asiatis*5 ,vlk]s*aft51 ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ,m>*1 #aiah2 ,arm9ius ,vambry1 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s2 ,h4 ,williams1 ,! ,russian ,mohamm$ans1 ,russian ,review1 ,febru>y1 #aiad2 ,x1 ,le ,pan-,islamisme et le ,pan-,turquisme1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,m>*1 #aiac4 #afb ,= ^! activities1 see article by ,x1 quot$ above2 also ,ahm$ ,em91 ,! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,turkey z ,measur$ by its ,press 7,new ,york1 #aiad74 #afc ,= ^! ,pan-,turanian t5d5cies 9 ,hung>y & ,bulg>ia1 see my article ,pan-,turanism1 ,am]ican ,political ,sci5ce ,review1 ,febru>y1 #aiag4 #afd ,see article by ,x1 quot$ above2 also 8 article ,les ,c\rants politiques dans la ,turquie contempora9e1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 ,decemb]1 #aiab4 #afe ,ex-,*ief ( ,g5]al ,/aff 7,ottoman7 ,ern/ ,p>aqu91 9 ! ,b]l9] ,tageblatt1 ,janu>y #bd1 #aibj4 ,= ,turki% nationali/ activities & attitudes dur+ ! w>1 see fur!r ,i4 ,d4 #aaii--;,a ,manual on ! ,turanians & ,pan-,turanianism4 ,compil$ by ! ,geographical ,section ( ! ,naval ,intellig5ce ,division1 ,naval ,/aff1 ,admiralty 7,london1 #aiai72 ,e4 ,f4 ,b5son1 ,cresc5t & ,iron ,cross 7,london1 #aiah72 ,m4 ,a4 ,czaplicka1 ,! ,turks ( ,c5tral ,asia3 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,pan-,turanian ,problem 7,ox=d1 #aiah72 ,h4 ,morg5?au1 ,ambassador ,morg5?au's ,/ory 7,new ,york1 #aiah72 ,dr4 ,h>ry ,/rm]1 ,two ,w>-,ye>s 9 ,con/ant9ople 7,new ,york1 #aiag72 ,a4 ,m&el/am1 ,! ,turki% ,_s1 ,new ,europe1 ,april #bb1 #aibj4 #aff ,= ,pan-,arab developm5ts1 see ,a4 ,musil1 ,zur ,zeitges*i*te von ,arabi5 7,leipzig1 #aiah72 ,m4 ,pick?all1 ,turkey1 ,engl&1 & ! ,pres5t ,crisis1 ,asiatic ,review1 ,octob] #a1 #aiad2 ,a4 ,s]vi]1 ,le ,nationalisme musulman2 ,%eick ,abd-el-,aziz ,s*auis*1 ,das ,ma*tgebiet d] arabis*5 ,spra*e1 ,preussis*e ,jahrb*]1 ,septemb]1 #aiaf4 #afg ,lit]ally ,h\se ( ,islam4 ,all non-,moslem l&s are collectively kn[n z ,d>-ul-,h>b or ,h\se ( ,w>4 #afh ,i4 e41 ! organiz$ gr\p ( foll[]s ( a p>ticul> religion4 #afi ,mohamm$ ,ali1 ,le ,m\vem5t musulman dans l',inde1 ,revue ,politique ,int]nationale1 ,janu>y1 #aiad4 ,he head$ ! s-call$ ,khilafat ,delegation s5t by ! ,indian ,moslems to ,engl& 9 #aiai to prote/ aga9/ ! p>tition ( ! ,ottoman ,empire by ! peace treaties4 #agj ,a4 ,s]vi]1 ,le ,nationalisme musulman1 p4 #aha4 #aga ,= ,pan-,islamic nationalism1 besides ,s]vi] & ,mohamm$ ,ali1 quot$ above1 see ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,l',islam au dix-neuvime ,sicle 7,p>is1 #ahhh72 same au?or1 ,politique musulmane1 ,revue du ,monde ,musulman1 ,septemb]1 #aiaj2 ,sir ,t4 ,morison1 ,engl& & ,islam1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,july1 #aiai2 ,g4 ,dmorgny1 ,la ,"q ,p]sane1 pp4 #bc-ca 7,p>is1 #aiaf72 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,all51 ,transcaucasia1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,octob]1 #aibj4 #agb ,egyptian ,:ite ,book3 ,collection ( ,(ficial ,correspond5ce ( ! ,egyptian ,delegation to ! ,peace ,conf]5ce 7,p>is1 #aiai74 #agc ,g4 ,civim9i1 9 ! ,corri]e della ,s]a1 ,decemb] #cj1 #aiai4 #agd ,madame ,jehan d',ivray1 ,en gypte1 ,revue de ,p>is1 ,septemb] #ae1 #aibj4 ,madame d',ivray cites o!r picturesque incid5ts ( a l "*4 ,see also ,annexes to ,egyptian ,:ite ,book1 previ\sly quot$4 ,^! ,annexes conta9 num]\s depositions1 (t5 accompani$ by photographs1 alleg+ sev]ities & atrocities by ! ,briti% troops4 #age ,conta9$ 9 ! press /atem5ts previ\sly m5tion$4 #agf ,sir ,m4 ,mc,ilwraith1 ,egyptian ,nationalism1 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,july1 #aiai4 ,see also ,hon4 ,w4 ,ormsby-,gore1 ,! ,future 9 ,egypt1 ,new ,europe1 ,novemb] #f1 #aiai4 #agg ,= un=tunate aspects ( ?is delay1 see ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol1 ,conflict+ ,policies 9 ! ,ea/1 ,new ,europe1 ,july #a1 #aibj4 #agh ,= a good acc\nt ( ,lawr5ce & 8 "w1 see s]ies ( articles by ,l4 ,?omas1 ,lawr5ce3 ,! ,s\l ( ! ,arabian ,revolution1 ,asia1 ,april1 ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 #aibj4 #agi ,a notable example is ,g5]al ,maude's proclamation to ! ,mesopotamian ,arabs 9 ,m>*1 #aiag4 #ahj ,article xxii4 #aha ,f a spee* deliv]$ ,septemb] #ai1 #aiai4 #ahb ,= examples ( ?is pre-w> imp]iali/ propag&a1 see ,g4 ,poignant1 ,les ,intrts franais en ,syrie1 ,que/ions diplomatiques et coloniales1 ,m>* #a-af1 #aiac4 ,among o!r int]e/+ facts1 ! au?or cites ,premi] ,po9c>'s decl>ation be=e ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 ,decemb] #ba1 #aiab3 ,i ne$ n rem>k t 9 ! ,lebanon & ,syria p>ticul>ly we h traditional int]e/s & t we int5d to make !m respect$4 ,see also ,j4 ,atalla1 ,les ,trois ,solutions de la ,"q syri5ne1 ,que/ions diplomatiques et coloniales1 ,octob] #af1 #aiac2 ,l4 ,le ,fur1 ,le ,protectorat de la ,france sur les ,ca?oliques d',ori5t 7,p>is1 #aiad74 #ahc ,quot$ by ,s5ator ,e4 ,fl&r9 9 8 article ,nos ,droits en ,syrie et en ,pale/9e1 ,revue ,hebdomadaire1 ,june #e1 #aiae4 ,= o!r examples ( ,fr5* imp]iali/ propag&a1 see1 besides above article1 ,c4 ,g4 ,bassim1 ,la ,"q du ,liban 7,p>is1 #aiae72 ,h4 ,baud\91 ,la ,syrie3 ,*amp de ,bataille politique1 ,la ,revue ,mondiale1 ,febru>y #a-ae1 #aibj2 ,comte ,cressaty1 ,la ,syrie franaise 7,p>is1 #aiaf72 ,f4 ,laudet1 ,la ,france du ,levant1 ,revue ,hebdomadaire1 ,m>* #a1 #aiai4 #ahd ,baud\91 supra4 ,= o!r viol5t anti-,briti% comm5t1 see ,laudet1 supra4 #ahe ,= %>p ,briti% criticisms ( ! ,fr5* attitude 9 ,syria1 see ,beckles ,wilson1 ,our ,amaz+ ,syrian ,adv5ture1 ,national ,review1 ,septemb]1 #aibj2 ,w4 ,ur9[ski1 ,! ,arab ,cause1 ,balkan ,review1 ,septemb]1 #aibj4 ,bo? ( ^! writ]s 7 (fic]s 9 ! ,briti% =ces 9 ! ,arab area4 ,see also /rong articles by ,taira 9 ! ,balkan ,review1 ,augu/ & ,octob]1 #aibj4 #ahf ,= acc\nts ( ,fr5* sev]ities1 see articles j quot$4 #ahg ,b4 ,g4 ,gaulis 9 ,l',op9ion1 ,april #bd1 #aibj4 #ahh ,le ,populaire1 ,febru>y #af1 #aibj4 #ahi ,= ! details ( ^! ev5ts1 see my article on ,p]sia 9 ,! ,c5tury1 ,janu>y1 #aibj4 #aij ,/atem5t giv5 to ! press 9 ,augu/1 #aibj4 #aia ,h5ri de ,*ambon1 editor ( ,la ,revue ,p>lem5taire4 ,quot$ by ,beckles ,wilson1 ,our ,amaz+ ,syrian ,adv5ture1 ,national ,review1 ,septemb]1 #aibj4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,nationalism ,,9 ,,india ,india is a l& ( p>adox4 ,possess+ a fundam5tal geographical unity1 ,india has nev] kn[n real political union save t rec5tly impos$ ext]nally by ! ,briti% ,raj4 ,full ( w>like /ocks1 ,india has nev] be5 able to repel invad]s4 ,occupi$ by _m races1 ^! races h nev] really fus$1 b h rema9$ di/9ct & mutually ho/ile1 sund]$ by b>ri]s ( blood1 spee*1 culture1 & cre$4 ,?us ,india1 l>ge & popul\s z ,europe or ,*9a1 has nei!r1 l ,*9a1 evolv$ a g5]aliz$ national unity2 nor1 l ,europe1 has develop$ a specializ$ national div]sity2 b has rema9$ an amorph\s1 un/able indet]m9ate1 ) t5d5cies 9 bo? directions :i* 7 nev] c>ri$ to _! logical conclusion4 ,india's hi/ory has be5 influ5c$ ma9ly by ?ree great invasions3 ! ,aryan invasion1 comm5c+ ab\t #aejj ,b4,c42 ! ,mohamm$an invasion1 ext5d+ r\ghly f ,a4,d4 #ajjj to #agjj1 & ! ,engli% invasion1 beg9n+ ab\t ,a4,d4 #agej & culm9at+ a c5tury lat] 9 a complete conque/ :i* has la/$ to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,aryans 7 a fair-sk9n$ p1 unque/ionably ( ! same g5]al /ock z ourselves4 ,press+ d[n f ,c5tral ,asia ?r\gh ^? nor?-we/]n passes :]e alone l&-access is possible to ,india1 else:]e impregnably gu>d$ by ! m\nta9 wall ( ! ,himalayas1 ! ,aryans subdu$ ! d>k-sk9n$ ,dravidian aborig9es1 & settl$ d[n z ma/]s4 ,?is conque/ 01 h[ev]1 sup]ficial & p>tial4 ,! bulk ( ! ,aryans rema9$ 9 ! nor?-we/1 ! m adv5tur\s spirits scatt]+ ?9ly ov] ! re/ ( ! va/ p59sula4 ,ev5 9 ! nor? l>ge areas ( hill-c\ntry & jungle rema9$ 9 ! exclusive possession ( ! aborig9es1 :ile v few ,aryans ev] p5etrat$ ! s\?4 ,ov] mo/ ( ,india1 !re=e1 ! ,aryans 7 m]ely a small rul+ class sup]impos$ ^u a mu* m num]\s subject population4 ,fe>+ to be swall[$ up 9 ! ,dravidian ocean1 ! ,aryans attempt$ to pres]ve _! political asc5dancy & racial purity by ! in/itution ( ca/e1 :i* has ev] s9ce rema9$ ! basis ( ,indian social life4 ,ca/e 0 orig9ally a col\r l9e4 ,b x 0 en=c$ n s mu* by civil law z by religion4 ,society 0 divid$ into ?ree ca/es3 ,brahm9s1 or prie/s2 ,k%atriyas1 or w>riors2 & ,sudras1 or work]s4 ,! ,aryans monopoliz$ ! two upp] ca/es1 ! ,sudras be+ ! ,dravidian subject population4 ,^! ca/es 7 kept ap>t by a rigor\s s]ies ( religi\s taboos4 ,int]m>riage1 p>tak+ ( food & dr9k1 ev5 physical prop9quity1 entail$ c]emonial defilem5t sometimes inexpiable4 ,disob$i5ce to ^! taboos 0 puni%$ ) ! t]rible p5alty ( outca/+1 :]eby ! (f5d] did n m]ely fall to a l[] rank 9 ! ca/e hi]>*y b sank ev5 bel[ ! ,sudra & became a ,p>iah1 or man ( no-ca/e1 condemn$ to ! mo/ m5ial & revolt+ occupations1 & ) no rights :i* ev5 ! ,sudra 0 b\nd to respect4 ,?us ,indian society 0 gov]n$1 n by civil1 b by c]emonially religi\s law2 :ile1 conv]sely1 ! nasc5t ,indian religion 7,brahm9ism7 became n e?ical b social 9 "*4 ,^! ?+s produc$ ! mo/ mom5t\s consequ5ces4 ,z a col\r l9e1 ca/e work$ v imp]fectly4 ,despite its prohibitions1 ev5 ! ,brahm9s became m or less impregnat$ ) ,dravidian blood4#aib ,b z a social sy/em ca/e cont9u$ to function 9 ways peculi> to itself4 ,! ?ree orig9al ca/es gradually subdivid$ into hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( sub-ca/es4 ,^! sub-ca/es _h little or no?+ ( ! orig9al racial significance4 ,b !y 7 all j z exclusive z ! primal trio1 & ! outcome 0 a %att]+ ( ,indian society into a *aos ( rigid social atoms1 betwe5 :i* co-op]ation or ev5 und]/&+ 0 impossible4 ,! results ^u ,indian hi/ory are obvi\s4 ,says a ,briti% au?ority3 ,! effect ( ?is p]man5t ma9t5ance ( human types is t ! population is het]og5e\s to ! la/ degree4 ,x is no "q ( ri* & poor1 ( t[n & c\ntry1 ( employ] & employ$3 ! diff]5ces lie f> deep]4 ,! population ( a di/rict or a t[n is a collection ( diff]5t nationalities--almo/ diff]5t species--( mank9d t w n eat or dr9k or int]m>ry ) "o ano!r1 & t are gov]n$ 9 ! m important affairs ( life by committees ( _! own4 ,x is h>dly too mu* to say t by ! ca/e sy/em ! inhabitants ( ,india are diff]5tiat$ into ov] two ?\s& species1 :i*1 9 ! intimate physical relations ( life1 h z little 9 common z ! inmates ( a zoological g>d54#aic ,obvi\sly1 a l& socially atomiz$ & politically split into _m pr9cipalities 0 de/9$ to fall be=e ! fir/ /rong invad]4 ,?is invad] 0 ,islam4 ,! ,mohamm$ans attack$ ,india soon aft] _! conque/ ( ,p]sia1 b ^! e>ly attacks 7 m]e bord] raids )\t la/+ significance4 ,! fir/ real ,mohamm$an invasion 0 t ( ,mahmud ( ,ghazni1 an ,afghan pr9ce1 9 ,a4,d4 #ajja4 ,foll[+ ! road tak5 by ! ,aryans ages be=e1 ,mahmud conqu]$ nor?-we/]n ,india1 ! region kn[n z ! ,punjab4 ,islam _h ?us obta9$ a firm foo?old 9 ,india1 & subsequ5t ,moslem lead]s spread gradually ea/w>d until mo/ ( nor!rn ,india 0 "u ,moslem rule4 ,! invad]s _h two notable advantages3 !y 7 fanatically unit$ aga9/ ! despis$ ,idolat]s1 & !y drew _m conv]ts f ! native population4 ,! v anti!sis ( ,brahm9ism1 ,islam1 ) its doctr9e t all ,believ]s are bro!rs1 c\ld n fail to attract multitudes ( l[-ca/es & out-ca/es1 :o by conv]sion might rise to ! /atus ( ! conqu]ors4 ,?is is ! ma9 reason :y ! ,mohamm$ans 9 ,india to-day numb] m ?an #gj1jjj1jjj--ov] "o-fif? ( ! total population4 ,^! ,indian ,moslems are desc5d$1 n m]ely f ,afghan1 ,turki%1 ,arab1 & ,p]sian invad]s1 b ev5 m f ! millions ( ,h9du conv]ts :o embrac$ ,islam4 ,= _m g5]ations ! ,moslem hold on ,india 0 conf9$ to ! nor?4 ,!n1 e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! great ,turko-,mongol lead] ,bab] ent]$ ,india & f\nd$ ! ,mogul ,empire4 ,bab] & 8 successors ov]ran ev5 ! s\?1 & unit$ ,india politically z x _h nev] be5 unit$ be=e4 ,b ev5 ?is conque/ 0 sup]ficial4 ,! ,brahm9s1 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction1 prea*$ a ,h9du revival2 ! ,mogul dyna/y pet]$ out2 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,mogul ,empire collaps$1 leav+ ,india a welt] ( w>r+ pr9cipalities1 ,mohamm$an & ,h9du1 fight+ ea* o!r = religion1 = politics1 or = %e] lu/ ( plund]4 ,out ( ?is an>*y ! ,briti% rose to p[]4 ,! ,briti% 7 at fir/ m]ely "o ( sev]al o!r ,european elem5ts--,portuguese1 ,dut*1 & ,fr5*--:o e/abli%$ small settlem5ts along ! ,indian coa/s4 ,! ,europeans nev] dream$ ( conqu]+ ,india :ile ! ,mogul p[] endur$4 ,9 fact1 ! ,briti% connection ) ,india began z a purely trad+ v5ture--! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,b :5 ,india collaps$ into an>*y ! ,europeans 7 fir/ oblig$ to acquire local au?ority to protect _! factories1 & lat] 7 lur$ into m ambiti\s s*emes by ! impot5ce ( petty rul]s4 ,gradually ! ,briti% ou/$ _! ,european rivals & e/abli%$ a solid political foo?old 9 ,india4 ,! "o /able elem5t 9 a see?+ *aos1 ! ,briti% inevitably ext5d$ _! au?ority4 ,at fir/ !y did s reluctantly4 ,! ,ea/ ,india ,company long rema9$ prim>ily a trad+ v5ture1 aim+ at divid5ds r ?an dom9ion4 ,h[ev]1 x lat] evolv$ into a real gov]nm5t ) an ambiti\s policy ( annexation4 ,?is 9 turn awak5$ ! fe>s ( _m ,indians & br\ght on ! ,mut9y ( #aheg4 ,! mut9y 0 quell$1 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company aboli%$1 & ,india came directly "u ! ,briti% ,cr[n1 ,que5 ,victoria be+ lat] proclaim$ ,empress ( ,india4 ,^! ev5ts 9 turn result$ n only 9 a /r5g!n+ ( ,briti% political au?ority b also 9 an increas$ p5etration ( ,we/]n influ5ces ( e description4 ,roads1 railways1 & canals op5$ up & unifi$ ,india z nev] be=e2 ! pi]c+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez facilitat$ communication ) ,europe2 :ile education on ,european l9es spread ,we/]n ideas4 ,ov] ?is rapidly *ang+ ,india /ood ! ,briti% ,raj--a sy/em ( gov]nm5t unique 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x 0 ! gov]nm5t ( a few hundr$ highly skill$ adm9i/rative exp]ts back$ by a small pr(essional army1 rul+ a va/ agglom]ation ( subject peoples4 ,x 0 frankly an absolute pat]nalism1 gov]n+ z x saw fit1 ) no m responsibility to ! gov]n$ ?an ! native despots :om x _h displac$4 ,b x gov]n$ well4 ,9 effici5cy1 hone/y1 & s5se ( duty1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,india is probably ! be/ example ( b5evol5t absolutism t ! _w has ev] se54 ,x gave ,india pr(\nd peace4 ,x play$ no fav\rites1 hold+ ! scales ev5 betwe5 rival races1 cre$s1 & ca/es4 ,la/ly1 x made ,india a real political entity--some?+ :i* ,india _h nev] be5 be=e4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 its hi/ory1 ,india 0 firmly unit$ "u "o rule--! rule ( ! ,pax ,britannica4 ,yet ! v virtues ( ,briti% rule s[$ ! se$s ( future tr\ble4 ,g5]ations grew up1 peacefully unit$ 9 unprec$5t$ acqua9tance%ip1 =getful ( pa/ ills1 see+ only ,european %ortcom+s1 &1 above all1 famili> ) ,we/]n ideas ( self-gov]nm5t1 lib]ty1 & nationality4 ,9 ,india1 z else:]e 9 ! ,ea/1 !re 0 b\nd to arise a gr[+ movem5t ( discont5t aga9/ ,we/]n rule--a discont5t v>y+ f mod]ate dem&s = increas+ autonomy to radical dem&s = imm$iate indep5d5ce4 ,d[n to ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 organiz$ political agitation aga9/ ! ,briti% ,raj 0 virtually unkn[n4 ,"h & !re isolat$ individuals utt]$ half-audible prote/s1 b ^! voices f\nd no popul> e*o4 ,! ,indian masses1 pre-occupi$ ) ! ev]-pres5t problem ( gett+ a liv+1 accept$ passively a gov]nm5t no m absolute1 & inf9itely m effici5t1 ?an its pr$ecessors4 ,( any?+ l self-consci\s ,indian ,nationalism !re 0 virtually no trace4 ,! fir/ symptom ( organiz$ discont5t 0 ! =mation ( ! ,indian ,national ,congress 9 ! ye> #ahhe4 ,! v "n %[$ t ! ,briti% ,raj1 cov]+ all ,india1 0 itself evok+ among ,india's div]se elem5ts a c]ta9 common po9t ( view & aspiration4 ,h[ev]1 ! e>ly congresses 7 v f> f repres5t+ ,indian public op9ion1 9 ! g5]al s5se ( ! t]m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ^! congresses repres5t$ m]ely a small class ( pr(essional m51 j\rnali/s1 & politicians1 all ( !m tra9$ 9 ,we/]n ideas4 ,! ,european me?ods ( education :i* ! ,briti% _h introduc$ _h turn$ out an ,indian intellig5tsia1 conv]sant ) ! ,engli% language & saturat$ ) ,we/]nism4 ,?is new intellig5tsia1 conv9c$ z x 0 ( ! value ( ,we/]n ideals & a*ievem5ts1 c\ld n fail to be dissatisfi$ ) _m aspects ( ,indian life4 ,9 fact1 its fir/ ef=ts 7 direct$1 n s mu* to politics1 z to social & economic re=ms l ! suppression ( *ild-m>riage1 ! rem>riage ( wid[s1 & wid] education4 ,b1 z "t pass$1 matt]s ( political re=m came /eadily to ! =e4 ,saturat$ ) ,engli% hi/ory & political philosophy z !y 71 ! ,indian intellectuals felt m & m ke5ly _! total lack ( self-gov]nm5t1 & aspir$ to end[ ,india ) ^? bless+s ( lib]ty s highly priz$ by _! ,engli% rul]s4 ,soon a vigor\s native press develop$1 prea*+ ! new gospel1 weld+ ! intellectuals into a self-consci\s unity1 & m\ld+ a g5u9e public op9ion4 ,by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,indian intellig5tsia 0 frankly agitat+ = sweep+ political innovations l repres5tative c\ncils1 increas+ control ov] taxation & ! executive1 & ! op5+ ( ! public s]vices to ,indians all ! way up ! scale4 ,d[n to ! clos+ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,indian discont5t 01 z already said1 conf9$ to a small class ( m or less ,europeaniz$ intellectuals :o1 despite _! assumption ( ! title1 c\ld h>dly be t]m$ ,nationali/s 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,) a few exceptions1 _! goal 0 nei!r indep5d5ce nor ! elim9ation ( effective ,briti% ov]sight1 b r ! re=m+ ( ,indian life along ,we/]n l9es1 includ+ a gr[+ degree ( self-gov]nm5t "u ,briti% p>am\nt au?ority4 ,b by ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re came a *ange 9 ! situation4 ,india1 l ! re/ ( ! ,ori5t1 0 /irr+ to a new _s ( political & racial self-consci\sness4 ,true nationali/ symptoms began to appe>4 ,indian s*ol>s delv$ into _! mu/y *ronicles & sacr$ texts1 & proclaim$ ! glories ( ,india's hi/oric pa/4 ,re=m$ ,h9du sects l ! ,arya ,somaj l5t religi\s sanctions4 ,! little b& ( ,europeaniz$ intellectuals 0 jo9$ by o!r elem5ts1 ?9k+1 n 9 t]ms ( piecemeal re=ms on ,we/]n models1 b ( a new ,india1 rejuv5at$ f its own vital =ces1 & free to "w out its own de/9y 9 its own way4 ,f ! nationali/ ranks n[ arose ! *all5g+ slogan3 ,b&emat>am6 7,hail1 ,mo!rl&67#aid ,! out/&+ feature ab\t ?is e>ly ,indian nationalism 0 t x 0 a di/9ctively ,h9du movem5t4 ,! ,mohamm$ans reg>d$ x ) suspicion or ho/ility4 ,& = ?is !y _h good reasons4 ,! ideal ( ! new nationali/s 0 ,aryan ,india1 ! ,india ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,back to ! ,v$as6 0 a nationali/ wat*word1 & ?is impli$ a v5]ation = ! pa/1 includ+ a revival ( aggressive ,brahm9ism4 ,an extraord9>y *ange came ov] ! intellig5tsia4 ,m5 :o1 a few ye>s be=e1 _h proclaim$ ! sup]iority ( ,we/]n ideas & _h op5ly fl\t$ sup]/itions l idol-wor%ip1 n[ d5\nc$ ev]y?+ ,we/]n & rev]5tly sacrific$ to ! ,h9du gods4 ,! sacr$ soil ( ,india mu/ be purg$ ( ! =eign]4#aie ,b ! =eign]1 z ^! nationali/s conceiv$ him1 0 n m]ely ! ,engli%man2 he 0 ! ,mohamm$an z well4 ,?is 0 /irr+ up ! pa/ ) a v5geance4 ,= c5turies ! great ,h9du-,mohamm$an division _h run l a *asm a?w>t ,india4 ,x _h nev] be5 clos$1 b x _h be5 some:at veil$ by ! neutral ov]lord%ip ( ! ,briti% ,raj4 ,n[ ! veil 0 torn aside1 & ! ,mohamm$ans saw !mselves m5ac$ by a recrudesc5ce ( militant ,h9duism l t :i* _h %att]$ ! ,mogul ,empire aft] ! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,aurangzeb two hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,! ,mohamm$ans 7 n m]ely al>m$2 !y 7 infuriat$ z well4 ,rememb]+ ! glories ( ! ,mogul ,empire j z ! ,h9dus did ! glories ( ,aryan ,india1 !y consid]$ !mselves ! rightful lords ( ! l&1 & _h no m9d to fall "u ! sway ( despis$ ,idolat]s4 ,! ,mohamm$ans _h no love = ! ,briti%1 b !y hat$ ! ,h9dus1 & !y saw 9 ! ,briti% ,raj a bulw>k aga9/ ! pot5tial m5ace ( h]$it>y enemies :o outnumb]$ !m ne>ly five to "o4 ,?us ! ,mohamm$ans d5\nc$ ,h9du nationalism & proclaim$ _! loyalty to ! ,raj4 ,to be sure1 ! ,indian ,moslems 7 also affect$ by ! g5]al _s ( unre/ :i* 0 sweep+ ov] ! ,ea/4 ,!y too felt a quick5$ s5se ( self-consci\sness4 ,b1 be+ a m9ority 9 ,india1 _! feel+s took ! =m1 n ( t]ritorial patriotism1 b ( ^? m diffus$ s5tim5ts1 ,pan-,islamism & ,pan-,islamic nationalism1 :i* we h already discuss$4#aif ,e>ly ,indian nationalism 0 n m]ely ,h9du 9 "*2 x 0 di/9ctly ,brahm9ical z well4 ,m & m ! ,brahm9s became ! driv+-p[] ( ! movem5t1 seek+ to p]petuate _! supremacy 9 ! ,india ( ! morr[ z !y _h enjoy$ x 9 ! ,india ( ! pa/4 ,b ?is ar\s$ appreh5sion 9 c]ta9 sections ( ,h9du society4 ,_m l[-ca/es & ,p>iahs began to fe> t an indep5d5t or ev5 autonom\s ,india might be rul$ by a tyrannical ,brahm9 olig>*y :i* w\ld d5y !m ! b5efits !y n[ enjoy$ "u ,briti% rule4#aig ,also1 _m ( ! ,h9du pr9ces dislik$ ! ?\ght ( a !ocratic rgime :i* might r$uce !m to %ad[s4#aih ,?us ! nationali/ movem5t /ood out z an alliance betwe5 ! ,brahm9s & ! ,we/]n-educat$ intellig5tsia1 :o _h pool$ _! ambitions 9 a programme = jo9tly rul+ ,india4 ,quick5$ by ?is ambition & fir$ by religi\s zeal1 ! nationali/ movem5t rapidly acquir$ a fanatical temp] *>act]iz$ by a my/ical abhorr5ce ( ev]y?+ ,we/]n & a f]oci\s hatr$ ( all ,europeans4 ,! ,russo-,japanese ,w> greatly inflam$ ?is _s1 & ! v next ye> 7#aije7 an act ( ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t precipitat$ ! ga!r+ /orm4 ,?is act 0 ! fam\s ,p>tition ( ,b5gal4 ,! p>tition 0 a m]e adm9i/rative measure1 ) no political int5t4 ,b ! nationali/s made x a vital issue1 & ab\t ?is grievance !y />t$ an int5se propag&a t soon fill$ ,india ) s$iti\s unre/4 ,! lead+ _s 9 ?is agitation 0 ,bal ,gangadh> ,tilak1 :o has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( ,indian unre/4 ,tilak typifi$ ! nationali/ movem5t4 ,a ,brahm9 ) an excell5t ,we/]n education1 he 0 ! sworn foe ( ,engli% rule & ,we/]n civilization4 ,an able propag&i/1 8 spee*es r\s$ 8 he>]s to fr5zy1 :ile 8 newspap]1 ! ,yugant>1 ( ,calcutta1 prea*$ a campaign ( hate1 assass9ation1 & rebellion4 ,tilak's incitem5ts soon produc$ tangible results1 num]\s riots1 dacoities1 & murd]s ( ,engli%m5 tak+ place4 ,& ( c\rse ! ,yugant> 0 m]ely "o ( a l>ge numb] ( nationali/ organs1 "s pr9t$ 9 ! v]nacul> & o!rs 9 ,engli%1 :i* vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 s$iti\s invective4 ,! viol5ce ( ! nationali/ press may be judg$ by a few quotations4 ,revolution1 ass]t$ ! ,yugant>1 is ! only way 9 :i* a slavi% society c save itself4 ,if y _c prove y\rself a man 9 life1 play ! man 9 dea?4 ,=eign]s h come & decid$ h[ y are to live4 ,b h[ y are to die dep5ds entirely ^u y\rself4 ,let prep>ations be made = a g5]al revolution 9 e h\sehold6 ,! h&ful ( police & soldi]s w nev] be able to )/& ?is ocean ( revolutioni/s4 ,revolutioni/s may be made prison]s & may die1 b ?\s&s ( o!rs w spr+ into _! places4 ,d n be afraid6 ,) ! blood ( h]oes ! soil ( ,h9du/an is ev] f]tile4 ,d n be d[nhe>t$4 ,!re is no de>? ( h]oes4 ,!re is no de>? ( money2 glory awaits y6 ,a s+le fr[n 7a few bombs7 f y\r eyes has /ruck t]ror into ! he>t ( ! foe6 ,! upro> ( panic has fill$ ! sky4 ,swim ) r5ew$ en]gy 9 ! ocean ( blood%$6 ,! assass9ation note 0 vehem5tly /ress$4 ,said ,s4 ,kri%nav>ma 9 ,! ,indian ,sociologi/3 ,political assass9ation is n murd]1 & ! rightful employm5t ( physical =ce connotes '=ce us$ def5sively aga9/ =ce us$ aggressively4' ,! only subscription requir$1 /at$ ! ,yugant>1 is t e read] %all br+ ! head ( a ,european4 ,n ev5 wom5 & *ildr5 7 sp>$4 ,comm5t+ on ! murd] ( an ,engli% lady & h] daught]1 ! ,yugant> exclaim$ exultantly3 ,_m a female demon mu/ be kill$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 9 ord] to extirpate ! race ( ,asuras f ! brea/ ( ! e>?4 ,! fanaticism ( ! m5 7usually v "y m57 :o committ$ ^! assass9ations may be judg$ by ! /atem5t ( ! murd]] ( a high ,engli% (ficial1 ,sir ,curzon-,wyllie1 made %ortly be=e 8 execution3 ,i believe t a nation held d[n by =eign bayonets is 9 a p]petual /ate ( w>4 ,s9ce op5 battle is r5d]$ impossible to a dis>m$ race1 ,i attack$ by surprise2 s9ce guns 7 d5i$ to me1 ,i drew my pi/ol & fir$4 ,z a ,h9du ,i feel t wrong to my c\ntry is an insult to ! gods4 ,h] cause is ! cause ( ,%ri ,ram2 h] s]vice is ! s]vice ( ,%ri ,kri%na4 ,poor 9 weal? & intellect1 a son l myself has no?+ else to (f] ! ,"m b 8 own blood1 & s ,i h sacrific$ ! same on ,h] alt>4 ,! only lesson requir$ 9 ,india at pres5t is to le>n h[ to die1 & ! only way to tea* x is to die ourselves2 !re=e ,i die & glory 9 my m>tyrdom4 ,?is w> w cont9ue betwe5 ,engl& & ,india s long z ! ,h9dee & ,engli% races la/1 if ! pres5t unnatural relation does n cease4#aii ,! gov]nm5t's answ] to ?is campaign ( s$ition & assass9ation 0 ( c\rse /]n repression4 ,! native press 0 muzzl$1 ! agitators imprison$ or execut$1 & ! h&s ( ! au?orities 7 /r5g!n$ by punitive legislation4 ,9 fact1 s infuriat$ 0 ! ,european community by ! murd]s & outrages committ$ by ! nationali/s t _m ,engli%m5 urg$ ! )drawal ( su* political privileges z did exi/1 ! limit+ ( ,we/]n education1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( extreme autocratic rule4 ,^! angry c\nsels 7 at once caught up by ! nationali/s1 result$ 9 fre% outrages1 & 7 answ]$ by m puni%m5t & fre% m5aces4 ,?us ! extremi/s on bo? sides la%$ ea* o!r to hott] fury & wors5$ ! situation4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,india see!d ) an unre/ :i* jail+s1 hang+s1 & deportations did little to allay4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 ?