99       99       99       99       99  
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,transcrib]'s  
,note3                                  
,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! orig9al      
docum5t has           be5 pres]v$4      
----------------------------------------
-------------------         99       99 
99       99       99     ,,opportunities
 ,,9 ,,aviation     ,,opportunity       
,,books   ,,opportunities ,,9 ,,aviation
     ,,by ,,lieut4 ,,gordon ,,lamont    
,,capta9 ,,ar?ur ,,sweets]              
,,opportunities ,,9 ,,! ,,newspap]      
,,bus9ess     ,,by ,,james ,,melv9 ,,lee
  ,,opportunities ,,9 ,,*emi/ry     ,,by
 ,,ellwood ,,h5drick  ,,opportunities   
,,9 ,,f>m+     ,,by ,,edw>d ,,ow5 ,,dean
  ,,opportunities ,,9 ,,m]*ant ,,%ips   
,,by ,,nelson ,,coll9s      ,,h>p]      
,,bro!rs1 ,,new ,,york                  
,,e/abli%$ #ahag     ,illu/ration3 ,at  
"w on "o ( ! ,f-#e-,l type ( seaplane at
 ! ,naval ,aircraft ,factory1 ,league   
,isl&1 ne> ,philadelphia4 ,! ,f-#e-,l is

 "o ( ! l>ge/ type ( naval seaplane1 &  
flew f ,hampton ,roads1 ,va41 to        
,rockaway ,naval ,air ,/ation1 ,l4,i4   
,,opportunities ,,9 ,,aviation  ,by     
,capta9 ,,ar?ur ,,sweets]  ,u4,s4 ,air  
,s]vice  ,au?or ( ,! ,am]ican ,air      
,s]vice &  ,,gordon ,,lamont1 ,late     
,lieut5ant 9 ! ,royal ,air ,=ce1 ,canada
  ,frontispiece  ,illu/ration  ,,h>p]   
,,bro!rs ,publi%]s ,new ,york & ,london 
,ackn[l$gem5t is made to ! ,new ,york   
,ev5+ ,po/ = "s ( ! mat]ial :i* fir/    
appe>$ 9 its columns4    ,,opportunities
 ,,9 ,,aviation ,copyright1 #aibj1 by   
,h>p]  ,bro!rs ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
( ,am]ica ,publi%$1 ,janu>y1 #aibj      
,to t great new gift :i* is s soon to   
come           to u1 ?is little book is 
en?usia/ically           d$icat$ by !   
au?ors4     ,,cont5ts    ,,*ap4         
,,page        ,,introduction            
i     ,i4 ,,w>',s ,,conque/ ,,( ,,!     
,,air                                 #a
    ,,ii4 ,,! ,,transition ,,to ,,peace 
#aa   ,,iii4 ,,tra9+ ,,an ,,airplane    

,,pilot                                 
#bd    ,,iv4 ,,safety ,,9 ,,fly+        
#ci     ,v4 ,,qualifications ,,( ,,an   
,,airplane ,,me*anic                    
#eb    ,,vi4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cross+ ,,( ,,!
 ,,atlantic                       #fc   
,,vii4 ,,l&+-,,fields--,,! ,,imm$iate   
,,ne$                       #gf  ,,viii4
 ,,! ,,airplane',s ,,bro!r              
#he    ,,ix4 ,,! ,,call ,,( ,,! ,,skies 
#if        ,,add5dum                    
#ajg     ,,introduction   ,any ord9>y1  
active man1 provid$ he has reasonably   
good eyesight & n]ve1 c fly1 & fly well4
 ,if he has n]ve en\gh to drive an      
automobile ?r\gh ! /reets ( a l>ge city1
 & p]haps argue ) a policeman on ! "q ( 
spe$ limits1 he c take himself (f !     
gr\nd 9 an airplane1 & also l&--a ?+    
va/ly m difficult & dang]\s4 ,we he> a  
great deal ab\t special te/s = !        
fli]--vacuum-*amb]s1 sp9n+-*airs1       
co-ord9ation te/s--!re ne$ be none ( ^!4
 ,! av]age man 9 ! /reet1 ! cl]k1 !     
labor]1 ! me*anic1 ! salesman1 ) prop]  

tra9+ & int]e/ c be made good1 if n     
highly pr(ici5t pilots4 ,if !re may be  
"o d$uction drawn f ! exp]i5ce (        
in/ructors 9 ! ,royal ,air ,=ce1 x is t 
x is ! tra9+1 n ! individual1 t makes ! 
pilot4  ,education is n ! prime         
requisite4 ,good common s5se & judgm5t  
are mu* m valuable4 ,above all1 a s5se (
 t\*1 su* z a man c acquire play+ !     
piano1 sw++ a pick1 rid+ a bicycle1     
driv+ an automobile1 or play+ t5nis1 is 
important4 ,a man %\ld n be too s5sitive
 to loss ( balance1 nor %\ld he be lack+
 9 a s5se ( balance4 ,!re are p :o _c   
sail a sail-boat or ride a bicycle--^! p
 h no place 9 ! air4 ,b n9ety-n9e out ( 
"o hundr$ m51 ! ord9>y normal m51 c le>n
 to fly4 ,?is has be5 ! exp]i5ce ( !    
,royal ,air ,=ce 9 ,canada4  ,!re w be z
 mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! civilian pilot1 !
 man :o owns an airplane ( ! future &   
drives x himself1 & ! army fli]1 z !re  
is n[ betwe5 ! man :o drives 8 c> on    
,sunday aft]noons ov] c\ntry roads & !  
rac+ driv] :o is /riv+ = new records on 

specially built tracks4 ,if a]onautics  
is to be made popul>1 e "o mu/ be able  
to take "p 9 x4 ,x mu/ cease to be a    
highly specializ$ bus9ess4 ,x mu/ be put
 on a basis :]e ! ord9>y p]son c snap ! 
fly+ wires ( a ma*9e1 li/5 to _! twang1 
& "k !m to be true1 j z any "o n[ ?umps 
8 re> tire to see :e!r x is prop]ly     
inflat$4  ,! book1 9 a l>ge s5se a labor
 ( love1 is ! collaboration ( an        
,am]ican (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,air   
,s]vice & ano!r ,am]ican1 a fly+-(fic] 9
 ! ,royal ,air ,=ce4 ,if ! ,royal ,air  
,=ce way ( do+ ?+s seems to cr[d itself 
to ! =e 9 ! discussion ( ! tra9+ (      
pilots1 ! au?ors crave indulg5ce4  ,9 a 
subject :i* l5ds itself dang]\sly to    
imag9ation1 ! au?ors h endeavor$ to base
 :at !y h writt51 n on prophecy1 b on   
actual accompli%m5ts to date4 ,! latt]  
are inde$ s solid t !re is no necessity 
= guesswork4 ,aviation has prov$ itself 
beyond p]adv5ture to ^? :o h foll[$ x1 b
 up to ! pres5t ! g5]al public has n    
suffici5tly analyz$ its demon/rat$      

possibilities4  ,! era ( ! air is       
und\bt$ly at h&2 x n[ rema9s to take !  
/eps necess>y to reap full advantages f 
x4                                      
,,ar?ur ,,sweets]1                      
,,gordon ,,lamont4     ,,opportunities  
,,9 ,,aviation     ,i  ,,w>',s ,,conque/
 ,,( ,,! ,,air   ,! ,_w ,w> op5$ to man 
! fre$om ( ! skies4 ,amid all its angui%
 & suff]+ has come =? ! conque/ ( ! air4
 ,sci5ti/s1 manufactur]s1 dream]s1 & !  
mo/ h>d-head$ ( m5 h unit$ "u ! goad (  
its necessity to sweep away 9 a s]ies ( 
supreme ef=ts all ! fe>s & d\bts :i* _h 
*a9$ m5 to e>?4  ,true1 ye>s be=e1 9    
fact1 ne>ly a decade be=e1 ! ,wright    
bro!rs _h ris5 f ! gr\nd & fl[n ab\t    
?r\gh ! air 9 a ma*9e :i* defi$         
conv5tional rules & beliefs4 ,! _w _h   
look$ on 9 wond]1 & !n dropp$ back into 
an apa!tic acceptance ( ! fact4 ,despite
 ! actual demon/ration & ! field (      
imag9ation :i* 0 op5$ up1 ^! e>ly       
flights prov$ to be a _w's wond] only = 
a mom5t4  ,= ye>s aviation dragg$ on4   

,d>$evils & adv5tur]s took x up to make 
money by hair-rais+ exploits at v>i\s   
meets & exhibits4 ,_m di$1 & ! g5]al    
public1 aft] satiat+ its lu/ = !        
s5sational1 turn$ its ?\ght else:]e4    
,flight 0 reg>d$ z some:at ! play?+ ( ^?
 :o c>$ n = life1 & z a result ! s]i\s1 
sob] ?\ght ( ! community did n ent] into
 its solution4  ,bus9ess m5 held alo(4  
,ap>t f circus p]=mances !re seem$ no   
money to be made 9 aviation &           
consequ5tly practically none 0 inve/$ 9 
x4 ,:at little manufactur+ 0 done 0 by  
zealots & inv5tors4 ,workman%ip 0       
entirely by h&1 sl[1 amateuri%1 &       
unreliable4  ,/rangely en\gh1 sci5ti/s 7
 equally apa!tic4 ,x might h be5 expect$
 t _! imag9ations w\ld be fir$ by !     
unexplor$ realms ( ! air & by !         
incomp>ably new field ( exp]im5t op5$ to
 !m2 b !y 7 n4 ,! great "q1 t ( flight  
itself1 _h be5 answ]$1 & b few 7 int]e/$
 9 work+ out ! less spectacul>          
applications ( its pr9ciples4 ,aviation 
rema9$ v mu* ( a poor si/] 9 ! sci5tific

 _w1 held back by all ! discr$it atta*+ 
to ! e>ly /unt-fly+ & by failure to     
break ?r\gh ! anci5t belief 9 its       
impracticability = any purposes o!r ?an 
! s5sational4  ,s ! sci5ce limp$ along1 
unsupport$ by ei!r public int]e/ or     
capital4 ,n[ & aga9 "s />tl+ feat       
attract$ ! _w's att5tion1 z :5 ! ,engli%
 ,*annel 0 fir/ cross$ by air & ,engl& 0
 made to realize t h] insul>ity 0 gone4 
,= a mom5t ?is feat held public int]e/1 
b aga9 )\t a true realization ( its     
significance4 ,!re seem$ no?+ :i* w\ld  
drive man to develop ! gift :i* _h be5  
put )9 8 rea*4  ,up to t fatal mom5t 9  
,augu/1 #aiad1 :5 ! ,_w ,w> broke out1  
aviation _h made b little progress4 ,all
 nations _h :at pass$ z air s]vices1 b  
!y 7 v small & ill-equipp$ & 7 reg>d$ ) 
d\bt & suspicion by ! milit>y lead]s ( !
 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,comp>$ ) :at has s9ce 
tak5 place1 ! exp]im5ts previ\s to ! w> 
7 only ! mo/ rudim5t>y beg9n+s4  ,!n    
came ! w>4 ,man's imag9ation 0 ar\s$ to 
a fev]i% desire = ! developm5t ( any    

device = caus+ de/ruction4 ,conv5tions1 
usages1 & prejudices 7 laid aside & e   
possibility ( inflict+ damage on ! enemy
 0 exam9$ on its m]its4 ,s5tim5t or any 
reg>d = p]sonal dang] involv$ 0 ?r[n to 
! w9ds4 ,sci5ce 0 mobiliz$ 9 all l9es 9 
! /ruggle to keep "o /ep ahead ( !      
enemy4  ,almo/ imm$iately aviation      
*all5g$ ! att5tion ( ! responsible      
lead]s4 ,! h&ful ( ,fr5* planes :i* 9 ^?
 e>ly fateful days ( ,augu/ p5etrat$ up 
into ,belgium br\ght back ! in=mation ( 
! ,g]man mobilization !re1 & ?is l$ to !
 re>rangem5t ( ,fr5* =ces 9 prep>ation =
 ! battle ( ! ,m>ne4 ,z a result        
aviation at once leap$ into high repute 
= sc\t+ purposes & ! f\ndations 7 laid =
 its great developm5t4  ,b z aviation _h
 prov$ itself 9 ! w>f>e ( movem5t lead+ 
d[n to ! ,m>ne & sweep+ back lat] to !  
,aisne1 s x prov$ itself 9 ! ,fr5* w>f>e
 :i* 0 s unexpect$ly to foll[4 ,:5 ! two
 oppos+ l9es 7 s close toge!r t !y lock$
 almo/ 9 a dea? grip1 ea* side kept su* 
/rict wat* t gr\nd obs]vation 0 greatly 

hamp]$4 ,app>5tly !re 0 only "o way to  
f9d out :at 0 go+ on beh9d ! enemy's    
l9es4 ,t 0 by look+ f above4 ,! fir/    
aviator1 !re=e1 :o sail$ into ! air &   
spi$ ! enemy introduc$ "o ( ! mo/       
important developm5ts 9 ! /rategy (     
mod]n w>f>e4  ,!reupon began "o ( ^?    
sil5t battles ( ! re>1 ( :i* we see &   
he> s little1 b :i* inde$ decides       
sometimes f> 9 advance ( ! actual te/ ( 
battle j :i* side is go+ to w94         
,sci5ti/s1 inv5tors1 manufactur]s1 &    
practical fli]s began com+ toge!r 9     
increas+ numb]s to exact f ?is late/    
me?od ( w>f>e its la/ degree (          
usefulness4 ,9 ! /udies & factories on  
bo? sides ( ! l9es m5 d$icat$ !mselves  
to ! solution ( ! problem ( flight4     
,/age by /age ! difficulties 7 ov]come4 
,fir/ x 0 ! ,g]mans :o ) _! t]rible     
,fokk] planes h>ness$ ! ma*9e-gun to !  
airplane & made ( x a weapon ( (f5se4   
,!n x 0 ! ,allies :o add$ ! radio & made
 ( x an effici5t me?od ( obs]vation &   
spott+ ( artill]y fire4 ,increas$       

eng9e-p[] began to be develop$1 & bombs 
7 c>ri$ 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s & size4   
,! mom5t an enemy plane fell on ei!r    
side ( ! l9e ! victors ga!r$ ab\t _!    
prey ) a ke5ness :i* c\ld come only ( ! 
hope t !y might f9d 9 x "s sugge/ion t  
w\ld make _! own fly+ m effici5t4 ,ea*  
le>n$ f ! o!r1 s t ! diff]5t s*ools on  
ei!r side ( ! l9e _h all ! advantage (  
wat*+ ! developm5t ( _! rivals4 ,v      
%ortly aft] an improvem5t appe>$ on "o  
side x reappe>$ 9 ! planes ( ! o!r side4
  ,x is d\btful if ev] a m desp]ate     
sci5tific battle 0 f\ght ?an t :i*      
featur$ ! developm5t ( ! air s]vices ( !
 v>i\s bellig]5ts dur+ ! w>4 ,control ( 
! air 0 s vital t nei!r c\ld af=d to    
ov]look any possibility2 &1 z a result1 
! sci5tific evolution 0 truly a/\nd+4   
,no man 0 res]v$ on ?is subject (       
airplane improvem5t4 ,all contribut$ _! 
be/ skill & ability to ! common res]voir
 ( k4  ,v soon man's conque/ ( ! air    
became s complete t diff]5t types (     
planes 7 develop$ = diff]5t k9ds ( "w4  

,! plane ( ! e>ly days :i* w&]$ (f by   
itself :]ev] x saw fit1 ga!r$ :at       
in=mation x c\ld1 & return$ to drop a   
note to ! comm&] bel[1 develop$ into a  
highly effici5t two-seat$ plane equipp$ 
) ma*9e-guns = protection aga9/ attack1 
wireless = s5d+ back messages1 & cam]as 
= photograph+ ! enemy's positions bel[4 
,! plane :i* _h e>li] dropp$ an         
occasional bomb 9 a hit-or-miss fa%ion  
ov] ! side n[ develop$ ei!r into a      
p[]ful two-seat] ) a great weight-c>ry+ 
capacity & a cont9ually m effici5t      
sci5tific me?od ( aim+ its missiles or  
into a huge ma*9e = long-di/ance        
night-bomb+ "w capable ( c>ry+ f two to 
a doz5 m5 & f two to f\r tons ( bombs4  
,dur+ ?is "t ! /rictly fight+ plane1    
usually a s+le-seat]1 increas$ 9 spe$1  
ceil+1 & agility till x c\ld d>t1 twi/1 
& dive ab\t1 ?ree to five miles above ! 
tr5*es1 protect+ fri5dly bomb+ &        
obs]vation planes bel[ f enemy attack or
 swoop+ d[n to s5d enemy planes 9 flames
 to ! gr\nd4  ,vital ?\gh all ?is "w 0 =

 ! w>1 x _h an incomp>ably great] value 
= ! p]petual /ruggle :i* all mank9d is  
wag+ aga9/ nature4 ,:ile ! v>i\s nations
 7 seek+ to de/roy "o ano!r ?r\gh ! air1
 !y 7 9 reality de/roy+ ! *a9s :i* b\nd 
!m to ! gr\nd & w9n+ _! fre$om 9 a new  
elem5t4 ,! advance :i* ! ,allies or !   
,g]mans made ov] ea* o!r 9 sci5tific    
a]ial developm5t 0 a jo9t advance ov] ! 
re/rictions ( gravitation4  ,?is1 inde$1
 ap>t f ! spread ( democracy &          
int]nationalism1 may well /& out 9      
hi/ory z ! w>'s ri*e/ h]itage4 ,problems
 :i* _h be5 consid]$ insoluble 7 solv$4 
,! ca/+ aside ( all conv5tions1 all     
re/rictive habits ( ?\ght1 all          
selfi%nesses1 & ! focus+ ( ! highe/     
sci5tific ability 9 a /ruggle :i* might 
mean ! life or dea? ( ! nation1 _h      
br\ght z a by-product a developm5t      
beyond our wilde/ fancies4  ,a]ial      
op]ations 9 any future w>1 h[ev]1 w h at
 once a problem :i* has only rec5tly & 9
 v mu* small] degree confront$ ! navy1  
namely1 ! assurance ( attack n only on !

 front1 9 ! re>1 & on bo? flanks1 b f   
above & bel[ z well4 ,rec5tly ! navy has
 _h to face t problem--subm>9es op]at+  
bel[ & airplanes above2 b ! problem (   
attack ^u a %ip is n s s]i\s z ^u an    
airplane4  ,already1 9 ord] to meet ?is 
dang] ( attack f e possible direction1 a
 mo/ complete /rategy & sy/em ( =mations
 h be5 work$ out4 ,9 ?is way ! v>i\s    
types ( planes op]ate 9 diff]5t air     
/rata accord+ to _! missions1 ! upp]    
planes e*elon some:at beh9d ^? bel[ on !
 ord] ( a flight ( /eps fac+ ! enemy4   
,?is sy/em provides a quick me?od (     
reception ( an attack & ! assurance (   
quick support1 no matt] :]e ! attack may
 come4 ,obvi\sly !re w\ld be no?+ 9 all 
( w>f>e on ei!r l& or sea comp>able to a
 collision betwe5 two su* a]ial fleets4 
,! spe$ ( ! light] planes1 quick1       
life-tak+ duels 9 sev]al diff]5t /rata  
at once1 w\ld provide a cla% ( action1  
spe$1 & skill f> m beautiful & yet 9 _m 
ways f> m t]rible ?an any?+ ev] record$ 
9 ! hi/ory ( w>4  ,fleets ( ! skies--:o 

%all attempt at ?is day ( ! infancy ( ! 
sci5ce to limit _! scope8 ,a]ial        
battle-planes ( colossal size & p[] are 
z c]ta9 to come 9 "t1 & 9 n a v long "t1
 z ! dreadn\ght ( to-day 0 c]ta9 to     
foll[ ! fir/ armor$ %ip ( only a        
half-c5tury ago4 ,nev] yet has man op5$ 
up a new av5ue ( w> t he has n pursu$ x 
rel5tlessly to its f9al conclusion4 ,x  
is c]ta9 t he w n fail to pu% a]ial     
developm5t ) all ! en]gy ) :i* he has   
devot$ himself to ! sci5ce ( de/ruction4
  ,! av5ue ( ! seas has be5 up to n[ !  
_w's greate/ civiliz]4 ,v %ortly1 )\t   
d\bt1 x w be replac$ by ! av5ue ( !     
skies4 ,if we are to /rive = fre$om ( ! 
seas1 :at %all we say ab\t fre$om ( ?is 
new elem5t8 ,! laws ( a]ial travel &    
a]ial w>f>e op5 an unlimit$ field (     
speculation4     ,,ii  ,,! ,,transition 
,,to ,,peace   ,developm5ts dur+ ! w>1  
despite _! />tl+ s5sational "*1 _h1     
h[ev]1 be5 s ov]%ad[$ by human suff]+ & 
desp]ation t b few m9ds 7 awake to !    
*anges t 7 to influ5ce man's future4    

