,libr>y ,edition ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,john ,,rusk9 ,,/ones ,,( ,,v5ice ,,volume ,,iii ,,giotto ,,lectures ,,on ,,ar*itecture ,,h>b\rs ,,( ,,engl& ,a ,,joy ,,=ev] ,,national ,,libr>y ,,association ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,! ,,complete ,,works ,,( ,,john ,,rusk9 ,,volume ,x ,,giotto ,,& ,,8 ,,works ,,lectures ,,on ,,ar*itecture ,,! ,,h>bors ,,( ,,engl& ,,political ,,economy ,,( ,,art 7,a ,,joy ,,=ev]7 ,,lectures ,,on ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,pa9t+ ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,ed9burgh ,,9 ,,novemb]1 #ahec4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface v ,,lecture ,i4 ,,ar*itecture #a ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,ar*itecture #cd ,,add5da ,,to ,,lectures ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 #ef ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,turn] ,,& ,,8 ,,works #ge ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,pre-,,raphaelitism #ajj ,,add5da ,,to ,,lecture ,,iv4 #abc ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates4 ,fac+ ,page ,,plate ,i4 ,figs4 #a4 #c4 & #e4 ,illu/rative diagrams #c ,,ii4 #b4 ,w9d[s 9 ,oakham ,ca/le #e ,,iii4 #d4 & #f4 ,spray ( a%-tree1 & improvem5t ( ! same on ,greek pr9ciples #aj ,,iv4 #g4 ,w9d[ 9 ,dunblane ,ca!dral #ae ,v4 #h4 ,m$iaeval turret #bj ,,vi4 #i4 & #aj4 ,lomb>dic t[]s #bb ,,vii4 #aa4 & #ab4 ,spires at ,c\tances & ,r\5 #be ,,viii4 #ac4 & #ad4 ,illu/rative diagrams #ci ,,ix4 #ae4 ,sculpture at ,lyons #dj ,x4 #af4 ,ni*e at ,ami5s #da ,,xi4 #ag4 & #ah4 ,tig]'s head1 & improvem5t ( ! same on ,greek pr9ciples #dd ,,xii4 #ai4 ,g>ret w9d[ 9 ,hotel de ,b\rg!r\de #ea ,,xiii4 #bj4 & #ba4 ,trees1 z drawn 9 ! #ac? c5tury #ha ,,xiv4 #bb4 ,rocks1 z drawn by ! s*ool ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci #hc ,,xv4 #bc4 ,b\ghs ( trees1 aft] ,titian #hd ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ ,lectures are pr9t$1 z f> z possible1 j z !y 7 deliv]$4 ,"h & !re a s5t5ce :i* seem$ obscure has be5 m5d$1 & ! passages :i* _h n be5 previ\sly writt51 h be51 ( c\rse imp]fectly1 suppli$ f memory4 ,b ,i am well assur$ t no?+ ( any sub/antial importance :i* 0 said 9 ! lecture-room1 is ei!r omitt$1 or alt]$ 9 its signification2 ) ! exception only ( a few s5t5ces /ruck out f ! notice ( ! works ( ,turn]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! impossibility ( engrav+ ! draw+s by :i* !y 7 illu/rat$1 except at a co/ :i* w\ld h too mu* rais$ ! price ( ! volume4 ,"s elucidatory rem>ks h1 h[ev]1 be5 add$ at ! close ( ! second & f\r? ,lectures1 :i* ,i hope may be ( m use ?an ! passages :i* ,i 0 oblig$ to omit4 ,! draw+s by :i* ! ,lectures on ,ar*itecture 7 illu/rat$ h be5 c>efully r$uc$1 & well transf]r$ to wood by ,mr4 ,?ur/on ,?ompson4 ,^? :i* 7 giv5 9 ! c\rse ( ! notices ( s*ools ( pa9t+ c\ld n be s transf]r$1 hav+ be5 drawn 9 color2 & ,i h !re=e m]ely _h a few l9es1 absolutely necess>y to make ! text intelligible1 copi$ f engrav+s4 ,i =got1 9 prep>+ ! second ,lecture = ! press1 to quote a passage f ,"l ,l9dsay's ,*ri/ian ,art1 illu/rative ( :at is said 9 t lecture 7,sec4 #eb71 respect+ ! en]gy ( ! m$iaeval republics4 ,?is passage1 describ+ ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ,campanile ( ! ,duomo ( ,flor5ce 0 built1 is int]e/+ also z notic+ ! univ]sality ( tal5t :i* 0 requir$ ( ar*itects2 & :i*1 z ,i h ass]t$ 9 ! ,add5da 7,sec4 #fj71 always ought to be requir$ ( !m4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 n[ regret ! omission1 z ,i _c easily imag9e a bett] preface to an essay on civil ar*itecture ?an ?is simple /atem5t4 ,9 #accb1 ,giotto 0 *os5 to erect x 7! ,campanile71 on ! gr\nd1 av[$ly1 ( ! univ]sality ( 8 tal5ts1 ) ! appo9tm5t ( ,capo ,mae/ro1 or *ief ,ar*itect 7*ief ,ma/] ,i %\ld r write71 ( ! ,ca!dral & its dep5d5cies1 a ye>ly sal>y ( "o hundr$ gold flor9s1 & ! privilege ( citiz5%ip1 "u ! special und]/&+ t he 0 n to quit ,flor5ce4 ,8 designs be+ approv$ (1 ! republic pass$ a decree 9 ! spr+ ( #accd1 t ! ,campanile %\ld be built s z to exce$ 9 magnific5ce1 height1 & excell5ce ( workman%ip :atev] 9 t "t _h be5 a*iev$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 ! "t ( _! utmo/ p[] & greatness4 ,! fir/ /one 0 laid1 accord+ly1 ) great pomp1 on ! #ah? ( ,july foll[+1 & ! "w prosecut$ ) vigor1 & ) su* co/l9ess & utt] disreg>d ( exp5se1 t a citiz5 ( ,v]ona1 look+ on1 exclaim$ t ! republic 0 tax+ h] /r5g? too f>1 t ! unit$ res\rces ( two great mon>*s w\ld be insuffici5t to complete x2 a criticism :i* ! ,signoria res5t$ by conf9+ him = two mon?s 9 prison1 & aft]w>ds conduct+ him ?r\gh ! public treasury1 to tea* him t ! ,flor5t9es c\ld build _! :ole city ( m>ble1 & n "o poor /eeple only1 7 !y s incl9$4 ,i see t ,! ,build]1 vol4 xi4 page #fij1 has be5 endeavor+ to inspire ! citiz5s ( ,le$s ) "s pride ( ?is k9d respect+ _! t[n-hall4 ,! pride w\ld be well1 b ,i s9c]ely tru/ t ! t[] 9 "q may n be built on ! design !re propos$4 ,i am sorry to h to write a special criticism1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! be/ works1 by ! be/ m5 liv+1 are 9 ?is age abus$ )\t m]cy by nameless critics2 & x w\ld be unju/ to ! public1 if ^? :o h giv5 _! names z gu>antee = _! s9c]ity nev] _h ! c\rage to ent] a prote/ aga9/ ! execution ( designs :i* appe> to !m unwor?y4 ,,d5m>k ,,hill1 #af? ,april #ahed4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,ar*itecture ,,& ,,pa9t+4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,ar*itecture4 ,deliv]$ ,novemb] #a1 #ahec4 #a4 ,i ?9k myself peculi>ly happy 9 be+ p]mitt$ to address ! citiz5s ( ,ed9burgh on ! subject ( ar*itecture1 = x is "o :i*1 !y _c b feel1 int]e/s !m ne>ly4 ,( all ! cities 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 ,ed9burgh is ! "o :i* pres5ts mo/ advantages = ! display ( a noble build+2 & :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 su/a9s mo/ injury 9 ! erection ( a commonplace or unwor?y "o4 ,y are all pr\d ( y\r city2 surely y mu/ feel x a duty 9 "s sort to ju/ify y\r pride2 t is to say1 to give y\rselves a "r to be pr\d ( x4 ,t y 7 born "u ! %ad[ ( its two fanta/ic m\nta9s1--t y live :]e f y\r room w9d[s y c trace ! %ores ( its glitt]+ ,fir?1 are no rightful subjects ( pride4 ,y did n raise ! m\nta9s1 nor %ape ! %ores2 & ! hi/orical h\ses ( y\r ,canongate1 & ! broad battlem5ts ( y\r ca/le1 reflect honor ^u y only ?r\gh y\r ance/ors4 ,be=e y boa/ ( y\r city1 be=e ev5 y v5ture to call x y\rs1 ought y n scrupul\sly to weigh ! exact %>e y h _h 9 add+ to x or adorn+ x1 to calculate s]i\sly ! influ5ce ^u its aspect :i* ! "w ( y\r own h&s has ex]cis$8 ,i d n say t1 ev5 :5 y reg>d y\r city 9 ?is scrupul\s & te/+ _s1 y h n consid]able gr\nd = exultation4 ,z f> z ,i am acqua9t$ ) mod]n ar*itecture1 ,i am aw>e ( no /reets :i*1 9 simplicity & manl9ess ( /yle1 or g5]al bread? & brightness ( effect1 equal ^? ( ! ,new ,t[n ( ,ed9burgh4 ,b yet ,i am well p]suad$ t z y trav]se ^? /reets1 y\r feel+s ( pleasure & pride 9 !m are mu* complicat$ ) ^? :i* are excit$ entirely by ! surr\nd+ sc5]y4 ,z y walk up or d[n ,george ,/reet1 = in/ance1 d y n look eag]ly = e op5+ to ! nor? & s\?1 :i* lets 9 ! lu/] ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?1 or ! rugg$ outl9e ( ! ,ca/le ,rock8 ,take away ! sea-waves1 & ! d>k basalt1 & ,i fe> y w\ld f9d little to int]e/ y 9 ,george ,/reet by itself4 ,n[ ,i rememb] a city1 m nobly plac$ ev5 ?an y\r ,ed9burgh1 :i*1 in/ead ( ! valley t y h n[ fill$ by l9es ( railroad1 has a broad & ru%+ riv] ( blue wat] sweep+ ?r\gh ! he>t ( x2 :i*1 = ! d>k & solit>y rock t be>s y\r ca/le1 has an amphi!at] ( cliffs cre/$ ) cypresses & olive2 :i*1 = ! two masses ( ,ar?ur's ,seat & ! ranges ( ! ,p5tl&s1 has a *a9 ( blue m\nta9s high] ?an ! haughtie/ peaks ( y\r ,highl&s2 & :i*1 = y\r f>-away ,b5 ,l$i & ,b5 ,m1 has ! great c5tral *a9 ( ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,alps3 & yet1 z y g out ( ! gates1 & walk 9 ! suburban /reets ( t city--,i mean ,v]ona--! eye nev] seeks to re/ on t ext]nal sc5]y1 h[ev] gorge\s2 x does n look = ! gaps betwe5 ! h\ses1 z y d "h2 x may = a few mom5ts foll[ ! brok5 l9e ( ! great ,alp9e battlem5ts2 b x is only :]e !y =m a backgr\nd = o!r battlem5ts1 built by ! h& ( man4 ,!re is no necessity felt to dwell on ! blue riv] or ! burn+ hills4 ,! he>t & eye h en\gh to d 9 ! /reets ( ! city itself2 !y are cont5t$ !re2 nay1 !y sometimes turn f ! natural sc5]y1 z if too savage & solit>y1 to dwell ) a deep] int]e/ on ! palace walls t ca/ _! %ade ^u ! /reets1 & ! cr[d ( t[]s t rise out ( t %ad[ into ! dep? ( ! sky4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 7,fig4 #a41 ,fig4 #c41 ,fig4 #e47 #b4 ,t is a city to be pr\d (1 inde$2 & x is ?is k9d ( ar*itectural dignity :i* y %\ld aim at1 9 :at y add to ,ed9burgh or rebuild 9 x4 ,= rememb]1 y mu/ ei!r help y\r sc5]y or de/roy x2 :atev] y d has an effect ( "o k9d or ! o!r2 x is nev] indiff]5t4 ,b1 above all1 rememb] t x is *iefly by private1 n by public1 ef=t t y\r city mu/ be adorn$4 ,x does n matt] h[ _m beautiful public build+s y possess1 if !y are n support$ by1 & 9 h>mony )1 ! private h\ses ( ! t[n4 ,nei!r ! m9d nor ! eye w accept a new college1 or a new hospital1 or a new in/itution1 = a city4 ,x is ! ,canongate1 & ! ,pr9ces ,/reet1 & ! ,high ,/reet t are ,ed9burgh4 ,x is 9 y\r own private h\ses t ! real maje/y ( ,ed9burgh mu/ consi/2 &1 :at is m1 x mu/ be by y\r own p]sonal int]e/ t ! /yle ( ! ar*itecture :i* rises ar\nd y mu/ be pr9cipally guid$4 ,d n ?9k t y c h good ar*itecture m]ely by pay+ = x4 ,x is n by subscrib+ lib]ally = a l>ge build+ once 9 =ty ye>s t y c call up ar*itects & inspiration4 ,x is only by active & sympa!tic att5tion to ! dome/ic & e-day "w :i* is done = ea* ( y1 t y c educate ei!r y\rselves to ! feel+1 or y\r build]s to ! do+1 ( :at is truly great4 #c4 ,well1 b1 y w answ]1 y _c feel int]e/$ 9 ar*itecture3 y d n c>e ab\t x1 & _c c>e ab\t x4 ,i "k y _c4 ,ab\t su* ar*itecture z is built n[adays1 no mortal ev] did or c\ld c>e4 ,y d n feel int]e/$ 9 he>+ ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga92--:y d y suppose y c feel int]e/$ 9 see+ ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga91 7 t ?+ ev5 ! be/ & mo/ beautiful 9 ! _w8 ,n[1 y all "k ! k9d ( w9d[ :i* y usually build 9 ,ed9burgh3 "h is an example ( ! head ( "o 7fig4 #a71 a massy l9tel ( a s+le /one1 laid across f side to side1 ) bold squ>e-cut jambs--9 fact1 ! simple/ =m x is possible to build4 ,x is by no means a bad =m2 on ! contr>y1 x is v manly & vigor\s1 & has a c]ta9 dignity 9 its utt] refusal ( ornam5t4 ,b ,i _c say x is ent]ta9+4 ,h[ _m w9d[s precisely ( ?is =m d y suppose !re are 9 ! ,new ,t[n ( ,ed9burgh8 ,i h n c\nt$ !m all ?r\gh ! t[n1 b ,i c\nt$ !m ?is morn+ along ?is v ,que5 ,/reet1 9 :i* y\r ,hall is2 & on ! "o side ( t /reet1 !re are ( ^! w9d[s1 absolutely simil> to ?is example1 & altoge!r devoid ( any relief by decoration1 six hundr$ & sev5ty-eight4#a ,& y\r decorations are j z monoton\s z y\r simplicities4 ,h[ _m ,cor9?ian & ,doric columns d y ?9k !re are 9 y\r banks1 & po/-(fices1 in/itutions1 & ,i "k n :at else1 "o exactly l ano!r8--& yet y expect to be int]e/$6 ,nay1 b1 y w answ] me aga91 we see sunrises & sunsets1 & violets & roses1 ov] & ov] aga91 & we d n tire ( !m4 ,:at6 did y ev] see "o sunrise l ano!r8 does n ,god v>y ,8 cl\ds = y e morn+ & e night8 ?\gh1 inde$1 !re is en\gh 9 ! disappe>+ & appe>+ ( ! great orb above ! roll+ ( ! _w1 to int]e/ all ( u1 "o w\ld ?9k1 = z _m times z we %all see x2 & yet ! aspect ( x is *ang$ = u daily4 ,y see violets & roses (t51 & are n tir$ ( !m4 ,true6 b y did n (t5 see two roses alike1 or1 if y did1 y took c>e n to put !m beside ea* o!r 9 ! same nosegay1 = fe> y\r nosegay %\ld be un9t]e/+2 & yet y ?9k y c put #aej1jjj squ>e w9d[s side by side 9 ! same /reets1 & /ill be int]e/$ by !m4 ,:y1 if ,i 7 to say ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga91 = ! s+le h\r y are go+ to let me talk to y1 w\ld y li/5 to me8 & yet y let y\r ar*itects d ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga9 = ?ree c5turies1 & expect to be int]e/$ by _! ar*itecture2 ) a f>!r disadvantage on ! side ( ! build]1 z comp>$ ) ! speak]1 t my wa/$ words w\ld co/ y b little1 b 8 wa/$ /ones h co/ y no small "p ( y\r incomes4 ,footnote #a3 ,includ+ ,york ,place1 & ,pic>dy ,place1 b n c\nt+ any w9d[ :i* has mold+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 7,fig4 #b7 #d4 ,well1 b1 y /ill ?9k )9 y\rselves1 x is n "r t ar*itecture %\ld be int]e/+4 ,x is a v gr& ?+1 ?is ar*itecture1 b ess5tially un5t]ta9+4 ,x is its duty to be dull1 x is monoton\s by law3 x _c be correct & yet amus+4 ,believe me1 x is n s4 ,all ?+s t are wor? do+ 9 art1 are int]e/+ & attractive :5 !y are done4 ,!re is no law ( "r :i* consecrates dullness4 ,! pro( ( a ?+'s be+ "r is1 t x has p[] ov] ! he>t2 t x excites u1 w9s u1 or helps u4 ,i d n say t x has influ5ce ov] all1 b x has ov] a l>ge class1 "o k9d ( art be+ fit = "o class1 & ano!r = ano!r2 & !re is no goodness 9 art :i* is indep5d5t ( ! p[] ( pleas+4 ,yet1 d n mi/ake me2 ,i d n mean t !re is no su* ?+ z neglect ( ! be/ art1 or delight 9 ! wor/1 j z _m m5 neglect nature1 & fe$ ^u :at is artificial & base2 b ,i mean1 t all good art has ! capacity ( pleas+1 if p w att5d to x2 t !re is no law aga9/ its pleas+2 b1 on ! contr>y1 some?+ wrong ei!r 9 ! spectator or ! art1 :5 x ceases to please4 ,n[1 !re=e1 if y feel t y\r pres5t s*ool ( ar*itecture is unattractive to y1 ,i say !re is some?+ wrong1 ei!r 9 ! ar*itecture or 9 y2 & ,i tru/ y w n ?9k ,i mean to flatt] y :5 ,i tell y1 t ! wrong is n 9 y1 b 9 ! ar*itecture4 ,look at ?is = a mom5t 7fig4 #b72 x is a w9d[ actually exi/+--a w9d[ ( an ,engli% dome/ic build+#b--;a w9d[ built six hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,y w n tell me y h no pleasure 9 look+ at ?is2 or t y c\ld n1 by any possibility1 become int]e/$ 9 ! art :i* produc$ x2 or t1 if e w9d[ 9 y\r /reets 7 ( "s su* =m1 ) p]petual *ange 9 _! ornam5ts1 y w\ld pass up & d[n ! /reet ) z mu* indiff]5ce z n[1 :5 y\r w9d[s are ( ?is =m 7fig4 #a74 ,c y = an in/ant suppose t ! ar*itect 0 a great] or wis] man :o built ?is1 ?an he :o built t8 or t 9 ! arrangem5t ( ^! dull & monoton\s /ones !re is m wit & s5se ?an y c p5etrate8 ,believe me1 ! wrong is n 9 y2 y w\ld all l ! be/ ?+s be/1 if y only saw !m4 ,:at is wrong 9 y is y\r temp]1 n y\r ta/e2 y\r pati5t & tru/ful temp]1 :i* lives 9 h\ses ^: ar*itecture x takes = grant$1 & subscribes to public edifices f :i* x d]ives no enjoym5t4 ,footnote #b3 ,oakham ,ca/le4 ,i h enl>g$ ?is illu/ration f ,mr4 ,hudson ,turn]'s admirable "w on ! dome/ic ar*itecture ( ,engl&4 #e4 ,well1 b :at are we to d8 y w say to me2 we _c make ar*itects ( ourselves4 ,p>don me1 y c--& y ought4 ,ar*itecture is an art = all m5 to le>n1 because all are conc]n$ ) x2 & x is s simple1 t !re is no excuse = n be+ acqua9t$ ) its prim>y rules1 any m ?an = ignorance ( gramm> or ( spell+1 :i* are bo? ( !m f> m difficult sci5ces4 ,f> less tr\ble ?an is necess>y to le>n h[ to play *ess1 or :i/1 or golf1 tol]ably1--f> less ?an a s*ool-boy takes to w9 ! meane/ prize ( ! pass+ ye>1 w\ld acqua9t y ) all ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! con/ruction ( a ,go?ic ca!dral1 & ,i believe y w\ld h>dly f9d ! /udy less amus+4 ,b be t z x may1 !re are "o or two broad pr9ciples :i* ne$ only be /at$ to be und]/ood & accept$2 & ^? ,i mean to lay be=e y1 ) y\r p]mission1 be=e y leave ?is room4 #f4 ,y mu/ all1 ( c\rse1 h obs]v$ t ! pr9cipal di/9ctions betwe5 exi/+ /yles ( ar*itecture dep5d on _! me?ods ( ro(+ any space1 z a w9d[ or door = in/ance1 or a space betwe5 pill>s2 t is to say1 t ! "* ( ,greek ar*itecture1 & ( all t is d]iv$ f x1 dep5ds on its ro(+ a space ) a s+le /one laid f side to side2 ! "* ( ,roman ar*itecture1 & ( all d]iv$ f x1 dep5ds on its ro(+ spaces ) r\nd ar*es2 & ! "* ( ,go?ic ar*itecture dep5ds on its ro(+ spaces ) po9t$ ar*es1 or gables4 ,i ne$ n1 ( c\rse1 9 any way foll[ out = y ! mode 9 :i* ! ,greek sy/em ( ar*itecture is d]iv$ f ! horizontal l9tel2 b ,i ought p]haps to expla91 t by ,roman ar*itecture ,i d n mean t spuri\s condition ( temple =m :i* 0 no?+ m ?an a lusci\s imitation ( ! ,greek2 b ,i mean t ar*itecture 9 :i* ! ,roman _s truly manife/$ itself1 ! magnific5t vault+s ( ! aqu$uct & ! ba?1 & ! colossal heap+ ( ! r\gh /ones 9 ! ar*es ( ! amphi!at]2 an ar*itecture full ( expression ( gigantic p[] & /r5g? ( w1 & f :i* are directly d]iv$ all our mo/ impressive e>ly build+s1 call$1 z y "k1 by v>i\s antiqu>ies1 ,saxon1 ,norman1 or ,romanesque4 ,n[ ! fir/ po9t ,i wi% to insi/ ^u is1 t ! ,greek sy/em1 consid]$ m]ely z a piece ( con/ruction1 is weak & b>b>\s comp>$ ) ! two o!rs4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( a l>ge w9d[ or door1 su* z fig4 #a1 if y h at y\r disposal a s+le l>ge & long /one y may inde$ ro( x 9 ! ,greek mann]1 z y h done "h1 ) comp>ative security2 b x is always exp5sive to obta9 & to raise to _! place /ones ( ?is l>ge size1 & 9 _m places ne>ly impossible to obta9 !m at all3 & if y h n su* /ones1 & /ill insi/ ^u ro(+ ! space 9 ! ,greek way1 t is to say1 ^u hav+ a squ>e w9d[1 y mu/ d x by ! mis]ably feeble adju/m5t ( bricks1 fig4 #c4c ,y are well aw>e1 ( c\rse1 t ?is latt] is ! usual way 9 :i* su* w9d[s are n[ built 9 ,engl&2 y are =tunate en\gh "h 9 ! nor? to be able to obta9 s+le /ones1 & ?is circum/ance alone gives a consid]able degree ( gr&eur to y\r build+s4 ,b 9 all cases1 & h[ev] built1 y _c b see 9 a mom5t t ?is cross b> is weak & imp]fect4 ,x may be /rong en\gh = all imm$iate int5ts & purposes1 b x is n s /rong z x might be3 h[ev] well ! h\se is built1 x w /ill n /& s long z if x _h be5 bett] con/ruct$2 & !re is h>dly a day passes b y may see "s r5t or flaw 9 bad build+s ( ?is k9d4 ,y may see "o :5ev] y *oose1 9 "o ( y\r mo/ co/ly1 & mo/ ugly build+s1 ! great *ur* ) ! dome1 at ! end ( ,george ,/reet4 ,i ?9k ,i nev] saw a build+ ) a pr9cipal entrance s utt]ly gha/ly & oppressive2 & x is z weak z x is gha/ly4 ,! huge horizontal l9tel above ! door is already split "r ?r\gh4 ,b y are n aw>e ( a ?\s&? "p ( ! evil3 ! pieces ( build+ t y see are all c>efully done2 x is 9 ! p>ts t are to be conceal$ by pa9t & pla/] t ! bad build+ ( ! day is ?or\ghly committ$4 ,! ma9 mis*ief lies 9 ! /range devices t are us$ to support ! long horizontal cross beams ( our l>g] ap>tm5ts & %ops1 & ! framework ( unse5 walls2 gird]s & ties ( ca/ iron1 & props & w$ges1 & la?s nail$ & bolt$ toge!r1 on m>vel\sly sci5tific pr9ciples2 s sci5tific1 t e n[ & !n1 :5 "s t5d] rep>ation is und]tak5 by ! unconsci\s h\sehold]1 ! :ole h\se cra%es into a heap ( ru91 s total1 t ! jury :i* sits on ! bodies ( ! inhabitants _c tell :at has be5 ! matt] ) x1 & returns a dim v]dict ( accid5tal dea?4 ,footnote #c3 ,plate ,i4 ,on ?is subject1 see ,! ,build]1 vol4 xi4 p4 #gji4 #g4 ,did y read ! acc\nt ( ! proce$+s at ! ,cry/al ,palace at ,syd5ham ! o!r day8 ,"s doz5 ( m5 cru%$ up among ! spl9t]s ( ! scaffold+ 9 an in/ant1 nobody knew :y4 ,all ! eng9e]s decl>e ! scaffold+ to h be5 erect$ on ! be/ pr9ciples1--t ! fall ( x is z mu* a my/]y z if x _h fall5 f heav51 & 7 all meteoric /ones4 ,! jury g to ,syd5ham & look at ! heap ( %att]$ bolts & gird]s1 & come back z wise z !y w5t4 ,accid5tal dea?6 ,yes1 v]ily2 ! lives ( all ^? doz5 ( m5 _h be5 hang+ = mon?s at ! m]cy ( a flaw 9 an in* or two ( ca/ iron4 ,v accid5tal inde$6 ,n ! less pitiable4 ,i grant x n to be an easy ?+ to raise scaffold+ to ! height ( ! ,cry/al ,palace )\t incurr+ "s dang]1 b t is no reason :y y\r h\ses %\ld all be no?+ b scaffold+4 ,! common sy/em ( support ( walls ov] %ops is n[ no?+ b p]man5t scaffold+2 "p ( iron1 "p ( wood1 "p ( brick2 9 its skeleton /ate awful to behold2 ! weight ( ?ree or f\r /ories ( wall re/+ sometimes on two or ?ree pill>s ( ! size ( gas pipes1 sometimes on a s+le cross beam ( wood1 laid across f p>ty wall to p>ty wall 9 ! ,greek mann]4 ,i h a vivid recollection at ?is mom5t ( a va/ heap ( spl9t]s 9 ! ,bor\gh ,road1 close to ,/4 ,george's1 ,s\?w>k1 9 ! road betwe5 my own h\se & ,london4 ,i _h pass$ x ! day be=e1 a goodly %op front1 & suffici5t h\se above1 ) a few repairs und]tak5 9 ! %op be=e op5+ a new bus9ess4 ,! ma/] & mi/ress _h f\nd x du/y t aft]noon1 & w5t out to tea4 ,:5 !y came back 9 ! ev5+1 !y f\nd _! :ole h\se 9 ! =m ( a heap ( bricks block+ ! roadway1 ) a p>ty ( m5 digg+ out _! cook4 ,b ,i d n insi/ on casualties l ^!1 disgraceful to u z !y are1 = x is1 ( c\rse1 p]fectly possible to build a p]fectly secure h\se or a secure w9d[ 9 ! ,greek mann]2 b ! simple fact is1 t 9 ord] to obta9 9 ! cross l9tel ! same am\nt ( /r5g? :i* y c obta9 9 a po9t$ ar*1 y mu/ g to an imm5sely great] co/ 9 /one or 9 labor4 ,/oneh5ge is /rong en\gh1 b x takes "s tr\ble to build 9 ! mann] ( ,/oneh5ge3 & ,/oneh5ge itself is n s /rong z an ar* ( ! ,colosseum4 ,y c\ld n raise a circle ( f\r ,/oneh5ges1 "o ov] ! o!r1 ) safety2 & z x is1 m ( ! cross-/ones are fall5 ^u ! pla9 ( ,s>um ?an ar*es r5t away1 except by ! h& ( man1 f ! mighty circle ( ,rome4 ,b ,i wa/e words2--y\r own common s5se mu/ %[ y 9 a mom5t t ?is is a weak =m2 & !re is n at ?is in/ant a s+le /reet 9 ,london :]e "s h\se c\ld n be po9t$ out ) a flaw runn+ ?r\gh its brickwork1 & repairs r5d]$ necess>y 9 consequ5ce1 m]ely ow+ to ! adoption ( ?is bad =m2 & t our build]s "k s well1 t 9 myriads ( in/ances y f9d !m actually ?r[+ conceal$ ar*es above ! horizontal l9tels to take ! weight (f !m2 & ! gabl$ decoration1 at ! top ( "s ,palladian w9d[s1 is m]ely ! ornam5tal =m result+ f a bold device ( ! old ,roman build]s to effect ! same purpose4 #h4 ,b !re is a f>!r reason = our adopt+ ! po9t$ ar* ?an its be+ ! /ronge/ =m2 x is also ! mo/ beautiful =m 9 :i* a w9d[ or door-head c be built4 ,n ! mo/ beautiful because x is ! /ronge/2 b mo/ beautiful1 because its =m is "o ( ^? :i*1 z we "k by its frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! "w ( ,nature ar\nd u1 has be5 appo9t$ by ! ,deity to be an ev]la/+ s\rce ( pleasure to ! human m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 7,fig4 #d41 ,fig4 #f47 ,ga!r a bran* f any ( ! trees or fl[]s to :i* ! e>? owes its pr9cipal beauty4 ,y w f9d t e "o ( its leaves is t]m9at$1 m or less1 9 ! =m ( ! po9t$ ar*2 & to t =m owes its grace & "*4 ,i w take1 = in/ance1 a spray ( ! tree :i* s gracefully adorns y\r ,scotti% gl5s & crags--!re is no loveli] 9 ! _w--! common a%4 ,"h is a sket* ( ! clu/]s ( leaves :i* =m ! extremity ( "o ( its "y %oots 7fig4 #d72 &1 by ! way1 x w furni% u ) an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ano!r error 9 mod]n ar*itectural sy/ems4 ,y "k h[ fond mod]n ar*itects1 l fooli% mod]n politicians1 are ( _! equalities1 & simil>ities2 h[ necess>y !y ?9k x t ea* "p ( a build+ %\ld be l e o!r "p4 ,n[ ,nature abhors equality1 & similitude1 j z mu* z fooli% m5 love !m4 ,y w f9d t ! ends ( ! %oots ( ! a% are compos$ ( f\r#d gre5 /alks be>+ leaves1 spr++ 9 ! =m ( a cross1 if se5 f above1 z 9 fig4 #e1 ,plate ,i41 & at fir/ y w suppose ! f\r arms ( ! cross are equal4 ,b look m closely1 & y w f9d t two opposite arms or /alks h only five leaves ea*1 & ! o!r two h sev52 or else1 two h sev51 & ! o!r two n9e2 b always "o pair ( /alks has two leaves m ?an ! o!r pair4 ,sometimes ! tree gets a little puzzl$1 & =gets :i* is to be ! longe/ /alk1 & beg9s ) a /em = sev5 leaves :]e x %\ld h n9e1 & !n recollects itself at ! la/ m9ute1 & puts on ano!r leaf 9 a great hurry1 & s produces a /alk ) eight leaves2 b all ?is c>e x takes m]ely to keep itself out ( equalities2 & all its grace & p[] ( pleas+ are ow+ to its do+ s1 toge!r ) ! lovely curves 9 :i* its /alks1 ?us arrang$1 spr+ f ! ma9 b\gh4 ,fig4 #e is a plan ( _! arrangem5t m]ely1 b fig4 #d is ! way 9 :i* y are mo/ likely to see !m3 & obs]ve1 !y spr+ f ! /alk precisely z a ,go?ic vault$ ro( spr+s1 ea* /alk repres5t+ a rib ( ! ro(1 & ! leaves its cross+ /ones2 & ! beauty ( ea* ( ^? leaves is altoge!r ow+ to its t]m9at+ 9 ! ,go?ic =m1 ! po9t$ ar*4 ,n[ d y ?9k y w\ld h lik$ y\r a% trees z well1 if ,nature _h taught !m ,greek1 & %[n !m h[ to gr[ accord+ to ! receiv$ ,attic ar*itectural rules ( "r8 ,i w try y4 ,"h is a clu/] ( a% leaves1 :i* ,i h gr[n expressly = y on ,greek pr9ciples 7fig4 #f1 ,plate ,,iii47 ,h[ d y l x8 ,footnote #d3 ,sometimes ( six2 t is to say1 !y spr+ 9 pairs2 only ! two upp]mo/ pairs1 sometimes ! ?ree upp]mo/1 spr+ s close toge!r z to appe> "o clu/]4 #i4 ,obs]ve1 ,i h play$ y no trick 9 ?is comp>ison4 ,x is p]fectly fair 9 all respects4 ,i h m]ely sub/itut$ = ! beautiful spr+ ( ! ,go?ic vault+ 9 ! a% b\gh1 a cross l9tel2 & !n1 9 ord] to raise ! leaves to ! same height1 ,i introduce v]tical columns2 & ,i make ! leaves squ>e-head$ in/ead ( po9t$1 & _! lat]al ribs at "r angles ) ! c5tral rib1 in/ead ( slop+ f x4 ,i h1 inde$1 only giv5 y two b\ghs in/ead ( f\r2 because ! p]spective ( ! cross+ ones c\ld n h be5 giv5 )\t confus+ ! figure2 b ,i imag9e y h q en\gh ( !m z x is4 ,nay1 b1 "s ( y in/antly answ]1 if we _h be5 z long accu/om$ to squ>e-leav$ a% trees z we h be5 to %>p-leav$ a% trees1 we %\ld l !m j z well4 ,d n ?9k x4 ,are y n mu* m accu/om$ to gray :9/one & br[n s&/one ?an y are to rubies or em]alds8 & yet w y tell me y ?9k !m z beautiful8 ,are y n m accu/om$ to ! ord9>y voices ( m5 ?an to ! p]fect acc5ts ( sweet s++8 yet d y n in/antly decl>e ! song to be lovelie/8 ,exam9e well ! *annels ( y\r admiration1 & y w f9d t !y are1 9 v]ity1 z un*angeable z ! *annels ( y\r he>t's blood2 t j z by ! pressure ( a b&age1 or by un:olesome & p]petual action ( "s "p ( ! body1 t blood may be wa/$ or arre/$1 & 9 its /agnancy cease to n\ri% ! frame1 or 9 its di/urb$ fl[ affect x ) incurable disease1 s also admiration itself may1 by ! b&ages ( fa%ion1 b\nd close ov] ! eyes & ! art]ies ( ! s\l1 be arre/$ 9 its natural pulse & heal?y fl[2 b t :]ev] ! artificial pressure is remov$1 x w return into t b$ :i* has be5 trac$ = x by ! f+] ( ,god4 #aj4 ,consid] ?is subject well1 & y w f9d t cu/om has inde$ no real influ5ce ^u our feel+s ( ! beautiful1 except 9 dull+ & *eck+ !m2 t is to say1 x w & does1 z we advance 9 ye>s1 dead5 9 "s degree our enjoym5t ( all beauty1 b x 9 no wise influ5ces our det]m9ation ( :at is beautiful1 & :at is n4 ,y see ! broad blue sky e day ov] y\r heads2 b y d n = t reason det]m9e blue to be less or m beautiful ?an y did at fir/2 y are unaccu/om$ to see /ones z blue z ! sapphire1 b y d n = t reason ?9k ! sapphire less beautiful ?an o!r /ones4 ,! blue color is ev]la/+ly appo9t$ by ! ,deity to be a s\rce ( delight2 & :e!r se5 p]petually ov] y\r head1 or cry/alliz$ once 9 a ?\s& ye>s into a s+le & incomp>able /one1 y\r ackn[l$gm5t ( its beauty is equally natural1 simple1 & in/antane\s4 ,p>don me = engag+ y 9 a metaphysical discussion2 = x is necess>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( "s ( ! greate/ ( all ar*itectural pr9ciples t ,i %\ld fully conv9ce y ( ?is great tru?1 & t ,i %\ld q d away ) ! v>i\s objections to x1 :i* ,i suppose mu/ arise 9 y\r m9ds4 ,( ^! !re is "o m :i* ,i mu/ briefly meet4 ,y "k h[ mu* confusion has be5 introduc$ into ! subject ( criticism1 by ref]5ce to ! p[] ( ,association ov] ! human he>t2 y "k h[ (t5 x has be5 said t cu/om mu/ h some?+ to d ) our ideas ( beauty1 because x ende>s s _m objects to ! affections4 ,b1 once = all1 obs]ve t ! p[]s ( association & ( beauty are two entirely di/9ct p[]s1--z di/9ct1 = in/ance1 z ! =ces ( gravitation & electricity4 ,^! =ces may act toge!r1 or may neutralize "o ano!r1 b are n = t reason to be suppos$ ! same =ce2 & ! *>m ( association w sometimes enhance1 & sometimes entirely ov]p[]1 t ( beauty2 b y mu/ n conf\nd ! two toge!r4 ,y love _m ?+s because y are accu/om$ to !m1 & are pa9$ by _m ?+s because !y are /range to y2 b t does n make ! accu/om$ sight m beautiful1 or ! /range "o less s4 ,! well-kn[n object may be de>] to y1 or y may h discov]$ *>ms 9 x :i* o!rs _c2 b ! *>m 0 !re be=e y discov]$ x1 only ne$+ "t & love to p]ceive x4 ,y love y\r fri5ds & relations m ?an all ! _w beside1 & may p]ceive beauties 9 _! faces :i* o!rs _c p]ceive2 b y feel t y w\ld be ridicul\s 9 all[+ y\rselves to ?9k !m ! mo/ beautiful p]sons 9 ! _w3 y ackn[l$ge t ! real beauty ( ! human c\nt5ance dep5ds on fix$ laws ( =m & expression1 & n on ! affection y be> to x1 or ! degree 9 :i* y are famili>iz$ ) x3 & s does ! beauty ( all o!r exi/5ces4 #aa4 ,n[1 !re=e1 ,i ?9k t1 )\t ! risk ( any f>!r s]i\s objection occurr+ to y1 ,i may /ate :at ,i believe to be ! tru?1--t beauty has be5 appo9t$ by ! ,deity to be "o ( ! elem5ts by :i* ! human s\l is cont9ually su/a9$2 x is !re=e to be f\nd m or less 9 all natural objects1 b 9 ord] t we may n satiate ourselves ) x1 & we>y ( x1 x is r>ely grant$ to u 9 its utmo/ degrees4 ,:5 we see x 9 ^? utmo/ degrees1 we are attract$ to x /rongly1 & rememb] x long1 z 9 ! case ( s+ul>ly beautiful sc5]y or a beautiful c\nt5ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 absolute ugl9ess is admitt$ z r>ely z p]fect beauty2 b degrees ( x m or less di/9ct are associat$ ) :atev] has ! nature ( dea? & s91 j z beauty is associat$ ) :at has ! nature ( virtue & ( life4 #ab4 ,?is be+ s1 y see t :5 ! relative beauty ( any p>ticul> =ms has to be exam9$1 we may reason1 f ! =ms ( ,nature ar\nd u1 9 ?is mann]3--:at ,nature does g5]ally1 is sure to be m or less beautiful2 :at %e does r>ely1 w ei!r be v beautiful1 or absolutely ugly4 ,& we may aga9 easily det]m9e1 if we are n will+ 9 su* a case to tru/ our feel+s1 :i* ( ^! is inde$ ! case1 by ?is simple rule1 t if ! r>e occurr5ce is ! result ( ! complete fulfillm5t ( a natural law1 x w be beautiful2 if ( ! violation ( a natural law1 x w be ugly4 ,= in/ance1 a sapphire is ! result ( ! complete & p]fect fulfillm5t ( ! laws ( aggregation 9 ! e>? ( alum9a1 & x is !re=e beautiful2 m beautiful ?an clay1 or any o!r ( ! conditions ( t e>?4 ,b a squ>e leaf on any tree w\ld be ugly1 be+ a violation ( ! laws ( gr[? 