+s took at lea/ a tempor>y turn = ! bett]4 ,! extremi/s 71 aft] all1 a small m9ority1 & cool heads1 bo? ,briti% & ,indian1 7 seek+ a way out ( ! impasse4 ,cons]vative ,indian lead]s l ,mr4 ,gokhale condemn$ t]rorism1 & bes\ght _! c\ntrym5 to seek ! realization ( _! aspirations by peaceful means4 ,on ! o!r h&1 lib]al-m9d$ ,engli%m51 :ile refus+ to be /amp$$1 s\ght a programme ( conciliation4 ,indian affairs 7 !n 9 ! h&s ( ! em95t ,lib]al /atesman ,john ,morley1 & ! fruit ( 8 lab\rs 0 ! ,indian ,c\ncils ,act ( #aiji4 ,! act 0 a di/9ct dep>ture f ! hi!rto almo/ unlimit$ absolutism ( ,briti% rule 9 ,india4 ,x gave ! ,indian opposition greatly increas$ opportunities = advice1 criticism1 & debate1 & x initiat$ a re/rict$ s*eme ( elections to ! legislative bodies :i* x e/abli%$4 ,! salut>y effect ( ^! concessions 0 soon app>5t4 ,! mod]ate nationali/ elem5ts1 :ile n :olly satisfi$1 accept$ ! act z an e>ne/ ( subsequ5t concessions & z a pro( ( ,briti% good-w4 ,! t]rorism & s$iti\s plott+s ( ! extremi/s1 :ile n /amp$ out1 7 held 9 *eck & driv5 und]gr\nd4 ,k+ ,george's visit to ,india 9 #aiaa evok$ a wave ( loyal en?usiasm :i* swept ! p59sula & augur$ well = ! future4 ,! ye> #aiaa 0 ! high-wat] m>k ( ?is era ( appeasem5t foll[+ ! /orms ( #aije-i4 ,! ye>s aft] #aiaa witness$ a gradual recrudesc5ce ( discont5t z ! fir/ effect ( ! ,c\ncils ,act wore (f & ! s5se ( unfulfill$ aspiration %>p5$ ! appetite = m4 ,9 fact1 dur+ ^! ye>s1 ,indian nationalism 0 /eadily broad5+ its base4 ,9 "o s5se ?is made = /ability1 = ! nationali/ movem5t ceas$ to be a small m9ority ( extremi/s & came m "u ! influ5ce ( mod]ate lead]s l ,mr4 ,gokhale1 :o 7 cont5t to "w = di/ant goals by evolution>y me?ods4 ,x did1 h[ev]1 mean an increas+ pressure on ! gov]nm5t = fre% devolutions ( au?ority4 ,! mo/ notewor?y symptom ( nationali/ gr[? 0 ! rally+ ( a c]ta9 section ( ,mohamm$an op9ion to ! nationali/ cause4 ,! ,mohamm$ans _h by ?is "t =m$ _! own organization1 ! ,all-,india ,moslem ,league4 ,! league 0 ! rev]se ( nationali/ 9 complexion1 hav+ be5 =m$ prim>ily to protect ,moslem int]e/s aga9/ possible ,h9du asc5dancy4 ,nev]!less1 z "t pass$1 "s ,mohamm$ans1 reassur$ by ! fri5dly attitude & promises ( ! ,h9du mod]ates1 ab&on$ ! league's anti-,h9du attitude & jo9$ ! mod]ate nationali/s1 ?\gh refra9+ f s$iti\s agitation4 ,inde$1 ! nationali/s pres5tly split into two di/9ct gr\ps1 mod]ates & extremi/s4 ,! extremi/s1 condemn$ by _! fell[s1 kept up a desultory campaign ( viol5ce1 l>gely direct$ by exil$ lead]s :o f ! %elt] ( =eign c\ntries incit$ _! foll[]s at home to s$iti\s agitation & viol5t action4 ,su* 0 ! situation 9 ,india on ! outbreak ( ! ,great ,w>2 a situation by no means free f difficulty1 yet f> less tr\bl$ ?an x _h be5 a few ye>s be=e4 ,( c\rse1 ! w> produc$ an increase ( unre/ & a c]ta9 am\nt ( t]rorism4 ,yet ,india1 z a :ole1 rema9$ quiet4 ,?r\gh\t ! w> ,india contribut$ m5 & money un/9t$ly to ! imp]ial cause1 & ,indian troops figur$ notably on ,european1 ,asiatic1 & ,african battlefields4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh ! w>-ye>s pass$ )\t any s]i\s outbreak ( revolution>y viol5ce1 x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! f> m widespread movem5t = increas+ self-gov]nm5t _h be5 ei!r qu5*$ or /ill$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! w> gave ?is movem5t fre% impetus4 ,l\d] & l\d] swell$ ! cry = n m]ely good gov]nm5t b gov]nm5t acceptable to ,indian patriots because responsible to !m4 ,! v fact t ,india _h prov$ h] loyalty to ! ,empire & _h giv5 g5]\sly ( h] blood & treasure 7 s _m fre% argum5ts adduc$ = ! grant ( a l>g] measure ( self-direction4 ,num]\s 7 ! memor&a pres5t$ to ! ,briti% au?orities by v>i\s sections ( ,indian public op9ion4 ,^! memor&a 7 an accurate reflection ( ! diff]5t %ades ( ,indian nationalism4 ,! ultimate goal ( all 0 emancipation f ,briti% tutelage1 b !y diff]$ widely among !mselves z to h[ & :5 ?is emancipation 0 to be atta9$4 ,! mo/ cons]vative cont5t$ !mselves ) ask+ = modifi$ self-gov]nm5t "u ,briti% guidance1 :ile ! m ambiti\s ask$ = ! full /atus ( a dom9ion ( ! ,briti% ,empire l ,au/ralia & ,canada4 ,! revolution>y elem5t naturally held alo(1 recogniz+ t only viol5ce c\ld s]ve _! aim--imm$iate & unqualifi$ indep5d5ce4 ,( c\rse ev5 ! m mod]ate nationali/ dem&s impli$ great *anges 9 ! exi/+ gov]nm5tal sy/em & a dim9ution ( ,briti% control su* z ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india 0 n prep>$ at pres5t to conc$e4 ,nev]!less1 ! gov]nm5t met ^! dem&s by a conciliatory attitude =e%ad[+ fre% concessions 9 ! ne> future4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,vic]oy1 ,"l ,h>d+1 said3 ,i d n = a mom5t wi% to disc\nt5ance self-gov]nm5t = ,india z a national ideal4 ,x is a p]fectly legitimate aspiration & has ! sympa?y ( all mod]ate m51 b 9 ! pres5t position ( ,india x is n idealism t is ne$$ b practical politics4 ,we %\ld d our utmo/ to grapple ) realities1 & lightly to raise extravagant hopes & enc\rage unrealizable dem&s c only t5d to delay & w n accel]ate political progress4 ,i "k ?is is ! s5tim5t ( wise & ?\ghtful ,indians4 ,nobody is m anxi\s ?an ,i am to see ! e>ly realization ( ! legitimate aspirations ( ,india1 b ,i am equally desir\s ( avoid+ all dang] ( reaction f ! bir? ( in/itutions :i* exp]i5ce might prove to be premature4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 t[>d ! close ( #aiag1 ,mr4 ,montagu1 ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india1 came out f ,engl& ) ! object ( ?or\ghly canvass+ ,indian public op9ion on ! "q ( con/itutional re=m4 ,= mon?s ! problem 0 c>efully weigh$1 conf]5ces be+ held ) ! repres5tatives ( all races1 classes1 & cre$s4 ,! result ( ^! rese>*es 0 a monum5tal report sign$ by ,mr4 ,montagu & by ! ,vic]oy1 ,"l ,*elms=d1 & publi%$ 9 ,july1 #aiah4 ,! report recomm5d$ concessions f> beyond any :i* ,great ,brita9 _h hi!rto made4 ,x frankly envisag$ ! gift ( home rule = ,india z soon z possible1 & w5t on to /ate t ! gift 0 to be conf]r$ n because ( ,indian agitation1 b because ( ! fai? t is 9 u4 ,!re foll[$ ^! memorable words3 ,we believe pr(\ndly t ! "t has come :5 ! %elt]$ exi/5ce :i* we h giv5 ,india _c be prolong$ )\t damage to h] national life2 t we h a ri*] gift = h] p ?an any t we h yet be/[$ on !m2 t nationhood )9 ! ,empire repres5ts some?+ bett] ?an any?+ ,india has hi!rto atta9$2 t ! placid1 pa!tic cont5tm5t ( ! masses is n ! soil on :i* su* ,indian nationhood w gr[1 & t 9 delib]ately di/urb+ x we are work+ = h] highe/ good4 ,! ess5ce ( ! report 0 its recomm5dation ( ! pr9ciple ( di>*y1 or division ( gov]nm5tal responsibility betwe5 c\ncillors nom9at$ by ! ,briti% executive & m9i/]s *os5 f elective legislative bodies4 ,?is di>*y 0 to hold = bo? ! c5tral & prov9cial gov]nm5ts4 ,! legislatures 7 to be elect$ by a mu* m ext5sive fran*ise ?an _h previ\sly prevail$ & 7 to h greatly enl>g$ p[]s4 ,previ\sly !y _h be5 little m ?an advisory bodies2 n[ !y 7 to become legislatures 9 ! ,we/]n s5se1 ?\gh _! p[]s 7 /ill limit$1 _m p[]s1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! purse1 be+ /ill res]v$ to ! executive4 ,! ,briti% executive ?us reta9$ ultimate control & _h ! la/ ^w2 ?us no true balance ( p[] 0 to exi/1 ! scales be+ frankly weight$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,briti% ,raj4 ,b ! report w5t on to /ate t ?is s*eme ( gov]nm5t 0 n int5d$ to be p]man5t2 t x 0 frankly a transitional measure1 a s*ool 9 :i* ! ,indian p 0 to s]ve its appr5tice%ip1 & t :5 ^! fir/ lessons 9 self-gov]nm5t _h be5 le>n$1 ,india w\ld be giv5 a ?or\ghly repres5tative gov]nm5t :i* w\ld n only initiate & legislate1 b :i* w\ld also control ! executive (ficials4 ,! ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report 0 exhau/ively discuss$ bo? 9 ,india & 9 ,engl&1 & f ^! frank discussions an excell5t idea ( ! ,indian problem 9 all its *all5g+ complexity c be obta9$4 ,! nationali/s split %>ply on ! issue1 ! mod]ates welcom+ ! report & agree+ to give ! propos$ s*eme ( gov]nm5t _! loyal co-op]ation1 ! extremi/s condemn+ ! proposals z a sn>e & a %am4 ,! mod]ate attitude 0 /at$ 9 a manife/o sign$ by _! lead]s1 head$ by ! em95t ,indian economi/ ,sir ,d9%aw ,wa*a1 :i* /at$3 ,! propos$ s*eme =ms a complicat$ /ructure capable ( improvem5t 9 "s p>ticul>s1 especially at ! top1 b is nev]!less a progressive measure4 ,! re=ms are calculat$ to make ! prov9ces ( ,india rea* ! goal ( complete responsible gov]nm5t4 ,on ! :ole1 ! proposals are evolv$ ) great =esight & conceiv$ 9 a _s ( g5u9e sympa?y ) ,indian political aspirations1 = :i* ! di/+ui%$ au?ors are entitl$ to ! c\ntry's gratitude4 ,! condemnation ( ! radicals 0 voic$ by lead]s l ,mr4 ,tilak1 :o urg$ /&+ fa/ by ! ,indian ,national ,congress ideal1 & ,mr4 ,bep9 ,*&] ,pal1 :o ass]t$3 ,x is my delib]ate op9ion t if ! s*eme is accept$1 ! ,gov]nm5t w be m p[]ful & m autocratic ?an x is to-day4 ,extremely int]e/+ 0 ! prote/ ( ! anti-nationali/ gr\ps1 p>ticul>ly ! ,mohamm$ans & ! l[-ca/e ,h9dus4 ,= x is a fact significant ( ! complexity ( ! ,indian problem t _m millions ( ,indians fe> ! nationali/ movem5t & look ^u ! autocracy ( ! ,briti% ,raj z a %ield aga9/ nationali/ oppression & discrim9ation4 ,! ,mohamm$ans ( ,india are1 on ! "q ( self-gov]nm5t = ,india1 %>ply divid$ among !mselves4 ,! majority /ill dislike & fe> ! nationali/ movem5t1 ow+ to its ,h9du "*4 ,a m9ority1 h[ev]1 z already /at$1 h ralli$ to ! nationali/ cause4 ,?is m9ority grew greatly 9 numb]s dur+ ! w>-ye>s1 _! increas$ fri5dl9ess be+ due n m]ely to desire = self-gov]nm5t b also to ang] at ! ,allies' policy ( dismemb]m5t ( ! ,ottoman ,empire & k9dr$ policies 9 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/4#bjj ,! ,h9du nationali/s 7 quick to sympa?ize ) ! ,mohamm$ans on ^! ext]nal matt]s1 & ! result 0 a cordiality betwe5 ! two elem5ts nev] kn[n be=e4 ,! pr$om9ance ( high-ca/e ,brahm9s 9 ! nationali/ movem5t expla9s ! opposition ( _m l[-ca/e ,h9dus to ,indian home rule4 ,s great is ! l[-ca/e fe> ( los+ _! pres5t protection "u ! ,briti% ,raj & ( be+ subject$ to ! dom9ation ( a high-ca/e ,brahm9 olig>*y t 9 rec5t ye>s !y h =m$ an association kn[n z ! ,namasudra1 l$ by well-kn[n p]sons l ,doctor ,nair4#bja ,! ,namasudra po9ts out :at might happ5 by cit+ ! ,brahm9ic pressure :i* occurs ev5 9 su* political activity z already exi/s4 ,= example3 9 _m elections ! ,brahm9s h t]roriz$ l[-ca/e vot]s by ?reat5+ to out-ca/e all :o %\ld n vote ! ,brahm9 ticket1 ?us mak+ !m ,p>iahs--unt\*ables1 ) no rights 9 ,h9du society4 ,su* prote/s aga9/ home rule f l>ge sections ( ! ,indian population gave pause ev5 to _m ,engli% /ud5ts ( ! problem :o _h become conv9c$ ( home rule's !oretical desirability4 ,& ( c\rse !y greatly /r5g!n$ ! argum5ts ( ^? num]\s ,engli%m51 p>ticul>ly ,anglo-,indians1 :o ass]t$ t ,india 0 z yet unfit = self-gov]nm5t4 ,said "o ( ^! objectors 9 ,! ,r\nd ,table3 ,! masses c>e n "o :it = politics2 ,home ,rule !y d n und]/&4 ,!y pref] ! ,engli% ,di/rict ,magi/rate4 ,!y only ask to rema9 9 et]nal & bov9e quiesc5ce4 ,!y feel confid5ce 9 ! ,engli%man because he has always %[n himself ! ',protector ( ! ,poor1' & because he is nei!r ,h9du nor ,mussulman1 & has a reputation = hone/y4 ,& ,"l ,syd5ham1 9 a detail$ criticism ( ! ,montagu-,*elms=d proposals1 /at$3 ,!re are _m defects 9 our sy/em ( gov]nm5t 9 ,india4 ,re=ms are ne$$2 b !y mu/ be bas$ solely ^u consid]ations ( ! welf>e ( ! masses ( ,india z a :ole4 ,if ! policy ( 'delib]ately' di/urb+ _! 'cont5tm5t' :i* ! ,vic]oy & ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate h ann\nc$ is c>ri$ out2 if1 ?r\gh ! ':isp]+ gall]ies ( ! ,ea/1' ! ^w is pass$ t ! only au?ority t c ma9ta9 law & ord] & secure ! gradual build+-up ( an ,indian nation is weak5+2 if1 z is propos$1 ! great public s]vices are emasculat$2 !n ! fi]ce old animosities w break out afre%1 &1 assi/$ by a recrudesc5ce ( ! reaction>y =ces ( ,brahm9ism1 !y w )9 a few ye>s br+ to n\ght ! noble/ "w :i* ! ,briti% race has ev] accompli%$4#bjb ,yet o!r ,engli% au?orities on ,indian affairs ass]t$ t ! ,montagu-,*elms=d proposals 7 s\nd & mu/ be enact$ into law if ! grave/ p]ils 7 to be av]t$4 ,su* 7 ! op9ions ( m5 l ,lionel ,curtis#bjc & ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol1 :o /at$3 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t !re %\ld be no unnecess>y delay4 ,we h _h object-lessons en\gh z to ! dang] ( procra/9ation1 & 9 ,india z else:]e "t is on ! side ( ! tr\blemak]s4444 ,we _c hope to reconcile ,indian ,extremism4 ,:at we c hope to d is to free f its insidi\s influ5ce all t is be/ 9 ,indian public life by op5+ up a l>g] field ( useful activity4#bjd ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report 0 accept$ z ! basis ( discussion by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 & at ! close ( ! ye> #aiai its recomm5dations 7 =mally embodi$ 9 law4 ,un=tunately1 dur+ ! eighte5 mon?s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! publication ( ! report & its legal enactm5t1 ! situation 9 ,india _h d>k5$4 ,militant unre/ _h aga9 rais$ its head1 & ,india 0 m di/urb$ ?an x _h be5 s9ce #aiji4 ,= ?is !re 7 sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ^? nationali/ elem5ts :o 7 dissatisfi$ ) ! report began coquett+ ) ! revolution>y irreconcilables & enc\rag+ !m to fre% t]rorism1 p]haps 9 ! hope ( /amp$+ ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t into wid] concessions ?an ! report _h contemplat$4 ,b !re 7 o!r causes ( a m g5]al nature4 ,! ye> #aiah 0 a black "o = ,india4 ,! _w-wide influ5za epidemic hit ,india p>ticul>ly h>d1 millions ( p]sons be+ c>ri$ (f by ! grim plague4 ,fur!rmore1 ,india 0 curs$ ) dr\ght1 ! crops fail$1 & ! spectre ( fam9e /alk$ ?r\gh ! l&4 ,! ye> #aiai saw an ev5 worse dr\ght1 involv+ an almo/ record fam9e4 ,by ! late summ] x 0 e/imat$ t millions ( p]sons _h di$ ( hung]1 ) millions m on ! v]ge ( />vation4 ,& on top ( all came an ,afghan w>1 ?r[+ ! nor?-we/ bord] into tumult & fur!r unsettl+ ! already re/less ,mohamm$an elem5t4 ,! up%ot 0 a wave ( unre/ reveal+ itself 9 an epidemic ( riots1 t]rorism1 & s$iti\s activity :i* gave ! ,briti% au?orities s]i\s conc]n4 ,s critical appe>$ ! situation t a special commission 0 appo9t$ to inve/igate conditions1 & ! report h&$ 9 by its *airman1 ,ju/ice ,r[latt1 pa9t$ a depress+ picture ( ! /r5g? ( revolution>y unre/4 ,! report /at$ t n only _h a consid]able numb] ( "y m5 ( ! educat$ upp] classes become involv$ 9 ! promotion ( an>*ical movem5ts1 b t ! ranks 7 fill$ ) m5 belong+ to o!r social ord]s1 includ+ ! milit>y1 & t !re 0 cle> evid5ce ( successful tamp]+ ) ! loyalty ( ! native troops4 ,to combat ?is gr[+ disaffection1 ! ,r[latt committee recomm5d$ fre% repressive legislation4 ,impress$ ) ! gravity ( ! committee's report1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india =mulat$ a project ( law (ficially kn[n z ! ,an>*ical & ,revolution>y ,crimes ,act1 ?\gh g5]ally kn[n z ! ,r[latt ,bill4 ,by its provisions ! au?orities 7 end[$ ) greatly increas$ p[]s1 su* z ! "r to se>* premises & arre/ p]sons on m]e suspicion ( s$iti\s activity1 )\t def9ite evid5ce ( ! same4 ,! ,r[latt ,bill at once ar\s$ bitt] nationali/ opposition4 ,n m]ely extremi/s1 b _m mod]ates1 condemn$ x z a backw>d /ep & z a provok] ( fre% tr\ble4 ,:5 ! bill came up = debate 9 ! ,indian legislative body1 ! ,imp]ial ,legislative ,c\ncil1 all ! native memb]s save "o oppos$ x1 & ! bill 0 f9ally pass$ on /rictly racial l9es by ! votes ( ! appo9t$ ,engli% majority4 ,h[ev]1 ! gov]nm5t consid]$ ! bill an absolute pre-requisite to ! successful ma9t5ance ( ord]1 & x 0 pass$ into law 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai4 ,?is br\ght matt]s to a head4 ,! nationali/s1 /igmatiz+ ! ,r[latt law z ! ,black ,cobra ,act1 7 unmeasur$ 9 _! condemnation4 ,! extremi/s eng9e]$ a campaign ( militant prote/ & decre$ ! date ( ! bill's enactm5t1 ,april #f1 #aiai1 z a national ,humiliation ,day4 ,on t day mon/] mass-meet+s 7 held1 at :i* nationali/ orators made s$iti\s spee*es & inflam$ ! passions ( ! multitude4 ,humiliation ,day 0 9 fact ! beg9n+ ( ! wor/ wave ( unre/ s9ce ! mut9y4 ,= ! next ?ree mon?s a v]itable epidemic ( riot+ & t]rorism swept ,india1 p>ticul>ly ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,(ficials 7 assass9at$1 ,engli% civilians 7 murd]$1 & !re 0 :olesale de/ruction ( prop]ty4 ,at "s mom5ts x look$ z ?\gh ,india 7 on ! v]ge ( revolution & an>*y4 ,h[ev]1 ! gov]nm5t /ood firm4 ,viol5ce 0 c\nt]$ ) /]n repression4 ,riot\s mobs 7 m[$ d[n :olesale by rifle & ma*9e-gun fire or 7 scatt]$ by bombs dropp$ f l[-fly+ a]oplanes4 ,! mo/ not$ ( ^! occurr5ces 0 ! s-call$ ,amrits> ,massacre1 :]e ,briti% troops fir$ into a s$iti\s mass-meet+1 kill+ #ejj & w\nd+ #aejj p]sons4 ,9 ! end ! gov]nm5t ma/]$ ! situation4 ,ord] 0 re/or$1 ! s$iti\s lead]s 7 swept into cu/ody1 & ! revolution>y agitation 0 once m driv5 und]gr\nd4 ,! enactm5t ( ! ,montagu-,*elms=d re=m bill by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t t[>d ! close ( ! ye> did mu* to relax ! t5sion & assuage discont5t1 ?\gh ! situation ( ,india 0 /ill f> f normal4 ,! deplorable ev5ts ( ! e>li] "p ( #aiai _h r\s$ animosities :i* 7 by no means allay$4 ,! revolution>y elem5ts1 ?\gh driv5 und]gr\nd1 7 m bitt] & uncompromis+ ?an ev]1 :ile oppon5ts ( home rule 7 confirm$ 9 _! conviction t ,india c\ld n be tru/$ & t any relaxation ( autocracy mu/ spell an>*y4 ,?is 0 obvi\sly n ! be/ m5tal atmosph]e 9 :i* to apply ! compromises ( ! ,montagu-,*elms=d re=ms4 ,9 fact1 ! extremi/s 7 det]m9$ t !y %\ld n be giv5 a fair trial1 reg>d+ ! re=ms z a sn>e :i* mu/ be avoid$ at all co/s4 ,recogniz+ t arm$ rebellion 0 /ill impossible1 at lea/ = ! pres5t1 ! extremi/s evolv$ ! idea kn[n z non-co-op]ation4 ,?is 01 9 fact1 a gigantic boycott ( ev]y?+ ,briti%4 ,n m]ely 7 ! new vot]s urg$ to /ay away f ! polls & ?us elect no memb]s to ! propos$ legislative bodies1 b lawy]s & litigants 7 to avoid ! c\rts1 taxpay]s refuse to pay impo/s1 workm5 to g on /rike1 %opkeep]s to refuse to buy or sell ,briti%-made goods1 & ev5 pupils to leave ! s*ools & colleges4 ,?is :olesale out-ca/+ ( ev]y?+ ,briti% w\ld make ! ,engli% 9 ,india a new sort ( ,p>iah--unt\*ables2 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,briti% community 9 ,india w\ld be left 9 absolute isolation1 & ! ,raj1 r5d]$ unworkable1 w\ld h to capitulate to ! extremi/ dem&s = complete self-gov]nm5t4 ,su* 0 ! non-co-op]ation idea4 ,& ! idea soon f\nd an able expon5t3 a c]ta9 ,m4 ,k4 ,g&hi1 :o _h long possess$ a reputation = p]sonal sanctity & ?us inspir$ ! ,h9du masses ) t peculi> religi\s f]v\r :i* c]ta9 types ( ,indian ascetics h always kn[n h[ to ar\se4 ,g&hi's propag&a c be judg$ by ! foll[+ extract f "o ( 8 spee*es3 ,x is z amaz+ z x is humiliat+ t less ?an #ajj1jjj :ite m5 %\ld be able to rule #cae1jjj1jjj ,indians4 ,!y d s some:at1 und\bt$ly1 by =ce1 b m by secur+ our co-op]ation 9 a ?\s& ways & mak+ u m & m helpless & dep5d5t on !m1 z "t goes =w>d4 ,let u n mi/ake re=m$ c\ncils 7legislatures71 m law-c\rts1 & ev5 gov]nor%ips = real fre$om or p[]4 ,!y are b subtl] me?ods ( emasculation4 ,! ,briti% _c rule u by m]e =ce4 ,& s !y resort to all means1 hon\rable & di%on\rable1 9 ord] to reta9 _! hold on ,india4 ,!y want ,india's billions & !y want ,india's man-p[] = _! imp]iali/ic gre$4 ,if we refuse to supply !m ) m5 & money1 we a*ieve our goal3 namely1 ,sw>aj1#bje equality1 manl9ess4 ,! extreme hopes ( ! non-co-op]ation movem5t h n be5 realiz$4 ,! ,montagu-,*elms=d re=ms h be5 put 9 op]ation1 & ! fir/ elections "u !m 7 held at ! beg9n+ ( #aiba4 ,b ! outlook is f> f bright4 ,! v light vote ca/ at ! elections reveal$ ! effect ( ! non-co-op]ation movem5t1 :i* %[$ itself 9 c\ntless o!r ways1 f /rikes 9 factories to /rikes ( s*ool-*ildr54 ,india to-day is 9 a turmoil ( unre/4 ,& ?is unre/ is n m]ely political2 x is social z well4 ,! va/ economic *anges :i* h be5 go+ on 9 ,india = ! pa/ half-c5tury h pr(\ndly disorganiz$ ,indian society4 ,^! *anges w be discuss$ 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,! po9t to be "h not$ is t ! extremi/ lead]s are capitaliz+ social discont5t & are unque/ionably 9 t\* ) ,bol%evik ,russia4 ,mean:ile ! old] factors ( di/urbance are by no means elim9at$4 ,! rec5t atroci\s massacre ( dissid5t ,sikh pilgrims by or?odox ,sikh fanatics1 & ! ?ree-corn]$ riots betwe5 ,h9dus1 ,mohamm$ans1 & native ,*ri/ians :i* broke out ab\t ! same "t 9 s\!rn ,india1 reveal ! hidd5 fires ( religi\s & racial fanaticism t sm\ld] b5ea? ! surface ( ,indian life4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is t ,india is to-day a battle-gr\nd betwe5 ! =ces ( evolution>y & revolution>y *ange4 ,x is an anxi\s & a tr\bl$ "t4 ,! old ord] is obvi\sly pass+1 & ! new ord] is n yet fairly 9 sight4 ,! h\r is big ) possibilities ( bo? good & evil1 & no "o c confid5tly pr$ict ! outcome4 ,,footnotes3 #aib ,accord+ to "s hi/orians1 ?is race-mixture occurr$ almo/ at once4 ,! !ory is t ! ,aryan conqu]ors1 :o outside ! nor?-we/]n region _h v few ( _! own wom5 ) !m1 took ,dravidian wom5 z wives or concub9es1 & legitimatiz$ _! half-bre$ *ildr51 ! (fspr+ ( ! conqu]ors1 bo? pure-bloods & mix$-bloods1 coalesc+ into a clos$ ca/e4 ,fur!r infiltration ( ,dravidian blood 0 ?us prev5t$1 b ,aryan race-purity _h be5 de/roy$4 #aic ,sir ,bampfylde ,full]1 ,/udies ( ,indian ,life & ,s5tim5t1 p4 #dj 7,london1 #aiaj74 ,= o!r discussions ( ca/e & its effects1 see ,w4 ,ar*]1 ,india & ! ,future 7,london1 #aiah72 ,sir ,v4 ,*irol1 ,indian ,unre/ 7,london1 #aiaj72 ,rev4 ,j4 ,morrison1 ,new ,ideas 9 ,india3 ,a ,/udy ( ,social1 ,political & ,religi\s ,developm5ts 7,ed9burgh1 #aijf72 ,sir ,h4 ,risley1 ,! ,p ( ,india 7,london1 #aijh72 also writ+s ( ! ,namasudra lead]1 ,dr4 ,nair1 previ\sly quot$1 & ,s4 ,nihal ,s+h1 ,india's ,unt\*ables1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,m>*1 #aiac4 #aid ,= ! nationali/ movem5t1 see ,ar*]1 ,*irol1 & ,morrison1 supra4 ,also ,sir ,h4 ,j4 ,s4 ,cotton1 ,india 9 ,transition 7,london1 #aijd72 ,j4 ,n4 ,f>quh>1 ,mod]n ,religi\s ,movem5ts 9 ,india 7,new ,york1 #aiae72 ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]1 ,! ,india ( ! ,que5 & ,o!r ,essays 7,london1 #aijc72 ,w4 ,s4 ,lilly1 ,india & ,its ,problems 7,london1 #aijb72 ,sir ,v4 ,lovett1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,nationali/ ,movem5t 7,london1 #aibj72 ,j4 ,ramsay ,macdonald1 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india 7,london1 #aibj72 ,sir ,t4 ,morison1 ,imp]ial ,rule 9 ,india 7,london1 #ahii72 ,j4 ,d4 ,rees1 ,! ,real ,india 7,london1 #aijh72 ,sir ,j4 ,/ra*ey1 ,india3 ,its ,adm9i/ration & ,progress 7,f\r? ,edition--,london1 #aiaa72 ,k4 ,vyasa ,rao1 ,! ,future ,gov]nm5t ( ,india 7,london1 #aiah74 #aie ,i h already discuss$ ?is ,gold5 ,age t5d5cy 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,= m or less ,extremi/ ,indian view-po9ts1 see ,a4 ,coom>aswamy1 ,! ,dance ( ,siva 7,new ,york1 #aiah72 ,h4 ,maitra1 ,h9duism3 ,! ,_w-,ideal 7,london1 #aiaf72 ,bip9 ,*&ra ,pal1 ,! ,=ces ,beh9d ! ,unre/ 9 ,india1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y1 #aiaj2 also v>i\s writ+s ( ,lajpat ,rai1 especially ,! ,arya ,samaj 7,london1 #aiae7 & ,"y ,india 7,new ,york1 #aiaf74 #aif ,= ,indian ,mohamm$an po9ts ( view1 mo/ly anti-,h9du1 see ,h4 ,h4 ,! ,aga ,khan1 ,india 9 ,transition 7,london1 #aiah72 ,s4 ,khuda ,bukh%1 ,essays3 ,indian & ,islamic 7,london1 #aiab72 ,sir ,sy$ ,ahm$1 ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,indian ,politics 7,allahabad1 #ahhh72 ,sy$ ,sird> ,ali ,khan1 ,! ,unre/ 9 ,india 7,bombay1 #aijg72 also 8 ,india ( ,to-day 7,bombay1 #aijh74 #aig ,?is attitude ( ! ,depress$ ,classes1 especially z reveal$ 9 ! ,namasudra ,association1 has already be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 & w be fur!r t\*$ ^u lat] 9 ?is pres5t *apt]4 #aih ,reg>d+ ! ,indian native pr9ces1 see ,ar*] & ,*irol1 supra4 ,also ,j4 ,poll51 ,native ,/ates & ,indian ,home ,rule1 ,asiatic ,review1 ,janu>y #a1 #aiag2 ,! ,mah>ajah ( ,bobbili1 ,advice to ! ,indian ,ari/ocracy 7,madras1 #aije72 articles by ,sir ,d4 ,b>r & ,sir ,f4 ,y\nghusb& 9 ,! ,empire & ! ,c5tury 7,london1 #aije74 #aii ,a good symposium ( extremi/ comm5t is conta9$ 9 ,*irol1 supra4 ,also see ,j4 ,d4 ,rees1 ,! ,real ,india 7,london1 #aijh72 s]ies ( extremi/ articles 9 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,m>*1 #aiag4 ,a good sample ( extremi/ lit]ature is ! fairly well-kn[n pamphlet ,india's ,loyalty to ,engl& 7#aiae74 #bjj ,discuss$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 #bja ,quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 #bjb ,"l ,syd5ham1 ,india1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,= simil> criticisms ( ! ,montagu-,*elms=d proposals1 see ,g4 ,m4 ,*esney1 ,india "u ,exp]im5t 7,london1 #aiah72 ,! ,fir/ ,/age t[>ds ,indian ,an>*y1 ,spectator1 ,decemb] #bj1 #aiai4 #bjc ,lionel ,curtis1 ,lett]s to ! ,p ( ,india on ,responsible ,gov]nm5t1 already quot$ at ! end ( ,*apt] ,,iv4 #bjd ,sir ,v4 ,*irol1 ,india 9 ,travail1 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,july1 #aiah4 #bje ,i4 e41 self-gov]nm5t1 9 ! extremi/ s5se--practically indep5d5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,economic ,,*ange ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ph5om5a ( mod]n _w-hi/ory is ! tw(old conque/ ( ! ,ea/ by ! ,we/4 ,! ^w conque/ is usually employ$ 9 a political s5se1 & calls up visions ( embattl$ armies subdu+ =eign l&s & lord+ x ov] di/ant peoples4 ,su* political conque/s 9 ! ,ori5t did ( c\rse occur1 & we h already se5 h[1 dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 ! decrepit /ates ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ fell an easy prey to ! arm$ might ( ! ,european ,p[]s4 ,b :at is n s g5]ally realiz$ is ! fact t ?is political conque/ 0 p>allel$ by an economic conque/ p]haps ev5 m complete & probably de/9$ to produce *anges ( an ev5 m pr(\nd & endur+ "*4 ,! root-cause ( ?is economic conque/ 0 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,j z ! voyages ( ,columbus & ,da ,gama gave ,europe ! /rategic ma/]y ( ! ocean & !reby ! political ma/]y ( ! _w1 s ! te*nical inv5tions ( ! lat] eighte5? c5tury :i* inaugurat$ ! ,indu/rial ,revolution gave ,europe ! economic ma/]y ( ! _w4 ,^! inv5tions 9 fact h]ald$ a new ,age ( ,discov]y1 ?is "t into ! realms ( sci5ce4 ,! results 71 if possible1 m mom5t\s ev5 ?an ^? ( ! age ( geographical discov]y ?ree c5turies be=e4 ,!y gave our race su* increas$ ma/]y ov] ! res\rces ( nature t ! ensu+ trans=mation ( economic life swiftly & utt]ly trans=m$ ! face ( ?