,transcrib]'s note3 ,!re is no au?or cit$ on ! book's title page2 h[ev]1 ! book's sp9e %[s ,a ,field ,(fic] ,page numb]s 9 ?is book are indicat$ by numb]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,!y h be5 locat$ :]e page breaks occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,= its ,index1 a page numb] has be5 plac$ only at ! />t ( t section4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ sequ5tially & mov$ to ! end ( _! respective *apt]s4 ,! book's ,index has a numb] ( ref]5ces to footnotes1 e4g4 ! 7note7 entry "u ,bo] ,w>4 ,9 su* cases1 *eck ! ref]5c$ page to see :i* footnote7s7 are relevant4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,l& ,,w>f>e ,a ,,tactical ,,manual ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,infantry ,,(fic]s ,an exam9ation ( ! ,pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! ,art ( ,w>f>e1 ) illu/rations ( ! ,pr9ciples by examples tak5 f ,milit>y ,hi/ory1 f ! ,battle ( ,!rmopylae ,b4,c4 #dhj1 to ! ,battle ( ! ,sambre ,novemb] #a-aa1 #aiah ,london ,william ,cl[es & ,sons1 ,ltd4 #id ,j]myn ,/reet1 ,s4,w4#a #aibb ,fir/ pr9t$ ,m>*1 #aibb vii ,,preface ,! ,lectures 9 ?is volume are bas$ ^u ! (ficial ,text-books issu$ by ! ,imp]ial ,g5]al ,/aff & ^u ! works ( recognis$ au?orities on ! ,art ( ,w>f>e4 ,! aim ( ! ,au?or is to exam9e ! ,pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! ,art ( ,w>f>e1 & to provide illu/rations f ,milit>y ,hi/ory ( ! successes :i* h att5d$ k & intellig5t application ( ,text-book ,pr9ciples1 & ( ! disa/]s :i* h accompani$ ignorance or neglect ( ! tea*+ provid$ by ! ,text-books4 ,! dry bones ( ! (ficial publications are clo!d ) mat]ials :i* may be supplem5t$ at w by ! /ud5t ( ,milit>y ,hi/ory1 & ! ,lectures may ?us1 x is hop$1 be ( assi/ance to ,infantry ,(fic]s1 ei!r 9 ! c\rse ( _! own /udies1 or z a conv5i5t gr\ndwork ^u :i* ! in/ruction ( o!rs may be bas$4 ,! scope ( ! "w may be ga!r$ f ! ,table ( ,cont5ts & f ! ,index1 & x w be se5 t ! g5]al ,pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ,art ( ,w>f>e are includ$ 9 ! s*eme1 :ile advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! revision ( ! (ficial ,text-books to incorporate 9 ! ,lectures ! lessons ga9$ f ! exp]i5ce ( lead]s 9 ! ,great ,w>4 ,upw>ds ( #bcj citations are made ( ,battle incid5ts1 &1 z an example ( ! ,au?or's me?ods1 att5tion may p]haps be direct$ to ! re9=cem5t ( ! ,text-book ,pr9ciple ( co-op]ation & mutual support by ! citation ( an in/ance1 on ! gr& viii scale1 by ,army ,corps 7dur+ ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne71 & on ! m9or scale1 by tanks1 bomb]s1 aircraft1 & riflem5 7dur+ ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme72 to ! successful application ( e/abli%$ ,pr9ciples by ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ,comm&] at ,na*od1 & to ! neglect ( ^? ,pr9ciples by ,jeb ,/u>t at ,evel+ton ,heights1 & by ! ,prussian ,advanc$ ,gu>d ,comm&]s 9 #ahgj2 & to ! value ( ,musketry ,tra9+ by in/anc+ ! successes a*iev$ at ! ,heights ( ,abraham1 at ,bunk] ,hill1 ,corua1 & at ,fr$]icksburg1 :i* 7 repeat$ dur+ ! ,retreat f ,mons & at ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme4 ,:ile e ef=t has be5 made to a*ieve accuracy 9 citation1 & to avoid ambiguity or error 9 ! enunciation ( ,pr9ciples1 ! ,au?or w be v grateful if 8 read]s w notify to him 7at ! address ( ! ,publi%]s7 any inaccuracies or omissions :i* may come "u _! notice4 ,,london1 ,m>*1 #aibb4 ix ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,pages ,,*ronological ,,li/ ,,( ,,battles ,,cit$ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 xv-xvii ,,publications ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,! ,,lectures 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 xix ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,w>f>e 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #a-e ,pr9ciples ( ,w>--,popul> fallacies--,au?orities quot$ 9 support ( ,fix$ ,pr9ciples 7,g54 ,b4 ,taylor1 ,c4 ,s4 ,army2 ,m>%al ,fo*2 ,m>%al ,haig7--,necessity = ,/udy 7,g54 ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley2 ,m>%al ,fr5*2 ,m>%al ,fo*2 ,napoleon7--,common ,s5se 7,abraham ,l9coln & ,jeff]son ,davis2 ,g5]al ,grant7--,high] ,ranks ,fallacy 7,col4 ,h5d]son2 ,g54 ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley7--,necessity = ,/udy prov$ 7,col4 ,h5d]son74 ,,/rategy ,,& ,,tactics 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #f-bc ,def9itions--,!atre ( ,op]ations ! ,k+dom ( ,/rategy2 ,field ( ,battle ! ,prov9ce ( ,tactics--,tactics subs]vi5t to ,/rategy 7,"l ,rob]ts's ,advance2 ,fir/ ,battle ( ,somme2 ,fir/ ,battle ( ,cambrai2 ,g54 ,lew ,wallace at ! ,monocacy2 ,m>%al ,gr\*y at ,wavre7--,moral--,idiosyncracies ( lead]s 7,napoleon at ,au/]litz2 ,well+ton at ,sauror52 ,lee & ,jackson v]sus ,abraham ,l9coln7--,national ,moral 7,fo*1 quot$7--,discipl9e & ,mobility 7,battle ( ,ha/+s7--,m>*+ ,p[] 7,/onewall ,jackson7--,"t--,wea!r--,heal?--,human ,nature 7,fabius & ,roman p2 ,mc,clellan & 8 ,gov]nm5t2 ,?omas at ,na%ville2 ,rob]ts 9 ,s\? ,africa7--,! ,_s ( ,france 7,n\s sommes trahis ( #ahgj & *e]s ( ! poilus 9 #aiag7--;,great ,brita9--,am]ica--,"l ,rob]ts's previ\s w>n+ 7,g]many /rikes :5 ,g]many's h\r has /ruck7--,col4 ,h5d]son on moral ( ,briti% & ,am]ican troops--,! ,contemptible ,little ,army--,! ,new ,armies 7,tribute f ,m>%al ,haig endors$ by ,m>%al ,fo*7--,*anges 9 ,me?ods ( ,w>f>e--,value ( (ficial ,text-books4 ,,! ,,battle 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #bd-cb ,! ,battle is ! only argum5t ( ,w>--,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,battle 7,issue unc]ta92 ,human factor2 ,value ( ,res]ves2 ,sup]iority at po9t ( ,attack7--,lee's p>tial attacks at ,malv]n ,hill ( no avail--,phases ( ! ,battle--,in=mation & ! ,initiative 7,salamanca2 ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne2 ,battle ( ,bacc>at7--,developm5t ( ! ,battle 7,surprise2 ,l a bolt f ! blue z at ,*ancellorsville or ,fir/ ,battle ( ,cambrai2 ,m>%al ,fo* on value ( ,surprise7--,! ,decisive ,bl[--,arbela4 x ,,h[ ,,battles ,,are ,,influ5c$ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #cc-dd ,comm&]'s influ5ce by 8 ,ord]s & by 8 employm5t ( ,res]ves--,subord9ates mu/ br+ to fruit ! s*eme ( ! high] comm&--,! fog ( battle--,in=mation--,co-op]ation 7on gr& scale at ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne2 on m9or scale at ,gneudec\rt7--,fire ,tactics--,value ( )hold+ fire 7,heights ( ,abraham2 ,bunk] ,hill2 ,fr$]icksburg2 ,retreat f ,mons7--,enfilade & ,rev]se ,fire 7,! ,bluff 9 ,ypres ,sali5t7--,movem5t--,advanc+ "u ,fire--,)draw+ "u ,fire 9 ,delay+ ,action--,hold+ on 7,untimely surr5d] at ,soissons2 ,/ubborn def5ce at ,fir/ & ,second ,battles ( ,ypres2 ,trnes ,wood2 ,b\rlon ,village2 ,polygon ,wood2 ,giv5*y7--,cov]+ ,fire--,fire & ,movem5t insep>ably associat$4 ,,types ,,( ,,battle ,,action 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #de-ej ,?ree di/9ct sy/ems--,! ,def5sive ,battle seldom effects positive results 7,gettysburg2 ,fr$]icksburg7--,! ,(f5sive ,battle 7,m>lbor\gh2 ,fr$]ick ! ,great2 ,napoleon2 ,well+ton2 ,grant2 ,franco-,prussian ,w>2 ,battle ( ,bl5heim describ$7--,! ,def5sive-,(f5sive ,battle 7,m>5go2 ,au/]litz2 ,dresd52 ,vittoria2 ,or!z2 ,t\l\se2 ,wat]loo2 ,f9al ,battles ( ! ,great ,w>2 ,battle ( ,wat]loo describ$7--,opportunities = re/or+ ! battle 7,antietam7--,*ancellorsville a great ,def5sive-,(f5sive ,battle--,pass+ f ! gu>d to ! ?ru/ 7,second ,battle ( ! ,m>ne74 ,,! ,,attack 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ea-fi ,culm9at+ po9t ( all manoeuvres--,quick decision requir$ or ,position ,w>f>e w sup]v5e--,second ,battle ( ! ,somme--,me?ods ( ,attack--,two plans--,decisive bl[ on pre-det]m9$ spot or 9 direction asc]ta9$ by fight+--,/r5g? ( ! ,attack--,disposition ( ! ,troops--,=w>d ,body1 ,supports & ,local ,res]ves--,g5]al ,res]ve--,! ,comm&]'s ,plans--,! ,position ( ,assembly 7,banks's s+le column defeat$ by ,=re/ 9 ,r$ ,riv] ,valley7--,! ,attack+ ,=ce 7,/4 ,privat2 ,plevna7--,! ,decisive ,attack--,advantages & ,disadvantages ( ,frontal & ,flank ,attacks--,decisive ,attack mu/ be foll[$ up 7,gettysburg2 ,*attanooga7--,detail+ ! ,units--,artill]y 9 ,attack 7,v]neville2 ,col5so2 mobility & protection ( mod]n ,artill]y7--,cavalry 9 ,attack 7,appomattox & ,pa>deb]g2 ,ramadie2 ,bagdadieh2 ,ga9es's ,mill2 ,gettysburg2 ,fir/ ,battle ( ,cambrai2 ,battle ( ,ami5s2 ,second ,battle ( ,le ,cateau2 ,ar*angel ,front2 ,battle ( ! ,sambre7--,royal ,eng9e]s--,m$ical ,arrangem5ts--,supply--,comm&]'s ,position--,battle ,reports--,reorganisation & ,pursuit 7,success mu/ be foll[$ up until ! enemy's p[] is ru9$47 ,,=mation ,,( ,,infantry ,,= ,,! ,,attack 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gj-ge ,! ,platoon 7,squ>e & ,diamond ,=mations2 ,gr\nd ,sc\ts2 ,flank ,sc\ts2 ,beh9d a ,b>rage7--,! ,platoon ,comm&] 7,appreciat+ ! situation7--,! ,company--,! ,company ,comm&]--,! ,battalion--,! ,battalion ,comm&] 7,p]sonal examples2 ,mon*y le ,preux2 ,battle ( ,cambrai2 ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme74 xi ,,def5sive ,,action 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #gf-ig ,c\nt]-attack ! s\l ( ,def5ce--,reasons = adopt+ def5sive attitude 7,*ancellorsville7--,def5sive-,(f5sive ,battles 7,m>5go1 ,au/]litz1 & ,wat]loo7--,obligatory ,def5sive--7,na*od2 ,!rmopylae2 ,horatius ,codes2 ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme2 ,rorke's ,drift2 ,le ,quesnoy7--,volunt>y occupation = future use 7,salamanca2 ,soissons2 ,hal & ,tubize7--,delay+ ,action--,! ,(f5sive ,_s--,def5ce 9 ,mod]n ,w>f>e--,inv5tions h /r5g!n$ ! ,def5ce 7,quotations f ,m>%als ,fo* & ,fr5* & f ,f4 ,s4 ,r47--,position ,w>f>e & its *>act]i/ics--,entr5*m5ts 7,torres ,v$ras7--,def5sive ,sy/ems--,*oos+ a position 7,framework ( artill]y & ma*9e guns fill$ 9 ) def5sive po/s mann$ by ,infantry7--,! ,outpo/ ,zone--,! ,battle ,position--,! ,semi-,p]man5t ,sy/em--,pill-boxes & ,concrete ,=ts--,common *>act]i/ics ( ,def5sive ,action--,! ,active ,def5ce--,position mu/ suit plans--,mu/ n be too ext5sive or too n>r[ 7,cond-,mons-,b9*e ,l9e2 ,retreat f ,mons2 ,ypres7--,field ( ,fire--,flanks--,cov]--,artill]y positions--,dep?--,lat]al ,communications--,l9es ( ,)drawal--,*anges ( ,base 7,retreat f ,mons2 ,sev5 ,days' ,battle2 ,campaign 9 ! ,wild]ness7--,lur+ victori\s enemy away f battlefield 7,gr\*y at ,wavre7--,l9e = ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack 7,ramillies2 ,belgians beh9d ,riv] ,gette7--,divid+ ! ,troops--,troops to hold ! ,position--,rle ( ,local ,res]ves 7,talav]a2 ,fr$]icksburg7--,g5]al ,res]ve = ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack 7,spottsylvania7--,artill]y positions--,division into ,sectors--,position ( ,g5]al ,res]ve 7,second ,battle ( ! ,somme7--,position & ,action ( ! ,cavalry 7,rolia1 ,*ancellorsville2 ,gettysburg2 ,sad[a2 ,rezonville2 ,balaclava2 ,fir/ ,battle ( ,le ,cateau2 ,retreat f ,mons2 ,cugny2 ,no ,g]man ,cavalry available 9 ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme to c\nt]act def5sive action ( ,briti% squadrons7--,rally+ ,place--,reorganisation & ,pursuit aft] ,decisive ,c\nt]-attack4 ,,protection ,,& ,,reconnaissance 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ih-aja ,m>%al ,fo* on ,surprise--,deta*m5ts provid$ to protect ,ma9 ,body--,close connection betwe5 ,protection & ,reconnaissance--,radius ( ,reconnoitre increas$ by ,aircraft--,position ,w>f>e 7,air ,photographs2 ,obs]vation ,po/s2 ,patrols2 ,raid+ ,p>ties2 ,entr5*m5ts2 ,box ,respirators2 ,cam\flage7--,manoeuvre ,w>f>e 7,protection f ,aircraft2 ,advanc$ ,gu>d2 ,flank ,gu>d2 ,re> ,gu>d2 ,outpo/s74 ,,! ,,advanc$ ,,gu>d 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ajb-aac ,i nev] expect$ x a disgraceful admission--,e mov+ =ce requires a ,gu>d--,/r5g? 7,numb]s employ$ dep5d ^u size ( =ce protect$ & tactical situation2 ,/rategical ,advanc$ ,gu>d enables ,tactical ,advanc$ ,gu>d to be r$uc$7--,di/ance--,9 ,advances 7,da% & resolution requir$ b int]e/s ( ,ma9 ,body p>am\nt7--,9 ,retreats--,tra9+ mu/ be reali/ic--,tactical ,pr9ciples 7,vangu>d = ,reconnaissance2 ,ma9 ,gu>d = ,resi/ance2 ,communication ess5tial2 ,error at ,sulphur ,spr+s2 ,success at ,fr$]icksburg & ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne2 ,false tactics ( ,prussian ,advanc$ ,gu>ds 9 #ahgj-ahga2 ,excell5t "w at ,na*od7--,advanc$ ,gu>d ,problems 7sev5 examples1 includ+ ,jeb ,/u>t at ,evel+ton ,heights74 xii ,,flank ,,attacks ,,& ,,flank ,,gu>ds 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aad-aah ,vuln]ability ( ,flanks & necessity = ,gu>ds--,:o furni%es !m--,tactics simil> to ^? prescrib$ = ,advanc$ ,gu>ds--,l9es ( ,communications--,convoys--,raids on ! ,l9es ( ,communications 7,g54 ,turn] ,a%by2 ,jeb ,/u>t2 ,/onewall ,jackson's skill2 ,col4 ,madritov's ,raid2 ,sannah's ,po/2 ,ramdam74 ,,! ,,re> ,,gu>d 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aai-abh ,nature ( ,re> ,gu>d "w--,/r5g?--,composition-- ,di/ribution--,di/ance--,tactical ,pr9ciples 7,re> ,p>ty wat*es2 ,ma9 ,gu>d fights = ,"t2 ,sannah's ,po/7--,tra9+--,eye = ,gr\nd 7,napoleon2 ,g54 ,r4 ,e4 ,lee7--,examples ( ,re> ,gu>d ,"w 7,fir/ ,battle ( ,le ,cateau & ! ,retreat f ,mons2 ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme2 ,les ,boeufs2 ,le ,quesnoy2 ,rolia2 ,corua2 ,value ( ,musketry2 ,bri/[ ,/ation2 ,j4 ,v4 ,moreau74 ,,outpo/s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #abi-adj ,outpo/s prev5t int]f]5ce ) plans & provide security by ,obs]vation & ,resi/ance--,/r5g?--,obs]vation 7,aircraft2 ,mobile ,patrols2 ,outpo/ ,companies7--,resi/ance 7,infantry1 ,artill]y1 & ,ma*9e guns2 ,s5try ,gr\ps1 ,piquets1 ,supports1 & ,res]ves7--,di/ance 7,effective fire ( v>i\s arms ! controll+ factor7--,outpo/ ,comm&]--,in=mation & ,ord]s--,! ,outpo/ ,l9e ( ,resi/ance--,! ,outpo/ ,company 7,piquets1 ,supports1 ,deta*$ ,po/s1 ,res]ves2 ! ,piquet ,comm&]2 ,patrols2 ,s5try ,gr\ps7--,day & ,night ,"w--,disa/]s ?r\gh neglect ( ,tactical ,pr9ciples 7,*ateau ( ,*ambord2 ,tweefonte97--,battle ,outpo/s 7,bro5beek2 ,fr$]icksburg74 ,,tactical ,,reconnaissance 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #ada-adc ,reconnaissance = ,attack--,intellig5ce ,(fic]s--,reconnaissance by ,raids--,position ,w>f>e--,reconnaissance = ,def5ce--,position ,w>f>e4 ,,night ,,op]ations 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #add-aed ,reason = ,op]ations by ,night 7,secrecy2 ,fr$]ick ! ,great's ,coat7--,night ,m>*es 7,direction2 ,protection2 ,secrecy2 ,connection7--,rules ( ,?umb--,night ,advances 7,surprise2 ,direction2 ,position ( ,deploym5t2 ,connection7--,night ,assaults 7,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme2 ,s]re ,hill2 ,vimy ,ridge2 ,mess9es-,wyts*aete2 ,vill]s ,brtonneux2 ,morlanc\rt2 ,spottsylvania7--,limitations ( ,night ,assaults--,smoke & its advantages & disadvantages--,successful & unsuccessful ,night ,assaults 7,rappahannock ,/ation--,peiw> ,kotal--,tel-el-,kebir2 ,/ormb]g2 ,mag]sfonte97--,position ( ,deploym5t--,di/+ui%+ ,badges1 etc4--,wat*word--,precautions aga9/ ,*ecks--,secrecy--,rules ( ,?umb4 xiii ,,fight+ ,,9 ,,close ,,c\ntry 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aee-afc ,re/rictions on view & on movem5t--,advantages = ,attack aga9/ ,def5ce--,savage ,w>f>e 7,is&hlwana2 ,rorke's ,drift2 ,t(rik2 ,toski2 ,teutob]g] ,wald7--,civilis$ ,w>f>e 7,villages & ,woods attract troops2 ,gravelotte2 ,spi*]52 ,wor?2 ! ,wild]ness2 ,s$an2 ,def5ce ( ,bazeilles2 ,noisseville7--,attack on ,woods 7,tanks2 ,gau*e2 ,vill]s ,guisla92 ,mess9es7--,advanc+ f captur$ position--,def5ce ( ,woods--,fight+ patrols--,attack on ,villages 7,tanks2 ,light ,mort>s7--,def5ce ( ,villages 7,delay+ ,action2 ,provid+ a funnel74 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,arms 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #afd-agg ,close comb9ation ( all arms requir$--,infantry 7,ext5t & limitations ( mobility2 ! decisive arm 9 battle2 ! ,rifle & ,bayonet2 ! ,lewis gun2 ,ranges ( rifles & ma*9e guns2 ,gr5ades2 ,h& ,gr5ades2 ,rifle ,gr5ades2 ,light ,mort>s2 ,ma*9e guns7--,m\nt$ ,troops 7,cavalry2 ,m\nt$ ,rifles2 ,cycli/s7--,artill]y--,light ,artill]y 7,pack ,guns2 ,pack ,h[itz]s2 ,horse ,artill]y3 ,field ,guns2 ,field ,h[itz]s7--,light ,guns aga9/ ,aircraft & ,tanks--,m$ium ,artill]y--7,m$ium ,guns2 ,m$ium ,h[itz]s7--,heavy ,artill]y 7,heavy ,guns2 ,heavy ,h[itz]s7--,sup]-,heavy ,artill]y 7,sup]-,heavy ,guns2 ,sup]-,heavy ,h[itz]s7--,table ( ,artill]y ,ranges--,mort>s & ,light ,mort>s--,royal ,eng9e]s--,tanks--,aircraft 7,a]oplanes2 ,kite ,balloons7--,gas--,smoke4 ,,op]ation ,,ord]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #agh-agi ,ord]s %\ld be writt5 :5 possible--,%\ld be fool pro(--,ambiguity to be avoid$--,! enemy are 4 4 4 ,my int5tion is 4 4 4 ,y w--,initiative n to be hamp]$4 ,,index 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #aha-ahi xv ,,*ronological ,,table ,,( ,,battles ,,pages ,def5ce ( ,sublician ,bridge 7,leg5d>y7 #gg ,pass ( ,!rmopylae 7,b4,c4 #dhj7 #gg ,battle ( ,arbela 7,b4,c4 #cca7 #cb ------ ,cannae 7,b4,c4 #baf7 #ad ,defeat ( ,v>us by ,arm9ius 7,a4,d4 #i7 #aef-aeg ,battle ( ,/am=d ,bridge 7,sept4 #be1 #ajff7 #ab ------ ,ha/+s 7,oct4 #ad1 #ajff7 #aa-ab ------ ,bl5heim 7,aug4 #b1 #agjd7 #df-dg ------ ,ramillies 7,may #bc1 #agjf7 #df1 #ia ------ ,malplaquet 7,sept4 #aa1 #agji7 #df ------ ,leu!n 7,dec4 #e1 #ageg7 #df ,heights ( ,abraham 7,sept4 #ac1 #agei7 #ch ,battle ( ,bunk] ,hill 7,june #ag1 #agge7 #ch ------ ,ettl+5 7,july #i-aj1 #agif7 #abh ------ ,m>5go 7,june #ad1 #ahjj7 #dg1 #gf ------ ,hoh5l9d5 7,dec4 #c1 #ahjj7 #abh ------ ,au/]litz 7,dec4 #b1 #ahje7 #i-aj1 #dg1 #gf1 #abe ------ ,j5a 7,oct4 #ad1 #ahjf7 #abe ------ ,rolia 7,aug4 #ag1 #ahjh7 #ie1 #abg ------ ,corua 7,jan4 #af1 #ahji7 #abg-abh ------ ,talav]a 7,july #bg-bh1 #ahji7 #ib ,l9es ( ,torres ,v$ras 7,oct4-,nov4 #ahaj7 #hb-hc ,battle ( ,salamanca 7,july #bb1 #ahab7 #bg1 #gh ------ ,vittoria 7,june #ba1 #ahac7 #dg ------ ,sauror5 7,july #bh1 #ahac7 #aj ------ ,dresd5 7,aug4 #bf-bg1 #ahac7 #dg1 #hi ------ ,or!z 7,feb4 #bg1 #ahad7 #dg ,def5ce ( ,soissons 7,m>* #c1 #ahad7 #da1 #gh ,battle ( ,t\l\se 7,april #aj1 #ahad7 #dg ----- ,quatre ,bras 7,june #af1 #ahae7 #dh ------ ,ligny 7,june #af1 #ahae7 #h1 #dg1 #ij-ia ------ ,wat]loo 7,june #ah1 #ahae7 #h1 #dg-dh1 #gf1 #gi ------ ,wavre 7,june #ah-ai1 #ahae7 #h1 #ia ------ ,balaclava 7,oct4 #bf1 #ahed7 #if ,%5&oah ,valley ,campaign 7#ahfb7 #c1 #d1 #ab1 #aag ,battle ( ,mc,dowell 7,may #h1 #ahfb7 #ab ------ ,cross ,keys 7,june #f1 #ahfb7 #aag ,sev5 ,days' ,battle 7,june-,july1 #ahfb7 #ad1 #ij ,battle ( ,ga9es's ,mill 7,june #bg1 #ahfb7 #ad1 #fe ------ ,malv]n ,hill 7,july #a-c1 #ahfb7 #ae1 #be-bf1 #fe1 #aab1 #aag xvi ,battle ( ,evel+ton ,heights 7,july #c1 #ahfb7 #aab-aac ------ ,bull ,run 7#b7 7,aug4 #bh1 #ahfb7 #ab ------ ,antietam 7,sept4 #ag1 #ahfb7 #ad1 #ae1 #dh ------ ,fr$]icksburg 7,nov4 #ae1 #ahfb7 #ad1 #bb1 #ch1 #df1 #ib1 #ajh1 #aci-adj ------ ,*ancellorsville 7,may #b-c1 #ahfc7 #ab1 #cj1 #dh1 #gf1 #ie1 #aag ------ ,gettysburg 7,july #a-c1 #ahfc7 #ae1 #de1 #fa1 #ie-if1 #aag ------ ,sulphur ,spr+s 7,oct4 #ab1 #ahfc7 #ajh ------ ,bri/[ ,/ation 7,oct4 #ad1 #ahfc7 #abh ------ ,rappahannock ,/ation 7,nov4 #g1 #ahfc7 #aea ------ ,*attanooga 7,nov4 #be1 #ahfc7 #fa-fb ------ ,pleasant ,hill 7,april1 #ahfd7 #ei ------ ,! ,wild]ness 7,may #ab1 #ahfd7 #ij1 #ic1 #ig1 #aag1 #abe-abf1 #adi-aej1 #aeh ------ ,monocacy 7,july #h1 #ahfd7 #g ------ ,na%ville 7,dec4 #ae-af1 #ahfd7 #ae ------ ,appomattox 7,april #i1 #ahfe7 #ae1 #fd ------ ,na*od 7,june #bg1 #ahff7 #ah1 #gg1 #aaj ------ ,sad[a 7,july #c1 #ahff7 #if ------ ,spi*]5 7,aug4 #f1 #ahgj7 #ajh-aji1 #aeh ------ ,wor? 7,aug4 #f1 #ahgj7 #aji1 #aeh1 #aei ------ ,colombey 7,aug4 #ad1 #ahgj7 #aji-aaj ------ ,rezonville 7,aug4 #af1 #ahgj7 #if ------ ,gravelotte 7,aug4 #ah1 #ahgj7 #aeh ------ ,v]neville 7,aug4 #ah1 #ahgj7 #fc ------ ,/4 ,privat 7,aug4 #ah1 #ahgj7 #fj ------ ,noisseville 7,aug4 #ca1 #ahgj7 #aei ------ ,s$an 7,sept4 #a1 #ahgj7 #af1 #aei ------ ,metz 7,oct4 #bg1 #ahgj7 #af ------ ,*ambord 7,dec4 #i1 #ahgj7 #ach ------ ,plevna 7,dec4 #aj1 #ahgg7 #fj ------ ,peiw> ,kotal 7,dec4 #b1 #ahgh7 #aea ------ ,is&hlwana 7,jan4 #bb1 #ahgi7 #gh1 #aef ------ ,rorke's ,drift 7,jan4 #bb1 #ahgi7 #gg-gh1 #aef ------ ,tel-el-,kebir 7,sept4 #ac1 #ahhb7 #aec-aed ------ ,t(rik 7,m>* #bb1 #ahhe7 #aef ------ ,toski 7,aug4 #c1 #ahhi7 #aef ------ ,ad[a 7,feb4 #bf1 #ahif7 #bb ------ ,/ormb]g 7,dec4 #aj1 #ahii7 #aeb ------ ,mag]sfonte9 7,dec4 #aj-aa1 #ahii7 #aeb ------ ,col5so 7,dec4 #ae1 #ahii7 #fc ------ ,ramdam 7,feb4 #ac1 #aijj7 #aah ------ ,pa>deb]g 7,feb4 #bg1 #aijj7 #af1 #fd ------ ,sannah's ,po/ 7,m>* #ca1 #aijj7 #aah1 #abd ------ ,tweefonte9 7,dec4 #bd1 #aija7 #ach ------ ,! ,yalu 7,may #a1 #aijd7 #aag-aah ,! ,great ,w> ,battle ( ,le ,gateau 7,aug4 #aiad7 #abf ------ ,riv] ,gette 7,aug4 #aiad7 #ia ,cond-,mons-,b9*e 7,aug4 #bb-bc1 #aiad7 #hg ,battle ( ,*>l]oi 7,aug4 #bc1 #aiad7 #hh ------ ,bacc>at 7,aug4 #be1 #aiad7 #bh ,retreat f ,mons 7,aug4 #aiad7 #ai1 #ch1 #hg-hh1 #ij1 #if1 #abg1 #afe xvii ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne 7,sept4 #aiad7 #bg-bi1 #cf-cg1 #eb1 #ajh ,fir/ ,battle ( ,ypres 7,oct4 #bj-,nov4 #bj1 #aiad7 #ai1 #bj1 #da-db1 #hh ,second ,battle ( ,ypres 7,april #bb-,may #ah1 #aiae7 #bj1 #db1 #agf ,def5ce ( ,v]dun 7,feb4-,aug4 #aiaf7 #g1 #af ,battle ( ,ypres ,sali5t 7,m>* #b1 #aiaf7 #ci ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,july #a-,nov4 #ah1 #aiaf7 #g1 #ac1 #bb1 #cg1 #db1 #ec1 #adh1 #aga1 #age1 #agf-agg ,battle ( ,s]re ,hill 7,feb4 #aj-aa1 #aiag7 #adh-adi ------ ,mess9es 7,june #g1 #aiag7 #bj1 #adi1 #afj ,*em9 des ,dames 7,april-,july1 #aiag7 #af ,battle ( ,vimy 7,april #i1 #aiag7 #adi ------ ,arras 7,april #i-;,june #g1 #aiag7 #agj ,mon*y le ,preux 7,april #ad1 #aiag7 #ge ,?ird ,battle ( ,ypres 7,sept4 #bf1 #aiag7 #db-dc1 #aci ,battle ( ,bro5beek 7,oct4 #i1 #aiag7 #aci ,fir/ ,battle ( ,cambrai 7,nov4 #bj1 #aiag7 #g1 #cj1 #db1 #ff1 #ge1 #afj ,! ,piave ,l9e 7,italy7 7,nov4 #be1 #aiag7 #g ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,m>* #ba-;,april #aa1 #aiah7 #bj1 #cd1 #dc1 #eb-ec1 #ef1 #ff1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #ie1 #if1 #abf-abg1 #agd ,battle ( ,vill]s-,brtonneux 7,april #bd-be1 #aiah7 #adi ------ ,morlanc\rt 7,june #aj1 #aiah7 #adi ,second ,battle ( ! ,m>ne 7,july #ah1 #aiah7 #di ,battle ( ,ami5s 7,aug4 #h-ac1 #aiah7 #ba1 #ff ------ ,bapaume 7,aug4 #ba-,sept4 #a1 #aiah7 #ba ------ ,havr9c\rt & ,epehy 7,sept4 #ab-ah1 #aiah7 #ba ,second ,battle ( ,cambrai 7,sept4 #bg-,oct4 #e1 #aiah7 #ba1 #agj ,battle ( ,fl&]s 7,sept4 #bh-,oct4 #ad1 #aiah7 #ba ,second ,battle ( ,le ,cateau 7,oct4 #f-ab1 #aiah7 #ba1 #ff1 #if ,battle ( ! ,selle 7,oct4 #ag-be1 #aiah7 #ba ------ ,sambre 7,nov4 #a-aa1 #aiah7 #ba1 #fe1 #fg ,armi/ice ,day 7,nov4 #aa1 #aiah7 #fe1 #afi ,mesopotamia ,battle ( ,ramadie 7,sept4 #bg-bi1 #aiag7 #fd ------ ,bagdadieh 7,m>* #bf1 #aiah7 #fd-fe ,nor? ,russia ,ar*angel ,prov9ce 7,aug4-,sept4 #aiah7 #ff-fg xix ,,publications ,,cit$ ,,9 ,,! ,,lectures ,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,infantry ,tra9+1 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,,cl]y1 ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,c4 ,f41 ,k4,c4,b43 ,m9or ,tactics4 ,,creasy1 ,sir ,edw>d3 ,fifte5 ,decisive ,battles at ! ,_w4 ,,fo*1 ,m>*al ,f]d9&3 ,pr9ciples ( ,w>4 ,,fr5* ,,( ,,ypres1 ,field-,m>%al ,e>l1 ,k4,p43 #aiad4 ,,grant1 ,g5]al ,ulysses ,s41 ,unit$ ,/ates ,army3 ,memoirs4 ,,haig ,,( ,,bem]syde1 ,field-,m>%al ,e>l1 ,k4,t43 ,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es4 ,,hak+1 ,lieut4-,g5]al ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,b41 ,g4,b4,e43 ,/aff ,bides1 etc4 ,,hamley1 ,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b41 ,k4,c4,b43 ,op]ations ( ,w>4 ,,h5d]son1 ,colonel ,g4 ,f4 ,r41 ,c4,b43 ,/onewall ,jackson4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>4 ,,napi]1 ,sir ,william ,francis ,patrick1 ,k4,c4,b42 ,hi/ory ( ! ,p59sul> ,w>4 ,,ole ,,luk-,,oie4 ,see ,,sw9ton4 ,,sw9ton1 ,major-,g5]al ,e4 ,d41 ,c4,b43 ,! ,gre5 ,curve4 ,,taylor1 ,g5]al ,r41 ,conf$]ate ,/ates ,army3 ,de/ruction & ,recon/ruction4 #a ,,lectures ,,on ,,l& ,,w>f>e ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,w>f>e ,! ,art ( ,w>1 l e o!r art1 possesses its !ory1 its pr9ciples2 o!rwise1 x w\ld n be an art4--,,m>%al ,,fo*4 ,! ,art ( ,w>1 l any o!r art1 is bas$ ^u c]ta9 fix$ pr9ciples1 & !re is no %ort cut :i* hurries ! /ud5t to 8 goal4 ,! long & labori\s l9e ( /udy is ! only safe way1 & !re are _m pitfalls to be avoid$ on ! road4 ,"o ( ^! pitfalls is dug by ^? :o ma9ta91 :5ev] a new w> breaks out1 t all previ\s w>like k mu/ be ?r[n on ! scrap-heap & att5tion paid only to ! problems ( ! h\r4 ,ano!r is ! allur+ trap t ,w>f>e is m]ely a matt] ( common s5se2 & a ?ird is ! (t-express$ idea t k is requir$ ( ! ,g5]al1 & t compliance ) ord]s is suffici5t = ! ,subalt]n ,(fic]4 ,,k ,,( ,,pr9ciples ,,ess5tial4--,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! difficulties1 ! op9ions ( recognis$ au?orities on ! ,art ( ,w>f>e may be consult$4 ,! c>d9al pr9ciples on :i* ! art ( w> is bas$ are few & un*angeable1 resembl+ 9 ?is ! code ( morality2 b _! application v>ies ) ! !atre ( ! w>1 ! g5ius & temp] ( ! p engag$1 & ! k9d ( arms employ$ 7,g5]al ,r4 ,taylor1 ,c4,s4 ,army74 ,al?\gh ! manifold inv5tions ( mod]n times h giv5 to w>f>e #b a wid] scope & fre% mat]ials1 x rema9s ob$i5t to ! same laws z 9 ! pa/2 b x applies ^! laws ) means m num]\s1 m p[]ful1 & m delicate 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,?is w> has giv5 u no new pr9ciples2 b diff]5t me*anical appliances--& 9 p>ticul> ! rapid improvem5t & multiplication ( a]oplanes1 ! use ( imm5se numb]s ( ma*9e guns & ,lewis guns1 ! employm5t ( va/ quantities ( b>b$ wire z effective ob/acles1 ! enorm\s expansion ( artill]y1 & ! provision ( great masses ( motor transport--h introduc$ new problems ( consid]able complexity conc]n+ ! effective co-op]ation ( ! diff]5t arms & s]vices4 ,mu* ?\ght has _h to be be/[$ ^u det]m9+ h[ new devices c\ld be comb9$ 9 ! be/ mann] ) ! ma*9]y already work+ 7,m>%al ,haig74 ,! laws ( w> are n 9 !mselves difficult to und]/&1 b _! successful application on ! field ( battle requires t !y %\ld be c>efully /udi$ & consid]$ 9 all _! aspects4 ,! m9d c only be tra9$ to ?is by close /udy ( campaigns1 & by ! solution ( def9ite problems on maps & on ! gr\nd 7,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley74 ,a lifelong exp]i5ce ( milit>y /udy & ?\ght has taught me t ! pr9ciple ( ! tactical employm5t ( troops mu/ be in/9ctive4 ,i "k t 9 putt+ ! ,sci5ce ( ,w> into practice x is necess>y t its ma9 t5ets %\ld =m1 s to speak1 "p ( "o's fle% & blood4 ,9 w> !re is little "t to ?9k1 & ! "r ?+ to d mu/ come l a fla%--x mu/ pres5t itself to ! m9d z p]fectly obvi\s 7,m>%al ,fr5*74 ,! same idea is express$ by ! ,g5]alissimo ( ! l>ge/ victori\s =ce t 0 ev] controll$ by "o m9d4 ,g5]ally speak+1 grave situations p>tially obscure ev5 a bright intellect4 ,x is !re=e ) a fully equipp$ m9d t "o ought to />t 9 ord] to make w> or ev5 to und]/& #c w>4 ,no /udy is possible on ! battlefield2 "o does !re simply :at "o c 9 ord] to apply :at "o kn[s4 ,9 ord] to d ev5 a little "o has to "k a great deal1 & to "k x well4 4 4 4 ,! "r solution imposes itself2 namely1 ! application1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ( fix$ pr9ciples4 4 4 4 ,incapacity & ignorance _c be call$ ext5uat+ circum/ances1 = k is )9 ! rea* ( all 7,m>%al ,fo*72 & 9 ! words ( ,napoleon's own maxim3 ,! only way to le>n ! art ( w> is to read & re-read ! campaigns ( ! great capta9s4 ,,! ,,common-,,s5se ,,fallacy4--,! fallacy t w>f>e is m]ely a matt] ( common s5se has be5 expos$ by ,colonel ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h5d]son1 9 8 contra/ ( ! conduct ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> ( #ahfa-ahfe1 :5 x 0 controll$ by ,presid5t ,l9coln & 8 ,cab9et 9 ,wa%+ton1 & :5 x 0 h&$ ov] )\t res]ve to a pr(essional soldi] 9 ! field 7,g5]al ,grant74 ,few mortals h possess$ common s5se 9 great] abundance ?an ,abraham ,l9coln1 & yet he p]mitt$ int]f]5ce ) 8 g5]als' plans1 :i* 7 frequ5tly br\ght to n\ght by su* int]f]5ce1 & b = a l h9drance ( ! ,conf$]ate g5]als by ,jeff]son ,davis ?is well-int5tion$ common s5se w\ld h be5 ev5 m disa/r\s4 ,m5 :o1 aw>e ( _! ignorance1 w\ld probably h %runk f assum+ *>ge ( a squad ( infantry 9 action _h no hesitation :atev] 9 attempt+ to direct a mighty army 7,h5d]son1 ,/onewall ,jackson74 ,9 ,june1 #ahfc1 ! ,conf$]ate ,armies 7 scatt]$ f ,/rasburg 79 ! ,valley7 to ,fr$]icksburg 79 ,spottsylvania72 ,g5]al ,hook]1 comm&+ ! ,army ( ! ,potomac 9 ! field1 begg$ to be all[$ to attack ,lee's ,corps 9 detail4 ,success 0 c]ta91 b p]mission 0 refus$4 ,! "o & only idea ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t 0 to keep ! ,army ( ! ,potomac betwe5 ,lee & ! ,f$]al ,capital4 #d ,,! ,,high] ,,ranks ,,fallacy4--,! same writ] has also prote/$ vehem5tly aga9/ ! idea t ! practice ( /rategy 9 ! field is conf9$ to ! high] ranks4 ,e (fic] 9 *>ge ( a deta*$ =ce or fly+ column1 e (fic] :o = ! "t be+ has to act indep5d5tly1 e (fic] 9 *>ge ( a patrol1 is con/antly br\ght face to face ) /rategical consid]ations2 & success or failure1 ev5 :]e ! =ce is insignificant1 w dep5d ^u 8 famili>ity ) /rategical pr9ciples 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,9 ! same way1 ,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley1 9 ,! ,op]ations ( ,w> ,expla9$1 po9ts out t a comm&] :o _c look beyond ! local situation is n compet5t to comm& a deta*m5t1 h[ev] small4 ,9 addition1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t sup]ior k ( ! art ( w>1 ?or\gh acqua9tance ) duty1 & l>ge exp]i5ce1 seldom fail to comm& submission & respect4 ,troops fight ) m>k$ success :5 !y feel t _! lead] kn[s 8 job1 & 9 e ,army troops are ! critics ( _! lead]s4 ,! a*ievem5ts ( ,jackson's =ces 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley ,campaign ( #ahfb 7 almo/ sup]human1 b "u ,/onewall ,jackson ! app>5tly impossible tasks 7 und]tak5 & a*iev$4 ,g5]al ,ewell1 "o ( ,jackson's comm&]s1 /at$ t he %iv]$ :5ev] "o ( ,/onewall's c\ri]s approa*$ him4 ,i 0 always expect+ him to ord] me to assault ! ,nor? ,pole6 ,b1 if he _h ord]$1 we %\ld h done x6 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,/udy4--,x is n pret5d$ by any sane writ] t /udy alone w make a p]fect (fic]1 = x is univ]sally recognis$ t no am\nt ( !oretical tra9+ c supply ! k ga9$ by direct & imm$iate association ) troops 9 ! field2 nor is x claim$ t /udy w make a dull man brilliant1 or conf] resolution & rapid decision on "o :o is timid & irresolute by nature4 ,b ! quick1 #e ! resolute1 ! d>+1 decid+ & act+ rapidly1 z is _! nature1 w be all ! m likely to decide & act correctly 9 proportion z !y h /udi$ ! art !y are call$ ^u to practise 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,!ory1 appli$ to ! pr(ession ( arms1 is to "s a ^w ( mo/ obnoxi\s s\nd1 b x is obnoxi\s only to ^? :o refuse to li/5 to ! advice1 or to take w>n+ f ! practice1 ( ,napoleon1 ( ,well+ton1 ( ,fo*1 & ( _m ( ! mo/ fam\s g5]als ( hi/ory4 ,a man ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ,napoleon's w>f>e w\ld h>dly fail 9 all circum/ances to make 8 enemy's communications 8 fir/ objective2 & if ,well+ton's tactical me?ods _h become a second nature to him x w\ld be /range inde$ if he 7 s$uc$ into deliv]+ a purely frontal attack4 4 4 4 ,! same tactical pr9ciples regulate ! combat ( a l>ge =ce & a small1 & x is ! ?or\gh grasp ( ! pr9ciples1 comb9$ ) c\rage & coolness1 t makes a capable lead]1 :e!r ( a platoon or an army corps 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 #f ,,/rategy ,,& ,,tactics ,,def9itions4--,/rategy & ,tactics h (t5 be5 treat$ by non-milit>y writ]s z if !y 7 indep5d5t bran*es ( ! soldi]'s pr(ession1 b :ile !y may inde$ be sep>ately def9$ x w be f\nd 9 practice t !y _c be sep>ately consid]$4 ,! !atre ( op]ations is ! k+dom ( ,/rategy1 ! prov9ce ( ,tactics is ! field ( battle1 b :5 ! battlefield is rea*$ x s f> transc5ds 9 importance e o!r po9t 9 ! !atre ( op]ations t no tactical end is wor? aim+ at 9 pref]5ce to /rik+ ) all available /r5g? at ! field =ce ( ! enemy1 & ?is1 x w be se51 is ! goal ( all /rategical comb9ations4 ,/rategy mu/ ev] be /riv+ = ,tactical success2 ,tactics mu/ ev] keep 9 m9d ! ,/rategical situation & mu/ con/antly aim at creat+ fre% ,/rategical opportunities4 ,tactics )\t ,/rategy resembles a man )\t legs2 ,/rategy )\t ,tactics is l a man )\t arms 7,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley74 ,to seek out ! enemy's armies--! c5tre ( ! adv]s>y's p[]--9 ord] to beat & de/roy !m2 to adopt1 ) ?is sole end 9 view1 ! direction & tactics :i* w lead to x 9 ! quicke/ & safe/ way3 su* is ! :ole m5tal attitude ( mod]n w>4 ,no ,/rategy c h5ce=? prevail ov] t :i* aims at ensur+ ,tactical results1 victory by fight+ 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,local successes on ! field ( battle (t5 h effects t are felt ?r\gh\t ! !atre ( op]ations4 ,"l ,rob]ts's advance on ,pretoria reliev$ ! pressure on ,kimb]ley 9 ! we/ & on ,ladysmi? 9 ! ea/1 & ^! c5tres are upw>ds ( #cjj miles ap>t4 ,! #g ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,july #a1 #aiaf7 n only reliev$ ! pressure on ,v]dun b held 9 position l>ge enemy =ces :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 employ$ aga9/ our ,allies 9 ! ,ea/4 ,g5]al ,byng's surprise attack at ,cambrai 7,novemb] #bj1 #aiag7 0 foll[$ by a det]m9$ c\nt]-attack by ! ,g]mans on ,novemb] #cj1 :i* appe>$ to nullify ! results a*iev$ f ,novemb] #bj to #be2 b !re is evid5ce t ,g]man divisions int5d$ = ! ,italian !atre 7 div]t$ to ! ,cambrai front1 & x is probable t ! fur!r conc5tration ( ,g]man =ces aga9/ ,italy 0 susp5d$ = at lea/ two weeks at a mo/ critical p]iod1 :5 our ,allies 7 mak+ _! fir/ /& on ! ,piave ,l9e 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,a tactical defeat may sometimes be risk$ to s]ve a /rategic end4 ,9 ,june1 #ahfd1 ,g5]al ,hunt] 0 op]at+ ) a ,f$]al army 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley1 & ow+ to %ortage ( supplies 0 =c$ to fall back4 ,9 s do+ he uncov]$ ! ,national ,capital1 & ,g5]al ,e>ly 0 s5t by ! ,conf$]ate ,comm&]-9-,*ief to capture ,wa%+ton4 ,g5]al ,grant took imm$iate /eps to protect ! capital by ! dispat* ( troops1 & to fur!r ?is end1 ,g5]al ,lew ,wallace1#a on 8 own initiative1 confront$ ,e>ly's corps at ! ,monocacy on ,july #h1 #ahfd4 ,he met ! enemy & 0 defeat$1 b he delay$ ,e>ly's corps until ! troops s5t by ,grant 7 9 position4 ,if ,e>ly _h be5 b "o day e>li] he might h ent]$ ! capital be=e ! arrival ( ! re9=cem5ts ,i _h s5t4 ,g5]al ,wallace contribut$ on ?is occasion1 by ! defeat ( ! troops "u him1 a great] b5efit to ! cause ?an (t5 falls to ! lot ( a comm&] ( an equal =ce to r5d] by means ( a victory 7,grant's ,memoirs74 ,a tactical success may be n only useless1 b actually inopportune1 if x is out ( accord ) ! plans ( ! high] comm&4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,june #ah1 #ahae1 ,m>%al ,gr\*y 0 9 #h pursuit ( ! ,prussians :om ,napoleon _h defeat$ on ,june #af at ,ligny4 ,al?