mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,b>omet] ,,& ,,wea!r ,,guide4 ,,bo>d ,,( ,,trade4 #ahei4 ,,compil$ ,,by ,,re>-,,admiral ,,fitzroy1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,?ird ,,edition4 7,,) ,,additions47 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,george ,e4 ,,eyre ,,& ,,william ,,spottiswoode1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,! ,,que5',s ,,mo/ ,,excell5t ,,maje/y4 ,,= ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,/ation]y ,,(fice4 ,,& ,,sold ,,by ,j4 ,d4 ,,pott]1 ,ag5t = ! ,admiralty ,*>ts1 #ca1 ,,p\ltry1 ,,& #aa1 ,,k+ ,,/reet1 ,,t[] ,,hill4 #ahei4 ,price ,"o ,%ill+4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,h[ev]1 due to an omission 9 ! orig9al text1 ! an*or = footnote #d has be5 plac$ 9 an assum$ position4 ,a brief table ( cont5ts1 ?\gh n pres5t 9 ! orig9al publication1 has be5 provid$ bel[3 ,,preface ,,h[ ,,to ,,=etell ,,wea!r ,,m>9e ,,b>omet] 444 ,a contraction ( rules = =etell+ wea!r--9 accordance ) ! foll[+ pages--is submitt$1 = scales ( common b>omet]s4 ,,rise ,,fall ,,= ,,= ,n4 ,,ely4 ,s4 ,,wly4 ,,nw4-,n4-,e4 ,,se4-,s4-,w4 ,,dry ,,wet ,,or ,,or ,,less ,,m ,,w9d4 ,,w9d4 ------ ------ ,,except ,,except ,,wet ,,f ,,wet ,,f ,n4 ,,ed4 ,n4 ,,ed4 ,add "o t5? = ea* hundr$ feet above ! ,sea4 99 99 99 ,,long ,,=etold--,,long ,,la/1 ,,%ort ,,notice--,,soon ,,pa/4 99 99 99 ,,fir/ ,,rise ,,aft] ,,l[1 ,,=etells ,,/rong] ,,bl[4 ,,preface4 ,_m p]sons h advocat$ plac+ b>omet]s at expos$ fi%+ villages2 & ! ,bo>d ( ,trade has sanction$ ! pr9ciple ( "s assi/ance by ,gov]nm5t to a limit$ ext5t1 dep5d+ on ! necessity ( ea* case1 & o!r cont+5cies1 su* z ! c>e1 publicity1 & sett+ ( ! b>omet]s4 ,x 0 ?\ght advisable to sub/itute a few words on ! scales ( ^! in/rum5ts 9 place ( ^? usually engrav$ 7:i* are n ! mo/ suitable71 & to compile brief & pla9 in=mation respect+ ! use ( wea!r-glasses4 ,! foll[+ pages 7 prep>$2 b only ! fir/ few 7 int5d$ p>ticul>ly = ?is purpose4 ,aft] writ+ ^!1 x 0 sugge/$ t "s rem>ks might be add$ = ! b5efit ( _m p]sons1 especially "y (fic]s at sea1 & ! sugge/ion 0 compli$ )2 yet n s z to dim9i% ! portability ( ?is compilation1 or increase its price4 ,^! rem>ks1 d]iv$ f ! comb9$ obs]vation1 /udy1 & p]sonal exp]i5ce ( v>i\s individuals1 are 9 accordance1 g5]ally1 ) ! results obta9$ by em95t philosoph]s4 ,! works ( ,humboldt1 ,h]s*el1 ,dov1 ,sab9e1 ,reid1 ,r$field1 ,espy1 & o!rs1 are appeal$ to 9 confirmation ( ?is /atem5t4 ,to obviate any *>ge ( undue ha/e1 or an insuffici5tly consid]$ plan--:i* may be fairly br\ght aga9/ _m novelties--! foll[+ te/imony to ! fir/ publi%$ sugge/ion ( su* a measure is submitt$4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,report ( ! ,committee on ,%ipwrecks 7#ahdc71 at pages #a1 #b1 #c1 ! foll[+ evid5ce 0 pr9t$ by ord] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,i ?9k t ! neglect ( ! use ( ! b>omet] has l$ to ! loss ( _m %ips4 ,f a want ( att5tion to ! b>omet]1 !y h ei!r clos$ ! l& 7if at sea71 or h put to sea 7be+ 9 h>b\r 9 safety7 at improp] times2 & 9 consequ5ce ( su* want ( precaution ! %ips h be5 lo/1 ow+ to bad wea!r com+ on sudd5ly1 :i* might h be5 avoid$ _h prop] att5tion be5 paid to t v simple in/rum5t4 ,:ile allud+ to ! use ( b>omet]s1 ,i may rem>k1 t if su* wea!r-glasses 7 put 9 *>ge ( ! ,coa/-gu>d1 at ! pr9cipal /ations r\nd ! coa/1 s plac$ z to all[ any "o pass+ by to look at !m1 !y might be ! means1 n only ( prev5t+ %ips f go+ to sea j be=e bad wea!r 0 com+ on1 b ( prev5t+ ! great losses ( life :i* take place e ye> on our coa/s 7p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,orkney ,isl&s & on ! coa/s ( ,scotl& & ,irel&71 ow+ to fi%+ vessels & boats go+ to sea :5 bad wea!r is imp5d+4 ,no bad wea!r ev] comes on our coa/s )\t timely w>n+ be+ giv5 by ! b>omet]4 ,! olde/ seaman are (t5 deceiv$ by ! look ( ! wea!r1 b !re is no in/ance on record ( v bad wea!r1 su* z w\ld h involv$ loss ( life to ! ext5t we h he>d ( 9 sev]al ye>s1 hav+ come on )\t ! b>omet] hav+ giv5 timely w>n+4 ,by ! v small exp5se ( an e/abli%m5t ( b>omet]s1 s plac$ z to be accessible to any fi%]m51 boatm51 or o!rs on ! coa/s1 mu* loss ( life1 z well z loss ( boats1 & ev5 %ipp+1 might be prev5t$4 ,:at /ate ( ! b>omet] indicates dang]8--,x v>ies 9 diff]5t climates accord+ to ! range4 ,! range is small betwe5 ! tropics1 b v l>ge 9 ! high] latitudes4 ,9 our climate ! range is usually ab\t two in*es4 ,! b>omet] fall+ consid]ably bel[ its av]age height is at once an indication t "s consid]able *ange is go+ to take place1 & :5 x falls l[1 z = in/ance 79 our climate7 to ne> #bi in*es1 or bel[ #bi in*es1 a gale is c]ta9 to foll[4 ,are ! ,committee to und]/& t y are ( op9ion t e %ip ought to h a b>omet] on bo>d8--,i ?9k t e %ip ought to h ei!r a b>omet] or sympiesomet]1 :i* is an effici5t sub/itute = a b>omet]4 ,does ! b>omet] %[ a sudd5 *ange ( w9d z well z ! com+ on ( bad wea!r8 ,suppos+ a gale ( w9d is bl[+1 & y are sail+ ) a fair w9d1 does ! b>omet] %[ any *ange ( w9d8--,decid$ly4 ,suppos+ ! w9d 0 at ,we/-nor?-we/ & x %ift$ sudd5ly to ,we/-s\?-we/1 w\ld ! b>omet] indicate t8--,x requires "s practice to be able to say exactly :at is likely to take place aft] a *ange 9 ! b>omet]2 b ! pr9cipal po9t = a seaman is1 t no viol5t w9d w bl[ )\t ! b>omet] giv+ w>n+4 ,he may n "k exactly f :at qu>t] ! w9d w come1 b no /rong w9d w come on )\t w>n+ be+ giv54 ,y recomm5d t at ! ,coa/-gu>d /ations !re %\ld be a b>omet]1 by means ( :i* p w\ld "k :5 a viol5t w9d 0 com+ on2 b z x w\ld n indicate ! qu>t] f :i* x 0 com+1 w\ld y h ! m]*ant %ip always rema9 9 port till ! b>omet] %[$ f9e wea!r8--,be+ accu/om$ to ! b>omet] on our coa/1 "o c\ld tell f :at qu>t] ! w9d w\ld probably come by ! height ( ! b>omet]1 tak5 9 connexion ) its previ\s height1 & ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 & ! /r5g? ( w9ds t _h prevail$ be=e4 ,tak+ ! /ate ( ! b>omet] 9 connexion ) ! appe>ance ( ! wea!r "o c\ld make a satisfactory conclusion z to ! qu>t] f :i* any viol5t w9d w\ld come4 ,& ! b>omet]1 aft] v little practice1 c be us$ by any man4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 us+ x suffici5tly to "k t dang] is com+ on2 & if dang] is com+ on1 a man refra9s1 ( c\rse1 f expos+ himself to x2 ! qu>t] f :i* ! w9d comes be+ ( m9or consequ5ce4 ,) a ,nor?-ea/]ly w9d1 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 ! b>omet] /&s1 on an av]age1 ab\t half an in* high] ?an ) ! same /r5g? ( w9d f ! ,s\?