,int]net ,ar*ive_/,million ,book ,project7 ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,"s ,,s\? ,,indian ,,grasses ,,by ,,rai ,,bahadur ,k4 ,,ranga ,,a*>iy>1 ,m4,a41 ,l4,t41 ,indian ,agricultural ,s]vice1 ,agricultural ,college1 ,coimbatore1 & ,fell[ ( ! ,madras ,univ]sity ,,assi/$ ,,by ,c4 ,,tadul+a ,,mudaliy>1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,agricultural ,college1 ,coimbatore4 ,,madras3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,! ,,sup]9t5d5t1 ,,gov]nm5t ,,press4 #aiba ,price1 #d rupees #h annas ,,preface ,?is book is int5d$ to s]ve z a guide to ! /udy ( grasses ( ! pla9s ( ,s\? ,india4 ,= ! pa/ few ye>s ,i h be5 receiv+ grasses = id5tification1 almo/ e week1 f ! (fic]s ( ! ,agricultural & ,=e/ ,dep>tm5ts & o!rs int]e/$ 9 grasses4 ,! requirem5ts ( ^! m5 & ! abs5ce ( a suitable book induc$ me to write ?is book4 ,i h includ$ 9 ?is book ab\t "o hundr$ grasses ( wide di/ribution 9 ! pla9s ( ,s\? ,india4 ,_m ( !m occur also 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india4 ,! r>] grasses ( ! pla9s & ^? gr[+ on ! hills are omitt$1 ) a view to deal ) !m sep>ately4 ,! value ( grasses c be realiz$ f ! fact t man c supply all 8 ne$s f !m alone1 & _! importance 9 agriculture is v great1 z ! welf>e ( ! cattle is dep5d5t ^u grasses4 ,f>m]s1 z a rule1 take no int]e/ 9 !m1 al?\gh pr(itable agriculture is impossible )\t grasses4 ,v few ( !m c give ! names ( at lea/ half a doz5 grasses gr[+ on _! l&4 ,!y neglect grasses1 because !y are common & are f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,!y _c discrim9ate betwe5 !m4 ,to a f>m] grass is grass & t is all he c>es to tr\ble himself ab\t4 ,ab\t grasses ,rob9son writes ,grass is ,k+4 ,x rules & gov]ns ! _w4 ,x is ! v f\ndation ( all comm]ce3 )\t x ! e>? w\ld be a b>r5 wa/e1 & cotton1 gold1 & comm]ce all dead4 ,9 ! e>ly days :5 ! population 0 v mu* limit$ & :5 l& n br\ght "u cultivation 0 ext5sive pl5ty ( gre5 grasses 0 ^u x & pa/ures 7 num]\s4 ,s ! f>m] paid no att5tion to ! grasses1 & x did n matt] mu*4 ,b n[1 population has increas$1 unoccupi$ l& has decreas$ v mu* & ! cattle h increas$ 9 numb]4 ,consequ5tly he has to pay m att5tion to grasses4 ,on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( fodd]1 p int]e/$ 9 agriculture & cattle re>+ h v (t5 import$ =eign grasses & fodd] plants into ?is c\ntry1 b s f> no "o has succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ any "o ( !m on any l>ge scale4 ,usually a great am\nt ( lab\r & mu* money is sp5t 9 ^! attempts4 ,if ! same am\nt ( att5tion is be/[$ on indig5\s grasses1 bett] results c be obta9$ ) less lab\r & money4 ,!re are _m indig5\s grasses t w yield pl5ty ( /uff1 if !y are giv5 a *ance to gr[4 ,! pres5t det]ioration ( grasses is ma9ly due to ov]graz+ & trampl+ by m5 & cattle4 ,to prove ! b5eficial effects :i* result f prev5t+ ov]graz+ & trampl+1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,hilson1 ,deputy ,director ( ,agriculture 7n[ ,cotton ,exp]t71 select$ "s portion ( ! wa/e l& 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,f>m at ,hag>i & clos$ x = m5 & cattle4 ,z a result ( ?is measure1 9 two ye>s1 a numb] ( grasses & o!r plants 7 f\nd gr[+ on ! enclos$ area v well1 & all ( !m se$$ well4 ,( c\rse ! un5clos$ areas 7 b>e z usual4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book ,i receiv$ consid]able help f ,m4,r4,ry4 ,c4 ,tadul+a ,mudaliy> ,av>gal1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,assi/ant ,lectur+ & ,sy/ematic ,botani/1 9 ! description ( species & ,i am indebt$ to ,m4,r4,ry4 ,p4,s4 ,jivanna ,rao1 ,m4,a41 ,tea*+ ,assi/ant1 = assi/ance 9 pro(read+4 ,i h to express my deep obligation to ,mr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,d4 ,/u>t1 ,i4,c4,s41 ,director ( ,agriculture1 = enc\ragem5t to und]take ?is "w & to ! ,madras ,gov]nm5t = ord]+ its publication4 ,= ! excell5ce 9 ! get up ( ! book ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,gilb]t1 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,gov]nm5t ,press4 ,k4 ,,ranga*>i4 ,,agricultural ,,college1 ,,lawley ,,road1 ,,coimbatore1 #bnd ,june #aiba4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface iii ,,*apt] ,i--,introduction #a ,,ii--,! vegetative organs #e ,,iii--,! infloresc5ce & fl[] #ac ,,iv--,hi/ology ( ! vegetative organs #ai ,v--,classification #dc ,,vi--,panicaceae #de ,,vii--,oryzeae & ,zoysieae #abc ,,viii--,&ropogoneae #ach ,,ix--,agro/ideae & ,*lorideae #bbj ,x--,fe/ucaceae & ,hordeae #bhc ,,gloss>y #caa ,,index #cae ,a ,,h&book ,,( ,,"s ,,common ,,s\? ,,indian ,,grasses4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,grasses occupy wide tracts ( l& & !y are ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y occur 9 e soil1 9 all k9ds ( situations & "u all climatic conditions4 ,9 c]ta9 places grasses =m a lead+ feature ( ! flora4 ,z grasses d n l %ade1 !y are n usually abundant )9 ! =e/s ei!r z reg>ds ! numb] ( individuals1 or ( species4 ,b 9 op5 places !y d v well & sometimes :ole tracts become grass-l&s4 ,!n a v great portion ( ! actual vegetation w\ld consi/ ( grasses4 ,on acc\nt ( _! almo/ univ]sal di/ribution & _! great economic value grasses are ( great importance to man4 ,& yet v few p appreciate ! wor? ( grasses4 ,al?\gh sev]al families ( plants supply ! wants ( man1 ! grass family exce$s all ! o!rs 9 ! am\nt & ! value ( its products4 ,! grasses gr[+ 9 pa/ure l& & ! c]eals gr[n all ov] ! _w are ( m value to man & 8 dome/ic animals ?an all ! o!r plants tak5 toge!r4 ,to ! popul> m9d grasses are only h]bace\s plants ) n>r[ leaves su* z ! h>iali1 g+] grass & ! kolakattai grass4 ,b 9 ! grass family or ,gram9eae ! c]eals1 sug>cane & bamboos are also includ$4 ,grasses are r int]e/+ 9 t !y are usually successful 9 occupy+ l>ge tracts ( l& to ! exclusion ( o!r plants4 ,if we take into consid]ation ! numb] ( individuals ( any species ( grass1 !y w be f\nd to out-numb] ^? ( any species ( any o!r family4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! numb] ( species ?is family ranks fif?1 ! fir/ f\r places be+ occupi$ respectively by ,compositae1 ,legum9osae1 ,or*ideae & ,rubiaceae4 ,z grasses =m an exce$+ly natural family x is v difficult = beg9n]s to readily di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r4 ,! leaves & bran*es ( grasses are v mu* alike & ! fl[]s are s small t !y are liable to be pass$ by unnotic$4 ,! recognition ( ev5 our common grasses is q a task = a botani/4 ,to und]/& ! g5]al /ructure ( grasses & to become famili> ) !m x is necess>y to /udy closely "s common grasses4 ,we %all beg9 our /udy by select+ z a type "o ( ! species ( ! g5us ,panicum4 ,panicum javanicum is an annual h]b ) /ems radiat+ 9 all directions f a c5tre4 ,! plant is fix$ to ! soil by a tuft ( fibr\s roots all spr++ f ! bases ( ! /ems4 ,9 addition to ?is cr[n ( fibr\s roots1 !re may be roots at ! nodes ( "s ( ! pro/rate bran*es4 ,! /ems & bran*es are %ort at fir/1 & leaves arise on !m "o aft] ! o!r 9 rapid succession4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( a fair numb] ( leaves ! /em elongates gradually & x f9ally ends 9 an infloresc5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,panicum javanicum4 7,full plant47 ,! /em consi/s ( nodes & int]nodes4 ,! int]nodes are cyl9drical & some:at flatt5$ on ! side t[>ds ! axill>y bud4 ,:5 "y !y are completely cov]$ by ! leaves & ! old] ones h only _! l[] portions cov]$ by ! leaf-%ea?s4 ,usually !y complete _! gr[? 9 l5g? v soon1 b ! l[] portion ( ! int]node1 j above ! node & enclos$ by ! %ea?1 reta9s its p[] ( gr[? = "s "t4 ,! leaf consi/s ( ! two p>ts1 ! leaf-%ea? & ! leaf-blade4 ,at ! junction ( ^! two p>ts !re is a v ?9 n>r[ membrane ) f9e hairs on its free m>g94 ,?is is call$ ! ligule4 7,see fig4 #b47 ,! leaf-%ea? is atta*$ at its base to ! node & x is slightly swoll5 j above ! place ( ins]tion4 ,x cov]s ! int]node1 "o m>g9 be+ inside & ! o!r outside4 ,! surface ( ! %ea? is sp>sely cov]$ ) long hairs spr++ f small tub]cles4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! %ea? be>s f9e hairs all along its l5g?4 7,see fig4 #b47 ,! leaf-blade is broadly lanceolate1 ) a tip f9ely drawn out4 ,its base is r\nd$ & ! m>g9 wavy1 especially s t[>ds ! base4 ,on ! m>g9 t[>ds ! base long hairs are se51 & "s ( ^! arise f small tub]cles4 ,! m>g9 has a hyal9e bord] :i* is v m9utely s]rate4 ,!re is a di/9ct midrib &1 on hold+ ! leaf aga9/ ! light1 f\r or five small ve9s come 9 to view4 ,9 ! spaces betwe5 ^! ve9s lie _m f9e ve9s4 ,all ! ve9s run p>allel f ! base to ! apex4 ,at ! base ( ! blade ! ve9s get into ! leaf-%ea? & !re=e ! %ea? becomes /riat$4 ,j above ! ligule & at ! base ( ! leaf-blade !re is a col\rless n>r[ zone4 ,?is is call$ ! coll>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,leaf ( ,panicum javanicum4 ,a4 ,full leaf2 ,b4 a portion ( ! leaf %[+ #a4 ! ligule & #b4 ! coll>4 ,z already /at$ ! infloresc5ces appe> at ! free ends ( bran*es4 ,e bran* soon] or lat] t]m9ates 9 an infloresc5ce :i* is a comp\nd raceme4 ,!re are usually five or six racemes 9 ! infloresc5ce4 ,ea* raceme has an axis1 call$ ! ra*is1 :i* be>s unilat]ally two r[s ( bud-l bodies4 ,^! bud-l bodies are ! units ( ! infloresc5ce & !y are call$ spikelets4 7,see fig4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,! infloresc5ce ( ,panicum javanicum4 #a4 ,infloresc5ce2 #b & #c4 ! front & ! back view ( a raceme4 ,! spikelets are s(tly hairy & are %ortly /alk$4 ,! p$icels ( spikelets are hairy & sometimes "o or two long hairs are also f\nd on !m4 ,ea* ( ^! spikelets consi/s ( f\r gre5 membran\s /ructures call$ glumes4 ,! fir/ two glumes are unequal1 ! fir/ be+ v small4 ,! second & ! ?ird glumes are broadly ovate-oblong ) acute tips4 ,bo? are ( ! same height & texture1 b ! second is #g-n]v$ & ! ?ird #e-n]v$4 ,! f\r? glume is membran\s :5 "y1 b lat] on x becomes ?ick1 coriace\s & rugose at ! surface4 ,j opposite to ! f\r? glume !re is a flat /ructure ) two n]ves1 simil> to ! glume 9 texture4 ,?is is call$ ! palea4 ,! f\r? glume & its palea adh]e toge!r by _! m>g9s4 ,inside ! f\r? glume & betwe5 x & ! palea !re are ?ree /am5s & an ov>y ) two /yles end+ 9 fea!ry /igmas4 ,j 9 front ( ! ov>y & outside ! /am5s two v small scale-l bodies are f\nd4 ,^! are ! lodicules4 ,!y are fle%y & well develop$ 9 fl[]s t are ab\t to op54 ,9 ! spikelet !re is only "o full fl[]4 ,! ?ird glume conta9s no fl[] 9 x1 b occasionally !re may be 9 its axil ?ree /am5s4 ,! fir/ two glumes are always empty & s !y are call$ empty glumes4 7,see fig4 #d47 ,9 mature spikelets ! gra9 :i* is free is enclos$ by ! f\r? glume & its palea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,p>ts ( ! spikelets ( ,panicum javanicum4 ,a4 ,a spikelet2 #a1 #b1 #c & #d4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #c;a4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #d;a4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #e4 lodicules2 #f4 /am5s2 #g4 ov>y2 #h4 /igmas4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,vegetative ,,organs4 ,grasses v>y v mu* 9 _! habit4 ,"s grasses gr[ erect =m+ tufts & o!rs =m cu%ions ) ! bran*es creep+ along ! gr\nd4 7,see figs4 #e & #f47 ,we usually f9d all int]m$iate /ages f ! erect to ! pro/rate habit4 ,und]gr\nd /ems su* z /olons & rhizomes occur 9 "s grasses4 ,grasses ( "o p>ticul> species g5]ally reta9 ! same habit b ?is does n always hold good4 ,= example ,tragus racemosus gr[s ) all its bran*es q pro/rate 9 a poor1 dry1 op5 soil4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is happ5s to gr[ 9 ri* soils1 or amid/ o!r plants or grasses1 x assumes an erect1 some:at tuft$ habit4 ,&ropogon contortus & ,&ropogon p]tusus are o!r grasses ) a t5d5cy = v>iation 9 habit4 ,plants t are usually small (t5 atta9 l>ge dim5sions "u fav\rable conditions ( gr[?4 ,ord9>ily ! grass ,panicum javanicum gr[s only to #a or #b feet4 7,see fig4 #a47 ,! same plant 9 a good ri* soil grew to ab\t #f feet 9 f\r mon?s4 7,see fig4 #g47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,eleus9e aegyptiaca4 ,"s grasses are annual :ile o!rs are p]5nial4 ,x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e :e!r a c]ta9 grass is annual or p]5nial4 ,b by exam9+ ! %oot-sy/em ?is c be asc]ta9$ easily4 ,9 an annual all ! /ems & bran*es usually end 9 infloresc5ces & !y w all be ( ! same ye>4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 bo? "y leafy bran*es & old bran*es end+ 9 infloresc5ces are f\nd mix$1 x mu/ be a p]5nial grass4 ,! pres5ce ( ! rema9s ( old leaves1 und]gr\nd /olons & rhizomes is also evid5ce %[+ ! p]5nial "* ( ! plant4 ,grasses are em95tly adapt$ to occupy completely l>ge areas ( l&4 ,!y are also capable ( v rapid ext5sion ov] l>ge areas1 on acc\nt ( ! production ( /olons1 rhizomes & ! =mation ( adv5titi\s roots4 ,! root-sy/em4--,! root-sy/em ( grasses is v /rik+ 9 its "*4 ,9 mo/ grasses1 especially 9 erect ones1 sev]al roots all ( ab\t ! same diamet] arise 9 a d5se tuft f ne>ly ! same level & f ! l[]-mo/ nodes ( ! /ems4 ,! roots are all ?9 & fibr\s 9 ! va/ majority ( ^! plants1 & !y are t\gh & wiry only 9 a few cases su* z 9 ! case ( ! roots ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides1 ,p4 ,alopecuros1 ,is*aemum pilosum & ,&ropogon ,s*o5an?us4 ,on a close exam9ation x w become evid5t t all ! roots ( a grass plant are adv5titi\s4 ,inasmu* z ! gr[? ( ! prim>y root is soon ov]tak5 by o!r roots gr[+ f ! /em1 all ! roots happ5 to be ( ! same size4 ,roots arise f ! nodes j above ! ins]tion ( ! leaf1 & !y gr[ pi]c+ ! leaf-%ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,panicum ,crus-galli4 ,grasses 9 :i* /olons & pro/rate bran*es occur h1 9 addition to ! usual radiat+ cr[n ( roots at ! base1 a]ial roots gr[+ out ( ! upp] nodes ( ! bran*es & fix+ !m to ! soil4 ,su* roots become support+ or prop roots & are p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 sev]al /\t tall grasses su* z ,&ropogon ,sorghum1 ,zea ,mays & ,p5nisetum typhoideum4 7,see figs4 #h & #i47 ,all ! roots be> bran*-roots :i* orig9ate f ! inn] portion ( ! "m roots 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! "* & ! ext5t ( ! developm5t ( ! root-sy/em is to a l>ge ext5t dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( ! soil & its moi/ure cont5t4 ,9 light dry soils roots rema9 g5]ally /unt$ & 9 well dra9$ ri* soils !y atta9 _! maximum developm5t4 ,9 clayey soils roots p5etrate only to %ort di/ances4 ,:5 ! soil is ri* & s&y roots g deep] & ext5d 9 all directions4 ,! root-sy/ems ( mo/ grasses are sup]ficial & s are be/ adapt$ = surface-fe$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,panicum javanicum4 ,! %oot-sy/em4--,! %oot-sy/em v>ies ) ! duration ( ! life ( ! plant4 ,9 annual grasses /ems are 9 mo/ cases erect & ev5 if !y are n entirely s !y become erect at ! "t ( fl[]+4 ,!y are atta*$ to ! soil by a tuft ( fibr\s roots aris+ f ! base ( ! /ems4 ,b 9 p]5nials 9 addition to erect bran*es1 creep+ bran*es1 /olons & rhizomes may occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,prop roots ( ,&ropogon ,sorghum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,a]ial roots ( ,is*aemum cili>e4 ,! /em is ei!r cyl9drical or compress$ & consi/s ( nodes & int]nodes4 ,9 mo/ grasses ! int]nodes are usually holl[1 ! cavity be+ l9$ by ! rema9s ( ! orig9al pi? cells4 ,h[ev]1 !re are also grasses 9 :i* ! /ems rema9 solid ?r\gh\t4 ,9 _m grasses ! basal portions ( /ems are m leafy & ! int]nodes are %ort1 b 9 ! upp] portions ! int]nodes become long] sep>at+ ! leaves "o f ! o!r4 ,9 "y %oots ! leaves gr[ mu* fa/] ?an ! int]nodes & consequ5tly int]nodes rema9 small1 & leaves become v conspicu\s4 ,! y\nge/ portions ( ! %oots are by ?is means always well protect$ by ! surr\nd+ leaf-%ea?s4 ,z soon z leaves h gr[n fully1 ! int]nodes beg9 to elongate rapidly sep>at+ ! leaves4 ,at fir/ gr[? 9 l5g? takes place ?r\gh\t its l5g? 9 ! int]node & :5 x gets old] ?is elongation ceases4 ,b1 h[ev]1 ! l[] portion ( ! int]node close to ! node & :i* is enclos$ by ! leaf-%ea? reta9s its p[] ( gr[? = a consid]able "t4 ,bran*es arise f ! axils ( leaves & :5 a consid]able numb] ( ! axill>y buds1 especially f ! l[] nodes1 develop into bran*es ! plant becomes tuft$ 9 habit4 ,9 mo/ grasses bran*es gr[ upw>ds ?r\gh ! %ea? & em]ge at its m\? z a]ial bran*es4 ,su* bran*es are call$ intravag9al bran*es or /ems4 ,b 9 "s grasses axill>y buds1 in/ead ( gr[+ /raight up ?r\gh ! %ea?1 pi]ce ! leaf-%ea?1 come out & !n !y gr[ out z bran*es4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! und]gr\nd /olons ( ,panicum rep5s & 9 ! ord9>y a]ial bran*es ( ,arundo ,donax4 ,bran*es t pi]ce ?r\gh ! %ea?s are call$ extravag9al bran*es4 7,see fig4 #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,extravag9al %oots ( #a4 ,panicum rep5s & #b4 ,arundo ,donax4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,nodes4 #a4 ,glabr\s node2 #b4 be>d$ node2 #c4 node cut longitud9ally4 ,! nodes are 9 mo/ cases v conspicu\s & !y are (t5 f\nd swoll54 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! enl>gem5t at ! node is n due to ! increase 9 size ( ! actual node1 b due to gr[? 9 ?ickness ( ! base ( ! leaf-%ea?4 7,see fig4 #aa-c47 ,nodes may be pale or col\r$1 glabr\s1 hairy or be>d$ ) long hairs4 ,:5 ! /em is erect ! nodes are %ort & ( uni=m size all r\nd4 ,b1 if ! /em is b5t d[n or tipp$ ov] by accid5t1 ! nodes beg9 to gr[ long] on ! l[] side until a curvature suffici5t to br+ ! /em to ! erect position is =m$ & !n x ceases to gr[4 ,z already not$ "s p]5nial grasses h creep+ /ems & /olons1 :ile o!rs may h rhizomes4 ,! grass ,cynodon dactylon develops sev]al und]gr\nd /olons :i* are cov]$ ) :ite scale leaves & ^: t]m9al buds are h>d & %>p s t !y may be able to make _! way ?r\gh ! soil4 ,! rhizomes :5 cont9u\s & elongat$ are usually sympodia =m$ by ! l[] portions ( ! a]ial %oots4 ,! a]ial %oot comes into ! air & its l[] portion is cont9u$ by a bran* aris+ f a l[] leaf axil b5ea? ! soil4 ,! leaf4--,leaves are two-rank$ & alt]nate1 & v (t5 !y become cr[d$ at ! l[] portions ( ! %oots s z to =m basal tufts1 ?\gh !y are f>!r ap>t 9 ! upp] portions ( ^! %oots4 ,?ree di/9ct k9ds ( leaves are met ) 9 grasses4 ,fir/1 we h ! fully =m$ foliage leaves s *>act]i/ic ( grasses4 ,^! are mo/ conspicu\s & are =m$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,! o!r two k9ds ( leaves are nei!r s conspicu\s nor s num]\s z ! foliage leaves4 ,at ! base ( %oots occur abortive leaves :i* are really rudim5t>y %ea?s4 ,^! are call$ scales4 ,! ?ird k9d ( leaf is a modifi$ /ructure call$ ! prophyll or prophyllum4 7,see fig4 #ab47 ,x is ! fir/ leaf occurr+ 9 e bran* on ! side next to ! ma9 %oot & x is a two-keel$ membran\s /ructure resembl+ some:at ! palea f\nd 9 ! spikelets ( grasses4 ,! portion ( ! prophyll betwe5 ! keels is concave due to ! pressure ( ! ma9 /em1 :ile ! sides beyond ! keels b5d =w>d clasp+ ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,prophylla4 ,a4 ,a bran* ) its prophyllum2 ,b4 prophyllum2 ,c4 section ( ! prophyllum4 ,! ord9>y foliage leaves ( grasses consi/ ( ! two p>ts1 ! flat exp&$ upp] portion call$ ! blade & ! l[] "p call$ ! %ea? t encircles ! /em above ! node f :i* x arises4 ,! leaf-%ea?s usually fit close to ! /em1 b !y may also be loose or ev5 inflat$4 ,?\gh ! leaf-%ea? surr\nds ! int]node l a tube1 x is n a clos$ tube4 ,x is really a flat /ructure roll$ firmly r\nd ! /em ) "o edge ov]lapp+ ! o!r4 ,9 mo/ cases x is cyl9drical & x may be compress$ 9 a few cases4 ,occasionally x may h a prom95t ridge or keel d[n its back4 ,! %ea? may be glabr\s or hairy1 smoo? or /riate ext]nally1 & ! out] m>g9 is (t5 ciliate4 ,9 a few grasses ! %ea?s become col\r$ especially bel[ or on ! side expos$ to ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,ligules ( #a4 ,oryza sativa2 #b4 ,panicum javanicum2 #c4 ,&ropogon ,s*o5an?us2 #d4 ,a4 contortus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,%apes ( leaf-blades4 #a1 #g & #h4 ,lanceolate2 #c & #f4 lanceolate-l9e>2 #b & #e4 l9e>2 & #d4 ovate4 ,! ligule is a /ructure peculi> to grasses & x v>ies v mu*4 ,9 "s grasses x is a di/9ct membrane n>r[ or broad1 ) an ev51 truncate or erose m>g91 or f9ely ciliate4 ,v (t5 x is only a l9e or fr+e ( hairs1 :il/ 9 "s x may be entirely abs5t z 9 ! leaves ( ,panicum colonum4 ,:5 x is a membrane x may be broad & oblong1 ovate & obtuse1 or lanceolate & acute4 7,see fig4 #ac47 ,! function ( ! ligule is probably to facilitate ! %$d+ ( wat] :i* may run d[n ! leaf1 & ?us less5 ! dang] ( rott+ ( ! /em :i* is sure to foll[1 if ! wat] 7 to f9d its way into ! int]ior ( ! %ea?4 ,sometimes1 9 addition to ! ligule1 o!r app5dages may be pres5t 9 grass leaves z 9 ,oryza sativa4 ,su* outgr[?s are call$ auricles or auricul> outgr[?s4 7,see fig4 #ac47 ,! leaf-blade is well develop$ 9 ! foliage leaves & 9 mo/ cases x foll[s directly on ! %ea?4 ,b 9 bamboos & "s species ( ,is*aemum !re occurs a %ort petiole or /alk betwe5 ! leaf-blade & ! %ea?4 ,! %ea? corresponds morphologically to ! leaf base ( a leaf ( o!r fl[]+ plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,m>g9s ( leaves4 #a & #b4 ,f9ely s]rate2 #c4 gl&ul>2 #d & #e4 v m9utely s]rate2 #f4 v m9utely s]rate & ciliate4 ,9 grasses ! leaf-blades usually gr[ m 9 l5g? ?an 9 any o!r direction & !re is no limit to ! l5g? !y may atta94 ,"s grasses h v %ort leaves1 o!rs v long ones4 ,! leaf-blade 9 mo/ grasses is m or less ( "s elongat$ =m1 su* z l9e>1 l9e>-lanceolate1 lanceolate1 etc4 7,see fig4 #ad47 ,9 a few grasses ! leaf-blade is ovate1 b ?is is a r>e condition4 ,!re=e1 9 not+ ! g5]al %ape ( ! leaf-blade ! relation ( ! l5g? to ! bread?1 ! am\nt ( tap]+ t[>ds ! apex & base & ! nature ( ! apex %\ld be consid]$4 ,! ve9s 9 ! leaf-blade c usually be se5 on hold+ ! leaf up to ! light4 ,all ! ve9s run p>allel4 ,9 mo/ cases ! midrib is prom95t & 9 "s cases !re may be also a di/9ct keel4 ,among/ ! ve9s runn+ ?r\gh ! leaf-blade "s are l>ge & prom95t1 :ile o!rs are small & n conspicu\s4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is disp>ity1 v (t51 ridges & furr[s become prom95t on ! upp] or l[]1 or on bo? ! surfaces ( ! leaf-blades4 ,g5]ally ! two surfaces ( ! leaf-blade are di/9ct1 & !y may be glabr\s or hairy4 ,9 mo/ grasses ! surfaces are r\gh or scabrid to ! t\* ow+ to ! pres5ce ( regul> r[s ( exce$+ly f9e %>p po9t$ m9ute hairs4 ,! apex ( ! blade is g5]ally %>p & po9t$1 acute or acum9ate1 or sometimes x may be drawn to a v f9e po9t by gradual tap]+4 ,blunt or obtuse tips are n altoge!r abs5t1 b x is n a common feature4 ,! leaf-blades 9 ,panicum colonum & 9 "s species ( ,&ropogon are r\nd$ or obtuse at ! apex4 ,! m>g9s ( ! leaf-blade are some:at hyal9e & !y may be p]fectly ev5 or cut into s]rations ( f9e tee? 9 v>i\s ways4 7,see fig4 #ae47 ,9 addition to ^! m9ute tee?1 !re may be long or %ort cilia4 ,sometimes ! m>g9s are gl&ul> z 9 ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana & ,eragro/is major4 ,! base ( ! leaf may be n>r[]1 broad] ?an1 or ab\t ! same z ! bread? ( ! leaf-%ea?4 ,x may be r\nd$1 amplexicaul or n>r[$4 ,at ! base & j above ! ligul> region !re w always be a :ite di/9ct zone 9 ! lam9a ( all grasses call$ ! coll>4 ,?is coll> v>ies 9 l5g? & bread? accord+ to ! species ( grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,transv]se section ( leaf-buds4 ,a4 ,conduplicate2 #a1 #b & #c4 leaf-%ea?s2 #d & #e4 leaf-blades4 ,b4 ,convolute2 #a & #b1 leaf-%ea?s2 #c & #d4 leaf-blades4 ,9 "y %oots all ! leaf-blades are usually f\nd fold$ at ! t]m9al portions4 ,9 mo/ cases ! leaf-blade is roll$ up inw>ds f "o end to ! o!r s t "o m>g9 is inside & ! o!r outside4 ,?is fold+ is t]m$ convolute4 ,?is is ! k9d ( fold+ t is f\nd 9 mo/ grasses4 ,h[ev]1 !re are "s grasses su* z ,eleus9e aegyptiaca & ,*loris b>bata1 9 :i* ! fold+ is diff]5t4 ,9 ^! grasses ! lam9as are fold$ flat on _! midribs s t ea* half ( ! blade is fold$ flat on ! o!r1 ! inn] surfaces be+ 9 contact4 ,! leaves are said to be conduplicate 9 ?is case4 ,:5 ! leaves are conduplicate ! %oots are m or less compress$4 7,see fig4 #af47 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,infloresc5ce ,,& ,,fl[]4 ,! fl[]s ( grasses are r$uc$ to _! ess5tial organs1 ! /am5s & ! pi/il4 ,! fl[]s are aggregat$ toge!r on di/9ct %oots con/itut+ ! infloresc5ce ( grasses4 ,soon] or lat] all ! bran*es ( a grass-plant t]m9ate 9 infloresc5ces :i* usually /& f> above ! foliage leaves4 ,z 9 o!r fl[]+ plants1 9 grasses also diff]5t =ms ( infloresc5ce are met )4 ,b 9 grasses ! unit ( ! infloresc5ce is ! spikelet & n ! fl[]4 ,! =ms ( infloresc5ce usually met ) are ! spike1 raceme & panicle4 ,:5 ! spikelets are sessile or borne directly along an elongat$ axis z 9 ,ent]opogon melicoides ! infloresc5ce is a spike4 ,if ! spikelets borne by ! axis are all /alk$1 h[ev] %ort ! p$icels may be1 x is a raceme4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t true spikes are v r>e4 ,an infloresc5ce may appe> to be a spike1 b on a close exam9ation x w be se5 to consi/ ( spikelets m or less p$icell$4 ,su* an infloresc5ce1 /rictly speak+1 is a spici=m raceme4 ,! bran*es ( ! infloresc5ce 9 ,paspalum scrobiculatum or ,panicum javanicum are racemes & ! :ole infloresc5ce is a comp\nd raceme4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle :5 ! spikelets are borne on second>y1 t]ti>y or fur!r subdivid$ bran*es4 ,panicles diff] v mu* 9 appe>ance accord+ to ! relative l5g? & /\tness ( ! bran*es4 ,9 ,eragro/is tremula ! panicle is v diffuse1 9 ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana less s4 ,! panicle 9 ,sporobolus corom&elianus is pyramidal & ! bran*es are all v]ticillate1 ! l[] be+ long] ?an ! upp]4 ,! bran*es ( a panicle are usually loose1 spread+ or droop+ 9 mo/ grasses4 ,b 9 "s species ( grasses su* z ,p5nisetum ,alopecuros & ,set>ia glauca1 ! paniculate infloresc5ces become s contract$ t ! p$icels & ! %ort bran*es are hidd5 & ! infloresc5ce appe>s to be a spike4 ,su* infloresc5ces z ^! are call$ spici=m panicles4 ,! infloresc5ces 9 sev]al species ( ,&ropogon consi/ ( racemes s mu* modifi$ z to appe> exactly l a spike4 ,:at looks l a spike 9 ^! cases consi/s ( a jo9t$ axis & ea* jo9t be>s a pair ( spikelets1 "o sessile & ! o!r p$icell$4 ,! "n ra*is is giv5 to ! axis ( ! spike1 raceme & panicle1 :e!r ! axis is ! ma9 "o or ( ! bran*4 ,! ra*is ( ! infloresc5ce is usually cyl9drical4 ,9 "s grasses x is zigzag z 9 ,p5nisetum c5*roides4 ,x is v mu* flatt5$ 9 ,paspalum scrobiculatum1 b some:at trigon\s 9 ,digit>ia sangu9alis4 ,9 v _m grasses ! ra*is is cont9u\s1 b 9 a few cases x consi/s ( int]nodes or jo9ts :i* dis>ticulate at maturity4 ,_m species ( ,&ropogon h su* jo9t$ ra*ises4 ,sometimes ! jo9ts become greatly ?ick5$ & ! surface holl[$ out1 ! spikelets fitt+ 9 ! cavities z 9 ,rottboellia & ,manisuris4 ,9 panicles1 especially :5 !y are diffuse1 ! prim>y bran*es may be dispos$ irregul>ly or 9 v]ticils on ! ma9 axis4 ,= example 9 ! panicle ( ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana1 ! bran*es are irregul>ly dispos$1 :]eas 9 ,sporobolus corom&elianus ! bran*es are v]ticillate4 ,9 bo? ^! grasses fle%y cu%ions are develop$ 9 ! axils ( ! bran*es4 ,^! swell+s help to spread out ! bran*es especially at ! "t ( an!sis4 ,! bran*es at ! top spread out e>li] ?an ^? bel[4 ,sometimes at ! base ( ! ra*ises1 ma9 or second>y1 gl&ul> /reaks are se5 z 9 ! ra*ises ( ,sporobolus corom&elianus4 ,^! gl&s secrete a viscid juice at ! "t ( an!sis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,! ,spikelet ( ,d9ebra arabica4 #a & #b4 ,empty glumes2 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f4 fl[]+ glumes ) fl[]s4 ,! spikelet may be consid]$ z a specialis$ bran* consi/+ ( a %ort axis1 ! ra*illa be>+ a s]ies ( modifi$ bracts1 ! glumes1 ! l[] pair be+ empty b ! o!rs be>+ fl[]s 9 _! axils4 ,! glumes are two-rank$ & imbricat+4 ,z a type = ! spikelet t ( an ,eragro/is or ,d9ebra may be *os54 7,see fig4 #ag47 ,9 ?is spikelet ! ra*illa be>s a numb] ( glumes alt]nat+ & imbricat+4 ,! fir/ two glumes at ! base ( ! spikelet d n be> any fl[]s & s ^! two glumes are usually call$ empty glumes4 ,?is is ! case 9 almo/ all ! species ( grasses4 ,! ?ird & ! subsequ5t glumes are regul>ly arrang$ on ! sl5d] ra*illa alt]nately 9 two r[s4 ,9 ! axils ( ea* ( ^! glumes !re is a fl[]1 except p]haps 9 ! topmo/ glume4 ,! fl[] is usually enclos$ by ! glume & ano!r /ructure f\nd opposite ! glume & diff]+ v mu* f ! glume4 ,?is is ! palea4 ,x is atta*$ to ! axis ( ! fl[] & its back is t[>ds ! ra*illa4 ,g5]ally !re are two n]ves 9 a palea & its m>g9s are enclos$ )9 ^? ( ! glume4 ,! palea is homolog\s ) ! prophyllum :i* x v mu* resembles4 ,! prophyllum is usually f\nd 9 ! bran*es ( grasses1 b x is n conf9$ to grasses alone4 ,x occurs 9 ! bran*es ( "s species ( ,commel9a4 ,! spikelets v>y v mu* 9 _! /ructure4 ,! spikelets 9 grasses ( sev]al g5]a consi/ ( only f\r glumes4 ,z usual ! fir/ two glumes are empty & ! rema9+ two are fl[]-be>+ glumes4 ,bo? ^! glumes may h p]fect fl[]s z 9 ,isa*ne or ! t]m9al "o may conta9 a p]fect fl[]1 ! l[] hav+ ei!r a /am9ate fl[] or only a palea4 ,v (t5 ! spikelets are unisexual & ! male & female spikelets may be on ! same plant z 9 ,coix ,la*ryma-,jobi & ,polytoca b>bata1 or !y may be on diff]5t plants z 9 ,sp9ifex squ>rosus4 ,! glumes ( a spikelet are really modifi$ bracts & "s diff]5tiate ! fl[]+ glumes f ! empty ones1 by giv+ !m diff]5t names4 ,! fir/ two empty glumes are call$ glumes by all agro/ologi/s4 ,"s 9 ,europe call ! fl[]+ glume l[] palea to di/+ui% x f ! real palea :i* !y call ! upp] palea4 ,"s ,am]ican ,au?ors h rec5tly adopt$ = ! fl[]+ glume ! t]m lemma introduc$ by ,pip]4 ,consid]able v>iation is met ) 9 ! case ( ! empty glumes4 ,g5]ally !y are unequal1 ! fir/ be+ small]4 ,v (t5 ! fir/ glume becomes v small & x may be altoge!r abs5t4 ,9 "s species ( ,panicum ! fir/ glume is v small1 9 ,digit>ia x is v m9ute & 9 ,paspalum & ,erio*loa x is entirely suppress$4 ,! fl[]+ glumes are g5]ally uni=m :5 !re are _m4 ,9 ! spikelet hav+ only f\r glumes ! f\r? glume diff]s f ! o!rs ma9ly 9 texture4 ,in/ead ( be+ ?9 & h]bace\s x becomes rigid & h>d1 smoo? or rugose ext]nally z 9 ,panicum4 ,fl[]+ glumes in/ead ( be+ l empty glumes1 become v ?91 %ort] & hyal9e 9 ,&ropogon4 ,sometimes ! fl[]+ glumes are awn$4 ,all ( !m may be awn$ z 9 ,*loris or only ! f\r? glume z 9 ,&ropogon4 ,! palea is fairly uni=m 9 its /ructure 9 _m grasses1 b x is also subject to v>iation4 ,x becomes %ort] 9 "s & is abs5t 9 o!rs4 ,in/ead ( hav+ two n]ves1 x may h "o & r>ely m ?an two4 ,! palea c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! glume1 because its ins]tion 9 ! spikelet is diff]5t f t ( ! glume4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,fl[] ( ,*loris4 #a4 lodicules2 #b4 /am5s2 #c4 ov>y4 ,! lodicules are small organs & !y are ! ve/iges ( ! p]ian?4 ,9 mo/ grasses !re are only two1 b 9 ,o*l&ra & o!r bamboos we meet ) ?ree lodicules4 ,!re are also "s species ) _m lodicules4 ,9 %ape !y are mo/ly ( "s =m ref]able to ! cuneate =m4 ,!y are ( some:at elongat$ =m 9 ,ari/ida & ,*loris4 ,! function ( ! lodicules seems to be to sep>ate ! glume & its palea s z to enable ! /am5s to come out & hang freely at ! "t ( an!sis4 ,s x is only at ! "t ( ! op5+ ( ! fl[]s t ! lodicules are at _! be/4 ,!n !y are fairly l>ge1 fle%y & ?ick & conspicu\s4 ,9 ! bud /age !y are usually small & aft] ! op5+ ( ! fl[] !y %rivel up & are inconspicu\s4 ,!re are also species ( grasses 9 :i* ! lodicules are n f\nd4 ,! /am5s are ?ree 9 numb] 9 ! majority ( grasses & six are met ) 9 ,le]sia1 ,hygrorhiza & ,bamboos4 ,ea* /am5 consi/s ( a v delicate long filam5t & an an!r basifix$ to ! filam5t4 ,b z ! an!rs are long & ! connective is r$uc$ to its m9imum1 !y appe> z if v]satile :5 ! /am5s are out4 ,:5 !re are ?ree /am5s "o /&s 9 front ( ! fl[]+ glumes & ! o!r two 9 front ( ! palea1 "o opposite ea* edge ( ! palea4 ,! relative positions ( ! p>ts ( ! floret are %[n 9 ! floral diagrams4 7,see figs4 #ah & #ai47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,floral diagrams4 ,! fir/ is t ( ,*loris1 second ( ,panicum & ! ?ird ( ,oryza4 ,! pi/il consi/s ( an ov>y & two /yles end+ 9 plumose /igmas4 ,! ov>y is #a-;cell$ & #a-ovul$4 ,x is "o c>pell$ accord+ to ! views ( ,hackel & 8 foll[]s & !re are also "s :o consid] x z #c-;c>pell$ because ( ! occurr5ce ( ?ree /yles 9 ! pi/il ( "s bamboos4 ,! ra*illa is usually well develop$ & elongat$ 9 _m-fl[]$ spikelets1 :ile 9 #a-;fl[]$ spikelets x rema9s v small s t ! fl[] appe>s to be t]m9al4 ,x (t5 ext5ds beyond ! ins]tion ( ! t]m9al fl[] & its glume1 & !n lies hidd5 appress$ to ! palea4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! spikelets ( ! species ( ,cynodon4 ,?is prolong$ ra*illa sometimes be>s a m9ute glume1 :i* is ( c\rse rudim5t>y4 ,usually ! glumes are r close toge!r on ! ra*illa s t ! int]nodes are v %ort2 b 9 "s grasses1 z 9 ,d9ebra arabica1 ! glumes are r di/ant & s ! int]nodes are some:at long] & conspicu\s4 ,9 "s species ( ,panicum ! ra*illa is jo9t$ to ! p$icel bel[ ! empty glumes1 :]eas x is articulat$ j above ^! glumes 9 ,*loris b>bata4 ,sometimes ! ra*illa is articulat$ betwe5 ! fl[]s4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! spikelet ( ,d9ebra arabica4 ,poll9ation 9 mo/ grasses is br\ght ab\t by w9d1 ?\gh 9 a few cases self-poll9ation occurs4 ,! t]m9al position ( ! infloresc5ce1 its protrusion f> above ! level ( ! foliage leaves1 ! sw++ & dangl+ an!rs1 ! abundance ( non-/ick+ poll5 & ! plumose /igmas are all int5d$ to facilitate poll9ation by w9d4 ,fur!rmore ! /am5s & ! /igmas d n mature at ! same "t4 ,9 "s grasses ! /am5s mature e>li]1 7prot&ry7 :ile 9 o!rs ! /igmas protrude long be=e ! /am5s 7protogyny74 ,z ! result ( ! poll9ation ! ov>y developes into a dry #a-se$$ indehisc5t fruit4 ,! se$ fills ! cavity fully & ! p]ic>p fuses ) ! se$-coat & s !y are insep>able4 ,su* a fruit is t]m$ a c>yopsis or gra94 ,?\gh 9 ! va/ majority ( grasses ! p]ic>p is insep>able1 9 a few cases x is free f ! se$-coat z 9 ,sporobolus indicus & ,eleus9e indica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,longitud9al section ( a portion ( ! gra9 ( ,&ropogon ,sorghum4 x #bhj ,p4 ,p]ic>p2 ,sc4 se$-coat2 ,a4 aleurone lay]2 ,e4 endosp]m2 ,s4 scutellum2 ,rs4 root-%ea?2 ,rc4 root-cap2 ,r4 radicle2 ,pl4 plumule2 ,g4 gr[+ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,a portion ( ! section ( ! gra9 ( ,&ropogon ,sorghum4 x #ejj ,p4 p]ic>p2 ,i4 se$-coat2 ,a4 aleurone lay]2 ,s4 />*4 ,! c>yopsis consi/s ( an embryo on "o side at ! base & ! endosp]m occupies ! rema9+ portion4 ,! embryo c be made out on ! side ( ! gra9 fac+ ! glume1 z x is outl9$ z an oval area4 ,on ! o!r face ( ! gra9 :i* is t[>ds ! palea1 ! hilum is se5 at ! base4 ,! gra9 v>ies 9 %ape consid]ably4 ,x may be r\nd$1 oval1 ellipsoidal1 n>r[ & cyl9drical1 oblong t]ete or furr[$4 ,!re is consid]able v>iation z reg>ds ! col\r also4 ,! embryo consi/s ( an axis & a scutellum4 ,! axis1 :i* is diff]5tiat$ into ! plumule direct$ upw>d & ! radicle d[nw>d1 is small & /raight & x is cov]$ m or less by ! edges ( ! scutellum4 ,! scutellum is atta*$ to ! axis at ab\t its middle & its out] surface is 9 contact ) ! endosp]m4 ,?is is an important organ z its function is to absorb n\ri%m5t f ! endosp]m dur+ g]m9ation4 ,! scutellum is consid]$ to repres5t ! fir/ leaf or cotyl$on4 ,! endosp]m consi/s mo/ly ( />*4 ,j outside ! endosp]m & )9 ! epid]mis lies a lay] ( cells conta9+ mu* proteid sub/ance4 ,?is lay] is call$ ! aleurone lay]4 7,see fig4 #ba47 ,z an illu/ration ( ! c>yopsis1 ! gra9 ( ,&ropogon ,sorghum may be /udi$4 ,all ! /ructural details are %[n 9 fig4 #bj :i* is a longitud9al section ( ! gra94 ,! prim>y axis ( ! embryo is enclos$ by a clos$ %ea? bo? above & bel[4 ,! %ea? :i* envelopes ! radicle is call$ coleorhiza & t ( ! plumule1 pileole or g]m-%ea?4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,hi/ology ,,( ,,! ,,vegetative ,,organs4 ,! %oots & roots ( grasses con=m 9 _! int]nal /ructure to ! monocotyl$on\s type4 ,9 all grasses num]\s ?reads are f\nd runn+ longitud9ally )9 ! /em & "s ( ^! pass into ! leaves1 at ! nodes1 & run z n]ves 9 ! blades ( ! leaves4 ,^! ?reads are ! vascul> bundles4 ,! re/ ( ! tissue ( ! /em & leaves consi/s ( ?9-wall$ p>5*ymat\s cells ( diff]5t sorts4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( ^! bundles is m or less ! same 9 all grasses4 ,a vascul> bundle consi/s ( only xylem & phloem1 )\t ! cambium1 & s no second>y ?ick5+ c take place 9 ! /ems ( grasses4 ,su* bundles z ^! are call$ clos$ vascul> bundles to di/+ui% !m f ! dicotyl$on\s type ( vascul> bundles :i* are call$ op5 vascul> bundles on acc\nt ( ! exi/5ce ( ! cambium4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,transv]se section ( a vascul> bundle4 x #bej #a4 ,annul> vessel2 #b4 spiral vessel2 #c4 pitt$ vessel2 #d4 phloem or sieve tubes2 #e4 scl]5*yma4 ,! compon5t p>ts & elem5ts ( :i* ! vascul> bundles 9 grasses are compos$ may be le>nt by /udy+ ! transv]se & longitud9al sections ( ^! bundles 9 any grass4 ,! cross & longitud9al sections ( a vascul> bundle ( ! /em ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides1 are %[n 9 figs4 #bb & #bc4 ,9 ! figure ( ! transv]se section ! two l>ge cavities indicat$ by ! numb] #c & ! two small circul> cavities ) ?ick walls ly+ betwe5 ! l>g] ones & indicat$ by ! numb]s #a & #b are ! *ief elem5ts ( ! xylem4 ,by look+ at ! longitud9al section x is obvi\s t ^! elem5ts are really vessels1 ! l>g] be+ pitt$ & ! small] annul> & spiral vessels4 ,^! vessels toge!r ) ! num]\s small ?ick-wall$ cells ly+ betwe5 ! pitt$ vessels con/itute ! xylem4 ,j above ! xylem !re is a gr\p ( l>ge & small ?9-wall$ cells4 ,?is is ! phloem & x consi/s ( sieve tubes & ?9-wall$ cells4 ,all r\nd ! xylem & ! phloem !re are _m ?ick-wall$ cells4 ,^! are really fibres =m+ ! bundle-%ea?4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is bundle-%ea? ! bundles are call$ fibro-vascul> bundles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,longitud9al section ( a vascul> bundle4 x #bej #a4 ,annul> vessel2 #b4 spiral vessel2 #c4 pitt$ vessel2 #d4 sieve tubes or phloem2 #e4 scl]5*yma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,rottboellia exaltata4 x #gj #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,/ructure ( ! /em4--,! /em ( a grass consi/s ( a mass ( p>5*ymat\s cells ) a numb] ( fibro-vascul> bundles imb$d$ 9 x1 & x is cov]$ ext]nally by a protective lay] ( cells1 ! epid]mis4 ,! /em is usually solid 9 all grasses 9 ! "y /age1 b z x matures ! int]nodes become holl[ 9 _m grasses & !y rema9 solid 9 a few4 ,9 ! int]nodes ! fibro-vascul> bundles run longitud9ally & are p>allel1 b 9 ! nodes !y run 9 all directions & =m a net "w f :i* em]ge a few bundles to ent] ! leaves4 ,s f> z ! broad g5]al features are conc]n$1 ! /ems ( _m grasses are m or less simil> 9 /ructure4 ,h[ev]1 :5 we take into consid]ation ! arrangem5t ( bundles1 ! developm5t & arrangem5t ( scl]5*yma1 e species ( grass has its own special *>act]i/ics4 ,& ^! are s /rik+ & con/ant t x may be possible to id5tify ! species f ^! *>act]s alone4 ,we may take z a type ! /em ( ,rottboellia exaltata4 ,?is /em is some:at semi-circul> 9 transv]se section & x is almo/ /raight & flat 9 ! front 7! side t[>ds ! axill>y bud74 ,! p]iph]al portion ( ! /em becomes some:at rigid & ?ick due to ! aggregation ( vascul> bundles1 "s small & o!rs l>ge4 ,! out]mo/ s]ies ( bundles consi/+ ( small & l>g] bundles are 9 contact ) ! lay]s ( ! cells ly+ j b5ea? ! epid]mis & ^! cells are also ?ick-wall$4 ,a few are away f ^! be+ sep>at$ by ?ree or f\r lay]s ( cells f ! p]iph]al bundles4 ,9 all ^! vascul> bundles ! bundle-%ea? is v /rongly develop$ all r\nd & is v mu* develop$ especially at ! sides4 ,x is ?is great developm5t ( scl]5*yma t makes ! out] portion ( ! cortex h>d4 ,)9 ! gr\nd tissue are f\nd a numb] ( vascul> bundles scatt]$ m or less uni=mly4 ,^! bundles h no cont9u\s bundle-%ea?s b h in/ead gr\ps ( fibres at ! sides & 9 front ( ! phloem4 ,! cavities ne> ! annul> vessels are some:at l>g] & conspicu\s 9 ^! bundles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides4 x #bj ,! epid]mal cells are all ?ick5$ v mu* & ! out] lay] is cut9iz$ & impregnat$ ) silica4 ,?is is ! case 9 ! epid]mis ( ! /ems & leaves ( mo/ grasses4 7,see fig4 #bd47 ,9 ord] to give a g5]al idea ( ! v>iations 9 ! /ructure ( ! /em 9 grasses a few examples are *os5 & ! details ( ! /ructure ( ! /ems ( ^! grasses are dealt ) "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides4 x #gj #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,! /em ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides is some:at r\nd 9 outl9e 9 ! transv]se section ) a slight curvature 9 ! front4 ,! vascul> bundles are r num]\s & irregul>ly scatt]$ all ov] ! gr\nd tissue4 ,! p]iph]al bundles are n s close to ! p]iph]y ( ! /em z 9 ,rottboellia exaltata4 ,^! are sep>at$ f ! epid]mis by sev]al lay]s ( p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,fur!r1 ^! p]iph]al bundles are all imb$d$ 9 a cont9u\s scl]5*ymat\s b& :i* runs r\nd ! /em 9 ! =m ( a r+4 ,! epid]mal cells z well z ! lay] ( cells 9 imm$iate contact ) x are ?ick-wall$4 ,9 ! vascul> bundles ( ! gr\nd tissue ! bundle-%ea? is r prom95t & ! phloem portion is well develop$4 7,see figs4 #be & #bf47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,erio*loa poly/a*ya4 x #be ,9 ! /em ( ,erio*loa poly/a*ya1 all ! vascul> bundles are m or less p]iph]al 9 position leav+ a wide area ( p>5*ymat\s cells 9 ! c5tre4 ,! outl9e ( ! /em 9 cross section is rotund or ovate-rotund ) ! front side some:at flatt5$ & /raight4 ,! epid]mal cells alone are ?ick5$4 ,a well develop$ cont9u\s r+ ( scl]5*yma is pres5t & ?is is connect$ ) ! epid]mal lay] at %ort int]vals by means ( %ort scl]5*ymat\s b&s4 ,s ! p>5*ymat\s cells ( ! cortex ly+ outside ! scl]5*ymat\s r+ are divid$ into small isolat$ areas4 ,!re are ?ree s]ies ( vascul> bundles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,erio*loa poly/a*ya4 x #gj #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,"o s]ies consi/s ( small bundles ly+ inside ! scl]5*yma r+ at ! base ( ea* ( ! connect+ b&s4 ,! second s]ies is made up ( l>ge vascul> bundles imb$d$ 9 ! r+ s z to bulge out inside ! r+4 ,! vascul> bundles ( ! ?ird s]ies are f\nd j away f ! r+ & sep>at$ f x by a few lay]s ( p>5*ymat\s cells4 7,see figs4 #bg & #bh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,set>ia glauca4 x #ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,set>ia glauca4 x #ej #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,ano!r /em 9 :i* ! vascul> bundles are m or less p]iph]al 9 position & enclos+ a wide p>5*yma is t ( ,set>ia glauca4 ,9 ! transv]se section ( ! /em ! outl9e is ovate1 lat]ally compress$1 obtusely keel$ at ! back & some:at concave 9 ! front4 ,! scl]5*ymat\s b& is n>r[ & cont9u\s & v close to ! epid]mis1 be+ sep>at$ f x only by two or ?ree lay]s ( ?9-wall$ cells4 ,! epid]mal cells alone are ?ick5$4 ,z to ! vascul> bundles !re are ?ree sets4 ,"o set ( bundles ly+ j outside ! scl]5*ymat\s r+ consi/s ( small ones connect+ ! r+ ) ! epid]mis4 ,j inside ! scl]5*ymat\s r+ lies a s]ies ( bundles :i* are connect$ ) x4 ,/ill inside1 at "s di/ance f ! scl]5*ymat\s b&1 are se5 vascul> bundles =m+ a r[ & enclos+ a l>ge space ( ! gr\nd tissue consi/+ ( only p>5*yma4 7,see figs4 #bi & #cj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,panicum ramosum x #bd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,panicum ramosum4 x #ge #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,&ropogon c>icosus4 x #be ,! /em ( ,panicum ramosum is semi-circul> & some:at flat on "o side4 ,! epid]mal cells alone are ?ick5$4 ,!re is a broad well develop$ cont9u\s b& ( scl]5*yma1 :i* is connect$ at regul> int]vals ) ! epid]mis by small vascul> bundles4 ,ano!r r[ ( vascul> bundles lies j inside ! scl]5*ymat\s r+ & ea* ( ^! bundles is 9 contact ) ! b&4 ,away f ! r+ lie a numb] ( bundles =m+ a s]ies dispos$ 9 two irregul> r+s ar\nd a broad portion ( ! gr\nd tissue4 7,see figs4 #ca & #cb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,&ropogon c>icosus4 x #ge #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,panicum ,isa*ne4 x #ajj #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,! /em ( ! grass ,&ropogon c>icosus is oval 9 outl9e1 ! front be+ flat4 ,! epid]mal cells & ^? bel[ & 9 contact ) !m are ?ick-wall$4 ,! scl]5*ymat\s r+ ?\gh pres5t is v n>r[ & n v conspicu\s4 ,x consi/s ( "o or two lay]s ( cells connect+ a few vascul> bundles =m+ ! out]mo/ set4 ,!re is a s]ies ( vascul> bundles inside ! r+ :i* surr\nds a l>ge area ( ! gr\nd tissue4 ,two isolat$ bundles1 "o 9 front & ano!r at ! back ( ! gr\nd tissue1 are f\nd4 ,! cells ( ! gr\nd tissue ly+ j inside ! vascul> bundles are all v mu* ?ick5$4 7,see figs4 #cc & #cd47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,eragro/is int]rupta4 x #be ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,panicum flavidum4 x #ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,panicum flavidum4 x #gj #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,! /ems ( ,panicum ,isa*ne & ,eragro/is int]rupta are holl[4 ,! /em ( ! =m] is circul> 9 outl9e 9 cross section1 ?\gh wavy4 ,!re is a scl]5*ymat\s r+ close to ! epid]mis b sep>at$ f x by a few lay]s ( p>5*yma4 ,"o set ( bundles is imb$d$ 9 ! b&1 & ano!r set j t\*es ! inn] bord] ( x4 ,a ?ird s]ies is dispos$ ar\nd a fairly l>ge am\nt ( gr\nd tissue1 :i* may or may n h a cavity 9 ! c5tre4 ,! /em ( ,eragro/is int]rupta has m or less ! same /ructure1 b ! cortex has air spaces "h & !re4 ,o!r m9or diff]5ces may be se5 on ref]r+ to figs4 #ce & #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,panicum colonum4 x #gj #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,! /ems ( grasses gr[+ 9 wet or m>%y situations diff] 9 /ructure f ^? detail$ above4 ,z examples ! /ems ( ,panicum flavidum1 ,panicum colonum1 ,panicum ,crus-galli & ,panicum fluitans may be consid]$4 ,! /em ( ,panicum flavidum is broadly ovate 9 cross section ) a flat front & is m or less solid1 ?