,amid ! disa/]s1 battles1 & unprec$5t$  
movem5ts 9 ! politics ( nations1 !      
a*ievem5ts ( flight c\ld comm& b a pass+
 notice4 ,p look$ & wond]$1 b 7 di/ract$
 f foll[+ _! ?\ghts ?r\gh to ! logical  
conclusion by ! ro> ( a sev5ty-mile gun1
 ! collapse ( a nation1 or ! %ock (     
battle on a "o-hundr$-mile front4  ,let 
u1 h[ev]1 weave toge!r a few ?+s t 7    
done 9 ^? days ( s5sation1 :i* may h a  
p>ticul> effect on ! future ( ! sci5ce4 
,mo/ conspicu\s1 p]haps1 0 ! oblit]ation
 ( di/ance & ( all ! cu/om>y limitations
 ( travel4 ,g]man airplanes 9 squadrons 
p5etrat$ into snug little ,engl& :5 !   
,g]man fleet /ood lock$ 9 its h>bor4 ,! 
,italian poet ,d',annunzio dropp$       
leaflets ov] ,vi5na :5 8 armies 7 held  
at bay at ! ,alps4 ,fr5*1 ,briti%1 &    
f9ally ,am]ican planes br\ght ! w> home 
to cities ( ! ,rh9e :i* nev] ev5 saw !  
,alli$ troops till ,g]many _h surr5d]$4 
,none ( ! conv5tional b>ri]s /ood 9 !   
way ( ^! long trips4 ,a new r\te (      
travel _h be5 op5$ up along :i* m5 flew 

at w4 ,! b\nd>y-l9es ( /ates bel[1 :i*  
look s =midable on ! map1 7 pass$ ov] ) 
! greate/ ease1 z well z su* natural    
ob/acles z ! ,alps & ! ,engli% ,*annel4 
,trem5d\s sav+ 9 "t 0 con/antly be+     
effect$4 ,m5 7 able to d>t back & =? f !
 front to ! re> & f ,engl& to ,france ) 
a spe$ nev] dream$ ( by o!r means (     
travel4 ,to be sure1 ! front-l9e dem&s =
 planes 7 too sev]e to all[ a v wide use
 9 ?is way1 b nev]!less ! possibilities 
7 !re & 7 con/antly avail$ (4#a  ,inde$1
 ! ,briti% e>ly e/abli%$ a communication
 squadron = ?is specific purpose4 ,9 !  
la/ ?ree mon?s ( ! w> #bgi cross-c\ntry 
pass5g] flights 7 made to su* places z  
,p>is1 ,nancy1 ,dunkirk1 & ,man*e/]1 all
 ( !m )\t a s+le accid5t6 ,moreov]1 a   
,*annel f]ry s]vice 0 creat$ :i* 9      
sev5ty-"o days ( fly+ wea!r made #bbg   
cross+s1 cov]$ ov] #h1jjj miles1 & c>ri$
 #a1hdc pass5g]s4  ,) tra9s seldom go+  
above #fj miles an h\r1 ! sl[e/ airplane
 w5t #hj & ! av]age daylight plane on ! 
front probably equal$ #aaj4 ,! fa/      

fight]s w5t up to #abj1 #acj1 & ev5 #adj
 miles an h\r1 ov] twice z fa/ z any    
me?od ( travel previ\sly kn[n4 ,j z !   
curta9 clos$ on ! w>1 !re _h be5        
develop$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a plane      
cr$it$ ) #afb-b_/c miles an h\r1 & no "o
 = a mom5t believ$ t ! limit _h be5     
rea*$4  ,altitude likewise _h be5       
oblit]at$4 ,! cu/om>y height = two-seat$
 obs]vation & bomb+ planes 0 betwe5 "o &
 two miles1 & ( s+le-seat$ sc\ts betwe5 
two & f\r miles4 ,^! altitudes 7 n !    
freaki% heights occasionally obta9$ by  
adv5tur\s fli]s2 on ! contr>y !y 7 !    
cu/om>y levels at :i* ! diff]5t k9ds (  
duties 7 c>ri$ out4 ,_m m51 ( c\rse1 w5t
 f> high]4 ,s9ce !n an ,am]ican1 ,rol&  
,rohlfs1 fly+ a ,curtiss ,wasp set !    
un(ficial altitude record at #cd1faj    
feet--high] ?an ! _w's highe/ m\nta94   
,life at ^! altitudes 0 n possible1 (   
c\rse1 "u ord9>y conditions4 ,!         
temp]ature fell f> bel[ z]o & ! air     
became s ?9 t nei!r man nor eng9e c\ld  
function unaid$4 ,z a result ! fli]s 7  

kept f freez+ by electrically heat$     
clo?+ & f unconsci\sness f lack ( air by
 artificially suppli$ oxyg54 ,simil>ly !
 oil1 wat]1 & gasol5e ( ! eng9e 7 kept  
work+ by special me?ods4  ,! armi/ice   
?rew ! diff]5t nations into a dilemma z 
to _! aviation plans4 ,obvi\sly ! huge  
w> planes :i* 7 /ill 9 ! build+ 9 all ! 
bellig]5t c\ntries 7 no long] necess>y4 
,almo/ imm$iately1 !re=e1 ! plac+ ( new 
contracts 0 halt$ by ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts1 
enli/m5ts /opp$1 & plans set 9 motion = 
! new requirem5ts4  ,)9 a v %ort "t !   
,unit$ ,/ates cancel$ sev]al hundr$     
million doll>s' wor? ( contracts on :i* 
little actual exp5diture _h be5 made by 
! manufactur]s4 ,%ipm5ts ( m5 & planes  
ov]seas 7 ( c\rse br\ght to an end & at 
! same "t arrangem5ts 7 made = br++ back
 f ,france ! great a]ial equipm5t       
mobiliz$ !re4 ,inde$1 ! air s]vice units
 7 among ! fir/ to be return$1          
especially ! labor & con/ruction troops 
9 ,engl&4  ,nev]!less1 milit>y aviation 
( ! future 0 def9itely safegu>d$4 ,a    

bill 0 pres5t$ to ,congress = an a]ial  
=ce ( #d1jjj (fic]s & #bb1jjj m51 a     
fitt+ contra/ to ! =ce ( #fe (fic]s &   
#a1abj m5 ) :i* ! c\ntry _h ent]$ ! w>4 
,c]ta9 fly+ fields & s*ools :i* _h %[n !
 greate/ value 9 ! pa/ & promis$ mo/ = !
 future 7 def9itely designat$ = p]man5t 
use1 & especial ef=t 0 made to keep 9 ! 
s]vice ! be/ ( ! te*nical exp]ts &      
design]s :o _h help$ to solve ,am]ica's 
problems ( ! air4  ,abroad              
demobilization 0 less rapid1 z x 0 9 all
 o!r l9es4 ,! ,briti%1 :o _h giv5       
p>ticul> ?\ght to aft]-w> aviation1     
imm$iately turn$ to conv]t+ all _!      
valuable w> mat]ial & exp]i5ce into a   
national =ce :i* %\ld assure ,engl& ( ! 
supremacy ( ! air z well z /r5g? 9 h]   
supremacy ( ! seas4 ,france1 ! cu/odian 
( ,g]many's great a]ial =ce1 f\nd m ?an 
en\gh "w = all h] m5 9 tak+ c>e ( !     
hundr$s ( surr5d]$ ma*9es4 ,bo? nations 
at ! same "t took long /eps t[>d build+ 
up ! civil ma*9]y necess>y = private1   
non-milit>y fly+4  ,= sev]al mon?s1 (   

c\rse1 !re 0 a hiatus4 ,?\ght _h be5 s  
conc5trat$ on milit>y aviation t !      
conv]sion to peace "w prov$ sl[4 ,only !
 mo/ g5]al plans _h be5 made 9 any ( !  
c\ntries1 & ^? by ard5t support]s (     
aviation1 :o 7 =c$ to make ! mo/ e>ne/  
ef=ts to obta9 consid]ation ( ! subject 
9 ! mid/ ( all ! vital problems ( peace 
& recon/ruction4 ,greate/ ( all !       
difficulties 0 t1 z private fly+ _h be5 
prohibit$ dur+ ! w>1 !re 71 ) ! com+ (  
peace1 no rules & regulations ready = x4
 ,also _m great projects = int]national 
flights _h to be po/pon$ because (      
complete lack ( int]national rules 9 ?is
 respect4  ,nev]!less1 mo/ spectacul> & 
conv9c+ flights foll[$ "o ano!r 9 rapid 
succession4 ,! mo/ out/&+ ( ^! flights  
01 ( c\rse1 ! fir/ cross+ ( ! ,atlantic 
by seaplane--a triumph ( organiz$ ef=t  
by ! navy4 ,at ! same "t all ov] ! _w   
flights took place ) a/\nd+ frequ5cy :i*
 illu/rat$1 z little else c\ld1 ! c]ta9 
future ( aviation4 ,seas1 m\nta9s1      
des]ts1 places o!rwise almo/ impassable 

7 trav]s$ ) ease & spe$4  ,army fli]s   
flew f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific )9 a   
few mon?s ( ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice4 ,x    
requir$ b fifty h\rs ( fly+-"t1 j a     
fraction ov] two days4 ,at t "t no      
attempt 0 made to obta9 spe$1 z !       
purpose ( ! trip _h be5 to locate       
l&+-fields & make a]ial maps = future   
transcont95tal flights4  ,! f\r planes t
 made ?is trip might be consid]$ z !    
pione]s ( va/ flocks ( airplanes :i* )9 
a %ort "t w be w++ _! way f coa/ to     
coa/4 ,if1 ) ma*9es built specifically =
 w> purposes & ) no special l&+-fields  
or r\tes laid out1 aviators c\ld        
successfully travel f "o coa/ to ! o!r 9
 fifty h\rs ( fly+-"t1 h[ mu* m rapidly 
w future trips be made :5 special       
t\r+-planes h be5 develop$1 r\tes &     
l&+-fields are laid out1 repair-%ops are
 built1 & ! trip becomes a matt] ( r\t9e
 r ?an a]ial exp]im5ts4  ,! effect t ?is
 new me?od ( travel w h on ,am]ican life
 & developm5t is /agg]+ to ! imag9ation4
 ,san ,francisco & ,new ,york w be almo/

 neighbors1 :ile ,*icago & ,new ,orleans
 w be b a pleasant day's trip ap>t4 ,!  
bus9ess man1 ! /atesman1 & ev5 ! c\ri] c
 be transport$ f "o end ( ! c\ntry to ! 
o!r1 indep5d5t ( /eel rails & o!r       
devices1 9 record "t4  ,su* exp]im5ts h 
already prov$ successful 9 ,europe4 ,!  
,briti% ,=eign ,(fice 9 ,london1 anxi\s 
to keep 9 close t\* ) ! ,peace ,conf]5ce
 at ,p>is1 turn$ to ! airplane to assure
 quick transportation ( m5 & docum5ts4  
,! sl[ tra9 trip ) ! irksome transf] to 
& f ! ,*annel /eam] & ! m irksome voyage
 across ! ,*annel itself1 7 avoid$ by a 
special s]vice ?r\gh ! air4 ,?us two    
great capitals 7 br\ght )9 a few h\rs'  
"t ( ea* o!r1 :i* greatly facilitat$ !  
vital negotiations "u way4  ,civilians 7
 f9ally grant$ ! "r to make ! trip "u   
milit>y sup]vision4 ,f\rte5 pass5g]s 7  
transport$ f ,p>is to ,london 9 two h\rs
 & =ty m9utes z aga9/ six h\rs & =ty    
m9utes1 ! fa/e/ "t ev] made by any o!r  
means ( travel4 ,ea* ( !m _h tw5ty p\nds
 ( luggage1 & lun*eon ( cold ham &      

*ampagne 0 s]v$ on bo>d ov] ! ,*annel1  
foll[$ by a game ( c>ds4 ,x 0 easily    
demon/rat$ by ! return trip t m5 c\ld   
leave ei!r capital aft] breakfa/1 h     
sev]al h\rs 9 ! o!r1 & return home =    
d9n]4  ,!n a ,fr5* fli] ) six pass5g]s  
made ! flight f ,p>is to ,brussels4 ,!  
"t consum$ betwe5 ! two capitals 0 b two
 h\rs z aga9/ ov] five by ! ord9>y tra9 
travel4 ,z an in/ance ( "s ( ! problems 
:i* ?is p>ticul> flight br\ght ab\t1 x 0
 obs]v$ t a ,belgian policeman approa*$ 
! plane z x 0 ab\t to leave & inquir$ = 
passports & pap]s4 ,ev]ybody made       
excuses = n hav+ !m4 ,! policeman refus$
 to all[ ! airplane to leave4 ,f9ally ! 
pilot1 los+ 8 pati5ce & temp]1 />t$ !   
motor & flew (f be=e ! ang]$ (ficial    
knew :at _h happ5$4  ,two o!r ,fr5*     
aviators ab\t ! same "t cross$ !        
,m$it]ranean f ,france to ,algi]s & back
 9 ! same day4 ,?\gh unequipp$ )        
seaplane devices1 !y />t$ out ) full    
confid5ce t _! motors w\ld c>ry !m ov] !
 wat]4 ,) only _! navigat+ in/rum5ts &  

an occasional vessel to guide !m1 !y    
rea*$ _! de/9ation aft] a p]fect trip & 
creat$ a great s5sation among ! natives 
:o came d[n to see ! airplanes alight4  
,f> m spectacul>1 h[ev]1 0 ! flight made
 f ,london to ,delhi4 ,a ,h&ley-,page   
ma*9e1 :i* _h fl[n f ,london to ,cairo  
dur+ ! w> & tak5 "p 9 ! f9al milit>y    
op]ations aga9/ ! ,turks1 left ,cairo1  
on ,novemb] #cj?1 %ortly aft] !         
armi/ice4 ,five & ?ree-qu>t] h\rs lat] !
 airplane ) five pass5g]s rea*$         
,damascus1 a trip practically impossible
 except ?r\gh ! air because ( ! ravages 
( ! w>4 ,at #g4dj ! next morn+ !y set   
out aga91 flew nor!a/ along ! ,jebel e% 
,%ekh ,range to ,palmyra1 !n ea/ to !   
,euphrates1 d[n t riv] to ,ramadi1 &    
!nce across to ,bagdad1 a flight ( #eaj 
miles made 9 six h\rs & fifty m9utes )\t
 a s+le /op1 "p ( x ov] c\ntry untrod   
ev5 by ! mo/ primitive travel]s4 ,!nce  
!y w5t on via ,bu%ire1 ,b&] ,abbas1     
,t*>b>1 & ,k>a*i to ,delhi1 :]e !y      
receiv$ a trem5d\s ovation z ! fir/     

fli]s to arrive f ! home c\ntry4 ,f     
,delhi !y cont9u$ on )\t mi%ap to       
,calcutta4 ,?is di/ance f ,cairo to     
,k>a*i1 #b1edh miles1 0 made 9 ?irty-six
 h\rs' fly+-"t2 f ,k>a*i to ,delhi !    
di/ance is #gjd miles1 & f ,delhi to    
,calcutta #cjj1 a total ( #d1jeb miles f
 ! ma9 city ( ,egypt to ! greate/       
comm]cial port ( ,india4 ,no r\te _h be5
 survey$1 no l&+-places obta9$1 no      
facilities provid$4 ,t]ritory           
inaccessible to ord9>y travel1 l& :]e ! 
:ite man is almo/ a /rang]1 0 cross$4   
,yet x 0 all done z "p ( ! day's "w1 9  
no s5se z a record-break+ or spectacul> 
trip4  ,! c]ta9ty ( flight f ,london to 
,india 0 demon/rat$4 ,a bi-weekly s]vice
 = bo? pass5g]s & mails 0 at once       
plann$4 ,almo/ imm$iately prep>ations = 
! r\te 7 work$ out1 tw5ty-five airdromes
 & l&+-fields 7 designat$1 ( :i* ! ma9  
ones w\ld be at ,cairo & ,basra on !    
,tigris1 ) subsidi>y fields at          
,m>seilles1 ,pisa1 or ,rome1 ,t>anto1   
,sollum1 ,bu%ire1 ,damascus1 ,bagdad1   

,b&] ,abbas1 ,k>a*i1 ,hyd]abad1 &       
,jodhpur4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! flight (    
#f1jjj miles1 at /ages ( ab\t #cej ea*1 
w\ld take sev5 or eight days z aga9/ !  
pres5t tra9 & /eam] "t ( five or six    
weeks4 ,at ! same "t ano!r r\te f> %ort]
 ?an t :i* w\ld be necess>y by foll[+ ! 
sea r\te lies ov] ,g]many1 ,russia1 & ! 
ideal fly+-l& along ! ,caspian ,sea1    
,krasnovodsk1 ,askabad1 ,h]at1 ,k&ah>1 &
 ,multan4  ,z ) ,asia ,m9or & ,asia s ) 
,africa1 ! ,briti% at once made plans = 
a]ial r\tes4 ,only a few weeks aft] !   
armi/ice ann\ncem5t 0 made ( plans = an 
,all ,r$ ,air ,r\te f ,cairo across !   
des]t & ! jungle to ! ,cape4 ,?is c\ld  
all be done ov] ,briti% t]ritory1 ) ! "p
 ov] ,lakes ,victoria ,nyanza &         
,tanganyika cov]$ by hydroplanes4 ,!    
mom5t m5 7 releas$ f ! w>1 survey+ ( ?is
 r\te 0 begun & t5tative plans made =   
l&+-fields e #bjj miles ov] !           
#e1gjj-mile trip4  ,! air is ours to d  
:atev] we c ) x4 ,!re mu/ be develop$ a 
l>ge int]e/ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! bus9ess (  

fly+4 ,we mu/ make ! air our ?ird1      
fa/e/1 & mo/ reliable means (           
communication betwe5 po9ts 9 a way to   
compete ) transportation on l& & sea4 ,!
 airplane1 in/ead ( be+ ! unusual ?+1   
mu/ become a cu/om>y sight ov] our      
cities & villages4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 !      
developm5t is ! tra9+ ( airplane pilots 
& me*anics4  ,,footnotes3  #a ,"s ( !   
,briti% /atesm5 flew to & f ! ,peace    
,conf]5ce 9 ,p>is4     ,,iii  ,,tra9+   
,,an ,,airplane ,,pilot   ,any ord9>y1  
active man c fly4 ,t is to say1 any man 
) n]ve en\gh to take a cold ba? or drive
 an automobile d[n ,fif? ,av5ue c ma9ta9
 himself 9 ! air ) an airplane1 & turn  
into a good pilot ) practice4 ,9 o!r    
words1 ! regul> man :o rides 9 !        
,subway1 :o puts on a /raw hat on ,may  
#ae? or #bj?1 z ! case may be1 has n    
only ! "r to be 9 ! air1 b owes x to    
himself to le>n to fly4  ,any "o ) a    
reasonable am\nt ( intellig5ce c be made
 a good pilot4 ,he ne$ n hold a college 
degree1 or ev5 a high-s*ool diploma1    

tuck$ away 9 "s =gott5 place4 ,if he has
 ! s5se ( t\* ( ! normal man1 ! s5se (  
balance ( a normal man1 c skate1 or ride
 a bicycle1 he %\ld be 9 ! air1 fly+4   
,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! w> or army  
pilot & ! peace-"t fli] yet to be       
develop$4  ,w> fly+ calls = highly tra9$
 m51 a man :o has prov$ himself fit =   
combat "u all conditions1 a man :o c    
%oot /raight1 ?9k quickly1 & turn       
imm$iately4 ,he mu/ possess a little m  
?an ! av]age n]ve1 p]haps1 or he mu/ be 
tra9$ to ! po9t :]e %oot+ & maneuv]+ are
 ! natural reactions to c]ta9           
circum/ances4 ,he mu/ be able to /&     
altitudes ( #bj1jjj feet2 he mu/ be     
quick ) 8 ma*9e-gun1 h a k ( artill]y1 &
 "k1 9 fact1 a little ab\t ev]y?+ on !  
front he is try+ to cov]4 ,?is requires 
tra9+ & aptitude4  ,! day is com+ = !   
man :o wants to make a %ort pleasure    
flight1 or g f t[n to t[n1 t\r+ by air4 
,he ne$ "k no?+ ( ma*9e-guns or w>f>e4  
,he may nev] want to d any?+ m haz>d\s 9
 ! way ( maneuv] ?an a g5tle turn4 ,8   

maximum altitude w\ld be p]haps #h1jjj  
feet4 ,he w\ld 9 all probability be fly+
 a ma*9e ^: ceil+ 0 #aj1jjj feet1 & he  
might nev] c>e to t\r at a height high] 
?an #b1jjj feet4 ,!re is no reason :y he
 %\ld g high4 ,"o c h all ! ?rills 9 !  
_w at #b1jjj feet1 foll[ ! gr\nd m      
easily1 )\t wa/+ "t or gasol5e 9        
attempts to fly high en\gh s t ! e>?    
looks l ano!r planet bel[4  ,let u      
illu/rate a bit f ! ,royal ,air ,=ce (  
,canada1 :i* is z good z any o!r        
example4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! fly+ s]vice (  
"o c\ntry has be5 ess5tially t ( ano!r  
c\ntry1 & we ,am]icans may yet le>n ( ! 
air f ! ,engli%4 ,9 ,engl& ! air is j   
ano!r m$ium ( travel1 z mu* a m$ium z ! 
gr\nd & wat]--b t is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r    
/ory4  ,9 #aiag ! ,royal ,fly+ ,corps1  
lat] incorporat$ into ! ,royal ,air     
,=ce1 came to ,canada to take up !      
in/ruction ( ,canadian boys = fly+ 9    
,france4 ,am]icans enli/$ ) ! pick ( !  
,canadian y\?1 & droves 7 s5t ov]seas4  
,v soon ! cream _h be5 skimm$ (f & !re  