-we/w>d4 ,all ov] ! _w !re is a simil> diff]5ce proportionate to ! range ( ! m]cury = :i* all[ance %\ld always be made 9 consid]+ ! height ( ! b>omet]4#a ,9 ! fir/ ,numb] ( ,meteorological ,pap]s1 publi%$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 #aheg1 is ! foll[+ passage respect+ ! use ( wea!r-glasses3-- ,! v>iety ( int]e/+ & useful1 if n always important1 subjects includ$ )9 ! range ( meteorology1 is n p]haps suffici5tly realiz$ 9 ! m9ds ( active p>ticipators 9 ! _w's /irr+ "w4 ,irrespective ( any sci5tific object1 h[ mu* utility is !re to all classes 9 :at is commonly call$ 'wea!r wisdom'8 ,9 our v>iable climate1 ) a m>itime population1 numb]s ( small vessels1 & especially fi%+ boats1 h[ mu* life & prop]ty is risk$ unnecess>ily by e un=ese5 /orm8 ,ev5 animals1 birds1 & insects h a presag+ in/9ct1 p]haps a bodily feel+1 t w>ns !m2 b man (t5 neglects 8 p]ceptive & reason+ p[]s2 nei!r himself obs]ves1 nor att5ds to ! obs]vations ( o!rs1 unless special incl9ation or circum/ances /imulate att5tion to ! subject4 ,agriculturi/s1 x is true1 use wea!r-glasses3 ! sportsman kn[s _! value = indicat+ a good or bad sc5t+ day2 b ! coa/+ vessel puts to sea1 ! ,%etl& fi%]man ca/s 8 nets1 )\t ! b5efit ( su* a monitor1 & p]haps )\t ! wea!r wisdom :i* only a few possess1 & _c transf] to o!rs4 ,difficult z x is to =etell wea!r accurately1 mu* useful =esight may be acquir$ by comb9+ ! indications ( in/rum5ts 7su* z ! b>omet]1 !rmomet]1 & hygromet]7 ) atmosph]ic appe>ances4 ,:at is m v>y+ ?an ! aspect ( ! sky8 ,col\r1 t9t ( cl\ds1 _! s(t or h>d look1 _! outl9e1 size1 height1 direction1 all v>y rapidly1 yet ea* is significant4 ,!re is a peculi> aspect ( ! cl\ds be=e & dur+ we/]ly w9ds :i* diff]s f t :i* !y h previ\s to & dur+ ea/]ly w9ds1 :i* is "o only ( ! _m curi\s facts connect$ ) ! diff]+ natures ( ea/]ly & we/]ly curr5ts ( air ?r\gh\t ! _w1 :i* rema9 un*ang$1 :e!r !y bl[ f sea to l&1 or ! rev]se4#b ,p]haps "s ( ^? :o make mu* use ( in/rum5ts r und]value popul> k1 & are reluctant to admit t a 'wise saw' may be valuable z well z a 'mod]n in/ance2' :ile less in=m$ p]sons :o use wea!r-glasses unskilfully too (t5 draw f !m errone\s conclusions1 & !n blame ! b>omet]4 ,n only are reliable wea!r-glasses requir$ at ! small] outly+ ports & fi%+ places1 b pla91 easily intelligible directions = us+ !m %\ld be accessible to ! seaf>+ population1 s t ! ma/]s ( small vessels1 & fi%]m51 might be =ew>n$ ( com+ *anges 9 "t to prep>e = !m1 & ?us become in/rum5tal 9 sav+ mu* prop]ty & _m lives4 ,june #aheh4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,=etell ,,wea!r4 ,famili> z ! practical use ( wea!r-glasses is1 at sea z well z on l&1 only ^? :o h long wat*$ _! indications1 & comp>$ !m c>efully1 are really able to conclude m ?an t ! ris+ glass#c ,,usually =etells less w9d or ra91 a fall+ b>omet] m ra9 or w9d1 or bo?2 a high "o f9e wea!r1 & a l[1 ! contr>y4 ,b useful z ^! g5]al conclusions are 9 mo/ cases1 !y are sometimes errone\s1 & !n rem>ks may be r ha/ily made1 t5d+ to disc\rage ! inexp]i5c$4 ,by att5tion to ! foll[+ obs]vations 7! results ( _m ye>s' practice & _m p]sons' exp]i5ce7 any "o n accu/om$ to use a b>omet] may d s )\t difficulty4 ,! b>omet] %[s :e!r ! air#d is gett+ light] or heavi]1 or is rema9+ 9 ! same /ate4 ,! quicksilv] falls z ! air becomes light]1 rises z x becomes heavi]1 & rema9s at re/ 9 ! glass tube :ile ! air is un*ang$ 9 weight4 ,air presses on ev]y?+ )9 ab\t =ty miles ( ! _w's surface1 l a mu* light] ocean1 at ! bottom ( :i* we live--n feel+ its weight1 because our bodies are full ( air1 b feel+ its curr5ts1 ! w9ds4 ,t[>ds any place f :i* ! air has be5 drawn by suction1#e air presses ) a =ce or weight ( ne>ly fifte5 p\nds on a squ>e in* ( surface4 ,su* a pressure holds ! limpet to ! rock :51 by contract+ itself1 ! fi% has made a place )\t air#f "u its %ell4 ,ano!r famili> in/ance is t ( ! fly :i* walks on ! ceil+ ) feet t /ick4 ,! b>omet] tube1 empti$ ( air1 & fill$ ) pure m]cury1 is turn$ d[n into a cup or ci/]n conta9+ ! same fluid1 :i*1 feel+ ! weight ( air1 is s press$ by x z to balance a column ( ab\t ?irty in*es 7m or less7 9 ! tube1 :]e no air presses on ! top ( ! column4 ,if a long pipe1 clos$ at "o end only1 7 empti$ ( air1 fill$ ) wat]1 ! op5 end kept 9 wat] & ! pipe held upright1 ! wat] w\ld rise 9 x m ?an ?irty feet4 ,9 ?is way wat] b>omet]s h be5 made4 ,a pro( ( ?is effect is %[n by any well ) a suck+ pump--up :i*1 z is commonly kn[n1 ! wat] w rise ne>ly ?irty feet1 by :at is call$ suction1 :i* is1 9 fact1 ! pressure ( air t[>ds an empty place4 ,! words on scales ( b>omet]s %\ld n be s mu* reg>d$ = wea!r indications1 z ! ris+ or fall+ ( ! m]cury2 =1 if x /& at ,*angeable1 & !n rise t[>ds ,fair1 x presages a *ange ( w9d or wea!r1 ?\gh n s great1 z if ! m]cury _h ris5 high]2 &1 on ! contr>y1 if ! m]cury /& above fair & !n fall1 x presages a *ange1 ?\gh n to s great a degree z if x _h /ood l[]3 besides :i*1 ! direction1 & =ce ( w9d1 are n 9 any way notic$4 ,x is n f ! po9t at :i* ! m]cury may /& t we are alone to =m a judgm5t ( ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 b f its ris+ or fall+2 & f ! movem5ts ( imm$iately prec$+ days z well z h\rs1 keep+ 9 m9d effects ( *ange ( direction1 & dryness1 or moi/ure1 z well z alt]ation ( =ce or /r5g? ( w9d4 99 99 99 ,9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 t[>ds ! high] latitudes1 ! quicksilv] ranges1 or rises & falls1 ne>ly ?ree in*es--namely1 betwe5 ab\t ?irty in*es & n9e-t5?s 7#cji71 & less ?an tw5ty-eight in*es 7#bhj7 on extraord9>y occasions2 b ! usual range is f ab\t ?irty in*es & a half 7#cje71 to ab\t tw5ty-n9e in*es4 ,ne> ! ,l9e1 or 9 equatorial places1 ! range is b a few t5?s1 except 9 /orms1 :5 x sometimes falls to tw5ty-sev5 in*es4 ,! slid+-scale 7v]ni]7 divides ! t5?s into t5 p>ts ea*1 or hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,! numb] ( divisions on ! v]ni] exce$s t 9 an equal space ( ! fix$ scale by "o4#g 99 99 99 ,by a !rmomet] ! weight ( air is n %[n4 ,no air is )9 ! tube4 ,none c get 94 ,b ! bulb ( ! tube is full ( m]cury1 :i* contracts by cold1 & swells by heat--accord+ to :i* effect ! ?read ( metal 9 ! small tube is drawn d[n or pu%$ up s _m degrees3 & ?us %[s ! temp]ature4#h ,if a !rmomet] h a piece ( l95 ti$ r\nd ! bulb1 wett$ en\gh to keep x damp by a ?read or wick dipp+ into a cup ( wat]1 x w %[ less heat ?an a dry "o1 9 proportion to ! dryness ( ! air1 & quickness ( dry+4#i ,9 v damp wea!r1 ) or be=e ra91 fog1 or dew1 two su* !rmomet]s w be ne>ly alike4 ,= asc]ta9+ ! dryness or moi/ure ( air1 ! readie/1 & sure/ me?od is ! comp>ison ( two !rmomet]s2 "o dry1 ! o!r j moi/5$1 & kept s4 ,cool$ by evaporation z mu* z ! /ate ( ! air admits--! moi/ 7or wet7 bulb !rmomet] %[s a temp]ature ne>ly equal to t ( ! o!r "o1 :5 ! atmosph]e is extremely damp1 or moi/2 b l[] at o!r times1--9 proportion to ! dryness ( air1 & consequ5t evaporation1--z f> z twelve or fifte5 degrees 9 ?is climate2 tw5ty or ev5 m else:]e4 ,f f\r to eight degrees ( diff]5ce is usual 9 ,engl&2 & ab\t sev5 is consid]$ heal?y = liv+ rooms4 ,! !rmomet] fix$ to a b>omet] int5d$ to be us$ only z a wea!r-glass %[s ! temp]ature ( air ab\t x ne>ly--b does n %[ ! temp]ature ( m]cury )9 exactly4 ,x does s h[ev] ne> en\gh = ord9>y practical purposes--provid$ t no sun1 nor fire1 nor lamp heat is all[$ to act on ! in/rum5t p>tially4 ,! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n & tube be+ affect$ by cold or heat1 makes x advisable to consid] ?is :5 endeav\r+ to =etell com+ wea!r by ! l5g? ( ! column4 99 99 99 ,briefly1 ! b>omet] %[s weight or pressure ( ! air2 ! !rmomet]--heat & cold1 or temp]ature2 & ! wet !rmomet]1 comp>$ ) a dry "o1 ! degree ( moi/ure or dampness4#aj ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! /ate ( ! air =etells1 r ?an %[s pres5t wea!r 7an invaluable fact too (t5 ov]look$72 t ! long] ! "t betwe5 ! signs & ! *ange =etold by !m1 ! long] su* alt]$ wea!r w la/2 &1 on ! contr>y1 ! less ! "t betwe5 a w>n+ & a *ange1 ! %ort] w be ! cont9uance ( su* =etold wea!r4 99 99 99 ,if ! b>omet] has be5 ab\t its ord9>y height1 say ne> ?irty in*es1 at ! sea level1#aa & is /eady1 or ris+--:ile ! !rmomet] falls1 & dampness becomes less--,nor?-we/]ly1 ,nor!rly1 or ,nor?