produc$ f images produc$ by ,core ,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,dialect spell+s1 contractions & discrepancies h be5 reta9$4 ,,crops ,,& ,,me?ods ,,= ,,soil ,,improvem5t ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,new ,,york 4 ,,bo/on 4 ,,*icago ,,dallas 4 ,,san ,,francisco ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,limit$ ,,london 4 ,,bombay 4 ,,calcutta ,,melb\rne ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,( ,,canada1 ,ltd4 ,,toronto ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa & ,corn 9 ,indiana4 ,,crops ,,& ,,me?ods ,,= ,,soil ,,improvem5t ,by ,,alva ,,agee1 ,m4,s4 ,,head ,,( ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agricultural ,,ext5sion ,,act+ ,,dean ,,& ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,agriculture ,,& ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation ,,( ,,! ,,p5nsylvania ,,/ate ,,college ,,illu/rat$ ,new ,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aiab ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright1 #aiab1 ,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,novemb]1 #aiab4 ,norwood ,press ,j4 ,s4 ,cu%+ ,co4--,b]wick ,smi? ,co4 ,norwood1 ,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,pages ,,introduction #a-aa ,9 lieu ( preface #a ,natural /r5g? ( l& #b ,plant con/itu5ts #b ,organic matt] #d ,dra9age #f ,lime #g ,crop-rotation #h ,f]tiliz]s #i ,tillage #aj ,control ( soil moi/ure #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,lime #ab-bb ,! unproductive f>m #ab ,soil acidity #ac ,! rational use ( lime #ad ,:]e clov] is n want$ #af ,det]m9+ lime requirem5t #ag ,! litmus-pap] te/ #ai ,a practical te/ #bj ,duration ( effect #ba ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,apply+ ,,lime #bc-ce ,=ms ( lime #bc ,def9itions #bd ,! k9d to apply #bf ,! f95ess ( lime/one #bg ,hydrat$ lime #bg ,/one-lime #bh ,a%es #cj ,m>l #ca ,magnesian lime #ca ,am\nt p] acre #cb ,"t ( application #cd ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,organic ,,matt] #cf-de ,(fice ( organic matt] #cf ,! legumes #ch ,/or+ nitrog5 #ci ,! "r bact]ia #da ,soil inoculation #db ,me?od ( inoculation #dc ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,clov]s #df-eh ,r$ clov] #df ,clov] & acid soils #dg ,me?ods ( se$+ #dh ,f]tility value #di ,tak+ ! crops (f ! l& #ea ,physical b5efit ( ! roots #eb ,us$ z a gre5 manure #eb ,:5 to turn d[n #ec ,mammo? clov] #ed ,alsike clov] #ee ,crimson clov] #ef ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,alfalfa #ei-gj ,adaptation to ea/]n ne$s #ei ,f]tility & fe$+ value #fj ,climate & soil #fa ,free use ( lime #fb ,inoculation #fb ,f]tilization #fc ,a clean se$-b$ #fd ,v>ieties #fe ,clean se$ #fe ,! se$+ #ff ,se$+ 9 ,augu/ #fg ,subsequ5t treatm5t #fh ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,grass ,,sods #ga-gi ,value ( sods #ga ,prejudice aga9/ timo?y #gb ,object ( sods #gd ,se$+ ) small gra9 #ge ,se$+ 9 rye #gf ,good soil conditions #gg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,grass ,,sods 7,cont9u$7 #hj-hi ,se$+ 9 late summ] #hj ,crops t may prec$e #ha ,prep>ation #hc ,! we$ se$ #hd ,summ] grasses #he ,s[+ ! se$ #he ,deep cov]+ #hf ,se$-mixtures #hh ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,sods ,,= ,,pa/ures #ij-ig ,p]man5t pa/ures #ij ,se$-mixtures #ia ,blue-grass #ia ,timo?y #ib ,r$-top #ib ,or*>d grass #ic ,o!r se$s #ic ,yields & composition ( grasses #ic ,sugge/$ mixtures = pa/ures #id ,r5ewal ( p]man5t pa/ures #if ,de/roy+ bu%es #if ,close graz+ #ig ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,c[pea #ih-ajg ,a s\!rn legume #ih ,*>act]i/ics #ii ,v>ieties #ii ,f]tiliz+ value #ajj ,affect+ physical condition #aja ,plant+ #aja ,inoculation #ajc ,f]tiliz]s #ajc ,h>ve/+ ) live/ock #ajd ,! c[pea = hay #ajd ,z a cat* crop #ajf ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,o!r ,,legumes ,,& ,,c]eal ,,cat* ,,crops #ajh-aai ,! soybean #ajh ,f]tility value #aji ,fe$+ value #aji ,v>ieties #aaj ,! plant+ #aaa ,h>ve/+ #aab ,! ,canada pea #aac ,vet* #aac ,sweet clov] #aae ,rye z a cov] crop #aaf ,:5 to pl[ d[n #aag ,buck:eat #aah ,oats #aai ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,/able ,,manure #abj-abh ,live/ock f>m+ #abj ,! place = cattle #aba ,sales (f ! f>m #abb ,! value ( manure #abd ,! cont5t ( manure #abe ,relative values #abf ,am\nt ( manure #abg ,analysis ( manure #abh ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,c>e ,,( ,,/able ,,manure #abi-ach ,common s\rce ( losses #abi ,c>+ = liquid manure #acj ,use ( pres]vatives #aca ,spread+ z made #acb ,! cov]$ y>d #acc ,h>mless f]m5tation #ace ,rott$ manure #ace ,compo/s #acf ,p\ltry manure #acg ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/able ,,manure #aci-adh ,controll+ factors #aci ,direct use = corn #adj ,effect ^u moi/ure #ada ,manure on grass #adb ,manure on potatoes #adc ,:5 to pl[ d[n #add ,heavy applications #add ,re5=cem5t ) m9]als #ade ,durability ( manure #adg ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,crop-,,rotations #adi-aeh ,! f>m s*eme #adi ,value ( rotation #aej ,selection ( crops #aea ,an old succession ( crops #aeb ,corn two ye>s #aec ,! oat crop #aed ,two crops ( :eat #aed ,! clov] & timo?y #aed ,two legumes 9 ! rotation #aee ,potatoes aft] corn #aef ,a ?ree-ye>s' rotation #aeg ,gra9 & clov] #aeh ,potatoes & crimson clov] #aeh ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s #aei-agj ,loss ( plant-food #aei ,prejudice aga9/ comm]cial f]tiliz]s #afj ,are f]tiliz]s /imulants8 #afa ,soil analysis #afb ,physical analysis #afc ,! use ( nitrog5 #afd ,phosphoric-acid requirem5ts #afe ,! ne$ ( pota% #aff ,f]tiliz] te/s #afg ,v>iation 9 soil #afh ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,comm]cial ,,s\rces ,,( ,,plant-,,food #aga-ahg ,acqua9tance ) t]ms #aga ,nitrate ( soda #aga ,sulphate ( ammonia #agh ,dri$ blood #agc ,tankage #agd ,fi% #age ,animal bone #age ,raw bone #agg ,/eam$ bone #agh ,rock-phosphate #agh ,acid phosphate #ahj ,basic slag #ahc ,muriate ( pota% #ahd ,sulphate ( pota% #ahe ,ka9it #ahe ,wood-a%es #ahe ,o!r f]tiliz]s #ahf ,salt #ahf ,coal-a%es #ahg ,muck #ahg ,sawdu/ #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,pur*as+ ,,plant-,,food #ahh-aig ,necessity ( pur*ase #ahh ,f]tiliz] control #ahi ,br& names #aia ,/atem5t ( analysis #aia ,valuation ( f]tiliz]s #aic ,a bit ( ari?metic #aid ,high-grade f]tiliz]s #aif ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,home-,,mix+ ,,( ,,f]tiliz]s #aih-bjh ,! practice ( home-mix+ #aih ,effectiv5ess ( home-mix+ #aih ,criticisms ( home-mix+ #aii ,! fill] #bjb ,+r$i5ts 9 ! mixture #bjc ,mat]ials t %\ld n be comb9$ #bjg ,mak+ a good mixture #bjg ,buy+ unmix$ mat]ials #bjh ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,mixtures ,,= ,,crops #bji-bai ,composition ( plant n a guide #bji ,! multiplication ( =mulas #bji ,a few comb9ations are safe/ #baj ,am\nt ( application #baa ,simil>ity ( requirem5ts #bac ,ma9ta9+ f]tility #bae ,f]tiliz] = grass #baf ,all ! nitrog5 f clov] #bah ,me?od ( apply+ f]tiliz]s #bah ,an excess ( nitrog5 #bai ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,tillage #bbj-bbi ,desirable physical condition ( ! soil #bbj ,! break+-pl[ #bba ,types ( pl[s #bba ,subsoil+ #bbc ,"t ( pl[+ #bbc ,me?od ( pl[+ #bbd ,! disk h>r[ #bbe ,cultivation ( plants #bbg ,controll+ root-gr[? #bbg ,elim9ation ( competition #bbh ,l5g? ( cultivation #bbi ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,control ,,( ,,soil ,,moi/ure #bcj-bcf ,value ( wat] 9 ! soil #bcj ,! soil a res]voir #bca ,! l&-roll] #bcb ,! plank-drag #bcc ,! mul* #bcc ,mul*es ( =eign mat]ial #bcd ,pl[+ /raw d[n #bce ,! summ]-fall[ #bce ,! mod]n fall[ #bcf ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,dra9age #bcg-bdf ,und]dra9age #bcg ,c\nt+ ! co/ #bch ,:]e returns are l>ge/ #bci ,mat]ial = ! dra9s #bci ,! outlet #bdj ,locat+ ma9 & bran*es #bdj ,! lat]als #bda ,size ( tile #bda ,k9d ( tile #bdb ,! grade #bdc ,e/abli%+ a grade #bdc ,cutt+ ! tr5*es #bdd ,dep? ( tr5*es #bde ,connections #bde ,p]man5cy desir$ #bdf ,,illu/rations ,alfalfa & ,corn 9 ,indiana ,frontispiece ,fac+ ,page ,a ,good ,crop = a ,poor ,soil #d ,r$ ,clov] on ,lim$ & ,unlim$ ,l& #bj ,turn+ d[n ,organic ,matt] ) a ,gang ,pl[ #cf ,r$ ,clov] on ! ,f>m ( ,p4 ,s4 ,lewis ,son1 ,pt4 ,pleasant1 ,w4 ,va4 #ea ,alfalfa on ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,f>m #fa ,cur+ ,alfalfa at ! ,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation #fh ,a ,heavy ,grass ,sod 9 ,new ,york #gc ,good ,pa/ure ,l& 9 ,*e/] ,c\nty1 ,pa4 #ij ,%eep on a ,new ,york ,f>m #if ,! ,c[pea ,se$$ at ! ,la/ ,cultivation ( ,corn 9 ! ,great ,kana:a ,valley1 ,w4 ,va4 #ajf ,texas ,calves on an ,ohio ,f>m #aba ,9 ! ,f]tile ,miami ,valley1 ,ohio #abf ,concrete ,/able ,floors #aca ,corn 9 ! ,ohio ,valley #adj ,p5n's ,valley1 ,p5nsylvania #aea ,9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley #aee ,plat ,exp]im5ts #afg ,9 ! ,lebanon ,valley1 ,p5nsylvania #ahi ,on ! ,productive ,f>m ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,i4 ,*amb]la9 9 ,nor?we/]n ,ohio #baj ,deep ,tillage #bbb ,mak+ an ,e>? ,mul* 9 a ,new ,york ,or*>d #bcc ,dra9 ,tile #bci ,! ,lure ( ! ,c\ntry #bdf ,,crops ,,& ,,me?ods ,,= ,,soil ,,improvem5t ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,9 ,lieu ( ,preface4--,?is book is n a te*nical treatise & is design$ only to po9t out ! pla91 e-day facts 9 ! natural s*eme ( mak+ & keep+ soils productive4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! crops1 me?ods1 & f]tiliz]s t favor ! soil4 ,! viewpo9t1 all ! "t1 is t ( ! practical man :o wants ca% comp5sation = ! intellig5t c>e he gives to 8 l&4 ,! f>m+ t leads into debt1 & n 9 ! opposite direction1 is poor f>m+1 no matt] h[ well ! soil may prosp] "u su* treatm5t4 ,! ma9t5ance & increase ( soil f]tility g h& 9 h& ) p]man5t income = ! own] :5 ! sci5ce t relates to f>m+ is rightly us$4 ,exp]im5t /ations & practical f>m]s h develop$ a dep5dable sci5ce )9 rec5t ye>s1 & !re is no j>r+ ( obs]v$ facts :5 we get hold ( ! simple philosophy ( x all4 ,natural ,/r5g? ( ,l&4--,ne>ly all pr(itable f>m+ 9 ?is c\ntry is bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal fact t our l&s are /oreh\ses ( f]tility1 & t ?is res]ve ( p[] is ess5tial to a successful agriculture4 ,mo/ soils1 no matt] h[ unproductive _! condition to-day1 h natural /r5g? t we take into acc\nt1 ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly4 ,"s good f>m me?ods came into use ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,exp]i5ce l$ to _! acceptance4 ,!y 7 adequate only because !re 0 natural /r5g? 9 ! l&4 ,nature /or$ plant-food 9 m or less in]t =m &1 z availability has be5 ga9$1 plants h gr[n4 ,our dep5d5ce cont9ues4 ,plant ,con/itu5ts4--,!re are a few te*nical t]ms ^: use _c be evad$ 9 ! few *apt]s on ! use ( lime & f]tiliz]s4 ,a plant w n come to maturity unless x c obta9 = its use comb9ations ( t5 *emical elem5ts4 ,agricultural l& & ! air provide all ^! elem5ts4 ,if !y 7 9 abundance 9 available =ms1 !re w\ld be no s]i\s soil f]tility problem4 ,"s ( _! names may n int]e/ u4 ,six or sev5 ( ^! elem5ts are 9 su* abundance t we d n consid] !m4 ,a f>m] may say t :5 a dairy c[ has luxuriant blue-grass 9 ,june1 & an abundance ( pure wat]1 h] wants are fully met4 ,he omits m5tion ( ! air because x is nev] lack+ 9 ! field4 ,9 ! same way ! l&-own] may =get ! necessity ( any k9d ( plant-food 9 ! soil except nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & lime4 ,probably ! lime is v r>ely defici5t z a food = plants1 & w be consid]$ lat] only z a means ( mak+ soils fri5dly to plant life4 ,nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% are ! ?ree sub/ances t may n be 9 available =m 9 suffici5t am\nt = a gr[+ crop4 ,! lack may be 9 all ?ree1 or 9 any two1 or 9 any "o1 ( ^! plant con/itu5ts4 ,! natural /r5g? ( ! soil includes ! small p]c5tage ( ^! mat]ials t may be available1 & ! relatively l>ge /ores t nature has plac$ 9 ! l& 9 in]t =m z a provision aga9/ wa/e4 ,! ?9 cov]+ ( ! e>? t is kn[n z ! soil is dis9tegrat$ rock1 comb9$ ) organic matt]4 ,! orig9al rock wea!r$1 und]go+ physical & *emical *ange4 ,a long p]iod ( "t 0 requir$ = ?is "w1 & = ! mix+ & %ift+ f place to place t h occurr$4 ,organic matt] has be5 a factor 9 ! mak+ ( soils1 & is 9 high degree a controll+ "o 9 _! production ( food4 ,organic ,matt]4--,nature is res\rceful & is con/antly al]t to repair ! wa/es & mi/akes ( man4 ,we may ga9 fundam5tal tru? ab\t soil f]tility ?r\gh obs]vance ( h] me?ods 9 re/or+ l& to a f]tile condition4 ,our be/ success comes only :5 we "w ) h]4 ,:5 a soil has be5 robb$ by man1 & has be5 ab&on$ on acc\nt ( inability to produce a pr(itable crop1 ! fir/ ?+ nature does is to produce a gr[? ( we$s1 bu%es1 bri]s1 or aught else ( :i* ! soil *ances to h ! se$s4 ,x is nature's ef=t to re/ore "s organic matt]--"s humus-mak+ mat]ial--to ! ne>ly helpless l&4 ,vegetable matt]1 rott+ on & 9 ! soil1 is ! life-giv+ pr9ciple4 ,x unlocks a bit ( ! great /ore ( in]t m9]al plant-food dur+ its gr[? & its decay4 ,x is a solv5t4 ,! mul* x provides favors ! hold+ ( moi/ure 9 ! soil1 & x promotes fri5dly bact]ial action4 ,! productive p[] ( mo/ f>m+ l& is proportionate to ! am\nt ( organic matt] 9 x4 ,! casual obs]v]1 pass+ by f>ms1 notes ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( humus-mak+ mat]ial by ! color & /ructure ( ! soil1 & safely inf]s correspond+ f]tility or pov]ty4 ,organic matt] is ! life ( ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,a good crop = a poor soil4 ,a great p]c5tage ( ! food consum$ by ,europe & ! ,am]icas cont9ues to come out ( nature's own /ores 9 ! soil1 organic & inorganic1 )\t any assi/ance by man except 9 respect to selection ( se$s1 plant+1 & tillage4 ,! p]c5tage gr[s less z ! /ore ( orig9al supplies gr[s less & population increases4 ,our sci5ce has broad5$ z ! ne$ has gr[n great]4 ,we h relatively few acres rema9+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t d n require intellig5t treatm5t to insure an adequate supply ( available plant-food4 ,! total area t has fall5 bel[ ! l9e ( pr(itable productiv5ess is l>ge4 ,o!r areas t nev] 7 highly productive mu/ supplem5t ! l&s orig9ally f]tile 9 ord] t human ne$s may be met4 ,:5 soils h be5 robb$ ?r\gh ! gre$ ( man1 nature is h&icapp$ 9 h] ef=t to re/ore f]tility by ! abs5ce ( ! be/ se$s4 ,man's intellig5t assi/ance is a necessity4 ,successful f>m+ involves su* assi/ance ( nature t ! p]c5tage ( vegetable matt] 9 ! soil %all be made high & kept high4 ,!re mu/ be su* selection ( plants = ?is purpose t ! organic matt] w be ri* 9 f]tility1 & at ! same "t _! gr[? mu/ fit into a s*eme ( crop production t c yield pr(it to ! f>m]4 ,soils produce plants prim>ily = _! own ne$s4 ,x is a provision ( nature to ma9ta9 & increase _! productive p[]4 ,! l&'s %>e ( its products is t "p :i* is necess>y to ?is purpose4 ,skill 9 f>m+ provides = ?is dem& ( ! soil :ile p]mitt+ ! removal ( a l>ge am\nt ( animal food )9 ! crop-rotation4 ,lack ( skill is responsible = ! deplet$ condition ( soils on a majority ( our f>ms4 ,! l&'s %>e ( ! vegetation x has produc$ has be5 tak5 f x 9 l>ge measure1 & no o!r organic matt] has be5 giv5 x 9 return4 ,its m9]al /ore is left in]t1 & ! moi/ure supply is left uncontroll$4 ,helplessness results4 ,dra9age4--,productive soils are 9 a condition to admit air freely4 ,! pres5ce ( air 9 ! soil is z necess>y to ! *anges produc+ availability ( plant-food z x is to ! *anges ess5tial to life 9 ! human body4 ,a wat]-logg$ soil is a wor?less "o 9 respect to ! production ( mo/ valuable plants4 ,! well-be+ ( soil & plants requires t ! level ( dead wat] be a consid]able di/ance bel[ ! surface4 ,:5 a soil has rec5tly gr[n trees1 ! rott+ /ump roots leave cavities 9 ! subsoil t p]mit ! removal ( "s surplus wat]1 & ! rott$ wood & leaves t give di/9ctive "* to new l& are absorb5ts ( su* wat]4 ,z l& becomes old]1 los+ natural means ( dra9age & ! excell5t physical condition due to vegetable matt] 9 x1 ! ne$ ( dra9age gr[s great]4 ,! tramp+ ( horses 9 ! bottoms ( furr[s made by break+-pl[s (t5 makes matt]s worse4 ,! prompt removal ( excessive moi/ure by dra9s1 & pref]ably by und]dra9s1 is ess5tial to pr(itable f>m+ 9 ! case ( mo/ wet l&s4 ,! only exception is ! l& on :i* may be gr[n ! grasses t ?rive fairly well "u moi/ conditions4 ,lime4--,! /ores ( lime 9 ! soil are n /able4 ,! t5d5cy ( lime 9 mo/ ( ! /ates betwe5 ! ,miss\ri ,riv] & ! ,atlantic seabo>d is to get out ( ! soil4 ,!re is no evid5ce t lime is n 9 suffici5t quantity 9 mo/ soils to fe$ crops adequately1 b )9 rec5t ye>s we h le>n$ t va/ areas d n conta9 en\gh lime 9 available =m to keep ! soil f becom+ acid4 ,"s soils nev] 7 ri* 9 lime1 & ^! are ! fir/ to %[ evid5ce ( acidity4 ,9 our lime/one areas1 h[ev]1 acid soil conditions are develop+ ye> by ye>1 limit+ ! gr[? ( clov] & affect+ ! yields ( o!r crops4 ,! situation is a s]i\s "o j 9 s f> z m5 refuse to recognize ! facts z !y exi/1 & p]mit ! limit+ ( crop yields1 & consequ5tly ( incomes1 ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( h>mful acids4 ,! natural corrective is lime1 :i* comb9es ) ! acid & leaves ! soil fri5dly to all plant life & especially to ! clov]s & o!r legumes t are necess>y to pr(itable f>m+4 ,nature is l>gely dep5d5t ^u man's assi/ance 9 ! correction ( soil acidity4 ,crop-rotation4--,a good crop-rotation favors high productiv5ess4 ,"o k9d ( crop paves ! way nicely = "s o!r "o4 ,! l& c be occupi$ by liv+ plants )\t any long int]missions4 ,organic matt] c be suppli$ )\t ! use ( an undue portion ( ! "t4 ,! /ores ( plant-food ?r\gh\t all ! soil are m surely rea*$ by a v>iety ( plants1 diff]+ 9 _! habits ( root-gr[?4 ,! injury f disease & insects is kept d[n to a m9imum4 ,!re is bett] di/ribution ( ! labor requir$ by ! f>m1 & neglect ( crops at critical times is escap$4 ,! ma9t5ance ( f]tility is dep5d5t mu* ^u ! use ( a legume t w furni% nitrog5 f ! air4 ,a p]man5tly successful agriculture 9 our c\ntry mu/ be bas$ ^u ! use ( legumes1 & crop-rotations w\ld be dem&$ = ?is reason alone if none o!r exi/$4 ,f]tiliz]s4--,:5 a crop is f$ to live/ock1 & all ! manure is return$ to ! l& t produc$ ! crop )\t loss by lea*+ or f]m5tation1 !re is a return to ! l& ( f\r fif?s ( ! f]tility1 & a good =m ( organic matt] is suppli$4 ,a portion ( ! crops _c be f$ ^u ! f>m1 or o!rwise ! human race w\ld h only animal products = food4 ,! welf>e ( ! p dem&s t a va/ am\nt ( ! soil's crops be sold f ! f>ms produc+ !m4 ,?is br+s ab\t a dep5d5ce ^u ! natural /ores ( plant-food 9 ! soil1 :i* become available sl[ly1 & ^u comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,!re has be5 a disposition on ! "p ( _m f>m]s to reg>d f]tiliz]s only z /imulants1 due to ! irrational use ( c]ta9 mat]ials1 b a good comm]cial f]tiliz] is a c>ri] ( "s or all ( ! necess>y elem5ts t we f9d 9 /able manures4 ,!y may c>ry nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 or pota%1--any "o or two or ! ?ree1--& ! ?ree are ! con/itu5ts t usually are lack+ 9 available =ms 9 our soils4 ,examples ( ! be/ mod]n skill 9 f>m+ may be f\nd 9 ! rational selection & use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,tillage4--,man's ability to assi/ nature 9 ! "w ( production f9ds a notable illu/ration 9 ! matt] ( tillage4 ,its purpose is to provide "r physical condition ( ! soil = ! p>ticul> class ( plants t %\ld be produc$1 :ile de/roy+ ! competition ( o!r plants t are = ! "t only we$s4 ,mo/ soils become too compact :5 left un/irr$4 ,! air _c ent] freely1 plant-roots _c ext5d 9 e direction = food1 ! wat] f ra9s _c ent] easily1 !re is escape ( ! moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd1 & wea!r+ ( ! soil proce$s too sl[ly4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 pl[+1 h>r[+1 & lat] cultivations fix ! productive p[] ( a soil = ! season 9 l>ge measure4 ,control ( ,soil ,moi/ure4--,! wat] 9 ! soil is a consid]ation t has priority ov] plant-food 9 ! case ( agricultural l&4 ,! natural /r5g? ( ! soil is suffici5t to give "s return to ! f>m] 9 crops if ! moi/ure cont5t is "r ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,! plant _c fe$ unless wat] is pres5t2 ! process ( gr[? ceases 9 ! abs5ce ( moi/ure4 ,"o purpose ( pl[+ is to sep>ate ! p>ticles ( soil to a good dep? s t wat]-hold+ capacity may be increas$4 ,:5 ! soil is compact1 x w absorb & hold only a v limit$ am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,we h>r[ deeply to complete ! "w ( ! pl[1 & ! roll] is us$ to de/roy all cavities ( undue size t w\ld admit air too freely & ?us rob ! l& ( its wat]4 ,lat] cultivations may be giv5 to cont9ue ! effect ( ! pl[ 9 prev5t+ ! soil f becom+ too compact1 b usually %\ld be requir$ only to make a loose mul* t w hold moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd1 & to de/roy ! we$s t w\ld compete ) ! plant$ crop = wat]1 food1 & sun%9e4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,lime ,! ,unproductive ,f>m4--,:5 a soil exp]t visits an unproductive f>m to det]m9e its ne$s1 he gives 8 *ief att5tion to f\r possible factors 9 8 problem3 lack ( dra9age1 ( lime1 ( organic matt]1 & ( available plant-food4 ,8 fir/ conc]n reg>ds dra9age4 ,if ! wat] f ra9s is held 9 ! surface by an imp]vi\s /ratum b5ea?1 x is idle to sp5d money 9 o!r am5dm5ts until ! difficulty respect+ dra9age has be5 ov]come4 ,a wat]-logg$ soil is helpless4 ,x _c provide available plant-food1 air1 & w>m? to plants4 ,"u-dra9age is urg5tly dem&$ :5 ! level ( dead wat] 9 ! soil is ne> ! surface4 ,! area ne$+ dra9age is l>g] ?an mo/ l&-own]s believe1 & x increases z soils become old]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! requirem5ts ( lime1 organic matt]1 & available plant-food are s ne>ly univ]sal1 9 ! case ( unproductive l& 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t !y are "h giv5 prior consid]ation1 & dra9age is discuss$ 9 ano!r place :5 me?ods ( controll+ soil moi/ure are describ$4 ,! production ( organic matt] is s important to deplet$ soils1 & is s dep5d5t ^u ! abs5ce ( soil acidity1 t ! "r use ( lime on l& claims our fir/ int]e/4 ,soil ,acidity4--,lime p]=ms v>i\s (fices 9 ! soil1 b f>m]s %\ld be conc]n$ *iefly ab\t only "o1 & t is ! de/ruction ( acids & poisons t make ! soil unfri5dly to mo/ =ms ( plant life1 includ+ ! clov]s1 alfalfa1 & o!r legumes4 ,lime 0 put into all soils by nature4 ,l>ge areas 7 orig9ally v ri* 9 lime1 :ile o!r areas ( ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates nev] 7 well suppli$4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s x has be5 def9itely det]m9$ t a l>ge "p ( ?is va/ t]ritory has an actual lime defici5cy1 z measur$ by its inability to rema9 alkal9e or sweet4 ,_m ( ! not$ lime/one valleys %[ m>k$ soil acidity4 ,!re has be5 exhau/ion ( ! lime t 0 9 a /ate available = union ) ! acids t con/antly =m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! area ( soil ?us defici5t gr[s great] ye> by ye>1 & x c be only a matt] ( "t :5 ne>ly all ( ! ea/]n half ( ?is c\ntry w h production limit$ by ?is defici5cy unless applications ( lime 9 "s =m are made4 ,:5 own]s ( soil t rema9s ri* 9 lime d n accept ?is /atem5t1 no h>m results1 z _! l& does n ne$ lime4 ,on ! o!r h& are t5s ( ?\s&s ( l&-own]s :o d n recognize ! ne$ ( lime t n[ exi/s 9 _! soils1 & suff] a loss ( income :i* !y w\ld attribute to o!r causes4 ,irrational ,use ( ,lime4--,"s refusal to accept ! facts respect+ soil acidity & its means ( correction is due to a prejudice t 0 creat$ by an unwise use ( lime 9 ! pa/4 ,own]s ( /iff lime/one soils le>n$ 9 an e>ly day t a heavy application ( cau/ic lime w\ld increase crop production4 ,x caus$ su* flocculation ( ! f9e p>ticles 9 _! /iff soils t physical condition 0 improv$1 & x made ! organic matt] 9 ! soil quickly available z plant-food4 ,! imm$iate result 0 great] crop-produc+ p[] 9 ! soil1 & dep5d5ce ^u lime z a f]tiliz] result$4 ,! vegetable matt] 0 us$ up1 "s ( ! m available m9]al plant-food 0 *ang$ into soluble =ms1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s p>tial soil exhau/ion result$4 ,! heavy applications ( lime1 unatt5d$ by additions ( organic matt] 9 ! =m ( clov] sods & /able manure1 produc$ a natural result1 b "o t 0 n anticipat$ by ! f>m]s4 ,! prejudice aga9/ ! use ( lime on l& 0 bas$ on ! effects ( ?is irrational practice4 ,!re are l&-own]s :o are n conc]n$ ) pres5t-day k reg>d+ soil acidity because !y _c believe t x has any be>+ ^u ! /ate ( _! soils4 ,!y "k t clov] sods 7 easily produc$ on _! l& )9 _! remembrance1 & t _! soils are ( lime/one orig94 ,z ! clov]s dem& lime1 ^! two facts appe> to !m f9al4 ,! failures ( ! clov]s 9 ! la/ t5 or tw5ty ye>s !y incl9e to attribute to adv]se seasons1 poor se$1 or ! preval5ce ( we$ pe/s4 ,!y d n realize t mu* l& passes out ( ! alkal9e class into ! acid "o e ye>4 ,! loss ( lime is cont9u\s4 ,exhau/ion ( ! supply capable ( comb9+ ) ! h>mful acids f9ally results1 & ) ! accumulation ( acid comes p>tial clov] failure1 a defici5cy 9 ri* organic matt]1 a limit+ ( all crop yields1 & an inability to rema9 9 a /ate ( pr(itable production4 ,lime defici5cy & its result+ ills w\ld n exi/ z g5]ally z is n[ ! case if ! application ( lime to l& 7 n exp5sive & disagreeable4 ,^! are det]r5t features ( wide influ5ce4 ,!re cont9ues hope t ! clov] w gr[ successfully1 z occasionally occurs 9 a favorable season1 despite ! pres5ce ( "s acid4 ,! limitation ( yields ( o!r /aple crops is n attribut$ to ! lack ( lime1 & ! prop] soil am5dm5t is n giv5 to ! l&4 ,:]e ,clov] is n ,want$4--,! ability to gr[ heavy r$ clov] is a practical assurance t ! soil's cont5t ( lime is suffici5tly high4 ,:5 clov] fails on acc\nt ( a lime defici5cy1 ! "w ( apply+ lime may n be escap$ by a %ift 9 ! f>m s*eme t p]mits ! elim9ation ( clov]4 ,! clov] failure is an index ( a condition t limits ! yields ( all /aple crops4 ,! lack ( lime *ecks ! activity ( bact]ia ^: (fice x is to prep>e plant-food = use4 ,! /able manure or sods decompose less readily & give small] results4 ,soil poisons accumulate4 ,m9]al plant-food 9 ! soils becomes available m sl[ly4 ,physical condition gr[s worse4 ,! limitations ( ! value ( manure & comm]cial f]tiliz]s appli$ to l& t has a lime defici5cy h illu/ration 9 an exp]im5t report$ by ! ,cornell /ation3 ,! soil 0 once a f]tile loam t _h become v poor4 ,a "p 0 giv5 an application ( lime1 & simil> l& at its side 0 left unlim$4 ,! l& )\t lime & f]tiliz] ( any k9d made a yield ( #ahbd p\nds ( clov] hay p] acre4 ,a complete f]tiliz] on ! unlim$ l& made ! yield #bbce p\nds1 & #ae tons ( manure on ! unlim$ l& made ! yield #bjia p\nds4 ,:]e lime _h be5 appli$1 ! unf]tiliz$ l& yield$ #cheb p\nds p] acre1 ! f]tiliz$1 #djhe p\nds1 & ! manur$1 #digf p\nds4 ,! manure & f]tiliz] 7 ne>ly inactive 9 ! acid soil4 ,! lime enabl$ ! plants to obta9 b5efit f ! plant-food4 ,det]m9+ ,lime ,requirem5t4--,x is wa/eful to apply lime on l& t does n ne$ x4 ,z has be5 said1 ! man :o c gr[ heavy clov] sods has assurance t ! lime cont5t ( 8 soil is satisfactory4 ,?is is a te/ t has z mu* practical value z ! analysis ( a skillful *emi/4 ,! own] ( su* l& may dismiss ! matt] ( lim+ f 8 att5tion s f> z acidity is conc]n$1 ?\gh x is a reasonable expectation t a defici5cy w appe> at "s "t 9 ! future4 ,exp]i5ce is ! basis ( su* a =eca/4 ,j z coal 0 /or$ = ! b5efit ( human be+s1 s 0 lime plac$ 9 /ore z a supply = soils :5 _! un/able cont5t w\ld be gone4 ,! only ones t ne$ be conc]n$ ) ! "q ( lime = soils are ^? :o _c secure good gr[?s ( ! clov]s & o!r legumes4 ,putt+ aside pa/ exp]i5ce1 !y %\ld le>n :e!r _! soils are n[ acid4 ,practical f>m]s may judge by ! "* ( ! vegetation & n fail to be "r n9e times out ( t54 ,:]e l& has dra9age1 & a fairly good am\nt ( available f]tility1 z evid5c$ by gr[?s ( grass1 a failure ( r$ clov] leads imm$iately to a /rong suspicion t lime is lack+4 ,if alsike clov] gr[s m readily ?an ! r$ clov]1 ! probability ( acidity gr[s /rong] because ! alsike c ?rive "u m acid soil conditions ?an c ! r$4 ,acid soils favor r$-top grass r ?an timo?y4 ,sorrel is a we$ t ?rives 9 bo? alkal9e & acid soils1 & its pres5ce w\ld n be an index if x c\ld /& competition ) clov] 9 an alkal9e soil4 ,! clov] c cr[d x out if ! gr\nd is n too badly infe/$ ) se$1 & ev5 !n ! sorrel mu/ f9ally give way4 ,:]e sorrel & planta9 cov] ! gr\nd t has be5 se$$ to clov] & grass1 ! evid5ce is /rong t ! soil conditions are unfri5dly to ! bett] plants on acc\nt ( a lime defici5cy4 ,! exp]i5c$ f>m] :o notes ! incl9ation ( 8 soil to favor alsike clov]1 r$-top1 sorrel1 & planta9 %\ld inf] t lime is lack+4 ,if d\bt cont9ues1 he %\ld make a te/4 ,! ,litmus-pap] ,te/4--,a te/ ( fair reliability may be made ) litmus pap]4 ,a package ( blue litmus pap] c be b\ght = a few c5ts at any drug /ore4 ,?is pap] w turn p9k :5 br\ght into contact ) an acid1 & w return to a blue if plac$ 9 lime-wat]4 ,a drop ( v9eg> on a %eet ( ! pap] w br+ an imm$iate *ange to p9k4 ,if ! p9k %eet be plac$ 9 lime-wat]1 ! effect ( ! lime 9 correct+ ! acidity w be evid5c$ by ! return 9 color to blue4 ,to te/ ! soil1 a sample ( x may be put into a bas9 & moi/5$ ) ra9-wat]4 ,sev]al %eets ( ! blue litmus pap] %\ld be buri$ 9 ! mud1 c>e be+ us$ t ! h&s are clean & dry4 ,:5 "o %eet is remov$ )9 a few seconds & r9s$ ) ra9-wat]1 if any p9k %[s1 !re is free acid pres5t4 ,ano!r %eet %\ld be tak5 out 9 five m9utes4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! color *anges1 & ! int5sity ( ! color1 are indicative ( ! degree ( acidity1 & aid ! judgm5t 9 det]m9+ h[ mu* lime %\ld be us$4 ,if a %eet ( ! pap] reta9s its blue color 9 ! soil = tw5ty m9utes1 !re probably is no lime defici5cy4 ,! te/ %\ld be made ) samples ( soil f v>i\s p>ts ( ! field1 & !y %\ld be tak5 b5ea? ! surface4 ,"o j criticism ( ?is te/ is t :ile no acidity may be %[n1 ! lime cont5t may be too l[ = safety4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ clov] on lim$ & unlim$ l&4 ,a ,practical ,te/4--,! importance ( alkal9ity 9 soils is s great1 & ! preval5ce ( acidity has su* wide-spread influ5ce to-day1 limit+ ! value ( ! clov]s on a majority ( our f>ms1 t a simple & m conv9c+ te/ is sugge/$ "h4 ,e own] ( l& t is n satisfactorily productive may le>n ! /ate ( 8 soil respect+ lime requirem5t at small exp5se4 ,:5 a field is be+ prep>$ = se$+ to ! gra9 crop ) :i* clov] w be s[n1 a plat conta9+ f\r squ>e rods %\ld be measur$ (f1 & pref]ably ?is %\ld be away f ! bord] to insure ev5 soil conditions4 ,a bu%el ( lump-lime1 weigh+ eighty p\nds1 %\ld be slak$ & ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( ! plat ( gr\nd4 ,x c be broadca/$ by h& if a spread] is n available1 & mix$ ) ! surface soil :ile 9 a p[d]$ /ate4 ,! plat ( gr\nd %\ld be left z firm z ! rema9d] ( ! field1 s t all conditions may be ev5 = ! te/4 ,! appe>ance ( ! clov] ! foll[+ ye> w det]m9e :e!r lime 0 ne$$ or n4 ,!re is no reason :y any "o %\ld rema9 9 d\bt reg>d+ ! lime requirem5t ( 8 fields4 ,if income is limit$ by su* a cause1 ! fact %\ld be kn[n z soon z possible4 ,duration ( ,effect4--,soil acidity is n p]man5tly correct$ by a lime application4 ,! orig9al supply fail$ to prove la/+1 & ! relatively small am\nt giv5 ! l& 9 an application w become exhau/$4 ,! duration dep5ds ^u ! degree ( acidity1 ! nature ( ! soil & its crops1 & ! size ( ! application4 ,exp]im5ts at ! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation h %[n t an application only 9 suffici5t am\nt to correct ! exi/+ acidity at ! "t ( application w n ma9ta9 an alkal9e condition 9 ! soil1 ev5 = a few mon?s4 ,!re mu/ be "s excess at h& to unite ) acids z =m$ lat] 9 ! crop-rotation1 or lim+s mu/ be giv5 at %ort int]vals ( "t to ma9ta9 alkal9e conditions4 ,exp]i5ce causes u to assume t en\gh lime %\ld be appli$ at "o "t to meet all requirem5ts = a s+le crop-rotation ( f\r1 five1 or six ye>s1 &1 :]ev] lime is *eap1 ! unpleasant "* ( ! labor incl9es "o to make ! application 9 suffici5t am\nt to la/ ?r\gh two su* rotations4 ,x is a reasonable assumption1 h[ev]1 t m wa/e results f ! heavi] applications at long int]vals ?an f light applications at %ort int]vals4 ,9 any ev5t ne$ w return1 & soil acidity w aga9 limit income if applications d n cont9ue to be made4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,apply+ ,,lime ,=ms ( ,lime4--,!re is unnecess>y confusion 9 ! m9d ( ! public reg>d+ ! =ms ( lime t %\ld be us$4 ,if am\nts greatly 9 excess ( ne$s 7 be+ appli$1 ! =m w\ld be a matt] ( conc]n4 ,!re w\ld arise ! "q ( soil injury t might result f ! use ( ! lime 9 cau/ic =m4 ,aga91 if pulv]iz$ lime/one 7 us$1 a v heavy application w\ld br+ up ! "q ( co>s5ess 9 ord] t wa/e by lea*+ might be escap$4 ,mo/ f>ms ne$+ lime d n h *eap supplies1 & ! consid]ation is to secure soil alkal9ity at a co/ t w n be excessive4 ,freight rates & ! co/ ( haul+ to ! fields1 add$ to fir/ co/ ( ! lime1 limit applications on mo/ f>ms to ! necessities ( a s+le crop-rotation :i* includes clov]1 or1 at ! mo/1 to two crop-rotations4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is be/ to let co/ ( correction ( soil acidity det]m9e ! =m ( lime to be us$4 ,! mat]ial t w r5d] ! soil fri5dly to clov] = ! lea/ money is ! "r "o to select4 ,we ne$ to be conc]n$ only ) ! relative effici5cies ( ! v>i\s =ms ( lime1 z measur$ 9 t]ms ( money4 ,t :i* w mo/ *eaply re/ore heavy clov] gr[?s to ! l& is ! =m ( lime to be desir$4 ,! cont5tions ( salesm5 may well be disreg>d$ z !y produce confusion & delay a "w t is important to ! f>m]4 ,def9itions4--,! use ( ! v>i\s =ms ( lime w become g5]al1 & ! t]ms employ$ to designate !m %\ld be und]/ood4 ,!y v>y 9 _! cont5t ( acid-correct+ mat]ial1 & _! correct names %\ld be us$ ) accuracy4 ,/one-lime1 (t5 call$ lump-lime or unslak$ lime1 or calcium oxide or ,ca,o1 is a =m widely kn[n1 & may be tak5 z a /&>d4 ,x is ! ord9>y lime ( comm]ce1 & is obta9$ by ! burn+ ( lime/one4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds ( pure lime/one w produce #ef p\nds ( /one-lime 7,ca,o74 ,pulv]iz$ lime1 (t5 call$ gr\nd lime1 is /one-lime aft] be+ pulv]iz$ to p]mit ev5 di/ribution4 ,:5 x is fully expos$ to ! air or moi/ure1 x slakes & d\bles 9 volume4 ,hydrat$ lime1 (t5 call$ slak$ lime1 is a comb9ation ( /one-lime & wat]4 ,! wat] causes an increase 9 weight ( #cb p] c5t1 #ef p\nds ( /one-lime becom+ #gd p\nds ( ! hydrate4 ,pulv]iz$ lime/one1 (t5 call$ c>bonate ( lime1 is ! unburn$ lime/one made f9e s t good di/ribution may be possible4 ,air-slak$ lime1 (t5 call$ c>bonate ( lime1 is /one-lime or hydrat$ lime comb9$ ) c>bonic acid f ! air1 & !reby increas$ 9 weight4 ,fifty-six p\nds ( /one-lime1 or #gd p\nds ( hydrat$ lime1 become #ajj p\nds ( air-slak$ lime4 ,agricultural lime1 or l&-lime1 may embrace any?