,picture3 ,book cov] ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,vegetable ,,m\ld ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,worms ,,) ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,_! ,,habits4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,d>w91 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,?irte5? ,,?\s& ,,) ,,illu/rations 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet #aijd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,page #a-f ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,habits ,,( ,,worms4 ,nature ( ! sites inhabit$--,c live long "u #g-ae wat]--,nocturnal--,w&] ab\t at night--,(t5 lie close to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 & are ?us de/roy$ 9 l>ge numb]s by birds--,/ructure--,d n possess eyes1 b c di/+ui% betwe5 light & d>kness--,retreat rapidly :5 brightly illum9at$1 n by a reflex action--,p[] ( att5tion--,s5sitive to heat & cold--,completely deaf--,s5sitive to vibrations & to t\*--,feeble p[] ( smell--,ta/e--,m5tal qualities--,nature ( food--,omnivor\s--,dige/ion--,leaves be=e be+ swall[$1 moi/5$ ) a fluid ( ! nature ( ! pancreatic secretion--,extra-/oma*al dige/ion--,calcif]\s gl&s1 /ructure (--,calc>e\s concretions =m$ 9 ! ant]ior pair ( gl&s--,! calc>e\s matt] prim>ily an excretion1 b second>ily s]ves to neutralise ! acids g5]at$ dur+ ! dige/ive process4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,habits ,,( ,,worms--cont9u$4 ,mann] 9 :i* worms seize objects--,_! p[] ( #eb-abj suction--,! in/9ct ( plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s--,/ones pil$ ov] ! burr[s--,! advantages ?us ga9$--,intellig5ce %[n by worms 9 _! mann] ( plugg+ up _! burr[s--,v>i\s k9ds ( leaves & o!r objects ?us us$--,triangles ( pap]--,summ>y ( reasons = believ+ t worms exhibit "s intellig5ce--,means by :i* !y excavate _! burr[s1 by pu%+ away ! e>? & swall[+ x--,e>? also swall[$ = ! nutriti\s matt] :i* x conta9s--,dep? to :i* worms burr[1 & ! con/ruction ( _! burr[s--,burr[s l9$ ) ca/+s1 & 9 ! upp] "p ) leaves--,! l[e/ "p pav$ ) little /ones or se$s--,mann] 9 :i* ! ca/+s are eject$--,! collapse ( old burr[s--,di/ribution ( worms--,t[]-l ca/+s 9 ,b5gal--,gigantic ca/+s on ! ,nilgiri ,m\nta9s--,ca/+s eject$ 9 all c\ntries4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,f9e ,,e>? ,,br\ght ,,up ,,by ,,worms ,,to ,,! ,,surface4 ,rate at :i* v>i\s objects /rew$ on ! surface ( #aba-afc grass-fields are cov]$ up by ! ca/+s ( worms--,! burial ( a pav$ pa?--,! sl[ subsid5ce ( great /ones left on ! surface--,! numb] ( worms :i* live )9 a giv5 space--,! weight ( e>? eject$ f a burr[1 & f all ! burr[s )9 a giv5 space--,! ?ickness ( ! lay] ( m\ld :i* ! ca/+s on a giv5 space w\ld =m )9 a giv5 "t if uni=mly spread out--,! sl[ rate at :i* m\ld c increase to a great ?ickness--,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,"p ,,:i* ,,worms ,,h ,,play$ ,,9 ,,! ,,burial ,,( ,,anci5t ,,build+s4 ,! accumulation ( rubbi% on ! sites ( great #afd-bjh cities indep5d5t ( ! action ( worms--,! burial ( a ,roman villa at ,ab+]--,! floors & walls p5etrat$ by worms--,subsid5ce ( a mod]n pavem5t--,! buri$ pavem5t at ,beaulieu ,abbey--,roman villas at ,*$wor? & ,brad+--,! rema9s ( ! ,roman t[n at ,sil*e/]--,! nature ( ! dbris by :i* ! rema9s are cov]$--,! p5etration ( ! tesselat$ floors & walls by worms--,subsid5ce ( ! floors--,?ickness ( ! m\ld--,! old ,roman city ( ,wroxet]--,?ickness ( ! m\ld--,dep? ( ! f\ndations ( "s ( ! ,build+s--,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,worms ,,9 ,,! ,,d5udation ,,( ,,! ,,l&4 ,evid5ce ( ! am\nt ( d5udation :i* ! l& has #bji-bcf und]gone--,sub-a]ial d5udation--,! deposition ( du/--,vegetable m\ld1 its d>k col\r & f9e texture l>gely due to ! action ( worms--,! dis9tegration ( rocks by ! humus-acids--,simil> acids app>5tly g5]at$ )9 ! bodies ( worms--,! action ( ^! acids facilitat$ by ! cont9u$ movem5t ( ! p>ticles ( e>?--,a ?ick b$ ( m\ld *ecks ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ soil & rocks4 ,p>ticles ( /one worn or triturat$ 9 ! gizz>ds ( worms--,swall[$ /ones s]ve z mill-/ones--,! levigat$ /ate ( ! ca/+s--,fragm5ts ( brick 9 ! ca/+s ov] anci5t build+s well r\nd$4 ,! triturat+ p[] ( worms n q insignificant "u a geological po9t ( view4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,d5udation ,,( ,,! ,,l&--cont9u$4 ,d5udation aid$ by rec5tly eject$ ca/+s fl[+ #bcg-bgi d[n incl9$ grass-cov]$ surfaces--,! am\nt ( e>? :i* annually fl[s d[nw>ds--,! effect ( tropical ra9 on worm ca/+s--,! f9e/ p>ticles ( e>? wa%$ completely away f ca/+s--,! dis9tegration ( dri$ ca/+s into pellets1 & _! roll+ d[n incl9$ surfaces--,! =mation ( little l$ges on hill-sides1 9 "p due to ! accumulation ( dis9tegrat$ ca/+s--,ca/+s bl[n to leew>d ov] level l&--,an attempt to e/imate ! am\nt ?us bl[n--,! degradation ( anci5t encampm5ts & tumuli--,! pres]vation ( ! cr[ns & furr[s on l& anci5tly pl\gh$--,! =mation & am\nt ( m\ld ov] ! ,*alk =mation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conclusion4 ,summ>y ( ! "p :i* worms h play$ 9 ! #bhj-bhh hi/ory ( ! _w--,_! aid 9 ! dis9tegration ( rocks--,9 ! d5udation ( ! l&--,9 ! pres]vation ( anci5t rema9s--,9 ! prep>ation ( ! soil = ! gr[? ( plants--,m5tal p[]s ( worms--,conclusion4 ,,introduction4 ,,! %>e :i* worms h tak5 9 ! =mation ( ! lay] ( vegetable m\ld1 :i* cov]s ! :ole surface ( ! l& 9 e mod]ately humid c\ntry1 is ! subject ( ! pres5t volume4 ,?is m\ld is g5]ally ( a blacki% col\r & a few in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,9 diff]5t di/ricts x diff]s b little 9 appe>ance1 al?\gh x may re/ on v>i\s subsoils4 ,! uni=m f95ess ( ! p>ticles ( :i* x is compos$ is "o ( its *ief *>act]i/ic features2 & ?is may be well obs]v$ 9 any gravelly c\ntry1 :]e a rec5tly-pl\gh$ field imm$iately adjo9s "o :i* has long rema9$ undi/urb$ = pa/ure1 & :]e ! vegetable m\ld is expos$ on ! sides ( a dit* or hole4 ,! subject may appe> an insignificant "o1 b we %all see t x possesses "s int]e/2 & ! maxim 8de m9imis non curat lex10 does n apply to sci5ce4 ,ev5 lie de ,beaumont1 :o g5]ally und]values small ag5cies & _! accumulat$ effects1 rem>ks3 #b 8,la c\*e trs-m9ce de la t]re vgtale e/ un monum5t d'une haute antiquit1 et1 p> le fait de sa p]man5ce1 un objet digne d'occup] le gologue1 et capable de lui f\rnir des rem>ques intressantes40 ,al?\gh ! sup]ficial lay] ( vegetable m\ld z a :ole no d\bt is ( ! highe/ antiquity1 yet 9 reg>d to its p]man5ce1 we %all h]eaft] see reason to believe t its compon5t p>ticles are 9 mo/ cases remov$ at n a v sl[ rate1 & are replac$ by o!rs due to ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ mat]ials4 ,z ,i 0 l$ to keep 9 my /udy dur+ _m mon?s worms 9 pots fill$ ) e>?1 ,i became int]e/$ 9 !m1 & wi%$ to le>n h[ f> !y act$ consci\sly1 & h[ mu* m5tal p[] !y display$4 ,i 0 ! m desir\s to le>n some?+ on ?is head1 z few obs]vations ( ?is k9d h be5 made1 z f> z ,i "k1 on animals s l[ 9 ! scale ( organization & s poorly provid$ ) s5se-organs1 z are e>?-worms4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcg1 a %ort pap] 0 read by me be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 #c 8,on ! ,=mation ( ,m\ld10 9 :i* x 0 %[n t small fragm5ts ( burnt m>l1 c9d]s1 c41 :i* _h be5 ?ickly /rew$ ov] ! surface ( sev]al mead[s1 7 f\nd aft] a few ye>s ly+ at ! dep? ( "s in*es b5ea? ! turf1 b /ill =m+ a lay]4 ,?is app>5t s9k+ ( sup]ficial bodies is due1 z 0 fir/ sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,w$gwood ( ,ma] ,hall 9 ,/af=d%ire1 to ! l>ge quantity ( f9e e>? cont9ually br\ght up to ! surface by worms 9 ! =m ( ca/+s4 ,^! ca/+s are soon] or lat] spread out & cov] up any object left on ! surface4 ,i 0 ?us l$ to conclude t all ! vegetable m\ld ov] ! :ole c\ntry has pass$ _m times ?r\gh1 & w aga9 pass _m times ?r\gh1 ! inte/9al canals ( worms4 ,h5ce ! t]m 8animal m\ld0 w\ld be 9 "s respects m appropriate ?an t commonly us$ ( 8vegetable m\ld40 ,t5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( my pap]1 ,m4 ,d',ar*iac1 evid5tly influ5c$ by ! doctr9es ( lie de ,beaumont1 wrote ab\t my 8s+ulire ?orie10 & object$ t x c\ld apply only to 8les prairies basses et humides20 & t 8les t]res lab\res1 les bois1 les prairies leves1 n'apport5t aucune preuve l'appui de cette manire de voir40 #d;a ,b ,m4 ,d',ar*iac mu/ h ?us argu$ f inn] consci\sness & n f obs]vation1 = worms ab\nd to an extraord9>y degree 9 kit*5 g>d5s :]e ! soil is cont9ually work$1 ?\gh 9 su* loose soil !y g5]ally deposit _! ca/+s 9 any op5 cavities or )9 _! old burr[s in/ead ( on ! surface4 ,h5s5 e/imates t !re are ab\t twice z _m worms 9 g>d5s z 9 corn-fields4 #d;b ,) respect to 8prairies leves10 ,i d n "k h[ x may be 9 ,france1 b n[h]e 9 ,engl& h ,i se5 ! gr\nd s ?ickly cov]$ ) ca/+s z on commons1 at a height ( sev]al hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,9 woods aga91 if ! loose leaves 9 autumn are remov$1 ! :ole surface w be f\nd /rew$ ) ca/+s4 ,dr4 ,k+1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5 9 ,calcutta1 to ^: k9dness ,i am indebt$ = _m obs]vations on e>?-worms1 in=ms me t he f\nd1 ne> ,nancy 9 ,france1 ! bottom ( ! ,/ate =e/s cov]$ ov] _m acres ) a spongy lay]1 compos$ ( dead leaves & innum]able worm-ca/+s4 ,he !re he>d ! ,pr(essor ( 8,amnagem5t des ,=ts0 lectur+ to 8 pupils1 & po9t+ out ?is case z a 8beautiful example ( ! natural cultivation ( ! soil2 = ye> aft] ye> ! ?r[n-up ca/+s cov] ! dead leaves2 ! result be+ a ri* humus ( great ?ickness40 ,9 ! ye> #ahfi1 ,mr4 ,fi% #e reject$ my conclusions ) respect to ! "p :i* worms h play$ 9 ! =mation ( vegetable m\ld1 m]ely on acc\nt ( _! assum$ incapacity to d s mu* "w4 ,he rem>ks t 8consid]+ _! weakness & _! size1 ! "w !y are repres5t$ to h accompli%$ is /up5d\s40 ,"h we h an in/ance ( t inability to sum up ! effects ( a cont9ually recurr5t cause1 :i* has (t5 ret>d$ ! progress ( sci5ce1 z =m]ly 9 ! case ( geology1 & m rec5tly 9 t ( ! pr9ciple ( evolution4 ,al?\gh ^! sev]al objections seem$ to me to h no weight1 yet ,i resolv$ to make m obs]vations ( ! same k9d z ^? publi%$1 & to attack ! problem on ano!r side2 namely1 to weigh all ! ca/+s ?r[n up )9 a giv5 "t 9 a measur$ space1 in/ead ( asc]ta9+ ! rate at :i* objects left on ! surface 7 buri$ by worms4 ,b "s ( my obs]vations h be5 r5d]$ almo/ sup]flu\s by an admirable pap] by ,h5s51 already allud$ to1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahgg4 #f ,be=e ent]+ on details ) respect to ! ca/+s1 x w be advisable to give "s acc\nt ( ! habits ( worms f my own obs]vations & f ^? ( o!r naturali/s4 ,,fir/ ,,edition1 ,octob] #aj?1 #ahha4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,habits ,,( ,,worms4 ,nature ( ! sites inhabit$--,c live long "u wat]--,nocturnal--,w&] ab\t at night--,(t5 lie close to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 & are ?us de/roy$ 9 l>ge numb]s by birds--,/ructure--,d n possess eyes1 b c di/+ui% betwe5 light & d>kness--,retreat rapidly :5 brightly illum9at$1 n by a reflex action--,p[] ( att5tion--,s5sitive to heat & cold--,completely deaf--,s5sitive to vibrations & to t\*--,feeble p[] ( smell--,ta/e--,m5tal qualities--,nature ( food--,omnivor\s--,dige/ion--,leaves be=e be+ swall[$1 moi/5$ ) a fluid ( ! nature ( ! pancreatic secretion--,extra-/oma*al dige/ion--,calcif]\s gl&s1 /ructure (--,calc>e\s concretions =m$ 9 ! ant]ior pair ( gl&s--,! calc>e\s matt] prim>ily an excretion1 b second>ily s]ves to neutralise ! acids g5]at$ dur+ ! dige/ive process4 ,,e>?-,,worms are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w "u ! =m ( a few g5]a1 :i* ext]nally are closely simil> to "o ano!r4 ,! ,briti% species ( ,lumbricus h nev] be5 c>efully monograph$2 b we may judge ( _! probable numb] f ^? inhabit+ neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,9 ,sc&9avia !re are eight species1 accord+ to ,eis52 #h;a b two ( ^! r>ely burr[ 9 ! gr\nd1 & "o inhabits v wet places or ev5 lives "u ! wat]4 ,we are "h conc]n$ only ) ! k9ds :i* br+ up e>? to ! surface 9 ! =m ( ca/+s4 ,h(fmei/] says t ! species 9 ,g]many are n well kn[n1 b gives ! same numb] z ,eis51 toge!r ) "s /rongly m>k$ v>ieties4 #h;b ,e>?-worms ab\nd 9 ,engl& 9 _m diff]5t /ations4 ,_! ca/+s may be se5 9 extraord9>y numb]s on commons & *alk-d[ns1 s z almo/ to cov] ! :ole surface1 :]e ! soil is poor & ! grass %ort & ?94 ,b !y are almo/ or q z num]\s 9 "s ( ! ,london p>ks1 :]e ! grass gr[s well & ! soil appe>s ri*4 ,ev5 on ! same field worms are mu* m frequ5t 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs1 )\t any visible diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! soil4 ,!y ab\nd 9 pav$ c\rt-y>ds close to h\ses2 & an in/ance w be giv5 9 :i* !y _h burr[$ ?r\gh ! floor ( a v damp cell>4 ,i h se5 worms 9 black peat 9 a boggy field2 b !y are extremely r>e1 or q abs5t 9 ! dri]1 br[n1 fibr\s peat1 :i* is s mu* valu$ by g>d5]s4 ,on dry1 s&y or gravelly tracks1 :]e hea? ) "s gorse1 f]ns1 co>se grass1 moss & li*5s alone gr[1 h>dly any worms c be f\nd4 ,b 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 :]ev] a pa? crosses a hea?1 its surface becomes cov]$ ) a f9e %ort sw>d4 ,:e!r ?is *ange ( vegetation is due to ! tall] plants be+ kill$ by ! occasional trampl+ ( man & animals1 or to ! soil be+ occasionally manur$ by ! dropp+s f animals1 ,i d n "k4 #i;b ,on su* grassy pa?s worm-ca/+s may (t5 be se54 ,on a hea? 9 ,surrey1 :i* 0 c>efully exam9$1 !re 7 only a few ca/+s on ^! pa?s1 :]e !y 7 mu* incl9$2 b on ! m level p>ts1 :]e a b$ ( f9e e>? _h be5 wa%$ d[n f ! /eep] p>ts & _h accumulat$ to a ?ickness ( a few in*es1 worm-ca/+s ab\nd$4 ,^! spots seem$ to be ov]/ock$ ) worms1 s t !y _h be5 compell$ to spread to a di/ance ( a few feet f ! grassy pa?s1 & "h _! ca/+s _h be5 ?r[n up among ! hea?2 b beyond ?is limit1 n a s+le ca/+ c\ld be f\nd4 ,a lay]1 ?\gh a ?9 "o1 ( f9e e>?1 :i* probably long reta9s "s moi/ure1 is 9 all cases1 z ,i believe1 necess>y = _! exi/5ce2 & ! m]e compression ( ! soil appe>s to be 9 "s degree fav\rable to !m1 = !y (t5 ab\nd 9 old gravel walks1 & 9 foot-pa?s across fields4 ,b5ea? l>ge trees few ca/+s c be f\nd dur+ c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 & ?is is app>5tly due to ! moi/ure hav+ be5 suck$ out ( ! gr\nd by ! innum]able roots ( ! trees2 = su* places may be se5 cov]$ ) ca/+s aft] ! heavy autumnal ra9s4 ,al?\gh mo/ coppices & woods support _m worms1 yet 9 a =e/ ( tall & anci5t bee*-trees 9 ,knole ,p>k1 :]e ! gr\nd b5ea? 0 b>e ( all vegetation1 n a s+le ca/+ c\ld be f\nd ov] wide spaces1 ev5 dur+ ! autumn4 ,nev]!less1 ca/+s 7 abundant on "s grass-cov]$ glades & ind5tations :i* p5etrat$ ?is =e/4 ,on ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,wales & on ! ,alps1 worms1 z ,i h be5 in=m$1 are 9 mo/ places r>e2 & ?is may p]haps be due to ! close proximity ( ! subjac5t rocks1 into :i* worms _c burr[ dur+ ! w9t] s z to escape be+ froz54 ,dr4 ,mc,intosh1 h[ev]1 f\nd worm-ca/+s at a height ( #aejj feet on ,s*iehallion 9 ,scotl&4 ,!y are num]\s on "s hills ne> ,tur9 at f #bjjj to #cjjj feet above ! sea1 & at a great altitude on ! ,nilgiri ,m\nta9s 9 ,s\? ,india & on ! ,himalaya4 ,e>?-worms mu/ be consid]$ z t]re/rial animals1 ?\gh !y are /ill 9 "o s5se semi-aquatic1 l ! o!r memb]s ( ! great class ( annelids to :i* !y belong4 ,m4 ,p]ri] f\nd t _! exposure to ! dry air ( a room = only a s+le night 0 fatal to !m4 ,on ! o!r h& he kept sev]al l>ge worms alive = ne>ly f\r mon?s1 completely subm]g$ 9 wat]4 #aa ,dur+ ! summ] :5 ! gr\nd is dry1 !y p5etrate to a consid]able dep? & cease to "w1 z !y d dur+ ! w9t] :5 ! gr\nd is froz54 ,worms are nocturnal 9 _! habits1 & at night may be se5 crawl+ ab\t 9 l>ge numb]s1 b usually ) _! tails /ill ins]t$ 9 _! burr[s4 ,by ! expansion ( ?is "p ( _! bodies1 & ) ! help ( ! %ort1 slightly reflex$ bri/les1 ) :i* _! bodies are arm$1 !y hold s fa/ t !y c seldom be dragg$ out ( ! gr\nd )\t be+ torn into pieces4 #ab ,dur+ ! day !y rema9 9 _! burr[s1 except at ! pair+ season1 :5 ^? :i* inhabit adjo9+ burr[s expose ! great] "p ( _! bodies = an h\r or two 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,sick individuals1 :i* are g5]ally affect$ by ! p>asitic l>v ( a fly1 mu/ also be except$1 z !y w&] ab\t dur+ ! day & die on ! surface4 ,aft] heavy ra9 succe$+ dry wea!r1 an a/oni%+ numb] ( dead worms may sometimes be se5 ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,galton in=ms me t on "o su* occasion 7,m>*1 #ahha71 ! dead worms av]ag$ "o = e two & a half paces 9 l5g? on a walk 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 f\r paces 9 wid?4 ,he c\nt$ no less ?an #de dead worms 9 "o place 9 a l5g? ( sixte5 paces4 ,f ! facts above giv51 x is n probable t ^! worms c\ld h be5 dr[n$1 & if !y _h be5 dr[n$ !y w\ld h p]i%$ 9 _! burr[s4 ,i believe t !y 7 already sick1 & t _! dea?s 7 m]ely ha/5$ by ! gr\nd be+ flood$4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t "u ord9>y circum/ances heal?y worms nev]1 or v r>ely1 completely leave _! burr[s at night2 b ?is is an error1 z ,:ite ( ,selborne long ago knew4 ,9 ! morn+1 aft] !re has be5 heavy ra91 ! film ( mud or ( v f9e s& ov] gravel-walks is (t5 pla9ly m>k$ ) _! tracks4 ,i h notic$ ?is f ,augu/ to ,may1 bo? mon?s includ$1 & x probably occurs dur+ ! two rema9+ mon?s ( ! ye> :5 !y are wet4 ,on ^! occasions1 v few dead worms c\ld any:]e be se54 ,on ,janu>y #ca1 #ahha1 aft] a long-cont9u$ & unusually sev]e fro/ ) mu* sn[1 z soon z a ?aw set 91 ! walks 7 m>k$ ) innum]able tracks4 ,on "o occasion1 five tracks 7 c\nt$ cross+ a space ( only an in* squ>e4 ,!y c\ld sometimes be trac$ ei!r to or f ! m\?s ( ! burr[s 9 ! gravel-walks1 = di/ances betwe5 #b or #c up to #ae y>ds4 ,i h nev] se5 two tracks lead+ to ! same burr[2 nor is x likely1 f :at we %all pres5tly see ( _! s5se-organs1 t a worm c\ld f9d its way back to its burr[ aft] hav+ once left x4 ,!y app>5tly leave _! burr[s on a voyage ( discov]y1 & ?us !y f9d new sites to inhabit4 ,morr5 /ates #ad t worms (t5 lie = h\rs almo/ motionless close b5ea? ! m\?s ( _! burr[s4 ,i h occasionally notic$ ! same fact ) worms kept 9 pots 9 ! h\se2 s t by look+ d[n into _! burr[s1 _! heads c\ld j be se54 ,if ! eject$ e>? or rubbi% ov] ! burr[s be sudd5ly remov$1 ! end ( ! worm's body may v (t5 be se5 rapidly retreat+4 ,?is habit ( ly+ ne> ! surface leads to _! de/ruction to an imm5se ext5t4 ,e morn+ dur+ c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 ! ?ru%es & blackbirds on all ! lawns ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry draw out ( _! holes an a/oni%+ numb] ( worms1 & ?is !y c\ld n d1 unless !y lay close to ! surface4 ,x is n probable t worms behave 9 ?is mann] = ! sake ( brea?+ fre% air1 = we h se5 t !y c live = a long "t "u wat]4 ,i believe t !y lie ne> ! surface = ! sake ( w>m?1 especially 9 ! morn+2 & we %all h]eaft] f9d t !y (t5 coat ! m\?s ( _! burr[s ) leaves1 app>5tly to prev5t _! bodies f com+ into close contact ) ! cold damp e>?4 ,x is said t !y completely close _! burr[s dur+ ! w9t]4 ,/ructure4--,a few rem>ks mu/ be made on ?is subject4 ,! body ( a l>ge worm consi/s ( f #ajj to #bjj almo/ cyl9drical r+s or segm5ts1 ea* furni%$ ) m9ute bri/les4 ,! muscul> sy/em is well develop$4 ,worms c crawl backw>ds z well z =w>ds1 & by ! aid ( _! affix$ tails c retreat ) extraord9>y rapidity into _! burr[s4 ,! m\? is situat$ at ! ant]ior end ( ! body1 & is provid$ ) a little projection 7lobe or lip1 z x has be5 v>i\sly call$7 :i* is us$ = preh5sion4 ,int]nally1 beh9d ! m\?1 !re is a /rong ph>ynx1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #a7 :i* is pu%$ =w>ds :5 ! animal eats1 & ?is "p corresponds1 accord+ to ,p]ri]1 ) ! protrudable trunk or proboscis ( o!r annelids4 ,! ph>ynx leads into ! sophagus1 on ea* side ( :i* 9 ! l[] "p !re are ?ree pairs ( l>ge gl&s1 :i* secrete a surpris+ am\nt ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,^! calcif]\s gl&s are highly rem>kable1 = no?+ l !m is kn[n 9 any o!r animal4 ,_! use w be discuss$ :5 we treat ( ! dige/ive process4 ,9 mo/ ( ! species1 ! sophagus is enl>g$ into a crop 9 front ( ! gizz>d4 ,?is latt] organ is l9$ ) a smoo? ?ick *it9\s membrane1 & is surr\nd$ by weak longitud9al1 b p[]ful transv]se muscles4 ,p]ri] saw ^! muscles 9 en]getic action2 &1 z he rem>ks1 ! trituration ( ! food mu/ be *iefly effect$ by ?is organ1 = worms possess no jaws or tee? ( any k9d4 ,gra9s ( s& & small /ones1 f ! #a_/bj to a little m ?an ! #a_/aj in* 9 diamet]1 may g5]ally be f\nd 9 _! gizz>ds & inte/9es4 ,z x is c]ta9 t worms swall[ _m little /ones1 indep5d5tly ( ^? swall[$ :ile excavat+ _! burr[s1 x is probable t !y s]ve1 l mill-/ones1 to triturate _! food4 ,! gizz>d op5s into ! inte/9e1 :i* runs 9 a /raight c\rse to ! v5t at ! po/]ior end ( ! body4 ,! inte/9e pres5ts a rem>kable /ructure1 ! typhlosolis1 or1 z ! old anatomi/s call$ x1 an inte/9e )9 an inte/9e2 & ,clap>de #ag has %[n t ?is consi/s ( a deep longitud9al involution ( ! walls ( ! inte/9e1 by :i* means an ext5sive absorb5t surface is ga9$4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #a3 ,diagram ( ! alim5t>y canal ( an e>?-worm4 ,fig4 #b3 ,t[]-l ca/+ f ne> ,nice ,! circulatory sy/em is well develop$4 ,worms brea! by _! sk91 z !y d n possess any special respiratory organs4 ,! two sexes are unit$ 9 ! same individual1 b two individuals pair toge!r4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is fairly well develop$2 & ! two almo/ conflu5t c]ebral ganglia are situat$ v ne> to ! ant]ior end ( ! body4 ,s5ses4--,worms are de/itute ( eyes1 & at fir/ ,i ?\ght t !y 7 q ins5sible to light2 = ^? kept 9 conf9em5t 7 repeat$ly obs]v$ by ! aid ( a c&le1 & o!rs out ( doors by ! aid ( a lant]n1 yet !y 7 r>ely al>m$1 al?\gh extremely timid animals4 ,o!r p]sons h f\nd no difficulty 9 obs]v+ worms at night by ! same means4 #ah;a ,h(fmei/]1 h[ev]1 /ates #ah;b t worms1 ) ! exception ( a few individuals1 are extremely s5sitive to light2 b he admits t 9 mo/ cases a c]ta9 "t is requisite = its action4 ,^! /atem5ts l$ me to wat* on _m successive nights worms kept 9 pots1 :i* 7 protect$ f curr5ts ( air by means ( glass plates4 ,! pots 7 approa*$ v g5tly1 9 ord] t no vibration ( ! floor %\ld be caus$4 ,:5 "u ^! circum/ances worms 7 illum9at$ by a bull's-eye lant]n hav+ slides ( d>k r$ & blue glass1 :i* int]cept$ s mu* light t !y c\ld be se5 only ) "s difficulty1 !y 7 n at all affect$ by ?is am\nt ( light1 h[ev] long !y 7 expos$ to x4 ,! light1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 0 bright] ?an t f ! full moon4 ,its col\r app>5tly made no diff]5ce 9 ! result4 ,:5 !y 7 illum9at$ by a c&le1 or ev5 by a bright p>aff9 lamp1 !y 7 n usually affect$ at fir/4 ,nor 7 !y :5 ! light 0 alt]nately admitt$ & %ut (f4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y behav$ v diff]5tly1 = z soon z ! light fell on !m1 !y )drew into _! burr[s ) almo/ in/antane\s rapidity4 ,?is occurr$ p]haps once out ( a doz5 times4 ,:5 !y did n )draw in/antly1 !y (t5 rais$ ! ant]ior tap]+ ends ( _! bodies f ! gr\nd1 z if _! att5tion 0 ar\s$ or z if surprise 0 felt2 or !y mov$ _! bodies f side to side z if feel+ = "s object4 ,!y appe>$ di/ress$ by ! light2 b ,i d\bt :e!r ?is 0 really ! case1 = on two occasions aft] )draw+ sl[ly1 !y rema9$ = a long "t ) _! ant]ior extremities protrud+ a little f ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 9 :i* position !y 7 ready = in/ant & complete )drawal4 ,:5 ! light f a c&le 0 conc5trat$ by means ( a l>ge l5s on ! ant]ior extremity1 !y g5]ally )drew in/antly2 b ?is conc5trat$ light fail$ to act p]haps once out ( half a doz5 trials4 ,! light 0 on "o occasion conc5trat$ on a worm ly+ b5ea? wat] 9 a sauc]1 & x in/antly )drew into its burr[4 ,9 all cases ! duration ( ! light1 unless extremely feeble1 made a great diff]5ce 9 ! result2 = worms left expos$ be=e a p>aff9 lamp or a c&le inv>iably retreat$ into _! burr[s )9 f five to fifte5 m9utes2 & if 9 ! ev5+ ! pots 7 illum9at$ be=e ! worms _h come out ( _! burr[s1 !y fail$ to appe>4 ,f ! =ego+ facts x is evid5t t light affects worms by its int5sity & by its duration4 ,x is only ! ant]ior extremity ( ! body1 :]e ! c]ebral ganglia lie1 :i* is affect$ by light1 z ,h(fmei/] ass]ts1 & z ,i obs]v$ on _m occasions4 ,if ?is "p is %ad$1 o!r p>ts ( ! body may be fully illum9at$1 & no effect w be produc$4 ,z ^! animals h no eyes1 we mu/ suppose t ! light passes ?r\gh _! sk9s1 & 9 "s mann] excites _! c]ebral ganglia4 ,x appe>$ at fir/ probable t ! diff]5t mann] 9 :i* !y 7 affect$ on diff]5t occasions might be expla9$1 ei!r by ! degree ( ext5sion ( _! sk9 & its consequ5t transp>5cy1 or by "s p>ticul> incid5t ( ! light2 b ,i c\ld discov] no su* relation4 ,"o ?+ 0 manife/1 namely1 t :5 worms 7 employ$ 9 dragg+ leaves into _! burr[s or 9 eat+ !m1 & ev5 dur+ ! %ort int]vals :il/ !y re/$ f _! "w1 !y ei!r did n p]ceive ! light or 7 reg>dless ( x2 & ?is occurr$ ev5 :5 ! light 0 conc5trat$ on !m ?r\gh a l>ge l5s4 ,s1 aga91 :il/ !y are pair$1 !y w rema9 = an h\r or two out ( _! burr[s1 fully expos$ to ! morn+ light2 b x appe>s f :at ,h(fmei/] says t a light w occasionally cause pair$ individuals to sep>ate4 ,:5 a worm is sudd5ly illum9at$ & da%es l a rabbit into its burr[--to use ! expression employ$ by a fri5d--we are at fir/ l$ to look at ! action z a reflex "o4 ,! irritation ( ! c]ebral ganglia appe>s to cause c]ta9 muscles to contract 9 an inevitable mann]1 indep5d5tly ( ! w or consci\sness ( ! animal1 z if x 7 an automaton4 ,b ! diff]5t effect :i* a light produc$ on diff]5t occasions1 & especially ! fact t a worm :5 9 any way employ$ & 9 ! int]vals ( su* employm5t1 :atev] set ( muscles & ganglia may !n h be5 br\ght into play1 is (t5 reg>dless ( light1 are oppos$ to ! view ( ! sudd5 )drawal be+ a simple reflex action4 ,) ! high] animals1 :5 close att5tion to "s object leads to ! disreg>d ( ! impressions :i* o!r objects mu/ be produc+ on !m1 we attribute ?is to _! att5tion be+ !n absorb$2 & att5tion implies ! pres5ce ( a m9d4 ,e sportsman kn[s t he c approa* animals :il/ !y are graz+1 fight+ or c\rt+1 mu* m easily ?an at o!r times4 ,! /ate1 also1 ( ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! high] animals diff]s mu* at diff]5t times1 = in/ance1 a horse is mu* m readily />tl$ at "o "t ?an at ano!r4 ,! comp>ison "h impli$ betwe5 ! actions ( "o ( ! high] animals & ( "o s l[ 9 ! scale z an e>?-worm1 may appe> f>-fet*$2 = we ?us attribute to ! worm att5tion & "s m5tal p[]1 nev]!less ,i c see no reason to d\bt ! ju/ice ( ! comp>ison4 ,al?\gh worms _c be said to possess ! p[] ( vision1 _! s5sitiv5ess to light enables !m to di/+ui% betwe5 day & night2 & !y ?us escape extreme dang] f ! _m diurnal animals :i* prey on !m4 ,_! )drawal into _! burr[s dur+ ! day appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h become an habitual action2 = worms kept 9 pots cov]$ by glass plates1 ov] :i* %eets ( black pap] 7 spread1 & plac$ be=e a nor?-ea/ w9d[1 rema9$ dur+ ! day-"t 9 _! burr[s & came out e night2 & !y cont9u$ ?us to act = a week4 ,no d\bt a little light may h ent]$ betwe5 ! %eets ( glass & ! black5$ pap]2 b we "k f ! trials ) col\r$ glass1 t worms are indiff]5t to a small am\nt ( light4 ,worms appe> to be less s5sitive to mod]ate radiant heat ?an to a bright light4 ,i judge ( ?is f hav+ held at diff]5t times a pok] heat$ to dull r$ness ne> "s worms1 at a di/ance :i* caus$ a v s5sible degree ( w>m? 9 my h&4 ,"o ( !m took no notice2 a second )drew into its burr[1 b n quickly2 ! ?ird & f\r? mu* m quickly1 & ! fif? z quickly z possible4 ,! light f a c&le1 conc5trat$ by a l5s & pass+ ?r\gh a %eet ( glass :i* w\ld int]cept mo/ ( ! heat-rays1 g5]ally caus$ a mu* m rapid retreat ?an did ! heat$ pok]4 ,worms are s5sitive to a l[ temp]ature1 z may be inf]r$ f _! n com+ out ( _! burr[s dur+ a fro/4 ,worms d n possess any s5se ( he>+4 ,!y took n ! lea/ notice ( ! %rill notes f a metal :i/le1 :i* 0 repeat$ly s\nd$ ne> !m2 nor did !y ( ! deepe/ & l\de/ tones ( a bassoon4 ,!y 7 indiff]5t to %\ts1 if c>e 0 tak5 t ! brea? did n /rike !m4 ,:5 plac$ on a table close to ! keys ( a piano1 :i* 0 play$ z l\dly z possible1 !y rema9$ p]fectly quiet4 ,al?\gh !y are indiff]5t to undulations 9 ! air audible by u1 !y are extremely s5sitive to vibrations 9 any solid object4 ,:5 ! pots conta9+ two worms :i* _h rema9$ q indiff]5t to ! s\nd ( ! piano1 7 plac$ on ?is in/rum5t1 & ! note ,c 9 ! bass clef 0 /ruck1 bo? in/antly retreat$ into _! burr[s4 ,aft] a "t !y em]g$1 & :5 ,g above ! l9e 9 ! treble clef 0 /ruck !y aga9 retreat$4 ,"u simil> circum/ances on ano!r night "o worm da%$ into its burr[ on a v high note be+ /ruck only once1 & ! o!r worm :5 ,c 9 ! treble clef 0 /ruck4 ,on ^! occasions ! worms 7 n t\*+ ! sides ( ! pots1 :i* /ood 9 sauc]s2 s t ! vibrations1 be=e rea*+ _! bodies1 _h to pass f ! s\nd+ bo>d ( ! piano1 ?r\gh ! sauc]1 ! bottom ( ! pot & ! damp1 n v compact e>? on :i* !y lay ) _! tails 9 _! burr[s4 ,!y (t5 %[$ _! s5sitiv5ess :5 ! pot 9 :i* !y liv$1 or ! table on :i* ! pot /ood1 0 accid5tally & lightly /ruck2 b !y appe>$ less s5sitive to su* j>s ?an to ! vibrations ( ! piano2 & _! s5sitiv5ess to j>s v>i$ mu* at diff]5t times4 ,x has (t5 be5 said t if ! gr\nd is beat5 or o!rwise made to tremble1 worms believe t !y are pursu$ by a mole & leave _! burr[s4 ,f "o acc\nt t ,i h receiv$1 ,i h no d\bt t ?is is (t5 ! case2 b a g5tleman in=ms me t he lately saw eight or t5 worms leave _! burr[s & crawl ab\t ! grass on "s boggy l& on :i* two m5 _h j trampl$ :ile sett+ a trap2 & ?is occurr$ 9 a "p ( ,irel& :]e !re 7 no moles4 ,i h be5 assur$ by a ,volunte] t he has (t5 se5 _m l>ge e>?-worms crawl+ quickly ab\t ! grass1 a few m9utes aft] 8 company _h fir$ a volley ) blank c>tridges4 ,! ,peewit 7,tr+a vanellus1 ,l9n47 seems to "k in/9ctively t worms w em]ge if ! gr\nd is made to tremble2 = ,bi%op ,/anley /ates 7z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,moorh\se7 t a "y peewit kept 9 conf9em5t us$ to /& on "o leg & beat ! turf ) ! o!r leg until ! worms crawl$ out ( _! burr[s1 :5 !y 7 in/antly dev\r$4 ,nev]!less1 worms d n inv>iably leave _! burr[s :5 ! gr\nd is made to tremble1 z ,i "k by hav+ beat5 x ) a spade1 b p]haps x 0 beat5 too viol5tly4 ,! :ole body ( a worm is s5sitive to contact4 ,a slight puff ( air f ! m\? causes an in/ant retreat4 ,! glass plates plac$ ov] ! pots did n fit closely1 & bl[+ ?r\gh ! v n>r[ *9ks ?us left1 (t5 suffic$ to cause a rapid retreat4 ,!y sometimes p]ceiv$ ! eddies 9 ! air caus$ by quickly remov+ ! glass plates4 ,:5 a worm fir/ comes out ( its burr[1 x g5]ally moves ! mu* ext5d$ ant]ior extremity ( its body f side to side 9 all directions1 app>5tly z an organ ( t\*2 & !re is "s reason to believe1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 t !y are ?us enabl$ to ga9 a g5]al notion ( ! =m ( an object4 ,( all _! s5ses t ( t\*1 includ+ 9 ?is t]m ! p]ception ( a vibration1 seems mu* ! mo/ highly develop$4 ,9 worms ! s5se ( smell app>5tly is conf9$ to ! p]ception ( c]ta9 od\rs1 & is feeble4 ,!y 7 q indiff]5t to my brea?1 z long z ,i brea!d on !m v g5tly4 ,?is 0 tri$1 because x appe>$ possible t !y might ?us be w>n$ ( ! approa* ( an enemy4 ,!y exhibit$ ! same indiff]5ce to my brea? :il/ ,i *ew$ "s tobacco1 & :ile a pellet ( cotton-wool ) a few drops ( millefleurs p]fume or ( acetic acid 0 kept 9 my m\?4 ,pellets ( cotton-wool soak$ 9 tobacco juice1 9 millefleurs p]fume1 & 9 p>aff91 7 held ) p9c]s & 7 wav$ ab\t )9 two or ?ree in*es ( sev]al worms1 b !y took no notice4 ,on "o or two occasions1 h[ev]1 :5 acetic acid _h be5 plac$ on ! pellets1 ! worms appe>$ a little uneasy1 & ?is 0 probably due to ! irritation ( _! sk9s4 ,! p]ception ( su* unnatural od\rs w\ld be ( no s]vice to worms2 & z su* timid creatures w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly exhibit "s signs ( any new impression1 we may conclude t !y did n p]ceive ^! od\rs4 ,! result 0 diff]5t :5 cabbage-leaves & pieces ( onion 7 employ$1 bo? ( :i* are dev\r$ ) mu* reli% by worms4 ,small squ>e pieces ( fre% & half-decay$ cabbage-leaves & ( onion bulbs 7 on n9e occasions buri$ 9 my pots1 b5ea? ab\t ( an in* ( common g>d5 soil2 & !y 7 always discov]$ by ! worms4 ,"o bit ( cabbage 0 discov]$ & remov$ 9 ! c\rse ( two h\rs2 ?ree 7 remov$ by ! next morn+1 t is1 aft] a s+le night2 two o!rs aft] two nights2 & ! sev5? bit aft] ?ree nights4 ,two pieces ( onion 7 discov]$ & remov$ aft] ?ree nights4 ,bits ( fre% raw meat1 ( :i* worms are v fond1 7 buri$1 & 7 n discov]$ )9 =ty-eight h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t !y _h n become putrid4 ,! e>? above ! v>i\s buri$ objects 0 g5]ally press$ d[n only slightly1 s z n to prev5t ! emission ( any od\r4 ,on two occasions1 h[ev]1 ! surface 0 well wat]$1 & 0 ?us r5d]$ some:at compact4 ,aft] ! bits ( cabbage & onion _h be5 remov$1 ,i look$ b5ea? !m to see :e!r ! worms _h accid5tally come up f bel[1 b !re 0 no sign ( a burr[2 & twice ! buri$ objects 7 laid on pieces ( t9-foil :i* 7 n 9 ! lea/ displac$4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t ! worms :il/ mov+ ab\t on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ) _! tails affix$ )9 _! burr[s1 may h pok$ _! heads into ! places :]e ! above objects 7 buri$2 b ,i h nev] se5 worms act+ 9 ?is mann]4 ,"s pieces ( cabbage-leaf & ( onion 7 twice buri$ b5ea? v f9e f]rug9\s s&1 :i* 0 slightly press$ d[n & well wat]$1 s z to be r5d]$ v compact1 & ^! pieces 7 nev] discov]$4 ,on a ?ird occasion ! same k9d ( s& 0 nei!r press$ d[n nor wat]$1 & ! pieces ( cabbage 7 discov]$ & remov$ aft] ! second night4 ,^! sev]al facts indicate t worms possess "s p[] ( smell2 & t !y discov] by ?is means odorif]\s & mu*-covet$ k9ds ( food4 ,x may be presum$ t all animals :i* fe$ on v>i\s sub/ances possess ! s5se ( ta/e1 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! case ) worms4 ,cabbage-leaves are mu* lik$ by worms2 & x appe>s t !y c di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t v>ieties2 b ?is may p]haps be ow+ to diff]5ces 9 _! texture4 ,on elev5 occasions pieces ( ! fre% leaves ( a common gre5 v>iety & ( ! r$ v>iety us$ = pickl+ 7 giv5 !m1 & !y pref]r$ ! gre51 ! r$ be+ ei!r :olly neglect$ or mu* less gnaw$4 ,on two o!r occasions1 h[ev]1 !y seem$ to pref] ! r$4 ,half-decay$ leaves ( ! r$ v>iety & fre% leaves ( ! gre5 7 attack$ ab\t equally4 ,:5 leaves ( ! cabbage1 horse-radi% 7a fav\rite food7 & ( ! onion 7 giv5 toge!r1 ! latt] 7 always1 & manife/ly pref]r$4 ,leaves ( ! cabbage1 lime-tree1 ,ampelopsis1 p>snip 7,pa/9aca71 & cel]y 7,apium7 7 likewise giv5 toge!r2 & ^? ( ! cel]y 7 fir/ eat54 ,b :5 leaves ( cabbage1 turnip1 beet1 cel]y1 wild *]ry & c>rots 7 giv5 toge!r1 ! two latt] k9ds1 especially ^? ( ! c>rot1 7 pref]r$ to all ! o!rs1 includ+ ^? ( cel]y4 ,x 0 also manife/ aft] _m trials t wild *]ry leaves 7 greatly pref]r$ to ^? ( ! lime-tree & hazel 7,corylus74 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,bridgman ! half-decay$ leaves ( ,phlox v]na are p>ticul>ly lik$ by worms4 #ca ,pieces ( ! leaves ( cabbage1 turnip1 horse-radi% & onion 7 left on ! pots dur+ #bb days1 & 7 all attack$ & _h to be r5ew$2 b dur+ ! :ole ( ?is "t leaves ( an ,artemisia & ( ! cul9>y sage1 ?yme & m9t1 m+l$ ) ! above leaves1 7 q neglect$ except+ ^? ( ! m9t1 :i* 7 occasionally & v slightly nibbl$4 ,^! latt] f\r k9ds ( leaves d n diff] 9 texture 9 a mann] :i* c\ld make !m disagreeable to worms2 !y all h a /rong ta/e1 b s h ! f\r fir/ m5tion$ k9ds ( leaves2 & ! wide diff]5ce 9 ! result mu/ be attribut$ to a pref]5ce by ! worms = "o ta/e ov] ano!r4 ,m5tal ,qualities4--,!re is little to be said on ?is head4 ,we h se5 t worms are timid4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !y suff] z mu* pa9 :5 injur$1 z !y seem to express by _! contortions4 ,judg+ by _! eag]ness = c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 !y mu/ enjoy ! pleasure ( eat+4 ,_! sexual passion is /rong en\gh to ov]come = a "t _! dread ( light4 ,!y p]haps h a trace ( social feel+1 = !y are n di/urb$ by crawl+ ov] ea* o!r's bodies1 & !y sometimes lie 9 contact4 ,accord+ to ,h(fmei/] !y pass ! w9t] ei!r s+ly or roll$ up ) o!rs into a ball at ! bottom ( _! burr[s4 #cb ,al?\gh worms are s rem>kably defici5t 9 ! sev]al s5se-organs1 ?is does n necess>ily preclude intellig5ce1 z we "k f su* cases z ^? ( ,laura ,bridgman2 & we h se5 t :5 _! att5tion is engag$1 !y neglect impressions to :i* !y w\ld o!rwise h att5d$2 & att5tion indicates ! pres5ce ( a m9d ( "s k9d4 ,!y are also mu* m easily excit$ at c]ta9 times ?an at o!rs4 ,!y p]=m a few actions in/9ctively1 t is1 all ! individuals1 includ+ ! "y1 p]=m su* actions 9 ne>ly ! same fa%ion4 ,?is is %[n by ! mann] 9 :i* ! species ( ,p]i*ta eject _! ca/+s1 s z to con/ruct t[]s2 also by ! mann] 9 :i* ! burr[s ( ! common e>?-worm are smoo?ly l9$ ) f9e e>? & (t5 ) little /ones1 & ! m\?s ( _! burr[s ) leaves4 ,"o ( _! /ronge/ in/9cts is ! plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s ) v>i\s objects2 & v "y worms act 9 ?is mann]4 ,b "s degree ( intellig5ce appe>s1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 to be exhibit$ 9 ?is "w1--a result :i* has surpris$ me m ?an any?+ else 9 reg>d to worms4 ,food & ,dige/ion4--,worms are omnivor\s4 ,!y swall[ an enorm\s quantity ( e>?1 out ( :i* !y extract any dige/ible matt] :i* x may conta92 b to ?is subject ,i mu/ recur4 ,!y also consume a l>ge numb] ( half-decay$ leaves ( all k9ds1 except+ a few :i* h an unpleasant ta/e or are too t\gh = !m2 likewise petioles1 p$uncles1 & decay$ fl[]s4 ,b !y w also consume fre% leaves1 z ,i h f\nd by repeat$ trials4 ,accord+ to ,morr5 #cc !y w eat p>ticles ( sug> & liquorice2 & ! worms :i* ,i kept drew _m bits ( dry />* into _! burr[s1 & a l>ge bit _h its angles well r\nd$ by ! fluid p\r$ out ( _! m\?s4 ,b z !y (t5 drag p>ticles ( s(t /one1 su* z ( *alk1 into _! burr[s1 ,i feel "s d\bt :e!r ! />* 0 us$ z food4 ,pieces ( raw & roa/$ meat 7 fix$ sev]al times by long p9s to ! surface ( ! soil 9 my pots1 & night aft] night ! worms c\ld be se5 tugg+ at !m1 ) ! edges ( ! pieces engulf$ 9 _! m\?s1 s t mu* 0 consum$4 ,raw fat seems to be pref]r$ ev5 to raw meat or to any o!r sub/ance :i* 0 giv5 !m1 & mu* 0 consum$4 ,!y are cannibals1 = ! two halves ( a dead worm plac$ 9 two ( ! pots 7 dragg$ into ! burr[s & gnaw$2 b z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 !y pref] fre% to putrid meat1 & 9 s f> ,i diff] f ,h(fmei/]4 ,lon ,fr$]icq /ates #cd t ! dige/ive fluid ( worms is ( ! same nature z ! pancreatic secretion ( ! high] animals2 & ?is conclusion agrees p]fectly ) ! k9ds ( food :i* worms consume4 ,pancreatic juice emulsifies fat1 & we h j se5 h[ gre$ily worms dev\r fat2 x dissolves fibr91 & worms eat raw meat2 x conv]ts />* into grape-sug> ) wond]ful rapidity1 & we %all pres5tly %[ t ! dige/ive fluid ( worms acts on />*4 #ce;a ,b !y live *iefly on half-decay$ leaves2 & ^! w\ld be useless to !m unless !y c\ld dige/ ! cellulose =m+ ! cell-walls2 = x is well kn[n t all o!r nutriti\s sub/ances are almo/ completely )drawn f leaves1 %ortly be=e !y fall (f4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 n[ be5 asc]ta9$ t "s =ms ( cellulose1 ?