---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,third ,,annual ,,meeting ,,lancaster1 ,,pennsylvania ,,december #ah and #ai1 #aiab ,,the ,,cayuga ,,press ,,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiac ,illustration3 ,,professor ,,john ,,craig ,a ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,association ,died #aiab 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,officers and ,committees of the ,association #c ,members of the ,association #d ,constitution and ,rules of the ,association #h ,proceedings of the ,meeting held at ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 ,december #ah and #ai1 #aiab #i ,address of ,welcome by the ,mayor of ,lancaster #i ,response by ,mr4 ,littlepage #aa ,president's ,address4 ,the ,practical ,aspects of ,hybridizing ,nut ,trees4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york #ab ,fraudulent and ,uninformed ,promoters4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,indiana #bb ,recent ,work on the ,chestnut ,blight4 ,keller ,e4 ,rockey1 ,pennsylvania #cg ,some ,problems in the ,treatment of ,diseased ,chestnut ,trees4 ,roy ,g4 ,pierce1 ,pennsylvania #dd ,nut ,growing and ,tree ,breeding and their ,relation to ,conservation4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,pennsylvania #ei ,beginning with ,nuts4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,new ,york #fd ,the ,persian ,walnut1 ,its ,disaster and ,lessons for #aiab4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,pennsylvania #he ,a #aiab ,review of the ,nut ,situation in the ,north4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c #ia ,demonstration in ,grafting4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,pennsylvania #aje ,some ,persian ,walnut ,observations1 ,experiments and ,results for #aiab4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c #aaj ,the ,indiana ,pecans4 ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy1 ,indiana #aac ,appendix3 ,report of ,secretary and ,treasurer #aaf ,report of ,committee on ,resolutions #aag ,report of ,committee on the ,death of ,professor ,john ,craig #aai ,report of ,committee on ,exhibits #abj ,the ,hickory ,bark ,borer #abb ,miscellaneous ,notes3 ,members ,present #abd ,list of ,correspondents and ,others ,interested in ,nut ,culture #abd ,extracts from ,letters from ,state ,vice-,presidents and ,others #ach ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ,indiana ,secretary and ,treasurer ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,georgetown1 ,conn4 ,,committees ,executive ,robert ,t4 ,morris ,w4 ,n4 ,roper ,and the ,officers ,promising ,seedlings ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,hybrids ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,j4 ,r4 ,smith ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,membership ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan ,w4 ,n4 ,roper ,nomenclature ,w4 ,c4 ,reed ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,press and ,publication ,w4 ,n4 ,roper ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,canada ,goldwin ,smith ,highland ,creek ,colorado ,dr4 ,frank ,l4 ,dennis ,colorado ,springs ,connecticut ,charles ,h4 ,plump ,west ,redding ,delaware ,h4 ,p4 ,layton ,georgetown ,florida ,h4 ,harold ,hume ,glen ,st4 ,mary ,georgia ,g4 ,c4 ,schempp1 ,jr4 ,albany ,illinois ,dr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,crocker ,chicago ,indiana ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy ,lake ,iowa ,alson ,secor ,des ,moines ,kentucky ,a4 ,l4 ,moseley ,calhoun ,louisiana ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,jeanerette ,maryland ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,massachusetts ,bernhard ,hoffmann ,stockbridge ,michigan ,miss ,maud ,m4 ,jessup ,grand ,rapids ,minnesota ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee ,st4 ,paul ,new ,hampshire ,henry ,n4 ,gowing ,dublin ,new ,jersey ,henry ,hales ,ridgewood ,new ,york ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy ,lockport ,north ,carolina ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt ,raleigh ,ohio ,j4 ,h4 ,dayton ,painesville ,oklahoma ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b4 ,miller ,enid ,oregon ,f4 ,a4 ,wiggins ,toppenish ,panama ,b4 ,f4 ,womack ,canal ,zone ,pennsylvania ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,west ,willow ,texas ,c4 ,t4 ,hogan ,ennis ,vermont ,clarence ,j4 ,ferguson ,burlington ,virginia ,w4 ,n4 ,roper ,petersburg ,west ,virginia ,b4 ,f4 ,hartzell ,shepherdstown ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #dai #ith ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,armstrong1 ,a4 ,h41 ,general ,electric ,co41 ,schenectady1 ,n4 ,y4 ,arnott1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,g41 #bf ,emerald ,st41 ,south1 ,hamilton1 ,canada4 ,barron1 ,leonard1 ,editor ,the ,garden ,magazine1 ,garden ,city1 ,l4 ,i4 ,barry1 ,w4 ,c41 ,ellwanger ,barry1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,benner1 ,charles1 #ajj ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 9999,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,bldg41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,button1 ,herbert1 ,bonnie ,brook ,farm1 ,cazenovia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,browne1 ,louis ,l41 ,bodsbeck ,farm1 ,new ,canaan1 ,conn4 ,butler1 ,henry ,l41 ,gwynedd ,valley1 ,pa4 ,casper1 ,norman ,w41 ,fairlawn1 ,new ,burnside1 ,ill4 ,chalmers1 ,w4 ,j41 ,vanport1 ,pa4 ,chamberlain1 ,w4 ,o41 #cjj ,nicollet ,ave41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,clendenin1 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,m41 ,westchester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,close1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p41 ,expert in ,fruit ,identification1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,cole1 ,dr4 ,chas4 ,k41 #cb ,rose ,st41 ,chelsea-on-,hudson1 ,n4 ,y4 ,coleman1 ,h4 ,h41 ,the ,northwestern ,mutual ,life ,ins4 ,co41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 ,university ,gymnasium1 ,univ4 of ,toronto1 ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,crocker1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,s41 ,columbus ,memorial ,bldg41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 ,painesville1 ,ohio4 ,rep4 ,storrs ,harrison ,co4 ,decker1 ,loyd ,h41 ,greeley1 ,col41 ,r4 #e1 ,box #aa4 ,deming1 ,dr4 ,n4 ,l41 ,litchfield1 ,conn4 ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,georgetown1 ,conn4 ,deming1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,c4 ,georgetown1 ,conn4 ,dennis1 ,dr4 ,frank ,l41 ,the ,colchester1 ,colorado ,springs1 ,col4 ,ellwanger1 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,e4 ,ave41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,ferguson1 ,clarence ,j41 ,rep4 ,eastern ,fruit ,nut ,orchard ,co41 #add ,college ,st41 ,burlington1 ,vt4 ,fischer1 ,j41 ,rep4 ,keystone ,wood ,co41 ,williamsport1 ,pa4 ,fullerton1 ,h4 ,b41 ,medford1 ,l4 ,i4 ,gowing1 ,henry ,n41 ,dublin1 ,n4 ,h4 ,gschwind1 ,geo4 ,w41 #bhb ,humboldt ,st41 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,haberstroh1 ,arthur ,l41 ,sharon1 ,mass4 ,hale1 ,mrs4 ,geo4 ,h41 ,glastonbury1 ,conn4 ,hall1 ,l4 ,c4 ,avonia1 ,pa4 99,hales1 ,henry1 ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,hans1 ,amedee1 ,supt4 ,hodenpyl ,est41 ,locust ,valley1 ,l4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y4 ,harrison1 ,j4 ,g41 ,rep4 ,harrison's ,nurseries1 ,berlin1 ,md4 ,hartzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown1 ,w4 ,va4 ,haywood1 ,albert1 ,flushing1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hicks1 ,henry1 ,westbury ,station1 ,l4 ,i41 ,n4 ,y4 ,hildebrand1 ,f4 ,b41 #eeea ,monroe ,ave41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,hoffman1 ,bernhard1 ,stockbridge1 ,mass4 ,hogan1 ,c4 ,t41 ,ennis1 ,texas4 ,holden1 ,e4 ,b41 ,hilton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,holmes1 ,j4 ,a41 #abg ,eddy ,st41 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,hopper1 ,i4 ,b41 ,chemical ,national ,bank1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,hume1 ,h4 ,harold1 ,glen ,saint ,mary1 ,fla4 ,hungerford1 ,newman1 #de ,prospect ,st41 ,hartford1 ,conn4 9999,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,w4 #hast ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,hutt1 ,w4 ,n41 ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,james1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,b41 #ag ,w4 #edth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,heights1 ,n4 ,j4 9999,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,jeanerette1 ,la41 ,willow ,st41 ,pa4 ,jessup1 ,miss ,maud ,m41 #ddj ,thomas ,st41 ,grand ,rapids1 ,mich4 ,keely1 ,royal ,r41 #agjb ,mt4 ,vernon ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,walpole1 ,mass41 ,box #dhe4 ,koch1 ,alphonse1 #eaj ,e4 #ggth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,lake1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,r41 ,asst4 ,pomologist1 ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,layton1 ,h4 ,p41 ,georgetown1 ,del4 ,leas1 ,f4 ,c1 #djj ,so4 #djth ,st41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 and ,bala1 ,pa4 ,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,union ,trust ,bldg41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c1 and ,boonville1 ,ind4 ,loomis1 ,charles ,b41 ,e4 ,greenbush1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,d4 #a4 ,lovett1 ,mrs4 ,joseph ,l41 ,emilie1 ,bucks ,co41 ,pa4 ,malcomson1 ,a4 ,b41 #acb ,nassau ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,mayo1 ,e4 ,s41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rep4 ,glen ,brothers4 ,mc,coy1 ,r4 ,l41 ,ohio ,valley ,forest ,nursery1 ,lake1 ,spencer ,co41 ,ind4 ,meehan1 ,s4 ,mendelson1 ,germantown1 ,phila41 ,pa4 ,rep4 ,thos4 ,meehan ,sons4 ,miller1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,b41 ,enid1 ,oklahoma1 ,r4 ,box #dg #a-b4 ,miller1 ,mrs4 ,seaman1 ,care of ,mr4 ,seaman ,miller1 #b ,rector ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,mc,sparren1 ,w4 ,f41 ,furnice1 ,pa4 ,magruder1 ,g4 ,m41 ,medical ,bldg41 ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,morris1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t41 #faf ,madison ,ave41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,moseley1 ,a4 ,l41 ,bank of ,calhoun1 ,calhoun1 ,ky4 ,moses1 ,theodore ,w41 ,harvard ,club1 #bg ,w4 #ddth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,niblack1 ,mason ,j41 ,vincennes1 ,ind4 ,nichols1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,gillette1 #abi ,e4 #gfth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 and ,e4 ,haddam1 ,conn4 ,patterson ,taylor1 #cdc ,s4 ,dearborn ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,pierson1 ,miss ,a4 ,elizabeth1 ,cromwell1 ,conn4 ,plump1 ,chas4 ,h41 ,west ,redding1 ,conn4 ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion1 ,ill4 ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,div4 of ,pomology1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept1 of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,w4 ,c41 ,vincennes1 ,ind4 ,rice1 ,mrs4 ,lilian ,mc,kee1 ,barnes ,cottage1 ,carmel1 ,n4 ,y4 ,rich1 ,william ,p41 ,sec'y ,mass ,horticultural ,society1 #cjj ,mass4 ,ave41 ,boston4 ,ridgway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,floralia1 ,lumberton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,alton1 ,ill4 ,roper1 ,wm4 ,n41 ,arrowfield ,nursery ,co41 ,petersburg1 ,va4 ,rose1 ,wm4 ,j41 #dac ,market ,st41 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow1 ,pa4 ,schempp1 ,g4 ,c41 ,jr41 ,albany1 ,ga4 ,route #c4 ,secor1 ,alson1 ,editor ,successful ,farming1 ,des ,moines1 ,iowa4 ,sensenig1 ,wayne1 ,state ,college1 ,center ,co41 ,pa4 ,shellenberger1 ,h4 ,h41 #faj ,broadhead ,st41 ,easton1 ,pa4 ,shoemaker1 ,seth ,w41 ,agric4 ,ed4 ,int4 ,corresp4 ,schools1 ,scranton1 ,pa4 ,smith1 ,e4 ,k41 #bac ,phoenix ,bldg41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn4 ,smith1 ,goldwin1 ,highland ,creek1 ,ontario1 ,canada4 ,smith1 ,j4 ,russell1 ,roundhill1 ,va4 ,smith1 ,percival ,p41 #ajh ,s4 ,la,salle ,st41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,tuckerman1 ,bayard1 #aah ,e4 #cgth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,turner1 ,k4 ,m41 #abfe ,broadway1 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,ulman1 ,dr4 ,ira1 #bac ,w4 #adgth ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,farm1 ,so4 ,monsey1 ,rockland ,co41 ,p4 ,o41 ,address1 ,spring ,valley1 ,n4 ,y4 ,van ,duzee1 ,col4 ,c4 ,a41 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn1 and ,viking1 ,fla4 ,walter1 ,dr4 ,harry1 ,hotel ,chalfonte1 ,atlantic ,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,wentink1 ,frank1 #ge ,grove ,st41 ,passaic1 ,n4 ,j4 ,white1 ,h4 ,c41 ,de,witt1 ,ga4 ,wiggins1 ,f4 ,a41 ,rep4 ,washington ,nursery ,co41 ,toppenish1 ,wash4 ,wile1 ,th4 ,e41 #ajab ,park ,avenue1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,williams1 ,dr4 ,charles ,mallory1 #dh ,e4 #dith ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city1 and ,stonington1 ,conn4 ,williams1 ,harrison1 ,gen4 ,land ,tax ,agt41 ,erie ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 #ej ,church ,st41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 9999,wissmann1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,de,r41 #gjg ,fifth ,ave41 ,n4 ,y4 ,city4 ,womack1 ,b4 ,f41 ,ancon1 ,canal ,zone1 ,panama4 ,wyman1 ,willis ,l41 ,park ,rapids1 ,minn4 99 ,honorary ,member4 9999 ,life ,member ,,constitution ,,and ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,name4 ,the society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,object4 ,the promotion of interest in nut-producing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the approval of the committee on membership4 ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 and a secretary-treasurer2 an executive committee of five persons1 of which the president1 vice-president and secretary shall be members2 and a state vice-president from each state represented in the membership of the association4 ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the subsequent year4 ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,fees4 ,the fees shall be of two kinds1 annual and life4 ,the former shall be two dollars1 the latter twenty dollars4 ,discipline4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees of three members each to consider and report on the following topics at each annual meeting3 first1 on promising seedlings2 second1 on nomenclature2 third1 on hybrids2 fourth1 on membership2 fifth1 on press and publication4 ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,third ,,annual ,,meeting ,,december #ah ,,and #ai1 #aiab ,,at ,,lancaster1 ,,pennsylvania ,the third annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association was held in the ,court ,house at ,lancaster1 ,pa41 beginning ,december #ah1 #aiab1 at #aj ,a4 ,m42 ,president ,morris presiding4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the meeting will be called to order4 ,we have first an address by the ,mayor of ,lancaster1 ,mayor ,mc,clean4 7,applause47 ,mayor ,mc,clean3 ,ladies and gentlemen of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association3 ,the ,mayor of a city of the size of this1 in which conventions meet so frequently1 is so often called upon to make a speech that the prospect of having to do so causes him some disturbance of mind1 not only on the day of the delivery of the speech but for many days preceding2 but ,i confess that the invitation to come here today has had no such effect on me4 ,i am very glad to meet and mix up with the members of this organization4 ,the evolutionists tell us where we came from2 the theologians1 where we are going to2 but no matter how much we may differ as to the theories of these respective leaders of thought1 upon one thing we can all agree and that is that we are here4 ,you ladies and gentlemen representing the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are here to interchange opinions and discuss questions which have to do with the greater success of the very useful industry1 the youthful and useful industry1 in which you are engaged4 ,i am here as the ,mayor of this goodly town to tell you that you are not looked upon as intruders2 that we will be blind when you help yourselves to our wine flasks1 but that we will not be deaf should you ask for more4 ,i am thoroughly in sympathy with the purpose of this organization1 understanding it to be the encouragement of the planting of nut bearing trees in order that an addition to our present food supply may be provided2 and that much waste land1 now profitless1 may be taken up and converted to practical and profitable uses2 and further that through the medium of such tree planting and tree care as you propose1 landscape embellishment in greater degree than that which now exists may be provided4 ,we hear very much about conservation these days and it seems to me that the proposition which you advance is conservation in a very worthy and very high degree4 ,the soil and climate of ,lancaster ,county seem to be peculiarly adapted to the growing of trees bearing nuts and fruits1 and ,i am sure that the result of this convention will be to stimulate locally a very great interest in this worthy undertaking4 ,you have chosen wisely in selecting ,lancaster as the place for this meeting1 because we feel and we are satisfied that you will agree1 after you have been here a few days1 that this was the town that ,kipling had in mind when he wrote of the town that was born lucky4 7,laughter47 ,here you will find all the creature comforts1 everything that makes for the pleasure of existence1 good food and good water1 and if there be any of you who have a liking for beverages other than water1 it may be some consolation to you to know that in this vicinity the mint beds are not used for pasture1 the punch bowls are not permanently filled with carnations1 the cock-tail glasses show no signs of disuse and the corkscrew hangs within reach of your shortest member4 7,laughter47 ,we are a great people over this way4 ,perhaps you are not aware of that1 but we bear prosperity with meekness and adversity with patience4 ,we feel that we can say to you1 without boasting1 if you seek a pleasant country1 look about you4 ,you may not know it1 but it is a fact and the ,united ,states census reports ever since census reports have been made will prove it1 that the annual valuation of the agricultural products of the county in which you now sit exceeds that of any other county in all this great nation4 7,applause47 ,another bit of local history may surprise you when ,i tell you that the combined deposits of the banks of ,lancaster ,county approximate the enormous amount of fifty million dollars1 that they are larger than the total deposits of any one of seven states in the ,union that ,i can name and that they exceed the combined deposits of two of those seven states4 ,but ,i don't want to take up your time with a recitation of local history1 because ,i feel that your ,lancaster colleagues will give you all the information1 and ,i don't want to spoil their pleasure in giving it by anticipating them4 ,i congratulate you upon the success of this convention4 ,i applaud the purpose for which you are united4 ,i felicitate you upon your achievements up to this time1 and predict for you a greater measure of usefulness and advantage in the time to come1 which usefulness and advantage1 let me suggest1 can be made yours more promptly1 certainly more surely1 by your proceeding upon the principle that whatever is of benefit to the organization as a whole must be of benefit to each of its members1 either directly or indirectly4 ,i trust that you will go on with this good work and stimulate enthusiasm in your purpose in a nation wide way1 working together with one common object1 proceeding under the motto of the ,three ,guardsmen of ,france1 ,one ,for ,all and ,all ,for ,one4 ,i now extend to you the freedom of the city4 ,roam where you will4 ,just one bit of advice ,i have to give4 ,contrary1 perhaps1 to general report1 this is not a slow town and therefore you are in more danger of being run down than run in4 7,laughter47 ,i will not follow the time honored practice of handing you the keys of the city1 for the reason that when ,i heard you were on the way1 ,i had the old gates taken off the hinges in order that your incoming might be in no way impeded4 7,laughter47 ,and now1 in the name of the city of ,lancaster1 its heart filled with the sunny warmth of ,july1 ,i bid you welcome and promise that we will try to extend to you a hospitality as generous as golden ,october4 7,applause47 ,the ,chairman3 ,will ,mr4 ,littlepage please respond to the ,mayor's kindly address of welcome8 ,hon4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president3 ,on behalf of the members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,i desire to thank the ,mayor very cordially for his delightful words of welcome to this city4 ,we feel that the words haven't any strings to them1 such as were indicated in a little poem ,i noticed the other day1 which said that a young man took his girl to an ice cream parlor and she ate and she ate and she ate until at last she gave him her heart to make room for another plate4 7,laughter47 ,there apparently isn't anything of that in the cordial welcome which we have received here to this great ,county of ,lancaster4 ,i know now after hearing the ,mayor's discourse upon the great resources of this county1 why it was that a young fellow who had rambled out into the ,west and happened to drop into an old fashioned protracted meeting1 when asked to come up to the mourners' bench1 objected somewhat1 and finally when they said1 ,well1 young man1 you've got to be born again2 replied1 ,no1 it isn't necessary1 ,i was born in ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 7,laughter and applause47 ,i understand now why the young man was so sanguine1 why it wasn't necessary to be born again1 even under the auspices of the ,great ,spirit4 ,it is very gratifying indeed to be in the midst of a great county of this kind that has made one of the great basic industries so successful4 ,it takes three things to make a really great nation2 it takes great natural resources1 it takes great policies and it takes great people4 ,we have nations in this world where the resources1 the possibilities of agriculture and all lines of human endeavor are as unlimited1 almost1 as ours1 but they haven't the people and in the cases where they have people of the right kind1 they haven't adopted the policies4 ,it takes those three things for any county1 any state or any nation to be really great1 and it is indeed gratifying to those of us who believe in the highest development1 the best for humanity1 to come into a county where the people1 through their industry1 their policies of advancement1 have made that county one of the best farmed agricultural counties in the ,united ,states2 and that is saying a great deal when you consider the greatness of this nation and her immense wealth and resources4 ,it is indeed gratifying to all of us who are spending some time and some effort to further somewhat the advancement of the country along horticultural lines1 to be met with a cordial welcome and to come into this community that has so highly developed her various resources3 so1 on behalf of this ,association and all its members1 even the members that are not here1 those of them who might1 if they desired1 take advantage of the ,mayor's corkscrew and carnation bowl1 ,i thank the ,mayor and thank the citizens of this ,county and say that we are delighted to be among you4 7,applause47 ,the ,chairman3 ,we will now proceed with the regular order of business4 ,as my paper happens to be placed first on the list1 through the methods of the ,secretary1 ,i will ask ,mr4 ,littlepage to kindly take the chair while ,i present notes on the subject of hybridizing nut trees4 ,,the ,,practical ,,aspects ,,of ,,hybridizing ,,nut ,,trees ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,new ,,york ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris ,,of ,,new ,,york ,first ,president of the ,association1 #aiaa and #aiab ,in the experimental work of hybridizing nut trees1 we soon come to learn that a number of practical points need to be acquired before successful hybridizing can be done4 ,this is a special field in which few have taken part as yet1 and consequently any notes upon the subject will add to the sum total of the knowledge which we wish to acquire as rapidly as possible4 ,first1 in collecting pollen2 it is important to shake our pollen into dry paper boxes4 ,if we try to preserve the pollen in glass or in metal1 it is attacked by various mould fungi and is rapidly destroyed4 ,we have to remember that pollen consists of live cells which have quite as active a place in the organic world as a red squirrel1 and the pollen grains need to breathe quite as much as a red squirrel needs to breathe4 ,therefore they must not be placed in glass or metal or tightly sealed4 ,further1 the pollen grains need to be kept cool in order to avoid attacks from the greatest enemy of all organic life1 the microbes or the lower fungi4 ,probably we may keep pollen for a longer time than it could ordinarily be kept1 if it is placed in cold storage1 but practically ,i have tried the experiment on only one occasion4 ,last year ,i wished to cross the chinkapin with the white oak4 ,the white oak blossoms more than a month in advance of the chinkapin in ,connecticut1 and the question was how we could keep the white oak pollen4 ,some of it was placed in paper boxes in cold storage2 some in paper boxes in the cellar in a dry place4 ,pollen which had been kept in the cellar and pollen which had been kept in cold storage were about equally viable4 ,it is quite remarkable to know that pollen can be kept for more than a month under any circumstances4 ,hybridization occurred in my chinkapins from this white oak pollen4 ,sometimes1 where the flowering time of such trees is far apart1 it is important to know how we may secure pollen of one kind for the female flowers of the other4 ,two methods are possible4 ,in the first place1 we may secure pollen from the northern or southern range of a species for application upon pistillate flowers at the other end of the range of that species4 ,another way is to collect branches carrying male flowers before the flowers have developed1 place them in the ice house or in a dark1 cold room without light until the proper time for forcing the flowers1 and if these branches are then placed in water1 the water changed frequently as when we are keeping flowers carefully1 the catkins or other male flowers will develop pollen satisfactorily a long time after their natural time of furnishing pollen1 when they are brought out into the light4 ,in protecting pistillate flowers from the pollen of their own trees1 with the nut tree group where pollen is wind-borne rather than insect borne1 ,i find that the better way is to cover the pistillate flowers with paper bags1 the thinner the better1 the kind that we get at the grocery store4 ,it is best to pull off the undeveloped male flowers if they happen to be on the same branch with the female flowers1 and then place the bags over the female flowers at about the time when they blossom1 in advance of pollination of the male flowers4 ,it is not safe to depend upon pulling off the male flowers of an isolated tree and leaving the female flowers without bags to protect them from pollen of the same species or of allied species1 for the reason that wind may carry pollen to a great distance4 ,one of ,mr4 ,burbank's critics--,i am sorry he has so many1 for they are not all honest or serious--one of his critics1 in relation to the crossing of walnuts1 said that it was due to no particular skill on the part of ,mr4 ,burbank1 for1 whenever the wind blew from the east1 he regretted to say that his entire orchard of ,persian walnuts became pollinized from the ,california black walnuts nearly half a mile away4 ,this is an exaggeration1 because the chances are that most of the ,persian walnuts were pollenized from their own pollen1 but in the case of some ,persian walnuts blossoming early1 and developing female flowers in advance of male flowers1 pollen might be carried to them from half a mile away in a high wind from ,california black walnut trees4 ,black walnut pollen would then fertilize pistillate flowers of the ,persian walnut4 ,i have found this a real danger1 this danger of wind-pollination at a distance1 much to my surprise4 ,last year ,i pollinized one or two lower branches of female flowers of a butternut tree which had no other butternut tree within a distance of a good many rods1 so far away that ,i had no idea that the pollen would be carried from the tree with male flowers to the one which happened to have female flowers only that year2 consequently ,i placed pecan pollen on the female flowers of the lower branches of this butternut tree without protecting them with bags1 and left the rest of the tree unguarded4 ,there were no male flowers on that butternut tree that year4 ,much to my surprise1 not only my pollinized flowers but the whole tree bore a good crop of butternuts4 ,this year1 on account of the drought1 many of the hickory trees bore female flowers only4 ,i do not know that it was on account of the drought1 but ,i have noted that after seasons of drought1 trees are apt to bear flowers of one sex or the other1 trees which normally bear flowers of both sexes4 ,this year a number of hickory trees bore flowers of one sex only1 and ,i noted that some shagbark trees which had no male flowers had fairly good crops of nuts from pollen blown from a distance from other trees4 ,i had one pignut tree 7,h4 ,glabra7 full of female flowers which contained only one male flower1 so far as ,i could discover and which ,i removed4 ,on one side of this tree was a bitternut2 on the other side a shagbark4 ,this tree bore a full crop of pignuts1 7,hicoria glabra7 evidently pollinized on one side by the bitternut and on the other side by the shagbark ,these points are made for the purpose of showing the necessity of covering the female flowers with bags in our nut tree hybridizations4 ,we must sprinkle ,persian insect powder inside the bags or insects will increase under protection4 ,when we have placed bags over female flowers1 it is necessary to mark the limb2 otherwise1 other nuts borne on neighboring limbs will be mistaken for the hybridized nuts unless we carefully place a mark about the limb4 ,copper wire twisted loosely is1 ,i find1 the best4 ,copper wire carrying a copper tag with the names of the trees which are crossed is best4 ,if ,i mark the limb with string or with strong cord ,i find there are many ways for its disappearance4 ,early in the spring the birds like it so well that they will untie square knots in order to put it into their nests4 ,later in the season the squirrels will bite off these marks made with cords for no other purpose1 so far as ,i know1 except satisfying a love of mischief4 ,now ,i am not psychologist enough to state that this is the reason for the action of the red squirrel1 and can only remember that when ,i was a boy ,i used to do things that the red squirrel now does4 7,laughter47 ,consequently1 on that basis1 ,i traced the psychology back to plain pure mischief4 ,red squirrels and white footed mice must be looked after with great care in our hybridized trees4 ,if the squirrels cannot get at a nut that is surrounded by wire cloth1 they will cut off the branch and allow it to fall to the ground and then manage to get it out4 ,white footed mice will make their way through wire1 and mice and squirrels will both manage to bite through wire cloth unless it is very strong in order to get at the nut4 ,the mere fact of nuts being protected by wire cloth or in other ways seems to attract the attention of squirrels4 ,one of my men1 a ,russian1 said1 in rather broken ,english1 ,me try remember which nuts pollinized2 no put on wire1 no put on tag1 no put on nothing2 squirrel see that1 see right straight1 bite off one where you put sign for him4 7,laughter47 ,the best way for keeping squirrels and white footed mice from ascending a tree1 ,i find is by tacking common tin1 slippery smooth tin1 around the trunk of the tree and this may be left on only during the time when squirrels are likely to ascend the tree4 ,they will begin long before the nuts are ripe4 ,in the case of hazel nuts1 ,i have surrounded the bushes with a wire fence or wire mesh1 leaving a little opening on one side1 and have placed steel traps in the opening4 ,now here enters a danger which one does not learn about excepting from practical experience4 ,i went out one morning shortly after having thought of this bright idea and found two gray squirrels in the traps4 ,they had followed their natural instinct of climbing when they got into the steel traps1 and climbing wildly had broken off every single branch from those hazels which carried hybridized nuts4 ,there wasn't one left1 because the squirrels when caught had climbed into the trees and had so violently torn about with trap and chain that they had broken off every single branch with a nut on it4 ,so many things happen in our experiments that appeal to one's sense of the ludicrous1 if he has a sense of humor1 that ,i assure you nut raising is a source of great delight to those who are fond of the drama4 ,the field of hybridizing nut trees offers enormous prospects4 ,we are only just upon the margin of this field1 just beginning to look into the vista4 ,it has been done only in a limited way1 so far1 by crossing pollen and flowers under quite normal conditions4 ,we may look forward to extending the range now of pollinization from knowledge based upon the experiments of ,loeb and his followers in biology4 ,they have succeeded in developing embryos from the eggs of the sea urchin1 of the nereis1 and of mollusks1 without spermatozoa4 ,their work has shown that each egg is a single cell with a cell membrane and it is only necessary to destroy this cell membrane according to a definite plan to start that egg to growing4 ,life may be started from the egg in certain species without the presence of the other sex4 ,this may lead us into a tremendous new field in our horticultural work4 ,we may be able to treat germ cells with acids or other substances which destroy the cell membrane so as to allow crossing between very widely separated species and genera4 ,loeb1 by destroying the cell membrane of the sea urchin1 was enabled to cross the sea urchin with the star fish1 and no one knows but we may be able1 following this line of experimentation1 eventually to cross the shagbark hickory with a pumpkin and get a shagbark hickory nut half the size of the pumpkin4 ,that is all6 7,applause47 99 99 99 99 99 7,president ,morris then took the chair47 ,the ,chairman3 ,please let me add that the hickory pumpkin idea is not to be taken seriously4 ,that is a highly speculative proposition4 ,i have found some times that1 in a very scientific audience1 men who were trained in methods of science1 had very little selvage of humor1--little margin for any pleasantry1 but this highly speculative suggestion1 curiously enough1 is not in fact more speculative than would have been the idea twelve years ago that you could hatch an egg1 start an egg to development--without fertilization4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,i would like to ask how widely you have been able to cross species8 ,the ,chairman3 ,it has been possible to cross species of hazels freely with the four species that ,i have used1 the ,american hazel1 ,corylus ,americana2 the beak hazel1 ,corylus rostrata2 the ,asiatic1 ,corylus colurna1 and ,corylus pontica4 ,these apparently cross readily back and forth4 ,with the hickories ,i think rather free hybridization occurs back and forth among all1 but particularly in relation to groups4 ,the open-bud hickories1 comprising the pecan1 the bitternut1 the water hickory1 and the nutmeg hickory1 apparently1 from my experiments1 cross much more readily among each other than they cross with the scale-bud hickories4 ,the scale-bud hickories appear to cross much more freely among each other than they cross with the open-bud hickories2 not only species but genera may be crossed1 and ,i find that the walnuts apparently cross freely with the open-bud hickories and the open-bud hickories cross with the walnuts4 ,i have thirty-two crosses between the bitternut hickory and our common butternut1 growing4 ,all of the walnuts apparently cross rather freely back and forth with each other4 ,i have not secured fertile nuts between the oaks and chestnuts1 but ,i believe that we may get fertile nuts eventually4 ,the nuts fill well upon these two trees fertilized with each others' pollen respectively1 but ,i have not as yet secured fertile ones4 ,we shall find some fertile crosses ,i think between oaks and chestnuts1 when enough species have been tried4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,do you notice any difference in the shapes of any of those hybrids1 the nuts1 when you get them matured and harvested8 ,do they look any different from the other nuts on the tree8 ,the ,chairman3 ,there isn't very much difference1 but ,i seem to think that sometimes the pollen has exercised an influence upon the nuts of the year4 ,theoretically it should not do so1 but ,i noticed one case apparently in which ,i crossed a chinkapin with a ,chinese chestnut1 and the nuts of that year seemed to me to present some of the ,chinese chestnuts' characteristics4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,this year ,i crossed a number of varieties of pecans and in nearly all those crosses there was to me quite an evident difference in the nuts4 ,for instance those gathered off certain parts of a pecan tree of certain varieties1 ,schley or ,curtis or ,frotscher1 would be typical nuts1 but those hybrids or crosses that ,i produced were distorted1 more or less misshapen and seemed to have peculiarities2 so that when we came to look over the colony we were in doubt whether they were hand pollinated hybrids or had been pollinated before we got the blossoms covered4 ,many of them evidenced a great number of distortions1 and one of them ,i remember particularly whose shell was so thin it was just like a piece of brown paper2 and there were several peculiarities that were quite noticeable in those hand pollinated nuts4 ,the ,chairman3 ,that is a very interesting point4 ,when we come to consider deformities of nuts we shall find very many cases due to the character of the pollinization4 ,i crossed the ,persian walnut with the shagbark hickory and had nuts that year of just the sort of which ,mr4 ,hunt speaks1 with shells as thin as paper4 ,one could crush them with the very slightest pressure of the finger4 ,the shells were not well developed4 ,unfortunately the mice happened to get at all of those nuts4 ,i don't know if they were fertile or not4 ,the kernels were only about half developed4 ,i should look for deformity in these nuts rather than a taking on of the type of one parent over the other1 the idea being based on theoretical biological considerations4 ,we had last year a photograph of a tree in ,california which apparently was a cross1 a very odd cross--does any one remember about that ,california tree8 ,mr4 ,wilcox3 ,it was a cross between ,juglans ,californica and the live oak4 ,the ,chairman3 ,both the foliage and the nuts were very remarkable and pertained to characters of these two trees4 ,such a cross to my mind would be wholly unexplainable excepting on the ground recently brought out by ,loeb and his followers in crossing the lower forms of animal life and finding that the cell membrane of the egg1 if destroyed1 will allow of very wide fertilization subsequently with other species4 ,it occurs to me now--,i had no explanation last year1 but it occurs to