+ t ! manufactur] ( lime *ooses to m>ket4 ,x may be reasonably pure unslak$ lime1 or x may h less value ?an a f9ely pulv]iz$ pure lime/one4 ,!re is a cu/om ( gr9d+ ! core1 or p>tially burn$ lime/one ( ! kiln1 toge!r ) impurities remov$ f build]s' lime1 & ) ?is may be put "s air-slak$ lime4 ,"s manufactur]s m>ket "u ?is "n a lime ( excell5t value4 ,!re is no /&>d1 & "o %\ld n pay m ?an a f9ely pulv]iz$ pure lime/one w\ld co/ unless he kn[s t ! cont5t ( fre% burn$ lime is high4 ,! elem5t ) :i* we are conc]n$ 9 any ( ^! =ms ( lime is calcium4 ,x is ! base ^: union ) ! acids de/roys ! latt]4 ,x %\ld be obvi\s t ! addition ( wat] to /one-lime1 :i* adds weight & causes #ef p\nds ( ! /one-lime to become #gd p\nds ( hydrat$ lime1 adds no calcium4 ,likewise ! *ange to ! air-slak$ condition adds no calcium1 b aga9 adds weight4 ,! ,k9d to ,apply4--,if a soil conta9s free acid1 ! am\nt ( calcium ne$$ is def9ite4 ,! =m ( lime t c supply ! ne$ 9 t p>ticul> field at lea/ exp5diture ( money & tr\ble is ! "o to be select$4 ,a ton ( /one-lime1 or pulv]iz$ lime1 c correct z mu* acid z #bfdj p\nds ( hydrat$ lime or #cegj p\nds ( pulv]iz$ lime/one1 if all ! orig9al mat]ial 0 pure4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! value ( a giv5 weight ( pulv]iz$ lime/one is plac$ at #ajj1 ! value ( ! same weight ( hydrat$ lime w\ld be #acb & ! value ( /one-lime w\ld be #ahj1 :5 ea* 0 f9ely divid$ & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! surface soil4 ,! ,f95ess ( ,lime/one4--,exp]im5ts at ! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation h %[n t lime/one has practically imm$iate availability 9 an acid soil if all ( x has ability to pass ?r\gh a scre5 hav+ #fj me%es to ! l9e> in*4 ,mu* ( ! lime/one meet+ ?is te/ d\btless is f9e en\gh to pass ?r\gh an #ajj-me% scre54 ,! requirem5t t a #fj-me% scre5 be us$ 9 te/+ is a satisfactory "o to ! buy] t wants imm$iate results 9 ! field4 ,a co>s] product mu/ be us$ 9 l>g] am\nt p] acre1 z only ! f9e p>ticles are available at once1 & ! object ( ! application is to correct all ! acidity4 ,:]e a co>se product1 conta9+ "s f9e p>ticles1 c be us$ at su* a l[ price p] ton t ! application may consi/ ( a l>ge numb] ( tons p] acre1 ! practice may be comm5d$1 b ! ess5tial ?+ is imm$iate results1 & only f9ely divid$ lime/one c give !m4 ,any long railway or wagon haul makes a heavy application ( co>sely pulv]iz$ lime/one inexp$i5t4 ,hydrat$ ,lime4--,_m salesm5 are too en?usia/ic 9 _! claims = hydrat$ lime4 ,x has advantages ov] pulv]iz$ lime/one1 /one-lime1 & pulv]iz$ lime1 & !re are disadvantages4 ,! buy] ( pulv]iz$ lime/one pays = ! haul on #ajj p\nds ( mat]ial to get ! #ef p\nds ( lime c>ri$1 :ile #gd p\nds ( ! hydrate furni% ! same am\nt ( actual lime1 if all ( x is a hydrate4 ,:ile ! hydrate conta9s less /r5g? ?an ! /one-lime1 x is 9 good physical condition = di/ribution1 & ! /one-lime mu/ be slak$4 ,! buy] w be> 9 m9d1 moreov]1 t mu* ( ! /one-lime :i* is burn$ on f>ms comes f lime/one t is n v pure1 & all impurity is wa/e4 ,mo/ manufactur]s ( ! hydrate locate _! co/ly plants :]e ! lime/one is relatively pure4 ,prud5t bus9ess reasons dictate su* a c\rse4 ,a c>eful manufactur] ( hydrat$ lime takes out imp]fectly burn$ & o!r faulty mat]ial ) scre5s4 ,^! advantages h "s weight1 b ! fact rema9s t a ton ( pure /one-lime has consid]ably m acid-correct+ p[] ?an a ton ( ! hydrate4 ,/one-lime4--,/one or lump-lime is compos$ ( ! #ef p] c5t ( a pure lime/one t gives value to ! lime/one4 ,=ty-f\r p\nds ( wa/e mat]ial 7 driv5 (f 9 ! burn+4 ,:]e railway or wagon hauls are co/ly1 ! pur*ase ( /one-lime is indicat$4 ,!re is advantage 9 gett+ ?is lime 9 pulv]iz$ =m1 provid$ x c be di/ribut$ 9 ! soil be=e moi/ure f ! air induces slak+ & consequ5t bur/+ ( ! packages4 ,! necessity ( rapid h&l+ has limit$ ! popul>ity ( pulv]iz$ unslak$ lime1 b no o!r =m is equal to x :5 x is :olly unslak$4 ,"s manufactur]s gr9d ! p>tially burn$ lime/one (t5 f\nd 9 kilns1 & furni% goods little bett] ?an pulv]iz$ lime/one4 ,! slak+ ( /one-lime %\ld be done 9 a l>ge pile1 & ! di/ribution may be made ) lime-spread]s4 ,:5 ! application is fairly heavy1 a manure-spread] does satisfactory "w4 ,a good lime-spread] is to be desir$1 b c>e mu/ be us$ to remove any /ones or simil> impurities 9 ! slak$ lime :5 fill+ x4 ,su* spread]s are on ! m>ket4 ,! practice ( slak+ lime 9 small piles 9 ! field is wa/eful4 ,x is difficult to r$uce all ! lime to a f9e p[d] & to make ev5 di/ribution ov] ! surface4 ,any excess ( wat] f ra9s puddles "s ( ! lime1 de/roy+ practically all its imm$iate effectiv5ess4 ,di/ribution ) %ovels is necess>ily imp]fect4 ,! labor ( slak+ /one-lime & ! difficulty 9 di/ribution are two factors to be consid]$ :5 select+ ! =m ( lime to be us$4 ,!y may c\nt]-balance 9 "s in/ances ! high] p]c5tage ( actual lime :5 comp>ison is made ) ! hydrate4 ,t is a "q to be decid$ by ! buy]4 ,he mu/ be will+ to use me?ods t w secure ev5 di/ribution4 ,! prevail+ practice1 h[ev]1 ( m>ket+ ! hydrate at a mu* high] price p] ton ?an ! /one-lime %\ld prev5t sales to f>m]s4 ,! price paid = ease ( h&l+ is too great :5 pur*ase ( ! hydrate is made "u su* circum/ances4 ,x is bett] to d ! slak+ at home1 furni%+ ! add$ weight ( #cb p] c5t 9 wat] on ! f>m4 ,a%es4--,h>d-wood a%es h ceas$ to h mu* importance z a s\rce ( lime = l&1 b _! use is held 9 high e/eem ev5 by ^? :o reg>d f]tiliz]s z m]e /imulants & d\bt ! effici5cy ( lime4 ,h>d-wood a%es1 unlea*$1 clean & dry1 are valuable = acid soils4 ,_! cont5t ( pota%1 :i* is v>iable & av]ages ab\t #d p] c5t1 =m]ly 0 giv5 all ! cr$it = ! soil improvem5t & increas$ clov] gr[? t result$ f _! use4 ,te/s ) o!r c>ri]s ( pota% h %[n t ! pota% probably produc$ only a small "p ( ! effect not$1 & ! b5efit is attributable to ! lime 9 ! a%es :i* exi/s 9 an effective =m4 ,! cont5t ( lime is v>iable1 & l>gely s on acc\nt ( ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure & dirt t may be f\nd 9 mo/ a%es1 & :5 no analysis has be5 made1 ! e/imate ( value %\ld n be bas$ on m ?an #cj to #dj p] c5t ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! price ( a%es runs s high1 z a result ( prejudice 9 favor ( ?is well-kn[n k9d ( soil am5dm5t1 t x r>ely is advisable to buy !m4 ,pure lime is a *eap] means ( correct+ ! soil acidity1 & ! sulphate or ! muriate ( pota% is by f> ! *eap] s\rce ( pota%4 ,m>l4--,m>ls v>y widely 9 composition4 ,:5 q pure1 !y conta9 #ij or m p] c5t ( c>bonate ( lime1 & h a value p] ton ab\t equal to f9ely pulv]iz$ lime/one1 & ne> half ! value p] ton ( /one-lime4 ,!re are m>ls t are c>ri]s ( pota% & phosphoric acid1 & are to be valu$ accord+ly z f]tiliz]s4 ,magnesian ,lime4--,"s lime/one is a ne>ly pure calcium comp\nd1 & yields a pure lime1 :ile mu* lime/one conta9s a high p]c5tage ( magnesia4 ,! latt] is pref]r$ by manufactur]s :o furni% pulv]iz$ lime because x does n slake readily1 & is less liable to bur/ ! packages be=e requir$ = use4 ,a p\nd ( magnesian lime w correct a little m acid ?an a p\nd ( pure lime1 & no pref]5ce may be %[n ! latt] on t score4 ,!re are soils 9 :i* ! proportion ( magnesia to pure lime is too great = be/ results ) "s plants1 z plant biologi/s assure u1 b !re is too little def9ite in=mation respect+ ^! soils to ju/ify "o 9 pay+ m = a high calcium lime ?an = a magnesian lime :5 x is to be us$ on acid l&4 ,! day may come :5 m w be kn[n1 b ! rational selection to-day is ! mat]ial t w d ! requir$ "w 9 ! soil = ! lea/ money4 ,am\nt p] ,acre4--,! am\nt ( lime t %\ld be appli$ to an acre ( l& dep5ds ^u ! degree ( its acidity1 ! nature ( ! soil1 ! *eapness ( ! lime1 & ! "* ( ! crops to be gr[n4 ,! actual requirem5t = ! mom5t c\ld be det]m9$ by a *emical te/1 b ! application %\ld c>ry to ! soil an am\nt 9 excess ( imm$iate requirem5t4 ,:5 clov] has ceas$ to gr[ )9 rec5t ye>s1 x is a fair inf]5ce t ! defici5cy1 if x exi/s1 has n become great4 ,:5 sorrel & planta9 h ga9$ a /rong foo?old1 indicat+ t good grasses are unable to replace clov]1 ! degree ( acidity probably is high]4 ,! results ( te/s at exp]im5t /ations & on f>ms %[ t #ajjj p\nds ( pulv]iz$ lime1 or "o ton ( pulv]iz$ lime/one1 ev5ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! surface soil1 c re/ore clov] to ! crop-rotation on mu* l&4 ,?is is an application s light t a /ate ( alkal9ity _c be long reta9$4 ,x is bett] to apply ! equival5t ( a ton ( /one-lime 9 ! case ( all heavy soils t h %[n any acidity4 ,:]e lime is l[ 9 price1 #cjjj p\nds ( /one-lime1 or its equival5t 9 any o!r =m ( lime1 is advis$1 ! belief be+ t su* an application w ma9ta9 good soil conditions ?r\gh two crop-rotations1 or eight to t5 ye>s4 ,?is am\nt c be appli$ q successfully ) a manure-spread]1 & meets ! conv5i5ce ( ! man :o burns 8 own lime & does n want to scre5 x = use 9 a lime-spread]4 ,! man :o mu/ buy 8 lime1 & pay a freight *>ge ^u x1 w f9d x bett] to use only a ton p] acre4 ,?is advice applies to heavy soils4 ,a light1 s&y soil %\ld be giv5 only a small application1 z o!rwise physical condition may be injur$4 ,! lime1 us$ 9 excess1 has an undue b9d+ effect ^u ! s&4 ,an application ( #ajjj p\nds ( /one-lime p] acre c be made ) safety4 ,"t ( ,application4--,! use ( lime on l& %\ld be associat$ 9 ! l&-own]'s ?\ghts ) ! gr[+ ( clov]4 ,x does help soil conditions s t m gra9 c be produc$1 b if x is p]mitt$ to displace ! use ( f]tiliz]s1 & does n lead to ! gr[? ( organic matt]1 h>m w result 9 ! end4 ,lime %\ld be appli$ to secure clov]1 & !re=e x %\ld be mix$ ) ! soil be=e ! clov] is s[n4 ,! application may be made :5 fitt+ ! se$-b$ = ! gra9 ) :i* clov] usually is se$$1 or may be giv5 a ye> or two ye>s previ\s to t "t4 ,! important po9t is to h ! soil fri5dly to plant life :5 a sod is to be made4 ,lime %\ld be put on gr\nd always aft] ! pl[+1 & x %\ld be well mix$ ) ! surface soil4 ,ev5 di/ribution is j z important 9 its case z 9 t ( f]tiliz]s4 ,a good practice is to break a sod = corn1 h>r[+ & roll+ once1 & !n to put on ! lime4 ,a cut-away or disk h>r[ %\ld be us$ to mix ! lime ) ! soil be=e any moi/ure causes x to cake4 ,:5 l>ge crumbs =m1 imm$iate effici5cy is lo/4 ,if ! application is light1 & may b>ely be equal to imm$iate dem&1 x is bett] practice to put on ! lime :5 prep>+ ! se$-b$ = ! :eat or o!r small gra9 9 :i* ! clov] w be s[n4 ,x %\ld nev] be mix$ ) ! f]tiliz] nor appli$ ) ! se$4 ,! lime %\ld g into ! soil a few days1 or m1 prior to ! se$+4 ,! soil hav+ be5 put into a condition favorable to plant life1 ! se$+ & ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s %\ld proce$ z usual4 ,lime %\ld nev] be mix$ ) manure 9 ! op5 air1 b x is good practice to pl[ manure d[n1 & !n to use lime z indicat$ above1 if ne$$4 ,if manure & lime mu/ be us$ aft] ! l& has be5 pl[$1 ! lime %\ld be disk$ well into ! soil be=e ! manure is appli$1 & x is advisable t ! int]val betwe5 ! two applications be made z long z possible4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,organic ,,matt] ,(fice ( ,organic ,matt]4--,! re/oration ( an impov]i%$ soil to a productive /ate usually is a simple matt] s f> z me?od is conc]n$4 ,x may be a difficult problem = ! individual own] on acc\nt ( exp5se or "t involv$1 b he has only a few factors 9 8 problem4 ,assum+ t !re is good dra9age1 & t ! lime requirem5t has be5 met1 ! mo/ important consid]ation is organic matt]4 ,a pr(itable agriculture is dep5d5t ^u a high p]c5tage ( humus 9 ! soil4 ,av]age yields ( crops are l[ 9 ?is c\ntry *iefly because ! humus-cont5t has be5 greatly r$uc$ by bad f>m+ me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,turn+ d[n organic matt] ) a gang pl[4 ,nature uses organic matt] 9 ! foll[+ ways3 #a4 ,to give good physical condition to ! soil4 ,! practical f>m] appreciates ! importance ( ?is quality 9 a soil4 ,clayey soils are compos$ ( f9e p>ticles t adh]e to ea* o!r4 ,!y are compact1 exclud+ air & fail+ to absorb ! wat] t %\ld be held 9 !m4 ,! excess ( wat] f9ally is lo/ by evaporation1 & ! /icky mass becomes dry & h>d4 ,! incorporation ( organic matt] ) clay or silt *anges ! "* ( su* l&1 break+ up ! mass1 & giv+ x ! por\s condition s ess5tial to productiv5ess4 ,improv$ physical condition is likewise giv5 to a s&y soil1 ! humus b9d+ ! p>ticles toge!r4 #b4 ,to make ! soil ret5tive ( moi/ure4 ,yields ( crops are limit$ m by lack ( a con/ant & adequate supply ( moi/ure ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season ?an by any o!r "o factor4 ,decay$ organic matt] has great capacity = hold+ moi/ure1 & 9 "s measure %\ld supply ! wat] ne$$ dur+ p]iods ( light ra9fall4 #c4 ,to s]ve1 directly & indirectly1 z a solv5t ( ! in]t plant-food 9 ! soil t is kn[n z ! natural /r5g? ( ! l&4 ,its acids d ?is "w directly1 & by its pres5ce x makes possible ! "w ( ! fri5dly bact]ia t are man's *ief allies 9 ma9ta9+ soil f]tility4 #d4 ,to furni% plant-food directly to gr[+ plants4 ,ev5 :5 x has be5 produc$ f ! soil supplies alone1 !re is great ga9 because ! gr[+ crop mu/ h imm$iately available supplies4 ,_m ( ! plants us$ 9 provid+ humus = ! soil are bett] =ag]s = f]tility ?an o!r plants t foll[1 s5d+ _! roots deep] into ! subsoil or us+ m in]t =ms ( f]tility4 ,! ,legumes4--,any plant t gr[s & rots 9 ! soil adds to ! productive p[] ( ! l& if lime is pres5t1 b plants diff] 9 value z mak]s ( humus4 ,!re are only t5 ess5tial con/itu5ts ( plant-food1 & ! soil conta9s only f\r t conc]n u because ! o!rs are always pres5t 9 abundance4 ,if lime has be5 appli$ to give to ! soil a condition fri5dly to plant life1 we are conc]n$ ) ?ree con/itu5ts only1 viz4 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,! la/ two are m9]als & _c come f ! air4 ,!y mu/ be drawn f orig9al /ores 9 ! soil or be obta9$ f outside s\rces 9 ! =m ( f]tiliz]s4 ,! nitrog5 is 9 ! air 9 abundance1 b plants _c draw directly f ?is /ore 9 any appreciable am\nt4 ,! soil supply is usually light because nitrog5 is un/able 9 "* & has escap$ f all agricultural l& 9 va/ am\nts dur+ pa/ ages4 ,pr(itable f>m+ is bas$ ^u ! great fact t we h "o class ( plants :i* c use bact]ia to "w ov] ! nitrog5 ( ! air into a =m available = _! use1 & ! /ore ( nitrog5 ?us ga9$ c be add$ to ! soil's supply = future crops4 ,^! plants1 kn[n z legumes1 embrace ! clov]s1 alfalfa1 ! vet*es1 peas1 beans1 & _m o!rs ( less value4 ,!y provide n only ! organic matt] s mu* ne$$ by all ?9 soils1 b at ! same "t !y are ! means ( add+ to ! soil l>ge am\nts ( ! "o elem5t ( plant-food t is mo/ co/ly1 mo/ un/able1 & mo/ defici5t 9 poor soils4 ,_! ability to secure nitrog5 = _! own gr[? 9 poor l& also is a prime consid]ation 9 _! selection = soil improvem5t1 assur+ a supply ( organic matt] :]e o!rwise p>tial failure w\ld occur4 ,/or+ ,nitrog54--,man ne$s protection f 8 own gre$1 & nature's *ecks are 8 salvation4 ,an illu/ration is af=d$ 9 ! case ( legumes gr[n = ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility4 ,! clov]s & "s o!r legumes are se$$ prim>ily = ! b5efit ( ! soil4 ,! ne$ ( organic matt] is recogniz$1 & a *eap supply ( nitrog5 is want$ = o!r crops 9 ! rotation4 ,! purpose ( ! se$+ is praisewor?y1 b if all ( ! product 7 available = use (f ! l&1 obs]vation tea*es t ! soil produc+ ! crop probably w\ld f>e badly4 ,! crops gr[n prior to ! season devot$ to legumes proclaim _! ne$ ( bett] soil conditions1 m organic matt]1 & m nitrog51 b ! legumes1 appropriat+ nitrog5 = !mselves1 give to ! l& a m prosp]\s appe>ance1 & ! disposition to h>ve/ ev]y?+ t is 9 sight prevails4 ,!re is ! excus+ int5tion to return to ! soil ! residue f fe$+1 :i* %\ld be ne>ly z valuable z ! orig9al mat]ial1 :ile ! fact usually is t faulty h&l+ ( ! manure results 9 heavy loss1 & ! di/ribution ( ! rema9d] is imp]fect4 ,!re is no happi] provision ( nature = ! gu>d+ ( ! soil's int]e/s ?an ! unavailability = man's direct use ( a consid]able "p ( mo/ plants1 ?us sav+ to ! l& a portion ( its %>e ( its products4 ,! humus obta9$ f plant-roots1 /ubble1 & fall5 leaves =ms a l>ge p]c5tage ( all ! humus obta9$ by l& ^: f]tility is n well gu>d$ by own]s4 ,?is proportion is l>ge 9 "s legumes1 am\nt+ to #cj or #dj p] c5t 9 ! case ( r$ & mammo? clov]4 ,! ,"r ,bact]ia4--,! ^w bact]ia has _h a grudg+ admission to ! vocabul>y ( practical f>m]s1 & ! reason is easily /at$4 ,! k ( bact]ia & _! "w is rec5t & limit$4 ,!y are _m 9 k9d1 & sci5ti/s are only 9 ! mid/ ( _! discov]ies4 ,! practical f>m] does well to let bact]iologi/s monopolize int]e/ 9 ! :ole subject except 9 s f> z he c provide "s conditions t h be5 demon/rat$ to be pr(itable4 ,! "w ( bact]ia mu/ come m & m into consid]ation by ! f>m] because nature uses !m to produce a va/ am\nt ( ! *ange t is go+ on ar\nd u4 ,9 consid]ation ( ! value ( legumes we mu/ take into acc\nt ! bact]ia :i* !y h associat$ ) !m1 & ?r\gh :i* !y obta9 ! atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,?is w\ld be a negligible matt]1 x may be1 if all legumes made use ( ! same k9d ( bact]ia4 ,x is true t ! bact]ia mu/ h favorable soil conditions1 b !y are ! same favorable conditions t our plants require4 ,a fact ( importance to ! f>m] is t ! bact]ia :i* ?rive on ! roots ( "s legumes w n s]ve o!r legumes4 ,?is is a reason = _m failures ( alfalfa1 crimson clov]1 ! soybean1 ! c[pea1 hairy vet*1 & o!r legumes new to ! region4 ,soil ,inoculation4--,! belief t ! "r k9d ( bact]ia may be abs5t f ! soil :5 a new legume is se$$1 & t !y %\ld be suppli$ directly to ! soil1 has fail$ 9 ready acceptance because examples ( success )\t su* inoculation are n uncommon4 ,ev5 if ! explanation ( su* success is n easy1 ! fact rema9s t legumes new to a region usually fail to f9d & develop a supply ( bact]ia adequate = a full yield1 & "s ( ^! legumes1 ( :i* alfalfa is an example1 make a ne>ly total failure :5 se$$ = ! fir/ "t )\t soil inoculation4 ,exp]im5t /ations & ?\s&s ( practical f>m]s h le>n$ by field te/s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure "u o!rwise simil> conditions (t5 has be5 due to ! introduction ( ! "r bact]ia into ! soil be=e ! se$+ 0 made4 ,explanations (f]$ = any ph5om5on may lat] become emb>rass+ 9 ! light ( new k4 ,we d n really ne$ to "k :y an occasional soil is suppli$ ) ! bact]ia ( a legume new to x4 ,we h le>n$ t ! bact]ia ( sweet clov] s]ve alfalfa1 & ?is acc\nts = ! inoculation ( "s regions 9 ! ea/4 ,we believe t "s bact]ia are c>ri$ 9 ! du/ on ! se$1 & produce p>tial inoculation4 ,o!r causes are m obscure4 ,! c[pea trails on ! gr\nd1 & c>ries its bact]ia m successfully ?an ! soybean4 ,mo/ legumes require a soil artificially inoculat$ :5 br\ght into a new region1 fail+ o!rwise 9 "s degree to make full gr[?4 ,me?od ( ,inoculation4--,! bact]ia c be transf]r$ to a new field by spread+ soil tak5 f a field t has be5 gr[+ ! legume successfully4 ,! surface soil is remov$ to a dep? ( ?ree in*es1 & ! next lay] ( soil is tak51 z x conta9s ! highe/ p]c5tage ( bact]ia4 ,!y develop 9 ! nodules f\nd on ! fe$+ roots ( ! plants4 ,! soil is pulv]iz$ & appli$ at ! rate ( #bjj p\nds p] acre broadca/4 ,if ! inoculat$ soil is ne> at h& & inexp5sive1 #ejj p\nds %\ld be us$ 9 ord] t ! *ance ( quick inoculation may be increas$4 ,! soil %\ld be spread :5 ! sun's rays are n hot1 & cov]$ at once ) a h>r[1 z dry+ injures vitality4 ,! soil may be broadca/$ by h& or appli$ ) a f]tiliz] di/ribut]4 ,! "w may be done at any "t :ile prep>+ ! se$-b$4 ,! bact]ia w quickly beg9 to develop on ! roots ( ! "y plants1 & nodules may be se5 9 "s in/ances be=e ! plants are f\r weeks old4 ,pure cultures may be us$ = inoculation4 ,"s comm]cial conc]ns made failures & br\ght ! use ( pure cultures into disrepute a few ye>s ago1 b me?ods n[ are m ne>ly p]fect1 & x is possible to buy ! cultures ( all ! legumes & to use !m ) success4 ,prices cont9ue too high to make ! pure cultures attractive to ^? :o c obta9 inoculat$ soil ) ease4 ,if l& has be5 produc+ vigor\s plants1 & if x conta9s no we$s or disease new to ! l& to be se$$1 its soil (f]s ! mo/ desirable means ( transf]r+ ! bact]ia4 ,! claim is made by "s produc]s ( pure cultures t _! bact]ia are select$ = virility1 & %\ld be us$ to displace ^? f\nd 9 ! f>m]'s fields4 ,! *ances are t1 if soil conditions are good1 ! bact]ia pres5t 9 ! soil are virile1 & if ! conditions are bad1 ! pure cultures w n ?rive4 ,all ea/]n l& is suppli$ ) r$ clov] bact]ia1 j z "s we/]n l& possesses alfalfa bact]ia1 & p>tial clov] failure has causes :olly ap>t f ! "* ( its bact]ia4 ,we d n h def9ite k conc]n+ duration ( inoculation nor ! mann] 9 :i* x is ma9ta9$ :5 legumes are n gr[+1 b we d "k t :5 a legume has once made vigor\s gr[? 9 a field1 ! soil w rema9 inoculat$ = a long t]m ( ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,clov]s ,r$ ,clov]4--,:]ev] r$ clov] ?rives !re is no m valuable plant ?an ?is legume = mak+ & keep+ soils productive "u ord9>y crop-rotations4 ,! tyro 9 f>m+ f9ds 8 neighbors cons]vative 9 ?\ght & me?od1 & may rightly see room = improvem5t4 ,he naturally turns to new crops t are receiv+ mu* exploitation1 b %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! _w n[h]e has f\nd a sup]ior to r$ clov] z a comb9$ f]tiliz+ & =age crop = use 9 %ort rotations4 ,f>m]s turn aside f x because x turns aside f !m4 ,!re has be5 increas+ clov] failure 9 our old] /ates = a long t]m ( ye>s4 ,x has become ! rule to se$ to timo?y ) ! clov] 9 ! %ort crop-rotations z well z 9 ! long] ones1 & *iefly = ! reason t clov] se$+ has become no long] dep5dable4 ,9 _m regions ! proportion ( timo?y se$ us$ p] acre has be5 made l>ge because ! clov] w\ld n surely gr[4 ,9 ! w9t]-:eat belt1 :]e ! cu/om has be5 to make su* se$+s ) :eat1 timo?y be+ s[n 9 ! fall & clov] ! next spr+1 ?is increase 9 ! timo?y has made matt]s worse = ! clov]1 b x has help$ to insure a sod & a hay crop4 ,clov] sickness1 suppos$ly result+ f close clov] rotations1 & ! preval5ce ( planta9 & o!r we$s1 h be5 assign$ z a p>tial cause ( clov] failure4 ,x is only )9 rec5t ye>s t ! true cause ( mu* failure has be5 recogniz$4 ,clov] & ,acid ,soils4--,!re are limit$ areas 9 :i* "s clov] disease has fl\ri%$1 & 9 "s ye>s insect attacks are s]i\s4 ,b>r+ ^! factors :i* h relatively small importance :5 ! entire clov] area is tak5 into acc\nt1 ! causes ( clov] failure are "u ! f>m]'s control4 ,! ne$ ( dra9age increases1 & ! defici5cy 9 organic matt] becomes m m>k$4 ,! sale ( hay & /raw1 & especially ! loss ( liquid manures 9 /ables1 h robb$ _m f>ms4 ,^! are adv]se influ5ces ^u clov] se$+s1 b ! mo/ important h&icap to clov] is soil acidity4 ,!re is sad wa/e :5 high-pric$ clov] se$ is put into l& s s\r t clov] bact]ia _c ?rive1 & !re is t5-fold m wa/e 9 lett+ l& fail to obta9 ! organic matt] & nitrog5 clov] %\ld supply4 ,:5 l&-own]s refuse to let _! soils rema9 defici5t 9 lime1 clov] w come into a prom95ce 9 our agriculture t x nev] previ\sly has kn[n4 ,me?ods ( ,se$+4--,x is a common practice to s[ clov] 9 ! spr+1 ei!r ) spr+ gra9 or ) :eat or rye previ\sly se$$ 9 ! fall4 ,?is me?od has mu* to comm5d x4 ,! co/ ( mak+ ! se$-b$ is transf]r$ to ! gra9 crop1 & !re is little outlay o!r ?an ! co/ ( se$4 ,:eat & rye (f] bett] *ances to ! "y clov] plants ?an d ! oat crop :i* %ades ! soil d5sely & rip5s lat] 9 ! summ]4 ,! am\nt ( se$ t %\ld be us$ dep5ds ^u ! soil1 ! l5g? ( "t ! sod w /&1 & ! purpose 9 gr[+ ! clov]4 ,:5 soil f]tility is ! "o consid]ation1 #ab to #ae p\nds ( bright1 plump m$ium r$ clov] se$ p] acre %\ld be s[n4 ,a full] discussion ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 mak+ a sod & ( se$ mixtures is giv5 9 ,*apt]s ,,vii & ,,viii4 ,f]tility ,value4--,attempts h be5 made to express ! actual value ( a good clov] crop to ! soil 9 t]ms ( money4 ,! numb] ( p\nds ( matt] 9 ! roots & /ubble has be5 det]m9$1 & analyses %[ ! p]c5tage ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% conta9$4 ,! two crops h>ve/$ 9 ! second ye> ( its gr[? likewise h _! cont5t ( plant-food det]m9$4 ,if ! total am\nts ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% h _! values fix$ by multiply+ ! numb] ( p\nds ( ea* +r$i5t ( plant-food by _! respective m>ket values1 z is ! practice 9 ! case ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 a total valuation may be plac$ ^u ! clov]1 roots & top1 z a f]tiliz]4 ,su* valuation is s mislead+ t x af=ds no true guidance to ! f>m]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! phosphoric acid & pota% 7 tak5 out ( ! soil1 & :ile "s "p ( ^! mat]ials may h be5 )\t imm$iate value to ano!r crop until us$ by ! clov]1 no "o kn[s h[ mu* value 0 giv5 to !m by ! action ( ! clov]4 ,aga91 no "o kn[s :at p]c5tage ( ! nitrog5 9 ! clov] came f ! air1 & h[ mu* 0 drawn f ! soil's /ores4 ,! proportion v>ies ) ! f]tility ( ! l&1 ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 tak5 f ! air be+ great] 9 ! case ( badly deplet$ soils4 ,a big factor ( error is f\nd 9 ! valuations ( ! +r$i5ts f\nd 9 ! crop4 ,all plant-food is wor? to ! f>m] only :at he c get out ( x4 ,he may be able to use #ej p\nds ( nitrog5 p] acre 9 ! =m ( nitrate ( soda1 at #ah c5ts a p\nd1 :5 gr[+ a c]ta9 crop1 b c\ld n af=d to buy1 at m>ket price ( organic nitrog51 all ! nitrog5 f\nd 9 ! clov] crop1 & !re=e x does n h t value to him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! e/imates d n embrace ! great b5efit to ! physical condition ( ! soil t results f ! incorporation ( a l>ge am\nt ( vegetable matt]4 ,discussion has be5 giv5 to ?is phase ( ! "q 9 ! int]e/ ( accuracy4 ,values are only relative4 ,! practical f>m] c det]m9e ! e/imate he %\ld put ^u clov] only by not+ its effect ^u yields 9 ! crop-rotation ^u 8 own f>m4 ,x is our be/ means ( gett+ nitrog5 f ! air1 x provides a l>ge am\nt ( organic matt]1 x fe$s 9 subsoil z well z 9 top soil1 br++ up f]tility & fill+ all ! soil ) roots t affect physical condition favorably1 & x provides a fe$ = live/ock t gives a ri* manure4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$ clov] on ! f>m ( ,p4 ,s4 ,lewis & ,sons1 ,po9t ,pleasant1 ,w4 ,va4 ,tak+ ! ,crops (f ! ,l&4--,! fe$+ value ( clov] hay is s great t ! live/ock f>m] _c af=d to leave a crop ( clov] on ! gr\nd z a f]tiliz]4 ,! second crop ( r$ clov] produces ! se$1 &1 if ! yield is good1 is v pr(itable at ! prices = se$ prevail+ )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! am\nt ( plant-food tak5 (f 9 ! hay & se$ crops w\ld h relatively small importance if manure & haulm 7 return$ )\t unnecess>y wa/e4 ,van ,slyke /ates t ab\t "o ?ird ( ! entire plant-food value is conta9$ 9 ! roots1 :ile #ce to #dj p] c5t ( ! nitrog5 is f\nd 9 ! roots & /ubble4 ,hall in/ances "o exp]im5t at ,ro?am/ead 9 :i* ! removal ( #aea p\nds ( nitrog5 9 ! clov] hay 9 "o ye> left ! soil en\gh ri*] ?an l& by its side to produce #ej p] c5t m gra9 ! next ye>4 ,he cites ano!r exp]im5t 9 :i* ! removal ( ?ree tons ( clov] hay left ! soil s well suppli$ ) nitrog5 t its crop ( ,sw$e turnips two ye>s lat] 0 ov] "o ?ird bett] ?an t ( l& :i* _h n gr[n clov]1 ! application ( phosphoric acid & pota% be+ ! same4 ,:5 two tons ( well-cur$ clov] hay are h>ve/$ 9 ,june1 remov+ ab\t #hj p\nds ( nitrog51 #de to #ej p\nds are left = ! soil4 ,! am\nts ( pota% are ab\t ! same1 :ile phosphoric acid is mu* less 9 am\nt4 ,physical ,b5efit ( ! ,roots4--,:ile ! roots & /ubble conta9 less ?an two fif?s ( ! total plant-food 9 a clov] crop1 "o may n safely inf] t ! removal ( ! crop = hay r$uces ! b5eficial effect ( ! clov] to ! soil fully #fj p] c5t1 or m4 ,! roots break up ! soil 9 a way n possible to a mass ( tops pl[$ d[n4 ,!y improve ! physical condition ( ! subsoil z well z ! top soil4 ,! am\nt ( ! b5efit dep5ds 9 "p ^u ! nature ( ! l&4 ,its value _c be surely det]m9$1 b ! facts are call$ to m9d z an aid to judgm5t 9 decid+ ^u ! me?od ( h&l+ ! clov] crop4 ,us$ z a ,gre5 ,manure4--,:]e dep5d5ce mu/ be plac$ ^u clov] z a f]tiliz]1 little or no manure be+ return$ to ! l&1 at lea/ "o ( ! two clov] crops )9 ! ye> %\ld be left on ! l&4 ,! maximum b5efit f clov]1 :5 left on ! l&1 c be obta9$ by clipp+ x be=e x is suffici5tly heavy to smo!r ! plants1 leav+ x z a mul*4 ,:5 ! cutt]-b> ( ! m[] is tilt$ upw>d1 ! dang] ( smo!r+ is r$uc$4 ,truck]s1 remote f supplies ( manure1 h f\nd x pr(itable to make two su* clipp+s j prior to blossom+ /age1 secur+ a ?ird heavy gr[?4 ,! am\nt ( humus ?us obta9$ is l>ge1 & ! b5efit ( ! mul* is an important item4 ,"s gr[]s clip ! fir/ crop = a mul*1 & lat] secure a se$ crop4 ,! e>ly clipp+ & ! mul* cause increase 9 yield ( se$4 ,a common practice is to take "o crop (f = hay1 & to leave ! second = pl[+ d[n ! foll[+ spr+4 ,e>ly h>ve/+ ( ! clov] = hay favors ! second crop4 ,:5 to turn ,d[n4--,:5 ! maximum b5efit is desir$ = ! soil f a crop ( clov]1 ! fir/ gr[? %\ld n be pl[$ d[n4 ,its (fice %\ld be t ( a mul*4 ,9 its decay all ! m9]al plant-food & mo/ ( ! nitrog5 g into ! soil4 ,! second crop %\ld come to maturity1 or ne> x4 ,z a rule1 !re is ga91 & n loss1 by lett+ ! second crop lie on ! gr\nd until spr+ if a spr+-plant$ crop is to foll[4 ,"s fall gr[?1 & ! protection f lea*+1 %\ld equal any advantage aris+ f rott+ ! bulky gr[? 9 ! soil4 ,9 "s regions x is n good practice to pl[ d[n a heavy gre5 crop on acc\nt ( ! excessive am\nt ( acid produc$4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ! only corrective is a lib]al application ( lime4 ,mammo? ,clov]4--,:5 clov] is gr[n ) timo?y = hay1 "s f>m]s pref] to use mammo? clov] 9 place ( ! m$ium r$4 ,x may be kn[n z sapl+ clov]1 & is acc\nt$ a p]5nial1 ?\gh x is little m s ?an ! r$4 ,x is a /rong gr[] & makes a co>se /alk b1 :5 gr[n ) timo?y1 x has ! advantage ov] ! r$ 9 t ! p]iod ( rip5+ is m ne>ly t ( ! timo?y4 ,x incl9es to lodge badly1 & %\ld be se$$ ?9ly ) timo?y :5 want$ = hay4 ,! roots run deep into ! soil1 & ?is v>iety ( clov] comp>es favorably ) ! m$ium r$ 9 po9t ( f]tiliz+ p[]1 ! total root-gr[? be+ heavi]4 ,:ile its yield ( hay1 :5 se$$ alone1 is great] ?an ! fir/ crop ( ! r$1 its incl9ation to lodge & its co>s5ess are (fsets4 ,x produces its se$ 9 ! fir/ crop1 & ! aft]-gr[? is small1 :ile r$ clov] may make a heavy second crop4 ,its use %\ld become m g5]al on ?9 soils1 its /rong root-gr[? enabl+ x to ?rive bett] ?an ! r$1 & ! lack ( f]tility prev5t+ ! /alks f becom+ unduly co>se = hay4 ,! am\nt ( se$ us$ p] acre1 :5 gr[n by itself1 %\ld be ! same z t ( r$ clov]4 ,alsike ,clov]4--,a v>iety ( clov] t may h ga9$ m popul>ity ?an its m]it w>rants is alsike clov]4 ,x is m ne>ly p]5nial ?an ! mammo?4 ,! roots d n g deep into ! subsoil l ^? ( ! r$ or ! mammo?1 & !re=e x is bett] adapt$ to wet l&4 ,x rema9s sev]al ye>s 9 ! gr\nd :5 graz$1 & is usually f\nd 9 se$ mixtures = pa/ures4 ,x is decumb5t1 & difficult to h>ve/ = hay :5 se$$ alone4 ,x is cr$it$ ) high] yields ?an ! r$ by mo/ au?orities1 b ?is is n 9 accord ) obs]vation 9 "s regions1 & x is m>k$ly inf]ior to ! r$ 9 ! organic matt] & ! nitrog5 suppli$ ! soil 9 ! roots4 ,! popul>ity ( ?is clov] is due to its ability to )/& "s soil acidity & bad physical conditions4 ,9 regions :]e r$ clov] is decl9+ on acc\nt ( lack ( lime1 "o may see "s alsike4 ,! rule is to mix alsike ) ! r$ at ! rate ( "o or two bu%els ( ! =m] to six bu%els ( ! latt]4 ,z ! se$ ( ! alsike is h>dly half z l>ge z t ( ! r$1 ! proportion 9 ! mixture is great] ?an "s f>m]s realize4 ,! practice is an excell5t "o :]e ! r$ w n gr[1 & ! alsike adds f]tility1 b :5 ! soil has be5 made alkal9e1 ! r$ clov] %\ld h ne>ly all ! room4 ,alsike is a heavy produc] ( se$4 ,crimson ,clov]4--,:]ev] crimson clov] is suffici5tly h>dy to )/& ! w9t]1 z 9 ,delaw>e & ,new ,j]sey1 x is a valuable aid 9 ma9ta9+ & increas+ soil f]tility4 ,x is a w9t] annual1 l w9t] :eat1 & %\ld be se$$ 9 ! latt] half ( summ]1 accord+ to latitude4 ,x comes into bloom 9 late spr+4 ,! plant has a tap-root ( good l5g?1 b 9 total weight ( roots is mu* inf]ior to ! r$4 ,?is clov]1 h[ev]1 comp>es favorably ) r$ clov] 9 ! total am\nt ( nitrog5 add$ to ! soil by ! entire plant :5 gr[n "u favorable conditions4 ,x is peculi>ly fitt$ = a cov] crop 9 or*>ds & :]ev] spr+ crops are remov$ z e>ly z ,augu/1 or a se$+ c be made 9 !m1 z is ! case ) corn4 ,ev5 :5 w9t] kills ! plants1 a successful fall gr[? is highly pr(itable1 add+ m nitrog5 be=e w9t] ?an r$ clov] se$$ at ! same "t4 ,:]e ! plants d n w9t]-kill1 !y are pl[$ d[n = gre5 manure :5 9 bloom 9 ,may1 or e>li] 9 ! spr+ to save soil moi/ure & p]mit e>ly plant+1 al?\gh a good hay = live/ock c be made1 & ! yield is ab\t ! same z t ( ! fir/ crop ( r$ clov]4 ,9 ! nor!rn /ates a l>ge am\nt ( money has be5 wa/$ 9 exp]im5tal se$+s ) crimson clov]1 & x is only 9 exceptional cases t x cont9ues to be gr[n4 ,!re is reason to believe t _m ( ^! failures 7 due to lack ( soil inoculation4 ,! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation is locat$ 9 a m\nta9 valley :]e w9t]s are sev]e4 ,crimson clov] is "u te/ ) o!r cov] crops = an exp]im5tal or*>d1 & success ) x has increas$ z ! soil has become fully inoculat$4 ,?is view is support$ by ! exp]i5ce ( v>i\s gr[]s 9 ! ,nor?1 & :ile crimson clov] c nev] make ! success 9 a cold climate t x does 9 ,delaw>e1 !re is a mu* wid] field ( usefulness = x ?an is n[ occupi$4 ,exp]im5ts %\ld be made ) x "u favorable conditions respect+ moi/ure & soil til?4 ,fifte5 p\nds ( se$ %\ld be us$1 & ! se$ %\ld be well cov]$1 z is ! case ) all se$s s[n 9 mid-summ]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,alfalfa ,adaptation to ,ea/]n ,ne$s4--,! introduction ( alfalfa into ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w prove a boon to its deplet$ soils1 enc\rag+ ! fe$+ ( live/ock & add+ to ! value ( manures4 ,x w affect soils directly1 z does r$ clov]1 :5 f>m]s appreciate ! fact t its rightful place on _! f>ms is 9 rotation ) gra94 ,"u we/]n conditions1 :]e no o!r crop c compete ) x 9 value1 z is ! case 9 semi-arid belts1 its ability to produce crops = a long t]m ( ye>s adds mu* to its value1 b 9 ea/]n agriculture ?is *>act]i/ic is n ne$$4 ,on mo/ soils ( ! ea/ x w n rema9 productive = m ?an f\r to six ye>s1 & t fact detracts little f its value4 ,x %\ld fit into crop-rotations1 add+ f]tility = gra9 crops4 ,:5 gr[n 9 a six-ye>s rotation ) corn & oats or o!r small gra91 x furni%es a ri* sod = ! corn1 & ! manure made f ! hay helps to solve ! f>m]'s f]tility problem4 ,f]tility & ,fe$+ ,value4--,vivian says t ! problem ( ! pr(itable ma9t5ance ( f]tility is l>gely a "q ( an economic me?od ( supply+ plants ) nitrog54 ,! greate/ value ( alfalfa to ea/]n f>m+ lies 9 its ability to conv]t atmosph]ic nitrog5 into organic nitrog54 ,x has no equal 9 ?is respect = relatively long crop-rotations1 /or+ 9 its roots & successive gr[?s ( top f> m nitrog5 )9 ?ree or f\r ye>s ?an is possible to any o!r ( our legumes4 ,a good /& ( alfalfa1 produc+ n9e crops ( hay 9 ! ?ree ye>s foll[+ ! season ( se$+1 w produce f n9e to twelve tons ( hay4 ,good fields1 "u ! be/ conditions1 h produc$ f> m1 b ! am\nts nam$ are )9 rea* ( mo/ gr[]s on l& adapt$ to ! plant4 ,a ton ( hay1 on ! av]age1 conta9s z mu* nitrog5 z five or six tons ( fre% /able manure4 ,?us !re comes to ! f>m a great am\nt ( plant-food1 to be giv5 ! l& 9 ! manure1 & 9 addition ! roots & /ubble h /or$ 9 ! gr\nd en\gh nitrog5 to fe$ a successive corn crop1 & a small gra9 crop :i* may foll[ ! corn4 ,moreov]1 ! roots h fill$ ! soil ) organic matt]1 improv+ ! physical condition ( ! soil & subsoil4 ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa on ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity ,f>m4 ,ano!r ga9 is f\nd 9 ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid & pota% 9 ! manure1 mu* ( :i* 0 drawn f soil supplies out ( rea* ( ! o!r f>m crops4 ,! pr(it f introduction ( alfalfa into a region's agriculture is v great4 ,alfalfa makes a nutriti\s & palatable fe$ = live/ock4 ,a ton conta9s z mu* dige/ible prote9 z #afjj p\nds ( :eat bran4 ,climate & ,soil4--,! exp]im5tation ) alfalfa by f>m]s has be5 wide-spread1 & ! p]c5tage ( failure has be5 s l>ge t _m h believ$ ?is legume 0 unfitt$ to ! climate & soil ( ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,successful exp]i5ce has %[n t x c be made to take a consid]able place 9 ea/]n crop-s*emes4 ,! climate is n unfavorable1 z is evid5c$ by l>ge areas ( good alfalfa sods on ?\s&s ( f>ms4 ,! abundant ra9fall br+s v>i\s we$s & grasses into competition ) x1 & t w rema9 a s]i\s drawback until gr[]s le>n to clean _! surface soils by good tillage be=e se$+4 ,any l& t is suffici5tly well dra9$ to produce a good corn crop 9 a wet summ] c gr[ alfalfa if ! se$-b$ is rightly made4 ,! loose soils are m difficult to se$ successfully ?an is ! l& hav+ en\gh clay to give itself body1 al?\gh mo/ exp]im5t]s select _! mo/ por\s soils4 ,all f>ms hav+ good til? c br+ alfalfa into _! crop-rotations4 ,free ,use ( ,lime4--,! conditions requisite to success 9 alfalfa-gr[+ are n num]\s1 b none c be neglect$4 ,alfalfa %\ld be giv5 a calc>e\s soil :5 possible1 b an acid soil c be made favorable to alfalfa by ! free use ( lime4 ,!re mu/ rema9 a lib]al am\nt aft] ! soil defici5cy has be5 met1 & :5 ! use ( lime is on a lib]al scale1 ! pulv]iz$ lime/one makes ! safe/ c>ri]4 ,h[ev]1 #ej bu%els ( /one-lime p] acre c be us$ safely on any l& t is n di/9ctly s&y1 & t am\nt is adequate 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,inoculation4--,! necessity ( inoculation has be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ea/]n l& w\ld become inoculat$ = alfalfa if f>m]s w\ld adopt ! practice ( mix+ a little alfalfa ) r$ clov] :5ev] mak+ se$+s4 ,"s alfalfa plants usually make gr[?1 secur+ ! bact]ia 9 ! du/ ( ! se$1 presumably4 ,! addition ( "o p\nd ( alfalfa se$ p] acre w\ld assi/ mat]ially 9 secur+ a good /& :5 ! day came t an alfalfa se$+ 0 desir$4 ,f]tilization4--,! ability ( alfalfa to add f]tility to ! f>m1 & directly to ! field produc+ x :5 all ! crops are remov$ z hay1 does n preclude ! necessity ( hav+ ! soil f]tile :5 ! se$+ is made4 ,! plants f9d competition ) grass & o!r we$s ke5 "u ea/]n skies :]e moi/ure favors plant-life4 ,9 _! fir/ season ?is is m>k$ly true4 ,!re %\ld be pl5ty ( available plant-food = ! "y plants4 ,/able manure t is free f ! se$s ( p]nici\s we$s makes an excell5t dress+4 ,x is good practice to pl[ d[n a heavy coat ( manure = corn & !n to repl[ ! l& = alfalfa ! next season4 ,a top-dress+ ( manure is good1 af=d+ excell5t physical condition ( ! surface = />t+ ! plants4 ,eight tons p] acre make a good dress+4 ,if l& is n naturally f]tile1 m9]al f]tiliz]s %\ld be appli$4 ,a mixture ( #cej p\nds ( #ad p] c5t acid phosphate & #ej p\nds ( muriate ( pota% is excell5t = an acre ( manur$ l&4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( manure1 #ajj p\nds ( nitrate ( soda & #ej p\nds ( muriate ( pota% %\ld be add$ to ! mixture4 ,if ! mat]ials are wet1 a dri] mu/ be us$4 ,! f]tiliz] %\ld be drill$ into ! gr\nd prior to ! se$+4 ,a ,clean ,se$-b$4--,mu* failure ) alfalfa is due to summ] grasses & o!r we$s4 ,! moi/ure 9 our ea/]n /ates favors plant-life1 & mo/ soils are ?or\ghly /ock$ ) ! se$s ( a l>ge numb] ( we$s4 ,! value ( blue-grass & timo?y w\ld be comp>atively small if !y 7 n capable ( monopoliz+ ! gr\nd :5 well />t$ & giv5 f]tility4 ,alfalfa plants are less capable ( cr[d+ out o!r plants1 & especially 9 _! fir/ season4 ,_! habit ( gr[? is unlike t ( grass4 ,rational treatm5t ( alfalfa dem&s t ! surface soil be made fairly clean ( we$ se$1 & ?is applies ) peculi> =ce to annual grasses1 l fox-tail4 ,if att5tion 7 paid to ?is po9t1 failures w\ld be f> less num]\s4 ,old grass l& %\ld n be se$$ until a cultivat$ crop has foll[$ ! pl[+4 ,! l& %\ld be 9 good til?1 & capable ( produc+ a good crop ( any sort4 ,alfalfa is n a plant = poor l&1 al?\gh x does add organic matt] & nitrog54 ,v>ieties4--,!re is only "o v>iety ( alfalfa 9 common use 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! we/]n-gr[n se$ sold ^u ! m>ket is kn[n simply z alfalfa4 ,b\nd up 9 ?is "o s-call$ v>iety are _m /ra9s diff]+ 9 habit ( gr[?1 & _! diff]5tiation w occur1 j z x has 9 ! case ( :eat1 & is n[ proce$+ sl[ly ) timo?y4 ,! ea/]n gr[] at pres5t %\ld use ! v>iety ( ! we/ t is furni%+ ne>ly all ! se$ produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re is a v>iety kn[n z ,s& ,luc]ne t has %[n value = ! light1 s&y soils ( ,mi*igan4 ,! ,turke/an v>iety 0 introduc$ = dry1 cold regions1 b does n produce mu* se$4 ,clean ,se$4--,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to secure se$ free f impurities4 ,if "o is n a compet5t judge1 he %\ld s5d a sample to 8 /ate exp]im5t /ation = exam9ation4 ,! practice ( adult]ation is decreas+1 b ! se$ may h be5 tak5 f l& infe/$ ) p]nici\s we$s4 ,! impurity mo/ to be fe>$ is dodd]4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 ! se$s v>y+ 9 size & color4 ,! same pe/ may be f\nd 9 clov] fields1 b ! injury is less because ! clov] /&s only two ye>s4 ,! dodd] se$ g]m9ates 9 ! soil1 & ! plant atta*es itself to ! alfalfa1 los+ its connection ) ! soil & =m+ a mass ( v f9e v9es t rea* out to o!r alfalfa plants4 ,9 ?is way x spreads1 fe$+ on ! sap ( ! ho/ plants & kill+ !m4 ,:5 ! infe/ation is 9 only a few spots 9 ! field1 ! rem$y is to cov] ) /raw1 soak ) k]os5e oil1 & burn4 ,all ! infe/ation at ! edges ( ^! spots mu/ be de/roy$4 ,:5 ! dodd] is too widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! field to p]mit ( ?is treatm5t1 ! only c\rse is to pl[ ! field at once1 & to gr[ cultivat$ crops = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,x is believ$ t no v>iety ( dodd] produces se$ freely 9 ! ea/]n /ates1 & t ! hay made f ! fir/ crop ( alfalfa or r$ clov] w n conta9 any se$ ( ?is p]nici\s plant4 ,! ,se$+4--,:5 alfalfa has become e/abli%$ on ea/]n f>ms1 ! difficulties 9 mak+ new se$+s w be small]4 ,! exp]i5ce ( gr[]s w save f mi/akes 9 selection ( soils & prep>ation ( ! gr\nd1 & ! ?or\gh inoculation ) ! "r bact]ia t c come only ) "t w d mu* to insure success4 ,! unwisdom ( mak+ se$+s 9 gr\nd fill$ ) grass & o!r we$ se$s w be appreciat$4 ,x is q probable t mu* successful se$+ w be made 9 :eat & oats1 :]e ! alfalfa is to /& only "o or two ye>s4 ,^! practices are n = ! beg9n]4 ,8 l& is n ?or\ghly suppli$ ) bact]ia1 & e *ance %\ld be giv5 ! alfalfa4 ,if !re are no annual grasses1 su* z appe> s freely 9 "s regions 9 mid-summ]1 spr+ se$+ is excell5t4 ,a cov] crop is !n desirable1 & no?+ is bett] = ?is purpose ?an b>ley at ! rate ( #d pecks ( se$ p] acre4 ,9 all exp]im5tal "w #be p\nds ( bright1 plump alfalfa se$ p] acre %\ld be s[n4 ,! se$+ %\ld be made z soon z spr+ comes1 ! b>ley be+ drill$ 91 & ! se$-sp\ts ( ! drill ?r[n =w>d s t ! alfalfa w fall ahead ( ! hoes & be cov]$ by !m4 ,se$+ 9 ,augu/4--,mu* l& is infe/$ ) annual grasses & o!r we$s1 & 9 su* case se$+s %\ld be made 9 ,augu/1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,subsequ5t ,treatm5t4--,if ! alfalfa plants f9d ! bact]ia at h&1 !y w beg9 to pr(it f !m )9 ! fir/ mon? ( _! lives4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! plants may fail to obta9 ?is aid 9 l& :i* has n previ\sly gr[n alfalfa1 & )9 a few mon?s !y indicate ! failure by _! light color1 :ile ! plants lib]ally suppli$ ) nitrog5 ?r\gh bact]ia become d>k gre54 ,:]e !re are no bact]ia1 ! plants turn yell[ & die4 ,!re are diseases t attack alfalfa1 caus+ ! leaves to turn yell[1 & :5 !y appe>1 ! only kn[n treatm5t ( value is to clip ! plants ) a m[] )\t delay4 ,! next gr[? may n %[ any m>k ( ! diseases4 ,illu/ration3 ,cur+ alfalfa at ! ,p5nsylvania ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,:5 alfalfa is se$$ 9 ! spr+ on ri* l&1 a hay crop may be tak5 (f ! same season4 ,if ! plants d n make a /rong gr[?1 !y %\ld be clipp$1 & ! tops %\ld be left z a mul*4 ,! clipp+ & all future h>ve/+s are made :5 ! /alks />t buds f _! sides ne> ! gr\nd4 ,?is ord9>ily occurs ab\t ! "t "s fl[]s %[1 & is ! w>n+ t ! old top %\ld be cut (f1 no matt] h[ small & unpr(itable = h>ve/+ x may be4 ,! exception to ?is rule is f\nd only 9 ! fall4 ,an ,augu/ se$+ may make su* gr[? 9 a w>m & late autumn t fl[]+ w occur1 & lat]al buds />t1 b ! gr[? %\ld n be clipp$ unless !re rema9s "t to secure a new gr[? l>ge en\gh to af=d w9t] protection4 ,?is is likewise true ( a late gr[? 9 an old alfalfa field4 ,own]s ( soils t are n well adapt$ to ! alfalfa plant w f9d top-dress+ ) manure helpful to alfalfa fields :5 made 9 ! fall4 ,! sev]ity ( w9t]s 9 a moi/ climate is responsible = "s failures4 ,if ! soil is n por\s1 heav+ w occur4 ,a dress+ ( manure1 giv5 late 9 ! fall1 & pref]ably dur+ ! fir/ h>d freeze1 w prev5t alt]nate ?aw+s & freez+s 9 "s degree4 ,! manure %\ld h be5 made f fe$ conta9+ no se$s ( annual grasses or o!r we$ pe/s4 ,roll+ 9 ! spr+ does n s]ve to settle heav$ alfalfa plants4 ,! tap-roots are long1 & :5 !y h be5 lift$ by action ( fro/1 !y _c be driv5 back into place4 ,x is believ$ t ! p]man5ce ( an alfalfa se$+ may be increas$ by ! use ( m9]al f]tiliz]s 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,9 ! case ( "o alfalfa field ( fifte5 ye>s' /&+ 9 ! ea/1 ! f]tiliz]s 7 appli$ imm$iately aft] ! fir/ hay crop ( ! ye> 0 remov$4 ,?ree hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( acid phosphate & #ej p\nds ( muriate ( pota% p] acre is ! mixture recomm5d$4 ,:5 old alfalfa plants d n /& ?ickly en\gh on ! gr\nd1 grasses & o!r we$s come 9 readily4 ,!y c be kept "u p>tial control by use ( a spr+-too? h>r[1 ! po9ts be+ made n>r[ s t no ridg+ w occur4 ,! h>r[ %\ld be us$ imm$iately aft] ! h>ve/1 & w n injure ! alfalfa4 ,x does n pay to use alfalfa = pa/urage 9 our ea/]n /ates because ! practice %ort5s ! life ( ! se$+4 ,alfalfa makes a se$ crop 9 pr(itable am\nt only 9 our semi-arid regions4 ,no attempt to produce a se$ crop 9 ! ea/ %\ld be made4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,grass ,,sods ,value ( ,sods4--,! "* ( ! sods is a fai?ful index ( ! condition ( ! soil 9 any region adapt$ to grass4 ,! value ( heavy sods to a soil _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,!y n only give to a f>m a prosp]\s appe>ance1 b our c\ntry's agriculture w\ld be on a mu* saf] basis if heavy cov]+s ( grass 7 m univ]sal4 ,we d n hold ! legumes 9 too high e/eem1 b ! emphasis plac$ ^u _! ability to appropriate nitrog5 f ! air has caus$ "s l&-own]s to fail 9 appreciation ( ! aid to soil f]tility t may be r5d]$ by ! grasses4 ,"o (t5 he>s ! /atem5t t !y c add no?+ to ! soil1 & ?is is s]i\s error4 ,!y add all t may be giv5 9 ! clov]s1 except+ nitrog5 only1 & t is only "o elem5t ( plant-food1 important ?\gh x be4 ,a great "p ( ! value ( clov] lies 9 its ability to supply organic matt] to ! soil & to improve physical condition by its net-"w ( roots4 ,heavy grass sods furni% a va/ am\nt ( organic matt] :i* n only supplies available plant-food to succe$+ crops1 b 9 its decay affects ! availability ( "s "p ( ! /ores ( pot5tial f]tility 9 ! l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,heavy ,grass ,sod 9 ,new ,york4 ,prejudice aga9/ ,timo?y4--,timo?y1 among ! grasses1 is especially 9 disrepute z a soil-build]1 & yet its value is great4 ,! belief t timo?y is h>d on l& is bas$ ^u obs]vation ( bad treatm5t ( ?is grass4 ,!re is a common cu/om ( se$+ l& d[n to timo?y :5 x ceases to h suffici5t available plant-food = a pr(itable till$ crop1 & usually ?is is ! ?ird ye> aft] a sod has be5 brok54 ,! se$+ is made ) a gra9 crop t ne$s all ! comm]cial f]tiliz] t may *ance to be us$4 ,clov] may be se$$ also1 & on a majority ( f>ms x fails to ?rive :5 s[n4 ,if clov] does gr[1 ! succe$+ crop ( timo?y may be heavy4 ,if clov] does n gr[1 ! timo?y is n s heavy4 ,! se$+ to grass is made p>tly because a till$ crop w\ld n pay1 & p>tly because a hay crop is ne$$4 ,x comes 9 :]e o!r crops _c come ) pr(it1 & x produces fairly well1 or v well1 ! fir/ ye> x occupies ! gr\nd by itself4 ,) little or no aid f manure or comm]cial f]tiliz]1 x adds mu* to ! supply ( organic matt] 9 ! soil1 & x produces a hay crop t may be made into manure or conv]t$ into ca%4 ,if ! sod 7 brok5 ! foll[+ spr+1 giv+ to ! soil all ! aft]-ma? & ! mass ( roots1 its reputation ) u w\ld be f> bett] ?an x is4 ,?is w\ld be true ev5 if x _h receiv$ little f]tiliz] :5 se$$ or dur+ its exi/5ce z a sod1 n tak+ into acc\nt any manure spread ^u x dur+ ! w9t] previ\s to its break+ = corn4 ,b ! rule is n to break a grass sod :5 x is fairly heavy4 ,! ye>s ( m[+ are arrang$ 9 ! crop-rotation to provide = z _m h>ve/s z promise imm$iate pr(it4 ,on "s l& ?is is two ye>s1 & n infrequ5tly x is ?ree4 ,:]e f>ms are difficult ( tillage1 x is a common practice to let timo?y /& until ! sod is s ?9 t ! yield ( hay is h>dly wor? ! co/ ( h>ve/+4 ,!n ! ?9 remnant ( sod is brok5 = corn or o!r gra91 & ! poor physical condition ( ! soil & ! l[ /ate ( available f]tility lead to ! ass]tion t timo?y is h>d on ! soil4 ,?is is a fair /atem5t ( ! treatm5t ( ?is plant on mo/ f>ms4 ,object ( ,sods4--,! l&'s %>e ( its products _c be disreg>d$ )\t loss4 ,! legumes & grasses come into ! crop-rotation prim>ily to raise ! p]c5tage ( organic matt] t ! l& may appropriate to itself )9 ! rotation4 ,"s ( ! crops usually are = sale f ! f>m4 ,mo/ ( ! crops require tillage1 & t is exhau/ive ( ! /ore ( humus4 ,a portion ( ! "t )9 ! rotation belongs to a crop t increases ! supply ( vegetable matt]1 unless manure is br\ght f an outside s\rce4 ,sods l5d !mselves well to ?is purpose because !y af=d "s income1 9 pa/urage or hay1 :ile fill+ ! soil ) vegetation4 ,! t5d5cy is to =get ! prim>y purpose ( sods 9 ! s*eme1 & to ignore ! requirem5t ( l& respect+ a due %>e ( :at x produces4 ,att5tion c5t]s ^u ! product t may be remov$4 ,! portion ( ! f>m r$uc$ 9 productive p[] = ! mom5t goes to grass1 :ile ! labor & f]tiliz]s are conc5trat$ ^u ! fields t are brok5 = gra9 & vegetables4 ,! removal ( all ! crop at h>ve/1 & probably ! pa/ur+ ( aft]-ma?1 are ! only matt]s ( int]e/ t ! fields1 deplet$ by cultivation & se$$ d[n to grass1 h = ! own] until ! poor hay yield & ! ne$ ( a sod = corn draw att5tion aga9 to !m4 ,se$+ ) ,small ,gra94--,! usual cu/om is to s[ grasses ) small gra91 & !re is mu* to comm5d x4 ,! co/ ( prep>+ ! se$-b$ re/s ^u ! gra9 crop1 & ! conditions are favorable to fall gr[? & w9t] protection1 if ! se$+ is made 9 ! fall4 ,:eat & rye are good crops ) :i* to se$4 ,9 ! case ( f]tile l& !re is ! dang] t ! timo?y w e/abli% itself too well 9 a w>m1 moi/ autumn to p]mit clov] to get a foo?old ! foll[+ spr+1 & clov] %\ld always be se$$ = ! sake ( f]tility4 ,9 nor!rn latitudes clov] _c be se$$ successfully z late 9 ! season z :eat %\ld be s[n1 z x fails to become well root$ = w9t]4 ,! ov]cr[d+ ( clov] by timo?y is met 9 "p by r$uction 9 am\nt ( timo?y se$ s[n ) ! :eat4 ,! oat crop is less satisfactory = se$+s to grass & clov]4 ,! leaves ne> ! gr\nd are too ?ick1 %ad+ ! "y plants unduly1 & ! late h>ve/ exposes ! grass & clov] :5 ! season is hot1 & usually dry4 ,"s r$uction 9 ! am\nt ( se$ oats us$ p] acre helps to save f injury4 ,se$+ 9 ,rye4--,:5 ?9 l& is desir$ = pa/ure1 & available f]tility _c well be appli$1 a sod may be =m$ m surely by se$+ ) rye1 us+ ! rye = pa/ure & a mul*1 ?an1 probably1 9 any o!r way4 ,! gr\nd %\ld h good tillage & !n be se$$ to rye 9 ,septemb] at ! rate ( six pecks ( se$ p] acre4 ,timo?y & r$-top %\ld be se$$ ) x1 & 9 ! spr+ r$ & alsike clov] %\ld be add$4 ,:5ev] ! gr\nd is dry en\gh 9 ! spr+ to p]mit ! tramp+ ( cattle )\t injury1 ! rye %\ld be pa/ur$1 & pref]ably by a suffici5t numb] ( animals to hold ! rye well 9 *eck4 ,:5 ! usual "t = head+ comes1 all /ock %\ld be remov$1 & :5 heads d appe>1 ! gr[? %\ld be clipp$ ) a m[] & left z a mul* on ! surface4 ,a second clipp+ w be requir$ lat]1 ) cutt]-b> tilt$ well upw>d4 ,:5 ! usual summ] dr\? is pa/1 live/ock c aga9 be turn$ into ! field4 ,?is me?od is sugge/$ only = ?9 fields t h fail$ to make cat*es ( grass1 & t = "s reason _c well be giv5 ! f]tility t all ?9 soils ne$4 ,! application ( lime be=e se$+ to ! rye is an exp5se t usually mu/ be met 9 ! case ( su* fields1 & f]tiliz]s %\ld be us$4 ,good ,soil ,conditions4--,:5 ! grasses & clov]s desir$ = a sod are s[n ) small gra91 !re is competition betwe5 !m & ! gra9 crop = f]tility1 moi/ure1 & light4 ,! gra9 crop is ! "o t w produce ! income ! foll[+ summ]1 & naturally is giv5 "r ( way4 ,! am\nt ( se$ is us$ t exp]i5ce tea*es is be/ = a maximum yield ( gra94 ,usually ?is gives a ?ick] /& ( plants ?an is be/ = ! t9y grass & clov] plants t (t5 are /ruggl+ = exi/5ce d[n "u ! tall] gra94 ,if ! f>m] c\ld see 8 way cle> to cut d[n ! quantity ( se$ :eat or oats us$ on a f]tile soil1 ! cat* ( grass w\ld be bett]1 b ! small-gra9 crop is n v pr(itable at ! be/1 & ! own] does n l delib]ately to limit x4 ,a great] am\nt ( failure is due to an inadequate supply ( f]tility4 ,! grass does n suff] s mu* f ov]-%ad+ z x does f />vation1 bo? dur+ ! gr[? ( ! gra9 & aft] h>ve/4 ,! /rong] gra9 plants appropriate ! scanty /ock ( available f]tility1 & leave ! grass & clov] ne>ly helpless4 ,?is condition is especially noticeable 9 dry seasons :5 !re is less opportunity to obta9 food 9 solution4 ,plants :i* are expect$ 9 ano!r season to fill ! gr\nd ) vegetable matt] are />v$ 9 ! beg9n+ & die4 ,plant-food is ne$$1 & %\ld be mix$ ) ! soil :5 ! se$+ is made4 ,! f]tiliz] ne$s are discuss$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,:5 manure is available1 x %\ld be spread on ! pl[$ gr\nd & mix$ ) ! surface soil4 ,if a soil is ?91 or heavy1 or light1 ! use ( a ton ( manure 9 ?is way c br+ great] returns ?an "u any o!r circum/ances 9 g5]al f>m+4 ,x supplies "s f]tility1 & x puts ! surface soil into good physical condition = "y plants4 ,l& defici5t 9 humus =ms a cru/ aft] a ra91 & a t9y plant suff]s4 ,a light dress+ ( manure1 well mix$ ) ! soil1 t5ds to prev5t ?is h>d5+ ( ! surface & loss ( wat]4 ,!re is no o!r =m ( f]tility t c fully replace manure1 = ei!r compact or lea*y l&4 ,! probable ne$ ( lime has be5 discuss$ 9 o!r *apt]s4 ,clov]s & ! grasses want an alkal9e soil1 & !re is wa/e ( money & "t 9 se$+ acid l&4 ,! lime & ! manure mu/ n be mix$ toge!r 9 ! air1 b bo? c be us$ :5 fitt+ l& = se$+1 & bo? %\ld be us$ if ! ne$ exi/s4 ,"o %\ld be appli$ e>ly & be well disk$ into ! soil1 & !n ! o!r application may be made & cov]$ ) ! h>r[4 ,! soil is an absorb5t1 & ! contact ( manure & lime )9 ! soil only leads to imm$iate availability1 :i* is desirable 9 giv+ ! grass a />t4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,grass ,,sods--7,cont9u$7 ,se$+ 9 ,late ,summ]4--,! natural "t ( beg9n+ life1 9 ! case ( timo?y1 blue-grass1 r$-top1 r$ clov]1 & alfalfa is 9 ! summ] or autumn4 ,! be/ conditions ( gr[? are giv5 :]e no /rong] plants take ! plant-food & moi/ure4 ,:]ev] !re is any difficulty 9 gett+ heavy grass & clov] sods aft] ! lime defici5cy has be5 met1 & :]ev] a hay crop has m value ?an a small-gra9 crop1 ! me?od ( se$+ alone 9 ,augu/ %\ld be employ$4 ,9 w>m] latitudes ! date may be a little lat]1 b 9 ! nor!rn /ates x %\ld be 9 ! fir/ half ( ,augu/ = be/ results4 ,se$+ alone (f]s opportunity to make conditions "r = ! se$s :i* are to be us$1 & 9 view ( ! importance ( heavy sods to our agriculture1 ?is reason alone is suffici5t4 ,9 "s regions ! ability to sub/itute a good hay crop = a c]eal t br+s small net income is an item ( value1 add+ to ! proportion ( fe$+-/uff produc$ 9 ! rotation & to ! result+ supply ( manure4 ,! practice ( mak+ se$+s to grass & clov] alone is gr[+1 & x is bas$ on s\nd reason+4 ,crops t may ,prec$e4--,f>ms t are "u common crop-rotations may adopt ! practice ( ,augu/ se$+4 ,! w9t] :eat comes (f 9 "t = prep>ation1 & ?is is true ( an e>ly v>iety ( oats1 & ( rye & b>ley4 ,e>ly crops ( vegetables get out ( ! way nicely4 ,!re is a va/ total area ( ?9 soil t may be br\ght up to a productive /age rapidly by ! gr[? ( a gre5-manur+ crop to prec$e ! grass & clov]4 ,rye may be s[n 9 ! fall & pl[$ d[n 9 ,may1 & c[peas plant$ to be disk$ into ! soil4 ,oats & ,canada peas add organic matt] ) nitrog5 :5 pl[$ d[n4 ,! summ] fall[1 :i* des]v$ly has fall5 into g5]al disuse1 may well be employ$ :5 a soil is 9 an in]t /ate1 provid$ grass & clov] be p]mitt$ to appropriate ! plant-food made soluble by ! fall[+4 ,! cat* crops add organic matt] :ile cleans+ ! l& ( we$s2 ! fall[+ releases plant-food & is peculi>ly effici5t 9 kill+ out we$s4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ ab\t pres]v+ moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd1 & !re=e a gre5 crop %\ld n be pl[$ "u imm$iately be=e se$+ "t4 ,:5 a soil is ?91 !re may be no bett] prep>atory crop ?an ! c[pea1 :i* w n make too rank a gr[? 9 ! nor? to prev5t its h&l+ ) a weight$ disk h>r[4 ,by ?is means ! soil bel[ is left firm1 & ! ri* v9es are mix$ ) ! surface soil1 :]e mo/ ne$$4 ,x is always a mi/ake to bury f]tility 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[ :5 a soil is ?9 & small se$s are to be s[n4 ,! inf]tile gr\nd ly+ next ! subsoil is n :at is ne$$ at ! surface :5 prep>+ = a sod4 ,x is a good practice to use ! e>ly summ] 9 mak+ conditions bett] = an ,augu/ se$+1 if ! l& has fall5 bel[ a pr(itable /ate ( productiv5ess4 ,a gr[? may be pl[$ d[n 9 "t = firm+ ! se$-b$1 or x may be cut into ! surface soil ) a h>r[1 or ! "t may be us$ 9 free+ in]t plant-food & de/roy+ we$ se$4 ,on bett] soils1 & 9 w>m latitudes1 a crop = hay may be remov$1 especially 9 ! case ( ! c[pea 9 ! s\?1 & ! /ubble prep>$ = se$+ by use ( ! cutaway or disk h>r[4 ,prep>ation4--,a se$-b$ = small se$s plant$ 9 mid-summ] mu/ be able to reta9 moi/ure4 ,no?+ robs a soil ( wat] m surely ?an a break+-pl[4 ,its use is a necessity 9 f>m+1 b ?is effect ( pl[+ mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 a se$+ is plann$ = ! drie/ p]iod ( ! ye>4 ,x goes )\t say+ t sods %\ld n be =m$ on l& t is too solid = admission ( air4 ,a ?or\gh pl[+ is ne$$ by mo/ soils prior to mak+ a sod t w prev5t fur!r /irr+ ( ! gr\nd = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,x is be/ :5 ?is pl[+ c be giv5 9 ! prec$+ spr+4 ,?is enables ! gr\nd to become firm en\gh to hold moi/ure4 ,if !re is "t = a till$ crop1 ! cultivation is helpful4 ,:5 ! l& mu/ be brok5 9 ! summ]1 ! pl[+ %\ld be done sev]al weeks be=e ! se$+ to grass mu/ be made4 ,! roll] %\ld foll[ ! pl[ closely to de/roy ! spaces t lie op5 to ! hot air1 p]mitt+ ! l& to dry out4 ,all deep h>r[+s %\ld be giv5 soon aft] ! pl[+1 /irr+ & mix+ ! gr\nd1 & !n leav+ x to settle s t moi/ure c be held4 ,x is bad practice to cont9ue deep h>r[+ until ! se$+ "t ( any small gra9 or grass plant$ 9 a dry "p ( ! ye>4 ,firmness is want$ 9 ! soil4 ,! ,we$ ,se$4--,! se$s ( till$ crops are plant$ 9 gr\nd conta9+ mu* we$ se$1 & no h>m may result4 ,! cultivation ne$$ to keep ! soil loose1 or to prev5t evaporation1 de/roys ! we$s4 ,grass1 clov]1 alfalfa1 & l se$s are put into ! gr\nd to occupy x to ! exclusion ( o!r plants = sev]al ye>s1 z a rule1 & no tillage c be giv54 ,! rule is to s[ su* se$s aft] till$ crops h be5 gr[n1 & "s we$ se$ has be5 de/roy$1 b !re is evid5ce on e h& t ! we$ se$ rema9s 9 abundance4 ,summ] prep>ation = grass gives opportunity to de/roy a great "p ( ! se$s 9 ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & x is only :5 !y are ne> ! surface t ! se$s ( mo/ we$s w g]m9ate4 ,deep h>r[+s1 cont9u$ up to "t ( plant+1 n only rob l& ( wat]1 b !y br+ to ! surface new lots ( se$ t _h be5 safely buri$1 & become a "p ( ! actual se$+ :5 ! grass1 clov]1 or alfalfa is s[n4 ,! obvi\sly "r me?od ( prep>+ = plant+ is to use only a surface h>r[ = a few weeks previ\s to se$+ "t1 /irr+ ! gr\nd aft] e ra9 to ! dep? ( ?ree in*es1 or ne> t1 & de/roy+ ! plants soon aft] g]m9ation ( ! se$4 ,! process :i* is "r = hold+ moi/ure is "r = cleans+ ! gr\nd4 ,summ] ,grasses4--,"o ( ! wor/ pe/s is ! annual grasses1 spr++ up 9 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,!y are responsible = _m failures to obta9 /&s ( alfalfa1 clov]1 & ! valuable grasses4 ,! delay 9 se$+ until ,augu/ is due l>gely to ?is pe/4 ,:5 se$+s are made 9 ! spr+1 or 9 ,june1 failure is invit$ :]e ^! grasses h a fa/ hold4 ,! only effective way ( combat+ !m is to make ! gr\nd firm en\gh to enc\rage g]m9ation1 & to /ir ! surface :5ev] a gr[? />ts4 ,! late se$+ is ! "o means ( escape1 & if !re is f]tility & moi/ure1 ! newly se$$ crop becomes well root$ by w9t] & takes ! gr\nd s completely t !re is little room = we$s to />t ! next ye>4 ,s[+ ! ,se$4--,p>tial failure ) ,augu/ se$+ is due to faulty me?ods4 ,we are accu/om$ to broadca/+ clov] se$ on top ( ! :eat fields & obta9+ a /& ( plants4 ,a majority ( ! se$s d n become buri$ 9 ! soil1 or only v slightly1 & yet g]m9ate4 ,moi/ure is necess>y1 b 9 ! spr+1 :5 ?is me?od is us$1 !re is moi/ure at ! surface ( ! gr\nd "u ! :eat plants mu* ( ! "t4 ,! conditions respect+ moi/ure are n unfavorable 9 mo/ spr+s1 & we come to ?9k t a small se$ %\ld n be buri$ mu* if any4 ,9 ! autumn1 aga91 we s[ timo?y ) ! :eat1 & :ile m prompt g]m9ation is secur$ by cov]+ ! timo?y se$ ) ! hoes ( ! drill1 we (t5 h se5 a successful se$+ made )\t any cov]+ be+ giv54 ,! "w is done at a "t :5 fall ra9s may cont9ue = days &1 :5 ! sun's heat does n cont9ue long1 ! cov]+ giv5 by settl+ ! se$ into ! loose e>? is suffici5t4 ,moi/ure does n leave rapidly because ! air is n hot4 ,deep ,cov]+4--,9 ,augu/ ! air is hot1 & ! surface ( ! gr\nd is dry ne>ly all ! "t4 ,a %[] may be foll[$ by hot sun%9e1 & ! wat] at ! surface evaporates quickly1 leav+ ! gr\nd cov]$ ) a dry cru/4 ,!re are two ess5tial ?+s to be> 9 m9d3 ! se$+ %\ld be made only :5 !re is en\gh moi/ure 9 ! gr\nd to insure quick g]m9ation1 & pref]ably z soon z feasible aft] a ra91 & ! se$ %\ld be put d[n :]e moi/ure c be reta9$4 ,x is poor practice to s[ any k9d ( small se$s be=e a ra9 t seems imm95t4 ,if x =ms a cru/1 or causes we$-se$ g]m9ation along ) t ( ! grass se$s1 only h>m results4 ,:5 se$s are put into a dry soil1 & a light %[] comes1 !re may be g]m9ation )\t suffici5t moi/ure to cont9ue life 9 ! plants4 ,! se$s %\ld be well buri$3 ! soil & air conditions are diff]5t f ^? ( ! spr+4 ,x is be/ to wait = moi/ure1 & to save ! se$ if x does n come1 b :5 en\gh wat] has fall5 to make ! firm soil moi/1 ! dang] ( failure is v small if ! se$s are buri$ "o to two in*es deep4 ,a surface h>r[ w /ir ! surface1 & !n ! se$s %\ld be sift$ d[n into ! soil by ano!r h>r[+4 ,a light plank float1 ma%+ ! little clods & press+ ! soil slightly toge!r1 f9i%es ! "w4 ,! plants w appe> above gr\nd )9 a few days1 ! only dang] be+ 9 a beat+ %[] t may puddle ! surface be=e ! plants are up4 ,se$-mixtures4--,:5 grass is want$ = hay z well z f]tility1 ! clov]s & timo?y compose ! great] "p ( a desirable mixture :]ev] ! clov]s & timo?y ?rive4 ,probably ?is condition always w cont9ue4 ,! clov]s are ne$$ to supply nitrog5 to ! soil & to put prote9 into ! hay = live/ock4 ,!y give way1 9 l>ge "p1 or entirely1 ! second ye>4 ,alsike is m ne>ly p]5nial ?an ! r$ :i* practically la/s only ?r\gh its second season1 :5 its se$ crop has be5 made1 & its function p]=m$4 ,! sod is *iefly timo?y 9 ! second season4 ,a little r$-top is desirable1 & ! p]c5tage %\ld be heavie/ = q wet l& or v dry l&4 ,:5 f]tility is ! fir/ consid]ation1 & ! sod is left only two or ?ree ye>s1 ! foll[+ mixture is good1 & is = "o acre3 ,r$ clov] #aj p\nds ,alsike #b p\nds ,timo?y #h p\nds ,r$-top #b p\nds ,:5 a mix$ hay is want$ ! fir/ ye>1 ! foll[+ mixture may be f\nd bett] = ! purpose3 ,r$ clov] #f p\nds ,alsike #b p\nds ,timo?y #ab p\nds ,r$-top #b p\nds ,mammo? clov] se$ may be sub/itut$ = ! r$ )\t *ange 9 numb] ( p\nds4 ,! am\nt ( timo?y & r$-top 9 ! second mixture sugge/$ calls = a lib]al supply ( plant-food1 & ?is is true ( any heavy grass mixture4 ,if f]tility is n pres5t1 ! se$+ ( grass %\ld be light]1 b ! clov] %\ld n be less 9 am\nt = a ?9 soil ?an = a good "o4 ,! "q ( f]tiliz]s is discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,sods ,,= ,,pa/ures ,p]man5t ,pa/ures4--,!re is a l>ge total area ( l& t c be br\ght into pr(itable production ( food only by means ( pa/ure grasses4 ,a small "p is too l[ & moi/ = tillage1 b a l>g] "p is too r\gh or too inf]tile4 ,x c be made to yield pr(it 9 grasses t are h>ve/$ )\t exp5se by animals4 ,! grasses af=d fe$ & at ! same "t protect ! soil f wa/e4 ,! effici5cy ( mu* pa/ure l& is kept l[ by poor /&s ( grass1 ! encroa*m5t ( we$s1 bu%es1 & bri]s1 close graz+1 & ! failure to supply f]tility4 ,:5 mak+ a sod = m[+1 ! aim is to select v>ieties ( plants t mature ne> ! same "t4 ,pa/ures ne$ v>ieties matur+ at diff]5t times1 & ?is is a matt] "u control :5 tempor>y pa/ures are us$4 ,p]man5t pa/ure l& soon becomes occupi$ by ! grasses be/ fitt$ to soil conditions or mo/ able to cr[d o!r plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,good ,pa/ure ,l& 9 ,*e/] ,c\nty1 ,pa4 ,se$-mixtures4--,sev]al v>ieties ( grasses %\ld be us$ :5 mak+ a sod = graz+4 ,!y occupy all ! surface m quickly & surely ?an a s+le v>iety1 & ! pa/urage is bett]4 ,! "* ( ! soil det]m9es ! "* ( ! mixture 9 l>ge measure4 ,:5 l& c be well fitt$1 a heavy se$+ is be/1 b ! co/ is ne>ly prohibitive = ?91 r\gh l&s4 ,a brief description ( ! lead+ pa/ure grasses ea/ ( ! semi-arid region1 & nor? ( ! gulf /ates1 is giv53 ,blue-grass4--,no o!r pa/ure grass equals ,k5tucky blue-grass :]ev] x ?rives4 ,x makes a close sod1 prev5t+ ! gr[? ( we$s & )/&+ tramp+1 & conta9s a high p]c5tage ( prote94 ,:ile x is be/ adapt$ to lime/one soils1 x is gr[n ) success on clay l& outside ( lime/one areas4 ,x is sl[ 9 mak+ a heavy sod1 z a rule1 & p>tly because ! se$+ is too light on acc\nt ( l[ g]m9ation4 ,! rule is to se$ ) timo?y & o!r grasses :i* furni% ! great] "p ( ! pa/urage = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,:5 se$$ alone1 #bj to #cj p\nds ( se$ p] acre %\ld be us$4 ,x may be se$$ 9 ! spr+ or fall1 & pref]ably 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]4 ,timo?y4--,9 a mixture ( pa/ure grasses timo?y has a place :]ev] x ?rives4 ,x is n naturally a pa/ure grass1 /&+ graz+ r poorly1 b x makes a l>ge am\nt ( fe$ quickly4 ,! grass is "o ( ! poore/ 9 prote91 & ! pa/urage ga9s mu* 9 quality :5 ! timo?y gives way to blue-grass1 z x w 9 two or ?ree ye>s if ! latt] has favor+ soil conditions4 ,9 mo/ mixtures x is giv5 a lead+ place4 ,x may be s[n 9 ! spr+1 b pref]ably 9 ! fall1 & #ae p\nds ( se$ w be f\nd satisfactory1 :5 se$$ alone4 ,r$-top4--,if r$-top 7 z palatable to live/ock z blue-grass1 x w\ld h "o ( ! mo/ prom95t places among our pa/ure grasses4 ,x is valuable anyway1 ?riv+ :]e l& is too acid = blue-grass or timo?y1 or too ?94 ,x is adapt$ to wet l&1 & yet is "o ( our sure/ grasses = dry & poor l&4 ,x makes a sod t la/s well1 & yields bett] ?an mo/ o!r grasses4 ,not)/&+ its lack 9 palatability1 x %\ld be 9 all pa/ure mixtures = soils n 9 ! be/ til?4 ,:5 us$ alone1 #ae p\nds ( se$ p] acre %\ld be s[n4 ,! se$+ may be made 9 spr+ or fall4 ,or*>d ,grass4--,9 mo/ mixtures recomm5d$ = pa/ure or*>d grass has a place1 b x %\ld be a m9or "o4 ,x makes e>ly gr[? 