\gh urg$ to m>* to ! s\nd ( ! cannon 7at ,wat]loo71 ,gr\*y pu%$ on ea/w>ds1 :]e he f\nd ,?ielmann's ,prussian ,corps ( #af1jjj m5 hold+ ! passage across ! ,dyle at ,wavre4 ,! ,battle ( ,wavre 0 begun at #d p4m4 on ,june #ah1 & by #aa a4m4 on ! next day ,gr\*y 0 victori\s4 ,b 8 victory 0 b>r54 ,8 tactical a*ievem5t 0 useless to ! high] comm& & _h expos$ 8 own =ce to consid]able dang]4 ,z he sat d[n to p5 a va+lori\s dispat* to ! ,emp]or1 he receiv$ ! news t ,napoleon 0 a fugitive & ! ,imp]ial ,army defeat$ & scatt]$4 ,gr\*y's feeble & false manoeuvres _h p]mitt$ ,bl*] to jo9 =ces ) ,well+ton4 ,to ! ,emp]or's dismay x 0 ! ,prussians :o came f ! ea/w>d to ! s\nd ( ! cannon3 ,c'e/ les ,prussi5s qui vi5n5t6 ,,moral4--,x is se5 t ,/rategy may be def9$ z ! art ( conc5trat+ troops at ! requir$ /r5g?1 at ! requir$ "t1 at ! requir$ place1 = ! purpose ( ov]?r[+ ! enemy's ma9 armies2 :ile ,tactics may be def9$ z ! art ( arrang+ & h&l+ troops s conc5trat$ = ! purpose ( defeat+ ! enemy :5 enc\nt]$4 ,b al?\gh ,/rategy may be consid]$ z ! art ( br++ an oppon5t to battle1 & ,tactics z ! art ( defeat+ him 9 action1 !re are exclud$ f ^! def9itions _m consid]ations :i* influ5ce a comm&] 9 ! field4 ,! art ( w> does n comm5ce ) a /rategical reconnaissance f ! air1 or ! saddle1 to asc]ta9 :e!r1 & if s 9 :at locality & 9 :at /r5g?1 ho/ile troops are be+ conc5trat$4 ,f in=mation s obta9$1 ! physical =ce ( an enemy may inde$ be det]m9$2 b 9 w> 7said ,napoleon7 moral =ce is to ! physical 7t is1 to numb]s & #i armam5t7 z ?ree to "o1 & upw>ds ( a hundr$ ye>s lat] ! same idea has aga9 be5 express$4 ,to und]/& w> y mu/ g beyond its in/rum5ts & mat]ials2 y mu/ /udy 9 ! book ( hi/ory1 consci5ti\sly analys$1 armies1 troops 9 movem5t & 9 action1 ) _! ne$s1 _! passions1 _! devotions1 _! capacities ( all k9ds4 ,t is ! ess5ce ( ! subject1 t is ! po9t ( dep>ture = a reasonable /udy ( ! art ( w> 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,& :ile deal+ ) moral =ce x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! moral =ce ( oppos+ lead]s ( nations or ( armies is at lea/ z important z t ( ! nations or armies !mselves1 = a w> is a /ruggle betwe5 human intellig5ces r ?an betwe5 masses ( m54 ,!re h be5 soldi]s' battles b nev] a soldi]s' campaign 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,x 0 n ! ,roman legions :i* conqu]$ ,gaul1 x 0 ,caes>4 ,x 0 n ! ,fr5* ,army :i* rea*$ ! ,wes] & ! ,inn1 x 0 ,tur5ne 7,napoleon74 ,a comm&] mu/1 !re=e1 take into acc\nt ! "*1 ! moral fibre1 z well z ! ability & ! means at ! disposal ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,he mu/ project 8 m9d to 8 adv]s>y's c\ncil *amb]1 & putt+ himself 9 8 place mu/ conjecture h[ a man ( t "* & ( t ability w act "u ! giv5 circum/ances4 ,hi/ory supplies _m examples ( m5tal activity ( ?is k9d4#b ,napoleon pr$ict$ ! impetu\s onset ( ! ,russian left w+ aga9/ 8 "r at ,au/]litz1 ,dec4 #b1 #ahje1 because he knew ! temp]am5t ( ! ,ts> ,alex&]4 ,at ,au/]litz1 ! mo/ brilliant ( all 8 battles1 ,napoleon _h #gj1jjj troops & 0 confront$ by #hj1jjj ,au/rians & ,russians drawn up on ! ,heights ( ,pratz54 ,8 plan 0 to draw ! weight ( ! ,russian attack aga9/ 8 "r--:i* 0 s dispos$ z to invite ! head/rong & #aj self-confid5t ,ts> to adm9i/] a lesson 9 g5]al%ip to ,napoleon--& !n to laun* a sup]ior attack aga9/ ! ,heights1 :i* conta9$ a village & a knoll1 ! key to ! position2 & f9ally to hurl 8 ,g5]al ,res]ve 9 a decisive c\nt]-attack on ! ,russians :5 !y 7 involv$ 9 battle ) 8 "r w+4 ,:5 ! rattle ( musketry & boom+ ( ! guns %[$ t 8 "r 0 engag$1 ,napoleon laun*$ ,murat1 ,b]nadotte1 & ,s\lt aga9/ ! alli$ c5tre2 :5 ,s\lt 0 ma/] ( ! village & ! knoll1 & z ! brok5 remnants ( ! enemy's c5tre 7 /ream+ d[n ! rev]se slopes ( ! ,pratz5 ,ridge1 ! ,fr5* c5tre :eel$ r\nd to ! "r & ?rew itself ^u ! flank & re> ( ! ,russians1 :o 7 /ill heavily engag$ 9 _! orig9al attack4 ,^! op]ations 7 completely successful & ov] #dj1jjj ( ! oppos+ armies 7 acc\nt$ =4 ,well+ton defeat$ ,s\lt at ,sauror5 9 ! ,pyr5ees 7,july #bh1 #ahac7 by tak+ advantage ( a m9or incid5t4 ,he _h ridd5 =w>d to see ! disposition ( ! ,fr5* =ces1 & z 8 m5 *e]$ him all along ! l9e1 he turn$ to 8 /aff & said1 ,s\lt is a v cauti\s comm&]4 ,he w delay 8 attack to f9d out :at ^? *e]s mean2 t w give "t = ! ,six? ,division to arrive & ,i %all beat him--& ! ev5t turn$ out exactly z he _h pr$ict$4 ,g5]als ,r4 ,e4 ,lee & ,t4 ,j4 ,jackson frequ5tly play$ ^u ! n]v\sness ( ,presid5t ,l9coln = ! safety ( ,wa%+ton1 & by ?reat5+ to cross ! ,potomac induc$ him to )draw troops t 7 advanc+ aga9/ ,ri*mond4 ,,national ,,moral4--,! moral fibre ( ! nation & ( ! troops mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,! common !ory t1 9 ord] to w91 an army mu/ h sup]iority ( rifles & cannon1 bett] bases1 m wisely *os5 positions1 is radically false4 ,= x leaves out ( acc\nt ! mo/ important "p ( ! #aa problem1 t :i* animates x & makes x live1 man--) 8 moral1 intellectual1 & physical qualities 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,,discipl9e ,,& ,,morality4--,! discipl9e1 c\rage1 & endurance ( ! troops1 z well z ! cause = :i* !y are fight+1 are at lea/ ( equal importance to _! armam5t & numb]s4 ,if _! discipl9e & lead+ be defective1 ,provid5ce seldom sides ) ! big battalions 4 4 4 & troops t _c m>* are untru/wor?y auxili>ies 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,an army :i* _c m>* well is almo/ c]ta9 to be outmanoeuvr$4 ,a g5]al ^: /rategy is bas$ ^u "t calculations t are r5d]$ inaccurate by ! breakd[n ( ! m>*+ p[] ( 8 troops runs grave risk ( disa/]4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ! "q ( m>*+ %\ld be /udi$1 n only by g5]als & /aff (fic]s1 b by regim5tal (fic]s & m54 ,x is on ! latt] t ! h>d%ips & ex]tions fall1 & _! *e]ful endurance c be/ be ensur$ by tea*+ !m ! great results atta9able by an army :i* c move fa/] & fur!r ?an its adv]s>y1 z well z ! dang]s incurr$ by an army :i* all[s itself to be out-m>*$4 4 4 4 ,sup]ior mobility alone enabl$ ,fr$]ick ! ,great to move 'l a pan!r r\nd an ox' s z to place 8 army across ! enemy's flank4 ,! discipl9e ( 8 troops enabl$ him to apply ! pr9ciples ( comb9ation 7,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley74 ,no?+ comp5sates = abs5ce ( discipl9e2 & ! con/ant wat*fulness t is necess>y 9 w>1 ev5 :5 dang] seems remote1 c only be secur$ by discipl9e1 :i* makes ( duty a habit 7,g5]al ,r4 ,taylor1 ,c4,s4 ,army74 ,at ! ,battle ( ,ha/+s 7,oct4 #ad1 #ajff7 lack ( discipl9e & disob$i5ce ( ord]s *ang$ ! fate ( ! ,engli% nation & br\ght ab\t ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,h>old1 ! ,engli% k+1 _h defeat$ ! =ces ( ,h>old ,hadraade1 #ab ,k+ ( ,norway1 at ,/am=d ,bridge 9 ,york%ire 7,sept4 #be1 #ajff74 ,f\r days lat]1 ,duke ,william ( ,norm&y l&$ 9 ,pev5sey ,bay1 ) #fj1jjj horse & foot4 ,h>old ha/5$ s\? to meet him ) troops exhau/$ by battle & m>*+4 ,aft] halt+ six days 9 ,london to collect re9=cem5ts1 ! ,engli% =ce entr5*$ itself on ! hill ( ,sautla*e & await$ attack4 ,! ,normans 7 unable to p5etrate ! abattis1 b !y ga9$ ! victory :i* *ang$ ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,engli% race by ! /ratagem ( a feign$ retreat4 ,h>old's undiscipl9$ auxili>ies1 contr>y to direct ord]s 7:i* 7 obey$ by ! regul> troops 9 ! c5tre71 sw>m$ out ( ! palisades 9 pursuit ( ! flee+ ,normans1 :o sudd5ly turn$ ab\t & p5etrat$ ! ,engli% l9es m+l$ ) ! discomfit$ auxili>ies4 ,_h ! irregul>s %[n ! same s5se ( discipl9e z ! regul>s !re _h be5 no ,norman ,conque/4 ,) reg>d to m>*+1 ,g5]al ,t4 ,j4 ,jackson once obs]v$1 9 reply to an allusion to 8 sev]e m>*+1 t x is bett] to lose "o man 9 m>*+ ?an five 9 fight+4 ,act+ on ?is pr9ciple he inv>iably surpris$ 8 enemy1 ! mo/ notable in/ances be+ 8 surprise ( ,milroy at ,mc,dowell1 ( ,banks & ,fremont 9 ! ,valley1 ( ,mc,clellan's "r at ,ga9es's ,mill1 ( ,pope at ! ,second ,manassas1 & 8 la/ & greate/ ( ,hook] at ,*ancellorsville4 ,,"t4--,"t is (t5 a supreme factor 9 w>f>e1 & ! sup]ior mobility ( troops w ga9 = _! comm&] a great /rategical advantage4 ,res]ves are ( little value if !y _c be conc5trat$ at ! "r spot at ! "r mom5t1 & /eam%ips1 railways1 & me*anical transport ?us play an important "p 9 w>4 ,! mobility ( infantry is (t5 ! decid+ factor 9 battle1 & campaigns h be5 won by ! legs ( soldi]s z mu* z by _! arms4 #ac ,,wea!r4--,! wea!r is an important factor 9 w>1 & its influ5ce appe>s to h increas$ 9 mod]n times4 ,mi/s & fogs militate aga9/ obs]vation by aircraft1 & poor visibility int]f]es ) ! "w ( artill]y4 ,roads are brok5 up by ! weight ( mod]n traffic1 & 9 a %ell$ area ! crat]s become impassable aft] a few days ra91 mak+ ! supply ( food1 /ores & ammunition a s]i\s problem4 ,su* conditions multiply ! difficulties ( attack1 z ! gr\nd ( ! enc\nt] consi/s pr9cipally ( ha/ily dug tr5*es :i* become runn+ /reams ( mud2 & !y assi/ ! def5ce1 z ! pursuit is delay$1 :ile ! gr\nd beh9d ! def5d+ =ce is less liable to be *urn$ up by %ell fire4 ,! bad wea!r ( ,septemb]1 #aiaf1 caus$ a delay 9 ! ,alli$ advance aga9/ ,sailly-,saillesel & ,le ,transloy & made x necess>y to ab&on ! plan at ! mom5t :5 previ\s successes seem$ to h br\ght x )9 ! grasp ( ! comm&]s4 ,z ! season advanc$ & ! bad wea!r cont9u$ ! plans ( ! ,allies _h to be r$uc$1 & ! brilliant successes already a*iev$ af=d$ "s indication ( :at might h be5 accompli%$ _h ! wea!r p]mitt$ ! plans to be c>ri$ out z orig9ally int5d$4 ,,heal?4--,w>s may be won or lo/ by ! /&>d ( heal? & moral ( ! oppos+ =ces4 ,moral dep5ds to a v l>ge ext5t ^u ! fe$+ & g5]al well-be+ ( ! troops4 ,badly suppli$ troops w inv>iably be l[ 9 moral1 & an army ravag$ by disease ceases to be a fight+ =ce4 ,! fe$+ & heal? ( ! fight+ =ces are dep5d5t ^u ! re>w>d s]vices1 & s x may be argu$ t ) ! re>w>d s]vices re/s victory or defeat 7,m>%al ,haig74 ,,human ,,nature4--,human nature is affect$ by discipl9e1 fe>1 hung]1 confid5ce 9 or di/ru/ ( lead]s1 & by a v>iety ( o!r influ5ces1 & human #ad nature is m important ?an armam5t & numb]s4 ,no great de$s h ev] be5 p]=m$ by an army 9 :i* ! qualities ( c\rage & /eadfa/ endurance are want+ 7,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley71 & ! /eadfa/ endurance ( a nation & ( its lead]s is also a factor ( supreme importance4 ,"t occupi$ 9 prep>ation = battle1 or 9 manoeuvr+ = ! wea!r gauge1 is seldom wa/$2 b x involves ! risk ( a weak-kne$ executive yield+ to popul> clam\r4 ,aga9/ ! /rategical & tactical g5ius ( ,hannibal1 ,qu9tus ,fabius ,maximus invok$ ! aid ( "t to af=d him opportunities to /rike4 ,8 ,fabian ,tactics h become prov]bial1 & e>n$ = him at ! "t ! opprobri\s epi!t ,cunctator1 :i* ! epigram#c ( ,ennius has immortalis$ 9 8 hon\r4 ,popul> clam\r l$ to a division ( au?ority ) ,v>ro1 & to ! disa/] ( ,cannae 7,b4,c4 #baf74 ,g5]al ,g4 ,b4 ,mc,clellan 0 recall$ f ! ,army ( ! ,potomac on acc\nt ( 8 failure to conv]t ! drawn battle ( ! ,antietam 7,sept4 #ag1 #ahfb7 into a victory1 & ! army 0 h&$ ov] to ,g5]al ,burnside1 :o suff]$ defeat at ,fr$]icksburg 7,dec4 #ac1 #ahfb7 ) t]rible slaught]4 ,b ! /\t he>t ( ! ,am]ican nation quickly ralli$1 & inspir$ by ! loyal det]m9ation ( ,abraham ,l9coln ! ,unit$ ,/ates turn$ once m to _! app>5tly hopeless task 7,colonel ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h5d]son74 ,mc,clellan's =te 0 organisation1 & al?\gh at fir/ sl[ 9 ! field1 he _h assembl$ & tra9$ a magnific5t fight+ =ce1 ) :i* he 0 feel+ 8 way to victory4 ,he suff]$ defeat inde$ at ,ga9es's ,mill 7,june #bg1 #ahfb71 ! fir/ act 9 ! drama ( ! ,sev5 ,days' ,battle ar\nd ,ri*mond4 ,day aft] day he fell back ?r\gh swamp & =e/1 battl+ ) ,lee's victori\s troops4 ,b !re 0 no fur!r disa/]4 ,"u ! mo/ adv]se & dispirit+ circum/ances ! ,army ( ! ,potomac fairly held _! own until #ae !y rea*$ ! impregnable position ( ,malv]n ,hill4 ,!re ,mc,clellan turn$ at bay & repuls$ ) heavy slaught] ! disjo9t$ attacks ( ! ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia4 ,he _h )drawn 8 army intact & _h effect$ a *ange ( base1 unkn[n to ! ,conf$]ate ,g5]al ,/aff1 f ! ,york ,riv] to ! ,james4 ,?is prov$ 8 /rategic p[]1 z did ! dispositions at ,malv]n ,hill 7,july #a1 #ahfb7 8 tactical ability1 & 8 "w 0 accompli%$ 9 spite ( ! intrigues ( politicians & ! opposition ( ! executive1 & 9 face ( ! milit>y g5ius ( ,g5]als ,r4 ,e4 ,lee & ,t4 ,j4 ,jackson4 ,at ! ,antietam he =c$ ! ,conf$]ates to give battle1 & al?\gh tactically indecisive1 ! engagem5t caus$ ! )drawal ( ,lee's army into ,virg9ia4 ,mc,clellan's successors 7 f> less compet5t1 & ! magnific5t ,army ( ! ,potomac met ) frequ5t disa/]s1 until x =m$ ! solid nucleus ( ! =ces ( ,g5]al ,meade1 :i* inflict$ ^u ,lee 8 fir/ defeat & sav$ ! ,union at ,gettysburg 7,july #a-c1 #ahfc71 & f9ally "u ,grant1 9 conjunction ) ! ,armies ( ! ,we/1 cru%$ ! life out ( ! ,conf$]acy at ,appomattox4 ,g5]al ,g4 ,h4 ,?omas1 9 comm& ( ! ,u4,s4 ,army ( ! ,cumb]l&1 refus$ battle ) ! ,conf$]ates 9 ,na%ville until he _h prep>$ cavalry & made e o!r arrangem5t = pursuit4 ,con/ancy ( purpose 0 ! sali5t feature ( ,?omas's milit>y "*4 ,he w\ld n fight until he 0 ready4 ,! civil au?orities urg5tly dem&$ t he %\ld advance4 ,s great 0 ! t5sion t ,grant f9ally s5t ,g5]al ,j4 ,a4 ,logan to sup]s$e ,?omas2 b be=e ,logan arriv$ ,?omas _h won ! ,battle ( ,na%ville 7,dec4 #ae-af1 #ahfd71 ! mo/ cru%+ victory ( ! w>4 ,"l ,rob]ts l&$ 9 ,cape ,t[n on ,jan4 #aj1 #aijj1 & popul> expectation 0 deg5]at+ into impati5ce :5 a co-ord9at$ advance ( ,fr5*'s cavalry & ! ,six? & ,n9? ,infantry ,divisions #af result$ 9 ! relief ( beleagur$ cities di/ant f ! field ( battle1 & 9 ! surr5d] on ! field ( ,cronje's =ce at ,pa>deb]g 7,feb4 #bg1 #aijj71 on ! anniv]s>y ( ,majuba4 ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,france4--,9 all calculations on :i* a decl>ation ( w> is bas$ ! moral fibre ( ! actual & pot5tial enemy nations is fully consid]$4 ,x is difficult to imag9e t ! ,headqu>t]s ,/aff ( ! ,g]man & ,au/rian ,armies fail$ to br+ "u review ! moral ( ! nations aga9/ :om _! armies 7 to be laun*$ 9 ,july1 #aiad4 ,! ,_s ( ,france _h %[n no signs ( det]ioration1 b 0 to be quell$ by a rapid advance ?r\gh neutral t]ritories1 to br+ ab\t a bewild]$ collapse1 z 9 #ahgj1 be=e ! ,russian mobilisation 0 complete1 & ,n\s sommes trahis 0 aga9 to be he>d f ! di%e>t5$ troops4 ,b ! calm det]m9ation ( ! comm&] & 8 g5]als 9 ! d>k days ( ,augu/1 #aiad1 prev5t$ ! bewild]$ collapse1 & ! ,def5ce ( ,v]dun f ,febru>y to ,augu/1 #aiaf1 & ! *e]s ( ! poilus1 z !y recaptur$ ! ,*em9 des ,dames 9 ,april-,july1 #aiag1 replac$ ! capitulation ( ,s$an & ( ,metz & ! ,n\s sommes trahis ( #ahgj4 ,,great ,,brita94--,brita9 0 n expect$ to take an active "p 9 ! /ruggle1 & if %e did ! affairs ( ,irel&1 ! ,suffragette movem5t1 & ! g5]al decad5ce ( ! nation w\ld prev5t a :ole-he>t$ prosecution ( ! w>4 ,a small =ce only c\ld be s5t to ,europe2 x w\ld be swall[$ up 9 ! bewild]$ collapse1 & no re9=cem5ts c\ld be sp>$4 ,! ext5t ( ! miscalculation is %[n 9 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george's spee* 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,july #c1 #aiai1 9 :i* ! ,prime ,m9i/] /at$ t ! ,briti% ,empire _h put #g1gjj1jjj m5 "u arms1 _h rais$ #i1ejj1jjj1jjj p\nds 9 taxes & loans1 & _h suff]$ upw>ds ( #h1jjj1jjj casualties on l& & #ag sea4 ,x 0 also %[n t dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ( ! w> ! ,briti% armies _h borne ! brunt ( ! heavie/ fight+ on ! ,we/]n ,front 9 ,france & at ! same "t _h de/roy$ ! arm$ =ces ( ! ,turki% ,empire 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! risk ( compell+ ,brita9 to take "p 0 und]tak51 & ! fir/ great /rategical blund] ( ! w> 0 committ$4 ,,am]ica4--,9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! ,w> ,am]ica _h gradually be5 br\ght into ! ar5a1 & a fur!r miscalculation array$ ! hundr$ millions ( a free & unit$ nation aga9/ ! autocracies ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,,"l ,,rob]ts4--,o!r bra9s ?an ,g]man _h consid]$ ! possibility ( an arm$ conflict 9 ,europe4 ,= _m ye>s ,"l ,rob]ts _h advocat$ univ]sal milit>y s]vice 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 z a proc$ure b5eficial 9 itself1 & imp]ative on acc\nt ( ! cle> int5tions ( ! ,headqu>t]s ,/aff ( ! ,g]man ,army4 ,g]many /rikes :5 ,g]many's h\r has /ruck1 0 8 w>n+ note1 & al?\gh app>5tly unhe$$ by ! nation1 8 w>n+ 0 n )\t effect ^u ! tra9+ ( ! ,regul> ,army4 ,,colonel ,,h5d]son4--,milit>y writ]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom _h also consid]$ ! possibility ( a conflict ) ! arm$ =ces ( ,g]many1 & 9 all _! treatises ! moral ( ! nation 0 pass$ "u review4 ,colonel ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h5d]son1 9 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>1 _h ev5 envisag$ a /ruggle 9 :i* n only ! troops ( ,brita9 & ! ,ov]seas ,dom9ions b ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld take "p1 & 8 e/imate ( ! moral ( ! race on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 & 9 bo? hemisph]es1 0 fully ju/ifi$ by ! ev5ts ( ! ,w>4 ,colonel ,h5d]son f\nd 9 ! race some?+ m ?an t\ghness 9 its moral fibre1 = he adds1 ,tactical ability is ! bir?right ( #ah our race4 4 4 4 ,9 a conflict on ! va/e/ scale 7! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>7 ! tactics ( ! ,am]ican troops1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 7 sup]ior to ^? ( ! ,prussians 9 #ahff4 ,9 ,/rategy1 controll$ z x 0 on bo? sides by ! civil gov]nm5ts & n by ! milit>y *iefs1 grave errors 7 committ$1 b on ! field ( battle ! racial in/9ct ass]t$ itself4 ,nor 7 ! l>g] tactical manoeuvres ev5 ( #ahgj an improvem5t on ^? ( ! ,am]ican campaigns4 4 4 4 ,b 9 #ahgh1 ,skobeleff1 ! fir/ ( ,european g5]als to ma/] ! problem ( ! (f5sive1 knew ! ,am]ican ,w> 'by he>t1' & 9 8 successful assaults on ! ,turki% r$\bts he foll[$ ! plan ( ! ,am]ican g5]als on bo? sides1 :5 attempt+ to c>ry su* positions2 to foll[ up ! assault+ columns ) fre% troops1 )\t wait+ = ! fir/ column to be repuls$4 ,aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 ,g5]al ,=re/1 a cavalry lead] ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates ,army1 0 ask$ to :at he attribut$ 8 success 9 s _m actions4 ,he repli$3 ,well1 ,i reckon ,i got !re fir/ ) ! mo/ m51 !reby /at+ 9 a nut%ell ! key to ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,at ,na*od1 ! ,au/rian comm&] _h numb]s on 8 side1 yet he s5t into action "p only ( 8 =ces1 & x 0 by numb]s t he 0 beat5 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,) reg>d to ! moral ( ! race ,colonel ,h5d]son makes ?is emphatic /atem5t3 ,9 ! la/ n9e mon?s ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 "t & aga91 accord+ to all prec$5t1 "o side or ! o!r ought to h be5 :ipp$1 b x decl9$ to be any?+ ( ! sort4 ,! losses %[ ?is4 ,?is 0 due 9 no small measure to ! quality :i* ! troops on bo? sides inh]it$ f ! /ock t furni%$ 8 infantry to ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,nev] to "k :5 !y 7 beat5 0 a *>act]i/ic ( bo? ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,,! ,,contemptible ,,little ,,army4--,9 place ( ! g5]al decad5ce ( ! ,briti% race1 ^u :i* ! ,g]man ,/aff appe> to h reli$1 ?is *>act]i/ic #ai quality ( endurance 0 exhibit$ by ,fr5*'s ,contemptible ,little ,army dur+ ! ,retreat f ,mons 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 at ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ,ypres 7,octob] #bj1 #aiad71 & at ! ,second ,battle ( ,ypres 7,april #bb1 #aiae74 ,( 8 ,contemptible ,little ,army ,m>%al ,fr5* writes 9 8 book1 #aiad3 ,! ,briti% ,army _h inde$ suff]$ sev]ely1 & _h p]=m$ a h]culean task 9 rea*+ its pres5t position 9 su* fight+ =m1 & its moral _h )/ood ! ordeal4 ,i ?9k ! ,g]mans 7 probably ju/ifi$ 9 d\bt+ our (f5sive p[]s1 b ! ?+ !y =got 0 ! nation f :i* we spr+4 ,,! ,,new ,,armies4--,f #aiae to #aiah ! ,new ,armies1 rais$1 equipp$1 & tra9$ dur+ ! ,w>1 & repres5t+ ! ,empire 9 arms1 display$ ! same inh]5t quality1 & disprov$ = ev] ! *>ge ( decad5ce t _h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! ,briti% race4 ,t ^! troops %\ld h accompli%$ s mu* "u su* conditions1 & aga9/ an army & a nation ^: *ief conc]n = s _m ye>s _h be5 prep>ation = w>1 con/itutes a feat ( :i* ! hi/ory ( our nation records no equal4 4 4 4 ,troops f e "p ( ! ,briti% ,isles & f e ,dom9ion & qu>t] ( ! ,empire1 :e!r ,regul>s1 ,t]ritorials1 or m5 ( ! ,new ,armies1 h borne a %>e 9 ! battle4 4 4 4 ,among all ! long roll ( victories borne on ! col\rs ( our regim5ts1 !re has nev] be5 a high] te/ ( ! endurance & resolution ( our ,infantry4 ,!y h %[n !mselves wor?y ( ! highe/ traditions ( our race1 & ( ! pr\d records ( =m] w>s 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*1 ,decemb] #bc1 #aiaf74 ,our new & ha/ily tra9$ armies h %[n once aga9 t !y are capable ( meet+ & beat+ ! enemy's be/ troops1 ev5 "u conditions :i* fav\r$ 8 def5ce to a degree :i* x requir$ ! greate/ endurance1 det]m9ation1 & h]oism to #bj ov]come 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*1 ,decemb] #be1 #aiag74 ,x is no disp>agem5t ( ! gallant de$s p]=m$ on o!r fronts to say t1 9 ! /ubborn /ruggle = ! l9e ( hills :i* /ret*es f ,wyts*aete to ,pass*5daele1 ! great armies t to-day are %\ld]+ ! burd5 ( our ,empire h %[n !mselves wor?y ( ! regim5ts :i*1 9 ,octob] & ,novemb] ( #aiad1 made ,ypres take rank = ev] among/ ! mo/ glori\s ( ,briti% battles 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*1 ,decemb] #be1 #aiag74 ,! ,briti% infantryman has always _h ! reputation ( fight+ 8 be/ 9 an uphill battle1 & "t & aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry1 by %e] t5acity & det]m9ation ( purpose1 has won victory f a num]ically sup]ior foe4 ,?r[n once m ^u ! def5sive by circum/ances ov] :i* he _h no control1 b :i* w n p]si/1 he has %[n himself to possess 9 full measure ! traditional qualities ( 8 race 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*1 ,july #bj1 #aiah74 ,?r\gh\t ?is long p]iod ( incessant fight+ aga9/ greatly sup]ior numb]s ! behavi\r ( all arms ( ! ,briti% =ces engag$ 0 magnific5t4 ,:at !y a*iev$ is be/ describ$ 9 ! words ( ! ,fr5* ,g5]al 7,mai/re7 "u ^: ord]s !y came1 :o wrote ( !m3 ',!y h enabl$ u to e/abli% a b>ri] aga9/ :i* ! ho/ile waves h beat5 & %att]$ !mselves4 ,cela aucun des tmo9s franais ne l'oubli]a' 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*1 ,decemb] #ba1 #aiah74 ,aft] f\r ye>s ( fight+1 at ! close ( a def5sive campaign ( ! utmo/ sev]ity1 protract$ by ! ef=ts ( ! enemy f ,m>* #ba-;,july #ag1 #aiah1 ! ,new ,armies pass$ f ! gu>d to ! ?ru/4 ,!y 7 ev]y:]e victori\s1 & 9 n9e pit*$ battles !y captur$ upw>ds ( #age1jjj prison]s & #b1fjj guns4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! ard\r & endurance ( ^! troops dur+ ?is f9al /age1 x w be en\gh to m5tion ! dates & importance ( ! ma9 ev5ts-- #ba ,battle ( ,ami5s 7,aug4 #h-ac7 9 :i* ! ,,iv4 ,army took #bb1jjj prison]s & m ?an #djj guns4 ,battle ( ,bapaume 7,aug4 #ba-,sept4 #a7 ,,iii4 ,army & ,left ,w+ ( ,,iv4 ,army3 #cd1jjj prison]s1 #bgj guns4 ,battle ( ! ,sc>pe 7,aug4 #bf-,sept4 #c7 ,i4 ,army3 #af1jjj prison]s1 #bjj guns4 ,battle ( ,ha]9c\rt & ,ephy 7,sept4 #ab-ah7 ,,iv4 & ,,iii4 ,armies3 #ab1jjj prison]s1 #ajj guns4 ,battle ( ,cambrai & ! ,h9d5burg ,l9e 7,sept4 #bg-,oct4 #e7 ,,iv41 ,,iii41 & ,i4 ,armies4 ,end$ 9 ! break+ ( ! ,h9d5burg ,l9e & 9 ! capture ( #ce1jjj prison]s & #chj guns4 ,battle ( ,fl&]s 7,sept4 #bh-,oct4 #ad7 ,,ii4 ,army3 #e1jjj prison]s1 #ajj guns4 ,battle ( ,le ,cateau 7,oct4 #f-ab7 ,,iv41 ,,iii41 & ,i4 ,armies3 #ab1jjj prison]s1 #bej guns4 ,battle ( ! ,selle 7,oct4 #ag-be7 ,,iv4 & ,,iii4 ,armies3 #bj1jjj prison]s1 #dge guns4 ,battle ( ! ,sambre 7,nov4 #a-aa7 ,,iv41 ,,iii41 & ,i4 ,armies3 #ai1jjj prison]s1 #dej guns4 7,m>%al ,fo*47 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,me?od4--,! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! ,art ( ,w> w\ld ?us appe> to be bas$ on con/ant factors1 b ! me?ods ( _! application are susceptible to *ange1 = 9 _! application ! pr9ciples are subject to ! influ5ce ( successive inv5tions4 ,gunp[d] aboli%$ ! b[ & arr[ & ! knight 9 arm\r2 ! bayonet affix$ to ! musket sup]s$$ ! pike2 ! rifle outrang$ ! musket2 ! bree*-load] & ! magaz9e atta*m5t progressively increas$ ! rate ( fire2 smokeless p[d] r5d]$ a fir+ l9e almo/ invisible2 ! flat trajectory ( ! small-arms bullet increas$ ! dang]-zone 9 an advance2 ! increas$ p[]1 mobility1 & accuracy ( ! field gun#d r5d]$ c]ta9 #bb =mations obsolete 9 ! attack2 ! g5]al advance 9 ! rate & accuracy ( fire f rifles1 ma*9e guns1 & artill]y made attack on a /rongly organis$ position possible only :5 surprise 9 ! "t & place ( ! ?ru/ neutralises ! advantages ( ! def5ce1 or :5 an ov]:elm+ b>rage ( %ells & bullets cov]s ! advance & smo!rs ! enemy's resi/ance4 ,! adv5t ( a ?ird s]vice1 by ! addition ( ! ,air to ! ,sea & ,l& ,s]vices1 increas$ ! facilities = reconnaissance#e & add$ to ! difficulties ( conceal+ movem5t dur+ ! h\rs ( daylight4 ,^! & simil> influ5ces h br\ght ab\t *anges 9 c]ta9 respects1 among/ :i* ! mo/ pron\nc$ is ! increas$ use ( field entr5*m5ts1 & tactical me?ods h be5 evolv$ to meet ! necessities ( ! case1 or modifi$ to suit ! new requirem5ts4#f ,b no inv5tions c %ift ! burd5 ( w> f ! %\ld]s ( ! infantryman4 ,despite ! enorm\s developm5t ( me*anical inv5tion 9 e phase ( w>f>e1 ! place :i* ! infantryman has always held z ! ma9 sub/ance & f\ndation ( an army is z secure to-day z 9 any p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,! infantryman rema9s ! backbone ( def5ce & ! spe>head ( ! attack4 ,at no "t has ! reputation ( ! ,briti% infantryman be5 high]1 or 8 a*ievem5t m wor?y ( 8 r5[n4 4 4 4 ,imm5se z ! influ5ce ( me*anical devices may be1 !y _c by !mselves decide a campaign4 ,_! true rle is t ( assi/+ ! infantryman4 4 4 4 ,!y _c replace him4 ,only by ! rifle & bayonet ( ! infantryman c ! decisive victory be won 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 #bc ,,! ,,text-,,books4--,*anges 9 tactical me?ods are record$ f "t to "t 9 circul>s issu$ by ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 to be embodi$ ev5tually 9 ! (ficial text-books4 ,^! text-books 7,infantry ,tra9+ & ,field ,s]vice ,regulations7 are ! f\ndation ^u :i* ! /udy ( ,infantry ,tactics %\ld be bas$1 & ( ^! books ,colonel ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h5d]son has left beh9d him ! foll[+ op9ion3 ,t portion ( our own text-books :i* ref]s to ,infantry 9 ,attack & ,def5ce is m]ely ! ess5ce ( ,tactics4 ,!re is no s+le s5t5ce t is n ( prim>y importance1 no s+le pr9ciple laid d[n t c be violat$ ) impunity1 no s+le in/ruction t %\ld n be practis$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,aft] f\r ye>s ( w>f>e1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples enunciat$ 9 ! text-books _h be5 put to ! mo/ se>*+ ( all te/s 7i4e4 practical application 9 ,w>71 ! ,g5]al ,/aff ( ! ,army 0 able to preface a li/ ( its rec5t publications ) ! foll[+ exhortation3 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ,field ,s]vice ,regulations & 9 ,infantry ,tra9+ are /ill ! basis ( all s\nd k4 ,at ! close ( ! f9al victori\s campaign1 ,m>%al ,haig emphasis$ ! tru? ( ?is claim3 ,! long] ! w> la/$ ! m emphatically has x be5 realis$ t our orig9al organisation & tra9+ 7 bas$ on correct pr9ciples4 ,! dang] ( alt]+ !m too mu*1 to deal ) "s tempor>y phase1 has be5 great] ?an ! risk ( adju/+ !m too little4 4 4 4 ,! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ?is w> alone1 )\t ! /udy & practice ( lessons le>n$ f o!r campaigns1 c\ld n h suffic$ to meet ! ev]-*ang+ tactics :i* h *>act]is$ ! fight+4 ,!re 0 requir$ also ! s\nd basis ( milit>y k suppli$ by our ,tra9+ ,manuals & ,/aff ,colleges4 #a ,au?or ( ,b5 ,hur4 #b ,= an example 9 milit>y fiction1 see ,! ,second ,degree 9 ,! ,gre5 ,curve4 #c ,unus homo nobis cunct&o re/ituit rem4 #d ,! t]m field gun 0 limit$ to ! #ah-p\nd] until ! ,bo] ,w>1 :5 heavy guns 7 us$ z mobile artill]y4 ,9 ! ,great ,w>1 me*anical transport br\ght into ! field ( battle guns ( ! l>ge/ calibre4 ,quick-fir+ field guns 7 fir/ us$ by ! ,abyss9ians aga9/ ! ,italians at ! ,battle ( ,ad[a 7,febru>y #bi1 #ahif74 #e ,reconnoitr+ balloons 7 fir/ us$ by ! ,army ( ! ,potomac at ! ,battle ( ,fr$]icksburg 7,decemb] #ab1 #ahfb74 ,a]oplanes 7 us$ 9 w>f>e = ! fir/ "t 9 #aiaa1 dur+ ! ,italo-,turki% campaign 9 ,tripoli1 ,nor? ,africa4 #f ,heavily arm\r$ c>s1 kn[n z ,tanks1 7 introduc$ dur+ ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme1 ,septemb] #ae1 #aiaf4 #bd ,,! ,,battle ,!oretically1 a well conduct$ battle is a decisive attack successfully c>ri$ out4--,,m>%al ,,fo*4 ,! ,art ( ,w>1 9 ord] to arrive at its aim 7:i* is to impose its w ^u ! enemy71 kn[s b "o means1 ! de/ruction ( ! adv]s>y's organis$ =ces4 ,s we arrive at ! battle1 ! only argum5t ( w>1 ! only prop] end t may be giv5 to /rategical op]ations1 & we beg9 by e/abli%+ ! fact t to accompli% ! aim ( w> ! battle _c be purely def5sive4 ,! results ( a def5sive battle are exclusively negative2 x may *eck ! enemy 9 8 m>*2 x may prev5t him f a*iev+ 8 imm$iate aim2 b x nev] leads to 8 de/ruction1 & s is p[]less to a*ieve ! wi%$-= victory4 ,!re=e1 e def5sive battle mu/ t]m9ate ) an (f5sive action or !re w be no result 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,battle4--,no two battles are precisely simil>1 b !re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics common to e battle4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! issue is almo/ always unc]ta91 = ev5ts :i* no human sagacity c\ld provide aga9/ may occur to defeat ! wise/ plans4 ,! be/ *ances1 !re=e1 are on ! side ( ! comm&] :o is provid$ ) suffici5t means to a*ieve 8 object1 :o =ms 8 plans ) ! greate/ sagacity1 & executes !m ) ! greate/ ability4 ,decisive success has foll[$ ! comb9ations ( great comm&]s1 & 9 ! long run victory pays homage to k ( ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! art ( w>4 #be ,9 ! second place1 ! human factor always plays its "p 9 battle4 ,troops lack+ 9 discipl9e are liable to panic 9 face ( a sudd5 disa/]1 & ev5 ! be/ troops are liable to become un/eady if _! flank is ga9$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 a comp>atively small body ( fre% troops ?r[n into action at ! "r mom5t aga9/ great] numb]s1 if ! latt] are exhau/$ by fight+1 may a*ieve a success out ( all proportion to _! numb]s4 ,= ?is reason a prud5t comm&] w endeav\r to reta9 "u 8 control "s portion ( 8 res]ves1 to be ?r[n 9 aft] 8 adv]s>y has exhau/$ 8 own res]ve p[]4 ,to be sup]ior at ! po9t ( attack is ! ,art ( ,w>f>e 9 a nut%ell1 & = ?is reason attacks on sep>ate po9ts ( a position mu/ be prop]ly syn*ronis$ to be effective4 ,! unbeat5 enemy w o!rwise possess a mobile res]ve ) :i* to re9=ce ?reat5$ po9ts4 ,! attacks mu/ be s tim$ t he ?r[s !m 9 piecemeal or fails to rea* ! po9t ma9ly ?reat5$4 ,mc,clellan's position ) ! ,army ( ! ,potomac on ,malv]n ,hill 7,july #a1 #ahfb7 0 a desp]ate position to attack 9 front1 b x c\ld h be5 turn$ on ! "r4 ,! hill dom9at$ ! gr\nd to ! nor?1 & also ! road on :i* ,lee's ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia 0 approa*+1 & 0 cr[n$ ) num]\s heavy guns1 aga9/ :i* ,lee's artill]y 0 p[]less4 ,x 0 ,lee's int5tion to op5 ) an attack by a division1 support$ by two brigades1 on ! "r ( ! position1 & :5 ?is =ce 0 at grips ) ! ,army ( ! ,potomac1 to assault ! c5tre ) a bayonet *>ge4 ,ab\t #e p4m4 ! s\nd ( *e]+ 0 he>d ne> ! "r ( ! position1 & mi/ak+ ?is = ! signal1 ,g5]al ,d4 ,h4 ,hill laun*$ ! attack on ! c5tre4 ,! fir/ l9e ( def5ce 0 c>ri$1 b ! ,nor!rn ,army 0 unoccupi$ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! l9e1 & re9=cem5ts quickly #bf beat (f ! attack ) heavy loss4 ,aft] ?is attack _h fail$1 ,magrud]'s division arriv$ 9 position & ! attack on ! "r flank 0 deliv]$ ) simil> results4 ,bo? attacks 7 c>ri$ out ) sup]b c\rage1 b p>tial bl[s ( ?is nature are )\t ! fir/ elem5ts ( success1 & ,mc,clellan's movem5ts 7 n aga9 mole/$4 ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,battle4--,!re are ?ree pr9cipal phases ( e battle4 ,in=mation mu/ be obta9$ by obs]vation & by fight+2 advantage mu/ be tak5 ( in=mation s obta9$ to /rike :]e ! bl[ or bl[s w be mo/ effective2 success obta9$ by fight+ mu/ be develop$ until ! enemy is annihilat$4 ,in=mation & ! ,initiative4--,mu* "w requires to be done 9 ! air & on ! l& be=e ! rival armies come face to face4 ,aircraft & ! indep5d5t cavalry 7advanc$ m\nt$ troops & fa/ tanks deta*$ f divisions = ! purpose71 endeav\r to asc]ta9 :e!r1 & if s 9 :at locality & 9 :at /r5g?1 troops are be+ conc5trat$ by ! enemy4 ,f in=mation s obta9$ ! ,headqu>t]s ,/aff are able to conjecture ! int5tions & aims ( ! enemy1 & ! ext5t to :i* _! own int5tions & aims h be5 p]ceiv$ by ! enemy4 ,aft] ! enemy is enc\nt]$ ?is in=mation is at ! s]vice ( ! ,comm&] ( ! troops1 b x w g5]ally require to be supplem5t$ by fight+4 ,on ea* side ! comm&] w be /riv+ to obta9 ! initiative1 to impose 8 w ^u 8 oppon5t1 = ! comm&] :o loses ! initiative is compell$ to con=m to ! plans & movem5ts ( 8 adv]s>y1 in/ead ( br++ into op]ation plans & movem5ts bett] suit$ to 8 own purposes4 ,ea* is s*em+ to obta9 or reta9 ! lib]ty ( manoeuvre1 9 ! same way z1 9 ! days ( sail+ %ips1 a naval comm&] /rove to get ! wea!r gauge 9 e enc\nt]4 ,! initiative won by ! ,/rategy ( "o comm&] #bg is sometimes wre/$ f him by ! ,tactics ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,?is 0 exemplifi$ at ! ,battle ( ,salamanca 7,july #bb1 #ahab74 ,well+ton1 ! g5]alissimo ( ! ,anglo-,portuguese =ces1 _h decid$ to )draw beh9d ! ,riv] ,tormes to ! /ronghold ,ciudad ,rodrigo1 & _h dispat*$ 8 tra9 to t c5tre4 ,! ,fr5* ,comm&] 7,m>mont71 9 8 eag]ness to int]cept ,well+ton's l9e ( retreat1 mov$ "p ( 8 =ce to ! ,heights ( ,mir&a1 ?us ?reat5+ ,well+ton's "r & re>1 b leav+ a gap ( two miles betwe5 ! deta*$ =ce & 8 ma9 army4 ,well+ton not$ ! fre% disposition ( ,m>mont's army ?r\gh 8 telescope1 & exclaim+1 ,t w d6 he ab&on$ all idea ( ! )drawal :i* _h be5 =c$ ^u him by ,m>mont's previ\s manoeuvres1 & hurl$ "p ( 8 =ce aga9/ ! deta*$ body 7:i* 0 defeat$ be=e ,m>mont c\ld s5d assi/ance7 & at ! same "t b>r$ ! progress ( ! ma9 army1 :i* 0 =c$ to leave ! field4 ,well+ton aft]w>ds decl>$1 ,i nev] saw an army receive su* a beat+4 ,if ! ,spani% ,g5]al 9 alliance ) ,well+ton _h n1 contr>y to ! mo/ explicit in/ructions1 evacuat$ ! ,ca/le ( ,alba de ,tormes 7:i* comm&$ ! =ds ov] :i* ! ,fr5* retreat$71 n "o-?ird ( ,m>mont's army w\ld h escap$ 7,napi]74 ,z at ,salamanca1 :]e ! lib]ty ( manoeuvre :i* _h be5 won by ! ,/rategy ( ,m>mont 0 wre/$ f him by ! ,tactics ( ,well+ton1 s at ! f9al phase ( ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne 7,septemb]1 #aiad71 ! initiative 0 rega9$ by tactical adroitness4 ,rapidity ( action 0 ! great ,g]man asset1 :ile t ( ,russia 0 an inexhau/ible supply ( troops4 ,to obta9 a quick decision ! ,g]mans w5t to e l5g?4 ,( ! ma9 r\tes = ! invasion ( ,france *os5 = _! armies1 two l$ ?r\gh ! neutral t]ritories ( ,luxemburg & ,belgium1 & only "o ?r\gh ,france1 & _! advance !re broke #bh d[n1 almo/ at ! fir/1 at ! only po9t :]e x 0 legitimately conduct$1 = ! ,g]man armies fail$ to pi]ce ! ,fr5* ,front at ! ,gap ( ,*>mes 7,vosges71 & _! defeat at ! ,battle ( ,bacc>at 7,augu/ #be1 #aiad7 l$ to ! decisive defeat at ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne4 ,!y !n ab&on$1 = ! mom5t1 all hopes ( a quick decision 9 a w> ( manoeuvre & retir+ to _! prep>$ l9es ( def5ce on ! ,aisne1 reli$ ^u me?odically prep>$ & regul>ly con/ruct$ tr5* sy/ems1 & ^u ! h& gr5ade1 ! tr5* mort>1 & ! o!r weapons ( close combat1 = sup]iority 9 a long campaign ( tr5* siege w>f>e1 :i* endur$ until ! collapse ( ,russia 9 #aiag fre$ = an (f5sive movem5t on ! requisite scale 9 #aiah upw>ds ( #a1ejj1jjj m54 ,at ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne1 ! five ,g]man armies1 :i* 7 foll[+ up ! ,franco-,briti% left & c5tre1 7 ext5d$ f ,ami5s to ,v]dun1 b on ,septemb] #h1 #aiad1 ! ,g]man ,i4 ,army 7,g5]al von ,kluck7 0 s plac$ by ! impetuosity ( ! m>* t a wide gap sep>at$ x f ! rema9d] ( ! ,g]man =ces4 ,to ! nor?