came a "t :5 mat]ial 0 sc>ce4 ,mean:ile 
! w> rag$1 & !re 0 no option b to take  
draft$ m5 f all sections1 ,montreal 9   
p>ticul>4 ,_m c\ld n speak intelligible 
,engli%1 & few _h enjoy$ any educational
 advantages4 ,! m5 :o came z cadets to  
be tra9$ z pilots 9 #aiah grad$ mu* l[] 
9 p]sonal & physical qualifications ?an 
! type ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,& yet ^! same  
draft$ m51 :o _h )/ood = ?ree & a half  
ye>s ! call ( _! c\ntry1 _h m control   
ov] _! ma*9es at ! end ( _! c\rse ?an ! 
m5 ( ! ye> be=e4  ,at ! end ( f\r1 five1
 or six h\rs' solo ^! m5 c\ld d all !   
high maneuv]s1 commonly ?\ght dang]\s1  
su* z ! b>rel roll1 ! loop1 ! /all turn1
 ! ,immelmann turn4 ,an a/\nd+ %[+      
comp>$ to ! boys ( #aiag1 :o 7 =bidd5 to
 /unt & :o r>ely disobey$ ! ord]s4 ,9   
our ,am]ican s]vice we _h specially     
select$ m54 ,!y 7 college m51 te/$1     
qualifi$1 & pick$4 ,b our m5--& x's no  
reflection on !m--seldom did _! high]   
maneuv]s ) less ?an fifty h\rs ( solo   
fly+4  ,!re is j "o answ]--x is a matt] 

entirely ( tra9+4  ,x might be said t ! 
,canadian casualties on ! ,texas        
fly+-fields ne> ,=t ,wor? dur+ ! w9t] ( 
#aiag-ah1 :5 ! ,royal ,air ,=ce occupi$ 
two airdromes1 7 ! cause ( comm5t all   
ov] ! c\ntry4 ,!re 7 fifty fatalities 9 
tw5ty weeks ( fly+1 & ma*9e aft] ma*9e  
came d[n 9 a fatal sp9n+-nose dive1 or  
tail sp91 z ! ,am]icans speak ( ! sp94  
,%ortly aft] ! ,royal ,air ,=ce return$ 
to its airdromes 9 ,canada 9 ! middle ( 
,april ! ,gosport sy/em ( fly+ tra9+1   
:i* _h be5 us$ successfully 9 ,engl&1 0 
begun on ! ,curtiss ,j4,n4 #d;,b-type   
tra9+-plane4 ,! result 0 an imm$iate &  
mat]ial decrease 9 fatal accid5ts4 ,9   
,july1 #aiah1 !re 0 "o fatality = e     
#a1gfj h\rs ( fly+1 & by ,octob]        
fatalities _h be5 r$uc$ to "o 9 e #e1cjj
 h\rs ( fly+4 ,t is a rem>kable         
a*ievem5t1 z (ficial data f o!r c5t]s ( 
tra9+ %[ "o dea? 9 a fly+ accid5t = e   
#a1agj h\rs4  ,briefly1 ! ,gosport sy/em
 is a graduat$ me?od ( fly+ in/ruction4 
,! cadet is l$ by easy /eps ?r\gh !     

e>li] "p ( ! tra9+1 & only aft] he has  
pass$ a]ial te/s 9 ! simpl] me?ods (    
control is he all[$ to cont9ue ) ! re/ (
 8 c\rse & g solo4 ,! s*eme provides t  
be=e he goes solo he mu/ h spun1 & %[n t
 he c take 8 in/ructor out ( a sp94     
,only !n is he consid]$ fit to g on 8   
own4  ,dang]\s & ,safe z t]ms to        
describe fly+ te*nique gave way to wrong
 & "r4 ,!re 0 built up "u s\nd          
in/ruction "o ( ! be/ s*ools ( fly+ 9   
,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,s*ool ( ,special      
,fly+1 at ,arm\r ,heights1 ,ont>io4 ,!re
 is no reason :y !re %\ld n be e/abli%$ 
9 ?is c\ntry a numb] ( su* s*ools1 "u m5
 :o h _h army exp]i5ce1 to tra9 great   
numb]s ( civilian fli]s )9 ! next few   
ye>s4 ,!re is go+ to be a /rong dem& = !
 be/ fly+ in/ruction t c be giv54 ,x    
%\ld be not$ t only ! mo/ p]fect sy/em (
 fly+ in/ruction %\ld be us$1 = ! be/ is
 safe/1 & ! safe/1 no matt] h[ exp5sive1
 is comp>atively *eap4  ,!re is no      
reason :y !re %\ld be an ext5d$ p]iod ( 
gr\nd in/ruction = ! non-milit>y pilot (

 ! future4 ,he %\ld be taught ! elem5t>y
 pr9ciples ( ! !ory ( flight1 %\ld "k   
some?+ ab\t ! eng9e ) :i* he is go+ to  
fly1 & und]/& "s ?+s ab\t ! rigg+ ( 8   
airplane4 ,! details c\ld come to him 9 
con/ant association ) ! airplane be=e1  
dur+1 & aft] ea* flight4 ,no "t ne$ be  
sp5t on su* subjects z artill]y         
obs]vation1 ma*9e-gunn]y1 wireless1     
bomb+1 photography1 patrol "w1 & o!r    
subjects ( a purely milit>y nature1 on  
:i* s mu* /ress has be5 laid 9 tra9+    
army pilots4  ,:at is an airplane8 ,be=e
 go+ ahead ) ! me?od ( ,gosport         
in/ruction e pupil is giv5 a lecture on 
! gr\nd 9 :i* he is ask$ t "q4 ,"o      
def9ition :i* 0 pass$ out to u 9 ,canada
 01 ,an airplane is a ma*9e4444 ,at ?is 
po9t ! flight s]geant 9 *>ge ( rigg+    
w\ld look dreamily into ! di/ance4 ,an  
airplane is a ma*9e4444 he w\ld beg9    
aga9 ) an air ( utt] despond5cy4 ,t 0   
c]ta9ly no news to cadets4 ,!y _h an    
idea t x might be a ma*9e1 & want$ to "k
 m ab\t x4  ,an airplane is a ma*9e )   

lift-g5]at+ surfaces atta*$ to a frame  
:i* c>ries an eng9e1 fuel1 aviator1 &   
devices by :i* he /e]s1 balances1 &     
controls 8 craft1 ! m\rnful flight      
s]geant 0 f9ally able to conv9ce !m4    
,lift-g5]at+ surfaces--^! are ! bases ( 
all fly+4 ,e "o kn[s1 = in/ance1 t a    
pap] d>t1 in/ead ( fall+ directly to !  
floor1 sails 9 a glid+ angle = "s       
di/ance be=e cra%+4 ,lift is g5]at$ "u  
^? plane surfaces mov+ ?r\gh ! air--& ! 
lift keeps t pap] d>t glid+4 ,little    
eddies ( air are compress$ "u its t9y   
w+s4 ,imag9e an eng9e 9 ! d>t1 propell+ 
x at "s spe$4 ,in/ead ( hav+ to nose d[n
 to get en\gh spe$ to g5]ate lift "u its
 w+s1 ! d>t w\ld be able to fly on !    
level1 or ev5 climb a bit4  ,j s ) an   
airplane4 ,a glid+ airplane ab\t to l& )
 p[] %ut (f is t pap] d>t on a l>ge     
scale4 ,! airplane fly+ is ! d>t ) p[]4 
,to make ! airplane safe to fly1 to give
 control to ! pilot s t he may /e] x :]e
 he wants to1 !re is a rudd]1 mov$ by a 
rudd]-b> "u ! foot ( ! pilot4 ,x is     

impossible to turn a swiftly mov+       
airplane 9 ! air by ! rudd] alone4 ,x   
mu/ be bank$ to prev5t skidd+1 ev5 z a  
race-track is bank$ high on ! turns4 ,on
 its side an airplane w cu%ion its own  
bank ( prop] degree by ! use ( ail]ons4 
,^! ail]ons are sections ( ! w+-tips :i*
 may be mov$ ei!r up or d[n4 ,!y are    
c\nt]balanc$ s t movem5t ( ! left d[n   
gives y ! "r ail]on up4 ,) left ail]on  
d[n1 ! lift ( ! left w+ is increas$1 & x
 tips up2 at ! same "t ! lift ( ! "r w+ 
is decreas$1 & x sags d[n4 ,9 t way !   
airplane is tipp$ up = a bank4 ,^!      
ail]ons1 w+ sections1 really1 are       
controll$ by a device kn[n z ! joy-/ick 
9 ! cockpit4  ,we h se5 h[ an airplane  
is made to tip & turn4 ,be=e a ma*9e is 
"u control we mu/ be able to climb1 or  
come d[n to ! gr\nd = a l&+4 ,v]tical   
control ( an airplane is atta9$ by ! use
 ( elevators1 flaps on ! tail plane act+
 z horizontal rudd]s4 ,a pull-back on ! 
joy-/ick lifts ! flaps1 raises ! nose ( 
! ma*9e1 & causes x to ga9 height4 ,pu% 

! joy-/ick =w>d1 ! elevators are turn$  
d[n1 & ! ma*9e goes into a dive = !     
gr\nd4 ,9 mak+ _m maneuv]s all ?ree     
controls1 rudd]1 ail]ons1 & elevators1  
are us$ at once & ! pilot feels 8 way ) 
! ma*9e1 guid+ x ) ! /ick & ! rudd]-b>4 
,aft] ! explanation ( ! use ( ^!        
controls1 & _! demon/ration on ! ma*9e z
 x awaits its turn 9 ! air1 ! pupil is  
tak5 up = 8 fir/ ride--/rictly a joy    
ride1 & n always joy\s = ^? :o take e   
*ance to be seasick4 ,aft] he has a     
glimpse ( :at ! gr\nd looks l f ! air1 &
 has recov]$ f 8 fir/ brea?less sweep (f
 ! gr\nd1 ! pupil is giv5 a lesson 9 !  
demon/ration ( controls4 ,! in/ructor   
expla9s ?r\gh a speak+-tube atta*$ to 8 
helmet ! v simple pr9ciples4 ,=w>d ) !  
/ick to nose d[n1 back to lift x up1    
left /ick tilts ! ma*9e ov] on its left 
w+1 & "r /ick banks x to ! "r4 ,"r /ick 
& "r rudd]1 9 prop] proportions1 turn ! 
ma*9e to ! "r1 left /ick & left rudd] to
 take ! ma*9e out ( ! turn & fly x      
/raight aga94  ,!n ! wond]ful mom5t :5 !

 in/ructor calls ?r\gh ! tube1 ,all "r1 
n[ y take ! /ick4 ,y clut* x z ?\gh x 7 
! "o /raw 9 a great ocean4 ,n s h>d1    
comes ! voice4 ,n[ put y\r feet g5tly on
 ! rudd]-b>4 ,n s r\gh2 easi]1 man1     
easi] on t /ick6 ,= a glori\s mom5t %e  
is y\rs1 y hold h] nose up1 & y are fly+
 an airplane te>+ ov] ! *eck]bo>d c\ntry
 f> bel[4  ,!n1 l ! voice ( doom3 ,n[1 d
 a g5tle turn to ! left4 ,don't =get to 
give h] rudd] & /ick at ! same "t4 ,t's 
"r4 ,beg9 ! motion ) y\r feet & h&s at !
 same "t4 ,! _w sw+s furi\sly1 & d[n    
bel[ t left w+-tip a little f>m sways   
g5tly4  ,n[ y are 9 a g5tle turn--feel t
 breeze on y\r *eek8 ,we are            
side-slipp+2 give h] a t\* m ( left     
rudd]4 ,n s mu*4 ,n[ y\r nose is dropp+2
 pull back on ! /ick4 ,back6 ,n =w>d6   
,back6 ,n[ y\r nose is too high2 take u 
out1 & don't =get t opposite /ick &     
rudd]4  ,n[ fly /raight = a few m9utes4 
,y\r "r w+ is l[--br+ x up4 ,y\r nose is
 too high4 ,n[ x is too l[4 ,keep x s t 
! radiator cap is above ! horizon4 ,t's 

"r4  ,s goes ! bus9ess ( in/ruction     
?r\gh ! lessons on /raight fly+1 g5tle  
turns1 misuse ( controls1 side-slipp+1 &
 approa*1 take-(f1 & l&+4 ,! trips %\ld 
av]age ?irty-five or =ty m9utes1 long   
en\gh to tea* ! lesson1 b n long en\gh  
to we>y ! pupil4 ,"h at take-(f & l&+ ! 
pupil f9ds himself up aga9/ ! mo/       
difficult "p ( 8 tra9+4 ,he has !       
problem ( /opp+ a l>ge ma*9e weigh+ a   
ton or m1 travel+ at a l&+ spe$ ( =ty to
 fifty miles an h\r1 ) ! c5t] ( gravity 
j balanc$ ov] ! "u-c>riage4 ,an error 9 
judgm5t w pile ! ma*9e up on its nose ) 
a cra%$ propell]1 & p]haps two brok5 w+s
 & damag$ "u-c>riage4 ,n a dang]\s      
accid5t = ! pilot1 b v humiliat+4  ,army
 practice has %[n t a pupil %\ld h ab\t 
sixty practice l&+s dual1 t is to say1  
coa*$ & help$ by 8 in/ructor4 ,by ?is "t
 he has a total fly+ "t ( six to twelve 
h\rs4 ,at ?is po9t1 be=e he goes solo1 !
 ,gosport sy/em provides t he %all be   
tak5 to a reasonably safe height = !    
practice ( high maneuv]s4 ,at a height (

 say two ?\s& five hundr$ feet !        
in/ructor %[s him h[ a /all$ ma*9e falls
 into a sp94 ,! "q ( tea*+ high]        
maneuv]s to civilian pilots is op5 to   
argum5t4  ,z soon z ! in/ructor %uts (f 
! eng9e ! ma*9e rapidly loses fly+ spe$4
 ,x rea*es a po9t :]e !re is n en\gh air
 pass+ ov] ! w+ surfaces to support !   
plane 9 ! air4 ,h] nose beg9s to drop1 &
 he pulls ! /ick back4 ,! /ick is full  
back1 %e /alls1 topples ov] on h] side1 
& plunges nose fir/4 ,! in/ructor kicks 
on full rudd]1 & ! _w :irls bel[ l a    
top1 & ! air :i/les1 swi%1 swi%1 swi%1 9
 ! wires at e turn4 ,/ick =w>d1 opposite
 rudd]1 & %e comes out s fa/ t y\r head 
swims4 ,t is ! sp94  ,n[ y try x1 says !
 in/ructor4 ,= !re is no?+ to a sp9     
unless a ma*9e does n come out ( x--a   
r>e ?+ if ! plane is prop]ly h&l$4 ,!   
pupil is n[ ready to g solo1 & = ! fir/ 
c\ple ( h\rs' solo fly+ he does no?+ b  
make circuits ar\nd ! field1 l&+ & tak+ 
(f4 ,!n 8 in/ructor takes him dual =    
=c$-l&+ practice1 bus9ess ( gett+ d[n   

into a field )9 glid+ range by glid+    
turns4 ,!n ! pupil tries x solo1 ?rottl+
 d[n = ! practice1 a mo/ valuable       
exp]i5ce :i* increases ! confid5ce ( !  
pilot4 ,he le>ns to use 8 own judgm5t & 
to gauge height & gr\nd di/ance z x     
appe>s f ! air4  ,aft] ?ree or f\r h\rs 
( solo "t ! pupil is s*$ul$ = ano!r     
demon/ration ( high] maneuv]s1 sp9n+ & !
 /all turn4 ,= ! /all turn ! pilot noses
 ! ma*9e d[n to get an air spe$ (       
sev5ty-five miles an h\r4 ,a little     
bank1 /ick back1 %e re>s into ! air ) h]
 nose to ! sky & propell] ro>+4 ,full   
rudd] & ?rottle (f4 ,9 sil5ce %e drops  
ov] on h] side into ! empty air2 blue   
sky & gre5 fields fla% by 9 a :irl4 ,%e 
hangs on h] back :ile ! pass5g]s /ra9   
aga9/ ! safety belts1 & !n h] nose      
plunges4 ,! air %rieks 9 ! wires z !    
gr\nd comes up at t]rific spe$4  ,x is  
"t = ! pupil to g up = 8 solo sp9 "u !  
plan adopt$ = army purposes4 ,up1 up1 up
 ! pupil flies1 ?ree ?\s& feet1 & !     
gr\nd bel[ looks s(t & gre54 ,w\ld x be 

s(t to hit 9 a sp9 f t height8 ,x w\ld  
n4 ,h p ev] spun t f>8 he wond]s4 ,!y h4
 ,h ma*9es ev] fail$ to come out ( a sp9
 & kill$ ! pilot8 ,! answ] is too       
obvi\s4 ,) fai? 9 no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 & ) 8
 m9d made up t "o c die b once 9 a sp91 
he /alls & sp9s h]--& comes out4 ,he is 
s surpris$ & exhil>at$ t he tries x aga9
 be=e he loses 8 n]ve4 ,yet aga94 ,!    
pupil is a pilot1 ! air has no t]rors1 &
 he has le>n$ ! olde/ tru? ( fly+1 t !re
 is no?+ to a sp9 unless y don't come   
out4  ,! natural result ( tra9+ a pupil 
along ^? l9es is t he graduates rapidly 
into a good /unt+ pilot4 ,he realizes t 
he _c tempt ! devil at ?ree hundr$ feet 
& hope to live1 b he takes a good       
altitude1 ?r[s 8 ma*9e upside d[n1 &    
kn[s t1 giv5 en\gh air1 he mu/ come out4
 ,he does come out unless he loses      
complete control ( 8 m9d & body4 ,)     
fifte5 h\rs ( solo fly+ ! pupil has     
really become a pilot4 ,he is beg9n+ to 
%[ t he c control 8 ma*9e4 ,f !n on x is
 a "q ( ! poli%+ ( ! nice po9ts1 mak+ 8 

=c$ l&+s p]fect1 n side-slipp+ a foot on
 8 v]tical banks1 & com+ out ( sp9 s t  
he always faces ! airdrome--all ( :i*   
di/+ui% ! good pilot f ! poor pilot4    
,,iv  ,,safety ,,9 ,,fly+   ,!          
fatalities on ! tra9+-fields ( e c\ntry 
dur+ ! p]iod ( tra9+ 9 w>1 & be=e & aft]
 ! w>1 te/ify only too surely t fly+ _c 
be absolutely safe4 ,x is no reflection 
on ! future ( fly+ to realize t x has n 
be5 safe1 & t x c nev]1 p]haps1 be made 
fool-pro(4 ,"o or two ?+s mu/ be        
rememb]$ be=e we become despond5t ov] ! 
future safety ( fly+4  ,:5 ! ,unit$     
,/ates ent]$ ! w> ! entire p]sonnel ( ! 
,signal ,corps numb]$ "o hundr$ & sixty 
(fic]s & m54 ,at ! "t ! armi/ice 0 sign$
 m ?an ?irty ?\s& pilots _h be5 tra9$4  
,!y 7 tra9$ 9 great numb]s "u high      
pressure4 ,we did n h ! ma*9es to tra9  
!m 9 or ! in/ructors to fly ) !m4 ,we _h
 n ! exp]i5ce 9 :olesale tra9+ (        
fly+-m51 & yet we turn$ out va/ numb]s4 
,x 0 a "q ( gett+ ! m5 ?r\gh _! fly+ &  
gett+ !m ov]seas z quickly z possible4  

