,transcriber's ,note3 ,the ,table of ,contents is not part of the original book4 ,,the ,,sayings ,,of ,,confucius ,,translated ,,by ,,leonard ,a4 ,,lyall ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co4 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,toronto ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co4 ,,ltd4 #ci ,,paternoster ,,row1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4#d #f ,,old ,,court ,,house ,,street1 ,,calcutta #ec ,,nicol ,,road1 ,,bombay #cf;,a ,,mount ,,road1 ,,madras ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co4 #aad ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york #bba ,,east #bj,,th ,,street1 ,,chicago #hh ,,tremont ,,street1 ,,boston ,,longmans1 ,,green ,,and ,,co4 #dhj ,,university ,,avenue1 ,,toronto 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents ,,introduction ,,note ,,the ,,sayings ,,of ,,confucius ,,book ,i ,,book ,,ii ,,book ,,iii ,,book ,,iv ,,book ,v ,,book ,,vi ,,book ,,vii ,,book ,,viii ,,book ,,ix ,,book ,x ,,book ,,xi ,,book ,,xii ,,book ,,xiii ,,book ,,xiv ,,book ,,xv ,,book ,,xvi ,,book ,,xvii ,,book ,,xviii ,,book ,,xix ,,book ,,xx ,,index 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction ,confucius was born in the year #eej ,b4,c41#a in the land of ,lu1 in a small village1 situated in the western part of the modern province of ,shantung4 ,his name was ,k'ung ,ch'iu1 and his style 7corresponding to our ,christian name7 was ,chung-ni4 ,his countrymen speak of him as ,k'ung ,fu-tzu1 the ,master1 or philosopher ,k'ung4 ,this expression was altered into ,confucius by the ,jesuit missionaries who first carried his fame to ,europe4 ,footnote #a3 ,according to the great historian ,ssu-ma ,ch'ien4 ,other authorities say1 #eeb and #eea ,b4,c4 ,since the golden days of the ,emperors ,yao and ,shun1 the legendary founders of the ,chinese ,empire1 nearly two thousand years had passed4 ,shun chose as his successor ,y1 who had been his chief minister1 a man whose devotion to duty was such that when engaged in draining the empire of the great flood--a task that took eight years to accomplish--he never entered his home till the work was done1 although in the course of his labours he had thrice to pass his door4 ,he founded the ,hsia dynasty1 which lasted till #agff ,b4,c4 ,the last emperor of this line1 a vile tyrant1 was overthrown by ,t'ang1 who became the first ruler of the house of ,shang1 or ,yin4 ,this dynasty again degenerated in course of time and came to an end in ,chou1 or ,chou ,hsin 7#aaed-bb ,b4,c471 a monster of lust1 extravagance1 and cruelty4 ,the empire was only held together by the strength and wisdom of the ,duke of ,chou1 or ,king ,wen1 to give him his popular title1 one of the greatest men in ,chinese history4 ,he controlled two-thirds of the empire2 but1 believing that the people were not yet ready for a change1 he refrained from dethroning the emperor4 ,in his day 'the husbandman paid one in nine2 the pay of the officers was hereditary2 men were questioned at barriers and at markets1 but there were no tolls2 fishgarths were not preserved2 the children of criminals were sackless4 ,the old and wifeless--the widower2 the old and husbandless--the widow2 the old and childless--the lone one2 the young and fatherless--the orphan2 these four are the people most in need below heaven1 and they have no one to whom to cry1 so when ,king ,wen reigned his love went out first to them' 7,mencius1 ,book ,,ii1 chapter #e74 ,after his death1 his son1 ,king ,wu1 decided that the nation was ripe for change4 ,he overcame ,chou ,hsin by force of arms1 and1 placing himself on the throne1 became the founder of the ,chou dynasty4 ,in the time of ,confucius the ,chou dynasty still filled the throne4 ,but it had long since become effete1 and all power had passed into the hands of the great vassals4 ,the condition of ,china was much like that of ,germany in the worst days of the ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,the emperor was powerless1 the various vassal states were independent in all but name1 and often at war one with the other4 ,these states again were disintegrated1 and their rulers impotent against encroaching feudatories4 ,in ,confucius' native state1 ,lu1 the duke was a mere shadow4 ,the younger branches of his house had usurped all power4 ,three in number1 they were called the ,three ,clans4 ,the most important of the three was the ,chi1 or ,chi-sun clan1 whose chiefs ,chi ,huan and ,chi ,k'ang are often mentioned by ,confucius4 ,but the power of the ,chi1 too1 was ill-secured4 ,the minister ,yang ,huo overawed his master1 and once even threw him into prison4 ,nor was the condition of the other states of the empire better than that of ,lu4 ,confucius thought it worse4 ,into this turbulent world ,confucius was born4 ,though his father was only a poor military officer1 he could trace his descent from the imperial house of ,yin4 ,confucius married at nineteen1 and is known to have had one son and one daughter4 ,shortly after his marriage he entered the service of the state as keeper of the granary4 ,a year later he was put in charge of the public fields4 ,in #ebg ,b4,c4 his mother died1 and1 in obedience to ,chinese custom1 he had to retire from public life4 ,when the years of mourning were over1 he did not again take office1 but devoted himself instead to study and teaching4 ,as the years rolled by his fame grew1 and a band of pupils gathered round him4 ,in #eag ,b4,c4 the anarchy in ,lu reached such a pitch that ,confucius moved to the neighbouring land of ,ch'i4 ,here he had several interviews with the reigning duke1 but met with little encouragement 7xviii4 #c74 ,so he soon returned to his native country1 and resumed for fifteen years his work as student and teacher4 ,during these fifteen years the power of the duke sank lower and lower1 and the ,chi was menaced by his minister ,yang ,huo4 ,in times so dark1 men that loved quiet sought in the world of thought an escape from the gloom around them1 whilst others that were less resigned turned over in their minds the causes of the realm's decay4 ,lao-tzu1 the founder of the mystic ,taoist philosophy1 taught that in inaction alone peace can be found2 ,mo-tzu proclaimed the doctrine of universal love3 that we should love all men as we love self1 love the parents of others as we love our own parents4 ,upright men were driven or fled from the world4 ,confucius often met them in his wanderings1 and was reproved for not doing as they did4 ,but his practical mind told him that inaction could not help the world1 and that to find a remedy for the nation's ills1 their cause must first be learned4 ,this could only be done by historical study4 ,he therefore devoted himself to the study of past times1 edited in later life the ,book of ,history1 and compiled the work called ,spring and ,autumn1 a history of his native state from #gbb to #dha ,b4,c4 ,to bring again the golden days of ,yao and ,shun a return must be made to the principles of ,wen and ,wu1 the kings that had rebuilt the empire after tyranny and selfishness had laid it low4 ,of impracticable ideals and renunciation of the world no good could come4 ,at last in #eja ,b4,c4 ,yang ,huo was forced to flee from ,lu1 and prospects brightened4 ,a year later ,confucius was appointed governor of a town4 ,so great was his success as governor that before long he was promoted to be ,superintendent of ,works1 and then to be ,chief ,criminal ,judge4 ,he won great influence with his master1 and did much to lighten the general misery4 ,he so strengthened the power of the duke that neighbouring states grew jealous4 ,to sow dissension between duke and minister the men of ,ch'i sent the duke a gift of singing girls4 ,such joy they gave him that for three days no court was held4 ,on this ,confucius left the land1 #dig ,b4,c4 ,for the next thirteen years ,confucius wandered from land to land1 followed by his disciples1 seeking in vain for a ruler that was willing to employ him1 and whom he was willing to serve4 ,at times he was exposed to danger1 at other times to want4 ,but as a rule he was treated with consideration1 although his teachings were ignored4 ,yet thirteen years of homeless wandering1 of hopes deferred and frustrated1 must have been hard to bear4 ,when he left office ,confucius was already fifty-three years old1 and his life so far seemed a failure4 ,the sense of his wasted powers may well have tempted him now and again to take office under an unworthy ruler2 but knowing that no good could come of it he refrained1 and probably he never seriously thought of doing so4 ,in #dhc ,b4,c41 when ,confucius was sixty-six years old1 through the influence of his disciple ,jan ,yu1 who was in the service of the ,chi1 the ,master was invited to return to his native land4 ,here he remained till his death in #dgi ,b4,c4 ,he had many interviews with the reigning duke and the head of the ,chi clan1 but gained no influence over either of them4 ,so he turned once more to his favourite studies2 edited the ,book of ,poetry--perhaps the most interesting collection of ancient songs extant--and wrote ,spring and ,autumn4 ,his closing years were darkened by the loss of those dearest to him4 ,first his son died1 then ,yen ,yan1 the disciple whom he loved best4 ,at his death the ,master was overcome by grief1 and he left none behind him that loved learning4 ,lastly ,tzu-lu1 the frank and bold1 was killed in battle4 ,a little later1 in his seventy-first year1 ,confucius himself passed away1 #dgi ,b4,c4 ,this book of the ,master's ,sayings is believed by the ,chinese to have been written by the disciples of ,confucius4 ,but there is nothing to prove this1 and some passages in the book point the other way4 ,book viii speaks of the death of ,tseng-tzu1 who did not die till #dcg ,b4,c41 forty-two years after the ,master4 ,the chief authority for the text as it stands to-day is a manuscript found in the house of ,confucius in #aej ,b4,c41 hidden there1 in all likelihood1 between the years #bac and #baa ,b4,c41 when the reigning emperor was seeking to destroy every copy of the classics4 ,we find no earlier reference to the book under its present name4 ,but ,mencius 7#cgb-bhi ,b4,c47 quotes seven passages from it1 in language all but identical with the present text1 as the words of ,confucius4 ,no man ever talked the language of these sayings4 ,such pith and smoothness is only reached by a long process of rounding and polishing4 ,we shall probably come no nearer to the truth than ,legge's conclusion that the book was put together by the pupils of the disciples of ,confucius1 from the words and notebooks of their masters1 about the year #djj ,b4,c4 ,,leonard ,a4 ,,lyall4 ,,amalfi1 ,january1 #aiji 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,such information as seemed necessary to enable the reader to understand the text1 or that appeared to me to be of general interest1 ,i have given in the notes at the foot of the page4 ,further details about the men and places mentioned in the text will be found in the ,index4 ,dates ,i have taken from ,legge1 ,hirth and other standard authors4 ,in ,chinese names1 consonants are generally pronounced as in ,english1 vowels as in ,italian4 ,e1 when not joined with i1 is pronounced nearly as ,german 1 or much as u in ,english luck4 ao rhymes approximately with how ei they ou though uo poor1 the u being equivalent to w4 ,chih and ,shih rhyme approximately with her4 ,tzu is pronounced much as sir in the vulgar yessir1 but with a hissing sound prefixed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,sayings ,,of ,,confucius ,,book ,i #a4 ,the ,master said1 ,to learn and then do1 is not that a pleasure8 ,when friends come from afar do we not rejoice8 ,to live unknown and not fret1 is not that to be a gentleman8 #b4 ,yu-tzu#b said4 ,few men that are good sons and good brothers are fond of withstanding those over them4 ,a man that is not fond of withstanding those over him and is yet fond of broils is nowhere found4 ,a gentleman heeds the roots4 ,when the root has taken1 the ,way is born4 ,and to be a good son and a good brother1 is not that the root of love8 ,footnote #b3 ,a disciple4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,smooth words and fawning looks are seldom found with love4 #d4 ,tseng-tzu#c said1 ,thrice daily ,i ask myself3 ,in dealing for others1 have ,i been unfaithful8 ,have ,i been untrue to friends8 ,do ,i practise what ,i preach8 ,footnote #c3 ,a disciple4 #e4 ,the ,master said1 ,to guide a land of a thousand chariots1 honour business and be true2 spend little and love men2 time thy calls on the people4 #f4 ,the ,master said1 ,the young should be dutiful at home1 modest abroad1 careful and true1 overflowing in kindness for all1 but in brotherhood with love4 ,and if they have strength to spare they should spend it on the arts4 #g4 ,tzu-hsia#c said1 ,if a man eschews beauty and honours worth1 if he serves his father and mother with all his strength1 if he is ready to give his life for his lord1 and keeps faith with his friends1 though others may say he has no learning1 ,i must call him learned4 #h4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman will not be looked up to unless he is staid1 nor will his learning be sound4 ,put faithfulness and truth first2 have no friends unlike thyself2 be not ashamed to mend thy faults4 #i4 ,tseng-tzu#d said1 ,heed the dead1 follow up the past1 and the soul of the people will again grow great4 ,footnote #d3 ,a disciple4 #aj4 ,tzu-ch'in#e said to ,tzu-kung1#f ,when he comes to a country the ,master always hears how it is governed2 does he ask1 or is it told him8 ,footnote #e3 ,a disciple4 ,footnote #f3 ,a disciple4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,the ,master gets it by his warmth and honesty1 by politeness1 modesty and yielding4 ,the way the ,master asks is unlike other men's asking4 #aa4 ,the ,master said1 ,whilst thy father lives look for his purpose2 when he is gone1 look how he walked4 ,to change nothing in thy father's ways for three years may be called pious4 #ab1 ,yu-tzu#g said1 ,to behave with ease is the best part of courtesy4 ,this was the beauty of the old kings' ways2 this they followed in small and great4 ,but knowing this1 it will not do to give way to ease1 unchecked by courtesy4 ,this too is wrong4 ,footnote #g3 ,a disciple4 #ac4 ,yu-tzu said1 ,if pledges are close to right1 word can be kept4 ,if attentions are close to courtesy1 shame will be kept far4 ,if we do not choose our leaders wrong1 we may worship them too4 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman that does not seek to eat his fill1 nor look for ease in his home1 who is earnest at work and careful of speech1 who walks with those that keep the ,way1 and is guided by them1 may be said to love learning4 #ae4 ,tzu-kung#h said1 ,poor1 but no flatterer2 rich1 but not proud3 how would that be8 ,footnote #h3 ,a disciple4 ,it would do1 said the ,master2 but better still were poor but merry2 rich1 but loving courtesy4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,when the poem says3 ,if ye cut1 if ye file1 ,if ye polish and grind1 is that what is meant8 ,the ,master said1 ,now ,i can begin to talk of poetry to ,tz'u4 ,tell him what is gone1 and he knows what shall come4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,not to be known is no sorrow4 ,my sorrow is not knowing men4 ,,book ,,ii #a4 ,the ,master said1 ,he that rules by mind is like the north star1 steady in his seat1 whilst the stars all bend to him4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ,the three hundred poems are summed up in the one line1 ,think no evil4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,guide the people by law1 aline them by punishment2 they may shun crime1 but they will want shame4 ,guide them by mind1 aline them by courtesy2 they will learn shame and grow good4 #d4 ,the ,master said1 ,at fifteen1 ,i had the will to learn2 at thirty1 ,i could stand2 at forty1 ,i had no doubts2 at fifty1 ,i understood the heavenly ,bidding2 at sixty1 my ears were opened#i2 at seventy1 ,i could do as my heart lusted without trespassing from the square4 ,footnote #i3 ,lit41 obedient4 #e4 ,meng ,yi asked the duty of a son4 ,the ,master said1 ,not to transgress4 ,as ,fan ,chi'ih#aj was driving him1 the ,master said1 ,meng-sun#aa asked me the duty of a son2 ,i answered1 ,not to transgress4 ,footnote #aj3 ,a disciple4 ,footnote #aa3 ,meng ,yi4 ,what did ye mean8 said ,fan ,chi'ih4 ,to serve our father and mother with courtesy whilst they live2 to bury them with courtesy when they die1 and to worship them with courtesy4 #f4 ,meng ,wu asked the duty of a son4 ,the ,master said1 ,he should not grieve his father and mother by anything but illness4 #g4 ,tzu-yu#ab asked the duty of a son4 ,footnote #ab3 ,a disciple4 ,the ,master said1 ,he that can feed his parents is now called a good son4 ,but both dogs and horses are fed1 and unless we honour our parents1 what is the difference8 #h4 ,tzu-hsia#ac asked the duty of a son4 ,footnote #ac3 ,a disciple4 ,the ,master said1 ,our manner is the hard part4 ,for the young to be a stay in toil and leave the wine and food to their elders1 is this to fulfil their duty8 #i4 ,the ,master said1 ,if ,i talk all day to ,hui1#ad like a dullard1 he never differs from me4 ,but when he is gone1 if ,i watch him when alone1 he can carry out what ,i taught4 ,no1 ,hui is no dullard6 ,footnote #ad3 ,the disciple ,yen ,yan4 #aj4 ,the ,master said1 ,see what he does2 watch what moves him2 search what pleases him3 can the man lie hidden8 ,can the man lie hidden8 #aa4 ,the ,master said1 ,to keep old knowledge warm and get new makes the teacher4 #ab4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is not a vessel4 #ac4 ,tzu-kung#ae asked1 ,what is a gentleman8 ,footnote #ae3 ,a disciple4 ,the ,master said1 ,he puts words into deeds first1 and follows these up with words4 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is broad and fair2 the small man takes sides and is narrow4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,learning without thought is naught2 thought without learning is dangerous4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,to fight strange doctrines does harm4 #ag4 ,the ,master said1 ,yu1#af shall ,i teach thee what is wisdom8 ,to know what we know1 and know what we do not know1 is wisdom4 ,footnote #af3 ,the disciple ,tzu-lu4 #ah4 ,tsu-chang#ag learned with an eye to pay4 ,footnote #ag3 ,a disciple4 ,the ,master said1 ,hear much1 leave all that is doubtful alone1 speak warily of everything else1 and few will be offended4 ,see much1 leave all that is dangerous alone1 deal warily with everything else1 and thou wilt have little to rue4 ,if thy words seldom give offence1 and thy deeds leave little to rue1 pay will follow4 #ai4 ,duke ,ai#ah asked1 ,what should ,i do to win the people8 ,footnote #ah3 ,of ,lu4 ,confucius answered1 ,lift up the straight1 put away the crooked2 and the people will be won4 ,lift up the crooked1 put away the straight2 and the people will not be won4 #bj4 ,chi ,k'ang#ai asked how to make the people lowly1 faithful and painstaking4 ,footnote #ai3 ,the head of the ,chi clan4 ,the ,master said1 ,meet them with dignity1 they will be lowly2 be a good son and merciful1 they will be faithful2 lift up the good and teach the unskilled1 and they will take pains4 #ba4 ,one said to ,confucius1 ,why do ye not govern1 ,sir8 ,the ,master said1 ,what does the ,book#bj say of a good son8 ',to be a good son and a friend to thy brothers is to show how to govern4' ,this1 too1 is to govern4 ,must one be in office to govern8 ,footnote #bj3 ,the ,book of ,history4 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,a man without truth1 ,i know not what good he is6 ,a cart without a crosspole1 a carriage without a yoke1 how can they be moved8 #bc4 ,tzu-chang#ba asked whether we can know what is to be ten generations hence4 ,footnote #ba3 ,a disciple4 ,the ,master said1 ,the ,yin#bb took over the manners of the ,hsia2 the harm and the good that they did them can be known4 ,the ,chou took over the manners of the ,yin2 the harm and the good that they did them can be known4 ,and we may know what shall be1 even an hundred generations hence1 whoever follows ,chou4 ,footnote #bb3 ,up to the time of ,confucius1 ,china had been ruled by three lines of kings4 ,first the ,t'ang1 next the ,yin or ,shang1 then the ,chou4 #bd4 ,the ,master said1 ,to worship the ghosts of men not akin to us is fawning4 ,to see the right and not do it is want of courage4 ,,book ,,iii #a4 ,of the ,chi having eight rows of dancers#bc in his courtyard1 ,confucius said1 ,if this is to be borne1 what is not to be borne8 ,footnote #bc3 ,an ,imperial prerogative4 #b4 ,when the sacrifice was ended1 the ,three ,clans had the ,yung hymn sung4 ,the ,master said1 ,princes and dukes assist4 ,solemn is the ,son of heaven2 what meaning has this in the courtyard of the ,three ,clans8 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,a man without love1 what is courtesy to him8 ,a man without love1 what is music to him8 #d4 ,lin ,fang asked what good form is at root4 ,the ,master said1 ,a big question6 ,at high-tides1 thrift is better than waste2 at burials1 grief is worth more than nicety4 #e4 ,the ,master said1 ,every wild tribe has its lord1 whereas the lands of ,hsia#bd have none6 ,footnote #bd3 ,china4 #f4 ,the ,chi sacrificed to ,mount ,t'ai4#be ,footnote #be3 ,a prerogative of the ,duke of ,lu4 ,the ,master said to ,jan ,yu1#bf ,canst thou not stop this8 ,footnote #bf3 ,a disciple in the service of the ,chi4 ,he answered1 ,i cannot4 ,alas6 said the ,master2 dost thou think ,mount ,t'ai less wise than ,lin ,fang8 #g4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman never strives with others4 ,or must he1 perhaps1 in shooting8 ,but then1 as he bows and makes way in going up or steps down to drink1#bg his strife is that of a gentleman4 ,footnote #bg3 ,the loser had to drink a cup of wine4 #h4 ,tzu-hsia asked1 ,what is the meaning of3 ,her cunning smiles1 ,her dimples light1 ,her lovely eyes1 ,so clear and bright1 ,all unadorned1 ,the background white4 ,colouring1 said the ,master1 is second to the plain ground4 ,then good