9 trees1#e & we ought to feel x s4 ,footnote #e3 ,i am at pres5t aw>e only ( "o tree1 ! tulip tree1 :i* has an exceptional =m1 & :i*1 ,i d\bt n1 e "o w admit1 loses mu* beauty 9 consequ5ce4 ,all o!r leaves1 z f> z ,i "k1 h ! r\nd or po9t$ ar* 9 ! =m ( ! extremities ( _! foils4 #ac4 ,n[ !n1 ,i proce$ to argue 9 ?is mann] f :at we see 9 ! woods & fields ar\nd u2 t z !y are evid5tly meant = our delight1 & z we always feel !m to be beautiful1 we may assume t ! =ms into :i* _! leaves are ca/1 are inde$ types ( beauty1 n ( extreme or p]fect1 b av]age beauty4 ,& f9d+ t !y inv>iably t]m9ate m or less 9 po9t$ ar*es1 & are n squ>e-head$1 ,i ass]t ! po9t$ ar* to be "o ( ! =ms mo/ fitt$ = p]petual contemplation by ! human m9d2 t x is "o ( ^? :i* nev] we>y1 h[ev] (t5 repeat$2 & t !re=e1 be+ bo? ! /ronge/ 9 /ructure1 & a beautiful =m 7:ile ! squ>e head is bo? weak 9 /ructure1 & an ugly =m71 we are unwise ev] to build 9 any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 7,fig4 #g47 #ad4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ anticipate ano!r objection4 ,x may be ask$ :y we are to build only ! tops ( ! w9d[s po9t$1--:y n foll[ ! leaves1 & po9t !m at ! bottom also8 ,= ?is simple reason1 t1 :ile 9 ar*itecture y are cont9ually call$ ^u to d :at may be unnecess>y = ! sake ( beauty1 y are nev] call$ ^u to d :at is inconv5i5t = ! sake ( beauty4 ,y want ! level w9d[ sill to lean ^u1 or to all[ ! w9d[ to op5 on a balcony3 ! eye & ! common s5se ( ! behold] require ?is necessity to be met be=e any laws ( beauty are ?\ght (4 ,& besides ?is1 !re is 9 ! sill no necessity = ! po9t$ ar* z a be>+ =m2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld give an idea ( weak support = ! sides ( ! w9d[1 & !re=e is at once reject$4 ,only ,i beg ( y p>ticul>ly to obs]ve t ! level sill1 al?\gh useful1 & !re=e admitt$1 does n !re=e become beautiful2 ! eye does n l x s well z ! top ( ! w9d[1 nor does ! sculptor l to attract ! eye to x2 8 ri*e/ mold+s1 trac]ies1 & sculptures are all res]v$ = ! top ( ! w9d[2 !y are sp>+ly grant$ to its horizontal base4 ,& f>!r1 obs]ve1 t :5 nei!r ! conv5i5ce ( ! sill1 nor ! support ( ! /ructure1 are any m ( mom5t1 z 9 small w9d[s & trac]ies1 y in/antly h ! po9t giv5 to ! bottom ( ! w9d[4 ,d y recollect ! we/ w9d[ ( y\r own ,dunblane ,abbey8 ,if y look 9 any common guide-book1 y w f9d x po9t$ out z peculi>ly beautiful1--x is ackn[l$g$ to be beautiful by ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]4 ,& :y beautiful8 ,look at x 7fig4 #g74 ,simply because 9 its great cont\rs x has ! =m ( a =e/ leaf1 & because 9 its decoration x has us$ no?+ b =e/ leaves4 ,! %>p & expressive mold+ :i* surr\nds x is a v int]e/+ example ( "o us$ to an enorm\s ext5t by ! build]s ( ! e>ly ,engli% ,go?ic1 usually 9 ! =m se5 9 fig4 #b1 ,plate ,,ii41 compos$ ( clu/]s ( f\r %>p leaves ea*1 orig9ally produc$ by sculptur+ ! sides ( a f\r-sid$ pyramid1 & aft]w>ds br\ght m or less into a true image ( leaves1 b d]iv+ all its beauty f ! botanical =m4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance only two leaves are set 9 ea* clu/]2 & ! ar*itect has be5 det]m9$ t ! naturalism %\ld be p]fect4 ,= he 0 no common man :o design$ t ca!dral ( ,dunblane4 ,i "k n any?+ s p]fect 9 its simplicity1 & s beautiful1 z f> z x rea*es1 9 all ! ,go?ic ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,& j 9 proportion to 8 p[] ( m9d1 t man 0 cont5t to "w "u ,nature's tea*+2 & in/ead ( putt+ a m]ely =mal dogtoo?1 z ev]ybody else did at ! "t1 he w5t d[n to ! woody bank ( ! sweet riv] b5ea? ! rocks on :i* he 0 build+1 & he took up a few ( ! fall5 leaves t lay by x1 & he set !m 9 8 ar*1 side by side1 =ev]4 ,&1 look--t he might %[ y he _h done ?is1--he has made !m all ( diff]5t sizes1 j z !y lay2 & t y might n by any *ance miss notic+ ! v>iety1 he has put a great broad "o at ! top1 & !n a little "o turn$ ! wrong way1 next to x1 s t y mu/ be bl9d inde$ if y d n und]/& 8 mean+4 ,& ! heal?y *ange & playfulness ( ?is j does 9 ! /one-"w :at x does on ! tree b\ghs1 & is a p]petual refre%m5t & invigoration2 s t1 h[ev] long y gaze at ?is simple ornam5t--& none c be simpl]1 a village mason c\ld c>ve x all r\nd ! w9d[ 9 a few h\rs--y are nev] we>y ( x1 x seems always new4 #ae4 ,x is true t oval w9d[s ( ?is =m are comp>atively r>e 9 ,go?ic "w1 b1 z y well "k1 circul> or :eel w9d[s are us$ con/antly1 & 9 mo/ trac]ies ! ap]tures are curv$ & po9t$ z mu* at ! bottom z ! top4 ,s t ,i believe y w n[ all[ me to proce$ ^u ! assumption1 t ! po9t$ ar* is inde$ ! be/ =m into :i* ! head ei!r ( door or w9d[ c be ?r[n1 consid]$ z a means ( su/a9+ weight above x4 ,h[ ^! po9t$ ar*es ought to be gr\p$ & decorat$1 ,i %all endeavor to %[ y 9 my next lecture4 ,meantime ,i mu/ beg ( y to consid] f>!r "s ( ! g5]al po9ts connect$ ) ! /ructure ( ! ro(4 #af4 ,i am sure t all ( y mu/ readily ackn[l$ge ! *>m :i* is imp>t$ to any l&scape by ! pres5ce ( cottages2 & y mu/ ov] & ov] aga9 h paus$ at ! wicket gate ( "s cottage g>d51 delight$ by ! simple beauty ( ! honeysuckle por* & lattic$ w9d[4 ,has x ev] occurr$ to y to ask ! "q1 :at effect ! cottage w\ld h ^u y\r feel+s if x _h no ro(8 no visible ro(1 ,i mean2--if in/ead ( ! ?at*$ slope1 9 :i* ! little upp] w9d[s are buri$ deep1 z 9 a ne/ ( /raw--or ! r\gh %elt] ( its m\nta9 %ales--or w>m color+ ( russet tiles--!re 7 no?+ b a flat lead5 top to x1 mak+ x look l a l>ge pack+-case ) w9d[s 9 x8 ,i don't ?9k ! r>ity ( su* a sight w\ld make y feel x to be beautiful2 on ! contr>y1 if y ?9k ov] ! matt]1 y w f9d t y actually d owe1 & ought to owe1 a great "p ( y\r pleasure 9 all cottage sc5]y1 & 9 all ! inexhau/ible imag]y ( lit]ature :i* is f\nd$ ^u x1 to ! conspicu\sness ( ! cottage ro(--to ! subord9ation ( ! cottage itself to its cov]+1 :i* leaves1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 really m ro( ?an any?+ else4 ,x is1 inde$1 n s mu* ! :itewa%$ walls--nor ! fl[]y g>d5--nor ! rude fragm5ts ( /ones set = /eps at ! door--nor any o!r picturesqu5ess ( ! build+ :i* int]e/ y1 s mu* z ! gray bank ( its heavy eaves1 deep-cu%ion$ ) gre5 moss & gold5 /one-crop4 ,& !re is a pr(\nd1 yet evid5t1 reason = ?is feel+4 ,! v s\l ( ! cottage--! ess5ce & mean+ ( x--are 9 its ro(2 x is t1 ma9ly1 :]e9 consi/s its %elt]2 t1 :]e9 x diff]s mo/ completely f a cleft 9 rocks or b[] 9 woods4 ,x is 9 its ?ick imp5etrable cov]let ( close ?at* t its :ole he>t & hospitality are conc5trat$4 ,consid] ! diff]5ce1 9 s\nd1 ( ! expressions b5ea? my ro( & )9 my walls1--consid] :e!r y w\ld be be/ %elt]$1 9 a %$1 ) a /\t ro( su/a9$ on corn] po/s1 or 9 an inclosure ( f\r walls )\t a ro( at all1--& y w quickly see h[ important a "p ( ! cottage ! ro( mu/ always be to ! m9d z well z to ! eye1 & h[1 f see+ x1 ! greate/ "p ( our pleasure mu/ cont9ually arise4 #ag4 ,n[1 d y suppose t :i* is s all-important 9 a cottage1 c be ( small importance 9 y\r own dwell+-h\se8 ,d y ?9k t by any spl5dor ( ar*itecture--any height ( /ories--y c atone to ! m9d = ! loss ( ! aspect ( ! ro(8 ,x is va9 to say y take ! ro( = grant$4 ,y may z well say y take a man's k9dness = grant$1 ?\gh he nei!r looks nor speaks k9dly4 ,y may "k him to be k9d 9 reality1 b y w n l him s well z if he spoke & look$ k9dly also4 ,& :atev] ext]nal spl5dor y may give y\r h\ses1 y w always feel !re is some?+ want+1 unless y see _! ro(s pla9ly4 ,& ?is especially 9 ! nor?4 ,9 s\!rn ar*itecture ! ro( is ( f> less importance2 b "h ! s\l ( dome/ic build+ is 9 ! l>g5ess & conspicu\sness ( ! protection aga9/ ! pond]\s sn[ & driv+ sleet4 ,y may make ! facade ( ! squ>e pile1 if ! ro( be n se51 z h&some z y please1--y may cov] x ) decoration1--b !re w always be a he>tlessness ab\t x1 :i* y w n "k h[ to conqu]2 above all1 a p]petual difficulty 9 f9i%+ ! wall at top1 :i* w require all k9ds ( /range inv5tions 9 p>apets & p9nacles = its decoration1 & yet w nev] look "r4 ,n[1 ,i ne$ n tell y t1 z x is desirable1 = ! sake ( ! effect ^u ! m9d1 t ! ro( %\ld be visible1 s ! be/ & mo/ natural =m ( ro( 9 ! nor? is t :i* w r5d] x mo/ visible1 namely1 ! /eep gable3 ! be/ & mo/ natural1 ,i say1 because ?is =m n only ?r[s (f sn[ & ra9 mo/ completely1 & dries fa/e/1 b obta9s ! greate/ int]ior space )9 walls ( a giv5 height1 removes ! heat ( ! sun mo/ effectually f ! upp] rooms1 & af=ds mo/ space = v5tilation4 #ah4 ,y h !n1 obs]v$1 two great pr9ciples1 z f> z nor!rn ar*itecture is conc]n$2 fir/1 t ! po9t$ ar* is to be ! means by :i* ! weight ( ! wall or ro( is to be su/a9$2 secondly1 t ! /eep gable is ! =m mo/ prop] = ! ro( itself4 ,& n[ obs]ve ?is mo/ int]e/+ fact1 t all ! lovelie/ ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 ! _w is bas$ on ! gr\p ( l9es compos$ ( ! po9t$ ar* & ! gable4 ,if y look at ! beautiful apse ( ,ami5s ,ca!dral--a "w ju/ly celebrat$ ov] all ,europe--y w f9d x =m$ m]ely ( a s]ies ( w9d[s surm\nt$ by pure gables ( op5 "w4 ,if y look at ! transept por*es ( ,r\51 or at ! great & celebrat$ por* ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,rheims1 or t ( ,/rasb\rg1 ,bayeux1 ,ami5s1 or ,pet]bor\gh1 /ill y w see t ^! lovely compositions are no?+ m ?an ri*ly decorat$ =ms ( gable ov] po9t$ ar*4 ,b m ?an ?is1 y mu/ be all well aw>e h[ fond our be/ ar*itectural arti/s are ( ! /reet effects ( =eign cities2 & ev5 ^? n[ pres5t :o h n p]sonally visit$ any ( ! cont95tal t[ns mu/ rememb]1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 "s ( ! _m int]e/+ draw+s by ,mr4 ,pr\t1 ,mr4 ,na%1 & o!r excell5t draughtsm51 :i* h = _m ye>s adorn$ our exhibitions4 ,n[1 ! pr9cipal *>m ( all ^? cont95tal /reet effects is dep5d5t on ! h\ses hav+ high-pit*$ gable ro(s4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ,nor!rn ,france1 :]e ! mat]ial = build+ is brick or /one1 ! fronts ( ! /one gables are rais$ above ! ro(s1 & y h magnific5t & grotesque ranges ( /eps or curves decorat$ ) v>i\s ornam5ts1 succe$+ "o ano!r 9 endless p]spective along ! /reets ( ,antw]p1 ,gh5t1 or ,brussels4 ,9 ,pic>dy & ,norm&y1 aga91 & _m t[ns ( ,g]many1 :]e ! mat]ial = build+ is pr9cipally wood1 ! ro( is made to project ov] ! gables1 fr+$ ) a beautifully c>v$ cornice1 & ca/+ a broad %ad[ d[n ! h\se front4 ,?is is pr9cipally se5 at ,abbeville1 ,r\51 ,lisieux1 & o!rs ( ! old] t[ns ( ,france4 ,b1 9 all cases1 ! effect ( ! :ole /reet dep5ds on ! prom95ce ( ! gables2 n only ( ! fronts t[>ds ! /reets1 b ( ! sides also1 set ) small g>ret or dorm] w9d[s1 ea* ( ! mo/ fanta/ic & beautiful =m1 & cr[n$ ) a little spire or p9nacle4 ,:]ev] !re is a little w9d+ /air1 or project+ b[ w9d[1 or any o!r irregul>ity ( =m1 ! /eep ridges %oot into turrets & small spires1 z 9 fig4 #h1f ea* 9 its turn cr[n$ by a fanta/ic ornam5t1 cov]$ ) curi\sly %ap$ slates or %+les1 or cre/$ ) long fr+es ( ri* ironwork1 s t1 se5 f above & f a di/ance1 ! intricate gr\p+ ( ! ro(s ( a ,fr5* city is no less int]e/+ ?an its actual /reets2 & 9 ! /reets !mselves1 ! masses ( broad %ad[ :i* ! ro(s =m aga9/ ! sky1 are a mo/ important backgr\nd to ! bright & sculptur$ surfaces ( ! walls4 ,footnote #f3 ,?is figure is copi$ f ,pr\t4 #ai4 ,f9ally1 ,i ne$ n rem9d y ( ! effect ^u ! nor!rn m9d :i* has always be5 produc$ by ! heav5-po9t+ spire1 nor ( ! !ory :i* has be5 f\nd$ ^u x ( ! g5]al mean+ ( ,go?ic ar*itecture z expressive ( religi\s aspiration4 ,9 a few m9utes1 y may asc]ta9 ! exact value ( t !ory1 & ! degree 9 :i* x is true4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 7,fig4 #h47 ,! fir/ t[] ( :i* we he> z built ^u ! e>?1 0 c]ta9ly built 9 a species ( aspiration2 b ,i d n suppose t any "o "h w ?9k x 0 a religi\s "o4 ,g to n[4 ,let u build a t[] ^: top may rea* unto heav54 ,f t day to ?is1 :5ev] m5 h become skillful ar*itects at all1 !re has be5 a t5d5cy 9 !m to build high2 n 9 any religi\s feel+1 b 9 m]e exub]ance ( _s & p[]--z !y dance or s+--) a c]ta9 m+l+ ( vanity--l ! feel+ 9 :i* a *ild builds a t[] ( c>ds2 &1 9 nobl] in/ances1 ) also a /rong s5se (1 & delight 9 ! maje/y1 height1 & /r5g? ( ! build+ itself1 su* z we h 9 t ( a l(ty tree or a peak$ m\nta94 ,add to ?is in/9ct ! frequ5t necessity ( po9ts ( elevation = wat*-t[]s1 or ( po9ts ( (f5se1 z 9 t[]s built on ! ramp>ts ( cities1 &1 f9ally1 ! ne$ ( elevations = ! transmission ( s\nd1 z 9 ! ,turki% m9>et & ,*ri/ian belfry1 & y h1 ,i ?9k1 a suffici5t explanation ( ! t[]-build+ ( ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,look ?r\gh y\r ,bibles only1 & collect ! v>i\s expressions ) ref]5ce to t[]-build+ !re1 & y w h a v complete idea ( ! _s 9 :i* x is = ! mo/ "p und]tak54 ,y beg9 ) t ( ,babel2 !n y rememb] ,gideon beat+ d[n ! t[] ( ,p5uel1 9 ord] m completely to humble ! pride ( ! m5 ( ! city2 y rememb] ! def5se ( ! t[] ( ,%e*em aga9/ ,abimele*1 & ! dea? ( ,abimele* by ! ca/+ ( a /one f x by a woman's h&2 y recollect ! husb&man build+ a t[] 9 8 v9ey>d1 & ! beautiful expressions 9 ,solomon's song1--,! t[] ( ,lebanon1 :i* looke? t[>ds ,damascus2 ,i am a wall1 & my brea/s l t[]s2--y recollect ! ,psalmi/'s expressions ( love & delight1 ,g ye r\nd ab\t ,j]usalem2 tell ! t[]s !re(3 m>k ye well h] bulw>ks2 consid] h] palaces1 t ye may tell x to ! g5]ation foll[+4 ,y see 9 all ^! cases h[ completely ! t[] is a subject ( human pride1 or delight1 or def5se1 n 9 any wise associat$ ) religi\s s5tim5t2 ! t[]s ( ,j]usalem be+ nam$ 9 ! same s5t5ce1 n ) h] temple1 b ) h] bulw>ks & palaces4 ,& ?us1 :5 ! t[] is 9 reality connect$ ) a place ( wor%ip1 x 0 g5]ally done to add to its magnific5ce1 b n to add to its religi\s expression4 ,& ov] ! :ole ( ! _w1 y h v>i\s species ( elevat$ build+s1 ! ,egyptian pyramid1 ! ,indian & ,*9ese pagoda1 ! ,turki% m9>et1 & ! ,*ri/ian belfry1--all ( !m rais$ ei!r to make a %[ f a di/ance1 or to cry f1 or sw+ bells 91 or hang !m r\nd1 or = "s o!r v human reason4 ,?us1 :5 ! good p ( ,beauvais 7 build+ _! ca!dral1 t ( ,ami5s1 !n j complet$1 _h excit$ ! admiration ( all ,france2 & ! p ( ,beauvais1 9 _! jeal\sy & det]m9ation to beat ! p ( ,ami5s1 set to "w to build a t[] to _! own ca!dral z high z !y possibly c\ld4 ,!y built x s high t x tumbl$ d[n1 & !y 7 nev] able to f9i% _! ca!dral at all--x /&s a wreck to ?is day4 ,b y w n1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 imag9e ?is to h be5 done 9 heav5w>d aspiration4 ,m9d1 h[ev]1 ,i don't blame ! p ( ,beauvais1 except = _! bad build+4 ,i ?9k _! desire to beat ! citiz5s ( ,ami5s a mo/ amiable weakness1 & only wi% ,i c\ld see ! citiz5s ( ,ed9burgh & ,glasg[ inflam$ ) ! same emulation1 build+ ,go?ic t[]s#g in/ead ( manufactory *imneys4 ,only d n conf\nd a feel+ :i*1 ?\gh heal?y & "r1 may be ne>ly analog\s to t 9 :i* y play a cricket-mat*1 ) any feel+ alli$ to y\r hope ( heav54 ,footnote #g3 ,i did n1 at ! "t ( ! deliv]y ( ^! lectures1 "k h[ _m ,go?ic t[]s ! wor?y ,glaswegians h lately built3 t ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 9 p>ticul>1 be+ a mo/ m]itori\s ef=t4 #bj4 ,su* be+ ! /ate ( ! case ) respect to t[]-build+ 9 g5]al1 let me foll[ = a few m9utes ! *anges :i* occur 9 ! t[]s ( nor!rn & s\!rn ar*itects4 ,_m ( u are famili> ) ! ord9>y =m ( ! ,italian bell-t[] or campanile4 ,f ! eigh? c5tury to ! ?irte5? !re 0 little *ange 9 t =m3#h f\r-squ>e1 ris+ high & )\t tap]+ into ! air1 /ory above /ory1 !y /ood l giants 9 ! quiet fields beside ! piles ( ! basilica or ! ,lomb>dic *ur*1 9 ?is =m 7fig4 #i71 til$ at ! top 9 a flat gable1 ) op5 ar*es bel[1 & few] & few] ar*es on ea* inf]ior /ory1 d[n to ! bottom4 ,x is wor? :ile not+ ! diff]5ce 9 =m betwe5 ^! & ! t[]s built = milit>y s]vice4 ,! latt] 7 built z 9 fig4 #aj1 project+ vigor\sly at ! top ov] a s]ies ( brackets or ma*icolations1 ) v small w9d[s1 & no decoration bel[4 ,su* t[]s z ^! 7 atta*$ to e important palace 9 ! cities ( ,italy1 & /ood 9 great circles--troops ( t[]s--ar\nd _! ext]nal walls3 _! ru9s /ill fr[n along ! cre/s ( e promontory ( ! ,ap5n9es1 & are se5 f f> away 9 ! great ,lomb>dic pla91 f di/ances ( half-a-day's j\rney1 d>k aga9/ ! amb] sky ( ! horizon4 ,^! are ( c\rse n[ built no m1 ! *ang$ me?ods ( mod]n w>f>e hav+ ca/ !m into entire disuse2 b ! belfry or campanile has _h a v diff]5t influ5ce on ,european ar*itecture4 ,its =m 9 ! pla9s ( ,italy & ,s\? ,france be+ t j %[n y1 ! mom5t we ent] ! valleys ( ! ,alps1 :]e !re is sn[ to be su/a9$1 we f9d its =m ( ro( alt]$ by ! sub/itution ( a /eep gable = a flat "o4#i ,!re are probably few 9 ! room :o h n be5 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,switz]l&1 & :o d n rememb] ! beautiful effect ( ! gray m\nta9 *ur*es1 _m ( !m h>dly *ang$ s9ce ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 ^: po9t$ t[]s /& up ?r\gh ! gre5 level ( ! v9es1 or cr[n ! jutt+ rocks t bord] ! valley4 ,footnote #h3 ,!re is a good ab/ract ( ! =ms ( ! ,italian campanile1 by ,mr4 ,papwor?1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,ar*aeological ,in/itute1 ,m>* #ahej4 ,footnote #i3 ,! =m e/abli%es itself aft]w>ds 9 ! pla9s1 9 sympa?y ) o!r ,go?ic conditions1 z 9 ! campanile ( ,/4 ,m>k's at ,v5ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 7,fig4 #aj41 ,fig4 #i47 #ba4 ,f ?is =m to ! true spire ! *ange is slight1 & consi/s 9 little m ?an v>i\s decoration2 g5]ally 9 putt+ small p9nacles at ! angles1 & pi]c+ ! c5tral pyramid ) trac]i$ w9d[s2 sometimes1 z at ,frib\rg & ,burgos1 ?r[+ x into trac]y altoge!r3 b to d ?is is inv>iably ! sign ( a vici\s /yle1 z x takes away f ! spire its "* ( a true ro(1 & turns x ne>ly into an ornam5tal excresc5ce4 ,at ,antw]p & ,brussels1 ! celebrat$ t[]s 7"o1 obs]ve1 ecclesia/ical1 be+ ! t[] ( ! ca!dral1 & ! o!r secul>71 are =m$ by successions ( dim9i%+ t[]s1 set "o above ! o!r1 & ea* support$ by buttresses ?r[n to ! angles ( ! "o b5ea?4 ,at ! ,engli% ca!drals ( ,li*field & ,salisbury1 ! spire is se5 9 great purity1 only decorat$ by sculpture2 b ,i am aw>e ( no example s /rik+ 9 its entire simplicity z t ( ! t[]s ( ! ca!dral ( ,c\tances 9 ,norm&y4 ,!re is a dispute betwe5 ,fr5* & ,engli% antiqu>ies z to ! date ( ! build+1 ! ,engli% be+ unwill+ to admit its complete priority to all _! own ,go?ic4 ,i h no d\bt ( ?is priority myself2 & ,i hope t ! "t w soon come :5 m5 w cease to conf\nd vanity ) patriotism1 & w ?9k ! honor ( _! nation m advanc$ by _! own s9c]ity & c\rtesy1 ?an by claims1 h[ev] le>n$ly conte/$1 to ! inv5tion ( p9nacles & ar*es4 ,i believe ! ,fr5* nation 01 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 ! greate/ 9 ! _w2 & t ! ,fr5* n only inv5t$ ,go?ic ar*itecture1 b c>ri$ x to a p]fection :i* no o!r nation has approa*$1 !n or s9ce3 b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 !re c be no d\bt t ! t[]s ( ,c\tances1 if n ! e>lie/1 are among ! v e>lie/1 examples ( ! fully develop$ spire4 ,i h drawn "o ( !m c>efully = y 7fig4 #aa71 & y w see imm$iately t !y are lit]ally dome/ic ro(s1 ) g>ret w9d[s1 execut$ on a l>ge scale1 & 9 /one4 ,_! only ornam5t is a k9d ( scaly mail1 :i* is no?+ m ?an ! copy+ 9 /one ( ! common wood5 %+les ( ! h\se-ro(2 & _! security is provid$ = by /rong gabl$ dorm] w9d[s1 ( massy masonry1 :i*1 ?\gh support$ on deta*$ %afts1 h weight en\gh completely to balance ! lat]al ?ru/s ( ! spires4 ,no?+ c surpass ! boldness or ! simplicity ( ! plan2 & yet1 9 spite ( ?is simplicity1 ! cle> deta*+ ( ! %afts f ! slope ( ! spire1 & _! great height1 /r5g!n$ by rude cross-b>s ( /one1 c>ri$ back to ! wall beh9d1 occasion s great a complexity & play ( ca/ %ad[s1 t ,i rememb] no ar*itectural composition ( :i* ! aspect is s completely v>i$ at diff]5t h\rs ( ! day4#aj ,b ! ma9 ?+ ,i wi% y to obs]ve is1 ! complete dome/icity ( ! "w2 ! evid5t treatm5t ( ! *ur* spire m]ely z a magnifi$ h\se-ro(2 & ! pro( h]e9 ( ! great tru? ( :i* ,i h be5 endeavor+ to p]suade y1 t all good ar*itecture rises out ( good & simple dome/ic "w2 & t1 !re=e1 be=e y attempt to build great *ur*es & palaces1 y mu/ build good h\se doors & g>ret w9d[s4 ,footnote #aj3 ,! sket* 0 made ab\t t5 o'clock on a ,septemb] morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 7,fig4 #aa41 ,fig4 #ab47 #bb4 ,nor is ! spire ! only ecclesia/ical =m d$ucible f dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,! spires ( ,france & ,g]many are associat$ ) o!r t[]s1 ev5 simpl] & m /raight=w>d 9 confession ( _! nature1 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! walls ( ! t[] are cov]$ ) sculpture1 !re is an ord9>y ridg$ gable ro( on ! top4 ,! f9e/ example ,i "k ( ?is k9d ( t[]1 is t on ! nor?-we/ angle ( ,r\5 ,ca!dral 7fig4 #ab72 b !y occur 9 multitudes 9 ! old] t[ns ( ,g]many2 & ! backgr\nds ( ,alb]t ,du]] are full ( !m1 & owe to !m a great "p ( _! int]e/3 all ^! great & magnific5t masses ( ar*itecture be+ repeat$ on a small] scale by ! little turret ro(s & p9nacles ( e h\se 9 ! t[n2 & ! :ole sy/em ( !m be+ expressive1 n by any means ( religi\s feel+1#aa b m]ely ( joyfulness & exhil>ation ( _s 9 ! inhabitants ( su* cities1 lead+ !m to ?r[ _! ro(s high into ! sky1 & !re=e giv+ to ! /yle ( ar*itecture ) :i* ^! grotesque ro(s are associat$1 a c]ta9 *>m l t ( *e]fulness 9 a human face2 besides a p[] ( int]e/+ ! behold] :i* is te/ifi$1 n only by ! arti/ 9 8 con/ant se>* aft] su* =ms z ! elem5ts ( 8 l&scape1 b by e phrase ( our language & lit]ature be>+ on su* topics4 ,h n ^! words1 ,p9nacle1 ,turret1 ,belfry1 ,spire1 ,t[]1 a pleasant s\nd 9 all y\r e>s8 ,i d n speak ( y\r sc5]y1 ,i d n ask y h[ mu* y feel t x owes to ! gray battlem5ts t fr[n ?r\gh ! woods ( ,craigmill>1 to ! po9t$ turrets t flank ! front ( ,holyrood1 or to ! massy keeps ( y\r ,cri*t\n & ,bor?wick & o!r bord] t[]s4 ,b look m]ely ?r\gh y\r poetry & romances2 take away out ( y\r bord] ballads ! ^w t[] :]ev] x occurs1 & ! ideas connect$ ) x1 & :at w become ( ! ballads8 ,see h[ ,sir ,walt] ,scott _c ev5 get ?r\gh a description ( ,highl& sc5]y )\t help f ! idea3-- ,ea* purple peak1 ea* fl9ty spire1 ,0 ba!d 9 floods ( liv+ fire4 ,take away f ,scott's romances ! ^w & idea turret1 & see h[ mu* y w\ld lose4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 :5 "y ,osbaldi/one is leav+ ,osbaldi/one ,hall1 in/ead ( say+ ,! old clock /ruck two f a turret adjo9+ my b$*amb]1 he _h said1 ,! old clock /ruck two f ! l&+ at ! top ( ! /air1 :at w\ld become ( ! passage8 ,& c y really suppose t :at has s mu* p[] ov] y 9 words has no p[] ov] y 9 reality8 ,d y ?9k !re is any gr\p ( words :i* w\ld ?us int]e/ y1 :5 ! ?+s express$ by !m are un9t]e/+8 ,footnote #aa3 ,among ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ! ar*itects1 aga9/ ^: practice my writ+s are direct$1 h endeavor$ to oppose !m1 no *>ge has be5 made m frequ5tly ?an t ( _! self-contradiction2 ! fact be+1 t !re are few p 9 ! _w :o are capable ( see+ ! two sides ( any subject1 or ( conceiv+ h[ ! /atem5ts ( its opposite aspects c possibly be reconcilable4 ,= in/ance1 9 a rec5t review1 ?\gh = ! mo/ "p bo? fair & intellig5t1 x is rem>k$1 on ?is v subject ( ! dome/ic orig9 ( ! nor!rn ,go?ic1 t ,mr4 ,rusk9 is evid5tly possess$ by a fix$ idea1 t ! ,v5etian ar*itects 7 dev\t m51 & t _! devotion 0 express$ 9 _! build+s2 :ile he w n all[ our own ca!drals to h be5 built by any b worldly m51 :o _h no ?\ghts ( heav51 b only vague ideas ( keep+ out ( hell1 by erect+ co/ly places ( wor%ip4 ,if ?is writ] _h comp>$ ! two passages ) ! c>e :i* su* a subject necess>ily dem&s1 he w\ld h f\nd t ,i 0 n oppos+ ,v5etian to ,engli% piety2 b t 9 ! "o case ,i 0 speak+ ( ! _s manife/$ 9 ! entire ar*itecture ( ! nation1 & 9 ! o!r ( occasional ef=ts ( sup]/ition z di/+ui%$ f t _s2 &1 f>!r1 t 9 ! "o case1 ,i 0 speak+ ( decorative features1 :i* are ord9>ily ! results ( feel+s1 9 ! o!r ( /ructural features1 :i* are ord9>ily ! results ( necessity or conv5i5ce4 ,?us x is rational & j t we %\ld attribute ! decoration ( ! ar*es ( ,/4 ,m>k's ) scriptural mosaics to a religi\s s5tim5t2 b x w\ld be a /range absurdity to reg>d z an ef=t ( piety ! inv5tion ( ! =m ( ! ar* itself1 ( :i* "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ p]fect in/ances is 9 ! ,cloaca ,maxima4 ,& ?us 9 ! case ( spires & t[]s1 x is j to ascribe to ! devotion ( _! design]s t dignity :i* 0 be/[$ ^u =ms d]iv$ f ! simple/ dome/ic build+s2 b x is ridicul\s to attribute any great ref9em5t ( religi\s feel+1 or height ( religi\s aspiration1 to ^? :o furni%$ ! funds = ! erection ( ! lovelie/ t[] 9 ,nor? ,france1 by pay+ = p]mission to eat butt] 9 ,l5t4 #bc4 ,= in/ance1 y "k t1 = an imm5se "t back1 all y\r public build+s h be5 built ) a r[ ( pill>s support+ a triangul> ?+ call$ a p$im5t4 ,y see ?is =m e day 9 y\r banks & clubh\ses1 & *ur*es & *apels2 y are told t x is ! p]fection ( ar*itectural beauty2 & yet suppose ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 in/ead ( writ+1 ,ea* purple peak1 ea* fl9ty spire1 _h writt51 ,ea* purple peak1 ea* fl9ty 'p$im5t4'#ab ,w\ld y h ?\ght ! poem improv$8 ,& if n1 :y w\ld x be spoil$8 ,simply because ! idea is no long] ( any value to y2 ! ?+ spok5 ( is a non5tity4 ,^! p$im5ts1 & /ylobates1 & ar*itraves nev] excit$ a s+le pleasurable feel+ 9 y--nev] w1 to ! end ( "t4 ,!y are ev]more dead1 lifeless1 & useless1 9 art z 9 poetry1 & ?\gh y built z _m ( !m z !re are slates on y\r h\se-ro(s1 y w nev] c>e = !m4 ,!y w only rema9 to lat] ages z monum5ts ( ! pati5ce & pliability ) :i* ! p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury sacrific$ _! feel+s to fa%ions1 & _! intellects to =ms4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 t /range & ?rill+ int]e/ ) :i* su* words /rike y z are 9 any wise connect$ ) ,go?ic ar*itecture--z = in/ance1 ,vault1 ,ar*1 ,spire1 ,p9nacle1 ,battlem5t1 ,b>bican1 ,por*1 & myriads ( su* o!rs1 words ev]la/+ly poetical & p[]ful :5ev] !y occur1--is a mo/ true & c]ta9 index t ! ?+s !mselves are delightful to y1 & w ev] cont9ue to be s4 ,believe me1 y d inde$ love ^! ?+s1 s f> z y c>e ab\t art at all1 s f> z y are n a%am$ to confess :at y feel ab\t !m4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x has be5 object$ to ?is comp>ison t ! =m ( ! p$im5t does n prop]ly repres5t t ( ! rocks ( ! ,trossa*s4 ,! objection is utt]ly futile1 = !re is n a s+le spire or p9nacle f "o end ( ! ,trossa*s to ! o!r4 ,all _! rocks are heavily r\nd$1 & ! introduction ( ! ^w spire is a piece ( inaccuracy 9 description1 v5tur$ m]ely = ! sake ( ! ,go?ic image4 ,f>!r3 x has be5 said t if ,i _h sub/itut$ ! ^w gable1 x w\ld h spoil$ ! l9e j z mu* z ! ^w p$im5t1 ?\gh gable is a ,go?ic ^w4 ,( c\rse x w\ld2 b :y8 ,because gable is a t]m ( vulg> dome/ic ar*itecture1 & !re=e de/ructive ( ! tone ( ! h]oic description2 :]eas p$im5t & spire are precisely correlative t]ms1 be+ ea* ! cr[n+ feature 9 ecclesia/ical edifices1 & ! comp>ison ( _! effects 9 ! v]se is !re=e absolutely accurate1 logical1 & j4 #bd4 ,9 y\r public capacities1 z bank directors1 & *>ity ov]se]s1 & adm9i/rators ( ?is & t o!r und]tak+ or in/itution1 y _c express y\r feel+s at all4 ,y =m committees to decide ^u ! /yle ( ! new build+1 & z y h nev] be5 9 ! habit ( tru/+ to y\r own ta/e 9 su* matt]s1 y inquire :o is ! mo/ celebrat$1 t is to say1 ! mo/ employ$1 ar*itect ( ! day4 ,& y s5d = ! great ,mr4 ,blank1 & ! ,great ,blank s5ds y a plan ( a great long m>ble box ) half-a-doz5 pill>s at "o end ( x1 & ! same at ! o!r2 & y look at ! ,great ,blank's great plan 9 a grave mann]1 & y d>e say x w be v h&some2 & y ask ! ,great ,blank :at sort ( a blank *eck mu/ be fill$ up be=e ! great plan c be realiz$2 & y subscribe 9 a g5]\s bur/ ( confid5ce :atev] is want$2 & :5 x is all done1 & ! great :ite m>ble box is set up 9 y\r /reets1 y contemplate x1 n kn[+ :at to make ( x exactly1 b hop+ x is all "r2 & !n !re is a d9n] giv5 to ! ,great ,blank1 & ! morn+ pap]s say t ! new & h&some build+1 erect$ by ! great ,mr4 ,blank1 is "o ( ,mr4 ,blank's happie/ ef=ts1 & reflects ! greate/ cr$it ^u ! intellig5t inhabitants ( ! city ( s-&-s2 & ! build+ keeps ! ra9 out z well z ano!r1 & y rema9 9 a placid /ate ( impov]i%$ satisfaction !re)2 b z = hav+ any real pleasure out ( x1 y nev] hop$ = su* a ?