,we _h no adequate me?ods ( inspection (
 ma*9es1 & no laid-out c\rse 9          
fly+-tra9+4 ,we _h to le>n by our own   
exp]i5ce1 9 spite ( ! fact t ,engl& at  
all times gave un/9t$ aid4  ,! wond] is 
really t we did n h m fly+ accid5ts4    
,!re 7 few m5 9 ! c\ntry :o really      
und]/ood :at conditions t5d$ t[>d a fly+
 accid5t4 ,!re 7 few :o _h ev] gone into
 a sp9 & liv$ to tell ab\t x4 ,at t "t a
 sp9n+-nose dive 0 a manife/ation ( h>d 
luck--l a ,g]man %ell4 ,if y once got   
into x1 x 0 only ! matt] ( wait+ = !    
cra% & hop+ t ! hospital might be able  
to pull y ?r\gh4  ,t[>d ! end1 ( c\rse1 
?is situation _h be5 l>gely ov]come1 !  
,gosport sy/em ( fly+ _h be5 tri$ out1 &
 !re 0 a va/ increase 9 ! k ( fly+ among
 ! in/ructors & pupils4 ,! sp9 _h be5   
conqu]$1 tra9+ 0 on a s\nd basis1 &     
accid5ts 7 be+ rapidly cut d[n4  ,"o ( !
 mo/ obvi\s ways to cut d[n cra%es 0 by 
mak+ sure t ! pilot 0 9 good condition  
physically4 ,flight surgeons assign$ to 
e camp 7 detail$ to make a /udy ( ! v   

delicate relation%ip betwe5 a sick &    
/ale pilot & ! cra%4 ,x 0 discov]$1 =   
in/ance1 t a man :o w5t up n 9 ! be/    
condition multipli$ by _m times ! ord9>y
 haz>ds 9 ! air4 ,x became ! duty ( ^!  
surgeons to conduct recreation &        
ex]cises s t pilots w\ld always be 9    
good trim4  ,fly+ = an e>ly solo pupil  
is ! greate/ m5tal /ra9 t a man c       
exp]i5ce4 ,e mom5t ! fact t he is up 9 !
 air1 support$ only by wood1 wires1 &   
fabric1 may be on 8 m9d4 ,he is mak+    
desp]ate ef=ts to rememb] ev]y?+ 8      
in/ructor has told him s9ce he />t$ 8   
dual4 ,he tries to keep t nose on !     
horizon1 ! w+s balanc$1 & ! ma*9e fly+  
true4 ,he is 9 fe> ( /all+ & consequ5t  
loss ( control4 ,he goes into 8 turns1  
h>dly kn[+ :e!r he is go+ to come out ( 
!m1 & noses d[n = a l&+1 m5tally giv+   
pray]1 p]haps1 t he w come out all "r4  
,he c't possibly rememb] ev]y?+ he has  
be5 told1 b he tries to salvage z mu* k 
z possible to make a dec5t l&+4  ,^!    
exp]i5ces t5d to br+ ab\t two           

conditions1 a]ophobia 7fe> ( ! air7 &   
bra9 fatigue1 bo? result+ 9 complete    
loss ( head on ! "p ( ! pilot &         
inability to react to impulses4 ,no?+ is
 m likely to produce imm$iate & fatal   
a]ophobia ?an ! sick5+ sight f ! air ( a
 cra%1 yell[ w+s flatt5$ out aga9/ !    
gre5 gr\nd a ?\s& feet bel[4 ,a comrade1
 a t5tmate8 ,! pupil looks at 8 ma*9e1  
sees ! wires ?robb+1 & wat*es ) wond] ! 
ph5om5on ( ru%+ ?r\gh ! air--he may let 
8 imag9ation dwell too long4  ,dur+ 8   
fir/ h\r's solo a swift /ream ( hundr$s 
( impulses is borne along ! n]ve c5t]s  
to ! bra9 ( a pupil4 ,x is l ! p\nd+ (  
heavy seas aga9/ a light sea-wall4 ,8   
bra9 reels "u ! repeat$ %ocks & ! pupil 
falls into a deta*$ /upor4 ,he waits    
:ile 8 eng9e ?robs ahead1 & lets ! ma*9e
 fly itself4 ,he seems to take no active
 p>ticipation 9 ! op]ation1 & unless he 
recov]s control ( 8 bra9 & 8 ma*9e x is 
a cra%4 ,physicians !n h ! problem (    
le>n+ f a daz$ & p]haps badly injur$ man
 h[ x happ5$4 ,he c recall no?+1 &      

seldom kn[s :5 he lo/ control4  ,^! are 
! ?+s t happ5$ :5 ?is c\ntry 0 ha/5+    
fli]s ov]seas4 ,z a matt] ( national    
necessity x 0 ess5tial t z _m m5 z      
possible be put ?r\gh _! dual & solo    
fly+ & s5t across to ! o!r side4 ,x 0   
bett] = ! c\ntry at l>ge to turn out    
five hundr$ pilots a mon?1 say1 ) #e p] 
c5t4 ( casualties1 ?an "o hundr$ a mon? 
) "o-half ( #a p] c5t4 or less (        
accid5ts4 ,^! figures d n repres5t !    
actual conditions1 b !y picture !       
problem4  ,n[ ! civilian :o w\ld take up
 fly+ has j z mu* "t z he wants to sp5d 
9 le>n+ to fly4 ,he is pay+ = 8         
in/ruction1 & he %\ld cont9ue x = p]haps
 fifte5 to tw5ty h\rs ( dual in/ruction4
 ,he %\ld fly ! ma*9e ) an in/ructor 9  
x1 & really get accu/om$ to ! feel ( !  
air4 ,he %\ld become s5sitive en\gh s t 
he c diff]5tiate betwe5 ! tight1 firm   
t\* to a ma*9e fly+ "u complete control 
& ! slack movem5t ( /ick & rudd] ( a    
plane v ne>ly out ( control4 ,he %\ld   
recognize ^! dang] signs & "k h[ to     

correct 8 fly+ position4  ,dual fly+    
%\ld be cont9u$ up to ! po9t :]e ! pupil
 flies )\t ?9k+1 :5 x becomes ! natural 
?+ = him to use bo? /ick & rudd] to     
correct a bump1 & :5 he ?9ks no m ( x   
?an rid+ ov] a rut 9 a road4 ,he %\ld be
 able to tell by e>1 :5 volplan+1 :e!r  
or n he is ma9ta9+ suffici5t spe$ to    
hold x 9 ! air4 ,he %\ld be acqua9t$ ) !
 pr9ciple ( sp9n+1 & %\ld h _h "s       
exp]i5ce 9 tak+ a ma*9e out ( a sp94  ,!
 trea*]\s ?+ ab\t a sp9n+-nose dive is  
t1 to come out ( x1 a pilot mu/ put 8   
/ick =w>d1 n hold x back1 9 spite ( !   
fact t ! ma*9e is fall+ nose fir/ &     
sp9n+ at ! same "t4 ,a sp9 is possible  
only f a /all1 & only :5 ! /ick is back 
& rudd] 9 ei!r direction is giv54 ,!    
position is an easy "o to get into f a  
/eep turn4 ,air resi/ance aga9/ a ma*9e 
turn+ becomes great]1 x sl[s d[n ! spe$1
 decreases ! lift+ p[] ( ! planes4 ,!   
result is t ! nose falls slightly4 ,!   
pilot moves ! /ick back to lift ! nose1 
& 9 do+ s pulls up 8 elevators1 (f]+    

/ill m resi/ance to ! air1 & *eck+ !    
spe$4 ,! effect becomes cumulative2 he  
tries to hold up 8 ma*9e1 & he has      
/all$4 ,9 a la/ ef=t to *eck ! sp9 he   
kicks on ! rudd]1 & ! ?+ is done4  ,!   
rudd] & elevators h =m$ a pocket 9 !    
tail plane1 :i* is l ! spoon on a       
troll+-hook4 ,! pocket is (f-c5t] & !   
air ru%es into x z ! ma*9e topples ov] &
 plunges d[n4 ,x imp>ts a twi/+ motion1 
:i* 9 a turn or two develops into a     
?robb+ sp94 ,picture ! pilot1 try+ to   
lift ! nose ( 8 ma*9e by hold+ 8 /ick   
well back & wond]+ :y ! nose does n come
 up4 ,! pa!tic ?+ is t s _m hundr$ m5 h 
?\ght _! salvation 0 to hold ! /ick     
back4  ,! only possible ?+ to d 9 ?is   
case is to break ! pocket4 ,put ! /ick  
=w>d to neutral1 or ev5 f>!r if ne$ be1 
& opposite rudd]4 ,! ma*9e w come out 9 
?ree-qu>t]s ( a turn ) practice1 into a 
/raight-nose dive4 ,!n ease ! /ick back1
 & ?is "t ! nose comes up & ! ma*9e     
flies on its c\rse4 ,in/ructors :o h    
taught _! pupils ?is be=e !y let !m g   

solo h sav$ _m1 _m lives4  ,x is        
reasonable to say t !re are no fatal    
accid5ts except ^? f a sp91 b1 l all    
g5]al /atem5ts1 t is op5 to             
contradiction4 ,a nose-high side-slip   
may be fatal1 b g5]ally ! pilot pulls   
himself out ( x4 ,!re may h be5 m5 kill$
 9 l&+ accid5ts1 b "o seldom he>s ( !m4 
,m5 h be5 kill$ try+ to loop (f ! gr\nd1
 & ,v]non ,ca/le 0 kill$ do+ an         
,immelmann turn at fifty feet to avoid  
ano!r ma*9e4 ,^! are ! exceptions4 ,!   
common or g>d5 v>iety ( accid5t is f a  
sp94 ,! sp9 once conqu]$1 ! air is      
conqu]$4  ,"o he>s ab\t /unt+1 & !      
accid5ts :i* result f tak+ *ances 9 !   
air4 ,!re may be two op9ions ab\t :e!r =
 ! fly+ ( ! future x %\ld be necess>y to
 loop1 to roll1 to half roll1 & /all    
turn1 or ev5 to sp94 ,z to loop+ &      
roll+1 ! "q ( ! type ( ma*9e to be fl[n 
w det]m9e t l>gely4 ,!re are _m ma*9es  
:i* _c be loop$4 ,! l>ge naval          
fly+-boats1 = in/ance1 describe a circle
 two ?\s& feet 9 diamet] = ea*          

turnov]--x is almo/ obvi\s t n mu* /unt+
 is done on ^! boats4 ,a small sc\t or  
sport+ plane c loop & come out high] ?an
 x w5t 94  ,!re is c]ta9 value 9        
practis+ su* maneuv]s if ! ma*9e w p]mit
 x4 ,9 battle !y are1 ( c\rse1 ess5tial4
 ,9 peace1 h[ev]1 !y may be valuable = !
 v fact t x accu/oms a pilot to         
unexpect$ *anges 9 ! air4 ,he gets us$  
to ! idea t he c pull himself out ( any 
position1 giv5 air en\gh1 & he w nev] be
 afraid4 ,he becomes ori5tat$ on 8 back1
 does n lose 8 head1 & simply waits )   
confid5ce = 8 ma*9e to come ar\nd4 ,?is 
means t if he is sudd5ly ov]turn$ by    
accid5t1 or = a m9ute or two loses      
control1 he kn[s t 8 condition is       
tempor>y & t he mu/ simply c>ry on4     
,army pilots :o h _h a good c\rse 9     
/unt+ w\ld c]ta9ly recomm5d ! same =    
civilian pilots4 ,t does n mean t x w\ld
 be necess>y1 or ev5 advisable4 ,!re h  
be5 accid5ts due to /unt+ by bo?        
inexp]i5c$ & exp]i5c$ pilots4 ,g5]ally x
 is a matt] ( altitude1 = ) suffici5t   

height ! gre5e/ pilot c come out (      
any?+1 if he does n lose 8 head4  ,= !  
man :o w\ld be ! pilot = a l>ge         
comm]cial plane1 su* z ! ,gl5n ,m>t9    
bomb]1 ! ,sup] ,h&ley-,page 9 ,engl&1 or
 ! ,naval ,curtiss fly+-boats1 no /unt+ 
is necess>y4 ,he may sit 9 ! cockpit ( 8
 ma*9e1 & ramble (f mile aft] mile )    
little motion1 & ) z little ef=t z !    
driv] ( a railroad locomotive4 ,he has a
 l>ge1 /eady ma*9e1 & !re w be no       
obligation = him to spill 8 freight     
along ! c\rse by turn+ ov] 9 midair4    
,:atev] op9ions may be held reg>d+ !    
advisability ( tea*+ /unt+ to a civilian
 pilot1 !re c be no "q t a civilian     
pilot mu/ h a long & ?or\gh c\rse 9 ! v 
g5tle b ess5tial art ( mak+ =c$ l&+s4 ,!
 problem is t ( controll+ a ma*9e ) its 
eng9e cut (f1 to h complete control ( x 
)9 ! radius ( its glid+ di/ance4 ,aga91 
! d>t glid+ to its unc]ta9 l&+4 ,9 ! h&s
 ( an unskill$ pilot1 an airplane glid+ 
)\t p[] is a v dang]\s ?+4 ,he may pile 
up ! ma*9e aga9/ "s f>m-h\se1 f5ce1     

haym[1 or clump ( woods1 sma%+ x badly &
 injur+ himself4 ,or he may1 ?r\gh      
inexp]i5ce1 lose fly+ spe$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8
 desc5t & topple ov] into a sp94  ,ev5 !
 be/ pilot may make a mess ( 8 ma*9e if 
8 eng9e goes dud ov] a =e/1 city1 swamp1
 or o!r impossible l&+-place4 ,x is 8   
bus9ess m or less to keep cle> ( su*    
tracts :5 fly+4 ,b "o ( ! te/s ( a good 
pilot is :e!r or n he c %ut (f 8 eng9e 9
 ! air1 pick out 8 p>ticul> field bel[1 
tak+ into acc\nt t he mu/ l& aga9/ !    
w9d1 !n by a s]ies ( glid+ turns f9d    
himself j com+ out ( ! la/ turn 9 front 
( ! f5ce4 ,he may make a g5tle little   
zoom ov] ! f5ce1 us+ e la/ bit ( fly+   
spe$ = ! la/ kick1 & settle d[n g5tly on
 ! o!r side4 ,"o te/ ( in/ructors 9     
,canada1 be=e !y 7 all[$ to take up     
pupils1 0 to make ?ree p]fect =c$ l&+s 9
 succession--"o ( !m z ! pilot came out 
( ! sp94 ,) 8 head /ill reel+ he mu/    
pick out 8 l&+-place & make x4  ,!      
difficulty is1 ( c\rse1 n to und]%oot1  
to fall %ort4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9    

case ( actual eng9e failure !re is no   
motive p[]1 & if a man calculates 8     
di/ance too %ort1 he has no?+ left b to 
make 8 l&+ :]e he may be4 ,he has lo/ 8 
height & 8 *ance to rea* o!r fields4 ,he
 may f9d himself roll+ into ! f5ce ( !  
field he 0 try+ =4  ,or1 equally bad1 he
 may ov]%oot4 ,! di/ance 0 %ort] ?an x  
look$1 he has m height to lose ?an he   
?\ght4 ,he c ga9 no?+ by /ick+ ! nose   
d[n1 because 9 8 plunge he ga9s spe$ :i*
 w c>ry him too f> on ! gr\nd4 ,he may  
b[l ov] ! f5ce1 or1 if !re is a field   
beyond1 make ! next field4 ,m (t5 he    
f9ds himself 9 a pat* ( woods ) a brok5 
airplane4  ,x is possible t on a turn1 a
 glid+ turn ) ! eng9e %ut (f1 ! pilot   
may lose 8 fly+ spe$4 ,unless he is     
exp]i5c$1 he does n realize t on a turn 
! ma*9e pres5ts m surfaces to ! air &   
greatly increases ! air resi/ance4 ,x is
 likely to /all unless a safe m>g9 (    
spe$ is ma9ta9$4 ,! dang]\s "p ( ?is is 
t v (t5 ! ma*9e w lose its spe$ :5 only 
a hundr$ feet f ! gr\nd1 approa*+ !     

field4 ,!re is no *ance to pull x out ( 
a sp9 unless ! pilot is al]t & realizes 
t he has lo/ spe$1 & noses d[n be=e he  
sp9s4 ,(t5 he sp9s1 & a fall ) an       
airplane f a hundr$ feet is j z na/y z x
 c be4  ,= 8 own safety 9 ! air !       
civilian :o is ab\t to take up          
in/ruction 9 fly+ %\ld insi/ at 8       
fly+-s*ool t he be taught ?or\ghly1 to 8
 own satisfaction1 ! control ( 8 ma*9e )
 ! eng9e %ut (f = ! mom5t4 ,!re is a    
c]ta9 feel1 a s+ 9 ! wires1 he mu/ "k4  
,he %\ld cont9ue at ! "w ( =c$ l&+s1 go+
 on 8 solo flights to v>i\s heights1    
pick out 8 field1 %ut (f ! motor1 & get 
d[n into t field--no o!r4 ,he %\ld keep 
x up until he c make n9e out ( e t5     
absolutely p]fect1 & ! t5? "o1 ?\gh n   
p]fect1 /ill a good l&+4  ,!n x may be  
said t a pilot is safe4 ,:5 he kn[s 9 8 
own he>t t no?+ c happ5 to him :i* w ?r[
 him (f 8 gu>d1 or :i* w worry him1 he c
 take ! air )\t fe>4     ,v             
,,qualifications ,,( ,,an ,,airplane    
,,me*anic   ,:at *ance has a good       

automobile man :o kn[s 8 eng9e ?or\ghly 
to become an airplane me*anic8 ,!re c be
 only "o answ] to ?is "q :i* m5 ask     
!mselves daily--!re is e *ance 9 ! _w4  
,comm]cial fly+1 9 ! day :5 ! air is to 
become a m$ium ( transportation1 j z    
gr\nd & wat] are at pres5t1 mu/ draw to 
itself hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( me*anics4 ,!   
only ?+ to :i* ! future ( fly+ may be   
comp>$ is ! automobile indu/ry at       
pres5t4 ,& ! only place f :i* ! me*anics
 are to be recruit$ are f ! m5 :o are   
work+ 9 g>ages putt+ automobiles 9 ord]4
  ,an int]e/+ comp>ison betwe5 ! future 
= ! automobile me*anic or airplane      
me*anic comp>$ ) ! future = ! pilot is  
af=d$ 9 ! figures ( a well-kn[n         
fly+-(fic] ( great vision4 ,he expects t
 ! skill$ me*anic1 ! man :o has sp5t    
ye>s at 8 trade1 w comm& m = 8 s]vices  
?an a pilot4 ,any "o c le>n to fly an   
airplane 9 "o or two mon?s ( prop]      
tra9+4 ,a me*anic may "w = ye>s to le>n 
8 pr(ession4  ,x 0 e/imat$ t x took t5  
me*anics ( v>i\s k9ds on ! gr\nd to keep

 "o airplane pilot fly+ 9 ! air1 & !    
exp]i5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has %[n t !re
 mu/ be a l>ge =ce ( tra9$ m5 to keep up
 fly+4 ,! pres5t lead]s ( ! automobile  
_w & ! a]onautical _w are m5 :o got _!  
fir/ int]e/ 9 me*anics 9 "s little %op4 
,gl5n ,h4 ,curtiss & ,h>ry ,g4 ,hawk]1 !
 ,au/ralian pilot1 bo? own$ little      
bicycle-repair %ops be=e !y saw _!      
opportunity 9 fly+4  ,mo/ ess5tial (    
all1 = ! man :o w\ld become an airplane 
me*anic1 is a ?or\gh k ( gasol5e-eng9es4
 ,?is %\ld include n only a k ( su*     
fundam5tals z ! !ory ( !                
int]nal-combu/ion eng9e1 c>buretion1    
compression1 ignition1 & explosion1 b   
also a ke5 insight into ! :ims ( !      
human1 & t]ribly inhuman1 ?+--!         
gasol5e-motor4 ,no?+ c be sweet] :5 x is
 sweet1 & no?+ m devili% :5 x is cranky1
 ?an an airplane eng9e4  ,!re are c]ta9 
te*nical details :i* di/+ui% an airplane
 motor f an automobile motor1 b a man :o
 kn[s automobile eng9es c ma/] !        
airplane motor 9 %ort ord]4 ,g5]ally    

speak+1 ! airplane motor diff]s f !     
automobile motor 9 %ape4 ,! ,lib]ty type
 ( eng9e is ,v-%ap$1 ) bo? sets (       
cyl9d]s driv+ t[>d a common c5t]1 !     
crank%aft4 ,mo/ airplane motors h       
special c>buret]s1 & _! oil+ sy/ems are 
extremely f9ely adju/$ to take up any   
friction at _! high spe$4 ,!y w be f\nd 
to be light] 9 weight1 ) pi/ons1 pi/on  
heads & o!r p>ts made ( alum9ium4 ,!y   
are1 z a rule1 m c>efully made ?an mo/  
automobile motors1 ) especial att5tion  
to ! fitt+ ( all work+ p>ts4  ,"o       
advantage :i* an airplane me*anic has is
 /&>dization1 :i* has rea*$ a high po9t 
) ,lib]ty1 ,hispano-,suiza1 & ,curtiss  
eng9es4 ,once a me*anic has le>n$ 8 type
 he has le>n$ practically e eng9e ( t   
type4 ,= a long "t to come ! #ah1jjj    
,lib]ty eng9es :i* ?is c\ntry _h at ! "t
 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ w be c>ry+ comm]cial
 airplanes across broad /ret*es ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if x _h n be5 = !       
pressure ( ! w> ?is eng9e might h be5   
develop$ sl[ly1 z ! automobile eng9es 71