me now1 knowing of ,loeb's experiments--that it is possible that one of the parents1 the parent ,california oak tree carrying the female flowers1 might have had its sex cells subjected to some peculiar influence like acid1 sulphurous acid1 for instance1 from some nearby chimney4 ,sulphurous acid perhaps from someone merely lighting a match to light a cigar under the tree2 he might have so sensitized a few female flowers1 may have so injured the cell membrane of a few female germ cells that cross pollinization then took place from a walnut tree4 ,it is only on some such ground as the findings of ,loeb that we can explain such a very unusual hybridization as that1 which appeared to me a valid one1 of a cross between an oak and a walnut4 7,secretary ,deming then called attention to hybrids in the various exhibits47 ,professor ,smith3 ,i should like to ask why1 if this free hybridization takes place in nature among the hickories1 you do not have a perfect complex of trees showing all possible variations in the forest4 ,the ,chairman3 ,in answer to ,professor ,smith's question ,i will start from his premises and remark that we do have such complexities4 ,the hickories are so crossed at the present time1 like our apples1 that even crossing the pollen of various hickory trees of any one species does not promise interesting results unless we cross an enormous number4 ,they are already so widely crossed that it is very difficult sometimes to determine if a certain tree is shagbark or pignut or shellbark or mockernut4 ,for the most part the various species and varieties of hickories retain their identity because their own pollen is handiest1 and different species do not all flower at the same time4 ,their own pollen from the male flowers is apt to fall at the time when their own female flowers are ripe and under these circumstances the chances are very much in favor of the tree pollinizing its female flowers with its own pollen4 ,on the other hand1 there is hardly one chance in many hundred thousand for any crossed nut to grow1 for the reason that most nuts are destroyed by mice1 squirrels1 rats and boys4 ,if you have a hickory nut tree growing in a lot1 and which has produced a bushel of hickory nuts year after year1 do you know of one single nut from that tree which has grown8 ,in this plan of ,nature1 this plan of enormous waste of ,nature in order to get one seed to grow1 the chance for a hybridized hickory nut to grow under normal conditions1 is so small that we should have relatively few crossed trees growing wild in ,nature1 though we do find quite a good many of them4 ,professor ,smith3 ,if ,i am not taking up too much time1 ,i would like to put some more questions to you4 ,the ,chairman3 ,that's what we are here for4 ,professor ,smith3 ,have you ever tried the plan of serving collations to squirrels8 ,why wouldn't it pay to give them portions of wheat and corn8 ,second1 what percentage of the oak pollen kept in cold storage a month was alive8 ,third1 what is the range of time that the hybridizer has to make the pollinization8 ,must we go on the dot or have we two days or four days or a week1 in the case of hickories and walnuts8 ,the ,chairman3 ,i think possibly as these are three direct questions1 ,i might answer them now4 ,no1 ,i think it would be better to have all questions bearing on this subject brought out and then ,i will answer all together4 ,so if you will kindly ask all the questions1 ,i will then endeavor to answer them4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,the squirrels bothered me last year4 ,i've got forty acres of land for experimental purposes only and ,i started planting and the little beggars would dig down exactly where ,i planted the nuts1 so ,i went into town and got a rat trap with a double section so ,i could catch them alive2 and ,i caught so many by feeding them cheap pignuts1 the sweet pignuts from ,michigan1 that ,i brought them in and my boys sold them for twenty-five cents apiece4 ,since then we have never been bothered with red squirrels4 ,for the white footed mice ,i laid down large doors over some hay or long grass and they gathered underneath and then ,i lifted the doors up every day and with a stick ,i smashed hundreds of them4 ,i have posted a notice to leave the skunk and mink alone2 ,i don't want anybody on the place shooting them4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i will first answer ,professor ,smith's questions4 ,this matter of serving collations for squirrels had best be done as collations are served at political meetings--with a trap attached4 ,you don't know how many squirrels there are in the vicinity or how many white footed mice4 ,you will be surprised at the numbers of the little rascals1 and not only that1 but the field mice1 the common field mouse and pine mouse run in mole holes under the ground and can smell a nut a long way off4 ,they are extremely destructive4 ,what percentage of pollen grains of the white oak were alive8 ,i do not know4 ,enough to fertilize a number of flowers4 ,the sooner pollen is used the better4 ,i cannot answer the question exactly because ,i did not make an experiment in the laboratory to know what part of the pollen was viable4 ,i put on a good deal of it and there were at least some viable grains in the lot4 ,that1 however1 is a matter which can be subjected to exact laboratory tests without any difficulty4 ,i am so busy with so many things that ,i can only follow the plan of the guinea hen that lays forty eggs and sits in the middle of the nest and hatches out all she can4 ,now the range of time for pollinizing is a thing of very great importance and we have to learn about it4 ,we must all furnish notes on this question4 ,with some species ,i presume the duration of life of pollen1 even under the best conditions1 might be only a few days4 ,under other conditions it may be several weeks2 but we have to remember that1 in dealing with pollen1 we are dealing with a living1 breathing organism4 ,the ,secretary3 ,i believe the experiment has been carried to completion of fruiting a thousand trees from nuts grown on one pecan tree without two of the resulting nuts being like one another or like the parent nut4 ,is that true1 ,mr4 ,reed4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,yes1 you might say ten thousand4 ,the ,secretary3 ,we have an illustration of the variability of the progeny of a nut in this collection of chestnuts by ,mr4 ,riehl out in ,illinois4 ,this is a parent nut1 the ,rochester1 and these others are seedlings from the ,rochester1 except where marked otherwise1 some showing a tendency to revert to the parent1 and some promising to be improvements on the parents4 ,the ,chairman3 ,mr4 ,secretary1 ,i think we'd better confine ourselves to the hybrid question at the present time4 ,the ,secretary3 ,are not those all hybrids8 ,the ,chairman3 ,i don't believe any man can tell1 unless you get the flowers1 because you have the ,american and ,european types merging together so perfectly4 ,some of them show distinctly the ,european type2 others show distinctly the ,american type4 ,that is what ,i would expect1 however4 ,the practical point is the question of quality4 ,which one keeps the ,american quality and which one retains the coarseness of the ,european type8 ,mr4 ,harris3 ,speaking of variations of nuts ,i think it is well known that there is quite a variation in the nuts of the oak4 ,i noticed in one species1 michauxii1 which is an oak in the ,south1 that its nuts varied a great deal4 ,it is something of the type of the chestnut1 the white oak or the rock oaks and it varies a great deal4 ,i found one on my father's range in ,new ,jersey and also one on the ,potomac4 ,the variations extend to the trees as well as the nuts4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the oak tree properly belongs in another tree group and some of the acorns are not only edible1 but first-rate4 ,in ,china there are at least three species found in the markets to be eaten out of hand or roasted4 ,our white oaks here1 some of them1 bear very good fruit1 from the standpoint of the boy and the pig1 anyway1 and it seems to me that we may properly include the oaks in our discussion4 ,there would be great range in variation of type from hybridization between oak trees and ,i have seen a number of oak trees that were evidently hybrids1 where the parentage could be traced on both sides1 that were held at very high prices by the nurserymen4 ,i asked one nurseryman1 who wanted an enormous price for one hybrid oak1 why he didn't make ten thousand of those for himself next year8 ,it hadn't occurred to him4 ,if there is no further discussion in connection with my paper we will have ,mr4 ,littlepage's paper on ,nut ,promotions4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,dr4 ,deming said that he thought it might be time that we have something just a little lighter--that either he should read a paper or ,i4 7,laughter47 ,inasmuch as he included himself1 ,i took no offense whatever4 ,the subject ,i have written on1 roughly and hurriedly1 is ,fraudulent and ,uninformed ,promoters4 ,,fraudulent ,,and ,,uninformed ,,promoters ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage ,,of ,,indiana ,president of the ,association ,in the beginning1 let me assert my confidence and interest in agriculture in general4 ,this is one of the basic industries1 upon the proper understanding and growth of which depends the food supply of the nation4 ,it is admitted by scientists that1 other conditions being equal1 an adequacy or inadequacy in the supply of proper food makes the difference between great people and undesirable people4 ,this being true1 the various operations of agriculture must always be of the greatest concern to those who are interested in the nation's welfare4 ,the back-to-the-farm movement is being discussed today in various periodicals1 but back of the back-to-the-farm movement is a philosophy that has not been generally understood4 ,it is not proper here to take time to discuss the reasons why the man in the steenth story of some magnificent office building1 with telephones1 electric lights1 elevators1 and all modern conveniences1 longs for the time when he can roam again amidst the green fields in the sunshine and fresh air1 but suffice it to say that in my judgment a majority of the professional men1 and men in other walks of life1 would1 if they could1 abandon their various employments and turn again to the soil4 ,the boy on the farm dreams of the days when he can be the president of a bank1 have a home in the city1 own an automobile1 smoke good cigars and go to the show every night4 ,the bank president dreams of the day when he can turn again to the farm and walk in the green fields1 where he can shun the various artificial activities of life1 drink buttermilk and retire with the chickens4 ,it may be asked what connection these statements have with the subject1 and the answer is this--that in the minds of many thousands of people there is this supreme desire to some day own a portion of ,god's footstool to which they can retire from artificial and vainglorious environments to those under which they can be their real selves and follow pursuits to their liking4 ,it is this that makes it possible for the promoter of various horticultural enterprises to succeed in interesting in his schemes the clerk1 the merchant1 the doctor1 the lawyer1 the school teacher1 the preacher1 and all others whose occupations confine them within the limits of the great cities4 ,in the beginning1 let us distinguish between the fraudulent promoter and the uninformed promoter4 ,the fraudulent promoter is he who recognizes this great and worthy ambition of many people to buy a spot to which they can some day retire and work and rest and dream and enjoy the coming and going of the seasons1 and the sunshine and the shadows1 and who capitalizes this ambition1 with that industry as his stock in trade which1 at the particular moment1 happens to offer the most attractive inducements4 ,those familiar with the industry he is exploiting1 can tell him by his actions1 by his words1 by his nods and winks4 ,it is hard for the crook to disguise himself to the informed4 ,distinguished from the fraudulent promoter is the uninformed promoter1 but1 so far as results are concerned1 there is not much difference between them for the innocent investor4 ,they both lead him to failure4 ,they are unlike only in this1 that the pathway of the one is lined with deception1 crookedness and chicanery2 of the other1 with blasted hopes based upon good intentions but bad information4 ,both lead to the self-same sepulcher which in the distance looks white and beautiful but when reached is filled with the bones of dead men4 ,there is not much difference after all1 when one comes right down to the facts1 between the crook who starts out deliberately to get one's money and the fellow who starts out in ignorance and makes great promises of returns that he knows nothing about4 ,both succeed in getting one's money and both succeed in misleading those who have a desire to lay aside something for their old days4 ,we naturally feel more charity for him who has good intentions1 but who fails1 than for him who starts out with bad intentions4 ,but1 after all1 only results count4 ,did you ever receive the literature of one of these various concerns that has pecan or apple orchards to sell8 ,how beautiful their schemes look on paper6 ,with what exquisite care they have worked out the pictures and the language and the columns of figures showing the profits6 ,while writing this article ,i have before me a prospectus of a certain pecan company that prints columns of attractive figures4 ,fearful1 however1 that the figures would not convince1 it has resorted to all the various schemes of the printers' art in its portrayal of the prospective profits from a grove set to pecans and ,satsuma oranges1 and it tells you in conclusion that it guarantees by a bond1 underwritten by a responsible trust company1 the fulfillment of all its representations4 ,yet what are the facts8 ,their lands are located in a section where the thermometer falls to a point that makes highly improbable the profitable growing of ,satsuma oranges4 ,and all their figures are merely estimates of the wildest character1 printed in attractive columns1 based upon nothing4 ,as a member of the ,national ,nut ,growers ,association ,i was this year chairman of the committee on orchard records4 ,i sent out blanks1 with lists of questions1 to many prominent nut growers to see if ,i could secure data upon which to base a report to the association4 ,the replies ,i received showed the existence of some very promising young orchards of small size1 well cared for1 but they also showed that there was no such thing as an intelligent report upon which reliable data as to the bearing records of orchards could be based for any future calculations4 ,there are two reasons for this4 ,first1 most of the figures we have are based upon the records of a few pet trees around the dooryard or garden1 grown under favorable conditions4 ,second1 the young groves are not yet old enough for anyone to say1 with any degree of accuracy1 what the results will be4 ,therefore1 the alluring figures printed in these pamphlets are only guesses4 ,furthermore1 what of the contract of these concerns8 ,what does it specify8 ,you would be surprised to know the legal construction of one of these contracts1 together with their guaranty bond4 ,in most cases they advertise to plant1 and properly cultivate for a period of five to seven years1 orchards of the finest varieties of budded or grafted pecan trees1 with ,satsuma oranges or figs set between4 ,but the guaranty company is usually wise enough to have lawyers who are able to advise them of their liabilities1 and about all they actually guarantee is that1 after a period of five years1 provided all payments have been promptly met1 there will be turned over to the purchaser five acres of ground with trees upon it4 ,five years old8 ,no1 they may not be one year old4 ,budded or grafted8 ,no1 they may be mere seedlings4 ,oranges set between them8 ,no1 the orange has passed out of the proposition before the bond stage4 ,the companies generally print a copy of the bond1 but usually in such small type that the victim does not read it1 though the heading is always prominent4 ,it thunders in the index and fizzles in the context4 ,moreover1 suppose suit is brought on one of these contracts and bonds8 ,what is the measure of damages8 ,what basis has any court or jury for fixing damages8 ,and be it remembered that courts do not exist for the protection of fools against their folly4 ,the principle caveat emptor is as old as the common law itself1 and it means that the buyer must beware1 or in other words1 that he should inform himself1 and that he cannot expect the courts to protect him where he has failed to exercise due caution and diligence4 ,therefore1 as a lawyer1 ,i should very much hesitate to take on a contingent fee the suit of one of these various victims against a promoting orchard corporation4 ,however1 in any jurisdiction where there is a criminal statute against fraudulent representation and obtaining money under false pretenses1 ,i should not hesitate1 if ,i were the prosecuting attorney1 to indict every member of such a corporation1 and1 to sustain the case1 ,i would simply present to a jury of honest men the representations in their advertising literature1 and then have the court instruct the same jury as to the validity and limitations of their contract4 ,their advertising is brilliant enough to dazzle the sun4 ,their contract is as dull as a mud pie4 ,in addition to all of this comes the question of orcharding by proxy1 and the success of the unit or acreage system1 and many other similar questions2 and let me say that ,i doubt if there is today in the ,united ,states one large development scheme1 either in pecan or apple orchards1 that will prove of ultimate financial profit and success to the purchaser4 ,the promoter may get rich--he has nothing at stake4 ,in most instances he has the price of the land in his pocket before there is a lick of work done on it1 and the payments come in regularly and promptly to take care of his salary and the meager and unscientific development4 ,of course ,i would not be understood as saying that pecan or apple orchards cannot be made profitable4 ,i am of the opinion that reasonable sized orchards in proper locations and proper soil1 of proper varieties1 with proper care in handling1 are good investments1 and1 as proof of my confidence1 ,i am planting orchards both in the north and south4 ,the adjective proper which ,i have used here may seem insignificant at the start but1 believe me1 before you have begun to clip the coupons off your orchard bonds this adjective will loom up as important as ,webster's ,unabridged ,dictionary4 ,in fact you will wonder how it has been possible for anyone to forecast in one word such comprehensive knowledge4 ,think of a man a thousand miles away putting money into the hands of some unknown concern1 for five acres of unknown land1 to be set in unknown varieties of trees1 to be cared for by unknown individuals4 ,can he not see that1 in keeping with all the other unknown factors1 his profits must also be unknown8 ,we look at a great industrial enterprise1 such as the steel trust1 and marvel at its success4 ,but it must be remembered that this industry started many years ago1 and step by step built furnace after furnace and mill after mill1 after the owners had tried out and become familiar with all the factors of that industry1 and after great corps of trained experts had been developed1 and after science had given to this industry many of the most marvelous mechanical inventions of the age4 ,these facts are overlooked1 however1 when some fellow steps up and proposes to put a steel-trust-orchard on the market in twelve months4 ,in most industrial enterprises there are well-known and established factors to be considered4 ,in horticultural enterprises1 however1 no man knows what twelve months hence will bring4 ,i read the other day with great interest the prospectus of a great pecan orchard started several years ago by a very honorable and high-minded man1 and the promises of success were most alluring4 ,what are the facts8 ,the boll weevil came along and wiped out his intermediate cotton crops4 ,the floods came later and destroyed acres of his orchards1 and1 if he were to write a prospectus today1 it would no doubt be a statement of hope rather than a statement of facts4 ,he would no doubt turn from the ,book of ,revelations1 where at that time he saw a new heaven and a new earth1 and write from the ,book of ,genesis1 where the earth was without form and void4 ,how many people have been defrauded by these various schemes1 no one knows4 ,how many clerks1 barbers1 bookkeepers1 stenographers1 students1 preachers1 doctors1 lawyers1 have contributed funds for farms and future homes in sections where they would not live if they owned half of the county4 ,how many people have been separated from their cash by literature advertising rich1 fertile lands in sections where the alligator will bask unmolested in miasma for the next fifty years1 and where projects should be sold by the gallon instead of by the acre4 ,some time ago it was reported that inquiries in reference to the feasibility and profits of various orchard schemes had come in to the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry of the ,agricultural ,department1 at ,washington1 in such numbers that the officials of that ,bureau had considered the advisability of printing a general circular1 which they could send to the inquirers1 advising them to make due investigation1 and giving a few general suggestions about proxy farming and orchard schemes4 ,i was advised by a friend in the middle west that the contemplated issuance of this circular by the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry had aroused a number of protests throughout the country1 and that various ,senators and ,members of the ,house of ,representatives had entered strong protests with the ,secretary of ,agriculture against it4 ,a number of these protests have come to my notice1 and they take various forms of opposition1 but are all unanimous against the ,department of ,agriculture offering to the prospective purchaser any information4 ,various reasons for their stand were given by the protestants1 but how flimsy and ridiculous they are when analyzed4 ,congress for a number of years has been appropriating money and authorizing certain work by the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,it is the people's money1 and the people's ,department1 and the information gathered by the experts in this ,department ought to be the people's information1 and it ought to be possible for any citizen to write the ,department a letter about any proposition that he has received from any of these various promoters1 and have the advice of those who know most about it4 ,i suppose the ,department of ,agriculture has entirely too many duties to perform to undertake a work of this kind1 but what an inconsistent position it is for a ,member of ,congress1 who has been voting for appropriations to carry on this work1 to appeal to the ,secretary of ,agriculture to suppress such information in order that some exploiter may get somebody's money under false representations4 ,i think if it were possible today to know the list of concerns and companies who registered1 directly or through agents1 their opposition to this proposed warning circular1 you would have a correct index of the concerns good to let alone4 ,for no honest1 reputable individual or company need be afraid of the work or suggestions of that great ,department4 ,i have the pleasure of knowing many of the officials in the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 and never anywhere have ,i seen a body of men so conscientiously engaged in the work of promoting legitimate horticultural and agricultural knowledge4 ,it is the very life of that great ,department1 and its officers and employees above everyone else are most interested in seeing the land produce the most and best that it can be made to produce1 and they are best qualified to pass upon these matters4 ,most of the questions in these various schemes are questions of soil and horticulture4 ,one letter in opposition to the ,agricultural ,department's attitude1 that was brought to my attention1 stated that crops varied under different conditions1 and that no one was able to tell what a certain soil would or would not produce throughout a period of years1 and intimated that the ,department of ,agriculture might mislead the public2 and yet the concern that sent it printed columns of figures guaranteeing returns from pecans and ,satsuma oranges in a section where orange growing is of very doubtful possibility4 ,boiling down these objections by the promoters1 they come to simply this3 ,that the ,agricultural ,department1 with no motive but to tell the truth1 and with its corps of trained experts1 might mislead the public1 but they 7the promoters7 could not possibly be mistaken in their fabulous figures compiled for the purpose of getting money from some misinformed victim4 ,proxy farming never was a success and ,i do not think it ever will be4 ,one of my friends told me a short time ago of a very successful young pecan orchard on the gulf coast4 ,upon inquiry ,i found that it was of reasonable size1 nine years old1 and that the owner had lived in it nine years4 ,it was not #ejj acres in extent1 or #a1jjj acres1 or #b1jjj acres1 but about #bj acres4 ,last summer ,i went into a beautiful apple orchard in ,southern ,indiana and saw about forty acres of trees bending to the ground with delicious ,grimes ,golden apples4 ,on that particular day there were great crowds of people walking among the trees and admiring the fruit4 ,i too walked among the trees a short time1 but of greater interest to me than the trees was the old1 gray-haired man who had made the orchard4 ,the trees could not talk1 but he could1 and he told the story of the years of care1 and diligence1 and work1 and thought1 and patience1 that showed why it is not possible to cover the mountains of a state with orchards bringing almost immediate and fabulous incomes4 ,some time ago ,i stood talking to the old superintendent of the ,botanical ,garden in ,washington--,william ,r4 ,smith1 now deceased--and while discussing with him the requisites for tree culture1 he said ,young man1 you have left out the most important one of them all1 ,when ,i asked him what ,i had left out1 he said above all things it takes the eye of the master4 ,so it does1 and the master is he whose vigilance is continual1 who watches each tree as if it were a growing child--as indeed it is1 a child of the forests--who has the care and the patience1 and who is not dazzled by the glitter of the dollar1 but who loves trees because they are trees4 ,theoretically1 one can figure great successes in big horticultural development propositions1 but these figures rest upon theory and not fact4 ,it would be difficult to state all the reasons why ,i have a firm conviction that such big schemes of every kind will fall1 but ,i believe this conviction is shared by the foremost thinkers in the horticultural world4 ,a four-year-old boy was once taken to see the animals in a circus4 ,he was very much interested1 but1 when shown the tremendous elephant1 shook his head and said he is too big4 ,a small grove properly handled ought to be an excellent investment4 ,the various uncertainties and vicissitudes involved can1 in a degree1 be compensated for by great care2 and ,i suppose it would be possible even with some of these big schemes--by placing enough money behind them--to insure a fair degree of success4 ,it must be borne in mind1 however1 that these promoters1 of whom we have been speaking1 are not so much concerned in the successful orchard as they are in big salaries and profits1 and1 if one has money enough to pay big salaries and profits1 and still pay for the proper care of the orchard1 then he does not need an orchard4 ,most of these promoters charge too much for a proper and honest development alone1 and too little for the proper development plus the profits and salaries of the promoters4 ,i wish it were not so4 ,i wish the old earth could be made to smile bountiful crops without such expensive tickling1 but this is one of the checks and balances that nature places upon her great storehouse of wealth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chairman3 ,this is a matter of very great importance and ,i hope we shall have a good discussion1 from a practical point of view1 by men who know about fraudulent promotions and their effect4 ,we ought to go on record in this matter right now4 ,i know of numbers of teachers1 doctors and other poor people who have put money into nut promotion schemes without knowing anything about the ultimate prospect of profit4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,one noticeable thing about the promoter's literature is that he never knows anything about crop failure1 and in the agricultural and horticultural world that is a thing that is painfully evident to a man who has been in business a great length of time4 ,in the promoter's literature it is just a matter of multiplication2 if one tree will produce so much in a year1 a hundred trees will produce a hundred times as much4 ,i got a letter the other day from ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 of ,beaumont1 ,louisiana1 and he said1 ,i have been very fortunate1 ,i have actually had two good crops in succession1 and when you come to compare that with the promoter's literature--why he knows no such thing as crop failure4 ,anybody who knows anything about agricultural or horticultural work knows that we have winter and floods and everything else to contend with4 ,the ,chairman3 ,someone might tell us about failures they happen to know of in promotion schemes4 ,mr4 ,smith3 ,i would like to ask if ,mr4 ,littlepage isn't going to open up that barrel of actual facts that he has about yields8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i didn't know that ,i had a whole barrel of actual facts4 ,when ,i started in several years ago a barrel wouldn't have held all of them1 but ,i think that now ,i could put the actual facts in a thimble4 ,i've got several barrels of good pecans1 however1 ,i'd like to open up and let ,mr4 ,smith sample if he wants to4 ,the ,chairman3 ,let's hear about frauds from someone who knows how the land was managed and how the trees were managed and how it actually occurred4 ,mr4 ,van ,duzee3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i feel that ,i ought to say something1 first in commendation of the paper itself4 ,it is a question how far we1 as an ,association1 are responsible for the care of our fellowmen1 but at this period when the industry is new1 ,i feel that it is a very legitimate thing for us to do a little work to try and prevent these people from preying upon our fellowmen4 ,the president remarked this morning that something was an evidence of the tremendous waste in ,nature4 ,it is true1 ,nature1 in building a forest1 wastes a vast amount of time and energy4 ,these people who are preying upon the nut industry today find as their victims the weaklings which ,nature buries in the forest4 ,those things are incidental and we must expect them1 but ,i feel that a paper of this kind1 at this time1 is a very valuable thing and ,i hope it will receive wide publication4 ,we cannot say too much to discourage this sort of thing4 ,now1 to respond1 in a measure1 to the ,president's request for actual facts1 ,i am confronted with this proposition1 that some of the men who have made the greatest failures are men who have done so through ignorance4 ,they are honest men1 they are personal friends of mine4 ,i don't care to go too much into details1 because they are just as sorry today as ,i am1 but ,i have seen this done4 ,i have seen hundreds of acres of nut orchards in the ,south planted with the culls from nurseries bought at a very low figure4 ,i have seen these trees neglected absolutely1 not in one case but in many cases4 ,i have seen the weeds as high as the trees at the time when a telegram was received by the the local agent that a carload of the purchasers of these tracts was about to leave to look over their property4 ,i have seen the local manager hustle out1 when he got that telegram1 and hire every mule in the community to come in and1 with a plow1 throw a furrow or two to the rows of trees so that they could be distinguished from the weeds they were growing among4 ,as ,mr4 ,littlepage has said1 there can be no success in such operations2 and ,i feel1 looking at it in a very broad way1 that this is a very good time to emphasize the point that those of us who have the greatest experience in the growing of nut trees do not feel that these enterprises are legitimate1 or that they promise very much success4 7,applause47 ,mr4 ,pomeroy3 ,i live just a short distance from ,buffalo4 ,a few months ago--,i got it on the very best authority--there was some salesman in ,buffalo who didn't have time to call on all those who wanted to give him money for pecan propositions4 ,he didn't have time1 ,doctor1 he just had to skip hundreds of them1 he said2 he was just going from one place to another1 making his collections4 ,buffalo is a city of only about #dej1jjj people and there must be some money being collected and sent in to somebody4 ,the ,chairman3 ,very glad to hear of that instance2 let's hear of others4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,i would like1 if possible1 to answer ,mr4 ,smith's question4 ,i didn't know that he referred to facts about these promotions1 ,i thought perhaps he meant facts about nut growing4 ,mr4 ,smith3 ,you said you had made inquiries as to nuts1 harvest yields1 orchard yields2 it was those1 particularly1 that ,i had in mind4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,oh well1 ,i could give those to you readily4 ,there are some very promising orchards1 making a good showing under investigation1 handled under proper conditions and of proper size4 ,i would not want to say that those things are not possible4 ,talking specifically of these overgrown schemes1 one of them is recalled to my mind1 a development company in southern ,georgia1 that advertises very alluringly4 ,it set out one year a lot of culls2 they all died4 ,i am told that they went out the second year and1 without any further preparation1 dug holes and set out another lot of culls4 ,they too died2 and then they went out the third year and planted nuts1 and those trees1 at the end of a year's growth1 were perhaps six or seven inches high1 and the salesman from that company1 ,i understood1 took one of the prospective purchasers over into a fine grove owned by another man on the opposite side of the road1 and let him pick out his five acres from the orchard across the road4 ,that's one type ,i could multiply indefinitely4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed3 ,i think this is a very important matter4 ,as a nursery man who has sold a great many trees to promoting companies1 ,i want to say that ,i have never1 with one exception1 seen an orchard that has been a success1 but ,i have seen hundreds of failures1 some of them where they have set out orchards of #aej1jjj trees and sold them off in one and ten acre tracts1 and in only one case have ,i seen a success4 ,i think these promotions should be avoided by the nut growers of the ,north4 ,the ,chairman3 ,this is very valuable information1 coming from a dealer4 ,mr4 ,van ,duzee3 ,i have found this in the yields of my orchards4 ,six or seven or eight years ago1 ,i discounted every source of information that ,i could have access to1 as to yields1 brought them to a conservative point1 submitted them to the best informed men in the ,united ,states1 and then divided those figures by five as my estimate of what ,i might hope to accomplish as my orchards came into bearing4 ,i have since been obliged to find some excuses for failing to even approximate those conservative figures4 ,i had this year in our orchard1 a #ce acre plot of ,frotscher trees which is one of the most promising varieties1 six years of age1 and there were not five pounds of nuts in the whole plot4 ,i have had an orchard of #cf acres1 mostly ,frotscher and ,stewart1 go through its sixth year with less than #bjj pounds of nuts to the entire orchard4 ,i have another orchard of #cj acres which in its sixth year has produced less than #ajj pounds of nuts4 ,now many of these promoters guarantee to take care of these orchards1 which they are selling1 for #aj per cent or #bj per cent1 or even half the proceeds of those orchards1 from the fifth year4 ,you can see readily that the entire crop of such orchards as ,i have been able to produce1 would not begin to pay their running expenses the sixth and seventh year4 ,the ,chairman3 ,you took good care of yours8 ,mr4 ,van ,duzee3 ,i think so4 ,i think there are many gentlemen in the audience who have been through them1 and it is conceded that my orchards are at least fairly good representatives of what can be done under normal conditions4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,are yours southern orchards8 ,mr4 ,van ,duzee3 ,these pecan orchards are in south-western ,georgia4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 as ,i understand1 is a collection of men who are interested in finding out what we can do in the way of growing nuts for the ,north4 ,we go to the markets and see baskets of cocoanuts1 ,brazil nuts1 ,california walnuts1 but no nuts growing for the market around our neighborhood4 ,in my own city1 ,toronto1 ,i can see some nut trees because ,i look very closely at everything1 but the average person cannot see them because they are very few4 ,i have a number of experiments on hand4 ,if ,i succeed in even one of these experiments1 ,i am satisfied to spend my whole life at it4 ,i am not nervous1 ,i can watch a hickory tree grow4 7,laughter47 ,i want to grow some nuts for the next generation4 ,i haven't the slightest thought of making a copper of money out of it but ,i am going to enjoy the thing1 and that's the idea of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 or else ,i have made a mistake4 ,the ,chairman3 ,is there any further discussion on the matter of frauds8 ,does anyone else wish to speak on this subject8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,it is indeed very gratifying to hear the ,president of the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association1 ,col4 ,van ,duzee1 speak on this subject and to have the honor of having him with us as a member of our ,association4 ,it is gratifying to have him come out in such strong terms on this question4 ,it has always been his policy and his reputation1 so far as ,i have heard1 to stand for what is best and squarest in nut culture4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the paper of ,mr4 ,littlepage is one of very great importance1 because the number of frauds associated with an enterprise is an indication of the fundamental value of the cause4 ,these fraudulent nut promoters capitalize the enthusiasm of people who want to get back to the land1 just as porters at the hotels capitalize the joy of a newly married couple4 7,laughter47 ,we have in this back-to-the-land movement1 a bit of philosophy of fundamental character which includes the idea of preservation of the race4 ,preservation of the race6--why so8 ,nature made man a gregarious species and1 being gregarious1 he has a tendency to develop the urban habit4 ,developing the urban habit1 he fails to oxidize his proteins and toxins4 ,failing to oxidize his proteins and toxins1 he degenerates4 ,recognizing the degenerating influence of urban life1 by means of his intelligence he has placed within his consciousness that automatic arrangement1 as good as the