\gh occasionally ! p>5*ymat\s cells 9 ! c5tre get brok54 ,two r[s ( vascul> bundles surr\nd a fairly l>ge am\nt ( p>5*ymat\s cells ( ! gr\nd tissue4 ,!re is a cont9u\s r+ ( scl]5*yma sep>at$ f ! epid]mis by a fairly broad cortex4 ,! cortex has a numb] ( fairly l>ge air-cavities sep>at$ by b&s ( p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,)9 ! scl]5*ymat\s b& lie small vascul> bundles at regul> int]vals j t[>ds ! cortex4 ,a few isolat$ bundles are 9 contact ) ! inn] bord]4 7,see figs4 #cg & #ch47 ,! /ems ( ,panicum colonum1 ,panicum /agn9um & ,panicum ,crus-galli h 9 _! c5tre 9 ! gr\nd tissue /ellate cells ) air-cavities4 ,?is "p is surr\nd$ by a fairly broad portion ( p>5*ymat\s cells 9 :i* are imb$d$ two r[s ( bundles4 ,outside ^! bundles runs r\nd ! /em a n>r[ scl]5*ymat\s b& ) a few bundles 9 x ( :i* "s t\* x inside & o!rs outside4 ,two bundles are f\nd by !mselves 9 ! tissue ( /ellate cells4 ,9 ,panicum ,crus-galli ?ree or f\r bundles are met ) amid/ ! /ellate cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,panicum ,crus-galli4 x #gj #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,panicum /agn9um4 x #aj ,! cortex outside ! b& ( scl]5*yma is full ( air-cavities1 small & l>ge4 ,9 ,panicum colonum ! outl9e ( ! /em is ellipsoidal ) ! front q flat1 & ! cortex is n>r[ at ! sides & v broad 9 front & at ! back4 ,! scl]5*ymat\s r+ is circul> 9 outl9e4 ,! /em ( ,panicum ,crus-galli is broadly ovoid & ! cortex is uni=mly broad4 ,! epid]mal cells z well z ! l[] cells are ?ick5$ 9 ! /ems ( ,panicum fluitans & ,panicum ,crus-galli1 b 9 ! /ems ( ,panicum colonum & ,panicum flavidum ! epid]mis alone is ?ick5$4 ,9 ! cortical portion outside ! scl]5*ymat\s b&1 small vascul> bundles occur 9 ! /ems ( ,panicum colonum1 ,panicum ,crus-galli & ,panicum fluitans4 7,see figs4 #ci1 #dj1 #db & #dc47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,transv]se section ( ! /em ( ,panicum fluitans4 x #ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! /em ( ,panicum fluitans4 x #fj #a4 ,epid]mis2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 vascul> bundle2 #d4 air-cavity2 #e4 diaphragm4 ,! /em ( ,panicum fluitans is r\nd 9 outl9e 9 ! transv]se section & has a l>ge cavity4 ,j close to ! cavity & sep>at$ f x by only "o or two p>5*ymat\s cells are f\nd vascul> bundles =m+ a s]ies4 ,outside ?is s]ies ( bundles lies a scl]5*ymat\s b& :i* is wavy1 foll[+ ! l[] edges ( ! l>ge air-cavities4 ,"o s]ies ( bundles is connect$ ) ?is scl]5*ymat\s r+4 ,! air-cavities are l>ge & uni=m & are sep>at$ by b&s ( p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,9 ea* ( ^! b&s lies a vascul> bundle on ! upp] side ne> ! p]iph]y4 ,sometimes we f9d1 especially 9 "y /ages1 diaphragms ( /ellulate cells /ret*$ across ! air-cavities4 ,lat] z ! /em matures ^! disappe> & ! cavities become conspicu\s4 7,see figs4 #db & #dc47 ,/ructure ( ! root4--,z already /at$1 ! roots ( grasses con=m to ! monocotyl$on\s type1 b ! v>iations met ) 9 _! /ructure are n s great z 9 ! case ( ! /em4 ,! root-tips are protect$ by root-caps1 & ! actual tip ( ! root is v di/9ct 9 ! roots ( all grasses & x c be se5 v cle>ly 9 a longitud9al section ( ! root4 ,! actual tip ( ! root is %>ply di/9ct f ! root-cap z !re are two di/9ct sets ( cells1 "o giv+ rise to ! root-tip & ! o!r to ! root-cap4 ,! "y root-tips are always free f root-hairs1 & !y are conf9$ to ! portions beh9d ! root-tips4 ,! ext5t ( ! root-hair region w v>y accord+ to ! vig\r & developm5t ( ! roots & ! nature ( ! soil4 ,! root-hairs are m]e protrusions ( ! cells ( ! out]mo/ lay] ( ! cortex ( ! root & ?is lay] is call$ ! pilif]\s lay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,transv]se section ( a "p ( ! root ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides4 x #ajj #a4 ,root-hair2 #b4 pilif]\s lay]2 #c4 cortex2 #d4 endod]mis2 #e4 p]icycle2 #f4 xylem2 #g4 phloem4 ,to le>n ! /ructure ( ! roots ( grasses we may select z types ! roots ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides & ,&ropogon ,sorghum & consid] _! /ructural details4 ,9 ! transv]se sections ( ^! roots we f9d a fairly broad cortex consi/+ ( ?9-wall$ p>5*ymat\s cells m or less regul>ly arrang$4 7,see figs4 #dd & #de47 ,j bel[ ! pilif]\s lay] two or ?ree lay]s ( ?ick-wall$ cells are se54 ,9 ! roots ( ,&ropogon ,sorghum ^! ?ick-wall$ cells are v conspicu\s z !y consi/ ( sev]al lay]s4 ,^! lay]s ( ?ick-wall$ cells con/itute ! exod]mis4 7,see fig4 #df47 ,! inn]mo/ lay] ( cells ( ! cortex is call$ ! endod]mis & x becomes conspicu\s on acc\nt ( ! ?ick5+ 9 ! lat]al & inn] walls ( ! cells ( ?is lay]4 7,see figs4 #dd & #dg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,transv]se section ( ! entire root ( ,&ropogon ,sorghum4 x #be ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,transv]se section ( ! cortical portion ( ! root ( ,&ropogon ,sorghum4 x #aej r4h4 ,root-hair2 p4l4 pilif]\s lay]2 ex4 exod]mis2 co4 cortex4 ,! re/ ( ! root =m+ ! c5tral core is ! /ele & at its p]iph]y !re is a s+le lay] ( cells call$ ! p]icycle4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! xylem & ! phloem is diff]5t f t ( ! /em4 ,!y lie side by side on diff]5t radii1 & n "o beh9d ! o!r on ! same radius z 9 ! /em4 ,! numb] ( xylem gr\ps is fairly l>ge & ! developm5t ( ! xylem is f ! p]icycle t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! /ele4 7,see figs4 #dd & #de47 ,! p>5*ymat\s cells 9 ! c5tre ( ! /ele become ?ick-wall$ 9 old] roots4 ,/ructure ( ! leaf4--,! /ructure ( ! leaf ( grasses is q *>act]i/ic ( ! family4 ,9 e leaf a numb] ( vascul> bundles1 "s small & o!rs l>ge1 pass f ! base to ! apex4 ,ext]nally ! leaf is cov]$ on bo? ! sides by ! epid]mis4 ,! spaces exi/+ betwe5 ! vascul> bundles & ! epid]mis are fill$ ) p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,! l>g] vascul> bundles consi/ ( xylem & phloem surr\nd$ by a bundle %ea? ( a s+le lay] ( cells4 ,9 ! small] bundles ! xylem is v mu* r$uc$4 ,ar\nd e vascul> bundle !re is a s+le r[ ( some:at l>ge cells d5sely pack$ ) l>ge *loropla/s1 ! *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,! vascul> bundles are /r5g!n$ by fibres1 on bo? ! sides 9 ! case ( l>g] bundles & on only "o side 9 small bundles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,transv]se section ( ! /ele portion ( ! root ( ,&ropogon ,sorghum4 x #aej ,co4 ,cortex2 en4 endod]mis2 pe4 p]icycle2 ph4 phloem2 pr4 protoxylem2 xy4 xylem vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,a portion ( ! transv]se section ( ! leaf ( ,panicum javanicum4 x #ajj ,ep4 c4 ,an ord9>y epid]mal cell2 /4 /omata2 sc4 scl]5*yma2 ph4 phloem2 *l c4 *lor5*yma2 m4 motor cells2 xy4 xylem4 ,= a detail$ /udy ( ! /ructure ( ! leaves ( grasses ! leaf ( ! grass ,panicum javanicum may be *os54 ,9 a transv]se section ( ?is leaf1 ! vascul> bundles are v conspicu\s4 ,! l>g] bundles are normal 9 e way1 :ile 9 ! small] ones ! xylem elem5ts are consid]ably r$uc$4 ,ar\nd e "o ( ! vascul> bundles !re is a s+le r[ ( l>ge cells conta9+ l>ge *lorophyll gra9s 7! *lorophyll\s lay]74 ,9 a well develop$ l>ge vascul> bundle ! *lorophyll\s lay] is op5 bel[ j close to ! scl]5*ymat\s b&4 ,on bo? sides ( ! l>g] vascul> bundle !re are b&s ( scl]5*yma4 ,9 ! case ( small] bundles "s are /r5g!n$ by scl]5*yma on ! l[] side & o!rs h none4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! bundles are occupi$ by ?9-wall$ p>5*ymat\s cells conta9+ small *lorophyll gra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,upp] epid]mis ( ! leaf ( ,panicum javanicum4 x #cjj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,l[] epid]mis ( ! leaf ( ,panicum javanicum4 x #cjj ,! l[] epid]mis ( ! leaf 9 ! transv]se section is ev5 & consi/s ( small & l>ge r\nd cells4 ,! upp] epid]mis is slightly wavy & x is made up ( "s small r\nd cells alt]nat+ ) gr\ps ( l>g] cells4 ,! epid]mal cells ly+ ov] scl]5*yma & ! small] vascul> bundles are small & r\nd1 :ile ^? ly+ ov] ! furr[s betwe5 ! vascul> bundles are l>ge & are call$ motor or bulli=m cells4 ,! pres5ce ( motor cells is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! leaves ( _m grasses4 ,! cont9uity ( bo? ! upp] & ! l[] epid]mis is int]rupt$ by ! /omata4 ,air-cavities are se5 bel[ ^! /omata4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! /omata1 ! %ape ( ! gu>d cells & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! epid]mal cells become cle> on exam9+ a piece ( epid]mis4 7,see figs4 #di & #ej47 ,! /ructure ( ! leaf ( ,panicum javanicum may be tak5 z typical ( ! /ructure ( ! leaves ( mo/ grasses4 ,! leaves ( ,erio*loa poly/a*ya1 ,cynodon & ,paspalums are v mu* l ! leaves ( ,panicum javanicum 9 _! int]nal /ructure4 ,consid]able am\nt ( v>iation1 h[ev]1 occurs 9 ! leaves ( grasses especially z reg>ds ! arrangem5t ( fibres & motor cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,a portion ( ! transv]se section ( ! leaf ( ,erio*loa poly/a*ya x #abj #a4 ,motor cell2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 scl]5*yma2 #d4 *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,e l>ge prim>y vascul> bundle 9 ! leaves ( _m grasses possesses scl]5*ymat\s b&s bo? above & bel[4 ,! o!r vascul> bundles may h b&s ( scl]5*yma on bo? sides or on "o side only or none4 ,= example1 9 ! leaves ( ,panicum rep5s bo? ! prim>y & second>y bundles are provid$ ) scl]5*yma on bo? ! sides1 :ile ^? ( ! ?ird ord] may h x on "o side or n4 ,! hyal9e m>g9 ( ?is leaf & ( ! leaves ( o!r grasses consi/s entirely ( scl]5*yma4 7,see fig4 #ec47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! leaf ( ,panicum rep5s4 x #abj #a4 ,motor cells2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 scl]5*yma2 #d4 *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,all ! vascul> bundles 9 ! leaves ( ,ari/ida setacea h broad scl]5*ymat\s b&s on bo? ! sides4 ,besides ^! b&s arrang$ l a gird] above & bel[ ea* bundle1 !re are on ! l[] side b&s ( scl]5*yma4 ,s ! scl]5*yma becomes almo/ cont9u\s on ! l[] side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,transv]se section ( ! leaf m>g9 ( ,panicum rep5s4 x #ahj #a4 ,scl]5*yma2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,transv]se section ( a "p ( ! leaf ( ,ari/ida setacea4 x #cj4 #a4 ,vascul> bundle2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 motor cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! leaf ( ,ari/ida setacea4 x #abj #a4 ,motor cells2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 scl]5*yma2 #d4 epid]mis2 #e4 cut9 lay]4 ,! scl]5*yma ly+ on ! l[] side ( ! prim>y bundles are contigu\s ) ! bundle1 :ile ^? above are sep>at$ f ! bundle by ! *lorophyll\s lay]4 7,see fig4 #ee47 ,9 ! case ( second>y & t]ti>y bundles ! scl]5*ymat\s b&s ly+ on ! l[] side are 9 contact ) ! *lorophyll\s lay]1 :]eas ! upp] b&s are ei!r 9 contact ) ?is lay] or sep>at$ f x by a few p>5*ymat\s cells4 ,all ! vascul> bundles 9 ! leaves ( ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana are provid$ ) scl]5*yma on bo? ! sides4 ,! l[] b& ( ! prim>y vascul> bundles is cont9u\s ) ! vascul> bundle1 ! *lorophyll\s lay] be+ op5 bel[4 ,! upp] b&s ( ! prim>y & ! l[] b&s ( ! second>y vascul> bundles j t\* ! *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,9 ! second>y bundles ! scl]5*yma b& above is sep>at$ f ! *lorophyll\s lay] by two lay]s ( p>5*yma4 ,9 ! case ( ! leaves ( ,panicum flavidum1 ,p4 colonum1 ,p4 fluitans & ,p5nisetum c5*roides ! scl]5*yma is sep>at$ f ! *lorophyll\s lay] by lay]s ( p>5*yma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,transv]se section ( a "p ( ! leaf ( ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana4 x #cj #a4 ,vascul> bundle2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 motor cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! leaf ( ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana4 x #aej #a4 ,motor cells2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 scl]5*yma2 #d4 *lorophyll\s lay]2 #e4 vascul> /r& cut ?r\gh2 #f4 hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,transv]se section ( a "p ( ! leaf ( ,panicum colonum4 x #cj #a4 ,vascul> bundle2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 motor cells4 ,ev5 f ! few examples dealt ) above1 x is obvi\s t ! range ( v>iation ( scl]5*yma 9 leaves is v great4 ,9 ! leaves ( ,ari/ida setacea !re is a consid]able am\nt ( scl]5*yma :il/ 9 "s leaves su* z ^? ( ,panicum colonum1 ,p4 flavidum & ,panicum fluitans ! scl]5*yma is r$uc$ to its m9imum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--,transv]se section ( a "p ( ! leaf ( ,panicum fluitans4 x #cj #a4 ,vascul> bundle2 #b4 scl]5*yma4 ,9 ! leaves ( grasses gr[+ 9 dry situations ! developm5t ( scl]5*yma is g5]ally v consid]able4 ,! grass ,ari/ida setacea is a good example ( a x]ophytic grass4 ,! sea-%ore grass ,sp9ifex squ>rosus is ano!r example ( ! same k9d4 ,b 9 ! leaves ( ?is grass1 ! developm5t ( scl]5*yma is n v consid]able1 b !re is a great developm5t ( p>5*ymat\s cells free f *lorophyll )9 ! leaf1 ! *lorophyll be>+ cells be+ conf9$ to ! upp] & ! l[] surfaces ( ! leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--,transv]se section ( a leaf ( ,sp9ifex squ>rosus4 x #aj #a4 ,vascul> bundle2 #b4 scl]5*yma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--;,a portion ( ! transv]se section ( ! leaf ( ,sp9ifex squ>rosus4 x #fj #a4 ,scl]5*yma2 #b4 vascul> bundle2 #c4 epid]mis2 #d4 /omata4 ,! upp] & ! l[] surfaces ( ! leaves ( _m grasses are m or less ev51 b 9 ! case ( a few grasses ! upp] surface consi/s ( ridges & furr[s1 in/ead ( be+ ev54 ,9 ! leaves ( ,panicum rep5s & ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana ! upp] surface is wavy & consi/s ( %all[ furr[s & slightly rais$ ridges4 ,b 9 ! leaves ( ,ari/ida setacea & ,panicum fluitans ! furr[s are deep] & ! ridges are m prom95t4 ,9 ,ari/ida setacea ! ridges are flat-topp$ & !y are r\nd$ ) broad furr[s 9 ,panicum fluitans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,upp] epid]mis ( ! leaf ,panicum ,isa*ne4 x #bjj #a4 ,cells ov]ly+ ! ve9s2 #b4 cells ov]ly+ ! furr[s2 #c4 /omata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,l[] epid]mis ( ! leaf ,panicum ,isa*ne4 x #bjj #a4 ,cells ov]ly+ ! ve9s2 #b4 cells ov]ly+ ! furr[s2 #c4 /omata4 ,! epid]mis cov]+ ! leaves consi/s ( elongat$ cells ) plane or s9u\s walls1 v>i\s k9ds ( %ort cells int]calat$ betwe5 ! ends ( long cells1 motor-cells & /omata4 ,hairs ( diff]5t sorts occur z outgr[?s ( ! epid]mis4 ,! r\ghness ( ! surface ( ! leaves ( grasses is due to ! pres5ce ( v m9ute %ort hairs borne by ! epid]mis4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! %ort hairs are f\nd 9 regul> r[s4 ,al?\gh ! epid]mis is m or less ev5 9 ! leaves ( sev]al grasses su* z ,panicum rep5s1 ,p4 flavidum & ,erio*loa poly/a*ya1 x is wavy or undulat+ 9 ! leaves ( a few grasses4 ,= example1 ! upp] epid]mis 9 ! leaves ( ,panicum fluitans is undulat+ z x foll[s ! cont\r ( ! ridges & furr[s4 ,! epid]mal cells h ev5 surfaces 9 ! leaves ( mo/ grasses b 9 "s !y bulge out4 ,9 ! leaves ( ,panicum flavidum ! cells ( ! l[] epid]mis are q ev51 :il/ ^? ( ! upp] epid]mis bulge out4 ,! cells ( bo? ! upp] & ! l[] epid]mis are di/9ctly bulg+ out 9 ! leaves ( ,panicum colonum4 ,9 ,panicum fluitans ! cells ( ! upp] epid]mis bulge out s mu* z to =m di/9ct papillae4 ,! free surface ( ! epid]mis is m or less cut9is$ 9 ! leaves ( all grasses4 ,9 "s leaves ! cuticle is v ?ick & ev5 papillate z 9 ! leaves ( ,ari/ida setacea & ,panicum rep5s :il/ 9 o!rs x is v ?91 z 9 ! leaves ( ,panicum colonum & ,p4 fluitans4 ,cut9isation is r prom95t 9 ! leaves ( grasses gr[+ "u dry conditions & x is less pron\nc$ 9 mesophytic grasses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! leaf ( ,panicum colonum4 x #abj #a4 ,motor cells2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 scl]5*yma2 #d4 *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! leaf ( ,panicum fluitans4 x #abj #a4 ,motor cells2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 scl]5*yma2 #d4 *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,z reg>ds size1 ! epid]mal cells ov]ly+ ! scl]5*yma are small & ^? ly+ ov] p>5*yma are l>g]4 ,among/ ! l>g] cells "s may be motor-cells4 ,! /omata occur 9 regul> r[s betwe5 ! vascul> bundles & !y are q *>act]i/ic ( grasses4 ,!y are m or less simil> 9 /ructure 9 all grasses4 ,9 ! leaves ( _m grasses /omata are f\nd 9 bo? ! upp] & ! l[] epid]mis & !y are conf9$ to ! l[] epid]mis 9 a few grasses only4 ,! motor-cells v>y v mu* bo? z reg>ds _! %ape & position4 ,9 "s leaves z 9 ! leaves ( ! grass ,panicum flavidum ! motor-cells are conf9$ to ! midrib on ! upp] surface4 ,! epid]mal cells ( ?is leaf are l>ge & uni=mly r\nd4 7,see figs4 #ff & #fg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,transv]se section ( a leaf ( ,panicum flavidum4 x #bj #a4 ,vascul> bundle2 #b4 scl]5*yma2 #c4 motor-cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,transv]se section ( ! leaf ( ,panicum flavidum4 x #aej #a4 ,motor-cells2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 scl]5*yma2 #d4 *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,9 ! case ( mo/ grasses ! motor-cells are f\nd 9 gr\ps ( ?ree1 f\r or five betwe5 ! vascul> bundles4 ,! c5tral motor-cell is usually ! l>ge/ & x is some:at obovate 9 %ape 9 a transv]se section ( ! leaf4 ,9 ! leaves ( ,panicum javanicum & ,erio*loa poly/a*ya !re are ?ree or f\r motor cells 9 ! gr\p & ! gr\p consi/s ( f\r1 five or r>ely six motor cells 9 ! leaves ( ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana4 ,:5 !re are di/9ct furr[s betwe5 ridges ^! cells lie 9 ! furr[s & !y are _m 9 numb]4 ,9 ! leaves ( ,panicum rep5s !re are five to sev5 motor-cells 9 ! furr[s & ! s+le r[ ( cells /ret*$ betwe5 ! motor-cells & ! l[] epid]mis 9 ! furr[ consi/s ( m or less cle> cells ) sp>sely scatt]$ small *lorophyll gra9s4 7,see fig4 #eb47 ,! motor-cells occupy+ ! furr[s 9 ! leaves ( ,ari/ida setacea are m 9 numb] ?an 9 ,panicum rep5s & are ( a diff]5t %ape4 ,all ! cells ly+ 9 ! furr[ betwe5 ! motor-cells & ! scl]5*yma are cle> cells free f *lorophyll gra9s4 ,al?\gh ! motor-cells diff] 9 %ape f ! ord9>y epid]mal cells 9 mo/ grasses1 !re are1 h[ev]1 a few grasses 9 :i* ! motor-cells d n diff] v mu* f ! epid]mal cells except 9 size4 ,= example1 9 ! leaves ( ,panicum colonum ! motor-cells are j l ! ord9>y epid]mal cells 9 %ape b are l>g]4 7,see fig4 #fd47 ,motor-cells are usually conf9$ to ! upp] epid]mis1 b !y may also be f\nd 9 ! l[] epid]mis4 ,9 ! leaves ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides motor-cells are f\nd 9 bo? ! upp] & ! l[] epid]mis1 ! gr\p 9 ! upp] epid]mis alt]nat+ ) t 9 ! l[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,transv]se section ( a portion ( ! leaf ( ,p5nisetum c5*roides4 x #ajj #a4 ,motor-cells2 #b4 /omata2 #c4 scl]5*yma2 #d4 *lorophyll\s lay]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,classification4 ,! family ,gram9eae is usually divid$ into two s]ies tak+ into consid]ation ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a jo9t 9 ! p$icel or ra*is1 ! numb] ( fl[]s 9 ! spikelet & ! position ( ! f]tile fl[]4 ,all ! species 9 :i* !re is a jo9t j bel[ ! spikelet1 9 ! p$icel1 9 ! ra*is1 or at ! base ( a clu/] ( spikelets come "u "o s]ies ,panicaceae4 ,! spikelets ( ! grasses com+ "u ?is s]ies1 :5 mature1 fall away s+ly by !mselves1 or ) _! p$icels1 or 9 gr\ps ) portions ( ! ra*is4 ,! spikelets are all simil> & consi/ ( usually f\r glumes4 ,ea* spikelet conta9s a s+le p]fect fl[] & sometimes 9 addition a /am9ate fl[] j bel[ ! p]fect fl[]4 ,9 ?is s]ies ! t5d5cy = imp]fection is always conf9$ to ! l[] fl[]s1 ! t]m9al fl[] alone be+ p]fect4 ,= inclusion "u ?is s]ies ! grass plant %\ld h bo? ! *>act]s1 articulation & position ( ! fl[] z m5tion$ above4 ,! second s]ies ,poaceae includes ^? grasses 9 :i* ! spikelets are "o to _m-fl[]$ & cont9u\s ) _! p$icels4 ,b ! ra*illa ( ! spikelet may be jo9t$ j above ! empty glumes or betwe5 ! fl[]+ glumes4 ,! complete fl[] is ! l[e/ & ! t5d5cy = imp]fection is 9 ! upp] fl[]s4 ,( ! two s]ies ! ,panicaceae appe>s to be m highly develop$ ?an ! ,poaceae4 ,,key ,,to ,,tribes4 ,s]ies ,i4--,panicaceae4 ,a4 ,ra*is ( infloresc5ce n jo9t$4 ,spikelets #b-;fl[]$2 upp] fl[] bisexual & l[] male or neut]2 ! fir/ glume ! smalle/ ,i4 ,paniceae4 ,spikelets #a-;fl[]$2 ,spikelets articulate on _! p$icels & fall+ away f !m2 fl[]s bisexual & usually ) six /am5s ,,ii4 ,oryzeae4 ,spikelets fall+ away ) _! p$icels2 fl[]s bisexual or r>ely imp]fect ,,iii4 ,zoysieae4 ,b4 ,ra*is ( infloresc5ce usually jo9t$4 ,spikelets usually b9ate 7#c-nate at ! top71 pairs ( spikelets alike or dissimil>2 empty glumes l>g] & ! fl[]+ glumes small]1 hyal9e1 ! f\r? glume awn$ or r$uc$ to an awn ,,iv4 ,&ropogoneae4 ,s]ies ,,ii4--,poaceae4 ,a4 ,ra*illa produc$ or n beyond ! fl[]+ glume4 ,spikelets #a-;fl[]$1 ) ?ree glumes2 fir/ & second empty1 ?ird fl[]+ & awn$2 ra*illa jo9t$ ,v4 ,agro/ideae4 ,spikelets #a- or m-fl[]$1 bis]iate & secund on an in>ticulate spike or on ! spici=m bran*es ( a sl5d] panicle2 fl[]s all or ! l[] only bisexual ,,vi4 ,*lorideae4 ,b4 ,ra*illa produc$ beyond ! upp]mo/ fl[]+ glume & articulate4 ,spikelets #b- or m-fl[]$1 p$icell$1 r>ely sessile1 9 effuse1 contract$ or r>ely spici=m panicles ,,vii4 ,fe/ucaceae4 ,spikelets #a- or m-fl[]$1 sessile1 #a- to #b- or m-s]iate on ! ra*is ( a simple spike1 or p>tially sunk 9 cavities ( ! same4 ,glumes awn$ or n1 fir/ & second glumes are opposite or subcollat]al1 p]si/5t or sep>ately decidu\s2 fir/ glume m9ute or abs5t ,,viii4 ,hordeae4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,s]ies ,i--,panicaceae4 ,,tribe ,i--,,paniceae4 ,?is is a fairly l>ge & important tribe fl\ri%+ mo/ly 9 ! w>m regions & ! tropics4 ,x is v well repres5t$ 9 ,s\? ,india & fifte5 g5]a are met )4 ,! infloresc5ce v>ies v mu* )9 ?is tribe & consi/s ( spikes1 racemes & panicles4 ,! spikelets are usually f\r-glum$ & conta9 "o t]m9al p]fect fl[] & a /am9ate or neutral fl[] bel[4 ,b 9 ! g5us ,isa*ne bo? ! fl[]s are p]fect4 ,9 "s grasses ! spikelets conta9 only /am9ate or pi/illate fl[]s4 ,9 ,coix & ,polytoca ! plant be>s bo? male & female spikelets 9 ! same infloresc5ce1 b 9 ,zea on ! same plant !y occur z di/9ct infloresc5ces4 ,! littoral grass ,sp9ifex is dioeci\s4 ,! fir/ glume ( ! spikelet is ! smalle/4 ,9 ,panicum x is ne>ly two-?irds or less ?an ! ?ird glume4 ,x is v small 9 ,digit>ia & entirely suppress$ 9 ,paspalum4 ,9 ,erio*loa x is r$uc$ to a m9ute ridge ly+ j close to ! swoll5 r+-l jo9t ( ! ra*illa4 ,! second & ! ?ird glumes are m or less equal & simil> 9 texture4 ,! f\r? glume becomes firm & rigid along ) its palea & usually encloses ! gra94 ,! p$icel is jo9t$ 9 "s g5]a & 9 o!rs x is cont9u\s ) ! spikelet & n jo9t$4 ,:5 mature ! spikelets fall away ei!r by !mselves1 s+ly ) _! p$icels or 9 gr\ps ) portions ( ra*is1 accord+ to ! position ( ! jo9t4 ,bri/les 7bran*lets7 are (t5 f\nd on ! p$icels4 ,9 ,set>ia a few are borne by ! p$icels4 ,! bri/les =m a regul> involucre at ! base ( a gr\p ( spikelets 9 ,p5nisetum1 & 9 ,c5*rus ^! become unit$ at ! base into a mass =m+ a k9d ( burr ar\nd ! spikelets4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,g5]a4 ,a4 ,spikelets articulate on _! p$icels4 ,b4 ,spikelets )\t involucels4 ,c4 ,spikelets dorsally flatt5$1 awnless4 ,infloresc5ce racem$2 glumes ?ree2 n]ves ( second glume five or less1 side n]ves curv$ #a4 ,paspalum4 ,infloresc5ce digitate2 glumes ?ree ) a m9ute glume2 n]ves ( second glume five to sev51 /raight & prom95t #b4 ,digit>ia4 ,infloresc5ce panicl$2 glumes ?ree ) a ?ick5+ at ! base ( ! spikelet #c4 ,erio*loa4 ,infloresc5ce racem$ or paniculate2 glumes f\r1 fir/ two glumes unequal #d4 ,panicum4 ,infloresc5ce panicl$1 bran*es ( panicle produc$ beyond ! upp]mo/ spikelet2 glumes f\r1 ! fir/ be+ m9ute & hyal9e #e4 ,*ama]aphis4 ,spikelets unisexual & dioeci\s #f4 ,sp9ifex4 ,,cc4 ,spikelets awn$4 ,glumes f\r1 second glume broadly fimbriate ) hairs2 palea ( ! ?ird glume %ort & deeply cleft1 f\r? glume awn$ #g4 ,axonopus4 ,,bb4 ,spikelets involucellate #h4 ,set>ia4 ,,aa4 ,spikelets n jo9t$ b cont9u\s4 ,spikelets 9 involucell$ decidu\s fascicles4 ,involucre ( bri/les free #i4 ,p5nisetum4 ,involucre ( bri/les unit$ #aj4 ,c5*rus4 #a4 ,paspalum1 ,l4 ,^! are annuals or p]5nials4 ,! spikelets are plano-convex1 orbicul> to oblong1 obtuse1 secund1 #b-rank$ on ! flatt5$ or triquetr\s ra*is ( ! spike-l bran*es ( a raceme1 "o-fl[]$ & fall+ (f entire f ! v %ort or obscure p$icels4 ,!re are ?ree glumes1 all m or less equal & simil>4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are membran\s1 alike & z long z ! ?ird1 ! second glume is usually epaleate & occasionally ) a m9ute palea4 ,! ?ird glume is *>tace\s to sub-coriace\s & paleate4 ,lodicules are two & small4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,! /yles are sl5d] & di/9ct ) plumose /igmas exs]t$ at ! top ( ! spikelet4 ,gra9 is tightly enclos$ 9 ! ?ird glume & its palea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,paspalum scrobiculatum4 ,paspalum scrobiculatum1 ,l4 ,?is is an annual grass1 ) /ems tuft$ on v %ort rhizomes1 erect or v %ortly b5t at base1 glabr\s1 bif>i\sly leafy & v>y+ 9 height f #a to #c feet or m4 ,leaf-%ea?s are compress$1 glabr\s1 loose1 keel$1 m\? hairy or n4 ,! ligule is a %ort ?9 membrane4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 keel$ ) a di/9ct midrib1 & ) v m9utely s]rulate m>g9s1 #f to #ah in*es by #a_/ab to #a_/c in*4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( #b to #e sessile alt]nate spikes1 usually di/ant & spread+ & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #h in*es2 ! ra*is is flatt5$ & w+$4 ,! spikelets are ei!r orbicul> or ovate-oblong1 z broad z ! ra*is1 glabr\s1 closely imbricat+ 9 two r[s 7r>ely 9 ?ree or f\r r[s71 sessile or r>ely gem9ate on a common p$icel4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is concave1 #c- to #e-n]v$ 7r>ely #c- to #g-n]v$74 ,! second glume is flat1 #e-n]v$1 ) two /rong sub-m>g9al n]ves1 sometimes ) %all[ transv]se pits along ! m>g9s4 ,! ?ird glume is ?ickly coriace\s1 br[ni%1 %9+1 m9utely /riolate1 m>g9s r\ndly incurv$ ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 paleate2 ! palea is simil> to ! glume 9 /ructure & col\r1 m>g9s /rongly inflex$ & ) two broad membran\s auricles almo/ ov]lapp+ j bel[ ! middle4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s4 ,! /igmas are :ite bo? :5 "y & :ile fad+4 ,! /yle bran*es are div]g+ widely & !n /raight4 ,!re are two oblong cuneate fle%y lodicules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,paspalum scrobiculatum4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( a portion ( spike2 #c1 #d & #e4 spikelets2 #f1 #g & #h4 ! fir/1 second1 & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #i4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #aj4 ! ov>y1 /am5s & ! lodicules4 ,?is grass fl\ri%es all ov] ! ,presid5cy 9 moi/ places1 su* z1 bunds ( wet l&s1 edges ( ponds & lakes & 9 m>%y l&4 ,!re are two =ms ( ?is grass1 "o ) r\nd & ano!r ) ovate oblong spikelets4 ,!y also v>y 9 ! size ( ! spikelets--"s =ms h small spikelets & o!rs l>ge4 ,sometimes ! spikelets %[ v>iation 9 ! numb] ( glumes4 ,?is grass is also cultivat$ = its gra94 ,9 cultivat$ =ms ! spikelets are l>g] & ! :ole plant gr[s bigg]4 ,x is gr[n bo? 9 wet & dry l&4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india 7wild & also cultivat$74 #b4 ,digit>ia1 ,ri*4 ,annuals or p]5nials4 ,! spikelets are lanceolate1 #b- to #c-nate1 9 digitate or racemose spikes1 jo9t$ on ! p$icels b n ?ick5$ at ! base1 #a-;fl[]$4 ,!re are usually f\r dissimil> glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is hyal9e v m9ute1 sometimes abs5t 9 ! same species4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 #a- to #e-n]v$ or n]veless4 ,! ?ird glume is membran\s1 almo/ equal to ! f\r?1 usually #g- to #i-n]v$1 ! n]ves be+ /raight1 close1 p>allel & prom95t1 ) a m9ute palea or )\t a palea4 ,! f\r? glume is *>tace\s or sub-*>tace\s1 usually #c-n]v$ & paleate2 palea is equal to & simil> to ! f\r? glume1 #b-n]v$4 ,lodicules are two1 small1 broadly cuneate4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,/yles are di/9ct ) plumose /igmas exs]t$ lat]ally ne> ! apex ( ! spikelet4 ,gra9 is enclos$ 9 ! f\r? glume & its palea4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,spikelets #a_/aj in* or m4 ,spikes usually few1 spikelets be>d$ #a4 ,d4 sangu9alis4 ,v>4 cili>is4 ,spikelets n be>d$ #b4 ,d4 ,v>4 ext5sum4 ,spikes usually _m2 spikelets spread+ #c4 ,d4 ,v>4 ,griffi?ii4 ,spikelets less ?an #a_/aj in*4 ,spikes n>r[ly w+$2 spikelets subsilky ) sl5d] 7n clavellate7 hairs #d4 ,d4 longiflora4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--;,digit>ia sangu9alis1 ,v>4 cili>is4 ,digit>ia sangu9alis1 ,scop4 ,v>4 cili>is4 ,?is is an annual grass ei!r ) erect tall /ems or long pro/rate /ems1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #c feet or m4 ,! leaf-%ea? is h]bace\s1 loose & glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a di/9ct membrane4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate or l9e>1 flat1 glabr\s or v sp>sely hairy1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #e or #f in*es & 9 bread? f #a_/f to #a_/c in*4 ,! spikes are usually few1 #b to #f1 #c to #f in*es long1 ) a triquetr\s1 n>r[ly w+$ ra*is4 ,! spikelets are oblong1 acute1 b9ate1 "o p$icel be+ %ort] ?an ! o!r1 usually appress$ to ! ra*is & n spread+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,digit>ia sangu9alis4 ,v>4 cili>is4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike %[+ ! b9ate spikelets2 #b4 a spikelet2 #c4 ! m9ute scale-l fir/ glume2 #d1 #e & #f4 ! second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #g4 ! palea ( ! f\r? glume4 ,!re are f\r glumes includ+ ! m9ute glume4 ,! fir/ glume is a v m9ute scale4 ,! second glume is ab\t half z long z ! ?ird glume1 membran\s1 usually #c-n]v$ & sometimes #c- to #e-n]v$1 di/9ctly ciliate4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 membran\s1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 sp>+ly hairy 9 ! l[] spikelet & d5sely be>d$ ) s(t spread+ hairs 9 ! upp] spikelet4 ,! f\r? glume is lanceolate1 or oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 some:at *>tace\s1 paleate2 palea is l ! glume 9 texture4 ,an!rs are pale yell[4 ,/igmas are :ite4 ,!re are two small cuneate lodicules4 ,?is is an excell5t fodd] grass4 ,x gr[s well 9 all k9ds ( soils1 ri* or poor1 & is v common 9 dry fields br\ght "u cultivation4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india4 ,digit>ia sangu9alis1 ,scop4 ,v>4 ,griffi?ii4 ,?is is an annual ) /ems asc5d+ f a pro/rate or g5iculate base1 glabr\s & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 ?9ly h]bace\s & loose4 ,! ligule is a di/9ct membrane & ! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate1 flat1 acum9ate1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b in*es to #ab in*es & 9 bread? #a_/f to #a_/c in*4 ,! infloresc5ce is ( sev]al sl5d] spikes1 usually droop+1 #b to #d in*es2 ! ra*is is fili=m & trigon\s4 ,! spikelets are l9e>-lanceolate1 solit>y or 9 di/ant pairs1 glabr\s or ciliate1 p$icell$ & :5 b9ate ! upp] p$icel (t5 long] ?an ! spikelets1 usually spread+ & n appress$ to ! ra*is4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,digit>ia sangu9alis1 ,v>4 ,griffi?ii4 #a4 ,infloresc5ce2 #b4 a portion ( ! spike2 #c & #d4 sessile & p$icell$ spikelets front & back view1 respectively2 #e4 ! scale-l fir/ glume2 #f1 #g & #h4 ! second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #i4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #aj4 ! lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is a m9ute scale4 ,! second glume is %ort] ?an ! ?ird & n>r[]1 #e-n]v$1 ciliate1 acute or sometimes ) two f9e tee?4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 #e-n]v$ 7r>ely #c-n]v$71 ciliate on ! n]ves4 ,! f\r? glume is lanceolate1 acute1 sub-*>tace\s1 paleate2 palea is l ! glume 9 texture4 ,an!rs are yell[ & /igmas are :ite4 ,lodicules are two & small4 ,?is seems to be a good fodd] grass4 ,x gr[s 9 all k9ds ( soils4 ,x is n s common 9 ! pla9s z on ! hills1 ?\gh x occurs 9 ! pla9s at ! base ( ! hills4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,digit>ia sangu9alis1 ,v>4 ext5sum4 ,digit>ia sangu9alis1 ,scop4 ,v>4 ext5sum4 ,?is grass is an annual ) /ems asc5d+ f a pro/rate or g5iculate1 root+ bran*$ base1 gre5i% or purpli%1 glabr\s & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #b-a_/b feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is ?91 h]bace\s1 r loose1 keel$ & glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a di/9ct membrane1 truncate1 r>ely irregul>ly too!d4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 flat :5 mature & convolute :5 "y1 glabr\s1 #a to #ab in*es long & #a_/f to #a_/c in* broad1 ! m>g9 is v closely & f9ely s]rate1 ! midrib is prom95t ) ?ree or f\r ma9 ve9s on ea* side4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( a few or _m spikes1 corymbosely arrang$ on a %ort angul> slightly r\gh axis1 erect or spread+1 #a-a_/b to #d in*es long1 ! l[e/ ones 9 :orls ( two to f\r2 ! ra*is is ne>ly triquetr\s1 lat]ally w+$1 base ?ick5$ & ) a few long :ite hairs2 ! p$uncle is cyl9dric1 smoo?1 #f to #ab in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,digit>ia sangu9alis1 ,v>4 ext5sum4 #a4 ,a portion ( spike2 #b1 #c & #c;a4 ! back & front views ( a spikelet2 #d1 #e & #f ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #g4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #h4 an!rs1 lodicules & ! ov>y4 ,! spikelets are oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 ab\t #a_/aj in* long1 b9ate1 "o p$icell$ & ! o!r subsessile1 ! p$icel is angul>1 ab\t #a_/b to #b_/c ! l5g? ( ! spikelet4 ,!re are ?ree glumes 9 ! spikelet correspond+ to ! second1 ?ird & f\r? glumes ( a ,panicum1 ! fir/ glume be+ obsolete4 ,! fir/ glume is membran\s1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 ab\t #a_/c ! l5g? ( ! spikelet or v mu* less1 #c-n]v$1 d5sely ciliate along ! m>g9s & silkily hairy betwe5 ! n]ves4 ,! second glume is gre5i%1 oblong lanceolate1 acute1 ciliate along ! m>g9s & ) f9e appress$ silky hairs betwe5 ! lat]al n]ves1 #e-n]v$1 palea is v m9ute or abs5t4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong1 sub-acum9ate1 a little %ort] ?an ! second glume1 #c-n]v$1 sub-*>tace\s1 paleate2 palea is simil> to ! glume 9 texture4 ,an!rs are pale yell[ ) a t+e ( purple4 ,/igmas are :ite4 ,lodicules are two1 m9ute & cuneate4 ,?is is an excell5t fodd] grass & is v mu* lik$ by cattle4 ,x gr[s v rapidly & is f\nd 9 cultivat$ fields & 9 some:at ri* loamy soils4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! ,presid5cy 9 ! pla9s & l[ hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,digit>ia longiflora4 ,digit>ia longiflora1 ,p]s4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass ) %ort und]gr\nd bran*es cov]$ ) scales4 ,/ems are _m1 tuft$1 sl5d]1 creep+ & root+1 or asc5d+ & sub]ect1 simple or bran*$1 #f to #bj in*es long & leafy & leaves bif>i\s & div>icate4 ,leaf-%ea?s are hairy or glabr\s1 compress$1 keel$4 ,! ligule is a %ort membrane4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,leaf-blades are broadly lanceolate or l9e>-lanceolate1 acute1 spread+1 flat1 or 9 %ort-leav$ =ms1 /iff & pung5t1 #a to #b in*es long 7r>ely also #e in*es long71 glabr\s above & bel[1 ciliate at ! m>g9s t[>ds ! base1 & ) a v m9utely s]rate hyal9e m>g94 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( two to f\r t]m9al spikes ) a sl5d]1 long1 hairy or glabr\s p$uncle4 ,! spikes are sl5d]1 erect or spread+ ) f9e w+$ glabr\s ra*is4 ,! spikelets are small1 #a_/bj to #a_/ad in*1 gem9ate1 "o %ort & ! o!r long p$icell$1 appress$ to ! ra*is1 elliptic1 silky ) sl5d] crisp$ hairs1 pale gre5 or purpli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,digit>ia longiflora4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike2 #b4 ! fir/ glume2 #c & #d4 ! second & ?ird glumes2 #e & #f4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #g4 lodicules1 ov>y & /am5s4 ,!re are ?ree glumes ) a rudim5t>y fir/ glume4 ,! fir/ glume is v m9ute & hyal9e4 ,! second glume is z long z ! ?ird1 membran\s1 #e-n]v$ 7r>ely #c- to #g-n]v$71 silkily hairy4 ,! ?ird glume is simil> to ! second & usually #g-n]v$ 7r>ely #c- to #e-n]v$74 ,! f\r? glume is sub-*>tace\s1 ovate-oblong1 paleate1 slightly %ort] ?an ! ?ird glume1 pale br[n1 smoo?4 ,!re are two small lodicules4 ,/yles are long & purple4 ,?is grass gr[s 9 cultivat$ dry fields4 ,x seems to l a s&y loamy soil4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india4 #c4 ,erio*loa1 ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 ,^! are annuals or p]5nials4 ,leaves are flat4 ,! infloresc5ce is a raceme or a panicle4 ,spikelets are "o-fl[]$1 borne unilat]ally on ! bran*es1 & ! base is ?ick5$ & jo9t$ on ! top ( a %ort p$icel4 ,! spikelet has ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are subequal1 membran\s4 ,! ?ird glume is apiculate1 h>d5$ 9 fruit4 ,! lodicules are small & truncate4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s ) l9e> an!rs4 ,/yles are two free1 ) plumose /igmas4 ,! gra9 is oblong1 free )9 ! h>d5$ glume & its palea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--;,erio*loa poly/a*ya4 ,erio*loa poly/a*ya1 ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 ,?is grass is a d5sely tuft$ p]5nial1 v>y+ 9 height f #b to #c feet1 ) a %ort creep+ root-/ock4 ,/ems are sl5d]1 or /\t1 simple & bran*+1 asc5d+ f a %ort creep+ & root+ base1 glabr\s1 slightly *annell$ on "o side4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 gre5 or p>tly purpli%1 /riate1 loose1 m\? & m>g9s above sometimes pubesc5t4 ,! ligule is a %ort vill\s ridge4 ,nodes are p]fectly glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 glabr\s on bo? sides1 ) a sl5d] or prom95t midrib1 ve9s m or less uni=m1 #b to #aj in*es long & #a_/f to #a_/c in* wide1 convolute :5 "y4 ,sometimes ! blade is purpli% bel[4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle on a long or %ort glabr\s /alk1 /riate1 #b to #g in*es long1 ) f\r to fifte5 erect or spread+1 lax bran*es1 ! ma9 ra*is is glabr\s1 angul> & deeply groov$4 ,spikes or bran*es are sl5d]1 alt]nate1 #a to #b-a_/b in*es1 becom+ %ort] upw>ds1 ?ick5$ & pub]ul\s at ! base1 & ! second>y ra*is is flexu\s1 groov$1 angul>1 & obscurely pubesc5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,erio*loa poly/a*ya4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! bran*2 #b1 #c & #d4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #d;a4 back view ( ! ?ird glume2 #e4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #f4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y2 #g4 gra94 ,! spikelets are gre5 or purpli%1 ovate1 lanceolate1 acum9ate #a_/h to #a_/f in* long1 s(tly hairy1 /alk$1 solit>y above & b9ate bel[ & !n "o ) a long & ! o!r ) a %ort p$icel ris+ f a common %ort bran*let1 loosely imbricate1 di/i*\s & %ortly /ipitate & ! /ipe ) a purple ?ick5+2 p$icel is %ort1 #a_/bd to #a_/ab in* ) sometimes long decidu\s hairs & ! tip some:at ?ick5$4 ,!re are ?ree glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is membran\s1 cov]$ d5sely ) silky hairs1 ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 tip v m9utely #c-too!d ) ?ree to five f9e n]ves4 ,! second glume is simil> to ! fir/ glume b ) a m po9t$ tip1 fa9tly #c- to #e-n]v$2 palea is n pres5t & if pres5t x is v small1 hyal9e & empty4 ,! ?ird glume is %ort] ?an ! fir/ & ! second glumes1 ?9ly coriace\s1 punctate1 oblong1 obtuse1 pale1 fa9tly #c- to #e-n]v$ ) a %ort scab]ul\s awn1 paleate2 palea is oblong1 simil> to ! glume 9 texture1 m>g9 infold$4 ,an!rs are ?ree1 l9e>1 pale yell[4 ,/igmas are fea!ry1 :ite :5 "y & purple lat]4 ,lodicules are two & di/9ct4 ,?is is a common succul5t grass gr[+ 9 l>ge or small tufts 9 moi/ situations su* z sides ( wat] *annels1 rivulets & bunds ( paddy fields4 ,x is v mu* lik$ by cattle4 ,?is grass is easily recogniz$ by ! silky lanceolate spikelets :i* h a purple ?ick5+ at ! base4 ,di/ribution4--,pla9s ( ,india & ,ceylon & 9 all hot c\ntries4 #d4 ,panicum1 ,l4 ,! grasses ( ?is g5us are annual or p]5nial & ( v>i\s habits4 ,infloresc5ce is ei!r a raceme ( spikes or1 a lax or contract$ panicle4 ,spikelets are small1 solit>y or two to f\r1 r>ely m rank$1 #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 ovoid or oblong1 r\nd$1 or dorsally or lat]ally compress$1 fall+ entire ) ! p$icels4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 a spikelet4 ,! fir/ two glumes are empty & ! fir/ glume is small 7sometimes m9ute7 & fewe/ n]v$4 ,! second glume is equal or v ne>ly equal to ! ?ird glume1 oblong-ovate or lanceolate1 #e- to _m-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is simil> to ! second1 male or neut]1 paleate or n1 #c- to #i-n]v$4 ,! f\r? glume is *>tace\s1 sometimes %ortly /alk$1 ovate-oblong or lanceolate1 h>d5$ 9 ! fruit1 smoo? or r\gh1 bisexual1 paleate2 ! palea is z long & ( ! same texture z ! glume4 ,lodicules are cuneate or quadrate & two 9 numb]4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s & an ov>y ) two /yle bran*es end+ 9 fea!ry /igmas4 ,gra9 is free & enclos$ by ! h>d5$ f\r? glume & its palea4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,a4 ,infloresc5ce racemose ( simple 7r>ely bran*$7 spikes be>+ secund spikelets4 ,i4 ,ra*is ( spikes broad & flatt5$4 7a7 ,spikelets bis]iate4 ,spikelets vill\s4 #a4 ,p4 ,isa*ne4 ,spikelets glabr\s4 ,spikes %ort] ?an ! int]nodes4 #b4 ,p4 flavidum4 ,spikes long] ?an ! int]nodes4 #c4 ,p4 fluitans4 7b7 ,spikelets #c- to #e-s]iate4 ,?ird glume awn$4 ,/ems /\t1 erect4 #d4 ,p4 ,crus-galli4 ,/ems /\t1 pro/rate at base4 #e4 ,p4 /agn9um4 ,?ird glume cuspidate4 ,/ems sl5d]4 #f4 ,p4 colonum4 ,,ii4 ,ra*is ( spikes n>r[1 fili=m1 t]ete or angul>4 ,fir/ glume %ort] ?an ! ?ird4 ,fir/ glume semilunate1 ab\t #a_/d ( ! ?ird glume4 #g4 ,p4 pro/ratum4 ,fir/ glume #a_/b ( or less ?an #a_/b ( ?ird glume1 #e-n]v$4 #h4 ,p4 ramosum4 ,leaf base broad or cordate4 ,f\r? glume %ortly awn$4 #i4 ,p4 javanicum4 ,f\r? glume mutic\s4 #aj4 ,p4 di/a*yum4 ,b4 ,infloresc5ce a contract$ or op5 panicle4 ,i4 ,panicle contract$ & spike-l4 ,spikelets lanceolate & fir/ glume m9ute4 #aa4 ,p4 int]ruptum4 ,,ii4 ,panicle effuse4 ,annuals2 fir/ glume ne>ly #c_/d ( ! ?ird glume4 #ab4 ,p4 tryph]on4 ,p]5nials2 fir/ glume less ?an #a_/c ( ! ?ird glume4 #ac4 ,p4 rep5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--,panicum ,isa*ne4 ,panicum ,isa*ne1 ,ro?4 ,?is is an annual grass usually gr[+ 9 tufts ) f9e fibr\s roots & _m sl5d] spread+ bran*es1 all ( !m at fir/ creep+ & horizontal1 root+ at ! nodes & !n becom+ erect & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #b feet4 ,/ems are v sl5d]1 glabr\s or cov]$ ) scatt]$ hairs1 purpli% or pale gre51 & bran*+ freely t[>ds ! base4 ,! leaf-%ea? is %ort] ?an ! int]nodes1 gre5 or purpli%1 /riate1 ext]nally hairy ) scatt]$ bulb\s-bas$ hairs1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/b to #c in*es1 ! out] m>g9 ( ! %ea? is ciliate ) long hairs & at ! m\?s sometimes long hairs are pres5t1 especially :5 ! leaves are "y4 ,! ligule is m]ely a d5se fr+e ( long hairs4 ,nodes are tumid1 purpli%1 cov]$ ) long hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is flat b convolute :5 "y1 lanceolate or l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 base r\nd$ & m>g9 ) m9ute s]rations4 ,x is glabr\s or occasionally hairy ) scatt]$1 tub]cle-bas$1 decidu\s hairs1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #c in*es g5]ally 7sometimes 9 well-gr[n plants x is #e in*es7 & 9 bread? f #a_/h to #a_/d in*4 ,! midrib is prom95t ?\gh sl5d] at ! base & f\r ve9s are pres5t on ea* side ) five or six small] ones betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,panicum ,isa*ne4 #a & #a;a4 ,front & back view ( a spike2 #b & #b;a4 back & front views ( a spikelet2 #c & #d4 ! fir/ & ! second glume1 respectively2 #e & #e;a4 ! ?ird glume & its palea2 #f & #f;a4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #g4 lodicules1 an!rs & ov>y2 #h4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce is an erect1 n>r[ panicle consi/+ ( spikes v>y+ 9 numb] f #e to #ab & 9 l5g? f #b to #c in*es4 ,! spikes are erect1 press$ to ! v sl5d] ra*is1 long] ?an ! int]nodes ( ! ma9 ra*is1 /alk$ or sessile1 mo/ly simple b sometimes ! l[] divid+ into two or ?ree bran*es1 #a_/b to #a in* long4 ,! ra*is ( ! spike is v sl5d]1 angul>1 flexu\s1 n>r[] ?an ! spikelets1 scab]ul\s ) a few long cilia at ! angles4 ,! spikelets are v small1 #a_/af in* long1 turn$ all to "o side & closely pack$ 9 two r[s1 oblong or oval-oblong1 obtuse or subacute1 s(tly hairy1 pale gre5 or purpli%1 ) v %ort p$icels :i* are pubesc5t ) a few long hairs t[>ds ! ?ick5$ cupul> tips4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is v small1 membran\s1 glabr\s1 broad] ?an long1 cordate or triangul>1 broadly b %all[ly em>g9ate1 n]veless or v obscurely #a- to #b-n]v$4 ,! second glume is pale or purpli%1 #e-n]v$1 hairy1 z long z ! ?ird glume1 membran\s1 oblong & obtuse4 ,! ?ird glume is pale1 ne>ly equal to ! second glume ) a longitud9al depression at ! back1 less hairy ?an ! second glume1 #c-n]v$ 7r>ely #e-n]v$ also72 palea is pres5t1 & x is hyal9e1 %ort] ?an ! glume1 truncate or %all[ly retuse1 usually b>r5 b occasionally ) ?ree /am5s4 ,! f\r? glume is oblong1 r\nd$1 coriace\s1 smoo?1 %9+1 dorsally flatt5$1 #c- or indi/9ctly #e-n]v$2 palea is simil> to ! glume 9 texture & ) fold$ m>g9s4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s ) yell[ an!rs4 ,lodicules are two1 v small & di/9ct4 ,ov>y has two /yles ) fea!ry /igmas :ite at fir/1 b turn+ deep purple :ile )]+4 ,?is delicate & small grass occurs "h & !re z m]e tufts especially 9 %elt]$ situations4 ,x usually fl\ri%es 9 black cotton soils amid/ *olam 7,&ropogon ,sorghum71 al?\gh x ?rives equally well 9 o!r ri* soils4 ,?is is consid]$ to be a v good fodd] grass4 ,di/ribution4--,x is fairly common all ov] ! ,madras ,presid5cy1 & goes up to #c1jjj or #d1jjj feet4 ,x occurs 9 ,africa1 ,am]ica & ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,panicum flavidum4 ,panicum flavidum1 ,retz4 ,?is plant is a tuft$ annual4 ,x bran*es freely f ! base2 bran*es are tuft$1 decumb5t at fir/ b soon becom+ erect1 sl5d]1 glabr\s1 compress$ & leafy1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #c feet4 ,leaves are some:at di/i*\s4 ,! leaf-%ea? is compress$1 glabr\s1 sometimes ) a t+e ( purple1 ! l[] ones swoll5 at ! base & ! m\? is hairy4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 ?9ly coriace\s1 l9e>-lanceolate & acum9ate1 or ligulate ) a r\nd$ tip1 #c to #e in*es 9 l5g?1 #c_/af to #e_/af in* wide1 glabr\s or v ?9ly scab]ul\s1 base r\nd$ or slightly cordate ) long :ite ciliate hairs on ! small basal lobes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,panicum flavidum4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( a portion ( spike2 #a;a & #b;a4 ! front & back view ( a spikelet2 #c & #d4 ! fir/ & ! second glume1 respectively2 #e & #e;a4 ! ?ird glume & its palea2 #f & #f;a4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #g4 an!rs & ov>y2 #h4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce is a raceme ( spikes1 #e to #aj in*es long1 erect or incl9$ on a %ort or long1 glabr\s1 /rongly *annell$ p$uncle2 ! ma9 ra*is is groov$1 angl$ & scab]ul\s4 ,spikes are few or _m1 #a_/d to #a in* long1 erect1 press+ on ! ra*is ( ! infloresc5ce along ! groove1 di/ant & sessile2 ! l[] spikes are v mu* %ort] ?an ! int]nodes1 b ! upp] equal to or long] ?an ! int]nodes2 ! ra*is ( ! spike is angul>1 flatt5$ bel[1 erect or slightly recurv$4 ,! spikelets are :ite1 9 two r[s on a flatt5$ ra*is1 obliquely ovoid or gibb\sly globose1 glabr\s1 sessile1 #a_/h in* 9 l5g?4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is suborbicul>1 ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume1 usually #c-n]v$4 ,! second glume is broadly ovate1 obtuse1 concave1 l>g] ?an ! fir/ glume & ne>ly equal to or %ort] ?an ! f\r? glume1 #g-n]v$1 r>ely #g- to #i-n]v$1 n]ves are ana/omos+1 tip r\nd$4 ,! ?ird glume is broadly ovate or oblong1 equal to or long] ?an ! f\r? glume1 obtuse1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 paleate1 mo/ly ) & r>ely )\t /am5s4 ,! an!rs are yell[ & !y d n op5 until ! /igmas & an!rs ( ! f\r? glume are ?r[n out4 ,lodicules are two & conspicu\s4 ,palea is hyal9e ) infold$ m>g9s4 ,! f\r? glume is coriace\s1 broadly ovate1 tip acutely po9t$ & almo/ cuspidate or acute1 mucronate1 :ite or br[ni%1 reticulately m9utely pitt$4 ,an!rs are ?ree & yell[4 ,/igmas are purpli%4 ,lodicules are small b conspicu\s4 ,?is grass is v common ?r\gh\t ! pla9s & gr[s 9 ! bunds ( paddy fields & 9 wet situations1 & goes up to mod]ate elevations on ! hills4 ,cattle eat ?is grass gre$ily & seem to l x4 ,x is consid]$ to be an excell5t fodd]4 ,di/ribution4--,9 wet situations all ov] ,india asc5d+ to #f1jjj feet4 ,occurs also 9 ,ceylon1 ,africa1 ,tropical ,asia & ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,panicum fluitans4 ,panicum fluitans1 ,retz4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass ) pro/rate bran*es :i* aft]w>ds become erect t[>ds ! free ends4 ,! "y bran*es are cov]$ ) scale-leaves4 ,/ems are /\t1 glabr\s1 smoo? & holl[1 root+ at ! l[] nodes4 ,! leaf-%ea? is loose1 glabr\s1 /riate1 m>g9s n ciliate4 ,! ligule is a ridge ) a r[ ( erect long hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is firm1 l9e>1 f9ely acum9ate1 base r\nd$1 r n>r[] ?an ! %ea? at ! :ite b&1 v ?9ly scab]ul\s above & glabr\s bel[1 ve9s prom95t above1 #c to #i in*es long1 #a_/d to #g_/af in* broad2 m>g9s are slightly incurv$ & ! midrib is conspicu\s only at ! l[] portion ( ! blade4 ,! scale-leaves p]si/ at ! base ( ! /ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--,panicum fluitans4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( a spike2 #a;a4 & #b;a4 front & back view ( a spikelet2 #c1 #d & #e4 fir/1 second & ?ird glume respectively2 #e;a4 palea ( ! ?ird glume & /am5s 9 x2 #f & #f;a4 f\r? glume & its palea2 #g4 /am5s & ov>y4 ,! infloresc5ce is a comp\nd spike v>y+ 9 l5g? f #d to #aj in*es1 erect2 ! ma9 ra*is is triquetr\s1 dorsally r\nd$1 glabr\s & v ?9ly scab]ul\s at ! edges4 ,spikes are _m 7fifte5 & m71 sessile1 secund1 g5]ally long] ?an ! int]nodes1 & appress$ to ! ra*is1 #a_/d to #a-a_/b in*es long2 ! ra*is ( ! spike is angul>1 edges scab]ul\s & ) v f9e %ort hairs4 ,! spikelets are pale1 ovoid1 acute1 bis]iate1 imbricate1 v %ortly p$icellate1 glabr\s1 #a_/af to #a_/h in*1 p$icels are hairy ) a few long hairs t[>ds ! base4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is :ite1 ?91 membran\s1 truncate & wavy at ! apex1 n]veless or sometimes ) "o to ?ree %ort n]ves1 less ?an "o-?ird ( ! ?ird glume1 broad] ?an long & clasp+ at ! base4 ,! second glume is ovate1 obtuse or subacute1 concave1 submembran\s1 slightly %ort] ?an ! f\r? glume1 #e-n]v$ b occasionally #f- or #g-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is a little long] ?an ! second & ! f\r?1 usually #e-n]v$1 broadly ovate1 acute1 paleate1 always ) ?ree /am5s :i* come out only aft] ! fad+ ( ! /igmas & enl>gem5t ( ! ov>y 9 ! f\r? glume4 ,lodicules are di/9ct & conspicu\s2 palea is broad ) incurv$ broad m>g9s & hyal9e4 ,! f\r? glume is ?9ly coriace\s1 %9+1 /riolate1 broadly ovate1 mucronate1 compress$1 fa9tly & ?9ly #e-n]v$ & palea ) infold$ m>g9s4 ,an!rs are yell[4 ,/igmas are :ite :5 "y4 ,lodicules are di/9ct4 ,x is a common grass ( ! wet l&s met ) 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,presid5cy & (t5 confus$ & unit$ ) ,panicum punctatum1 ,burm4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,arabia1 ,afghani/an1 ,africa & ,tropical ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,panicum ,crus-galli4 ,panicum ,crus-galli1 ,l4 ,x is a tuft$ annual ) _m erect bran*es gr[+ to a height v>y+ f #b to #c or #d feet & ! :ole plant is glabr\s4 ,/em is /\t or sl5d]1 simple or bran*$4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 glabr\s & loose1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #f in*es1 keel$4 ,! ligule is only a smoo? semilun> l9e )\t hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s & ! l[] nodes be> adv5titi\s roots4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[ly l9e>-lanceolate1 flat1 f9ely acum9ate1 glabr\s or v m9utely scabrid ) a /\t midrib2 m>g9 is m9utely s]rate & ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs ne> ! base4 ,! blades ( ! l[] leaves are long] ?an ^? 