 ) *anges f ye> to ye>4 ,! ,lib]ty eng9e
 has rea*$ a high /&>d ( effici5cy1 & is
 likely to be ! /&>d airplane eng9e 9   
?is c\ntry = sev]al ye>s to come4 ,an   
airplane me*anic :o kn[s 8 ,lib]ty eng9e
 w be able to look aft] mo/ ( !         
airplanes ) :i* he w come into contact4 
,an eng9e :i* 0 n develop$ to ! same    
high po9t 9 ?is c\ntry z ! ,lib]ty motor
 is ! rot>y eng9e1 ( :i* ! ,gnome       
,monos\pape or ,cl]get are p]haps !     
be/-kn[n types4 ,^! 7 favorites ) airm5 
fly+ fight+ sc\t-planes4 ,!y weigh$     
practically no?+1 = an eng9e4 ,a        
"o-hundr$-horse-p[] motor weigh$ only   
two hundr$ & sixty p\nds1 & x 0 a       
spl5did type = fa/ "w4 ,briefly1 ! p[]  
g5]at$ by ! explosions 9 ! cyl9d]s1     
op]at+ aga9/ two c5t]s ( pressure1 gave 
a rot>y motion to ! cyl9d]s & crankcase1
 revolv+ ar\nd a /ation>y1 holl[        
crank%aft4 ,cyl9d]s & crankcase 7 bolt$ 
toge!r1 & ! cyl9d]s look$ l ! blades (  
an electric fan4 ,!re 0 always an odd   
numb] ( cyl9d]s1 s t !re w\ld be no     

dead-c5t]s1 no po9t at :i* two oppos+   
/ra9s w\ld be balanc$1 caus+ ! eng9e to 
/op4 ,! propell] 0 bolt$ on a nose cap  
:i* revolv$ ) ! eng9e4 ,?is type ( eng9e
 is n likely to be us$ to any ext5t =   
comm]cial fly+1 or ev5 fly+ = sport4 ,x 
is exp5sive1 v wa/eful ( gasol5e & oil1 
& difficult to keep 9 repair4  ,= m5 :o 
may h _h "s exp]i5ce 9 ! assembly (     
airplanes at factories1 or ( rigg+ !m at
 fly+-fields1 !re is great opportunity4 
,exp]t rigg]s :o "k _! craft are few &  
h>d to get4 ,!y are invaluable = ma9ta9+
 a ma*9e 9 fly+ condition4 ,! use (     
airplanes 9 ?is c\ntry w require m5 =   
rigg+1 = tru+ up ! wires & /ruts4 ,ea*  
airplane mu/ be ov]haul$ aft] a few h\rs
 ( flight to discov] hidd5 weaknesses & 
to tight5 sagg+ wires4  ,rigg+ an       
airplane has "s resemblance to rigg+ a  
%ip = sail+4 ,! fir/ requisite is to see
 t ! ma*9e is prop]ly balanc$ 9 fly+    
position4 ,!re is a numb] ( m9ute       
measurem5ts :i* come ) ! blue-pr9t ( e  
ma*9e & :i* mu/ be foll[$ out to ! lett]

 to get ! mo/ successful results4 ,an   
important detail is ! pit* ( ! planes1  
or ! angle ( incid5ce1 z x is call$4    
,?is is ! angle :i* a plane makes ) !   
air 9 ! direction ( its motion4 ,too    
great a pit* w sl[ up ! ma*9e by (f]+   
too great a resi/ance to ! air2 too     
small an angle w n g5]ate en\gh lift4 ,!
 tail plane mu/ be atta*$ ) special c>e 
= its position4 ,its angle ( incid5ce   
mu/ exactly balance ! plane1 & x mu/ be 
bolt$ on s t !re is no *ance ( x crack+ 
(f "u /ra94  ,radio op]ators w be 9     
great dem& = fly+4 ,brig4-,g54 ,a4,c4   
,crit*ley1 ! y\nge/ g5]al (fic] 9 !     
,briti% s]vice1 :o 0 a pilot 9 ! ,royal 
,air ,=ce1 said t ! future developm5t ( 
! airplane mu/ g h& 9 h& ) ! developm5t 
( wireless communication4 ,he add$ t !  
mo/ difficult ?+ ab\t fly+1 especially  
ocean fly+1 0 to keep ! c\rse 9 heavy   
wea!r4 ,!re are no factors :i* w help a 
man on dead reckon+2 & a %ift 9 w9d1    
unkn[n to ! navigator ( a plane1 w c>ry 
him hundr$s ( miles f 8 objective4 ,!   

wireless telephone 0 us$ to "s ext5t    
dur+ ! w> = communication betwe5 ! gr\nd
 & ! air2 x w be us$ to a great] ext5t 9
 ! next few ye>s4  ,ano!r developm5t :i*
 is be+ us$ by ! navigators fly+ !      
,atlantic is ! radio compass4 ,?is      
in/rum5t may be turn$ t[>d a l& or sea  
wireless /ation1 ( :i* ! call is kn[n1 &
 x w regi/] ! be>+ f ! fly+-boat to ?is 
/ation4 ,x may be turn$ ^u ano!r /ation1
 & ?is be>+ also *>t$4 ,! int]section ( 
^! two wireless compass be>+s gives !   
position ( ! %ip at sea4 ,! radio       
compass is dep5dable day or night1 & is 
said to be q z reliable z a sextant or  
o!r navigat+ in/rum5ts4  ,sailmak]s to  
repair airplane fabrics1 to sew new     
cov]s = planes--^! m5 mu/ f9d an        
opportunity 9 fly+4 ,!re are lit]ally   
?\s&s ( w+s1 z yet unmade1 :i* w c>ry ! 
air traffic ( ! future4 ,x matt]s n :e!r
 m5 or wom5 take up ?is bran* ( ! "w1 x 
mu/ be done1 & done ) a consci5ce4 ,l   
all o!r bran*es ( ! me*anical ma9t5ance 
( an airplane1 c>eless "w on ! "p ( a   

sailmak] may mean disa/] = ! pilot4 ,"o 
( ! late/ fatalities at a ,long ,isl&   
fly+-field 0 due to c>eless /it*+1 or   
weakness ( fabric1 :i* gave way "u great
 pressure due to high spe$4 ,! l95 cov] 
( an upp] plane ripp$ (f at a height (  
"o hundr$ & fifty feet1 & ! pilot 0     
kill$ 9 ! fall ( ! ma*9e4  ,photograph]s
 may yet take ! place ( surveyors1 or "w
 h& 9 h& ) !m 9 ! mak+ ( a]ial maps ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,! map ( ! future mu/ be an     
a]ial map1 a mosaic map su* z 0 us$ by  
our army headqu>t]s4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! eye
 ( ! cam]a = accuracy4 ,cam]as bolt$ to 
airplanes1 su* z 7 us$ by our army =    
reconnaissance1 h already be5 us$ =     
mapp+ cities4 ,! mapp+ ( ! entire c\ntry
 9 su* a mann] is only a matt] ( "t4    
,"o ?+ :i* an aviation me*anic ( any    
sort mu/ be> 9 m9d is t he mu/ d 8 "w ) 
a consci5ce4 ,true1 he is h&l+ mute     
metal eng9es1 or dumb wires & /ruts--b 9
 8 "w he holds ! life ( ! pilot 9 8 h&4 
,x is n too mu* to say t hundr$s (      
pilots' lives h be5 sav$ by !           

consci5ti\s "w ( skill$ me*anics :o     
realiz$ ! dang] ( ! air4  ,i h se5      
me*anics ru% f a hang> 9 a fr5zy (      
excitem5t & agitation4 ,t ma*9e mu/ n g 
up2 x has be5 repair$1 b n inspect$6 ,!y
 h done _! "w ) a w 9 ! army2 !y h le>n$
 "s ( ! dang]s ( fly+ & weak spots :i*  
mu/ be wat*$4 ,! civilian me*anic mu/ be
 taught _m ?+s4  ,fir/ ( all he mu/ "k !
 value ( inspection4 ,e ma*9e :i* has   
gone ?r\gh a work%op mu/ be inspect$ &  
*eck$ ov] by a skill$ me*anic be=e a    
pilot is all[$ to fly x4 ,! ideal ?+    
w\ld be to h legislation lic5s+ !       
inspectors ( aircraft & requir+ t       
repairs on all ma*9es be exam9$ by a    
lic5s$ inspector4 ,! inspectors w\ld be 
"u civil s]vice & w\ld be select$ by    
competitive exam9ation4 ,x may s\nd     
fanta/ic1 b su* precautions are z       
necess>y = ! pres]vation ( life z       
legislation on sanit>y matt]s4  ,9 !    
second place1 !re %\ld be "t limits     
plac$ by law cov]+ ! p]iod ( usefulness 
( v>i\s p>ts ( an airplane4 ,aft] fifty 

h\rs ( fly+ !re %\ld be an inspection ( 
c]ta9 work+ p>ts ( ! eng9e1 c]ta9 wires 
9 ! body :i* may be /ra9$ by bad l&+s1 &
 o!r wires 9 ! rigg+ /ra9$ by fly+ 9 bad
 wea!r4 ,new wires are always sagg+ &   
/ret*+ a bit4 ,w+s w wa% out1 lose _!   
usefulness by excessive fly+1 & mu/ be  
replac$4 ,!re is a great volume ( data  
on ^! matt]s :i* %\ld be ! basis = laws 
cov]+ me*anical inspection ( airplanes1 
& ) :i* ! airplane me*anic mu/ become   
famili>4  ,= ! man :o w\ld l to "w into 
! pilot+ ( aircraft !re is a v good     
opportunity by />t+ ) ! me*anical side4 
,too _m pilots "k next to no?+ ab\t !   
con/ruction ( _! ma*9es4 ,:5 an eng9e   
goes bad !y "k t x won't run--t is all4 
,! pilot :o is a good me*anic is a gift$
 man 9 8 pr(ession4  ,!re are endless   
opportunities at fly+-fields = me*anics 
:o want to le>n to fly4 ,dur+ ! w> x    
became cu/om>y to take me*anics up =    
fly+ at lea/ once 9 two weeks on "s     
fields4 ,x gave ! me*anic an int]e/ 9 8 
"w & an int]e/ 9 ! life ( 8 pilot4      

,p]haps no?+ /imulat$ accurate "w by a  
me*anic m ?an ! k t at any "t he might  
be call$ ^u to ride 9 "o ( ! planes he  
_h help$ make or repair4  ,"s 7 taught  
fly+ by _! (fic]s1 & lat] qualifi$ z    
pilots4 ,o!rs w5t ?r\gh z cadets &      
became pilots aft] ! regul> c\rse4 ,!   
pilot ( ! future mu/ le>n ! me*anical   
side1 & ! me*anic %\ld be a good pilot4 
,! two mu/ g h& 9 h& to make fly+ a     
success4     ,,vi  ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cross+  
,,( ,,! ,,atlantic   ,! /ory ( !        
,am]ican triumph 9 be+ ! fir/ to fly f !
 ,new ,_w to ! ,old ,_w is a /ory (     
c>eful1 pa9/ak+1 organiz$ ef=t on ! "p (
 ! ,am]ican navy4 ,) ! flight (         
,lieut4-,comm&] ,alb]t ,c4 ,read f      
,rockaway ,naval ,air ,/ation to        
,plym\?1 ,engl&1 ne>ly f\r ?\s& five    
hundr$ l& miles1 ! navy br\ght to       
fulfilm5t plans :i* _h be5 matur+ = two 
ye>s4 ,s9ce #aiag !re h be5 naval       
fly+-(fic]s anxi\s to cross ! ocean by  
air1 & _! plans h be5 ca/ & reca/ f "t  
to "t4 ,at fir/ !re 7 _m reasons :y x 0 

impossible to attempt su* a ?+ :ile !   
,unit$ ,/ates 0 at w>4 ,de/roy]s1 busily
 hunt+ ,g]man subm>9es1 c\ld n be sp>$ =
 a feat m spectacul> ?an useful at ! "t4
 ,pilots & me*anics c\ld n be sp>$ f !  
bus9ess at h&--tra9+ hundr$s ( seaplane 
pilots = s]vice ov]seas4  ,am]ican ef=ts
 to cross ! ,atlantic by air date back  
to ! spr+ ( #aiad :5 ! fly+-boat ,am]ica
 0 built to ! ord] ( ,rodman ,wanamak]4 
,%e 0 a l>ge seaplane1 a new dep>ture 9 
h] "t1 & repres5t$ ! comb9$ ef=t ( a    
numb] ( ! be/ seaplane design]s 9 ! _w4 
,lieut4 ,john ,c4 ,porte1 ( ! ,royal    
,navy1 came ov] f ,engl& to be pilot ( !
 boat1 & aft] h] te/s 9 ,augu/ %e 0 to h
 made h] flight4 ,b ,porte 0 recall$ by 
8 gov]nm5t at ! outbreak ( w> & !       
project giv5 up4  ,9 ! latt] half (     
#aiah ! naval seaplane ,,nc-#a 0 deliv]$
 to ! ,rockaway ,naval ,air ,/ation--!  
l>ge/ seaplane ev] built on ?is side ( !
 wat]4 ,%e 0 orig9ally plann$1 ) ?ree   
si/] %ips1 z an a]ial subm>9e-*as]4 ,"o 
hundr$ & tw5ty-six feet f w+-tip to     

w+-tip1 %e 0 equipp$ ) ?ree big ,lib]ty 
motors--a mon/] seaplane1 ideally suit$ 
to ! purpose = :i* %e 0 design$4  ,!    
sign+ ( ! armi/ice int]f]$ ) h] use z a 
subm>9e sc\t1 & naval plans = cross+ !  
ocean 9 ! air 7 br\ght f _! pigeonholes4
 ,! ,,nc-#a & h] si/] %ips "u           
con/ruction appe>$ to h be5 built = j   
su* a flight4 ,:5 ! w> end$1 ! navy z a 
:ole1 & ! naval air s]vice 9 p>ticul>1  
conc5trat$ att5tion on ! possibilities (
 us+ ! ,,nc planes = ! flight4 ,"o ( !  
fir/ decisions made 0 to increase !     
eng9e p[] by add+ a f\r? eng9e1 & to    
enl>ge ! gasol5e-tanks = a long flight4 
,e>ly 9 ,m>* ( ?is ye> x became app>5t t
 ! spr+ or e>ly summ] w\ld see sev]al   
attempts to cross ! ocean by air4 ,on   
,m>* #ai? x 0 report$ f ,engl& t !      
un=tunate ,sop) ma*9e ) its lucky team (
 ,h>ry ,g4 ,hawk] & ,lieut4-,comm&]     
,mack5zie ,grieve _h />t$ f ,engl& =    
,newf\ndl&4 ,at ! same "t ann\ncem5t 0  
made t naval (fic]s _h be5 conf]r+ ov]  
_! ,atlantic flight plans1 & t a />t    

w\ld be attempt$ "s "t 9 ,may4  ,z a    
matt] ( fact1 a great deal ( "w _h be5  
done 9 secret by ,comm&] ,john ,h4      
,t[]s1 ,lieut4-,comm&] ,alb]t ,c4 ,read1
 & ,lieut4-,comm&] ,patrick ,n4,l4      
,bell+]4 ,z e>ly z ,febru>y #bd? a      
conf]5ce 0 held 9 ,wa%+ton & a date (   
,may #ae? or #af? = ! flight f          
,newf\ndl& 0 set4 ,?is date co9cid$ ) a 
full moon ov] ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & !    
ma*9es />t$ ,may #af? f ,trepassey4     
,!re 7 really only ?ree r\tes op5 to    
pilots anxi\s to make ! fir/ cross+ ( ! 
,atlantic4 ,!re 0 ! flight /raight f    
,newf\ndl& to ,irel&1 a matt] ( ab\t "o 
?\s& n9e hundr$ miles ( /raight fly+1 ) 
! possibility ( favor+ w9ds4 ,!re 0 !   
,newf\ndl&-,azores r\te :i* ! ,am]icans 
took1 & ! r\te f ,dak>1 ,fr5* ,s5egal1  
to ,p]nambuco1 ,brazil1 :i* ,fr5* fli]s 
attempt$4 ,9 addition !re 0 !           
possibility ( flight f ,irel& to        
,newf\ndl&1 giv5 up by ,major ,woods1   
pilot ( ! ,%ort biplane1 aft] 8 =c$ l&+ 
9 ! ,iri% ,sea4  ,! great "q ( a flight 

/raight across ! ,atlantic 0 t ( fuel   
consumption4 ,c\ld a ma*9e be devis$ :i*
 w\ld c>ry en\gh fuel to fly across "o  
?\s& n9e hundr$ miles ( wat]8 ,! ,sop)  
,aviation ,company design$ _! ma*9e =   
su* a flight1 b s5t x out to ,newf\ndl& 
to cat* & take advantage ( ! prevail+   
we/ w9ds across ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,!   
/ory ( ! six weeks' wait = favorable    
wea!r1 & ! desp]ate take-(f to beat !   
,am]ican plane1 ! ,,nc-#d1 at ! ,azores1
 make x appe> d\btful :e!r su* w9ds are 
to be reli$ ^u4  ,! ,am]ican planes took
 advantage ( ^? w9ds 9 _! flight to !   
,azores1 t mu* is c]ta94 ,b !y 7 well   
protect$ ) de/roy]s1 7 n pu%+ _! planes 
to ! limit1 & did n dep5d ^u favor+     
w9ds4 ,t ! ,,nc-#a & ! ,,nc-#c rea*$ !  
,azores1 b did n make safe l&+s 9 !     
h>bor aft] _! long flight1 is "o ( !    
=tunes ( fly+ :i* mu/ n reflect ^u !    
,am]ican ef=t z a :ole4  ,! ,fr5* r\te  
:i* ,lieut5ant ,fontan1 ( ! ,fr5* army1 
tri$ twice1 & on :i* he 0 twice =c$ to  
l& because ( eng9e tr\ble1 0 laid to    

take advantage ( favor+ w9ds4 ,across ! 
,s\? ,atlantic ! w9ds prevail 9 ! spr+ (
 ! ye> f ea/ to we/1 contr>y to ! w9ds  
on ! nor!rn c\rse4 ,a tw5ty-mile w9d at 
! back ( a fli] jump+ ! "o ?\s& eight   
hundr$ miles across ?is bit ( wat] w\ld 
add j tw5ty miles an h\r to ! gr\nd spe$
 ( ! ma*9e4  ,capt4 ,john ,alcock &     
,lieut4 ,ar?ur ,:itt5 ,br[n />tl$ !     
entire _w on ,june #ae1 #aiai1 ) !      
success ( _! /raight flight f ,newf\ndl&
 to ,irel&1 cov]+ #a1ifj l& miles 9 #af 
h\rs & #ab m9utes1 at an av]age spe$ (  
#abj miles an h\r4 ,n only 0 ?is !      
longe/ non-/op flight ov] l& or wat] on 
record1 b ! greate/ int]national sport+ 
ev5t4 ,z su*1 ?\gh cr$it = ! fir/ flight
 ( ! ,atlantic belongs to ! ,am]ican    
,,nc-#d1 x eclipses = d>+ ! flight ( !  
,am]ican navy4 ,! ,vick]s-,vimy plane   
left ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 on ,june  
#ad?1 at #d4bi ,p4,m41 ,gre5wi* mean "t1
 & l&$ at ,clifd51 ,irel&1 on ,june     
#ae?1 at #h4dj ,a4,m41 ,gre5wi* mean "t4
 ,! ma*9e 0 equipp$ ) two               

#cge-;horse-p[] ,rolls-,royce ,eagle    
eng9es1 & _h a w+ span ( #fg feet &     
measur$ #db feet #h in*es ov] all4  ,!  
/>t ( ! ,am]ican fli]s 0 made aft] a    
s]ies ( te/s ( ! seaplanes :i* cov]$ a  
p]iod ( almo/ two mon?s4 ,at ! outset x 
0 decid$ to fly ?ree out ( ! f\r ,,nc   
planes1 on ! !ory t "o ( ! ma*9es w\ld  
probably prove to be weak] or less easy 
to h&le ?an ! o!rs4 ,! ,,nc-#b prov$ to 
be ! un=tunate si/] 9 ?is case1 &       
because ( "s defects 9 ! arrangem5t ( h]
 eng9e-be>+ /ruts %e 0 dismantl$ & left 
beh9d4  ,) ! decision to />t ?ree planes
 simultane\sly1 ! navy made x cle> t1   
al?\gh x hop$ all ?ree seaplanes might  
complete ! trip1 all[ance 0 made = "o or
 two ma*9es to give up ! flight if !y   
f\nd !mselves 9 tr\ble4  ,! ,,nc-#a1 &  
,,nc-#c1 & ! ,,nc-#d all prov$ to be up 
to expectations1 &1 ) increas$ eng9e    
p[]1 %[$ t !y c\ld take-(f ! wat] ) a   
load ( tw5ty-eight ?\s& five hundr$     
p\nds4 ,aft] ! necess>y te/s _h be5 made
 on ,jamaica ,bay1 ,comm&] ,t[]s said on

 ,may #d? t ! />t w\ld be made a little 
aft] daybreak1 ,may #f?4 ,!re rema9$    
only ! task ( fill+ _! hulls ) "o ?\s&  
eight hundr$ gallons ( gasol5e4  ,e>ly 9
 ! morn+ ( ,may #e?1 :ile me*anics 7    
pump+ gasol5e into ! tanks ( ! ,,nc-#a1 
a sp>k f an electric pump fell into a   
pool ( gasol5e & set fire to h] :ole "r 
side4 ,9 a mom5t ! heavily dop$ l95 w+s1
 ) season$ spruce sp>s1 7 a mass ( hot  
flame4 ,! sailors at "w on ! ma*9e1 )   
complete disreg>d ( _! p]sonal safety1  
ran = fire-ext+ui%]s1 & ) ! fire burn+  
ar\nd ! m\? ( ! op5 tanks1 conf9$ x to !
 "r w+s ( ! ma*9e & to ! elevators ( !  
,,nc-#d /&+ close by4 ,no "o believ$ t !
 ,,nc-#a c\ld be made ready 9 "t = !    
flight tw5ty-f\r h\rs away4  ,%e 0 ready
 ! next morn+1 ) fre% w+s f ! disc>d$   
,,nc-#b1 b ! flight 0 po/pon$ on acc\nt 
( a heavy nor!a/ w9d1 report$ all ! way 
to ,halifax4 ,! ma*9es made _! />t f    
,rockaway on ! morn+ ( ,may #h?1 at t5  
o'clock1 & two ( !m1 ! ,,nc-#a1 )       
,lieut5ant-,comm&] ,bell+]1 & ! ,,nc-#c1