+s4 ,?is trans=mation 01 inde$1 unprec$5t$ 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,hi!rto man's mat]ial progress _h be5 a gradual evolution4 ,) ! exception ( gunp[d]1 he _h tapp$ no new s\rces ( mat]ial en]gy s9ce v anci5t times4 ,! horse-drawn mail-coa* ( our great-gr&fa!rs 0 m]ely a logical elaboration ( ! horse-drawn ,egyptian *>iot2 ! w9d-driv5 clipp]-%ip trac$ its l9e unbrok5 to ,ulysses's late5 b>k be=e ,troy2 :ile indu/ry /ill reli$ on ! brawn ( man & bea/ or ^u ! simple action ( w9d & wat]fall4 ,sudd5ly all 0 *ang$4 ,/eam1 electricity1 petrol1 ! ,h]tzian wave1 h>ness$ nature's hidd5 p[]s1 conqu]$ di/ance1 & %runk ! t]re/rial globe to ! measure ( human h&s4 ,man ent]$ a new mat]ial _w1 diff]+ n m]ely 9 degree b 9 k9d f t ( previ\s g5]ations4 ,:5 ,i say ,man1 ,i mean1 s f> z ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 conc]n$1 ! :ite man ( ,europe & its racial settlem5ts ov]seas4 ,x 0 ! :ite man's bra9 :i* _h conceiv$ all ?is1 & x 0 ! :ite man alone :o at fir/ reap$ ! b5efits4 ,! two out/&+ features ( ! new ord] 7 ! rise ( ma*9e-indu/ry ) its incalculable accel]ation ( mass-production1 & ! correlative developm5t ( *eap & rapid transportation4 ,bo? ^! factors fav\r$ a prodigi\s increase 9 economic p[] & weal? 9 ,europe1 s9ce ,europe became ! work%op ( ! _w4 ,9 fact1 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,europe 0 trans=m$ f a semi-rural cont95t into a sw>m+ hive ( indu/ry1 gorg$ ) goods1 capital1 & m51 p\r+ =? its w>es to ! remote/ corn]s ( ! e>?1 & draw+ !nce fre% /ores ( raw mat]ial = new fabrication & ex*ange4 ,su* 0 ! indu/rially revolutioniz$ ,we/ :i* confront$ an ,ea/ z backw>d & /agnant 9 economics z x 0 9 politics & ! art ( w>4 ,9 fact1 ! ,ea/ 0 virtually devoid ( ei!r indu/ry or bus9ess1 z we und]/& ^! t]ms to-day4 ,economically1 ! ,ea/ 0 on an agricultural basis1 ! economic unit be+ ! self-support+1 semi-isolat$ village4 ,ori5tal indu/ries 7 h&icrafts1 c>ri$ on by relatively small numb]s ( artisans1 usually work+ by & = !mselves4 ,_! products1 :ile (t5 exquisite 9 quality1 7 l>gely luxuries1 & 7 always produc$ by su* sl[1 antiquat$ me?ods t _! quantity 0 limit$ & _! m>ket price relatively high4 ,despite v l[ wages1 !re=e1 ,asiatic products n only c\ld n compete 9 ! _w-m>ket ) ,european & ,am]ican ma*9e-made1 mass-produc$ articles1 b 7 h>d hit 9 _! home-m>kets z well4 ,?is ,ori5tal inability to compete ) ,we/]n indu/ry arose n m]ely f me?ods ( production b also f o!r factors su* z ! m5tality ( ! work]s & ! sc>city ( capital4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ economic life re/$ on ! pr9ciple ( /atus4 ,! ,we/]n economic pr9ciples ( contract & competition 7 virtually unkn[n4 ,agriculturali/s & artisans foll[$ bl9dly 9 ! foot/eps ( _! fa!rs4 ,!re 0 no competition1 no /imulus = improvem5t1 no *ange 9 cu/om>y wages1 no desire = a bett] & m com=table liv+4 ,! indu/ries 7 /]eotyp$2 ! appr5tice m]ely imitat$ 8 ma/]1 & r>ely ?\ght ( introduc+ new implem5ts or new me?ods ( manufacture4 ,in/ead ( work+ = pr(it & advancem5t1 m5 foll[$ an h]$it>y call+1 usually hall[$ by religi\s sanctions1 h&$ d[n f fa!r to son ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 ea* call+ possess+ its own un*ang+ ideals1 its zeal\sly gu>d$ craft-secrets4 ,! few bold]1 m ent]pris+ spirits :o might h v5tur$ to break ! iron b&s ( cu/om & tradition 7 e/opp$ by lack ( capital4 ,fluid inve/m5t capital1 easily mobiliz$ & ready to p\r into an ent]prise ( demon/rable utility & pr(it1 simply did n exi/4 ,to ! ,ori5tal1 :e!r pr9ce or peasant1 money 0 reg>d$1 n z a s\rce ( pr(it or a m$ium ( ex*ange1 b z a /ore ( value1 to be ho>d$ intact aga9/ a ra9y day4 ,! ,ea/ has be5 kn[n = ages z a s9k ( ! preci\s metals4 ,9 ,india alone1 ! value ( ! gold1 silv]1 & jewels hidd5 9 /rong-boxes1 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 or hang+ ab\t ! necks ( wom5 mu/ run into billions4 ,says a rec5t writ] on ,india3 ,i _h ! privilege ( be+ tak5 ?r\gh ! treasure-vaults ( "o ( ! weal?ie/ ,mah>ajahs4 ,i c\ld h plung$ my arm to ! %\ld] 9 great silv] caskets fill$ ) diamonds1 pe>ls1 em]alds1 rubies4 ,! walls 7 /udd$ ) hooks & on ea* pair ( hooks re/$ gold b>s ?ree to f\r feet long & two in*es across4 ,i /ood by a great cask ( diamonds1 & pick+ up a h&ful let !m drop sl[ly f betwe5 my f+]s1 sp>kl+ & gli/5+ l drops ( wat] 9 sunlight4 ,!re are "s sev5 hundr$ native /ates1 & ! rul]s ( e "o has 8 treasure-vaults on a m or less elaborate scale4 ,besides ^!1 e zam9d> & e ,indian ( high or l[ degree :o c save any?+1 wants to h x by him 9 actual metal2 he di/ru/s ?is new-fangl$ pap] curr5cy t !y try to pass (f on him4 ,sometimes he beats 8 co9s into bangles = 8 wives1 & sometimes he hides money beh9d a loose brick or "u a flat /one 9 ! bottom ( ! ov51 or he goes out & digs a little hole & buries x4#bjf ,rememb] t ?is description is ( pres5t-day ,india1 aft] m ?an a c5tury ( ,briti% rule & not)/&+ a p]meation ( ,we/]n ideas :i*1 z we %all pres5tly see1 has produc$ mom5t\s modifications 9 ! native po9t ( view4 ,rememb] also t ?is ho>d+ prop5sity is n peculi> to ,india b is %>$ by ! entire ,ori5t4 ,we c !n realize ! utt] lack ( capital = inve/m5t purposes 9 ! ,ea/ ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 especially :5 we rememb] t political insecurity & religi\s prohibitions ( ! l5d+ ( money at int]e/ /ood 9 ! way ( su* f>-sight$ individuals z might h be5 incl9$ to employ _! ho>d$ weal? = productive purposes4 ,!re 01 inde$1 "o outlet = f9ancial activity--usury1 & !re9 virtually all ! scant fluid capital ( ! old ,ori5t 0 employ$4 ,b su* capital1 l5t n = productive ent]prise1 b = luxury1 pr(ligacy1 or incompet5ce1 0 a de/ructive r ?an a creative =ce & m]ely int5sifi$ ! prejudice aga9/ capital ( any k9d4 ,su* 0 ! economic life ( ! ,ori5t a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is ar*aic ord] 0 utt]ly unable to face ! trem5d\s competition ( ! indu/rializ$ ,we/4 ,ev]y:]e ! flood ( *eap ,we/]n ma*9e-made1 mass-produc$ goods began invad+ ,ea/]n l&s1 driv+ ! native w>es be=e !m4 ,! way 9 :i* an anci5t ,ori5tal h&icraft l ! ,indian textiles 0 lit]ally annihilat$ by ! de/ructive competition ( ,lanca%ire cottons is only "o ( _m simil> in/ances4 ,to be sure1 "s ,ori5tal writ]s cont5d t ?is triumph ( ,we/]n manufactures 0 due to political r ?an economic reasons1 & ,indian nationali/s cite ,briti% gov]nm5tal activity 9 fav\r ( ! ,lanca%ire cottons above m5tion$ z ! sole cause = ! de/ruction ( ! ,indian textile h&icrafts4 ,b su* argum5ts appe> to be fallaci\s4 ,briti% (ficial action may h ha/5$ ! triumph ( ,briti% indu/ry 9 ,india1 b t triumph 0 inevitable 9 ! long run4 ,! be/ pro( is ! way 9 :i* ! textile crafts ( indep5d5t ,ori5tal c\ntries l ,turkey & ,p]sia 7 simil>ly ru9$ by ,we/]n competition4 ,a fur!r pro( is ! und\bt$ fact t ,ori5tal peoples1 tak5 z a :ole1 h b\ght ,we/]n-manufactur$ products 9 pref]5ce to _! own h&-made w>es4 ,to _m ,we/]n]s ?is has be5 a my/]y4 ,su* p]sons _c und]/& h[ ! ,ori5tals c\ld buy ! *eap1 %oddy products ( ! ,we/1 manufactur$ especially = ! ,ea/]n m>ket1 9 pref]5ce to _! native w>es ( bett] quality & va/ly great] beauty4 ,! answ]1 h[ev]1 is t ! av]age ,ori5tal is n an art connoisseur b a poor man liv+ p]il\sly close to ! m>g9 ( />vation4 ,he n only wants b mu/ buy ?+s *eap1 & ! wide price-m>g9 is ! decid+ factor4 ,( c\rse !re is also ! elem5t ( novelty4 ,besides goods :i* m]ely replace articles he has always us$1 ! ,we/ has introduc$ _m new articles ^: utility or *>m are irresi/ible4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! way 9 :i* ! sew+-ma*9e & ! k]os5e-lamp h swept ! ,ori5t f end to end1 & !re are _m o!r in/ances ( a simil> nature4 ,! p]meation ( ,we/]n indu/ry has1 9 fact1 pr(\ndly modifi$ e phase ( ,ori5tal economic life4 ,new economic wants h be5 creat$2 /&>ds ( liv+ h be5 rais$2 canons ( ta/e h be5 alt]$4 ,says a lifelong ,am]ican /ud5t ( ! ,ori5t3 ,! k ( mod]n inv5tions & ( o!r foods & articles has creat$ new wants4 ,! ,*9ese peasant is no long] cont5t to burn bean-oil2 he wants k]os5e4 ,! desire ( ! ,asiatic to possess =eign lamps is equall$ only by 8 passion = =eign clocks4 ,! ambiti\s ,syrian scorns ! mud ro( ( 8 ance/ors1 & w be satisfi$ only ) ! bright r$ tiles import$ f ,france4 ,ev]y:]e articles ( =eign manufacture are 9 dem&4444 ,k increases wants1 & ! ,ori5tal is acquir+ k4 ,he dem&s a hundr$ ?+s to-day t 8 gr&fa!r nev] he>d (4#bjg ,ev]y:]e x is ! same /ory4 ,an ,indian economic writ]1 ?\gh a bitt] enemy ( ,we/]n indu/rialism1 bemoans ! fact t ! artisans are los+ _! occupations & are turn+ to agriculture4 ,! *eap k]os5e-oil f ,baku or ,new ,york ?reat5s ! oilman's#bjh exi/5ce4 ,brass & copp] :i* h be5 us$ = vessels f "t immemorial are ?reat5$ by *eap enamell$ ironw>e import$ f ,europe4444 ,!re is also1 p>i passu1 a trans=mation ( ! ta/es ( ! consum]s4 ,!y ab&on gur = cry/al sug>4 ,home-wov5 clo?s are n[ replac$ by manufactur$ clo?s = be+ too co>se4 ,all local indu/ries are attack$ & _m h be5 de/roy$4 ,villages t = c5turies foll[$ cu/om>y practices are br\ght into contact ) ! _w's m>kets all on a sudd54 ,= /eam%ips & railways :i* h e/abli%$ ! connection h be5 built 9 s %ort an int]val z h>dly to all[ brea?+-"t to ! village :i* slumb]$ s long "u ! dom9ion ( cu/om4 ,?us ! sudd5 introduction ( competition into an economic unit :i* _h f "t immemorial foll[$ cu/om has wr\ght a mighty *ange4#bji ,?is mighty *ange 0 due n m]ely to ! influx ( ,we/]n goods b also to an equally mom5t\s influx ( ,we/]n capital4 ,! opportunities = pr(itable inve/m5t 7 s num]\s t ,we/]n capital soon p\r$ 9 /reams into ,ea/]n l&s4 ,virtually devoid ( fluid capital ( its own1 ! ,ori5t 0 b\nd to h rec\rse to ,we/]n capital = ! initiation ( all economic activity 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,railways1 m9es1 l>ge-scale agriculture ( ! plantation type1 & _m o!r und]tak+s ?us came into be+4 ,mo/ notable ( all 0 ! f\nd+ ( num]\s manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts f ,nor? ,africa to ,*9a & ! consequ5t gr[? ( g5u9e factory t[ns :]e ! :ir ( ma*9]y & ! smoke ( tall *imneys proclaim$ t ! ,ea/ 0 adopt+ ! indu/rial life ( ! ,we/4 ,! mom5t\s social consequ5ces ( ?is indu/rialization ( ! ,ori5t w be treat$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we w conf9e ourselves to a consid]ation ( its economic side4 ,fur!rmore1 ?is book1 limit$ z x is to ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/1 _c deal ) indu/rial developm5ts 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,! read] %\ld1 h[ev]1 always be> 9 m9d ,f> ,ea/]n developm5ts1 :i*1 9 ! ma91 run p>allel to ^? :i* we %all "h discuss4 ,^! indu/rial innovations 7 at fir/ pure ,we/]n transplant+s set 9 ,ea/]n soil4 ,initiat$ by ,we/]n capital1 !y 7 :olly controll$ & manag$ by ,we/]n bra9s4 ,we/]n capital c\ld n v5ture to entru/ itself to ,ori5tals1 ) _! lack ( ! mod]n indu/rial _s1 _! habits ( squeeze & nepotism1 _! lu/ = quick returns1 & _! incapacity = su/a9$ bus9ess team-play4 ,z "t pass$1 h[ev]1 ! success ( ,we/]n und]tak+s s impress$ ,ori5tals t ! m =w>d-look+ among !m 7 ready to risk _! money & to acquire ! te*nique necess>y = success4 ,at ! close ( ,*apt] ,,ii1 ,i describ$ ! developm5t ( mod]n bus9ess types 9 ! ,moslem _w1 & ! same is true ( ! non-,moslem populations ( ,india4 ,9 ,india !re 7 sev]al elem5ts su* z ! ,p>sis & ! ,h9du banyas1 or money-l5d]s1 ^: previ\s activities 9 comm]ce or usury pr$ispos$ !m to f9ancial & indu/rial activity 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,f _! ranks h *iefly sprung ! pres5t-day native bus9ess communities ( ,india1 exemplifi$ by ! jute & textile factories ( ,calcutta & ,bombay1 & ! great ,tata iron-works ( ,b5gal--und]tak+s f9anc$ by native capital & :olly "u native control4 ,( c\rse1 beside ^! successes !re h be5 _m lam5table failures4 ,nev]!less1 !re seems to be no d\bt t ,we/]n indu/rialism is ceas+ to be an exotic & is root+ itself firmly 9 ,ea/]n soil4#baj ,! comb9$ result ( ,we/]n & ,ea/]n ent]prise has be51 z already /at$1 ! rise ( important indu/rial c5tres at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,9 ,egypt a ,fr5* writ] rem>ks3 ,bo? banks ( ! ,nile are l9$ ) factories1 sug>-ref9]ies & cotton-mills1 ^: bel*+ *imneys t[] above ! mud huts ( ! fellahs4#baa ,& ,sir ,!odore ,morison says ( ,india3 ,9 ! city ( ,bombay ! indu/rial revolution has already be5 accompli%$4 ,bombay is a mod]n manufactur+ city1 :]e bo? ! d>k & ! bright side ( mod]n indu/rialism /rike ! eye4 ,bombay has insanit>y slums :]e ov]cr[d+ is z great an evil z 9 any ,european city2 %e has a prolet>iat :i* works long h\rs amid ! d9 & :ir ( ma*9]y2 %e also has h] millionaires1 ^: pr9cely *>ities h adorn$ h] /reets ) beautiful build+s4 ,signs ( lavi% weal? &1 let me add1 culture & ta/e 9 ,bombay a/oni% ! visitor f ! inl& di/ricts4 ,! br[n villages & nev]-end+ fields ) :i* he has hi!rto be5 famili> are ! ,india :i* is pass+ away2 ,bombay is ! presage ( ! future4#bab ,! juxtaposition ( va/ natural res\rces & a limitless supply ( *eap lab\r has enc\rag$ ! mo/ ambiti\s hopes 9 ,ori5tal m9ds4 ,"s ,ori5tals look to a comb9ation ( ,we/]n money & ,ea/]n man-p[]1 express$ by an ,indian economic writ] 9 ! =mula3 ,engli% money & ,indian lab\r are ! two *eape/ ?+s 9 ! _w4#bac ,o!rs m ambiti\sly dream ( indu/rializ+ ! ,ea/ entirely by native ef=t1 to ! exclusion & ev5 to ! detrim5t ( ! ,we/4 ,?is view 0 well set =? "s ye>s ago by a ,h9du1 :o wrote 9 a lead+ ,indian p]iodical3#bad ,9 "o s5se ! ,ori5t is really m5ac+ ! ,we/1 & s e>ne/ & op5-m9d$ is ,asia t no pret5ce or apology :atev] is made ab\t x4 ,! ,ea/]n] has ?r[n d[n ! indu/rial gauntlet1 & f n[ on ,asia is de/9$ to witness a progressively int5se trade w>f>e1 ! ,occid5tal scrambl+ to reta9 8 hold on ! m>kets ( ! ,ea/1 & ! ,ori5tal endeav\r+ to beat him 9 a battle 9 :i* h]et(ore he has be5 an easy victor4444 ,9 compet+ ) ! ,occid5tal comm]ciali/s1 ! ,ori5tal has awak5$ to a dynamic realization ( ! futility ( pitt+ unimprov$ ma*9]y & me?ods aga9/ mod]n me?ods & appliances4 ,ca/+ aside 8 =m] s5se ( self-complac5cy1 he is /udy+ ! sci5ces & arts t h giv5 ! ,we/ its mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,he is putt+ ! results ( 8 inve/igations to practical use1 z a rule1 reca/+ ! ,occid5tal me?ods to suit 8 peculi> ne$s1 & 9 "s in/ances improv+ ^u !m4 ,?is /atem5t ( ! _s ( ! ,ori5t's indu/rial awak5+ is confirm$ by _m :ite obs]v]s4 ,at ! v mom5t :5 ! above article 0 p5n$1 an ,am]ican economic writ] 0 mak+ a /udy t\r ( ! ,ori5t1 ( :i* he report$3 ,! real cause ( ,asia's pov]ty lies 9 j two ?+s3 ! failure ( ,asiatic gov]nm5ts to educate _! p1 & ! failure ( ! p to increase _! productive capacity by ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,ignorance & lack ( ma*9]y are responsible = ,asia's pov]ty2 k & mod]n tools are responsible = ,am]ica's prosp]ity4 ,b1 cont9ues ?is writ]1 we mu/ wat* out4 ,asia n[ realizes ^! facts & is do+ mu* to rem$y ! situation4 ,h5ce1 we mu/ face 9 ev]-increas+ degree ! rivalry ( awak5+ peoples :o are /rong ) ! /r5g? t comes f /ruggle ) pov]ty & h>d%ip1 & :o h set !mselves to ma/] & apply all our secrets 9 ! com+ _w-/ruggle = indu/rial supremacy & = racial readju/m5t4#bae ,ano!r ,am]ican obs]v] ( ,asiatic economic conditions reports3 ,all ,asia is be+ p]meat$ ) mod]n indu/ry & pres5t-day me*anical progress4#baf ,& ,sir ,!odore ,morison concludes reg>d+ ,india's economic future3 ,india's indu/rial trans=mation is ne> at h&2 ! ob/acles :i* h hi!rto prev5t$ ! adoption ( mod]n me?ods ( manufacture h be5 remov$2 means ( transport h be5 spread ov] ! face ( ! :ole c\ntry1 capital = ! pur*ase ( ma*9]y & erection ( factories may n[ be borr[$ on easy t]ms2 me*anics1 eng9e]s1 & bus9ess manag]s may be hir$ f ,europe to tra9 ! future capta9s ( ,indian indu/ry2 9 ,engli% a common language has be5 f\nd 9 :i* to transact bus9ess ) all ! prov9ces ( ,india & ) a great "p ( ! ,we/]n _w2 security f =eign invasion & int]nal commotion ju/ifies ! inception ( l>ge ent]prises4 ,all ! conditions are fav\rable = a great reorganization ( indu/ry :i*1 :5 successfully accompli%$1 w br+ ab\t an increase hi!rto undream$ ( 9 ,india's annual output ( weal?4#bag ,! factor usually reli$ ^u to ov]come ! ,ori5t's h&icaps ( inexp]i5ce & inexp]tness 9 indu/rialism is its *eap lab\r4 ,to ,we/]n obs]v]s ! l[ wages & long h\rs ( ,ea/]n indu/ry are lit]ally a/\nd+4 ,take ,egypt & ,india z examples ( indu/rial conditions 9 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/4 ,writ+ ( ,egypt 9 #aijh1 ! ,engli% economi/ ,h4 ,n4 ,brails=d says3 ,!re 0 !n no ,factory ,act 9 ,egypt4 ,!re are all ov] ! c\ntry g9n+-mills1 :i* employ casual lab\r to prep>e raw cotton = export dur+ f\r or five mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! wages 7 l[1 f #g-a_/b;d4 to #aj;d4 7#ae to #bj c5ts7 a day = an adult1 & #f;d4 7#ab c5ts7 = a *ild4 ,*ildr5 & adults alike work$ sometimes = twelve1 usually = fifte51 & on occasion ev5 = sixte5 or eighte5 h\rs a day4 ,9 ! height ( ! season ev5 ! *ildr5 7 put on night %ifts ( twelve h\rs4#bah ,9 ,india conditions are ab\t ! same4 ,! fir/ ?or\gh inve/igation ( ,indian indu/ry 0 made 9 #aijg by a factory lab\r commission1 & ! foll[+ are "s ( ! data publi%$ 9 its report3 ,9 ! cotton-mills ( ,bombay ! h\rs regul>ly work$ ran f ?irte5 to f\rte5 h\rs4 ,9 ! jute-mills ( ,calcutta ! op]atives usually work$ fifte5 h\rs4 ,cotton-g9n+ factories requir$ _! employees to "w sev5te5 & eighte5 h\rs a day1 rice & fl\r mills tw5ty to tw5ty-two h\rs1 & an extreme case 0 f\nd 9 a pr9t+ works :]e ! m5 _h to "w tw5ty-two h\rs a day = sev5 consecutive days4 ,z to wages1 an adult male op]ative1 work+ f ?irte5 to fifte5 h\rs a day1 receiv$ f #ae to #bj rupees a mon? 7#e to #f4ce74 ,*ild lab\r 0 v preval5t1 *ildr5 six & sev5 ye>s old work+ half-"t--9 _m cases eight h\rs a day4 ,z a result ( ?is report legislation 0 pass$ by ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t bett]+ work+ conditions some:at1 especially = wom5 & *ildr54 ,b 9 #aiad ! ,fr5* economi/ ,alb]t ,mt91 aft] a c>eful /udy1 report$ factory conditions n greatly *ang$1 ! ,factory ,acts sy/ematically evad$1 h\rs v long1 & wages extremely l[4 ,9 ,bombay m5 7 e>n+ f #aj c5ts to #bj c5ts p] day1 ! highe/ wages be+ #cj c5ts4 ,= wom5 & *ildr5 ! maximum 0 #aj c5ts p] day4#bai ,) su* extraord9>ily l[ wages & long h\rs ( lab\r x might at fir/ sight seem z ?\gh1 giv5 adequate capital & up-to-date ma*9]y1 ! ,ori5t c\ld n only drive ,occid5tal products f ,ea/]n m>kets b might invade ,we/]n m>kets z well4 ,?is1 inde$1 has be5 ! fe> ( _m ,we/]n writ]s4 ,ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago ,gob9eau prophesi$ an indu/rial invasion ( ,europe f ,asia1#bbj & ( late ye>s economi/s l ,h4 ,n4 ,brails=d h w>n$ aga9/ an emigration ( ,we/]n capital to ! tempt+ lure ( factory conditions 9 ,ea/]n l&s4#bba ,nev]!less1 s f> z ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ is conc]n$1 no?+ l ?is has z yet mat]ializ$4 ,*9a1 to be sure1 may yet h unpleasant surprises 9 /ore = ! ,we/1#bbb b nei!r ! ,moslem _w nor ,india h develop$ factory lab\r ) ! skill1 /am9a1 & assiduity suffici5t to und]cut ! indu/rial work]s ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 ,india1 = example1 despite a sw>m+ & pov]ty-/rick5 population1 ! factories are unable to recruit an adequate or dep5dable lab\r-supply4 ,says ,m4 ,mt93 ,) su* long h\rs & l[ wages x might be ?\ght t ,indian indu/ry w\ld be a =midable competitor ( ! ,we/4 ,?is is n s4 ,! reason is ! bad quality ( ! "w4 ,! poorly paid coolies are s badly f$ & s weak t x takes at lea/ ?ree ( !m to d ! "w ( "o ,european4 ,also1 ! ,indian work]s lack n only /r5g? b also skill1 att5tion1 & lik+ = _! "w4444 ,an ,indian ( ! p w d any?+ else 9 pref]5ce to becom+ a factory op]ative4 ,! factories ?us get only ! dregs ( ! work+ class4 ,! work]s come to ! factories & m9es z a la/ resort2 !y leave z soon z !y c return to _! prior occupations or f9d a m remun]ative employm5t4 ,?us ! factories c nev] c\nt on a regul> lab\r-supply4 ,w\ld high] wages rem$y ?is8 ,_m employ]s say no--z soon z ! work]s got a little ahead !y w\ld quit1 ei!r tempor>ily till _! money 0 sp5t1 or p]man5tly = "s m cong5ial call+4#bbc ,^! /atem5ts are fully confirm$ by an ,indian economic writ]1 :o says3 ,"o ( ! greate/ drawbacks to ! e/abli%m5t ( l>ge indu/ries 9 ,india is ! sc>city & ineffici5cy ( lab\r4 ,*eap lab\r1 :]e !re is no physical /am9a1 m5tal discipl9e1 & skill beh9d x1 t5ds to be co/ly 9 ! end4 ,! ,indian lab\r] is mo/ly un$ucat$4 ,he is n 9 t\* ) 8 employ]s or ) 8 "w4 ,! lab\r+ population ( ! t[ns is a flitt+1 dilettante population4#bbd ,?us ,indian indu/ry1 despite its v consid]able gr[?1 has n come up to e>ly expectations4 ,z ! (ficial ,ye>-,book v frankly /ates3 ,india1 9 %ort1 is a c\ntry ri* 9 raw mat]ials & 9 indu/rial possibilities1 b poor 9 manufactur+ accompli%m5ts4#bbe ,9 fact1 to "s obs]v]s1 ,india's indu/rial future seems f> f bright4 ,z a compet5t ,engli% /ud5t ( ,indian conditions rec5tly wrote3 ,"s ye>s ago x seem$ possible t ,india might1 by a rapid assimilation ( ,we/]n k & te*nical skill1 adapt = h] own conditions ! me?ods ( mod]n indu/ry1 & s rea* an approximate economic level4 ,"s ev5 n[ ?reat5 ! ,we/]n _w ) a vision ( ! va/ populations ( ,*9a & ,india ris+ up ) skill$ organization1 va/ res\rces1 & comp>atively *eap lab\r to impov]i% ! ,we/4 ,to ! pres5t writ] ?is is a m]e bogey4 ,! p]il is ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,in/ead ( a gr[+ approximation1 he sees a gr[+ disp>ity4 ,= e /ep ,india takes t[>d me*anical effici5cy1 ! ,we/ takes two4 ,:5 ,india is beg9n+ to use bicycles & motor-c>s 7n to make !m71 ! ,we/ is p]fect+ ! a]oplane4 ,t is m]ely symbolic4 ,! w>1 z we "k1 has spe$$ up me*anical inv5tion & produc$ a population ( me*anics2 b ,india has /ood comp>atively /ill4 ,x is1 up to n[1 ov]:elm+ly m$ival1 a c\ntry ( dome/ic indu/ry & h&icrafts4 ,me*anical p[]1 ev5 ( ! simple/1 has n yet be5 appli$ to its *ief indu/ry--agriculture4 ,yet ! p]iod ( age-long isolation is ov]1 & ,india c nev] g back to x2 nev]!less1 ! gap betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ is wid5+4 ,:at is to be ! outcome = h] #cjj millions8 ,we are 9 dang] 9 ! ,ea/ ( see+ ! wor/ evils ( comm]cialism develop$ on an enorm\s scale1 ) ! va/ population ( ,india ! victims--( see+ ! ,ea/ become a _w slum4#bbf ,:e!r or n ?is pessimi/ic outlook is ju/ifi$1 c]ta9 x is t n m]ely ,india b ! entire ,ori5t is 9 a /age ( pr(\nd transition2 & transition p]iods are always pa9ful times4 ,we h be5 consid]+ ! new indu/rial prolet>iat ( ! t[ns4 ,b ! old] social classes are affect$ 9 v simil> fa%ion4 ,! old-type h&icraftsman & small m]*ant are obvi\sly m5ac$ by mod]n indu/rial & bus9ess me?ods1 & ! peasant masses are 9 little bett] %ape4 ,x is n m]ely a *ange 9 te*nique b a fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 outlook on life t is involv$4 ,! life ( ! old ,ori5t1 :ile !re 0 mu* want & h>d%ip1 0 an easygo+ life1 ) virtually no ?\ght ( su* matt]s z "t1 effici5cy1 output1 & turnov]4 ,! m]*ant sat cross-legg$ 9 8 little boo? amid 8 small /ock ( w>es1 passively wait+ = trade1 *aff]+ int]m9ably ) 8 cu/om]s1 annoy$ r ?an pleas$ if brisk bus9ess came 8 way4 ,! artisan usually work$ by & = himself1 keep+ 8 own h\rs & knock+ (f :5ev] he *ose4 ,! peasant arose ) ! dawn1 b ar\nd noon he & 8 animals lay d[n = a long nap & slept until1 9 ! cool ( aft]noon1 !y awoke1 /ret*$ !mselves1 &1 com=tably & casually1 w5t to "w aga94 ,to su* p ! spe$1 sy/em1 & discipl9e ( our economic life are pa9fully repugnant1 & adaptation c at be/ be effect$ only v sl[ly & "u ! compulsion ( ! dire/ necessity4 ,mean:ile !y suff] f ! competition ( ^? bett] equipp$ 9 ! economic battle4 ,sir ,william ,ramsay pa9ts a /rik+ picture ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,turki% population ( ,asia ,m9or1 f l&lords & m]*ants to simple peasants1 h be5 go+ d[n-hill = ! la/ half-c5tury "u ! economic pressure n m]ely ( ,we/]n]s b ( ! native ,*ri/ian elem5ts1 ,arm5ians & ,greeks1 :o _h p>tially assimilat$ ,we/]n bus9ess ideas & me?ods4 ,"u ! old /ate ( ?+s1 he says1 !re 0 9 ,asia ,m9or no economic progress & no m]cantile developm5t2 ?