-we/ ( ,p>is a new ,fr5* ,army1 collect$ f ! ,metropolitan g>rison & f ! s\?-ea/]n fronti]1 _h be5 assembl$ & pu%$ out 9 motor transports by ! zeal & intellig5ce ( ! ,milit>y ,gov]nor ( ,p>is 7,g5]al ,galli5i72 & to avoid ?is m5ace to 8 flank & l9e ( communications1 & to rega9 t\* ) ! o!r ,g]man armies1 "o ( :i* 7"u ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce7 0 unsuccessfully engag$ 9 battle1 ,g5]al von ,kluck adopt$ ! extremely haz>d\s c\rse ( a flank m>*1 across ! front ( ! ,franco-,briti% left w+4 ,^u receiv+ intellig5ce ( ?is manoeuvre f ! ,air ,s]vice 9 ,p>is1 ,g5]al ,j(fre1 see+ ! opportunity ( ga9+ ! initiative1 ord]$ an advance to ! attack on ,septemb] #f1 & ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne1 :i* result$ f ?is ord]1 *ang$ ! "* ( ! fight+ on ! #bi ,we/]n ,front4 ,! decisive bl[ 0 /rategical r ?an tactical4 ,x 0 deliv]$ on a battlefield ( #f1jjj squ>e miles1 & involv$1 ?r\gh\t t area1 a /ruggle ( six great armies1 numb]+ 9 all #gjj1jjj troops1 aga9/ a simil> numb] ( armies ( at lea/ equal /r5g?4 ,no c\nt]-attack on su* a scale _h previ\sly be5 deliv]$ 9 any campaign1 & ! sc>cely int]rupt$ advance ( ! ,g]man armies receiv$ a p]man5t *eck1 :ile ! /rategic aim ( ! ,g]man ,/aff1 namely1 ! spe$y annihilation 9 ! field ( ! ,franco-,briti% armies1 _h to be def9itely ab&on$4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,battle4--,! atmosph]e ( battle is ?us depict$ 9 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>3 ,:5 two armies are face to face & "o is sup]ior 9 numb]s to ! o!r1 ! comm&] ( ! small] army is confront$ by two problems4 ,if ! sup]ior army is n yet conc5trat$1 or is s di/ribut$ t ! diff]5t p>ts _c readily support ea* o!r1 x may be defeat$ 9 detail4 ,if ! sup]ior army is already conc5trat$1 its comm&] may be induc$1 by "o means or ano!r1 to make deta*m5ts1 & ?us to be weak ev]y:]e4 ,! fir/ problem is solv$ by rapidity ( manoeuvre1 surprise m>*es1 secrecy1 fe9ts to bewild] ! adv]s>y 9 8 conc5tration1 & action on unexpect$ l9es4 ,! second1 by skilful ?reat5+ ( po9ts = ! def5ce ( :i* ! adv]s>y w deta* =ces2 by concealm5t ( 8 dispositions2 & by draw+ ! adv]s>y into t]ra9 :]e "p only ( 8 sup]ior =ces c be employ$4 ,! p[] ( /rik+ 'l a bolt f ! blue' is ( ! greate/ value 9 w>4 ,surprise 0 ! f\ndation ( almo/ all ! great /rategical comb9ations ( ! pa/1 z x w be ( ^? to come4 ,! fir/ ?\ght & ! la/ ( ! great g5]al is to outwit 8 adv]s>y & to /rike :]e he is lea/ expect$4 ,to :at ,f$]al soldi] did x occur on ! #cj morn+ ( ,*ancellorsville 7,may #b-h1 #ahfc7 t ,lee1 confront$ by #ij1jjj ,nor!rn]s1 w\ld deta* ,/onewall ,jackson ) m ?an half 8 own =ce ( #dc1jjj to attack 8 adv]s>y 9 ! re> 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,surprise 0 ! *ief cause ( success 9 ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ,cambrai 7,novemb] #bj1 #aiag7 :5 ,g5]al ,sir ,julian ,byng laun*$ ! ,,iii4 ,army at dawn aga9/ ! highly organis$ def5sive position kn[n z ! ,h9d5burg ,l9e4 ,! wire entanglem5ts 9 front ( ?is position 7 exceptionally deep1 & _h n be5 brok5 by gun-fire4 ,beh9d !m ! ,g]mans 7 re/+ 9 app>5t security & su* in=mation z !y 7 able to obta9 by raid+ reconnaissances 0 n corroborat$ by ! fi]ce & prolong$ artill]y bomb>dm5t :i* 0 at t "t reg>d$ z ! insep>able prelude to an attack 9 =ce4 ,! advance 0 prec$$ by battalions ( ,tanks1 ) ,infantry 9 close support1 & 0 foll[$ by ,cavalry1 to r\nd up fugitives & disorganise re9=cem5ts4 ,! artill]y _h previ\sly be5 /r5g!n$ & 0 direct$ aga9/ ! support & res]ve l9es1 to prev5t ! ,g]mans f mass+ = c\nt]-attacks & to break up _! =mations4 ,aircraft c>ri$ out reconnaissance dur+ ! battle f a l[ altitude & h>ass$ ! def5d]s ) fire action4 ,an advance 0 made into ! /ronge/ "p ( ! ,g]man def5sive sy/em on a tw5ty-mile front to a dep? ( five miles1 & secur$ upw>ds ( #aa1jjj prison]s1 #aej guns1 & consid]able quantities ( /ores & mat]ials1 & al?\gh aft]-ev5ts neutralis$ ! initial successes1 ! advance ( ,novemb] #bj1 #aiag1 w ev] rema9 an example ( ! value ( surprise 9 w>4 ,surprise /rikes ) t]ror ev5 ^? :o are by f> ! /rong]4 ,a new weapon ( w> may ensure x1 or a sudd5 appe>ance ( a =ce l>g] ?an ! adv]s>y's1 or a conc5tration ( =ces ^u a po9t at :i* ! adv]s>y is n ready in/antane\sly to p>ry ! bl[4 ,b if ! me?ods #ca be v>i\s1 ! aim is always to produce ! same moral effect ^u ! enemy--t]ror--by creat+ 9 him at ! swift app>ition ( unexpect$ & inconte/ably p[]ful means1 ! s5tim5t ( impot5ce1 ! conviction t he _c conqu]--t is to say1 t he is conqu]$4 ,& ?is supreme bl[ ( unexpect$ vig\r ne$ n be direct$ ^u ! :ole ( ! enemy's army4 ,= an army is an animate & organis$ be+1 a collection ( organs1 ( :i* ! loss ev5 ( a s+le "o leads to dea? 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,at almo/ any p]iod ( ! battle1 & 9 almo/ e phase ( fight+1 surprise c be br\ght ab\t by a sudd5 & unexpect$ outbur/ ( effective ma*9e gun or o!r =m ( fire4 ,a sudd5 effective fire w h a p>ticul>ly demoralis+ effect on ! enemy2 x is (t5 advantage\s1 !re=e1 to seek = surprise effects ( ?is sort by tempor>ily )hold+ fire 7,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiba74 ,,! ,,decisive ,,bl[4--,! prep>atory action & ! developm5t usually take ! =m ( a conv]g+ movem5t ( sep>at$ =ces1 s tim$ z to /rike ! adv]s>y's front & flank simultane\sly1 9 ord] to ?reat5 ! enemy's l9e ( communications1 = ! l9e ( supply is z vital to ! exi/5ce ( an army z ! he>t to ! life ( a human be+4 ,p]haps no situation is m pitiable ?an t ( a comm&] :o has p]mitt$ an enemy to sev] 8 communications4 ,he sees ! end ( 8 res\rces at h&1 b n ! means to repl5i% !m 7,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley74 ,! decisive bl[ w be deliv]$ by ! ,g5]al ,res]ve1 :i* w be secretly conc5trat$ & laun*$ z secretly z possible2 & ! comm&] ( ! :ole =ce w s di/ribute 8 troops t ab\t half 8 available =ce c be kept 9 h& = ?is decisive bl[1 on a "p ( ! enemy's front if suffici5t p5etration has be5 effect$1 or on a flank4 ,! po9t *os5 becomes ! vital #cb po9t1 & success !re means success at all po9ts4 ,once r\t$1 ! enemy mu/ be rel5tlessly pursu$ & prev5t$ f rega9+ ord] & moral4 ,a battle 0 f\ght 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #cca1 ne>ly #b1cjj ye>s ago1 at ,arbela1#a 9 ,mesopotamia1 ! ,ea/]n !atre ( op]ations 9 ! ,great ,w> ( #aiad-ah1 & x des]ves /udy to %[ ! et]nal nature ( ! ma9 pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! ,art ( ,w>4 ,alex&] ! ,great invad$ ! t]ritories ( ,d>ius1 ,k+ ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 ) ! /rategic aim ( defeat+ 8 adv]s>y's ma9 armies 9 a decisive battle4 ,! ,mac$onian =ces 7 prec$$ by an ,advanc$ ,gu>d ( ,cavalry1 & f in=mation obta9$ by ! ,vangu>d1 ,alex&] 0 made aw>e ( ! /r5g? & position ( ! ,p]sian =ces4 ,by a c>eful reconnaissance ( ! gr\nd 9 company ) 8 ,corps ,comm&]s1 ,alex&] 0 able to =e/all a project$ movem5t1 & by advanc+ 9 two l9es ( battle 9 su* a way t 8 troops c\ld at any mom5t be ?r[n into a compact figure fr+$ ) spe>s1 :i* =m$ an imp5etrable h$ge aga9/ cavalry1 he f\nd a rem$y = ! disadvantages ( ! gr\nd1 :i* af=d$ no protection to ei!r ( 8 flanks4 ,aft] advanc+ 9 ^! two l9es ,alex&] manoeuvr$ 8 troops into a phalanx1 or w$ge-%ap$ figure1 & ?is w$ge he drove into ! masses ( ! enemy to =ce ! w+s asund]4 ,9 spite ( local rev]ses 9 p>ts ( ! field1 ! dep? & weight ( ! ma9 attack c>ri$ x ?r\gh ! enemy's =ces3 ! survivors 7 captur$ or disp]s$1 & ! victory 0 complete4 #a ,! site ( ?is battle 0 probably ,gaugamela1 ab\t #fj miles f ! pres5t ,arbil1 :i* is #dj miles f ,mosul1 on ! ,baghdad road4 #cc ,,h[ ,,battles ,,are ,,influ5c$ ,once troops are laun*$ 9 battle _! success or failure dep5ds ^u su* influ5ces z ! comm&] c br+ to be>1 ^u ! co-op]ation ( 8 subord9ate comm&]s1 & ^u ! moral & tra9+ ( ! troops engag$4 ,,! ,,comm&]',s ,,influ5ce is %[n1 fir/ 9 8 ord]s = ! op]ations1 & lat] by ! me?od 9 :i* he employs ! =ces reta9$ 9 8 h& = ! decisive bl[4 ,p]sonal control1 by ! comm&]1 ( troops committ$ to battle1 is n only impossible b %\ld be unnecess>y1 z su* control & lead+ is ! function ( 8 subord9ates1 :o %\ld be fully acqua9t$ ) 8 int5tions & mu/ be tru/$ to c>ry !m into execution4 ,o!r1 & m important1 duties h to be und]tak5 by ! comm&]1 & x is ess5tial t he %\ld n all[ 8 att5tion to be div]t$ f 8 ma9 object by local incid5ts1 :i* are matt]s = 8 subord9ates to deal )4 ,a s\nd sy/em ( comm& is bas$ ^u ?ree facts3 an army _c be effectively controll$ by direct ord]s f headqu>t]s2 ! man on ! spot is ! be/ judge ( ! situation2 intellig5t co-op]ation is ( inf9itely m value ?an me*anical ob$i5ce 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,a campaign resolves itself into a /ruggle betwe5 human intellig5ces4 ,ea* comm&] w endeav\r to defeat 8 adv]s>y 9 battle1 & 8 pr9cipal weapon is 8 ,g5]al ,res]ve4 ,if he c exhau/ ! res]ve p[] ( 8 adv]s>y1 :ile ma9ta9+ 8 own intact1 he c proce$ to victory at 8 own "t1 & he w endeav\r to exhau/ ! ho/ile res]ves by caus+ #cd !m to be ?r[n 9 piecemeal1 9 ignorance ( ! spot :]e ! decisive bl[ is to fall4 ,dur+ ! campaign on ! ,we/]n ,front 9 #aiah ! ,allies 7 able to cons]ve _! /r5g? ?r\gh\t ! attacks f ,m>* #ba to ,july #ae1 & :5 !y pass$ f ! gu>d to ! ?ru/ !y ext5d$ _! front ( attack f day to day1 calculat+ correctly t ?is gradual ext5sion w\ld mislead ! enemy z to :]e ! ma9 bl[ w\ld fall1 & w\ld cause him to ?r[ 9 8 res]ves piecemeal4 ,! subord9ate comm&]s mu/ br+ to fruit ) all ! means at _! disposal ! s*eme ( ! high] comm&1 !re=e !y mu/1 above all1 und]/& t ?\ght & !n make ( _! means ! use be/ suit$ to circum/ances--( :i*1 h[ev]1 !y are ! only judge4 4 4 4 ,! ,comm&]-9-,*ief _c take ! place ( 8 subord9ates--he _c ?9k & decide = !m4 ,9 ord] to ?9k /raight & to decide rightly x w\ld be necess>y = him to see ?r\gh _! eyes1 to look at ?+s f ! place 9 :i* !y actually /&1 to be ev]y:]e at ! same mom5t 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,/ud5ts ( milit>y hi/ory w rememb] t ! ,prussian ,comm&]-9-,*ief & 8 ,*ief ,/aff ,(fic]1 dur+ ! highly successful campaign ( #ahgj-ga1 did n come )9 s\nd ( ! guns until five pit*$ battles _h be5 f\ght by _! subord9ate comm&]s4 ,outside ! fog ( battle1 ) its absorb+ int]e/s & di/ractions1 ! comm&] c reta9 8 s5se ( proportion#a & c decide :]e & :5 he w make 8 f9al ef=t4 ,news ( ! battle rea*es him f 8 imm$iate subord9ates1 & f ! acc\nts ( successes & failures he is able to judge ! weaknesses & /r5g? ( 8 own & 8 adv]s>y's dispositions1 to use "p ( 8 res]ves z re9=cem5ts1 #ce if he mu/1 or to husb& !m ) confid5ce 9 ! success ( ! op]ations1 until ! "t comes = him to laun* !m = ! f9al bl[4 ,,in=mation4--,9 ord] t ! comm&]'s influ5ce may be ex]t$ to ! be/ advantage x is ess5tial t all vital in=mation %\ld rea* him promptly1 & t 8 ord]s %\ld be communicat$ )\t delay4 ,subord9ate comm&]s mu/ keep _! sup]iors & comm&]s ( neighb\r+ units regul>ly in=m$ z to ! progress ( ! battle1 & ( important *anges 9 ! situation z !y occur4 ,runn]s1 :o c be tru/$ to c>ry a v]bal message or writt5 ord]1 are atta*$ to ea* unit engag$ & to its headqu>t]s4 ,high] units ?an battalions c usually dep5d on ! ,signal ,s]vice = int]communication1 b :5ev] necess>y1 a supply ( runn]s & m\nt$ ord]lies mu/ be available = _! use4 ,?is ensures co-op]ation1 & enables mutual support to be r5d]$4 ,in=mation receiv$ mu/ be transmitt$ at once to all :om x conc]ns1 & ord]s receiv$ f sup]iors mu/ be communicat$ )\t delay to comm&]s ( all units affect$4 ,,co-,,op]ation4--,co-op]ation :5 9 contact ) ! enemy is no easy matt] to br+ ab\t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree means ( ov]com+ ! difficulty3 con/ant communication betwe5 ! units2 ?or\gh reconnaissance ( ! gr\nd ov] :i* ! movem5ts are to be made2 cle> & well-consid]$ ord]s 7,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,ea* comm&] :o issues ord]s = ,attack or ,def5ce %\ld assemble 8 subord9ate comm&]s1 if possible 9 view ( ! gr\nd ov] :i* ! troops are to op]ate1 expla9 8 ord]s1 & satisfy himself t ea* subord9ate und]/&s 8 respective task4 ,comb9ation dep5ds on ! effici5cy ( ! *a9 ( control connect+ ! bra9 ( ! comm&] ?r\gh all grades d[n to ! #cf corporal's squad2 on ! intellig5ce ( subord9ate lead]s 9 grasp+ & apply+ ! comm&]'s plans2 on ! discipl9e :i* ensures intellig5t ob$i5ce to ! direct+ w2 & on ! mobility :i* gives rapid effect to t w1 & p]mits advantage to be tak5 ( fleet+ opportunities4 ,e fre% developm5t 9 ! means ( transmitt+ ord]s & in=mation rapidly1 p]mits ( an ext5sion ( ! comm&]'s influ5ce1 & makes m p]fect comb9ation possible & ov] wid] areas 7,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,hamley74 ,ev5 :51 & p>ticul>ly :51 =ces are engag$ 9 battle1 reconnaissance mu/ be c>ri$ on & in=mation ga9$ mu/ be communicat$ at once4 ,x w frequ5tly happ5 t a suitable mom5t = ! decisive attack1 or decisive c\nt]-/roke1 w be f\nd only aft] long & sev]e fight+4 ,sy/ematic arrangem5ts = obta9+1 sift+1 & transmitt+ in=mation ?r\gh\t ! battle are !re=e ( ! highe/ importance4 ,in=mation mu/ be ga9$ n only by troops & aircraft actually engag$1 b by supports & res]ves1 :o w (t5 be able to see :at is invisible to ! =w>d troops4 ,9 su* cases1 m ?an 9 any o!r1 in=mation mu/ be communicat$ at once4 ,by intellig5t obs]vation sup]9t5d+ comm&]s c co-op]ate ) "o ano!r1 c anticipate situations z !y develop1 & decide at ! "t :at /eps w be necess>y to meet !m4 ,a g5]al reconnaissance w be 9 progress dur+ e mod]n battle by obs]v]s 9 aircraft & 9 obs]vation balloons4 ,9 addition1 local reconnaissance by means ( patrols & sc\ts w usually discov] an op5+ t might o!rwise be lo/1 & may w>n a comm&] ( an int5d$ movem5t aga9/ him1 :i* might o!rwise develop into a disagreeable surprise4 ,co-op]ation & ,mutual ,support 7 develop$ 9 _! highe/ =m by ! ,alli$ ,corps ,comm&]s 9 ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne 7,augu/-,septemb]1 #aiad74 #cg ,9 ?is campaign close on #a1ejj1jjj troops 7 engag$ on bo? sides1 & ! ,corps ,comm&]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,fr5* ,,vi4 ,army 7,man\ry71 ,,iii4 ,army 7,s>rail71 & ! ,milit>y ,gov]nor ( ,p>is 7,galli5i71 7 cont9u\sly 9 t\* ) "o ano!r1 & frequ5tly r5d]$ assi/ance1 unask$1 by fire & by movem5t4 ,co-op]ation ( a novel k9d 0 exhibit$ on a m9or scale dur+ ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme4 ,an attack 0 laun*$ on ,gueudec\rt 7,septemb] #bf1 #aiaf7 by ! #ba/ ,division1 & a protect+ tr5* 0 captur$ z a prelim9>y to ! l>g] movem5t4 ,a tank1 foll[$ up by infantry bomb]s1 proce$$ along ! p>apet ( ! tr5* fir+ its ma*9e guns1 :ile an a]oplane swoop$ ov] ! tr5* fir+ its ,lewis guns4 ,! survivors 9 ! tr5* surr5d]$1 & ! g>rison 0 collect$ by support+ infantry1 :o advanc$ 9 response to signals f ! a]oplane4 ,,fire ,,tactics4--,x has already be5 not$ t ! battle is ! only argum5t ( w>2 x is also ! f9al te/ ( tra9+1 & on ! battlefield no "p ( ! syllabus is m sev]ely te/$ ?an t devot$ to musketry4 ,! fire tactics ( an army1 its comb9ation ( fire & movem5t1 ! direction & control by ! lead]s & ! fire discipl9e ( ! rank & file1 make = success or failure on ! field ( battle4 ,! fire mu/ be direct$ by ! fire unit comm&] aga9/ an objective *os5 ) intellig5ce & accurately def9$2 x mu/ be controll$ by ! sub-unit comm&]1 :o mu/ be able to recognise ! objectives indicat$1 to regulate ! rate ( fire1 & to keep t\* ) ! /ate ( ! ammunition supply4 ,fire discipl9e mu/ be ma9ta9$1 s t !re is ! /ricte/ compliance ) v]bal ord]s & signals1 & application on ! battlefield ( ! habits inculcat$ dur+ ! tra9+ p]iod4 ,! "t :5 fire is to be op5$ is (t5 left to ! discretion ( ! fire-unit comm&]1 b1 g5]ally speak+1 fire %\ld be op5$ by an #ch attack+ =ce only :5 a fur!r advance )\t op5+ fire is impossible2 & ev5 9 def5ce1 :5 access to ! ammunition res]ve is likely to be f> easi] ?an 9 an attack1 )hold+ fire until close range is rea*$ is g5]ally m effective ?an op5+ at a long] range4 ,! tactical value ( a )]+ fire at close range f a hi!rto passive def5d] has aga9 & aga9 be5 prov$ 9 battle4 ,on ! ,heights ( ,abraham 7,septemb] #ac1 #agei7 ,g5]al ,wolfe _h assembl$ 8 troops & he await$ ,montcalm's attack4 ,n a %ot 0 fir$ by ! def5d]s until ! attack+ =ce 0 )9 =ty paces1 & ?ree m9utes lat] a bayonet *>ge into ! brok5 foe swept ! ,fr5* helplessly be=e x4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,bunk] ,hill 7,june #ag1 #agge7 ! ,am]ican coloni/s inflict$ a loss ( #df p] c5t4 on ! assault+ ,briti% =ce1 by res]v+ _! fire until ! badges & buttons ( ! tunics c\ld be cle>ly id5tifi$4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,fr$]icksburg 7,decemb] #ac1 #ahfb7 ,g5]al ,meagh]'s ,iri% ,brigade ( ! ,u4,s4 ,army ( ! ,potomac assault$ ,m>ye's ,hill1 #a1bjj /rong4 ,! def5d+ ,conf$]ates res]v$ _! fire until ! assailants 7 #ajj y>ds f _! position & drove !m (f ) a loss ( #icg out ( ! #a1bjj4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 ! ,briti% ,regul> ,army1 dur+ ! ,retreat f ,mons1 res]v$ _! fire until ! ,g]mans arriv$ at ! mo/ deadly po9t ( _! rifles' trajectory1 & aga9 & aga9 drove (f all except ! dead & mortally w\nd$4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,great ,w>1 troops fully tra9$ 9 ! ,briti% sy/em ( musketry & us+ ! %ort magaz9e ,lee ,enfield rifle1 prov$ beyond dispute ! values ( ! sy/em & ( ! weapon4 ,9 a review ( ! me?ods adopt$ to *eck ! great ,g]man (f5sive 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 a circul> issu$ by ! ,g5]al ,/aff /ates3 ,rapid rifle fire 0 ! decisive factor 9 ^! op]ations4 ,! m5 _h confid5ce 9 _! rifles & knew h[ to use !m4 ,sup]iority ( fire c only be ga9$ by ! close #ci co-op]ation ( ! artill]y & infantry at e /age ( ! battle1 & unless infantry co-op]ate1 ! artill]y is n likely to produce any decisive effect4 ,long-range ma*9e-gun fire is an important auxili>y to ! artill]y 9 cov]+ & support+ ! advance ( attack+ infantry4 ,enfilade fire1 ! mo/ tell+ ( all1 is m easily br\ght to be> ?an ( old ow+ to ! increase 9 ! effective range & 9 ! rate ( fire4 ,supports & local res]ves w usually co-op]ate mo/ effectively ) =w>d troops by br++ fire to be> ^u ! flank ( su* bodies ( ! enemy z are hold+ up a movem5t by frontal fire4 ,dur+ ! c\nt]-attack = ! recapture ( ,! ,bluff1 9 ! ,ypres ,sali5t 7,m>* #b1 #aiaf7 by troops ( ! #crd & #ag? ,divisions1 ! "r & c5tre ga9$ _! objectives4 ,! left attack+ p>ty1 at ! fir/ attempt1 fail$ to rea* ! ,g]man tr5*es1 b ^? :o _h p5etrat$ to ! ,g]man l9e on ! "r realis$ ! situation & br\ght a ,lewis gun to be> on ! enemy's l9e ( resi/ance1 completely enfilad+ 8 tr5*es1 & ?us enabl+ ! left company to rea* its goal4 ,,movem5t4--,! influ5ce ( movem5t is insep>able f t ( fire1 z x enables fire to be op5$ & is a means ( escap+ ! full effects ( fire2 :ile x is (t5 possible to move "o unit only 9 conjunction ) ! fire ( ano!r4 ,x c also be us$ to relieve "o unit f ! effects ( fire conc5trat$ ^u x by mov+ ano!r unit aga9/ ! enemy4 ,a /eady & rapid advance ( troops has ! tw(old effect ( clos+ to a range f :i* an asc5d5cy 9 ! fire-fight c be secur$1 & also ( r$uc+ ! losses ( ! advanc+ =ce1 = if ! troops rema9$ /ation>y 9 ! op5 "u heavy fire1 at a kn[n range1 ! losses w\ld cle>ly be great] ?an if !y advanc$1 & w\ld be suff]$ )\t ga9+ gr\nd t[>ds ! objective1 :ile ! clos] ! #dj assault+ l9e gets to ! objective1 & ! /eadi] its advance1 ! less confid5ce w ! enemy h 9 _! p[] to /em ! advance1 & ! few] casualties w be suff]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,no seal$ patt]n is laid d[n z to ! movem5t & =mation ( infantry "u fire1 b c]ta9 def9ite pr9ciples are put =w>d 9 ! text-books4 ,:]e security is ! fir/ ne$1 z 9 ! case ( protect+ =ces 7advanc$1 flank1 or re> gu>ds71 movem5t %\ld be effect$ by b\nds f "o tactical position to ano!r "u cov]+ fire f support+ troops2 :]e ! objective is ! prim>y consid]ation1 security mu/ be subord9at$ to ! ne$ ( rea*+ ! objective4 ,aga9/ artill]y fire1 or long-range infantry fire1 ! =mation recomm5d$ by ! text-books is small %all[ columns1 ea* on a n>r[ front1 su* z platoons 9 f\rs or sections 9 file1 arrang$ on an irregul> front1 s t ! range f ! enemy's guns to ea* is diff]5t4 ,troops com+ sudd5ly "u su* fire w avoid casualties m easily by mov+ =w>d & outw>ds 9 ?is way r ?an by rema9+ "u su* cov] z may be improvis$ 9 a position ! exact range ( :i* is obvi\sly kn[n to ! enemy4 ,aga9/ effective ma*9e-gun or rifle fire deploym5t into l9e1 or into arr[head =mation ) ! flanks ?r[n well back1 is pref]able to a s+le l9e ext5d$ at s _m paces int]val1 z x is sc>cely m vuln]able & is inf9itely easi] to control4 ,9 retir+1 losses are g5]ally heavi] ?an 9 advanc+1 or 9 ma9ta9+ a fire-fight f ! position ga9$ until a div]sion by support+ troops enables a fur!r b\nd to be made4 ,! enemy is g5]ally able to deliv] a well-direct$ /ream ( lead aga9/ retir+ troops1 ma9ly because he is less h>ass$ by ! return fire4 ,retirem5ts mu/ !re=e be c>ri$ out on ! pr9ciple ( alt]nate b\nds "u cov]+ fire ( co-op]at+ bodies1 :i* )draw1 9 _! turn1 "u cov]+ fire f ! troops !y h protect$4 #da ,su* alt]nate retirem5ts are ! ess5ce ( re>-gu>d tactics1 b1 al?\gh c]ta9 o!r phases ( battle action ju/ify ! )drawal ( troops1 x mu/ always be rememb]$ t a position held aga9/ c\nt]-attack is bett] ?an a position captur$ by assault1 = x is a position t does n require to be assault$4 ,x is (t5 impossible to pr$ict ! value ( resi/ance at a p>ticul> po9t1 & ! fate ( a nation may dep5d ^u a platoon comm&]'s grit 9 hold+ on at all co/s4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahad1 ,brigadi]-,g5]al ,moreau 0 s5t to ! ,=tress ( ,soissons1 ) in/ructions to hold ! t[n4 ,8 g>rison consi/$ ( ab\t #a1bjj all arms1 ) #bj guns4 ,at #aj4cj a4m4 on ,m>* #b1 ! =tress 0 bomb>d$ by ,w9z+]ode's ,russians & ,bl['s ,prussians1 & at #h p4m4 an assault 0 deliv]$4 ,?is 0 easily repuls$ & a c\nt]-attack ?rew back ! assailants to _! own l9es4 ,! bomb>dm5t 0 resum$ until #aj p4m41 :5 ! g>rison _h a total loss ( #bc kill$ & #abc w\nd$4 ,dur+ ! night ! besieg]s s5t a flag ( truce to ,moreau1 & on ,m>* #c t g5]al capitulat$ ) all ! hon\rs ( w> 9 ord] to pres]ve #a1jjj fight+ m5 = ! ,emp]or4 ,8 action co/ ,napoleon 8 ?rone1 = _h ,moreau held out ! ,emp]or w\ld h cru%$ 8 mo/ implacable foe1 ,bl*] 7:o escap$ f ! toils 9 :i* he 0 enme%$1 vi ! bridge at ,soissons71 & ! campaign w\ld h be5 at an end4 ,if ,moreau _h exhau/$ all ! means ( def5ce1 z ! regulations ( w> orda91 he c\ld c]ta9ly h held out = ano!r #dh h\rs1 & z heavy fir+ 0 audible 9 ! vic9ity x %\ld h be5 cle> to him t help 0 at h&4 ,at ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ,ypres 7,octob] #bj-,novemb] #bj1 #aiad7 ! ,regul> ,army ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 at ! outset1 0 fill+ s ext5sive a gap 9 ! def5sive l9e1 t 9 _m p>ts !re 0 b "o rifle = #ag y>ds ( front1 & !re 7 nei!r local nor g5]al res]ves4 ,! #db assault+ ,g]man =ces greatly outnumb]$ ! def5d]s & br\ght up ma*9e guns & artill]y 9 ov]p[]+ /r5g?4 ,! ,briti% artill]y 0 n only ov]weight$ b 0 s %ort ( ammunition t ,m>%al ,fr5* 0 compell$ to limit _! daily numb] ( r\nds4 ,b ! l9e 0 held1 & a c\nt]-attack1 head$ by ! #bnd ,battalion ( ! ,worce/]%ire ,regim5t1 on ,octob] #ca1 ) ! bayonet1 re/or$ ! l9e at ,gheluvelt1 at ! mo/ critical mom5t ( ! battle1 & ! ,g]mans did n get ?r\gh ! def5ces4 ,?is /ubborn resi/ance ?rew ! ,g]mans beh9d _! entr5*m5ts1 & ! ,advance to ,calais 0 /emm$ by ,fr5*'s ,contemptible ,little ,army4 ,at ! ,second ,battle ( ,ypres 7,april #bb-,may #ah1 #aiae7 surprise 9 ! "t & nature ( ! attack1 by ! secret conc5tration ( =ces & ! introduction ( poison gas1 ga9$ an initial advantage = ! ,g]mans & left ! ,briti% flank uncov]$4 ,a ,canadian division c\nt]-attack$ on ! ,g]man flank1 & by ,may #ah ! ,allies _h rega9$ _m ( ! captur$ positions4 ,dur+ ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme troops ( ! ,royal ,we/ ,k5t & ! ,que5's ,regim5ts effect$ a lodgm5t 9 ,trnes ,wood 7,july #ad1 #aiaf74 ,!y ma9ta9$ _! position all night 9 ! nor!rn corn] ( ! wood1 al?\gh completely surr\nd$ by ! enemy1 & assi/$ 9 ! f9al capture & cle>ance ( ! wood at #h a4m4 ! next day4 ,simil> in/ances occurr$ 9 ,b\rlon ,village 7,novemb] #be-bg1 #aiag7 :5 p>ties ( ! #ac? ,ea/ ,surrey ,regim5t held out 9 ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ! village1 dur+ a ,g]man c\nt]-attack1 & ma9ta9$ _! position until t\* 0 re-e/abli%$ ) !m #dh h\rs lat]2 & 9 a gr\p ( =tifi$ f>ms s\? ( ,polygon ,wood 7,septemb] #bf1 #aiag7 dur+ ! ,?ird ,battle ( ,ypres1 :5 two companies ( ! ,argyll & ,su!rl& ,highl&]s held out all night1 al?\gh isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! #ccrd & #ci? ,divisions1 until a r5ew$ attack #dc cle>$ ! di/rict ( ho/ile =ces4 ,on ,april #i1 #aiah1 dur+ ! ,g]mans' desp]ate endeav\rs to break ?r\gh ! inve/+ ,allies' l9es1 ! ru9s ( ,giv5*y 7 held by ! #ee? ,we/ ,lanca%ire 7,t]ritorial7 ,division1 & ! "r edge ( ! neck ?r\gh :i* von ,arnim & von ,qua/ hop$ to ext5d1 9 ord] to wid5 ! w$ge into ! ,valley ( ! ,lys1 0 firmly held1 :ile ! left edge 7! ,mess9es ,ridge7 0 recaptur$ by a c\nt]-attack by ! #i? ,division4 ,! c5tre ( ! l9e 0 also /\tly held by ! ,gu>ds' & o!r divisions1 _m ( :i* _h suff]$ heavy losses 9 ! ,v4 ,army dur+ ! ,g]man attack 9 ! la/ week ( ,m>*4 ,aft] #ba days ( ! mo/ /ubborn fight+ 7,m>* #ba-;,april #aa1 #aiah7 ( :i* ! ,attack on ! ,lys _h =m$ "p1 ,m>%al ,sir ,d4 ,haig issu$ an ord] ( ! day emphasis+ ! value ( hold+ ea* position at all co/s4 ,e position mu/ be held to ! la/ man4 ,!re mu/ be no retirem5t4 4 4 4 ,! safety ( our homes & ! fre$om ( mank9d dep5d alike ^u ! conduct ( ea* "o ( u at ?is critical mom5t4 4 4 4 ,victory w belong to ! side :i* holds out longe/4 ,sir ,d4 ,haig's aft]-ord]1 on ,april #bc1 #aiah 7,/4 ,george's ,day71 aw>d$ special praise to ! troops "u 8 comm&4 ,! numb] ( divisions employ$ by ! ,g]mans f ,m>* #ba to ,april #bc1 #aiah1 aga9/ ! ,briti% alone 0 #ajb 7approximately #a1ejj1jjj troops71 & _m ( !m 7 ?r[n 9 twice or ?ree times4 ,9 resi/+ ! heavy bl[s :i* su* a conc5tration ( troops has enabl$ ! enemy to direct aga9/ ! ,briti% ,army1 all ranks1 arms1 & s]vices h behav$ ) a gallantry1 c\rage1 & resolution = :i* no praise c be too high 7,haig's ,dispat*74 ,,cov]+ ,,fire4--,! en]getic & det]m9$ support ( ! infantry by fire is ! ma9 duty ( ma*9e-gun units ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( ! battle4 ,9 ! attack1 ma*9e-gun platoons1 ,lewis gun sections1 #dd or rifle sections detail$ to give cov]+ fire1 mu/ take c>e to select z t>gets ^? bodies ( ! enemy ^: fire is *iefly *eck+ ! advance4 ,ma*9e-gun platoons are sometimes brigad$1 & at o!rs left to battalion comm&]s1 & _! action aft] a tempor>y success 9 provid+ cov]+ fire may dep5d ^u _! tactical di/ribution at ! "t4 ,infantry platoons detail$ to give cov]+ fire mu/ jo9 9 ! advance z soon z _! own fire ceases to be effective 9 aid+ ! =w>d troops1 unless def9ite ord]s to ! contr>y h be5 receiv$4 ,,fire ,,& ,,movem5t4--,x is ?us se5 t ,fire & ,movem5t are insep>ably associat$1 & judici\sly employ$ 9 comb9ation !y enable infantry to a*ieve its object 9 battle1 to br+ su* a sup]iority ( fire to be> z to make an advance to close qu>t]s possible1 s t ! enemy may be induc$ to surr5d] or may be ov]:elm$ by a bayonet assault2 & to prep>e by simil> means = fur!r advances1 until ! enemy is entirely hemm$ 9 or completely r\t$4 #a ,9 fiction1 ?is po9t 7t ! g5]alissimo mu/ n all[ 8 s5se ( proportion to be di/ort$ by local successes or rev]ses7 is cle>ly br\ght out 9 ,! ,po9t ( ,view1 a /ory 9 ,! ,gre5 ,curve by ,ole-,luk-,oie 7,g5]al ,sw9ton74 #de ,,types ,,( ,,battle ,,action ,a battle mu/ practically always be ( ! nature ( ,attack & ,def5ce1 b ! attitude orig9ally assum$ by ei!r ( ! oppos+ =ces may be rev]s$ dur+ an engagem5t4 ,a vigor\s c\nt]-attack by an army (f]+ battle 9 a def5sive position may ?r[ ! adv]s>y on ! def5sive1 :ile an assailant may fight a delay+ action 9 "o "p ( ! field1 al?\gh 9 ano!r "p 8 action may be ess5tially (f5sive4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct sy/ems ( ,battle ,action3 ! entirely def5sive2 ! entirely (f5sive2 & ! comb9$1 or def5sive-(f5sive sy/em4 ,,! ,,def5sive ,,battle has seldom effect$ positive results1 except1 p]haps1 at ,gettysburg 7,july #a-c1 #ahfc71 :]e ,meade p]mitt$ ,lee to break 8 =ces aga9/ a /rong position1 ) ! result t ! ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia _h to )draw1 & ! invasion ( ! ,nor? came to an end4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ,g5]al ,lee 0 badly s]v$ by 8 subord9ate1 & ,g5]al ,meade's success 0 l>gely due to ?is factor4 ,on ! second day ( ,gettysburg 7,july #b1 #ahfc71 ,g5]al ,j4 ,b4 ,hood's #a/ ,division ( ,g5]al ,j4 ,long/reet's ,i4 ,army ,corps 0 deploy+ r\nd ! left ( ! ,f$]al ,army s\? ( ! ,r\nd ,tops4 ,he saw a *ance to /rike & reque/$ p]mission f ,long/reet4 ,hood's plan 0 ! only "o :i* gave a reasonable *ance ( decisive victory ) ! troops available4 ,long/reet1 9 ob$i5ce to ! lett] ( 8 ord]s1 b contr>y to _! _s1 refus$ to sanction ,hood's advance4 ,long/reet's failure to seize a fleet+ opportunity s\nd$ ! dea?-knell ( ! ,conf$]ate cause4 #df ,burnside 0 defeat$ at ,fr$]icksburg 7,decemb] #aj-af1 #ahfb7 by purely def5sive tactics1 b ,lee _h int5d$ to foll[ up 8 victory by a decisive c\nt]-bl[1 :i* ,burnside escap$ by extricat+ ! ,army ( ! ,potomac be=e ! bl[ fell4 ,success1 ev5 to ! limit$ degree a*iev$ by ,meade or ,lee1 seldom foll[s ! adoption ( purely def5sive tactics4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an 'impregnable position1' = any position ! def5ce ( :i* is m]ely passive is b\nd to be c>ri$ at la/ by a manoeuvr+ enemy 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,,! ,,(f5sive ,,battle4--,! ,entirely ,(f5sive sy/em has be5 employ$ by _m ( ! greate/ comm&]s1 includ+ ,m>lbor\gh at ,bl5heim 7,augu/ #b1 #agjd71 ,ramillies 7,may #bc1 #agjf71 & ,malplaquet 7,septemb] #aa1 #agji72 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 notably at ,leu!n 7,decemb] #e1 #ageg72 ,napoleon1 ,well+ton1 & ,grant1 z also by ! ,prussian g5]als at almo/ e engagem5t 9 ! campaigns ( #ahff & #ahgj-ga4 ,! disadvantage ( ! sy/em is t lack ( success may entail n only a local disa/] b ! wreck & annihilation ( ! :ole army4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,bl5heim 7,augu/ #b1 #agjd71 ,m>lbor\gh1 ! greate/ capta9 ( 8 age1 _h conc5trat$ 8 =ces ) ^? ( ,pr9ce ,eug5e ( ,savoy ! previ\s day & comm&$ an army ( #ef1jjj m5 ) #eb guns4 ,he 0 confront$ by ! jo9t armies ( ,m>%al ,tall>d & ! ,elector ( ,bav>ia1 am\nt+ to #fj1jjj m5 ) #fa guns4 ,x 0 necess>y = ,m>lbor\gh to attack be=e ,vill]oy jo9$ ! enemy1 or to )draw until a m fav\rable opportunity pres5t$ itself4 ,! "r flank ( 8 oppon5ts re/$ on high hills1 :i* 7 protect$ by deta*$ po/s1 & ! left flank on ! ,danube1 :ile opposite ! c5tre 0 ! m>%y valley ( ! ,riv] ,nebel1 ) sev]al bran*es runn+ ?r\gh ! swampy gr\nd4 ,m>lbor\gh decid$ t a battle #dg 0 absolutely necess>y & he attack$ ! next day4 ,l ,hannibal1 he reli$ pr9cipally on 8 cavalry = a*iev+ 8 decisive success1 & ?is pr$ilection 0 kn[n to ! oppos+ comm&]s4 ,he attack$ ! enemy's "r & left w+s1 & :5 heavily engag$ ) v>y+ =tunes laun*$ 8 decisive attack aga9/ ! c5tre1 :]e ! difficulties ( ! gr\nd caus$ x to be lea/ expect$4 ,m>lbor\gh lo/ #e1jjj kill$ & #h1jjj w\nd$4 ,! vanqui%$ armies 7 almo/ de/roy$1 at lea/ #dj1jjj be+ acc\nt$ =1 ) #ab1jjj kill$1 #ad1jjj w\nd$ & miss+1 & #ad1jjj prison]s4 ,,! ,,def5sive-,,(f5sive ,,battle4--,! ,def5sive-,(f5sive sy/em consi/s 9 tak+ up a position :i* ! enemy mu/ attack1 & 9 deliv]+ a decisive c\nt]-/roke :5 ! adv]s>y has exhau/$ 8 /r5g?4 ,?is sy/em has be5 employ$ 9 almo/ e campaign4 ,by su* means ,napoleon a*iev$ 8 classic victories ( ,m>5go 7,june #ad1 #ahjj71 ,au/]litz 7,decemb] #b1 #ahje71 & ,dresd5 7,augu/ #bg1 #ahac72 & ,well+ton 8 ,p59sul> victories at ,vittoria 7,june #ba1 #ahac71 ,or!z 7,febru>y #bg1 #ahad71 & ,t\l\se 7,april #aj1 #ahad71 9 addition to 8 f9al triumph at ,wat]loo 7,june #ah1 #ahae72 & x 0 ! me?od adopt$ by ,m>%al ,fo* 9 ! decisive campaign ( #aiah1 :i* endur$ f ,m>* until ! ,armi/ice 9 ,novemb]4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,wat]loo 7,june #ah1 #ahae71 ! decisive c\nt]-/roke 0 deliv]$1 9 accordance ) ,well+ton's pre-arrang$ plan1 by a =ce com+ f a di/ance to ! sc5e ( action4 ,on ! morn+ ( ,june #ag1 :5 ,well+ton resolv$ to make a /& at ,wat]loo1 he 0 aw>e t ! ,prussians1 :o 7 mo/ly "y troops1 _h be5 beat5 at ,ligny2 t ,napoleon _h1 be=e t battle1 ov] #abj1jjj m51 & t he himself _h1 all told1 #fh1jjj1 ( :om #ca1jjj1 includ+ ! ,k+'s ,g]man ,legion1 7 #dh ,briti%4 ,yet he )drew f ,quatre ,bras ) ! full det]m9ation ( /&+ at ,wat]loo & ( fight+ ,napoleon's army1 if ,m>%al ,bl*] w\ld come to 8 assi/ance ) "o ,army ,corps4 ,napoleon attack$ on ,june #ah ) #gb1jjj m5 & #bdf guns1 aga9/ ,well+ton's #fh1jjj m5 ) #aef guns1 at #aa a4m41 b he 0 unable to %ift ! l9e or break ?r\gh ! squ>es4 ,at #d4cj p4m4 "o ( ,bl*]'s corps 0 deliv]+ ! promis$ c\nt]-attack aga9/ ,napoleon's l9e ( communications4 ,soon aft] #i p4m4 ,well+ton & ,bl*] met at ,la ,belle ,alliance1 ,napoleon's headqu>t]s be=e ! battle1 & ! pursuit 0 9 full sw+4 ,opportunities = re/or+ ! battle & = turn+ imp5d+ defeat into a cru%+ victory are frequ5tly (f]$ dur+ an engagem5t4 ,g5]al ,lee's ?9 l9es at ,antietam or ,%>psburg 7,septemb] #ag1 #ahfb71 sl[ly f$ by m5 jad$ by heavy m>*+1 7 sorely press$1 b !re 0 a lull 9 ! ,f$]al attack :5 ,hook]'s advance 0 *eck$4 ,_h ,g5]al ,mc,clellan at t mom5t ?r[n 9 8 la/ man & 8 la/ horse 9 a vigor\s re9=c+ attack1 ,antietam w\ld n h be5 a drawn battle1 & ,lee w\ld n h retir$ at 8 leisure into ,virg9ia4 ,lee's great victory at ,*ancellorsville 7,may #b-c1 #ahfc71 al?