+4 ,if y really make up a p>ty ( pleasure1 & get rid ( ! =ms & fa%ion ( public propriety = an h\r or two1 :]e d y g = x8 ,:]e d y g to eat /rawb]ries & cream8 ,to ,rosl9 ,*apel1 ,i believe2 n to ! portico ( ! la/-built in/itution4 ,:at d y see y\r *ildr5 do+1 obey+ _! own natural & true in/9cts8 ,:at are y\r daught]s draw+ ^u _! c>dbo>d scre5s z soon z !y c use a p5cil8 ,n ,p>!non fronts1 ,i ?9k1 b ! ru9s ( ,melrose ,abbey1 or ,l9li?g[ ,palace1 or ,lo*lev5 ,ca/le1 _! own pure ,scot* he>ts lead+ !m /raight to ! "r ?+s1 9 spite ( all t !y are told to ! contr>y4 ,y p]haps call ?is romantic1 & y\?ful1 & fooli%4 ,i am press$ = "t n[1 & ,i _c ask y to consid] ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,romance4 ,i w d t1 if y please1 9 next lecture1 = x is a ^w ( great] weight & au?ority ?an we commonly believe4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i w endeavor1 la/ly1 to %[ y1 n ! romantic1 b ! pla9 & practical conclusions :i* %\ld foll[ f ! facts ,i h laid be=e y4 #be4 ,i h endeavor$ briefly to po9t out to y ! propriety & naturalness ( ! two great ,go?ic =ms1 ! po9t$ ar* & gable ro(4 ,i wi% n[ to tell y 9 :at way !y ought to be introduc$ into mod]n dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,y w all admit t !re is nei!r romance nor com=t 9 wait+ at y\r own or at any "o else's door on a w9dy & ra9y day1 till ! s]vant comes f ! end ( ! h\se to op5 x4 ,y all "k ! critical nature ( t op5+--! drift ( w9d into ! passage1 ! impossibility ( putt+ d[n ! umbrella at ! prop] mom5t )\t gett+ a cupful ( wat] dropp$ d[n ! back ( y\r neck f ! top ( ! door-way2 & y "k h[ little ^! inconv5i5ces are abat$ by ! common ,greek portico at ! top ( ! /eps4 ,y "k h[ ! ea/ w9ds bl[ ?r\gh ^? unlucky c\ples ( pill>s1 :i* are all t y\r ar*itects f9d consi/5t ) due obs]vance ( ! ,doric ord]4 ,!n1 away ) ^! absurdities2 & ! next h\se y build1 insi/ ^u hav+ ! pure old ,go?ic por*1 wall$ 9 on bo? sides1 ) its po9t$ ar* entrance & gable ro( above4 ,"u t1 y c put d[n y\r umbrella at y\r leisure1 &1 if y w1 /op a mom5t to talk ) y\r fri5d z y give him ! p>t+ %ake ( ! h&4 ,& if n[ & !n a wayf>] f\nd a mom5t's re/ on a /one seat on ea* side ( x1 ,i believe y w\ld f9d ! insides ( y\r h\ses n "o :it ! less com=table2 &1 if y answ] me1 t 7 su* refuges built 9 ! op5 /reets1 !y w\ld become m]e ne/s ( fil?y vagrants1 ,i reply t ,i d n despair ( su* a *ange 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! poor laws ( ?is c\ntry1 z %all no long] leave any ( our fell[ creatures 9 a /ate 9 :i* !y w\ld pollute ! /eps ( our h\ses by re/+ ^u !m = a night4 ,b if n1 ! comm& to all ( u is /rict & /raight1 ,:5 ?\ see/ ! nak$1 t ?\ cov] him1 & t ?\ br+ ! poor t are ca/ out to ?y h\se4#ac ,n to ! "w-h\se1 obs]ve1 b to ?y h\se3 & ,i say x w\ld be bett] a ?\s&fold1 t our doors %\ld be beset by ! poor day by day1 ?an t x %\ld be writt5 ( any "o ( u1 ,!y reap e "o 8 corn 9 ! field1 & !y ga!r ! v9tage ( ! wick$4 ,!y cause ! nak$ to lodge )\t %elt]1 t !y h no cov]+ 9 ! cold4 ,!y are wet ) ! %[]s ( ! m\nta9s1 & embrace ! rock1 = want ( a %elt]4#ad ,footnote #ac3 ,isa4 lviii4 #g4 ,footnote #ad3 ,job xxiv4 #f-h4 #bf4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! fir/ use to :i* y\r po9t$ ar*es & gable ro(s are to be put4 ,! second is ( m p]sonal pleasurabl5ess4 ,y surely mu/ all ( y feel & admit ! delightfulness ( a b[ w9d[2 ,i c h>dly fancy a room c be p]fect )\t "o4 ,n[ y h no?+ to d b to resolve t e "o ( y\r pr9cipal rooms %all h a b[ w9d[1 ei!r l>ge or small4 ,su/a9 ! projection ( x on a bracket1 cr[n x above ) a little peak$ ro(1 & give a massy piece ( /one sculpture to ! po9t$ ar* 9 ea* ( its casem5ts1 & y w h z inexhau/ible a s\rce ( qua9t ri*ness 9 y\r /reet ar*itecture1 z ( additional com=t & delight 9 ! int]iors ( y\r rooms4 #bg4 ,?irdly1 z respects w9d[s :i* d n project4 ,y w f9d t ! proposal to build !m ) po9t$ ar*es is met by an objection on ! "p ( y\r ar*itects1 t y _c fit !m ) com=table sa%es4 ,i beg leave to tell y t su* an objection is utt]ly futile & ridicul\s4 ,i h liv$ = mon?s 9 ,go?ic palaces1 ) po9t$ w9d[s ( ! mo/ complicat$ =ms1 fitt$ ) mod]n sa%es2 & ) ! mo/ p]fect com=t4 ,b grant+ t ! objection 7 a true "o--& ,i suppose x is true to j ?is ext5t1 t x may co/ "s few %ill+s m p] w9d[ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to set ! fitt+s to a po9t$ ar* ?an to a squ>e "o--!re is n ! smalle/ necessity = ! ap]ture ( ! w9d[ be+ ( ! po9t$ %ape4 ,make ! upp]mo/ or be>+ ar* po9t$ only1 & make ! top ( ! w9d[ squ>e1 fill+ ! int]val ) a /one %ield1 & y may h a p]fect s*ool ( ar*itecture1 n only consi/5t )1 b em95tly conducive to1 e com=t ( y\r daily life4 ,! w9d[ 9 ,oakham ,ca/le 7fig4 #b7 is an example ( su* a =m z actually employ$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & ,i %all h to notice ano!r 9 ! c\rse ( next lecture4 #bh4 ,mean:ile1 ,i h b "o ^w to say1 9 conclusion4 ,:atev] has be5 advanc$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is ev5+1 has re/$ on ! assumption t all ar*itecture 0 to be ( brick & /one2 & may meet ) "s hesitation 9 its acceptance1 on acc\nt ( ! probable use ( iron1 glass1 & su* o!r mat]ials 9 our future edifices4 ,i _c n[ ent] into any /atem5t ( ! possible uses ( iron or glass1 b ,i w give y "o reason1 :i* ,i ?9k w weigh /rongly ) mo/ "h1 :y x is n likely t !y w ev] become important elem5ts 9 ar*itectural effect4 ,i "k t ,i am speak+ to a company ( philosoph]s1 b y are n philosoph]s ( ! k9d :o suppose t ! ,bible is a sup]annuat$ book2 nei!r are y ( ^? :o ?9k ! ,bible is di%onor$ by be+ ref]r$ to = judgm5t 9 small matt]s4 ,! v div9ity ( ! ,book seems to me1 on ! contr>y1 to ju/ify u 9 ref]r+ e ?+ to x1 ) respect to :i* any conclusion c be ga!r$ f its pages4 ,assum+ !n t ! ,bible is nei!r sup]annuat$ n[1 nor ev] likely to be s1 x w foll[ t ! illu/rations :i* ! ,bible employs are likely to be cle> & intelligible illu/rations to ! end ( "t4 ,i d n mean t ev]y?+ spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible hi/ories mu/ cont9ue to endure = all "t1 b t ! ?+s :i* ! ,bible uses = illu/ration ( et]nal tru?s are likely to rema9 et]nally intelligible illu/rations4 ,n[1 ,i f9d t iron ar*itecture is inde$ spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible4 ,y "k h[ x is said to ,j]emiah1 ,behold1 ,i h made !e ?is day a def5s$ city1 & an iron pill>1 & braz5 walls1 aga9/ ! :ole l&4 ,b ,i d n f9d t iron build+ is ev] allud$ to z likely to become famili> to ! m9ds ( m52 b1 on ! contr>y1 t an ar*itecture ( c>v$ /one is cont9ually employ$ z a s\rce ( ! mo/ important illu/rations4 ,a simple in/ance mu/ occur to all ( y at once4 ,! =ce ( ! image ( ! ,corn] ,/one1 z us$ ?r\gh\t ,scripture1 w\ld completely be lo/1 if ! ,*ri/ian & civiliz$ _w 7 ev] ext5sively to employ any o!r mat]ial ?an e>? & rock 9 _! dome/ic build+s3 ,i firmly believe t !y nev] w2 b t z ! laws ( beauty are m p]fectly e/abli%$1 we %all be cont5t /ill to build z our =efa!rs built1 & /ill to receive ! same great lessons :i* su* build+ is calculat$ to convey2 ( :i* "o is inde$ nev] to be =gott54 ,among ! que/ions respect+ t[]s :i* 7 laid be=e y to-night1 "o has be5 omitt$3 ,:at man is !re ( y int5d+ to build a t[]1 t sitte? n d[n fir/ & c\nte? ! co/1 :e!r he h suffici5t to f9i% x8 ,i h press$ ^u y1 ?is ev5+1 ! build+ ( dome/ic t[]s4 ,y may ?9k x "r to dismiss ! subject at once f y\r ?\ghts2 b let u n d s1 )\t consid]+1 ea* ( u1 h[ f> t t[] has be5 built1 & h[ truly its co/ has be5 c\nt$4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,ar*itecture4 ,deliv]$ ,novemb] #d1 #ahec4 #bi4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! pr9cipal subject ( ?is ev5+1 ,i wi% to anticipate "o or two objections :i* may arise 9 y\r m9ds to :at ,i mu/ lay be=e y4 ,x may p]haps h be5 felt by y la/ ev5+1 t "s ?+s ,i propos$ to y 7 ei!r romantic or ,utopian4 ,let u ?9k = a few mom5ts :at romance & ,utopianism mean4 ,fir/1 romance4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! _m absurd fictions :i* long =m$ ! elem5ts ( romance writ+1 ! ^w romance is sometimes tak5 z synonym\s ) falsehood4 ,?us ! ,fr5* talk ( ,des ,romans1 & ?us ! ,engli% use ! ^w ,romanc+4 ,b 9 ?is s5se we _h mu* bett] use ! ^w falsehood at once4 ,x is f> pla9] & cle>]4 ,& if 9 ?is s5se ,i put any?+ romantic be=e y1 pray pay no att5tion to x1 or to me4 #cj4 ,9 ! second place4 ,because "y p are p>ticul>ly apt to indulge 9 rev]ie1 & imag9ative pleasures1 & to neglect _! pla9 & practical duties1 ! ^w romantic has come to signify weak1 fooli%1 speculative1 unpractical1 unpr9cipl$4 ,9 all ^! cases x w\ld be mu* bett] to say weak1 fooli%1 unpractical1 unpr9cipl$4 ,! words are cle>]4 ,if 9 ?is s5se1 also1 ,i put any?+ romantic be=e y1 pray pay no att5tion to me4 #ca4 ,b 9 ! ?ird & la/ place4 ,! real & prop] use ( ! ^w romantic is simply to *>act]ize an improbable or unaccu/om$ degree ( beauty1 sublimity1 or virtue4 ,= in/ance1 9 matt]s ( hi/ory1 is n ! ,retreat ( ! ,t5 ,?\s& romantic8 ,is n ! dea? ( ,leonidas8 ( ! ,horatii8 ,on ! o!r h&1 y f9d no?+ romantic1 ?\gh mu* t is mon/r\s1 9 ! excesses ( ,tib]ius or ,commodus4 ,s aga91 ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt is romantic1 & ( ,bannockburn1 simply because !re 0 an extraord9>y display ( human virtue 9 bo? ^! battles4 ,b !re is no romance 9 ! battles ( ! la/ ,italian campaign1 9 :i* m]e feebl5ess & di/ru/ 7 on "o side1 m]e physical =ce on ! o!r4 ,& ev5 9 fiction1 ! oppon5ts ( virtue1 9 ord] to be romantic1 mu/ h sublimity m+l$ ) _! vice4 ,x is n ! knave1 n ! ruffian1 t are romantic1 b ! giant & ! dragon2 & ^!1 n because !y are false1 b because !y are maje/ic4 ,s aga9 z to beauty4 ,y feel t armor is romantic1 because x is a beautiful dress1 & y are n us$ to x4 ,y d n feel !re is any?+ romantic 9 ! pa9t & %ells ( a ,s&wi* ,isl&]1 = ^! are n beautiful4 #cb4 ,s1 !n1 obs]ve1 ?is feel+ :i* y are accu/om$ to despise--?is secret & poetical en?usiasm 9 all y\r he>ts1 :i*1 z practical m51 y try to re/ra9--is inde$ "o ( ! holie/ p>ts ( y\r be+4 ,x is ! in/9ctive delight 91 & admiration =1 sublimity1 beauty1 & virtue1 unusually manife/$4 ,& s f> f be+ a dang]\s guide1 x is ! true/ "p ( y\r be+4 ,x is ev5 tru] ?an y\r consci5ces4 ,a man's consci5ce may be utt]ly p]v]t$ & l$ a/ray2 b s long z ! feel+s ( romance endure )9 u1 !y are un]r+1--!y are z true to :at is "r & lovely z ! ne$le to ! nor?2 & all t y h to d is to add to ! en?usia/ic s5tim5t1 ! maje/ic judgm5t--to m+le prud5ce & =esight ) imag9ation & admiration1 & y h ! p]fect human s\l4 ,b ! great evil ( ^! days is t we try to de/roy ! romantic feel+1 in/ead ( bridl+ & direct+ x4 ,m>k :at ,"y says ( ! m5 ( ! _w3-- ,!y1 :o ?9k n\ght s /rong ( ! romance1 ,s rank knight-errant1 z a real fri5d4 ,& !y are "r4 ,true fri5d%ip is romantic1 to ! m5 ( ! _w--true affection is romantic--true religion is romantic2 & if y 7 to ask me :o ( all p[]ful & popul> writ]s 9 ! cause ( error _h wr\ght mo/ h>m to _! race1 ,i %\ld hesitate 9 reply :e!r to "n ,voltaire1 or ,byron1 or ! la/ mo/ +5i\s & mo/ v5om\s ( ! degrad$ philosoph]s ( ,g]many1 or r ,c]vantes1 = he ca/ scorn ^u ! holie/ pr9ciples ( humanity--he1 ( all m51 mo/ help$ =w>d ! t]rible *ange 9 ! soldi]s ( ,europe1 f ! _s ( ,bay>d to ! _s ( ,bonap>te1#ae help$ to *ange loyalty into lic5se1 protection into plund]1 tru? into trea*]y1 *ivalry into selfi%ness2 &1 s9ce 8 "t1 ! pure/ impulses & ! noble/ purposes h p]haps be5 (t5] /ay$ by ! devil1 "u ! "n ( ,quixotism1 ?an "u any o!r base "n or false allegation4 ,footnote #ae3 ,i mean no sc&al aga9/ ! pres5t ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 ^: tru? has1 ,i believe1 be5 z conspicu\s 9 ! late political negotiations1 z 8 decision & prud5ce h be5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( 8 gov]nm5t4 #cc4 ,quixotism1 or ,utopianism2 t is ano!r ( ! devil's pet words4 ,i believe ! quiet admission :i* we are all ( u s ready to make1 t1 because ?+s h long be5 wrong1 x is impossible !y %\ld ev] be "r1 is "o ( ! mo/ fatal s\rces ( mis]y & crime f :i* ?is _w suff]s4 ,:5ev] y he> a man dissuad+ y f attempt+ to d well1 on ! gr\nd t p]fection is ,utopian2 bew>e ( t man4 ,ca/ ! ^w out ( y\r diction>y altoge!r4 ,!re is no ne$ = x4 ,?+s are ei!r possible or impossible--y c easily det]m9e :i*1 9 any giv5 /ate ( human sci5ce4 ,if ! ?+ is impossible1 y ne$ n tr\ble y\rselves ab\t x2 if possible1 try = x4 ,x is v ,utopian to hope = ! entire do+ away ) drunk5ness & mis]y out ( ! ,canongate2 b ! ,utopianism is n our bus9ess--! "w is4 ,x is ,utopian to hope to give e *ild 9 ?is k+dom ! k ( ,god f its y\?2 b ! ,utopianism is n our bus9ess--! "w is4 #cd4 ,i h delay$ y by ! consid]ation ( ^! two words1 only 9 ! fe> t !y might be inaccurately appli$ to ! plans ,i am go+ to lay be=e y2 =1 ?\gh !y 7 ,utopian1 & ?\gh !y 7 romantic1 !y might be none ! worse = t4 ,b !y are nei!r4 ,utopian !y are n2 = !y are m]ely a proposal to d aga9 :at has be5 done = hundr$s ( ye>s by p ^: weal? & p[] 7 z no?+ comp>$ to ours2--& romantic !y are n1 9 ! s5se ( self-sacrific+ or em95tly virtu\s1 = !y are m]ely ! proposal to ea* ( y t he %\ld live 9 a h&som] h\se ?an he does at pres5t1 by sub/itut+ a *eap mode ( ornam5tation = a co/ly "o4 ,y p]haps fanci$ t ar*itectural beauty 0 a v co/ly ?+4 ,f> f x4 ,x is ar*itectural ugl9ess t is co/ly4 ,9 ! mod]n sy/em ( ar*itecture1 decoration is immod]ately exp5sive1 because x is bo? wrongly plac$ & wrongly f9i%$4 ,i say fir/1 wrongly plac$4 ,mod]n ar*itects decorate ! tops ( _! build+s4 ,m$iaeval ones decorat$ ! bottom4#af ,t makes all ! diff]5ce betwe5 see+ ! ornam5t & n see+ x4 ,if y b\ght "s pictures to decorate su* a room z ?is1 :]e w\ld y put !m8 ,on a level ) ! eye1 ,i suppose1 or ne>ly s8 ,n on a level ) ! *&eli]8 ,if y 7 det]m9$ to put !m up !re1 r\nd ! cornice1 x w\ld be bett] = y n to buy !m at all4 ,y w\ld m]ely ?r[ y\r money away4 ,& ! fact is1 t y\r money is be+ ?r[n away cont9ually1 by :olesale2 & :ile y are dissuad$1 on ! gr\nd ( exp5se1 f build+ beautiful w9d[s & beautiful doors1 y are cont9ually made to pay = ornam5ts at ! tops ( y\r h\ses1 :i*1 = all ! use !y are (1 might z well be 9 ! moon4 ,= in/ance1 !re is n1 on ! :ole1 a m /udi$ piece ( dome/ic ar*itecture 9 ,ed9burgh ?an ! /reet 9 :i* s _m ( y\r excell5t physicians live--,rutl& ,/reet4 ,i d n "k if y h obs]v$ its ar*itecture2 b if y w look at x to-morr[1 y w see t a heavy & close balu/rade is put all along ! eaves ( ! h\ses4 ,y\r physicians are n1 ,i suppose1 9 ! habit ( tak+ academic & m$itative walks on ! ro(s ( _! h\ses2 &1 if n1 ?is balu/rade is altoge!r useless1--nor m]ely useless1 = y w f9d x runs directly 9 front ( all ! g>ret w9d[s1 ?us int]f]+ ) _! light1 & block+ out _! view ( ! /reet4 ,all t ! p>apet is meant to d1 is to give "s f9i% to ! facades1 & ! inhabitants h ?us be5 made to pay a l>ge sum = a piece ( m]e decoration4 ,:e!r x does f9i% ! facades satisfactorily1 or :e!r ! physicians resid5t 9 ! /reet1 or _! pati5ts1 are 9 anywise edifi$ by ! succession ( pe>-%ap$ knobs ( /one on _! h\se-tops1 ,i leave !m to tell y2 only d n fancy t ! design1 :atev] its success1 is an economical "o4 ,footnote #af3 ,= f>!r confirmation ( ?is /atem5t see ! ,add5da at ! end ( ?is ,lecture4 #ce4 ,b ?is is a v slight wa/e ( money1 comp>$ to ! con/ant habit ( putt+ c>eful sculpture at ! tops ( h\ses4 ,a temple ( luxury has j be5 built 9 ,london = ! ,army & ,navy ,club4 ,x co/ ,l#dj1jjj1 exclusive ( pur*ase ( gr\nd4 ,x has ^u x an enorm\s quantity ( sculpture1 repres5t+ ! g5tlem5 ( ! navy z little boys rid+ ^u dolph9s1 & ! g5tlem5 ( ! army--,i c\ldn't see z :at--nor c anybody2 = all ?is sculpture is put up at ! top ( ! h\se1 :]e ! gutt] %\ld be1 "u ! cornice4 ,i "k t ?is 0 a ,greek way ( do+ ?+s4 ,i c't help x2 t does n make x a wise "o4 ,greeks might be will+ to pay = :at !y c\ldn't see1 b ,scot*m5 & ,engli%m5 %\ldn't4 #cf4 ,n t ! ,greeks ?rew _! "w away z we d4 ,z f> z ,i "k ,greek build+s1 _! ornam5tation1 ?\gh (t5 bad1 is always bold en\gh & l>ge en\gh to be visible 9 its place4 ,x is n putt+ ornam5t high t is wrong2 b x is cutt+ x too f9e to be se51 :]ev] x is4 ,?is is ! great mod]n mi/ake3 y are actually at twice ! co/ :i* w\ld produce an impressive ornam5t1 to produce a contemptible "o2 y increase ! price ( y\r build+s by "o-half1 9 ord] to m9ce _! decoration into invisibility4 ,walk ?r\gh y\r /reets1 & try to make out ! ornam5ts on ! upp] p>ts ( y\r f9e build+s--7!re are none at ! bottoms ( !m74 ,don't d x long1 or y w all come home ) inflam$ eyes1 b y w soon discov] t y c see no?+ b confusion 9 ornam5ts t h co/ y t5 or twelve %ill+s a foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 7,fig4 #ac41 ,fig4 #ad47 #cg4 ,n[1 ! ,go?ic build]s plac$ _! decoration on a precisely contr>y pr9ciple1 & on ! only rational pr9ciple4 ,all _! be/ & mo/ delicate "w !y put on ! f\ndation ( ! build+1 close to ! spectator1 & on ! upp] p>ts ( ! walls !y put ornam5ts l>ge1 bold1 & capable ( be+ pla9ly se5 at ! necess>y di/ance4 ,a s+le example w enable y to und]/& ?is me?od ( adaptation p]fectly4 ,! l[] "p ( ! facade ( ! ca!dral ( ,lyons1 built ei!r late 9 ! ?irte5? or e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 is decorat$ ) a s]ies ( ni*es1 fill$ by /atues ( consid]able size1 :i* are support$ ^u p$e/als )9 ab\t eight feet ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 g5]al1 p$e/als ( ?is k9d are support$ on "s project+ portion ( ! basem5t2 b at ,lyons1 ow+ to o!r arrangem5ts ( ! ar*itecture into :i* ,i h no "t to ent]1 !y are m]ely project+ tablets1 or flat-bottom$ brackets ( /one1 project+ f ! wall4 ,ea* bracket is ab\t a foot & a half squ>e1 & is %ap$ ?us 7fig4 #ac71 %[+ to ! spectator1 z he walks b5ea?1 ! flat bottom ( ea* bracket1 q 9 ! %ade1 b )9 a c\ple ( feet ( ! eye1 & light$ by ! reflect$ light f ! pavem5t4 ,! :ole ( ! surface ( ! wall r\nd ! great entrance is cov]$ ) bas-relief1 z a matt] ( c\rse2 b ! ar*itect appe>s to h be5 jeal\s ( ! smalle/ space :i* 0 well )9 ! range ( sight2 & ! bottom ( e bracket is decorat$ also--nor t slightly1 b decorat$ ) no few] ?an six figures ea*1 besides a fl[] bord]1 9 a space1 z ,i said1 n q a foot & a half squ>e4 ,! %ape ( ! field to be decorat$ be+ a k9d ( quatre-foil1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ac1 f\r small figures are plac$1 "o 9 ea* foil1 & two l>g] ones 9 ! c5t]4 ,i _h only "t1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! t[n1 to make a draw+ ( "o ( ! angles ( ^! p$e/als2 t sket* ,i h enl>g$1 9 ord] t y may h "s idea ( ! "* ( ! sculpture4 ,"h is ! enl>gem5t ( x 7fig4 #ae74 ,n[ obs]ve1 ?is is "o ( ! angles ( ! bottom ( a p$e/al1 n two feet broad1 on ! outside ( a ,go?ic build+2 x conta9s only "o ( ! f\r little figures :i* =m ^? angles2 & x %[s y ! head only ( "o ( ! l>g] figures 9 ! c5t]4 ,yet j obs]ve h[ mu* design1 h[ mu* wond]ful composition1 !re is 9 ?is m]e fragm5t ( a build+ ( ! great times2 a fragm5t1 lit]ally no l>g] ?an a s*ool-boy c\ld /rike (f 9 wantonness ) a /ick3 & yet ,i _c tell y h[ mu* c>e has be5 sp5t--n s mu* on ! execution1 = x does n take mu* tr\ble to execute well on s small a scale--b on ! design1 ( ?is m9ute fragm5t4 ,y see x is compos$ ( a bran* ( wild roses1 :i* swit*es r\nd at ! angle1 embrac+ ! m9ute figure ( ! bi%op1 & t]m9ates 9 a spray rea*+ ne>ly to ! head ( ! l>ge figure4 ,y w obs]ve h[ beautifully t figure is ?us po9t$ to by ! spray ( rose1 & h[ all ! leaves ar\nd x 9 ! same mann] are subs]vi5t to ! grace ( its action4 ,look1 if ,i hide "o l9e1 or "o rosebud1 h[ ! :ole is injur$1 & h[ mu* !re is to /udy 9 ! detail ( x4 ,look at ?is little diamond cr[n1 ) a lock ( ! hair escap+ f b5ea? x2 & at ! beautiful way 9 :i* ! t9y leaf at a1 is set 9 ! angle to prev5t its h>%ness2 & hav+ exam9$ ?is well1 consid] :at a treasure ( ?\ght !re is 9 a ca!dral front1 a hundr$ feet wide1 e in* ( :i* is wr\ght ) sculpture l ?is6 ,& e front ( our ?irte5? c5tury ca!drals is inwr\ght ) sculpture ( ?is quality6 ,& yet y quietly all[ y\rselves to be told t ! m5 :o ?us wr\ght 7 b>b>ians1 & t y\r ar*itects are wis] & bett] 9 cov]+ y\r walls ) sculpture ( ?is k9d 7fig4 #ad1 ,plate ,,viii47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4 7,fig4 #af47 #ch4 ,walk r\nd y\r ,ed9burgh build+s1 & look at ! height ( y\r eye1 :at y w get f !m4 ,no?+ b squ>e-cut /one--squ>e-cut /one--a wild]ness ( squ>e-cut /one =ev] & =ev]2 s t y\r h\ses look l prisons1 & truly are s2 = ! wor/ feature ( ,greek ar*itecture is1 inde$1 n its co/l9ess1 b its tyranny4 ,^! squ>e /ones are n prisons ( ! body1 b graves ( ! s\l2 = ! v m5 :o c\ld d sculpture l ?is ( ,lyons = y are "h6 /ill "h1 9 y\r despis$ workm53 ! race has n deg5]at$1 x is y :o h b\nd !m d[n1 & buri$ !m b5ea? y\r ,greek /ones4 ,!re w\ld be a resurrection ( !m1 z ( r5ew$ s\ls1 if y w\ld only lift ! weight ( ^! we>y walls f (f _! he>ts4#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,?is subject is f>!r pursu$ 9 ! ,add5da at ! end ( ?is ,lecture4 #ci4 ,b ,i am leav+ ! po9t imm$iately 9 "q1 :i*1 y w rememb]1 0 ! prop] adaptation ( ornam5t to its di/ance f ! eye4 ,i h giv5 y "o example ( ,go?ic ornam5t1 meant to be se5 close2 n[ let me give y "o ( ,go?ic ornam5t int5d$ to be se5 f> (f4 ,"h 7fig4 #af7 is a sket* ( a ni*e at ,ami5s ,ca!dral1 "s fifty or sixty feet high on ! facade1 & sev5 or eight feet wide4 ,n[ obs]ve1 9 ! ornam5t close to ! eye1 y _h six figures & a :ole wrea? ( roses 9 ! space ( a foot & a half squ>e2 b 9 ! ornam5t sixty feet f ! eye1 y h n[ only t5 or twelve l>ge leaves 9 a space ( eight feet squ>e6 & note also t n[ !re is no attempt :atsoev] at ! ref9em5t ( l9e & f9i% ( edge :i* !re 0 9 ! o!r example4 ,! sculptor knew t1 at ! height ( ?is ni*e1 p w\ld n att5d to ! delicate l9es1 & t ! broad %ad[s w\ld cat* ! eye in/ead4 ,he has !re=e left1 z y see1 rude squ>e edges to 8 ni*e1 & c>v$ 8 leaves z massively & broadly z possible3 & yet1 obs]ve h[ dext]\sly he has giv5 y a s5se ( delicacy & m9ut5ess 9 ! "w1 by m+l+ ^! small leaves among ! l>ge ones4 ,i made ?is sket* f a photograph1 & ! spot 9 :i* ^! leaves occurr$ 0 obscure2 ,i h1 !re=e1 us$ ^? ( ! ,oxalis acetosella1 ( :i* ! qua9t =m is always int]e/+4 #dj4 ,& y see by ?is example also :at ,i meant j n[ by say+1 t our own ornam5t 0 n only wrongly plac$1 b wrongly ,,f9i%$4 ,! v qualities :i* fit ?is leaf-decoration = due effect ^u ! eye1 are ^? :i* w\ld conduce to economy 9 its execution4 ,a m exp5sive ornam5t w\ld be less effective2 & x is ! v price we pay = f9i%+ our decorations :i* spoils our ar*itecture4 ,& ! curi\s ?+ is1 t :ile y all appreciate1 & t f> too highly1 :at is call$ ! bold /yle 9 pa9t+1 y _c appreciate x 9 sculpture4 ,y l a hurri$1 broad1 da%+ mann] ( execution 9 a wat]-color draw+1 ?\gh t may be se5 z ne> z y *oose1 & yet y refuse to admit ! nobl5ess ( a bold1 simple1 & da%+ /roke ( ! *isel 9 "w :i* is to be se5 =ty fa?oms (f4 ,be assur$ t h&l+ is z great a ?+ 9 m>ble z 9 pa9t1 & t ! p[] ( produc+ a ma/]ly effect ) few t\*es is z ess5tial 9 an ar*itect z 9 a draughtsman2 ?\gh inde$ t p[] is nev] p]fectly atta9$ except by ^? :o possess ! p[] ( giv+ ! highe/ f9i% :5 !re is occasion4 #da4 ,b !re is yet ano!r & a weighti] *>ge to be br\ght aga9/ our mod]n ,pseudo-,greek ornam5tation4 ,x is1 fir/1 wrongly plac$2 secondly1 wrongly f9i%$2 &1 ?irdly1 utt]ly )\t mean+4 ,obs]ve 9 ^! two ,go?ic ornam5ts1 & 9 e o!r ornam5t t ev] 0 c>v$ 9 ! great ,go?ic times1 !re is a def9ite aim at ! repres5tation ( "s natural object4 ,9 fig4 #ae y h an exquisite gr\p ( rose-/ems1 ) ! fl[]s & buds2 9 fig4 #af1 v>i\s wild we$s1 especially ! ,g]anium prat5se2 9 e case y h an approximation to a natural =m1 & an unceas+ v>iety ( sugge/ion4 ,b h[ mu* ( ,nature h y 9 y\r ,greek build+s8 ,i w %[ y1 tak+ = an example ! be/ y h lately built2 &1 9 do+ s1 ,i tru/ t no?+ t ,i say w be ?\ght to h any p]sonal purpose1 & t ! ar*itect ( ! build+ 9 "q w =give me2 = x is j because x is a good example ( ! /yle t ,i ?9k x m fair to use x = an example4 ,if ! build+ 7 a bad "o ( ! k9d1 x w\ld n be a fair in/ance2 & ,i hope1 !re=e1 t 9 speak+ ( ! in/itution on ! ,m\nd1 j 9 progress1 ,i %all be und]/ood z mean+ r a complim5t to its ar*itect ?an o!rwise4 ,x is n 8 fault t we =ce him to build 9 ! ,greek mann]4 #db4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! or?odox practice 9 mod]n ar*itecture1 ! mo/ delicate & m9ute pieces ( sculpture on t build+ are at ! v top ( x1 j "u its gutt]4 ,y _c see !m 9 a d>k day1 & p]haps may nev]1 to ?is h\r1 h notic$ !m at all4 ,b !re !y are3 sixty-six f9i%$ heads ( lions1 all exactly ! same2 &1 !re=e1 ,i suppose1 execut$ on "s noble ,greek type1 too noble to all[ any mode/ ,mod]n to ?9k ( improv+ ^u x4 ,b :e!r execut$ on a ,greek type or no1 x is to be presum$ t1 z !re are sixty-six ( !m alike1 & on s important a build+ z t :i* is to conta9 y\r s*ool ( design1 & :i* is ! pr9cipal example ( ! ,a!nian /yle 9 mod]n ,a!ns1 !re mu/ be some?+ especially admirable 9 !m1 & des]v+ y\r mo/ att5tive contemplation4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t y might h a fair opportunity ( e/imat+ _! beauty1 ,i 0 desir\s ( gett+ a sket* ( a real lion's head to comp>e ) !m1 & my fri5d ,mr4 ,millais k9dly (f]$ to draw bo? ! "o & ! o!r = me4 ,y h n1 h[ev]1 at pres5t1 a lion 9 y\r zoological collection2 & x be+1 z y are probably aw>e1 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( ,pre-,raphaelitism1 z well z ess5tial to my object 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 t no draw+ %\ld be made except f ,nature itself1 ,i 0 oblig$ to be cont5t ) a tig]'s head1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w answ] my purpose j z well1 9 enabl+ y to comp>e a piece ( true1 fai?ful1 & natural "w ) mod]n ar*itectural sculpture4 ,"h1 9 ! fir/ place1 is ,mr4 ,millais' draw+ f ! liv+ bea/ 7fig4 #ag1 frontispiece74 ,i h n ! lea/ fe> b t y w at once ackn[l$ge its tru? & feel its p[]4 ,prep>e y\rselves next = ! ,grecian sublimity ( ! ideal bea/1 f ! cornice ( y\r s*ools ( design4 ,behold x 7fig4 #ah74 #dc4 ,n[ we call ourselves civiliz$ & ref9$ 9 matt]s ( art1 b ,i assure y x is seldom t1 9 ! v base/ & co>se/ grotesques ( ! inf]ior ,go?ic workm51 any?+ s contemptible z ?is head c be ev] f\nd4 ,!y only s9k into su* a failure accid5tally1 & 9 a s+le in/ance2 & we1 9 our civilization1 repeat ?is noble piece ( "w ?reescore & six times ov]1 z n be+ able to inv5t any?+ else s good6 ,d n ?9k ,mr4 ,millais has c>icatur$ x4 ,x is drawn ) ! /ricte/ fidelity2 photograph "o ( ! heads to-morr[1 & y w f9d ! photograph tell y ! same tale4 ,nei!r imag9e t ?is is an unusual example ( mod]n "w4 ,y\r banks & public (fices are cov]$ ) ideal lions' heads 9 e direction1 & y w f9d !m all j z bad z ?is4 ,&1 f>!r1 note t ! admission ( su* b>b>\s types ( sculpture is n m]ely ridicul\s2 x is s]i\sly h>mful to y\r p[]s ( p]ceiv+ tru? or beauty ( any k9d or at any "t4 ,imag9e ! effect on ! m9ds ( y\r *ildr5 ( hav+ su* repres5tations ( a lion's head z ?is ?ru/ ^u !m p]petually2 & consid] :at a diff]5t effect might be produc$ ^u !m if1 in/ead ( ?is b>r5 & insipid absurdity1 e boss on y\r build+s 71 accord+ to ! workman's be/ ability1 a fai?ful r5d]+ ( ! =m ( "s exi/+ animal1 s t all _! walls 7 s _m pages ( natural hi/ory4 ,&1 f9ally1 consid] ! diff]5ce1 ) respect to ! m9d ( ! workman himself1 betwe5 be+ kept all 8 life c>v+1 by sixties1 & =ties1 & ?irties1 repetitions ( "o false & futile model1--& be+ s5t1 = e piece ( "w he _h to execute1 to make a /]n & fai?ful /udy f "s liv+ creature ( ,god4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4 7,fig4 #ag41 ,fig4 #ah47 #dd4 ,& ?is la/ consid]ation enables me to press ?is subject on y on f> high] gr\nds ?an ,i h done yet4 ,i h hi!rto appeal$ only to y\r national pride1 or to y\r common s5se2 b surely ,i %\ld treat a ,scotti% audi5ce ) indignity if ,i appeal$ n f9ally to some?+ high] ?an ei!r ( !m1--to _! religi\s pr9ciples4 ,y "k h[ (t5 x is difficult to be wisely *>itable1 to d good )\t multiply+ ! s\rces ( evil4 ,y "k t to give alms is no?+ unless y give ?\ght also2 & t !re=e x is writt51 n bless$ is he t fe$e? ! poor1 b1 bless$ is he t consid]e? ! poor4 ,& y "k t a little ?\ght & a little k9dness are (t5 wor? m ?an a great deal ( money4 #de4 ,n[ ?is *>ity ( ?\ght is n m]ely to be ex]cis$ t[>ds ! poor2 x is to be ex]cis$ t[>ds all m54 ,!re is assur$ly no action ( our social life1 h[ev] unimportant1 :i*1 by k9dly ?\ght1 may n be made to h a b5eficial influ5ce ^u o!rs2 & x is impossible to sp5d ! smalle/ sum ( money1 = any n absolutely necess>y purpose1 )\t a grave responsibility atta*+ to ! mann] ( sp5d+ x4 ,! object we ourselves covet may1 inde$1 be desirable & h>mless1 s f> z we are conc]n$1 b ! provid+ u ) x may1 p]haps1 be a v prejudicial occupation to "s "o else4 ,& !n x becomes in/antly a moral "q1 :e!r we are to indulge ourselves or n4 ,:atev] we wi% to buy1 we ought fir/ to consid] n only if ! ?+ be fit = u1 b if ! manufacture ( x be a :olesome & happy "o2 & if1 on ! :ole1 ! sum we are go+ to sp5d w d z mu* good sp5t 9 ?is way z x w\ld if sp5t 9 any o!r way4 ,x may be said t we h n "t to consid] all ?is be=e we make a pur*ase4 ,b no "t c\ld be sp5t 9 a m important duty2 & ,god nev] imposes a duty )\t giv+ ! "t to d x4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 only ackn[l$ge ! pr9ciple2--once make up y\r m9d to all[ ! consid]ation ( ! effect ( y\r pur*ases to regulate ! k9d ( y\r pur*ase1 & y w soon easily f9d gr\nds en\gh to decide ^u4 ,! plea ( ignorance w nev] take away our responsibilities4 ,x is writt51 ,if ?