automatic arrangement which turns water on to a boiler1 which says to him1 go out and oxidize your proteins and toxins4 ,that is what back-to-the-land means4 ,you've got to begin from this fundamental point4 ,now then1 if this represents a fundamental trait in the character of our species and we are acting in response to a natural law1 then must we be doubly careful about having our good intentions1 our good methods1 halted by unwisdom4 ,that brings to mind the point made about our present ,secretary of ,agriculture4 ,i am very glad this has been made a matter of record here1 for ,i am sorry to say that in connection with another subject--7health matters7--wherever there has been opportunity for the ,secretary to act1 he has decided as a matter of policy on the side of capital and against the side of public interest4 ,almost every time1 so far as we have a record of the action of the present ,secretary of ,agriculture and of ,dunlap and ,mc,cabe1 his assistants4 ,we ought to state here1 in connection with fraudulent nut promotions1 that he has acted in favor of capital and against the public interest if it is true4 ,it ought to go as a matter of record from this ,association4 ,we may be bold in this matter1 but we should be righteously bold because we are speaking for the public interest ourselves4 ,we have nothing to gain2 there is nothing selfish about this organization4 ,we may be kindly and say that the ,secretary is at the mercy of shrewder men4 ,mr4 ,corsan says that we are interested in scientific work only4 ,that is true at the present time1 because all progress must be from a scientific basis4 ,if our care in managing experiments is such that we cannot avoid getting rich1 we will accept the result4 7,laughter47 ,i am glad that in connection with this discussion ,mr4 ,corsan made one epigrammatic remark1--that he was not nervous and could watch a hickory tree grow4 ,i tell you there's a lot of wit in that4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,he has good eyesight1 ,mr4 ,president4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the reason why we have so many fraudulent promotions is largely because of our ,american temperament2 we are so nervous that we can't watch a hickory tree grow4 ,in matters of public health1 our ,secretary of ,agriculture has prevented actual criminals from being brought to justice--he made that his policy4 ,i think those are the points that ,i wish to make in commenting upon ,mr4 ,littlepage's paper and if he will make any concluding remarks we will be very glad to hear them4 ,in regard to ,mr4 ,hutt's suggestion that we cannot count on crop success or crop failure mathematically--now1 there are fortunes to be made from the proper management of good nut orchards4 ,we know of orchards where very large incomes are at present being made1 and ,i am very glad that the sense and sentiment of this meeting is against quotation of that feature4 ,i have not heard here one word in quotation of orchards which bring incomes of #aj1jjj a year or more from various kinds of nuts1 and we know there are many such orchards4 ,it is the failures upon which we should concentrate our attentions right now1 and the reason for failure is not that nut growing is not going to make progress but that we cannot count on our nuts from a mathematical basis4 ,one of my friends1 an old ,frenchman1 became very enthusiastic about raising poultry4 ,he sent out requests for circulars to every poultry fancier who published circulars1 and ,i will wager that he got #ej per cent of answers to his requests for circulars about fancy poultry4 ,he began to raise chickens1 and my father-in-law met him on the street one day and asked how he was getting on with his pullets that were going to lay so many eggs4 ,oh1 he said1 ,ze trouble is with ze pullet2 she no understand mathematique like ze fancier4 ,if ,i have one pullet1 she lay one egg every day2 if ,i have two pullet1 perhaps she lay two egg every day1 and if ,i have three pullet1 she nevaire lay three egg every day4 7,laughter47 ,now ,i think that the remaining time this morning we had better devote to the executive session1 then we had better meet at two o'clock for the election of our committee4 ,the meeting then is at present adjourned1 with the exception of those who will take part in the executive session1 and we will meet again at two ,p4 ,m4 ,there is one point ,i wanted to make in connection with ,col4 ,van ,duzee's remarks that a certain number of really honest men have allowed their names to be used in connection with promotion propositions4 ,men who are quite skillful at learning the use of names1 have gotten men of good intentions and kindly interest1 ,i know1 to lend their names as even officials of nut promotion companies4 ,besides that1 a good deal of garbled literature of recommendation has gone out in their circulars4 ,i have had a number of circulars sent to me quoting abstract remarks that ,i had made relative to nut culture in general1 and this has been applied concretely in circulars2 the context did not go with it4 ,i asked a lawyer what ,i could do about it1 and after going over the question he said that ,i probably was powerless4 ,after announcements by the ,secretary1 the convention took a recess until #b ,p4 ,m41 at which time it was called to order by ,president ,morris and the regular program was resumed as follows3 ,the ,chairman3 ,the executive session will be held after the meeting1 as many are here to hear the paper on the chestnut blight1 so we will proceed at once to the order of business and listen to the first paper by ,mr4 ,rockey4 ,mr4 ,rockey3 ,this paper deals more particularly with the work that has been done in ,pennsylvania4 ,but what has been done here may be considered to be typical of what has been done elsewhere4 ,,recent ,,work ,,on ,,the ,,chestnut ,,blight ,,keller ,e4 ,,rockey ,forester in charge of ,demonstration ,work1 ,pennsylvania ,chestnut ,tree ,blight ,commission ,the history of the blight1 briefly outlined1 is as follows3 ,in #aijd the diseased condition of the chestnut trees around ,new ,york ,city was noted and an examination of them showed that they were being attacked by a disease at that time unknown4 ,investigations since then have shown that the blight had been at work there and elsewhere for a number of years before that time1 but it has been impossible to determine just when it first appeared or where4 ,the disease was studied and described at that time4 ,on display here are specimens and photographs showing the appearance of the blight so that ,i will not go into that part of the subject in detail4 ,i hope that you will notice1 however1 the symptoms by which the disease is recognized3 #ast4 ,the small red pustules which produce the spores and1 on rough barked trees1 appear only in the crevices4 #bnd4 ,the peculiar mottled appearance of the inner bark of the canker4 #crd4 ,the discoloration of the outer bark4 #dth4 ,the danger signals1 such as withered leaves in summer or persistent leaves or burrs in winter1 suckers which develop at the base of cankers1 and the yellowish cracks which soon appear in the bark over the cankers4 ,workers in the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 have been studying the blight since #aijh4 ,in the ,spring of #aiaa1 a bill creating the commission for the investigation and control of the blight in ,pennsylvania was passed1 and the active work began in ,august #aiaa4 ,the method upon which the ,commission is working is outlined in ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #dfg1 of the ,department of ,agriculture1 and consists briefly of determining the area of blight infection and in removing diseased trees west of a certain line1 with the purpose of preventing the western spread of the blight4 ,this ,commission has ascertained as accurately as possible the amount of infection in the various parts of the state and the results are given in a map on display here4 ,the state is divided into two districts by a line drawn along the western edge of ,susquehanna1 ,wyoming1 ,columbia1 ,union1 ,snyder1 ,juniata and ,franklin ,counties1 which is approximately the western line of serious blight infection4 ,west of this line a large portion of the state has been scouted1 and the remainder will be finished early in #aiac4 ,we have learned by experience that in the winter1 after the fall of the leaves1 the best scouting work can be done4 ,persistent leaves and cankers along the trunk are readily seen1 and more and better work can be accomplished than in the summer1 except when the snow is very deep4 ,blight infections have been found in counties adjacent to this line3 also in ,fayette ,county1 near ,connellsville1 in ,warren ,county1 near ,warren1 and in ,elk ,county1 near ,st4 ,mary's4 ,these three infections were directly traceable to infected nursery stock1 and in one case the blight had spread to adjacent trees4 ,a large area of diseased chestnut in ,somerset ,county illustrates the harm done by shipping infected nursery stock4 ,the centre of this infection is a chestnut orchard where about #ajj scions from an infected eastern orchard were grafted to native sprouts in #aijh4 ,the percentage of infected trees in the orchard from which the scions were obtained1 according to a count made this ,fall1 averages #hj per cent4 ,evidently these scions brought the disease into this region1 for the grafts have all been killed by the blight and every tree in the orchard is killed or infected by disease4 ,on adjoining tracts over #e1djj infected trees have been cut1 and there are a number of others in process of removal1 radiating in all directions from the orchard as a center to a distance of three miles4 ,another infection of #adc trees was found in ,elk ,county4 ,it is thought that three trees at the centre of infection were diseased in #aiji1 although it is possible that one of these trees was already infected in #aijh4 ,in #aiaj1 #bg additional trees were infected2 in #aiaa1 #ej additional trees1 and in #aiab1 #bbh additional trees4 ,the disease spread in all directions from the center of infection to a distance of #gjj feet4 ,these infections are interesting in showing the rate at which the blight may travel in healthy timber4 ,these infections have all been removed and it is the expectation that by the end of ,january #aiac all scattered spot infections will be removed from the territory west of the line previously mentioned1 and that1 to the best of our knowledge1 these western counties will be free from blight4 ,in #aiac the field force will be concentrated on the advance line and the work will be carried eastward4 ,the ,commission has the power to compel the removal of infected trees4 ,in the western part of the state this power has been exercised in the few cases where it was necessary4 ,as a rule1 however1 the owners are not only willing but anxious to get rid of the infected trees1 and our field men are given hearty support by individuals1 granges and other organizations4 ,the timber owners of ,elk ,county had printed and posted an announcement that the chestnut blight had been found in the locality and warned the people to be on the look-out for it4 ,in addition the ,commission has had a man1 for a short time at least1 in each of the eastern counties of the state1 and their time has been taken up principally by those who requested inspections of timber with the view of determining the percentage of blight infection and the best method to be pursued in combating it and realizing on their timber4 ,our men are all deputy wardens1 with the authority which is attached to this office1 and are instructed to do their utmost to prevent fire damage4 ,an exhibit which consists of specimens showing the blight in various stages together with photographs1 literature1 etc41 was placed in about #cj of the county fairs throughout the state4 ,the appreciation of the public has been so clearly shown that next year it is the intention of the ,commission to continue and perhaps increase this phase of the work1 and to place large permanent displays at the ,commercial ,museum1 ,philadelphia1 the ,state ,capitol1 ,harrisburg1 and other places4 ,many of the ,annual ,teachers' ,institutes have been reached with a display and lecture4 ,we have arranged also to have a speaker at fully one hundred of the ,farmers' ,institutes this winter4 ,we are also arranging to have a permanent display at many of the public schools1 normal schools and colleges1 where instruction on the blight is given4 ,an effort was made last winter to enlist the service of the boy scouts and we are indebted to them for considerable work1 chiefly in an educational way4 ,the successful outcome of all our work will depend in a large measure upon the owners themselves1 and it is our purpose to give them all the information possible upon the whole subject4 ,the ,commission established a ,department of ,utilization which is collecting information on the various industries which use or might use chestnut wood1 listing the buyers and owners of chestnut wood1 thus assisting owners of blighted chestnut trees in marketing their timber to the best advantage4 ,the ,department is trying to increase the use of chestnut wood by calling attention to its many good qualities1 and thus utilize the large quantity which must necessarily be thrown upon the market4 ,there has been more or less discrimination against blighted chestnut timber4 ,this has been in many cases unjust1 since the blight does not injure the value of the wood for most purposes for which it is used4 ,however1 the owners sometimes fail to realize that the blight cankers are the most favorable places for the entrance of the borers1 and that where a large number of trees are being considered1 a percentage of them will be materially injured by insects which follow blight infection4 ,where telegraph poles are barked1 it is often seen that borers have attacked the wood under blight cankers1 and have not touched any other part of the tree4 ,all blighted timber should be cut before death to realize its best value1 since insects and wood-destroying fungi cause the very rapid deterioration of dead1 standing timber4 ,there has been a good market in almost every locality for poles1 ties and the better grades of lumber4 ,cordwood presents the difficult problem of disposal4 ,the best market for this is in the central part of the state1 at the extract plants4 ,the ,commission has secured from the ,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r4 a special tariff on blighted chestnut cordwood so that this product may be profitably shipped from greater distances than before4 ,the ,commission has inspected all chestnut nursery stock shipped from nurseries within the state and has also provided for inspection of all chestnut stock entering the state4 ,this should prevent a repetition of infections in the western part of the state which might destroy millions of dollars worth of timber4 ,from time to time publications have been and will be issued by the ,commission1 which are obtained free of charge upon request1 or they may be consulted in the leading libraries throughout the state4 ,an appropriation for #hj1jjj was given by the last ,congress for scientific research work upon the blight disease and work is being carried out in cooperation with the various states4 ,several of the ,government investigators are now at work upon our force4 ,some of the most important unsolved scientific problems of the blight1 as given by ,secretary ,wilson1 in his message1 to ,congress1 are as follows3-- ,first1 the relation of the disease to climate4 ,second1 the relation of the parasite to the varying tannin content of the tree4 ,third1 the origin of the disease4 ,fourth1 relation of birds and insects to the dissemination of the disease4 ,fifth1 the nature and degree of resistance of the ,asiatic species4 ,another problem in relation to tree treatment may be added1 that is1 the relation of spores and mycelium to toxic agents4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,commission maintained laboratories during the summer at ,charter ,oak1 ,centre ,county1 and at ,mt4 ,gretna1 ,lebanon ,county4 ,the latter has been moved to ,franklin and ,marshall ,college1 ,lancaster1 for the winter4 ,we have also had a laboratory at the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 which has been greatly enlarged this fall4 ,the number of people who informed us that they had discovered a sure cure for the blight made it necessary to obtain an orchard near ,philadelphia where all such discoverers were given an opportunity to demonstrate the efficacy of their remedies4 ,it might be noted that in every case the blight is thriving as usual4 ,these cures consisted largely of an injection of a toxic principle by some means into the circulation of the tree4 ,in some cases this was accompanied by a fertilizer of some kind1 and this fertilizer may account for the apparently improved condition of the tree in some cases1 after such remedies were used1 since the growth was increased and the leaves and branches had a healthier appearance4 ,this increased growth has not had any appreciable effect upon the rapidity of spread of the blight mycelium4 ,as the experiments are not officially finished and recorded it is too early to give any further data4 ,our pathologists have also conducted experiments in this same line but no medicinal remedy or fertilizer has yet been found4 ,the varying chemical constituents of chestnut trees1 principally tannic acid1 have often been suggested in regard to the origin and spread of the blight4 ,investigators are now working along this line and we hope1 for valuable results before long4 ,the origin of the disease1 as already stated1 is something of a mystery1 and there is as yet no generally accepted theory1 although many people have very pronounced views on the subject4 ,many puzzling facts have been noted since investigating the disease in ,pennsylvania1 among them being the large percentage of infection in eastern ,york and southern ,lancaster counties1 the relative small percentage in certain localities around which the blight is generally prevalent1 and recent infections found in ,warren and other western counties1 a great distance from what is known as the western advance line of the disease4 ,our pathologists have reported some very interesting facts in regard to the dissemination of the blight4 ,in the preliminary report of the summer's work at our field laboratories the results tend to show3 ,first1 the prolific ascospore stage is very important in causing the spread of the blight1 the spores at this stage being forcibly ejected from the pustules and borne through the air for some distance4 ,this ejection of spores takes place under natural field conditions only when the bark has been soaked by rain1 but the expulsion of spores is also dependent upon temperature conditions and ceases entirely at temperatures from #db to #df degrees ,f4 and below4 ,second1 the wind plays a large part in local ascospore dissemination4 ,third1 birds and insects 7except ants7 are apparently of very little importance in the dissemination of the blight except in providing wounds4 ,further investigations of the importance of ants is being made during the present winter4 ,several kinds of beetles have been observed eating the pustules and are in this way beneficial1 since tests show that they digest and destroy the spores4 ,it has also been suggested by workers in the ,bureau of ,entomology that such beetles1 which are of several kinds1 may be of value in the attempt to control the disease4 ,these are perhaps the only natural enemies discovered to date4 ,the proper classification of the chestnut blight fungus has also been the subject of much discussion4 ,last winter specimens of what in external characteristics appeared to be ,diaporthe parasitica were found in western ,pennsylvania1 ,virginia and elsewhere1 growing upon chestnut1 oak and other species4 ,this condition was puzzling and the subject of some controversy4 ,it has been found1 however1 that this fungus1 called the ,connellsville fungus1 is a distinct species closely related to the true blight fungus1 being1 however1 entirely saprophytic4 ,cultural distinctions are apparent and the ascospores differ in size and shape so that no further confusion need occur4 ,upon the question of immunity of certain kinds of ,asiatic stock1 there is very little to report beyond what was known one year ago4 ,in the investigations made the work has been hampered by the fact that much of the so-called ,japanese stock is in reality a hybrid of ,european or ,american species4 ,in #aiji1 #de ,japanese seedling trees were set out at ,gap1 ,lancaster ,co41 for experimentation along this line4 ,a recent examination showed that #ij per cent are infected4 ,concerning the variety or purity of this stock1 ,i have not been informed4 ,our force as well as others are at work upon the problem which will require many years' study4 ,previous investigations seem to show that certain pure strains of ,japanese and ,korean chestnut are resistant to the blight4 ,blight cankers may be found upon them but they are less easily infected and suffer less than the more susceptible varieties4 ,with this as a working basis1 considering the results that have been attained in other fruit by selection and hybridization1 the situation is hopeful4 ,prof4 ,collins said at the ,harrisburg ,conference in ,february that ,there is no reason to doubt that we may eventually see an immune hybrid chestnut that will rival the ,american chestnut in flavor and the ,paragon in size4 ,in southern ,europe chestnut orcharding is a well established and profitable industry4 ,in the ,united ,states chestnuts have been considered a marketable commodity ever since the ,indians carried them to the settlements and traded them for knives and trinkets4 ,the demand has always exceeded the supply and at the present time about #b1jjj1jjj worth of nuts are imported from ,europe annually4 ,with the development of the better varieties of the ,american nut has come an increased activity in the ,united ,states and the chestnut orchard industry promises to become one of very large importance4 ,it has an added advantage that the trees can be grown upon the poorer types of soil which are not adaptable for farming or the raising of other fruit4 ,at the present time there are in what is known as the blight area of ,pennsylvania1 or eastern half of the ,state1 about #ajj orchards ranging from #ab trees up to #djj acres in extent4 ,these orchards are in varying stages of blight infection1 some of them being almost entirely free1 due to the attention which has been given them4 ,in order to protect such orchards the ,commission is compelling the removal of infected trees within a certain radius of them4 ,as you know the blight has been a very serious factor in this industry4 ,some of the orchards have been completely annihilated and the income reduced from several thousand or more dollars per year to nothing4 ,whether or not the blight will completely wipe out the orcharding industry is a subject of large importance4 ,personally ,i believe that chestnuts will be raised commercially in ,pennsylvania in increased abundance1 and as the various phases of the blight subject are brought to light1 keeping the disease under control can be more easily accomplished4 ,at the present time this is being done in certain orchards by the present methods of examining the trees often1 treating each infection1 or removing the tree4 ,if this policy is successfully pursued for several more years it will demonstrate conclusively that chestnuts can be grown in spite of the blight and this will mean an opportunity to use vast areas of waste land in ,pennsylvania and in the other states1 in a highly profitable manner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chairman3 ,the subject of the next paper is ,some ,problems in the ,treatment of the ,chestnut4 ,it will be presented by ,mr4 ,pierce1 after which we will have a general discussion of the entire subject4 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,mr4 ,president1 ladies and gentlemen3 ,i see that1 as we wrote our papers separately1 some of the things ,i had in mind will be similar to those ,mr4 ,rockey had4 ,,some ,,problems ,,in ,,the ,,treatment ,,of ,,diseased ,,chestnut ,,trees ,,by ,,roy ,g4 ,,pierce ,tree ,surgeon1 ,pennsylvania ,chestnut ,tree ,blight ,commission ,the problems that present themselves to the growers of chestnut trees concerning the present disease may be summed up under three heads3 first1 what the disease is1 how it is caused1 and how it may be recognized2 second1 what is to be done with diseased trees to bring them to health or to prevent them from infecting other healthy trees nearby2 third1 what means in the future can be undertaken to keep a tree healthy1 that is1 to prevent reinfection4 ,first1 what the disease is1 how it is caused1 and how it may be recognized4 ,the disease known as the chestnut tree blight is caused by the fungus1 ,diaporthe parasitica1 which usually finds entrance to the tree through wounds in the bark4 ,the mycelium or mass of fungous filaments gradually spreads through the bark in much the same manner as mold spreads over and through a piece of bread1 even penetrating the wood to a depth of sometimes five annual rings4 ,the spread of the fungus1 resulting in the cutting off of the sap flow1 is the immediate cause of the wilting and dying of the leaves and branch above the point of girdling4 ,this wilting of the leaves1 followed later by the death of one branch after another as the fungus spreads1 has given rise to the term blight of the chestnut trees4 ,the danger signals which the chestnut tree displays when diseased are not a few4 ,in summer1 when the tree is first affected1 the leaves turn yellow-green and wilt1 later turning brown4 ,small burs and withered leaves retained in winter are some signs of the diseased condition of the tree4 ,at the base of the blighted part a lesion1 or reddish brown canker1 is usually found4 ,this lesion may be a sunken area or1 as is frequently the case1 a greatly enlarged swelling1 known as a hypertrophy4 ,after a branch has become completely girdled sprouts or suckers are very apt to be found below the point of girdling4 ,in old furrowed bark on the main trunk of the tree the presence of the disease is seen in the reddish brown spore-bearing pustules in the fissures4 ,in determining the presence of the fungus in the furrowed bark of old trees1 one must learn to recognize the difference between the light brown color characteristic of fissures in healthy growing bark1 and the reddish brown color of the fungus4 ,when the disease has been present several years the bark completely rots and shrinks away from the wood1 and when the bark is struck with an axe a hollow sound is produced4 ,many of the owners of chestnut trees throughout ,pennsylvania do not acknowledge that a fungus is causing the death of the trees4 ,they state that since they have found white grubs or the larvae of beetles in nearly every tree that dies1 that it has been the larvae that killed the tree4 ,it is acknowledged that generally white grubs are found in dying chestnut trees1 and that in nearly all of the large cankers or lesions these grubs are present4 ,however1 if one will take the pains to examine the small twigs and branches or the new shoots rising from the stumps1 that are diseased1 he will not find the grubs present4 ,second1 what is to be done with diseased trees to bring them back to health or to prevent them from infecting other healthy trees nearby4 ,to bring the trees back to health implies that the disease can be cured4 ,this is not always true for the tree may be already nearly girdled1 when the disease is first noticed4 ,a tree taken in time1 however1 may have its life prolonged indefinitely though it may have the blight in some portion of it every year4 ,more particularly does this apply to valuable ornamental and orchard trees4 ,prof4 ,j4 ,franklin ,collins1 ,forest ,pathologist in the ,department of ,agriculture in ,farmer's ,bulletin ,no4 #dfg on ,the ,control of the ,chestnut ,bark ,disease gives the following3 ,the essentials for the work are a gouge1 a mallet1 a pruning knife1 a pot of coal tar1 and a paint brush4 ,in the case of a tall tree a ladder or rope1 or both may be necessary but under no circumstances should tree climbers be used1 as they cause wounds which are very favorable places for infection4 ,sometimes an axe1 a saw1 and a long-handled tree pruner are convenient auxiliary instruments1 though practically all the cutting recommended can be done with a gouge with a cutting edge of #a or #a-a_/b inches4 ,all cutting instruments should be kept very sharp1 so that a clean smooth cut may be made at all times4 ,all of the discolored diseased areas in the tree should be removed4 ,small branches or twigs nearly girdled are best cut off4 ,cankers in the main trunk or on limbs should be gouged out4 ,carefulness is the prime requisite in this work4 ,if the disease has completely killed the cambium1 the bark should be entirely removed as well as several layers of wood beneath the canker4 ,by frequent examination1 however1 diseased spots may be found on the tree where the mycelium of the fungus is still in the upper layers of the bark4 ,it is not necessary then to cut clear to the wood1 but the discolored outer bark may be removed and a layer of healthy inner bark left beneath the cut4 ,the sap may still flow through this layer4 ,the border of the diseased area is quite distinct1 but cutting should not stop here but should be continued beyond the discolored portion into healthy bark1 at least an inch4 ,the tools should be thoroughly sterilized by immersion in a solution of #a4ajjj bichloride of mercury1 or #e per cent solution of formaldehyde1 before cutting into the bark outside of the diseased area4 ,experiments have shown that a gouge or knife may carry the spores into healthy bark and new infection take place4 ,experiments are being carried on in the laboratory to determine the length of time which spores will live in solutions of different strengths of fungicides4 ,it has been shown that a cut made pointed at the top and bottom heals much faster than one rounded4 ,the edges of the cut should be made with care so as not to injure the cambium4 ,the chips of diseased bark and wood should not be allowed to fall on the ground then to be forgotten4 ,a bag fastened just below the canker will collect most of this material as it is gouged out and prevent possible reinfection1 which might take place if the material were allowed to scatter down the bark4 ,canvas or burlap spread around under a small orchard tree might be sufficient to catch all of the diseased chips of bark and wood cut out of the lower infections4 ,this diseased material should be burned together with blighted branches4 ,after completely cutting out all of the diseased parts the cut surfaces should be either sterilized or covered with a waterproofing which combines a fungicide with a covering4 ,among these might be mentioned coal tar and creosote1 or a mixture of pine tar1 linseed oil1 lamp black and creosote4 ,the trees which have been killed by blight1 or nearly girdled1 have been overlooked4 ,these should be cut off close to the ground1 the stump peeled and the bark and unused portions of the tree burned over the stump4 ,the merchantable parts of the trees should be removed from the woods promptly1 as all dead unbarked wood furnishes an excellent breeding place for the blight fungus4 ,third1 what means in the future can be undertaken to keep a tree healthy1 that is1 to prevent reinfection4 ,the spores may be carried by so many agents that it is difficult to prevent reinfection4 ,however it is clear that the farther infected products or trees are removed from healthy trees the less liable they are to have spores carried to them4 ,cooperation with nearby owners of diseased trees will help solve this problem4 ,spraying on a large scale has only been carried on1 so far as ,i know1 on the estate of ,pierre ,du,pont1 ,jr41 at ,kennett ,square1 ,pennsylvania4 ,at this place there are many large chestnut trees ranging from sixty to ninety feet in height1 many of which were planted some sixty-five years ago4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,e4 ,wheeler started the work of cutting out diseased limbs and cankers in ,october #aiaa1 and began spraying with ,bordeaux mixture in ,april #aiab4 ,the formula #e-e-ej1 five pounds of copper sulphate and five pounds of lime in #ej gallons of water was found to be injurious to the foliage in the ,spring4 ,this was changed therefore1 to #d-e-ej1 which had one pound less of copper sulphate4 ,this did not seem to injure the foliage4 ,about #gj trees were sprayed twenty times during the season4 ,nearly all of these were gone over four times to remove diseased branches and cankers1 once in ,october #aiaa1 then in early summer and again in ,september and ,november #aiab4 ,as an example take tree ,no4 #f which was studied1 ,december #ad1 #aiab4 ,it is #ci inches in diameter at breast height1 and approximately #gj feet in height4 ,on this one tree six diseased limbs were removed1 and sixteen cankers were cut out4 ,of these sixteen1 two infections continued1 that is1 were not completely cut out1 and had spread2 three had infections below old limbs which had been removed1 and eleven were healing over4 ,this tree was about #ajjj feet away from other badly infected trees1 though but #be feet away from other chestnut trees in the same row4 ,the experiment of ,mr4 ,du,pont in spraying shows what can be done on valuable lawn trees4 ,on the whole1 these trees look well and healthy4 ,trees which were not sprayed over three times and were within #ej-ajj feet from badly blighted trees1 became infected in so many different places that it will be necessary to remove them4 ,one of the problems to be solved next year will be that of the least number of sprayings which will be effective in preventing new infection4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chairman3 ,the question of the chestnut blight is now open for discussion4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,i should like to ask these gentlemen how far west they have heard of chestnut blight--that is1 heard of it with any degree of authenticity1 and also whether or not they care to express an opinion as to what the prospects are in the middle west1 say out in ,indiana1 ,illinois and ,ohio8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,in answer to that question1 ,i will say that in ,pennsylvania we have found infections in ,wayne ,county and also in ,fayette ,county1 both near the western extreme of the state1 but those have been attended to1 very largely1 and the boundaries closely determined4 ,in ,ohio there have been several reports of the blight being found1 but ,i don't think either of the reports have been proven4 ,there has been a fungus that ,i have spoken of as the ,connellsville fungus1 that has been all around in that neighborhood1 south-western ,pennsylvania and eastern ,ohio4 ,the ,chairman3 ,is the ,connellsville fungus also diaporthe parasitica8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,yes1 sir4 ,it was placed by ,mr4 ,anderson1 who did the work on that1 in the same genus as diaporthe1 but he preferred the name endothia parasitica4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the question is of changing the generic name1 from diaporthe1 on the basis of the previously established species8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,yes1 sir1 previously established species of endothia4 ,it is only a suggestion of ,mr4 ,anderson2 it was made by him4 ,this was very similar to the true blight fungus and when our men first went out into the western part of the ,state1 they reported these various cases that came up there as chestnut blight1 and none of the pathologists of our force then were competent to determine the difference1 except that the fact was noted even then that it was not growing as a parasite in the sense that the true blight fungus has been growing in the east4 ,the ,chairman3 ,that may be due to varietal differences1 though1 rather than specific8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,yes1 although ,mr4 ,anderson seemed to think it was specific4 ,the ,chairman3 ,is there any further discussion8 ,the subject is worthy of a good deal of comment4 ,mr4 ,pomeroy3 ,i want to ask the speaker what the approximate cost would be for one spraying of a tree about that size1 #gj feet in height8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,we have photographs on the table there showing our eight hundred dollar spraying machine1 the same kind used in ,massachusetts in gypsy moth work4 ,with this two men can spray about ten such trees in a day4 ,i haven't got it down in black and white but ,i figured that1 on those chestnuts at ,du,pont's1 they sprayed about #fjj gallons a day4 ,ten trees a day would make it1 say1 with a #b4ej man1 not very high for a tree4 ,i think it costs in all something like four dollars a tree during the whole season1 but that is a very rough estimate and the materials are not included4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the cost will have to be calculated on a sentimental basis for the ornamental trees1 and on a commercial basis for the commercial trees4 ,the actual value of the spraying has not yet been determined4 ,this spraying cannot reach the mycelium in the cambium layer2 if the disease has been carried in by a beetle or woodpecker your spraying would be ineffective4 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,yes indeed1 that was just the thought ,mr4 ,galena had1 notwithstanding the fact that they cut out all visible infections and the trees were so blue with spray that you could see them for half a mile4 ,the ,chairman3 ,but1 later on1 cracks and squirrel scratches and all sorts of injuries would allow new spores to be carried in8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,yes1 sir4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,the future of the chestnut depends so largely on the conquering of this disease that no other horticultural problem of this nut is1 just at present1 imperative4 ,so far as we know1 all of the ,european and ,american varieties are highly subject to this disease1 so much so that there is no inducement to plant them1 and we are waiting for ,dr4 ,morris and a few other hybridizers to find some hybrids1 or straight ,japanese varieties1 that are of sufficient merit1 and of sufficient degree of resistance to this disease1 for us to have a basis for building up the future industry4 ,on the tables there are quite a number of exhibits from ,mr4 ,riehl and ,mr4 ,endicott of ,illinois4 ,most of them are hybrids between the ,american and the ,japanese species1 but1 so far as we know1 they have not been tried in communities where the disease prevails4 ,we don't know whether they are resistant or not1 as they are being grown in a section entirely outside of the area where the blight exists4 ,i think ,i am right in that1 am ,i not1 ,mr4 ,pierce8 ,is there any chestnut blight in southern ,illinois8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,there has been none reported4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,i think that the varieties that these men in ,indiana have originated are the most promising we know of4 ,i think that in examining these specimens you will agree that they are of fairly high quality and good size1 and if they prove to be resistant to the disease much may be expected from them4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,i have not seen the chestnut blight at all4 ,i hope that it isn't in our section4 ,i have heard it was brought in from some point but ,i do not know whether it was identified exactly as the chestnut blight4 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,i saw a specimen sent from ,north ,carolina and it proved to be the ,collinsville