\gh m>r$ by ! accid5t :i* depriv$ him ( ,/onewall ,jackson1 0 a /rik+ in/ance ( ! success ( ! ,def5sive-,(f5sive sy/em at ! h&s ( a great comm&]1 :o defeat$ #ij1jjj troops ) less ?an half t numb]1 by a conta9+ def5ce ) #ac1jjj m5 & a decisive c\nt]-/roke ) ! rema9d]4 ,b :ile ?is comb9$ sy/em is reg>d$ by mo/ au?orities z ! be/1 :5 circum/ances w>rant its adoption1 x is ! highe/ te/ ( g5]al%ip to seize ! "r mom5t to pass f ! gu>d to ! ?ru/4 ,?is is ! problem :i* confront$ ,m>%al ,fo*1 ! g5]alissimo ( ! ,alli$ ,=ces1 dur+ ! great #di ,g]man (f5sive movem5t on ! ,we/]n ,front 9 #aiah4 ,! def5sive rle endur$ f ,m>* #ba until ,july #ag1 #aiah1 & al?\gh _m local c\nt]-attacks 7 made along ! :ole battle front1 ! ,allies did n pass f ! gu>d to ! ?ru/ until ! decisive c\nt]-/roke 0 comm5c$ 9 ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,m>ne 7,july #ah1 #aiah7 on a front ( #bg miles f ,font5oy to ,belleau1 :i* drove ! ,g]mans back across ! ,m>ne on ,july #bj4 ,,! ,,second ,,battle ,,( ,,! ,,m>ne 7,july #ah1 #aiah74--,! great ,g]man (f5sive ( ,m>*-,june1 #aiah1 0 r5ew$ on ,july #ae1 :5 ! artill]y prep>ation op5$ %ortly aft] midnight & troops 7 p\r$ across ! ,m>ne 9 small boats & ov] pontoon bridges4 ,! attack 0 n unexpect$4 ,adequate res]ves 7 ready & 9 place1 & a heavy c\nt]-bomb>dm5t on ! ,g]man troops 9 _! positions ( assembly1 close to _! front-l9e tr5*es1 caus$ heavy casualties4 ,! ,g]mans succe$$ 9 p5etrat+ ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican positions 9 p>ts ( ! #ej-mile front to a maximum dep? ( #d miles s\?-we/ ( ,reims1 b on ! ,pla9s ( ,*ampagne little progress 0 made & ! attack lo/ its mom5tum4 ,dur+ ! attack ( ,m>* #ba1 #aiah1 ! advance 0 n held up until x 0 )9 /rik+ di/ance ( its ultimate objective1 & ! (f5sive on ! ,aisne 9 ,may1 #aiah1 secur$ an advance ( #ab miles4 ,captur$ docum5ts %[$ t ! attack ( ,july ea/ ( ,reims 0 int5d$ to rea* ! ,m>ne at ,ep]ney & ,*alons1 an advance ( #ba miles4 ,a feature ( ! e>li] days ( ! battle 0 a spirit$ c\nt]-attack ne> ,fossoy 7on ! extreme left ( ! ,g]man =ces7 by a division ( ! ,am]ican ,army :i* ?ru/ ! ,g]mans beh9d _! fir/ l9e & captur$ upw>ds ( #a1jjj prison]s1 ! gr\nd rega9$ 9 ! riv] b5d be+ consolidat$ & held by ! ,am]ican division4 ,! battle cont9u$ = ?ree days be=e ! ,g]man #ej attack 0 br\ght to a /&/ill1 & at #d4hj a4m4 on ,july #ah a c\nt]-attack by ! ,fr5*1 ,am]ican1 & ,italian =ces *ang$ ! :ole aspect ( ! campaign1 & l$ to ! f9al triumph ( ! ,allies & to ! d[nfall ( ! ,c5tral ,p[]s4 #ea ,,! ,,attack ,surprise is at all times ! assailant's /ronge/ weapon4--,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aibj74 ,! aim ( e comm&] :o possesses ! p[] ( manoeuvre is to seek out ! enemy & de/roy 8 organis$ =ces4 ,! ,attack is ! culm9at+ po9t ( all manoeuvres to ?is end1 & e comm&] w endeav\r to a*ieve 8 aim by a sudd5 & unexpect$ assault on a "p ( ! enemy's def5ces4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?is aim is only possible :5 a comm&] has assembl$ a suffici5t =ce = 8 purpose1 & has obta9$1 by reconnaissance & by fight+1 in=mation z to ! vuln]ability ( ! ho/ile position4 ,! comm&] w !n endeav\r to break ! enemy's =mation s sudd5ly z to disconc]t all 8 plans2 to reta9 a compact =ce ) :i* to foll[ up ! bl[ )\t giv+ ! enemy a mom5t's brea?+ space2 to drive a w$ge into ! he>t ( 8 disord]$ masses1 =c+ 8 w+s asund]2 & to pursue & annihilate ! scatt]$ =ces ( ! enemy4 ,unless a decision is quickly obta9$ 9 ! op5+ weeks ( a mod]n campaign ! oppos+ armies t5d to become immobile1 *iefly ow+ to ! great p[] conf]r$ on ! def5ce by mod]n armam5ts4 ,! armies w !n be di/ribut$ 9 great dep?1 & ! attack]s are fac$ ) ! necessity ( break+ ?r\gh n "o position only1 b a s]ies ( positions1 ext5d+ back to a dep? ( sev]al miles 7,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiba74 ,p5etration1 foll[$ by ! sund]+ ( ! ,franco-,briti% ,armies1 0 cle>ly ! int5tion ( ! ,g]man #eb ,high ,comm& 9 ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme1 :i* op5$ on ,m>* #ba1 #aiah4 ,! ,g]man ,armies _h entr5*$ !mselves aft] ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne 7,septemb]1 #aiad71 & = #dc mon?s _h be5 confront$ by ! ,alli$ ,nations ( ,brita91 ,france1 & ,belgium1 re9=c$ at ! close by ,portuguese troops & by ! ,national ,army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,)9 ! inve/+ l9es ( ! ,we/]n ,front ! ,g]man ,armies 7 besieg$1 ! b>ri] rea*+ f ! ,belgian coa/ to ! fronti] ( ,switz]l&1 :ile ! armies ( ,au/ria-,hung>y 7 simil>ly p5n$ 9 by ! army ( ,italy1 f ,switz]l& to ! ,adriatic4 ,! int]nal collapse ( ,russia1 9 #aiag1 enabl$ von ,h9d5burg to assume ! (f5sive1 ) upw>ds ( #a1ejj1jjj m5 releas$ f ! ,ea/]n ,front1 & "p ( ?is res]ve p[] 0 project$1 ) ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian ,armies1 9 a fi]ce attack on ! ,italian l9es4 ,! success ( ?is manoeuvre cont9u$ until re9=cem5ts 7 dispat*$ f o!r p>ts ( ! ,alli$ l9es1 & a div]sion 9 ! region ( ,cambrai by ! ,briti% ,,iii4 ,army1 "u ,sir ,julian ,byng 7,novemb] #bj1 #aiag71 prev5t$ ! dispat* ( fur!r ,g]man res]ve p[] to ! ,italian ,front1 & necessitat$ a c\nt]-?ru/ 9 ,france4 ,! battlefields ( ,france aga9 resum$ _! importance z ! vital po9t 9 ! !atre ( op]ations1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah1 pr(it+ by ! improv$ positions & prospects 9 ! ,we/1 ,lud5dorff attempt$ to break ?r\gh ! inve/+ l9es on a #ej-mile front4 ,! attack 0 h]ald$ by a t]rific bomb>dm5t1 & culm9at$ 9 a desp]ate ?ru/ aga9/ ! ,briti% ,armies nor? & s\? ( ! ,riv] ,somme1 ! po9ts ( p5etration aim$ at be+ ! ,briti% "r1 :]e x 0 l9k$ up ) ! ,fr5* on ! ,riv] ,oise1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,la ,fre1 & ! ,briti% l9e ( communications 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ami5s4 ,! :ole ,briti% l9e opposite ! ?ru/ 0 hurl$ back & ! t]ritory rega9$ by ! ,franco-,briti% #ec advance on ! ,somme 9 ,july1 #aiaf1 0 recaptur$ by ! ,g]man ,armies4 ,b ?is 0 n a battle = t[ns or t]ritory1 z ! ,g]man hamm] bl[s 7 int5d$ to drive a w$ge betwe5 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,armies1 to roll up ! ,briti% flank nor?w>ds to ! sea-coa/ & ! ,fr5* flank s\?w>ds to ,p>is1 & to capture ! ma9 l9e ( communication betwe5 ^! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,armies4 ,by skilful re9=cem5t ( ?reat5$ po9ts1 ,m>%al ,haig fru/rat$ ! prim>y object ( ! attack1 & by ! aid ( ! ,fr5* ,armies ! :ole l9e fell back1 disput+ ! gr\nd ) ! utmo/ resolution1 & ma9ta9+ ! l9e )\t los+ t\* betwe5 ! s\? & nor?4 ,! ,g]man w$ge 0 ?ru/ 91 b e attempt to effect a brea* & to p\r ?r\gh ! l9e 0 fru/rat$ by ! ,allies4 ,dur+ ! battle ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,armies became int]m+l$1 & to pres]ve unity ( control a ,g5]alissimo 0 appo9t$ 9 ! p]son ( ,g5]al ,fo*1 :o _h comm&$ ! ,fr5* ,,ix4 ,army at ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne 9 ,septemb]1 #aiad1 & ! ,fr5* ,armies ( ! ,somme dur+ ! advance 9 ,july1 #aiaf4 ,g5]al ,p]%+1 comm&+ ! ,army ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 gave a free h& to ! ,g5]alissimo to incorporate ,am]ican troops :]ev] !y might be ne$$ 9 ! field1 & ,m>%al ,haig & ,g5]al ,reta9 rema9$ 9 comm& ( ! ,briti% & ,fr5* ,armies4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,attack4--,! object ( e attack is to break d[n ! enemy's resi/ance by ! weight & direction ( fire & to complete 8 ov]?r[ by assault1 by ! deliv]y ( a decisive bl[ ) z l>ge a portion z possible ( ! attack+ =ce aga9/ a select$ po9t or portion ( ! enemy's position4 ,! t]m ,decisive ,attack does n imply t ! influ5ce ( o!r attacks is indecisive1 b r t x is ! culm9ation ( gradually increas+ pressure rel5tlessly appli$ to ! enemy f ! mom5t :5 contact ) him is fir/ obta9$4 #ed ,,two ,,plans ,,( ,,attack4--,!re are two plans ( attack4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! direction 9 :i* ! decisive bl[ is to be deliv]$ is det]m9$ be=eh&2 an adequate =ce is detail$ & pu%$ =w>d = ?is purpose1 & at ! same "t ano!r "p ( ! =ce is detail$ to attack ano!r portion ( ! enemy's position1 to keep 8 att5tion !re1 to p9 8 troops 9 position1 to prev5t him s5d+ re9=cem5ts to ! "p ma9ly ?reat5$1 & ultimately to drive home ) ! successful assault ( ! ma9 attack4 ,! re/ ( ! =ce is small & is reta9$ 9 ,g5]al ,res]ve to meet em]g5cies4 ,9 ! second plan1 a g5]al action is develop$ by a "p ( ! attack+ =ce & ! rema9d] is reta9$ 9 ,g5]al ,res]ve1 to be ?r[n 9 :5 ! opportunity arrives1 at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r place4 ,9 ?is case1 ! rema9d] is n less ?an half ! available =ce4 ,! fir/ plan c be adopt$ :5 ! comm&] ( ! attack+ =ce has def9ite in=mation z to ! ext5t ( ! enemy's position1 :5 he kn[s :]e its flanks re/ & :5 he kn[s ! approximate /r5g? ( ! =ces array$ aga9/ him4 ,x mu/ also be possible1 )\t undue risk1 to divide ! attack+ =ce into p>ties ( su* /r5g? t nei!r c be ov]:elm$ by ! enemy 9 detail1 & x is to be not$ t 9 ! case ( a s]i\s *eck !re is only a small ,g5]al ,res]ve to re/ore ! battle4 ,! second plan c be adopt$ :5 in=mation is incomplete1 & ow+ to ! /rong =ce reta9$ by ! comm&] 9 ,g5]al ,res]ve1 ! situation c be exploit$ & develop$ by fight+ )\t undue risk4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,attack4--,x mu/ always be rememb]$ t a comm&] c nev] be too /rong :5 mak+ an attack1 = he c nev] be p]fectly sure ( :at =ce he may enc\nt]1 or at :at mom5t ! adv]s>y may make a c\nt]-attack4 ,an attack #ee on an enemy presupposes a sup]iority ( =ce at ! place :]e ! attack is made1 = w> is b ! art ( be+ /rong] ?an ! enemy at ! "r place at ! "r "t1 & = an attack to h a reasonable hope ( success ! attack]s1 at ! po9t :]e ! p5etration takes place1 mu/ be sup]ior4 ,,disposition ,,( ,,! ,,troops4--,ea* phase ( ! ,attack w normally require ?ree sep>ate bodies ( troops = its execution3 a ,=w>d ,body to seek out =1 & :5 locat$ attack1 ! enemy along ! :ole front ( ! sector allott$ to x & by rel5tless pressure to we> d[n ! enemy's resi/ance 9 ord] to discov] ! weak portions ( ! def5ce2 ,supports to p5etrate ! weak portions ( ! def5ce & =?) to attack ! flanks & re> ( ^? portions ( ! def5ce :i* are hold+ up ! ,attack2 ) ,local ,res]ves = deal+ ) local c\nt]-attacks2 & a ,g5]al ,res]ve by means ( :i* ! comm&] exploits success or retrieves failure4 ,,! ,,=w>d ,,body1 ,,! ,,supports1 ,,& ,,! ,,local ,,res]ves4--,! p>am\nt duty ( all lead]s 9 ! fir+ l9e is to get _! troops =w>d1 & if e lead] is imbu$ ) ! det]m9ation to close ) ! enemy1 he w be unconsci\sly assi/+ 8 neighb\r also1 =1 z a rule1 ! be/ me?od ( support+ a neighb\r+ unit is to advance4 ,b an attack is (t5 held up by well-direct$ ma*9e-gun fire1 & by det]m9$ & well-tra9$ riflem5 9 conceal$ or well-prep>$ positions4 ,! tactics to be pursu$ "u ^! circum/ances are ?us outl9$ 9 ,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiba3 ,:5 =w>d troops are held up by ! enemy's organis$ fire at close ranges !y mu/ keep him p9n$ to 8 gr\nd & absorb 8 att5tion by ma9ta9+ a vigor\s fire & work+ _! way clos] :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,x w be ! duty ( ! ,supports to turn ! flank (1 & enfilade1 t portion ( ! enemy's def5ces :]e a g>rison is oppos+ #ef ! ,=w>d ,body4 ,to a*ieve ?is1 ,supports may h to quit _! direct l9e ( advance & foll[ 9 ! wake ( a neighb\r+ unit1 :i* is able to advance4 ,x mu/ con/antly be borne 9 m9d t pressure %\ld be br\ght on ! enemy by support+ troops 9 places :]e ! attack is progress+ r ?an :]e x is held up1 nev] by ! m]e re9=cem5t or ?ick5+ up ( a l9e ( troops :o h be5 unable to advance4 ,!re mu/ be no slack5+ ( pressure1 mean:ile1 by ! =w>d troops :o are tempor>ily held up1 or ! def5d]s w be able to turn _! att5tion to ! flank+ attacks :i* are be+ direct$ aga9/ !m4 ,! ,local ,res]ves are = local c\nt]-attacks by fire or movem5t aga9/ simil> ef=ts by ! ,local ,res]ves ( ! enemy4 ,9 mod]n campaigns ?is "w is effectively c>ri$ out by ! ov]head fire ( ma*9e guns di/ribut$ 9 dep?1 & ! mobile ,local ,res]ves may ?us consi/ ( small] units deta*$ = ! purpose by ! ,=w>d ,body or by ! ,supports4 ,dur+ ! great ,g]man (f5sive 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah ! ,attacks on ! ,somme & ! ,lys 7 con/antly held up by ! vig\r & t5acity ( ! ,franco-,briti% def5ce1 & to meet ! necessities ( ! case ! foll[+ in/ructions 7 issu$ by ! ,g]man ,g5]al ,/aff3 ,if ! assault+ troops are held up by ma*9e-gun fire !y are to lie d[n & keep up a /eady rifle fire1 :ile ,supports 9 ! re> & on ! flank try to "w r\nd ! flanks & re> ( ! ma*9e-gun ne/s :i* are hold+ up ! ,attack4 ,mean:ile1 ! comm&] ( ! battalion :i* is responsible = ! ,attack is to arrange = artill]y & light tr5*-mort> support1 & %\ld protect 8 own flanks f ma*9e-gun fire by means ( smoke4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,res]ve4--,9 a mod]n campaign aga9/ civilis$ troops x w seldom1 or nev]1 happ5 t ! ef=ts ( ! ,=w>d ,body1 ,supports1 & ,local ,res]ves w annihilate ! enemy & s prev5t him f rega9+ cohesion & fight+ p[]4 ,ev5 if #eg e "p ( ! position aga9/ :i* an assault is deliv]$ is captur$ & held1 ! enemy w n1 by t means alone1 cease to exi/ z a fight+ =ce1 & if he is p]mitt$ to )draw ) a semblance ( ord] & moral ! "w ( ! ,attack+ ,=ce w be ( little avail4 ,! de/ruction ( ! enemy & n ! m]e capture ( ! gr\nd ( ! enc\nt] is ! ultimate aim ( ! comm&]4 ,he w1 !re=e1 accept ! be/ available opportunity = ! de/ruction ( ! enemy by ov]:elm+ !m 9 "s "p ( ! battlefield dur+ ! successful op]ations ( 8 ,attack+ ,=ce4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 happ5 t ! ef=ts ( ! ,attack+ ,=ce are g5]ally unsuccessful & ! enemy may be on ! po9t ( ga9+ ! upp] h&4 ,by means ( ! ,g5]al ,res]ve ! comm&] exploits ! success or retrieves ! failure ( ! ,attack+ ,=ce4 ,! comm&] w h select$ "s po9t or position 9 ! enemy's def5sive sy/em aga9/ :i* he c direct 8 decisive attack4 ,?is po9t _c1 z a rule1 be det]m9$ until x has be5 reveal$ by ! successes ( ! ,=w>d ,body & ! ,supports1 & :5 x has be5 select$ x mu/ be /ruck unexpect$ly & 9 ! greate/ possible /r5g?4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! ,=w>d ,body1 ,supports1 & ,local ,res]ves mu/ be adequate 9 numb]s = ! task allott$ to !m1 a comm&] w g5]ally reta9 ab\t half 8 available =ce = ! deliv]y ( ! ,decisive ,attack1 & :5 ?is decisive bl[ has be5 deliv]$ ! ,res]ve w c>ry on ! pursuit ( ! beat5 enemy until su* "t z o!r ,infantry1 or ,cavalry1 or ,tanks1 h caught up & pass$ !m4 ,if ! attack+ troops fail to obta9 _! objective ! comm&] has at 8 disposal ! means ( reliev+ exhau/$ troops & ( deal+ ) ! decisive c\nt]-attack ( ! enemy4 ,,! ,,comm&]',s ,,plans4--,once troops are committ$ to ! assault ! comm&] is p[]less to div]t !m to ano!r purpose4 ,8 control is ex]cis$ 9 #eh ! correct int]pretation or adaptation ( 8 orig9al plan by 8 subord9ate comm&]s4 ,be=e laun*+ 8 troops to ! attack 9 accordance ) ! decisions arriv$ at f in=mation receiv$1 ! comm&] w assemble 8 subord9ates & ! repres5tatives ( co-op]at+ arms or =mations 9 ord] t 8 plans may be expla9$4 ,?is conf]5ce %\ld be held at su* a "t z w enable 8 subord9ates to expla9 _! rle to ! sub-unit comm&]s4 ,:]ev] possible ! conf]5ce %\ld be prec$$ by a p]sonal reconnaissance ( ! gr\nd ov] :i* ! attack is to be made1 o!rwise a map ( ! di/rict conc]n$ mu/ be sub/itut$ = ! actual view4 ,! comm&] w be influ5c$ 9 8 plans by ! /ate ( ! campaign at ! "t ( ! decision to attack4 ,9 ! op5+ /ages ( a campaign 9 a ?ickly populat$ c\ntry1 & g5]ally ?r\gh\t a campaign 9 less settl$ di/ricts1 a w> ( manoeuvre w lead to ! ,enc\nt] ,battle1 & ! objective to be aim$ at w be limit$ only by ! p[] ( endurance ( 8 troops1 ! wea!r conditions1 & ! possibility ( supply+ 8 victori\s troops ) ammunition & food4 ,"u o!r conditions1 ! objective w be subject to fur!r limitations1 z ! def5sive position w be organis$ 9 great dep?1 & :ile effective p5etration w ?us be m difficult to a*ieve x mu/1 ( necessity1 be accompani$ by wid5+ 9 proportion to its dep? 9 ord] t space = manoeuvre & facility = communication may be secur$4 ,! ,infantry ,attack w be conduct$ on ! same l9es 9 bo? =ms ( battle1 b ! great] ! organisation ( ! def5sive position ! m limit$ w be ! dep? to :i* ! attack c be c>ri$ on & ! great] difficulty w !re be 9 laun*+ res]ves 9 pursuit4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,assembly4--,a column 9 m>* =mation w v r>ely move to its attack position1 or jump+-(f place1 f column ( r\te except #ei :]e !re are conceal$ l9es ( approa* to ! spot4 ,a ,position ( ,assembly w !re=e be assign$1 & ?is w be *os5 ) a view to cov] = ! troops & facilities = ! issue ( food & hot dr9k1 ! di/ribution ( ammunition & ! fill+ ( wat] bottles4 ,z a g5]al rule1 x is left to ! battalion comm&] to select ,positions ( ,assembly = ea* ( 8 companies4 ,:5 l>ge bodies ( troops are assembl$ ) a view to imm$iate action1 x mu/ always be rememb]$ t l>ge =ces _c be mov$ by a s+le road if all arms are to be br\ght into action at ! "r mom5t4 ,9 ,april1 #ahfd1 ,g5]al ,banks1 ) #be1jjj ,u4,s4 troops1 mov$ f ,gr& ,ecore to ,pleasant ,hill 9 ! ,r$ ,riv] ,valley4 ,al?\gh lat]al roads exi/$1 8 column m>*$ on "o ma9 road only1 & tw5ty miles sep>at$ 8 front & re>4 ,z he came into action ) ,g5]al ,=re/1 ( ! ,conf$]ate ,army1 ! head ( 8 column 0 defeat$ & ?r[n back aga9 & aga9 by =ces inf]ior 9 total /r5g?1 b sup]ior on ! field ( ! enc\nt]4 ,_h ,g5]al ,banks us$ two or m p>allel roads1 :i* 7 available = 8 use1 ! ,conf$]ates on ! spot w\ld h be5 quickly ov]p[]$4 ,,! ,,attack+ ,,=ce4--,! comm&] mu/ decide aga9/ :i* portion or portions ( ! ho/ile position1 or along :i* l9es ( advance1 8 ,fire ,attack %all be develop$4 ,z ! object ( ?is movem5t is to p9 ! enemy to 8 position1 to we> d[n 8 resi/ance g5]ally1 & p>ticul>ly at ! po9t :]e ! ,decisive ,attack is to be deliv]$1 z well z to effect a lodgm5t 9 ! position1 x is cle> t ! great] ! ext5t ( ! objective ! bett]1 & "o or bo? flanks %\ld be ?reat5$ if possible4 ,b :5ev] a ,fire ,attack is develop$ x mu/ be 9 suffici5t /r5g? to occupy ! enemy's att5tion fully & x mu/ be c>ri$ ?r\gh ) vig\r once begun4 ,"o #fj to ?ree rifles p] y>d ( ! objective to be assail$ is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! requisite /r5g? ( ! ,=w>d ,body1 ,supports1 & ,local ,res]ves4 ,at ,/4 ,privat 7,augu/ #ah1 #ahgj7 a fir/ & second l9e made a frontal attack & came "u fire ( ! ,fr5* *assepots1 to :i* _! own %ort]-rang$ rifles c\ld make no effective reply4 ,! l9es press$ on1 b 7 ultimately br\ght to a /&/ill ?r\gh lack ( re9=cem5ts1 :i* c\ld h be5 s5t up aga9/ ! flank ( ! fire position :i* 0 hold+ up ! attack1 "u cov] ( ! fire ( ! troops 9 position1 & w\ld ?us h c>ri$ ! ,=w>d ,body to ! assault4 ,equally unsuccessful 0 ,osman ,pa%a's attempt to break ?r\gh ! inve/+ l9es at ,plevna 7,decemb] #aj1 #ahgg74 ,) #ae1jjj troops he pi]c$ ! ,russian l9es1 & ano!r resolute ef=t w\ld h c>ri$ ! sortie ?r\gh ! inve/+ =ces4 ,b ! #ae1jjj ,supports c\ld n get out ( ! t[n z ! bridges & gates 7 block$ ) fugitives & wagons4 ,,! ,,decisive ,,attack4--,! comm&] mu/ also decide ! po9t & direction ( ! ,decisive ,attack4 ,?is w be made on a "p ( ! front or on a flank1 & x may be pr$et]m9$ 9 accordance ) in=mation conc]n+ ! ho/ile dispositions1 or x may h to be asc]ta9$ by fur!r fight+4 ,! advantages ( a ,frontal ,attack are t1 if successful1 ! enemy's =ce is brok5 9 two p>ts1 ! sep>at$ w+s may be driv5 back 9 div]g5t directions & ov]:elm$ 9 detail1 & a decisive victory is ?us obta9$4 ,! disadvantages are t ! =ce assault+ a "p ( ! enemy's front draws ^u itself ! conc5trat$ fire ( ! :ole ho/ile l9e1 & unless ! ,fire ,attack c ma/] ?is fire ! decisive bl[ w be held up1 :ile an unsuccessful frontal attack invites ! enemy to advance & to envelop ! assailants4 ,! advantages ( a ,flank ,attack are t #fa ! enemy's l9e ( retreat is ?reat5$1 & only ! ?reat5$ flank c conc5trate its fire on ! assailant4 ,! disadvantages ( a ,flank ,attack are t ! envelop+ troops h to face a simil> dang] on _! own out] flank1 = ^u ?is po9t ! def5d] w almo/ c]ta9ly direct 8 c\nt]-/roke1 & = ?is reason a decisive bl[ on ! enemy's flank mu/ be foll[$ up by /rong res]ves4 ,! flank *os5 = attack w be t :i* af=ds ! be/ opportunities = conv]g+ fire f ! support+ artill]y1 :i* gives ! be/ l9e ( advance = ! infantry1 & :]e success w h ! mo/ decisive results1 ! la/ dep5d+ ma9ly on ! ext5t to :i* ! enemy's l9e ( retreat is ?reat5$4 ,:]e ! v>i\s requisites are 9 conflict1 ! flank af=d+ ! greate/ advantages = conv]g+ fire f ! artill]y w be *os54 ,no?+ de/roys ! moral ( m5 9 action s spe$ily & effectually z a flank attack1 & except by ?is me?od good infantry w seldom be beat54 ,a decisive attack1 to be completely successful1 mu/ be foll[$ up by fre% troops be=e ! assault+ waves h be5 *eck$4 ,lee _h cross$ ! ,potomac & desir$ to defeat ! la/ army ( ! ,f$]als 9 ! ea/ & drive ! ,nor!rn ,gov]nm5t f ,wa%+ton4 ,! battle ( ,gettysburg la/$ ?ree days 7,july #a-c1 #ahfc74 ,on ! fir/1 ! army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia 0 uni=mly successful2 on ! second1 ! =tunes ( battle sway$ to & fro2 on ! ?ird1 ,lee decid$ to make a ,napoleonic decisive attack ) half 8 available troops aga9/ ,meade's c5tre4 ,b ! spirit$ attack ( ! fir/ #ae1jjj1 aft] p5etrat+ ! l9e1 0 *eck$1 & ! rema9+ #ae1jjj did n arrive 9 support1 s t ! attack di$ d[n1 0 repuls$1 & )drew 9 disord]4 ,at ,*attanooga 7,novemb] #be1 #ahfh7 ,grant's decisive attack 0 successful1 al?\gh deliv]$ aga9/ a "p ( ! position :i* appe>$ to be impregnable1 on acc\nt ( ! /r5g? ( ! attack1 ?r\gh #fb di/ribution 9 dep?2 #be1jjj m5 7 hurl$ aga9/ ! entr5*m5ts 9 ?ree l9es1 & ! support ( ! ?ird l9e c>ri$ ! waves ( ! attack ?r\gh ! def5ces4 ,,detail+ ,,! ,,units4--,! comm&] w detail ! units = c>ry+ out ! ,fire ,attack1 :i* w g5]ally require "o to ?ree rifles p] y>d ( ! objective4 ,?is =ce w be plac$ "u a def9ite comm&]1 :o w di/ribute x into a ,=w>d ,body to develop ! attack 9 ! fir+ l9e2 ,supports1 to enable ! ,=w>d ,body to assault ! position2 & ,local ,res]ves to ma9ta9 or re/ore ! advantages ga9$1 _! ma9 function be+ to repel c\nt]-attacks by simil> bodies ( ! enemy & to ma9ta9 ! (f5sive _s4 ,! comm&] w also detail ! units = c>ry+ out ! ,decisive ,attack1 :i* w require ?ree to five rifles p] y>d ( ! portion ( ! position aga9/ :i* x is project$4 ,?is =ce1 "u a def9ite comm&]1 is di/ribut$ = ! attack 9 dep?1 s t ! /r5g? & weight ( ! bl[ c>ries x home aga9/ all opposition4 ,! =ce is reta9$ by ! comm&] ( ! :ole attack+ troops1 to be ?r[n 9 at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r place4 ,x also rema9s 9 h& to re/ore ! battle 9 case ( an unexpect$ *eck1 or to cov] ! )drawal ( ! rema9d] ( ! troops if x is desir$ to break (f ! engagem5t4 ,,! ,,artill]y4--,! position ( ! artill]y w be settl$ 9 consultation ) ! artill]y comm&]1 ! decision re/+ on ! objects 9 view1 :i* are1 to assi/ ! infantry 9 its advance by keep+ d[n ho/ile gun & rifle fire--!re=e1 9 ! initial /ages1 a comm&+ position is requir$2 dur+ ! decisive /age conc5tration on ! objective ( ! decisive bl[ is requir$2 & aft] ! successful assault guns may be requir$ to be hurri$ =w>d to repel #fc c\nt]-attacks1 to break d[n protract$ opposition1 & to complete ! r\t by h>ass+ ! flee+ enemy4 ,:5 ! attack is direct$ aga9/ a position ! def5ce ( :i* is kn[n to h be5 elaborately organis$1 a pre-arrang$ cov]+ fire 9 ! =m ( an artill]y b>rage1 lift$ 9 successive /ages z ! attack advances1 may require to be organis$ "s "t be=e ! attack is laun*$4 ,x w be necess>y to detail an escort = ! guns1 unless ! di/ribution ( ! troops = ! attack already provides su* protection4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,v]neville 7,augu/ #ah1 #ahgj7 ! #i? ,prussian ,corps ,artill]y _h be5 pu%$ =w>d aga9/ ! ,fr5* position at ,arm&vill]s-,folie4 ,! fire ( ! ,fr5* infantry caus$ a loss ( #ac (fic]s & #ahg o!r ranks1 & "o batt]y 0 disabl$1 be=e ! guns 7 )drawn4 ,!re 0 no infantry escort to keep ! attack+ riflem5 at a di/ance4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,col5so 7,decemb] #ae1 #ahii7 two batt]ies ( field artill]y advanc$ into action )\t an escort1 & )\t previ\s reconnaissance unlimb]$ on a project+ spit ( l& 9 a loop ( ! ,tugela ,riv]4 ,frontal fire f hidd5 tr5*es on ! opposite bank & enfilade fire f a re-entrant flank kill$ all ! horses & ! great] "p ( ! p]sonnel1 & al?\gh ! utmo/ gallantry 0 %[n by all ranks t5 ( ! twelve guns 7 left 9 ,bo] h&s4 ,infantry regim5tal (fic]s & battalion comm&]s mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ! am\nt ( ammunition c>ri$ by _! accompany+ artill]y1 9 ord] t ammunition may n be wa/$ by call+ = fire on t>gets ( second>y importance4 ,all res]ves1 :e!r !y h be5 specially detail$ or n = ! purpose1 mu/ ( _! own accord make e ef=t to assi/ 9 gett+ =w>d guns & ammunition4 ,"o ( ! out/&+ lessons ( ! ,w> ( #aiad-aiah is ! possibility ( plac+ ev5 ! heavie/ artill]y close beh9d ! infantry fight+ l9e ow+ to ! mobility af=d$ by motor traction & to ! security aga9/ #fd c\nt]-attack provid$ by ! deadly fire ( ! magaz9e rifles & ma*9e guns ( _! escort1 & ( ! ,lewis guns allott$ to ! batt]ies !mselves4 ,,! ,,cavalry4--,! opportunities = cavalry action 9 an attack dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! def5sive op]ations4 ,aga9/ a highly organis$ def5sive position !re w be no op5+s = m\nt$ troops until a wide p5etration gives space = manoeuvre4 ,be=e ! attack dur+ an ,enc\nt] ,battle ! cavalry w h be5 out on reconnaissance 9 front ( ! attack+ =ce2 dur+ ! attack !y may be call$ on to assi/ by dism\nt$ fire action1 & by local c\nt]-/rokes z m\nt$ troops 7aga9/ cavalry1 or aga9/ infantry disorganis$ by ! breakd[n ( a movem5t71 b mu/ n be all[$ to impair _! spe$ or fre%ness2 aft] ! successful assault ! ,pursuit is _! special duty1 n necess>ily on ! heels ( ! enemy1 b on l9es p>allel to _! retreat1 to hamp] 8 movem5ts1 to r\nd up /raggl]s1 & to ?reat5 _! communications4 ,g5]ally speak+1 su* a position z is requir$ w be f\nd on a flank1 or slightly 9 advance ( a flank ( ! attack+ =ce4 ,cavalry make x possible = a g5]al to adopt ! mo/ skilful ( all manoeuvres1 ! conv]g+ attack1 & prop]ly h&l$1 z at ,appomattox or ,pa>deb]g1 to br+ ab\t ! cr[n+ triumph ( ,gr& ,tactics1 ! hemm+ 9 a =ce s closely t x has ei!r to attack at a disadvantage or to surr5d] 7,h5d]son74 ,9 ! ,mesopotamian campaign a surprise attack ( ,g5]al ,sir ,s4 ,maude's =ces on ,septemb] #bg-bi1 #aiag1 aga9/ ! ,turki% =ces assembl+ ne> ,ramadie1 #fe miles nor?-we/ ( ,baghdad1 0 conv]t$ into ! surr5d] ( ! ,turki% comm&] & ab\t #d1jjj all arms by ! envelop+ tactics ( ! ,anglo-,indian ,cavalry ,division4 ,a simil> manoeuvre on ,m>* #bf1 #aiah1 by ! cavalry ( ! ,mesopotamian ,field ,=ce 7comm&$ at t "t by ,g5]al ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,m>%all1 #fe :o succe$$ aft] ,g5]al ,maude's dea? f *ol]a71 result$ 9 ! surr5d] ( ov] #e1jjj ,turks1 includ+ a divisional comm&]1 #bb miles nor?-we/ ( ,hit4 ,! prison]s 7 fugitives f ! battle ( ,baghdadieh1 & ! cavalry 7 a/ride _! communications4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! ,armi/ice 7,novemb] #aa1 #aiah7 two ,briti% ,cavalry ,divisions 7 on ! m>* ea/ ( ! ,s*eldt1 & be=e ord]s to /op rea*$ !m !y _h already ga9$ a l9e #aj miles 9 front ( our infantry outpo/s4 ,!re is no d\bt t1 _h ! advance ( ! cavalry be5 all[$ to cont9ue1 ! enemy's disorganis$ retreat w\ld h be5 turn$ into a r\t 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,! abs5ce ( cavalry at ! critical mom5t has (t5 decid$ ! issue ( a campaign4 ,aft] ! action ( ,ga9es's ,mill 7,june #bg1 #ahfb7 ,g5]al ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,/u>t 0 dispat*$ by ,lee ) ! ,conf$]ate cavalry on a false sc5t to ,:ite ,h\se1 s\? ( ! ,york ,riv]1 to :i* base ,lee believ$ ,mc,clellan to be retreat+4 ,b ,mc,clellan _h %ift$ 8 base to ,h>rison's ,l&+1 on ! ,james ,riv]1 & ! ,conf$]ate cavalry did n rega9 t\* ) ! ,army ( ! ,potomac until ,july #c1 two days aft] ! failure ( ,lee's attack on ,malv]n ,hill4 ,_h ,/u>t be5 available ) 8 cavalry ?r\gh\t t critical p]iod ,mc,clellan's huge tra9s w\ld h fall5 an easy prey to ! ,conf$]ate horsem51 & ! roads ?r\gh ! =e/s & swamps to ,malv]n ,hill c\ld h be5 block$4 ,abs5ce ( cavalry be=e ! fir/ day ( ,gettysburg 7,july #a1 #ahfc7 hamp]$ ! ,conf$]ate lead]s1 & lack ( in=mation caus$ !m to act ) unnecess>y caution :5 boldness w\ld h c>ri$ ev]y?+ be=e !m4 ,g5]al ,/u>t _h once m be5 s5t away on a raid+ exp$ition4 ,aft] ! victori\s attack ( ,g5]al ,e>ly's division a h&ful ( ,g5]al ,bu=d's ,u4,s4 cavalry enabl$ ! defeat$ #a/ ,corps ( ,meade's army to save _! guns & to retire unmole/$4 ,a ?\s& #ff ,conf$]ate sabres w\ld h bru%$ ,bu=d aside1 & ,july #a w\ld h be5 disa/r\s to ! ,national cause4 ,dur+ ! ,g]man (f5sive ( ,m>*-,july1 #aiah1 ev5 two or ?ree well-tra9$ cavalry divisions might h driv5 a w$ge betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,armies4 ,_! pres5ce c\ld n h fail$ to h add$ greatly to ! difficulties ( our task 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,dur+ ! ,battle ( ,cambrai 7,novemb] #bj1 #aiag7 a squadron ( ! ,=t ,g>ry ,horse cross$ ! ,s*eldt ,canal1 & aft] captur+ a ,g]man batt]y & disp]s+ a l>ge body ( infantry1 ma9ta9$ itself by rifle fire 9 a sunk5 road until nightfall1 :5 x )drew to ! ,briti% l9es ) its prison]s4 ,dur+ ! ,battle ( ,ami5s 7,augu/ #h-ah1 #aiah7 ! cavalry 7 conc5trat$ beh9d ! battle front by a s]ies ( night m>*es1 & on ! fir/ day ( ! battle !y advanc$ #bc miles f _! position ( assembly4 ,?r\gh\t ! battle !y r5d]$ mo/ gallant & valuable s]vice4 ,dur+ ! ,second ,battle ( ,le ,cateau 7,octob] #f-ab1 #aiah7 cavalry 7 in/rum5tal 9 h>ass+ ! enemy 9 8 retreat & prev5t+ him f complet+ ! de/ruction ( ! railway1 & :5 ! infantry 7 held up by heavy ma*9e-gun fire f ,cattigny ,wood & ,cl>y a da%+ *>ge by ! ,=t ,g>ry ,horse ga9$ a foot+ 9 ,cattigny ,wood & assi/$ our infantry to press =w>d4 ,fur!r ea/1 ,dragoon ,gu>ds & ,canadian ,cavalry 7 in/rum5tal 9 ! capture ( ,h5ne*y1 ,reumont1 & ,troisvilles 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! campaign 9 ,nor? ,russia 7,augu/-,septemb]1 #aiah7 a h&ful ( cavalry on ei!r bank ( ! ,nor? ,dw9a ,riv] c\ld h kept ! ,bol%evik =ces con/antly on ! run1 & c\ld h prev5t$ ! successive reorganisation ( _! demoralis$ =ces1 :i* ! sl[] progress ( ! pursu+ infantry 0 unable to accompli%4 ,a few squadrons ( cavalry c\ld h disp]s$ ! :ole #fg ,bol%evik =ce 9 ! ,ar*angel ,prov9ce4 ,tanks are usefully employ$ 9 ! pursuit1 z artill]y1 ! only effective enemy ( ! tank1 is unlikely to rema9 9 action ) ! re>w>d troops ( a disorganis$ enemy2 & a new t]ror has be5 add$ to ! pursuit by ! adv5t ( self-propell$1 man-c>ry+ ,aircraft1 arm$ ) ma*9e guns & bombs1 & possibly ev5 ) light quick-fir+ artill]y4 ,dur+ ! f9al /ages ( ! victori\s ,alli$ ,advance 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah1 ! retreat+ ,g]man ,armies 7 cont9u\sly h>ass$ f ! air4 ,?r\gh\t ! day 7,novemb] #e1 #aiah7 ! roads1 pack$ ) ! enemy's troops & transport1 af=d$ excell5t t>gets to our airm51 :o took full advantage ( _! opportunities1 despite ! unfav\rable wea!r4 ,ov] #cj guns1 :i* bombs & ma*9e-gun fire f ! air _h =c$ ! enemy to ab&on1 7 captur$ by a battalion ( ! #be? ,division 9 ! field ne> ,le ,presau 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,,! ,,royal ,,eng9e]s4--,! position & employm5t ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s w be det]m9$ by ! comm&] :o issues ord]s = ! ,attack1 & z ! ma9 function ( ?is corps 9 ! ,attack is ! removal or bridg+ ( ob/acles to ! advance1 & ! /r5g!n+ ( ! position :5 captur$1 ! ,royal ,eng9e]s w probably rema9 ) ! troops to :i* ! decisive attack is entru/$4 ,,m$ical ,,arrangem5ts4--,! position ( hospitals & cle>+ /ations w be settl$ 9 consultation ) ! ,s4,m4,o4 ,aid po/s & advanc$ dress+ /ations w be e/abli%$ "u battalion arrangem5ts 9 connection ) ! m$ical (fic] ( ! units conc]n$4 ,,supply4--,! position ( ! ,tra91 ) its res]ve supplies ( ammunition & ( food = m5 & horses1 w dep5d ^u facilities = communication ) ! attack+ =ce & ^u security aga9/ artill]y fire #fh or surprise attack f ! air or l&4 ,! position w probably be well 9 re>1 & at ! junction ( roads lead+ =w>d to ! attack+ troops4 ,rations w be br\ght up to units "u arrangem5ts by ! comm&]s ( ! battalion or o!r units conc]n$4 ,,! ,,comm&]',s ,,position4--,! position ( ! comm&] :o issues ! ord]s = ! ,attack mu/ be fix$1 & mu/ be made kn[n to subord9ate comm&]s1 z x w be ! place to :i* reports w be s5t4 ,9 ! case ( a small =ce ! comm&] w g5]ally /ay ) ! ,g5]al ,res]ve2 if ! =ce is fairly l>ge1 & compos$ ( all arms1 he w probably be on ! ma9 artill]y position2 b 9 ! case ( a l>ge =ce he %\ld be well out ( rea* ( ! di/raction ( local incid5ts4 ,if ! comm&] ( a l>ge =ce moves f 8 /at$ position he mu/ leave a s5ior (fic] ( 8 /aff to repres5t him on ! spot & to =w>d urg5t communications to him 9 8 *ang$ position4 ,9 ! case ( a small =ce a comm&] :o vacates 8 /at$ position mu/ arrange to leave a runn] 9 ! position /at$ z 8 headqu>t]s1 9 ord] t messages may rea* him )\t delay4 ,,battle ,,reports4--,! successful exploitation ( success dep5ds l>gely on ! accuracy ( ! in=mation ga9$ by ! comm&] f all p>ts ( ! battlefield4 ,reports are requir$ f all :o h in=mation to imp>t & !y %\ld be made out on previ\sly prep>$ message c>ds1 /at+ ! exact position ( ! s5d] at ! "t ( ! report2 ! progress made by ! unit "u ! comm& ( ! s5d]1 or by neighb\r+ or o!r units ^: action has be5 obs]v$2 ! degree ( ! enemy's resi/ance2 enemy movem5ts2 & ! plans ( ! (fic] mak+ ! report & ! me?od to be adopt$ 9 c>ry+ out su* plans4 #fi ,,reorganisation ,,& ,,pursuit4--,once a successful assault has be5 deliv]$1 subord9ate comm&]s mu/ imm$iately rega9 control ( _! comm&s1 & mu/ see t ! flee+ enemy is pursu$ by fire1 :ile local res]ves foll[ up & secure ! position aga9/ c\nt]-attack4 ,sup]ior comm&]s mu/ take /eps to organise ! pursuit1 to cut (f ! enemy's l9e ( retreat1 & to complete 8 ov]?r[4 ,no victory is ev] complete if ! enemy is p]mitt$ to retire unmole/$ f ! field ( battle1 & giv5 "t to recov] ord] & moral4 ,nev] let up 9 a pursuit :ile y\r troops h /r5g? to foll[ 0 a fav\rite maxim ( ,/onewall ,jackson4 ,! pursuit is ! task ( ! infantry until x is tak5 ov] by aircraft1 cavalry1 & tanks1 & ! limits to :i* ! infantry w c>ry ! pursuit w be fix$ by ! comm&]1 :o w be> 9 m9d ! pr9ciple t ,success mu/ be foll[$ up until ! enemy's p[] is ru9$ 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aibj774 ,if ! fruits ( victory are to be secur$ ! "w mu/ be put 9 h& :il/ ! enemy is /ill reel+ "u ! %ock ( defeat4 ,a few h\rs' delay gives him "t to recov] 8 equilibrium1 to organise a re>gu>d1 & to ga9 sev]al miles on 8 re>w>d m>*4 ,9 mod]n w>f>e motor transport may enable ! comp>atively immobile infantry to a*ieve ! mobility ( cavalry1 if arrangem5ts = embuss+ !m h previ\sly be5 made1 & 9 a few h\rs infantry may ?us be transport$ beyond ! rea* ( pursuit4 #gj ,,=mation ,,( ,,infantry ,,= ,,! ,,attack ,only by ! rifle & bayonet ( ! infantryman c ! decisive victory be won4--,,m>%al ,,haig4 ,! =mations 9 :i* ,infantry move to ! ,attack mu/ be su* z w enable !m to a*ieve _! object by ! comb9ation ( ,fire & ,movem5t4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! =w>d troops mu/ be furni%$ ) supports belong+ to ! same unit z !mselves1 9 ord] t a connect$ lead+ may produce a jo9t action ( ! :ole4 ,,! ,,platoon4--,! smalle/ unit :i* c be divid$ into indep5d5t bodies1 ea* capable ( ,fire & ,movem5t1 is ! platoon1 ! f\r sections ( :i* c p9 ! enemy to 8 position by fire & c manoeuvre r\nd 8 flanks4 ,! normal di/ribution ( ! platoon = ! ,attack is ei!r ! ,squ>e or ! ,diamond ,=mation4 ,9 ! ,squ>e ,=mation1 two sections are =w>d cov]+ ! frontage allott$ to ! platoon1 & ! rema9+ two sections are 9 support1 9 su* =mation z may keep !m 9 read9ess = in/ant manoeuvre ) due reg>d to ! avoidance ( unnecess>y loss4 ,9 ! ,diamond ,=mation1 "o section leads to reconnoitre & to p9 d[n ! enemy1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ree sections are held 9 read9ess to manoeuvre = ! decisive attack at ! po9t 9 ! enemy's def5ce :i* (f]s ! be/ prospect ( success4 ,! ,diamond ,=mation is t be/ suit$ to an ,attack 9 an ,enc\nt] ,battle1 :5 ! nature ( ! enemy's dispositions are imp]fectly kn[n4 ,x possesses ! great advantage ( pres]v+ #ga ! p[] ( manoeuvre = ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! platoon until ! action ( ! lead+ section has develop$ ! situation4 ,9 ea* case 7except :5 ! ,attack is laun*$ aga9/ a highly organis$ def5sive position71 ! =w>d sections w be prec$$ by ,gr\nd ,sc\ts1 to f9d ! mo/ cov]$ l9e ( advance & ! be/ fire positions1 & to gu>d aga9/ ambu%4 ,^! ,gr\nd ,sc\ts advance until *eck$1 :5 !y rema9 9 obs]vation until jo9$ by ! lead+ sections4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,attack 9 an ,enc\nt] ,battle ,flank ,sc\ts may be requir$ until su* "t z ! deploym5t ( ! platoon r5d]s !m unnecess>y4 ,aga9/ a highly organis$ def5sive sy/em platoons may n be able to advance to ! ,attack )\t a b>rage1 & x is ess5tial t all movem5ts %\ld con=m exactly to ! tim+ ( ! b>rage & t ! troops %\ld keep "u ! back edge ( ! %rapnel curta91 s z to deliv] _! assault be=e ! enemy has "t to br+ rifles & ma*9e guns into play4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ,gr\nd sc\ts mu/ be disp5s$ )4 ,su* a position w n be attack$ )\t c>eful previ\s reconnaissance & ! l9es ( advance w h be5 *os5 be=eh&4 ,! ,squ>e ,=mation w be t usually adopt$ = attacks on highly organis$ def5sive positions1 ) ! two rifle sections =w>d & ! two ,lewis-gun sections 9 support4 ,! ,lewis-gun sections are ?us able to protect ! flanks ( ! rifle sections1 & to deal ) isolat$ enemy ma*9e guns1 or conceal$ bodies ( riflem51 :i* might come into action ) rev]se or enfilade fire aft] ! =w>d sections h pass$ ov] ! occupi$ gr\nd4 ,,! ,,platoon ,,comm&]4--,! platoon comm&] mu/ expla9 ! situation to 8 subord9ates & po9t out ! l9e ( advance4 ,he %\ld usually move ) ! =w>d sections dur+ ! prep>atory #gb phase ( an ,attack1 & :5 ! =w>d sections h be5 committ$ to ! ,attack he %\ld assume control ( ! support+ sections & move ) !m4 ,if 8 platoon is 9 support1 he w ?us be ) ! =w>d sections be=e ! platoon is involv$ 9 ! fight4 ,! success ( ,infantry 9 ! ,attack dep5ds n only on da%1 control1 & lead+1 b ^u ! intellig5t co-op]ation ( support comm&]s1 :o mu/ keep !