-ea/]ly w9d--or less w9d--may be expect$4 ,on ! contr>y--if a fall takes place1 ) a ris+ !rmomet] & increas$ dampness1 w9d & ra9 may be expect$ f ! ,s\?-ea/w>d1 ,s\?w>d1 or ,s\?-we/w>d4 ,a fall1 ) a l[ !rmomet]1 =etells sn[4 ,exceptions to ^! rules occur :5 a ,nor?-ea/]ly w9d1 ) wet 7ra9 or sn[7 is imp5d+1 be=e :i* ! b>omet] (t5 rises 7on acc\nt ( ! direction ( ! com+ w9d alone71 & deceives p]sons :o1 f t sign only1 expect fair wea!r4 ,:5 ! b>omet] is r bel[ its ord9>y height1 say1 bel[ tw5ty-n9e in*es & n9e-t5?s 7at ! sea level only71 a rise =etells less w9d1 or a *ange 9 its direction t[>ds ! ,nor?w>d1--or less wet2 b :5 ! m]cury#ab has be5 l[1 say ne> #bi in*es--! fir/ ris+ usually prec$es1 & =etells1 /rong w9d--7at times heavy squalls7--f ! ,nor?-we/w>d--,nor?w>d--or ,nor?-ea/w>d--aft] :i* viol5ce a ris+ glass =etells improv+ wea!r--if ! !rmomet] falls4 ,b1 if ! w>m? cont9ue1 probably ! w9d w back 7%ift aga9/ ! sun's c\rse71 & m ,s\!rly1 or ,s\?-we/]ly w9d w foll[4 ,back+ is a bad sign1 ) any w9d4 ,! mo/ dang]\s %ifts ( w9d1 & ! heavie/ ,nor!rly#ac gales happ5 aft] ! m]cury fir/ rises f a v l[ po9t4 ,indications ( approa*+ *anges ( wea!r1 & ! direction & =ce ( w9ds are %[n less by ! height ( m]cury 9 ! tube1 ?an by its fall+ or ris+4 ,nev]!less1 a height ( ab\t #cj in*es 7at ! level ( ! sea7 ) a cont9uance ( x1 is indicative ( f9e wea!r & mod]ate w9ds4 ,! b>omet] is said to be fall+ :5 ! m]cury 9 ! tube is s9k+1 at :i* "t its upp] surface is sometimes concave or holl[4 ,! b>omet] is ris+ :5 ! m]curial column is l5g!n+2 its upp] surface be+ !n1 z 9 g5]al1 convex or r\nd$4#ad ,a rapid rise ( ! b>omet] indicates unsettl$ wea!r4 ,a sl[ rise1 or /ead9ess1 ) dryness1 %[s fair wea!r4 ,a consid]able & rapid fall is a sign ( /ormy wea!r & ra94 ,alt]nate ris+ & s9k+ %[ v unsettl$ wea!r4 ,! greate/ depressions ( ! b>omet] are ) gales f ! ,s4,e41 ,s\?w>d1 or ,s4,w42 ! greate/ elevations1 ) w9ds f ! ,n4,w41 ,nor?w>d1 or ,n4,e41 or :5 calm4 ,al?\gh ! b>omet] g5]ally falls ) a ,s\!rly1 & rises ) a ,nor!rly w9d1 ! contr>y sometimes occurs2 9 :i* cases ! ,s\!rly w9d is dry & ! wea!r f9e2 or ! ,nor!rly w9d is wet & viol5t4#ae ,:5 ! b>omet] s9ks consid]ably1 high w9d1 ra91 or sn[ w foll[3 ! w9d w be f ! ,nor?w>d if ! !rmomet] is l[ 7= ! season7--f ! ,s\?w>d if ! !rmomet] is high4 ,sudd5 falls ( ! b>omet]1 ) a ,we/]ly w9d1 are sometimes foll[$ by viol5t /orms f ,n4,w4 or ,nor?4 ,if a gale sets 9 f ! ,ea/w>d or ,s4,e41 & ! w9d ve]s by ! ,s\?1 ! b>omet] w cont9ue fall+ until ! w9d becomes ,s4,w41 :5 a comp>ative lull may occur2 aft] :i* ! gale w be r5ew$2 & ! %ift+ ( ! w9d t[>ds ! ,n4,w4 w be indicat$ by a fall ( ! !rmomet] z well z a rise ( ! b>omet]4 ,?ree ?+s appe> to affect ! m]cury 9 a b>omet]3-- #a4 ,! direction ( ! w9d--! ,nor?-ea/ w9d t5d+ to raise x mo/--! ,s\?-we/ to l[] x ! mo/1 & w9d f po9ts ( ! compass betwe5 !m proportionally z !y are ne>] "o or ! o!r extreme po9t4 ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 may !re=e be call$ ! w9d's extreme be>+s 7r ?an poles87 ,! range1 or diff]5ce ( height1 ( ! m]cury1 due to *ange ( direction only1 f "o ( ^! be>+s to ! o!r 7suppos+ /r5g? or =ce1 & moi/ure1 to rema9 ! same7 am\nts 9 ^! latitudes to ab\t half an in* 7%[n by ! b>omet] z read (f74 #b4 ,! am\nt1 tak5 by itself1 ( vap\r1 moi/ure1 wet1 ra91 hail1 or sn[1 9 ! w9d or curr5t ( air 7direction & /r5g? rema9+ ! same7 seems to cause a *ange am\nt+1 9 an extreme case1 to ab\t half an in*4 #c4 ,! /r5g? or =ce alone ( w9d f any qu>t] 7moi/ure & direction be+ un*ang$7 is prec$$1 or =etold1 by a fall or rise1 accord+ z ! /r5g? w be great] or less1 rang+1 9 an extreme case1 to m ?an two in*es4 ,h5ce1 suppos+ ! ?ree causes to act toge!r--9 extreme cases--! m]cury might range f ab\t #ca 7#cji7 in*es to ne> #bg in*es1 :i* has happ5$ occasionally4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 z ! ?ree act mu* less /rongly1 & are less 9 accord--ord9>y v>ieties ( wea!r 7! w9d v>y+ z usual--) m or less cl\d9ess1 or ra97 occur mu* m frequ5tly ?an extreme *anges4 ,ano!r g5]al rule requires att5tion2 :i* is1 t ! w9d usually ve]s1 %ifts1 or goes r\nd1 ) ! sun1 7"r-h&$ 9 nor!rn places1 left-h&$ 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! _w17 & t1 :5 x does n d s1 or backs1 m w9d or bad wea!r may be expect$ in/ead ( improvem5t4 ,9 a b>omet] ! m]cury beg9s to rise occasionally be=e ! conclusion ( gale1 sometimes ev5 at its comm5cem5t1 z ! equilibrium ( ! atmosph]e beg9s to be re/or$4 ,al?\gh ! m]cury falls l[e/ be=e high w9ds1 x frequ5tly s9ks consid]ably be=e heavy ra9 only4 ,! b>omet] falls1 b n always1 on ! approa* ( ?und] & lightn+1 or :5 ! atmosph]e is highly *>g$ ) electricity4#af ,be=e & dur+ ! e>li] "p ( s]5e & settl$ wea!r1 ! m]cury commonly /&s high1 & is /ation>y4#ag ,in/ances ( f9e wea!r1 ) a l[ glass1 occur exceptionally1 b !y are always preludes to a duration ( w9d or ra91 if n bo?4 ,aft] v w>m & calm wea!r1 ra9 or a /orm is likely to occur2 or at any "t :5 ! atmosph]e has be5 heat$ mu* above ! usual temp]ature ( ! season4 ,all[ance %\ld inv>iably be made = ! previ\s /ate ( ! in/rum5t dur+ "s days z well z h\rs1 because its indications may be affect$ by remote causes1 or by *anges close at h&4 ,"s ( ^! *anges may occur at a great] or less di/ance1 influ5c+ neighb\r+ regions1 b n visible to ea* obs]v] ^: b>omet]1 nev]!less1 feels _! effect4 ,!re may be heavy ra9s or viol5t w9ds beyond ! horizon1 out ( view ( an obs]v]1 by :i* 8 in/rum5ts may be affect$ consid]ably1 ?\gh no p>ticul> *ange ( wea!r occurs 9 8 imm$iate locality4 ,x may be repeat$1 t ! long] a *ange ( w9d or wea!r is =etold by ! b>omet] be=e x takes place1 ! long] ! presag$ wea!r w la/2 &1 conv]sely1 ! %ort] ! w>n+1 ! less "t :atev] causes ! w>n+2 :e!r w9d or a fall ( ra91 hail1 or sn[1 w cont9ue4 ,sometimes sev]e wea!r f an equatorial#ah direction1 n la/+ long1 may cause no great fall ( ! b>omet]1 because foll[$ by a duration ( w9d f pol> regions3--& at times x may fall consid]ably ) pol> w9ds & f9e wea!r1 app>5tly aga9/ ^! rules1 because a cont9uance ( equatorial w9d is ab\t to foll[4 ,by su* *anges z ^! "o may be misl$1 & calamity may be ! consequ5ce if n ?us =ew>n$4 ,! ve]+ ( ! w9ds is a direct consequ5ce ( ! e>?'s rotation1 :ile curr5ts ( air f ! pol> regions are alt]nat+ or cont5d+ ) o!rs f ! equator4 ,! pol> curr5ts are cold1 dry1 & heavy4 ,^? f ! equatorial p>ts ( ! _w are w>m1 moi/1 & comp>atively light4 ,_! alt]nate or comb9$ action1 ) ! ag5cies ( sol> heat & electricity1 cause ! v>ieties ( wea!r t we exp]i5ce4 ,x is n int5d$ to disc\rage att5tion to :at is usually call$ wea!r wisdom4 ,on ! contr>y1 e prud5t p]son w comb9e obs]vation ( ! elem5ts ) su* indications z he may obta9 f in/rum5ts4 ,! m c>efully & accurately ^! two s\rces ( =ekn[l$ge are comp>$ & comb9$1 ! m satisfactory w ! results prove4 ,a few ( ! m m>k$ signs ( wea!r--useful alike to seaman1 f>m]1 & g>d5]1 are ! foll[+3 ,:e!r cle> or cl\dy1 a rosy sky at sunset presages f9e wea!r2 a r$ sky 9 ! morn+1 bad wea!r1 or mu* w9d 7if n ra973--a grey sky 9 ! morn+ f9e wea!r2 a high dawn1 w9d2 a l[ dawn2 fair wea!r4#ai ,s(t-look+ or delicate cl\ds =etell f9e wea!r1 ) mod]ate or light breezes2--h>d edg$ oily-look+ cl\ds1 w9d4 ,a d>k1 gloomy1 blue sky is w9dy2--b a light1 bright blue sky indicates f9e wea!r4 ,g5]ally1 ! s(t] cl\ds look1 ! less w9d 7b p]haps m ra97 may be expect$2--& ! h>d]1 m greasy1 