\gh v little or n at all attack$ by ! ga/ric secretion ( ! high] animals1 are act$ on by t f ! pancreas4 #ce;b ,! half-decay$ or fre% leaves :i* worms int5d to dev\r1 are dragg$ into ! m\?s ( _! burr[s to a dep? ( f "o to ?ree in*es1 & are !n moi/5$ ) a secret$ fluid4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ?is fluid s]ves to ha/5 _! decay2 b a l>ge numb] ( leaves 7 twice pull$ out ( ! burr[s ( worms & kept = _m weeks 9 a v moi/ atmosph]e "u a bell-glass 9 my /udy2 & ! p>ts :i* _h be5 moi/5$ by ! worms did n decay m quickly 9 any pla9 mann] ?an ! o!r p>ts4 ,:5 fre% leaves 7 giv5 9 ! ev5+ to worms kept 9 conf9em5t & exam9$ e>ly on ! next morn+1 !re=e n _m h\rs aft] !y _h be5 dragg$ into ! burr[s1 ! fluid ) :i* !y 7 moi/5$1 :5 te/$ ) neutral litmus pap]1 %[$ an alkal9e reaction4 ,?is 0 repeat$ly f\nd to be ! case ) cel]y1 cabbage & turnip leaves4 ,p>ts ( ! same leaves :i* _h n be5 moi/5$ by ! worms1 7 p\nd$ ) a few drops ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! juice ?us extract$ 0 n alkal9e4 ,"s leaves1 h[ev]1 :i* _h be5 drawn into burr[s out ( doors1 at an unkn[n antec$5t p]iod1 7 tri$1 & ?\gh /ill moi/1 !y r>ely exhibit$ ev5 a trace ( alkal9e reaction4 ,! fluid1 ) :i* ! leaves are ba!d1 acts on !m :il/ !y are fre% or ne>ly fre%1 9 a rem>kable mann]2 = x quickly kills & discol\rs !m4 ,?us ! ends ( a fre% c>rot-leaf1 :i* _h be5 dragg$ into a burr[1 7 f\nd aft] twelve h\rs ( a d>k br[n t9t4 ,leaves ( cel]y1 turnip1 maple1 elm1 lime1 ?9 leaves ( ivy1 &1 occasionally ^? ( ! cabbage 7 simil>ly act$ on4 ,! end ( a leaf ( ,triticum rep5s1 /ill atta*$ to a gr[+ plant1 _h be5 drawn into a burr[1 & ?is "p 0 d>k br[n & dead1 :il/ ! re/ ( ! leaf 0 fre% & gre54 ,sev]al leaves ( lime & elm remov$ f burr[s out ( doors 7 f\nd affect$ 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,! fir/ *ange appe>s to be t ! ve9s become ( a dull r$di%-orange4 ,! cells ) *lorophyll next lose m or less completely _! gre5 col\r1 & _! cont5ts f9ally become br[n4 ,! p>ts ?us affect$ (t5 appe>$ almo/ black by reflect$ light2 b :5 view$ z a transp>5t object "u ! microscope1 m9ute specks ( light 7 transmitt$1 & ?is 0 n ! case ) ! unaffect$ p>ts ( ! same leaves4 ,^! effects1 h[ev]1 m]ely %[ t ! secret$ fluid is highly injuri\s or poison\s to leaves2 = ne>ly ! same effects 7 produc$ 9 f "o to two days on v>i\s k9ds ( "y leaves1 n only by artificial pancreatic fluid1 prep>$ ) or )\t ?ymol1 b quickly by a solution ( ?ymol by itself4 ,on "o occasion leaves ( ,corylus 7 mu* discol\r$ by be+ kept = eighte5 h\rs 9 pancreatic fluid1 )\t any ?ymol4 ,) "y & t5d] leaves imm]sion 9 human saliva dur+ r w>m wea!r1 act$ 9 ! same mann] z ! pancreatic fluid1 b n s quickly4 ,! leaves 9 all ^! cases (t5 became infiltrat$ ) ! fluid4 ,l>ge leaves f an ivy plant gr[+ on a wall 7 s t\gh t !y c\ld n be gnaw$ by worms1 b aft] f\r days !y 7 affect$ 9 a peculi> mann] by ! secretion p\r$ out ( _! m\?s4 ,! upp] surfaces ( ! leaves1 ov] :i* ! worms _h crawl$1 z 0 %[n by ! dirt left on !m1 7 m>k$ 9 s9u\s l9es1 by ei!r a cont9u\s or brok5 *a9 ( :iti% & (t5 />-%ap$ dots1 ab\t #b mm4 9 diamet]4 ,! appe>ance ?us pres5t$ 0 curi\sly l t ( a leaf1 into :i* ! l>va ( "s m9ute insect _h burr[$4 ,b my son ,francis1 aft] mak+ & exam9+ sections1 c\ld n[h]e f9d t ! cell-walls _h be5 brok5 d[n or t ! epid]mis _h be5 p5etrat$4 ,:5 ! section pass$ ?r\gh ! :iti% dots1 ! gra9s ( *lorophyll 7 se5 to be m or less discol\r$1 & "s ( ! palisade & mesophyll cells conta9$ no?+ b brok5 d[n granul> matt]4 ,^! effects mu/ be attribut$ to ! transudation ( ! secretion ?r\gh ! epid]mis into ! cells4 ,! secretion ) :i* worms moi/5 leaves likewise acts on ! />*-granules )9 ! cells4 ,my son exam9$ "s leaves ( ! a% & _m ( ! lime1 :i* _h fall5 (f ! trees & _h be5 p>tly dragg$ into worm-burr[s4 ,x is kn[n t ) fall5 leaves ! />*-gra9s are pres]v$ 9 ! gu>d-cells ( ! /omata4 ,n[ 9 sev]al cases ! />* _h p>tially or :olly disappe>$ f ^! cells1 9 ! p>ts :i* _h be5 moi/5$ by ! secretion2 :ile x 0 /ill well pres]v$ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! same leaves4 ,sometimes ! />* 0 dissolv$ out ( only "o ( ! two gu>d-cells4 ,! nucleus 9 "o case _h disappe>$1 toge!r ) ! />*-granules4 ,! m]e bury+ ( lime-leaves 9 damp e>? = n9e days did n cause ! de/ruction ( ! />*-granules4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! imm]sion ( fre% lime & *]ry leaves = eighte5 h\rs 9 artificial pancreatic fluid1 l$ to ! dissolution ( ! />*-granules 9 ! gu>d-cells z well z 9 ! o!r cells4 ,f ! secretion ) :i* ! leaves are moi/5$ be+ alkal9e1 & f its act+ bo? on ! />*-granules & on ! protoplasmic cont5ts ( ! cells1 we may inf] t x resembles 9 nature n saliva1 #dj b pancreatic secretion2 & we "k f ,fr$]icq t a secretion ( ?is k9d is f\nd 9 ! inte/9es ( worms4 ,z ! leaves :i* are dragg$ into ! burr[s are (t5 dry & %rivell$1 x is indisp5sable = _! dis9tegration by ! un>m$ m\?s ( worms t !y %\ld fir/ be moi/5$ & s(t5$2 & fre% leaves1 h[ev] s(t & t5d] !y may be1 are simil>ly treat$1 probably f habit4 ,! result is t !y are p>tially dige/$ be=e !y are tak5 into ! alim5t>y canal4 ,i am n aw>e ( any o!r case ( extra-/oma*al dige/ion hav+ be5 record$4 ,! boa-con/rictor is said to ba! its prey ) saliva1 b ?is is d\btful2 & x is done solely = ! sake ( lubricat+ its prey4 ,p]haps ! ne>e/ analogy may be f\nd 9 su* plants z ,dros]a & ,diona2 = "h animal matt] is dige/$ & conv]t$ into peptone n )9 a /oma*1 b on ! surfaces ( ! leaves4 ,calcif]\s ,gl&s4--,^! gl&s 7see ,fig4 #a71 judg+ f _! size & f _! ri* supply ( blood-vessels1 mu/ be ( mu* importance to ! animal4 ,b almo/ z _m !ories h be5 advanc$ on _! use z !re h be5 obs]v]s4 ,!y consi/ ( ?ree pairs1 :i* 9 ! common e>?-worm deb\* into ! alim5t>y canal 9 advance ( ! gizz>d1 b po/]iorly to x 9 ,uro*ta & "s o!r g5]a4 #da;a ,! two po/]ior pairs are =m$ by lamell1 :i*1 accord+ to ,clap>de1 are div]ticula f ! sophagus4 #da;b ,^! lamell are coat$ ) a pulpy cellul> lay]1 ) ! out] cells ly+ free 9 inf9ite numb]s4 ,if "o ( ^! gl&s is punctur$ & squeez$1 a quantity ( :ite pulpy matt] exudes1 consi/+ ( ^! free cells4 ,!y are m9ute1 & v>y 9 diamet] f #b to #f 4 ,!y conta9 9 _! c5tres a little excessively f9e granul> matt]2 b !y look s l oil globules t ,clap>de & o!rs at fir/ treat$ !m ) e!r4 ,?is produces no effect2 b !y are quickly dissolv$ ) eff]vesc5ce 9 acetic acid1 & :5 oxalate ( ammonia is add$ to ! solution a :ite precipitate is ?r[n d[n4 ,we may !re=e conclude t !y conta9 c>bonate ( lime4 ,if ! cells are imm]s$ 9 a v little acid1 !y become m transp>5t1 look l gho/s1 & are soon lo/ to view2 b if mu* acid is add$1 !y disappe> in/antly4 ,aft] a v l>ge numb] h be5 dissolv$1 a floccul5t residue is left1 :i* app>5tly consi/s ( ! delicate ruptur$ cell-walls4 ,9 ! two po/]ior pairs ( gl&s ! c>bonate ( lime conta9$ 9 ! cells occasionally aggregates into small rhombic cry/als or into concretions1 :i* lie betwe5 ! lamell2 b ,i h se5 only "o case1 & ,clap>de only a v few su* cases4 ,! two ant]ior gl&s diff] a little 9 %ape f ! f\r po/]ior ones1 by be+ m oval4 ,!y diff] also conspicu\sly 9 g5]ally conta9+ sev]al small1 or two or ?ree l>g]1 or a s+le v l>ge concretion ( c>bonate ( lime1 z mu* z #a mm4 9 diamet]4 ,:5 a gl& includes only a few v small concretions1 or1 z sometimes happ5s1 none at all1 x is easily ov]look$4 ,! l>ge concretions are r\nd or oval1 & ext]iorly almo/ smoo?4 ,"o 0 f\nd :i* fill$ up n only ! :ole gl&1 z is (t5 ! case1 b its neck2 s t x resembl$ an olive-oil flask 9 %ape4 ,^! concretions :5 brok5 are se5 to be m or less cry/all9e 9 /ructure4 ,h[ !y escape f ! gl& is a m>vel2 b t !y d escape is c]ta91 = !y are (t5 f\nd 9 ! gizz>d1 inte/9es1 & 9 ! ca/+s ( worms1 bo? ) ^? kept 9 conf9em5t & ^? 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,clap>de says v little ab\t ! /ructure ( ! two ant]ior gl&s1 & he supposes t ! calc>e\s matt] ( :i* ! concretions are =m$ is d]iv$ f ! f\r po/]ior gl&s4 ,b if an ant]ior gl& :i* conta9s only small concretions is plac$ 9 acetic acid & aft]w>ds dissect$1 or if sections are made ( su* a gl& )\t be+ treat$ ) acid1 lamell l ^? 9 ! po/]ior gl&s & coat$ ) cellul> matt] c\ld be pla9ly se51 toge!r ) a multitude ( free calcif]\s cells readily soluble 9 acetic acid4 ,:5 a gl& is completely fill$ ) a s+le l>ge concretion1 !re are no free cells1 z ^! h be5 all consum$ 9 =m+ ! concretion4 ,b if su* a concretion1 or "o ( only mod]ately l>ge size1 is dissolv$ 9 acid1 mu* membran\s matt] is left1 :i* appe>s to consi/ ( ! rema9s ( ! =m]ly active lamell4 ,aft] ! =mation & expulsion ( a l>ge concretion1 new lamell mu/ be develop$ 9 "s mann]4 ,9 "o section made by my son1 ! process _h app>5tly comm5c$1 al?\gh ! gl& conta9$ two r l>ge concretions1 = ne> ! walls sev]al cyl9drical & oval pipes 7 int]sect$1 :i* 7 l9$ ) cellul> matt] & 7 q fill$ ) free calcif]\s cells4 ,a great enl>gem5t 9 "o direction ( sev]al oval pipes w\ld give rise to ! lamell4 ,besides ! free calcif]\s cells 9 :i* no nucleus 0 visible1 o!r & r l>g] free cells 7 se5 on ?ree occasions2 & ^! conta9$ a di/9ct nucleus & nucleolus4 ,!y 7 only s f> act$ on by acetic acid t ! nucleus 0 ?us r5d]$ m di/9ct4 ,a v small concretion 0 remov$ f betwe5 two ( ! lamell )9 an ant]ior gl&4 ,x 0 imb$d$ 9 pulpy cellul> matt]1 ) _m free calcif]\s cells1 toge!r ) a multitude ( ! l>g]1 free1 nucleat$ cells1 & ^! latt] cells 7 n act$ on by acetic acid1 :ile ! =m] 7 dissolv$4 ,f ?is & o!r su* cases ,i am l$ to suspect t ! calcif]\s cells are develop$ f ! l>g] nucleat$ ones2 b h[ ?is 0 effect$ 0 n asc]ta9$4 ,:5 an ant]ior gl& conta9s sev]al m9ute concretions1 "s ( ^! are g5]ally angul> or cry/all9e 9 outl9e1 :ile ! great] numb] are r\nd$ ) an irregul> mulb]ry-l surface4 ,calcif]\s cells adh]$ to _m p>ts ( ^! mulb]ry-l masses1 & _! gradual disappe>ance c\ld be trac$ :ile !y /ill rema9$ atta*$4 ,x 0 ?us evid5t t ! concretions are =m$ f ! lime conta9$ )9 ! free calcif]\s cells4 ,z ! small] concretions increase 9 size1 !y come into contact & unite1 ?us enclos+ ! n[ functionless lamell2 & by su* /eps ! =mation ( ! l>ge/ concretions c\ld be foll[$4 ,:y ! process regul>ly takes place 9 ! two ant]ior gl&s1 & only r>ely 9 ! f\r po/]ior gl&s1 is q unkn[n4 ,morr5 says t ^! gl&s disappe> dur+ ! w9t]2 & ,i h se5 "s in/ances ( ?is fact1 & o!rs 9 :i* ei!r ! ant]ior or po/]ior gl&s 7 at ?is season s %runk & empty1 t !y c\ld be di/+ui%$ only ) mu* difficulty4 ,) respect to ! function ( ! calcif]\s gl&s1 x is probable t !y prim>ily s]ve z organs ( excretion1 & second>ily z an aid to dige/ion4 ,worms consume _m fall5 leaves2 & x is kn[n t lime goes on accumulat+ 9 leaves until !y drop (f ! p>5t-plant1 in/ead ( be+ re-absorb$ into ! /em or roots1 l v>i\s o!r organic & inorganic sub/ances4 #df ,! a%es ( a leaf ( an acacia h be5 kn[n to conta9 z mu* z #gb p] c5t4 ( lime4 ,worms !re=e w\ld be liable to become *>g$ ) ?is e>?1 unless !re 7 "s special means = its excretion2 & ! calcif]\s gl&s are well adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,! worms :i* live 9 m\ld close ov] ! *alk1 (t5 h _! inte/9es fill$ ) ?is sub/ance1 & _! ca/+s are almo/ :ite4 ,"h x is evid5t t ! supply ( calc>e\s matt] mu/ be sup]-abundant4 ,nev]!less ) sev]al worms collect$ on su* a site1 ! calcif]\s gl&s conta9$ z _m free calcif]\s cells1 & fully z _m & l>ge concretions1 z did ! gl&s ( worms :i* liv$ :]e !re 0 little or no lime2 & ?is indicates t ! lime is an excretion1 & n a secretion p\r$ into ! alim5t>y canal = "s special purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! foll[+ consid]ations r5d] x highly probable t ! c>bonate ( lime1 :i* is excret$ by ! gl&s1 aids ! dige/ive process "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,leaves dur+ _! decay g5]ate an abundance ( v>i\s k9ds ( acids1 :i* h be5 gr\p$ toge!r "u ! t]m ( humus acids4 ,we %all h to recur to ?is subject 9 our fif? *apt]1 & ,i ne$ "h only say t ^! acids act /rongly on c>bonate ( lime4 ,! half-decay$ leaves :i* are swall[$ 9 su* l>ge quantities by worms w\ld1 !re=e1 aft] !y h be5 moi/5$ & triturat$ 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 be apt to produce su* acids4 ,& 9 ! case ( sev]al worms1 ! cont5ts ( ! alim5t>y canal 7 f\nd to be pla9ly acid1 z %[n by litmus pap]4 ,?is acidity _c be attribut$ to ! nature ( ! dige/ive fluid1 = pancreatic fluid is alkal9e2 & we h se5 t ! secretion :i* is p\r$ out ( ! m\?s ( worms = ! sake ( prep>+ ! leaves = consumption1 is likewise alkal9e4 ,! acidity c h>dly be due to uric acid1 z ! cont5ts ( ! upp] "p ( ! inte/9e 7 (t5 acid4 ,9 "o case ! cont5ts ( ! gizz>d 7 slightly acid1 ^? ( ! upp] inte/9es be+ m pla9ly acid4 ,9 ano!r case ! cont5ts ( ! ph>ynx 7 n acid1 ^? ( ! gizz>d d\btfully s1 :ile ^? ( ! inte/9e 7 di/9ctly acid at a di/ance ( #e cm4 bel[ ! gizz>d4 ,ev5 ) ! high] h]bivor\s & omnivor\s animals1 ! cont5ts ( ! l>ge inte/9e are acid4 8,?is1 h[ev]1 is n caus$ by any acid secretion f ! muc\s membrane2 ! reaction ( ! inte/9al walls 9 ! l>g] z 9 ! small inte/9e is alkal9e4 ,x mu/ !re=e arise f acid f]m5tations go+ on 9 ! cont5ts !mselves 4 4 4 ,9 ,c>nivora ! cont5ts ( ! coecum are said to be alkal9e1 & naturally ! am\nt ( f]m5tation w dep5d l>gely on ! nature ( ! food40 #di ,) worms n only ! cont5ts ( ! inte/9es1 b _! eject$ matt] or ! ca/+s1 are g5]ally acid4 ,?irty ca/+s f diff]5t places 7 te/$1 & ) ?ree or f\r exceptions 7 f\nd to be acid2 & ! exceptions may h be5 due to su* ca/+s n hav+ be5 rec5tly eject$2 = "s :i* 7 at fir/ acid1 7 on ! foll[+ morn+1 aft] be+ dri$ & aga9 moi/5$1 no long] acid2 & ?is probably result$ f ! humus acids be+1 z is kn[n to be ! case1 easily decompos$4 ,five fre% ca/+s f worms :i* liv$ 9 m\ld close ov] ! *alk1 7 ( a :iti% col\r & ab\nd$ ) calc>e\s matt]2 & ^! 7 n 9 ! lea/ acid4 ,?is %[s h[ effectually c>bonate ( lime neutralises ! inte/9al acids4 ,:5 worms 7 kept 9 pots fill$ ) f9e f]rug9\s s&1 x 0 manife/ t ! oxide ( iron1 ) :i* ! gra9s ( silex 7 coat$1 _h be5 dissolv$ & remov$ f !m 9 ! ca/+s4 ,! dige/ive fluid ( worms resembles 9 its action1 z already /at$1 ! pancreatic secretion ( ! high] animals2 & 9 ^! latt]1 8pancreatic dige/ion is ess5tially alkal9e2 ! action w n take place unless "s alkali be pres5t2 & ! activity ( an alkal9e juice is arre/$ by acidification1 & h9d]$ by neutralization40 #ej ,!re=e x seems highly probable t ! innum]able calcif]\s cells1 :i* are p\r$ f ! f\r po/]ior gl&s into ! alim5t>y canal ( worms1 s]ve to neutralise m or less completely ! acids !re g5]at$ by ! half-decay$ leaves4 ,we h se5 t ^! cells are in/antly dissolv$ by a small quantity ( acetic acid1 & z !y d n always suffice to neutralise ! cont5ts ( ev5 ! upp] "p ( ! alim5t>y canal1 ! lime is p]haps aggregat$ into concretions 9 ! ant]ior pair ( gl&s1 9 ord] t "s may be c>ri$ d[n to ! po/]ior p>ts ( ! inte/9e1 :]e ^! concretions w\ld be roll$ ab\t among/ ! acid cont5ts4 ,! concretions f\nd 9 ! inte/9es & 9 ! ca/+s (t5 h a worn appe>ance1 b :e!r ?is is due to "s am\nt ( attrition or ( *emical corrosion c\ld n be told4 ,clap>de believes t !y are =m$ = ! sake ( act+ z mill-/ones1 & ( ?us aid+ 9 ! trituration ( ! food4 ,!y may give "s aid 9 ?is way2 b ,i fully agree ) ,p]ri] t ?is mu/ be ( q subord9ate importance1 see+ t ! object is already atta9$ by /ones be+ g5]ally pres5t 9 ! gizz>ds & inte/9es ( worms4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,habits ,,( ,,worms--cont9u$4 ,mann] 9 :i* worms seize objects--,_! p[] ( suction--,! in/9ct ( plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s--,/ones pil$ ov] ! burr[s--,! advantages ?us ga9$--,intellig5ce %[n by worms 9 _! mann] ( plugg+ up _! burr[s--,v>i\s k9ds ( leaves & o!r objects ?us us$--,triangles ( pap]--,summ>y ( reasons = believ+ t worms exhibit "s intellig5ce--,means by :i* !y excavate _! burr[s1 by pu%+ away ! e>? & swall[+ x--,e>? also swall[$ = ! nutriti\s matt] :i* x conta9s--,dep? to :i* worms burr[1 & ! con/ruction ( _! burr[s--,burr[s l9$ ) ca/+s1 & 9 ! upp] "p ) leaves--,! l[e/ "p pav$ ) little /ones or se$s--,mann] 9 :i* ! ca/+s are eject$--,! collapse ( old burr[s--,di/ribution ( worms--,t[]-l ca/+s 9 ,b5gal--,gigantic ca/+s on ! ,nilgiri ,m\nta9s--,ca/+s eject$ 9 all c\ntries4 ,,9 ! pots 9 :i* worms 7 kept1 leaves 7 p9n$ d[n to ! soil1 & at night ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 seiz$ c\ld be obs]v$4 ,! worms always endeav\r$ to drag ! leaves t[>ds _! burr[s2 & !y tore or suck$ (f small fragm5ts1 :5ev] ! leaves 7 suffici5tly t5d]4 ,!y g5]ally seiz$ ! ?9 edge ( a leaf ) _! m\?s1 betwe5 ! project+ upp] & l[] lip2 ! ?ick & /rong ph>ynx be+ at ! same "t1 z ,p]ri] rem>ks1 pu%$ =w>d )9 _! bodies1 s z to af=d a po9t ( resi/ance = ! upp] lip4 ,9 ! case ( broad flat objects !y act$ 9 a :olly diff]5t mann]4 ,! po9t$ ant]ior extremity ( ! body1 aft] be+ br\ght into contact ) an object ( ?is k9d1 0 drawn )9 ! adjo9+ r+s1 s t x appe>$ truncat$ & became z ?ick z ! re/ ( ! body4 ,?is "p c\ld !n be se5 to swell a little2 & ?is1 ,i believe1 is due to ! ph>ynx be+ pu%$ a little =w>ds4 ,!n by a slight )drawal ( ! ph>ynx or by its expansion1 a vacuum 0 produc$ b5ea? ! truncat$ slimy end ( ! body :il/ 9 contact ) ! object2 & by ?is means ! two adh]$ firmly toge!r4 #ec ,t "u ^! circum/ances a vacuum 0 produc$ 0 pla9ly se5 on "o occasion1 :5 a l>ge worm ly+ b5ea? a flaccid cabbage leaf tri$ to drag x away2 = ! surface ( ! leaf directly ov] ! end ( ! worm's body became deeply pitt$4 ,on ano!r occasion a worm sudd5ly lo/ its hold on a flat leaf2 & ! ant]ior end ( ! body 0 mom5t>ily se5 to be cup-=m$4 ,worms c atta* !mselves to an object b5ea? wat] 9 ! same mann]2 & ,i saw "o ?us dragg+ away a subm]g$ slice ( an onion-bulb4 ,! edges ( fre% or ne>ly fre% leaves affix$ to ! gr\nd 7 (t5 nibbl$ by ! worms2 & sometimes ! epid]mis & all ! p>5*yma on "o side 0 gnaw$ completely away ov] a consid]able space2 ! epid]mis alone on ! opposite side be+ left q clean4 ,! ve9s 7 nev] t\*$1 & leaves 7 ?us sometimes p>tly conv]t$ into skeletons4 ,z worms h no tee? & z _! m\?s consi/ ( v s(t tissue1 x may be presum$ t !y consume by means ( suction ! edges & ! p>5*yma ( fre% leaves1 aft] !y h be5 s(t5$ by ! dige/ive fluid4 ,!y _c attack su* /rong leaves z ^? ( sea-kale or l>ge & ?ick leaves ( ivy2 ?\gh "o ( ! latt] aft] x _h become rott5 0 r$uc$ 9 p>ts to ! /ate ( a skeleton4 ,worms seize leaves & o!r objects1 n only to s]ve z food1 b = plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s2 & ?is is "o ( _! /ronge/ in/9cts4 ,!y sometimes "w s en]getically t ,mr4 ,d4 ,f4 ,simpson1 :o has a small wall$ g>d5 :]e worms ab\nd 9 ,bayswat]1 in=ms me t on a calm damp ev5+ he !re he>d s extraord9>y a ru/l+ noise f "u a tree f :i* _m leaves _h fall51 t he w5t out ) a light & discov]$ t ! noise 0 caus$ by _m worms dragg+ ! dry leaves & squeez+ !m into ! burr[s4 ,n only leaves1 b petioles ( _m k9ds1 "s fl[]-p$uncles1 (t5 decay$ twigs ( trees1 bits ( pap]1 fea!rs1 tufts ( wool & horse-hairs are dragg$ into _! burr[s = ?is purpose4 ,i h se5 z _m z sev5te5 petioles ( a ,clematis project+ f ! m\? ( "o burr[1 & t5 f ! m\? ( ano!r4 ,"s ( ^! objects1 su* z ! petioles j nam$1 fea!rs1 c41 are nev] gnaw$ by worms4 ,9 a gravel-walk 9 my g>d5 ,i f\nd _m hundr$ leaves ( a p9e-tree 7,p4 au/riaca or nigricans7 drawn by _! bases into burr[s4 ,! surfaces by :i* ^! leaves are articulat$ to ! bran*es are %ap$ 9 z peculi> a mann] z is ! jo9t betwe5 ! leg-bones ( a quadrup$2 & if ^! surfaces _h be5 9 ! lea/ gnaw$1 ! fact w\ld h be5 imm$iately visible1 b !re 0 no trace ( gnaw+4 ,( ord9>y dicotyl$on\s leaves1 all ^? :i* are dragg$ into burr[s are n gnaw$4 ,i h se5 z _m z n9e leaves ( ! lime-tree drawn into ! same burr[1 & n ne>ly all ( !m _h be5 gnaw$2 b su* leaves may s]ve z a /ore = future consumption4 ,:]e fall5 leaves are abundant1 _m m are sometimes collect$ ov] ! m\? ( a burr[ ?an c be us$1 s t a small pile ( unus$ leaves is left l a ro( ov] ^? :i* h be5 p>tly dragg$ 94 ,a leaf 9 be+ dragg$ a little way into a cyl9drical burr[ is necess>ily mu* fold$ or crumpl$4 ,:5 ano!r leaf is drawn 91 ?is is done ext]iorly to ! fir/ "o1 & s on ) ! succe$+ leaves2 & f9ally all become closely fold$ & press$ toge!r4 ,sometimes ! worm enl>ges ! m\? ( its burr[1 or makes a fre% "o close by1 s z to draw 9 a /ill l>g] numb] ( leaves4 ,!y (t5 or g5]ally fill up ! int]/ices betwe5 ! drawn-9 leaves ) moi/ viscid e>? eject$ f _! bodies2 & ?us ! m\?s ( ! burr[s are securely plugg$4 ,hundr$s ( su* plugg$ burr[s may be se5 9 _m places1 especially dur+ ! autumnal & e>ly w9t] mon?s4 ,b1 z w h]eaft] be %[n1 leaves are dragg$ into ! burr[s n only = plugg+ !m up & = food1 b = ! sake ( l9+ ! upp] "p or m\?4 ,:5 worms _c obta9 leaves1 petioles1 /icks1 c41 ) :i* to plug up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 !y (t5 protect !m by little heaps ( /ones2 & su* heaps ( smoo? r\nd$ pebbles may frequ5tly be se5 on gravel-walks4 ,"h !re c be no "q ab\t food4 ,a lady1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 ! habits ( worms1 remov$ ! little heaps ( /ones f ! m\?s ( sev]al burr[s & cle>$ ! surface ( ! gr\nd = "s in*es all r\nd4 ,%e w5t out on ! foll[+ night ) a lant]n1 & saw ! worms ) _! tails fix$ 9 _! burr[s1 dragg+ ! /ones inw>ds by ! aid ( _! m\?s1 no d\bt by suction4 8,aft] two nights "s ( ! holes _h #h or #i small /ones ov] !m2 aft] f\r nights "o _h ab\t #cj1 & ano!r #cd /ones40 #eh ,"o /one--:i* _h be5 dragg$ ov] ! gravel-walk to ! m\? ( a burr[ weigh$ two ounces2 & ?is proves h[ /rong worms are4 ,b !y %[ great] /r5g? 9 sometimes displac+ /ones 9 a well-trodd5 gravel-walk2 t !y d s1 may be inf]r$ f ! cavities left by ! displac$ /ones be+ exactly fill$ by ^? ly+ ov] ! m\?s ( adjo9+ burr[s1 z ,i h myself obs]v$4 ,"w ( ?is k9d is usually p]=m$ dur+ ! night2 b ,i h occasionally kn[n objects to be drawn into ! burr[s dur+ ! day4 ,:at advantage ! worms d]ive f plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s ) leaves1 c41 or f pil+ /ones ov] !m1 is d\btful4 ,!y d n act 9 ?is mann] at ! times :5 !y eject mu* e>? f _! burr[s2 = _! ca/+s !n s]ve to cov] ! m\?s4 ,:5 g>d5]s wi% to kill worms on a lawn1 x is necess>y fir/ to bru% or rake away ! ca/+s f ! surface1 9 ord] t ! lime-wat] may ent] ! burr[s4 #ei;a ,x might be inf]r$ f ?is fact t ! m\?s are plugg$ up ) leaves1 c41 to prev5t ! entrance ( wat] dur+ heavy ra92 b x may be urg$ aga9/ ?is view t a few1 loose1 well-r\nd$ /ones are ill-adapt$ to keep out wat]4 ,i h moreov] se5 _m burr[s 9 ! p]p5dicul>ly cut turf-edg+s to gravel-walks1 into :i* wat] c\ld h>dly fl[1 z well plugg$ z burr[s on a level surface4 ,x is n probable t ! plugs or piles ( /ones s]ve to conceal ! burr[s f scolop5dras1 :i*1 accord+ to ,h(fmei/]1 #ei;b are ! bitt]e/ enemies ( worms1 or f ! l>g] species ( ,c>abus & ,/aphyl9us :i* attack !m f]oci\sly1 = ^! animals are nocturnal1 & ! burr[s are op5$ at night4 ,may n worms :5 ! m\? ( ! burr[ is protect$ be able to rema9 ) safety ) _! heads close to x1 :i* we "k t !y l to d1 b :i* co/s s _m ( !m _! lives8 ,or may n ! plugs *eck ! free +ress ( ! l[e/ /ratum ( air1 :5 *ill$ by radiation at night1 f ! surr\nd+ gr\nd & h]bage8 ,i am incl9$ to believe 9 ?is latt] view3 fir/ly1 because :5 worms 7 kept 9 pots 9 a room ) a fire1 9 :i* case cold air c\ld n ent] ! burr[s1 !y plugg$ !m up 9 a slov5ly mann]2 & second>ily1 because !y (t5 coat ! upp] "p ( _! burr[s ) leaves1 app>5tly to prev5t _! bodies f com+ into close contact ) ! cold damp e>?4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,p>fitt has sugge/$ to me t ! m\?s ( ! burr[s are clos$ 9 ord] t ! air )9 !m may be kept ?or\ghly damp1 & ?is seems ! mo/ probable explanation ( ! habit4 ,b ! plugg+-up process may s]ve = all ! above purposes4 ,:atev] ! motive may be1 x appe>s t worms mu* dislike leav+ ! m\?s ( _! burr[s op54 ,nev]!less !y w reop5 !m at night1 :e!r or n !y c aft]w>ds close !m4 ,num]\s op5 burr[s may be se5 on rec5tly-dug gr\nd1 = 9 ?is case ! worms eject _! ca/+s 9 cavities left 9 ! gr\nd1 or 9 ! old burr[s in/ead ( pil+ !m ov] ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 & !y _c collect objects on ! surface by :i* ! m\?s might be protect$4 ,s aga9 on a rec5tly dis9t]r$ pavem5t ( a ,roman villa at ,ab+] 7h]eaft] to be describ$7 ! worms p]t9aci\sly op5$ _! burr[s almo/ e night1 :5 ^! _h be5 clos$ by be+ trampl$ on1 al?\gh !y 7 r>ely able to f9d a few m9ute /ones :]e) to protect !m4 ,intellig5ce %[n by worms 9 _! mann] ( plugg+ up _! burr[s4--,if a man _h to plug up a small cyl9drical hole1 ) su* objects z leaves1 petioles or twigs1 he w\ld drag or pu% !m 9 by _! po9t$ ends2 b if ^! objects 7 v ?9 relatively to ! size ( ! hole1 he w\ld probably ins]t "s by _! ?ick] or broad] ends4 ,! guide 9 8 case w\ld be intellig5ce4 ,x seem$ !re=e wor? :ile to obs]ve c>efully h[ worms dragg$ leaves into _! burr[s2 :e!r by _! tips or bases or middle p>ts4 ,x seem$ m especially desirable to d ?is 9 ! case ( plants n natives to our c\ntry2 = al?\gh ! habit ( dragg+ leaves into _! burr[s is und\bt$ly in/9ctive ) worms1 yet in/9ct c\ld n tell !m h[ to act 9 ! case ( leaves ab\t :i* _! prog5itors knew no?+4 ,if1 moreov]1 worms act$ solely ?r\gh in/9ct or an unv>y+ inh]it$ impulse1 !y w\ld draw all k9ds ( leaves into _! burr[s 9 ! same mann]4 ,if !y h no su* def9ite in/9ct1 we might expect t *ance w\ld det]m9e :e!r ! tip1 base or middle 0 seiz$4 ,if bo? ^! alt]natives are exclud$1 intellig5ce alone is left2 unless ! worm 9 ea* case fir/ tries _m diff]5t me?ods1 & foll[s t alone :i* proves possible or ! mo/ easy2 b to act 9 ?is mann] & to try diff]5t me?ods makes a ne> approa* to intellig5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place #bbg )]$ leaves ( v>i\s k9ds1 mo/ly ( ,engli% plants1 7 pull$ out ( worm-burr[s 9 sev]al places4 ,( ^!1 #aha _h be5 drawn into ! burr[s by or ne> _! tips1 s t ! foot-/alk project$ ne>ly upright f ! m\? ( ! burr[2 #bj _h be5 drawn 9 by _! bases1 & 9 ?is case ! tips project$ f ! burr[s2 & #bf _h be5 seiz$ ne> ! middle1 s t ^! _h be5 drawn 9 transv]sely & 7 mu* crumpl$4 ,!re=e #hj p] c5t4 7always us+ ! ne>e/ :ole numb]7 _h be5 drawn 9 by ! tip1 #i p] c5t4 by ! base or foot-/alk1 & #aa p] c5t4 transv]sely or by ! middle4 ,?is alone is almo/ suffici5t to %[ t *ance does n det]m9e ! mann] 9 :i* leaves are dragg$ into ! burr[s4 ,( ! above #bbg leaves1 #gj consi/$ ( ! fall5 leaves ( ! common lime-tree1 :i* is almo/ c]ta9ly n a native ( ,engl&4 ,^! leaves are mu* acum9at$ t[>ds ! tip1 & are v broad at ! base ) a well-develop$ foot-/alk4 ,!y are ?9 & q flexible :5 half-)]$4 ,( ! #gj1 #gi p] c5t4 _h be5 drawn 9 by or ne> ! tip2 #d p] c5t4 by or ne> ! base2 & #ag p] c5t4 transv]sely or by ! middle4 ,^! proportions agree v closely1 z f> z ! tip is conc]n$1 ) ^? be=e giv54 ,b ! p]c5tage drawn 9 by ! base is small]1 :i* may be attribut$ to ! bread? ( ! basal "p ( ! blade4 ,we "h1 also1 see t ! pres5ce ( a foot-/alk1 :i* x might h be5 expect$ w\ld h tempt$ ! worms z a conv5i5t h&le1 has little or no influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! mann] 9 :i* lime leaves are dragg$ into ! burr[s4 ,! consid]able proportion1 viz41 #ag p] c5t41 drawn 9 m or less transv]sely dep5ds no d\bt on ! flexibility ( ^! half-decay$ leaves4 ,! fact ( s _m hav+ be5 drawn 9 by ! middle1 & ( "s few hav+ be5 drawn 9 by ! base1 r5d]s x improbable t ! worms fir/ tri$ to draw 9 mo/ ( ! leaves by "o or bo? ( ^! me?ods1 & t !y aft]w>ds drew 9 #gi p] c5t4 by _! tips2 = x is cle> t !y w\ld n h fail$ 9 draw+ !m 9 by ! base or middle4 ,! leaves ( a =eign plant 7 next se>*$ =1 ! blades ( :i* 7 n m po9t$ t[>ds ! apex ?an t[>ds ! base4 ,?is prov$ to be ! case ) ^? ( a laburnum 7a hybrid betwe5 ,cytisus alp9us & laburnum7 = on d\bl+ ! t]m9al ov] ! basal half1 !y g5]ally fitt$ exactly2 & :5 !re 0 any diff]5ce1 ! basal half 0 a little ! n>r[]4 ,x might1 !re=e1 h be5 expect$ t an almo/ equal numb] ( ^! leaves w\ld h be5 drawn 9 by ! tip & base1 or a slight excess 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,b ( #gc leaves 7n includ$ 9 ! fir/ lot ( #bbg7 pull$ out ( worm-burr[s1 #fc p] c5t4 _h be5 drawn 9 by ! tip2 #bg p] c5t4 by ! base1 & #aj p] c5t4 transv]sely4 ,we "h see t a f> l>g] proportion1 viz41 #bg p] c5t4 7 drawn 9 by ! base ?an 9 ! case ( lime leaves1 ! blades ( :i* are v broad at ! base1 & ( :i* only #d p] c5t4 _h ?us be5 drawn 94 ,we may p]haps acc\nt = ! fact ( a /ill l>g] proportion ( ! laburnum leaves n hav+ be5 drawn 9 by ! base1 by worms hav+ acquir$ ! habit ( g5]ally draw+ 9 leaves by _! tips & ?us avoid+ ! foot-/alk4 ,= ! basal m>g9 ( ! blade 9 _m k9ds ( leaves =ms a l>ge angle ) ! foot-/alk2 & if su* a leaf 7 drawn 9 by ! foot-/alk1 ! basal m>g9 w\ld come abruptly into contact ) ! gr\nd on ea* side ( ! burr[1 & w\ld r5d] ! draw+ 9 ( ! leaf v difficult4 ,nev]!less worms break ?r\gh _! habit ( avoid+ ! foot-/alk1 if ?is "p (f]s !m ! mo/ conv5i5t means = draw+ leaves into _! burr[s4 ,! leaves ( ! endless hybridis$ v>ieties ( ! ,rhodod5dron v>y mu* 9 %ape2 "s are n>r[e/ t[>ds ! base & o!rs t[>ds ! apex4 ,aft] !y h fall5 (f1 ! blade on ea* side ( ! midrib (t5 becomes curl$ up :ile dry+1 sometimes along ! :ole l5g?1 sometimes *iefly at ! base1 sometimes t[>ds ! apex4 ,out ( #bh fall5 leaves on "o b$ ( peat 9 my g>d51 no less ?an #bc 7 n>r[] 9 ! basal qu>t] ?an 9 ! t]m9al qu>t] ( _! l5g?2 & ?is n>r[ness 0 *iefly due to ! curl+ 9 ( ! m>g9s4 ,out ( #cf fall5 leaves on ano!r b$1 9 :i* diff]5t v>ieties ( ! ,rhodod5dron grew1 only #ag 7 n>r[] t[>ds ! base ?an t[>ds ! apex4 ,my son ,william1 :o fir/ call$ my att5tion to ?is case1 pick$ up #bcg fall5 leaves 9 8 g>d5 7:]e ! ,rhodod5dron gr[s 9 ! natural soil7 & ( ^! #fe p] c5t4 c\ld h be5 drawn by worms into _! burr[s m easily by ! base or foot-/alk ?an by ! tip2 & ?is 0 p>tly due to ! %ape ( ! leaf & 9 a less degree to ! curl+ 9 ( ! m>g9s3 #bg p] c5t4 c\ld h be5 drawn 9 m easily by ! tip ?an by ! base3 & #h p] c5t4 ) ab\t equal ease by ei!r end4 ,! %ape ( a fall5 leaf ought to be judg$ ( be=e "o end has be5 drawn into a burr[1 = aft] ?is has happ5$1 ! free end1 :e!r x be ! base or apex1 w dry m quickly ?an ! end imb$d$ 9 ! damp gr\nd2 & ! expos$ m>g9s ( ! free end w consequ5tly t5d to become m curl$ inw>ds ?an !y 7 :5 ! leaf 0 fir/ seiz$ by ! worm4 ,my son f\nd #ia leaves :i* _h be5 dragg$ by worms into _! burr[s1 ?\gh n to a great dep?2 ( ^! #ff p] c5t4 _h be5 drawn 9 by ! base or foot-/alk2 & #cd p] c5t4 by ! tip4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! worms judg$ ) a consid]able degree ( correctness h[ be/ to draw ! )]$ leaves ( ?is =eign plant into _! burr[s2 not)/&+ t !y _h to dep>t f _! usual habit ( avoid+ ! foot-/alk4 ,on ! gravel-walks 9 my g>d5 a v l>ge numb] ( leaves ( ?ree species ( ,p9us 7,p4 au/riaca1 nigricans & sylve/ris7 are regul>ly drawn into ! m\?s ( worm burr[s4 ,^! leaves consi/ ( two s-call$ ne$les1 :i* are ( consid]able l5g? 9 ! two fir/ & %ort 9 ! la/ nam$ species1 & are unit$ to a common base2 & x is by ?is "p t !y are almo/ inv>iably drawn into ! burr[s4 ,i h se5 only two or at mo/ ?ree exceptions to ?is rule ) worms 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,z ! %>ply po9t$ ne$les div]ge a little1 & z sev]al leaves are drawn into ! same burr[1 ea* tuft =ms a p]fect *evaux de frise4 ,on two occasions _m ( ^! tufts 7 pull$ up 9 ! ev5+1 b by ! foll[+ morn+ fre% leaves _h be5 pull$ 91 & ! burr[s 7 aga9 well protect$4 ,^! leaves c\ld n be dragg$ into ! burr[s to any dep?1 except by _! bases1 z a worm _c seize hold ( ! two ne$les at ! same "t1 & if "o alone 7 seiz$ by ! apex1 ! o!r w\ld be press$ aga9/ ! gr\nd & w\ld resi/ ! entry ( ! seiz$ "o4 ,?is 0 manife/ 9 ! above m5tion$ two or ?ree exceptional cases4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t worms %\ld d _! "w well1 !y mu/ drag p9e-leaves into _! burr[s by _! bases1 :]e ! two ne$les are conjo9$4 ,b h[ !y are guid$ 9 ?is "w is a p]plex+ "q4 ,?is difficulty l$ my son ,francis & myself to obs]ve worms 9 conf9em5t dur+ sev]al nights by ! aid ( a dim light1 :ile !y dragg$ ! leaves ( ! above nam$ p9es into _! burr[s4 ,!y mov$ ! ant]ior extremities ( _! bodies ab\t ! leaves1 & on sev]al occasions :5 !y t\*$ ! %>p end ( a ne$le !y )drew sudd5ly z if prick$4 ,b ,i d\bt :e!r !y 7 hurt1 = !y are indiff]5t to v %>p objects1 & w swall[ ev5 rose-?orns & small spl9t]s ( glass4 ,x may also be d\bt$1 :e!r ! %>p ends ( ! ne$les s]ve to tell !m t ?is is ! wrong end to seize2 = ! po9ts 7 cut (f _m leaves = a l5g? ( ab\t "o in*1 & fifty-sev5 ( !m ?us treat$ 7 drawn into ! burr[s by _! bases1 & n "o by ! cut-(f ends4 ,! worms 9 conf9em5t (t5 seiz$ ! ne$les ne> ! middle & drew !m t[>ds ! m\?s ( _! burr[s2 & "o worm tri$ 9 a s5seless mann] to drag !m into ! burr[ by b5d+ !m4 ,!y sometimes collect$ _m m leaves ov] ! m\?s ( _! burr[s 7z 9 ! case =m]ly m5tion$ ( lime-leaves7 ?an c\ld ent] !m4 ,on o!r occasions1 h[ev]1 !y behav$ v diff]5tly2 = z soon z !y t\*$ ! base ( a p9e-leaf1 ?is 0 seiz$1 be+ sometimes completely engulf$ 9 _! m\?s1 or a po9t v ne> ! base 0 seiz$1 & ! leaf 0 !n quickly dragg$ or r j]k$ into _! burr[s4 ,x appe>$ bo? to my son & myself z if ! worms in/antly p]ceiv$ z soon z !y _h seiz$ a leaf 9 ! prop] mann]4 ,n9e su* cases 7 obs]v$1 b 9 "o ( !m ! worm fail$ to drag ! leaf into its burr[1 z x 0 entangl$ by o!r leaves ly+ ne>4 ,9 ano!r case a leaf /ood ne>ly upright ) ! po9ts ( ! ne$les p>tly ins]t$ into a burr[1 b h[ plac$ !re 0 n se52 & !n ! worm re>$ itself up & seiz$ ! base1 :i* 0 dragg$ into ! m\? ( ! burr[ by b[+ ! :ole leaf4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aft] a worm _h seiz$ ! base ( a leaf1 ?is 0 on two occasions rel9qui%$ f "s unkn[n motive4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! habit ( plugg+ up ! m\?s ( ! burr[s ) v>i\s objects1 is no d\bt in/9ctive 9 worms2 & a v "y "o1 born 9 "o ( my pots1 dragg$ = "s little di/ance a ,scot*-fir leaf1 "o ne$le ( :i* 0 z long & almo/ z ?ick z its own body4 ,no species ( p9e is endemic 9 ?is "p ( ,engl&1 x is !re=e incr$ible t ! prop] mann] ( dragg+ p9e-leaves into ! burr[s c be in/9ctive ) our worms4 ,b z ! worms on :i* ! above obs]vations 7 made1 7 dug up b5ea? or ne> "s p9es1 :i* _h be5 plant$ !re ab\t =ty ye>s1 x 0 desirable to prove t _! actions 7 n in/9ctive4 ,accord+ly1 p9e-leaves 7 scatt]$ on ! gr\nd 9 places f> remov$ f any p9e-tree1 & #ij ( !m 7 drawn into ! burr[s by _! bases4 ,only two 7 drawn 9 by ! tips ( ! ne$les1 & ^! 7 n real exceptions1 z "o 0 drawn 9 = a v %ort di/ance1 & ! two ne$les ( ! o!r coh]$4 ,o!r p9e-leaves 7 giv5 to worms kept 9 pots 9 a w>m room1 & "h ! result 0 diff]5t2 = out ( #db leaves drawn into ! burr[s1 no less ?an #af 7 drawn 9 by ! tips ( ! ne$les4 ,^! worms1 h[ev]1 work$ 9 a c>eless or slov5ly mann]2 = ! leaves 7 (t5 drawn 9 to only a small dep?2 sometimes !y 7 m]ely heap$ ov] ! m\?s ( ! burr[s1 & sometimes none 7 drawn 94 ,i believe t ?is c>elessness may be acc\nt$ = ei!r by ! w>m? ( ! air1 or by its dampness1 z ! pots 7 cov]$ by glass plates2 ! worms consequ5tly did n c>e ab\t plugg+ up _! holes effectually4 ,pots t5ant$ by worms & cov]$ ) a net :i* all[$ ! free entrance ( air1 7 left out ( doors = sev]al nights1 & n[ #gb leaves 7 all prop]ly drawn 9 by _! bases4 ,x might p]haps be inf]r$ f ! facts z yet giv51 t worms someh[ ga9 a g5]al notion ( ! %ape or /ructure ( p9e-leaves1 & p]ceive t x is necess>y = !m to seize ! base :]e ! two ne$les are conjo9$4 ,b ! foll[+ cases make ?is m ?an d\btful4 ,! tips ( a l>ge numb] ( ne$les ( ,p4 au/riaca 7 cem5t$ toge!r ) %ell-lac dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & 7 kept = "s days1 until1 z ,i believe1 all od\r or ta/e _h be5 lo/2 & !y 7 !n scatt]$ on ! gr\nd :]e no p9e-trees grew1 ne> burr[s f :i* ! plugg+ _h be5 remov$4 ,su* leaves c\ld h be5 drawn into ! burr[s ) equal ease by ei!r end2 & judg+ f analogy & m especially f ! case pres5tly to be giv5 ( ! petioles ( ,clematis montana1 ,i expect$ t ! apex w\ld h be5 pref]r$4 ,b ! result 0 t out ( #aba leaves ) ! tips cem5t$1 :i* 7 drawn into burr[s1 #ajh 7 drawn 9 by _! bases1 & only #ac by _! tips4 ,?9k+ t ! worms might possibly p]ceive & dislike ! smell or ta/e ( ! %ell-lac1 ?\gh ?is 0 v improbable1 especially aft] ! leaves _h be5 left out dur+ sev]al nights1 ! tips ( ! ne$les ( _m leaves 7 ti$ toge!r ) f9e ?read4 ,( leaves ?us treat$ #aej 7 drawn into burr[s--#abc by ! base & #bg by ! ti$ tips2 s t betwe5 f\r & five times z _m 7 drawn 9 by ! base z by ! tip4 ,x is possible t ! %ort cut-(f ends ( ! ?read ) :i* !y 7 ti$1 may h tempt$ ! worms to drag 9 a l>g] proportional numb] by ! tips ?an :5 cem5t 0 us$4 ,( ! leaves ) ti$ & cem5t$ tips tak5 toge!r 7#bga 9 numb]7 #he p] c5t4 7 drawn 9 by ! base & #ae p] c5t4 by ! tips4 ,we may !re=e inf] t x is n ! div]g5ce ( ! two ne$les :i* leads worms 9 a /ate ( nature almo/ inv>iably to drag p9e-leaves into _! burr[s by ! base4 ,nor c x be ! %>pness ( ! po9ts ( ! ne$les :i* det]m9es !m2 =1 z we h se51 _m leaves ) ! po9ts cut (f 7 drawn 9 by _! bases4 ,we are ?us l$ to conclude1 t ) p9e-leaves !re mu/ be some?