+s w5t on 9 ! old fa%ion1 ye> aft] ye>4 ,su* simple bus9ess z 0 c>ri$ on 0 inconsi/5t ) ! highly develop$ ,we/]n bus9ess sy/em & ,we/]n civilization2 b x 0 n oppressive to ! p4 ,!re 7 no l>ge =tunes2 !re 0 no opportunity = mak+ a great =tune2 x 0 impossible = "o man to =ce into 8 s]vice ! m9ds & ! "w ( a l>ge numb] ( p1 & s to create a great organization out ( :i* he might make big pr(its4 ,!re 0 a v l>ge numb] ( small m5 do+ bus9ess on a small scale4#bbg ,sir ,william ,ramsay !n goes on to describe ! %att]+ ( ?is ar*aic economic life by mod]n bus9ess me?ods1 to ! consequ5t impov]i%m5t ( all classes ( ! unadaptable ,turki% population4 ,h[ ! agricultural classes1 peasants & l&lords alike1 are suff]+ f *ang+ economic conditions is well exemplifi$ by ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,india4 ,says ! ,fr5* writ] ,*ailley1 an au?oritative /ud5t ( ,indian problems3 ,= ! la/ half-c5tury l>ge fractions ( ! agricultural classes are be+ entirely despoil$ ( _! l&s or r$uc$ to on]\s t5ancies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 new classes are ris+ & tak+ _! place4444 ,bo? ryots & zam9d>s#bbh are involv$4 ,! old-type nobility has n advanc$ ) ! times4 ,x rema9s idle & prodigal1 :ile ! peasant proprietors1 burd5$ by ! traditions ( _m c5turies1 are likewise improvid5t & ignorant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! economic conditions ( ,briti% ,india are produc+ capitali/s :o seek employm5t = _! weal?4 ,a conflict betwe5 !m & ! old l&hold]s 0 pr$e/9$1 & ! result 0 inevitable4 ,weal? goes to ! clev]e/1 & ! l& mu/ pass into ! h&s ( new ma/]s1 to ! great indignation ( ! agricultural classes1 a portion ( :om w be r$uc$ to ! position ( f>m-lab\r]s4#bbi ,! ,h9du economi/ ,muk]jee ?us depicts ! dis9tegration & decay ( ! ,indian village3 ,new economic ideas h n[ begun to influ5ce ! m9ds ( ! villag]s4 ,"s are compell$ to leave _! occupations on acc\nt ( =eign competition1 b m are leav+ _! h]$it>y occupations ( _! own accord4 ,! ,brahm9s g to ! cities to seek gov]nm5t po/s or pr(essional c>e]s4 ,! middle classes also leave _! villages & get scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry to e>n a liv+4 ,! peasants also leave _! ance/ral acres & =m a class ( l&less agricultural lab\r]s4 ,! villages1 dra9$ ( _! be/ blood1 /agnate & decay4 ,! movem5t f ! village to ! city is 9 fact n only work+ a complete revolution 9 ! habits & ideals ( our p1 b its economic consequ5ces are f> m s]i\s ?an are ord9>ily suppos$4 ,x has made our middle classes helplessly subs]vi5t to employm5t & s]vice1 & has also kill$ ! indep5d5ce ( our peasant proprietors4 ,x has jeop>diz$ our food-supply1 & is fraught ) ! grave/ p]il n only to our h&icrafts b also to our national indu/ry--agriculture4#bcj ,happily !re are signs t1 9 ,indian agriculture at lea/1 ! transition p]iod is work+ itself out & t conditions may soon be on ! m5d4 ,bo? ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t & ! native pr9ces h vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 spread+ ,we/]n agricultural ideas & me?ods1 & s9ce ! ,indian peasant has prov$ mu* m receptive ?an has ! ,indian artisan1 a m intellig5t type ( f>m] is develop+1 bett] able to keep /ep ) ! times4 ,a good in/ance is ! gr[? ( rural co-op]ative cr$it societies4 ,fir/ introduc$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 #aijd1 !re 7 9 #aiae m ?an #ag1jjj su* associations1 ) a total ( #hbe1jjj memb]s & a work+ capital ( ne>ly #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,^! agricultural societies make loans = ! pur*ase ( /ock1 fodd]1 se$1 manure1 s9k+ ( wells1 pur*ase ( ,we/]n agricultural ma*9]y1 &1 9 em]g5cies1 p]sonal ma9t5ance4 ,9 ! di/ricts :]e !y h e/abli%$ !mselves !y h greatly dim9i%$ ! plague ( usury practis$ by ! banyas1 or village money-l5d]s1 l[]+ ! rate ( int]e/ f its =m] cru%+ range ( #bj to #ge p] c5t4 to a range av]ag+ f #i to #ah p] c5t4 ,( c\rse su* ph5om5a are z yet m]ely exceptions to a v dre>y rule4 ,nev]!less1 !y all po9t t[>d a bright] morr[4#bca ,b ?is bright] agricultural morr[ is obvi\sly f> (f1 & 9 indu/ry x seems to be f>!r /ill4 ,mean:ile ! *ang+ ,ori5t is full ( suff]+ & discont5t4 ,:at wond] t _m ,ori5tals ascribe _! tr\bles1 n to ! process ( economic transition1 b to ! political control ( ,european gov]nm5ts & ! economic exploitation ( ,we/]n capital4 ,! result is agitation = emancipation f ,we/]n economic z well z ,we/]n political control4 ,at ! end ( ,*apt] ,,ii we exam9$ ! movem5t among ! ,mohamm$an peoples kn[n z ,economic ,pan-,islamism4 ,a simil> movem5t has aris5 among ! ,h9dus ( ,india--! s-call$ ,swade%i movem5t4 ,! ,swade%i/s decl>e t ,india's economic ills are almo/ entirely due to ! dra9 ( ,india's weal? to ,engl& & o!r ,we/]n l&s4 ,!y !re=e advocate a boycott ( ,engli% goods until ,brita9 grants ,india self-gov]nm5t1 :]eupon !y propose to erect protective t>iffs = ,indian products1 curb ! activities ( ,briti% capital1 replace high-sal>i$ ,engli% (ficials by natives1 & !reby keep ,india's weal? at home4#bcb ,an analysis ( ^! ,swade%i/ argum5ts1 h[ev]1 reveals !m z inadequate to acc\nt = ,india's ills1 :i* are due f> m to ! g5]al economic tr5d ( ! times ?an to any specific defects ( ! ,briti% connection4 ,briti% gov]nance & ,briti% capital d co/ money1 b _! und\bt$ effici5cy 9 produc+ peace1 ord]1 security1 & developm5t mu/ be consid]$ z (fsets to ! high] co/s :i* native rule & native capital w\ld impose4 ,z ,sir ,!odore ,morison well says3 ,! advantages :i* ! ,briti% ,navy & ,briti% cr$it conf] on ,india are a lib]al (fset to h] exp5diture on p5sions & gratuities to h] ,engli% s]vants4444 ,india d]ives a pecuni>y advantage f h] connection ) ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,! answ]1 !n1 :i* ,i give to ! "q ',:at economic equival5t does ,india get = =eign paym5ts8' is ?is3 ,india gets ! equipm5t ( mod]n indu/ry1 & %e gets an adm9i/ration fav\rable to economic evolution *eap] ?an %e c\ld provide x h]self4#bcc ,a comp>ison ) ,japan's mu* m co/ly def5ce budgets1 inf]ior cr$it1 & high] int]e/ *>ges on bo? public & private loans is enlight5+ on ?is po9t4 ,9 fact1 "s ,indians !mselves admit ! fallacy ( ,swade%i/ argum5ts4 ,z "o ( !m rem>ks3 ,! s-call$ economic 'dra9' is nons5se4 ,mo/ ( ! mis]y ( late ye>s is due to ! ris+ co/ ( liv+--a _w-wide ph5om5on4 ,& 9 pro( ( ?is he cites conditions 9 o!r ,ori5tal c\ntries1 especially ,japan4#bcd ,z w>m a fri5d ( ! ,indian p z ! ,briti% lab\r lead]1 ,ramsay ,macdonald1 /ates3 ,"o ?+ is q evid5t1 a t>iff w n re-e/abli% ! old h&-indu/ry ( ,india nor help to revive village h&icrafts4 ,factory & ma*9e production1 native to ,india itself1 w ?rottle !m z effectively z t ( ,lanca%ire & ,birm+ham has done 9 ! pa/4#bce ,ev5 m tr5*ant are ! criticisms =mulat$ by ! ,h9du writ] ,prama?a ,na? ,bose4#bcf ,! dra91 says ,mr4 ,bose1 is ru9+ ,india4 ,b w\ld ! ,home ,rule programme1 z envisag$ by mo/ ,swade%i/s1 cure ,india's economic ills8 ,"u ,home ,rule ^! p w\ld d ! foll[+ ?+s3 7#a7 ,sub/itute ,engli%m5 = ,indians 9 ! ,adm9i/ration2 7#b7 levy protective duties on ,indian products2 7#c7 grant ,/ate enc\ragem5t to ,indian indu/ries2 7#d7 dissem9ate te*nical education4 ,n[1 h[ w\ld ^! matt]s "w out8 ,! sub/itution ( ,indian = ,briti% (ficials w\ld n less5 ! dra9 z mu* z mo/ ,home ,rul]s ?9k4 ,! high-plac$ ,indian (ficials :o already exi/ h acquir$ ,european /&>ds ( liv+1 s ! new (ficial corps w\ld co/ almo/ z mu* z ! old4 ,also1 ! influ5ce ( ! example set by ! well-to-d ,indian (ficials w\ld p]meate ,indian society m l>gely ?an at pres5t1 & ! dem& = ,we/]n articles w\ld rise 9 proportion4 ,s comm]cial exploitation by =eign]s w\ld n only cont9ue almo/ z if !y 7 ,europeans1 b might ev5 increase4 ,z to a protective t>iff1 x w\ld attract ,european capital to ,india :i* w\ld exploit lab\r & skim ! pr(its4 ,india has %[n relatively little capacity = indig5\s indu/rial developm5t4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 at l[ wages1 _m ,indians might b5efit1 yet su* p]sons w\ld =m only a ti! ( ! millions n[ />v+--besides ! fact t ?is indu/rialization w\ld br+ 9 _m new social evils4 ,z to ,/ate enc\ragem5t ( indu/ries1 ?is w\ld br+ 9 ,we/]n capital ev5 m ?an a protective t>iff1 ) ! results already /at$4 ,z = te*nical education1 x is a wor?y project1 b1 says ,mr4 ,bose1 ,i am afraid ! movem5t is too late1 n[4 ,)9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s ! ,we/]n]s & ! ,japanese h gone s f> ahead ( u indu/rially t x has be5 ye>ly becom+ m & m difficult to compete ) !m4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,bose goes on to criticize ! :ole sy/em ( ,we/]n education1 z appli$ to ,india4 ,nei!r high] nor l[] education h prov5 panaceas4 ,high] education has l$ to ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( a small section ( our community1 compris+ a few ?\s&s ( well-to-d lawy]s1 doctors1 & ,/ate s]vants4 ,b _! occupations be+ ( a m or less unproductive or p>asitic "*1 _! well-be+ does n solve ! problem ( ! improvem5t ( ,india z a :ole4 ,on ! contr>y1 z _! ta/e = import$ articles develops 9 proportion to _! prosp]ity1 !y help to swell r ?an dim9i% ! economic dra9 f ! c\ntry :i* is "o ( ! *ief causes ( our impov]i%m5t4 ,nei!r has elem5t>y education on ! :ole fur!r$ ! well-be+ ( ! multitude4 ,x has n enabl$ ! cultivators to 'gr[ two blades :]e "o grew be=e4' ,on ! contr>y1 x has di/9ctly dim9i%$ _! effici5cy by inculcat+ 9 ! lit]ate prolet>iat1 :o con/itute ! cream ( _! class1 a /rong di/a/e = _! h]$it>y mode ( liv+ & _! h]$it>y call+s1 & an equally /rong ta/e = %oddy sup]fluities & brummagem f9]ies1 & = occupations ( a m or less p>asitic "*4 ,!y h1 directly or indirectly1 accel]at$ r ?an ret>d$ ! decad5ce ( indig5\s indu/ries1 & h ?us help$ to aggravate _! own economic difficulties & ^? ( ! entire community4 ,:at !y want is m food--& ,new ,india vies ) ! ,gov]nm5t 9 giv+ !m :at is call$ 'education' t does n increase _! food-e>n+ capacity1 b on ! contr>y fo/]s 9 !m ta/es & habits :i* make !m despise indig5\s products & r5d] !m fit subjects = ! exploitation ( s*em+ capitali/s1 mo/ly =eign4 ,political & economic causes c\ld n h l$ to ! ext9ction ( indig5\s indu/ry if !y _h n be5 aid$ by *ange ( ta/e fo/]$ by ! ,we/]n environm5t ( :i* ! s-call$ 'education' is a p[]ful factor4 ,f all ?is ,mr4 ,bose concludes t none ( ! re=ms advocat$ by ! ,home ,rul]s w\ld cure ,india's ills4 ,9 fact1 ! *ances are1 %e w\ld be m inextricably entangl$ 9 ! toils ( ,we/]n civilization1 )\t any adequate comp5sat+ advantage1 & ! grip ( ! ,we/ w\ld close on h] to cru% h] m effectively4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bose1 ! only ?+ = ,india to d is to turn h] back on ev]y?+ ,we/]n & plunge resolutely into ! traditional pa/4 ,z he expresses x3 ,india's salvation lies1 n 9 ! region ( politics1 b outside x2 n 9 aspir+ to be "o ( ! 'great' nations ( ! pres5t day1 b 9 retir+ to h] humble position--a position1 to my m9d1 ( solit>y gr&eur & glory2 n 9 go+ =w>d on ! pa? ( ,we/]n civilization1 b 9 go+ back f x s f> z practicable2 n 9 gett+ m & m entangl$ 9 ! silk5 me%es ( its f9ely knit1 widespread net1 b 9 escap+ f x z f> z possible4 ,su* are ! dra/ic conclusions ( ,mr4 ,bose2 conclusions %>$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by o!r ,indian ideali/s l ,rab9drana? ,tagore4 ,b surely su* projects1 h[ev] ideali/ic1 are ! va9e/ fantasies4 ,:ole peoples _c arbitr>ily cut !mselves (f f ! re/ ( ! _w1 l isolat$ individuals =swe>+ society & sett+ up z an*orites 9 ! jungle4 ,! "t = h]mit nations has pass$1 especially = a va/ c\ntry l ,india1 set at ! cross-roads ( ! ,ea/1 op5 to ! sea1 & already pr(\ndly p5etrat$ by ,we/]n ideas4 ,nev]!less1 su* criticisms1 appeal+ z !y d to ! /rong /ra9 ( asceticism lat5t 9 ! ,indian nature1 h affect$ _m ,indians :o1 :ile unable to concur 9 ! conclusions1 /ill try to evolve a middle t]m1 reta9+ ev]y?+ cong5ial 9 ! old sy/em & graft+ on a select set ( ,we/]n innovations4 ,accord+ly1 ^! p]sons h elaborat$ programmes = a new ord] built on a bl5d ( ,h9du my/icism1 ca/e1 ,we/]n indu/ry1 & socialism4#bcg ,n[ ^! s*emes are highly +5i\s4 ,b !y are n conv9c+4 ,_! au?ors %\ld rememb] ! old adage t y _c eat y\r cake & h x too4 ,:5 we realize ! abysmal anti!sis betwe5 ! economic sy/ems ( ! old ,ea/ & ! mod]n ,we/1 any attempt to comb9e ! mo/ cong5ial po9ts ( bo? :ile es*ew+ _! defects seems an attempt to reconcile irreconcilables & ab\t z pr(itable z try+ to squ>e ! circle4 ,z ,l[es ,dick9son wisely obs]ves3 ,civilization is a :ole4 ,its art1 its religion1 its way ( life1 all hang toge!r ) its economic & te*nical developm5t4 ,i d\bt :e!r a nation c pick & *oose2 :e!r1 = in/ance1 ! ,ea/ c say1 ',we w take f ! ,we/ its battle%ips1 its factories1 its m$ical sci5ce2 we w n take its social confusion1 its hurry & fatigue1 its ugl9ess1 its ov]-emphasis on activity4'444 ,s ,i expect ! ,ea/ to foll[ u1 :e!r x l x or no1 into all ^! excesses1 & to g "r ?r\gh1 n r\nd1 all t we h be5 ?r\gh on its way to a high] phase ( civilization4#bch ,?is seems to be sub/antially true4 ,judg$ by ! ov]:elm+ body ( evid5ce1 ! ,ea/1 9 its contempor>y process ( trans=mation1 w foll[ ! ,we/--avoid+ "s ( our m pat5t mi/akes1 p]haps1 b1 9 ! ma91 proce$+ along simil> l9es4 ,&1 z already /at$1 ?is trans=mation is modify+ e phase ( ,ea/]n life4 ,we h already exam9$ ! process at "w 9 ! religi\s1 political1 & economic phases4 ,to ! social phase let u n[ turn4 ,,footnotes3 #bjf ,f4 ,b4 ,fi%]1 ,india's ,sil5t ,revolution1 p4 #ec 7,new ,york1 #aibj74 #bjg ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,br[n1 ,economic ,*anges 9 ,asia1 ,! ,c5tury1 ,m>*1 #aijd4 #bjh ,i4 e4 ! purveyor ( ! native vegetable-oils4 #bji ,r4 ,muk]jee1 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,indian ,economics1 p4 #e 7,london1 #aiaf74 #baj ,on ^! po9ts1 see ,fi%]1 op4 cit42 ,sir ,t4 ,morison1 ,! ,economic ,transition 9 ,india 7,london1 #aiaa72 ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol1 ,indian ,unre/ 7,london1 #aiaj72 ,d4 ,h4 ,dodwell1 ,economic ,transition 9 ,india1 ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj2 ,j4 ,p4 ,jones1 ,! ,pres5t ,situation 9 ,india1 ,j\rnal ( ,race ,developm5t1 ,july1 #aiaj4 #baa ,l4 ,b]tr&1 ,le ,mirage ori5tal1 pp4 #bj-ba 7,p>is1 #aiaj74 #bab ,sir ,t4 ,morison1 ,! ,economic ,transition 9 ,india1 p4 #aha4 #bac ,quot$ by ,jones1 supra4 #bad ,! ,indian ,review 7,madras71 #aiaj4 #bae ,cl>5ce ,poe1 ,:at ! ,ori5t c ,tea* ,u1 ,_w's ,"w1 ,july1 #aiaa4 #baf ,c4 ,s4 ,coop]1 ,! ,mod]niz+ ( ! ,ori5t1 p4 #e 7,new ,york1 #aiad74 #bag ,morison1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdb4 #bah ,h4 ,n4 ,brails=d1 ,! ,w> ( ,/eel & ,gold1 p4 #aad 7,london1 #aiae74 #bai ,a4 ,mt91 ,l',inde d'auj\rd'hui3 tude sociale1 p4 #ccf 7,p>is1 #aiah74 #bbj ,9 8 book1 ,trois ,ans en ,p]se 7,p>is1 #aheh74 #bba ,brails=d1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hc1 #aad-aae4 #bbb ,reg>d+ conditions 9 ,*9a1 especially ! extraord9>y discipl9e & work+ ability ( ! ,*9aman1 see my ,ris+ ,tide ( ,col\r aga9/ ,:ite ,_w-,supremacy1 pp4 #bh-cj1 #bdc-bea4 #bbc ,mt91 op4 cit41 p4 #ccg4 #bbd ,a4 ,yusuf ,ali1 ,life & ,lab\r 9 ,india1 p4 #ahc 7,london1 #aijg74 #bbe ,india 9 ! ,ye>s #aiag-aiah 7(ficial publication--,calcutta74 #bbf ,"y & ,f]r]s1 ,india 9 ,conflict1 pp4 #ae-ag 7,london1 #aibj74 #bbg ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay1 ,! ,turki% ,peasantry ( ,anatolia1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aiah4 #bbh ,i4 e4 peasants & l&lords4 #bbi ,j4 ,*ailley ,adm9i/rative ,problems ( ,briti% ,india1 p4 #cci 7,london1 #aiaj--;,engli% translation74 #bcj ,muk]jee1 op4 cit41 p4 #i4 #bca ,on ! co-op]ative movem5t 9 ,india1 see ,fi%]1 ,india's ,sil5t ,revolution1 pp4 #ed-eh2 ,r4 ,b4 ,ewebank1 ,! ,co-op]ative ,movem5t 9 ,india1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,april1 #aiaf4 ,india's economic problems1 bo? agricultural & indu/rial1 h be5 c>efully /udi$ by a l>ge numb] ( ,indian economi/s1 "s ( ^: writ+s are extremely int]e/+4 ,"s ( ! mo/ notewor?y books1 besides ^? ( ,muk]jee & ,yusuf ,ali1 already quot$1 are3 ,dadabhai ,naoroji1 ,pov]ty & ,un-,briti% ,rule 9 ,india 7,london1 #aija72 ,rome% ,dutt1 ,! ,economic ,hi/ory ( ,india 9 ! ,victorian ,age 7,london1 #aijf72 ,h4 ,h4 ,go%1 ,! ,advancem5t ( ,indu/ry 7,calcutta1 #aiaj72 ,p4 ,c4 ,ray1 ,! ,pov]ty ,problem 9 ,india 7,calcutta1 #ahie72 ,m4 ,g4 ,ranade1 ,essays on ,indian ,economics 7,madras1 #aibj72 ,jaduna? ,s>k>1 ,economics ( ,briti% ,india 7,calcutta1 #aiaa74 #bcb ,! be/ comp5dium ( ,swade%i/ op9ion is ! volume conta9+ pron\ncem5ts f all ! ,swade%i lead]s1 entitl$1 ,! ,swade%i ,movem5t3 ,a ,symposium 7,madras1 #aiaj74 ,see also writ+s ( ! economi/s ,go%1 ,muk]jee1 ,ray1 & ,s>k>1 above quot$1 z well z ! v>i\s writ+s ( ! nationali/ agitator ,lajpat ,rai4 ,a good summ>y int]pretation is f\nd 9 ,m4 ,glotz1 ,le ,m\vem5t ',swade%i' dans l',inde1 ,revue du ,mois1 ,july1 #aiac4 #bcc ,sir ,t4 ,morison1 ,! ,economic ,transition 9 ,india1 pp4 #bdj-bda4 ,also see ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol1 ,indian ,unre/1 pp4 #bee-bgi2 ,william ,ar*]1 ,india & ! ,future1 pp4 #aca-aeg4 #bcd ,sy$ ,sird> ,ali ,khan1 ,india ( ,to-day1 p4 #ai 7,bombay1 #aijh74 #bce ,j4 ,ramsay ,macdonald1 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 p4 #acc 7,london1 #aibj74 #bcf ,9 ,! ,h9du/an ,review 7,calcutta71 #aiag4 #bcg ,good examples are f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,muk]jee & ,lajpat ,rai1 already quot$4 #bch ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son1 ,an ,essay on ! ,civilizations ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 pp4 #hd-he 7,london1 #aiad74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,social ,,*ange ,! mom5t\s nature ( ! contempor>y trans=mation ( ! ,ori5t is n[h]e bett] atte/$ ?an by ! *anges effect$ 9 ! lives ( its peoples4 ,t dynamic influ5ce ( ! ,we/ :i* is modify+ gov]nm5tal =ms1 political concepts1 religi\s beliefs1 & economic processes is prov+ equally pot5t 9 ! range ( social ph5om5a4 ,9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ?is volume we attempt$ a g5]al survey ( ,we/]n influ5ce along all ! above l9es4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all attempt a detail$ consid]ation ( ! social *anges :i* are to-day tak+ place4 ,^! social *anges are v great1 albeit _m ( !m may n be s app>5t z ! *anges 9 o!r fields4 ,s firm is ! hold ( cu/om & tradition on individual1 family1 & gr\p life 9 ! ,ori5t t sup]ficial obs]v]s ( ! ,ea/ are prone to ass]t t ^! matt]s are /ill sub/antially unalt]$1 h[ev] pron\nc$ may h be5 ! *anges on ! ext]nal1 mat]ial side4 ,yet su* is n ! op9ion ( ! close/ /ud5ts ( ! ,ori5t1 & x is mo/ emphatically n ! op9ion ( ,ori5tals !mselves4 ,^! g5]ally /ress ! pr(\nd social *anges :i* are go+ on4 ,& x is _! judgm5ts :i* seem to be ! m correct4 ,to say t ! ,ea/ is advanc+ mat]ially b /&+ /ill socially is to ignore ! elem5tal tru? t social sy/ems are alt]$ q z mu* by mat]ial ?+s z by ab/ract ideas4 ,:o t looks bel[ ! surface c d5y ! social1 moral1 & civiliz+ p[] ( railroads1 po/-(fices1 & telegraph l9es8 ,does x mean no?+ socially z well z mat]ially t ! ,ea/ is adopt+ f ! ,we/ a myriad innovations1 weighty & trivial1 important & frivol\s1 useful & baneful8 ,does x mean no?+ socially z well z mat]ially t ! ,prophet's tomb at ,m$9a is lit by electricity & t picture po/-c>ds are sold outside ! ,holy ,kaaba at ,mecca8 ,x may seem m]e grotesque piquancy t ! muezz9 %\ld ride to ! mosque 9 a tram-c>1 or t ! ,moslem bus9ess man %\ld em]ge f 8 h>em1 read 8 morn+ pap]1 motor to an (fice equipp$ ) a pray]-rug1 & turn f 8 devotions to dictaphone & telephone4 ,yet :y assume t 8 life is m\ld$ by mosque1 h>em1 & pray]-rug1 & yet d5y ! ?+s ( ! ,we/ a comm5surate %>e 9 ! %ap+ ( 8 social exi/5ce8 ,n[ add to ^! tangible innovations intangible novelties l sci5tific education1 ,occid5tal amusem5ts1 & ! p>tial emancipation ( wom51 & we beg9 to get "s idea ( ! dep? & scope ( ! social trans=mation :i* is go+ on4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,ori5t mo/ op5 to ,we/]n influ5ces ?is social trans=mation has atta9$ notable proportions = m ?an a g5]ation4 ,:5 ! ,hung>ian ,ori5tali/ ,vambry return$ to ,con/ant9ople 9 #ahif aft] =ty ye>s' abs5ce1 he /ood amaz$ at ! *anges :i* _h tak5 place1 albeit ,con/ant9ople 0 !n subject$ to ! wor/ repression ( ! ,hamidian rgime4 ,i _h1 he writes1 cont9ually to ask myself ?is "q3 ,is x possible t ^! are my ,turks ( #ahef2 & h[ c all ^! trans=mations h tak5 place8 ,i 0 a/oni%$ at ! aspect ( ! city2 at ! /one build+s :i* _h replac$ ! old wood5 ones2 at ! animation ( ! /reets1 9 :i* c>riages & tram-c>s ab\nd$1 :]eas =ty ye>s be=e only saddle-animals 7 us$2 & :5 ! /rid5t %riek ( ! locomotive m+l$ ) ! melan*oly calls f ! m9>ets1 all t ,i saw & he>d seem$ to me a liv+ prote/ aga9/ ! old adage3 ',la bidaat fil ,islam'--',!re is no?+ to re=m 9 ,islam4' ,my a/oni%m5t became /ill great] :5 ,i ent]$ ! h\ses & 0 able to appreciate ! p1 n only by _! ext]iors b /ill m by _! mann] ( ?\ght4 ,! eff5di class#bci ( ,con/ant9ople seem$ to me completely trans=m$ 9 its conduct1 outlook1 & attitude t[>d =eign]s4#bdj ,vambry /resses ! inw>d z well z outw>d evolution ( ! ,turki% educat$ classes1 = he says3 ,n only 9 8 outw>d aspect1 b also 9 8 home-life1 ! pres5t-day ,turk %[s a /rong incl9ation to ! mann]s & habits ( ! ,we/1 9 su* v>i$ matt]s z furniture1 table-mann]s1 sex-relations1 & s =?4 ,?is is ( ! v greate/ significance4 ,= a p may1 to be sure1 assimilate =eign influ5ces 9 ! intellectual field1 if x be p]suad$ ( _! utility & advantage2 b x gives up ) m difficulty cu/oms & habits :i* are 9 ! blood4 ,"o _c ov]-e/imate ! num]\s sacrifices :i*1 despite ev]y?+1 ! ,turks h made 9 ?is l9e4 ,i f9d all ,turki% society1 ev5 ! ,mollahs1#bda p5etrat$ ) ! necessity ( a union ) ,we/]n civilization4 ,op9ions may diff] z to ! me?od ( assimilation3 "s wi% to impress on ! =eign civilization a national "*2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 are p>tisans ( our intellectual culture1 su* z x is1 & reprobate any k9d ( modification4#bdb ,mo/ significant ( all1 ,vambry f\nd ev5 ! seclud$ wom5 ( ! h>ems1 ^? bulw>ks ( obscurantism1 notably *ang$4 ,yes1 ,i repeat1 ! life ( wom5 9 ,turkey seems to me to h be5 radically trans=m$ 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s1 & x _c be d5i$ t ?is trans=mation has be5 produc$ by int]nal conviction z mu* z by ext]nal pressure4 ,not+ ! spread ( female education1 & ! increas+ %>e ( wom5 9 re=m movem5ts1 ,vambry rem>ks3 ,?is is ( vital importance1 = :5 wom5 %all beg9 to act 9 ! family z a factor ( mod]n progress1 real re=ms1 9 society z well z 9 ! /ate1 _c fail to appe>4#bdc ,9 ,india a simil> p]meation ( social life by ,we/]nism is depict$ by ! ,moslem lib]al1 ,s4 ,khuda ,bukh%1 albeit ,mr4 ,bukh%1 be+ an insid]1 lays great] emphasis ^u ! pa9ful aspects ( ! inevitable transition process f old to new4 ,he is n unduly pessimi/ic1 = he recognizes t ! age ( transition is necess>ily to a c]ta9 ext5t an age ( laxity ( morals1 indiff]5ce to religion1 sup]ficial culture1 & gossip+ levity4 ,^! are pass+ ills :i* "t itself w cure4 ,nev]!less1 he does n m9imize ! critical aspects ( ! pres5t situation1 :i* implies no?+ less ?an ! breakd[n ( ! old social sy/em4 ,! cle>e/ result ( ?is breakd[n ( our old sy/em ( dome/ic life & social cu/oms "u ! assault ( ,european ideas1 he says1 is to be f\nd 9 two directions--9 our religi\s beliefs & 9 our social life4 ,! old sy/em1 ) all its faults1 _h _m r$eem+ virtues4 ,to-day ?is old sy/em1 n>r[-m9d$ b ,god-fe>+1 has be5 replac$ by a /range indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & action4 ,rev]5ce = age1 respect = our eld]s1 def]5ce to ! op9ions ( o!rs1 are fa/ disappe>+4444 ,"u ! old] sy/em ! head ( ! family 0 ! sole guide & fri5d ( its memb]s4 ,8 ^w _h ! =ce ( law4 ,he 01 s to speak1 ! cu/odian ( ! hon\r & pre/ige ( ! family4 ,f ?is exalt$ position he is n[ dislodg$1 & ! mo/ junior memb] n[ claims equality ) him4#bdd ,mr4 ,bukh% deplores ! curr5t wave ( extravagance1 due to ! :olesale adoption ( ,european cu/oms & modes ( liv+4 ,:at1 he asks1 has happ5$ "h 9 ,india8 ,we h adopt$ ,european co/ume1 ,european ways ( liv+1 ev5 ! ,european vices ( dr9k+ & gambl+1 b none ( _! virtues4 ,?is mu/ be rem$i$4 ,we mu/ le>n at ! feet ( ,europe1 b n at ! sacrifice ( our ,ea/]n individuality4 ,b ?is is precisely :at we h n done4 ,we h dabbl$ a little 9 ,engli% & ,european hi/ory1 & we h comm5c$ to despise our religion1 our lit]ature1 our hi/ory1 our traditions4 ,we h unle>n$ ! lessons ( our hi/ory & our civilization1 & 9 _! place we h secur$ no?+ solid & sub/antial to hold society fa/ 9 ! mid/ ( endless *anges4 ,9 f9e3 ,de/ruction has done its "w1 b ! "w ( con/ruction has n yet begun4#bde ,l ,vambry1 ,bukh% lays /rong emphasis on ! increas+ emancipation ( wom54 ,no long] reg>d$ z m]e *ild-be>+ ma*9es1 ! ,mohamm$an wom5 ( ,india are gett+ educat$ day by day1 & n[ ass]t _! rights4 ,?