form is second1 said ,tzu-hsia4 ,shang1#bh said the ,master1 thou hast hit my meaning6 ,now ,i can talk of poetry to thee4 ,footnote #bh3 ,tzu-hsia4 #i4 ,the ,master said1 ,i can speak of the manners of ,hsia2 but as proof of them ,chi#bi is not enough4 ,i can speak of the manners of ,yin2 but as proof of them ,sung is not enough4 ,this is due to their dearth of books and great men4 ,if there were enough of these1 ,i could use them as proofs4 ,footnote #bi3 ,chi was the homeland of the ,house of ,hsia1 ,sung that of the ,house of ,yin4 #aj4 ,the ,master said1 ,after the drink offering at the ,great ,sacrifice1 ,i have no wish to see more4 #aa4 ,one asked the meaning of the ,great ,sacrifice4 ,the ,master said1 ,i do not know4 ,he that knew the meaning would overlook all below heaven as ,i do this--and he pointed to his palm4 #ab4 ,he worshipped as if those whom he worshipped were before him2 he worshipped the spirits as if they were before him4 ,the ,master said3 ,for me1 to take no part in the sacrifice is the same as not sacrificing4 #ac4 ,wang-sun ,chia#cj said1 ,what is the meaning of1 ,it is better to court the hearth-god than the god of the home8 ,footnote #cj3 ,wang-sun ,chia was minister of ,wei1 and had more influence than his master4 ,the hearth-god ranks below the god of the home 7the ,roman lares71 but since he sees all that goes on in the house1 and ascends to heaven at the end of the year to report what has happened1 it is well to be on good terms with him4 ,not so1 said the ,master4 ,a sin against ,heaven leaves no room for prayer4 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,chou#ca looks back on two lines of kings4 ,how rich1 how rich it is in art6 ,i follow ,chou4 ,footnote #ca3 ,the royal house of ,chou1 which was then ruling ,china4 #ae4 ,on going into the ,great ,temple the ,master asked about everything4 ,one said1 ,who says that the ,tsou man's son knows the rites8 ,on going into the ,great ,temple he asked about everything4 ,when he heard this1 the ,master said1 ,such is the rite4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,in shooting1 the arrow need not go right through the target1 for men are not the same in strength4 ,this was the old rule4 #ag4 ,tzu-kung wished to do away with the sheep offering at the new moon4 ,the ,master said1 ,thou lovest the sheep1 ,tz'u3 ,i love the rite4 #ah4 ,the ,master said3 ,serve the king with all courtesy1 men call it fawning4 #ai4 ,duke ,ting asked how a lord should treat his lieges1 and how lieges should serve their lord4 ,confucius answered1 ,the lord should treat his lieges with courtesy2 lieges should serve their lord faithfully4 #bj4 ,the ,master said1 ,the poem ,the ,osprey is glad1 but not wanton2 it is sad1 but not morbid4 #ba4 ,duke ,ai asked ,tsai ,wo about the earth-altars4 ,tsai ,wo answered1 ,the ,emperors of the house of ,hsia grew firs round them2 the men of ,yin grew cypress2 the men of ,chou grew chestnut1 which was to say1 ,let the people tremble4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,tremble and chestnut have the same sound in ,chinese4 ,on hearing this1 the ,master said1 ,i do not speak of what is ended1 chide what is settled1 or find fault with what is past4#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,in old times men had been sacrificed at the earth-altars1 and ,tsai ,wo's answer might seem to approve the practice4 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,how shallow was ,kuan ,chung6 ,but1 said one1 was not ,kuan ,chung thrifty8 ,the ,kuan1 said the ,master1 owned ,san ,kuei1 and no one of his household held two posts3 was that thrift8 ,at least ,kuan ,chung knew good form4 ,the ,master said1 ,kings screen their gates with trees2 the ,kuan1 too1 had trees to screen his gate4 ,when two kings are carousing1 they have a stand for the turned-down cups2 the ,kuan had a turned-down cup-stand1 too6 ,if the ,kuan knew good form1 who does not know good form8#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,kuan ,chung 7 #fde ,b4,c471 a famous man in his day1 was chief minister to the ,duke of ,ch'i1 whom he raised to such wealth and power that he became the leading prince of the empire4 ,his chief merit lay in taming the barbarous frontier tribes4 ,the rest of his work was built upon sand and died with him4 #bc4 ,the ,master said to the ,great ,master#ce of ,lu1 ,we can learn how to play music2 at first each part in unison2 then a swell of harmony1 each part distinct1 rolling on to the finish4 ,footnote #ce3 ,of music4 #bd4 ,the warden of ,yi asked to see ,confucius1 saying1 ,no gentleman has ever come here whom ,i have failed to see4 ,the followers took him in4 ,on leaving he said1 ,my two-three boys1 why lament your fall8 ,the ,way has long been lost below heaven6 ,now ,heaven shall make the ,master into a warning bell4 #be4 ,the ,master said of the music of ,shao1 ,it is thoroughly beautiful1 and thoroughly good1 too4 ,of the music of ,wu1 he said1 ,it is thoroughly beautiful1 but not thoroughly good4 #bf4 ,the ,master said1 ,rank without beauty2 ceremony without reverence2 mourning without grief1 why should ,i cast them a glance8 ,,book ,,iv #a4 ,the ,master said1 ,love makes a spot beautiful3 who chooses not to dwell in love1 has he got wisdom8 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ,loveless men cannot bear need long1 they cannot bear fortune long4 ,loving men find peace in love1 the wise find profit in it4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,love alone can love others1 or hate others4 #d4 ,the ,master said1 ,a will set on love is free from evil4 #e4 ,the ,master said1 ,wealth and honours are what men desire2 but do not go from the ,way1 to keep them4 ,lowliness and want are hated by men2 but do not go from the ,way1 to escape them4 ,shorn of love1 is a gentleman worthy of the name8 ,not for one moment may a gentleman sin against love2 he must not do so in flurry and haste1 nor do so in utter overthrow4 #f4 ,the ,master said1 ,i have seen no one that loves love and hates uncharity4 ,he that loves love will set nothing higher4 ,the hater of uncharity is so given to love that no uncharity can enter into his life4 ,if a man were to give his strength to love for one day1 ,i have seen no one whose strength would fail him4 ,there may be such men1 but ,i have not seen one4 #g4 ,the ,master said1 ,a man and his faults are of a piece4 ,by watching his faults we learn whether love be his4 #h4 ,the ,master said1 ,to learn the ,way at daybreak and die at eve were enough4 #i4 ,the ,master said1 ,a knight#cf in quest of the ,way1 who is ashamed of bad clothes and bad food1 it is idle talking to4 ,footnote #cf3 ,shih3 a gentleman entitled to bear arms1 not a knight in armour4 #aj4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman has no likes or dislikes below heaven4 ,he follows right4 #aa4 ,the ,master said1 ,the gentleman cherishes mind1 the small man cherishes dirt4 ,gentlemen trust in the law1 the small man trusts in favour4 #ab4 ,the ,master said1 ,the chase of gain is rich in hate4 #ac4 ,the ,master said1 ,what is it to sway a kingdom by courteous yielding8 ,if we cannot sway a kingdom by courteous yielding1 what is our courtesy worth8 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,care not for want of place2 care for thy readiness to fill one4 ,care not for being unknown1 but seek to be worthy of note4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,one line1 ,shen1#cg runs through my ,way4 ,footnote #cg3 ,the disciple ,tseng-tzu4 ,yes1 said ,tseng-tzu4 ,after the ,master had left1 the disciples asked what was meant4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,the ,master's ,way is no more than faithfulness and fellow-feeling4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,the gentleman is learned in right2 the small man is learned in gain4 #ag4 ,the ,master said1 ,at sight of worth1 think to grow like it2 at sight of baseness1 search thyself within4 #ah4 ,the ,master said1 ,a father or a mother may be gently chidden4 ,if thou seest they have no will to follow thee1 be the more lowly1 but do not give way2 nor murmur at the trouble they give thee4 #ai4 ,the ,master said1 ,whilst thy father and mother are living1 do not wander afar4 ,if thou must travel1 hold a set course4 #bj4 ,the ,master said1 ,he that changes nothing in his father's ways for three years may be called pious4 #ba4 ,the ,master said1 ,a father and mother's years must be borne in mind2 with gladness on the one hand and fear on the other4 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,the men of old were loth to speak1 for not to live up to their words would have shamed them4 #bc4 ,the ,master said1 ,we shall seldom get lost if we hold to main lines4 #bd4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman wishes to be slow to speak and quick to do4 #be4 ,the ,master said1 ,a great soul is never friendless3 he has always neighbours4 #bf4 ,tzu-yu said1 ,nagging at kings brings disgrace1 nagging at friends estrangement4 ,,book ,v #a4 ,of ,kung-yeh ,ch'ang the ,master said1 ,a girl might be wedded to him4 ,though he has been in fetters that was not his crime4 ,he gave him his daughter to wed4 ,of ,nan ,jung the ,master said1 ,when the land keeps the ,way he will not be neglected2 and if the land loses the ,way he will escape punishment and death4 ,he gave him his brother's daughter to wed4 #b4 ,of ,tzu-chien#ch the ,master said1 ,what a gentleman he is6 ,but if there were no gentlemen in ,lu1 where could he have picked it up8 #c4 ,tzu-kung asked1 ,and what of me8 ,thou art a vessel1 said the ,master4 ,what kind of vessel8 ,a rich temple vessel4 #d4 ,one said1 ,yung#ci has love1 but he is not glib4 ,footnote #ch3 ,a disciple born in ,lu4 ,footnote #ci3 ,the disciple ,chung-kung4 ,the ,master said1 ,what is the good of being glib8 ,fighting men with tongue-craft mostly makes men hate you4 ,whether love be his ,i do not know1 but what is the good of being glib8 #e4 ,the ,master moved ,ch'i-tiao ,k'ai to take office4 ,he answered1 ,for this ,i want confidence4 ,the ,master was pleased4 #f4 ,the ,master said1 ,forsaken is the ,way6 ,i must take ship and stem the seas2 and ,yu#dj shall go with me4 ,when ,tzu-lu heard this he was glad4 ,the ,master said1 ,yu loves daring more than ,i do1 but he is at a loss how to take things4 #g4 ,meng ,wu asked whether ,tzu-lu had love4 ,i do not know1 said the ,master4 ,he asked again4 ,a land of a thousand chariots might give ,yu charge of its levies2 but whether love be his ,i do not know4 ,and how about ,ch'iu8#da ,a town of a thousand households1 a clan of an hundred chariots might make ,ch'iu governor2 but whether love be his ,i do not know4 ,and how about ,ch'ih8#db ,standing in the court1 girt with his sash1 ,ch'ih might entertain the guests2 but whether love be his ,i do not know4 #h4 ,the ,master said to ,tzu-kung1 ,which is the better man1 thou or ,hui#dc8 ,he answered1 ,how dare ,i look as high as ,hui8 ,when ,hui hears one thing1 he understands ten2 when ,i hear one thing ,i understand two4 ,the ,master said1 ,thou art not his like4 ,neither art thou his like1 nor am ,i4 #i4 ,tsai ,y#dd slept in the daytime4 ,footnote #dj3 ,tzu-lu4 ,footnote #da3 ,the disciple ,jan ,yu4 ,footnote #db3 ,the disciple ,kung-hsi ,hua4 ,footnote #dc3 ,the disciple ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #dd3 ,the disciple ,tsai ,wo4 ,the ,master said1 ,rotten wood cannot be carved1 nor are dung walls plastered4 ,why chide with ,y8 ,the ,master said1 ,when ,i first met men ,i listened to their words and took their deeds on trust4 ,when ,i meet them now1 ,i listen to their words and watch their deeds4 ,i righted this on ,y4 #aj4 ,the ,master said1 ,i have met no firm man4 ,one answered1 ,shen ,ch'ang4 ,the ,master said1 ,ch'ang is passionate2 how can he be firm8 #aa4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,what ,i do not wish done to me1 ,i likewise wish not to do to others4 ,the ,master said1 ,that is still beyond thee1 ,tz'u4 #ab4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,to hear the ,master on his art and precepts is granted us2 but to hear him on man's nature and the ,way of ,heaven is not4 #ac4 ,until ,tzu-lu could do what he had heard1 his only fear was to hear more4 #ad4 ,tzu-kung asked1 ,why was ,k'ung-wen called cultured8 ,the ,master said1 ,he was quick and loved learning2 he was not ashamed to ask those beneath him3 that is why he was called cultured4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,of the ways of a gentleman ,tzu-ch'an had four4 ,his life was modest2 he honoured those that he served4 ,he was kind in feeding the people1 and he was just in his calls upon them4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,yen ,p'ing was a good friend4 ,the longer he knew you1 the more attentive he grew4 #ag4 ,the ,master said1 ,tsang ,wen lodged his tortoise with hills on the pillars and reeds on the uprights3 was this his wisdom8 #ah4 ,tzu-chang said1 ,the chief minister1 ,tzu-wen1 was thrice made minister without showing gladness1 thrice he left office with unmoved looks4 ,he always told the new ministers how the old ones had governed3 how was that8 ,he was faithful1 said the ,master4 ,but was it love8 ,i do not know1 said the ,master3 how should this amount to love8 ,when ,ts'ui murdered the lord of ,ch'i1 ,ch'en ,wen threw up ten teams of horses and left the land4 ,on coming to another kingdom he said1 ',like my lord ,ts'ui1' and left it4 ,on coming to a second kingdom he said again1 ',like my lord ,ts'ui1' and left it3 how was that8 ,he was clean1 said the ,master4 ,but was it love8 ,i do not know1 said the ,master3 how should this amount to love8 #ai4 ,chi ,wen thought thrice before acting4 ,on hearing this the ,master said1 ,twice is enough4 #bj4 ,the ,master said1 ,whilst the land kept the ,way ,ning ,wu showed wisdom2 when his land lost the ,way he grew simple4 ,his wisdom we may come up to2 such simplicity is beyond us4#de ,footnote #de3 ,ning ,wu was minister of the ,duke of ,wei in the middle of the seventh century ,b4,c4 ,the duke was driven from his throne and deserted by the wise and prudent2 but ,ning ,wu1 in his simplicity1 stuck to his master and finally effected his restoration4 #ba4 ,when he was in ,ch'en the ,master said1 ,home1 ,i must go home6 ,zealous1 or rash1 or finished scholars1 my young sons at home do not know what pruning they still need6 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,because ,po-yi and ,shu-ch'i never remembered old wickedness they made few enemies4#df #bc4 ,the ,master said1 ,who can call ,wei-sheng ,kao straight8 ,a man begged him for vinegar3 he begged it of a neighbour1 and gave it4 #bd4 ,the ,master said1 ,smooth words1 fawning looks1 and overdone humility1 ,tso ,ch'iu-ming thought shameful1 and so do ,i4 ,he thought it shameful to hide ill-will and ape friendship1 and so do ,i4 #be4 ,as ,yen ,yan and ,chi-lu#dg were sitting with him1 the ,master said1 ,why not each of you tell me thy wishes8 ,footnote #df3 ,po-yi and ,shu-ch'i were sons of the ,king of ,ku-chu4 ,their father left the throne to the younger of the two2 but he would not supplant the elder1 nor would the elder go against his father's wishes4 ,so they both retired into obscurity4 ,when ,king ,wu overthrew the tyrant ,chou 7#aabb ,b4,c471 they starved to death1 rather than live under a new dynasty4 ,of ,po-yi ,mencius tells us 7,book ,x1 chapter #a73 ',his eyes would not look on an evil face1 his ears would not listen to an evil sound4 ,he served none but his own lord1 he ruled none but his own people4 ,he came in when there was order1 and withdrew when tumults came4 ,where lawless rule showed1 or lawless people stayed1 he could not bear to dwell4 ,to be together with country folk he thought like sitting in court dress and court cap on dust and ashes4 ,in ,chou's time he dwelt by the ,north ,sea shore1 waiting for all below heaven to grow clean4 ,so1 hearing the ways of ,po-yi1 the fool grows honest1 and the weakling's purpose stands4' ,footnote #dg3 ,tzu-lu4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,i should like carriages and horses1 and clothes of light fur to share with my friends1 and1 if they spoiled them1 not to get angry4 ,yen ,yan said1 ,i should like to make no boast of talent or show or merit4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,we should like to hear your wishes1 ,sir4 ,the ,master said1 ,to give the old folk peace1 to be true to friends1 and to have a heart for the young4 #bf4 ,the ,master said1 ,it is finished6 ,i have met no one that can see his own faults and arraign himself within4 #bg4 ,the ,master said1 ,in a hamlet of ten houses there must be men that are as faithful and true men as ,i1 but they do not love learning as ,i do4 ,,book ,,vi #a4 ,the ,master said1 ,yung#dh might fill the seat of a prince4 ,and might ,tzu-sang ,po-tzu8 asked ,chung-kung4 ,yes1 said the ,master2 but he is slack4 ,to be stern to himself1 said ,chung-kung1 and slack in his claims on the people1 might do2 but to be slack himself and slack with others must surely be too slack4 ,the ,master said1 ,what ,yung says is true4 #b4 ,duke ,ai asked which disciples loved learning4 ,confucius answered1 ,yen ,hui#di loved learning4 ,he did not carry over anger2 he made no mistake twice4 ,alas6 his mission was short1 he died4 ,now that he is gone1 ,i hear of no one that loves learning4 #c4 ,when ,tzu-hua#ej was sent to ,ch'i1 the disciple ,jan asked for grain for his mother4 ,the ,master said1 ,give her six pecks4 ,he asked for more4 ,the ,master said1 ,give her sixteen4 ,jan gave her eight hundred4 ,the ,master said1 ,on his way to ,ch'i1 ,ch'ih#ea was drawn by sleek horses and clad in light furs4 ,i have heard that gentlemen help the needy1 not that they swell riches4 ,footnote #dh3 ,the disciple ,chung-kung4 ,footnote #di3 ,the disciple ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #ej3 ,the disciple ,kung-hsi ,hua1 or ,kung-hsi ,ch'ih4 ,footnote #ea3 ,kung-hei ,ch'ih4 ,when ,yan ,ssu was made governor he was given nine hundred measures of grain1 which he refused4 ,not so1 said the ,master3 why not take it and give it to thy neighbours and countryfolk8 #d4 ,the ,master said of ,chung-kung1 ,if the calf of a brindled cow be red and horned1 though men be shy to offer him1 will the hills and streams reject him8 #e4 ,the ,master said1 ,for three months together ,hui's#eb heart never sinned against love4 ,the others may hold out for a day1 or a month1 but no more4 #f4 ,chi ,k'ang#ec asked whether ,chung-yu#c was fit to govern4 ,the ,master said1 ,yu#ed is firm2 what would governing be to him8 ,and is ,tz'u#ee fit to govern8 ,tz'u is thorough2 what would governing be to him8 ,and is ,ch'iu#ef fit to govern8 ,ch'in is clever2 what would governing be to him8 #g4 ,the ,chi sent to make ,min ,tzu-ch'ien#f governor of ,pi4 ,min ,tzu-ch'ien said1 ,make some good excuse for me4 ,if he sends again ,i must be across the ,wen4 #h4 ,when ,po-niu#eg was ill the ,master asked after him4 ,grasping his hand through the window1 he said1 ,he is going4 ,it is the ,bidding2 but why this man of such an illness8 ,why this man of such an illness8 ,footnote #eb3 ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #ec3 ,the head of the ,chi clan after ,chi ,huan4 ,footnote #ed3 ,the disciple ,tzu-lu4 ,footnote #ee3 ,the disciple ,tzu-kung4 ,footnote #ef3 ,the disciple ,jan ,yu4 ,footnote #eg3 ,a disciple4 #i4 ,the ,master said4 ,what a man was ,hui6#eh ,a bowl of rice1 a gourd of water1 in a low alley2 man cannot bear such misery6 ,yet ,hui never fell from mirth4 ,what a man he was6 #aj4 ,jan ,ch'iu#ei said1 ,it is not that ,i take no pleasure in the ,master's ,way3 ,i want strength4 ,footnote #eh3 ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #ei3 ,jan ,yu4 ,the ,master said1 ,he that wants strength faints midway2 but thou drawest a line4 #aa4 ,the ,master said to ,tzu-hsia1 ,study to be a gentleman1 not as the small man studies4 #ab4 ,when ,tzu-yu was governor of ,wu-ch'eng1 the ,master said1 ,hast thou gotten any men8 ,he answered1 ,i have ,tan-t'ai ,mieh-ming4 ,he will not take a short cut when walking1 and he has never come to my house except on business4 #ac4 ,the ,master said1 ,meng ,chih-fan never brags4 ,he was covering the rear in a rout2 but on coming to the gate he whipped his horse and cried1 ,not courage kept me behind2 my horse won't go6 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,unless we are glib as the reader ,t'o and fair as ,chao of ,sung1 escape is hard in the times that be6 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,who can go out except by the door8 ,why is it no one keeps to the ,way8 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,matter outweighing art begets roughness2 art outweighing matter begets pedantry4 ,matter and art well blent make a gentleman4 #ag4 ,the ,master said1 ,man is born straight4 ,if he grows crooked and yet lives1 he is lucky to escape4 #ah4 ,the ,master said1 ,he that knows is below him that loves1 and he that loves below him that delights therein4 #ai4 ,the ,master said1 ,to men above the common we can talk of higher things2 to men below the common we must not talk of higher things4 #bj4 ,fan ,ch'ih#fj asked1 ,what is wisdom8 ,the ,master said1 ,to foster right among the people2 to honour ghosts and spirits1 and yet keep aloof from them1 may be called wisdom4 ,he asked1 ,what is love8 ,the ,master said1 ,to rank the effort above the prize may be called love4 #ba4 ,the ,master said1 ,wisdom delights in water2 love delights in hills4 ,wisdom is stirring2 love is quiet4 ,wisdom is merry2 love grows old4 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,by one revolution ,ch'i might grow to be ,lu2 by one revolution ,lu might reach the ,way4 #bc4 ,the ,master said1 ,a drinking horn that is no horn6 ,what a horn6 ,what a drinking horn6 #bd4 ,tsai ,wo#fa said1 ,if a man of love were told that a man is in a well1 would he go in after him8 ,footnote #fj3 ,a disciple4 ,footnote #fa3 ,a disciple4 ,the ,master said1 ,why should he8 ,a gentleman might be got to the well1 but not trapped into it1 ,he may be cheated1 but not fooled4 #be4 ,the ,master said1 ,by breadth of reading and