fungus4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,if you remember reading ,fuller's book on nuts1 he reported that the chestnut blight extended through the ,carolinas but said that chestnuts were still coming from that direction in great abundance4 ,up in ,canada we haven't the chestnut blight4 ,the chestnut tree runs from the ,ohio ,river to the ,niagara ,river but it doesn't cross into ,michigan1 except along the ,michigan ,southern and ,lake ,shore ,railroad where some enterprising gentlemen have planted the chestnut with the tamarack alternately all the way from ,cleveland to ,chicago4 ,i examined the state of ,indiana across and from top to bottom several times in the summer and ,i never saw any chestnuts there1 but ,i have seen some newly planted places in ,michigan2 near ,battle ,creek ,i saw a farm of about fifty acres4 ,we are having up in ,ontario1 beyond ,toronto1 a blight that has attacked the ,lombardy poplar and that looks similar to the chestnut blight4 ,i have been watching it for the last ten years and the tree seems to have at last outlived it4 ,it dies down and then a little sprout comes out from the carcass4 ,the ,chairman3 ,isn't that the poplar tree borer that always attacks the ,lombardy8 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,oh no1 it's very similar to the chestnut tree blight4 ,we can grow chestnut trees all we like but no one has brains enough to grow them4 ,the farmers grow pigs and things but don't bother with chestnut trees2 consequently the chestnut blight does not exist there4 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,i didn't answer a portion of ,mr4 ,littlepage's question4 ,mr4 ,littlepage asked whether or not the blight might be expected in the ,middle ,west4 ,that depends1 more or less1 upon the results of the work ,pennsylvania is now carrying on4 ,if we can keep the disease from extending through the territory in which we are working1 there is a very good chance to keep it out of the ,west4 ,if we are not successful1 it may be expected to develop1 in time1 over the whole chestnut range4 ,there seems to be a very good opportunity for growing the chestnut commercially beyond its present range2 that is1 where it is so infrequent as not to be in danger from infected growths nearby4 ,in the eastern part of the state different people have reported that the blight seemed to them to be dying out and1 a number of these reports coming from a certain locality1 the ,commission decided to investigate one which seemed to be better reported than the others4 ,it was found1 after a very extensive investigation1 that this dying out was true only in the sense that it was not spreading1 perhaps1 as fast as it had been spreading before4 ,the mycelium and the spores were healthy and were affecting the new trees in quite the same manner as the year before and as in other parts of the state4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the question of controlling blight after it has appeared is of very great consequence4 ,concerning any commercial proposition with chestnuts the people are wide awake to the seriousness of the blight4 ,they are afraid to go into growing chestnut orchards2 they have had so many fake propositions in the past in pecan promotions that they are afraid of chestnuts and everything else4 ,any proposition for bringing forward chestnuts commercially must be a plain1 simple1 straightforward statement of the truth1 the whole truth and nothing but the truth4 ,we are ready1 all through the ,north and ,east1 to raise hundreds of acres of chestnuts1 such as ,mr4 ,reed has spoken about1 ones which resist the blight1 or ones which resist the blight comparatively well4 ,let us consider comparative immunity for a moment4 ,we know how expensive it is to manage an apple orchard1 and yet1 with the present high prices1 the profits on apple orchards1 well managed1 are great4 ,may we not have chestnut orchards managed with the same degree of relative expense and the same degree of relative profit8 ,i would like very much to hear from some of the men who have actually raised chestnuts in orchards concerning the relative care of the chestnut compared with the apple1 and the relative profit4 ,i see ,col4 ,sober here2 can't you tell us about your experience in managing the blight8 ,can it be managed successfully in proportion as apple tree parasites are managed8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,my experience has been this2 ,i have four hundred acres of chestnuts in bearing4 ,they range from five years to fifteen years old4 ,i find that ,i can control the blight easier than ,i can control the scale on apple trees4 ,if anyone doesn't believe this ,i invite him and all to come to my place and see for themselves4 ,i think ,i have nearly one million seedling and grafted paragon trees4 ,i don't think you will find fifty affected trees on the whole place today4 ,i have men going in every grove at the present time who have inspected thousands of trees and found seven that had blight on the limbs1 so ,i know what ,i am speaking about4 ,the ,chairman3 ,what is your method8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,cutting out1 cutting off anything ,i see2 if it is really necessary1 cut the tree down2 but we don't often find that necessary because just as quick as we see any affected1 or any limb dying or dead1 we cut it off4 ,i had my groves laid out in sections of a hundred feet wide and numbered2 and ,i had charts made so that they can be inspected section by section4 ,in that manner1 every tree is inspected4 ,one individual will inspect the trunk and another one the top4 ,in each section ,i can show you as far as we have gone4 ,i can show you how many trees are in each section and how many affected trees there are in that section1 or whether there are any or not4 ,i say ,i can control it easier than ,i can control scale and with less expense and ,i want that to go on record4 ,there is no question about it4 ,it can be seen at my place4 ,i go over my groves about four times a year and have been doing it all the time1 and ,i don't doubt but that ,i discovered this disease the first of anybody in the state1 perhaps1 in #aijb4 ,i was looking around to cut scions and ,i saw one tree whose center was dead and around it were the finest shoots almost that ,i had ever seen for grafting purposes4 ,i went to it and saw the center was dead4 ,i cut some scions and today that is one of the finest trees ,i've got on my place4 ,from what ,i know now that was a blighted tree4 ,a member3 ,did you paint over the scars8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,no sir1 but we are doing it now1 using white lead4 ,a member3 ,how much blight is there around you8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,i am surrounded with it on all sides4 ,right up against my groves about #ag per cent of the trees are affected4 ,that is the report coming from the parties inspecting now for the ,blight ,commission4 ,i shipped ,mr4 ,mayo about four or five thousand trees this fall4 ,i don't suppose there were a dozen that were thrown out1 thinking they were blighted or diseased4 ,we have records of all that up at my place4 ,there are some trees right here now that came from my nursery4 ,i wish you gentlemen could just see for yourselves2 come out and see4 ,the ,chairman3 ,in advancing this chestnut on a commercial basis it had better be stated that it does not blight as badly as the ,american chestnut and that when blighted it can be cared for with less cost than the apple tree4 ,i would suggest that some such notice be sent out with commercial stock4 ,that would put it on the right basis so that the chestnut would find its position1 which it is not finding now because the people are full of the blight2 and if a frank1 full statement of this sort were made ,i believe it would be extremely important4 ,mr4 ,rockey3 ,i went through practically the whole extent of ,mr4 ,sober's orchard recently and found one infected tree4 ,i can vouch for the statement that he has made that he is almost surrounded by blight4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i have given attention to only a few of my own trees that were blighted because ,i have too much else to do and too large a place1 a couple of hundred acres engaged in a small and large way1--a variety of ways--with nut trees2 and the few ,i have cared to save after blight has begun ,i have saved by cutting it out very thoroughly and using either white paint or grafting wax4 ,i used also pine tar and some gas tar4 ,i killed some good trees that ,i wanted particularly to save by putting on gas tar4 ,the matter of compelling the removal of infected trees is a very important one1 but it must rest with the authorities4 ,in the vicinity of ,new ,york we have so much hard wood that you cannot sell it unless you are in some sort of a trade combination4 ,fine oak1 fine hickory1 fine chestnut1 you can't dispose of in ,new ,york ,city1 because we have such a lot of it4 ,we have wild deer within fifteen miles of ,new ,york ,city on three sides of us on account of the forests4 ,you have got to find some special way for disposing of this blighted chestnut timber4 ,telephone and telegraph poles and ties all go for nothing1 unless you happen to be so situated that you can manage the matter commercially1 and a way should be found by the state so that people can dispose of their blighted timber1 which is just as good as any other4 ,it is very important to note that the boy scouts are interested1 and we ought to encourage their interest4 ,it is a splendid thing1 getting the interest of boys engaged4 ,you know how active a boy is in getting a snake from under a rock and he will do the same thing with the chestnut blight4 ,it is his natural tendency to hustle when he gets after anything4 ,this chestnut blight belongs to the microbe group and the microbe is the great enemy of mankind4 ,in wars the microbe kills about eight men for every one killed by missiles4 ,if we can encourage the interest of boy scouts in fighting the greatest of all human enemies1 the microbe1 including this little fungus1 we shall have a splendid working force4 ,in regard to the injection of poisons and medicines into trees1 it seems to me that a very firm stand ought to be taken by all responsible men who know anything about plant pathology4 ,we know that a poison injected into a tree must either act injuriously right there upon the cells of the tree1 or else must undergo metabolic changes4 ,a tree cannot use anything that is thrown into it1 poison or food or anything else1 until it has undergone a metabolic change2 you must have a distinct1 definite chemical process taking place and we ought to state that most of the substances which are alleged to be of value1 when injected into a tree1 are either absolutely worthless or injurious4 ,one man tried to persuade me that his medication if applied to the cambium layer would be absorbed1 and said that if ,i would only use it on a few of my trees ,i could see for myself4 ,he said it would drive off even the aphides4 ,i tried it on four trees affected with aphides and found that he told me the truth4 ,it drove them off1 because the trees died and the aphides left4 ,one tree lived a year before being killed2 it was a most insidious sort of death1 but the aphides left that tree4 7,laughter47 ,some of the ,asiatic chestnuts resist the blight very well4 ,curiously enough when grafted upon some of the ,american chestnuts they then become vulnerable4 ,two years ago1 from a lot of about one thousand ,corean chestnuts in which there had been up to that time no blight1 ,i grafted scions on ,american stump sprouts and about #ej per cent of those grafts blighted in the next year1 showing that the ,american chestnut sap offers a pabulum attractive to the ,diaporthe1 and that is a fact of collateral value in getting our negative testimony upon the point4 ,concerning the question of carrying blight fifty miles1 there's no telling how far birds will fly carrying the spores of ,diaporthe upon their feet4 ,the spores are viscid and adhere to the feet of beetles1 or migratory birds which sometimes make long lateral flights following food1 rather than direct flights north and south4 ,it is quite easy to imagine birds carrying this ,diaporthe over an interval of possibly fifty miles1 making that distance in one night perhaps4 ,someone may have carried chestnuts in his pocket to give to his granddaughter fifty miles away1 and in that way carried the blight4 ,if any grafted trees have been carried fifty miles1 or any railroad ties1 with a little bark on1 carried fifty miles and then thrown off1 it might blight the chestnuts in that vicinity4 ,one can have as much range of imagination as he pleases as ,longfellow says1 ,there is no limit to the imagination in connection with questions of spreading the blight of ,diaporthe4 ,some of the ,japanese and ,corean chestnuts and some of the ,chinese chestnuts resist blight fairly well4 ,among my chinkapins1 ,i have the common pumila and the ,missouri variety of pumila1 which grows in tree form forty or fifty feet high4 ,i have the alder-leaf chestnut1 which keeps green leaves till ,christmas1 sometimes till ,march when the snow buries them1 and those comparatively young trees have shown no blight2 but one hybrid1 between the chinkapin and the ,american chestnut1 about twelve years of age1 has blighted several times4 ,i have cut off the branches and kept it going1 but this year ,i shall cut it down4 ,it will start at the root and sprout up again4 ,i thought ,i'd give up that hybrid1 but having heard ,col4 ,sober's report ,i will begin at the root and look after some of the sprouts4 ,that hybrid is the only one of my chinkapin group that has blighted at all4 ,in regard to the use of bichloride of mercury or formaldehyde1 it seems to me that formaldehyde will be a better germicide than bichloride of mercury1 because bichloride of mercury coagulates the albuminous part of the plasm and may destroy the cell structure1 whereas the formaldehyde will be more penetrating and less injurious4 ,one would need to know how strong a formaldehyde solution can be used safely4 ,i presume the most vulnerable part of the tree would be at the bud axils4 ,spraying must require considerable experience at the present time and is of doubtful efficiency for timber chestnuts ,i am sure4 ,we would like very much to hear any further comment upon this subject4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,mr4 ,sober's orchard is so unusually large that evidently it does not apply to average cases4 ,the average man is buying chestnut trees for the garden or yard or lane4 ,prof4 ,collins has an acre on the top of a hill at ,atlantic ,forge and there he has fought diligently with the skill of a highly trained man1 and the blight is gradually driving him back4 ,i think that in a short time the trees on ,prof4 ,collins' acre will be gone4 ,i believe we need much more information before we can offer any hope that chestnut trees from a nursery will be safe against blight4 ,i should like to ask the ,blight ,commission if they are at the present time planning to breed immune strains of chestnuts1 and if not1 ,i wish to suggest that it is a piece of work well worthy of their consideration4 ,they might try grafting on ,american stocks1 or on their own seedlings1 some of the ,korean chestnuts1 on any variety that promises resistance1 and also hybridizing1 with the hope of getting a good nut that will resist the blight4 ,the ,chairman3 ,that is a very important matter1 no doubt4 ,in regard to the few chestnuts bought for lanes and gardens1 ,i know a good many men who have bought a few grafted chestnuts with the idea of setting out a number of acres if those few did well1 being men of a conservative sort4 ,men of that sort are the ones we want to have in our ,association4 ,we want to have men who will buy four trees1 and if they do well1 set out four hundred acres4 ,that is what a great many men have had in mind in buying two1 four or six trees of any one kind2 they want to try them out4 ,that is the wise way1 the conservative way1 the truly progressive way4 ,if we are going to have very large numbers of any one kind of chestnut set out1 we must make a statement of the dangers1 so that men may be forewarned4 ,if they set them out without warning and are disappointed1 they drop the entire subject and go to raising corn and hogs2 and then1 to save trouble1 turn these hogs into the corn and get to doing things in the easiest way1 rather than carry on the complicated methods of agriculture that belong to the spirit of the present time4 ,i would like to know if many efforts are being made toward breeding immune kinds4 ,i am at work on that myself4 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,our ,commission has recently gotten1 ,i think1 about fifty pounds of ,chinese chestnuts of several kinds1 which they expect to plant for experiment4 ,besides that they have made some other arrangements of which ,i know very little4 ,this investigation will take years4 ,the ,commission has been compelled to devote itself to so many lines of work that ,i am afraid this question has not been given the attention it might have had4 ,i think in the future there will be a good deal done along that line4 ,two of us have been given the title of tree surgeons1 and we work1 or make arrangements to have someone else work1 sometimes the scout1 in the orchards throughout the state4 ,i have a list of two hundred owners of cultivated chestnut trees that ,i got in the last month from various sources4 ,anyone in ,pennsylvania who has a cultivated chestnut tree1 can send a postal card1 get one of us out to examine the tree and see whether it is blighted1 and we will demonstrate what can be done in the way of treating it4 ,i have done that right along in the last two months4 ,if it is only a single tree ,i cut out all ,i can myself4 ,the ,chairman3 ,there are two distinct questions2 first1 the chestnut as a food tree1 and second1 as a timber tree4 ,your work has been chiefly with the chestnut as a timber tree8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,no1 mine has been mostly on the lawn1 so that it is for nuts4 ,experiments made on one or two species of ,japanese chestnuts show about #i per cent of tannin2 the tannin in the ,american chestnut runs only #f per cent and in the small ,american1 runs less4 ,we know that the ,japanese is somewhat more immune than the ,american4 ,we have already found that it has #ej per cent more tannin4 ,i believe one of us wrote you about experiments to find out the percentage of tannin in ,corean1 ,north ,japanese1 ,south ,japanese and ,chinese chestnuts4 ,the investigation will be carried on for the next two or three months4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,may ,i ask if there is any soil food that would increase the amount of tannin8 ,trees protect themselves4 ,we have watched the black walnut and seen him fight all sorts of enemies4 ,the tree has poisons everywhere and the nut a thick shell to boot and doesn't coax enemies to get at him or to eat him until he is ripe4 ,a ,member3 ,have you found that fertilizing a tree increased the percentage of tannin8 ,mr4 ,rockey3 ,that hasn't been determined yet but it will be studied4 ,the ,chairman3 ,it is a question if the tendency would not be for tannin to go over to sugar and cellulose under cultivation4 ,i don't remember the chemistry on that4 ,aren't there any expert chemists here who can tell us8 ,the natural tendency of the tree under high cultivation would be to change tannin over into sugar and starch4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,this talk of the chestnut blight reminds me of a remark made by a gentleman at a peach growing convention4 ,he said the best thing that ever happened to this country was to get that ,san ,jose scale because it stopped lazy men from growing peaches4 ,he said1 ,i don't mind it a bit and can make more money than when peaches were nothing a basket4 ,probably nature will help us some way4 ,the ,chairman3 ,we have to consider what nature wants to do4 ,mr4 ,mayo3 ,if ,i am in order1 ,i would like to know whether this fungus trouble is likely in the future to attack or has at any time attacked1 the apple1 pear or quince8 ,the ,chairman3 ,i think it has been pretty well decided that they are not in danger4 ,i will1 however1 ask ,mr4 ,rockey and ,mr4 ,pierce to answer that question4 ,mr4 ,rockey3 ,up to the present time there has been no indication that the blight will get into them4 ,this might be a good occasion for me to mention the ,connellsville fungus again4 ,it was found on some of the oaks and other trees in this section of the country1 and for a time it looked as though the blight was getting into other species1 but since that fungus has been identified there has been no indication that the blight will extend beyond the chestnut group as a parasite1 although you can inoculate oaks and other trees with the fungus and it will live in them1 but only on the dead portion of the tree and not as the parasite lives on the chestnut4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,i should like to ask ,mr4 ,sober if he has found any evidence that the paragon chestnut differs from the native chestnut in resistance to the blight1 and if his paragons are different from other paragons8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,i cannot say whether my chestnuts are different from the other paragon chestnuts or not1 or whether they are as resistant to the blight4 ,i know it is a very sweet chestnut4 ,in regard to keeping my groves clean--from #aija to #aiaj1 we had three broods of locusts and two hailstorms that opened the bark in almost every tree and branch4 ,the limbs were stung by the locusts thousands of times1 so that ,i didn't have a crop of chestnuts4 ,professor ,davis was cutting off limbs for a couple of months so you see my trees were open1 if any ever were1 to receive the blight4 ,the hailstorms destroyed the leaves and ,i didn't have any chestnuts that year in one part of my grove and with all that--you people come and see how clean it is1 that's all there is to it4 ,i know what ,i've done and what ,i can do4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the next paper in order is that of ,professor ,smith4 ,,nut ,,growing ,,and ,,tree ,,breeding ,,and ,,their ,,relation ,,to ,,conservation ,,professor ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,,pennsylvania ,prof4 ,smith3 ,mr4 ,chairman1 ladies and gentlemen2 ,i am going to ask your indulgence for including in my subject a matter that perhaps goes a little beyond the scope of this organization1 for ,i wish to speak of fruit as well as nut-bearing trees4 ,conservation1 whose object is the preservation of our resources for future generations1 as well as for ourselves1 finds its greatest problem in the preservation of the soil4 ,the forests can come again if the soil be left4 ,it is probable that we can find substitutes for coal1 and for nearly everything else1 but once the soil is gone1 all is gone2 and the greatest danger to the soil is not robbery by ill cropping1 because no matter how man may abuse the soil1 scientific agriculture can bring it back with astonishing speed4 ,but the greatest enemy of conservation is erosion1 the best checks for erosion are roots4 ,thus far1 the only man who has been telling us anything about planting roots upon the hillsides is the forester4 ,but he usually sets nothing but wood trees1 which at the end of fifty or a hundred or a hundred and fifty years1 we can cut down1 and which1 during the intervening time1 have done nothing but cast shade1 drop leaves and retain the soil4 ,my doctrine is that the potentially greatest crop-producing plants are not those on which we now depend for our food1 but are the trees12 that the greatest engines for production are not the grasses1 but the trees4 ,our agriculture is an inheritance from the savage1 and the savage found that he could do better with annual grains than he could with nut trees1 because he didn't know how to improve the nut crop by selection of the trees1 while there came involuntarily an improvement in the other crops4 ,no man today knows the parentage of some of the cultivated plants and grains on which we now depend4 ,thus we came down to the present day of science1 with the purely chance discoveries of savages as the main dependence of mankind for the basis of agriculture4 ,we have within a decade discovered the laws of plant breeding4 ,we know a good deal more about it now than ever before and are in a position to start about it very deliberately and with a reasonable certainty that we are going to get certain combinations of qualities if we keep at it long enough4 ,thus the hickory and walnut offer perfect marvels of possibilities4 ,look around on these tables and see the size of some of these things4 ,there are hickory nuts #a-a_/d inch long and there are shagbarks as full of meat as pecans and probably quite as good4 ,there are in ,kentucky1 ,i am told1 hickory nuts that you can take in your fingers and crush4 ,here we have the pecan1 this great big shellbark from ,indiana1 the shagbark from the ,north1 and the thin shell nuts from ,kentucky4 ,now hybridize these and ,i think1 if you work at it long enough1 you will get a tree that will have all those good qualities4 ,the wonderful black walnut is a tree of hardiness1 and the delicious ,persian or ,english walnut is a nut of acceptable form4 ,the pair offers splendid possibilities in their hybrid progeny4 ,we have fruits thus far recognized as of little value which offer great possibilities as forage producers4 ,the mulberry bears from ,june to ,september and the persimmon from ,september till ,march and the pig harvests them himself4 ,we have the possibility of a brand-new agriculture1 depending not upon grains1 but upon tree crops1 provided someone will breed the crop-yielding trees which we can use4 ,this will permit us to use entirely different kinds of land from that now considered best for agriculture4 ,the natural necessities for plant growth1 ,i believe1 are heat1 moisture1 sunlight and fertility4 ,now they are not all the limiting factors with man1 because man adds the fifth1 the arbitrary fact of arability1 and that right away bars out about half of the fertile earth1 because when we insist on heat1 light1 moisture1 fertility and arability1 we leave out that rough half of the earth equally fertile1 idle1 subject only to the work of the forester1 who will give us a forest about #aiii4 ,it might just as well be planted with a host of crop-yielding trees1 the walnuts1 hickory nuts1 pecans1 persimmons1 mulberries--and the list is very long4 ,there are at the present time in use in ,mediterranean countries twenty-five crop-yielding trees other than the ordinary orchard fruits4 ,i am told that they have oak trees there which yield an acorn that is better than the chestnut4 ,a pig will fill himself with acorns on the one hillside and with figs on the next hillside and then lie down and get fat4 ,we are too industrious1 we wait on the pig2 ,i want the pig to wait on himself4 ,but who is going to breed these things8 ,these crop yielding trees8 ,a gentleman told us this morning that he was not nervous1 that he could watch a hickory tree grow1 and stated that he had forty acres of land and was breeding trees for fun4 ,here is ,dr4 ,morris1 who is having a delicious time doing the same thing4 ,we should not have to depend on enthusiasts who are working for fun2 we must not depend on such sources for the greatest gifts in the line of food production that man can imagine4 ,this work should be done by every state in the ,union4 ,i believe that it is capable of proof that we can get just as much yield from a hillside in untilled fruit and nut-yielding trees1 as we can from putting that same hillside under the plough and getting wheat1 corn1 barley1 rye and oats and a little grass once in a while4 ,it will make just as much pig or just as many calories of man food from the tree crops as it will make under the plough4 ,and under the plough that hillside is going down the stream to choke it and reduce the hillside to nothing4 ,we have three classes of land4 ,the first class is the level land1 which belongs to the plough now and for all time4 ,the third class1 which is the unploughable steep mountain and hill land1 is probably as great in area as the level land1 and between the two is the hilly land that we are now cultivating to its great detriment1 visibly reducing the earth's resources by bringing about rapidly that condition which has led to the saying in the ,old ,world3 ,after man1 the desert4 ,the ,roman ,empire1 where men have had possession for two thousand years1 proves1 ,after man1 the desert4 ,it is equally proven in much of ,china1 but it can be prevented if these hill lands are put to trees4 ,but we cannot afford to put those lands into trees unless the trees yield4 ,i move that this ,association memorialize those persons who are in position to promote the breeding of fruit and nut-yielding trees1 that we may bring nearer the day of tree-crop agriculture4 ,i want a letter to go from this ,association with the authority of the ,association and its sanction1 to the ,secretary of ,agriculture at ,washington and to all the men in authority in the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry at ,washington1 to the ,presidents of the ,state ,agricultural ,colleges1 the ,directors of ,experiment ,stations and professors who are interested in plant breeding4 ,that will make a list of three or four hundred persons and involve an expenditure of a few dollars but ,i believe it will be productive of good4 ,i hope that the ,association will see fit to lend its name and a little cash to that proposition1 because if we can get the authority of the state and the money of the state1 the results will come much more rapidly than if there are just a few of us doing it independently4 7,applause47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chairman3 ,will someone put ,prof4 ,smith's suggestion in the form of a motion8 ,a ,member3 ,i move that it be referred to the ,committee on ,resolutions4 7,motion carried47 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,undoubtedly we all agree with ,prof4 ,smith4 ,he spoke of the persimmon4 ,when ,i speak of the persimmon in my country nobody knows what ,i am talking about4 ,i found two trees in ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan1 in a front yard4 ,the person who owned them was an old lady4 ,i said1 ,will you give me these persimmons8 ,she said1 ,yes1 take them all2 the neighbors come here and while they are getting the persimmons they bother me a lot4 ,everybody seems to like them4 ,they were delicious persimmons that were quite edible before frost1 they are probably the two furthest north persimmon trees in the world4 ,i went a little way around ,devil ,lake1 and found pawpaws4 ,they are a very good fruit when cultivated4 ,the idea of preserving the soil and not sending it all into the ,lakes and down into the ,gulf of ,mexico--that is a good idea of ,prof4 ,smith's4 ,mr4 ,gardner3 ,i submit that that ,battle ,creek woman should start a new breakfast food4 7,laughter47 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,every second year there is an immense crop on one of the persimmon trees2 they are a male and female1 ,i think4 ,you can't see the branches for the fruit1 and the thermometer there falls to #bb degrees below zero4 ,the ,chairman3 ,you can graft the male trees with pistillate grafts if you want to1 or you can transfer grafts both ways4 ,the persimmon and pawpaw will undoubtedly both grow at ,toronto4 ,they are not indigenous there because of natural checks to development in their sprouting stage1 but if you buy ,indiana stock for ,toronto1 such transplanted trees will both grow there1 ,i am sure4 ,this is not quite relevant to ,prof4 ,smith's paper4 ,it seems to me that ,prof4 ,smith gave us a very comprehensive resume of facts bearing upon the situation1 perhaps not particularly calling for discussion4 ,we are very glad to have his arraignment of facts4 ,the next paper on the program will be that of ,dr4 ,deming4 ,while ,dr4 ,deming is getting ready1 ,i would like to have the trees shown4 ,mr4 ,jones will speak about his pecans1 these specimens of young trees here4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,these are pecans that ,mr4 ,roper brought up from the ,arrowfield ,nurseries4 7,here ,mr4 ,jones described the trees47 ,the ,chairman3 ,would those trees grow after they have been dried as much as that8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,i don't think so2 pecans don't stand much drying4 ,the ,chairman3 ,no1 unless you cut off all the roots4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,if we should dig up a tree like this and cut it off a foot and a half down1 would it be all right to transplant it8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes1 if your season should not be too dry4 ,the ,chairman3 ,what has been your experience with the ,stringfellow method of cutting off every single root8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we cut the tap-roots off1 but leave an inch of the lateral roots4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i think you can do better by following the ,stringfellow method and cutting off all the laterals4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,if you were going to transplant those for your own use where would you cut them off8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,about here1 a foot and a half down4 ,the ,secretary3 ,and the top8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes1 sir1 ,i'd reduce the top about that much2 ,i think we will have to work for a better root for the ,north4 ,,beginning ,,with ,,nuts ,,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,,westchester1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,in his official capacity as secretary of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association the writer is frequently asked1 by persons wishing to grow nuts1 about climate1 soils1 varieties and methods4 ,the following observations are intended to apply only to the northeastern ,united ,states1 the country lying east of the ,rockies and north of the range of the southern pecan4 ,they are intended more for the person who already has his land1 or is restricted in his range1 than for the one who can range wide for larger operations and will study deeper before deciding4 ,it is probable that most nuts will grow wherever the peach will4 ,outside the peach area there is probably not much use in trying to grow the pecan or ,persian walnut4 ,yet it must always be remembered that nut growing in the ,north is1 at present1 almost entirely experimental and that anybody may be able to disprove the authorities4 ,we are all experimenting now4 ,by and by it will be different4 ,in severer climates the chestnut1 shagbark1 black walnut1 butternut1 hazel1 beech1 pine1 ,japanese cordiformis and hardy ,chinese walnuts can be grown or1 at least1 offer possibilities4 ,in such climates the development of the native nuts by selection and crossing1 and the adaptation of alien nuts1 deserves1 and will repay1 experiment4 ,it is to be supposed1 as before said1 that the hopeful beginner already has his land4 ,let him choose the best part of it that he can spare4 ,by best part is meant the most fertile1 not too wet nor too dry nor1 if possible1 too hilly to cultivate4 ,hard pan near the surface1 and too thick to be easily broken up by dynamite1 is not desirable4 ,a nut orchard ought to have much the same preparation as an apple orchard4 ,a practical way would be to plow deeply and harrow well in summer and sow a cover crop like rye and vetch or clover4 ,the more stable manure1 or other fertilizer1 applied the better4 ,let the field now be staked off thirty feet apart in squares1 or in triangles if preferred4 ,late in the fall dig the holes and plant nuts1 three or four in each hole1 two to four inches deep1 according to size1 and six inches apart4 ,put a good handful of ground bone in each hill4 ,unless the soil and subsoil are mellow1 so that the long tap roots may penetrate deeply1 it would be best to dynamite the holes1 using a half pound of #bj per cent or #be per cent dynamite at a depth of two and a half feet4 ,this is a simple matter and the dynamite companies will furnish materials and instructions4 ,it is also some fun4 ,there is some danger that nuts planted in fall may be destroyed by rodents1 that some will lie over and not sprout the first year1 or that all the nuts in a hill may make inferior plants1 so that some authorities advise putting them in a galvanized wire cage1 the nuts only half buried1 then covered with a few leaves during the winter and otherwise left exposed to the elements4 ,in the spring they must be taken from the cage and planted in the hills before the sprouts are long enough to be easily broken4 ,the different kinds of nuts should be planted in blocks rather than mingled1 to facilitate handling4 ,these nuts are to furnish trees that are later to be grafted or budded4 ,after they have grown a while the weaker ones are to be removed1 as necessary1 until only the strongest remains in each hill4 ,when grafted and grown to great size the brave man will thin them out to sixty feet apart4 ,interplanting with fruits or vegetables may be practised4 ,as to the kinds of nuts to be planted that depends on what you want to grow4 ,if chestnuts it must be remembered that the bark disease is very likely to attack them1 in the ,east at any rate4 ,experiments with chestnuts outside the range of the blight are very desirable4 ,the ,american 7,castanea dentata7 and ,european 7,c4 sativa7 chestnuts are specially susceptible4 ,the ,asiatic chestnuts 7,c4 ,japonica1 etc47 seem to have a partial immunity1 especially the ,korean1 and it is possible that the native chestnut grafted on these may be rendered more or less immune4 ,it is being tried and is an interesting experiment4 ,the ,asiatic chestnut trees are dwarfish in habit1 come into bearing early1 the nuts are generally large and some of them of pretty good quality4 ,they may be planted as fillers between the trees of larger growth4 ,the nuts may be bought of importers4 7,see circular on ,seedsmen and ,nurserymen47 ,the small ,korean chestnut has been especially recommended4 ,if you wish to grow the shagbark hickory 7,hicoria ovata7 plant the best specimens of this nut you can get1 or the bitternut 7,h4 minima7 which is said to be a superior stock for grafting4 ,high hopes are held that that other favorite hickory1 the pecan 7,h4 pecan7 may be grown far outside its native range1 and the ,indiana pecan is the nut on which these hopes are founded4 ,seed nuts may be obtained from reliable ,indiana dealers1 but it is said that some of them are not reliable4 ,the hickories may be budded and grafted on one another so that one kind of stock may serve for both shagbark and pecan4 ,if you want to grow the ,persian walnut 7,juglans regia71 often called the ,english walnut1 the black walnut 7,j4 nigra71 seems to afford the most promising stock1 though ,j4 rupestris1 native in ,texas and ,arizona1 has been recommended and ,j4 cordiformis1 the ,japanese heart nut1 is also promising4 ,this nut can be recommended for planting for its own sake as the tree is hardy1 a rapid grower1 comes into bearing early and bears a fairly good nut4 ,there are no grafted trees1 however1 so the variable seedlings will have to be depended upon4 ,on any of these walnut stocks the black walnut and the butternut 7,j4 cinerea7 may also be propagated if worthy varieties can be found4 ,there are none now on the market4 ,the nuts mentioned are enough for the beginner and the three stocks1 chestnut1 hickory and walnut1 will give him all he wants to work on and furnish plenty of fascinating occupation4 ,the hazel1 the almond and others1 though offering possibilities1 had better be left to those