 ) ,comm&] ,t[]s1 arriv$ at ,halifax    
aft] n9e h\rs' fly+4 ,! ,,nc-#d prov$ to
 be ! lame duck on ! fir/ leg ( !       
flight1 & came d[n at sea a hundr$ miles
 (f ,*a?am1 because ( ov]heat$ be>+s4   
,"s al>m 0 felt dur+ ! night by !       
failure ( de/roy]s to f9d h]4 ,%e appe>$
 ! next morn+ (f ! ,*a?am breakwat]1    
taxi-+ "u h] own p[]4  ,:ile h] si/]    
%ips1 ! ,,nc-#a & ! ,,nc-#c1 7 fly+ to  
,trepassey ! ,,nc-#d wait$ at ,*a?am4   
,ev5 aft] ! repairs 7 made1 x seem$     
impossible = ! ,,nc-#d to cat* up ) !   
o!r two ma*9es1 & %e 0 held /ormb\nd =  
five days4 ,on ,may #ad? %e f9ally got  
away f ,*a?am1 &1 ) h] new eng9es1 made 
! fa/e/ "t ov] ! %ort c\rse to ,halifax 
record$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! flight4 ,h]   
av]age = ! #cbj miles 0 #he nautical    
miles an h\r1 ab\t #bj miles an h\r fa/]
 "t ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two ma*9es _h made4
  ,f\r days lat] %e left ,halifax =     
,trepassey 9 a la/-m9ute ef=t to cat* h]
 si/] planes4 ,x seem$ c]ta9 t %e c\ld n
 get !re 9 "t & w\ld be =c$ to foll[ on 

! c\rse a day lat]4 ,j z %e flew into   
,trepassey ,bay1 on ,may #ad?1 ! ,,nc-#a
 & ,,nc-#c 7 prep>+ to take-(f4 ,!y     
po/pon$ _! />t until ! next day4 ,9 !   
mean :ile repairs 7 ru%$ & adju/m5ts    
made1 & %e 0 ready to />t ! next        
aft]noon1 :5 all ?ree planes />t$ a     
little aft] six o'clock4  ,f ! beg9n+ ( 
! flight f ,trepassey ! ,,nc-#d1 ?\ght  
to be ! lame duck ( ! squadron1 ran away
 f ! o!r two ma*9es4 ,%e lo/ contact )  
!m v quickly & pl[$ ?r\gh ! night alone1
 lay+ h] c\rse by ! l9e ( de/roy]s ly+  
b5ea? h]4 ,%e 0 ab\t half an h\r ahead (
 ! ,,nc-#a at daybreak ! next day & )9  
an easy run ( ,horta1 ,fayal4  ,!       
half-h\r lead gave ! ,,nc-#d a *ance to 
get ?r\gh a fog :i* 0 com+ up ov] !     
,azores ahead ( ! o!r ma*9es4 ,%e held a
 little above x until %e ?\ght %e 0 9 ! 
"r position4 ,!n %e came d[n ?r\gh !    
mi/4 ,z x happ5$1 %e l&$ 9 ! wrong      
h>bor1 b pick$ h]self up & f\nd ,horta a
 few m9utes lat]4 ,%e l&$ 9 ,horta aft] 
fifte5 h\rs & eighte5 m9utes ( fly+1 9  

:i* %e av]ag$ #gh4d nautical miles an   
h\r = ! flight4  ,! ma*9e 0 ne>ly five  
h\rs ahead ( ! s*$ule laid d[n by !     
,navy ,dep>tm5t4  ,bo? ! o!r planes 7   
=c$ to l& at sea1 ! ,,nc-#c aft] #a1bej 
miles ( flight--! longe/ ev] made ov]   
wat] up to t "t--& ! ,,nc-#a aft] m ?an 
#a1ajj miles 9 ! air4  ,! ,,nc-#a )     
,bell+] & 8 crew 0 pick$ up on ! morn+ (
 ,saturday1 ,may #ag?1 by a ,greek      
/eam]1 ! ,ionia1 & br\ght into ,horta4  
,t[]s ) ! ,,nc-#c toss$ ab\t = ne>ly    
sixty h\rs at sea & 0 n pick$ up until !
 foll[+ ,monday1 :5 ! public _h begun to
 fe> = 8 safety4  ,on ,tuesday1 ,may    
#bj?1 ! ,,nc-#d hopp$ (f = ! %orte/ leg 
( ! flight1 #aej miles f ,horta to      
,ponta ,delgada1 :]e ! fuel & supplies =
 ! ma*9es 74 ,) favor+ w9ds at h] back1 
& ) ! lighte/ load %e _h c>ri$1 %e cov]$
 ! di/ance 9 "o h\r & =ty-f\r m9utes1 an
 av]age spe$ ( #hf4g nautical miles an  
h\r1 or m ?an #ii l& miles4 ,?is 0 a new
 record = ! seaplanes on ! ocean flight4
  ,mean:ile ,h>ry ,g4 ,hawk] &          

,lieut4-,comm&] ,mack5zie ,grieve1 !    
,sop) team wait+ s long at ,/4 ,john's =
 a *ance to fly1 /imulat$ 9 _! d>+      
attempt by reports ( ,am]ican successes 
at ! ,azores1 took-(f on _! flight      
/raight across on ! aft]noon ( ,sunday1 
,may #ah?4 ,all ?r\gh t night he flew1  
:5 8 eng9e began to give signs (        
ov]heat+1 due to a clogg$ wat]-filt]4   
,e>ly ! next morn+1 ab\t half-way       
across1 ,hawk] decid$ t !re 0 no *ance  
to make ! l&1 & began look+ ?r\gh ! fog 
= a *ance = a safe l&+4  ,by zigzagg+ on
 ! /eam%ip c\rses = ab\t two h\rs1 ) 8  
eng9e hot b runn+ well1 he pick$ up !   
,dani% /eam] ,m>y1 & pancak$ on ! wat]  
ab\t two miles ahead ( h]4 ,because !   
little tramp /eam] _h no wireless1 ! _w 
0 kept wait+ a week1 be=e ^w 0 signal$  
to l& t ,hawk] & ,grieve 7 safe4  ,) !  
,sop) team out ( ! race1 x became evid5t
 t ,comm&] ,read & ! ,,nc-#d w\ld       
actually w9 ! honors = ! fir/ flight4   
,on ! morn+ ( ,may #bg? he />t$ ov] 8   
well-patroll$ c\rse ( eight hundr$      

miles1 &1 aft] a little less ?an t5 h\rs
 ( flight1 br\ght 8 ma*9e into ! h>bor  
be=e ,lisbon1 ,portugal4 ,am]icans _h   
cross$ ! ocean 9 ! air1 & ! en?usia/ic  
,portuguese capital turn$ out to d !m e 
honor4  ,read1 h[ev]1 r ?an l+]1 pu%$ on
 aga9 ,may #cj?1 9 ! mid/ ( !           
celebration = 8 triumph on ! la/ leg ( 8
 c\rse to ,plym\?1 sev5 hundr$ &        
sev5ty-five nautical miles4 ,eng9e      
tr\ble1 ! fir/ s9ce ! ma*9e _h left     
,*a?am1 develop$1 & at ! end ( two h\rs 
he 0 =c$ to l& at ! m\? ( ! ,mondego    
,riv]1 ab\t a hundr$ miles on 8 way4 ,! 
tr\ble 0 a wat] leak4 ,x 0 quickly      
repair$1 & he />t$ aga91 b decid$ to put
 up at ,f]rol1 ,spa91 two hundr$ miles  
f>!r on ! c\rse1 = ! night4  ,e>ly 9 !  
morn+ ( ,may #ca/ ,comm&] ,read />t$ f  
,f]rol = ,plym\?1 & at ! end ( sev5 h\rs
 & six m9utes ( flight came d[n 9 !     
h>bor1 :]e a w>m reception 0 wait+ =    
him4 ,! actual fly+ "t s9ce leav+ !     
,rockaway ,naval ,air ,/ation 0         
fifty-sev5 h\rs & sixte5 m9utes1 & !    

av]age rate ( flight 0 at a spe$ (      
sixty-eight nautical miles an h\r4      
,,vii  ,,l&+-,,fields--,,! ,,imm$iate   
,,ne$   ,! imm$iate ne$1 to e/abli%     
aviation ?r\gh\t ! entire c\ntry1 is a  
s]ies ( l&+-fields f ! ,atlantic to !   
,pacific coa/4 ,^! l&+-fields %\ld n be 
design$ prim>ily = transcont95tal       
fly+-/ations1 b = city-to-city fly+4    
,!re is go+ to be a great am\nt ( a]ial 
traffic f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco1
 to be sure1 b ! future ( fly+ is 9 !   
l9k+ up ( cities a few hundr$ miles     
ap>t4 ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t has already tak5 
/eps1 & w e/abli% ?irty-two fields 9 !  
c\ntry to enc\rage fly+4 ,_m m are ne$$4
  ,atlantic ,city is app>5tly ! pione]  
air port ( ! c\ntry1 & = _m reasons ?is 
is natural4 ,!re are political & social 
advantages :i* make ,atlantic ,city     
ideal4 ,rules h be5 laid d[n = ! com+ & 
go+ ( air%ips1 & a field = l& ma*9es &  
wat] space = seaplanes h be5 laid out4  
,a l>ge a]onautical conv5tion has       
already be5 held !re4  ,e city 9 !      

,unit$ ,/ates w h a l&+-field & hang>s =
 airplanes1 z well z me*anics to c>e =  
!m4 ,:e!r ?is is to be a private or     
public ent]prise lies 9 ! h&s ( ! p h&l+
 su* ?+s4 ,mu* c\ld be said = ei!r type 
( e/abli%m5t4 ,! ?+ mu/ come2 x is z    
logical z "o1 two1 ?ree4 ,!re are "s1   
p]haps1 :o rememb] ! ro>s ( d]ision :i* 
w5t up :5 ! fir/ automobile g>age 0     
e/abli%$ 9 _! t[n4 ,su* a ?+ 0          
vision>y-!re w\ld nev] be en\gh ma*9es  
to make x pay6  ,!re are _m reasons :y x
 is impossible to consid] ! use ( city  
ro(s1 = ! pres5t1 z suitable l&+-places 
= airplanes4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ successful 
l&+ on a ro( made by ,jules ,v$r9es la/ 
,janu>y 0 hail$ z a feat ( almo/        
unp>allel$ d>+4 ,he flew & l&$ on ! ro( 
( ! ,gal]ies ,lafayette 9 ,p>is1 & won a
 prize ( #e1jjj = do+ x4 ,! police (    
,p>is refus$ to all[ him to fly (f !    
ro(1 & he 0 compell$ to take 8 ma*9e    
ap>t & l[] x 9 an elevator4  ,! !ory (  
flight1 ! laws :i* make x possible      
app>5tly to defy all laws ( gravitation1

 make x impossible = u to dep5d on !    
ro(s ( build+s 9 l>ge cities &          
l&+-places4 ,x w be a long "t be=e !    
dreams ( m5 :o w\ld e/abli% l&+-places  
on hotel ro(s c come true4 ,! progress (
 a]onautical developm5t has be5 great   
en\gh s t !re is no ne$ to ov]emphasize 
x--to set ridicul\s tasks :i* _c be     
accompli%$4  ,we %all n see ! bus9ess   
man fly+ to 8 (fice 9 ! city f 8 c\ntry 
e/ate--unless "s l&+-field is built on !
 l[] end ( ,manhattan ,isl& z has be5   
propos$4 ,! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ! ,/ate 
( ,new ,york has tak5 up ! matt] (      
legislation to make l&+-fields possible1
 & x mu/ g ?r\gh4 ,! bus9ess man ought1 
9 ! ne> future1 to be able to use !     
airplane = quick trips to ,albany4 ,x   
w\ld save h\rs ov] rail "t1 & "h !      
airplane has a wond]ful field (         
usefulness4  ,airplanes h made ! trip f 
,wa%+ton to ,new ,york 9 v quick "t1    
only to h to g on to ,m9eola to l& on ! 
airdrome !re4 ,x takes ne>ly an h\r to  
come 9 f ,m9eola1 b ev5 at t ! sav+ ( "t

 is /ill consid]able4 ,! spe$ &         
effici5cy ( airplane travel to & f ,new 
,york & o!r cities is mat]ially affect$ 
by ! lack ( l&+-fields close to !       
bus9ess section ( ! city4  ,!re mu/ be a
 l>ge field1 broad 9 e dim5sion1 to     
p]mit ! l&+ & tak+-(f ( airplanes4 ,a   
ma*9e mu/ get up fly+ spe$ runn+ across 
! gr\nd be=e x gets into ! air4 ,! fly+ 
spe$ v>ies ) ! type ( ma*9e1 & x may be 
e/imat$ t mo/ ma*9es take-(f & l& at a  
spe$ ( f =ty-five to sixty miles an h\r4
 ,! air mu/ be pass+ ?r\gh _! planes at 
?is spe$ be=e !y w beg9 to fly1 & x     
takes a little run to get up fly+ spe$4 
,simil>ly1 :5 an airplane l&s1 x mu/    
lose its fly+ spe$ gradually4 ,x may    
glide to )9 a few feet ( ! gr\nd1 & !n  
flatt5 out j (f ! gr\nd & run along     
until x loses its spe$1 ! air no long]  
passes ov] its planes fa/ en\gh to      
support x1 & x drops to ! gr\nd4  ,su*  
are ! limitations :i* ! necessity = spe$
 9 airplane flight imposes4 ,comp>e !   
pap] d>t fly+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,z long z x  

moves quickly x w fly4 ,or a kite1 t w  
fly :5 ! w9d is /rong en\gh4 ,! airplane
 creates its own w9d to support itself4 
,!re are f\r =ces act+ on an airplane 9 
flight1 & !y mu/ be prop]ly ov]come &   
balanc$4 ,!re is lift1 ! upw>d =ce ex]t$
 on ! planes by ! passage ( air ov] _!  
surfaces2 & drift1 ! resi/ance to !     
pass+ ( an airplane1 ! ret>d+ =ce act+  
opposite to ! direction ( motion4 ,!n   
?ru/1 ! =w>d ef=t ( a ma*9e ex]t$ by a  
propell] pu%+ or pull+4 ,& f9ally       
gravity4  ,! prim>y conditions ( flight 
are t lift made by ! planes %all be     
equal to ! =ce ( gravity1 & t ! =w>d    
?ru/ mu/ be equal to ! drift4 ,at t po9t
 a ma*9e w su/a9 flight--a fairly simple
 ?+ on pap]4 ,b ! times t ma*9es h /all$
 9 ! air1 ) _! motors full on because _!
 pilots h fail$ to su/a9 flight1 h let !
 =ce ( gravity ov]come lift1 are too    
num]\s to m5tion4  ,t d>t1 if po9t$ at a
 prop] angle & let loose1 w fly2 its    
lift w ov]come ! =ce ( gravity1 ev5 ?\gh
 x has no motive p[] ( its own4 ,an     

airplane )\t an eng9e c\ld be pu%$ (f ! 
,palisades at fly+ spe$1 & a skilful    
pilot c\ld br+ x to a reasonably safe   
l&+ at ! foot4 ,flight does dep5d on    
motion1 b motion does n dep5d on motive 
p[]4 ,giv5 a suffici5tly high altitude1 
! m]e act ( dropp+ ?r\gh ! air creates  
motion1 & ?is motion w su/a9 flight4    
,an airplane is 9 no p>ticul> dang] 9 ! 
air if ! motor /ops--provid$ x is 9 an  
op5 /ret* ( c\ntry ) pl5ty ( fields4    
,in/9ctively ! pilot w nose d[n & glide1
 & on t glide he w f9d himself ma9ta9+  
fly+ spe$4 ,he c turn & maneuv] 8 ma*9e1
 & pick out almo/ any field ne> at h&4  
,! only limitations are t he _c glide m 
?an five times 8 height1 & :5 he comes  
d[n to ! gr\nd he mu/ /op glid+ & l&4   
,he mu/ l& on any?+ t pres5ts itself1 a 
field if he has good judgm5t2 if n1 !n a
 b>n or swamp or woods4 ,he mu/ l& :5 ! 
end ( 8 glide br+s him to ! gr\nd4  ,?is
 is commonly t]m$ a =c$ l&+1 & 9 e s5se 
( ! ^w x is "o4 ,!re is no pilot ( any  
ext5sive fly+ exp]i5ce :o has n _h to   

make a =c$ l&+4 ,n9ety out ( a hundr$   
are p]fectly ord]ly safe l&+s2 ! odd    
ones are occasionally cra%es4           
,incid5tally x may be said t =c$-l&+    
practice by fly+ pupils is ! mo/        
b5eficial :i* may be imag9$4 ,x tea*es  
control ov] a ma*9e z no?+ else w4 ,x   
may be c>ri$ out f any height1 %utt+ (f 
! motor1 pick+ out a field1 glid+ = x1  
turn+ & twi/+ to get into prop] position
 z reg>ds ! w9d1 & giv+ h] ! gun j at ! 
f5ce & fly+ on4  ,a =c$ l&+ ov] ! c\ntry
 is safe1 b ov] a city x is ! mo/ deadly
 ?+ imag9able4 ,= a ma*9e caught ) a dud
 eng9e ov] ,new ,york !re is no escape b
 a t]rific cra% 9 ! city /reets1 aga9/ !
 side ( "s build+1 ) dang] to ! pilot & 
! p 9 ! /reet bel[4 ,!re has be5 no     
motor made by ! h& ( man :i* w\ld n let 
a pilot d[n at "s unexpect$ "t4 ,!      
in/ance ( ,major ,woods1 />t+ on 8      
flight across ! ,atlantic1 & =c$ to come
 d[n to ! ,iri% ,sea is "o example4 ,!  
,,nc-#d1 ,am]ican naval seaplane1 _h a  
=c$ l&+ at sea1 a hundr$ miles f ,*a?am1

 ,massa*usetts1 on ! fir/ leg ( !       
,atlantic flight f ?is side4 ,its eng9es
 _h be5 c>efully clean$ & te/$1 & yet !y
 fail$4 ,h>ry ,g4 ,hawk]'s eng9e fail$  
him half-way f ,newf\ndl& to ,irel& &   
let him d[n into ! sea1 f :i* he 0 pick$
 up by ! greate/ good luck4  ,t is "o ( 
! mo/ exasp]at+ & human ?+s ab\t a      
gasol5e-eng9e4 ,x is effici5t1 b n      
?or\ghly dep5dable4 ,! be/ ( !m are     
liable to break d[n at ! mo/ ne$$ mom5t1
 due to a hundr$ causes outside ( !     
control ( a me*anic or pilot4 ,c>e &    
rigid inspection w r$uce !              
possibilities1 b eng9e failure _c yet be
 elim9at$4  ,t is "o ( ! pr9cipal       
reasons :y ! ro(s ( build+s ar\nd big   
cities are s dang]\s4 ,! sides ( a      
build+ drop away f ! ro(4 ,an error 9   
judgm5t & ! ma*9e is ov] ! edge4  ,x is 
ev5 m dang]\s to take-(f4 ,an airplane  
motor is t5 times z likely to develop a 
weakness :ile x is cold4 ,a motor />t+ a
 flight is nev] well w>m$ up1 & fifty   
feet f ! edge ( ! ro( x may give out1 ) 

awful consequ5ces4 ,z a practicable ?+1 
ro(s are at pres5t impossible4 ,!re is n
 a fly+-(fic] 9 ! _w :o w n agree4  ,an 
int]e/+ s]ies ( exp]im5ts has be5 c>ri$ 
out 9 ,engl& on :at has be5 kn[n z !    
helicopt] ma*9e4 ,?is ma*9e is n dep5d5t
 ^u spe$ to fly1 b m]ely on eng9e p[]   
appli$ ?r\gh a propell] ( great pit*4 ,!
 idea is n new1 b is along ! l9es       
specifi$ by ,orville ,wright :5 he said 
t a kit*5 table c\ld fly if x _h a good 
en\gh eng9e4  ,! ef=t is be+ made to    
make a ma*9e :i* c hov]1 c hold itself 9
 ! air by brute =ce ( its propell]      
blades beat+ ! air4 ,! ?+ s\nds         
impossible to adapt1 say "s a]onautical 
eng9e]s4 ,^? :o h se5 ! exp]im5ts1      
h[ev]1 express great optimism4  ,a ma*9e
 ( ?is sort w\ld l& & take-(f 9 a v     
small space1 & might be adapt$ to use   
ar\nd cities4 ,x might ev5 make fly+ ov]
 cities safe b = ! human equation ( !   
eng9e aga94 ,?is ma*9e is dep5d5t on    
eng9e p[]4 ,app>5tly !re w\ld be two    
eng9es1 or two driv+ me*anisms1 "o      

op]at+ ! lift+ propell] & ! o!r ! pull+ 
propell]4  ,= ! pres5t ! great ne$ is = 
l&+-fields z ne> ! he>t ( mo/ ,am]ican  
cities z possible4 ,!re %\ld be quick   
transportation to ! bus9ess section     
provid$1 z well z hang>s & me*anics4 ,:5
 t is done we may v well say t a]ial    
transportation = pass5g]s & freight is  
an accompli%$ fact4     ,,viii  ,,!     
,,airplane',s ,,bro!r   ,at ! end ( #ajh
 h\rs & #ab m9utes ( su/a9$ flight1 m   
?an f\r days1 ! ,briti% dirigible ,r-#cd
 swung into ,roosevelt ,field1 came to  
an*or1 & f9i%$ ! fir/ flight ( !        
,atlantic by a light]-?an-air air%ip4   
,to ! wond]+ ?rongs :i* w5t d[n ,long   
,isl& to see h] huge gray bulk sw++     
lazily 9 ! w9d1 ) m5 cl++ 9 bun*es1 l   
c5tip$es1 to h] an*or ropes1 & h] r$1   
:ite1 & blue-tipp$ rudd] turn+ idly1 %e 
0 m ?an a great big balloon1 b a =]unn] 
( times to come4 ,%e _h come to u1 a    
pione] ov] ! sea lanes :i* are to be    
?rong$ ) ! swift dirigibles ( ! future  
ply+ _! easy way f ,am]ica to ,europe4  

,! p]=mance ( ! ,r-#cd1 und]tak5 9 ! l9e
 ( duty1 has eclips$ all ! previ\s      
records made by dirigibles & is1 9 fact1
 a promise ( bigg] ?+s to come4 ,!re 0 t
 ,zeppel91 :i* cruis$ = f\r days &      
nights d[n into ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa &   
out aga91 c>ry+ tw5ty-five tons (       
ammunition & m$ic9e = ! ,g]mans :o 7    
surr\nd$ & oblig$ to surr5d] be=e help  
arriv$4  ,! ,r-#cd />t$ f ,ea/ ,=tune1  
,scotl&1 on ,w$nesday1 ,july #b1 #aiai1 
at #b4dh o'clock 9 ! morn+1 ,briti%     
summ] "t1 & arriv$1 aft] an adv5tur\s   
voyage1 at ,m9eola1 ,sunday1 ,july #f1  
at #i4ed ,a4,m41 ,am]ican summ] "t4 ,%e 
_h cle> sail+ until %e hit ! l[] "p (   
,nova ,scotia on ,saturday4 ,electrical 
/orms1 :i* ! dirigible rode out1 & also 
heavy head w9ds1 kept h] f mak+ any     
progress1 & us$ up ! gasol5e4 ,ab\t noon
 ( ,saturday ! gasol5e situation became 
acute1 & ,major ,g4,h4 ,scott1 h]       
comm&]1 s5t a wireless message to !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,navy ,dep>tm5t at        
,wa%+ton1 ask+ = de/roy]s to /& by 9 !  