the ties of courtesy1 a gentleman is kept1 too1 from false paths4 #bf4 ,the ,master saw ,nan-tzu4#fb ,tzu-lu was displeased4 ,the ,master took an oath1 saying1 ,if ,i have done wrong1 may ,heaven forsake me1 may ,heaven forsake me6 #bg4 ,the ,master said1 ,the highest minds cleave to the ,centre1 the ,common4 ,they have long been rare among the people4 #bh4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,to treat the people with bounty and help the many1 how were that8 ,could it be called love8 ,the ,master said1 ,what has this to do with love8 ,must it not be holiness8 ,yao and ,shun#fc still yearned for this4 ,seeking a foothold for self1 love finds a foothold for others2 seeking light for itself1 it enlightens others too4 ,to learn from the near at hand may be called the clue to love4 ,footnote #fb3 ,the dissolute wife of ,duke ,ling of ,wei4 ,footnote #fc3 ,two emperors of the golden age4 ,,book ,,vii #a4 ,the ,master said1 ,a teller and not a maker1 one that trusts and loves the past2 ,i might liken myself to our old ,p'eng4#fd #b4 ,the ,master said1 ,to think things over in silence1 to learn and be always hungry1 to teach and never weary2 is any of these mine8 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,not making the most of my mind1 want of thoroughness in learning1 failure to do the right when told it1 lack of strength to overcome faults2 these are my sorrows4 #d4 ,in his free moments the ,master was easy and cheerful4 #e4 ,the ,master said1 ,how deep is my decay6 ,it is long since ,i saw the ,duke of ,chou#fe in a dream4 #f4 ,the ,master said1 ,keep thy will on the ,way1 lean on mind1 rest in love1 move in art4 #g4 ,the ,master said1 ,from the man that paid in dried meat upwards1 ,i have withheld teaching from no one4 #h4 ,the ,master said1 ,only to those fumbling do ,i open1 only for those stammering do ,i find the word4 ,footnote #fd3 ,we should be glad to know more of old ,p'eng1 but nothing is known of him4 ,footnote #fe3 ,died #aaje ,b4,c4 ,he was the younger brother of ,king ,wu1 the founder of the ,chou dynasty1 as great in peace as the ,king in war4 ,he was so bent on carrying out the old principles of government that 'if anything did not tally with them1 he looked up and thought1 till day passed into night1 and if by luck he found the answer he sat and waited for the dawn' 7,mencius1 ,book ,,viii1 chapter #bj74 ,if ,i lift one corner and the other three are left unturned1 ,i say no more4 #i4 ,when eating beside a mourner the ,master never ate his fill4 ,on days when he had been wailing1 he did not sing4 #aj4 ,the ,master said to ,yen ,yan1 ,to go forward when in office and lie quiet when not2 only ,i and thou can do that4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,if ye had to lead three armies1 ,sir1 whom would ye have with you8 ,no man1 said the ,master1 that would face a tiger bare-fisted1 or plunge into a river and die without a qualm2 but one1 indeed1 who1 fearing what may come1 lays his plans well and carries them through4 #aa4 ,the ,master said1 ,if shouldering a whip were a sure road to riches ,i should turn carter2 but since there is no sure road1 ,i tread the path ,i love4 #ab4 ,the ,master gave heed to abstinence1 war and sickness4 #ac4 ,when he was in ,ch'i1 for three months after hearing the ,shao played1 the ,master knew not the taste of flesh4 ,i did not suppose1 he said1 that music could reach such heights4 #ad4 ,jan ,yu said1 ,is the ,master for the lord of ,wei8#ff ,footnote #ff3 ,the grandson of ,duke ,ling1 the husband of ,nan-tzu4 ,his father had been driven from the country for plotting to kill ,nan-tzu4 ,when ,duke ,ling died1 he was succeeded by his grandson1 who opposed by force his father's attempts to seize the throne4 ,i shall ask him1 said ,tzu-kung4 ,he went in1 and said1 ,what kind of men were ,po-yi#fg and ,shu-ch'i8 ,worthy men of yore1 said the ,master4 ,did they rue the past8 ,they sought love and found it2 what had they to rue8 ,tzu-kung went out1 and said1 ,the ,master is not for him4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,eating coarse rice and drinking water1 with bent arm for pillow1 we may be merry2 but ill-gotten wealth and honours are to me a wandering cloud4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,given a few more years1 making fifty for learning the ,yi1#fh ,i might be freed from gross faults4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,book ,v1 #bb4 ,footnote #fh3 ,an abstruse1 ancient classic1 usually called the ,book of ,changes4 #ag4 ,the ,master liked to talk of poetry1 history1 and the upkeep of courtesy4 ,of all these he liked to talk4 #ah4 ,the ,duke of ,she asked ,tzu-lu about ,confucius4 ,tzu-lu did not answer4 ,the ,master said1 ,why didst thou not say1 ,he is a man that forgets to eat in his eagerness1 whose sorrows are forgotten in gladness1 who knows not that age draws near8 #ai4 ,the ,master said1 ,i was not born to wisdom3 ,i loved the past1 and sought it earnestly there4 #bj4 ,the ,master never talked of goblins1 strength1 disorder1 or spirits4 #ba4 ,the ,master said1 ,walking three together ,i am sure of teachers4 ,i pick out the good and follow it2 ,i see the bad and shun it4 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,heaven begat the mind in me2 what can ,huan ,t'ui#fi do to me8 #bc4 ,the ,master said1 ,my two-three boys1 do ye think ,i hide things8 ,i hide nothing from you4 ,i am a man that keeps none of his doings from his two-three boys4 #bd4 ,the ,master taught four things3 art1 conduct1 faithfulness and truth4 #be4 ,the ,master said1 ,a holy man ,i shall not live to see2 enough could ,i find a gentleman6 ,a good man ,i shall not live to see2 enough could ,i find a steadfast one6 ,but when nothing poses as something1 cloud as substance and want as riches1 it is hard indeed to be steadfast6 #bf4 ,the ,master angled1 but he did not fish with a net2 he shot1 but not at birds sitting4 #bg4 ,the ,master said1 ,there may be men that do things without knowing why4 ,i do not4 ,to hear much1 pick out the good and follow it2 to see much and think it over2 this comes next to wisdom4 #bh4 ,to talk to the ,hu village was hard4 ,when a lad was seen by the ,master1 the disciples doubted4 ,the ,master said1 ,i allow his coming1 not what he does later4 ,why be so harsh8 ,if a man cleans himself to come in1 ,i admit his cleanness1 but do not warrant his past4 ,footnote #fi3 ,in #die ,b4,c41 during ,confucius's wanderings1 ,huan ,t'ui sent a band of men to kill him2 but why he did so is not known4 #bi4 ,the ,master said1 ,is love so far a thing8 ,i long for love1 and lo6 love is come4 #cj4 ,a judge of ,ch'en asked whether ,duke ,chao#gj knew good form4 ,confucius answered1 ,he knew good form4 ,after ,confucius had left1 the judge beckoned ,wu-ma ,ch'i#ga to him1 and said1 ,i had heard that gentlemen are of no party1 but do they1 too1 take sides8 ,this lord married a ,wu1 whose name was the same as his1 and called her ,miss ,tzu of ,wu3 if he knew good form1 who does not know good form8 ,when ,wu-ma ,ch'i told the ,master this he said1 ,how lucky ,i am6 ,if ,i go wrong1 men are sure to know it6 #ca4 ,when anyone sang to the ,master1 and sang well1 he made him sing it again and joined in4 #cb4 ,the ,master said1 ,i have no more reading than others2 to live as a gentleman is not yet mine4 #cc4 ,the ,master said1 ,how dare ,i lay claim to holiness or love8 ,a man of endless craving1 who never tires of teaching1 ,i might be called1 but that is all4 ,that is just what we disciples cannot learn1 said ,kung-hsi ,hua4 #cd4 ,when the ,master was very ill1 ,tzu-lu asked leave to pray4 ,is it done8 said the ,master4 ,footnote #gj3 ,duke ,chao of ,lu 7 #eaj ,b4,c47 was the duke that first employed ,confucius4 ,it is against ,chinese custom for a man to marry a girl whose surname is the same as his4 ,footnote #ga3 ,a disciple of ,confucius4 ,it is1 answered ,tzu-lu4 ,the ,memorials say1 ,pray to the spirits above and to the ,earth below4 ,the ,master said1 ,long-lasting has my prayer been4 #ce4 ,the ,master said1 ,waste makes men unruly1 thrift makes them mean2 but they are better mean than unruly4 #cf4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is calm and spacious2 the small man is always fretting4 #cg4 ,the ,master's manner was warm yet dignified4 ,he was stern1 but not fierce2 humble1 yet easy4 ,,book ,,viii #a4 ,the ,master said1 ,t'ai-po#gb may be said to have carried nobility furthest4 ,thrice he refused all below heaven4 ,men were at a loss how to praise him4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ,without good form attentions grow into fussiness1 heed becomes fearfulness1 daring becomes unruliness1 frankness becomes rudeness4 ,when gentlemen are true to kinsfolk1 love will thrive among the people2 if they do not forsake old friends1 the people will not steal4 #c4 ,when ,tseng-tzu lay sick he called his disciples and said1 ,uncover my feet1 uncover my arms4 ,the poem says1 ,as if a deep gulf ,were yawning below1 ,as crossing thin ice1 ,take heed how ye go4 ,my little children1 ,i have known how to keep myself unhurt until now and hereafter4#gc #d4 ,when ,tseng-tzu was sick ,meng ,ching#gd came to ask after him4 ,footnote #gb3 ,t'ai-po was the eldest son of the ,king of ,chou4 ,the father wished his third son to succeed him1 so that the throne might pass later to his grandson1 afterwards known as ,king ,wen4 ,to enable this plan to be carried out ,t'ai-po and his second brother went into exile4 ,footnote #gc3 ,the ,chinese say3 ',the body is born whole by the mother2 it should be returned whole by the son4' ,footnote #gd3 ,chief of the ,meng clan1 minister of ,lu4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,when a bird is dying his notes are sad2 when man is dying his words are good4 ,three branches of the ,way are dear to a gentleman3 ,to banish from his bearing violence and disdain2 to sort his face to the truth1 and to banish from his speech what is low or unseemly4 ,the ritual of chalice and platter#ge has servitors to see to it4 #e4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,when we can1 to ask those that cannot2 when we are more1 to ask those that are less2 having1 to seem wanting2 real1 to seem shadow2 when gainsaid1 never answering back2 ,i had a friend#gf once that could do thus4 #f4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,a man to whom an orphan1 a few feet high1 or the fate of an hundred towns1 may be entrusted1 and whom no crisis can corrupt1 is he not a gentleman1 a gentleman indeed8 #g4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,the knight had need be strong and bold2 for his burden is heavy1 the way is far4 ,his burden is love1 is it not a heavy one8 ,no halt before death1 is that not far8 #h4 ,the ,master said1 ,poetry rouses us1 we stand upon courtesy1 music is our crown4 #i4 ,the ,master said1 ,the people may be made to follow1 we cannot make them understand4 #aj4 ,the ,master said1 ,love of daring and hatred of poverty lead to crime2 a man without love1 if he is sorely harassed1 turns to crime4 #aa4 ,the ,master said1 ,all the comely gifts of the ,duke of ,chou1#gg coupled with pride and meanness1 would not be worth a glance4 ,footnote #ge3 ,for sacrifice4 ,footnote #gf3 ,probably ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #gg3 ,see ,book ,,vii1 #e4 #ab4 ,the ,master said1 ,a man to whom three years of learning have borne no fruit would be hard to find4 #ac4 ,the ,master said1 ,a man of simple faith1 who loves learning1 who guards and betters his way unto death1 will not enter a tottering kingdom1 nor stay in a lawless land4 ,when all below heaven follows the ,way1 he is seen2 when it loses the ,way1 he is unseen4 ,while his land keeps the ,way1 he is ashamed to be poor and lowly2 but when his land has lost the ,way1 wealth and honours shame him4 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,when out of place1 discuss not policy4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,in the first days of the music-master ,chih how the hubbub#gh of the ,kuan-ch rose sea beyond sea6 ,how it filled the ear6 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,of men that are zealous1 but not straight2 dull1 but not simple2 helpless1 but not truthful1 ,i will know nothing4 #ag4 ,the ,master said1 ,learn as though the time were short1 like one that fears to lose4 #ah4 ,the ,master said1 ,how wonderful were ,shun#b and ,y#b6 ,to have all below heaven was nothing to them6 #ai4 ,the ,master said1 ,how great a lord was ,yao#gi6 ,wonderful6 ,heaven alone is great2 ,yao alone was patterned on it4 ,vast1 boundless6 ,men's words failed them4 ,the wonder of the work done by him6 ,the flame of his art and precepts6 ,footnote #gh3 ,the last part of the music1 when all the instruments were played together4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see ,introduction4 #bj4 ,shun had five ministers1 and there was order below heaven4 ,king ,wu#hj said1 ,i have ten uncommon ministers4 ,confucius said1 ',the dearth of talent1' is not that the truth8 ,when ,y#ha followed ,t'ang#hb the times were rich in talent2 yet there were but nine men in all1 and one woman4 ,in greatness of soul we may say that ,chou#hc was highest3 he had two-thirds of all below heaven and bent it to the service of ,yin4 #ba4 ,the ,master said1 ,i see no flaw in ,y4 ,he ate and drank little1 yet he was lavish in piety to the ghosts and spirits4 ,his clothes were bad1 but in his cap and gown he was fair indeed4 ,his palace buildings were poor1 yet he gave his whole strength to dykes and ditches4 ,no kind of flaw can ,i see in ,y4 ,footnote #hj3 ,see ,introduction4 ,footnote #ha3 ,shun4 ,footnote #hb3 ,yao4 ,footnote #hc3 ,king ,wen1 ,duke of ,chou4 ,,book ,,ix #a4 ,the ,master seldom spake of gain1 or love1 or the ,bidding4 #b4 ,a man of the village of ,ta-hsiang said1 ,the great ,confucius1 with his vast learning1 has made no name in anything4 ,when the ,master heard this1 he said to his disciples1 ,what shall ,i take up8 ,shall ,i take up driving1 or shall ,i take up shooting8 ,i shall take up driving4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,a linen cap is good form2 now silk is worn4 ,it is cheap1 so ,i follow the many4 ,to bow below is good form2 now it is done above4 ,this is arrogance1 so1 breaking with the many1 ,i still bow below4 #d4 ,from four things the ,master was quite free3 by-ends and 'must' and 'shall' and ',i4' #e4 ,when he was afraid in ,k'uang1#hd the ,master said1 ,since the death of ,king ,wen1 is not the seat of culture here8 ,if ,heaven had meant to destroy our culture1 a later mortal would have had no part in it4 ,until ,heaven condemns our culture1 what can the men of ,k'uang do to me8 #f4 ,a high minister said to ,tzu-kung1 ,the ,master must be a holy man1 he can do so many things6 ,footnote #hd3 ,during the ,master's wanderings4 ,k'uang is said to have been a small state near ,lu which had been oppressed by ,yang ,huo4 ,confucius resembled him1 and the men of ,k'uang set upon him1 mistaking him for their enemy4 ,the commentators say that the ,master was not afraid1 only 'roused to a sense of danger4' ,i cannot find that the text says so4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,heaven has1 indeed1 given him so much that he is almost holy1 and he can do many things1 too4 ,when the ,master heard this1 he said1 ,does the minister know me8 ,because ,i was poor when young1 ,i can do many paltry things4 ,but does doing many things make a gentleman8 ,no1 not doing many does4 ,lao said1 ,the ,master would say1 ,as ,i had no post ,i learned the crafts4 #g4 ,the ,master said1 ,have ,i in truth wisdom8 ,i have no wisdom4 ,but when a common fellow emptily asks me anything1 ,i tap it on this side and that1 and sift it to the bottom4 #h4 ,the ,master said1 ,the phoenix comes not1 the ,river gives forth no sign3 all is over with me6 #i4 ,when the ,master saw folk clad in mourning1 or in cap and gown1 or a blind man1 he always rose--even for the young1--or1 if he was passing them1 he quickened his step4 #aj4 ,yen ,yan heaved a sigh1 and said1 ,as ,i look up it grows higher1 deeper as ,i dig6 ,i catch sight of it ahead1 and on a sudden it is behind me6 ,the ,master leads men on1 deftly bit by bit4 ,he widens me with culture1 he binds me with courtesy4 ,if ,i wished to stop ,i could not until my strength were spent4 ,what seems the mark stands near2 but though ,i long to reach it1 ,i find no way4 #aa4 ,when the ,master was very ill1 ,tzu-lu made the disciples act as ministers4 ,during a better spell the ,master said1 ,yu has long been feigning4 ,this show of ministers1 when ,i have no ministers1 whom will it take in8 ,will ,heaven be taken in8 ,and is it not better to die in the arms of my two-three boys than to die in the arms of ministers8 ,and1 if ,i miss a big burial1 shall ,i die by the roadside8 #ab4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,if ,i had here a fair piece of jade1 should ,i hide it away in a case1 or seek a good price and sell it8 ,sell it1 sell it6 said the ,master4 ,i tarry for my price4 #ac4 ,the ,master wished to dwell among the nine tribes4#he ,footnote #he3 ,in the east of ,shantung4 ,one said1 ,they are low2 how could ye8 ,the ,master said1 ,wherever a gentleman lives1 will there be anything low8 #ad4 ,the ,master said4 ,after ,i came back from ,wei to ,lu the music was set straight and each song found its place4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,to serve dukes and ministers abroad and father and brothers at home2 in matters of mourning not to dare to be slack2 and to be no thrall to wine3 to which of these have ,i won8 #af4 ,as he stood by a stream1 the ,master said1 ,hasting away like this1 day and night1 without stop6 #ag4 ,the ,master said1 ,i have seen no one that loves mind as he loves looks4 #ah4 ,the ,master said1 ,in making a mound1 if ,i stop when one more basket would finish it1 ,i stop4 ,when flattening ground1 if1 after overturning one basket1 ,i go on1 ,i go ahead4 #ai4 ,the ,master said1 ,never listless when spoken to1 such was ,hui4#hf #bj4 ,speaking of ,yen ,yan1 the ,master said1 ,the pity of it6 ,i saw him go on1 but ,i never saw him stop6 #ba4 ,the ,master said1 ,some sprouts do not blossom1 some blossoms bear no fruit6 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,awe is due to youth4 ,may not to-morrow be bright as to-day8 ,to men of forty or fifty1 who are still unknown1 no awe is due4 #bc4 ,the ,master said1 ,who would not give ear to a downright word8 ,but to mend is better4 ,who would not be pleased by a guiding word8 ,but to think it out is better4 ,with such as are pleased but do not think out1 or who listen but do not mend1 ,i can do nothing4 #bd4 ,the ,master said1 ,put faithfulness and truth first2 have no friends unlike thyself2 be not ashamed to mend thy faults4 #be4 ,the ,master said1 ,three armies may be robbed of their leader1 no wretch can be robbed of his will4 #bf4 ,the ,master said1 ,yu#hg is the man to stand1 clad in a worn-out quilted gown1 unashamed1 amid robes of fox and badger6 ,without hatred or greed1 ,what but good does he do8 ,but when ,tzu-lu was everlastingly humming these words1 the ,master said1 ,this is the way towards it1 but how much short of goodness itself6 ,footnote #hf3 ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #hg3 ,tzu-lu4 #bg4 ,the ,master said1 ,erst the cold days show how fir and cypress are last to fade4 #bh4 ,the ,master said1 ,wisdom has no doubts2 love does not fret2 the bold have no fears4 #bi4 ,the ,master said1 ,with some we can learn together1 but we cannot go their way2 we can go the same way with others1 though our standpoint is not the same2 and with some1 though our standpoint is the same our weights and scales are not4 #cj4 ,the blossoms of the plum tree ,are dancing in play2 ,my thoughts are with thee1 ,in thy home far away4 ,the ,master said1 ,her thoughts were not with him1 or how could he be far away8 ,,book ,x #a4 ,among his own country folk ,confucius wore a homely look1 like one that has no word to say4 ,in the ancestral temple and at court his speech was full1 but cautious4 #b4 ,at court he talked frankly to men of low rank1 winningly to men of high rank4 ,when the king was there1 he looked intent and solemn4 #c4 ,when the king bade him receive guests1 his face seemed to change and his legs to bend4 ,he bowed left and right to those beside him1 straightened his robes in front and behind1 and swept forward1 with arms spread like wings4 ,when the guest had left1 he brought back word1 saying1 ,the guest is no longer looking4 #d4 ,as he went in at the palace gate he stooped1 as though it were too low for him4 ,he did not stand in the middle of the gate1 or step on the threshold4 ,when he passed the throne1 his face seemed to change and his legs to bend3 he spake with bated breath4 ,as he went up the hall to audience1 he lifted his robes1 bowed his back1 and masked his breathing till it seemed to stop4 ,as he came down1 he relaxed his face below the first step and looked pleased4 ,from the foot of the steps he swept forward with arms spread like wings2 and when he was back in his seat1 he looked intent as before4 #e4 ,when he carried the sceptre1 his back bent1 as under too heavy a burden2 he lifted it no higher than in bowing and no lower than in making a gift4 ,his face changed1 as it will with fear1 and he dragged his feet1 as though they were fettered4 ,when he offered his present his manner was formal2 but at the private audience he was cheerful4 #f4 ,the gentleman was never decked in violet or mauve2 even at home he would not wear red or purple4 ,in hot weather he wore an unlined linen gown1 but always over other clothes4 ,with lamb-skin he wore black1 with fawn1 white1 and with fox-skin1 yellow4 ,at home he wore a long fur gown1 with the right sleeve short4 ,his nightgown was always half as long again as his body4 ,in the house he wore thick fur1 of fox or badger4 ,when he was not in mourning there was nothing missing from his girdle4 ,except for sacrificial dress1 he was sparing of stuff4 ,he did not wear lamb's fur1 or a black cap1 on a mourning visit4 ,at the new moon he always put on court dress and went to court4 #g4 ,on