\ saye/1 ,behold1 we knew x n2 do? n ,he t pond]e? ! he>t consid] x8 & ,he t keepe? ?y s\l1 do? n ,he "k x8 #df4 ,i c\ld press ?is on y at l5g?1 b ,i ha/5 to apply ! pr9ciple to ! subject ( art4 ,i w d s broadly at fir/1 & !n come to ar*itecture4 ,enorm\s sums are sp5t annually by ?is c\ntry 9 :at is call$ patronage ( art1 b 9 :at is = ! mo/ "p m]ely buy+ :at /rikes our fancies4 ,true & judici\s patronage !re is inde$2 _m a "w ( art is b\ght by ^? :o d n c>e = its possession1 to assi/ ! /ruggl+ arti/1 or relieve ! unsuccessful "o4 ,b = ! mo/ "p1 ,i fe> we are too mu* 9 ! habit ( buy+ simply :at we l be/1 :olly irrespective ( any good to be done1 ei!r to ! arti/ or to ! s*ools ( ! c\ntry4 ,n[ let u rememb]1 t e f>?+ we sp5d on objects ( art has influ5ce ov] m5's m9ds & spirits1 f> m ?an ov] _! bodies4 ,by ! pur*ase ( e pr9t :i* hangs on y\r walls1 ( e cup out ( :i* y dr9k1 & e table (f :i* y eat y\r bread1 y are educat+ a mass ( m5 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,y are ei!r employ+ !m heal?ily or un:olesomely2 y are mak+ !m lead happy or unhappy lives2 y are lead+ !m to look at ,nature1 & to love h]--to ?9k1 to feel1 to enjoy1--or y are bl9d+ !m to ,nature1 & keep+ !m b\nd1 l bea/s ( burd51 9 me*anical & monoton\s employm5ts4 ,we %all all be ask$ "o day1 :y we did n ?9k m ( ?is4 #dg4 ,well1 b1 y w say1 h[ c we decide :at we ought to buy1 b by our lik+s8 ,y w\ld n h u buy :at we don't l8 ,no1 b ,i w\ld h y ?or\ghly sure t !re is an absolute "r & wrong 9 all art1 & try to f9d out ! "r1 & l t2 &1 secondly1 sometimes to sacrifice a c>eless pref]5ce or fancy1 to :at y "k is = ! good ( y\r fell[-creatures4 ,= in/ance1 :5 y sp5d a gu9ea ^u an engrav+1 :at h y done8 ,y h paid a man = a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs to sit at a dirty table1 9 a dirty room1 inhal+ ! fumes ( nitric acid1 /oop+ ov] a /eel plate1 on :i*1 by ! help ( a magnify+ glass1 he is1 "o by "o1 labori\sly cutt+ out c]ta9 not*es & scrat*es1 ( :i* ! effect is to be ! copy ( ano!r man's "w4 ,y _c suppose y h done a v *>itable ?+ 9 ?is6 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] y buy a small wat]-color draw+1 y h employ$ a man happily & heal?ily1 work+ 9 a clean room 7if he likes71 or m probably /ill1 out 9 ! pure c\ntry & fre% air1 ?9k+ ab\t some?+1 & le>n+ some?+ e mom5t2 n /ra9+ 8 eyesight1 nor break+ 8 back1 b work+ 9 ease & happ9ess4 ,!re=e if y c l a mode/ wat]-color bett] ?an an elaborate engrav+1 d4 ,!re may inde$ be engrav+s :i* are wor? ! suff]+ x co/s to produce !m2 b at all ev5ts1 engrav+s ( public d9n]s & lay+ ( f\ndation-/ones1 & su* ?+s1 might be disp5s$ )4 ,! engrav+ ought to be a fir/-rate picture ( a fir/-rate subject to be wor? buy+4 #dh4 ,f>!r1 ,i "k t _m consci5ti\s p]sons are desir\s ( enc\rag+ art1 b feel at ! same "t t _! judgm5t is n c]ta9 en\gh to secure _! *oice ( ! be/ k9d ( art4 ,to su* p]sons ,i w\ld n[ especially address myself1 fully admitt+ ! greatness ( _! difficulty4 ,x is n an easy ?+ to acquire a k ( pa9t+2 & x is by no means a desirable ?+ to enc\rage bad pa9t+4 ,"o bad pa9t] makes ano!r1 & "o bad pa9t+ w (t5 spoil a great _m heal?y judgm5ts4 ,i c\ld "n popul> pa9t]s n[ liv+1 :o h ret>d$ ! ta/e ( _! g5]ation by tw5ty ye>s4 ,unless1 !re=e1 we are c]ta9 n m]ely t we l a pa9t+1 b t we are "r 9 lik+ x1 we %\ld nev] buy x4 ,= !re is "o way ( sp5d+ money :i* is p]fectly safe1 & 9 :i* we may be absolutely sure ( do+ good4 ,i mean1 by pay+ = simple sculpture ( natural objects1 *iefly fl[]s & animals4 ,y are aw>e t ! possibilities ( error 9 sculpture are mu* less ?an 9 pa9t+2 x is altoge!r an easi] & simpl] art1 inv>iably atta9+ p]fection long be=e pa9t+1 9 ! progress ( a national m9d4 ,x may inde$ be corrupt$ by false ta/e1 or ?r[n into errone\s =ms2 b = ! mo/ "p1 ! feebl5ess ( a sculptor is %[n 9 imp]fection & rud5ess1 r ?an 9 def9ite error4 ,he does n rea* ! f95ess ( ! =ms ( ,nature2 b he approa*es !m truly up to a c]ta9 po9t1 or1 if n s1 at all ev5ts an hone/ ef=t w cont9ually improve him3 s t if we set a simple natural =m be=e him1 & tell him to copy x1 we are sure we h giv5 him a :olesome & useful piece ( education2 b if we told him to pa9t x1 he might1 ) all ! hone/y 9 ! _w1 pa9t x wrongly & falsely1 to ! end ( 8 days4 #di4 ,s mu* = ! workman4 ,b ! workman is n ! only p]son conc]n$4 ,obs]ve f>!r1 t :5 y buy a pr9t1 ! enjoym5t ( x is conf9$ to y\rself & to y\r fri5ds4 ,b if y c>ve a piece ( /one1 & put x on ! outside ( y\r h\se1 x w give pleasure to e p]son :o passes along ! /reet--to an innum]able multitude1 in/ead ( a few4 ,nay1 b1 y say1 we ourselves %all n be b5efit$ by ! sculpture on ! outsides ( our h\ses4 ,yes1 y w1 & 9 an extraord9>y degree2 =1 obs]ve f>!r1 t ar*itecture diff]s f pa9t+ peculi>ly 9 be+ an art ( accumulation4 ,! pr9ts b\ght by y\r fri5ds1 & hung up 9 _! h\ses1 h no collat]al effect ) y\rs3 !y mu/ be sep>ately exam9$1 & if ev] !y 7 hung side by side1 !y w\ld r injure ?an assi/ ea* o!r's effect4 ,b ! sculpture on y\r fri5d's h\se unites 9 effect ) t on y\r own4 ,! two h\ses =m "o gr& mass--f> gr&] ?an ei!r sep>ately2 mu* m if a ?ird be add$--& a f\r?2 mu* m if ! :ole /reet--if ! :ole city--jo9 9 ! solemn h>mony ( sculpture4 ,y\r sep>ate possessions ( pictures & pr9ts are to y z if y sang pieces ( music ) y\r s+le voices 9 y\r own h\ses4 ,b y\r ar*itecture w\ld be z if y all sang toge!r 9 "o mighty *oir4 ,9 ! sep>ate picture1 x is r>e t !re exi/s any v high s\rce ( sublime emotion2 b ! great conc]t$ music ( ! /reets ( ! city1 :5 turret rises ov] turret1 & casem5t fr[ns beyond casem5t1 & t[] succe$s to t[] along ! f>!/ ridges ( ! inhabit$ hills1--?is is a sublimity ( :i* y c at pres5t =m no conception2 & capable1 ,i believe1 ( excit+ almo/ ! deepe/ emotion t art c ev] /rike f ! bosoms ( m54 ,& ju/ly ! deepe/3 = x is a law ( ,god & ( ,nature1 t y\r pleasures--z y\r virtues--%all be enhanc$ by mutual aid4 ,z1 by jo9+ h& 9 h&1 y c su/a9 ea* o!r be/1 s1 h& 9 h&1 y c delight ea* o!r be/4 ,& !re is inde$ a *>m & sacr$ness 9 /reet ar*itecture :i* mu/ be want+ ev5 to t ( ! temple3 x is a little ?+ = m5 to unite 9 ! =ms ( a religi\s s]vice1 b x is mu* = !m to unite1 l true bre?r51 9 ! arts & (fices ( _! daily lives4 #ej4 ,& n[1 ,i c conceive only ( "o objection z likely /ill to arise 9 y\r m9ds1 :i* ,i mu/ briefly meet4 ,y\r pictures1 & o!r small] works ( art1 y c c>ry ) y1 :]ev] y live2 y\r h\se mu/ be left beh9d4 ,inde$1 ,i believe t ! w&]+ habits :i* h n[ become almo/ necess>y to our exi/5ce1 lie m at ! root ( our bad ar*itecture ?an any o!r "* ( mod]n times4 ,we always look ^u our h\ses z m]e tempor>y lodg+s4 ,we are always hop+ to get l>g] & f9] ones1 or are =c$1 9 "s way or o!r1 to live :]e we d n *oose1 & 9 cont9ual expectation ( *ang+ our place ( abode4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( society1 ?is is 9 a great measure unavoidable2 b let u rememb] x is an evil2 & t s f> z x is avoidable1 x becomes our duty to *eck ! impulse4 ,x is n = me to lead y at pres5t into any consid]ation ( a matt] s closely t\*+ y\r private int]e/s & feel+s2 b x surely is a subject = s]i\s ?\ght1 :e!r x might n be bett] = _m ( u1 if1 on atta9+ a c]ta9 position 9 life1 we det]m9$1 ) ,god's p]mission1 to *oose a home 9 :i* to live & die1--a home n to be increas$ by add+ /one to /one & field to field1 b :i*1 be+ en\gh = all our wi%es at t p]iod1 we %\ld resolve to be satisfi$ ) =ev]4 ,consid] ?is2 & also1 :e!r we ought n to be m 9 ! habit ( seek+ honor f our desc5dants ?an our ance/ors2 ?9k+ x bett] to be nobly rememb]$ ?an nobly born2 & /riv+ s to live1 t our sons1 & our sons' sons1 = ages to come1 might /ill lead _! *ildr5 rev]5tly to ! doors out ( :i* we _h be5 c>ri$ to ! grave1 say+1 ,look3 ,?is 0 8 h\se3 ,?is 0 8 *amb]4 #ea4 ,i believe t y c br+ =w>d no o!r s]i\s objection to ! pr9ciples = :i* ,i am plead+4 ,!y are s simple1 &1 x seems to me1 s incontrov]tible1 t ,i tru/ y w n leave ?is room1 )\t det]m9+1 z y h opportunity1 to d some?+ to advance ?is long-neglect$ art ( dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,! reasons ,i h laid be=e y w\ld h weight1 ev5 7 ,i to ask y to g to "s consid]able exp5diture beyond :at y at pres5t are accu/om$ to devote to su* purposes2 b no?+ m w\ld be ne$$ ?an ! div]sion ( exp5ditures1 at pres5t scatt]$ & unconsid]$1 into a s+le & effective *annel4 ,nay1 ! m]e int]e/ ( ! money :i* we are accu/om$ to keep dormant by u 9 ! =m ( plate & jewelry1 w\ld alone be en\gh to su/a9 a s*ool ( magnific5t ar*itecture4 ,& al?\gh1 9 highly wr\ght plate1 & 9 f9ely design$ jewelry1 noble art may occasionally exi/1 yet 9 g5]al bo? jewels & s]vices ( silv] are matt]s ( o/5tation1 mu* m ?an s\rces ( intellectual pleasure4 ,!re are also _m evils connect$ ) !m--!y are a c>e to _! possessors1 a temptation to ! di%one/1 & a tr\ble & bitt]ness to ! poor4 ,s t ,i _c b ?9k t "p ( ! weal? :i* n[ lies buri$ 9 ^! d\btful luxuries1 might mo/ wisely & k9dly be ?r[n into a =m :i* w\ld give p]petual pleasure1 n to its possessor only1 b to ?\s&s besides1 & nei!r tempt ! unpr9cipl$1 nor inflame ! envi\s1 nor mortify ! poor2 :ile1 suppos+ t y\r own dignity 0 de> to y1 ?is1 y may rely ^u x1 w\ld be m impress$ ^u o!rs by ! nobl5ess ( y\r h\se-walls ?an by ! gli/5+ ( y\r sidebo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4 7,fig4 #ai47 #eb4 ,& ev5 suppos+ t "s additional exp5diture 7 requir$ = ?is purpose1 are we inde$ s mu* poor] ?an our ance/ors1 t we _c n[1 9 all ! p[] ( ,brita91 af=d to d :at 0 done by e small republic1 by e indep5d5t city1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ?r\gh\t ,france1 ,italy1 & ,g]many8 ,i am n aw>e ( a ve/ige ( dome/ic ar*itecture1 belong+ to ! great m$iaeval p]iods1 :i*1 accord+ to its mat]ial & "*1 is n ri*ly decorat$4 ,b look "h 7fig4 #ai71 look to :at an ext5t decoration has be5 c>ri$ 9 ! dome/ic edifices ( a city1 ,i suppose n mu* sup]ior 9 importance1 comm]cially speak+1 to ,man*e/]1 ,liv]pool1 or ,birm+ham--namely1 ,r\51 9 ,norm&y4 ,?is is a g>ret w9d[1 /ill exi/+ !re1--a g>ret w9d[ built by ,william de ,b\rg!r\de 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,i %[ x y1 fir/1 z a pro( ( :at may be made ( ! features ( dome/ic build+s we are apt to disda92 & secondly1 z ano!r example ( a beautiful use ( ! po9t$ ar*1 fill$ by ! solid %ield ( /one1 & inclos+ a squ>e casem5t4 ,x is inde$ a peculi>ly ri* & beautiful in/ance1 b x is a type ( :i* _m examples /ill exi/ 9 ,france1 & ( :i* _m once exi/$ 9 y\r own ,scotl&1 ( rud] "w inde$1 b admirable always 9 ! effect ^u ! outl9e ( ! build+4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful in/ances ,i "k ( ?is k9d ( w9d[ is 9 ! anci5t h\se ( ! ,maxwells1 on ! e/ate ( ,sir ,john ,maxwell ( ,polloc4 ,i _h n se5 x :5 ,i gave ?is lecture1 or ,i %\ld h pref]r$ x1 z an example1 to t ( ,r\51 ) ref]5ce to mod]n possibilities ( imitation4 #ec4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 hope t y w (t5 be able to g z f> z ?is 9 decoration2 9 fact ,i w\ld r recomm5d a simpl] /yle to y1 f\nd$ on e>li] examples2 b1 if possible1 aid$ by color1 introduc$ 9 v>i\s k9ds ( naturally color$ /ones4 ,i h obs]v$ t y\r ,scotti% lapid>ies h admirable ta/e & skill 9 ! disposition ( ! pebbles ( y\r broo*es & o!r ornam5ts ( dress2 & ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt t ! g5ius ( y\r c\ntry w\ld1 if direct$ to ?is p>ticul> /yle ( ar*itecture1 produce works z beautiful z !y w\ld be ?or\ghly national4 ,! ,go?ic ( ,flor5ce1 :i* owes at lea/ ! half ( its beauty to ! art ( inlay+1 w\ld furni% y ) exquisite examples2 its sculpture is inde$ ! mo/ p]fect :i* 0 ev] produc$ by ! ,go?ic s*ools2 b1 besides ?is ri* sculpture1 all its flat surfaces are inlaid ) color$ /ones1 mu* be+ done ) a gre5 s]p5t9e1 :i* =ms ! great] "p ( ! coa/ ( ,g5oa4 ,y h1 ,i believe1 l>ge b$s ( ?is rock 9 ,scotl&1 & o!r /ones besides1 peculi>ly ,scotti%1 calculat$ to =m z noble a s*ool ( color z ev] exi/$4#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,a s]ies ( f\r examples ( designs = w9d[s 0 exhibit$ at ?is po9t ( ! lecture1 b ,i h n engrav$ !m1 z !y 7 ha/ily made = ! purposes ( mom5t>y illu/ration1 & are n su* z ,i *oose to publi% or p]petuate4 #ed4 ,&1 n[1 ,i h b two ?+s m to say to y 9 conclusion4 ,mo/ ( ! lectur]s :om y all[ to address y1 lay be=e y views ( ! sci5ces !y pr(ess1 :i* are ei!r g5]ally receiv$1 or incontrov]tible4 ,i come be=e y at a disadvantage2 = ,i _c consci5ti\sly tell y any?+ ab\t ar*itecture b :at is at v>iance ) all commonly receiv$ views ^u ! subject4 ,i come be=e y1 pr(ess$ly to speak ( ?+s =gott5 or ?+s disput$2 & ,i lay be=e y1 n accept$ pr9ciples1 b que/ions at issue4 ,( ^? que/ions y are to be ! judges1 & to y ,i appeal4 ,y mu/ n1 :5 y leave ?is room1 if y feel d\btful ( ! tru? ( :at ,i h said1 ref] y\rselves to "s ar*itect ( e/abli%$ reputation1 & ask him :e!r ,i am "r or n4 ,y might z well1 _h y liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 h ask$ a ,roman ,ca?olic ar*bi%op 8 op9ion ( ! fir/ re=m]4 ,i d5y 8 jurisdiction2 ,i refuse 8 decision4 ,i call ^u y to be ,b]eans 9 ar*itecture1 z y are 9 religion1 & to se>* into ^! ?+s = y\rselves4 ,rememb] t1 h[ev] c&id a man may be1 x is too mu* to expect ( him :5 8 c>e] 9 life has be5 successful1 to turn sudd5ly on ! highway1 & to decl>e t all he has le>n$ has be5 false1 & all he has done1 wor?less2 yet no?+ less ?an su* a decl>ation z ?is mu/ be made by ne>ly e exi/+ ar*itect1 be=e he admitt$ ! tru? ( "o ^w t ,i h said to y ?is ev5+4 ,y mu/ be prep>$1 !re=e1 to he> my op9ions attack$ ) all ! virul5ce ( e/abli%$ int]e/1 & all ! p]t9acity ( confirm$ prejudice2 y w he> !m made ! subjects ( e species ( satire & invective2 b "o k9d ( opposition to !m y w nev] he>2 y w nev] he> !m met by quiet1 /eady1 rational argum5t2 = t is ! "o way 9 :i* !y _c be met4 ,y w con/antly he> me accus$--y y\rselves may be ! fir/ to accuse me--( presumption 9 speak+ ?us confid5tly aga9/ ! e/abli%$ au?ority ( ages4 ,presumption6 ,yes1 if ,i _h spok5 on my own au?ority2 b ,i h appeal$ to two incontrov]tible & irrefragable witnesses--to ! nature t is ar\nd y--to ! reason t is )9 y4 ,& if y are will+ 9 ?is matt] to take ! voice ( au?ority aga9/ t ( nature & ( reason1 take x 9 o!r ?+s also4 ,take x 9 religion1 z y d 9 ar*itecture4 ,x is n by a ,scotti% audi5ce--n by ! desc5dants ( ! ,re=m] & ! ,cov5ant]--t ,i expect$ to be met ) a refusal to believe t ! _w might possibly h be5 wrong = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 9 _! ways ( c>v+ /ones & sett+ up ( pill>s1 :5 !y "k t !y 7 wrong = twelve hundr$ ye>s1 9 _! m>k+ h[ ! roads divid$1 t l$ to ,hell & ,heav54 #ee4 ,y mu/ expect at fir/ t !re w be difficulties & inconsi/5cies 9 c>ry+ out ! new /yle2 b !y w soon be conqu]$ if y attempt n too mu* at once4 ,d n be afraid ( incongruities--d n ?9k ( unities ( effect4 ,introduce y\r ,go?ic l9e by l9e & /one by /one2 nev] m9d mix+ x ) y\r pres5t ar*itecture2 y\r exi/+ h\ses w be none ! worse = hav+ little bits ( bett] "w fitt$ to !m2 build a por*1 or po9t a w9d[1 if y c d no?+ else2 & rememb] t x is ! glory ( ,go?ic ar*itecture t x c d any?+4 ,:atev] y really & s]i\sly want1 ,go?ic w d = y2 b x mu/ be an e>ne/ want4 ,x is its pride to accommodate itself to y\r ne$s2 & ! "o g5]al law "u :i* x acts is simply ?is1--f9d out :at w make y com=table1 build t 9 ! /ronge/ & bolde/ way1 & !n set y\r fancy free 9 ! decoration ( x4 ,don't d any?+ to imitate ?is ca!dral or t1 h[ev] beautiful4 ,d :at is conv5i5t2 & if ! =m be a new "o1 s mu* ! bett]2 !n set y\r mason's wits to "w1 to f9d out "s new way ( treat+ x4 ,only be /eadily det]m9$ t1 ev5 if y _c get ! be/ ,go?ic1 at lea/ y w h no ,greek2 & 9 a few ye>s' "t--9 less "t ?an y c\ld le>n a new sci5ce or a new language ?or\ghly--! :ole art ( y\r native c\ntry w be reanimat$4 #ef4 ,&1 n[1 la/ly4 ,:5 ?is %all be accompli%$1 d n ?9k x w make little diff]5ce to y1 & t y w be little ! happi]1 or little ! bett] = x4 ,y h at pres5t no conception1 & c h none1 h[ mu* y w\ld enjoy a truly beautiful ar*itecture2 b ,i c give y a pro( ( x :i* none ( y w be able to d5y4 ,y w all assur$ly admit ?is pr9ciple1--t :atev] temporal ?+s are spok5 ( 9 ! ,bible z emblems ( ! highe/ spiritual bless+s1 mu/ be good ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,y w\ld all[ t bread1 = in/ance1 w\ld n h be5 us$ z an emblem ( ! ^w ( life1 unless x _h be5 good1 & necess>y = man2 nor wat] us$ z ! emblem ( sanctification1 unless x also _h be5 good & necess>y = man4 ,y w all[ t oil1 & honey1 & balm are good1 :5 ,david says1 ,let ! righte\s reprove me2 x %all be an excell5t oil2 or1 ,h[ sweet are ?y words unto my ta/e2 yea1 sweet] ?an honey to my m\?2 or1 :5 ,j]emiah cries out 9 8 weep+1 ,is !re no balm 9 ,gilead8 is !re no physician !re8 ,y w\ld admit at once t ! man :o said !re 0 no ta/e 9 ! lit]al honey1 & no heal+ 9 ! lit]al balm1 mu/ be ( di/ort$ judgm5t1 s9ce ,god _h us$ !m z emblems ( spiritual sweetness & heal+4 ,& h[1 !n1 w y evade ! conclusion1 t !re mu/ be joy1 & com=t1 & in/ruction 9 ! lit]al beauty ( ar*itecture1 :5 ,god1 desc5d+ 9 ,8 utmo/ love to ! di/ress$ ,j]usalem1 & address+ to h] ,8 mo/ preci\s & solemn promises1 speaks to h] 9 su* words z ^!3 ,oh1 ?\ afflict$1 toss$ ) tempe/1 & n com=t$1--,:at %all be done to h]8--,:at brighte/ emblem ( bless+ w ,god set be=e h]8 ,behold1 ,i w lay ?y /ones ) fair colors1 & ?y f\ndations ) sapphires2 & ,i w make ?y w9d[s ( agates1 & ?y gates ( c>buncles1 & all ?y bord]s ( pleasant /ones4 ,nor is ?is m]ely an emblem ( spiritual bless+2 = t bless+ is add$ 9 ! conclud+ words1 ,& all ?y *ildr5 %all be taught ( ! ,"l1 & great %all be ! peace ( ?y *ildr54 ,,add5da ,,to ,,lectures ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 #eg4 ,! deliv]y ( ! =ego+ lectures excit$1 z x may be imag9$1 consid]able indignation among ! ar*itects :o happ5$ to he> !m1 & elicit$ v>i\s attempts at reply4 ,z x seem$ to h be5 expect$ by ! writ]s ( ^! replies1 t 9 two lectures1 ea* ( !m la/+ n mu* m ?an an h\r1 ,i %\ld h be5 able completely to discuss ! philosophy & hi/ory ( ! ar*itecture ( ! _w1 besides meet+ e objection1 & reconcil+ e app>5t contradiction1 :i* might sugge/ itself to ! m9ds ( he>]s ) :om1 probably1 f fir/ to la/1 ,i _h n a s+le exactly correspond5t idea relat+ to ! matt]s "u discussion1 x seems unnecess>y to notice any ( !m 9 p>ticul>4 ,b z ?is volume may p]haps fall into ! h&s ( read]s :o h n "t to ref] to ! works 9 :i* my views h be5 express$ m at l>ge1 & z ,i %all n[ n be able to write or to say any?+ m ab\t ar*itecture = "s "t to come1 x may be useful to /ate "h1 & expla9 9 ! %orte/ possible compass1 ! ma9 gi/ ( ! propositions :i* ,i desire to ma9ta9 respect+ t art2 & also to note & answ]1 once = all1 su* argum5ts z are ord9>ily us$ by ! ar*itects ( ! mod]n s*ool to controv]t ^! propositions4 ,!y may be r$uc$ "u six heads4 #a4 ,t ,go?ic or ,romanesque con/ruction is nobl] ?an ,greek con/ruction4 #b4 ,t ornam5tation is ! pr9cipal "p ( ar*itecture4 #c4 ,t ornam5tation %\ld be visible4 #d4 ,t ornam5tation %\ld be natural4 #e4 ,t ornam5tation %\ld be ?\ghtful4 #f4 ,& t !re=e ,go?ic ornam5tation is nobl] ?an ,greek ornam5tation1 & ,go?ic ar*itecture ! only ar*itecture :i* %\ld n[ be built4 #eh4 ,proposition #a/4--,go?ic or ,romanesque con/ruction is nobl] ?an ,greek con/ruction4#bj ,t is to say1 build+ an ar*1 vault1 or dome1 is a nobl] & m +5i\s "w ?an lay+ a flat /one or beam ov] ! space to be cov]$4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 a nobl] & m +5i\s ?+ to build an ar*$ bridge ov] a /ream1 ?an to lay two p9e-trunks across f bank to bank2 &1 9 l mann]1 x is a nobl] & m +5i\s ?+ to build an ar* ov] a w9d[1 door1 or room1 ?an to lay a s+le flat /one ov] ! same space4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! con/ructive value ( ,go?ic ar*itecture is1 h[ev]1 f> great] ?an t ( ,romanesque1 z ! po9t$ ar* is n only susceptible ( an inf9ite v>iety ( =ms & applications to ! weight to be su/a9$1 b x possesses1 9 ! outl9e giv5 to its masonry at its p]fect p]iods1 ! means ( self-su/a9m5t to a f> great] degree ?an ! r\nd ar*4 ,i po9t$ out1 =1 ,i believe1 ! fir/ "t1 ! mean+ & con/ructive value ( ! ,go?ic cusp1 9 page #abi ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice4 ,t /atem5t 0 fir/ d5i$1 & !n tak5 advantage (1 by mod]n ar*itects2 & consid]+ h[ (t5 x has be5 alleg$ t ,i h no practical k ( ar*itecture1 x _c b be matt] ( "s triumph to me1 to f9d ,! ,build]1 ( ! #ba/ ,janu>y1 #ahed1 describ+ z a new inv5tion1 ! successful application to a *ur* 9 ,c>l[ ( ! pr9ciple :i* ,i laid d[n 9 ! ye> #ahea4 ,no ar*itects h ev] attempt$ s]i\sly to controv]t ?is proposition4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y say t ( two ways ( do+ a ?+1 ! be/ & mo/ p]fect is n always to be adopt$1 = !re may be p>ticul> reasons = employ+ an inf]ior "o4 ,?is ,i am p]fectly ready to grant1 only let !m %[ _! reasons 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,sometimes also !y say1 t !re is a *>m 9 ! simple con/ruction :i* is lo/ 9 ! sci5tific "o4 ,?is ,i am also p]fectly ready to grant4 ,!re is a *>m 9 ,/oneh5ge :i* !re is n 9 ,ami5s ,ca!dral1 & a *>m 9 an ,alp9e p9e bridge :i* !re is n 9 ! ,ponte della ,tr9ita at ,flor5ce1 &1 9 g5]al1 a *>m 9 savag5ess :i* !re is n 9 sci5ce4 ,b d n let x be said1 !re=e1 t savag5ess is sci5ce4 #ei4 ,proposition #b;d4--,ornam5tation is ! pr9cipal "p ( ar*itecture4 ,t is to say1 ! highe/ nobility ( a build+ does n consi/ 9 its be+ well built1 b 9 its be+ nobly sculptur$ or pa9t$4 ,?is is always1 & at ! fir/ he>+ ( x1 v naturally1 consid]$ "o ( my mo/ h]etical propositions4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ important ,i h to ma9ta92 & x mu/ be p]mitt$ me to expla9 x at "s l5g?4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be requir$ ( a build+--n1 obs]ve1 ! highe/ ?+1 b ! fir/ ?+--is t x %all answ] its purposes completely1 p]man5tly1 & at ! smalle/ exp5se4 ,if x is a h\se1 x %\ld be j ( ! size conv5i5t = its own]1 conta9+ exactly ! k9d & numb] ( rooms t he wants1 ) exactly ! numb] ( w9d[s he wants1 put 9 ! places t he wants4 ,if x is a *ur*1 x %\ld be j l>ge en\gh = its congregation1 & ( su* %ape & disposition z %all make !m com=table 9 x & let !m he> well 9 x4 ,if x be a public (fice1 x %\ld be s dispos$ z is mo/ conv5i5t = ! cl]ks 9 _! daily avocations2 & s on2 all ?is be+ utt]ly irrespective ( ext]nal appe>ance or ae/hetic consid]ations ( any k9d1 & all be+ done solidly1 securely1 & at ! smalle/ necess>y co/4 ,! sacrifice ( any ( ^! fir/ requirem5ts to ext]nal appe>ance is a futility & absurdity4 ,rooms mu/ n be d>k5$ to make ! ranges ( w9d[s symmetrical4 ,useless w+s mu/ n be add$ on "o side1 to balance useful w+s on ! o!r1 b ! h\se built ) "o w+1 if ! own] has no ne$ ( two2 & s on4 #fj4 ,b obs]ve1 9 do+ all ?is1 !re is no ,high1 or z x is commonly call$1 ,f9e ,art1 requir$ at all4 ,!re may be mu* sci5ce1 toge!r ) ! l[] =m ( art1 or h&icraft1 b !re is z yet no ,f9e ,art4 ,h\se-build+1 on ^! t]ms1 is no high] ?+ ?an %ip-build+4 ,x inde$ w g5]ally be f\nd t ! edifice design$ ) ?is mascul9e ref]5ce to utility1 w h a *>m ab\t x1 o!rwise unatta9able1 j z a %ip1 con/ruct$ ) simple ref]5ce to its s]vice aga9/ p[]s ( w9d & wave1 turns out "o ( ! lovelie/ ?+s t human h&s produce4 ,/ill1 we d n1 & prop]ly d n1 hold %ip-build+ to be a f9e art1 nor pres]ve 9 our memories ! names ( immortal %ip-build]s2 nei!r1 s long z ! m]e utility & con/ructive m]it ( ! build+ are reg>d$1 is ar*itecture to be held a f9e art1 or are ! names ( ar*itects to be rememb]$ immortally4 ,= any "o may at any "t be taught to build ! %ip1 or 7?us f>7 ! h\se1 & !re is no?+ des]v+ ( immortality 9 do+ :at any "o may be taught to d4 ,b :5 ! h\se1 or *ur*1 or o!r build+ is ?us f> design$1 & ! =ms ( its dead walls & dead ro(s are up to ?is po9t det]m9$1 comes ! div9e "p ( ! "w--namely1 to turn ^! dead walls into liv+ ones4 ,only ,deity1 t is to say1 ^? :o are taught by ,deity1 c d t4 ,& t is to be done by pa9t+ & sculpture1 t is to say1 by ornam5tation4 ,ornam5tation is !re=e ! pr9cipal "p ( ar*itecture1 consid]$ z a subject ( f9e art4 #fa4 ,n[ obs]ve4 ,x w at once foll[ f ?is pr9ciple1 t a great ar*itect mu/ be a great sculptor or pa9t]4 ,?is is a univ]sal law4 ,no p]son :o is n a great sculptor or pa9t] c be an ar*itect4 ,if he is n a sculptor or pa9t]1 he c only be a build]4 ,! ?ree greate/ ar*itects hi!rto kn[n 9 ! _w 7 ,phidias1 ,giotto1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ) all ( :om1 ar*itecture 0 only _! play1 sculpture & pa9t+ _! "w4 ,all great works ( ar*itecture 9 exi/5ce are ei!r ! "w ( s+le sculptors or pa9t]s1 or ( societies ( sculptors & pa9t]s1 act+ collectively = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,a ,go?ic ca!dral is prop]ly to be def9$ z a piece ( ! mo/ magnific5t associative sculpture1 arrang$ on ! noble/ pr9ciples ( build+1 = ! s]vice & delight ( multitudes2 & ! prop] def9ition ( ar*itecture1 z di/+ui%$ f sculpture1 is m]ely ! art ( design+ sculpture = a p>ticul> place1 & plac+ x !re on ! be/ pr9ciples ( build+4 ,h5ce x cle>ly foll[s1 t 9 mod]n days we h no ar*itects4 ,! t]m ar*itecture is n s mu* z und]/ood by u4 ,i am v sorry to be compell$ to ! disc\rtesy ( /at+ ?is fact1 b a fact x is1 & a fact :i* x is necess>y to /ate /rongly4 ,h5ce also x w foll[1 t ! fir/ ?+ necess>y to ! possession ( a s*ool ( ar*itecture is ! =mation ( a s*ool ( able sculptors1 & t till we h t1 no?+ we d c be call$ ar*itecture at all4 #fb4 ,?is1 !n1 be+ my second proposition1 ! s-call$ ar*itects ( ! day1 z ! read] w imag9e1 are n will+ to admit x1 or to admit any /atem5t :i* at all involves x2 & e /atem5t1 t5d+ 9 ?is direction1 :i* ,i h hi!rto made1 has ( c\rse be5 met by eag] opposition2 opposition :i* p]haps w\ld h be5 /ill m en]getic1 b t ar*itects h n1 ,i ?9k1 till lately1 be5 q aw>e ( ! l5g?s to :i* ,i 0 prep>$ to c>ry ! pr9ciple4 ,! argum5ts1 or ass]tions1 :i* !y g5]ally employ aga9/ ?is second proposition & its consequ5ces1 are ! foll[+3 ,fir/4 ,t ! true nobility ( ar*itecture consi/s1 n 9 decoration 7or sculpture71 b 9 ! disposition ( masses1 & t ar*itecture is1 9 fact1 ! art ( proportion4 #fc4 ,x is difficult to ov]/ate ! enormity ( ! ignorance :i* ?is popul> /atem5t implies4 ,= ! fact is1 t all art1 & all nature1 dep5d on ! disposition ( masses4 ,pa9t+1 sculpture1 music1 & poetry dep5d all equally on ! proportion1 :e!r ( colors1 /ones1 notes1 or words4 ,proportion is a pr9ciple1 n ( ar*itecture1 b ( exi/5ce4 ,x is by ! laws ( proportion t />s %9e1 t m\nta9s /&1 & riv]s fl[4 ,man c h>dly p]=m any act ( 8 life1 c h>dly utt] two words ( innoc5t spee*1 or move 8 h& 9 accordance ) ^? words1 )\t involv+ "s ref]5ce1 :e!r taught or in/9ctive1 to ! laws ( proportion4 ,& 9 ! f9e arts1 x is impossible to move a s+le /ep1 or to execute ! smalle/ & simple/ piece ( "w1 )\t involv+ all ^? laws ( proportion 9 _! full complexity4 ,to arrange 7by inv5tion7 ! folds ( a piece ( drap]y1 or dispose ! locks ( hair on ! head ( a /atue1 requires z mu* s5se & k ( ! laws ( proportion1 z to dispose ! masses ( a ca!dral4 ,! "o are inde$ small] ?an ! o!r1 b ! relations betwe5 #a1 #b1 #d1 & #h1 are precisely ! same z ! relations betwe5 #f1 #ab1 #bd1 & #dh4 ,s t ! ass]tion t ar*itecture is p> excell5ce ! art ( proportion1 c\ld nev] be made except by p]sons :o "k no?+ ( art 9 g5]al2 &1 9 fact1 nev] is made except by ^? ar*itects1 :o1 n be+ arti/s1 fancy t ! "o poor ae/hetic pr9ciple ( :i* !y are cognizant is ! :ole ( art4 ,!y f9d t ! disposition ( masses is ! only ?+ ( importance 9 ! art ) :i* !y are acqua9t$1 & fancy !re=e t x is peculi> to t art2 :]eas ! fact is1 t all great art beg9s exactly :]e !irs ends1 ) ! disposition ( masses4 ,! ass]tion t ,greek ar*itecture1 z oppos$ to ,go?ic ar*itecture1 is ! ar*itecture ( proportion1 is ano!r ( ! results ( ! same broad ignorance4 ,fir/1 x is a calumny ( ! old ,greek /yle itself1 :i*1 l e o!r good ar*itecture t ev] exi/$1 dep5ds m on its gr& figure sculpture1 ?an on its proportions ( p>ts2 s t to copy ! =m ( ! ,p>!non )\t its friezes & frontal /atu>y1 is l copy+ ! figure ( a human be+ )\t its eyes & m\?2 &1 9 ! second place1 s f> z mod]n ,pseudo-,greek "w does dep5d on its proportions m ?an ,go?ic "w1 x does s1 n because x is bett] proportion$1 b because x has no?