\gh ! purdah sy/em#bdf /ill prevails1 x is no long] t sev]e1 /r+5t1 & unreasonable seclusion ( wom5 :i* exi/$ fifty ye>s ago4 ,x is gradually relax+1 & wom5 are gett+1 /ep by /ep1 rights & lib]ties :i* mu/ 9 c\rse ( "t end 9 ! complete emancipation ( ,ea/]n womanhood4 ,=ty ye>s ago wom5 meekly submitt$ to neglect1 indiff]5ce1 & ev5 h>% treatm5t f _! husb&s1 b su* is ! case no long]4#bdg ,^! two descriptions ( social conditions 9 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ respectively enable "o to get a fair idea ( ! process ( *ange :i* is go+ on4 ,( c\rse x mu/ n be =gott5 t bo? writ]s deal prim>ily ) ! educat$ upp] classes ( ! l>ge t[ns4 ,nev]!less1 ! leav5 is work+ /eadily d[nw>d1 & ) e decade is affect+ wid] /rata ( ! native populations4 ,! spread ( ,we/]n education 9 ! ,ea/ dur+ ! pa/ few decades has be5 truly a/oni%+1 because x is ! exact anti!sis ( ! ,ori5tal educational sy/em4 ,! traditional education ( ! entire ,ori5t1 f ,morocco to ,*9a1 0 a m]e memoriz+ ( sacr$ texts comb9$ ) ex]cises ( religi\s devotion4 ,! ,mohamm$an or ,h9du /ud5t sp5t long ye>s recit+ to 8 ma/] 7a holy man7 int]m9able passages f books :i*1 be+ writt5 9 classic ,arabic or ,sanskrit1 7 un9telligible to him1 s t he usually did n und]/& a ^w ( :at he 0 say+4 ,no m dead5+ sy/em = ! intellect c\ld possibly h be5 devis$4 ,e "p ( ! bra9 except ! memory atrophi$1 & ! wond] is t any intellectual initiative or orig9al ?9k+ ev] appe>$4 ,ev5 to-day ! old sy/em p]si/s1 & millions ( "y ,ori5tals are /ill wa/+ _! "t at ?is m9d-petrify+ nons5se4 ,b alongside ! old !re has aris5 a new sy/em1 runn+ ! :ole educational gamut f k9d]g>t5s to univ]sities1 :]e ,ori5tal y\? is be+ educat$ along ,we/]n l9es4 ,^! new-type educational e/abli%m5ts are ( e k9d4 ,besides s*ools & univ]sities giv+ a lib]al education & fitt+ /ud5ts = gov]nm5t s]vice or ! pr(essions1 !re are num]\s te*nical s*ools turn+ out skill$ agriculturi/s or eng9e]s1 :ile good normal s*ools assure a supply ( tea*]s qualifi$ to in/ruct com+ /ud5t-g5]ations4 ,bo? public & private ef=t fur!rs ,we/]n education 9 ! ,ea/4 ,all ! ,european gov]nm5ts h fav\r$ ,we/]n education 9 ! l&s "u _! control1 p>ticul>ly ! ,briti% 9 ,india & ,egypt1 :ile v>i\s ,*ri/ian mission>y bodies h cov]$ ! ,ea/ ) a network ( s*ools & colleges4 ,also _m ,ori5tal gov]nm5ts l ,turkey & ! native /ates ( ,india h made s9c]e ef=ts to spread ,we/]n education among _! peoples4#bdh ,( c\rse1 z 9 any new developm5t1 ! results s f> obta9$ are f> f ideal4 ,! vici\s traditions ( ! pa/ h&icap or p>tially p]v]t ! ef=ts ( ! pres5t4 ,ea/]n /ud5ts are prone to use _! memories r ?an _! intellects1 & seek to cram _! way quickly ?r\gh exam9ations to covet$ po/s r ?an acquire k & ?us really fit !mselves = _! c>e]s4 ,! result is t _m fail1 & ^! un=tunates1 half-educat$ & spoil$ = any sort ( useful occupation1 vegetate mis]ably1 come to hate t ,we/]nism :i* !y d n und]/&1 & give !mselves up to an>*i/ic revolution>y agitation4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall well describes ! d>k side ( ,we/]n education 9 ! ,ea/ :5 he says ( ,india3 ,ignorance is unque/ionably ! root ( _m evils2 & x 0 natural t 9 ! la/ c5tury c]ta9 philosoph]s %\ld h assum$ education to be a c]ta9 cure = human delusions2 & t /atesm5 l ,macaulay %\ld h decl>$ education to be ! be/ & sure/ rem$y = political discont5t & = law-break+4 ,9 any case1 x 0 ! cle> & imp]ative duty ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to attempt ! intellectual emancipation ( ,india z ! be/ ju/ification ( ,briti% rule4 ,we h s9ce discov]$ by exp]i5ce1 t1 al?\gh education is a sov]eign rem$y = _m ills--is inde$ indisp5sable to heal?y progress--yet an indiscrim9ate or sup]ficial adm9i/ration ( ?is pot5t m$ic9e may eng5d] o!r disord]s4 ,x acts ^u ! frame ( an antique society z a p[]ful dissolv5t1 heat+ weak bra9s1 /imulat+ ra% ambitions1 rais+ inord9ate expectations ( :i* ! disappo9tm5t is bitt]ly res5t$4#bdi ,inde$1 "s ,we/]n obs]v]s ( ! ,ori5t1 p>ticul>ly colonial (ficials1 h be5 s mu* impress$ by ! political & social dang]s aris+ f ! exi/5ce ( ?is lit]ate prolet>iat ( semi-educat$ failures t !y are tempt$ to condemn ! :ole v5ture ( ,we/]n education 9 ! ,ea/ z a mi/ake4 ,"l ,crom]1 = example1 0 decid$ly sceptical ( ! wor? ( ! ,we/]n-educat$ ,egyptian1#bej :ile a prom95t ,anglo-,indian (ficial names z ! *ief cause ( ,indian unre/1 ! sy/em ( education1 :i* we ourselves introduc$--advis$ly s f> z ! limit$ vision w5t ( ^? responsible2 bl9dly 9 view ( ! inevitable consequ5ces4#bea ,yet ^! pessimi/ic judgm5ts d n seem to make due all[ance = ! inescapable evils att5dant on any transition /age4 ,o!r obs]v]s ( ! ,ori5t h made due all[ance = ?is factor4 ,vambry1 = in/ance1 notes ! high p]c5tage ( hone/ & capable native (ficials 9 ! ,briti% ,indian & ,fr5* ,nor? ,african civil s]vice 7! bulk ( ^! (ficials1 ( c\rse1 ,we/]n-educat$ m571 & concludes3 ,/rictly cons]vative ,ori5tals1 & also fanatically incl9$ ,europeans1 ?9k t ) ! entrance ( our culture ! primitive virtues ( ! ,asiatics h be5 de/roy$1 & t ! unciviliz$ ,ori5tal 0 m fai?ful1 m hone/1 & m reliable ?an ! ,asiatic educat$ on ,european pr9ciples4 ,?is is a gross error4 ,x may be true ( ! half-educat$1 b n ( ! ,asiatic 9 ^: case ! intellectual evolution is f\nd$ on ! solid basis ( a ?or\gh1 sy/ematic education4#beb ,&1 :atev] may be ! ills att5dant ^u ,we/]n education 9 ! ,ea/1 is x n ! only practicable c\rse to pursue8 ,! impact ( ,we/]nism ^u ! ,ori5t is too ubiquit\s to be conf9$ to books4 ,grant+1 !re=e1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t colonial gov]nm5ts c\ld h prev5t$ ,we/]n education 9 ! =mal s5se1 w\ld n ! ,ori5tal h le>n$ 9 o!r ways8 ,surely x is bett] t he %\ld le>n ?r\gh good texts "u ! sup]vision ( qualifi$ tea*]s1 r ?an tortu\sly 9 p]v]t$--& m dang]\s--fa%ion4 ,! importance ( ,we/]n education 9 ! ,ea/ is n[h]e bett] illu/rat$ ?an 9 ! effects x is produc+ 9 ameliorat+ ! /atus ( wom54 ,! depress$ condition ( wom5 ?r\gh\t ! ,ori5t is too well kn[n to ne$ elaboration4 ,bad en\gh 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries1 x is p]haps at its wor/ among ! ,h9dus ( ,india1 ) *ild-m>riage1 ! virtual enslavem5t ( wid[s 7burn$ alive till prohibit$ by ,engli% law71 & a seclusion m /rict ev5 ?an t ( ! h>em ( ,moslem l&s4 ,z an ,engli% writ] well puts x3 ',ladies fir/1' we say 9 ! ,we/2 9 ! ,ea/ x is 'ladies la/4' ,t sums up succ9ctly ! diff]5ce 9 ! dome/ic ideas ( ! two civilizations4#bec ,"u ^! circum/ances x might seem z ?\gh no brea? ( ! ,we/ c\ld yet h rea*$ ^! jeal\sly seclud$ creatures4 ,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,we/]n influ5ces h already pr(\ndly affect$ ! wom5 ( ! upp] classes1 & female education1 :ile f> beh9d t ( ! males1 has atta9$ consid]able proportions4 ,9 ! m advanc$ p>ts ( ! ,ori5t l ,con/ant9ople1 ,cairo1 & ! cities ( ,india1 di/9ctly mod]n types ( wom5 h appe>$1 ! self-support+1 self-respect+--& respect$--woman s*ool-tea*] be+ especially 9 evid5ce4 ,! social consequ5ces ( ?is ris+ /atus ( wom51 n only to wom5 !mselves b also to ! community at l>ge1 are v important4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ! h>em is1 z ,vambry well says1 ! bulw>k ( obscurantism4#bed ,ignorant & fanatical h]self1 ! h>em woman implants h] ignorance & fanaticism 9 h] sons z well z 9 h] daught]s4 ,:at c\ld be a worse h&icap = ! ,ea/]n intellectual ?an 8 boyhood ye>s sp5t beh9d ! veil8 ,no wond] t enlight5$ ,ori5tal fa!rs h be5 9 ! habit ( s5d+ _! boys to s*ool at ! e>lie/ possible age 9 ord] to get !m z soon z possible out ( ! /ultify+ atmosph]e ( h>em life4 ,yet ev5 ?is has prov$ m]ely a palliative4 ,*ildhood impressions are ev] ! mo/ la/+1 & s long z "o-half ( ! ,ori5t rema9$ unt\*$ by progressive influ5ces ,ori5tal progress _h to be begun aga9 de novo ) e succe$+ g5]ation4 ,! increas+ numb] ( enlight5$ ,ori5tal wom5 is rem$y+ ?is fatal defect4 ,z a ,we/]n writ] well says3 ,give ! mo!rs education & ! :ole situation is trans=m$4 ,girls :o are le>n+ o!r ?+s ?an ! un9telligible phrases ( ! ,koran are c]ta9 to imp>t su* k1 z daught]s1 si/]s1 & mo!rs1 to _! respective h\seholds4 ,wom5 :o le>n h\sewif]y1 me?ods ( mod]n cook+1 sew+1 & sanitation 9 ! dome/ic-economy s*ools1 are b\nd to ca/ ab\t ! home ^u _! return ! atmosph]e ( a civiliz$ community4 ,! old-"t picture ( ! ,ori5tal woman sp5d+ h] h\rs ^u divans1 eat+ sweetmeats1 & indulg+ 9 petty & degrad+ gossip ) ! s]vants1 or ) wom5 z ignorant z h]self1 w be *ang$4 ,! new woman w be a companion r ?an a slave or a toy ( h] husb&4 ,m>riage w advance f ! /age ( a paltry trade 9 bodies to some?+ l a real union1 involv+ respect t[>ds ! woman by bo? sons & fa!rs1 :ile 9 a new pride ( relation%ip ! woman h]self w be discov]$4#bee ,^! m5 & wom5 ( ! new] ,ori5t reflect _! *ang+ ideas 9 _! *ang+ /&>ds ( liv+4 ,al?\gh ?is is mo/ evid5t among ! weal?i] elem5ts ( ! t[ns1 x is p]ceptible 9 all classes ( ! population4 ,ri* & poor1 urban & rural1 ! ,ori5tals are alt]+ _! liv+ /&>ds t[>ds ^? ( ! ,we/4 ,& ?is involves social *anges ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ "*1 because few anti!ses c\ld be %>p] ?an ! liv+ conditions prevail+ respectively 9 ! traditional ,ea/ & 9 ! mod]n ,we/]n _w4 ,?is basic diff]5ce lies1 n 9 weal? 7! ,ea/1 l ! ,we/1 kn[s great ri*es z well z great pov]ty71 b r 9 com=t--us+ ! ^w 9 its broad s5se4 ,! weal?y ,ori5tal ( ! old s*ool sp5ds mo/ ( 8 money on ,ori5tal luxuries1 l f9e raim5t1 jewels1 wom51 horses1 & a great ret9ue ( att5dants1 & !n ho>ds ! re/4 ,b ( com=t1 9 ! ,we/]n s5se1 he kn[s virtually no?+1 & x is safe to say t he lives "u dome/ic conditions :i* a ,we/]n artisan w\ld despise4#bef ,to-day1 h[ev]1 ! ,ori5tal is discov]+ com=t4 ,&1 high or l[1 he likes x v well4 ,all ! myriad ?+s :i* make our lives easi] & m agreeable--lamps1 electric light1 sew+-ma*9es1 clocks1 :isky1 umbrellas1 sanit>y plumb+1 & a ?\s& o!rs3 all ^! ?+s1 :i* to u are m or less matt]s ( c\rse1 are to ! ,ori5tal s _m delightful discov]ies1 ( irresi/ible appeal4 ,he wants !m1 & he gets !m 9 ev]-increas+ quantities4 ,b ?is produces "s r s]i\s complications4 ,8 private economy is m or less ?r[n out ( ge>4 ,?is op5+ ( a :ole vi/a ( new wants means a port5t\s rise 9 8 /&>d ( liv+4 ,& :]e is he go+ to f9d ! money to pay = x8 ,if he be poor1 he has to skimp on 8 b>e necessities4 ,if he be ri*1 he hates to =go 8 traditional luxuries4 ,! up%ot is a univ]sal gr[? ( extravagance4 ,&1 9 ?is connection1 x is well to be> 9 m9d t ! peoples ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/1 tak5 z a :ole1 h nev] be5 really ?rifty4 ,poor ! masses may h be51 & ?us oblig$ to live frugally1 b !y h always prov$ !mselves good sp5d]s :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,! way 9 :i* a ,turki% peasant or a ,h9du ryot w squ&] 8 sav+s & run into debt ov] fe/ivals1 m>riages1 fun]als1 & o!r social ev5ts is a/\nd+ to ,we/]n obs]v]s4#beg ,n[ add to all ?is ! fact t 9 ! ,ori5t1 z 9 ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! co/ ( ! basic necess>ies ( life--food1 clo?+1 fuel1 & %elt]1 has ris5 greatly dur+ ! pa/ two decades1 & we c realize ! gravity ( ! problem :i* high] ,ori5tal liv+-/&>ds involves4#beh ,c]ta9 x is t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is gr[+ ke5] & t ! pressure ( pov]ty is gett+ m sev]e4 ,) ! basic necess>ies ris+ 9 price1 & ) _m ?+s consid]$ necessities :i* 7 consid]$ luxuries or entirely unhe>d ( a g5]ation ago1 ! ,ori5tal peasant or t[n work+-man is f9d+ x h>d] & h>d] to make bo? ends meet4 ,z "o writ] well phrases x3 ,^! alt]$ economic conditions h n z yet br\ght ! ability to meet !m4 ,! co/ ( liv+ has increas$ fa/] ?an ! res\rces ( ! p4#bei ,"o ( ! ma9 7?\gh n suffici5tly recogniz$7 causes ( ! economic-social crisis ?r\gh :i* ! ,ori5t is to-day pass+ is ov]-population4 ,! quick bre$+ t5d5cies ( ,ori5tal peoples h always be5 prov]bial1 & h be5 due n m]ely to /rong sexual appetites b also to economic reasons l ! h>% exploitation ( wom5 & *ildr51 & p]haps ev5 m to religi\s doctr9es enjo9+ e>ly m>riage & ! begett+ ( num]\s sons4 ,z a result1 ,ori5tal populations h always press$ close ^u ! limits ( subsi/5ce4 ,9 ! pa/1 h[ev]1 ?is pressure 0 automatically light5$ by factors l w>1 misgov]nm5t1 pe/il5ce1 & fam9e1 :i* swept (f su* multitudes ( p t1 despite high bir?-rates1 populations rema9$ at sub/antially a fix$ level4 ,b "h1 z 9 e o!r phase ( ,ea/]n life1 ,we/]n influ5ces h radically alt]$ ! situation4 ,! ext5sion ( ,european political control ov] ,ea/]n l&s has meant ! putt+ d[n ( int]nal /rife1 ! dim9ution ( gov]nm5tal abuses1 ! decrease ( disease1 & ! less5+ ( ! blight ( fam9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ^? natural *ecks :i* previ\sly kept d[n ! population h be5 dim9i%$ or aboli%$1 & 9 response to ! life-sav+ activities ( ! ,we/1 ! enorm\s dea?-rate :i* 9 ! pa/ has kept ,ori5tal populations f excessive multiplication is fall+ to proportions comp>able ) ! l[ dea?-rate ( ,we/]n nations4 ,b to l[] ! ,ori5t's prodigi\s bir?-rate is q ano!r matt]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 t bir?-rate keeps up ) undim9i%$ vig\r1 & ! consequ5ce has be5 a port5t\s increase ( population 9 ne>ly e portion ( ! ,ori5t "u ,we/]n political control4 ,9 fact1 ev5 ^? ,ori5tal c\ntries :i* h ma9ta9$ _! indep5d5ce h m or less adopt$ ,we/]n life-cons]v+ me?ods1 & h exp]i5c$ 9 great] or less degree an accel]at$ increase ( population4 ,! ph5om5a ( ov]-population are be/ se5 9 ,india4 ,mo/ ( ,india has be5 "u ,briti% control = ! great] "p ( a c5tury4 ,ev5 a c5tury ago1 ,india 0 d5sely populat$1 yet 9 ! int]v5+ hundr$ ye>s ! population has increas$ betwe5 two & ?ree fold4#bfj ,( c\rse1 factors l improv$ agriculture1 irrigation1 railways1 & ! introduction ( mod]n indu/ry enable ,india to support a mu* l>g] population ?an x c\ld h done at ! "t ( ! ,briti% ,conque/4 ,nev]!less1 ! evid5ce is cle> t excessive multiplication has tak5 place4 ,ne>ly all qualifi$ /ud5ts ( ! problem concur on ?is po9t4 ,=ty ye>s ago ! ,duke ( ,argyll /at$3 ,:]e !re is no /ore1 no accumulation1 no weal?2 :]e ! p live f h& to m\? f season to season on a l[ diet2 & :]e1 nev]!less1 !y bre$ & multiply at su* a rate2 !re we c at lea/ see t ?is p[] & =ce ( multiplication is no evid5ce ev5 ( safety1 f> less ( com=t4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,sir ,william ,hunt] t]m$ population ,india's fundam5tal problem1 & cont9u$3 ,! result ( civiliz$ rule 9 ,india has be5 to produce a /ra9 on ! food-produc+ p[]s ( ! c\ntry su* z x _h nev] be=e to be>4 ,x has become a truism ( ,indian /ati/ics t ! removal ( ! old cruel *ecks on population 9 an ,asiatic c\ntry is by no means an unmix$ bless+ to an ,asiatic p4#bfa ,"l ,crom] rem>ks ( ,india's pov]ty3 ,n only _c x be rem$i$ by m]e philan?ropy1 b x is absolutely c]ta9--cruel & p>adoxical ?\gh x may appe> to say s--t philan?ropy enhances ! evil4 ,9 ! days ( ,akhb> or ,%ah ,jehan1 *ol]a1 fam9e1 & int]nal /rife kept d[n ! population4 ,only ! fitte/ surviv$4 ,n[ int]nal /rife is =bidd51 & philan?ropy /eps 9 & says t no s+le life %all be sacrific$ if sci5ce & ,we/]n en]gy or skill c save x4 ,h5ce ! gr[? ( a highly conge/$ population1 va/ numb]s ( :om are liv+ on a b>e m>g9 ( subsi/5ce4 ,! fact t "o ( ! greate/ difficulties ( gov]n+ ! teem+ masses ( ! ,ea/ is caus$ by good & humane gov]nm5t %\ld be recogniz$4 ,x is too (t5 ignor$4#bfb ,william ,ar*] well /ates ! matt] :51 9 answ] to ! qu]y :y improv$ ext]nal conditions h n br\ght ,india prosp]ity1 he says3 ,! reason1 9 my view1 is simple3 namely1 t ! b5efit ( good gov]nm5t is1 9 "p at any rate1 nullifi$1 :5 ! p take advantage ( x1 n to save & raise _! /&>d ( liv+1 b to bre$ to ! v m>g9 ( subsi/5ce4 ,h5ry ,george us$ to po9t out t e m\? t came into ! _w br\ght two h&s along ) x2 b ?\gh ! physiological fact is und5iable1 ! economic d$uction sugge/$ w n hold good except 9 conditions t p]mit ( ! pr(itable employm5t ( ! two h&s4444 ,if m\?s increase 9 a great] ratio ?an food1 ! t5d5cy mu/ be t[>ds great] pov]ty4#bfc ,x is "o ( ! mo/ un=tunate aspects ( ! situation t v few ,ori5tal ?9k]s yet realize t ov]-population is a prime cause ( ,ori5tal pov]ty4 ,almo/ )\t exception !y lay ! blame to political factors1 especially to ,we/]n political control4 ,9 fact1 ! only case t ,i "k ( :]e an ,ea/]n ?9k] has boldly fac$ ! problem & has c\rage\sly advocat$ bir?-control is 9 ! book publi%$ five ye>s ago by ,p4 ,k4 ,wattal1 a native (ficial ( ! ,indian ,f9ance ,dep>tm5t1 entitl$1 ,! ,population ,problem ( ,india4#bfd ,?is pione] volume is writt5 ) su* ability & is ( su* app>5t significance z an indication ( ! awak5+ ( ,ori5tals to a m rational attitude1 t x m]its special att5tion4 ,mr4 ,wattal beg9s 8 book by a plea to 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 to look at ! problem rationally & )\t prejudice4 ,?is essay1 he says1 %\ld n be con/itut$ into an attack on ! spiritual civilization ( our c\ntry1 or ev5 indirectly into a glorification ( ! mat]ialism ( ! ,we/4 ,! object 9 view is t we %\ld take a some:at m matt]-(-fact view ( ! ma9 problem ( life1 viz41 h[ to live 9 ?is _w4 ,we are a poor p2 ! fact is indisputable4 ,our pov]ty is1 p]haps1 due to a great _m causes4 ,b ,i put x to e "o ( u :e!r he has n at "s ( ! mo/ mom5t\s p]iods ( 8 life be5 h&icapp$ by hav+ to support a l>ge family1 & :e!r ?is encumbrance has n s]i\sly affect$ ! *ances ( advancem5t w>rant$ by e>ly promise & exceptional end[m5t4 ,?is "q %\ld be view$ by itself4 ,x is a physical fact1 & has no?+ to d ) political environm5t or religi\s obligation4 ,if we h suff]$ f ! consequ5ces ( t mi/ake1 is x n a duty t we owe to ourselves & to our prog5y t its evil effects %all be mitigat$ z f> z possible8 ,!re is no great] curse ?an pov]ty--,i say ?is ) due respect to our spiritualism4 ,x is n 9 a _s ( reproa* t re/ra9t 9 m>ri$ life is urg$ 9 ^! pages4 ,x is solely f a vivid realization ( ! h>d%ips caus$ by l>ge families & a pr(\nd sympa?y ) ! difficulties "u :i* l>ge numb]s ( respectable p]sons /ruggle ?r\gh life 9 ?is c\ntry t ,i h made bold to speak 9 pla9 t]ms :at comes to e "y man1 b :i* he does n c>e to give utt]ance to 9 a mann] t w\ld prev5t ! recurr5ce ( ! evil4#bfe ,aft] ?is appeal to reason 9 8 read]s1 ,mr4 ,wattal develops 8 !sis4 ,! fir/ prime cause ( ov]-population 9 ,india1 he ass]ts1 is e>ly m>riage4 ,contr>y to ,we/]n l&s1 :]e population is kept d[n by prud5tial m>riages & by bir?-control1 = ! ,h9dus m>riage is a sacram5t :i* mu/ be p]=m$1 reg>dless ( ! fitness ( ! p>ties to be> ! responsibilities ( a mat$ exi/5ce4 ,a ,h9du male mu/ m>ry & beget *ildr5--sons1 if y please--to p]=m 8 fun]al rites le/ 8 _s w&] uneasily 9 ! wa/e places ( ! e>?4 ,! v "n ( son1 'putra1' means "o :o saves 8 fa!r's s\l f ! hell call$ ,puta4 ,a ,h9du maid5 unm>ri$ at pub]ty is a s\rce ( social obloquy to h] family & ( damnation to h] ance/ors4 ,among ! ,mohamm$ans1 :o are n h&icapp$ by su* p5alties1 ! m>ri$ /ate is equally common1 p>tly ow+ to ,h9du example & p>tly to ! g5]al conditions ( primitive society1 :]e a wife is almo/ a necessity bo? z a dome/ic drudge & z a helpmate 9 field "w4#bff ,! wor/ ( ! matt] is t1 despite ! ef=ts ( social re=m]s *ild-m>riage seems to be increas+4 ,! c5sus ( #aiaa %[$ t dur+ ! decade #aija-aj ! numb]s ( m>ri$ females p] #ajjj ( ages #j-e ye>s rose f #ac to #ad2 ( ages #e-aj f #ajb to #aje2 ( #aj-ae f #dbc to #dcj1 & ( #ae-bj f #ggj to #hjj4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! ye> #aiaa1 out ( e #ajjj ,indian girls1 ov] "o-t5? 7 m>ri$ be=e !y 7 #aj ye>s old1 ne>ly "o-half be=e !y 7 #ae1 & f\r-fif?s be=e !y 7 #bj4bfg ,! result ( all ?is is a trem5d\s bir?-rate1 b ?is is no matt] = congratulation4 ,we h he>d s (t5 ( our high dea?-rate & ! means = combat+ x1 b c x be s]i\sly believ$ t ) a bir?-rate ( #cj p] #ajjj x is possible to g on z we are do+ ) ! dea?-rate br\ght d[n to ! level ( ,engl& or ,scotl&8 ,is !re room en\gh 9 ! c\ntry = ! population to increase s fa/ z #bj p] #ajjj e ye>8 ,we are pay+ ! inevitable p5alty ( br++ into ?is _w m p]sons ?an c be prop]ly c>$ =1 & !re=e if we wi% few] dea?s to occur 9 ?is c\ntry ! bir?s mu/ be r$uc$ to ! level ( ! c\ntries :]e ! dea?-rate is l[4 ,x is1 !re=e1 our high bir?-rate t is ! social dang]2 ! high dea?-rate1 h[ev] regrettable1 is m]ely an incid5t ( our high bir?-rate4#bfh ,mr4 ,wattal !n describes ! cruel items 9 ,india's dea?-rate2 ! trem5d\s female mortality1 due l>gely to too e>ly *ildbir?1 & ! equally t]rible infant mortality1 ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( infant dea?s be+ due to premature bir? or debility at bir?4 ,^! are ! inevitable p5alties ( e>ly & univ]sal m>riage4 ,=1 9 ,india1 ev]ybody m>ries1 fit or unfit1 & is a p>5t at ! e>lie/ possible age p]mitt$ by nature4 ,?is process is highly disg5ic2 x is pla9ly l[]+ ! quality & sapp+ ! vig\r ( ! race4 ,x is ! l[] elem5ts ( ! population1 ! negroid aborig9al tribes & ! ,p>iahs or ,outca/es1 :o are ga9+ ! fa/e/4 ,also ! vitality ( ! :ole population seems to be l[]+4 ,! c5sus figures %[ t ! numb] ( eld]ly p]sons is decreas+1 & t ! av]age /ati/ical expectation ( life is fall+4 ,! com+ g5]ation is sev]ely h&icapp$ at />t 9 life4 ,& ! *ances ( liv+ to a good old age are consid]ably small] ?an !y 71 say ?irty or =ty ye>s ago4 ,h we ev] paus$ to consid] :at x means to u 9 ! life ( ! nation z a :ole8 ,x means t ! p :o alone by weight ( exp]i5ce & wisdom are fitt$ = ! po/s ( comm& 9 ! v>i\s public activities ( ! c\ntry are snat*$ away by dea?2 & t ! guidance & lead]%ip :i* belongs to age & mature judgm5t 9 ! c\ntries ( ! ,we/ fall 9 ,india to y\ng] & consequ5tly to less tru/wor?y p]sons4#bfi ,aft] w>n+ 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 t nei!r improv$ me?ods ( agriculture1 ! gr[? ( indu/ry1 nor emigration c af=d any real relief to ! gr[+ pressure ( population on means ( subsi/5ce1 he notes a few hopeful signs t1 despite ! hold ( religion & cu/om1 ! p are beg9n+ to realize ! situation & t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,india !re are =e%ad[+s ( bir?-control4 ,= example1 he quotes f ! c5sus report = #aija ?is (ficial explanation ( a slight drop 9 ! bir?-rate ( ,b5gal3 ,! po/ponem5t ( ! age ( m>riage _c :olly acc\nt = ! dim9i%$ rate ( reproduction4 ,! delib]ate avoidance ( *ild-be>+ mu/ also be p>tly responsible4444 ,x is a matt] ( common belief t among ! tea-g>d5 coolies ( ,assam means are frequ5tly tak5 to prev5t conception1 or to procure abortion4 ,& ! report ( ! ,sanit>y ,commission] ( ,assam = #aiac /ates3 ,an important factor 9 produc+ ! defective bir?-rate appe>s to be due to volunt>y limitation ( bir?4#bgj ,h[ev]1 ^! beg9n+s ( bir?-control are too local & p>tial to af=d any imm$iate relief to ,india's gr[+ ov]-population4 ,wid] appreciation ( ! situation & prompt action are ne$$4 ,! conclusion is irresi/ible4 ,we c no long] af=d to %ut our eyes to ! social cank] 9 our mid/4 ,9 ! l& ( ! bullock-c>t1 ! motor has come to /ay4 ,! competition is n[ ) ! m advanc$ races ( ! ,we/1 & we _c tell !m :at ,diog5es said to ,alex&]3 ',/& out ( my sun%9e4' ,aft] ! close ( ?is gigantic ,_w ,w> !ories ( population w p]haps be revis$ & a rev]sion 9 fav\r ( e>ly m>riage & l>g] families may be c\nt$ ^u4 ,b1 7#a7 t w be no solution to our own population problem1 & 7#b7 ?is reaction w be only = a "t4444 ,! law ( population may be arre/$ 9 its op]ation1 b !re is no way ( escap+ x4#bga ,s concludes ?is /rik+ little book4 ,fur!rmore1 we mu/ rememb] t1 al?\gh ,india may be ! acute/ suff]] f ov]-population1 conditions 9 ! entire ,ori5t are basically ! same1 prud5tial *ecks & rational bir?-control be+ ev]y:]e virtually abs5t4#bgb ,rememb]+ also t1 besides ov]-population1 !re are o!r economic & social evils previ\sly discuss$1 we _c be surpris$ to f9d 9 all ,ea/]n l&s mu* acute pov]ty & social degradation4 ,bo? ! rural & urban masses usually live on ! b>e m>g9 ( subsi/5ce4 ,! ,engli% economi/ ,brails=d ?us describes ! condition ( ! ,egyptian peasantry3 ,! villages exhibit$ a pov]ty su* z ,i h nev] se5 ev5 9 ! m\nta9s ( an>*ical ,mac$onia or among ! bogs ( ,donegal4444 ,! villages are cr[d$ slums ( mud hovels1 )\t a tree1 a fl[]1 or a g>d54 ,! huts1 (t5 )\t a w9d[ or a levell$ floor1 are m9ute dungeons ( bak$ mud1 usually ( two small rooms nei!r :itewa%$ nor c>pet$4 ,^? :i* ,i ent]$ 7 b>e ( any visible prop]ty1 save a few cook+ ut5sils1 a mat to s]ve z a b$1 & a j> :i* held ! /aple food ( maize4#bgc ,z = ! poor] ,indian peasants1 a ,briti% sanit>y (ficial ?us depicts _! mode ( life3 ,"o has actually to see ! int]ior ( ! h\ses1 9 :i* ea* family is (t5 compell$ to live 9 a s+le small cell1 made ( mud walls & ) a mud floor2 conta9+ small y>ds litt]$ ) rubbi%1 (t5 cr[d$ ) cattle2 possess+ wells p]meat$ by ra9 soak+ ?r\gh ?is fil?y surface2 & frequ5tly jumbl$ toge!r 9 in*oate masses call$ t[ns & cities4#bgd ,9 ! cities1 inde$1 conditions are ev5 worse ?an 9 ! c\ntry1 ! slums ( ! ,ori5t surpass+ ! slums ( ! ,we/4 ,! ,fr5* publici/ ,l\is ,b]tr& pa9ts positively nauseat+ pictures ( ! poor] qu>t]s ( ! great ,levant9e t[ns l ,cairo1 ,con/ant9ople1 & ,j]usalem4 ,omitt+ 8 m poignant details1 "h is 8 description ( a ,cairo t5em5t3 ,9 ,cairo1 z else:]e 9 ,egypt1 ! wret*$ness & grossness ( ! poor]-class dwell+s are p]haps ev5 m %ock+ ?an 9 ! o!r ,ea/]n l&s4 ,two or ?ree d>k1 airless rooms usually op5 on a hall-way n less obscure4 ,! pla/]1 peel+ (f f ! ceil+s & ! worm-eat5 la?s ( ! walls1 falls con/antly to ! fil?y floors4 ,! /raw mats & b$d+ are infe/$ by innum]able v]m94#bge ,9 ,india x is ! same /ory4 ,says ,fi%]3 ,ev5 be=e ! gr[? ( h] indu/ries _h begun1 ! cities ( ,india pres5t$ a baffl+ h\s+ problem4 ,into ! welt] ( crook$ /reets & unsanit>y habits ( an ,ori5tal city ^! great indu/rial plants are w$g+ _! ?