further advanced in the art of nut growing4 ,now the nut orchard is started and the owner must push the growth of the trees by the ordinary methods1 cultivation1 cover crops and fertilizers4 ,see any authority on growing fruit trees4 ,in from two to five years the trees will be ready for budding and grafting1 they will have made a good growth above ground1 and a bigger one below1 they are permanently placed and haven't got to be set back a year or two1 or perhaps killed1 by transplanting1 with loss to the tap roots and laterals4 ,in the writer's opinion that natural tap root of the nut tree growing down1 down to water is not to be treated as of no importance4 ,so let your seedlings grow up and down happily while you get ready the stuff with which to build their future character1 for seedling trees are very slow in coming into bearing1 and uncertain in type and quality of nut4 ,grafted trees bear early and true to type4 ,take your choicest bit of ground and put it in the best shape you know how4 ,then order the finest grafted trees you can find on the market4 7,see circular on ,seedsmen and ,nurserymen47 ,your choice will be limited for there are as yet only a few grafted varieties of the ,persian walnut and the ,indiana pecan1 and but one of the shagbark hickory to be had4 ,of chestnuts there are more and1 in the ,south of course1 plenty of pecans4 ,but pecan growing in the ,south is another story4 ,if you order chestnuts be sure that they do not come from a nursery infected with blight4 ,get young trees because they are more easily established4 ,order from two to four of each variety4 ,fewer than two gives too small an allowance for mortality and more than four1 besides the not inconsiderable strain on the pocket1 will divide your attention too much2 for you have got to give these trees the care of a bottle baby4 ,set them sixty feet apart if you have the room4 ,if not set them closer4 ,better closer if that means better care4 ,they may be set in the fall but probably spring is better1 as early as you can get them in4 ,follow the instructions of the nurserymen closely4 ,digging holes with dynamite is probably good practice4 ,put some bone meal in the soil around the roots but no strong fertilizer4 ,some soils need lime4 ,tamp the soil about the roots with all your might4 ,it cannot be made too firm4 ,then water them all summer1 or until ,august if they have made a good growth4 ,give them all they can drink once a week4 ,sink a large bar about a foot from the tree and pour the water into the hole1 as much as the soil will take4 ,keep up cultivation and a dust mulch or1 if you cannot do this1 mulch with something else4 ,mulching doesn't mean a wisp of hay but something thick or impervious4 ,six inches of strawy manure1 grass1 vines or weeds2 an old carpet1 burlap1 feed or fertilizer bags or even newspapers1 held down with stones or weeds or earth1 all make good mulches4 ,these trees ought to grow and1 whether you ever succeed in grafting your seedlings or not1 you should have at least a small orchard of fine nut trees4 ,the second summer with the trees will be something like the baby's4 ,worms may bother them4 ,look out for bud worms and leaf-eating caterpillars4 ,give them all the water they can drink in the dry dog days4 ,nurse them1 feed them and watch them and they will grow up to bless you4 ,some of them may bear as early as apple trees4 ,these trees1 and such scions as1 from time to time1 you may obtain elsewhere1 are to furnish your propagating material4 ,the plan just described may be modified in various ways1 but the general principles are the same4 ,instead of planting the nuts in their permanent positions they may be put in nursery rows where they may have the advantage of intensive cultivation4 ,the best of the resulting trees may be grafted or budded in the rows1 or after they have been transplanted and have become well established4 ,this method is an excellent one and has distinct advantages and many advocates4 ,yearling seedlings may be bought and set either in permanent positions or in nursery rows4 ,of course the man who is in a hurry1 who can disregard expense and who does not care for the experience and gratification of grafting his own trees1 may set his whole plantation with expensive grafted trees and replant where they fail4 ,the technique of budding and grafting you must work out yourself with the help of the instructions obtainable from several authorities1 or1 by far the surer way1 study the art with a master4 ,the essentials are good stocks and good scions1 the right moment--and practice4 ,excellent publications giving instructions in methods of propagation are3 ,the ,persian ,walnut ,industry in the ,united ,states1 by ,e4 ,r4 ,lake2 ,bulletin #bed1 ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 #aiac3 ,the ,pecan1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed2 ,bulletin #bea of the same department1 #aiab3 ,walnut ,growing in ,oregon1 published by the ,passenger ,department ,southern ,pacific ,company ,lines in ,oregon1 ,portland1 ,oregon1 revised edition1 #aiab2 and ,nut ,growing in ,maryland1 by ,c4 ,p4 ,close2 ,bulletin #abe of the ,maryland ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,college ,park1 ,maryland4 ,any of these may be had free on application4 ,the files and current issues of the nut journals are full of information4 ,join the nut growers associations1 subscribe to the nut journals1 get all the literature 7see ,circular ,no4 #c7 and you will soon be happily out of the fledgeling stage of nut growing and begin to do as you please4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,chairman3 ,comment upon this paper is now in order4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,you say you are going to issue that8 ,the ,secretary3 ,on my own responsibility1 but subject to modification4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,if that is going out as a circular of the association1 ,i would like to suggest two slight changes4 ,for instance1 you wouldn't expect the ordinary nut tree to begin to bear as early as the ordinary transplanted apple tree4 ,the ,chairman3 ,some would4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,a summer apple would begin to bear much earlier than the ordinary nut tree4 ,the ,secretary3 ,well1 chestnuts begin to bear very early after grafting4 ,i refer only to grafted trees here4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,i thought that the paper had to do with trees that were planted as nuts4 ,the ,secretary3 ,no1 ,i think ,i made that perfectly clear4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,what is that new statement about roots1 that it is desirable to leave them8 ,the ,secretary3 ,that it is better that a tree should go undisturbed than that it should be transplanted4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,isn't there a question about that8 ,the ,secretary3 ,a question would arise in the hands of an expert1 perhaps1 but ,i think for an amateur1 that a tree growing where the nut was planted is more likely to live and do well than a transplanted tree4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,i am not so certain about that1 but what ,i had in mind was that the planter would get the idea that the tap-root was not to be cut off and that it is very desirable to the tree4 ,the ,secretary3 ,that's a good point4 ,the ,chairman3 ,about cutting the tap-root ,i have said yes and no so fast that ,i don't know which ,i've said last1 and it seems to me that we ought to have discussion on this very point4 ,the ,secretary3 ,i have said that in buying these grafted trees you should set them out following the instructions of the nurseryman closely4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,but that statement about the tap-root would lead the average planter to think that it was very desirable to have the tap-root4 ,the ,secretary3 ,has it been settled that it is not desirable8 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,well1 ,i think it has been generally accepted that it is of no special value4 ,the ,secretary3 ,that trees will grow as well transplanted as if they have never been transplanted8 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,well1 ,i shouldn't want to put it that way1 but this is the point3 ,i would like to have the tree planter understand that a walnut tree doesn't need the tap-root and if he cuts off the tap-root in planting1 there is no great loss4 ,i wouldn't want to say that his trees wouldn't begin to bear earlier or bear larger if left in the original place4 ,i prefer to transplant my own tree after it is grown1 rather than run the risk of getting scrub trees in the post hole or on the hill4 ,i prefer to select the grafted trees even without the tap-roots1 which would be removed in digging1 and planting them all uniform1 rather than to plant the seeds4 ,speaking for the amateur1 ,i think the latter is good practice4 ,the point ,i had in mind was that many people will not take the time to plant nuts but will want to set grafted trees1 and the question is1 should they have considerable tap-root--the grafted trees8 ,the ,secretary3 ,following my plan1 a man would buy a small number of fine trees and set them out at once2 that would probably be all he would undertake and all he could probably manage4 ,he would also plant a small number of nuts on which to experiment in propagation4 ,my experience up in ,connecticut has been that all my southern transplanted trees1 almost without exception1 have died4 ,i have planted pecans and ,persian walnuts from a number of different nurseries4 ,i have done it personally and done it as carefully as ,i could1 but they have either made a very feeble growth indeed or have all died4 ,on the other hand1 the seeds ,i have planted have grown into very vigorous trees4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,i have had a little experience with the tap-root theory4 ,you can't dig a walnut tree without cutting the tap-root1 and that tap-root1 ,i find1 is practically of no benefit at all after you have your upper laterals1 and an abundance of them2 by cutting the tap-root growth is stimulated and a new tap-root is made4 ,it is very largely in the mode of pruning the tap-root4 ,you can readily stimulate the tap-root system4 ,the ,chairman3 ,you try to keep an equilibrium by cutting down the top in proportion8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,yes1 sir4 ,mr4 ,pomeroy3 ,in examining transplanted trees ,i found ten times as many roots where the tap-root had been cut2 and there were two tap-roots4 ,i like a tree with a good tap-root system and ,i am positive that if you transplant a tree you get a better root system1 get a great many more roots4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the tree development1 it seems to me1 depends not upon the number of roots which are carried with it when it is transplanted1 but upon the feeding roots which develop4 ,now1 if we cut back the tap-root1 cut back the laterals1 cut back the top1 we have a tree carrying in its cambium layer1 food1 just as a turnip or beet would carry it--and ,i look upon a transplanted tree much as a carrot or beet1 with stored food ready to make a new root4 ,mr4 ,harris3 ,i planted last fall a year ago a lot of ,english walnuts4 ,would the gentleman advise taking those up1 cutting the tap-roots and planting them again8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,i don't think that would be advisable4 ,mr4 ,harris3 ,they were grown from the nuts sown in a row last fall a year ago and grew very well4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,in propagating the ,english walnut we have had them do the best by transplanting when the tree is about two years old1 but it will more or less disturb the vigor of a tree to transplant it4 ,that is self-evident2 it needs some time to heal those wounds that are made both in the root and the branch4 ,mr4 ,harris3 ,what time of year do you bud them8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,in ,august4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,i notice some trees here that are evidently two-year old pecans that have been cut back1 and you notice that in every case several tap-roots have taken the place of the one4 ,here are some others that have not been cut4 ,these have gone straight down4 ,they are strong roots with few fibers on them4 ,on these other trees that have been cut the formation of tap-roots continues4 ,they will go down till they strike a permanent water-table and then the tap-root will stop4 ,in ,hyde ,county1 ,north ,carolina1 near the ocean1 the water-table is close to the surface and there is a deep black alluvial soil with a great deal of water in it4 ,in order to grow anything there they have to put in ditches to get the water out4 ,the pecan trees growing there have absolutely no tap-roots at all1 it rots off as soon as it strikes the permanent water-table2 and ,i think that's the reason they produce such enormous quantities of pecans in that county4 ,in bottomless1 sandy land where there is no clay the root keeps on going down till it finds the permanent water-table1 even if that is six or eight or ten feet down4 ,these roots1 as you see1 were going right down to ,china to look at that king on the other side if they got a chance4 ,it's the same with the long leaf pine4 ,it has a tap-root below ground thicker than the trunk above ground4 ,the reason is that it grows naturally on those bottomless places2 the root goes down till it strikes water1 then runs off laterally4 ,if you cut the roots they are bound to make new tap-roots4 ,you can see the place where they have been cut and in place of one tap-root you have two1 going right down into that sandy soil till they find a water-table4 ,i believe that a nurseryman who will cut off the root of the pecan tree when it is transplanted1 will cause it to form more lateral roots and make a better tree4 ,there's a great number of vigorous roots in this tree than in this1 and this tree whose root has been cut off will make a tree much easier to transplant and will be a better tree than those with great thick roots without the fibers that have the root hairs upon them4 ,a member3 ,you wouldn't recommend cutting back that tap-root too severely1 would you8 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,in planting a tree of this kind1 ,i'd cut off a foot or #ah inches4 ,if you get about #bd inches in a specially good soil1 or about #cj inches of root ordinarily that's all you want4 ,a member3 ,i should think that would depend quite a little on the height of the water-table4 ,if you were planting on land where the water-table is low1 you would leave more tap-root8 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,yes4 ,a member3 ,that was the reason ,i brought up the point1 because ,i think cutting so short would be too severe4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,the cambium is the only part of the tree that maintains growth4 ,every wound kills the cambium to a certain extent1 so ,i always cut off roots of any size with sharp shears as smoothly as possible4 ,i cut far enough back to find good1 fresh1 living tissue4 ,in moist soil that will callous over4 ,in the ,south the soil is moist and we have growing conditions in the winter time1 so it will callous over during the winter4 ,in the ,north1 ,i understand1 you make a practice of planting in the spring1 because of the weather conditions4 ,mr4 ,harris3 ,in ,western ,maryland we have in the mountains a deep1 sandy soil2 there doesn't appear to be any water bottom to it2 what would the tap-root do in that case8 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,it will go down until it finds what it wants1 finds sufficient moisture4 ,mr4 ,harris3 ,gravelly bottom8 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,if you have ever seen the roots of a long leaf pine1 you've seen where the roots go to when they get a chance4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,i should like to ask ,dr4 ,deming if he would give us his experience in propagating the walnut and hickory8 ,dr4 ,deming3 ,a very important thing indeed for us nut growers in the ,north is to learn how to propagate4 ,dr4 ,morris has had some success2 ,i haven't had any4 ,i have tried it summer and spring1 year after year4 ,i believe there are a few pieces of bark1 without buds1 still growing4 ,chestnuts ,i haven't found very difficult1 but with the walnut and hickory ,i have had no success whatever1 although ,i have practiced the best technique ,i could master4 ,i think one reason why ,i have had no success is that ,i haven't had good material4 ,i have had good stocks1 but ,i haven't had good scions1 not the sort of scion that the successful southern nurserymen use4 ,still1 ,dr4 ,morris has had success with the same kind of material that ,i have failed with4 ,the ,chairman3 ,not very much success4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,dr4 ,deming said that the land ought not to be too dry nor too wet4 ,would you feel like saying that a water-table at #bd inches was neither too low nor too high8 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,it depends a great deal on the nature of the soil1 the water-pulling capacity of the soil4 ,take a soil like that ,i mentioned1 in ,hyde ,county1 near the ocean2 you can see it quake all around you4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,but would you say that the northern nut grower might safely put his orchard on soil that had a water-table within two or three feet of the surface8 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,i could tell if ,i saw that soil4 ,if it is craw-fishy1 or soil that is ill-drained or won't carry ordinary crops1 ,i'd say keep off of it1 but if it will bear ordinary crops it's all right2 in some cases where the soil is very rich the plant does not need to go down into that soil anything like the depth it would in a poor soil4 ,the poorer the soil the further the roots have to go to find nourishment4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,i think that is an extremely exceptional case in relation to northern nuts4 ,there is very little such ,north ,carolina land in this section of the country1 if ,i judge right4 ,we don't plant nut-growing orchards up here in peaty soils1 so ,dr4 ,deming's recommendation was rather for very good agricultural soil4 ,a water-table here must be eight or ten feet deep2 in that event1 it would not make any difference whether you left three feet of tap-root or #ae inches4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,no4 ,the ,chairman3 ,in the soils of some parts of ,new ,england1 a tree would have to have a root three or four hundred feet deep to get to flowing water1 but nevertheless trees flourish there4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,but the capillarity of the soil provides water for the tree above the water-table4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,it all depends on the kind of nut4 ,at ,st4 ,geneva ,i came across a butternut that was growing in a soil that would kill a chestnut very quickly4 ,the soil was very springy and wet and the butternut just loves that soil4 ,i found that while other butternut trees bore nuts in clusters of one to three1 this butternut tree was bearing them in clusters of ten and eleven4 ,at ,lake ,george1 right in front of the ,post-,office1 there was one tree twenty-four years old1 two feet through1 that grew butternuts in clusters of ten and you could get a barrel of nuts from it4 ,it bore again this last summer heavily1 not in clusters of ten but in clusters of seven or eight4 ,when we have damp soil we can't grow the chestnut but the hickory nut will grow in a swamp1 and so will the butternut4 ,the ,chairman3 ,and the beech4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,the beech wants clay2 it won't grow unless there is clay4 ,the ,chairman3 ,our beech will grow where it has to swim4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,before we get away from this discussion ,i think that we ought to commend ,dr4 ,deming in the selection of this subject and in the handling of his paper4 ,in my position in the ,government1 we have a good many inquiries about nut matters1 and they are usually from people who want to know how to start4 ,the great call for information at the present time is from the beginners1 not from the advanced people1 and ,i am glad that ,dr4 ,deming took that subject and handled it as he did1 and ,i am glad that he proposes to issue it as a circular from this ,association4 ,it will be a great relief to others who are called on for information4 ,i should like to have a word1 too1 about this tap-root question4 ,from what has been said it is pretty clear that there is quite a difference of opinion4 ,we sometimes think we can improve on nature in her ways by harsh methods and1 while ,i know it is customary in the nurseries of the ,south to cut the tap-roots back pretty severely1 ,i wonder1 sometimes1 whether that is always the best thing4 ,i haven't had any personal experience1 but ,i have observed quite a good deal1 and the tendency1 it seems to me1 is to try to develop as much as possible the fibrous root4 ,sometimes that is brought about by cutting the tap-root1 or putting a wire mesh below where the seed is planted1 so as to form an obstruction to the tap-root1 so that it necessarily forms a fibrous root4 ,where the tap-root is the only root ,i doubt very much the advisability of cutting back too severely4 ,col4 ,van ,duzee3 ,i have heard this subject discussed all over this country1 in meetings of this kind1 and a great deal of energy has been wasted4 ,i do not think any of us know anything about it1 but ,i do wish to say this1 that when you come to transplant a tree from the nursery to the orchard1 there are things of infinitely more moment than how you shall hold your knife between your fingers when you cut the roots4 ,the exposure of the roots to the air1 the depth to which the tree is to be put in the ground1 the manner in which it shall be handled--those things are of infinitely more importance1 because we know we can transplant trees successfully and get good results when the tap-root has been injured or almost entirely removed4 ,i do not consider that the question of cutting the tap-root is of very serious importance1 but ,i do think we should insert a word of caution as to the exposure of the roots of trees to the atmosphere1 and make it just as strong as we are capable of writing it4 ,the ,chairman3 ,that is a very interesting point1 that we have fixed our eye on the tap-root and talked too much about it4 ,not long ago one of the agricultural journals decided finally to settle the question about the time for pruning grapes1 whether it should be done in the fall1 spring1 winter or summer1 and after summing up all the testimony from enthusiastic advocates for each one of the seasons1 the editor decided that the best time is when your knife is sharp2 and that is very much the way with the tap-root4 ,be very particular in getting the root in and caring for it4 ,mr4 ,pomeroy3 ,prof4 ,close1 in a bulletin issued two years ago1 spoke as does ,col4 ,van,duzee about protecting the roots of the trees2 he said when the trees are taken from the box that you receive them in1 don't expose them to the sun or air1 puddle every tree1 and plant as soon as possible4 ,i think that is pretty good advice4 ,it doesn't cost any money1 and takes very few minutes1 to puddle the trees and it saves many of them4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i have tried the ,stringfellow ,method of cutting back top and root until my men asked me if ,i didn't want to transplant another tree instead1 and they have grown just as well as trees on which ,i took great pains to preserve fine branching roots4 ,the ,secretary3 ,the last thing in my thought was to start a discussion of this perennial subject of the tap-root1 but ,i should like criticism of this little circular1 no matter how severe1 because ,i am not finally committed to it and want to make it as useful as possible4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,every man likes to ride his own hobby horse4 ,would it not be wise to suggest that some of these seedlings be put in odd corners8 ,certainly the hickory and walnut are adept in making themselves a home in the roughest kind of land4 ,the ,secretary3 ,i have tried that1 but ,i don't think1 as a rule1 the trees do well when stuck around in fence corners and odd places4 ,to be sure the trees ,i put behind the barn or pig pen have grown beautifully1 so that at one time ,i thought of building barns and pig pens all over the farm to put trees behind1 but where they were set in fence corners and out of the way places they have not done very well4 ,i think the experience of others is about to the same effect4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,my experience has been different from yours4 ,i have some chestnut and walnut trees1 on an unploughable hillside in the corner of my father's farm in ,virginia which ,i stuck there ten or a dozen years ago and have done very little to them4 ,of course they are native4 ,they have thriven4 ,nature does it exactly that way4 ,the ,secretary3 ,it seems to me there is no question that they will do better under cultivation4 ,of course they may do fairly well in odd places if they can dominate the other growth4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,a man could take a pocketful of the various kinds of nuts and go around his fence corners and plant a few4 ,in an hour he can plant fifty1 and if he gets one to grow it is good return for that hour's work4 ,the ,secretary3 ,i have advised people to take a handful of nuts and a cane when they go out walking and occasionally stick one in4 ,the ,chairman3 ,in our locality1 people would ask1 ,why is that string of squirrels following that man8 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,i have been planting nuts in that way for years4 ,the ,chairman3 ,if a man planted trees which belonged in his neighborhood1 nuts that were already in the dominant ruling group1 then his chances for success would be very good1 but if he introduced in fence corners trees that had to adjust themselves to a new environment1 he would find very few growing and the squirrels1 other trees and various obstacles to development in the midst of established species1 would wipe out most of them4 ,nevertheless1 as it isn't much trouble1 ,i would advise anybody to take a pocketful of hickory nuts out with him when he goes for a walk and plant one every little way4 ,a ,member3 ,the idea is good2 let us follow it up4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,i don't think it is feasible at all to plant trees around fence corners4 ,the ,chairman3 ,in our locality it would not do at all4 ,a ,member3 ,it won't do in any locality4 ,the sods and grass around the tree will dwarf it and cause a very slow growth4 ,our time is valuable and we can't wait on that kind of a tree to bring results4 ,cultivation is the main need4 ,sometimes trees will do well where the soil is rich and competition absent4 ,in ,burlington1 ,n4 ,j4 we found a walnut tree bearing enormous crops in a back yard4 ,i have seen the same thing in this county1 and also in ,carlisle1 and the ,nebo tree1 famous for its wonderful productiveness1 has a similar environment4 ,but it is high cultivation that usually is necessary for the best results in all trees1 and walnut trees particularly4 ,the ,secretary3 ,here is a note relating to this subject3 ,the women of ,sapulpa1 ,okla41 who recently organized for city and county improvement and advancement1 have determined to plant pecan1 walnut and hickory trees on both sides of a road now being constructed through ,creek ,county1 basing their action on the theory that two pecan trees placed in the back yard of a homestead will pay the taxes on the property4 ,they believe that when the trees begin to bear they will provide a fund large enough for the maintenance of the road4 ,the ,chairman3 ,that's all right if you can look after them4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,it is very interesting to listen to these discussions of roadside trees and ,i have until recently been a strong advocate of them1 but ,i have changed my opinion4 ,i don't think there is anything in the planting of trees in fence corners or along the roadside1 for several reasons4 ,the first reason is that nobody knows how long it is going to take that tree to amount to anything4 ,i wouldn't give two cents a piece for trees stuck out where you cannot cultivate them and get to them to fertilize them4 ,another thing1 we are right up against the problem of the insect pests of these trees and who is going to take care of them along the roadside8 ,the insect pests will get on them and come into the fields of the man who is cultivating and raising trees legitimately4 ,down in southern ,indiana1 now1 we find along the roadside hundreds of walnut trees that are every year eaten up with caterpillars4 ,they love those trees and come over on to my trees4 ,i keep my trees cleaned off pretty well4 ,there's that problem4 ,up to a short time ago ,i was an advocate of roadside trees4 ,it would be all right if there was some means of cultivating them4 ,if there is land somewhere that is of no use1 so that it doesn't make a bit of difference whether the trees on it have insect pests or not1 you can go out there and scatter nuts and let it alone and wait the length of time you've got to wait4 ,i don't think it's of much value1 however1 even then4 ,i don't think there is a thing in it4 ,i used to pride myself on the fact that ,i had set out more trees than anybody else in the ,state of ,indiana4 ,i haven't bragged about that for a long time1 though ,i have set out1 perhaps1 in the last eight or ten years1 or had set out under my direction1 about #gej1jjj trees2 ,i am not particularly proud of that any more1 but ,i am proud to meet the fellow who has set out twenty or thirty acres of trees on good land1 the best he's got1 and cultivated them and kept the insects off of them and burned them up instead of letting them prey on the neighborhood4 ,i think there should be a law passed that these trees along the roadside must be cut down or that somebody will have to take care of them4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the original idea of roadside trees was constructive in its nature but failed to include the idea that1 with the increase of orchard trees1 or trees of any one species1 we increase the insect pests because we disturb the balance of nature2 and by disturbing the balance of nature we give advantage to insects which then remain on neglected trees to prove a menace to our own orchards4 ,it we have various towns setting out roadside trees and detailing the children to look after them1 asking the children to report on them1 ,i believe the thing can be made a success and that the taxes of many a small town can be paid from the nut trees along the roadside1 provided you have one boy or one girl for each tree1 their services to be given free and the profit from the tree to be given to the town4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,how about the cattle8 ,let them keep grazing around8 ,the ,chairman3 ,oh1 my1 yes4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,i think we sometimes let our feelings make us say things that our brains would scarcely approve4 ,i believe ,mr4 ,littlepage's charge against the tree on the roadside is not necessarily substantiated4 ,i don't know just how he is going to take care of his trees1 but if it requires a vehicle carrying spray1 ,i submit that a roadside tree is about as well fixed as one in his field4 ,if it requires a man with a stick or a hoe or a ladder1 the tree on the roadside is in about as eligible a location as one in the field4 ,if care implies the idea of turning over the soil1 the roadside is handicapped1 but nature has got along without having the soil upturned4 ,my point is this2 there is on nearly every farm in the ,east a little patch of land somewhere1 a little row between a road and stream where a few trees can grow1 and if fertilization is required1 a few barrels of manure can go there as well as anywhere else4 ,the fact that a tree is put in a place that is not ploughed doesn't mean that it is beyond all care4 ,my point is that with care we can get trees in fence rows without tillage and that1 in addition to ,dr4 ,deming's formal and carefully cultivated plot1 there is about every farm a place where a man can stick a few trees and give them such care as can be given without tillage4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,i agree heartily with ,prof4 ,smith's theory1 but having had some experience1 ,i find those things that he describes are not done2 there is just that difference1 always1 between theory and fact4 ,i read a beautiful book once1 written by a woman1 entitled1 ,there is ,no ,death1 and ,i found on inquiry that she had already buried four husbands4 7,laughter47 ,i was much interested in reading1 once upon a time1 ,rousseau's beautiful story of domestic life and ,i found that while he was writing it1 his children were in an orphan asylum4 ,a fellow teaching in the high school in ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana1 married one of the beautiful attractive young ladies of that town4 ,shortly after they were married he was busy writing and turned and told her that he didn't love her any more and he wished she'd go home4 ,she was heartbroken and left and it turned out later that he was writing a book on how to get to ,heaven4 7,laughter47 ,there's just the difference between theory and fact4 ,this is a beautiful theory4 ,i used to be the strongest advocate of it1 but all you've got to do is to go on a farm and try it4 ,the trees won't get big enough to amount to anything in our lifetime1 because these things you say you will do to them you don't do2 at least1 that has been my experience1 and ,i would like to ask anyone to point to any section in the ,united ,states today1 from the ,atlantic ,ocean to the ,pacific1 where this theory is carried out successfully2 and yet ,i know it has been advocated for fifty years4 ,the ,chairman3 ,how about school children reporting on trees under their care8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,whenever you give the proper care to them you solve the problem--whenever anyone will convince me that that will be done4 ,there is no reason1 of course1 why the tree won't grow in these places1 but my experience is that they don't thrive4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i've put out thousands of them for public-spirited citizens1 but it would be difficult to find one of them today4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,in ,france and in ,germany the land is very valuable and they take a great deal of pride in their nut trees4 ,the nuts we have here in the ,lancaster market1 ,persian walnuts1 are largely brought from ,france1 ,spain1 ,italy and ,germany4 ,the land being so valuable there1 they devote much of their waste land to nuts1 like ,mr4 ,smith's idea of planting along the wayside1 and they plant and cultivate them in their yards and in all corners4 ,they would not1 under any consideration1 plant a maple tree just for the shade2 the tree must serve for both fruit and shade1 and those are some of the sources of foreign wealth4 ,mr4 ,harris3 ,i don't think the question is so much one of planting in fence corners as that we have a great deal of waste land on which the soil is very well adapted to growing nut trees4 ,i know that sometimes in growing peach trees it is almost impossible to cultivate them4 ,i know places in western ,maryland where the rocks are lying so that you can hardly plough1 and yet the soil is fertile and particularly adapted in some places for peach trees1 and would be for chestnut trees4 ,they have there a system of cultivation much as if you used the plough1 and yet they are on steep hillsides4 ,there is no reason1 ,i think1 why nut trees shouldn't grow there as well as on the level field where you can cultivate every inch of soil4 ,the ,chairman3 ,they are looked after1 that's the whole thing4 ,mr4 ,gowing3 ,i come from ,new ,hampshire and we have what used to be an old farm1 but it is now a pasture and the soil is quite a potash soil1 ,i think1 amongst the rocks1 and there's some apple trees planted there by the original man that worked this place4 ,it was too rough to plough1 but they have borne us as good apples some years as we have had on the place2 and on this same piece of twenty acres or so1 there's some chestnut trees more than two feet through that were cut off when the land was cleared1 and they must have done well1 for they grew to be such enormous trees4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the trees are planted on this same old stump land8 ,mr4 ,gowing3 ,yes1 sir4 ,the ,chairman3 ,a great deal of stump land can be planted in this way4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,that wouldn't be planting them along roadsides and in fence corners4 ,the ,chairman3 ,no1 they would be looked after2 the whole thing is looking after them4 ,a ,member3 ,my idea is that there would be very few nut trees planted if every one was to start his own trees4 ,they put off planting the trees even when they can get them at the nurseries1 and if they had to start their own nurseries there wouldn't be one planted to where there's #aj1jjj now2 and ,i think that in the end the nurserymen are going to attend to the planting of trees and the other people are going to attend to growing them4 ,maybe ,i'm mistaken but did this ,government ever produce any trees8 ,prof4 ,smith spoke of appropriating money and letting the ,government get us some new variety4 ,hasn't it always been private individuals who get the new varieties8 ,i have been trying to think of some fruit tree1 apple or something1 that a state or the ,government has propagated4 ,the ,chairman3 ,in this country ,i believe the ,government has never done it1 but in some parts of ,europe1 especially ,switzerland1 the taxes of some towns are paid by the trees along the roadside2 but there every man has to report on his own trees and the proceeds go to support the town1 and the taxes of certain small towns are actually paid today by roadside trees2 but this is in a country where land is valuable1 and every tree is under the direct supervision of a citizen who must report on it1 and the product of that tree goes to the ,government1 he giving his labor instead of paying taxes4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,i was merely pleading for the continuation and spread of that work1 both geographically and in increasing the varieties of trees4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,i am heartily in favor of that1 but ,i think it ought to be referred to a committee4 ,i want ,prof4 ,smith to write it out in the form of a letter4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,i am glad you called my attention to that4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,the ,government and the states are now engaged in such work and this ought to give it impetus4 ,i think that the time and labor of the ,nut ,growers ,association1 since its organization1 will have been well spent if we succeed in bringing to fructification this one resolution4 ,i want also to suggest that ,prof4 ,smith include among the nuts1 the beechnut1 because there's more meat in beechnuts for the amount of shell than any other nut we grow4 ,the ,chairman3 ,if there is no further discussion1 we will have now to spend a short time in ,executive ,committee work4 ,i think we will ask to have a ,nominating ,committee appointed first4 ,mr4 ,rush1 will you kindly read the list of the names of the men you proposed to act as a ,nominating ,committee8 ,mr4 ,rush then moved that the ,nominating ,committee consist of ,messrs4 ,lake1 ,hutt1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,smith