+ b proportion to dep5d ^u4 ,ge/ure is 9 l mann] ( m importance to a pantomime actor ?an to a trag$ian1 n because 8 ge/ure is m ref9$1 b because he has no tongue4 ,& ! proportions ( our common ,greek "w are important to x und\bt$ly1 b n because !y are or ev5 c be m subtile ?an ,go?ic proportion1 b because t "w has no sculpture1 nor color1 nor imag9ation1 nor sacr$ness1 nor any o!r quality :atsoev] 9 x1 b ratios ( measures4 ,& x is difficult to express ) suffici5t =ce ! absurdity ( ! supposition t !re is m room = ref9em5ts ( proportion 9 ! relations ( sev5 or eight equal pill>s1 ) ! triangul> end ( a ro( above !m1 ?an betwe5 ! %afts1 & buttresses1 & por*es1 & p9nacles1 & vault+s1 & t[]s1 & all o!r d\bly & trebly multipli$ magnific5ces ( memb]%ip :i* =m ! framework ( a ,go?ic temple4 #fd4 ,second reply4--,x is (t5 said1 ) "s appe>ance ( plausibility1 t ,i dwell 9 all my writ+s on little ?+s & contemptible details2 & n on ess5tial & l>ge ?+s4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 z soon z our ar*itects become capable ( do+ & manag+ little & contemptible ?+s1 x w be "t to talk ab\t l>g] ones2 at pres5t ,i d n see t !y c design s mu* z a ni*e or a bracket1 & !re=e !y ne$ n z yet ?9k ab\t any?+ l>g]4 ,= al?\gh1 z bo? j n[1 & always1 ,i h said1 !re is z mu* sci5ce ( arrangem5t ne$$ 9 ! design+ ( a small gr\p ( p>ts z ( a l>ge "o1 yet assur$ly design+ ! l>g] "o is n ! easi] "w ( ! two4 ,= ! eye & m9d c embrace ! small] object m completely1 & if ! p[]s ( conception are feeble1 !y get emb>rass$ by ! inf]ior memb]s :i* fall )9 ! divisions ( ! l>g] design4#ba ,s t1 ( c\rse1 ! be/ way is to beg9 ) ! small] features2 = mo/ assur$ly1 ^? :o _c design small ?+s _c design l>ge ones2 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 :oev] c design small ?+s p]fectly1 c design :atev] he *ooses4 ,! man :o1 )\t copy+1 & by 8 own true & orig9al p[]1 c arrange a clu/] ( rose-leaves nobly1 c design any?+4 ,he may fail f want ( ta/e or feel+1 b n f want ( p[]4 ,footnote #ba3 ,?us1 9 speak+ ( ,pug9's designs1 ,i said1 ,expect no ca!drals ( him2 b no "o1 at pres5t1 c design a bett] f9ial1 ?\gh he w nev] design ev5 a f9ial p]fectly4 ,b ev5 ?is ,i said less ) ref]5ce to p[]s ( arrangem5t1 ?an to mat]ials ( fancy2 = _m m5 h /ore en\gh to la/ !m ?r\gh a boss or a bracket1 b n to la/ !m ?r\gh a *ur* front4 ,& ! real reason :y ar*itects are s eag] 9 prote/+ aga9/ my close exam9ation ( details1 is simply t !y "k !y d>e n meet me on t gr\nd4 ,be+1 z ,i h said1 9 reality n ar*itects1 b build]s1 !y c inde$ raise a l>ge build+1 ) copi$ ornam5ts1 :i*1 be+ huge & :ite1 !y hope ! public may pron\nce h&some4 ,b !y _c design a clu/] ( oak-leaves--no1 nor a s+le human figure--no1 nor s mu* z a bea/1 or a bird1 or a bird's ne/6 ,let !m fir/ le>n to inv5t z mu* z w fill a quatre-foil1 or po9t a p9nacle1 & !n x w be "t en\gh to reason ) !m on ! pr9ciples ( ! sublime4 #fe4 ,b f>!r4 ,! ?+s t ,i h dwelt ^u 9 exam9+ build+s1 ?\gh (t5 _! lea/ p>ts1 are always 9 reality _! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,t is ! pr9cipal "p ( a build+ 9 :i* its m9d is conta9$1 & t1 z ,i h j %[n1 is its sculpture--& pa9t+4 ,i d ) a build+ z ,i d ) a man1 wat* ! eye & ! lips3 :5 !y are bright & eloqu5t1 ! =m ( ! body is ( little consequ5ce4 ,:atev] o!r objections h be5 made to ?is second proposition1 arise1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 m]ely f a confusion ( ! idea ( ess5tialness or prim>9ess ) ! idea ( nobl5ess4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 9 a build+1--its fir/ virtue1--is t x be /rongly built1 & fit = its uses4 ,! noble/ ?+ 9 a build+1 & its highe/ virtue1 is t x be nobly sculptur$ or pa9t$4#bb ,footnote #bb3 ,( c\rse ,i use ! t]m pa9t+ z includ+ e mode ( apply+ color4 #ff4 ,"o or two important coroll>ies yet rema9 to be /at$4 ,x has j be5 said t to sacrifice ! conv5i5ce ( a build+ to its ext]nal appe>ance is a futility & absurdity1 & t conv5i5ce & /ability are to be atta9$ at ! smalle/ co/4 ,b :5 t conv5i5ce has be5 atta9$1 ! add+ ! noble *>act]s ( life by pa9t+ & sculpture1 is a "w 9 :i* all possible co/ may be wisely admitt$4 ,!re is great difficulty 9 fully expla9+ ! v>i\s be>+s ( ?is proposition1 s z to d away ) ! *ances ( its be+ errone\sly und]/ood & appli$4 ,= al?\gh1 9 ! fir/ design+ ( ! build+1 no?+ is to be admitt$ b :at is want$1 & no useless w+s are to be add$ to balance useful ones1 yet 9 its ultimate design+1 :5 its sculpture & color become preci\s1 x may be t actual room is want$ to display !m1 or ri*] symmetry want$ to des]ve !m2 & 9 su* cases ev5 a useless wall may be built to be> ! sculpture1 z at ,san ,mi*ele ( ,lucca1 or a useless portion add$ to complete ! cad5ces1 z at ,/4 ,m>k's ( ,v5ice1 or useless height admitt$ 9 ord] to increase ! impressiv5ess1 z 9 ne>ly e noble build+ 9 ! _w4 ,b ! "r to d ?is is dep5d5t ^u ! actual purpose ( ! build+ becom+ no long] "o ( utility m]ely2 z ! purpose ( a ca!dral is n s mu* to %elt] ! congregation z to awe !m4 ,9 su* cases ev5 "s sacrifice ( conv5i5ce may occasionally be admitt$1 z 9 ! case ( c]ta9 =ms ( pill>$ *ur*es4 ,b = ! mo/ "p1 ! great law is1 conv5i5ce fir/1 & !n ! noble/ decoration possible2 & ?is is peculi>ly ! case 9 dome/ic build+s1 & su* public ones z are con/antly to be us$ = practical purposes4 #fg4 ,proposition #c;d4--,ornam5tation %\ld be visible4 ,! read] may imag9e ?is to be an indisputable position2 b1 practically1 x is "o ( ! la/ :i* mod]n ar*itects are likely to admit2 = x involves mu* m ?an appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,to r5d] ornam5tation1 ) all its qualities1 cle>ly & entirely visible 9 its appo9t$ place on ! build+1 requires a k ( effect & a p[] ( design :i* few ev5 ( ! be/ arti/s possess1 & :i* mod]n ar*itects1 s f> f possess+1 d n s mu* z compreh5d ! exi/5ce (4 ,b1 )\t dwell+ on ?is highe/ mann] ( r5d]+ ornam5t visible1 ,i desire only at pres5t to conv9ce ! read] ?or\ghly ( ! ma9 fact ass]t$ 9 ! text1 t :ile mod]n build]s decorate ! tops ( build+s1 m$iaeval build]s decorat$ ! bottom4 ,s s+ul> is ! ignorance yet prevail+ ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 t ,i saw ?is ass]tion m>k$ ) notes ( int]rogation 9 sev]al ( ! reports ( ^! ,lectures2 al?\gh1 at ,ed9burgh1 x 0 only necess>y = ^? :o d\bt$ x to h walk$ to ,holyrood ,*apel1 9 ord] to conv9ce !mselves ( ! tru? ( x1 s f> z _! own city 0 conc]n$2 & al?\gh1 mo/ assur$ly1 ! ca!drals ( ,europe h n[ be5 drawn (t5 en\gh to e/abli% ! v simple fact t _! be/ sculpture is 9 _! por*es1 n 9 _! /eeples4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is great ,go?ic pr9ciple seems yet unackn[l$g$1 let me /ate x "h1 once = all1 namely1 t ! :ole build+ is decorat$1 9 all pure & f9e examples1 ) ! mo/ exactly /udi$ respect to ! p[]s ( ! eye2 ! ri*e/ & mo/ delicate sculpture be+ put on ! walls ( ! por*es1 or on ! facade ( ! build+1 j high en\gh above ! gr\nd to secure x f accid5tal 7n f wanton#bc7 injury4 ,! decoration1 z x rises1 becomes always bold]1 & 9 ! build+s ( ! greate/ times1 g5]ally simpl]4 ,?us at ,san ,z5o & ! duomo ( ,v]ona1 ! only delicate decorations are on ! por*es & l[] walls ( ! facades1 ! re/ ( ! build+s be+ left comp>atively pla92 9 ! ducal palace ( ,v5ice ! only v c>eful "w is 9 ! l[e/ capitals2 & s also ! ri*ness ( ! "w dim9i%es upw>ds 9 ! transepts ( ,r\51 & facades ( ,bayeux1 ,rheims1 ,ami5s1 ,abbeville1#bd ,lyons1 & ,notre ,dame ( ,p>is4 ,b 9 ! middle & lat] ,go?ic ! t5d5cy is to produce an equal ri*ness ( effect ov] ! :ole build+1 or ev5 to increase ! ri*ness t[>ds ! top2 b ?is is done s skillfully t no f9e "w is wa/$2 & :5 ! spectator asc5ds to ! high] po9ts ( ! build+1 :i* he ?\ght 7 ( ! mo/ consummate delicacy1 he f9ds !m ,h]culean 9 /r5g? & r\gh-hewn 9 /yle1 ! really delicate "w be+ all put at ! base4 ,! g5]al treatm5t ( ,romanesque "w is to increase ! numb] ( ar*es at ! top1 :i* at once enri*es & light5s ! mass1 & to put ! f9e/ sculpture ( ! ar*es at ! bottom4 ,9 t[]s ( all k9ds & p]iods ! effective enri*m5t is t[>ds ! top1 & mo/ rightly1 s9ce _! dignity is 9 _! height2 b !y are nev] made ! recipi5ts ( f9e sculpture1 )1 z f> z ,i "k1 ! s+le exception ( ,giotto's campanile1 :i* inde$ has f9e sculpture1 b x is at ! bottom4 ,footnote #bc3 ,no?+ is m notable 9 good ,go?ic ?an ! confid5ce ( its build]s 9 ! respect ( ! p = _! "w4 ,a great s*ool ( ar*itecture _c exi/ :5 ?is respect _c be calculat$ ^u1 z x w\ld be va9 to put f9e sculpture )9 ! rea* ( a population ^: only pleasure w\ld be 9 defac+ x4 ,footnote #bd3 ,! *ur* to ,abbeville is late flamboyant1 b well des]ves1 = ! exquisite beauty ( its por*es1 to be nam$ ev5 ) ! great works ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! facade ( ,wells ,ca!dral seems to be an exception to ! g5]al rule1 9 hav+ its pr9cipal decoration at ! top2 b x is on a scale ( p]fect p[] & effectiv5ess2 :ile 9 ! base mod]n ,go?ic ( ,milan ,ca!dral ! /atues are cut delicately ev]y:]e1 & ! build]s ?9k x a m]it t ! visitor mu/ climb to ! ro( be=e he c see !m2 & our mod]n ,greek & ,italian ar*itecture rea*es ! utmo/ pit* ( absurdity by plac+ its f9e "w at ! top only4 ,s t ! g5]al condition ( ! ?+ may be /at$ boldly1 z 9 ! text2 ! pr9cipal ornam5ts ( ,go?ic build+s be+ 9 _! por*es1 & ( mod]n build+s1 9 _! p>apets4 #fh4 ,proposition #d?4--,ornam5tation %\ld be natural1--t is to say1 %\ld 9 "s degree express or adopt ! beauty ( natural objects4 ,?is law1 toge!r ) its ultimate reason1 is express$ 9 ! /atem5t giv5 9 ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 vol4 i4 p4 #baa3 ,all noble ornam5t is ! expression ( man's delight 9 ,god's "w4 ,obs]ve1 x does n h5ce foll[ t x %\ld be an exact imitation (1 or endeavor 9 anywise to sup]s$e1 ,god's "w4 ,x may consi/ only 9 a p>tial adoption (1 & compliance )1 ! usual =ms ( natural ?+s1 )\t at all go+ to ! po9t ( imitation2 & x is possible t ! po9t ( imitation may be closely rea*$ by ornam5ts1 :i* nev]!less are entirely unfit = _! place1 & are ! signs only ( a degrad$ ambition & an ignorant dext]ity4 ,bad decorators err z easily on ! side ( imitat+ nature1 z ( =gett+ h]2 & ! "q ( ! exact degree 9 :i* imitation %\ld be attempt$ "u giv5 circum/ances1 is "o ( ! mo/ subtle & difficult 9 ! :ole range ( criticism4 ,i h else:]e exam9$ x at "s l5g?1 & h yet mu* to say ab\t x2 b "h ,i c only /ate briefly t ! modes 9 :i* ornam5tation ought to fall %ort ( pure repres5tation or imitation are 9 ! ma9 ?ree1 namely3-- ,a4 ,conv5tionalism by cause ( color4 ,b4 ,conv5tionalism by cause ( inf]iority4 ,c4 ,conv5tionalism by cause ( means4 #fi4 ,a4 ,conv5tionalism by cause ( color4--,ab/ract color is n an imitation ( nature1 b is nature itself2 t is to say1 ! pleasure tak5 9 blue or r$1 z su*1 consid]$ z hues m]ely1 is ! same1 s long z ! brilliancy ( ! hue is equal1 :e!r x be produc$ by ! *emi/ry ( man1 or ! *emi/ry ( fl[]s1 or ! *emi/ry ( skies4 ,we deal ) color z ) s\nd--s f> rul+ ! p[] ( ! light1 z we rule ! p[] ( ! air1 produc+ beauty n necess>ily imitative1 b suffici5t 9 itself1 s t1 :]ev] color is introduc$1 ornam5tation may cease to repres5t natural objects1 & may consi/ 9 m]e spots1 or b&s1 or flam+s1 or any o!r condition ( arrangem5t favorable to ! color4 #gj4 ,b4 ,conv5tionalism by cause ( inf]iority4--,9 g5]al1 ornam5tation is set ^u c]ta9 s]vices1 subject$ to c]ta9 sy/ems1 & conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits2 s t its =ms require to be l[]$ or limit$ 9 accordance ) ! requir$ relations4 ,x _c be all[$ to assume ! free outl9es1 or to rise to ! p]fection ( imitation4 ,:ole banks ( fl[]s1 = in/ance1 _c be c>v$ on ca!dral fronts1 b only n>r[ mold+s1 hav+ "s ( ! *>act]s ( banks ( fl[]s4 ,also1 "s ornam5ts require to be subdu$ 9 value1 t !y may n int]f]e ) ! effect ( o!rs2 & all ^! necess>y inf]iorities are atta9$ by means ( dep>t+ f natural =ms--x be+ an e/abli%$ law ( human admiration t :at is mo/ repres5tative ( nature %all1 caet]is p>ibus1 be mo/ attractive4 ,all ! v>i\s k9ds ( ornam5tation1 consi/+ ( spots1 po9ts1 twi/$ b&s1 ab/ract curves1 & o!r su*1 owe _! peculi> "* to ?is conv5tionalism by cause ( inf]iority4 #ga4 ,c4 ,conv5tionalism by cause ( means4--,9 e bran* ( art1 only s mu* imitation ( nature is to be admitt$ z is consi/5t ) ! ease ( ! workman & ! capacities ( ! mat]ial4 ,:atev] %ortcom+s are appo9t$ 7= !y are m ?an p]mitt$1 !y are 9 su* cases appo9t$1 & m]itori\s7 on acc\nt ( ! untractabl5ess ( ! mat]ial1 come "u ! head ( conv5tionalism by cause ( means4 ,^! conv5tionalities1 !n1 be+ duly und]/ood & accept$1 9 modification ( ! g5]al law1 t law w be1 t ! glory ( all ornam5tation consi/s 9 ! adoption or imitation ( ! beauties ( natural objects1 & t no "w c be ( high value :i* is n full ( ?is beauty4 ,to ?is f\r? proposition1 mod]n ar*itects h n v5tur$ to make any s]i\s resi/ance4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y seem to be1 little by little1 glid+ into an obscure p]ception ( ! fact1 t ar*itecture1 9 mo/ p]iods ( ! _w1 _h sculpture ^u x1 & t ! said sculpture g5]ally did repres5t some?+ intelligible4 ,= in/ance1 we f9d ,mr4 ,hugg9s1 ( ,liv]pool1 lately lectur+ ^u ar*itecture 9 its relations to nature & ! intellect1#be & gravely in=m+ 8 he>]s1 t 9 ! ,middle ,ages angels 7 human figures2 t "s ( ! ri*e/ ornam5ts ( ,solomon's temple 7 imitat$ f ! palm & pomegranate1 & t ! ,greeks foll[$ ! example ( ! ,egyptians 9 select+ _! ornam5ts f ! plants ( _! own c\ntry4 ,x is to be presum$ t ! lectur] has nev] be5 9 ! ,elg9 or ,egyptian room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 or x might h occurr$ to him t ! ,egyptians & ,greeks sometimes also select$ _! ornam5ts f ! m5 ( _! own c\ntry4 ,b we mu/ n expect too mu* illum9ation at once2 & z we are told t1 9 conclusion1 ,mr4 ,hugg9s glanc$ at ! error ( ar*itects 9 neglect+ ! f\nta9 ( wisdom ?us op5 to !m 9 nature1 we may expect 9 due "t l>ge results f ! discov]y ( a s\rce ( wisdom s unimag9$4 ,footnote #be3 ,see ,! ,build]1 = ,janu>y #ab1 #ahed4 #gb4 ,proposition #e?4--,ornam5tation %\ld be ?\ghtful4 ,t is to say1 :5ev] y put a *isel or a p5cil into a man's h& = ! purpose ( enabl+ him to produce beauty1 y are to expect ( him t he w ?9k ab\t :at he is do+1 & feel some?+ ab\t x1 & t ! expression ( ?is ?\ght or feel+ w be ! mo/ noble quality 9 :at he produces ) 8 *isel or bru%1 inasmu* z ! p[] ( ?9k+ & feel+ is ! mo/ noble ?+ 9 ! man4 ,x w h5ce foll[ t z m5 d n commonly ?9k ! same ?\ghts twice1 y are n to require ( !m t !y %all d ! same ?+ twice4 ,y are to expect ano!r & a diff]5t ?\ght ( !m1 z soon z "o ?\ght has be5 well express$4 #gc4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 x foll[s also t all noble ornam5tation is p]petually v>i$ ornam5tation1 & t ! mom5t y f9d ornam5tation un*ang+1 y may "k t x is ( a degrad$ k9d or degrad$ s*ool4 ,to ?is law1 ! only exceptions arise out ( ! uses ( monotony1 z a contra/ to *ange4 ,_m subord9ate ar*itectural mold+s are sev]ely alike 9 _! v>i\s p>ts 7?\gh nev] unless !y are ?or\ghly subord9ate1 = monotony is always dea?ful accord+ to ! degree ( x71 9 ord] to set (f *ange 9 o!rs2 & a c]ta9 monotony or simil>ity mu/ be introduc$ among ! mo/ *angeful ornam5ts 9 ord] to enhance & exhibit _! own *anges4 ,! tru? ( ?is proposition is self-evid5t2 = no art c be noble :i* is incapable ( express+ ?\ght1 & no art is capable ( express+ ?\ght :i* does n *ange4 ,to require ( an arti/ t he %\ld always reproduce ! same picture1 w\ld be n "o :it m base ?an to require ( a c>v] t he %\ld always reproduce ! same sculpture4 ,! pr9ciple is p]fectly cle> & altoge!r incontrov]tible4 ,apply x to mod]n ,greek ar*itecture1 & t ar*itecture mu/ cease to exi/2 = x dep5ds absolutely on copyism4 #gd4 ,! six? proposition above /at$1 t ,go?ic ornam5tation is nobl] ?an ,greek ornam5tation1 etc41 is !re=e suffici5tly prov$ by ! acceptance ( ?is "o pr9ciple1 no less important ?an unassailable4 ,( all t ,i h to br+ =w>d respect+ ar*itecture1 ?is is ! "o ,i h mo/ at he>t2 = on ! acceptance ( ?is dep5ds ! det]m9ation :e!r ! workman %all be a liv+1 progressive1 & happy human be+1 or :e!r he %all be a m]e ma*9e1 ) its valves smoo!d by he>t's blood in/ead ( oil1--! mo/ pitiable =m ( slave4 ,& x is ) especial ref]5ce to ! d5ial ( ?is pr9ciple 9 mod]n & ,r5aissance ar*itecture1 t ,i speak ( t ar*itecture ) a bitt]ness :i* appe>s to _m read]s extreme1 :ile 9 reality1 s f> f exagg]at+1 ,i h n grasp en\gh ( ?\ght to embrace1 ! evils :i* h result$ among all ! ord]s ( ,european society f ! introduction ( ! ,r5aissance s*ools ( build+1 9 turn+ away ! eyes ( ! behold] f natural beauty1 & r$uc+ ! workman to ! level ( a ma*9e4 ,9 ! ,go?ic times1 writ+1 pa9t+1 c>v+1 ca/+1--x matt]$ n :at1--7 all works done by ?\ghtful & happy m52 & ! illum9ation ( ! volume1 & ! c>v+ & ca/+ ( wall & gate1 employ$1 n ?\s&s1 b millions1 ( true & noble arti/s ov] all ,*ri/ian l&s4 ,m5 9 ! same position are n[ left utt]ly )\t intellectual p[] or pursuit1 &1 be+ unhappy 9 _! "w1 !y rebel aga9/ x3 h5ce "o ( ! wor/ =ms ( ,un*ri/ian ,socialism4 ,s aga91 !re be+ n[ no nature or v>iety 9 ar*itecture1 ! multitude are n int]e/$ 9 x2 !re=e1 = ! pres5t1 !y h lo/ _! ta/e = art altoge!r1 s t y c no long] tru/ sculpture )9 _! rea*4 ,consid] ! innum]able =ms ( evil involv$ 9 ! temp] & ta/e ( ! exi/+ populace ( ,london or ,p>is1 z comp>$ ) ! temp] ( ! populace ( ,flor5ce1 :5 ! qu>t] ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella receiv$ its title ( ,joyful ,qu>t]1 f ! rejoic+s ( ! multitude at gett+ a new picture into _! *ur*1 bett] ?an ! old ones2--all ?is diff]5ce be+ exclusively *>geable on ! ,r5aissance ar*itecture4 ,& !n1 f>!r1 if we rememb]1 n only ! revolution>y ravage ( sacr$ ar*itecture1 b ! immeasurably great] de/ruction effect$ by ! ,r5aissance build]s & _! satellites1 :]ev] !y came1 de/ruction s wide-spread t !re is n a t[n 9 ,france or ,italy b x has to deplore ! delib]ate ov]?r[ ( m ?an half its noble/ monum5ts1 9 ord] to put up ,greek porticoes or palaces 9 _! /ead2 add+ also all ! blame ( ! ignorance ( ! mean] k9d ( m51 op]at+ 9 ?\s&s ( mis]able abuses ^u ! frescoes1 books1 & pictures1 z ! ar*itects' hamm]s did on ! c>v$ "w1 ( ! ,middle ,ages2#bf &1 f9ally1 if we exam9e ! influ5ce :i* ! luxury1 &1 /ill m1 ! hea!nism1 jo9$ ) ! ess5tial dullness ( ^! s*ools1 h _h on ! upp] class ( society1 x w ultimately be f\nd t no expressions are en]getic en\gh to describe1 nor broad en\gh to embrace1 ! enorm\s moral evils :i* h ris5 f !m4 ,footnote #bf3 ,no?+ appe>s to me mu* m wond]ful1 ?an ! remorseless way 9 :i* ! educat$ ignorance1 ev5 ( ! pres5t day1 w sweep away an anci5t monum5t1 if its pres]vation be n absolutely consi/5t ) imm$iate conv5i5ce or economy4 ,putt+ aside all antiqu>ian consid]ations1 & all arti/ical ones1 ,i wi% t p w\ld only consid] ! /eps & ! weight ( ! foll[+ v simple argum5t4 ,y all[ x is wrong to wa/e "t1 t is1 y\r own "t2 b !n x mu/ be /ill m wrong to wa/e o!r p's2 = y h "s "r to y\r own "t1 b none to !irs4 ,well1 !n1 if x is ?us wrong to wa/e ! "t ( ! liv+1 x mu/ be /ill m wrong to wa/e ! "t ( ! dead2 = ! liv+ c r$eem _! "t1 ! dead _c4 ,b y wa/e ! be/ ( ! "t ( ! dead :5 y de/roy ! works !y h left y2 = to ^? works !y gave ! be/ ( _! "t1 int5d+ !m = immortality4 #ge4 ,i omitt$1 9 prep>+ ! prec$+ lecture = ! press1 a passage ref]r+ to ?is subject1 because x appe>$ to me1 9 its place1 h>dly expla9$ by prec$+ /atem5ts4 ,b ,i give x "h unalt]$1 z be+1 9 sob] e>ne/1 b too weak to *>act]ize ! t5d5cies ( ! accurs$ ar*itecture ( :i* x speaks4 ,accurs$1 ,i call x1 ) delib]ate purpose4 ,x ne$$ b ! ga!r+ up ( a ,babyloni% g>m5t to tr\ble ,israel2--^! m>ble g>m5ts ( ! anci5t idols ( ! ,g5tiles1 h[ _m h !y tr\bl$6 ,ga!r$ out ( _! ru9s by ! second ,babylon1--ga!r$ by ! ,papal ,*ur* 9 ! extremity ( h] s92--rais$ up by h]1 n :5 %e 0 s5d+ =? h] *ampions to prea* 9 ! highway1 & p9e 9 ! des]t1 & p]i% 9 ! fire1 b 9 ! v sc>let fruitage & fullness ( h] guilt1 :5 h] prie/s ve/$ !mselves n ) purple only1 b ) blood1 & bade ! cups ( _! fea/+ foam n ) w9e only1 b ) hemlock2--rais$ by ! h&s ( ! ,leos & ! ,borgias1 rais$ fir/ into t mighty temple :]e ! sev5 hills slope to ! ,tib]1 t m>ks by its massy dome ! c5tral spot1 :]e ,rome has rev]s$ ! words ( ,*ri/1 &1 z ,he vivifi$ ! /one to ! apo/le%ip1 %e petrifies ! apo/le%ip into ! /umbl+ /one2--exalt$ !re fir/ z if to m>k :at "w x _h to d1 x w5t =? to p>alyze or to pollute1 & :]ev] x came1 ! lu/] fad$ f ! /reets ( our cities1 ! gray t[]s & glori\s ar*es ( our abbeys fell by ! riv] sides1 ! love ( nature 0 uproot$ f ! he>ts ( m51 base luxuries & cruel =malisms 7 fe/]$ & froz5 into !m f _! y\?2 & at la/1 :]e1 f 8 fair ,go?ic *apel beside ! ,se9e1 ! k+ ,/4 ,l\is _h gone =?1 foll[$ by 8 ?\s&s 9 ! cause ( ,*ri/1 ano!r k+ 0 dragg$ =? f ! gates ( 8 ,r5aissance palace1#bg to die1 by ! h&s ( ! ?\s&s ( 8 p ga!r$ 9 ano!r crusade2 or :at %all t be call$--^: sign 0 n ! cross1 b ! guillot9e8 ,footnote #bg3 ,! "* ( ,r5aissance ar*itecture1 & ! _s :i* dictat$ its adoption1 may be rememb]$ z hav+ be5 c5t]$ & symboliz$ 9 ! palace ( ,v]sailles2 ^: site 0 *os5 by ,l\is ! ,f\rte5?1 9 ord] t f !nce he might n see ,/4 ,d5is1 ! burial-place ( 8 family4 ,! co/ ( ! palace 9 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s is /at$ 9 ,! ,build]1 = ,m>* #ah?1 #ahed1 to h be5 ,l#c1bdf1jjj money ( t p]iod1 equal to ab\t sev5 millions n[ 7,l#ijj1jjj hav+ be5 exp5d$ 9 ! ye> #afhf alone74 ,! build+ is ?us notably illu/rative ( ! two feel+s :i* 7 /at$ 9 ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 to be peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,r5aissance _s1 ! ,pride ( ,/ate & ,fe> ( ,dea?4 ,comp>e ! horror ( ,l\is ! ,f\rte5? at ! sight ( ! t[] ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ) ! feel+ :i* prompt$ ! ,scalig]i at ,v]ona to set _! tombs )9 fifte5 feet ( _! palace walls4 #gf4 ,i h n space "h to pursue ! subject f>!r1 nor %all ,i be able to write any?+ m respect+ ar*itecture = "s "t to come4 ,b 9 ! mean:ile1 ,i w\ld mo/ e>ne/ly desire to leave ) ! read] ?is "o subject ( ?\ght--,! ,life ( ! ,workman4 ,= x is s+ul>1 & f> m ?an s+ul>1 t among all ! writ]s :o h attempt$ to exam9e ! pr9ciples /at$ 9 ! ,/ones ( ,v5ice1 n "o#bh has z yet made a s+le comm5t on :at 0 precisely & accurately ! mo/ important *apt] 9 ! :ole book2 namely1 ! description ( ! nature ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 z involv+ ! lib]ty ( ! workman 7vol4 ii4 *4 vi474 ,i _h hop$ t :atev] might be ! prejudices ( mod]n ar*itects1 !re w\ld h be5 f\nd "s among !m quicksight$ en\gh to see ! be>+s ( ?is pr9ciple1 & g5]\s en\gh to support x4 ,!re has hi!rto /ood =w>d n "o4 ,footnote #bh3 ,an article 9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 :i* has appe>$ s9ce ^! %eets 7 s5t to press1 =ms a solit>y exception4 ,b my purpose mu/ at la/ be accompli%$ = all ?is4 ,! labor] among ! grave/ones ( our mod]n ar*itecture mu/ yet be rais$ up1 & become a liv+ s\l4 ,be=e he c be ?us rais$1 ! :ole sy/em ( ,greek ar*itecture1 z practic$ 9 ! pres5t day1 mu/ be annihilat$2 b x w be annihilat$1 & t spe$ily4 ,= tru? & judgm5t are its decl>$ opposites1 & aga9/ ^! no?+ ev] f9ally prevail$1 or %all prevail4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,turn] ,,& ,,8 ,,works4 ,deliv]$ ,novemb] #ae1 #ahec4 #gg4 ,my object ?is ev5+ is n s mu* to give y any acc\nt ( ! works or ! g5ius ( ! great pa9t] :om we h s lately lo/ 7:i* x w\ld require r a ye> ?an an h\r to d71 z to give y "s idea ( ! position :i* 8 works hold ) respect to ! l&scape ( o!r p]iods1 & ( ! g5]al condition & prospects ( ! l&scape art ( ! pres5t day4 ,i w n lose "t 9 prefatory rem>ks1 z ,i h little en\gh at any rate1 b w ent] abruptly on my subject4 #gh4 ,y are all ( y well aw>e t l&scape seems h>dly to h ex]cis$ any /rong influ5ce1 z su*1 on any pagan nation or pagan arti/4 ,i h no "t to ent] into any details on ?is1 ( c\rse1 mo/ intricate & difficult subject2 b ,i w only ask y to obs]ve1 t :]ev] natural sc5]y is allud$ to by ! anci5ts1 x is ei!r agriculturally1 ) ! k9d ( feel+ t a good ,scot* f>m] has2 s5sually1 9 ! enjoym5t ( sun or %ade1 cool w9ds or sweet sc5ts2 fe>fully1 9 a m]e vulg> dread ( rocks & desolate places1 z comp>$ ) ! com=t ( cities2 or1 f9ally1 sup]/iti\sly1 9 ! p]sonification or deification ( natural p[]s1 g5]ally ) mu* degradation ( _! impressiv5ess1 z 9 ! paltry fables ( ,ulysses receiv+ ! w9ds 9 bags f ,a,eolus1 & ( ! ,cyclops hamm]+ lightn+ %>p at ! ends1 on an anvil4#bi ,( c\rse1 y w "h & !re f9d feeble evid5ces ( a high] s5sibility1 *iefly1 ,i ?9k1 9 ,plato1 ,a,eschylus1 ,ari/ophanes1 & ,virgil4 ,hom]1 ?\gh 9 ! epi!ts he applies to l&scape always ?or\ghly graphic1 uses ! same epi!t = rocks1 seas1 & trees1 f "o end ( 8 poem to ! o!r1 evid5tly )\t ! smalle/ int]e/ 9 any?+ ( ! k9d2 & 9 ! mass ( hea!n writ]s1 ! abs5ce ( s5sation on ^! subjects is s+ul>ly pa9ful4 ,= in/ance1 9 t1 to my m9d1 mo/ disgu/+ ( all s-call$ poems1 ! ,j\rney to ,brundusium1 y rememb] t ,horace takes exactly z mu* int]e/ 9 ! sc5]y he is pass+ ?r\gh z ,san*o ,panza w\ld h done4 ,footnote #bi3 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean by call+ ^! fables paltry1 to dispute _! neatness1 +5uity1 or moral dep?2 b only _! want ( appreh5sion ( ! ext5t & awfulness ( ! ph5om5a introduc$4 ,s also1 9 d5y+ ,hom]'s int]e/ 9 nature1 ,i d n mean to d5y 8 accuracy ( obs]vation1 or 8 p[] ( seiz+ on ! ma9 po9ts ( l&scape1 b ,i d5y ! p[] ( l&scape ov] 8 he>t1 unless :5 closely associat$ )1 & altoge!r subord9ate to1 "s human int]e/4 #gi4 ,y w f9d1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! language ( ! ,bible is specifically di/+ui%$ f all o!r e>ly lit]ature1 by its delight 9 natural imag]y2 & t ! deal+s ( ,god ) ,8 p are calculat$ peculi>ly to awak5 ?is s5sibility )9 !m4 ,out ( ! monoton\s valley ( ,egypt !y are in/antly tak5 into ! mid/ ( ! mightie/ m\nta9 sc5]y 9 ! p59sula ( ,arabia2 & t sc5]y is associat$ 9 _! m9ds ) ! imm$iate manife/ation & pres5ce ( ! ,div9e ,p[]2 s t m\nta9s =ev] aft]w>ds become inve/$ ) a peculi> sacr$ness 9 _! m9ds3 :ile _! desc5dants be+ plac$ 9 :at 0 !n "o ( ! lovelie/ di/ricts ^u ! e>?1 full ( glori\s vegetation1 b\nd$ on "o side by ! sea1 on ! nor? by t goodly m\nta9 ,lebanon1 on ! s\? & ea/ by des]ts1 ^: b>r5ness enhanc$ by _! contra/ ! s5se ( ! p]fection ( beauty 9 _! own l&1 !y became1 by ^! means1 & by ! t\* ( ,god's own h& ^u _! he>ts1 s5sible to ! appeal ( natural sc5]y 9 a way 9 :i* no o!r p 7 at ! "t4 ,& _! lit]ature is full ( expressions1 n only te/ify+ a vivid s5se ( ! p[] ( nature ov] man1 b %[+ t sympa?y ) natural ?+s !mselves1 z if !y _h human s\ls1 :i* is ! especial *>act]i/ic ( true love ( ! works ( ,god4 ,i int5d$ to h insi/$ on ?is sympa?y at great] l5g?1 b ,i f\nd1 only two or ?ree days ago1 mu* ( :at ,i _h to say to y anticipat$ 9 a little book1 unpret5d+1 b full ( int]e/1 ,! ,lamp & ! ,lant]n1 by ,dr4 ,james ,hamilton2 & ,i w !re=e only ask y to consid] su* expressions z t t5d] & glori\s v]se 9 ,isaiah1 speak+ ( ! c$>s on ! m\nta9s z rejoic+ ov] ! fall ( ! k+ ( ,assyria3 ,yea1 ! fir trees rejoice at !e1 & ! c$>s ( ,lebanon1 say+1 ,s9ce ?\ art gone d[n to ! grave1 no fell] is come up aga9/ u4 ,see :at sympa?y !re is "h1 z if ) ! v he>ts ( ! trees !mselves4 ,s also 9 ! words ( ,*ri/1 9 ,8 p]sonification ( ! lilies3 ,!y toil n1 nei!r d !y sp94 ,consid] su* expressions z1 ,! sea saw t1 & fl$4 ,jordan 0 driv5 back4 ,! m\nta9s skipp$ l rams2 & ! little hills l lambs4 ,try to f9d any?+ 9 pr(ane writ+ l ?is2 & note f>!r t ! :ole book ( ,job appe>s to h be5 *iefly writt5 & plac$ 9 ! inspir$ volume 9 ord] to %[ ! value ( natural hi/ory1 & its p[] on ! human he>t4 ,i _c pass by x )\t po9t+ out ! evid5ces ( ! beauty ( ! c\ntry t ,job inhabit$4#cj ,obs]ve1 fir/1 x 0 an arable c\ntry4 ,! ox5 7 pl[+ & ! asses fe$+ beside !m4 ,x 0 a pa/oral c\ntry3 8 sub/ance1 besides camels & asses1 0 #g1jjj %eep4 ,x 0 a m\nta9 c\ntry1 f$ by /reams desc5d+ f ! high sn[s4 ,my bre?r5 h dealt deceitfully z a brook1 & z ! /ream ( brooks !y pass away2 :i* are blacki% by reason ( ! ice1 & :]e9 ! sn[ is hid3 ,:at "t !y wax w>m !y vani%3 :5 x is hot !y are consum$ out ( _! place4 ,aga93 ,if ,i wa% myself ) sn[ wat]1 & make my h&s nev] s clean4 ,aga93 ,dr\ght & heat consume ! sn[ wat]s4 ,x 0 a rocky c\ntry1 ) =e/s & v]dure root$ 9 ! rocks4 ,8 bran* %oote? =? 9 8 g>d52 8 roots are wrapp$ ab\t ! heap1 & see? ! place ( /ones4 ,aga93 ,?\ %alt be 9 league ) ! /ones ( ! field4 ,x 0 a place visit$1 l ! valleys ( ,switz]l&1 by convulsions & falls ( m\nta9s4 ,surely ! m\nta9 fall+ come? to n\ght1 & ! rock is remov$ out ( 8 place4 ,! wat]s we> ! /ones2 ?\ wa%e/ away ! ?+s :i* gr[ out ( ! du/ ( ! e>?4 ,he remove? ! m\nta9s & !y "k n3 he ov]turne? !m 9 8 ang]4 ,he putte? =? 8 h& ^u ! rock3 he ov]turne? ! m\nta9s by ! roots3 he cutte? out riv]s among ! rocks4 ,i h n "t to g f>!r into ?is2 b y see ,job's c\ntry 0 "o l y\r own1 full ( pleasant brooks & riv]s1 ru%+ among ! rocks1 & ( all o!r sweet & noble elem5ts ( l&scape4 ,! magnific5t allusions to natural sc5]y ?r\gh\t ! book are !re=e calculat$ to t\* ! he>t to ! end ( "t4 ,footnote #cj3 ,?is passage1 respect+ ! book ( ,job1 0 omitt$ 9 ! deliv]y ( ! ,lecture1 = want ( "t4 #hj4 ,!n at ! c5tral po9t ( ,jewi% prosp]ity1 y h ! fir/ great naturali/ ! _w ev] saw1 ,solomon2 n p]mitt$1 inde$1 to anticipate1 9 writ+1 ! discov]ies ( mod]n times1 b s gift$ z to %[ u t heav5ly wisdom is manife/$ z mu* 9 ! k ( ! hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall z 9 political & philosophical speculation4 ,! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 z di/+ui%$ f all o!r e>ly writ+s1 are ?us prep>$ = an ev]la/+ influ5ce ov] humanity2 &1 f9ally1 ,*ri/ himself1 sett+ ! conclud+ example to ! conduct & ?\ghts ( m51 sp5ds ne>ly ,8 :ole life 9 ! fields1 ! m\nta9s1 or ! small c\ntry villages ( ,judea2 & 9 ! v clos+ sc5es ( ,8 life1 w n s mu* z sleep )9 ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 b re/s at ! little village ( ,be?phage1 walk+ 9 ! morn+1 & return+ 9 ! ev5+1 ?r\gh ! peaceful av5ues ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 to & f ,8 "w ( tea*+ 9 ! temple4 #ha4 ,x w\ld ?us naturally foll[1 bo? f ! g5]al tone & tea*+ ( ! ,scriptures1 & f ! example ( our ,"l himself1 t :]ev] ,*ri/ianity 0 prea*$ & accept$1 !re w\ld be an imm$iate int]e/ awak5$ 9 ! works ( ,god1 z se5 9 ! natural _w3 &1 accord+ly1 ?is is ! second univ]sal & di/9ctive "* ( ,*ri/ian art1 z di/+ui%$ f all pagan "w2 ! fir/ be+ a peculi> spirituality 9 its conception ( ! human =m1 pref]r+ hol9ess ( expression & /r5g? ( "*1 to beauty ( features or ( body2 & ! second1 z ,i say1 its int5se fondness = natural objects--animals1 leaves1 & fl[]s1--induc+ an imm$iate trans=mation ( ! cold & lifeless pagan ornam5tation into vivid imag]y ( nature4 ,( c\rse ?is manife/ation ( feel+ 0 at fir/ *eck$ by ! circum/ances "u :i* ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 dissem9at$4 ,! art ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies is entirely subord9ate1--re/ra9$ p>tly by p]secution1 p>tly by a high spirituality1 :i* c>$ mu* m ab\t prea*+ ?an pa9t+2 & !n :51 "u ,con/ant9e1 ,*ri/ianity became ! religion ( ! ,roman empire1 myriads ( p]sons gave ! aid ( _! weal? & ( _! art to ! new religion1 :o 7 ,*ri/ians 9 no?+ b ! "n1 & :o decorat$ a ,*ri/ian temple j z !y w\ld h decorat$ a pagan "o1 m]ely because ! new religion _h become ,imp]ial4 ,!n1 j z ! new art 0 beg9n+ to assume a di/9ctive =m1 d[n came ! nor!rn b>b>ians ^u x2 & all _! sup]/itions _h to be leav5$ ) x1 & all _! h>d h&s & he>ts s(t5$ by x1 be=e _! art c\ld appe> 9 any?+ l a *>act]i/ic =m4 ,! w>f>e 9 :i* ,europe 0 p]petually plung$ ret>d$ ?is developm5t = ages2 b x /eadily & gradually prevail$1 work+ f ! eigh? to ! elev5? c5tury l a se$ 9 ! gr\nd1 %[+ little signs ( life1 b /ill1 if c>efully exam9$1 *ang+ ess5tially e day & e h\r3 at la/1 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! blade appe>s above ! black e>?2 9 ! ?irte5?1 ! plant is 9 full leaf4 #hb4 ,i beg91 !n1 ) ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & mu/ n[ make to y a g5]al ass]tion1 :i*1 if y w note d[n & exam9e at y\r leisure1 y w f9d true & useful1 ?\gh ,i h n "t at pres5t to give y full demon/ration ( x4 ,i say1 !n1 t ! art ( ! ?irte5? c5tury is ! f\ndation ( all art--nor m]ely ! f\ndation1 b ! root ( x2 t is to say1 succe$+ art is n m]ely built ^u x1 b 0 all compreh5d$ 9 x1 & is develop$ out ( x4 ,pass+ ?is great c5tury1 we f9d ?ree successive bran*es develop$ f x1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree foll[+ c5turies4 ,! f\rte5? c5tury is pre-em95tly ! age ( ,?\ght1 ! fifte5? ! age ( ,draw+1 & ! sixte5? ! age ( ,pa9t+4 #hc4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 ! f\rte5? c5tury is pre-em95tly ! age ( ?\ght4 ,x beg9s ) ! fir/ words ( ! poem ( ,dante2 & all ! great pictorial poems--! mighty s]ies ( works 9 :i* ev]y?+ is done to relate1 b no?+ to imitate--belong to ?is c5tury4 ,i %\ld only confuse y by giv+ y ! names ( m>vel\s arti/s1 mo/ ( !m little famili> to ,briti% e>s1 :o adorn$ ?is c5tury 9 ,italy2 b y w easily rememb] x z ! age ( ,dante & ,giotto--! age ( ,?\ght4 ,! m5 ( ! succe$+ c5tury 7! fifte5?7 felt t !y c\ld n rival _! pr$ecessors 9 inv5tion1 b might excel !m 9 execution4 ,orig9al ?\ghts belong+ to ?is c5tury are comp>atively r>e2 ev5 ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo !mselves borr[$ all _! pr9cipal ideas & plans ( pictures f _! pr$ecessors2 b !y execut$ !m ) a precision up to t "t unse54 ,y mu/ und]/& by ! ^w draw+1 ! p]fect r5d]+ ( =ms1 :e!r 9 sculpture or pa9t+2 & !n rememb] ! fifte5? c5tury z ! age ( ,leon>do1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti1 & ,raphael--pre-em95tly ! age ( ,draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4 7,fig4 #bj41 ,fig4 #ba47 ,! sixte5? c5tury produc$ ! f\r greate/ ,pa9t]s1 t is to say1 manag]s ( color1 :om ! _w has se52 namely1 ,t9toret1 ,paul ,v]onese1 ,titian1 & ,correggio4 ,i ne$ n say m to ju/ify my call+ x ! age ( ,pa9t+4 #hd4 ,?is1 !n1 be+ ! /ate ( ?+s respect+ art 9 g5]al1 let u next trace ! c>e] ( l&scape ?r\gh ^! c5turies4 ,x 0 only t[>ds ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury t figure pa9t+ began to assume s p]fect a condition z to require "s elaborate sugge/ion ( l&scape backgr\nd4 ,up to t "t1 if any natural object _h to be repres5t$1 x 0 done 9 an entirely conv5tional way1 z y see x ^u ,greek vases1 or 9 a ,*9ese porcela9 patt]n2 an indep5d5t tree or fl[] be+ set ^u ! :ite gr\nd1 or gr\nd ( any color1 :]ev] !re 0 a vacant space = x1 )\t ! smalle/ attempt to imitate ! real colors & relations ( ! e>? & sky ab\t x4 ,b at ! close ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,giotto1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5?1 ,orcagna1 s\ght1 = ! fir/ "t1 to give "s resemblance to nature 9 _! backgr\nds1 & introduc$ beh9d _! figures pieces ( true l&scape1 =mal en\gh /ill1 b complete 9 int5tion1 hav+ =egr\nds & di/ances1 sky & wat]1 =e/s & m\nta9s1 c>efully del9eat$1 n exactly 9 _! true color1 b yet 9 color approximat+ to ! tru?4 ,! sy/em :i* !y introduc$ 7= ?\gh 9 _m po9ts enri*$ above ! "w ( e>li] ages1 ! ,orcagna & ,giotto l&scape 0 a v complete piece ( recipe7 0 obs]v$ = a long p]iod by _! pupils1 & may be ?us briefly describ$3--,! sky is always pure blue1 pal] at ! horizon1 & ) a few /reaky :ite cl\ds 9 x1 ! gr\nd is gre5 ev5 to ! extreme di/ance1 ) br[n rocks project+ f x2 wat] is blue /reak$ ) :ite4 ,! trees are ne>ly always compos$ ( clu/]s ( _! prop] leaves reliev$ on a black or d>k gr\nd1 ?us 7fig4 #bj74ca ,& obs]ve c>efully1 ) respect to ! complete draw+ ( ! leaves on ?is tree1 & ! smallness ( _! numb]1 ! real di/9ction betwe5 noble conv5tionalism & false conv5tionalism4 ,y w (t5 he> mod]n ar*itects def5d+ _! mon/r\s ornam5tation on ! gr\nd t x is conv5tional1 & t ar*itectural ornam5t ought to be conv5tionaliz$4 ,rememb]1 :5 y he> ?is1 t noble conv5tionalism is n an agreem5t betwe5 ! arti/ & spectator t ! "o %all misrepres5t nature sixty times ov]1 & ! o!r believe ! misrepres5tation sixty times ov]1 b x is an agreem5t t c]ta9 means & limitations be+ prescrib$1 only t k9d ( tru? is to be expect$ :i* is consi/5t ) ^? means4 ,= in/ance1 if ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds _h be5 talk+ to a fri5d ab\t ! "* ( a face1 & !re _h be5 no?+ 9 ! room b a deal table & an inkbottle--& no p5s--,sir ,jo%ua w\ld h dipp$ 8 f+] 9 ! ink1 & pa9t$ a portrait on ! table ) 8 f+]1 & a noble portrait too2 c]ta9ly n delicate 9 outl9e1 nor repres5t+ any ( ! qualities ( ! face dep5d5t on ri* outl9e1 b gett+ z mu* ( ! face z 9 t mann] 0 atta9able4 ,t is noble conv5tionalism1 & ,egyptian "w on granite1 or illum9ator's "w 9 glass1 is all conv5tional 9 ! same s5se1 b n conv5tionally false4 ,! two noble/ & true/ c>v$ lions ,i h ev] se51 are ! two granite ones 9 ! ,egyptian room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & yet 9 !m1 ! lions' manes & be>ds are repres5t$ by r+s ( solid rock1 z smoo? z a mirror6 ,footnote #ca3 ,hav+ no memor&a ( my own1 tak5 f ,giotto's l&scape1 ,i _h ?is tree copi$ f an engrav+2 b ,i imag9e ! rude t]m9ation ( ! /ems to be a misrepres5tation4 ,fig4 #ba is accurately copi$ f a ,,ms41 c]ta9ly execut$ betwe5 #abej & #abgj1 & is m truly *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly mann]4 #he4 ,!re are inde$ "o or two o!r conditions ( noble conv5tionalism1 notice m fully 9 ! ,add5da 7,sec4,sec4 #fh-ga72 b y w f9d t !y always consi/ 9 /opp+ %ort ( nature1 n 9 falsify+ nature2 & ?us 9 ,giotto's foliage1 he /ops %ort ( ! quantity ( leaves on ! real tree1 b he gives y ! =m ( ! leaves repres5t$ ) p]fect tru?4 ,8 =egr\nd also is ne>ly always occupi$ by fl[]s & h]bage1 c>efully & individually pa9t$ f nature2 :ile1 al?\gh ?us simple 9 plan1 ! arrangem5ts ( l9e 9 ^! l&scapes ( c\rse %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ma/]-m9d1 & sometimes1 :]e ! /ory requires x1 we f9d ! usual =mulae ov]leap$1 & ,giotto at ,avignon pa9t+ ! break]s ( ! sea on a /eep %ore ) great c>e1 :ile ,orcagna1 9 8 ,triumph ( ,dea?1 has pa9t$ a ?icket ( brambles mix$ ) teazles1 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! be/ days ( l&scape art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4 7,fig4 #bb47 #hf4 ,n[ f ! l&scape ( ^! two m5 to ! l&scape ( ,raphael1 ,leon>do1 & ,p]ug9o1 ! advance consi/s pr9cipally 9 two great /eps3 ,! fir/1 t di/ant objects 7 m or less inve/$ ) a blue color1--! second1 t trees 7 no long] pa9t$ ) a black gr\nd1 b ) a ri* d>k br[n1 or deep gre54 ,f ,giotto's old age1 to ! y\? ( ,raphael1 ! advance 91 & k (1 l&scape1 consi/$ ( no m ?an ^! two simple /eps2 b ! execution ( l&scape became inf9itely m p]fect & elaborate4 ,all ! fl[]s & leaves 9 ! =egr\nd 7 work$ out ) ! same p]fection z ! features ( ! figures2 9 ! middle di/ance ! br[n trees 7 mo/ delicately def9$ aga9/ ! sky2 ! blue m\nta9s 9 ! extreme di/ance 7 exquisitely ?r[n into a]ial gradations1 & ! sky & cl\ds 7 p]fect 9 transp>5cy & s(tness4 ,b /ill !re is no real advance 9 k ( natural objects4 ,! leaves & fl[]s are1 inde$1 admirably pa9t$1 & ?r[n into v>i\s intricate gr\p+s1 su* z ,giotto c\ld n h attempt$1 b ! rocks & wat] are /ill z conv5tional & imp]fect z ev]1 except only 9 color3 ! =ms ( rock 9 ,leon>do's celebrat$ ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s are lit]ally no bett] ?an ^? on a *9a plate4 ,fig4 #bb %[s a portion ( !m 9 m]e outl9e1 ) "o clu/] ( ! leaves above1 & ! di/ant ideal m\nta9s4 ,on ! :ole1 ! mo/ satisfactory "w ( ! p]iod is t :i* mo/ resembles missal pa9t+1 t is to say1 :i* is fulle/ ( beautiful fl[]s & animals scatt]$ among ! l&scape1 9 ! old indep5d5t way1 l ! birds ^u a scre54 ,! l&scape ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli is exquisitely ri* 9 incid5t ( ?is k9d4 #hg4 ,! fir/ man :o entirely broke ?r\gh ! conv5tionality ( 8 "t1 & pa9t$ pure l&scape1 0 ,masaccio1 b he di$ too "y to effect ! revolution ( :i* 8 g5ius 0 capable4 ,x 0 left = o!r m5 to accompli%1 namely1 = ,correggio & ,titian4 ,^! two pa9t]s 7 ! fir/ :o reliev$ ! =egr\nds ( _! l&scape f ! grotesque1 qua9t1 & cr[d$ =malism ( ! e>ly pa9t]s2 & gave a close approximation to ! =ms ( nature 9 all ?+s2 reta9+1 h[ev]1 ?us mu* ( ! old sy/em1 t ! di/ances 7 = ! mo/ "p pa9t$ 9 deep ultram>9e blue1 ! =egr\nds 9 ri* gre5 & br[n2 !re 7 no effects ( sun%9e & %ad[1 b a g5]ally quiet gl[ ov] ! :ole sc5e2 & ! cl\ds1 ?\gh n[ roll+ 9 irregul> masses1 & sometimes ri*ly involv$ among ! hills1 7 nev] v>i$ 9 conception1 or /udi$ f nature4 ,!re 7 no *anges ( wea!r 9 !m1 no ra9 cl\ds or fair-wea!r cl\ds1 no?+ b v>i\s %apes ( ! cumulus or cirrus1 introduc$ = ! sake ( light on ! deep blue sky4 ,t9toret & ,bonifazio introduc$ m natural effects into ?is monoton\s l&scape3 9 _! works we meet ) %[]s ( ra91 ) ra9b[s1 sunsets1 bright reflections 9 wat]1 & s on2 b /ill v subord9ate1 & c>elessly work$ out1 s z n to ju/ify u 9 consid]+ _! l&scape z =m+ a class by itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4 7,fig4 #bc47 #hh4 ,fig4 #bc1 :i* is a bran* ( a tree f ! backgr\nd ( ,titian's ,/4 ,j]ome1 at ,milan1 comp>$ ) fig4 #bj1 w give y a di/9ct idea ( ! k9d ( *ange :i* took place f ! "t ( ,giotto to t ( ,titian1 & y w f9d t ?is :ole range ( l&scape may be conv5i5tly class$ 9 ?ree divisions1 namely1 ,giottesque1 ,leon>desque1 & ,titianesque2 ! ,giottesque embrac+ ne>ly all ! "w ( ! f\rte5?1 ! ,leon>desque t ( ! fifte5?1 & ! ,titianesque t ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,n[ y see !re rema9$ a f\r? /ep to be tak51--! do+ away ) conv5tionalism altoge!r1 s z to create ! p]fect art ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,! c\rse ( ! m9d ( ,europe 0 to d ?is2 b at ! v mom5t :5 x ought to h be5 done1 ! art ( all civiliz$ nations 0 p>alyz$ at once by ! op]ation ( ! poison\s elem5ts ( infidelity & classical le>n+ toge!r1 z ,i h endeavor$ to %[ else:]e4 ,9 ?is p>alysis1 l a soldi] %ot z he is j ga9+ an em95ce1 ! art ( ! sev5te5? c5tury /ruggl$ =w>d1 & sank ^u ! spot x _h be5 endeavor+ to atta94 ,! /ep :i* %\ld h fre$ l&scape f conv5tionalism 0 actually tak5 by ,claude & ,salvator ,rosa1 b tak5 9 a /ate ( palsy1--tak5 s z to lose f> m ?an 0 ga9$4 ,= up to ?is "t1 no pa9t] ev] _h ?\ght ( draw+ any?+1 pebble or blade ( grass1 or tree or m\nta91 b z well & di/9ctly z he c\ld2 & if he c\ld n draw x completely1 he drew x at lea/ 9 a way :i* %\ld ?or\ghly %[ 8 k & feel+ ( x4 ,= in/ance1 y saw 9 ! oak tree ( ! ,giottesque p]iod1 t ! ma9 po9ts ( ! tree1 ! true %ape ( leaf & acorn1 7 all !re1 p]fectly & c>efully articulat$1 & s !y cont9u$ to be d[n to ! "t ( ,t9toret2 bo? he & ,titian work+ out ! sep>ate leaves ( _! foliage ) ! mo/ exquisite botanical c>e4 ,b n[ obs]ve3 z ,*ri/ianity _h br\ght ?is love ( nature into ,paganism1 ! return ( ,paganism 9 ! %ape ( classical le>n+ at once de/roy$ ?is love ( nature2 & at ! mom5t :5 ,claude & ,salvator made ! f9al ef=t to pa9t ! effects ( nature fai?fully1 ! objects ( nature _h ceas$ to be reg>d$ ) affection2 s t1 :ile p 7 amus$ & int]e/$ by ! new effects ( sunsets ov] gre5 seas1 & ( tempe/s bur/+ on rocky m\nta9s1 :i* 7 introduc$ by ! ris+ s*ool1 !y entirely ceas$ to require on ! "o side1 or be/[ on ! o!r1 t c>e & ?\ght by :i* alone ! beauty ( nature c be und]/ood4 ,! old] pa9t+ _h resembl$ a c>eful & deeply /udi$ diagram1 illu/rative ( ! mo/ important facts2 x 0 n to be und]/ood or reli%$ )\t application ( s]i\s ?\ght2 on ! contr>y1 x develop$ & address$ ! highe/ p[]s ( m9d belong+ to ! human race2 :ile ! ,claude & ,salvator pa9t+ 0 l a sc5e 9 a !at]1 vici\sly & falsely pa9t$ ?r\gh\t1 & pres5t+ a deceptive appe>ance ( tru? to nature2 und]/ood1 z f> z x w5t1 9 a mom5t1 b convey+ no accurate k ( any?+1 &1 9 all its op]ations on ! m9d1 unheal?y1 hopeless1 & pr(itless4 #hi4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 receiv$ ) avidity2 = ?is ma9 reason1 t ! ar*itecture1 dome/ic life1 & mann]s ( ! p]iod 7 gradually gett+ m & m artificial2 z ,i %[$ y la/ ev5+1 all natural beauty _h ceas$ to be p]mitt$ 9 ar*itectural decoration1 :ile ! habits ( society l$ !m m & m to live1 if possible1 9 cities2 & ! dress1 language1 & mann]s ( m5 9 g5]al 7 approximat+ to t horrible & lifeless condition 9 :i* y f9d !m j be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,n[1 obs]ve3 exactly z hoops1 & />*1 & false hair1 & all t 9 m9d & he>t ^! ?+s typify & betray1 z ^!1 ,i say1 ga9$ ^u m51 !re 0 a necess>y reaction 9 favor ( ! natural4 ,m5 _h nev] liv$ s utt]ly 9 defiance ( ! laws ( nature be=e2 b !y c\ld n d ?is )\t feel+ a /range *>m 9 t :i* !y defi$2 &1 accord+ly1 we f9d ?is reaction>y s5tim5t express+ itself 9 a base s*ool ( :at 0 call$ pa/oral poetry2 t is to say1 poetry writt5 9 praise ( ! c\ntry1 by m5 :o liv$ 9 c(fee-h\ses & on ! ,mall4 ,! ess5ce ( pa/oral poetry is ! s5se ( /range delightfulness 9 grass1 :i* is occasionally felt by a man :o has seldom set 8 foot on x2 x is ess5tially ! poetry ( ! cockney1 & = ! mo/ "p corresponds 9 its aim & rank1 z comp>$ ) o!r lit]ature1 to ! porcela9 %eph]ds & %eph]desses on a *imney-piece z comp>$ ) great works ( sculpture4 #ij4 ,( c\rse all good poetry1 descriptive ( rural life1 is ess5tially pa/oral1 or has ! effect ( ! pa/oral on ! m9ds ( m5 liv+ 9 cities2 b ! class ( poetry :i* ,i mean1 & :i* y probably und]/& by ! t]m pa/oral1 is t 9 :i* a f>m]'s girl is spok5 ( z a nymph1 & a f>m]'s boy z a swa91 & 9 :i*1 ?r\gh\t1 a ridicul\s & unnatural ref9em5t is suppos$ to exi/ 9 rural life1 m]ely because ! poet himself has nei!r _h ! c\rage to endure its h>d%ips1 nor ! wit to conceive its realities4 ,if y exam9e ! lit]ature ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies y w f9d t ne>ly all its expressions1 hav+ ref]5ce to ! c\ntry1 %[ some?+ ( ?is k9d2 ei!r a fooli% s5tim5tality1 or a morbid fe>1 bo? ( c\rse c\pl$ ) ! mo/ curi\s ignorance4 ,y w f9d all its descriptive expressions at once vague & monoton\s4 ,brooks are always purl+2 birds always w>bl+2 m\nta9s always lift _! horrid peaks above ! cl\ds2 vales always are lo/ 9 ! %ad[ ( gloomy woods2 a few m di/9ct ideas ab\t hay-mak+ & curds & cream1 acquir$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,ri*mond ,bridge1 s]v+ to give an occasional appe>ance ( fre%ness to ! catalogue ( ! sublime & beautiful :i* desc5d$ f poet to poet2 :ile a few true pieces ( pa/oral1 l ! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 & ,walton's ,angl]1 reliev$ ! g5]al wa/e ( dullness4 ,ev5 9 ^! bett] productions1 no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! g5]al conception ( ! c\ntry m]ely z a s]ies ( gre5 fields1 & ! comb9$ ignorance & dread ( m sublime sc5]y2 ( :i* ! my/]ies & dang]s 7 enhanc$ by ! difficulties ( travel+ at ! p]iod4 ,?us 9 ,walton's ,angl]1 y h a meet+ ( two fri5ds1 "o a ,d]by%ire man1 ! o!r a l[l& travel]1 :o is z mu* al>m$1 & uses ne>ly z _m expressions ( a/oni%m5t1 at hav+ to g d[n a /eep hill & =d a brook1 z a travel] uses n[ at cross+ ! glaci] ( ! ,col du ,geant4 ,i am n sure :e!r ! difficulties :i*1 until late ye>s1 h la9 9 ! way ( peaceful & conv5i5t travel+1 ought n to h great weight assign$ to !m among ! o!r causes ( ! temp] ( ! p]iod2 b be t z x may1 if y w exam9e ! :ole range ( its lit]ature--keep+ ?is po9t 9 view--,i am well p]suad$ t y w be /ruck mo/ =cibly by ! /range deadness to ! high] s\rces ( l&scape sublimity :i* is m+l$ ) ! morbid pa/oralism4 ,! love ( fre% air & gre5 grass =c$ itself ^u ! animal natures ( m52 b t ( ! sublim] features ( sc5]y _h no place 9 m9ds ^: *ief p[]s _h be5 repress$ by ! =malisms ( ! age4 ,& al?\gh 9 ! second-rate writ]s cont9ually1 & 9 ! fir/-rate ones occasionally1 y f9d an affectation ( int]e/ 9 m\nta9s1 cl\ds1 & =e/s1 yet :5ev] !y write f _! he>t1 y w f9d an utt] abs5ce ( feel+ respect+ any?+ beyond g>d5s & grass4 ,exam9e1 = in/ance1 ! novels ( ,smollett1 ,field+1 & ,/]ne1 ! com$ies ( ,moli]e1 & ! writ+s ( ,johnson & ,addison1 & ,i d n ?9k y w f9d a s+le expression ( true delight 9 sublime nature 9 any "o ( !m4 ,p]haps ,/]ne's ,s5tim5tal ,j\rney1 9 its total abs5ce ( s5tim5t on any subject b humanity1 & its entire want ( notice ( any?+ at ,g5eva1 :i* might n z well h be5 se5 at ,coxwold1 is ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ,i c\ld give y2 & if y comp>e ) ?is negation ( feel+ on "o side1 ! int]ludes ( ,moli]e1 9 :i* %eph]ds & %eph]desses are introduc$ 9 c\rt dress1 y w h a v accurate conception ( ! g5]al _s ( ! age4 #ia4 ,x 0 9 su* a /ate ( society t ! l&scape ( ,claude1 ,gasp> ,p\ss91 & ,salvator ,rosa atta9$ its reputation4 ,x is ! complete expression on canvas ( ! _s ( ! "t4 ,claude embodies ! fooli% pa/oralism1 ,salvator ! ignorant t]ror1 & ,gasp> ! dull & affect$ erudition4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 altoge!r impossible t ?is /ate ( ?+s c\ld long cont9ue4 ,! age :i* _h buri$ itself 9 =malism grew we>y at la/ ( ! re/ra9t2 & ! approa* ( a new era 0 m>k$ by ! appe>ance1 & ! en?usia/ic reception1 ( writ]s :o took true delight 9 ^? wild sc5es ( nature :i* _h s long be5 despis$4 #ib4 ,i ?9k ! fir/ two writ]s 9 :om ! symptoms ( a *ange are /rongly manife/$ are ,mrs4 ,radcliffe & ,r\sseau2 9 bo? ( :om ! love ( natural sc5]y1 ?\gh m+l$ 9 ! "o case ) :at 0 m]ely dramatic1 & 9 ! o!r ) mu* t 0 pitifully morbid or vici\s1 0 /ill itself g5u9e1 & int5se1 diff]+ altoge!r 9 "* f any s5tim5ts previ\sly traceable 9 lit]ature4 ,& !n rapidly foll[$ a gr\p ( writ]s1 :o express$1 9 v>i\s ways1 ! m p[]ful or m pure feel+ :i* _h n[ become "o ( ! /ronge/ in/9cts ( ! age4 ,( ^!1 ! pr9cipal is y\r own ,walt] ,scott4 ,_m writ]s1 inde$1 describe nature m m9utely & m pr(\ndly2 b none %[ 9 high] int5sity ! peculi> passion = :at is maje/ic or lovely 9 wild nature1 to :i* ,i am n[ ref]r+4 ,! :ole ( ! poem ( ! ,lady ( ! ,lake is writt5 ) almo/ a boyi% en?usiasm = rocks1 & lakes1 & cat>acts2 ! e>ly novels %[ ! same in/9ct 9 equal /r5g? :]ev] he approa*es ,highl& sc5]y2 & ! feel+ is m+l$1 obs]ve1 ) a mo/ t\*+ & affectionate appreciation ( ! ,go?ic ar*itecture1 9 :i* alone he f\nd ! elem5ts ( natural beauty seiz$ by art2 s t1 to ?is day1 8 descriptions ( ,melrose & ,holy ,isl& ,ca!dral1 9 ! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel & ,m>mion1 z well z ( ! ideal abbeys 9 ! ,mona/]y & ,antiqu>y1 toge!r ) ^? ( ,ca]lav]ock & ,lo*lev5 ,ca/les 9 ,guy ,mann]+ & ,! ,abbot1 rema9 ! /aple possessions & text-books ( all travel]s1 n s mu* = _! beauty or accuracy1 z = _! exactly express+ t degree ( feel+ ) :i* mo/ m5 9 ?is c5tury c sympa?ize4 ,toge!r ) ,scott appe>$ ! gr\p ( poets--,byron1 ,wordswor?1 ,keats1 ,%elley1 &1 f9ally1 ,t5nyson--diff]+ widely 9 moral pr9ciples & spiritual temp]1 b all agree+ m or less 9 ?is love = natural sc5]y4 #ic4 ,n[1 y w ask me--& y w ask me mo/ reasonably--h[ ?is love ( nature 9 mod]n days c be connect$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 see+ x is z /rong 9 ! infidel ,%elley z 9 ! sacr$ ,wordswor?4 ,yes1 & x is f\nd 9 f> worse m5 ?an ,%elley4 ,%elley 0 an hone/ unbeliev]1 & a man ( w>m affections2 b ?is new love ( nature is f\nd 9 ! mo/ reckless & unpr9cipl$ ( ! ,fr5* noveli/s--9 ,eug5e ,sue1 9 ,dumas1 9 ,george ,s&--& t int5sely4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,simply because ! feel+ is reaction>y2 &1 9 ?is phase ( x1 common to ! diseas$ m9d z well z to ! heal?y "o4 ,a man dy+ 9 ! fev] ( intemp]ance w cry out = wat]1 & t ) a bitt]] ?ir/ ?an a man ^: heal?y frame naturally delights 9 ! m\nta9 spr+ m ?an 9 ! w9e cup4 ,! wat] is n di%onor$ by t ?ir/ ( ! diseas$1 nor is nature di%onor$ by ! love ( ! unwor?y4 ,t love is1 p]haps1 ! only sav+ elem5t 9 _! m9ds2 & x /ill rema9s an indisputable tru? t ! love ( nature is a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,*ri/ian he>t1 j z ! hung] = heal?y food is *>act]i/ic ( ! heal?y frame4 ,9 ord] to meet ?is new feel+ = nature1 !re necess>ily arose a new s*ool ( l&scape pa9t+4 ,t s*ool1 l ! lit]ature to :i* x correspond$1 _h _m weak & vici\s elem5ts mix$ ) its noble ones2 x _h its ,mrs4 ,radcliffes & ,r\sseaus1 z well z its ,wordswor?s2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! feel+ ) :i* ,robson drew m\nta9s1 & ,pr\t ar*itecture1 ) :i* ,field+ draws moors1 & ,/anfield sea--is altoge!r pure1 true1 & preci\s1 z comp>$ ) t :i* sugge/$ ! l&scape ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #id4 ,n[ obs]ve1 h[ simple ! :ole subject becomes4 ,y h1 fir/1 y\r great anci5t l&scape divid$ into its ?ree p]iods--,giottesque1 ,leon>desque1 ,titianesque4 ,!n y h a great gap1 full ( non5tities & abortions2 a gulf ( fooli%ness1 into ! bottom ( :i* y may ?r[ ,claude & ,salvator1 nei!r ( !m des]v+ to give a "n to any?+4 ,call x pa/oral l&scape1 gu>da e passa1 & !n y h1 la/ly1 ! pure1 :olesome1 simple1 mod]n l&scape4 ,y want a "n = t3 ,i w give y "o 9 a mom5t2 = ! :ole "* & p[] ( t l&scape is orig9ally bas$ on ! "w ( "o man4 #ie4 ,joseph ,mallord ,william ,turn] 0 born 9 ,maid5 ,lane1 ,london1 ab\t eighty ye>s ago4 ,! regi/] ( 8 bir? 0 burn$1 & 8 age at 8 dea? c\ld only be arriv$ at by conjecture4 ,he 0 ! son ( a b>b]2 & 8 fa!r int5d$ him1 v prop]ly1 = 8 own pr(ession4 ,! b5t ( ! boy 01 h[ev]1 soon manife/$1 z is always ! case 9 *ildr5 ( extraord9>y g5ius1 too /rongly to be resi/$2 & a sket* ( a coat ( arms on a silv] salv]1 made :ile 8 fa!r 0 %av+ a cu/om]1 obta9$ = him1 9 reluctant compliance ) ! admir+ cu/om]'s advice1 ! p]mission to foll[ art z a pr(ession4 ,he _h1 ( c\rse1 ! usual difficulties ( "y arti/s to enc\nt]1 & !y 7 !n f> great] ?an !y are n[4 ,b ,turn] diff]$ f mo/ m5 9 ?is1--t he 0 always will+ to take any?+ to d t came 9 8 way4 ,he did n %ut himself up 9 a g>ret to produce unsalable works ( high art1 & />ve1 or lose 8 s5ses4 ,he hir$ himself out e ev5+ to wa% 9 skies 9 ,indian ink1 on o!r p's draw+s1 z _m z he c\ld1 at half-a-cr[n a-night1 gett+ 8 supp] into ! b>ga94 ,:at c\ld ,i h done bett]8 he said aft]w>ds3 x 0 fir/-rate practice4 ,!n he took to illu/rat+ guide-books & almanacs1 & any?+ t want$ *eap frontispieces4 ,! ,ox=d ,almanack1 publi%$ on a s+le %eet1 ) a copp]-plate at ! top ( x1 consi/+ ( a ,view--y p]haps1 "s ( y1 "k ! k9d ( pr9t *>act]i/ic ( ! la/ c5tury1 "u :i* ! ^w ,view is always pr9t$ 9 l>ge lett]s1 ) a d$ication1 obsequi\s to ! v du/1 to ! ,gr& ,signior ( ! neighborhood4 ,well1 ?is ,almanack _h always su* a view ( "s ,ox=d ,college at ! top ( x1 d$icat$1 ,i ?9k1 always to ! head ( ! ,college2 & x ow$ ?is1 its pr9cipal decoration1 to ,turn] = _m ye>s4 ,i h myself two c>eful draw+s ( "s old seals1 made by him = a local book on ! antiquities ( ,:alley ,abbey4 ,& !re 0 h>dly a g5tleman's seat ( any importance 9 ,engl&1 t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ( :i* y w n f9d "s rude engrav+ 9 ! local publications ( ! "t1 inscrib$ ) ! simple "n ,w4 ,turn]4 #if4 ,!re 0 ano!r great diff]5ce betwe5 ,turn] & o!r m54 ,9 do+ ^! draw+s = ! commone/ publications ( ! day1 & = a remun]ation altoge!r contemptible1 he nev] did 8 "w badly because he ?\ght x b5ea? him1 or because he 0 ill-paid4 ,!re does n exi/ su* a ?+ z a slov5ly draw+ by ,turn]4 ,) :at p 7 will+ to give him = 8 "w he 0 cont5t2 b he consid]$ t "w 9 its relation to himself1 n 9 its relation to ! pur*as]4 ,he took a poor price1 t he might live2 b he made noble draw+s1 t he might le>n4 ,( c\rse "s are slight] ?an o!rs1 & !y v>y 9 _! mat]ials2 ^? execut$ ) p5cil & ,indian ink be+ nev] f9i%$ to ! degree ( ^? :i* are execut$ 9 color4 ,b he is nev] c>eless4 ,accord+ to ! "t & means at 8 disposal1 he always did 8 be/4 ,he nev] let a draw+ leave 8 h&s )\t hav+ made a /ep 9 advance1 & hav+ done bett] 9 x ?an he _h ev] done be=e2 & !re is no important draw+ ( ! p]iod :i* is n execut$ ) a total disreg>d ( "t & price1 & :i* 0 n1 ev5 !n1 wor? f\r or five times :at ,turn] receiv$ = x4 ,ev5 )\t g5ius1 a man :o ?us felt & ?us labor$ 0 sure to d great ?+s2 ?\gh x is seldom t1 )\t great g5ius1 m5 ei!r ?us feel or ?us labor4 ,turn] 0 z f> beyond all o!r m5 9 intellect z 9 indu/ry2 & 8 advance 9 p[] & grasp ( ?\ght 0 z /eady z ! increas+ light ( sunrise4 #ig4 ,8 reputation 0 soon s f> e/abli%$ t he 0 able to devote himself to m consi/5t /udy4 ,he nev] appe>s lit]ally to h copi$ any picture2 b :5ev] any ma/] int]e/$ him1 or 0 ( s e/abli%$ a reputation t he ?\ght x necess>y to /udy him1 he pa9t$ pictures ( 8 own subjects 9 ! /yle ( t ma/]1 until he felt himself able to rival 8 excell5cies1 :atev] !y 74 ,!re are ?us multitudes ( pictures by ,turn] :i* are direct imitations ( o!r ma/]s2 especially ( ,claude1 ,wilson1 ,l\!rb\rg1 ,gasp> ,p\ss91 ,v&evelde1 ,cuyp1 & ,rembr&t4 ,x has be5 argu$ by ,mr4 ,leslie t1 because ,turn] ?us 9 8 e>ly ye>s imitat$ _m ( ! old ma/]s1 !re=e he mu/ to ! end ( 8 life h consid]$ !m great] ?an himself4 ,! non sequitur is obvi\s4 ,i tru/ !re are few m5 s unhappy z nev] to h le>n$ any?+ f _! inf]iors2 & ,i fe> !re are few m5 s wise z nev] to h imitat$ any?+ b :at 0 des]v+ ( imitation4 ,! "y ,turn]1 inde$1 w\ld h be5 m ?an mortal if1 9 a p]iod utt]ly devoid ( all heal?y examples ( l&scape art1 he _h be5 able at once to see 8 way to ! atta9m5t ( 8 ultimate ends2 or if1 see+ x1 he _h felt himself at once /rong en\gh to defy ! au?ority ( e pa9t] & connoisseur ^: /yle _h =m$ ! ta/e ( ! public1 or ^: dicta direct$ _! patronage4 #ih4 ,b ! p]iod :5 he bo? felt & resolv$ to ass]t 8 own sup]iority 0 indicat$ ) p]fect cle>ness1 by 8 publi%+ a s]ies ( engrav+s1 :i* 7 no?