roll$1 tuft$1 or ragg$1 ! /rong] ! com+ w9d w prove4 ,also1 a bright yell[ sky at sunset presages w9d2 a pale yell[1 wet3--& ?us by ! preval5ce ( r$1 yell[1 or grey t9ts1 ! com+ wea!r may be =etold v ne>ly3 inde$1 if aid$ by in/rum5ts1 almo/ exactly4#bj ,small inky-look+ cl\ds =etell ra92 a light scud1 driv+ across heavy cl\ds1 w9d & ra92 b if alone1 w9d only4 ,high upp] cl\ds cross+ ! sun1 moon1 or />s1 9 a direction diff]5t f t ( ! l[] cl\ds1 or w9d !n bl[+1 =etell a *ange ( w9d 7beyond tropical latitudes74#ba ,aft] f9e cle> wea!r ! fir/ signs 79 ! sky7 ( *ange are usually small1 curl$1 /reak$1 or spotty cl\ds1 foll[$ by an ov]ca/+ ( vap\r1 t gr[s into cl\d9ess4 ,?is murky appe>ance1 m or less oily or wat]y1 z w9d or ra9 w prevail1 is a sure sign4 ,! high] & m di/ant ! cl\ds seem to be1 ! m gradual1 b ext5sive1 ! com+ *ange ( wea!r w prove4 ,g5]ally speak+1 natural1 quiet1 delicate t9ts or col\rs1 ) s(t undef9$ =ms ( cl\ds1 =etell f9e wea!r3 b gaudy or unusual hues1 ) h>d1 def9ite outl9es1 presage ra9 & w9d4 ,mi/y cl\ds =m+1 or hang+ on heights1 %[ w9d & ra9 com+--if !y rema91 or desc5d4 ,if !y rise1 or disp]se1 ! wea!r w improve1 or become f9e4 ,:5 sea birds fly out e>ly1 & f> to seaw>d1 mod]ate w9d & fair wea!r may be expect$4 ,:5 !y hang ab\t ! l&1 or ov] x1 sometimes fly+ inl&1 expect a /rong w9d1 ) /ormy wea!r4 ,z _m creatures1 besides birds1 are affect$ by ! approa* ( ra9 or w9d1 su* indications %\ld n be slight$ by ! obs]v] ( wea!r4 ,!re are o!r signs ( a com+ *ange 9 ! wea!r kn[n less g5]ally ?an may be desirable2 &1 !re=e wor? notice "h4 ,:5 birds ( long flight1 su* z swall[s & o!rs1 hang ab\t home & fly l[--ra9 or w9d may be expect$4 ,also :5 animals seek %elt]$ places1 in/ead ( spread+ ov] _! usual range3 :5 pigs c>ry /raw to _! /ies2 & :5 smoke f *imneys does n asc5d readily1 7/raight upw>ds dur+ a calm17 an unfav\rable *ange may be look$ =4 ,dew is an indication ( f9e wea!r4 ,s is fog4 ,nei!r ( ^! two =mations occurs "u an ov]ca/ sky1 or :5 !re is mu* w9d4 ,"o sees ! fog occasionally roll$ away1 z x 71 by w9d--b n =m$ :ile x is bl[+4 ,rem>kable cle>ness ( atmosph]e1 ne> ! horizon2 di/ant objects1 su* z hills1 unusually visible2 or rais$ 7by refraction72 & :at is call$ a good he>+ day may be m5tion$ among signs ( wet1 if n w9d1 to be expect$4#bb ,m ?an usual tw9kl+ ( ! />s2 indi/9ctness or app>5t multiplication ( ! moon's horns2 haloes2 w9d-dogs2 & ! ra9b[2 are m or less significant ( increas+ w9d1 if n approa*+ ra94#bc ,ne> l&1 9 %elt]$ h>b\rs1 9 valleys1 or ov] l[ gr\nd1 !re is usually a m>k$ dim9ution ( w9d dur+ "p ( ! night--& a disp]sion ( cl\ds4 ,at su* times an eye on an ov]look+ height may see an ext5d$ body ( vap\r bel[2 :i* ! cool+ ( night has r5d]$ visible4 99 99 99 ,al?\gh ! prec$+ rem>ks are probably suffici5t = _! pr9cipal purpose--^! pages may fall into ! h&s ( p]sons famili> ) ! subject1 to :om ! foll[+ obs]vations may be address$1 z "s ( ! reasons = :at has be5 s briefly1 if n too positively outl9$4 ,z ! m]curial column rises ) increase ( pressure by ! atmosph]e1 & desc5ds :5 ! pressure dim9i%es1 x indicates a great] or less accumulation ( air1 :i*1 l o!r fluid1 su* z wat] 7:5 heap$ above its av]age level or r$uc$ bel[ x1 f :atev] cause71--w h a t5d5cy to fall or rise till ! g5]al equilibrium is re/or$4 ,an obs]v] may be "u ! c5tre ( su* accumulation or depression1 he may be m or less di/ant f x1 ?\gh )9 ! influ5ce ( :atev] horizontal movem5t ( air may be caus$ by su* tempor>y increase or dim9ution ( pressure4 ,h5ce ! b>omet] %[s1 & g5]ally =etells1 *anges ( w9d2 b z complications always occur1 & z *anges are ( great] or less ext5t1 affect+ or ext5d+ ?r\gh a wid] or m limit$ area1 accompani$ by hygrometric & electrical alt]ations1 x is extremely difficult at times to say be=eh& :at p>ticul> *ange ( wea!r is to be expect$1 & at :at int]val ( "t2 al?\gh aft] ! ev5t ! correspond5ce ( b>ometric *anges ) ^? ( ! wea!r c be readily trac$4 ,h[ev]1 not)/&+ occasional p]plexity1 ! g5]al "* ( wea!r dur+ ! next few days may be pr$ict$ by an obs]v] :o und]/&s ! nature & use ( ?is in/rum5t & ! !rmomet]1 & has wat*$ !m 9 ! few imm$iately prec$+ days4 ,9 endeav\r+ to =etell wea!r1 ! g5]al peculi>ity %\ld always be rememb]$1 t ! b>ometric column usually /&s high] ) ea/]ly ?an x does ) we/]ly w9ds2 & ) w9ds f ! pol> regions high] ?an ) ^? f ! direction ( ! equator4 ,h5ce ! highe/ columns are obs]v$ ) nor?-ea/ w9ds 9 nor!rn latitudes1 & ) s\?-ea/ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 middle latitudes !re is an av]age diff]5ce 7unr$uc$ or obs]v$ height z read (f7 ( ab\t half an in*1 o!r ?+s be+ simil>1 betwe5 ! heights ( ! m]cury ) ,nor?-ea/]ly1 & ) ,s\?-we/]ly w9ds4 ,! /eadi] ! column1 or ! m gradually x moves1 ! m settl$ 9 "* w ! wea!r be1 & conv]sely3 because x %[s a quiet settl$ /ate ( ! atmosph]e2 or1 if o!rwise1 ! rev]se4 ,9 ! tropics1 :5 ! b>ometric column moves contr>y to its usual daily motion1 inf]ior wea!r may be expect$ 7tempor>ily71 because ! usual air curr5ts are di/urb$4 ,?is regul> movem5t1 :e!r tidal1 or o!rwise connect$ ) ! sun's influ5ce--s5sible 9 tropical latitudes1 b m or less mask$ else:]e--am\nts to ne>ly two-t5?s ( an in* ne> ! equator1 ! highe/ be+ at ab\t n9e1 & ! l[e/ ne> ?ree o'clock4 99 99 99 ,"s movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e may be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! motion ( wat] drawn (f f a res]voir by a small op5+ bel[2 or by simil> upw>d draught ?r\gh a syphon2 or by a gradual p\r+ 9 at ! upp] surface4 ,f a slight motion at ! comm5cem5t1 affect+ only t portion ( ! fluid adjo9+ ei!r ( ^? places ( dim9ution or repletion1 gradually all ! wat] becomes influ5c$ & acquires m or less rapid movem5t4 ,b suppose a long res]voir or canal ( fluid :i* has two su* po9ts ( exhau/ion or two ( su* repletion 7z imag9$ above71 & t "o ( ei!r is ne> ea* end ( ! vessel4 ,if ea* ap]ture be op5$ at ! same mom5t1 equal effects w be caus$ 9 ea* half ( ! fluid t[>ds ei!r end ( ! vessel1 b 9 ! middle !re mu/ be a neutral po9t at :i* ! wat] falls1 yet has no horizontal motion4 ,! conv]se takes place 9 rais+ ! level4 ,& 9 ! case ( fluid drawn (f or dim9i%$ 9 weight at "o end :ile increas$ by repletion at ! o!r1 ! :ole body ( wat] w move simil>ly to t 9 ! =m] vessel1 b unequally4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t be=e horizontal motion occurs1 an augm5tation or a dim9ution ( pressure mu/ take place some:]e m or less remote2 & s x is ) ! light] fluid atmosph]e1--:i* has c5tres1 l9es1 or areas ( depression t[>ds :i* curr5ts fl[4 ,su* consid]ations %[ 9 "s degree :y ! b>ometric *anges usually prec$e1 b sometimes only accompany1 *anges ( wea!r3 &1 ?\gh v r>ely1 occur )\t any s5sible alt]ation 9 ! w9d curr5t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,an obs]v] may be ne> a c5tral po9t t[>ds :i* ! surr\nd+ fluid t5ds1--or f :i* x div]ges4 ,he may be at ! v f>!/ limit ( ! portion ( fluid t is s influ5c$4 ,he may be at an int]m$iate po9t--or he may be betwe5 bodies ( atmosph]e t5d+ t[>ds opposite directions4 ,x has be5 said1 t a :irlw9d :i* sets an ext5d$ portion ( ! atmosph]e into a /ate ( rapid revolution dim9i%es ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ov] t portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 & mo/ ( all at ! c5tre ( ! :irl4 ,! dep? ( ! compress+ column ( air w1 at ! c5tre1 be lea/1 & its weight w be dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! viol5ce ( ! w9d4 ,yet ?is has be5 controv]t$ ) respect to ! g5]al effect ( air 9 horizontal motion1 & ! dep? ( ! column 9 "q4 ,c]ta9ly !re are two k9ds ( :irlw9ds--"o caus$ by r>efaction1 t5d+ to light5 v]tical pressure "u ! vortex1 ?