,bay ( ,fundy 9 case ! gasol5e %\ld run 
%ort & ! air%ip get out ( control4      
,de/roy]s 7 imm$iately despat*$1 b 9 !  
next few h\rs ! wea!r improv$1 & ! %ip 0
 able to cont9ue on h] j\rney4 ,x 0     
fe>$1 h[ev]1 %e might run out ( fuel    
be=e rea*+ ,long ,isl&1 & me*anics 7 s5t
 to ,*a?am & to ,bo/on to pick h] up 9  
case ( tr\ble4  ,! big %ip surpris$     
ev]ybody by appe>+ ov] ,long ,isl& ab\t 
n9e o'clock ,sunday morn+4 ,! (fic] 9   
*>ge ( ! l&+ p>ty hav+ gone to ,bo/on1  
expect+ h] arrival !re1 ,major ,john    
,prit*>d /epp$ d[n 9 a p>a*ute f !      
air%ip1 &1 l&+ lightly1 took *>ge ( !   
l&+ ( ! big ma*9e4  ,an approa*+        
cyclone1 :i* w\ld h made x almo/        
impossible to h&le ! air%ip at ,m9eola1 
0 responsible = a r hurri$ />t back at  
midnight ( ,w$nesday1 ,july #i?4 ,%e    
visit$ ,broadway 9 ! mid/ ( ! midnight  
gl>e1 turn$ ov] ,=ty-second ,/reet a    
little aft] "o o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & put 
out to sea & h] home airdrome4 ,! voyage
 back 0 mo/ly ) favor+ w9ds1 & %e l&$ at

 ,pulham1 ! air%ip /ation 9 ,norfolk1   
aft] #ge h\rs & #c m9utes ( flight4 ,!  
voyage back 0 practically )\t incid5t   
except = ! failure ( "o eng9e1 :i* 9 no 
way held back ! air%ip4 ,%e 0 turn$ (f  
h] c\rse to ,ea/ ,=tune by reports t !re
 7 /orms & head w9ds :i* might hold h]  
back 9 case %e kept on h] way4  ,!      
voyage 0 probably ! mo/ significant 9 ! 
hi/ory ( fly+4 ,x br\ght home to !      
public ! possibilities ( ! air%ip =     
ocean comm]ce z no?+ else c\ld h done4  
,! %ip rema9$ 9 ! air long] ?an any     
previ\s air%ip1 & po9t$ ! way cle> to   
comm]cial fly+4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only     
consid]$ a matt] ( "t be=e companies are
 />t$ to c>ry pass5g]s & mails across ! 
,atlantic at a price t w\ld (f] s]i\s   
competition to ! fa/e/ /eam%ips4  ,!    
air%ip has be5 v mu* neglect$ by popul> 
favor4 ,its physical clums9ess1 its lack
 ( sport+ competition 9 comp>ison ) !   
airplane :i* mu/ fight to keep itself up
 9 ! air1 its lack ( romance z contra/$ 
) t ( ! airplane 9 w>1 h all t5d$ to ca/

 some:at ( a %ad[ ov] ! light]-?an-air  
vessel & cause ! public to pass x by )\t
 int]e/4 ,x is a v real fact1 !re=e1 t v
 few p realize ei!r ! s]vices ( ! air%ip
 9 ! w> or its possibilities = ! future4
  ,dur+ ! w> ! air%ip 0 invaluable 9 !  
ceaseless vigil = ! subm>9e4 ,engl& e>ly
 /ret*$ a cordon ( air%ip gu>ds all ab\t
 h] coa/s & crippl$ ! ,u-boats' "w      
!reby4 ,! air%ip _h a great] range (    
vision & a bett] d[nw>d view ?an any    
sea-vessel2 x c\ld travel m sl[ly1 wat* 
m closely1 /ay out mu* long]1 ?an any   
o!r vessel ( ! air4 ,! ,briti% cr$it _! 
air%ips ) sev]al successful attacks on  
subm>9es1 b !y give !m a f> great] place
 9 caus+ a fe> among ! "u-sea boats :i* 
drove !m b5ea? ! surface & greatly      
limit$ _! effici5cy4  ,! ,g]man         
,zeppel9s1 on ! o!r h&1 /& out 9 public 
imag9ation z a failure 9 ! w>1          
especially because ! ,briti% %ortly     
e/abli%$ an airplane b>rage :i* prov$ to
 be _! ma/]s4 ,?is view is correct only 
9 s f> z x applies to int]ior raid+1 =  

:i*1 inde$1 ! ,zeppel9 0 n design$4 ,h[ 
untrue x is ( ! ,zeppel9 z ! outpo/ = ! 
,g]man fleet ,briti% (fic]s w readily   
admit4 ,inde$1 !y cr$it !m ) ! escape ( 
! ,g]man fleet at ,jutl&1 "o ( ! deepe/ 
regrets 9 ,briti% naval hi/ory4 ,z eyes 
= ! ,g]man fleet 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 !      
,zeppel9s1 ) _! great cruis+ range & p[]
 ( endurance1 prov$ almo/ invaluable4   
,air%ips h1 !n1 beh9d !m a ri* h]itage &
 be=e !m a bright future4 ,mu* "w t !   
airplane c d !y _c d2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1
 mu* "w t !y c d ! airplane _c4 ,! two  
s]vices are ess5tially diff]5t & yet    
ess5tially complem5t>y4 ,betwe5 !m !y   
(f] ne>ly e facility & me?od ( travel 9 
! air :i* c\ld be desir$4 ,ea* mu/ be   
equally develop$ 9 ord] to increase !   
effici5cy & ! value ( ! o!r4  ,! great  
diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 betwe5 ! airplane & !
 air%ip is t ! =m] su/a9s itself z a    
heavi]-?an-air vessel by ! lift+ p[] ( !
 air 9 relation to a body driv5 h>d     
aga9/ x by its p[]ful eng9es1 :ile !    
latt] su/a9s itself z a light]-?an-air  

body because ( ! l>ge am\nt ( air       
displac$ by a huge envelop load$ ) gas  
mu* light] ?an ! air itself4 ,! contra/ 
is obvi\s2 "o vessel is small1 agile1 & 
v fa/2 ! o!r is sl[ & clumsy4 ,! air%ip 
_c atta9 any?+ l ! spe$ ( ! airplane1   
nor c x g s high or maneuv] s quickly1 b
 on ! o!r h&1 at lea/ = ! imm$iate      
pres5t1 x c /ay afloat v mu* long] &    
c>ry mu* great] weight4  ,moreov]1 !    
air%ip has c]ta9 o!r easily p]ceptible  
advantages ov] ! airplane4 ,ord9>ily an 
air%ip ne$ n fly at mu* m ?an a ?\s&    
feet1 :i* n only makes f> less cold     
travel+ ?an at high] altitudes1 b also  
all[s ! pass5g]s to enjoy ! view f>     
bett] ?an f an airplane1 :5ce ! _w bel[ 
looks l a dull cont\r map4 ,an air%ip   
also flies on an ev5 keel2 x does n bank
 z an airplane does nor does x climb or 
desc5d s quickly4  ,at pres5t air%ip    
travel gives a great] feel+ ( com=t &   
security4 ,sleep+ is a calm exp]i5ce2   
mov+ ab\t comp>atively simple4 ,also !re
 is less noise ?an 9 an airplane :]e !  

eng9es beat incessantly & ! w9d ru%es   
?r\gh ! wires & /ruts4 ,an air%ip has no
 wires & c at ! same "t sl[ d[n & ev5   
%ut (f its eng9e1 s t x ne$ be no m     
noisy ?an a motor-c>4 ,eng9e failure    
also is n s s]i\s z 9 an airplane1 = !  
gas-bag w always keep ! %ip up until !re
 has be5 a *ance = repairs4  ,up to !   
pres5t1 too1 ! air%ip is less ( a       
fair-wea!r fli] ?an ! airplane4 ,a      
surpris+ record has be5 atta9$ 9 ! w> by
 ,briti% air%ips1 z is %[n by ! fact t 9
 #aiah1 a ye> ( execrable wea!r1 !re :]e
 only n9e days dur+ :i* _! vessels 7 n  
up4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 9 consid]able     
contra/ to airplanes z at pres5t        
develop$1 b x may reasonably be expect$ 
t ! latt] w v soon develop to ! same    
po9t ( indep5d5ce ( ! wea!r4  ,( c\rse1 
! great difficulty ( air%ips has be5 _! 
unga9ly size & ! difficulty ( h\s+ !m4  
,! %$s1 p>ticul>ly ^? = ! ,zeppel9s1 h  
be5 mo/ co/ly1 b ! ,briti% h rec5tly    
develop$ a sy/em ( moor+ ma/s :i* make  
mu* ( ?is exp5se unnecess>y4 ,if su* a  

device c be successfully put into e-day 
use x w enorm\sly increase ! ease (     
load+ & unload+ pass5g]s1 :i* n[ makes =
 consid]able discom=t & loss ( "t4  ,"s 
( ! plans = future air%ips are          
unbelievable to "o :o has n foll[$ _!   
developm5t c>efully4 ,already !re is    
plann$ 9 ,engl& a mon/] %ip kn[n z ! t5 
million1 = ! reason t x w h a gas       
capacity ( t5 million cubic feet1 ov]   
f\r times t ( ! l>ge/ ,zeppel94 ,! l5g? 
is plac$ at #a1ajj feet1 ! spe$ at #ie  
miles an h\r1 ! cruis+ range #bj1jjj    
miles1 & ! co/ at ab\t #a1jjj1jjj4 ,z a 
matt] ( actual practice1 h[ev]1 ! be/   
division ( ! space & lift+ p[] ( ?is    
air%ip w\ld be = x to c>ry a crew ( ab\t
 #bj1 a useful load ( #bjj pass5g]s or  
#aej tons ( m]*&ise1 & #ej tons (       
petrol1 :i* w\ld give x a non-/op run ( 
ab\t #e1jjj miles4  ,air%ip travel w\ld 
und\bt$ly be exp5sive4 ,! gas alone to  
ma9ta9 su* a vessel z describ$ is       
expect$ to co/ ab\t #cj an h\r1 :i*1    
add$ to ! orig9al inve/m5t = ! %ip & its

 h\se & ! wages ( ! crew & ! #bjj or m  
skill$ m5 at ea* /ation1 w\ld come up to
 a high figure4 ,at ! same "t1 ! air%ip 
w\ld n af=d ! elem5t ( v high spe$ :i*  
is s c]ta9 to ju/ify any exp5se :i* may 
h to be put into ! airplane4 ,nev]!less1
 ) ! improvem5ts t are sure to come1 ) !
 ability to rea* places n t\*$ by o!r   
me?ods ( travel1 ! fre$om f all !       
delays1 inconv5i5ces1 & exp5se (        
trans-%ipm5t1 ?is prelim9>y *>ge w be   
l>gely comp5sat$ =4  ,^? :o sponsor !   
air%ip urge t x w be us$ almo/          
exclusively = long-di/ance flights      
beyond ! range ( ! ord9>y airplane & v  
little = %ort local flights4 ,=         
transatlantic travel1 = in/ance1 x is   
be+ p>ticul>ly press$1 z %ips ev5 (     
to-day h all ! capacity = su* a voyage1 
)\t ! dang]s :i* might surr\nd an       
airplane if its su/a9+ eng9e p[] 7 to   
give out4  ,!re are sev]al records :i*  
w\ld easily ju/ify x4 ,besides ! flight 
across ! ,atlantic by ! ,r-#cd & !      
f\r-day trip ( ! ,g]man air%ip f        

,bulg>ia to ,africa & back1 a ,briti%   
air%ip dur+ ! w> /ay$ up = #ej h\rs &   
#ee m9utes1 & ano!r1 j aft] ! armi/ice1 
/ay$ up = #fa h\rs4 ,an ,am]ican naval  
dirigible a %ort "t aft] ! armi/ice made
 a flight f ,new ,york to ,key ,we/1    
#a1bjj miles1 at #dj miles an h\r1 =    
#bi-a_/b h\rs1 ) "o /op at ,hampton     
,roads4 ,z an example ( "s ( !          
difficulties ( air%ip travel1 ?is l&+ 0 
possible only aft] ! %ip _h circl$ ! t[n
 & dropp$ a message ask+ ! p to g to a  
l>ge field ne> by & cat* ! dirigible    
drag-net :5 x approa*$ ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 at 
t1 h[ev]1 ! "t ( less ?an a day & a     
qu>t] = :at is usually a v ardu\s tra9  
trip f ,new ,york d[n ! coa/ to ,florida
 gives "s indication ( ! possibilities (
 ?is me?od ( travel :5 prop]ly develop$4
  ,practically all ! new air%ips        
contemplat$ look to a mu* great] spe$   
?an ! pre-w> spe$ ( ab\t #dj miles an   
h\r4 ,x is n at all unc]ta9 t !y w n run
 up z high z #ajj miles1 ?\gh at !      
pres5t "t t figure is extreme4 ,b grant$

 t !y no m ?an d\ble ! pre-w> spe$ &    
rea* ! actual figure contemplat$ ( ab\t 
#ge miles an h\r1 !y /ill w\ld triple ! 
be/ pass5g]-/eam] spe$1 :i* w\ld make !m
 a matt] ( ! utmo/ importance 9 all long
 ocean voyages4  ,j h[ ! balance w be   
/ruck betwe5 airplanes & air%ips is a   
big "q4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 h[ev]1 t 
! support]s ( ! air%ip h work$ out a    
g5]al !ory t ! light]-?an-air vessel )  
its already demon/rat$ cruis+ &         
weight-c>ry+ capacity w be us$ = all    
long r\tes1 & = t almo/ exclusively1    
:ile ! heavi]-?an-air vessel1 ) its     
great spe$ & facility = maneuv]+1 w be  
us$ = local flights4 ,?is1 9 _!         
viewpo9t1 w\ld mean t ! _w w\ld be gird$
 by great lanes ( air%ips1 f$ f a few   
ma9 c5t]s by swift-scurry+ airplanes    
radiat+ 9 f e direction4     ,,ix  ,,!  
,,call ,,( ,,! ,,skies   ,! day ( ! air 
has und\bt$ly come4 ,! old ord] ( ! _w  
has be5 entirely *ang$4 ,a new life is  
break+ 9 ov] ! ne> horizon4 ,almo/ 9 a  
mom5t ! span ( ! _w has %runk to a qu>t]

 ( its =m] size1 s t :]e be=e we ?\ght 9
 t]ms ( c\ntries v soon we mu/ ?9k 9    
t]ms ( cont95ts4 ,! _w is %ortly to be  
l9k$ up z x nev] has be5 be=e1 till !   
great cont95ts are br\ght z ne> z 7 !   
ne>-by nations ( ! pa/ ye>s4  ,any "o :o
 d\bts ! future ( aviation %\ld realize 
! helplessness ( ! sci5ce aft] !        
armi/ice because ( ! complete lack (    
int]national laws to make possible its  
application 9 ,europe1 :]e x 0 mo/      
highly develop$4 ,) m5 & ma*9es ready1  
!y _h to hold to ! gr\nd l>gely because 
!re 0 9 =ce no treaties assur+ !m ! "r  
to cross fronti]s4 ,! broad plans =     
int]national r\tes 7 held up because    
aviation itself 0 s big 9 its expanse t 
x c\ld n meet its j fulfilm5t )9        
national l9es4  ,z a result a new law   
mu/ be writt54 ,! law ( ! air w be "o ( 
! mo/ intricate & ! mo/ fasc9at+ 9 ! _w4
 ,x pres5ts problems nev] be=e pres5t$ &
 cov]s a scope p>allel$ only by ! laws (
 ! sea4 ,v =tunately1 h[ev]1 a]ial      
int]national law may be writt5 at ! v   

/>t ( ! sci5ce by a common int]national 
/&>d & practice1 ?us obviat+ ! greate/  
"p ( ! div]g5ces :i* long ye>s ( habit h
 graft$ into ! m>itime laws ( ! v>i\s   
nations4 ,! slate is clean s t uni=mity 
may be assur$ 9 a law :i* is soon to    
come into ! mo/ vital t\* ) ! daily     
lives ( ! nations4  ,:o1 = in/ance1 owns
 ! air above ! v>i\s nations8 ,obvi\sly 
! individual l&[n] has rights1          
especially z to fre$om f damage4 ,!     
nation also has rights1 especially = its
 protection & = police "w4 ,h[ high1    
h[ev]1 does ?is jurisdiction g8 ,"s     
ass]t t a maximum altitude %\ld be set1 
say five ?\s& feet1 above :i* ! air w\ld
 be z free z ! seas2 o!rs t ea* nation  
mu/ h unqualifi$ control to ! limit ( ! 
e!r4  ,!n comes ! "q ( passports1       
cu/oms1 regi/ration1 safety precautions1
 & damages4 ,z already %[n1 ! man on !  
gr\nd is helpless aga9/ ! airplane :i*  
*ooses to defy him4 ,p & goods c cross  
national l9es by ! air )\t passports or 
cu/oms4 ,!re w be no ma9 ports ( entry z