his days of abstinence he always wore linen clothes of a pale colour2 and he changed his food and moved from his wonted seat4 #h4 ,he did not dislike well-cleaned rice or hash chopped small4 ,he did not eat sour or mouldy rice1 bad fish1 or tainted flesh4 ,he did not eat anything that had a bad colour or that smelt bad1 or food that was badly cooked or out of season4 ,food that was badly cut or served with the wrong sauce he did not eat4 ,however much flesh there might be1 it could not conquer his taste for rice4 ,to wine alone he set no limit1 but he did not drink enough to muddle him4 ,he did not drink bought wine1 or eat ready-dried market meat4 ,he never went without ginger at a meal4 ,he did not eat much4 ,after a sacrifice at the palace he did not keep the flesh over-night4 ,he never kept sacrificial flesh more than three days4 ,if it had been kept longer it was not eaten4 ,he did not talk at meals1 nor speak when he was in bed4 ,even at a meal of coarse rice1 or herb broth1 or gourds1 he made his offering with all reverence4 #i4 ,if his mat was not straight1 he would not sit down4 #aj4 ,when the villagers were drinking wine1 as those that walked with a staff left1 he left too4 ,at the village exorcisms he put on court dress and stood on the east steps4 #aa4 ,when sending a man with enquiries to another land1 he bowed twice to him and saw him out4 ,when ,k'ang gave him some drugs1 he bowed1 accepted them1 and said1 ,i have never taken them2 ,i dare not taste them4 #ab4 ,on coming back from court after his stables had been burnt1 the ,master said1 ,is anyone hurt8 ,he did not ask about the horses4 #ac4 ,when the king sent him cooked meat1 he put his mat straight1 and tasted it first2 when he sent him raw flesh1 he had it cooked1 and offered it to the spirits2 when he sent him a live beast1 he kept it alive4 ,when he ate in attendance on the king1 the king made the offering1 he tasted things first4 ,when he was sick and the king came to see him1 he lay with his head to the east1 with his court dress over him and his girdle across it4 ,when he was called by the king's bidding1 he walked1 without waiting for his carriage4 #ad4 ,on going into the ,great ,temple he asked about everything4 #ae4 ,when a friend died1 who had no home to go to1 he said1 ,it is for me to bury him4 ,when friends sent him anything1 even a carriage and horses1 he never bowed1 unless the gift was sacrificial flesh4 #af4 ,he did not sleep like a corpse4 ,at home he unbent4 ,even if he knew him well1 his face changed when he saw a mourner4 ,even when he was in undress1 if he saw anyone in full dress1 or a blind man1 he looked grave4 ,to men in deep mourning and to the census-bearers he bowed over the cross-bar4 ,before choice meats he rose with changed look4 ,at sharp thunder1 or a fierce wind1 his look changed4 #ag4 ,when mounting his carriage he stood straight and grasped the cord4 ,when he was in it1 he did not look round1 or speak fast1 or point4 #ah4 ,seeing a man's face1 she rose1 flew round and settled4 ,the ,master said1 ,hen pheasant on the ridge1 it is the season1 it is the season4 ,tzu-lu went towards her3 she sniffed thrice and rose4#hh ,footnote #hh3 ,this passage cannot belong here4 ,it is corrupt and unintelligible4 ,,book ,,xi #a4 ,the ,master said1 ,savages6 the men that first went into courtesy and music6 ,gentlemen6 those that went into them later6 ,my use is to follow the first lead in both4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ,not one of my followers in ,ch'en or ,ts'ai comes any more to my door6 ,yen ,yan1 ,min ,tzu-ch'ien1 ,jan ,po-niu and ,chung-kung were men of noble life2 ,tsai ,wo and ,tzu-kung were the talkers2 ,jan ,yu and ,chi-lu were statesmen2 ,tzu-yu and ,tzu-hsia1 men of arts and learning4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,i get no help from ,hui4#hi ,no word ,i say but delights him6 #d4 ,the ,master said1 ,how good a son is ,min ,tzu-ch'ien6 ,no one finds fault with anything that his father1 or his mother1 or his brethren say of him4 #e4 ,nan ,jung would thrice repeat ,the ,sceptre ,white4#ij ,confucius gave him his brother's daughter for wife4 #f4 ,chi ,k'ang asked which disciples loved learning4 ,confucius answered1 ,there was ,yen ,hui#ia loved learning4 ,alas6 his mission was short1 he died4 ,now there is no one4 ,footnote #hi3 ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #ij3 ,the verse runs-- ,a flaw can be ground ,from a sceptre white2 ,a slip of the tongue ,no man can right4 ,footnote #ia3 ,yen ,yan4 #g4 ,when ,yen ,yan died1 ,yen ,lu#ib asked for the ,master's carriage to furnish an outer coffin4 ,the ,master said1 ,brains or no brains1 each of us speaks of his son4 ,when ,li#ic died he had an inner but not an outer coffin3 ,i would not go on foot to furnish an outer coffin4 ,as ,i follow in the wake of the ministers ,i cannot go on foot4 #h4 ,when ,yen ,yan died the ,master said1 ,woe is me6 ,heaven has undone me6 ,heaven has undone me6 #i4 ,when ,yen ,yan died the ,master gave way to grief4 ,his followers said1 ,sir1 ye are giving way4 ,the ,master said1 ,am ,i giving way8 ,if ,i did not give way for this man1 for whom should ,i give way to grief8 #aj4 ,when ,yen ,yan died the disciples wished to bury him in pomp4 ,the ,master said1 ,this must not be4 ,the disciples buried him in pomp4 ,the ,master said1 ,hui treated me as his father4 ,i have failed to treat him as a son4 ,no1 not ,i2 but ye1 my two-three boys4 #aa4 ,chi-lu#id asked what is due to the ghosts of the dead8 ,the ,master said1 ,when we cannot do our duty to the living1 how can we do it to the dead8 ,he dared to ask about death4 ,we know not life1 said the ,master1 how can we know death8 ,footnote #ib3 ,the father of ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #ic3 ,the ,master's son4 ,footnote #id3 ,tzu-lu4 #ab4 ,seeing the disciple ,min standing at his side with winning looks1 ,tzu-lu with warlike front1 ,jan ,yu and ,tzu-kung frank and free1 the ,master's heart was glad4 ,a man like ,yu1#ie he said1 dies before his day4 #ac4 ,the men of ,lu were building the ,long ,treasury4 ,min ,tzu-ch'ien said1 ,would not the old one do8 ,why must it be rebuilt8 ,the ,master said1 ,that man does not talk1 but when he speaks he hits the mark4 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,what has the lute of ,yu#if to do1 twanging at my door8 ,but when the disciples looked down on ,tzu-lu1 the ,master said1 ,yu has come up into hall1 but he has not yet entered the inner rooms4 #ae4 ,tzu-kung asked1 ,which is the better1 ,shih#ig or ,shang#ih8 ,the ,master said1 ,shih goes too far1 ,shang not far enough4 ,then is ,shih the better8 said ,tzu-kung4 ,too far1 said the ,master1 is no nearer than not far enough4 #af4 ,the ,chi was richer than the ,duke of ,chou2 yet ,ch'iu#ii became his tax-gatherer and made him still richer4 ,footnote #ie3 ,tzu-lu4 ,this prophecy came true4 ,tzu-lu and ,tzu-kao were officers of ,wei when troubles arose4 ,tzu-lu hastened to the help of his master4 ,he met ,tzu-kao withdrawing from the danger1 and was advised to do the same4 ,but ,tzu-lu would not desert the man whose pay he drew4 ,he plunged into the fight and was killed4 ,footnote #if3 ,tzu-lu4 ,footnote #ig3 ,the disciple ,tzu-chang4 ,footnote #ih3 ,the disciple ,tzu-hsia4 ,footnote #ii3 ,the disciple ,jan ,yu4 ,he is no disciple of mine1 said the ,master4 ,my little children1 ye may beat your drums and make war on him4 #ag4 ,ch'ai#ajj is simple1 ,shen#aja is dull1 ,shih#ajb is smooth1 ,yu#ajc is coarse4 #ah4 ,the ,master said1 ,hui#ajd is almost faultless1 and he is often empty4 ,tz'u#aje will not bow to the ,bidding1 and he heaps up riches2 but his views are often sound4 #ai4 ,tzu-chang asked1 ,what is the way of a good man8 ,the ,master said1 ,he does not tread the beaten track2 and yet he does not enter the inner rooms4 #bj4 ,the ,master said1 ,commend a man for plain speaking3 he may prove a gentleman1 or else but seeming honest4 #ba4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,shall ,i do all ,i am taught8 ,the ,master said1 ,whilst thy father and elder brothers live1 how canst thou do all thou art taught8 ,jan ,yu asked1 ,shall ,i do all ,i am taught8 ,the ,master said1 ,do all thou art taught4 ,kung-hsi ,hua said1 ,yu#ajf asked1 ,shall ,i do all ,i am taught8 and ye said1 ,sir1 ,whilst thy father and elder brothers live4 ,ch'iu#ajg asked1 ,shall ,i do all ,i am taught8 and ye said1 ,sir1 ,do all thou art taught4 ,i am in doubt1 and dare to ask you1 ,sir4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,the disciple ,kao ,ch'ai ,footnote #aja3 ,the disciple ,tseng-tzu4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,the disciple ,tzu-chang4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,the disciple ,tzu-lu4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,the disciple ,yen ,yan4 ,footnote #aje3 ,the disciple ,tzu-kung4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,tzu-lu4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,jan ,yu4 ,the ,master said1 ,ch'iu is bashful1 so ,i egged him on2 ,yu is twice a man1 so ,i held him back4 #bb4 ,when the ,master was in fear in ,k'uang1 ,yen ,yan fell behind4 ,the ,master said1 ,i held thee for dead4 ,he answered1 ,whilst my ,master lives how should ,i dare to die8 #bc4 ,chi ,tzu-jan#ajh asked whether ,chung ,yu#b or ,jan ,ch'iu#c could be called a great minister4 ,the ,master said1 ,i thought ye would ask me a riddle1 ,sir1 and ye ask about ,yu#aji and ,ch'iu4#aaj ,he that holds to the ,way in serving his lord and leaves when he cannot do so1 we call a great minister4 ,now ,yu and ,ch'iu ,i should call tools4 ,who are just followers then8 ,nor would they follow1 said the ,master1 if told to kill their lord or father4 #bd4 ,tzu-lu made ,tzu-kao governor of ,pi4 ,the ,master said1 ,thou art undoing a man's son4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,what with the people and the spirits of earth and corn1 must a man read books to become learned8 ,the ,master said1 ,this is why ,i hate a glib tongue4 #be4 ,the ,master said to ,tzu-lu1 ,tseng ,hsi1#aaa ,jan ,yu and ,kung-hsi ,hua as they sat beside him1 ,i may be a day older than you1 but forget that4 ,ye are wont to say1 ,i am unknown4 ,well1 if ye were known1 what would ye do8 ,footnote #ajh3 ,the younger brother of ,chi ,huan1 the head of the ,chi clan4 ,footnote #aji3 ,tzu-lu4 ,he and ,jan ,yu had taken office under the ,chi4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,jan ,yu4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,a disciple3 the father of ,tseng-tzu4 ,tzu-lu answered lightly4 ,give me a land of a thousand chariots1 crushed between great neighbours1 overrun by soldiers and searched by famine1 and within three years ,i could put courage into it and high purpose4 ,the ,master smiled4 ,what wouldst thou do1 ,ch'iu#aab8 he said4 ,he answered1 ,give me a land of sixty or seventy1 or fifty or sixty square miles1 and within three years ,i could give the people plenty4 ,as for courtesy and music1 they would wait the coming of a gentleman4 ,and what wouldst thou do1 ,ch'ih#aac8 ,he answered1 ,i do not speak of what ,i can do1 but of what ,i should like to learn4 ,at services in the ,ancestral ,temple1 or at the ,grand ,audience1 ,i should like to fill a small part4 ,and what wouldst thou do1 ,tien#aad8 ,tien stopped playing1 pushed his still sounding lute aside1 rose and answered1 ,my choice would be unlike those of the other three4 ,what harm in that8 said the ,master4 ,each but spake his mind4 ,in the last days of spring1 all clad for the springtime1 with five or six young men and six or seven lads1 ,i would bathe in the ,yi1 be fanned by the wind in the ,rain ,god's glade1 and go back home singing4 ,the ,master said with a sigh1 ,i side with ,tien4 ,tseng ,hsi stayed after the other three had left1 and said1 ,what did ye think1 ,sir1 of what the three disciples said8 ,footnote #aab3 ,jan ,yu4 ,footnote #aac3 ,kung-hsi ,hua4 ,footnote #aad3 ,tseng ,hsi4 ,each but spake his mind1 said the ,master4 ,why did ye smile at ,yu1#aae ,sir8 ,lands are swayed by courtesy1 but what he said was not modest4 ,that was why ,i smiled4 ,yet did not ,ch'iu speak of a state8 ,where would sixty or seventy1 or fifty or sixty1 square miles be found that are not a state8 ,and did not ,ch'ih too speak of a state8 ,who but great vassals are there in the ,ancestral ,temple1 or at the ,grand ,audience8 ,but if ,ch'ih were to take a small part1 who could fill a big one8 ,footnote #aae3 ,tzu-lu4 ,,book ,,xii #a4 ,yen ,yan asked1 ,what is love8 ,the ,master said1 ,love is to conquer self and turn to courtesy4 ,if we could conquer self and turn to courtesy for one day1 all below heaven would turn to love4 ,does love flow from within1 or does it flow from others8 ,yen ,yan said1 ,may ,i ask what are its signs8 ,the ,master said1 ,to be always courteous of eye and courteous of ear2 to be always courteous in word and courteous in deed4 ,yen ,yan said1 ,though ,i am not clever1 ,i hope to live by these words4 #b4 ,chung-kung asked1 ,what is love8 ,the ,master said1 ,without the door to behave as though a great guest were come2 to treat the people as though we tendered the great sacrifice2 not to do unto others what we would not they should do unto us2 to breed no wrongs in the state and breed no wrongs in the home4 ,chung-kung said1 ,though ,i am not clever1 ,i hope to live by these words4 #c4 ,ssu-ma ,niu#aaf asked1 ,what is love8 ,the ,master said1 ,love is slow to speak4 ,to be slow to speak6 ,can that be called love8 ,the ,master said1 ,can that which is hard to do be lightly spoken8 ,footnote #aaf3 ,a disciple4 #d4 ,ssu-ma ,niu asked1 ,what is a gentleman8 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman knows neither sorrow nor fear4 ,no sorrow and no fear6 ,can that be called a gentleman8 ,the ,master said4 ,he searches his heart3 it is blameless2 so why should he sorrow1 what should he fear8 #e4 ,ssu-ma ,niu cried sadly1 ,all men have brothers1 ,i alone have none6 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,i have heard that life and death are allotted1 that wealth and honours are in ,heaven's hand4 ,a gentleman is careful and does not trip2 he is humble towards others and courteous4 ,all within the four seas are brethren2 how can a gentleman lament that he has none8 #f4 ,tzu-chang asked1 ,what is insight8 ,the ,master said1 ,not to be moved by lap and wash of slander1 or by plaints that pierce to the quick1 may be called insight4 ,yea1 whom lap and wash of slander1 or plaints that pierce to the quick cannot move may be called far-sighted4 #g4 ,tzu-kung asked1 ,what is kingcraft8 ,the ,master said1 ,food enough1 troops enough1 and the trust of the people4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,if it had to be done1 which could best be spared of the three8 ,troops1 said the ,master4 ,and if we had to1 which could better be spared of the other two8 ,food1 said the ,master4 ,from of old all men die1 but without trust a people cannot stand4 #h4 ,chi ,tzu-ch'eng#aag said1 ,it is the stuff alone that makes a gentleman2 what can art do for him8 ,alas6 my lord1 said ,tzu-kung1 how ye speak of a gentleman6 ,no team overtakes the tongue6 ,the art is no less than the stuff1 the stuff is no less than the art4 ,without the fur1 a tiger or a leopard's hide is no better than the hide of a dog or a goat4 #i4 ,duke ,ai said to ,yu ,jo1#aah ,in this year of dearth ,i have not enough for my wants2 what should be done8 ,ye might tithe the people1 answered ,yu ,jo4 ,a fifth is not enough1 said the ,duke1 how could ,i do with a tenth8 ,when all his folk have enough1 answered ,yu ,jo1 shall the lord alone not have enough8 ,when none of his folk have enough1 shall the lord alone have enough8 #aj4 ,tzu-chang asked how to raise the mind and scatter delusions4 ,the ,master said1 ,put faithfulness and truth first1 and follow the right2 the mind will be raised4 ,we wish life to what we love and death to what we hate4 ,to wish it both life and death is a delusion4 ,whether prompted by wealth1 or not1 ,yet ye made a distinction4 ,footnote #aag3 ,minister of ,wei4 ,footnote #aah3 ,a disciple of ,confucius4 #aa4 ,ching1#aai ,duke of ,ch'i1 asked ,confucius1 ,what is kingcraft8 ,confucius answered4 ,for the lord to be lord and the liege1 liege1 the father to be father and the son1 son4 ,true indeed6 said the ,duke4 ,if the lord were no lord and the liege no liege1 the father no father and the son no son1 though the grain were there1 could ,i get anything to eat8 #ab4 ,the ,master said1 ,to stint a quarrel with half a word ,yu#abj is the man4 ,tzu-lu never slept over a promise4 #ac4 ,the ,master said1 ,at hearing lawsuits ,i am no better than others4 ,what is needed is to stop lawsuits4 #ad4 ,tzu-chang asked1 ,what is kingcraft8 ,the ,master said1 ,to be tireless of thought and faithful in doing4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,breadth of reading and the ties of courtesy will keep us1 too1 from false paths4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman shapes the good in man1 he does not shape the bad in him4 ,the small man does the contrary4 #ag4 ,chi ,k'ang#aba asked ,confucius how to rule4 ,confucius answered1 ,to rule is to set straight4 ,if ye give a straight lead1 ,sir1 who will dare not go straight8 ,footnote #aai3 ,confucius was in ,ch'i in #eag ,b4,c4 ,the duke was over-shadowed by his ministers and thought of setting aside his eldest son4 ,footnote #abj3 ,tzu-lu4 ,footnote #aba3 ,on the death of ,chi ,huan1 his brother ,chi ,k'ang set aside ,chi ,huan's small son and made himself head of the clan4 #ah4 ,chi ,k'ang being troubled by robbers asked ,confucius about it4 ,confucius answered1 ,if ye did not wish it1 ,sir1 though ye rewarded him no man would steal4 #ai4 ,chi ,k'ang1 speaking of kingcraft to ,confucius1 said1 ,to help those that follow the ,way1 should we kill the men that will not8 ,confucius answered1 ,sir1 what need has a ruler to kill8 ,if ye wished for goodness1 ,sir1 the people would be good4 ,the gentleman's mind is the wind1 and grass are the minds of small men3 as the wind blows1 so must the grass bend4 #bj4 ,tzu-chang asked1 ,what must a knight be1 for him to be called eminent8 ,the ,master said1 ,what dost thou mean by eminence8 ,tzu-chang answered1 ,to be famous in the state and famous in his home4 ,that is fame1 not eminence1 said the ,master4 ,the eminent man is plain and straight1 and loves right4 ,he weighs words and scans looks2 he takes pains to come down to men4 ,and he shall be eminent in the state and eminent in his house4 ,the famous man wears a mask of love1 but his deeds belie it4 ,self-confident and free from doubts1 fame will be his in the state and fame be his in his home4 #ba4 ,whilst walking with the ,master in the ,rain ,god's glade ,fan ,ch'ih said to him1 ,may ,i ask how to raise the mind1 amend evil and scatter errors8 ,well asked6 said the ,master4 ,rank thy work above success1 will not the mind be raised8 ,fight the bad in thee1 not the bad in other men1 will not evil be mended8 ,one angry morning to forget both self and kin1 is that no error8 #bb4 ,fan ,ch'ih asked1 ,what is love8 ,the ,master said1 ,to love men4 ,he asked1 ,what is wisdom8 ,the ,master said1 ,to know men4 ,fan ,ch'ih did not understand4 ,the ,master said1 ,lift up the straight1 put by the crooked1 and crooked men will grow straight4 ,fan ,ch'ih withdrew1 and seeing ,tzu-hsia1 said to him1 ,the ,master saw me and ,i asked him what wisdom is4 ,he answered1 ,lift up the straight1 put by the crooked1 and crooked men will grow straight4 ,what did he mean8 ,how rich a saying6 said ,tzu-hsia4 ,when ,shun#abb had all below heaven he chose ,kao-yao from the many1 lifted him up1 and the men without love fled4 ,when ,t'ang#abc had all below heaven1 he chose ,yi-yin#abd from the many1 lifted him up1 and the men without love fled4 ,footnote #abb3 ,an emperor of the golden age4 ,footnote #abc3 ,the founder of the ,shang1 or ,yin1 dynasty4 ,footnote #abd3 ,t'ang's chief minister4 ,yi-yin said1 ,whomsoever ,i serve1 is he not my lord8 ,whomsoever ,i rule1 are they not my people8 ,he came in when there was order1 and came in too when there were tumults4 ,he said1 ,when ,heaven begat the people1 the man that first understood was sent to waken those slow to understand1 and the man that first woke was sent to waken those slow to wake4 ,i am he that woke first among ,heaven's people4 ,with the help of the ,way1 ,i shall wake the people6 ,for man or wife1 of all the people below heaven1 to have missed the blessings of ,yao and ,shun was the same1 he thought1 as if he himself had pushed him into the ditch4 ,the burden he shouldered was the weight of all below heaven4 7,mencius1 ,book ,x1 chapter #a47 #bc4 ,tzu-kung asked about friends4 ,the ,master said1 ,talk faithfully to them1 and guide them well4 ,if this is no good1 stop4 ,do not bring shame upon thee4 #bd4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,a gentleman gathers friends by culture1 and stays love with friendship4 ,,book ,,xiii #a4 ,tzu-lu asked how to rule4 ,the ,master said1 ,go before2 work hard4 ,when asked to say more1 he said1 ,never flag4 #b4 ,when he was steward of the ,chi1 ,chung-kung asked how to rule4 ,the ,master said1 ,let officers act first2 overlook small faults1 lift up brains and worth4 ,chung-kung said1 ,how shall ,i get to know brains and worth to lift them up8 ,lift up those thou dost know1 said the ,master2 and those thou dost not know1 will other men pass by8 #c4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,the lord of ,wei#abe waits for you1 ,sir1 to govern4 ,how shall ye begin8 ,surely1 said the ,master1 by putting names right4 ,indeed1 said ,tzu-lu1 that is far-fetched1 ,sir4 ,why put them right8 ,what a savage ,yu#abf is6 said the ,master4 ,a gentleman is tongue-tied when he does not understand4 ,if names are not right1 words do not fit4 ,if words do not fit1 affairs go wrong4 ,if affairs go wrong1 neither courtesy nor music thrive4 ,if courtesy and music do not thrive1 law and justice fail4 ,and if law and justice fail them1 the people can move neither hand nor foot4 ,so a gentleman must be ready to put names into speech and words into