9 ! spr+1 :i* is a po9t 9 its favor4 ,x /&s %ade & also dr\? bett] ?an "s o!r grasses1 b is n at home 9 a poor or wet soil4 ,x gr[s 9 bun*es1 & becomes unpalatable if n promptly graz$4 ,x ne$s cr[d+ ) o!r grasses :5 gr[n = pa/urage4 ,:5 se$$ alone = hay1 #cj p\nds ( se$ p] acre may be us$4 ,o!r ,se$s4--,!re are o!r grasses (t5 recomm5d$1 b !y h no wide acceptance4 ,mead[ fescue is a palatable grass t w\ld be us$ m (t5 9 pa/ure mixtures if ! se$ 7 n high 9 price4 ,all l& se$$ = graz+ %\ld h "s clov] s[n = sake ( soil f]tility4 ,! alsike rema9s long] ?an ! r$ or mammo?1 & is bett] = undra9$1 ?91 & acid soils4 ,yields & ,composition ( ,grasses4--,! ,ohio /ation has comp>$ ! yields ( v>i\s grasses & _! composition4 ,! foll[+ table is arrang$ f its data1 z giv5 9 ,bullet9 #bbe3 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,"n ,av]age ,p\nds ,p\nds ,tons ,hay ,prote9 ,prote9 p] ,acre p] p] ,acre ,hundr$ ---------------------------------------- ------ ,timo?y #c4di #f4ch #bbc ,blue-grass #b4ah #aj4ab #bba ,r$-top #b4ha #h4ec #bdj ,or*>d grass #b4ai #g4ha #aga ,mead[ fescue #b4aj #h4ig #ahh ---------------------------------------- ------ ,sugge/$ ,mixtures = ,pa/ures4--,= ord9>y conditions1 ,williams sugge/s ! foll[+ mixture = an acre ( l&3 ,blue-grass #aj p\nds ,timo?y #f p\nds ,r$-top #f p\nds ,or*>d grass #d p\nds ,r$ clov] #d p\nds ,alsike clov] #b p\nds ,= use on r wet l&s1 & especially (f ! lime/one1 he sugge/s3 ,r$-top #ab p\nds ,blue-grass #h p\nds ,timo?y #d p\nds ,alsike clov] #d p\nds ,hunt recomm5ds ! foll[+ z a basis1 to be modifi$ to suit v>y+ conditions3 ,timo?y #ae p\nds ,k5tucky blue-grass #aj p\nds ,mead[ fescue #b p\nds ,r$ clov] #d p\nds ,alsike clov] #c p\nds ,:ite clov] #b p\nds ,! ,cornell /ation recomm5ds ! foll[+ = good l&3 ,timo?y #h to #ab p\nds ,k5tucky blue-grass #d p\nds ,mead[ fescue #a to #d p\nds ,or*>d grass #a to #d p\nds ,r$ clov] #f p\nds ,alsike clov] #c p\nds ,:ite clov] #a to #b p\nds ,= poor l&s x recomm5ds ?is mixture3 ,timo?y #h to #ab p\nds ,r$-top #d p\nds ,canadian blue-grass #d p\nds ,r$ clov] #f p\nds ,alsike clov] #c p\nds ,:ite clov] #a p\nd ,z9n1 ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 recomm5ds ! foll[+ mixture = p]man5t pa/ure3 ,timo?y #d p\nds ,r$-top #d p\nds ,or*>d grass #d p\nds ,k5tucky blue-grass #g p\nds ,r$ clov] #b p\nds ,alsike clov] #b p\nds ,:ite clov] #a p\nd ,r5ewal ( ,p]man5t ,pa/ures4--,!re is mu* pa/ure l& t c\ld n be brok5 ) pr(it = rese$+4 ,!re is nei!r "t1 nor money1 nor opportunity at ! own]'s h& = ?is purpose1 & (t5 ! loss ( soil result+ f wa%+ w\ld be a b> if ! labor w\ld co/ no?+4 ,! r5ewal ( su* grass l&s c be made ) pr(it if p]nici\s we$s are n 9 ! way4 ,plant-food1 lime1 & grass se$ are want$4 ,a disk or %>p spike-too? h>r[1 us$ 9 e>ly spr+ or aft] an ,augu/ ra91 w give "s fre% e>? = cov]+ ! se$s4 ,a complete f]tiliz] always is ne$$4 ,! clov]s %\ld g into ! se$-mixture us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,%eep on a ,new ,york f>m4 ,de/roy+ ,bu%es4--,! abs5ce ( %eep is evid5t 9 ! appe>ance ( ! great] area ( p]man5t pa/ure 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ! ea/]n /ates4 ,bu%es1 bri]s1 & o!r we$s mu/ be de/roy$ if pa/ure l& w\ld be kept 9 a pr(itable /ate1 & only ! %eep or ! goat is ! fully effici5t aid ( man 9 c>+ = su* l&4 ,! pres5ce ( dogs makes ! t>iff on wool1 or lack ( x1 a m9or matt]4 ,! co/ to ! c\ntry1 9 indirect effect ^u pa/ures only1 due to unre/ra9$ dogs1 is incalculable4 ,! ma9t5ance ( good sods )\t %eep is a problem )\t solution 9 "s regions4 ,close ,graz+4--,mu* h>m results f turn+ live/ock on pa/ures too e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,! gr\nd is kept s(t by spr+ ra9s1 & ! ho(s cut ! turf4 ,! grass ne$s its fir/ leaves to enable x to make rapid gr[?1 & ! fir/ grass ( spr+ is n nutriti\s4 ,close graz+ is h>mful1 expos+ ! soil to ! sun & robb+ x ( moi/ure4 ,:5 w9t] comes1 !re %\ld be suffici5t grass to s]ve z a mul* to ! roots4 ,x acts l a coat ( manure1 giv+ new life to ! plants ! next spr+4 ,good sods are n easily or quickly made1 & :5 !y h be5 secur$ on l& unfit = ! pl[1 _! value measures ! value ( ! l& itself4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,c[pea ,a ,s\!rn ,legume4--,! soils ( ! cold nor? are protect$ f lea*+ dur+ ! w9t] by ! action ( fro/4 ,! plant-food is lock$ up safely = ano!r ye> :5 nature ceases h] "w ( production = ! ye>4 ,f>!r s\?1 9 ! c5t] ( ! corn belt1 !re are lea*+ p]iods 9 fall & spr+ & (t5times dur+ ! w9t]1 b w9t] :eat ?rives &1 9 ord9>y crop-rotations1 cov]s mu* ( ! l& t might o!rwise lose plant-food4 ,z we pass f ! nor!rn to ! s\!rn /ates1 ! pres]vation ( soil f]tility gr[s m difficult & at ! same "t ! re/oration ( humus becomes easi]4 ,! heat makes easy ! *ange ( organic matt] to soluble =ms1 & ! ra9s cause wa/e1 b ! climate favors plants t replace rapidly :at is lo/4 ,9 ! "w ( supply+ l& ) f]tility1 directly & indirectly1 ! s\!rn c[pea has an important place4 ,x is to ! s\? :at r$ clov] is to ! nor?1 & x ov]laps "p ( ! r$-clov] belt1 hav+ a rightful place z f> nor? z ! ,ohio ,valley1 & portions ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,*>act]i/ics4--,! c[pea is closely relat$ to ! bean1 & is v unlike ! ,canada pea1 :i* is a true pea1 ?riv+ only 9 a cool climate4 ,! c[pea has be5 gr[n 9 ! s\!rn /ates ov] "o hundr$ ye>s1 & ! acreage is l>ge1 b x nev] has come into ! full use x des]ves4 ,be+ a legume1 x /ores up nitrog5 tak5 f ! air1 & unlike r$ clov] x makes its full gr[? )9 a %ort p]iod ( "t4 ,x c gr[ on l& too inf]tile = mo/ k9ds ( valuable plants1 & on bett] l&4 ,! v9es c cr[d out ne>ly all v>ieties ( we$s4 ,! roots g to a good dep? & are ?ickly cov]$ ) ! nodules ( nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia4 ,v>ieties4--,!re are _m v>ieties ( ! c[pea1 & confusion ( names prevails1 al?\gh "s /ations h done good s]vice 9 id5tification ( individuals c>ry+ a numb] ( names4 ,! v quick-matur+ v>ieties adapt$ to nor!rn conditions d n make z mu* foliage z ! rank-gr[+ ones t require a relatively long season1 b "s ( !m are heavy produc]s ( se$4 ,!re are v>ieties requir+ six mon?s ( s\!rn heat to br+ !m to maturity1 & "s failures att5d+ ! introduction ( ! c[pea into m nor!rn latitudes h be5 due to bad selection4 ,a few v>ieties rea* maturity )9 two mon?s ( hot wea!r4 ,! trail+ habit is affect$ by ! soil1 ! bun* v>ieties t5d+ to trail :5 gr[n on f]tile l&4 ,:5 ! crop is want$ = se$1 ! peas t d n trail heavily w prove m satisfactory4 ,! selection ( v>iety is a matt] ( latitude & purpose1 exactly z x is ) corn4 ,f]tiliz+ ,value4--,a heavy gr[? ( ! c[pea is wor? z mu* to ! soil z a good crop ( r$ clov]4 ,:5 ! equival5t ( two tons ( hay is produc$1 ! roots & v9es conta9 ne>ly z mu* plant-food z ! roots & fir/ crop ( m$ium r$ clov] t makes two tons ( hay4 ,"s analyses %[ a high] p]c5tage ( prote9 9 c[pea hay ?an 9 clov] hay1 & ! exp]i5ce ( _m /ockm5 indicates t su* is ! case4 ,! roots & /ubble h some:at less f]tiliz+ p[] ?an 9 ! case ( ! clov]1 & all ?9 soils %\ld h ! entire plant1 or ! manure f ! hay1 sav$ )\t loss4 ,comp>ison is made on ! basis ( equal adaptability ( soil & climate to clov] & ! c[pea4 ,go+ s\?w>d1 ! c[pea has ! advantage1 & nor?w>d ! clov] ga9s4 ,x is 9 ! ov]lapp+ belt t bo? %\ld be freely us$4 ,! c[pea has di/9ct advantage ov] ! clov] 9 its ability to supply nitrog5 & organic matt] )9 a few mon?s1 & 9 its adaptation to v poor soils :]e clov] w\ld n make mu* gr[?4 ,z a cat* crop x has great value4 ,affect+ ,physical ,condition4--,! c[pea has m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! physical condition ( heavy soils1 ev5 :5 ! v9es are n pl[$ d[n4 ,?is is due 9 "s degree to ! roots1 & probably m to ! mul*+ effect ( ! v9es dur+ _! gr[?4 ,heavy soils are made mu* m mell[ by ! c[pea1 & :5 ! crop is remov$ = hay1 ! /ubble-l& is easily prep>$ = a se$+ to grass or small gra94 ,:5 ! gr[? is pl[$ d[n1 ! soil may be made too loose = se$+ to small gra91 b is put into prime condition = a till$ crop4 ,plant+4--,! l& %\ld be fitt$ z x is = corn4 ,light1 s&y soils require little prep>ation1 & too (t5 ! se$+ is made 9 a woefully c>eless mann]1 ! *ief dep5d5ce be+ plac$ ^u suffici5tly deep cov]+ to insure g]m9ation4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be fitt$ z well z x is = a ca% crop1 be+ made f9e & smoo?4 ,a gra9 drill makes ! se$+ 9 a satisfactory mann]1 & ! se$ may be drill$ solid or 9 r[s = cultivation4 ,:5 ! crop is gr[n z a f]tiliz] or = hay1 solid drill+ is good1 & ab\t five pecks ( se$ gives a good /& ( plants if peas are s\nd4 ,mu* c[pea se$ is l[ 9 g]m9ation p[]1 & ! buy] %\ld ex]cise caution4 ,:5 a se$ crop is want$1 two to ?ree pecks ( se$ p] acre1 plac$ 9 drills #bh to #cb in*es ap>t1 make an excell5t se$+1 z cultivation c be giv54 ,! am\nt ( se$ v>ies ) ! v>iety4 ,9 nor!rn latitudes a w>m soil is to be desir$1 & cultivation gives bett] results :5 a se$+ to :eat w be made on ! pea-/ubble4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! c[pea c make a heavy gr[? 9 soils too defici5t 9 lime = r$ clov]1 & x ga9$ its fir/ prom95ce 9 s\!rn ,ohio on l& t 0 fail+ to gr[ clov]4 ,x is ! plant ( adv]sity z well z prosp]ity1 add+ ri* organic matt] to ?9 soils1 b mak+ its full returns "u bett] conditions4 ,lime applications on acid soils give increase 9 yields4 ,its "o absolute requirem5t is heat1 & 9 a cold summ] its nor!rn limit is m>k$ly depress$4 ,inoculation4--,! inoculation ( ! soil ) c[pea bact]ia is necess>y to be/ results 9 mo/ regions new to ! plant4 ,self-inoculation is quick] 9 ! c[pea ?an 9 alfalfa because ! v9es c>ry "s soil on !m1 & ?us ! du/ 9 ! se$ crop may be ri* 9 bact]ia4 ,h[ev]1 mo/ new se$+s ( ! c[pea d n %[ a l>ge numb] ( nodules on ! plant roots1 & inoculation pays4 ,9 "s cases x makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 failure & success4 ,two hundr$ p\nds ( soil f an old field %\ld be well h>r[$ into ea* acre ( l& :5 prep>+ = a c[pea se$+ 9 a new region4 ,! soils ( ! s\!rn /ates conta9 ! bact]ia j z ! /ates 9 ! clov] belt are suppli$ ) clov] bact]ia4 ,f]tiliz]s4--,! light soils ( ,m>yl&1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ! s\!rn /ates are n naturally ri* 9 phosphoric acid or pota%4 ,! c[pea c draw its nitrog5 f ! air1 b on all ?9 l& x pays to use #bjj to #cjj p\nds ( acid phosphate & #ej p\nds ( muriate ( pota% p] acre = ?is crop :i* %\ld h a luxuriant gr[? = ! soil's b5efit4 ,su* use ( f]tiliz]s is m pr(itable ?an _! use on ! crop :i* foll[s4 ,h>ve/+ ) ,live/ock4--,:5 ! c[pea is made into hay1 !re is always dang] t ! mo/ ( ! plant-food conta9$ 9 x nev] w get back to ! soil on acc\nt ( a c>eless h&l+ ( ! manure4 ,! practice ( pa/ur+ ) c[s & hogs is excell5t4 ,! fe$ is ri*1 & ! manure is left on ! gr\nd4 ,!re is a sav+ ( labor4 ,if ! full f]tiliz+ value is want$ = ! soil1 ! crop %\ld be pl[$ d[n4 ,! trail+ v>ieties =m a tangl$ mass t _c be h&l$ by an ord9>y break+-pl[1 b a /alk-cutt]1 run 9 ! direction ! pl[ w foll[1 makes pl[+ possible4 ,pa/ur+ ) cattle & hogs suffici5tly to r$uce ! gr[? s t a pl[ c be us$ is good practice4 ,! ,c[pea = ,hay4--,! hay is "o ( our mo/ palatable fe$+-/uffs4 ,live/ock may reject x ! fir/ "t x is put into ! mang]1 b a ta/e = x is quickly acquir$1 & soon x is eat5 gre$ily4 ,! high cont5t ( prote9 makes x exceptionally valuable = "y animals & milk c[s1 & ! manure conta9s a high p]c5tage ( nitrog54 ,! difficulty 9 mak+ ! hay is a drawback1 b ?is is ov]-rat$4 ,:ile ra9 discolors ! v9es & makes !m unattractive 9 appe>ance1 ! hay rema9s m palatable & nutriti\s ?an good timo?y1 if ! leaves are n lo/ 9 cur+4 ,:5 ! fir/ pods turn yell[1 ! crop %\ld be h>ve/$4 ,! v9es c be left 9 ! swa? until ! top leaves beg9 to burn & !n be put into w9dr[s ) a sulky hay-rake4 ,! w9dr[s %\ld be small1 ! rake m]ely s]v+ to inv]t half ! v9es ^u ! o!r half1 br++ new surface to ! sun4 ,aft] ano!r day ( cur+1 ! w9dr[s %\ld be brok5 up into bun*es no l>g] ?an c be pit*$ ^u ! wagon by a workman1 ?us sav+ ! tr\ble ( dis5tangl+ ! v9es4 ,if ra9 comes1 ! bun*es %\ld be inv]t$ ! foll[+ day4 ,9 dry1 hot wea!r ! cur+ proce$s rapidly1 :ile 9 cool] latitudes or cl\dy wea!r ! cur+ may require a week4 ,! *ief po9t is to prev5t undue exposure ( ! leaves to ! sun1 & ?is is accompli%$ by ! turn+4 ,! hay w mold 9 ! m[ if n ?or\ghly well cur$1 unless plac$ 9 a l>ge body 9 a deep1 close m[ t excludes ! air4 ,"s f>m]s use ! latt] me?od successfully1 b ! exp]im5t] ) ! c[pea usually w fail1 & %\ld pref] ?or\gh field cur+1 at ! risk ( "s damage f ra9 & sun4 ,! leaves are ! mo/ nutriti\s "p ( ! plant1 except+ ! se$4 ,z a ,cat* ,crop4--,a lead+ use ( ! c[pea is t ( a cat* crop1 ei!r betwe5 o!r crops or 9 a gr[+ crop1 su* z corn4 ,e>ly matur+ v>ieties c be br\ght 9 betwe5 ma9 crops ( ! rotation 9 w>m latitudes4 ,! gr[? prev5ts ! lea*+ ( plant-food1 %ades ! gr\nd1 adds nitrog5 to ! soil1 smo!rs we$s1 & produces mat]ial t is valuable z fe$ = live/ock or an addition ( organic matt] to ! soil4 ,:5 ! "t t c be devot$ to ! crop is %ort1 an e>ly v>iety %\ld be select$ because its v9es are f> m valuable to ! soil ?an an equal volume ( a rank-gr[+ v>iety t is n ne> maturity4 ,illu/ration3 ,! c[pea se$$ at ! la/ cultivation ( corn 9 ! ,great ,kana:a ,valley1 ,w4 ,va4 ,if ?is legume 7 us$ :5ev] opportunity af=d$ along ! s\!rn bord] ( our nor!rn /ates1 & ?r\gh\t ! s\?1 ! fad$ color ( soils1 result+ f lea*+ ra9s1 w\ld be replac$ by ! d>k] colors t m>k ! pres5ce ( ri* organic matt]4 ,x is "o ( nature's be/ allies 9 ! ma9t5ance ( soil f]tility4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,o!r ,,legumes ,,& ,,c]eal ,,cat* ,,crops ,! ,soybean4--,! soybean is ga9+ a place among ! valuable legumes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! acreage is increas+ z its m]its become kn[n to all4 ,its nor!rn limits ( pr(itable production are mu* f>!r nor? ?an ^? ( ! c[pea1 & approa* ^? ( corn4 ,9 ! s\? x is ga9+ fri5ds4 ,"s ( ! advantages ( ! soybean ov] ! c[pea1 z f\nd by ! ,t5nessee /ation1 may be /at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,great] se$ production 9 case ( f]tile soils4 #b4 ,less s5sitiv5ess to cold 9 spr+ & fall4 #c4 ,great] fe$+ value ( ! se$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /& ( c[pea plants is sur] 9 ! case ( soils t cru/1 & g]m9ation runs high]4 ,its climb+ habit makes x bett] suit$ = gr[+ ) corn = =age4 ,a less am\nt ( leaves is lo/ 9 cur+4 ,f]tility ,value4--,!re are s _m v>ieties ( ! soybean & ! c[pea1 & adaptation to soil & climate v>ies s widely1 t a fair comp>ison is difficult to make4 ,9 cool latitudes ! soybean is recogniz$ z di/9ctly m pr(itable1 mak+ l>g] yields ( v9es & ( se$4 ,:]e adaptation is equal1 ! c[pea makes a slightly l>g] gr[? ( v9es = hay1 b ! soybean gives a mu* ri*] lot ( se$ = use z gra94 ,:5 soil f]tility is ! *ief consid]ation1 ! adaptation ( climate & soil %\ld decide our *oice betwe5 ^! two legumes4 ,!re is no s]i\s diff]5ce :]e conditions = ea* are equally good4 ,9 cool latitudes ! soybean %\ld be *os54 ,9 ! ,ohio ,valley x is usually to be pref]r$4 ,! great] "p ( ! organic matt] & ! plant-food is /or$ 9 ! v9es & se$4 ,fe$+ ,value4--,! soybean makes a ri* hay1 surpass+ clov]1 b x is co>se1 & its unattractive appe>ance has caus$ _m f>m]s to condemn x )\t trial4 ,live/ock eat x gre$ily1 & x is "o ( our ri*e/ co>se fe$s4 ,! cur+ is m difficult ?an 9 ! case ( ! c[pea because ! leaves drop e>ly1 & ! plants mu/ be h>ve/$ be=e !y approa* maturity4 ,probably ! l>ge yield ( ri* se$ is ! mo/ important feature ( ! soybean crop4 ,a ton ( ! se$ conta9s z mu* prote9 z a ton ( old-process oil meal1 & ?ree f\r?s z mu* z a ton ( cottonse$ meal4 ,a good crop ( ! soybean w yield #ah to #bj bu%els ( se$1 & z ! nitrog5 may be obta9$ *iefly f ! air1 ! prote9 f ?is crop w come to be a lead+ sub/itute = pur*as$ prote9 fe$s4 ,v>ieties4--,!re are _m v>ieties ( ! soybean1 & _! *>act]i/ics are modifi$ by climatic conditions4 ,ea* region w f9d ! v>ieties be/ suit$ to its purposes by te/s4 ,:5 hay is want$1 ! v>iety %\ld h f9e /ems & a leafy habit ( gr[?4 ,x may n be a good produc] ( se$1 or able to hold ! se$ un%att]$4 ,! h>ve/+ %\ld be done :5 "s l[] leaves turn br[n & be=e ! pods are half fill$4 ,?is /age ( maturity %\ld be rea*$ e>ly en\gh 9 ! fall to insure "s hot days = mak+ ! hay1 & to p]mit h>ve/+ 9 "t = se$+ to :eat4 ,! prep>ation = :eat is made ) ! h>r[ & roll] or plank drag4 ,:5 ! soybean is gr[n = se$1 ! v>iety %\ld hold ! peas )\t undue %att]+1 & an erect gr[] is m easily h&l$ )\t loss ( ! crop4 ,v>ieties = regions w v>y1 z d v>ieties ( corn1 accord+ to climate4 ,! ,plant+4--,e>ly v>ieties ( ! soybean 9 ! s\? c be plant$ z late z mid-summ]1 b f>!r nor? a pr(itable crop requires ne>ly all ( ! summ] heat4 ,! plant+ may be made soon aft] ! usual "t ( plant+ corn1 or :5ev] ! gr\nd has become w>m4 ,! prep>ation ( ! soil %\ld be m ?or\gh ?an t (t5 giv5 ! c[pea4 ,solid drill+ ( five pecks ( se$ p] acre is satisfactory :5 ! crop is = f]tiliz+ purposes only1 & gives an excell5t hay on l& free ( we$s4 ,:5 ! crop is want$ = hay1 h[ev]1 :eat usually w foll[1 & x is mu* bett] to plant 9 r[s & to give two or ?ree cultivations s t ! gr\nd may be easily prep>$ = ! :eat4 ,a se$ crop %\ld be gr[n 9 r[s4 ,?ree pecks ( se$ 9 r[s #bh in*es ap>t is ! usual am\nt4 ,! soybean does n come up ?r\gh a cru/$ surface z well z mo/ o!r plants1 & plant+ %\ld n be made imm$iately be=e a ra94 ,! plants are t5d] & easily injur$ by use ( a we$]4 ,! f]tiliz] requirem5t is l t ( ! c[pea4 ,an application ( #bjj p\nds ( acid phosphate p] acre %\ld be giv51 & ! addition ( #ej p\nds ( muriate ( pota% (t5 pays4 ,h>ve/+4--,! soybean is n an easy crop to h&le )\t loss4 ,:5 gr[n = se$1 ! t5d5cy ( ! pods to split & to drop ! se$ compels e>ly cutt+1 & t makes cur+ m difficult4 ,! m[] is ! only practical h>ve/] on mo/ f>ms1 & ! swa? mu/ be turn$ out ( ! way ( ! horses to save tramp+4 ,a side-deliv]y atta*m5t c d ! "w4 ,?is is ! be/ practice :5 cut = hay4 ,:5 us$ = mix+ ) corn 9 a silo1 ! self-b9d] is satisfactory4 ,! hay & se$ crop mu/ h ?or\gh field-cur+ 9 w9dr[ & bun*es1 & ! h>ve/ comes 9 a season :5 cold ra9s may prevail4 ,?is disadvantage ( "o ( our mo/ valuable crops is to be tak5 into acc\nt1 b x w n prev5t rapid increase 9 acreage z ! m]it ( ! soybean becomes kn[n4 ,! ,canada ,pea4--,among field peas !re are _m v>ieties1 b ! "o *iefly gr[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! g5]al "n ( ! ,canada pea is ! ,gold5 ,v9e4 ,x makes a gre5 =age or hay t is ri* 9 prote94 ,usually x is gr[n ) oats1 giv+ a hay ne>ly z nutriti\s z t ( clov]4 ,! crop is adapt$ to cold latitudes1 & ! plant+ %\ld be made z e>ly 9 ! spr+ z possible4 ,fall-pl[+ ( ! l& is to be advis$ on ?is acc\nt4 ,a good me?od ( se$+ is to drill 9 six pecks ( ! pea se$ to a dep? ( f\r in*es1 & !n to drill 9 six pecks ( oats4 ,! crop %\ld be cut = hay :5 ! oats are 9 ! milk /age4 ,at ?is "t ! peas are =m+ pods4 ,! hay is n easily made1 b is specially valuable = dairy c[s4 ,!re is no pr(itable place = ! ,canada pea 9 crop-rotations f>!r s\? ?an ! true oat-crop belt1 except z a gre5-=age crop4 ,! soybean & r$ clov] h great] usefulness 9 ! c5t] ( ! corn belt4 ,vet*4--,a v>iety ( vet* kn[n z w9t]1 s&1 or hairy vet* is com+ into great usefulness z a cat* crop4 ,x is a w9t] annual1 & be+ a legume1 x has special value z a f]tiliz+ crop4 ,x is m h>dy ?an crimson clov]1 & is gr[n z f> nor? z w9t] :eat4 ,! se$+ is made 9 ,augu/ 9 ! nor?1 & :5 gr[n = hay or se$1 x ne$s rye or :eat to hold x up4 ,rye & vet* make a ri* & e>ly gre5 =age crop1 & ! proportion 9 :i* !y are se$$ v>ies widely 9 practice4 ,six pecks ( rye & #ae p\nds ( vet* make an excell5t se$+ p] acre4 ,:5 gr[n = se$1 "o to two pecks ( rye & #bj to #cj p\nds ( vet* may be us$4 ,! rye c be fairly well sep>at$ f ! vet* by use ( a fann+-mill or an endless belt ( felt s incl9$ t ! r\nd vet* se$ w roll d[n1 :ile ! rye /icks to ! felt & is c>ri$ ov]4 ,vet* is excell5t z a f]tiliz+ crop1 add+ a great am\nt ( nitrog5 to ! soil :5 pl[$ d[n 9 ,may4 ,if ! se$ 7 *eap1 its use w\ld become mu* m common4 ,?irty p\nds %\ld be us$ :5 se$+ alone aft] summ] crops or 9 corn4 ,f>m]s %\ld produce ! se$ = _! f>ms1 & use x freely4 ,:5 s[n = se$1 ,septemb] fir/ is a good date = ! nor?4 ,! se$ matures 9 ,june4 ,z vet* matures ) :eat1 x may easily become a we$ on f>ms devot$ l>gely to small gra91 b x is n to be fe>$ :]e till$ crops & sods are ! *ief consid]ation4 ,inoculation is ne$$ = be/ results1 z 9 ! case ) o!r legumes new to a region4 ,sweet ,clov]4--,mu* int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ )9 rec5t ye>s 9 sweet clov]1 a legume t =m]ly 0 reg>d$ z a m or less p]nici\s we$4 ,its fri5ds reg>d x z a promis+ =age crop1 b too little is def9itely kn[n to p]mit its advocacy "h except z a soil-build] 9 ! case ( poor l& t is n too defici5t 9 lime to p]mit good gr[?4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t a ta/e = ?is bitt] plant c be acquir$ by live/ock1 & x is ne>ly z nutriti\s z alfalfa :5 cut be=e x becomes co>se & woody4 ,x is a /rong gr[]1 s5d+ its roots well d[n into ! subsoil1 & its great ability to secure nitrog5 f ! air enables x to make a v heavy gr[? ( top4 ,! yield 9 =age usually exce$s t ( ! clov]s4 ,its mo/ peculi> *>act]i/ic is its ability to ?rive 9 a poor1 compact soil t conta9s little humus4 ,x may be se5 9 ?rifty condition on roadsides & 9 wa/e places t seem+ly w\ld n support o!r plants4 ,lay+ aside all consid]ation ( its possibilities z a =age crop1 x w come into great] popul>ity z a soil-build] on ?9 l&4 ,x is f\nd usually on l& ( lime/one =mation1 & %>es ) o!r legumes a lik+ = lime1 b x has be5 gr[n successfully 9 regions t are kn[n to h a lime defici5cy4 ,!re are two bi5nial v>ieties & "o annual4 ,! bi5nial hav+ :ite blossoms is ! "o mo/ commonly se51 b ! small] v>iety ) yell[ blossoms is m leafy & palatable4 ,! l>g] v>iety is ! bett] f]tiliz]4 ,! se$ does n g]m9ate readily1 & #bj to #cj p\nds is us$ p] acre4 ,! soil %\ld be compact1 & ! se$+ c be made 9 ! spr+ ) a cov] crop1 or 9 ,augu/ by itself4 ,inoculation is necess>y if ! "r bact]ia are n pres5t4 ,soil f an alfalfa field w s]ve = inoculation4 ,an ef=t %\ld be made to gr[ sweet clov] on all inf]tile hillsides t are ly+ b>e4 ,x /ops wa%+ & paves ! way = a sod ( nutriti\s grasses4 ,rye z a ,cov] ,crop4--,z has be5 /at$ else:]e1 ! plant t /ores nitrog5 9 its organic matt] is mo/ desirable1 b ! great] "p ( ! soil's /ock ( humus did n come ?r\gh legumes4 ,among ! good cov] crops is rye1 bo? on acc\nt ( its ability to gr[ "u adv]se conditions & because x produces a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial = ! soil4 ,:5 se$$ 9 ! e>ly fall1 its roots fill ! soil ! foll[+ spr+1 & ! tops furni% all ! mat]ial t c be pl[$ d[n ) safety4 ,9 nor!rn latitudes x is ! mo/ dep5dable ( all w9t] cov] crops1 mak+ "s gr[? 9 poorly prep>$ se$-b$s & on ?9 l&4 ,! mo/ value is obta9$ f e>ly se$+s1 ?us secur+ a good fall gr[?4 ,two bu%els ( se$ are suffici5t 9 good gr\nd se$$ t5 weeks be=e w9t] beg9s1 b two or ?ree pecks %\ld be add$ to ?is am\nt if ! rye c be giv5 only a few weeks ( gr[? be=e fro/ locks up ! soil4 ,rye c gr[ 9 w>m spells ( w9t]1 & />ts e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,x uses up "s available f]tility t might o!rwise be lo/1 & releases x :5 x rots 9 ! gr\nd4 ,:5 to pl[ ,d[n4--,if rye has made a good gr[? be=e spr+1 ! roots run deep] ?an ! pl[ goes1 & holds ! soil mu* l a grass sod4 ,9 su* a case ! pl[+ may be made e>ly 9 ! spr+ )\t reg>d to ! rye1 ?\gh organic matt] increases rapidly day by day if ! rye is p]mitt$ to gr[4 ,z a rule1 x is safe/ to pl[ d[n be=e ! plants are eighte5 in*es high4 ,!y dry l& out rapidly1 & any mass ( matt] 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[ int]f]es ) ! rise ( wat] f ! subsoil4 ,:5 ! l& is want$ = oats or corn1 a jo9t] %\ld be us$ on ! pl[ to insure bury+ all ! crop4 ,buck:eat4--,an excell5t crop = gre5-manur+ is buck:eat4 ,x has su* unusual ability to gr[ 9 a poor soil t ! f>m] :o makes free use ( x z a gra9 crop nev] boa/s ( acreage plant$1 assum+ t 8 l& w n be highly reg>d$ if kn[n to be devot$ *iefly to buck:eat4 ,x does n )/& heat well1 especially f p]iod ( blossom+ to maturity1 & !re=e is re/rict$ to cool latitudes4 ,:5 gr[n = gra91 x usually is n plant$ until ,july1 & matures a crop 9 a %ort] p]iod ?an any o!r gra94 ,x is s5sitive to fro/1 b may be plant$ z soon z ! gr\nd is w>m1 & w give a good body ( matt] = pl[+ d[n )9 eight weeks4 ,! root gr[? is n ext5sive1 b ! crop leaves naturally heavy soils m mell[1 & x is an excell5t cleans+ crop = we$-infe/$ fields4 ,x makes a less heavy gr[? ?an rye1 b c be us$ at a "t ( ! ye> t rye w\ld fail4 ,!re is "t 9 a s+le season to gr[ two crops ( buck:eat = gre5-manur+1 turn+ ! fir/ crop d[n :5 ! blossoms appe>4 ,oats4--,:5 a fall gr[? is want$ = ! soil1 & x is pref]r$ t ! plants be dead 9 ! spr+1 oats make a good cat* crop4 ,?9 l& :i* is want$ = se$+ to :eat & grass 9 ! fall1 or = timo?y & clov] se$+ 9 ,augu/1 may use oats z a spr+ cov] crop4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( humus-mak+ mat]ial may be ga9$ by ?is means4 ,! only dang] lies 9 ! effect ^u soil moi/ure4 ,! oat crop uses up ! wat] freely 9 its gr[?1 & :5 p]mitt$ to =m heads be=e be+ pl[$ d[n1 ! mass ( mat]ial 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[ does n rot quickly en\gh to induce ! rise ( wat] f ! subsoil4 ,! l& %\ld be pl[$ e>ly en\gh to p]mit a solid se$-b$ to be made4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,/able ,,manure ,live/ock ,f>m+4--,! f]tility ( ! soil is mo/ safely gu>d$ 9 regions devot$ to live/ock f>m+4 ,sell+ ev]y?+ (f ! f>m is a practice associat$ 9 ! public m9d ) soil pov]ty4 ,x is a rule ) few exceptions t ! abs5ce ( live/ock on ! f>m is an index ( gradual r$uction 9 ! productive p[] ( ! l&4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! f>m]s :o fe$ ! mo/ ( _! crops on ! f>m are ma9ta9+ f]tility1 & ^? :o d n fe$ _! crops on ! f>m h be5 mak+ drafts ^u ! soil's /ores ( available plant-food t are evid5c$ 9 a r$uction ( yields4 ,^! /atem5ts w h ! ass5t ( all c>eful obs]v]s4 ,! inf]5ce has be5 t ! ma9t5ance ( f]tility requires ! return to ! l& ( all ! manure t w\ld result f fe$+ its crops on ! f>m4 ,we "k t by su* fe$+ we c return to ! fields at lea/ f\r fif?s ( all ! plant-food tak5 out by ! crops1 & we loosely reason t su* a s*eme is dem&$ by nature4 ,! ma9t5ance ( f]tility involves good ari?metic1 & a plant mu/ h c]ta9 weights ( m9]al elem5ts at comm& be=e x c gr[1 b x is n true t ! productive p[] ( l& is *iefly dep5d5t ^u ! return to x 9 manure ( all ! f]tility remov$ by its crops4 ,if ?is 7 true1 meat & o!r animal products w\ld be ! sole food supply ( ! _w's m>kets4 ,illu/ration3 ,texas calves on an ,ohio f>m4 ,! ,place = ,cattle4--,!re are g5]al tr5ds 9 human practice t _c be *ang$ by man4 ,a *ange 9 human diet t makes ! p]c5tage ( meat l[] w n come ?r\gh propag&a1 b !re are =ces at "w t w re/rict ! consumption ( meat by ! individual4 ,! increase 9 population makes heavi] dem& = food4 ,armsby has %[n t ! fatt5+ /e] returns to man = food only #c p] c5t ( ! en]gy value ( ! corn consum$ by x1 & 9 pork-production ?is p]c5tage sc>cely rises to #af4 ,?is is ! reason meat-mak+ animals give way be=e increase 9 population 9 conge/$ c\ntries4 ,_! (fice becomes1 m & m1 ! conv]sion ( products in$ible to man to edible products4 ,9 our c\ntry _! numb] w increase1 d\btless1 = a long p]iod ( "t1 f9d+ _! places m surely on ea/]n f>ms r ?an on we/]n ran*es4 ,!y mu/ f9d ! *eap] l&1 & t is no long] conf9$ to ! we/4 ,!y mu/ be :]e co>se mat]ials1 in$ible to man1 are f\nd1 & t is on ea/]n z well z on we/]n f>ms4 ,_! (fice w n be ! conv]sion ( crops into manure1 b ! conv]sion ( co>se mat]ials into human food 9 ! =m ( meat or milk4 ,?is is ! tr5d1 & :ile ! consummation may happily be f> 9 ! future1 its consid]ation helps u to an appreciation ( ! facts reg>d+ nature's provision = ma9ta9+ ! productiv5ess ( ! soil4 ,sales (f ! ,f>m4--,! day is n[ "h :5 ! major portion ( human food mu/ be provid$ 9 gra9 & vegetables & fruit1 & ! dem& = hay & gra9 = animals (f ! f>m is v l>ge4 ,fib] products likewise mu/ be suppli$4 ,! draft ^u ! soil is heavy1 b x mu/ be good f>m practice to supply bread & vegetables & fruit to ! #gj p] c5t ( our population t is n on f>ms4 ,! great majority ( f>m]s d n fe$ all _! crops to live/ock1 & ! am\nt ( food-/uffs1 = human be+s & animals1 t is n[ go+ (f ! f>ms is none too great4 ,_m f>m]s :o incl9e to believe t !y are safely gu>d+ f]tility by fe$+ ! mo/ ( _! crops are n return+ to ! fields "o ?ird ( ! plant-food t _! crops remove4 ,!re is no virtue 9 fe$+ :5 ! manure is p]mitt$ to wa/e away4 ,! losses 9 /able & b>ny>d1 ! wa/es f bad di/ribution by animals1 & ! sales f ! f>m ( "s crops1 animals1 & milk1 lead to ! e/imate t "o half ( ! f>ms on :i* live/ock is kept d n give to ! fields 9 ! =m ( manure ov] #cj p] c5t ( ! f]tility tak5 out ( !m by crops4 ,?is e/imate1 = :i* no accurate data is possible1 probably is too high4 ,! sales ( food = man & animal are a necessity1 & ! s*eme ( f>m+ involv+ su* sales is "r1 provid$ ! f>m] makes use ( o!r supplies ( f]tility4 ,! area devot$ to su* sales w gr[ great] because human ne$s are imp]ative4 ,live/ock w become m & m a means ( work+ ov] ! mat]ial t man _c eat--! grass1 hay1 /alks1 by-products 9 manufacture1 & co>se gra9s4 ,! dem& = meat & milk w lead to c>eful conv]sion ( mat]ial into ?is =m ( food1 & ! animals on ea/]n f>ms w increase 9 numb] = a "t1 :ile sales ( gra9 & vegetables gr[ great]4 ,! draft ^u soil f]tility ?r\gh sales mu/ increase because e p\nd ( mat]ial sold f ! f>m c>ries plant-food 9 x4 ,! ,value ( ,manure4--,x is n possible to put a comm]cial valuation ^u f>m manures t may be a sure guide to any f>m]4 ,! value dep5ds ^u :at ! individual c get out ( x 9 crops & improv$ soil conditions4 ,x is r idle to say t ! annual product ( a horse 9 ! =m ( manure is #cj1 or m or less1 ev5 :5 an analysis %[s t ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% conta9$ 9 x are wor? t sum :5 valu$ at ! m>ket prices ( ^? plant con/itu5ts4 ,if ! total am\nt ( f]tility f\nd 9 ! void+s ( all ! animals ( ! f>m 7 provid$ 9 a pile ( comm]cial f]tiliz] conta9+ ! same am\nt ( ea* plant con/itu5t1 its wor? to ! f>m] w\ld dep5d ^u 8 ability to conv]t all t f]tility into crops at a pr(it4 ,!re are f>m]s s situat$ 9 respect to soils1 crops1 & m>kets t !y c make a good pr(it f an inve/m5t ( #cj 9 ! total liquid & solid void+s ( a horse = a ye>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m :o w\ld fail4 ,! values usually giv5 are relative & sugge/ive4 ,!y are aids 9 =m+ judgm5t4 ,actual value on ! f>m dep5ds mu* on ! man4 ,! ,cont5t ( ,manure4--,:5 ! crops ( a f>m are f$1 ! manure conta9s ne>ly all ! plant-food t w5t orig9ally into ! crops4 ,9 ! case ( idle "w-horses on a ma9t5ance ration1 ! manure conta9s practically all ! plant-food4 ,c[s giv+ milk remove "s f]tility1 & a gr[+ calf or colt may take out #cj p] c5t4 ,!re is "s wa/e beyond control1 b :5 manure is made on tight floors ) good b$d+1 & is drawn to ! field fa/ z made1 on ! av]age x c>ries back to ! soil fully f\r fif?s ( ! plant-food t exi/$ 9 ! fe$4 ,disreg>d+ all ca% valuations = ! mom5t1 "h is an index ( value t %\ld be suffici5t 9 itself to enc\rage ! fe$+ ( crops on ! f>m & ! c>eful sav+ ( ! manure4 ,:5 "o c m>ket 8 crops to animals on ! f>m at _! ca% value1 & at ! same "t reta9 = 8 fields f\r fif?s ( all ! f]tility1 he is l a manufactur] :o c use mu* ( 8 raw mat]ial ov] & ov] aga94 ,! value is 9 ! manure1 & full appreciation is lack+ only because a majority ( f>ms d n provide = c>eful sav+ ( its valuable con/itu5ts4 ,relative ,values4--,! plant-food cont5t ( manure is det]m9$ *iefly by ! fe$4 ,! animals add no?