and ,deming1 and the motion was adopted1 after which the ,nominating ,committee reported as follows3 ,for ,president1 ,mr4 ,littlepage2 for ,vice-,president1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed2 for ,secretary and ,treasurer1 ,dr4 ,deming4 ,on ,executive ,committee3 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 in place of ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed4 ,on ,hybrids1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,r4 ,smith1 in place of ,mr4 ,henry ,hicks4 ,on ,membership ,committee1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 in place of ,prof4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake4 ,on ,committee on ,nomenclature1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming in place of ,prof4 ,john ,craig2 the other committees to stand as heretofore4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,i move that the secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of the association for these nominations4 ,the motion was seconded and adopted and the ballot cast in accordance therewith4 ,the ,chairman3 ,now ,i will appoint as a ,committee on ,resolutions relating to ,prof4 ,craig1 ,dr4 ,deming and the ,chairman2 ,committee on ,exhibits1 ,col4 ,van,duzee1 ,mr4 ,roper and ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 and they will be here this evening to report on exhibits4 ,committee on ,resolutions1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith and ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage4 ,there is no ,committee on ,incorporation4 ,will someone propose that we have such a committee8 ,the ,secretary3 ,isn't it a desirable thing that the society should be incorporated8 ,it was mentioned to me by a wealthy man that if anyone wished to leave1 or give1 some money to this association1 they would be much more likely to do it if the society were incorporated4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i think it would be better for someone to make a motion4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,i move that a ,committee on ,incorporation be appointed by the chairman2 a committee of three4 7,motion seconded and adopted47 ,the ,chairman3 ,the ,committee on ,incorporation will consist of ,mr4 ,littlepage and ,prof4 ,close4 ,this evening we will meet informally here at about eight and tomorrow at ten we have the meeting at the ,scenic to hear the papers of ,mr4 ,rush and ,prof4 ,lake and ,prof4 ,reed1 and see the lantern slides4 ,we will first meet here at nine o'clock for an executive meeting and to look over the exhibits4 ,the ,committees will report at that time4 7,after discussion1 on motion of ,prof4 ,smith1 seconded by ,mr4 ,littlepage1 the selection of the place of the next meeting was left to the ,executive ,committee47 ,the report of the ,secretary and ,treasurer was then read4 7,,see ,,appendix7 ,the ,chairman3 ,you have heard the ,secretary's report4 ,we had better take up1 first1 the question of deficit4 ,what are we going to do about the #ff4jj8 ,what prospects have we for the balancing of that account8 ,the ,secretary3 ,that account will be easily balanced1 and more than balanced1 by the dues coming in and then ,i will proceed to run up a deficit for next year4 ,the ,chairman3 ,you have heard the ,secretary's report4 ,if there is no discussion1 a motion to adjourn will be in order4 7,adjourned till ,december #aith47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,convention met1 pursuant to adjournment1 ,december #aith1 #aiab1 at #i3cj ,a4 ,m41 ,president ,morris in the ,chair1 and went into ,executive ,session4 ,it was moved and carried that the ,president be empowered to appoint a committee to attend the conference at ,albany1 called for the consideration of the hickory bark borer1 by the ,commissioner of ,agriculture of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,the question of the publication of reports of the ,convention proceedings in the ,american ,fruit and ,nut ,journal1 was next taken up and it was moved by ,mr4 ,lake and carried that the papers and discussions of this ,society shall be used for its own publications exclusively1 except as the ,executive ,committee deems it to the best interests of the industry to furnish them for separate publication4 ,the ,secretary3 ,on ,november #hth1 ,i received a letter from ,calvin ,j4 ,huson1 the ,commissioner of ,agriculture of ,new ,york1 to this effect4 ,dear ,sir3 ,at the coming land show in ,new ,york this department proposes to have1 as a part of its exhibit1 a collection of native and introduced ,new ,york grown nuts4 ,can you give us the names of growers of the better strains of nuts who might be able to furnish material for such an exhibit4 ,perhaps your association would be able to assist in the matter4 ,the ,department will be able to stand a reasonable expense for cost of nuts1 expressage1 etc4 ,perhaps a few seedling trees would add interest4444 ,by the exhibit as a whole we wish to show the variety and quality of nuts that may be grown in this state4444 ,very truly yours1 ,,calvin ,j4 ,,huson1 ,commissioner4 ,he wished me to assist in getting up an exhibit1 but as he only gave us a week ,i was unable to do anything4 ,i do not know that there is any action to be taken on that1 but ,i read the letter simply to show that the interest in nut growing is increasing and that this is an opportunity for us to make an exhibit another year4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,would the secretary take the trouble to make a collection of nuts covering the territory of the association and submit it for exhibit at a meeting of this character1 this land show1 giving credit to the donors for material1 somewhat as ,mr4 ,reed has done in pecans for the ,national ,nut ,growers ,association8 ,the ,secretary3 ,i think ,i'd have a few minutes to spare to do that4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,i think it would be an admirable thing4 ,the ,chairman3 ,yes1 it would advertise the organization extensively and be a constructive step in agriculture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 have you any report from the ,committee on ,incorporation8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,that is a matter that will require considerable thought and attention4 ,it will require attention from several standpoints1 as for example under what laws we might wish to incorporate1 so ,i think the committee will reserve its report to make to the ,executive ,committee at some later meeting4 ,the ,chairman3 ,we have no other business1 ,i believe1 and will now retire to the hall where we will have the lantern slide exhibition4 ,the morning session closes the meeting and we are to meet at two o'clock at the ,monument and from there go out to see certain trees in the vicinity4 ,mr4 ,rush and ,mr4 ,jones are to show us these and their two nurseries4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,i would like to offer as a resolution1 that the secretary be instructed to make arrangements with the publishers of the ,american ,fruit and ,nut ,journal for the distribution of one copy to each member as a part of his membership fee4 ,the secretary will then be able to reach the members in his published notices without special printers' troubles of his own1 and the members will be able to get some live matter right along4 ,the motion was seconded and adopted1 after which the executive session closed and the members adjourned in a body to the ,scenic ,theatre1 where the regular program was resumed as follows3 ,the ,chairman3 ,we will have ,mr4 ,rush's paper first4 ,,the ,,persian ,,walnut1 ,,its ,,disaster ,,and ,,lessons ,,for #aiab ,j4 ,g4 ,,rush1 ,,pennsylvania ,the year just closing has been full of disasters both on land and sea1 though ,i do not wish it to be understood that ,i am inclined to be a pessimist on account of these occurrences4 ,i wish to speak of a disaster which overtook the walnut industry in the northern states4 ,early in the year we had an arctic cold wave which put the thermometer from #bc to #cc degrees below zero4 ,this cold wave apparently did no injury to the walnut trees at the time but late in the spring it was discovered that the wood cells were ruptured though the buds and bark were uninjured4 ,in cutting the scions in early ,april the bark and buds seemed in good condition for grafting2 but as the time approached to do the work it was readily seen1 by its changed color1 that the wood was injured1 some scions of course more than others4 ,those that were only slightly discolored were used in grafting4 ,but as time passed the unhappy result came to light that out of about #b1jjj nursery trees grafted only one graft grew4 ,after climbing an #hj foot walnut tree to get our scions1 and paying a good price for them besides1 this was rather discouraging4 ,this cold wave1 which was unprecedented for the time1 had wrought other injuries to the nut industry4 ,that was especially to the young trees that were transplanted the fall previous and last spring4 ,the transplanting with a frost injury already was too great a strain on the feeble life of the trees4 ,the consequence was that some of them died outright1 and others made only a feeble growth4 ,but where low and severe pruning was practised good results followed and such trees as were established on the original root system escaped the frost injury entirely4 ,the young nursery trees with dormant buds were not affected in the least but made a strong growth of from three to seven feet this last summer4 ,the intense cold wave was such that some old and young seedling ,persian walnut trees were killed outright1 and not only the ,persian walnut but in a few instances the ,american black was very much injured2 likewise the ,norway maple1 magnolia1 ,california privet and roses4 ,also the peach both in tree and fruit4 ,now in conclusion let me say1 what is the lesson to be learned8 ,first1 as to the propagation of the ,persian walnut1 great care should be taken that only trees that are hardy should be propagated from1 as well as having good bearing qualities with a first class nut4 ,second1 after a freeze such as we had last winter1 a special effort should be made to save the newly planted tree by close and severe pruning4 ,as1 for example1 ,i had a very fine two year old ,hall ,persian walnut which was referred to me as dead4 ,i cut the tree off about #d inches above where it was budded on the black walnut stock4 ,it was not long after that signs of new life appeared and eventually it made a very fine1 handsome tree4 ,nature does indeed some wonderful tricks in this respect by which we can learn valuable lessons2 and chief of these is close pruning4 ,such a cold wave may visit us only once in a lifetime and should not discourage us from carrying nut culture to its highest development4 ,we must not think for a moment that other walnut sections are exempt from similar visitations4 ,they have them in the ,pacific ,northwest1 and in ,france and ,germany4 ,as regards the walnut industry for ,lancaster county or ,pennsylvania in general1 ,i am safe in saying that a fair percentage of the farmers are taking hold of it4 ,this is because of the fact that the ,san ,jose scale has practically destroyed all the old apple trees around the farm buildings1 and1 not wishing to have the building denuded of the customary shade and fruit1 nut trees are planted instead4 ,this is in reality the practice prevalent in ,france and ,germany where they utilize every foot of ground to profitable account4 ,the life of an apple tree is from fifty to sixty years whereas a walnut tree is just in its prime at that age and destined to live for hundreds of years afterwards4 ,then again the ravages of the chestnut tree blight are destroying the cultivated paragons just as freely as the chestnuts in the forests1 which in a few years will be things of the past1 thus giving still more room for walnut and other nut trees4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association was organized for a grand and noble purpose1 that is to stand together shoulder to shoulder to devise ways and means to bring nut culture to a grand and glorious success4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,the temperature ,mr4 ,rush spoke of rather surprises me4 ,last year at ,toronto it did not fall lower than #i degrees below zero4 ,we had summer almost until ,new ,year's and then a very severe winter until ,april4 ,i didn't notice any evergreen trees killed1 but at ,detroit1 the ,bronx and various other places1 ,i never saw a winter so disastrous for killing evergreens4 ,the ,chairman3 ,not only that but nurserymen all over eastern ,new ,england said they suffered greater losses last winter than ever before4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,rush if it would be possible to cut scions by ,december #ast1 so as to escape danger from such great freezes4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,i really have little experience in keeping scions4 ,this fall ,i put some in the moist cold earth in the cellar4 ,i think the experiment will be successful because ,i have known chestnut scions cut in the fall1 to be kept under leaves in the grove till spring4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,i should like to suggest that you try the following experiment2 bury them1 wrapped up in a gunny-sack or something1 entirely underground where they will have absolute moisture and be shut away from the air4 ,i have found that very successful4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,sometimes the trouble is they get too moist4 ,the ,chairman3 ,there is a principle here1 and we had better keep down to principles as much as we can4 ,that principle is that if the cells of the scions are distended with water a certain chemical process is going on all the while1 because a scion is just as much alive as the red squirrel2 it is a living organism4 ,now then1 if the cells are a very little below normal dryness the chemical processes mostly cease1 and that is better4 ,we have to use nice judgment in avoiding having a scion so dry that its cells perish or so moist that its cells are undergoing chemical processes too rapidly4 ,our scions are cut1 say1 the last of ,november1 then covered with leaves enough to prevent freezing and thawing4 ,that will carry scions pretty well through the winter and perhaps is the best way1 but we must never forget that in dealing with scions we are dealing with living red squirrels just as when we are dealing with pollen4 ,a ,member3 ,are the leaves moist or dry8 ,the ,chairman3 ,the driest leaves in the woods contain more water than you think they do4 ,they carry enough to maintain the life of the cells1 if they are packed pretty firmly about your scions1 and at the same time the scions are still allowed to breathe4 ,i keep them above ground4 ,i put a layer of shingles on the cellar floor1 if ,i've got a bare ground cellar floor1 and then a layer of very fine leaves like locust leaves1 then a single layer of scions and then a good big heap of leaves over those1 packed tight1 a good big heap of apple leaves or anything you have at hand4 ,try it on the basis of principles4 ,it is a complex question4 ,you can't settle any of these questions off-hand4 ,every man who has had much experience has learned that he needs a whole lot more4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,have you had any experience in fixing up a bed of scions like that and putting it in cold storage8 ,the ,chairman3 ,yes1 but you must tell the cold storage people not to let them get too dry4 ,tell them you want them in moist cold storage1 and to keep the temperature about #dj4 ,a ,member3 ,we have found with walnuts that if you have the scions too damp they won't keep very long4 ,if you have them just moist enough to hold them you can keep them all winter1 maybe indefinitely4 ,the ,chairman3 ,if your cell is full of water the scion will work as hard as an ,irishman4 ,a ,member3 ,i find that we have to graft them above ground1 in the ,north1 and if they are too moist when grafted they will dry up1 but if kept dry they will grow1 because they will remain in good condition until the sap comes up in the stock4 ,the ,chairman3 ,yes1 you must choose a position midway between too dry and too moist4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,that is very important2 they won't stand dampness4 ,mr4 ,pomeroy3 ,wouldn't it be well to dip the cut end of the walnut scion in wax to hold the sap8 ,the ,chairman3 ,i am afraid that would stop its breathing4 ,you are dealing with a red squirrel all the while1 remember that4 ,col4 ,sober3 ,my method is this3 ,i have a little room about six feet wide with ice packs on both sides and double doors4 ,in that ,i pack my scions in this way3 ,i take carbide cans made of iron and put damp sawdust1 about an inch or so1 on the bottom and then ,i pack my scions in the cans1 cut end down1 then ,i put the top on loosely4 ,i have carried them over the second year in that way4 ,the ,chairman3 ,but you let them breathe all the while8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,certainly1 and they have but very little moisture4 ,they are kept in a temperature of about #dj degrees4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,how often do you wet that sawdust8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,not once4 ,the ,chairman3 ,well1 that's in keeping with our theoretical basis4 ,col4 ,sober3 ,i cut scions any time between now and ,march4 ,i don't take them out of storage until we use them4 ,we graft up to the middle of ,june4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i found some hickory scions that had been accidentally overlooked1 kept under leaves1 and the buds in the cambium were perfectly good after two years4 ,in regard to winter injury--in the vicinity of ,stamford1 ,conn41 the nurserymen reported greater losses of all kinds in nursery stock than they had had before in their experience4 ,i noticed that some small branches of the ,persian walnuts had been injured1 and particularly where grafts had started a little late and had not lignified quite thoroughly ,i lost whatever grafts had not had time to lignify4 ,last winter the injuries in our vicinity consisted chiefly of two kinds2 occasional killing of the small branches--this does little harm because1 where the branch is killed and dies back for a certain distance1 we have three or four more branches starting up1 so that perhaps it is not sophistical to say that it does the tree good4 ,we get a larger bearing area than if it were not for this occasional freezing of small branches4 ,another form of injury occurs in the spring4 ,the sap will start to ascend when we have warm days in ,february and ,march2 then a few cold days come and1 if we have absolutely freezing temperature at night1 this sap freezes and when it freezes it expands1 as water does everywhere1 and the result is a bursting of the bark4 ,that is an occasional happening with all trees but particularly with exotics4 ,one kind of winter injury has been overlooked in connection with the walnut4 ,the very last thing which the tree does in the autumn is to complete its buds for female flowers4 ,that is the very last job the tree has on hand and if the tree cannot complete the buds for female flowers perfectly1 then a very little wood killing will make that a barren tree1 although it appears to be a good strong tree4 ,that covers the kinds of winter injury ,i have seen in the vicinity of ,stamford1 ,conn4 7,here ,col4 ,c4 ,k4 ,sober of ,pennsylvania showed lantern slide views of his orchards of paragon chestnuts and his methods47 ,the ,chairman3 ,we will have now ,mr4 ,reed's address with lantern views4 ,a #aiab ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,nut ,,situation ,,in ,,the ,,north ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,in taking up the question of the present status of the nut industry of the ,northern ,states1 we have to do more with what has not been accomplished than with what has been4 ,very little has been done toward developing the northern chestnut4 ,what has been done has been mostly with the ,european species and so far that has not been very satisfactory4 ,the ,european species is quite subject to the blight4 ,the ,japanese nut is not ordinarily of a quality equal to that of the ,american4 ,it is thought1 too1 that with the ,japanese chestnut the chestnut blight has been introduced1 which has been so serious to our native species4 ,the walnut has not become well established in the eastern states4 ,so far1 most of the ,european nuts that have been imported have been too tender to adapt themselves to our climatic conditions1 and the filbert1 when brought from ,europe1 proves quite subject to a blight that prevails everywhere with our native species1 but with them is not so serious4 ,in running over these slides1 ,i will begin first with the chestnut4 ,that is perhaps the best known species in this locality4 ,that shows one of our native chestnut trees as it is familiar to you all in a great part of this territory under discussion1 that is1 the part of the ,united ,states east of the ,mississippi ,river and north of the ,potomac4 ,that photograph was taken some time last ,june or ,july when the tree was in full bloom4 ,the chestnut is one of the most beautiful of our native nut trees4 ,this tree has the blight in one of the earlier stages and it is shown here merely to call attention to the disease1 because no discussion of the chestnut industry at the present time can be complete without at least calling attention to the seriousness of that blight4 ,that tree1 perhaps1 has not been affected more than two years1 possibly one4 ,is that right1 ,mr4 ,pierce8 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,about two4 ,that's an #ah or #bj inch tree1 isn't it8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,yes1 sir4 ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,it must be an #ah or #bj inch tree to be so badly blighted at the top4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,two years1 but you see it's pretty well gone4 ,we come now to the ,paragon1 one of the first trees of that variety ever propagated4 ,it was planted where it stands1 by the introducer1 ,mr4 ,henry ,m4 ,engel1 at ,marietta1 where they had quite an orchard at one time1 but the blight is so serious that there are only a few specimens of the trees left4 ,that tree is probably in the neighborhood of twenty-five years old4 ,the next slide shows two trees of the same variety that we may possibly see this afternoon4 ,they are on the farm belonging to ,mr4 ,rush and they are about twenty years old4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,what have those trees yielded8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,they yield four1 five1 six and seven to eight bushels4 ,you can see that they are not far from the barn and the roots run under that barnyard manure pile4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,what would you consider an average crop8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,they grow five or six bushels per tree4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,the greatest attention that has been paid to developing the paragon chestnut in orchard farming has been on the plan ,mr4 ,sober has just shown1 by clearing away the mountain side and cutting down everything but the chestnut sprouts4 ,this photograph was taken in a thicket where the underbrush had not been cleared away4 ,those are a good age now or perhaps a little bit older than we usually graft1 aren't they1 ,mr4 ,sober8 ,mr4 ,sober3 ,yes1 sir2 one or two years old4 ,when they get to be three years old they are past grafting1 according to my method4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,this photograph was taken at ,mr4 ,sober's a little over a year ago1 taken in the rain and is not very clear1 but it shows the distance between the trees at the time when these trees were four or five years old--is that right8 ,mr4 ,sober3 ,they are eleven year old trees4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,do you thin them out after they get that size8 ,mr4 ,sober3 ,yes1 sir1 they should be thinned out more1 but ,i hesitated on account of the blight2 ,i have thousands that ,i could spare1 but for fear the blight will take them out4 ,a ,member3 ,do you cultivate the ground8 ,mr4 ,sober3 ,i don't cultivate it1 ,i just pasture it4 ,the land is fertilized1 but not cultivated4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,that is a photograph of a large chestnut orchard in this county4 ,it is not many miles from here4 ,i understand that owing to the blight and to the weevil1 that orchard has not been satisfactory1 and ,i was told two or three days ago that it was being cleared away4 ,the ,chairman3 ,what varieties8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,paragon and native stock4 ,a ,member3 ,was that the old ,furness ,grove8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,yes1 sir4 ,that slide shows the congeniality1 ordinarily1 between the stock of the native chestnut and the paragon4 ,the next slide shows a typical instance of malformation between the ,japanese and native chestnut4 ,i understand that this is not unusual at all4 ,the ,japanese1 ordinarily1 does not make a good union with the ,american sweet chestnut4 ,that slide was taken in ,indiana4 ,it is a twenty-five acre paragon orchard owned by ,mr4 ,littlepage and ,senator ,bourne of ,oregon1 planted in the spring of #aiaj4 ,the next slide shows one of the trees in the orchard during its first season4 ,mr4 ,littlepage had to have them all gone over and the burs removed4 ,they were so inclined to fruit during the first season that they would have exhausted themselves if the burs had not been removed4 ,they made a very promising start1 but ,i understand from ,mr4 ,littlepage that a number of the trees have since died4 ,is there anything you'd like to add to that1 ,mr4 ,littlepage8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,i haven't yet quite determined the cause of the trouble4 ,last winter ,i lost perhaps one-third of the trees with a peculiar condition4 ,the wood under the bark was darkened4 ,i sent some of them to ,washington the year before to see if there was any blight or fungus and they reported there was none on any of the trees1 but this winter perhaps one-third of the trees died down to the graft4 ,a few1 however1 would sprout from the scion1 giving me1 of course1 the grafted top again4 ,it seemed to indicate1 perhaps1 a winter killing and yet ,i would not undertake to assert that that was the cause1 but it was very serious4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,was the land low or high8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,high land along a hillside1 very excellent land for chestnuts4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,sandy loam8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,no1 it's a hilly clay with a considerable humus and set in clover4 ,the ,chairman3 ,which way does it face8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,south4 ,the ,chairman3 ,that is rather bad4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,i don't know4 ,i have some over on the other side of the hill and ,i don't know whether the killing was greater on the other side or not4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,we have before us a view of the original ,rochester and its originator1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,reihl1 of ,alton1 ,ill4 ,over in the ,court ,house we have on exhibition nuts of that variety which most of you have seen4 ,you are aware1 probably1 that it is a native chestnut4 ,it is one of the largest and best of the native chestnuts and originated in southern ,illinois1 where so far the blight has not spread4 ,it gives considerable promise for the future4 ,we come back now to ,lancaster county to a chinkapin tree1 a hybrid chinkapin4 ,the original tree stands in a forest in this county1 and as you notice there1 it is a very good sized tree4 ,you might think from the looks of the photograph that that is a chestnut1 but the nuts are small and borne in racemes1 so they are typical chinkapins4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,one parent was a chestnut8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,we don't know2 it's a native tree2 it's a hybrid4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,it's a supposed hybrid4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,yes1 the chestnut and chinkapin grow close together4 ,the ,chairman3 ,what is the form of the nuts8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,round like a chinkapin4 ,i think it was a chestnut on a chinkapin4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,if it is a chinkapin1 what is there to indicate that there is any chestnut blood in it8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,the size of the tree and the fact that the nut matures with the chestnut4 ,the chinkapin is about three weeks earlier than this variety of chinkapin4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,that photograph is typical of the ,rush hybrid chinkapin4 ,we take up the butternut now4 ,so far as we know1 there are no named varieties of the butternut2 there cannot be until some good individual tree is found which is of sufficient merit to entitle it to propagation by budding and grafting4 ,it is one of the best known nuts in our field1 especially in ,new ,england2 it is more common there than it is further south4 ,this slide shows the native butternut in the forests of southern ,indiana near the ,ohio ,river4 ,of course1 those trees in forests like that don't mature many nuts4 ,it is not in the forests1 ordinarily1 that you will find individual trees of sufficient merit to entitle them to propagation4 ,it is the tree in the open that has had greater opportunities than are afforded in the forest4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,are there any coniferous trees in that forest8 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,no1 that's an alluvial bottom1 ,mr4 ,lake4 ,there is quite a long bottom by the creek where the butternut grows profusely4 ,we have the same tree on the farm that ,senator ,bourne and ,i own4 ,hundreds of those trees grow in the woods there4 ,it's rich alluvial soil4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,the fact that it is rich alluvial soil does not usually bar coniferous trees2 it may in your section4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,there are none there4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,the slide before us shows typical black walnuts that are almost as common1 perhaps more so1 in many parts of the area under discussion1 than the butternut4 ,this photograph was taken in ,michigan where the trees are growing along fence rows without cultivation or special attention4 ,no one knows whether the nuts of those trees are of special value or not4 ,it merely shows the starting point for improvement in the walnut4 ,we come now to the ,persian walnut1 which ,mr4 ,lake will discuss more fully in a few minutes4 ,this is one of the trees we will probably have an opportunity to see this afternoon4 ,it is between ,mr4 ,rush's nursery and the station1 on the right hand side as you are going out4 ,just above the top of the fence you will notice a dark line which indicates the point of union4 ,the ,persian walnut was grafted on the black stock4 ,the ,persian is of slightly greater diameter4 ,now we have ,mr4 ,rush in his walnut nursery4 ,these are seedling walnuts in their third year4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,second year4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,second year from the time of planting4 ,you will notice the luxuriant growth4 ,the next slide shows the methods of propagation4 ,this is the first step in the operation4 ,the knife is similar to those on the tables in the ,court ,house4 ,the next slide shows the second stage in the operation where the bark has been lifted and ,mr4 ,rush holds the bud of the ,persian walnut in the fingers of his left hand1 and the next slide shows the bud in position and being held firmly by a finger of the left hand4 ,as soon as it is in position like that1 ,mr4 ,rush lifts the pencil--the instrument that he holds in the right hand and folds the bark back over the new bud and then cuts it on the outside1 so that he makes a perfect fit4 ,if anything1 the bark of the black walnut overlaps slightly the bark of the bud1 and the third step in the operation is the wrapping4 ,below1 right at this point1 is a completed operation4 ,that was done in ,august1 using buds of the present season's growth1 and in about how many days is it that you take off the wrapping8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,about two weeks4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,in about two weeks take off the wrapping2 and about how much longer is it before you get a growth like that8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,about two weeks more1 three weeks more4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,in about four or five weeks from the time of the operation a growth like that is not uncommon4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,when is the top cut off8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,when ,i see that growth is taking place ,i cut the top off in order to encourage the growth to get strong enough for the winter4 ,of course our object is to keep the bud dormant until the following season1 perfectly dormant1 but sometimes they do make a growth and1 if they do1 cut them off at the top and force them4 ,you will not get that bud to grow next summer1 but another bud starts out below that branch and gives you your tree4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,that one dies then8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,yes1 sir1 invariably dies4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,there is one of ,mr4 ,rush's own growing of the ,rush walnut1 a little tree which1 in its second season1 matured two nuts4 ,that photograph was taken just about the time the nuts were ready to be gathered4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,i noticed in the nurseries at the ,michigan ,agricultural ,college1 a lot of black walnuts that were sun-scalded4 ,they were too far apart4 ,can anyone tell us anything about this danger of sun-scald to the trunk8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,well1 in this particular instance1 the tree stands right next to a fence1 so it is protected from the hot sun during a large part of the season4 ,perhaps ,mr4 ,rush could tell us whether he has had any trouble with sun-scald4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,not at all1 none whatever1 never4 ,the ,chairman3 ,there is1 in some localities1 a great deal of danger from sun-scald4 ,in the vicinity of ,stamford1 ,conn41 most of the ,english walnuts will sun-scald more or less unless we look out for that and give them shade2 mostly in the trunk below the branches4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,how about the nuts8 ,the ,chairman3 ,i haven't seen any scalding there4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,these are all interesting points and ,i am glad to have them thrown in4 ,mr4 ,rush can tell us about this slide4 ,it is one of the cut-leafed varieties of walnut from ,california that he is propagating4 ,it is more of an ornament than it is a commercial nut1 isn't it8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,it is both combined4 ,it is very productive and very hardy4 ,the nut is not quite as large as the ,nebo4 ,it is the cut-leafed weeping walnut4 ,the first tree that came from ,california cost twenty dollars4 ,it is very ornamental4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,this is a view of a seedling ,persian walnut orchard in ,bucks county1 this state1 some twenty or thirty miles north of ,philadelphia4 ,it is now about ten years of age and is owned by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,l4 ,lovett1 of ,emilie4 ,some of the nuts of this orchard are on exhibition over in the ,court ,house4 ,the orchard was not given any special cultivation at the time this photograph was taken4 ,the nuts from the trees1 of course1 are very ununiform1 being seedlings1 and the bearing of the trees is not especially large1 but the apparent thrift and vigor of these trees gives a good deal of ground for looking forward to a walnut industry in the eastern states4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,do you know the origin of the seed8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,no1 sir1 we do not4 ,the nuts from which those trees were planted were obtained and planted by ,mr4 ,lovett who is now deceased4 ,the ,chairman3 ,one of the most important features1 it seems to me1 of grafting1 is the idea that we can graft from prolific trees4 ,the majority of trees1 of walnuts1 hickories1 anything you please1 are not remarkably prolific1 but in grafting you select a tree that is prolific as one of the most desirable of its qualities4 ,a ,member3 ,you say that this grove was given no particular cultivation2 are they careful to allow all the foliage to remain on the ground where it drops8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,i couldn't answer as to that4 ,a ,member3 ,mr4 ,sober1 do you do that8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,yes1 sir4 ,a ,member3 ,the point ,i wanted to make is that that is probably very much better than any cultivation that could be given4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the matter of cultivation is one we have got to settle in this country4 ,i have been over the walnut orchards on the ,pacific coast1 in the ,east and in ,europe1 and ,i find three entirely separate and distinct methods of treatment4 ,on the ,pacific coast1 the rule is to cultivate every year and irrigate where they can1 but to cultivate1 at any rate1 whether they irrigate or not4 ,in the ,east1 where people are supposed to be very industrious1 we have adopted the lazier way of letting the trees grow in sod2 but that is not so bad if we follow the principle brought forward by ,stringfellow of letting the leaves all decompose1 and adding more fertilizer and more leaves and taking away nothing4 ,in ,france and ,germany and ,england1 where the trees are cultivated1 particularly in ,france1 where they are best cultivated1 we find two methods2 first1 keeping up clean cultivation and adding a little lime every year and1 second1 add lime without the cultivation4 ,one great feature of the treatment of the tree in ,france1 where the best walnuts come from1 is the addition of a little lime every year1 even if it's a limestone ground1 and that may possibly account for the delicate character of the ,french walnuts and the reason why they have the first call in the market4 ,i don't know that that is true1 but it seems to me1 at least1 a collateral fact1 and collateral facts often mean something4 ,mr4 ,pomeroy3 ,judging from my own experience ,i think that that orchard would be producing now two or two and a half bushels per tree each year if put under cultivation and given the care of an ordinary peach orchard4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,these are seedling trees1 you understand1 in that orchard we showed4 ,this is a ,persian walnut tree in ,mr4 ,rush's front yard4 ,i've forgotten the variety4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,that is the ,kaghazi4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,now we come to the original hickories4 ,this is one of the earliest hickory nuts propagated1 in fact1 it's about the only one so far4 ,that tree is owned by ,mr4 ,henry ,hales of ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,have they fertilized it8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,no1 not