deed4 ,a gentleman is nowise careless of his words4 ,footnote #abe3 ,see note to ,book ,,vii1 #ad4 ,tzu-lu was his officer4 ,footnote #abf3 ,tzu-lu4 #d4 ,fan ,ch'ih asked to be taught husbandry4 ,the ,master said4 ,an old husbandman knows more than ,i do4 ,he asked to be taught gardening4 ,the ,master said4 ,an old gardener knows more than ,i do4 ,after ,fan ,ch'ih had gone1 the ,master said1 ,how small a man6 ,if those above love courtesy1 no one will dare to slight them2 if they love right1 no one will dare to disobey2 if they love truth1 no one will dare to hide the heart4 ,then1 from the four corners of the earth1 folk will gather with their children on their backs2 and what need will there be for husbandry8 #e4 ,the ,master said1 ,though a man have conned three hundred poems1 if he stands helpless when put to govern1 if he cannot answer for himself when he is sent to the four corners of the earth1 many as they are1 what have they done for him8 #f4 ,the ,master said1 ,the man of upright life is obeyed before he speaks2 commands even go unheeded when the life is crooked4 #g4 ,the ,master said1 ,the governments of ,lu and ,wei are brothers4 #h4 ,speaking of ,ching1 of the ducal house of ,wei1 the ,master said1 ,he was wise in his private life4 ,when he had begun to save1 he said1 ,this seems enough4 ,when he grew better off1 he said1 ,this seems plenty4 ,when he had grown rich1 he said4 ,this seems splendour4 #i4 ,when ,jan ,yu was driving him to ,wei1 the ,master said4 ,what numbers6 ,jan ,yu said1 ,since numbers are here1 what next is needed8 ,wealth1 said the ,master4 ,and what comes next after wealth8 ,teaching1 said the ,master4 #aj4 ,the ,master said1 ,if ,i were employed for a twelve-month1 much could be done4 ,in three years all would be ended4 #aa4 ,the ,master said1 ,if good men were to govern a land for an hundred years1 cruelty would be conquered and putting to death done away with4 ,how true are these words6 #ab4 ,the ,master said1 ,even if a king were to govern1 a lifetime would pass before love dawned6 #ac4 ,the ,master said1 ,what is governing to a man that can rule himself8 ,if he cannot rule himself1 how shall he rule others8 #ad4 ,as the disciple ,jan#abg came back from court1 the ,master said to him4 ,why so late8 ,i had business of state1 he answered4 ,household business1 said the ,master4 ,if it had been business of state1 though ,i am out of office1 ,i should have heard of it4 #ae4 ,duke ,ting asked1 ,is there any one saying that can bless a kingdom8 ,footnote #abg3 ,jan ,yu4 ,he was in the service of the ,chi1 not of the ,duke of ,lu4 ,confucius answered1 ,that is more than words can do4 ,but men have a saying1 ,to be lord is hard and to be minister is not easy4 ,and if one knew how hard it is to be lord1 might not this one saying almost bless a kingdom8 ,and is there any one saying that can wreck a kingdom8 ,that is more than words can do1 ,confucius answered4 ,but men have a saying1 ,my only delight in being lord is that no one withstands what ,i say4 ,now if what he says is good1 and no one withstands him1 is not that good too8 ,but if it is not good1 and no one withstands him1 might not this one saying almost wreck a kingdom8 #af4 ,the ,duke of ,she asked1 ,what is kingcraft8 ,the ,master answered1 ,for those near us to be happy and those far off to come4 #ag4 ,when he was governor of ,ch-fu1 ,tzu-hsia asked how to rule4 ,the ,master said1 ,be not eager for haste2 look not for small gains4 ,nothing done in haste is thorough1 and looking for small gains big things are left undone4 #ah4 ,the ,duke of ,she told ,confucius1 ,among the upright men of my clan if the father steals a sheep his son bears witness4 ,confucius answered1 ,our clan's uprightness is unlike that4 ,the father screens his son and the son screens his father4 ,there is uprightness in this4 #ai4 ,fan ,ch'ih asked1 ,what is love8 ,the ,master said1 ,to be humble at home1 earnest at work1 and faithful to all4 ,even among wild tribes none of this must be dropped4 #bj4 ,tzu-kung asked1 ,what is it that we call knighthood8 ,the ,master said1 ,to be called a knight1 a man must be shamefast in all that he does1 if he is sent to the four corners of the earth he must not disgrace his lord's commands4 ,may ,i ask who would come next8 ,he that his clansmen call a good son and his neighbours call modest4 ,and who would come next8 ,a man that clings to his word and sticks to his course1 a flinty little fellow1 would perhaps come next4 ,and how are the crown servants of to-day8 ,what6 ,the weights and measures men6 said the ,master4 ,are they worth reckoning8 #ba4 ,the ,master said1 ,as ,i cannot get men of the middle way ,i have to fall back on zealous and austere men4 ,zealous men push ahead and take things up1 and there are things that austere men will not do4 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,the men of the south have a saying1 ',unless he is stable a man will make neither a wizard nor a leech4' ,this is true4 ',his instability of mind may disgrace him4' ,the ,master said1 ,neglect of the omens1 that is all4 #bc4 ,the ,master said1 ,gentlemen unite1 but are not the same4 ,small men are all the same1 but each for himself4 #bd4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,if the whole countryside loved a man1 how would that be8 ,it would not do1 said the ,master4 ,and how would it be1 if the whole countryside hated him8 ,it would not do1 said the ,master4 ,it would be better if all the good men of the countryside loved him and all the bad men hated him4 #be4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is easy to serve and hard to please4 ,if we go from the ,way to please him1 he is not pleased2 but his commands are measured to the man4 ,a small man is hard to serve and easy to please4 ,though we go from the ,way to please him1 he is pleased2 but he expects everything of his men4 #bf4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is high-minded1 not proud2 the small man is proud1 but not high-minded4 #bg4 ,the ,master said1 ,strength and courage1 simplicity and modesty are akin to love4 #bh4 ,tzu-lu asked1 ,when can a man be called a knight8 ,the ,master said1 ,to be earnest1 encouraging and kind may be called knighthood3 earnest and encouraging with his friends1 and kind to his brothers4 #bi4 ,the ,master said1 ,if a good man taught the people for seven years1 they would be fit to bear arms too4 #cj4 ,the ,master said1 ,to take untaught men to war is called throwing them away4 ,,book ,,xiv #a4 ,hsien#abh asked1 ,what is shame8 ,the ,master said1 ,to draw pay when the land keeps the ,way and to draw pay when it has lost the ,way1 is shame4 #b4 ,to eschew strife and bragging1 spite and greed1 would that be love8 ,the ,master said1 ,that may be hard to do2 but ,i do not know that it is love4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,a knight that is fond of ease does not amount to a knight4 #d4 ,the ,master said1 ,whilst the land keeps the ,way1 be fearless of speech and fearless in deed2 when the land has lost the ,way1 be fearless in deed but soft of speech4 #e4 ,the ,master said1 ,a man of mind can always talk1 but talkers are not always men of mind4 ,love is always bold1 though boldness is found without love4 #f4 ,nan-kung ,kuo said to ,confucius1 ,yi#abi shot well1 ,ao pushed a boat over land3 each died before his time4 ,y and ,chi toiled at their crops1 and had all below heaven4 ,the ,master did not answer4 ,but when ,nan-kung ,kuo had gone1 he said1 ,what a gentleman he is6 ,how he honours mind6 ,footnote #abh3 ,the disciple ,yan ,ssu4 ,footnote #abi3 ,yi was killed by his best pupil1 who said to himself1 ,in all the world no one but ,yi shoots better than ,i do4 ,so he killed him4 #g4 ,the ,master said1 ,alas6 there have been gentlemen without love6 ,but there has never been a small man that was not wanting in love4 #h4 ,the ,master said1 ,can he love thee that never tasks thee8 ,can he be faithful that never chides8 #i4 ,the ,master said1 ,the decrees were drafted by ,p'i ,shen1 criticised by ,shih-shu1 polished by the ,foreign ,minister ,tzu-y1 and given the final touches by ,tzu-ch'an of ,tung-li4 #aj4 ,when he was asked what he thought of ,tzu-ch'an1 the ,master said1 ,a kind-hearted man4 ,asked what he thought of ,tzu-hsi1 the ,master said1 ,of him6 ,what ,i think of him6 ,asked what he thought of ,kuan ,chung1#acj the ,master said1 ,he was the man that drove the ,po from the town of ,pien with its three hundred households to end his days on coarse rice1 without his muttering a word4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see note to ,book ,,iii1 #bb4 #aa4 ,the ,master said1 ,not to grumble at being poor is hard1 not to be proud of wealth is easy4 #ab4 ,the ,master said1 ,meng ,kung-ch'o is more than fit to be steward of ,chao or ,wei1 but he could not be minister of ,t'eng or ,hsieh4 #ac4 ,tzu-lu asked what would make a full-grown man4 ,the ,master said1 ,the wisdom of ,tsang ,wu-chung1 ,kung-ch'o's lack of greed1 ,chuang of ,pien's boldness and the skill of ,jan ,ch'iu1 graced by courtesy and music1 might make a full-grown man4 ,but now1 he said1 who asks the like of a full-grown man8 ,he that in sight of gain thinks of right1 who when danger looms stakes his life1 who1 though the bond be old1 does not forget what he has been saying all his life1 might make a full-grown man4 #ad4 ,speaking of ,kung-shu ,wen1 the ,master said to ,kung-ming ,chia1 ,is it true that thy master does not speak1 nor laugh1 nor take a gift8 ,kung-ming ,chia answered1 ,that is saying too much4 ,my master only speaks when the time comes1 so no one tires of his speaking2 he only laughs when he is merry1 so no one tires of his laughter2 he only takes when it is right to take1 so no one tires of his taking4 ,it may be so1 said the ,master2 but is it8 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,when he held ,fang and asked ,lu to appoint an heir1 though ,tsang ,wu-chung said he was not forcing his lord1 ,i do not believe it4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,duke ,wen of ,chin was deep1 but dishonest2 ,duke ,huan of ,ch'i was honest1 but shallow4 #ag4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,when ,duke ,huan slew the young duke ,chiu1 and ,shao ,hu died with him1 but ,kuan ,chung did not1 was not this want of love8#aca ,footnote #aca3 ,chiu and ,huan were brothers1 sons of the ,duke of ,ch'i4 ,when their father died1 their uncle seized the throne4 ,to preserve the rightful heir1 ,shao ,hu and ,kuan ,chung fled with ,chiu to ,lu1 whilst ,huan escaped to another state4 ,later on the usurper was murdered1 and ,huan returned to ,ch'i and secured the throne4 ,he then required the ,duke of ,lu to kill his brother and deliver up to him ,shao ,hu and ,kuan ,chung4 ,this was done4 ,but on the way to ,ch'i ,shao ,hu killed himself4 ,kuan ,chung1 on the other hand1 took service under ,duke ,huan1 became his chief minister1 and raised the state to greatness4 7,see note to ,book ,,iii1 #bb47 ,the ,master said1 ,duke ,huan gathered the great vassals round him1 not by chariots of war1 but through the might of ,kuan ,chung4 ,what can love do more8 ,what can love do more8 #ah4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,when ,duke ,huan slew the young duke ,chiu1 and ,kuan ,chung could not face death and even became his minister1 surely he showed want of love8 ,the ,master said1 ,by ,kuan ,chung helping ,duke ,huan to put down the great vassals and make all below heaven one1 men have fared the better from that day to this4 ,but for ,kuan ,chung our hair would hang down our backs and our coats would button to the left2 or should he1 like the bumpkin and his lass1 their troth to keep1 have drowned in a ditch1 unknown to anyone8 #ai4 ,the minister ,hsien1 who had been steward to ,kung-shu ,wen1 went to audience of the ,duke together with ,wen4 ,when the ,master heard of it1 he said1 ,he is rightly called ,wen 7well-bred74 #bj4 ,the ,master spake of ,ling ,duke of ,wei's contempt for the ,way4 ,k'ang#acb said1 ,if this be so1 how does he escape ruin8 ,confucius answered1 ,with ,chung-shu ,y in charge of the guests1 the reader ,t'o in charge of the ,ancestral ,temple1 and ,wang-sun ,chia in charge of the troops1 how should he come to ruin8 #ba4 ,the ,master said1 ,when words are unblushing1 they are hard to make good4 ,footnote #acb3 ,chi ,k'ang4 #bb4 ,ch'en ,ch'eng murdered ,duke ,chien4#acc ,confucius bathed1 and went to court and told ,duke ,ai1 saying1 ,ch'en ,heng has murdered his lord3 pray1 punish him4 ,the ,duke said1 ,tell the three chiefs4 ,confucius said1 ,as ,i follow in the wake of the ministers1 ,i dared not leave this untold2 but the lord says1 ,tell the three chiefs4 ,he told the three chiefs4 ,it did no good4 ,confucius said1 ,as ,i follow in the wake of the ministers1 ,i dared not leave this untold4 #bc4 ,tzu-lu asked how to serve a lord4 ,the ,master said1 ,never cheat him2 stand up to him4 #bd4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman's life leads upwards2 the small man's life leads down4 #be4 ,the ,master said1 ,the men of old learned for their own sake2 to-day men learn for show4 #bf4 ,ch' ,po-y sent a man to ,confucius4 ,as they sat together1 ,confucius asked him1 ,what does your master do8 ,he answered1 ,my master wishes to make his faults fewer1 but cannot4 ,when the messenger had left1 the ,master said1 ,a messenger1 a messenger indeed6 #bg4 ,the ,master said1 ,when not in office discuss not policy4 ,footnote #acc3 #dha ,b4,c41 two years before the death of ,confucius1 who was not at the time in office4 ,chien was ,duke of ,ch'i1 a state bordering on ,lu4 ,the three chiefs were the heads of the three great clans that were all-powerful in ,lu4 #bh4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,even in his thoughts1 a gentleman does not outstep his place4 #bi4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is shamefast of speech3 his deeds go further4 #cj4 ,the ,master said1 ,in the way of the gentleman there are three things that ,i cannot achieve4 ,love is never troubled2 wisdom has no doubts2 courage is without fear4 ,that is what ye say1 ,sir1 said ,tzu-kung4 #ca4 ,tzu-kung would liken this man to that4 ,the ,master said1 ,what talents ,tz'u has6 ,now ,i have no time for this4 #cb4 ,the ,master said1 ,sorrow not at being unknown2 sorrow for thine own shortcomings4 #cc4 ,the ,master said1 ,not to expect to be cheated1 nor to look for falsehood1 and yet to see them coming1 shows worth in a man4 #cd4 ,wei-sheng ,mou said to ,confucius1 ,how dost thou still find roosts to roost on1 ,ch'iu1 unless by wagging a glib tongue8 ,confucius answered1 ,i dare not wag a glib tongue2 but ,i hate stubbornness4 #ce4 ,the ,master said1 ,a steed is not praised for his strength1 but praised for his mettle4 #cf4 ,one said1 ,to mete out good for evil1 how were that8 ,and how would ye meet good8 said the ,master4 ,meet evil with justice2 meet good with good4 #cg4 ,the ,master said1 ,alas6 no man knows me6 ,tzu-kung said1 ,why do ye say1 ,sir1 that no man knows you8 ,the ,master said1 ,never murmuring against ,heaven1 nor finding fault with men2 learning from the lowest1 cleaving the heights4 ,i am known but to one1 but to ,heaven4 #ch4 ,liao1 the duke's uncle1 spake ill of ,tzu-lu to ,chi-sun4#acd ,tzu-fu ,ching-po told this to ,confucius1 saying1 ,my master's mind is surely being led astray by the duke's uncle1 but ,i have still the strength to expose his body in the market-place4 ,the ,master said1 ,if the ,way is to be kept1 that is the ,bidding1 and if the ,way is to be lost1 this is the ,bidding4 ,what can the duke's uncle do against the ,bidding8 #ci4 ,the ,master said1 ,men of worth flee the world2 the next best flee the land4 ,then come those that go at a look1 then those that go at words4 #dj4 ,the ,master said1 ,seven men did so4 #da4 ,tzu-lu spent a night at ,shih-men4 ,the gate-keeper asked him1 ,whence comest thou8 ,from ,confucius1 answered ,tzu-lu4 ,the man that knows it is no good and yet must still be doing8 said the gate-keeper4 #db4 ,when the ,master was chiming his sounding stones in ,wei1 a basket-bearer said1 as he passed the door1 ,the heart is full that chimes those stones6 ,but then he said1 ,for shame6 ,what a tinkling sound6 ,if no one knows thee1 have done6 ,wade the deep places1 ,lift thy robe through the shallows6 ,footnote #acd3 ,the head of the ,chi clan1 in whose service ,tzu-lu was4 ,the ,master said1 ,where there's a will1 that is nowise hard4 #dc4 ,tzu-chang said1 ,what does the ,book mean by saying that ,kao-tsung#ace in his mourning shed did not speak for three years8 ,why pick out ,kao-tsung8 said the ,master4 ,the men of old were all thus4 ,for three years after their lord had died1 the hundred officers did each his duty and hearkened to the chief minister4 #dd4 ,the ,master said1 ,when those above love courtesy1 the people are easy to lead4 #de4 ,tzu-lu asked1 ,what makes a gentleman8 ,the ,master said1 ,to be bent on becoming better4 ,is that all8 said ,tzu-lu4 ,by becoming better to bring peace to men4 ,and is that all8 ,by becoming better to bring peace to all men1 said the ,master4 ,even ,yao and ,shun were still struggling to become better1 and so bring peace to all men4 #df4 ,yan ,jang awaited the ,master squatting4 ,unruly when young1 unmentioned as man1 undying when old1 spells good-for-nothing6 said the ,master1 and he hit him on the leg with his staff4 #dg4 ,when a lad from the village of ,ch'eh was made messenger1 someone asked1 saying1 ,is it because he is doing well8 ,the ,master said1 ,i have seen him sitting in a man's seat1 and seen him walking abreast of his elders4 ,he does not try to do well3 he wishes to be quickly grown up4 ,footnote #ace3 ,an emperor of the ,yin dynasty4 ,,book ,,xv #a4 ,ling1 ,duke of ,wei1 asked ,confucius about the line of battle4 ,confucius answered4 ,of the ritual of dish and platter#acf ,i have heard somewhat3 ,i have not learnt warfare4 ,he left the next day4 ,in ,ch'en grain ran out4 ,his followers were too ill to rise4 ,tzu-lu showed that he was put out4 ,has a gentleman to face want too8 he said4 ,gentlemen have indeed to face want1 said the ,master4 ,the small man1 when he is in want1 runs to excess4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ,tz'u1#acg dost thou not take me for a man that has learnt much and thought it over8 ,yes1 he answered3 is it not so8 ,no1 said the ,master4 ,i string all into one4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,yu1#ach how few men know great-heartedness6 ,footnote #acf3 ,for sacrifice4 ,footnote #acg3 ,tzu-kung4 ,footnote #ach3 ,tzu-lu3 probably said to him on the occasion mentioned in ,i4 #d4 ,the ,master said1 ,to rule doing nothing1 was what ,shun did4 ,for what is there to do8 ,self-respect and to set the face to rule1 is all4 #e4 ,tzu-chang asked how to get on4 ,the ,master said1 ,be faithful and true of word1 plain and lowly in thy walk2 thou wilt get on even in tribal lands4 ,if thy words be not faithful and true1 thy walk not plain and lowly1 wilt thou get on even in thine own town8 ,standing1 see these words ranged before thee2 driving1 see them written upon the yoke4 ,then thou wilt get on4 ,tzu-chang wrote them on his girdle4 #f4 ,the ,master said1 ,straight indeed was the historian ,y6 ,like an arrow whilst the land kept the ,way2 and like an arrow when it lost the ,way6 ,what a gentleman was ,ch' ,po-y6 ,whilst the land kept the ,way he took office1 and when the land had lost the ,way he rolled himself up in thought4 #g4 ,the ,master said1 ,not to speak to him that has ears to hear is to spill the man4 ,to speak to a man without ears to hear is to spill thy words4 ,wisdom spills neither man nor words4 #h4 ,the ,master said1 ,a high will1 or a loving heart1 will not seek life at cost of love4 ,to fulfil love they will kill the body4 #i4 ,tzu-kung asked how to attain to love4 ,the ,master said1 ,a workman bent on good work must first sharpen his tools4 ,in the land that is thy home1 serve those that are worthy among the great and make friends with loving knights4 #aj4 ,yen ,yan asked how to rule a kingdom4 ,the ,master said1 ,follow the ,hsia seasons1 drive in the chariot of ,yin1 wear the head-dress of ,chou1 take for music the ,shao and its dance4 ,banish the strains of ,cheng and flee men that are glib2 for the strains of ,cheng are wanton and glib speakers are dangerous4 #aa4 ,the ,master said4 ,without thought for far off things1 there shall be trouble near at hand4 #ab4 ,the ,master said1 ,all is ended6 ,i have seen no one that loves mind as he loves looks6 #ac4 ,the ,master said1 ,did not ,tsang ,wen filch his post8 ,he knew the worth of ,liu-hsia ,hui1#aci and did not stand by him4 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,by asking much of self and little of other men ill feeling is banished4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,unless a man say1 ,would this do8 ,would that do8 ,i can do nothing for him4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,when all day long there is no talk of right1 and little wiles find favour1 the company is in hard case4 #ag4 ,the ,master said1 ,right is the stuff of which a gentleman is made4 ,done with courtesy1 spoken with humility1 rounded with truth1 right makes a gentleman4 #ah4 ,the ,master said1 ,his shortcomings trouble a gentleman2 to be unknown does not trouble him4 #ai4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman fears that his name shall be no more heard when life is done4 ,footnote #aci3 ,another of these seigneurs du temps jadis that is more to us than a dim shadow1 for he still lives in the pages of ,mencius1 who tells us that1 ,he was not ashamed of a foul lord1 and did not refuse a small post4 ,on coming in he did not hide his worth1 but held his own way4 ,neglected and idle1 he did not grumble2 straitened and poor1 he did not mope4 ,when brought together with country folk he was quite at his ease and could not bear to leave them4 ,thou art thou1 he said1 and ,i am ,i3 standing beside me with thy coat off1 or thy body naked1 how canst thou defile me8 7,book ,x1 chapter #a74 ,he stopped if a hand was raised to stop him1 for he did not care whether he went or no 7,book ,,iii1 chapter #i74 #bj4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman asks of himself1 the small man asks of others4 #ba4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is firm1 not quarrelsome2 a friend1 not a partisan4 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman does not raise a man for his words1 nor spurn the speech for the man4 #bc4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,is there one word by which we may walk till life ends8 ,the ,master said1 ,fellow-feeling1 perhaps4 ,do not do unto others what thou wouldst not have done to thee4 #bd4 ,the ,master said1 ,of the men that ,i meet1 whom do ,i cry down1 whom do ,i overpraise8 ,or1 if ,i overpraise them1 it is after testing them4 ,it was owing to this people that the three lines of kings went the straight way4 #be4 ,the ,master said1 ,i have still known historians that would leave a gap in their text1 and men that would lend a horse to another to ride4 ,now it is so no more4 #bf4 ,the ,master said1 ,cunning words confound the mind2 petty impatience confounds great projects4 #bg4 ,the ,master said1 ,the hatred of the many must be looked into2 the love of the many must be looked into4 #bh4 ,the ,master said1 ,the man can exalt the ,way3 it is not the ,way that exalts the man4 #bi4 ,the ,master said1 ,the fault is to cleave to a fault4 #cj4 ,the ,master said1 ,i have spent whole days without food and whole nights without sleep1 thinking1 and gained nothing by it4 ,learning is better4 #ca4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman thinks of the ,way2 he does not think of food4 ,sow1 and famine may follow2 learn1 and pay may come2 but a gentleman grieves for the ,way2 to be poor does not grieve him4 #cb4 ,the ,master said1 ,what wisdom has got will be lost again1 unless love hold it fast4 ,wisdom to get and love to hold fast1 without dignity of bearing1 will not be honoured among men4 ,wisdom to get1 love to hold fast and dignity of bearing1 without courteous ways are not enough4 #cc4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman has no small knowledge1 but he can carry out big things3 the small man can carry out nothing big1 but he may be knowing in small things4 #cd4 ,the ,master said1 ,love is more to the people than fire and water4 ,i have seen men come to their death by fire and water3 ,i have seen no man that love brought to his death4 #ce4 ,the ,master said1 ,when love is at stake yield not to an army4 #cf4 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is consistent1 not changeless4 #cg4 ,the ,master said1 ,a servant of the king honours his work1 and puts food after it4 #ch4 ,the ,master said1 ,learning knows no rank4 #ci4 ,the ,master said1 ,mingle not in projects with a man whose way is not thine4 #dj4 ,the ,master said1 ,the whole end of speech is to be understood4 #da4 ,when he saw the music-master ,mien1 the ,master said1 as they came to the steps1 ,here are the steps4 ,on coming to the mat1 he said1 ,here is the mat4 ,when all were seated1 the ,master told him1 ,he and he are here4 ,after the music-master had gone1 ,tzu-chang said1 ,is this the way to speak to a music-master8 ,the ,master said1 ,surely it is the way to help a music-master4#adj ,footnote #adj3 ,the man being blind1 as so many musicians are in the ,east4 ,,book ,,xvi #a4 ,the ,chi was about to make war on ,chuan-y4#ada ,when ,confucius saw ,jan ,yu and ,chi-lu1#adb they said to him1 ,the ,chi is going to deal with ,chuan-y4 ,confucius said1 ,after all1 ,ch'iu1#adc art thou not in the wrong8 ,the kings of old made ,chuan-y lord of ,tung ,meng4#add ,moreover1 as ,chuan-y is inside our borders it is the liege of the spirits of earth and corn of our land2 so how can ye make war upon it8 ,jan ,yu said1 ,our master wishes it4 ,tzu-lu and ,i1 his two ministers1 do not1 either of us1 wish it4 ,confucius said1 ,ch'iu1 ,chou ,jen used to say1 ',he that can put forth his strength takes his place in the line2 he that cannot stands back4' ,who would take to help him a man that is no stay in danger and no support in falling8 ,moreover1 what thou sayest is wrong4 ,if a tiger or a buffalo escapes from his pen1 if tortoiseshell or jade is broken in its case1 who is to blame8 ,jan ,yu said1 ,but ,chuan-y is now strong1 and it is near to ,pi#ade2 if it is not taken now1 in days to come it will bring sorrow on our sons and grandsons4 ,footnote #ada3 ,a small feudatory state of ,lu4 ,footnote #adb3 ,tzu-lu4 ,he and ,jan ,yu were in the service of the ,chi4 ,footnote #adc3 ,jan ,yu4 ,footnote #add3 ,a mountain in ,chuan-y4 ,since the ,emperor had given the ruler of ,chuan-y the right to sacrifice to its mountains1 that state had some measure of independence1 though it was feudatory to ,lu1 and within its borders4 ,footnote #ade3 ,a town belonging to the ,chi4 ,ch'iu1 said ,confucius1 instead of saying ',i want it1' a gentleman hates to plead that he needs must4 ,i have heard that fewness of men does not vex a king or a chief1 but unlikeness of lot vexes him4 ,poverty does not vex him1 but want of peace vexes him4 ,for if wealth were even1 no one would be poor4 ,in harmony is number2 peace prevents a fall4 ,thus1 if far off tribes will not submit1 bring them in by encouraging mind and art1 and when they come in give them peace4 ,but now1 when far off tribes will not submit1 ye two1 helpers of your lord1 cannot bring them in4 ,the kingdom is split and falling1 and ye cannot save it4 ,yet inside our land ye plot to move spear and shield6 ,the sorrows of ,chi's grandsons will not rise in ,chuan-y1 ,i fear3 they will rise within the palace wall4 #b4 ,confucius said1 ,when the ,way is kept below heaven1 courtesy1 music and punitive wars flow from the ,son of heaven4 ,when the ,way is lost below heaven1 courtesy1 music and punitive wars flow from the great vassals4 ,when they flow from the great vassals they will rarely last for ten generations4 ,when they flow from the great ministers they will rarely last for five generations4 ,when underlings sway the country's fate they will rarely last for three generations4 ,when the ,way is kept below heaven power does not lie with the great ministers4 ,when the ,way is kept below heaven common folk do not argue4 #c4 ,confucius said1 ,for five generations its income has passed from the ducal house2#adf for four generations power has lain with the great ministers3 and humbled1 therefore1 are the sons and grandsons of the three ,huan4 ,footnote #adf3 ,of ,lu4 #d4 ,confucius said1 ,there are three friends that help us1 and three that do us harm4 ,the friends that help us are a straight friend1 an outspoken friend1 and a friend that has heard much4 ,the friends that harm us are plausible friends1 friends that like to flatter1 and friends with a glib tongue4 #e4 ,confucius said1 ,there are three delights that do good1 and three that do us harm4 ,those that do good are delight in dissecting good form and music1 delight in speaking of the good in men1 and delight in having many worthy friends4 ,those that do harm are proud delights1 delight in idle roving1 and delight in the joys of the feast4 #f4 ,confucius said4 ,men that wait upon lords fall into three mistakes4 ,to speak before the time has come is rashness4 ,not to speak when the time has come is secrecy4 ,to speak heedless of looks is blindness4 #g4 ,confucius said1 ,a gentleman has three things to guard against4 ,in the days of thy youth1 ere thy strength is steady1 beware of lust4 ,when manhood is reached1 in the fulness of strength1 beware of strife4 ,in old age1 when thy strength is broken1 beware of greed4 #h4 ,confucius said1 ,a gentleman holds three things in awe4 ,he is in awe of the ,bidding of ,heaven2 he is in awe of great men2 and he is awed by the words of the holy4 ,the small man knows not the ,bidding of ,heaven1 and holds it not in awe4 ,he is saucy towards the great2 he makes game of holy men's words4 #i4 ,confucius said1 ,the best men are born wise4 ,next come those that grow wise by learning2 then those that learn from toil4 ,those that do not learn from toil are the lowest of the people4 #aj4 ,confucius said1 ,a gentleman has nine aims4 ,to see clearly2 to understand what he hears2 to be warm in manner1 dignified in bearing1 faithful of speech1 keen at work2 to ask when in doubt2 in anger to think of difficulties2 and in sight of gain to think of right4 #aa4 ,confucius said1 ,in sight of good to be filled with longing2 to look on evil as scalding to the touch3 ,i have seen such men1 ,i have heard such words4 ,to live apart and search thy will2 to achieve thy ,way1 by doing right3 ,i have heard these words1 but ,i have seen no such men4 #ab4 ,ching1 ,duke of ,ch'i1 had a thousand teams of horses2 but the people1 on his death day1 found no good in him to praise4 ,po-yi#adg and ,shu-ch'i#adh starved at the foot of ,shou-yang1 and to this day the people still praise them4 ,is not this the clue to that8 ,footnote #adg3 ,see note to ,book ,v1 #bb4 ,footnote #adh3 ,see note to ,book ,v1 #bb4 #ac4 ,ch'en ,k'ang#adi asked ,po-y1#aej ,apart from us1 have ye heard anything1 ,sir8 ,he answered1 ,no3 once as my father stood alone and ,i sped across the hall1 he said to me1 ,art thou learning poetry8 ,i answered1 ,no4 ,he that does not learn poetry1 he said1 has no hold on words4 ,i withdrew and learned poetry4 ,another day1 when he again stood alone and ,i sped across the hall1 he said to me1 ,art thou learning courtesy8 ,i answered1 ,no4 ,he that does not learn courtesy1 he said1 has no foothold4 ,i withdrew and learned courtesy4 ,these two things ,i have heard4 ,ch'en ,k'ang withdrew1 and cried gladly1 ,i asked one thing1 and ,i get three6 ,i hear of poetry2 ,i hear of courtesy2 and ,i hear too that a gentleman stands aloof from his son4 #ad4 ,a king speaks of his wife as 'my wife4' ,she calls herself 'handmaid4' ,her subjects speak of her as 'our lord's wife1' but when they speak to foreigners1 they say 'our little queen4' ,foreigners speak of her1 too1 as 'the lord's wife4' ,footnote #adi3 ,the disciple ,tzu-ch'in4 ,footnote #aej3 ,the son of ,confucius4 ,,book ,,xvii #a4 ,yang ,huo#aea wished to see ,confucius4 ,confucius did not go to see him4 ,he sent ,confucius a sucking pig4 ,confucius chose a time when he was out1 and went to thank him4 ,they met on the road4 ,he said to ,confucius1 ,come1 let us speak together4 ,to cherish a gem1 and undo the kingdom1 can that be called love8 ,it cannot1 said ,confucius4 ,to love office1 and miss the hour again and again1 can that be called wisdom8 ,it cannot1 said ,confucius4 ,the days and months go by2 the years do not wait for us4 ,true1 said ,confucius2 ,i must take office4 #b4 ,the ,master said1 ,men are near to each other by nature2 the lives they lead sunder them4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,only the wisest and stupidest of men never change4 #d4 ,as the ,master came to ,wu-ch'eng#aeb he heard sounds of lute and song4 ,why use an ox-knife to kill a fowl8 said the ,master1 with a pleased smile4 ,tzu-yu answered1 ,master1 once ,i heard you say1 ,a gentleman that has learnt the ,way loves men2 small folk that have learnt the ,way are easy to rule4 ,footnote #aea3 ,the all-powerful1 unscrupulous minister of the ,chi4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,a very small town1 of which the disciple ,tzu-yu was governor4 ,my two-three boys1 said the ,master1 what ,yen#aec says is true4 ,i spake before in play4 #e4 ,kung-shan ,fu-jao#aed held ,pi in rebellion4 ,he called the ,master1 who wished to go4 ,tzu-lu said in displeasure4 ,this cannot be6 why must ye go to ,kung-shan8 ,the ,master said1 ,he calls me1 and would that be all8 ,could ,i not make an ,eastern ,chou#aee of him that uses me8 #f4 ,tzu-chang asked ,confucius what is love4 ,confucius said1 ,love is to mete out five things to all below heaven4 ,may ,i ask what they are8 ,modesty and bounty1 said ,confucius1 truth1 earnestness and kindness4 ,modesty escapes insult3 bounty wins the many2 truth gains men's trust2 earnestness brings success2 and kindness is enough to make men work4 #g4 ,pi ,hsi called the ,master1 who wished to go4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,master1 ,i heard you say once1 ,to men whose own life is evil1 no gentleman will go4 ,pi ,hsi holds ,chung-mou in rebellion2 how could ye go to him1 ,sir8 ,yes1 ,i said so1 answered the ,master4 ,but is not a thing called hard that cannot be ground thin2 white1 if steeping will not turn it black8 ,and am ,i a gourd8 ,can ,i hang without eating8 ,footnote #aec3 ,tzu-yu4 ,footnote #aed3 ,steward of the ,chi1 and a confederate of ,yang ,huo4 ,footnote #aee3 ,a kingdom in the east to match ,chou in the west1 the home of ,kings ,wen and ,wu4 #h4 ,the ,master said1 ,hast thou heard the six words1 ,yu1#aef and the six they sink into8 ,he answered4 ,no4 ,sit down1 and ,i shall tell thee4 ,the thirst for love1 without love of learning1 sinks into simpleness4 ,love of knowledge1 without love of learning1 sinks into vanity4 ,love of truth1 without love of learning1 sinks into cruelty4 ,love of straightness1 without love of learning1 sinks into rudeness4 ,love of daring1 without love of learning1 sinks into turbulence4 ,love of strength1 without love of learning1 sinks into oddity4 #i4 ,the ,master said1 ,my little children1 why do ye not learn poetry8 ,poetry would ripen you2 teach you insight1 friendliness and forbearance2 show you how to serve your father at home2 and teach your lord abroad2 and it would teach you the names of many birds and beasts1 plants and trees4 #aj4 ,the ,master said to ,po-y1#aeg ,hast thou done the ,chou-nan and ,shao-nan8#aeh ,he that has not done the ,chou-nan and ,shao-nan is like a man standing with his face to the wall4 #aa4 ,the ,master said1 ',courtesy1 courtesy1' is the cry2 but are jade and silk the whole of courtesy8 ',music1 music1' is the cry2 but are bells and drums the whole of music8 #ab4 ,the ,master said1 ,fierce looks and weakness within are like the small man1 like the thief that breaks through or clambers over a wall4 ,footnote #aef3 ,tzu-lu4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,his son4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,the first two books of ,the ,book of ,poetry4 #ac4 ,the ,master said1 ,the plain townsman is the bane of mind4 #ad4 ,the ,master said1 ,to tell unto the dust all that we hear upon the way is to lay waste the mind4 #ae4 ,the ,master said1 ,how can we serve the king with a low fellow1 who is itching to get what he wants and trembling to lose what he has8 ,this trembling to lose what he has may lead him anywhere4 #af4 ,the ,master said1 ,men of old had three failings1 which have1 perhaps1 died out to-day4 ,ambitious men of old were not nice2 now they are unprincipled4 ,stern men of old were hard2 now they are quarrelsome4 ,ignorant men of old were straight2 now they are false4 ,that is all4 #ag4 ,the ,master said1 ,smooth words and fawning looks are seldom found with love4 #ah4 ,the ,master said1 ,i hate the ousting of scarlet by purple4 ,i hate the strains of ,cheng1 confounders of sweet music4 ,i hate a sharp tongue1 the ruin of kingdom and home4 #ai4 ,the ,master said1 ,i wish no word were spoken6 ,tzu-kung said1 ,sir1 if ye said no word1 what could your little children write8 ,the ,master said1 ,what are the words of ,heaven8 ,the four seasons pass1 the hundred things bear life4 ,what are the words of ,heaven8 #bj4 ,ju ,pei wished to see ,confucius4 ,confucius pleaded sickness2 but1 as the messenger left his door1 he took a lute and sang1 so the messenger should hear4 #ba4 ,tsai ,wo#aei asked about mourning for three years4 ,he thought that one was enough4 ,if for three years gentlemen forsake courtesy1 courtesy must suffer4 ,if for three years they forsake music1 music must decay4 ,the old grain passes1 the new grain sprouts1 the round of woods for the fire-drill is ended in one year4 ,the ,master said1 ,feeding on rice1 clad in brocade1 couldst thou be at rest8 ,i could1 he answered4 ,then do what gives thee rest4 ,but a gentleman1 when he is mourning1 has no taste for sweets and no ear for music2 he cannot rest in his home4 ,so he gives these up4 ,now1 they give thee rest2 then keep them4 ,after ,tsai ,wo had gone1 the ,master said1 ,y's#afj want of love6 ,at the age of three a child first leaves the arms of his father and mother1 and mourning lasts for three years everywhere below heaven4 ,but did ,y have for three years the love of his father and mother8 #bb4 ,the ,master said1 ,it is hard indeed when a man eats his fill all day1 and has nothing to task the mind6 ,could he not play at chequers8 ,even that were better4 #bc4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,do gentlemen honour daring8 ,they put right higher1 said the ,master4 ,with daring and no sense of right gentlemen turn rebels and small men turn robbers4 #bd4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,do gentlemen hate too8 ,footnote #aei3 ,a disciple4 ,footnote #afj3 ,tsai ,wo4 ,they do1 said the ,master4 ,they hate the sounding of evil deeds2 they hate men of low estate that slander those over them2 they hate daring without courtesy2 they hate men that are stout and fearless1 but blind4 ,and ,tz'u1#afa he said1 dost thou hate too8 ,i hate those that take spying for wisdom1 who take want of manners for courage1 and take tale-telling for honesty4 #be4 ,the ,master said1 ,only maids and serving-lads are hard to train4 ,if we draw near to them1 they get unruly2 if we hold them off1 they grow spiteful4 #bf4 ,the ,master said1 ,when a man of forty is hated1 he will be so to the end4 ,footnote #afa3 ,tzu-kung4 ,,book ,,xviii #a4 ,the lord of ,wei#afb left1 the lord of ,chi#afc was made a slave1 ,pi-kan#afd spake out1 and died4 ,confucius said1 ,three of the ,yin had love4 #b4 ,whilst ,liu-hsia ,hui#afe was ,chief ,knight#aff he was dismissed thrice4 ,men said4 ,is it not yet time to leave4 ,sir8 ,he answered1 ,if ,i serve men the straight way1 where can ,i go without being dismissed thrice8 ,if ,i am to serve men the crooked way1 why should ,i leave the land of my father and mother8 #c4 ,speaking of how to treat ,confucius1 ,ching1 ,duke of ,ch'i1 said1 ,i cannot treat him as ,i do the ,chi4 ,i put him between ,chi and ,meng4 ,i am old1 he said2 ,i cannot use him4 ,confucius left4 #d4 ,the men of ,ch'i#afg sent a gift of music girls4 ,chi ,huan accepted them1 and for three days no court was held4 ,confucius left4 ,footnote #afb3 ,kinsmen of the tyrant ,chou ,hsin1 who brought the house of ,yin to an end4 ,footnote #afc3 ,kinsmen of the tyrant ,chou ,hsin1 who brought the house of ,yin to an end4 ,footnote #afd3 ,kinsmen of the tyrant ,chou ,hsin1 who brought the house of ,yin to an end4 ,footnote #afe3 ,see note to ,book ,,xv1 #ac4 ,footnote #aff3 ,or ,criminal ,judge4 ,footnote #afg3 ,to ,lu1 #dig ,b4,c4 ,the turning-point in ,confucius's career4 ,he left office and his native land1 and wandered abroad for twelve long years4 #e4 ,chieh-y1 the mad-head of ,ch'u1 as he passed ,confucius1 sang1 ,phoenix1 bright phoenix1 ,thy glory is ended6 ,think of to-morrow2 ,the past can't be mended4 ,up and away6 ,the ,court is today ,with danger attended4 ,confucius alighted1 for he wished to speak with him3 but he hurried away1 and he could not speak with him4 #f4 ,ch'ang-ch and ,chieh-ni were working in the fields4 ,as ,confucius passed them1 he sent ,tzu-lu to ask for the ford4 ,ch'ang-ch said1 ,who is that holding the reins8 ,he is ,k'ung ,ch'iu1 said ,tzu-lu4 ,is he ,k'ung ,ch'iu of ,lu8 ,yes1 said ,tzu-lu4 ,he knows the ford1 said ,ch'ang-ch4 ,tzu-lu asked ,chieh-ni4 ,who are ye1 ,sir8 he answered4 ,i am ,chung ,yu4 ,the disciple of ,k'ung ,ch'iu of ,lu8 ,yes1 he answered4 ,all below heaven is seething and boiling1 said ,chieh-ni1 who can change it8 ,how much better would it be to follow a knight that flees the world than to follow a knight that flees persons6 ,and he went on hoeing without stop4 ,tzu-lu went and told the ,master1 whose face fell4 ,can ,i herd with birds and beasts8 he said4 ,whom but these men can ,i take as fellows8 ,and if the ,way were kept by all below heaven1 ,i should not need to change them4 #g4 ,tzu-lu1 who was following behind1 met an old man carrying a basket on his staff4 ,tzu-lu asked him1 ,have ye seen the ,master1 ,sir8 ,the old man answered1 ,thy four limbs are idle1 thou canst not sort the five seeds3 who is thy ,master8 ,and he planted his staff1 and weeded4 ,tzu-lu stood and bowed4 ,he kept ,tzu-lu for the night1 killed a fowl1 made millet1 gave them him to eat1 and presented his two sons4 ,tzu-lu left the next day1 and told the ,master4 ,the ,master said1 ,he is in hiding4 ,he sent ,tzu-lu back to see him2 but when he arrived he had gone4 ,tzu-lu said1 ,not to take office is not right4 ,if the ties of old and young cannot be thrown off1 how can he throw off the liege's duty to his lord8 ,he wishes to keep his life clean1 but he is unsettling the bonds between men4 ,to discharge that duty a gentleman takes office1 though he knows beforehand that the ,way will not be kept4 #h4 ,po-yi1 ,shu-ch'i1 ,y-chung1 ,yi-yi1 ,chu-chang1 ,liu-hsia ,hui and ,shao-lien were men that hid from the world4 ,the ,master said1 ,po-yi#afh and ,shu-ch'i#afi did not bend the will or shame the body4 ,footnote #afh3 ,see note to ,book ,v1 #bb4 ,footnote #afi3 ,see note to ,book ,v1 #bb4 ,we must say that ,liu-hsia ,hui#agj and ,shao-lien bent the will and shamed the body4 ,their words hit man's duty1 their deeds hit our hopes4 ,this we can say and no more4 ,we may say that ,y-chung and ,yi-yi lived hidden1 but were free of speech4 ,their lives were clean1 their retreat was well weighed4 ,but ,i am unlike all of them3 there is nothing ,i must1 or must not1 do4 #i4 ,chih1 the ,great ,music-master1 went to ,ch'i2 ,kan1 the conductor at the second meal1 went to ,ch'u2 ,liao1 the conductor at the third meal1 went to ,ts'ai2 ,cheh1 the conductor at the fourth meal1 went to ,ch'in4 ,the drum master ,fang-shu crossed the ,river2 the tambourine master ,wu crossed the ,han2 ,yang the second bandmaster and ,hsiang1 who played the sounding stones1 crossed the sea4 #aj4 ,the ,duke of ,chou#aga said to the ,duke of ,lu1#agb ,a gentleman does not forsake kinsmen1 