+3 !y subtract4 ,! k9d ( animals consum+ ! fe$ does n affect mat]ially ! value ( ! manure made f x1 if ! animals are mature & n giv+ milk4 ,! manures f ! v>i\s k9ds ( animals diff] 9 value p] ton because ! fe$s diff] 9 "* & ! manure v>ies 9 p]c5tage ( wat]4 ,on an av]age1 h[ev]1 ! total annual product ( manure f f>m animals1 p] #ajjj p\nds ( live weight1 does n v>y widely 9 value4 ,! ri* prote9 fe$s giv5 ! c[1 & ! heavy fe$+1 m ?an make am5ds = ! f]tility t goes into ! milk1 & h] annual product1 p] #ajjj p\nds ( live weight1 may exce$ 9 value t ( ! horse by #be p] c5t4 ,?is is likewise true ( ! pig1 figur$ on ! #ajjj-p\nd basis1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! %eep ! value1 p] #ajjj p\nds ( live weight1 is ne> t ( ! horse4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! f]tile ,miami ,valley1 ,ohio4 ,^! v>iations are n wide en\gh to h great importance to ! live/ock f>m]4 ,! manure repres5ts to him f\r fif?s ( all ! f]tility t 0 conta9$ by ! fe$ he gave ! v>i\s animals4 ,!y add$ no plant-food1 & !y took away only a fraction t 0 n l>ge4 ,!y conv]t$ ! crops into a =m ( plant-food t ei!r is available or c become s quickly en\gh1 & 9 addition to ! nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% t w\ld h a high valuation 9 a comm]cial f]tiliz]1 !re is a body ( organic matt] t affects ! physical condition ( ! soil favorably4 ,! manure also promotes ! multiplication ( fri5dly soil bact]ia4 ,its possibilities are s great t ! inf]5ce ( _m f>m]s t no successful agriculture c be ma9ta9$ )\t x is v natural4 ,am\nt ( ,manure4--,vivian /ates t ! am\nt ( manure t may be made f fe$ c be det]m9$ by multiply+ ! total weight ( dry matt] 9 ! fe$ by #c4 ,?is assumes t b$d+ w be us$ 9 suffici5t am\nt to absorb ! ur9e1 & t w require mat]ial conta9+ "o f\r? z mu* dry matt] z !re is 9 ! fe$4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( hay & gra9 is kn[n1 & ! dry matt] 9 all succul5t fe$ is e/imat$1 ! total product ( manure 9 tons c be arriv$ at ) fair accuracy4 ,analysis ( ,manure4--,z has be5 /at$1 ! cont5t ( ! manure mu/ dep5d *iefly ^u ! "* ( ! fe$4 ,we are accu/om$ to comb9e fe$+ /uffs 9 diff]+ proportions = horses1 c[s1 pigs1 & %eep4 ,van ,slyke names ! foll[+ approximate p]c5tages ( plant-food con/itu5ts 9 fre% excrem5ts ( f>m animals1 ! solid & liquid be+ mix$3 ---------------------------------------- -- ,animal ,p] ,c5t ,p] ,c5t ,p] ,c5t ,nitrog5 ,phosphoric ,pota% ,acid ---------------------------------------- -- ,horse #j4gj #j4be #j4ee ,c[ #j4fj #j4ae #j4de ,pig #j4ej #j4ce #j4dj ,%eep #j4ie #j4ce #a4jj ,h5 #a4jj #j4hj #j4dj ---------------------------------------- -- ,he e/imates t "o ton ( av]age mix$ /able manure1 inclusive ( absorb5ts1 conta9s approximately #aj p\nds ( nitrog51 #e p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 & #aj p\nds ( pota%4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,c>e ,,( ,,/able ,,manure ,common ,s\rce ( ,losses4--,:5 we be> 9 m9d t f\r fif?s ( all ! f]tility remov$ f ! l& 9 ! gra9s & co>se /uffs f$ on ! f>m may be recov]$ f ! animals & return$ to ! soil1 we c appreciate ! consid]ation t ! c>e ( manure %\ld h on e f>m4 ,! c>eless me?ods t prevail 9 mo/ sections ( ! c\ntry are an inh]itance f ! day :5 soils 7 new & full ( f]tility4 ,^! me?ods cont9ue p>tly ?r\gh a lack ( confid5ce 9 ! /atem5ts t ! liquid portion ( animal excrem5ts1 9 av]age mix$ /able manure1 has ne>ly z great value z ! solid portion4 ,if ?is fact 7 accept$1 _m ( ! losses w\ld be /opp$4 ,ano!r reason = cont9uance ( c>eless me?ods is failure to appreciate t ! soluble portion ( manure is ! highly valuable "p1 & t lea*+ 9 ! b>ny>d c>ries away value m rapidly ?an decrease 9 volume ( manure indicates4 ,! widely demon/rat$ facts d n h effective acceptance1 & enorm\s loss cont9ues4 ,?orne f\nd t manure plac$ 9 flat piles 9 ! b>ny>d 9 ,janu>y1 & all[$ to lie until ,april1 lo/ "o ?ird ( its value4 ,"u ! conditions prevail+ on _m f>ms ! loss suff]$ by exposure ( manure is f> great]4 ,illu/ration3 ,concrete /able floors4 ,c>+ = ,liquid ,manure4--,if all manure 7 9 solids1 "o great difficulty 9 c>+ = x w\ld n exi/4 ,! nitrog5 is ! mo/ valuable elem5t 9 manure1 & two fif?s ( all ( x 9 horse manure is f\nd 9 ! liquid4 ,9 ! case ( c[ manure1 ov] "o half ( ! nitrog5 is f\nd 9 ! liquid4 ,m ?an ?is1 a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 ! liquid has great] value ?an a p\nd 9 ! solid because ( its ne>ly imm$iate availability4 ,!re is only "o good way ( c>+ = ! liquids1 & t is by use ( absorb5ts on tight floors or 9 tight gutt]s4 ,am]ican f>m]s f9d ci/]ns & simil> devices nuisances4 ,! fir/ consid]ation is to make ! floor wat]-tight1 & clay w n d ?is4 ,! virtues ( puddl$ clay h _h _m advocates1 b exam9ation ( clay floors aft] use w %[ t valuable con/itu5ts ( ! manure h be5 escap+4 ,! soils ( ! c\ntry _c af=d ! loss1 & c>eful f>m managem5t requires acceptance ( ! tru? t a tight floor is z necess>y to ! /able z to ! gran>y4 ,! difficulty 9 supply+ a suffici5t am\nt ( absorb5ts on tight floors only emphasizes ! loss :]e floors are n wat]-tight4 ,use ( ,pres]vatives4--,! use ( l&-pla/] 9 /ables helps to prev5t loss ( ! nitrog5-cont5t ?r\gh f]m5tation4 ,its value does n lie *iefly 9 physical action z an absorb5t1 b ! b5eficial results come ?r\gh *emical action4 ,! volatile "p ( ! manure is *ang$ into a m /able =m4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ?is pres]vative has fall5 some:at into disuse1 z acid phosphate conta9s l mat]ial & also supplies phosphoric acid to ! manure4 ,! phosphoric acid cont5t ( /able manure is too l[ = all soils1 & ! re5=cem5t by means ( acid phosphate w\ld be good practice ev5 if !re 7 no pres]vative effect4 ,! use ( fifty p\nds ( acid phosphate to ea* ton ( manure w assi/ mat]ially 9 pres]v+ ! nitrog51 & ! ga9 9 phosphoric acid w repay all ! co/4 ,x %\ld be us$ daily on ! moi/ manure1 z made 9 ! /able1 & pref]ably j be=e b$d+ is add$1 s t ! phosphate w n come into direct contact ) ! feet ( ! animals4 ,"s /ockm5 pref] ! use ( acid phosphate & ka9it mix$ half-&-half4 ,! latt] is a c>ri] ( pota%1 & is a pres]vative ( nitrog54 ,! use ( gr\nd rock-phosphate 9 /ables is com+ into use 9 "s localities1 *iefly ?r\gh ! recomm5dation t x be mix$ ) manure to secure availability ( its own plant-food4 ,x is n a pres]vative except 9 s f> z x acts physically z an absorb5t4 ,x %\ld n displace acid phosphate 9 /ables1 ! pres]vation ( nitrog5 9 ! manure be+ ! vital matt]4 ,spread+ z ,made4--,:5 f>m conditions make x feasible to draw & spread manure fa/ z made1 ! dang] ( heavy loss 9 /or+ is escap$4 ,!re is evid5ce t no appreciable escape ( f]tility occurs :5 manure is spread on l& t is n cov]$ ) ice4 ,! phosphoric acid & pota% are m9]als1 & lea* into ! soil4 ,! nitrog5 does n *ange into a gas 9 any appreciable am\nt :5 spread ov] ! surface1 & x likewise lea*es into ! soil4 ,!re are soils 9 :i* ! decay ( ! organic matt] w\ld h a m b5eficial effect ?an ! rott+ ^u ! surface1 x may be1 b ! mul*+ effect ( ! manure is valuable4 ,!re %\ld be no d\bt t ! loss f manure is kept to a m9imum :5 x goes directly to ! soil4 ,9 "s latitudes ! sn[ & ice (t5times prev5t spread+1 or make x inadvisable1 & 9 _m f>m s*emes x is desirable to hold manure = special fields & crops4 ,"s means ( /or+ manure mu/ be provid$ 9 ^! in/ances4 ,! ,cov]$ ,y>d4--,if ! possible value ( manure 7 realiz$1 provision = its c>e w\ld be made z promptly & surely z provision = ! c>e ( a h>ve/$ crop4 ,!re are only ?ree conditions t mu/ be provid$ 9 ord] t manure may be pres]v$ )\t mu* loss4 ,! manure mu/ be protect$ f lea*+ ra9s1 x mu/ be kept moi/1 & air mu/ be exclud$4 ,! exposure ( /able manure to ! processes ( f]m5tation & lea*+1 produces a wa/e t is believ$ to am\nt to sev]al hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates annually4 ,! day w come :5 no f>m] w be will+ to %>e heavily 9 a loss f ?is s\rce1 b w ei!r spread manure fa/ z made or provide a ro( = ! /or$ manure4 ,an absolutely tight floor is n s great a necessity z x is 9 ! /able1 because ! am\nt ( moi/ure is "u control1 b _m f>m]s pref] to make concrete floors = ! manure-%$ & ?us to gu>d aga9/ any loss f lea*+4 ,! *ief co/ may be conf9$ to ! ro(4 ,a bett] plan is to inclose ?ree sides1 mak+ !m s tight t all drafts w be prev5t$1 & to use ! %$ z a place ( ex]cise = c[s or o!r live/ock4 ,we h le>n$ )9 rec5t ye>s t su* an inclosure is m heal?ful & com=table = cattle ?an /alls 9 an inclos$ build+1 no matt] h[ cold ! wea!r may be4 ,! fre% air )\t any drafts1 & ! lib]ty ( movem5t1 are ne$$4 ,?is %$ %\ld be connect$ ) ! /able1 & on its floor ! manure f ! /ables may be spread daily4 ,x %\ld be scatt]$ ev5ly ov] ! surface1 & ! mass c be kept firm by ! tramp+ ( ! animals4 ,x may be necess>y to add "s wat] at int]vals to keep ! mass suffici5tly moi/4 ,! wat] excludes air & assi/s 9 hold+ h>mful f]m5tation 9 *eck4 ,h>mless ,f]m5tation4--,!re is a k9d ( f]m5tation 9 manure t goes on 9 ! abs5ce ( air4 ,x is due to bact]ia t break up ! organic matt]1 produc+ rott$ manure4 ,?is is n att5d$ by mu* loss1 & proce$s b5ea? ! surface ( ! moi/ & pack$ mass4 ,manure prop]ly controll$ "u a ro( goes into prime condition = spread+ lat] 9 ! season4 ,! only dang] is neglect1 & especially :5 ! live/ock is remov$ to ! pa/ure fields 9 ! spr+4 ,if no wat] is add$ f "t to "t1 hot f]m5tation replaces ! h>mless k9d because air c p5etrate ?r\gh ! b$ ( manure4 ,compactness & moi/ure c save ! plant-food ) small loss ?r\gh\t ! summ]1 & a body ( good manure is available :5 ne$$ = top-dress+ l& 9 ! summ]4 ,rott$ ,manure4--,mix$ /able manure conta9s 9 a ton z _m p\nds ( pota% z x does ( nitrog51 & yet we speak ( x z a highly nitrog5\s f]tiliz]4 ,:5 fre% manure has suff]$ no loss ( ! liquid "p1 mu* ( its nitrog5 is almo/ imm$iately available4 ,! nitrog5 9 ! ur9e is 9 soluble =ms1 & f]m5tation quickly occurs4 ,:5 manure is us$ on grass1 x _c be too fre%1 z ! imm$iate action ( ! nitrog5 is desirable4 ,vegetable gr[]s (t5 pref] a sl[] & m cont9u\s action1 & ! rott+ ( manure "u "r conditions *anges ! liquid nitrog5 into comp\nds t act m sl[ly4 ,! solid mat]ial 9 horse manure conta9s less wat] ?an t ( ! c[1 & ?is abs5ce ( wat] p]mits quick f]m5tation :5 air is pres5t4 ,! use ( l>ge quantities ( su* manure p] acre is n lik$ by vegetable-gr[]s4 ,rott+ "u control 9 a cov]$ b>ny>d has a b5eficial effect = ?is reason :5 a hot manure is n want$4 ,! cov]$ %$ co/s "s money1 & !re is a loss e/imat$ at #aj p] c5t "u ! be/ conditions1 b :5 manure _c be drawn fa/ z made1 !re is comp5sation 9 improv$ condition = c]ta9 soils & crops4 ,compo/s4--,! compo/1 involv+ ! h&l+ ( manure & soil1 has no rightful place on ! av]age f>m4 ,! g>d5] or truck] us+ great quantities ( manure p] acre mu/ let "s ( ! f]m5tation occur be=e he incorporates x ) ! soil1 or h>m w result4 ,he wants r$uction 9 volume1 & su* *ange 9 "* t x w add to ! ret5tive "* ( ! soil respect+ moi/ure in/ead ( dry+ ! soil out4 ,he c af=d all ! labor ( pil+ ! manure ) lay]s ( sods or o!r mat]ial1 & ! turn+ to secure mix+4 ,x is 8 bus9ess to wat* x s t loss w n occur4 ,! f>m] uses manure 9 small] quantities p] acre4 ,probably all 8 fields ne$ ! full action ( ! organic matt] 9 its rott+4 ,! p]c5tage ( humus-mak+ mat]ial is l[4 ,! place = fre% manure is on ! l&1 :5 ?is is feasible4 ,! cov]$ %$ is a device = hold+ manure ) lea/ possible loss :5 spread+ _c be done1 or a supply mu/ be c>ri$ ov] = l& 9 ! summ]4 ,! ga9 9 condition is only incid5tal1 & an advantage *iefly to vegetables4 ,! compo/+ ( manure by g>d5]s is n a practice to be copi$ on mo/ f>ms4 ,p\ltry ,manure4--,! value ( p\ltry manure (t5 is ov]e/imat$4 ,its cont5t ( plant-food is "o half great] ?an t ( horse manure1 ton = ton4 ,! availability ( ! nitrog5 is s great t returns f applications are imm$iate1 & give ! impression ( great] /r5g? ?an is possess$4 ,its availability makes x excell5t = plants t ne$ =c+4 ,= su* use x ne$s re5=c+ only ) acid phosphate1 b z a g5]al manure x %\ld h ! addition ( pota%4 ,acid phosphate %\ld be us$ 9 ! p\ltry-h\se to prev5t loss ( nitrog51 :i* escapes quickly on acc\nt ( rapid f]m5tation1 & to supply phosphoric acid4 ,?irty p\nds ( acid phosphate to ea* #ajj p\nds ( ! manure gives a mixture conta9+ "o p\nd ( nitrog51 ?ree p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 & two fif?s ( a p\nd ( pota%4 ,! addition ( f\r p\nds ( muriate ( pota% makes ! mixture a well-balanc$ & effective f]tiliz] :5 us$ at ! rate ( #ejj to #ajjj p\nds p] acre4 ,dry muck or loam %\ld be mix$ ) x to s]ve z an absorb5t & to give good physical condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,/able ,,manure ,controll+ ,factors4--,! f>m supply ( /able manure is a c>ri] ( plant-food1 return+ to ! soil f\r fif?s ( all ! f]tility remov$ 9 ! crops f$1 b x is mu* m ?an ?is4 ,l& :i* receives only plant-food1 z may be ! case :5 f]tility is suppli$ 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 loses good physical condition4 ,organic matt] is ne$$ = ma9t5ance ( physical condition1 ! ret5tion ( soil moi/ure1 ! free+ ( in]t m9]als 9 ! l&1 & ! promotion ( bact]ial life 9 ! soil4 ,no small %>e ( ! value ( a ton ( manure is due to its organic matt]4 ,?is is a factor 9 ! problem :5 decid+ :at disposition ( ! manure w pay be/4 ,"o field may be 9 condition to respond fully to ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 :ile ano!r is too defici5t 9 humus = be/ results4 ,"s crops are m insi/5t ^u supplies ( organic matt] ?an o!rs4 ,aga91 ! disposition ( ! manure dep5ds ^u ! supply4 ,if mo/ crops are f$ on ! f>m1 ! manure is a lead+ s\rce ( f]tility = all fields & crops1 & may be us$ once or twice 9 ! crop-rotation on e field4 ,if ! manure is 9 small am\nt1 due to a s*eme ( f>m+ involv+ ! gr[+ ( crops = m>ket1 ! function ( ! manure may be only to enc\rage ! />t+ ( sods1 9 :i* legumes are a lead+ factor4 ,direct ,use = ,corn4--,! practice ( spread+ manure on grass l& = corn is bas$ ^u mu* good exp]i5ce4 ,! cu/om is ne>ly univ]sal 9 regions :]e corn is an important "p ( a f\r1 five1 or six ye>s' rotation1 & all ( ! corn & hay is f$ on ! f>m4 ,?is disposition ( ! manure p]mits ! h&l+ at times :5 o!r "w does n ru%4 ,! supply c>ri$ ov] f ! spr+ is put on 9 late summ]1 & ! manure made 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w9t] c be drawn to ! field fa/ z made4 ,manure spread imm$iately be=e ! sod is brok5 is less effective1 z no lea*+ ( soluble elem5ts into ! surface soil occurs be=e ! co>se mat]ial is buri$ 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,corn 9 ! ,ohio ,valley4 ,! use ( fre% manures = corn is rational1 because corn is a gross fe$] & requires mu* nitrog54 ,all plants hav+ heavy foliage c use nitrog5 9 l>ge am\nts4 ,x is possible to apply manure 9 excessive am\nt = ?is c]eal1 ! gr[? ( /alk becom+ out ( proportion to ! e>1 b ! in/ances are relatively few4 ,ord9>ily corn suff]s f lack ( nitrog54 ,:5 ! f>m manure is 9 l>ge am\nt1 its direct use = corn is good practice4 ,effect ^u ,moi/ure4--,co>se manures %\ld n be pl[$ d[n late 9 ! spr+1 z !y increase ! ill effects ( dr\?4 ,decay$ vegetation1 well mix$ ) ! soil1 increases ! soil's wat]-hold+ capacity1 b undecay$ mat]ial 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[ is h>mful4 ,fre%1 /rawy manure1 made imm$iately be=e ! "t = break+ a sod1 is pref]ably c>ri$ ov] 9 a cov]$ %$ until a lat] season ( ! ye>4 ,:5 manure has be5 spread ^u a sod 9 ! fall or e>ly w9t]1 x decays quickly aft] ! pl[+1 & aids 9 resi/ance to dr\?4 ,:5 x is pl[$ d[n1 ! gr\nd is kept m por\s1 & ! pres5ce ( plant-food & moi/ure at or ne> ! dep? ( pl[+ enc\rages deep] root+ ( plants1 & ?us indirectly assi/s !m to )/& dry wea!r4 ,if ! pl[+ is good 9 "*1 leav+ ! furr[-slice p>tly on edge1 & p]mitt+ ! h>r[ to mix "p ( ! turf & ! manure ) ! rema9d] ( ! soil1 ! be/ conditions respect+ moi/ure are secur$4 ,manure on ,grass4--,:5 ! crop-rotation embraces two or m ye>s ( grass1 or "o ( clov] foll[$ by only "o ( grass1 x is bett] practice to use ! manure to ?ick5 ! sod4 ,! object 9 view is ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( crops1 & ! maximum am\nt ( organic matt] = ! soil4 ,grass is a heavy fe$]1 l corn1 & makes good use ( nitrog54 ,its roots fill ! soil s t no loss att5ds ! use ( manure4 ,:5 ! supply is giv5 ! grass1 aft] ! h>ve/ ( ! second crop ( clov] & dur+ ! w9t]1 ! timo?y c make a rank gr[?4 ,! "p ( ! plant above gr\nd has correspond+ developm5t bel[ gr\nd4 ,n only does a l>ge increase 9 ! hay crop result1 b ! heavy mass ( grass roots1 ! aft]ma?1 & ! rema9s ( ! manure provide a great am\nt ( f]tility = ! corn :i* foll[s4 ,! increase 9 hay p]mits a correspond+ increase 9 ! manure supply ! next ye>1 if x is f$1 & if x is sold on acc\nt ( a m>ket price great] ?an its value = fe$ & manure1 x adds to income mat]ially--& t is "o reason = f>m+4 ,manure on ,potatoes4--,!re are excell5t ca% crops t may get m ?an _! fair %>e ( ! f>m supply ( f]tility1 & aga9/ ! int]e/ ( fields 9 ! f>m n adapt$ to ca% crops4 ,! ju/ification is f\nd 9 ! f>m l$g]4 ,9 "s regions potatoes are ! be/ crop 9 po9t ( net income p] acre1 :]e ! acreage is kept re/rict$ s t !re may be pl5ty ( organic matt] to help 9 cons]v+ moi/ure4 ,x is n good practice to use fre% manure1 & especially t f horse-/ables1 = potatoes4 ,a heavy application makes an excessive gr[? ( v9e1 & ! yield ( tub]s suff]s4 ,a /rong] det]r5t is ! effect t fre% manure has on ! developm5t ( ! spores t produce ! disease kn[n z potato-scab4 ,rott$ manure is less dang]\s1 & few crops repay its use 9 high] degree ?an ! potato4 ,"s gr[]s pref] to make heavy application ( fre% manure to grass = corn1 & foll[ ) potatoes s t !y c pr(it by ! rott$ organic matt] t rema9s4 ,9 ?is way ! physical condition is made excell5t1 moi/ure is well held 9 a dry season1 & comm]cial f]tiliz]s c supplem5t ! plant-food left 9 ! manure4 ,:5 to pl[ ,d[n4--,excell5t f>m]s diff] reg>d+ ! relative effici5cies ( manure pl[$ d[n & t mix$ ) ! top soil4 ,bo? classes may be "r = _! individual in/ances4 ,! pl[+ d[n ( manure helps to deep5 ! soil1 & t always is desirable4 ,x causes plants to root deeply1 & t is a di/9ct b5efit 9 a dr\?y season1 & always desirable4 ,:5 a soil is 9 su* til? t ! break+-pl[ always br+s f]tile soil to ! surface1 ! pl[+ d[n ( manure gives excell5t results1 ?\gh x %\ld be p]mitt$ to lea* at ! surface = a few weeks be=e be+ turn$ "u4 ,:5 l& is be+ prep>$ = a se$+ to grass or clov]1 ! supply ( manure %\ld n be pl[$ d[n :]ev] ! break+-pl[ br+s soil to ! surface t is defici5t 9 humus4 ,9 ! latt] case ! manure always %\ld be us$ z a top-dress+1 & %\ld be ev5ly spread & well mix$ ) ! surface soil4 ,x is ne$$ !re f> m ?an x c be ne$$ f>!r d[n4 ,! surface soil always %\ld h a high cont5t ( organic matt]4 ,heavy ,applications4--,:5 ! f>m supply ( manure is small1 applications %\ld be light4 ,! manure %\ld n be ! dep5d5ce = plant-food on a "p ( a field1 or a s+le field ( ! f>m1 "u su* circum/ances4 ,x is m pr(itable to give a light dress+ to a l>g] area4 ,! manure is ne$$ to make a f]tiliz+ crop gr[1 & a v few tons p] acre c assi/ greatly1 :5 rightly us$4 ,! manure is ne$$ to furni% bact]ia to ! soil1 & a small am\nt p] acre is useful = ?is purpose4 ,always !re is temptation to use all ! manure on a field conv5i5t to ! b>n1 & to conc5trate x on a suffici5tly small area to make a good yield sure4 ,! loss to ! f>m 9 ?is me?od is heavy4 ,! ?9 spots & ! ?9 fields h fir/ "r to ! manure z a top-dress+1 & six tons p] acre w br+ l>g] returns p] ton ?an twelve tons p] acre4 ,at ! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation ! l& receiv+ t5 tons ( manure p] acre 9 ! common f\r ye>s' rotation ( corn1 oats1 :eat1 & mix$ clov] & grass gives add$ returns ( #a4fc a ton1 :ile an application ( eight tons pays #a4he a ton1 & a six-ton application br+s ! value p] ton up to #b4da4 ,^! applications are made twice 9 ! f\r ye>s4 ,re5=cem5t ) ,m9]als4--,a ton ( mix$ manure 9 ! /able conta9s ab\t t5 p\nds ( nitrog51 five p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 & t5 p\nds ( pota%4 ,?is makes ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 & pota% ! same1 :ile ! p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid is only half z high4 ,a comm]cial f]tiliz] ( su* p]c5tages w\ld be e/eem$ a badly balanc$ "o4 ,c]ta9ly ! phosphoric acid %\ld be relatively high1 z ?is con/itu5t ( plant-food runs l[ 9 ! soil4 ,if #ej p\nds ( #ad p] c5t acid phosphate 7 add$ to ea* ton ( manure :ile x is be+ made 9 ! /able1 sev5 p\nds ( phosphoric acid w\ld be add$1 mak+ ! p]c5tage 9 ! manure a little high] ?an t ( ! nitrog5 & ! pota%4 ,a bett] balance is giv5 to ! f]tility4 ,!re _c be any loss 9 ?is pur*as$ plant-food1 if ! /able floor is tight4 ,f]m5tation _c drive x (f1 & :5 appli$ to ! soil x is tightly held4 ,practically no phosphoric acid is f\nd 9 dra9age wat]s4 ,eight tons ( manure ?us re5=c$ w\ld conta9 ! same am\nt ( plant-food z a ton ( f]tiliz] hav+ #d p] c5t nitrog51 #e p] c5t phosphoric acid1 & #d p] c5t pota%4 ,! addition ( ! #ej p\nds ( acid phosphate p] ton does n br+ ! phosphoric acid cont5t up z high relatively z 9 mo/ comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 b x helps4 ,! total am\nt 9 ! eight tons manure may be suffici5t1 & ! great] "p ( ! total has suffici5tly imm$iate availability1 :ile ! manure mu/ und]go decomposition1 & "s ( ! nitrog5 & pota% does n become available )9 ! ye>4 ,durability ( ,manure4--,te/s ( ! durability ( manure 9 ! soil involve "s unc]ta9 factors1 b we are int]e/$ only 9 ! effects ( applications4 ,^! effects may cont9ue = a long t]m ( ye>s1 & an example w illu/rate4 ,l& may be too inf]tile to make a good clov] sod4 ,if a good dress+ ( manure be giv5 half ! l&1 af=d+ prop] conditions = mak+ a sod1 ! result w be a heavy gr[? ( clov]1 :ile ! se$+ on ! unmanur$ half w be ne>ly a failure4 ,if no manure or f]tiliz] be us$ 9 ! crop-rotation1 ! probability is ! manur$ portion ( ! field w aga9 make a fairly good sod4 ,h[ mu* ?is success may be due to ! rema9s ( ! manure1 & h[ mu* is attributable to ! effect ( ! clov] & to bett] bact]ial life introduc$ & favor$ by ! manure1 no "o kn[s4 ,probably ! great] "p ( ! b5efit comes only indirectly f ! manure appli$ ?ree or f\r ye>s previ\sly4 ,half ( ! field may ?us be lift$ out ( a helpless /ate & rema9 out ( x = a long t]m ( ye>s1 :ile ! o!r half gr[s only poor]4 ,a probable illu/ration ( ?is la/+ indirect effect may be se5 9 "o ( ! plats 9 ! soil f]tility exp]im5ts on ! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation f>m4 ,exp]im5ts at ! ,ro?am/ead /ation1 ,engl&1 %[ "s la/+ results f applications ( manure4 ,director ,hall cites ! case ( "o plat ( grass l& :i* 0 highly manur$ ea* ye> f #ahef to #ahfc1 & has s9ce be5 left unmanur$4 ,9 #ahfd ?is plat gave d\ble ! yield ( an adjo9+ plat :i* _h be5 left unmanur$ dur+ ! eight ye>s4 ,9 #ahfe ! plat1 la/ manur$ 9 #ahfc1 gave ov] d\ble ! yield ( ! unmanur$4 ,9 ! foll[+ t5 ye>s its yield 0 a half m ?an t ( ! unmanur$4 ,9 ! next t5 ye>s ! yield 0 a qu>t] m4 ,9 ! next t5 ye>s x fell to #f p] c5t m ?an ! plat t _h receiv$ no manure 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ t5 ye>s x rose to #ae p] c5t4 ,"h is a la/+ effect ( manure = ov] =ty ye>s :]e grass 0 gr[n cont9u\sly4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,crop-,,rotations ,! ,f>m ,s*eme4--,not)/&+ "s ( ! !oriz+ t does n comm5d itself to ! practical man1 f>m managem5t is tak+ on ! =m ( a sci5ce4 ,x involves ! organization ( a f>m = be/ results1 & 9 ! s*eme t %\ld be work$ out = any p>ticul> f>m ! mo/ important feature is ! crop-rotation4 ,! selection ( crops is controll$ by s _m local consid]ations1 includ+ ! p]sonal likes & dislikes ( ! f>m]1 t v rightly ! k9ds ( rotation are innum]able4 ,! ord] 9 :i* crops may be gr[n ) mo/ pr(it is less v>iable1 & yet ev5 "h local conditions may quickly d]ange ! s*eme ( a !ori/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 su* "r relation ( facts to ea* o!r t we are gett+ a work+ philosophy1 & ! individual f>m] c b5d practice to 8 own lik+ 9 consid]able degree1 & yet n compel plants to d _! "p at a disadvantage4 ,he has mu* lib]ty 9 ! ord] ( _! gr[+1 )\t endang]+ pr(its mat]ially4 ,!oretically1 ?is is n true1 & ! factors ( production on any f>m are su* t ! l>ge/ return is obta9able 9 only "o s*eme ( f>m+4 ,practically !re is r wide lib]ty4 ,value ( ,rotation4--,exp]i5ce has %[n ! b5efit ( v>iety 9 crops gr[n on l&4 ,among ! advantages ( crop-rotation are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,x enables ! f>m] to ma9ta9 ! supply ( organic matt] 9 8 soil4 ,! roots & /ubble ( a gra9 crop are insuffici5t = ?is purpose1 & ! introduction ( a sod or cov] crop is helpful4 #b4 ,x p]mits ! use ( legumes to secure *eap supplies ( nitrog54 #c4 ,"s plants fe$ ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ! use ( o!r plants :i* s5d roots deep] adds to ! production4 #d4 ,"s crops leave ! soil 9 bad physical condition1 & ! use ( o!r crops 9 ! rotation s]ves z a corrective4 #e4 ,! keep+ ( live/ock is made m feasible & pr(itable1 & ?is leads to increase 9 f>m manures4 #f4 ,9 a prop] succession ( crops ! soil is cov]$ ) liv+ plants ne>ly all ! "t1 & ?us is prev5t$ f wa%+ or lea*+4 #g4 ,9 addition to ^! influ5ces ^u soil f]tility1 crop-rotation assi/s 9 control ( insect & fung\s foes & ( we$s2 x p]mits su* di/ribution ( labor on ! f>m t ! l>ge/ total production may be secur$ by its employm5t2 & x saves ! f>m] f sole dep5d5ce ^u a s+le crop4 ,illu/ration3 ,p5n's ,valley1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,selection ( ,crops4--,! natural incl9ation ( ! f>m] is a consid]ation t _c be ignor$4 ,if a man does n l c]ta9 k9ds ( animals or crops1 8 f>m or m>ket mu/ possess an unusual advantage to c\nt]-balance4 ,illu/ration ( ?is tru? may be se5 9 e f>m+ community4 ,z a rule1 ! crops %\ld be ^? t are well adapt$ to ! p>ticul> soils ^u :i* !y are gr[n4 ,x is up-hill "w to compete ) produc]s ^: soils h f> bett] adaptation1 unless ! local m>kets equalize conditions4 ,! crops %\ld foll[ ea* o!r 9 su* succession t ea* crop naturally paves ! way = ! next "o 9 ! succession1 or at lea/ does n place its successor at a disadvantage4 ,:5 x is feasible1 a r l>ge proportion ( ! entire produce ( ! rotation %\ld be fe$+-/uff = live/ock1 z soil f]tility is mo/ easily gu>d$ by live/ock f>m+4 ,?is is desirable :5 consi/5t ) pr(it1 b1 z we h se51 x is n an absolute ess5tial4 ,an ,old ,succession ( ,crops4--,9 ! corn belt ( ! nor!rn /ates "s "t-honor$ crop-rotations h be5 =m$ by corn1 oats1 :eat1 clov]1 & timo?y4 ,! numb] ( ye>s devot$ to ! gra9 & to ! sod has v>i$ ) ! soil & ! desire ( its own]4 ,a common succession is corn "o ye>1 oats "o ye>1 :eat "o ye>1 clov] & timo?y "o ye>1 timo?y "o ye>--a five ye>s' rotation t has mu* sub/antial success beh9d x4 ,su* a rotation is :olly reasonable & 9 accord ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,e ye> furni%es "s organic matt] = ! soil 9 roots & /ubble1 & all ! produce ( f\r ye>s out ( ! five may be f$ on ! f>m4 ,!re is "o ca% crop1 or two if ! price ( ! cle> timo?y hay ju/ifies sale4 ,! manure may be haul$ ^u ! sod :5 o!r "w does n press1 & x goes :]e ! crop is "o t pref]s fre% manure1 be t ! grass or ! corn4 ,!re is pl5ty ( "t aft] ! corn to prep>e = oats1 & aft] ! oats to prep>e = :eat4 ,! prep>ation = ! :eat is suffici5t = ! clov] & timo?y4 ,! se$+s come only 9 ! spr+ & ! fall1 :5 ra9fall is m abundant & effective ?an 9 mid-summ]4 ,! dang] ( failure 9 case ( ?is rotation is relatively small4 ,corn ,two ,ye>s4--,hunt says t ! prosp]ity ( ! ea/1 z a :ole1 w\ld be greatly increas$ if ! rotations ( crops 7 s modifi$ z to increase ! corn acreage4 ,he sugge/s ! f\r rotations giv5 9 ! table bel[1 :i* is tak5 f ,bullet9 #aaf ( ! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation4 ,! f]tiliz]s recomm5d$ %\ld ma9ta9 f]tility4 ,,corn ,,9 ,,crop-,,rotations ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #c ,yr4 #d ,yr4 #e ,yr4 #g ,yr4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a ,corn3 #f to #aj loads ( manure & #be p\nds ( phosphoric acid4 #a #a #a #b ,corn3 #f to #aj loads ( manure & #be p\nds ( phosphoric acid4 #b #b #c ,oats3 no f]tiliz]4 #b #c #c #d ,:eat3 #ej p\nds ea* ( phosphoric acid & pota%4 #c #d #d #e ,clov] & timo?y3 no f]tiliz]4 #e #f ,timo?y3 #be p\nds ea* ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 #g ,timo?y3 #be p\nds ea* ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! ,oat ,crop4--,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! corn belt ! oat crop is pr(itable4 ,9 ! s\!rn half ( ,ohio & regions ( l temp]ature ! oat crop r>ely pays4 ,! heat1 :5 ! oat is 9 ! milk /age1 usually is too great4 ,! t5d5cy !re is to elim9ate ?is crop4 ,:]e silage is want$1 ! /ubble-l& c be se$$ directly to :eat ) good results4 ,a common practice is to se$ to :eat betwe5 ! %ock$ corn1 & ! :eat does poorly unless ! soil is q f]tile4 ,two ,crops ( ,:eat4--,a common practice has be5 to gr[ two crops ( :eat1 se$+ fir/ 9 ! corn /ubble-l&1 & pl[+ ! gr\nd = ! second :eat crop1 mak+ a smoo? surface = m[+4 ,?is me?od ceas$ to pay well :5 :eat became l[ 9 price4 ,x has ! advantage ( giv+ two ca% crops to ! rotation4 ,:]e w9t] :eat does n ?rive 9 ! nor?1 x is dropp$ out1 & ! se$+ to clov] & grass is ) ! oat crop4 ,!re is ! comp5sation ( a l>ge oat yield :]e ! climate is too cold = a good crop ( :eat4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley4 ,! ,clov] & ,timo?y4--,! timo?y & clov] sod is made inexp5sively s f> z labor is conc]n$4 ,! fir/ crop ( hay is *iefly clov]1 & ! soil is enri*$ by ! roots & /ubble1 :ile ! hay is conv]t$ into manure4 ,! second ye> ! hay is ne>ly cle> timo?y4 ,! sod %\ld n be left until x becomes ?91 b %\ld be turn$ "u :ile heavy1 no matt] if ?is mu/ be aft] "o season's h>ve/1 or two4 ,a sod /&s ?ree or f\r ye>s = h>ve/ on "s f>ms1 & )\t heavy f]tilization !re is decrease 9 f]tility4 ,two ,legumes 9 ! ,rotation4--,if all ! crops ( ?is five ye>s' rotation1 except+ :eat1 7 f$ on ! f>m1 & if all ! manure 7 sav$ & rightly appli$1 !re w\ld be little or no difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ f]tility1 provid$ ! soil 7 fri5dly to clov]4 ,! fact is t mu* su* l& has gr[n poor]1 & x is kn[n t ano!r legume is ne$$ 9 ! rotation4 ,! sub/itution ( ! soybean or c[pea = ! oat crop gives excell5t results4 ,x makes a l>ge supply ( ri* hay1 & x fits ! soil nicely = w9t] gra94 ,! use ( ! break+-pl[ is escap$4 ,! surface ( ! l& is 9 good til?1 especially if ! legume 0 plant$ 9 r[s s t cultivation c\ld be giv54 ,a cutaway h>r[1 run %all[1 & a roll] make ! se$-b$4 ,ne> ! s\!rn edge ( ! oat belt ?is sub/itution gives m value 9 ! crop foll[+ corn1 & at ! same "t cons]ves soil f]tility4 ,:]e l& is ?91 a f\r ye>s' rotation ( corn1 soybeans or c[peas1 :eat1 & clov] is "o ( ! be/1 because x conta9s two legum9\s crops1 & because "o ( !m favors ! :eat :i* foll[s & ! clov] se$$ 9 ! :eat4 ,potatoes aft] ,corn4--,:5 potatoes are gr[n 9 ! corn belt1 a five ye>s' rotation ( corn1 potatoes1 oats1 :eat1 & clov]1 or corn1 potatoes1 :eat1 clov]1 & timo?y1 is "o ( ! be/4 ,:5 a late potato crop is gr[n1 !re is n "t = se$+ to :eat 9 cool latitudes1 & ! oat crop1 or ! soybean1 fits 9 be/4 ,f>!r s\?1 :]e ! oat crop is less pr(itable1 !re usually is "t to g directly to :eat4 ,! advantage 9 ?is rotation is t ! fre% manure c be us$ on ! sod = ! corn1 & ! potato ?rives 9 ! rott$ rema9s ( ! sod & manure4 ,corn leaves ! soil 9 good physical condition = ! potato4 ,comm]cial f]tiliz] is us$ freely = ! potato1 :i* repays f]tilization 9 high] degree ?an mo/ o!r /aple crops4 ,! l& c be prep>$ = se$+ to :eat & grass ) a m9imum am\nt ( labor4 ,! rotation is excell5t :]e !re is en\gh f]tility = ! potato1 :i* usually c be by f> ! mo/ pr(itable crop 9 ! entire rotation4 ,a ,?ree ,ye>s' ,rotation4--,f>m conditions may require t c]ta9 fields 9 ! f>m g "u a crop-rotation cov]+ ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ! w9t] :eat belt ?is may be clov]1 corn1 & :eat1 or clov]1 potatoes1 & :eat4 ,x is an excell5t rotation :5 e>ly plant$ potatoes or silage corn foll[s ! sod1 favor+ ! :eat 9 :i* ! clov] aga9 is se$$4 ,! gr\nd is pl[$ only once 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,! clov] furni%es hay = ! f>m1 & organic matt] ) nitrog5 = ! l&4 ,!re are two ca% crops 9 ! rotation :5 potatoes are gr[n1 & t makes a heavy draft ^u f]tility4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t comm]cial f]tiliz]s or manure become necess>y z a supplem5t to clov] 9 a ?ree ye>s' rotation embrac+ potatoes4 ,?is rotation gives good control ( mo/ we$s & insect enemies4 ,:]e :eat is unpr(itable1 ! oat crop is us$ 9 its /ead4 ,if mix$ hay is want$1 timo?y is s[n ) ! clov]4 ,?is is poor practice f ! /&po9t ( soil f]tility because ! draft ^u humus is heavy 9 a close rotation embrac+ a till$ crop & small gra94 ,! sod %\ld be *iefly clov]1 or manure %\ld be us$ 9 connection ) comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,gra9 & ,clov]4--,9 ! case ( "s soils x is possible to gr[ a :eat or corn crop ea* ye>1 clov] be+ gr[n z a cat* crop4 ,9 ! long run1 ?is practice w fail because ! clov] w cease to make a ?rifty gr[? :5 gr[n s ne>ly cont9u\sly4 ,x succe$s be/ on f]tile l&4 ,potatoes & ,crimson ,clov]4--,9 "s potato-produc+ sections 9 w>m latitudes x is a n uncommon practice to gr[ potatoes ye> aft] ye> on ! same l&1 se$+ to crimson clov] aft] ! removal ( ! crop 9 ,augu/1 & pl[+ ! clov] d[n e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,rye has be5 simil>ly us$ f>!r nor?4 ,9 ea* in/ance available plant-food mu/ be freely suppli$4 ,! practice is a tempor>y exp$i5t ( value1 b probably _c be pursu$ indef9itely ) pr(it4 ,?is is likewise true ( simil> close rotations4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,comm]cial ,,f]tiliz]s ,loss ( ,plant-food4--,! soil is compos$ *iefly ( mat]ial t nev] w ent] into ! /ructure ( plants1 b t s]ves u by af=d+ a cong5ial place = plant-roots4 ,x an*ors ! plants1 holds moi/ure = !m1 & (f]s opportunity = all ! processes necess>y to ! prep>ation ( plant-food & to its use4 ,9 ?is mat]ial are ! abundant supplies ( su* plant-food z silica1 b1 z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 _! v abundance leads u rightly to disreg>d !m 9 our ?9k+4 ,our int]e/ is only 9 ! v small p]c5tage ( mat]ial t is compos$ ( ! f\r con/itu5ts :i* may be lack+ 9 available =m 9 ! soil3 nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 pota%1 & lime4 ,we believe t ! only consid]ation t n[ ne$ be giv5 lime is z a soil-corrective &1 :5 !re is no acidity1 we may assume t !re is pl5ty ( lime pres5t4 ,:5 yields ( crops t5d to decrease1 ! only plant-foods ) :i* we are conc]n$ are nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%4 ,! mat]ials 7 /or$ 9 all agricultural l&1 & mu* ( ! supply is 9 in]t =ms4 ,!y help to make :at we call ! natural /r5g? ( ! l&4 ,! rott+ ( organic matt]1 tillage1 & _m o!r ag5cies br+ ab\t "s availability4 ,! removal ( crops1 lea*+1 etc41 r$uce ! supply4 ,! "r use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s involves ! addition ( "s plant-food :5 ! available supply 9 a p>ticul> soil is inadequate4 ,prejudice aga9/ ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s4--,! own] ( l& t 0 made v f]tile by nature1 & t has n be5 cropp$ long en\gh to r$uce ! supply ( available f]tility to ! dang]-po9t1 r>ely fails to ent]ta9 a prejudice aga9/ comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,x is ! rule t he refuses to consid] _! use until ! decrease 9 crop yields becomes s s]i\s t necessity drives4 ,if 8 l& is n contribut+ its fair %>e ( gra91 vegetables1 etc41 to ! m>kets1 b has all its products conv]t$ into meat or milk1 ! supply ( available plant-food may rema9 suffici5t = s long a "t t ! matt] _c h any int]e/ = him4 ,if ! l& is produc+ "s crops = m>ket1 !re is r$uction 9 its m9]al /ore4 ,x is ! rule t ! b\nd>y ( pr(itable use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s pu%es we/w>d f ! old] & naturally poor] seabo>d /ates ab\t "o g5]ation aft] ne$ %[s 9 ! crop yields4 ,lack ( k1 ! association ( ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s ) poor l&1 & "s obs]vation ( ! unwise use ( f]tiliz]s1 comb9e to create a lively prejudice4 ,!y are view$ z /imulants only1 & co/ly ones at t4 ,are ,f]tiliz]s ,/imulants8--,"s words c>ry ) !m _! own popul> condemnation4 ,we are accu/om$ to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 foods & /imulants1 & to condemn ! latt]4 ,to /imulate is to r\se to activity4 ,tillage does n add "o p\nd ( plant-food to ! soil1 & its (fice is to enable plants to draw mat]ial out ( ! soil4 ,x makes activities possible t conv]t soil mat]ial into crops4 ,f]tiliz]s add plant-food directly to ! soil1 & x is also to _! cr$it t _! judici\s use favors increas$ availability 9 "s ( ! comp\nds already 9 ! soil4 ,! great] "p ( ! labor put on l& is design$ to make plant-food available1 ei!r by provid+ moi/ure1 or ease ( p5etration ( plant-roots1 or activity ( bact]ia1 or o!r means t w p]mit plants to remove :at !y ne$ = gr[?4 ,f]tiliz]s supply f]tility directly & indirectly1 b x is _! direct s]vice 9 meet+ a defici5cy 9 plant-food t af=ds all ne$$ ju/ification = _! use by practical f>m]s4 ,ref]r+ to ! ?irty ye>s' soil f]tility exp]im5ts ( ! ,p5nsylvania /ation1 ,hunt says t !y %[ t !re is no?