especially4 ,it stands on good1 fertile soil but ,i think no attention has ever been paid to it in the way of cultivation4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,have you its yielding record8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,it never made large records2 as ,i recall it now1 it has never borne more than a few bushels at any one time1 perhaps two bushels4 ,the ,chairman3 ,one reason is because it has been cut back regularly every year for scions8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,yes1 that's true4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,over two hundred years old1 then8 ,the ,chairman3 ,i doubt if that tree is over fifty or sixty4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,that's what ,i should say1--somewhere in the neighborhood of fifty or sixty years old4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,that slide shows a typical grafted tree in ,mr4 ,hales' garden4 ,it's a nice shapely1 thrifty tree about seven years old and only recently came into bearing to any extent4 ,the nurserymen have had great difficulty in propagating it until recently4 ,now that ,mr4 ,jones has come up from the ,south and he and ,mr4 ,rush are getting down together earnestly in the propagation of these northern trees1 we will probably have more of them1 but in all the years that ,mr4 ,hales has been working with that particular variety1 he has never been able to get more than a few trees grown in the nursery1 so it is not disseminated to any extent4 ,the ,chairman3 ,do you think that this will be like the pecan and hickory1 that some varieties will bear fifteen years after grafting and other varieties two years after grafting1 for instance1 as extremes8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,probably so1 the same as it is with other fruits4 ,the ,chairman3 ,it seems to me that that is what we may fairly anticipate4 ,mr4 ,corsan3 ,like ,northern ,spy apples and other apples4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,this slide is a little bit out of order4 ,it's a native ,persian walnut tree that stands in this county4 ,it is owned by ,mr4 ,harness4 ,mr4 ,rush has propagated it under the name of ,geit4 ,that photograph was taken in the fall of #aiaa4 ,last year it suffered greatly during the extreme weather1 but it came out again and made a very good growth4 ,this is the original ,rush tree that we may be able to see this afternoon4 ,and this is the original ,nebo that we had hoped to be able to see but will probably not succeed4 ,it is some seven or eight miles from ,mr4 ,rush's home and we will hardly be able to make it this afternoon4 ,the slide before us shows some ,european filberts that were planted by ,mr4 ,hales and up to the present time they are doing nicely although they have never fruited especially heavily2 but there is no blight4 ,the ,chairman3 ,how many years8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,i think those are ten to twelve years old4 ,perhaps you have seen them4 ,the ,chairman3 ,yes4 ,there are two features connected with the filbert that we ought to discuss right here4 ,one is the tendency to its being destroyed by the blight of our ,american hazel1 which extends to ,indiana1 and another is the fact that it blossoms so early that the female flowers or the male flowers are both apt to be killed by the frost4 ,all the members of this ,association ought to get to work to bring out a variety which will have the blight-resisting features and the later blooming of the ,american hazel4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,this slide shows a filbert we will probably be able to see this afternoon4 ,it is in ,mr4 ,rush's door yard and is still pretty young4 ,i believe it has not borne of any account4 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,it has borne a little4 ,the ,chairman3 ,how old is it8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,i think it's about five years old4 ,it is a ,barcelona4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,the next slide is taken in the orchard of ,mr4 ,kerr at ,denton1 ,md4 ,at one time he had a very nice orchard of these filberts1 but the blight has gotten in and has about wiped out everything4 ,in a letter from him this fall he said he had very few nuts of any variety1 although he did have a few4 ,a letter that came this week from ,j4 ,w4 ,killen1 of ,felton1 ,md41 said he had found filberts to be about as unprofitable a nut1 as any he could have grown4 ,we will spend a few minutes now running over the pecan situation4 ,we can hardly omit it altogether because there are so many people in the northern states who are interested in the pecan in a financial way4 ,the chart before us shows first the native area4 ,this part here is the portion of the ,united ,states in which the pecan is a native4 ,you notice how far upward it extends1 almost to ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana1 and across southern ,indiana along the ,ohio ,river1 and it is right in here1 about where the pencil indicates that some of our best northern varieties have originated4 ,mr4 ,littlepage and ,w4 ,c4 ,reed and others have shown us nuts over in the ,court ,house that originated there4 ,the ,busseron and the ,indiana are the two most northern4 ,they are a little way north of ,vincennes4 ,no varieties so far of any merit have originated in ,illinois4 ,while we have the map of ,illinois before us1 ,i would like to point out the place where ,mr4 ,riehl originated the variety of chestnut we referred to some time ago4 ,down in more southern ,illinois is where we find ,mr4 ,endicott4 ,this darkened area along the southeastern part of the ,united ,states1 and extending away up into ,virginia1 shows the area to which the pecan has been planted with more or less success4 ,this area extending down over the ,piedmont and up into ,virginia and ,west ,virginia1 is the mountain area to which the pecan is not adapted4 ,you never find pecans on the uplands4 ,this thick1 heavy area shows the territory within which the pecan has been most extensively planted4 ,it is not common down in southern ,florida4 ,you notice1 too1 that over here in ,texas there have been very few orchards planted to pecans4 ,north of these shaded areas1 anywhere up in ,ohio or ,pennsylvania or ,new ,york1 the pecan has not shown any adaptability or has not shown sufficient adaptability to justify commercial planting4 ,whatever planting of pecans is done in the area north of the shaded portions there must be considered as experimental4 ,the ,chairman3 ,the southern part of ,texas is actually in the tropical zone4 ,it would be interesting to know if we have the pecan actually growing in the tropics4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,we have more or less vague reports that it is growing down near ,brownsville4 ,i think ,mr4 ,littlepage told us the other day of a friend of his who is planting pecans4 ,the ,chairman3 ,brownsville is very close to the tropics4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,yoacum told me he had a grove down there that had not been a success so far4 ,i know that quite a number of people have discussed the question of planting pecans in that section4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,this is one of the largest of pecan trees2 it is the largest that it has ever been my personal privilege to see4 ,it has a circumference of between #ah and #ai feet and a spread of about #abe feet4 ,we estimated that it was about the same height4 ,it stands on the west side of the ,mississippi ,river1 some distance south of ,baton ,rouge4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,what is the approximate water level below the ground8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,it is quite near the surface4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,i thought so4 ,there are conditions you will observe that are unusual4 ,in lands where the water level is near the surface1 there is a tendency in the tree to shove out a lot of surface roots4 ,you can travel all over the pecan belt of ,indiana and will never see a pecan tree that does not look as if it had been driven in the ground with a pile-driver1 but ,i have noticed that you find those spreading roots where the water level is near the surface of the ground4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,it is interesting to know that right near this tree were other large trees1 nearly as large1 that were blown over1 and they showed no tap-roots1 but merely the surface roots1 ,this slide shows a pecan bloom4 ,the pistillate bloom is clear up on the terminate growth2 the staminate1 like other nut trees1 is on the growth of last season and comes out somewhat in advance of the pistillate1 necessarily4 ,we come now to the wild pecans of ,texas4 ,the recent census figures show that fully three-fifths of all the pecans produced in the ,united ,states come from ,texas4 ,this photograph shows the native wild pecans along the ,colorado ,river4 ,here is the pecan as a park tree4 ,this picture was taken in ,llana ,park1 ,new ,braunfels1 in west ,texas4 ,one of the nuisances in pecan trees is illustrated in the upper part of this photograph2 you will notice the ,spanish moss that grows so densely on the pecan trees if neglected4 ,unless the moss is kept out it gets so dense that it smothers the fruiting and leafing surface1 so trees that are densely covered with that are able to make leaves only on the terminals4 ,you notice in the rear the leaves of bananas that grow there throughout the entire year4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i have noticed that the mistletoe was a bad parasite on the pecans in some regions4 ,have you found that8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,yes1 that is true2 that is one of the pests of the pecan4 ,this slide shows a typical ,texas scene4 ,the wild pecans have been gathered and are brought into town and are waiting the buyers4 ,you will notice right here is a bag that has been stood up and opened1 waiting for a buyer1 the same as we see grain in the streets of northern towns1 and here are pecans on their way from the warehouse to the car4 ,the next slide shows another step2 they are on their way now from ,texas to the crackery or the wholesalers4 ,the crop of pecans in ,texas alone usually runs from #bjj cars to #fjj or #gjj cars4 ,this year the crop is small and probably not over #bjj cars1 so the prices are going up4 ,this is the pecan crackery in ,san ,antonio1 having a capacity of #bj1jjj pounds a day4 ,the pecans are cracked by machinery and the kernels are picked out by hand4 ,this slide shows a native pecan tree4 ,the one in the foreground was from across the river near ,vincennes4 ,it is one of the first northern varieties that was introduced1 but it is now superseded4 ,the next is the original tree of the ,busseron4 ,the nuts from that tree are on exhibition over at the ,court ,house brought here by ,mr4 ,reed4 ,the tree was cut back quite severely several years ago to get budwood and has not made sufficient top yet to bear normal crops again4 ,this is the original tree of ,indiana4 ,beside the tree is the introducer1 ,mr4 ,mason ,j4 ,niblack1 the gentleman with his hand by the tree4 ,now we come to the original ,green ,river1 one of the northern ,kentucky pecans4 ,it is in a forest more than twelve miles from ,evansville across the ,ohio ,river in ,kentucky4 ,the trunk of that tree is typical of others in the forest4 ,there is a pecan forest of perhaps #bjj acres1 from which everything but pecan timber was removed several years ago4 ,the slide before us shows the trunk of a supposed chance hybrid between hickory and pecan4 ,the next slide shows a grafted tree of that variety4 ,it is interesting to note the vigor of this hybrid4 ,it is quite the usual thing to get added vigor with hybrids4 ,this is one of the most beautiful1 dense1 dark green trees that ,i have ever seen in the hickory family4 ,this tree is in northern ,georgia1 but it is not so prolific as the parent tree4 ,the ,chairman3 ,does the shell fill down there8 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,no1 it does not4 ,the ,chairman3 ,it grows very vigorously in ,connecticut4 ,it is a perfectly hardy hybrid1 but ,i am afraid ,i shall only be able to use the crop for spectacle cases4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,this shows one of the most common methods of propagating the pecan1 the annular system4 ,it is a slight modification of the system ,mr4 ,rush applies to the propagation of the walnut4 ,this shows one of the tools designed especially for annular budding1 the ,galbraith knife4 ,the rest of the operation you already understand4 ,it is merely placing the bud in position and wrapping the same as ,mr4 ,rush does4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i would like to ask1 does it make a great deal of difference whether the bud ring is half an inch long or an inch and a quarter long8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,it does not make any difference4 ,the union takes place on the cambium layer4 ,it is not made on the cut4 ,the ,chairman3 ,then the length of the bud is not of great importance8 ,mr4 ,rush3 ,no1 it is of no importance at all4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,this slide may be a little bit misleading4 ,two nuts matured in the nursery on a scion that was inserted in ,february4 ,the scion was taken from a mature tree and the fruit buds had already set and had enough nourishment to carry them through the season so that they matured4 ,that is no indication of what may be expected in the way of bearing4 ,it is one of the freaks4 ,this is merely a view of a fourteen-year old pecan orchard in south-western ,georgia1 a #gjj-;acre orchard owned largely by one person4 ,that is the orchard belonging to ,mr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,bacon1 a name probably familiar to some of you4 ,those trees are set #df feet1 #h inches apart1 each way4 ,there are twenty trees to the acre1 just beginning to bear now4 ,that photograph was taken some two years ago showing the first step in topworking4 ,the top has been removed1 as you notice1 and the next slide shows the subsequent water-sprouts which are later budded4 ,the lower branches were left in the first place to take up the sap while the new head was in formation4 ,they have now been removed4 ,our next point might be brought out in connection with this slide4 ,one of the typical1 sub-tropical storms1 not unusual in the ,gulf ,states1 swept over this area in ,september1 just as the nuts were beginning to mature and defoliated the trees and whipped off the nuts4 ,the sap was still in circulation1 and the varieties that respond most readily to warm weather1 that start earliest in the spring1 sent out new leaves1 so that foliage was foliage that ought to have come on the next year1 that is1 it was exhausting next year's buds4 ,the same year the tree sent out its blossom buds1 so it had no fruit the following season4 ,this slide shows one of the pests in the pecan orchard1 the twig girdler1 at work4 ,the insect deposits its egg under the bark up at about that point1 then goes down below girdles the twig1 and it breaks off1 goes to the ground1 and the insect comes out1 goes into the ground and comes out the next season4 ,there are a good many drawbacks that are occurring and more are to be expected the same as with other fruit4 ,there are probably no more setbacks to pecan growing than there are to the growing of other fruit1 but this is one of the things4 ,this orchard was set in land bordering the ,flint ,river and at the time this picture was taken the water stood at the depth of three feet4 ,it probably did no harm1 because it didn't stay more than a week or ten days4 ,sometimes it stays longer and in such cases it is a serious matter4 ,in ,texas1 floods come up like that into the branches of the trees1 so high in some seasons after the nuts are formed1 that the nuts deteriorate and fall to the ground4 ,in such cases it is a pretty serious thing4 7,applause47 ,the time for which the scenic was engaged having expired1 the delegates returned to the ,court ,house and the regular program was resumed4 ,the ,chairman3 ,we will next hear from ,mr4 ,lake4 ,mr4 ,lake3 ,my topic1 aside from the slides1 was concerning the result of the work at ,arlington this year4 ,it is all written out but ,i don't propose to read the paper at this stage4 ,i have not been a teacher and lecturer for #be years for nothing1 and ,i don't propose to kill the few friends ,i have among nut growers by talking them to death when they are hungry and want to see something interesting4 ,i will send this paper in due time to the secretary1 and give way now to ,mr4 ,jones4 ,i did want to show you on the slides a few illustrations of cross fertilization between the ,japanese and the ,american walnut1 but we will put those in engravings and put them in the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,journal1 so that you will see them there with better satisfaction4 ,now one or two words about these ,persian walnuts4 ,these are eastern grown seedlings1 the best that ,i have been able to pick out4 ,here is an ,oregon grown nut4 ,that is the ideal type for dessert walnuts4 ,this is the ,meylan4 ,there is only one better1 and that is the real ,mayette1 of which we grow very few in the ,united ,states1 but we are growing considerable of the ,meylan4 ,whether we can grow this successfully here or not1 ,i am not certain1 but it is well worth trying4 ,the better type of our nut seedlings in the east are from the ,parisienne4 ,we must get a nut something like this that you can crack between your fingers1 not one that is sealed so hard that it requires a hammer1 and must get one with a very good quality of meat4 ,one great advantage to the walnut grower in the ,east will be that he can get his crop on to the ,thanksgiving market1 which is the cream of the market--something the ,western or ,european nut grower cannot do4 ,so if we can grow a nut reasonably fair in quality we can expect excellent results4 ,the ,chairman3 ,mr4 ,jones1 will you give us your points now8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,dr4 ,deming yesterday asked me to give a little demonstration of grafting and ,i have brought along a sort of transplanted nursery on a board1 so that ,i might do so4 7,here ,mr4 ,jones demonstrated methods of grafting the pecan47 ,the ,chairman3 ,tell us about the wax cloth1 ,mr4 ,jones4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we use that over the cut4 ,the ,chairman3 ,how do you make your wax cloth8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we take a roll of this1 possibly three or four yards long1 very thin muslin1 roll it up and drop it in the melted wax4 ,the ,chairman3 ,how do you make that wax8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we don't measure the ingredients1 but ,i think it varies from four to six pound of rosin1 to one pound of beeswax and a tea cup full of boiled linseed oil and about a tablespoon of lamp black4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,what do you use the lamp black for1 ,mr4 ,jones8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,to toughen the wax so that it will not crack and so that it will adhere better4 ,a ,member3 ,how do you get your excess of wax off the cloth8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we just throw the rolls on a board and press them4 ,mr4 ,reed3 ,i believe you would find it easier to tear it up into strips than to put it in rolls4 ,we have been using that method4 ,we ran short of cloth and ,i went to town and got some and tore off a piece about #h or #i yards long and folded it up into strips that wide and dipped it in the pure beeswax and pressed it on a board and it was ready for work4 ,col4 ,sober3 ,i take just a common corn cob and wind it on as you would on a spool1 then1 while the wax is warm1 ,i dip it in2 you can have the cloth half an inch wide or an inch wide just as you please4 ,my way of making wax is1 ,i take two pounds of rosin1 one pound of beeswax and half a pound of tallow4 ,i find that stands all kinds of weather4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,you prefer the tallow8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,yes sir1 ,i do4 ,the ,chairman3 ,beef tallow or mutton tallow8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,i prefer mutton tallow2 two pounds of rosin1 one of beeswax and half a pound of tallow4 ,then you want to boil it very slowly and thoroughly1 and pour it in cold water4 ,a ,member3 ,do you unroll this roll of cloth8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,i have a machine to turn it on just the same as you would on a spool4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,the strip goes through the wax8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,no1 you wind that1 then when your wax is warm1 you drop this in but secure the ends1 then take it out and lay it by till it's all saturated2 then ,i tear it off as ,i use it4 ,i find that is the most convenient thing1 and ,i generally get calico1 that is pretty closely woven1 but is rotten so that it tears easily4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,did you ever use raffia for tying your grafts8 ,col4 ,sober3 ,no sir1 ,i have not4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we have used it on pecans and walnuts for the reason that it doesn't have to be untied as it bursts off with the growth of the tree4 ,col4 ,sober3 ,this wax ,i have tried on thousands and thousands of grafts and it stands all kinds of weather4 ,you can get wax that's been there #h or #aj years and you can take it off now and use it4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,that is one advantage of using the tallow2 linseed oil will dry out4 ,col4 ,sober3 ,tallow is the best2 that's been my experience4 ,a ,member3 ,if linseed oil is not used immediately or very soon1 it gets hard4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,it's all right in wax and all right in cloth1 too1 if you keep it in a damp place till ready to use4 ,mr4 ,hutt3 ,can you use parafine in place of beeswax8 ,the ,chairman3 ,have you tried this method on the other hickories besides the pecans8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir4 ,the ,chairman3 ,you've got shagbark to catch fairly well1 have you by this method8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir4 ,the ,secretary3 ,how did your pecans and hickories do last summer8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,i've forgotten the exact percentage that grew4 ,some died after they had made a growth of several inches4 ,i think ,i left too many limbs growing on the hickories4 ,some of them made quite good growth4 ,a ,member3 ,when is this kind of grafting done8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we wait until the sap is up4 ,the ,chairman3 ,what do you cover the top with8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,with wax4 ,we leave this open at the bottom1 for the reason that the sap can get out and not ferment4 ,if it holds the sap1 it will sour you know4 ,the ,chairman3 ,how far down does your wax go1 ,mr4 ,jones8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,far enough to cover up the wrapping4 ,a ,member3 ,does that work on pecans as well as hickories8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir4 ,to show the value of this patch1 we have grafted rows side by side and got #hj per cent where we used this patch and #cd per cent where we waxed it over solid and left no ventilation or exit for the sap4 ,a ,member3 ,isn't that to keep the wax out of the cambium layer8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir1 it does that too4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,are there any fine points about this trimming1 other than mere wedge8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,no sir1 only it's thick on one side1 as you will see so that it wedges tightly4 ,a ,member3 ,isn't it a fact that you can use three and four year pecan wood just as well8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir1 two year wood or three will give you better results than one year4 ,col4 ,sober3 ,what time in the season do you graft8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,the #bjth of ,april to the #bjth of ,may here4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,what stage of stock do you prefer8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,well it doesn't matter1 you can graft these after they have made a foot of new growth1 if you've got a good dormant scion2 you could put in a graft any time in the summer1 perhaps4 ,a ,member3 ,how long do you leave on the paper bags8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,until the scion begins to grow4 ,sometimes ,i have made a mistake and left them on until they grew up and curled down4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,what is the superiority of that over plain cleft grafting8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,you can do better work and do it quicker4 ,i have put in #abjj grafts in a day4 ,the ,chairman3 ,you don't mind this arch being left up8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,that ought to go a little deeper1 maybe1 but it don't make much difference1 so long as it is well waxed4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,the paper bag protects the scion8 ,mr ,jones3 ,yes sir4 ,the object is not to protect the scion so much as to keep it dry4 ,you want to keep the scion dry until it gets sap from the stock to start it into growth4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,is it necessary that this should be waxed cloth8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,no sir1 we use paper ordinarily1 of course we run wax over the paper in waxing the scion and then the paper is as good as cloth4 ,col4 ,sober3 ,do you find it apt to curl up in windy days--the paper8 ,i tried that and had all kinds of trouble until ,i got on to the tape4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we don't try to tie with the paper2 the paper is only to let the surplus moisture or sap out4 ,a ,member3 ,does this tend to hold that in or is it all held in by the patch there8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,this doesn't really need any tying1 as it is large4 ,the ,chairman3 ,would you carry the patch around to the other side8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,no sir1 just fill it up with wax4 ,the ,chairman3 ,and the juice runs out of there and will escape anyway4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir4 ,a ,member3 ,do you wax in addition to the paper you put on8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we don't wax the scion all over4 ,we used to take hot wax and run a thin layer over the whole scion1 but we quit that and used the bag1 because if you wax over a scion tight and it happens to have sufficient moisture1 it will start growth with that moisture before it makes the union4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,do you wax the tip end8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,do you wax this in here8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir2 we fill that over with liquid wax4 ,it is possible to have your wax too hot1 and burn the scion4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,have you found that all the species of hickory take grafts with equal ease8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we grafted some here last spring that started very nicely and then died4 ,i don't know whether it was in the hickory stock or whether they were robbed by the sprouts2 we didn't pull off any sprouts4 ,there's a whole lot of things we don't know about grafting yet1 but will know more in time4 ,the ,chairman3 ,how about using scion wood more than one year old8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we prefer two or three year old wood for the scion4 ,we have coming now1 #c1jjj walnut scions from ,california and they are all to be two and three years old4 ,i have put in rows of #ajj with large two year scions and you could count #ajj and not find one dead among them and some of the scions were almost as big as my wrist4 ,it's a job to cut them4 ,you see that scion1 being large1 has enough vitality to hold it until it can make a union4 ,a ,member3 ,you want one bud on this8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,we generally have two buds4 ,a ,member3 ,do you use the same method on the ,persian walnut8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir2 we got a little stingy one year and cut these all to one bud and hardly got any out of them4 ,you've got to have wood enough to hold the scions dormant2 of course there may be one or more buds on the scion4 ,the ,chairman3 ,and got to have food enough in them4 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir4 ,col4 ,sober grafts chestnuts that way1 but ,i have never been able to graft pecans and walnuts with very short scions4 ,the ,chairman3 ,i have caught chestnuts with one bud1 but most of the nut trees want more food and you've got to have a lot in the scion4 ,prof4 ,smith3 ,have you used that with pecans in the ,north8 ,mr4 ,jones3 ,yes sir1 this will be our method of propagation4 ,after ,mr4 ,jones had given further illustrations of the process of grafting1 the convention adjourned4 ,,some ,,persian ,,walnut ,,observations1 ,,experiments ,,and ,,results ,,for #aiab ,e4 ,r4 ,,lake1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,arlington work for #aiab in the propagation of the ,persian walnut consisted in top-grafting three and four year old nursery stock by several methods1 as ordinary cleft1 side cleft1 bark cleft1 prong1 whip and modified forms of these4 ,for wrapping we tried bicycle tape1 waxed cord and cloth1 with wax and plasticine for covering4 ,the work was done during the latter part of ,april and first part of ,may4 ,the stocks averaged from #c_/d to #a-a_/d inches diameter1 and were cut off from #af to #cj inches above the surface of the ground4 ,in a few cases bark grafting by modified whip form was performed upon the branches at a height of about #d feet4 ,later in the season from ,june #abth to ,august #beth buds were placed by varying methods4 ,in the earlier instances the buds were taken from left-over grafting stock4 ,of the scion wood received last year all the wood from ,eastern growers was frost bitten and wholly failed to take with one or two exceptions4 ,the ,pacific ,coast wood was received in excellent condition and operations with it were gratifying1 especially with the ordinary cleft graft1 and patch bud4 ,next year's work in grafting will be confined to the cleft1 and the bark-whip processes4 ,this latter is very simple and under careful treatment promises to be a convenient and successful process4 ,in the budding operations we resorted to a number of methods largely for the benefit of the information obtained from the practice1 and not so much for the returns in propagated trees4 ,however1 for #aiac in the work of propagating for stock results we shall confine our practice to the patch method1 though we may find from later tests that the hinge method so favorably looked upon by ,oregon is better suited to the work4 ,various experiments with tying material were tried4 ,raffia1 cotton cord1 waxed cloth and bicycle tape were used4 ,the raffia and cord gave best results4 ,a tight tie is needed4 ,june-budding from the left-over graft-wood gave a very low percentage of takes4 ,most of the buds appeared to be drowned4 ,buds from the current year's growth inserted from early to middle of ,august are at present apparently in good dormant condition4 ,some ,july buds from the left-over graft-wood placed in the younger branches of a twelve year old ,american black took well and made from three to six inches growth4 ,the branches were cut back as soon as the buds appeared to be set1 a course that would not be advocated if one were doing the work for re-topping4 ,the young wood from these buds is delicate and soft and in order to insure their living through the winter1 so far as our efforts may avail1 they have been enclosed in strong paper bags4 ,in our budding and grafting operations we had no success with the ,japanese or ,chinese stocks4 ,we expect to try them further as their rapid growth makes them much to be desired if a permanent union can be effected4 ,so far as we have been able to learn from the southern propagators who have worked along this line1 no difficulty has been encountered in effecting a short-life union1--four to six years on an average1 though a few have kept alive for twelve years4 ,the growth of the successful grafts has been very variable4 ,in several instances in which both scions upon a stock grew1 the growth was from two to three feet4 ,in other cases the young wood was scarcely a foot long4 ,the fact that the stocks and scion-wood varied widely in size and vigor and the further fact that the scions were from several varieties of western stock are quite sufficient causes for no uniform results in this respect4 ,the wood of all successful grafts appears to be in excellent condition for the winter season and we are looking forward to an interesting further growth of these next year1 though the trees have just been transplanted4 ,in order to doubly insure ourselves against loss of the varieties now growing one half1 or even more in a few instances1 of the young wood has been removed and placed in a cold room so that further grafting or budding of these varieties may be made next year4 ,nursery trees of the ,franquette1 ,pomeroy1 ,parisienne and unidentified others1 on their own roots are making a pitiable effort at successful growth1 while all wood on the black stock is making excellent growth4 ,in one instance the wood of ,mayquette a cross between ,mayette and ,franquette formed two nutlets4 ,lack of pollen was all that prevented the fruiting of one-year-old grafted trees4 ,a splendid point for the unit orchard booster1 but a point of no value to the real walnut grower4 ,,cross ,,fertilization ,owing to the very vigorous weather of the past winter the catkins on the older ,persians at ,arlington ,farm were killed4 ,in order to study the conduct and product of these trees we sought pollen elsewhere to fertilize their liberal display of pistils4 ,we were successful in obtaining some from the trees of ,messrs4 ,killen and ,rosa1 and ,miss ,lea1 but though this and some pollen of black1 butternut and the ,japanese was used no pollenation was successful4 ,in the case of sieboldiana1 however1 we succeeded in securing what appears to be fruit of certain definite cross-fertilization1 as sieboldiana x nigra2 sieboldiana x cinerea and possibly sieboldiana x regia4 ,only in one instance did the nuts appear to have other than the usual characters of sieboldiana4 ,the nuts of the cinerea cross were longer1 more tubular and somewhat deeper furrowed and darker4 ,unfortunately some conflicting results in the fruiting of the sieboldiana places the possible cross-fruits under a cloud4 ,a peculiarity of the blossoming of the sieboldiana at ,arlington this year was that the stamens and pistils of an individual tree opened at dates of six to ten days apart1 and with the tree used for crossing the catkins were all off before the pistils opened4 ,as no two trees are near together1 perhaps two to three hundred feet being the closest1 natural cross-pollenating was not expected4 ,however1 after the cross-pollenations by hand were made and fruits set1 and even matured1 it was found that some clusters had from one to three more nuts than were hand treated4 ,many of the clusters had less nuts than the number of pistils treated1 which was to be expected4 ,but how to account for the extra sets is a problem not clear for it is possible that pollenation might have occurred in one of two ways--by stray pollen grains from the hand operations by wind-carried grains from the trees4 ,in any event only the fruiting of the trees from the nuts under consideration will settle it1 and as these have been planted we are on the way to the solution4 ,,the ,,indiana ,,pecans ,r4 ,l4 ,,mccoy1 ,,indiana ,the pecan is probably the best nut that grows4 ,it belongs to the hickory family which is indigenous to ,north ,america4 ,since water is its natural distributing agent it is most generally found growing intermixed with the large hickory nut or shagbark in creek and river bottoms4 ,while the hickory is hardy enough to thrive even into the ,canadian provinces the pecan is not so hardy and is seldom found in the northern tier of states4 ,it thrives well as far north as the northern boundary of ,illinois4 ,the writer has seen a transplanted tree in bearing in ,branch ,county1 ,michigan1 and native trees along the ,mississippi ,river near the mouth of the ,wisconsin4 ,the nuts in the extreme northern limit are not much larger than a hazel nut4 ,but the nuts that grow in ,indiana and ,illinois from the ,ohio ,river on the south to ,rock ,island on the northwest and ,lafayette on the northeast are much larger4 ,here are found many superior nuts worthy of propagation4 ,in fact1 the writer has before him a great many nuts of named and un-named varieties which he and ,mr4 ,littlepage and others have discovered in their search for worthy nuts in the native pecan woods4 ,there are many thousand acres of these groves on the ,ohio1 ,green1 ,wabash and ,illinois rivers where many trees are found which bear nuts as large as some of the varieties which are being propagated in the ,gulf ,coast country4 ,the nuts of the ,evansville group are especially noted for their fine flavor4 ,the people of this section will not eat southern pecans if they can get native nuts4 ,this year several carloads of these native wild nuts will be shipped to the ,cleveland1 ,boston1 and ,new ,york markets4 ,while the finer nuts seldom get into the markets at all but are bought by wealthy men in the locality where they grow4 ,many men buy from a special tree year after year--its flavor suiting their taste4 ,the yield from some of these larger trees 7and there are many of them four feet in diameter and some as large as nineteen feet four inches in circumference at shoulder height7 is very good4 ,the writer has seen a number in the last few days which were estimated to have from four to six hundred pounds1 the most of the crop having not yet been gathered4 ,he knows of one tree which bore 7#ag7 seventeen bushels and ,mr4 ,louis ,huber of ,shawneetown gathered #gah pounds from another tree4 ,two hundred and eighty-five pounds of nuts were gathered and weighted from the ,luce tree4 ,these nuts were gathered green for fear of their being stolen and it was estimated that fifteen pounds were left on the tree4 ,also that the hail storm in early ,september destroyed fifty 7#ej7 pounds more4 ,hence the ,luce bore approximately eight bushels4 ,the ,kentucky tree had four and one-half bushels by measurement4 ,the ,warrick tree had1 the best we can estimate1 about #aej pounds4 ,the ,grayville1 or ,posey as ,mr4 ,littlepage wishes to call it1 bore at least two hundred pounds by weight4 ,one hundred and sixty pounds were gathered from the ,major and two hundred and fifty pounds from the ,green ,river tree4 ,we do not think the ,hinton bore to exceed two pounds of nuts4 ,we do not know the amount of nuts gathered from the ,indiana and the ,busseron trees4 ,the ,buttrick tree had some three or four bushels of nuts this year but as a dredge ditch was recently constructed by it1 destroying half of its root system1 it did not mature its crop4 ,this tree has been in bearing since #ahag and it has not been known to miss a crop previous to this year4 ,in our search for nuts worthy of being propagated we have found several nuts as yet un-named that are in our opinion much superior to any northern nut that has been brought to public notice4 ,but as we know little of their bearing