nor offend his great lieges by not using them4 ,he will not cast off an old friend unless he have big cause2 he does not ask everything of anyone4 #aa4 ,chou had eight knights3 ,po-ta and ,po-kuo1 ,chung-tu and ,chung-hu1 ,shu-yeh and ,shu-hsia1 ,chi-sui and ,chi-kua4 ,footnote #agj3 ,see note to ,book ,,xv1 #ac4 ,footnote #aga3 ,see note to ,book ,,vii1 #e4 ,footnote #agb3 ,his son4 ,,book ,,xix #a4 ,tzu-chang said1 ,the knight that stakes his life when he sees danger1 who in sight of gain thinks of right1 and whose thoughts are reverent at worship1 and sad when he is in mourning1 will do4 #b4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,goodness1 clutched too narrowly2 a belief in the ,way which is not honest2 can they be said to be1 or said not to be8 #c4 ,the disciples of ,tzu-hsia asked ,tzu-chang whom we should choose as our companions4 ,tzu-chang said4 ,what does ,tzu-hsia say8 ,they answered1 ,tzu-hsia says1 ,if the men be well for thee1 go with them2 if they be not well1 push them off4 ,tzu-chang said4 ,this is not the same as what ,i had heard4 ,a gentleman honours worth and bears with the many4 ,he applauds goodness and pities weakness4 ,if ,i were a man of great worth1 what could ,i not bear with in others8 ,if ,i am without worth1 men will push me off3 why should ,i push other men off8 #d4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,though there must be things worth seeing along small ways1 a gentleman does not follow them1 for fear of being left at last in the mire4 #e4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,he that each day remembers his failings and each month forgets nothing won may be said to love learning indeed6 #f4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,by wide learning and singleness of will1 by keen questions and home thinking we reach love4 #g4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,to master the hundred trades1 apprentices work in a shop2 by learning1 a gentleman finds his way4 #h4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,the small man must always gloss his faults4 #i4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,a gentleman changes thrice4 ,looking up to him he seems stern2 as we draw near1 he warms2 but his speech1 when we hear it1 is sharp4 #aj4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,until they trust him1 a gentleman lays no burdens on his people4 ,if they do not trust him1 they will think it cruel4 ,until they trust him1 he does not chide them4 ,unless they trust him1 it will seem fault-finding4 #aa4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,if we keep within the bounds of honour1 we can step to and fro through propriety4 #ab4 ,tzu-yu said1 ,the disciples1 the little sons of ,tzu-hsia1 can sprinkle and sweep1 attend and answer1 come in and go out2 but what can come of twigs without roots8 ,when ,tzu-hsia heard this1 he said1 ,yen ,yu#agc is wrong4 ,if we teach one thing in the way of a gentleman first1 shall we tire before reaching the next8 ,thus plants and trees differ in size4 ,should the way of a gentleman bewilder him8 ,to learn it1 first and last1 none but the holy are fit4 ,footnote #agc3 ,tzu-yu4 #ac4 ,tzu-hsia said1 ,a servant of the crown should give his spare strength to learning4 ,with his spare strength a scholar should serve the crown4 #ad4 ,tzu-yu said1 ,mourning should stretch to grief1 and stop there4 #ae4 ,tzu-yu said1 ,our friend ,chang#agd can do hard things1 but love is not yet his4 #af4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,chang is so spacious1 so lordly1 that at his side it is hard to do what love bids4 #ag4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,i have heard the ,master say1 ,man never shows what is in him unless it be in mourning those dear to him4 #ah4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,i have heard the ,master say1 ,in all else we may be as good a son as ,meng ,chuang1 but in not changing his father's ministers1 or his father's rule1 he is hard to match4 #ai4 ,the ,meng#age made ,yang ,fu#agf ,chief ,knight1#agg who spake to ,tseng-tzu about it4 ,tseng-tzu said1 ,those above have lost their way1 the people have long been astray4 ,when thou dost get at the truth1 be moved to pity1 not puffed with joy4 #bj4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,chou#agh was not so very wicked6 ,thus a gentleman hates to live in a hollow1 down into which runs all that is foul below heaven4 #ba4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,a gentleman's faults are like the eating of sun or moon4#agi ,all men see them1 and when he mends all men look up to him4 ,footnote #agd3 ,tzu-chang4 ,footnote #age3 ,the chief of the ,meng clan1 powerful in ,lu4 ,footnote #agf3 ,a disciple of ,tseng-tzu4 ,footnote #agg3 ,or criminal judge4 ,footnote #agh3 ,the tyrant that ended the ,yin dynasty4 ,footnote #agi3 ,an eclipse4 #bb4 ,kung-sun ,ch'ao of ,wei asked ,tzu-kung1 ,from whom did ,chung-ni#ahj learn8 ,tzu-kung said1 ,the ,way of ,wen and ,wu#aha has not fallen into ruin4 ,it lives in men3 the big in big men1 the small in small men4 ,in none of them is the ,way of ,wen and ,wu missing4 ,how should the ,master not learn it8 ,what need had he for a set teacher8 #bc4 ,in talk with the great men of the court ,shu-sun ,wu-shu#ahb said1 ,tzu-kung is worthier than ,chung-ni4 ,tzu-fu ,ching-po told this to ,tzu-kung4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,this is like the palace wall4 ,my wall reaches to the shoulder3 peeping over you see the good home within4 ,the ,master's wall is several fathoms high3 no one can see the beauty of the ,ancestral ,temple and the wealth of its hundred officers1 unless he gets in by the gate4 ,and if only a few men find the gate1 may not my lord have spoken the truth8 #bd4 ,shu-sun ,wu-shu cried down ,chung-ni4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,it is labour lost4 ,chung-ni cannot be cried down4 ,the greatness of other men is a hummock1 over which we can still leap4 ,chung-ni is the sun or moon1 which no one can overleap4 ,though the man were willing to kill himself1 how could he hurt the sun or moon8 ,that he does not know his own measure would only be seen the better6 #be4 ,ch'en ,tzu-ch'in#ahc said to ,tzu-kung1 ,ye humble yourself1 ,sir4 ,in what is ,chung-ni your better8 ,footnote #ahj3 ,confucius4 ,footnote #aha3 ,see ,introduction4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,head of the ,meng clan4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,a disciple of ,tzu-kung4 ,tzu-kung said1 ,by one word a gentleman shows wisdom1 by one word want of wisdom4 ,words must not be lightly spoken4 ,no one can come up to the ,master1 as heaven is not to be climbed by steps4 ,if the ,master had power in a kingdom1 or a clan1 the saying would come true1 ',what he sets up stands2 he shows the way and men go it1 he brings peace and they come1 he stirs them and they are at one4 ,honoured in life1 he is mourned when dead6' ,who can come up to him8 ,,book ,,xx#ahd #a4 ,yao said1 ,hail to thee1 ,shun6 ,the count that ,heaven is telling falls on thee4 ,keep true hold of the centre4 ,if there be stress or want within the four seas1 the gift of ,heaven will pass for ever4 ,shun laid the same commands on ,y4 ,t'ang said1 ,i1 ,thy little child ,li1 dare to offer this black steer1 and dare to proclaim before ,thee1 ,almighty ,lord1 that ,i dare not forgive sin1 nor keep down ,thy ministers4 ,search them1 ,o ,lord1 in ,thine heart4 ,if ,our life be sinful1 visit it not upon the ten thousand homesteads4 ,if the ten thousand homesteads sin1 the sin is on ,our head4 ,chou bestowed great gifts1 and good men grew rich4 ',loving hearts are better than near kinsmen4 ,all the people blame no one but me4'#ahe ,he saw to weights and measures1 revised the laws1 and brought back broken officers4 ,order reigned everywhere4 ,he revived ruined kingdoms and restored fiefs that had fallen in4 ,all hearts below heaven turned to him4 ,the people's food1 burials and worship weighed most with him4 ,his bounty gained the many1 his truth won the people's trust1 his earnestness brought success1 his justice made men glad4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,this chapter shows the principles on which ,china was governed in old times4 ,yao and ,shun were the legendary founders of the ,chinese ,empire1 ,y1 ,t'ang1 and ,chou were the first emperors of the houses of ,hsia1 ,shang and ,chou1 which had ruled ,china up till the time of ,confucius4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,said by ,king ,wu 7,chou74 ,the people blamed him for not dethroning at once the tyrant ,chou ,hsin4 #b4 ,tzu-chang asked ,confucius1 ,how should men be governed8 ,the ,master said1 ,to govern men we must honour five fair things and spurn four evil things4 ,tzu-chang said1 ,what are the five fair things8 ,the ,master said1 ,a gentleman is kind1 but not wasteful2 he burdens1 but he does not embitter2 he is covetous1 but not greedy2 high-minded1 but not proud2 stern1 but not fierce4 ,tzu-chang said1 ,what is meant by kindness without waste8 ,the ,master said1 ,to further what furthers the people1 is not that kindness without waste8 ,if burdens be sorted to strength1 who will grumble8 ,to covet love and get love1 is that greed8 ,few or many1 small or great1 all is one to a gentleman3 he dares not slight any man4 ,is not this to be high-minded1 but not proud8 ,a gentleman straightens his robe and cap1 and settles his look4 ,he is severe1 and men look up to him with awe4 ,is not this to be stern1 but not fierce8 ,tzu-chang said1 ,what are the four evil things8 ,the ,master said1 ,to leave untaught and then kill is cruelty2 not to give warning and to expect things to be done is tyranny2 to give careless orders and be strict when the day comes is robbery2 to be stingy in rewarding men is littleness4 #c4 ,the ,master said1 ,he that does not know the ,bidding cannot be a gentleman4 ,not to know good form is to have no foothold4 ,not to know words is to know nothing of men4 ,,index ,the ,index has been reprinted with few changes from the first edition1 whilst the book itself has been revised4 ,there are therefore slight differences here and there between the two4 7,aspirated and unaspirated letters have been treated as different letters4 ,the aspirated letter follows immediately the unaspirated2 e4g4 t'a comes after tung47 ,ai1 ,duke of ,lu1 name ,chiang1 reigned #did-fh ,b4,c42 ii4 #ai1 asks how to make his people loyal2 iii4 #ba1 asks ,tsai ,wo about the shrines to guardian spirits2 vi4 #b1 asks which disciples are fond of learning2 xii4 #i1 asks what to do in this year of dearth2 xiv4 #bb1 does not avenge the murder of ,duke of ,ch'i4 ,ao1 xiv4 #f1 a man of the ,hsia dynasty famous for his strength4 ,chang1 xix4 #ae1 #af ,tzu-chang1 whom see4 ,chao1 vi4 #ad1 ,prince of ,sung1 his beauty4 ,chao1 ,duke of ,lu1 reigned #eda-aj ,b4,c42 vii4 #cj 7and note71 the ,master deems him well bred4 ,chao1 one of the great families that governed the state of ,chin2 xiv4 #ab1 ,meng ,kung-ch'o1 fit to be steward of4 ,chao-nan1 xvii4 #aj1 the first book of the ,book of ,poetry1 a collection of old ,chinese songs4 ,cheng1 a state of ancient ,china2 xv4 #aj1 its wanton music2 xvii4 #ah1 its strains confound sweet music4 ,chi1 or ,chi-sun1 one of the three great houses of ,lu1 who had grasped all power in the state4 ,the others were ,meng-sun and ,shu-sun4 ,they were all descended from ,duke ,huan by a concubine4 ,chi1 the ,chi1 head of the ,chi clan1 first ,chi ,huan and then ,chi ,k'ang2 iii4 #a1 had eight rows of dancers in his hall2 iii4 #f1 worshipped on ,mount ,t'ai2 vi4 #g1 wishes to make ,min ,tzu-ch'ien governor of ,pi2 xi4 #af1 richer than the ,duke of ,chou2 xiii4 #b1 ,chung-kung is his steward2 xvi4 #a1 is about to chastise ,chuan-y2 xviii4 #c1 ,ching1 ,duke of ,ch'i1 would set him above ,confucius4 ,chi1 xiv4 #f ,hou ,chi1 director of husbandry under the ,emperor ,yao1 and ancestor of the ,chou dynasty4 ,chi1 iii4 #i1 a small state4 ,chi1 xviii4 #a1 another small state4 ,lord of ,chi3 an uncle of the tyrant ,chou1 last of the ,yin dynasty4 ,he was imprisoned for chiding the emperor1 and to escape death feigned madness4 ,chi ,huan1 head of the ,chi clan #dia ,b4,c42 xviii4 #d1 accepts singing girls from ,ch'i4 ,chi-kua1 xviii4 #aa1 an officer of ,chou4 ,chi ,k'ang1 of the great house of ,chi of ,lu1 succeeded ,chi ,huan as chief1 #dia ,b4,c4 7see note to xii4 #ag72 ii4 #bj1 told how to make the people respectful1 faithful1 and willing2 vi4 #f1 asks whether certain disciples were fit for power2 x4 #aa1 presents the ,master with medicine2 xi4 #f1 asks which disciples were fond of learning2 xii4 #ag1 asks how to rule2 xii4 #ah1 is vexed by robbers2 xii4 #ai1 asks whether we should kill the bad2 xiv4 #bj1 asks how ,duke ,ling escapes ruin4 ,chi-lu1 another name for ,tzu-lu4 ,chi-sui1 xviii4 #aa1 an officer of ,chou4 ,chi-sun1 xiv4 #ch1 or ,chi 7which see71 probably ,chi ,huan1 the head of the house4 ,chi ,tzu-ch'eng1 xii4 #h1 a lord of ,wei1 says1 ,a gentleman is all nature4 ,chi ,tzu-jan1 younger brother of ,chi ,huan2 xi4 #bc1 asks whether ,yu and ,ch'iu are statesmen4 ,chi ,wen1 v4 #ai1 a lord of ,lu1 thought thrice before acting4 ,chieh-ni1 xviii4 #f1 says the world is a seething torrent4 ,chieh-y1 xviii4 #e1 a famous man of ,ch'u1 who1 disapproving of his king's conduct1 supported himself by husbandry1 and feigned madness in order to escape being forced into the king's service4 ,chien1 xiv4 #bb1 ,duke of ,ch'i1 murdered by ,ch'en ,ch'eng #dha ,b4,c4 ,chih1 music-master of ,lu2 viii4 #ae1 how grand was the ending of the ,kuan-ch in his day2 xviii4 #i1 went to ,ch'i4 ,chin1 xiv4 #af1 an ancient state4 ,duke ,wen of ,chin was deep but dishonest4 ,ching1 ,duke of ,ch'i4 ,confucius was in ,ch'i in #eag ,b4,c42 xii4 #aa1 asks what is kingcraft2 xvi4 #ab1 had a thousand teams of horses1 but no man praised him2 xviii4 #c1 would set ,confucius between the ,chi and the ,meng4 ,ching1 xiii4 #h1 of ducal house of ,wei1 was wise in his private life4 ,chiu1 brother of ,duke ,huan of ,ch'i2 xiv4 #ag1 #ah1 slain by his brother4 ,chou1 the reigning dynasty in ,confucius's time1 ii4 #bc1 iii4 #ad1 iii4 #ba1 xv4 #aj1 xviii4 #aa4 ,chou1 viii4 #bj ,king ,wen4 ,chou1 xx4 #a ,king ,wu4 ,chou1 the ,duke of1 see note to vii4 #e2 vii4 #e1 ,confucius sees him no more in his dreams2 viii4 #aa1 his gifts1 if coupled with pride and meanness1 would not be worth a glance2 xi4 #af1 the ,chi richer than he2 xviii4 #aj1 his instructions to his son4 ,chou1 or ,chou ,hsin 7reigned #aaed-bb ,b4,c471 the last emperor of the house of ,yin1 an infamous tyrant1 finally overthrown by ,king ,wu1 when he perished in his burning palace2 xix4 #bj1 his wickedness was not so great4 ,chou ,jen1 an ancient worthy2 xvi4 #a1 said1 ,he that can put forth his strength4444 ,chu-chang1 xviii4 #h1 a man who fled the world4 ,chuan-y1 a small state in ,lu1 tributary to ,lu2 xvi4 #a1 the ,chi proposes to chastise it4 ,chuang of ,pien1 xiv4 #ac1 his boldness4 ,chung-hu1 xviii4 #aa1 an officer of ,chou4 ,chung-kung1 a disciple of ,confucius3 name ,jan ,yung1 style ,chung-kung1 born #ebc ,b4,c42 v4 #d1 said to have a glib tongue2 vi4 #a1 might fill the seat of a prince3 his views on laxity2 vi4 #d1 likened to the red calf of a brindled cow2 xi4 #b1 was of noble life2 xii4 #b1 asks what is love2 xiii4 #b1 when steward of the ,chi asks how to rule4 ,chung-mou1 a town in ,chin1 belonging to the ,chao family2 xvii4 #g1 held by ,pi ,hsi in rebellion4 ,chung-ni1 xix4 #bb1 #bc ,confucius4 ,chung-shu ,y1 minister of ,wei1 son of ,k'ung-wen2 xiv4 #bj1 in charge of the guests4 ,chung-tu1 xviii4 #aa1 an officer of ,chou4 ,chung ,yu3 see ,tzu-lu4 ,ch-fu1 xiii4 #ag1 a town in ,lu1 ,tzu-hsia governor of it4 ,cheh1 xviii4 #i1 bandmaster of ,lu1 went to ,ch'in4 ,ch'ai1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,kao ,ch'ai1 style ,tzu-kao2 xi4 #ag1 is simple2 xi4 #bd1 made governor of ,pi4 ,ch'ang-ch1 xviii4 #f1 says ,confucius knows the ford4 ,ch'en1 a state in ,china2 v4 #ba1 xi4 #b1 xv4 #a4 ,ch'en1 judge of2 vii4 #cj1 asks whether ,duke ,chao was well bred4 ,ch'en ,ch'eng1 posthumous title of ,ch'en ,heng1 minister of ,ch'i2 xiv4 #bb1 murders ,duke ,chien of ,ch'i4 ,ch'en ,k'ang1 xvi4 #ac ,tzu-ch'in1 whom see4 ,ch'en ,tzu-ch'in ,tzu-ch'in1 whom see4 ,ch'en ,wen1 a lord of ,ch'i2 v4 #ah1 forsook his land when ,ts'ui murdered the king4 ,ch'i1 a state in ancient ,china1 vii4 #ac1 xviii4 #c1 xviii4 #i2 v4 #ah1 its king slain by ,ts'ui2 vi4 #c1 ,tzu-hua sent there2 vi4 #bb1 by a single revolution might equal ,lu2 xiv4 #af1 ,duke ,huan of1 was honest but shallow2 xvi4 #ab1 ,duke ,ching of1 had a thousand teams of horses2 xviii4 #d1 the men of1 send singing girls to ,chi ,huan4 ,ch'i-tiao ,k'ai1 a disciple of ,confucius1 style ,tzu-jo2 v4 #e1 wants confidence to take office4 ,ch'ih1 the name of ,kung-hsi ,hua1 whom see4 ,ch'in1 a state in western ,china1 xviii4 #i4 ,ch'iu1 the name of ,jan ,yu1 whom see2 xiv4 #cd1 the name of ,confucius4 ,ch'u1 an ancient state1 xviii4 #e1 #i4 ,ch' ,po-y1 minister of ,wei1 a friend of ,confucius1 who stayed with him when in ,wei2 xiv4 #bf1 sends an envoy to ,confucius2 xv4 #f1 what a gentleman he was6 ,ch'eh1 a village2 xiv4 #dg1 a lad from1 made messenger by ,confucius4 ,fan ,ch'ih1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,fan ,hs1 style ,tzu-ch'ih2 ii4 #e1 asks meaning of obedience to parents2 vi4 #bj1 asks what is wisdom1 and love2 xii4 #ba1 asks how to raise the mind2 xii4 #bb1 asks what is love1 and wisdom2 xiii4 #d1 asks to be taught husbandry2 xiii4 #ai1 asks what is love4 ,fang1 xiv4 #ae1 a town of ,lu1 a fief in the hands of ,tsang ,wu-chung4 ,fang-shu1 xviii4 #i1 drum-master of ,lu1 crossed the river4 ,han1 xviii4 #i1 the river that enters the ,yangtze at ,hankow4 ,hsia ,china1 also the name of a dynasty1 ii4 #bc1 iii4 #i1 #ba1 xv4 #aj4 ,hsiang1 xviii4 #i1 who played the sounding stones1 crossed the sea4 ,hsieh1 xiv4 #ab1 a small state3 ,meng ,kung-ch'o not fit to be minister of4 ,hsien1 xiv4 #a3 see ,yan ,ssu4 ,hsien1 xiv4 #ai1 steward to ,kung-shu ,wen2 goes to court with him4 ,hu1 vii4 #bh1 a village3 it was ill talking to the people of4 ,huan1 the three2 xvi4 #c1 the three sons of ,duke ,huan of ,lu1 from whom the families of ,meng1 ,shu1 and ,chi were descended1 as also the powerless reigning duke of ,lu4 ,huan1 ,duke of ,ch'i3 see note to xiv4 #ag2 xiv4 #af1 was honest but shallow2 xiv4 #ag1 #ah1 slays the young duke ,chiu4 ,huan ,t'ui1 vii4 #bb1 an officer of ,sung1 cannot harm the ,master1 if ,heaven protect him4 ,hui3 see ,yen ,yan4 ,jan ,ch'iu3 see ,jan ,yu4 ,jan ,po-niu1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,jan ,keng1 style ,po-niu1 born #edd ,b4,c42 xi4 #b1 was of noble life4 ,jan ,yu1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,jan ,ch'in1 style ,tzu-yu1 born #ebj ,b4,c42 iii4 #f1 cannot stop the ,chi worshipping on ,mount ,t'ai2 v4 #g1 the ,master cannot say that he has love2 vi4 #c1 gives ,tzu-hua's mother grain2 vi4 #f1 has ability and so is fit to govern2 vi4 #aj1 lacks strength to follow ,confucius2 vii4 #ad1 asks whether the ,master is for the ,king of ,wei2 xi4 #b1 was a statesman2 xi4 #ab1 was fresh and frank2 xi4 #af1 is tax-gatherer to the ,chi2 xi4 #ba1 asks whether he shall do all that he is taught2 xi4 #bc1 is a tool1 not a statesman2 xi4 #be1 wishes for charge of sixty1 or seventy1 square miles2 xiii4 #i1 drives the ,master towards ,wei2 xiii4 #ad1 says business of state detained him at court2 xiv4 #ac1 his skill2 xvi4 #a1 is minister to the ,chi1 when he proposes to attack ,chuan-y4 ,ju ,pei1 an officer of ,lu1 who had been taught by ,confucius2 xvii4 #bj1 wishes to see ,confucius1 who pleads sickness4 ,kan1 xviii4 #i1 music-master of ,lu1 went to ,ch'u4 ,kao-tsung1 the ,emperor ,wu ,ting of the house of ,yin1 reigned #acbd-abfe ,b4,c42 xiv4 #dc1 on the death of his predecessor did not speak for three years4 ,kao-yao1 xii4 #bb1 made criminal judge by ,shun and evil vanished4 ,kuan ,chung1 personal name ,yi-wu1 chief minister to ,duke ,huan of ,ch'i1 #fde ,b4,c43 see notes to iii4 #bb1 xiv4 #ag2 iii4 #bb1 ,confucius calls him shallow2 xiv4 #aj1 he thrust the ,po from the town of ,pien2 xiv4 #ag1 would not die with the young duke ,chiu2 xiv4 #ah1 should he have drowned in a ditch8 ,kung-ch'o xiv4 #ac3 see ,meng ,kung-ch'o4 ,kung-hsi ,hua1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,kung-hsi ,ch'ih1 style ,tzu-hua1 born in ,lu1 #eaj ,b4,c4 ,he was entrusted with the management of the ,master's funeral2 v4 #g1 the ,master cannot say whether he has love2 vi4 #c1 sent to ,ch'i2 ,confucius is asked to give his mother grain2 vii4 #cc1 says the disciples cannot learn the ,master's endless craving2 xi4 #ba1 is puzzled by the ,master's different answers2 xi4 #be1 would like to play an humble part in ,ancestral ,temple4 ,kung-ming ,chia a man of ,wei2 xiv4 #ad1 says ,kung-shu ,wen speaks when it is time to speak4 ,kung-shan ,fu-jao1 xvii4 #e1 a confederate of ,yang ,huo1 held ,pi in rebellion4 ,kung-shu1 the name of a great family in ,wei4 ,kung-shu ,wen1 of the above family1 a minister of ,wei2 xiv4 #ad1 said not to speak1 or laugh1 or take a gift2 xiv4 #ai1 goes to court with his ex-steward4 ,kung-sun ,ch'ao1 xix4 #bb1 asks1 ',where did ,confucius get his learning8' ,kung-yeh ,ch'ang1 a disciple of ,confucius2 v4 #a1 married to ,confucius's daughter1 though he had been in prison4 ,k'ang1 x4 #aa3 see ,chi ,k'ang4 ,k'uang1 ix4 #e2 xi4 #bb1 a place where the ,master was affrighted4 ,k'ung ,ch'iu1 xviii4 #f1 ,confucius's name in ,chinese4 ,his style was ,chung-ni4 ,k'ung-wen1 the posthumous title of ,k'ung ,y1 a lord of ,wei2 v4 #ad1 why he was styled cultured4 ,lao1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,ch'in ,lao1 style ,tzu-k'ai2 ix4 #f1 quotes the ,master's saying that he learned a trade4 ,li1 xi4 #g1 ,confucius's son3 see ,po-y4 ,li1 xx4 #a ,t'ang1 whom see4 ,liao1 the duke's uncle2 xiv4 #ch1 a man of ,lu1 slanders ,tzu-lu4 ,liao1 xviii4 #i1 bandmaster of ,lu1 went to ,ts'ai4 ,lin ,fang1 iii4 #d1 a man of ,lu1 asks what gives life to ceremony2 iii4 #f1 he and ,mount ,t'ai4 ,ling1 ,duke of ,wei1 the husband of ,nan-tzu 7vi4 #bf71 reigned #ecc-dib ,b4,c42 