+ injuri\s ab\t comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,= ?irty ye>s c]ta9 plats 9 ?is exp]im5t h receiv$ no /able manures4 ,no organic matt] has be5 add$ to ! soil except t :i* 0 furni%$ by ! roots & /ubble ( plants gr[n4 ,^! plats are n only z f]tile z !y 7 ?irty ye>s ago1 b !y h yield$1 & cont9ue to yield1 z good crops z adjac5t plats :i* h receiv$ y>d manure e two ye>s 9 place ( comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,soil ,analysis4--,!re is wide misconception reg>d+ ! value ( *emical analysis ( ! soil z an aid 9 mak+ *oice ( a f]tiliz]4 ,analysis has %[n t "s soil types are relatively ri*] 9 plant-con/itu5ts ?an are o!rs1 & x has %[n abnormal defici5cy 9 "s types ( limit$ area4 ,x has giv5 u m k ( soils1 b z a guide to f]tilization 9 p>ticul> in/ances x usually has no value4 ,! samples us$ by an analy/ are s small t ! inaccuracy 9 8 det]m9ation may easily be great] ?an ! total am\nt ( plant-food 9 a v heavy application ( comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,a field t has be5 r$uc$ to tempor>ily l[ productive p[] by heavy cropp+ or bad f>m+ me?ods may %[ a great] cont5t ( plant-food ?an ano!r field t is 9 a highly productive condition4 ,?is is a fact difficult ( acceptance by "s :o want ! aid ( sci5ce1 b su* are ! pres5t limitations4 ,! weight ( a f]tiliz] application is s small 9 comp>ison ) ! weight ( ! surface "p ( an acre ( l& t ! use ( a ton ( f]tiliz] may n be detect$ 9 ! analy/'s det]m9ations1 & moreov] 8 det]m9ations ( actual availability 9 ! soil's supplies are n s]viceable 9 ! selection ( a f]tiliz] = any p>ticul> field & crop4 ,physical ,analysis4--,*emical analysis is co/ly & unsatisfactory z a guide to f]tilization4 ,physical analysis by a compet5t man may h di/9ct value1 & especially to "o lack+ exp]i5ce ) 8 soil4 ,! mapp+ ( soils by national & /ate au?orities has giv5 pretty accurate k ( hundr$s ( soil types1 _! location & *>act]i/ics1 & :5 a soil exp]t obta9s a sample ( soil & ! hi/ory ( its pa/ treatm5t1 he c assign x to its type & give to its own] dep5dable advice reg>d+ its crop-adaptation & probable f]tiliz] requirem5ts4 ,! ,use ( ,nitrog54--,!re is no fully satisfactory way ( det]m9+ ! k9d & am\nt ( f]tiliz] t %\ld be us$ at any p>ticul> "t = any "o crop4 ,p]fection 9 ?is respect is no easi] 9 atta9m5t ?an 9 o!r matt]s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 means ( arriv+ at conclusions t are a valuable guide4 ,9 a g5]al way1 nitrog5 is 9 scant supply 9 all worn soils4 ,:]ev] ! cropp+ has be5 h>d1 & manure has n gone back to ! l&1 ! gr[? 9 /alk & leaves ( ! plant is defici5t4 ,! color is light4 ,inability ( a soil to produce a /rong gr[? ( corn1 a l>ge am\nt ( /raw1 or a heavy hay crop1 is indicative ( lack ( nitrog5 9 ne>ly e in/ance4 ,! legumes1 su* z clov]1 & ! /able manures are ri* 9 nitrog51 & :5 ! s*eme ( f>m+ involves _! use on all ! l& ( ! f>m1 no ne$ ( pur*as$ nitrog5 may arise 9 ! production ( /aple crops4 ,9 ! black corn soils ! nitrog5 cont5t orig9ally 0 high4 ,l&s t naturally are n v f]tile r>ely h en\gh available nitrog54 ,:]e timo?y is a lead+ crop1 ! dem& = nitrog5 is heavy4 ,a cold spr+ or summ]1 *eck+ nature's processes 9 ! soil1 may cause a tempor>y defici5cy 9 available nitrog5 9 l& t usually has a suffici5t supply4 ,associat+ a rank gr[? ( /alk & leaf ) an abundance ( nitrog51 ! exp]i5c$ man c =m a pretty safe op9ion reg>d+ ! probable pr(itabl5ess ( an inve/m5t 9 ?is elem5t4 ,x co/s ne>ly f\r times z mu* p] p\nd z ei!r ( ! two o!r con/itu5ts ( a f]tiliz]1 & s f> z is feasible x %\ld be obta9$ ?r\gh ! legumes & /able manure4 ,phosphoric-acid ,requirem5ts4--,soil analyses %[ t ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid 9 mo/ soils ( ?is c\ntry is relatively small4 ,! results ( exp]im5ts ) ! v>i\s con/itu5ts ( f]tiliz]s are 9 accord ) ?is fact4 ,f]tiliz] exp]im5ts at ! v>i\s /ations & on f>ms are ne>ly a unit 9 %[+ t if any ne$ 9 plant-food exi/s1 phosphoric acid is defici5t4 ,:5 crop-produc+ p[] decreases1 & ! f>m] beg9s to seek a comm]cial f]tiliz] to repair ! loss1 he f9ds t bone-du/ or acid phosphate is s]viceable4 ,! result+ increase 9 yield (t5 leads to su* sole dep5d5ce ^u ?is f]tiliz] t clov] & manure are disreg>d$1 ! p]c5tage ( humus is all[$ to drop1 & f9ally ! f]tiliz] is br\ght into disrepute4 ,! ne$ ( phosphoric acid is s common t x is ! sole plant-food 9 mu* f]tiliz]1 & ! dom9ant elem5t 9 practically all ! rema9d] on ! m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,plat exp]im5ts4 ,! ,ne$ ( ,pota%4--,l& :i* is defici5t 9 organic matt] ord9>ily is lack+ 9 available pota%1 & responds ) pr(it to applications1 provid$ ! nitrog5 & phosphoric-acid requirem5ts h be5 met4 ,clay soils conta9 f> m pota% ?an s&y soils1 & 9 a f>m+ s*eme = !m t p]mits ! use ( manure & clov]1 x may n become necess>y to buy mu* pota%4 ,! lib]al use ( /raw 9 ! /ables1 & ! sav+ ( all ! liquid manure1 are helps4 ,f>ms f :i* ! hay & /raw h be5 sold = a long p]iod ( "t develop an urg5t ne$ ( pota%4 ,mu* muck l& is v defici5t 9 ?is con/itu5t4 ,f]tiliz] ,te/s4--,e f>m] %\ld conduct "s f]tiliz] te/s = himself4 ,x is only ! soil itself t c make an adequate reply to a "q reg>d+ its ne$s4 ,! te/ %\ld be made "u conditions furni%+ ev5ness 9 ! soil1 & x %\ld be cont9u$ = ye>s4 ,!re is pleasure to an intellig5t f>m] 9 su* que/ion+ ( 8 soil1 & only 9 ?is way c assurance be obta9$ t ! inve/m5t 9 f]tiliz]s is ! wise/ t c be plann$ = ! f>m4 ,!re are only ?ree plant con/itu5ts to be te/$1 b !y mu/ be us$ 9 comb9ation z well z s+ly4 ,a soil t is defici5t 9 ! ?ree may n give any return f pota% alone1 & usually does n1 al?\gh x may give a m>k$ increase f use ( phosphoric acid alone4 ,! plats may be eight rods long & "o rod wide1 conta9+ ea* "o tw5tie? ( an acre1 & hav+ /rips two feet wide sep>at+ !m4 ,! foll[+ *>t sugge/s quantities ( f]tiliz]s to be us$ on ! "o-tw5tie? acre plats1 #aj 9 numb]3 --------------------------------------- ,no?+4 --------------------------------------- #e p\nds nitrate ( soda4 --------------------------------------- #ah p\nds #ad p] c5t acid phosphate4 --------------------------------------- #d p\nds muriate ( pota%4 --------------------------------------- ,no?+4 --------------------------------------- #e p\nds nitrate ( soda4 #ah p\nds #ad p] c5t acid phosphate4 --------------------------------------- #e p\nds nitrate ( soda4 #d p\nds muriate ( pota%4 --------------------------------------- #ah p\nds #ad p] c5t acid phosphate4 #d p\nds muriate ( pota%4 --------------------------------------- #e p\nds nitrate ( soda4 #ah p\nds #ad p] c5t acid phosphate4 #d p\nds muriate ( pota%4 --------------------------------------- ,no?+4 --------------------------------------- ,v>iation 9 ,soil4--,! difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! "* ( f]tiliz] = a field1 due to v>iation 9 ! soil1 is ov]e/imat$4 ,v (t5 a l&-own] says1 ,i h a doz5 k9ds ( soil 9 e field4 ,?is is true 9 a way1 x may be1 b if all ! field has _h ! same treatm5t 9 ! pa/1 ! probability is t ! f]tiliz] :i* is be/ = "o "p ( ! field w be q good = ! o!r p>ts4 ,! lik5ess 9 *>act]i/ics t p]mits ! l& to be cropp$ z "o field gives "s assurance ( lik5ess 9 plant-food ne$s1 ev5 :]e ! proportion ( clay & s& v>ies & ! color is n ! same4 ,!re may be wide v>iation 9 ! productive p[] ( ! fields ( a f>m1 due to ! treatm5ts !y h receiv$4 ,! l& t gr[s heavy clov] 9 a close rotation1 or receives all ! /able manure1 may ne$ nei!r nitrog5 nor pota%1 :ile ano!r field1 h>d-run by timo?y & corn1 may ne$ a complete f]tiliz]4 ,:5 a c>eful f]tiliz] te/ on l& ( only av]age productive p[] has be5 made1 ! own] has "s def9ite k ( 8 soil t enables him to give m intellig5t treatm5t to all 8 fields ?an 0 possible be=e ! te/ _h be5 made4 ,he obs]ves ! appe>ance & yield ( plants :]e ! plant-food requirem5t 0 fully met1 & makes all[ance 9 o!r fields = ga9s or losses 9 ! soil due to diff]5t treatm5t4 ,x is out ( ! "q to become disc\rag$ be=e a beg9n+ has be5 made4 ,if yields are limit$ by abs5ce ( plant-food1 f]tiliz]s mu/ be us$4 ,if money mu/ be exp5d$ = f]tiliz]s1 x is only good bus9ess to "k t ! money is exp5d$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,comm]cial ,,s\rces ,,( ,,plant-,,food ,acqua9tance ) ,t]ms4--,! hesitation ( _m us]s ( comm]cial f]tiliz] to ma/] ! few te*nical t]ms us$ 9 analyses ( ! goods1 = :i* ov] "o hundr$ million doll>s annually are exp5d$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 is to be deplor$4 ,! numb] ( ! mat]ials available = any l>ge use z s\rces ( plant-food 9 a comm]cial f]tiliz] is small1 & some?+ ( _! *>act]i/ics %\ld be kn[n4 ,e f>m] %\ld h a work+ k ( ^! mat]ials--_! s\rces1 ! p]c5tage ( plant-food c>ri$ by !m1 & _! probable availability4 ,he %\ld "k 9 a g5]al way _! advantages & disadvantages 9 comp>ison ) ea* o!r4 ,nitrate ( ,soda4--,"o ( ! be/ c>ri]s ( nitrog5 is nitrate ( soda1 :i* is import$ f ,*ili1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e great b$s exi/4 ,! mo/ ( ! impurities are remov$1 & ! nitrate ( soda comes to u 9 bags hold+ #bjj p\nds1 & looks mu* l discolor$ salt4 ,x is easily soluble 9 wat]1 & usually conta9s a little ov] #ae p] c5t ( nitrog51 :i* is 9 a v available =m4 ,its imm$iate availability br+s x into use by g>d5]s & truck]s1 & x is an excell5t s\rce ( nitrog5 = grass f]tiliz]s to be us$ 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,x 0 =m]ly advis$ t nitrate ( soda %\ld n =m "p ( a f]tiliz] = use be=e plant-roots _h fill$ ! gr\nd1 its high availability be+ suppos$ to lead to heavy loss by lea*+4 ,! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation uses x z its sole s\rce ( nitrog5 9 f]tiliz]s = /aple crops on its #ijj acres ( f>m l&4 ,x is effective 9 f]tiliz]s = corn1 :eat1 potatoes1 & grass1 z well z = special crops4 ,! w>n+s reg>d+ loss by lea*+ %\ld n be disreg>d$1 h[ev]4 ,if ! price ( nitrog5 9 an organic =m 7 z l[ z x has be5 9 nitrate ( soda1 & if ! soils ( ! ,p5nsylvania /ation f>ms 7 s&y1 ! use ( nitrate ( soda z ! sole c>ri] ( nitrog5 w\ld be inadvisable4 ,! only fact ( consequ5ce is t ! dang] ( loss has be5 ov]-/at$1 turn+ "s f>m]s away f ! use ( a good & relatively *eap c>ri] ( nitrog54 ,sulphate ( ,ammonia4--,?is is a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( coke & also ( illum9at+ gas4 ,hunt e/imates t ! am\nt ( nitrog5 lo/ annually 9 ,p5nsylvania's coke indu/ry w\ld be suffici5t1 if recov]$ by prop] type ( ov5s1 to furni% e acre ( l& "u cultivation 9 ! /ate ) f\r fif?s ( all ! nitrog5 ne$$ to keep x 9 a maximum /ate ( f]tility4 ,sulphate ( ammonia conta9s ab\t #bj p] c5t ( nitrog51 :i* is 9 a q available =m4 ,x has a t5d5cy to exhau/ ! lime 9 ! soil1 produc+ an acid condition4 ,"s plats 9 ! f]tiliz] exp]im5t at ! ,p5nsylvania /ation h receiv$ _! nitrog5 9 ! =m ( sulphate ( ammonia = #cj ye>s1 & are n[ 9 su* acid condition t no crops ?rive ^u !m4 ,! corrective1 ( c\rse1 is lime1 & if ammonium sulphate 7 some:at l[] 9 price1 its use w\ld be pr(itable1 ju/ify+ co/ ( correction ( acidity if x %\ld occur4 ,x is us$ by manufactur]s ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 & is well adapt$ to mixtures on acc\nt ( its physical condition4 ,dri$ ,blood4--,!re is no m satisfactory s\rce ( organic nitrog5 ?an dri$ blood ( high grade4 ,! be/ blood1 r$ 9 color1 conta9s ne>ly z mu* nitrog5 z nitrate ( soda1 runn+ f #ac to #ae p] c5t4 ,! nitrog5 is n z quickly available z t 9 ! nitrate1 b is m s ?an t 9 any o!r =m ( organic nitrog54 ,"o w\ld r>ely g amiss 9 ! pur*ase ( dri$ blood z a c>ri] ( nitrog5 if ! price 7 relatively z l[ z 9 ! case ( nitrate ( soda1 b he %\ld n let any prejudice 9 favor ( animal orig9 ( f]tiliz]s lead him to pay an excessive price p] p\nd = ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 x4 ,su* a prejudice has caus$ ! nitrog5 9 a good r$ blood to sell = "o half m p] p\nd ?an 9 nitrate ( soda1 & x is n a good pur*ase on t basis4 ,! l[] grades ( dri$ blood on ! m>ket conta9 z l[ z #f p] c5t ( nitrog51 & ! animal refuse put into x gives x a cont5t ( a few p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,?is black blood is v v>iable 9 composition1 & %\ld always be accompani$ by a gu>ante$ analysis4 ,tankage4--,! wa/e f ! slaught] ( animals goes into a product call$ tankage4 ,! refuse is cook$ = removal ( ! fat1 & !n gr\nd4 ,x may run high 9 nitrog5 on acc\nt ( ! am\nt ( meat 9 ! mixture1 & x may be l[ 9 nitrog5 & v high 9 phosphoric acid by reason ( ! l>ge am\nt ( bone 9 ! mixture4 ,only a gu>antee ( analysis af=ds safety to ! buy]4 ,x is a relatively sl[ & good f]tiliz]1 & is us$ usually 9 connection ) =ms ( plant-food t are m quickly available4 ,fi%4--,ne> ! ,atlantic coa/ a l>ge quantity ( gr\nd fi%1 aft] ! extraction ( oil1 is us$ z a f]tiliz]1 b ! co/ ( ! nitrog5 & phosphoric acid 9 ?is c>ri] is relatively too high to ju/ify its free use4 ,l dri$ blood1 its organic "* ga9s = x a popul>ity t does n h full ju/ification 9 fact4 ,animal ,bone4--,! orig9al s\rce ( phosphoric acid z a f]tiliz] 0 animal bone1 j z h>d-wood1 unlea*$ a%es 7 ! s\rce ( pota%4 ,! organic "* ( ! animal bone made x appe> m truly a manure ?an c\ld any rock or o!r inorganic sub/ance4 ,!re is no m satisfactory s\rce ( phosphoric acid ?an animal bone1 & if x 7 9 full supply = ! ne$s ( soils1 !re w\ld be little occasion to discuss ! m]its ( rock-phosphate & o!r simil> mat]ials4 ,! supply is a small fraction ( ! ne$4 ,if all animal bone 7 c>efully sav$ & return$ to ! l& t produc$ all ( our animals1 x w\ld return to ! soil only :at ^? animals c>ri$ away 9 _! bones1 & t is inde$ a small fraction ( all ! draft our crops make ^u ! soil's supply ( ?is "o sub/ance4 ,"s ( ! be/ animal bone goes into ! manufacture ( articles t nev] contribute any?+ to ! soil1 & !re are o!r s\rces ( loss4 ,! supply ( phosphoric acid f bone is too small1 :5 comp>$ ) ! l&'s ne$1 to des]ve m ?an a small fraction ( ! consid]ation x receives by us]s ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s4 ,! peculi> situation respect+ animal bone has come ab\t ?r\gh a =m ( deceit4 ,! dem& = bone exi/$1 & !re 0 no legal re/ra9t 9 ! matt] ( br&+ phosphatic rock z bone1 bone-phosphate1 etc4 ,9 ! pa/1 ne>ly all =ms ( rock-phosphates h c>ri$ ! ^w bone on ! bag to quiet ! appreh5sion ( ^? :o ent]ta9$ a prejudice aga9/ any?+ o!r ?an animal bone4 ,ne>ly all ! phosphoric acid has come f rock1 & its use has be5 necess>y & pr(itable1 b ! misrepres5tation fo/]$ ! old-"t prejudice4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s "s manufactur]s h tir$ ( ! seem+ deceit t s]v$ no purpose ) _m cu/om]s1 & h plac$ acid phosphate & mix$ goods ^u ! m>ket )\t ! intimation t ! phosphoric acid 0 d]iv$ f animal bone4 ,! dem& = bone makes prices high = ! v limit$ am\nt ^u ! m>ket1 :5 availability is tak5 into acc\nt1 & ! advice t su* goods be us$ w\ld be valueless if x _h any g5]al acceptance4 ,prices w\ld g high]1 & ! am\nt 9 ! _w w\ld rema9 :olly inadequate4 ,raw ,bone4--,/able manure la/s sev]al ye>s 9 ! soil because decay is sl[4 ,raw bone has appeal$ to _m because its action is likewise necess>ily sl[4 ,! fat 9 x prev5ts f9e gr9d+ & protects ! co>se p>ticles f decay4 ,x is kn[n z bone-meal or co>se gr\nd-bone4 ,a good quality ( raw bone may conta9 #d p] c5t ( nitrog51 :ile ! phosphoric-acid cont5t is #bj to #be p] c5t4 ,! bones ( old animals is less ri* 9 nitrog54 ,! age ( ! animals1 & ! sort+ = manufactures ( v>i\s k9ds1 cause v>iation 9 quality1 & ! pur*ase ( raw bone %\ld be made on gu>ante$ analysis j z surely z ! pur*ase ( bone t has be5 treat$ 9 any way = removal ( v>i\s sub/ances 9 x4 ,/eam$ ,bone4--,:5 animal bone is boil$ or /eam$ "u pressure = removal ( ! fat & ! c>tilage1 ! cont5t ( nitrog5 is r$uc$1 & ! p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid is increas$ by ?is removal ( fat & nitrog5\s sub/ance4 ,! nitrog5 9 /eam$ bone may run z l[ z #a p] c5t1 & ! phosphoric acid may g up to #cj p] c5t4 ,! composition ( /eam$ bone is s widely v>iable t ! "n means little1 & pur*ase %\ld be made only on gu>ante$ analysis4 ,"s grades run v l[ bo? 9 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid1 due probably to adult]ation4 ,! boil+ or /eam+ ( bone makes f9e gr9d+ possible1 & ! f95ess & abs5ce ( fat p]mit quick decay 9 ! soil4 ,/eam$ bone is an excell5t s\rce ( phosphoric acid4 ,! availability is less imm$iate ?an t ( acid phosphate1 b mu* great] ?an t ( raw bone4 ,rock-phosphate4--,:ile ! great] "p ( our soils conta9 relatively scant /ores ( phosphoric acid1 ! deposits ( ?is plant con/itu5t 9 comb9ation ) lime are imm5se4 ,! rock n[ *iefly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is f\nd 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,t5nessee1 & ,florida4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 cont5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,:5 pulv]iz$ = direct use on l&1 )\t treatm5t ) sulphuric acid to make ! plant-food available1 a grade runn+ #bh p] c5t phosphoric acid1 or less1 usually is select$1 ! high] grades be+ res]v$ = treatm5t ) acid or = export4 ,?is untreat$ rock1 pulv]iz$ exce$+ly f9e1 (t5 is kn[n z floats4 ,! value ( a p\nd ( phosphoric acid 9 floats1 z comp>$ ) t ( a p\nd 9 ! treat$ rock1 kn[n z acid phosphate1 is a matt] ^u :i* sci5ti/s diff] widely4 ,only a small p]c5tage ( ! plant-food is imm$iately available1 & ! "q ( wise use h+es ^u ! degree ( availability ga9$ lat]1 & ! "t requir$4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( exp]im5tal "w t has be5 done af=ds data t causes ! foll[+ op9ion to be /at$ "h3 ,rock-phosphate1 kn[n z floats1 is n a pr(itable s\rce ( plant-food = soils defici5t 9 organic matt]1 :5 comp>$ ) acid phosphate4 ,x is m ne>ly pr(itable 9 an acid soil ?an 9 "o t has no lime defici5cy4 ,x gives m satisfactory results :5 mix$ intimately ) /able manure ?an :5 us$ ^u l& t rema9s defici5t 9 organic matt]4 ,applications %\ld be 9 l>ge am\nt p] acre--#ejj to #ajjj p\nds--9 ord] t ! am\nt ( readily available phosphoric acid may meet ! imm$iate ne$ ( plants4 ,dep5d5ce %\ld be plac$ ^u ! readily available acid phosphate 9 all in/ances until exp]im5t on ! f>m %[s t ! rock-phosphate is a *eap] s\rce ( plant-food ?an ! acid phosphate4 ,acid ,phosphate4--,:5 animal bone is treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 ! result is an acid phosphate1 b treat$ animal bone is s r>e on ! m>ket t x may be ignor$4 ,! acid phosphate on ! m>ket is rock-phosphate treat$ ) sulphuric acid to r5d] its plant-food available4 ,! cont5t ( phosphoric acid v>ies because ! orig9al rock-phosphate v>ies1 b ! mo/ common grade on ! m>ket is gu>ante$ to conta9 #ad p] c5t available phosphoric acid1 & #a to #b p] c5t insoluble4 ,"s acid phosphate is gu>ante$ to conta9 #af p] c5t available phosphoric acid1 & "s runs d[n to #aj p] c5t available4 ,an acid phosphate conta9s quickly available plant-food4 ,a prejudice exi/s aga9/ x on acc\nt ( its s\rce1 & x has be5 a common practice to label ! bags bone-phosphate1 or dissolv$ bone1 or su* o!r designation z w\ld imply an organic s\rce1 b ! acid phosphate is made out ( rock-phosphate1 reg>dless ( ! "n giv54 ,! prejudice aga9/ ! rock z a s\rce ( plant-food is giv+ way4 ,x is our *ief & *eape/ s\rce ( supply4 ,! comb9ation ( sulphuric acid ) rock-phosphate 9 ! production ( acid phosphate produces sulphate ( lime1 kn[n z gypsum or l&-pla/]4 ,! am\nt ( gypsum 9 a ton ( acid phosphate v>ies1 b may be r\ghly e/imat$ by ! buy] z two ?irds ( ! total weight ( ! acid phosphate4 ,! t5d5cy ( gypsum is1 9 ! long run1 to make a soil acid1 & its use necess>ily ha/5s r ?an ret>ds ! day :5 a lime defici5cy w occur4 ,! influ5ce 9 ?is direction is n great en\gh to be a v mat]ial factor 9 decid+ ^u a c>ri] ( phosphoric acid4 ,if a soil has little lime 9 x1 a /ate ( acidity soon w come anyway1 & ! increase 9 am\nt ( requir$ lime w be small4 ,! *eapness ( acid phosphate1 z comp>$ ) animal bone1 is ! decisive factor4 ,! ill-effects usually attribut$ to acid phosphate are n due 9 any great degree directly to ! sulphuric acid us$ 9 its mak+1 b to ! bad f>m+ me?ods t s (t5 att5d its use4 ,:5 ! ne$ ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s is fir/ recogniz$1 acid phosphate seems to meet ! ne$4 ,! soil's /ore ( available phosphoric acid gives out fir/1 & ?is f]tiliz] br+s a new supply4 ,if ! available pota% is 9 scant am\nt1 ! acid phosphate helps 9 ?is direction by free+ "s pota%4 ,! phosphoric acid has peculi> ability 9 giv+ impetus to ! gr[? ( a "y plant1 & t enables x to s5d its roots out & obta9 m nitrog5 ?an x o!rwise w\ld d4 ,! f>m] ?us may come to reg>d x z a means ( secur+ a crop1 & !re is neglect ( manure & clov]4 ,if a field is ?9 & fails to make a sod1 !re is no imm$iate compulsion to use manure or to gr[ a cat* crop to get organic matt]1 b ! field is cropp$ aga9 ) gra94 ,soon ! supply ( humus is exhau/$1 ! soil lies lifeless1 & ! /ores ( available nitrog5 & pota% are 9 a worse deplet$ /ate ?an =m]ly4 ,! fault lies ) ! me?od4 ,! phosphoric acid 9 ! acid phosphate 0 ne$$4 ,pr(it f its use 0 legitimate1 b ! necessity ( supply+ organic matt] became ev5 great] ?an x w\ld h be5 o!rwise4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( our mo/ successful f>m]s use heavy applications ( acid phosphate1 b !y keep _! soils 9 good physical condition by ! use ( manure or clov]1 & !y apply pota% & nitrog5 :5 ne$$4 ,! clov] is assur$ by us+ lime :]ev] x is 9 too limit$ supply1 & t is ! case 9 mo/ in/ances1 reg>dless ( ! use ( any k9d ( comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,basic ,slag4--,:5 iron ores conta9 mu* phosphorus1 its extraction by use ( lime gives a by-product 9 ! mak+ ( /eel t has agricultural value4 ,! ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates usually d n give a slag suffici5tly ri* 9 phosphorus to be valuable4 ,ne>ly all ! basic slag us$ z a f]tiliz] is import$ f ,g]many1 & usually conta9s #ag to #ah p] c5t ( phosphoric acid4 ,! availability ( ! plant-food 9 ?is f]tiliz] has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,! *emi/'s te/ :i* is fair = acid phosphate is admitt$ly n fair :5 us$ = basic slag4 ,field te/s1 at exp]im5t /ations & on f>ms1 are our be/ s\rces ( k4 ,:5 ! soil is slightly acid1 ea* #a p] c5t ( phosphoric acid 9 ! slag appe>s to be ab\t z valuable z ea* #a p] c5t ( ! available phosphoric acid 9 an acid phosphate4 ,"s ( ! effectiv5ess may be due to ! lime1 al?\gh v little ( x is 9 =ms reg>d$ z valuable = ! correction ( soil acidity4 ,!re is evid5ce t basic slag favors clov]4 ,x has n be5 f\nd feasible to %ip ?is mat]ial _m hundr$s ( miles inl& f ! seabo>d to compete ) acid phosphate1 b x is an excell5t s\rce ( phosphoric acid = soils t are n ri* 9 lime4 ,muriate ( ,pota%4--,! m9es ( ,/assfurt1 ,g]many1 conta9 an inexhau/ible supply ( pota% 9 v>i\s comp\nds4 ,muriate ( pota% is prep>$ f ! crude salts1 & ! comm]cial product on our m>kets has ! appe>ance ( a co>se & discolor$ salt4 ,x is h&l$ 9 l>ge bags1 & incl9es to become moi/ by absorption ( wat] f ! air4 ,x conta9s "s common salt4 ,! cont5t ( actual pota% is ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,! pota% is readily available1 b ! loss f lea*+ out ( ! soil is v small4 ,muriate ( pota% is our *eape/ s\rce ( pota%1 & %\ld be us$ = all /aple crops except tobacco1 sug> beets1 &1 possibly1 ! potato4 ,te/s ev5 on heavy soils fail to %[ any injury to ! quality ( ! potato1 & on light soil ! muriate may always be us$4 ,sulphate ( ,pota%4--,"s sulphate ( pota% is import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,its cont5t ( pota% may v>y #a or #b p] c5t bel[ or above #ej4 ,its physical condition favors mix+ m ?an does ! muriate4 ,x usually co/s sev]al doll>s a ton m ?an ! muriate1 & ! fact t x is kn[n to favor quality 9 tobacco1 & is popul>ly suppos$ to d s 9 ! potato1 creates dem& at ! high] price4 ,x is soluble 9 wat]1 & quickly available4 ,z a rule1 x has no high] agricultural value ?an ! muriate4 ,ka9it4--,unlike muriate & sulphate ( pota%1 ka9it is a crude product ( ! ,g]man m9es1 hav+ receiv$ no treatm5t to remove impurities4 ,x conta9s #ab to #ac p] c5t ( pota%1 & is rat$ z a sulphate1 b "o ?ird ( x is common salt1 & 9 effect ^u quality x %\ld be class$ ) muriate & n sulphate4 ,its l[ cont5t ( plant-food %\ld conf9e its use to regions relatively ne> ! seabo>d4 ,:5 %ipp$ f> inl&1 ! price becomes too high to give a reasonably *eap p\nd ( pota%4 ,wood-a%es4--,wood-a%es conta9 lime & pota%1 ) a small p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid4 ,! m>ket price is above agricultural value1 & any ne$$ pota% %\ld be obta9$ f ! ,g]man pota% salts4 ,o!r ,f]tiliz]s4--,manufactur]s ( comm]cial f]tiliz] make use ( o!r mat]ials1 "s ( :i*1 l manufactur$ nitrog51 are excell5t1 & o!rs are l[ 9 quality & sl[ 9 action4 ,! s\rces ( plant-food t h be5 describ$ =m ! great bulk ( all f]tiliz]s on ! m>ket1 & f !m may be select$ all ! mat]ials a f>m] ne$s to use on 8 l&1 ei!r s+ly or home-mix$4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! selection w embrace only f\r or five ( ^! f]tiliz+ mat]ials4 ,salt4--,salt is n a direct f]tiliz]1 & its use is n to be advis$ unless x c be secur$ at a v l[ price p] ton4 ,"s soils h be5 made m productive by ! application ( #bjj to #cjj p\nds p] acre1 & *iefly 9 case ! salt 0 mix$ well ) ! soil :5 ! se$-b$ 0 made4 ,! practice ( us+ salt z a top-dress+ on :eat 9 ! spr+ gives less effectiv5ess x is believ$4 ,salt frees pota% 9 ! soil1 & may h "s practical effect ^u soil moi/ure4 ,z a soil am5dm5t1 salt has _h m reputation ?an its p]=mance ju/ifies4 ,if l& is inf]tile1 x is bett]1 z a rule1 to apply actual plant-food4 ,coal-a%es4--,!re is no plant-food ( value 9 coal-a%es4 ,! physical condition ( heavy soils is improv$ by an application1 & _! use may be q pr(itable 9 ?is way if co/ ( application is small4 ,:5 us$ z a mul*1 a%es cons]ve moi/ure4 ,muck4--,! use ( muck pays 9 /ables1 z x is a good absorb5t & conta9s "s nitrog5 :i* ga9s 9 availability by mixture ) manure4 ,its direct application to l& z a f]tiliz] does n pay ! labor bill "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,sawdu/4--,z a f]tiliz]1 sawdu/ does n h mu* value1 b s]ves z an excell5t absorb5t 9 /ables4 ,its pres5ce 9 manure ne$ n cause fe> ( injury to ! soil4 ,:5 fre% sawdu/ is appli$ 9 l>ge quantity to a s&y soil1 ! effect ^u physical condition is bad1 increas+ dr\?9ess4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,pur*as+ ,,plant-,,food ,necessity ( ,pur*ase4--,! necessity ( buy+ plant-food 9 ! =m ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s is a moot$ "q 9 any naturally f]tile agricultural region j s long z crop yields d n drop to a s]i\s ext5t4 ,! natural /r5g? ( ! l& & ! skill t ent]s into ! f>m+ are important factors 9 det]m9+ ! pr(itabl5ess ( rec\rse to pur*as$ plant-food4 ,! free use ( organic matt] to ma9ta9 ! supply ( humus def]s ! "t :5 comm]cial f]tiliz]s %\ld be us$4 ,good tillage frees ! pot5tial plant-food ( ! soil1 & delays ! day ( necess>y pur*ase4 ,! f>m s situat$ t x c h all its products f$ ^u x is long] indep5d5t ( outside help4 ,! pr(itable use ( fe$+-/uffs f o!r f>ms is a safe way ( escap+ ! direct pur*ase ( f]tiliz]s1 al?\gh x is a transf] ( f]tility to ! f>m z surely z ! employm5t ( f]tiliz]s1 & is n a me?od t may h g5]al adoption4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! ,lebanon ,valley1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! organic s\rces ( f]tility1 su* z slaught]-h\se refuse1 are conta9]s ( plant-food z surely z is /able manure4 ,! inorganic s\rces1 su* z acid phosphate & muriate ( pota%1 are conta9]s ( plant-food z surely z is animal bone or blood4 ,!re is no l9e t may be drawn to deb> any sub/ance t supplies plant-food pr(itably & conta9s no comp\nd h>mful to ! soil4 ,! pur*ase ( plant-food %\ld beg9 :5ev] pr(it is (f]$ by x1 & 9 connection ) its use !re %\ld be good tillage1 organic matt]1 & heal?ful plant conditions 9 e respect4 ,! use ( a f]tiliz] pays be/ :5 ! conditions are su* t ! plants c avail !mselves ( x 9 ! fulle/ degree4 ,good f>m+ & ! heavy use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s g consi/5tly h&-9-h&4 ,f]tiliz] ,control4--,! dreams ( ! pat5t-m$ic9e v5d] nev] pictur$ m favor+ conditions = 8 activity ?an 7 f\nd by f]tiliz] manufactur]s & ag5ts be=e /ate laws provid$ = inspection & control4 ,m5 :o want$ to d a legitimate bus9ess welcom$ protection f ! unscrupul\s competition t di%one/ m5 employ$4 ,! memory ( "s ( ! frauds p]petrat$ l+]s1 & causes a que/ion+ to-day t is unnecess>y4 ,all f]tiliz]-control laws af=d a good degree ( legal protection to ! buy]1 al?