+ attractive to worms 9 ! base1 not)/&+ t few ord9>y leaves are drawn 9 by ! base or foot-/alk4 ,petioles4--,we w n[ turn to ! petioles or foot-/alks ( comp\nd leaves1 aft] ! leaflets h fall5 (f4 ,^? f ,clematis montana1 :i* grew ov] a v]&ah1 7 dragg$ e>ly 9 ,janu>y 9 l>ge numb]s into ! burr[s on an adjo9+ gravel-walk1 lawn1 & fl[]-b$4 ,^! petioles v>y f #b to #d in*es 9 l5g?1 are rigid & ( ne>ly uni=m ?ickness1 except close to ! base :]e !y ?ick5 r abruptly1 be+ "h ab\t twice z ?ick z 9 any o!r "p4 ,! apex is some:at po9t$1 b soon )]s & is !n easily brok5 (f4 ,( ^! petioles1 #cad 7 pull$ out ( burr[s 9 ! above specifi$ sites2 & x 0 f\nd t #gf p] c5t4 _h be5 drawn 9 by _! tips1 & #bd p] c5t by _! bases2 s t ^? drawn 9 by ! tip 7 a little m ?an ?rice z _m z ^? drawn 9 by ! base4 ,"s ( ^? extract$ f ! well-beat5 gravel-walk 7 kept sep>ate f ! o!rs2 & ( ^! 7#ei 9 numb]7 ne>ly five times z _m _h be5 drawn 9 by ! tip z by ! base2 :]eas ( ^? extract$ f ! lawn & fl[]-b$1 :]e f ! soil yield+ m easily1 less c>e w\ld be necess>y 9 plugg+ up ! burr[s1 ! proportion ( ^? drawn 9 by ! tip 7#acj7 to ^? drawn 9 by ! base 7#dh7 0 r less ?an ?ree to "o4 ,t ^! petioles _h be5 dragg$ into ! burr[s = plugg+ !m up1 & n = food1 0 manife/1 z nei!r end1 z f> z ,i c\ld see1 _h be5 gnaw$4 ,z sev]al petioles are us$ to plug up ! same burr[1 9 "o case z _m z #aj1 & 9 ano!r case z _m z #ae1 ! worms may p]haps at fir/ draw 9 a few by ! ?ick] end s z to save lab\r2 b aft]w>ds a l>ge majority are drawn 9 by ! po9t$ end1 9 ord] to plug up ! hole securely4 ,! fall5 petioles ( our native a%-tree 7 next obs]v$1 & ! rule ) mo/ objects1 viz41 t a l>ge majority are dragg$ into ! burr[s by ! m po9t$ end1 _h n "h be5 foll[$2 & ?is fact mu* surpris$ me at fir/4 ,^! petioles v>y 9 l5g? f #e to #h in*es2 !y are ?ick & fle%y t[>ds ! base1 :5ce !y tap] g5tly t[>ds ! apex1 :i* is a little enl>g$ & truncat$ :]e ! t]m9al leaflet _h be5 orig9ally atta*$4 ,"u "s a%-trees gr[+ 9 a grass-field1 #bbi petioles 7 pull$ out ( worm burr[s e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 & ( ^! #ea4e p] c5t4 _h be5 drawn 9 by ! base1 & #dh4e p] c5t4 by ! apex4 ,?is anomaly 0 h[ev] readily expla9$ z soon z ! ?ick basal "p 0 exam9$2 = 9 #gh out ( #ajc petioles1 ?is "p _h be5 gnaw$ by worms1 j above ! horse-%oe %ap$ articulation4 ,9 mo/ cases !re c\ld be no mi/ake ab\t ! gnaw+2 = ungnaw$ petioles :i* 7 exam9$ aft] be+ expos$ to ! wea!r = eight additional weeks _h n become m dis9tegrat$ or decay$ ne> ! base ?an else:]e4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! ?ick basal end ( ! petiole is drawn 9 n solely = ! sake ( plugg+ up ! m\?s ( ! burr[s1 b z food4 ,ev5 ! n>r[ truncat$ tips ( "s few petioles _h be5 gnaw$2 & ?is 0 ! case 9 #f out ( #cg :i* 7 exam9$ = ?is purpose4 ,worms1 aft] hav+ drawn 9 & gnaw$ ! basal end1 (t5 pu% ! petioles out ( _! burr[s2 & !n drag 9 fre% ones1 ei!r by ! base = food1 or by ! apex = plugg+ up ! m\? m effectually4 ,?us1 out ( #cg petioles ins]t$ by _! tips1 #e _h be5 previ\sly drawn 9 by ! base1 = ?is "p _h be5 gnaw$4 ,aga91 ,i collect$ a h&ful ( petioles ly+ loose on ! gr\nd close to "s plugg$-up burr[s1 :]e ! surface 0 ?ickly /rew$ ) o!r petioles :i* app>5tly _h nev] be5 t\*$ by worms2 & #ad out ( #dg 7i4e4 ne>ly "o-?ird71 aft] hav+ _h _! bases gnaw$ _h be5 pu%$ out ( ! burr[s & 7 n[ ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,f ^! sev]al facts we may conclude t worms draw 9 "s petioles ( ! a% by ! base to s]ve z food1 & o!rs by ! tip to plug up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s 9 ! mo/ effici5t mann]4 ,! petioles ( ,rob9ia pseudo-acacia v>y f #d or #e to ne>ly #ab in*es 9 l5g?2 !y are ?ick close to ! base be=e ! s(t] p>ts h rott$ (f1 & tap] mu* t[>ds ! upp] end4 ,!y are s flexible t ,i h se5 "s few d\bl$ up & ?us drawn into ! burr[s ( worms4 ,un=tunately ^! petioles 7 n exam9$ until ,febru>y1 by :i* "t ! s(t] p>ts _h completely rott$ (f1 s t x 0 impossible to asc]ta9 :e!r worms _h gnaw$ ! bases1 ?\gh ?is is 9 itself probable4 ,out ( #aba petioles extract$ f burr[s e>ly 9 ,febru>y1 #fh 7 imb$d$ by ! base1 & #ec by ! apex4 ,on ,febru>y #e all ! petioles :i* _h be5 drawn into ! burr[s b5ea? a ,rob9ia1 7 pull$ up2 & aft] an int]val ( elev5 days1 #ce petioles _h be5 aga9 dragg$ 91 #ai by ! base1 & #af by ! apex4 ,tak+ ^! two lots toge!r1 #ef p] c5t4 7 drawn 9 by ! base1 & #dd p] c5t4 by ! apex4 ,z all ! s(t] p>ts _h long ago rott$ (f1 we may feel sure1 especially 9 ! latt] case1 t none _h be5 drawn 9 z food4 ,at ?is season1 !re=e1 worms drag ^! petioles into _! burr[s indiff]5tly by ei!r end1 a slight pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! base4 ,?is latt] fact may be acc\nt$ = by ! difficulty ( plugg+ up a burr[ ) objects s extremely ?9 z are ! upp] ends4 ,9 support ( ?is view1 x may be /at$ t out ( ! #af petioles :i* _h be5 drawn 9 by _! upp] ends1 ! m att5uat$ t]m9al portion ( #g _h be5 previ\sly brok5 (f by "s accid5t4 ,triangles ( pap]4--,elongat$ triangles 7 cut out ( mod]ately /iff writ+-pap]1 :i* 0 rubb$ ) raw fat on bo? sides1 s z to prev5t _! becom+ excessively limp :5 expos$ at night to ra9 & dew4 ,! sides ( all ! triangles 7 ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 ) ! bases ( #abj "o in*1 & ( ! o!r #ahc half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,^! latt] triangles 7 v n>r[ or mu* acum9at$4 #gi ,z a *eck on ! obs]vations pres5tly to be giv51 simil> triangles 9 a damp /ate 7 seiz$ by a v n>r[ pair ( p9c]s at diff]5t po9ts & at all incl9ations ) ref]5ce to ! m>g9s1 & 7 !n drawn into a %ort tube ( ! diamet] ( a worm-burr[4 ,if seiz$ by ! apex1 ! triangle 0 drawn /raight into ! tube1 ) its m>g9s infold$2 if seiz$ at "s little di/ance f ! apex1 = in/ance at half an in*1 ?is mu* 0 d\bl$ back )9 ! tube4 ,s x 0 ) ! base & basal angles1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ! triangles (f]$1 z might h be5 expect$1 mu* m resi/ance to be+ drawn 94 ,if seiz$ ne> ! middle ! triangle 0 d\bl$ up1 ) ! apex & base left /ick+ out ( ! tube4 ,z ! sides ( ! triangles 7 ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 ! result ( _! be+ drawn into a tube or into a burr[ 9 diff]5t ways1 may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 ^? drawn 9 by ! apex or )9 an in* ( x2 ^? drawn 9 by ! base or )9 an in* ( x2 & ^? drawn 9 by any po9t 9 ! middle in*4 ,9 ord] to see h[ ! triangles w\ld be seiz$ by worms1 "s 9 a damp /ate 7 giv5 to worms kept 9 conf9em5t4 ,!y 7 seiz$ 9 ?ree diff]5t mann]s 9 ! case ( bo? ! n>r[ & broad triangles3 viz41 by ! m>g92 by "o ( ! ?ree angles1 :i* 0 (t5 completely engulf$ 9 _! m\?s2 & la/ly1 by suction appli$ to any "p ( ! flat surface4 ,if l9es p>allel to ! base & an in* ap>t1 are drawn across a triangle ) ! sides ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 x w be divid$ into ?ree p>ts ( equal l5g?4 ,n[ if worms seiz$ indiff]5tly by *ance any "p1 !y w\ld assur$ly seize on ! basal "p or division f> (t5] ?an on ei!r ( ! two o!r divisions4 ,= ! area ( ! basal to ! apical "p is z #e to #a1 s t ! *ance ( ! =m] be+ drawn into a burr[ by suction1 w be z #e to #a1 comp>$ ) ! apical "p4 ,! base (f]s two angles & ! apex only "o1 s t ! =m] w\ld h twice z good a *ance 7indep5d5tly ( ! size ( ! angles7 ( be+ engulf$ 9 a worm's m\?1 z w\ld ! apex4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be /at$ t ! apical angle is n (t5 seiz$ by worms2 ! m>g9 at a little di/ance on ei!r side be+ pref]r$4 ,i judge ( ?is f hav+ f\nd 9 #dj out ( #df cases 9 :i* triangles _h be5 drawn into burr[s by _! apical ends1 t ! tip _h be5 d\bl$ back )9 ! burr[ = a l5g? ( betwe5 #a_/bj ( an in* & #a in*4 ,la/ly1 ! proportion betwe5 ! m>g9s ( ! basal & apical p>ts is z #c to #b = ! broad1 & #b to #b = ! n>r[ triangles4 ,f ^! sev]al consid]ations x might c]ta9ly h be5 expect$1 suppos+ t worms seiz$ hold ( ! triangles by *ance1 t a consid]ably l>g] proportion w\ld h be5 dragg$ into ! burr[s by ! basal ?an by ! apical "p2 b we %all imm$iately see h[ diff]5t 0 ! result4 ,triangles ( ! above specifi$ sizes 7 scatt]$ on ! gr\nd 9 _m places & on _m successive nights ne> worm-burr[s1 f :i* ! leaves1 petioles1 twigs1 c41 ) :i* !y _h be5 plugg$1 7 remov$4 ,altoge!r #cjc triangles 7 drawn by worms into _! burr[s3 #ab o!rs 7 drawn 9 by bo? ends1 b z x 0 impossible to judge by :i* end !y _h be5 fir/ seiz$1 ^! are exclud$4 ,( ! #cjc1 #fb p] c5t4 _h be5 drawn 9 by ! apex 7us+ ?is t]m = all drawn 9 by ! apical "p1 "o in* 9 l5g?72 #ae p] c5t4 by ! middle2 & #bc p] c5t4 by ! basal "p4 ,if !y _h be5 drawn indiff]5tly by any po9t1 ! proportion = ! apical1 middle & basal p>ts w\ld h be5 #cc4c p] c5t4 = ea*2 b1 z we h j se51 x might h be5 expect$ t a mu* l>g] proportion w\ld h be5 drawn 9 by ! basal ?an by any o!r "p4 ,z ! case /&s1 ne>ly ?ree times z _m 7 drawn 9 by ! apex z by ! base4 ,if we consid] ! broad triangles by !mselves1 #ei p] c5t4 7 drawn 9 by ! apex1 #be p] c5t4 by ! middle1 & #af p] c5t4 by ! base4 ,( ! n>r[ triangles1 #fe p] c5t4 7 drawn 9 by ! apex1 #ad p] c5t1 by ! middle1 & #ba p] c5t4 by ! base2 s t "h ^? drawn 9 by ! apex 7 m ?an #c times z _m z ^? drawn 9 by ! base4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! mann] 9 :i* ! triangles are drawn into ! burr[s is n a matt] ( *ance4 ,9 eight cases1 two triangles _h be5 drawn into ! same burr[1 & 9 sev5 ( ^! cases1 "o _h be5 drawn 9 by ! apex & ! o!r by ! base4 ,?is aga9 indicates t ! result is n det]m9$ by *ance4 ,worms appe> sometimes to revolve 9 ! act ( draw+ 9 ! triangles1 = five out ( ! :ole lot _h be5 w\nd into an irregul> spire r\nd ! inside ( ! burr[4 ,worms kept 9 a w>m room drew #fc triangles into _! burr[s2 b1 z 9 ! case ( ! p9e-leaves1 !y work$ 9 a r c>eless mann]1 = only #dd p] c5t4 7 drawn 9 by ! apex1 #bb p] c5t4 by ! middle1 & #cc p] c5t4 by ! base4 ,9 five cases1 two triangles 7 drawn into ! same burr[4 ,x may be sugge/$ ) mu* app>5t probability t s l>ge a proportion ( ! triangles 7 drawn 9 by ! apex1 n f ! worms hav+ select$ ?is end z ! mo/ conv5i5t = ! purpose1 b f hav+ fir/ tri$ 9 o!r ways & fail$4 ,?is notion 0 c\nt5anc$ by ! mann] 9 :i* worms 9 conf9em5t 7 se5 to drag ab\t & drop ! triangles2 b !n !y 7 work+ c>elessly4 ,i did n at fir/ p]ceive ! importance ( ?is subject1 b m]ely notic$ t ! bases ( ^? triangles :i* _h be5 drawn 9 by ! apex1 7 g5]ally clean & n crumpl$4 ,! subject 0 aft]w>ds att5d$ to c>efully4 ,9 ! fir/ place sev]al triangles :i* _h be5 drawn 9 by ! basal angles1 or by ! base1 or a little above ! base1 & :i* 7 ?us mu* crumpl$ & dirti$1 7 left = "s h\rs 9 wat] & 7 !n well %ak5 :ile imm]s$2 b nei!r ! dirt nor ! creases 7 ?us remov$4 ,only slight creases c\ld be oblit]at$1 ev5 by pull+ ! wet triangles sev]al times ?r\gh my f+]s4 ,ow+ to ! slime f ! worms' bodies1 ! dirt 0 n easily wa%$ (f4 ,we may !re=e conclude t if a triangle1 be=e be+ dragg$ 9 by ! apex1 _h be5 dragg$ into a burr[ by its base ) ev5 a slight degree ( =ce1 ! basal "p w\ld long reta9 its creases & rema9 dirty4 ,! condition ( #hi triangles 7#fe n>r[ & #bd broad ones71 :i* _h be5 drawn 9 by ! apex1 0 obs]v$2 & ! bases ( only #g ( !m 7 at all creas$1 be+ at ! same "t g5]ally dirty4 ,( ! #hb uncreas$ triangles1 #ad 7 dirty at ! base2 b x does n foll[ f ?is fact t ^! _h fir/ be5 dragg$ t[>ds ! burr[s by _! bases2 = ! worms sometimes cov]$ l>ge portions ( ! triangles ) slime1 & ^! :5 dragg$ by ! apex ov] ! gr\nd w\ld be dirti$2 & dur+ ra9y wea!r1 ! triangles 7 (t5 dirti$ ov] "o :ole side or ov] bo? sides4 ,if ! worms _h dragg$ ! triangles to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s by _! bases1 z (t5 z by _! apices1 & _h !n p]ceiv$1 )\t actually try+ to draw !m into ! burr[1 t ! broad] end 0 n well adapt$ = ?is purpose--ev5 9 ?is case a l>ge proportion w\ld probably h _h _! basal ends dirti$4 ,we may !re=e inf]--improbable z is ! inf]5ce--t worms are able by "s means to judge :i* is ! be/ end by :i* to draw triangles ( pap] into _! burr[s4 ,! p]c5tage results ( ! =ego+ obs]vations on ! mann] 9 :i* worms draw v>i\s k9ds ( objects into ! m\?s ( _! burr[s may be abridg$ z foll[s3-- ,nature ( ,drawn into ! ,drawn 91 by or ,drawn 91 by or ,object4 burr[s1 by or ne> ! ne> ! base4 ne> ! apex4 middle4 ,leaves ( #hj #aa #i v>i\s k9ds --( ! ,lime1 #gi #ag #d basal m>g9 ( blade broad1 apex acum9at$ --( a ,laburnum1 #fc #aj #bg basal "p ( blade z n>r[ z1 or sometimes little n>r[] ?an ! apical "p --( ! #cd 444 #ff ,rhodod5dron1 basal "p ( blade (t5 n>r[] ?an ! apical "p --( ,p9e-trees1 444 444 #ajj consi/+ ( two ne$les aris+ f a common base ,petioles ( a #gf 444 #bd ,clematis1 some:at po9t$ at ! apex1 & blunt at ! base --( ! ,a%1 #dh4e 444 #ea4e ! ?ick basal end (t5 drawn 9 to s]ve z food --( ,rob9ia1 #dd 444 #ef extremely ?91 especially t[>ds ! apex1 s z to be ill-fitt$ = plugg+ up ! burr[s ,triangles ( #fb #ae #bc pap]1 ( ! two sizes --( ! broad #ei #be #af ones alone --( ! n>r[ #fe #ad #ba ones alone ,if we consid] ^! sev]al cases1 we c h>dly escape f ! conclusion t worms %[ "s degree ( intellig5ce 9 _! mann] ( plugg+ up _! burr[s4 ,ea* p>ticul> object is seiz$ 9 too uni=m a mann]1 & f causes :i* we c g5]ally und]/&1 = ! result to be attribut$ to m]e *ance4 ,t e object has n be5 drawn 9 by its po9t$ end1 may be acc\nt$ = by lab\r hav+ be5 sav$ ?r\gh "s be+ ins]t$ by _! broad] or ?ick] ends4 ,no d\bt worms are l$ by in/9ct to plug up _! burr[s2 & x might h be5 expect$ t !y w\ld h be5 l$ by in/9ct h[ be/ to act 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 indep5d5tly ( intellig5ce4 ,we see h[ difficult x is to judge :e!r intellig5ce comes into play1 = ev5 plants might sometimes be ?\ght to be ?us direct$2 = in/ance :5 displac$ leaves re-direct _! upp] surfaces t[>ds ! light by extremely complicat$ movem5ts & by ! %orte/ c\rse4 ,) animals1 actions appe>+ due to intellig5ce may be p]=m$ ?r\gh inh]it$ habit )\t any intellig5ce1 al?\gh aborig9ally ?us acquir$4 ,or ! habit may h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh ! pres]vation & inh]itance ( b5eficial v>iations ( "s o!r habit2 & 9 ?is case ! new habit w h be5 acquir$ indep5d5tly ( intellig5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( its developm5t4 ,!re is no priori improbability 9 worms hav+ acquir$ special in/9cts ?r\gh ei!r ( ^! two latt] means4 ,nev]!less x is incr$ible t in/9cts %\ld h be5 develop$ 9 ref]5ce to objects1 su* z ! leaves ( petioles ( =eign plants1 :olly unkn[n to ! prog5itors ( ! worms :i* act 9 ! describ$ mann]4 ,nor are _! actions s unv>y+ or inevitable z are mo/ true in/9cts4 ,z worms are n guid$ by special in/9cts 9 ea* p>ticul> case1 ?\gh possess+ a g5]al in/9ct to plug up _! burr[s1 & z *ance is exclud$1 ! next mo/ probable conclusion seems to be t !y try 9 _m diff]5t ways to draw 9 objects1 & at la/ succe$ 9 "s "o way4 ,b x is surpris+ t an animal s l[ 9 ! scale z a worm %\ld h ! capacity = act+ 9 ?is mann]1 z _m high] animals h no su* capacity4 ,= in/ance1 ants may be se5 va9ly try+ to drag an object transv]sely to _! c\rse1 :i* c\ld be easily drawn longitud9ally2 ?\gh aft] a "t !y g5]ally act 9 a wis] mann]1 ,m4 ,fabre /ates #hi;a t a ,sphex--an insect belong+ to ! same highly-end[$ ord] ) ants--/ocks its ne/ ) p>alys$ grass-hopp]s1 :i* are inv>iably dragg$ into ! burr[ by _! ant5n4 ,:5 ^! 7 cut (f close to ! head1 ! ,sphex seiz$ ! palpi2 b :5 ^! 7 likewise cut (f1 ! attempt to drag its prey into ! burr[ 0 giv5 up 9 despair4 ,! ,sphex _h n intellig5ce en\gh to seize "o ( ! six legs or ! ovipositor ( ! gras%opp]1 :i*1 z ,m4 ,fabre rem>ks1 w\ld h s]v$ equally well4 ,s aga91 if ! p>alys$ prey ) an egg atta*$ to x be tak5 out ( ! cell1 ! ,sphex aft] ent]+ & f9d+ ! cell empty1 nev]!less closes x up 9 ! usual elaborate mann]4 ,bees w try to escape & g on buzz+ = h\rs on a w9d[1 "o half ( :i* has be5 left op54 ,ev5 a pike cont9u$ dur+ ?ree mon?s to da% & bruise itself aga9/ ! glass sides ( an aqu>ium1 9 ! va9 attempt to seize m9n[s on ! opposite side4 #hi;b ,a cobra-snake 0 se5 by ,mr4 ,lay>d #ij to act mu* m wisely ?an ei!r ! pike or ! ,sphex2 x _h swall[$ a toad ly+ )9 a hole1 & c\ld n )draw its head2 ! toad 0 disgorg$1 & began to crawl away2 x 0 aga9 swall[$ & aga9 disgorg$2 & n[ ! snake _h le>nt by exp]i5ce1 = x seiz$ ! toad by "o ( its legs & drew x out ( ! hole4 ,! in/9cts ( ev5 ! high] animals are (t5 foll[$ 9 a s5seless or purposeless mann]3 ! weav]-bird w p]sev]+ly w9d ?reads ?r\gh ! b>s ( its cage1 z if build+ a ne/3 a squirrel w pat nuts on a wood5 floor1 z if he _h j buri$ !m 9 ! gr\nd3 a beav] w cut up logs ( wood & drag !m ab\t1 ?\gh !re is no wat] to dam up2 & s 9 _m o!r cases4 ,mr4 ,romanes1 :o has specially /udi$ ! m9ds ( animals1 believes t we c safely inf] intellig5ce1 only :5 we see an individual pr(it+ by its own exp]i5ce4 ,by ?is te/ ! cobra %[$ "s intellig5ce2 b ?is w\ld h be5 mu* pla9] if on a second occasion he _h drawn a toad out ( a hole by its leg4 ,! ,sphex fail$ signally 9 ?is respect4 ,n[ if worms try to drag objects into _! burr[s fir/ 9 "o way & !n 9 ano!r1 until !y at la/ succe$1 !y pr(it1 at lea/ 9 ea* p>ticul> in/ance1 by exp]i5ce4 ,b evid5ce has be5 advanc$ %[+ t worms d n habitually try to draw objects into _! burr[s 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,?us half-decay$ lime-leaves f _! flexibility c\ld h be5 drawn 9 by _! middle or basal p>ts1 & 7 ?us drawn into ! burr[s 9 consid]able numb]s2 yet a l>ge majority 7 drawn 9 by or ne> ! apex4 ,! petioles ( ! ,clematis c\ld c]ta9ly h be5 drawn 9 ) equal ease by ! base & apex2 yet ?ree times & 9 c]ta9 cases five times z _m 7 drawn 9 by ! apex z by ! base4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t ! foot-/alks ( leaves w\ld h tempt$ ! worms z a conv5i5t h&le2 yet !y are n l>gely us$1 except :5 ! base ( ! blade is n>r[] ?an ! apex4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! petioles ( ! a% are drawn 9 by ! base2 b ?is "p s]ves ! worms z food4 ,9 ! case ( p9e-leaves worms pla9ly %[ t !y at lea/ d n seize ! leaf by *ance2 b _! *oice does n appe> to be det]m9$ by ! div]g5ce ( ! two ne$les1 & ! consequ5t advantage or necessity ( draw+ !m into _! burr[s by ! base4 ,) respect to ! triangles ( pap]1 ^? :i* _h be5 drawn 9 by ! apex r>ely _h _! bases creas$ or dirty2 & ?is %[s t ! worms _h n (t5 fir/ tri$ to drag !m 9 by ?is end4 ,if worms are able to judge1 ei!r be=e draw+ or aft] hav+ drawn an object close to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 h[ be/ to drag x 91 !y mu/ acquire "s notion ( its g5]al %ape4 ,?is !y probably acquire by t\*+ x 9 _m places ) ! ant]ior extremity ( _! bodies1 :i* s]ves z a tactile organ4 ,x may be well to rememb] h[ p]fect ! s5se ( t\* becomes 9 a man :5 born bl9d & deaf1 z are worms4 ,if worms h ! p[] ( acquir+ "s notion1 h[ev] rude1 ( ! %ape ( an object & ( _! burr[s1 z seems to be ! case1 !y des]ve to be call$ intellig5t2 = !y !n act 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z w\ld a man "u simil> circum/ances4 ,to sum up1 z *ance does n det]m9e ! mann] 9 :i* objects are drawn into ! burr[s1 & z ! exi/5ce ( specializ$ in/9cts = ea* p>ticul> case _c be admitt$1 ! fir/ & mo/ natural supposition is t worms try all me?ods until !y at la/ succe$2 b _m appe>ances are oppos$ to su* a supposition4 ,"o alt]native alone is left1 namely1 t worms1 al?\gh /&+ l[ 9 ! scale ( organization1 possess "s degree ( intellig5ce4 ,?is w /rike e "o z v improbable2 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r we "k en\gh ab\t ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! l[] animals to ju/ify our natural di/ru/ ( su* a conclusion4 ,) respect to ! small size ( ! c]ebral ganglia1 we %\ld rememb] :at a mass ( inh]it$ k1 ) "s p[] ( adapt+ means to an end1 is cr[d$ into ! m9ute bra9 ( a work]-ant4 ,means by :i* worms excavate _! burr[s4--,?is is effect$ 9 two ways2 by pu%+ away ! e>? on all sides1 & by swall[+ x4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! worm ins]ts ! /ret*$ out & att5uat$ ant]ior extremity ( its body into any little crevice1 or hole2 & !n1 z ,p]ri] rem>ks1 #ic ! ph>ynx is pu%$ =w>ds into ?is "p1 :i* consequ5tly swells & pu%es away ! e>? on all sides4 ,! ant]ior extremity ?us s]ves z a w$ge4 ,x also s]ves1 z we h be=e se51 = preh5sion & suction1 & z a tactile organ4 ,a worm 0 plac$ on loose m\ld1 & x buri$ itself 9 betwe5 two & ?ree m9utes4 ,on ano!r occasion f\r worms disappe>$ 9 #ae m9utes betwe5 ! sides ( ! pot & ! e>?1 :i* _h be5 mod]ately press$ d[n4 ,on a ?ird occasion ?ree l>ge worms & a small "o 7 plac$ on loose m\ld well mix$ ) f9e s& & firmly press$ d[n1 & !y all disappe>$1 except ! tail ( "o1 9 #ce m9utes4 ,on a f\r? occasion six l>ge worms 7 plac$ on argillace\s mud mix$ ) s& firmly press$ d[n1 & !y disappe>$1 except ! extreme tips ( ! tails ( two ( !m1 9 #dj m9utes4 ,9 none ( ^! cases1 did ! worms swall[1 z f> z c\ld be se51 any e>?4 ,!y g5]ally ent]$ ! gr\nd close to ! sides ( ! pot4 ,a pot 0 next fill$ ) v f9e f]rug9\s s&1 :i* 0 press$ d[n1 well wat]$1 & ?us r5d]$ extremely compact4 ,a l>ge worm left on ! surface did n succe$ 9 p5etrat+ x = "s h\rs1 & did n bury itself completely until #be hrs4 #dj m94 _h elaps$4 ,?is 0 effect$ by ! s& be+ swall[$1 z 0 evid5t by ! l>ge quantity eject$ f ! v5t1 long be=e ! :ole body _h disappe>$4 ,ca/+s ( a simil> nature cont9u$ to be eject$ f ! burr[ dur+ ! :ole ( ! foll[+ day4 ,z d\bts h be5 express$ by "s writ]s :e!r worms ev] swall[ e>? solely = ! sake ( mak+ _! burr[s1 "s additional cases may be giv54 ,a mass ( f9e r$di% s&1 #bc in*es 9 ?ickness1 left on ! gr\nd = ne>ly two ye>s1 _h be5 p5etrat$ 9 _m places by worms2 & _! ca/+s consi/$ p>tly ( ! r$di% s& & p>tly ( black e>? br\ght up f b5ea? ! mass4 ,?is s& _h be5 dug up f a consid]able dep?1 & 0 ( s poor a nature t we$s c\ld n gr[ on x4 ,x is !re=e highly improbable t x %\ld h be5 swall[$ by ! worms z food4 ,aga9 9 a field ne> my h\se ! ca/+s frequ5tly consi/ ( almo/ pure *alk1 :i* lies at only a little dep? b5ea? ! surface2 & "h aga9 x is v improbable t ! *alk %\ld h be5 swall[$ = ! sake ( ! v little organic matt] :i* c\ld h p]colat$ into x f ! poor ov]ly+ pa/ure4 ,la/ly1 a ca/+ ?r[n up ?r\gh ! concrete & decay$ mort> betwe5 ! tiles1 ) :i* ! n[ ru9$ aisle ( ,beaulieu ,abbey _h =m]ly be5 pav$1 0 wa%$1 s t ! co>s] matt] alone 0 left4 ,?is consi/$ ( gra9s ( qu>tz1 micace\s slate1 o!r rocks1 & bricks or tiles1 _m ( !m f #a_/bj to #a_/aj in* 9 diamet]4 ,no "o w suppose t ^! gra9s 7 swall[$ z food1 yet !y =m$ m ?an half ( ! ca/+1 = !y weigh$ #ai gra9s1 ! :ole ca/+ hav+ weigh$ #cc gra9s4 ,:5ev] a worm burr[s to a dep? ( "s feet 9 undi/urb$ compact gr\nd1 x mu/ =m its passage by swall[+ ! e>?2 = x is incr$ible t ! gr\nd c\ld yield on all sides to ! pressure ( ! ph>ynx :5 pu%$ =w>ds )9 ! worm's body4 ,t worms swall[ a l>g] quantity ( e>? = ! sake ( extract+ any nutriti\s matt] :i* x may conta9 ?an = mak+ _! burr[s1 appe>s to me c]ta94 ,b z ?is old belief has be5 d\bt$ by s high an au?ority z ,clap>de1 evid5ce 9 its fav\r mu/ be giv5 9 "s detail4 ,!re is no priori improbability 9 su* a belief1 = besides o!r annelids1 especially ! ,ar5icola m>9a1 :i* ?r[s up su* a pr(usion ( ca/+s on our tidal s&s1 & :i* x is believ$ ?us subsi/s1 !re are animals belong+ to ! mo/ di/9ct classes1 :i* d n burr[1 b habitually swall[ l>ge quantities ( s&2 namely1 ! molluscan ,on*idium & _m ,e*9od]ms4 #ig ,if e>? 7 swall[$ only :5 worms deep5$ _! burr[s or made new ones1 ca/+s w\ld be ?r[n up only occasionally2 b 9 _m places fre% ca/+s may be se5 e morn+1 & ! am\nt ( e>? eject$ f ! same burr[ on successive days is l>ge4 ,yet worms d n burr[ to a great dep?1 except :5 ! wea!r is v dry or int5sely cold4 ,on my lawn ! black vegetable m\ld or humus is only ab\t #e in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ov]lies light-col\r$ or r$di% clayey soil3 n[ :5 ca/+s are ?r[n up 9 ! greate/ pr(usion1 only a small proportion are light col\r$1 & x is incr$ible t ! worms %\ld daily make fre% burr[s 9 e direction 9 ! ?9 sup]ficial lay] ( d>k-col\r$ m\ld1 unless !y obta9$ nutrim5t ( "s k9d f x4 ,i h obs]v$ a /rictly analog\s case 9 a field ne> my h\se :]e bright r$ clay lay close b5ea? ! surface4 ,aga9 on "o "p ( ! ,d[ns ne> ,w9*e/] ! vegetable m\ld ov]ly+ ! *alk 0 f\nd to be only f #c to #d in*es 9 ?ickness2 & ! _m ca/+s "h eject$ 7 z black z ink & did n eff]vesce ) acids2 s t ! worms mu/ h conf9$ !mselves to ?is ?9 sup]ficial lay] ( m\ld1 ( :i* l>ge quantities 7 daily swall[$4 ,9 ano!r place at no great di/ance ! ca/+s 7 :ite2 & :y ! worms %\ld h burr[$ into ! *alk 9 "s places & n 9 o!rs1 ,i am unable to conjecture4 ,two great piles ( leaves _h be5 left to decay 9 my gr\nds1 & mon?s aft] _! removal1 ! b>e surface1 sev]al y>ds 9 diamet]1 0 s ?ickly cov]$ dur+ sev]al mon?s ) ca/+s t !y =m$ an almo/ cont9u\s lay]2 & ! l>ge numb] ( worms :i* liv$ "h mu/ h subsi/$ dur+ ^! mon?s on nutriti\s matt] conta9$ 9 ! black e>?4 ,! l[e/ lay] f ano!r pile ( decay$ leaves mix$ ) "s e>? 0 exam9$ "u a high p[]1 & ! numb] ( spores ( v>i\s %apes & sizes :i* x conta9$ 0 a/oni%+ly great2 & ^! cru%$ 9 ! gizz>ds ( worms may l>gely aid 9 support+ !m4 ,:5ev] ca/+s are ?r[n up 9 ! greate/ numb]1 few or no leaves are drawn into ! burr[s2 = in/ance ! turf along a h$g][1 ab\t #bjj y>ds 9 l5g?1 0 daily obs]v$ 9 ! autumn dur+ sev]al weeks1 & e morn+ _m fre% ca/+s 7 se52 b n a s+le leaf 0 drawn into ^! burr[s4 ,^! ca/+s f _! blackness & f ! nature ( ! subsoil c\ld n h be5 br\ght up f a great] dep? ?an #f or #h in*es4 ,on :at c\ld ^! worms h subsi/$ dur+ ?is :ole "t1 if n on matt] conta9$ 9 ! black e>?8 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5ev] a l>ge numb] ( leaves are drawn into ! burr[s1 ! worms seem to subsi/ *iefly on !m1 = few e>?-ca/+s are !n eject$ on ! surface4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! behavi\r ( worms at diff]5t times1 p]haps expla9s a /atem5t by ,clap>de1 namely1 t triturat$ leaves & e>? are always f\nd 9 di/9ct p>ts ( _! inte/9es4 ,worms sometimes ab\nd 9 places :]e !y c r>ely or nev] obta9 dead or liv+ leaves2 = in/ance1 b5ea? ! pavem5t 9 well-swept c\rty>ds1 into :i* leaves are only occasionally bl[n4 ,my son ,horace exam9$ a h\se1 "o corn] ( :i* _h subsid$2 & he f\nd "h 9 ! cell>1 :i* 0 extremely damp1 _m small worm-ca/+s ?r[n up betwe5 ! /ones ) :i* ! cell> 0 pav$2 & 9 ?is case x is improbable t ! worms c\ld ev] h obta9$ leaves4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,horn] confirms ?is acc\nt1 z he has se5 ca/+s 9 ! cell>s ( 8 h\se1 :i* is an old "o at ,tonbridge4 ,b ! be/ evid5ce1 kn[n to me1 ( worms subsi/+ = at lea/ consid]able p]iods ( "t solely on ! organic matt] conta9$ 9 e>?1 is af=d$ by "s facts communicat$ to me by ,dr4 ,k+4 ,ne> ,nice l>ge ca/+s ab\nd 9 extraord9>y numb]s1 s t #e or #f 7 (t5 f\nd )9 ! space ( a squ>e foot4 ,!y consi/ ( f9e1 pale-col\r$ e>?1 conta9+ calc>e\s matt]1 :i* aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! bodies ( worms & be+ dri$1 coh]es ) consid]able =ce4 ,i h reason to believe t ^! ca/+s _h be5 =m$ by species ( ,p]i*ta1 :i* h be5 naturaliz$ "h f ! ,ea/4 #aja ,!y rise l t[]s1 ) _! summits (t5 a little broad] ?an _! bases1 sometimes to a height ( above #c & (t5 to a height ( #b in*es4 ,! talle/ ( ^? :i* 7 measur$ 0 #c4c in*es 9 height & #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,a small cyl9drical passage runs up ! c5tre ( ea* t[]1 ?r\gh :i* ! worm asc5ds to eject ! e>? :i* x has swall[$1 & ?us to add to its height4 ,a /ructure ( ?is k9d w\ld n all[ leaves be+ easily dragg$ f ! surr\nd+ gr\nd into ! burr[s2 & ,dr4 ,k+1 :o look$ c>efully1 nev] saw ev5 a fragm5t ( a leaf ?us drawn 94 ,nor c\ld any trace be discov]$ ( ! worms hav+ crawl$ d[n ! ext]ior surfaces ( ! t[]s 9 se>* ( leaves2 & _h !y done s1 tracks w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 left on ! upp] "p :il/ x rema9$ s(t4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[ t ^! worms d n draw leaves into _! burr[s dur+ "s o!r season ( ! ye>1 at :i* "t !y w\ld n build up _! t[]s4 ,f ! sev]al =ego+ cases1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t worms swall[ e>?1 n only = ! sake ( mak+ _! burr[s1 b = obta9+ food4 ,h5s51 h[ev]1 concludes f 8 analyses ( m\ld t worms probably c\ld n live on ord9>y vegetable m\ld1 ?\gh he admits t !y might be n\ri%$ to "s ext5t by leaf-m\ld4 #ajb ,b we h se5 t worms eag]ly dev\r raw meat1 fat1 & dead worms2 & ord9>y m\ld c h>dly fail to conta9 _m ova1 l>v1 & small liv+ or dead creatures1 spores ( cryptogamic plants1 & micrococci1 su* z ^? :i* give rise to saltpetre4 ,^! v>i\s organisms1 toge!r ) "s cellulose f any leaves & roots n utt]ly decay$1 might well acc\nt = su* l>ge quantities ( m\ld be+ swall[$ by worms4 ,x may be wor? :ile "h to recall ! fact t c]ta9 species ( ,utricul>ia1 :i* gr[ 9 damp places 9 ! tropics1 possess bladd]s beautifully con/ruct$ = cat*+ m9ute subt]ranean animals2 & ^! traps w\ld n h be5 develop$ unless _m small animals inhabit$ su* soil4 ,! dep? to :i* worms p5etrate1 & ! con/ruction ( _! burr[s4--,al?\gh worms usually live ne> ! surface1 yet !y burr[ to a consid]able dep? dur+ long-cont9u$ dry wea!r & sev]e cold4 ,9 ,sc&9avia1 accord+ to ,eis51 & 9 ,scotl&1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,l9dsay ,c>nagie1 ! burr[s run d[n to a dep? ( f #g to #h feet2 9 ,nor? ,g]many1 accord+ to ,h(fmei/]1 f #f to #h feet1 b ,h5s5 says1 f #c to #f feet4 ,?is latt] obs]v] has se5 worms froz5 at a dep? ( #a feet b5ea? ! surface4 ,i h n myself _h _m opportunities = obs]vation1 b ,i h (t5 met ) worms at dep?s ( #c to #d feet4 ,9 a b$ ( f9e s& ov]ly+ ! *alk1 :i* _h nev] be5 di/urb$1 a worm 0 cut into two at #ee in*es1 & ano!r 0 f\nd "h at ,d[n 9 ,decemb] at ! bottom ( its burr[1 at #fa in*es b5ea? ! surface4 ,la/ly1 9 e>? ne> an old ,roman ,villa1 :i* _h n be5 di/urb$ = _m c5turies1 a worm 0 met ) at a dep? ( #ff in*es2 & ?is 0 9 ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,! burr[s run d[n p]p5dicul>ly1 or m commonly a little obliquely4 ,!y are said sometimes to bran*1 b z f> z ,i h se5 ?is does n occur1 except 9 rec5tly dug gr\nd & ne> ! surface4 ,!y are g5]ally1 or z ,i believe inv>iably1 l9$ ) a ?9 lay] ( f9e1 d>k-col\r$ e>? void$ by ! worms2 s t !y mu/ at fir/ be made a little wid] ?an _! ultimate diamet]4 ,i h se5 sev]al burr[s 9 undi/urb$ s& ?us l9$ at a dep? ( #d ft4 #f 942 & o!rs close to ! surface ?us l9$ 9 rec5tly dug gr\nd4 ,! walls ( fre% burr[s are (t5 dott$ ) little globul> pellets ( void$ e>?1 /ill s(t & viscid2 & ^!1 z x appe>s1 are spread out on all sides by ! worm z x travels up or d[n its burr[4 ,! l9+ ?us =m$ becomes v compact & smoo? :5 ne>ly dry1 & closely fits ! worm's body4 ,! m9ute reflex$ bri/les :i* project 9 r[s on all sides f ! body1 ?us h excell5t po9ts ( support2 & ! burr[ is r5d]$ well adapt$ = ! rapid movem5t ( ! animal4 ,! l9+ appe>s also to /r5g!n ! walls1 & p]haps saves ! worm's body f be+ scrat*$4 ,i ?9k s because sev]al burr[s :i* pass$ ?r\gh a lay] ( sift$ coal-c9d]s1 spread ov] turf to a ?ickness ( #a in*1 _h be5 ?us l9$ to an unusual ?ickness4 ,9 ?is case ! worms1 judg+ f ! ca/+s1 _h pu%$ ! c9d]s away on all sides & _h n swall[$ any ( !m4 ,9 ano!r place1 burr[s simil>ly l9$1 pass$ ?r\gh a lay] ( co>se coal-c9d]s1 #c in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,we ?us see t ! burr[s are n m]e excavations1 b may r be comp>$ ) tunnels l9$ ) cem5t4 ,! m\?s ( ! burr[ are 9 addition (t5 l9$ ) leaves2 & ?is is an in/9ct di/9ct f t ( plugg+ !m up1 & does n appe> to h be5 hi!rto notic$4 ,_m leaves ( ! ,scot*-fir or p9e 7,p9us sylve/ris7 7 giv5 to worms kept 9 conf9em5t 9 two pots2 & :5 aft] sev]al weeks ! e>? 0 c>efully brok5 up1 ! upp] p>ts ( ?ree oblique burr[s 7 f\nd surr\nd$ = l5g?s ( #g1 #d1 & #c in*es ) p9e-leaves1 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( o!r leaves :i* _h be5 giv5 ! worms z food4 ,glass beads & bits ( tile1 :i* _h be5 /rew$ on ! surface ( ! soil1 7 /uck into ! int]/ices betwe5 ! p9e-leaves2 & ^! int]/ices 7 likewise pla/]$ ) ! viscid ca/+s void$ by ! worms4 ,! /ructures ?us =m$ coh]$ s well1 t ,i succe$$ 9 remov+ "o ) only a little e>? adh]+ to x4 ,x consi/$ ( a slightly curv$ cyl9drical case1 ! int]ior ( :i* c\ld be se5 ?r\gh holes 9 ! sides & at ei!r end4 ,! p9e-leaves _h all be5 drawn 9 by _! bases2 & ! %>p po9ts ( ! ne$les _h be5 press$ into ! l9+ ( void$ e>?4 ,_h ?is n be5 effectually done1 ! %>p po9ts w\ld h prev5t$ ! retreat ( ! worms into _! burr[s2 & ^! /ructures w\ld h resembl$ traps arm$ ) conv]g+ po9ts ( wire1 r5d]+ ! +ress ( an animal easy & its egress difficult or impossible4 ,! skill %[n by ^! worms is notewor?y & is ! m rem>kable1 z ! ,scot* p9e is n a native ( ?is di/rict4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ ^! burr[s made by worms 9 conf9em5t1 ,i look$ at ^? 9 a fl[]-b$ ne> "s ,scot* p9es4 ,^! _h all be5 plugg$ up 9 ! ord9>y mann] ) ! leaves ( ?is tree1 drawn 9 = a l5g? ( f #a to #a in*2 b ! m\?s ( _m ( !m 7 likewise l9$ ) !m1 m+l$ ) fragm5ts ( o!r k9ds ( leaves1 drawn 9 to a dep? ( #d or #e in*es4 ,worms (t5 rema91 z =m]ly /at$1 = a long "t close to ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 app>5tly = w>m?2 & ! basket-l /ructures =m$ ( leaves w\ld keep _! bodies f com+ into close contact ) ! cold damp e>?4 ,t !y habitually re/$ on ! p9e-leaves1 0 r5d]$ probable by _! clean & almo/ poli%$ surfaces4 ,! burr[s :i* run f> d[n into ! gr\nd1 g5]ally1 or at lea/ (t51 t]m9ate 9 a little enl>gem5t or *amb]4 ,"h1 accord+ to ,h(fmei/]1 "o or sev]al worms pass ! w9t] roll$ up into a ball4 ,mr4 ,l9dsay ,c>nagie in=m$ me 7#ahch7 t he _h exam9$ _m burr[s ov] a /one-qu>ry 9 ,scotl&1 :]e ! ov]ly+ b\ld]-clay & m\ld _h rec5tly be5 cle>$ away1 & a little v]tical cliff ?us left4 ,9 sev]al cases ! same burr[ 0 a little enl>g$ at two or ?ree po9ts "o b5ea? ! o!r2 & all ! burr[s t]m9at$ 9 a r l>ge *amb]1 at a dep? ( #g or #h feet f ! surface4 ,^! *amb]s conta9$ _m small %>p bits ( /one & husks ( flax-se$s4 ,!y mu/ also h conta9$ liv+ se$s1 = on ! foll[+ spr+ ,mr4 ,c>nagie saw grass-plants spr\t+ out ( "s ( ! int]sect$ *amb]s4 ,i f\nd at ,ab+] 9 ,surrey two burr[s t]m9at+ 9 simil> *amb]s at a dep? ( #cf & #da in*es1 & ^! 7 l9$ or pav$ ) little pebbles1 ab\t z l>ge z mu/>d se$s2 & 9 "o ( ! *amb]s !re 0 a decay$ oat-gra91 ) its husk4 ,h5s5 likewise /ates t ! bottoms ( ! burr[s are l9$ ) little /ones2 & :]e ^! c\ld n be procur$1 se$s1 app>5tly ( ! pe>1 _h be5 us$1 z _m z fifte5 hav+ be5 c>ri$ d[n into a s+le burr[1 "o ( :i* _h g]m9at$4 #ajh ,we ?us see h[ easily a botani/ might be deceiv$ :o wi%$ to le>n h[ long deeply buri$ se$s rema9$ alive1 if he 7 to collect e>? f a consid]able dep?1 on ! supposition t x c\ld conta9 only se$s :i* _h long la9 buri$4 ,x is probable t ! little /ones1 z well z ! se$s1 are c>ri$ d[n f ! surface by be+ swall[$2 = a surpris+ numb] ( glass beads1 bits ( tile & ( glass 7 c]ta9ly ?us c>ri$ d[n by worms kept 9 pots2 b "s may h be5 c>ri$ d[n )9 _! m\?s4 ,! sole conjecture :i* ,i c =m :y worms l9e _! w9t]-qu>t]s ) little /ones & se$s1 is to prev5t _! closely coil$-up bodies f com+ into close contact ) ! surr\nd+ cold soil2 & su* contact w\ld p]haps int]f]e ) _! respiration :i* is effect$ by ! sk9 alone4 ,a worm aft] swall[+ e>?1 :e!r = mak+ its burr[ or = food1 soon comes to ! surface to empty its body4 ,! eject$ e>? is ?or\ghly m+l$ ) ! inte/9al secretions1 & is ?us r5d]$ viscid4 ,aft] be+ dri$ x sets h>d4 ,i h wat*$ worms dur+ ! act ( ejection1 & :5 ! e>? 0 9 a v liquid /ate x 0 eject$ 9 little spurts1 & by a sl[ p]i/altic movem5t :5 n s liquid4 ,x is n ca/ indiff]5tly on any side1 b ) "s c>e1 fir/ on "o & !n on ano!r side2 ! tail be+ us$ almo/ l a tr[el4 ,:5 a worm comes to ! surface to eject e>?1 ! tail protrudes1 b :5 x collects leaves its head mu/ protrude4 ,worms !re=e mu/ h ! p[] ( turn+ r\nd 9 _! closely-fitt+ burr[s2 & ?is1 z x appe>s to u1 w\ld be a difficult feat4 ,z soon z a little heap has be5 =m$1 ! worm app>5tly avoids1 = ! sake ( safety1 protrud+ its tail2 & ! e>?y matt] is =c$ up ?r\gh ! previ\sly deposit$ s(t mass4 ,! m\? ( ! same burr[ is us$ = ?is purpose = a consid]able "t4 ,9 ! case ( ! t[]-l ca/+s 7see ,fig4 #b7 ne> ,nice1 & ( ! simil> b /ill tall] t[]s f ,b5gal 7h]eaft] to be describ$ & figur$71 a consid]able degree ( skill is exhibit$ 9 _! con/ruction4 ,dr4 ,k+ also obs]v$ t ! passage up ^! t[]s h>dly ev] ran 9 ! same exact l9e ) ! und]ly+ burr[1 s t a ?9 cyl9drical object su* z a haulm ( grass1 c\ld n be pass$ d[n ! t[] into ! burr[2 & ?is *ange ( direction probably s]ves 9 "s mann] z a protection4 ,worms d n always eject _! ca/+s on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,:5 !y c f9d any cavity1 z :5 burr[+ 9 newly turn$-up e>?1 or betwe5 ! /ems ( bank$-up plants1 !y deposit _! ca/+s 9 su* places4 ,s aga9 any holl[ b5ea? a l>ge /one ly+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 is soon fill$ up ) _! ca/+s4 ,accord+ to ,h5s51 old burr[s are habitually us$ = ?is purpose2 b z f> z my exp]i5ce s]ves1 ?is is n ! case1 except+ ) ^? ne> ! surface 9 rec5tly dug gr\nd4 ,i ?9k t ,h5s5 may h be5 deceiv$ by ! walls ( old burr[s1 l9$ ) black e>?1 hav+ sunk 9 or collaps$2 = black /reaks are ?us left1 & ^! are conspicu\s :5 pass+ ?r\gh light-col\r$ soil1 & might be mi/ak5 = completely fill$-up burr[s4 ,x is c]ta9 t old burr[s collapse 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 = z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 ! f9e e>? void$ by worms1 if spread out uni=mly1 w\ld =m 9 _m places 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> a lay] #j4b ( an in* 9 ?ickness2 s t at any rate ?is l>ge am\nt is n deposit$ )9 ! old unus$ burr[s4 ,if ! burr[s did n collapse1 ! :ole gr\nd w\ld be fir/ ?ickly riddl$ ) holes to a dep? ( ab\t t5 in*es1 & 9 fifty ye>s a holl[ unsupport$ space1 t5 in*es 9 dep?1 w\ld be left4 ,! holes left by ! decay ( successively =m$ roots ( trees & plants mu/ likewise collapse 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! burr[s ( worms run d[n p]p5dicul>ly or a little obliquely1 & :]e ! soil is at all argillace\s1 !re is no difficulty 9 believ+ t ! walls w\ld sl[ly fl[ or slide inw>ds dur+ v wet wea!r4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! soil is s&y or m+l$ ) _m small /ones1 x c h>dly be visc\s en\gh to fl[ inw>ds dur+ ev5 ! wette/ wea!r2 b ano!r ag5cy may "h come into play4 ,aft] mu* ra9 ! gr\nd swells1 & z x _c exp& lat]ally1 ! surface rises2 dur+ dry wea!r x s9ks aga94 ,= in/ance1 a l>ge flat /one laid on ! surface ( a field sank #c4cc mm4 :il/ ! wea!r 0 dry betwe5 ,may #i? & ,june #ac?1 & rose #a4ia mm1 betwe5 ,septemb] #g? & #ai? ( ! same ye>1 mu* ra9 hav+ fall5 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ?is "t4 ,dur+ fro/s & ?aws ! movem5ts 7 twice z great4 ,^! obs]vations 7 made by my son ,horace1 :o w h]eaft] publi% an acc\nt ( ! movem5ts ( ?is /one dur+ successive wet & dry seasons1 & ( ! effects ( its be+ und]m9$ by worms4 ,n[ :5 ! gr\nd swells1 if x be p5etrat$ by cyl9drical holes1 su* z worm-burr[s1 _! walls w t5d to yield & be press$ inw>ds2 & ! yield+ w be great] 9 ! deep] p>ts 7suppos+ ! :ole to be equally moi/5$7 f ! great] weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t soil :i* has to be rais$1 ?an 9 ! p>ts ne> ! surface4 ,:5 ! gr\nd dries1 ! walls w %r9k a little & ! burr[s w be a little enl>g$4 ,_! enl>gem5t1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! lat]al contraction ( ! gr\nd1 w n be fav\r$1 b r oppos$1 by ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t soil4 ,di/ribution ( ,worms4--,e>?