9 ! upp] & at ! junction ) ! %ea? ! blade is n>r[1 j z broad or less ?an ! %ea?1 & becomes broad] ab\t ! middle2 ! l5g? v>ies f #f to #aj in*es g5]ally1 also to #ad in*es1 & bread? at base #a_/d in* & at ! middle #e_/af in*2 ! upp] leaf-blade is g5]ally %ort]1 v>y+ f #e to #aj in*es & v broad at ! base ne> ! %ea?1 ab\t #g_/af in* & gets gradually n>r[ upw>ds4 ,x is convolute :5 "y4 ,! infloresc5ce is a comp\nd spike v>y+ 9 l5g? f #d to #h in*es1 contract$ & pyramidal & always erect2 ! ma9 ra*is is /\t1 angl$ ) v m9ute hairs on ! ridges & ) a tuft ( bri/ly hairs & also tub]cle-bas$ hairs at ! place ( ins]tion ( ! spikes4 ,spikes are _m 7up to #af or r>ely m71 simple or bran*$1 ! l[] ones long]1 b gett+ gradually %ort] upw>ds1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/b to #b in*es4 ,! ra*is ( ! spike is angul>1 ) scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ bri/ly hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,panicum ,crus-galli4 #a & #b4 ,front & back views ( spike2 #c4 spikelet2 #d & #e4 fir/ & second glumes2 #f & #g4 ?ird glume & its palea2 #h4 f\r? glume1 front & back view2 #i4 ov>y1 an!rs & lodicules4 ,! spikelets are turgid1 d5sely pack$ on "o side ( ! ra*is 9 ?ree to five r[s1 sessile or subsessile1 sub-globose or ovoid1 ) unequal tub]cle-bas$ bri/ly hairs on ! n]ves ( ! glumes & ) %ort m9ute hairs on ! out] surface ( ! glumes1 #a_/ab to #a_/h in*2 awn #a_/d in* to #e_/af in*4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is #a_/c to #a_/b ( ! ?ird glume1 suborbicul>1 abruptly acum9ate or r>ely mucronate & #e-n]v$ 7v r>ely #e- to #g-n]v$71 clasp+ at base & m>g9s ?9ly ciliolate4 ,! second glume is ovate oblong1 %ort1 awn$ & #e-n]v$2 sometimes ) p>tial n]ves at ! apex betwe5 ! c5tral & ! lat]al n]ves1 & !n #e- to #g- or #e- to #i-n]v$1 hispidly hairy on ! n]ves1 m>g9s ciliolate4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! second1 ovate-oblong & ! apex abruptly end+ 9 a /\t scabrid n]v$ awn1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/d to #c_/h in*1 r>ely #a in*2 #e- to #g-n]v$ 7two p>tial at tip71 paleate & sometimes ) ?ree /am5s2 palea is hyal9e1 ovate-oblong ) infold$ m>g9s4 ,! f\r? glume is smoo?1 %9+1 broadly oblong1 fa9tly #e-n]v$1 apex r\nd$ or cuspidate ) a few cilia2 paleate ) a s+le bisexual fl[]2 palea is simil> to ! glume 9 /ructure4 ,an!rs are orange yell[1 & lodicules are v small4 ,/igmas are :ite4 ,gra9 is smoo? & ovoid4 ,?is grass gr[s 9 paddy fields & wet places g5]ally4 ,x is consid]$ to be a v good fodd] grass 9 ,au/ralia & ,am]ica4 ,?is is ! ,b>n-y>d grass ( ! ,am]icans1 highly valu$ z a fodd] grass4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india 9 wet places & 9 paddy fields4 ,panicum /agn9um1 ,retz4 ,x is an annual4 ,! /ems are glabr\s1 creep+ & some:at pro/rate at ! base1 & ! upp] portion is erect1 #c to #d feet long1 & root+ at ! nodes 9 ! g5iculate portion ( ! /em4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 /riate1 glabr\s1 sometimes pubesc5t ab\t ! l[] nodes1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a-a_/b to #d-a_/b in*es4 ,! ligule is di/9ct1 consi/+ ( a fr+e ( /iff hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate or acute1 base r\nd$1 glabr\s1 smoo? bel[1 especially 9 ! l[] "p1 & scabrid above & 9 ! upp] "p1 #f to #ab in*es long1 by #a_/d to #c_/h in*2 ! l[] leaves h _! blades some:at n>r[] at ! base ?an 9 ! middle1 b ! blades 9 ! upp] "p ( ! /em & 9 ! middle are ( ! same bread?2 m>g9s are v m9utely s]rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,panicum /agn9um4 #a4 ,front view ( a portion ( spike2 #b4 back view ( ! same2 #c & #d4 front & back views ( a spikelet2 #e1 #f & #g4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #h4 palea ( ! ?ird glume ) its an!rs2 #i4 front & back view ( f\r? glume2 #aj4 ! ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules4 ,! infloresc5ce is #d to #h in*es long2 ! ma9 ra*is is angul>1 groov$1 scabrid on ! ridges4 ,! spikes are #g to #aj in*es1 alt]nate1 pale gre5 or purpli%1 r di/ant1 spread+ or sub]ect 7nev] erect7 #a_/b to #a-a_/b in*es long1 sessile & ) a tuft ( bri/ly hairs at ! base2 ! ra*is ( ! spike is angul>1 groov$ ) scatt]$ bulb\s-bas$ bri/les on ! ridges4 ,! spikelets are f\r rank$1 ovoid-lanceolate1 #a_/h to #a_/f in* long )\t ! awn1 some:at flatt5$ on "o side & gibb\s on ! o!r1 pale gre5 or purpli%1 ) equal bulb\s-bas$ bri/ly hairs on ! n]ves4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is half ( ! ?ird glume1 ?91 membran\s1 hairy1 broadly ovate1 abruptly cuspidate at ! apex1 & acum9ate1 #e-n]v$ 7r>ely #c-n]v$74 ,! second glume is broadly ovate-lanceolate1 concave1 acum9ate1 %ort awn$1 #e-n]v$ ) two p>tial n]ves "o on ea* side ( ! c5tral n]ve 7#g- to #i-n]v$ at ! tip71 hairs on n]ves1 a few tub]cl$4 ,! ?ird glume is simil> to ! second1 broadly ovate-lanceolate1 awn$1 awn #a_/h to #a_/d in*1 paleate ) usually ?ree /am5s1 occasionally neut]4 ,lodicules are pres5t4 ,! f\r? glume is *>tace\s1 %9+1 smoo? ovate-oblong1 apex cuspidate1 ) a few hairs on ! edges at ! apex1 fa9tly #e-n]v$4 ,! an!rs )9 ?is glume come out be=e ^? ( ! ?ird glume4 ,an!rs are ?ree1 yell[i% & lodicules are conspicu\s ?\gh small4 ,9 ?is grass v (t51 purple /reaks or b&s occur across ! leaf blades & ! %ea? & ! spikelets become purple on "o side z is met ) 9 ,p4 colonum4 ,?is grass is occasionally f\nd 9 ! paddy fields ei!r alone1 or along ) ,panicum ,crus-galli4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! ,madras & ! ,bombay ,presid5cies & 9 ,ceylon 9 wet places especially 9 cultivat$ gr\nd & 9 dit*es4 ,occurs m or less ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,panicum colonum4 ,panicum colonum1 ,l4 ,?is is a sl5d] annual gr[+ to a height ( #b feet4 ,! /ems are creep+ bel[1 erect above1 & ) roots 9 ! l[] int]nodes ( ! decumb5t "p ( ! /em1 smoo?1 dull gre5 or p>tly purpli%4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s & %>ply keel$4 ,! nodes are glabr\s or obscurely pubesc5t4 ,!re is no ligule4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 glabr\s b sometimes tub]cle-bas$ hairs occur j on ! m>g9 at ! base ( ! leaf-blade close to ! :ite b&1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #f in*es & 9 bread? #c_/af to #e_/af in*2 ! m>g9 is m9utely & di/antly s]rate1 midrib is q di/9ct & !re are ?ree ma9 ve9s on ea* side & ?ree or f\r small] betwe5 ma9 ones4 ,! blades ( ! l[] leaves are n>r[ at ! base & broad] at ab\t ! middle b ^? ( ! upp] are equally broad at ! base1 z well z at ! middle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,panicum colonum4 #a & #b4 ,! front & back view ( ! spikes2 #a;a & #b;a4 ! back & ! front view ( ! spikelet2 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #f4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #g & #h4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #i4 ov>y an!r & lodicules4 ,! infloresc5ce is a contract$ panicle1 #c to #e in*es long4 ,spikes are f #h to #bj1 sub]ect1 usually di/ant1 #a_/d to #a in* long & gett+ %ort] upw>ds2 ! ra*is ( ! spike is /\t1 angul>1 scab]ul\s on ! angles ) a few long hairs t[>ds ! base4 ,! spikelets are small gre5 or p>tly purpli% #a_/ab to #a_/aj in* long1 globosely ovoid1 acute1 pubesc5t ) m9ute hairs on ! out] surface ( ! glumes & bri/ly hairs on ! n]ves1 all on "o side1 sessile or v %ortly p$icell$1 two or ?ree f a node1 "o or two b>r51 #c- to #e-s]iate4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is ab\t half ( ! ?ird glume1 broadly ovate or suborbicul>1 acute1 g5]ally #c-n]v$1 r>ely #e-n]v$1 pubesc5t betwe5 & hispidly hairy on ! n]ves4 ,! second glume is z long z ! ?ird1 broadly ovate1 cuspidate1 #e-n]v$ sometimes ) two p>tial n]ves add$ "o on ea* side ( ! c5tral ve91 pubesc5t betwe5 ! ve9s & hispid on ! ve9s4 ,! ?ird glume is simil> to ! second1 #e-n]v$1 tip ) a few cilia1 paleate2 palea is empty oblong-orbicul>1 subacute4 ,! f\r? glume is coriace\s1 %9+1 turgid1 broadly ovate1 acute1 paleate4 ,sometimes ! tip possesses a few cilia4 ,an!rs are ?ree1 pale yell[ & /igmas d>k purple4 ,lodicules are small b conspicu\s4 ,?is grass is common 9 wat]-logg$ situations1 9 paddy fields & 9 irrigat$ dry l&s4 ,sometimes on ! blades ( ?is grass purple b&s are pres5t & ! int]nodes & ! spikes also become purpli%4 ,x is really a we$ ( cultivation met ) g5]ally on ri* soils4 ,?is grass is consid]$ to be "o ( ! be/ fodd] grasses 9 ,india4 ,all k9ds ( cattle eat x gre$ily4 ,di/ribution4--,x is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,india up to #f1jjj feet & also 9 all w>m c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,panicum pro/ratum4 ,panicum pro/ratum1 ,lamk4 ,! plant is a sl5d] annual & x consi/s ( sev]al bran*es1 pro/rate & creep+1 ) adv5titi\s roots at ! nodes bel[1 bran*+ or asc5d+ above1 all gre5 or sometimes purple above & gre5 bel[1 #d to #ah in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is /riate1 #a to #b in*es long1 glabr\s or v sp>sely hairy1 purpli% above & gre5 bel[ or all gre51 keel$1 m>g9s ciliate on "o side only ?r\gh\t its l5g?4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( :ite hairs4 ,! nodes are glabr\s or pubesc5t4 ,! leaf-blade is %ort or long1 v>y+ f #a_/b to #b-a_/b in*es 9 l5g? & #c_/af to #e_/af in* 9 bread?1 convolute :5 "y1 lanceolate to broadly ovate-lanceolate1 acute or acum9ate1 upp] surface glabr\s1 & ! l[] glabr\s or ) a few scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ hairs2 m>g9s are v m9utely s]rate2 base is cordate1 amplexicaul ) a few long sl5d] hairs 7sometimes tub]cle-bas$71 j close to ! :ite pat* on bo? sides on ! m>g9 ( ! blade ab\t ! ligule4 ,! midrib is di/9ct4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( five to fifte5 or tw5ty spikes spread+ 9 all directions1 di/ant or cr[d$2 p$uncle v>ies f #a to #d in*es4 ,spikes are #a_/b to #a-c_/h in*es1 sessile or %ortly /alk$2 ! ra*is ( ! spike is sl5d]1 trigon\s & scab]ul\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,panicum pro/ratum4 ,a4 ,front & back view ( spike2 ,b4 front & back view ( a spikelet2 #a1 #b1 #c & #d1 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #c;a & #d;a4 ! palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes2 #e4 an!rs1 ov>y & lodicules4 ,! spikelets are cr[d$ all on "o side1 #b- to #c-s]iate1 ellipsoidal1 #a_/bj to #a_/af in* long1 glabr\s or pubesc5t1 pale gre5 or purple on "o side1 9 pairs on p$icels1 "o ) a slightly long] p$icel ?an ! o!r2 f9e long hairs1 v>y+ 9 numb] f "o to eight & long] ?an ! spikelets1 are f\nd on ! p$icels at _! tips 9 "s plants & n 9 o!rs4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is v %ort ab\t #a_/d ( ! ?ird or less1 semilun>1 membran\s1 hyal9e1 subtruncate1 obtuse or acute1 g5]ally n]veless1 b r>ely1 obscurely #a- to #c-n]v$4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 ovate1 acute1 glabr\s or pubesc5t & #g-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is ( ab\t ! same l5g? z ! second1 #e-n]v$1 always paleate1 ) or )\t /am5s2 palea is broad1 m>g9s infold$1 #b-n]v$1 obtuse & hyal9e2 :5 /am5s are pres5t ! lodicules are v conspicu\s4 ,! f\r? glume is slightly %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 oblong or elliptic1 apiculate1 m9utely rugulose1 ?9ly coriace\s1 ) bisexual fl[]2 palea is simil> to ! glume 9 texture & m>k+s4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) yell[i% an!rs4 ,lodicules are small & fle%y4 ,?is plant occurs widely z a we$ ( cultivation 9 black cotton z well z o!r k9ds ( soil & %[s v>iation 9 its leaves & spikelets4 ,9 "s plants gr[+ 9 some:at dry places ! leaves are %ort] & broad]1 & ^? 9 fav\rable situations h long] n>r[] leaves4 ,! spikelets are ei!r p]fectly glabr\s or pubesc5t & long hairs may or may n be pres5t on ! p$icels4 ,z reg>ds col\r ! :ole plant is gre5 or ! expos$ portions ( /ems & spikelets are purpli%4 ,?is grass is lik$ by cattle & is "o ( ! mo/ nutriti\s ( ,indian fodd] grasses4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon 9 ! pla9s4 ,common 9 ! ,tropics4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,panicum javanicum ,panicum javanicum1 ,poir4 ,?is is an annual & x bran*es freely & ! bran*es are decumb5t & root+ at ! nodes at ! base1 & erect to "s ext5t at ! free end1 #a to #b feet long2 ! int]nodes are glabr\s1 ?9ly /riate1 %all[ly *annell$ on "o side4 ,! leaf-%ea? is some:at compress$ & loose1 cov]$ ) scatt]$ long hairs1 "s ( !m be+ tub]cle-bas$2 ! m>g9 is ciliate on "o side only4 ,! nodes are pubesc5t ) long hairs4 ,! ligule is a di/9ct fr+e ( hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is broadly lanceolate1 cordate at base1 amplexicaul1 acum9ate or acute1 ) scatt]$ long hairs bo? above & bel[1 & "s ( ! hairs ( ! "u surface are tub]cle-bas$1 convolute :5 "y2 m>g9 ( ! leaf is wavy1 m9utely s]rate1 & ciliat$ ) di/ant hairs t[>ds ! l[] half ( ! leaf :5 "y2 ! midrib is prom95t bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,panicum javanicum4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( a spike2 #c1 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #e;a & #f;a4 ! palea ( ?ird & f\r? glumes2 #g4 ! ov>y & ! /am5s4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle ( spikes on a %ort or long erect sl5d] p$uncle4 ,spikes v>y f two to t5 9 numb] & 9 l5g? f #a_/b to #b in*es1 di/ant & spread+2 ! ra*is ( ! spike is zigzag1 some:at flatt5$ ) a wavy ridge1 scab]ul\s or glabr\s1 swoll5 t[>ds ! base & ! swoll5 "p is pubesc5t4 ,! spikelets are bis]iate1 loosely imbricate1 ovate1 acute1 pubesc5t or vill\s 7sometimes q glabr\s71 sessile or %ortly p$icell$2 ! p$icels h "o or two 7r>ely m7 long hairs4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is small1 membran\s1 less ?an #a_/b ( ! ?ird glume1 ovate1 acute or obtuse1 #c- to #e-n]v$4 ,! second glume is ne>ly equal to ! ?ird1 ovate acute1 g5]ally #g-n]v$ & sometimes #g- to #ac-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is simil> to ! second 9 %ape1 g5]ally #e-n]v$ & occasionally #g-n]v$1 paleate ) ?ree /am5s or empty2 palea #b-n]v$1 ovate or oblong1 m>g9s infold$4 ,! f\r? glume is ovate or oblong1 rugulose1 *>tace\s1 apex ) a di/9ct mucro conceal$ 9 ! second & ?ird glumes2 palea same z ! glume 9 texture1 etc4 ,an!rs are yell[i%2 /igmas are fea!ry & purple 9 col\r2 lodicules are small & fle%y4 ,?is is an excell5t fodd] grass4 ,?\gh x is an annual x gr[s rapidly "u fav\rable conditions4 ,a s+le plant f\nd gr[+ 9 ! comp\nd ( ! ,agricultural ,college1 ,coimbatore1 weigh$ #ae lb4 & occupi$ #ae squ>e feet ( ! gr\nd4 ,x fl\ri%es 9 cultivat$ dry fields & 9 ri* loamy soils4 7,see fig4 #g47 ,di/ribution4--,pla9s ( ,india & ,ceylon & 9 ,tropical c\ntries g5]ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--,panicum ramosum4 ,panicum ramosum1 ,l4 ,?is is an annual ) /ems erect or asc5d+ f a creep+ base1 root+ at ! l[] nodes1 #a to #b feet long4 ,! /em is sl5d] or /\t1 usually glabr\s ?\gh occasionally glabresc5t or pubesc5t1 *annell$ on "o side1 bran*$ f base upw>ds1 & leafy4 ,! leaf-%ea? is f9ely /riate1 keel$1 ?9ly pubesc5t ) ! m>g9s ciliate ne> ! ligule4 ,! ligule is only a fr+e ( %ort hairs4 ,nodes are s(tly hairy4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 s(tly pubesc5t or glabresc5t on bo? ! surfaces1 ) r\nd$ or subcordate base & m>g9s m9utely s]rate & ciliate1 #b to #f in*es long #a_/f to #a_/b in* broad2 ! midrib is di/9ct ?\gh sl5d] ) f\r to six ma9 ve9s on ea* side4 ,! infloresc5ce is a pyramidal panicle #b to #f in*es long1 consi/+ ( usually five to t5 7r>ely also up to tw5ty7 erect or spread+ spikes4 ,spikes are di/ant1 alt]nate & 9 "s ! l[] ones are opposite1 #a_/b to #b-a_/b in*es long or %ort]4 ,! ra*is ( ! spike is ?91 angul> & scab]ul\s4 ,! spikelets are usually pubesc5t1 ovoid or obovoid1 acute1 turgid1 #a_/h in*1 pale gre5 & "s occasionally purpli% on "o side1 alt]nate close or di/ant1 9 pairs l[] d[n & !n "o ) a some:at long] p$icel1 solit>y 9 ! upp] portions1 p$icels ) hairs1 "s ( !m especially ^? ne> ! apex be+ long]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--,panicum ramosum4 #a & #b4 ,back & front view ( spike2 #c & #d4 front & back view ( a spikelet2 #e & #f4 fir/ & second glumes2 #g & #h4 ?ird glume & its palea2 #i & #aj4 f\r? glume & its palea2 #aa4 ov>y1 an!rs & lodicules4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ne>ly half ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume1 broadly ovate1 subacute1 m>g9 ov]lapp+ at ! base1 & usually #e-n]v$4 ,! second glume is broadly ovate acute1 r cuspidate1 usually #e-n]v$ 7r>ely #g-n]v$74 ,! ?ird glume is simil> to ! second glume1 #e-n]v$1 paleate1 empty2 palea is hyal9e oblong1 acute4 ,! f\r? glume is ovoid-oblong1 acute1 coriace\s1 rugulose1 ) %ort broad5$ /ipes1 & ?ree fa9t n]ves2 palea simil> to ! glume 9 texture & m>k+s4 ,an!rs are orange-yell[2 /yle bran*es are purple4 ,lodicules are small & fle%y4 ,?is grass is a common we$ f\nd 9 dry cultivat$ fields & op5 wa/e places & is "o ( ! be/ fodd] grasses available4 ,di/ribution4--,pla9s ?r\gh\t ,india & 9 ,afghani/an4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,panicum di/a*yum4 ,panicum di/a*yum1 ,l4 ,?is grass is an annual4 ,/ems are sl5d]1 r>ely /\t1 creep+ & root+ at ! nodes1 pale gre5 or purpli%1 ) erect or asc5d+ sl5d] bran*es1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #aj to #ae in*es1 glabr\s or pubesc5t1 *annell$ ne> ! nodes4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s or glabresc5t & sometimes hirsute2 m>g9 is ciliate4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( %ort hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s or pubesc5t4 ,! leaf-blade is lanceolate or n>r[ly lanceolate1 base cordate & subamplexicaul1 glabr\s or r>ely sp>sely hairy on bo? sides2 m>g9s are wavy "h & !re1 f9ely s]rate ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs t[>ds ! base1 ! midrib is sl5d]1 n prom95t & ve9s n di/9ct4 ,!re is consid]able v>iation 9 leaves especially 9 ! l5g?4 ,9 ! ord9>y =m x v>ies f #a_/b to #c in*es & ev5 up to #f or #g in*es sometimes 9 l5g? & ! bread? f #a_/h to #a_/d in*4 ,9 "o =m :i* is sep>at$ z a v>iety 7v>4 brevifolium1 ,wight & ,arnott17 ! leaves are always %ort & broad1 ovate-lanceolate nev] exce$+ #a in* 9 l5g?4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( two or ?ree1 v r>ely f\r erect or spread+ di/ant spikes on a some:at sl5d] v hairy p$uncle4 ,spikes are f #a_/b to #b in*es2 ra*is is sl5d]1 flexu\s1 flatt5$1 scab]ul\s1 ) a few long hairs scatt]$ s+ly along ! m>g9s or )\t ^! hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,panicum di/a*yum4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( a portion ( a spike2 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #e;a & #f;a4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #g4 an!rs & ov>y4 ,! spikelets are glabr\s1 ovate-oblong1 acute1 #a_/h in*1 #a- or #b-s]iate1 subsessile1 pale gre51 occasionally purpli% on "o side4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is membran\s1 broadly ovate1 obtuse ) m>g9s ov]lapp+ at ! base1 h>dly half ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume1 usually #e-n]v$ b occasionally #g-n]v$4 ,! atta*m5t ( ! fir/ glume is n close to t ( ! second glume b is f> l[]4 ,! second glume is ovate-acute1 #g-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is equal to ! second1 #e-n]v$1 paleate1 empty2 ! palea is n>r[1 hyal9e1 acute4 ,! f\r? glume is ellipsoidal1 obtuse1 *>tace\s1 m9utely & obscurely rugulose1 fa9tly #c-n]v$1 ) ! base some:at ?ick5$4 ,palea is simil> to ! glume 9 texture4 ,an!rs are orange-yell[4 ,lodicules are m9ute & fle%y4 ,/yle bran*es are purple4 ,?is grass is fairly common 9 op5 & loamy & s&y soils4 ,! =m 7v>4 brevifolium1 ,wight ,arnott7 is fairly common 9 ,coimbatore ,di/rict4 ,di/ribution4--,pla9s ( ,india & ,ceylon4 ,n record$ f ! ,bombay ,presid5cy4 ,x occurs 9 ,*9a1 ,malaya & ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--,panicum int]ruptum4 ,panicum int]ruptum1 ,willd4 ,?is is a l>ge p]5nial grass ) /ems rea*+ #e to #f feet 9 l5g?1 fl\ri%+ 9 m>%es & 9 ! edges ( ponds & tanks4 ,! /ems are long1 /\t & spongy bel[1 asc5d+ f a creep+ & root+ or float+ root-/ock2 ! l[] int]nodes are (t5 #a_/b in* or m 9 ?ickness1 ) nodes be>+ 9 fascicles long /\t roots clo!d ) f9e lat]al roots2 & ! upp] int]nodes are long & sl5d]4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 /riate4 ,! ligule is a %ort broad membrane4 ,! leaf-blade is s(t1 flat1 _m-n]v$1 l9e>1 f9ely acum9ate1 m>g9s smoo?1 base r\nd$ or subcordate1 glabr\s1 #f to #ab in*es long1 #a_/d to #a_/b in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce is a /rict spike-l panicle1 #f to #ab in*es long by #a_/d to #a_/c in* broad1 cyl9dric1 int]rupt$ bel[2 ! ra*is t]ete1 /\t1 *annell$4 ,! spikelets are glabr\s1 gre51 h]bace\s1 d5sely pack$ 9 small fascicles1 ovoid lanceolate1 #a_/f to #a_/e in* long2 _m spikelets are imp]fect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,panicum int]ruptum4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( a spikelet2 #c4 fir/ glume2 #d4 second glume2 #e4 ?ird glume2 #f4 palea ( ?ird glume2 #g & #h4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #i4 ov>y1 lodicules & /am5s4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is hyal9e1 membran\s1 ab\t #a_/c ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume1 broadly ovate or orbicul>1 obtuse1 #e-n]v$4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 ovate-oblong1 obtuse1 prom95tly #i-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! second b broad]1 ovate-oblong1 #i-n]v$1 paleate2 palea is small ) ?ree /am5s or )\t !m4 ,! f\r? glume is %ort] ?an ! ?ird glume1 lanceolate1 subacute1 ?9ly coriace\s :ite1 poli%$1 dorsally convex2 ! palea is z long z ! glume & ?9ly coriace\s4 ,!re are two small lodicules4 ,?is is a rank m>% grass gr[+ abundantly 9 p]man5t m>%es & edges ( tanks & ponds4 ,cattle eat ?is along ) o!r grasses1 :5 "y & n cov]$ ) algae4 ,di/ribution4--,9 swampy situations ?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 ,panicum tryph]on1 ,s*ult4 ,! plant is a tuft$ annual leafy at ! base1 ) bran*es spread+ a little at ! base & !n erect1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/b to #c feet4 ,/ems are /\t or sl5d]1 cyl9dric or slightly compress$ t[>ds ! base4 ,! leaf-%ea? is /riat$1 gre5 or purple t+$1 %ort] ?an ! int]nodes1 ! upp] portion hairy 7sometimes tub]cle-bas$7 & ! l[] glabr\s1 ) sometimes ciliate m>g94 ,! ligule is a %ort membrane ) a fr+e ( sl5d] hair-l processes4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 convolute :5 "y1 l9e>-lanceolate1 acute or n>r[ l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 hairy on bo? sides 7hairs indi/9ctly bulb\s-bas$72 m>g9 is v m9utely s]rate & (t5 ciliate ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs2 base is n>r[$1 slightly r\nd$ or cordate2 midrib is conspicu\s ?\gh n>r[ & keel$2 l5g? #a to #g in*es & bread? #a_/h to #c_/h in*4 ,! infloresc5ce is a diffuse panicle #d to #ad in*es long ) fili=m1 div>icate1 scab]ul\s1 angl$ bran*es2 ! ma9 ra*is is angul>1 smoo? bel[ & scab]ul\s above2 p$uncle is cyl9dric1 /riate1 #b to #ab in*es long4 ,bran*es are irregul>ly di/antly alt]nate1 solit>y or r>ely two1 swoll5 at base1 divid+ into sl5d] fili=m spread+ bran*lets2 ! l[] bran*es f #c to #g in*es 9 l5g? & gett+ %ort] upw>ds4 ,bran*lets are #a_/b to #c in*es1 capill>y1 angul> & fur!r divid+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,panicum tryph]on4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( ! spikelet2 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #f4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #g & #h4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #i4 /am5s1 ov>y & lodicules4 ,! spikelets are ovate1 acum9ate1 b9ate 7sometimes solit>y or ?ree7 on a common f9ely fili=m /alk1 "o long & ! o!r %ort p$icell$1 pale or yell[i% gre51 or purple2 p$icels are angul>1 scabrid or scab]ul\s1 slightly swoll5 at ! top & sometimes ) setose hairs also4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is gre5 or purple1 broadly ovate1 acum9ate1 clasp+ at ! base1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! ?ird glume1 membran\s1 n]ves five1 ! lat]al two /\t & ana/omos+ halfway1 f9ely scab]ul\s especially on ! n]ves & m s on ! c5tral "o4 ,! second glume is slightly long] ?an ! ?ird1 gre5 or purple1 ovate1 acum9ate1 g5]ally #g-n]v$ & sometimes also ) two m indi/9ct m>g9al n]ves1 i4e41 #i-n]v$1 scab]ul\s on ! n]ves4 ,! ?ird glume is pale gre5 or yell[1 ovate-oblong1 acute or subacute1 obscurely scab]ul\s1 #i-n]v$ 7two ( ! n]ves 9 ! middle sometimes n runn+ to ! base71 paleate1 empty4 ,palea is hyal9e1 small] ?an ! glume1 oblong1 obtuse1 m9utely two-lob$ or two-too!d at ! apex2 m>g9s broadly infold$4 ,! f\r? glume is elliptic obtuse1 %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 smoo?1 %9+1 coriace\s1 dorsally convex1 ) a prom95t %ort1 broad /ipe at ! base :i* is p]si/5t ) ! glume1 #e-n]v$1 sometimes ) sev5 n]ves especially :5 "y 7two m>g9al ones be+ indi/9ct74 ,palea is simil> to ! glume 9 texture4 ,an!rs are ?ree1 l9e>1 orange yell[4 ,lodicules are two & prom95t ?\gh small4 ,/igmas fea!ry & :ite4 ,p4 t5ellum1 ,roxb4 ,fl4 ,indica ,i4 #cjf is probably n ?is plant ?\gh quot$ z a synonym1 = x is describ$ z hav+ culms pro/rate & root+ at ! nodes4 ,?is grass is ( wide di/ribution 9 ! ,presid5cy1 b x is n[h]e abundant4 ,x is fairly common 9 cultivat$ dry fields4 ,cattle l ?is grass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4--,panicum rep5s4 #a4 ,full plant2 #b4 a portion ( ! leaf & ligule4 ,panicum rep5s1 ,l4 ,?is is a p]5nial glauc\s grass ) /olonif]\s & rhizomif]\s /ems be>+ ord9>y erect leafy bran*es1 & ! bran*es come out pi]c+ ?r\gh ! leaf-%ea? 7extravag9al74 ,/ems are num]\s1 /iff & erect1 #a_/b to #c feet 9 l5g?1 glabr\s1 cov]$ bel[ by br[ni% or :iti% scale-leaves1 & above ) d5sely di/i*\s leaves4 ,! leaf-%ea? is firm1 di/9ctly /riate1 glabr\s1 m>g9s ciliate on bo? sides up to ! po9t ( ov]lapp+ & !n ! out] m>g9 alone ciliate4 ,! ligule is a %ort ?9 membrane ) v %ort cilia on ! free m>g94 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is glauc\s1 n>r[1 lanceolate1 ?9ly coriace\s1 acum9ate ) a h>d5$ tip1 #a to #g or #i in*es long1 #a_/b to #a_/d in* broad1 flat or involute :5 slightly fad$1 ) a few di/antly scatt]$ hairs above1 especially t[>ds ! l[] portion ( ! blade :5 "y1 & becom+ glabr\s lat]1 glabr\s on ! l[] surface1 m>g9 is f9ely s]rate & ) a few cilia t[>ds ! base1 "s hairs be+ tub]cle-bas$2 base ( ! blade is r\nd$ or cordate1 midrib is prom95t & keel$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--,panicum rep5s4 #a4 ,spike2 #b & #c4 front & back view ( a spikelet2 #d1 #e & #f4 fir/1 second & ?ird glumes2 #g4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #h & #i4 f\r? glume & its palea2 #aj4 lodicules1 /am5s & ov>y2 #aa4 leaf %[+ ligule4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle1 contract$ & n mu* exs]t$ f ! topmo/ leaf-%ea?1 #c to #h in*es long1 bran*es are usually _m1 erect1 ! l[] be+ #b to #e in*es long1 sl5d]1 angul> & scab]ul\s4 ,! spikelets are glabr\s1 erect1 pale or pale gre51 sometimes purpli% also on "o side1 ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 #a_/h in*1 p$icels are long ) cupul> tips4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is hyal9e1 broadly ovate1 r\nd$ & %ortly acute or subacute1 indi/9ctly #c- to #e-n]v$ or n]veless1 less ?an "o-?ird ( ! height ( ! ?ird glume4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 ovate-lanceolate acute1 #g- to #i-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is equal to & broad] ?an ! second1 always paleate & ) ?ree /am5s & #i-n]v$2 palea is hyal9e1 oblong1 obtuse or subacute1 m>g9s fold$4 ,! f\r? glume is :ite1 coriace\s1 smoo? & %9+1 oblong1 acute1 %ortly & broadly /ipitate1 ) ! m>g9s fold$ inw>ds expos+ only a ?ird ( ! palea2 palea is simil> to ! glume 9 texture & m>k+4 ,an!rs are deep orange 9 col\r4 ,lodicules are di/9ct ?\gh small4 ,/igmas are deep purple :5 mature1 & pale :5 "y4 ,?is grass fl\ri%es 9 moi/ situations su* z ! bunds ( paddy fields1 tank b$s & edges ( m>%es & is an excell5t b9d] ( ! soil4 ,:5 once e/abli%$ x is v difficult to get rid ( x1 on acc\nt ( its rhizomes4 ,ow+ to ! resemblance ( ! rhizomes to g+]1 "s call ?is grass ,g+]-root$ grass4 ,cattle are fond ( ?is grass4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india1 b n s common on ! ,we/ & n record$ f ,bombay4 ,x is said to occur 9 ,s\? ,europe1 ,au/ralia1 ,nor? ,africa & ,brazil4 #e4 ,*ama]aphis1 ,br4 ,^! are glabr\s m>% or aquatic grasses4 ,leaves are l9e> or lanceolate4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle4 ,! spikelets are "o-to two-fl[]$1 subsessile & subsecund on ! bran*es :i* are produc$ z awn-l bri/les beyond ! ultimate spikelet1 obscurely jo9t$ & p]si/5t on _! obconic %ort p$icels1 n>r[ly lanceolate & t]ete4 ,! spikelet consi/s ( f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is v small1 hyal9e1 suborbicul>1 n]veless & truncate4 ,! second glume is ! longe/1 gre51 membran\s1 n>r[ly lanceolate1 acum9ate or n>r[$ into a rigid awn1 #g- to #aa-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is lanceolate1 acute1 or ari/ately acum9ate1 #g-n]v$1 paleate1 male or neut]1 ! palea is small] ?an ! glume & hyal9e4 ,! f\r? glume is mu* small] ?an ! ?ird1 /ipitate1 bisexual or female1 oblong or ovate-oblong1 acute1 flat1 ?9ly coriace\s1 n]veless & paleate2 ! palea is hyal9e1 z broad z ! glume1 acute & n]veless4 ,! lodicules are cuneate4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,/igmas are lat]ally exs]t$4 ,gra9 is oblong1 compress$4 ,*ama]aphis sp9esc5s1 ,poir4 ,a glabr\s aquatic or m>% grass1 ) mu* bran*$ float+ /ems4 ,/ems are leafy1 elongate1 asc5d+1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are long1 smoo?1 loose1 ) nak$ m>g9s4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( hairs4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 n>r[ly l9e>-lanceolate1 smoo? or scabrid1 acum9ate1 base n>r[$1 #a to #c-a_/b in*es long & #a_/af to #a_/h in* wide4 ,! infloresc5ce is a pyramidal panicle1 contract$ or diffuse1 ) a leaf v ne> its base2 p$uncle is %ort2 bran*es ( ! panicle1 fili=m1 angul>1 flexu\s1 be>+ "o or m spikelets & produc$ z a bri/le beyond ! la/ spikelet4 ,! spikelets are #a_/f to #a_/d r>ely #a_/c in* long includ+ ! awn1 subsessile & some:at on "o side on ! bran*es1 obscurely articulate b p]si/5t on ! p$icels1 pale or gre51 lanceolate4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is hyal9e1 suborbicul>1 r\nd$ at ! tip & n]veless1 #a_/cj in* or less4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 lanceolate1 smoo? or setosely scabrid on ! sides1 #i- to #aa-n]v$1 ) a long scabrid awn :i* is sometimes z long z ! body ( ! glume4 ,! ?ird glume is %ort] ?an ! second1 f9ely acum9ate1 or awn$1 #g-n]v$1 membran\s1 paleate & ) ?ree /am5s & two lodicules2 ! palea is %ort] ?an ! glume1 l9e>-oblong1 subacute4 ,! f\r? glume is ovate-lanceolate1 n]veless1 acute1 paleate ) ?ree /am5s1 ov>y & two lodicules2 palea is hyal9e1 n>r[1 qu>t] ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume4 ,gra9 is obovate oblong4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--;,*ama]aphis sp9esc5s4 #a4 ,t]m9al portion ( a spike %[+ ! bri/le2 #b1 #c1 #d & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #e4 palea ( ?ird glume ) its an!rs & lodicules2 #g4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #h4 ov>y2 #i4 lodicules4 ,di/ribution4--,?is plant is f\nd at ! edges 9 ponds1 tanks & m>%es all ov] ! ,presid5cy4 #f4 ,sp9ifex1 ,l4 ,?is is a /\t1 rigid1 mu* bran*$1 greg>i\s & dioeci\s grass1 fl\ri%+ 9 s& on ! sea coa/4 ,leaves are long1 n>r[ rigid1 involute1 spread+ & recurv$ & ?ickly coriace\s4 ,male spikelets are #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 subsessile1 di/i*\s1 jo9t$ on rigid p$uncl$ spikes1 :i* are collect$ 9 umbels & surr\nd$ by spa?ace\s leafy bracts4 ,! spikelets h f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ two glumes are empty4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? paleate & tri&r\s & sometimes ! =m] is empty4 ,female spikelets are collect$ 9 l>ge globose heads ( /ellately spread+ v long rigid rod-l processes surr\nd$ by %ort] subulate bracts4 ,ea* spikelet is solit>y1 & articulate at ! v base ( a ra*is1 lanceolate1 #a-;fl[]$4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ ?ree glumes are z 9 ! male spikelets1 b l>g]4 ,! ?ird is paleate1 empty4 ,! f\r? glume has a female fl[]4 ,! lodicules are l>ge & n]v$4 ,/yles are long1 free1 ) %ort1 fea!ry /igmas4 ,gra9 free )9 ! h>d5$ glumes4 ,sp9ifex squ>rosus1 ,l4 ,a p]5nial littoral dioeci\s grass =m+ bu%es4 ,/ems are glauc\s1 smoo?1 solid1 woody1 ?ick bel[1 freely bran*+1 #e to #aj feet long or m4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 imbricat+1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b in*es long4 ,! ligule is a r[ ( /iff long hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[1 rigid1 ?ickly coriace\s1 concavo-convex tap]+ f ! base to ! tip1 spread+ & recurv$1 #d to #f in*es long4 ,! male infloresc5ce consi/s ( sev]al spikes1 #a to #c in*es long1 =m+ umbels1 ) membran\s leafy spa?ace\s bracts :i* are %ort] ?an ! spikes4 ,! spikelets are usually #b-;fl[]$1 smoo?1 articulate on %ort p$uncles1 di/i*\s1 #a_/c to #a_/b in* long4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is %ort] ?an ! second1 ovate1 obtuse1 #g- to #i-n]v$4 ,! second glume is simil> to ! fir/1 b long]4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes are long] ?an ! second glume1 #e- to #g-n]v$1 paleate & tri&r\s2 palea ( bo? are lanceolate ) ciliate keels4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,sp9ifex squ>rosus4 ,male plant--#a4 ,a bran* ) ! male infloresc5ce2 #b4 a spike2 #c4 a spikelet2 #d1 #e1 #f & #g4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f;a4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #f;b4 extra palea l /ructure f\nd occasionally 9 ! palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #g;a4 palea & lodicules ( ! f\r? glume4 ,! female infloresc5ce is a l>ge globose head consi/+ ( %ort spikelets articulate at ! v base ( ! ra*is1 %ort bracts & v long1 spread+1 rigid rod-l ra*ises4 ,! spikelets are solit>y ) f\r glumes & #b-;fl[]$4 ,! fir/ glume is oblong-lanceolate1 _m-n]v$1 long] ?an ! o!r glumes4 ,! second glume is %ort]1 #g-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is empty1 #e-n]v$4 ,! f\r? glume is ovate-lanceolate & abruptly n>r[$ above ! middle1 #e-n]v$ & paleate1 palea is %ort] ?an ! glume b broad]1 #b-n]v$ & acute4 ,lodicules are two1 l>ge1 cuneate at base & /rongly n]v$4 ,/igmas are oblong4 ,gra9 is clavate & tipp$ by ! /yle base4 ,?is grass gr[s luxuriantly 9 ! s&s ne> ! sea on bo? ! coa/s ( ! ,madras ,presid5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,sp9ifex squ>rosus4 ,female plant--#a4 ,a bran* ) female infloresc5ce2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #g4 ov>y & ! lodicules4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! s&y coa/s ( ,india & ,ceylon4 #g4 ,axonopus1 ,beauv4 ,^! are annual or p]5nial grasses4 ,infloresc5ce is a panicle consi/+ ( digitate or :orl$1 sl5d] or /\t spike-l racemes4 ,spikelets are solit>y1 b9ate or fasciculate1 #b-;fl[]$1 jo9t$ on ! p$icel & awn$4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ! %orte/1 ovate1 acum9ate1 ari/ate or cuspidate1 hyal9e1 glabr\s & #c-n]v$4 ,! second glume is ovate or ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate or awn$1 #e-n]v$1 lat]al n]ves be+ m>g9al & hairy4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong or oblong ovate1 acute1 #e-n]v$1 paleate1 male2 palea is v %ort & small1 bip>tite4 ,! f\r? glume is z long z ! ?ird & ! second1 oblong or ovate1 coriace\s1 n>r[$ into a /raight t]m9al awn1 paleate & bisexual2 palea is oblong1 coriace\s & #b-n]v$4 ,lodicules are cuneate4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) l9e> an!rs4 ,/igmas are l9e>1 lat]ally exs]t$4 ,gra9 is oblong1 free )9 ! h>d5$ glume & its palea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--;,axonopus cimic9us4 ,axonopus cimic9us1 ,beauv4 ,x is a p]5nial grass4 ,/ems are tuft$1 erect or slightly decumb5t at ! base1 #a to #b feet long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is di/9ctly /riate1 cov]$ ) scatt]$ long tub]cle-bas$ hairs1 v r>ely glabr\s1 keel$4 ,! ligule consi/s ( a r[ ( hairs4 ,! nodes are hairy4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 ovate-lanceolate1 broad & cordate at base1 subacute or obtuse1 ) a di/9ct midrib & ?ree ma9 ve9s on ea* side ( x1 glabr\s on bo? sides1 b usually ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs on ! two sides ( ! midrib1 on ! l[] side1 ! m>g9s are di/9ctly ciliate ) tub]cle-bas$ long /iff hairs & v f9ely s]rate2 ! blade v>ies 9 l5g? f #c_/d to #c in*es & 9 bread? f #c_/d to #a_/b in*4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( ?ree to t5 spikes spr++ f ! top ( a sl5d] glabr\s p$uncle #b to #f in*es long4 ,! spikes are :orl$1 ab\t #c in*es or s 9 l5g?1 nak$ t[>ds ! base to ab\t "o-f\r? ( its l5g?1 ! ra*is is f9e1 fili=m1 scabrid4 ,! spikelets are solit>y or b9ate1 dorsally compress$1 pale gre5 or r$di%1 v %ortly p$icell$1 #a_/d to #e_/af in* long inclusive ( ! %ort awn1 p$icel is cupul> at ! tip4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is some:at n>r[ ovate-lanceolate1 hyal9e1 acum9ate & #c-n]v$4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 ovate-lanceolate1 twice z long z ! fir/ glume1 cuspidately acum9ate1 #e-n]v$2 ! two m>g9al n]ves are provid$ ) long r$di% bri/ly hairs4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong lanceolate1 obtuse1 #e-n]v$1 a little %ort] ?an ! second glume1 paleate & ) /am5s2 palea is %ort4 ,! f\r? glume is coriace\s1 ovate-lanceolate1 ne>ly z long z ! second glume1 awn$ at ! apex1 paleate1 ) ?ree /am5s & an ov>y2 ! palea is z long z ! glume1 elliptic oblong1 obtuse4 ,lodicules are small1 cuneate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--;,axonopus cimic9us4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike %[+ spikelets2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #d;a & #e;a4 ! palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y4 ,?is is a common grass gr[+ 9 ! pla9s & l[] hills 9 wa/e places4 ,di/ribution4--,occurs all ov] ,india4 #h4 ,set>ia1 ,beauv4 ,^! are usually annuals4 ,infloresc5ce is usually a spike-l panicle4 ,spikelets are #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 jo9t$ on v %ort p$icels :i* be> p]si/5t scabrid or b>b$ bri/les 7modifi$ bran*lets74 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ! %orte/1 equal to ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! ?ird1 membran\s1 #c- to #e-n]v$4 ,! second glume is equal to or %ort] ?an ! f\r?1 #e- to #g-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume m or less exce$+ & resembl+ ! second glume1 neut]1 r>ely paleate & male4 ,! f\r? glume is coriace\s or cru/ace\s1 plano-convex1 bisexual1 #e-n]v$ & paleate2 palea is z long z ! glume4 ,lodicules are broadly cuneate4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,/igmas are lat]ally exs]t$4 ,gra9 is tightly enclos$ by ! h>d5$ glume & its palea & is oblong or ellipsoid4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,bri/les ) spread+ or erect b>bs4 ,infloresc5ce cyl9dric1 cont9u\s & n int]rupt$1 ) six to twelve bri/les 9 ! involucel #a4 ,s4 glauca4 ,infloresc5ce int]rupt$1 ) ?ree to six bri/les 9 ! involucel #b4 ,s4 int]m$ia4 ,bri/les ) rev]s$ b>bs #c4 ,s4 v]ticillata4 ,set>ia glauca1 ,beauv4 ,?is is a tuft$ annual grass4 ,/ems are sl5d]1 simple or bran*$1 erect or asc5d+4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are glabr\s4 ,nodes are glabr\s & sometimes ! l[] are root+4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( long hairs4 ,! leaf-blades are lanceolate-l9e>1 flat1 f9ely acum9ate1 ) a r\nd$ base & v f9ely & m9utely s]rate m>g91 glabr\s on bo? ! surfaces or occasionally sp>sely hairy on ! upp] surface & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #d to #ab in*es or m1 & 9 bread? f #a_/d to #a_/c in*4 ,! infloresc5ce is a cyl9dric1 d5sely fl[]$1 spike-l raceme1 #a to #d in*es long1 usually yell[1 r>ely purpli% or pale gre51 ! bri/les ( involucels v>y f six to twelve & are pale or r$di% br[n1 #a_/f to #a_/c in* long ) f9e erect or spread+ b>bs4 ,! spikelets are num]\s & are v closely set along ! ra*is ( ! infloresc5ce1 #a_/h in* long1 glabr\s & ellipsoidal4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume1 broadly ovate1 hyal9e1 #c-n]v$4 ,! second glume is a little long] ?an ! fir/ b %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 broadly ovate or suborbicul>1 hyal9e1 #e-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is long] ?an ! second1 z long z ! f\r?1 membran\s & #e-n]v$1 paleate1 empty or ) /am5s4 ,! f\r? glume is coriace\s1 broadly elliptic1 obtuse1 dorsally convex1 transv]sely rugose1 pale4 ,! an!rs are orange & ! /yles purple4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4--,set>ia glauca4 ,a & ,b4 spikelets2 ,c4 a bri/le2 #a1 #b & #c4 ,! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #d4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #e4 ! f\r? glume2 #f4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #g4 ov>y1 an!rs & lodicules4 ,?is is a fairly common grass especially 9 cultivat$ gr\nd all ov] ! ,presid5cy1 b n v widely di/ribut$4 ,cattle are fond ( ?is grass4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india4 ,set>ia int]m$ia1 ,r4 ,s4 ,?is is an annual ) /raggl+1 sl5d]1 erect or asc5d+ /ems1 #b to #c feet long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 keel$1 ) ! m>g9s ciliate ) long hairs4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( close set long hairs4 ,! nodes are glabr\s & ! l[] root+4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 n>r[$ t[>ds ! base1 f9ely acum9ate1 ) f9e hairs scatt]$ on bo? ! surfaces & ) num]\s long hairs at ! m\? & ) v f9ely s]rate m>g9s1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #h in*es or m1 #a_/h to #c_/d in* 9 bread?4 ,! infloresc5ce is a n>r[ly pyramidal spike-l panicle1 #d to #f in*es long1 ! ma9 ra*is is glabr\s & groov$1 bran*es are %ort1 cr[d$ above1 scatt]$ & di/ant bel[1 ) close & d5sely set spikelets2 ! bri/les ( involucels are #a_/d in* long1 sl5d]1 flexu\s ) erect b>bs v>y+ 9 numb] f ?ree to six4 ,! spikelets are ovoid4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is orbicul>1 oblong or ovate1 ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume1 hyal9e1 #c-n]v$4 ,! second glume is half z long z ! ?ird1 broadly ovate1 hyal9e1 #e-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! f\r?1 broadly ovate1 ?9ly membran\s1 #e-n]v$1 paleate1 empty4 ,! f\r? glume is broadly ovate1 or suborbicul>1 v concave1 coriace\s1 transv]sely rugulose1 yell[i% br[n4 ,an!rs are orange or yell[ & /yles purpli%4 ,lodicules are v small4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4--,set>ia int]m$ia4 #a4 ,a bran* ) spikelets2 #b & #b;a4 spikelets2 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #e;a4 ! palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #f4 ! f\r? glume2 #f;a4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #f;b4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #g4 ov>y1 an!rs & lodicules4 ,fairly common 9 ri* soils 9 %elt]$ places4 ,cattle are v fond ( ?is grass z ! leaves are flaccid & t5d]4 ,di/ribution4--,probably all ov] ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4--,set>ia v]ticillata4 ,set>ia v]ticillata1 ,beauv4 ,?is is an annual grass1 ) erect1 asc5d+1 /\t or sl5d]1 leafy /ems1 m or less bran*$ & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #e feet4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are smoo?1 glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blades are ?91 flat1 glabr\s1 sp>sely hairy & scab]ul\s1 l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate1 tap]+ to a f9e po9t1 base usually n>r[$1 #d to #aj in*es long & #a_/d to #c_/d in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce is a spike-l or subpyramidal panicle1 cyl9dric or oblong1 co>sely bri/ly1 #b to #g in*es long1 bri/les "o or few1 /udd$ ) conspicu\sly rev]s$ b>bs or tee?1 #a_/f to #a_/c in* long4 ,! spikelets are ellipsoidal1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 #a_/ab in* long4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is v small1 broadly ovate1 acute1 hyal9e1 fa9tly #c-n]v$4 ,! second glume is z long z ! spikelet or a little %ort]1 ovate1 subacute1 ?9ly membran\s & #e-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is equal to ! second or a little long]1 membran\s & #e-n]v$1 paleate or empty1 palea :5 pres5t1 is small & hyal9e4 ,! f\r? glume is elliptic-oblong1 plano-convex1 subobtuse1 smoo? or %9+1 ?\gh fa9tly /riate1 coriace\s ) incurv$ m>g9s2 palea is coriace\s1 z long z ! glume1 elliptic1 fa9tly /riate4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,lodicules are small4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4--,set>ia v]ticillata4 #a & #b4 ,spikelets ) bri/les2 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #f4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #g & #h4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #i4 ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules2 #aj4 a bit ( ! bri/le %[+ ! rev]s$ b>bs4 ,?is grass gr[s 9 %ady places 9 v ri* soils g5]ally & is abundant 9 %ady nooks & corn]s :]e !re are rubbi% heaps4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 #i4 ,p5nisetum1 ,p]s4 ,^! are annual or p]5nial grasses4 ,leaves are usually n>r[4 ,! infloresc5ce is a spike-l raceme consi/+ ( involucellate clu/]s ( %ortly p$icellate spikelets1 involucels consi/ ( unequal1 simple or bran*$ bri/les4 ,spikelets are obovoid or lanceolate1 #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 p]si/5t on _! /alks1 "o to ?ree 9 an involucel4 ,!re are usually f\r glumes 9 a spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is m9ute or abs5t4 ,! second glume is %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 membran\s1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 r>ely want+4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! f\r?1 lanceolate1 paleate or n1 male or empty4 ,! f\r? glume is coriace\s1 lanceolate1 bisexual or female4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s ) l9e> an!rs4 ,/yles long4 ,lodicules are small if pres5t4 ,gra9 is oblong1 free )9 ! h>d5$ f\r? glume & its palea4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species ,bri/les ( ! involucel sl5d] & n #a4 ,p4 ,alopecuros4 dilat$ at ! base1 & free2 leaves v long4 ,bri/les ( ! involucel dilat$ bel[ #b4 ,p4 c5*roides4 & connate at base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4--,p5nisetum ,alopecuros ,p5nisetum ,alopecuros1 ,/eud4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass1 d5sely tuft$ & gr[+ to a height ( #b to #c-a_/b feet4 ,/ems are /\t1 erect & mu* bran*$ above4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are di/i*\s1 compress$1 glabr\s or r>ely hairy4 ,! leaf-blades are convolute1 n>r[1 l9e>1 coriace\s1 /rongly keel$1 glabr\s b ) tufts ( s(t hairs at ! base1 #ab to #ah in*es long1 #a_/aj to #a_/f in* broad4 ,! ligule is a r+ ( hairs4 ,! infloresc5ce is a spike-l raceme1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #e to #g in*es4 ,! involucels are %ortly /alk$1 ) a few unequal bri/les :i* are free d[n to ! base & two to ?ree times z long z ! spikelet4 ,spikelets are lanceolate1 acute1 solit>y1 #c_/h in* long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4--,p5nisetum ,alopecuros4 ,a & ,b4 ,spikelets front & back view2 #a1 #b1 #c & #d4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #e4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #f4 ! ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules4 ,! fir/ glume is v small1 almo/ orbicul>1 hyal9e & n]veless4 ,! second glume is ab\t #a_/c ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is ab\t #a_/c in* long1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 #g- to #aa-n]v$1 epaleate & ) infold$ m>g9s4 ,! f\r? glume is a little long] ?an ! ?ird1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 ) infold$ m>g9s #e- or #f-n]v$1 paleate & enclos+ a complete fl[]4 ,! palea is lanceolate1 acum9ate1 z long z ! glume4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s ) long1 n>r[1 yell[ an!rs4 ,/igmas are fea!ry4 ,lodicules are ei!r abs5t or v m9ute4 ,?is is a v co>se grass usually gr[+ 9 /iff soils especially ne> wet places4 ,di/ribution4--,occurs all ov] ,s\!rn ,india bo? on ! pla9s & on l[ hills4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4--,p5nisetum c5*roides4 ,p5nisetum c5*roides1 ,ri*4 ,?is grass is a p]5nial4 ,x consi/s ( a]ial bran*es & und]gr\nd rhizomif]\s /ems1 be>+ ?ick fibr\s roots & num]\s buds cov]$ by sc>i\s %ea?s4 ,! a]ial bran*es are tuft$1 erect or decumb5t & g5iculately asc5d+ :5 9 fl[]1 mu* bran*$ f ! base1 #f to #bd in*es long 7"u fav\rable conditions may rea* ev5 #c to #d feet 9 l5g?74 ,! leaf-%ea? is slightly compress$1 keel$1 ) scatt]$ long hairs outside1 %ort] ?an ! int]nodes4 ,! ligule is a %ort ?9 membrane fr+$ ) hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 tap]+ to a v f9e po9t #a-a_/b to #f in*es 7sometimes #ah to #bj in*es7 by #a_/h to #a_/d in* scab]ul\s ) f9e long tub]cle-bas$ decidu\s hairs scatt]$ above1 & ! l[] surface glabr\s or ) a few di/antly scatt]$ f9e long hairs1 broad at ! base & con/rict$ at ! po9t ( junction ) ! %ea?4 ,! infloresc5ce is a raceme ( spikes1 v>y+ f #a-a_/b to #c-a_/b in*es1 ) ! spikes mo/ly d5sely arrang$1 ?