\gh n1 p]haps1 "u all ! curr5t drawn t[>ds x2 & ! o!r1 a consequ5ce ( oppos+ w9ds1 :i* occasion huge eddies or :irlw9ds ( compression4 ,"s :irlw9ds are accompani$ by ru%es f ! upp] atmosph]e1 f ! cold] regions1 :i*1 m+l+ ) w>m] & moi/] air ne> ! sea1 cause d5se cl\ds4 ,ab\t _! c5tre x sometimes happ5s t ! b>omet] falls z mu* z two or ?ree in*es1 %[+ a dim9ution ( atmosph]ic pressure by ne>ly a t5? "p2 :5 x %\ld be expect$1 f physical consid]ations alone1 t v d5se cl\ds w\ld be =m$4#bd 99 99 99 ,! column ( m]cury falls ab\t "o t5? ( an in* = ea* ( ! fir/ few hundr$ feet above ! sea level1 b v>y+ :5 x becomes mu* m elevat$4#be ,due all[ance1 !re=e1 %\ld be made 9 obs]v+1 :5 on high l&4 ,! tides are affect$ by atmosph]ic pressure1 s mu* t a rise ( "o in* 9 ! b>omet] w h a correspond+ fall 9 ! tides ( n9e to sixte5 in*es1 or ab\t "o foot = ea* in*4#bf 99 99 99 ,vessels sometimes ent] docks1 or ev5 h>b\rs1 :]e !y h sc>cely a foot ( wat] m ?an _! draught2 & z dock+1 z well z laun*+ l>ge %ips1 requires a close calculation ( height ( wat]1 ! /ate ( ! b>omet] becomes ( additional importance on su* occasions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to r5d] ^! pages r m useful at sea1 9 any "p ( ! _w1 a few words ab\t squalls & hurricanes are "h (f]$ to ! "y seaman4 ,g5]ally1 squalls are prec$$1 or accompani$1 or foll[$ by cl\ds2 b ! v dang]\s :ite squall 7( ! ,we/ ,indies & o!r regions71 is indicat$ only by a ru%+ s\nd1 & by :ite wave cre/s4 ,desc5d+ squalls come slant+ d[nw>ds1 (f high l&1#bg or f upp] regions ( atmosph]e4 ,!y are dang]\s1 be+ sometimes viol5tly /rong4 ,a squall cl\d t c be se5 ?r\gh or "u is n likely to br+1 or be accompani$ by1 s mu* w9d z a d>k cont9u$ cl\d ext5d+ beyond ! horizon4 ,h[ ! comp>ative h>dness or s(tness ( cl\ds =etells m or less w9d or ra91 0 /at$ 9 pages #ac & #ad4 ,! expressions h>d5+ up1 s(t5+1 or look+ greasy1 are famili> to seam53 & su* v sure indications are ! appe>ances s designat$1 t !y c h>dly be mi/ak54 ,! rapid or sl[ rise ( a squall cl\d--its m or less di/urb$ look--t is1 :e!r its body is mu* agitat$1 & *ang+ =m cont9ually1 ) brok5 cl\ds1 or scud1 fly+ ab\t--or :e!r ! mass ( cl\d is %apeless & ne>ly quiet1 ?\gh float+ onw>ds across ! sky--=etells m or less w9d accord+ly4 ,an (fic] ( a wat*1 ) a good eye = cl\ds & signs ( *ang+ wea!r1 may save 8 m5 a great deal ( unnecess>y exposure1 z well z "w1 besides economis+ sails1 sp>s1 & rigg+4 ,9 "s ( ! saws ab\t w9d & wea!r1 !re is s mu* tru? t1 ?\gh trite & simple1 _! ins]tion "h c d no h>m4 ,adv]t+ to ! b>omet]3-- ,:5 rise beg9s1 aft] l[1 ,squalls expect & cle> bl[4 ,or3--,fir/ rise1 aft] v l[1 ,indicates a /rong] bl[4 ,also3--,long =etold1 long la/3 ,%ort notice1 soon pa/4 ,to :i* may be add$3--,9 squalls-- ,:5 ra9 comes be=e w9d1 ,haly>ds1 %eets1 & braces m9d4 ,&3--,:5 w9d comes be=e ra91 ,soon y may make sail aga94 99 99 99 ,also1 g5]ally speak+3-- ,:5 ! glass falls l[1 ,prep>e = a bl[2 ,:5 x rises high1 ,let all y\r kites fly4#bh 99 99 99 ,to ^! %ort expressions--well kn[n1 9 practice1 to ! exp]i5c$2 a v concise b sure rule may be add$1 = avoid+ ! c5tral or /ronge/ "p ( a hurricane1 cyclone1 typhoon1 tornado1 or circl+ /orm4 ,) y\r face t[>ds ! w9d1 9 ,nor? latitude1 ! c5tre ( ! circl+1 or rotatory /orm1 w be squ>e to y\r "r4 ,9 ,s\? latitude1 squ>e to y\r left4 ,! app>5t ve]+ ( ! w9d1 & ! approa* or retreat ( ! dang]\s c5tral circle1 dep5d on y\r position 9 ! curvil9e> :irl or sweep4 ,draw a circle2--m>k ! direction ( ! rotation or circulation1 by an arr[ ) ! head t[>ds ! left h& 7aga9/ ! movem5t ( a wat*'s h&s7 9 ,nor? latitude2 b t[>ds ! "r 7or ) ! h&s ( a wat*7 if 9 ,s\? latitude4 ,! direction ( ! w9d1 & ! be>+ ( ! c5tre1 %[ y\r position 9 ! meteor1 = su* x is1 ?\gh p]haps hundr$s ( miles 9 diamet]2 & ! ve]+ ( ! w9d1 or ! contr>y1 & its *ange 9 /r5g?1 w %[ h[ ! meteor is mov+ bodily--ov] an ext5sive region1 revolv+ horizontally--or incl9$ at a c]ta9 angle to ! horizontal plane4 ,if ! obs]v] be /ation>y1 9 ,nor? latitude1 & ! c5tre pass on 8 pol> side1 he w exp]i5ce a *ange ( w9d f ,s\?w>d by ! ,we/ t[>ds ,nor?2 b if x pass betwe5 him & ! ,equator1 ! *ange w be f ,s\?w>d by ! ,ea/ t[>ds ,nor?2 b o!rwise 9 ,s\? latitude1 z 8 place 9 circles sket*$ w %[ m cle>ly ?an words4 ,! r\ghe/ sket* or diagram1 indicat+ ! v>i\s directions ( w9d1 & ! c\rse ( ! meteor's c5tre1 w %[ m pla9ly ?an descriptions--:i* mu/ necess>ily v>y ) ea* case1 & are t$i\s4 ,cyclonology1 or really meteorology1 is simple en\gh 9 ^! great *>act]i/ic effects2 b _! causes mu/ be ! philosoph]'s /udy1 r ?an t ( ! "y practical seaman4 ,7 x n = ?is reflection1 "o might endeav\r to %[ h[ all ! great ,ea/]ly trade w9ds--! no less important anti-trades1#bi or ne>ly con/ant ,we/]ly w9ds1--& _! complicat$ eddy+ (fsets1 are all 7on great] or small] scales7 bread?s1 or zones ( atmosph]e1 alt]nat+1 or circulat+1 or cross+ 7sup]pos$ or lat]ally7--betwe5 :i*1 at di/ant int]vals1 occur ^? /rong eddies1 or /orms1 call$ hurricanes--typhoons--tornadoes--or cyclones4 ,! great ea/]ly & we/]ly movem5ts--s cle>ly %[n by philosoph]s to be ! consequ5ces ( cold pol> curr5ts ( air--w>m equatorial curr5ts--& diurnal rotation ( ! e>?2#cj are gr& rul+ ph5om5a ( meteorology--to :i* /orms1 & all local *anges1 occurr+ b occasionally1 are subord9ate & exceptional4 ,fur!r inve/igations into electrical & *emical peculi>ities w probably ?r[ additional light1 p]haps ! /ronge/1 on meteorological sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! previ\s obs]vations1 g5]al ref]5ce has be5 made to m]curial b>omet]s ( ! ord9>y k9d2 b1 except+ ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5ts !mselves1 ^? obs]vations apply to all b>omet]s1 :eel--an]oid--or metallic--& likewise1 ( c\rse1 to ! sympiesomet]1 :i* is a modifi$ b>omet]4 ,b z ^! f\r la/-m5tion$ in/rum5ts are sc>cely s famili> z ! simple/ =m ( b>omet]1 x may be useful to add a few words ab\t ea* ( !m4 99 99 99 ,! ,,:eel b>omet] has a syphon tube1 p>tly fill$ ) m]cury1 on :i*1 at ! %ort or op5 end ( ! tube1 a float moves1 to :i* a l9e is atta*$ t moves a :eel1 c>ry+ an index4#ca 99 99 99 ,,an]oid b>omet]s1 if (t5 comp>$ ) good m]curial columns1 are simil> 9 _! indications1 & valuable2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y are n indep5d5t in/rum5ts2 t !y are set orig9ally by a b>omet]1#cb require adju/m5t occasionally1 & may det]iorate 9 "t1 ?\gh sl[ly4 ,! an]oid is quick 9 %[+ ! v>iation ( atmosph]ic pressure1 & to ! navigator :o kn[s ! difficulty1 at times1 ( us+ b>omet]s1 ?is in/rum5t is a great boon1 = x c be plac$ any:]e1 q out ( h>m's way1 & is n affect$ by ! %ip's motion1 al?