-worms are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & "s ( ! g5]a h an enorm\s range4 #aac ,!y inhabit ! mo/ isolat$ isl&s2 !y ab\nd 9 ,icel&1 & are kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,madagasc>1 ,new ,cal$onia & ,tahiti4 ,9 ! ,ant>ctic regions1 worms f ,k]guel5 ,l& h be5 describ$ by ,ray ,lanke/]2 & ,i f\nd !m 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,h[ !y rea* su* isolat$ isl&s is at pres5t q unkn[n4 ,!y are easily kill$ by salt-wat]1 & x does n appe> probable t "y worms or _! egg-capsules c\ld be c>ri$ 9 e>? adh]+ to ! feet or beaks ( l&-birds4 ,moreov] ,k]guel5 ,l& is n n[ inhabit$ by any l&-bird4 ,9 ?is volume we are *iefly conc]n$ ) ! e>? ca/ up by worms1 & ,i h glean$ a few facts on ?is subject ) respect to di/ant l&s4 ,worms ?r[ up pl5ty ( ca/+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,v5ezuela1 ca/+s1 probably eject$ by species ( ,uro*ta1 are common 9 ! g>d5s & fields1 b n 9 ! =e/s1 z ,i he> f ,dr4 ,ern/ ( ,c>acas4 ,he collect$ #aef ca/+s f ! c\rt-y>d ( 8 h\se1 hav+ an area ( #bjj squ>e y>ds4 ,!y v>i$ 9 bulk f half a cubic c5timet] to five cubic c5timet]s1 & 7 on an av]age ?ree cubic c5timet]s4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 ( small size 9 comp>ison ) ^? (t5 f\nd 9 ,engl&2 = six l>ge ca/+s f a field ne> my h\se av]ag$ #af cubic c5timet]s4 ,sev]al species ( e>?-worms are common 9 ,/4 ,ca?>9a 9 ,s\? ,brazil1 & ,fritz ,mll] in=ms me 8t 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! =e/s & pa/ure-l&s1 ! :ole soil1 to a dep? ( a qu>t] ( a metre1 looks z if x _h pass$ repeat$ly ?r\gh ! inte/9es ( e>?-worms1 ev5 :]e h>dly any ca/+s are to be se5 on ! surface40 ,a gigantic b v r>e species is f\nd !re1 ! burr[s ( :i* are sometimes ev5 two c5timet]s or ne>ly #j4h ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & :i* app>5tly p5etrate ! gr\nd to a great dep?4 ,9 ! dry climate ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,i h>dly expect$ t worms w\ld be common2 b ,dr4 ,g4 ,krefft ( ,sydney1 to :om ,i appli$1 aft] mak+ inquiries f g>d5]s & o!rs1 & f 8 own obs]vations1 in=ms me t _! ca/+s ab\nd4 ,he s5t me "s collect$ aft] heavy ra91 & !y consi/$ ( little pellets1 ab\t #j4ae in* 9 diamet]2 & ! black5$ s&y e>? ( :i* !y 7 =m$ /ill coh]$ ) consid]able t5acity4 ,! late ,mr4 ,john ,scott ( ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ne> ,calcutta made _m obs]vations = me on worms liv+ "u ! hot & humid climate ( ,b5gal4 ,! ca/+s ab\nd almo/ ev]y:]e1 9 jungles & 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 to a great] degree1 z he ?9ks1 ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,aft] ! wat] has subsid$ f ! flood$ rice-fields1 ! :ole surface v soon becomes /udd$ ) ca/+s--a fact :i* mu* surpris$ ,mr4 ,scott1 z he did n "k h[ long worms c\ld survive b5ea? wat]4 ,!y cause mu* tr\ble 9 ! ,botanic g>d51 8= "s ( ! f9e/ ( our lawns c be kept 9 any?+ l ord] only by be+ almo/ daily roll$2 if left undi/urb$ = a few days !y become /udd$ ) l>ge ca/+s40 ,^! closely resemble ^? describ$ z ab\nd+ ne> ,nice2 & !y are probably ! "w ( a species ( ,p]i*ta4 ,!y /& up l t[]s1 ) an op5 passage 9 ! c5tre4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #c3 ,a t[]-l ca/+4 ,fig4 #d3 ,a ca/+ f ! ,nilgiri ,m\nta9s ,a figure ( "o ( ^! ca/+s f a photograph is "h giv5 7,fig4 #c74 ,! l>ge/ receiv$ by me 0 #c in*es 9 height & #a4ce in* 9 diamet]2 ano!r 0 only in* 9 diamet] & #b 9 height4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,mr4 ,scott measur$ sev]al ( ! l>ge/2 "o 0 #f in*es 9 height & ne>ly #a 9 diamet]3 two o!rs 7 #e in*es 9 height & respectively #b & r m ?an #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! av]age weight ( ! #bb ca/+s s5t to me 0 #ce grammes 7#a oz472 & "o ( !m weigh$ #dd4h grammes 7or #b oz474 ,all ^! ca/+s 7 ?r[n up ei!r 9 "o night or 9 two4 ,:]e ! gr\nd 9 ,b5gal is dry1 z "u l>ge trees1 ca/+s ( a diff]5t k9d are f\nd 9 va/ numb]s3 ^! consi/ ( little oval or conical bodies1 f ab\t ! #a_/bj to r above #a_/aj ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y are obvi\sly void$ by a di/9ct species ( worms4 ,! p]iod dur+ :i* worms ne> ,calcutta display su* extraord9>y activity la/s = only a little ov] two mon?s1 namely1 dur+ ! cool season aft] ! ra9s4 ,at ?is "t !y are g5]ally f\nd )9 ab\t #aj in*es b5ea? ! surface4 ,dur+ ! hot season !y burr[ to a great] dep?1 & are !n f\nd coil$ up & app>5tly hyb]nat+4 ,mr4 ,scott has nev] se5 !m at a great] dep? ?an #b feet1 b has he>d ( _! hav+ be5 f\nd at #d feet4 ,)9 ! =e/s1 fre% ca/+s may be f\nd ev5 dur+ ! hot season4 ,! worms 9 ! ,botanic g>d51 dur+ ! cool & dry season1 draw _m leaves & little /icks into ! m\?s ( _! burr[s1 l our ,engli% worms2 b !y r>ely act 9 ?is mann] dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,mr4 ,scott saw worm-ca/+s on ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,sikkim 9 ,nor? ,india4 ,9 ,s\? ,india ,dr4 ,k+ f\nd 9 "o place1 on ! plateau ( ! ,nilgiris1 at an elevation ( #gjjj feet1 8a good _m ca/+s10 :i* are int]e/+ = _! great size4 ,! worms :i* eject !m are se5 only dur+ ! wet season1 & are report$ to be f #ab to #ae in*es 9 l5g?1 & z ?ick z a man's little f+]4 ,^! ca/+s 7 collect$ by ,dr4 ,k+ aft] a p]iod ( #aaj days )\t any ra92 & !y mu/ h be5 eject$ ei!r dur+ ! nor?-ea/ or m probably dur+ ! previ\s s\?-we/ monsoon2 = _! surfaces _h suff]$ "s dis9tegration & !y 7 p5etrat$ by _m f9e roots4 ,a draw+ is "h giv5 7,fig4 #d7 ( "o :i* seems to h be/ reta9$ its orig9al size & appe>ance4 ,not)/&+ "s loss f dis9tegration1 five ( ! l>ge/ ( ^! ca/+s 7aft] hav+ be5 well sun-dri$7 weigh$ ea* on an av]age #hi4e grammes1 or above #c oz42 & ! l>ge/ weigh$ #abc4ad grammes1 or #d oz41--t is1 above a qu>t] ( a p\nd6 ,! l>ge/ convolutions 7 r m ?an "o in* 9 diamet]2 b x is probable t !y _h subsid$ a little :il/ s(t1 & t _! diamet]s _h ?us be5 increas$4 ,"s _h fl[$ s mu* t !y n[ consi/$ ( a pile ( almo/ flat conflu5t cakes4 ,all 7 =m$ ( f9e1 r light-col\r$ e>?1 & 7 surpris+ly h>d & compact1 ow+ no d\bt to ! animal matt] by :i* ! p>ticles ( e>? _h be5 cem5t$ toge!r4 ,!y did n dis9tegrate1 ev5 :5 left = "s h\rs 9 wat]4 ,al?\gh !y _h be5 ca/ up on ! surface ( gravelly soil1 !y conta9$ extremely few bits ( rock1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* 0 only #j4ae in* 9 diamet]4 ,dr4 ,k+ saw 9 ,ceylon a worm ab\t #b feet 9 l5g? & in* 9 diamet]2 & he 0 told t x 0 a v common species dur+ ! wet season4 ,^! worms mu/ ?r[ up ca/+s at lea/ z l>ge z ^? on ! ,nilgiri ,m\nta9s2 b ,dr4 ,k+ saw none dur+ 8 %ort visit to ,ceylon4 ,suffici5t facts h n[ be5 giv51 %[+ t worms d mu* "w 9 br++ up f9e e>? to ! surface 9 mo/ or all p>ts ( ! _w1 & "u ! mo/ diff]5t climates4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,am\nt ,,( ,,f9e ,,e>? ,,br\ght ,,up ,,by ,,worms ,,to ,,! ,,surface4 ,rate at :i* v>i\s objects /rew$ on ! surface ( grass-fields are cov]$ up by ! ca/+s ( worms--,! burial ( a pav$ pa?--,! sl[ subsid5ce ( great /ones left on ! surface--,! numb] ( worms :i* live )9 a giv5 space--,! weight ( e>? eject$ f a burr[1 & f all ! burr[s )9 a giv5 space--,! ?ickness ( ! lay] ( m\ld :i* ! ca/+s on a giv5 space w\ld =m )9 a giv5 "t if uni=mly spread out--,! sl[ rate at :i* m\ld c increase to a great ?ickness--,conclusion4 ,,we n[ come to ! m imm$iate subject ( ?is volume1 namely1 ! am\nt ( e>? :i* is br\ght up by worms f b5ea? ! surface1 & is aft]w>ds spread out m or less completely by ! ra9 & w9d4 ,! am\nt c be judg$ ( by two me?ods1--by ! rate at :i* objects left on ! surface are buri$1 & m accurately by weigh+ ! quantity br\ght up )9 a giv5 "t4 ,we w beg9 ) ! fir/ me?od1 z x 0 fir/ foll[$4 ,ne> ,mael ,hall 9 ,/af=d%ire1 quick-lime _h be5 spread ab\t ! ye> #ahbg ?ickly ov] a field ( good pa/ure-l&1 :i* _h n s9ce be5 pl\gh$4 ,"s squ>e holes 7 dug 9 ?is field 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] #ahcg2 & ! sections %[$ a lay] ( turf1 =m$ by ! matt$ roots ( ! grasses1 in* 9 ?ickness1 b5ea? :i*1 at a dep? ( #b in*es 7or #c in*es f ! surface71 a lay] ( ! lime 9 p[d] or 9 small lumps c\ld be di/9ctly se5 runn+ all r\nd ! v]tical sides ( ! holes4 ,! soil b5ea? ! lay] ( lime 0 ei!r gravelly or ( a co>se s&y nature1 & diff]$ consid]ably 9 appe>ance f ! ov]ly+ d>k-col\r$ f9e m\ld4 ,coal-c9d]s _h be5 spread ov] a "p ( ?is same field ei!r 9 ! ye> #ahcc or #ahcd2 & :5 ! above holes 7 dug1 t is aft] an int]val ( #c or #d ye>s1 ! c9d]s =m$ a l9e ( black spots r\nd ! holes1 at a dep? ( #a in* b5ea? ! surface1 p>allel to & above ! :ite lay] ( lime4 ,ov] ano!r "p ( ?is field c9d]s _h be5 /rew$1 only ab\t half-a-ye> be=e1 & ^! ei!r /ill lay on ! surface or 7 entangl$ among ! roots ( ! grasses2 & ,i "h saw ! comm5cem5t ( ! bury+ process1 = worm-ca/+s _h be5 heap$ on sev]al ( ! small] fragm5ts4 ,aft] an int]val ( #d ye>s ?is field 0 re-exam9$1 & n[ ! two lay]s ( lime & c9d]s 7 f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e at a great] dep? ?an be=e by ne>ly #a in*1 we w say by ( an in*4 ,!re=e m\ld to an av]age ?ickness ( #j4bb ( an in* _h be5 annually br\ght up by ! worms1 & _h be5 spread ov] ! surface ( ?is field4 ,coal-c9d]s _h be5 /rew$ ov] ano!r field1 at a date :i* c\ld n be positively asc]ta9$1 s ?ickly t !y =m$ 7,octob]1 #ahcg7 a lay]1 #a in* 9 ?ickness at a dep? ( ab\t #c in*es f ! surface4 ,! lay] 0 s cont9u\s t ! ov]-ly+ d>k vegetable m\ld 0 connect$ ) ! sub-soil ( r$ clay only by ! roots ( ! grasses2 & :5 ^! 7 brok51 ! m\ld & ! r$ clay fell ap>t4 ,9 a ?ird field1 on :i* coal-c9d]s & burnt m>l _h be5 /rew$ sev]al times at unkn[n dates1 holes 7 dug 9 #ahdb2 & a lay] ( c9d]s c\ld be trac$ at a dep? ( #c in*es1 b5ea? :i* at a dep? ( #i in*es f ! surface !re 0 a l9e ( c9d]s toge!r ) burnt m>l4 ,on ! sides ( "o hole !re 7 two lay]s ( c9d]s1 at #b & #c in*es b5ea? ! surface2 & bel[ !m at a dep? 9 p>ts ( #i1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( #aj in*es !re 7 fragm5ts ( burnt m>l4 ,9 a f\r? field two lay]s ( lime1 "o above ! o!r1 c\ld be di/9ctly trac$1 & b5ea? !m a lay] ( c9d]s & burnt m>l at a dep? ( f #aj to #ab in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #e3 ,section ( ! vegetable m\ld 9 a field4 ,fig4 #f3 ,trav]se section across a l>ge /one ,a piece ( wa/e1 swampy l& 0 enclos$1 dra9$1 pl\gh$1 h>r[$ & ?ickly cov]$ 9 ! ye> #ahbb ) burnt m>l & c9d]s4 ,x 0 s[$ ) grass se$s1 & n[ supports a tol]ably good b co>se pa/ure4 ,holes 7 dug 9 ?is field 9 #ahcg1 or #ae ye>s aft] its reclamation1 & we see 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #e71 r$uc$ to half ( ! natural scale1 t ! turf 0 in* ?ick1 b5ea? :i* !re 0 a lay] ( vegetable m\ld #b in*es ?ick4 ,?is lay] did n conta9 fragm5ts ( any k9d2 b b5ea? x !re 0 a lay] ( m\ld1 #a in* 9 ?ickness1 full ( fragm5ts ( burnt m>l1 conspicu\s f _! r$ col\r1 "o ( :i* ne> ! bottom 0 an in* 9 l5g?2 & o!r fragm5ts ( coal-c9d]s toge!r ) a few :ite qu>tz pebbles4 ,b5ea? ?is lay] & at a dep? ( #d in*es f ! surface1 ! orig9al black1 peaty1 s&y soil ) a few qu>tz pebbles 0 enc\nt]$4 ,"h !re=e ! fragm5ts ( burnt m>l & c9d]s _h be5 cov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( #ae ye>s by a lay] ( f9e vegetable m\ld1 only #b in*es 9 ?ickness1 exclud+ ! turf4 ,six & a half ye>s subsequ5tly ?is field 0 re-exam9$1 & ! fragm5ts 7 n[ f\nd at f #d to #e in*es b5ea? ! surface4 ,s t 9 ?is int]val ( #f ye>s1 ab\t #a in* ( m\ld _h be5 add$ to ! sup]ficial lay]4 ,i am surpris$ t a great] quantity _h n be5 br\ght up dur+ ! :ole #ba ye>s1 = 9 ! closely und]ly+ black1 peaty soil !re 7 _m worms4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t =m]ly1 :il/ ! l& rema9$ poor1 worms 7 scanty2 & ! m\ld w\ld !n h accumulat$ sl[ly4 ,! av]age annual increase ( ?ickness = ! :ole p]iod is #j4ai ( an in*4 ,two o!r cases are wor? record+4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahce1 a field1 :i* _h long exi/$ z poor pa/ure & 0 s swampy t x trembl$ slightly :5 /amp$ on1 0 ?ickly cov]$ ) r$ s& s t ! :ole surface appe>$ at fir/ bright r$4 ,:5 holes 7 dug 9 ?is field aft] an int]val ( ab\t #b ye>s1 ! s& =m$ a lay] at a dep? ( 94 b5ea? ! surface4 ,9 #ahdb 7i4e41 #g ye>s aft] ! s& _h be5 laid on7 fre% holes 7 dug1 & n[ ! r$ s& =m$ a di/9ct lay]1 #b in*es b5ea? ! surface1 or #a in* b5ea? ! turf2 s t on an av]age1 #j4ba in* ( m\ld _h be5 annually br\ght to ! surface4 ,imm$iately b5ea? ! lay] ( r$ s&1 ! orig9al sub/ratum ( black s&y peat ext5d$4 ,a grass field1 likewise n f> f ,ma] ,hall1 _h =m]ly be5 ?ickly cov]$ ) m>l1 & 0 !n left = sev]al ye>s z pa/ure2 x 0 aft]w>ds pl\gh$4 ,a fri5d _h ?ree tr5*es dug 9 ?is field #bh ye>s aft] ! application ( ! m>l1 #abf & a lay] ( ! m>l fragm5ts c\ld be trac$ at a dep?1 c>efully measur$1 ( #ab in*es 9 "s p>ts1 & ( #ad in*es 9 o!r p>ts4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 dep? dep5d$ on ! lay] be+ horizontal1 :il/ ! surface consi/$ ( ridges & furr[s f ! field hav+ be5 pl\gh$4 ,! t5ant assur$ me t x _h nev] be5 turn$ up to a great] dep? ?an f #f to #h in*es2 & z ! fragm5ts =m$ an unbrok5 horizontal lay] f #ab to #ad in*es b5ea? ! surface1 ^! mu/ h be5 buri$ by ! worms :il/ ! l& 0 9 pa/ure be=e x 0 pl\gh$1 = o!rwise !y w\ld h be5 indiscrim9ately scatt]$ by ! pl\gh ?r\gh\t ! :ole ?ickness ( ! soil4 ,f\r-&-a-half ye>s aft]w>ds ,i _h ?ree holes dug 9 ?is field1 9 :i* potatoes _h be5 lately plant$1 & ! lay] ( m>l-fragm5ts 0 n[ f\nd #ac in*es b5ea? ! bottoms ( ! furr[s1 & !re=e probably #ae in*es b5ea? ! g5]al level ( ! field4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t ! ?ickness ( ! blacki% s&y soil1 :i* _h be5 ?r[n up by ! worms above ! m>l-fragm5ts 9 ! c\rse ( #cb ye>s1 w\ld h measur$ less ?an #ae in*es1 if ! field _h always rema9$ z pa/ure1 = ! soil w\ld 9 ?is case h be5 mu* m compact4 ,! fragm5ts ( m>l almo/ re/$ on an undi/urb$ sub/ratum ( :ite s& ) qu>tz pebbles2 & z ?is w\ld be little attractive to worms1 ! m\ld w\ld h]eaft] be v sl[ly increas$ by _! action4 ,we w n[ give "s cases ( ! action ( worms1 on l& diff]+ widely f ! dry s&y or ! swampy pa/ures j describ$4 ,! *alk =mation ext5ds all r\nd my h\se 9 ,k5t2 & its surface1 f hav+ be5 expos$ dur+ an imm5se p]iod to ! dissolv+ action ( ra9-wat]1 is extremely irregul>1 be+ abruptly fe/oon$ & p5etrat$ by _m deep well-l cavities4 #abh ,dur+ ! dissolution ( ! *alk1 ! insoluble matt]1 includ+ a va/ numb] ( unroll$ fl9ts ( all sizes1 has be5 left on ! surface & =ms a b$ ( /iff r$ clay1 full ( fl9ts1 & g5]ally f #f to #ad feet 9 ?ickness4 ,ov] ! r$ clay1 :]ev] ! l& has long rema9$ z pa/ure1 !re is a lay] a few in*es 9 ?ickness1 ( d>k-col\r$ vegetable m\ld4 ,a quantity ( brok5 *alk 0 spread1 on ,decemb] #bj1 #ahdb1 ov] a "p ( a field ne> my h\se1 :i* _h exi/$ z pa/ure c]ta9ly = #cj1 probably = twice or ?rice z _m ye>s4 ,! *alk 0 laid on ! l& = ! sake ( obs]v+ at "s future p]iod to :at dep? x w\ld become buri$4 ,at ! end ( ,novemb]1 #ahga1 t is aft] an int]val ( #bi ye>s1 a tr5* 0 dug across ?is "p ( ! field2 & a l9e ( :ite nodules c\ld be trac$ on bo? sides ( ! tr5*1 at a dep? ( #g in*es f ! surface4 ,! m\ld1 !re=e1 7exclud+ ! turf7 _h "h be5 ?r[n up at an av]age rate ( #j4bb in* p] ye>4 ,b5ea? ! l9e ( *alk nodules !re 0 9 p>ts h>dly any f9e e>? free ( fl9ts1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts !re 0 a lay]1 #b in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! m\ld 0 altoge!r #i in*es ?ick2 & 9 "o su* spot a nodule ( *alk & a smoo? fl9t pebble1 bo? ( :i* mu/ h be5 left at "s =m] "t on ! surface1 7 f\nd at ?is dep?4 ,at f #aa to #ab in*es b5ea? ! surface1 ! undi/urb$ r$di% clay1 full ( fl9ts1 ext5d$4 ,! appe>ance ( ! above nodules ( *alk surpris$ me1 mu* at fir/1 z !y closely resembl$ wat]-worn pebbles1 :]eas ! fre%ly-brok5 fragm5ts _h be5 angul>4 ,b on exam9+ ! nodules ) a l5s1 !y no long] appe>$ wat]-worn1 = _! surfaces 7 pitt$ ?r\gh unequal corrosion1 & m9ute1 %>p po9ts1 =m$ ( brok5 fossil %ells1 project$ f !m4 ,x 0 evid5t t ! corn]s ( ! orig9al fragm5ts ( *alk _h be5 :olly dissolv$1 f pres5t+ a l>ge surface to ! c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 ! ra9-wat] & to t g5]at$ 9 soil conta9+ vegetable matt]1 z well z to ! humus-acids4 #aca ,! project+ corn]s w\ld also1 relatively to ! o!r p>ts1 h be5 embrac$ by a l>g] numb] ( liv+ rootlets2 & ^! h ! p[] ( ev5 attack+ m>ble1 z ,sa*s has %[n4 ,?us1 9 ! c\rse ( #bi ye>s1 buri$ angul> fragm5ts ( *alk _h be5 conv]t$ into well-r\nd$ nodules4 ,ano!r "p ( ?is same field 0 mossy1 & z x 0 ?\ght t sift$ coal-c9d]s w\ld improve ! pa/ure1 a ?ick lay] 0 spread ov] ?is "p ei!r 9 #ahdb or #ahdc1 & ano!r lay] "s ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,9 #ahga a tr5* 0 "h dug1 & _m c9d]s lay 9 a l9e at a dep? ( #g in*es b5ea? ! surface1 ) ano!r l9e at a dep? ( #e in*es p>allel to ! "o b5ea?4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is field1 :i* _h =m]ly exi/$ z a sep>ate "o1 & :i* x 0 believ$ _h be5 pa/ure-l& = m ?an a c5tury1 tr5*es 7 dug to see h[ ?ick ! vegetable m\ld 04 ,by *ance ! fir/ tr5* 0 made at a spot :]e at "s =m] p]iod1 c]ta9ly m ?an =ty ye>s be=e1 a l>ge hole _h be5 fill$ up ) co>se r$ clay1 fl9ts1 fragm5ts ( *alk1 & gravel2 & "h ! f9e vegetable m\ld 0 only f #d to #d in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ano!r & undi/urb$ place1 ! m\ld v>i$ mu* 9 ?ickness1 namely1 f #f to #h in*es2 b5ea? :i* a few small fragm5ts ( brick 7 f\nd 9 "o place4 ,f ^! sev]al cases1 x w\ld appe> t dur+ ! la/ #bi ye>s m\ld has be5 heap$ on ! surface at an av]age annual rate ( f #j4b to #j4bb ( an in*4 ,b 9 ?is di/rict :5 a pl\gh$ field is fir/ laid d[n 9 grass1 ! m\ld accumulates at a mu* sl[] rate4 ,! rate1 also1 mu/ become v mu* sl[] aft] a b$ ( m\ld1 sev]al in*es 9 ?ickness1 has be5 =m$2 = ! worms !n live *iefly ne> ! surface1 & burr[ d[n to a great] dep? s z to br+ up fre% e>? f bel[1 only dur+ ! w9t] :5 ! wea!r is v cold 7at :i* "t worms 7 f\nd 9 ?is field at a dep? ( #bf in*es7 & dur+ summ]1 :5 ! wea!r is v dry4 ,a field1 :i* adjo9s ! "o j describ$1 slopes 9 "o "p r /eeply 7viz41 at f #aj to #ae72 ?is "p 0 la/ pl\gh$ 9 #ahda1 0 !n h>r[$ & left to become pa/ure-l&4 ,= sev]al ye>s x 0 clo!d ) an extremely scant vegetation1 & 0 s ?ickly cov]$ ) small & l>ge fl9ts 7"s ( !m half z l>ge z a *ild's head7 t ! field 0 always call$ by my sons 8! /ony field40 ,:5 !y ran d[n ! slope ! /ones clatt]$ toge!r1 ,i rememb] d\bt+ :e!r ,i %\ld live to see ^! l>g] fl9ts cov]$ ) vegetable m\ld & turf4 ,b ! small] /ones disappe>$ be=e _m ye>s _h elaps$1 z did e "o ( ! l>g] ones aft] a "t2 s t aft] ?irty ye>s 7#ahga7 a horse c\ld gallop ov] ! compact turf f "o end ( ! field to ! o!r1 & n /rike a s+le /one ) 8 %oes4 ,to anyone :o rememb]$ ! appe>ance ( ! field 9 #ahdb1 ! trans=mation 0 wond]ful4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! "w ( ! worms1 = ?\gh ca/+s 7 n frequ5t = sev]al ye>s1 yet "s 7 ?r[n up mon? aft] mon?1 & ^! gradually increas$ 9 numb]s z ! pa/ure improv$4 ,9 ! ye> #ahga a tr5* 0 dug on ! above slope1 & ! blades ( grass 7 cut (f close to ! roots1 s t ! ?ickness ( ! turf & ( ! vegetable m\ld c\ld be measur$ accurately4 ,! turf 0 r less ?an half an in*1 & ! m\ld1 :i* did n conta9 any /ones1 #b in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,b5ea? ?is lay co>se clayey e>? full ( fl9ts1 l t 9 any ( ! neighb\r+ pl\gh$ fields4 ,?is co>se e>? easily fell ap>t f ! ov]ly+ m\ld :5 a spit 0 lift$ up4 ,! av]age rate ( accumulation ( ! m\ld dur+ ! :ole ?irty ye>s 0 only 4#jhc in* p] ye> 7i4e41 ne>ly "o in* 9 twelve ye>s72 b ! rate mu/ h be5 mu* sl[] at fir/1 & aft]w>ds consid]ably quick]4 ,! trans=mation 9 ! appe>ance ( ?is field1 :i* _h be5 effect$ b5ea? my eyes1 0 aft]w>ds r5d]$ ! m /rik+1 :5 ,i exam9$ 9 ,knole ,p>k a d5se =e/ ( l(ty bee*-trees1 b5ea? :i* no?+ grew4 ,"h ! gr\nd 0 ?ickly /rew$ ) l>ge nak$ /ones1 & worm-ca/+s 7 almo/ :olly abs5t4 ,obscure l9es & irregul>ities on ! surface indicat$ t ! l& _h be5 cultivat$ "s c5turies ago4 ,x is probable t a ?ick wood ( "y bee*-trees sprung up s quickly1 t "t en\gh 0 n all[$ = worms to cov] up ! /ones ) _! ca/+s1 be=e ! site became unfitt$ = _! exi/5ce4 ,anyh[ ! contra/ betwe5 ! /ate ( ! n[ miscall$ 8/ony field10 well /ock$ ) worms1 & ! pres5t /ate ( ! gr\nd b5ea? ! old bee*-trees 9 ,knole ,p>k1 :]e worms appe>$ to be abs5t1 0 /rik+4 ,a n>r[ pa? runn+ across "p ( my lawn 0 pav$ 9 #ahdc ) small flag/ones1 set edgeways2 b worms ?rew up _m ca/+s & we$s grew ?ickly betwe5 !m4 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s ! pa? 0 we$$ & swept2 b ultimately ! we$s & worms prevail$1 & ! g>d5] ceas$ to sweep1 m]ely m[+ (f ! we$s1 z (t5 z ! lawn 0 m[$4 ,! pa? soon became almo/ cov]$ up1 & aft] sev]al ye>s no trace ( x 0 left4 ,on remov+1 9 #ahgg1 ! ?9 ov]ly+ lay] ( turf1 ! small flag-/ones1 all 9 _! prop] places1 7 f\nd cov]$ by an in* ( f9e m\ld4 ,two rec5tly publi%$ acc\nts ( sub/ances /rew$ on ! surface ( pa/ure-l&1 hav+ become buri$ ?r\gh ! action ( worms1 may be "h notic$4 ,! ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,key _h a dit* cut 9 a field1 ov] :i* coal-a%es _h be5 spread1 z x 0 believ$1 eighte5 ye>s be=e2 & on ! clean-cut p]p5dicul> sides ( ! dit*1 at a dep? ( at lea/ sev5 in*es1 !re c\ld be se51 = a l5g? ( #fj y>ds1 8a di/9ct1 v ev51 n>r[ l9e ( coal-a%es1 mix$ ) small coal1 p]fectly p>allel ) ! top-sw>d40 #acf;a ,?is p>allelism & ! l5g? ( ! section give int]e/ to ! case4 ,secondly1 ,mr4 ,danc] /ates #acf;b t cru%$ bones _h be5 ?ickly /rew$ ov] a field2 & 8"s ye>s aft]w>ds0 ^! 7 f\nd 8sev]al in*es bel[ ! surface1 at a uni=m dep?40 ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,z9cke in=ms me t he has lately _h an or*>d dug to ! unusual dep? ( #d feet4 ,! upp] #ah in*es consi/$ ( d>k-col\r$ vegetable m\ld1 & ! next #ah in*es ( s&y loam1 conta9+ 9 ! l[] "p _m roll$ pieces ( s&/one1 ) "s bits ( brick & tile1 probably ( ,roman orig91 z rema9s ( ?is p]iod h be5 f\nd close by4 ,! s&y loam re/$ on an indurat$ f]rug9\s pan ( yell[ clay1 on ! surface ( :i* two p]fect celts 7 f\nd4 ,if1 z seems probable1 ! celts 7 orig9ally left on ! surface ( ! l&1 !y h s9ce be5 cov]$ up ) e>? #c feet 9 ?ickness1 all ( :i* has probably pass$ ?r\gh ! bodies ( worms1 except+ ! /ones :i* may h be5 scatt]$ on ! surface at diff]5t times1 toge!r ) manure or by o!r means4 ,x is difficult o!rwise to und]/& ! s\rce ( ! #ah in*es ( s&y loam1 :i* diff]$ f ! ov]ly+ d>k vegetable m\ld1 aft] bo? _h be5 burnt1 only 9 be+ ( a bright] r$ col\r1 & 9 n be+ q s f9e-gra9$4 ,b on ?is view we mu/ suppose t ! c>bon 9 vegetable m\ld1 :5 x lies at "s little dep? b5ea? ! surface & does n cont9ually receive decay+ vegetable matt] f above1 loses its d>k col\r 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies2 b :e!r ?is is probable ,i d n "k4 ,worms appe> to act 9 ! same mann] 9 ,new ,zeal& z 9 ,europe2 = ,pr(essor ,j4 von ,haa/ has describ$ #ach;a a section ne> ! coa/1 consi/+ ( mica-s*i/1 8cov]$ by #e or #f feet ( loess1 above :i* ab\t #ab in*es ( vegetable soil _h accumulat$40 ,betwe5 ! loess & ! m\ld !re 0 a lay] f #c to #f in*es 9 ?ickness1 consi/+ ( 8cores1 implem5ts1 flakes1 & *ips1 all manufactur$ f h>d basaltic rock40 ,x is !re=e probable t ! aborig9es1 at "s =m] p]iod1 _h left ^! objects on ! surface1 & t !y _h aft]w>ds be5 sl[ly cov]$ up by ! ca/+s ( worms4 ,f>m]s 9 ,engl& are well aw>e t objects ( all k9ds1 left on ! surface ( pa/ure-l&1 aft] a "t disappe>1 or1 z !y say1 "w !mselves d[nw>ds4 ,h[ p[d]$ lime1 c9d]s1 & heavy /ones1 c "w d[n1 & at ! same rate1 ?r\gh ! matt$ roots ( a grass-cov]$ surface1 is a "q :i* has probably nev] occurr$ to !m4 #ach;b ,! ,s9k+ ( great ,/ones ?r\gh ! ,action ( ,worms4--,:5 a /one ( l>ge size & ( irregul> %ape is left on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 x re/s1 ( c\rse1 on ! m protub]ant p>ts2 b worms soon fill up ) _! ca/+s all ! holl[ spaces on ! l[] side2 =1 z ,h5s5 rem>ks1 !y l ! %elt] ( /ones4 ,z soon z ! holl[s are fill$ up1 ! worms eject ! e>? :i* !y h swall[$ beyond ! circumf]5ce ( ! /ones2 & ?us ! surface ( ! gr\nd is rais$ all r\nd ! /one4 ,z ! burr[s excavat$ directly b5ea? ! /one aft] a "t collapse1 ! /one s9ks a little4 #aci ,h5ce x is1 t b\ld]s :i* at "s anci5t p]iod h roll$ d[n f a rocky m\nta9 or cliff on to a mead[ at its base1 are always some:at imb$d$ 9 ! soil2 &1 :5 remov$1 leave an exact impression ( _! l[] surfaces 9 ! und]ly+ f9e m\ld4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a b\ld] is ( su* huge dim5sions1 t ! e>? b5ea? is kept dry1 su* e>? w n be inhabit$ by worms1 & ! b\ld] w n s9k into ! gr\nd4 ,a lime-kiln =m]ly /ood 9 a grass-field ne> ,lei? ,hill ,place 9 ,surrey1 & 0 pull$ d[n #ce ye>s be=e my visit2 all ! loose rubbi% _h be5 c>t$ away1 except+ ?ree l>ge /ones ( qu>tzose s&/one1 :i* x 0 ?\ght might h]eaft] be ( "s use4 ,an old workman rememb]$ t !y _h be5 left on a b>e surface ( brok5 bricks & mort>1 close to ! f\ndations ( ! kiln2 b ! :ole surr\nd+ surface is n[ cov]$ ) turf & m\ld4 ,! two l>ge/ ( ^! /ones _h nev] s9ce be5 mov$2 nor c\ld ?is easily h be5 done1 z1 :5 ,i _h !m remov$1 x 0 ! "w ( two m5 ) lev]s4 ,"o ( ^! /ones1 & n ! l>ge/1 0 #fd in*es long1 #ag in*es broad1 & f #i to #aj in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,its l[] surface 0 some:at protub]ant 9 ! middle2 & ?is "p /ill re/$ on brok5 bricks & mort>1 %[+ ! tru? ( ! old workman's acc\nt4 ,b5ea? ! brick rubbi% ! natural s&y soil1 full ( fragm5ts ( s&/one 0 f\nd2 & ?is c\ld h yield$ v little1 if at all1 to ! weight ( ! /one1 z might h be5 expect$ if ! sub-soil _h be5 clay4 ,! surface ( ! field1 = a di/ance ( ab\t #i in*es r\nd ! /one1 gradually slop$ up to x1 & close to ! /one /ood 9 mo/ places ab\t #d in*es above ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,! base ( ! /one 0 buri$ f #a to #b in*es b5ea? ! g5]al level1 & ! upp] surface project$ ab\t #h in*es above ?is level1 or ab\t #d in*es above ! slop+ bord] ( turf4 ,aft] ! removal ( ! /one x became evid5t t "o ( its po9t$ ends mu/ at fir/ h /ood cle> above ! gr\nd by "s in*es1 b its upp] surface 0 n[ on a level ) ! surr\nd+ turf4 ,:5 ! /one 0 remov$1 an exact ca/ ( its l[] side1 =m+ a %all[ crat]i=m holl[1 0 left1 ! inn] surface ( :i* consi/$ ( f9e black m\ld1 except+ :]e ! m protub]ant p>ts re/$ on ! brick-rubbi%4 ,a transv]se section ( ?is /one1 toge!r ) its b$1 drawn f measurem5ts made aft] x _h be5 displac$1 is "h giv5 on a scale ( in* to a foot 7,fig4 #f74 ,! turf-cov]$ bord] :i* slop$ up to ! /one1 consi/$ ( f9e vegetable m\ld1 9 "o "p #g in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,?is evid5tly consi/$ ( worm-ca/+s1 sev]al ( :i* _h be5 rec5tly eject$4 ,! :ole /one _h sunk 9 ! ?irty-five ye>s1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 ab\t #a in*2 & ?is mu/ h be5 due to ! brick-rubbi% b5ea? ! m protub]ant p>ts hav+ be5 und]m9$ by worms4 ,at ?is rate ! upp] surface ( ! /one1 if x _h be5 left undi/urb$1 w\ld h sunk to ! g5]al level ( ! field 9 #bdg ye>s2 b be=e ?is c\ld h occurr$1 "s e>? w\ld h be5 wa%$ d[n by heavy ra9 f ! ca/+s on ! rais$ bord] ( turf ov] ! upp] surface ( ! /one4 ,! second /one 0 l>g] t ! "o j describ$1 viz41 #fg in*es 9 l5g?1 #ci 9 bread?1 & #ae 9 ?ickness4 ,! l[] surface 0 ne>ly flat1 s t ! worms mu/ soon h be5 compell$ to eject _! ca/+s beyond its circumf]5ce4 ,! /one z a :ole _h sunk ab\t #b in*es into ! gr\nd4 ,at ?is rate x w\ld h requir$ #bfb ye>s = its upp] surface to h sunk to ! g5]al level ( ! field4 ,! upw>dly slop+1 turf-cov]$ bord] r\nd ! /one 0 broad] ?an 9 ! la/ case1 viz41 f #ad to #af in*es2 & :y ?is %\ld be s1 ,i c\ld see no reason4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ?is bord] 0 n s high z 9 ! la/ case1 viz41 f #b to #b in*es1 b 9 "o place x 0 z mu* z #e4 ,its av]age height close to ! /one 0 probably ab\t #c in*es1 & x ?9n$ out to no?+4 ,if s1 a lay] ( f9e e>?1 #ae in*es 9 bread? & #a in* 9 av]age ?ickness1 ( suffici5t l5g? to surr\nd ! :ole ( ! mu* elongat$ slab1 mu/ h be5 br\ght up by ! worms 9 *ief "p f b5ea? ! /one 9 ! c\rse ( #ce ye>s4 ,?is am\nt w\ld be amply suffici5t to acc\nt = its hav+ sunk ab\t #b in*es into ! gr\nd2 m especially if we be> 9 m9d t a good deal ( ! f9e/ e>? w\ld h be5 wa%$ by heavy ra9 f ! ca/+s eject$ on ! slop+ bord] d[n to ! level ( ! field4 ,"s fre% ca/+s 7 se5 close to ! /one4 ,nev]!less1 on digg+ a l>ge hole to a dep? ( #ah in*es :]e ! /one _h la91 only two worms & a few burr[s 7 se51 al?\gh ! soil 0 damp & seem$ fav\rable = worms4 ,!re 7 "s l>ge colonies ( ants b5ea? ! /one1 & possibly s9ce _! e/abli%m5t ! worms _h decreas$ 9 numb]4 ,! ?ird /one 0 only ab\t half z l>ge z ! o!rs2 & two /rong boys c\ld toge!r h roll$ x ov]4 ,i h no d\bt t x _h be5 roll$ ov] at a mod]ately rec5t "t1 = x n[ lay at "s di/ance f ! two o!r /ones at ! bottom ( a little adjo9+ slope4 ,x re/$ also on f9e e>?1 in/ead ( p>tly on brick-rubbi%4 ,9 agreem5t ) ?is conclusion1 ! rais$ surr\nd+ bord] ( turf 0 only #a in* high 9 "s p>ts1 & #b in*es 9 o!r p>ts4 ,!re 7 no colonies ( ants b5ea? ?is /one1 & on digg+ a hole :]e x _h la91 sev]al burr[s & worms 7 f\nd4 ,at ,/oneh5ge1 "s ( ! out] ,druidical /ones are n[ pro/rate1 hav+ fall5 at a remote b unkn[n p]iod2 & ^! h become buri$ to a mod]ate dep? 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!y are surr\nd$ by slop+ bord]s ( turf1 on :i* rec5t ca/+s 7 se54 ,close to "o ( ^! fall5 /ones1 :i* 0 #ag ft long1 #f ft4 broad1 & #bh in*es ?ick1 a hole 0 dug2 & "h ! vegetable m\ld 0 at lea/ #i in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,at ?is dep? a fl9t 0 f\nd1 & a little high] up on "o side ( ! hole a fragm5t ( glass4 ,! base ( ! /one lay ab\t #i in*es b5ea? ! level ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 & its upp] surface #ai in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,a hole 0 also dug close to a second huge /one1 :i* 9 fall+ _h brok5 into two pieces2 & ?is mu/ h happ5$ long ago1 judg+ f ! wea!r$ aspect ( ! fractur$ ends4 ,! base 0 buri$ to a dep? ( #aj in*es1 z 0 asc]ta9$ by driv+ an iron skew] horizontally into ! gr\nd b5ea? x4 ,! vegetable m\ld =m+ ! turf-cov]$ slop+ bord] r\nd ! /one1 on :i* _m ca/+s _h rec5tly be5 eject$1 0 #aj in*es 9 ?ickness2 & mo/ ( ?is m\ld mu/ h be5 br\ght up by worms f b5ea? its base4 ,at a di/ance ( #h y>ds f ! /one1 ! m\ld 0 only #e in*es 9 ?ickness 7) a piece ( tobacco pipe at a dep? ( #d in*es71 & ?is re/$ on brok5 fl9t & *alk :i* c\ld n h easily yield$ to ! pressure or weight ( ! /one4 ,a /raight rod 0 fix$ horizontally 7by ! aid ( a _s-level7 across a ?ird fall5 /one1 :i* 0 #g feet #i in*es long2 & ! cont\r ( ! project+ p>ts & ( ! adjo9+ gr\nd1 :i* 0 n q level1 0 ?us asc]ta9$1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #g7 on a scale ( in* to a foot4 ,! turf-cov]$ bord] slop$ up to ! /one on "o side to a height ( #d in*es1 & on ! opposite side to only #b in*es above ! g5]al level4 ,a hole 0 dug on ! ea/]n side1 & ! base ( ! /one 0 "h f\nd to lie at a dep? ( #d in*es b5ea? ! g5]al level ( ! gr\nd1 & ( #h in*es b5ea? ! top ( ! slop+ turf-cov]$ bord]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,suffici5t evid5ce has n[ be5 giv5 %[+ t small objects left on ! surface ( ! l& :]e worms ab\nd soon get buri$1 & t l>ge /ones s9k sl[ly d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! same means4 ,e /ep ( ! process c\ld be foll[$1 f ! accid5tal deposition ( a s+le ca/+ on a small object ly+ loose on ! surface1 to its be+ entangl$ amid/ ! matt$ roots ( ! turf1 & la/ly to its be+ emb$d$ 9 ! m\ld at v>i\s dep?s b5ea? ! surface4 ,:5 ! same field 0 re-exam9$ aft] ! int]val ( a few ye>s1 su* objects 7 f\nd at a great] dep? ?an be=e4 ,! /raightness & regul>ity ( ! l9es =m$ by ! imb$d$ objects1 & _! p>allelism ) ! surface ( ! l&1 are ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! case2 = ?is p>allelism %[s h[ equably ! worms mu/ h work$2 ! result be+1 h[ev]1 p>tly ! effect ( ! wa%+ d[n ( ! fre% ca/+s by ra94 ,! specific gravity ( ! objects does n affect _! rate ( s9k+1 z c\ld be se5 by por\s c9d]s1 burnt m>l1 *alk & qu>tz pebbles1 hav+ all sunk to ! same dep? )9 ! same "t4 ,consid]+ ! nature ( ! sub/ratum1 :i* at ,lei? ,hill ,place 0 s&y soil includ+ _m bits ( rock1 & at ,/oneh5ge1 *alk-rubble ) brok5 fl9ts2 consid]+1 also1 ! pres5ce ( ! turf-cov]$ slop+ bord] ( m\ld r\nd ! great fragm5ts ( /one at bo? ^! places1 _! s9k+ does n appe> to h be5 s5sibly aid$ by _! weight1 ?\gh ?is 0 consid]able4 #adg ,on ! numb] ( worms :i* live )9 a giv5 space4--,we w n[ %[1 fir/ly1 :at a va/ numb] ( worms live unse5 by u b5ea? our feet1 &1 secondly1 ! actual weight ( ! e>? :i* !y br+ up to ! surface )9 a giv5 space & )9 a giv5 "t4 ,h5s51 :o has publi%$ s full & int]e/+ an acc\nt ( ! habits ( worms1 #adh calculates1 f ! numb] :i* he f\nd 9 a measur$ space1 t !re mu/ exi/ #acc1jjj liv+ worms 9 a hect>e ( l&1 or #ec1gfg 9 an acre4 ,?is latt] numb] ( worms w\ld weigh #cef p\nds1 tak+ ,h5s5's /&>d ( ! weight ( a s+le worm1 namely1 ?ree grams4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be not$ t ?is calculation is f\nd$ on ! numb]s f\nd 9 a g>d51 & ,h5s5 believes t worms are "h twice z num]\s z 9 corn-fields4 ,! above result1 a/oni%+ ?\gh x be1 seems to me cr$ible1 judg+ f ! numb] ( worms :i* ,i h sometimes se51 & f ! numb] daily de/roy$ by birds )\t ! species be+ ext]m9at$4 ,"s b>rels ( bad ale 7 left on ,mr4 ,mill]'s l&1 #adi 9 ! hope ( mak+ v9eg>1 b ! v9eg> prov$ bad1 & ! b>rels 7 upset4 ,x %\ld be premis$ t acetic acid is s deadly a poison to worms t ,p]ri] f\nd t a glass rod dipp$ into ?is acid & !n into a consid]able body ( wat] 9 :i* worms 7 imm]s$1 inv>iably kill$ !m quickly4 ,on ! morn+ aft] ! b>rels _h be5 upset1 8! heaps ( worms :i* lay dead on ! gr\nd 7 s amaz+1 t if ,mr4 ,mill] _h n se5 !m1 he c\ld n h ?\ght x possible = su* numb]s to h exi/$ 9 ! space40 ,z fur!r evid5ce ( ! l>ge numb] ( worms :i* live 9 ! gr\nd1 ,h5s5 /ates t he f\nd 9 a g>d5 sixty-f\r op5 burr[s 9 a space ( #ad squ>e feet1 t is1 n9e 9 #b squ>e feet4 ,b ! burr[s are sometimes mu* m num]\s1 = :5 digg+ 9 a grass-field ne> ,ma] ,hall1 ,i f\nd a cake ( dry e>?1 z l>ge z my two op5 h&s1 :i* 0 p5etrat$ by sev5 burr[s1 z l>ge z goose-quills4 ,weight ( ! e>? eject$ f a s+le burr[1 & f all ! burr[s )9 a giv5 space4--,) respect to ! weight ( ! e>? daily eject$ by worms1 ,h5s5 f\nd t x am\nt$1 9 ! case ( "s worms :i* he kept 9 conf9em5t1 & :i* he appe>s to h f$ ) leaves1 to only #j4e gram1 or less ?an #h gra9s p] diem4 ,b a v mu* l>g] am\nt mu/ be eject$ by worms 9 _! natural /ate1 at ! p]iods :5 !y consume e>? z food in/ead ( leaves1 & :5 !y are mak+ deep burr[s4 ,?is is r5d]$ almo/ c]ta9 by ! foll[+ weights ( ! ca/+s ?r[n up at ! m\?s ( s+le burr[s2 ! :ole ( :i* appe>$ to h be5 eject$ )9 no long "t1 z 0 c]ta9ly ! case 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,! ca/+s 7 dri$ 7except+ 9 "o specifi$ in/ance7 by exposure dur+ _m days to ! sun or be=e a hot fire4 ,,weight ,,( ,,! ,,ca/+s ,,accumulat$ ,,at ,,! ,,m\? ,,( ,a ,,s+le ,,burr[4 7#a47 ,d[n1 ,k5t 7sub-soil r$ clay1 full ( fl9ts1 #c4ih ov]-ly+ ! *alk74 ,! l>ge/ ca/+ :i* ,i c\ld f9d on ! flanks ( a /eep valley1 ! sub-soil be+ "h %all[4 ,9 ?is "o case1 ! ca/+ 0 n well dri$ 7#b47 ,d[n4--,l>ge/ ca/+ :i* ,i c\ld f9d 7consi/+ #c4hg *iefly ( calc>e\s matt]71 on extremely poor pa/ure l& at ! bottom ( ! valley m5tion$ "u 7#a47 7#c47 ,d[n4--,a l>ge ca/+1 b n ( unusual size1 f #a4bb a ne>ly level field1 poor pa/ure1 laid d[n 9 a grass ab\t #ce ye>s be=e 7#d47 ,d[n4 ,av]age weight ( #aa n l>ge ca/+s #j4g eject$ on a slop+ surface on my lawn1 aft] !y _h suff]$ "s loss ( weight f be+ expos$ dur+ a consid]able l5g? ( "t to ra9 7#e47 ,ne> ,nice 9 ,france4--,av]age weight ( #ab ca/+s ( #a4cg ord9>y dim5sions1 collect$ by ,dr4 ,k+ on l& :i* _h n be5 m[n = a long "t & :]e worms ab\nd$1 viz41 a lawn protect$ by %rubb]ies ne> ! sea2 soil s&y & calc>e\s2 ^! ca/+s _h be5 expos$ = "s "t to ra91 be=e be+ collect$1 & mu/ h lo/ "s weight by dis9tegration1 b !y /ill reta9$ _! =m 7#f47 ,! heavie/ ( ! above twelve ca/+s #a4gf 7#g47 ,l[] ,b5gal4--,av]age weight ( #bb ca/+s1 #a4bd collect$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott1 & /at$ by him to h be5 ?r[n up 9 ! c\rse ( "o or two nights 7#h47 ,! heavie/ ( ! above #bb ca/+s #b4ji 7#i47 ,nilgiri ,m\nta9s1 ,s4 ,india2 av]age weight ( ! #e #c4ae l>ge/ ca/+s collect$ by ,dr4 ,k+4 ,!y _h be5 expos$ to ! ra9 ( ! la/ monsoon1 & mu/ h lo/ "s weight 7#aj47 ,! heavie/ ( ! above #e ca/+s #d4cd ,9 ?is table we see t ca/+s :i* _h be5 eject$ at ! m\? ( ! same burr[1 & :i* 9 mo/ cases appe>$ fre% & always reta9$ _! v]mi=m configuration1 g5]ally exce$$ an ounce 9 weight aft] be+ dri$1 & sometimes ne>ly equall$ a qu>t] ( a p\nd4 ,on ! ,nilgiri m\nta9s "o ca/+ ev5 exce$$ ?is latt] weight4 ,! l>ge/ ca/+s 9 ,engl& 7 f\nd on extremely poor pa/ure-l&2 & ^!1 z f> z ,i h se51 are g5]ally l>g] ?an ^? on l& produc+ a ri* vegetation4 ,x w\ld appe> t worms h to swall[ a great] am\nt ( e>? on poor ?an on ri* l&1 9 ord] to obta9 suffici5t nutrim5t4 ,) respect to ! t[]-l ca/+s ne> ,nice 7,nos4 #e & #f 9 ! above table71 ,dr4 ,k+ (t5 f\nd five or six ( !m on a squ>e foot ( surface2 & ^!1 judg+ f _! av]age weight1 w\ld h weigh$ toge!r #g ounces2 s t ! weight ( ^? on a squ>e y>d w\ld h be5 #d lb4 #c oz4 ,dr4 ,k+ collect$1 ne> ! close ( ! ye> #ahgb1 all ! ca/+s :i* /ill reta9$ _! v]mi=m %ape1 :e!r brok5 d[n or n1 f a squ>e foot1 9 a place ab\nd+ ) worms1 on ! summit ( a bank1 :]e no ca/+s c\ld h roll$ d[n f above4 ,^! ca/+s mu/ h be5 eject$1 z he judg$ f _! appe>ance 9 ref]5ce to ! ra9y & dry p]iods ne> ,nice1 )9 ! previ\s five or six mon?s2 !y weigh$ #i oz41 or #e lb4 #e oz4 p] squ>e y>d4 ,aft] an int]val ( f\r mon?s1 ,dr4 ,k+ collect$ all ! ca/+s subsequ5tly eject$ on ! same squ>e foot ( surface1 & !y weigh$ #b oz41 or #a lb4 #f oz4 p] squ>e y>d4 ,!re=e )9 ab\t t5 mon?s1 or we w say = safety's sake )9 a ye>1 #ab oz4 ( ca/+s 7 ?r[n up on ?is "o squ>e foot1 or #f4ge p\nds on ! squ>e y>d2 & ?is w\ld give #ad4eh tons p] acre4 ,9 a field at ! bottom ( a valley 9 ! *alk 7see ,no4 #b 9 ! =ego+ table71 a squ>e y>d 0 measur$ at a spot :]e v l>ge ca/+s ab\nd$2 !y appe>$1 h[ev]1 almo/ equally num]\s 9 a few o!r places4 ,^! ca/+s1 :i* reta9$ p]fectly _! v]mi=m %ape1 7 collect$2 & !y weigh$ :5 p>tially dri$1 #a lb4 #ac oz4 ,?is field _h be5 roll$ ) a heavy agricultural roll] fifty-two days be=e1 & ?is w\ld c]ta9ly h flatt5$ e s+le ca/+ on ! l&4 ,! wea!r _h be5 v dry = two or ?ree weeks be=e ! day ( collection1 s t n "o ca/+ appe>$ fre% or _h be5 rec5tly eject$4 ,we may !re=e assume t ^? :i* 7 weigh$ _h be5 eject$ )91 we w say1 =ty days f ! "t :5 ! field 0 roll$1--t is1 twelve days %ort ( ! :ole int]v5+ p]iod4 ,i _h exam9$ ! same "p ( ! field %ortly be=e x 0 roll$1 & x !n ab\nd$ ) fre% ca/+s4 ,worms d n "w 9 dry wea!r dur+ ! summ]1 or 9 w9t] dur+ sev]e fro/s4 ,if we assume t !y "w = only half ! ye>--?