\gh occasionally di/ant & n close-set1 on a long2 sl5d]1 pub]ul\s or scab]ul\s p$uncle2 ra*is is flexu\s1 flatt5$1 groov$ & scab]ul\s4 ,! spikes h involucels1 consi/+ ( two s]ies ( bri/les1 ! out] bri/les are horizontal or reflex$1 num]\s1 f9e1 fili=m1 scabrid & purple above1 %ort] or long] ?an ! spikelets2 ! inn] bri/les are two to ?ree times long] ?an ! spikelets1 flatt5$ & ?ick5$ at ! base ) a /rong gre5 n]ve1 ciliat$ ) long tub]cle-bas$ hairs2 "o ( ! bri/les is long] ?an ! o!rs & ! bases ( ! bri/les are connate at ! v base into a r+2 ! upp] portion ( ! bri/les are fili=m1 scabrid & purple1 ! l[] flatt5$ portion be+ pale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4--,p5nisetum c5*roides4 #a4 ,a portion ( a spike2 #b & #c4 spikelets ) _! involucels2 #d4 a bri/le2 #e1 #f1 #g & #h4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #g;a & #h;a4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #i4 ov>y & /am5s4 ,spikelets are ab\t #a_/e in* long oblong-lanceolate1 "o to ?ree 9 a spike & sessile4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 a spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is small1 hyal9e1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 n]veless or sometimes #a-n]v$4 ,! second glume is a little long] ?an ! fir/1 ovate1 acute1 ab\t half ( ! ?ird glume1 hyal9e1 #a to #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 g5]ally #e- to #g-n]v$1 paleate1 usually male2 palea is lanceolate1 equal to or slightly %ort] ?an ! glume4 ,! f\r? glume is z long z ! ?ird ) a broad hyal9e m>g91 #e-n]v$ paleate2 palea z long z ! glume4 ,an!rs are ?ree1 yell[1 /igmas :ite1 fea!ry & ! /yles %ortly unit$ at ! base4 ,lodicules are n pres5t4 ,?is is ! fam\s ,kolakattai grass 7,tamil7 ( ! ,coimbatore ,di/rict & x gr[s 9 all k9ds ( soil & is capable ( gr[+ ev5 :5 ! soil is dry4 ,x is readily eat5 by cattle1 %eep1 goat & :5 once e/abli%$ is n easily kill$ out ev5 by prolong$ dr\ghts4 ,x is 9 fl[] 9 ,june1 ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,di/ribution4--,fairly common 9 ,s\? ,india & ,we/]n ,india4 ,said to occur 9 ,tropical ,africa also4 ,!re is a v>iety ( ?is grass nam$ e*9oides4 ,?is diff]s f ! type 9 ! foll[+ respects--! inn] bri/les are unit$ v mu* above ! base & mu* ?ick5$ & /iff] ?an 9 ! type4 7,see fig4 #aaf-c7 #aj4 ,c5*rus1 ,l4 ,! infloresc5ces are spike-l racemes1 consi/+ ( involucellate clu/]s ( %ortly p$icell$ spikelets jo9t$ on a simple ra*is4 ,! involucel consi/s ( h>d5$ spike-l bri/les connate at ! base into a %ort coriace\s cup1 :i* is surr\nd$ by erect or squ>rose bri/les4 ,spikelets "o to ?ree 9 ea* involucel1 p]si/5t1 #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 ) ?ree or f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is v small or abs5t4 ,! second & ! ?ird glumes are subequal #e- to #g-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is long] ?an ! second ) male fl[] or n1 paleate4 ,! f\r? glume is coriace\s1 ) a bisexual or female fl[]4 ,lodicules are two4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,/yles are long1 free or connate bel[4 ,gra9 is broad1 oblong & compress$4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species ,base ( involucel r\nd$2 inn] bri/les %ort]1 erect1 n ciliate #a4 ,c4 biflorus4 ,base ( involucel turb9ate1 inn] bri/les long]1 spread+ & sp9esc5t1 ciliate at base #b4 ,c4 ca?>ticus4 ,c5*rus biflorus1 ,roxb4 ,?is is an annual ) erect simple /ems1 #f to #bd in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s or ne>ly s1 ) hairs at ! m\?4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 glabr\s or hairy1 #c to #aj in*es long & #a_/h to #c_/h in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce is a solit>y cyl9dric raceme ( involucels1 #b to #d in*es long1 enclos$ 9 ! upp]mo/ leaf-%ea?2 ! ra*is is flexu\s1 angul> & smoo?4 ,involucels usually ) two1 r>ely ?ree spikelets1 loosely imbricate1 r\nd$ at ! base2 ! inn] bri/les are erect1 dorsally flat1 subulate-lanceolate1 pub]ul\s & ) ?ick5$ m>g9s1 ab\t #a_/h in* long4 ,! out] are %ort] ?an ! inn]1 glabr\s1 erect or subsqu>rose & z long z ! sessile spikelets4 ,! spikelets are ab\t #a_/f in* long1 sub-globose1 ) f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ab\t #a_/aj in* long1 ovate-acum9ate1 v ?91 hyal9e1 n]veless or r>ely #a-n]v$4 ,! second glume is broadly ovate1 #a_/f in* long1 hyal9e1 acute1 #a-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is slightly long] ?an ! second1 oblong-ovate1 apiculate1 #e-n]v$ & paleate2 palea #a_/h in* obtuse4 ,! f\r? glume is z long z ! ?ird1 ovate1 obtuse1 paleate4 ,an!rs are ?ree4 ,/yles free almo/ to ! base4 ,! gra9 is #a_/ab by #a_/af in* orbicul> oblong1 compress$1 smoo? & pale br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4--;,c5*rus biflorus4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! raceme2 #b4 an involucel2 #c1 #d1 #e & #g4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume respectively2 #f & #h4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes2 #i4 ! ov>y & /am5s2 #aj gra94 ,?is grass is n s widely di/ribut$ z ,c5*rus ca?>ticus4 ,x is conf9$ to "s ,ea/ ,coa/ di/ricts4 ,di/ribution4--,! ,punjab1 ,gangetic pla91 ,concan1 ,s9d & ,corom&el4 ,also said to occur 9 ,africa & ,arabia4 ,c5*rus ca?>ticus1 ,delile4 ,a tuft$ annual grass ) g5iculately asc5d+ /ems1 bran*+ at ! base4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s & some:at inflat$4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 #a to #d in*es long & #a_/h to #a_/d in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce is usually enclos$ 9 ! leaf-%ea?1 #a to #f in*es long2 ! ra*is is flexu\s1 angul> & glabr\s4 ,! involucels are #a_/d to #a_/b in* across1 turb9ate or truncate at base ) an out]1 %ort] & inn] long] s]ies ( h>d1 %>p1 pung5t sp9es2 ! inn] subulate1 dorsally deeply groov$1 v mu* long] ?an ! spikelets2 m>g9s ciliate to ab\t half ! di/ance f ! base1 & ! upp] half cov]$ ) v %ort1 %>p & /iff1 reflex$ hairs2 ! out] are %ort] ?an ! spikelets1 spread+ or erect1 glabr\s or ne>ly s & cov]$ ) reflex$ hairs4 ,! spikelets are usually "o to two & r>ely ?ree 9 an involucel & ea* "o has f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate & n]veless or ovate-lanceolate & #a-n]v$1 half z long z ! ?ird glume1 hyal9e & acute4 ,! second glume is ab\t #a_/f in* long1 ovate1 acute1 membran\s1 #e-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is simil> to ! second1 paleate2 palea is lanceolate & %ort4 ,! f\r? glume is z long z ! ?ird1 cuspidately acum9ate1 membran\s1 #e-n]v$ & paleate2 palea is ovate1 z long z ! glume4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,/yles are free & long ) plumose /igmas4 ,! gra9 is ovoid-oblong1 br[n & compress$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4--;,c5*rus ca?>ticus4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike2 #b4 an involucel ) two spikelets2 #c1 #d1 #e & #g4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume respectively2 #f & #h4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume respectively2 #i4 ! ov>y & /am5s2 #aj4 gra94 ,?is grass is m common ?an ,c4 biflorus & is f\nd on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ di/ricts 9 op5 s&y places4 ,di/ribution4--,nellore1 ,bell>y1 ! ,punjab & ! ,gangetic ,pla9s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,tribes ,,ii ,,& ,,iii--,,oryzeae ,,& ,,zoysieae4 ,oryzeae is a v small tribe ) a few g5]a1 :i* usually fl\ri% 9 m>%es4 ,! spikelets are 9 panicles1 #a-;fl[]$ & ! fl[] is usually p]fect4 ,9 ,oryza !re are ?ree glumes1 ! fir/ two be+ v m9ute1 & !re is only a s+le glume 9 ,le]sia & ,hygrorhiza4 ,!re are usually six /am5s4 ,! palea becomes firm 9 texture l ! glume in/ead ( rema9+ hyal9e1 & s x is (t5 mi/ak5 = a glume4 ,! spikelets are jo9t$ on _! p$icels & fall away f !m4 ,n float+2 spikelet n awn$ #aa4 ,le]sia4 ,float+2 spikelets awn$ #ab4 ,hygrorhiza4 ,zoysieae is ano!r small tribe ) half a doz5 g5]a4 ,! infloresc5ce is ei!r a spike-l raceme or a spici=m panicle4 ,! spikelets are solit>y 9 ,p]otis1 b9ate 9 ,tragus & gr\p$ 9 ,tra*ys4 ,!re is usually a complete fl[] 9 a spikelet & ! glumes are membran\s4 ,mature spikelets are decidu\s ) _! p$icels s+ly 9 ,p]otis & 9 clu/]s 9 o!rs4 ,spikelets fascicl$ unilat]ally on a broad ra*is1 #d-;glum$1 glumes n e*9ate #ac4 ,tra*ys4 ,spikelets b9ate & all r\nd ! ra*is1 #c-;glum$1 glumes e*9ate #ad4 ,tragus4 ,spikelets s+le1 awn$ & #c-;glum$ #ae4 ,p]otis4 #aa4 ,le]sia1 ,sw4 ,^! are tall p]5nial m>% grasses4 ,! infloresc5ce is usually a m or less contract$ panicle ) v sl5d] bran*es4 ,! spikelets are compress$ & consi/ ( only "o glume be>+ a p]fect fl[]4 ,! solit>y fl[]+ glume is *>tace\s1 awnless1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 ! lat]al n]ves =m+ ! ?ick5$ m>g9 ( ! glume4 ,! palea is n>r[1 l9e>-lanceolate1 z long z ! glume1 #c-n]v$1 rigid1 dorsally ciliate1 & ) hyal9e m>g9s4 ,lodicules are two4 ,/am5s are usually six 9 numb]4 ,/yles are %ort1 ) plumose /igmas & lat]ally exs]t$4 ,gra9 is ovoid or oblong1 compress$1 free )9 ! glume & its palea4 ,le]sia hex&ra1 ,sw4 ,?is is a sl5d] p]5nial m>%-grass ) /ems root+ 9 ! mud & ) flexu\s float+ bran*es1 s5d+ up erect or asc5d+1 weak & sl5d] leafy bran*es1 #b to #d feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4--,le]sia hex&ra4 #a4 ,erect bran*2 #b & #c4 bits ( leaves ) ligules2 #d & #e4 spikelets2 #f4 ov>y & lodicules4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 glabr\s1 ) eciliate m>g9s4 ,! ligule is a %ort obliquely truncate or two-lob$ membrane4 ,nodes are hairy ) deflex$ hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 n>r[1 l9e>1 tap]+ to a f9e po9t1 sub]ect & r rigid1 glabr\s & ) a n>r[ base1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #c to #aj in*es & #a_/h to #a_/c in* 9 bread?4 ,! infloresc5ce is an oblong laxly bran*$1 n>r[ p$unculate panicle1 #b to #d in*es long4 ,! spikelets are all #a-;fl[]$ & #a-;glum$1 articulate on ! p$icels above ! rudim5t>y glumes1 /rongly lat]ally compress$4 ,! glume is ab\t #a_/f in* long1 ovate-oblong1 some:at boat-%ap$1 acute & %ortly mucronate1 /rongly keel$1 ciliate on ! keel & m>g9s1 #e-n]v$1 ! lat]al n]ves =m+ a ?ick5$ m>g92 palea is z long z ! glume1 l9e>-lanceolate1 subacute1 rigid ) membran\s m>g9s4 ,/am5s are six & !re are two small lodicules4 ,! fir/ two glumes are r$uc$ to an obscure hyal9e rim4 ,?is m>%-grass is f\nd 9 m>%y places su* z dit*es & *annels 9 paddy fields1 ponds & tanks4 ,di/ribution4--,x is f\nd all ov] ,india & ,ceylon2 also 9 ,africa1 ,am]ica & ,au/ralia4 #ab4 ,hygrorhiza1 ,nees4 ,^! are float+ glabr\s grasses ) /ems diffusely bran*+ & pr(usely root+ at ! nodes4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle4 ,! spikelets are #a-;fl[]$1 ) a solit>y fl[]+ glume only4 ,! fl[]+ glume is awn$1 /rongly #e-n]v$1 n]ves scabrid & ciliate1 ! lat]al n]ves be+ m>g9al4 ,palea is #c-n]v$1 n>r[ acum9ate ) a ciliate keel4 ,lodicules are suborbicul>4 ,!re are six /am5s ) long sl5d] an!rs4 ,/yles are free ) plumose /igmas1 lat]ally exs]t$4 ,gra9 is oblong1 n>r[$ at ! base1 obtuse1 free )9 ! glume & its palea4 ,hygrorhiza ari/ata1 ,nees4 ,?is is a float+ aquatic grass4 ,/ems are spongy1 bran*+ diffusely1 #a foot long1 ) fea!ry :orl$ roots 9 d5se masses at ! nodes2 bran*es are %ort1 erect & leafy4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 inflat$1 compress$1 ) ciliate m>g9s4 ,! ligule is a n>r[ membrane4 ,nodes h :orls ( roots4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e> or ovate-lanceolate1 obtuse1 glabr\s1 glauc\s b5ea?1 base r\nd$ or subcordate1 #a to #c in*es long & #a_/b to #c_/d in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle1 #b in*es long & broad1 some:at triangul> 9 outl9e2 ! ra*is & ! bran*es are /iff1 sl5d] & smoo?1 ! l[] bran*es are a little deflex$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4--;,hygrorhiza ari/ata4 #a4 ,bran*2 #b4 "p ( a leaf ) ligule2 #c4 spikelet2 #d & #e4 glume & its palea2 #f4 lodicules & ov>y4 ,! spikelets are v n>r[1 sessile or p$icellate1 articulat$ on ! p$icel1 #a-;fl[]$ & #a-;glum$4 ,! glume is ab\t #c_/h in* long 7exclud+ ! awn7 & ! awn is z long z ! glume or slightly long]1 lanceolate1 ) five /rong n]ves & ! lat]al ones =m+ ?ick5$ m>g9s2 ! palea is z long z ! glume4 ,/am5s are six & lodicules two4 ,f\nd 9 ponds & tanks4 ,di/ribution4--,all ov] ,india & ,ceylon4 #ac4 ,tra*ys1 ,p]s4 ,^! are s(tly1 vill\s1 diffuse annual grasses4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( usually two 7r>ely ?ree7 div>icat+ spikes on a long p$uncle4 ,! ra*is is h]bace\s1 broad flexu\s1 jo9t$ & be>+ at ea* jo9t a solit>y globose clu/] ( two or ?ree p]fect #a-;fl[]$ glabr\s spikelets surr\nd$ by _m %ort sp9esc5t glumes ( imp]fect ones4 ,! p]fect spikelets are #d-;glum$ & ! glumes are v unequal4 ,! fir/ glume is m9ute1 too?-l1 n]veless4 ,! second glume is long1 l9e>-lanceolate1 membran\s1 v acute1 /rongly #c- to #e-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is ! l>ge/1 obliquely ovate1 or obovate-oblong1 cuspidately acum9ate1 rigidly coriace\s1 #i- to _m-n]v$1 paleate or n1 empty4 ,! f\r? glume is %ort] & n>r[] ?an ! l[] "o1 l9e>-oblong1 acum9ate1 *>tace\s1 smoo?1 dorsally convex1 ) incurv$ m>g9s1 be>+ a bisexual fl[]1 paleate1 palea is hyal9e z long z ! glume1 & ! m>g9s are inflex$ bel[ ! middle4 ,lodicules are v m9ute or want+4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s4 ,! /yles are v long ) sl5d] /igmas1 exs]t$ at ! top ( ! glume4 ,! gra9 is oblong1 compress$1 free )9 ! glume & its palea4 ,tra*ys mucronata1 ,p]s4 ,?is is a diffusely bran*+1 s(tly vill\s annual grass4 ,! /ems are _m f ! root1 #af to #ah in*es long1 asc5d+ or decumb5t & pro/rate1 leafy1 glabr\s1 root+ freely at ! l[] nodes1 especially :5 procumb5t4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are loose1 inflat$1 hairy or r>ely glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a ?9 membrane1 or a ridge ( f9e closely set hairs4 ,nodes are vill\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate acum9ate1 flaccid1 s(tly vill\s on bo? ! surfaces1 m>g9s (t5 crisp$1 base r\nd$1 #b to #f in*es by #a_/d to #a_/b in*4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( a long or %ort1 sl5d]1 %9+ p$uncle be>+ two or ?ree rigid1 flatt5$1 flexu\s1 jo9t$ spikes1 ! ra*is is broad1 h]bace\s1 ) a flat1 broad1 closely n]v$ w+ on bo? ! sides & ) a di/9ct flat midrib & jo9t$1 ea* jo9t be>s on ! "u surface at ! articulation1 a solit>y1 globose clu/] ( two to ?ree p]fect #a-;fl[]$ glabr\s spikelets surr\nd$ by _m %ort sp9esc5t glumes ( imp]fect ones4 ,! spikes v>y 9 l5g? f #a to #b in*es & 9 bread? f #a_/aj to #a_/f in* & are glabr\s4 ,! clu/]s ( spikelets are ab\t #a_/d in* 9 diamet]1 (t5 p>tially sunk1 9 a concavity ( ! ra*is2 ! p]fect spikelets are #a_/e to #a_/d in* long & ! imp]fect are %ort]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4--,tra*ys mucronata4 ,a & ,b4 ,! spikelets2 #a1 #b & #c4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #d4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #e & #f4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #g4 lodicules1 ov>y & /am5s4 ,9 ! p]fect spikelet !re are f\r v unequal glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is m9ute1 too?-l1 triangul> or lanceolate1 acute1 n]veless1 #a_/af to #a_/ab in* long4 ,! second glume is elongate1 l9e>-lanceolate1 acute1 sometimes ciliate bel[ ! middle1 membran\s1 n>r[] ?an ! ?ird glume1 hyal9e1 /rongly #c-n]v$1 #a_/af by #a_/f in*4 ,! ?ird glume is #a_/e by #a_/h in* ! l>ge/ 9 ! spikelet1 broadly & obliquely ovate or obovate1 cuspidately acute1 ) n9e to _m gre5 n]ves1 paleate2 ! palea is v small1 ab\t #a_/bj in* long1 oblong1 hyal9e & rigidly coriace\s4 ,! f\r? glume is mu* n>r[] & %ort] ?an ! ?ird glume1 l9e> oblong1 acum9ate1 *>tace\s1 smoo?1 dorsally convex1 ) incurv$ m>g9s1 bisexual & paleate2 ! palea is z long z ! glume1 acum9ate1 hyal9e1 ! m>g9s inflex$ bel[ ! middle1 ovate1 acute4 ,lodicules are m9ute or abs5t4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) l9e> an!rs4 ,/yles are v long ) sl5d] /igmas4 ,! gra9 is oblong1 compress$4 ,?is grass gr[s abundantly 9 cultivat$ dry fields & 9 ! s& ne> ! sea-%ore & x is easily recogniz$ by ! clu/]s ( spikelets 9 ! spike4 ,di/ribution4--,! ,deccan ,p59sula--bo? 9 ! int]ior & on ! sea coa/4 #ad4 ,tragus1 ,hall]4 ,^! are annual or p]5nial grasses1 ) erect or pro/rate /ems4 ,infloresc5ce is a spici=m raceme1 be>+ ! spikelets 9 clu/]s ( #b to #d4 ,! spikelets are #a-;fl[]$ & usually ) two glumes4 ,sometimes a v m9ute hyal9e l[] glume is pres5t4 ,! fir/ glume is ?ickly coriace\s1 #e-ribb$1 oblong-lanceolate1 & ribs ) long recurv$ sp9es4 ,! second glume is oblong or oblong-lanceolate1 apiculate1 *>tace\s1 #c-n]v$ & ) a p]fect fl[]2 palea is z long z ! glume1 #b-n]v$4 ,lodicules are broad1 cuneate & fle%y4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s4 ,/yles are sl5d] & di/9ct1 ) n>r[ /igmas exs]t$ f ! top ( ! glume4 ,gra9 is oblong to ellipsoidal free )9 ! glume & its palea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4--,tragus racemosus4 ,tragus ,racemosus1 ,scop4 ,?is plant is a p]5nial ) tuft$ pro/rate or erect /ems1 root+ at ! nodes freely & d5sely leafy4 ,! fl[]+ bran*es are erect or g5iculately asc5d+ & v>ies f a few in*es to ab\t a foot4 ,! leaf-%ea? is %ort1 pale1 glabr\s1 some:at compress$1 /riate1 equitant bel[ & upp] are long]1 t]ete & gre54 ,! ligule is only a ridge ( %ort1 f9e hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is convolute :5 "y1 ovate or ovate-lanceolate1 v>iable f #a_/d to #b in*es long & #a_/aj to #a_/f in* wide1 acum9ate1 flat or some:at wavy1 glabr\s on bo? ! surfaces1 rigidly pung5t1 d5sely cr[d$ & di/i*\sly imbricate 9 ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 base is amplexicaul1 & ! m>g9 is di/antly s]rate & rigidly ciliate4 ,! infloresc5ce is a spike-l t]m9al panicle v>y+ 9 l5g? f #c_/d to #b in*es2 ! ra*is is wavy1 sl5d]1 angul> or groov$1 pubesc5t1 ! p$uncle is /riate1 pubesc5t & enclos$ by ! leaf-%ea?4 ,! spikelets are arrang$ 9 gr\ps ( two1 fac+ ea* o!r & appe>+ l a s+le spikelet ) two equal e*9ate glumes1 sessile1 or obscurely p$icell$ on v %ort1 tumid1 pubesc5t bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4--,tragus racemosus4 #a4 ,a pair ( spikelets2 #b1 #c & #d4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #e4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #f4 ov>y1 an!rs & lodicules4 ,!re are two 7r>ely ?ree7 glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is v m9ute1 hyal9e1 obtuse & x is v (t5 n pres5t4 ,! second glume is ab\t #a_/h in*1 ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 /rongly #c-ribb$ ) r[s ( /\t1 spread+ hook$ sp9es along ! ribs & encloses a s+le floret4 ,! m>g9s ( ?is glume are membran\s & some:at scab]ul\s4 ,! ?ird glume is ab\t #a_/ab in*1 oblong lanceolate1 membran\s m9utely hairy1 #c-n]v$ & f9ely po9t$ at ! apex2 ! palea is z long z ! glume1 hyal9e1 #b-n]v$1 lanceolate1 subacute & irregul>ly too!d at ! apex4 ,/am5s are ?ree1 ) sl5d] filam5ts1 an!rs are %ort1 broad & pale yell[4 ,! /yle bran*es are pale & fea!ry4 ,lodicules are two1 fle%y & cuneate or subquadrate4 ,! gra9 is free inside ! glume & ! palea1 l9e> oblong1 slightly compress$ & pale br[n1 ! embryo occupies ab\t #a_/c ! l5g? ( ! gra94 ,?is is "o ( ! commone/ grasses gr[+ ev]y:]e 9 tufts ) usually pro/rate bran*es4 ,9 "s situations ! bran*es are erect4 ,di/ribution4--,pla9s ( ,india ?r\gh\t & ,ceylon4 ,x is f\nd 9 all ! w>m regions ( ! _w4 #ae4 ,p]otis1 ,ait4 ,^! are sl5d] annual or p]5nial grasses ) %ort broad leaves4 ,infloresc5ce is a spike or spici=m raceme4 ,! spikelets are #a-;fl[]$1 sessile or %ortly p$icell$ & jo9t$4 ,!re are ?ree glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are empty1 subequal1 n>r[ly l9e> ) a /rong midrib :i* is produc$ into a long capill>y awn4 ,! ?ird glume is v small1 hyal9e1 lanceolate1 acute1 #a-n]v$ & ) a p]fect fl[]2 palea is small1 n>r[1 hyal9e & n]veless4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) %ort an!rs4 ,/yles are %ort & unit$ at ! base ) v %ort /igmas4 ,! gra9 is long & n>r[1 long] ?an ! fl[]+ glume4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4--,p]otis latifolia4 ,p]otis latifolia1 ,ait4 ,?is grass is an annual ) sl5d] leafy /ems1 bran*+ at ! base1 pro/rate at fir/ & !n g5iculately asc5d+1 t]m9at+ 9 infloresc5ces & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #c to #ae in*es4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are glabr\s1 usually all %ort except ! "o next to ! infloresc5ce :i* is two or ?ree times z long z ! l[] %ea?s4 ,! nodes are purple & glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is %ort1 #a to #a-a_/d in*es long1 ovate or lanceolate1 cordate at base1 acute & glabr\s on bo? ! surfaces2 ! m>g9 is m9utely s]rate1 rigidly ciliate & ) a v n>r[ hyal9e bord]4 ,! infloresc5ce is a sl5d]1 cr9ite1 spike-l raceme1 #a to #h in*es long1 ) a f9ely scabrid ma9 ra*is4 ,! spikelets are n>r[ l9e> #a_/ab to #a_/h in* or long]1 purple1 %ortly p$icell$ & #a-;fl[]$1 p$icels are %ort ) a hyal9e swell+ on ! upp] side at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4--,p]otis latifolia4 #a & #b4 ,spikelets2 #c1 #d & #e1 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #f4 ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are empty1 n>r[-l9e>1 purple1 scabrid1 #a-n]v$ & awn$2 awns are capill>y1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/c to #a_/b in*4 ,! ?ird glume is v m9ute ) v small palea4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s & two small lodicules4 ,/yles are some:at %ort]4 ,! gra9 is long & cyl9dric4 ,?is grass gr[s 9 op5 wa/e places & 9 dry fields all ov] ! ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,tribe ,,iv--,,&ropogoneae4 ,&ropogoneae is a v l>ge tribe ) ab\t ?irty g5]a4 ,x is v well repres5t$ 9 ,s\? ,india & "s g5]a are ( v wide di/ribution4 ,! spikelets are usually arrang$ 9 pairs at ea* jo9t1 "o sessile & ! o!r /alk$4 ,! spikelets may all be simil> z 9 ,imp]ata or !y may be diff]5t z 9 ,is*aemum & ,&ropogon4 ,!re may be only "o fl[] 9 ! spikelet z 9 ,eremo*loa & ,sac*>um or two z 9 ,is*aemum & ,apocopis4 ,9 ! g5]a ,polytoca & ,coix ! spikelets are unisexual & ! male & female spikelets are f\nd 9 ! same infloresc5ce1 ! female be+ bel[ & ! male be+ cont9u\s ) x4 ,! spikelet ne>ly always consi/s ( f\r glumes1 ! fir/ or ! fir/ & ! second be+ firm] & coriace\s or *>tace\s4 ,! fl[]+ glumes are always %ort] ?an ! empty glumes1 & are hyal9e4 ,! f\r? glume is (t5 awn$ or r$uc$ to an awn4 ,! ma9 ra*is ( ! infloresc5ce is usually jo9t$ at ! base4 ,9 addition to ?is ! ra*is may be jo9t$ all along its l5g?1 s z to become sep>at$ into di/9ct jo9ts :5 mature z 9 ,rottboellia1 ,sac*>um & ,&ropogon1 or x may be cont9u\s z 9 ,imp]ata4 ,! p$icels ( spikelets & ! l[] portions ( ! ra*illa ( ! spikelets may h long hairs4 ,sub4 ,tribe #a4 ,maydeae4 ,! spikelets are all unisexual1 spicate1 ! male & female spikelets are dissimil>1 & are on ! same or on diff]5t spikes4 ,fruit+ spikelets enclos$ 9 a /ony nut-l poli%$ bract #af4 ,coix4 ,fruit+ spikelets ) ! fir/ glume =m+ a cru/ace\s nut-l envelope to o!r glumes & gra9 #ag4 ,polytoca4 ,sub4 ,tribe #b4 ,sac*>eae4 ,! spikelets are all simil>1 9 comp\nd racemes or panicles2 ! fir/ glume n sunk 9 ! holl[ ( ! ra*is4 ,spikelets are #a-;fl[]$4 ,ra*is n fragile2 spikelets 9 cyl9drical silv]y ?yrsus #ah4 ,imp]ata4 ,ra*is fragile2 spikelets 9 op5 v mu* bran*$ silky panicles #ai4 ,sac*>um4 ,sub4 ,tribe #c4 ,is*emeae4 ,spikelets _m1 dissimil>1 9 solit>y1 digitate or fascicl$ racemes or spikes2 fir/ glume n sunk 9 ! holl[ ( ! ra*is4 ,m>g9s ( ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet inflex$4 ,spikes r>ely solit>y2 spikelets b9ate1 #b-;fl[]$ & awn$ #bj4 ,is*aemum4 ,spikes solit>y2 spikelets #a-;fl[]$2 fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet pect9ate #ba4 ,eremo*loa4 ,m>g9s ( ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet n inflex$4 ,spikes solit>y or b9ate2 spikelets #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 di&r\s2 fir/ glume broad & truncate #bb4 ,apocopis4 ,spikes #b or m2 spikelets b9ate1 upp] alone awn$ #bc4 ,lophopogon4 ,sub4 ,tribe #d4 ,apludeae4 ,spikelets ?ree on an in>ticulate ra*is #bd4 ,apluda4 ,sub4 ,tribe #e4 ,rottboellieae4 ,spikelets simil> or dissimil>1 #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 solit>y1 #b- or r>ely #c-nate on ! int]nodes ( an articulat$ spike or raceme1 n awn$2 ! fir/ glume is n keel$1 sunk 9 a cavity ( jo9ts ( ! ra*is2 sessile spikelets #d-;glum$4 ,sessile spikelets s+le2 fir/ glume flat #be4 ,rottboellia4 ,sessile spikelets gem9ate 9 all except ! upp]mo/ jo9ts #bf4 ,mnesi!a4 ,sessile spikelets b9ate2 fir/ glume globose1 pitt$ #bg4 ,manisuris4 ,sub4 ,tribe #f4 ,eu-,&ropogoneae4 ,spikelets are dissimil>1 #a-;fl[]$1 #b-7r>ely7 #c-nate on ! :orl$ articulate bran*es ( simple or comp\nd racemes or panicles2 glumes f\r1 fir/ glume n keel$1 f\r? glume usually awn$4 ,spikelets b9ate bel[ & #c-nate at ! top on a spicate or panicl$ infloresc5ce #bh4 ,&ropogon4 ,spikelets 9 two sup]pos$ s]ies4 ,upp] s]ies ( "o or m sessile bisexual or female spikelets ) "o t]m9al p$icell$ male spikelet4 ,ra*is jo9t$ above ! involucral spikelets #bi4 ,an?i/iria4 ,ra*is jo9t$ bel[ ! involucral spikelets #cj4 ,iseilema4 #af4 ,coix1 ,l4 ,^! are tall monoeci\s annual or p]5nial grasses4 ,! infloresc5ces are t]m9al or axill>y spici=m racemes4 ,! l[e/-spikelet 9 ! raceme is female & ?is is enclos$ 9 a bract :i* at l5g? becomes h>d5$1 poli%$ & nut-l & ! o!r spikelets above x are male4 ,! male spikelets are #b- to #c-nate at ea* node ( ! ra*is1 #a sessile & #a or #b p$icell$1 lanceolate & #d-;glum$4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are subequal & empty1 & ! fir/ glume is w+$ along ! inflat$ m>g9s4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes are hyal9e1 ) ?ree /am5s or empty4 ,! female spikelet is ovoid acum9ate & has f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is *>tace\s & ! o!rs are ?9 & gradually small]4 ,! gra9 is orbicul>1 v5trally furr[$ & enclos$ by ! poli%$ h>d bract4 ,coix la*ryma-jobi1 ,l4 ,?is is a tall monoeci\s leafy annual 7r>ely p]5nial7 grass ) /\t1 smoo?1 poli%$1 freely bran*+ /ems root+ at ! l[] nodes & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #c to #e feet or m4 ,! leaf-%ea? is long1 usually smoo? b occasionally ) scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ hairs4 ,! ligule is a n>r[ membrane4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is long1 flat1 n>r[ or broad1 acum9ate1 cordate at base1 ) a /\t midrib & _m sl5d] ve9s on bo? sides1 usually glabr\s on bo? sides ?\gh occasionally ) scatt]$ hairs1 & ) sp9ulosely s]rate m>g9s1 v>y+ f #d to #ah in*es 9 l5g? & #a_/c to #b in*es 9 bread?4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( nodd+ or droop+ spici=m racemes1 #a to #a-a_/b in*es long1 t]m9at+ ! bran*es4 ,! racemes consi/ ( _m male spikelets ) "o 7r>ely two7 female spikelets at ! base2 ! ra*is is /\t above1 & ! "p )9 ! bract enclos+ ! female spikelet is sl5d]4 ,! male spikelets are imbricat+1 #b or #c at a node ( ! ra*is1 "o sessile & "o or two p$icell$1 dorsally compress$1 articulate at ! base & p]si/5t1 v v>iable 9 size1 #c_/h to #c_/d in*4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is oblong-lanceolate1 *>tace\s1 #c_/e in* long1 acute1 _m-n]v$1 concave ) inflex$ m>g9s be>+ n>r[ gre5 _m-ve9$ w+s4 ,! second glume is simil> to ! fir/1 b ?9n] & )\t ! w+s1 #e- to #i- or r>ely #aa-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong-lanceolate1 hyal9e1 fa9tly #c- to #e-n]v$1 paleate & ) ?ree /am5s4 ,! f\r? glume is simil> to ! ?ird1 paleate ) or )\t /am5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4--;,coix ,la*ryma-,jobi4 #a4 ,infloresc5ce2 #b4 ! female spikelet2 #c4 male spikelets2 #d1 #e1 #f & #h4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( a male spikelet2 #g & #i4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes1 respectively4 ,! female spikelet is enclos$ by a clos$ bract :i* f9ally becomes h>d5$1 & !re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are *>tace\s4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? are hyal9e1 ! =m] be+ empty & ! latt] ) an ov>y4 ,lodicules are n pres5t4 ,! ov>y is ovoid ) v long capill>y /yles4 ,! gra9 is orbicul>1 compress$1 *annell$ at ! back & enclos$ )9 ! /ony1 h>d5$ & poli%$ bract4 ,?is grass usually gr[s 9 paddy fields4 ,!re are two di/9ct v>ieties--"o a fairly tall "o annual & ! o!r a v tall 7#e to #aj feet7 p]5nial "o4 ,! racemes ( ! latt] are long] & droop+1 ! male spikelets are 9 ?rees & ! w+s ( ! fir/ glume are usually broad] ?an 9 ! o!r =m4 ,?is species is easily recogniz$ by ! poli%$ bract enclos+ ! female spikelet4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india4 #ag4 ,polytoca1 ,br4 ,^! are tall monoeci\s annual or p]5nial grasses4 ,infloresc5ces consi/ ( spici=m racemes ) spa?ace\s bracts2 ra*is is jo9t$4 ,racemes may all be male or ) "o or two female spikelets at ! base4 ,male spikelets are gem9ate1 "o sessile & "o p$icell$1 #b-;fl[]$ or imp]fect1 & ) f\r glumes1 :i* are subequal4 ,! fir/ glume is membran\s1 _m-n]v$1 %all[ly concave & ) a n>r[ membran\s m>g94 ,! second glume is n>r[]1 ovate1 acute1 #e- to #i-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is membran\s1 oblong1 acute1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 paleate & ) ?ree /am5s4 ,! f\r? glume is v sl5d]1 hyal9e1 l9e>1 paleate ) ?ree /am5s or empty4 ,female spikelets are broadly oblong1 #a-;fl[]$ & ) f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ?ick1 coriace\s & closely embraces ! ra*is ( ! spike by its involute m>g9 & ! o!r glumes are )94 ,! second glume is oblong1 _m-n]v$4 ,! ?ird is n>r[ly oblong1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 empty4 ,! f\r? glume is v n>r[1 truncate1 #c-n]v$1 paleate4 ,/yles are v long ) sl5d] /igmas4 ,gra9 is small1 fusi=m1 t]ete & enclos$ 9 ! nut-l poli%$ & h>d5$ fir/ glume4 ,polytoca b>bata1 ,/apf4 ,?is is an erect1 tall1 /\t1 freely bran*+1 leafy1 monoeci\s p]5nial grass4 ,! /ems are t]ete1 #c to #f feet high4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are long1 glabr\s1 or ) scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ bri/ly hairs4 ,! ligule is a n>r[ membrane4 ,! nodes h a r+ ( s(t long hairs4 ,! leaf-blades are long1 flat1 l9e>1 acum9ate1 ) a /\t midrib & ?ick5$ s]rate m>g9s1 scabrid above & sometimes ) a few tub]cle-bas$ hairs1 #aj in*es to #b feet long & #a_/d to #c_/d in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( paniculate spike-l racemes t]m9at+ ! bran*es & at fir/ enclos$ 9 spa?i=m bracts1 ! l[] & out] spa?i=m bracts are "o in* or m 9 l5g? ) a long awn at ! tip1 & ! inn] prop] %ea?s are oblong1 awn$ & ab\t #a_/b in* long4 ,! raceme consi/s ( "o or m female spikelets at ! base & a numb] ( male spikelets above1 appe>+ z if sessile on ! top ( ! female spikelet1 b really articulate ) ! int]node bel[ x :i* is enclos$ by ! fir/ glume ( ! female spikelet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4--,polytoca b>bata4 #a4 ,infloresc5ce2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! male spikelet2 #d;a & #e;a4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f4 ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet2 #g4 female spikelet2 #h1 #i & #aj4 ! second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #aa4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #ab4 ov>y4 ,! male spikelets are solit>y1 or b9ate & !n "o sessile & "o p$icell$1 #b-;fl[]$1 rea*+ #c_/h in* 9 l5g? & consi/ ( f\r glumes ea*4 ,! fir/ glume is concave1 ovate1 acute1 pubesc5t1 h]bace\s1 _m-n]v$ & ) a n>r[ membran\s m>g9 on "o side only 9 ! p$icell$ & solit>y spikelets & on bo? sides 9 ! sessile spikelets4 ,! second glume is n>r[]1 dorsally compress$1 ovate1 acum9ate1 #e- to #i-n]v$1 lat]ally compress$ & ) a n>r[ w+ to ! keel ne> ! apex 9 sessile spikelets & dorsally compress$ )\t ! keel 9 ! p$icell$ & solit>y spikelets4 ,! ?ird glume is membran\s1 oblong1 acum9ate1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 ) ?ree /am5s & paleate2 ! palea is hyal9e1 broadly l9e>4 ,! f\r? glume is v sl5d]1 l9e>1 hyal9e1 ) or )\t /am5s1 paleate2 palea is flat1 n>r[ly l9e>4 ,lodicules are pres5t & !y are small4 ,! an!rs 9 ! ?ird glume are l>g] ?an ^? 9 ! f\r? glume4 ,! female spikelet is oblong1 #a_/f in* long1 #a-;fl[]$ & ) f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ?ickly coriace\s1 :ite1 %9+1 closely embrac+ ! ra*is & ! o!r glumes entire at ! tip4 ,! second glume is quadrately oblong1 _m-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong1 n>r[] ?an ! second1 #c- to #e-n]v$ paleate1 empty4 ,! palea ( ! ?ird glume is n>r[1 truncate4 ,! f\r? glume is n>r[1 truncate1 #c-n]v$1 paleate2 ! palea is truncate & wrapp$ r\nd ! ov>y4 ,/yles are long & /igmas sl5d]4 ,lodicules are n pres5t4 ,! gra9 is fusi=m1 t]ete & )9 ! nut-l poli%$ h>d5$ glume4 ,di/ribution4--,9 damp situations all ov] ,india4 #ah4 ,imp]ata1 ,cyril4 ,^! are erect p]5nial grasses4 ,! infloresc5ce is a spike-l panicle1 ) v %ort fili=m in>ticulate bran*es & ra*ises4 ,spikelets are b9ate1 #a-;fl[]$1 all alike1 bo? p$icell$1 articulate at ! base & hidd5 by ! v long silky hairs aris+ f a small callus & f ! glumes4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ two glumes are membran\s1 lanceolate1 & subequal4 ,! ?ird glume is %ort] & small]1 hyal9e4 ,! f\r? glume is /ill small] & hyal9e4 ,/am5s are two1 r>ely "o4 ,lodicules are n f\nd4 ,/yles connate bel[1 ) /igmas v long1 n>r[ & exs]t$ at ! top ( ! spikelets4 ,gra9 is small & oblong4 ,imp]ata arund9acea1 ,cyril4 ,?is is an erect p]5nial grass ) creep+1 /olonif]\s root-/ocks1 ) a]ial /ems v>y+ f #f in*es to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is loose & glabr\s4 ,! ligule consi/s ( long s(t hairs4 ,! nodes are nak$ or be>d$4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 flat1 tap]+ f ab\t ! middle t[>ds ! top1 f9ely acum9ate1 & also n>r[+ t[>ds ! base into ! /\t midrib1 m>g9s ) f9e long hairs at ! base1 #f to #ah in*es by #a_/aj to #a_/c in*1 scabr\s above & smoo? b5ea?4 ,! panicle is n>r[1 spike-l1 silv]y1 #c to #h in*es2 bran*es are %ort & appress$ & ! int]nodes ( spikes are %ort ) ! tips dilat$4 ,! spikelets are #a_/h to #a_/f in* conceal$ by long silv]y hairs ( ! callus & ! glumes1 articulate at ! base2 callus hairs are ab\t twice z long z ! spikelet or long]4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is ovate-lanceolate1 obtuse1 ) ciliate tips & long hairs at ! back bel[ ! middle1 r ?ick5$ t[>ds ! base1 dorsally hairy1 #c- to #g-n]v$1 n]ves n rea*+ ! tip4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 ) membran\s m>g9s & ) long hairs at ! back1 #c- to #g-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 less ?an half z long z ! fir/ & second glumes1 oblong1 obtuse or irregul>ly too!d1 n]veless or #a-n]v$4 ,! f\r? glume is slightly %ort] & n>r[] ?an ! ?ird1 ovate1 acute1 obtuse or too!d1 ciliate1 n]veless or fa9tly #a-n]v$1 paleate2 palea is ab\t half z long z ! glume1 quadrate1 too!d or retuse1 n]veless1 glabr\s4 ,!re are only two /am5s ) orange an!rs4 ,/yles are sl5d]1 long1 ) purple /igmas4 ,lodicules are abs5t4 ,gra9 is small & oblong4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4--;,imp]ata arund9acea4 #a4 ,a spikelet2 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #g4 two /am5s & ! ov>y4 ,?is is fairly abundant 9 moi/ /iff soils4 ,on acc\nt ( ! und]gr\nd /olons ?is grass _c be eradicat$ easily4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india4 #ai4 ,sac*>um1 ,l4 ,^! are tall p]5nial grasses4 ,infloresc5ce is a mu* bran*$ op5 panicle1 bran*es spread+ or erect1 capill>y & fragile4 ,spikelets are small1 #a-;fl[]$1 b9ate1 "o sessile & ! o!r p$icell$1 ! sessile spikelet is bisexual & ! p$icell$ is female & r>ely bisexual2 sessile spikelets are decidu\s ) ! contigu\s jo9t ( ! ra*is & ! p$icel4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is *>tace\s1 equal 9 l5g? to ! second1 oblong or lanceolate4 ,! second glume is concave4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 empty4 ,! f\r? glume is v small or abs5t4 ,lodicules are pres5t4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s4 ,/igmas are lat]ally exs]t$4 ,gra9 is oblong or sub-globose4 ,sac*>um spontaneum1 ,l4 ,?is is a tall p]5nial grass ) a creep+ root-/ock be>+ erect /ems & occasionally decumb5t or pro/rate /olons4 ,/ems v>y 9 l5g? f #e to #bj feet4 ,bran*es & axill>y buds gr[ out pi]c+ ! %ea?s ne> ! nodes4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 b woolly at ! m\?4 ,! ligule is a di/9ct ovate membrane4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is v long1 n>r[ l9e>1 acum9ate & n>r[+ d[nw>ds into ! /\t midrib1 coriace\s1 glabr\s & #a-a_/b to #b feet by #a_/h to #a_/d in*4 ,! panicle is lanceolate1 #h to #bd in*es1 silky & ! p$uncle j bel[ ! panicle is s(tly silky1 bran*es are :orl$1 ?ree to five at a level1 #b to #d in*es long1 ra*is ( ! bran*es almo/ capill>y1 jo9t$ & fragile1 jo9ts ) long cilia at ! back4 ,! spikelets are b9ate1 "o sessile & ano!r p$icell$1 bo? bisexual & alike1 lanceolate1 #a_/h to #a_/f in* long1 callus is m9ute & be>d$ ) spread+ silky hairs #a_/b in* long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4--,sac*>um spontaneum4 #a4 ,two spikelets2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f4 ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 subulate1 acum9ate1 #b-n]v$1 flatt5$ dorsally1 coriace\s at ! base & hyal9e above x1 & ) smoo? incurv$ m>g9s4 ,! second glume is ab\t equal to or slightly %ort] ?an ! fir/1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 #a-n]v$1 keel$ ) an opaque base2 m>g9s & keel are ciliate ) f9e long hairs4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 ovate-lanceolate1 n]veless1 acute1 ciliate4 ,! f\r? glume is v sl5d]1 ciliate1 acum9ate1 paleate2 palea is m9ute1 v v>iable4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,lodicules are cuneate or quadrate4 ,! gra9 is v small1 oblong4 ,di/ribution4--,?is occurs all ov] ,india along ! sides ( ! riv]4 #bj4 ,is*aemum1 ,l4 ,! grasses ( ?is g5us are ei!r annuals or p]5nials4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( spikes1 solit>y1 digitate or fascicl$1 articulate & fragile2 ! jo9ts ( ! floral axis & ! p$icels ( ! p$icell$ spikelets are trigon\s & holl[$ v5trally4 ,spikelets are b9ate1 "o sessile & "o p$icell$2 ! p$icell$ spikelets are dissimil> f ! sessile & bo? usually #b-;fl[]$4 ,! sessile spikelets h f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is coriace\s1 oblong or lanceolate1 convex m or less1 m>g9ally w+$ above ! middle1 truncate or two-cuspidate at ! apex & awnless4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 coriace\s1 concave1 acute or obtuse1 awn$ or n4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 deeply cleft into two lobes ) an awn 9 ! cleft1 & #c-n]v$1 paleate2 palea is l9e>-lanceolate enclos+ ei!r /am5s & ov>y or ov>y alone4 ,lodicules are cuneate or quadrate4 ,,key ,,to ,,species4 ,racemes two or ?ree2 ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet dorsally flat1 n *annell$ or depress$ along ! middle l9e4 ,m>g9 ( ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet incurv$ n>r[ly f ! base to ! apex4 ,fir/ glume ( sessile spikelets ) nodulose m>g9s4 #a4 ,i4 ari/atum4 ,fir/ glume ( sessile spikelets closely transv]sely ribb$4 #b4 ,i4 rugosum4 ,fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet transluc5t1 bicuspidate at ! tip & ) smoo? m>g9s4 #c4 ,i4 pilosum4 ,m>g9 ( ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet broadly incurv$ f bel[ ! middle4 ,fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet ) smoo? m>g9s1 callus be>d$4 #d4 ,i4 cili>e4 ,raceme solit>y2 ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet deeply groov$ at ! back along ! middle l9e4 #e4 ,i4 laxum4 ,is*aemum ari/atum1 ,l4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass1 ) fairly /\t1 erect or some:at decumb5t1 simple or bran*$1 glabr\s1 leafy /ems1 #a to #d feet high4 ,! leaf-%ea? is loose1 glabr\s & auricl$4 ,! ligule is a di/9ct membrane1 broad or n>r[4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 flat1 acum9ate1 n>r[$ t[>ds ! base :i* may be acute1 subcordate or r>ely ev5 petiolate1 glabr\s or sp>sely hairy above & glauc\s b5ea?1 #d to #aj in*es long & #a_/d to #a in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( "o or two1 erect1 /\t or sl5d]1 fragile racemes1 #a to #e in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4--;,is*aemum ari/atum4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! raceme %[+ ! jo9ts1 sessile & p$icell$ spikelets2 #b1 #c1 #d & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #e & #g4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes1 respectively2 #h4 ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules2 #i4 fir/ glume ( ! p$icell$ spikelet4 ,! spikelets are #a_/f to #a_/c in* long1 ! sessile & ! p$icell$ closely press$ toge!r1 glabr\s or hairy2 ! callus ( ! sessile spikelet broad & ?ick1 ) or )\t hairs4 ,! sessile spikelet is awn$ & consi/s ( f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is #a_/e in* long or less1 oblong or l9e>-oblong1 c>tilag9\s bel[ ! middle1 ) two to f\r 7or r>ely up to six7 m>g9al nodules on ea* edge1 sometimes ^! are connect$ by %all[ ridges1 ?9n] above ! middle1 ) gre5 ana/omos+ ve9s1 tip obtuse or #b-too!d1 & m>g9s n>r[ly incurv$4 ,! second glume is *>tace\s1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 #a-n]v$ & ) a smoo? r\nd$ keel4 ,! ?ird glume is ovate-lanceolate1 membran\s1 #a-n]v$1 acum9ate1 male or bisexual ) an oblong palea4 ,! f\r? glume is cleft to or bel[ ! middle into lanceolate acute lobes1 ) a br[ni% r$ awn #a_/b in* or m long at ! s9us twi/$ at ! l[] portion & /raight above1 paleate1 usually female2 palea is l9e> oblong4 ,! p$icell$ spikelet is z long z ! sessile1 in>ticulate on ! v ?ick1 %ort p$icel :i* is d5sely or sp>sely hairy at ! base4 ,! fir/ glume is scimit>-%ap$1 coriace\s1 acute1 ) a some:at semi-circul> w+4 ,! o!r glumes are z 9 sessile spikelets1 b ! f\r? glume has no awn & may h a mucro4 ,?is grass is a v>iable "o4 ,!re is mu* v>iation 9 ! bread? ( ! leaves & 9 ! m>k+s & hair9ess ( ! spikelets4 ,! spikelets may be glabr\s or hairy & ! m>k+ 9 ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelets v>ies 9 ! matt] ( m>g9al nodules--x may h m]e %all[ not*es or deep well-=m$ nodules & !re may be transv]se ridges or !y may be abs5t4 ,?is grass is abundant on ! ,we/ ,coa/ & r>e 9 ! ,ea/ ,coa/4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! pla9s & l[] hills ( ,india & ,ceylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4--;,is*aemum ari/atum4 ,a4 ,a portion ( ! raceme %[+ ! jo9ts2 ,b4 a sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet4 #a1 #b1 #c & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #d & #e4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume2 #g4 ov>y & lodicules2 #h4 fir/ glume ( ! p$icell$ spikelets4 ,is*aemum rugosum1 ,salisb4 ,?is is an erect annual grass ) tuft$1 leafy1 compress$ /ems v>y+ 9 l5g? f #aj in*es to #b feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 loose & compress$1 ) a membran\s auricle conflu5t ) ! truncate ligule4 ,nodes usually glabr\s b sometimes also pub]ul\s4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[1 l9e>-lanceolate1 flat1 base contract$1 flaccid1 acum9ate1 r\nd$ at ! base1 glabr\s or sp>sely hairy on bo? ! surfaces2 ! topmo/ leaf is (t5 r$uc$ to an inflat$ %ea? enclos+ ! infloresc5ce p>tially4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4--;,is*aemum rugosum4 #a4 ,a "p ( ! raceme %[+ sessile spikelets ) r$uc$ p$icell$ spikelets2 #b4 a sessile spikelet & a well develop$ p$icell$ spikelet2 #c4 a r$uc$ p$icell$ spikelet2 #d1 #e1 #f & #h4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume ( ! sessile spikelet2 #g & #i4 palea ( ! ?ird & f\r? glumes ( ! sessile spikelet2 #aj4 ov>y4 ,! racemes are usually two1 erect1 fragile1 #a to #c in*es long ) a slight ?ick5+ ( ! p$uncle bel[ ! infloresc5ce2 ! jo9ts are #a_/c to #b_/c z long z ! sessile spikelets2 trigon\s & subclavate1 & ) long hairs on "o side4 ,! spikelets are l9e>-oblong1 glabr\s or vill\s1 #a_/h to #a_/d in* long1 sessile & /alk$ spikelets close toge!r2 ! p$icel ( ! /alk$ spikelet is ?ick ab\t #a_/c or less ?an ! l5g? ( ! sessile spikelet1 ciliate on "o side1 conflu5t ) ! ?ick callus ( ! sessile spikelet1 :i* is sp>sely bri/ly4 ,! sessile spikelet consi/s ( f\r glumes & is awn$4 ,! fir/ glume is concave1 pale yell[1 %9+ & c>tilag9\s to ab\t #b_/c its l5g? f ! base1 & ! upp] ?ird is membran\s1 dimidiately ovate2 at ! back 9 ! c>tilag9\s portion1 !re are ?ree to six deep convex smoo? ridges runn+ across ! glume2 ! membran\s tip is ?9 & ) ana/omos+ gre5 ve9s2 ! m>g9s ( ?is glume are ?ick1 n>r[ly incurv$1 ciliolate1 & ) a n>r[ w+ on ! out] m>g94 ,! second glume is oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate1 coriace\s1 acum9ate1 scab]ul\s1 keel$ & lat]ally compress$ & on ! keel j bel[ ! tip !re is a n>r[ ciliate w+4 ,! ?ird glume is ovate-lanceolate1 hyal9e1 acum9ate #a- to #c-ve9$1 male or empty1 ) a n>r[ hyal9e palea4 ,! f\r? glume is %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 deeply cleft into two lanceolate acute lobes1 #c-ve9$ at ! base2 awn up to ab\t #b_/c in* long2 palea is l9e> lanceolate4 ,/am5s are ?ree & lodicules are small & cuneate4 ,! p$icell$ spikelet is v v>iable4 ,x is %ort] ?an ! sessile1 ) obscure transv]se ridges & may consi/ ( f\r glumes1 b )\t an awn to ! f\r? glume2 sometimes ?is spikelet is r$uc$ to a s+le glume4 ,! gra9 is broadly oblong1 br[ni% & compress$4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4--;,is*aemum pilosum4 ,a & ,b4 ,ligules4 ,is*aemum pilosum1 ,hack4 ,x is a tall1 robu/1 p]5nial grass ) rhizomes produc+ num]\s creep+ /olons d5sely cov]$ ) scaly-%ea?s4 ,! a]ial /ems are erect1 freely bran*+ at ! base1 sl5d]1 #b to #c feet long1 glabr\s4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a di/9ct glabr\s membrane1 #a_/h in* long1 r\nd$4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 f9ely acum9ate1 glabr\s b be>d$ at ! base1 #f to #ab in*es long & #a_/h to #a_/c in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( two to six s(tly hairy spikes :i* are yell[ or br[n #a to #d in*es long4 ,jo9ts & p$icels are sl5d]1 sp>sely ciliate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4--;,is*aemum pilosum4 #a4 ,a sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet2 #b1 #c1 #d & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelets2 #e4 palea ( ! ?ird glume1 #g4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #h4 ov>y2 #i1 #aj1 #aa & #ab4 fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! p$icell$ spikelets2 #ac4 palea ( ! f\r? glume4 ,! sessile spikelets are n>r[ly lanceolate1 #c_/d in* long1 ) long hairs at ! base4 ,! fir/ glume is dorsally hairy1 or glabr\s1 n>r[$ f ! middle upw>ds1 *>tace\s1 ) incurv$ m>g9s & six or sev5 ana/omos+ n]ves4 ,! second glume is long] ?an ! fir/1 lat]ally compress$1 ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 *>tace\s1 glabr\s b (t5 ) long hairs on ! keel t[>ds ! upp] half1 #e-n]v$1 ! lat]al n]ves ana/omos+4 ,! ?ird glume is a little %ort] ?an ! second1 l9e>-oblong or lanceolate1 paleate2 palea is membran\s1 n]veless1 & encloses ?ree /am5s4 ,! f\r? glume is equal to ! ?ird glume 9 l5g?1 membran\s1 hyal9e & divid$ almo/ to ! middle into two acute lobes ) an awn #a_/d to #c_/h in* long1 paleate2 palea is lanceolate1 n]veless & encloses ?ree /am5s & ! ov>y & sometimes only ! ov>y4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are %ort] ?an ! sessile b ) a %ort] awn4 ,! glumes are simil> to ^? ( ! sessile spikelet2 sometimes ^! spikelets are imp]fect or ev5 r$uc$ to a s+le glume4 ,?is grass gr[s well 9 black cotton soils & sometimes x gets v well e/abli%$ & !n x is v difficult to eradicate x4 ,cattle seem to l ?is grass4 ,di/ribution4--,9 black cotton soils all ov] ! presid5cy1 b mo/ abundant 9 ! ,c$$ di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4--;,is*aemum cili>e4 ,is*aemum cili>e1 ,retz4 ,x is a tuft$ p]5nial grass1 erect or creep+4 ,/ems are erect or asc5d+1 sometimes decumb5t at base1 & root+ at ! nodes1 /\t or sl5d]1 #f in*es to #b feet long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is compress$1 loose1 