xiv4 #bj1 his wickedness2 xv4 #a1 asks about the line of battle4 ,liu-hsia ,hui1 flourished about #fjj ,b4,c43 see note to xv4 #ac2 xv4 #ac1 ,tsang ,wen would not stand by him2 xviii4 #b1 was thrice dismissed when judge2 xviii4 #h1 bent his will and shamed the body4 ,lu1 the native state of ,confucius1 iii4 #bc1 v4 #b1 vi4 #bb1 ix4 #ad1 xi4 #ac1 iii4 #g1 xiv4 #ae4 ,lu1 ,duke of1 xviii4 #aj1 the son of the ,duke of ,chou4 ,meng1 or ,meng-sun1 one of the three great families that were all-powerful in ,lu4 ,meng1 xviii4 #c1 the head of the ,meng clan1 ,meng ,yi4 ,meng1 the1 xix4 #ai1 makes ,yang ,fu criminal judge4 ,meng ,chih-fan1 vi4 #ac1 a lord of ,lu1 never bragged4 ,meng ,ching1 son of ,meng ,wu1 a lord of ,lu2 viii4 #d1 comes to ask after the dying ,tseng-tzu4 ,meng ,chuang1 xix4 #ah1 head of the ,meng clan1 his piety4 ,meng ,kung-ch'o head of the ,meng clan1 minister of ,lu2 xiv4 #ab1 not fit to be minister of ,t'eng or ,hsieh2 xiv4 #ac1 his greedlessness4 ,meng ,wu1 posthumous name of ,meng ,hsi1 a lord of ,lu1 son of ,meng ,yi2 ii4 #f1 told that his parents are concerned for his health2 v4 #g1 asks whether certain disciples have love4 ,meng ,yi1 the posthumous name of ,ho-chi1 head of the ,meng-sun1 or ,chung-sun1 clan in ,lu3 a contemporary of ,confucius2 ii4 #e1 asks the duty of a son2 xviii4 #c1 ,ching1 ,duke of ,ch'i1 would set him below ,confucius4 ,mien1 xv4 #da1 a blind music-master of ,lu1 comes to see ,confucius4 ,min ,tzu-ch'ien1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,min ,sun1 style ,tzu-ch'ien2 vi4 #g1 would rather cross the ,wen than be governor of ,pi2 xi4 #b1 was of noble life2 xi4 #d1 how good a son he was6 xi4 #ab1 his winning strength2 xi4 #ac1 does not talk1 but what he says hits the mark4 ,nan ,jung1 a disciple of ,confucius2 v4 #a1 given ,confucius's niece as wife2 xi4 #e1 would thrice repeat ,the ,sceptre ,white4 ,nan-kung ,kuo1 a disciple of ,confucius1 style ,tzu-jung1 perhaps the same man as ,nan ,jung2 xiv4 #f1 how he prizes worth4 ,nan-tzu1 wife of ,ling1 ,duke of ,wei1 a dissolute woman2 vi4 #bf1 ,confucius sees her4 ,ning ,wu1 posthumous title of ,ning ,y1 a lord of ,wei2 v4 #bj1 such simplicity as his is beyond our reach4 ,pi1 a town of ,lu1 belonging to the ,chi2 vi4 #g1 ,min ,tzu-ch'ien refuses the governorship of2 xi4 #bd1 ,tzu-kao made governor of2 xvi4 #a1 ,chuan-y is strong and close to ,pi2 xvii4 #e1 held in rebellion by ,kung-shan ,fu-jao4 ,pi ,hsi1 governor of ,chung-mou in ,chin for the family of ,chao2 xvii4 #g1 summons ,confucius4 ,pi-kan1 uncle of the tyrant ,chou 7reigned #aaed-bb ,b4,c471 last of the house of ,yin2 xviii4 #a1 died for his reproofs4 ,pien1 xiv4 #aj1 a town in ,lu given to ,kuan ,chung4 ,po1 the1 xiv4 #aj1 a lord of ,ch'i4 ,duke ,huan takes from him the town of ,pien and gives it to ,kuan ,chung4 ,po-kuo1 xviii4 #aa1 an officer of ,chou4 ,po-niu1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,jan ,keng1 style ,po-niu1 born #edd ,b4,c42 vi4 #h1 why should he die of such an illness8 ,po-ta1 xviii4 #aa1 an officer of ,chou4 ,po-yi1 elder brother of ,shu-ch'i1 lived in twelfth century ,b4,c42 see note to v4 #bb2 v4 #bb1 never recalled past wickedness2 vii4 #ad1 did not rue the past2 xvi4 #ab1 men still sound his praises2 xviii4 #h1 would not bend the will4 ,po-y1 ,confucius's son2 xi4 #g1 buried without an outer coffin2 xvi4 #ac1 told by his father to study poetry and courtesy2 xvii4 #aj1 asked whether he had done the ,chou-nan4 ,p'eng1 vii4 #a1 a man of the ,shang dynasty3 ,confucius likens himself to him4 ,p'i ,shen1 xiv4 #i1 a lord of ,cheng1 who drafted the decrees4 ,shang1 the name of ,tzu-hsia1 whom see4 ,shao1 the music of the time of ,shun2 iii4 #be1 its beauty2 vii4 #ac1 after hearing it the ,master knew not the taste of meat for three months2 xv4 #aj1 choose for music the ,shao and its dance4 ,shao ,hu1 a man of ,ch'i3 see note to xiv4 #ag2 xiv4 #ag1 died with the young duke ,chiu4 ,shao-lien1 a man supposed to have belonged to the savage tribes of eastern ,china2 xviii4 #h1 he shamed the body4 ,shao-nan1 xvii4 #aj1 the second book of the ,book of ,poetry4 ,she1 a district in ,ch'u4 ,she1 ,duke of1 vii4 #ah1 asks ,tzu-lu about ,confucius1 and is not answered2 xiii4 #af1 asks about government2 xiii4 #ah1 says in his home an upright son bears witness against his father4 ,shen1 the name of ,tseng-tzu1 whom see4 ,shen ,ch'ang1 a disciple of ,confucius1 style ,tzu-chou2 v4 #aj1 is passionate1 cannot be firm4 ,shih1 xi4 #ae ,tzu-chang1 whom see4 ,shih-men1 a pass on the frontier of ,ch'i2 xiv4 #da1 ,tzu-lu spends a night there4 ,shih-shu1 xiv4 #i1 a lord of ,cheng1 criticised the decrees4 ,shou-yang1 xvi4 #ab1 a mountain3 ,po-yi and ,shu-,ch'i died at its foot4 ,shu-ch'i1 younger brother of ,po-yi1 whom see4 ,shu-hsia1 xviii4 #aa1 an officer of ,chou4 ,shu-sun ,wu-shu1 chief of the ,shu-sun1 ,meng-sun1 or ,meng family1 one of the three great houses of ,lu1 who controlled the state2 xix4 #bc1 says ,tzu-kung is greater than ,confucius2 xix4 #bd1 decries ,confucius4 ,shu-yeh1 xviii4 #aa1 an officer of ,chou4 ,shun1 an emperor1 successor of ,yao 7reigned #bbee-je ,b4,c472 vi4 #bh1 still yearned to treat all with bounty2 viii4 #ah1 it was sublime how he swayed the world and made light of it2 viii4 #bj1 had five ministers1 and order reigned2 xii4 #bb1 raised ,kao-yao1 and evil vanished2 xiv4 #de1 still struggled to bring peace to all men2 xv4 #d1 ruled doing nothing2 xx4 #a1 his instructions from ,yao on coming to the throne4 ,ssu-ma ,niu1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,ssu-ma ,keng1 style ,tzu-niu1 a brother of ,huan ,t'ui2 xii4 #c1 asks what is love2 xii4 #d1 asks what is a gentleman2 xii4 #e1 his sorrow at having no brothers4 ,sung1 a state1 iii4 #i1 vi4 #ad4 ,ta-hsiang1 ix4 #b1 a village3 a man from1 says ,confucius has made no name4 ,tan-t'ai ,mieh-ming1 a disciple of ,confucius1 style ,tzu-y2 vi4 #ab1 would not take a short cut4 ,tien1 xi4 #be ,tseng ,hsi1 whom see4 ,ting1 ,duke1 ruler of ,lu1 whilst ,confucius was in office1 reigned #eji-die ,b4,c42 iii4 #ai1 asks how kings should treat ministers2 xiii4 #ae1 asks whether any one saying can bless a kingdom4 ,tsai ,wo1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,tsai ,y1 style ,tzu-wo1 died #dhj ,b4,c42 iii4 #ba1 explains what trees were planted round the shrines of guardian spirits2 v4 #i1 slept in the daytime2 vi4 #bd1 asks whether a man who loves would go down a well2 xi4 #b1 was a talker2 xvii4 #ba1 thought one year's mourning enough4 ,tsai ,y3 see ,tsai ,wo4 ,tsang ,wen1 a minister of ,lu2 v4 #ag1 lodged his tortoise in a sculptured house2 xv4 #ac1 filched his post4 ,tsang ,wu-chung1 a minister of ,lu1 in the time of ,confucius's father2 xiv4 #ac1 his wisdom2 xiv4 #ae1 forces his king's hand4 ,tseng ,hsi1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,tseng ,tien1 style ,hsi1 the father of ,tseng-tzu2 xi4 #be1 the ,master sides with him in his wish4 ,tseng-tzu 7the ,master1 or philosopher ,tseng71 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,tseng ,shen1 style ,tzu-y1 born in ,lu1 #eje ,b4,c41 died #dcg ,b4,c42 i4 #d1 questions himself thrice daily2 i4 #i1 tells how to revive the good in men2 iv4 #ae1 says ,master's teaching hangs on faithfulness and fellow-feeling2 viii4 #c1 when sick tells his disciples to uncover his feet and arms2 viii4 #d1 says when man must die his words are good2 viii4 #e1 when we can1 to ask those that cannot2 viii4 #f1 says a man is a gentleman if no crisis can corrupt him2 viii4 #g1 says a knight had need be strong and bold2 xi4 #ag1 is dull2 xii4 #bd1 says a gentleman gathers friends by culture2 xiv4 #bh1 says a gentleman is bent on keeping his place2 xix4 #af1 says ,tzu-chang is so magnificent2 xix4 #ag1 says man shows what is in him in mourning a near one2 xix4 #ah1 says ,meng ,chuang in not changing his father's rule is hard to rival2 xix4 #ai1 tells ,yang ,fu not to be puffed with joy4 ,tso ,ch'iu-ming1 v4 #bd1 an ancient1 his view of what is shameful4 ,tung ,meng1 or ,east ,meng1 a mountain in ,lu1 at the foot of which lay the small state of ,chuan-y1 whose ruler had the right to sacrifice to the mountain1 xvi4 #a4 ,tzu-chang1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,chuan-sun ,shih1 style ,tzu-chang1 born #ejd ,b4,c42 ii4 #ah1 told how pay comes2 ii4 #bc1 told how far the future can be known2 v4 #ah1 asks whether ,tzu-wen had love2 xi4 #ae1 goes too far2 xi4 #ag1 is smooth2 xi4 #ai1 asks the way of a good man2 xii4 #f1 asks what is insight2 xii4 #aj1 asks how to raise the mind2 xii4 #ad1 asks what is kingcraft2 xii4 #bj1 asks what is eminence2 xiv4 #dc1 asks what is meant by ,kao-tsung not speaking for three years2 xv4 #e1 asks how to get on2 xv4 #da1 asks1 ',is this the way to treat a music-master8'2 xvii4 #f1 asks what is love2 xix4 #a1 defines a knight2 xix4 #b1 says goodness blindly clutched is nought2 xix4 #c1 asked about friendship by ,tzu-hsia's disciples2 xix4 #ae1 ,tzu-yu thinks him void of love2 xix4 #af1 his magnificence2 xx4 #b1 asks how men should be governed4 ,tzu-chien1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,fu ,pu-ch'i1 style ,tzu-chien2 v4 #b1 what a gentleman he is6 ,tzu-ch'an1 chief minister of ,cheng in the time of ,confucius2 v4 #ae1 the four things that marked him a gentleman2 xiv4 #i1 gave the final touches to the decrees2 xiv4 #aj1 a kind-hearted man4 ,tzu-ch'in1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,ch'en ,k'ang1 style ,tzu-ch'in1 or ,tzu-k'ang1 born #eab ,b4,c42 i4 #aj1 asks how the ,master learns how lands are governed2 xvi4 #ac1 asks whether ,po-y had heard anything uncommon from his father2 xix4 #be1 says the ,master is no greater than ,tzu-kung4 ,tzu-fu ,ching-po1 minister to the ,chi2 xiv4 #ch1 has strength to expose ,liao's body in the market-place2 xix4 #bc1 tells ,tzu-kung that ,shu-sun thinks him greater than ,confucius4 ,tzu-hsi1 xiv4 #aj1 chief minister to the state of ,ch'u4 ,he refused to be appointed successor to the throne in place of the true heir2 but did not oppose his master's faults1 and prevented him employing ,confucius4 ,tzu-hsia1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,pu ,shang1 style ,tzu-hsia1 born #ejg ,b4,c42 i4 #g1 says a man who knows how to do his duty is learned2 ii4 #h1 told that a son's manner is of importance2 iii4 #h1 the ,master can talk of poetry to him2 vi4 #aa1 told to read to become a gentleman2 xi4 #b1 was a man of culture2 xi4 #ae1 does not go far enough2 xii4 #e1 says all within the four seas are brethren2 xii4 #bb1 says ,shun raised ,kao-yao1 and evil vanished2 xiii4 #ag1 when governor of ,ch-fu asks how to rule2 xix4 #c1 says cling to worthy friends2 xix4 #d1 says small ways end in mire2 xix4 #e1 says he who recalls each day his faults is fond of learning2 xix4 #f1 says in wide learning and singleness of aim love is found2 xix4 #g1 says through study a gentleman reaches truth2 xix4 #h1 says the vulgar gloss their faults2 xix4 #i1 says a gentleman alters thrice2 xix4 #aj1 says a gentleman will not lay on burdens before he is trusted2 xix4 #aa1 says if we keep within the bounds of honour1 we may ignore propriety2 xix4 #ab1 says1 ,should a gentleman's training bewilder him82 xix4 #ac1 says a scholar with his spare strength should serve the crown4 ,tzu-hua3 see ,kung-hsi ,hua4 ,tzu-kao1 xi4 #bd3 see ,ch'ai4 ,tzu-kung1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,tuan-mu ,tz'u1 style ,tzu-kung1 born #ebj ,b4,c42 i4 #aj1 tells how the ,master learns about government2 i4 #ae1 asks were it well to be poor but no flatterer2 ii4 #ac1 told that a gentleman sorts words to deeds2 iii4 #ag1 wishes to do away with sheep offering at new moon2 v4 #c1 is a vessel2 v4 #h1 cannot aspire to ,yen ,yan2 v4 #aa1 wishes not to do unto others what he would not wish done to him2 v4 #ab1 not allowed to hear the ,master on life or the ,way of ,heaven2 v4 #ad1 asks why ,k'ung-wen was styled cultured2 vi4 #f1 is intelligent1 and so fit to govern2 vi4 #bh1 asks whether to treat the people with bounty were love2 vii4 #ad1 will ask the ,master whether he is for the ,king of ,wei2 ix4 #f1 says the ,master is many sided2 ix4 #ab1 asks whether a beautiful stone should be hidden away2 xi4 #b1 was a talker2 xi4 #ab1 was fresh and frank2 xi4 #ae1 asks whether ,shih or ,shang is the better man2 xi4 #ah1 hoards up substance2 xii4 #g1 asks what is kingcraft2 xii4 #h1 says no team overtakes the tongue2 xii4 #bc1 asks about friends2 xiii4 #bj1 asks what is a good crown servant2 xiii4 #bd1 asks were it right for a man to be liked by all2 xiv4 #ah1 thinks ,kuan ,chung showed want of love2 xiv4 #ca1 would compare one man with another2 xiv4 #cg1 asks what the ,master means by no man knowing him2 xv4 #b1 thinks the ,master a man who learns much2 xv4 #i1 asks how to attain to love2 xv4 #bc1 asks whether one word can cover the duty of man2 xvii4 #ai1 says were ,master silent1 what could disciples tell2 xvii4 #bd1 asks whether a gentleman hates2 xix4 #bj1 says the wickedness of ,chou was not so great2 xix4 #ba1 says a prince's faults are like the darkening of sun or moon2 xix4 #bb1 says the lore of ,wen and ,wu lives in men2 xix4 #bc1 ,shu-sun thinks him greater than ,confucius2 xix4 #bd1 says the ,master cannot be cried down2 xix4 #be1 says none can come up to the ,master4 ,tzu-lu1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,chung ,yu1 style ,tzu-lu1 or ,chi-lu1 born #edc ,b4,c41 died #dhd ,b4,c42 ii4 #ag1 told what is understanding2 v4 #f1 the ,master would take him with him to scour the seas2 v4 #g1 the ,master cannot say that he has love2 v4 #ac1 before he could carry a thing out1 dreaded to hear more2 v4 #be1 tells his wishes2 vi4 #f1 is firm1 and so could govern2 vi4 #bf1 displeased at ,master seeing ,nan-tzu2 vii4 #aj1 asks the ,master whom he would like to help him command an army2 vii4 #ah1 does not answer the ,duke of ,she's question about ,master2 vii4 #cd1 asks leave to pray when the ,master is ill2 ix4 #aa1 makes disciples act as ministers2 ix4 #bf1 would stand unabashed in a tattered cloak2 x4 #ah1 gets on scent with ,master2 xi4 #b1 was a statesman2 xi4 #aa1 asks about death2 xi4 #ab1 will die before his time2 xi4 #ad1 what has his lute to do twanging at ,master's door8 xi4 #ag1 is coarse2 xi4 #ba1 asks shall he carry out all that he learns2 xi4 #bc1 is a tool1 not a statesman2 xi4 #bd1 the ,master hates his glib tongue2 xi4 #be1 wishes for charge of a state crushed by great neighbours2 xii4 #ab1 never slept over a promise2 xiii4 #a1 asks how to rule2 xiii4 #c1 says ,king of ,wei looks to the ,master to govern2 xiii4 #bh1 asks when can a man be called a knight2 xiv4 #ac1 asks what were a full-grown man2 xiv4 #ag1 says ,kuan ,chung showed want of love2 xiv4 #bc1 asks how to serve the king2 xiv4 #ch1 slandered by ,liao2 xiv4 #da1 spends a night at ,shih-men2 xiv4 #de1 asks what is a gentleman2 xv4 #a1 cannot hide his vexation2 xv4 #c1 told how few know great-heartedness2 xvi4 #a1 is minister to the ,chi1 when he proposes to attack ,chuan-y2 xvii4 #e1 asks how could the ,master join ,kung-shan2 xvii4 #g1 asks how could the ,master join ,pi ,hsi2 xvii4 #h1 asked has he heard the six words and the six they sink into2 xvii4 #bc1 asks does a gentleman honour courage2 xviii4 #f1 asks ,ch'ang-ch where the ford is2 xviii4 #g1 meets an old man bearing a basket4 ,tzu-sang ,po-tzu1 vi4 #a1 a man of ,lu1 is lax4 ,tzu-wen1 v4 #ah1 chief minister of ,ch'u1 his characteristics4 ,tzu-yu1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,yen ,yen1 style ,tzu-yu1 born #eaj ,b4,c42 ii4 #g1 told that feeding parents is not the whole duty of a son2 iv4 #bf1 says nagging at princes brings disgrace2 vi4 #ab1 when governor of ,wu-ch'eng has ,tan-t'ai ,mieh-ming2 xi4 #b1 was a man of culture2 xvii4 #d1 encourages music in ,wu-ch'eng2 xix4 #ab1 says ,tzu-hsia's disciples can sprinkle the floor2 xix4 #ad1 says mourning should only stretch to grief2 xix4 #ae1 says ,tzu-chang is void of love4 ,tzu-y1 xiv4 #i1 a lord of ,cheng1 polished the decrees4 ,t'ai1 a mountain1 iii4 #f4 ,t'ai-po1 eldest son of ,king ,t'ai of ,chou4 ,his brother was the father of ,king ,wen1 whose son ,king ,wu dethroned ,chou ,hsin and founded the ,chou dynasty1 that was reigning in ,china in ,confucius's time3 see note to viii4 #a2 viii4 #a1 thrice he declined the throne4 ,t'ang1 viii4 #bj1 the dynastic title of the ,emperor ,yao4 ,t'ang1 the founder of the ,shang dynasty1 reigned #agff-ec ,b4,c42 xii4 #bb1 raised ,yi-yin1 and evil vanished2 xx4 #a1 his form of prayer4 ,t'eng1 xiv4 #ab1 a small state3 ,meng ,kung-ch'o not fit to be minister of4 ,t'o1 an officer of ,wei holding a post in the temple2 vi4 #ad1 his glibness2 xiv4 #bj1 in charge of ,ancestral ,temple4 ,ts'ai1 a state1 xi4 #b1 xviii4 #i4 ,ts'ui1 v4 #ah1 a lord of ,ch'i1 murdered his lord1 #edg ,b4,c4 ,tz'u3 see ,tzu-kung4 ,wang-sun ,chia1 a minister of ,wei2 iii4 #ac1 thinks it best to court the kitchen god2 xiv4 #bj1 in charge of the troops4 ,wei1 one of the three great families that governed the state of ,chin2 xiv4 #ab1 ,meng ,kung-ch'o fit to be steward of4 ,wei1 xviii4 #a1 a small state in western ,china4 ,wei1 another state in ,china1 ix4 #ad1 xiii4 #g1 #h1 #i1 xiv4 #db1 xix4 #bb4 ,wei1 ,king of3 see note to vii4 #ad2 vii4 #ad1 ,confucius not on his side2 xiii4 #c1 looks to ,confucius to govern4 ,wei1 the lord of1 xviii4 #a1 an elder brother by a concubine of the tyrant ,chou ,hsin 7reigned #aaed-bb ,b4,c471 last of the ,yin dynasty4 ,he fled from court1 since he could not improve his brother4 ,wei-sheng ,kao1 v4 #bc1 begs vinegar from another to give to beggar4 ,wei-sheng ,mou1 xiv4 #cd1 an old man who had fled the world1 asks how ,confucius finds roosts to roost on4 ,wen1 ,duke of ,chin1 reigned #fcf-bh ,b4,c41 the leading man in ,china in his day1 xiv4 #af1 was deep but dishonest4 ,wen1 ,king1 ,duke of ,chou1 born #abca ,b4,c41 died #aace ,b4,c41 the father of ,king ,wu1 founder of the ,chou line of emperors2 viii4 #bj1 holding two-thirds of world submitted all to ,yin2 ix4 #e1 since his death ,confucius is the home of culture2 xix4 #bb1 his ,way lives in men4 ,wu1 iii4 #be1 the music of ,king ,wu1 less noble than that of ,shun4 ,wu1 xviii4 #i1 tambourine master of ,lu1 crossed the ,han4 ,wu1 ,king1 the founder of the ,chou dynasty1 reigned #aabb-ae ,b4,c42 viii4 #bj1 had ten able ministers2 xix4 #bb1 his ,way lives in men2 xx4 #a1 his principles of government4 ,wu-ch'eng1 a small town of ,lu2 vi4 #ab1 ,tzu-yu governor of it2 xvii4 #d1 as the ,master draws near he hears lute and song4 ,wu-ma ,ch'i1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,wu-ma ,shih1 style ,tzu-ch'i1 vii4 #cj4 ,yang1 xviii4 #i1 assistant bandmaster of ,lu1 crossed the sea4 ,yang ,fu1 xix4 #ai1 a disciple of ,tseng-tzu1 made judge4 ,yang ,huo1 chief minister of the ,chi1 with whom he was long all-powerful2 on one occasion he imprisoned his master2 in #eja ,b4,c4 he was forced to leave ,lu2 xvii4 #a1 wishes to see ,confucius2 xviii4 #d1 accepts music girls4 ,yao1 the first ,emperor of ,china 7#bceg-bbee ,b4,c472 vi4 #bh1 still yearned to treat all with bounty2 viii4 #ai1 his greatness was like ,heaven2 viii4 #bj1 the wealth in talent of his last days2 xiv4 #de1 struggled to grow better and make all happy2 xx4 #a1 his commands to ,shun4 ,yen1 xvii4 #d1 ,tzu-yu4 ,yen ,lu1 xi4 #g1 father of ,yen ,yan1 asks for ,master's carriage to provide an outer coffin4 ,yen ,p'ing1 v4 #af1 was versed in friendship4 ,yen ,yu1 xix4 #ab ,tzu-yu4 ,yen ,yan 7#ead-dhc ,b4,c471 the favourite disciple of ,confucius1 name ,yen ,hui1 style ,tzu-yan2 ii4 #i1 is no dullard2 v4 #h1 ,tzu-kung cannot compare with him2 v4 #be1 tells his wishes to the ,master2 vi4 #b1 made no mistake twice2 vi4 #e1 for three months together did not sin against love2 vi4 #i1 his mirth under hardship2 vii4 #aj1 could both fill a post and live happy without2 ix4 #aj1 says1 ,as ,i gaze it grows higher2 ix4 #ai1 was never listless when spoken to2 ix4 #bj1 had never been seen to stop2 xi4 #b1 was of noble life2 xi4 #c1 the ,master got no help from him2 xi4 #f1 was fond of learning2 xi4 #g1 dies3 his father asks for the ,master's carriage2 xi4 #h1 dies3 the ,master says1 ,i am undone2 xi4 #i1 dies3 the ,master overcome by grief2 xi4 #aj1 the disciples bury him in state2 xi4 #ah1 is almost faultless2 xi4 #bb1 would not brave death whilst his ,master lives2 xii4 #a1 asks what is love2 xv4 #aj1 asks how to rule a kingdom4 ,yi1 xiv4 #f1 a famous archer of the ,hsia dynasty1 who slew the emperor and usurped his throne1 but was afterwards killed in his turn4 ,yi1 iii4 #bd1 a small town on the borders of ,wei3 the warden says ,confucius is a warning bell4 ,yi-yi1 xviii4 #h1 lived in hiding1 but gave the rein to his tongue4 ,yi-yin1 xii4 #bb 7and note71 made minister1 and evil vanished4 ,yin dynasty 7#bbje-agff ,b4,c471 also called ,shang1 ii4 #bc1 iii4 #i1 #ba1 viii4 #bj1 xv4 #aj1 xviii4 #a4 ,yu1 the name of ,tzu-lu1 whom see4 ,yu ,jo1 a disciple of ,confucius1 style ,tzu-jo1 sometimes called ,yu-tzu1 the philosopher ,yu1 born #ebj ,b4,c42 i4 #b1 says that to be a good son is the root of love2 i4 #ab1 says courtesy consists in ease2 i4 #ac1 says if promises hug the right1 word can be kept2 xii4 #i1 tells ,duke ,ai to tithe the people4 ,yu-tzu3 see ,yu ,jo4 ,yung1 v4 #d3 see ,chung-kung4 ,y1 viii4 #bj1 the dynastic title of ,shun1 whom see4 ,y1 xv4 #f1 a minister of ,wei1 his straightness4 ,y1 xvii4 #ba ,tsai ,wo4 ,y1 an ancient emperor 7reigned #bbje-baig ,b4,c471 founder of the ,hsia dynasty1 chosen by ,shun as his successor2 viii4 #ah1 he swayed the world and made light of it2 viii4 #ba1 no flaw in him2 xiv4 #f1 toiled at his crops and won the world2 xx4 #a1 his instructions on coming to the throne4 ,y-chung1 the younger brother of ,t'ai-po4 ,he accompanied him in his flight to the wild tribes of ,wu 7the country round ,shanghai71 in order to let the third brother come to the throne1 and succeeded ,t'ai-po as ruler of that people2 xviii4 #h1 lived in hiding1 but gave the rein to his tongue4 ,yan ,jang1 an old1 eccentric acquaintance of ,confucius2 xiv4 #df1 awaits the ,master squatting4 ,yan ,ssu1 a disciple of ,confucius1 name ,yan ,hsien1 style ,tzu-ssu1 born #eaf ,b4,c42 vi4 #c1 refuses his pay as governor2 xiv4 #a1 asks what is shame4 99 99 99 99 99