\gh ?is is too l[ an e/imate--!n ! worms 9 ?is field w\ld eject dur+ ! ye>1 #h4chg p\nds p] squ>e y>d2 or #ah4ab tons p] acre1 assum+ ! :ole surface to be equally productive 9 ca/+s4 ,9 ! =ego+ cases "s ( ! necess>y data _h to be e/imat$1 b 9 ! two foll[+ cases ! results are mu* m tru/wor?y4 ,a lady1 on ^: accuracy ,i c implicitly rely1 (f]$ to collect dur+ a ye> all ! ca/+s ?r[n up on two sep>ate squ>e y>ds1 ne> ,lei? ,hill ,place1 9 ,surrey4 ,! am\nt collect$ 01 h[ev]1 some:at less ?an t orig9ally eject$ by ! worms2 =1 z ,i h repeat$ly obs]v$1 a good deal ( ! f9e/ e>? is wa%$ away1 :5ev] ca/+s are ?r[n up dur+ or %ortly be=e heavy ra94 ,small portions also adh]$ to ! surr\nd+ blades ( grass1 & x requir$ too mu* "t to deta* e "o ( !m4 ,on s&y soil1 z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ca/+s are liable to crumble aft] dry wea!r1 & p>ticles 7 ?us (t5 lo/4 ,! lady also occasionally left home = a week or two1 & at su* times ! ca/+s mu/ h suff]$ /ill great] loss f exposure to ! wea!r4 ,^! losses 71 h[ev]1 comp5sat$ to "s ext5t by ! collections hav+ be5 made on "o ( ! squ>es = f\r days1 & on ! o!r squ>e = two days m ?an ! ye>4 ,a space 0 select$ 7,octob] #i?1 #ahgj7 = "o ( ! squ>es on a broad1 grass-cov]$ t]race1 :i* _h be5 m[$ & swept dur+ _m ye>s4 ,x fac$ ! s\?1 b 0 %ad$ dur+ "p ( ! day by trees4 ,x _h be5 =m$ at lea/ a c5tury ago by a great accumulation ( small & l>ge fragm5ts ( s&/one1 toge!r ) "s s&y e>?1 ramm$ d[n level4 ,x is probable t x 0 at fir/ protect$ by be+ cov]$ ) turf4 ,?is t]race1 judg+ f ! numb] ( ca/+s on x1 0 r unfav\rable = ! exi/5ce ( worms1 9 comp>ison ) ! neighb\r+ fields & an upp] t]race4 ,x 0 inde$ surpris+ t z _m worms c\ld live "h z 7 se52 = on digg+ a hole 9 ?is t]race1 ! black vegetable m\ld toge!r ) ! turf 0 only f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 b5ea? :i* lay ! level surface ( light-col\r$ s&y soil1 ) _m fragm5ts ( s&/one4 ,be=e any ca/+s 7 collect$ all ! previ\sly exi/+ ones 7 c>efully remov$4 ,! la/ day's collection 0 on ,octob] #ad?1 #ahga4 ,! ca/+s 7 !n well dri$ be=e a fire2 & !y weigh$ exactly #c lbs4 ,?is w\ld give = an acre ( simil> l& #g4ef tons ( dry e>? annually eject$ by worms4 ,! second squ>e 0 m>k$ on un5clos$ common l&1 at a height ( ab\t #gjj ft4 above ! sea1 at "s little di/ance f ,lei? ,hill ,t[]4 ,! surface 0 clo!d ) %ort1 f9e turf1 & _h nev] be5 di/urb$ by ! h& ( man4 ,! spot select$ appe>$ nei!r p>ticul>ly fav\rable nor ! rev]se = worms2 b ,i h (t5 notic$ t ca/+s are especially abundant on common l&1 & ?is may1 p]haps1 be attribut$ to ! poorness ( ! soil4 ,! vegetable m\ld 0 "h betwe5 ?ree & f\r in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,z ?is spot 0 at "s di/ance f ! h\se :]e ! lady liv$1 ! ca/+s 7 n collect$ at su* %ort int]vals ( "t z ^? on ! t]race2 consequ5tly ! loss ( f9e e>? dur+ ra9y wea!r mu/ h be5 great] 9 ?is ?an 9 ! la/ case4 ,! ca/+s moreov] 7 m s&y1 & 9 collect+ !m dur+ dry wea!r !y sometimes crumbl$ into du/1 & mu* 0 ?us lo/4 ,!re=e x is c]ta9 t ! worms br\ght up to ! surface consid]ably m e>? ?an t :i* 0 collect$4 ,! la/ collection 0 made on ,octob] #bg?1 #ahga2 i4e41 #cfg days aft] ! squ>e _h be5 m>k$ out & ! surface cle>$ ( all pre-exi/+ ca/+s4 ,! collect$ ca/+s1 aft] be+ well dri$1 weigh$ #g4dec p\nds2 & ?is w\ld give1 = an acre ( ! same k9d ( l&1 #af4a tons ( annually eject$ dry e>?4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,=ego+ ,,cases4 7#a47 ,ca/+s eject$ ne> ,nice )9 ab\t a ye>1 collect$ by ,dr4 ,k+ on a squ>e foot ( surface1 calculat$ to yield p] acre #ad4eh tons4 7#b47 ,ca/+s eject$ dur+ ab\t #dj days on a squ>e y>d1 9 a field ( poor pa/ure at ! bottom ( a l>ge valley 9 ! ,*alk1 calculat$ to yield annually p] acre #ah4ab tons4 7#c47 ,ca/+s collect$ f a squ>e y>d on an old t]race at ,lei? ,hill ,place1 dur+ #cfi days1 calculat$ to yield annually p] acre #g4ef tons4 7#d47 ,ca/+s collect$ f a squ>e y>d on ,lei? ,hill ,common dur+ #cfg days1 calculat$ to yield annually p] acre #af4a tons4 ,! ?ickness ( ! lay] ( m\ld1 :i* ca/+s eject$ dur+ a ye> w\ld =m if uni=mly spread out4--,z we "k1 f ! two la/ cases 9 ! above summ>y1 ! weight ( ! dri$ ca/+s eject$ by worms dur+ a ye> on a squ>e y>d ( surface1 ,i wi%$ to le>n h[ ?ick a lay] ( ord9>y m\ld ?is am\nt w\ld =m if spread uni=mly ov] a squ>e y>d4 ,! dry ca/+s 7 !re=e brok5 into small p>ticles1 & :il/ be+ plac$ 9 a measure 7 well %ak5 & press$ d[n4 ,^? collect$ on ! ,t]race am\nt$ to #abd4gg cubic in*es2 & ?is am\nt1 if spread out ov] a squ>e y>d1 w\ld make a lay] #j4ifbg in* 9 ?ickness4 ,^? collect$ on ! ,common am\nt$ to #aig4ef cubic in*es1 & w\ld make a simil> lay] #j4aebd in* 9 ?ickness4 ,^! ?icknesses mu/1 h[ev]1 be correct$1 = ! triturat$ ca/+s1 aft] be+ well %ak5 d[n & press$1 did n make ne>ly s compact a mass z vegetable m\ld1 ?\gh ea* sep>ate p>ticle 0 v compact4 ,yet m\ld is f> f be+ compact1 z is %[n by ! numb] ( air-bubbles :i* rise up :5 ! surface is flood$ ) wat]4 ,x is moreov] p5etrat$ by _m f9e roots4 ,to asc]ta9 approximately by h[ mu* ord9>y vegetable m\ld w\ld be increas$ 9 bulk by be+ brok5 up into small p>ticles & !n dri$1 a ?9 oblong block ( some:at argillace\s m\ld 7) ! turf p>$ (f7 0 measur$ be=e be+ brok5 up1 0 well dri$ & aga9 measur$4 ,! dry+ caus$ x to %r9k by #a_/g ( its orig9al bulk1 judg+ f ext]ior measurem5ts alone4 ,x 0 !n triturat$ & p>tly r$uc$ to p[d]1 9 ! same mann] z ! ca/+s _h be5 treat$1 & its bulk n[ exce$$ 7not)/&+ %r9kage f dry+7 by #a_/af t ( ! orig9al block ( damp m\ld4 ,!re=e ! above calculat$ ?ickness ( ! lay]1 =m$ by ! ca/+s f ! ,t]race1 aft] be+ damp$ & spread ov] a squ>e y>d1 w\ld h to be r$uc$ by #a_/af2 & ?is w r$uce ! lay] to #j4ji ( an in*1 s t a lay] #j4i in* 9 ?ickness w\ld be =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( t5 ye>s4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ! ca/+s f ! ,common w\ld make 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le ye> a lay] #j4adbi in*1 or 9 ! c\rse ( #aj ye>s #a4dbi in*1 9 ?ickness4 ,we may say 9 r\nd numb]s t ! ?ickness 9 ! =m] case w\ld am\nt to ne>ly #a in*1 & 9 ! second case to ne>ly #a in* 9 #aj ye>s4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ^! results ) ^? d$uc$ f ! rates at :i* small objects left on ! surfaces ( grass-fields become buri$ 7z describ$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]71 we w give ! foll[+ summ>y3-- ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,m\ld ,,accumulat$ ,,ov] ,,objects ,,left ,,/rew$ ,,on ,,! ,,surface1 ,,9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,t5 ,,ye>s4 ,! accumulation ( m\ld dur+ #ad ye>s on ! surface ( a dry1 s&y1 grass-field ne> ,ma] ,hall1 am\nt$ to #b4b in*es 9 #aj ye>s4 ,! accumulation dur+ #ba ye>s on a swampy field ne> ,ma] ,hall1 am\nt$ to ne>ly #a4i in* 9 #aj ye>s4 ,! accumulation dur+ #g ye>s on a v swampy field ne> ,ma] ,hall am\nt$ to #b4a in*es 9 #aj ye>s4 ,! accumulation dur+ #bi ye>s1 on good1 argillace\s pa/ure-l& ov] ! ,*alk at ,d[n1 am\nt$ to #b4b in*es 9 #aj ye>s4 ,! accumulation dur+ #cj ye>s on ! side ( a valley ov] ! ,*alk at ,d[n1 ! soil be+ argillace\s1 v poor1 & only j conv]t$ into pa/ure 7s t x 0 = "s ye>s unfav\rable = worms71 am\nt$ to #j4hc in* 9 #aj ye>s4 ,9 ^! cases 7except+ ! la/7 x may be se5 t ! am\nt ( e>? br\ght to ! surface dur+ #aj ye>s is some:at great] ?an t calculat$ f ! ca/+s :i* 7 actually weigh$4 ,?is excess may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! loss :i* ! weigh$ ca/+s _h previ\sly und]gone ?r\gh be+ wa%$ by ra91 by ! adhesion ( p>ticles to ! blades ( ! surr\nd+ grass1 & by _! crumbl+ :5 dry4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look o!r ag5cies :i* 9 all ord9>y cases add to ! am\nt ( m\ld1 & :i* w\ld n be includ$ 9 ! ca/+s t 7 collect$1 namely1 ! f9e e>? br\ght up to ! surface by burr[+ l>v & insects1 especially by ants4 ,! e>? br\ght up by moles g5]ally has a some:at diff]5t appe>ance f vegetable m\ld2 b aft] a "t w\ld n be di/+ui%able f x4 ,9 dry c\ntries1 moreov]1 ! w9d plays an important "p 9 c>ry+ du/ f "o place to ano!r1 & ev5 9 ,engl& x mu/ add to ! m\ld on fields ne> great roads4 ,b 9 our c\ntry ^! latt] sev]al ag5cies appe> to be ( q subord9ate importance 9 comp>ison ) ! action ( worms4 ,we h no means ( judg+ h[ great a weight ( e>? a s+le full-siz$ worm ejects dur+ a ye>4 ,h5s5 e/imates t #ec1gfg worms exi/ 9 an acre ( l&2 b ?is is f\nd$ on ! numb] f\nd 9 g>d5s1 & he believes t only ab\t half z _m live 9 corn-fields4 ,h[ _m live 9 old pa/ure l& is unkn[n2 b if we assume t half ! above numb]1 or #bf1hhf worms live on su* l&1 !n tak+ f ! previ\s summ>y #ae tons z ! weight ( ! ca/+s annually ?r[n up on an acre ( l&1 ea* worm mu/ annually eject #bj ounces4 ,a full-siz$ ca/+ at ! m\? ( a s+le burr[ (t5 exce$s1 z we h se51 an ounce 9 weight2 & x is probable t worms eject m ?an #bj full-siz$ ca/+s dur+ a ye>4 ,if !y eject annually m ?an #bj ounces1 we may inf] t ! worms :i* live 9 an acre ( pa/ure l& mu/ be less ?an #bf1hhf 9 numb]4 ,worms live *iefly 9 ! sup]ficial m\ld1 :i* is usually f #d or #e to #aj & ev5 #ab in*es 9 ?ickness2 & x is ?is m\ld :i* passes ov] & ov] aga9 ?r\gh _! bodies & is br\ght to ! surface4 ,b worms occasionally burr[ into ! subsoil to a mu* great] dep?1 & on su* occasions !y br+ up e>? f ?is great] dep?2 & ?is process has gone on = c\ntless ages4 ,!re=e ! sup]ficial lay] ( m\ld w\ld ultimately atta91 ?\gh at a sl[] & sl[] rate1 a ?ickness equal to ! dep? to :i* worms ev] burr[1 7 !re n o!r oppos+ ag5cies at "w :i* c>ry away to a l[] level "s ( ! f9e/ e>? :i* is cont9ually be+ br\ght to ! surface by worms4 ,h[ great a ?ickness vegetable m\ld ev] atta9s1 ,i h n _h good opportunities = obs]v+2 b 9 ! next *apt]1 :5 we consid] ! burial ( anci5t build+s1 "s facts w be giv5 on ?is head4 ,9 ! two la/ *apt]s we %all see t ! soil is actually increas$1 ?\gh only to a small degree1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( worms2 b _! *ief "w is to sift ! f9] f ! co>s] p>ticles1 to m+le ! :ole ) vegetable dbris1 & to saturate x ) _! inte/9al secretions4 ,f9ally1 no "o :o consid]s ! facts giv5 9 ?is *apt]--on ! bury+ ( small objects & on ! s9k+ ( great /ones left on ! surface--on ! va/ numb] ( worms :i* live )9 a mod]ate ext5t ( gr\nd on ! weight ( ! ca/+s eject$ f ! m\? ( ! same burr[--on ! weight ( all ! ca/+s eject$ )9 a kn[n "t on a measur$ space--w h]eaft]1 z ,i believe1 d\bt t worms play an important "p 9 nature4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,"p ,,:i* ,,worms ,,h ,,play$ ,,9 ,,! ,,burial ,,( ,,anci5t ,,build+s4 ,! accumulation ( rubbi% on ! sites ( great cities indep5d5t ( ! action ( worms--,! burial ( a ,roman villa at ,ab+]--,! floors & walls p5etrat$ by worms--,subsid5ce ( a mod]n pavem5t--,! buri$ pavem5t at ,beaulieu ,abbey--,roman villas at ,*$wor? & ,brad+--,! rema9s ( ! ,roman t[n at ,sil*e/]--,! nature ( ! dbris by :i* ! rema9s are cov]$--,! p5etration ( ! tesselat$ floors & walls by worms--,subsid5ce ( ! floors--,?ickness ( ! m\ld--,! old ,roman city ( ,wroxet]--,?ickness ( ! m\ld--,dep? ( ! f\ndations ( "s ( ! ,build+s--,conclusion4 ,,ar*,,ologi/s are probably n aw>e h[ mu* !y owe to worms = ! pres]vation ( _m anci5t objects4 ,co9s1 gold ornam5ts1 /one implem5ts1 c41 if dropp$ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 w infallibly be buri$ by ! ca/+s ( worms 9 a few ye>s1 & w ?us be safely pres]v$1 until ! l& at "s future "t is turn$ up4 ,= in/ance1 _m ye>s ago a grass-field 0 pl\gh$ on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,sev]n1 n f> f ,%rewsbury2 & a surpris+ numb] ( iron arr[-heads 7 f\nd at ! bottom ( ! furr[s1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,blakeway1 a local antiqu>y1 believ$1 7 relics ( ! battle ( ,%rewsbury 9 ! ye> #adjc1 & no d\bt _h be5 orig9ally left /rew$ on ! battle-field4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt] ,i %all %[ t n only implem5ts1 c41 are ?us pres]v$1 b t ! floors & ! rema9s ( _m anci5t build+s 9 ,engl& h be5 buri$ s effectually1 9 l>ge "p ?r\gh ! action ( worms1 t !y h be5 discov]$ 9 rec5t times solely ?r\gh v>i\s accid5ts4 ,! enorm\s b$s ( rubbi%1 sev]al y>ds 9 ?ickness1 :i* und]lie _m cities1 su* z ,rome1 ,p>is1 & ,london1 ! l[] ones be+ ( great antiquity1 are n "h ref]r$ to1 z !y h n be5 9 any way act$ on by worms4 ,:5 we consid] h[ mu* matt] is daily br\ght into a great city = build+1 fuel1 clo?+ & food1 & t 9 old times :5 ! roads 7 bad & ! "w ( ! scav5g] 0 neglect$1 a comp>atively small am\nt 0 c>ri$ away1 we may agree ) lie de ,beaumont1 :o1 9 discuss+ ?is subject1 says1 8p\r une voiture de matriaux qui en sort1 on y en fait entr] c5t40 #aff;a ,nor %\ld we ov]look ! effects ( fires1 ! demolition ( old build+s1 & ! removal ( rubbi% to ! ne>e/ vacant space4 ,ab+]1 ,surrey4--,late 9 ! autumn ( #ahgf1 ! gr\nd 9 an old f>m-y>d at ?is place 0 dug to a dep? ( #b to #b feet1 & ! workm5 f\nd v>i\s anci5t rema9s4 ,?is l$ ,mr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,f>r] ( ,ab+] ,hall to h an adjo9+ pl\gh$ field se>*$4 ,on a tr5* be+ dug1 a lay] ( concrete1 /ill p>tly cov]$ ) tess] 7small r$ tiles71 & surr\nd$ on two sides by brok5-d[n walls1 0 soon discov]$4 ,x is believ$1 #aff;b t ?is room =m$ "p ( ! atrium or reception-room ( a ,roman villa4 ,! walls ( two or ?ree o!r small rooms 7 aft]w>ds discov]$4 ,_m fragm5ts ( pott]y1 o!r objects1 & co9s ( sev]al ,roman emp]ors1 dat+ f #acc to #cfa1 & p]haps to #cge ,a4,d41 7 likewise f\nd4 ,also a half-p5ny ( ,george ,i41 #agae4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is latt] co9 seems an anomaly2 b no d\bt x 0 dropp$ on ! gr\nd dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 & s9ce !n !re has be5 ample "t = its burial "u a consid]able dep? ( ! ca/+s ( worms4 ,f ! diff]5t dates ( ! ,roman co9s we may inf] t ! build+ 0 long inhabit$4 ,x 0 probably ru9$ & des]t$ #adjj or #aejj ye>s ago4 ,i 0 pres5t dur+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! excavations 7,augu/ #bj1 #ahgg7 & ,mr4 ,f>r] _h two deep tr5*es dug at opposite ends ( ! atrium1 s t ,i might exam9e ! nature ( ! soil ne> ! rema9s4 ,! field slop$ f ea/ to we/ at an angle ( ab\t #g2 & "o ( ! two tr5*es1 %[n 9 ! accompany+ section 7,fig4 #h7 0 at ! upp] or ea/]n end4 ,! diagram is on a scale ( #a_/bj ( an in* to an in*2 b ! tr5*1 :i* 0 betwe5 #d & #e feet broad1 & 9 p>ts above #e feet deep1 has necess>ily be5 r$uc$ out ( all proportion4 ,! f9e m\ld ov] ! floor ( ! atrium v>i$ 9 ?ickness f #aa to #af in*es2 & on ! side ( ! tr5* 9 ! section 0 a little ov] #ac in*es4 ,aft] ! m\ld _h be5 remov$1 ! floor appe>$ z a :ole mod]ately level2 b x slop$ 9 p>ts at an angle ( #a1 & 9 "o place ne> ! outside at z mu* z #h #cj4 ,! wall surr\nd+ ! pavem5t 0 built ( r\gh /ones1 & 0 #bc in*es 9 ?ickness :]e ! tr5* 0 dug4 ,its brok5 summit 0 "h #ac in*es1 b 9 ano!r "p #ae in*es1 b5ea? ! surface ( ! field1 be+ cov]$ by ?is ?ickness ( m\ld4 ,9 "o spot1 h[ev]1 x rose to )9 #f in*es ( ! surface4 ,on two sides ( ! room1 :]e ! junction ( ! concrete floor ) ! b\nd+ walls c\ld be c>efully exam9$1 !re 0 no crack or sep>ation4 ,?is tr5* aft]w>ds prov$ to h be5 dug )9 an adjo9+ room 7#aa ft4 by #aa ft4 #f 94 9 size71 ! exi/5ce ( :i* 0 n ev5 suspect$ :il/ ,i 0 pres5t4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #h3 ,section ?r\gh ! f\ndations ( a buri$ ,roman villa ,on ! side ( ! tr5* f>!/ f ! buri$ wall 7,w71 ! m\ld v>i$ f #i to #ad in*es 9 ?ickness2 x re/$ on a mass 7,b7 #bc in*es ?ick ( blacki% e>?1 includ+ _m l>ge /ones4 ,b5ea? ?is 0 a ?9 b$ ( v black m\ld 7,c71 !n a lay] ( e>? full ( fragm5ts ( mort> 7,d71 & !n ano!r ?9 b$ 7ab\t #c in*es ?ick7 7,e7 ( v black m\ld1 :i* re/$ on ! undi/urb$ subsoil 7,f7 ( firm1 yell[i%1 argillace\s s&4 ,! #bc-;in* b$ 7,b7 0 probably made gr\nd1 z ?is w\ld h br\ght up ! floor ( ! room to a level ) t ( ! atrium4 ,! two ?9 b$s ( black m\ld at ! bottom ( ! tr5* evid5tly m>k$ two =m] l&-surfaces4 ,outside ! walls ( ! nor!rn room1 _m bones1 a%es1 oy/]-%ells1 brok5 pott]y & an entire pot 7 subsequ5tly f\nd at a dep? ( #af in*es b5ea? ! surface4 ,! second tr5* 0 dug on ! we/]n or l[] side ( ! villa3 ! m\ld 0 "h only #f in*es 9 ?ickness1 & x re/$ on a mass ( f9e e>? full ( /ones1 brok5 tiles & fragm5ts ( mort>1 #cd in*es 9 ?ickness1 b5ea? :i* 0 ! undi/urb$ s&4 ,mo/ ( ?is e>? _h probably be5 wa%$ d[n f ! upp] "p ( ! field1 & ! fragm5ts ( /ones1 tiles1 c41 mu/ h come f ! imm$iately adjo9+ ru9s4 ,x appe>s at fir/ sight a surpris+ fact t ?is field ( light s&y soil %\ld h be5 cultivat$ & pl\gh$ dur+ _m ye>s1 & t n a ve/ige ( ^! build+s %\ld h be5 discov]$4 ,no "o ev5 suspect$ t ! rema9s ( a ,roman villa lay hidd5 close b5ea? ! surface4 ,b ! fact is less surpris+ :5 x is kn[n t ! field1 z ! bailiff believ$1 _h nev] be5 pl\gh$ to a great] dep? ?an #d in*es4 ,x is c]ta9 t :5 ! l& 0 fir/ pl\gh$1 ! pavem5t & ! surr\nd+ brok5 walls mu/ h be5 cov]$ by at lea/ #d in*es ( soil1 = o!rwise ! rott5 concrete floor w\ld h be5 scor$ by ! pl\gh%>e1 ! tess] torn up1 & ! tops ( ! old walls knock$ d[n4 ,:5 ! concrete & tess] 7 fir/ cle>$ ov] a space ( #ad by #i ft41 ! floor :i* 0 coat$ ) trodd5-d[n e>? exhibit$ no signs ( hav+ be5 p5etrat$ by worms2 & al?\gh ! ov]ly+ f9e m\ld closely resembl$ t :i* 9 _m places has c]ta9ly be5 accumulat$ by worms1 yet x seem$ h>dly possible t ?is m\ld c\ld h be5 br\ght up by worms f b5ea? ! app>5tly s\nd floor4 ,x seem$ also extremely improbable t ! ?ick walls1 surr\nd+ ! room & /ill unit$ to ! concrete1 _h be5 und]m9$ by worms1 & _h ?us be5 caus$ to s9k1 be+ aft]w>ds cov]$ up by _! ca/+s4 ,i !re=e at fir/ conclud$ t all ! f9e m\ld above ! ru9s _h be5 wa%$ d[n f ! upp] p>ts ( ! field2 b we %all soon see t ?is conclusion 0 c]ta9ly errone\s1 ?\gh mu* f9e e>? is kn[n to be wa%$ d[n f ! upp] "p ( ! field 9 its pres5t pl\gh$ /ate dur+ heavy ra9s4 ,al?\gh ! concrete floor did n at fir/ appe> to h be5 any:]e p5etrat$ by worms1 yet by ! next morn+ little cakes ( ! trodd5-d[n e>? _h be5 lift$ up by worms ov] ! m\?s ( sev5 burr[s1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! s(t] p>ts ( ! nak$ concrete1 or betwe5 ! int]/ices ( ! tess]4 ,on ! ?ird morn+ tw5ty-five burr[s 7 c\nt$2 & by sudd5ly lift+ up ! little cakes ( e>?1 f\r worms 7 se5 9 ! act ( quickly retreat+4 ,two ca/+s 7 ?r[n up dur+ ! ?ird night on ! floor1 & ^! 7 ( l>ge size4 ,! season 0 n fav\rable = ! full activity ( worms1 & ! wea!r _h lately be5 hot & dry1 s t mo/ ( ! worms n[ liv$ at a consid]able dep?4 ,9 digg+ ! two tr5*es _m op5 burr[s & "s worms 7 enc\nt]$ at betwe5 #cj & #dj in*es b5ea? ! surface2 b at a great] dep? !y became r>e4 ,"o worm1 h[ev]1 0 cut ?r\gh at #dh1 & ano!r at #ea in*es b5ea? ! surface4 ,a fre% humus-l9$ burr[ 0 also met ) at a dep? ( #eg & ano!r at #fe in*es4 ,at great] dep?s ?an ?is1 nei!r burr[s nor worms 7 se54 ,z ,i wi%$ to le>n h[ _m worms liv$ b5ea? ! floor ( ! atrium--a space ( ab\t #ad by #i feet--,mr4 ,f>r] 0 s k9d z to make obs]vations = me1 dur+ ! next sev5 weeks1 by :i* "t ! worms 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry 7 9 full activity1 & 7 work+ ne> ! surface4 ,x is v improbable t worms %\ld h migrat$ f ! adjo9+ field into ! small space ( ! atrium1 aft] ! sup]ficial m\ld 9 :i* !y pref] to live1 _h be5 remov$4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! burr[s & ! ca/+s :i* 7 se5 "h dur+ ! ensu+ sev5 weeks 7 ! "w ( ! =m] inhabitants ( ! space4 ,i w n[ give a few extracts f ,mr4 ,f>r]'s notes4 ,aug4 #bf?1 #ahgg2 t is1 five days aft] ! floor _h be5 cle>$4 ,on ! previ\s night !re _h be5 "s heavy ra91 :i* wa%$ ! surface clean1 & n[ ! m\?s ( =ty burr[s 7 c\nt$4 ,p>ts ( ! concrete 7 se5 to be solid1 & _h nev] be5 p5etrat$ by worms1 & "h ! ra9-wat] lodg$4 ,sept4 #e?4--,tracks ( worms1 made dur+ ! previ\s night1 c\ld be se5 on ! surface ( ! floor1 & five or six v]mi=m ca/+s _h be5 ?r[n up4 ,^! 7 defac$4 ,sept4 #ab?4--,dur+ ! la/ six days1 ! worms h n be5 active1 ?\gh _m ca/+s h be5 eject$ 9 ! neighb\r+ fields2 b on ?is day ! e>? 0 a little rais$ ov] ! m\?s ( ! burr[s1 or ca/+s 7 eject$1 at t5 fre% po9ts4 ,^! 7 defac$4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t :5 a fre% burr[ is spok5 (1 ?is g5]ally means only t an old burr[ has be5 re-op5$4 ,mr4 ,f>r] 0 repeat$ly /ruck ) ! p]t9acity ) :i* ! worms re-op5$ _! old burr[s1 ev5 :5 no e>? 0 eject$ f !m4 ,i h (t5 obs]v$ ! same fact1 & g5]ally ! m\?s ( ! burr[s are protect$ by an accumulation ( pebbles1 /icks or leaves4 ,mr4 ,f>r] likewise obs]v$ t ! worms liv+ b5ea? ! floor ( ! atrium (t5 collect$ co>se gra9s ( s&1 & su* little /ones z !y c\ld f9d1 r\nd ! m\?s ( _! burr[s4 ,sept4 #ac?2 s(t wet wea!r4 ,! m\?s ( ! burr[s 7 re-op5$1 or ca/+s 7 eject$1 at #ca po9ts2 ^! 7 all defac$4 ,sept4 #ad?2 #cd fre% holes or ca/+s2 all defac$4 ,sept4 #ae?2 #dd fre% holes1 only #e ca/+s2 all defac$4 ,sept4 #ah?2 #dc fre% holes1 #h ca/+s2 all defac$4 ,! numb] ( ca/+s on ! surr\nd+ fields 0 n[ v l>ge4 ,sept4 #ai?2 #dj holes1 #h ca/+s2 all defac$4 ,sept4 #bbnd2 #dc holes1 only a few fre% ca/+s2 all defac$4 ,sept4 #bcrd2 #dd holes1 #h ca/+s4 ,sept4 #be?2 #ej holes1 no record ( ! numb] ( ca/+s4 ,oct4 #ac?2 #fa holes1 no record ( ! numb] ( ca/+s4 ,aft] an int]val ( ?ree ye>s1 ,mr4 ,f>r]1 at my reque/1 aga9 look$ at ! concrete floor1 & f\nd ! worms /ill at "w4 ,kn[+ :at great muscul> p[] worms possess1 & see+ h[ s(t ! concrete 0 9 _m p>ts1 ,i 0 n surpris$ at its hav+ be5 p5etrat$ by _! burr[s2 b x is a m surpris+ fact t ! mort> betwe5 ! r\gh /ones ( ! ?ick walls1 surr\nd+ ! rooms1 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,f>r] to h be5 p5etrat$ by worms4 ,on ,augu/ #bf?1 t is1 five days aft] ! ru9s _h be5 expos$1 he obs]v$ f\r op5 burr[s on ! brok5 summit ( ! ea/]n wall 7,w 9 ,fig4 #h72 &1 on ,septemb] #ae?1 o!r burr[s simil>ly situat$ 7 se54 ,x %\ld also be not$ t 9 ! p]p5dicul> side ( ! tr5* 7:i* 0 mu* deep] ?an is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #h7 ?ree rec5t burr[s 7 se51 :i* ran obliquely f> d[n b5ea? ! base ( ! old wall4 ,we ?us see t _m worms liv$ b5ea? ! floor & ! walls ( ! atrium at ! "t :5 ! excavations 7 made2 & t !y aft]w>ds almo/ daily br\ght up e>? to ! surface f a consid]able dep?4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason to d\bt t worms h act$ 9 ?is mann] ev] s9ce ! p]iod :5 ! concrete 0 suffici5tly decay$ to all[ !m to p5etrate x2 & ev5 be=e t p]iod !y w\ld h liv$ b5ea? ! floor1 z soon z x became p]vi\s to ra91 s t ! soil b5ea? 0 kept damp4 ,! floor & ! walls mu/ !re=e h be5 cont9ually und]m9$2 & f9e e>? mu/ h be5 heap$ on !m dur+ _m c5turies1 p]haps = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,if ! burr[s b5ea? ! floor & walls1 :i* x is probable 7 =m]ly z num]\s z !y n[ are1 _h n collaps$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t 9 ! mann] =m]ly expla9$1 ! und]ly+ e>? w\ld h be5 riddl$ ) passages l a sponge2 & z ?is 0 n ! case1 we may feel sure t !y h collaps$4 ,! inevitable result ( su* collaps+ dur+ successive c5turies1 w h be5 ! sl[ subsid5ce ( ! floor & ( ! walls1 & _! burial b5ea? ! accumulat$ worm-ca/+s4 ,! subsid5ce ( a floor1 :il/ x /ill rema9s ne>ly horizontal1 may at fir/ appe> improbable2 b ! case pres5ts no m real difficulty ?an t ( loose objects /rew$ on ! surface ( a field1 :i*1 z we h se51 become buri$ sev]al in*es b5ea? ! surface 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 ?\gh /ill =m+ a horizontal lay] p>allel to ! surface4 ,! burial ( ! pav$ & level pa? on my lawn1 :i* took place "u my own obs]vation1 is an analog\s case4 ,ev5 ^? p>ts ( ! concrete floor :i* ! worms c\ld n p5etrate w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 und]m9$1 & w\ld h sunk1 l ! great /ones at ,lei? ,hill ,place & ,/oneh5ge1 = ! soil w\ld h be5 damp b5ea? !m4 ,b ! rate ( s9k+ ( ! diff]5t p>ts w\ld n h be5 q equal1 & ! floor 0 n q level4 ,! f\ndations ( ! b\nd>y walls lie1 z %[n 9 ! section1 at a v small dep? b5ea? ! surface2 !y w\ld !re=e h t5d$ to subside at ne>ly ! same rate z ! floor4 ,b ?is w\ld n h occurr$ if ! f\ndations _h be5 deep1 z 9 ! case ( "s o!r ,roman ru9s pres5tly to be describ$4 ,f9ally1 we may inf] t a l>ge "p ( ! f9e vegetable m\ld1 :i* cov]$ ! floor & ! brok5-d[n walls ( ?is villa1 9 "s places to a ?ickness ( #af in*es1 0 br\ght up f bel[ by worms4 ,f facts h]eaft] to be giv5 !re c be no d\bt t "s ( ! f9e/ e>? ?us br\ght up w h be5 wa%$ d[n ! slop+ surface ( ! field dur+ e heavy %[] ( ra94 ,if ?is _h n occurr$ a great] am\nt ( m\ld w\ld h accumulat$ ov] ! ru9s ?an t n[ pres5t4 ,b beside ! ca/+s ( worms & "s e>? br\ght up by insects1 & "s accumulation ( du/1 mu* f9e e>? w h be5 wa%$ ov] ! ru9s f ! upp] p>ts ( ! field1 s9ce x has be5 "u cultivation2 & f ov] ! ru9s to ! l[] p>ts ( ! slope2 ! pres5t ?ickness ( ! m\ld be+ ! resultant ( ^! sev]al ag5cies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i may "h app5d a mod]n in/ance ( ! s9k+ ( a pavem5t1 communicat$ to me 9 #ahga by ,mr4 ,ramsay1 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,engl&4 ,a passage )\t a ro(1 #g feet 9 l5g? by #c feet #b in*es 9 wid?1 l$ f 8 h\se into ! g>d51 & 0 pav$ ) slabs ( ,portl& /one4 ,sev]al ( ^! slabs 7 #af in*es squ>e1 o!rs l>g]1 & "s a little small]4 ,?is pavem5t _h subsid$ ab\t #c in*es along ! middle ( ! passage1 & two in*es on ea* side1 z c\ld be se5 by ! l9es ( cem5t by :i* ! slabs _h be5 orig9ally jo9$ to ! walls4 ,! pavem5t _h ?us become slightly concave along ! middle2 b !re 0 no subsid5ce at ! end close to ! h\se4 ,mr4 ,ramsay c\ld n acc\nt = ?is s9k+1 until he obs]v$ t ca/+s ( black m\ld 7 frequ5tly eject$ along ! l9es ( junction betwe5 ! slabs2 & ^! ca/+s 7 regul>ly swept away4 ,! sev]al l9es ( junction1 includ+ ^? ) ! lat]al walls1 7 altoge!r #ci feet #b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! pavem5t did n pres5t ! appe>ance ( ev] hav+ be5 r5ew$1 & ! h\se 0 believ$ to h be5 built ab\t eighty-sev5 ye>s ago4 ,consid]+ all ^! circum/ances1 ,mr4 ,ramsay does n d\bt t ! e>? br\ght up by ! worms s9ce ! pavem5t 0 fir/ laid d[n1 or r s9ce ! decay ( ! mort> all[$ ! worms to burr[ ?r\gh x1 & !re=e )9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an ! eighty-sev5 ye>s1 has suffic$ to cause ! s9k+ ( ! pavem5t to ! above am\nt1 except close to ! h\se1 :]e ! gr\nd b5ea? w\ld h be5 kept ne>ly dry4 ,beaulieu ,abbey1 ,hamp%ire4--,?is abbey 0 de/roy$ by ,h5ry ,,viii41 & !re n[ rema9s only a portion ( ! s\!rn aisle-wall4 ,x is believ$ t ! k+ _h mo/ ( ! /ones c>ri$ away = build+ a ca/le2 & x is c]ta9 t !y h be5 remov$4 ,! positions ( ! nave & transepts 7 asc]ta9$ n long ago by ! f\ndations hav+ be5 f\nd2 & ! place is n[ m>k$ by /ones let into ! gr\nd4 ,:]e ! abbey =m]ly /ood1 !re n[ ext5ds a smoo? grass-cov]$ surface1 :i* resembles 9 all respects ! re/ ( ! field4 ,! gu>dian1 a v old man1 said ! surface _h nev] be5 levell$ 9 8 "t4 ,9 ! ye> #ahec1 ! ,duke ( ,buccleu* _h ?ree holes dug 9 ! turf )9 a few y>ds ( "o ano!r1 at ! we/]n end ( ! nave2 & ! old tesselat$ pavem5t ( ! abbey 0 ?us discov]$4 ,^! holes 7 aft]w>ds surr\nd$ by brickwork1 & protect$ by trap-doors1 s t ! pavem5t might be readily inspect$ & pres]v$4 ,:5 my son ,william exam9$ ! place on ,janu>y #e1 #ahgb1 he f\nd t ! pavem5t 9 ! ?ree holes lay at dep?s ( #f1 #aj & #aa in*es b5ea? ! surr\nd+ turf-cov]$ surface4 ,! old gu>dian ass]t$ t he 0 (t5 =c$ to remove worm-ca/+s f ! pavem5t2 & t he _h done s ab\t six mon?s be=e4 ,my son collect$ all f "o ( ! holes1 ! area ( :i* 0 #e4cb squ>e feet1 & !y weigh$ #g4ig ounces4 ,assum+ t ?is am\nt _h accumulat$ 9 six mon?s1 ! accumulation dur+ a ye> on a squ>e y>d w\ld be #a4fh p\nds1 :i*1 ?\gh a l>ge am\nt1 is v small comp>$ ) :at1 z we h se51 is (t5 eject$ on fields & commons4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! abbey on ,june #bb1 #ahgg1 ! old man said t he _h cle>$ out ! holes ab\t a mon? be=e1 b a good _m ca/+s _h s9ce be5 eject$4 ,i suspect t he imag9$ t he swept ! pavem5ts (t5] ?an he really did1 = ! conditions 7 9 sev]al respects v unfav\rable = ! accumulation ( ev5 a mod]ate am\nt ( ca/+s4 ,! tiles are r l>ge1 viz41 ab\t #e in*es squ>e1 & ! mort> betwe5 !m 0 9 mo/ places s\nd1 s t ! worms 7 able to br+ up e>? f bel[ only at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,! tiles re/$ on a b$ ( concrete1 & ! ca/+s 9 consequ5ce consi/$ 9 l>ge "p 7viz41 9 ! proportion ( #ai to #cc7 ( p>ticles ( mort>1 gra9s ( s&1 little fragm5ts ( rock1 bricks or tile2 & su* sub/ances c\ld h>dly be agreeable1 & c]ta9ly n nutriti\s1 to worms4 ,my son dug holes 9 sev]al places )9 ! =m] walls ( ! abbey1 at a di/ance ( sev]al y>ds f ! above describ$ brick$ squ>es4 ,he did n f9d any tiles1 ?\gh ^! are kn[n to occur 9 "s o!r p>ts1 b he came 9 "o spot to concrete on :i* tiles _h once re/$4 ,! f9e m\ld b5ea? ! turf on ! sides ( ! sev]al holes1 v>i$ 9 ?ickness f only #b to #b in*es1 & ?is re/$ on a lay] f #h to above #aa in*es 9 ?ickness1 consi/+ ( fragm5ts ( mort> & /one-rubbi% ) ! int]/ices compactly fill$ up ) black m\ld4 ,9 ! surr\nd+ field1 at a di/ance ( #bj y>ds f ! abbey1 ! f9e vegetable m\ld 0 #aa in*es ?ick4 ,we may conclude f ^! facts t :5 ! abbey 0 de/roy$ & ! /ones remov$1 a lay] ( rubbi% 0 left ov] ! :ole surface1 & t z soon z ! worms 7 able to p5etrate ! decay$ concrete & ! jo9ts betwe5 ! tiles1 !y sl[ly fill$ up ! int]/ices 9 ! ov]ly+ rubbi% ) _! ca/+s1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds accumulat$ to a ?ickness ( ne>ly ?ree in*es ov] ! :ole surface4 ,if we add to ?is latt] am\nt ! m\ld betwe5 ! fragm5ts ( /ones1 "s five or six in*es ( m\ld mu/ h be5 br\ght up f b5ea? ! concrete or tiles4 ,! concrete or tiles w consequ5tly h subsid$ to ne>ly ?is am\nt4 ,! bases ( ! columns ( ! aisles are n[ buri$ b5ea? m\ld & turf4 ,x is n probable t !y c h be5 und]m9$ by worms1 = _! f\ndations w\ld no d\bt h be5 laid at a consid]able dep?4 ,if !y h n subsid$1 ! /ones ( :i* ! columns 7 con/ruct$ mu/ h be5 remov$ f b5ea? ! =m] level ( ! floor4 ,*$wor?1 ,gl\ce/]%ire4--,! rema9s ( a l>ge ,roman villa 7 discov]$ "h 9 #ahff1 on gr\nd :i* _h be5 cov]$ ) wood f "t immemorial4 ,no suspicion seems ev] to h be5 ent]ta9$ t anci5t build+s lay buri$ "h1 until a gamekeep]1 9 digg+ = rabbits1 enc\nt]$ "s rema9s4 #ahc ,b subsequ5tly ! tops ( "s /one walls 7 detect$ 9 p>ts ( ! wood1 project+ a little above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,mo/ ( ! co9s f\nd "h belong$ to ,con/ans 7:o di$ #cej ,a4,d47 & ! ,con/ant9e family4 ,my sons ,francis & ,horace visit$ ! place 9 ,novemb] #ahgg1 = ! sake ( asc]ta9+ :at "p worms may h play$ 9 ! burial ( ^! ext5sive rema9s4 ,b ! circum/ances 7 n fav\rable = ?is object1 z ! ru9s are surr\nd$ on ?ree sides by r /eep banks1 d[n :i* e>? is wa%$ dur+ ra9y wea!r4 ,moreov] mo/ ( ! old rooms h be5 cov]$ ) ro(s1 = ! protection ( ! elegant tesselat$ pavem5ts4 ,a few facts may1 h[ev]1 be giv5 on ! ?ickness ( ! soil ov] ^! ru9s4 ,close outside ! nor!rn rooms !re is a brok5 wall1 ! summit ( :i* 0 cov]$ by #e in*es ( black m\ld2 & 9 a hole dug on ! out] side ( ?is wall1 :]e ! gr\nd _h nev] be=e be5 di/urb$1 black m\ld1 full ( /ones1 #bf in*es 9 ?ickness1 0 f\nd1 re/+ on ! undi/urb$ sub-soil ( yell[ clay4 ,at a dep? ( #bb in*es f ! surface a pig's jaw & a fragm5t ( a tile 7 f\nd4 ,:5 ! excavations 7 fir/ made1 "s l>ge trees grew ov] ! ru9s2 & ! /ump ( "o has be5 left directly ov] a p>ty-wall ne> ! ba?-room1 = ! sake ( %[+ ! ?ickness ( ! sup]9cumb5t soil1 :i* 0 "h #ch in*es4 ,9 "o small room1 :i*1 aft] be+ cle>$ out1 _h n be5 ro($ ov]1 my sons obs]v$ ! hole ( a worm pass+ ?r\gh ! rott5 concrete1 & a liv+ worm 0 f\nd )9 ! concrete4 ,9 ano!r op5 room worm-ca/+s 7 se5 on ! floor1 ov] :i* "s e>? _h by ?is means be5 deposit$1 & "h grass n[ grew4 ,brad+1 ,isle ( ,wight4--,a f9e ,roman villa 0 discov]$ "h 9 #ahhj2 & by ! end ( ,octob] no less ?an #ah *amb]s _h be5 m or less cle>$4 ,a co9 dat$ #ccg ,a4,d4 0 f\nd4 ,my son ,william visit$ ! place be=e ! excavations 7 complet$2 & he in=ms me t mo/ ( ! floors 7 at fir/ cov]$ ) mu* rubbi% & fall5 /ones1 hav+ _! int]/ices completely fill$ up ) m\ld1 ab\nd+1 z ! workm5 said1 ) worms1 above :i* !re 0 m\ld )\t any /ones4 ,! :ole mass 0 9 mo/ places f #c to above #d ft4 9 ?ickness4 ,9 "o v l>ge room ! ov]ly+ e>? 0 only #b ft4 #f 94 ?ick2 & aft] ?is _h be5 remov$1 s _m ca/+s 7 ?r[n up betwe5 ! tiles t ! surface _h to be almo/ daily swept4 ,mo/ ( ! floors 7 fairly level4 ,! tops ( ! brok5-d[n walls 7 cov]$ 9 "s places by only #d or #e in*es ( soil1 s t !y 7 occasionally /ruck by ! pl\gh1 b 9 o!r places !y 7 cov]$ by f #ac to #ah in*es ( soil4 ,x is n probable t ^! walls c\ld h be5 und]m9$ by worms & subsid$1 z !y re/$ on a f\ndation ( v h>d r$ s&1 into :i* worms c\ld h>dly burr[4 ,! mort>1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! /ones ( ! walls ( a hypocau/ 0 f\nd by my son to h be5 p5etrat$ by _m worm-burr[s4 ,! rema9s ( ?is villa /& on l& :i* slopes at an angle ( ab\t #c2 & ! l& appe>s to h be5 long cultivat$4 ,!re=e no d\bt a consid]able quantity ( f9e e>? has be5 wa%$ d[n f ! upp] p>ts ( ! field1 & has l>gely aid$ 9 ! burial ( ^! rema9s4 ,sil*e/]1 ,hamp%ire4--,! ru9s ( ?is small ,roman t[n h be5 bett] pres]v$ ?an any o!r rema9s ( ! k9d 9 ,engl&4 ,a brok5 wall1 9 mo/ p>ts f #ae to #ah feet 9 height & ab\t #a mile 9 compass1 n[ surr\nds a space ( ab\t #ajj acres ( cultivat$ l&1 on :i* a f>m-h\se & a *ur* /&4 #ahg ,=m]ly1 :5 ! wea!r 0 dry1 ! l9es ( ! buri$ walls c\ld be trac$ by ! appe>ance ( ! crops2 & rec5tly v ext5sive excavations h be5 und]tak5 by ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! late ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,joyce1 by :i* means _m l>ge build+s h be5 discov]$4 ,mr4 ,joyce made c>eful col\r$ sections1 & measur$ ! ?ickness ( ea* b$ ( rubbi%1 :il/ ! excavations 7 9 progress2 & he has _h ! k9dness to s5d me copies ( sev]al ( !m4 ,:5 my sons ,francis & ,horace visit$ ^! ru9s1 he accompani$ !m1 & add$ 8 notes to !irs4 ,mr4 ,joyce e/imates t ! t[n 0 inhabit$ by ! ,romans = ab\t ?ree c5turies2 & no d\bt mu* matt] mu/ h accumulat$ )9 ! walls dur+ ?is long p]iod4 ,x appe>s to h be5 de/roy$ by fire1 & mo/ ( ! /ones us$ 9 ! build+s h s9ce be5 c>ri$ away4 ,^! circum/ances are unfav\rable = asc]ta9+ ! "p :i* worms h play$ 9 ! burial ( ! ru9s2 b z c>eful sections ( ! rubbi% ov]ly+ an anci5t t[n h seldom or nev] be=e be5 made 9 ,engl&1 ,i w give copies ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic portions ( "s ( ^? made by ,mr4 ,joyce4 ,!y are ( too great l5g? to be "h introduc$ entire4 ,an ea/ & we/ section1 #cj ft4 9 l5g?1 0 made across a room 9 ! ,basilica1 n[ call$ ! ,hall ( ! ,m]*ants 7,fig4 #i74 ,! h>d concrete floor1 /ill cov]$ "h & !re ) tess]1 0 f\nd at #c ft4 b5ea? ! surface ( ! field1 :i* 0 "h level4 ,on ! floor !re 7 two l>ge piles ( *>r$ wood1 "o alone ( :i* is %[n 9 ! "p ( ! section "h giv54 ,?is pile 0 cov]$ by a ?9 :ite lay] ( decay$ /ucco or pla/]1 above :i* 0 a mass1 pres5t+ a s+ul>ly di/urb$ appe>ance1 ( brok5 tiles1 mort>1 rubbi% & f9e gravel1 toge!r #bg in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,mr4 ,joyce believes t ! gravel 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! mort> or concrete1 :i* has s9ce decay$1 "s ( ! lime probably hav+ be5 dissolv$4 ,! di/urb$ /ate ( ! rubbi% may h be5 due to its hav+ be5 se>*$ = build+ /ones4 ,?is b$ 0 capp$ by f9e vegetable m\ld1 #i in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,f ^! facts we may conclude t ! ,hall 0 burnt d[n1 & t mu* rubbi% fell on ! floor1 ?r\gh & f :i* ! worms sl[ly br\ght up ! m\ld1 n[ =m+ ! surface ( ! level field4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #g3 ,section ?r\gh "o ( ! fall5 ,druidical /ones at ,/oneh5ge4 ,fig4 #i3 ,section )9 a room 9 ! ,basilica at ,sil*e/] ,a section across ! middle ( ano!r hall 9 ! ,basilica1 #cb feet #f in*es 9 l5g?1 call$ ! r>ium1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,x appe>s t we h "h evid5ce ( two fires1 sep>at$ by an int]val ( "t1 dur+ :i* ! #f in*es ( 8mort> & concrete ) brok5 tiles0 0 accumulat$4 ,b5ea? "o ( ! lay]s ( *>r$ wood1 a valuable relic1 a bronze eagle1 0 f\nd2 & ?is %[s t ! soldi]s mu/ h des]t$ ! place 9 a panic4 ,ow+ to ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,joyce1 ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta9 b5ea? :i* ( ! two lay]s ! eagle 0 f\nd4 ,! b$ ( rubble ov]ly+ ! undi/urb$ gravel orig9ally =m$1 z ,i suppose1 ! floor1 = x /&s on a level ) t ( a corridor1 outside ! walls ( ! ,hall2 b ! corridor is n %[n 9 ! section z "h giv54 ,! vegetable m\ld 0 #af in*es ?ick 9 ! ?icke/ "p2 & ! dep? f ! surface ( ! field1 clo!d ) h]bage1 to ! undi/urb$ gravel1 0 #dj in*es4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #aj3 ,section )9 a hall 9 ! ,basilica ( ,sil*e/] ,! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #aa repres5ts an excavation made 9 ! middle ( ! t[n1 & is "h introduc$ because ! b$ ( 8ri* m\ld0 atta9$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,joyce1 ! unusual ?ickness ( #bj in*es4 ,gravel lay at ! dep? ( #dh in*es f ! surface2 b x 0 n asc]ta9$ :e!r ?is 0 9 its natural /ate1 or _h be5 br\ght "h & _h be5 ramm$ d[n1 z occurs 9 "s o!r places4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #aa3 ,section 9 a block ( build+s 9 ! middle ( ! t[n ( ,sil*e/] ,! section %[n 9 ,fig4 #ab 0 tak5 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,basilica1 & ?\gh x 0 #e feet 9 dep?1 ! natural sub-soil 0 n rea*$4 ,! b$ m>k$ 8concrete0 0 probably at "o "t a floor2 & ! b$s b5ea? seem to be ! remnants ( m anci5t build+s4 ,! vegetable m\ld 0 "h only #i in*es ?ick4 ,9 "s o!r sections1 n copi$1 we likewise h evid5ce ( build+s hav+ be5 erect$ ov] ! ru9s ( old] ones4 ,9 "o case !re 0 a lay] ( yell[ clay ( v unequal ?ickness betwe5 two b$s ( dbris1 ! l[] "o ( :i* re/$ on a floor ) tess]4 ,! anci5t brok5 walls appe> to h be5 sometimes r\ghly cut d[n to a uni=m level1 s z to s]ve z ! f\ndations = a tempor>y build+2 & ,mr4 ,joyce suspects t "s ( ^! build+s 7 wattl$ %$s1 pla/]$ ) clay1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! above-m5tion$ lay] ( clay4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #ab3 ,section 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,basilica at ,sil*e/] ,turn+ n[ to ! po9ts :i* m imm$iately conc]n u4 ,worm-ca/+s 7 obs]v$ on ! floors ( sev]al ( ! rooms1 9 "o ( :i* ! tesselation 0 unusually p]fect4 ,! tess] "h consi/$ ( little cubes ( h>d s&/one ( ab\t #a in*1 sev]al ( :i* 7 loose or project$ slightly above ! g5]al level4 ,"o or occasionally two op5 worm-burr[s 7 f\nd b5ea? all ! loose tess]4 ,worms h also p5etrat$ ! old walls ( ^! ru9s4 ,a wall1 :i* _h j be5 expos$ to view dur+ ! excavations !n 9 progress1 0 exam9$2 x 0 built ( l>ge fl9ts1 & 0 #ah in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x appe>$ s\nd1 b :5 ! soil 0 remov$ f b5ea?1 ! mort> 9 ! l[] "p 0 f\nd to be s mu* decay$ t ! fl9ts fell ap>t f _! own weight4 ,"h1 9 ! middle ( ! wall1 at a dep? ( #bi in*es b5ea? ! old floor & ( #di in*es b5ea? ! surface ( ! field1 a liv+ worm 0 f\nd1 & ! mort> 0 p5etrat$ by sev]al burr[s4 ,a second wall 0 expos$ to view = ! fir/ "t1 & an op5 burr[ 0 se5 on its brok5 summit4 ,by sep>at+ ! fl9ts ?is burr[ 0 trac$ f> d[n 9 ! int]ior ( ! wall2 b z "s ( ! fl9ts coh]$ firmly1 ! :ole mass 0 di/urb$ 9 pull+ d[n ! wall1 & ! burr[ c\ld n be trac$ to ! bottom4 ,! f\ndations ( a ?ird wall1 :i* appe>$ q s\nd1 lay at a dep? ( #d feet b5ea? "o ( ! floors1 & ( c\rse at a consid]ably great] dep? b5ea? ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,a l>ge fl9t 0 wr5*$ out ( ! wall at ab\t a foot f ! base1 & ?is requir$ mu* =ce1 z ! mort> 0 s\nd2 b beh9d ! fl9t 9 ! middle ( ! wall1 ! mort> 0 friable1 & "h !re 7 worm-burr[s4 ,mr4 ,joyce & my sons 7 surpris$ at ! blackness ( ! mort> 9 ?is & 9 sev]al o!r cases1 & at ! pres5ce ( m\ld 9 ! int]ior ( ! walls4 ,"s may h be5 plac$ !re by ! old build]s in/ead ( mort>2 b we %\ld rememb] t worms l9e _! burr[s ) black humus4 ,moreov] op5 spaces w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 occasionally left betwe5 ! l>ge irregul> fl9ts2 & ^! spaces1 we may feel sure1 w\ld be fill$ up by ! worms ) _! ca/+s1 z soon z !y 7 able to p5etrate ! wall4 ,ra9-wat]1 ooz+ d[n ! burr[s w\ld also c>ry f9e d>k-col\r$ p>ticles into e crevice4 ,mr4 ,joyce 0 at fir/ v sceptical ab\t ! am\nt ( "w :i* ,i attribut$ to worms2 b he ends 8 notes ) ref]5ce to ! la/-m5tion$ wall by say+1 8,?is case caus$ me m surprise & br\ght m conviction to me ?an any o!r4 ,i %\ld h said1 & did say1 t x 0 q impossible su* a wall c\ld h be5 p5etrat$ by e>?-worms40 ,9 almo/ all ! rooms ! pavem5t has sunk consid]ably1 especially t[>ds ! middle2 & ?is is %[n 9 ! ?ree foll[+ sections4 ,! measurem5ts 7 made by /ret*+ a /r+ tightly & horizontally ov] ! floor4 ,! section1 ,fig4 #ac1 0 tak5 f nor? to s\? across a room1 #ah feet #d in*es 9 l5g?1 ) a ne>ly p]fect pavem5t1 next to ! 8,r$ ,wood5 ,hut40 ,9 ! nor!rn half1 ! subsid5ce am\nt$ to #e in*es b5ea? ! level ( ! floor z x n[ /&s close to ! walls2 & x 0 great] 9 ! nor!rn ?an 9 ! s\!rn half2 b1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,joyce1 ! entire pavem5t has obvi\sly subsid$4 ,9 sev]al places1 ! tess] appe>$ z if drawn a little away f ! walls2 :il/ 9 o!r places !y 7 /ill 9 close contact ) !m4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #ad3 ,a nor? & s\? section ?r\gh ! subsid$ floor ( a corridor ,9 ,fig4 #ad1 we see a section across ! pav$ floor ( ! s\!rn corridor or ambulatory ( a quadrangle1 9 an excavation made ne> 8,! ,spr+40 ,! floor is #g feet #i in*es wide1 & ! brok5-d[n walls n[ project only ( an in* above its level4 ,! field1 :i* 0 9 pa/ure1 "h slop$ f nor? to s\?1 at an angle ( #cj1 #dj4 ,! nature ( ! gr\nd at "s little di/ance on ea* side ( ! corridor is %[n 9 ! section4 ,x consi/$ ( e>? full ( /ones & o!r dbris1 capp$ ) d>k vegetable m\ld :i* 0 ?ick] on ! l[] or s\!rn ?an on ! nor!rn side4 ,! pavem5t 0 ne>ly level along l9es p>allel to ! side-walls1 b _h sunk 9 ! middle z mu* z #g in*es4 ,a small room at no great di/ance f t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ac1 _h be5 enl>g$ by ! ,roman occupi] on ! s\!rn side1 by an addition ( #e feet #d in*es 9 bread?4 ,= ?is purpose ! s\!rn wall ( ! h\se _h be5 pull$ d[n1 b ! f\ndations ( ! old wall _h be5 left buri$ at a little dep? b5ea? ! pavem5t ( ! enl>g$ room4 ,mr4 ,joyce believes t ?is buri$ wall mu/ h be5 built be=e ! reign ( ,claudius ,,ii41 :o di$ #bgj ,a4,d4 ,we see 9 ! accompany+ section1 ,fig4 #ae1 t ! tesselat$ pavem5t has subsid$ to a less degree ov] ! buri$ wall ?an else:]e2 s t a slight convexity or protub]ance "h /ret*$ 9 a /raight l9e across ! room4 ,?is l$ to a hole be+ dug1 & ! buri$ wall 0 ?us discov]$4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #ae3 ,section ?r\gh ! subsid$ floor ,we see 9 ^! ?ree sections1 & 9 sev]al o!rs n giv51 t ! old pavem5ts h sunk or sagg$ consid]ably4 ,mr4 ,joyce =m]ly attribut$ ?is s9k+ solely to ! sl[ settl+ ( ! gr\nd4 ,t !re has be5 "s settl+ is highly probable1 & x may be se5 9 ,fig4 #ae t ! pavem5t = a wid? ( #e feet ov] ! s\!rn enl>gem5t ( ! room1 :i* mu/ h be5 built on fre% gr\nd1 has sunk a little m ?an on ! old nor!rn side4 ,b ?is s9k+ may possibly h _h no connection ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! room2 = 9 ,fig4 #ac "o half ( ! pavem5t has subsid$ m ?an ! o!r half )\t any assignable cause4 ,9 a brick$ passage to ,mr4 ,joyce's own h\se1 laid d[n only ab\t six ye>s ago1 ! same k9d ( s9k+ has occurr$ z 9 ! anci5t build+s4 ,nev]!less x does n appe> probable t ! :ole am\nt ( s9k+ c be ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,! ,roman build]s excavat$ ! gr\nd to an unusual dep? = ! f\ndations ( _! walls1 :i* 7 ?ick & solid2 x is !re=e h>dly cr$ible t !y %\ld h be5 c>eless ab\t ! solidity ( ! b$ on :i* _! tesselat$ & (t5 ornam5t$ pavem5ts 7 laid4 ,! s9k+ mu/1 z x appe>s to me1 be attribut$ 9 *ief "p to ! pavem5t hav+ be5 und]m9$ by worms1 :i* we "k are /ill at "w4 ,ev5 ,mr4 ,joyce at la/ admitt$ t ?is c\ld n h fail$ to h produc$ a consid]able effect4 ,?us also ! l>ge quantity ( f9e m\ld ov]ly+ ! pavem5ts c be acc\nt$ =1 ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld o!rwise be inexplicable4 ,my sons notic$ t 9 "o room 9 :i* ! pavem5t _h sagg$ v little1 !re 0 an unusually small am\nt ( ov]ly+ m\ld4 ,z ! f\ndations ( ! walls g5]ally lie at a consid]able dep?1 !y w ei!r h n subsid$ at all ?r\gh ! und]m9+ action ( worms1 or !y w h subsid$ mu* less ?an ! floor4 ,?is latt] result w\ld foll[ f worms n (t5 work+ deep d[n b5ea? ! f\ndations2 b m especially f ! walls n yield+ :5 p5etrat$ by worms1 :]eas ! successively =m$ burr[s 9 a mass ( e>?1 equal to "o ( ! walls 9 dep? & ?ickness1 w\ld h collaps$ _m times s9ce ! des]tion ( ! ru9s1 & w\ld consequ5tly h %runk or subsid$4 ,z ! walls _c h sunk mu* or at all1 ! imm$iately adjo9+ pavem5t f adh]+ to !m w h be5 prev5t$ f subsid+2 & ?us ! pres5t curvature ( ! pavem5t is intelligible4 ,! circum/ance :i* has surpris$ me mo/ ) respect to ,sil*e/] is t dur+ ! _m c5turies :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! old build+s 7 des]t$1 ! vegetable m\ld has n accumulat$ ov] !m to a great] ?ickness ?an t "h obs]v$4 ,9 mo/ places x is only ab\t #i in*es 9 ?ickness1 b 9 "s places #ab or ev5 m in*es4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa1 x is giv5 z #bj in*es1 b ?is section 0 drawn by ,mr4 ,joyce be=e 8 att5tion 0 p>ticul>ly call$ to ?is subject4 ,! l& enclos$ )9 ! old walls is describ$ z slop+ slightly to ! s\?2 b !re are p>ts :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,joyce1 are ne>ly level1 & x appe>s t ! m\ld is "h g5]ally ?ick] ?an else:]e4 ,! surface slopes 9 o!r p>ts f we/ to ea/1 & ,mr4 ,joyce describes "o floor z cov]$ at ! we/]n end by rubbi% & m\ld to a ?ickness ( #bh in*es1 & at ! ea/]n end by a ?ickness ( only #aa in*es4 ,a v slight slope suffices to cause rec5t ca/+s to fl[ d[nw>ds dur+ heavy ra91 & ?us mu* e>? w ultimately rea* ! neighb\r+ rills & /reams & be c>ri$ away4 ,by ?is means1 ! abs5ce ( v ?ick b$s ( m\ld ov] ^! anci5t ru9s may1 z ,i believe1 be expla9$4 ,moreov] mo/ ( ! l& "h has long be5 pl\gh$1 & ?is w\ld greatly aid ! wa%+ away ( ! f9] e>? dur+ ra9y wea!r4 ,! nature ( ! b$s imm$iately b5ea? ! vegetable m\ld 9 "s ( ! sections is r p]plex+4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 9 ! section ( an excavation 9 a grass mead[ 7,fig4 #ad71 :i* slop$ f nor? to s\? at an angle ( #c #dj1 t ! m\ld on ! upp] side is only six in*es & on ! l[] side n9e in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,b ?is m\ld lies on a mass 7#be in*es 9 ?ickness on ! upp] side7 8( d>k br[n m\ld10 z describ$ by ,mr4 ,joyce1 8?ickly int]sp]s$ ) small pebbles & bits ( tiles1 :i* pres5t a corrod$ or worn appe>ance40 ,! /ate ( ?is d>k-col\r$ e>? is l t ( a field :i* has long be5 pl\gh$1 = ! e>? ?us becomes int]m+l$ ) /ones & fragm5ts ( all k9ds :i* h be5 mu* expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,if dur+ ! c\rse ( _m c5turies ?is grass mead[ & ! o!r n[ cultivat$ fields h be5 at times pl\gh$1 & at o!r times left z pa/ure1 ! nature ( ! gr\nd 9 ! above section is r5d]$ intelligible4 ,= worms w cont9ually h br\ght up f9e e>? f bel[1 :i* w h be5 /irr$ up by ! pl\gh :5ev] ! l& 0 cultivat$4 ,b aft] a "t a great] ?ickness ( f9e e>? w ?us h be5 accumulat$ ?an c\ld be rea*$ by ! pl\gh2 & a b$ l ! #be-;in* mass1 9 ,fig4 #ad1 w h be5 =m$ b5ea? ! sup]ficial m\ld1 :i* latt] w h be5 br\ght to ! surface )9 m rec5t times1 & h be5 well sift$ by ! worms4 ,wroxet]1 ,%rop%ire4--,! old ,roman city ( ,uriconium 0 f\nd$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury1 if n be=e ?is date2 & x 0 de/roy$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,wright1 probably betwe5 ! middle ( ! f\r? & fif? c5tury4 ,! inhabitants 7 massacr$1 & skeletons ( wom5 7 f\nd 9 ! hypocau/s4 ,be=e ! ye> #ahei1 ! sole remnant ( ! city above gr\nd1 0 a portion ( a massive wall ab\t #bj ft4 9 height4 ,! surr\nd+ l& undulates slightly1 & has long be5 "u cultivation4 ,x _h be5 notic$ t ! corn-crops rip5$ prematurely 9 c]ta9 n>r[ l9es1 & t ! sn[ rema9$ unmelt$ 9 c]ta9 places long] ?an 9 o!rs4 ,^! appe>ances l$1 z ,i 0 in=m$1 to ext5sive excavations be+ und]tak54 ,! f\ndations ( _m l>ge build+s & sev]al /reets h ?us be5 expos$ to view4 ,! space enclos$ )9 ! old walls is an irregul> oval1 ab\t #a mile 9 l5g?4 ,_m ( ! /ones or bricks us$ 9 ! build+s mu/ h be5 c>ri$ away2 b ! hypocau/s1 ba?s1 & o!r und]gr\nd build+s 7 f\nd tol]ably p]fect1 be+ fill$ ) /ones1 brok5 tiles1 rubbi% & soil4 ,! old floors ( v>i\s rooms 7 cov]$ ) rubble4 ,z ,i 0 anxi\s to "k h[ ?ick ! mantle ( m\ld & rubbi% 01 :i* _h s long conceal$ ^! ru9s1 ,i appli$ to ,dr4 ,h4 ,johnson1 :o _h sup]9t5d$ ! excavations2 & he1 ) ! greate/ k9dness1 twice visit$ ! place to exam9e x 9 ref]5ce to my que/ions1 & _h _m tr5*es dug 9 f\r fields :i* _h hi!rto be5 undi/urb$4 ,! results ( 8 obs]vations are giv5 9 ! foll[+ ,table4 ,he also s5t me specim5s ( ! m\ld1 & answ]$1 z f> z he c\ld1 all my que/ions4 ,,measurem5ts ,,by ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,johnson ,,( ,,! ,,?ickness ,,( ,,! ,,vegetable ,,m\ld ,,ov] ,,! ,,roman ,,ru9s ,,at ,,wroxet]4 ,tr5*es dug 9 a field call$ 8,old ,works40 ,?ickness ( m\ld 9 in*es4 #a4 ,at a dep? ( #cf in*es #bj undi/urb$ s& 0 rea*$ #b4 ,at a dep? ( #cc in*es #ba concrete 0 rea*$ #c4 ,at a dep? ( #i in*es #i concrete 0 rea*$ ,tr5*es dug 9 a field call$ 8,%op ,leas[s20 ?is is ! highe/ field )9 ! old walls1 & slopes d[n f a sub-c5tral po9t on all sides at ab\t an angle ( #b4 ,?ickness ( m\ld 9 in*es4 #d4 ,summit ( field1 tr5* #de #dj in*es deep #e4 ,close to summit ( field1 #bf tr5* #cf in*es deep #f4 ,close to summit ( field1 #bh tr5* #bh in*es deep #g4 ,ne> summit ( field1 tr5* #bd #cf in*es deep #h4 ,ne> summit ( field1 tr5* #bd at "o end #ci in*es deep2 ! m\ld "h graduat$ into ! und]ly+ undi/urb$ s&1 & its ?ickness 7#bd in*es7 is some:at arbitr>y4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! tr5*1 a causeway 0 enc\nt]$ at a dep? ( only #g in*es1 & ! m\ld 0 "h only #g in*es ?ick #i4 ,tr5* close to ! la/1 #bh #bd in*es 9 dep? #aj4 ,l[] "p ( same field1 #ae tr5* #cj in*es deep #aa4 ,l[] "p ( same field1 #ag tr5* #ca in*es deep #ab4 ,l[] "p ( same field1 #bh tr5* #cf in*es deep1 at :i* dep? undi/urb$ s& 0 rea*$ #ac4 ,9 ano!r "p ( same #i field1 tr5* #i in*es deep /opp$ by concrete #ad4 ,9 ano!r "p ( same #i field1 tr5* #i in*es deep1 /opp$ by concrete #ae4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! same #af field1 tr5* #bd in*es deep1 :5 s& 0 rea*$ #af4 ,9 ano!r "p ( same #ac field1 tr5* #cj in*es deep1 :5 /ones 7 rea*$2 at "o end ( ! tr5* m\ld #ab in*es1 at ! o!r end #ad in*es ?ick ,small field betwe5 8,old ,works0 & 8,%op ,leas[s10 ,i believe ne>ly z high z ! upp] "p ( ! latt] field4 ,?ickness ( m\ld 9 in*es4 #ag4 ,tr5* #bf in*es deep #bd #ah4 ,tr5* #aj in*es deep1 & #aj !n came ^u a causeway #ai4 ,tr5* #cd in*es deep #cj #bj4 ,tr5* #ca in*es deep #ca ,field on ! we/]n side ( ! space enclos$ )9 ! old walls4 ,?ickness ( m\ld 9 in*es4 #ba4 ,tr5* #bh in*es deep1 :5 #af undi/urb$ s& 0 rea*$ #bb4 ,tr5* #bi in*es deep1 :5 #ae undi/urb$ s& 0 rea*$ #bc4 ,tr5* #ad in*es deep1 & #ad !n came ^u a build+ ,dr4 ,johnson di/+ui%$ z m\ld ! e>? :i* diff]$1 m or less abruptly1 9 its d>k col\r & 9 its texture f ! und]ly+ s& or rubble4 ,9 ! specim5s s5t to me1 ! m\ld resembl$ t :i* lies imm$iately b5ea? ! turf 9 old pa/ure-l&1 except+ t x (t5 conta9$ small /ones1 too l>ge to h pass$ ?r\gh ! bodies ( worms4 ,b ! tr5*es above describ$ 7 dug 9 fields1 none ( :i* 7 9 pa/ure1 & all _h be5 long cultivat$4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! rem>ks made 9 ref]5ce to ,sil*e/] on ! effects ( long-cont9u$ culture1 comb9$ ) ! action ( worms 9 br++ up ! f9] p>ticles to ! surface1 ! m\ld1 z s designat$ by ,dr4 ,johnson1 seems fairly well to des]ve its "n4 ,its ?ickness1 :]e !re 0 no causeway1 floor or walls b5ea?1 0 great] ?an has be5 else:]e obs]v$1 namely1 9 _m places above #b ft41 & 9 "o spot above #c ft4 ,! m\ld 0 ?icke/ on & close to ! ne>ly level summit ( ! field call$ 8,%op ,leas[s10 & 9 a small adjo9+ field1 :i*1 z ,i believe1 is ( ne>ly ! same height4 ,"o side ( ! =m] field slopes at an angle ( r above #b1 & ,i %\ld h expect$ t ! m\ld1 f be+ wa%$ d[n dur+ heavy ra91 w\ld h be5 ?ick] 9 ! l[] ?an 9 ! upp] "p2 b ?is 0 n ! case 9 two out ( ! ?ree tr5*es "h dug4 ,9 _m places1 :]e /reets ran b5ea? ! surface1 or :]e old build+s /ood1 ! m\ld 0 only #h in*es 9 ?ickness2 & ,dr4 ,johnson 0 surpris$ t 9 pl\gh+ ! l&1 ! ru9s _h nev] be5 /ruck by ! pl\gh z f> z he _h he>d4 ,he ?9ks t :5 ! l& 0 fir/ cultivat$ ! old walls 7 p]haps int5tionally pull$ d[n1 & t holl[ places 7 fill$ up4 ,?is may h be5 ! case2 b if aft] ! des]tion ( ! city ! l& 0 left = _m c5turies uncultivat$1 worms w\ld h br\ght up en\gh f9e e>? to h cov]$ ! ru9s completely2 t is if !y _h subsid$ f hav+ be5 und]m9$4 ,! f\ndations ( "s ( ! walls1 = in/ance ^? ( ! portion /ill /&+ ab\t #bj feet above ! gr\nd1 & ^? ( ! m>ketplace1 lie at ! extraord9>y dep? ( #ad feet2 b x is highly improbable t ! f\ndations 7 g5]ally s deep4 ,! mort> employ$ 9 ! build+s mu/ h be5 excell5t1 = x is /ill 9 p>ts extremely h>d4 ,:]ev] walls ( any height h be5 expos$ to view1 !y are1 z ,dr4 ,johnson believes1 /ill p]p5dicul>4 ,! walls ) su* deep f\ndations _c h be5 und]m9$ by worms1 & !re=e _c h subsid$1 z appe>s to h occurr$ at ,ab+] & ,sil*e/]4 ,h5ce x is v difficult to acc\nt = _! be+ n[ completely cov]$ ) e>?2 b h[ mu* ( ?is cov]+ consi/s ( vegetable m\ld & h[ mu* ( rubble ,i d n "k4 ,! m>ket-place1 ) ! f\ndations at a dep? ( #ad feet1 0 cov]$ up1 z ,dr4 ,johnson believes1 by betwe5 #f & #bd in*es ( e>?4 ,! tops ( ! brok5-d[n walls ( a cald>ium or ba?1 #i feet 9 dep?1 7 likewise cov]$ up ) ne>ly #b feet ( e>?4 ,! summit ( an ar*1 lead+ into an a%-pit #g feet 9 dep?1 0 cov]$ up ) n m ?an #h in*es ( e>?4 ,:5ev] a build+ :i* has n subsid$ is cov]$ ) e>?1 we mu/ suppose1 ei!r t ! upp] lay]s ( /one h be5 at "s "t c>ri$ away by man1 or t e>? has s9ce be5 wa%$ d[n dur+ heavy ra91 or bl[n d[n dur+ /orms1 f ! adjo9+ l&2 & ?is w\ld be especially apt to occur :]e ! l& has long be5 cultivat$4 ,9 ! above cases ! adjo9+ l& is some:at high] ?an ! ?ree specifi$ sites1 z f> z ,i c judge by maps & f in=mation giv5 me by ,dr4 ,johnson4 ,if2 h[ev]1 a great pile ( brok5 /ones1 mort>1 pla/]1 timb] & a%es fell ov] ! rema9s ( any build+1 _! dis9tegration 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & ! sift+ action ( worms1 w\ld ultimately conceal ! :ole b5ea? f9e e>?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conclusion4--,! cases giv5 9 ?is *apt] %[ t worms h play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! burial & concealm5t ( sev]al ,roman & o!r old build+s 9 ,engl&2 b no d\bt ! wa%+ d[n ( soil f ! neighb\r+ high] l&s1 & ! deposition ( du/1 h toge!r aid$ l>gely 9 ! "w ( concealm5t4 ,du/ w\ld be apt to accumulate :]ev] old brok5-d[n walls project$ a little above ! !n exi/+ surface & ?us af=d$ "s %elt]4 ,! floors ( ! old rooms1 halls & passages h g5]ally sunk1 p>tly f ! settl+ ( ! gr\nd1 b *iefly f hav+ be5 und]m9$ by worms2 & ! s9k+ has commonly be5 great] 9 ! middle ?an ne> ! walls4 ,! walls !mselves1 :5ev] _! f\ndations d n lie at a great dep?1 h be5 p5etrat$ & und]m9$ by worms1 & h consequ5tly subsid$4 ,! unequal subsid5ce ?us caus$1 probably expla9s ! great cracks :i* may be se5 9 _m anci5t walls1 z well z _! incl9ation f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,worms ,,9 ,,! ,,d5udation ,,( ,,! ,,l&4 ,evid5ce ( ! am\nt ( d5udation :i* ! l& has und]gone--,sub-a]ial d5udation--,! deposition ( du/--,vegetable m\ld1 its d>k col\r & f9e texture l>gely due to ! action ( worms--,! dis9tegration ( rocks by ! humus-acids--,simil> acids app>5tly g5]at$ )9 ! bodies ( worms--,! action ( ^! acids facilitat$ by ! cont9u$ movem5t ( ! p>ticles ( e>?--,a ?ick b$ ( m\ld *ecks ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ soil & rocks4 ,p>ticles ( /one worn or triturat$ 9 ! gizz>ds ( worms--,swall[$ /ones s]ve z mill-/ones--,! levigat$ /ate ( ! ca/+s--,fragm5ts ( brick 9 ! ca/+s ov] anci5t build+s well r\nd$4 ,! triturat+ p[] ( worms n q insignificant "u a geological po9t ( view4 ,,no "o d\bts t our _w at "o "t consi/$ ( cry/all9e rocks1 & t x is to _! dis9tegration ?r\gh ! action ( air1 wat]1 *anges ( temp]ature1 riv]s1 waves ( ! sea1 e>?quakes & volcanic outbur/s1 t we owe our s$im5t>y =mations4 ,^! aft] be+ consolidat$ & sometimes recry/alliz$1 h (t5 be5 aga9 dis9tegrat$4 ,d5udation means ! removal ( su* dis9tegrat$ matt] to a l[] level4 ,( ! _m /rik+ results due to ! mod]n progress ( geology !re are h>dly any m /rik+ ?an ^? :i* relate to d5udation4 ,x 0 long ago se5 t !re mu/ h be5 an imm5se am\nt ( d5udation2 b until ! successive =mations 7 c>efully mapp$ & measur$1 no "o fully realis$ h[ great 0 ! am\nt4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ rem>kable memoirs ev] publi%$ on ?is subject 0 t by ,ramsay1 #baj :o 9 #ahdf %[$ t 9 ,wales f #ijjj to #aa1jjj feet 9 ?ickness ( solid rock _h be5 /ripp$ (f l>ge tracks ( c\ntry4 ,p]haps ! pla9e/ evid5ce ( great d5udation is af=d$ by faults or cracks1 :i* ext5d = _m miles across c]ta9 di/ricts1 ) ! /rata on "o side rais$ ev5 t5 ?\s& feet above ! correspond+ /rata on ! opposite side2 & yet !re is n a ve/ige ( ?is gigantic displacem5t visible on ! surface ( ! l&4 ,a huge pile ( rock has be5 plan$ away on "o side & n a remnant left4 ,until ! la/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 mo/ geologi/s ?\ght t ! waves ( ! sea 7 ! *ief ag5ts 9 ! "w ( d5udation2 b we may n[ feel sure t air & ra91 aid$ by /reams & riv]s1 are mu* m p[]ful ag5ts1--t is if we consid] ! :ole area ( ! l&4 ,! long l9es ( esc>pm5t :i* /ret* across sev]al p>ts ( ,engl& 7 =m]ly consid]$ to be und\bt$ly anci5t coa/-l9es2 b we n[ "k t !y /& up above ! g5]al surface m]ely f resi/+ air1 ra9 & fro/ bett] ?an ! adjo9+ =mations4 ,x has r>ely be5 ! good =tune ( a geologi/ to br+ conviction to ! m9ds ( 8 fell[-work]s on a disput$ po9t by a s+le memoir2 b ,mr4 ,:itak]1 ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,engl&1 0 s =tunate :51 9 #ahfg1 he publi%$ 8 pap] 8,on sub-a]ial ,d5udation1 & on ,cliffs & ,esc>pm5ts ( ! ,*alk40 #baa ,be=e ?is pap] appe>$1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,tylor _h adduc$ important evid5ce on sub-a]ial d5udation1 by %[+ t ! am\nt ( matt] br\ght d[n by riv]s mu/ infallibly l[] ! level ( _! dra9age bas9s by _m feet 9 no imm5se lapse ( "t4 ,?is l9e ( argum5t has s9ce be5 foll[$ up 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ mann] by ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 ,croll & o!rs1 9 a s]ies ( valuable memoirs4 #bab ,= ! sake ( ^? :o h nev] att5d$ to ?is subject1 a s+le in/ance may be "h giv51 namely1 t ( ! ,mississippi1 :i* is *os5 because ! am\nt ( s$im5t br\ght d[n by ?is great riv] has be5 inve/igat$ ) especial c>e by ord] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,! result is1 z ,mr4 ,croll %[s1 t ! mean level ( its enorm\s area ( dra9age mu/ be l[]$ #a_/deff ( a foot annually1 or #a foot 9 #deff ye>s4 ,consequ5tly1 tak+ ! be/ e/imate ( ! mean height ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 viz4 #gdh feet1 & look+ to ! future1 ! :ole ( ! great ,mississippi bas9 w be wa%$ away1 & 8br\ght d[n to ! sea-level 9 less ?an #d1ejj1jjj ye>s1 if no elevation ( ! l& takes place40 ,"s riv]s c>ry d[n mu* m s$im5t relatively to _! size1 & "s mu* less ?an ! ,mississippi4 ,dis9tegrat$ matt] is c>ri$ away by ! w9d z well z by runn+ wat]4 ,dur+ volcanic outbur/s mu* rock is triturat$ & is ?us widely disp]s$2 & 9 all arid c\ntries ! w9d plays an important "p 9 ! removal ( su* matt]4 ,w9d-driv5 s& also we>s d[n ! h>de/ rocks4 ,i h %[n #bac t dur+ f\r mon?s ( ! ye> a l>ge quantity ( du/ is bl[n f ! nor?-we/]n %ores ( ,africa1 & falls on ! ,atlantic ov] a space ( #afjj miles 9 latitude1 & = a di/ance ( f #cjj to #fjj miles f ! coa/4 ,b du/ has be5 se5 to fall at a di/ance ( #ajcj miles f ! %ores ( ,africa4 ,dur+ a /ay ( ?ree weeks at ,/4 ,jago 9 ! ,cape ,v]de ,ar*ipelago1 ! atmosph]e 0 almo/ always hazy1 & extremely f9e du/ com+ f ,africa 0 cont9ually fall+4 ,9 "s ( ?is du/ :i* fell 9 ! op5 ocean at a di/ance ( betwe5 #ccj & #chj miles f ! ,african coa/1 !re 7 _m p>ticles ( /one1 ab\t #a_/ajjj ( an in* squ>e4 ,ne>] to ! coa/ ! wat] has be5 se5 to be s mu* discol\r$ by ! fall+ du/1 t a sail+ vessel left a track beh9d h]4 ,9 c\ntries1 l ! ,cape ,v]de ,ar*ipelago1 :]e x seldom ra9s & !re are no fro/s1 ! solid rock nev]!less dis9tegrates2 & 9 con=mity ) ! views lately advanc$ by a di/+ui%$ ,belgian geologi/1 ,de ,kon9ck1 su* dis9tegration may be attribut$ 9 *ief "p to ! action ( ! c>bonic & nitric acids1 toge!r ) ! nitrates & nitrites ( ammonia1 dissolv$ 9 ! dew4 ,9 all humid1 ev5 mod]ately humid1 c\ntries1 worms aid 9 ! "w ( d5udation 9 sev]al ways4 ,! vegetable m\ld :i* cov]s1 z ) a mantle1 ! surface ( ! l&1 has all pass$ _m times ?r\gh _! bodies4 ,m\ld diff]s 9 appe>ance f ! subsoil only 9 its d>k col\r1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( fragm5ts or p>ticles ( /one 7:5 su* are pres5t 9 ! subsoil71 l>g] ?an ^? :i* c pass ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal ( a worm4 ,?is sift+ ( ! soil is aid$1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 by burr[+ animals ( _m k9ds1 especially by ants4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! summ] is long & dry1 ! m\ld 9 protect$ places mu/ be l>gely increas$ by du/ bl[n f o!r & m expos$ places4 ,= in/ance1 ! quantity ( du/ sometimes bl[n ov] ! pla9s ( ,la ,plata1 :]e !re are no solid rocks1 is s great1 t dur+ ! 8gran seco10 #ahbg to #ahcj1 ! appe>ance ( ! l&1 :i* is "h un5clos$1 0 s completely *ang$ t ! inhabitants c\ld n recognise ! limits ( _! own e/ates1 & endless lawsuits arose4 ,imm5se quantities ( du/ are likewise bl[n ab\t 9 ,egypt & 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,9 ,*9a1 z ,ri*?(5 ma9ta9s1 b$s appe>+ l f9e s$im5t1 sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness & ext5d+ ov] an enorm\s area1 owe _! orig9 to du/ bl[n f ! high l&s ( c5tral ,asia4 #bae ,9 humid c\ntries l ,great ,brita91 z long z ! l& rema9s 9 its natural /ate clo!d ) vegetation1 ! m\ld 9 any "o place c h>dly be mu* increas$ by du/2 b 9 its pres5t condition1 ! fields ne> high roads1 :]e !re is mu* traffic1 mu/ receive a consid]able am\nt ( du/1 & :5 fields are h>r[$ dur+ dry & w9dy wea!r1 cl\ds ( du/ may be se5 to be bl[n away4 ,b 9 all ^! cases ! surface-soil is m]ely transport$ f "o place to ano!r4 ,! du/ :i* falls s ?ickly )9 our h\ses consi/s l>gely ( organic matt]1 & if spread ov] ! l& w\ld 9 "t decay & disappe> almo/ entirely4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f rec5t obs]vations on ! sn[-fields ( ! ,arctic regions1 t "s little meteoric du/ ( extra mundane orig9 is cont9ually fall+4 ,! d>k col\r ( ord9>y m\ld is obvi\sly due to ! pres5ce ( decay+ organic matt]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is pres5t 9 b small quantities4 ,! loss ( weight :i* m\ld suff]s :5 heat$ to r$ness seems to be 9 l>ge "p due to wat] 9 comb9ation be+ dispell$4 ,9 "o sample ( f]tile m\ld ! am\nt ( organic matt] 0 asc]ta9$ to be only #a4gf p] c5t42 9 "s artificially prep>$ soil x 0 z mu* z #e4e p] c5t41 & 9 ! fam\s black soil ( ,russia f #e to ev5 #ab p] c5t4 #bag;a ,9 leaf-m\ld =m$ exclusively by ! decay ( leaves ! am\nt is mu* great]1 & 9 peat ! c>bon alone sometimes am\nts to #fd p] c5t42 b ) ^! latt] cases we are n "h conc]n$4 ,! c>bon 9 ! soil t5ds gradually to oxidise & to disappe>1 except :]e wat] accumulates & ! climate is cool2 #bag;b s t 9 ! olde/ pa/ure-l& !re is no great excess ( organic matt]1 not)/&+ ! cont9u$ decay ( ! roots & ! und]gr\nd /ems ( plants1 & ! occasional addition ( manure4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! organic matt] f m\ld is probably mu* aid$ by its be+ br\ght aga9 & aga9 to ! surface 9 ! ca/+s ( worms4 ,worms1 on ! o!r h&1 add l>gely to ! organic matt] 9 ! soil by ! a/oni%+ numb] ( half-decay$ leaves :i* !y draw into _! burr[s to a dep? ( #b or #c in*es4 ,!y d ?is *iefly = obta9+ food1 b p>tly = clos+ ! m\?s ( _! burr[s & = l9+ ! upp] "p4 ,! leaves :i* !y consume are moi/5$1 torn into small %r$s1 p>tially dige/$1 & intimately comm+l$ ) e>?2 & x is ?is process :i* gives to vegetable m\ld its uni=m d>k t9t4 ,x is kn[n t v>i\s k9ds ( acids are g5]at$ by ! decay ( vegetable matt]2 & f ! cont5ts ( ! inte/9es ( worms & f _! ca/+s be+ acid1 x seems probable t ! process ( dige/ion induces an analog\s *emical *ange 9 ! swall[$1 triturat$1 & half-decay$ leaves4 ,! l>ge quantity ( c>bonate ( lime secret$ by ! calcif]\s gl&s app>5tly s]ves to neutralise ! acids ?us g5]at$2 = ! dige/ive fluid ( worms w n act unless x be alkal9e4 ,z ! cont5ts ( ! upp] "p ( _! inte/9es are acid1 ! acidity c h>dly be due to ! pres5ce ( uric acid4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! acids 9 ! alim5t>y canal ( worms are =m$ dur+ ! dige/ive process2 & t probably !y are ne>ly ( ! same nature z ^? 9 ord9>y m\ld or humus4 ,! latt] are well kn[n to h ! p[] ( de-oxidis+ or dissolv+ p]-oxide ( iron1 z may be se5 :]ev] peat ov]lies r$ s&1 or :]e a rott5 root p5etrates su* s&4 ,n[ ,i kept "s worms 9 a pot fill$ ) v f9e r$di% s&1 consi/+ ( m9ute p>ticles ( silex coat$ ) ! r$ oxide ( iron2 & ! burr[s1 :i* ! worms made ?r\gh ?is s&1 7 l9$ or coat$ 9 ! usual mann] ) _! ca/+s1 =m$ ( ! s& m+l$ ) _! inte/9al secretions & ! refuse ( ! dige/$ leaves2 & ?is s& _h almo/ :olly lo/ its r$ col\r4 ,:5 small portions ( x 7 plac$ "u ! microscope1 mo/ ( ! gra9s 7 se5 to be transp>5t & col\rless1 ow+ to ! dissolution ( ! oxide2 :il/ almo/ all ! gra9s tak5 f o!r p>ts ( ! pot 7 coat$ ) ! oxide4 ,acetic acid produc$ h>dly any effect on 8 s&2 & ev5 hydro*loric1 nitric & sulphuric acids1 dilut$ z 9 ! ,ph>macopoeia1 produc$ less effect ?an did ! acids 9 ! inte/9es ( ! worms4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,juli5 has lately collect$ all ! extant in=mation ab\t ! acids g5]at$ 9 humus1 :i*1 accord+ to "s *emi/s1 am\nt to m ?an a doz5 diff]5t k9ds4 ,^! acids1 z well z _! acid salts 7i4e41 9 comb9ation ) pota%1 soda1 & ammonia71 act en]getically on c>bonate ( lime & on ! oxides ( iron4 ,x is also kn[n t "s ( ^! acids1 :i* 7 call$ long ago by ,?n>d azohumic1 are enabl$ to dissolve colloid silica 9 proportion to ! nitrog5 :i* !y conta94 #bbj ,9 ! =mation ( ^! latt] acids worms probably af=d "s aid1 = ,dr4 ,h4 ,johnson in=ms me t by ,nessl]'s te/ he f\nd #j4jah p] c5t4 ( ammonia 9 _! ca/+s4 ,x may be "h add$ t ,i h rec5tly be5 in=m$ by ,dr4 ,gilb]t 8t sev]al squ>e y>ds on 8 lawn 7 swept clean1 & aft] two or ?ree weeks all ! worm-ca/+s on ! space 7 collect$ & dri$4 ,^! 7 f\nd to conta9 #j4ce ( nitrog54 ,?is is f two to ?ree times z mu* z we f9d 9 our ord9>y arable surface-soil2 m ?an 9 our ord9>y pa/ure surface-soil2 b less ?an 9 ri* kit*5-g>d5 m\ld4 ,suppos+ a quantity ( ca/+s equal to #aj tons 9 ! dry /ate 7 annually deposit$ on an acre1 ?is w\ld repres5t a manur+ ( #gh lbs4 ( nitrog5 p] acre p] annum2 & ?is is v mu* m ?an ! am\nt ( nitrog5 9 ! annual yield ( hay p] acre1 if rais$ )\t any nitrog5\s manure4 ,obvi\sly1 s f> z ! nitrog5 9 ! ca/+s is d]iv$ f surface-gr[? or f surface-soil1 x is n a ga9 to ! latt]2 b s f> z x is d]iv$ f bel[1 x is a ga940 ,! sev]al humus-acids1 :i* appe>1 z we h j se51 to be g5]at$ )9 ! bodies ( worms dur+ ! dige/ive process1 & _! acid salts1 play a highly important "p1 accord+ to ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,juli51 9 ! dis9tegration ( v>i\s k9ds ( rocks4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! c>bonic acid1 & no d\bt nitric & nitr\s acids1 :i* are pres5t 9 ra9-wat]1 act 9 l mann]4 ,!re is1 also1 a great excess ( c>bonic acid 9 all soils1 especially 9 ri* soils1 & ?is is dissolv$ by ! wat] 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! liv+ roots ( plants1 moreov]1 z ,sa*s & o!rs h %[n1 quickly corrode & leave _! impressions on poli%$ slabs ( m>ble1 dolomite & phosphate ( lime4 ,!y w attack ev5 basalt & s&/one4 #bbb ,b we are n "h conc]n$ ) ag5cies :i* are :olly indep5d5t ( ! action ( worms4 ,! comb9ation ( any acid ) a base is mu* facilitat$ by agitation1 z fre% surfaces are ?us cont9ually br\ght into contact4 ,?is w be ?or\ghly effect$ ) ! p>ticles ( /one & e>? 9 ! inte/9es ( worms1 dur+ ! dige/ive process2 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! entire mass ( ! m\ld ov] e field1 passes1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s1 ?r\gh _! alim5t>y canals4 ,moreov] z ! old burr[s sl[ly collapse1 & z fre% ca/+s are cont9ually br\ght to ! surface1 ! :ole sup]ficial lay] ( m\ld sl[ly revolves or circulates2 & ! friction ( ! p>ticles "o ) ano!r w rub (f ! f9e/ films ( dis9tegrat$ matt] z soon z !y are =m$4 ,?r\gh ^! sev]al means1 m9ute fragm5ts ( rocks ( _m k9ds & m]e p>ticles 9 ! soil w be cont9ually expos$ to *emical decomposition2 & ?us ! am\nt ( soil w t5d to increase4 ,z worms l9e _! burr[s ) _! ca/+s1 & z ! burr[s p5etrate to a dep? ( #e or #f1 or ev5 m feet1 "s small am\nt ( ! humus-acids w be c>ri$ f> d[n1 & w !re act on ! und]ly+ rocks & fragm5ts ( rock4 ,?us ! ?ickness ( ! soil1 if none be remov$ f ! surface1 w /eadily ?\gh sl[ly t5d to increase2 b ! accumulation w aft] a "t delay ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ rocks & ( ! m deeply seat$ p>ticles4 ,= ! humus-acids :i* are g5]at$ *iefly 9 ! upp] lay] ( vegetable m\ld1 are extremely un/able comp\nds1 & are liable to decomposition be=e !y rea* any consid]able dep?4 #bbc ,a ?ick b$ ( ov]ly+ soil w also *eck ! d[nw>d ext5sion ( great fluctuations ( temp]ature1 & 9 cold c\ntries w *eck ! p[]ful action ( fro/4 ,! free access ( air w likewise be exclud$4 ,f ^! sev]al causes dis9tegration w\ld be almo/ arre/$1 if ! ov]ly+ m\ld 7 to increase mu* 9 ?ickness1 ow+ to none or little be+ remov$ f ! surface4 #bbd;a ,9 my own imm$iate neighb\rhood we h a curi\s pro( h[ effectually a few feet ( clay *ecks "s *ange :i* goes on 9 fl9ts1 ly+ freely expos$2 = ! l>ge ones :i* h la9 = "s "t on ! surface ( pl\gh$ fields _c be us$ = build+2 !y w n cleave prop]ly1 & are said by ! workm5 to be rott54 #bbd;b ,x is !re=e necess>y to obta9 fl9ts = build+ purposes f ! b$ ( r$ clay ov]ly+ ! *alk 7! residue ( its dissolution by ra9-wat]7 or f ! *alk itself4 ,n only d worms aid directly 9 ! *emical dis9tegration ( rocks1 b !re is good reason to believe t !y likewise act 9 a direct & me*anical mann] on ! small] p>ticles4 ,all ! species :i* swall[ e>? are furni%$ ) gizz>ds2 & ^! are l9$ ) s ?ick a *it9\s membrane1 t ,p]ri] speaks ( x1 #bbe;a z 8une vritable armature40 ,! gizz>d is surr\nd$ by p[]ful transv]se muscles1 :i*1 accord+ to ,clap>de1 are ab\t t5 times z ?ick z ! longitud9al ones2 & ,p]ri] saw !m contract+ en]getically4 ,worms belong+ to "o g5us1 ,diga/]1 h two di/9ct b q simil> gizz>ds2 & 9 ano!r g5us1 ,moniliga/]1 ! second gizz>d consi/s ( f\r p\*es1 "o succe$+ ! o!r1 s t x may almo/ be said to h five gizz>ds4 #bbe;b ,9 ! same mann] z gall9ace\s & /ru?i\s birds swall[ /ones to aid 9 ! trituration ( _! food1 s x appe>s to be ) t]ricol\s worms4 ,! gizz>ds ( ?irty-eight ( our common worms 7 op5$1 & 9 tw5ty-five ( !m small /ones or gra9s ( s&1 sometimes toge!r ) ! h>d calc>e\s concretions =m$ )9 ! ant]ior calcif]\s gl&s1 7 f\nd1 & 9 two o!rs concretions alone4 ,9 ! gizz>ds ( ! rema9+ worms !re 7 no /ones2 b "s ( ^! 7 n real exceptions1 z ! gizz>ds 7 op5$ late 9 ! autumn1 :5 ! worms _h ceas$ to fe$ & _! gizz>ds 7 q empty4 #bbf ,:5 worms make _! burr[s ?r\gh e>? ab\nd+ ) little /ones1 no d\bt _m w be unavoidably swall[$2 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is fact acc\nts = ! frequ5cy ) :i* /ones & s& are f\nd 9 _! gizz>ds4 ,= beads ( glass & fragm5ts ( brick & ( h>d tiles 7 scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 pots 9 :i* worms 7 kept & _h already made _! burr[s2 & v _m ( ^! beads & fragm5ts 7 pick$ up & swall[$ by ! worms1 = !y 7 f\nd 9 _! ca/+s1 inte/9es1 & gizz>ds4 ,!y ev5 swall[$ ! co>se r$ du/1 =m$ by ! p\nd+ ( ! tiles4 ,nor c x be suppos$ t !y mi/ook ! beads & fragm5ts = food2 = we h se5 t _! ta/e is delicate en\gh to di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( leaves4 ,x is !re=e manife/ t !y swall[ h>d objects1 su* z bits ( /one1 beads ( glass & angul> fragm5ts ( bricks or tiles = "s special purpose2 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ?is is to aid _! gizz>ds 9 cru%+ & gr9d+ ! e>?1 :i* !y s l>gely consume4 ,t su* h>d objects are n necess>y = cru%+ leaves1 may be inf]r$ f ! fact t c]ta9 species1 :i* live 9 mud or wat] & fe$ on dead or liv+ vegetable matt]1 b :i* d n swall[ e>?1 are n provid$ ) gizz>ds1 #bbg & !re=e _c h ! p[] ( utilis+ /ones4 ,dur+ ! gr9d+ process1 ! p>ticles ( e>? mu/ be rubb$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 & betwe5 ! /ones & ! t\gh l9+ membrane ( ! gizz>d4 ,! s(t] p>ticles w ?us suff] "s attrition1 & w p]haps ev5 be cru%$4 ,?is conclusion is support$ by ! appe>ance ( fre%ly eject$ ca/+s1 = ^! (t5 rem9d$ me ( ! appe>ance ( pa9t :i* has j be5 gr\nd by a workman betwe5 two flat /ones4 ,morr5 rem>ks t ! inte/9al canal is 8impleta t5uissim t]r1 veluti 9 pulv]em r$act40 #bbh;a ,p]ri] also speaks ( 8l'tat de pte excessivem5t f9e laquelle e/ rduite la t]re qu'ils rejett5t10 c4 #bbh;b ,z ! am\nt ( trituration :i* ! p>ticles ( e>? und]go 9 ! gizz>ds ( worms possesses "s int]e/ 7z we %all h]eaft] see71 ,i endeav\r$ to obta9 evid5ce on ?is head by c>efully exam9+ _m ( ! fragm5ts :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh _! alim5t>y canals4 ,) worms liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 x is ( c\rse impossible to "k h[ mu* ! fragm5ts may h be5 worn be=e !y 7 swall[$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 cle> t worms d n habitually select already r\nd$ p>ticles1 = %>ply angul> bits ( fl9t & ( o!r h>d rocks 7 (t5 f\nd 9 _! gizz>ds or inte/9es4 ,on ?ree occasions %>p sp9es f ! /ems ( rose-bu%es 7 ?us f\nd4 ,worms kept 9 conf9em5t repeat$ly swall[$ angul> fragm5ts ( h>d tile1 coal1 c9d]s1 & ev5 ! %>pe/ fragm5ts ( glass4 ,gall9ace\s & /ru?i\s birds reta9 ! same /ones 9 _! gizz>ds = a long "t1 :i* ?us become well r\nd$2 b ?is does n appe> to be ! case ) worms1 judg+ f ! l>ge numb] ( ! fragm5ts ( tiles1 glass beads1 /ones1 c41 commonly f\nd 9 _! ca/+s & inte/9es4 ,s t unless ! same fragm5ts 7 to pass repeat$ly ?r\gh _! gizz>ds1 visible signs ( attrition 9 ! fragm5ts c\ld h>dly be expect$1 except p]haps 9 ! case ( v s(t /ones4 ,i w n[ give su* evid5ce ( attrition z ,i h be5 able to collect4 ,9 ! gizz>ds ( "s worms dug out ( a ?9 b$ ( m\ld ov] ! *alk1 !re 7 _m well-r\nd$ small fragm5ts ( *alk1 & two fragm5ts ( ! %ells ( a l&-mollusc 7z asc]ta9$ by _! microscopical /ructure71 :i* latt] 7 n only r\nd$ b some:at poli%$4 ,! calc>e\s concretions =m$ 9 ! calcif]\s gl&s1 :i* are (t5 f\nd 9 _! gizz>ds1 inte/9es1 & occasionally 9 _! ca/+s1 :5 ( l>ge size1 sometimes appe>$ to h be5 r\nd$2 b ) all calc>e\s bodies ! r\nd$ appe>ance may be p>tly or :olly due to _! corrosion by c>bonic acid & ! humus-acids4 ,9 ! gizz>ds ( sev]al worms collect$ 9 my kit*5 g>d5 ne> a ho?