glabr\s or hairy4 ,! ligule is a %ort1 ciliate membrane4 ,nodes are glabr\s or hairy4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 n>r[$ t[>ds ! acute or r\nd$ base1 glabr\s or hairy1 #b to #f in*es long & #a_/f to #a_/b in* wide4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( two spikes1 #a-a_/b to #b in*es long2 jo9ts & p$icels ( ! p$icell$ spikelets equal1 hairy at ! back & at ! angles4 ,! sessile spikelets are #a_/h to #a_/e in* long1 oblong1 be>d$ at ! base4 ,! fir/ glume is coriace\s1 convex1 poli%$1 smoo? or pitt$1 hairy bel[1 flat & ve9$ above ! middle1 ) broad or n>r[ ciliate equal w+s & ) m>g9s n>r[ly inflex$ above & broadly s bel[4 ,! second glume is coriace\s1 equal to or long] ?an ! fir/1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 or %ortly awn$1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 keel n>r[ly w+$ t[>ds ! apex1 dorsally ciliate or n4 ,! ?ird glume is ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 ciliate t[>ds ! apex1 #a- to #c-n]v$1 paleate2 ! palea has a coriace\s lanceolate c5tre1 ) broad hyal9e ciliate w+s & encloses ?ree /am5s4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 deeply lob$ into two oblong obtuse glabr\s or ciliate lobes1 ) an awn twice z long z ! spikelet 9 ! cleft1 & paleate2 palea is lanceolate1 acum9ate1 #b-n]v$4 ,/yles & /igmas are %ort4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4--;,is*aemum cili>e4 #a4 ,spikelets2 #b1 #c1 #d & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #e & #g4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes1 respectively2 #h4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y2 #i & #aj4 ! fir/ & ! second glumes ( ! p$icell$ spikelet4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets resemble ! sessile ones 9 ! /ructure ( _! glumes & palea4 ,?is grass is v v>iable 9 its habit & 9 ! /ructure ( its spikelets4 ,x gr[s mo/ly 9 wet situations1 su* z ! bunds ( paddy fields & tanks4 ,cattle eat ! grass eag]ly4 ,di/ribution4--,all ov] ,india & ,ceylon4 ,is*aemum laxum1 ,l4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass ) num]\s /iff1 ?ick & wiry roots4 ,/ems are erect1 sl5d]1 ris+ 9 tufts f a %ort root-/ock1 glabr\s1 leafy t[>ds ! base1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are %ort] ?an ! int]nodes usually glabr\s1 b occasionally ) scatt]$ hairs4 ,at ! m\? tufts ( hairs are pres5t or n4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( silky hairs4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blades are erect1 flat1 slightly glauc\s1 l9e>1 n>r[$ to long capill>y tips1 #e to #ab in*es long & #a_/aj to #a_/f in* broad1 ) prom95t n]ves & scabrid m>g9s4 ,! infloresc5ce is a solit>y spike1 #b to #e in*es long1 erect & fragile2 ! jo9ts & p$icels are compress$1 some:at #b-;angl$1 ciliate ) long hairs1 & ab\t half z long z ! spikelets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4--;,is*aemum laxum4 #a4 ,a sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet2 #b4 fir/ glume ( a sessile spikelet2 #c4 second glume ( a sessile spikelet2 #d & #e4 ?ird & f\r? glumes ( sessile spikelets2 #d;a & #e;a4 are palea ( ?ird & f\r? glumes2 #f4 ov>y2 #g1 #h1 #i & #aj4 glumes ( p$icell$ spikelets2 #i;a & #aj;a4 palea ( ?ird & f\r? glumes4 ,! spikelets are 9 pairs1 "o-sessile & "o-p$icell$4 ,! sessile spikelets are pale-gre51 l9e>-oblong1 acum9ate ) a %ortly be>d$ callus1 #a_/d to #c_/h ( an in* long4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 a spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is *>tace\s1 oblong-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 #b-too!d ) ! tee? end+ 9 two %ort awns1 d5sely ciliat$ at ! apex on "o side1 conspicu\sly #f- 7r>ely7 #g-n]v$1 ! two lat]al be+ v /rong & runn+ into ! apical tee? & ! int]m$iate f\r n]ves be+ %ort] & n runn+ up to ! apex1 & on ! dorsal surface !re is a depression1 :]e x is membran\s & ! n]ves on its sides sometimes ana/omos+ at ! upp] ?ird ( ! glume4 ,! second glume is %ort] ?an ! fir/1 *>tace\s to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 concave1 t]m9at+ 9 a f9e scabrid awn1 #a_/b in* long1 ) m>g9s ciliate f above ! middle to ! apex1 & ) a n>r[ ciliat$ w+ on ! keel at ! apex runn+ up to ! base ( ! awn1 #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is lanceolate1 acum9ate1 hyal9e1 n]veless1 ciliate1 ) a l9e> obtuse palea enclos+ ?ree /am5s & two lodicules4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 membran\s1 deeply split at ! apex into two prom95t lobes & ) an awn 9 ! depression #a_/b in* long1 ! palea is l9e> oblong & conta9s ei!r ! ov>y alone or bo? ! /am5s & ! ov>y4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are also z long z ! sessile1 m conspicu\s ?an ! sessile & consi/ ( f\r glumes1 b are n awn$4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate1 *>tace\s1 ) sev5 /rong n]ves1 v prom95t at ! back & ! mid n]ve be+ mo/ conspicu\s1 ) scabrid keels & closely f9ely ciliat$ & fold$ m>g9s1 f9ely bi>i/ate at ! apex4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 sub-*>tace\s1 ) ! m>g9s ciliate f ab\t two-?ird its l5g? f ! apex1 #c-n]v$1 ! mid n]ve alone be+ prom95t4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 n]veless1 lanceolate1 ciliate 9 ! m>g91 paleate ) #c /am5s or empty4 ,! f\r? glume is %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 hyal9e1 n>r[ lanceolate1 n awn$1 ciliate or n at ! m>g91 paleate & ) ?ree /am5s & two lodicules4 ,?is grass produces a l>ge am\nt ( leaves 9 good soils & x is lik$ v mu* by cattle4 ,x is capable ( /&+ a long spell ( dry wea!r1 & is valuable 9 ?is respect because x c be dep5d$ ^u :5 o!r grasses fail4 ,x is wor? cons]v+ ) o!r grasses4 ,x gr[s bo? 9 ri* & poor soils1 9 op5 places & also 9 ?ickets4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 #ba4 ,eremo*loa1 ,buse4 ,^! are tuft$ p]5nial grasses ) rigid equitant leaves at ! base4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( a solit>y1 glabr\s1 & compress$ spike1 ) a some:at fragile ra*is2 ! jo9ts are compress$1 holl[ & clavate4 ,! spikelets are solit>y1 usually #b-;fl[]$ 7r>ely #a-;fl[]$71 secund1 closely imbricat+1 sessile ) a %ort1 p$icell$1 r$uc$ upp] spikelet1 & decidu\s ) ! jo9t4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is oblong or ovate1 flat1 smoo?1 coriace\s1 pect9ately m>g9$ ) upcurv$ sp9es4 ,! second glume is oblong-lanceolate1 acute & #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 obtuse1 paleate & male4 ,! f\r? glume is small]1 hyal9e1 oblong1 obtuse1 #a-n]v$1 paleate1 bisexual or female4 ,lodicules are truncate & slightly oblique4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) long an!rs4 ,/yles are two ) fea!ry /igmas4 ,! gra9 is oval1 plano-convex4 ,eremo*loa muricata1 ,hack4 ,?is is a p]5nial tuft$ grass ) a woody creep+ root-/ock4 ,/ems are erect or asc5d+1 sl5d]1 /rongly compress$1 l[] p>ts completely cov]$ by rigid equitant leaves1 #f to #ah in*es long or m4 ,! leaf-%ea? is broad1 flat1 mu* compress$1 glabr\s & keel$4 ,! ligule is a %ort membrane4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 glabr\s on bo? sides1 #b to #f in*es long & #c_/af to #a_/d in* broad1 ) a r\nd$ tip & two unequal lobes4 ,! spike is solit>y1 up to #f in*es 7or m7 9 l5g?1 jo9ts ( ! ra*is #a_/c to #a_/b ! l5g? ( ! spikelets4 ,spikelets are solit>y1 sessile1 compress$1 secund4 ,! sessile spikelets are #c_/af to #a_/f in*1 & consi/ ( f\r spikelets4 ,! fir/ glume is oblong-lanceolate1 dorsally slightly convex1 smoo?1 coriace\s1 #g- to #i-n]v$1 & ) pect9ate m>g9s consi/+ ( long1 spread+1 upcurv$ sp9es & at ! top ) subquadrate w+s on ea* side rea*+ beyond ! acute tip4 ,! second glume is *>tace\s1 oblong-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 usually #e-n]v$ 7& occasionally #c-n]v$71 ! mid-n]ve keel$ ) a n>r[ w+ f bel[ ! middle to ! base & ) hyal9e m>g9s4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong-obovate1 hyal9e1 ?91 paleate ) ?ree yell[ an!rs & two oblong-cuneate lodicules2 palea is n>r[1 oblong1 obtuse4 ,! f\r? glume is ?91 hyal9e1 oblong-lanceolate1 obtuse1 paleate1 & bisexual2 palea lanceolate1 n>r[1 two-too!d at ! apex1 ) deep purple an!rs & /igmas ( ! same col\r4 ,! lodicules are obliquely truncate4 ,ov>y has a r$di% spot betwe5 ! /yle bran*es & j at ! apex 9 ! fre% /ate 9 ! bud & 9 ! op5 fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4--;,eremo*loa muricata4 ,a4 ,sessile spikelet2 ,b4 sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet2 #a1 #b1 #c & #d4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume ( ! sessile spikelet2 #c;a & #d;a4 palea ( ! ?ird & f\r? glumes ( ! sessile spikelet2 #e4 ov>y1 an!rs & lodicules4 ,! p$icell$ spikelet is r$uc$ to an inflat$ body1 z long z ! sessile spikelet4 ,x is po9t$ t[>ds bo? ends1 gre5 ) ana/omos+ ve9s on ! outside & membran\s1 :ite & n]veless on ! o!r side4 ,! "p ( ! p$icell$ spikelet correspond+ to ! spikelet looks z if ! m>g9s ( ! fir/ & second glumes are conflu5t all r\nd4 ,di/ribution4--,s\? ,india & ,ceylon4 #bb4 ,apocopis1 ,nees4 ,^! are annual or p]5nial grasses ) sl5d] /ems4 ,! spikes are compress$1 #b- to #c-nate1 or solit>y at ! ends ( sl5d] bran*es1 ) a ra*is n jo9t$2 jo9ts are %ort1 sl5d] & vill\s4 ,spikelets are closely imbricat+ 9 two s]ies1 sessile1 solit>y1 ! upp] r$uc$ to a small p$icel #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 ! l[e/ few on ! spike1 imp]fect1 male or neut]4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is l>ge1 broadly obovate or obcordate1 cuneate1 vill\s ) br[n hairs1 #g- to #i-n]v$4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 b n>r[]1 ?9n]1 oblong to ovate1 spikelet truncate & #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 n>r[1 paleate1 male or empty4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 l9e>1 entire or #b-;fid1 awn$1 bisexual ) a v %ort palea4 ,lodicules are abs5t4 ,/am5s are two or ?ree ) l9e> an!rs4 ,/yles are %ort & /igmas sl5d] & exs]t$4 ,! gra9 is small1 oblong & n>r[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4--;,apocopis ,wightii4 ,apocopis ,wightii1 ,nees ex ,/eud4 ,?is is a l[ & d5sely tuft$ or tall erect annual grass4 ,/ems are leafy1 bran*+ freely1 #c to #h in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is loose1 usually hairy1 r>ely also glabr\s & hairy at ! m\?4 ,! ligule is a small lac]ate membrane4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 hairy on bo? sides & ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs1 r>ely glabr\s1 #c_/d to #c in*es by #a_/ab to #a_/h in*4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( two racemes1 closely appress$ toge!r on a v sl5d] p$uncle2 ! jo9ts are %ort] ?an ! spikelets & ) long br[n hairs4 ,! spikelets are oblong1 #a_/h to #a_/e in* long1 ! callus is %ort1 hairy ) long br[n hairs4 ,! fir/ glume is cuneately obovate or obcordate1 yell[i% ) r$ br[n tips or d>k br[n ) yell[ tips1 *>tace\s bel[1 membran\s1 hyal9e & ciliate at ! truncate1 em>g9ate or retuse apex1 #g- to #i-n]v$1 ! n]ves abruptly ceas+ t[>ds ! apex4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 broadly oblong1 sides %>ply fold$ inw>ds1 #c-n]v$1 r>ely n]veless1 ) long hairs at ! back t[>ds ! base & ) %ort cilia at ! apex4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! fir/1 hyal9e1 ?91 l9e>-oblong1 n]veless1 ciliate at ! apex1 paleate1 usually ) two /am5s or empty2 palea z long z ! glume1 hyal9e & n]veless4 ,! f\r? glume is slightly long] ?an ! o!r glumes or equal1 v n>r[ly oblong or l9e>1 membran\s1 awn$ & paleate2 awn is #b to #f times ! l5g? ( ! glume1 #g_/h to #a-a_/d in* long2 palea is hyal9e1 ?91 n]veless1 convolute1 broadly oblong to almo/ quadrate oblong1 apex ) v %ort cilia4 ,gra9 is m9ute & oblong4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4--;,apocopis ,wightii4 #a4 ,spike2 #b4 a spikelet2 #c1 #d1 #e & #g4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f & #h4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume2 #i4 ov>y4 ,?is grass v>ies v mu* 9 its spikelets4 ,9 "o =m !y are small] & hairy & 9 ! o!r !y are l>g] & glabr\s except = a few /ray hairs "h & !re4 ,! =m] "o is m widely di/ribut$ & ! latt] seems to be conf9$ to c]ta9 localities 9 ! s\? ( ! ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! ,deccan ,p59sula1 ,beh>1 ,c5tral ,india1 ,burma & ,ceylon4 #bc4 ,lophopogon1 ,hack4 ,^! are small d5sely tuft$ p]5nial grasses1 ) v n>r[ leaves4 ,! spikes are v %ort at ! ends ( v f9e bran*es1 solit>y1 b9ate or fascicl$1 ) v fragile ra*is2 jo9ts are v %ort1 sl5d] ) cupul> tips4 ,! spikelets are b9ate "o sessile & ! o!r %ortly p$icell$1 ) ! callus vill\s4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume 7( bo? ! sessile & ! p$icell$ spikelets7 is oblong1 truncate1 irregul>ly #c- to #d-too!d1 #e- to #g-n]v$ & dorsally convex4 ,! second glume is n>r[ lanceolate1 long] ?an ! fir/1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 hispidly vill\s dorsally bel[ ! middle & on ! sides1 ari/ate or awn$4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong lanceolate1 hyal9e1 acute or ari/ate1 #a-n]v$1 male or neut]1 ) a l9e> palea4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 z long z ! ?ird1 entire or #b-;fid & awn$ 9 ! p$icell$ & n awn$ 9 sessile spikelets1 paleate ) female or bisexual fl[]s4 ,lodicules are n pres5t4 ,/am5s are two4 ,/igmas are long4 ,lophopogon trid5tatus1 ,hack4 ,?is is a small annual grass ) sl5d]1 tuft$1 erect /ems v>y+ 9 height f #d to #ab in*es4 ,leaf-%ea?s are glabr\s or ) scatt]$ hairs4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( close-set long hairs4 ,nodes are cov]$ ) long hairs bel[1 b nodes ne>] ! infloresc5ce are glabr\s4 ,leaf-blades are v f9ely l9e>1 acum9ate1 rigid1 erect1 glabr\s bel[1 ) long hairs on ! upp] surface to ab\t qu>t] ! l5g? ( ! blade & d5sely hairy ne> ! m\?1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #f in*es4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( usually two closely appress$ spikes1 ?\gh appe>+ z "o1 #a_/b to #c_/d in* long1 pilose ) f]rug9e\s hairs2 ! p$uncle is capill>y & enclos$ by ! upp] leaf-%ea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4--,lophopogon trid5tatus4 #a4 ,awnless l[] spikelet2 #b4 a l[] sessile & an upp] p$icell$ spikelet2 #c4 ! fir/ glume ( an awnless l[] spikelet2 #d4 ! fir/ glume ( a l[] spikelet t is awn$2 #e4 ! fir/1 glume ( ! upp] or p$icell$ spikelets2 #f1 #g & #i4 ! second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! upp] p$icell$ spikelets2 #h & #aj4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes2 #aa4 ov>y & an!rs4 ,! spikelets are d5sely imbricate1 b9ate at ea* jo9t1 ! upp] be+ %ortly p$icell$ & ! l[] sessile or subsessile4 ,! l[] spikelets are #a_/e in* long ) a tuft ( br[ni% hairs at ! tip ( ! callus4 ,! l[] spikelets at ! v base ( ! infloresc5ce are awnless & conta9 only two male fl[]s1 :]eas ^? above 9 ! infloresc5ce are awn$ & conta9 "o male fl[] & "o h]maphrodite or female fl[]4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume 9 ! awnless spikelets is coriace\s1 oblong1 cuneate1 v sp>sely hairy or glabr\s1 %ort] ?an ! second glume1 #g-n]v$1 #e-too!d at ! apex1 two tee? be+ broad] & %ort] & ?ree %>p] & long]4 ,! second glume is long] ?an ! fir/1 #a_/e in* long1 sub-*>tace\s1 lanceolate1 #c-n]v$1 #b-;fid at ! tip & awn$ or ari/ate1 m>g9 hyal9e & ) long br[ni% hairs on ! m>g9al n]ves4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 a little %ort] ?an ! second1 lanceolate-l9e>1 tip bifid or irregul>ly too!d1 paleate ) two /am5s or r>ely empty2 ! palea is l9e>1 ab\t z long z ! glume1 tip irregul>ly too!d4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 z long z ! ?ird glume1 #b-;fid at ! tip1 awnless ) a v m9ute ari/a 9 ! cleft or n1 paleate ) two /am5s2 palea n>r[ & hyal9e4 ,! fir/ glume ( ! l[] spikelets above is some:at n>r[]1 #e- or #c-too!d ) long hairs at ! m>g9s & ) tufts ( hairs at ! back ab\t ! middle4 ,! p$icell$ or upp] spikelets also h f\r glumes & be> "o male fl[] & "o bisexual fl[]4 ,! fir/ glume is %ort] ?an ! second glume1 n>r[1 oblong1 cuneate1 #c-too!d ) m>g9al hairs & tufts ( hairs at ab\t ! middle at ! back1 #g-n]v$ all n]ves runn+ /raight4 ,! second glume is long] ?an ! fir/1 #a_/e in* long1 sub-*>tace\s1 lanceolate1 #b-;fid at ! tip1 awn$ ) hyal9e m>g9s1 #c- to #g-n]v$1 m>g9al n]ves ) long br[n hairs1 & also ) two tufts ( hairs at ab\t ! middle or )\t x4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 n]veless1 l9e>-lanceolate1 %ort] ?an ! second glume1 tip irregul>ly too!d or unequally bifid1 paleate ) two /am5s2 palea is l9e> ab\t z long z ! glume4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 ab\t #a_/f in* long1 lanceolate1 #b-;fid at ! tip1 awn$ 9 ! cleft1 lobes are hairy2 awn is #c_/d in* long1 paleate1 usually bisexual1 r>ely female2 palea is two-?irds ( ! glume 9 height1 broadly ovate or quadrate1 lobulate at ! apex4 ,/yles are v long1 purple1 an!rs long1 yell[4 ,gra9 n>r[ ellipsoidal or cyl9dric z long z ! palea4 ,?is grass is f\nd 9 ,*+leput1 ,nellore & ,*ittoor di/ricts 9 op5 wa/e places 9 loamy soils4 ,di/ribution4--,! ,konkan1 ,kan>a & ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 #bd4 ,apluda1 ,l4 ,^! are tall leafy sl5d] p]5nial grasses1 ) bran*+ /ems erect or g5iculately asc5d+ f a creep+ or decumb5t base4 ,! infloresc5ce is a leafy panicle ( _m small spikes enclos$ 9 spa?i=m bracts4 ,spikes are ( "o l9e> jo9t gibb\sly bulb\s at ! base1 & jo9t$ on ! p$uncle at ! base ( ! spa! by a m9ute curv$ p$icel4 ,spikelets are ?ree1 a sessile1 #b-;fl[]$ bisexual "o 9 front1 & two p$icell$ ones beh9d1 "o ( :i* is imp]fect & r$uc$ to a glume & ! o!r p]fect male or r>ely bisexual4 ,! two p$icels are flat1 prolong$ f "o side ( ! r\nd$ ra*is1 oblong l9e>1 truncate ) a few long hairs along ! m>g94 ,sessile spikelets h f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is *>tace\s1 l9e> oblong1 _m-n]v$1 %ortly bifid at ! apex1 long] ?an ! o!r glumes4 ,! second glume is ?9n]1 dorsally gibb\s1 keel$1 #e- to #i-n]v$1 beak$ & m9utely bifid4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 oblong1 acute1 #c-n]v$1 paleate & male4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 deeply bifid1 awn$ 9 ! s9us1 bisexual ) a m9ute palea4 ,! p$icell$ spikelet has also f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are ne>ly equal1 r *>tace\s4 l9e>-oblong1 acute or acum9ate1 _m-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 oblong-lanceolate1 #c-n]v$1 paleate & male4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 bifid1 paleate1 #a-n]v$1 female or bisexual4 ,lodicules are two4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,gra9 is oblong4 ,apluda v>ia1 ,hack4 ,?is is a tall leafy p]5nial grass ) wiry roots4 ,/ems are d5sely tuft$1 bran*$1 g5iculately asc5d+1 erect or ! bran*es sc&5t1 solid1 smoo? & poli%$1 #a to #g feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s or slightly hairy1 ! upp] ones be+ %ort] & dilat$ into spa!s ) subulate tips4 ,! ligule is a %ort /iff slightly lac]ate membrane4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 base n>r[$ into a petiole1 scab]ul\s on bo? ! surfaces4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( simple spikes1 ea* 9 a spa?i=m bract1 & =m+ clu/]s t]m9at+ ! /em & ! bran*es4 ,! spikes h _! bases r\nd$ & swoll5 & ea* spike consi/s ( a sessile bisexual spikelet & two flat l9e>1 truncate1 p>allel p$icels1 "o t]m9at$ by a spikelet1 & ! o!r by a solit>y m9ute glume4 ,spa!s are #a_/h to #a_/c in* long1 sessile or p$icellate1 gre51 cymbi=m1 ) subulate tips4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4--;,apluda v>ia4 ,a4 ,a clu/] ( spikes conta9+ five spikes ) _! spa!s2 ,b & ,c4 spikes4 ,! sessile z well z ! p$icell$ spikelets h f\r glumes4 ,! sessile spikelets are #a_/h to #a_/e in* long4 ,! fir/ glume is spread+ or erect1 *>tace\s1 _m-n]v$1 two-too!d at ! apex & ) n>r[ hyal9e m>g9s f ab\t ! middle to ! apex4 ,! second glume is compress$1 dorsally gibb\s1 keel$1 #g-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 oblong-lanceolate1 #c-n]v$1 paleate ) ?ree /am5s2 palea is n>r[4 ,! f\r? glume is %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 deeply #b-;fid & awn$ 9 ! cleft1 bisexual or female1 #c- to #e-n]v$ bel[ ! cleft1 ! lat]al n]ves ar*+ & meet+ ! mid-n]ve j at ! cleft1 ) a small ovate palea4 ,!re are two lodicules4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are dorsally compress$4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 oblong1 subacute1 _m-n]v$1 coriace\s & glabr\s4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 _m-n]v$1 lanceolate-oblong1 coriace\s & glabr\s4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 %ort] ?an ! second1 #c-n]v$1 paleate & ) ?ree /am5s4 ,! f\r? glume is %ort] ?an or equal to ! ?ird1 hyal9e1 #a-n]v$ r>ely ) two %ort lat]al n]ves1 female or imp]fect4 ,lodicules are two4 ,a v common grass occurr+ 9 ! pla9s & l[] hills1 all ov] ! ,presid5cy & gr[s well 9 all k9ds ( soil4 ,di/ribution4--,all ov] ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4--;,apluda v>ia4 #a1 #b1 #c & #d4 ,! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #c;a & #d;a4 are ! palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #e4 /am5s1 ov>y & lodicules2 #f1 #g1 #h & #aj4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! p$icell$ spikelet2 #i & #aa4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes4 #be4 ,rottboellia1 ,l9n4 f4 ,^! are tall1 annual or p]5nial grasses1 ) leafy /ems & n>r[ leaves4 ,! spikes are few or _m1 solit>y or panicl$1 ) a jo9t$ usually fragile ra*is2 ! jo9ts are r\nd$ or compress$1 holl[$ on "o side & excavat$ at ! tip4 ,! spikelets are usually b9ate1 "o-sessile clos+ or sunk 9 ! cavity ( ! jo9t & ! o!r p$icell$1 small] ?an ! sessile or rudim5t>y ) ! p$icel usually adnate to ! jo9ts & equal to or %ort] ?an x4 ,! sessile spikelets are bisexual1 #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 equal to or %ort] ?an ! jo9t & f\r-glum$4 ,! fir/ glume is coriace\s dorsally flatt5$1 obtuse1 m>g9s n>r[ly incurv$4 ,! second glume is ?9n] ?an ! fir/1 broadly ovate1 acute & gibb\sly convex4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 ovate1 acute1 male or neut]1 ) a membran\s palea4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 bisexual1 broadly ovate1 acute ) a hyal9e1 ovate-lanceolate palea4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s ) l9e> an!rs4 ,!re are two cuneate lodicules4 ,/yles are two ) lat]ally exs]t$ /igmas4 ,! gra9 is broadly oblong4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are small] ?an ! sessile1 male or neut]1 ) f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is h]bace\s1 _m-n]v$1 ovate-acute1 m9utely bifid at ! apex4 ,! second1 ?ird & ! f\r? are m or less simil> to ^? ( ! sessile spikelet4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,spike solit>y1 ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet broadly w+$4 ,r4 ,myurus4 ,spikes fascicl$1 ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet n>r[ly w+$4 ,r4 exaltata4 ,rottboellia ,myurus1 ,b5?4 ,?is is a tuft$ p]5nial ) creep+ /ems :i* bran* freely into asc5d+ compress$ bran*es1 #aj in*es to #b feet high4 ,! leaf-%ea? is q glabr\s & compress$4 ,! ligule is a %ort ciliate membrane4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 l9e>1 acute1 glabr\s1 #b to #f in*es long4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( a solit>y t]m9al or axill>y raceme #a to #b in*es long2 jo9ts are %ort] ?an ! spikelets1 excavate on "o side & ) a pore :i* is hidd5 by ! sessile spikelet4 ,! sessile spikelet consi/s ( f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is some:at fiddle-%ap$1 dilat$ above ! middle into an orbicul> w+1 & t[>ds ! base into two auricles jo9$ by a transv]se ridge1 scab]ul\s1 #e-n]v$4 ,! second glume is some:at membran\s1 ovate1 acute & #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 ?91 oblong1 obtuse & n]veless4 ,! f\r? glume is lanceolate1 n]veless & )\t a palea1 bisexual4 ,!re are two cuneate lodicules4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets also h f\r glumes & ! p$icels usually free1 b also sometimes adnate4 ,! fir/ glume is oblong1 obtuse1 w+$ on "o side only1 #e-n]v$4 ,! second glume is boat-%ap$1 *>tace\s1 #c-n]v$ cre/$ ) a semi-circul> w+ at ! apex4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 broadly oblong1 obtuse1 #c-n]v$ ) a lanceolate hyal9e palea4 ,! f\r? glume is oblong1 obtuse1 male4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4--,rottboellia ,myurus4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! raceme %[+ front view2 #b4 a portion ( ! raceme %[+ ! back view2 #c4 a sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet %[+ ! front side2 #d4 ! same %[+ ! back side2 #e1 #f1 #g & #h4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume ( ! sessile spikelet1 respectively2 #i ov>y & lodicules2 #aj1 #aa1 #ab & #ad4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! p$icell$ spikelet2 #ac & #ae4 palea ( ! ?ird & f\r? glumes ( ! sessile spikelet4 ,?is is v common 9 dry some:at s&y places 9 ! ,ea/ ,coa/ di/ricts4 ,di/ribution4--,common 9 ,deccan p59sula4 ,rottboellia exaltata1 ,l4f4 ,?is grass is usually annual & r>ely p]5nial4 ,/ems are /\t1 erect1 hispid1 bran*+ f ! base1 v>y+ 9 height f #c to #aj feet4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are loose1 hispid ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs1 or glabr\s1 ) m\? contract$4 ,! ligule is %ort & ciliate4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 setace\sly-acum9ate ) a /\t midrib prom95t b5ea?1 hispid or scabrid above1 smoo? or sometimes scab]ul\s & glauc\s b5ea?1 sp9ulosely scabrid at ! m>g91 #e to #bd in*es by #a_/d to #a in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4--,rottboellia exaltata4 #a & #b4 ,a portion ( ! spike1 back & front view2 #c1 #d1 #e & #g4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #f & #h4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes ( ! sessile spikelet2 #i4 ov>y2 #aj1 #aa1 #ab & #ad4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume ( ! p$icell$ spikelet2 #ac & #ae4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume ( ! p$icell$ spikelet4 ,! racemes are /\t1 cyl9drical bel[ & v n>r[ & ) imp]fect spikelets above1 jo9ts are smoo? & r\nd$ dorsally4 ,! sessile spikelets are z long z ! jo9t or slightly %ort] & has f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ovate-oblong1 ?ickly coriace\s1 smoo? at ! back ) a truncate base & a transv]se ridge at ! base inside1 _m-n]v$1 ) v n>r[ inflex$ m>g9s & v n>r[ w+s at ! top1 ! apex is obtuse or em>g9ate4 ,! second glume is equal to ! fir/ glume 9 height1 *>tace\s1 gibb\sly convex1 broadly ovate1 acute1 #i- to #aa-n]v$1 & ) a %ort w+ to ! keel at ! apex4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong or elliptic-oblong1 rigid ) a hyal9e c5tre & coriace\s at ! sides1 #c-n]v$1 paleate & ) ?ree /am5s2 palea is z long z ! glume1 coriace\s ) inflex$ hyal9e m>g9s4 ,lodicules are cuneate1 ) too!d edge4 ,! f\r? glume is a little %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 ovate f a broad base1 hyal9e & acute1 #a-n]v$1 paleate & usually ) an ov>y & two lodicules3 palea is hyal9e1 z long z ! glume4 b n>r[]1 n]veless4 ,lodicules are quadrate2 gra9 some:at l>ge oblong & compress$4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are usually imp]fect4 ,?is grass occurs all ov] ! ,presid5cy 9 cultivat$ dry fields4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! l[] hills & pla9s ( ,india & 9 ,au/ralia & ,africa4 #bf4 ,mnesi!a1 ,kun?4 ,^! are erect sl5d] p]5nial grasses ) n>r[ leaves4 ,! spikes are solit>y & sl5d]1 ) a fragile1 articulat$ ra*is2 ! jo9ts are t]ete1 ribb$1 all b a few upp] ) two equal & simil> sessile spikelets1 sunk 9 sub-opposite oblong cavities1 sep>at$ by a hyal9e septum1 & ) sometimes a m9ute glume repres5t+ a ?ird spikelet 7! p$icell$7 on ! upp] m>g9 ( ! jo9t4 ,! sessile spikelets are "o-fl[]$1 ne>ly z long z ! int]node4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume clos+ ! m\? ( ! cavity 9 ! jo9t is obliquely oblong1 obtuse1 smoo? ) n>r[ly incurv$ m>g9s4 ,! second & ! ?ird glumes are z long z ! fir/1 obtuse & hyal9e4 ,! ?ird glume is empty1 paleate or n4 ,! f\r? glume is r small1 oblong1 obtuse1 bisexual & palea %ort] ?an ! glume4 ,! lodicules are n pres5t4 ,! /am5s are ?ree4 ,ov>y is v small ) /igmas n exs]t$4 ,! gra9 is n>r[ly oblong compress$4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are conf9$ to ! upp] #a-;fl[]$ jo9ts ( ! spike & _! p$icels are conflu5t ) ! walls ( ! jo9ts & _! m>g9s are m>k$ by two ribs4 ,! fir/ glume is v m9ute & ! o!r glumes are abs5t4 ,mnesi!a laevis1 ,kun?4 ,?is is an erect sl5d] p]5nial grass ) smoo? simple or bran*$ /ems v>y+ 9 height f #b to #d feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is t]ete1 tight1 glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a %ort too!d membrane4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 l9e> f a n>r[ base1 glabr\s or base hairy2 apices ( upp] leaves acum9ate1 & ^? ( ! l[] obtuse1 ) f9ely s]rate m>g9s & a midrib prom95t bel[1 #f to #ab in*es long & #a_/aj to #a_/f in* wide4 ,racemes are %ort1 exs]t$ f ! upp]mo/ %ea?1 erect1 #d to #h in*es long2 jo9ts are #a_/e in* long1 contract$ 9 ! middle1 ) two equal & simil> spikelets1 sunk 9 ! opposite oblong cavities sep>at$ by a ?9 hyal9e septum & sometimes ) a m9ute glume ( ! ?ird spikelet on ! upp] m>g9 ( ! jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4--,mnesi!a laevis4 #a & #b4 ,portions ( a spike2 #c1 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #g4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #h4 ov>y2 #i & #aj4 a "p ( ! spike at ! t]m9al portion4 ,! sessile spikelets are #a-;fl[]$1 z long z ! jo9t & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/g to #a_/e in* & h f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is obliquely oblong1 coriace\s1 smoo?1 obtuse1 m>g9s n>r[ly incurv$1 truncate & pitt$ at ! base1 #e- to #g-n]v$4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/ hyal9e1 oblong & obtuse4 ,! ?ird glume is l ! second b ?9n] & slightly broad]1 paleate or n1 empty4 ,! f\r? glume is r small] ?an ! ?ird1 oblong1 obtuse1 bisexual & paleate2 ! palea is %ort] ?an ! glume4 ,lodicules are n pres5t4 ,?is grass is usually f\nd 9 dry fields all ov] ! presid5cy b x is n[h]e abundant4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 #bg4 ,manisuris1 ,sw4 ,^! are erect leafy mu* bran*$ annual grasses4 ,leaves are amplexicaul & cordate at ! base4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( small1 t]ete1 axill>y & t]m9al spikes ) p$uncles (t5 conflu5t 9 a leafy spici=m panicle2 ! ra*is is fragile ) %ort broad jo9ts1 deeply excavate opposite ! sessile spikelets & ! tips ) two pits4 ,spikelets are 9 dissimil> pairs1 "o globose1 sessile & bisexual & ! o!r ovate1 p$icell$1 neut] ) ! p$icels adnate to1 or closely appress$ to ! jo9t ( ! ra*is4 ,! sessile spikelet has f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is globose1 h>d1 co>sely pitt$1 ) an oblong v5tral op5+ opposite ! cavity 9 ! jo9t ( ! ra*is4 ,! second glume is *>tace\s1 m9ute1 oblong1 #a-n]v$ imm]s$ 9 ! cavity ( ! fir/ glume & clos+ ! op5+4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes are hyal9e & m9ute4 ,! lodicules are broadly cuneate4 ,an!rs are m9ute4 ,! /yles are free & /igmas are %ort exs]t$ f ! op5+ 9 ! fir/ glume4 ,gra9 is sub-globose4 ,manisuris granul>is1 ,l4f4 ,?is is a freely bran*+ annual ) /ems leafy to ! top & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #b-a_/b feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is inflat$1 cov]$ ) scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ hairs4 ,! ligule is a %ort membrane ) ciliate m>g94 ,nodes are ) long hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 cordate & amplexicaul at base1 acute1 flat1 flaccid1 ) scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ hairs on bo? ! surfaces1 #d to #aj in*es by #a_/d to #a_/b in*4 ,! spikes are solit>y1 axill>y & t]m9al & #a_/d to #a in*1 ! p$uncles ( ! spikes are (t5 conflu5t 9 a leafy spa?i=m panicle2 ! ra*is is fragile ) %ort jo9ts deeply excavate on "o side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4--,manisuris granul>is4 #a & #b4 ,! front & back view ( a bit ( a spike2 #c1 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #g4 ov>y an!rs & lodicules2 #h1 #i1 #aj & #ab4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! p$icell$ spikelet2 #aa & #ac4 palea ( ! ?ird & f\r? glumes4 ,! spikelets are #a- to #b-;fl[]$ 9 dissimil> pairs1 "o globose1 sessile & bisexual & ! o!r ovate1 p$icell$1 neut]2 ! p$icel is adnate to ! jo9t ( ! ra*is4 ,! sessile spikelet has f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is h>d1 globose1 foveolate1 ) an oblong op5+1 fa9tly n]v$4 ,! second glume is *>tace\s1 imm]s$ 9 ! cavity ( ! jo9t1 & fill+ ! op5+4 ,! ?ird glume is small hyal9e & empty4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 small & paleate4 ,! gra9 is sub-globose4 ,lodicules are broadly cuneate4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets also h f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ovate1 sub-*>tace\s1 w+$ on "o side ) a broad hyal9e ciliate w+1 #e- to #g-ve9$4 ,! second glume is cymbi=m1 compress$ lat]ally1 ) a dorsal hyal9e ciliate w+ to ! keel1 #e- to #g-ve9$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 membran\s1 oblong1 #b-n]v$ & paleate or n1 & ) or )\t /am5s4 ,! f\r? glume is simil> to ! ?ird1 b slightly small]1 paleate & ) ?ree /am5s4 ,?is grass occurs 9 op5 loamy soils & 9 cultivat$ dry fields4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon & also 9 mo/ ( ! tropical c\ntries4 #bh4 ,&ropogon1 ,l4 ,! grasses ( ?is g5us are ei!r p]5nial or annual & v>y v mu* 9 habit4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( solit>y1 b9ate1 digitate1 or panicl$ racemes4 ,! ra*is is usually jo9t$ & fragile4 ,spikelets are b9ate1 a sessile female or bisexual & a p$icell$ male or neut]4 ,! sessile spikelet is #a-;fl[]$ & has usually f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is coriace\s or *>tace\s1 dorsally compress$1 ) incurv$ m>g9s1 usually #b-keel$4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 ?9n]1 ) a m$ian keel1 lat]ally compress$1 awn$ or n4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 empty1 n]veless & )\t a palea4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 n>r[ or broad1 #b-;fid & awn$1 or r$uc$ to an awn m or less dilat$ at ! base1 paleate or n4 ,!re are two lodicules & ?ree /am5s4 ,/igmas are fea!ry4 ,gra9 is free4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are usually small] ?an ! sessile & h ?ree or f\r glumes & are awnless4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,a4 ,sessile spikelets all simil>4 ,b4 ,racemes ( _m spikelets4 ,c4 ,p$uncle ( racemes enclos$ 9 spa?i=m leaf-%ea?s4 ,d4 ,jo9ts ( ra*is & p$icels ( upp] spikelets sl5d] & tips obliquely truncate4 ,racemes solit>y1 p$icell$ spikelets simil> to ! sessile1 glume #a ( sessile spikelets pitt$4 #a4 ,a4 foveolatus4 ,,dd4 ,jo9ts ( ra*is & p$icels ( upp] spikelets clavate or trumpet-%ap$ & tips cupul> ) too!d m>g9s4 ,racemes b9ate1 p$icell$ spikelets diff]+ f ! sessile1 glume ,i ( ! sessile spikelets deeply *annell$4 #b4 ,a4 pumilus ,,cc4 ,p$uncle ( racemes n enclos$ 9 spa?i=m leaf-%ea?4 ,racemes _m1 fascicl$ or panicl$1 glume ,i ( sessile spikelets glabr\s & pitt$4 #c4 ,a4 p]tusus4 ,racemes _m & :orl$ 9 ! panicle2 glume ,i ( sessile spikelets muricate on ! m>g9s4 #d4 ,a4 squ>rosus4 ,,bb4 ,racemes ( #c spikelets on ! capill>y :orl$ bran*es ( an erect panicle4 ,p$icels ( upp] spikelets half z long z ! sessile spikelets or long]4 ,leaves broad4 ,leaf-%ea?s cov]$ d5sely ) bri/ly hairs4 #e4 ,a4 asp]4 ,leaf-%ea?s cov]$ ) s(t hairs4 #f4 ,a4 ,wightianus ,p$icels ( upp] spikelets n half z long z ! sessile spikelet4 ,leaves glabr\s & n>r[ #g4 ,a4 monticola4 ,,aa4 ,! l[e/ "o or m sessile spikelets 9 all racemes1 or at lea/ 9 "o or two1 diff]+ f all ^? above4 ,racemes digitate1 r>ely solit>y1 spikelets all alike 9 =m b diff]+ 9 sex4 ,p$icel #a_/c z long z ! sessile spikelets2 nodes usually glabr\s2 ligule usually %ort & membran\s4 #h4 ,a4 c>icosus4 ,p$icel #a_/b z long z ! sessile spikelets2 nodes be>d$2 ligule l>ge & membran\s4 #i4 ,a4 annulatus4 ,racemes solit>y2 l[] sessile spikelets v unlike ! p$icell$ or upp] spikelets :i* are cyl9dric4 ,m>g9 ( glume #a ( ! p$icell$ spikelet unequally w+$2 ligule is a broad truncate membrane4 #aj4 ,a4 contortus4 ,racemes two1 bo? sessile1 or "o sessile & ! o!r p$icell$ on a p$uncle :i* is m or less %ea!d by a prop] spa!1 div>icate or deflex$4 ,leaf base broad & cordate #aa4 ,a4 ,s*o5an?us4 ,n4,b4--,?is g5us is n[ split into sev]al sep>ate g5]a1 ea* subg5us be+ rais$ to ! rank ( a g5us4 ,b 9 ?is book ! nom5clature adopt$ 9 ,hook]'s ,flora ( ,briti% ,india is foll[$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4--;,&ropogon foveolatus4 ,&ropogon foveolatus1 ,del4 ,! /ems are sl5d] at fir/1 slightly decumb5t at ! base & !n erect1 cov]$ at base ) silkily vill\s %ea?s1 bran*es freely above be=e fl[]+1 ! l[] portion ( /ems alone be+ leafy4 ,! leaf-%ea? is some:at scab]ul\s1 p>tly gre5 & p>tly purpli%1 always %ort] ?an ! int]node4 ,! ligule is %ort1 truncate1 hyal9e & ciliate4 ,nodes are tumid & purpli% ) a r+ ( hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 n>r[1 sometimes ev5 fili=m1 acum9ate slightly cordate at ! base1 scabrid ?r\gh\t ) a few scatt]$ long bulb\s-bas$ hairs ne> ! base to a di/ance ( less ?an #a_/b in* ab\t x & v>ies f #b to #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4--;,&ropogon foveolatus4 #a & #b4 ,sessile & p$icell$ spikelets2 #c1 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #g4 lodicules1 an!rs & ov>y2 #h1 #i & #aj4 ! two glumes & ! palea ( ! p$icell$ spikelet4 ,! spikes are solit>y1 #a to #a-c_/d in* long exs]t$ f> above ! small spa?i=m leaf-%ea?s1 p$uncles are capill>y & scab]ul\s1 p$icels & jo9ts are some:at flatt5$1 & h along bo? ! n>r[ m>g9s long1 :ite1 asc5d+ hairs2 callus is %ort ) a r+ ( %ort :ite hairs4 ,!re are two k9ds ( spikelets1 sessile & p$icell$1 & bo? are oblong-lanceolate & equal4 ,! sessile spikelet consi/s ( f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 flat & smoo?1 keels scabrid ) usually a deep dorsal pit1 #d-n]v$4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 acute1 z long z ! fir/1 #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is small1 membran\s1 l9e>-lanceolate1 n]veless4 ,! f\r? glume is ! dilat$ base ( ! awn1 awn is ab\t #c_/d in* twi/$ to half its l5g?1 scabrid1 ! l[] twi/$ "p d>k & ! upp] pale4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s & two lodicules4 ,ov>y has two fea!ry /igmas4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets h only two glumes & conta9 ?ree /am5s4 ,! fir/ glume is oblong-lanceolate1 #e-n]v$1 pitt$ above ! middle1 ) recurv$ m>g9s & scabrid keels & n]ves4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 membran\s1 hairy at ! top1 #c-n]v$ ) m>g9s infold$2 palea is oblanceolate1 ?9ly membran\s1 n]veless & ciliat$ at ! top2 !re are ?ree /am5s & two lodicules4 ,?is is a fairly common grass occurr+ all ov] ! ,presid5cy mu* lik$ by cattle & yields pl5ty ( foliage if prop]ly look$ aft]4 ,x gr[s on all k9ds ( soils1 ev5 lat]ite4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4--;,&ropogon pumilus4 ,&ropogon pumilus1 ,roxb4 ,x is a tuft$ annual ) num]\s radiat+ bran*es1 gr[+ on all directions1 b5t bel[ & erect above2 !y v>y 9 l5g? f #f in*es to #ah in*es1 b sometimes :5 gr[+ "u fav\rable conditions atta9 ! l5g? ( #b-a_/b feet4 ,! /em is sl5d]1 gre51 or pale r$di% 9 ! expos$ portions & pale 9 p>ts cov]$ by %ea?s slightly flatt5$1 smoo?4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are smoo?1 compress$1 di/9ctly keel$4 ,! ligule is a %ort1 truncate1 :ite1 glabr\s membrane4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 f9ely acum9ate1 glabr\s1 b sometimes some:at scabrid along ! n]ves & ) scatt]$ long delicate hairs above especially :5 "y1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #g in*es & #a_/aj to #a_/h in* 9 bread?4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( pair$ spikes ) v sl5d] p$uncles aris+ f flatt5$1 glabr\s1 acum9ate spa!s1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/b to #a-a_/d in*es4 ,! spikes are spread+ & "o ( !m always slightly long] ?an ! o!r1 r$di% or pale gre51 #a_/b to #a in* long2 ! ra*is consi/s ( five to eight flat jo9ts broad5$ at ! top & end+ 9 a cup1 d5sely ciliate on bo? ! m>g9s1 b hairs on "o m>g9 are %ort] ?an ^? on ! o!r4 ,ea* jo9t be>s a sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4--;,&ropogon pumilus4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike to %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! spikelets2 #a4 ! fir/ glume ( ! sessile spikelet2 #b4 second glume ( ! sessile spikelet2 #c & #d4 ?ird & f\r? glumes ( ! sessile spikelet2 #e4 an!rs1 lodicules & ! ov>y2 ,a1 ,b & ,c4 ! ?ree glumes ( ! p$icell$ spikelets4 ,! sessile spikelet is ab\t #c_/af in* ) an awn #g_/af in* long4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is n>r[1 l9e>1 membran\s1 groov$1 f9ely bicuspidate at ! apex1 ) incurv$ m>g9s & two n]ves end+ 9 tub]cles bel[4 ,! second glume is a little long] ?an ! fir/1 n>r[1 lanceolate1 boat-%ap$1 ?9ly coriace\s ) membran\s m>g9s1 #a-n]v$ & %ortly awn$4 ,! ?ird glume is ab\t #b_/c ( ! second glume 9 l5g?1 & %ort] ?an ! fir/ glume1 l9e>-lanceolate1 hyal9e1 n]veless or sometimes v obscurely #b-n]v$4 ,! f\r? glume is n>r[ l9e>1 hyal9e ) two v f9e lobes at ! apex ) an awn betwe51 #g_/af in* long4 ,palea is hyal9e & v small4 ,/am5s are ?ree1 ov>y ) two long r$di% fea!ry /igmas4 ,lodicules small & cuneate4 ,gra9 is long & n>r[4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets h only ?ree glumes1 & are slightly %ort] ?an ! sessile ones1 p$icel is simil> to ! jo9t4 ,! fir/ glume is ovate-lanceolate1 ?9ly coriace\s1 di/9ctly _m-n]v$1 acum9ate1 m>g9s infold$ & membran\s4 ,! second glume is ovate-lanceolate1 membran\s1 glabr\s & #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is %ort1 oblong-lanceolate1 n]veless or fa9tly #b-n]v$4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s4 ,?is grass is v>iable 9 its size4 ,9 dry soils su* z lat]ite soils1 x is a v small plant n exce$+ #i or #aj in*es across its spread4 ,b 9 good soil & "u fav\rable conditions ! plant measures across #e or #f feet4 ,cattle eat ! grass be=e x fl[]s & d n reli% x s mu* :5 9 fl[]4 ,a common grass fl\ri%+ all ov] ! ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,occurs 9 dri] p>ts ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4--;,&ropogon p]tusus4 ,&ropogon p]tusus1 ,willd4 ,?is grass is p]5nial4 ,/ems are tuft$1 v sl5d]1 widely creep+ on all sides1 purpli%1 b ! fl[]+ bran*es are erect or asc5d+ f a g5iculate base1 leafy at base1 ! nodes ( ! creep+ bran*es root+ & be>+ tufts ( bran*es :i* f9ally become indep5d5t plants at ea* node1 ! creep+ bran*es v>y 9 l5g? f #a to #c feet & ! erect ones f #aj to #ah in*es or m4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are t]ete or some:at compress$1 glabr\s1 sometimes ciliat$ ne> ! node & %ort] ?an ! int]node4 ,! ligule is a truncate membrane1 slightly ciliate or n4 ,nodes are be>d$4 ,! leaf-blades 9 ! pro/rate bran*es are cr[d$1 %ort l9e>-lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 s(t1 %ortly hairy along ! n]ves1 sp>sely ciliate ne> ! r\nd$ base1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #b in*es & 9 bread? #a_/h to #a_/d in*2 b on ! fl[]+ bran*es ! leaves are long]1 sometimes z long z twelve in*es ) bigg] %ea?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4--;,&ropogon p]tusus4 #a4 ,a portion ( a spike2 #b4 a pair ( spikelets2 a4 sessile & b4 p$icell$2 a-#a4 fir/ glume2 a-#b4 second glume2 a-#c4 ?ird glume2 a-#d4 f\r? glume & awn2 a-#e4 ov>y & /am5s2 a-#f4 gra92 b-#a4 fir/ glume ( p$icell$ spikelet front & back2 b-#b4 second glume front & back2 b-#c4 ?ird glume4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( ?ree to n9e1 sl5d]1 flexu\s1 erect1 purpli% spikes1 #a to #b in*es long1 alt]nately arrang$ on a ?91 long1 sl5d]1 smoo? p$uncle ( ab\t six in*es2 ra*is is sl5d] & ! jo9ts & p$icels are d5sely silky ) long hairs4 ,! spikelets are 9 pairs1 "o sessile & "o-p$icell$1 bo? are equal1 purpli% or pale4 ,! sessile spikelet consi/s ( f\r glumes & conta9s a complete fl[] & ! callus is %ort & be>d$ ) long hairs4 ,! fir/ glume is coriace\s1 oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 truncate or em>g9ate1 slightly hairy1 or glabr\s ) a deep pit above ! middle 7sometimes ) two or ?ree pits also7 #g- to #i-n]v$ ) a few long hairs bel[ ! middle & ) m>g9s infold$ & %ortly ciliate4 ,! second glume is lanceolate-acum9ate & f9ely po9t$ at ! tip & ! po9t project+ slightly beyond ! fir/ glume1 #c-n]v$ or #c- to #e-n]v$1 membran\s1 slightly hairy or glabr\s1 obscurely keel$4 ,! ?ird glume is ?91 membran\s1 %ort] ?an ! second glume1 l9e>-oblong1 subobtuse or acute at ! tip & n]veless4 ,! f\r? glume is ! base ( ! awn & ! awn is n twi/$1 b5t at ab\t ! middle1 #a_/b to #b_/c in* long2 !re is no palea4 ,an!rs are ?ree & yell[2 /igmas purple4 ,! gra9 is oblong-obovate1 slightly transp>5t4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are slightly n>r[] ?an ! sessile1 g5]ally n pitt$ 7?\gh pitt$ 9 "s plants71 & n awn$1 & ea* "o consi/s ( ?ree glumes only2 ! p$icel is m ?an half z long z ! sessile spikelets4 ,! fir/ glume is slightly hairy1 oblong-lanceolate1 acute or obtuse1 ciliate at ! m>g9s1 #g- to #i-1 or #ac-n]v$1 g5]ally )\t pits1 b occasionally ) "o1 two or ?ree pits2 ! keels are ciliolate ?r\gh\t ! l5g?4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 ) incurv$ m>g9s1 #e-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 l9e>-oblong1 glabr\s & ?9ly ciliate at ! tip or n ) or )\t /am5s4 ,?is is an excell5t fodd] grass & x gr[s quickly & /&s cutt+ v well4 ,cattle eat ?is grass v well4 ,di/ribution4--,?is grass is f\nd all ov] ,india 9 ! pla9s or l[] elevations ( hills4 ,&ropogon squ>rosus1 ,l4f4 7,vetiv]ia zizanioides47 ,?is is a d5sely tuft$ p]5nial grass ) bran*+ root-/ocks & spongy aromatic roots4 ,! /ems are leafy1 ) equitant1 h>d1 leaf-%ea?s at ! base1 smoo? & poli%$1 solid1 #b to #c-a_/b feet high4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are smoo?1 coriace\s1 glabr\s1 keel$ & compress$4 ,! ligule is a v %ort membrane4 ,leaf-blades are n>r[ly l9e>1 erect1 /rongly keel$ & flat1 acum9ate1 glabr\s bo? above & bel[1 v mu* n>r[] ?an ! %ea? at ! base1 #a to #b feet by #a_/c to #c_/d in*4 ,! panicle is conical1 erect ) bran*es1 fascicl$1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #d to #ab in*es4 ,! spikes consi/ ( bo? sessile & p$icell$ spikelets1 t are ei!r grey1 gre51 or purpli%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #aed4--;,&ropogon squ>rosus4 #a4 ,a portion ( a bran*2 #b4 a sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet2 #c1 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #g4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #h4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y2 #i1 #aj1 #aa & #ab4 glumes ( ! p$icell$ spikelet2 #ac4 palea ( ! f\r? glume4 ,! sessile spikelets are ab\t #a_/f in* long1 lanceolate & ) a %ortly be>d$ callus4 ,! fir/ glume is ovate-oblong1 ?ickly coriace\s1 obscurely #b- to #d-n]v$ 7occasionally #e- to #g-n]v$71 acute1 dorsally flat1 ) incurv$ m>g9s & ) two r[s ( tub]cle-bas$ m9ute prickles or m]e excresc5ces at ! sides4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 oblong1 coriace\s1 keel$1 ) hyal9e & ciliolate m>g9s1 #a-n]v$ 7sometimes #c-n]v$1 m>g9al fa9t71 & ) m9ute prickles on ! keel4 ,! ?ird glume is broadly oblong1 hyal9e1 n]veless or r>ely ) two obscure ve9s ciliolate at ! m>g9s & acute or acum9ate4 ,! f\r? glume is %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 l9e>-oblong1 mucronate or v %ortly awn$ at ! apex1 paleate2 palea ab\t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! glume1 lanceolate4 ,lodicules are two1 quadrate & conspicu\s ?