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! c\rse ( ! battle by intellig5t obs]vation & w ?us possess an appreciation ( ! situation be=e involv+ _! m5 9 action1 & c direct ! supports to ! "r spot at ! "r "t1 to influ5ce ! battle by fire & by movem5t1 )\t hesitation or delay4 ,,! ,,company4--,! normal di/ribution ( ! company1 :5 act+ ) o!r companies ( ! battalion1 is two platoons =w>d & two 9 support4 ,to meet ! expectation ( a /ubborn resi/ance1 or to cov] an unusually ext5sive frontage1 ?ree platoons may be =w>d1 ) "o 9 support2 & :]e in=mation z to ! enemy's dispositions is lack+1 b /rong opposition is unlikely1 "o platoon may be =w>d ) ?ree 9 support1 ?us enabl+ ! company comm&] to use any or all ! supports to influ5ce ! attack on obta9+ in=mation z to ! po9t 9 ! enemy's position :i* (f]s ! be/ prospect ( success4 ,:5 ! frontage allott$ to a company is above ! normal1 ! lead+ platoons %\ld n endeav\r to cov] ! :ole front1 b gaps %\ld be left betwe5 !m2 o!rwise ! m5 w be s widely ext5d$ z to deprive ! lead]s ( ! p[] ( control4 ,:5 a company is act+ indep5d5tly1 ! normal =mation w be two platoons =w>d1 ) "o 9 support1 & "o 9 res]ve4 ,,! ,,company ,,comm&]4--,! company comm&] w allot ! tasks & ! frontages ( 8 #gc platoons & give ord]s z to _! di/ribution1 & mu/ /ate :]e he w be himself dur+ ! ,attack4 ,8 position w be det]m9$ by ! necessity ( keep+ in=m$ ?r\gh\t ! ,attack ( ! situation & ( ! progress ( 8 platoons1 & he is responsible t all ess5tial in=mation on ^! po9ts is pass$ back to ! battalion comm&]4 ,he mu/ also keep 9 t\* ) companies on 8 flanks1 s5d+ out patrols = ?is purpose1 if necess>y2 & mu/ use e opportunity af=d$ by ! fire or smoke provid$ by o!r units or arms to get =w>d or r\nd ! enemy's flanks4 ,he w use 8 support+ platoons to pu% ?r\gh :]e ! resi/ance is weak 9 ord] to turn ! flank ( ^? portions ( ! enemy :i* are hold+ up ! advance4 ,z soon z ?is tempor>y phase has be5 br\ght to a successful conclusion ! company comm&] mu/ reorganise 8 platoons & secure _! advance on ! objective4 ,:5 ! objective has be5 ga9$ ! position mu/ be consolidat$ & patrols s5t out to prev5t surprise4 ,,! ,,battalion4--,! di/ribution ( ! battalion dep5ds entirely ^u ! nature ( ! task allott$ to x4 ,:]e ! enemy's dispositions are kn[n & consid]able resi/ance is anticipat$ 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! ,attack1 ! battalion w normally be di/ribut$ ) two companies =w>d1 "o 9 support & "o 9 res]ve4 ,! =w>d body %\ld ?us be /rong en\gh to develop ! ,attack to su* a po9t t a decisive bl[ c be deliv]$ by ! supports aga9/ ! ma9 resi/ance1 & ! res]ve company is 9 h& = ! complet+ /ages ( ! action or = /abilis+ ! local battle4 ,:]e ! enemy's dispositions & ! degree ( resi/ance are /ill ! subject ( conjecture1 "o company only may be =w>d1 ) two 9 support1 s t ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! battalion w n be committ$ to any def9ite rle be=e x is ne$$ & be=e ! situation ( ! enemy is discov]$4 #gd ,,! ,,battalion ,,comm&]4--,! p[]s ( p]sonal control ( a battalion comm&] ^u ! field ( battle are limit$1 & success w dep5d1 9 a great measure1 on ! cle>ness ( ! ord]s :i* commit 8 lead+ companies to ! ,attack 7,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiba74 ,! battalion comm&] %\ld be suppli$ ) any details conc]n+ ! enemy & ( co-op]at+ troops4 ,he mu/ und]/& 8 objective1 ! limits ( 8 frontage1 & ! ext5t ( help :i* he w receive f ! o!r arms4 ,9 addition to su* in=mation z is suppli$ reg>d+ ! enemy's /r5g? & dispositions1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to wire 7or o!r ob/acles7 & ma*9e guns1 he mu/ asc]ta9 ! be/ positions ( assembly = 8 companies1 ! be/ l9es ( approa* to ! objective1 ! mo/ cov]$ l9e ( advance = 8 supports & res]ves1 & ! be/ position = 8 own headqu>t]s dur+ ea* /age ( ! ,attack4 ,9 8 ord]s = ! ,attack he w reveal all in=mation conc]n+ ! movem5ts & dispositions ( ! enemy & ( co-op]at+ troops & arms2 he w allot tasks to ! companies & to ! ma*9e-gun platoon 7if n brigad$7 & w def9e ! frontage ( ! =w>d companies2 he w also detail ! assembly positions1 give compass-be>+s = ! advance1 describe ! action ( o!r arms 9 support1 make ! necess>y signall+ arrangem5ts1 notify ! z]o h\r1 arrange = ! syn*ronisation ( wat*es1 notify 8 own position be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! ,attack1 & indicate ! po9t to :i* reports are to be s5t1 notify ! m$ical arrangem5ts1 & issue in/ructions z to ! collection ( /raggl]s1 ! escort & de/9ation ( prison]s1 ! supply ( ammunition1 & ! equipm5t to be worn4 ,! qu>t]ma/] w receive ord]s z to ! br++ up ( rations dur+ ! battle4 ,be=e issu+ to ! ,attack a proportion ( (fic]s & o!r ranks w be detail$ to rema9 beh9d1 to replace casualties :5 ! engagem5t is ov]4 #ge ,! position ( ! battalion comm&] w be *os5 ) a view to keep+ 9 t\* ) ! progress ( ! ,attack 9 all its /ages & ( influ5c+ ! fight by means ( ! res]ves4 ,p]sonal control is difficult to ex]cise once troops are committ$ to ! fight1 b opportunities = rapid decision 7 frequ5tly (f]$ to battalion comm&]s 9 ! ,great ,w>1 & seiz$ ) a success :i* trans=m$ a *eck into a victory4 ,9 #aiaf a battalion comm&] ( ! ,cold/ream ,gu>ds1 see+ 8 comm& disorganis$ by fire & resi/ance1 by p]sonal example ralli$ & reorganis$ ! waves ( ! ,attack & add$ ! necess>y mom5tum to ! assault1 :i* !n rea*$ its objective4 ,on ,april #ad1 #aiag1 ! comm&] ( a battalion ( ! ,royal ,newf\ndl& ,regim5t witness$ ! laun*+ ( a local c\nt]-attack by ! ,g]mans on ! village ( ,mon*y-le-,preux1 & by a rapid advance ) ! fight+ portion ( 8 headqu>t]s1 /av$ (f ! attack until ! arrival ( re9=cem5ts f ! #hh? ,brigade enabl$ x to be driv5 back 9 disord]4 ,on ,novemb] #cj1 #aiag1 dur+ ! ,g]man c\nt]-attack f ,fonta9e ,notre ,dame to ,tadpole ,copse1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,sector ( ! ,cambrai zone1 ! ,g]mans =c$ _! way into our =emo/ positions1 & op5$ a gap betwe5 ! #a_/f? & #a_/ae? ,london ,regim5ts4 ,local c\nt]-attacks l$ by ! two battalion comm&]s ) all available m51 includ+ ! p]sonnel ( _! respective headqu>t]s1 once m re/or$ ! situation4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiah1 dur+ ! mo/ critical p]iod ( ! ,g]man ?ru/ at ,ami5s1 a battalion comm&] ( ! ,bord] ,regim5t aga9 & aga91 on horseback & on foot1 p]sonally re/or$ ! situation4 #gf ,,def5sive ,,action ,! s\l ( ! ,def5ce is ! ,c\nt]-,attack4--,,m>%al ,,fo*4 ,def5sive action may be initiat$ by a comm&] 9 ! field1 or x may be impos$ ^u him by ! enemy1 & a comm&] may rely ^u =tification to assi/ him 9 defeat+ ! enemy1 or he may employ manoeuvre to effect or to po/pone a decision4 ,a comm&] may desire to p9 ! enemy to an attack ^u a =tifi$ position1 g>rison$ by a portion only ( 8 =ce1 :ile he deta*es ano!r 7& probably great]7 portion to attack ! enemy f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,an out/&+ example ( ?is =m ( action is exhibit$ 9 ! ,battle ( ,*ancellorsville 7,may #b-c1 #ahfc71 :]e ,lee kept at bay ,hook]'s army ( #ij1jjj ) "o-?ird ( 8 =ce & deta*$ ,/onewall ,jackson ) #cj1jjj m5 to attack ! ,f$]al re>4 ,action ( ?is k9d is peculi>ly effective1 b x requires a secrecy :i* mod]n aircraft w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly unveil1 & if ! manoeuvre fail$ to escape obs]vation x w\ld probably result 9 disa/] bo? to ! reta9+ =ce & to ! deta*$ troops4 ,a diff]5t =m ( ! comb9ation ( def5ce ) manoeuvre is ! ,def5sive-,(f5sive battle1 ) examples ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ,w>f>e is amply suppli$--,m>5go1 ,au/]litz1 & ,wat]loo be+ typical battles ( ?is nature4 ,9 ?is =m ( def5sive action a comm&] invites ! enemy to attack a well-*os5 position1 & aft] exhau/+ ! enemy's /r5g? & hold+ up ! assault1 ! comm&] passes f ! gu>d to ! ?ru/ & ov]:elms #gg ! exhau/$ foe by an irresi/ible & su/a9$ c\nt]-attack ) all ! means at 8 disposal4 ,a position is sometimes occupi$ z a matt] ( necessity1 sometimes m]ely z a matt] ( tactical prud5ce4 ,at ,na*od 7,june #bg1 #ahff7 ! ,prussian ,advanc$ ,gu>d hurri$ly e/abli%$ a def5sive position & kept at bay ! :ole ,au/rian ,army1 :ile ! ,prussian ,army em]g$ 9 security f a defile & manoeuvr$ into battle array4 ,! ,pass ( ,!rmopylae 0 occupi$ 9 ,b4,c4 #dhj by #a1djj ,greeks "u ,leonidas1 ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 to )/& ! ,p]sian ho/s ( ,x]xes1 & al?\gh ! ,greek =ce 0 de/roy$ by an attack f ! re> 7?r\gh ! disclosure ( a secret pa? by a r5egade 9 ! ,p]sian s]vice71 ! resi/ance (f]$ to ! inv9cible ,p]sians embold5$ ! ,greeks 9 _! future enc\nt]s1 & l$ to ! ultimate defeat ( ! invad]s4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ,rome1 ,horatius ,cocles & two companions def5d$ ! ,sublician ,bridge ov] ! ,tib] aga9/ ,l>s ,pors5a & ! :ole army ( ! ,etruscans4 ,?is leg5d>y h]oism 0 equall$ or surpass$ dur+ ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,m>* #ba1 #aiah74 ,! bridges across ! ,crozat & ,somme ,canals 7 de/roy$1 ?\gh 9 "s cases n ) entire success1 x be+ probable t c]ta9 ( !m 7 /ill practicable = infantry4 ,in/ances ( great brav]y occurr$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ^! bridges4 ,9 "o case1 :5 ! electrical connection = fir+ ! demolition *>ge _h fail$1 ! (fic] responsible = ! de/ruction ( ! bridge p]sonally lit ! in/antane\s fuse & blew up ! bridge4 ,by extraord9>y good =tune he 0 n kill$ 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,at ,rorke's ,drift 7,janu>y #bb1 #ahgi7 a =ce ( #hj o!r ranks ( ! #bd? ,regim5t1 "u ,lieut5ants ,*>d & ,bromhead1 ) ab\t #dj hospital cases1 drove (f ! repeat$ attacks ( #d1jjj ,zulus1 "p ( ,cetewayo's army :i* _h surpris$ & annihilat$ ! g>rison #gh at ,is&hlwana e>li] ! same day4 ,an a/\nd+ feat ( arms 0 p]=m$ by a small body ( troops dur+ ! )drawal ( ! ,briti% ,army 9 face ( ! ov]:elm+ ,g]man attack at ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme4 ,a deta*m5t ( ab\t #ajj (fic]s & m5 ( ! #fa/ ,brigade1 #bj? ,division1 0 detail$ to cov] ! )drawal ( _! division at ,le ,quesnoy 7,m>* #bg1aiah74 ,"u ! comm& ( _! ,brigade-,major 7,capta9 ,e4 ,p4 ,combe1 ,m4,c47 ! deta*m5t successfully held ! enemy at bay f e>ly morn+ until #f p4m41 :5 ! elev5 survivors )drew "u ord]s1 hav+ accompli%$ _! task4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( ! occupation ( an area = an actual or pot5tial tactical purpose4 ,be=e ! ,battle ( ,salamanca 7,july #bb1 #ahab7 a ,spani% =ce _h be5 deta*$ by ,well+ton to cov] a =d ( ! ,riv] ,tormes by occupy+ ! ca/le ( ,alba de ,tormes1 b ! =ce 0 )drawn )\t ,well+ton's k1 & ,m>mont's defeat$ army retir$ unmole/$ ov] ! =d to ! =tress ( ,valladolid4 ,9 ! campaign ( #ahad1 ,napoleon plac$ a g>rison ( #a1bjj 9 ! ,=tress ( ,soissons1 b on ,m>* #c1ahad1 ! g>rison capitulat$ )\t exhau/+ all ! means ( def5ce z ! regulations ( ,w> orda91 & ! bridge at ,soissons enabl$ ,bl*] & ,bl[ to unite _! =ces across ! ,riv] ,aisne4 ,9 ! ,wat]loo campaign1 ,well+ton /ation$ #ag1jjj m5 at ,hal & ,tubize1 #h miles f 8 "r on ! field ( battle at ,wat]loo1 to repel a possible turn+ movem5t & to =m a rally+ po9t if 8 c5tre 0 brok51 & ) #fg1jjj m5 took up a position a/ride ! ,nivelle-,brussels & ,*>l]oi-,brussels roads :i* met at ,mont ,/4 ,jean4 ,he 0 depriv$ ( ! s]vices ( ?is deta*m5t & mod]n criticism has be5 direct$ aga9/ ?is disposition ( 8 =ces4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 p]missible to sugge/ t ! security ( 8 "r flank1 & ! possession ( a rally+ po9t1 inspir$ him ) ! confid5ce :i* enabl$ him to #gi )/& ! su/a9$ attacks ( ,napoleon until ! arrival ( ,bl*]'s corps p]mitt$ him to ov]:elm 8 adv]s>y4 ,a fur!r =m ( def5sive action is ! occupation ( a s]ies ( extemporis$ positions & ! ord]ly )drawal to a fur!r s]ies be=e ! actual assault ( ! enemy1 resi/ance be+ comb9$ ) manoeuvre = ! purpose ( delay+ ! enemy's advance or ( hold+ up 8 pursuit4 ,delay+ action ( ?is k9d is commonly employ$ 9 re>gu>d fight+1 :5 ! object to be ga9$ is "t r ?an position1 & ! (f5sive action ( ! def5d] is limit$ to local c\nt]-attacks at fav\rable or desp]ate mom5ts4 ,b ! guid+ pr9ciple 9 all def5sive op]ations1 includ+ delay+ action1 mu/ be t :5 an enemy has lib]ty ( manoeuvre1 ! passive occupation ( a position1 h[ev] /rong1 c r>ely be ju/ifi$1 & always involves ! risk ( cru%+ defeat 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aibj774 ,,! ,,(f5sive ,,_s4--,al?\gh !re are _m =ms ( def5sive action ! s\l ( ! ,def5ce 9 e case is a vigor\s (f5sive _s4 ,9 ! ,active ,def5ce1 ! ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack1 end+ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy1 is ! manoeuvre orig9ally 9 view :5 ! def5sive rle is adopt$4 ,9 ! ,passive ,def5ce aga9/ sup]ior numb]s4 ,local ,c\nt]-,attacks end ) ! recapture ( a tactical po9t or ! repulse ( a det]m9$ assault1 & 9 ! ,delay+ ,action !y ov]:elm by surprise fire or assault a deta*$ =ce :i* has advanc$ ) su* rapidity z to enable ! def5d]s1 )\t undue risk1 to cut (f & annihilate ! isolat$ enemy body4 ,:atev] ! tactical situation1 x is by ! vig\r ( ! (f5sive _s alone t success may be a*iev$ 9 ! face ( a det]m9$ enemy4 ,,mod]n ,,w>f>e4--,9 mod]n w>f>e ! def5sive position plays a "p ( increas+ importance1 ow+ #hj to ! great p[] conf]r$ on ! def5ce by mod]n armam5ts4 ,ma*9e guns & b>b$ wire p]mit ! rapid organisation ( def5sive po9ts ( a value :i* _c be disput$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 !y h giv5 to a tr5*1 or to a natural ob/acle1 a solidity :i* p]mits a front to be ext5d$ 9 a mann] unsuspect$ be=e ?is w>2 !y p]mit ! prompt consolidation ( a l>ge sy/em t is easy to hold 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,! mod]n rifle & ma*9e gun add t5fold to ! relative p[] ( ! ,def5ce z aga9/ ! ,attack4 ,x has ?us become a practical op]ation to place ! heavie/ artill]y 9 position close beh9d ! infantry fight+ l9e1 n only ow+ to ! mobility af=d$ by motor traction b also because ! old dread ( los+ ! guns be=e !y c\ld be got away no long] exi/s 7,m>%al ,fr5*74 ,x is ?us possible to hold ! =w>d positions ( a highly organis$ def5sive sy/em ) a m9imum ( exposure to loss1 ! extra /r5g? ( ! position c\nt]balanc+ ! r$uction 9 numb]s1 b a pref]5ce = def5sive action ( ?is k9d may g5]ally be reg>d$ z an admission t a victori\s outcome ( ! campaign is n anticipat$ at ! "t ( its adoption 9 ! !atre 9 :i* x is employ$4 ,x is ( p>am\nt importance t 9 ^? p>ts ( a !atre ( op]ations :]e a comm&] aims at decision a w> ( movem5t mu/ nev] be all[$ to lapse into position w>f>e s long z a fur!r advance is possible4 ,position w>f>e c nev] ( itself a*ieve victory 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aibj774 ,h[ev] /rong entr5*m5ts may be !y w n defeat ! adv]s>y's ma9 armies1 nor c !y )/& indef9itely ! attacks ( a det]m9$ & well-arm$ enemy4 ,x is sc>cely ev5 probable t an army beh9d entr5*m5ts c by t means alone inflict su* losses on its assailants z w enable ! initiative1 or lib]ty ( manoeuvre1 to be rega9$ & ! assailant's ma9 armies to be defeat$4 ,! op]ations on bo? sides #ha are 9 ! nature ( a siege1 & h[ev] prolong$ ! siege1 ! advantage w be ga9$ 9 ! long run by sup]iority ( aggressive action 9 ! air & ov] & "u ! gr\nd4 ,9 addition to ! abs5ce ( opportunity = ! gr& (f5sive !re are two fur!r po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 def5sive action 9 ,position ,w>f>e & ! def5ce 9 a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! inevitable abs5ce ( flanks to be assail$1 z ! op]ations necessitate a connect$ l9e ( /rong po9ts f sea to sea1 or f ! sea to ! impassable b>ri] ( neutral t]ritory4 ,m\nt$ troops are !re=e doom$ to inaction 9 _! mo/ important sph]e1 until ! l9es h be5 brea*$ & ! enemy is =c$ to retreat1 & ! opportunities = deliv]+ flank attacks are mean:ile conf9$ to ! infantry1 & w be due to irregul>ities 9 ! alignm5t ( ! /rong po9ts1 ^u :i* enfilade fire may be br\ght to be>4 ,! second po9t ( diff]5ce is ! abundance ( "t at ! disposal ( comm&]s = develop+ & rehe>s+ elaborate sy/ems ( attack & def5ce1 & = obta9+ detail$ plans ( ! ho/ile works1 ?r\gh cont9u\s reconnaissance by ! ,air ,s]vice4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries !re mu/ be1 ( necessity1 a prolong$ p]iod ( inactivity on bo? sides 9 a ,position ,w>1 ow+ to ! sev]ity ( w9t] conditions1 or to ! occurr5ce ( ! ra9y season1 & dur+ t p]iod x w seldom be possible to p5etrate ! enemy's ma9 def5ces on su* a scale z to br+ ab\t ! gr& (f5sive4 ,b ?is is a p]iod ( inactivity 9 appe>ance r ?an 9 fact1 = no def5sive sy/em is ev] p]fect1 no /rong po9t b ne$s fur!r consolidation1 new tr5*es are con/antly con/ruct$ or improv$1 & fre% areas are cov]$ ) wire entanglem5ts4 ,guns ( all calibres1 und]gr\nd m9es & light mort>s are ev] at "w1 demoli%+1 w\nd+1 & kill+1 :ile la*rymatory & asphyxiat+ %ell-fire is to be expect$ at all times4 ,on a small] scale1 snip]s on bo? sides h a daily bag1 & #hb obs]v]s are ev] at _! po/s not+ e *ange1 h[ev] insignificant1 & e new piece ( "w2 li/5+ po/s are detect+ ho/ile plans1 :ile patrols are collect+ in=mation & raid+ p>ties are reconnoitr+1 de/roy+ def5ces1 & inflict+ losses1 x be+ ! fir/ pr9ciple ( a raid t x %\ld result 9 great] losses to ! enemy ?an to ! troops :i* c>ry x out4 ,,entr5*m5ts4--,entr5*m5ts h be5 employ$ 9 ! def5ce f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! ,roman walls 9 ,brita91 ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a1 ! e>?works 9 ! ,russian ,w> ( #ahed-ahee1 9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> ( #ahfa-ahfd1 9 ! ,russo-,turki% ,w> ( #ahgh1 & ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> ( #aijd-aije are notable examples4 ,b 9 no w> previ\s to t ( #aiad-aiah h !y play$ s important a "p4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s s]ies ( entr5*m5ts 9 previ\s w>s 7 ^? con/ruct$ 9 #ahaj by ,colonel ,r4 ,flet*]1 ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 at ,torres ,v$ras4 ,^! =tifications ext5d$ = #ej miles & conta9$ #abf clos$ works1 m\nt+ #bdg guns1 & beh9d ^! l9es ,well+ton amass$ /ores & re9=cem5ts until ! retreat ( ,massna enabl$ him to resume ! initiative4 ,9 front ( ^! l9es ev]y?+ t c\ld support ! ,fr5* armies _h be5 remov$2 beh9d !m ,well+ton's =ces 7 well provid$ 9 e respect4 ,on ,octob] #aj1 #ahaj1 ,massna 0 confront$ by ! entr5*m5ts1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* _h be5 kept a pr(\nd secret1 :ile _! /r5g? prev5t$ !m f be+ c>ri$ by assault4 ,be=e ! end ( ,octob] a ,portuguese spy wrote to ,well+ton3 ,heav5 =give me if ,i wrong ! ,fr5* 9 believ+ !y h eat5 my cat 7,napi]74 ,dur+ ! night ( ,novemb] #ad-ae1 ,massna broke up 8 camp & )drew4 ,b x 0 n ! l9es ( ,torres ,v$ras :i* won back ! ,p59sula4 ,spa9 & ,portugal 7 sav$ by ! bold m>* nor?w>ds #hc to ,vittoria4 ,9 six weeks ,well+ton m>*$1 ) #ajj1jjj m51 #fjj miles1 pass$ six great riv]s1 ga9$ "o decisive battle1 inve/$ two =tresses1 & drove #abj1jjj vet]an ,fr5* troops f ,spa9 7,napi]74 ,,def5sive ,,sy/ems4--,:e!r x is ! int5tion ( ! comm&] to resume ! (f5sive at an e>ly date or :e!r x is likely t ! def5sive sy/em w be occupi$ = a consid]able p]iod1 ! pr9ciples on :i* ! con/ruction ( all def5ces %\ld be und]tak5 are ! same4 ,all def5sive sy/ems %\ld be plann$ f ! outset 9 su* a way t !y c easily be adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( a prolong$ def5ce4 ,! gr\nd mu/ be ?or\ghly reconnoitr$ & %\ld at ! fir/ be divid$ into a s]ies ( tactical po/s & def5d$ localities4 ,^! po/s %\ld be self-support+1 b %\ld be s sit$ t ! g>risons mutually support ea* o!r by fire4 ,! gaps betwe5 ! po/s mu/ be cov]$ by ! fire ( ! g>rison ( ! po/s1 & ma*9e guns may also be sit$ to br+ fire to be> f positions 9 re> & to ! flanks 7,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiba74 ,?is pr9ciple mu/ gov]n ! *oice ( ! position to be def5d$ z well z ! organisation ( ! position = def5ce1 & troops detail$ = ! def5ce ( an area mu/ cont9ue to improve ! def5sive arrangem5ts 9 t area until su* "t z ! (f5sive is resum$4 ,,*oos+ ,a ,,position4--,! framework ( ! mod]n def5ce consi/s ( artill]y & ma*9e guns2 into ?is framework are fitt$ ! def5ce po/s or def5d$ localities g>rison$ by infantry1 :o are responsible = hold+ _! gr\nd at all co/s & = inflict+ ! greate/ possible loss on ! enemy4 ,a comm&] w require a position :i* af=ds ela/icity = increas+ ! resi/ance z ! attack]s p5etrate ! def5ces1 & dep? w ?us be ess5tial4 ,he w require a position wide en\gh to prev5t ! :ole ( 8 front be+ mask$ by a reta9+ attack ( a "p ( ! #hd enemy's =ces :ile a /rong flank attack is simultane\sly deliv]$2 & 9 a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre he w require facilities = ! ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack4 ,! dep? ( ! position w develop automatically 9 a ,w> ( ,position1 b x mu/ always be suffici5t to enable troops to assemble 9 re> ( ! =w>d position be=e mov+ up & to af=d re/ to troops :5 )drawn f ! front l9e4 ,! wid? ( ! position w g5]ally dep5d ^u ! /r5g? ( ! def5d+ =ce1 ! guid+ pr9ciple be+ to keep ab\t half ! =ce 9 ,g5]al ,res]ve2 if1 !re=e1 ! rema9d] ( ! =ce is insuffici5t = ! purpose ( hold+ ! def5ces ! position is too wide = ! tactical requirem5ts ( ! ,active ,def5ce4 ,9 ,position ,w>f>e1 h[ev]1 a def5sive sy/em mu/ necess>ily be ext5d$ beyond ! limits t are practicable 9 ! ,active ,def5ce1 & ! numb]s available = ! g>rison are supplem5t$ by d5y+ gr\nd to ! attack by means ( ob/acles1 ! removal ( :i* is prev5t$ by ma*9e-gun & rifle fire4 ,,! ,,outpo/ ,,zone4--,= ! ,active ,def5ce ( a position ! def5sive sy/em w consi/ ( an ,outpo/ ,zone & a ,battle ,position4 ,! ,outpo/ ,zone is g>rison$ by a protective =ce :i* keeps a con/ant wat* on ! enemy & absorbs ! fir/ %ock ( ! attack1 wat* be+ kept by means ( well-conceal$ s5try po/s on ! ,l9e ( ,obs]vation1 support$ by a *a9 ( small self-conta9$ def5sive po/s1 :ile resi/ance is (f]$ by a s]ies ( self-conta9$1 mutually support+ def5ce po/s on ! ,outpo/ ,l9e ( ,resi/ance4 ,,! ,,battle ,,position4--,! ,battle ,position w be e/abli%$ 9 ! area 9 :i* ! comm&] decides to fight out ! battle & break ! enemy's attack4 ,x !re=e =ms ! key/one ( ! :ole def5sive position & mu/ be organis$ 9 dep? to af=d ela/icity = def5sive action4 ,9 pr9ciple1 9 ord] to protect #he ! battle position f be+ oblit]at$ by a prelim9>y bomb>dm5t1 x %\ld be beyond effective range ( ! enemy's mort>s 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aibj774 ,,! ,,semi-,,p]man5t ,,sy/em4--,:5 a campaign is prolong$ 9 any area )\t decisive results a ,w> ( ,position may be develop$ by "o or bo? ( ! combatants4 ,9 su* cases ! ,outpo/ ,zone is develop$ into an intricate tr5* sy/em1 ) protective av5ues lead+ f front to re> & ) deep dug\ts to protect ! g>rison f artill]y fire4 ,! ,battle ,position w probably co9cide ) ! ,outpo/ ,zone1 ! tr5*es be+ us$ = ! purposes ( obs]vation until ! fire positions are mann$ to resi/ an assault4 ,9 p>ts ( ! l9e on ! ,we/]n ,front ( ! ,great ,w>1 ,pill-box =ts1 con/ruct$ ( concrete1 took ! place ( cont9u\s l9es ( tr5*es4 ,^! ma*9e-gun =ts 7 g>rison$1 accord+ to size1 by gr\ps f #e to #ej /rong1 & 7 e*elon$ 9 plan1 to sweep all approa*es1 & toge!r to comm& ) _! mutually support+ fire ! :ole area ov] :i* !y 7 spread1 ! int]v5+ gr\nd be+ entangl$ ) wire s plac$ z to invite attack+ troops into places :]e flank+ fire may be p\r$ into !m4 ,! advantages ( ! pill-box sy/em ov] ! cont9u\s l9e ( /rong po9ts are pr9cipally def5sive4 ,few] m5 are requir$ = !m ?an = ! tr5* sy/ems1 & !re is less liability ( loss f artill]y fire4 ,b !re are c]ta9 grave disadvantages4 ,well-direct$ artill]y fire is liable to de/roy "s ( ! pill boxes1 & a direct hit f a heavy gun w possibly put a l>g] =t out ( action1 ?us crippl+ ! def5ce by ! removal ( a peg on :i* ! :ole s*eme dep5ds4 ,supports & res]ves are necess>ily f> 9 re> & mu/ be br\ght up ?r\gh ! op5 to repel successful attacks1 :ile a def5sive s*eme #hf compos$ entirely on ! pill-box plan is less suitable = aggressive action ?an entr5*m5ts1 !re be+ few] facilities = assembl+ troops prior to ! attack4 ,,common ,,*>act]i/ics4--,:atev] ! sy/em ( def5ce or phase ( w>f>e1 e comm&] mu/ gu>d 8 flanks & keep 9 t\* ) neighb\r+ units4 ,he mu/ always be ready to assi/ a neighb\r+ comm&] by enfilade fire or by a reliev+ c\nt]-attack2 or to ?r[ back a def5sive flank 9 ! ev5t ( a neighb\r+ po/ be+ captur$ by ! enemy4 ,ea* po/1 occupi$ = ! ,def5ce 7except 9 ,delay+ ,actions1 :]e manoeuvre takes ! place ( a settl$ resi/ance71 =ms a self-conta9$ c5tre ( resi/ance1 capable ( all-r\nd fire1 & ! duty ( ! g>rison is to def5d ! area allott$ to x to ! la/ man & ! la/ r\nd4 ,,! ,,active ,,def5ce4--,! ,active ,def5ce may be consid]$ accord+ to ! reason :i* prompt$ ! comm&] ( ! =ce to occupy ! position4 ,x may h be5 delib]ately *os5 z a position :i* ! enemy mu/ attack1 & 9 ! hope ( deliv]+ dur+ t attack a cru%+ & decisive c\nt]-bl[2 or x may h be5 *os5 ( necessity1 to meet an attack by deploym5t on ! gr\nd ( ! enc\nt]1 ) ! same hope ( deliv]+ a decisive c\nt]-/roke :5 ! opportunity arrives4 ,!re is little diff]5ce 9 ! /eps to be tak5 by ! comm&]1 z 9 ! fir/ case a ,g5]al ,res]ve is specially detail$ = ! c\nt]-/roke2 & 9 ! second1 ! position w be held ) z few troops z ! tactical situation p]mits1 9 ord] to provide z l>ge a ,g5]al ,res]ve z possible = ! ,gr& ,(f5sive4 ,a comm&] w be influ5c$ by _m consid]ations 9 8 *oice ( a def5sive position3-- 7i7 ,! position mu/ suit ! plan ( op]ations2 x mu/ be 9 ! enemy's way1 & ?is ! comm&] mu/ be able to judge f ! map4 ,x is #hg to be not$ t to b> ! enemy's way x is n always ess5tial to get a/ride 8 l9es ( advance1 z a position on p>allel l9es1 ?reat5+ 8 flank & re>1 _c be ignor$ by ! enemy1 unless he is /rong en\gh to deta* a "p ( 8 =ce to mask ! def5d]'s position1 :ile he proce$s to 8 objective ) 8 ma9 army4 ,x 0 a mi/ake to assume t 9 ord] to cov] ,tur9 "o _h to /& a/ride ! road lead+ to t t[n2 ! armies unit$ at ,dego w\ld h cov]$ ,tur91 because !y w\ld h /ood on ! flank ( ! road lead+ to t t[n 7,napoleon74 7ii7 ,! position mu/ n be too ext5sive = ! troops at ! disposal ( ! comm&]1 & ?is w be gov]n$ by ! ext5t ( ! l9e to be actually held4 ,x w consi/ ( a s]ies ( mutually support+ tactical po9ts1 :i* c be held z pivots on :i* to h+e ! def5ce ( ! position1 & ! object mu/ be to obta9 ! maximum ( fire effect on all gr\nd ov] :i* ! enemy c advance ) ! m9imum ( exposure to 8 fire4 ,a r\gh-&-ready rule is t unless "o rifle p] y>d ( ! frontage occupi$ c be suppli$ by ! troops to hold ! position 7:i* %\ld n exce$ "o-half ! available =ce7 !n ! position is too ext5sive & %\ld be n>r[$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 too n>r[ a front may enable ! enemy to develop1 e>ly 9 ! engagem5t1 /rong flank attacks1 :i* may make ! position unt5able be=e ! "t is ripe = ! assumption ( ! (f5sive4 ,! ,cond-,mons-,b9*e l9e held on ,augu/ #bb-bc1 #aiad1 by ,sir ,j4 ,fr5*'s army 7,i4 ,corps1 ,g5]al ,sir ,d4 ,haig2 ,,ii4 ,corps1 ,g5]al ,sir ,h4 ,l4 ,smi?