\se1 eight little fragm5ts ( c9d]s 7 f\nd1 & ( ^!1 six appe>$ m or less r\nd$1 z 7 two bits ( brick2 b "s o!r bits 7 n at all r\nd$4 ,a f>m-road ne> ,ab+] ,hall _h be5 cov]$ sev5 ye>s be=e ) brick-rubbi% to ! dep? ( ab\t #f in*es2 turf _h gr[n ov] ?is rubbi% on bo? sides ( ! road = a wid? ( #ah in*es1 & on ?is turf !re 7 innum]able ca/+s4 ,"s ( !m 7 col\r$ ( a uni=m r$ ow+ to ! pres5ce ( mu* brick-du/1 & !y conta9$ _m p>ticles ( brick & ( h>d mort> f #a to #c mm4 9 diamet]1 mo/ ( :i* 7 pla9ly r\nd$2 b all ^! p>ticles may h be5 r\nd$ be=e !y 7 protect$ by ! turf & 7 swall[$1 l ^? on ! b>e p>ts ( ! road :i* 7 mu* worn4 ,a hole 9 a pa/ure-field _h be5 fill$ up ) brick-rubbi% at ! same "t1 viz41 sev5 ye>s ago1 & 0 n[ cov]$ ) turf2 & "h ! ca/+s conta9$ v _m p>ticles ( brick1 all m or less r\nd$2 & ?is brick-rubbi%1 aft] be+ %ot into ! hole1 c\ld n h und]gone any attrition4 ,aga91 old bricks v little brok51 toge!r ) fragm5ts ( mort>1 7 laid d[n to =m walks1 & 7 !n cov]$ ) f #d to #f in*es ( gravel2 six little fragm5ts ( brick 7 extract$ f ca/+s collect$ on ^! walks1 ?ree ( :i* 7 pla9ly worn4 ,!re 7 also v _m p>ticles ( h>d mort>1 ab\t half ( :i* 7 well r\nd$2 & x is n cr$ible t ^! c\ld h suff]$ s mu* corrosion f ! action ( c>bonic acid 9 ! c\rse ( only sev5 ye>s4 ,mu* bett] evid5ce ( ! attrition ( h>d objects 9 ! gizz>ds ( worms1 is af=d$ by ! /ate ( ! small fragm5ts ( tiles or bricks1 & ( concrete 9 ! ca/+s ?r[n up :]e anci5t build+s once /ood4 ,z all ! m\ld cov]+ a field passes e few ye>s ?r\gh ! bodies ( worms1 ! same small fragm5ts w probably be swall[$ & br\ght to ! surface _m times 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,x %\ld be premis$ t 9 ! sev]al foll[+ cases1 ! f9] matt] 0 fir/ wa%$ away f ! ca/+s1 & !n all ! p>ticles ( bricks1 tiles & concrete 7 collect$ )\t any selection1 & 7 aft]w>ds exam9$4 ,n[ 9 ! ca/+s eject$ betwe5 ! tess] on "o ( ! buri$ floors ( ! ,roman villa at ,ab+]1 !re 7 _m p>ticles 7f to #b mm4 9 diamet]7 ( tiles & concrete1 :i* x 0 impossible to look at ) ! nak$ eye or ?r\gh a /rong l5s1 & d\bt = a mom5t t !y _h almo/ all und]gone mu* attrition4 ,i speak ?us aft] hav+ exam9$ small wat]-worn pebbles1 =m$ f ,roman bricks1 :i* ,m4 ,h5ri de ,saussure _h ! k9dness to s5d me1 & :i* he _h extract$ f s& & gravel b$s1 deposit$ on ! %ores ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 at a =m] p]iod :5 ! wat] /ood at ab\t two metres above its pres5t level4 ,! smalle/ ( ^! wat]-worn pebbles ( brick f ,g5eva resembl$ closely _m ( ^? extract$ f ! gizz>ds ( worms1 b ! l>g] ones 7 some:at smoo!r4 ,f\r ca/+s f\nd on ! rec5tly uncov]$1 tesselat$ floor ( ! great room 9 ! ,roman villa at ,brad+1 conta9$ _m p>ticles ( tile or brick1 ( mort>1 & ( h>d :ite cem5t2 & ! majority ( ^! appe>$ pla9ly worn4 ,! p>ticles ( mort>1 h[ev]1 seem$ to h suff]$ m corrosion ?an attrition1 = gra9s ( silex (t5 project$ f _! surfaces4 ,ca/+s f )9 ! nave ( ,beaulieu ,abbey1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by ,h5ry ,,viii41 7 collect$ f a level expanse ( turf1 ov]ly+ ! buri$ tesselat$ pavem5t1 ?r\gh :i* worm-burr[s pass$2 & ^! ca/+s conta9$ innum]able p>ticles ( tiles & bricks1 ( concrete & cem5t1 ! majority ( :i* _h manife/ly und]gone "s or mu* attrition4 ,!re 7 also _m m9ute flakes ( a micace\s slate1 ! po9ts ( :i* 7 r\nd$4 ,if ! above supposition1 t 9 all ^! cases ! same m9ute fragm5ts h pass$ sev]al times ?r\gh ! gizz>ds ( worms1 be reject$1 not)/&+ its inh]5t probability1 we mu/ !n assume t 9 all ! above cases ! _m r\nd$ fragm5ts f\nd 9 ! ca/+s _h all accid5tally und]gone mu* attrition be=e !y 7 swall[$2 & ?is is highly improbable4 ,on ! o!r h& x mu/ be /at$ t fragm5ts ( ornam5tal tiles1 some:at h>d] ?an common tiles or bricks1 :i* _h be5 swall[$ only once by worms kept 9 conf9em5t1 7 ) ! d\btful exception ( "o or two ( ! smalle/ gra9s1 n at all r\nd$4 ,nev]!less "s ( !m appe>$ a little worn1 ?\gh n r\nd$4 ,not)/&+ ^! cases1 if we consid] ! evid5ce above giv51 !re c be little d\bt t ! fragm5ts1 :i* s]ve z mill/ones 9 ! gizz>ds ( worms1 suff]1 :5 ( a n v h>d texture1 "s am\nt ( attrition2 & t ! small] p>ticles 9 ! e>?1 :i* is habitually swall[$ 9 su* a/oni%+ly l>ge quantities by worms1 are gr\nd toge!r & are ?us levigat$4 ,if ?is be ! case1 ! 8t]ra t5uissima10--! 8pte excessivem5t f9e10--( :i* ! ca/+s l>gely consi/1 is 9 "p due to ! me*anical action ( ! gizz>d2 #bcd & ?is f9e matt]1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 is t :i* is *iefly wa%$ away f ! innum]able ca/+s on e field dur+ ea* heavy %[] ( ra94 ,if ! s(t] /ones yield at all1 ! h>d] ones w suff] "s slight am\nt ( we> & te>4 ,! trituration ( small p>ticles ( /one 9 ! gizz>ds ( worms is ( m importance "u a geological po9t ( view ?an may at fir/ appe> to be ! case2 = ,mr4 ,sorby has cle>ly %[n t ! ord9>y means ( dis9tegration1 namely1 runn+ wat] & ! waves ( ! sea1 act ) less & less p[] on fragm5ts ( rock ! small] !y are4 8,h5ce10 z he rem>ks1 8ev5 mak+ no all[ance = ! extra buoy+ up ( v m9ute p>ticles by a curr5t ( wat]1 dep5d+ on surface cohesion1 ! effects ( we>+ on ! =m ( ! gra9s mu/ v>y directly z _! diamet] or !reab\ts4 ,if s1 a gra9 ( #a_/aj an in* 9 diamet] w\ld be worn t5 times z mu* z "o ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & at lea/ a hundr$ times z mu* z "o ( #a_/ajj an in* 9 diamet]4 ,p]haps1 !n1 we may conclude t a gra9 #a_/aj ( an in* 9 diamet] w\ld be worn z mu* or m 9 drift+ a mile z a gra9 #a_/ajjj ( an in* 9 be+ drift$ #ajj miles4 ,on ! same pr9ciple a pebble "o in* 9 diamet] w\ld be worn relatively m by be+ drift$ only a few hundr$ y>ds40 #bcf ,nor %\ld we =get1 9 consid]+ ! p[] :i* worms ex]t 9 triturat+ p>ticles ( rock1 t !re is good evid5ce t on ea* acre ( l&1 :i* is suffici5tly damp & n too s&y1 gravelly or rocky = worms to inhabit1 a weight ( m ?an t5 tons ( e>? annually passes ?r\gh _! bodies & is br\ght to ! surface4 ,! result = a c\ntry ( ! size ( ,great ,brita91 )9 a p]iod n v long 9 a geological s5se1 su* z a million ye>s1 _c be insignificant2 = ! t5 tons ( e>? has to be multipli$ fir/ by ! above numb] ( ye>s1 & !n by ! numb] ( acres fully /ock$ ) worms2 & 9 ,engl&1 toge!r ) ,scotl&1 ! l& :i* is cultivat$ & is well fitt$ = ^! animals1 has be5 e/imat$ at above #cb million acres4 ,! product is #cbj million million tons ( e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,d5udation ,,( ,,! ,,l&--cont9u$4 ,d5udation aid$ by rec5tly eject$ ca/+s fl[+ d[n incl9$ grass-cov]$ surfaces--,! am\nt ( e>? :i* annually fl[s d[nw>ds--,! effect ( tropical ra9 on worm ca/+s--,! f9e/ p>ticles ( e>? wa%$ completely away f ca/+s--,! dis9tegration ( dri$ ca/+s into pellets1 & _! roll+ d[n incl9$ surfaces--,! =mation ( little l$ges on hill-sides1 9 "p due to ! accumulation ( dis9tegrat$ ca/+s--,ca/+s bl[n to leew>d ov] level l&--,an attempt to e/imate ! am\nt ?us bl[n--,! degradation ( anci5t encampm5ts & tumuli--,! pres]vation ( ! cr[ns & furr[s on l& anci5tly pl\gh$--,! =mation & am\nt ( m\ld ov] ! ,*alk =mation4 ,,we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! m direct "p :i* worms take 9 ! d5udation ( ! l&4 ,:5 reflect+ on sub-a]ial d5udation1 x =m]ly appe>$ to me1 z x has to o!rs1 t a ne>ly level or v g5tly incl9$ surface1 cov]$ ) turf1 c\ld suff] no loss dur+ ev5 a long lapse ( "t4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be urg$ t at long int]vals1 debacles ( ra9 or wat]-sp\ts w\ld remove all ! m\ld f a v g5tle slope2 b :5 exam9+ ! /eep1 turf-cov]$ slopes 9 ,gl5 ,roy1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! fact h[ r>ely any su* ev5t c\ld h happ5$ s9ce ! ,glacial p]iod1 z 0 pla9 f ! well-pres]v$ /ate ( ! ?ree successive 8roads0 or lake-m>g9s4 ,b ! difficulty 9 believ+ t e>? 9 any appreciable quantity c be remov$ f a g5tly incl9$ surface1 cov]$ ) vegetation & matt$ ) roots1 is remov$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( worms4 ,= ! _m ca/+s :i* are ?r[n up dur+ ra91 & ^? ?r[n up "s little "t be=e heavy ra91 fl[ = a %ort di/ance d[n an incl9$ surface4 ,moreov] mu* ( ! f9e/ levigat$ e>? is wa%$ completely away f ! ca/+s4 ,dur+ dry wea!r ca/+s (t5 dis9tegrate into small r\nd$ pellets1 & ^! f _! weight (t5 roll d[n any slope4 ,?is is m especially apt to occur :5 !y are />t$ by ! w9d1 & probably :5 />t$ by ! t\* ( an animal1 h[ev] small4 ,we %all also see t a /rong w9d bl[s all ! ca/+s1 ev5 on a level field1 to leew>d1 :il/ !y are s(t2 & 9 l mann] ! pellets :5 !y are dry4 ,if ! w9d bl[s 9 ne>ly ! direction ( an incl9$ surface1 ! fl[+ d[n ( ! ca/+s is mu* aid$4 ,! obs]vations on :i* ^! sev]al /atem5ts are f\nd$ mu/ n[ be giv5 9 "s detail4 ,ca/+s :5 fir/ eject$ are viscid & s(t2 dur+ ra91 at :i* "t worms app>5tly pref] to eject !m1 !y are /ill s(t]2 s t ,i h sometimes ?\ght t worms mu/ swall[ mu* wat] at su* times4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ra91 ev5 :5 n v heavy1 if long cont9u$1 r5d]s rec5tly-eject$ ca/+s semi-fluid2 & on level gr\nd !y !n spread out into ?91 circul>1 flat discs1 exactly z w\ld s mu* honey or v s(t mort>1 ) all traces ( _! v]mi=m /ructure lo/4 ,?is latt] fact 0 sometimes made evid5t1 :5 a worm _h subsequ5tly bor$ ?r\gh a flat circul> disc ( ?is k9d1 & heap$ up a fre% v]mi=m mass 9 ! c5tre4 ,^! flat subsid$ discs h be5 repeat$ly se5 by me aft] heavy ra91 9 _m places on l& ( all k9ds4 ,on ! fl[+ ( wet ca/+s1 & ! roll+ ( dry dis9tegrat$ ca/+s d[n incl9$ surfaces4--,:5 ca/+s are eject$ on an incl9$ surface dur+ or %ortly be=e heavy ra91 !y _c fail to fl[ a little d[n ! slope4 ,?us1 on "s /eep slopes 9 ,knole ,p>k1 :i* 7 cov]$ ) co>se grass & _h app>5tly exi/$ 9 ?is /ate f "t immemorial1 ,i f\nd 7,oct4 #bb1 #ahgb7 aft] sev]al wet days t almo/ all ! _m ca/+s 7 consid]ably elongat$ 9 ! l9e ( ! slope2 & t !y n[ consi/$ ( smoo?1 only slightly conical masses4 ,:5ev] ! m\?s ( ! burr[s c\ld be f\nd f :i* ! e>? _h be5 eject$1 !re 0 m e>? bel[ ?an above !m4 ,aft] "s heavy /orms ( ra9 7,jan4 #be1 #ahgb7 two r /eeply incl9$ fields ne> ,d[n1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 pl\gh$ & 7 n[ r sp>sely clo!d ) poor grass1 7 visit$1 & _m ca/+s ext5d$ d[n ! slopes = a l5g? ( #e in*es1 :i* 0 twice or ?rice ! usual diamet] ( ! ca/+s ?r[n up on ! level p>ts ( ^! same fields4 ,on "s f9e grassy slopes 9 ,holwood ,p>k1 incl9$ at angles betwe5 #h & #aa #cj ) ! horizon1 :]e ! surface app>5tly _h nev] be5 di/urb$ by ! h& ( man1 ca/+s ab\nd$ 9 extraord9>y numb]s3 & a space #af in*es 9 l5g? transv]sely to ! slope & #f in*es 9 ! l9e ( ! slope1 0 completely coat$1 betwe5 ! blades ( grass1 ) a uni=m %eet ( conflu5t & subsid$ ca/+s4 ,"h also 9 _m places ! ca/+s _h fl[$ d[n ! slope1 & n[ =m$ smoo? n>r[ pat*es ( e>?1 #f1 #g1 & #g in*es 9 l5g?4 ,"s ( ^! consi/$ ( two ca/+s1 "o above ! o!r1 :i* _h become s completely conflu5t t !y c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$4 ,on my lawn1 clo!d ) v f9e grass1 mo/ ( ! ca/+s are black1 b "s are yell[i% f e>? hav+ be5 br\ght up f a great] dep? ?an usual1 & ! fl[+-d[n ( ^! yell[ ca/+s aft] heavy ra91 c\ld be cle>ly se5 :]e ! slope 0 #e2 & :]e x 0 less ?an #a "s evid5ce ( _! fl[+ d[n c\ld /ill be detect$4 ,on ano!r occasion1 aft] ra9 :i* 0 nev] heavy1 b :i* la/$ = #ah h\rs1 all ! ca/+s on ?is same g5tly incl9$ lawn _h lo/ _! v]mi=m /ructure2 & !y _h fl[$1 s t fully two-?irds ( ! eject$ e>? lay bel[ ! m\?s ( ! burr[s4 ,^! obs]vations l$ me to make o!rs ) m c>e4 ,eight ca/+s 7 f\nd on my lawn1 :]e ! grass-blades are f9e & close toge!r1 & ?ree o!rs on a field ) co>se grass4 ,! incl9ation ( ! surface at ! elev5 places :]e ^! ca/+s 7 collect$ v>i$ betwe5 #d #cj & #ag #cj2 ! mean ( ! elev5 incl9ations be+ #i #bf4 ,! l5g? ( ! ca/+s 9 ! direction ( ! slope 0 fir/ measur$ ) z mu* accuracy z _! irregul>ities w\ld p]mit4 ,x 0 f\nd possible to make ^! measurem5ts )9 ab\t ( an in*1 b "o ( ! ca/+s 0 too irregul> to admit ( measurem5t4 ,! av]age l5g? 9 ! direction ( ! slope ( ! rema9+ t5 ca/+s 0 #b4jc in*es4 ,! ca/+s 7 !n divid$ ) a knife into two p>ts along a horizontal l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! burr[1 :i* 0 discov]$ by slic+ (f ! turf2 & all ! eject$ e>? 0 sep>ately collect$1 namely1 ! "p above ! hole & ! "p bel[4 ,aft]w>ds ^! two p>ts 7 weigh$4 ,9 e case !re 0 mu* m e>? bel[ ?an above2 ! mean weight ( t above be+ #ajc gra9s1 & ( t bel[ #bje gra9s2 s t ! latt] 0 v ne>ly d\ble ! =m]4 ,z on level gr\nd ca/+s are commonly ?r[n up almo/ equally r\nd ! m\?s ( ! burr[s1 ?is diff]5ce 9 weight indicates ! am\nt ( eject$ e>? :i* _h fl[$ d[n ! slope4 ,b v _m m obs]vations w\ld be requisite to arrive at any g5]al result2 = ! nature ( ! vegetation & o!r accid5tal circum/ances1 su* z ! heav9ess ( ! ra91 ! direction & =ce ( ! w9d1 c41 appe> to be m important 9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( ! e>? :i* fl[s d[n a slope ?an its angle4 ,?us ) f\r ca/+s on my lawn 7includ$ 9 ! above elev57 :]e ! mean slope 0 #g #ai1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( e>? above & bel[ ! burr[s 0 great] ?an ) ?ree o!r ca/+s on ! same lawn :]e ! mean slope 0 #ab #e4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 take ! above elev5 cases1 :i* are accurate z f> z !y g1 & calculate ! weight ( ! eject$ e>? :i* annually fl[s d[n a slope hav+ a mean incl9ation ( #i #bf4 ,?is 0 done by my son ,george4 ,x has be5 %[n t almo/ exactly two-?irds ( ! eject$ e>? is f\nd bel[ ! m\? ( ! burr[ & "o-?ird above x4 ,n[ if ! two-?irds :i* is bel[ ! hole be divid$ into two equal p>ts1 ! upp] half ( ?is two-?irds exactly c\nt]balances ! "o-?ird :i* is above ! hole1 s t z f> z reg>ds ! "o-?ird above & ! upp] half ( ! two-?irds bel[1 !re is no fl[ ( e>? d[n ! hill-side4 ,! e>? con/itut+ ! l[] half ( ! two-?irds is1 h[ev]1 displac$ ?r\gh di/ances :i* are diff]5t = e "p ( x1 b :i* may be repres5t$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! middle po9t ( ! l[] half ( ! two-?irds & ! hole4 ,s t ! av]age di/ance ( displacem5t is a half ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! worm-ca/+4 ,n[ ! av]age l5g? ( t5 out ( ! above elev5 ca/+s 0 #b4jc in*es1 & half ( ?is we may take z be+ #a in*4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$ t "o-?ird ( ! :ole e>? br\ght to ! surface 0 9 ^! cases c>ri$ d[n ! slope ?r\gh #a in*4 #bdd ,x 0 %[n 9 ! ?ird *apt] t on ,lei? ,hill ,common1 dry e>? weigh+ at lea/ #g4dec lbs4 0 br\ght up by worms to ! surface on a squ>e y>d 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,if a squ>e y>d be drawn on a hillside ) two ( its sides horizontal1 !n x is cle> t only #a_/cf "p ( ! e>? br\ght up on t squ>e y>d w\ld be ne> en\gh to its l[] side to cross x1 suppos+ ! displacem5t ( ! e>? to be ?r\gh "o in*4 ,b x appe>s t only ( ! e>? br\ght up c be consid]$ to fl[ d[nw>ds2 h5ce ( #a_/cf or #a_/ajh ( #g4dec lbs4 w cross ! l[] side ( our squ>e y>d 9 a ye>4 ,n[ #a_/ajh ( #g4dec lbs4 is #a4a oz4 ,!re=e #a4a oz4 ( dry e>? w annually cross ea* l9e> y>d runn+ horizontally along a slope hav+ ! above incl9ation2 or v ne>ly #g lbs4 w annually cross a horizontal l9e1 #ajj y>ds 9 l5g?1 on a hill-side hav+ ?is incl9ation4 ,a m accurate1 ?\gh /ill v r\gh1 calculation c be made ( ! bulk ( e>?1 :i* 9 its natural damp /ate annually fl[s d[n ! same slope ov] a y>d-l9e drawn horizontally across x4 ,f ! sev]al cases giv5 9 ! ?ird *apt]1 x is kn[n t ! ca/+s annually br\ght to ! surface on a squ>e y>d1 if uni=mly spread out w\ld =m a lay] #j4b ( an in* 9 ?ickness3 x !re=e foll[s by a calculation simil> to ! "o already giv51 t ( #j4b #cf1 or #b4d cubic in*es ( damp e>? w annually cross a horizontal l9e "o y>d 9 l5g? on a hillside ) ! above incl9ation4 ,?is bulk ( damp ca/+s 0 f\nd to weigh #a4he oz4 ,!re=e #aa4ef lbs4 ( damp e>?1 in/ead ( #g lbs4 ( dry e>? z by ! =m] calculation1 w\ld annually cross a l9e #ajj y>ds 9 l5g? on our incl9$ surface4 ,9 ^! calculations x has be5 assum$ t ! ca/+s fl[ a %ort di/ance d[nw>ds dur+ ! :ole ye>1 b ?is occurs only ) ^? eject$ dur+ or %ortly be=e ra92 s t ! above results are ?us f> exagg]at$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dur+ ra9 mu* ( ! f9e/ e>? is wa%$ to a consid]able di/ance f ! ca/+s1 ev5 :]e ! slope is an extremely g5tle "o1 & is ?us :olly lo/ z f> z ! above calculations are conc]n$4 ,ca/+s eject$ dur+ dry wea!r & :i* h set h>d1 lose 9 ! same mann] a consid]able quantity ( f9e e>?4 ,dri$ ca/+s1 moreov]1 are apt to dis9tegrate into little pellets1 :i* (t5 roll or are bl[n d[n any incl9$ surface4 ,!re=e ! above result1 namely1 t #bd cubic in*es ( e>? 7weigh+ #a4he oz4 :il/ damp7 annually crosses a y>d-l9e ( ! specifi$ k9d1 is probably n mu* if at all exagg]at$4 ,?is am\nt is small2 b we %\ld be> 9 m9d h[ _m bran*+ valleys int]sect mo/ c\ntries1 ! :ole l5g? ( :i* mu/ be v great2 & t e>? is /eadily travell+ d[n bo? turf-cov]$ sides ( ea* valley4 ,= e #ajj y>ds 9 l5g? 9 a valley ) sides slop+ z 9 ! =ego+ cases1 #dhj cubic in*es ( damp e>?1 weigh+ above #bc p\nds1 w annually rea* ! bottom4 ,"h a ?ick b$ ( alluvium w accumulate1 ready to be wa%$ away 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 z ! /ream 9 ! middle me&]s f side to side4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t worms g5]ally excavate _! burr[s at "r angles to an incl9$ surface1 & ?is w\ld be _! %orte/ c\rse = br++ up e>? f b5ea?1 !n z ! old burr[s collaps$ f ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t soil1 ! collaps+ w\ld inevitably cause ! :ole b$ ( vegetable m\ld to s9k or slide sl[ly d[n ! incl9$ surface4 ,b to asc]ta9 ! direction ( _m burr[s 0 f\nd too difficult & tr\blesome4 ,a /raight piece ( wire 01 h[ev]1 pu%$ into tw5ty-five burr[s on sev]al slop+ fields1 & 9 eight cases ! burr[s 7 ne>ly at "r angles to ! slope2 :il/ 9 ! rema9+ cases !y 7 indiff]5tly direct$ at v>i\s angles1 ei!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds ) respect to ! slope4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! ra9 is v heavy1 z 9 ! tropics1 ! ca/+s appe>1 z might h be5 expect$1 to be wa%$ d[n 9 a great] degree ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,mr4 ,scott in=ms me t ne> ,calcutta ! tall column> ca/+s 7previ\sly describ$71 ! diamet] ( :i* is usually betwe5 #a & #a in*1 subside on a level surface1 aft] heavy ra91 into almo/ circul>1 ?91 flat discs1 betwe5 #c & #d & sometimes #e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?ree fre% ca/+s1 :i* _h be5 eject$ 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s 8on a slightly incl9$1 grass-cov]$1 artificial bank ( loamy clay10 7 c>efully measur$1 & _h a mean height ( #b4ag1 & a mean diamet] ( #a4dc in*es2 ^! aft] heavy ra91 =m$ elongat$ pat*es ( e>?1 ) a mean l5g? 9 ! direction ( ! slope ( #e4hc in*es4 ,z ! e>? _h spread v little up ! slope1 a l>ge "p1 judg+ f ! orig9al diamet] ( ^! ca/+s1 mu/ h fl[$ bodily d[nw>ds ab\t #d in*es4 ,moreov] "s ( ! f9e/ e>? ( :i* !y 7 compos$ mu/ h be5 wa%$ completely away to a /ill great] di/ance4 ,9 dri] sites ne> ,calcutta1 a species ( worm ejects its ca/+s1 n 9 v]mi=m masses1 b 9 little pellets ( v>y+ sizes3 ^! are v num]\s 9 "s places1 & ,mr4 ,scott says t !y 8are wa%$ away by e %[]40 ,i 0 l$ to believe t a consid]able quantity ( f9e e>? is wa%$ q away f ca/+s dur+ ra91 f ! surfaces ( old ones be+ (t5 /udd$ ) co>se p>ticles4 ,accord+ly a little f9e precipitat$ *alk1 moi/5$ ) saliva or gum-wat]1 s z to be slightly viscid & ( ! same consi/5ce z a fre% ca/+1 0 plac$ on ! summits ( sev]al ca/+s & g5tly mix$ ) !m4 ,^! ca/+s 7 !n wat]$ ?r\gh a v f9e rose1 ! drops f :i* 7 clos] toge!r ?an ^? ( ra91 b n ne>ly s l>ge z ^? 9 a ?und]/orm2 nor did !y /rike ! gr\nd ) ne>ly s mu* =ce z drops dur+ heavy ra94 ,a ca/+ ?us treat$ subsid$ ) surpris+ sl[ness1 ow+ z ,i suppose to its viscidity4 ,x did n fl[ bodily d[n ! grass-cov]$ surface ( ! lawn1 :i* 0 "h incl9$ at an angle ( #af #bj2 nev]!less _m p>ticles ( ! *alk 7 f\nd ?ree in*es bel[ ! ca/+4 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on ?ree o!r ca/+s on diff]5t p>ts ( ! lawn1 :i* slop$ at #b #cj1 #c & #f2 & p>ticles ( *alk c\ld be se5 betwe5 #d & #e in*es bel[ ! ca/+2 & aft] ! surface _h become dry1 p>ticles 7 f\nd 9 two cases at a di/ance ( #e & #f in*es4 ,sev]al o!r ca/+s ) precipitat$ *alk plac$ on _! summits 7 left to ! natural action ( ! ra94 ,9 "o case1 aft] ra9 :i* 0 n heavy1 ! ca/+ 0 longitud9ally /reak$ ) :ite4 ,9 two o!r cases ! surface ( ! gr\nd 0 r5d]$ some:at :ite = a di/ance ( "o in* f ! ca/+2 & "s soil collect$ at a di/ance ( #b in*es1 :]e ! slope 0 #g1 eff]vesc$ slightly :5 plac$ 9 acid4 ,aft] "o or two weeks1 ! *alk 0 :olly or almo/ :olly wa%$ away f all ! ca/+s on :i* x _h be5 plac$1 & ^! _h recov]$ _! natural col\r4 ,x may be "h rem>k$ t aft] v heavy ra9 %all[ pools may be se5 on level or ne>ly level fields1 :]e ! soil is n v por\s1 & ! wat] 9 !m is (t5 slightly muddy2 :5 su* little pools h dri$1 ! leaves & blades ( grass at _! bottoms are g5]ally coat$ ) a ?9 lay] ( mud4 ,?is mud ,i believe is d]iv$ 9 l>ge "p f rec5tly eject$ ca/+s4 ,dr4 ,k+ in=ms me t ! majority ( ! be=e describ$ gigantic ca/+s1 :i* he f\nd on a fully expos$1 b>e1 gravelly knoll on ! ,nilgiri ,m\nta9s 9 ,india1 _h be5 m or less wea!r$ by ! previ\s nor?-ea/ monsoon2 & mo/ ( !m pres5t$ a subsid$ appe>ance4 ,! worms "h eject _! ca/+s only dur+ ! ra9y season2 & at ! "t ( ,dr4 ,k+'s visit no ra9 _h fall5 = #aaj days4 ,he c>efully exam9$ ! gr\nd betwe5 ! place :]e ^! huge ca/+s lay1 & a little wat]c\rse at ! base ( ! knoll1 & n[h]e 0 !re any accumulation ( f9e e>?1 su* z w\ld necess>ily h be5 left by ! dis9tegration ( ! ca/+s if !y _h n be5 :olly remov$4 ,he !re=e has no hesitation 9 ass]t+ t ! :ole ( ^! huge ca/+s are annually wa%$ dur+ ! two monsoons 7:5 ab\t #ajj in*es ( ra9 fall7 into ! little wat]-c\rse1 & !nce into ! pla9s ly+ bel[ at a dep? ( #cjjj or #djjj feet4 ,ca/+s eject$ be=e or dur+ dry wea!r become h>d1 sometimes surpris+ly h>d1 f ! p>ticles ( e>? hav+ be5 cem5t$ toge!r by ! inte/9al secretions4 ,fro/ seems to be less effective 9 _! dis9tegration ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,nev]!less !y readily dis9tegrate into small pellets1 aft] be+ alt]nately moi/5$ ) ra9 & aga9 dri$4 ,^? :i* h fl[$ dur+ ra9 d[n a slope1 dis9tegrate 9 ! same mann]4 ,su* pellets (t5 roll a little d[n any slop+ surface2 _! desc5t be+ sometimes mu* aid$ by ! w9d4 ,! :ole bottom ( a broad dry dit* 9 my gr\nds1 :]e !re 7 v few fre% ca/+s1 0 completely cov]$ ) ^! pellets or dis9tegrat$ ca/+s1 :i* _h roll$ d[n ! /eep sides1 incl9$ at an angle ( #bg4 ,ne> ,nice1 9 places :]e ! great cyl9drical ca/+s1 previ\sly describ$1 ab\nd1 ! soil consi/s ( v f9e ar5aceo-calc>e\s loam2 & ,dr4 ,k+ in=ms me t ^! ca/+s are extremely liable to crumble dur+ dry wea!r into small fragm5ts1 :i* are soon act$ on by ra91 & !n s9k d[n s z to be no long] di/+ui%able f ! surr\nd+ soil4 ,he s5t me a mass ( su* dis9tegrat$ ca/+s1 collect$ on ! top ( a bank1 :]e none c\ld h roll$ d[n f above4 ,!y mu/ h be5 eject$ )9 ! previ\s five or six mon?s1 b !y n[ consi/$ ( m or less r\nd$ fragm5ts ( all sizes1 f ( an in* 9 diamet] to m9ute gra9s & m]e du/4 ,dr4 ,k+ witness$ ! crumbl+ process :il/ dry+ "s p]fect ca/+s1 :i* he aft]w>ds s5t me4 ,mr4 ,scott also rem>ks on ! crumbl+ ( ! ca/+s ne> ,calcutta & on ! m\nta9s ( ,sikkim dur+ ! hot & dry season4 ,:5 ! ca/+s ne> ,nice _h be5 eject$ on an incl9$ surface1 ! dis9tegrat$ fragm5ts roll$ d[nw>ds1 )\t los+ _! di/9ctive %ape2 & 9 "s places c\ld 8be collect$ 9 basketfuls40 ,dr4 ,k+ obs]v$ a /rik+ in/ance ( ?is fact on ! ,corni*e road1 :]e a dra91 ab\t #b feet wide & #i in*es deep1 _h be5 made to cat* ! surface dra9age f ! adjo9+ hill-side4 ,! bottom ( ?is dra9 0 cov]$ = a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ y>ds1 to a dep? ( f #a to #c in*es1 by a lay] ( brok5 ca/+s1 /ill reta9+ _! *>act]i/ic %ape4 ,ne>ly all ^! innum]able fragm5ts _h roll$ d[n f above1 = extremely few ca/+s _h be5 eject$ 9 ! dra9 itself4 ,! hill-side 0 /eep1 b v>i$ mu* 9 incl9ation1 :i* ,dr4 ,k+ e/imat$ at f #cj to #fj ) ! horizon4 ,he climb$ up ! slope1 & 8f\nd e "h & !re little embankm5ts1 =m$ by fragm5ts ( ! ca/+s t _h be5 arre/$ 9 _! d[nw>d progress by irregul>ities ( ! surface1 by /ones1 twigs1 c4 ,"o little gr\p ( plants ( ,anemone hort5sis _h act$ 9 ?is mann]1 & q a small bank ( soil _h collect$ r\nd x4 ,mu* ( ?is soil _h crumbl$ d[n1 b a great deal ( x /ill reta9$ ! =m ( ca/+s40 ,dr4 ,k+ dug up ?is plant1 & 0 /ruck ) ! ?ickness ( ! soil :i* mu/ h rec5tly accumulat$ ov] ! cr[n ( ! rhizoma1 z %[n by ! l5g? ( ! blea*$ petioles1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( o!r plants ( ! same k9d1 :]e !re _h be5 no su* accumulation4 ,! e>? ?us accumulat$ _h no d\bt be5 secur$ 7z ,i h ev]y:]e se57 by ! small] roots ( ! plants4 ,aft] describ+ ?is & o!r analog\s cases1 ,dr4 ,k+ concludes3 8,i c h no d\bt t worms help greatly 9 ! process ( d5udation40 ,l$ges ( e>? on /eep hill-sides4--,little horizontal l$ges1 "o above ano!r1 h be5 obs]v$ on /eep grassy slopes 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! =mation has be5 attribut$ to animals travell+ repeat$ly along ! slope 9 ! same horizontal l9es :ile graz+1 & t !y d ?us move & use ! l$ges is c]ta92 b ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ 7a mo/ c>eful obs]v]7 told ,sir ,j4 ,hook] t he 0 conv9c$ t ?is 0 n ! sole cause ( _! =mation4 ,sir ,j4 ,hook] saw su* l$ges on ! ,himalayan & ,atlas ranges1 :]e !re 7 no dome/icat$ animals & n _m wild ones2 b ^! latt] w\ld1 x is probable1 use ! l$ges at night :ile graz+ l our dome/icat$ animals4 ,a fri5d obs]v$ = me ! l$ges on ! ,alps ( ,switz]l&1 & /ates t !y ran at #c or #d ft4 "o above ! o!r1 & 7 ab\t a foot 9 bread?4 ,!y _h be5 deeply pitt$ by ! feet ( graz+ c[s4 ,simil> l$ges 7 obs]v$ by ! same fri5d on our ,*alk d[ns1 & on an old talus ( *alk-fragm5ts 7?r[n out ( a qu>ry7 :i* _h become clo!d ) turf4 ,my son ,francis exam9$ a ,*alk esc>pm5t ne> ,lewes2 & "h on a "p :i* 0 v /eep1 slop+ at #dj ) ! horizon1 ab\t #cj flat l$ges ext5d$ horizontally = m ?an #ajj y>ds1 at an av]age di/ance ( ab\t #bj in*es1 "o b5ea? ! o!r4 ,!y 7 f #i to #aj in*es 9 bread?4 ,:5 view$ f a di/ance !y pres5t$ a /rik+ appe>ance1 ow+ to _! p>allelism2 b :5 exam9$ closely1 !y 7 se5 to be some:at s9u\s1 & "o (t5 ran into ano!r1 giv+ ! appe>ance ( ! l$ge hav+ =k$ into two4 ,!y are =m$ ( light-col\r$ e>?1 :i* on ! outside1 :]e ?icke/1 0 9 "o case #i in*es1 & 9 ano!r case betwe5 #f & #g in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,above ! l$ges1 ! ?ickness ( ! e>? ov] ! *alk 0 9 ! =m] case #d & 9 ! latt] only #c in*es4 ,! grass grew m vigor\sly on ! out] edges ( ! l$ges ?an on any o!r "p ( ! slope1 & "h =m$ a tuft$ fr+e4 ,_! middle "p 0 b>e1 b :e!r ?is _h be5 caus$ by ! trampl+ ( %eep1 :i* sometimes frequ5t ! l$ges1 my son c\ld n asc]ta94 ,nor c\ld he feel sure h[ mu* ( ! e>? on ! middle & b>e p>ts1 consi/$ ( dis9tegrat$ worm-ca/+s :i* _h roll$ d[n f above2 b he felt conv9c$ t "s _h ?us orig9at$2 & x 0 manife/ t ! l$ges ) _! grass-fr+$ edges w\ld arre/ any small object roll+ d[n f above4 ,at "o end or side ( ! bank be>+ ^! l$ges1 ! surface consi/$ 9 p>ts ( b>e *alk1 & "h ! l$ges 7 v irregul>4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! bank1 ! slope sudd5ly became less /eep1 & "h ! l$ges ceas$ r abruptly2 b little embankm5ts only a foot or two 9 l5g? 7 /ill pres5t4 ,! slope became /eep] l[] d[n ! hill1 & ! regul> l$ges !n reappe>$4 ,ano!r ( my sons obs]v$1 on ! inl& side ( ,bea*y ,head1 :]e ! surface slop$ at ab\t #be1 _m %ort little embankm5ts l ^? j m5tion$4 ,!y ext5d$ horizontally & 7 f a few in*es to two or ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,!y support$ tufts ( grass gr[+ vigor\sly4 ,! av]age ?ickness ( ! m\ld ( :i* !y 7 =m$1 tak5 f n9e measurem5ts1 0 #d4e in*es2 :ile t ( ! m\ld above & b5ea? !m 0 on an av]age only #c4b in*es1 & on ea* side1 on ! same level1 #c4a in*es4 ,on ! upp] p>ts ( ! slope1 ^! embankm5ts %[$ no signs ( hav+ be5 trampl$ on by %eep1 b 9 ! l[] p>ts su* signs 7 fairly pla94 ,no long cont9u\s l$ges _h "h be5 =m$4 ,if ! little embankm5ts above ! ,corni*e road1 :i* ,dr4 ,k+ saw 9 ! act ( =mation by ! accumulation ( dis9tegrat$ & roll$ worm-ca/+s1 7 to become conflu5t along horizontal l9es1 l$ges w\ld be =m$4 ,ea* embankm5t w\ld t5d to ext5d lat]ally by ! lat]al ext5sion ( ! arre/$ ca/+s2 & animals graz+ on a /eep slope w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly make use ( e prom95ce at ne>ly ! same level1 & w\ld ind5t ! turf betwe5 !m2 & su* int]m$iate ind5tations w\ld aga9 arre/ ! ca/+s4 ,an irregul> l$ge :5 once =m$ w\ld also t5d to become m regul> & horizontal by "s ( ! ca/+s roll+ lat]ally f ! high] to ! l[] p>ts1 :i* w\ld ?us be rais$4 ,any projection b5ea? a l$ge w\ld n aft]w>ds receive dis9tegrat$ matt] f above1 & w\ld t5d to be oblit]at$ by ra9 & o!r atmosph]ic ag5cies4 ,!re is "s analogy betwe5 ! =mation1 z "h suppos$1 ( ^! l$ges1 & t ( ! ripples ( w9d-drift$ s& z describ$ by ,lyell4 #bei ,! /eep1 grass-cov]$ sides ( a m\nta9\s valley 9 ,we/morel&1 call$ ,gris$ale1 0 m>k$ 9 _m places ) innum]able l9es ( m9iature cliffs1 ) almo/ horizontal1 little l$ges at _! bases4 ,_! =mation 0 9 no way connect$ ) ! action ( worms1 = ca/+s c\ld n any:]e be se5 7& _! abs5ce is an inexplicable fact71 al?\gh ! turf lay 9 _m places ov] a consid]able ?ickness ( b\ld]-clay & mora9e rubbi%4 ,nor1 z f> z ,i c\ld judge1 0 ! =mation ( ^! little cliffs at all closely connect$ ) ! trampl+ ( c[s or %eep4 ,x appe>$ z if ! :ole sup]ficial1 some:at argillace\s e>?1 :ile p>tially held toge!r by ! roots ( ! grasses1 _h slid$ a little way d[n ! m\nta9 sides2 & 9 ?us slid+1 _h yield$ & crack$ 9 horizontal l9es1 transv]sely to ! slope4 ,ca/+s bl[n to leew>d by ! w9d4--,we h se5 t moi/ ca/+s fl[1 & t dis9tegrat$ ca/+s roll d[n any incl9$ surface2 & we %all n[ see t ca/+s1 rec5tly eject$ on level grass-cov]$ surfaces1 are bl[n dur+ gales ( w9d accompani$ by ra9 to leew>d4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ by me _m times on _m fields dur+ sev]al successive ye>s4 ,aft] su* gales1 ! ca/+s pres5t a g5tly incl9$ & smoo?1 or sometimes furr[$1 surface to w9dw>d1 :ile !y are /eeply incl9$ or precipit\s to leew>d1 s t !y resemble on a m9iature scale glaci]-gr\nd hillocks ( rock4 ,!y are (t5 cav]n\s on ! leew>d side1 f ! upp] "p hav+ curl$ ov] ! l[] "p4 ,dur+ "o unusually heavy s\?-we/ gale ) torr5ts ( ra91 _m ca/+s 7 :olly bl[n to leew>d1 s t ! m\?s ( ! burr[s 7 left nak$ & expos$ on ! w9dw>d side4 ,rec5t ca/+s naturally fl[ d[n an incl9$ surface1 b on a grassy field1 :i* slop$ betwe5 #aj & #ae1 sev]al 7 f\nd aft] a heavy gale bl[n up ! slope4 ,?is likewise occurr$ on ano!r occasion on a "p ( my lawn :]e ! slope 0 some:at less4 ,on a ?ird occasion1 ! ca/+s on ! /eep1 grass-cov]$ sides ( a valley1 d[n :i* a gale _h bl[n1 7 direct$ obliquely in/ead ( /raight d[n ! slope2 & ?is 0 obvi\sly due to ! comb9$ action ( ! w9d & gravity4 ,f\r ca/+s on my lawn1 :]e ! d[nw>d incl9ation 0 #j #de1 #a1 #c & #c #cj 7mean #b #de7 t[>ds ! nor?-ea/1 aft] a heavy s\?-we/ gale ) ra91 7 divid$ across ! m\?s ( ! burr[s & weigh$ 9 ! mann] =m]ly describ$4 ,! mean weight ( ! e>? bel[ ! m\?s ( burr[s & to leew>d1 0 to t above ! m\?s & on ! w9dw>d side z #b to #a2 :]eas we h se5 t ) sev]al ca/+s :i* _h fl[$ d[n slopes hav+ a mean incl9ation ( #i #bf1 & ) ?ree ca/+s :]e ! incl9ation 0 above #ab2 ! proportional weight ( ! e>? bel[ to t above ! burr[s 0 z only #b to #a4 ,^! sev]al cases %[ h[ effici5tly gales ( w9d accompani$ by ra9 act 9 displac+ rec5tly eject$ ca/+s4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ev5 a mod]ately /rong w9d w produce "s slight effect on !m4 ,dry & indurat$ ca/+s1 aft] _! dis9tegration into small fragm5ts or pellets1 are sometimes1 probably (t51 bl[n by a /rong w9d to leew>d4 ,?is 0 obs]v$ on f\r occasions1 b ,i did n suffici5tly att5d to ?is po9t4 ,"o old ca/+ on a g5tly slop+ bank 0 bl[n q away by a /rong s\?-we/ w9d4 ,dr4 ,k+ believes t ! w9d removes ! great] "p ( ! old crumbl+ ca/+s ne> ,nice4 ,sev]al old ca/+s on my lawn 7 m>k$ ) p9s & protect$ f any di/urbance4 ,!y 7 exam9$ aft] an int]val ( #aj weeks1 dur+ :i* "t ! wea!r _h be5 alt]nately dry & ra9y4 ,"s1 :i* 7 ( a yell[i% col\r _h be5 wa%$ almo/ completely away1 z c\ld be se5 by ! col\r ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,o!rs _h completely disappe>$1 & ^! no d\bt _h be5 bl[n away4 ,la/ly1 o!rs /ill rema9$ & w\ld long rema91 z blades ( grass _h gr[n ?r\gh !m4 ,on poor pa/ure-l&1 :i* has nev] be5 roll$ & has n be5 mu* trampl$ on by animals1 ! :ole surface is sometimes dott$ ) little pimples1 ?r\gh & on :i* grass gr[s2 & ^! pimples consi/ ( old worm-ca/+s4 ,9 all ! _m obs]v$ cases ( s(t ca/+s bl[n to leew>d1 ?is _h be5 effect$ by /rong w9ds accompani$ by ra94 ,z su* w9ds 9 ,engl& g5]ally bl[ f ! s\? & s\?-we/1 e>? mu/ on ! :ole t5d to travel ov] our fields 9 a nor? & nor?-ea/ direction4 ,?is fact is int]e/+1 because x might be ?\ght t none c\ld be remov$ f a level1 grass-cov]$ surface by any means4 ,9 ?ick & level woods1 protect$ f ! w9d1 ca/+s w nev] be remov$ z long z ! wood la/s2 & m\ld w "h t5d to accumulate to ! dep? at :i* worms c "w4 ,i tri$ to procure evid5ce z to h[ mu* m\ld is bl[n1 :il/ 9 ! /ate ( ca/+s1 by our wet s\!rn gales to ! nor?-ea/1 ov] op5 & flat l&1 by look+ to ! level ( ! surface on opposite sides ( old trees & h$ge-r[s2 b ,i fail$ ow+ to ! unequal gr[? ( ! roots ( trees & to mo/ pa/ure-l& hav+ be5 =m]ly pl\gh$4 ,on an op5 pla9 ne> ,/oneh5ge1 !re exi/ %all[ circul> tr5*es1 ) a l[ embankm5t outside1 surr\nd+ level spaces #ej y>ds 9 diamet]4 ,^! r+s appe> v anci5t1 & are believ$ to be contemporane\s ) ! ,druidical /ones4 ,ca/+s eject$ )9 ^! circul> spaces1 if bl[n to ! nor?-ea/ by s\?-we/ w9ds w\ld =m a lay] ( m\ld )9 ! tr5*1 ?ick] on ! nor?-ea/]n ?an on any o!r side4 ,b ! site 0 n fav\rable = ! action ( worms1 = ! m\ld ov] ! surr\nd+ ,*alk =mation ) fl9ts1 0 only #c4cg in*es 9 ?ickness1 f a mean ( six obs]vations made at a di/ance ( #aj y>ds outside ! embankm5t4 ,! ?ickness ( ! m\ld )9 two ( ! circul> tr5*es 0 measur$ e #e y>ds all r\nd1 on ! inn] sides ne> ! bottom4 ,my son ,horace protract$ ^! measurem5ts on pap]2 & ?\gh ! curv$ l9e repres5t+ ! ?ickness ( ! m\ld 0 extremely irregul>1 yet 9 bo? diagrams x c\ld be se5 to be ?ick] on ! nor?-ea/]n side ?an else:]e4 ,:5 a mean ( all ! measurem5ts 9 bo? ! tr5*es 0 laid d[n & ! l9e smoo!d1 x 0 obvi\s t ! m\ld 0 ?icke/ 9 ! qu>t] ( ! circle betwe5 nor?-we/ & nor?-ea/2 & ?9ne/ 9 ! qu>t] betwe5 s\?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 especially at ?is latt] po9t4 ,besides ! =ego+ measurem5ts1 six o!rs 7 tak5 ne> toge!r 9 "o ( ! circul> tr5*es1 on ! nor?-ea/ side2 & ! m\ld "h _h a mean ?ickness ( #b4bi in*es2 :ile ! mean ( six o!r measurem5ts on ! s\?-we/ side 0 only #a4df in*es4 ,^! obs]vations indicate t ! ca/+s _h be5 bl[n by ! s\?-we/ w9ds f ! circul> enclos$ space into ! tr5* on ! nor?-ea/ side2 b _m m measurem5ts 9 o!r analog\s cases w\ld be requisite = a tru/wor?y result4 ,! am\nt ( f9e e>? br\ght to ! surface "u ! =m ( ca/+s1 & aft]w>ds transport$ by ! w9ds accompani$ by ra91 or t :i* fl[s & rolls d[n an incl9$ surface1 no d\bt is small 9 ! c\rse ( a few scores ( ye>s2 = o!rwise all ! inequalities 9 our pa/ure fields w\ld be smoo!d )9 a mu* %ort] p]iod ?an appe>s to be ! case4 ,b ! am\nt :i* is ?us transport$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s _c fail to be consid]able & des]ves att5tion4 4 de ,beaumont looks at ! vegetable m\ld :i* ev]y:]e cov]s ! l& z a fix$ l9e1 f :i* ! am\nt ( d5udation may be measur$4 #bfe ,he ignores ! cont9u$ =mation ( fre% m\ld by ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ rocks & fragm5ts ( rock2 & x is curi\s to f9d h[ mu* m philosophical 7 ! views ma9ta9$ long ago1 by ,playfair1 :o1 9 #ahjb1 wrote1 8,9 ! p]man5ce ( a coat ( vegetable m\ld on ! surface ( ! e>?1 we h a demon/rative pro( ( ! cont9u$ de/ruction ( ! rocks40 #bff ,anci5t encampm5ts & tumuli4--4 de ,beaumont adduces ! pres5t /ate ( _m anci5t encampm5ts & tumuli & ( old pl\gh$ fields1 z evid5ce t ! surface ( ! l& und]goes h>dly any degradation4 ,b x does n appe> t he ev] exam9$ ! ?ickness ( ! m\ld ov] diff]5t p>ts ( su* old rema9s4 ,he relies *iefly on indirect1 b app>5tly tru/wor?y1 evid5ce t ! slopes ( ! old embankm5ts are ! same z !y orig9ally 72 & x is obvi\s t he c\ld "k no?