 9 sea or tra9 comm]ce1 & x is too mu*  
to ?9k t any nation c patrol its :ole   
a]ial fronti] 9 all its v>i\s air /rata4
 ,undesirable immigrants or small       
preci\s freight c be smuggl$ 9 ) !      
greate/ ease ?r\gh ! r\te ( ! air4      
,obvi\sly ! mo/ elaborate int]national  
rules are necess>y4 ,planes mu/ h "s    
me?od ( int]national regi/ration &      
lic5se1 j z 9 a m limit$ s5se %ips on ! 
seas h :at am\nts to an int]national    
/atus4 ,l&+-fields mu/ be e/abli%$ & op5
 to =eign planes1 ea* nation provid+ "s 
k9d ( reciprocal l&+ rights to o!r      
nations4 ,arrangem5ts mu/ be made s t if
 a monkey-wr5* drops out ( a plane a    
mile or two up 9 ! air prop] damages c  
be collect$4 ,= su* ?+s !re is to-day b 
little prec$5t 9 law4  ,?is b sket*es ! 
problems4 ,x %[s1 h[ev]1 h[ closely ?is 
new sci5ce w b9d ! _w toge!r & oblit]ate
 national l9es & nationali/ic feel+s4 ,z
 ! sea has be5 ! great civiliz] ( ! pa/1
 s ! air w be ! great civiliz] ( !      
future4 ,?r\gh x m5 w be br\ght mo/     

intimately 9 t\* ) "o ano!r & =c$ to    
le>n to live toge!r z !y h n be5 =c$ to 
live toge!r be=e4 ,! artificial b>ri]s t
 h /ood s firm betwe5 nations 9 ! pa/   
are n[ swept away & a great common m$ium
 ( int]communication op5$4  ,let x n be 
und]/ood t all ?is w take place         
ov]night4 ,f> f x1 = ! exp]i5ce ( ! w>  
has taught only too well t !            
organization ( an air =ce takes "t &    
pati5ce4 ,up to date ! ess5tial fact is 
t ! sci5ce1 ! value1 & ! possibilities (
 flight h be5 prov$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t    
ways4 ,vi/as ( travel & exp]i5ce h be5  
op5$ up :i* b a few mon?s ago w\ld h    
seem$ fanciful4 ,ev]y:]e m5 are dream+  
dreams ( ! future :i* *all5ge "o's      
deepe/ imag9ation4 ,already ,caproni1 ! 
great ,italian inv5tor1 has sign$ a     
contract to c>ry mails f ,g5oa to ,rio  
,janeiro4  ,n[ comes news ( an airplane 
) room = n9ety-two pass5g]s4 ,eng9e p[] 
& w+ space h gone on increas+ 9 a dazzl+
 way till "o is almo/ afraid to guess   
:at ! future may hold4 ,b1 omitt+ all   

prophecy1 ! actual accompli%m5ts to date
 are s /up5d\s t !re is no ne$ to       
speculate z to ! future4 ,if all        
te*nical developm5t 7 to /op j :]e x    
/&s1 ! factories & work%ops ( ! _w c\ld 
well be occupi$ = ye>s 9 turn+ out !    
ma*9es necess>y = ! "w await+ !m4       
,sci5tific developm5t has gone s        
inf9itely f> ahead ( actual production t
 z yet aviation is n be+ put to a       
fraction ( its use4  ,ev5 m s]i\s1      
h[ev]1 is ! g5]al public failure to     
realize ! gift :i* is )9 _! rea*4 ,fly+ 
0 fir/ a circus /unt & lat] a w> wond]4 
,! solid practical accompli%m5ts h be5  
lo/ sight ( 9 ! weird or ! spectacul>4  
,p :o m>vel$ :5 a ,briti% plane climb$  
up ne>ly six miles into ! air1 or       
#cj1jjj feet1 :]e its eng9e refus$ to   
run & its obs]v] fa9t$1 fail$ g5]ally to
 analyze :at ! invasion ( ?is new elem5t
 w\ld mean 9 ! future ( mank9d4  ,:at is
 n[ ne$$ is a big1 broad imag9ation to  
seize hold ( ?is new ?+ & galvanize x   
into actual e-day use4 ,!re are _m      

skeptics1 ( c\rse1 _m :o po9t out1 =    
in/ance1 t ! elem5t ( co/ is            
prohibitive4 ,?is is bo? fallaci\s 9    
reason+ & untrue 9 fact4 ,a mod]n       
two-seat$ airplane1 ev5 to-day1 co/s n  
ov] #e1jjj1 or ab\t ! price ( a good    
automobile4 ,v soon1 ) manufactur+ co/s 
/&>diz$ & ! elem5ts ( newness worn (f1  
?is price w fall z %>ply z x has already
 fall5 dur+ ! w>4  ,b :at1 aft] all1 is 
co/ 9 comp>ison ) "t8 ,mod]n            
civilization w pay de>ly = any inv5tion 
:i* w increase ev] s little its h\rs (  
effectiv5ess4 ,! great ,g]man l9]s be=e 
! w> lavi%$ money )\t /9t to save a day 
or two 9 cross+ ! ,atlantic4 ,! limit$  
express tra9s betwe5 ,new ,york1 ,bo/on1
 ,wa%+ton1 & ,*icago h = ye>s made money
 by c>ry+ busy m5 a few h\rs m quickly  
to _! de/9ation4 ,:at w n be paid if ^! 
times ( travel c be r$uc$ practically to
 half8  ,! elem5t ( dang] has be5 r$uc$ 
to a m9imum & w be /ill m r$uc$ z       
emphasis is laid on safety r ?an w>time 
agility4 ,_m m51 ( c\rse1 w meet _! dea?

 9 ! air1 j z 9 ! e>ly days _m m5 met _!
 dea? 9 %ips & 9 railroad tra9s1 b ?is w
 n be a det]r5t if ! goal is wor?       
atta9+4 ,!re w be accid5ts 9 le>n+ to   
fly1 !re w be accid5ts ( foolh>d9ess & (
 collision or 9 l&+1 b !y w decrease to 
! vani%+-po9t z exp]i5ce gr[s4 ,already 
! air r\tes :i* h be5 e/abli%$ h a high 
record ( success & fre$om f fatalities4 
,! great ne$ ( aviation to-day is       
fai?--fai? among ! p1 among !           
manufactur]s1 among ! m5 :o w give x its
 be+4 ,its success is z inevitable z t  
day foll[s night1 b ! "q ( :5 t success 
is atta9$1 n[ or g5]ations f n[1 is     
dep5d5t on ! vision :i* m5 put into x4  
,if !y are apa!tic & unreasonable1 if !y
 *afe at details or expect too mu*1 x w 
be held back4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y g to 
meet x ) confid5ce1 ) coolness1 & ) a   
realization bo? ( its difficulties & its
 pot5tialities1 its success w be        
imm$iate4  ,! task is "o ( ! greate/1 ! 
mo/ vital1 & ! mo/ promis+ :i* mank9d   
has ev] fac$4 ,) ! g5]al !ories prov$ & 

demon/rat$1 ! great crisis ( inv5tion   
has pass$1 & ! sl[1 unspectacul> process
 ( developm5t & application has set 94  
,n[ has come ! "t = s]i\s1 sob] ?\ght1 =
 c>eful1 analytical plann+1 = vision    
comb9$ ) hopefulness4 ,x is well 9 ^!   
e>ly days1 :5 flight is ) ! g5]al public
 a v special & occasional ev5t1 to      
rememb] :at has happ5$ s9ce ,watt       
develop$ ! /eam-eng9e only a few        
g5]ations ago1 :5 ,columbus set ! fir/  
%ip we/w>d1 or :5 ,am]ica's fir/ tra9   
ran ov] its r\gh tracks ne> ! ,qu9cy    
qu>ries4  ,! developm5t ( aviation w be 
_w-wide & w include all sorts & races ( 
m54 ,! nations all />t pretty mu*       
abrea/4 ,^? :i* develop$ w> air s]vices 
h an advantage 9 mat]ial & exp]i5ce1 b  
?is is a matt] only = ! mom5t4 ,! ma9   
l9es ( progress are n[ pretty widely    
kn[n & ! field is wide op5 to ^? :o h ! 
imag9ation to ent] x4 ,!re is           
practically no h&icap at ?is e>ly /age  
:i* _c be ov]come ) ease4  ,!re is1 (   
c\rse1 an elem5t ( individual gamble to 

^? :o ent] ?is competition4 ,und\bt$ly  
!re w be _m failures1 z 9 all new       
fields2 failures come to ^? :o put 9    
capital z well z ^? :o contribute _!    
sci5tific k4 ,b by ! same tok5 !re w be 
great successes bo? f9ancially &        
sci5tifically4 ,! prize t is be+ /riv5 =
 is "o ( ! ri*e/ t h ev] be5 (f]$ & !   
rew>ds w be 9 accordance4 ,?is has be5 !
 case at ! bir? ( e great developm5t 9  
human progress & w und\bt$ly be ! case )
 ! sci5ce ( flight4 ,until a field      
becomes /&>diz$ x (f]s extremes on bo?  
sides r ?an a dull1 dre>y1 b safe       
av]age4  ,z aviation runs into e phase (
 activity x w require e k9d (           
man--manufactur]1 sci5ti/1 me*anic1 &   
fli]4 ,x (f]s problems m int]e/+ & m    
complex ?an almo/ any o!rs 9 ! _w4 ,!   
field is new & virg91 ! dem& _w-wide1 & 
! rew>ds great4 ,= ! fli] !re is all !  
joy ( life 9 ! air1 above ! *a9s ( !    
e>?1 rea*+ out to new1 unvisit$ regions1
 free to come & g = almo/ any di/ance at
 any level desir$1 a fre$om unp>allel$4 

,= ! manufactur] !re is all ! lure ( a  
new product de/9$ 9 a %ort "t to be us$ 
z freely z ! automobile ( to-day2 = !   
sci5ti/ !re are problems ( balance1     
meteorology1 air pressure1 eng9e p[]1 w+
 spread1 altitude effects1 & ! l 9 a    
bewild]+ v>iety2 = ! explor]1 !         
geograph]1 ! map-mak] a :olly new field 
is laid op54  ,! be/ m5 ( e type are    
ne$$ to give aviation its full fruition4
 ,9 ,europe ?is is realiz$ to a supreme 
degree4 ,engl& especially1 & also       
,france & ,italy1 h put _! be/ g5ius at 
"w to fulfil ! conque/ ( ! air4 ,_!     
progress is a/oni%+ & %\ld be a *all5ge 
to ! ,new ,_w4 ,aft] ! natural hiatus   
:i* foll[$ ! armi/ice ! lead+ m5 h set  
to "w ) r$\bl$ vigor to take fir/ place 
9 ! air4  ,9 tw5ty ye>s' "t our life (  
to-day w seem c5turies old1 j z to-day x
 is h>d to realize t ! automobile &     
motor-truck d n date back mu* ov] a     
g5]ation4 ,no *ange t has ev] come 9    
man's hi/ory w be s great z ! *ange :i* 
takes him up (f ! gr\nd & into ! air4   

,?is swift & dazzl+ era t is s close ^u 
u is h>dly suspect$ by ! great mass ( p4
 ,! _w w be bo? new & bett] = x4 ,less  
?an ! tra9 or ! motor-c> w ! airplane   
di/urb its features4 ,on ! blue above   
:ite w+s w glitt] = a mom5t1 a murmur+ z
 ( bees w be he>d1 & ! travel] w be     
gone1 ! _w un/a9$ & pure4 ,mean:ile high
 9 ! cl\ds1 p]haps lo/ to view ( ! e>?1 
m5 w be spe$+ on at an unp>allel$ rate1 
guid+ _! c\rse by ! wireless :i* alone  
gives !m connection ) ! _w bel[4  ,has  
!re ev] 9 all hi/ory be5 an appeal su* z
 ?is8     ,,add5dum  ,a ,,page ,,9 ,,!  
,,diction>y ,,= ,,aviators   ,:at is to 
become ( all ! new words1 "s ( !m ) new 
mean+s1 ! old words ) new mean+s1 & !   
new words ) old mean+s1 co9$ by !       
aviators ( ! ,am]ican & ,briti% fly+    
s]vices 9 ! w>8 ,are !y to die an e>ly  
dea? f lack ( n\ri%m5t & lack ( use1 or 
w !y g =w>d1 full-?roat$ into !         
diction>y1 :]e !y may belong8 ,"h are j 
a few ( !m1 mak+ a blu%+ debut1 s t x   
may be se5 at once j h[ bad !y are3     

,,a]obatics--,a newly co9$ ^w to        
describe a]ial /unt+1     :i* includes  
all =ms ( ! sport ( loop+1 sp9n+1 &     
roll+4 ,! t]m orig9at$ 9 ! tra9+ s*$ule 
=     pilots1 & all pilots mu/ take a   
c\rse 9 a]obatics be=e     be+ fully    
qualifi$4    ,,a](oil--,any plane       
surface ( an airplane design$ to obta9  
reaction on its surfaces f ! air ?r\gh  
:i* x moves4     ,?is includes all w+   
surface & mo/ ( ! tail-plane            
surface4    ,,ail]on--,?is is a movable 
plane1 atta*$ to ! out]     extremities 
( an airplane w+4 ,! w+ may be ei!r     
rais$     or l[]$ by mov+ ! ail]ons4    
,rais+ ! "r w+1 by     depress+ ! "r    
ail]on1 correspond+ly l[]s ! left     w+
 by rais+ ! left ail]on4 ,!y ex]cise    
lat]al control     ( a ma*9e4           
,,blimp--,a non-rigid dirigible balloon4
 ,! dirigible holds its     %ape due to 
! fact t its gas is pump$ into ! envelop
 to     a pressure great] ?an !         
atmosph]e4 ,x c move ?r\gh !     air at 
=ty miles an h\r1 b high spe$ w cause x 

to     buckle 9 ! nose4    ,,bump--,a   
ris+ or fall+ column ( air :i* may be   
met :ile     fly+4 ,a ma*9e w be bump$  
up or bump$ d[n on a bumpy     day4 ,a  
hot day ov] flat c\ntry1 at noon1 w     
g5]ally be     exce$+ly bumpy4          
,,cra%--,any airplane accid5t4 ,x may be
 a complete wreck or !     plane may    
only be slightly injur$ by a c>eless    
l&+4     ,cra%es are (t5 classifi$ by ! 
ext5t ( damage4 ,a class ,a     cra%1 = 
in/ance1 is a complete wa%\t4 ,a class  
,d cra% is     an und]c>riage & propell]
 brok54    ,,dope--,a v>ni%-l liquid    
appli$ to ! l95 or cotton w+            
fabrics4 ,x is made *iefly ( acetone1 & 
%r9ks ! fabric     ar\nd ! wood5 w+     
/ructure until x becomes z tight z a    
drum4 ,! highly poli%$ surface less5s   
friction ( ! plane     ?r\gh ! air4     
,,drift--,head resi/ance enc\nt]$ by !  
ma*9e mov+ ?r\gh     ! air4 ,?is mu/ be 
ov]come by ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,!     t]m  
is also us$ 9 a]ial navigation 9 its    
ord9>y s5se1     & a ma*9e fly+ a long  

/ret* ov] wat] may drift (f !     c\rse1
 due to w9ds ( :i* ! pilot has no k4    
,,dud--,a condition ( be+ )\t life or   
en]gy4 ,an eng9e may be     dud2 a day  
may be dud = fly+4 ,a %ell :i* w n      
explode     is a dud4 ,a pilot may be a 
dud1 )\t skill4 ,x is almo/ a           
synonym = wa%\t4    ,,flatt5 ,out--,to  
come out ( a glid+ angle into a         
horizontal     glide a few feet f !     
gr\nd be=e mak+ a l&+4 ,!     ma*9e     
loses fly+ spe$ on a flat glide1 &      
settles to !     gr\nd4    ,,fly+       
,,spe$--,spe$ ( a plane fa/ en\gh to    
create lift ) its     w+ surfaces4 ,?is 
v>ies ) ! type ( plane f     =ty-five   
miles an h\r z a m9imum to ! fa/] sc\t  
ma*9es :i* require sev5ty miles an h\r  
to c>ry !m     ?r\gh ! air4 ,:5 a ma*9e 
loses fly+ spe$1 due to     /all+1 x is 
9 a dang]\s situation1 & fly+ spe$ mu/  
be recov]$ by glid+1 or ! ma*9e w fall  
into a sp9     & cra% out ( control4    
,,=c$ ,,l&+--,any l&+ = reasons beyond !
 control ( a     pilot is kn[n z a =c$  

l&+4 ,eng9e failure is *iefly           
responsible4 ,once ! ma*9e loses its p[]
 x mu/ g into a     glide to ma9ta9 its 
/ability1 & at ! end ( ! glide x     mu/
 l& on wat]1 trees1 fields1 or ro(s (   
h\ses 9 t[ns4    ,,fuselage--,?is ^w1   
mean+ ! body ( a ma*9e1 came ov] f     !
 ,fr5*4 ,! cockpits1 controls1 &        
gasol5e-tanks are     usually c>ri$ 9 ! 
fuselage4    ,,hop--,any flight 9 an    
airplane or seaplane is a hop4 ,a hop   
may     la/ five m9utes or fifte5 h\rs4 
,,joy-,,/ick--,! control-/ick ( an      
airplane 0 inv5t$ by a man     nam$     
,joyce1 & = a :ile x 0 spok5 ( z !      
,joyce-/ick1 lat] be+ %ort5$ to ! pres5t
 =m4 ,x     op]ates ! ail]ons &         
elevators4    ,,l&fall--,a sight ( l& by
 a seaplane or dirigible :i* has     be5
 fly+ ov] an ocean c\rse4 ,an aviator :o
 has be5     regulat+ 8 flight by       
in/rum5ts w *eck up 8     navigation on 
! fir/ l&fall4    ,,pancake--,an        
extremely sl[ l&+ is kn[n z a pancake   
l&+4     ,! ma*9e almo/ comes to a /op  

ab\t t5 feet (f !     gr\nd1 & ) ! loss 
( h] spe$ drops flat4 ,!re is     little
 =w>d motion1 & ?is k9d ( l&+ is us$ 9  
com+ d[n 9 pl[$ fields or /&+ gra94     
,jules ,v$r9es     made 8 l&+ on ! ro( (
 ! ,gal]ies ,lafayette 9 ,p>is     by   
pancak+4    ,,side-,,slip--,! side      
movem5t ( a plane z x goes =w>d4 ,on an 
improp]ly made turn a ma*9e may         
side-slip out--t is1 9     ! direction (
 its previ\s motion1 l skidd+4 ,x may   
side-slip 91 t[>d ! c5t] ( ! turn1 due  
to ! fact     t x is turn$ too /eeply = 
! degree ( ! turn4     ,side-slipp+ on a
 /raight glide is a conv5i5t me?od (    
los+ height be=e a l&+4    ,,/all--,a   
ma*9e :i* has lo/ its fly+ spe$ has     
/all$4 ,?is     does n mean t its eng9e 
has /opp$1 b 9 ! fly+     s5se ( ! ^w   
means t friction ( ! w+ surfaces has    
ov]come ! p[] ( ! eng9e to drive ! ma*9e
 ?r\gh     ! air4 ,! only way out ( a   
/all is to rega9 spe$ by     nos+ d[n4  
,a ma*9e :i* has lo/ its eng9e p[] w n  
/all if put into a glide1 & x may be    

br\ght to a safe     l&+ ) c>e4         
,,/rut--,! upright braces betwe5 ! upp] 
& l[] w+s ( a     ma*9e are call$ /ruts4
 ,!y take ! compression ( !     truss   
frame ( ! biplane or triplane4 ,ea* w+  
is divid$     into truss sections )     
/ruts4    ,s-,,turn--,a glid+ turn1 made
 )\t ! use ( eng9e p[]4 ,a     ma*9e =c$
 to seek a l&+ w d a numb] ( ,s-turns to
     maneuv] itself into a good field4  
,,tail ,,sp9--,?is is ! mo/ dread$ ( all
 airplane accid5ts1 &     ! mo/ likely  
to be fatal4 ,a ma*9e out ( control1 due
 (t5     to /all+ & fall+ ?r\gh ! air1  
sp9s sl[ly z x     drops nose fir/ t[>d 
! gr\nd4 ,?is is caus$ by !     lock+ ( 
! rudd] & elevator into a sp9-pocket on 
!     tail1 :i* is (f c5t]1 & :i*       
receives ! ru% ( air4     ,! air pass+  
?r\gh x gives x a twi/+ motion1 & !     
ma*9e makes ab\t "o complete turn 9 two 
or ?ree hundr$     feet ( fall1 dep5d+  
^u h[ tight ! sp9 maybe4 ,!     ,briti% 
speak ( ! sp9 z ! sp9n+ nose dive4      
,,take-,,(f--,?is is ! />t ( ! ma*9e 9  

its flight4 ,aft] a     %ort run ov] !  
gr\nd ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e w create         
en\gh lift s t ! plane leaves ! gr\nd4  
,,taxi--,to move an airplane or seaplane
 on l& or wat] "u its     own p[] :5    
pick+ out a />t+-place1 or com+ 9 aft]  
a l&+4 ,?is is n to be confus$ ) ! run =
 a />t     :5 ! plane is gett+ up spe$  
to fly1 us+ all h] p[]4     ,! ,,nc-#d  
taxi$ a hundr$ miles to ,*a?am aft] a   
=c$     l&+1 & ! ,,nc-#c came 9 two     
hundr$ & five miles to     ,ponta       
,delgada aft] %e l&$ at sea4            
,,v]tical ,,bank--,9 ?is position !     
ma*9e is mak+ a turn )     "o w+ po9t+  
directly to ! gr\nd1 & its lat]al axis  
has become v]tical4 ,! ma*9e turns v    
quickly 9 a %ort     space ( air1 & !   
maneuv] is sometimes spok5 ( z a        
splitt+ v]tical bank4 ,9 a v]tical bank 
! elevators ( a     ma*9e act z ! rudd] 
& ! rudd] z an elevator4 ,!     controls
 are rev]s$4    ,,wa%\t--,means any?+   
:i* 0 b is n n[--any?+     useless1     
any?+ t has lo/ its usefulness1 any?+ t 

nev] 0 useful4 ,fly+ may be wa%$ out2 t 
is1 /opp$2 a     day may be a wa%\t1 a  
vacation2 a ma*9e may be a wa%\t1       
wreck$ beyond repair2 a pilot may be a  
wa%\t1 useless z a     pilot4 ,x has a  
v>iety ( mean+s1 & ea* "o is obvi\s 9   
its connection4 ,! t]m became famili> to
 ,am]ican fli]s )     ! ,royal ,air     
,=ce4    ,,zoom--,to ga9 sup]normal fly+
 spe$ & !n pull ! ma*9e     up into !   
air at high spe$4 ,! ru% ( w9d w zo-o-om
 9     ! e>s ( ! pilot4 ,x is a sport 9 
! c\ntry to zoom on     f>m]s1 on h\ses 
& b>ns1 nos+ directly = ! object on     
! gr\nd & pull+ up j 9 "t to cle> x ) ! 
und]c>riage4   ,,! ,,end