\s&s ( employees4 ,work+ f be=e dawn until aft] d>k1 m5 & wom5 are too exhau/$ to g f> f ! plant to sleep1 if !y c help x4 ,:5 ne>-by h\ses are jamm$ to suffocation1 !y live & sleep 9 ! /reets4 ,9 ,calcutta1 tw5ty ye>s ago1#bgf l& _h rea*$ #bjj1jjj an acre 9 ! ov]cr[d$ t5em5t di/ricts4#bgg ,( ,calcutta1 a ,we/]n writ] rem>ks3 ,calcutta is a %ame ev5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 its slums1 mill h&s & dock coolies d n live2 !y pig4 ,h\ses *oke ) un:olesome brea?2 dra9s & comp\nds fe/] 9 fil?4 ,:eels compress decay+ refuse 9 ! roads2 c[s dr9k f wells soak$ ) sewage1 & ! floors ( bak]ies are wa%$ 9 ! same pollution4#bgh ,9 ! o!r indu/rial c5tres ( ,india1 conditions are practically ! same4 ,a ,bombay native sanit>y (ficial /at$ 9 a report on ! /ate ( ! t5em5t di/rict1 drawn up 9 #aijd3 ,9 su* h\ses--! bre$]s ( g]ms & bacilli1 ! c5tres ( disease & pov]ty1 vice1 & crime--h p ( all k9ds1 ! diseas$1 ! dissolute1 ! drunk51 ! improvid5t1 be5 indiscrim9ately h]d$ & tightly pack$ 9 va/ hordes to dwell 9 close association ) ea* o!r4#bgi ,fur!rmore1 urban conditions seem to be gett+ worse r ?an bett]4 ,! problem ( conge/ion1 9 p>ticul>1 is assum+ ev] grav] proportions4 ,already 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! pres5t c5tury ! conge/ion 9 ! great indu/rial c5tres ( ,india l ,calcutta1 ,bombay1 & ,luckn[ av]ag$ ?ree or f\r times ! conge/ion ( ,london4 ,& ! late w> has r5d]$ ! h\s+ crisis ev5 m acute4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 z 9 ! ,we/1 ! w> caus$ a rapid drift ( population to ! cities & at ! same "t /opp$ build+ ow+ to ! prohibitive co/ ( con/ruction4 ,h5ce1 a prodigi\s rise 9 r5ts & a plague ( l&lord pr(ite]+4 ,says ,fi%]3 ,r5ts 7 rais$ z mu* z #cjj p] c5t41 en=c$ by eviction4 ,mass-meet+s ( prote/ 9 ,bombay result$ 9 gov]nm5t action1 fix+ maximum r5ts = "s ( ! t5em5ts occupi$ by artisans & lab\r]s4 ,sett+ maximum r5tal does n1 h[ev]1 make m room4#bhj ,&1 ( c\rse1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t high] r5ts are only "o phase 9 a g5]al rise 9 ! co/ ( liv+ t has be5 go+ on 9 ! ,ea/ = a g5]ation & :i* has be5 p>ticul>ly pron\nc$ s9ce #aiad4 ,m ?an a decade ago ,b]tr& wrote ( ! ,ne> ,ea/3 ,f "o end ( ! ,levant to ! o!r1 at ,con/ant9ople z at ,smyrna1 ,damascus1 ,beyr\t1 & ,cairo1 ,i he>d ! same compla9ts ab\t ! increas+ co/ ( liv+2 & ^! compla9ts 7 utt]$ by ,europeans z well z by ! natives4#bha ,to-day ! situation is ev5 m difficult4 ,says ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol ( conditions 9 ,egypt s9ce ! w>3 ,! rise 9 wages1 consid]able z x has be51 has ceas$ to keep pace ) ! inord9ate rise 9 prices = ! v necessities ( life4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ! urban c5tres1 :]e ! l[] classes--workm51 c>t]s1 cab-driv]s1 %opkeep]s1 & a ho/ (f m9or employees--are h>d put to x n[adays to make bo? ends meet4#bhb ,z a result ( all ^! h>d conditions v>i\s ph5om5a ( social degradation su* z alcoholism1 vice1 & crime1 are becom+ increas+ly common4#bhc ,la/--b n lea/--!re are gr[+ symptoms ( social unre/ & revolution>y agitation1 :i* we w exam9e 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 #bci ,i4 e4 ! educat$ upp] class4 #bdj ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans1 p4 #ac4 #bda ,i4 e4 ! prie/ly class4 #bdb ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans1 p4 #ae4 #bdc ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans1 p4 #ea4 #bdd ,bukh%1 ,essays3 ,indian & ,islamic1 pp4 #bba-bbf4 #bde ,bukh%1 ,essays3 ,indian & ,islamic1 p4 #bdj4 #bdf ,! purdah is ! curta9 sep>at+ ! wom5's ap>tm5ts f ! re/ ( ! h\se4 #bdg ,bukh%1 ,essays3 ,indian & ,islamic1 pp4 #bed-bee4 #bdh ,= progress 9 ,we/]n education 9 ! ,ori5t1 "u bo? ,european & native auspices1 see ,l4 ,b]tr&1 ,le ,mirage ori5tal1 pp4 #bia-cib2 ,c4 ,s4 ,coop]1 ,! ,mod]niz+ ( ! ,ori5t1 pp4 #c-ac1 #bd-fd4 #bdi ,9 8 ,introduction to ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol's ,indian ,unre/1 p4 xii4 #bej ,crom]1 ,mod]n ,egypt1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #bbh-bdc4 #bea ,j4 ,d4 ,rees1 ,! ,real ,india1 p4 #afb 7,london1 #aijh74 #beb ,vambry1 ,we/]n ,culture 9 ,ea/]n ,l&s1 pp4 #bjc-bjd4 #bec ,h4 ,e4 ,compton1 ,indian ,life 9 ,t[n & ,c\ntry1 p4 #ih 7,london1 #aijd74 #bed ,vambry1 ,la ,turquie d'auj\rd'hui et d'avant ,qu>ante ,ans1 p4 #cb4 #bee ,coop]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dh-di4 #bef ,on ?is po9t ( com=t v4 luxury1 see especially ,sir ,bampfylde ,full]1 ,ea/ & ,we/3 ,a ,/udy ( ,diff]5ces1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,novemb]1 #aiaa4 #beg ,l4 ,b]tr&1 op4 cit41 #ade-adg2 ,j4 ,*ailley1 ,adm9i/rative ,problems ( ,briti% ,india1 pp4 #ach-aci4 ,= increas$ exp5diture on ,we/]n products1 see ,a4 ,j4 ,br[n1 ,economic ,*anges 9 ,asia1 ,! ,c5tury1 ,m>*1 #aijd2 ,j4 ,p4 ,jones1 ,! ,pres5t ,situation 9 ,india1 ,j\rnal ( ,race ,developm5t1 ,july1 #aiaj2 ,r4 ,muk]jee1 ,! ,f\ndations ( ,indian ,economics1 p4 #e4 #beh ,= high] co/ ( liv+ 9 ! ,ea/1 see ,*irol1 ,indian ,unre/1 pp4 #b-c2 ,fi%]1 ,india's ,sil5t ,revolution1 pp4 #df-fj2 ,jones1 op4 cit42 ,t4 ,t4 ,williams1 ,inquiry into ! ,rise ( ,prices 9 ,india1 ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiae4 #bei ,br[n1 op4 cit4 #bfj ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! population ( ,india is r\ghly e/imat$ to h be5 ab\t #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aiaa ! population 0 #cae1jjj1jjj4 #bfa ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]1 ,! ,india ( ! ,que5 & ,o!r ,essays1 p4 #db 7,london1 #aijc74 #bfb ,crom]1 ,"s ,problems ( ,gov]nm5t 9 ,europe & ,asia1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ,aft]1 ,may1 #aiac4 #bfc ,ar*]1 ,india & ! ,future1 pp4 #aeg1 #afb 7,london71 #aiah4 #bfd ,p4 ,k4 ,wattal1 ( ! ,indian ,f9ance ,dep>tm5t1 ,assi/ant ,acc\ntant-,g5]al4 ,! book 0 publi%$ at ,bombay1 #aiaf4 #bfe ,wattal1 pp4 i-iii4 #bff ,wattal1 p4 #c4 #bfg ,ibid41 p4 #ab4 #bfh ,wattal1 p4 #ad4 #bfi ,ibid41 pp4 #ai-ba4 #bgj ,wattal1 p4 #bh4 #bga ,ibid41 p4 #hb4 #bgb ,= conditions 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/1 see ,b]tr&1 pp4 #aaj1 #abd1 #abe-abh4 #bgc ,h4 ,n4 ,brails=d1 ,! ,w> ( ,/eel & ,gold1 pp4 #aab-aac4 ,see also ,t4 ,ro?/e91 ,egypt's ,ru91 pp4 #bih-cjj 7,london1 #aiaj71 ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,ramsay1 ,! ,turki% ,peasantry ( ,anatolia1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aiah4 #bgd ,dr4 ,d4 ,ross1 ,wret*$ness a ,cause ( ,political ,unre/1 ,! ,survey1 ,febru>y #ah1 #aiaa4 #bge ,b]tr&1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aaa-aab4 #bgf ,i4 e41 9 #aijj4 #bgg ,fi%]1 ,india's ,sil5t ,revolution1 p4 #ea4 #bgh ,g4 ,w4 ,/ev5s1 ,9 ,india4 ,quot$ by ,fi%]1 p4 #ea4 #bgi ,dr4 ,bhal*&ra ,kri%na4 ,quot$ by ,a4 ,yusuf ,ali1 ,life & ,lab\r 9 ,india1 p4 #ce 7,london1 #aijg74 #bhj ,fi%]1 pp4 #ea-eb4 #bha ,b]tr&1 p4 #ada4 #bhb ,sir ,v4 ,*irol1 ,engl&'s ,p]il 9 ,egypt1 f ! ,london ,times1 #aiai4 #bhc ,see ,b]tr& & ,fi%]1 supra4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,social ,,unre/ ,,& ,,bol%evism ,unre/ is ! natural concomitant ( *ange--p>ticul>ly ( sudd5 *ange4 ,e break ) pa/1 h[ev] normal & inevitable1 implies a necessity = readju/m5t to alt]$ conditions :i* causes a tempor>y s5se ( re/less di%>mony until ! requir$ adju/m5t has be5 made4 ,unre/ is n an exceptional ph5om5on2 x is always lat5t 9 e human society :i* has n fall5 into complete /agnation1 & a slight am\nt ( unre/ %\ld be consid]$ a sign ( heal?y gr[? r ?an a symptom ( disease4 ,9 fact1 ! m9imum degrees ( unre/ are usually n call$ by t "n1 b are consid]$ m]e incid5ts ( normal developm5t4 ,"u normal circum/ances1 inde$1 ! social organism functions l ! human organism3 x is be+ incessantly de/roy$ & z incessantly r5ew$ 9 con=mity ) ! *ang+ conditions ( life4 ,^! *anges are sometimes v consid]able1 b !y are s gradual t !y are effect$ almo/ )\t be+ p]ceiv$4 ,a heal?y organism well attun$ to its environm5t is always pla/ic4 ,x in/9ctively s5ses environm5tal *anges & adapts itself s rapidly t x escapes ! injuri\s consequ5ces ( di%>mony4 ,f> diff]5t is ! "* ( unre/'s acut] manife/ations4 ,^! are infallible symptoms ( sweep+ *anges1 sudd5 breaks ) ! pa/1 & pr(\nd maladju/m5ts :i* are n be+ rapidly rectifi$4 ,9 o!r words1 acute unre/ d5otes social ill-heal? & port5ds ! possibility ( "o ( ^? viol5t crises kn[n z revolutions4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,moslem ,ea/ well exemplifies ! above g5]alizations4 ,! =mative p]iod ( ,s>ac5ic civilization 0 *>act]iz$ by rapid *ange & an int5se ideali/ic f]m5t4 ,! great ,motazelite movem5t embrac$ _m %ades ( ?\ght1 its radical w+ pr(ess+ religi\s1 political1 & social doctr9es ( a viol5t revolution>y nature4 ,b ?is *angeful p]iod 0 sup]ficial & brief4 ,arab vig\r & ! ,islamic _s prov$ unable p]man5tly to leav5 ! va/ in]tia ( ! anci5t ,ea/4 ,soon ! old traditions reass]t$ !mselves--some:at modifi$1 to be sure1 yet basically ! same ,s>ac5ic civilization became /]eotyp$1 ossifi$1 & ) ?is ossification *angeful unre/ di$ away4 ,"h & !re ! radical tradition 0 pres]v$ & secretly h&$ d[n by a few obscure sects l ! ,kh>idjites ( ,inn] ,arabia & ! ,betta%i d]vi%es2 b ^! 7 m]e cryptic episodes1 ( no g5]al significance4 ,) ! ,mohamm$an ,revival at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 symptoms ( social unre/ appe>$ once m4 ,wahabism aim$ n m]ely at a re=m ( religi\s abuses b 0 also a g5]al prote/ aga9/ ! contempor>y decad5ce ( ,moslem society4 ,9 _m cases x took ! =m ( a popul> revolt aga9/ e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts4 ,! same 0 true ( ! correlative ,babbi/ movem5t 9 ,p]sia1 :i* took place ab\t ! same "t4#bhd ,& ( c\rse ^! nasc5t /irr+s 7 greatly /imulat$ by ! flood ( ,we/]n ideas & me?ods :i*1 z ! n9ete5? c5tury wore on1 increas+ly p]meat$ ! ,ea/4 ,:at1 inde$1 c\ld be m provocative ( unre/ ( e description ?an ! result+ trans=mation ( ! ,ori5t--a trans=mation s sudd51 s int5se1 & necessitat+ s conc5trat$ a process ( adaptation t x 0 basically revolution>y r ?an evolution>y 9 its nature8 ,! details ( ^! pr(\nd *anges--political1 religi\s1 economic1 social--we h already /udi$1 toge!r ) ! equally pr(\nd di/urbance1 bewild]m5t1 & suff]+ afflict+ all classes 9 ?is em95tly transition p]iod4 ,! ess5tially revolution>y nature ( ?is transition p]iod1 z exemplifi$ by ,india1 is well describ$ by a ,briti% economi/4#bhe ,:at1 he asks1 c\ld be m ana*roni/ic ?an ! contra/ betwe5 rural & urban ,india8 ,rural ,india is primitive or m$ival2 city ,india is mod]n4 ,9 city ,india y w f9d e symbol ( ,we/]n life1 f banks & factories d[n to ! v s&wi*m5 t y left 9 ! ,london gutt]s4 ,n[ all ?is co-exi/s beside rural ,india4 ,& x is surely a fact unique 9 economic hi/ory t !y %\ld ?us exi/ side by side4 ,! pres5t condition ( ,india does n correspond ) any p]iod ( ,european economic hi/ory4 ,imag9e ! effect 9 ,europe ( sett+ d[n mod]n & m$ival m5 toge!r1 ) utt]ly disp>ate ideas4 ,t has n happ5$ 9 ,europe because ,european progress 9 ! economic _w has be5 evolution>y2 a process spread ov] c5turies4 ,9 ,india1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is economic trans=mation has be5 revolution>y 9 "*4 ,h[ unevolution>y is ,india's economic trans=mation is se5 by ! condition ( rural ,india4 ,rural ,india1 ?\gh *iefly *>act]iz$ by primitive usage1 has be5 invad$ by ideas t are int5sely ho/ile to ! old /ate ( ?+s ,x is primitive1 b n consi/5tly primitive4 ,competitive wages are paid side by side ) cu/om>y wages4 ,prices are sometimes fix$ by cu/om1 b sometimes1 too1 by free economic causes4 ,f ! mid/ ( a population deeply root$ 9 ! soil1 m5 are be+ c>ri$ away by ! desire ( bett] wages4 ,9 %ort1 economic motives h sudd5ly & p>tially intrud$ !mselves 9 ! realm ( primitive morality4 ,&1 if we turn to city ,india1 we see a simil>1 ?\gh inv]t$1 /ate ( ?+s4444 ,9 nei!r case has ! mixture be5 h>moni\s or ! fusion complete4 ,inde$1 ! two ord]s are too unrelat$1 too f> ap>t1 to coalesce ) ease4444 ,india1 !n1 is 9 a /ate ( economic revolution ?r\gh\t all ! classes ( an enorm\s & complex society4 ,! only p]iod 9 :i* ,europe (f]$ ev5 fa9t analogies to mod]n ,india 0 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 f :i* ev5 n[ we h n settl$ d[n into comp>ative /ability4 ,we may reckon x z a =tunate circum/ance = ,europe t ! intellectual movem5t :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution did n co9cide ) ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,if x _h1 x is possible t ,european society might h be5 hopelessly wreck$4 ,b1 z x 01 ev5 :5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h sp5t its =ce 9 ! conque/s ( ,napoleon1 ! ,indu/rial ,revolution /irr$ up en\gh social & political discont5t4 ,:5 :ole classes ( p are oblig$ by economic revolution to *ange _! mode ( life1 x is inevitable t _m %\ld suff]4 ,discont5t is r\s$4 ,political & de/ructive movem5ts are c]ta9 to ensue4 ,n only ! ,revolutions ( '#dh1 b also ! bir? ( ! ,sociali/ ,p>ty sprang f ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,b t revolution 0 n ne>ly s sweep+ z t :i* is n[ 9 op]ation 9 ,india4 ,! inv5tion ( ma*9]y & /eam-p[] 01 9 ,europe1 b ! cr[n+ ev5t ( a long s]ies ( ye>s 9 :i* comm]ce & indu/ry _h be5 con/antly exp&+1 9 :i* capital _h be5 l>gely accumulat$1 9 :i* economic pr9ciples _h be5 gradually spread+4444 ,no1 ! ,indian economic revolution is va/ly great] & m fundam5tal ?an our ,indu/rial ,revolution1 great z t 04 ,railways h be5 built ?r\gh di/ricts :]e travel 0 almo/ impossible1 & ev5 roads are unkn[n4 ,factories h be5 built1 & fill$ by m5 unus$ to indu/rial lab\r4 ,capital has be5 p\r$ into ! c\ntry1 :i* 0 unprep>$ = any su* developm5t4 ,& :at are ! consequ5ces8 ,india's social organization is be+ dissolv$4 ,! ,brahm9s are no long] prie/s4 ,! ryot is no long] b\nd to ! soil4 ,! banya is no long] ! sole purveyor ( capital4 ,! h&-weav] is ?reat5$ ) ext9ction1 & ! brass-work] c no long] ply 8 craft4 ,?9k ( ! dislocation :i* ?is sudd5 *ange has br\ght ab\t1 ( ! _m :o c no long] foll[ _! ance/ral vocations1 ( ! commotion :i* a less pr(\nd *ange produc$ 9 ,europe1 & y w und]/& :at is ! *ief motive-p[] ( ! political unre/4 ,x is small wond]4 ,! wond] is t ! unre/ has be5 no great] ?an x is4 ,_h ,india n be5 an ,asiatic c\ntry1 %e w\ld h be5 9 fi]ce revolution long ago4 ,! above l9es 7 ( c\rse writt5 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 be=e ! _w _h be5 %att]$ by ,armag$don & aggressive social revolution _h e/abli%$ itself 9 semi-,asiatic ,russia4 ,b ev5 dur+ ^? pre-w> ye>s1 o!r /ud5ts ( ! ,ori5t 7 pr$ict+ social di/urbances ( increas+ gravity4 ,said ! ,h9du nationali/ lead]1 ,bip9 ,*&ra ,pal3 ,?is s-call$ unre/ is n really political4 ,x is ess5tially an intellectual & spiritual upheaval1 ! =]unn] ( a mighty social revolution1 ) a new organon & a new philosophy ( life beh9d x4#bhf ,& ! ,fr5* publici/ ,*ailley wrote ( ,india3 ,!re w be a s]ies ( economic revolutions1 :i* mu/ necess>ily produce suff]+ & /ruggle4#bhg ,dur+ ?is pre-w> p]iod ! increas$ difficulty ( liv+ conditions1 toge!r ) ! adoption ( ,we/]n ideas ( com=t & k9dr$ high] /&>ds1 seem to h be5 eng5d]+ friction betwe5 ! diff]5t /rata ( ! ,ori5tal population4 ,9 #aiaa a ,briti% sanit>y exp]t assign$ wret*$ness z ! root-cause ( ,india's political unre/4 ,aft] describ+ ! deplorable liv+ conditions ( ! ,indian masses1 he wrote3 ,x w ( c\rse be said at once t ^! conditions h exi/$ 9 ,india f "t immemorial1 & are no m likely to cause unre/ n[ ?an previ\sly2 b 9 my op9ion unre/ has always exi/$ !re 9 a subt]ranean =m4 ,moreov]1 9 ! old days1 ! populace c\ld make sc>cely any comp>ison betwe5 _! own condition & t ( m =tunate p2 n[ !y c comp>e _! own slums & t]rible 'native qu>t]s' ) ! mu* bett] ord]$ cantonm5ts1 /ations1 & h\ses ( ! ,briti% (ficials & ev5 ( _! own weal?i] bre?r54 ,s f> z ,i c see1 su* mis]y is always ! fundam5tal cause ( all popul> unre/4444 ,s$iti\s meet+s1 political *att]1 & 'aspirations' ( babus & demagogues are only ! sup]ficial manife/ations ( ! deep] di/urbance4#bhh ,?is gr[+ social friction 0 indubitably height5$ by ! lack ( int]e/ ( ,ori5tals 9 ! suff]+s ( all p]sons n b\nd to !m by family1 ca/e1 or cu/om>y ties4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 social s]vice1 9 ! ,we/]n s5se1 is practically unkn[n4 ,?is fact is not$ by a few ,ori5tals !mselves4 ,says an ,indian writ]1 speak+ ( ,indian t[n life3 ,!re is no common measure ( social conduct4444 ,hi!rto1 social re=m 9 ,india has tak5 acc\nt only ( individual or family life4 ,z appli$ to mank9d 9 ! mass1 & especially to ^? s\lless agglom]ations ( see?+ humanity :i* we call cities1 x is a gospel yet to be prea*$4#bhi ,z an ,am]ican sociologi/ rem>k$ ( ! gr[+ slum evil ?r\gh\t ! indu/rializ$ ,ori5t3 ,! greate/ dang] is due to ! fact t ,ori5tals d n h ! high ,we/]n s5se ( ! value ( ! life ( ! individual1 & are1 comp>atively speak+1 )\t any re/ra9+ influ5ce simil> to our own enlight5$ public op9ion1 :i* has be5 r\s$ by ! /ruggles ( a c5tury ( indu/rial /rife4 ,unless ^! elem5ts c be suppli$1 !re is dang] ( suff]+ & ( abuses worse ?an any ! ,we/ has kn[n4#bij ,all ?is diffus$ social unre/ 0 c5tr+ ab\t two rec5tly em]g$ elem5ts3 ! ,we/]n-educat$ intellig5tsia & ! indu/rial prolet>iat ( ! factory t[ns4 ,! revolution>y t5d5cies ( ! intellig5tsia1 p>ticul>ly ( its half-educat$ failures1 h be5 already not$1 & ^! latt] h und\bt$ly play$ a lead+ "p 9 all ! revolution>y di/urbances ( ! mod]n ,ori5t1 f ,nor? ,africa to ,*9a4#bia ,reg>d+ ! indu/rial prolet>iat1 "s writ]s ?9k t !re is little imm$iate likelihood ( _! becom+ a major revolution>y factor1 because ( _! traditionalism1 ignorance1 & apa?y1 & also because !re is no real connection betwe5 !m & ! intellig5tsia1 ! o!r c5tre ( social discont5t4 ,! ,fr5* economi/ ,mt9 /ates ?is view-po9t v well4 ,speak+ prim>ily ( ,india1 he writes3 ,! ,nationali/ movem5t rises f ! middle classes & manife/s no sy/ematic ho/ility t[>d ! capitali/s & great proprietors2 9 economic matt]s x is on _! side4#bib ,z = ! prolet>iat3 ,! coolies d n imag9e t _! lot c be bett]$4 ,l ! ryots & ! agricultural lab\r]s1 !y d n %[ ! lea/ sign ( revolt4 ,to :om %\ld !y turn8 ,! ranks ( traditional society are clos$ to !m4 ,p )\t ca/e1 ! coolies are despis$ ev5 by ! old-/yle artisan1 pr\d ( 8 ca/e-/atus1 humble ?\gh t be4 ,to fall to ! job ( a coolie is1 = ! ,h9du1 ! wor/ declassm5t4 ,! factory work]s are n yet num]\s en\gh to =m a compact & p[]ful prolet>iat1 able to ex]t pressure on ! old society4 ,ev5 if !y d occasionally /rike1 !y are z f> f ! mod]n ,trade-,union z !y are f ! traditional work+-ca/e4 ,nei!r c !y look = lead]%ip to ! 'intellectual prolet>iat'2 = ! ,nationali/ movem5t has n em]g$ f ! 'b\rgeois' phase1 & always leans on ! capitali/s4444 ,?us ,indian indu/ry is /ill 9 its embryonic /ages4 ,9 tru?1 ! mat]ial evolution :i* translates itself by ! con/ruction ( factories1 & ! social evolution :i* creates a prolet>iat1 h only begun to em]ge2 :ile ! intellectual evolution f :i* arise ! programmes ( social dem&s has n ev5 begun4#bic ,o!r obs]v]s ( ,indian indu/rial conditions1 h[ev]1 d n %>e ,m4 ,mt9's op9ion4 ,says ! ,briti% ,lab\r lead]1 ,j4 ,ramsay ,macdonald3 ,to imag9e ! backw>d ,indian lab\r]s becom+ a consci\s regim5t 9 ! class w>1 seems to be "o ( ! va9e/ dreams 9 :i* a ,we/]n m9d c indulge4 ,b ,i sometimes wond] if x be s v va9 aft] all4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! developm5t ( factory indu/ry 9 ,india has creat$ a l&less & homeless prolet>iat unmat*$ by ! same economic class 9 any o!r capitali/ community2 & to imag9e t ?is class is to be kept out1 or c be kept out1 ( ,indian politics is f> m va9 ?an to dream ( its develop+ a politics on ,we/]n l9es4 ,fur!r ?an t1 ! wage-e>n]s h %[n a will+ness to respond to ,trades-,union me?ods2 !y are =m+ indu/rial associations & h engag$ 9 /rikes2 "s ( ! social re=m movem5ts conduct$ by ,indian intellectuals def9itely try to e/abli% ,trades-,unions & prea* ideas famili> to u 9 connection ) ,trades-,union propag&a4 ,a capitali/ fiscal policy w n only give ?is movem5t a great impetus z x did 9 ,japan1 b 9 ,india w n be able to suppress ! movem5t1 z 0 done 9 ,japan1 by legislation4 ,z yet1 ! true prolet>ian wage-e>n]1 uproot$ f 8 native village & brok5 away f ! organization ( ,indian society1 is b insignificant4 ,x is gr[+1 h[ev]1 & ,i believe t x w organize itself rapidly on ! g5]al l9es ( ! prolet>ian classes ( o!r capitali/ c\ntries4 ,s soon z x becomes politically consci\s1 !re are no o!r l9es ^u :i* x c organize itself4#bid ,turn+ to ! ,ne> ,ea/--m ?an a decade ago a ,fr5* ,sociali/ writ]1 obs]v+ ! h>d liv+ conditions ( ! ,egyptian masses1 not$ signs ( social unre/ & pr$ict$ grave di/urbances4 ,a g5u9e prolet>iat1 he wrote1 has be5 creat$ by ! multiplication ( indu/ries & ! sudd51 almo/ abrupt1 progress :i* has foll[$4 ,! co/ ( liv+ has ris5 to a scale hi!rto unkn[n 9 ,egypt1 :ile wages h ris5 b slightly4 ,pov]ty & want ab\nd4 ,"s day suff]+ w provoke ! p to compla9ts1 p]haps to angry outbur/s1 ?r\gh\t ?is app>5tly prosp]\s ,delta4 ,x is true t ! influx ( =eign]s & ( money may put (f ! h\r :5 ! city or c\ntry lab\r] ( ,egyptian race comes cle>ly to p]ceive ! wrongs t are be+ done to him4 ,he may miss ! educational influ5ce ( ,socialism4 ,yet su* an awak5+ may come soon] ?an p expect4 ,x is n only among ! successful & prosp]\s ,egyptians t intellig5ce is to be f\nd4 ,^? ^: wages are gr[+ gradually small] & small] h intellig5ce ( equal ke5ness1 & x has become a real "q z to ! h\r :5 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! l& ( ,islam ! flame ( ,mohamm$an ,socialism %all bur/ =?4#bie ,9 ,alg]ia1 likewise1 a ,belgian travell] not$ ! dawn+ ( a prolet>ian consci\sness among ! t[n work+-m5 j be=e ! ,great ,w>4 ,speak+ ( ! rapid spread ( ,we/]n ideas1 he wrote3 ,islam te>s asund] l rott5 clo? on ! quays ( ,algi]s3 ! dock]s1 coal-pass]s1 & eng9e-t5d]s1 to :atev] race !y belong1 leave _! ,islam & acquire a g5u9e prolet>ian morality1 t ( ! prolet>ians ( ,europe1 & !y make common cause ) _! ,european colleagues on ! basis ( a /rictly economic /ruggle4 ,if !re 7 _m big factories 9 ,alg]ia1 or?odox ,islam w\ld soon disappe> !re1 z old-fa%ion$ ,ca?olicism has disappe>$ ) u "u ! %ock ( great indu/ry4#bif ,:atev] may be ! prospects z to ! rapid em]g5ce ( organiz$ lab\r movem5ts 9 ! ,ori5t1 "o ?+ seems c]ta93 ! unre/ :i* afflict$ s _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/ 9 ! ye>s prec$+ ! ,great ,w>1 ?\gh ma9ly political1 _h also its social side4 ,t[>d ! end ( #aiac1 a lead+ ,anglo-,indian j\rnal rem>k$ pessimi/ically3 ,we h already gone s f> on ! d[nw>d pa? t leads to de/ruction t !re are di/ricts 9 :at 7 once reg>d$ z ! mo/ settl$ p>ts ( ,india :i* are be+ ab&on$ by ! ri* because _! prop]ty is n safe4 ,s great is ! contempt = ! law t x is employ$ by ! unscrupul\s z a means ( (f5ce aga9/ ! innoc5t4 ,fronti] ,pa?ans commit outrages almo/ unbelievable 9 _! d>+4 ,mass-meet+s are held & agitation spreads 9 reg>d to topics q outside ! bus9ess ( ord]ly p4 ,!re is no matt] ( dome/ic or =eign politics 9 :i* cr[ds ( irresponsible p d n want to h _! passionate way4 ,great grievances are made ( little1 f>-(f ?+s4 ,:at ought to be ! ord]$1 spaci\s life ( ! ,di/rict ,(fic] is intrud$ ^u & di/urb$ by a hundr$ di/ract+ influ5ces due to ! want ( discipl9e ( ! p4 ,9 ! subord9ate ranks ( ! great s]vices !mselves1 trades-unions h be5 =m$4 ,milit>y & police (fic]s h to regret t ! new class ( recruits is less subord9ate ?an ! old1 h>d] to discipl9e1 m full ( compla9ts4#big ,! ,great ,w> ( c\rse enorm\sly aggravat$ ,ori5tal unre/4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ne> ,ea/1 especially1 acute suff]+1 balk$ ambitions1 & furi\s hates comb9$ to r$uce society to ! v]ge ( *aos4 ,into ?is om9\s turmoil !re n[ came ! s9i/] influ5ce ( ,russian ,bol%evism1 m>%all+ all ?is diffus$ unre/ by sy/ematic me?ods = def9ite ends4 ,bol%evism 0 frankly out = a _w-revolution & ! de/ruction ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,to atta9 ?is objective ! ,bol%evi/ lead]s n only laun*$ direct assaults on ! ,we/1 b also plann$ flank attacks 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,!y believ$ t if ! ,ea/ c\ld be set on fire1 n only w\ld ,russian ,bol%evism ga9 va/ additional /r5g? b also ! economic rep]cussion on ! ,we/1 already %ak5 by ! w>1 w\ld be s t]rific t indu/rial collapse w\ld ensue1 !reby ?r[+ ,europe op5 to revolution4 ,bol%evism's propag&i/ ef=ts 7 no?+ %ort ( univ]sal1 bo? 9 area & 9 scope4 ,no "p ( ! _w 0 free f ! plott+s ( its ag5ts2 no possible s\rce ( discont5t 0 ov]look$4 ,/rictly ,r$ doctr9es l ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat 7 v f> f be+ ! only weapons 9 ,bol%evism's arm\ry4 ,s9ce :at 0 fir/ want$ 0 ! ov]?r[ ( ! exi/+ _w-ord]1 any k9d ( opposition to t ord]1 no matt] h[ remote doctr9ally f ,bol%evism1 0 gri/ to ! ,bol%evi/ mill4 ,accord+ly1 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ! ,am]icas1 z 9 ,europe1 ,bol%evik agitators :isp]$ 9 ! e>s ( ! discont5t$ _! gospel ( hatr$ & rev5ge4 ,e nationali/ aspiration1 e political grievance1 e social inju/ice1 e racial discrim9ation1 0 fuel = ,bol%evism's incitem5t to viol5ce & w>4#bih ,p>ticul>ly promis+ fields = ,bol%evi/ activity 7 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/4 ,besides be+ a prey to pr(\nd di/urbances ( e description1 ^? regions z traditional objectives ( ! old ,cz>i/ imp]ialism1 _h long be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,russian ag5ts :o _h evolv$ a te*nique ( pacific p5etration t might be easily adju/$ to ,bol%evi/ ends4 ,to /ir up political1 religi\s1 & racial passions 9 ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 & ,india1 especially aga9/ ,engl&1 requir$ no orig9al plann+ by ,trotzky or ,l594 ,cz>ism _h already done ^! ?