\gh 9 mo/ /ates !y d n dem& a cle>ness & fullness 9 /atem5ts ( analyses t w\ld be helpful to _m1 & !y fail to require t s\rces ( plant-food be giv54 ,"s f]tiliz]s are sold = m ?an !y are wor?1 & "s are b\ght = soils & crops t ne$ o!r k9ds ( plant-food1 b ?is is due to lack ( k on ! "p ( ! buy] t he c acquire4 ,! law does its "p 9 ! "w ( protection bett] ?an _m buy]s d _! "p4 ,x has driv5 fraudul5t br&s (f ! m>ket1 compell$ c>efulness 9 factory-mix+1 & giv5 to ! intellig5t buy] a k ( ! k9ds & am\nts ( plant-food 9 ! bag or ton4 ,! sampl+ is done by dis9t]e/$ m51 & ! analyses are made by compet5t *emi/s4 ,!re ne$ be little di/ru/ ( ! analysis z pr9t$ on ! bag1 unless a failure ( ! manufactur] to keep 8 goods up to ! /&>d has be5 made public 9 ! /ate's f]tiliz] bullet94 ,br& ,names4--,not)/&+ all t has be5 done by ! /ate to acqua9t ! buy+ public ) ! composition ( f]tiliz]s1 _m pur*as]s are guid$ 9 selection by ! br& "n1 & t usually is fanciful 9 "*1 no matt] :e!r x be ,f>m]s' ,fri5d or ,jones' ,potato ,f]tiliz]4 ,9 ei!r case x may be f> f fri5dly to soil or pocket-book1 & widely at v>iance ) ! ne$s ( ! soil = :i* x is pur*as$4 ,! pret5se ( mak+ a f]tiliz] peculi>ly adapt$ to ! potato1 or to :eat1 or to corn w\ld n attract a s+le buy] if ! public w\ld comp>e ! analyses ( ^! special crop f]tiliz]s (f]$ by manufactur]s & note _! dissimil>ity ( composition4 ,any k9d ( a mixture may be giv5 any k9d ( a "n4 ,x is ! composition t c\nts4 ,! f>m] is 9 ! m>ket = nitrog5 & phosphoric acid & pota%1 s+ly or comb9$1 = a c]ta9 soil1 & all he wants is to "k ! numb] ( p\nds he is gett+1 its availability1 & its price p] p\nd4 ,any add$ detail n requir$ by law is an imp]t95ce4 ,/atem5t ( ,analysis4--,x w\ld be well if ! law refus$ to ! manufactur] ! privilege ( pr9t+ unnecess>y detail 9 ! /atem5t ( analysis t mu/ be plac$ ^u ! f]tiliz] bag4 ,x is add$ to confuse ! buy] & mislead him reg>d+ actual value4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is an example ( ?is practice3 ,,analysis ,p] ,c5t ,nitrog5 #j4hb to #a4jj ,equal to ammonia #a4jj to #b4jj ,soluble phosphoric acid #f4jj to #g4jj ,rev]t$ #b4jj to #c4jj ,available #h4jj to #aj4jj ,insoluble #a4jj to #b4jj ,total #i4jj to #ab4jj ,pota% 7actual7 #a4jj to #b4jj ,equal to sulphate ( pota% #b4jj to #c4jj ,z ! r[ ( l>g] figures is n gu>ante$ p]c5tages1 x has no value4 ,! buy] is n conc]n$ reg>d+ ! am\nt ( ammonia to :i* ! nitrog5 is equal1 & s ! second l9e is a ne$less repetition4 ,! fif? l9e gives ! sum ( ! ?ird & f\r?1 ! available be+ ! total ( ! soluble & rev]t$4 ,!re=e ! ?ird & f\r? l9es may be ignor$4 ,! six? l9e gives ! p]c5tage ( unavailable phosphoric acid 9 ! rock1 & %\ld be ignor$ by ! pur*as] :o wants available plant-food4 ,! sev5? gives ! sum ( ! available & insoluble1 & %\ld be ignor$4 ,! n9? is a re/atem5t ( ! eigh? l9e4 ,!re !n rema9s ! foll[+ gu>anty3 ,p] ,c5t ,nitrog5 #j4hb ,available phosphoric acid #h4jj ,pota% #a4jj ,?is is a l[-grade f]tiliz] ^: *eap "* becomes app>5t :5 ! unnecess>y /atem5ts & re/atem5ts are eras$4 ,a ton ( x conta9s only #af p\nds ( nitrog51 #afj p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 & #bj p\nds ( pota%4 ,valuation ( ,f]tiliz]s4--,! manufactur] ( a mix$ f]tiliz] mu/ make use ( ! unmix$ mat]ials he f9ds ^u ! m>ket4 ,! prices ( ! v>i\s plant con/itu5ts 9 ! diff]5t unmix$ mat]ials c be det]m9$ by av]ag+ quotations 9 lead+ m>kets = a giv5 l5g? ( "t4 ,! fair retail price is obta9$ by add+ ab\t #bj p] c5t to ! :olesale ca% price4 ,! retail ca% price p] p\nd ( ! plant con/itu5ts 9 lead+ m>kets is ?us det]m9$ = _! v>i\s =ms & c>ri]s4 ,a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 dri$ blood may h its valuation fix$ at a figure #ej p] c5t high] ?an t ( a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 nitrate ( soda simply because ! dri$ blood sells at a price p] ton t makes t diff]5ce4 ,x is true comm]cial value t is s\ght1 & t may be v diff]5t f agricultural value4 ,! mix$ f]tiliz] ( ! manufactur] has its cont5t ( plant-food kn[n by analysis4 ,its numb] ( p\nds ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts 9 a ton is kn[n1 & ! retail price p] p\nd ( ^! sub/ances has be5 fix$4 ,! comm]cial value p] ton c !n be det]m9$1 provid$ prop] all[ance is made = co/ ( mix+ & bagg+4 ,! individual mu/ pay 9 addition ! freight1 & usually a consid]able sum = unnecess>ily co/ly me?ods ( di/ribution & collection4 ,a ,bit ( ,ari?metic4--,?is p>agraph is int5d$ to s]ve ! man :o is will+ to be reasonably ne> "r if he _c be :olly s3 ,a ton is #bjjj p\nds1 & "o p] c5t is #bj p\nds4 ,9 deal+ ) f]tiliz]s x is ! practice to call #bj p\nds1 or "o p] c5t ( a ton1 a unit1 & to base ! price ( ! nitrog51 & phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 on ! unit4 ,?is is done = conv5i5ce4 ,if five c5ts is a fair price = a p\nd ( available phosphoric acid 9 "o's locality1 z x w\ld be if a ton ( #ad p] c5t acid phosphate co/ #ad1 a unit ( #bj p\nds is wor? #a4 ,ea* "o p] c5t gu>ante$ is ?us wor? a doll>1 & ! phosphoric acid 9 ! f]tiliz] is easily valu$4 ,if a p\nd ( pota% 9 a ton ( muriate is wor? five c5ts 9 "o's locality1 z x w\ld be if a ton ( muriate co/ #ej1 ! muriate be+ "o half actual pota%1 a unit ( #bj p\nds ( pota% is wor? #a4 ,ea* "o p] c5t ( gu>ante$ pota% is ?us wor? "o doll>1 & ! entire cont5t ( pota% is easily valu$4 ,if a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 nitrate ( soda is wor? sev5te5 & "o half c5ts a p\nd 9 "o's locality1 z x w\ld be if a ton ( nitrate ( soda co/ #ed1 a unit1 or "o p] c5t1 is wor? #c4ej1 & ! cont5t ( nitrog5 is easily valu$4 ,! prices nam$ w\ld seem high to good ca% buy]s ne> ! seabo>d1 & !y are too l[ = "s o!r regions :]e freights are v high4 ,!y are only illu/rative4 ,! consum] c get 8 own basis = an e/imate by obta9+ ! be/ possible ca% quotations f city deal]s4 ,"s int]e/$ critic may po9t out t nitrate ( soda %\ld n be ! sole s\rce ( nitrog5 9 a f]tiliz] on acc\nt ( its imm$iate availability4 ,manufactur]s use "s sulphate ( ammonia1 & a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 x has _h practically ! same m>ket price z t 9 nitrate ( soda4 ,tankage may be us$ 9 "p1 & 9 x ! nitrog5 co/s v little m p] p\nd4 ,x may be said t ! pota% 9 ! f]tiliz] is 9 =m ( sulphate4 ,usually t pr(its ! us] no?+1 & (t5 ! claim is baseless1 b if x is a sulphate1 ! co/ ( ! pota% %\ld h only #bj p] c5t add$ to ! valuation ( ! pota%1 :i* usually w n add "o doll> to ! total co/ ( ! ton ( mix$ f]tiliz]4 ,bas+ ! valuations ( ! p\nds ( plant-food 9 ! mix$ f]tiliz] on ! value p] p\nd 9 unmix$ mat]ials deliv]$ to "o's own locality1 !re mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt ! add$ exp5se ( mix+4 ,high-grade ,f]tiliz]s4--,a high-grade f]tiliz] is n necess>ily a high-pric$ "o4 ,:at we want 9 a f]tiliz] is a high cont5t ( ! plant-food ne$$1 toge!r ) desirable availability4 ,if only phosphoric acid is want$1 a #ad p] c5t1 or #af p] c5t1 acid phosphate is high-grade because x conta9s z _m p\nds ( available phosphoric acid 9 a ton z ! public c buy 9 a l>ge way4 ,a #aj p] c5t acid phosphate is l[-grade4 ,! ef=t is to escape pay+ freight1 & o!r co/ ( h&l+1 on wa/e mat]ial z f> z possible4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! high] ! p]c5tages ( plant-food 9 a f]tiliz]1 ! *eap] p] p\nd is ! plant-food4 ,a l[-grade f]tiliz] r>ely fails to be an exp5sive "o because ! exp5se ( h&l+ adds unduly to ! price p] p\nd ( ! small cont5t ( plant-food4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,home-,,mix+ ,,( ,,f]tiliz]s ,! ,practice ( ,home-mix+4--,! bus9ess ( comp\nd+ f]tiliz]s has be5 involv$ 9 a great deal ( unnecess>y my/]y4 ,_m ( our be/ /ation sci5ti/s h labor$ to %[ t ! home-mix+ ( f]tiliz]s is a simple & pr(itable piece ( "w1 & ! heavie/ us]s ( f]tiliz]s 9 ! ea/ n[ buy unmix$ mat]ials1 b a majority ( f>m]s use ! factory-mix$4 ,manufactur]s are "r 9 _! cont5tion t _m p d n "k :at mat]ials are be/ = _! own fields1 or :at proportions are be/1 b ! pur*ase ( mix$ mat]ials does n solve _! problem & x does n help !m to a solution z quickly z home-mix+4 ,! s\rce ( ! plant-food 9 ! factory-mix$ goods is n kn[n1 :ile x is kn[n 9 ! home-mix$4 ,effectiv5ess ( ,home-mix+4--,van ,slyke says 7,f]tiliz]s & ,crops1 p4 #dgg73 ,manufactur]s ( f]tiliz]s & _! ag5ts h p]si/5tly s\ght to disc\rage ! practice ( home-mix+1 b _! /atem5ts _c be accept$ z ! evid5ce ( dis9t]e/$ p>ties4 ,x has be5 repres5t$ to f>m]s t peculi> & my/]i\s virtues are imp>t$ to ! plant-food con/itu5ts by prop] mix+1 & t really prop] mix+ c be accompli%$ only by means n at ! comm& ( f>m]s4 ,su* /atem5ts are misrepres5tations1 bas$ ei!r ^u ! ignorance ( ! p]son :o makes !m or ^u 8 det]m9ation to sell comm]cial mix$ goods4 ,criticisms ( ,home-mix+4--,! manufactur]'s advocate =m]ly laid mu* /ress ^u ! dang] att5d+ ! treatm5t ( bones & rock ) sulphuric acid4 ,t is a bus9ess ( itself1 & ! home-mix] has no?+ to d ) x4 ,he buys on ! m>ket ! acidulat$ bone or rock1 j z a manufactur] makes 8 pur*ase4 ,x is claim$ t ! manufactur] r5d]s a great public s]vice by us+ supplies ( plant-food t ! home-mix] w\ld n use1 & ?us cons]ves ! _w's total supply4 ,let u see ! measure ( tru? 9 ! /atem5t4 ,! manufactur] gets 8 supply ( phosphoric acid f rock1 bone1 or tankage exactly z does ! home-mix]4 ,8 pota% he buys f ! syndicate own+ ! ,g]man b$s1 & ! f>m] does ! same4 ,^! s\rces mu/ contribute all ! phosphoric acid & pota% us$ on l&1 if we except trifl+ supplies ( a%es1 m>l1 etc41 & ! only diff]5ce 9 ! transaction is t 9 "o case ! manufactur] buys ! mat]ials & mixes !m1 & 9 ! o!r case ! f>m] buys !m direct & mixes !m4 ,! rema9+ con/itu5t is ! nitrog54 ,if ! manufactur] uses nitrate ( soda1 sulphate ( ammonia1 bones1 tankage1 or manufactur$ nitrog51 he does :at ! home-mix] may d4 ,mo/ nitrog5 mu/ come f ^! s\rces4 ,if all came f ^! s\rces1 ! increas$ dem& w\ld n affect ! price4 ,! b$s ( nitrate ( soda w la/ = hundr$s ( ye>s1 ! pres5t wa/e 9 ammonia f coal is imm5se1 & ! supply ( manufactur$ nitrog5 c be )\t limit4 ,! sav+ 9 use ( in]t & l[-grade =ms ( nitrog5 is m pr(itable to ! manufactur] ?an to ! f>m] :o buys & pays freight on l[-grade mat]ials4 ,! r rem>kable argum5t is advanc$ t f]tiliz] manufactur]s d n make a l>ge p] c5t on _! inve/m5t1 despite ! p]fection ( _! equipm5t1 & !re=e ! f>m] _c f9d x pr(itable to mix 8 mat]ials at home4 ,by ! same reason+1 assum+ = ! mom5t t ! pr(it 9 manufactur+ does n pay a heavy divid5d on all ! /ock issu$1 if a great hotel does n f9d its d9+-room a s\rce ( pr(it1 z _m hotels d n1 no private home %\ld hope to prep>e meals = its own memb]s 9 competition ) hotels4 ,z has be5 /at$1 e us] ( comm]cial f]tiliz] %\ld le>n :at a p\nd ( plant-food 9 unmix$ mat]ial w\ld co/ him1 select+ ! common mat]ials t are ! only *ief s\rces4 ,if he c buy a p\nd ( nitrog5 9 nitrate ( soda or sulphate ( ammonia1 a p\nd ( phosphoric acid 9 acid phosphate or /eam$ bone1 & a p\nd ( pota% 9 muriate or sulphate ( pota% = less ?an !y w\ld co/ 9 ! factory-mix$ goods (f]$ him1 all[+ to himself a doll> or s a ton = ! labor ( mix+1 x is only good bus9ess to buy ! unmix$ mat]ials4 ,! sav+ usually is f five to t5 doll>s a ton1 except+ only int]e/ on money1 z he w\ld pay ca% = ! unmix$ mat]ial4 ,! co/ ( bags always is m5tion$4 ,t is n to be consid]$ by ! f>m]1 z he uses ! bags 9 :i* ! unmix$ mat]ials come to him4 ,! ,fill]4--,!re has be5 mu* mislead+ use ( ! ^w fill]1 z appli$ to f]tiliz]s4 ,we h se5 t a pure grade ( dri$ blood conta9s ab\t #ac p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,! buy] ( a ton ( dri$ blood ?us gets ab\t #bfj p\nds ( plant-food4 ,! rema9+ #agdj p\nds con/itute :at may be call$ nature's fill]4 ,! blood is a good f]tiliz]4 ,we d n buy nitrog5 9 a pure /ate4 ,we buy a ton ( mat]ial to get ! ne$$ #bfj p\nds ( nitrog54 ,?us x is ) nitrate ( soda1 sulphate ( ammonia1 acid phosphate1 muriate & sulphate ( pota%1 & all o!r f]tiliz] mat]ials4 ,z freight mu/ be paid ^u ! entire ton1 x usually pays be/ to select mat]ials t run high 9 p]c5tage ( plant-food4 ,x is possible to get v l[-grade f]tiliz]s t h n _h any =eign mat]ial add$ by ! manufactur]4 ,an acid phosphate may be poor 9 phosphoric acid because l[-grade rock 0 us$ 9 its manufacture4 ,ka9it is a l[-grade pota% because ! impurities h n be5 tak5 out4 ,fill] may be us$1 h[ev]1 = two reasons1 & "o is legitimate4 ,:5 lime/one or simil> mat]ial is us$ m]ely to add weight1 r$uc+ ! value p] ton1 ! practice is repreh5sible4 ,! ext5t ( ?is practice is less ?an _m suppose1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! use ( l[-grade mat]ials 9 mak+ v l[-pric$ f]tiliz]s4 ,a legitimate use ( fill] is to give good physical condition to a f]tiliz]4 ,"s mat]ials1 su* z nitrate ( soda & muriate ( pota%1 take up moi/ure & !n become h>d4 ,! addition ( peat or lime/one or o!r absorb5t is necess>y to keep ! mass 9 condition = drill+4 ,! use ( "s /eam$ animal bone or high-grade tankage 9 ! mixture helps to prev5t cak+4 ,! home-mix] c use a dri] )\t loss1 z he does n pay freight ^u x4 ,dry road du/ w s]ve 8 purpose4 ,8 ne$ ( a dri] may be great] ?an t ( ! manufactur]1 z he probably w use only high-grade unmix$ mat]ials4 ,if ! use ( ! home-mixture is imm$iate1 no dri] to prev5t cak+ is ne$$1 b its pres5ce facilitates drill+4 ,/orage ( unmix$ mat]ials 9 a dry place is an aid 9 ma9ta9+ good condition4 ,+r$i5ts 9 ! ,mixture4--,! matt]s ( int]e/ to ! f>m] are ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nts ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota% t he %\ld apply to a p>ticul> field1 _! availability1 & _! co/4 ,let u assume t he has f\nd #cjj p\nds ( a f]tiliz] conta9+ #c p] c5t nitrog51 #aj p] c5t phosphoric acid1 & #f p] c5t pota% to be an excell5t application = :eat on a ?9 soil t is to be se$$ to clov] & timo?y4 ,?is f]tiliz] conta9s #c p\nds ( nitrog5 to ea* #ajj p\nds4 ,he applies #cjj p\nds ( ! f]tiliz] p] acre1 or #i p\nds ( nitrog54 ,! f]tiliz] conta9s #aj p\nds ( phosphoric acid to ! #ajj p\nds4 ,he ?us applies #cj p\nds ( phosphoric acid p] acre4 ,! f]tiliz] conta9s #f p\nds ( pota% p] #ajj p\nds1 & he !re=e applies #ah p\nds p] acre4 ,:at he has really le>n$1 !n1 is t an acre ( ?is l&1 :5 se$$ to :eat1 ne$s #i p\nds ( nitrog51 #cj p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 & #ah p\nds ( pota%4 ,x is 9 ^! t]ms he %\ld d 8 ?9k+1 & ! matt] ( f]tilization becomes simple4 ,9 ! g5]al f>m+ ( ! ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation1 x is ! practice to dep5d ^u nitrate ( soda z ! s\rce ( a f]tiliz] = :eat4 ,manufactur]s claim t sulphate ( ammonia & tankage w\ld be bett]4 ,! f>m] soon w le>n :at he pref]s = 8 soil1 provid$ he practices home-mix+4 ,let u assume t he uses nitrate ( soda1 :i* nev] v>ies mu* f #ae p] c5t 9 its cont5t ( nitrog54 ,if #ajj p\nds ( nitrate conta9 #ae p\nds ( nitrog51 ! #i p\nds want$ = an acre w be f\nd 9 #i_/ae ( #ajj p\nds or #fj p\nds4 ,?irty p\nds ( phosphoric acid are want$ = an acre4 ,if ! acid phosphate conta9s #ad p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 or #ad p\nds to ! #ajj1 ! requir$ am\nt w be #cj_/ad ( #ajj1 or #bad p\nds4 ,eighte5 p\nds ( pota% are want$ = an acre4 ,! muriate ( pota% on our m>kets nev] v>ies mu* f #ej p] c5t 9 its cont5t ( pota%4 ,if #ajj p\nds ( muriate conta9 #ej p\nds ( pota% to ! #ajj1 ! requir$ am\nt want$ w be #ah_/ej ( #ajj1 or #cf p\nds4 ,add+ ! #fj1 #bad1 & #cf p\nds1 we h #caj p\nds = ! acre ( l&4 ,if ! field conta9s #bj acres1 ! ord] w call = #bj times ! #fj p\nds ( nitrate ( soda1 #bj times ! #bad p\nds ( acid phosphate1 & #bj times ! #cf p\nds ( pota%4 ,if ! f>m] pref]s to use sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* v>ies little f #bj p] c5t ( nitrog51 or #bj p\nds 9 ! #ajj1 he w get 8 #i p\nds ( nitrog5 = an acre by buy+ #i_/bj ( #ajj p\nds1 or #de p\nds1 & ! sub/itution ( ! #de p\nds ( sulphate ( ammonia = ! #fj p\nds ( nitrate ( soda w r$uce ! total application ( f]tiliz] p] acre f #caj p\nds to #bie p\nds4 ,! important fact is t 9 ei!r case !re is ! requir$ am\nt ( nitrog54 ,let u assume t ! field conta9s en\gh nitrog51 b o!r ne$s rema9 ! same4 ,9 su* case1 ! nitrog5 is dropp$ out1 & ! application becomes #bej p\nds p] acre4 ,! home-mix] may sub/itute tankage ( gu>ante$ analysis = "p ( ! nitrog5 & phosphoric acid4 ,let u assume t ! tankage runs #i p] c5t nitrog5 & #bj p] c5t phosphoric acid4 ,if half ! requir$ nitrog5 p] acre1 or #d-a_/b p\nds1 is want$ 9 tankage1 #ej p\nds ( ! tankage w supply x4 ,at ! same "t ! #ej p\nds ( tankage supplies #aj p\nds ( phosphoric acid1 replac+ "o ?ird ( ! #bad p\nds ( acid phosphate4 ,we ?us h = ! acre #cj p\nds ( nitrate ( soda1 #ej p\nds ( tankage1 #adc p\nds ( acid phosphate1 & #cf p\nds ( pota%1 or #bei p\nds4 ,! cont5t ( plant-food rema9s ! same1 b "o half ( ! nitrog5 is only sl[ly available4 ,! f>m] :o buys unmix$ mat]ials w incl9e to use only a few k9ds1 & at fir/ he w conf9e himself *iefly to mat]ials ^: composition v>ies little4 ,9 ?is way he quickly sees 9 a ton ( ! mat]ial1 n ! :ole bulk1 b ! def9ite numb] ( p\nds ( nitrog5 & o!r con/itu5ts ( plant-food conta9$ 9 x1 & ! calculations 9 home-mix+ become simple4 ,mat]ials t %\ld n be ,comb9$4--,! advocate ( factory-mix$ goods w>ns ! f>m] aga9/ ! dang] ( mak+ comb9ations ( mat]ials t w cause loss by *emical action4 ,! dang] is :olly imag9>y if no =m ( lime1 wood-a%es1 or basic slag is us$ 9 ! home-mixtures4 ,z has be5 said1 "s mat]ials w h>d51 if p]mitt$ to absorb moi/ure1 & if ! mixture mu/ /&1 a few hundr$ p\nds ( muck or dry road du/ %\ld be add$ to ea* ton z a dri]1 & a correspond+ly l>g] am\nt p] acre %\ld be appli$4 ,mak+ a ,good ,mixture4--,! process ( mix+ is simple1 & c>eful /ation te/s h %[n t x is fully z effective z factory-mix+4 ,! unmix$ mat]ials %\ld be kept 9 a dry place until ! mix+ is done4 ,if !re are any co>se lumps1 a wood5 tamp] c cru% !m on ! b>n floor1 & ! mat]ial %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a s&-scre54 ,! mat]ial ( l>ge/ bulk %\ld be spread on ! floor1 & ! o!r mat]ials %\ld be put on 9 lay]s4 ,?ree c>eful turn+s ) a %ovel w secure good mix+4 ,scales %\ld be us$ to secure accuracy 9 desir$ am\nts ( ! mat]ials4 ,buy+ ,unmix$ ,mat]ials4--,acid phosphate1 animal bone1 & tankage c be b\ght ( any f]tiliz] ag5t1 b :5 "o pays ca%1 he does well to get quotations f v>i\s lead+ manufactur]s4 ,! names ( deal]s 9 nitrate ( soda c be secur$ f ! ,new ,york ag5cy :i* keeps its address be=e ! public 9 agricultural pap]s4 ,?is is likewise true 9 ! case ( ! syndicate controll+ all ! pota%4 ,:5 ! addresses ( lead+ di/ributors ( all ne$$ mat]ials h be5 secur$1 quotations %\ld be obta9$ on a ca% basis4 ,! be/ t]ms are obta9$ by gr\ps ( m5 comb9+ _! ord]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,mixtures ,,= ,,crops ,composition ( ,plant n a ,guide4--,x has be5 po9t$ out t a *emical analysis ( a soil is n a dep5dable guide 9 ! selection ( a f]tiliz]4 ,ye>s ago ! !ory 0 advanc$ t ! analysis ( ! crops desir$ %\ld be a guide1 b x has prov$ ne>ly wor?less4 ,?is !ory does n take into acc\nt ! soil's supply ( plant-food4 ,moreov]1 a c]ta9 crop may dem& a l>ge supply ( an elem5t at a "t ( ! ye> :5 ! soil's supply is inactive4 ,! ne$ ( nitrog5 = grass 9 ! e>ly spr+1 be=e nitrification 9 ! soil is active1 is an illu/ration4 ,let ! causes be :at !y may1 ! f]tiliz] =mulas t call = plant-food 9 a f]tiliz] 9 ! same proportions t x is f\nd 9 plants are disappo9t+ 9 _! results4 ,! analysis ( ! plant is n a dep5dable index4 ,! ,multiplication ( ,=mulas4--,f]tiliz] manufactur]s h made all possible comb9ations ( f]tiliz] mat]ials1 us+ !m 9 v>i\s quantities4 ,ea* manufactur] has giv5 a mixture a br& ( 8 own1 & confusion reigns4 ,!re is no =mula = a soil or crop t w rema9 absolutely ! be/1 ev5 = "o p>ticul> field4 ,x repres5ts "o's judgm5t ( ! pres5t ne$1 & is employ$ subject to *ange1 j z is ! prescription ( a physician4 ,x is usually only an approa* t[>d ! mo/ pr(itable am\nt & k9d ( plant-food t may be suppli$4 ,! "o important consid]ation is t no manufactur] c "k ! ne$ ne>ly s well z ! intellig5t f>m] :o kn[s ! hi/ory ( 8 field & con/antly te/s its ability4 ,illu/ration3 ,on ! productive f>m ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,i4 ,*amb]la91 9 ,nor!rn ,ohio4 ,a ,few ,comb9ations are ,safe/4--,x is ! be/ judgm5t ( sci5ti/s to-day t great] results w\ld be obta9$ f ! use ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s if ! numb] ( =mulas c\ld be r$uc$ to t51 or ev5 a less numb]4 ,! satisfactory f]tiliz]s fall into ?ree classes3 #a4 ,! phosphatic f]tiliz]1 c>ry+ phosphoric acid to l& t gets its nitrog5 f clov] or /able manure1 & t cont9ues to supply its own pota%4 ,su* a f]tiliz] %\ld h a high cont5t ( phosphoric acid 9 ord] t ! freight *>ge1 p] p\nd ( plant-food1 may be z l[ z possible4 ,acid phosphate1 basic slag1 & bone are *ief 9 ?is gr\p4 #b4 ,! comb9ation ( phosphoric acid & pota% t is ne$$ by soils obta9+ all requir$ nitrog5 f clov] or manure4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! phosphoric acid %\ld run high] ?an ! pota%1 b ! p]c5tage ( pota% %\ld nev] run l[] ?an #d4 ,a l[] p]c5tage ( pota% is n z pr(itable z a high] "o1 provid$ any pota% is ne$$4 ,! pota% cont5t %\ld be great] ?an t ( ! phosphoric acid 9 case ( "s s&y soils & ( "s crops ( heavy leaf gr[?1 includ+ v>i\s g>d5 crops4 #c4 ,! s-call$ complete f]tiliz] t supplies "s nitrog5 ) ! two o!r plant-con/itu5ts4 ,su* f]tiliz] %\ld furni%1 ) few exceptions1 #c p] c5t ( nitrog51 if no m4 ,am\nt ( ,application4--,9 common practice f]tiliz]s are n appli$ freely en\gh :5 !y are us$ at all4 ,! exception to ?is rule may be f\nd 9 ! case ( small applications to cold & in]t soils to =ce gr[? 9 ! fir/ few weeks ( a plant's life4 ,x is difficult to see h[ #hj or #ajj p\nds ( f]tiliz] c affect an acre ( l& "o way or ! o!r1 b exp]i5ce tea*es t su* an am\nt c d s 9 respect to "y plants4 ,phosphoric acid has peculi> p[] 9 =c+ "s developm5t ( roots 9 a small plant1 & a small application 9 ! drill or r[ may help ! plants to ga9 ability to =age = !mselves4 ,9 e>ly spr+ a small application ( nitrate ( soda has m>k$ effect1 tid+ ! plants ov] a p]iod ( ne$ until ! soil is ready to give up a "p ( its /ore4 ,if a soil is n f]tile1 & f]tiliz]s are ne$$ z an important s\rce ( plant-food ?r\gh\t ! season1 ! application %\ld be lib]al4 ,if x is necess>y to plant a field t is defici5t 9 f]tility1 exp5d+ labor & money = tillage & se$1 ! only rational c\rse is to furni% all ne$$ plant-food = a good yield4 ,!re may be little net pr(it f ! "o crop1 b !re w be m ?an c\ld be obta9$ )\t ! lib]al f]tilization1 & ! soil w be bett] equipp$ = ano!r crop4 ,?is applies1 9 a notable degree1 to f]tilization ( a :eat crop ) :i* timo?y & clov] w be se$$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 co/ ( #cej p\nds ( a high-grade f]tiliz] & #aej p\nds ( a l[-grade "o1 :5 appli$ to a poor soil "u ^! circum/ances1 may be recov]$ 9 ! gra9 crop1 & at ! same "t a good sod w be made possible = ! p]man5t improvem5t ( ! l&4 ,x is a safe bus9ess rule t l& %\ld be left uncultivat$ unless en\gh plant-food c be provid$ 9 "s way = a good yield4 ,! man :o _c incur a heavy f]tiliz] bill1 :5 necess>y1 %\ld re/rict acreage = 8 own sake4 ,simil>ity ( ,requirem5ts4--,_m ( our /aple crops are v simil> 9 _! f]tiliz] requirem5ts1 & ?is simplifies f]tilization4 ,sett+ aside ! impression ga9$ f ! dissimil>ity 9 ! s-call$ corn1 potato1 :eat1 & grass f]tiliz]s on ! m>ket1 ! f>m] kn[s t ! soil :i* is 9 a good /ate ( f]tility is be/ = any ( !m1 & if ! soil is h>d-run1 x %\ld h its plant-food supply supplem5t$4 ,! h>d-run soil usually is lack+ 9 available supplies ( all ?ree plant-food con/itu5ts4 ,if a f]tiliz] conta9+ #c p] c5t ( nitrog51 #aj p] c5t ( phosphoric acid1 & #f p] c5t ( pota% s]ves ! :eat well1 x w s]ve ! timo?y t />ts 9 ! :eat4 ,likewise x w s]ve ! corn1 al?\gh a heavi] application w be ne$$ because corn is a heavy fe$]4 ,exp]i5ce has taught t x w s]ve ! potato simil>ly1 & t ! potato w repay ! co/ ( free use ( f]tiliz]4 ,if ! soil is s&y & defici5t 9 pota%1 ! p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid may be cut to #h1 & ! p]c5tage ( pota% rais$ to #aj1 & all ^! crops w pr(it !reby4 ,if ! nitrog5 cont5t 9 ! soil is high1 none ( ^! crops may ne$ nitrog5 9 ! f]tiliz]4 ,?is is a g5]al pr9ciple1 & safe = guidance1 ?\gh ! be/ pr(it w dem& "s modification t readily occurs to ! f>m] z he /udies 8 crops & _! rotation4 ,to illu/rate3 ,! corn is giv5 ! clov] sod or ! manure p>tly because x requires m plant-food ?an ! :eat4 ,x gets ! be/ ( ! nitrog51 & may ne$ only a rock-&-pota% f]tiliz]1 :ile ! :eat t foll[s may ne$ "s available nitrog5 to =ce gr[? 9 ! fall4 ,!re is no fix$ =mula = any field or crop1 & ! po9t to be made "h only is t ! requirem5ts ( _m /&>d crops d n h ! dissimil>ity usually suppos$1 except 9 respect to quantity4 ,a m>k$ exception is f\nd 9 ! oat crop1 :i* does n be> ! application ( mu* nitrog51 & (t5 f>es well on ! rema9s ( ! manure t f$ ! corn1 if "s phosphoric acid is add$4 ,ma9ta9+ ,f]tility4--,a heavy clov] sod gives assurance t a good crop ( corn or potatoes c be gr[n4 ,if ! am\nt ( plant-food 9 ! sod is n excessive1 a heavy crop ( :eat c be produc$4 ,! condition ( ! soil favors _m crops4 ,! clov] has plac$ x ^u a productive basis = ! "t be+4 ,! object t %\ld be kept 9 view1 :5 a s*eme ( soil f]tilization is work$ out1 is ! ma9t5ance ( su* a /ate ( f]tility t ! l& c be dep5d$ ^u = :atev] crop comes r\nd 9 ! rotation4 ,:5 a #c-aj-f f]tiliz]1 or a #c-h-aj f]tiliz]1 is us$1 ! effect ^u a ?9 soil is to re/ore x tempor>ily to ?is good-cropp+ p[]1 ! size ( ! application v>y+ ) ! crop4 ,a ri*] soil may want ! phosphoric acid & pota% )\t ! nitrog54 ,a manur$ soil may ne$ only ! phosphoric acid4 ,! purpose ( ! f]tiliz] 9 any case is ma9t5ance or increase ( f]tility1 & :5 ?is object has be5 secur$1 ! crop may be :atev] ! rotation calls =4 ,x is ?is rational s*eme t gives success to ! ,p5nsylvania /ation's me?ods on "s ( its te/ plats4 ,a giv5 am\nt ( plant-food is put ^u ! l&1 :i* is "u a f\r-ye>s' rotation4 ,"o half ( x is appli$ e second ye>4 ,! corn gets "o half because x c use x to advantage4 ,! oat crop t foll[s f9ds en\gh f]tility because ! soil is good4 ,next 9 ! rotation is ! :eat1 & ! :eat & timo?y & clov] plants c use f]tiliz] ) pr(it4 ,!re is no *ange 9 its "* because x is ! soil t is gett+ ! assi/ance1 & n prim>ily j "o crop 9 a rotation4 ,! l& 9 ?is exp]im5t t is well f]tiliz$ is m productive ?an x 0 ?irty ye>s ago1 al?\gh no manure has be5 appli$1 & x is ! g5]al productive condition t assures good yields1 & n *iefly any "o application ( f]tiliz]4 ,f]tiliz] = ,grass4--,a f]tile soil w make a good sod4 ,a ?9n] soil %\ld h a lib]al dress+ ( complete f]tiliz] at se$+ "t1 & ! =mula t has be5 sugge/$ is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,if a succession ( timo?y hay crops is desir$1 ! problem ( ma9ta9+ f]tility is :olly *ang$4 ,! nitrog5 suppli$ by ! clov] is soon exhau/$1 & ! timo?y sod mu/ be kept ?ick & heavy until brok51 or ! soil w n h its supply ( organic matt] ma9ta9$4 ,nitrog5 mu/ be suppli$ freely1 & phosphoric acid & pota% mu/ likewise be giv5 ! soil4 ,! draft ^u ! soil is heavy1 & at ! same "t ! ef=t %\ld be to h a sod to be brok5 = corn t w produce a big crop )\t ! use ( any f]tiliz]4 ,! grass is ! natural crop to receive ! plant-food because its roots fill ! gr\nd1 & ! corn %\ld get its food f ! rott+ sod1 :5 brok54 ,/ation te/s h %[n t a sod c be caus$ to increase 9 productiv5ess = sev]al ye>s by means ( annual applications ( ! "r comb9ations ( plant-food 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,a mixture ( #aej p\nds ( nitrate ( soda1 #aej p\nds ( acid phosphate1 & #ej p\nds ( muriate ( pota% is excell5t4 ,?is gives ne>ly ! same quantity ea* ( nitrog51 phosphoric acid1 & pota%1 & is ne> a #g-g-g f]tiliz]4 ,! only mat]ial *ange 9 relative am\nts ( plant-food con/itu5ts1 :5 comp>$ ) a #c-aj-f & #c-h-aj f]tiliz]1 is 9 ! increase ( nitrog51 due to ! heavy drafts made by cont9u\s m[+s ( timo?y4 ,?is f]tiliz] %\ld be us$ z soon z any gre5 appe>s 9 ! grass field 9 ! spr+ aft] ! ye> ( clov] h>ve/4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 makes ?is an unpr(itable f]tiliz] = clov]1 & its use is n advis$ until ! spr+ ( ! ye> 9 :i* timo?y w be h>ve/$4 ,all ! ,nitrog5 f ,clov]4--,! ,p5nsylvania /ation has %[n 9 a te/ ( ?irty ye>s t :5 good clov] is gr[n 9 a f\r-ye>s' rotation ( corn1 oats1 :eat1 & clov]1 ! f]tility ( ! naturally good clay loam soil may be ma9ta9$1 & ev5 slightly increas$1 )\t ! use ( any manure or pur*as$ nitrog54 ,phosphoric acid & pota% h be5 appli$1 & ! clov] hay crop has be5 tak5 (f ! l&4 ,?is result has be5 possible only by means ( good clov] sods4 ,if !re _h be5 no applications ( phosphoric acid & pota%1 ! clov] w\ld h fail$ to ma9ta9 f]tility1 z is prov$ by o!r plats 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,no "o %\ld cont9ue to dep5d ^u su* a s*eme ( keep+ l& f]tile :5ev] he f9ds t ! clov] is n ?riv+4 ,me?od ( apply+ ,f]tiliz]s4--,if a f]tiliz] is us$ 9 small am\nt ) ! purpose ( m]ely giv+ ! plants a />t1 x %\ld be ne> ! se$4 ,if ! application is heavy1 & ! roots ( ! plants spread ^u all sides1 ! f]tiliz]1 z a rule1 %\ld be appli$ to all ! gr\nd1 & %\ld be mix$ ) ! surface soil4 ,?is puts ! plant-food :]e ne$$1 & saves f dang] ( injury to ! se$ ?r\gh contact4 ,a seem+ exception may be f\nd 9 ! case ( ! potato1 b usually "s close tillage conf9es its roots to ! r[ = a "t4 ,exp]i5ce indicates t :5 a potato f]tiliz] does n exce$ #ejj p\nds p] acre1 x may well be put into ! r[1 b a heavi] application %\ld be divid$1 "o half be+ broadca/$ or drill$ into ! surface1 & ! o!r half ( ! application be+ made 9 ! r[4 ,an ,excess ( ,nitrog54--,too mu* nitrog51 due to heavy manur+ or o!r cause1 produces an excessive gr[? ( /alk or /raw1 at ! exp5se ( gra9 production1 9 ! case ( corn1 :eat1 & o!r c]eals4 ,x produces a rank gr[? ( potato v9es & p>tial failure ( ! crop ( tub]s4 ,x produces a t5d] gr[? ( /raw or v9e t invites injury f fung\s diseases4 ,x is ! rule t soils h a defici5cy 9 nitrog51 b :5 !re is an excess1 ! be/ cure comes ?r\gh use ( su* crops z timo?y1 cabbage1 & ensilage corn4 ,heavy applications ( rock-&-pota% f]tiliz]s assi/ 9 recov]y ( "r conditions1 b are n :olly effective until exhau/ive crops h remov$ "s ( ! nitrog54 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,tillage ,desirable ,physical ,condition ( ! ,soil4--,successful cropp+ ( l& is dep5d5t ^u favor+ soil conditions4 ,! plants to be gr[n mu/ h ease 9 root ext5sion1 s t _! food may be f\nd4 ,!re mu/ be moi/ure to hold ! food 9 solution4 ,!re mu/ be air4 ,!re mu/ be de/ruction ( plants t w\ld be competitors ( ! ones desir$4 ,a soil r>ely is 9 prime condition = ! plant+ & gr[? ( any crop )\t "s *ange 9 its /ructure by means ( tillage1 & x does n rema9 9 ! be/ condition = any long p]iod ( "t4 ,if ! numb] ( plants requir$ p] acre = a crop is relatively small1 tillage ( ! soil is cont9u$ aft] plant+4 ,if ! necess>y numb] makes tillage impossible1 !re is "s loss 9 conditions mo/ favorable to ! plant4 ,! p>ticles ( soil settle toge!r1 & !re is loss ( wat] at ! surface4 ,mo/ plants want a mell[ soil1 & tillage is 9 l>ge "p an ef=t to make & to keep ! condition ( ! soil fri5dly to plant life 9 ?is respect4 ,! wide v>iation 9 me?ods ( tillage are due to ! great diff]5ces 9 ! texture & /ructure ( soils1 & to ! habits ( plants1 & skill 9 selection ( me?ods is a measure ( ! intellig5ce us$ 9 f>m+4 ,! ,break+-pl[4--,l& conta9+ en\gh clay to give x an excell5t soil incl9es to become firm4 ,dur+ ! gr[? ( a crop1 :5 plant roots fill ! soil & prev5t deep /irr+1 ! p>ticles pack closely toge!r1 limit+ ! p[] ( ! l& to make f]tility available4 ,! pres5ce ( organic matt] c\nt]acts1 9 "p1 ?is pack+ t5d5cy1 b !re are few soils t rema9 p]man5tly mell[4 ,! break+-pl[ is us$ to loos5 ! soil1 & to undo ! firm+ t has be5 tak+ place :ile plant roots prev5t$ deep tillage4 ,at ! same "t ! pl[ may be us$ to bury organic matt] bel[ ! surface1 af=d+ a clean se$-b$4 ,9 "s soils x has value 9 br++ in]t soil to ! surface1 & 9 mix+ ! soil con/itu5ts4 ,types ( ,pl[s4--,! k9d & condition ( ! soil1 & ! "* ( ! crop1 det]m9e ! type ( pl[ to be us$4 ,a pl[ ) a %ort & q /raight moldbo>d does n bury manure & turf 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[ s completely z is ! case ) a long1 curv$ moldbo>d4 ,! organic matt] %\ld be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t all ! soil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ess5tial to "s plants t !y h a f9e se$-b$1 & "o ^: surface is free f tufts ( grass4 ,! long moldbo>d is pref]r$ 9 break+ a sod = corn4 ,its use 9 pl[+ = all crops is m g5]al ?an x %\ld be1 ! ga9 9 pulv]ization ( ! furr[-slice1 due to ! curve1 & ! neatness 9 appe>ance ( ! pl[$ l&1 induc+ its use4 ,! disk pl[ has be5 us$ *iefly 9 soils n requir+ deep pl[+4 ,x pulv]izes bett] ?an a moldbo>d pl[1 & buries tra% m easily4 ,illu/ration3 ,deep tillage4 ,! device = us+ two disks to turn a s+le furr[-slice re/s ^u a s\nd pr9ciple4 ,?is pl[ may be set to run deep] ?an moldbo>d pl[s g1 & x mixes well all ! soil t x turns4 ,! disks are s hung t ! mix+ ( all ! soil to a dep? ( twelve or fifte5 in*es is admirable4 ,! deep-till+ pl[ does n bury ! organic matt] 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[1 & !reby p]mits ! deep5+ ( ! soil )\t br++ an undue am\nt ( subsoil to ! surface4 ,subsoil+4--,! !ory ( subsoil+ always has be5 captivat+4 ,mo/ soils are too %all[1 invit+ injury f dr\?4 ,en?usiasm reg>d+ subsoil+ comes to l>ge numb]s ( f>m]s at "s "t 9 _! exp]i5ce1 & a great numb] ( subsoil pl[s h be5 b\ght4 ,! *eck to en?usiasm is ! fact t few m5 ev] h se5 su* a pl[ worn out4 ,"s reasons are z foll[3 7a7 ,! subsoil at "t ( spr+-pl[+ r>ely is dry en\gh = good results1 & !re is dang] ( puddl+2 7b7 ! subsoil (t5 is too dry & h>d 9 late summ]1 :5 ra9s p]mit easy break+ ( ! top soil = fall gra92 7c7 ! "w d\bles ! labor & "t ( pl[+1 & 7d7 ! subsoil soon settles toge!r because x conta9s little organic matt]4 ,subsoil+ is g5]ally approv$ & little practic$4 ,l& at pl[-dep? becomes pack$ by ! tramp+ ( horses ^u x & ! pressure ( ! pl[1 :5 ! pl[+ is done at ! same dep? ye> aft] ye>1 & 9 "s soils subsoil+ has be5 f\nd di/9ctly valuable4 ,"t ( ,pl[+4--,9 great measure ! "t ( pl[+ is det]m9$ by ! effect ^u soil moi/ure1 & is discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,me?od ( ,pl[+4--,! dep? ( pl[+ %\ld be fix$ l>gely by ! am\nt ( organic matt] 9 ! soil4 ,x is ess5tial t a good p]c5tage ( ?is mat]ial %\ld be mix$ ?r\gh\t ! soil1 & :5 x is 9 scant supply1 ! dep? ( pl[+ usually %\ld n be great4 ,f]tile soils %\ld be pl[$ deep = _! own good1 & ?9 soils %\ld be deep5$ gradually1 z sods & manures af=d a supply ( humus-mak+ mat]ial4 ,ev5 :5 manure is us$ lib]ally 9 a s+le application on a poor soil1 a l>ge am\nt ( in]t subsoil %\ld n be ?r[n ^u ! surface4 ,! manure goes out ( rea* ( ! greate/ ne$1 :i* is 9 ! surface soil :]e plant-life />ts4 ,a gradual process ( deep5+ ! soil is to be pref]r$1 b su* deep5+ %\ld n be neglect$4 ,! subsoil is a /ore ( in]t f]tility t %\ld n rema9 dormant4 ,x may n d to say t ! success ( ! be/ f>m]s is due to ?or\ghness 9 pl[+1 b x is true t ! m successful ones are insi/5t t ! pl[+ be absolutely ?or\gh4 ,e in* ( ! soil %\ld be /irr$ to a c]ta9 dep?1 & t requires a pl[ s set t x does n turn a furr[-slice mu* wid] ?an ! po9t c cut4 ,ev5ness 9 dep? & wid? ( furr[ is se5 9 good pl[+4 ,! ,disk ,h>r[4--,! purpose ( ! pl[ is to break up ! soil s t x w be crumbly & mell[4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* l& %\ld be ?or\ghly /irr$ to full pl[-dep? dep5ds ^u ! condition ( ! soil & ! "* ( ! crops4 ,(t5times a disk or cutaway h>r[ may replace ! pl[4 ,its action is ! same z t ( ! pl[1 loos5+ & turn+ ! soil ov]4 ,:5 l& has _h a good pl[+ )9 ! ye>1 & has n become compact1 /irr+ to a dep? ( f\r in*es may give a bett] se$-b$ = "s crops ?an c\ld be made by use ( a pl[4 ,?is is true ( l& t has produc$ a cultivat$ crop & is be+ prep>$ = a fall-se$+4 ,! ga9 9 "t ( prep>+ gr\nd = oats 9 ! spr+ makes ! use ( ! disk or cutaway h>r[ pr(itable on mell[ corn-/ubble l&4 ,!re is temptation to c>ry ! sub/itution ( ! disk h>r[ = ! break+-pl[ too f>4 ,its use alone w\ld h ! same effect z poor pl[+1 r$uc+ ! dep? ( ! soil4 ,! surface soil1 d[n to pl[-dep?1 is ! *ief fe$+-gr\nd = plants because x is kept 9 good til? by organic matt] & tillage4 ,! dep? ( ?is soil affects ! am\nt ( available plant-food & wat]4 ,! duration ( "t betwe5 deep pl[+s dep5ds ^u ! soil & ! crops4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t :5 l& has be5 brok5 = corn or potatoes or beans or simil> crop1 ! "o pl[+ may be suffici5t = a succe$+ crop4 ,if grass is n se$$ ) ! succe$+ crop1 x is be/ to give ano!r ?or\gh pl[+ be=e se$+ to grass 9 ,augu/ if ! soil is heavy1 b 9 naturally loose soils a disk h>r[ makes a bett] se$-b$4 ,two influ5ces favor su* undue dep5d5ce ^u a disk h>r[ t a soil may become %all[3 ! co/ ( prep>+ ! se$-b$ is r$uc$1 & ! sav+ 9 moi/ure may give a bett] /& ( plants :5 ! h>r[ takes ! place ( ! pl[4 ,! imm$iate productiv5ess ( a crop is n an assurance t ! me?od is "r3 consid]ation = ! good ( ! l& mu/ be %[n4 ,dep? ( soil is a requirem5t ( a good agriculture1 & deep pl[+ is a means to t end4 ,! loos5ess ( ! soil & ! "* ( ! season may make sub/itution "r 9 "o in/ance & wrong 9 ano!r4 ,deep soils1 well fill$ ) organic matt]1 w be> %all[ prep>ation ( a se$-b$ m frequ5tly ?an ?9 soils1 & yet x is ! latt] t may pr(it mo/ by hav+ its be/ "p kept ne> ! surface at ! "t a new sod mu/ be made4 ,! disk h>r[ has "s place z a sub/itute = a pl[1 b :5 its use results 9 mak+ a soil m %all[1 ! h>m is a mo/ s]i\s "o4 ,cultivation ( ,plants4--,if a soil w\ld rema9 mell[ ?r\gh\t ! season1 !re usually w\ld be no reason to di/urb ! roots ( plants by any deep /irr+1 & all tillage w\ld be only deep en\gh to make a mul* ( e>? = ! ret5tion ( moi/ure & to de/roy all we$s4 ,soils conta9+ en\gh clay to make !m ret5tive ( moi/ure become too compact :5 ra9s beat ^u ! gr\nd1 z usually happ5s aft] ! plant+ ( spr+ crops4 ,a deep & close cultivation ( corn & potato plants aft] !y appe> 9 ! r[ helps to re/ore ! condition creat$ by ! pl[ & h>r[1 & (t5 is ! be/ practice4 ,!re is "s sacrifice ( roots1 b ! ga9 f> exce$s ! loss4 ,x may be necess>y to give a second su* cultivation :5 a clay soil is defici5t 9 organic matt]1 b ! root-prun+ is a h&icap4 ,controll+ ,root-gr[?4--,! exception to ! rule t plant-roots %\ld n be prun$ by deep cultivation is f\nd 9 ! case ( a close soil 9 a wet season4 ,! plants ext5d _! roots only 9 ! soil at ! surface because ! gr\nd is soak$ ) wat] ne>ly all ! "t4 ,!y _c =m f> en\gh bel[ ! surface to )/& a dr\? t may foll[ ! wet wea!r4 ,good tillage 9 su* a case dem&s ! prun+ ( ! roots & ! air+ ( ! soil :5 ! gr\nd is dry en\gh to p]mit su* /irr+1 & ! plants !n ext5d _! roots 9 ! l[] soil :]e !y rightly belong4 ,judgm5t is requir$ to decide :5 su* tillage is desirable1 b judgm5t is ne$$ all ! "t 9 f>m+4 ,:5 a cont9u$ p]iod ( wet wea!r affects ! position ( ! plant-roots1 x r>ely is advisable n to risk deep] tillage ?an is giv5 9 a normal season4 ,und]dra9age helps to prev5t su* ill-effect ( cont9u$ ra9s 9 ! e>ly "p ( a plant's life-"t4 ,elim9ation ( ,competition4--,we$s pump ! wat] out ( ! soil1 use up available plant-food1 & compete = ! sunlight4 ,tillage is giv5 = sev]al reasons1 & "o is ! de/ruction ( we$s4 ,a we$] :i* /irs ! soil only an in* or two deep is an excell5t de/roy] ( we$s :5 !y are />t+1 b aft] ! we$s are well-root$1 ! we$] acts only z a cultivator = ! plants t %\ld be de/roy$4 ,mod]n cultivators h f9e tee? t let ! surface rema9 ne>ly level1 & !y d _! be/ "w :5 ! we$s are small4 ,! use ( sweeps %\ld be m g5]al4 ,! blades are s plac$ t !y slip "u ! surface1 lett+ ! soil fall back s t a mul* is =m$4 ,l5g? ( ,cultivation4--,mo/ till$ crops gr[ rapidly until !y %ade & mul* ! soil4 ,tillage %\ld cont9ue1 if possible1 until ?is occurs4 ,! exception is 9 ! case ( or*>d trees & o!r plants t %\ld n h _! p]iod ( gr[? ext5d$ late 9 ! fall4 ,good tillage t5ds to increase ! lat5ess ( a crop by enc\rag+ gr[?4 ,! new wood ( trees may n become h>dy en\gh to )/& ! fro/ ( w9t] if tillage is cont9u$4 ,e>ly maturity is ha/5$ by exhau/ion ( soil moi/ure & plant-food4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,control ,,( ,,soil ,,moi/ure ,value ( ,wat] 9 ! ,soil4--,! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! soil ea* day ( ! gr[+ season det]m9es 9 l>ge measure ! possibility ( secur+ a pr(itable crop f l&4 ,obs]vant f>m]s h notic$ (t5times t ! diff]5ces 9 yields on ! f>ms ( a region are less 9 a :olly favorable season ?an 9 "o ( defici5t ra9fall4 ,! skill ( ! f>m] 9 cons]v+ ! moi/ure supply 9 a wet season is less well repaid because x is less ne$$4 ,! pov]ty ( a worn soil is less m>k$ 9 a favorable season4 ,! l& is acc\nt$ poor because ! supply ( plant-food is inadequate = a dr\?y ye> 9 :i* a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! "t produces little gr[?1 b mo/ agricultural l& has en\gh plant-food = a fairly good crop :5 wat] is pres5t all ! "t to c>ry daily supplies into ! roots4 ,x is ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! soil t is ! limit+ factor 9 ! case ( mo/ l& t is n 9 a high /ate ( productiv5ess4 ,! ,soil a ,res]voir4--,! ra9s ( ! summ] r>ely are adequate to ! ne$s ( gr[+ plants4 ,"s wat] runs (f ! surface1 "s passes d[n ?r\gh crevices beyond ! effect ( capill>y attraction1 & mu* quickly evaporates4 ,! "p t becomes available is only a supplem5t to ! /ore ( wat] made by ! ra9s ( ! fall1 w9t]1 & e>ly spr+4 ,if ! soil 7 view$ z a m$ium = ! hold+ ( wat] to meet ! daily ne$s ( plants1 & 7 giv5 rational treatm5t on ?is basis1 a long /ep t[>d high] productiv5ess w\ld h be5 tak54 ,z has be5 /at$1 rott$ organic matt] gives a soil m capacity = hold+ wat]4 ,x is an absorb5t 9 itself1 & x puts clays & s&s into bett] physical condition = ! /orage ( moi/ure4 ,an unproductive soil may ne$ organic matt] = ?is "o reason alone m ?an x may ne$ actual plant-food4 ,fall-pl[+ = a spr+ crop enables l& to )/& summ]'s dr\? if x ga9s 9 physical condition by full exposure to ! w9t]'s fro/4 ,x is 9 condition to take up m wat] f spr+ ra9s ?an w\ld be ! case if x lay compact1 & x does n lose wat] by ! air+ 9 ! spr+ t pl[+ gives4 ,e>ly spr+-pl[+ leaves l& less subject to dr\? ?an does lat] pl[+4 ,z ! air becomes heat$1 ! op5 spaces left by ! pl[+ s]ve to ha/5 ! escape ( moi/ure4 ,if a cov] crop is pl[$ d[n late 9 ! spr+1 ! mat]ial 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[ makes ! l& less resi/ant to dr\? because ! union ( ! top soil ) ! subsoil is less p]fect1 & capill>y attraction is ret>d$4 ,x is usually good practice to sacrifice "s ( ! gr[? ( a cov] crop1 ev5 :5 organic matt] is badly ne$$1 & to pl[ fairly e>ly 9 ! spr+ 9 ord] t ! moi/ure supply may be cons]v$4 ,! ,l&-roll]4--,! break+-pl[ is a robb] ( soil wat] :5 us$ 9 w>m wea!r4 ,! air c>ries ! wat] away rapidly4 ,! air-spaces are l>ge4 ,! corrective ( ?is condition is ! l&-roll]4 ,x presses ! soil toge!r1 driv+ out ! excess ( air4 ,l>ge crumbs are press$ d[n into ! mass1 & are kept f dry+ into h>d clods4 ,! roll] nev] %\ld be us$ on l& :5 fre%-pl[$ 9 a moi/ condition1 & x is n ne$$ aft] fall-pl[+1 or e>ly spr+-pl[+ 9 mo/ in/ances1 b l& brok5 :5 ! season is advanc$ %\ld be roll$ be=e mu* wat] evaporates4 ,illu/ration3 ,mak+ an e>? mul* 9 a ,new ,york or*>d4 ,! ,plank-drag4--,an excell5t implem5t on a f>m is ! plank-drag4 ,x is usually made ( ov]-lapp+ heavy planks1 & :5 float$ ov] ! surface1 x bo? pulv]izes & packs ! soil4 ,! effectiv5ess is controll$ by ! weight plac$ ^u x1 & (t5times ! drag is to be pref]r$ to ! roll]4 ,! ,mul*4--,9 cons]v+ ! supply ( wat] 9 ! soil ! mul* plays an important "w4 ,! dry air is con/antly tak+ up ! wat] f ! surface ( l&1 & :5 ! surface is dri] ?an ! soil bel[1 ! moi/ure moves upw>d if !re is no break 9 ! /ructure ( ! surface soil4 ,! mul* is a cov]+ ( mat]ial t does n readily p]mit ! escape ( wat]4 ,! only available mat]ial = a mul* 9 mo/ in/ances is ! soil itself4 ,exp]i5ce has taught t :5 ! top lay] ( soil1 to a dep? ( two or ?ree in*es1 is made f9e & loose1 ! wat] b5ea? x _c escape readily4 ,x is p>tly = ?is reason t ! smoo?+-h>r[ %\ld foll[ ! roll] aft] l& has be5 pl[$4 ,! pl[ is us$ to break up ! soil into crumbs t w p]mit air to ent]4 ,! loos5+ is excessive :5 ! plant+ mu/ foll[ soon1 p]mitt+ rapid escape ( wat]4 ,! roll] or plank-drag is employ$ to compress ! soil1 & to cru% crumbs ( soil t are too l>ge = good soil conditions4 ,! h>r[ foll[s to make a mul* ( f9e1 loose soil at ! surface to assi/ 9 prev5tion ( evaporation4 ,a s&y soil w reta9 its mul* 9 effective condition = a long] "t ?an a f9e clay1 if no ra9 falls4 ,:5 ! air is lad5 ) moi/ure1 clay p>ticles absorb en\gh wat] to pack toge!r & =m an av5ue = ! rise ( wat] to ! surface1 :]e ! dry air has access to x4 ,mul*es ( ,=eign ,mat]ial4--,! tru? t moi/ure is a lead+ factor 9 soil productiv5ess is evid5c$ by ! value ( /raw & simil> mat]ial z a mul*4 ,a cov]+ ( /raw ar\nd trees 9 an or*>d1 or bu% fruits1 or su* plants z ! potato1 may give bett] results ?an an application ( f]tiliz] :5 no ef=t is made to prev5t ! escape ( wat]4 ,p s situat$ t little att5tion c well be giv5 to ! fruit & vegetable g>d5 obta9 good results by replac+ tillage ) a sub/antial mul* t keeps ! soil mell[1 prev5ts we$ gr[?1 & reta9s an abundant supply ( wat]4 ,9 gra9-produc+ di/ricts :]e all ! /raw is n ne$$ z an absorb5t 9 ! /ables its use z a mul* on ?9 grass l&s1 or :eat-fields se$$ to grass1 is m pr(itable ?an conv]sion into manure by rott+ 9 a b>ny>d4 ,! /raw af=ds protection f ! sun1 & aids 9 ! cons]vation ( soil wat]1 :5 scatt]$ ev5ly 9 no l>g] am\nt ?an two tons p] acre1 & a less am\nt p] acre has value4 ,! sod is help$1 & z ! /raw rots1 its plant-food goes into ! soil4 ,pl[+ ,/raw ,d[n4--,! practice ( pl[+ /raw "u z a manure is unsafe1 :5 us$ 9 any l>ge quantity p] acre4 ,x rots sl[ly1 & :ile ly+ 9 ! bottom ( ! furr[ x cuts (f ! rise ( wat] f ! subsoil :i* is a res]voir ( moi/ure = use dur+ dr\?4 ,! ,summ]-fall[4--,b>e l& loses 9 total plant-food1 b may make a tempor>y ga9 9 available f]tility4 ,! practice ( leav+ a field uncropp$ = an entire season has be5 ab&on$ 9 good f>m+ regions4 ,:]e moi/ure is 9 scant supply1 & a soil is ?91 !re cont9ue in/ances ( ! summ]-fall[4 ,9 a crop-rotation conta9+ corn & :eat1 ! corn-/ubble l& is left unbrok5 until ,may or ,june1 & !n pl[$4 ,9 ,augu/ x is pl[$ aga91 & fitt$ = se$+ to :eat4 ,! practice favors ! kill+ ( we$s1 & ! soil at se$+ "t may conta9 m wat] ?an w\ld h be5 ! case if a crop _h be5 produc$1 because its mell[ condition enables ! f>m] to hold )9 x ne>ly all ! moi/ure t a %[] may furni% aft] ! second pl[+4 ,! ,mod]n ,fall[4--,! mod]n me?od ( mak+ a grass se$+ 9 ,augu/ p>takes ( ! nature ( ! old-fa%ion$ summ]-fall[4 ,! desire is to eradicate we$s1 secure availability 9 plant-food1 & fit ! soil to pr(it by ev5 a light ra9fall4 ,?9 soils l5d !mselves well to ?is treatm5t1 :i* is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii1 & !re is no bett] me?od = f]tile l&4 ,! b5efit ( ! fall[ is obta9$ )\t s]i\s loss ( "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,dra9age ,und]dra9age4--,!re are great swamps1 & small ones1 ^: wat] %\ld be c>ri$ (f by op5 dit*es4 ,our pres5t int]e/ is 9 ! wet fields ( ! f>m1--! cold1 wet soil ( an entire field1 ! swale ly+ betwe5 areas ( well-dra9$ l&1 ! side ( a field kept wet by seepage f high] l&1--& "h ! "r solution ( ! tr\bl+ problem lies 9 und]dra9age4 ,an excess ( wat] 9 ! soil robs ! l&-own] ( *ance ( pr(it4 ,x excludes ! air1 seal+ up ! plant-food s t crops _c be secur$4 ,x keeps ! gr\nd cold4 ,x de/roys ! good physical condition ( ! soil t may h be5 secur$ by mu* tillage1 caus+ ! soil p>ticles to pack toge!r4 ,x compels plant-roots to =m at ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x delays se$+ & cultivation4 ,an excess ( wat] is m di%e>t5+ ?an absolute soil pov]ty4 ,! rem$y is only 9 its removal4 ,! level ( dead wat] 9 ! soil mu/ be bel[ ! surface--?ree feet1 two & "o half feet1 f\r feet1--"s reasonable di/ance t w make possible a friable1 a]at$1 w>m1 fri5dly fe$+-gr\nd = plant-roots4 ,only "u dra9age c d ?is4 ,c\nt+ ! ,co/4--,?or\gh und]dra9age is co/ly1 b x is less s ?an ! f>m+ ( fields ^: productiv5ess is s]i\sly limit$ by an excess ( wat]4 ,! "w means an add$ inve/m5t4 ,e/imates ( co/ c be made ) fair accuracy1 & e/imates ( result+ pr(it c be made )\t any assurance ( accuracy4 ,! f>m] ) "s wet l& does well to ga9 exp]im5tal k1 & base future "w ^u su* exp]i5ce4 ,he kn[s t he _c af=d to cultivate wet l&1 & ! problem be=e him is to leave x to produce :at grass x c produce1 sell x1 or f9d pr(it 9 dra9age4 ,he has ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs t inve/m5t 9 dra9age is m satisfactory ?an mo/ o!r inve/m5ts1 if l& has any natural f]tility4 ,he has assurance t debt incurr$ = dra9age is ! safe/ k9d ( debt an own] ( wet l& c incur4 ,he has a "r to expect pr(it f ! und]tak+1 & he c beg9 ! "w 9 a small way1 if an outlet is at h&1 & le>n :at return may be expect$ f fur!r inve/m5t4 ,almo/ )\t fail w he become an e>ne/ advocate ( und]dra9age4 ,illu/ration3 ,dra9 tile4 ,:]e ,returns are ,l>ge/4--,! total area ( l& ne$+ dra9age is imm5se4 ,swamps =m only a small "p ( ?is area4 ,yields ( mu* old f>m l& are limit$ by ! excess ( wat] dur+ portions ( ! ye>4 ,z l& becomes old]1 ! area ne$+ dra9age increases4 ,! own] ( wet l& does well to ga9 8 fir/ exp]i5ce 9 a field :]e a swale or o!r wet /rip n only fails to produce a full crop1 b limits ! yield ( ! rema9d] ( ! field by delay+ plant+ & cultivation4 ,?is d\ble pr(it (t5 is suffici5t to repay co/ 9 a s+le ye>4 ,mat]ial = ! ,dra9s4--,d\btless !re are places & times :5 /one1 or bo>ds1 or bru% %\ld be us$ 9 con/ruction ( und]dra9s1 b !y are relatively few 9 numb]4 ,su* und]dra9s lack p]man5cy1 z a rule1 ?\gh "s /one dra9s are effective = a long "t4 ,if dra9 tile c be obta9$ at a reasonable price1 x %\ld be us$ ev5 9 fields t h an abundance ( /one4 ,its use requires less labor ?an t ( /one1 & :5 prop]ly laid on a good bottom1 x cont9ues effective4 ,!re is no kn[n limit to ! durability ( a dra9 made ( good tile4 ,! ,outlet4--,! value ( any dra9age sy/em is dep5d5t ^u ! outlet4 ,its location is ! fir/ ?+ to be det]m9$4 ,if ! l& is ne>ly flat1 a telescope level %\ld be us$ to det]m9e elevations ( all l[ po9ts 9 ! l& to be dra9$4 ,! outlet %\ld p]mit a prop] fall ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! sy/em1 & x %\ld n require att5tion aft] ! "w is complet$4 ,if x is 9 ! bank ( a /ream or dit*1 x %\ld be above ! normal level ( ! wat] 9 ! /ream4 ,9 times ( heavy ra9fall wat] may back up into ! ma9 ) no injury o!r ?an tempor>y failure to p]=m its "w1 b cont9u\s subm]sion w lead to deposits ( silt t may close ! tile4 ,locat+ ,ma9 & ,bran*es4--,!re are v>i\s sy/ems ( dra9age4 ,:]ev] a bran* or lat]al jo9s ! ma91 ! means ( dra9age is duplicat$ )9 ! area t ! ma9 c dra91 & ! sy/em %\ld call = ! lea/ possible wa/e ( ?is sort4 ,x usually is be/ t ! ma9 take ! c5t] l9e ( ! l[ l&1 lat]als be+ us$ to br+ ! wat] to ! ma9 f bo? sides1 b !re is less duplication ( "w :5 ! ma9 c be at "o side ( ! wet l&4 ,bran*es ( ! ma9 may be ne$$ to rea* remote p>ts ( ! area4 ,! ,lat]als4--,small l9es ( tile are us$ to br+ ! wat] to ! ma9 :5 ! wet l& ext5ds beyond ! influ5ce ( ! ma94 ,! di/ance betwe5 ^! lat]als dep5ds ^u _! dep? & ! nature ( ! l&4 ,a tight clay soil w n let wat] pass lat]ally m ?an a rod or #bj feet1 compell+ ! plac+ ( ! dra9s n ov] #dj feet ap>t1 :ile an op5 soil may p]mit a di/ance ( #fj or m feet betwe5 lat]als4 ,size ( ,tile4--,! size ( ! ma9 dep5ds ^u ! area t ev5tually may be dra9$1 ! am\nt ( ov]fl[ f high] l&1 ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! grade ( ! dra94 ,x is a common mi/ake to make ! ma9 too small because ! dra9age imm$iately contemplat$ is less ?an t :i* w be desir$ :5 its value is kn[n4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! size ! judgm5t ( an exp]t is ne$$1 & if ?is _c be _h1 ! error %\ld be on ! side ( safety4 ,if ! ma9 w n be requir$ to c>ry ov]fl[ f o!r l&1 & has a fall ( #c in*es to #ajj feet1 "o may assume t a #f-;in* ma9 w c>ry ! surplus wat] f #ab to #bj acres ( l&1 & an #h-;in* ma9 w c>ry ! wat] ( twice t area4 ,"s dra9age exp]ts figure l>g] areas = su* ma9s1 b !re is dang] ( loss ( crop :5 ! ra9fall is v heavy4 ,! lat]als ne$ n be l>g] ?an #c in*es 9 diamet] :5 laid on a good bottom4 ,k9d ( ,tile4--,:5 clay tile is us$1 x %\ld be well burn$4 ,"s manufactur]s (f] s(t tile = sale1 z ! loss f w>p+ & crack+ is less 9 case ( insuffici5t burn+4 ,! claim may be made t ! effici5cy ( s(t tile is great] ?an t ( ! h>d tile ^: porosity has be5 de/roy$4 ,?is is an error1 z ! wat] ent]s ! dra9 at ! jo9ts1 & n ?r\gh ! walls ( ! tile4 ,und]dra9age %\ld be p]man5t 9 its "*1 & x is ess5tial t e piece ( tile be s\nd & well-burn$4 ,vitrifi$ clay tile is good = dra9age1 b no bett] ?an common clay h>d-burn$4 ,r\nd or octagonal tile is ! mo/ desirable because x c be turn$ 9 lay+ to secure ! be/ jo9ts4 ,coll>s are n ne$$ 9 ord9>y dra9age4 ,cem5t tile is com+ into g5]al use 9 regions hav+ no good clay4 ,its durability has n be5 te/$1 b !re is no app>5t reason t x %\ld n be a good sub/itute = clay4 ,! ,grade4--,! outlet may fix ! grade4 ,if x does n1 ! ma91 bran*es1 & lat]als %\ld h a fall ( #c in*es1 or m1 to ! #ajj feet4 ,?is grade insures aga9/ deposits ( silt & gives good capacity to ! dra9s4 ,if ! outlet dem&s less fall 9 ! sy/em1 ! ma9 may be laid on a grade ( only a half in* to ! #ajj feet ) satisfactory results4 ,su* a small fall %\ld be accept$ only :5 a l[] outlet _c be secur$1 & great c>e %\ld be us$ 9 grad+ ! tr5* & lay+ ! tile4 ,e/abli%+ a ,grade4--,if ! grades are light1 !y %\ld be e/abli%$ by use ( a telescope level4 ,mo/ ( ! *eap levels are a delusion4 ,a /ake driv5 flu% ) ! surface ( ! gr\nd at ! outlet becomes ! />t+ po9t1 & by its side %\ld be driv5 a witness /ake4 ,e #ajj feet along ! l9e ( ! propos$ dra9 & lat]als simil> /akes %\ld be driv54 ,_! levels %\ld !n be tak51 & :5 ! fall f ! head ( ! sy/em to ! outlet is kn[n1 ! requir$ cut at ea* #ajj-;feet /ation is easily det]m9$4 ,x may be necess>y to r$uce or increase ! grade at "s po9t to get prop] dep? 9 a depression or to save cutt+ :5 pass+ ?r\gh a ridge4 ,cutt+ ! ,tr5*es4--,!re are dit*+-ma*9es t d effici5t "w4 ,! be/ are co/ly4 ,mo/ ( ! "w on f>ms w cont9ue to be done ) dit*+-spades4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be mov$ :5 wet1 s t labor c be sav$4 ,a l9e %\ld be us$ to secure a /raight side to ! tr5*4 ,! grade %\ld be obta9$ by means ( a sy/em ( /r+s4 ,if two light poles be pu%$ into ! gr\nd at ea* #ajj-;feet /ation1 "o on ei!r side ( ! propos$ tr5*1 & a /r+ be drawn across at a po9t #e-a_/b feet above ! bottom ( ! propos$ tr5*1 ^! /r+s w be 9 l9e on a grade #e-a_/b feet above ! grade ! dra9 w h4 ,z ! cut at ! /ation is kn[n1 ! height ( ! /r+ above ! top ( ! /ake is easily det]m9$4 ,^! /r+s w reveal any inaccuracy 9 ! survey4 ,! workman c te/ e "p ( ! bottom ( ! tr5* by use ( a rod #e-a_/b feet high1 ! top end be+ exactly 9 l9e ) ! /r+s :5 ! l[] end is plac$ on ! correct grade ( ! tr5*4 ,?is device is bett] ?an runn+ wat] :]e grades are slight4 ,a dra9 scoop %\ld be us$ 9 bottom ( ! tr5* to make a re/+ place = ! tile t w prev5t any displacem5t by ! soil :5 ! tr5* is fill$4 ,dep? ( ,tr5*es4--,und]dra9s may be plac$ too deep 9 close soils = be/ results4 ,9 an e>ly day x 0 advis$ t ! dra9s be put d[n #d feet deep4 ,we n[ "k t a tight clay soil may give be/ results f a dra9 only #bh in*es deep1 or ev5 a little less4 ,9 a loos] soil #c feet is a bett] dep?1 & 9 por\s swamp l&s ! dra9 may well g #d feet deep1 ?us p]mitt+ increase 9 di/ance betwe5 dra9s4 ,connections4--,! lat]als %\ld ent] ! bran*es & ma9s ne> ! top1 s t ! wat] w be drawn out rapidly4 ,! tile %\ld be laid ) close jo9ts at ! top1 s t ! wat] may ent] m freely f ! sides ?an ! top4 ,no cov]+ o!r ?an moi/ soil is ne$$ unless !re is v f9e s&1 :5 pap] ov] ! jo9ts w s]ve a good purpose4 ,aft] "s moi/ soil f ! sides ( ! tr5* has be5 tramp$ ^u ! tile1 ! tr5* may be fill$ by use ( a break+-pl[ or w+$ scrap]4 ,p]man5cy ,desir$4--,! exp5se ( und]dra9age dem&s c>e 9 e detail ( ! "w4 ,! grade ( ! tr5*es %\ld be c>efully te/$4 ,e piece ( tile %\ld be exam9$4 ,! outlet %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ displacem5t or entrance by animals4 ,a good plan is to lay ! la/ few pieces ( tile 9 a close-fitt+ wood5 box1 & to protect ! end ) iron rods plac$ #b in*es ap>t4 ,if ! dra9 is on a true grade1 s t no silt w collect1 !re ne$ be no fe> conc]n+ its cont9u$ effici5cy1 provid$ wat] does n run 9 x all ! "t4 ,if x c>ries ! wat] f spr+s cont9u\sly1 plant-roots may fill x1 & tree roots are q sure to d s :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,?is is notably true 9 case ( elms & will[s1 b protection is af=d$ 9 su* an in/ance by clos+ ! jo9ts ) cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! lure ( ! c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ pages conta9 adv]tisem5ts ( books on k9dr$ subjects ,,new ,,f>m ,,& ,,g>d5 ,,books ,injuri\s ,insects3 ,h[ to ,recognize & ,control ,!m ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,o',,kane ,entomologi/ ( ! ,new ,hamp%ire ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & ,pr(essor ( ,economic ,entomology 9 ,new ,hamp%ire ,college ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #b4jj net4 ,complete in=mation on ! *>act]i/ics1 life hi/ories & means ( control ( ! m common injuri\s insects1 includ+ ^? infe/+ field crops1 vegetables1 fruits1 ! pr9cipal pe/s ( dome/ic animals1 /or$ products & ! h\sehold1 is conta9$ 9 ?is book4 ,a di/9ctive feature ( ! "w is ! illu/rations ) :i* ! text ?r\gh\t is accompani$4 ,^! h be5 made especially = ,dr4 ,o',kane4 ,) ea* insect treat$ he %[s 9 an orig9al photograph ! *>act]i/ic injuri\s /age or ! typical "w ( ! insect :]e t is *>act]i/ic4 ,by ?is means ! au?or hopes t ! layman w be able to recognize an insect t ?reat5s by ! picture aside f any description 9 ! text4 ,pr9ciples ( ,fruit ,gr[+ ,by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,new edition4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej net4 ,s9ce ! orig9al publication ( ?is book1 9 #ahig1 x has gone ?r\gh _m editions4 ,! progress ( fruit gr[+ 9 ! meantime has be5 v m>k$ & x has be5 necess>y to completely rewrite ! "w4 ,! pres5t issue ( x br+s ! acc\nts ( ! new practices & discov]ies z !y relate to fruit gr[+ up to date4 ,all ( ! text & practically all ( ! illu/rations are new4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,new ,,f>m ,,& ,,g>d5 ,,books ,%eep ,f>m+ ,by ,,john ,a4 ,,craig & ,f4 ,r4 ,,m>%all ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 #a4ej net4 ,?is book deals ) %eep husb&ry z a phase ( int5sive f>m+4 ,recogniz+ t x is likely to be us$ by p]sons unfamili> ) %eep1 ! au?ors h work$ f ! /&po9t ( ! produc] ( m>ket /ock1 r ?an f ! /&po9t ( ! pr(essional bre$]4 ,! v>i\s bre$s are discuss$ 9 su* a way z to enable ! read] to select ! k9d t is mo/ likely to d well "u 8 conditions & to acqua9t him ) ! c>e x is accu/om$ to & ne$s4 ,! managem5t ( ! flock 9 ! fall1 w9t]1 spr+ & summ] seasons1 ! =mation ( ! flock1 ! selection ( f\ndation /ock1 & ! means ( ma9ta9+ a high /&>d ( flock effici5cy1 are all discuss$ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,=age ,crops = ! ,s\? ,by ,s4 ,m4 ,,tracy ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?1 #abmo4 ,prep>+4 ,pr(essor ,tracy has _h long exp]i5ce 9 ,s\!rn agriculture1 bo? 9 application & 9 tea*+4 ,he 0 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture 9 ! ,mississippi ,agricultural ,college1 & n[ conducts a bran* /ation or f>m = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,he is a botani/ ( note & has travel$ ext5sively 9 ! ,s\? z a collector4 ,8 book is n only au!ntic1 b practical4 ,9 x is conta9$ a discussion ( all k9ds ( plants & crops adapt$ to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates = fodd]1 soil+1 pa/ur+ & hay4 ,! text is abundantly illu/rat$4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,rural ,,manuals ,edit$ by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,manual ( ,f>m ,animals ,a ,practical ,guide to ! ,*oos+1 ,bre$+ & ,keep ( ,horses1 ,cattle1 ,%eep & ,sw9e4 ,by ,,m]ritt ,w4 ,,h>p] ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,animal ,husb&ry 9 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture at ,cornell ,univ]sity ,illu/rat$1 decorat$ clo?1 #abmo1 #ede pages1 index1 #b4jj net2 by mail1 #b4ah ,! "w is invaluable z a practical guide 9 rais+ f>m animals4--,morn+ ,telegram4 ,a book des]v+ ( close /udy z well z be+ h&y = ref]5ce1 & %\ld be 9 ! possession ( e f>m] int]e/$ 9 /ock4--,rural ,_w4 ,manual ( ,g>d5+ ,a ,practical ,guide to ! ,mak+ ( ,home ,gr\nds & ! ,gr[+ ( ,fl[]s1 ,fruits & ,vegetables = ,home ,use4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,illu/rat$1 clo?1 #abmo1 #edd pages1 #b4jj net2 by mail1 #b4ag ,?is new "w is a comb9ation & revision ( ! ma9 p>ts ( two o!r books by ! same au?or1 ,g>d5 ,mak+ & ,practical ,g>d5 ,book1 toge!r ) mu* new mat]ial & ! result ( ! exp]i5ce ( t5 add$ ye>s4 ,among ! p]sons :o collaborat$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! o!r two books1 & ^: contributions h be5 freely us$ 9 ?is "o1 are ,c4 ,e4 ,hunn1 a g>d5] ( long exp]i5ce2 ,pr(essor ,erne/ ,walk]1 re>$ z a comm]cial flori/2 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,r4 ,taft1 & ,pr(essor ,f4 ,a4 ,waugh1 well kn[n = _! /udies & writ+s on horticultural subjects4 ,a ,,/&>d ,,"w ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,! ,f>m & ,g>d5 ,rule ,book ,by ,,lib]ty ,h4 ,,bailey ,illu/rat$1 clo?1 #abmo1 #b4jj net ,:5 ,pr(essor ,bailey's ,horticulturi/'s ,rule ,book 0 publi%$ ne>ly tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! volume became a /&>d agricultural "w runn+ ?r\gh sixte5 editions4 ,tak+ ?is book z a basis ! au?or has n[ made a :olly new book1 ext5d+ x to cov] ! field ( g5]al f>m+1 /ock-rais+1 dairy+1 p\ltry-re>+1 horticulture1 g>d5+1 =e/ry1 & ! l4 ,x is ess5tially a small cyclop$ia ,( ready rules & ref]5ces pack$ full f coy] to cov] ( cond5s$1 meaty in=mation & precepts on almo/ e lead+ subject connect$ ) c\ntry life4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,manual ( ,home-,mak+4 ,manual ( ,cultivat$ ,plants ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,rural ,,outlook ,,set ,by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,director ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture at ,cornell ,univ]sity ,f\r ,volumes4 ,ea*1 clo?1 #abmo4 ,uni=m b9d+1 attractively box$4 #e4jj net p] set2 c>riage extra4 ,ea* volume also sold sep>ately4 ,9 ?is set are includ$ ?ree ( ,pr(essor ,bailey's mo/ popul> books z well z a hi!rto unpubli%$ "o1--,! ,c\ntry-,life ,movem5t4 ,! long & p]si/5t dem& = a uni=m edition ( ^! little classics is answ]$ ) ! publication ( ?is attractive s]ies4 ,! ,c\ntry-,life ,movem5t ,clo?1 #abmo1 #bbj pages1 #a4be net2 by mail1 #a4cd ,?is hi!rto unpubli%$ volume deals ) ! pres5t movem5t = ! r$irection ( rural civilization1 discuss+ ! real c\ntry-life problem z di/+ui%$ f ! city problem1 kn[n z ! back-to-!-l& movem5t4 ,! ,outlook to ,nature 7,new & ,revis$ ,edition7 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #aie pages1 #a4be net2 by mail1 #a4cd ,9 ?is alive & brac+ book1 full ( sugge/ion & enc\ragem5t1 ,pr(essor ,bailey argues ! importance ( contact ) nature1 a sympa!tic attitude t[>d :i* means great] effici5cy1 hopefulness1 & repose4 ,! ,/ate & ! ,f>m] 7,new ,edition7 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be net2 by mail1 #a4cd ,x is ! relation ( ! f>m] to ! gov]nm5t t ,pr(essor ,bailey "h discusses 9 its v>y+ aspects4 ,he deals specifically ) ! *ange 9 agricultural me?ods1 9 ! %ift+ ( ! geographical c5t]s ( f>m+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ! gr[? ( agricultural in/itutions4 ,! ,nature ,/udy ,idea 7,new ,edition7 ,clo?1 #abmo1 #a4be net2 by mail1 #a4cd ,x w\ld be well1 ! critic ( ,! ,tribune ,f>m] once wrote1 if ',! ,nature ,/udy ,idea' 7 9 ! h&s ( e p]son :o favors nature /udy 9 ! public s*ools1 ( e "o :o is oppos$ to x1 &1 mo/ important1 ( e "o :o tea*es x or ?9ks he does4 ,x has be5 ,pr(essor ,bailey's purpose to int]pret ! new s*ool movem5t to put ! "y into relation & sympa?y ) nature1--a purpose :i* he has admirably accompli%$4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,h[ to ,keep ,h5s = ,pr(it ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,val5t9e ,clo?1 illu/rat$1 #abmo1 #a1ej net2 po/paid1 #a4fc ,! ,plym\? ,rock1 ,java1 ,dom9ique1 ,wy&otte1 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$1 & ,buckeye bre$s are discuss$ 9 ! fir/ few *apt]s4 ,consid]able att5tion is giv5 to o!r bre$s lat] on4 ,eighte5 beautiful half-tone engrav+s adorn ! book4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! practical f>m] & p\ltry-gr[]1 we consid] ?is book z "o ( ! v be/ ( its k9d4 ,! au?or is evid5tly an exp]i5c$ p\ltry-man4 ,x is a book t %\ld be ( special help to beg9n]s 9 p\ltry1 :ile at ! same "t x conta9s mu* in=mation = ! exp]t4 --,f>m]s' ,tribune4 ,! ,beg9n] 9 ,p\ltry ,by ,c4 ,s4 ,,val5t9e ,decorat$ ,clo?1 pr(usely illu/rat$1 #abmo1 #a4ej net2 po/paid1 #a4fh ,x has be5 e/imat$ t ( ! five million p :o are rais+ p\ltry 9 ?is c\ntry today half h gone at x bl9dly4 ,& x is j z impossible to make a success ( ! p\ltry bus9ess )\t prep>ation z x is impossible to succe$ 9 any o!r bus9ess )\t an acqua9tance ) ! fundam5tals4 ,! difficulty :i* ! novice has exp]i5c$ 9 go+ at ! rais+ ( *ick5s sy/ematically 9 ! pa/ has be5 t he c\ld f9d no book 9 :i* ! ess5tials--only ! ess5tials & all ( !m--( p\ltry-rais+ are giv54 ,to write su* a book has be5 ,mr4 ,val5t9e's purpose ,9 ,! ,beg9n] 9 ,p\ltry he discusses ! diff]5t bre$s ( f[ls1 ! types ( h\ses1 fe$+ & ! k9ds ( food1 rais+ *ick5s = ! m>ket & = _! eggs1 diseases & _! cures & ev]y?+ else :i* w be ( value = ! "o :o is />t+ out--& mu* = ! season$ p\ltry-rais] z well4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,,rural ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,on ,selection ( ,l&1 etc4 ,isaac ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f>m/ead #a #ej ,on ,tillage1 etc4 ,f4 ,h4 ,k+'s ,! ,soil #a #ej ,isaac ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f]tility ( ! ,l& #a #ej ,f4 ,h4 ,k+'s ,irrigation & ,dra9age #a #ej ,edw>d ,b4 ,voorhees' ,f]tiliz]s #a #be ,edw>d ,b4 ,voorhees' ,=age ,crops #a #ej ,j4 ,a4 ,widtsoe's ,dry ,f>m+ #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,pr9ciples ( ,agriculture #a #be ,on ,plant ,diseases1 etc4 ,e4 ,c4 ,lodeman's ,! ,spray+ ( ,plants #a #be ,on ,g>d5-,mak+ ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,g>d5-,mak+ #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,vegetable-,g>d5+ #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,=c+ ,book #a #be ,on ,fruit-,gr[+1 etc4 ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,nurs]y ,book #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,fruit-,gr[+ #a #ej ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey's ,! ,prun+ ,book #a #ej ,f4 ,w4 ,c>d's ,bu% ,fruits #a #ej ,on ! ,c>e ( ,live-/ock ,nelson ,s4 ,mayo's ,! ,diseases ( ,animals #a #ej ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan's ,! ,fe$+ ( ,animals #a #ej ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,horse #a #be ,m4 ,w4 ,h>p]'s ,break+ & ,tra9+ ( ,horses #a #ej ,george ,c4 ,watson's ,f>m ,p\ltry #a #be ,on ,dairy ,"w1 ,f>m ,*emi/ry1 etc4 ,h5ry ,h4 ,w+'s ,milk & ,its ,products #a #ej ,j4 ,g4 ,lipman's ,bact]ia & ,c\ntry ,life #a #ej ,on ,economics & ,organization ,i4 ,p4 ,rob]ts' ,! ,f>m]'s ,bus9ess ,h&book #a #be ,george ,t4 ,fair*ild's ,rural ,weal? & ,welf>e #a #be ,h4 ,n4 ,ogd5's ,rural ,hygi5e #a #ej ,j4 ,gre5's ,law = ! ,am]ican ,f>m] #a #ej ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york ,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,agriculture ,edit$ by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,director ( ! ,college ( ,agriculture & ,pr(essor ( ,rural ,economy1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,) #ajj full-page plates & m ?an #b1jjj illu/rations 9 ! text2 f\r volumes2 ! set1 #bj4jj net2 half morocco1 #cb4jj net2 c>riage extra ,volume ,i--,f>ms ,volume ,,ii--,crops ,volume ,,iii--,animals ,volume ,,iv--,! ,f>m & ! ,community ,indisp5sable to public & ref]5ce libr>ies 444 readily compreh5sible to any p]son ( av]age education4--,! ,nation4 ,! complete/ exi/+ !saurus ( up-to-date facts & op9ions on mod]n agricultural me?ods4 ,x is safe to say t _m ye>s mu/ pass be=e x c be surpass$ 9 compreh5siv5ess1 accuracy1 practical value1 & me*anical excell5ce4 ,x ought to be 9 e libr>y 9 ! c\ntry4--,record-,h]ald1 ,*icago4 ,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,horticulture ,edit$ by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,) ov] #b1hjj orig9al engrav+s2 f\r volumes2 ! set1 #bj4jj net2 half morocco1 #cb4jj net2 c>riage extra ,?is really monum5tal p]=mance w take rank z a /&>d 9 its class4 ,illu/rations & text are admirable4444 ,our own conviction is t :ile ! future may br+ =? amplifi$ editions ( ! "w1 x w probably nev] be sup]s$$4 ,recogniz+ its importance1 ! publi%]s h giv5 x faultless =m4 ,! typography leaves no?+ to be desir$1 ! pap] is calculat$ to /& we> & te>1 & ! "w is at once h&somely & attractively b\nd4--,new ,york ,daily ,tribune4 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,,publi%]s #fd-ff ,fif? ,av5ue ,,new ,,york