+ else ?an direct *all5ges to ,claude--!n ! l&scape pa9t] suppos$ to be ! greate/ 9 ! _w--^u 8 own gr\nd & 8 own t]ms4 ,y are probably all aw>e t ! /udies made by ,claude = 8 pictures1 & kept by him "u ! "n ( ! ,lib] ,v]itatis1 7 = ! mo/ "p made ) p5 & ink1 wa%$ ov] ) a br[n t9t2 & t ^! draw+s h be5 c>efully facsimil$ & publi%$ 9 ! =m ( mezzot9t engrav+s1 long suppos$ to be models ( ta/e 9 l&scape composition4 ,9 ord] to provoke comp>ison betwe5 ,claude & himself1 ,turn] publi%$ a s]ies ( engrav+s1 call$ ! ,lib] ,/udiorum1 execut$ 9 exactly ! same mann] z ^! draw+s ( ,claude1--an et*+ repres5t+ :at 0 done ) ! p51 :ile mezzot9t /ood = color4 ,y see ! notable publicity ( ?is *all5ge4 ,_h he conf9$ himself to pictures 9 8 trial ( skill ) ,claude1 x w\ld only h be5 9 ! gall]y or ! palace t ! comp>ison c\ld h be5 in/itut$2 b n[ x is 9 ! p[] ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! matt] to make x at _! ease4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,:5 ?is lecture 0 deliv]$1 an enl>g$ copy ( a portion ( "o ( ^! /udies by ,claude 0 set beside a simil>ly magnifi$ portion ( "o by ,turn]4 ,x 0 impossible1 )\t mu* increas+ ! co/ ( ! publication1 to prep>e two mezzot9t engrav+s ) ! c>e requisite = ?is purpose2 & ! portion ( ! ,lecture relat+ to ^! examples is !re=e omitt$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! p[] ( e read] to procure "o or m plates ( ea* s]ies2 & to judge = himself :e!r ! conclusion ( ,turn]'s sup]iority1 :i* is assum$ 9 ! next s5t5ce ( ! text1 be a j "o or n4 99 99 99 99 99 #ii4 ,n[1 :at ,turn] did 9 conte/ ) ,claude1 he did ) e o!r !n-kn[n ma/] ( l&scape1 ea* 9 8 turn4 ,he *all5g$1 & vanqui%$1 ea* 9 8 own peculi> field1 ,v&evelde on ! sea1 ,salvator among rocks1 & ,cuyp on ,l[l& riv]s2 &1 hav+ done ?is1 set himself to pa9t ! natural sc5]y ( skies1 m\nta9s1 & lakes1 :i*1 until 8 "t1 _h nev] be5 s mu* z attempt$4 ,he ?us1 9 ! ext5t ( 8 sph]e1 f> surpass$ ev5 ,titian & ,leon>do1 ! great m5 ( ! e>li] s*ools4 ,9 _! =egr\nd "w nei!r ,titian nor ,leon>do c\ld be excell$2 b ,titian & ,leon>do 7 ?r\ghly conv5tional 9 all b _! =egr\nds4 ,turn] 0 equally great 9 all ! elem5ts ( l&scape1 & x is on him1 & on 8 d>+ additions to ! receiv$ s*emes ( l&scape art1 t all mod]n l&scape has be5 f\nd$4 ,y w nev] meet any truly great liv+ l&scape pa9t] :o w n at once frankly confess 8 obligations to ,turn]1 n1 obs]ve1 z hav+ copi$ him1 b z hav+ be5 l$ by ,turn] to look 9 nature = :at he w\ld o!rwise ei!r n h disc]n$1 or disc]n+1 n h d>$ to repres5t4 #ajj4 ,turn]1 !re=e1 0 ! fir/ man :o pres5t$ u ) ! type ( p]fect l&scape art3 & ! ri*ness ( t art1 ) :i* y are at pres5t surr\nd$1 & :i* enables y to op5 y\r walls z x 7 into s _m w9d[s1 ?r\gh :i* y c see :atev] has *>m$ y 9 ! faire/ sc5]y ( y\r c\ntry1 y w d well to rememb] z ,turn]esque4 ,s !n y h ^! five p]iods to recollect--y w h no difficulty1 ,i tru/1 9 do+ s1--! p]iods ( ,giotto1 ,leon>do1 ,titian1 pa/oralism1 & ,turn]4 #aja4 ,b ,turn]'s "w is yet only begun4 ,8 greatness is1 z yet1 altoge!r d5i$ by _m2 & to ! full1 felt by v few4 ,b e day t he lies 9 8 grave w br+ "s new ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 p[]2 & ?r\gh ^? eyes1 n[ fill$ ) du/1 g5]ations yet unborn w le>n to behold ! light ( nature4 ,y h "s gr\nd to-night to accuse me ( dogmatism4 ,i c br+ no pro( be=e y ( :at ,i s boldly ass]t4 ,b ,i w\ld n h accept$ y\r invitation to address y1 unless ,i _h felt t ,i _h a "r to be1 9 ?is matt]1 dogmatic4 ,i did n come "h to tell y ( my beliefs or my conjectures2 ,i came to tell y ! tru? :i* ,i h giv5 fifte5 ye>s ( my life to asc]ta91 t ?is man1 ?is ,turn]1 ( :om y h kn[n s little :ile he 0 liv+ among y1 w "o day take 8 place beside ,%akespe>e & ,v]ulam1 9 ! annals ( ! light ( ,engl&4 ,yes3 beside ,%akespe>e & ,v]ulam1 a ?ird /> 9 t c5tral con/ellation1 r\nd :i*1 9 ! a/ronomy ( intellect1 all o!r />s make _! circuit4 ,by ,%akespe>e1 humanity 0 unseal$ to y2 by ,v]ulam ! pr9ciples ( nature2 & by ,turn]1 h] aspect4 ,all ^! 7 s5t to unlock "o ( ! gates ( light1 & to unlock x = ! fir/ "t4 ,b ( all ! ?ree1 ?\gh n ! greate/1 ,turn] 0 ! mo/ unprec$5t$ 9 8 "w4 ,bacon did :at ,ari/otle _h attempt$2 ,%akespe>e did p]fectly :at ,a,eschylus did p>tially2 b none be=e ,turn] _h lift$ ! veil f ! face ( nature2 ! maje/y ( ! hills & =e/s _h receiv$ no int]pretation1 & ! cl\ds pass$ unrecord$ f ! face ( ! heav5 :i* !y adorn$1 & ( ! e>? to :i* !y m9i/]$4 #ajb4 ,& n[ let me tell y some?+ ( 8 p]sonal "*4 ,y h he>d him spok5 ( z ill-natur$1 & jeal\s ( 8 bro!r arti/s4 ,i w tell y h[ jeal\s he 04 ,i knew him = t5 ye>s1 & dur+ t "t _h mu* famili> int]c\rse ) him4 ,i nev] once he>d him say an unk9d ?+ ( a bro!r arti/1 & ,i nev] once he>d him f9d a fault ) ano!r man's "w4 ,i c\ld say ?is ( no o!r arti/ :om ,i h ev] kn[n4 ,b ,i w add a piece ( evid5ce on ?is matt] ( peculi> =ce4 ,probably _m "h h read a book :i* has be5 lately publi%$1 to my m9d "o ( extreme int]e/ & value1 ! life ( ! unhappy arti/1 ,b5jam9 ,haydon4 ,:atev] may h be5 8 faults1 ,i believe no p]son c read 8 j\rnal )\t com+ to ! conclusion t 8 he>t 0 hone/1 & t he does n willfully misrepres5t any fact1 or any p]son4 ,ev5 suppos+ o!rwise1 ! expression ,i am go+ to quote to y w\ld h all ! m =ce1 because1 z y "k1 ,haydon pass$ 8 :ole life 9 w> ) ! ,royal ,academy1 ( :i* ,turn] 0 "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial memb]s4 ,yet 9 ! mid/ ( "o ( 8 mo/ viol5t expressions ( exultation at "o ( 8 victories ov] ! ,academy1 he draws back sudd5ly ) ^! words3--,b ,turn] behav$ well1 & did me ju/ice4 #ajc4 ,i w give y h[ev] besides1 two pla9 facts illu/rative ( ,turn]'s jeal\sy4 ,y h1 p]haps n _m ( y1 he>d ( a pa9t] ( ! "n ( ,bird3 ,i d n myself "k 8 works1 b ,turn] saw "s m]it 9 !m3 & :5 ,bird fir/ s5t a picture to ! ,academy1 = exhibition1 ,turn] 0 on ! hang+ committee4 ,bird's picture _h great m]it2 b no place = x c\ld be f\nd4 ,turn] plead$ h>d = x4 ,no1 ! ?+ 0 impossible4 ,turn] sat d[n & look$ at ,bird's picture a long "t2 !n insi/$ t a place mu/ be f\nd = x4 ,he 0 /ill met by ! ass]tion ( impracticability4 ,he said no m1 b took d[n "o ( 8 own pictures1 s5t x out ( ! ,academy1 & hung ,bird's 9 its place4 ,mat* t1 if y c1 among ! annals ( hang+ committees4 ,b he c\ld d nobl] ?+s ?an ?is4 #ajd4 ,:5 ,turn]'s picture ( ,cologne 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ye> #ahbf1 x 0 hung betwe5 two portraits1 by ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 ( ,lady ,wallsc\rt & ,lady ,rob]t ,mann]s4 ,! sky ( ,turn]'s picture 0 exce$+ly bright1 & x _h a mo/ injuri\s effect on ! color ( ! two portraits4 ,lawr5ce naturally felt mortifi$1 & compla9$ op5ly ( ! position ( 8 pictures4 ,y are aw>e t arti/s 7 at t "t p]mitt$ to ret\* _! pictures on ! walls ( ! ,academy4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! op5+ ( ! exhibition1 at ! private view1 a fri5d ( ,turn]'s :o _h se5 ! ,cologne 9 all its spl5dor1 l$ a gr\p ( expectant critics up to ! picture4 ,he />t$ back f x 9 con/]nation4 ,! gold5 sky _h *ang$ to a dun color4 ,he ran up to ,turn]1 :o 0 9 ano!r "p ( ! room4 ,turn]1 :at h y be5 do+ to y\r picture8 ,oh1 mutt]$ ,turn]1 9 a l[ voice1 poor ,lawr5ce 0 s unhappy4 ,x's only lamp-black4 ,x'll all wa% (f aft] ! exhibition6 ,he _h actually pass$ a wa% ( lamp-black 9 wat]-color ov] ! :ole sky1 & utt]ly spoil$ 8 picture = ! "t1 & s left x ?r\gh ! exhibition1 le/ x %\ld hurt ,lawr5ce's4 ,y may easily f9d in/ances ( self-sacrifice :]e m5 h /rong motives1 & :]e l>ge b5efits are to be conf]r$ by ! ef=t1 or g5]al admiration obta9$ by x2 b ( pure1 unselfi%1 & p]fect g5]osity1 %[+ itself 9 a matt] ( m9or int]e/1 & :5 few c\ld be aw>e ( ! sacrifice made1 y w n easily f9d su* ano!r example z ?is4 #aje4 ,?us mu* = 8 jeal\sy ( 8 bro!r-arti/s4 ,y h also he>d mu* ( 8 nigg>dl9ess 9 money transactions4 ,a great "p ( :at y h he>d is p]fectly true1 all[+ = ! exagg]ation :i* always takes place 9 ! acc\nts ( an ecc5tric "*4 ,b !re are o!r p>ts ( ,turn]'s conduct ( :i* y h nev] he>d2 & :i*1 if truly report$1 w\ld set 8 nigg>dl9ess 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,e p]son f :om ,turn] exact$ a due %ill+1 proclaim$ ! exaction f> & wide2 b ! p]sons to :om ,turn] gave hundr$s ( p\nds 7 prev5t$1 by _! delicacy1 f report+ ! k9dness ( _! b5efactor4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 p]haps1 be p]mitt$ to acqua9t y ) "o circum/ance ( ?is nature1 cr$itable alike to bo? p>ties conc]n$4 ,at ! dea? ( a poor draw+ ma/]1 ,mr4 ,wells1#cc :om ,turn] _h long kn[n1 he 0 deeply affect$1 & l5t money to ! wid[ until a l>ge sum _h accumulat$4 ,%e 0 bo? hone/ & grateful1 & aft] a long p]iod 0 happy en\gh to be able to return to h] b5efactor ! :ole sum %e _h receiv$ f him4 ,%e wait$ on him ) x2 b ,turn] kept 8 h&s 9 8 pockets4 ,keep x1 he said1 & s5d y\r *ildr5 to s*ool1 & to *ur*4 ,he said ?is 9 bitt]ness2 he _h himself be5 s5t to nei!r4 ,footnote #cc3 ,n ! ,mr4 ,wells :o taught draw+ at ,addiscombe4 ,x appe>s t ,turn] knew two p]sons ( ! same "n1 & 9 ! same pr(ession4 ,i am n p]mitt$ to "n my au?ority = ! anecdote2 v>i\s egoti/ic delicacies1 ev5 9 ?is case1 prev5t+ useful tru? f be+ cle>ly assur$ to ! public4 #ajf4 ,well1 b1 y w answ] to me1 we h he>d ,turn] all our lives /igmatiz$ z brutal1 & un*>itable1 & selfi%1 & mis]ly4 ,h[ are we to und]/& ^! oppos+ /atem5ts8 ,easily4 ,i h told y truly :at ,turn] 04 ,y h (t5 he>d :at to mo/ p he appe>$ to be4 ,imag9e :at x 0 = a man to live sev5ty ye>s 9 ?is h>d _w1 ) ! k9de/ he>t1 & ! noble/ intellect ( 8 "t1 & nev] to meet ) a s+le ^w or ray ( sympa?y1 until he felt himself s9k+ into ! grave4 ,f ! "t he knew 8 true greatness all ! _w 0 turn$ aga9/ him3 he held 8 own2 b x c\ld n be )\t r\ghness ( be>+1 & h>d5+ ( ! temp]1 if n ( ! he>t4 ,no "o und]/ood him1 no "o tru/$ him1 & e "o cri$ out aga9/ him4 ,imag9e1 any ( y1 ! effect ^u y\r own m9ds1 if e voice t y he>d f ! human be+s ar\nd y 7 rais$1 ye> aft] ye>1 ?r\gh all y\r lives1 only 9 condemnation ( y\r ef=ts1 & d5ial ( y\r success4 ,?is may be borne1 & borne easily1 by m5 :o h fix$ religi\s pr9ciples1 or support+ dome/ic ties4 ,b ,turn] _h no "o to tea* him 9 8 y\?1 & no "o to love him 9 8 old age4 ,respect & affection1 if !y came at all1 came unbeliev$1 or came too late4 ,naturally irritable1 ?\gh k9d--naturally suspici\s1 ?\gh g5]\s--! gold gradually became dim1 & ! mo/ f9e gold *ang$1 or1 if n *ang$1 ov]ca/ & cl\d$4 ,! deep he>t 0 /ill beat+1 b x 0 b5ea? a d>k & melan*oly mail1 betwe5 ^: jo9ts1 h[ev]1 sometimes ! slighte/ arr[s f\nd entrance1 & p[] ( giv+ pa94 ,he receiv$ no consolation 9 8 la/ ye>s1 nor 9 8 dea?4 ,cut (f 9 great "p f all society--fir/1 by labor1 & at la/ by sickness--hunt$ to 8 grave by ! malignities ( small critics1 & ! jeal\sies ( hopeless rivalry1 he di$ 9 ! h\se ( a /rang]--"o companion ( 8 life1 & "o only1 /ay+ ) him to ! la/4 ,! w9d[ ( 8 dea?-*amb] 0 turn$ t[>ds ! we/1 & ! sun %one ^u 8 face 9 its sett+1 & re/$ !re1 z he expir$4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,pre-,,raphaelitism4 ,deliv]$ ,novemb] #ah1 #ahec4 #ajg4 ,! subject on :i* ,i w\ld desire to engage y\r att5tion ?is ev5+1 is ! nature & probable result ( a c]ta9 s*ism :i* took place a few ye>s ago among our ,briti% arti/s4 ,?is s*ism1 or r ! h]esy :i* l$ to x1 z y are probably aw>e1 0 introduc$ by a small numb] ( v "y m52 & consi/s ma9ly 9 ! ass]tion t ! pr9ciples on :i* art has be5 taught = ^! ?ree hundr$ ye>s back are ess5tially wrong1 & t ! pr9ciples :i* ought to guide u are ^? :i* prevail$ be=e ! "t ( ,raphael2 9 adopt+ :i*1 !re=e1 z _! guides1 ^! "y m51 z a sort ( bond ( unity among !mselves1 took ! un=tunate & some:at ludicr\s "n ( ,pre-,raphaelite ,bre?r54 #ajh4 ,y mu/ also be aw>e t ?is h]esy has be5 oppos$ ) all ! influ5ce & all ! bitt]ness ( art & criticism2 b t 9 spite ( ^! ! h]esy has ga9$ gr\nd1 & ! pictures pa9t$ on ^! new pr9ciples h obta9$ a mo/ ext5sive popul>ity4 ,^! circum/ances are suffici5tly s+ul>1 b _! importance is great] ev5 ?an _! s+ul>ity2 & y\r "t w c]ta9ly n be wa/$ 9 devot+ an h\r to an inquiry into ! true nature ( ?is movem5t4 ,i %all fir/1 !re=e1 endeavor to /ate to y :at ! real diff]5ce is betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( art be=e & aft] ,raphael's "t1 & !n to asc]ta91 ) y1 h[ f> ^! "y m5 truly h und]/ood ! diff]5ce1 & :at may be hop$ or fe>$ f ! ef=t !y are mak+4 #aji4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,:at is ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr9ciples on :i* art has be5 pursu$ be=e & s9ce ,raphael8 ,y mu/ be aw>e1 t ! pr9cipal gr\nd on :i* ! ,pre-,raphaelites h be5 attack$1 is ! *>ge t !y wi% to br+ u back to a "t ( d>kness & ignorance1 :5 ! pr9ciples ( draw+1 & ( art 9 g5]al1 7 comp>atively unkn[n2 & ?is attack1 !re=e1 is entirely f\nd$ on ! assumption t1 al?\gh = "s unacc\ntable reason we _c at pres5t produce arti/s altoge!r equal to ,raphael1 yet t we are on ! :ole 9 a /ate ( great] illum9ation ?an1 at all ev5ts1 any arti/s :o prec$$ ,raphael2 s t we consid] ourselves entitl$ to look d[n ^u !m1 & to say t1 all ?+s consid]$1 !y did "s wond]ful ?+s = _! "t2 b t1 z = comp>+ ! art ( ,giotto to t ( ,wilkie or ,edw9 ,l&se]1 x w\ld be p]fectly ridicul\s1--! "o be+ a m]e infant 9 8 pr(ession1 & ! o!rs accompli%$ workm54 ,n[1 t ?is progress has 9 "s ?+s tak5 place is p]fectly true2 b x is true also t ?is progress is by no means ! ma9 ?+ to be notic$ respect+ anci5t & mod]n art2 t !re are o!r circum/ances1 connect$ ) ! *ange f "o to ! o!r1 immeasurably m important1 & :i*1 until v lately1 h be5 altoge!r lo/ sight (4 #aaj4 ,! fact is1 t mod]n art is n s mu* di/+ui%$ f old art by great] skill1 z by a radical *ange 9 temp]4 ,! art ( ?is day is n m]ely a m kn[+ art ?an t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1--x is altoge!r ano!r art4 ,betwe5 ! two !re is a great gulf1 a di/9ction =ev] ineffaceable4 ,! *ange f "o to ! o!r 0 n t ( ! *ild into ! man1 z we usually consid] x2 x 0 t ( ! *rysalis into ! butt]fly4 ,!re 0 an entire *ange 9 ! habits1 food1 me?od ( exi/5ce1 & he>t ( ! :ole creature4 ,t we "k m ?an ?irte5? c5tury p is p]fectly true2 b t is n ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 u & !m4 ,we are diff]5t k9d ( creatures f !m1--z diff]5t z mo?s are diff]5t f cat]pill>s2 & diff]5t 9 a c]ta9 broad & va/ s5se1 :i* ,i %all try ?is ev5+ to expla9 & prove to y2--diff]5t n m]ely 9 ?is or t result ( m9or circum/ances1--n z y are diff]5t f p :o nev] saw a locomotive eng9e1 or a ,highl&] ( ?is c5tury f a ,highl&] ( #agde2--;diff]5t 9 a f> broad] & mighti] s5se ?an t2 9 a s5se s great & cle>1 t we are enabl$ to sep>ate all ! ,*ri/ian nations & tongues ( ! e>ly "t f ^? ( ! latt] "t1 & speak ( !m 9 "o gr\p z ! k+doms ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!re is an inf9ite significance 9 t t]m1 :i* ,i want y to dwell ^u & "w out2 x is a t]m :i* we use 9 a dim consci\sness ( ! tru?1 b )\t fully p5etrat+ into t ( :i* we are consci\s4 ,i want to deep5 & make cle> to y ?is consci\sness t ! _w has _h ess5tially a ,tr9ity ( ages--! ,classical ,age1 ! ,middle ,age1 ! ,mod]n ,age2 ea* ( ^! embrac+ races & individuals ( app>5tly enorm\s sep>ation 9 k9d1 b unit$ 9 ! _s ( _! age1--! ,classical ,age hav+ its ,egyptians & ,n9evites1 ,greeks & ,romans1--! ,middle ,age hav+ its ,go?s & ,franks1 ,lomb>ds & ,italians1--! ,mod]n ,age hav+ its ,fr5* & ,engli%1 ,spani>ds & ,g]mans2 b all ^! di/9ctions be+ 9 ea* case subord9ate to ! mighti] & broad] di/9ction1 betwe5 ,classicalism1 ,m$iaevalism1 & ,mod]nism4 #aaa4 ,n[ our object to-night is inde$ only to inquire into a matt] ( art2 b we _c d s prop]ly until we consid] ?is art 9 its relation to ! inn] _s ( ! age 9 :i* x exi/s2 & by do+ s we %all n only arrive at ! mo/ j conclusions respect+ our pres5t subject1 b we %all obta9 ! means ( arriv+ at j conclusions respect+ _m o!r ?+s4 ,n[ ! division ( "t :i* ! ,pre-,raphaelites h adopt$1 9 *oos+ ,raphael z ! man ^: works m>k ! sep>ation betwe5 ,m$iaevalism & ,mod]nism1 is p]fectly accurate4 ,x has be5 accept$ z su* by all _! oppon5ts4 ,y h1 !n1 ! ?ree p]iods3 ,classicalism1 ext5d+ to ! fall ( ! ,roman empire2 ,m$iaevalism1 ext5d+ f t fall to ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 & ,mod]nism !nce=w>d to our days4 #aab4 ,& 9 exam9+ into ! _s ( ^! ?ree epo*s1 obs]ve1 ,i don't mean to comp>e _! bad m51--,i don't mean to take ,tib]ius z a type ( ,classicalism1 nor ,ezzel9 z a type ( ,m$iaevalism1 nor ,robespi]re z a type ( ,mod]nism4 ,bad m5 are l ea* o!r 9 all epo*s2 & 9 ! ,roman1 ! ,paduan1 or ! ,p>isian1 s5suality & cruelty admit ( little di/9ction 9 ! mann]s ( _! manife/ation4 ,b among m5 comp>atively virtu\s1 x is important to /udy ! phases ( "*2 & x is into ^! only t x is necess>y = u to inquire4 ,consid] !re=e1 fir/1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce 9 "* betwe5 ?ree ( ! mo/ devot$ milit>y h]oes :om ! ?ree great epo*s ( ! _w h produc$1--all ?ree devot$ to ! s]vice ( _! c\ntry1--all ( !m dy+ !re94 ,i mean1 ,leonidas 9 ! ,classical p]iod1 ,/4 ,l\is 9 ! ,m$iaeval p]iod1 & ,"l ,nelson 9 ! ,mod]n p]iod4 ,leonidas _h ! mo/ rigid s5se ( duty1 & di$ ) ! mo/ p]fect fai? 9 ! gods ( 8 c\ntry1 fulfill+ ! accept$ prophecy ( 8 dea?4 ,/4 ,l\is _h ! mo/ rigid s5se ( duty1 & ! mo/ p]fect fai? 9 ,*ri/4 ,nelson _h ! mo/ rigid s5se ( duty1 &---- ,y mu/ supply my pause ) y\r *>ity4 ,n[ y d n suppose t ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ,leonidas & ,nelson lay 9 ! mod]n inv5tions at ! comm& ( ! "o1 z comp>$ ) ! imp]fect milit>y in/rum5ts possess$ by ! o!r4 ,!y 7 n ess5tially diff]5t1 9 t ! "o f\ght ) lances & ! o!r ) guns4 ,b !y 7 ess5tially diff]5t 9 ! :ole tone ( _! religi\s belief4 #aac4 ,by ?is in/ance y may be p>tially prep>$ = ! bold /atem5t ,i am go+ to make to y1 z to ! *ange :i* con/itutes ,mod]nism4 ,i said j n[ t x 0 l t ( ! worm to ! butt]fly4 ,b ! *anges :i* ,god causes 9 ,8 l[] creatures are almo/ always f worse to bett]1 :ile ! *anges :i* ,god all[s man to make 9 himself are v (t5 q ! o!r way2 l ,adam's new arrangem5t ( 8 nature4 ,& 9 say+ t ?is la/ *ange 0 l t ( a *rysalis1 ,i meant only 9 ! complet5ess ( x1 n 9 ! t5d5cy ( x4 ,in/ead ( f ! worm to ! butt]fly1 x is v possible x may h be5 f ! butt]fly to ! worm4 ,h pati5ce ) me = a mom5t aft] ,i tell y :at ,i believe x to h be51 & give me a little "t to ju/ify my words4 #aad4 ,i say t ,classicalism began1 :]ev] civilization began1 ) ,pagan ,fai?4 ,m$iaevalism began1 & cont9u$1 :]ev] civilization began & cont9u$ to confess ,*ri/4 ,&1 la/ly1 ,mod]nism began & cont9ues1 :]ev] civilization began & cont9ues to d5y ,*ri/4 ,y are />tl$1 b give me a mom5t to expla94 ,:at1 y w\ld say to me1 d y mean to tell u t we d5y ,*ri/8 we :o are ess5tially mod]n 9 e "o ( our pr9ciples & feel+s1 & yet all ( u pr(ess+ believ]s 9 ,*ri/1 & we tru/ mo/ ( u true ones8 ,i answ]1 ,s f> z we are believ]s inde$1 we are "o ) ! fai?ful ( all times1--"o ) ! classical believ] ( ,a!ns & ,ephesus1 & "o ) ! m$iaeval believ] ( ! banks ( ! ,rhone & ! valleys ( ! ,monte ,viso4 ,b s f> z1 9 v>i\s /range ways1 "s 9 great & "s 9 small ?+s1 we d5y ?is belief1 9 s f> we are ess5tially infect$ ) ?is _s1 :i* ,i call ,mod]nism4 #aae4 ,= obs]ve1 ! *ange ( :i* ,i speak has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ,re=mation1 or ) any ( its effects4 ,x is a f> broad] ?+ ?an ! ,re=mation4 ,x is a *ange :i* has tak5 place1 n only 9 re=m$ ,engl&1 & re=m$ ,scotl&2 b 9 unre=m$ ,france1 9 unre=m$ ,italy1 9 unre=m$ ,au/ria4 ,i class hone/ ,prote/ants & hone/ ,roman ,ca?olics = ! pres5t toge!r1 "u ! g5]al t]m ,*ri/ians3 if y object to _! be+ s class$ toge!r1 ,i pray y\r p>don1 b all[ me to d s at pres5t1 = ! sake ( p]spicuity1 if = no?+ else2 & s class+ !m1 ,i say t a *ange took place1 ab\t ! "t ( ,raphael1 9 ! _s ( ,roman ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants bo?2 & t *ange consi/$ 9 ! d5ial ( _! religi\s belief1 at lea/ 9 ! ext]nal & trivial affairs ( life1 & (t5 9 f> m s]i\s ?+s4 #aaf4 ,= in/ance1 he> ?is direction to an uphol/]] ( ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury4 ,"u ! comm&s ( ! ,%]iff ( ,wilt%ire1 he is ?us ord]$ to make "s alt]ations 9 a room = ,h5ry ! ,?ird4 ,he is to wa9scot ! ,k+'s l[] *amb]1 & to pa9t t wa9scot ( a gre5 color1 & to put a bord] to x1 & to cause ! heads ( k+s & que5s to be pa9t$ on ! bord]s2 & to pa9t on ! walls ( ! ,k+'s upp] *amb] ! /ory ( ,/4 ,m>g>et1 ,virg91 & ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 & to pa9t ! wa9scot ( ! same *amb] ( a gre5 color1 spott$ ) gold4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,lib]ate ,rolls1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london1 & quot$ by ,mr4 ,turn] 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,dome/ic ,ar*itecture ( ,engl&4 ,aga91 ! ,%]iff ( ,wilt%ire is ord]$ to put two small glass w9d[s 9 ! *amb] ( ,edw>d ! ,k+'s son2 & put a glass w9d[ 9 ! *amb] ( our ,que5 at ,cl>5don2 & 9 ! same w9d[ cause to be pa9t$ a ,m>y ) h] ,*ild1 & at ! feet ( ! said ,m>y1 a que5 ) clasp$ h&s4 ,aga91 ! ,%]iff ( ,s\?ampton is ord]$ to pa9t ! tablet beside ! ,k+'s b$1 ) ! figures ( ! gu>ds ( ! b$ ( ,solomon1 & to glaze ) :ite glass ! w9d[s 9 ! ,k+'s great ,hall at ,nor?ampton1 & cause ! hi/ory ( ,laz>us & ,dives to be pa9t$ 9 ! same4 #aag4 ,& s on2 ,i ne$ n multiply in/ances4 ,y see t 9 all ^! cases1 ! furniture ( ! ,k+'s h\se is made to confess 8 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x may be imp]fect & impure ,*ri/ianity1 b su* z x might be1 x 0 all t m5 _h !n to live & die by2 & y see !re 0 n a pane ( glass 9 _! w9d[s1 nor a pallet by _! b$side t did n confess & proclaim x4 ,n[1 :5 y g home to y\r own rooms1 suppos+ !m to be ri*ly decorat$ at all1 exam9e :at t decoration consi/s (4 ,y w f9d ,cupids1 ,graces1 ,floras1 ,dianas1 ,jupit]s1 ,junos4 ,b y w n f9d1 except 9 ! =m ( an engrav+1 b\ght pr9cipally = its arti/ic beauty1 ei!r ,*ri/1 or ! ,virg91 or ,laz>us & ,dives4 ,& if a ?\s& ye>s h5ce1 any curi\s inve/igator 7 to dig up ! ru9s ( ,ed9burgh1 & n "k y\r hi/ory1 he w\ld ?9k y _h all be5 born hea!ns4 ,n[ t1 s f> z x goes1 is d5y+ ,*ri/2 x is pure ,mod]nism4 ,no1 y w answ] me1 y misund]/& & calumniate u4 ,we d n1 inde$1 *oose to h ,dives & ,laz>us on our w9d[s2 b t is n because we are mod]ns1 b because we are ,prote/ants1 & d n l religi\s imag]y4 ,p>don me3 t is n ! reason4 ,g into any fa%ionable lady's b\doir 9 ,p>is1 & see if y w f9d ,dives & ,laz>us !re4 ,y w f9d1 inde$1 ei!r t %e has h] private *apel1 or t %e has a crucifix 9 h] dress+-room2 b = ! g5]al decoration ( ! h\se1 x is all compos$ ( ,apollos & ,muses1 j z x is "h4 #aah4 ,aga94 ,:at d y suppose 0 ! sub/ance ( good education1 ! education ( a knight1 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,:at 0 taught to a boy z soon z he 0 able to le>n any?+8 ,fir/1 to keep "u 8 body1 & br+ x into subjection & p]fect /r5g?2 !n to take ,*ri/ = 8 capta91 to live z always 9 ,8 pres5ce1 & f9ally1 to d 8 devoir--m>k ! ^w--to all m54 ,n[ consid]1 fir/1 ! diff]5ce 9 _! influ5ce ov] ! armies ( ,france1 betwe5 ! anci5t ^w devoir1 & mod]n ^w gloire4 ,&1 aga91 ask y\rselves :at y expect y\r own *ildr5 to be taught at y\r great s*ools & univ]sities4 ,is x ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 or ! hi/ories ( ,pan & ,sil5us8 ,y\r pres5t education1 to all int5ts & purposes1 d5ies ,*ri/1 & t is int5sely & peculi>ly ,mod]nism4 #aai4 ,or1 aga91 :at d y suppose 0 ! proclaim$ & und]/ood pr9ciple ( all ,*ri/ian gov]nm5ts 9 ! ,middle ,ages8 ,i d n say x 0 a pr9ciple act$ up to1 or t ! cunn+ & viol5ce ( wick$ m5 _h n too (t5 _! full sway !n z n[2 b on :at pr9ciples 7 t cunn+ & viol5ce1 s f> z 0 possible1 re/ra9$8 ,by ! confess$ fe> ( ,god1 & confess$ au?ority ( ,8 law4 ,y w f9d t all treaties1 laws1 transactions :atsoev]1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 are bas$ on a confession ( ,*ri/ianity z ! lead+ rule ( life2 t a text ( ,scripture is held1 9 all public assemblies1 /rong en\gh to be set aga9/ an appe>ance ( exp$i5cy2 & al?\gh1 9 ! end1 ! exp$i5cy might triumph1 yet x 0 nev] )\t a di/9ct all[ance ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciple1 z an effici5t elem5t 9 ! consultation4 ,:atev] error might be committ$1 at lea/ ,*ri/ 0 op5ly confess$4 ,n[ :at is ! cu/om ( y\r ,briti% ,p>liam5t 9 ^! days8 ,y "k t no?+ w\ld excite great] manife/ations ( contempt & disgu/ ?an ! slighte/ attempt to introduce ! au?ority ( ,scripture 9 a political consultation4 ,t is d5y+ ,*ri/4 ,x is int5sely & peculi>ly ,mod]nism4 #abj4 ,x w\ld be easy to g on %[+ y ?is same ?+ 9 _m m in/ances2 b my bus9ess to-night is to %[ y its full effect 9 "o ?+ only1 namely1 9 art1 & ,i mu/ come /raightway to t1 z ,i h little en\gh "t4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! great & broad fact :i* di/+ui%es mod]n art f old art2 t all anci5t art 0 religi\s1 & all mod]n art is pr(ane4 ,once m1 y\r pati5ce = an in/ant4 ,i say1 all anci5t art 0 religi\s2 t is to say1 religion 0 its fir/ object2 private luxury or pleasure its second4 ,i say all mod]n art is pr(ane2 t is1 private luxury or pleasure is its fir/ object2 religion its second4 ,n[ y all "k1 t any?+ :i* makes religion its second object1 makes religion no object4 ,god w put up ) a great _m ?+s 9 ! human he>t1 b !re is "o ?+ ,he w n put up ) 9 x--a second place4 ,he :o (f]s ,god a second place1 (f]s ,him no place4 ,& !re is ano!r mighty tru? :i* y all "k1 t he :o makes religion 8 fir/ object1 makes x 8 :ole object2 he has no o!r "w 9 ! _w ?an ,god's "w4 ,!re=e ,i d n say t anci5t art 0 m religi\s ?an mod]n art4 ,!re is no "q ( degree 9 ?is matt]4 ,anci5t art 0 religi\s art2 mod]n art is pr(ane art2 & betwe5 ! two ! di/9ction is z firm z betwe5 light & d>kness4 #aba4 ,n[1 d n let :at ,i say be encumb]$ 9 y\r m9ds ) ! objection1 t y ?9k art ought n to be br\ght into ! s]vice ( religion4 ,t is n ! "q at pres5t--d n agitate x4 ,! simple fact is1 t old art 0 br\ght into t s]vice1 & receiv$ !re9 a peculi> =m2 t mod]n art is n br\ght into t s]vice1 & has receiv$ 9 consequ5ce ano!r =m2 t ?is is ! great di/9ction betwe5 m$iaeval & mod]n art2 & f t are cle>ly d$ucible all o!r ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,t is ! po9t ,i wi% to %[ y1 & ( t !re c be no dispute4 ,:e!r or n ,*ri/ianity be ! pur] = lack+ ! s]vice ( art1 is disputable--& ,i d n mean n[ to beg9 ! dispute2 b t art is ! impur] = n be+ 9 ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ianity1 is indisputable1 & t is ! ma9 po9t ,i h n[ to d )4 #abb4 ,p]haps !re are "s ( y "h :o w\ld n all[ t ! religion ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 ,*ri/ianity4 ,be x s2 /ill is ! /atem5t true1 :i* is all t is necess>y = me n[ to prove1 t art 0 great because x 0 devot$ to su* religion z !n exi/$4 ,grant t ,roman ,ca?olicism 0 n ,*ri/ianity--grant x1 if y w1 to be ! same ?+ z old hea!nism--& /ill ,i say to y1 :atev] x 01 m5 liv$ & di$ by x1 ! rul+ ?\ght ( all _! ?\ghts2 & j z classical art 0 greate/ 9 build+ to its gods1 s m$iaeval art 0 great 9 build+ to its gods1 & mod]n art is n great1 because x builds to no ,god4 ,y h1 = in/ance1 9 y\r ,ed9burgh ,libr>y1 a ,bible ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,lat9 ,bible1 commonly kn[n z ! ,vulgate4 ,x conta9s ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 complete1 besides ! books ( ,maccabees1 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 ! books ( ,judi?1 ,b>u*1 & ,tobit4 ,! :ole is writt5 9 ! mo/ beautiful black-lett] h&1 & ea* book beg9s ) an illum9at$ lett]1 conta9+ ?ree or f\r figures1 illu/rative ( ! book :i* x beg9s4 ,n[1 :e!r ?is 7 done 9 ! s]vice ( true ,*ri/ianity or n1 ! simple fact is1 t "h is a man's life-"t tak5 up 9 writ+ & ornam5t+ a ,bible1 z ! sole end ( 8 art2 & t do+ ?is1 ei!r 9 a book or on a wall1 0 ! common arti/'s life at ! "t2 t ! con/ant ,bible read+ & ,bible ?9k+ :i* ?is "w involv$1 made a man s]i\s & ?\ghtful1 & a good workman1 because he 0 always express+ ^? feel+s :i*1 :e!r "r or wrong1 7 ! gr\ndwork ( 8 :ole be+4 ,n[1 ab\t ! ye> #aejj1 ?is entire sy/em 0 *ang$4 ,in/ead ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 m5 _h1 = ! mo/ "p1 to pa9t ! lives ( ,bac*us & ,v5us2 & if y walk ?r\gh any public gall]y ( pictures by ! great ma/]s1 z !y are call$1 y w inde$ f9d "h & !re :at is call$ a ,holy ,family1 pa9t$ = ! sake ( draw+ pretty *ildr51 or a pretty woman2 b = ! mo/ "p y w f9d no?+ b ,floras1 ,pomonas1 ,satyrs1 ,graces1 ,bac*anals1 & ,b&itti4 ,n[1 y w n decl>e--y _c believe--t ,angelico pa9t+ ! life ( ,*ri/1 ,b5ozzo pa9t+ ! life ( ,abraham1 ,ghirl&ajo pa9t+ ! life ( ! ,virg91 ,giotto pa9t+ ! life ( ,/4 ,francis1 7 worse employ$1 or likely to produce a less heal?y art1 ?an ,titian pa9t+ ! loves ( ,v5us & ,adonis1 ?an ,correggio pa9t+ ! nak$ ,antiope1 ?an ,salvator pa9t+ ! slaught]s ( ! ?irty ye>s' w>8 ,if y w n let me call ! "o k9d ( labor ,*ri/ian1 & ! o!r un*ri/ian1 at lea/ y w let me call ! "o moral1 & ! o!r immoral1 & t is all ,i ask y to admit4 #abc4 ,n[ obs]ve1 hi!rto ,i h be5 tell+ y :at y may feel incl9$ to d\bt or dispute2 & ,i mu/ leave y to consid] ! subject at y\r leisure4 ,b h5ce=w>d ,i tell y pla9 facts1 :i* admit nei!r ( d\bt nor dispute by any "o :o w take ! pa9s to acqua9t himself ) _! subject-matt]4 ,:5 ! entire purpose ( art 0 moral tea*+1 x naturally took tru? = its fir/ object1 & beauty1 & ! pleasure result+ f beauty1 only = its second4 ,b :5 x lo/ all purpose ( moral tea*+1 x z naturally took beauty = its fir/ object1 & tru? = its second4 ,t is to say1 9 all !y did1 ! old arti/s endeavor$1 9 "o way or ano!r1 to express ! real facts ( ! subject or ev5t1 ?is be+ _! *ief bus9ess3 & ! "q !y fir/ ask$ !mselves 0 always1 h[ w\ld ?is ?