record and do not wish to burden the nurserymen with too many varieties we will keep these trees under observation for a year or two before naming them4 ,we have been trying to propagate some of the best varieties at our nursery for about three years4 ,our first attempt was root-grafting in which our success varied from #ae per cent to #ge per cent under the best conditions4 ,we found after some experience that it was not difficult to root-graft4 ,but last winter1 #aiaa-ab1 was the coldest winter for some years1 the thermometer registering as low as #bj degrees below4 ,most of our root-grafts were killed back to the ground but few if any of them were killed outright4 ,when spring came they started new growth and are now about four feet high4 ,the fall of #aiaa was very warm and wet and they were in vigorous growth until the first week in ,november when we had a hard freeze which killed the wheat1 causing the worst failure in that crop ever known in this section4 ,the winter then following being very cold we had two conditions against spring root-grafted pecans4 ,but we failed to see any budded ones that were injured4 ,however1 we only had pecans budded to hickory which was done by ,mr4 ,paul ,white in ,may1 #aiaa and1 so far as we know1 this was the first hickory top-worked to pecan in ,indiana4 ,however1 he now has quite a number top-worked last spring that have made a growth of three or four feet4 ,we also have both budded and root-grafted pecans from last spring and summer so that in the spring we will have a better opportunity to see what effect the winter will have on them4 ,so far as we are able to determine from our observation of a few orchards all pecan trees bought from southern nurserymen and planted in this section have either died out or made very feeble growth4 ,although some large ,texas nuts have been planted here and grown1 yet they have either not fruited at all or the nuts have proved no better than our native nuts4 ,the northern pecan timber is not brash like the southern pecan but is very elastic and tough4 ,an axe-handle made from northern pecan sells for ten cents more than one made from hickory and pecan timber is much sought after by axe-handle makers4 ,the people in this section have in the last few years awakened to the fact that their swamps studded with pecan trees are about the most valuable lands they possess and many are the inquiries3 ,where can we get good budded or grafted pecans8 ,the idea of propagating the northern pecan is of very recent origin and while the few attempts at propagation have not as yet met with any very great success1 yet we are hoping that the time will be when many acres of our lands shall be set in valuable pecan orchards and our highways lined with long rows of fine pecans1 chestnuts1 and ,english walnuts which shall serve the three-fold purpose of beautifying ,mother ,earth1 yielding delicious food1 and furnishing a place of rest for the weary traveler4 ,,appendix ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,secretary ,,and ,,treasurer ,bal4 on hand1 date of last report #dh4gc ,annual dues and life membership #agh4jj ,advertisements in ,annual ,report #be4jj ,sale of report #ah4jj ,dr4 ,crocker1 paid for list of names #b4jj ,prof4 ,collins1 paid for reprints #h4jj ,total receipts #bgi4gc ,expenses3 ,expenses of ,prof4 ,collins #bj4he ,printing report and reprints #aie4af ,other printing #ch4jj ,postage #ce4ge ,typewriting #af4bd ,stationery #d4ej ,miscellaneous #ad4cj ,total expenses #cbd4hj ,bill receivable #a4jj ,bill payable #bb4jj #cdf4hj #bhj4gc ,deficit #ff4jg ,our first annual report1 embodying the transactions at the first and second annual meetings1 was issued in ,may1 and copies were sent to all members1 to the principal libraries of the country1 to officials of the ,agricultural ,department at ,washington1 and to some state agricultural officials1 to several agricultural and other periodicals for notice and review1 and to various persons especially interested4 ,eighteen copies have been sold4 ,about #a1jjj copies of each of the two circulars1 ,why ,nut ,culture is ,important and ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association and ,why ,you ,should ,join ,it1 have been sent to members and correspondents1 and also revised circulars on the literature of nut growing and on seedsmen and nurserymen4 ,an illustrated article about nut growing and the association appeared in the ,literary ,digest and many agricultural and other periodicals have had notices of our association and our meeting4 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides the regular notices sent to members and papers1 different notices and brief statements about nut growing1 were sent weekly for five weeks before the meeting to #hj different newspapers published in the country about ,lancaster in the hope of getting a good local attendance4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,chestnut ,blight ,commission assisted in this publicity campaign by sending postal card notices to about a hundred persons in the eastern part of ,pennsylvania who were known to have from a few to thousands of cultivated chestnut trees4 ,the secretary's correspondence has increased so as to become1 if it were not for enthusiasm1 burdensome4 ,often several inquiries a day are received and they come from all parts of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,the following figures are brought up to date of going to press4 ,our membership has nearly doubled since the last report was issued1 increasing from #fj to #aac4 ,we have lost #a member by death and #b by resignation4 ,our present membership standing at #aaj4 ,we have members in #bg states1 the ,district of ,columbia1 ,panama1 and ,canada4 ,new ,york heads the list with #cg members and ,pennsylvania comes next with #ab4 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,resolutions ,,read ,,by ,,professor ,,smith ,,resolved3 #a4 ,that we extend our thanks to the ,mayor and citizens of ,lancaster for the welcome and entertainment they have afforded us while here and for the excellent auditorium they have placed at our disposal4 #b4 ,that we extend our thanks to ,messrs4 ,rush and ,jones and their entertainment committee4 #c4 ,that we extend our thanks to the ,pennsylvania ,chestnut ,tree ,blight ,commission for the attendance of their representatives4 ,we note with keen interest their expressions of hope for the control of this cyclopean menace4 #d4 ,that we express our deep appreciation of the great interest and valuable services of ,dr4 ,morris1 the retiring ,president1 and ,dr4 ,deming1 the ,secretary and ,treasurer1 two officers to whose untiring efforts this ,association is largely due4 #e4 ,that we express the thanks of the ,association to those members and others who have enriched this meeting by their interesting exhibits4 #f4 ,that the following letter be sent from this ,association to the1-- ,secretary of ,agriculture1 ,persons in authority in the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,the ,presidents of ,agricultural ,colleges1 ,the ,directors of ,agricultural ,experiment ,stations1 ,and leading ,teachers in ,agriculture ,colleges4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 by resolution passed at its third annual meeting1 held at ,lancaster1 ,pa41 in ,december #aiab1 calls your attention to the importance of1 and need for1 the breeding of new types of crop yielding trees4 ,we now have the possibility of a new1 but as yet little developed1 agriculture which may 7,a7 nearly double our food supply and also 7,b7 serve as the greatest factor in the conservation of our resources4 7,a7 ,our agriculture at the present time depends chiefly upon the grains which were improved by selection in pre-historic times1 because they were annuals and quick yielders4 ,the heavy yielding plants1 the engines of nature1 are the trees1 which have in most cases remained unimproved and largely unused until the present time because of the slowness of their generations and the absence of knowledge concerning plant breeding4 ,we now know something about plant breeding1 and its possibilities as applied to the crop yielding trees seem to be enormous4 ,they certainly warrant immediate and widespread effort at plant breeding4 ,a member of this ,association has shown that the chinquapin can be crossed with the oak2 that all the walnuts freely hybridize with each other and with the open bud hickories1 a class which includes the toothsome and profitable pecan4 ,there is in ,california a tree which is considered to be a cross between the native walnut and the live oak4 ,the ,mendelian ,law in connection with past achievements in plant breeding1 and the experiments of ,loeb in crossing the sea urchin and the star fish are profoundly suggestive4 ,the possibilities of plant breeding as applied to crop yielding trees seem to be enormous4 ,they certainly warrant immediate and widespread effort toward the creation of useful strains which may become the basis of a new agriculture yielding food for both man and the domestic animals4 7,b7 ,the time for constructive conservation has come4 ,our most vital resource is the soil4 ,it is possibly the only resource for which there is no substitute4 ,its destruction is the most irreparable waste4 ,so long as the earth remains in place the burnt forest may return and the exhausted field may be restored by scientific agriculture4 ,but once the gully removes this soil1 it is the end so far as our civilization is concerned--forest1 field and food are impossible and even water power is greatly impaired4 ,our present system of agriculture1 depending upon the grains1 demands the plowing of hillsides and the hillsides wash away4 ,this present dependence upon the plow means that one-third of our soil resources is used only for forest1 one-third is being injured by hillside erosion1 and only one-third1 the levelest1 is being properly used for plow crops4 ,the present alternative of ,forestry for hillsides is often impossible because the yields are too meagre4 ,almost any land that can produce a forest1 and much that has been considered too dry for forest1 can produce an annual harvest of value to man or his animals when we have devoted sufficient attention to the breeding of walnuts1 chestnuts1 pecans1 shellbarks1 acorn yielding oaks1 beech nuts1 pine nuts1 hazel nuts1 almonds1 honey locust1 mesquite1 screw bean1 carob1 mulberry1 persimmon1 pawpaw1 and many other fruit and nut trees of this and other lands4 ,the slowness and expense of the process of plant introduction and tree breeding limits this work to a few individuals with patience and scientific tastes and to governmental and other institutions of a permanent nature4 ,the ,united ,states ,government and each state experiment station should push this work vigorously and we appeal to you to use your influence in that direction4 ,you may find material of interest in our published proceedings and in the ,fruit and ,nut ,journal1 the organ of the industry1 published at ,petersburg1 ,virginia4 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,professor ,,john ,,craig ,read by ,dr4 ,morris ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association suffered very great loss in the death of ,professor ,john ,craig1 at ,siasconset1 ,massachusetts1 on ,august #aj1 #aiab4 ,professor ,craig1 from his many responsible positions in the horticultural world1 had acquired a wealth of information which was always at the disposal of his friends and students4 ,his training as a teacher gave such facility in expression of view1 that his part in our discussions inspired the audience and called forth the best that others had to offer4 ,his type of mind was essentially scientific1 and combined with this type of mind there was a rare quality of critical faculty in relation to the relative practical values of horticultural ideas and methods4 ,his interest in the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association belonged to a natural fondness for everything that promised new development1 and he established at ,cornell ,university the first course in nuciculture1--so far as we are aware1--that has ever been formulated at an educational institution4 ,the personality of ,professor ,craig1 characteristic of that of the scientist1 was marked by simplicity and directness of manner1 impatience with error due to carelessness or intent1 but unlimited benign tolerance of all men who honestly expressed views opposing his own or who made conscientious mistakes4 ,professor ,craig possessed that broad humanity which found quite as large interest in his fellow man as it found in his special study of plants1 and his charming personality1 strong manly bearing1 scholarship1 and active interest in whatever engaged his attention at all1 will be ever remembered by those of us who had the pleasure and the profit of his acquaintance4 ,mr4 ,littlepage3 ,i would just like to say1 in connection with the very appropriate and excellent words which the ,president used in reference to ,prof4 ,craig1 that it certainly meets the most hearty approval of all of us who knew ,prof4 ,craig1 that this association go on record in this manner4 ,at the first meeting that was held1 by the few of us who met in ,bronx ,park ,museum at ,new ,york1 to start this organization1 you will remember the enthusiasm and the words of encouragement that ,prof4 ,craig gave us at that time4 ,he was there among the first and there was always intermingled with the scientific phase of the subjects that he discussed1 the practical1 genial good fellowship that made everyone like him2 and after all1 it is but proper that we stop for a moment and express our deep appreciation4 ,in this life of turmoil and business hustle1 ,i think that we sometimes do not quite realize the shortness of life1 the shortness of the time that we have to accomplish any of those things in which we are interested2 and it is the men who are giving their time to these scientific subjects1 the results of which will inure to all humanity1 who are certainly entitled to consideration and a kindly remembrance4 ,that is why it was that ,i heard with such gratification the words of the ,president about ,prof4 ,craig4 ,,report ,,of ,,committee ,,on ,,exhibits ,read by ,professor ,hutt ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,west ,willow1 ,pa4 ,persian walnuts1 four varieties3 ,hall1 ,burlington1 ,nebo1 ,rush2 plate of mixed1 imported varieties2 ,seedling walnuts1 ,paradox walnut1 black walnuts and rupestris1 7,texas72 two plates ,chinquapins2 chestnuts1 ,giant ,japanese2 shellbarks3 ,la,feuore1 very good1 large1 ,weiker1 fair2 two seedlings3 ,paradise nut2 two plates filberts2 ,lancaster ,co4 pecans2 budding knives4 ,by ,wilmer ,p4 ,hooper1 ,forest ,hill1 ,md4 ,seedling ,persian ,walnut2 ,sir ,clair2 tree probably fifty years old1 vigorous1 hardy1 annual bearer4 ,on farms of ,l4 ,j4 ,onion1 ,cooperstown1 ,md4 ,p4 ,o4 ,sharon1 ,md4 #aiaa crop one bushel2 #aiab crop one and one half bushels4 ,alexis2 tree twenty-eight years old2 vigorous1 hardy1 annual bearer1 flavor good4 ,farm of ,alexis ,smith1 ,churchville1 ,md4 ,crop #aiaa one bushel2 crop #aiab one bushel4 ,sheffield2 tree six years old2 bought of ,hoopes ,brothers ,thomas2 hardy1 vigorous2 #f to #ah feet high2 on farm of ,mrs4 ,s4 ,t4 ,poleet1 ,cooperton1 ,md41 ,p4 ,o4 ,sharon1 ,md4 ,smith2 tree forty to forty-five years old2 large1 hardy2 on farm of ,j4 ,t4 ,smith1 ,berkeley1 ,md4 ,beder2 fifty to fifty-five years old2 large1 annual bearer2 grown from nut on farm of ,david ,hildt1 ,janettsville1 ,md4 ,hooker2 tree twenty-two years old2 origin ,franklin ,davis2 vigorous1 hardy1 annual bearer1 hard shell1 fine butternut flavor2 from farm of ,mrs4 ,kate ,hooker1 ,vale1 ,md4 ,by ,mr4 ,knaub4 ,shellbarks1 five varieties3 three black walnuts1 two butternuts2 one chestnut4 ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,l4 ,lovett1 ,emilie1 ,pa4 ,six varieties of ,persian walnuts4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,holden1 ,hilton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,holden walnut4 ,stock ,seed ,nuts from ,j4 ,m4 ,thorborn ,co41 #cc ,barclay ,st41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,juglans ,californica1 ,juglans cordiformis1 ,juglans ,sieboldi1 ,juglans nigra1 ,juglans cinerea1 ,juglans sinensis1 ,carya alba 7shellbark71 ,carya porcina 7pignut71 ,carya tomentosa 7mockernut71 ,carya sulcata1 ,corylus rostrata1 ,corylus amara1 ,castanea ,americana4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ,alton1 ,ill4 ,a plate of ,rochester nuts and thirty seedlings of it1 showing tendency to reversion2 eight varieties of shagbark2 eight varieties of shellbark2 eight plates of ,sieboldi2 eight plates black walnuts 7,thomas72 ,rush ,chinquapin4 ,collection of walnuts by ,professor ,lake1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,royal ,hybrid1 ,california x nigra2 ,paradox1 ,california x regia2 ,meylan1 ,glady1 ,sypherd1 ,stabler1 ,milbank1 ,st4 ,clair4 ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pomeroy walnuts and seedlings of the original tree4 ,by ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,indiana pecans1 six varieties3 ,warwick1 ,posey1 ,major1 ,kentucky1 ,indiana1 ,hodge2 ,hinton1 ,mc,callister hican1 ,barnes walnut from ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 four varieties shagbark4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,vincennes1 ,ind4 ,indiana pecans1 thirteen varieties3 ,luce1 ,beard1 ,busseron1 ,porter1 ,squires1 ,kentucky1 ,hall1 ,sullivan 7#b71 ,warwick1 ,indiana1 ,wilson4 ,by ,col4 ,c4 ,k4 ,sober1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa4 ,photograph of his chestnut orchard and nursery4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,exhibition jars of ,holden walnut1 ,warwick pecan1 ,kentucky pecan1 ,luce pecan1 ,hales shagbark1 ,kirtland shagbark1 ,weiker shagbark4 ,exhibition of ,squirrel1 ,perfection and ,great ,grip nut crackers2 ,white1 ,jones and ,galbreath budding tools4 ,by ,arrowfield ,nurseries1 ,petersburg1 ,va4 ,seedling pecan trees4 ,,the ,,hickory ,,bark ,,borer ,that our correspondence with the ,new ,york ,state ,commissioner of ,agriculture1 as published in the annual report1 has borne fruit is shown by the calling of a conference at the office of the ,commissioner at ,albany on ,february #bdth1 to consider methods of control of the hickory bark borer4 ,among those present were the following3 ,frederick ,allien1 representing ,riverdale ,park ,association4 ,h4 ,w4 ,merkel1 ,forester1 ,new ,york ,zoological ,park2 representing ,bronx1 ,valley ,parkway ,commission4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,murrill1 ,acting ,director1 ,new ,york ,botanical ,garden4 ,j4 ,j4 ,levison1 ,forester1 ,department of ,parks1 ,brooklyn4 ,wesley ,b4 ,leach1 ,consulting ,arboriculturist1 ,boro of ,queens4 ,clifford ,r4 ,pettis1 ,superintendent of ,state ,forests1 ,albany4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,felt1 ,state ,entomologist1 ,albany4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,sec41 ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,ass'n1 ,westchester4 ,george ,g4 ,atwood1 ,chief1 ,bureau of ,horticulture1 ,state ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,albany4 ,b4 ,d4 ,van ,buren1 ,assistant ,chief4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan1 ,director1 ,state ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva4 ,george ,l4 ,barrus1 ,conservation ,commission1 ,albany4 ,s4 ,h4 ,burnham1 ,assistant ,state ,botanist1 ,albany4 ,dr4 ,donald ,reddick1 ,professor of ,plant ,pathology1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ithaca4 ,glenn ,w4 ,herrick1 ,professor of ,entomology1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,ithaca4 ,w4 ,h4 ,rankin1 ,conservation ,commission1 ,albany4 ,p4 ,j4 ,parrott1 ,entomologist1 ,state ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva4 ,f4 ,c4 ,stewart1 ,botanist1 ,state ,experiment ,station1 ,geneva4 ,after a prolonged discussion the following resolution was unanimously adopted3 ,,whereas1 the hickory bark borer is at present extremely injurious and destructive to hickory trees in and around ,new ,york ,city1 and has already destroyed and is threatening the destruction of thousands of valuable trees2 and ,,whereas1 it has been demonstrated in several instances1 on a large scale1 that the hickory bark borer can be practically controlled2 therefore1 be it ,,resolved1 that we hereby respectfully request the commissioner of agriculture to take such steps as may be necessary to bring about the enforcement of the provisions of the agricultural law relative to insect pests and diseases with particular reference to control of the hickory bark borer2 and be it further ,,resolved1 that the thanks of the conference are hereby tendered to ,commissioner of ,agriculture ,huson for his courtesies and the calling of the conference4 ,the following ,news ,items of no date1 but received in the early part of ,june1 shows what action has so far been taken3 ,,state ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ,news ,items ,commissioner ,huson of the ,state ,department of ,agriculture is receiving considerable information relative to a serious outbreak of the hickory bark borer in the vicinity of ,new ,york and on ,long ,island4 ,this borer is the principal cause of the death of thousands of hickory trees4 ,the greatest infested area is in the northern part of ,new ,york ,city1 in ,westchester ,county1 in ,queens and ,nassau ,counties1 though much injury has been observed throughout ,suffolk ,county1 particularly along the northern shore of the island4 ,the area of infested hickories is about the same as the territory where the chestnut trees have succumbed to the attacks of the chestnut bark disease4 ,now that the chestnuts have so nearly disappeared and the fact that the hickory trees are also threatened with entire extermination because of the hickory borer1 requests have been made by many citizens1 that the ,commissioner of ,agriculture should exercise such authority as the law gives him in the control of this pest4 ,that the hickory trees that have not been attacked may be saved1 or in a very large measure protected has been proven in the ,zoological ,park and in the parks of ,brooklyn4 ,the able superintendents of these two parks have for the last two or three years1 been cutting out every infested hickory tree and in that way the other trees are found at this time to be free from insects and they have been saved from certain destruction4 ,the hickory borer eats its way into the bark of the hickory trees in mid-summer4 ,eggs are laid which hatch and the grubs feed in peculiar galleries in the bark and between the wood and the bark is such a way as to cut off the flow of the sap1 thus causing the death of the trees4 ,these grubs are in these galleries at this time of the year and will remain so until about the middle of ,june4 ,it is1 therefore1 necessary that the infested trees be cut and destroyed before that time in order to prevent further widespread of the insects4 ,the ,commissioner has been promised the hearty cooperation of many influential and interested citizens in this movement and agents of this ,department are on the ground with authority to inspect trees to ascertain the limit of infestation and they have been directed to mark such trees as should be removed and destroyed at once4 ,all persons are requested to inform the ,department of the location of infested hickory trees and to extend to the inspectors such assistance as may be desired4 ,department ,circular ,number #fd on ,dying ,hickory ,trees will be sent to all applicants4 ,,calvin ,j4 ,,huson1 ,commissioner of ,agriculture ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,miscellaneous ,,notes ,members present3 ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris ,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,mr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,roper ,prof4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,mayo ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,col4 ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee ,prof4 ,j4 ,russell ,smith ,prof4 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,mr4 ,h4 ,n4 ,gowing ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,mc,sparren4 ,others present3 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy ,mrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones ,mrs4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,prof4 ,f4 ,n4 ,fagan1 ,dept4 of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college of ,pennsylvania ,mrs4 ,fagan ,mr4 ,roy ,g4 ,pierce1 ,tree ,surgeon1 ,penn4 ,chestnut ,blight ,commission ,mr4 ,keller ,e4 ,rockey1 ,forester in ,charge of ,demonstration ,work1 ,penn4 ,chestnut ,blight ,commission ,col4 ,c4 ,k4 ,sober1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,v4 ,wilcox1 ,rep4 ,thos4 ,meehan ,sons1 ,germantown ,mr4 ,h4 ,brown1 ,rep4 ,thos4 ,meehan ,sons1 ,germantown ,mr4 ,wilmer ,p4 ,hoopes1 ,forest ,hill1 ,md4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,metzger1 ,millersville1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,amos ,m4 ,landis1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,blair ,funk1 ,pequea ,creek1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,david ,s4 ,herr1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,edward ,harris1 ,sr41 ,cumberland1 ,md4 ,mr4 ,edgar ,a4 ,weimer1 ,lebanon1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,benj4 ,h4 ,gochnauer1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,reese1 ,elizabethtown1 ,pa4 ,and others4 ,,correspondents ,,and ,,others ,,interested ,,in ,,nut ,,culture ,,alabama ,williams1 ,p4 ,f41 ,prof4 of ,horticulture1 ,ala4 ,polytechnic ,institute1 ,auburn ,alabama ,farm ,journal1 ,montgomery1 ,ala4 ,,arizona ,biederman1 ,c4 ,r41 ,garces1 ,cochise ,co4 ,huntzinger1 ,h4 ,g41 ,teviston ,rodgers1 ,robt4 ,a41 ,forest ,service1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept1 of ,agric1 ,canille ,,arkansas ,wilson1 ,b4 ,n41 ,prof4 of ,mechanical ,engineering1 ,univ4 of ,ark41 ,fayetteville ,powers1 ,r4 ,c1 #dad ,so4 ,trust ,bldg41 ,little ,rock1 ,ark4 ,,california ,mc,neil1 ,anna1 #baed ,center ,st41 ,berkeley ,baker1 ,w4 ,a41 ,greenfield ,leonard ,coates ,nursery ,co41 ,morgan ,hill ,smith1 ,r4 ,e41 ,agric ,exp4 ,sta41 ,whittier ,burbank1 ,luther1 ,santa ,rosa ,,canada ,cleugh1 ,h4 ,h41 ,castlegar1 ,british ,columbia ,secord1 ,harper1 ,st4 ,catherin's1 ,ontario ,porter1 ,w4 ,t41 #aebj ,st4 ,clair ,ave41 ,toronto ,sager1 ,d4 ,s41 ,dr41 ,brantford ,moyle1 ,henry1 #hd ,bedford ,road1 ,toronto ,ross1 ,malcolm ,n41 ,dept4 ,public ,works1 ,regina1 ,saskatchewan ,saunders ,co41 ,w4 ,e41 ,london1 ,ontario ,hubbell1 ,w4 ,s41 ,spanish ,river ,lumber ,co41 ,little 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,brooklyn ,brown1 ,carl ,w41 ,ripley1 ,chautauqua ,co4 ,teran1 ,t4 ,mrs41 ,hotel ,calvert1 ,new ,york ,city ,power1 ,alice ,b41 ,miss1 ,no4 #bjc ,st4 ,paul ,st41 ,rochester ,banks1 ,e4 ,m41 ,no4 #cdb ,west #deth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,anderson1 ,bryon ,wall1 ,no4 #gi ,franklin ,ave41 ,new ,rochelle ,mesner1 ,e4 ,d41 ,no4 #cd ,carlton ,st41 ,buffalo ,gawey1 ,gerald1 ,no4 #cdg ,w4 #aith ,st4 ,maynard1 ,a4 ,r41 ,waterloo ,johnson1 ,m41 ,no4 #edj ,w4 #adfth ,st4 ,strawn1 ,t4 ,c41 ,no4 #cee ,w4 #eeth ,st4 ,bruce1 ,w4 ,robert1 ,brick ,church ,institute1 ,rochester ,broughton1 ,l4 ,d41 ,no4 #cjd ,lewis ,ave41 ,brooklyn ,ouilshan1 ,h4 ,w41 ,n4 ,e4 ,cor4 #abeth ,st4 and #hth ,ave41 ,bishop ,building1 ,rooms #bjg-baj1 ,new ,york ,city ,wadsworth1 ,m4 ,a41 ,no4 #dbc ,e4 #dth ,st41 ,brooklyn ,,north ,,carolina ,blair1 ,wm4 ,a41 ,v4 ,p4 ,people's ,nat4 ,bank1 ,winston-,salem ,,ohio ,wise1 ,p41 ,maumee ,schuh1 ,l4 ,h41 ,columbus ,rich1 ,e4 ,l41 ,no4 #cjfc ,edgehill ,road1 ,cleveland ,heights1 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,watt1 ,frank ,e41 ,no4 #aaf ,show ,ave41 ,dayton ,anderson1 ,a4 ,j41 ,ohio ,farmer1 ,cleveland ,scarff1 ,w4 ,u41 ,new ,carlisle ,durant1 ,a4 ,t41 ,german-,american ,ins4 ,co41 ,akron ,daugherty1 ,u4 ,g41 ,r4 ,d4 #ac1 ,dayton ,miller1 ,chas4 ,d41 #fj ,n4 ,garfield ,ave41 ,columbus ,doren1 ,jane ,m41 ,bexley1 ,columbus ,prickett1 ,j4 ,d41 #gbg ,plymouth ,st41 ,toledo ,zerkey1 ,m4 ,allen1 ,justus1 ,r4 ,d4 #a ,lohman1 ,e41 ,greenville ,ewart1 ,mortimer1 ,mogadore ,schumacher1 ,arlin1 ,pandora ,yunck1 ,ed4 ,g41 #gaj ,central ,ave41 ,sandusky ,nellis1 ,a4 ,s4 ,byrne1 ,dr41 ,cor4 ,third ,webb ,sts41 ,dayton ,rogers1 ,w4 ,b41 ,st4 ,stanislaus' ,house of ,retreat1 ,cleveland ,parrott1 ,frances1 ,miss1 ,r4 ,d4 #ab1 ,dayton ,rector1 ,j4 ,m41 ,dr41 ,columbus ,lauder1 ,ed41 ,dr41 #ajab ,prospect ,ave41 ,s4 ,e41 ,cleveland ,,oregon ,robinson1 ,c4 ,a41 ,r4,f4,d4 #a1 ,carlton1 ,yamhill ,co4 ,oregon ,r4 ,r4 ,navigation ,co41 ,portland ,power1 ,frank ,w41 ,sec'y ,state ,horticultural ,society1 ,orenco ,gardener1 ,v4 ,r41 ,associate ,prof1 of ,horticulture1 ,corvallis ,mc,donald1 ,m41 ,oregon ,nursery ,co41 ,orenco ,magruder1 ,g4 ,m41 ,medical ,building1 ,portland ,fishback1 ,p4 ,l41 ,monmouth ,,panama ,deer1 ,g4 ,n41 ,ancon1 ,c4 ,z4 ,,pennsylvania ,le ,fevre1 ,b4 ,w41 #bea ,elm ,st41 ,lancaster ,harris1 ,d4 ,s41 ,williamsburg1 ,p4,o4 ,box #daf ,wright1 ,m4 ,h41 ,penn4 ,shafting ,co41 ,spring ,city ,hutchinson1 ,mahlon1 #ach ,south #aeth ,street1 ,philadelphia ,taylor1 ,c4 ,b41 ,philadelphia ,townsend1 ,c4 ,w41 ,pittsburg ,allen1 ,carl ,g41 ,williamsport ,hall1 ,l4 ,c41 ,avonia ,sober1 ,c4 ,k41 ,lewisburg ,foley1 ,john1 ,forester ,penn4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,broad ,st4 ,sta41 ,philadelphia ,mann1 ,chas4 ,s41 ,hatboro1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,r4 ,d4 #a ,springer1 ,willard1 ,jr41 ,forest ,asst4 ,pa4 ,r4 ,r4 ,broad ,st4 ,sta4 ,philadelphia ,peck1 ,wm4 ,h41 ,care of ,third ,nat4 ,bank1 ,scranton ,riehl1 ,h4 ,f41 ,manheim ,hildebrand1 ,f4 ,b41 ,duquesne ,wolford1 ,c4 ,h41 ,prin4 ,duquesne ,public ,schools1 ,duquesne ,motts1 ,sarah ,e41 #ecc ,s4 ,hanover ,st41 ,carlisle ,watts1 ,r4 ,l41 ,prof4 of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college ,hebbin1 ,t4 ,t41 ,mc,keesport ,ballou1 ,c4 ,s41 ,potter ,co4 ,marsden1 ,biddle ,r41 ,dr41 ,chestnut ,hill1 ,philadelphia ,fenstermacher1 ,p4 ,s41 ,care of ,harry ,c4 ,tripler1 ,young ,bldg41 ,allentown ,keeler1 ,asa ,s41 ,tunckhannock ,hess1 ,frank ,p41 ,jr41 #ca ,n4 ,walnut ,st41 ,mt4 ,carmel ,george1 ,w4 ,h41 ,edgewood1 ,bucks ,co4 ,scott ,hill1 ,erie ,st4 ,francis1 ,j41 #ba ,scott ,block1 ,erie ,wilt1 ,edwin ,m41 ,no4 #haf ,brooklyn ,st41 ,philadelphia ,wright1 ,w4 ,j41 ,state ,college ,scott1 ,w4 ,m41 ,no4 #hbd ,centennial ,ave41 ,sewickley ,small1 ,norbert1 ,edgegrove ,schotte1 ,t4 ,b41 ,kittanning ,kirkpatrick1 ,f4 ,l41 ,no4 #bgc ,eleventh ,st41 ,philadelphia ,gochnauer1 ,benj4 ,h41 ,lancaster1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,no4 #g ,engle1 ,e4 ,b41 ,marietta ,cook1 ,dr41 ,george ,r41 ,johnston ,chalmers1 ,w4 ,j41 ,vanport1 ,beaver ,co4 ,cahalan1 ,jno4 ,a41 ,no4 #aebd ,chestnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,de,weese1 ,d4 ,m41 ,no4 #ea ,logan ,ave41 ,sharon ,doan1 ,j4 ,l41 ,school of ,horticulture1 ,ambler4 ,keystone ,wood ,co41 ,williamsport ,fleming1 ,h4 ,n41 ,no4 #daj ,downing ,bldg41 ,erie ,hassell1 ,h4 ,w41 ,dr41 ,medical ,department1 ,eastern ,state ,penitentiary1 ,philadelphia ,pease1 ,h4 ,e41 ,no4 #aaaa ,lamont ,st41 ,pittsburgh ,palmer1 ,c4 ,l41 ,dr41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box1 ,mt4 ,lebanon ,spear1 ,james1 ,jr41 ,wallingford ,hoerner1 ,william ,s41 ,chambersburg ,hazel1 ,boyd ,e41 ,box ,no4 #eg1 ,madisonburg ,stover1 ,c4 ,j41 ,ambler ,davis1 ,thos4 ,d41 ,no4 #bfg ,shady ,ave41 ,pittsburgh ,hill1 ,v4 ,j41 ,no4 #dbae ,chestnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,richards1 ,a4 ,c41 ,schellsburg ,stocks1 ,george1 ,no4 #aabh ,heberton1 ,pittsburgh ,rhoads1 ,dr41 ,j4 ,n41 ,no4 #afce ,s4 ,broad ,st41 ,philadelphia ,quimby1 ,c4 ,s41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,phoenixville ,,rhode ,,island ,peckham1 ,f4 ,h41 ,dr41 #f ,thomas ,st41 ,providence ,collins1 ,franklin ,j41 ,prof41 #dfh ,hope ,st41 ,providence ,heaton1 ,h4 ,w41 ,m4,d41 ,no4 #b ,iron's ,block1 ,providence ,winslow1 ,ernest ,l41 ,providence ,bronsdon1 ,m4 ,h41 ,chief ,engineer1 ,the ,rhode ,island ,co41 ,providence ,pleger1 ,john ,j41 ,box #fhf1 ,manila ,,texas ,blair1 ,r4 ,e41 ,u4 ,s4 ,exper4 ,farm1 ,san ,antonio ,edward1 ,chas4 ,l41 ,dallas ,kyle1 ,e4 ,j41 ,prof1 of ,horticulture1 ,college ,station ,anderson1 ,j4 ,h41 ,brighton ,canada1 ,j4 ,w41 ,houston ,,utah ,hansen1 ,o4 ,k41 ,dr41 ,provo ,hughes1 ,m4 ,a41 ,dr41 ,judge ,bldg41 ,salt ,lake ,city ,,vermont ,woodman1 ,j4 ,s41 ,so4 ,royalton ,cummings1 ,m4 ,b41 ,sec'y ,state ,horticultural ,society1 ,burlington ,parrish1 ,john ,s41 ,eastham1 ,albermarle ,co4 ,blue1 ,c4 ,e41 ,ridgeway1 ,charlottsville ,haynes1 ,i4 ,j41 ,manakin ,,virginia ,emerson1 ,j4 ,s41 ,dr41 ,red ,hill ,catlett1 ,carter1 ,gloucester ,,washington ,washington ,nursery ,co41 ,toppenish ,shomaker1 ,joel1 ,nellita ,moody1 ,robert1 ,everett ,stuart1 ,john ,a41 ,christopher ,nurseries1 ,christopher ,davis1 ,pauline1 ,miss1 ,box #dae1 ,pullman ,may1 ,walter1 #def ,empire ,bldg41 ,okanogan ,western ,farmer1 ,spokane ,march1 ,g4 ,l41 ,kennewick ,,west ,,virginia ,bennett1 ,louis1 ,mrs41 #adh ,court ,ave41 ,weston ,,wisconsin ,kirr1 ,a4 ,r41 ,box ,c1 ,r4 ,d4 #f1 ,fond du ,lac ,harold1 ,geo4 ,e41 ,maiden ,rock1 ,r4 ,d4 #c ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,van ,deman1 ,h4 ,e41 ,washington ,swingle1 ,walter1 ,prof41 ,bur4 ,plant ,industry1 ,washington ,coville1 ,fred4 ,v41 ,prof41 ,bur4 ,plant ,industry1 ,washington ,clinton1 ,l4 ,a41 ,prof41 ,dept1 of ,agric41 ,washington ,stabler1 ,albert1 ,ins4 ,agt41 ,washington ,bick1 ,wm4 ,h41 #adjc ,h4 ,st41 ,washington ,hendrick1 ,a4 ,j41 #fji1 #crd ,st41 ,washington ,life ,health1 ,takoma ,park ,sta41 ,washington ,,extracts ,,from ,,letters ,,from ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,,and ,,others ,a well-known nut grower in ,delaware writes3 ,we have given the filberts a thorough test and found them one of the most unprofitable nuts ever tested4 ,at one time we had under test about #ae distinct varieties4 ,after several years tests they all succumbed to the blight2 a blight that attacked the old wood and killed it4 ,some of our bushes or trees got as much as six inches in diameter before they were entirely killed back4 ,possibly by thorough spraying from the setting of trees a success might be made4 ,some varieties tested were very prolific and of fine quality4 ,we succeeded in getting a fine lot of walnuts from the tree southeast of the potato house by applying pollen4 ,they are as fine and as well filled and as large as any ,i have ever seen4 ,several of our crosses had a few nuts this year1 most of them are rather thick shelled4 ,the trees though seem to be perfectly hardy4 ,we have several ,japan walnut trees bearing this year some of which ,i consider first class1 equal to the best shellbarks or pecans in cracking quality2 besides they are so very prolific1 producing as many as a dozen in a cluster4 ,we can show specimens from several distinct varieties or types4 ,the ,cordiformis seems to be one of the best4 ,we also have some very fine black walnuts4 ,one of our seedlings from the select nuts produces the largest walnuts that ,i have ever seen4 ,the tree did not have very many on it this year4 ,several of the other seedlings from the same planting produced fine nuts with good cracking qualities4 ,we also had several pecan trees to bear a few nuts this year2 most of the nuts were rather small but of fine quality1 very thin shells and well filled4 ,our ,japan chestnuts bore quite full4 ,i think it possible to produce ,persian walnuts successfully in our locality4 ,i also think the ,japan walnut offers a good field for investigation4 ,,from ,,the ,,state ,,vice-,,president ,,for ,,colorado ,dec4 #aa1 #aiab4 ,so far as ,i can learn only two attempts have been made in this state to grow nuts4 ,the first one consists in the setting out of about one hundred ,japanese walnuts by the ,antlers ,orchard ,co4 ,their place is on the western slope in the fruit district and ,i am informed that the first winter the tops were killed but new shoots put out from the roots and the trees did well this year4 ,the other attempt is one ,i made last spring4 ,i set out a few pecan trees as an experiment near ,colorado ,springs4 ,six of the seven trees lived and put out some leaves but did not make much growth4 ,if they survive the winter ,i purpose planting more pecans and some other nuts1--chestnuts1 black walnuts and possibly ,persian walnuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hilton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nov4 #bi1 #aiab4 ,dear ,sir3 ,in reply to your inquiry ,i am inclosing notes on walnut culture in this locality4 ,this noble fruit is not generally known here4 ,i do not know of more than twelve or fifteen bearing trees in my county4 ,of these all are without doubt seedlings1 and are located in places where the peach will thrive4 ,the soil in which they grow is varied3 ,dunkirk fine sand1 ,dunkirk silt loam1 ,ontario fine sand loam1 and ,ontario loam4 7,see soil survey of ,monroe county1 ,n4 ,y4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture47 ,the altitude is comparatively low4 ,the highest point in the county is only #fhb ft4 above lake ,ontario1 and the average elevation is not more than #cjj ft4 ,the ,holden walnuts are growing at a still lower level4 ,this tree1 considering its surroundings and location1 had a good crop this year4 ,standing on the lawn uncultivated and unfertilized1 hemmed in on three sides by other trees1 it gave us at least three bushels of fine nuts4 ,the wood showed no injury after last winter's intense cold4 ,growth started in the spring just as the apple blossoms came out4 ,the catkins are very large1 at least much larger than those on the other trees we have1 and hang on longer4 ,one of our trees loses its male blossoms before the female bloom appears1 but the ,holden is the last to lose them4 ,about half of the clusters of fruit have two or three nuts in them4 ,we began harvesting the nuts ,sept4 #aeth1 just four months from the blossom4 ,the dropping continued for a month1 prolonged on account of lack of frost4 ,last week the ,rochester ,democrat and ,chronicle reported the appearance of the first load of ,english walnuts ever brought on the local market4 ,they were grown on fifteen year old seedlings1 at ,east ,avon1 ,n4 ,y41 by ,adelbert ,thompson4 ,his orchard is said to contain #bjj trees4 ,it seems very probable that the next twenty-five years will see the development of ,persian walnut growing1 to commercial proportions1 in those localities in the state where the peach will grow4 ,i had a little experience last spring with southern grown walnut trees4 ,last spring ,i received from ,louisiana eleven trees of the ,holden variety grafted on black walnut stocks4 ,they were fine trees1 the largest at least eight feet tall4 ,six of these ,i set out in my own orchards and gave them intensive care and cultivation1 but alas1 growth was weak and at last they died4 ,if ,i were to deduce any conclusions it would be that there is too great a difference between ,louisiana and ,new ,york conditions4 ,,from ,,the ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,minnesota ,,state ,,horticultural ,,society ,dear ,sir3-- ,i am addressing you as secretary of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association in hopes that you can refer me to some one1 perhaps a member of your society1 in this part of the country to whom we can appeal to take part at the coming annual meeting of this society as champion of nut growing4 ,while in our state we cannot successfully grow pecans1 nor perhaps the sweet chestnut and some other nuts1 yet some varieties do well with us and a larger interest in their growing should be stimulated4 ,yours very truly1 ,a4 ,w4 ,latham1 ,sec'y4