\gh small4 ,/yles & /igmas %ort4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) yell[ an!rs4 ,/igmas are purple4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are simil> to ! sessile ones1 b are slightly small] & ! prickles are less prom95t4 ,! f\r? glume has no mucro or awn & has ?ree /am5s4 ,?is grass is fairly abundant 9 moi/ situations1 9 ! m>g9s ( tanks & 9 tankb$s 9 ! ,corom&el di/ricts1 b 9 o!r inl& di/ricts x is n s common4 ,9 "s places x seems to be cultivat$4 ,?is is ! khus-khus grass4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! pla9s & l[] hills ( ,india1 ,burma & ,ceylon1 also said to occur 9 ,java & ,tropical ,africa4 ,&ropogon asp]1 ,heyne4 7,*rysopogon asp]1 ,heyne47 ,?is is a tuft$ p]5nial grass4 ,/ems are /\t bel[ ) di/i*\s leaves & v sl5d] above1 #b to #c-a_/b feet long4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are di/i*\s & t[>ds ! base ( ! /em are #a_/b in* broad1 compress$1 keel$ & ) scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ hairs4 ,! ligule is a %ort membrane fr+$ ) close set hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4--;,&ropogon asp]4 ,leafy %oot1 a bit ( ! /em ) leaf-%ea?s & a bit ( ! leaf4 ,! leaf-blades are broad1 di/9ctly l9e>1 acute or acum9ate1 coriace\s1 glabr\s or s(tly hairy on bo? ! surfaces1 ) a sl5d] midrib :i* be>s %ort /iff tub]cle-bas$ hairs all along1 & m>g9s ) simil> hairs1 b a few leaves t[>ds ! base are long]1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #ab to #ah in*es & 9 bread? f #a_/b to #c_/d in*4 ,! panicle is some:at n>r[1 #g to #h in*es long1 bran*es are v sl5d]1 :orl$1 usually ) only "o spike consi/+ ( a sessile & two p$icell$ spikelets4 ,! sessile spikelets are #a_/d in* long1 lat]ally compress$1 ) a long callus vill\s all r\nd1 & bisexual4 ,! fir/ glume is coriace\s1 l9e>-oblong1 /rongly compress$ above & ) a few /iff %ort bri/les b5ea? ! tip4 ,! second glume is l9e>1 oblong1 coriace\s1 ) an awn z long z itself or %ort]1 keel$ & ) %ort /iff bri/les on ! keel & on ! sides above ! middle4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 n>r[1 obtuse1 %ort] ?an ! second1 #b-n]v$1 ciliate4 ,! f\r? glume is ! l9e>1 hyal9e1 #c-n]v$ base ( ! awn2 ! awn is #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b in*es & b5t at ab\t ! middle4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are ab\t #a_/c in*1 n>r[ly lanceolate1 male or neut] & ) %ort ru/y hairs on bo? ! m>g9s ( ! p$icel & a semi-circul> tip4 ,! fir/ glume is ?91 #b-too!d or n at ! tip1 awn$1 awn be+ z long z itself or long]1 #g-n]v$1 ciliate at ! sides f base to tip2 ! n]ves are ei!r equidi/ant or ! lat]al n]ves ne>] ! m>g94 ,! second glume is lanceolate-acum9ate1 n awn$1 #c-n]v$1 m>g9s hyal9e1 & ciliolate4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 l9e>-oblong1 #b-n]v$1 ciliolate4 ,! f\r? glume is l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate1 hyal9e1 n]veless or #a-n]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4--;,&ropogon asp]4 #a4 ,spike2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #f4 ! ov>y1 lodicules & /am5s2 #g1 #h1 #i & #aj4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! p$icell$ spikelet2 #aa4 callus ( ! spike4 ,?is grass gr[s abundantly on ! sides ( ! ,kambakkam ,drug1 ,*+leput di/rict1 & 9 ,p5*alkonda1 ,nellore di/rict1 & seems to be an endemic species4 ,x is usually conf9$ to ! hill sides & n f\nd 9 ! pla9s4 ,?is grass is v closely alli$ to ,&ropogon ,wightianus & x diff]s f x only 9 ! g5]al habit ( ! plant & 9 hav+ bri/les on ! leaf-%ea?s4 ,on ! :ole ?is is a co>s] & l>g] plant ?an ,a4 ,wightianus4 ,di/ribution4--,kambakkam ,drug 9 ! ,*+leput di/rict & ,p5*alkonda 9 ,nellore di/rict4 ,&ropogon ,wightianus1 ,/eud4 7,*rysopogon ,wightianus1 ,nees47 ,?is is a p]5nial4 ,/ems are erect or asc5d+ f a creep+ root-/ock1 v>y+ 9 height f #b to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is flatt5$1 s(tly hairy or glabr\s1 (t5 ciliat$ ne> ! m\?4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( v %ort hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[ly or r>ely broadly l9e>1 obtuse or acute & abruptly mucronate1 or n>r[ly drawn into a po9t glabr\s or pubesc5t1 m>g9s %ortly ciliate4 ,! panicle is n>r[1 #c to #f in*es long1 p$uncle smoo? bel[ b ?9ly pubesc5t above1 l[] bran*es long1 few 9 a :orl2 ra*is is v sl5d]1 angul>1 glabr\s or hairy4 ,! spikes are solit>y & ea* "o consi/s ( "o sessile & two p$icell$ spikelets4 ,! callus is long & d5sely be>d$ ) br[n hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4--;,&ropogon ,wightianus4 #a4 ,a spike2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #f4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y2 #g1 #h1 #i & #aj4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! p$icell$ spikelet4 ,sessile spikelets are bisexual1 sub-cyl9dric ab\t #a_/d in* long4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is *>tace\s1 lat]ally compress$1 obscurely #d-n]v$1 glabr\s bel[1 hispid ne> ! apex1 m9utely #b-too!d or n at ! apex1 n awn$ or r>ely ) a %ort awn4 ,! second glume is *>tace\s1 di/9ctly awn$1 ! awn be+ z long z ! glume or long]1 hispid above & at ! sides also4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 l9e>-oblong1 #b-n]v$ ciliate4 ,! f\r? glume is n>r[ ) hyal9e m>g9s1 ) an awn #b to #c in*es long2 awn is hispid bel[1 twi/$ & g5iculate at & less hairy above ! middle4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,/yles are two & fea!ry4 ,lodicules are v small4 ,p$icell$ spikelets are male or neut]1 flatt5$1 hairy1 r>ely glabr\s4 ,! p$icels are half z long or slightly long] ?an ! sessile spikelet1 truncate or semi-circul> at ! top1 & ) br[n vill\s hairs along ! m>g94 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ab\t #c_/h in*1 ciliate1 along ! inflex$ m>g91 #g-n]v$1 awn$2 awn equal to or long] ?an ! glume4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 %ortly awn$ or acum9ate1 #c-n]v$1 ciliate4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 oblong1 #b-n]v$1 sp>sely ciliate4 ,! f\r? glume is n>r[1 ciliate1 n]veless or r>ely #a-n]v$1 erose or bifid at ! top4 ,an!rs ?ree or m4 ,?is grass gr[s on ! pla9s z well z on ! hills4 ,x is v closely alli$ to ,&ropogon asp]1 ,heyne1 & x is v difficult to di/+ui% !m4 ,&ropogon ,wightianus is some:at small] comp>$ ) ,&ropogon asp]1 & ! tub]cle-bas$ bri/les on ! leaf-%ea?s1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,a4 asp]1 is abs5t4 ,di/ribution4--,madras1 ,*+leput di/rict1 ,kodaikanal & ! ,nilgiris4 ,&ropogon monticola1 ,s*ult4 7,*rysopogon monticola47 ,?is is a p]5nial grass4 ,! /ems are usually sl5d]1 d5sely tuft$1 erect1 simple1 or bran*$1 leafy especially at ! base1 v>y+ 9 height f #a to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are sp>sely hairy or glabr\s1 ! l[] some:at compress$ & ! upp] t]ete4 ,! ligule is a %ort1 ciliat$ membrane4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[1 l9e>1 acute1 rigid1 flat1 glauc\s1 smoo? or scab]ul\s1 ) m>g9s scabrid & ciliat$ ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs especially t[>ds ! base1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #ae in*es4 ,! infloresc5ce is an op5 panicle1 ovate or oblong1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #e in*es2 ! ra*is is sl5d]1 smoo? or scab]ul\s1 ! bran*es are capill>y1 :orl$ & spread+1 tip oblique1 be>d$ & be>+ a s+le sessile & two p$icellate spikelets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4--;,&ropogon monticola4 #a4 ,sessile & p$icellate spikelets2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #f4 an!rs1 ov>y & lodicules2 ,a-#a1 ,a-#b1 ,a-#c & ,a-#d4 ! glumes ( ! p$icell$ spikelet2 ,a-#e4 lodicules ( ! p$icell$ spikelet4 ,! sessile spikelets are bisexual1 ab\t #a_/d in* or less1 ) a long callus be>d$ on "o side ) long ru/y hairs4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is *>tace\s1 l9e>1 complicate1 #b-too!d at ! tip & ) %ort bri/les t[>ds ! apex1 #d-ve9$4 ,! second glume is *>tace\s1 ovate-lanceolate1 mu* broad] ?an ! fir/1 ciliate ) long ruf\s bri/les on ! keel1 %ortly too!d at ! apex ) an awn ab\t #a_/c ( an in* & ) broadly hyal9e m>g9s4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 n>r[-oblong1 ciliate & obtuse4 ,! f\r? glume is n>r[1 oblong1 hyal9e ) an awn ne>ly an in* long4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s & two lodicules4 ,! /igmas are long & fea!ry4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are z long z ! sessile & ! p$icels are flatt5$ & ) long ruf\s hairs on bo? ! m>g9s4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 acute & awn$ betwe5 two tee?1 #g-n]v$ & scab]ul\s4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 acum9ate1 ) ?9ly ciliate hyal9e m>g9s1 #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is %ort] ?an ! second1 n>r[1 hyal9e1 ciliate at ! m>g9s1 #b-n]v$4 ,! f\r? glume also is small1 hyal9e1 ciliate1 & #a-n]v$4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s & two lodicules4 ,?is grass is f\nd gr[+ all ov] ! ,presid5cy on ! pla9s & ev5 on l[ hills4 ,x gr[s into a tall plant 9 ri* soils & rema9s /unt$ 9 poor1 dry & rocky soils4 ,cattle eat ?is grass4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon & 9 ,africa4 ,&ropogon c>icosus1 ,l4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass m or less tuft$ 9 habit & closely alli$ to ,&ropogon annulatus1 ,=sk4 ,/ems are erect or decumb5t bel[ or asc5d+ f a creep+ base1 root+ at ! nodes1 smoo?1 glabr\s & mu* bran*$1 v>y+ 9 height1 f #a to #b feet2 bran*es are %ort1 sl5d] & sometimes ev5 capill>y1 ) nodes be>d$ or n 9 bran*es end+ 9 solit>y spikes1 & completely glabr\s :5 !y end 9 b9ate spikes4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are glabr\s1 r compress$1 /riate1 %ort] ?an ! int]nodes4 ,ligule is membran\s1 %ort1 v f9ely ciliolate or n4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 f9ely acum9ate1 sp>sely hairy1 sometimes ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs1 becom+ glabr\s :5 old ) scab]ul\s m>g9s #b to #h in*es by #a_/aj to #a_/f in*1 base r\nd$ mo/ly ) a few long hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4--;,&ropogon c>icosus4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( a bit ( spike2 #c4 a sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet2 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #g4 awn repres5t+ ! f\r? glume2 #h4 /am5s1 lodicules & ! ov>y2 #i4 ! fir/ glume ( ! p$icell$ spikelet4 ,! spikes are ei!r b9ate or solit>y v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #b in*es1 jo9ts & p$icels ab\t #a_/c z long z ! sessile spikelets1 slightly angul> or flat1 ciliate along "o side ) :ite hairs2 p$uncle is sl5d]1 pale or purple1 pubesc5t or glabr\s j bel[ ! spike4 ,! spikelets are ab\t #a_/h in*1 imbricate1 a sessile & a /alk$ "o f ! top ( ea* jo9t1 gre5i% or purple4 ,! sessile spikelet conta9s a bisexual fl[] & consi/s ( f\r glumes4 ,! callus is %ort1 & %ortly hairy bel[4 ,! fir/ glume is some:at *>tace\s1 obovate-oblong1 obtuse or truncate1 #g- to #aa-n]v$1 m>g9 slightly fold$1 keel %ortly rigidly ciliate t[>ds ! apex1 & ?9ly ciliate bel[1 dorsal surfaces sp>sely hairy bel[ ! middle4 ,! second glume is *>tace\s1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 equal to or slightly long] ?an ! fir/ glume b n>r[]1 #c-n]v$1 m>g9 infold$1 ?9ly %ortly ciliate1 dorsally glabr\s1 %9+4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 ovate-oblong1 acute1 n]veless1 m>g9s sp>sely ciliate or n4 ,! f\r? glume is ! base ( ! awn1 #c_/d to #a in*1 scab]ul\s4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) yell[ or purple t+$ an!rs1 ov>y oblong ) two fea!ry /igmas4 ,lodicules are two1 cuneate4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are ei!r male or neut] & consi/ ( f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is *>tace\s1 obovate-oblong1 obtuse1 _m-n]v$ 7?irte5 or m71 ?9ly ciliate ) long hairs & ) a few rigid %ort hairs t[>ds ! apex2 m>g9s are slightly infold$1 dorsally sp>sely hairy )\t4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 #c-n]v$ 7occasionally #d-n]v$71 m>g9s are ?9ly ciliate & infold$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 n]veless & ciliate4 ,! f\r? glume is hyal9e1 n]veless1 l9e> & oblong1 glabr\s1 small1 ! apex is n>r[$ & deeply bifid4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s & two lodicules4 ,?is is a common grass fl\ri%+ on ! bunds ( paddy fields & 9 %elt]$ places :]e !re is suffici5t moi/ure 9 ! soil4 ,b ?is is less common ?an ,a4 annulatus1 ,=sk4 ,9 black cotton soil at ,bantanahal 9 ,bell>y di/rict x gr[s to a height ( #d or #e feet4 ,di/ribution4--,pla9s & l[ hills ?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4--;,&ropogon annulatus4 #a4 ,full plant2 #b4 base ( ! leaf & ligule4 ,&ropogon annulatus1 ,=sk4 ,?is is a d5sely tuft$ p]5nial grass4 ,! ma9 /em is und]gr\nd1 rhizomif]\s1 & cov]$ ) scale leaves2 bran*es are _m aris+ 9 tufts1 leafy1 procumb5t at base & aft]w>ds g5iculately asc5d+ & end+ 9 infloresc5ce1 occasionally root+ at ! nodes & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #c feet4 ,! int]nodes v>y f #a-a_/b to #d in*es1 pale or purpli%1 slightly flatt5$1 smoo? & glabr\s4 ,! leaf-%ea? is t]ete1 glabr\s1 %9+1 gre5 or purpli%1 clos$1 ) m>g9s :]e sep>ate ciliat$ & pr(usely s at ! tip especially ! out] or bo?4 ,! ligule is membran\s truncate1 glabr\s1 ab\t #a_/af in* 9 height4 ,nodes are purple & s(tly vill\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4--;,&ropogon annulatus4 #a4 ,front & back views ( a portion ( ! spike2 #b4 a sessile & a p$icell$ spikelet2 #c1 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #g4 ! ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules2 #h1 #i & #aj4 ! glumes ( ! p$icell$ spikelet4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 scabrid1 sp>sely hairy1 becom+ glabr\s except at ! base & ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs on ! upp] surface4 ,! spikes v>y 9 numb] f two to n9e1 erect or slightly spread+1 subdigitately fascicl$1 pale :5 "y & p9ki% or br[n :5 old1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #b-a_/b in*es4 ,! /alk ( ! :ole infloresc5ce is long1 sl5d]1 smoo? & glabr\s4 ,! p$uncle ( ! spikes is f #a_/h to #a_/f ( an in* long1 ?91 sl5d]1 glabr\s ) swoll5 bases & ) a r+ ( hairs at ! node4 ,jo9ts ( ! ra*is & ! p$icels are slightly flatt5$1 ciliat$ along ! n>r[ edges2 ! p$icels ( ! /alk$ spikelets are half z long z ! sessile spikelets4 ,! spikelets are "o sessile & "o p$icell$ & imbricat+ on ! ra*is4 ,! sessile spikelet is z long z ! /alk$ or a little less1 ) a ?ick callus1 %ortly be>d$ at ! base or sometimes glabr\s & consi/s ( f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is elliptic-oblong or oblong1 obtuse or truncate1 irregul>ly #b- or #c-too!d1 #e- to #i-n]v$1 sp>sely vill\s ) long hairs & m>g9s slightly infold$4 ,! second glume is small] ?an ! fir/ glume1 acute1 membran\s1 #c-n]v$ & keel$1 ! m>g9s are ciliate & infold$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 l9e>1 acute1 or obtuse1 n]veless sp>sely hairy at ! tip1 v mu* %ort] ?an ! second glume4 ,! f\r? glume is an awn ) a l9e> hyal9e base1 erect1 ab\t an in* long4 ,/am5s are ?ree1 ov>y is oblong ) two fea!ry1 d>k purple /igmas4 ,lodicules are two1 cuneate4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are male & consi/ ( only ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is elliptic1 oblong1 irregul>ly obtuse1 ab\t #aa-n]v$1 m>g9s slightly infold$ ) long pilose hairs ?r\gh\t1 m along ! m>g94 ,! second glume is a little small]1 #c-n]v$1 sp>sely hairy only along ! m>g9al n]ves1 fold$ inw>ds1 & slightly keel$4 ,! ?ird glume is %ort] ?an ! second1 hyal9e1 n]veless1 n>r[-lanceolate1 acute2 /am5s are ?ree1 ) gre5 an!rs1 purple-dott$4 ,lodicules are two1 broad & cuneate4 ,?is grass is f\nd fl\ri%+ all ov] ,india & gr[s 9 cultivat$ fields & g>d5s & likes %elt]$ places4 ,?is yields a consid]able am\nt ( fodd] & /&s cutt+ well4 ,di/ribution4 ,?r\gh\t ,india 9 ! hills & ! pla9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4--;,&ropogon contortus4 ,&ropogon contortus1 ,l4 7,het]opogon contortus1 ,beauv47 ,?is is a tuft$ p]5nial4 ,! /ems are erect or slightly decumb5t bel[1 sl5d]1 r compress$ t[>ds ! base1 leafy at ! base1 simple or bran*$1 d5sely tuft$ & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #c or #d feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4--;,&ropogon contortus4 #a4 ,l[] pair ( sessile & p$icell$ spikelets2 #b4 upp] pair ( sessile & p$icell$ spikelets2 #c1 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( p$icell$ spikelets2 #g1 #h1 #i & #aj4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #aa4 ov>y4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo? or sp>sely hairy1 compress$ & %ortly auricl$ or n at ! m\?4 ,! ligule is %ort1 truncate & ciliolate4 ,! leaf-blades are l9e>1 acute or abruptly acum9ate1 flat1 rigid1 sp>+ly ciliate above1 ) tub]cle-bas$ hairs t[>ds ! base1 scab]ul\s ?r\gh\t1 & #b to #ab in*es long or m1 #a_/aj to #a_/e in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( a solit>y spike ) closely imbricat+ spikelets4 ,! spikelets are all on "o side1 & ! l[] two to six pairs ( p$icell$ & sessile spikelets are all males4 ,! sessile spikelets are all female & awn$1 except ! few l[] :i* are male & awnless1 #a_/d in* long4 ,! callus is long1 acute1 be>d$ ) r$di%-br[n hairs4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is n>r[1 l9e>-oblong1 truncate or r\nd$1 some:at br[n1 _m-n]v$1 hispid1 ) incurv$ m>g9s & membran\s tip4 ,! second glume is l9e>1 obtuse1 coriace\s1 d>k-br[n1 hispidul\s1 #c-n]v$ ) incurv$ m>g9s4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong1 hyal9e1 ?91 n]veless1 %ort & truncate4 ,! f\r? glume is r$uc$ to an awn1 #c in*es or m 9 l5g?4 ,! ov>y is l9e> ) two long /igmas4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are some:at long] ?an ! sessile #a_/c to #a_/b in*1 ) v %ort p$icels4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 obliquely twi/$1 hispid at ! back ) long bulb\s-bas$ hairs1 m>g9s m or less unequally w+$4 ,! second glume is oblong lanceolate1 acum9ate1 #e-n]v$1 ?9ly ciliate ) hyal9e m>g9s4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong1 hyal9e1 #a-n]v$ & ciliate4 ,! f\r? glume is obovate-oblong or oblong1 hyal9e1 ciliate1 n]veless4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s4 ,?is grass ?\gh co>se =ms v good hay if cut be=e x fl[]s4 ,! only objection aga9/ ?is grass is ! pres5ce ( ! tr\blesome awns :i* get twi/$ toge!r l ! /r&s ( a rope4 ,?is is ! spe> grass ( ! ,anglo-,indians4 ,x gr[s all ov] ! ,presid5cy & is a tr\blesome we$ :5 9 fl[]4 ,di/ribution4--,all ov] ! ,presid5cy & ,india4 ,common 9 all tropical c\ntries4 ,&ropogon ,s*o5an?us1 ,l4 ,v>4 caesius4 7,cymbopogon caesius1 ,/apf47 ,?is is a p]5nial grass ) /\t or sl5d]1 erect /ems ris+ f a woody base1 leafy upw>d1 simple or bran*$4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo? & glabr\s4 ,! ligule is an oblong-ovate membrane4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is long1 n>r[ or broad1 n>r[ly l9e>-lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 glauc\s especially b5ea?1 ?9ly coriace\s1 glabr\s on bo? ! surfaces1 base r\nd$ or cordate & amplexicaul1 #f to #aj in*es by #a_/f to #a_/c in*4 ,! panicle is elongate1 leafy1 n>r[1 d5se or int]rupt$1 comp\nd or decomp\nd1 #a to #b feet long2 bracts are lanceolate1 spa?i=m1 f9ely acum9ate1 glabr\s1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #a-a_/b in*es1 & ) hyal9e m>g9s2 ! prop] bracts are z long z ! spikes or long]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4--;,&ropogon ,s*o5an?us4 #a4 ,a sessile & two p$icell$ spikelets2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & f\r? glume ( ! sessile spikelet1 respectively2 #f4 ov>y2 #g1 #h & #i4 ! glumes ( ! p$icell$ spikelets 9 ord]4 ,! spikes are unequal1 #a_/b to #b_/c in* long1 "o #c- to #d-;jo9t$ & ! o!r #d- to #f-;jo9t$2 ! jo9ts & p$icels are n>r[ly clavate1 half z long z ! sessile spikelets1 tips dilat$ & too!d1 m>g9s vill\sly ciliate1 ) long hairs4 ,! spikelets are b9ate1 "o sessile & ! o!r p$icell$4 ,! sessile spikelets 9 ! upp] "p ( ! spike are bisexual1 lanceolate1 #a_/f in* long & ^? 9 ! l[] "p ( ! spike are %ort]1 obtuse1 male4 ,! callus is %ort & be>d$4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ovate or obovate-oblong1 dorsally flat or ne>ly s1 ) a deep n>r[-longitud9al m$ian furr[ usually bel[ ! middle & answ]+ to a ridge on ! v5tral face1 obtuse or #b-too!d at ! apex1 m>g9$ above ! middle1 ) a hyal9e1 n>r[1 f9ely d5ticulate w+1 #b-n]v$ or n]veless4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 cymbi=m1 acute or acum9ate1 #c-n]v$1 m>g9s hyal9e1 ciliate1 z long z ! fir/ *>tace\s & ! keel ) a s]rulate w+ above ! middle4 ,! ?ird glume is l9e> oblong1 hyal9e1 obtuse1 ciliate1 n]veless4 ,! f\r? glume is ! n>r[ly w+$ #b-lob$ base ( ! awn1 lobes are lanceolate erect & palea ( ! f\r? glume is m9ute4 ,lodicules are cuneate4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are oblong-lanceolate1 acute or obtuse1 glabr\s & male4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is glabr\s or r>ely pub]ul\s1 m>g9s incurv$1 obtuse1 #i- to #aa-n]v$4 ,! second glume is ovate1 acute1 #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong or l9e>-oblong1 hyal9e1 apex r\nd$1 ciliate & fa9tly #b-n]v$4 ,?is grass gr[s all ov] ! ,presid5cy 9 op5 dry situations & is v widely di/ribut$4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india--we/w>d to tropical ,africa4 #bi4 ,an?i/iria1 ,l4 f4 7,!m$a1 ,=sk47 ,^! are tall grasses1 annual or p]5nial4 ,leaves are usually long & n>r[4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( racemes or panicles ( fascicl$ spikes 9 ! axils ( spa?i=m bracts4 ,! spikelets v>y 9 numb] f six to elev5 9 a clu/]1 ! f\r l[e/ be+ male or neut]1 & =m+ an involucre ) :orl$ or sup]pos$ pairs r\nd ei!r #a-sessile bisexual spikelet ) two p$icell$ spikelets or two sup]pos$ bisexual1 ! l[] ) "o p$icell$1 ! upp] ) two4 ,! involucral spikelets are male or neut]1 ! l>ge/1 & consi/ ( ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is oblong1 lanceolate1 dorsally flatt5$1 _m-n]v$1 m>g9s n>r[ly incurv$ & keels n>r[ly w+$4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 lanceolate1 acute1 #c-n]v$1 ) ciliate m>g9s4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 small] ?an ! second1 #a-n]v$ or ?is glume may be abs5t1 /am5s h l>ge an!rs4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are simil> to ! involucral 9 e respect b small]1 male or neut]1 b ! fir/ glume is n w+$ on ! keels4 ,! bisexual 7or female7 spikelets are small] ?an ! involucrant spikelets1 l9e>-oblong1 subt]ete1 obtuse ) a rigidly be>d$ callus4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is t]ete1 or dorsally compress$ or *annell$1 coriace\s & at l5g? h>d5$1 m>g9s incurv$1 d>k br[n to almo/ black :5 old4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 l9e>1 dorsally *>tace\s1 ) broadly incurv$ membran\s m>g9s1 #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is v small1 hyal9e1 #a-n]v$1 epaleate4 ,! f\r? glume is ! flatt5$ base ( ! awn1 epaleate4 ,! lodicules are two1 cuneate4 ,an!rs are r small4 ,/yles are lat]ally or t]m9ally exs]t$4 ,gra9 is n>r[1 obovoid1 biconvex1 ) two grooves on ! ant]ior side & ) a long embryo4 ,an?i/iria tremula1 ,nees4 ,?is is an annual or p]5nial4 ,/ems are /\t or sl5d]1 erect or asc5d+ f a creep+ root-/ock1 simple or bran*$1 #a to #d feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 compress$4 ,! ligule is a n>r[ membrane4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 rigid1 erect1 acum9ate ) a setace\s tip1 ne>ly smoo?1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #f to #bj in*es & 9 bread? f #a_/f to #b_/c in*4 ,! infloresc5ce is an elongate panicle1 #a to #b feet long1 consi/+ ( r di/ant fascicles ( spikes & bracts on capill>y1 flexu\s p$uncles2 ! spikes are sub-flabelli=m or sub-globose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b in*es broad1 sometimes r$uc$ to a few spikelets & bracts2 ! out] bracts are long] ?an ! fascicles1 #a to #a-a_/b in*es long1 glabr\s or hairy ) ord9>y or tub]cle-bas$ hairs2 prop] bracts are lanceolate1 acute1 compress$1 glabr\s or hairy ) membran\s m>g9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe4--;,an?i/iria tremula4 #a4 ,fascicles ( ?ree spikes ) ! out] bracts & prop] bracts2 #b4 a spike )\t its prop] bract2 #c4 ! p$icell$ & ! bisexual spikelets )\t ! involucral spikelets2 #d1 ! fir/ glume ( ! involucral spikelet ) "o w+ only2 #d;a4 ! fir/ glume ( ! involucral spikelet ) w+s to bo? ! keels2 #e & #f4 ! second & ! ?ird glume ( ! involucral spikelet2 #g1 #h & #i4 ! glumes ( ! bisexual spikelet2 #aj1 #aa1 #ab & #ac4 glumes ( ! bisexual spikelet2 #ad4 ov>y4 ,! involucral spikelets are ! longe/1 9 contigu\s sup]pos$ pairs1 ab\t #a_/b in* long1 & ! ra*is ( ! spike is produc$ beyond ^! spikelets4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is l9e>-lanceolate1 acute1 cov]$ ) long1 (t5 tub]cle-bas$ hairs1 _m-n]v$1 m>g9s n>r[ly incurv$1 & ) n>r[ w+s1 on bo? ! keels 9 "o ( ea* ( ! pairs ( spikelets & on "o keel only 9 ! o!r ( ea* ( ^! pairs4 ,! second glume is oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 m>g9s ?9 & membran\s1 inflex$1 ciliate above ! middle1 #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! second1 hyal9e1 v n>r[ly l9e>1 #a-n]v$4 ,/am5s are ?ree & ! lodicules are cuneate4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets are usually small] ?an ! involucral spikelets & simil> to !m4 ,! fir/ glume is w+$ on "o side 9 ! l[e/ spikelet & )\t w+s 9 ! o!rs4 ,! bisexual or 7female7 spikelets are l9e>-oblong1 obtuse1 & ! callus ) r$di% hairs4 ,! fir/ glume is scabrid1 deeply *annell$ at ! back1 n]veless1 n>r[ly truncate at ! tip1 & hispid ne> ! apex4 ,! second glume is z long z ! fir/1 l9e>1 hyal9e1 #c-n]v$1 *>tace\s at ! back ) ! sides membran\s & incurv$4 ,! ?ird glume is small1 hyal9e1 #a-n]v$ & epaleate4 ,! f\r? glume is ! n>r[$ base ( ! awn :i* is #a_/b in* long4 ,?is grass is v common 9 m>%es & 9 wet l[-ly+ places on ! hills & occurs also 9 ! pla9s 9 ,malab> & ,s\? ,kan>a4 ,di/ribution4--,! ,deccan ,p59sula1 f ! ,konkan & ,c5tral ,prov9ces s\?w>d1 & ,ceylon4 #cj4 ,iseilema1 ,hack4 ,^! grasses are ei!r annual or p]5nial1 ) sl5d] freely bran*+ /ems4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle consi/+ ( gr\ps ( dissimil> spikelets ) compress$1 boat-%ap$ spa!s on p$uncles4 ,spikelets are ( two k9ds1 sessile & p$icell$4 ,ea* p$uncle be>s #d-p$icell$ male or neut] spikelets 9 a regul> :orl =m+ an involucel ar\nd #a or #b sessile bisexual spikelets & #b- or #c-p$icell$ male spikelets4 ,involucral spikelets h #c or #b glumes1 ! fir/ two glumes are some:at simil>1 ! fir/ #c- to #e-n]v$ & ! second #c-n]v$1 ! ?ird glume is "o n]v$ & hyal9e4 ,lodicules are cuneate & retuse4 ,an!rs yell[ dott$ or t+$ violet4 ,p$icell$ spikelets inside ! involucral simil> to ^? ( ! involucral4 ,sessile spikelets are bisexual or sometimes female1 #d-;glum$ & awn$4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,panicle sl5d]1 lax2 involucral spikelets #a_/f in*2 p$icel sl5d]1 t]ete #a4 ,i4 laxum4 ,panicle cr[d$1 leafy2 involucral spikelets #a_/f in* or m1 v /rongly n]v$2 p$icel h>d]1 firm] & flatt5$ #b4 ,i4 an!phoroides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4--;,iseilema laxum4 ,iseilema laxum1 ,hack4 ,x is a tuft$ p]5nial grass ) a /\t1 %ort1 creep+ root-/ock4 ,/ems are sl5d]1 bran*$1 asc5d+1 #f to #bd in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are some:at loose1 glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a %ortly ciliate membrane4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 obtuse1 glabr\s & ciliate ne> ! base1 #b to #f in*es long4 ,! leaf-blades 9 ! upp] portions ( ! bran*es are small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4--;,iseilema laxum4 #a4 ,a clu/] ( spikelets ) spa!s4 #b4 a clu/] consi/+ ( ! involucral spikelets & ?ree inn] spikelets2 #c4 ! inn] spikelets consi/+ ( "o sessile female or bisexual & #b-p$icell$ male spikelets2 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively1 ( ! involucral spikelet4 ,! infloresc5ce is a n>r[ long panicle be>+ clu/]s ( spikelets ) spa!s on sl5d] p$uncles1 ! out] spa!s are n>r[-lanceolate1 glabr\s or ) a few hairs ne> ! m>g91 #a_/d to #a in* long2 inn] spa!s are lanceolate1 small] ) membran\s m>g9s4 ,ea* clu/] consi/s ( an involucel ( #d p$icell$ spikelets =m+ a true :orl ar\nd #b p$icell$ & #a sessile spikelets or #c p$icell$ & #b sessile spikelets4 ,! involucral spikelets are male1 oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 ) %ort flatt5$ p$icels1 be>d$ at ! base1 & h ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is oblong-lanceolate1 acute1 #e- to #g-n]v$ & ciliate4 ,! second glume is oblong-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 equal or slightly %ort] ?an ! fir/1 glabr\s1 #c-n]v$ & ) infold$ m>g9s4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 l9e>1 %ort1 irregul>ly too!d at ! apex4 ,! inn] p$icell$ spikelets are simil> to ! involucral spikelets1 b ! ?ird glume is v n>r[1 l9e>4 ,! sessile spikelets are female1 r>ely bisexual1 n>r[ly lanceolate1 #a_/e in* long1 glabr\s & h f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 *>tace\s1 truncate or #b-;fid at ! apex1 fa9tly #e-n]v$1 ) a few long hairs or glabr\s1 & ) m>g9s scab]ul\s t[>ds ! tip to ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! glume4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 acum9ate1 glabr\s1 sub-*>tace\s1 #c-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 n]veless1 apex irregul>ly cut1 %ort2 sometimes ?is glume is want+4 ,! f\r? glume is a v sl5d] awn ( ab\t #a_/b in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4--;,iseilema laxum4 #a4 ,inn] spikelets consi/+ ( #b-p$icell$ male & two female or bisexual spikelets2 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelets2 #f4 ov>y2 #g1 #h & #i4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively1 ( ! inn] p$icell$ spikelet4 ,?is is a widely spread common grass gr[+ 9 some:at moi/ situations4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n ,*5gali gaddi ( ! ,telugu di/ricts4 ,di/ribution4--,all ov] ,madras & ,bombay presid5cies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4--;,iseilema an!phoroides4 ,iseilema an!phoroides1 ,hack4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass closely resembl+ ,iseilema laxum 9 its habit1 b %ort]1 /\t] & bran*+ m freely4 ,! leaf is simil> to t ( ,i4 laxum 9 all its p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4--;,iseilema an!phoroides4 #a4 ,a clu/] ( spikelets ) spa!s2 #b4 ! involucral & ! inn] spikelets2 #c4 ! inn] spikelets2 #d & #e4 ! glumes ( ! involucral spikelets2 #f1 #g1 #h & #i4 ! f\r glumes1 respectively1 ( ! sessile spikelet2 #aj4 ov>y2 #aa & #ab4 glumes ( ! inn] p$icell$ spikelets4 ,! p$icell$ spikelets ( ! involucel h firm] h>d]1 %ort] & broad] p$icels1 ?ickly be>d$ & consi/ ( two glumes only4 ,! fir/ glume is v /rongly #e-n]v$1 coriace\s1 oblong-lanceolate2 ) scab]ul\s infold$ m>g9s1 ) long cilia4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 ?91 #c-n]v$1 glabr\s4 ,! inn] p$icell$ spikelets are simil> to ! p$icell$ spikelets ( ! involucel4 ,! sessile spikelet has f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is elliptic-lanceolate1 apex drawn into a long n>r[ /rip end+ 9 two tee? or truncate1 sp>sely ciliate at ! m>g9s ab\t ! middle1 fa9tly #c-n]v$4 ,! second glume is %ort] ?an ! fir/1 lanceolate1 drawn out into an acum9ate po9t at ! apex1 hairy at ! back4 ,! ?ird glume is hyal9e1 %ort1 oblong1 apex broad & irregul>ly too!d1 n]veless4 ,! f\r? glume is an awn4 ,?is is v common 9 ! ,deccan di/ricts & gr[s on all k9ds ( soils4 ,?is is a good fodd] grass4 ,di/ribution4--,v common 9 ! ,c$$ di/ricts & ,nellore4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,s]ies ,,ii--,poaceae4 ,,tribes ,v ,,& ,,vi--,,agro/ideae ,,& ,,*lorideae4 ,! tribe ,agro/ideae is a v small "o4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ,s\? ,india only by a few g5]a4 ,! spikelets are usually #a-;fl[]$ & ! ra*illa is jo9t$ at ! base j above ! empty glumes & x is n produc$ beyond ! fl[]+ glume4 ,!re are only ?ree glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,sub4 ,tribe #a4 ,/ipeae4--,! spikelets are n>r[ & long1 panicles & ! fl[]+ glumes are rigid or h>d1 & awn$4 ,! ?ird glume is n>r[1 long1 awn #c-;fid #ca4 ,ari/ida4 ,sub4 ,tribe #b4 ,euagro/eae4--,! spikelets are v small1 9 op5 or contract$ panicles4 ,! ?ird glume is ?9 & membran\s1 awnless4 #cb4 ,sporobolus4 ,*lorideae is also a small tribe ) ab\t t5 g5]a1 mo/ ( !m be+ v common 9 ,s\!rn ,india4 ,! spikelets are unilat]ally bis]iate on ! ra*is :i* is n jo9t$ at ! base4 ,!re are "o or m fl[]s 9 ! spikelet1 all or only ! l[e/ be+ bisexual4 ,! ra*illa is jo9t$ j above ! empty glumes & x is produc$ or n beyond ! fl[]+ glumes4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( spikes1 or spici=m racemes1 solit>y or digitate1 & 9 "s x is paniculate4 ,ra*illa produc$ beyond ! fl[]+ glume4 ,spikes usually solit>y4 ,spikelets #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 p$icell$ & 9 decidu\s clu/]s1 awn$4 #cc4 ,gracilea4 ,spikelets #a- to #b-;fl[]$1 n clu/]$ awn$4 #cd4 ,ent]opogon4 ,spikes or spici=m racemes digitate or :orl$4 ,spikelets #a-;fl[]$ & ) ?ree glumes1 awnless4 #ce4 ,cynodon4 ,ra*illa n produc$ beyond ! fl[]+ glumes4 ,spikelets #b- or m-fl[]$1 glumes five or m1 awn$1 upp] fl[]s imp]fect4 #cf4 ,*loris4 ,spikelets #c- to #f-;fl[]$1 d5sely cr[d$1 awnless4 #cg4 ,eleus9e4 ,spikes or spici=m spikes racem$1 spikelets #b- to #c-;fl[]$1 #d- to #e-;glum$1 awn$4 #ch4 ,d9ebra4 ,spikes panicl$1 fili=m1 spikelets v m9ute "o-or m-fl[]$1 glumes awnless4 #ci4 ,lepto*loa4 #ca4 ,ari/ida1 ,l4 ,^! are tuft$1 annual or p]5nial grasses4 ,spikelets are panicl$1 #a-;fl[]$1 lat]ally compress$1 ) ! ra*illa jo9t$ above ! empty glumes1 #c-;glum$4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are n>r[1 keel$1 #a-n]v$1 awn$ or n & p]si/5t4 ,! ?ird glume is v n>r[1 cyl9dric1 coriace\s1 convolute1 acum9ate1 #c-n]v$1 tip produc$ into a long #c-p>tite1 nak$ or hairy awn twi/$ bel[ ! bran*es1 ) a m9ute palea :i* is convolute r\nd ! ov>y4 ,lodicules are two1 l9e> or oblong-l9e> & hyal9e4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,/yles are di/9ct4 ,gra9 is long1 n>r[ & cyl9drical4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,awn trip>tite f ! base & n articulate ) ! top ( ! glume1 p]si/5t & glabr\s4 ,annual4 ,glumes ,i & ,,ii n awn$4 ,awn )\t any column & bran*$ f ! base4 #a4 ,a4 ,adsc5scionis4 ,awn ) a %ort column & ) %ort] bran*es4 #d4 ,a4 mutabilis4 ,p]5nial4 ,panicle cyl9dric1 glumes ,i & ,,ii awn$2 callus ) :ite silky hairs4 #b4 ,a4 setacea4 ,panicle effuse1 glumes ,i & ,,ii awn$ or n2 callus nak$4 #c4 ,a4 ,hy/rix4 ,awn ) a long column1 trip>tite at ! top4 ,annual2 panicle lax1 n>r[2 glumes ,i & ,,ii awn$4 #e4 ,a4 funiculata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4--;,ari/ida ,adsc5scionis4 ,ari/ida ,adsc5scionis1 ,l4 ,?is grass is usually an annual becom+ a p]5nial "u fav\rable conditions4 ,/ems are sl5d]1 sometimes ev5 fili=m1 erect1 or asc5d+1 simple or bran*$1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #i in*es to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 ?9ly /riate4 ,! ligule is a r[ ( f9e %ort hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[1 l9e>1 tap]+ to a f9e po9t1 convolute 9 bud1 scabrid above & smoo? bel[1 ) a m9utely s]rate1 v n>r[1 hyal9e m>g91 #a to #aj in*es long & #a_/ab in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce is a lax1 n>r[1 subsecund panicle1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #c to #ab in*es1 & ) a sl5d] glabr\s p$uncle2 ! ma9 ra*is is fili=m & glabr\s2 bran*es are ei!r solit>y or b9ate1 unequal2 bran*$ ei!r f ! middle or ! base2 p$icels are %ort & capill>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4--;,ari/ida ,adsc5scionis4 #a4 ,a spikelet2 #b4 fir/ & second glumes2 #c4 palea2 #d4 lodicules1 /am5s & ov>y2 #e4 ?ird glume ) awns2 #f4 gra94 ,! spikelets are n>r[1 erect1 gre51 occasionally also purpli%1 #a_/d to #a_/c in* long exclusive ( ! awn4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is l9e>-lanceolate1 acute1 membran\s1 #a-n]v$ ) a scab]ul\s keel1 #a_/af to #c_/af in* long4 ,! second glume is long] ?an ! fir/1 l9e>-lanceolate1 acute1 occasionally #b-too!d & apiculate1 #a-ve9$ ab\t #a_/d in* long & ) a smoo? keel4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! second or slightly long]1 lat]ally compress$1 #c-n]v$1 smoo? b scab]ul\s along ! keel1 awn$2 !re are ?ree scabrid awns1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/b to #c_/d in*1 cont9u\s ) ! glume )\t a column1 n jo9t$1 & ! middle awn is long] ?an ! lat]al ones2 ! callus is long1 po9t$ & vill\s4 ,!re is a m9ute palea4 ,lodicules are two1 simil> to ! palea 9 size1 l9e> oblong4 ,an!rs are yell[ dott$ ) purple4 ,! ov>y is oblong l9e> ) two :ite fea!ry /igmas4 ,gra9 is long & l9e>4 ,?is :5 "y is eat5 by cattle1 b !y d n l x :5 9 fl[]4 ,di/ribution4--,occurs all ov] ! ,presid5cy 9 ! pla9s & ! l[ hills4 ,ari/ida setacea1 ,retz4 ,?is is a tall co>se p]5nial grass ) h>d1 smoo? & poli%$1 /\t1 erect simple or bran*$ /ems1 #c to #d feet4 ,roots are /\t & wiry4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 cyl9drical4 ,! ligule is a r[ ( %ort hairs4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 coriace\s1 convolute1 glabr\s1 /rongly n]v$1 #f to #ab in*es long4 ,! infloresc5ce is a contract$ panicle v>y+ f #f to #ah in*es ) %ort1 erect or subsecund bran*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4--;,ari/ida setacea4 #a4 ,! spikelet2 #b & #c4 ! fir/ & ! second glume2 #d4 ! l[] portion ( ! ?ird glume1 an!r1 ov>y & ! lodicules2 #e4 palea ( ! ?ird glume4 ,! spikelets v>y f #a_/b to #b_/c in* exclud+ ! awn4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is ab\t #c_/h in* long1 lanceolate-l9e>1 n>r[$ into a %ort awn4 ,! second glume is long] ?an ! fir/1 #a-n]v$ & m9utely #b-too!d or not*$ at ! base ( ! awn4 ,! ?ird glume is #e_/h in* long1 #c-n]v$1 ne>ly smoo?4 ,! callus ( ! ?ird glume is long1 d5sely silkily hairy ) ?ree awns n jo9t$ at ! base ) ! glume2 awns ab\t #a in* or m4 ,lodicules are ovate-lanceolate1 fairly l>ge4 ,gra9 is n>r[1 cyl9drical4 ,?is grass gr[s 9 op5 dry situations 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,all ov] ,india4 ,ari/ida ,hy/rix1 ,l9n4 f4 ,?is is a diffuse p]5nial grass ) a creep+ root-/ock1 ) fairly /\t sometimes prolif]\s freely bran*+ /ems2 bran*es are /iff1 erect1 incl9$ or pro/rate1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #f in*es to #b feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s & cyl9dric4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( close-set hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blades are q flat1 n>r[ly lanceolate-l9e> v f9ely acum9ate1 glabr\s on bo? ! surfaces b ) tufts ( hairs on bo? sides at ! base :]e ! blade jo9s ! %ea?1 prom95tly n]v$2 m>g9 is ev5 & )\t any hyal9e bord]1 ! blade v>ies 9 l5g? f #b to #i in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4--;,ari/ida ,hy/rix4 #a4 ,a spikelet2 #b1 #c & #d4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #d;a4 ! ?ird glume & its awns2 #e4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #f4 lodicules1 an!rs & ! ov>y4 ,! infloresc5ce is an effuse panicle1 z long z broad1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #d to #aj in*es2 ! ma9 ra*is is /\t1 f9ely scabrid1 ) /iff sl5d]1 horizontally spread+ or recl9+ bran*es t arise 9 pairs f ! nodes1 ! bran*es h swoll5 bases at ! nodes & !y are cov]$ by long hairs4 ,! spikelets are #c_/h in* long exclud+ ! awn4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is *>tace\s1 lanceolate1 acum9ate & t]m9at+ 9 an awn1 #a-n]v$1 #c_/h to #a_/b in* includ+ ! awn1 ) ! keel v f9ely scabr\s4 ,! second glume is long] ?an ! fir/1 *>tace\s1 lanceolate1 t]m9at+ 9 an awn1 #a_/b to #c_/d in* long includ+ ! awn1 ) a smoo? keel4 ,! callus ( ! ?ird glume is %ort1 po9t$ & vill\s4 ,! ?ird glume is *>tace\s f9ely scabrid #a_/d to #c_/h in* long exclud+ ! awn1 #c-n]v$1 #c-lob$ at ! apex & ! lobes becom+ awns2 awns are #a in* long1 ! middle "o be+ a little long]4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! glume is broad] ?an ! inn] m>g9 & is r\nd$ at ! apex at ! base ( ! awn4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s & ! an!rs are pale or purpli%4 ,! /yle bran*es are purpli%4 ,! lodicules are #a_/h in* long obliquely lanceolate4 ,?is grass is fairly common 9 all op5 dry situations ?r\gh\t ?is ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,deccan ,p59sula & ,ceylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4--;,ari/ida mutabilis4 ,ari/ida mutabilis1 ,tr94 ,rup4 ,?is is a small tuft$ annual grass ) simple or bran*$ sl5d] /ems spread+ at ! base1 & sometimes g5iculately asc5d+ & root+ at ! l[] nodes1 #f to #ab in*es long4 ,! nodes h d>k purple r+s :5 dry4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 ) membran\s m>g9s & long hairs at ! m\?4 ,! ligule is a r[ ( %ort d5se hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is sl5d]1 convolute1 rigid1 curv$1 & ! tip end+ 9 a %>p po9t1 #a to #c in*es long4 ,! infloresc5ce is a n>r[ panicle1 cyl9dric1 ) %ort cr[d$ bran*es1 "s ( !m remote l[] d[n1 p$uncle is smoo?1 & ra*is smoo? or scab]ul\s2 bran*es & p$icels are scab]ul\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4--;,ari/ida mutabilis4 #a4 ,a spikelet2 #b1 #c & #d4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #e4 gra94 ,! spikelets are %ortly p$icellate1 pale-gre5 ab\t #a_/d in* long exclusive ( ! awn4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is membran\s1 oblong-lanceolate1 %ortly awn$1 #a-n]v$1 keel$ & scab]ul\s on ! keel & ! sides4 ,! second glume is n>r[] & long] ?an ! fir/1 %ortly awn$ #a-n]v$1 #b-too!d1 obscurely scab]ul\s & encircl+ ! ?ird glume4 ,! ?ird glume is n>r[1 convolute1 scab]ul\s1 #c-n]v$ awn$ ) a %ortly be>d$ callus1 ! awn is ?ree bran*$ articulate to ! %ort column at ! base ab\t #c_/d in* long ) ! middle bran* slightly long] ?an ! o!r two2 palea is m9ute4 ,lodicules are two & n>r[4 ,! gra9 is n>r[ z long z ! glume & groov$4 ,?is resembles 9 g5]al habit & appe>ance ,ari/ida ,adsc5scionis1 b x is n s widely di/ribut$4 ,s f> ?is has be5 notic$ only 9 ,t9nevelly & ,nellore di/ricts4 ,di/ribution4--,s\!rn ,india1 ! ,punjab & ,rajputana1 also 9 ,arabia & tropical ,africa4 ,ari/ida funiculata1 ,tr94 ,rup4 ,?is is a sl5d] annual grass ) g5iculately asc5d+ /ems1 radiat+ on all sides4 ,! /ems v>y 9 l5g? f #aj to #bj in*es4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s & cyl9drical4 ,! ligule is a %ort membrane ciliate at ! m>g91 or a close set fr+e ( hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is flat or convolute1 n>r[ly l9e>-acum9ate1 ) long scatt]$ hairs on ! upp] surface & tufts ( long hairs at ! m\?1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #f in*es & 9 bread? f #a_/bj to #a_/ab in*4 ,! infloresc5ce is a n>r[1 lax panicle ) %ort1 erect1 capill>y bran*es4 ,! spikelets v>y 9 l5g? f #a_/b to #g_/h in*4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is l9e>-lanceolate1 acute & t]m9at+ 9 an awn1 #a-n]v$ & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #c_/d to #g_/h in*4 ,! second glume is simil> to ! fir/1 b n>r[] & %ort]1 #a_/b in* or long]4 ,! ?ird glume is v %ort1 & is prolong$ t[>ds ! apex z a n>r[ firmly convolute /rap =m+ a twi/$ column ( ab\t an in* jo9t$ at ! base1 & ?is ends 9 ?ree sl5d] scabrid awns ( ab\t #a-a_/d in*1 ! middle "o be+ long]4 ,! glume j bel[ ! jo9t is f9ely scabrid to a little di/ance4 ,! palea is %ort4 ,an!rs are small1 purple4 ,! /yle bran*es are also purple4 ,lodicules are oblong1 obliquely truncate at ! apex & ab\t #a_/aj in* long4 ,! gra9 is cyl9dric4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4--;,ari/ida funiculata4 #a4 ,a spikelet2 #b1 #c & #d4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #e4 a portion ( ! column at ! top & ! basal portions ( ! awns2 #f4 ! ov>y1 lodicules & ! /am5s2 #g4 palea ( ! ?ird glume4 ,f\nd 9 op5 dry situation 9 sev]al places1 b n widely di/ribut$4 ,di/ribution4--,f ! ,punjab to ,concan & ,madras ,presid5cy1 ,arabia1 ,balu*i/an & ,tropical ,africa4 #cb4 ,sporobolus1 ,br4 ,^! are p]5nial or annual grasses ) v>i$ habit4 ,infloresc5ce is an op5 or contract$ or spici=m panicle4 ,spikelets are small consi/+ ( ?ree membran\s glumes1 #a-n]v$ or n]veless4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are unequal1 p]si/5t or sep>ately caduc\s4 ,! ?ird glume is ovate or oblong1 acute or obtuse1 long] or %ort] ?an ! second1 #a-n]v$1 paleate2 palea is z long z ! glume & ( ! same texture ( ! glume dorsally n>r[ly inflex$ along ! middle l9e & splitt+ into two halves4 ,lodicules are v m9ute or abs5t4 ,/am5s "o to ?ree4 ,/yles are ) %ort /igmas4 ,gra9 oblong1 obovoid or r\nd4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,glumes ,i & ,,ii bo? %ort] ?an ,,iii4 ,panicle r n>r[ ) %ort capill>y bran*es2 glumes ,i & ,,ii n]veless4 #a4 ,s4 di&]4 ,glume ,i %ort] ?an ,,ii & ,,iii & ,,ii ne>ly or q z long z ,,iii4 ,panicle contract$1 n>r[ & spici=m2 glume ,i #a-n]v$4 #b4 ,s4 tremulus4 ,panicle op5 & effuse4 ,bran*es ) spikelets & p$icels appress$4 #c4 ,s4 corom&elianus4 ,panicle %ort2 leaves glabr\s4 ,bran*es ) p$icel & spikelets droop+ & n appress$4 #d4 ,s4 commutatus4 ,panicle l>ge2 leaves ) long hairs4 #e4 ,s4 scabrifolius4 ,sporobolus di&]1 ,beauv4 ,?is is a tuft$ annual or p]5nial grass4 ,/ems are sl5d] ) leaves tuft$ at ! base1 #a to #c feet high4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s & smoo?1 ribb$1 ! l[] %ort & ! upp] v long4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! ligule consi/s ( a fr+e ( m9ute hairs4 ,! leaf-blades are usually flat1 glabr\s1 /rongly n]v$1 ) fili=m tips1 #c to #aj in*es by #a_/be to #a_/af in*4 ,! infloresc5ce is an erect n>r[ pyramidal panicle1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #d to #aj in*es & ab\t #b in*es 9 bread?4 ,! bran*es are v f9e1 spread+ & 9 scatt]$ fascicles1 #a_/b to #b in*es long1 ) _m v small spikelets arrang$ racemosely along ! axis4 ,spikelets are small #a_/ah to #a_/bj in* long1 ) v %ort p$icels4 ,! fir/ glume is v %ort less ?an #a_/e in*1 broadly oblong1 n]veless1 hyal9e1 broadly truncate & erose at ! apex4 ,! second glume is a little long] ?an ! fir/1 b %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 hyal9e1 broadly elliptic-oblong1 n]veless or obscurely #a-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is broadly ovate-oblong1 subacute1 #a-n]v$1 paleate2 ! palea is plicate 9 ! m$ian l9e4 ,/am5s are usually two4 ,! gra9 is obovoid1 truncate at ! apex1 & ) a small :ite swell+ 9 ! c5tre at ! apex1 rugulose1 r$-br[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4--,sporobolus di&]4 #a4 ,a portion ( a bran*2 #b4 a spikelet2 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume1 respectively2 #f4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #g4 an!rs & ! ov>y4 ,?is grass gr[s usually greg>i\sly 9 some:at %elt]$ situations all ov] ! ,presid5cy on ! pla9s & l[ hills4 ,?is is an excell5t fodd] grass4 ,x =ms fairly l>ge tufts ) pl5ty ( gre5 leaves on ri* moi/ soils4 ,:5 ! leaves are "y cattle eat ?is grass v eag]ly1 b d n seem to c>e = x :5 ! leaves become old4 ,h[ev] by frequ5t graz+ x c be made to produce "y leaves 9 succession4 ,?is grass is also an excell5t soil b9d]1 z its roots =m a p]fect matt+ 9 any k9d ( moi/ soil soon aft] plant+4 ,?is is v difficult to eradicate :5 once e/abli%$4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,burma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4--,sporobolus tremulus4 ,sporobolus tremulus1 ,kun?4 ,a small tuft$ p]5nial grass4 ,! plant consi/s ( pro/rate /ems & /olons1 fili=m & wiry4 ,/ems v>y 9 l5g? f #b to #ah in*es1 pro/rate or erect1 root+ at ! l[] nodes2 fl[]+ bran*es always asc5d+4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 f9ely /riate1 %ort] ?an ! int]node4 ,! ligule is a v %ort ciliat$ membrane4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[ l9e>1 pung5t1 some:at rigid1 flat1 di/i*\s1 base r\nd$ ) or )\t a few long hairs & v>ies 9 l5g? f #a_/d to #a in* & 9 bread? f #a_/bj to #a_/af in*1 b 9 plants gr[+ 9 ri* moi/ soils ! leaves become long] rea*+ #c-a_/b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! infloresc5ce is a n>r[ spici=m panicle ) appress$ bran*es & spikelets1 sometimes int]rupt$1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #c_/d to #a-a_/d in*2 bo? ! p$uncle & ! ma9 ra*is are glabr\s1 & ! latt] wavy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4--,sporobolus tremulus4 #a4 ,spike2 #b4 spikelet2 #c & #d4 fir/ & second glumes2 #e & #f4 ?ird glume & its palea2 #g4 ov>y & an!rs4 ,! spikelets are #a_/af in* long1 oblong-lanceolate1 pale1 cr[d$1 glabr\s1 %ortly p$icell$ on ?9ly scab]ul\s fili=m %ort bran*es4 ,!re are ?ree glumes 9 ! spikelet1 & all ! glumes are membran\s & ?94 ,! fir/ glume is a little %ort] ?an ! second & ab\t two-?ird ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume & #a-n]v$4 ,! second glume is a little %ort] ?an ! ?ird or equal to b n long]1 oblong-lanceolate1 subacute or obtuse1 #a-n]v$ & obscurely scab]ul\s at ! back along ! n]ve4 ,! ?ird glume is broadly oblong1 subacute or obtuse1 #a-n]v$1 glabr\s1 ) a palea z long z ! glume2 ! palea is #b-n]v$1 oblong & truncate at ! apex4 ,/am5s are ?ree & an!rs are pale gre5i% yell[4 ,/igmas are pale4 ,lodicules are two1 small4 ,?is grass is an excell5t "o = b9d+ ! soil & may also prove successful z a fodd] grass4 ,x usually fl\ri%es 9 moi/ situations1 9 s&y loams & ri* heavy soils4 ,di/ribution4--,pla9s ?