+1 or t1 actually h occurr$8 :at w\ld ?is p]son1 or t1 h done "u ! circum/ances8 & !n1 hav+ =m$ _! conception1 !y "w x out ) only a second>y reg>d to grace or beauty1 :ile a mod]n pa9t] inv>iably ?9ks ( ! grace & beauty ( 8 "w fir/1 & unites aft]w>ds z mu* tru? z he c ) its conv5tional graces4 ,i w give y a s+le /rong in/ance to make my mean+ pla9]4 ,9 ,orcagna's great fresco ( ! ,triumph ( ,dea?1 "o ( ! incid5ts is t ?ree k+s1#ce :5 out hunt+1 are met by a _s1 :i*1 desir+ !m to foll[ x1 leads !m to a *ur*y>d1 & po9ts out to !m1 9 op5 c(f9s1 ?ree bodies ( k+s su* z !mselves1 9 ! la/ /ages ( corruption4 ,n[ a mod]n arti/1 repres5t+ ?is1 w\ld h endeavor$ dimly & fa9tly to sugge/ ! appe>ance ( ! dead bodies1 & w\ld h made1 or attempt$ to make1 ! c\nt5ances ( ! ?ree k+s v>i\sly & solemnly expressive ( ?\ght4 ,?is w\ld be 9 81 or our1 view1 a poetical & ta/eful treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,b ,orcagna disda9s bo? poetry & ta/e2 he wants ! facts only2 he wi%es to give ! spectator ! same lesson t ! k+s _h2 & !re=e1 in/ead ( conceal+ ! dead bodies1 he pa9ts !m ) ! mo/ fe>ful detail4 ,& !n1 he does n consid] :at ! ?ree k+s might mo/ gracefully d4 ,he consid]s only :at !y actually 9 all probability w\ld h done4 ,he makes !m look+ at ! c(f9s ) a />tl$ />e1 & "o hold+ 8 nose4 ,?is is an extreme in/ance2 b y are n to suppose x is because ,orcagna _h naturally a co>se or prosaic m9d4 ,:]e he felt t ?\ghtfulness & beauty c\ld prop]ly be introduc$1 z 9 8 circles ( sa9ts & prophets1 no pa9t] ( ! ,middle ,ages is s gr&4 ,i c give y no bett] pro( ( ?is1 ?an ! "o fact t ,mi*ael ,angelo borr[$ f him op5ly--borr[$ f him 9 ! pr9cipal "w :i* he ev] execut$1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & borr[$ f him ! pr9cipal figure 9 t "w4 ,b x is j because ,orcagna 0 s firmly & unscrupul\sly true1 t he _h ! p[] ( be+ s great :5 he *ose4 ,8 arr[ w5t /raight to ! m>k4 ,x 0 n t he did n love beauty1 b he lov$ tru? fir/4 ,footnote #ce3 ,?is incid5t is n ( ,orcagna's inv5tion1 x is v>i\sly repres5t$ 9 mu* e>li] art4 ,!re is a curi\s & graphic draw+ ( x1 circa #acjj1 9 ! ,,ms4 ,arundel #hc1 ,brit4 ,mus41 9 :i* ! ?ree dead p]sons are walk+1 & are met by ?ree que5s1 :o sev]ally utt] ! s5t5ces1 ,i* am af]d4 ,lo1 :et i* se8 ,me ?9ke? hit be? develes ?re4 ,to :i* ! dead bodies answ]-- ,i* wes wel fair4 ,su* s*elt\ be4 ,= ,godes love1 be w] by me4 ,x is curi\s1 t ?\gh ! dresses ( ! liv+ p]sons1 & ! ,i 0 well fair ( ! fir/ dead speak]1 seem to m>k !m di/9ctly to be wom51 "s long] leg5ds bel[ are head$ primus rex mortuus1 etc4 #abd4 ,s x 0 ) all ! m5 ( t "t4 ,no pa9t]s ev] _h m p[] ( conceiv+ graceful =m1 or m pr(\nd devotion to ! beautiful2 b all ^! gifts & affections are kept /]nly subord9ate to _! moral purpose2 &1 s f> z _! p[]s & k w5t1 !y ei!r pa9t$ f nature ?+s z !y 71 or f imag9ation ?+s z !y mu/ h be54 ,i d n mean t !y rea*$ any imitative resemblance to nature4 ,!y _h nei!r skill to d x1 nor c>e to d x4 ,_! art 0 conv5tional & imp]fect1 b !y consid]$ x only z a language :]e9 to convey ! k ( c]ta9 facts2 x 0 p]fect en\gh = t2 & ?\gh always rea*+ on to great] atta9m5ts1 !y nev] suff]$ _! imp]fections to di/urb & *eck !m 9 _! imm$iate purposes4 ,& ?is mode ( treat+ all subjects 0 p]si/$ 9 by ! greate/ m5 until ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 #abe4 ,n[ s ju/ly h ! ,pre-,raphaelites *os5 _! "t & "n1 t ! great *ange :i* cl\ds ! c>e] ( m$iaeval art 0 affect$1 n only 9 ,raphael's "t1 b by ,raphael's own practice1 & by 8 practice 9 ! v c5t] ( 8 available life4 ,y rememb]1 d\btless1 :at high gr\nd we h = plac+ ! beg9n+ ( human intellectual /r5g? at ab\t ! age ( twelve ye>s4#cf ,assume1 !re=e1 ?is p]iod = ! beg9n+ ( ,raphael's /r5g?4 ,he di$ at ?irty-sev54 ,& 9 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>1 "o half-ye> only pa/ ! precise c5t] ( 8 available life1 he 0 s5t = to ,rome1 to decorate ! ,vatican = ,pope ,julius ,,ii41 & hav+ until t "t work$ exclusively 9 ! anci5t & /]n m$iaeval mann]1 he1 9 ! fir/ *amb] :i* he decorat$ 9 t palace1 wrote ^u its walls ! ,m5e1 ,tekel1 ,uph>s9 ( ! ,arts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,footnote #cf3 ,luke ii4 #db1 #di4 ,& he wrote x ?us3 ,on "o wall ( t *amb] he plac$ a picture ( ! ,_w or ,k+dom ( ,!ology1 presid$ ov] by ,*ri/4 ,& on ! side wall ( t same *amb] he plac$ ! ,_w or ,k+dom ( ,poetry1 presid$ ov] by ,apollo4 ,& f t spot1 & f t h\r1 ! intellect & ! art ( ,italy date _! degradation4 #abf4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 ! significance ( ?is fact is n 9 ! m]e use ( ! figure ( ! hea!n god to indicate ! doma9 ( poetry4 ,su* a symbolical use _h be5 made ( ! figures ( hea!n deities 9 ! be/ times ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,b x is 9 ! fact1 t be+ call$ to ,rome especially to adorn ! palace ( ! s-call$ head ( ! ,*ur*1 & call$ z ! *ief repres5tative ( ! ,*ri/ian arti/s ( 8 "t1 ,raphael _h nei!r religion nor orig9ality en\gh to trace ! _s ( poetry & ! _s ( philosophy to ! inspiration ( ! true ,god1 z well z t ( !ology2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 he elevat$ ! creations ( fancy on ! "o wall1 to ! same rank z ! objects ( fai? ^u ! o!r2 t 9 delib]ate1 balanc$ opposition to ! ,rock ( ! ,m\nt ,zion1 he re>$ ! rock ( ,p>nassus1 & ! rock ( ! ,acropolis2 t1 among ! ma/]s ( poetry we f9d him en?ron+ ,petr>* & ,p9d>1 b n ,isaiah nor ,david1 & = lords ov] ! doma9 ( philosophy we f9d ! ma/]s ( ! s*ool ( ,a!ns1 b nei!r ( ^? great] ma/]s by ! la/ ( :om t s*ool 0 rebuk$1--^? :o receiv$ _! wisdom f heav5 itself1 9 ! vision ( ,gibeon1#cg & ! lightn+ ( ,damascus4 ,footnote #cg3 #a ,k+s iii4 #e4 #abg4 ,! doom ( ! arts ( ,europe w5t =? f t *amb]1 & x 0 br\ght ab\t 9 great "p by ! v excell5cies ( ! man :o _h ?us m>k$ ! comm5cem5t ( decl9e4 ,! p]fection ( execution & ! beauty ( feature :i* 7 atta9$ 9 8 works1 & 9 ^? ( 8 great contempor>ies1 r5d]$ f9i% ( execution & beauty ( =m ! *ief objects ( all arti/s2 & !nce=w>d execution 0 look$ = r ?an ?\ght1 & beauty r ?an v]acity4 ,& z ,i told y1 ^! are ! two second>y causes ( ! decl9e ( art2 ! fir/ be+ ! loss ( moral purpose4 ,pray note !m cle>ly4 ,9 m$iaeval art1 ?\ght is ! fir/ ?+1 execution ! second2 9 mod]n art execution is ! fir/ ?+1 & ?\ght ! second4 ,& aga91 9 m$iaeval art1 tru? is fir/1 beauty second2 9 mod]n art1 beauty is fir/1 tru? second4 ,! m$iaeval pr9ciples l$ up to ,raphael1 & ! mod]n pr9ciples lead d[n f him4 #abh4 ,n[1 fir/1 let me give y a famili> illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce ) respect to execution4 ,suppose y h to tea* two *ildr5 draw+1 "o ?or\ghly clev] & active-m9d$1 ! o!r dull & sl[2 & y put be=e !m ,julli5's *alk /udies ( heads--etudes a deux crayons--& desire !m to be copi$4 ,! dull *ild w sl[ly d y\r bidd+1 black5 8 pap] & rub x :ite aga91 & pati5tly & pa9fully1 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r ye>s1 atta9 to ! p]=mance ( a *alk head1 n mu* worse ?an 8 orig9al1 b /ill ( less value ?an ! pap] x is drawn ^u4 ,b ! clev] *ild w n1 or w only by =ce1 cons5t to ?is discipl9e4 ,he f9ds o!r means ( express+ himself ) 8 p5cil someh[ or ano!r2 & pres5tly y f9d 8 pap] cov]$ ) sket*es ( 8 gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r1 & uncles1 & c\s9s--sket*es ( ! room1 & ! h\se1 & ! cat1 & ! dog1 & ! c\ntry outside1 & ev]y?+ 9 ! _w he c set 8 eyes on2 & he gets on1 & ev5 8 *ild's "w has a value 9 x--a tru? :i* makes x wor? keep+2 no "o kn[s h[ preci\s1 p]haps1 t portrait ( 8 gr&fa!r may be1 if any "o has b ! s5se to keep x till ! "t :5 ! old man c be se5 no m up ! lawn1 nor by ! wood4 ,t *ild is work+ 9 ! ,middle-,age _s--! o!r 9 ! mod]n _s4 #abi4 ,b !re is some?+ /ill m /rik+ 9 ! evils :i* h result$ f ! mod]n reg>dlessness ( tru?4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 its effect on :at is call$ hi/orical pa9t+4 ,:at d y at pres5t mean by hi/orical pa9t+8 ,n[-a-days x means ! endeavor+1 by ! p[] ( imag9ation1 to portray "s hi/orical ev5t ( pa/ days4 ,b 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 x meant repres5t+ ! acts ( _! own days2 & t is ! only hi/orical pa9t+ wor? a /raw4 ,( all ! wa/es ( "t & s5se :i* ,mod]nism has inv5t$--& !y are _m--none are s ridicul\s z ?is endeavor to repres5t pa/ hi/ory4 ,:at d y suppose our desc5dants w c>e = our imag9ations ( ! ev5ts ( =m] days8 ,suppose ! ,greeks1 in/ead ( repres5t+ _! own w>riors z !y f\ght at ,m>a?on1 _h left u no?+ b _! imag9ations ( ,egyptian battles2 & suppose ! ,italians1 9 l mann]1 in/ead ( portraits ( ,c ,gr&e & ,dante1 or ( ,leo ! ,t5? & ,raphael1 _h left u no?+ b imag9>y portraits ( ,p]icles & ,miltiades8 ,:at fools we %\ld h ?\ght !m6 h[ bitt]ly we %\ld h be5 provok$ ) _! folly6 ,& t is precisely :at our desc5dants w feel t[>ds u1 s f> z our gr& hi/orical & classical s*ools are conc]n$4 ,:at d we c>e1 !y w say1 :at ^? n9ete5? c5tury p fanci$ ab\t ,greek & ,roman hi/ory6 ,if !y _h left u a few pla9 & rational sculptures & pictures ( _! own battles1 & _! own m51 9 _! e-day dress1 we %\ld h ?ank$ !m4 ,well1 b1 y w say1 we h left !m portraits ( our great m51 & pa9t+s ( our great battles4 ,yes1 y h inde$1 & t is ! only hi/orical pa9t+ t y ei!r h1 or c h2 b y don't call t hi/orical pa9t+4 ,y don't ?ank ! m5 :o d x2 y look d[n ^u !m & dissuade !m f x1 & tell !m !y don't belong to ! gr& s*ools4 ,& yet !y are ! only true hi/orical pa9t]s1 & ! only m5 :o w produce any effect on _! own g5]ation1 or on any o!r4 ,wilkie 0 a hi/orical pa9t]1 ,*antrey a hi/orical sculptor1 because !y pa9t$1 or c>v$1 ! v]itable ?+s & m5 !y saw1 n m5 & ?+s z !y believ$ !y might h be51 or %\ld h be54 ,b no "o tells su* m5 !y are hi/orical pa9t]s1 & !y are discont5t$ ) :at !y d2 & poor ,wilkie mu/ ne$s travel to see ! gr& s*ool1 & imitate ! gr& s*ool1 & ru9 himself4 ,& y h _h multitudes ( o!r pa9t]s ru9$1 f ! beg9n+1 by t gr& s*ool4 ,!re 0 ,etty1 naturally z good a pa9t] z ev] liv$1 b no "o told him :at to pa9t1 & he /udi$ ! antique1 & ! gr& s*ools1 & pa9t$ dances ( nymphs 9 r$ & yell[ %awls to ! end ( 8 days4 ,mu* good may !y d y6 ,he is gone to ! grave1 a lo/ m9d4 ,!re 0 ,flaxman1 ano!r naturally great man1 ) z true an eye = nature z ,raphael1--he /umbles ov] ! blocks ( ! antique /atues--w&]s 9 ! d>k valley ( _! ru9s to ! end ( 8 days4 ,he has left y a few outl9es ( muscul> m5 /raddl+ & fr[n+ beh9d r\nd %ields4 ,mu* good may !y d y6 ,ano!r lo/ m9d4 ,& ( ^? :o are lo/ namelessly1 :o h n /r5g? en\gh ev5 to make !mselves kn[n1 ! poor pale /ud5ts :o lie buri$ =ev] 9 ! abysses ( ! great s*ools1 no acc\nt c be r5d]$2 !y are numb]less4 #acj4 ,& ! wond]ful ?+ is1 t ( all ^! m5 :om y n[ h come to call ! great ma/]s1 !re 0 n "o :o confess$ly did n pa9t 8 own pres5t _w1 pla9ly & truly4 ,hom] sang ( :at he saw2 ,phidias c>v$ :at he saw2 ,raphael pa9t$ ! m5 ( 8 own "t 9 _! own caps & mantles2 & e man :o has aris5 to em95ce 9 mod]n times has done s altoge!r by 8 work+ 9 _! way1 & do+ ! ?+s he saw4 ,h[ did ,reynolds rise8 ,n by pa9t+ ,greek wom51 b by pa9t+ ! glori\s little liv+ ,ladies ?is1 & ,ladies t1 ( 8 own "t4 ,h[ did ,hog>? rise8 ,n by pa9t+ ,a!nian follies1 b ,london follies4 ,:o are ! m5 :o h made an impression ^u y y\rselves--^u y\r own age8 ,i suppose ! mo/ popul> pa9t] ( ! day is ,l&se]4 ,d y suppose he /udi$ dogs & eagles out ( ! ,elg9 ,m>bles8 ,& yet 9 ! v face ( ^! pla91 incontrov]tible1 all-visible facts1 we g on f ye> to ye> ) ! base sy/em ( ,academy tea*+1 9 spite ( :i* e "o ( ^! m5 has ris53 ,i say 9 spite ( ! entire me?od & aim ( our art-tea*+4 ,x de/roys ! great] numb] ( its pupils altoge!r2 x h9d]s & p>alyzes ! greate/4 ,!re is n a liv+ pa9t] ^: em95ce is n 9 spite ( ev]y?+ he has be5 taught f 8 y\? upw>ds1 & :o1 :atev] 8 em95ce may be1 has n suff]$ mu* injury 9 ! c\rse ( 8 victory4 ,= obs]ve3 ?is love ( :at is call$ ideality or beauty 9 pref]5ce to tru?1 op]ates n only 9 mak+ u *oose ! pa/ r ?an ! pres5t = our subjects1 b x makes u falsify ! pres5t :5 we d take x = our subject4 ,i said j n[ t portrait-pa9t]s 7 hi/orical pa9t]s2--s !y are2 b n good ones1 because n fai?ful ones4 ,! beg9n+ & end ( mod]n portraiture is adulation4 ,! pa9t]s _c live b by flatt]y2 we %\ld des]t !m if !y spoke hone/ly4 ,& !re=e we c h no good portraiture2 = 9 ! /riv+ aft] t :i* is n 9 _! model1 !y lose ! inn] & deep] nobl5ess :i* is 9 _! model4 ,i saw n long ago1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! portrait ( a man :om ,i knew well--a "y man1 b a religi\s man--& "o :o _h suff]$ mu* f sickness4 ,! :ole dignity ( 8 features & p]son dep5d$ ^u ! expression ( s]5e1 yet solemn1 purpose su/a9+ a feeble frame2 & ! pa9t]1 by way ( flatt]+ him1 /r5g!n$ him1 & made him a?letic 9 body1 gay 9 c\nt5ance1 idle 9 ge/ure2 & ! :ole p[] & be+ ( ! man himself 7 lo/4 ,& ?is is /ill m ! case ) our public portraits4 ,y h a portrait1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton at ! end ( ! ,nor? ,bridge--"o ( ! ?\s& eque/rian /atues ( ,mod]nism--/udi$ f ! %[-rid]s ( ! amphi!at]1 ) _! horses on _! h9d-legs 9 ! saw-du/4#ch ,d y suppose t 0 ! way ! ,duke sat :5 y\r de/9ies dep5d$ on him8 :5 ! foam hung f ! lips ( 8 tir$ horse1 & its wet limbs 7 da%$ ) ! bloody slime ( ! battle-field1 & he himself sat anxi\s 9 8 quietness1 griev$ 9 8 fe>lessness1 z he wat*$1 scy!-/roke by scy!-/roke1 ! ga!r+ 9 ( ! h>ve/ ( dea?8 ,y w\ld h done some?+ _h y ?us left 8 image 9 ! endur+ iron1 b no?+ n[4 ,footnote #ch3 ,i int5d$ ?is la/ s5t5ce ( c\rse to apply to ! ?\s& /atues1 n def9itely to ! "o 9 imm$iate "q1 :i*1 ?\gh ta9t$ ) ! mod]n affectation1 & ! ne>e/ example ( x to :i* ,i c\ld ref] an ,ed9burgh audi5ce1 is ! "w ( a mo/ promis+ sculptor2 & 0 inde$ s f> execut$ on ! pr9ciples ass]t$ 9 ! text1 t ! ,duke gave ,mr4 ,/eele a sitt+ on horse-back1 9 ord] t 8 mode ( rid+ might be accurately repres5t$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n r5d] ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 ! text nugatory1 z x may easily be imag9$ t ! action ( ! ,duke1 exhibit+ 8 rid+ 9 8 own gr\nds1 w\ld be diff]5t f 8 action1 or inaction1 :5 wat*+ ! c\rse ( a battle4 ,i mu/ also make a mo/ def9ite exception 9 favor ( ,m>o*etti1 :o seems to me a ?or\ghly great sculptor2 & ^: /atue ( ,coeur de ,lion1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple j /at$1 n to be consid]$ a hi/orical "w1 is an ideal "w ( ! highe/ beauty & value4 ,its erection 9 front ( ,we/m9/] ,hall w t5d m to educate ! public eye & m9d ) respect to art1 ?an any?+ we h done 9 ,london = c5turies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,april #ba/1 #ahed4--;,i /op ! press 9 ord] to ins]t ! foll[+ p>agraph f to-day's ,times3--,,! ,,/atue ,,( ,,coeur ,,de ,,lion4--,ye/]day morn+ a numb] ( workm5 7 engag$ 9 pull+ d[n ! ca/ :i* 0 plac$ 9 ,new ,palace ,y>d ( ! colossal eque/rian /atue ( ,ri*>d ,coeur de ,lion4 ,sir ,c4 ,b>ry 01 we believe1 oppos$ to ! ca/ rema9+ !re any long]1 & to ! putt+ up ( ! /atue itself on ! same site1 because x did n h>monize ) ! build+4 ,dur+ ! day ! horse & figure 7 remov$1 & be=e night ! p$e/al 0 demoli%$ & tak5 away4 #aca4 ,b ! "t has at la/ come = all ?is to be put an end to2 & no?+ c well be m extraord9>y ?an ! way 9 :i* ! m5 h ris5 :o are to d x4 ,pupils 9 ! same s*ools1 receiv+ precisely ! same in/ruction :i* = s long a "t has p>alyz$ e "o ( our pa9t]s1--^! boys agree 9 dislik+ to copy ! antique /atues set be=e !m4 ,!y copy !m z !y are bid1 & !y copy !m bett] ?an any "o else2 !y c>ry (f prize aft] prize1 & yet !y hate _! "w4 ,at la/ !y are admitt$ to /udy f ! life2 !y f9d ! life v diff]5t f ! antique1 & say s4 ,_! tea*]s tell !m ! antique is ! be/1 & !y mu/n't copy ! life4 ,!y agree among !mselves t !y l ! life1 & t copy x !y w4 ,!y d copy x fai?fully1 & _! ma/]s =?) decl>e !m to be lo/ m54 ,_! fell[-/ud5ts hiss !m :5ev] !y ent] ! room4 ,!y c't help x2 !y jo9 h&s & tacitly resi/ bo? ! hiss+ & ! in/ruction4 ,accid5tally1 a few pr9ts ( ! works ( ,giotto1 a few ca/s f ^? ( ,ghib]ti1 fall into _! h&s1 & !y see 9 ^! some?+ !y nev] saw be=e--some?+ int5sely & ev]la/+ly true4 ,!y exam9e f>!r into ! matt]2 !y discov] = !mselves ! great] "p ( :at ,i h laid be=e y to-night2 !y =m !mselves into a body1 & ent] ^u t crusade :i* has hi!rto be5 victori\s4 ,& :i* w be absolutely & triumphantly victori\s4 ,! great mi/ake :i* has hi!rto prev5t$ ! public m9d f fully go+ ) !m mu/ soon be correct$4 ,t mi/ake 0 ! supposition t1 in/ead ( wi%+ to recur to ! pr9ciples ( ! e>ly ages1 ^! m5 wi%$ to br+ back ! ignorance ( ! e>ly ages4 ,?is notion1 gr\nd$ fir/ on "s h>dness 9 _! e>li] works1 :i* result$--z x mu/ always result--f ! d[nright & e>ne/ ef=t to pa9t nature z 9 a look+-glass1 0 fo/]$ p>tly by ! jeal\sy ( _! beat5 competitors1 & p>tly by ! pure1 p]v]se1 & hopeless ignorance ( ! :ole body ( art-critics1 s call$1 connect$ ) ! press4 ,no notion 0 ev] m baseless or m ridicul\s4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t ! ,pre-,raphaelites did n draw well1 9 ! face ( ! fact1 t ! pr9cipal memb] ( _! body1 f ! "t he ent]$ ! s*ools ( ! ,academy1 _h lit]ally encumb]$ himself ) ! m$als giv5 z prizes = draw+4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t !y did n draw 9 p]spective1 by m5 :o !mselves knew no m ( p]spective ?an !y did ( a/rology2 x 0 ass]t$ t !y s9n$ aga9/ ! appe>ances ( nature1 by m5 :o _h nev] drawn s mu* z a leaf or a blossom f nature 9 _! lives4 ,&1 la/ly1 :5 all ^! calumnies or absurdities w\ld tell no m1 & x began to be =c$ ^u m5's unwill+ belief t ! /yle ( ! ,pre-,raphaelites 0 true & 0 accord+ to nature1 ! la/ =g]y inv5t$ respect+ !m is1 t !y copy photographs4 ,y obs]ve h[ completely ?is la/ piece ( malice defeats all ! re/4 ,x admits !y are true to nature1 ?\gh only t x may deprive !m ( all m]it 9 be+ s4 ,b x may itself be at once refut$ by ! bold *all5ge to _! oppon5ts to produce a ,pre-,raphaelite picture1 or any?+ l "o1 by !mselves copy+ a photograph4 #acb4 ,let me at once cle> y\r m9ds f all ^! d\bts1 & at once contradict all ^! calumnies4 ,pre-,raphaelitism has b "o pr9ciple1 t ( absolute1 uncompromis+ tru? 9 all t x does1 obta9$ by work+ ev]y?+1 d[n to ! mo/ m9ute detail1 f nature1 & f nature only4#ci ,e ,pre-,raphaelite l&scape backgr\nd is pa9t$ to ! la/ t\*1 9 ! op5 air1 f ! ?+ itself4 ,e ,pre-,raphaelite figure1 h[ev] /udi$ 9 expression1 is a true portrait ( "s liv+ p]son4 ,e m9ute accessory is pa9t$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,& "o ( ! *ief reasons = ! viol5t opposition ) :i* ! s*ool has be5 attack$ by o!r arti/s1 is ! enorm\s co/ ( c>e & labor :i* su* a sy/em dem&s f ^? :o adopt x1 9 contradi/9ction to ! pres5t slov5ly & imp]fect /yle4 ,footnote #ci3 ,or1 :]e imag9ation is necess>ily tru/$ to1 by always endeavor+ to conceive a fact z x really 0 likely to h happ5$1 r ?an z x mo/ prettily might h happ5$4 ,! v>i\s memb]s ( ! s*ool are n all equally sev]e 9 c>ry+ out its pr9ciples1 "s ( !m tru/+ _! memory or fancy v f>2 only all agree+ 9 ! ef=t to make _! memories s accurate z to seem l portraiture1 & _! fancy s probable z to seem l memory4 #acc4 ,?is is ! ma9 ,pre-,raphaelite pr9ciple4 ,b ! battle :i* its support]s h to fight is a h>d "o2 & = t battle !y h be5 fitt$ by a v peculi> "*4 ,y p]ceive t ! pr9cipal resi/ance !y h to make is to t spuri\s beauty1 ^: attractiv5ess _h tempt$ m5 to =get1 or to despise1 ! m noble quality ( s9c]ity3 & 9 ord] at once to put !m beyond ! p[] ( temptation f ?is beauty1 !y are1 z a body1 *>act]iz$ by a total abs5ce ( s5sibility to ! ord9>y & popul> =ms ( arti/ic gracefulness2 :ile1 to all t /ill l[] k9d ( prett9ess1 :i* regulates ! disposition ( our sc5es ^u ! /age1 & :i* appe>s 9 our l[] art1 z 9 our annuals1 our commonplace portraits1 & /atu>y1 ! ,pre-,raphaelites are n only dead1 b !y reg>d x ) a contempt & av]sion approa*+ to disgu/4 ,?is "* is absolutely necess>y to !m 9 ! pres5t "t2 b x1 ( c\rse1 occasionally r5d]s _! "w comp>atively unpleas+4 ,z ! s*ool becomes less aggressive1 & m au?oritative--:i* x w d--!y w enli/ into _! ranks m5 :o w "w1 ma9ly1 ^u _! pr9ciples1 & yet embrace m ( ^? *>act]s :i* are g5]ally attractive1 & ?is great gr\nd ( (f5se w be remov$4 #acd4 ,aga93 y obs]ve t z l&scape pa9t]s1 _! pr9ciples mu/1 9 great "p1 conf9e !m to m]e =egr\nd "w2 & s+ul>ly en\gh1 t !y may n be tempt$ away f ?is "w1 !y h be5 born ) comp>atively little enjoym5t ( ^? evanesc5t effects & di/ant sublimities :i* no?+ b ! memory c arre/1 & no?+ b a d>+ conv5tionalism portray4 ,b = ?is "w !y are n n[ ne$$4 ,turn]1 ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! ,pre-,raphaelites1 has done x already2 he1 ?\gh 8 capacity embrac$ ev]y?+1 & ?\gh he w\ld sometimes1 9 8 =egr\nds1 pa9t ! spots ^u a dead tr\t1 & ! dyes ^u a butt]fly's w+1 yet = ! mo/ "p delight$ to beg9 at t v po9t :]e ! o!r bran*es ( ,pre-,raphaelitism become p[]less4 #ace4 ,la/ly4 ,! habit ( con/antly c>ry+ ev]y?+ up to ! utmo/ po9t ( completion dead5s ! ,pre-,raphaelites 9 g5]al to ! m]its ( m5 :o1 ) an equal love ( tru? up to a c]ta9 po9t1 yet express !mselves habitually ) spe$ & p[]1 r ?an ) f9i%1 & give ab/racts ( tru? r ?an total tru?4 ,probably to ! end ( "t arti/s w m or less be divid$ into ^! classes1 & x w be impossible to make m5 l ,millais und]/& ! m]its ( m5 l ,t9toret2 b ?is is ! m to be regrett$ because ! ,pre-,raphaelites h enorm\s p[]s ( imag9ation1 z well z ( realization1 & d n yet !mselves "k ( h[ mu* !y w\ld be capable1 if !y sometimes work$ on a l>g] scale1 & ) a less labori\s f9i%4 #acf4 ,) all _! faults1 _! pictures are1 s9ce ,turn]'s dea?1 ! be/--incomp>ably ! be/--on ! walls ( ! ,royal ,academy2 & su* works z ,mr4 ,hunt's ,claudio & ,isabella h nev] be5 rival$1 9 "s respects nev] approa*$1 at any o!r p]iod ( art4 ,?is ,i believe to be a mo/ c&id /atem5t ( all _! faults & all _! defici5cies2 n su*1 y p]ceive1 z are likely to arre/ _! progress4 ,! magna e/ v]itas 0 nev] m sure ( accompli%m5t ?an by ^! m54 ,_! adv]s>ies h no *ance ) !m4 ,!y w gradually unite _! influ5ce ) :atev] is true or p[]ful 9 ! reaction>y art ( o!r c\ntries2 & on _! works su* a s*ool w be f\nd$ z %all ju/ify ! ?ird age ( ! _w's civilization1 & r5d] x z great 9 creation z x has be5 9 discov]y4 #acg4 ,& n[ let me rem9d y b ( "o ?+ m4 ,z y exam9e into ! c>e] ( hi/orical pa9t+1 y w be m & m /ruck ) ! fact ,i h ?is ev5+ /at$ to y1--t none 0 ev] truly great b t :i* repres5t$ ! liv+ =ms & daily de$s ( ! p among :om x arose2--t all preci\s hi/orical "w records1 n ! pa/1 b ! pres5t4 ,rememb]1 !re=e1 t x is n s mu* 9 buy+ pictures1 z 9 be+ pictures1 t y c enc\rage a noble s*ool4 ,! be/ patronage ( art is n t :i* seeks = ! pleasures ( s5tim5t 9 a vague ideality1 nor = beauty ( =m 9 a m>ble image2 b t :i* educates y\r *ildr5 into liv+ h]oes1 & b9ds d[n ! flights & ! fondnesses ( ! he>t into practical duty & fai?ful devotion4 ,,add5da ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,lecture4 #ach4 ,i c\ld n ent]1 9 a popul> lecture1 ^u "o intricate & difficult "q1 closely connect$ ) ! subject ( ,pre-,raphaelitism--namely1 ! relation ( inv5tion to obs]vation2 & composition to imitation4 ,x is /ill less a "q to be discuss$ 9 ! compass ( a note2 & ,i mu/ def] all c>eful exam9ation ( x to a future opportunity4 ,nev]!less1 x is impossible to leave altoge!r unansw]$ ! fir/ objection :i* is n[ mo/ commonly made to ! ,pre-,raphaelite "w1 namely1 t ! pr9ciple ( x seems adv]se to all ex]tion ( imag9ative p[]4 ,inde$1 su* an objection s\nds /rangely on ! lips ( a public :o h be5 9 ! habit ( pur*as+1 = hundr$s ( p\nds1 small squ>es ( ,dut* canvas1 conta9+ only s]vile imitations ( ! co>se/ nature4 ,x is /range t an imitation ( a c['s head by ,paul ,pott]1 or ( an old woman's by ,o/ade1 or ( a sc5e ( tav]n debau*]y by ,t5i]s1 %\ld be pur*as$ & proclaim$ = high art1 :ile ! r5d]+ ( ! mo/ noble expressions ( human feel+ 9 ,hunt's ,isabella1 or ( ! lovelie/ ,engli% l&scape1 haunt$ by sorr[1 9 ,millais' ,ophelia1 %\ld be decl>$ pu]ile4 ,b1 /range ?\gh ! utt]ance ( x be1 !re is "s weight 9 ! objection4 ,x is true t s long z ! ,pre-,raphaelites only pa9t f nature1 h[ev] c>efully select$ & gr\p$1 _! pictures c nev] h ! *>act]s ( ! highe/ class ( compositions4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! %all[ & conv5tional arrangem5ts commonly call$ compositions by ! arti/s ( ! pres5t day1 are inf9itely f>!r f great art ?an ! mo/ pati5t "w ( ! ,pre-,raphaelites4 ,t "w is1 ev5 9 its humble/ =m1 a secure f\ndation1 capable ( inf9ite sup]/ructure2 a reality ( true value1 z f> z x rea*es1 :ile ! common arti/ical effects & gr\p+s are a va9 ef=t at sup]/ructure )\t f\ndation--utt] negation & fallacy f beg9n+ to end4 #aci4 ,b m ?an ?is1 ! v fai?fulness ( ! ,pre-,raphaelites arises f ! r$undance ( _! imag9ative p[]4 ,n only c all ! memb]s ( ! s*ool compose a ?\s& times bett] ?an ! m5 :o pret5d to look d[n ^u !m1 b ,i "q :e!r ev5 ! greate/ m5 ( old times possess$ m exhau/less inv5tion ?an ei!r ,millais or ,rossetti2 & x is p>tly ! v ease ) :i* !y inv5t :i* leads !m to despise inv5tion4 ,m5 :o h no imag9ation1 b h le>n$ m]ely to produce a spuri\s resemblance ( its results by ! recipes ( composition1 are apt to value !mselves mightily on _! concoctive sci5ce2 b ! man ^: m9d a ?\s& liv+ imag9ations haunt1 e h\r1 is apt to c>e too little = !m2 & to long = ! p]fect tru? :i* he f9ds is n to be come at s easily4 ,& ?\gh ,i may p]haps hesitat+ly admit t x is possible to love ?is tru? ( reality too int5sely1 yet ,i h no hesitation 9 decl>+ t !re is no hope = ^? :o despise x1 & t ! pa9t]1 :oev] he be1 :o despises ! pictures already produc$ by ! ,pre-,raphaelites1 has himself no capacity ( becom+ a great pa9t] ( any k9d4 ,paul ,v]onese & ,t9toret !mselves1 )\t desir+ to imitate ! ,pre-,raphaelite "w1 w\ld h look$ ^u x ) deep respect1 z ,john ,bell9i look$ on t ( ,alb]t ,du]]2 none b ! ignorant c\ld be unconsci\s ( its tru?1 & none b ! ins9c]e reg>dless ( x4 #adj4 ,h[ f> x is possible = m5 educat$ on ! sev]e/ ,pre-,raphaelite pr9ciples to advance f _! pres5t /yle into t ( ! great s*ools ( composition1 ,i d n c>e to inquire1 = at ?is p]iod su* an advance is c]ta9ly n desirable4 ,( great compositions we h en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh1 & x w\ld be well = ! _w if x 7 will+ to take "s c>e ( ^? x has4 ,( pure & manly tru?1 ( /]n /atem5t ( ! ?+s done & se5 ar\nd u daily1 we h hi!rto _h no?+4 ,& 9 art1 z 9 all o!r ?+s1 besides ! lit]ature ( :i* x speaks1 t s5t5ce ( ,c>lyle is inevitably & irrev]sibly true3--,day aft] day1 look+ at ! high de/9ies :i* yet await lit]ature1 :i* lit]ature w ere long address h]self ) m decisiv5ess ?an ev] to fulfill1 x gr[s cle>] to u t ! prop] task ( lit]ature lies 9 ! doma9 ( ,,belief1 )9 :i*1 poetic fiction1 z x is *>itably nam$1 w h to take a q new figure1 if all[$ a settlem5t !re4 ,:]eby 7 x n reasonable to prophesy t ?is exce$+ great multitude ( novel writ]s & su* l1 mu/1 9 a new g5]ation1 gradually d "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r retire into nurs]ies1 & "w = *ildr51 m9ors1 & semifatu\s p]sons ( bo? sexes1 or else1 :at 7 f> bett]1 sweep _! novel fabric into ! du/ c>t1 & betake !m1 ) su* faculty z !y h1 to und]/& & record :at is true1 ( :i* surely !re is & =ev] w be a :ole inf9itude unkn[n to u1 ( inf9ite importance to u8 ,poetry w m & m come to be und]/ood z no?+ b high] k1 & ! only g5u9e ,romance = gr[n p]sons1 ,reality4 #ada4 ,z ,i 0 copy+ ?is s5t5ce1 a pamphlet 0 put into my h&1 writt5 by a cl]gyman1 d5\nc+ ,woe1 woe1 woe6 to exce$+ly "y m5 ( /ubborn in/9cts1 call+ !mselves ,pre-,raphaelites4#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,art1 its ,con/itution & ,capacities1 etc4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,"y1 ,m4,a4 ,! phrase exce$+ly "y m5 ( /ubborn in/9cts1 be+ twice quot$ 7c>efully exclud+ ! context7 f my pamphlet on ,pre-,raphaelitism4 ,i ?ank ,god t ! ,pre-,raphaelites are "y1 & t /r5g? is /ill ) !m1 & life1 ) all ! w> ( x1 /ill 9 front ( !m4 ,yet ,ev]ett ,millais is ?is ye> ( ! exact age at :i* ,raphael pa9t$ ! ,disputa1 8 greate/ "w2 ,rossetti & ,hunt are bo? ( !m old] /ill--nor is !re "o memb] ( ! body s "y z ,giotto1 :5 he 0 *os5 f among ! pa9t]s ( ,italy to decorate ! ,vatican4 ,b ,italy1 9 h] great p]iod1 knew h] great m51 & did n despise _! y\?4 ,x is res]v$ = ,engl& to insult ! /r5g? ( h] noble/ *ildr5--to )] _! w>m en?usiasm e>ly into ! bitt]ness ( pati5t battle1 & leave to ^? :om %e %\ld h *]i%$ & aid$1 no hope b 9 resolution1 no refuge b 9 disda94 #adb4 ,inde$ x is w(ul1 :5 ! "y usurp ! place1 or despise ! wisdom1 ( ! ag$2 & among ! _m d>k signs ( ^! times1 ! disob$i5ce & insol5ce ( y\? are among ! d>ke/4 ,b ) :om is ! fault8 ,y\? nev] yet lo/ its mode/y :]e age _h n lo/ its honor2 nor did *ildhood ev] refuse its rev]5ce1 except :]e age _h =gott5 correction4 ,! cry1 ,g up1 ?\ bald head1 w nev] be he>d 9 ! l& :i* rememb]s ! precept1 ,see t ye despise n "o ( ^! little ones2 & al?\gh inde$ y\? may become despicable1 :5 its eag] hope is *ang$ into presumption1 & its progressive p[] into arre/$ pride1 !re is some?+ m despicable /ill1 9 ! old age :i* has le>n$ nei!r judgm5t nor g5tl5ess1 :i* is weak )\t *>ity1 & cold )\t discretion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,:ile obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$1 inconsi/5cies & unusual spell+ 7 pres]v$ z 9 ! orig9al4