+ ab\t _! orig9al heights4 ,9 ,knole ,p>k a m\nd _h be5 ?r[n up beh9d ! rifle-t>gets1 :i* appe>$ to h be5 =m$ ( e>? orig9ally support$ by squ>e blocks ( turf4 ,! sides slop$1 z ne>ly z ,i c\ld e/imate !m1 at an angle ( #de or #ej ) ! horizon1 & !y 7 cov]$1 especially on ! nor!rn side1 ) long co>se grass1 b5ea? :i* _m worm-ca/+s 7 f\nd4 ,^! _h fl[$ bodily d[nw>ds1 & o!rs _h roll$ d[n z pellets4 ,h5ce x is c]ta9 t z long z a m\nd ( ?is k9d is t5ant$ by worms1 its height w be cont9ually l[]$4 ,! f9e e>? :i* fl[s or rolls d[n ! sides ( su* a m\nd accumulates at its base 9 ! =m ( a talus4 ,a b$1 ev5 a v ?9 b$1 ( f9e e>? is em95tly fav\rable = worms2 s t a great] numb] ( ca/+s w\ld t5d to be eject$ on a talus ?us =m$ ?an else:]e2 & ^! w\ld be p>tially wa%$ away by e heavy %[] & be spread ov] ! adjo9+ level gr\nd4 ,! f9al result w\ld be ! l[]+ ( ! :ole m\nd1 :il/ ! incl9ation ( ! sides w\ld n be greatly less5$4 ,! same result w\ld assur$ly foll[ ) anci5t embankm5ts & tumuli2 except :]e !y _h be5 =m$ ( gravel or ( ne>ly pure s&1 z su* matt] is unfav\rable = worms4 ,_m old =tifications & tumuli are believ$ to be at lea/ #bjjj ye>s old2 & we %\ld be> 9 m9d t 9 _m places ab\t "o in* ( m\ld is br\ght to ! surface 9 #e ye>s or two in*es 9 #aj ye>s4 ,!re=e 9 s long a p]iod z #bjjj ye>s1 a l>ge am\nt ( e>? w h be5 repeat$ly br\ght to ! surface on mo/ old embankm5ts & tumuli1 especially on ! talus r\nd _! bases1 & mu* ( ?is e>? w h be5 wa%$ completely away4 ,we may !re=e conclude t all anci5t m\nds1 :5 n =m$ ( mat]ials unfav\rable to worms1 w h be5 some:at l[]$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 al?\gh _! incl9ations may n h be5 greatly *ang$4 ,fields =m]ly pl\gh$4--,f a v remote p]iod & 9 _m c\ntries1 l& has be5 pl\gh$1 s t convex b$s1 call$ cr[ns or ridges1 usually ab\t #h feet across & sep>at$ by furr[s1 h be5 ?r[n up4 ,! furr[s are direct$ s z to c>ry (f ! surface wat]4 ,9 my attempts to asc]ta9 h[ long a "t ^! cr[ns & furr[s la/1 :5 pl\gh$ l& has be5 conv]t$ into pa/ure1 ob/acles ( _m k9ds 7 enc\nt]$4 ,x is r>ely kn[n :5 a field 0 la/ pl\gh$2 & "s fields :i* 7 ?\ght to h be5 9 pa/ure f "t immemorial 7 aft]w>ds discov]$ to h be5 pl\gh$ only #ej or #fj ye>s be=e4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ! price ( corn 0 v high1 l& ( all k9ds seems to h be5 pl\gh$ 9 ,brita94 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason to d\bt t 9 _m cases ! old cr[ns & furr[s h be5 pres]v$ f a v anci5t p]iod4 #bfi ,t !y %\ld h be5 pres]v$ = v unequal l5g?s ( "t w\ld naturally foll[ f ! cr[ns1 :5 fir/ ?r[n up1 hav+ diff]$ mu* 9 height 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 z is n[ ! case ) rec5tly pl\gh$ l&4 ,9 old pa/ure fields1 ! m\ld1 :]ev] measurem5ts 7 made1 0 f\nd to be f to #b in*es ?ick] 9 ! furr[s ?an on ! cr[ns2 b ?is w\ld naturally foll[ f ! f9] e>? hav+ be5 wa%$ f ! cr[ns into ! furr[s be=e ! l& 0 well clo!d ) turf2 & x is impossible to tell :at "p worms may h play$ 9 ! "w4 ,nev]!less f :at we h se51 ca/+s w\ld c]ta9ly t5d to fl[ & to be wa%$ dur+ heavy ra9 f ! cr[ns into ! furr[s4 ,b z soon z a b$ ( f9e e>? _h by any means be5 accumulat$ 9 ! furr[s1 x w\ld be m fav\rable = worms ?an ! o!r p>ts1 & a great] numb] ( ca/+s w\ld be ?r[n up "h ?an else:]e2 & z ! furr[s on slop+ l& are usually direct$ s z to c>ry (f ! surface wat]1 "s ( ! f9e/ e>? w\ld be wa%$ f ! ca/+s :i* _h be5 "h eject$ & be c>ri$ completely away4 ,! result w\ld be t ! furr[s w\ld be fill$ up v sl[ly1 :ile ! cr[ns w\ld be l[]$ p]haps /ill m sl[ly by ! fl[+ & roll+ ( ! ca/+s d[n _! g5tle incl9ations into ! furr[s4 ,nev]!less x might be expect$ t old furr[s1 especially ^? on a slop+ surface1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t be fill$ up & disappe>4 ,"s c>eful obs]v]s1 h[ev]1 :o exam9$ fields = me 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire & ,/af=d%ire c\ld n detect any diff]5ce 9 ! /ate ( ! furr[s 9 ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( slop+ fields1 suppos$ to h be5 long 9 pa/ure2 & !y came to ! conclusion t ! cr[ns & furr[s w\ld la/ = an almo/ endless numb] ( c5turies4 ,on ! o!r h& ! process ( oblit]ation seems to h comm5c$ 9 "s places4 ,?us 9 a grass field 9 ,nor? ,wales1 kn[n to h be5 pl\gh$ ab\t #fe ye>s ago1 :i* slop$ at an angle ( #ae to ! nor?-ea/1 ! dep? ( ! furr[s 7only #g feet ap>t7 0 c>efully measur$1 & 0 f\nd to be ab\t #d in*es 9 ! upp] "p ( ! slope1 & only #a in* ne> ! base1 :]e !y c\ld be trac$ ) difficulty4 ,on ano!r field slop+ at ab\t ! same angle to ! s\?-we/1 ! furr[s 7 sc>cely p]ceptible 9 ! l[] "p2 al?\gh ^! same furr[s :5 foll[$ on to "s adjo9+ level gr\nd 7 f #b to #c in*es 9 dep?4 ,a ?ird & closely simil> case 0 obs]v$4 ,9 a f\r? case1 ! m\ld 9 a furr[ 9 ! upp] "p ( a slop+ field 0 #b in*es1 & 9 ! l[] "p #d in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,on ! ,*alk ,d[ns at ab\t a mile di/ance f ,/oneh5ge1 my son ,william exam9$ a grass-cov]$1 furr[$ surface1 slop+ at f #h to #aj 1 :i* an old %eph]d said _h n be5 pl\gh$ )9 ! memory ( man4 ,! dep? ( "o furr[ 0 measur$ at #af po9ts 9 a l5g? ( #fh paces1 & 0 f\nd to be deep] :]e ! slope 0 greate/ & :]e less e>? w\ld naturally t5d to accumulate1 & at ! base x almo/ disappe>$4 ,! ?ickness ( ! m\ld 9 ?is furr[ 9 ! upp] "p 0 #b in*es1 :i* increas$ to #e in*es1 a little above ! /eepe/ "p ( ! slope2 & at ! base1 9 ! middle ( ! n>r[ valley1 at a po9t :i* ! furr[ if cont9u$ w\ld h /ruck1 x am\nt$ to #g in*es4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! valley1 !re 7 v fa9t1 almo/ oblit]at$1 traces ( furr[s4 ,ano!r analog\s b n s decid$ a case 0 obs]v$ at a few miles' di/ance f ,/oneh5ge4 ,on ! :ole x appe>s t ! cr[ns & furr[s on l& =m]ly pl\gh$1 b n[ cov]$ ) grass1 t5d sl[ly to disappe> :5 ! surface is incl9$2 & ?is is probably 9 l>ge "p due to ! action ( worms2 b t ! cr[ns & furr[s la/ = a v long "t :5 ! surface is ne>ly level4 ,=mation & am\nt ( m\ld ov] ! ,*alk ,=mation4--,worm-ca/+s are (t5 eject$ 9 extraord9>y numb]s on /eep1 grass-cov]$ slopes1 :]e ! ,*alk comes close to ! surface1 z my son ,william obs]v$ ne> ,w9*e/] & else:]e4 ,if su* ca/+s are l>gely wa%$ away dur+ heavy ra9s1 x is difficult to und]/& at fir/ h[ any m\ld c /ill rema9 on our ,d[ns1 z !re does n appe> any evid5t means = supply+ ! loss4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 ano!r cause ( loss1 namely1 9 ! p]colation ( ! f9] p>ticles ( e>? into ! fissures 9 ! *alk & into ! *alk itself4 ,^! consid]ations l$ me to d\bt = a "t :e!r ,i _h n exagg]at$ ! am\nt ( f9e e>? :i* fl[s or rolls d[n grass-cov]$ slopes "u ! =m ( ca/+s2 & ,i s\ght = additional in=mation4 ,9 "s places1 ! ca/+s on ,*alk ,d[ns consi/ l>gely ( calc>e\s matt]1 & "h ! supply is ( c\rse unlimit$4 ,b 9 o!r places1 = in/ance on a "p ( ,teg ,d[n ne> ,w9*e/]1 ! ca/+s 7 all black & did n eff]vesce ) acids4 ,! m\ld ov] ! *alk 0 "h only f #c to #d in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,s aga9 on ! pla9 ne> ,/oneh5ge1 ! m\ld1 app>5tly free f calc>e\s matt]1 av]ag$ r less ?an #c in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,:y worms %\ld p5etrate & br+ up *alk 9 "s places & n 9 o!rs ,i d n "k4 ,9 _m di/ricts :]e ! l& is ne>ly level1 a b$ sev]al feet 9 ?ickness ( r$ clay full ( unworn fl9ts ov]lies ! ,upp] ,*alk4 ,?is ov]ly+ matt]1 ! surface ( :i* has be5 conv]t$ into m\ld1 consi/s ( ! undissolv$ residue f ! *alk4 ,x may be well "h to recall ! case ( ! fragm5ts ( *alk buri$ b5ea? worm-ca/+s on "o ( my fields1 ! angles ( :i* 7 s completely r\nd$ 9 ! c\rse ( #bi ye>s t ! fragm5ts n[ resembl$ wat]-worn pebbles4 ,?is mu/ h be5 effect$ by ! c>bonic acid 9 ! ra9 & 9 ! gr\nd1 by ! humus-acids1 & by ! corrod+ p[] ( liv+ roots4 ,:y a ?ick mass ( residue has n be5 left on ! ,*alk1 :]ev] ! l& is ne>ly level1 may p]haps be acc\nt$ = by ! p]colation ( ! f9e p>ticles into ! fissures1 :i* are (t5 pres5t 9 ! *alk & are ei!r op5 or are fill$ up ) impure *alk1 or into ! solid *alk itself4 ,t su* p]colation occurs c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,my son collect$ "s p[d]$ & fragm5t>y *alk b5ea? ! turf ne> ,w9*e/]2 ! =m] 0 f\nd by ,colonel ,p>sons1 ,r4 ,e41 to conta9 #aj p] c5t41 & ! fragm5ts #h p] c5t4 ( e>?y matt]4 ,on ! flanks ( ! esc>pm5t ne> ,ab+] 9 ,surrey1 "s *alk close b5ea? a lay] ( fl9ts1 #b in*es 9 ?ickness & cov]$ by #h in*es ( m\ld1 yield$ a residue ( #c4g p] c5t4 ( e>?y matt]4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,upp] ,*alk prop]ly conta9s1 z ,i 0 in=m$ by ! late ,david ,=bes :o _h made _m analyses1 only f #a to #b p] c5t4 ( e>?y matt]2 & two samples f pits ne> my h\se conta9$ #a4c & #j4f p] c5t4 ,i m5tion ^! latt] cases because1 f ! ?ickness ( ! ov]ly+ b$ ( r$ clay ) fl9ts1 ,i _h imag9$ t ! und]ly+ *alk might "h be less pure ?an else:]e4 ,! cause ( ! residue accumulat+ m 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs1 may be attribut$ to a lay] ( argillace\s matt] hav+ be5 left at an e>ly p]iod on ! *alk1 & ?is w\ld *eck ! subsequ5t p]colation ( e>?y matt] into x4 ,f ! facts n[ giv5 we may conclude t ca/+s eject$ on our ,*alk ,d[ns suff] "s loss by ! p]colation ( _! f9] matt] into ! *alk4 ,b su* impure sup]ficial *alk1 :5 dissolv$1 w\ld leave a l>g] supply ( e>?y matt] to be add$ to ! m\ld ?an 9 ! case ( pure *alk4 ,besides ! loss caus$ by p]colation1 "s f9e e>? is c]ta9ly wa%$ d[n ! slop+ grass-cov]$ surfaces ( our ,d[ns4 ,! wa%+-d[n process1 h[ev]1 w be *eck$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t2 = al?\gh ,i d n "k h[ ?9 a lay] ( m\ld suffices to support worms1 yet a limit mu/ at la/ be rea*$2 & !n _! ca/+s w\ld cease to be eject$ or w\ld become scanty4 ,! foll[+ cases %[ t a consid]able quantity ( f9e e>? is wa%$ d[n4 ,! ?ickness ( ! m\ld 0 measur$ at po9ts #ab y>ds ap>t across a small valley 9 ! ,*alk ne> ,w9*e/]4 ,! sides slop$ g5tly at fir/2 !n became incl9$ at ab\t #bj2 !n m g5tly to ne> ! bottom1 :i* transv]sely 0 almo/ level & ab\t #ej y>ds across4 ,9 ! bottom1 ! mean ?ickness ( ! m\ld f five measurem5ts 0 #h4c in*es2 :il/ on ! sides ( ! valley1 :]e ! incl9ation v>i$ betwe5 #ad & #bj1 its mean ?ickness 0 r less ?an #c4e in*es4 ,z ! turf-cov]$ bottom ( ! valley slop$ at an angle ( only betwe5 #b & #c1 x is probable t mo/ ( ! #h4c-;in* lay] ( m\ld _h be5 wa%$ d[n f ! flanks ( ! valley1 & n f ! upp] "p4 ,b z a %eph]d said t he _h se5 wat] fl[+ 9 ?is valley aft] ! sudd5 ?aw+ ( sn[1 x is possible t "s e>? may h be5 br\ght d[n f ! upp] "p2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t "s may h be5 c>ri$ fur!r d[n ! valley4 ,closely simil> results1 ) respect to ! ?ickness ( ! m\ld1 7 obta9$ 9 a neighb\r+ valley4 ,/4 ,ca!r9e's ,hill1 ne> ,w9*e/]1 is #cbg feet 9 height1 & consi/s ( a /eep cone ( *alk ab\t ( a mile 9 diamet]4 ,! upp] "p 0 conv]t$ by ! ,romans1 or1 z "s ?9k1 by ! anci5t ,britons1 into an encampm5t1 by ! excavation ( a deep & broad dit* all r\nd x4 ,mo/ ( ! *alk remov$ dur+ ! "w 0 ?r[n upw>ds1 by :i* a project+ bank 0 =m$2 & ?is effectually prev5ts worm-ca/+s 7:i* are num]\s 9 p>ts71 /ones1 & o!r objects f be+ wa%$ or roll$ into ! dit*4 ,! m\ld on ! upp] & =tifi$ "p ( ! hill 0 f\nd to be 9 mo/ places only f #b to #c in*es 9 ?ickness2 :]eas x _h accumulat$ at ! foot ( ! embankm5t above ! dit* to a ?ickness 9 mo/ places ( f #h to #i in*es4 ,on ! embankm5t itself ! m\ld 0 only #a to #a in* 9 ?ickness2 & )9 ! dit* at ! bottom x v>i$ f #b to #c1 b 0 9 "o spot #f in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,on ! nor?-we/ side ( ! hill1 ei!r no embankm5t _h ev] be5 ?r[n up above ! dit*1 or x _h subsequ5tly be5 remov$2 s t "h !re 0 no?+ to prev5t worm-ca/+s1 e>? & /ones be+ wa%$ into ! dit*1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! m\ld =m$ a lay] f #aa to #bb in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x %\ld h[ev] be /at$ t "h & on o!r p>ts ( ! slope1 ! b$ ( m\ld (t5 conta9$ fragm5ts ( *alk & fl9t :i* _h obvi\sly roll$ d[n at diff]5t times f above4 ,! int]/ices 9 ! und]ly+ fragm5t>y *alk 7 also fill$ up ) m\ld4 ,my son exam9$ ! surface ( ?is hill to its base 9 a s\?-we/ direction4 ,b5ea? ! great dit*1 :]e ! slope 0 ab\t #bd1 ! m\ld 0 v ?91 namely1 f #a to #b in*es2 :il/ ne> ! base1 :]e ! slope 0 only #c to #d1 x increas$ to betwe5 #h & #i in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,we may !re=e conclude t on ?is artificially modifi$ hill1 z well z 9 ! natural valleys ( ! neighb\r+ ,*alk ,d[ns1 "s f9e e>?1 probably d]iv$ 9 l>ge "p f worm-ca/+s1 is wa%$ d[n1 & accumulates 9 ! l[] p>ts1 not)/&+ ! p]colation ( an unkn[n quantity into ! und]ly+ *alk2 a supply ( fre% e>?y matt] be+ af=d$ by ! dissolution ( ! *alk ?r\gh atmosph]ic & o!r ag5cies4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conclusion4 ,summ>y ( ! "p :i* worms h play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w--,_! aid 9 ! dis9tegration ( rocks--,9 ! d5udation ( ! l&--,9 ! pres]vation ( anci5t rema9s--,9 ! prep>ation ( ! soil = ! gr[? ( plants--,m5tal p[]s ( worms--,conclusion4 ,,worms h play$ a m important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ?an mo/ p]sons w\ld at fir/ suppose4 ,9 almo/ all humid c\ntries !y are extraord9>ily num]\s1 & = _! size possess great muscul> p[]4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& a weight ( m ?an t5 tons 7#aj1eaf kilogrammes7 ( dry e>? annually passes ?r\gh _! bodies & is br\ght to ! surface on ea* acre ( l&2 s t ! :ole sup]ficial b$ ( vegetable m\ld passes ?r\gh _! bodies 9 ! c\rse ( e few ye>s4 ,f ! collaps+ ( ! old burr[s ! m\ld is 9 con/ant ?\gh sl[ movem5t1 & ! p>ticles compos+ x are ?us rubb$ toge!r4 ,by ^! means fre% surfaces are cont9ually expos$ to ! action ( ! c>bonic acid 9 ! soil1 & ( ! humus-acids :i* appe> to be /ill m effici5t 9 ! decomposition ( rocks4 ,! g5]ation ( ! humus-acids is probably ha/5$ dur+ ! dige/ion ( ! _m half-decay$ leaves :i* worms consume4 ,?us ! p>ticles ( e>?1 =m+ ! sup]ficial m\ld1 are subject$ to conditions em95tly fav\rable = _! decomposition & dis9tegration4 ,moreov]1 ! p>ticles ( ! s(t] rocks suff] "s am\nt ( me*anical trituration 9 ! muscul> gizz>ds ( worms1 9 :i* small /ones s]ve z mill-/ones4 ,! f9ely levigat$ ca/+s1 :5 br\ght to ! surface 9 a moi/ condition1 fl[ dur+ ra9y wea!r d[n any mod]ate slope2 & ! small] p>ticles are wa%$ f> d[n ev5 a g5tly incl9$ surface4 ,ca/+s :5 dry (t5 crumble into small pellets & ^! are apt to roll d[n any slop+ surface4 ,:]e ! l& is q level & is cov]$ ) h]bage1 & :]e ! climate is humid s t mu* du/ _c be bl[n away1 x appe>s at fir/ sight impossible t !re %\ld be any appreciable am\nt ( sub-a]ial d5udation2 b worm-ca/+s are bl[n1 especially :il/ moi/ & viscid1 9 "o uni=m direction by ! preval5t w9ds :i* are accompani$ by ra94 ,by ^! sev]al means ! sup]ficial m\ld is prev5t$ f accumulat+ to a great ?ickness2 & a ?ick b$ ( m\ld *ecks 9 _m ways ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ rocks & fragm5ts ( rock4 ,! removal ( worm-ca/+s by ! above means leads to results :i* are f> f insignificant4 ,x has be5 %[n t a lay] ( e>?1 #j4b ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 is 9 _m places annually br\ght to ! surface2 & if a small "p ( ?is am\nt fl[s1 or rolls1 or is wa%$1 ev5 = a %ort di/ance1 d[n e incl9$ surface1 or is repeat$ly bl[n 9 "o direction1 a great effect w be produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages4 ,x 0 f\nd by measurem5ts & calculations t on a surface ) a mean incl9ation ( #i #bf1 #b4d cubic in*es ( e>? :i* _h be5 eject$ by worms cross$1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 a horizontal l9e "o y>d 9 l5g?2 s t #bdj cubic in*es w\ld cross a l9e #ajj y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,?is latt] am\nt 9 a damp /ate w\ld weigh #aa p\nds4 ,?us a consid]able weight ( e>? is cont9ually mov+ d[n ea* side ( e valley1 & w 9 "t rea* its b$4 ,f9ally ?is e>? w be transport$ by ! /reams fl[+ 9 ! valleys into ! ocean1 ! great receptacle = all matt] d5ud$ f ! l&4 ,x is kn[n f ! am\nt ( s$im5t annually deliv]$ into ! sea by ! ,mississippi1 t its enorm\s dra9age-area mu/ on an av]age be l[]$ 4#jjbfc ( an in* ea* ye>2 & ?is w\ld suffice 9 f\r & half million ye>s to l[] ! :ole dra9age-area to ! level ( ! sea-%ore4 ,s t1 if a small fraction ( ! lay] ( f9e e>?1 #j4b ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 :i* is annually br\ght to ! surface by worms1 is c>ri$ away1 a great result _c fail to be produc$ )9 a p]iod :i* no geologi/ consid]s extremely long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ar*ologi/s ought to be grateful to worms1 z !y protect & pres]ve = an indef9itely long p]iod e object1 n liable to decay1 :i* is dropp$ on ! surface ( ! l&1 by bury+ x b5ea? _! ca/+s4 ,?us1 also1 _m elegant & curi\s tesselat$ pavem5ts & o!r anci5t rema9s h be5 pres]v$2 ?\gh no d\bt ! worms h 9 ^! cases be5 l>gely aid$ by e>? wa%$ & bl[n f ! adjo9+ l&1 especially :5 cultivat$4 ,! old tesselat$ pavem5ts h1 h[ev]1 (t5 suff]$ by hav+ subsid$ unequally f be+ unequally und]m9$ by ! worms4 ,ev5 old massive walls may be und]m9$ & subside2 & no build+ is 9 ?is respect safe1 unless ! f\ndations lie #f or #g feet b5ea? ! surface1 at a dep? at :i* worms _c "w4 ,x is probable t _m monoli?s & "s old walls h fall5 d[n f hav+ be5 und]m9$ by worms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,worms prep>e ! gr\nd #bhd 9 an excell5t mann] = ! gr[? ( fibr\s-root$ plants & = se$l+s ( all k9ds4 ,!y p]iodically expose ! m\ld to ! air1 & sift x s t no /ones l>g] ?an ! p>ticles :i* !y c swall[ are left 9 x4 ,!y m+le ! :ole intimately toge!r1 l a g>d5] :o prep>es f9e soil = 8 *oice/ plants4 ,9 ?is /ate x is well fitt$ to reta9 moi/ure & to absorb all soluble sub/ances1 z well z = ! process ( nitrification4 ,! bones ( dead animals1 ! h>d] p>ts ( insects1 ! %ells ( l&-molluscs1 leaves1 twigs1 c41 are be=e long all buri$ b5ea? ! accumulat$ ca/+s ( worms1 & are ?us br\ght 9 a m or less decay$ /ate )9 rea* ( ! roots ( plants4 ,worms likewise drag an inf9ite numb] ( dead leaves & o!r p>ts ( plants into _! burr[s1 p>tly = ! sake ( plugg+ !m up & p>tly z food4 ,! leaves :i* are dragg$ into ! burr[s z food1 aft] be+ torn into ! f9e/ %r$s1 p>tially dige/$1 & saturat$ ) ! inte/9al & ur9>y secretions1 are comm+l$ ) mu* e>?4 ,?is e>? =ms ! d>k col\r$1 ri* humus :i* almo/ ev]y:]e cov]s ! surface ( ! l& ) a fairly well-def9$ lay] or mantle4 ,h5s5 #bhe plac$ two worms 9 a vessel #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* 0 fill$ ) s&1 on :i* fall5 leaves 7 /rew$2 & ^! 7 soon dragg$ into _! burr[s to a dep? ( #c in*es4 ,aft] ab\t #f weeks an almo/ uni=m lay] ( s&1 a c5timet] 7#j4d in*7 9 ?ickness1 0 conv]t$ into humus by hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canals ( ^! two worms4 ,x is believ$ by "s p]sons t worm-burr[s1 :i* (t5 p5etrate ! gr\nd almo/ p]p5dicul>ly to a dep? ( #e or #f feet1 mat]ially aid 9 its dra9age2 not)/&+ t ! viscid ca/+s pil$ ov] ! m\?s ( ! burr[s prev5t or *eck ! ra9-wat] directly ent]+ !m4 ,!y all[ ! air to p5etrate deeply into ! gr\nd4 ,!y also greatly facilitate ! d[nw>d passage ( roots ( mod]ate size2 & ^! w be n\ri%$ by ! humus ) :i* ! burr[s are l9$4 ,_m se$s owe _! g]m9ation to hav+ be5 cov]$ by ca/+s2 & o!rs buri$ to a consid]able dep? b5ea? accumulat$ ca/+s lie dormant1 until at "s future "t !y are accid5tally uncov]$ & g]m9ate4 ,worms are poorly provid$ ) s5se-organs1 = !y _c be said to see1 al?\gh !y c j di/+ui% betwe5 light & d>kness2 !y are completely deaf1 & h only a feeble p[] ( smell2 ! s5se ( t\* alone is well develop$4 ,!y c !re=e le>n b little ab\t ! outside _w1 & x is surpris+ t !y %\ld exhibit "s skill 9 l9+ _! burr[s ) _! ca/+s & ) leaves1 & 9 ! case ( "s species 9 pil+ up _! ca/+s into t[]-l con/ructions4 ,b x is f> m surpris+ t !y %\ld app>5tly exhibit "s degrees ( intellig5ce in/ead ( a m]e bl9d in/9ctive impulse1 9 _! mann] ( plugg+ up ! m\?s ( _! burr[s4 ,!y act 9 ne>ly ! same mann] z w\ld a man1 :o _h to close a cyl9drical tube ) diff]5t k9ds ( leaves1 petioles1 triangles ( pap]1 c41 = !y commonly seize su* objects by _! po9t$ ends4 ,b ) ?9 objects a c]ta9 numb] are drawn 9 by _! broad] ends4 ,!y d n act 9 ! same unv>y+ mann] 9 all cases1 z d mo/ ( ! l[] animals2 = in/ance1 !y d n drag 9 leaves by _! foot-/alks1 unless ! basal "p ( ! blade is z n>r[ z ! apex1 or n>r[] ?an x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we behold a wide1 turf-cov]$ expanse1 we %\ld rememb] t its smoo?ness1 on :i* s mu* ( its beauty dep5ds1 is ma9ly due to all ! inequalities hav+ be5 sl[ly levell$ by worms4 ,x is a m>vell\s reflection t ! :ole ( ! sup]ficial m\ld ov] any su* expanse has pass$1 & w aga9 pass1 e few ye>s ?r\gh ! bodies ( worms4 ,! pl\gh is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ valuable ( man's inv5tions2 b long be=e he exi/$ ! l& 0 9 fact regul>ly pl\gh$1 & /ill cont9ues to be ?us pl\gh$ by e>?-worms4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re are _m o!r animals :i* h play$ s important a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 z h ^! l[ly organiz$ creatures4 ,"s o!r animals1 h[ev]1 /ill m l[ly organiz$1 namely corals1 h done f> m conspicu\s "w 9 hav+ con/ruct$ innum]able reefs & isl&s 9 ! great oceans2 b ^! are almo/ conf9$ to ! tropical zones4 ,,footnotes4 #b #8,leons de ,gologie ,pratique1' tom4 i4 #ahde1 p4 #adj4 #c #8,transactions ,geolog4 ,soc4' vol4 v4 p4 #eje4 ,read ,novemb] #a1 #ahcg4 #d;a #8,hi/oire des progrs de la ,gologie1' tom4 i4 #ahdg1 p4 #bbd4 #d;b #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aft4 ,zoologie1' ,b4 xxviii4 #ahgg1 p4 #cfa4 #e #8,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1' ,april #ag1 #ahfi1 p4 #dah4 #f ,mr4 ,d>w9's att5tion 0 call$ by ,pr(essor ,h5s5 to ,p4 ,e4 ,mll]'s "w on ,humus 9 #8,tidsskrift = ,skovbrug1' ,b& iii4 ,heft #a & #b1 ,cop5hag51 #ahgh4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 no opportunity ( consult+ ,mll]'s "w4 ,dr4 ,mll] publi%$ a second pap] 9 #ahhd 9 ! same p]iodical--a ,dani% j\rnal ( =e/ry4 ,8 results h also be5 publi%$ 9 ,g]man1 9 a volume entitl$ #8,/udi5 b] die natrli*5 ,humus=m51 unt] d]5 ,e9wirkung auf ,vegetation und ,bod51' #hvo41 ,b]l91 #ahhg4 #h;a #8,bidrag till ,sk&9avi5s ,oligo*tfauna1' #ahga4 #h;b #8,die bis jetzt bekannt5 ,art5 aus d] ,familie d] ,reg5wrm]1' #ahde4 #i;b ,!re is ev5 "s reason to believe t pressure is actually fav\rable to ! gr[? ( grasses1 = ,pr(essor ,buckman1 :o made _m obs]vations on _! gr[? 9 ! exp]im5tal g>d5s ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college1 rem>ks 7#8,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #fai73 8,ano!r circum/ance 9 ! cultivation ( grasses 9 ! sep>ate =m or small pat*es1 is ! impossibility ( roll+ or tread+ !m firmly1 )\t :i* no pa/ure c cont9ue good40 #aa ,i %all h occasion (t5 to ref] to ,m4 ,p]ri]'s admirable memoir1 #8,organisation des ,lombrici5s t]re/res' 9 #8,ar*ives de ,zoolog4 expr4' tom4 iii4 #ahgd1 p4 #cgb4 ,c4 ,f4 ,morr5 7#8,de ,lumbrici t]re/ris ,hi/4 ,nat4' #ahbi1 p4 #ad7 f\nd t worms endur$ imm]sion = fifte5 to tw5ty days 9 summ]1 b t 9 w9t] !y di$ :5 ?us treat$4 #ab ,morr51 #8,de ,lumbrici t]re/ris ,hi/4 ,nat4' c41 #ahbi1 p4 #fg4 #ad #8,de ,lumbrici t]re/ris ,hi/4 ,nat4' c41 p4 #ad4 #ag ,hi/olog4 ,unt]su*ung5 b] die ,reg5wrm]4 #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aft4 ,zoologie1' ,b4 xix41 #ahfi1 p4 #faa4 #ah;a ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,bridgman & ,mr4 ,newman 7#8,! ,zoologi/1' vol4 vii4 #ahdi1 p4 #begf71 & "s fri5ds :o obs]v$ worms = me4 #ah;b #8,familie d] ,reg5wrm]1' #ahde1 p4 #ah4 #ca #8,! ,zoologi/1' vol4 vii4 #ahdi1 p4 #begf4 #cb #8,familie d] ,reg5wrm]1' p4 #ac4 ,dr4 ,/urtevant /ates 9 ! #8,new ,york ,weekly ,tribune' 7,may #ai1 #ahhj7 t he kept ?ree worms 9 a pot1 :i* 0 all[$ to become extremely dry2 & ^! worms 7 f\nd 8all entw9$ toge!r1 =m+ a r\nd mass & 9 good condition40 #cc #8,de ,lumbrici t]re/ris ,hi/4 ,nat4' p4 #ai4 #cd #8,ar*ives de ,zoologie exprim5tale1' tom4 vii4 #ahgh1 p4 #cid4 ,:5 ,i wrote ! above passage1 ,i 0 n aw>e t ,kruk5b]g 7#8,unt]su*ung5 a4 d4 physiol4 ,in/4 d4 ,univ4 ,heidelb]g1' ,bd4 ii4 p4 #cg1 #ahgg7 _h previ\sly inve/igat$ ! dige/ive juice ( ,lumbricus4 ,he /ates t x conta9s a peptic1 & dia/atic1 z well z a tryptic f]m5t4 #ce;a ,on ! action ( ! pancreatic f]m5t1 see #8,a ,text-,book ( ,physiology1' by ,mi*ael ,fo/]1 #bnd edit4 pp4 #aih-bjc4 #ahgh4 #ce;b ,s*mulewits*1 #8,action des ,sucs dige/ifs sur la ,cellulose4' ,bull4 de l',acad4 ,imp4 de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 tom4 xxv4 p4 #edi4 #ahgi4 #dj ,clap>de d\bts :e!r saliva is secret$ by worms3 see #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aft4 ,zoologie1' ,b4 xix4 #ahfi1 p4 #fja4 #da;a ,p]ri]1 #8,ar*ives de ,zoolog4 expr4' ,july1 #ahgd1 pp4 #daf1 #dai4 #da;b #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aft4 ,zoologie1' ,b4 xix1 #ahfi1 pp4 #fjc-fjf4 #df ,de ,vries1 #8,l&wir?4 ,jahrb*]1' #ahha1 p4 #gg4 #di ,m4 ,fo/]1 #8,a ,text-,book ( ,physiology1' #bnd edit4 #ahgh1 p4 #bdc4 #ej ,m4 ,fo/]1 ut sup4 p4 #bjj4 #ec ,clap>de rem>ks 7#8,zeits*rift fr wisseus*aft4 ,zoolog4' ,b4 #ai1 #ahfi1 p4 #fjb7 t ! ph>ynx appe>s f its /ructure to be adapt$ = suction4 #eh ,an acc\nt ( h] obs]vations is giv5 9 ! #8,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1' ,m>* #bh?1 #ahfh1 p4 #cbd4 #ei;a ,london's #8,g>d4 ,mag4' xvii4 p4 #baf1 z quot$ 9 ! #8,catalogue ( ! ,briti% ,museum ,worms1' #ahfe1 p4 #cbg4 #ei;b #8,familie d] ,reg5wrm]1' p4 #ai4 #gi ,9 ^! n>r[ triangles ! apical angle is #i #cd1 & ! basal angles #he #ac4 ,9 ! broad] triangles ! apical angle is #ai #aj & ! basal angles #hj #be4 #hi;a ,see 8 int]e/+ "w1 #8,s\v5irs entomologiques1' #ahgi1 pp4 #afh-agg4 #hi;b ,mbius1 #8,die ,bewegung5 d] ,?i]e1' c41 #ahgc1 p4 #aaa4 #ij #8,annals & ,mag4 ( ,n4 ,hi/ory1' s]ies ii4 vol4 ix4 #aheb1 p4 #ccc4 #ic #8,ar*ives de ,zoolog4 expr4' tom4 iii4 #ahgd1 p4 #dje4 #ig ,i /ate ?is on ! au?ority ( ,semp]1 #8,reis5 im ,ar*ipel d] ,philipp951' ,?4 ii4 #ahgg1 p4 #cj4 #aja ,dr4 ,k+ gave me "s worms collect$ ne> ,nice1 :i*1 z he believes1 _h con/ruct$ ^! ca/+s4 ,!y 7 s5t to ,m4 ,p]ri]1 :o ) great k9dness exam9$ & nam$ !m = me3 !y consi/$ ( ,p]i*ta aff9is1 a native ( ,co*9 ,*9a & ( ! ,philipp9es2 ,p4 ,luzonica1 a native ( ,luzon 9 ! ,philipp9es2 & ,p4 ,h\lleti1 :i* lives ne> ,calcutta4 ,m4 ,p]ri] in=ms me t species ( ,p]i*ta h be5 naturaliz$ 9 ! g>d5s ne> ,montpelli] & 9 ,algi]s4 ,be=e ,i _h any reason to suspect t ! t[]-l ca/+s f ,nice _h be5 =m$ by worms n endemic 9 ! c\ntry1 ,i 0 greatly surpris$ to see h[ closely !y resembl$ ca/+s s5t to me f ne> ,calcutta1 :]e x is kn[n t species ( ,p]i*ta ab\nd4 #ajb #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aft4 ,zoolog4' ,b4 xxviii4 #ahgg1 p4 #cfd4 #ajh #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aft4 ,zoolog4' ,b4 xxviii4 #ahgg1 p4 #cef4 #aac ,p]ri]1 #8,ar*ives de ,zoolog4 expr4' tom4 #c1 p4 #cgh1 #ahgd4 #abf ,?is case is giv5 9 a po/script to my pap] 9 ! #8,transact4 ,geolog4 ,soc4' 7,vol4 v4 p4 #eje71 & conta9s a s]i\s error1 z 9 ! acc\nt receiv$ ,i mi/ook ! figure #cj = #hj4 ,! t5ant1 moreov]1 =m]ly said t he _h m>l$ ! field ?irty ye>s be=e1 b 0 n[ positive t ?is 0 done 9 #ahji1 t is tw5ty-eight ye>s be=e ! fir/ exam9ation ( ! field by my fri5d4 ,! error1 z f> z ! figure #hj is conc]n$1 0 correct$ 9 an article by me1 9 ! #8,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #bah4 #abh ,^! pits or pipes are /ill 9 process ( =mation4 ,dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s ,i h se5 or he>d ( five cases1 9 :i* a circul> space1 sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 sudd5ly fell 91 leav+ on ! field an op5 hole ) p]p5dicul> sides1 "s feet 9 dep?4 ,?is occurr$ 9 "o ( my own fields1 :il/ x 0 be+ roll$1 & ! h9d] qu>t]s ( ! %aft horse fell 92 two or ?ree c>t-loads ( rubbi% 7 requir$ to fill up ! hole4 ,! subsid5ce occurr$ :]e !re 0 a broad depression1 z if ! surface _h fall5 9 at sev]al =m] p]iods4 ,i he>d ( a hole :i* mu/ h be5 sudd5ly =m$ at ! bottom ( a small %all[ pool1 :]e %eep _h be5 wa%$ dur+ _m ye>s1 & into :i* a man ?us occupi$ fell to 8 great t]ror4 ,! ra9-wat] ov] ?is :ole di/rict s9ks p]p5dicul>ly into ! gr\nd1 b ! *alk is m por\s 9 c]ta9 places ?an 9 o!rs4 ,?us ! dra9age f ! ov]ly+ clay is direct$ to c]ta9 po9ts1 :]e a great] am\nt ( calc>e\s matt] is dissolv$ ?an else:]e4 ,ev5 n>r[ op5 *annels are sometimes =m$ 9 ! solid *alk4 ,z ! *alk is sl[ly dissolv$ ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 b m 9 "s p>ts ?an 9 o!rs1 ! undissolv$ residue--t is ! ov]ly+ mass ( r$ clay ) fl9ts1--likewise s9ks sl[ly d[n1 & t5ds to fill up ! pipes or cavities4 ,b ! upp] "p ( ! r$ clay holds toge!r1 aid$ probably by ! roots ( plants1 = a long] "t ?an ! l[] p>ts1 & ?us =ms a ro(1 :i* soon] or lat] falls 91 z 9 ! above m5tion$ five cases4 ,! d[nw>d movem5t ( ! clay may be comp>$ ) t ( a glaci]1 b is incomp>ably sl[]2 & ?is movem5t acc\nts = a s+ul> fact1 namely1 t ! mu* elongat$ fl9ts :i* are emb$d$ 9 ! *alk 9 a ne>ly horizontal position1 are commonly f\nd /&+ ne>ly or q upright 9 ! r$ clay4 ,?is fact is s common t ! workm5 assur$ me t ?is 0 _! natural position4 ,i r\ghly measur$ "o :i* /ood v]tically1 & x 0 ( ! same l5g? & ( ! same relative ?ickness z "o ( my arms4 ,^! elongat$ fl9ts mu/ get plac$ 9 _! upright position1 on ! same pr9ciple t a trunk ( a tree left on a glaci] assumes a position p>allel to ! l9e ( motion4 ,! fl9ts 9 ! clay :i* =m almo/ half its bulk1 are v (t5 brok51 ?\gh n roll$ or abrad$2 & ?is may be acc\nt$ = by _! mutual pressure1 :il/ ! :ole mass is subsid+4 ,i may add t ! *alk "h appe>s to h be5 orig9ally cov]$ 9 p>ts by a ?9 b$ ( f9e s& ) "s p]fectly r\nd$ fl9t pebbles1 probably ( ,t]ti>y age2 = su* s& (t5 p>tly fills up ! deep] pits or cavities 9 ! *alk4 #aca ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 #8,h[ ,crops ,fe$1' #ahgj1 p4 #aci4 #acf;a #8,nature1' ,novemb] #ahgg1 p4 #bh4 #acf;b #8,proc4 ,phil4 ,soc4' ( ,man*e/]1 #ahgg1 p4 #bdg4 #ach;a #8,trans4 ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,in/itute1' vol4 xii41 #ahhj1 p4 #aeb4 #ach;b ,mr4 ,l9dsay ,c>nagie1 9 a lett] 7,june #ahch7 to ,sir ,c4 ,lyell1 rem>ks t ,scot* f>m]s are afraid ( putt+ lime on pl\gh$ l& until j be=e x is laid d[n = pa/ure1 f a belief t x has "s t5d5cy to s9k4 ,he adds3 8,"s ye>s s9ce1 9 autumn1 ,i laid lime on an oat-/ubble & pl\gh$ x d[n2 ?us br++ x into imm$iate contact ) ! dead vegetable matt]1 & secur+ its ?or\gh mixture ?r\gh ! means ( all ! subsequ5t op]ations ( fall[4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! above prejudice1 ,i 0 consid]$ to h committ$ a great fault2 b ! result 0 em95tly successful1 & ! practice 0 p>tially foll[$4 ,by means ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's obs]vations1 ,i ?9k ! prejudice w be remov$40 #aci ,?is conclusion1 :i*1 z we %all imm$iately see1 is fully ju/ifi$1 is ( "s little importance1 z ! s-call$ b5*-/ones1 :i* surveyors fix 9 ! gr\nd z a record ( _! levels1 may 9 "t become false /&>ds4 ,my son ,horace int5ds at "s future p]iod to asc]ta9 h[ f> ?is has occurr$4 #adg ,mr4 ,r4 ,mallet rem>ks 7#8,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,geolog4 ,soc4' vol4 xxxiii41 #ahgg1 p4 #gde7 t 8! ext5t to :i* ! gr\nd b5ea? ! f\ndations ( pond]\s ar*itectural /ructures1 su* z ca!dral t[]s1 has be5 kn[n to become compress$1 is z rem>kable z x is in/ructive & curi\s4 ,! am\nt ( depression 9 "s cases may be measur$ by feet40 ,he in/ances ! ,t[] ( ,pisa1 b adds t x 0 f\nd$ on 8d5se clay40 #adh #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*4 ,zoolog4' ,bd4 xxviii41 #ahgg1 p4 #cfj4 #adi ,see ,mr4 ,danc]'s pap] 9 #8,proc4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ( ,man*e/]1' #ahgg1 p4 #bdh4 #aff;a #8,leons de ,gologie pratique1' #ahde1 p4 #adb4 #aff;b ,a %ort acc\nt ( ?is discov]y 0 publi%$ 9 #8,! ,times' ( ,janu>y #b1 #ahgh2 & a full] acc\nt 9 #8,! ,build]1' ,janu>y #e1 #ahgh4 #ahc ,sev]al acc\nts ( ^! ru9s h be5 publi%$2 ! be/ is by ,mr4 ,james ,f>r] 9 #8,proc4 ,soc4 ( ,antiqu>ies ( ,scotl&1' vol4 vi41 ,"p ,,ii41 #ahfg1 p4 #bgh4 ,also ,j4 ,w4 ,grov]1 #8,j\rnal ( ! ,briti% ,ar*4 ,assoc4' ,june #ahff4 ,pr(essor ,buckman has likewise publi%$ a pamphlet1 #8,notes on ! ,roman ,villa at ,*$wor?1' #bnd edit4 #ahgc ,cir5ce/]4 #ahg ,^! details are tak5 f ! #8,p5ny ,cyclopdia1' article ,hamp%ire4 #baj 8,on ! d5udation ( ,s\? ,wales10 c41 #8,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita91' vol4 #a41 p4 #big1 #ahdf4 #baa #8,geological ,magaz9e1' ,octob] & ,novemb]1 #ahfg1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ddg & #dhc4 ,copi\s ref]5ces on ! subject are giv5 9 ?is rem>kable memoir4 #bab ,a4 ,tylor 8,on *anges ( ! sea-level10 c41 #8 ,philosophical ,mag4' 7,s]4 #d?7 vol4 v41 #ahec1 p4 #beh4 ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 ,transactions ,geolog4 ,soc4 ( ,glasg[1 vol4 iii41 p4 #aec 7read ,m>*1 #ahfh74 ,croll 8,on ,geological ,"t10 #8,philosophical ,mag41' ,may1 ,augu/1 & ,novemb]1 #ahfh4 ,see also ,croll1 #8,climate & ,"t1' #ahge1 ,*ap4 ,,xx4 ,= "s rec5t in=mation on ! am\nt ( s$im5t br\ght d[n by riv]s1 see #8,nature1' ,sept4 #bcrd1 #ahhj4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,mell>d ,reade has publi%$ "s int]e/+ articles on ! a/oni%+ am\nt ( matt] br\ght d[n 9 solution by riv]s4 ,see ,address1 ,geolog4 ,soc41 ,liv]pool1 #ahgf-gg4 #bac 8,an acc\nt ( ! f9e du/ :i* (t5 falls on ,vessels 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean10 ,proc4 ,geolog4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 ,june #d?1 #ahde4 #bae ,= ,la ,plata1 see my #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' dur+ ! voyage ( ! ,beagle1 #ahde1 p4 #acc4 lie de ,beaumont has giv5 7#8,leons de ,golog4 pratique1' tom4 ,i4 #ahde1 p4 #ahc7 an excell5t acc\nt ( ! enorm\s quantity ( du/ :i* is transport$ 9 "s c\ntries4 ,i _c b ?9k t ,mr4 ,proctor has some:at exagg]at$ 7#8,pleasant ,ways 9 ,sci5ce1' #ahgi1 p4 #cgi7 ! ag5cy ( du/ 9 a humid c\ntry l ,great ,brita94 ,james ,geikie has giv5 7#8,prehi/oric ,europe1' #ahhj1 p4 #afe7 a full ab/ract ( ,ri*?(5's views1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he disputes4 #bag;a ,^! /atem5ts are tak5 f ,h5s5 9 #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aft4 ,zoologie4' ,bd4 xxviii41 #ahgg1 p4 #cfj4 ,^? ) respect to peat are tak5 f ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,juli5 9 #8,proc4 ,am]ican ,assoc4 ,sci5ce1' #ahgi1 p4 #ced4 #bag;b ,i h giv5 "s facts on ! climate necess>y or fav\rable = ! =mation ( peat1 9 my #8,j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' #ahde1 p4 #bhg4 #bbj ,a4 ,a4 ,juli5 8,on ! ,geological action ( ! ,humus-acids10 #8,proc4 ,am]ican ,assoc4 ,sci5ce1' vol4 xxviii41 #ahgi1 p4 #caa4 ,also on 8,*emical erosion on ,m\nta9 ,summits20 #8,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces1' ,oct4 #ad1 #ahgh1 z quot$ 9 ! #8,am]ican ,naturali/4' ,see also1 on ?is subject1 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 #8,h[ ,crops ,fe$1' #ahgj1 p4 #ach4 #bbb ,see1 = ref]5ces on ?is subject1 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 #8,h[ ,crops ,fe$1' #ahgj1 p4 #cbf4 #bbc ,?is /atem5t is tak5 f ,mr4 ,juli51 #8,proc4 ,am]ican ,assoc4 ,sci5ce1' vol4 xxviii41 #ahgi1 p4 #ccj4 #bbd;a ,! pres]vative p[] ( a lay] ( m\ld & turf is (t5 %[n by ! p]fect /ate ( ! glacial scrat*es on rocks :5 fir/ uncov]$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,geikie ma9ta9s1 9 8 la/ v int]e/+ "w 7#8,prehi/oric ,europe1' #ahha71 t ! m p]fect scrat*es are probably due to ! la/ access ( cold & increase ( ice1 dur+ ! long-cont9u$1 int]mitt5t glacial p]iod4 #bbd;b ,_m geologi/s h felt mu* surprise at ! complete disappe>ance ( fl9ts ov] wide & ne>ly level areas1 f :i* ! *alk has be5 remov$ by suba]ial d5udation4 ,b ! surface ( e fl9t is coat$ by an opaque modifi$ lay]1 :i* w j yield to a /eel po9t1 :il/ ! fre%ly fractur$1 transluc5t surface w n ?us yield4 ,! removal by atmosph]ic ag5cies ( ! out] modifi$ surfaces ( freely expos$ fl9ts1 ?\gh no d\bt excessively sl[1 toge!r ) ! modification travell+ inw>ds1 w1 z may be suspect$1 ultimately lead to _! complete dis9tegration1 not)/&+ t !y appe> to be s extremely durable4 #bbe;a #8,ar*ives de ,zoolog4 expr4' tom4 iii4 #ahgd1 p4 #dji4 #bbe;b #8,n\velles ,ar*ives du ,musum1' tom4 viii4 #ahgb1 pp4 #ie1 #aca4 #bbf ,morr51 9 speak+ ( ! e>? 9 ! alim5t>y canals ( worms1 says1 8prsep cum lapillis commixtam vidi30 #8,de ,lumbrici t]re/ris ,hi/4 ,nat4' c41 #ahbi1 p4 #af4 #bbg ,p]ri]1 #8,ar*ives de ,zoolog4 expr4' tom4 iii4 #ahgd1 p4 #dai4 #bbh;a ,morr51 #8,de ,lumbrici t]re/ris ,hi/4 ,nat4' c41 p4 #af4 #bbh;b #8,ar*ives de ,zoolog4 expr4' tom4 iii4 #ahgd1 p4 #dah4 #bcd ,?is conclusion rem9ds me ( ! va/ am\nt ( extremely f9e *alky mud :i* is f\nd )9 ! lagoons ( _m atolls1 :]e ! sea is tranquil & waves _c triturate ! blocks ( coral4 ,?is mud mu/1 z ,i believe 7#8,! ,/ructure & ,di/ribution ( ,coral-,reefs1' #bnd edit4 #ahgd1 p4 #ai71 be attribut$ to ! innum]able annelids & o!r animals :i* burr[ into ! dead coral1 & to ! fi%es1 ,holo?urians1 c41 :i* br[se on ! liv+ corals4 #bcf ,anniv]s>y ,address3 #8,! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,soc4' ,may #ahhj1 p4 #ei4 #bdd ,mr4 ,james ,wallace has po9t$ out t x is necess>y to take into consid]ation ! possibility ( burr[s be+ made at "r angles to ! surface in/ead ( v]tically d[n1 9 :i* case ! lat]al displacem5t ( ! soil w\ld be increas$4 #bei #8,elem5ts ( ,geology1' #ahfe1 p4 #bj4 #bfe #8,leons de ,gologie pratique1 #ahde2 c9quime ,leon4 ,all lie de ,beaumont's argum5ts are admirably controv]t$ by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,geikie 9 8 essay 9 ,transact4 ,geolog4 ,soc4 ( ,glasg[1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aec1 #ahfh4 #bff #8,illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1' p4 #ajg4 #bfi ,mr4 ,e4 ,tylor 9 8 ,presid5tial address 7#8,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1' ,may #ahhj1 p4 #dea7 rem>ks3 8,x appe>s f sev]al pap]s ( ! ,b]l9 ,society z to ! ,g]man #8high-fields' or #8hea!n-fields' 7,ho*ck]1 & ,heid5ck]7 t !y correspond mu* 9 _! situation on hills & wa/es ) ! #8elf-furr[s' ( ,scotl&1 :i* popul> my?ology acc\nts = by ! /ory ( ! fields hav+ be5 put "u a ,papal int]dict1 s t p took to cultivat+ ! hills4 ,!re seems reason to suppose t1 l ! till$ plots 9 ! ,sw$i% =e/ :i* tradition ascribes to ! old #8hack]s1' ! ,g]man hea!n-fields repres5t tillage by an anci5t & b>b>ic population40 #bhd ,:ite ( ,selborne has "s good rem>ks on ! s]vice p]=m$ by worms 9 loos5+1 c41 ! soil4 ,edit1 by ,l4 ,j5yns1 #ahdc1 p4 #bha4 #bhe #8,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aft4 ,zoolog4' ,b4 xxviii4 #ahgg1 p4 #cfj4