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4--,sporobolus corom&elianus4 ,sporobolus corom&elianus1 ,l4 ,! plant is a d5sely tuft$ annual v>y+ 9 size ) ! nature ( ! soil1 small & /unt$ 9 h>d dry soils & l>ge & spread+ 9 ri* loose & moi/ soils4 ,! /ems are closely spread+ on ! gr\nd1 root+ sometimes at ! l[] nodes1 bran*+ freely1 pr(usely leafy at ! base1 cov]$ by a few scale leaves1 & #b to #ab in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 fa9tly & f9ely /riate1 di/i*\sly imbricate1 compress$1 some:at keel$1 out] m>g9 ciliate1 & be>d$ at ! m\?4 ,! ligule is a ?9 %ort membran\s ridge ) a fr+e ( d5se f9e hairs4 ,! leaf-%ea? enclos+ ! base ( ! p$uncle is r long1 glabr\s ) a tuft ( %ort hairs at ! m\?4 ,! leaf-blade is gre5 )\t any glauc\sness ab\t x1 #a_/b to #f in*es long1 #c_/af to #a_/d in* broad1 lanceolate or l9e>-lanceolate1 flat1 acum9ate1 slightly coriace\s1 _m-n]v$ ) a prom95t midrib1 scab]ul\s ?r\gh\t1 ) a few long scatt]$ decidu\s1 tub]cle-bas$ hairs t[>ds ! base1 base subcordate1 m>g9 c>tilag9\s1 scabrid & f9ely s]rulate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4--,sporobolus corom&elianus4 #a4 ,portion ( a spike %[+ ! v]ticillate arrangem5t ( ! bran*es & ! gl&s2 #b4 spikelet2 #c4 fir/ glume2 #d & #e4 second & ?ird glumes2 #f4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #g4 an!rs & ov>y2 #h4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce is a pyramidal panicle #a-a_/b to #d in*es long1 erect on a t]ete glabr\s p$uncle #a-a_/b to #f in*es long1 ! ma9 ra*is is sl5d]1 erect1 /riate1 glabr\s & has gl&ul> /reaks j above ! ins]tion ( ! bran*es ( ! l[e/ v]ticil4 ,bran*es are capill>y1 /iff & spread+1 horizontally v]ticillate or subv]ticillate1 ! l[e/ :orl consi/+ ( five to sixte5 or sev5te5 bran*es & ! o!rs f ?ree to n9e1 %9+1 swoll5 at ! po9t ( ins]tion & provid$ ) a gl&ul> sc> a little above ! po9t ( ins]tion2 bran*lets are v close1 appress$ to ! ra*is ( ! bran* nev] droop+ or spread+1 ea* be>+ two to five spikelets4 ,! spikelets are small1 #a_/bj to #a_/af in* subsessile or p$icell$1 always appress$ to ! ra*is solit>y 9 ! upp] portions ( ! bran*es1 & two to five on ! bran*lets 9 ! l[] portion1 pale1 gre5 or r>ely copp] col\r$1 oblong or lanceolate1 acute or acum9ate1 caduc\s or glumes "o & two p]si/5t4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is v small1 hyal9e1 ovate1 obtuse1 occasionally truncate or acute1 ab\t "o-fif? ( ! ?ird glume or less4 ,! second glume is membran\s1 ovate or oblong-lanceolate1 acute or acum9ate1 ?9ly scab]ul\s & #a-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z or a little %ort] ?an ! second glume1 #a-n]v$ & paleate4 ,! palea is z long z ! glume1 oblong1 #b-n]v$1 splitt+ 9 two portions betwe5 ! n]ves z soon z ! gra9 is =m$4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) r$di% purple an!rs2 /igmas are :ite at fir/1 b turn+ br[n :ile )]+4 ,lodicules are two1 m9ute4 ,! gra9 is oblong1 pale1 br[n & obtuse at bo? ends1 embryo ab\t #a_/c ( ! gra94 ,?is grass fl\ri%es 9 all k9ds ( soils all ov] ! ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! pla9s ( ,india & ,ceylon4 ,also 9 ,afghani/an & ,s\? ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4--,sporobolus commutatus4 ,sporobolus commutatus1 ,kun?4 ,?is is an annual & usually gr[s 9 loose tufts4 ,/ems are sl5d]1 always erect or asc5d+1 leafy & bran*+1 #b to #ae in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is %ort] ?an ! int]node1 slightly compress$1 f9ely /riate1 glabr\s & occasionally ) a few scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ hairs1 m>g9 ciliate2 ! upp]mo/ %ea? is cyl9dric some:at long & embraces ! great] portion ( ! p$uncle & has a bun* ( %ort hairs at ! top4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[ l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate scab]ul\s ?r\gh\t1 ) long tub]cle-bas$ hairs scatt]$ all ov]1 b m ( !m ne> ! base2 m>g9s sp9ulosely di/antly s]rulate or scabrid1 base r\nd$ or subcordate1 #a_/b to #d-a_/b in*es long & #a_/af to #c_/af in* wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4--,sporobolus commutatus4 #a4 ,a portion ( a bran*2 #b4 spikelet2 #c1 #d & #e4 fir/1 second & ! ?ird glume2 #f4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #g4 ov>y & an!rs2 #h & #i4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce is diffuse1 pyramidal1 #a to #c in*es by #c_/d to #b in*es1 on a sl5d] glabr\s p$uncle #a to #f in*es long1 ma9 ra*is is sl5d] & angl$1 ) a gl&ul> /reak or )\t x4 ,bran*es are effuse1 f9e1 capill>y 7m s ?an 9 ,s4 corom&elianus71 obliquely asc5d+1 nev] /iff & horizontal1 v]ticillate or irregul>ly subv]ticillate1 ! l[e/ :orl ( five to twelve & ! o!rs ?ree to sev5 bran*es2 ! ra*is ( ! bran*es is obscurely scab]ul\s1 slightly swoll5 at ! po9t ( ins]tion2 bran*lets are nev] appress$ to ! bran*1 always droop+ & spread+ on all sides1 & be>+ two to f\r spikelets4 ,! spikelets are ab\t #a_/af in* long1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute or acum9ate d>k or pale gre51 sometimes purpli%1 solit>y or two to f\r on long sl5d] p$icels1 droop+1 nev] appress$1 & ) gl&ul> /reaks4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is m9ute1 hyal9e1 ovate1 obtuse or acute1 n]veless4 ,! second glume is five or six times z long z ! fir/1 ovate lanceolate1 #a-n]v$1 acum9ate4 ,! ?ird glume is equal to or a little %ort] ?an ! second1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 #a-n]v$ paleate2 palea is equal to ! ?ird glume1 #b-n]v$ splitt+ into two halves betwe5 ! n]ves4 ,an!rs are ?ree & purple 9 col\r4 ,/igmas are :ite & fea!ry4 ,gra9 z 9 ,s4 corom&elianus4 ,9 ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 ?is plant is includ$ "u ,sporobolus corom&elianus4 ,^! two plants 7,s4 corom&elianus & ,s4 commutatus7 are q di/9ct & gr[ side by side4 ,z ! diff]5ces are n easily se5 9 h]b>ium specim5s ! two plants are put toge!r "u ! "o species ,s4 corom&elianus4 ,! bran*es are tuft$ & are usually decumb5t at base1 leaves q gre5 & some:at broad 9 ,s4 corom&elianus2 & 9 ,s4 commutatus1 bran*es are usually n decumb5t at base1 g5]ally erect f ! base & leaves are gre5 glauc\s & some:at n>r[4 ,! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! panicle4 ,! bran*es ( ! panicle are always /iff & horizontal 9 ,s4 corom&elianus & ! spikelets are appress$ to ! bran*es & nev] spread+ or droop+1 :]eas 9 ,s4 commutatus ! bran*es are nev] /iff & horizontal1 always obliquely asc5d+ & ! spikelets are spread+ & droop+4 ,judg+ f liv+ plants ^! two are und\bt$ly di/9ct & s ?is plant is treat$ z a di/9ct species reta9+ ,kun?'s "n ,sporobolus commutatus4 ,enum]atio ,plant>um1 ,pl4 ,i1 #bad4 ,di/ribution4--,?is occurs 9 ,coimbatore1 ,madras & ,bell>y ,di/ricts2 b x is n s common nor s widely di/ribut$ z ,s4 corom&elianus1 ,l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4--,sporobolus scabrifolius4 ,sporobolus scabrifolius1 ,bhide4 ,! plant is a v pretty "o1 especially :5 9 fl[]4 ,x is a loosely tuft$ annual v>y+ 9 height f #e to #cj in*es4 ,/ems are sl5d]1 t]ete1 #f to #cj in*es long1 b5t at ! base1 !n g5iculately asc5d+ & f9ally becom+ erect1 glabr\s1 pale gre5 or purpli%4 ,! leaf-%ea? is %ort] ?an ! int]node1 slightly compress$1 obscurely keel$1 glabr\s & /riate1 m>g9 is ?9ly ciliate on "o side1 especially t[>ds ! m\? :i* is be>d$4 ,! leaf-%ea? embrac+ ! p$uncle is long] ?an ! l[] %ea?s4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( close-set hairs on an inconspicu\s ridge4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is glauc\s gre51 #a to #e in*es long1 #a_/h to #c_/h in* broad1 l9e>-lanceolate or lanceolate1 acum9ate1 flat1 r\nd$ or subcordate1 & amplexicaul at base1 scab]ul\s ?r\gh\t1 ) tub]cle-bas$ decidu\s hairs on bo? ! surfaces1 & be>d$ at ! base above ! ligule2 ! m>g9 is ?ick5$1 s]rulate1 ciliate ) bulb\s-bas$ decidu\s hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4--,sporobolus scabrifolius4 #a4 ,portion ( a bran*2 #b4 spikelet2 #c1 #d & #e4 ! fir/1 second & ?ird glumes2 #f4 palea2 #g4 an!rs & ov>y2 #h4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce is an effuse panicle1 #b-a_/b to #g in*es long & #a to #d-a_/b in*es broad1 pyramidal or elliptic on a sl5d] p$uncle #a to #g in*es long2 ra*is is /riolate1 cyl9dric1 glabr\s & p>tly gre5 & p>tly purpli%4 ,bran*es are capill>y1 #a_/b to #b-a_/b in*es long1 ^? 9 ! middle ( ! panicle are (t5 ! longe/ pale gre5 at fir/ b turn+ purple lat]1 :orl$ regul>ly or irregul>ly1 ) (t5 a solit>y or tw9 bran*es int]v5+1 spread+1 horizontal1 reflex$1 r>ely "o or two erect1 divid+ into /ill f9] bran*lets bel[1 end+ 9 a few solit>y spikelets above1 swoll5 at ! base ne> ! place ( ins]tion & nak$ to a %ort l5g?1 scabrid4 ,! l[e/ :orl consi/s ( five to t5 bran*es & 9 o!rs !y v>y f ?ree to eight2 ! bran*lets are spread+ & droop+ be>+ f two to sev5 spikelets4 ,!re are gl&ul> /reaks at ! base ( ! bran*es above ! po9t ( ins]tion 9 ! nak$ portion & also on ! p$icels ( ! spikelets4 ,! spikelets are #a_/bj to #a_/af in* long1 lanceolate1 acum9ate1 on f9ely capill>y p$icels long or %ort1 pale at fir/ & becom+ purpli% :5 old4 ,!re are ?ree glumes1 ! fir/ two be+ empty4 ,all ! glumes are #a-n]v$ & membran\s4 ,! fir/ glume is membran\s1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! second1 sometimes less1 ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate slightly scab]ul\s on ! keel4 ,! second glume is a little long] ?an ! ?ird1 ovate-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 scab]ul\s on ! keel4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong-ovate1 glabr\s1 fl[] be>+1 paleate2 ! palea is %ort] ?an ! glume1 #b-n]v$1 splitt+ into two betwe5 ! n]ves4 ,an!rs are ?ree1 small1 pale yell[ at fir/ b becom+ purple :5 old1 /igmas are pale4 ,lodicules are two & m9ute4 ,gra9 is r\nd$1 slightly compress$1 oblique at ! base1 ne>ly z long z broad4 ,di/ribution4--,9 black cotton soils 9 ,coimbatore & ,bell>y di/ricts4 #cc4 ,gracilea1 ,ko54 ,^! are small tuft$ grasses4 ,! infloresc5ce is a spike be>+ unilat]ally turb9ate clu/]s ( spikelets :i* are #b-;fl[]$4 ,! spikelets h usually f\r1 & r>ely six glumes & v (t5 ! ra*illa is produc$ beyond ! f\r? glume4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are n>r[ 7! fir/ be+ ! n>r[e/71 rigid1 ciliate ) long hairs & awn$4 ,! ?ird glume is bisexual1 *>tace\s1 broadly ovate1 #c-n]v$1 %ortly awn$4 ,! f\r? glume is simil> to ! ?ird b small] & male4 ,! fif? & six? glumes :5 pres5t are small & empty4 ,lodicules are two & small4 ,gra9 l9e> oblong4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,/ems /\t2 leaves n fili=m2 tip ( glume ,,iii entire #a4 ,g4 nutans4 ,/ems sl5d]1 leaves fili=m2 tip ( glume ,,iii too!d #b4 ,g4 ,royleana4 ,gracilea nutans1 ,ko54 ,?is grass is a p]5nial ) /\t fibr\s roots4 ,/ems are /\t1 leafy & creep+ bel[1 asc5d+ lat]2 nak$ & sl5d] above1 #d to #aj in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 %ort] ?an ! blade1 coriace\s & op5 above4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is lanceolate1 n>r[$ f ! r\nd$ or subcordate base to ! acute tip1 coriace\s1 #c_/d to #a in* long2 m>g9s are ciliate ) tub]cle-bas$ cilia2 ! surfaces ) or )\t a few scatt]$ long tub]cle-bas$ hairs4 ,! infloresc5ce is #a to #c in*es long1 consi/+ ( di/ant sessile fascicles ( f\r to six spikelets2 ! ra*is ( ! spike is flexu\s2 ! ra*is ( ! fascicles ends 9 ?ree subulate empty glumes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4--;,gracilea nutans4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! infloresc5ce ) ?ree fascicles ( spikelets2 #b4 a spikelet )\t ! fir/ glume2 #c1 #d1 #e & #h4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f & #aj4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #g4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y2 #i4 ! ra*illa produc$ beyond ! f\r? glume4 ,! spikelets are closely appress$ & ea* "o has f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are empty1 #b_/e in* long1 rigidly coriace\s1 gradually n>r[$ f a vill\s base into an erect1 scabrid awn1 #a-n]v$4 ,! second glume has broad hyal9e m>g9s t[>ds ! base4 ,! ?ird glume is ab\t #a_/aj in*1 ovate1 ) a %ort scabrid awn at ! tip1 scab]ul\s at ! back j above ! middle1 #c-n]v$1 paleate & ) bo? /am5s & ov>y2 palea is n>r[1 lanceolate1 z long z ! glume & #b-too!d at ! tip4 ,! gra9 is oblong1 br[ni%4 ,! f\r? glume is ab\t half z long z ! ?ird glume1 ) a %ort1 /\t1 smoo? ra*illa1 ovate-lanceolate1 t]m9at$ at ! tip by two tee? & a %ort awn1 scabrid above ! middle at ! back1 paleate & male2 palea is %ort] ?an ! glume2 ! ra*illa is produc$ beyond ! f\r? glume & t]m9ates 9 a ?ick5+4 ,?is grass gr[s 9 op5 some:at dry loamy & lat]ite soils 9 ! ,ea/ ,coa/ di/ricts4 ,di/ribution4--,mysore & ! ,c>natic & ,ceylon4 ,gracilea ,royleana1 ,hook4 f4 ,?is is a sl5d] annual grass4 ,/ems are v sl5d]1 d5sely tuft$1 g5iculately asc5d+ or erect1 #c to #h in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is ei!r cov]$ ) scatt]$ tub]cle-bas$ hairs or glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a hairy ridge4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is fili=m1 l9e>-lanceolate1 acutely po9t$1 glabr\s or ne>ly s1 m>g9s di/antly ciliate1 #a to #b in*es long by #a_/af in* or less4 ,! infloresc5ce is #a_/b to #c in*es long & consi/s ( fascicles ( spikelets2 ! ra*is is trigon\s1 smoo?1 & flexu\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4--;,gracilea ,royleana4 #a4 ,a fascicle ( spikelets2 #b4 ! spikelet )\t ! fir/ & ! second glumes2 #c1d1 #e & #h4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird & ! f\r? glume1 respectively2 #f4 palea ( ?ird glume2 #g4 gra92 #i4 palea ( ! f\r? glume2 #aj4 ra*illa4 ,! spikelets consi/ ( f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is rigidly coriace\s1 gradually n>r[$ f a vill\s base to an erect scabrid awn1 #a-n]v$4 ,! second glume is also coriace\s1 n>r[$ to an awn b has broad hyal9e m>g9s t[>ds ! base4 ,! ?ird glume is ovate-lanceolate1 scabrid all ov] ! back & ) two tee?1 "o on ea* side ( ! awn1 paleate2 ! palea is #b-too!d at ! apex & z long z ! glume & conta9s ?ree /am5s & ! ov>y4 ,! gra9 is oblong br[ni%4 ,! f\r? glume is /alk$1 %ort] ?an ! ?ird glume1 di/9ctly #c-too!d at ! apex1 scabrid at ! back above ! middle1 paleate & male2 ! palea is small] ?an ! glume & #b-too!d at ! apex4 ,! ra*illa is produc$ beh9d ! palea & x ends 9 two small tee?1 "o be+ slightly l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,?is grass is a v sl5d] "o & x is closely alli$ to ,gracilea nutans4 ,x diff]s f ,g4 nutans 9 be+ an annual & 9 hav+ fili=m leaves1 bicuspidate ?ird glume :i* is scabrid all ov] ! back & a f\r? glume di/9ctly tricuspidate at ! apex4 ,?is does n occur s widely z ,gracilea nutans4 ,di/ribution4--,bell>y & ,*+leput di/ricts1 ! ,punjab1 ,rajputana1 ,concan & ,kan>a4 #cd4 ,ent]opogon1 ,nees4 ,tall sl5d] grasses ) v long n>r[ leaves4 ,spikelets are #b-;fl[]$1 n>r[1 bis]iate1 unilat]al1 imbricate on ! ra*is ( a solit>y spike2 ! ra*illa is elongate betwe5 ! fl[]+ glumes & produc$ beyond !m & t]m9ates 9 a rudim5t>y awn$ glume4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ two glumes are hyal9e1 unequal-n]v$ & p]si/5t4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes are *>tace\s1 n>r[ly lanceolate1 #c-n]v$1 bicuspidate & awn$ bel[ ! tip2 awns are capill>y1 /raight2 ! callus is be>d$ & articulate at ! base4 ,! ?ird glume be>s a bisexual or female fl[] & ! f\r? bisexual or male4 ,lodicules are two4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) long an!rs4 ,/yles %ort div]g+ f ! base1 ) %ort /igmas lat]ally exs]t$4 ,ent]opogon melicoides1 ,nees4 ,?is is a tall p]5nial grass ) /\t roots4 ,/ems are d5sely tuft$ on a %ort woody root-/ock1 erect1 leafy1 #a to #c feet long4 ,leaf-%ea?s are compress$ & di/i*\s bel[1 glabr\s or sometimes ) a few hairs close to ! m>g94 ,ligule is a ridge ) long hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is v long #a_/f to #a_/d in* broad1 auricl$ at ! base1 n>r[$ into v f9ely acum9ate or capill>y tips midrib prom95t2 scab]ul\s on bo? ! surfaces & ) long hairs on ! auricles4 ,! spikes usually solit>y1 b occasionally b9ate1 #f to #aj in*es long2 ra*is is q smoo? & dorsally r\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4--;,ent]opogon melicoides4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike2 #b & #c4 ! fir/ & ! second glumes2 #d4 ! spikelet ) its callus1 fl[]+ glumes & ! ra*illa2 #e & #h4 ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume2 #g4 ! f\r? glume & ! ra*illa2 #f & #i4 palea ( ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume2 #aj4 ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules2 #aa4 gra9 front & back view4 ,! spikelets are ab\t #a_/d in* long1 erecto-pat5t4 ,!re are f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 #a-n]v$1 & p]si/5t4 ,! second glume is twice z long z ! fir/1 l9e>-lanceolate1 ) a v %ort awn & #b-too!d at ! tip1 #a-n]v$1 p]si/5t4 ,! ?ird glume is rigid1 lanceolate-l9e>1 #c-n]v$1 scab]ul\s all ov]2 paleate & awn$2 awn is ne>ly z long z ! glume1 rigid4 ,! f\r? glume is simil> to ! ?ird glume 9 all respects b %ort]4 ,! ra*illa is produc$ beyond ! f\r? glume & x t]m9ates 9 an awn$ rudim5t>y glume4 ,! ?ird glume z well z ! f\r? glume conta9s a p]fect fl[] & ! gra9 is develop$ always 9 ! ?ird & mo/ly 9 ! f\r? also4 ,! gra9 is oblong1 br[ni%1 dorsally concave & v5trally rais$ & convex4 ,! gra9 9 ! f\r? glume is usually mu* small] ?an t f\nd 9 ! ?ird glume4 ,?is usually gr[s amid/ ?ickets & occurs all ov] ?is ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,mysore1 ,burma1 ,ceylon & ,sey*elle ,isl&s4 #ce4 ,cynodon1 ,p]s4 ,^! are p]5nial grasses ) /ems creep+ & root+ at ! nodes1 & produc+ tufts ( b>r5 bran*es & fl[]+ /ems at ! nodes4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( two to six spikes 9 t]m9al umbels4 ,! spikelets are small1 #a-;fl[]$1 lat]ally compress$1 sessile1 alt]nately #b-s]iate & imbricate on "o side ( ! ra*is4 ,! spikelet has ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ two glumes are empty1 ?91 keel$1 & acute or mucronate4 ,! ?ird glume is ! l>ge/1 boat-%ap$1 #c-n]v$1 ) ciliate keels1 palea is #b-keel$1 some:at %ort] ?an ! glume4 ,lodicules are two4 ,! an!rs are some:at l>ge4 ,gra9 is oblong1 free4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,glumes ,i & ,,ii %ort] ?an ,,iii4 ,und]gr\nd /ems pres5t4 ,hairs on ! m>g9s & keels ( glume ,,iii po9t$ & n clavate4 #a4 ,c4 dactylon4 ,und]gr\nd /ems abs5t4 ,hairs on ! m>g9s & keels ( glume ,,iii clavellate & po9t$ at ! apex4 #b4 ,c4 int]m$ius4 ,glume ,i %ort] ?an ,,ii b ,,ii equal to or long] ?an ,,iii-- ,hairs on ! m>g9s & keels ( glume ,,iii clavellate & r\nd$ at ! apex4 ,und]gr\nd /ems abs5t4 #c4 ,c4 ,b>b]i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4--;,cynodon dactylon4 ,cynodon dactylon1 ,p]s4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass ) creep+ bran*es & also ) num]\s deeply p5etrat+ und]gr\nd /ems cov]$ ) :ite scale-leaves4 ,/ems are pro/rate1 widely creep+ & root+ at ! nodes & =m+ matt$ tufts ) sl5d]1 erect or asc5d+ fl[]+ bran*es1 #c to #ab in*es high4 ,! leaf-%ea? is some:at tight1 glabr\s1 membran\s at ! m\? :i* is vill\s4 ,! ligule is a f9e ciliate rim4 ,! leaf-blade is s(t1 n>r[ly l9e>1 f9ely acute1 acum9ate or pung5t1 some:at glauc\s1 conspicu\sly di/i*\s at ! base ( ! /em &1 9 non-fl[]+ bran*es1 scabrid along ! m>g9s4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( two to eight smoo?1 digitate1 gre5 or purpli% spikes1 #a to #c in*es long2 ra*is is sl5d]1 compress$ or angul>1 scab]ul\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4--;,cynodon dactylon4 #a4 ,a portion ( spike1 front view2 #b4 back view ( a bit ( spike2 #c4 spikelet2 #d4 fir/ glume2 #e4 second glume2 #f4 ?ird glume2 #g4 palea ( ?ird glume & ra*illa2 #h4 lodicules1 ov>y & an!rs2 #i4 hairs on ! m>g9 & keel ( ?ird glume4 ,spikelets are lat]ally compress$1 sessile1 imbricate1 arrang$ alt]nately 9 two s]ies along "o side ( ! ra*is2 ra*illa produc$ beyond ! fir/ two glumes & hidd5 at ! back ( ! palea betwe5 ! two keels1 small1 sl5d] & blunt :5 old & ) a membran\s imp]fect glume :5 "y1 less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! spikelet4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ & second glumes are %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 empty1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute1 membran\s ) "o ?ick gre5 n]ve 9 ! middle1 keel$1 upp] m>g9 & keel scab]ul\s4 ,! second glume is usually a little long] ?an ! fir/1 b occasionally also slightly %ort] ?an ! fir/4 ,! ?ird glume is long] ?an bo? ! fir/ & second glumes1 obliquely oblong to ovate1 subacute1 membran\s1 boat-%ap$1 smoo?1 keel$1 #c-n]v$1 "o c5tral along ! keel & two m>g9al1 keel scabrid bel[ ) /iff po9t$ hairs above1 tip & l[] m>g9s scabrid or pilose1 palea l9e> oblong1 a little less ?an ! ?ird glume1 obtuse1 #b-n]v$ & ) two scabrid keels4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) pale purple an!rs4 ,lodicules are two4 ,/igmas are purpli%4 ,gra9 is oblong1 slightly flatt5$1 dorsally r\nd$1 dull r$di%-br[n4 ,?is is ! common ,h>iali grass4 ,x is also call$ ,devil's grass4 ,di/ribution4--,x is cosmopolitan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4--;,cynodon int]m$ius4 ,cynodon int]m$ius1 ,rang4 ,tad4 ,?is grass is a widely creep+ p]5nial4 ,! /ems are sl5d]1 glabr\s1 creep+ sup]ficially & root+ at ! nodes1 b nev] rhizomif]\s1 leafy ) sl5d] erect or g5iculately asc5d+ fl[]+ bran*es1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #ab to #ah in*es4 ,nodes are slightly swoll51 glabr\s1 gre5 or purpli%4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 glabr\s1 slightly compress$1 sp>sely be>d$ at ! m\?1 %ort] ?an ! int]node1 except ! "o enclos+ ! p$uncle :i* is usually long4 ,! ligule is a %ortly ciliat$ rim4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 flat1 f9ely acum9ate1 scab]ul\s above & along ! m>g9s1 smoo? bel[ except 9 "s portions ( ! midrib1 #a_/b to #g in*es 9 l5g? & #c_/af to #a_/d in* 9 bread?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4--;,cynodon int]m$ius4 #a & #b4 ,front & back view ( a portion ( a spike2 #c4 a spikelet2 #d4 fir/ glume2 #e4 second glume2 #f4 ?ird glume2 #g4 palea ) ! ra*illa at its back2 #h4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y2 #i4 clavellate & po9t$ hairs ( ! m>g9s & keel ( ! ?ird glume 7v mu* enl>g$72 #aj4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( f\r to eight long1 ?91 sl5d]1 slightly droop+1 digitately arrang$ spikes1 #b to #d in*es long on a long smoo? p$uncle2 ! ra*is is tumid & pubesc5t at its base1 sl5d]1 some:at compress$ & scab]ul\s4 ,! spikelets are r small1 n>r[1 gre5i% or purpli%1 #a_/ae in* long or less1 ! ra*illa is sl5d]1 produc$ to ab\t half ! l5g? ( ! spikelet beh9d ! palea4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are lanceolate acute or acum9ate1 #a-n]v$1 keel$1 keel obscurely scabrid1 v unequal1 ! fir/ glume be+ always %ort] ?an ! second glume4 ,! ?ird glume is obliquely ovate-oblong1 *>tace\s1 long] ?an ! second glume1 obtuse or subacute & #c-n]v$2 ! m>g9s & keel ) close set clavellate hairs po9t$ at ! apex2 palea is *>tace\s1 #b-keel$1 keels obscurely scab]ul\s & )\t hairs4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s ) some:at small purple an!rs4 ,ov>y ) purple /igmas & two small lodicules4 ,gra9 is oblong r$di% br[n1 ) a fa9t dorsal groove4 ,?is species is closely alli$ to ! cosmopolitan species ,cynodon dactylon1 ,p]s4 & to ano!r new species ,cynodon ,b>b]i1 ,rang4 ,tad4 describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,bombay ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ,volume #bd1 "p ,,iv1 page #hdf1 & x is !re=e nam$ ,cynodon int]m$ius4 7,see ,j\rnal ( ! ,bombay ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ,volume #bf1 "p ,i1 pages #cjd & #cje47 ,?is grass diff]s f ,cynodon dactylon1 ,p]s4 7#a7 9 n hav+ und]gr\nd /ems & hav+ only /ems creep+ & root+ along ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 7#b7 9 hav+ less rigid leaves1 7#c7 by hav+ long]1 sl5d]]1 some:at droop+ spikes & n>r[] spikelets1 7#d7 by hav+ ! fir/ two glumes always unequal1 ! second be+ long]1 7#e7 by hav+ clavellate po9t$ hairs on ! m>g9s & keels ( ! ?ird glume & 7#f7 by hav+ small] an!rs4 ,comp>$ ) ,cynodon ,b>b]i1 ?is plant is m ext5sively creep+ ) long] sl5d] bran*es & ! leaves are usually v mu* long]1 & ! ?ird glume is long] ?an ! second4 ,di/ribution4--,s f>1 ?is 0 collect$ at ,gokav>am 9 ,godav>i di/rict ,no4 #hbfb1 9 ,*+leput ,no4 #aadhh1 9 ,t9nevelly di/rict ,nos4 #acabi & #acbei1 & at ,kall> on ! ,nilgiris ,no4 #acihh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4--;,cynodon ,b>b]i4 ,cynodon ,b>b]i1 ,rang4 ,tad4 ,?is grass is p]5nial ) sl5d]1 creep+ /ems1 #ab to #bd in*es long1 root+ at ! nodes & inv>iably ) two or ?ree r>ely m bran*es f ea* node2 fl[]+ bran*es are sl5d]1 erect or asc5d+1 #a to #f in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is %ort1 smoo?1 compress$ ) scatt]$ long hairs at ! m\?4 ,! ligule is a n>r[ membrane ) ! edge cut into n>r[ lobes4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 l9e>1 acute or subacute1 scab]ul\s1 #a_/c to #c-a_/b in*es long1 #a_/h to #c_/af in* broad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4--;,cynodon ,b>b]i4 #a4 ,front & back view ( a portion ( spike2 #b4 a s+le spikelet2 #c4 a spikelet ) ! fl[] out2 #d4 ! ?ird glume1 its palea & ! produc$ ra*illa ) a m9ute glume2 #e4 clavellate hairs2 #f4 ov>y2 #g4 lodicules2 #h4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( ?ree to five digitate spikes1 #c_/d to #a-a_/b in*es long1 erect or spread+1 pale gre5 or purpli%4 ,! spikelets are compress$ lat]ally1 sessile or obscurely p$icell$1 imbricate1 alt]nately bis]iate on ! v5tral side ( ! ra*is1 #a-;fl[]$2 ! ra*illa is produc$ into a bri/le beh9d ! palea1 ) or )\t a m9ute glume4 ,!re are ?ree glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 acute1 %ort] ?an ! second1 ) a keel :i* is scabrid4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 acum9ate1 equal to or a little long] ?an ! ?ird glume ) a scabrid keel4 ,! ?ird glume is obliquely oblong to ovate1 subacute1 truncate or #b-too!d1 boat-%ap$1 sub-*>tace\s1 #c-n]v$1 paleate & di/9ctly keel$2 ! keel & ! m>g9s ( ! glume are d5sely cov]$ ) di/9ctly clavellate hairs2 palea is firmly membran\s1 equal to or slightly small] ?an ! glume1 l9e>-oblong1 #b-keel$1 d5sely hairy ) clavellate hairs along ! keels1 & #b-n]v$4 ,!re are two lodicules & ?ree /am5s4 ,! ov>y is ovoid ) two /yle bran*es4 ,gra9 is free )9 ! glume1 oblong1 smoo?1 transp>5t1 & ! embryo is ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! gra94 ,?is species is closely alli$ to ,cynodon dactylon1 ,p]s41 b diff]s f x 9 ! foll[+ respects3--,! abs5ce ( /olonif]\s und]gr\nd bran*es1 leaves %ort & n f9ely po9t$2 spikes n exce$+ five2 ! second glume is always equal to or long] ?an ! ?ird glume2 pres5ce ( clavellate hairs on ! keels & m>g9s ( ! ?ird glume & on ! keels ( ! palea4 ,di/ribution4--,s f> collect$ 9 ,coimbatore1 ,salem1 ,t9nevelly1 ,*+leput & ,godav>i di/ricts4 #cf4 ,*loris1 ,sw4 ,^! are annual or p]5nial grasses4 ,spikes are solit>y or _m 9 t]m9al umbels or %ort racemes1 erect or spread+4 ,spikelets are unilat]al1 sessile1 cr[d$1 bis]iate on a sl5d] ra*is ) f\r to six glumes & #a to #c-;fl[]$2 ! ra*illa is produc$ & dis>ticulat+ above ! empty glumes4 ,! fir/ two glumes are unequal1 n>r[1 keel$1 membran\s1 #a-n]v$1 p]si/5t1 acute1 mucronate & ! second glume awn$ %ortly4 ,floral glumes n>r[ or broad1 acute1 obtuse or m9utely #b-too!d & awn$1 paleate2 /]ile glumes are small1 )\t palea4 ,!re are two lodicules & an!rs are r small4 ,gra9 is n>r[ & free4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,spikelets #a-;fl[]$4 ,p]5nial4 ,ra*illa produc$ beyond ! fl[]+ glumes & be>+ awns ) rudim5t>y glumes4 ,spikes #d to #aj1 long1 :orl$2 spikelets n>r[ fusi=m2 glume ,,iii oblong lanceolate4 #a4 ,c4 incompleta4 ,ra*illa produc$ beyond ! fl[]+ glume & be>+ #a to #c r$uc$ glumes4 ,spikes free at ! base1 digitate4 ,spikes #f to #i2 spikelets #b-;awn$2 glume ,,iii ovate1 be>d$ ) long hairs above ! middle4 #c4 ,c4 virgata4 ,spikes #d to #bj2 spikelets #c-;awn$2 glume ,,iii broadly ovate1 d5sely be>d$ dorsally & on ! m>g9s above ! middle4 #d4 ,c4 b>bata4 ,spikes connate at ! base1 erect & n spread+4 ,spikes #b to #f2 spikelets n>r[ #d-;awn$1 glume ,,iii ovate-lanceolate1 be>d$ only on ! m>g9s & n at ! back4 #f4 ,c4 montana4 ,annual4 ,spike solit>y1 spikelets broadly cunei=m1 #c-;awn$1 glume ,,iii broadly cuneate1 upp] m>g9s nak$ & keel vill\s4 #b4 ,c4 t5ella4 ,spikelets #a- to #c-;fl[]$4 ,p]5nial4 ,spikes #e-i1 spikelets broadly cuneate #c to #e-;awn$1 glume ,,iii be>d$ all ?r\gh ! m>g9 & dorsally4 #e4 ,c4 ,b\rnei4 ,*loris incompleta1 ,ro?4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass4 ,/ems are procumb5t :5 gr[+ 9 op5 places1 b erect if gr[+ amid/ bu%es1 (t5 bran*$1 end+ 9 long nak$ p$uncles1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a-a_/b to #d feet4 ,9 "s cases pro/rate /ems produce roots at ! nodes4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are long1 glabr\s1 ! m\? be+ g5]ally hairy4 ,! ligule consi/s ( long hairs4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blades are l9e>1 flat1 f9ely acum9ate & n>r[$ into v long po9ts at ! apex2 glabr\s or slightly hairy at ! base & contract$1 #d to #aj in*es long & #a_/f to #a_/d in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( two to five r>ely six1 v sl5d] spikes1 #c to #h in*es long1 =m+ a t]m9al :orl4 ,! ra*is is f9e & scabrid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4--;,*loris incompleta4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! ra*is ) two spikelets2 #b4 ! ?ird glume & its palea ) ! rudim5t>y f\r? glume2 #c & #d4 ! fir/ & ! second glumes2 #e & #f4 ! ?ird glume & its palea2 #g4 ! ov>y1 an!rs & lodicules4 ,spikelets are n>r[ly lanceolate1 closely appress$ & imbricate1 #a_/f in* long exclud+ ! awn & v v>iable4 ,!re are f\r glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is v small l9e>-lanceolate1 acute1 ab\t #a_/aj in* or less4 ,! second glume is lanceolate1 membran\s1 ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! fir/ glume1 #b-too!d at ! apex & ! mid-n]ve produc$ into a v %ort awn4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong-lanceolate z long z ! second glume or long]1 #b-too!d at ! apex1 awn$1 ! awn be+ ab\t #c_/h in* long2 ! callus is be>d$ at ! base4 ,! palea is z long z ! glume1 #b-too!d or n at ! apex4 ,! f\r? glume is v m9ute1 awn$ & is borne by a ra*illa produc$ to half ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume4 ,?is grass is fairly common & gr[s 9 all situations & 9 all sorts ( soils4 ,di/ribution4--,?is occurs all ov] ! ,presid5cy 9 ! pla9s4 ,*loris t5ella1 ,roxb4 ,?is grass is a v sl5d] annual ) weak /ems1 bran*$ f ! base1 #aj to #ah in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 compress$ & keel$4 ,! ligule is a truncate membrane4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e> to l9e>-lanceolate1 flaccid1 f9ely acum9ate ) ! m>g9 m or less ciliate t[>ds ! base1 #c to #h in*es long & #a_/h to #a_/d in* wide4 ,! spikes are solit>y1 erect4 #a to #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4--;,*loris t5ella4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike2 #b4 a spikelet2 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i & #aj4 ! glumes 9 regul> ord] beg9n+ ) ! fir/2 #e;a1 #f;a1 #g;a1 #h;a & #i;b4 are ! palea ( ! ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 six? & ! sev5? glumes1 respectively2 #e;b4 gra94 ,! spikelets are l>ge ab\t #a_/d in* long cuneate & bif>i\s4 ,!re are usually five to six glumes 7& r>ely up to eight74 ,! fir/ glume is ovate-lanceolate1 acute & hyal9e1 #a-n]v$4 ,! second glume is a little long] & broad] ?an ! fir/ glume1 #a-n]v$ & ?is mid-n]ve produc$ into a v %ort awn4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! second or long]1 coriace\s1 obovate & truncate at ! top1 #c-n]v$ & ! m>g9al n]ves di/ant f ! m>g91 keel & ! lat]al n]ves vill\s to ab\t ?ree-f\r?s _! l5g?1 scabrid at ! apex close to ! truncate m>g91 paleate2 palea is elliptic1 ) ciliate m>g9s1 callus is d5sely vill\s4 ,! f\r? glume is ne>ly half or a little m ?an half ( ! ?ird glume1 n>r[]1 paleate2 palea is elliptic4 ,! succe$+ glumes fif? to ! eigh? are simil> to ! f\r? 9 %ape b !y get small] & small] & ! la/ glume is epaleate4 ,! ?ird glume is usually gra9 be>+1 b r>ely ! f\r? also may conta9 a gra91 ! rema9+ glumes be+ /]ile4 ,gra9 is oblong1 l5ticul>1 br[ni%4 ,?is grass is widely spread 9 ! ,c$$ di/ricts & appe>s to be a good fodd] grass4 ,di/ribution4--,s\!rn ,india1 ,rajputana1 ,sc9d & ,kh&ei%4 ,*loris virgata1 ,sw4 ,?is grass seems to be a p]5nial4 ,! /ems are some:at flatt5$1 erect1 tuft$1 leafy at ! base & occasionally ) creep+ /ems root+ at ! l[] nodes v>y+ 9 l5g? f #aj to #ba in*es4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are glabr\s1 compress$1 upp] %ea?s some:at inflat$2 m\? ( ! %ea? is be>d$ ) long hairs 9 ! leaves ( "y bran*es & q glabr\s :5 old & 9 fl[]-be>+ bran*es1 m>g9s are ?9 & membran\s4 ,! ligule is a ?9 n>r[ membran\s ridge4 ,! leaf-blades are r n>r[1 l9e>1 flat1 acute1 glabr\s :5 old1 & ) scatt]$ long hairs 9 ! leaves ( "y bran*es1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #i & sometimes ev5 #ae in*es & 9 bread? ab\t #a_/h in* or less4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4--;,*loris virgata4 #a4 ,spikelet2 #b & #c1 ! fir/ & second glumes2 #d & #e4 ! ?ird glume & its palea2 #f4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y2 #g4 ! f\r? glume2 #h4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( f f\r to n9e spikes digitately arrang$ on a long p$uncle & ! leaf-%ea? enclos+ ! infloresc5ce is some:at l>ge & inflat$4 ,spikes are #a to #a-a_/b in*es long ) f9e1 angul> ra*is1 scab]ul\s 9 ! edges4 ,spikelets are ab\t #a_/aj in*1 #b-;awn$1 %ortly /alk$ & consi/ ( only f\r glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is small lanceolate1 glabr\s1 ) ! keel scab]ul\s1 #a-n]v$4 ,! second glume is ab\t "o & a half times ! fir/1 oblong-lanceolate1 #b-;fid at ! apex1 glabr\s1 b ! keel scab]ul\s & n]ve produc$ betwe5 ! lobes into a %ort scab]ul\s awn4 ,! ?ird glume is oblong-ovate1 lanceolate1 #b-;fid at ! apex1 & awn$ 9 ! s9us1 awn be+ ab\t #a_/d in* long be>d$ at ! base1 ! m>g9s are slightly ciliate up to ab\t ! middle & !n closely ciliate ) long hairs almo/ to ! tip1 b n to ! tip2 on ! two sides ( ! dorsal n]ve !re are two %all[ grooves "o on ea* side1 ) %ort scatt]$ appress$ hairs2 ! palea is n>r[ oblanceolate1 m9utely #b-;fid at ! tip1 ) m>g9s fold$ inw>d & embrac+ ! /am5s1 ov>y & ! lodicules4 ,gra9 is n>r[1 trigon\s1 oblong1 transluc5t & %9+4 ,! f\r? glume is borne by a %ort ra*illa :i* is ab\t #a_/c ! l5g? ( ! ?ird glume or less1 %ort] ?an ! ?ird1 cunei=m1 empty & awn$4 ,?is grass gr[s well & produces a fair am\nt ( foliage4 ,di/ribution4--,?is is n v common4 ,s f> collect$ only f ,hosur 9 ,salem di/rict & ,bell>y di/rict al?\gh its di/ribution is said to be ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,india4 ,x 0 f\nd gr[+ abundantly on old walls ( h\ses 9 ,poona city 9 #aibj & #aiba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4--;,*loris b>bata 7p]5nial plant74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4--;,*loris b>bata4 ,*loris b>bata1 ,sw4 ,?is is a v common p]5nial grass4 ,/ems are /\t1 tuft$1 g5iculately asc5d+ & erect :5 9 fl[]1 & "s creep+ & root+ at ! nodes2 leafy at ! base & bran*+ upw>ds1 #a to #c feet2 ! l[] int]nodes are #b to #c in*es long & ! upp] /ill long]1 glabr\s4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are glabr\s1 compress$ lat]ally1 op5 at ! base & clos$ above1 ) a few scatt]$ long hairs at ! m\?1 ! m>g9s ?9ly membran\s4 ,! ligule is a v n>r[ membrane4 ,! nodes are glabr\s mo/ly be>+ tufts ( leaves ) compress$ equitant %ea?s4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[ l9e>1 flat or fold$1 acum9ate1 ) long hairs on ! m>g9 t[>ds ! base1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #ah in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4--;,*loris b>bata4 #a to #e4 ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r? & ! fif? glume ( a spikelet2 #c;a & #c;b4 ! ?ird glume & its palea2 #c;c4 ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules2 #d;a & #e;a4 ! f\r? & fif? glumes2 #f4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( five to f\rte5 or fifte5 sessile1 digitately arrang$ spikes1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a-a_/b to #c in*es1 on a sl5d] p$uncle2 ! ra*is is sl5d] m9utely hairy swoll5 at ! base4 ,! spikelets are gre5 or purpli%1 #c-;awn$1 unilat]ally bis]iate on ! outside ( ! ra*is1 #a_/aj in* exclud+ ! awn2 ! ra*illa is be>d$ at ! base1 b is %ort] ?an ! ?ird glume & be>s two b>r5 glumes4 ,!re are five glumes4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are lanceolate1 acute1 membran\s1 pale & #a-n]v$1 b ! fir/ glume is %ort] ?an ! second4 ,! ?ird glume is broadly elliptic or ovate1 concave1 awn$1 #c-n]v$1 ) m>g9s d5sely be>d$ above ! middle & sp>sely be>d$ dorsally on bo? ! sides ( ! mid-n]ve2 ! palea is oblanceolate1 z long z ! glume1 fold$ inside along ! m>g9s & outside along ! middle1 enclos+ ?ree /am5s & ov>y4 ,! f\r? glume is cunei=m1 #c-n]v$1 awn$1 %ortly ciliate above ! middle1 empty4 ,! fif? glume is awn$1 #c-n]v$1 glabr\s1 & globose4 ,?is grass is v widely di/ribut$ & x gr[s 9 all k9ds ( soils4 ,cattle eat x :5 "y1 b avoid x :5 ! infloresc5ce is mature4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! pla9s 9 ,india1 ,burma & ,ceylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4--;,*loris ,b\rnei4 #a4 ,full plant2 #b4 leaf %[+ ligule4 ,*loris ,b\rnei1 ,rang4 ,tad4 ,?is grass appe>s to be p]5nial4 ,! /ems are some:at /\t1 tuft$1 erect or asc5d+ g5iculately f a creep+ & root+ base1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #c feet & ) int]nodes to #f in*es becom+ long] upw>ds4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are equal to or long] ?an ! int]nodes at ! base1 b %ort] above1 glabr\s1 compress$1 di/i*\s1 be>d$ t[>ds ! m\? & ) membran\s m>g9s4 ,! ligule is a n>r[ membran\s ridge4 ,nodes are ?ick5$1 deeply purple r+$1 glabr\s & ! l[] nodes always ) a fan-l tuft ( flatt5$ leaf-%ea?s & leaves4 ,! leaf-blades are l9e>1 f9ely acum9ate1 slightly broad5$ & r\nd$ at ! base1 keel$1 ! upp] surface scab]ul\s & ) a few scatt]$ long hairs especially t[>ds ! base1 smoo? or slightly scab]ul\s bel[1 #a to #i in*es by #a_/ab to #a_/d in*4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( digitately arrang$ spikes #a-a_/b to #d in*es long on a p$uncle :i* is sometimes #ae in*es long4 ,spikes are /\t1 purple-t+$1 ?ree to sev5 & ev5 n9e 9 "s specim5s1 %ortly /alk$1 ! base ( ! /alk be+ slightly swoll5 & vill\s at ! base1 ! ra*is is sl5d]1 some:at vill\s t[>ds ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4--;,*loris ,b\rnei4 #a to #e4 ,! glumes 9 ord]2 #c;a & #c;b4 ! ?ird glume & its palea2 #c;c4 fl[]2 #d;a & #d;b4 ! f\r? glume & its palea2 #e;a4 fif? glume2 #f4 a spikelet ) f\r awn$ glumes2 #g4 gra94 ,! spikelets are ab\t #a_/h in* exclud+ ! awn1 v %ortly p$icell$1 bis]iate1 unilat]al1 dis>ticulat+ above ! fir/ two glumes :i* are p]si/5t1 purpli% or pale1 #a- to #c-;fl[]$1 usually #c- to #d-;awn$ & sometimes #e-;awn$2 awns are purpli% #c_/af to #e_/af in* long1 f9ely scabrid4 ,!re are five or sev5 glumes 9 a spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is hyal9e1 purpli% or pale1 ab\t #a_/aj in* long1 lanceolate1 sub-acum9ate1 #a-n]v$ ) a scab]ul\s keel4 ,! second glume is hyal9e1 ab\t "o & half times z long z ! fir/1 oblong elliptic1 m9utely #b-lob$ at ! apex1 ) a m9ute mucro betwe51 #a-n]v$ ) a scabrid keel4 ,! ?ird glume is z long z ! second1 awn$1 pale or purple1 ovate or obovate1 n>r[$ at ! base & clasp+ ! ra*illa at its base1 apex %ortly #b-;fid ) a purple dorsal awn1 #c-n]v$ paleate2 ! two m>g9al n]ves are d5sely be>d$ ) long :ite or purple t+$ hairs f ne> ! base to almo/ ! apex & ! mid-n]ve also simil>ly be>d$ ) long hairs on bo? sides1 & ! base ) a tuft ( long hairs2 ! palea is z long z ! glume1 coriace\s obovately-cuneate1 obtuse1 m9utely bifid1 purple-tipp$1 ) fold$ hyal9e m>g9s1 #b-keel$2 keels %ortly ciliate4 ,/am5s ?ree ) yell[ or purple an!rs1 ov>y ) two fea!ry /igmas & two lodicules4 ,gra9 is oblong %9+ light r$di% br[n1 n>r[$ at bo? ends & some:at trigon\s4 ,! rema9+ glumes f\r? to sev5? are borne by ! ra*illa1 ?9ly *>tace\s1 broadly obcordate or obovate1 gradually dim9i%+ 9 size1 purple-t+$1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 scab]ul\s4 ,! f\r? & fif? glumes are empty & epaleate :5 ! spikelets are five glum$4 ,if !re are six glumes1 ! f\r? be>s /am5s & ! ov>y1 ! fif? & six? glumes are empty1 & 9 spikelets ( sev5 glumes1 ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & ! fif? glumes are fl[]-be>+ & conta9 gra9s1 & ! rema9+ two glumes are empty4 ,?is species is a tall robu/ "o resembl+ ,*loris b>bata 9 its infloresc5ce1 b ) l>g] spikelets--z l>ge z ^? ( ,*loris t5ella4 ,no d\bt x is closely alli$ to ,*loris b>bata1 b diff]s f x by hav+ l>g] spikelets t are #c- to #e-;awn$ & #a- to #c-;fl[]$1 & ! n]ves be+ be>d$ ?r\gh\t _! l5g? ) long hairs4 ,specim5s ( ?is grass 7 s5t to ,kew & ,calcutta h]b>iums = id5tification & !y 7 nam$ ,c4 montana1 ) :i* ,i c\ld n agree4 ,s aga9 ,i s5t ^! specim5s along ) specim5s ( :at ,i consid]$ ,c4 montana to ,dr4 ,/apf at ,kew ?r\gh ,mr4 ,gamble & ,dr4 ,/apf wrote ab\t ^! ?us3--,we h n be5 able to mat* x ) any ( ! describ$ species ( ,*loris & ,mr4 ,ranga ,a*>ya w be fully ju/ifi$ 9 describ+ x z a new species4 ,we h _h x ap>t f ,wight's specim5 f ! foll[+ collections3--7#a7 ,sattur1 ,novemb] #ai1 #agie1 sub-,&ropogon b>bata1 ,v>48 ,h]b ,rottl]4 7#b7 ,ahm$nag>-,miss ,%attock 7,u4,s4 ,dept4 ,agri4--receiv$ #aiad74 7#c7,tornagallu1 ,bell>y di/rict1 #aa? ,augu/ #aija 7,ex h]b ,ranga ,a*>ya 9 ,h]b1 ,b\rne ,no4 #ceid74 ,di/ribution4--,?is grass 0 f\nd gr[+ 9 abundance 9 ! fields ,nos4 #ac1 #cg & #fb ( ! ,agricultural ,college & 9 ! gr\nds ar\nd ! ,=e/ ,college1 ,coimbatore1 & 0 also collect$ 9 ,hag>i & ,samalkota4 ,?is grass gr[s well & is likely to prove useful1 z cattle seem to l x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4--;,*loris montana4 ,*loris montana1 ,roxb4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass usually met ) on dry soils4 ,! /ems are erect1 tuft$1 g5iculately asc5d+ f a creep+ base root+ at ! nodes1 q glabr\s1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #d in*es to #d feet4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are %ort] ?an ! int]nodes1 flat1 compress$1 glabr\s1 ) a few hairs or n at ! m\? & ) membran\s m>g9s2 ! upp]mo/ %ea? is spa?i=m enclos+ ! infloresc5ce :5 "y4 ,! ligule consi/s ( only a ?9 ridge ( %ort hairs d5sely arrang$4 ,nodes are glabr\s & d>k-r+$1 & ) fan-l spread+ equitant leaf-%ea?s & leaves m especially :5 root+4 ,! leaf-blades are n>r[ l9e>1 f9ely acum9ate1 r\nd$ at ! base1 glabr\s ?r\gh\t1 fold$ flat inw>ds1 #a_/b to #h in*es long1 #a_/af to #a_/h in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce consi/s ( ?ree to six 7v r>ely up to n9e7 spikes1 #a to #c in*es long1 connate at ! base1 erect & nev] spread+1 ! p$uncle is sl5d]1 long1 glabr\s & copi\sly pubesc5t j bel[ ! base ( ! connate spikes2 ra*is is angul>1 sl5d] & scabrid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4--;,*loris montana4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike2 #b4 a spikelet2 #c & #d4 fir/ & second glumes2 #e & #e;a4 ?ird glume & its palea2 #f1 #g1 #h & #i4 f\r?1 fif?1 six? & sev5? glumes2 #aj4 lodicules1 ov>y & /am5s2 #aa4 gra94 ,! spikelets are ab\t #a_/h in* exclud+ ! awns1 %ortly p$icell$1 unilat]al1 bis]iate1 ?9 & sl5d]1 #a-;fl[]$1 pale or purple t+$1 dis>ticulat+ above ! two l[] empty glumes1 :i* p]si/ on ! ra*is1 g5]ally #d-;awn$1 v r>ely #c or #e2 awns are pale or purple1 #a_/h to #e_/af in*2 p$icel is %ort1 angul>1 scab]ul\s ) a few pilose hairs2 ra*illa is produc$ b is %ort] ?an ! fl[]+ glume4 ,!re are usually six glumes 9 a spikelet & v r>ely five or sev5 glumes2 ( ^! ! fir/ two glumes are hyal9e1 empty1 awnless2 ! ?ird is fl[]-be>+ & ! re/ empty1 ?9ly coriace\s & awn$4 ,! fir/ glume is :ite or lightly purpli%1 small1 ab\t #a_/af in* long1 lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 #a-n]v$1 & ) scabrid keel4 ,! second glume is twice ! fir/ glume 9 l5g?1 oblong-lanceolate1 f9ely acum9ate1 #a-n]v$4 ,! ?ird glume is broadly oblong1 *>tace\s1 #c-n]v$1 be>d$ ) long hairs along ! m>g9s f a little above ! base1 & ) a tuft ( hairs at ! base & an awn at ! apex2 ! palea is oblong1 a little small] ?an ! glume1 fold$ along ! m>g9s4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s ) pale yell[ an!rs4 ,! /yles are :ite ) purple /igmas4 ,lodicules are n>r[ly cuneate4 ,! f\r? & ! fif? glumes are small1 epaleate1 empty1 oblong1 cuneate1 #c-n]v$1 awn$4 ,! six? glume is v small1 cuneate1 awn$4 ,di/ribution4--,9 ! di/ricts =m+ ! ,corom&el ,coa/ & also ,gangetic pla9s & ,ceylon4 #cg4 ,eleus9e1 ,ga]tn4 ,^! are annual or p]5nial grasses4 ,leaves are long or %ort4 ,! spikelets are sessile1 #c to #ab fl[]$1 #b to #c-s]iate1 secund1 lat]ally compress$ & =m+ digitate :orl$ or capitate spikes1 n jo9$ at ! base2 ra*illa cont9u\s betwe5 ! fl[]+ glumes4 ,! glumes 9 a spikelet are few to _m1 keel$4 ,! fir/ two glumes are subequal or unequal1 p]si/5t2 ! fir/ glume is #a-n]v$ & ! second glume is #a- to #g-n]v$4 ,! fl[]+ glumes are #c-n]v$1 paleate2 palea is complicate2 keels are /rong1 scabrid or ciliate4 ,lodicules are two1 cuneate4 ,an!rs are %ort4 ,/yles di/9ct & %ort4 ,gra9 is free1 rugose1 & ! p]ic>p is hyal9e & loose4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,spikelets po9t+ upw>d at an acute angle ) ! ra*is ( ! spike4 ,spikes #a to #e in*es long1 digitate1 erect4 #a4 ,e4 indica4 ,spikes #a_/f to #a_/d in* or a little m1 capitate1 spread+4 #b4 ,e4 brevifolia4 ,spikelets spread+ at "r angles ) ! ra*is ( ! spike1 spread+ or erect4 #c4 ,e4 aegyptiaca4 ,eleus9e indica1 ,ga]tn4 ,?is is a tuft$ annual grass ) %ort1 erect1 some:at compress$1 glabr\s /ems1 #a to #b feet high4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are compress$1 di/i*\s1 ciliate4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( hairs4 ,! leaf-blades are n>r[-l9e>1 z long z ! /em1 glabr\s or ) a few scatt]$ hairs ne> ! m\?1 acum9ate1 base n contract$1 #ab to #bj in*es long & #a_/h to #a_/f in* broad4 ,! spikes are elongate1 digitate1 #b to #g1 #b to #e in*es long1 all 9 a t]m9al :orl & sometimes ) "o or two l[] d[n1 & ) ! axils gl&ul> & hairy2 ! ra*is is sl5d] & dorsally flatt5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4--;,eleus9e indica4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike2 #b4 a spikelet2 #c4 fl[]+ glumes & _! palea ) ! ra*is2 #d & #e4 ! fir/ two glumes2 #f & #g4 fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #h4 ! ov>y1 /am5s & ! lodicules2 #i & #aj4 gra94 ,! spikelets are v>iable 9 size1 #a_/ab to #a_/f in*1 #c to #e1 r>ely #f-;fl[]$1 q glabr\s1 bis]iate1 po9t+ upw>d at an acute angle ) ! ra*is4 ,all ! glumes are m or less membran\s4 ,! fir/ glume is small1 oblong-ovate or oblong1 #a-n]v$ ) a scabrid keel4 ,! second glume is twice ! size ( ! fir/1 ovate-oblong1 #c-n]v$1 r>ely #c- to #g-n]v$1 glabr\s1 %ortly mucronate at ! acute apex4 ,! ?ird glume & ! succe$+ fl[]+ glumes are l>g] ?an ! second1 ovate-oblong1 subacute1 #c-n]v$ & paleate2 palea is %ort] ?an ! glume1 glabr\s4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,lodicules are small & cuneate4 ,! gra9 is oblong1 obtusely trigon\s1 broadly & %all[ly groov$ dorsally ) conc5tric m9ute tub]cl$ ridges cov]$ ) a loose p]ic>p4 ,?is grass is fairly common 9 some:at wet places 9 ! pla9s & l[ hills4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 ,eleus9e brevifolia1 ,br4 ,?is is an annual grass4 ,/ems are creep+ & spread+ f ! root1 & asc5d+ f a decumb5t base1 g5]ally sl5d] & small1 b sometimes l>ge & prolif]\sly bran*$1 leafy1 #c to #g in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is compress$ & glabr\s4 ,! ligule is a v %ort membrane1 ciliate at ! m>g9 or obsolete4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 acute1 ) a subcordate or r\nd$ base #a_/b to #b in*es long & #a_/h to #a_/f in* broad4 ,! spikes are usually _m1 sessile & cr[d$ 9 globose heads1 v>y+ 9 diamet] f #a_/c to #b_/c in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjg4--;,eleus9e brevifolia4 #a4 ,a spikelet2 #b & #c4 ! fir/ & ! second glumes2 #d & #e4 ! ?ird glume & its palea #f4 lodicules1 ov>y & /am5s4 ,spikelets are sessile1 bis]iate1 ovate-oblong1 #a_/h to #a_/f in* long1 #d- to #aj-;fl[]$4 ,! fir/ two glumes are membran\s1 ovate-oblong1 glabr\s1 acum9ate & %ortly awn$1 ! fir/ glume is %ort] ?an ! second1 #a- to #c-n]v$1 ! second glume is long] ?an ! fir/1 #c- to #e-n]v$1 & ! n]ves are v close to ! middle "o 9 ! keel4 ,! ?ird & ! succe$+ glumes are ovate1 cuspidately acum9ate1 #c-n]v$1 n]ves vill\s bel[ ! middle & paleate2 palea is oblong1 lanceolate1 truncate & m9utely #b-too!d1 keels vill\s bel[ ! middle4 ,an!rs are small4 ,lodicules are also small & cuneate4 ,/yles are long & sl5d]4 ,gra9 is orbicul> to ovate1 concavo-convex1 r$-br[n1 & transv]sely rugose4 ,?is grass is usually f\nd 9 some:at damp situations all ov] ! ,presid5cy1 ?