-,dorri57 _h a total wid? ( #be miles1 & ! troops at disposal1 includ+ ,g5]al ,sir ,e4 ,h4 ,h4 ,all5by's ,cavalry ,division1 consi/$ ( ab\t #ge1jjj all arms4 ,! frontage actually held did n exhau/ half ?is =ce at ! rate ( "o rifle p] y>d1 & a position 9 re> _h also be5 select$1 betwe5 ,j]la9 & ,maubeuge1 ) a frontage ( #ae miles4 ,! ,retreat f ,mons 0 #hh due n to ! excessive wid? ( frontage1 b to ! success ( ! ,g]man attack on ! ,fr5* ,v4 ,corps at ,*>l]oi 7,augu/ #bc1 #aiad71 :i* left ! "r flank ( ! ,briti% ,army 9 ! air1 :ile two ,g]man ,corps 7 work+ r\nd ! left flank4 ,! ,briti% ,,iii4 ,corps 7,g5]al ,sir ,w4 ,p4 ,pult5ey7 did n arrive until ! retreat 0 9 full sw+4 ,at ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ,ypres 7,octob] #ca1 #aiad7 _m p>ts ( ! l9e 7 held ) "o rifle = #ag y>ds1 & !re 7 no ,supports or ,local or ,g5]al ,res]ves4 ,yet ! l9e 0 n only ma9ta9$ b a c\nt]-attack at ,gheluvelt ?ru/ ! attack+ ,g]mans beh9d _! entr5*m5ts4 7iii7 ,!re mu/ be a cle> field ( fire to prev5t ! enemy approa*+ unmole/$ )9 effective range1 & p>ticul>ly )9 close range1 f :i* ! enemy w endeav\r to e/abli% an asc5d5cy 9 ! fire-fight4 7iv7 ,! flanks mu/ be secure1 or at lea/ z /rong z possible4 ,a flank re/+ on a deep riv] or a m>% may be reg>d$ z secure1 & a flank ext5d+ to ! sea1 or to ! b\nd>y ( a neutral ,/ate4 ,a flank on high gr\nd :i* comm&s all approa*es & provides means ( di/ant obs]vation may be call$ /rong4 ,x is a great advantage if "o flank c be po/$ s /rongly z to compel ! enemy to make 8 ma9 attack on ! o!r1 z ?is w enable ! def5d] to =eca/ ! direction ( ! decisive attack & to dispose 8 ,g5]al ,res]ve to meet & ov]:elm x4 7v7 ,!re %\ld be facilities = cov] on ! position & conceal$ av5ues ( approa* f ! re>4 ,a cre/ af=ds cov] on ! rev]se slopes & woods provide concealm5t1 :ile "t enables artificial means to be adopt$4 ,tactical cov] c be provid$ by cavalry & advanc$ troops 9 ! e>ly /ages ( manoeuvre-battle1 & 9 remov+ ?is cov] ! troops c )draw 9 su* a way z to lure ! enemy on #hi to a false position4 ,!y c also induce premature deploym5ts by ! enemy1 & movem5ts across ! front ( ! real position4 7vi7 ,!re %\ld be good artill]y positions to provide effective fire on all ho/ile av5ues ( approa*1 & c\nt]-batt]y "w on ho/ile artill]y positions4 ,!re %\ld also be firm gr\nd & good roads = ! movem5t ( guns1 & an abs5ce ( l&m>ks = ! enemy to range on4 ,guns ( ! heavie/ calibre take "p 9 all mod]n battles1 _! disposition be+ settl$ 9 conf]5ce ) ! artill]y comm&]4 ,a batt]y ( field artill]y requires #ajj y>ds frontage = its six guns1 & !re is usually an int]val ( #be y>ds betwe5 batt]ies4 7vii7 ,!re mu/ be dep? to all[ = ! disposal & movem5t ( ! ,supports & ,res]ves1 & = manoeuvres to recapture ! =w>d def5ces1 or to issue to ! c\nt]-attack4 7viii7 ,!re mu/ be good lat]al & frontal communication 9 ord] t any "p ( ! l9e c be quickly re9=c$4 ,a position a/ride an un=dable /ream1 or high ridge or deep rav9e %\ld !re=e be avoid$4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,dresd5 7,augu/ #bf1 #ahac7 ! ,allies 7 encamp$ on ! left bank ( ! ,elbe4 ,_! =ces 7 po/$ on ! heights1 b ! position 0 cut transv]sely by a deep rav9e1 s t ! left w+ 0 isolat$ f ! c5tre & "r4 ,?is vici\s disposition did n escape ! p5etrat+ eye ( ,napoleon1 :o attack$ _! isolat$ w+ ) sup]ior =ces & r\t$ x completely1 ) ! capture ( #aj1jjj prison]s1 be=e any assi/ance c\ld arrive4 ,! task ( creat+ lat]al communications1 if none exi/1 is ( ! utmo/ importance1 z !y enable a comm&] to a*ieve ! prim>y object ( e milit>y manoeuvre1 to meet ! enemy ) sup]ior =ces at ! desir$ po9t4 7ix7 ,!re %\ld be good l9es ( )drawal1 & ^! %\ld be horizontal1 or only slightly oblique1 to #ij ! ma9 position1 & n p>allel ) ! g5]al alignm5t4 ,?is is a po9t ( ! fir/ importance1 = if ! ,l9es ( ,communication lead /raight to ! re> a =ce t is ov]:elm$ by ! attack c )draw to select$ positions & t[>ds its base1 if x c keep ! l9e intact & prev5t its flanks be+ turn$4 ,a wide base1 ) alt]native l9es ( approa*1 is ( ! greate/ value1 & :5 !re is undue risk ( ! ,l9es ( ,communication to a base be+ int]cept$1 an alt]native base1 ) l9es ( )drawal !reto f ! unexpos$ flank1 is an acceptable safegu>d1 z ! def5ce c be protract$ :ile ! )draw+ =ce conc5trates ^u ! *ang$ base4 ,su* a *ange ( base 0 effect$ by ,m>%al ,fr5* dur+ ! ,retreat f ,mons1 & among/ _m hi/orical examples may be quot$ ,g5]al ,mc,clellan's transf] ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac f ! ,york to ! ,james ,riv] 9 ,july1 #ahfb1 dur+ ! ,sev5 ,days' ,battle ar\nd ,ri*mond4 ,g5]al ,grant *ang$ 8 base no few] ?an five times dur+ ! ,campaign 9 ! ,wild]ness 7,may1 #ahfd71 f ,wa%+ton to ,orange & ,alex&ria ,railroad1 !n to ,fr$]icksburg on ! ,rappahannock1 !n to ,port ,royal1 fur!r ea/ on t riv]1 !n to ,:ite ,h\se on ! ,pamunkey 7a bran* ( ! ,york ,riv]71 & f9ally to ! ,james ,riv]4 ,8 army 0 always well suppli$1 ev5 8 enorm\s numb]s ( w\nd$ 7 c>ri$ /raight away to ! base & !nce to ,wa%+ton1 )\t any difficulty1 & he _h no ob/acles :atev] to fight aga9/ z reg>ds ei!r fe$+ 8 army or keep+ up ! supply ( ammunition 7,h5d]son74 ,9 )draw+ a defeat$ w+ x may ev5 be advantage\s to rally ! troops at a po9t di/ant f ! field ( battle1 & to cause ! pursu]1 unc]ta9 z to ! direction ( ! retreat1 to make deta*m5ts :i* c be ov]?r[n by sudd5 c\nt]-attacks1 or to lure a pursu] f ! field :]e _! pres5ce is requir$1 z ,gr\*y 0 lur$ aft] ,napoleon's defeat ( ! ,prussians at ,ligny #ia 7,june #af1 #ahae74 ,! object ( ,napoleon's attack on ! ,allies 0 ! sep>ation ( ,well+ton's ,anglo-,belgian =ce f ! ,prussian ,army "u ,bl*]1 & aft] ! defeat ( ! latt] at ,ligny ! ,emp]or direct$ ,m>%al ,gr\*y to pursue ! ,prussians & to drive !m ea/w>ds4 ,gr\*y conduct$ a leisurely pursuit & engag$ an insignificant "p ( ! ,prussian ,army 7,! ,battle ( ,wavre1 ,june #ah-ai1 #ahae71 :ile ! ma9 body ( ! ,prussians mov$ we/w>ds & assi/$ 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ,napoleon at ,wat]loo4 7x7 ,!re %\ld be fav\rable gr\nd & a good l9e ( advance = ! ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to ov]?r[ ! enemy1 a position %\ld n be *os5 beh9d an impassable feature :i* nei!r side c cross4 ,at ,ramillies 7,may #bc1 #agjf71 "o w+ ( ! enemy 0 po/$ beh9d a m>%1 :]e x 0 bo? unassailable & unable to attack4 ,m>lbor\gh1 !re=e1 ignor$ t w+ entirely1 & br++ 8 :ole =ce aga9/ ! rema9+ w+1 won easily a decisive victory4 ,! only occasions :5 an impassable feature is welcome are 9 ! ,passive ,def5ce ( a small =ce aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds 7z 0 se5 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 :5 ! ,belgians occupi$ a position beh9d ! ,riv] ,gette71 & 9 ! ,delay+ ,action ( a ,re>-gu>d fight+ = "t = ! ,ma9 ,body to get away4 ,9 su* cases a ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack is n contemplat$4 ,,occupation ,,( ,a ,,def5sive ,,position4--,! framework ( ! def5ce is provid$ by artill]y & ma*9e-gun fire2 ! backbone ( ! (f5ce is ! infantry4 ,! ,comm&] w divide ! troops into 7a7 ,troops to hold ! position1 & 7b7 ,g5]al ,res]ve1 ! gold5 rule be+ to make 7a7 z small z ! tactical situation p]mits 9 ord] t 7b7 may be z l>ge z possible1 & its "w absolutely decisive4 ,"u no circum/ances #ib %\ld ! ,g5]al ,res]ve be mu* bel[ half ! available =ce4 ,( ^! two portions1 ! ,troops to hold ! position consi/ ( infantry occupy+ a s]ies ( mutually support+ tactical /rong po9ts1 n necess>ily cont9u\s1 & ( irregul> alignm5t s z to cov] ) ! def5d]'s fire n only ! gr\nd ov] :i* ! enemy c advance1 b ! front & flanks ( neighb\r+ /rong po9ts4 ,?is l9e w be /r5g!n$1 z & :5 necess>y1 by ?r[+ 9 ! supports1 & x w be assi/$ at critical mom5ts by ! local res]ves1 :i*1 com+ up unse51 w deliv] local c\nt]-attacks on ! assault+ enemy1 & w ?us re/ore ! battle at ?reat5$ po9ts by reliev+ ! pressure on ! front l9e4 ,_! "w complet$ !y w be ralli$ & )drawn aga9 into local res]ve1 & x is highly important t !y %\ld be kept well "u control1 or _! successful ef=ts may be neutralis$ by local res]ves ( ! attack+ =ce4 ,at ,talav]a 7,july #bg1 #ahji7 a portion ( ! ,briti% =ce foll[$ up ! repuls$ ,fr5* columns too f>1 & be+ 9 turn brok5 & driv5 back1 0 pursu$ closely by ! enemy & retir$ 9 disord] to ! position4 ,at ! battle ( ,fr$]icksburg 7,decemb] #ac1 #ahfb7 two brigades em]g$ f ! ,conf$]ate position & drove ,meade's division ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac out ( _! l9es4 ,b !y ru%$ on ) reckless impetuosity & 7 f9ally driv5 back ) heavy loss4 ,local c\nt]-attacks keep alive an (f5sive _s 9 ! def5d]s1 exhau/ ! enemy's p[]s1 draw 8 res]ves into ! battle1 & ?us prep>e ! opportunity = ! ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack4 ,! local res]ves ( flank sections %\ld usually be e*elon$ 9 re> ( ! flank1 :i* c ?us be protect$ at ne$ by det]m9$ c\nt]-attacks on ! flank ( ! envelop+ =ce4 ,! ,g5]al ,res]ve is = ! ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack & is held = ?is purpose 9 ! h&s ( ! #ic comm&] ( ! :ole =ce1 9 ord] t x may be us$ to cru% & ov]?r[ ! enemy's ma9 attack4 ,! opportunity = ?is ef=t is g5]ally obta9$ only :5 ! enemy has ?r[n into action 8 own ,g5]al ,res]ve = ! decisive attack1 & has receiv$ a *eck4 ,a bold & resolute c\nt]-attack at t mom5t is b\nd to a*ieve a decisive success4 ,b ! assumption ( ! gr& (f5sive %\ld n be conf9$ to ! ,g5]al ,res]ve alone4 ,comm&]s ( sections ( ! def5ce :o are p]mitt$ by ! local situation to d s1 mu/ at once jo9 9 ! decisive c\nt]-attack1 unless express ord]s to ! contr>y h be5 receiv$2 & any def9ite success obta9$ mu/ be ! signal = ! :ole =ce to press ! enemy ) ! utmo/ vig\r4 ,?is opportunity w be fleet+1 & !re mu/ be no delay 9 seiz+ x4 ,e prep>ation mu/ !re=e be made 9 anticipation ( ! opportunity s t a pre-arrang$ plan may be put into execution4 ,to initiate a c\nt]-attack on a l>ge scale )\t due "t = prep>ation1 co-ord9ation1 & movem5t ( troops is to c\rt failure1 ) heavy casualties & result+ demoralisation 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aibj774 ,t ! s\l ( ! def5ce is ! c\nt]-attack 0 %[n at ! battle ( ,spottsylvania 7,may #ab1 #ahfd74 ,g5]al ,hancock's ,corps 7f ,grant's comb9$ armies7 _h assault$ & captur$ "p ( ,lee's entr5*m5ts 9 ! ,wild]ness ( ,virg9ia2 #bj1jjj m5 _h assault$ & captur$ ! ,sali5t1 tak+ #d1jjj prison]s2 !y !n press$ =w>d1 & sweep+ ev]y?+ be=e !m1 drove a w$ge "r into ! ,conf$]ate position4 ,b ,lee1 recognis+ ! weakness ( ! ,sali5t1 _h caus$ ano!r l9e ( entr5*m5ts to be con/ruct$ ab\t half a mile 9 re>4 ,by ?is second l9e ! ,f$]als 7 sudd5ly br\ght up4 ,! confusion 0 v great1 ! battalions _h int]m+l$ 9 ! excitem5t ( ! *>ge1 & ! (fic]s c\ld nei!r make _! ord]s #id he>d nor =m _! m5 = ano!r ru%4 ,lee ?rew 9 8 res]ves4 ,he made a trem5d\s c\nt]-attack4 ,e s+le battalion he c\ld collect 0 ord]$ to attack1 & ! vig\r ( ! bl[ 0 su* t ! :ole ( ^! #bj1jjj m5 7 driv5 back beyond ! fir/ l9e ( entr5*m5ts1 & ! ,conf$]ates recaptur$ _! fir/ position 7,h5d]son74 ,he w select positions = ! ,artill]y1 9 consultation ) ! comm&] ( t arm1 ! objects 9 view be+3 to comm& l9es ( approa* s t ! assailant may be %ell$ & =c$ to deploy e>ly & s to indicate 8 plan ( attack2 to delay ! advance2 to comb9e ) ! infantry 9 ! close def5ce ( ! ma9 position2 to support local c\nt]-attacks2 to de/roy ho/ile batt]ies by c\nt]-batt]y "w2 & to comb9e ev5tually 9 ! ,decisive ,c\nt]-,attack4 ,! increas$ mobility ( guns ( ! heavie/ calibre ow+ to motor traction1 & ! increas$ def5sive p[] ( ! protective quick-fir+ small arms1 enable guns to be plac$ close beh9d ! infantry fir+ l9e )\t undue risk ( capture4 ,he w divide ! position into sectors1 ea* g>rison$ by a di/9ct unit1 "u a def9ite comm&]4 ,! mutually support+ tactical po9ts 7f>m/eads1 villages1 woods1 ridges1 knolls1 etc47 w usually be held 9 gr\ps1 "u gr\p comm&]s1 ) def9ite subord9ate comm&]s1 & ! gr\p comm&] w probably control ! local res]ves ( t gr\p1 ) :i* he c assi/ any ( ! units 9 times ( ne$4 ,! units f :i* su* gr\ps are =m$ w usually be complete sections4 ,he w decide ! position ( ! ,g5]al ,res]ve4 ,?is w be ! locality be/ suit$ = ! advance to ! decisive c\nt]-attack1 if x is to be deliv]$ f a di/ance2 or ne> ! po9t :]e ! enemy's decisive attack is expect$1 if x is int5d$ to hurl ! ,g5]al ,res]ve into ! flank & re> ( ! enemy's ma9 #ie attack :ile x is heavily engag$ ) ! troops hold+ ! position4 ,z surprise is ess5tial to success1 ! position ( ! ,g5]al ,res]ve %\ld be conceal$ z long z possible4 ,! position ( ! ,g5]al ,res]ve w dep5d ^u ! asc]ta9$ int5tions ( ! enemy4 ,at ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,m>* #ba1 #aiah7 ! int5tions ( ! ,g]man comm&] 7 asc]ta9$ dur+ ! fir/ day's fight+4 ,z by ?is "t 7i4e4 ! ev5+ ( ,m>* #ba7 x _h become cle> t practically ! :ole ( ! enemy's /rik+ =ce _h be5 committ$ to ?is "o battle1 my plans already ref]r$ to = collect+ res]ves f o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% front 7 put into imm$iate execution4 ,by draw+ away local res]ves & ?9n+ out ! front n attack$1 x 0 possible to re9=ce ! battle by eight divisions be=e ! end ( ! mon? 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,he mu/ decide ! position1 & to "s ext5t ! action1 ( ! ,cavalry4 ,be=e def5sive action 9 a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre ! cavalry h be5 out on reconnaissance1 & dur+ ! e>ly /ages !y h endeav\r$ to lure ! assailants on to a false position4 ,dur+ ! battle !y w fru/rate ! ef=ts ( oppos+ m\nt$ troops1 w protect a vuln]able flank1 & w assi/ g5]ally by dism\nt$ fire action4 ,aft] ! victori\s c\nt]-attack !y w em]ge 9 pursuit4 ,9 case ( a rev]se !y w delay ! enemy's victori\s advance by fire action & by m\nt$ tactics to protect ! )draw+ =ces f ! depr$ations ( ho/ile cavalry4 ,a position ne> a flank w usually be occupi$4 ,!re h be5 _m examples ( protection by cavalry ( a =ce t has be5 wor/$4 ,aft] ! ,combat ( ,rolia 7,augu/ #ag1 #ahjh7 ,g5]al ,delaborde retreat$ by alt]nate masses1 protect+ 8 movem5ts by %ort1 vigor\s *>ges ( cavalry4 ,at ,*ancellorsville 7,may #c1 #ahfc71 & on ! fir/ day ( ,gettysburg 7,july #a1 #ahfc71 a h&ful ( ,unit$ ,/ates #if cavalry held up ! pursuit & /av$ (f disa/]4 ,at ,kniggratz 7,sad[a71 7,july #c1 #ahff71 ! *>ges ( ! ,au/rian cavalry drove back ! ,prussian ,horse & enabl$ ,b5$ek's defeat$ troops to get back 9 safety4 ,at ,rezonville 7,augu/ #af1 #ahgj7 von ,br$['s ,cavalry ,brigade 0 ord]$ to *>ge ! ,fr5* batt]ies & _! infantry escort1 9 ord] to give "s brea?+ "t = ! h>d-press$ ,prussian infantry4 ,! *>ge 0 successful & ! "t 0 ga9$1 b z at ,balaclava 7,octob] #bf1 #ahed7 !re 7 few survivors f ,von ,br$['s ,todt5ritt 7dea? ride74 ,aft] ! battle ( ,le ,cateau 7,augu/ #bf1 #aiah7 & dur+ ! ,retreat f ,mons1 ! ,briti% cavalry1 "u ,g5]al ,all5by1 effectively held (f ! enemy & enabl$ ! ,briti% troops to move unmole/$4 ,dur+ ! great ,g]man (f5sive 9 ! spr+ ( #aiah ! )drawal ( ! troops at ,cugny 7,m>* #bd1 #aiah7 0 made possible by a brilliant m\nt$ *>ge by a squadron ( ! #af? ,cavalry ,brigade1 :i* broke ?r\gh ! ,g]man l9e1 tak+ ov] #ajj prison]s1 & sabr+ a l>ge numb] ( ! enemy4 ,dur+ ! retreat 9 t area units ( ! #bnd & #crd ,cavalry ,divisions prov$ s effective 9 delay+ ! enemy's advance t o!r units 7 hors$ dur+ ! progress ( ! battle 9 ord] to increase ! supply ( cavalry4 ,)\t ! assi/ance ( m\nt$ troops1 skilfully h&l$ & gallantly l$1 ! enemy c\ld sc>cely h be5 prev5t$ f break+ ?r\gh ! long & ?9ly held front ( brok5 & wood$ gr\nd be=e ! ,fr5* re9=cem5ts _h _h "t to arrive4 4 4 4 ,! abs5ce ( ho/ile cavalry at ?is p]iod 0 a m>k$ feature ( ! battle4 ,_h ! ,g]man comm& _h at _! disposal ev5 two or ?ree well-tra9$ cavalry divisions1 a w$ge might h be5 driv5 betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,briti% ,armies4 ,_! pres5ce c\ld n h fail$ to h add$ greatly to ! difficulties ( our task 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 #ig ,he mu/ select a rally+ place 9 re> ( ! ma9 position f :i* to recapture ! front l9e1 z ,g5]al ,lee recov]$ ! ,sali5t 9 ! ,wild]ness ( ,virg9ia4 ,he mu/ arrange = ! reorganisation ( 8 victori\s =ces & = ! pursuit & complete ov]?r[ ( ! enemy4 #ih ,,protection ,,& ,,reconnaissance ,surprise consi/s 9 ! h>d fact t ! enemy sudd5ly appe>s 9 consid]able numb]s )\t 8 pres5ce hav+ be5 kn[n to be s ne> = want ( in=mation2 & )\t x be+ possible to assemble aga9/ him = want ( protection4--,,m>%al ,,fo*4 ,e comm&] ( a =ce1 h[ev] l>ge or small1 is responsible = ! protection ( 8 comm& aga9/ surprise1 & a =ce c only be reg>d$ z secure f surprise :5 protection is furni%$ 9 e direction f :i* int]f]5ce is possible4 ,deta*m5ts are !re=e provid$ by e comm&]1 _! duty be+ to w>n him if ho/ile =ces are discov]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( su* =ces1 & to ga9 "t1 at all risks & at any sacrifice1 = ! comm&] ( ! troops !y protect to c>ry out 8 plans unimp$$ by ! enemy4 ,a mission ( protection does n necess>ily imply a def5sive attitude1 x w (t5 be bett] p]=m$ by an (f5sive 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,!re is ! close/ connection betwe5 ,reconnaissance & ,protection4 ,x is only by f9d+ out ! location1 /r5g? & movem5ts ( ! enemy t a comm&] c decide h[ be/ to protect 8 troops1 & ! =ces he employs to protect 8 troops aga9/ surprise w v l>gely prev5t ! enemy f9d+ out 8 own /r5g? & dispositions4 ,detail$ & timely in=mation ab\t ! enemy & ! !atre ( op]ations is a necess>y factor 9 ,w> & ! value ( ! in=mation dep5ds on :e!r x c rea* ! au?orities 9 "t to be ( use4 ,facilities = reconnaissance h be5 enorm\sly increas$ by ! introduction ( man-c>ry+1 self-propell$ ,aircraft4 ,be=e _! introduction reconnaissance #ii at a di/ance f ! =w>d troops 0 limit$ by ! spe$ & endurance ( ! cavalryman's horse1 & by ! skill ( ! cavalry sc\t 9 p5etrat+ ! prev5tive scre5 ( ho/ile cavalry1 & 9 escap+ ! net spread out to cat* him on ! return j\rney4 ,8 radius ( op]ations 0 comp>atively small1 t ( ! arial obs]v] is practically unlimit$1 z 8 ma*9e w c>ry him ov] ! ho/ile area1 & unless he is driv5 d[n by oppos+ aircraft1 or crippl$ by def5sive fire f ! gr\nd1 he returns 9 a comp>atively %ort space ( "t to 8 base1 ) 8 budget ( news1 & may br+ ) him a s]ies ( photographs4 ,,position ,,w>f>e4--,:5 oppos+ =ces are entr5*$ at no great di/ance f "o ano!r1 photographs tak5 f ! air lead to ! discov]y ( new works f :i* ! int5tions ( ! enemy c be pr$ict$4 ,on ! ,we/]n ,front 9 ! ,great ,w>1 photographs tak5 f ! air reveal$ ! con/ruction 9 ! ,g]man tra9+ area ( actual sectors ( ,briti% tr5*es 9 facsimile1 ?us indicat+ ! rehe>sal ( an attack on a def9ite "p ( ! l9e4 ,ho/ile aircraft are prev5t$ f c>ry+ out simil> obs]vational j\rneys1 ! resi/ance ( def5d+ squadrons is ov]come1 & :5ev] a fav\rable t>get is pres5t$1 casualties are caus$ by bullets & bombs4 ,obs]v]s report all suspici\s movem5ts & *anges 9 tr5* con/ruction1 & f photographs tak5 at daily int]vals maps ( ho/ile tr5*es are con/ruct$ & revis$4 ,infantry patrols & raid+ p>ties are s5t out by night & by day1 & in=mation is glean$ f ! uni=ms & badges ( captur$ prison]s z to ! di/ribution ( ho/ile troops1 :ile *anges 9 ! plan ( tr5*es1 9 ! sit+ ( wire entanglem5ts1 or 9 ! emplacem5ts ( guns & mort>s are duly not$4 ,9 addition1 troops 9 obs]vation po/s1 9 or ahead ( ! front l9e1 9 fav\rable & unsuspect$ #ajj localities1 are con/antly obs]v+ ! enemy1 & s5tries ov] all po/s conta9+ troops are ready at all times ( ! day & night to al>m ! local g>risons4 ,resi/ance is af=d$ by a s]ies ( mutually support+ /rong po9ts1 suffici5tly g>rison$ by troops :o gu>d aga9/ surprise & hold _! gr\nd aga9/ attack4 ,entr5*m5ts1 ) dug-outs & %elt]s1 provide protection f fire1 & b>b$ wire entanglem5ts prev5t unbrok5 ru%es by ! enemy1 & entice him into op5+s t are swept by rifle & ma*9e-gun fire4 ,box respirators & o!r appliances nullify ! effects ( gas1 & cam\flage disguises ! position ( tr5*es1 troops1 guns1 & dumps1 & s scre5s !m f obs]vation & direct bomb>dm5t1 :ile x provides unsuspect$ means ( obs]v+ ! enemy's movem5ts4 ,,manoeuvre ,,w>f>e4--,9 a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre ! /eps tak5 to obta9 security aga9/ surprise v>y ) ! situation ( ! troops4 ,ho/ile aircraft fly+ high f ! gr\nd are dealt ) by c\nt]-attack by arm$ a]oplanes1 b z arial fight+ requires space = manoeuvre ho/ile ma*9es fly+ )9 #c1jjj feet ( ! gr\nd mu/ be dealt ) by ma*9e gun1 ,lewis gun1 or conc5trat$ rifle fire1 except 9 cases :]e x is ess5tial to conceal f ! enemy t a c]ta9 position or locality is occupi$1 & :]e ! troops are s well hidd5 z to escape detection unless !y op5 fire4 ,movem5t is easily detect$ by l[-fly+ a]oplanes1 & 9 fair wea!r troops c be recognis$ z ho/ile or fri5dly by an obs]v] at #ejj feet1 :ile movem5ts ( =m$ bodies on a road are visible at #e1jjj feet4 ,troops rema9+ /ation>y 9 %ad$ places may easily escape obs]vation1 & if small bodies 9 irregul> =mation lie face d[nw>ds !y are difficult to detect1 ev5 9 ! op54 ,:5 a =ce is 9 movem5t1 deta*m5ts move ) x to af=d protection 9 e direction f :i* int]f]5ce #aja is possible2 & :5 a =ce is at re/1 deta*m5ts ) simil> duties secure x f di/urbance & keep (f attack until x c be met or develop$ )\t disadvantage4 ,^! phases are dealt ) "u ! head+s ( ,,! ,,advanc$ ,,gu>d1 ,,flank ,,attacks ,,& ,,flank ,,gu>ds1 ,,! ,,re> ,,gu>d1 & ,,outpo/s4 #ajb ,,! ,,advanc$ ,,gu>d ,fabius1 ! savi\r ( ,rome1 us$ to say t a comm&] c\ld n make a m disgraceful excuse ?an to plead1 ',i nev] expect$ x4' ,x is1 9 tru?1 a mo/ %ameful reason = any soldi] to urge4 ,imag9e ev]y?+1 expect ev]y?+4--,,s5eca1 ,de ,ira4 ,e mov+ body ( troops mu/ be protect$ by deta*m5ts1 ! =ce deta*$ to prec$e ! advance be+ kn[n z an ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 & :5 a body ( troops s protect$ halts1 ! responsibility = protection dur+ ! halts rema9s ) ! troops :i* h be5 protect+ ! m>* until !y are reliev$1 ! comm&] ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ex]cis+ 8 discretion z to halt+ at once or mov+ =w>d to occupy a position :i* may be ( m tactical advantage4 ,,/r5g?4--,! /r5g? ( ?is ,gu>d dep5ds on ! proximity ( ! enemy1 b x mu/ always be /rong en\gh to bru% aside slight opposition1 s t ! advance ( ! =ce x is cov]+ may n be delay$ by small ho/ile =ces1 & to resi/ ! enemy1 :5 enc\nt]$ 9 /r5g?1 = su* "t z w enable ! =ce x is cov]+ to prep>e to meet or deliv] an attack4 ,no g5]al rule z to ! num]ical /r5g? ( an ,advanc$ ,gu>d c be giv51 z ! numb] ( troops requir$ dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! tactical situation & ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! protect$ =ce is pass+4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 :5ev] possible be compos$ ( a complete unit or =mation "u its own comm&]1 & x is f\nd 9 practice t an ,advanc$ ,gu>d w seldom be less ?an "o-eigh? or m ?an a qu>t] ( ! :ole #ajc =ce4 ,:5 a l>ge =ce is advanc+ 9 sev]al columns on p>allel roads x w be prec$$ by a ,/rategical ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 :i* protects ! front & flanks ( all ! columns4 ,! ,tactical ,advanc$ ,gu>d provid$ by ea* column may !n be r$uc$ 9 /r5g?4 ,,di/ance4--,! di/ance at :i* x moves ahead ( ! =ce x is cov]+ dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! =ce is mov+1 ^u ! /r5g? ( ! ,ma9 ,body1 & ^u ! tactical situation1 b x mu/ always be suffici5t to enable ! ,ma9 ,body to deploy1 to get into battle =mation--unmole/$ by ! enemy's artill]y1 if requir$ to d s4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! l>g] ! ,ma9 ,body ! great] ! di/ance mu/ be1 z m "t w be requir$ = deploym5t4 ,! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ( a ,brigade ( infantry1 ) artill]y1 w\ld move at a di/ance ( #a to #b miles betwe5 ! ,ma9 ,gu>d & ! ,ma9 ,body1 ) ! m\nt$ patrols ( ! ,vangu>d #d to #e miles ahead ( ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,^! m\nt$ patrols w\ld discov] ! pres5ce ( an enemy1 & ) ! supports ( ! ,vangu>d w\ld feel = 8 /r5g? & asc]ta9 8 dispositions4 ,! ,ma9 ,gu>d w\ld ei!r assi/ 9 bru%+ him away or w\ld resi/1 9 ! be/ available position1 any attempts to attack ! ,ma9 ,body :ile ! latt] =m$ up = battle4 ,,9 ,,advances4--,infantry =m+ "p ( an ,advanc$ ,gu>d to a =ce advanc+ mu/ always act ) da% & resolution1 b _! action mu/ always be regulat$ by ! "o motive ( comply+ ) ! int5tions ( ! comm&] ( ! =ce !y are cov]+4 ,any action contemplat$ by ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] mu/ !re=e be consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( its effects ^u ! plans ( ! comm&] ( ! ma9 body1 b if ^! plans are n kn[n1 ! guid+ pr9ciple w be to regulate 8 action solely 9 ! int]e/s #ajd ( ! =ce he is cov]+1 & by driv+ 9 ! advanc$ troops ( ! enemy he w obta9 in=mation :i* w assi/ 8 sup]ior 9 com+ to a decision1 )\t int]f]+ ) 8 lib]ty ( action1 :]eas hesitation & delay may give ! initiative to ! enemy4 ,= ?is reason1 a wide turn+ movem5t by ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d troops is seldom possible1 z "t is !reby lo/ & ! front ( ! ,ma9 ,body is uncov]$4 ,! rul+ factor %\ld be ! discov]y ( "s tactical locality held by ! enemy1 ! capture ( :i* w compel 8 :ole l9e to fall back4 ,if ?is po9t c be discov]$ ! :ole en]gies ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d %\ld be direct$ aga9/ x alone1 & else:]e a def5sive attitude %\ld be adopt$1 to avoid surprise ( or int]f]5ce ) ! ,ma9 ,body 7,g5]al ,r4 ,c4 ,b4 ,hak+74 ,x mu/ always be assum$ t ! enemy w h tak5 all ! necess>y /eps to protect himself & to hamp] reconnaissance by an adv]s>y4 ,if1 !re=e1 ho/ile troops are kn[n to be 9 a c]ta9 locality1 opposition mu/ be expect$ be=e t locality is rea*$1 & /udy ( ! map %\ld enable ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] to det]m9e ! approximate neighb\rhood 9 :i* opposition may be expect$4 ,,9 ,,retreats4--,:ile x is cle> t a =ce advanc+ t[>ds ! enemy mu/ always be prec$$ by an ,advanc$ ,gu>d x mu/ n be =gott5 t a =ce )draw+ f ! enemy mu/ also be s protect$1 ev5 :5 x is mov+ 9 or t[>ds fri5dly t]ritory4 ,su* a =ce w n only prev5t ! ,ma9 ,body be+ surpris$ by an en]getic enemy1 pursu+ swiftly & gett+ r\nd to attack :]e he is lea/ expect$1 b w also prev5t ! ,ma9 ,body be+ delay$ by ob/acles1 & c delay ! pursuit by prep>+ bridges1 etc41 = demolition1 :i* c be complet$ by ! ,re> ,gu>d :5 ! ,ma9 ,body has pass$ ov] #aje !m4 ,x c also reconnoitre ! r\te to be foll[$1 s t ! ,ma9 ,body c proce$ )\t delay4 ,,tra9+4--,9 =mulat+ any s*eme = ! ex]cise ( troops 9 ,advanc$ ,gu>d "w all (fic]s & o!r ranks %\ld be made to und]/& ! nature ( ! s*eme1 & %\ld be in=m$ 7a7 :e!r ! =ce is advanc+ or retreat+1 :e!r x is mov+ be=e or aft] action ) ! enemy1 & :e!r x is 9 a fri5dly or a ho/ile c\ntry2 7b7 :at is kn[n ( ! enemy2 7c7 ! direction & objective ( ! m>*2 7d7 ! g5]al int5tions ( ! comm&] ( ! ,ma9 ,body2 & 7e7 ! g5]al in/ructions issu$ to ! comm&] ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d4 ,unless su* ex]cises are c>ri$ out 9 a practical mann]1 "y (fic]s & inexp]i5c$ ,n4,c4,o4's w get ! impression t an ,advanc$ ,gu>d consi/s m]ely ( a procession ( small bodies ( infantry1 /rung out at fix$ int]vals on a s+le road4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance t ! tra9+ %\ld be c>ri$ out on ! l9es t w\ld be adopt$ 9 action 7,g4,h4,q4 ,circul>74 ,,tactical ,,pr9ciples4--,spe$ ( advance is ! fir/ consid]ation :5 n 9 contact ) ! enemy4 ,h5ce an ,advanc$ ,gu>d w move on a n>r[ front along roads & o!r *annels ( communication1 ) su* di/ances betwe5 advanc$ & support+ bodies z to avoid possibility ( surprise4 ,:5 9 contact )1 or 9 ! vic9ity (1 ! enemy1 security & spe$ ( advance are equal consid]ations4 ,h5ce ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d %\ld move by b\nds on a broad fight+ front across c\ntry 7,infantry ,tra9+1 #aiba74 ,be=e an ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] moves (f 9 compliance ) 8 in/ructions he w take c]ta9 /eps 9 accordance ) ^! tactical pr9ciples4 ,he w divide 8 troops into two portions1 kn[n z ! ,vangu>d & ! ,ma9 ,gu>d1 & z ! duties ( ! #ajf ,vangu>d are reconnaissance 9 g5]al1 z well z ! protection 9 p>ticul> ( ! ,ma9 ,gu>d1 x w conta9 a l>ge proportion ( mobile troops1 ) infantry = assault & resi/ance1 & eng9e]s = cle>+ ! way ?r\gh or ov] ob/acles4 ,aircraft1 9 advance ( ! ,vangu>d1 n only increase ! area "u se>* & exp$ite ! discov]y ( ! enemy1 b prev5t surprise & assi/ ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d z a :ole by close co-op]ation 9 feel+ = & fight+ ! enemy :5 enc\nt]$4 ,9 ord] to reconnoitre "o mu/ compel ! enemy to %[ himself :]ev] he may be4 ,to ?is end he has to be attack$ until ! ext5t ( 8 position has be5 cle>ly def9$4 ,b ! attack is made ) ! int5tion n to br+ on an action4 ,! skirmi%+ l9es w advance1 b !y mu/ be able to dis5gage !mselves at a giv5 mom5t4 ,pressure is ex]cis$ f a di/ance )\t all[+ ! =ces ex]t+ t pressure to become ti$ up 7,m>%al ,fo*74 ,! duty ( ! ,ma9 ,gu>d is ,resi/ance1 t is to say1 fight+4 ,x w !re=e consi/ ma9ly ( infantry1 ) artill]y & ma*9e guns1 & ! troops w move 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y w come into action4 ,! ,vangu>d w be prec$$ by sc\ts1 special att5tion be+ paid to roads & tracks p>allel ) ! advance4 ,?is scre5 is foll[$ by ! rema9d] ( ! ,vangu>d1 9 collect$ =mation1 until x is 9 contact ) or 9 ! vic9ity ( ! enemy1 ) protection at all times aga9/ local surprise4 ,! ,ma9 ,gu>d foll[s1 9 t\* ) ! ,vangu>d1 & ) local protection4 ,bo? portions h def9ite comm&]s1 & ! comm&] ( ! :ole ,advanc$ ,gu>d w probably move ) ! supports ( ! ,vangu>d4 ,! comm&] w also det]m9e ! relative di/ances betwe5 ! ,vangu>d & ! ,ma9 ,gu>d1 ^! be+ regulat$ by ! /r5g? ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 & be+ bas$ ^u ! necessity ( "o "p support+ ! o!r4 ,! di/ance ( ! #ajg ,advanc$ ,gu>d ahead ( ! ,ma9 ,body may h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! op]ation ord]s1 b if x is left to ! discretion ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] he w be guid$ solely by ! int]e/s ( ! =ce he is cov]+1 & 8 decision w be influ5c$ by ! nature ( ! c\ntry 7:e!r x is op51 or int]sect$ by woods1 h$ges1 sunk5 roads1 etc41 :i* make obs]vation ev5 by aircraft a matt] ( great difficulty7 & by ! tactical situation1 su* di/ance be+ *os5 z w suit ^! conditions1 :ile admitt+ ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects 9 view1 viz43--to obta9 in=mation conc]n+ ! enemy & to prev5t ho/ile reconnaissance2 to prev5t surprise & delay2 & to enable ! ,ma9 ,body to deploy into battle =mation )\t int]ruption by ! enemy's fire4 ,x is also ! duty ( ! comm&] to ensure communication betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d & betwe5 t =ce & ! ,ma9 ,body1 by arrang+ = m\nt$ ord]lies & cycli/s1 signall]s & connect+ files1 9 addition to ! contact patrols furni%$ by ! ,air ,s]vice1 & to su* telegraphic & telephonic communication z c be provid$ 9 ! field by ! ,signals4 ,?is is ( ! fir/ importance1 z ! action ( ! comm&]s ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d & ( ! ,ma9 ,body w dep5d on in=mation receiv$1 & n only mu/ in=mation be ga9$ by e available means1 b x mu/ also be communicat$ )\t delay to all conc]n$ :ile x is fre% & be=e x becomes /ale4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t negative in=mation 7e4g4 t su* & su* a village has be5 ?or\ghly se>*$ & no trace ( ! enemy f\nd7 is at lea/ ( equal value to positive in=mation4 ,! repetition or confirmation ( in=mation already s5t are also ( importance1 z x is cle>ly ( value to a comm&] to "k positively t ! enemy is /ill abs5t1 or /ill pres5t1 at a c]ta9 "t 9 a c]ta9 locality4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 dur+ an enc\nt] battle betwe5 #ajh advanc$ troops1 ! comm&] ( ! cavalry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army held up ! ,conf$]ate advanc$ troops4 ,a %>p fight took place at ,sulphur ,spr+s 7,octob] #ab1 #ahfc7 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates cavalry comm&] became s absorb$ 9 ! battle t he fail$ to s5d in=mation to headqu>t]s1 & ,g5]al ,meade did n le>n t he 0 9 contact ) ! ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia until late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 ! campaign ( ,fr$]icksburg1 ,g5]al ,r4 ,e4 ,lee1 ) ! ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia1 0 confront$ by ,g5]al ,burnside1 ) ! ,army ( ! ,potomac4 ,on ,novemb] #ae1 #ahfb1 a patrol ( ,conf$]ate cavalry discov]$ ,burnside's troops mov+ ea/w>ds1 & ano!r patrol br\ght news ! same day t gunboats & transports _h ent]$ ,acguia ,creek on ! ,potomac4 ,^! two pieces ( in=mation1 collect$ at po9ts #dj miles di/ant f "o ano!r1 gave ,lee an insight into 8 oppon5t's design4 ,in=mation ga9$ by aircraft on ,septemb] #d & #e1 #aiad1 & communicat$ imm$iately to ,g5]al ,j(fre1 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! flank m>* across ! ,franco-,briti% front by ! ,g]man ,i4 ,army1 & to ! decisive c\nt]-attack at ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,m>ne 7,septemb] #f1 #aiad74 ,! ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] mu/ be c>eful h[ he becomes s]i\sly engag$1 & mu/ avoid any ent]prise n /rictly 9 accordance ) ! kn[n int5tions ( ! comm&] ( ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,! t5d5cy to indep5d5t action ( ?is k9d1 :i* militates aga9/ ! success ( ! be/ laid plans1 0 v obs]vable 9 ! e>ly battles ( ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> ( #ahgj-ahga4 ,actions 7 ha/ily ent]$ on by ,advanc$ ,gu>ds1 ma9ta9$ ) v>y+ success by ! gradual arrival ( re9=cem5ts1 & f9ally conclud$ ) b>r5 results & losses 9 excess ( ^? inflict$4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,spi*]5 7,augu/ #f1 #ahgj7 ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ( ! #ad? ,prussian ,division comm5c$ ! battle1 :i* _h to #aji be su/a9$ = ?ree h\rs by #aa battalions aga9/ #ci4 ,dur+ ! next ?ree h\rs #h m battalions arriv$1 & at ! conclusion ( ! battle only #bg battalions & #aj batt]ies 9 all _h come into action aga9/ a :ole ,fr5* ,corps1 & !re 7 two ,fr5* ,corps )9 rea* ( ! "o engag$4 ,_h ^! m>*$ to ! s\nd ( ! cannon1 z ,napoleon w\ld h m>*$1 ! #ad? ,prussian ,division w\ld h be5 unable to extricate itself )\t complete disa/]4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,wor? 7,augu/ #f1 #ahgj7 ! ,prussian ,cr[n ,pr9ce _h express$ 8 int5tion n to engage ! ,fr5* on t day4 ,yet ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ( ! ,v4 ,corps br\ght on a battle into :i* ! ,bav>ian ,corps 0 p]=ce drawn4 ,! ,cr[n ,pr9ce s5t ^w = ! action to be discont9u$1 b ! advanc$ troops 7 s s]i\sly involv$ 9 ! battle t re9=cem5ts _h to be s5t into action4 ,al?\gh tactically successful ! battle 0 out ( accord ) ! settl$ plans ( ! ,comm&]-9-,*ief4 ,9 ! same way ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ( ! ,,vii4 ,prussian ,corps1 contr>y to ! lett] & ! _s ( ! ord]s ( ! comm&] ( ! ,i4 ,army1 precipitat$ an action at ,colombey 7,augu/ #ad1 #ahgj74 ,o!r troops 7 drawn into ! fight1 & f9ally ! :ole ( ! ,i4 ,army 0 engag$ 9 a battle :i* its comm&] n only disapprov$ b _h expressly =bidd54 ,! battle _h no tactical or /rategical results1 & heavy losses 7 su/a9$ on bo? sides4 ,precipitate action ( ?is k9d prev5ts ! troops be+ engag$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann]4 ,= :5 a small =ce is engag$ aga9/ a l>g] "o x becomes necess>y1 z re9=cem5ts arrive1 to move !m up to support "s po9t already h>d press$1 & ! :ole =ce is ?us us$ up & dissem9at$1 in/ead ( be+ employ$ collectively :]e an effective bl[ may be /ruck4 ,?us ! direction ( ! fight is surr5d]$ to ! enemy1 z at ,spi*]5 & ,colombey4 ,! ,fr5* positions 7 s /rong t ! ,g]man #aaj re9=cem5ts z !y arriv$ 7 fritt]$ away 9 support ( troops already engag$1 & ! /ate ( ! latt] dur+ ! action 0 frequ5tly v critical4 ,at ,colombey ! battle resolv$ itself into a desp]ate /ruggle along ! front ( ! ,fr5* position1 :]e ! ,prussians made little impression1 :ile _! losses consid]ably exce$$ ^? inflict$ on ! ,fr5* 7,cl]y74 ,x is ?us se5 t ! comm&] ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d mu/ limit 8 aggressive action 9 accordance ) 8 in/ructions & ) ! tactical & /rategical requirem5ts ( ! =ce he is cov]+4 ,b 8 action 9 protect+ ! ,ma9 ,body is unfett]$ by any consid]ations ( prud5ce1 & mu/ ev] be vigor\s & resolute1 any risks be+ tak5 t ensure ! safety ( ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! ,battle ( ,na*od 7,june #bg1 #ahff7 ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ( ,g5]al ,/e9metz's ,v4 ,corps 7( ! ,army ( ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,prussia7 0 9 biv\acs on a plateau1 aft] em]g+ f a long & n>r[ defile ?r\gh :i* ! ,ma9 ,body mu/ m>* to ! op5 c\ntry beyond4 ,ab\t #h a4m4 ! cavalry ( ! ,vangu>d 0 *eck$ by ! advanc$ troops ( ! ,,vi4 ,au/rian ,corps4 ,x 0 imp]ative t ! ,prussian ,advanc$ ,gu>d %\ld hold ! plateau until ! ,ma9 ,body _h extricat$ itself f ! defile4 ,by ! rapid & accurate fire ( ! infantry & horse artill]y1 & ! co-op]ation ( ! cavalry aga9/ ! ,au/rian squadrons1 ! ?9 l9e 0 ma9ta9$ = m ?an ?ree h\rs4 ,less ?an #g battalions ( infantry1 ) #ac squadrons ( cavalry & #c batt]ies ( light artill]y1 kept 9 *eck #ba battalions1 #aa squadrons1 & #d batt]ies4 ,_h ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d suff]$ itself to be driv5 back on ! ,ma9 ,body 9 ! defile a disa/] c\ld sc>cely h be5 avoid$1 & ow+ to ! /eadfa/ endurance ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ! ,ma9 ,body 0 able to drive ! ,au/rian ,corps f ! field4 ,,advanc$ ,,gu>d ,,problems4--,! ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] mu/ be able to appreciate )\t delay #aaa ! situation :i* confronts 8 =ce1 & to solve ! problem be=e him ) reg>d solely to ! int]e/s ( ! =ce he is cov]+4 7a7 ,if ! ,vangu>d is held up by ! enemy :o is asc]ta9$ to be inf]ior 9 /r5g? to ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 ! comm&] w transmit in=mation to ! ,ma9 ,body & w attack vigor\sly to disp]se ! enemy1 9 ord] t ! movem5ts ( ! ,ma9 ,body may n be delay$4 ,a fire attack w\ld be organis$ on ! front ( ! enemy1 support$ by close-range artill]y fire1 & a turn+ movem5t ) ,lewis guns & rifles on "o or bo? flanks4 ,if ! enemy held to a cov]$ position !y c\ld be eject$ by rifle bomb]s or light mort>s f a flank1 :ile artill]y & ma*9e guns prev5t$ aim$ fire at ! attack+ =ce4 7b7 ,if fire is op5$ on ! ,vangu>d & def9ite in=mation z to ! /r5g? & dispositions ( ! enemy _c be asc]ta9$1 su* in=mation z _h be5 ga9$ w\ld be transmitt$ & a bold proc$ure w\ld be adopt$ 9 ord] t ! in=mation might be supplem5t$ z quickly z possible4 ,! comm&] w\ld re9=ce 8 ,vangu>d ) infantry f ! ,ma9 ,gu>d1 & %\ld be able to =ce ! enemy to disclose 8 position & /r5g?1 b unless ord]$ to d s w\ld take c>e n to become s involv$ 9 action t ! ,ma9 ,body w\ld be compell$ to come up & extricate !m4 7c7 ,if ! enemy is enc\nt]$ :5 ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] kn[s t x is ! int5tion ( 8 sup]ior to deliv] an attack ! in=mation w\ld be transmitt$ ) an outl9e ( ! /eps tak5 9 seiz+ & secur+ all tactical po9ts t w be ( s]vice to ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,! ,advanc$ ,gu>d w\ld "w on a wid] front ?an w\ld o!rwise be us$ by a =ce ( t /r5g?1 & ! artill]y w\ld be po/$ ) a view to its position be+ adopt$ z ! ma9 artill]y position4 #aab 7d7 ,if1 "u simil> circum/ances1 ! int5tion n to be drawn into a decisive engagem5t is kn[n by ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] he w\ld limit 8 activities to reconnaissance ( ! enemy's position & numb]s1 & :ile hamp]+ ! enemy & prev5t+ him f f9d+ out p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! ,ma9 ,body1 he mu/ take c>e n to become involv$ 9 a g5]al engagem5t4 7e7 ,a case may easily occur 9 :i* vigor\s action is dem&$1 :e!r ! comm&] ( ! ,ma9 ,body int5ds to attack at once or to def] an engagem5t4 ,su* a situation w\ld arise if ! ,vangu>d discov]$ ! approa* ( ! enemy t[>ds a ridge or o!r position ( tactical advantage1 & if ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d comm&] c\ld1 by a rapid advance1 =e/all ! enemy 9 ! occupation ( su* a position1 8 failure to d s1 or hesitation 9 wait+ = explicit ord]s to d s1 w\ld be a grave neglect ( duty4 7f7 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> a tactical blund] ( ano!r k9d1 due to ! impetuosity ( ! comm&] ( ! ,indep5d5t ,cavalry ( ! ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia1 prev5t$ ! ,s\!rn comm&] f obta9+ a great /rategical advantage ov] ! ,army ( ! ,potomac4 ,! latt] =ce _h be5 )drawn by ,g5]al ,mc,clellan1 aft] ! ,sev5 ,days' ,battle ar\nd ,ri*mond1 to a secure position at ,malv]n ,hill1 :]e ! assaults ( ! ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia 7 beat5 back ) heavy losses4 ,mc,clellan cont9u$ ! )drawal & _h rea*$ ,h>rison's ,l&+ on ! ,james ,riv]4 ,! ,indep5d5t ,cavalry ( ! ,s\!rn ,army _h previ\sly be5 dispat*$ on a false sc5t1 b at #i a4m4 on ,july #c t\* 0 rega9$ ) ! ,nor!rn =ces1 :i* 7 sight$ f ,evel+ton ,heights 7,july #c1 #ahfb71 a comm&+ ridge )9 two miles ( ! biv\acs ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac1 :i* 0 re/+ 9 app>5t security1 ) inadequate precautions aga9/ surprise4 ,g5]al ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,/u>t1 ! ,conf$]ate cavalry comm&]1 #aac rea*$ ,evel+ton ,heights ) #a1bjj sabres & c>b9es & "o light h[itz]1 & ! :ole ,army ( ! ,potomac1 #ij1jjj all arms1 0 9 biv\acs 9 full view f ! ,heights1 & x 0 cle> t 8 pres5ce 0 n suspect$4 ,! ne>e/ column ( ! =ce he 0 cov]+ 0 six miles away1 & !re rema9$ ab\t t5 h\rs ( daylight4 ,x is easy to see1 aft] ! ev5t1 t ?is 0 a case :]e ,sil5ce is gold54 ,/u>t %\ld h s5t ! in=mation to ,lee & to e column comm&]1 urg+ !m to press on at all spe$1 :ile he occupi$ ! ,heights ) 8 dism\nt$ m5 ) ! det]m9ation to hold 8 position ) fire action1 if discov]$1 until ! arrival ( "o or m columns ( ! ,army ( ,nor!rn ,virg9ia4 ,b he fail$ to appreciate ! situation1 & =gett+ ! l>g] "q1 he seiz$ ! opportunity to spread panic 9 ! ranks ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac1 & op5$ fire ) 8 "o light h[itz]4 ,! ,nor!rn]s recov]$ f ! panic caus$ by ?is unexpect$ attack1 :5 x 0 realis$ t only "o gun 0 9 action aga9/ !m1 & attack$ & captur$ ! ,heights1 & 7 /rongly entr5*$ !re be=e ! ne>e/ ,conf$]ate column arriv$4 7g7 ,among ! examples ( ,advanc$ ,gu>d "w 9 ,m>%al ,fo*'s ,pr9ciples ( ,w> is a problem = a battalion z ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d ( a ,brigade4 ,:at is ! problem ! battalion comm&] has to solve8 ,x consi/s 9 prep>+ = ! brigade to g into action aga9/ an enemy :o may deb\* f ,bettwill]4 ,:at does ! brigade require = su* an action8 ,x requires ! space necess>y = ! full employm5t ( its =ces1 & ! "t necess>y = _! arrival & deploym5t4 ,9 ord] to a*ieve t d\ble task ! battalion comm&] ord]s 8 troops to occupy ! :ole space necess>y1 & places !m 9 po9ts :]e !y may hold on = ! necess>y "t4 #aad ,,flank ,,attacks ,,& ,,flank ,,gu>ds ,a man ?or\ghly p5etrat$ ) ! _s ( ,napoleon's w>f>e w\ld h>dly fail to make 8 enemy's communications 8 fir/ objective4---,col4 ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,,h5d]son4 ,! ,flanks are ! mo/ vuln]able po9ts ( an army1 = an attack ^u ^! po9ts subjects ! def5d]s to enfilade fire1 & is deliv]$ by troops array$ 9 attack =mation aga9/ an enemy t is n 9 a position to repel ! attack4 ,! consequ5ces ( a successful ,flank ,attack are s f>-rea*+ t e ef=t w be made by a comm&] to br+ ab\t su* a consummation 9 ord] t he may sev] 8 adv]s>y's communications1 br+ him to ! end ( 8 res\rces1 & deprive him ( ! means ( repl5i%+ !m4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is any possibility ( a column on ! m>* be+ attack$ 9 flank a =ce mu/ be deta*$ to protect t flank1 & if bo? flanks are expos$ to attack bo? mu/ be simil>ly protect$4 ,! flank is ! mo/ vuln]able "p ( a mov+ column1 & an attack driv5 home ^u t "p has e prospect ( success1 = x w be deliv]$ by a =ce t is di/ribut$ 9 dep? aga9/ a =ce t is protract$ 9 wid? aft] *ang+ front to meet ! attack1 & ! abs5ce ( dep? 9 ! def5d+ =ce w deprive ! def5ce ( ! pr9cipal s\rce ( /r5g? 9 resi/+ attack4 ,an indep5d5t column is liable to attack on ei!r ( its flanks1 unless ! nature ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x is pass+ provides security = "o or ! o!r 9 ! =m ( an imp5etrable feature 7su* z a wide1 #aae trackless m>%71 or an impassable b>ri] 7su* z a neutral fronti]74 ,! out] columns ( a =ce mov+ on p>allel r\tes w h an expos$ flank1 :ile _! inn] flank is protect$ by ma9ta9+ t\* ) ! neighb\r+ column4 ,flank ,gu>ds may be furni%$ by ! ,ma9 ,body1 or by ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 & ?is po9t w be made cle> 9 ! ord]s = ! op]ations4 ,_! composition1 /r5g?1 & di/ribution1 & ! int]val at :i* !y move on ! flank ( ! ,ma9 ,body1 are simil> to ^? ( an ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 :ile _! action "u all circum/ances is gov]n$ by ! same tactical consid]ations1 ! pr9ciple und]ly+ e action ( a ,flank ,gu>d comm&] be+ compliance ) ! kn[n int5tions ( ! comm&] ( ! ,ma9 ,body1 & ! sacrifice ( ! int]e/s ( ! ,flank ,gu>d to pres]ve ! int]e/s ( ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,! same duties ( reconnaissance & protection h also to be c>ri$ out1 & communication ) ! ,ma9 ,body has to be ma9ta9$4 ,= ! purposes ( reconnaissance & communication ,aircraft are ev5 m effective ?an 9 ,advanc$ ,gu>d "w1 :ile obs]vation patrols supplem5t & confirm ! reports ( arial obs]v]s4 ,! "w ( protection v>ies ) ! nature ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! ,gu>d & ! ,ma9 ,body are mov+ at ! p>ticul> "t4 ,9 op5 c\ntry ! ,flank ,gu>d may be keep+ pace ) ! ,ma9 ,body at a regul>ly ma9ta9$ int]val1 & on p>allel l9es4 ,9 close c\ntry1 & 9 hilly or m\nta9\s di/ricts1 x may be necess>y to occupy a successive s]ies ( tactical positions on ! expos$ flank1 any ( :i* c be re9=c$ & held at ne$ to safegu>d ! passage ( ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,9 ord] t ! :ole column may be protect$1 f ! head ( ! ,ma9 ,body to ! tra9 9 re>1 unbrok5 t\* mu/ be ma9ta9$ bo? ) ! ,advanc$ & ! ,re> ,gu>d1 & incursions betwe5 ^! =ces & itself mu/ be prev5t$ by ! ,flank ,gu>d4 #aaf ,9 addition to ! protection ( a column on ! m>*1 ,flank ,gu>d "w is ( ! highe/ importance on ! ,l9es ( ,communications & 9 ! protection ( ,convoys4 ,on ! ,l9es ( ,communications raids f ! air or l& may always be expect$ 9 ,manoeuvre ,w>f>e1 & "o flank is usually m vuln]able ?an ! o!r4 ,a ,convoy1 :5 p>k$1 is liable to attack f any qu>t]2 & :5 on ! m>* x may be assail$ f any direction1 especially :5 ! adv]s>y c deta* m\nt$ troops1 or infantry r5d]$ mobile by motor transport1 or raid+ bodies c>ri$ 9 ,aircraft4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 "o flank only ( ! ,l9es ( ,communications is vuln]able ow+ to ! geographical or tactical situation1 & ! "w ( protect+ traffic or ,convoys on ! ,l9es ( ,communications is ,flank ,gu>d "w1 ) due precautions aga9/ surprise f all qu>t]s1 ! ,ma9 ,gu>d rema9+ ) ! ,convoy & secur+ its safe arrival at its de/9ation1 r ?an seek+ an enc\nt] ) ! enemy4 ,! mo/ effici5t way to protect a ,convoy is to piquet ! road daily ) troops s5t out f po/s on ! l9e2 b :5 x is necess>y to s5d a ,convoy by a r\te :i* _c be protect$ 9 ?is way a special escort mu/ be provid$4 ,! comm&] ( an escort w n engage ! enemy if 8 task c be accompli%$ )\t fight+4 ,if fight+ is inevitable ! enemy %\ld be engag$ z f> f ! ,convoy z possible1 & x w n be halt$ & p>k$1 except z a la/ resort4 ,9 ! case ( me*anical transport ! :ole ( ! escort w be c>ri$ 9 motor vehicles1 & except :]e p>allel roads are 9 exi/5ce1 little c be done to secure flank protection :ile on ! move4 ,a portion ( su* escort w move ) ! ,convoy & a portion w be s5t ahead to secure any bridges or defiles :i* h to be pass$1 ! outlet ( any defile be+ secur$ be=e ! ,convoy is p]mitt$ to ent] ! defile4 ,9 ! case ( a hors$ ,convoy ! escort w usually consi/ ( infantry1 ) a proportion #aag ( mobile troops4 ,small ,advanc$ & ,re> ,gu>ds w be detail$ & suffici5t m5 w be po/$ along ! column to ensure ord] & easy communication4 ,! rema9d] ( ! escort w usually move on t flank f :i* attack is mo/ likely4 ,! f>-rang+ raid on ! ,l9es ( ,communications 0 a notable feature ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>4 ,x 0 freely employ$ on bo? sides & 0 (t5 h>mful to ! object ( ! attack & usually pr(itable to ! raid]s1 especially to ^? ( ! ,s\?1 by reason ( ! repl5i%m5t ( /ores4 ,g5]al ,turn] ,a%by1 ! da%+ cavalry lead] 9 ! ,%5&oah ,valley1 0 a con/ant s\rce ( t]ror to ! ,nor!rn ,g5]als1 & 8 dea? :ile protect+ ! movem5ts to ,cross ,keys 7,june #f1 #ahfb7 0 a t]rible bl[ to ,/onewall ,jackson1 :o employ$ 8 m\nt$ troops ) m skill ?an any o!r comm&]1 ,conf$]ate or ,f$]al4 ,g5]al ,r4 ,e4 ,lee possess$ a great cavalry lead] 9 ,j4 ,e4 ,b4 ,/u>t1 b cool-head$ z he 01 ,lee appe>s to h be5 fasc9at$ by ! idea ( ?r[+ a great body ( horsem5 across 8 enemy's communications1 spread+ t]ror among 8 supply tra9s1 cutt+ 8 telegraphs & de/roy+ 8 magaz9es4 ,yet 9 h>dly a s+le in/ance did su* exp$itions inflict m ?an tempor>y discom=t on ! enemy2 & ! ,conf$]ate ,armies 7 l$ m ?an once into false manoeuvres = want ( ! in=mation :i* only ! cavalry c\ld supply4 ,lee at ,malv]n ,hill & ,gettysburg1 &1 on ! side ( ! ,nor?1 ,hook] at ,*ancellorsville1 & ,grant at ,spottsylvania1 ow$ defeat 9 great measure to ! abs5ce ( _! m\nt$ troops on raid+ excursions4 ,9 ! ,valley1 on ! contr>y1 success 0 made possible because ,jackson kept 8 cavalry to its legitimate duty 7,h5d]son ,/onewall ,jackson74 ,9 ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> a column ( #ejj ,cossacks1 "u ,colonel ,madritov1 made a bold raid on ! communications ( ! ,japanese ,i4 ,army 9 ! la/ days ( ,april1 #aijd4 ,! raid involv$ a #aah ride ( #bdj miles & 0 c>ri$ out 9 entire ignorance ( ! imm95t attack ^u ,g5]al ,zasuli*'s =ce by ! ,japanese ,i4 ,army at ! ,battle ( ! ,yalu 7,may #a1 #aijd74 ,on arrival at 8 objective ,colonel ,madritov f\nd no?+ to attack1 z ! base ( ! ,japanese ,i4 ,army _h be5 %ift$ f ! ,korean fronti] to a %ort] sea base at ! ,yalu m\?4 ,on 8 return he f\nd 8 ,g5]al 9 disord]$ flight1 & _h 8 small =ce be5 available at ! ,battle ( ! ,yalu x c\ld h protect$ ! retreat to ,hamatan & ,f5g-hwang-*5g4 ,raids & attacks outside ! c5tre ( op]ations1 h[ev] d>+1 h no p]man5t value4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w> a disa/] to a ,convoy at ,sannah's ,po/1 or ,koorn ,spruit 7,m>* #ca1 #aijj71 0 caus$ by ! abs5ce ( precautions 9 front ( a retreat+ =ce1 ! wagons be+ p]mitt$ to ent] a defile 7! ,spruit cross$ ! road at "r-angles & 0 held by ! ,bo]s7 be=e ! exit _h be5 secur$4 ,e>li] 9 ! same campaign a ,convoy ( #hjj wagons 0 lo/ at ,ramdam 7,febru>y #ac1 #aijj74 ,an ambu%$ =ce ( ,bo]s kill$ all ! transport animals & ! wagons 7 ab&on$4 ,no escort _h be5 provid$ = ! ,convoy1 :i* ent]$ ! ambu%$ area )\t previ\s reconnaissance4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,s\? ,african ,w> ! activities ( ,de ,wet emphasis$ ! vuln]ability ( ! ,l9es ( ,communications4 ,:]e ! tactical situation p]mits1 arrangem5ts %\ld be made to protect ! ,l9es ( ,communications by (f5sive action4 ,an engagem5t may be invit$ 9 a suitable position1 ! protect+ troops hold+ ! raid]s ) a ,delay+ ,action :ile re9=cem5ts are summon$ to conv]ge on ! battlefield = ! purpose ( surr\nd+ & ext]m9at+ ! raid]s4 #aai ,,! ,,re> ,,gu>d ,a ,re> ,gu>d is ess5tial to a =ce advanc+ 9 ord] to pick up ! /raggl]s1 to keep (f m>aud]s1 & to prev5t surprise by an en]getic enemy :o may deta* a =ce = a surprise attack on ! re> ( ! advanc+ column4 ,b its mo/ important "w is ! protection ( a retreat+ =ce1 & ?is "w w v>y 9 difficulty ) ! fre%ness & ent]prise ( ! enemy & ! _s & det]m9ation ( ! =ce t is be+ pursu$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ,re> ,gu>d fight+ aga9/ an unexhau/$ enemy is ! mo/ difficult & mo/ dang]\s ( all milit>y ent]prises4 ,:5 a ,re> ,gu>d halts to fight x is be+ sep>at$ e m9ute f ! ,ma9 ,body1 :i* is mov+ away f x1 :ile e m9ute br+s re9=cem5ts to ! enemy4 ,! "w requires great tactical skill1 z x is ! duty ( ! comm&] to delay pursuit by occupy+ positions f :i* he )draws at ! la/ mom5t1 )\t becom+ involv$ 9 a g5]al engagem5t1 f ! me%es ( :i* x may be necess>y = ! ,ma9 ,body to return & extricate him4 ,! "w also requires great moral c\rage1 z x is ! duty ( ! comm&] to risk ! loss ( 8 =ce if by s do+ he is adopt+ ! only means ( sav+ ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,,/r5g?4--,! /r5g? ( ! ,re> ,gu>d w dep5d ^u ! en]gy1 /r5g?1 & clos5ess ( ! pursuit1 ! condition ( ! ,ma9 ,body 7& :e!r x is )draw+ volunt>ily or ^u compulsion aft] an unsuccessful engagem5t7 & ^u ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 b x w g5]ally am\nt to n less ?an #abj "o-fif? or m ?an "o-?ird ( ! :ole =ce1 & w be select$1 z a rule1 f ^? :o h be5 lea/ sev]ely engag$4 ,,composition4--,its composition dep5ds ^u ! "w to be p]=m$1 & ?is calls = deta*m5ts ( all arms ( ! l& s]vice1 9 addition to ,aircraft1 :i* c prev5t surprise by reconnaissance ov] ! ho/ile area & c h>ass ! pursu+ columns by day & by night by fire-action ) ,lewis guns & bombs4 ,m\nt$ troops are requir$ to ext5d ! area wat*$ & to prolong ! resi/ance by reason ( _! sup]ior mobility1 9 addition to _! c\nt]-action z cavalry4 ,artill]y are requir$ to op5 long-range fire on ! enemy's columns & s to cause delay by deploym5t2 & to conc5trate ^u !m :ile 91 or em]g+ f1 a defile4 ,infantry & ,ma*9e-gun ,platoons are requir$ = prolong$ fire-fights & local c\nt]-attacks1 dur+ :i* sudd5 bur/s ( ma*9e & ,lewis-gun fire w d ! greate/ execution4 ,eng9e]s provide sapp]s = ! creation ( ob/acles & traps1 & = ! demolition ( bridges & viaducts4 ,me*anical ,transport may be requir$ to add to ! mobility ( ! infantry4 ,! ,m$ical ,s]vice is call$ ^u to provide att5tion & ambulances = ! w\nd$ & = ! sick & worn-out troops4 ,,di/ribution4--,! ,re> ,gu>d is divid$ into two p>ts--! ,re> ,p>ty & ! ,ma9 ,gu>d4 ,! ,re> ,p>ty consi/s1 l ! ,vangu>d ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 ( patrols & supports2 ! re/ ( ! =ce =ms ! ,ma9 ,gu>d1 & m>*es 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! troops are requir$1 viz43 ,artill]y 7) escort71 ,m\nt$ ,troops 7if any rema9 ov] f ! ,re> ,p>ty71 ,infantry1 ,m$ical ,s]vices & ,ambulances1 & ! ,sapp]s ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,! guns c ?us op5 fire :5ev] requir$1 & ! sapp]s1 :o are fur!/ away f ! pursuit1 w h ! long] "t to prep>e ob/acles & demolitions1 ! #aba latt] be+ complet$ by ! ,re> ,p>ty4 ,communication mu/ always be secur$ & ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! ,re> ,p>ty & ! ,ma9 ,gu>d1 & betwe5 ! ,re> ,gu>d & ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,,di/ance4--,! di/ance at :i* ! ,re> ,gu>d works is gov]n$ by ! duty x has to p]=m1 viz43 to p]mit ! )drawal ( ! ,ma9 ,body to be c>ri$ out )\t int]ruption by ! enemy1 & to effect ?is x w usually be necess>y = ! ,ma*9e ,gun & ,infantry ,platoons ( ! ,ma9 ,gu>d to keep )9 effective range ( positions f :i* ho/ile artill]y might mole/ ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,! comm&] w probably rema9 ) ?is "p ( 8 =ce1 z its "w is ( ! highe/ importance2 9 any case 8 position mu/ be made kn[n & !re %\ld be def9ite comm&]s ( ! ,re> ,p>ty & ! ,ma9 ,gu>d4 ,b :ile ! di/ance sep>at+ ! ,re> ,gu>d f ! ,ma9 ,body mu/ be suffici5t1 x mu/ n be too great1 or ! enemy may p5etrate betwe5 x & ! ,ma9 ,body1 & n only w ! ,re> ,gu>d be cut (f & liable to de/ruction b x w cease to protect ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,,tactical ,,pr9ciples4--,! tactical "w ( a ,re> ,gu>d is c>ri$ out accord+ to ! foll[+ pr9ciples3-- ,! ,re> ,p>ty wat*es1 & x mu/ wat* all ! roads & tracks by :i* ! pursu+ =ce c advance1 & is responsible t ! enemy does n get r\nd ! flanks 7:i* may or may n be specially protect$ by ,flank ,gu>ds74 ,reconnaissance by ,aircraft = ! discov]y ( int5d$ outflank+ movem5ts is probably ( great] value 9 ,re> ,gu>d "w ?an 9 any o!r milit>y action4 ,! ,re> ,p>ty also resi/s ! ho/ile advanc$ troops z long z possible1 )draw+ be=e x is outflank$4 ,an outflank+ manoeuvre is specially conv5i5t :5 attack+ a ,re> ,gu>d1 = ! latt] _c fulfil its mission once x has be5 turn$ 7,m>%al ,fo*74 #abb ,! ,ma9 ,gu>d fights = "t4 ,if ! )drawal is m or less unmole/$1 or if su* pursuit z is (f]$ c be dealt ) by ! ,re> ,p>ty1 ! ,ma9 ,gu>d c cont9ue its m>*1 tak+ c>e n to close 9 on ! ,ma9 ,body2 & :ile fall+ back x c demoli% bridges1 create ob/acles1 prep>e ambu%es1 & s on1 employ+ all devices 7)9 ! laws ( w>7 = delay+ ! enemy4 ,:5 hotly pursu$ x mu/ ga9 "t at all co/s = ! army x is cov]+1 & mu/ n all[ itself to be driv5 back on to ! ,ma9 ,body2 or x w hamp] t =ce & cease to protect x4 ,"t c be ga9$ by compell+ ! enemy to halt to reconnoitre a position1 by mak+ him deploy into attack =mation1 & by mak+ him g out ( 8 way 9 ord] to envelop a flank4 ,b be=e an attack rea*es a position 9 su* /r5g? z to ensure success1 & be=e ! envelop+ =ce c a*ieve its object1 sub-divisions ( ! ,ma9 ,gu>d w )draw 9 succession "u cov]+ fire f ^? /ill 9 ! l9e1 :i* also )draw 9 _! turn "u cov]+ fire f ! sub-divisions 9 _! new positions1 to tactical po9ts fur!r back1 f :i* aga9 !y cov] ! )drawal ( ! =ces :i* _h protect$ _! own movem5t4 ,c]ta9 po9ts mu/ be not$ ab\t ! positions *os5 = ^! successive fire-fights1 & ! *oice ( ! positions is s difficult t an exp]i5c$ /aff (fic] %\ld be specially detail$ = ! "w1 ,positions *os5 mu/ be 9 ! enemy's way & ! l9es ( )drawal to !m mu/ n conv]ge2 !y mu/ be easy to def5d & difficult to attack2 ! flanks mu/ be secure f direct attack & effective enfilade fire1 necessitat+ a wide det\r 7& consequ5t ga9 ( "t f ! enemy7 be=e !y c be ?reat5$2 long-range artill]y fire on ! l9es ( approa* %\ld be possible 9 ord] to delay & break up ! enemy's advance2 & ea* position *os5 = ! next l9e ( resi/ance %\ld be unse5 by ! #abc pursu+ enemy1 & suffici5tly f> away f ! l9e la/ occupi$ to induce him to resume 8 m>* =mation4 ,?is w necessitate a repetition on ! "p ( ! enemy ( all ! /ages ( ! attack--! discov]y & ! report on ! position1 ! decision to attack1 & ! deploym5t into attack =mation4 ,x w (t5 be ( advantage = a ,re> ,gu>d to take up a delay+ position "o or two h\rs be=e d>k1 z ! enemy w !n h to attack ) d>kness approa*+ & may wi% to def] ! attack until daylight1 ?us ga9+ sev]al h\rs = ! protect$ =ce4 ,! fir/ position tak5 up by a ,re> ,gu>d aft] an unsuccessful fight mu/ be held long]1 z a rule1 ?an ! subsequ5t positions1 because :5 once ! defeat$ army has got well away along ! roads & has rega9$ "s semblance ( organisation1 ! m>* cont9ues )\t int]ruption unless "s ob/acle has to be cross$ 7,g5]al ,hak+1 ,/aff ,rides74 ,x c also be not$ t z x is seldom ! int5tion ( ! ,re> ,gu>d comm&] to deliv] a decisive c\nt]-attack1 he c detail a v l>ge proportion ( 8 =ce to hold ! successive positions1 ) local res]ves1 = purely local c\nt]-attacks2 & = ! same reason1 an ob/acle 9 front ( 8 position 7:i* w\ld make t position unsuitable = ! ,active ,def5ce1 z x w\ld prev5t ! advance ( ! ,g5]al ,res]ve to ! decisive c\nt]-attack7 is mo/ welcome 9 ! ,delay+ ,action ( a ,re> ,gu>d fight+ = "t = its ,ma9 ,body4 ,:5 at l5g? a l9e ( resi/ance is evacuat$1 ! heavy artill]y w be )drawn fir/ to move to a di/ant fire position1 !n ! sl[ mov+ infantry & ! light artill]y 7"u ! protective fire ( ! aircraft & mobile troops71 & la/ ! cavalry & o!r mobile troops1 :o by reason ( _! sup]ior mobility1 c hang on to ! la/ & c protect ! flanks ( ! ,re> ,gu>d z !y fall back1 be=e #abd resum+ _! "w z a ,re> ,p>ty1 obs]v+ & resi/+ ! advanc$ troops ( ! pursu+ =ce4 ,dur+ a close pursuit ! ,re> ,gu>d comm&] w be call$ ^u to ex]cise all 8 faculties & to ex]t all 8 tactical ability 9 h&l+ 8 comm&4 ,"o ( ! mo/ anxi\s times be=e him w be :5 ! ,ma9 ,body is pass+ ?r\gh a defile1 z su* a passage w n only delay its m>* b w make its columns p>ticul>ly vuln]able & helpless4 ,9 ! case ( defiles ,napoleon's maxim mu/ be borne 9 m9d3 ,x is contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( w> to let "o's p>ks & heavy artill]y ent] a defile if ! o!r end is n held also4 ,at ,sannah's ,po/ 7,m>* #ca1 #aijj7 ! tra9 0 p]mitt$ to ent] a defile caus$ by ! banks ( ! ,koorn ,riv] )\t ! previ\s occupation ( t defile1 & all ! wagons 7 captur$4 ,?is n only emphasises ! necessity = an ,advanc$ ,gu>d 9 retreat1 b po9ts to ! ne$ ( tactical k on ! "p ( ! ,re> ,gu>d comm&]1 especially 9 m\nta9\s c\ntry or 9 t]ra9 cut up by woods & m>%es1 :]e ! tra9 is liable to cause delays1 z ! )draw+ =ce is compell$ to m>* 9 a long drawn column4 ,extra "t mu/ be ga9$ by ! ,ma9 ,gu>d to enable ! ,ma9 ,body to em]ge f ! defile4 ,! ,re> ,gu>d comm&] mu/ !re=e adapt 8 plans to suit ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! ,ma9 ,body has to pass1 z well z ! c\ntry 9 :i* he w himself fight ,delay+ ,actions4 ,a good map & ability to use x1 & close co-op]ation ) ! ,ma9 ,body1 mu/ be det]m9+ factors = success or failure4 ,,tra9+4--,:5 troops are be+ ex]cis$ 9 ,re> ,gu>d "w opportunities %\ld be tak5 to expla9 ! difficulties ( *oos+ suitable positions1 ( )draw+ f !m :5 involv$ 9 battle1 ( ! p>am\nt necessity = mutual support1 & ( accept+ #abe any risk t may be requir$ to safegu>d ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,/ress %\ld be laid ^u ! importance ( ,fire ,tactics 7! judici\s comb9ation ( ,fire & ,movem5t71 ! greate/ ( all factors 9 a successful ,re> ,gu>d battle1 & ^u ! ability to read & und]/& a map1 an ess5tial qualification 9 all movem5ts ( troops & indisp5sable 9 ,re> ,gu>d fight+4 ,f ! map a platoon comm&] mu/ be able to pr$ict ! probable l9e ( ! enemy's advance aga9/ ! l9e ( resi/ance z well z ! be/ r\te to be tak5 :51 at l5g?1 he )draws 8 platoon to ano!r fire position 9 re>2 :ile he mu/ be prep>$ to ?r[ 8 platoon 9 local c\nt]-attack on ! flank or re> ( an assault+ p>ty t has become deta*$ f its supports & !re=e af=ds a fleet+ opportunity = a local fight+ success1 & a rapid advance = ?is purpose along a r\te unse5 to ! foe1 a spe$y reorganisation aft] victory1 & a rapid )drawal to ! po9t ( issue1 or to a l9e 9 re>1 c be/ be a*iev$ by use ( ! map & reconnaissance ( ! gr\nd ( ! enc\nt]4 ,,eye ,,= ,,gr\nd4--,"o ( ! secrets ( ,napoleon's extraord9>y successes 0 8 eye = gr\nd4 ,x 0 n until ,i w5t to ,j5a & ,au/]litz t ,i really grasp$ :at an important "p an eye = gr\nd l ,napoleon's1 or bl9dness z to gr\nd l 8 oppon5t's at bo? ^? battles1 may play 9 ,gr& ,tactics1 t is1 ! art ( g5]al%ip 7,colonel ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,! same 0 true ( ,g5]al ,r4 ,e4 ,lee1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,wild]ness ,campaign1 :5 x 0 n only ! entr5*m5ts b ! natural features ( ! gr\nd on :i* he reli$ 9 8 def5sive tactics4 ,8 eye = gr\nd mu/ h be5 extraord9>y4 ,! campaign 0 f\ght ov] a v l>ge area1 an area ( v close c\ntry1 ) few m>k$ natural features2 & yet 9 ! mid/ ( woods1 jungles1 & /reams1 ) v little "t at 8 disposal1 he always seems to h select$ positions ?an :i* none c\ld h be5 /rong] 7,colonel ,g4 ,f4 ,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,w>74 ,,examples ,,( ,,re> ,,gu>d ,,"w4--,dur+ ! ,retreat f ,mons ! ,re> ,gu>d ( ! ,,ii4 ,corps ( ! ,briti% ,exp$ition>y ,=ce delay$ ! pursuit by ! d>+ & devotion ( its cavalry & artill]y1 & by subord9at+ its plans to ! int]e/s ( ! ,ma9 ,body enabl$ ! ,corps ,comm&] 7,g5]al ,sir ,h4 ,smi?-,dorri57 n only to ?r[ (f ! pursuit b to effect a junction ) ! o!r w+ ( ! ,briti% ,army4 ,! retreat took place aft] ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ,le ,cateau 7,augu/ #bf1 #aiad71 & dur+ ! p]iod ( ! retreat ! insecurity ( ! ,briti% ,army ?r\gh ! breakd[n ( a co-op]at+ =ce r5d]$ x liable to disa/]4 ,b ! moral ( ,m>%al ,fr5* & 8 comm&]s1 ! /ubborn fight+ in/9cts ( ! ,briti% race1 & ! excell5ce ( ! musketry tra9+ ( ! ,regul> ,army 9 times ( peace1 prev5t$ ! retreat f becom+ a r\t4 ,! c>e tak5 9 tra9+ ! troops 9 ,fire ,tactics1 & p>ticul>ly 9 reload+ ) eyes on ! m>k & butts to ! %\ld]1 0 mo/ abundantly ju/ifi$4 ,! accuracy & volume ( ! rifle fire deceiv$ ! enemy z to ! nature ( ! troops employ$ aga9/ !m1 & ! dism\nt$ troops & infantry ) _! rifles 7 report$ z battalions ( ma*9e gunn]s4 ,dur+ ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,m>*1 #aiah71 ! ,briti% ,,iii1 & ,v4 ,armies f\ght a s]ies ( ,re> ,gu>d battles1 & ! enemy's advance 0 made at a v heavy co/4 ,units retreat$ /ubbornly f "o position to ano!r z !y f\nd !m turn$ & ?reat5$ ) isolation2 b at _m po9ts fi]ce engagem5ts 7 f\ght1 & :5ev] ! enemy attempt$ a frontal attack he 0 beat5 (f ) loss 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,! ma*9e gun prov$ its effectiv5ess aga9 & aga9 dur+ ! ,briti% #abg )drawal1 & twelve ma*9e guns ( ! #fcrd ,division1 po/$ 9 ,les ,boeufs 7,m>* #bd1 #aiah71 held up ! enemy's advance f ,morval at a critical p]iod1 & enabl$ ! division to rea* ! position assign$ to x4 ,! losses inflict$ on ! enemy by ma*9e-gun & rifle & ,lewis-gun bullets 7 s heavy t by ,m>* #be ,von ,bel['s ,,xvii4 ,army 0 describ$ 9 ,g]man dispat*es z q exhau/$4 ,dur+ ! same battle a deta*m5t ( ab\t #ajj (fic]s & o!r ranks1 "u ! comm& ( ! ,brigade-,major ( ! #fa/ ,brigade1 held ! enemy at bay f e>ly morn+ until #f p4m4 at ,le ,quesnoy 7,m>* #bg1 #aiah7 & enabl$ ! #bj? ,division to retire to its de/9$ position4 ,at ! ,combat ( ,rolia 7,augu/ #ag1 #ahjh7 ! ,fr5* ,g5]al ,delaborde 0 outnumb]$ by ! ,anglo-,portuguese =ces "u ,sir ,a4 ,wellesley1 & be+ driv5 f 8 fir/ & second positions he )drew to ! m\nta9s4 ,dur+ 8 retreat he br\ght e arm into action at ! prop] "t 4 4 4 & retreat$ by alt]native masses1 protect+ 8 movem5ts by %ort1 vigor\s *>ges ( cavalry 4 4 4 & he fell back1 disput+ ! gr\nd1 to ,qu9ta de ,bugagli]a 7,napi]74 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahjh1 & ,janu>y1 #ahji1 ,g5]al ,sir ,john ,moore )drew to ,corua be=e ! armies ( ,napoleon 7& :5 ! ,emp]or return$ to ,madrid1 be=e ^? ( ,m>%al ,s\lt74 ,he conduct$ 8 long & ardu\s retreat ) sagacity1 intellig5ce1 & =titude 7,napi]71 & x is int]e/+ to note t z 9 ! ,retreat f ,mons 9 #aiad & at ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme 9 #aiah1 s 9 ! re>-gu>d actions :i* prec$$ ! emb>kation ( ,sir ,john ,moore's ,army1 ! musketry ( ! ,briti% troops 0 ! decid+ factor3 ! ,engli% muskets 7 all new1 ! ammunition fre%2 & :e!r f ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! muskets1 ! physical /r5g? & coolness ( ! m51 or all comb9$1 #abh ! ,engli% fire is ! mo/ de/ructive kn[n 7,napi]74 ,at ,bri/[ ,/ation 7,octob] #ad1 #ahfc7 dur+ ,g5]al ,meade's campaign 9 ,nor!rn ,virg9ia 7aft] 8 defeat ( ,g5]al ,lee at ,gettysburg1 ,july #a-c1 #ahfc71 a surprise attack by ,/u>t's cavalry & infantry f ,g5]al ,rode's ,division caus$ ! )drawal ( ! ,f$]al troops4 ,g5]al ,w>r5 cov]$ ! retirem5t & ev5tually )drew 8 own =ces unmole/$ aft] beat+ (f sev]al attacks ) close-range musket fire4 ,jean ,victor ,moreau1 "o ( ! greate/ g5]als ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 became a g5]al ( division at ! age ( #cc1 & by 8 skill 9 extricat+ 8 =ces f app>5tly c]ta9 disa/] e/abli%$ 9 retreat a f> great] reputation = g5]al%ip ?an 8 brilliant victories secur$ = him4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #agif he defeat$ ,lat\r at ,ra/att & ! ,ar*duke ,*>les at ,ettl+51 & drove ! ,au/rians back to ! ,danube1 b ow+ to ! defeat & retreat ( ,j\rdan he 0 compell$ to rega9 ! ,rh9e 9 a desp]ate & app>5tly hopeless ef=t4 ,yet he n only pres]v$ 8 army intact b br\ght ) him ov] #e1jjj prison]s4 ,9 #agih he aga9 sav$ 8 army f de/ruction :5 h>d press$ by ! ,russians & ,au/rians 9 ,italy4 ,retreat 0 by no means 8 only or fav\rite manoeuvre1 z he subsequ5tly ga9$ victory aft] victory ov] ! ,au/rians 9 ! campaign ( #ahjj1 drove !m back beh9d ! ,riv] ,inn1 & won ! decisive victory ( ,hoh5l9d5 7,decemb] #c1 #ahjj71 :]e ! ,au/rians & _! ,bav>ian allies lo/ #ag1jjj m5 & #gd guns aga9/ a total loss ( #e1jjj on ! side ( ! ,fr5*4 #abi ,,outpo/s ,oppos+ =ces come into conflict ?r\gh ! enc\nt] ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>ds ( mov+ columns2 ?r\gh ! approa* ( a pursu+ =ce to ! ,re> ,gu>d ( a retreat+ enemy2 ?r\gh ! attack ( a mov+ =ce on an enemy 9 position2 & ?r\gh ! r5ewal ( an engagem5t :i* has di$ d[n betwe5 oppos+ =ces4 ,e comm&] w endeav\r to prev5t int]f]5ce ) 8 plans & future movem5ts1 & :ile /riv+ to surprise & outwit ! enemy he w ex]t e endeav\r to prev5t ! application ( ?is vital pr9ciple by ! enemy4 ,! comm&] ( a =ce t is at re/ w require security = t =ce 9 ord] t its re/ may be undi/urb$1 & he w require ! security to be assur$ 9 ord] t 8 plans = ! ov]?r[ ( ! enemy may be develop$4 ,he w1 !re=e1 deta* a portion ( 8 =ce to ensure ?is security by obs]vation1 to prev5t ! secret occupation ( localities ! ho/ile possession ( :i* w int]f]e ) 8 plans2 & by resi/ance to ho/ile movem5ts he w secure ! re/ ( ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,! =ce detail$ to protect troops at re/ is kn[n z ,outpo/s1 & _! duty is to pres]ve ! security ( ! ,ma9 ,body4 ,outpo/s protect ! ,ma9 ,body f surprise by ,obs]vation1 & if attack$ !y ga9 "t by ,resi/ance until ! comm&] ( ! ,ma9 ,body c put 8 plans into execution by ! occupation ( ! position 9 :i* he int5ds to receive attack4 ,obs]vation is c>ri$ out by ,aircraft1 by ,patrols 7mobile troops by day & infantry by night71 & by ,s5tries2 ,resi/ance is provid$ by ,s5try ,gr\ps & by troops #acj 9 def5sive positions1 call$ ! ,piquets1 :i* h o!r troops z ,supports4 ,9 c]ta9 cases a ,local ,res]ve & a ,g5]al ,res]ve are also provid$4 ,,/r5g?4--,"w 9 ! ,outpo/ ,l9e is mo/ exhau/+4 ,n a man or a horse %\ld be employ$ !re if _! s]vices c be disp5s$ )1 & al?\gh ! numb] ( troops allott$ = ! "w dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! nature ( ! c\ntry & ! tactical situation1 x is laid d[n 9 ! text-books t if an unnecess>ily l>ge proportion ( ! :ole =ce is s employ$ ! =ce w suff] 9 effici5cy4 ,x c also be se5 t al?\gh ! "w is ( ! fir/ importance & fraught ) ! greate/ difficulties1 x is cle>ly possible = a comp>atively small body ( troops to c>ry x out4 ,obs]vation requires intellig5ce & vigilance r ?an numb]s2 ,resi/ance c be provid$ by ! ,delay+ ,action on a wide front ( small numb]s ( skill$ troops ) ! relative advantage conf]r$ ^u !m 9 def5ce by ma*9e guns & small arms1 & ) ! assurance ( support f _! ,ma9 ,body close at h&4 ,,obs]vation4--,a =ce c only be reg>d$ z secure f surprise :5 e body ( ! enemy )9 /rik+ di/ance is s closely wat*$ t x c make no movem5t by night or day )\t its becom+ kn[n imm$iately to ! obs]v]s ( ! ,outpo/s4 ,by day ! ,outpo/ comm&] w c>ry out ,reconnaissance "s di/ance ahead ( 8 position by means ( ,aircraft & ,patrols ( m\nt$ troops & cycli/s1 :ile ! comm&] ( ea* ,outpo/ company keeps ! approa*es to ! position "u obs]vation by s5tries1 s po/$ z to see & he> unobs]v$ by a ho/ile =ce4 ,by night1 ! ,aircraft & m\nt$ troops are unable to r5d] mu* assi/ance z mov+ patrols1 & ! "w ( ,reconnaissance & ,obs]vation falls ^u ! platoons ( ! ,outpo/ companies4 #aca ,,resi/ance4--,= ! purposes ( ,resi/ance ! ,outpo/ comm&] w rely ^u 8 infantry & ^u su* artill]y & ma*9e guns z may be allott$ to him1 & if ! area he is occupy+ is t 9 :i* ! comm&] ( ! ,ma9 ,body w meet attack ! ,outpo/s w be provid$ ) a great] proportion ( artill]y & ma*9e guns4 ,resi/ance is (f]$ by ! entr5*m5t ( ea* ,s5try ,gr\p 9 an all-r\nd po/1 & dep? & ela/icity are giv5 to ! def5ce by ! e/abli%m5t ( entr5*$ ,piquets 9 select$1 mutually support+ positions comm&+ ) _! fire e av5ue ( approa*1 cov]+ ! flanks ( neighb\r+ ,piquets1 & s arrang$ 9 plan z to br+ conv]g+ fire ^u ! enemy z he advances to ! attack4 ,^! ,piquet positions w be /r5g!n$1 :5 requir$1 by ! ,supports1 :o w ei!r assi/ 9 mann+ ! def5ces ( ! ,piquets or w occupy simil>ly prep>$ def5sive po/s on ! flank4 ,local ,res]ves may sometimes be requir$ = local c\nt]-attacks1 & 9 c]ta9 cases a ,g5]al ,res]ve is provid$4 ,! degree ( ,resi/ance to be (f]$ by ! ,s5try ,gr\ps dep5ds on ! tactical situation & w be specifi$ by ! ,outpo/ comm&]4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! ,s5try ,gr\ps are p]mitt$ 9 face ( a heavy attack to fall back to ! ,piquets1 b if !y d s !y mu/ be w>n$ ( ! dang] ( arriv+ headlong on ! ,piquet only j ahead ( ! enemy4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is dang] su* retirem5ts are r>ely p]missible at night4 ,! ,piquets are g5]ally po/$ on ! ,outpo/ ,l9e ( ,resi/ance1 9 :i* case !y hold _! positions to ! la/ man & ! la/ r\nd1 until fur!r ord]s are receiv$ f ! comm&] ( ! =ce protect$4 ,,di/ance4--,! di/ance ( ! ,outpo/ position f ! troops protect$ is regulat$ by ! "t ! latt] w require to prep>e = action & by ! importance ( prev5t+ ! enemy's field artill]y f #acb approa*+ )9 effective range ( ! gr\nd on :i* ^! troops w deploy if attack$4 ,heavy guns & mort>s1 al?