\gh fai?fully giv+ indication ( increas$ or dim9i%$ pressure ( air4#cc ,9 asc5d+ or desc5d+ elevations1 ! h& ( ! an]oid may be se5 to move 7l ! h& ( a wat*71 %[+ ! height above ! level ( ! sea1 or ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 places ( comp>ison4#cd ,! pr9ciple on :i* x is con/ruct$ may be expla9$ 9 a few words1 )\t go+ into a sci5tific or too m9ute detail ( its v>i\s p>ts4 ,! weight ( a column ( air1 :i* 9 a common b>omet] acts on ! m]cury1 9 ! an]oid presses on a small circul> metal box1 f :i* ne>ly all air is extract$2 & to ?is box is connect$1 by nice me*anical arrangem5t1 ! h& visible ov] ! face ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 ! atmosph]ic pressure is less5$ on ! vacuum box1 a spr+ act+ on lev]s1 turns ! h& to ! left1 & :5 ! pressure increases1 ! spr+ is affect$ diff]5tly1 ! h& be+ turn$ to ! "r4 ,x acts 9 any position1 b z x (t5 v>ies sev]al hundr$?s ) su* a *ange1 x %\ld be held uni=mly1 :ile read (f4 ,! kn[n expansion & contraction ( metals "u v>y+ temp]atures1 caus$ d\bts z to ! accuracy ( ! an]oid "u su* *anges2 b !y 7 p>tly remov$ by introduc+ into ! vacuum box a small portion ( gas1 z a comp5sation = ! effects ( heat or cold4 ,! gas 9 ! box1 *ang+ x bulk on a *ange ( temp]ature1 0 int5d$ to comp5sate = ! effect on ! metals ( :i* ! an]oid is made4 ,besides :i*1 a fur!r & m1 reliable comp5sation has lately be5 effect$ by a comb9ation ( brass & /eel b>s4#ce ,,metallic b>omet]s 79 out] %ape & size l an]oids7 h n yet be5 te/$ adequately 9 v moi/1 hot1 or cold air = a suffici5t "t4 ,!y1 z well z sympiesomet]s1 are likewise dep5d5t or second>y in/rum5ts1 & liable to det]ioration4 ,= limit$ employm5t1 :5 suffici5tly comp>$1 !y may be v useful1 especially 9 a few cases ( electrical *anges n =etold or %[n by m]cury4 ,! ,,sympiesomet] is consid]$ to be m s5sitive ?an ! m>9e b>omet]1 fall+ soon]1 & ris+ e>li]3 b ?is is p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! m>9e b>omet] tube be+ contract$1 to prev5t oscillation or pump+4 ,9 ! sympiesomet] a gas is us$1 :i* presses on ! conf9$ surface ( ! liquid ) an uni=m pressure at an equal /ate ( temp]ature4 ,! liquid is rais$ or depress$ by an increase or dim9ution 9 ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 & *ange ( temp]ature is all[$ =1 by ! slid+ scale ( ! in/rum5t be+ always set to agree ) ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! atta*$ !rmomet]1 br++ ! po9t] on ! slid+ scale ( ! sympiesomet] to ! same degree on ! inv]t$ scale 7ov] :i* x slides7 z is indicat$ by ! !rmomet]4 ,! height ( ! fluid1 z !n %[n by ! slid+ scale1 indicates ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,z ! in/rum5t is delicate1 great c>e %\ld be tak51 9 c>ry+ or h&l+1 to keep ! top always upw>ds1 & to exclude casual rays ( ! sun1 or a fire1 or lamp4 ,oil sympiesomet]s seem to be affect$ m ?an m]curial1 or o!rs1 & mu* m ?an ! b>omet]1 by lightn+ or electricity4 ,t !y1 & ! h]metically seal$ ,,/orm ,,glasses1 are influ5c$ by causes besides pressure & temp]ature1 appe>s n[ to be c]ta94 99 99 99 ,! daily movem5t ( ! b>omet] may be not$ 79 a =m or table ( d\ble entry7 at ! "t ( ea* obs]vation1 by a dot at ! place correspond+ to its altitude1 & ! "t ( obs]v+2 :i* dot %\ld be connect$ ) ! previ\s "o by a l9e4 ,! result+ free curve 7or zig-zag7 w %[ at a glance :at h be5 ! movem5ts dur+ ! days imm$iately previ\s1 by :i*1 & n m]ely by ! la/ obs]vation1 a judgm5t may be =m$ ( ! wea!r to be expect$4 ,su* a diagram may be fill$ up by uncorrect$ obs]vations1 its object be+ to s]ve z a wea!r guide = imm$iate use1 r ?an = future inve/igation4 ,if closely kept up1 x w prove to be ( utility1 & w 9 "s degree rew>d ! tr\ble ( keep+ a regul> record4 ,= purely sci5tific objects mu* m nicety & detail are requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hesitation is sometimes felt by "y seam51 at fir/ us+ ! v]ni] ( a b>omet]1 = want ( "s su* famili> explanation z ! foll[+3-- ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( ?is moveable divid+ scale is1 t ! total numb] ( ! smalle/ spaces or subdivisions ( ! v]ni] are made equal1 tak5 altoge!r1 to "o less ?an t numb] ( ! smalle/ spaces 9 an equal l5g? ( ! fix$ scale4 ,= example3 t5 spaces on ! v]ni] be+ made equal to n9e on ! scale1 ea* v]ni] space is "o t5? less ?an a scale space2 & if ! fir/ l9e or division ( ! v]ni] agree exactly ) any l9e ( ! scale1 ! next l9e ( ! v]ni] mu/ be "o t5? ( a t5? 7or "o hundr$?7 ( an in* f agreem5t ) ! next scale division2 ! foll[+ v]ni] l9e mu/ be two hundr$?s out1 & s on3 !re=e1 ! numb] ( su* diff]5ces 7f ! next t5? on ! scale7 at :i* a v]ni] l9e agrees ) a scale l9e1 :5 set1 is ! numb] ( hundr$?s to be add$ to ! said t5?2 79 a common b>omet]1 read+ only to hundr$?s ( an in*74 ,! v]ni] ( a b>omet] read+ to ?\s&?s ( an in*1 is on a simil> pr9ciple1 ?\gh diff]5tly divid$4 ,9 ?is application ( x1 g5]ally1 tw5ty-five v]ni] spaces equal tw5ty-f\r ( ! scale spaces1 :i* are ea* half a t5?1 or five hundr$?s ( an in*2 !re=e1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o ( ! v]ni] & "o ( ! scale is two-t5?s ( a hundr$?1 or two ?\s&?s ( an in* #be7jej7jjb4 ,?is is ! usual graduation ( sci5tific b>omet]s2 b = ord9>y purposes1 z wea!r-glasses1 a division1 or read+1 to ! hundr$? ( an in* is suffici5t4 ,:5 set prop]ly1 ! v]ni] /raight edge1 ! top ( ! m]cury1 & ! obs]v]'s eye1 %\ld be on ! same level2 ! edge 7or po9t]7 j t\*+#cf ! middle & upp]mo/ po9t ( ! column4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to look ?us squ>e1 or at "r angles to ! scale4 ,light1 or some?+ :ite1 at ! back ( ! tube1 assi/s 9 accurately sett+ ! v]ni]1 & may be %ift$ ab\t to aid 9 read+ (f4 99 99 99 ,,! ,,an]oid has be5 recomm5d$1 9 ^! pages1 z a wea!r-glass2 b x may increase its usefulness to app5d a table = measur+ heights 7approximately7 by ?is1 or any b>omet]1 :i* c be comp>$ ) ano!r1 or itself1 at a high] or l[] /ation4 ,if ! measure ( a height r great] ?an ! an]oid w commonly %[1 be requir$1 x may be re-set ?us--,:5 at ! upp] /ation 7)9 its range71 & hav+ not$ ! read+ c>efully1 t\* ! screw beh9d s z to br+ back ! h& a few in*es 7if ! in/rum5t w admit71 !n read (f & />t aga94 ,rev]se ! op]ation :5 desc5d+4 ,?is may add "s in*es ( measure approximately4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! foll[+ ,table1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb] ( feet opposite ! height ( a b>omet]1 at "o /ation1 & t at ano!r /ation1 is _! approximate diff]5ce ( height4 ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,b>omet] ,height 9 ,b>omet] ,height 9 ,b>omet] ,height 9 ,in*es4 feet4 ,in*es4 feet4 ,in*es4 feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #caj #j #bfh #chbi #bbg #hbja #cji #he #bfg #cibg #bbf #hcag #cjh #agj #bff #djbe #bbe #hdcd #cjg #bee #bfe #dabd #bbd #heea #cjf #cda #bfd #dbbc #bbc #hffi #cje #dbg #bfc #dcbc #bbb #hghg #cjd #eac #bfb #ddbc #bba #hijf #cjc #fjj #bfa #debd #bbj #ijbe #cjb #fhg #bfj #dfbe #bai #iade #cja #ggd #bei #dgbf #bah #ibff #cjj #hfb #beh #dhbh #bag #ichh #bii #iej #beg #dicj #baf #ieaj #bih #ajch #bef #ejcc #bae #ifcb #big #aabf #bee #eacf #bad #igee #bif #abae #bed #ebdj #bac #ihgh #bie #acjd #bec #ecdd #bab #ajjjb #bid #acic #beb #eddh #baa #ajabg #bic #adhb #bea #eeec #baj #ajbec #bib #aegb #bej #efeh #bji #ajcgi #bia #affb #bdi #egfc #bjh #ajejf #bij #agec #bdh #ehfi #bjg #ajfcc #bhi #ahdd #bdg #eigf #bjf #ajgfj #bhh #aice #bdf #fjhc #bje #ajhhi #bhg #bjbg #bde #faij #bjd #aajah #bhf #baai #bdd #fbig #bjc #aaadh #bhe #bbaa #bdc #fdje #bjb #aabgh #bhd #bcjc #bdb #fead #bja #aadji #bhc #bcif #bda #ffbc #bjj #aaeda #bhb #bdhi #bdj #fgcc #aii #aafgc #bha #behb #bci #fhdc #aih #aahje #bhj #bfge #bch #fiec #aig #aaici #bgi #bgfi #bcg #gjfd #aif #abjgd #bgh #bhfd #bcf #gage #aie #abbaj #bgg #biei #bce #gbhg #aid #abcdf #bgf #cjed #bcd #gcii #aic #abdhc #bge #cadi #bcc #geab #aib #abfbj #bgd #cbde #bcb #gfbe #aia #abgeg #bgc #ccda #bca #ggbi #aij #abhid #bgb #cdch #bcj #ghed #ahi #abidb #bga #cece #bbi #gifi #ahh #acjhj #bgj #cfcc #bbh #hjhe #ahg #acbai #bfi #cgca ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,m>9e ,,b>omet]1 ,,adopt$ ,,by ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,gov]nm5t1 ,on ! recomm5dation ( ! ,kew ,obs]vatory ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,?is in/rum5t %\ld be susp5d$ 9 a good light = read+1 b out ( ! rea* ( sun%9e or ! heat ( a fire or lamp4 ,x %\ld be z ne>ly amid%ips1 & expos$ z little to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 gu/s ( w9d1 or injuries1 z possible4 ,9 a %ip ( w> x %\ld be bel[ ! l[e/ batt]y or gun-deck4 ,light %\ld h access to ! back ( ! tube1 to admit ( sett+ ! index s z to h its l[] edge a tang5t to ! surface ( ! m]cury--! eye be+ on ! same level1 :i* is kn[n by ! back & front edges ( ! index be+ 9 "o l9e ) ! m]cury surface4 ,:ite pap] or c>d w reflect light = sett+ ! v]ni] correctly4 ,! height ( ! ci/]n above or bel[ ! %ip's wat]-l9e %\ld be asc]ta9$1 & ent]$ on ! regi/]4 ,x is desirable to place ! b>omet] 9 su* a position z n to be 9 dang] ( a side bl[1 & also suffici5tly f> f ! deck above to all[ = ! spr+ ( ! metal arm 9 cases ( sudd5 movem5ts ( ! %ip4 ,if !re is risk ( ! in/rum5t /rik+ any:]e :5 ! vessel is mu* incl9$1 x w be desirable ei!r to put "s s(t padd+ on t place1 or to *eck movem5t 9 t direction by a light ela/ic cord2 9 fix+ :i*1 att5tion mu/ be paid to h x act+ only :]e risk ( a bl[ beg9s1 n int]f]+ o!rwise ) ! free sw+ ( ! in/rum5t3 a v light cord atta*$ above1 :5 possible1 w be lea/ likely to int]f]e injuri\sly4 ,! v]ni]1 z usual 9 /&>d b>omet]s1 reads to ! two ?\s&? 7#jjb7 "p ( an in*4 ,e long l9e cut on ! v]ni] corresponds to #ja "p2 ea* small division on ! scale is #je2 ! hundr$? p>ts on ! v]ni] be+ add$ to ! five :5 its l[] edge is next above "o ( ! %ort l9es2 or writt5 d[n z %[n by ! figures on ! v]ni] only1 :5 next above "o ( ! divisions m>k+ t5?s4 ,9 plac+ ?is b>omet]1 x is only necess>y to fix ! in/rum5t c>efully1 z indicat$ 9 ! above directions1 & give a few g5tle taps ) ! f+]s on ! bottom1 to move ! m]cury4 ,)\t fur!r op]ation x w usually be ready = obs]vation 9 less ?an an h\r4 ,:5 mov+ ! b>omet]1 or replac+ x 9 its case1 ! m]cury %\ld be all[$ to run g5tly up to ! top ( ! tube1 by hold+ ! in/rum5t = a few m9utes incl9$ at an angle4 ,! v]ni] %\ld be br\ght d[n to ! bottom ( ! scale4 ,no o!r adju/m5t = portability is requir$4 ,dur+ c>riage1 x ought to be kept ) ! ci/]n end upp]mo/1 or ly+ flat1 ! =m] position be+ pref]able4 ,if ! m]cury %\ld n desc5d at fir/ by a few g5tle taps1 use %>p] 7b ( c\rse )\t viol5ce71 by :i*1 & two or ?ree taps1 ) ! f+] ends1 on ! tube--betwe5 ! scale & ! tang5t screw--! m]cury w be made to beg9 to desc5d4 ,9 read+ (f f a b>omet]1 x %\ld hang freely1 n incl9$ by hold+1 or ev5 by t\*4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 at sea ! m]cury seems /opp$4 ,if s1 take d[n ! in/rum5t 7aft] slop+71 rev]se x1 tap ! tube g5tly :ile ! ci/]n end is upw>ds1 & !n replace z be=e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,te/+ ,,b>omet]s1 ,,hydromet]s1 ,,& ,,!rmomet]s4 ,9 ! ye> #ahec a conf]5ce ( m>itime nations 0 held at ,brussels1 on ! subject ( meteorology at sea4 ,! report ( ?is conf]5ce 0 laid be=e ,p>liam5t1 & ! result 0 a vote ( money = ! pur*ase ( in/rum5ts & ! discussion ( obs]vations1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,arrangem5ts 7 !n made1 9 accordance ) ! views ( ! ,royal ,society & ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 = ! supply ( in/rum5ts prop]ly te/$4 ,9 ! b>omet]s n[ 9 g5]al use by meteorologi/s on l&1 ! diamet]s ( ! tubes are ne>ly equal ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?1 & a provision is made = adju/+ ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n to ! z]o po9t1 previ\s to read+ ! height ( ! top ( ! column4 ,! object ( ! latt] arrangem5t1 x is well kn[n1 is to avoid ! necessity ( apply+ a correction to ! read+s = ! diff]5ce ( capacity betwe5 ! ci/]n & ! tube4 ,at sea1 b>omet]s ( ?is con/ruction _c be us$4 ,"p ( ! tube ( ! m>9e b>omet] mu/ be v mu* contract$ to prev5t pump+1 & ! motion ( ! %ip w\ld r5d] x impracticable to adju/ ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n to ! z]o po9t4 ,9 ! b>omet] usually employ$ on %ore1 ! index error is ! same ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( scale read+s1 if ! in/rum5t be prop]ly made2 b 9 ne>ly all ! b>omet]s :i* h till rec5tly be5 employ$ at sea1 ! index correction v>ies ?r\gh ! range ( scale read+s1 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce ( capacity betwe5 ! ci/]n & ! tube4 ,to f9d ! index correction = a l& b>omet]1 comp>ison ) a ,/&>d at any "p ( ! scale at :i* ! m]cury may happ5 to be1 is g5]ally consid]$ suffici5t4 ,to te/ ! m>9e b>omet] is a "w ( mu* m "t1 s9ce x is necess>y to f9d ! correction = scale read+s at ab\t ea* half in* ?r\gh\t ! range ( atmosph]ic pressure to :i* x may be expos$2 & x becomes necess>y to h rec\rse to artificial means ( *ang+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,! b>omet]s int5d$ to be te/$ are plac$1 toge!r ) a ,/&>d1 9 an air-tight *amb]1 to :i* an air pump is appli$1 s t1 by p>tially exhau/+ ! air1 ! ,/&>d c be made to read mu* l[] ?an ! l[e/ pressure to :i* m>9e b>omet]s are likely to be expos$2 & by compress+ ! air x c be made to read high] ?an ! m]cury ev] /&s at ! level ( ! sea4 ,! tube ( ! ,/&>d is contract$ simil>ly to t ( ! m>9e b>omet]1 b a provision is made = adju/+ ! m]cury 9 its ci/]n to ! z]o po9t4 ,glass w9d[s are ins]t$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! iron air-*amb]1 ?r\gh :i* ! scales ( ! b>omet]s may be se52 b z ! v]ni]s _c be mov$ 9 ! usual way f outside ! *amb]1 a provision is made = read+ ! height ( ! m]cury indep5d5t ( ! v]ni]s atta*$ to ! scales ( ! respective b>omet]s4 ,at a di/ance ( "s five or six feet f ! air-tight *amb] a v]tical scale is fix$4 ,! divisions on ?is scale correspond exactly ) ^? on ! tube ( ! ,/&>d b>omet]4 ,a v]ni] & telescope are made to slide on ! scale by means ( a rack & p9ion4 ,! telescope has two horizontal wires1 "o fix$1 & ! o!r moveable by a micromet]1 screw s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! height ( ! column ( m]cury & ! ne>e/ division on ! scale ( ! ,/&>d1 & also ( all ! o!r b>omet]s plac$ by ! side ( x = comp>ison1 c be measur$ ei!r ) ! v]tical scale & v]ni] or ! micromet] wire4 ,! means are ?us possess$ ( te/+ b>omet]s = index error 9 any "p ( ! scale1 ?r\gh ! :ole range ( atmosph]ic pressure to :i* !y are likely to be expos$1 & ! usual practice is to te/ !m at e half in* f #bge to #ca in*es4 ,9 ?is way b>omet]s ( v>i\s o!r descriptions h be5 te/$1 & _! errors f\nd to be s l>ge t "s b>omet]s read half an in* & upw>ds too high1 :ile o!rs read z mu* too l[4 ,9 "s cases ^? :i* 7 correct 9 "o "p ( ! scale 7 f\nd to be f half an in* to an in* wrong 9 o!r p>ts4 ,^! b>omet]s 7 ( ! old & ord9>y con/ruction4 ,9 "s ! m]cury w\ld n desc5d l[] ?an ab\t #bi in*es1 ow+ to a fault v common 9 ! con/ruction ( ! m>9e b>omet] till lately 9 g5]al use1 t ! ci/]n 0 n l>ge en\gh to hold ! m]cury :i* desc5d$ f ! tube 9 a l[ atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! practice :i* has long prevail$ ( m\nt+ ! m>9e b>omet] 9 wood is objectionable4 ,! in/rum5t rec5tly introduc$ agreeably to ! recomm5dation ( ! ,kew ,committee1 is greatly sup]ior to any o!r description ( m>9e b>omet] :i* has yet be5 te/$1 z reg>ds ! accuracy ) :i* x indicates ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! diamet] ( ! ci/]n is ab\t an in* & a qu>t]1 & t ( ! tube ab\t a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,! scale1 in/ead ( be+ divid$ into in*es 9 ! usual way1 is %ort5$ 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #jjd ( an in* = e in*4 ,! object ( %ort5+ ! scale is to avoid ! necessity ( apply+ a correction = diff]5ce ( capacity betwe5 ! ci/]n & ! tube4 ,! p]fection ) :i* ?is is done may be judg$ ( f ! fact1 t ( ! fir/ twelve b>omet]s te/$ at ! ,liv]pool ,obs]vatory ) an app>atus exactly simil> to t us$ at ,kew 7:5ce ^! in/rum5ts 7 s5t by railway1 aft] be+ te/$ & c]tifi$71 ! index corrections 9 ! two pressures ( #bh & #ca in*es 9 ?ree ( !m 7 ! same2 two diff]$ #jjja ( an in*2 & = ! rema9d] ! diff]5ces rang$ f #jjjb to #jjjf ( an in*4 ,! corrections = capacity 7 !re=e consid]$ p]fect1 &1 ) "o unimportant exception1 agre$ ) ^? giv5 at ,kew4 ,9 ord] to *eck ! pump+ ( ! m]cury at sea1 ! tubes ( ^! b>omet]s are s contract$1 ?r\gh a few in*es1 t1 :5 fir/ susp5d$1 ! m]cury is p]haps tw5ty m9utes 9 fall+ f ! top ( ! tube to its prop] level4 ,:5 us$ on %ore1 ?is contraction ( ! tube causes ! m>9e b>omet] to be always a little beh9d an ord9>y b>omet]1 ! tube ( :i* is n contract$4 ,! am\nt v>ies accord+ to ! rate at :i* ! m]cury is ris+ or fall+1 & ranges f #jjj to #jjb ( an in*4 ,z ! motion ( ! %ip at sea causes ! m]cury to pass m rapidly ?r\gh ! contract$ tube1 ! read+s are almo/ ! same !re z !y w\ld be if ! tube 7 n contract$1 & 9 no case d !y diff] en\gh to be ( importance 9 m>itime use4 ,! me?od ( te/+ !rmomet]s is s simple z sc>cely to require explanation4 ,= ! freez+ po9t1 ! bulbs & a consid]able portion ( ! tubes ( ! !rmomet]s1 are imm]s$ 9 p\nd$ ice4 ,= ! high] temp]atures1 ! !rmomet]s are plac$ 9 a cyl9drical glass vessel conta9+ wat] ( ! requir$ heat2 & ! scales ( ! !rmomet]s int5d$ to be te/$1 toge!r ) ! ,/&>d ) :i* !y are to be comp>$1 are read ?r\gh ! glass4 ,9 ?is way ! scale read+s maybe te/$ at any requir$ degree ( temp]ature1 & ! usual practice is to te/ !m at e t5 degrees f #cb to #ib ( ,fahr5heit4 ,= ?is range ( #fj ! mak]s :o supply ,gov]nm5t are limit$ to #jf ( a degree z a maximum error ( scale read+2 b s accurately are ^! !rmomet]s made1 t x has n be5 f\nd necess>y to reject m ?an a v few ( !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hydromet]s are te/$ by c>eful imm]sion 9 pure di/ill$ wat]2 ( :i* ! specific gravity is tak5 z unity4 ,9 wat] less pure1 m salt1 d5se1 & buoyant1 ! in/rum5t floats high]1 c>ry+ m ( ! graduat$ scale out ( ! fluid4 ,! z]o ( ! scale %\ld be level ) ! surface ( di/ill$ wat]1 & rise above x 9 proportion z increase ( d5sity causes less displacem5t4 ,! scale is graduat$ to ?\s&?s--z f> z #jdj only--because ! sea wat] usually ranges betwe5 #ajad & ab\t #ajcf4 ,only ! la/ two figures ne$ be m>k$4 ,,london3 ,pr9t$ by ,,george ,e4 ,,eyre & ,,william ,,spottiswoode1 ,pr9t]s to ! ,que5's mo/ ,excell5t ,maje/y4 ,= ,h] ,maje/y's ,/ation]y ,(fice4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ,s\? latitude ! ,s\? w9d corresponds to our ,nor? w9d 9 its nature & effects4 ,! ,ea/]ly & ,we/]ly w9ds reta9 _! respective peculi>ities 9 bo? hemisph]es4 #b ,exclusive ( local l& & sea breezes ( hot climates4 #c ,glass1 b>omet]1 column1 m]cury1 quicksilv]1 or h&4 #d ,or atmosph]e1 or ! atmosph]ic fluid :i* we brea!4 #e ,or exhau/ion4 #f ,a vacuum4 #g ,see pages #bd & #be4 #h ,?irty-two degrees is ! po9t at :i* wat] beg9s to freeze1 or ice to ?aw4 #i ,evaporation4 #aj ,! two ?us comb9$ mak+ a hygromet]3 = :i* "s k9ds ( hair1 grass1 or seawe$ may be a make-%ift4 #aa ,x /&s l[]1 ab\t a t5? ( an in* = ea* hundr$ feet ( height directly upw>ds1 or v]tically1 above ! sea2 :]e its av]age height1 9 ,engl&1 is #biid in*es 7at #cb74 #ab ,9 an ,an]oid1 a metallic1 or a :eel b>omet]1 ! h&'s motion %\ld correspond to t ( m]cury 9 an indep5d5t in/rum5t4 #ac ,s\!rly 9 ,s\? latitude4 #ad ,9 ! be/ columns1 ^? ( /&>ds = example1 no concavity is se51 at any "t3 b x is o!rwise ) _m b>omet]s1 :i* d %[ a concavity4 #ae ,9 ^! cases !re is usually a comb9ation or a conte/ ( curr5ts 9 ! atmosph]e1 horizontally1 or "o above ! o!r1 or diagonally4 #af ,?und] cl\ds sometimes rise & spread aga9/ ! w9d 7l[]-curr5t74 ,x is probable t !re is a meet+1 if n a conte/ ( air curr5ts1 electrically diff]5t1 :5ev] lightn+ is se54 ,_! concurr5ce1 :5 ! new "o advances f pol> regions1 does n depress ! b>omet]1 except 9 oscillations ( ! m]cury1 :i* are v rem>kable at "s su* times4 #ag ,an]oids1 metallic b>omet]s1 & oil sympiesomet]s1 seem to be mu* m affect$ ?an m]curial b>omet]s by electrical *anges4 #ah ,s\!rly1 9 ,nor? latitude2 ! rev]se 9 ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e4 #ai ,a high dawn is :5 ! fir/ indications ( daylight are se5 above a bank ( cl\ds4 ,a l[ dawn is :5 ! day breaks on or ne> ! horizon4 ,! fir/ /reaks ( light be+ v l[4 #bj ,indications ( wea!r1 af=d$ by col\rs1 seem to des]ve m critical /udy ?an has be5 (t5 giv5 to ! subject4 ,:y a rosy hue at sunset1 or a grey neutral t9t at t "t1 %\ld presage ! rev]se or _! indications at sunrise2--:y bright yell[ %\ld =etell w9d at ei!r "t1 & pale yell[1 wet2--:y cl\ds seem s(t1 l wat] col\r2 or h>d edg$1 l oil pa9t1 or ,indian ink on an oily plate2--& :y su* appe>ances are infallible signs--are yet to be %[n satisfactorily to practical m54 #ba ,9 ! trade w9ds ( ! tropics !re is usually a c\nt] curr5t ( air1 ) light cl\ds1--:i* does n indicate any approa*+ *ange4 ,9 middle latitudes su* upp] curr5ts are n s evid5t1 except be=e a *ange ( wea!r4 #bb ,mu* refraction is a sign ( ,ea/]ly w9d4 ,rem>kable cle>ness is a bad sign4 #bc ,! "y moon ) ! old moon 9 h] arms 7,burns1 ,h]s*el1 & o!rs7 is a sign ( bad wea!r 9 ! temp]ate zones or middle latitudes1 because 7probably7 ! air is !n exce$+ly cle> & transp>5t4 #bd ,ev5 9 ord9>y *anges ( wea!r x is int]e/+1 z well z useful1 to m>k ! =mation or disappe>ance ( cl\ds1 caus$ by cold] & w>m] curr5ts ( air mix+3 or int]m+l+4 #be ,dep5d+ on pressure & temp]ature4 #bf ,sir ,james ,ross--,m4 ,daussy4 #bg ,williwaw 7,:irl-awa87 ( ! old seal]s & :al]s4 #bh ,seam5 call ! light sails1 us$ only 9 v f9e wea!r1 fly+ kites4 #bi ,h]s*el4 #cj ,dov4 #ca ,= a b>omet] ( ?is k9d1 ,admiral ,milne has inv5t$ self-regi/]+ me*anism1 t answ]s well4 #cb ,a small turnscrew be+ appli$ g5tly to ! screw head at ! back4 ,?is is (t5 necess>y1 on receiv+ or fir/ us+ an an]oid t has long be5 ly+ by1 or t has be5 %ak5 by travell+4 #cc ,x is a good wea!r glass--to be susp5d$ on or ne> ! upp] deck1 = easy ref]5ce2--& is unlikely to be injur$ by m]e concussion ( air1 or vibration ( wood1 :5 guns are fir$4 #cd ,all[+ #j1jjaa ( an in* = ea* foot4 #ce ,! manufacture ( ^! useful auxili>y in/rum5ts 7all ,fr5* orig9ally7 has increas$ mu* latt]ly3 & n[ ! pat5t has expir$4 ,!y might be s improv$ s to be wor? m ?an d\ble _! pres5t value4 #cf ,l ! sun's edge or limb1 t\*+ ! sea horizon1 z se5 inv]t$ :5 us+ a sextant4