\gh some:at local 9 its di/ribution4 ,di/ribution4--,s&y %ores ( ! ,corom&el & ,c>natic coa/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4--;,eleus9e aegyptiaca4 ,eleus9e aegyptiaca1 ,desf4 ,?is grass is an annual ) erect or creep+ bran*es4 ,/ems are erect or pro/rate1 compress$1 smoo?1 spread+ & root+ at ! nodes1 #f to #ah in*es long4 ,nodes are ?ick5$ & sometimes prolif]\s4 ,! leaf-%ea? is compress$ & glabr\s4 ,! ligule is %ort & membran\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 tap]+ to a f9e po9t1 flat1 glauc\s1 glabr\s or hairy1 #a to #f in*es long & #a_/ab to #a_/f in*1 wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4--;,eleus9e aegyptiaca4 #a4 ,front & back views ( a portion ( spike2 #b4 a spikelet2 #c & #d4 ! fir/ & ! second glumes2 #e & #f4 fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #g4 ov>y & an!rs4 ,spikes are digitate1 #b to #f1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b in*es long4 ,spikelets are flat1 d5sely cr[d$ on "o side ( ! floral axis1 spread+ at "r angles1 #c- to #e-;fl[]$1 glumes five to sev54 ,! fir/ glume is ovate acute4 ,! second glume is equal to ! fir/ or slightly long]1 broadly ovate1 awn$4 ,! fl[]+ glumes are ovate1 mucronate or awn$1 paleate2 palea is %ort] ?an ! glume1 ovate-oblong1 obtuse or #b-;fid4 ,an!rs are small4 ,gra9 is r$di%1 rugose & sub-globose4 ,?is is a v common grass occurr+ z a we$ 9 cultivat$ fields & 9 op5 places4 ,x is a well-kn[n fodd] grass4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! pla9s 9 ,india & ,ceylon4 #ch4 ,d9ebra1 ,jacq4 ,^! are leafy annual grasses4 ,! infloresc5ce is a n>r[ pyramidal raceme ( sl5d]1 spread+ or deflex$ spikes4 ,spikelets are small1 bis]iate & cr[d$ on "o side ( ! spike & n jo9t$ at ! base2 ra*illa is sl5d]1 jo9t$ & produc$ beyond ! fl[]+ glumes & be>+ an imp]fect glume4 ,!re are f\r to five glumes4 ,! fir/ two glumes are ! longe/1 lanceolate1 #a-n]v$1 keel$ & awn$4 ,! second glume is slightly long] ?an ! fir/4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes are v small1 hyal9e1 broadly ovate1 #a-n]v$4 ,lodicules are pres5t4 ,/am5s are ?ree & an!rs didym\s & small4 ,gra9 is n>r[ly ovoid & trigon\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4--;,d9ebra arabica4 #a4 ,full plant2 #b4 leaf %[+ ! ligule4 ,d9ebra arabica1 ,jacq4 ,?is grass is an annual ) /ems erect or ) a g5iculate base1 tuft$1 sl5d] or /\t2 "s ( ! l[] nodes ( ! g5iculate "p ( ! /ems be> roots2 ! int]nodes are gre5 or purple t+$ & glabr\s4 ,! leaf-%ea? is ?91 some:at loose1 usually glabr\s1 r>ely sp>sely hairy4 ,! ligule is a %ort membrane irregul>ly cut at ! top4 ,! nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 v f9ely acum9ate1 r\gh on bo? ! surfaces1 ?9ly & v sp>sely hairy2 ! base ( ! blade is contract$ & purple t+$ t[>ds ! m>g91 midrib is prom95t ) ?ree or f\r ma9 ve9s on ea* side2 ! m>g9s are v f9ely1 closely s]rate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4--;,d9ebra arabica4 #a & #b4 ,! front & back view ( a portion ( a spike2 #c4 spikelet2 #d1 #e & #f4 ! fir/1 second & ?ird glumes2 #g4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #h4 lodicules1 ov>y & /am5s4 ,! infloresc5ce is a long erect n>r[ pyramidal panicle v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #af in*es2 ! l[] bran*es sometimes be> sev]al spikes & atta9 #f in*es 9 l5g?2 ! p$uncles are %ort or long1 purple t+$ & ! ma9 ra*is is smoo? except at ! top1 angul> & groov$4 ,! spikes are num]\s1 gre5i% or purple t+$1 sl5d]1 erect or spread+ or sometimes deflex$1 opposite1 alt]nate or 9 fascicles ( two to f\r v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/d to #b-a_/b in*es2 ! ra*is ( ! spike is trigon\s1 flatt5$ out v5trally & ) a ridge on ! v5tral side & ! m>g9s are scabrid4 ,! spikelets are few to _m 9 a spike1 alt]nate1 closely imbricat+1 sessile1 ab\t #a_/f in* long includ+ ! awns1 usually ?ree fl[]$1 r>ely less or f\r fl[]$2 ! ra*illa is v sl5d]1 jo9t$ at ! base1 produc$ & jo9t$ betwe5 ! fl[]+ glumes4 ,!re are usually five glumes 9 a spikelet & 9 "s f\r or six4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are lanceolate n>r[$ into %ort /iff awns1 equal or ! second a little long]1 hyal9e glabr\s1 /rongly keel$ ab\t #a_/f in* long or a little less4 ,! succe$+ glumes ?ird1 f\r? & fif? are v mu* %ort] ?an ! fir/ two glumes1 ab\t #a_/aj in* or less1 ovate-oblong1 subacute1 :ite1 membran\s ) a /rong gre5i% n]ve along ! keel & two %ort ones close to ! m>g91 paleate2 palea is %ort] ?an ! glume1 membran\s1 oblong-obtuse1 m9utely #b-too!d1 #b-n]v$ & #b-keel$4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) small an!rs4 ,/igmas are :ite :5 "y & purple :5 mature4 ,lodicules are v m9ute4 ,! gra9 is pale1 br[ni% yell[1 ellipsoidal-oblong1 subacute1 trigon\s1 r\gh & nev] smoo?1 ) a %all[ groove on ! dorsal side2 ! embryo is ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! gra94 ,?is grass gr[s abundantly 9 cultivat$ dry fields all ov] ! ,presid5cy4 ,! spikes :5 mature become v r\gh & give an acid ta/e4 ,cattle gre$ily eat ?is grass :5 "y1 b :5 old & 9 full fl[] "s cattle d n l x s mu*4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ! ,presid5cy 9 ! pla9s4 ,also occurs 9 ,afghani/an & we/w>d to ,s5egal4 #ci4 ,lepto*loa1 ,beauv4 ,^! are tall sl5d] annual grasses4 ,spikelets are v small1 compress$1 #a- to #f-;fl[]$1 sessile or %ortly p$icell$1 alt]nate & unilat]al on ! bran*es ( a panicle2 ! ra*illa is produc$ betwe5 ! fl[]+ glumes1 jo9t$ at ! base4 ,!re are #c to #h glumes4 ,! fir/ two glumes are unequal1 oblong or lanceolate1 #a-n]v$4 ,! ?ird & ! succe$+ ones are broadly ovate1 #c-n]v$1 paleate4 ,lodicules are two4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,gra9 is sub-globose1 oblong or trigon\s1 closely inve/$ by ! glume & its palea4 ,lepto*loa *95sis1 ,nees4 ,?is is a tall annual grass4 ,/ems are erect or g5iculately asc5d+ f a creep+ root-/ock1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #d feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 loose1 ! l[] (t5 broad & op54 ,! ligule is a %ort hyal9e lac]at$ membrane4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[ly l9e>1 f9ely acum9ate1 some:at coriace\s1 glabr\s1 #f to #ah in*es long & #a_/f to #a_/d in* broad4 ,! infloresc5ce is a contract$ panicle1 #f to #ah in*es long ) spread+ or sub]ect1 alt]nate or opposite spikes :i* are capill>y & v>y f #b to #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4--,lepto*loa *95sis4 #a4 ,a portion ( ! spike2 #b & #c4 ! fir/ & ! second glume2 #d & #e ! fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #f4 ! /am5s & ! ov>y4 ,! spikelets are small1 %ortly /alk$1 #d- to #h-;fl[]$1 #a_/aj to #a_/f in* ) ! ra*illa produc$ betwe5 ! fl[]+ glumes4 ,! fir/ glume is small1 oblong1 obtuse or apiculate4 ,! second glume is simil> to ! fir/ b twice z long z ! fir/ glume4 ,! ?ird glume & ! succe$+ fl[]+ glumes are ovate-oblong1 obtuse or apiculate1 ) sub-m>g9al lat]al ve9s2 palea are broadly oblong ) silkily ciliate keels4 ,an!rs are usually v small4 ,gra9 is oblong1 obtusely trigon\s1 or concavo-convex1 r$-br[n & rugulose on ! v5tral side4 ,?is grass is v common amid/ paddy 9 wet l&s & 9 wet situations4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon 9 wet places4 ,also 9 ,*9a1 ,japan & ,au/ralia4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,tribes ,,vii ,,& ,,viii--,,fe/ucaceae ,,& ,,hordeae4 ,fe/ucaceae is ( m9or importance z x is n well repres5t$ 9 ! ,s\? ,india4 ,only ab\t half a doz5 g5]a occur & mo/ ( !m on ! hills4 ,! spikelets are usually #b- or m-fl[]$1 p$icell$ & 9 panicles1 op5 or contract$4 ,! ra*illa is produc$ beyond ! fl[]+ glumes & articulate at ! base j above ! empty glumes4 ,infloresc5ce a raceme1 spikelets #b- to #c-;fl[]$1 turb9ate2 glumes s+le-awn$4 #dj4 ,pomm]eulla4 ,infloresc5ce paniculate1 spikelets few or _m-fl[]$1 glumes _m-n]v$ & _m-awn$4 #da4 ,pappophorum4 ,infloresc5ce v>i\s1 spikelets #b- to _m-fl[]$1 fl[]+ glumes #a- to #c-n]v$ entire1 empty glumes %ort] ?an ! l[e/ fl[]+ glume1 gra9 v m9ute4 #db4 ,eragro/is4 ,hordeae is also a m9or tribe & is repres5t$ by only "o g5us 9 ,s\? ,india4 ,! spikelets are "o-or m-fl[]$1 sessile1 #a- or #b-s]iate on ! ra*is1 & some:at sunk 9 cavities2 ! ra*illa is jo9t$ at ! base & is produc$ beyond ! fl[]+ glumes1 glumes awn$ or n4 ,spikelets #a- to #c-;fl[]$1 fir/ glume v m9ute or want+1 second z long z ! hyal9e1 ?ird spike compress$1 solit>y4 #dc4 ,oropetium4 #dj4 ,pomm]eulla1 ,l9n4 f4 ,?is is a %ort1 /\t1 creep+ p]5nial grass4 ,spikelets are #b- to #c-;fl[]$1 di/i*\sly racem$1 n>r[ly turb9ate1 vill\s4 ,glumes are #e to #g 9 a spikelet4 ,! fir/ two glumes are n>r[1 membran\s1 p]si/5t1 ! fir/ glume be+ #a-n]v$ & %ort] ?an ! second :i* is #c- to #e-n]v$4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes embrac+ ! fif? & ! six? are empty1 flabelli=m1 #d-lob$1 & dorsally %ortly awn$4 ,! fif?1 six? & ! sev5? are cuneate1 obovate & #c-lob$1 palea ovate1 acute1 & pubesc5t4 ,lodicules are two & membran\s4 ,/am5s are two to ?ree ) small an!rs4 ,gra9 is oblong1 compress$ & free4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4--,pomm]eulla ,cornucopiae4 ,pomm]eulla ,cornucopiae1 ,l9n4 f4 ,?is is a %ort1 /\t p]5nial grass ) /ems root+ at ! nodes2 bran*es are flat1 %ort1 d5sely leafy1 #b to #f in*es long4 ,! leaf-%ea?s are smoo?1 equitant ) ?9ly membran\s m>g9s4 ,! ligule is a ciliat$ ridge4 ,! leaf-blade is flat1 l9e>1 di/i*\s1 coriace\s1 r\nd$ at ! tip1 m>g9s sp>sely ciliate1 #a to #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,! infloresc5ce is a t]m9al raceme1 #a_/b to #b in*es long1 half hidd5 by ! upp]mo/ leaf-%ea?1 ! p$uncle is flatt5$ & #a to #b-a_/b in*es long2 ra*is is also flatt5$ ) a tuft ( long silky hairs at ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4-,pomm]eulla ,cornucopiae4 #a4 ,a leaf2 #b4 infloresc5ce2 #c4 spikelet2 #d & #e4 ! second & ! fir/ glume2 #f & #g4 ! ?ird & ! f\r? glume2 #h & #i4 ! fif? fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #aj & #aa4 gra94 ,! spikelets are %ortly p$icell$ or sessile1 dorsally compress$1 cunei=m1 ab\t #a_/c in*1 gli/5+1 vill\s1 n articulate at ! base1 #b- to #c-;fl[]$1 ra*illa is n>r[$ d[nw>ds1 resembl+ a callus & vill\s1 jo9t$ at ! acute base above ! empty glumes1 & cr[n$ ) broad obconic empty awn$ glumes4 ,! spikelets h usually sev51 r>ely eight glumes4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are n>r[1 membran\s1 gli/5+1 empty & p]si/5t & ! o!rs are coriace\s ) membran\s m>g9s4 ,! fir/ glume is l9e> or l9e>-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 #a-n]v$1 scab]ul\s along ! n]ve4 ,! second glume is long] ?an ! fir/1 oblong-lanceolate1 acum9ate1 n>r[$ t[>ds ! base1 ins]t$ mu* above ! fir/ glume & embrac+ ! ra*illa1 #c-n]v$1 scab]ul\s along ! mid-n]ve at ! base only4 ,! ?ird & f\r? glumes are half-amplexicaul1 empty1 epaleate1 flabelli=m1 #d-lob$1 #g-n]v$1 %ortly awn$ at ! back1 vill\s2 ! side lobes are acum9ate or ari/ate & ! c5tral lobes are %ortly awn$4 ,! fif?1 six? & sev5? glumes are obovate-cuneate1 #g- to #i-n]v$1 paleate1 fl[]-be>+ & #c-lob$1 ! side lobes are acum9ate & ! c5tral lobe is bifid & dorsally awn$2 palea is ovate-acute1 #b-n]v$ & ciliolate4 ,! eigh? glume1 if pres5t1 is neut] & imp]fect1 #c-lob$ & %ortly awn$4 ,lodicules are m9ute4 ,/am5s are two or ?ree ) small an!rs4 ,gra9 is oblong1 compress$1 r$di% br[n4 ,?is grass g5]ally gr[s 9 gravelly & some:at alkal9e soils4 ,s f> ?is has be5 notic$ & collect$ 9 ,*+leput & ,nellore di/ricts4 ,di/ribution4--,mysore & ! ,c>natic1 & ,ceylon4 #da4 ,pappophorum1 ,nees4 ,?is is a p]5nial grass4 ,spikelets are contract$ spici=m panicles1 #a- to #c-;fl[]$1 ra*illa is jo9t$ at ! base4 ,!re are #e to #g glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ & ! second glumes are membran\s1 keel$ #c- to _m-n]v$1 p]si/5t4 ,! ?ird & ! f\r? glumes are mu* %ort] 7exclud+ ! awns7 ?an ! fir/ two1 coriace\s1 orbicul>1 concave1 obscurely _m-n]v$1 cleft into n9e or m equal or alt]nately long] long-ciliate erect awns4 ,! f\r? & ! subsequ5t glumes are imp]fect & !y get gradually small] & small]1 ! la/ glume be+ repres5t$ only by a rudim5t>y glume ) ?ree awns4 ,lodicules are dolabri=m & two4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,/yles are free4 ,gra9 is obovoid or oblong1 free4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4--,pappophorum elegans4 ,pappophorum elegans1 ,nees4 ,?is grass is p]5nial ) wiry roots4 ,/ems are erect asc5d+ f a swoll5 woody base1 ?9ly hairy & r>ely glabr\s1 pale gre5 & sometimes ) r$ blot*es1 wiry1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is ?9ly pubesc5t1 "s hairs be+ m9utely gl&-tipp$4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[1 l9e>-lanceolate1 %>ply acum9ate1 cov]$ bo? above & bel[ ) hairs1 _m ( :i* be+ m9utely gl&-tipp$1 convolute :5 "y4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( hairs4 ,nodes are pubesc5t4 ,! infloresc5ce is a panicle ) %ort bran*es1 #a to #c in*es long1 ra*is is pubesc5t2 p$uncle is #b to #d in*es long1 pubesc5t4 ,! spikelets are pale gre51 sometimes purple t+$ & appe>+ :ite :5 mature1 s(tly pubesc5t1 ab\t #a_/d in* long includ+ ! awn2 ! ra*illa is produc$ & dis>ticulates above ! two l[] glumes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4--,pappophorum elegans4 #a & #b4 ,! fir/ & second glumes2 #c4 ! ?ird glume & its palea2 #d4 palea ( ! ?ird glume2 #e4 lodicules1 /am5s & ov>y2 #f & #g4 f\r? glume & its palea2 #h & #i4 fif? glume & its palea2 #aj & #aa4 six? & sev5? glumes4 ,!re are #f or #g glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is lanceolate1 acute1 s(tly hairy1 usually #i-n]v$1 or v>y+ f #g to #ab 7"s n]ves d n rea* ! apex71 ab\t #a_/d in* long4 ,! second glume is simil> to ! fir/ b a little long] & bo? ! glumes h broad hyal9e m>g9s4 ,! ?ird glume is broadly orbicul>1 concave1 sub-*>tace\s1 #i-n]v$1 d5sely vill\s & ) a tuft ( hairs at ! base :]e x jo9s ! ra*illa1 cleft into #i awn-l lobes1 bisexual & paleate2 ! awns are alt]nately long & %ort1 subulate1 plumose 9 ! l[] half & scabrid above1 ! palea is oblong-ovate1 sub-*>tace\s1 ) two pubesc5t keels1 bifid at ! apex1 & ) #c purple an!rs4 ,! ov>y is ovoid or ovoid-oblong1 ) two :ite /igmas4 ,lodicules are two1 small cuneate or quadrate4 ,gra9 ovoid or ovoid-oblong4 ,! f\r? glume is simil> to ! ?ird glume b small]1 paleate ) rudim5t>y an!rs & two fle%y lodicules4 ,! fif?1 six? & sev5? glumes are imp]fect & gradually decreas+ 9 size1 & ) awns v>y+ 9 numb] f #e to #h1 #c to #e1 & #a to #c1 respectively1 m9utely paleate or n4 ,?is grass gr[s well 9 black cotton & ri* loamy soils & is a h>dy "o4 ,cattle seem to eat ?is grass4 ,di/ribution4--,fairly common 9 ! pla9s 9 ! ,deccan di/ricts & 9 ! ,corom&el coa/ di/ricts4 #db4 ,eragro/is1 ,beauv4 ,^! are sl5d]1 glabr\s1 annual or p]5nial grasses4 ,/ems are usually erect or g5iculately asc5d+1 v r>ely pro/rate4 ,leaves are n>r[4 ,infloresc5ces are op5 or contract$ panicles1 r>ely spikes4 ,spikelets are usually /rongly lat]ally compress$1 #b1 to _m-fl[]$ & n articulate at ! base2 ra*illa is t\gh & p]si/5t1 jo9t$ above ! empty glumes & 9 "s also betwe5 ! fl[]+ glumes1 n produc$ beyond ! la/ glume4 ,glumes are _m1 broad1 obtuse1 acute or mucronate1 nev] awn$1 dorsally r\nd$ & keel$2 ! fir/ & ! second glumes are mu* %ort] ?an ! spikelet1 equal or unequal1 empty1 p]si/5t or sep>ately decidu\s1 #a-n]v$ or ! second #c-n]v$1 usually membran\s4 ,fl[]+ glumes are imbricat+1 at l5g? decidu\s f ! ra*illa1 #c-n]v$1 all bisexual or ! upp]mo/ & r>ely ! l[e/ imp]fect1 ovate to lanceolate1 membran\s to *>tace\s1 usually glabr\s1 ! lat]al n]ves %ort n rea*+ ! mid n]ve2 palea are broad1 membran\s1 decidu\s ) its glume or p]si/5t on ! ra*illa ) two ciliate smoo? or scabrid keels4 ,/am5s are ?ree r>ely two4 ,ov>y is glabr\s ) two /yles end+ 9 plumose /igmas4 ,gra9 is m9ute1 globose1 obgloboid or obovoid1 free 9 ! glume & ! palea4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,species4 ,a4 ,spikelets panicl$4 ,b4 ,ra*illa ( spikelets m or less jo9t$ & break+ up f above d[nw>ds4 ,panicle m or less contract$ & m>g9 ( fl[]+ glumes n ciliate4 ,spikelets #a_/bj to #a_/f in* long2 gra9 obovoid2 /am5s #b2 panicle n>r[ int]rupt$1 #f to #ah in*es long #a4 ,e4 int]rupta4 ,,bb4 ,ra*illa ( spikelets t\gh1 p]si/5t2 fl[]+ glumes fall+ away f base upw>ds4 ,c4 ,spikelets p$icellate4 ,spikelets flat1 ovate-elliptic or oblong1 lat]al n]ves ( fl[]+ glumes v prom95t & /raight1 almo/ p]curr5t2 palea decidu\s ) _! glumes #b4 ,e4 amabilis4 ,spikelets less compress$1 l9e> or l9e>-oblong2 lat]al n]ves less prom95t2 n fascicl$1 long p$icellate & div>icate :5 ripe4 ,leaf m>g9s )\t gl&s4 ,spikelets v]satile1 n>r[1 l9e> #a in* or m long1 bran*es ( panicle solit>y #c4 ,e4 tremula4 ,leaf m>g9s gl&ul>4 ,fir/ glume #a-n]v$ & second glume #c-n]v$ #d4 ,e4 major4 ,fir/ glume & second glume #a-n]v$ #e4 ,e4 ,willd5oviana4 ,spikelets small1 #a_/d in* or less1 bran*es ( panicle :orl$ #f4 ,e4 pilosa4 ,,cc4 ,spikelets sessile & jo9t$ on ! v %ort d5sely cr[d$ bran*lets ( a tall1 n>r[ raceme l panicle1 decidu\s1 acute1 mu* compress$1 imbricate & secund #g4 ,e4 cynosuroides4 ,,aa4 ,spikelets 9 a long t]m9al spike4 ,spikelets di/i*\sly spread+1 secund1 keels ( palea w+$ #h4 ,e4 bif>ia4 ,eragro/is int]rupta1 ,beauv4 7,v>4 ,ko5igii1 ,/apf47 ,?is is a tall grass1 annual or p]5nial1 ) erect /ems #a to #c feet or m4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s & close4 ,! ligule is a %ort1 fimbriate membrane4 ,nodes are glabr\s4 ,! leaf-blade is n>r[1 flat1 acum9ate1 glabr\s on bo? sides1 #c to #aj in*es long4 ,! panicle is erect1 n>r[1 contract$1 ) bran*es 9 pseudo-:orls & v>y+ 9 l5g? f #f to #ah in*es1 bran*es are sl5d]1 fili=m1 two or m aris+ f ! same level1 #a to #c in*es long4 ,! spikelets are small1 p$icellate1 smoo?1 usually #f to #ad-;fl[]$1 pale b (t5 t+$ ) r$1 ! ra*illa is jo9t$ betwe5 ! fl[]+ glumes1 & breaks away f above d[nw>ds4 ,! empty glumes are v small1 subequal1 ovate-oblong1 hyal9e1 obtuse & #a-n]v$4 ,floral glumes also are small b slightly long] ?an ! empty ones1 ovate-oblong1 obtuse & paleate1 palea is l9e>-oblong ) smoo? or scabrid keels4 ,/am5s are two ) small an!rs4 ,gra9 is obovoid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4--;,eragro/is int]rupta4 ,v>4 ,ko5igii4 #a4 ,two spikelets2 #b & #c4 empty glumes2 #d4 empty glumes ) two fl[]+ glumes & _! palea2 #e4 fl[]+ glumes & palea2 #f4 ov>y & two /am5s2 #g4 gra94 ,?is grass is a v v>iable plant & has a few v>ieties4 ,! "o describ$ above is ,v>4 ,ko5igii ,/apf41 & ?is is ! "o t occurs v widely4 ,! o!r two v>ieties :i* occur v r>ely are 7#a7 di>rh5a ,/apf4 & 7#b7 t5uissima ,/apf4 ,! =m] is a tall plant ) v n>r[ panicle & spikelets & ! latt] ei!r tall or %ort & ) a panicle be>+ v sl5d] div>icate bran*es4 ,?is grass usually occurs 9 clayey soils especially on ! bunds & 9 ! paddy fields4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india1 ,burma & ,ceylon4 ,also 9 tropical ,asia & ,africa4 ,eragro/is amabilis1 ,w4 ,a4 ,?is is an annual tuft$ grass ) sl5d]1 glabr\s1 erect or g5iculately asc5d+ /ems1 #f to #ah in*es1 leafy *iefly at ! base4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s & smoo?4 ,! ligule is abs5t or v obscure4 ,! leaf-blade is lanceolate-l9e> or l9e>1 n>r[$ f a broad subcordate base to an acute tip1 smoo? & flat4 ,! panicle is ovoid-oblong or oblong1 op5 or contract$1 sp>+ly bran*$2 bran*es are fili=m1 solit>y1 ramify+ f ne> ! base2 ra*is & nodes are glabr\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4--;,eragro/is amabilis4 #a4 ,a portion ( a bran* ) spikelets2 #b4 a s+le spikelet2 #c & #d4 empty glumes2 #e4 & #f4 a fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #g4 lodicules1 /am5s & ov>y2 #h4 gra94 ,! spikelets are ovate-oblong or l9e>-oblong1 pale or purpli% #a_/f to #a_/b in*1 up to #ej-;fl[]$1 ra*illa is t\gh ) v %ort int]nodes4 ,! glumes are v closely & di/i*\sly imbricat+ 7& h5ce spikelets are pretty72 ! empty glumes are subequal1 ovate-lanceolate1 acute or cuspidately acum9ate1 #a-n]v$1 #a_/be to #a_/af in* long4 ,fl[]+ glumes are broadly ovate or suborbicul>1 mucronulate1 punctulate1 ) ! lat]al n]ves equidi/ant f ! m>g9s & ! m$ian n]ve1 & produc$ f> up t[>ds ! m$ian n]ve2 palea is broad1 %ort] ?an its glume1 decidu\s ) x1 & ) w+$ & scabrid keels4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,gra9 is obovoid-ellipsoid1 smoo?1 lat]ally compress$1 r$di%-br[n4 ,?is grass is abundant 9 wet places on ! hills & fairly common 9 ! pla9s ?\gh n abundant4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4--;,eragro/is tremula4 ,eragro/is tremula1 ,ho*/4 ,?is is an elegant annual grass4 ,/ems are tuft$ erect or sometimes g5iculately asc5d+1 bran*+ freely1 #f in*es to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 glabr\s1 %ort] ?an ! int]nodes1 becom+ purpli% :5 dry4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( %ort hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate1 tap]+ to a f9e po9t1 rigid1 glabr\s or sp>sely hairy1 b ) prom95t :ite hairs ne> ! m\? ( ! %ea? at ! base1 #a to #aj in*es long & #a_/ab to #c_/af in* broad1 ! base is r\nd$ & ! m>g9 egl&ul> & v f9ely s]rate4 ,! infloresc5ce is a l>ge1 effuse1 nodd+1 pyramidal or oblong panicle1 mu* bran*$1 ! p$uncle be+ z long z ! re/ ( ! plant2 bran*es are sl5d]1 solit>y1 sub]ect1 droop+1 r angl$1 scab]ul\s1 #c to #g in*es long ) v f9e capill>y bran*lets2 all ! axils ( ! bran*es & bran*lets h long :ite hairs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--;,eragro/is tremula4 #a4 ,spikelet2 #b & #c4 ! fir/ & ! second glume2 #d & #e4 fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #f4 /am5s1 ov>y & lodicules4 ,! spikelets are l9e>1 n>r[$ upw>ds1 glabr\s1 flatt5$ pale gre5 or purple t+$1 few to #gj-;fl[]$2 p$icels are sl5d] & capill>y1 long] or %ort] ?an ! spikelets2 ra*illa is zigzag & glabr\s4 ,! fir/ two glumes are subequal1 ovate1 acute1 "o-n]v$1 keel obscurely scab]ul\s1 membran\s4 ,! ?ird & ! succe$+ fl[]+ glumes are ovate1 obtuse1 z long z ! second glume or slightly long]1 sub-*>tace\s1 glabr\s1 ?ree-n]v$2 palea is %ort] ?an ! glume1 curv$ obovate oblong & p]si/5t on ! ra*illa4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) small an!rs4 ,/yle bran*es are two4 ,lodicules are m9ute4 ,gra9 is ne>ly globose1 compress$ on "o side1 obscurely rugulose4 ,?is grass is n v widely di/ribut$ al?\gh x occurs 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,presid5cy4 ,x is common on ! ,we/ ,coa/ 9 s&y places4 ,di/ribution4--,f ! ,punjab to ,b5gal & ,burma & ,s\?w>d to ,c>natic4 ,also said to occur 9 ,afghani/an & ,tropical ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4--;,eragro/is major4 ,eragro/is major1 ,ho/4 ,?is is an annual tuft$ grass4 ,/ems are erect or g5iculately asc5d+1 usually %ort1 leafy & bran*$ bel[1 glabr\s & %9+1 #a_/b to #b feet long4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 /riate1 %ort] ?an ! int]nodes1 keel$ ) tub]cles or gl&s on ! keel & also on "s ( ! small] n]ves on ! sides1 & be>d$ ) long :ite hairs ext]nally at ! m\?4 ,! nodes are glabr\s purple1 %9+ & ) a gl&ul> r+ bel[4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( long hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>-lanceolate or l9e>1 tap]+ to a f9e po9t1 glabr\s1 flaccid1 m>g9s f9ely s]rulate & gl&ul>1 base r\nd$1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #a_/b to #aj in*es & 9 bread? #c_/af to #g_/af in*2 ! midrib is prom95t & ) a r[ ( gl&s b5ea? & !re are #c to #e lat]al n]ves on ea* side ( ! mid-n]ve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb4--;,eragro/is major4 #a4 ,a bran* ) spikelets2 #b & #c4 empty glumes2 #d & #e4 fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #f4 gra94 ,! panicle is ovate or ovate-oblong1 on a %ort1 smoo? p$uncle1 usually op5 & /iff2 bran*es are usually _m1 sub-solit>y or fascicl$1 spread+ or sub]ect1 capill>y1 /iff1 aga9 bran*+ f ne> ! base & ab\t #c in*es long2 ra*is is angul>1 ) gl&s & tufts ( sp>se :ite hairs at ! angles ( bran*es & bran*lets4 ,spikelets are l9e> to ovate-oblong1 compress$1 pale or gre51 sometimes purple t+$ at ! base1 few to #dj-;fl[]$ & occasionally up to #gj-;fl[]s1 #a_/h to #a in*4 ,! empty glumes are subequal or ! fir/ is a little %ort]1 ovate1 acute1 membran\s1 keel$1 & sometimes ! keels ) gl&s2 ! fir/ glume is usually "o-n]v$ 7r>ely obscurely "o- to ?ree-n]v$7 & ! second glume is ?ree-n]v$4 ,! fl[]+ glumes are broadly ovate1 oblique1 obtuse1 sometimes ) a m9ute mucro1 sub-*>tace\s1 punctulate1 /rongly ?ree-n]v$1 paleate1 ab\t #a_/ab in* long2 palea is %ort] ?an ! glume1 curv$1 obovate-oblong1 keels ciliolate & p]si/5t4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) v small pale yell[ an!rs4 ,/igmas are two & :ite4 ,lodicules are v small4 ,gra9 is globose r$di% br[n1 m9utely & obscurely l9eolate4 ,?is grass is a v common we$ occurr+ 9 cultivat$ dry fields all ov] ?is ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t ,india & ,ceylon 9 ! pla9s & l[ hills4 ,occurs also 9 tropical & sub-tropical p>ts ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4--;,eragro/is ,willd5oviana4 ,eragro/is ,willd5oviana1 ,nees4 ,?is is a tuft$ annual4 ,/ems are leafy at ! base1 erect or g5iculately asc5d+1 sl5d] b rigid1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #d to #ah in*es4 ,! leaf-%ea? is smoo?1 cyl9dric1 glabr\s1 out] m>g9 ciliate2 tufts ( long hairs are pres5t at ! sides ( ! m>g9 ( ! %ea?1 j outside close to ! hyal9e pat*4 ,! ligule is a fr+e ( %ort :ite hairs4 ,! nodes are gre5i% or ) a t+e ( purple1 glabr\s & ) a gl&ul> r+ bel[4 ,! leaf-blade is lanceolate-l9e>1 po9t$1 flat1 rigid1 ! m>g9 is v m9utely s]rulate1 gl&ul> & occasionally also ) f9e long hairs2 ! upp] surface is some:at r\gh1 ! l[] smoo? & bo? ) f9e long scatt]$ hairs or glabr\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4--;,eragro/is ,willd5oviana4 #a4 ,spikelets2 #a;a4 #a/ glume2 #b & #b;a4 ! second glume2 #c & #c;a4 ! fl[]+ glume2 #d4 palea ( ! fl[]+ glume2 #e4 lodicules1 /am5s & ! ov>y2 #f4 gra94 ,! infloresc5ce is a /iff op5 panicle1 ovate to oblong1 #b to #d-a_/b in*es long on a sl5d]1 t]ete1 glabr\s p$uncle2 ! ma9 ra*is is angul>1 sl5d] ) gl&ul> sc>s1 a little bel[ ! atta*m5t ( ! bran*es2 ! bran*es are capill>y1 groov$ /iff & spread+ ) small gl&ul> sc>s j above ! node4 ,! spikelets are elliptic-oblong to l9e>1 #a_/h to #c_/d in* by ab\t #a_/bj in*1 gre5i% or t+$ ) purple1 few to ab\t #be 7or sometimes ev5 up to #db7 glum$1 p$icellate2 p$icel is capill>y1 groov$ & angul>1 ) a gl&ul> r+ ab\t ! middle1 spread+ sometimes at "r angles1 ra*illa is p]si/5t4 ,empty glumes are unequal4 ,! fir/ glume is hyal9e v small1 n]veless or "o-n]v$1 subacute or subobtuse2 ! second glume is mu* long] ?an ! fir/ glume1 ovate-oblong subacute1 keel$1 membran\s & "o-n]v$4 ,fl[]+ glumes v>y f ab\t #ab to #cj & 9 "s well gr[n plants z _m z #db1 broadly ovate1 obtuse or subacute1 rigidly membran\s1 ?ree-n]v$ 7"o m$ian & two m>g9al7 glabr\s1 keel$ & keels are scab]ul\s ne> ! apex2 palea is oblong l9e>1 a little curv$1 p]si/5t1 a little small] ?an ! glume1 two-keel$2 !re are ?ree /am5s ) small purpli% an!rs & two small lodicules4 ,! gra9 is oblong truncate at bo? ends1 r$di% br[n1 ) a prom95t groove on ! dorsal side2 embryo occupy+ ne>ly half ! l5g? ( ! gra94 ,?is grass gr[s abundantly 9 some:at ri* soils all ov] ! ,presid5cy & cattle eat x4 ,x gr[s quickly & be>s a fair am\nt ( foliage4 ,di/ribution4--,madras ,presid5cy 9 ! pla9s2 also occurs 9 ,ceylon4 ,eragro/is pilosa1 ,beauv4 ,?is is a d5sely tuft$ annual grass4 ,/ems are usually erect1 sl5d] & simple1 flaccid1 #c in*es to #c feet4 ,! leaf-%ea? is compress$1 glabr\s & be>d$ ) long hairs close to ! m\?4 ,! ligule is a ridge ( hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is %ort1 n>r[1 f9ely acum9ate1 #a-a_/b to #d in*es4 ,! panicle is oblong to pyramidal1 flaccid1 op5 or contract$ erect or incl9$1 #b to #h in*es2 ra*is is hairy or glabr\s2 bran*es are v f9e fili=m or capill>y1 m or less :orl$1 l[] six in*es long2 bran*lets are /ill f9] & capill>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4--;,eragro/is pilosa4 #a4 ,a portion ( a bran* ) spikelets2 #b & #c4 empty glumes2 #d4 fl[]+ glumes2 #e4 palea2 #f4 gra94 ,spikelets are l9e>1 grey tipp$ ) purple1 or (t5 purpli%1 scatt]$1 #a_/h to #a_/e by #a_/cj to #a_/bj in*1 ) p$icels %ort] or long] ?an ! spikelets4 ,! empty glumes are hyal9e1 v unequal1 n]veless or ! second :i* is ovate-lanceolate & l>g] ?an ! fir/ fa9tly #a-n]v$4 ,! fl[]+ glumes are ovate acute1 paleate1 #a_/aj to #a_/h in*2 palea is sub-p]si/5t & keels ( palea scab]ul\s4 ,/am5s are ?ree ) small violet an!rs4 ,gra9 is ellipsoid lat]ally po9t$ at ! base4 ,?is grass occurs 9 wet places or close to ! m>g9s ( ponds1 m>%y situations all ov] ! ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,all ov] ,india & also 9 ,s\? ,europe & mo/ w>m c\ntries4 ,eragro/is cynosuroides1 ,beauv4 ,?is is a tall p]5nial grass freely bran*+ f ! base & ) /\t /olons cov]$ ) %9+ %ea?s4 ,! root-/ock is /\t & creep+4 ,! /ems are tuft$1 smoo?1 erect1 ) fascicles ( leaves at ! base #a to #c feet high4 ,! leaf-%ea? is glabr\s1 slightly compress$1 di/9ctly keel$1 z broad or slightly broad] ?an ! blade at ! m\?4 ,ligule is a l9e ( %ort hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is l9e>1 rigid1 glabr\s1 acum9ate ) fili=m tips1 & f9ely s]rulate m>g9s1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #b to #aj in*es & ! basal leaves sometimes rea*+ #bj in*es4 ,! panicle is /rict1 erect1 n>r[ly pyramidal1 (t5 int]rupt$1 v>y+ 9 l5g? f #f to #ah in*es & bread? f #a_/b to #b in*es4 ,bran*es are _m1 %ort1 cr[d$1 d5sely clo!d f ! base ) sessile1 imbricat+1 mu* compress$ deflex$ spikelets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4--;,eragro/is cynosuroides4 #a4 ,a bran* ) spikelets2 #b4 fl[]+ glumes ) _! palea2 #c & #d4 empty glumes2 #e & #f4 fl[]+ glume & its palea4 ,! spikelets are secund1 bis]iate1 %9+1 pale br[n1 #a_/b in* long1 up to #cj-;fl[]$4 ,! empty glumes are unequal1 ! second be+ ! l>g]4 ,! fl[]+ glumes are coriace\s1 ovate1 acute z long z ! second or slightly long]1 paleate1 palea is sub-coriace\s & %ort] ?an ! glume4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,gra9 is obliquely ovoid1 lat]ally compress$4 ,?is grass gr[s usually 9 moi/ s&y loams1 s& dunes1 & is v common on ! ,corom&el coa/ & 9 ! ,deccan ,di/ricts4 ,di/ribution4--,?r\gh\t 9 ! pla9s ( ,india4 ,eragro/is bif>ia1 ,wight ,ex ,/eud4 ,?is is a d5sely tuft$ p]5nial grass4 ,/ems are simple1 erect1 glabr\s1 some:at compress$1 #a to #c feet high1 & ! base clo!d ) ! old rema9s ( ! leaf-%ea?s4 ,! leaf-%ea? is scab]ul\s1 keel$4 ,! ligule is a l9e ( f9e hairs4 ,! leaf-blade is wiry1 n>r[1 l9e>1 flexu\s1 rigid1 acute1 smoo?1 flat or complicate1 keel$1 #b to #c in*es long & up to #a_/f in* wide4 ,! spikes are solit>y1 #aj to #ab in*es long be>+ spikelets unilat]ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4--;,eragro/is bif>ia4 #a & #a;a4 ,spikelets2 #b4 & #c4 empty glumes2 #d & #e4 ! fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #f4 ! ov>y1 /am5s & ! lodicules4 ,! spikelets are ovate or ovoid to oblong1 mu* compress$1 usually #ae- to #bj-;fl[]$ & up to #dj & !n l9e>1 #a_/d to #b_/c in* long1 spread+1 gre5 or olive grey4 ,! empty glumes are "o-n]v$ & keel$4 ,! fir/ glume is long] ?an ! second glume1 v acute or acum9ate4 ,! second glume is small] ?an ! fir/1 ) /\t r\nd$ keel4 ,! fl[]+ glumes are z long or slightly %ort] ?an ! fir/ glume1 broadly ovate1 sub-acum9ate1 ) fa9t n]ves & paleate2 palea is %ort] ?an its glume & ) ciliate w+s to ! keel4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,gra9 is free4 ,?is grass is v common 9 ! pla9s 9 some:at wet situations all ov] ! ,presid5cy4 ,di/ribution4--,deccan ,p59sula 9 ,india & also 9 ,tropical ,africa4 #dc4 ,oropetium1 ,tr94 ,a v small d5sely tuft$ erect annual4 ,leaves are fili=m4 ,! infloresc5ce is a simple sl5d] curv$ spike4 ,spikelets are v m9ute1 "o-fl[]$1 half imm]s$ 9 ! alt]nat+ di/i*\s cavities ( ! ra*is ( ! spike2 ra*illa is be>d$4 ,!re are ?ree glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is v m9ute1 empty1 hyal9e & p]si/5t4 ,! second glume is l9e>-lanceolate1 rigid1 empty1 p]si/5t recurv$ :5 old1 tip obtuse or em>g9ate4 ,! ?ird glume is %ort] broad]1 hyal9e1 "o-n]v$1 obtuse or truncate1 palea is n>r[ ) smoo? keel4 ,lodicules are n f\nd4 ,/am5s are ?ree4 ,gra9 is oblong t]ete & free4 ,oropetium ,?omaeum1 ,tr94 ,?is is a v small d5sely tuft$ annual grass1 nev] exce$+ #c in*es 9 height & ) compress$ sl5d]1 t\gh /ems4 ,! leaf-%ea? is compress$1 membran\s1 %ort & op54 ,! ligule is an erect lac]ate membrane4 ,! leaf-blade is fili=m1 %ort] or long] ?an ! /em1 erect or curv$1 coriace\s ) ! m>g9s sp>sely ciliate ) long /rict hairs1 #a_/b to #a in* long4 ,! spikes are solit>y or fascicl$ curv$ on v %ort bran*es #a to #a-a_/b in*es long2 ra*is is gre51 undulat+1 tetragon\s1 ) a broad c5tral n]ve on ! flat faces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4--,oropetium ,?omaeum4 #a4 ,spike2 #b4 spikelet2 #c & #d4 empty glumes2 #e4 fl[]+ glume2 #f & #g4 fl[]+ glume & its palea2 #h4 ! ov>y1 /am5s & lodicules4 ,! spikelets are v small1 "o-fl[]$1 half imm]s$ 9 ! alt]nat+ di/i*\s cavities ( ! ra*is4 ,!re are ?ree glumes 9 ! spikelet4 ,! fir/ glume is v m9ute1 hyal9e & sunk 9 ! holl[ ( ! ra*is4 ,! second glume is ! longe/1 l9e>-lanceolate1 rigid1 tip obtuse or em>g9ate1 slightly convex ) a broad ?ick5$ c5tre & recurv$ 9 fruit4 ,! ?ird glume is %ort] ?an ! second1 hyal9e1 broad] obtuse1 semi-circul> 9 pr(ile1 excessively membran\s1 ) ! callus be>d$ & paleate2 palea is small] ?an ! glume4 ,!re are ?ree /am5s4 ,gra9 is oblong1 t]ete1 free4 ,?is small grass is v common all ov] ! ,presid5cy 9 ! pla9s 9 moi/ places4 ,di/ribution4--,pla9s ( ,india1 ,burma & ,ceylon4 ,,gloss>y4 ,a ,acum9ate appli$ to ! apex ( a leaf hav+ a gradually dim9i%+ po9t1 #di4 ,acute appli$ to ! apex ( a leaf di/9ctly & %>ply po9t$ b n drawn out1 #ec4 ,adv5titi\s roots :i* d n arise f ! radicle or its roots subdivisions1 b f p>ts o!r ?an ^!1 #g4 ,aleurone lay] a special p]iph]al lay] 9 ! gra9 ( grasses1 consi/+ ( cells fill$ ) proteid granules1 #ah4 ,amplexicaul appli$ to ! base ( ! leaf :5 x embraces ! /em1 #ab4 ,apiculate said ( ! apex :5 x has a %>p1 %ort po9t4 ,appress$ ly+ flat = ! :ole l5g? ( ! "p or organ1 #ei4 ,articulate jo9t$1 #de4 ,auricle outgr[? at ! sides close to ! ligul> region1 #aa4 ,awn$ hav+ an awn1 t is1 a bri/le-l app5dage1 especially on ! glumes ( grasses4 ,b ,bif>i\s dispos$ 9 two r[s or ranks on ! two sides1 #di4 ,b9ate 9 pairs1 #ec4 ,blade ! exp&$ portion ( a leaf1 #b1 #aj4 ,bri/les /iff hairs1 #de4 ,bulb\s bas$ hav+ an inflat$ base1 #ff4 ,bulli=m cells ?9 wall$ cells occurr+1 at int]vals1 on ! epid]mis ( "s grasses1 #ce4 ,bundle %ea? scl]5*ymat\s cells or fibres f\nd r\nd ! vascul> bundles ( ! monocotyl$on\s type1 su* z ^? ( grasses1 #bj4 ,c ,callus ! project+ "p or an ext5sion ( ! fl[]+ glume bel[ its po9t ( ins]tion1 #afh4 ,c>yopsis a "o-cell$1 "o-se$$1 sup]ior fruit 9 :i* ! p]ic>p has fus$ ) ! se$-coat4 ,*>tace\s pap]y1 i4e41 ?9 & some:at r\gh1 #dg4 ,ciliate fr+$ ) hairs1 #ed4 ,ciliolate v sp>sely fr+$ ) hairs1 #gj4 ,clavate club-%ap$1 #ajd4 ,clavellate ?ick5$ t[>ds ! apex1 #beb4 ,coleorhiza ! %ea? ( a monocotyl$on\s embryo :i* is pi]c$ by ! radicle dur+ g]m9ation1 #ah4 ,coll> ! :ite or col\rless b& at ! base ( ! blade ( a grass leaf j :]e x jo9s ! %ea?1 #c4 ,conduplicate fold$ toge!r l5g?wise1 #ab4 ,convolute roll$ r\nd f "o m>g9 to ! o!r1 s t "o m>g9 is inside & ! o!r outside1 #ab4 ,coriace\s lea!ry1 #di4 ,corymbosely arrang$ 9 corymbs1 i4e41 flat-topp$ fl[] clu/]s1 #ef4 ,cr9ite be>d$ ) weak1 long hairs1 #acg4 ,crisp$ curl$1 #ei4 ,cuneate w$ge-%ap$ or triangul>1 #di4 ,cuspidate tipp$ ) a small triangul> piece at ! apex1 #gj4 ,d ,decumb5t recl9+ b ) ! upp] "p asc5d+1 #hj4 ,digitate l+]$1 arrang$ at ! end ( ! /alk1 #ea4 ,dioeci\s hav+ ! sexes sep>at$ on two di/9ct individuals1 #de4 ,di/i*\s two-rank$ or two-r[$1 #ai4 ,e ,embryo "y plant conta9$ 9 ! se$1 #ah4 ,endod]mis ! inn]mo/ lay] ( ! cortex abutt+ on & =m+ a %ea?+ lay] r\nd ! /ele1 #cb4 ,exod]mis ! lay] or lay]s ( ?ick5$ cells b5ea? ! pilif]\s lay] ( roots1 #cb4 ,extra vag9al appli$ to %oots or bran*es t come out pi]c+ ! leaf %ea? 9 grasses1 #i4 ,f ,fascicle a clu/] or bundle1 #ie4 ,fili=m ?read %ap$1 sl5d] & ?91 #ed4 ,flexu\s b5t alt]nately 9 opposite directions1 #fb4 ,foveolate m>k$ ) small pits1 #ahj4 ,g ,g5iculately b5t abruptly s z to resemble a knee-jo9t1 #aah4 ,gem9ate 9 pairs1 #ei4 ,g]m-%ea? a %ea? enclos+ ! bud or ! plumule 9 a gra91 #ah4 ,gibb\s convex or r\nd$1 #gg4 ,glabresc5t slightly hairy b becom+ glabr\s1 #hi4 ,glabr\s q smoo? )\t hairs1 #hi4 ,glauc\s cov]$ ) a bloom1 #afj4 ,glume ! *affy two-rank$ memb]s f\nd 9 ! infloresc5ce ( grasses4 ,h ,hirsute cov]$ ) fairly long di/9ct hairs1 #ij4 ,hyal9e col\rless or transluc5t1 #ea4 ,i ,imbricate ov]lapp+1 #di4 ,int]node portion ( a /em betwe5 two nodes1 #b4 ,intravag9al gr[+ out f inside ! %ea?4 ,involucel a r+ ( bracts surr\nd+ sev]al spikelets1 #abj4 ,k ,keel$ hav+ a ridge along ! l5g?1 #ei4 ,l ,lemma ! fl[]+ glume ( a grass1 #ae4 ,ligule ! ?91 sc>i\s projection f\nd at ! top ( ! leaf %ea? :]e x jo9s ! blade 9 grasses1 #c4 ,lodicule a small scale outside ! /am5s 9 ! fl[] ( grasses4 ,m ,membran\s ?9 & semi-transp>5t1 #ea4 ,monoeci\s /am5s & pi/ils on sep>ate fl[]s1 b on ! same individual1 #add4 ,motor cells l>ge ?9-wall$ cells occurr+ 9 ! epid]mis ( ! leaves ( "s grasses1 #ce4 ,mucronate possess+ a %ort & a /raight po9t1 #gj4 ,n ,node ! "p ( ! /em :i* has a leaf1 or ! knot 9 ! grass /em1 #b4 ,p ,palea ! inn] glume 9 ! spikelet ( grasses1 #d4 ,pect9ate p9natifid ) n>r[ segm5ts :i* are set close l ! tee? ( a comb1 #afb4 ,p]icycle ! out]mo/ zone ( cells ( ! /ele imm$iately )9 ! endod]mis1 #cb4 ,phloem ! portion ( ! vascul> bundle t[>ds ! cortex1 #ai4 ,pileole ano!r "n = g]m-%ea?1 or ! %ea? cov]+ ! plumule 9 ! gra91 #ah4 ,pilif]\s be>+ hairs1 #ca4 ,pi/il ! female organ ( a fl[]1 consi/+ ( ! ov>y1 /yle & /igma1 #af4 ,plumose fea!r$1 #ea4 ,prophyllum ! fir/ scale-l leaf ( a bran* f\nd :]e x jo9s ! ma9 /em1 #aj4 ,prot&ry an!rs rip5+ be=e ! pi/il 9 ! same fl[]1 7prot]&ry74 #af4 ,protogyny pi/il rip5+ be=e ! an!rs 9 ! same fl[]1 7prot]ogyny74 #af4 ,pub]ul\s slightly hairy1 #fb4 ,pubesc5t clo!d ) s(t hair1 #fb4 ,punctate m>k$ ) dots1 pits or gl&s1 #fc4 ,pung5t end+ 9 a rigid & %>p po9t1 #ei4 ,r ,raceme a c5trifugal or indet]m9ate infloresc5ce ) /alk$ fl[]s1 #ac4 ,ra*illa a second>y axis 9 ! infloresc5ce ( ! grasses1 ! axis ( ! spikelet1 #ac4 ,ra*is axis ( an infloresc5ce1 #ac4 ,retuse ) a %all[ not* at ! apex1 #fg4 ,rhizome root-/ock or "u gr\nd /em pro/rate on ! gr\nd1 #e4 ,rugulose some:at wr9kl$1 #ij4 ,s ,scab]ul\s slightly r\gh due to ! pres5ce ( %ort hairs1 #fi4 ,scabrid some:at r\gh1 #ge4 ,scale a r$uc$ leaf1 #aj4 ,scl]5*yma elongat$ cells ) po9t$ ends & mu* ?ick5$ cell-wall4 ,scutellum ! s+le cotyl$on f\nd 9 connexion ) ! embryo 9 grass gra9s1 #ah4 ,secund direct$ to "o side only1 #dg4 ,s]rate beset ) small tee? on ! m>g91 #hc4 ,setose beset ) bri/les1 #ajb4 ,%ea? ! tubul> l[] "p ( a leaf 9 grasses1 #b4 ,spa?ace\s hav+ a l>ge bract enclos+ a fl[] clu/]1 #ajd4 ,spici=m spike-l1 #ac4 ,spike an infloresc5ce ) sessile fl[]s on an elongat$ axis1 ! old] fl[]s be+ l[] d[n & ! y\ng] t[>ds ! top1 #ac4 ,squ>rose r\gh ) out/&+ processes1 #abj4 ,/ipe a %ort /alk ( a gynaecium1 #ij4 ,/ipitate hav+ a %ort /alk1 #fb4 ,/olon any basal bran* :i* is dispos$ to root1 #e4 ,/riolate m>k$ ) v f9e longitud9al p>allel l9es1 #di4 ,sub-coriace\s some:at lea!ry1 #dg4 ,subulate f9ely po9t$1 #aba4 ,t ,triquetr\s ?ree-sid$ or edg$1 #dg4 ,truncate z if cut (f at ! end1 #fj4 ,tumid swoll51 #ff4 ,turb9ate cone-%ap$ or top %ap$1 #abj4 ,x ,xylem ! wood elem5ts ( ! vascul> bundle ly+ next to ! phloem1 #ai4 ,,index 7,small i d5otes ,figure ,numb]s47 ,a ,a]ial roots1 #f1 #h;i1 #i;i ,agro/ideae1 #dd1 #bbj ,aleurone lay]1 #ah ,&ropogoneae1 #dd1 #ach ,&ropogon1 #ae1 #ahb infloresc5ce1 #ac annulatus1 #bjd1 #afj;i1 #afa;i asp]1 #aie1 #aee;i1 #aef;i c>icosus1 #bja1 #aei;i section ( /em1 #bf1 #cc;i1 #cd;i contortus1 #e1 #bjg1 #afb;i1 #afc;i ligule1 #ac;i foveolatus1 #ahe1 #adh;i1 #adi;i monticola1 #aii1 #aeh;i p]tusus1 #e1 #aia1 #aeb;i1 #aec;i pumilus1 #ahh1 #aej;i1 #aea;i ,s*o5an?us v>4 caesius1 #bji1 #afd;i ,s*o5an?us1 ligule1 #ac;i ,sorghum1 #f1 #fg1 #h;i section ( gra91 #bj;i1 #ba;i ,sorghum1 section ( root1 #cb1 #de;i1 #df;i1 #dg;i squ>rosus1 #aic1 #aed;i ,wightianus1 #aig1 #aeg;i ,an?i/iria1 #baa tremula1 #bab1 #afe;i ,apludeae1 #aci ,apluda1 #agj v>ia1 #aga1 #adb;i1 #adc;i ,apocopis1 #afd ,wightii1 #aff1 #aci;i1 #adj;i ,ari/ida1 #bba ,adsc5scionis1 #bbc1 #aga;i1 #agb;i funiculata1 #bbi1 #agg;i ,hy/rix1 #bbf1 #agd;i lodicules1 #ae mutabilis1 #bbh1 #age;i1 #agf;i setacea1 #bbe1 #agc;i leaf /ructure1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #ed;i1 #ee;i ,arundo ,donax1 #i1 #aj;i ,auricles1 #aa1 #ac;i ,axonopus1 #df1 #ajf cimic9us1 #ajh1 #ajg;i1 #ajh;i ,b ,bamboo1 #aa ,be>d$ node1 #i1 #aa;i ,blade ( leaf1 #aj ,bri/les1 #de ,bundle %ea?1 #bj1 #ba ,c ,cambium1 #ai ,c>yopsis1 #ag ,c5*rus1 #df1 #abj biflorus1 #aba1 #aag;i ca?>ticus1 #abb1 #aah;i ,*ama]aphis1 #df1 #aja sp9esc5s1 #ajb1 #ajd;i ,*lorideae1 #dd1 #bbj ,*loris1 #ae1 #beg b>bata1 #bfd1 #aii;i1 #bjj;i1 #bja;i leaf-fold+1 #ab1 #af;i ra*illa1 #af ,b\rnei1 #bfg1 #bjb;i1 #bjc;i incompleta1 #beh1 #aif;i lodicules1 #ae montana1 #bgj1 #bjd;i1 #bje;i t5ella1 #bei1 #aig;i virgata1 #bfj1 #aih;i ,clos$ vascul> bundle1 #ai ,*lorophyll\s lay]1 #cc ,coix1 #de1 #adj ,la*ryma-,jobi1 #ada1 #abf;i unisexual spikelets1 #ae ,coleorhiza1 #ah ,coll>1 #c1 #ab ,commel9a1 #ad ,conduplicate1 #ab1 #af;i ,convolute1 #ab1 #af;i ,cynodon1 #bdh ,b>b]i1 #bee1 #aid;i1 #aie;i dactylon1 #i1 #bej1 #aij;i1 #aia;i int]m$ius1 #beb1 #aib;i1 #aic;i ra*illa1 #af ,d ,diaphragm1 #ca ,digit>ia1 #ae1 #de1 #ea longiflora1 #ei1 #gf;i1 #gg;i sangu9alis1 ra*is1 #ac sangu9alis v>4 cili>is1 #ea1 #ec1 #ga;i1 #gb;i sangu9alis v>4 ext5sum1 #ef1 #gd;i1 #ge;i sangu9alis v>4 ,griffi?ii1 #ed1 #gc;i ,d9ebra1 #bgg arabica1 #bgi1 #baj;i1 #baa;i ra*illa1 #af spikelet1 #ad1 #ag;i ,e ,eleus9e1 #bgb aegyptiaca1 #e;i1 #bgf1 #bjh;i1 #bji;i leaf fold+1 #ab1 #af;i brevifolia1 #bgd1 #bjg;i indica1 #bgc1 #bjf;i ,embryo1 #ah ,endod]mis1 #cb ,ent]opogon1 #bdf melicoides1 #bdg1 #ahi;i infloresc5ce1 #ac ,epid]mis1 #ba ( leaf1 #cd1 #di;i1 #ej;i ,eragro/is1 #bib amabilis1 #bie1 #bah;i bif>ia1 #cjg1 #bbg;i cynosuroides1 #cjf1 #bbf;i int]rupta v>4 ,ko5igii1 #bid1 #bag;i ,tr4 section ( /em1 #bg1 #cf;i major1 #ab1 #cjj1 #bba;i1 #bbb;i pilosa1 #cje1 #bbe;i tremula1 #big1 #bai;i1 #bbj;i panicle1 #ac ,willd5oviana1 #cjc1 #bbc;i1 #bbd;i leaf m>g91 #ab leaf /ructure1 #cg1 #ci1 #ef;i1 #eg;i panicle1 #ac1 #ad ,eremo*loa1 #afb muricata1 #afc1 #ach;i ,erio*loa1 #ae1 #de1 #fj poly/a*ya1 #fb1 #gh;i1 #gi;i /ructure ( leaf1 #ce1 #ea;i ,tr4 section ( /em1 #bb1 #bg;i1 #bh;i ,eu&ropogoneae1 #aci ,exod]mis1 #cb1 #df;i ,extravag9al bran* or %oot1 #i1 #aj;i ,f ,fe/ucaceae1 #dd1 #bhc ,fibro-vascul> bundle1 #bj ,floral diagram1 #af1 #ai;i ,g ,g]m %ea?1 #ah ,glabr\s node1 #i1 #aa;i ,glumes1 #d1 #ad ,gra91 #ag ,gracilea1 #bdc nutans1 #bdd1 #ahg;i ,royleana1 #bde1 #ahh;i ,gr\nd tissue1 #ba ,h ,hackel1 #af ,het]opogon contortus1 #bjg1 #afc;i ,hordeae #dd1 #bhc ,hygrorhiza1 #abc1 #abf ari/ata1 #abg1 #abj;i /am5s1 #ae ,i ,imp]ata1 #adf arund9acea1 #adg1 #abh;i ,int]nodes1 #b1 #ba ,intravag9al bran*es1 #h ,is*aemeae1 #ach ,is*aemum1 #aa1 #aej ari/atum1 #aea1 #acj;i1 #aca;i cili>e1 #aei1 #i;i1 #ace;i1 #acf;i laxum1 #afj1 #acg;i pilosum1 #f1 #aef1 #acc;i1 #acd;i rugosum1 #aec1 #acb;i ,iseilema1 #bad an!phoroides1 #bai1 #afi;i1 #agj;i laxum1 #baf1 #aff;i1 #afg;i1 #afh;i ,l ,lanceolate1 #aa1 #ad;i ,leaf1 #i ,leaf-blade1 #b1 #c ,leaf-%ea?1 #b1 #c ,leaves1 =ms (1 #aa1 #ad;i m>g9s1 #ab1 #ae;i ,le]sia1 #abc1 #abd hex&ra1 #abe1 #aai;i /am5s1 #ae ,lemma1 #ae ,lepto*loa1 #bha *95sis1 #bhb1 #bab;i ,ligule1 #c ,l9e>1 #aa1 #ad;i ,l9e>-lanceolate1 #aa1 #ad;i ,lodicules1 #d1 #ae1 #d;i ,lophopogon1 #afg trid5tatus1 #afh1 #ada;i ,m ,manisuris1 #agi granul>is1 #ahj1 #adg;i ra*is1 #ad ,maydeae1 #ach ,mnesi!a1 #agg laevis1 #agh1 #adf;i ,motor-cells1 #ce1 #ea;i1 #eb;i1 #ee;i1 #eg;i1 #fg;i1 #fh;i ,n ,nodes1 #b1 #i1 #aa;i be>d$1 #aa;i ,o ,o*l&ra1 #ae ,op5 vascul> bundles1 #ai ,oropetium1 #cjh ,oropetium ,?omaeum1 #cji1 #bbh;i ,oryza1 #ai;i sativa1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac;i ,oryzeae1 #dc1 #abc ,p ,palea1 #d1 #ad ,panicaceae1 #dc1 #de ,paniceae1 #dc ,panicle1 #ac1 #ad ,panicum1 #ae1 #af1 #de1 #df1 #fd ,panicum colonum1 #aa1 #bh1 #cj1 #hj1 #hi;i1 #ij;i leaf-apex1 #ab leaf-/ructure1 #cg1 #ch1 #dj1 #eh;i1 #fd;i section ( /em1 #bh1 #bi crus-galli1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ge1 #gh1 #f;i1 #dj;i1 #hf;i1 #hg;i di/a*yum1 #ib1 #ig;i1 #ih;i flavidum1 #bh1 #cj1 #fi1 #hb;i1 #hc;i ,t4 section ( /em1 #cg;i1 #ch;i leaf-/ructure1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #ff;i1 #fg;i fluitans1 #bh1 #ca1 #gb1 #hd;i1 #he;i section ( /em1 #cj1 #db;i1 #dc;i leaf-/ructure1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #ei;i1 #fe;i int]ruptum1 #ie1 #ii;i1 #ajj;i isa*ne1 #ff1 #hj;i1 #ha;i leaf epid]mis1 #ci1 #fb;i1 #fc;i section ( /em1 #bg1 #ce;i javanicum1 #a1 #e1 #hf1 #a;i1 #g;i1 #ic;i1 #id;i epid]mis ( leaf1 #cd1 #di;i1 #ej;i infloresc5ce1 #c1 #ac1 #c;i leaf %ea?1 #c1 #b;i /ructure1 #cc1 #dh;i ligule1 #ac;i spikelets1 #c1 #d1 #d;i pro/ratum1 #hc1 #ia;i1 #ib;i punctatum1 #gc ramosum1 #hi1 #ie;i1 #if;i section ( /em1 #be1 #ca;i1 #cb;i rep5s1 #ii1 #ajb;i1 #ajc;i extravag9al %oots1 #i1 #aj;i /ructure ( leaf m>g9s1 #ce1 #ec;i /ructure ( leaf1 #ce1 #ci1 #eb;i /agn9um1 #bh1 #gg1 #hh;i section ( /em1 #bh1 #da;i t5ellum1 #ig tryph]on1 #if1 #aja;i ,pappophorum1 #bhh elegans1 #bij1 #bae;i1 #baf;i ,p>5*ymat\s cells1 #bj ,paspalum1 #ae1 #de1 #dg scrobiculatum1 #di1 #fi;i1 #gj;i infloresc5ce1 #ac ra*is1 #ac ,p5nisetum1 #df1 #aad ,alopecuros1 #f1 #aaf1 #aac;i1 #aad;i infloresc5ce1 #ac ,p5nisetum c5*roides1 #f1 #aah1 #aae;i1 #aaf;i ra*is1 #ac section ( root1 #ca1 #dd;i root1 #cb section ( /em1 #bb1 #be;i1 #bf;i section ( vascul> bundle1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb;i1 #bc;i typhoideum1 #f ,p]icycle1 #cb1 #dg;i ,p]otis1 #abc1 #ace latifolia1 #acg1 #abd;i1 #abe;i ,phloem1 #ai1 #bj ,pileole1 #ah ,pilif]\s lay]1 #ca1 #dd;i ,pip]4 ,pip] ,pi/il1 #af ,pitt$ vessels1 #bj ,plumule1 #ah ,poaceae1 #dc1 #bbj ,polytoca1 #de1 #adc b>bata1 #add1 #abg;i unisexual spikelets1 #ae ,pomm]eulla1 #bhd ,cornucopiae1 #bhf1 #bac;i1 #bad;i ,prim>y axis1 #ah ,prophyllum1 #aj1 #ab;i ,prot&ry1 #af ,protogyny1 #af ,r ,raceme1 #ac ,ra*illa1 #ad1 #af ,ra*is1 #c1 #ac ,radicle1 #ah ,rhizome1 #i ,root-hairs1 #ca1 #dd;i ,root-sy/em1 #f ,rottboellia1 #ad1 #aci1 #agc exaltata1 #age1 #ade;i section ( /em1 #bj1 #ba1 #bd;i ,myurus1 #agd1 #add;i ,rottboellieae1 #aci ,s ,sac*>eae1 #ach ,sac*>um1 #ach1 #adh spontaneum1 #adi1 #abi;i ,scales1 #aj ,scl]5*yma1 #ba ,scutellum1 #ah ,set>ia1 #de1 #df1 #aji glauca1 #aaj1 #aji;i infloresc5ce1 #ac section ( /em1 #bc1 #bd1 #bi;i1 #cj;i int]m$ia1 #aaa1 #aaj;i v]ticillata1 #aac1 #aaa;i1 #aab;i ,%ea? ( leaf1 #aj ,%oot-sy/em1 #g ,spici=m panicle1 #ac raceme1 #ac ,spike1 #ac ,spikelet1 #c1 #ac1 #ad ,sp9ifex1 #de1 #df1 #ajc squ>rosus1 #ajd1 #aje;i1 #ajf;i leaf /ructure1 #ch1 #fj;i1 #fa;i unisexual spikelets1 #ae ,sporobolus1 #bcj commutatus1 #bch1 #ahc;i1 #ahd;i corom&elianus1 #bce1 #aha;i1 #ahb;i panicle1 #ac1 #ad di&]1 #bca1 #agh;i scabrifolius1 #bda1 #ahe;i1 #ahf;i tremulus1 #bcc1 #agi;i1 #ahj;i ,/am5s1 #ae ,/ele1 #cb ,/ellate cells1 #bh1 #ca ,/ructure ( leaf1 #cb ( root1 #ca ,sympodia1 #i ,t ,tra*ys1 #abc1 #abh mucronata1 #abi1 #aba;i ,tragus1 #abc1 #aca racemosus1 #e1 #acc1 #abb;i1 #abc;i ,v ,vascul> bundle1 #ai clos$1 #ai op51 #ai ,vascul> bundle1 longitud9al section1 #bj1 #bc;i transv]se section1 #ai1 #bb;i ,vetiv]ia zizanioides1 #aic1 #aed;i ,x ,xylem1 #ai1 #bj ,z ,zea ,mays1 #f ,zoysieae1 #dc1 #abc ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,fig4 #df4--,transv]se section ( ! cortica portion ,*ang$ cortica to cortical4 ,fig4 #dh4 444 ,ep4 c4 ,an ord9>y epid]mal cell2 /4 /omata2 sc4 scl]5*yma2 ph4 phlo52 ,*ang$ phlo5 to phloem4 ,fig4 #ea4--;,a portion ( ! transv]se section ( ! leaf ( ,erio*loa poly/a*y ,*ang$ poly/a*y to poly/a*ya4 ,page #ach3 9 ,imp]ata or !y may be diff]5t z 9 ,isa*aemum & ,*ang$ to ,is*aemum to mat* o!r occurr5ces4 ,page #aic3 7,vetiv]ia zizanioides47 ,*ang$ ,vetev]ia to ,vetiv]ia to mat* o!r occurr5ces4 ,page #baa3 spikelets are small] ?an ! involucrant spikelets1 l9e>-oblong1 'involucrant' may be equival5t to 'involucral'4 ,un*ang$4 ,page #bhh3 #da4 ,pappophorum1 ,nees4 ,*ang$ f ,pap pophorum to ,pappophorum to mat* o!r occurr5ces4 ,page #cja3 ) a m9ute mucro1 sub-*>tace\s1 puncticulate1 /rongly ,*ang$ puncticulate to punctulate4 ,index3 ,*ang$ a/]isks to small i's to d5ote illu/ration numb]s4