+s = g5]ations1 & full in=mation lay bo? 9 ! ,petrograd ar*ives & 9 ! bra9s ( surviv+ ,cz>i/ ag5ts ready to turn _! h&s z easily to ! new "w z ! old4 ,9 all ! elaborate network ( ,bol%evi/ propag&a :i* to-day enme%es ! ,ea/ we mu/ discrim9ate betwe5 ,bol%evism's two objectives3 "o imm$iate--! de/ruction ( ,we/]n political & economic supremacy2 ! o!r ultimate--! bol%eviz+ ( ! ,ori5tal masses & ! consequ5t extirpation ( ! native upp] & middle classes1 precisely z has be5 done 9 ,russia & z is plann$ = ! c\ntries ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ! fir/ /age1 ,bol%evism is q ready to respect ,ori5tal fai?s & cu/oms & to back ,ori5tal nationali/ movem5ts4 ,9 ! second /age1 religions l ,islam & nationali/s l ,mu/apha ,kemal are to be br&$ z b\rgeois & rel5tlessly de/roy$4 ,h[ ,bol%evik diplomacy endeav\rs to "w ^! two s*emes 9 d\ble h>ness1 we %all pres5tly see4 ,russian ,bol%evism's ,ori5tal policy 0 =mulat$ soon aft] its accession to p[] at ! close ( #aiag4 ,! ye> #aiah 0 a "t ( busy prep>ation4 ,an elaborate propag&a organization 0 built up f v>i\s s\rces4 ,a numb] ( old ,cz>i/ ag5ts & diplomats v]s$ 9 ,ea/]n affairs 7 cajol$ or conscript$ into ! s]vice4 ,! ,russian ,mohamm$an populations su* z ! ,t>t>s ( ,s\? ,russia & ! ,turkomans ( ,c5tral ,asia furni%$ _m recruits4 ,ev5 m valuable 7 ! exiles :o flock$ to ,russia f ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 & else:]e at ! close ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,practically all ! lead]s ( ! ,turki% w>-gov]nm5t--,env]1 ,djemal1 ,talaat1 & _m m1 fl$ to ,russia = refuge f ! v5geance ( ! victori\s ,ent5te ,p[]s4 ,! same 0 true ( ! ,h9du t]rori/ lead]s :o _h be5 9 ,g]man pay dur+ ! w> & :o n[ s\ght s]vice "u ,l594 ,by ! end ( #aiah ,bol%evism's ,ori5tal propag&a dep>tm5t 0 well organiz$1 divid$ into ?ree bureaux1 = ! ,islamic c\ntries1 ,india1 & ! ,f> ,ea/ respectively4 ,) ,bol%evism's ,f> ,ea/]n activities ?is book is n conc]n$1 ?\gh ! read] %\ld be> !m 9 m9d & %\ld rememb] ! important "p play$ by ! ,*9ese 9 rec5t ,russian hi/ory4 ,z = ! ,islamic & ,indian bureaux1 !y display$ great zeal1 translat+ tons ( ,bol%evik lit]ature into ! v>i\s ,ori5tal languages1 tra9+ num]\s secret ag5ts & propag&i/s = field-"w1 & gett+ 9 t\* ) all disaffect$ or revolution>y elem5ts4 ,) ! op5+ mon?s ( #aiai ,bol%evi/ activity ?r\gh\t ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ became increas+ly app>5t4 ,! wave ( rage & despair caus$ by ! ,ent5te's d5ial ( ,ne> ,ea/]n nationali/ aspirations#bii play$ spl5didly into ! ,bol%evi/s' h&s1 & we h already se5 h[ ,mosc[ support$ ,mu/apha ,kemal & o!r nationali/ lead]s 9 ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 & else:]e4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ea/1 also1 ,bol%evism ga9$ important successes4 ,n m]ely 0 ,mosc['s h& visible 9 ! epidemic ( riot+ & s$iti\s viol5ce :i* swept nor!rn ,india 9 ! spr+ ( #aiai1cjj b an ev5 %rewd] bl[ 0 /ruck at ,brita9 9 ,afghani/an4 ,?is l& ( turbul5t m\nta9e]s1 :i* lay l a p]petual ?und]cl\d on ,india's nor?-we/ fronti]1 _h kept quiet dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 ma9ly ow+ to ! ,anglophile attitude ( its rul]1 ! ,ame] ,habibullah ,khan4 ,b e>ly 9 #aiai ,habibullah 0 murd]$4 ,:e!r ! ,bol%eviki _h a h& 9 ! matt] is n kn[n1 b !y c]ta9ly reap$ ! b5efit1 = p[] pass$ to "o ( ,habibullah's sons1 ,amanullah ,khan1 :o 0 an av[$ enemy ( ,engl& & :o _h _h deal+s ) ,turco-,g]man ag5ts dur+ ! late w>4 ,amanullah at once got 9 t\* ) ,mosc[1 & a little lat]1 j :5 ! ,punjab 0 see?+ ) unre/1 he decl>$ w> on ,engl&1 & 8 wild tribesm51 p\r+ across ! bord]1 set ! ,nor?-,we/ ,fronti] on fire4 ,aft] "s h>d fight+ ! ,briti% succe$$ 9 repell+ ! ,afghan invasion1 & ,amanullah 0 con/ra9$ to make peace4 ,b ,brita9 obvi\sly d>$ n press ,amanullah too h>d1 = 9 ! peace treaty ! ,ame] 0 releas$ f 8 previ\s obligation n to ma9ta9 diplomatic relations ) o!r nations ?an ,briti% ,india4 ,amanullah promptly air$ 8 indep5d5ce by ma9ta9+ o/5tati\s relations ) ,mosc[4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,bol%eviki _h by ?is "t e/abli%$ an important propag&i/ subc5tre 9 ,russian ,turke/an1 n f> f ! ,afghan bord]1 & ?is bureau's activities ( c\rse envisag$ n m]ely ,afghani/an b ! wid] field ( ,india z well4#cja ,dur+ #aibj ,bol%evik activities became /ill m pron\nc$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/4 ,we h already se5 h[ p[]fully ,bol%evik ,russia support$ ! ,turki% & ,p]sian nationali/ movem5ts4 ,9 fact1 ! reckless %ort-sight$ness ( ,ent5te policy 0 driv+ into ,l59's arms multitudes ( nationali/s to :om ! int]nationali/ !ories ( ,mosc[ 7 p]sonally abhorr5t4 ,= example1 ! head ( ! ,afghan mission to ,mosc[ ?us frankly express$ 8 reasons = fri5d%ip ) ,soviet ,russia1 9 an int]view pr9t$ by ! (ficial ,soviet organ1 ,izve/ia3 ,i am nei!r ,communi/ nor ,sociali/1 b my political programme s f> is ! expulsion ( ! ,engli% f ,asia4 ,i am an irreconcilable enemy ( ,european capitalism 9 ,asia1 ! *ief repres5tatives ( :i* are ! ,engli%4 ,on ?is po9t ,i co9cide ) ! ,communi/s1 & 9 ?is respect we are y\r natural allies4444 ,afghani/an1 l ,india1 does n repres5t a capitali/ /ate1 & x is v unlikely t ev5 a p>liam5t>y rgime w take deep root 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,x is s f> difficult to say h[ subsequ5t ev5ts w develop4 ,i only "k t ! r5[n$ address ( ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t to all nations1 ) its appeal to !m to combat capitali/s 7& = u a capitali/ is synonym\s ) ! ^w =eign]1 or1 to be m exact1 an ,engli%man71 _h an enorm\s effect on u4 ,a /ill great] effect 0 produc$ by ,russia's annulm5t ( all ! secret treaties en=c$ by ! imp]iali/ic gov]nm5ts1 & by ! proclaim+ ( ! "r ( all nations1 no matt] h[ small1 to det]m9e _! own de/9y4 ,?is act ralli$ ar\nd ,soviet ,russia all ! exploit$ nationalities ( ,asia1 & all p>ties1 ev5 ^? v remote f ,socialism4 ,( c\rse1 kn[+ :at we d ( ,bol%evik propag&i/ tactics1 we _c be sure t ! ,afghan diplomat ev] said ! ?+s :i* ! ,izve/ia relates4 ,b1 ev5 if ! int]view be a fake1 ! words put into 8 m\? express ! feel+s ( va/ numb]s ( ,ori5tals & expla9 a prime cause ( ,bol%evik propag&i/ successes 9 ,ea/]n l&s4 ,s successful1 inde$1 _h be5 ! progress ( ,bol%evik propag&a t ! ,soviet lead]s n[ began to "w op5ly = _! ultimate ends4 ,at fir/ ,mosc[ _h pos$ z ! *ampion ( ,ori5tal peoples aga9/ ,we/]n imp]ialism2 its appeals _h be5 to peoples1 irrespective ( class2 & x _h promis$ self-det]m9ation1 ) full respect = native ideas & in/itutions4 ,= in/ance3 a ,bol%evi/ manife/o to ! ,turks sign$ by ,l59 & issu$ t[>d ! close ( #aiai read3 ,mussulmans ( ! _w1 victims ( ! capitali/s1 awake6 ,russia has ab&on$ ! ,cz>'s p]nici\s policy t[>d y & (f]s to help y ov]?r[ ,engli% tyranny4 ,%e w all[ y fre$om ( religion & self-gov]nm5t4 ,! fronti]s exi/+ be=e ! w> w be respect$1 no ,turki% t]ritory w be giv5 ,arm5ia1 ! ,d>danelles ,/raits w rema9 y\rs1 & ,con/ant9ople w rema9 ! capital ( ! ,mussulman _w4 ,! ,mussulmans 9 ,russia w be giv5 self-gov]nm5t4 ,all we ask 9 ex*ange is t y fight ! reckless capitali/s1 :o w\ld exploit y\r c\ntry & make x a colony4 ,ev5 :5 address+ its own p1 ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t ma9ta9$ ! same g5]al tone4 ,an ,ord] ( ! ,day to ! ,russian troops /ation$ on ! bord]s ( ,india /at$3 ,comrades ( ! ,pamir division1 y h be5 giv5 a responsible task4 ,! ,soviet ,republic s5ds y to g>rison ! po/s on ! ,pamir1 on ! fronti]s ( ! fri5dly c\ntries ( ,afghani/an & ,india4 ,! ,pamir tablel& divides revolution>y ,russia f ,india1 :i*1 ) its #cjj1jjj1jjj inhabitants1 is enslav$ by a h&ful ( ,engli%m54 ,on ?is tablel& ! signall]s ( revolution mu/ hoi/ ! r$ flag ( ! army ( lib]ation4 ,may ! peoples ( ,india1 :o fight aga9/ _! ,engli% oppressors1 soon "k t fri5dly help is n f> (f4 ,make y\rselves at home ) ! lib]ty-lov+ tribes ( nor!rn ,india1 promote by ^w & de$ _! revolution>y progress1 refute ! mass ( calumnies spread ab\t ,soviet ,russia by ag5ts ( ! ,briti% pr9ces1 lords1 & bank]s4 ,long live ! alliance ( ! revolution>y peoples ( ,europe & ,asia6 ,su* 0 ! nature ( fir/-/age ,bol%evik propag&a4 ,pres5tly1 h[ev]1 propag&a ( q a diff]5t "* began to appe>4 ,?is second-/age propag&a ( c\rse cont9u$ to assail ,we/]n capitali/ imp]ialism4 ,b alongside1 or r int]m+l$ )1 ^! anti-,we/]n1 fulm9ations1 !re n[ appe>$ special appeals to ! ,ori5tal masses1 incit+ !m aga9/ all capitali/s & b\rgeois1 native z well z =eign1 & promis+ ! prolet>ians rem$ies = all _! ills4 ,"h is a ,bol%evi/ manife/o to ! ,turki% masses1 publi%$ 9 ! summ] ( #aibj4 ,x is v diff]5t f ! manife/oes ( a ye> be=e4 ,! m5 ( toil1 says ?is int]e/+ docum5t1 are n[ /ruggl+ ev]y:]e aga9/ ! ri* p4 ,^! p1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! ari/ocracy & _! hirel+s1 are n[ try+ to hold ,turki% toil]s 9 _! *a9s4 ,x is ! ri* p ( ,europe :o h br\ght suff]+ to ,turkey4 ,comrades1 let u make common cause ) ! _w's toil]s4 ,if we d n d s we %all nev] rise aga94 ,let ! h]oes ( ,turkey's revolution jo9 ,bol%evism4 ,long live ! ,?ird ,int]national6 ,praise be to ,allah6 ,& 9 ^! new ef=ts ,mosc[ 0 n cont5t ) words2 x 0 pass+ to de$s z well4 ,! fir/ application ( ,bol%evism to an ,ea/]n p 0 9 ,russian ,turke/an4 ,:5 ! ,bol%eviki fir/ came to p[] at ! end ( #aiag !y _h grant$ ,turke/an full self-det]m9ation1 & ! inhabitants _h acclaim$ _! native pr9ces & re-e/abli%$ _! old /ate-units1 subject to a loose f$]ative tie ) ,russia4 ,e>ly 9 #aibj1 h[ev]1 ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t consid]$ ,turke/an ripe = ! ,social ,revolution4 ,accord+ly1 ! native pr9ces 7 depos$1 all political p[] 0 transf]r$ to local ,soviets 7controll$ by ,russians71 ! native upp] & middle classes 7 despoil$ ( _! prop]ty1 & sporadic resi/ance 0 cru%$ by mass-executions1 torture1 & o!r famili> =ms ( ,bol%evi/ t]rorism4#cjb ,9 ! ,caucasus1 also1 ! social revolution _h begun ) ! ,sovietization ( ,az]baidjan4 ,! ,t>t> republic ( ,az]baidjan 0 "o ( ! fragm5ts ( ! =m] ,russian prov9ce ( ,transcaucasia :i* _h decl>$ its indep5d5ce on ! collapse ( ! ,cz>i/ ,empire 9 #aiag4 ,locat$ 9 ea/]n ,transcaucasia1 ab\t ! ,caspian ,sea1 ,az]baidjan's capital 0 ! city ( ,baku1 fam\s = its oil-fields4 ,oil _h trans=m$ ,baku into an indu/rial c5tre on ,we/]n l9es1 ) a l>ge work+ population ( mix$ ,asiatic & ,russian orig94 ,play+ ^u ! nasc5t class-consci\sness ( ?is urban prolet>iat1 ! ,bol%evik ag5ts made a c\p d'tat 9 ! spr+ ( #aibj1 ov]?rew ! nationali/ gov]nm5t1 &1 ) prompt ,russian back+1 made ,az]baijan a ,soviet republic4 ,! usual accompanim5ts ( ! social revolution foll[$3 despoil+ & massacr+ ( ! upp] & middle classes1 confiscation ( prop]ty 9 fav\r ( ! t[n prolet>ians & agricultural lab\r]s1 & ru?less t]rorism4 ,) ! op5+ mon?s ( #aibj1 ,bol%evism 0 ?us 9 actual op]ation 9 bo? ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/4#cjc ,hav+ acquir$ /rong foo?olds 9 ! ,ori5t1 ,bol%evism n[ felt /rong en\gh to ?r[ (f ! mask4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aibj1 ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t ( ,russia held a ,congress ( ,ea/]n ,peoples at ,baku1 ! aim ( :i* 0 n m]ely ! lib]ation ( ! ,ori5t f ,we/]n control b its ,bol%eviz+ z well4 ,no attempt at concealm5t ( ?is l>g] objective 0 made1 & s /rik+ 0 ! language employ$ t x may well m]it our close att5tion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! call to ! congress1 issu$ by ! ,?ird 7,mosc[7 ,int]national1 0 address$ to ! peasants & work]s ( ! ,ea/4 ,! summons read3 ,peasants & work]s ( ,p]sia6 ,! ,teh]an ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,khadj>s & its ret9ue ( prov9cial ,khans h plund]$ & exploit$ y ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,! l&1 :i*1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! ,%]iat1 0 y\r common prop]ty1 has be5 tak5 possession ( m & m by ! lackeys ( ! ,teh]an ,gov]nm5t2 !y trade x away at _! pleasure2 !y lay :at taxes please !m ^u y2 & :51 ?r\gh _! mismanagem5t1 !y got ! c\ntry into su* a condition t !y 7 unable to squeeze en\gh juice out ( x !mselves1 !y sold ,p]sia la/ ye> to ,engli% capitali/s = #b1jjj1jjj p\nds1 s t ! latt] w organize an army 9 ,p]sia t w oppress y /ill m ?an =m]ly1 & s ! latt] c collect taxes = ! ,khans & ! ,teh]an ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y h sold ! oil-wells 9 ,s\? ,p]sia & ?us help$ plund] ! c\ntry4 ,peasants ( ,mesopotamia6 ,! ,engli% h decl>$ y\r c\ntry to be indep5d5t2 b #hj1jjj ,engli% soldi]s are /ation$ 9 y\r c\ntry1 are robb+ & plund]+1 are kill+ y & are violat+ y\r wom54 ,peasants ( ,anatolia6 ,! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,italian ,gov]nm5ts hold ,con/ant9ople "u ! m\?s ( _! cannon4 ,!y h made ! ,sultan _! prison]1 !y are oblig+ him to cons5t to ! dismemb]m5t ( :at is purely ,turki% t]ritory1 !y are =c+ him to turn ! c\ntry's f9ances ov] to =eign capitali/s 9 ord] to make x possible = !m bett] to exploit ! ,turki% p1 already r$uc$ to a /ate ( begg>y by ! six-ye> w>4 ,!y h occupi$ ! coal-m9es ( ,h]aclea1 !y are hold+ y\r ports1 !y are s5d+ _! troops into y\r c\ntry & are trampl+ d[n y\r fields4 ,peasants & work]s ( ,arm5ia6 ,decades ago y became ! victims ( ! intrigues ( =eign capital1 :i* laun*$ heavy v]bal attacks aga9/ ! massacres ( ! ,arm5ians by ! ,kurds & incit$ y to fight aga9/ ! ,sultan 9 ord] to obta9 ?r\gh y\r blood new concessions & fre% pr(its daily f ! bloody ,sultan4 ,dur+ ! w> !y n only promis$ y indep5d5ce1 b !y incit$ y\r m]*ants1 y\r tea*]s1 & y\r prie/s to dem& ! l& ( ! ,turki% peasants 9 ord] to keep up an et]nal conflict betwe5 ! ,arm5ian & ,turki% peoples1 s t !y c\ld et]nally d]ive pr(its out ( ?is conflict1 = z long z /rife prevails betwe5 y & ! ,turks1 j s long w ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,am]ican capitali/s be able to hold ,turkey 9 *eck ?r\gh ! m5ace ( an ,arm5ian upris+ & to use ! ,arm5ians z cannon-fodd] ?r\gh ! m5ace ( a pogrom by ,kurds4 ,peasants ( ,syria & ,arabia6 ,indep5d5ce 0 promis$ to y by ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5*1 & n[ !y hold y\r c\ntry occupi$ by _! armies1 n[ ! ,engli% & ! ,fr5* dictate y\r laws1 & y1 :o h fre$ y\rselves f ! ,turki% ,sultan1 f ! ,con/ant9ople ,gov]nm5t1 are n[ slaves ( ! ,p>is & ,london ,gov]nm5ts1 :i* m]ely diff] f ! ,sultan's ,gov]nm5t 9 be+ /rong] & bett] able to exploit y4 ,y all und]/& ?is y\rselves4 ,! ,p]sian peasants & work]s h ris5 aga9/ _! traitor\s ,teh]an ,gov]nm5t4 ,! peasants 9 ,mesopotamia are 9 revolt aga9/ ! ,engli% troops4 ,y peasants 9 ,anatolia h ru%$ to ! bann] ( ,kemal ,pa%a 9 ord] to fight aga9/ ! =eign invasion1 b at ! same "t we he> t y are try+ to organize y\r own p>ty1 a g5u9e peasants' p>ty t w be will+ to fight ev5 if ! ,pa%as are to make _! peace ) ! ,ent5te exploit]s4 ,syria has no peace1 & y1 ,arm5ian peasants1 :om ! ,ent5te1 despite its promises1 all[s to die f hung] 9 ord] to keep y "u bett] control1 y are und]/&+ m & m t x is silly to hope = salvation by ! ,ent5te capitali/s4 ,ev5 y\r b\rgeois ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,da%naki/s1 ! lackeys ( ! ,ent5te1 is compell$ to turn to ! ,work]s' & ,peasants' ,gov]nm5t ( ,russia ) an appeal = peace & help4 ,peasants & work]s ( ! ,ne> ,ea/6 ,if y organize y\rselves1 if y =m y\r own ,work]s' & ,peasants' ,gov]nm5t1 if y arm y\rselves1 if y unite ) ! ,r$ ,russian ,work]s' & ,peasants' ,army1 !n y w be able to defy ! ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 & ,am]ican capitali/s1 !n y w settle acc\nts ) y\r own native exploit]s1 !n y w f9d x possible1 9 a free alliance ) ! work]s' republics ( ! _w1 to look aft] y\r own int]e/s2 !n y w "k h[ to exploit ! res\rces ( y\r c\ntry 9 y\r own int]e/ & 9 ! int]e/ ( ! work+ p ( ! :ole _w1 t w hone/ly ex*ange ! products ( _! lab\r & mutually help ea* o!r4 ,we want to talk ov] all ^! que/ions ) y at ! ,congress 9 ,baku4 ,sp>e no ef=t to appe> 9 ,baku on ,septemb] #a 9 z l>ge numb]s z possible4 ,y m>*1 ye> 9 & ye> out1 ?r\gh ! des]ts to ! holy places :]e y %[ y\r respect = y\r pa/ & = y\r ,god--n[ m>* ?r\gh des]ts1 ov] m\nta9s1 & across riv]s 9 ord] to come toge!r to discuss h[ y c escape f ! bonds ( slav]y1 h[ y c unite z bro!rs s z to live z m51 free & equal4 ,f ?is summons ! nature ( ! ,baku congress c be imag9$4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a social revolutioni/ f> m ?an a nationali/ assembly4 ,( its #aijj delegates1 ne>ly #acjj 7 pr(ess$ communi/s4 ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 ,arm5ia1 & ! ,caucasus c\ntries s5t ! l>ge/ delegations1 ?\gh !re 7 also delegations f ,arabia1 ,india1 & ev5 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! ,russian ,soviet ,gov]nm5t 0 ( c\rse 9 control & kept a tight h& on ! proce$+s4 ,! "* ( ^! proce$+s 7 well summ>iz$ by ! address ( ! not$ ,bol%evik lead] ,z9oviev1 presid5t ( ! ,executive ,committee ( ! ,?ird 7,mosc[7 ,int]national1 :o presid$4 ,z9oviev said3 ,we believe ?is ,congress to be "o ( ! greate/ ev5ts 9 hi/ory1 = x proves n only t ! progressive work]s & work+ peasants ( ,europe & ,am]ica are awak5$1 b t we h at la/ se5 ! day ( ! awak5+1 n ( a few1 b ( t5s ( ?\s&s1 ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 ( millions ( ! lab\r+ class ( ! peoples ( ! ,ea/4 ,^! peoples =m ! majority ( ! _w's :ole population1 & !y alone1 !re=e1 are able to br+ ! w> betwe5 capital & lab\r to a conclusive decision4444 ,! ,communi/ ,int]national said f ! v fir/ day ( its exi/5ce3 ',!re are f\r times z _m p liv+ 9 ,asia z live 9 ,europe4 ,we w free all peoples1 all :o lab\r4'444 ,we "k t ! lab\r+ masses ( ! ,ea/ are 9 "p retrograde1 ?\gh n by _! own fault2 !y _c read or write1 are ignorant1 are b\nd 9 sup]/ition1 believe 9 ! evil _s1 are unable to read any newspap]s1 d n "k :at is happ5+ 9 ! _w1 h n ! slighte/ idea ( ! mo/ elem5t>y laws ( hygi5e4 ,comrades1 our ,mosc[ ,int]national discuss$ ! "q :e!r a sociali/ revolution c\ld take place 9 ! c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ be=e ^? c\ntries _h pass$ ?r\gh ! capitali/ /age4 ,y "k t ! view :i* long prevail$ 0 t e c\ntry mu/ fir/ g ?r\gh ! p]iod ( capitalism 444 be=e socialism c\ld become a live "q4 ,we n[ believe t ?is is no long] true4 ,russia has done ?is1 & f t mom5t we are able to say t ,*9a1 ,india1 ,turkey1 ,p]sia1 ,arm5ia also c1 & mu/1 make a direct fight to get ! ,soviet ,sy/em4 ,^! c\ntries c1 & mu/1 prep>e !mselves to be ,soviet republics4 ,i say t we give pati5t aid to gr\ps ( p]sons :o d n believe 9 our ideas1 :o are ev5 oppos$ to u on "s po9ts4 ,9 ?is way1 ! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t supports ,kemal 9 ,turkey4 ,nev] = "o mom5t d we =get t ! movem5t head$ by ,kemal is n a communi/ movem5t4 ,we "k x4 ,i h "h extracts f ! v]batim reports ( ! fir/ session ( ! ,turki% p's ,gov]nm5t at ,angora4 ,kemal himself says t '! ,caliph's p]son is sacr$ & inviolable4' ,! movem5t head$ by ,kemal wants to rescue ! ,caliph's 'sacr$' p]son f ! h&s ( ! foe4 ,t is ! ,turki% ,nationali/'s po9t ( view4 ,b is x a communi/ po9t ( view8 ,no4 ,we respect ! religi\s convictions ( ! masses2 we "k h[ to re-educate ! masses4 ,x w be ! "w ( ye>s4 ,we use great caution 9 approa*+ ! religi\s convictions ( ! lab\r+ masses 9 ! ,ea/ & else:]e4 ,b at ?is ,congress we are b\nd to tell y t y mu/ n d :at ! ,kemal ,gov]nm5t is do+ 9 ,turkey2 y mu/ n support ! p[] ( ! ,sultan1 n ev5 if religi\s consid]ations urge y to d s4 ,y mu/ press on1 & mu/ n all[ y\rselves to be pull$ back4 ,we believe ! ,sultan's h\r has /ruck4 ,y mu/ n all[ any =m ( autocratic p[] to cont9ue2 y mu/ de/roy1 y mu/ annihilate1 fai? 9 ! ,sultan2 y mu/ /ruggle to obta9 real ,soviet organizations4 ,! ,russian peasants also 7 /rong believ]s 9 ! ,cz>2 b :5 a true p's revolution broke out !re 0 practically no?+ left ( ?is fai? 9 ! ,cz>4 ,! same ?+ w happ5 9 ,turkey & all ov] ! ,ea/ z soon z a true peasants' revolution %all bur/ =? ov] ! surface ( ! black e>?4 ,! p w v soon lose fai? 9 _! ,sultan & 9 _! ma/]s4 ,we say once m1 ! policy pursu$ by ! pres5t p's ,gov]nm5t 9 ,turkey is n ! policy ( ! ,communi/ ,int]national1 x is n our policy2 nev]!less1 we decl>e t we are prep>$ to support any revolution>y fight aga9/ ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t4 ,yes1 we array ourselves aga9/ ! ,engli% b\rgeoisie2 we seize ! ,engli% imp]iali/ by ! ?roat & tread him und]foot4 ,x is aga9/ ,engli% capitalism t ! wor/1 ! mo/ fatal bl[ mu/ be dealt4 ,t is s4 ,b at ! same "t we mu/ educate ! lab\r+ masses ( ! ,ea/ to hatr$1 to ! w to fight ! :ole ( ! ri* classes indiff]5tly1 :oev] !y be4 ,! great significance ( ! revolution n[ />t+ 9 ! ,ea/ does n consi/ 9 begg+ ! ,engli% imp]iali/ to take 8 feet (f ! table1 = ! purpose ( !n p]mitt+ ! weal?y ,turk to place 8 feet on x all ! m com=tably2 no1 we w v politely ask all ! ri* to remove _! dirty feet f ! table1 s t !re may be no luxuri\sness among u1 no boa/+1 no contempt ( ! p1 no idl5ess1 b t ! _w may be rul$ by ! work]'s horny h&4 ,! ,baku congress 0 ! op5+ gun 9 ,bol%evism's av[$ campaign = ! imm$iate ,bol%eviz+ ( ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 foll[$ by increas$ ,soviet activity & by sub/antial ,soviet successes1 especially 9 ! ,caucasus1 :]e bo? ,georgia & ,arm5ia 7 ,bol%eviz$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiba4 ,^! v successes1 h[ev]1 awak5$ gr[+ uneas9ess among ,soviet ,russia's nationali/ protgs4 ,! v>i\s ,ori5tal nationali/ p>ties1 :i* _h at fir/ welcom$ ,mosc['s aid s en?usia/ically aga9/ ! ,ent5te ,p[]s1 n[ began to realize t ,russian ,bol%evism might prove z great a p]il z ,we/]n imp]ialism to _! patriotic aspirations4 ,( c\rse ! nationali/ lead]s _h always realiz$ ,mosc['s ultimate goal1 b hi!rto !y _h felt !mselves /rong en\gh to control ! situation & to take ,russian aid )\t pay+ ,mosc['s price4 ,n[ !y no long] felt s sure4 ,! numb]s ( class-consci\s prolet>ians 9 ! ,ea/ might be v small4 ,! communi/ philosophy might be virtually un9telligible to ! ,ori5tal masses4 ,nev]!less1 ! v exi/5ce ( ,soviet ,russia 0 a w>n+ n to be disreg>d$4 ,9 ,russia an inf9itesimal communi/ m9ority1 numb]+1 by its own admission1 n mu* ov] #fjj1jjj1 0 ma9ta9+ an unlimit$ despotism ov] #agj1jjj1jjj p4 ,we/]n c\ntries might rely on _! popul> education & _! /aun* traditions ( ord]$ lib]ty2 ! ,ea/ possess$ no su* bulw>ks aga9/ ,bol%evism4 ,! ,ea/ 01 9 fact1 mu* l ,russia4 ,!re 0 ! same d5se ignorance ( ! masses2 ! same abs5ce ( a l>ge & p[]ful middle class2 ! same tradition ( despotism2 ! same popul> acquiesc5ce 9 ! rule ( ru?less m9orities4 ,f9ally1 !re 7 ! om9\s examples ( ,sovietiz$ ,turke/an & ,az]baidjan4 ,9 f9e1 ,ori5tal nationali/s be?\ght !m ( ! old adage t he :o sups ) ! devil ne$s a long spoon4 ,ev]y:]e x has be5 ! same /ory4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,mu/apha ,kemal has arre/$ ,bol%evi/ propag&a ag5ts1 :ile ,turki% & ,russian troops h m ?an once cla%$ on ! disput$ ,caucasus fronti]s4 ,9 ,egypt we h already se5 h[ an amicable arrangem5t betwe5 ,"l ,miln] & ! ,egyptian nationali/ lead]s 0 facilitat$ by ! latt]'s fe> ( ! social revolution>y agitators :o 7 inflam+ ! fellahe54 ,9 ,india1 ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol not$ z f> back z ! spr+ ( #aiah h[ ,russia's collapse into ,bol%evism _h _h a sob]+ effect on ,indian public op9ion4 ,! m ?\ghtful ,indians1 he wrote1 n[ see h[ helpless ev5 ! ,russian intellig5tsia 7relatively f> m num]\s & matur$ ?an ! ,indian intellig5tsia7 has prov$ to control ! great ignorant masses z soon z ! :ole fabric ( gov]nm5t has be5 ha/ily %att]$4#cjd ,9 ,afghani/an1 likewise1 ! ,ame] 0 los+ 8 love = 8 ,bol%evi/ allies4 ,! /reams ( refugees f ,sovietiz$ ,turke/an t fl[$ across 8 bord]s = protection1 head$ by 8 k9sman ! ,ame] ( ,bokh>a1 made ,amanullah ,khan d "s h>d ?9k+1 int5sifi$ by a s]i\s mut9y ( ,afghan troops on ! ,russian bord]1 ! mut9e]s dem&+ ! "r to =m ,soldi]s' ,c\ncils q on ! ,russian patt]n4 ,bol%evi/ ag5ts might tempt him by ! loot ( ,india1 b ! ,ame] c\ld also see t t w\ld d him little good if he himself 7 to be loot$ & kill$ by 8 own rebelli\s subjects4#cje ,?us1 z "t w5t on1 ,ori5tal nationali/s & cons]vatives g5]ally t5d$ to close ranks 9 dislike & appreh5sion ( ,bol%evism4 ,_h !re be5 no o!r issue involv$1 !re c be little d\bt t ,mosc['s advances w\ld h be5 repell$ & ,bol%evi/ ag5ts giv5 %ort %rift4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,ea/]n nationali/s feel !mselves betwe5 ! ,bol%evi/ devil & ! ,we/]n imp]iali/ deep sea4 ,! up%ot has be5 t !y h be5 try+ to play (f ! "o aga9/ ! o!r--driv5 t[>d ,mosc[ by e ,ent5te aggression2 driv5 t[>d ! ,we/ by e ,soviet c\p ( ,l594 ,we/]n /atesm5 %\ld realize ?is1 & %\ld rememb] t ,bol%evism's be/ propag&i/ ag5t is1 n ,z9oviev orat+ at ,baku1 b ,g5]al ,g\raud1 ) 8 ,s5egalese battalions & /rong-arm me?ods 9 ,syria & ! ,arab h9t]l&4 ,c]ta9ly1 any ext5sive spread ( ,bol%evism 9 ! ,ea/ w\ld be a t]rible mis=tune bo? = ! ,ori5t & = ! _w at l>ge4 ,if ! triumph ( ,bol%evism w\ld mean b>b>ism 9 ! ,we/1 9 ! ,ea/ x w\ld spell d[nright savag]y4 ,! sudd5 release ( ! ignorant1 brutal ,ori5tal masses f _! traditional re/ra9ts ( religion & cu/om1 & ! subm]g5ce ( ! relatively small upp] & middle classes by ! flood ( social revolution w\ld mean ! de/ruction ( all ,ori5tal civilization & culture1 & a plunge into an abyss ( an>*y f :i* ! ,ea/ c\ld em]ge only aft] g5]ations1 p]haps c5turies4 ,,footnotes3 #bhd ,= ^! e>ly =ms ( unre/1 see ,a4 ,le ,*ateli]1 ,l',islam au dix-neuvime ,sicle1 pp4 #bb-dd 7,p>is1 #ahhh74 #bhe ,d4 ,h4 ,dodwell1 ,economic ,transition 9 ,india1 ,economic ,j\rnal1 ,decemb]1 #aiaj4 #bhf ,bip9 ,*&ra ,pal1 ,! ,=ces ,beh9d ! ,unre/ 9 ,india1 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y1 #aiaj4 #bhg ,j4 ,*ailley1 ,adm9i/rative ,problems ( ,briti% ,india1 p4 #cci 7,london1 #aiaj--;,engli% translation74 #bhh ,dr4 ,ronald ,ross1 ,wret*$ness a ,cause ( ,political ,unre/1 ,! ,survey1 #ah ,febru>y1 #aiaa4 #bhi ,a4 ,yusuf ,ali1 ,life & ,lab\r 9 ,india1 pp4 #c1 #cb 7,london1 #aijg74 #bij ,e4 ,w4 ,cap51 ,a ,sociological ,appraisal ( ,we/]n ,influ5ce on ! ,ori5t1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sociology1 ,may1 #aiaa4 #bia ,p4 ,khorat1 ,psy*ologie de la ,rvolution *9oise1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,m>*1 #aiab2 ,l4 ,b]tr&1 ,le ,mirage ori5tale1 pp4 #afd-aff2 ,j4 ,d4 ,rees1 ,! ,real ,india1 pp4 #afb-afc4 #bib ,alb]t ,mt91 ,l',inde d'auj\rd'hui3 tude sociale1 p4 #bgf 7,p>is1 #aiah74 #bic ,alb]t ,mt91 ,l',inde d'auj\rd'hui3 tude sociale1 pp4 #cci-cde4 #bid ,j4 ,ramsay ,macdonald1 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 pp4 #acc-acd 7,london1 #aibj74 #bie ,georges ,f\c>t4 ,quot$ 9 ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/1 #ag ,augu/1 #aijg1 pp4 #bbe-bbf4 #bif ,a4 ,van ,g5nep1 ,en ,algrie1 p4 #ahb 7,p>is1 #aiad74 #big ,! ,engli%man 7,calcutta74 ,quot$ 9 ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/1 #ba ,febru>y1 #aiad1 p4 #cfi4 #bih ,= ^! l>g] _w-aspects ( ,bol%evik propag&a1 see ,paul ,miliukov1 ,bol%evism3 ,an ,int]national ,dang] 7,london1 #aibj72 also1 my ,ris+ ,tide ( ,col\r aga9/ ,:ite ,_w-,supremacy1 pp4 #bah-bba1 & my article1 ,bol%evism3 ,! ,h]esy ( ! ,"u-,man1 ,! ,c5tury1 ,june1 #aiai4 #bii ,see ,*apt] ,v4 #cjj ,see ,*apt] ,,vi4 #cja ,= ev5ts 9 ,afghani/an & ,c5tral ,asia1 see ,sir ,t4 ,h4 ,holdi*1 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,bol%evism 9 ,afghani/an1 ,new ,europe1 ,decemb] #d1 #aiai2 ,ikbal ,ali ,%ah1 ,! ,fall ( ,bokh>a1 ,! ,ne> ,ea/1 ,octob] #bh1 #aibj1 & 8 ,! ,c5tral ,asian ,tangle1 ,asiatic ,review1 ,octob]1 #aibj4 ,= ,bol%evi/ activity 9 ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ g5]ally1 see ,miliukov1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bdc-bfj2 #bie-big2 ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,george ,a/on1 ,bol%evik ,propag&a 9 ! ,ea/1 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,augu/1 #aibj2 ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,all51 ,transcaucasia1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,octob]1 #aibj2 ,sir ,val5t9e ,*irol1 ,conflict+ ,policies 9 ! ,ne> ,ea/1 ,new ,europe1 ,july #a1 #aibj2 ,l4 ,dumont-,wild51 ,awak5+ ,asia1 ,! ,liv+ ,age1 ,augu/ #g1 #aibj 7translat$ f ! ,fr5*72 ,major-,g5]al ,"l ,edw>d ,glei*51 ,moslems & ! ,tangle 9 ! ,middle ,ea/1 ,national ,review1 ,decemb]1 #aiai2 ,paxton ,hibb51 ,russia at ,peace1 ,! ,nation 7,new ,york71 ,janu>y #bf1 #aiba2 ,h4 von ,h(f1 ,die nationale ,erhebung 9 d] ,trkei1 ,deuts*e ,revue1 ,decemb]1 #aiai2 ,r4 ,g4 ,hunt]1 ,ent5te--,oil--,islam1 ,new ,europe1 ,augu/ #bf1 #aibj2 ,taira1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,arab ,revolt1 ,balkan ,review1 ,augu/1 #aibj2 ,voyageur1 ,l59's ,attempt to ,capture ,islam1 ,new ,europe1 ,june #aj1 #aibj2 ,hans ,w5dt1 ,ex ,ori5te ,lux1 ,nord und ,sd1 ,may1 #aibj2 ,george ,"y1 ,russian ,=eign ,policy1 ,new ,europe1 ,july #a1 #aibj4 #cjb ,ikbal ,ali ,%ah1 op4 cit4 #cjc ,= ev5ts 9 ! ,caucasus1 see ,w4 ,e4 ,d4 ,all51 ,transcaucasia1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,octob]1 #aibj2 ,c4 ,e4 ,be*h(]1 ,! ,situation 9 ! ,transcaucasus1 ,new ,europe1 ,septemb] #b1 #aibj2 ,d4 ,z4 ,t41 ,l',az]baidjan3 ,la ,premire ,rpublique musulmane1 ,revue du ,monde musulman1 #aiai2 ,paxton ,hibb51 ,exit ,georgia1 ,! ,nation 7,new ,york71 ,m>* #cj1 #aiba4 #cjd ,sir ,v4 ,*irol1 ,india 9 ,travail1 ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,july1 #aiah4 ,also see ,h4 ,h4 ,! ,aga ,khan1 ,india 9 ,transition1 p4 #ag 7,london1 #aiah74 #cje ,ikbal ,ali ,%ah1 op4 cit4 ,,conclusion ,our survey ( ! ,ne> & ,middle ,ea/ is at an end4 ,:at is ! out/&+ feature ( t survey8 ,x is3 ,*ange4 ,! ,immovable ,ea/ has be5 mov$ at la/--mov$ to its v dep?s4 ,! ,ori5t is to-day 9 full transition1 flux1 f]m5t1 m sudd5 & pr(\nd ?an any x has hi!rto kn[n4 ,! _w ( ,islam1 m5tally & spiritually quiesc5t = almo/ a ?\s& ye>s1 is once m a/ir1 once m on ! m>*4 ,:i!r8 ,we d n "k4 ,:o w\ld be bold en\gh to prophesy ! outcome ( ?is va/ f]m5t--political1 economical1 social1 religi\s1 & mu* m besides8 ,all t we may wisely v5ture is to obs]ve1 describe1 & analyse ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! great transition4 ,yet surely ?is is mu*4 ,to view1 h[ev] empirically1 ! mighty trans=mation at "w2 to gr\p its multitud9\s aspects 9 "s sort ( relativity2 to foll[ ! r$ ?reads ( t5d5cy runn+ ?r\gh ! tangl$ ske91 is to ga9 at lea/ provisional k & acquire capacity to grasp ! significance ( future developm5ts z !y %all successively arise4 ,to "k is to und]/&--& to hope3 to hope t ?is pres5t travail1 va/ & ill-und]/ood1 may be b ! bir?-pangs ( a truly r5asc5t ,ea/ tak+ its place 9 a r5asc5t _w4 ,,index ,aali ,pa%a1 ,pan-,islam agitation (1 #ed ,abbas ,hilmi1 ,kh$ive1 pro ,turki% views (1 #aee2 deposition (1 #aef2 ,pan-,arabianism support$ by1 #agj ,abd-el-,kad]1 ,fr5* resi/$ by1 #da ,abd-el-,malek ,hamsa1 ,pro-,g]manism (1 #aef ,abd-el-,wahab1 ,mohamm$an revival begun by1 #ba1 #dj2 bir? (1 #ba2 e>ly life (1 #bb ff42 influ5ce (1 #bb2 dea? (1 #bb ,abdul ,hamid1 despotism (1 #cb2 z caliph1 #ci2 ,s5nussi's opposition to1 #ci1 #df2 ,djemal-ed-,d9 protect$ by1 #ec ff42 ,pan-,islam policy (1 #ec ff42 "* (1 #ed ff42 gov]nm5t (1 #ee2 deposition (1 #ef1 #aai2 tyrannical policy (1 #aaf2 nationalism oppos$ by1 #aci1 #afe2 ,arabs conciliat$ by1 #adb ff4 ,abu ,bekr #bb2 policy (1 #aad ff4 ,abyss9ian ,*ur*1 ,mohamm$an ?reat aga9/1 #ej ,afghani/an1 religi\s upris+s 91 #da2 n9ete5?-c5tury indep5d5ce (1 #aah2 ,bol%evism 91 #bhf ff42 rebellion (1 #bhf;ff4 ,africa1 ,mohamm$an mission>y "w 91 #di ff4 ,see also ,nor? ,africa ,agadir crisis1 #eg ,ahm$ ,bey ,agayeff1 ,pan-,turanism aid$ by1 #afe ,alex&ria1 massacre ( ,europeans 91 #adi ,alg]ia1 ,fr5* conque/ (1 #dj1 #aeh2 ,kabyle insurrection 91 #da2 compulsory vacc9ation 91 #ie2 lib]al political aspirations 91 #aah ff42 ne$ = ,european gov]nm5t 91 #abb ,all5by1 ,g5]al1 ,egypt 9 control (1 #agg ,amanullah ,khan1 ,bol%evism (1 #bhf2 w> on ,engl& decl>$ by1 #bhf2 pres5t policy (1 #bih ,anatolia1 ,bol%evi/ manife/o to1 #bib ,anglo-,russian ,agreem5t1 t]ms (1 #aei ff4 ,arabi ,pa%a1 ,djemal-ed-,d9's influ5ce on1 #adh2 revolution 9 ,egypt head$ by1 #adh ,arabia1 description ( natives (1 #ba2 ,turks f\ght by1 #bc2 defeat (1 #bc2 political fre$om (1 #aac2 democracy 91 #abg2 nationali/ _s 91 #adj ff42 ,turki% rul]s oppos$ by1 #adj ff42 suppression (1 #adc2 #aije rebellion (1 #adc2 effect ( ,"y-,turk revolution on1 #ade ff42 #aiaf revolt (1 #adf2 ,pan-,arabism 91 #ade2 religi\s "* ( ,pan-,arab movem5t 91 #afi ff42 effect ( ,great ,w> on1 #agj1 #ahc ff42 ,alli$ enc\ragem5t (1 #ahd2 peace t]ms &1 #ahe2 ,engli% agreem5t )1 #ahe ff42 revolt aga9/ ,turks (1 #ahe2 secret p>tition (1 #ahe ff42 ,colonel ,lawr5ce's influ5ce 91 #ahf2 secret treaties reveal$ to1 #ahg2 ,france & ,engl& 91 #ahg ff42 ,mu/apha ,kemal aid$ by #aid1 ff42 ,engli% negotiations )1 #aih2 ,bol%evi/ manife/o to1 #bib ,arabian ,national ,committee1 creation (1 #adc ,ar*] ,william1 on ov]-population 9 ,india1 #bfc ,argyll1 ,duke (1 ov]-population 9 ,india1 #bfc ,arm5ia1 ,bol%evi/ manife/o to1 #bib ,arya ,somaj1 #bjh ,at*9 ,w>1 #da ,az]baidjan1 ,bol%evi/ revolution 91 #bij ff4 ,babbi/ movem5t 9 ,p]sia1 #bgd ,bab]1 ,mogul ,empire f\nd$ by1 #bjd ,baku1 ,congress ( ,ea/]n ,peoples at1 #bia1 #big ,balkan ,w>1 #eg2 ,mohamm$ans r\s$ by1 #eh ,b>b>y ,/ates1 ,fr5* conque/ (1 #aeh ,br>d1 ,victor1 on ! enmity ( ,turks & ,arabs1 #ada ff42 ,france's ,syrian policy criticis$ by1 #aii ,b]tr&1 ,l\is1 anti-,we/]n feel+ 9 ,ori5t describ$ by1 #ie ff42 on social conditions 9 ! ,levant1 #bfi1 #bga ,bevan1 ,edwyn1 nationali/ views (1 #abe ff4 ,b9 ,saud1 ,ikhwan movem5t l$ by1 #gb ,bol%evism1 effects on ,ori5t (1 #age2 ,mu/apha ,kemal aid$ by1 #aif ff42 ! ,ea/ a field =1 #bhc ff42 propag&a (1 #bhd ff41 #bhh ff42 ,ori5tal policy (1 #bhe2 9 ,afghani/an1 #bhf ff42 manife/o to ,mohamm$ans issu$ by1 #bhh ff42 manife/o to ,turks issu$ by1 #bhi ff42 ,congress ( ,ea/]n ,peoples held by1 #bia ff4 ,bombay1 ,engli% "* (1 #ajj2 social conditions 91 #bgj ff4 ,bose1 ,prama?a ,na?1 on economic conditions 9 ,india1 #bde ff4 ,brahm9ism1 illib]alism (1 #abj ,brails=d1 ,h4 ,n41 on mod]n indu/ry 9 ,egypt1 #bcf ff42 on social conditions 9 ,egypt1 #bfi ff4 ,briti% ,ea/ ,india ,company1 #bje ,bukh%1 ,s4 ,khuda1 re=m "w (1 #ca ff42 nationalism 9 ,india oppos$ by1 #abe ff42 on ,indian social conditions1 #bec ff4 ,caetani1 ,leone1 #fc ,cahun1 ,lon1 ,turanism &1 #afc ,cairo1 revolt 91 #agh2 mod]n wom5 91 #beh ,calcutta1 ,engli% "* (1 #ajj2 social conditions 91 #bgj ,caliphate1 ,islam /r5g!n$ by1 #ch ff42 hi/ory (1 #ci2 ,turkey ! head (1 #ci ff4 ,*elms=d1 ,"l1 report (1 #baf ff4 ,*9a1 ,mohamm$an insurrection 91 #da1 #ea ff42 ,mohamm$an mission>y "w 91 #ej2 numb] ( ,mohamm$ans 91 #ea2 ,mohamm$an agitation 91 #fj ,*irol1 ,val5t9e1 ,we/]n influ5ce 9 ,ori5t describ$ by1 #gi ff42 on ,egyptian situation1 #agi ff42 ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report approv$ by1 #bbj2 on ,egyptian conditions s9ce ! w>1 #bga ff42 on ,bol%evism 9 ,india1 #bih ,congress ( ,ea/]n ,peoples1 #bia ff4 ,con/ant9e1 ,k+1 recall$1 #aid ,con/ant9ople1 ,alli$ occupation (1 #aib ff42 *anges s9ce #ahif 91 #bea ff42 /atus ( wom5 91 #beh ,cox1 ,sir ,p]cy1 ,engli%-,arabian negotiations made by1 #aih2 influ5ce (1 #bjj ,crom]1 ,"l1 on ,islam1 #bi1 #cb2 ,we/]n influ5ce 9 ,ori5t describ$ by1 #hj2 e?ics ( imp]ialism =mulat$ by1 #hd1 #ajb1 #abj ff42 ,egyptian adm9i/ration (1 #adi2 resignation (1 #aeb2 on we/]n-educat$ ,egypt1 #beg2 on ov]-population 9 ,india1 #bfc ,curtis1 ,lionel1 nationalism 9 ,india support$ by1 #acj ff42 ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report approv$ by1 #bbj ,curzon-,wyllie1 ,sir1 assass9ation (1 #bab ,damascus1 ,fr5* 91 #aia ff4 ,d>-ul-,islam1 #aga ff4 ,dick9son1 ,g4 ,l[es1 on ,ea/]n economics1 #bdi ,djemal-ed-,d91 bir? (1 #eb2 "* (1 #eb2 anti-,european "w (1 #eb2 9 ,india1 #eb2 9 ,egypt1 #ec2 ,abdul ,hamid's protection (1 #ec ff42 dea? (1 #ec2 tea*+s (1 #ec ff42 nationalism taught by1 #ach2 ,egypt influ5c$ by1 #adh2 9 ,russia1 #bhe ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,mohamm$an upris+s 91 #da2 ,mohamm$an mission>y "w 91 #eb ,egypt1 nationalism 91 #cb1 #aah ff42 ,mahdi/ insurrection 91 #da2 #aiad insurrection (1 #fa2 exil$ ,arabs 91 #adc2 *>act]i/ics ( p (1 #adg ff42 e>ly ,european influ5ces 91 #adg2 nationali/ agitation 91 #adh ff42 influ5ce ( ,djemal-ed-,d9 91 #adh2 #ahhb revolution 91 #adh ff42 ,"l ,crom]'s rule (1 #adi2 ,france's influ5ce 91 #aej ff42 failure ( ,engli% lib]al policy 91 #aec ff42 ,"l ,kit*5]'s rule 91 #aec ff42 effect ( outbreak ( ,_w ,w> on1 #aee ff42 made ,engli% protectorate1 #aef ff42 ,pan-,arabism 91 #afi2 ,v]sailles conf]5ce's treatm5t (1 #agd2 nationali/ dem&s (1 #agg2 ,all5by 9 control (1 #agg2 rebellion (1 #agh ff42 m>tial law 91 #agh2 situation aft] rebellion 91 #agi ff42 ,engli% commission ( inquiry 91 #aha2 ,engli% compromise )1 #ahb2 opposition to compromise 91 #ahb ff42 mod]n factories 91 #bcd1 #bcf2 indu/rial conditions 91 #bcf ff42 social conditions 91 #bfi2 social revolution 91 #bha ff4 ,el-,gh>ami1 #cj ,el ,mahdi1 #db ,engl&1 ,egypt's rebellion aga9/1 #age ff42 ,commission ( ,inquiry into ,egyptian affairs appo9t$ by1 #aha2 ,egyptian compromise )1 #ahb2 opposition to compromise 91 #ahb2 ,arabia &1 #ahd ff42 9 ,mesopotamia1 #ahe ff42 9 ,pale/9e1 #ahf2 ,fr5* disagreem5t )1 #ahh ff42 at ,san ,remo conf]5ce1 #aij2 ,mesopotamian rebellion aga9/1 #aib ff42 ,svres ,treaty &1 #aic2 ,greek agreem5t )1 #aic2 ,arabian negotiation )1 #aih2 9 ,india1 #bjd ff4 ,env] ,pa%a1 ,pan-,turanism &1 #afg2 9 ,russia1 #bhe ,feisal1 ,pr9ce1 at peace conf]5ce1 #ahg ff42 peace c\nsels (1 #ahh2 made k+ ( ,syria1 #aia ,fi%]1 on social conditions 9 ,india1 #bgj ff4 ,france1 ,morocco seiz$ by1 #eg2 anti-,briti% propag&a (1 #aej ff42 ,arabia &1 #ahd2 ,syrian aspirations (1 #ahe ff42 at ,san ,remo conf]5ce1 #aij2 ,syrian rebellion &1 #aia ff42 ,svres ,treaty &1 #aic2 ,greek agreem5t )1 #aic2 pres5t ,syrian situation (1 #aih ff4 ,g&hi1 ,m4 ,k41 boycott ( ,engl& advocat$ by1 #bbd ,gor/1 ,sir ,eldon1 ,"l ,crom] succe$$ by1 #aeb2 failure ( policy (1 #aec ff4 ,g\raud1 ,g5]al1 ,feisal subdu$ by1 #aia2 dang] 9 me?ods (1 #bii ,greece1 anti-,turk campaign (1 #aic2 ,v5izelos repudiat$ by1 #aid2 ,con/ant9e support$ by1 #aid ,habibullah ,khan1 ,ame]1 ,engl& support$ by1 #bhf2 dea? (1 #bhf ,haifa1 to be ,briti%1 #ahf ,hajj1 ,islam /r5g!n$ by1 #ch ff4 ,halil ,pa%a1 ,pan-,turanism &1 #afh ,hanotaux1 ,gabriel1 #eg ,h>d+1 ,"l1 ,indian nationali/ movem5t support$ by1 #bae ,h$jaz1 ,turki% dom9ion (1 #adj ,h9du/an1 ,islam's appeal to #fj2 anti-,we/]n feel+ 91 #ii ff42 illib]al tradition (1 #abj ,hunt]1 ,sir ,william1 on ov]-population 9 ,india1 #bfc ff4 ,husse9 ,kamel1 made ,sultan ( ,egypt1 #aef ,ikhwan1 beg9n+ (1 #ga2 progress (1 #ga ,imam ,yahya1 #aii ,india1 re=m ( ,islamism 91 #cj2 ,engli% ma/]y (1 #dj2 ,islam's mission>y "w 91 #eb2 #aiad insurrection 91 #fa2 ,engli% t[ns & cu/oms 91 #ajj2 effect ( ,russo-,japanese ,w> 91 #aje1 #baj ff42 lib]al political aspirations 91 #aah ff42 democracy introduc$ by ,engl& 91 #abb ff42 opposition to nationalism 91 #abd ff41 #bah ff42 support ( nationalism 91 #abi ff41 #acf ff42 hi/ory (1 #bja2 ,aryan invasion (1 #bja ff42 beg9n+ ( ca/e sy/em 91 #bjb ff42 ,mohamm$an invasion (1 #bjc ff42 ,mogul ,empire f\nd$ 91 #bjd2 ,briti% conque/ (1 #bje ff42 beg9n+ ( discont5t 91 #bjf ff42 ,h9du nationali/ movem5t 91 #bjh ff41 #bab ff42 ,engli% lib]al policy 91 #bac ff42 result ( outbreak ( w> 91 #bad2 ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report 91 #baf ff42 militant unre/ 91 #bbj ff42 effect ( ,r[latt ,bill 91 #bbb ff42 ,engli% boycott$ by1 #bbc ff42 pres5t turmoil 91 #bbd2 indu/ries 91 #bcc ff42 indu/rial conditions 91 #bcg ff42 indu/rial future (1 #bci ff42 agriculture 91 #bdc ff42 ,swade%i movem5t 91 #bdd ff42 social conditions 91 #bec ff42 /atus ( wom5 91 #bed1 #beh ff42 education 91 #bee ff42 ov]-population 91 #bfb ff42 condition ( peasants 91 #bfi2 city & rural life 91 #bge ff42 economic revolution 91 #bgf ff42 attitude ( ,bol%evi/s t[>d1 #bhi ff4 ,indian ,c\ncils ,act1 t]ms (1 #bac2 effect ( #bac ,indian ,national ,congress1 #bjf ,islam1 eighte5?-c5tury decad5ce (1 #bj ff42 revival (1 #ba2 ,*ri/ian op9ions (1 #bf ff42 pres5t situation (1 #bg ff42 agno/icism 91 #cb ff42 fanatics 91 #cc ff42 solid>ity (1 #cg ff42 ,hajj an aid to1 #ch ff42 caliphate an aid to1 #ch ff42 ,we/]n successes aga9/1 #dj2 proselytism (1 #dh ff42 effect ( ,balkan ,w> on1 #eh ff42 effect ( ,russo-,japanese ,w> on1 #ei1 #aje ff42 ,we/]n influ5ce on1 #ge ff42 anti-,we/]n reaction (1 #hh ff42 race mixture 91 #ajb ff42 tyranny 91 #aaa ff42 e>ly equality 91 #aac ff42 political re=mation 91 #aae ff42 bir? ( nationalism 91 #acg ff42 ,bol%evi/ propag&a 91 #bhd ff4 ,see also ,pan-,islam ,ismael1 ,hamet1 on scepticism among ,moslems1 #cb ,ismael1 ,kh$ive1 tyrannical policy (1 #aaf2 ,egypt ,europeaniz$ by1 #adg ff4 ,italy1 ,tripoli attack$ by1 #eg2 ,san ,remo ,treaty oppos$ by1 #aij1 #aic ,japan1 ,mohamm$an mission>y "w 91 #ei ff4 ,j[f1 ,s5nussi /ronghold1 #de ,kabyle insurrection1 #da ,khadj> dyna/y1 ,p]sian revolution aga9/1 #afj ,kh>adjites1 ,islamic _s pres]v$ by1 #bgd ,kh>tum1 capture (1 #da ,kheir-ed-,d91 attempt to reg5]ate ,tunis made by1 #hi ,kit*5]1 ,"l1 ,mahdi/ insurrection suppress$ by1 #da2 anti-nationali/ beliefs (1 #abb2 nationalism 9 ,egypt suppress$ by1 #aec ff4 ,kri%nav>ma1 ,s41 assass9ation comm5d$ by1 #baa ,lawr5ce1 ,colonel1 influ5ce (1 #ahf2 ,arab-,turk agreem5t1 views (1 #aid ff42 ,mesopotamia1 views (1 #aig ,lebanon1 ,france's control (1 #ahd ,l59e1 manife/o to ,mohamm$ans issu$ by1 #bhh ff4 ,l[1 ,sidney1 mod]n imp]ialism describ$ by1 #hf ff42 on ,egyptian situation1 #aed ,lyall1 ,sir ,alfr$1 on ,we/]n education 9 ,india1 #bef ff4 ,lyby]1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h41 democracy 9 ,islam describ$ by1 #aad1 #abg ,macdonald1 ,j4 ,ramsay1 on economic conditions 9 ,india1 #bde2 on social revolution 9 ,india1 #bhj ff4 ,mc,ilwraith1 ,sir ,m41 on ,egyptian situation1 #ahj ,mc,mahon1 ,sir ,h5ry1 agreem5t ) ,arabs made by1 #ahe ff4 ,madras1 ,engli% "* (1 #ajj ,mahdism1 def9ition (1 #db ff4 ,mahdi/ insurrection1 #db ,mahmud ,,ii1 ,sultan1 lib]al policy (1 #aae ,mahmud ( ,ghazni1 ,india invad$ by1 #bjd ,mecca1 decad5ce (1 #ba2 ,abd-el-,wahab's pilgrimage to1 #bb2 ,saud's subjugation (1 #bc2 ,turki% reconque/ (1 #bc2 aid to /r5g? ( ,islam1 #ch ff42 po/ c>ds sold at1 #bea ,m$9a1 decad5ce (1 #ba2 ,abd-el-,wahab's /udies at1 #bb2 ,saud's subjugation (1 #bc2 ,turki% reconque/ (1 #bc2 electricity at1 #bea ,mehemet ,ali1 army (1 #bc2 ,turks aid$ by1 #bc2 ,wahabi defeat$ by1 #bc2 lib]al policy (1 #aae2 ,egypt ,europeaniz$ by1 #adg ,mesopotamia1 ,turki% dom9ion (1 #adj2 ,engl& 91 #ahd ff42 rebellion aga9/ ,engl& ( #aib ff42 d5unciation ( ,engli% policy 91 #aig2 ,bol%evi/s' manife/o issu$ to1 #bib ,mt91 ,alb]t1 on nationali/ movem5t 9 ,india1 #bgi ff4 ,midhat ,pa%a1 lib]al movem5t aid$ by1 #cb ,miln]1 ,"l1 ,egyptian inquiry commission head$ by1 #aha2 "* (1 #aha2 compromise agre$ on by1 #ahb ff42 resignation (1 #ahb2 influ5ce (1 #bjj ,mogul ,empire1 f\ndation (1 #bjd ,mohamm$ ,abd\1 ,%eikh1 lib]al movem5t aid$ by1 #cb2 ,djemal-ed-,d9's influ5ce on1 #adh2 cons]vative tea*+s (1 #aej ,mohamm$ ,ahm$1 ,s5nussi's scorn (1 #df ,mohamm$ ,f>id ,bey1 anti-,engli% policy (1 #aeb2 mi/akes (1 #aeb ff42 pro ,g]man policy (1 #aef ,mohamm$an ,revival4 ,see ,pan-,islam ,mollahs1 anti-lib]alism (1 #cj ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report1 #bag ff4 ,montagu1 lib]al policy (1 #baf ff4 ,morison1 ,sir ,!odore1 on ,moslem situation1 #fg1 #gj ff42 on mod]n indu/ry 9 ,india1 #bcd ff41 #bde ,morley1 ,john1 lib]al policy (1 #bac ,morocco1 ,fr5* seizure (1 #eg1 #aeh2 9 n9ete5? c5tury1 #aah ,motazelism1 re-discov]y (1 #bf2 influ5ce (1 #cj ,m\lvie ,*]agh ,ali1 re=m "w (1 #ca ,muhamm$ ,ali1 ,%ah1 revolt 9 ,p]sia aga9/1 #aai ,muir1 ,ramsay1 ,european imp]ialism describ$ by1 #hc ,mu/apha ,kemal1 "* (1 #aej2 beliefs (1 #aea ff42 dea? (1 #aea2 ,allies defi$ by1 #aia2 ,turki% d5unciation (1 #aic2 ,greek campaign aga9/1 #aic ff42 ,arab aid giv5 to1 #aid ff42 policy (1 #aif2 ,bol%evi/s alli$ )1 #aif ff42 ,fr5* negotiations )1 #aii2 ,bol%evi/ support (1 #bhf1 #bie ,mut9y ( #aheg1 #bje ,nair1 ,doctor ,t4 ,madavan1 anti-nationali/ op9ions (1 #abd1 #bai ,nake*ab5diya frat]nity1 #da ,namasudra1 anti-nationali/ organization1 #abd1 #bai ,nejd1 bir? ( ,abd-el-,wahab 91 #ba ff42 description (1 #ba ff42 return ( ,abd-el-,wahab to1 #bb2 conv]sion (1 #bb2 consolidation (1 #bc ,nitti1 ,premi]1 ,san ,remo ,treaty oppos$ by1 #aij ff4 ,nor? ,africa1 ,holy ,m5 insurrection 91 #da2 lack ( nationalism 91 #aeg ff42 races 91 #aeh ff4 ,nyassal&1 ,mohamm$anism 91 #di ff4 ,ori5t1 ,see ,islam ,pal1 ,bep9 ,*&]1 on ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report1 #bah2 on social revolution 9 ,india1 #bgg ,pale/9e1 ,sykes-,picot ,agreem5t &1 #ahe2 ,engl& 91 #ahe ,pan-,islam1 fanatics' s*eme =1 #cc ff42 def9ition (1 #cg ff42 ,hajj an aid to1 #ch ff42 caliphate an aid to1 #ci ff42 anti-,we/]n "* (1 #da ff42 frat]nities 91 #dc ff42 ,abdul ,hamid's support (1 #ed ff42 ,"y-,turk int]ruption (1 #ef2 r5ewal (1 #eg ff42 effect ( ,balkan ,w> on1 #eh ff42 ,great ,w> &1 #fa ff42 ,v]sailles ,treaty &1 #fb ff42 press /r5g? (1 #fg2 propag&a (1 #fg2 m5ac+ temp] (1 #gj ff42 economic evolution 91 #gb ff4 ,pan-,syrian ,congress1 #aia ,pan-,turanism4 ,see ,turanians ,pan-,turkism1 ,see ,turkey1 rise ( nationalism 9 ,p]sia1 #aiad insurrection 91 #fa2 an ,engli% protectorate1 #fb2 tyranny 91 #aaf2 indep5d5ce (1 #aah2 lib]al movem5t 91 #aah2 #aijh revolution 91 #aai1 #aei ff42 ne$ = ,european gov]nm5t 91 #abb2 n9ete5?-c5tury conditions 91 #aei2 ,v]sailles conf]5ce's treatm5t (1 #agd ff42 w> conditions 91 #aif2 ,bol%evism 91 #aif ff41 #bhg ff42 ,bol%evi/ manife/o issu$ to1 #bia ,population ,problem ( ,india1 ,!1 #bfd ,ramsay1 ,sir ,william1 on economic conditions 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #bda ff4 ,realpolitik1 treatm5t ( ,ori5t by1 #hf1 #ajf ,re%id ,pa%a1 lib]al movem5t aid$ by1 #cb ,r\%di ,pa%a1 nationali/ dem&s (1 #agg ff4 ,r[latt ,bill1 nationali/ opposition to1 #bbb ff4 ,russia1 ,turanian antagonism =1 #afg ff4 ,see also ,bol%evism & ,soviet ,russia ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 ,islam r\s$ by1 #ei1 #aje ,salaf1 rise & gr[? (1 #gb2 _s (1 #gb ,san ,remo1 conf]5ce at1 #aij ff4 ,saud1 ,abd-el-,wahab succe$$ by1 #bb2 p[] & "* (1 #bb2 gov]nm5t (1 #bb1 #dj2 holy cities subdu$ by1 #bc2 dea? (1 #bc ,saud1 clan (1 conv]t$1 #bd ,s*we9fur?1 ,georg1 ,egyptian nationalism describ$ by1 #adi ff4 ,s5nussi-el-,mahdi1 lead]%ip won by1 #dd2 p[] (1 #de ,s5nussiya1 f\ndation (1 #dc ff42 lead]%ip (1 #de2 pres5t p[] (1 #de ff42 gov]nm5t (1 #de2 policy (1 #df ff42 proselytism (1 #dh ff4 ,svres ,treaty1 #aic1 #aii ,seyid ,ahm$1 /ate 9 ,india f\nd$ by1 #bd2 conque/ (1 #bd ,seyid ,ahm$ ,khan1 ,sir1 re=ms (1 #cj ,seyid ,amir ,ali1 re=m "w (1 #ca ,seyid ,mahomm$ b5 ,s5nussi1 9 ,mecca1 #bd1 #ci2 ,abdul ,hamid oppos$ by1 #ci1 #dd2 bir? (1 #dd2 education (1 #dd2 ,zawias built by1 #dd2 p[] (1 #dd ff4 ,%amyl1 ,russia oppos$ by1 #da ,%iah ,emir1 #aii ,%u/]1 ,w4 ,morgan1 ,p]sia's political capacity describ$ by1 #abg ff4 ,s\? ,africa1 ,mohamm$an ?reat aga9/1 #di ,soviet ,russia1 ,afghani/an alli$ )1 #bhg ff42 ,kemal support$ by1 #bie2 success (1 #big ff4 ,sun-,yat-,s51 ,doctor1 #fj ,syd5ham1 ,"l1 ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report criticis$ by1 #bai ,swade%i movem5t1 #bdd ff4 ,sykes-,picot ,agreem5t1 t]ms (1 #ahe ff42 ,fr5* opposition to1 #ahi ff42 fulfilm5t (1 #aij ,syria1 ,turki% dom9ion (1 #adj2 nationali/ agitation 91 #adb ff42 ,france 91 #ahd ff42 decl>ation ( indep5d5ce (1 #aia2 ,fr5* suppression (1 #aia2 pres5t situation 91 #aih ff42 ,bol%evi/ manife/o issu$ to1 #bic ,tagore1 ,rab9drana?1 on economic conditions 9 ,india1 #bdh ,talaat1 9 ,russia1 #bhe ,t>t>s1 lib]al movem5t among1 #cb2 ,mohamm$an mission>y "w among1 #ej ff42 nationali/ revival (1 #afc ff42 ,bol%evism among1 #bhe ,tek9 ,alp1 on ,pan-,turanism1 #afg ,tel-el-,kebir1 battle (1 #adi ,tewfik ,pa%a1 anti-,engli% feel+ (1 #ib ,tilak1 ,bal ,gangadh>1 nationali/ "w (1 #baj1 #bah ,t[ns5d1 ,m]$i?1 anti-,we/]n feel+ 9 ,ori5t expla9$ by1 #ajb1 #ajd ,transcaucasia1 ,russian conque/ (1 #dj2 aft]-!-w> situation 91 #aif2 ,mu/apha ,kemal support$ by1 #aif ,tripoli1 ,italy's raid on1 #eg2 ,mohamm$an resi/ance 91 #eg2 #aiad insurrection 91 #fa ,tunis1 ,kheir-ed-,d9's re=ms 91 #hi ff4 ,turanians1 peoples compos+1 #afb ff42 nationali/ movem5t among1 #afc ff42 effect ( ,"y-,turk ,revolution on1 #afe2 effect ( ,balkan ,w>s on1 #aff ff42 effect ( ,great ,w> on1 #afg ff4 ,turke/an1 ,bol%evism 91 #bhf2 social revolution 91 #bij ,turke/an1 ,*9ese1 ,mohamm$ans 91 #ea2 revolt (1 #ea ,turkey1 ,islam conqu]$ by1 #bc2 ,arabs w> aga9/1 #bc ff42 ,mehemet ,ali's aid (1 #bh2 lib]al movem5t 91 #ca ff42 #aijh revolution 91 #cb1 #aai2 ,balkan attack on1 #eg ff42 anti-,we/]n feel+ 91 #ij ff42 effect ( ,russo-,japanese ,w> 91 #ajf2 indep5d5ce (1 #aah2 lib]al movem5t 91 #aah2 democracy 91 #abf2 bir? ( nationalism 91 #ach2 language (1 #ach2 ,pan-,turanism 91 #adj ff41 #afa ff41 #ahc ff42 ,arabian rebellion aga9/1 #ada ff42 ,alli$ treaty )1 #aic2 ,arab aid giv5 to1 #aid ff42 ,we/]n educational me?ods 91 #bef2 /atus ( wom5 91 #beh2 ,bol%evi/s' manife/o to1 #bhi ff4 ,turki% & ,pan-,turki% ,ideal1 ,!1 #afg ,vambry1 ,arm9ius1 w>n+ aga9/ ,mohamm$ans utt]$ by1 #fe ff41 #ajg2 ,moslem politics describ$ by1 #aad1 #abf2 ,"y-,turk p>ty describ$ by1 #aag2 ,turanism &1 #fc2 on *anges at ,con/ant9ople1 #bea ff42 on native (ficials 9 ,ea/1 #beg ff42 on /atus ( woman 9 ,ea/1 #bei2 ,v5izelos1 ,alli$ agreem5t )1 #aic2 ,greek repudiation (1 #aid ,v]sailles ,peace1 ,islam affect$ by #ajg ff41 #agc2 secret treaties reveal$ by1 #agd ff4 ,victoria1 ,que51 made ,empress ( ,india1 #bje ,wa*a1 ,sir ,d9%aw1 on ,montagu-,*elms=d ,report #bag ff4 ,wahabi1 =mation ( /ate (1 #bb1 #dj2 gov]nm5t (1 #bb1 #da2 successful fight+ (1 #bc2 defeat (1 #bc2 end ( political p[] (1 #bc2 spiritual p[] (1 #bd2 9 ,india1 #bd2 ,engli% conque/ (1 9 ,india1 #bd2 influ5ce (1 #bd2 *>act]i/ics (1 #be ff4 ,wattal1 ,p4 ,k41 on ov]-population 9 ,india1 #bfd ff4 ,willcocks1 ,sir ,william1 on ,egyptian situation1 #agi ,yahya ,siddyk1 on pro-w> ,mohamm$an situation1 #fh ff4 ,yakub ,beg1 ,turke/an insurrection l$ by1 #ea ,"y ,arabia1 #adc ff4 ,"y-,turk p>ty1 rise (1 #aaf ff42 nationali/ policy (1 #adj2 ,arabian nationalism &1 #ade ff4 ,"y-,turk revolution1 #ef1 #aai ,yugant>1 anti-,engli% organ1 #baa ff4 ,yunnan1 ,mohamm$an insurrection 91 #da1 #ea ff42 ,*9ese ,mohamm$ans 91 #ea ,yusuf ,bey ,ak*ura ,oglu1 ,pan-,turanian society f\nd$ by1 #afe ,zagl\l ,pa%a1 ,miln]'s discussions )1 #aha2 ,miln]'s compromise )1 #ahb2 opposition to1 #ahb ff4 ,zaidite ,emir1 #aii ,zawia ,baida1 ,s5nussi's f\nd+ (1 #dd ,z9oviev1 on ,?ird ,int]national1 #bid ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,islam ,,transcrib]s' ,,notes ,g5]al3 ,acc5ts & capitalisation1 p>ticul>ly on cit$ s\rces1 h be5 left z 9 ! orig9al4 ,pages #h1 #bgd1 #cjc3 ,spell+ ( ,kh>ijites_/,kh>idjites_/,kh>adjites left z 9 s\rce4 ,page #ba3 ,inquity replac$ ) iniquity4 ,page #ci3 ,hyph5 add$ to ,el-,afghani = consi/5cy4 ,page #de3 ,zawais correct$ to ,zawias4 ,page #di3 ,hyph5 remov$ f rep]cussions = consi/5cy4 ,page #id3 ,hyph5 remov$ f easy-go+4 ,footnote #beg3 ,italicisation remov$ f ,m>* foll[+ ,! ,c5tury4 ,footnotes #beg & #bei 7orig9ally on page #bfa73 ,full-/op 7p]iod7 add$ aft] op 79 op4 cit47 = consi/5cy4 ,page #bij3 ,hyph5 add$ to oil-fields = consi/5cy4