\gh motor traction gives !m great mobility1 are unlikely to accompany ! enemy's ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 & prep>ation to )/& or prev5t _! fire w n usually be requir$ f ,outpo/ troops4 ,! effective range ( %rapnel is #e1ejj y>ds1 ! limit ( ! effective range ( ma*9e guns is #b1jjj y>ds1 & ( ,lewis guns & rifles ! effective limit is #a1djj y>ds4 ,! position on :i* ! ,ma9 ,body w deploy w ?us be protect$ f ! %rapnel ( field artill]y1 if ! possible fire-positions ( t arm are br\ght "u effective fire f ma*9e guns #c1ejj y>ds f ! ,position ( ,deploym5t1 ) ,lewis guns & rifles ab\t #ejj y>ds fur!r =w>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 especially 9 ! case ( small =ces 7aga9/ :i* artill]y w n be likely to be s5t71 ! di/ance mu/ n be su* z w\ld p]mit ( ! ,outpo/s be+ cut (f1 or z w\ld necessitate ! employm5t ( an undue proportion ( m5 on ,outpo/ duty4 ,,! ,,outpo/ ,,comm&]4--,be=e halt+1 a comm&] %\ld fir/ decide on 8 dispositions 9 case ( attack1 & !n arrange ! qu>t]+ ( 8 comm& & ! g5]al position ( ! ,outpo/s4 ,9 ! case ( a small indep5d5t =ce ! comm&] ( ! =ce w usually himself detail ! :ole ( ! ,outpo/ troops1 & w ei!r reta9 ! comm& 9 8 own h& or appo9t an (fic] to comm& !m1 ,9 su* a case ! disposition ( ! troops w probably be t ( a p]imet] camp1 prep>ation be+ made aga9/ attack f all directions4 ,9 ! case ( l>ge bodies ,outpo/ troops w usually consi/ ( all arms1 & a def9ite comm&] w always be appo9t$4 ,?is comm&] w1 :5 necess>y1 divide ! ,outpo/ l9e into sectors1 delegat+ responsibility = ! hold+ ( ea* sector to ! comm&] ( a subord9ate unit or =mation1 & def9+ ! limits #acc ( sectors by di/9ctive features su* z trees1 cottages1 or /reams4 ,! tops ( hills or ! bottoms ( valleys are n suitable z tactical b\nd>ies1 & roads %\ld be inclusive to "o or o!r sector1 = a road us$ z a b\nd>y may be neglect$ by "o ( ! comm&s x divides "u ! impression t x is ! duty ( ! o!r comm& to patrol x4 ,,in=mation ,,& ,,ord]s4--,! ,outpo/ comm&] mu/ h def9ite in=mation on ! foll[+ po9ts3-- ,i4 ,:at is kn[n ( ! enemy & in=mation conc]n+ fri5dly bodies ( troops work+ aga9/ ! enemy4 ,,ii4 ,! int5tions ( ! comm&] ( ! =ce he is protect+1 :]e ! ,ma9 ,body w re/ & ! p]iod x w /ay !re1 & :e!r x is int5d$ to engage ! enemy if he advances1 & if s on :at position4 ,,iii4 ,! g5]al l9e ( ! ,outpo/s1 ! troops at disposal = ! "w1 & :e!r !re are o!r troops on ! left & "r4 ,,iv4 ,! h\r at :i* ! ,outpo/s are to be reliev$ & ! place to :i* reports are to be s5t4 ,aft] receiv+ ! above in=mation he w give su* ord]s z are imm$iately necess>y = protection aga9/ surprise4 ,he w !n allot ! task ( ,obs]vation to 8 mobile troops & w decide on a ,l9e ( ,resi/ance = ! ,outpo/ troops4 ,he w co-ord9ate 8 arrangem5ts ) ^? ( neighb\r+ ,outpo/ comm&]s & w ensure t no gr\nd on 8 flanks rema9s unwat*$4 ,! ,outpo/ comm&] w !n issue ord]s to 8 subord9ate comm&]s on ! foll[+ po9ts3-- 7#a7 ,in=mation conc]n+ ! enemy & 8 own troops s f> z !y affect ! ,outpo/s4 7#b7 ,! g5]al l9e to be occupi$ & 8 frontage & limits ( ea* subord9ate comm&]4 7#c7 ,! di/ribution ( ! mobile troops1 artill]y1 & ma*9e guns4 #acd 7#d7 ,in/ructions z to ! degree ( resi/ance to be (f]$ & ! g5]al l9e ( ! ,outpo/ ,l9e ( ,resi/ance4 7#e7 ,special arrangem5ts by night4 7#f7 ,regulations z to smok+1 fires1 & cook+4 7#g7 ,! h\r at :i* ! ,outpo/s w be reliev$4 7#h7 ,! place to :i* reports are to be s5t4 7#i7 ,in/ructions z to ! accommodation ( ! ,res]ves 7if any are provid$7 & :e!r ! ,supports 7& ,res]ves1 if any7 may take (f acc\trem5ts1 etc4 ,:5 he receives in=mation t ! ,outpo/s are 9 position1 he w transmit ! in=mation to ! comm&] :o appo9t$ him4 ,,! ,,outpo/ ,,l9e ,,( ,,resi/ance4--,retirem5ts "u fire to a support+ l9e are dang]\s1 especially at night4 ,z a g5]al rule1 !re=e1 ! ,piquets %\ld be po/$ on ! ,outpo/ ,l9e ( ,resi/ance4 ,co-op]ation1 int]communication1 & ! ex]cise ( comm& w be facilitat$ by plac+ ! ,piquets along well-def9$ natural features1 or 9 ! vic9ity ( roads4 ,b ! tactical situation may dem& t ! l9e adopt$ %\ld af=d facilities = a mo/ /ubborn resi/ance z well z facilities = obs]vation1 & ! =m] necessity w f> outweigh ! latt]4 ,if ! =ce is likely to rema9 halt$ = sev]al days1 especially if ! op]ations are likely to lapse into ,position ,w>f>e1 comm&+ gr\nd is ( great value to ! artill]y1 & ! ,outpo/ ,l9e ( ,resi/ance w probably develop into ! ,outpo/ zone ( a def5sive position4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if halt$ = only "o night1 artill]y w n be l>gely employ$1 & comm&+ gr\nd is n ess5tial4 ,,! ,,outpo/ ,,company4--,! ,outpo/ ,company is ! ,outpo/ infantry unit1 ! company comm&] provid+ ,piquets1 ,supports1 & ,deta*$ ,po/s z requir$4 ,^u receiv+ 8 ord]s ! comm&] w move 8 comm&1 ) due precautions aga9/ #ace surprise1 to ! allott$ gr\nd :]e ! m5 w be halt$ "u cov]4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! "p ( ! l9e assign$ to him ! comm&] ( ! ,outpo/ company w detail a =ce to prec$e 8 advance & cov] 8 op]ations1 & ! =ce s pu%$ =w>d w n be )drawn until 8 ,piquets h entr5*$ !mselves4 ,by ! map he c decide ! numb] ( ,piquets he w require1 9 accordance ) ! numb] ( roads to be wat*$1 ! facilities = resi/ance1 & ! requirem5ts = patroll+4 ,! ext5t ( frontage allott$ to an ,outpo/ company dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( av5ues ( approa* 7roads & tracks1 & op51 unf5c$ c\ntry7 to be wat*$1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances a frontage up to #a1ejj or #b1jjj y>ds may be allott$ to a company ) #d platoons at fight+ /r5g?4 ,ea* ,piquet %\ld consi/ ( a complete unit & %\ld be po/$ on a good def5sive position4 ,! ,support 7or ,supports1 if m ?an "o is detail$ = ! company frontage7 %\ld also be compos$ ( a complete unit1 & %\ld g5]ally be po/$ #djj to #hjj y>ds 9 re> ( ! ,piquets1 ) good l9es ( approa* to ea*4 ,deta*$ ,po/s may be requir$1 to wat* an extreme flank1 or to occupy a position 9 front ( ! ,s5try l9e1 :]e ! enemy might o!rwise collect unse5 = ! attack or initiate /eps = ho/ile reconnaissance4 ,a fur!r use is to deal ) traffic ?r\gh ! l9e1 :]e a ma9 road has no ,piquet ^u x4 ,! ,outpo/ company comm&] mu/ in=m 8 ,piquet comm&]1 & 8 imm$iate sup]ior1 ( 8 position1 z all reports receiv$ by ! ,piquets require to be s5t to him1 & 8 sup]ior comm&] w ne$ to keep 9 communication ) him at all times4 ,! fir/ duty ( a ,piquet comm&] 7:o is almo/ inv>iably a ,platoon comm&]7 is to consolidate 8 position by entr5*m5t & by all available means1 & to prep>e a range c>d1 s t ! enemy may n approa* )\t heavy loss2 & if ! ,piquet has a ,support ord]$ to re9=ce x 9 case #acf ( attack1 ! entr5*m5ts mu/ be con/ruct$ to accommodate ! support+ troops 7includ+ ! ,s5try ,gr\ps ?r[n out1 if ^! h be5 ord]$ to )draw to ! ,piquet 9 case ( a heavy attack74 ,! comm&] mu/ impress on all m5 ( 8 ,piquet ! importance ( ga9+ a cle> m5tal picture ( _! surr\nd+s :ile daylight la/s1 s t !y may ! m easily f9d _! way ab\t by night4 ,on 8 way to ! position ! ,piquet comm&] w decide f ! map :at roads he has to wat* & :]e s5tries w ne$ to be po/$1 & he w provide f 8 platoon1 patrols & s5tries 7) ! necess>y reliefs = ! patrols71 w detail ! v>i\s duties1 & w make ! necess>y sanit>y arrangem5ts4 ,8 s5tries %\ld be po/$ z exp$iti\sly z possible1 & 8 patrols s5t out at once4 ,! numb] ( patrols to be furni%$ dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 & z ea* patrol requires two reliefs1 _! numb] %\ld n be great] ?an circum/ances dem&4 ,! duties ( infantry patrols are to se>* ! gr\nd & build+s1 etc41 = ab\t #b1jjj y>ds 9 front ( ! s5try l9e1 to f9d out :e!r ! enemy is !re or n1 & if ! enemy is f\nd to be close at h& to wat* 8 movem5ts & report frequ5tly4 ,! numb] ( ,s5try ,gr\ps dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! c\ntry & ! height ( ! l9e ( obs]vation1 b betwe5 !m ! gr\ps mu/ be answ]able = ! :ole ( ! gr\nd 9 front ( _! ,piquet 7up to its junction on ! left & "r ) neighb\r+ ,piquets74 ,a ,s5try ,gr\p consi/s ( #f m5 "u a ,n4,c4,o4 7#b on duty & #d (f71 & gr\ps are usually po/$ n m ?an #djj y>ds f _! ,piquet1 & hold _! gr\nd unless ord]$ to )draw4 ,if invisible f _! ,piquet a connect+ s5try %\ld be po/$ by ! ,piquet comm&]4 ,s5try ,gr\ps requir$ = night dispositions only w n be po/$ until aft] d>k4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! m5 ( ! ,piquet be+ unnecess>ily di/urb$ at night ! ,n4,c4,o4 & #acg m5 ( ea* relief mu/ be made to biv\ac toge!r1 ap>t f o!r reliefs & f ! rema9d] ( ! ,piquet4 ,a s5try w always be po/$ ov] ! ,piquet1 to wat* ! ,s5try ,gr\ps & connect+ s5tries1 & ready to al>m ! ,piquet at any mom5t ( ne$4 ,patrols consi/ z a rule ( a complete unit ( #c to #h m5 "u a ,n4,c4,o41 & %\ld be =m$ ( m5 tra9$ z sc\ts1 al?\gh x w sometimes be possible to use only s+le sc\ts = ?is purpose1 ow+ to ! vigilance ( ! enemy4 ,/&+ patrols may also h to be furni%$1 if requir$ to wat* "s special po9t1 p>ticul>ly at night1 or at ! junction ( roads conv]g+ t[>ds ! ,piquet l9e1 at cross roads1 etc41 :5 !y are out ( sight ( ! s5tries4 ,! ,piquet w /& to arms1 e man 9 8 allott$ place1 an h\r be=e dawn1 & w rema9 al]t until ! patrols 7:i* are inv>iably s5t out ab\t t "t7 h report$ abs5ce ( movem5t by ! enemy4 ,outpo/s are g5]ally reliev$ at dawn1 s t ! =ce is d\bl$ at ! h\r ( dang]4 ,all troops 9 ! ,outpo/ ,l9e mu/ entr5* !mselves1 if po/$ z s5tries1 or 9 ! ,piquet or ,support positions1 & mu/ be ready at any mom5t to resi/ a sudd5 attack4 ,a deta*m5t ( ,royal ,eng9e]s w usually be available to sup]9t5d ! consolidation ( ! ma9 position4 ,,day ,,& ,,night ,,"w4--,by day1 ! "w ( an ,outpo/ ,l9e w consi/ 9 ,reconnaissance ( ! approa*es = "s miles by ! ,aircraft & m\nt$ troops & cycli/s1 :ile infantry1 ) artill]y & ma*9e guns1 hold ! ,l9e ( ,resi/ance4 ,by night1 ! m\nt$ troops w be )drawn1 except su* ,cossack ,po/s 7/&+ patrols ( m\nt$ troops7 & ,v$ettes 7m\nt$ s5tries71 z x may be deem$ necess>y to leave e/abli%$ 9 front ( ! l9e1 :ile ,aircraft w h mu* difficulty 9 disc]n+ movem5t4 ,! :ole "w ( obs]vation & resi/ance !re=e falls on ! infantry1 :o may be 9 _! day #ach position or may be )drawn to ! rev]se slope ( a ridge1 9 ord] to obta9 a sky l9e by night ^u :i* to tra9 _! rifles4 ,neglect ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,w> is almo/ inevitably foll[$ by disa/]1 & ,protection is ! fir/ ( ! ,tactical ,pr9ciples4 ,dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! ,franco-,prussian ,w> a ,fr5* =ce ( ! /r5g? ( a brigade 0 billet$ 9 ! ,*ateau ( ,*ambord 7,decemb] #i1 #ahgj71 :i* /&s 9 a l>ge p>k1 ne> ,blois4 ,no outpo/ precautions 7 tak51 & ! ,*ateau 0 captur$ by two companies ( ,prussian infantry4 ,! m9or disa/]s suff]$ by ,briti% arms 9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w> 7 almo/ entirely due to neglect ( ! w>n+s conta9$ 9 ! (ficial text-books4 ,9 spite ( ! e/abli%$ sup]iority ( ! ,bo]s 9 mobility & vigilance ! mo/ elem5t>y precautions aga9/ surprise 7 frequ5tly neglect$4 ,at ,tweefonte9 7,decemb] #bd1 #aija7 a =ce ( ,yeomanry 0 surpris$ 9 an unprotect$ camp by a mobile =ce ( ,bo]s1 & heavy losses 7 suff]$4 ,! my/ic atmosph]e ( ,*ri/mas ,eve 0 insuffici5t protection aga9/ ! militancy ( ,*ri/ian ,de ,wet4 ,,battle ,,outpo/s4--,:5 a battle dies d[n at night1 or :5 ! =ces are 9 close proximity & a battle is imm95t1 ! :ole ( ! troops mu/ be kept 9 read9ess = in/ant action4 ,protection by ,outpo/s 9 ! normal =mation is g5]ally impossible & c only be provid$ by patrols1 :o keep t\* ) ! enemy )\t caus+ unnecess>y al>ms or look+ = purposeless enc\nt]s1 & by s5tries ov] ! ,=w>d ,troops1 :i* take ! place ( ! ,piquets4 ,! troops mu/ be ready at any mom5t to repel attacks ) bullets & bayonets4 ,unless o!rwise ord]$1 ! patrols %\ld refra9 altoge!r f aggressive action & %\ld conf9e _! op]ations to secret obs]vation ( ! enemy4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ess5tial t t\* ) ! enemy #aci %\ld be ma9ta9$ z advances1 )drawals1 & o!r surprise movem5ts1 are usually prep>$ & (t5 c>ri$ out "u cov] ( d>kness :5 ho/ile troops are )9 /rik+ di/ance4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 by los+ t\* ) ! ,nor!rn ,army1 ! ,s\!rn ,army p]mitt$ x to escape al?\gh x _h be5 v sev]ely maul$4 ,dur+ ! ,?ird ,battle ( ,ypres 7,july #ca-,novemb] #f1 #aiag7 ! ,allies r5ew$ ! attack on a six-mile front f ,zonnebeke to ,langem>ck 7! junction ( ! ,franco-,briti% ,armies 9 ,fl&]s74 ,?is action1 kn[n z ! ,battle ( ,bro5beck1 or ,brombeek 7,octob] #i1 #aiag71 0 m>k$ by ! successful repulse ( c\nt]-attacks by ! #a/ ,battalion ,royal ,newf\ndl& ,regim5t ?r\gh ! correct employm5t ( ,battle ,outpo/s4 ,g]mans mass+ = ! c\nt]-attack 9 ,taube ,f>m 7 p9n$ by ,lewis-gun & rifle fire1 :ile a message s5t to ! support+ artill]y caus$ ! annihilation ( ! enemy2 ano!r attack+ =ce 0 de/roy$ by ,lewis-gun & rifle fire1 be=e x 0 laun*$4 ,a def5sive flank 0 also =m$ "u heavy fire1 & f ?is flank a fur!r c\nt]-attack 0 simil>ly dealt )4 ,! casualties ( ! ,newf\ndl&]s ?r\gh\t ?is battle 7 #ej kill$1 #ad miss+1 & #acb w\nd$ out ( a total /r5g? ( #ejj all ranks1 & ! losses inflict$ by !m probably exce$$ #hjj4 ,aft] ! ,battle ( ,fr$]icksburg 7,decemb] #ac1 #ahfb7 ! ,army ( ! ,potomac "u ,g54 ,burnside elud$ ! vigilance ( ,g54 ,r4 ,e4 ,lee1 :o _h defeat$ x on ,decemb] #ac1 #ahfb4 ,burnside )drew 7,decemb] #ae1 #ahfb7 across ! ,potomac to ,/af=d ,heights ) ! :ole ( 8 army1 "u cov] ( a heavy /orm4 ,if special ord]s _h be5 giv5 by ! ,outpo/ comm&]s = con/ant & vigor\s patroll+1 & if sc\ts _h be5 in/ruct$ to p5etrate ! ,f$]al l9es f "t to "t at all risks1 ,burnside c\ld h be5 attack$ at a disadvantage :ile on ! move & %\ld h be5 driv5 into ! ,potomac4 #adj ,dur+ ! battle itself a ,conf$]ate ,brigade 0 surpris$ 9 its own front l9e ?r\gh failure to patrol a triangul> wood :i* jutt$ out 9 front ( ! position & scre5$ ! brigade on ! left ) :i* t\* 0 n ma9ta9$4 ,at all times ( action ) enemy =ces all gr\nd to ! front or flank mu/ be kept "u close obs]vation1 or surprise may lead to disa/]4 #ada ,,tactical ,,reconnaissance ,reconnaissance dur+ battle has be5 dealt ) "u ,influ5ces on ! ,battle & 9 o!r lectures1 & ow+ to ! close connection betwe5 ! two subjects a numb] ( po9ts conc]n+ reconnaissance 9 g5]al h be5 not$ 9 deal+ ) ,protection4 ,x has also be5 se5 t obs]vation by ,aircraft1 ,patrols1 & ,s5tries is ess5tial to ,protection bo? 9 ,position ,w>f>e & ! ,w> ( ,manoeuvre1 & t ,reconnaissance is ! ess5ce ( ,protection4 ,!re rema91 h[ev]1 two =ms ( ,reconnaissance t h n yet be5 consid]$1 namely3 ! ,reconnaissance ( a ,position ) a view to attack+ x1 & ! ,reconnaissance ( an unoccupi$ position ) a view to occupy+ x = def5ce4 ,,reconnaissance ,,= ,,attack4--,! fir/ ( ^! is ! con/ant duty ( all comm&]s 9 ! l9e dur+ ,position ,w>f>e1 & x is c>ri$ out by ,patrols & ,raid+ ,p>ties1 :o provide in=mation :i* supplem5ts ! photographs & reports ( ! ,air ,s]vice1 & enables a comm&] to arrive at a decision4 ,9 a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre reconnaissance by ! ,air ,s]vice is equally important1 & x is supplem5t$ by ! "w ( ! ,patrols ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 b pr9cipally by t ( specially select$ ,intellig5ce ,(fic]s1 work+ 9 conjunction )1 or indep5d5t (1 ! ,vangu>d4 ,su* (fic]s w\ld be 9 possession ( in=mation :i* x might n be possible to reveal to ! comm&] ( ! ,patrols ( ! ,vangu>d1 & _! special tra9+ w\ld give an add$ value to _! report4 ,! *ief #adb po9ts to be asc]ta9$ conc]n+ a ho/ile position are3-- ,i4 ,! ext5t ( ! position occupi$4 ,,ii4 ,weak po9ts ( ! position4 ,,iii4 ,po9ts1 ! capture ( :i* w\ld facilitate enfilade or rev]se fire1 & w\ld ?us r5d] ! re/ ( ! position unt5able4 ,,iv4 ,be/ l9e ( attack4 ,v4 ,support+ positions1 = cov]+1 conv]g+1 enfilade1 & trav]s+ fire4 ,x %\ld be possible to ga!r ?is in=mation )\t al>m+ ! enemy1 or giv+ notice ( imp5d+ attack4 ,in=mation on fur!r po9ts c be ga9$ by fight+1 & ,reconnaissance by ,raids is a common feature ( ,position ,w>f>e4 ,by su* means additional in=mation c be ga9$1 z to3-- ,,vi4 ,names ( regim5ts hold+ ! position1 judg$ f id5tity discs1 badges1 buttons1 etc4 ,,vii4 ,:e!r prep>ations are be+ made = an attack 7discov]able by e> z well z eye71 or bomb>dm5t1 etc4 7f exam9ation ( %ell dumps1 etc474 ,,viii4 ,position ( ma*9e guns 7,pill-boxes or o!r71 mort>s1 etc4 ,,ix4 ,condition ( int]v5+ gr\nd & ( ! wire entanglem5ts4 ,x4 ,effects ( rec5t bomb>dm5ts4 ,,xi4 ,moral ( ! enemy4 ,,reconnaissance ,,= ,,occupation4--,9 ! ,reconnaissance ( a ,position ) a view to occupy+ x = ! purposes ( receiv+ attack1 ! po9ts to be not$ are3-- ,i4 ,! be/ l9e = ! e/abli%m5t ( a s]ies ( mutually support+ tactical po9ts to be held by ! infantry4 #adc ,,ii4 ,! be/ means ( protect+ ! flanks4 ,,iii4 ,! be/ position = ! artill]y & ma*9e guns4 ,,iv4 ,! tactical key to ! position4 ,v4 ,! l9e f :i* attack may be expect$4 ,,vi4 ,! be/ l9e = ! c\nt]-attack4 ,,vii4 ,! positions = ! supports & res]ves4 &1 additionally1 9 ! case ( a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre3-- ,,viii4 ,! be/ position = ! cavalry4 ,,ix4 ,alt]native positions 9 re> f :i*1 aft] reorganisation1 to recapture ! front l9e1 ) ! be/ l9e ( )drawal to !m4 ,additional in=mation w\ld be requir$ 9 ,position ,w>f>e z to ! be/ l9es = av5ues communicat+ f ! old to ! new position1 & z to ! "t requir$ to consolidate ! new position aga9/ attack 7includ+ ! conv]sion ( ! p>ados into p>apet1 etc474 #add ,,night ,,op]ations ,!re are sev]al reasons :y d>kness is pref]able to daylight 9 c]ta9 milit>y op]ations4 ,secrecy is usually ! aim ( all movem5t1 & ! increas$ p[] ( obs]vation due to ! adv5t ( ! ,air ,s]vice has caus$ an increase 9 ! necessity = c]ta9 movem5ts be+ made dur+ ! h\rs ( d>kness4 ,9 all ,night ,op]ations 7except m>*es und]tak5 by night to avoid ! heat ( ! day7 surprise is ! ma9 object2 secrecy ( prep>ation is !re=e ess5tial1 & /eps mu/ be tak5 to prev5t discov]y ( ! int5d$ movem5t1 & to prev5t ! in=mation leak+ out ?r\gh ! indiscretion ( subord9ates4 ,ord]s w be communicat$ be=eh& only to ^? (fic]s f :om action is requir$1 & until ! troops rea* ! position ( assembly no m %\ld be made kn[n to !m ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,x may ev5 be advisable1 9 ord] to deceive spies1 t mislead+ ord]s %\ld orig9ally be giv5 out4 ,secrecy ( int5tion z well z ( prep>ation is ess5tial4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great is report$ to h said1 ,if ,i ?\ght my coat knew my plans ,i w\ld burn x6 ,,night ,,m>*es4--,night ,m>*es are ! movem5t ( columns 9 m>* =mation1 & _! object may be m]ely to avoid ! heat ( ! day2 b !y are also "o ( ! *ief means by :i* a comm&] c outwit1 deceive1 & surprise ! enemy--! pr9cipal aim ( ! /rategi/--by outflank+ 8 position1 by anticipat+ him 9 ! occupation ( a locality1 or by elud+ him by ! secret )drawal ( a =ce :i* appe>$ to be 9 a situation fav\rable to 8 plans4 #ade ,=ces may also be secretly conc5trat$ to decide ! issue ( a battle t is imm95t1 or ( a battle t has begun 9 daylight4 ,long m>*es ( ?is nature r>ely culm9ate 9 an attack1 & :5 %ort] movem5ts are made ) su* an object 9 view1 ! ,m>* may be said to t]m9ate :5 ! ,position ( ,assembly is rea*$1 & f t po9t to become an ,advance or an ,assault4 ,!re are c]ta9 ess5tials to success3-- ,i4 ,direction t[>ds ! objective mu/ always be ma9ta9$4 ,! r\te mu/ !re=e be reconnoitr$ be=eh&1 & m>k$ by ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d dur+ ! m>*1 & if !re are any intricacies 9 ! r\te1 su* z deviations f a well-def9$ road1 local guides %\ld be secur$4 ,across op5 c\ntry a g5]al direction c be ma9ta9$ by means ( ! />s1 & :5 ^! are n visible1 by ! compass4 7,see ,*apt] ,,viii41 ,manual ( ,map ,read+47 ,,ii4 ,protection aga9/ surprise attacks mu/ be provid$ by ,advanc$1 ,flank1 & ,re> ,gu>ds1 b 7except 9 ! obvi\s case ( columns ( m\nt$ troops only7 m\nt$ troops w n be employ$ 9 ?is s]vice4 ,! ,advanc$ ,gu>d w be small1 & w usually consi/ ( ,patrols )9 #ajj y>ds ( ! column1 foll[$ by connect+ files1 ) ! re/ ( ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d 9 collective =mation4 ,! ,re> ,gu>d w also be small] & ne>] ?an dur+ a daylight m>*4 ,flanks w usually be protect$ by small bodies hold+ tactical positions1 po/$ by ! ,advanc$ ,gu>d1 & )drawn by ! ,re> ,gu>d4 ,,iii4 ,secrecy mu/ be ma9ta9$1 & ord]s issu$ z late z possible1 & ! prep>ations c>ri$ on )\t o/5tation4 ,! m>* #adf itself mu/ be conduct$ 9 absolute sil5ce & )\t lights ( any k9d4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t or muffle s\nds1 & horses likely to neigh mu/ be left ) ! tra94 ,9 ! case ( a m>* to elude ! enemy1 ,outpo/s w rema9 9 position until daylight & w be secretly )drawn1 to rejo9 ! column at ! fir/ opportunity1 & biv\ac fires1 etc41 w be kept burn+4 ,,iv4 ,connection4--,e comm&] mu/ h & mu/ ma9ta9 a fix$ place 9 ! column1 & an ord]ly (fic] mu/ be deta*$ f ea* unit to headqu>t]s1 s t in/ructions may be convey$ to su* comm&]s at all times4 ,units mu/ be clos$ up1 & ! usual di/ances less5$ or disp5s$ )1 & connection mu/ be ma9ta9$ betwe5 units & _! sub-divisions4 ,! pace %\ld be uni=m1 b n m ?an #b miles an h\r c be expect$ on a d>k night1 includ+ halts4 ,! "t & p]iods ( halts %\ld be arrang$ be=e />t+1 & units mu/ rega9 any di/ance lo/ be=e halt+4 ,aft] cross+ or cle>+ an ob/acle ! column %\ld advance its own l5g? & !n be halt$ until report$ to be clos$ up aga91 & /aff (fic]s %\ld be detail$ to sup]9t5d ^! matt]s4 ,9 addition to ^! g5]al pr9ciples !re are c]ta9 axioms1 :i* mu/ become rules ( ?umb ) all conc]n$3-- ,an (fic] mu/ m>* 9 re> ( ea* unit4 ,all ranks mu/ be in=m$ :at to d 9 case ( al>m or attack4 ,fire w n be op5$ )\t ord]s4 ,magaz9es w be *>g$1 b no c>tridge plac$ 9 ! *amb]4 ,!re mu/ be absolute sil5ce1 no smok+1 no lights4 #adg ,:5 halt$1 m5 may lie d[n 9 _! places1 b mu/ n quit ! ranks4 ,,night ,,advances4--,night advances are ! movem5t ( deploy$ troops to ga9 gr\nd t[>ds ! ho/ile position ) a view to deliv]+ an assault at dawn4 ,!y may take place z a prelim9>y to an engagem5t1 or to cont9ue "o already begun ) increas$ prospects ( success4 ,9 ! fir/ case !y are usually ! sequel to a ,night ,m>*1 & 9 ei!r case !y are g5]ally foll[$ by an attack at dawn4 ,surprise is ! ma9 object1 ev5 :5 !y are und]tak5 = ! purpose ( ga9+ gr\nd difficult to cross 9 daylight1 f :i* to r5ew an engagem5t1 z frequ5tly happ5s dur+ a campaign 9 a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre1 :ile su* advances are common features ( ,position ,w>f>e4 ,9 any case ! gr\nd won mu/ be consolidat$ imm$iately1 z a c\nt]-attack at or be=e dawn may always be expect$1 & if ! gr\nd (f]s difficulties = entr5*+1 ! necess>y mat]ials mu/ be c>ri$ by ! troops4 ,successive advances ( ?is nature may enable ! troops to rea* a jump+-(f place = ! f9al assault1 & su* advances may be made on successive nights1 ! gr\nd won be+ def5d$ mean:ile aga9/ c\nt]-attacks4 ,unless troops are already deploy$ = ! advance1 a ,position ( ,assembly w ne$ to be select$1 ) a fur!r ,position ( ,deploym5t2 b ^! positions sometimes co9cide4 ,! deploym5t w be1 z a rule1 into %all[ columns on a n>r[ frontage at deploy+ int]vals1 9 ord] t ! f9al deploym5t ( ! lead+ columns into ! ,=w>d ,troops ( ! ,attack may take place )\t delay :5 ! mom5t = ! assault arrives4 ,on rea*+ ! objective ( ! advance ^! columns w\ld deploy into l9e1 & ea* unit w\ld entr5* itself on ! new position4 ,z x is ess5tial = success t direction %\ld be ma9ta9$ & connection pres]v$1 ! gr\nd ov] :i* ! advance is to be made mu/ be #adh exam9$ be=eh& & l&m>ks not$1 & t\* mu/ be kept by means ( ropes or any available device4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 9 consolidat+ ! position t ! entr5*m5ts h a g5]al alignm5t t[>ds ! enemy & t !y are s sit$ z to protect f enfilade fire4 ,night ,assaults4--,night ,assaults are deliv]$ by troops already deploy$ into attack =mation4 ,x is an e/abli%$ tactical pr9ciple t :5 ! conditions ( ! fire-fight are likely to be fav\rable1 x is probably bett] to accept ! inevitable casualties t mu/ result f a /ruggle = fire supremacy1 r ?an adopt ! und\bt$ haz>ds ( a night assault4 ,^! conditions are frequ5tly s unfav\rable 9 ,position ,w>f>e1 ow+ to ! /r5g? ( consolidat$ positions & to ! increas+ accuracy & d5sity ( artill]y fire1 t assaults are made ( necessity 9 ! h\rs ( d>kness1 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( daylight4 ,dur+ ! ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,july #a-ag1 #aiaf7 a night advance 0 made by sev5 divisions on a front ( ab\t #d miles4 ,! troops mov$ out 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ,july #ad1 = a di/ance ( ab\t #a1djj y>ds1 & l9$ up 9 ! d>kness bel[ a cre/ "s #cjj to #ejj y>ds f ! enemy's tr5*es4 ,_! advance 0 cov]$ by /rong patrols & _! correct deploym5t _h be5 ensur$ by :ite tapes laid out on ! gr\nd e>li] 9 ! night ( ,july #ac-ad4 ,! :ole movem5t 0 c>ri$ out unobs]v$ & )\t t\* be+ lo/ 9 any case4 ,! assault 0 deliv]$ at #c4be a4m41 :5 !re 0 j suffici5t light to be able to di/+ui% fri5d f foe at %ort range1 & along ! :ole front attack$ ! troops 7 prec$$ by an effective artill]y b>rage4 ,!y swept ov] ! enemy's fir/-l9e tr5*es & consolidat$ _! position 9 ! def5ces beyond4 ,on ! night ( ,febru>y #aj-aa1 #aiag1 ! #cbnd ,division attack$ & captur$ #a1ejj y>ds ( tr5* #adi l9e at ! foot ( ! ,s]re ,hill4 ,! division =m$ up aft] d>k & ! attack began at #h4cj p4m41 ! objective 0 captur$1 & at #e a4m4 a det]m9$ c\nt]-attack 0 repuls$4 ,! capture ( ! ,vimy ,ridge by ,canadian troops 0 due to an assault laun*$ "s "t be=e dawn on ,april #i1 #aiag3 & ! ,briti% victory ( ,mess9es 7,june #g1 #aiag7 to an assault laun*$ at #c4aj a4m4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ,wyts*aete-,mess9es position1 "o ( ! ,g]mans' mo/ important /rongholds on ! ,we/]n ,front1 consi/$ ( =w>d def5ces ) an elaborate & intricate sy/em ( well-wir$ tr5*es & /rong po9ts1 =m+ a def5sive belt ov] a mile 9 dep?1 & ! ,g]mans _h omitt$ no precautions to make ! position impregnable 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,n9ete5 deep m9es "u ?is position 7 fir$ at #c4aj a4m41 & ?is 0 ! signal = ! assault1 :i* 0 imm$iately successful & 0 c>ri$ out "u int5se artill]y protect+ fire4 ,by nightfall ( ,june #g ! :ole position _h be5 recaptur$1 heavy losses inflict$1 & ov] #g1jjj prison]s tak5 at a comp>atively slight co/1 by ! ,,ii4 ,army1 "u ,g5]al ,sir ,h4 ,c4 ,o4 ,plum]4 ,dur+ ! ,g]man (f5sive 9 #aiah a c\nt]-attack by ?ree brigades 0 laun*$ by night aga9/ ! village ( ,vill]s ,brtonneux4 ,! attack 0 laun*$ at #aj p4m4 on ! night ( ,april #bd-be4 ,by daybreak ! village 0 surr\nd$1 & by ! aft]noon x 0 entirely recaptur$ ) upw>ds ( #a1jjj prison]s4 ,among ! (f5sive op]ations :i* prec$$ ! g5]al advance ( ! ,allies 9 ,july1 #aiah1 0 a highly successful night attack by ! #bnd ,au/ralian ,division1 on a front ( ab\t #b miles1 s\? ( ,morlanc\rt 7,june #aj1 #aiah74 ,at #d4ce a4m4 on ,may #ab1 #ahfd1 "o ( ,g5]al ,ulysses ,grant's ,corps1 "u ,g5]al ,hancock1 assault$ ! ,sali5t1 "p ( ,g5]al ,rob]t ,lee's entr5*m5ts 9 ,! ,wild]ness ( ,virg9ia 7,spottsylvania74 #bj1jjj m5 7 assembl$ & a night advance 0 made1 #aej direct$ by compass1 on an unusually d>k & /ormy night1 ) "p ( ! l9e ( ! advance d5sely wood$4 ,! assault 0 ord]$ = #d a4m41 b a d5se fog delay$ ! signal until #d4ce a4m4 ,:5 ! ord] 0 giv51 "o ( ! divisions _h "s difficulty 9 mak+ its way ?r\gh a wood & m>%1 b contriv$ to keep up ) ! o!rs1 & rea*$ ! abattis at ! same "t4 ,! assault result$ 9 ! capture ( #d1jjj prison]s & inflict$ losses ) ! bayonet ( ov] #b1jjj1 ) a total loss to ! assailants ( ab\t #b1jjj4 ,?is manoeuvre consi/$ ( a night m>* by compass ( a :ole corps to a ,position ( ,assembly )9 #a1bjj y>ds ( ! ho/ile outpo/s1 ( an advance be=e dawn1 & ( a f9al assault ( #bj1jjj troops4 ,! captur$ sali5t 0 aft]w>ds retak5 by ! ,conf$]ates by a decisive c\nt]-attack1 r5d]$ possible by ! provision1 9 re> ( ! sali5t1 ( a second l9e ( entr5*m5ts 7see ,battle ( ,spottsylvania74 ,ow+ to ! risks ( confusion & ! limitations impos$ on ! attack+ movem5t1 ,night ,assaults d n n[ c>ry ! same comp>ative advantages ov] ,daylight ,attacks z 0 ! case be=e ! introduction ( ,smoke4 ,h5ce !y w be re/rict$ to attacks on a v limit$ objective1 z 9 ! case ( raids or attempts to capture special tactical localities4 ,b by employ+ ,smoke only two elem5ts ( ,surprise c be a*iev$4 ,! direction & weight ( ! bl[ are conceal$1 b ! appe>ance ( ,smoke w w>n ! enemy to expect an attack1 & ! "t ( ! bl[ is ?us reveal$4 ,smoke w probably be employ$ ext5sively 9 mod]n w>f>e &1 except aga9/ an ill-tra9$ & undiscipl9$ enemy1 assaults by night w g5]ally be und]tak5 to ga9 tactical po9ts1 to drive 9 advanc$ troops & ,outpo/s1 to capture advanc$ & deta*$ po/s1 to ru% an isolat$ =ce gu>d+ a bridge or defile1 & 9 c>ry+ out ent]prises ( a simil> nature1 9 ord] to ga9 advantages #aea = fur!r op]ations 9 daylight4 ,:5 m important assaults are made1 a l>g] =ce ?an a brigade w seldom be ?r[n aga9/ a s+le objective1 al?\gh a s]ies ( objectives may be simultane\sly attack$ ) success ov] a wide front4 ,a ,night ,assault 0 deliv]$ by two ,f$]al brigades on ! ,conf$]ate bridgehead at ,rappahannock ,/ation 7,novemb] #g1 #ahfc74 ,"o ( ! brigades 0 ultimately repuls$1 b ! o!r p5etrat$ ! ,conf$]ate position & cut (f ! retreat4 ,upw>ds ( #a1ejj ( ! def5d]s 7 captur$ or kill$1 & ! small remnant evacuat$ ! bridgehead4 ,9 ! ,second ,afghan ,w>1 ,g5]al ,sir ,f4 ,rob]ts m>*$ up to ! high passes lead+ out ( ! ,kurram into ! int]ior ( ,afghani/an1 ) a column ( #c1bjj all ranks & #ac guns4 ,he 0 oppos$ by ! ,amir's =ce ( ab\t #ah1jjj m5 ) #aa guns at ,peiw> ,kotal 7,decemb] #b1 #ahgh74 ,sir ,f4 ,rob]ts deta*$ ! great] "p ( 8 =ce to occupy ! heights on ! flank ( ! ,afghan position & attack$ at daylight4 ,! ,night ,m>* & subsequ5t attack 7 completely successful4 ,! enemy 0 defeat$ ) great loss & all 8 guns captur$1 ! ,briti% losses be+ #bj kill$ & #gh w\nd$4 ,tel-el-,kebir 0 an example ( a ,night ,m>* 9 battle =mation ( a =ce ( #aa1jjj infantry1 #b1jjj cavalry1 & #fj guns1 to attack an entr5*$ position at dawn1 ! object be+ to surprise ! enemy & to cross ! dang] zone )\t expos+ ! assault+ troops to a prolong$ fire action4 ,x result$ 9 a victory :i* decid$ ! ,egyptian campaign1 & add$ ! ,nile ,valley to ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,sir ,g>net ,wolesley's =ce advanc$ 9 f\r columns m>*+ abrea/1 ) its left re/+ on ! railway1 & 0 successfully c>ri$ out1 ! troops rea*+ a position1 v>y+ f #cjj to #ijj y>ds di/ance f ! objective1 ! assault be+ deliv]$ at ! conclusion ( ! m>*4 ,! ,egyptian ,army1 "u ,arabi ,pa%a1 f\ght /eadily1 & aga9 & aga9 r5ew$ ! fight1 aft] fall+ back #aeb )9 _! entr5*m5ts1 b _! flank 0 turn$ & ! :ole position captur$4 ,! ,briti% loss 0 only #dei all ranks1 & ! ,egyptians lo/ upw>ds ( #b1ejj kill$ & w\nd$1 ! rema9+ #bc1jjj be+ disp]s$ or captur$4 ,a daylight advance & assault ( s /rong a position c\ld n h be5 successfully c>ri$ ?r\gh at s small a co/ to ! attack+ troops4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w> !re 7 two examples ( ! unsuccessful ,night ,attack4 ,major-,g5]al ,gatacre essay$ a ,night ,m>* foll[$ by a ,night ,attack ^u ! ,bo]s' position at ,/ormb]g 7,decemb] #aj1 #ahii71 b he 0 misl$ by 8 guides 9 unkn[n gr\nd & 0 himself surpris$ by ! ,bo]s & =c$ to retire ) a loss ( ov] #gjj (fic]s & o!r ranks4 ,on ! foll[+ day ,"l ,me?u5 deliv]$ an attack ^u ,cronje's position betwe5 ! ,upp] ,modd] ,riv] & ! ,kimb]ley road4 ,9 a ,night ,attack on ,mag]sfonte9 ,hill 7,decemb] #aa1 #ahii7 ! ,highl& ,brigade came "u heavy fire :ile /ill 9 assembly =mation & lo/ its ,brigadi] 7,a4 ,g4 ,wau*ope7 & #gej (fic]s & o!r ranks4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ( ! ,s\? ,african ,w>1 h[ev]1 ,night ,m>*es foll[$ by ,raids 7 employ$ ) m>k$ success1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,ea/]n ,transvaal 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #aija4 ,except :5 ! assault+ troops are already 9 position1 x w be necess>y to *oose ,positions ( ,assembly & ( ,deploym5t1 & to prec$e ! advance 9 ! prelim9>y /ages by l9es ( sc\ts1 ahead & on ! flanks1 )9 #ajj y>ds ( ! foll[+ troops4 ,on arrival at ! jump+-(f place ^! advanc$ sc\ts w await ! arrival ( ! assault+ =ce1 & !y %\ld be direct$ to m>k ! gr\nd = ! v>i\s units4 ,a sc\t f ea* ,=w>d ,platoon c ?us m>k ! inn] flank on :i* 8 ,platoon w re/1 & ! direction ( ! :ole l9e w be assur$4 ,! troops w usually advance1 dur+ ! e>li] #aec /ages1 9 %all[ columns on n>r[ frontages1 at deploy+ int]vals1 & may ma9ta9 ?is =mation until ! halt$ l9e ( sc\ts is rea*$4 ,ow+ to ! frequ5t necessity = halts to correct int]vals1 etc41 & ! inh]5t difficulties ( movem5ts by night 9 op5 =mations1 no great] rate ?an #a mile an h\r c be c\nt$ on4 ,:5 sev]al objectives are 9 view a correspond+ s]ies ( ,positions ( ,assembly & ,deploym5t w be requir$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! v>i\s advanc+ =ces d n conv]ge4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( recognition1 a di/+ui%+ m>k w usually be worn by ! troops engag$1 a wat*word w usually be adopt$ & made kn[n to all ranks1 & ! comm&] & /aff %\ld we> easily di/+ui%able badges4 ,if ho/ile patrols are enc\nt]$ x is ess5tial t !y %\ld be sil5c$1 & any "o enc\nt]$ :o is defici5t ( ! badge & ignorant ( ! wat*word %\ld be simil>ly treat$4 ,! risk ( an assault be+ held up by un=ese5 ob/acles mu/ also be provid$ aga9/1 & ,eng9e]s or ,pione] ,infantry %\ld be pres5t = remov+ su* ob/acles4 ,if fire is op5$ by ! enemy x is cle> t all hope ( surprise has vani%$1 & ! troops mu/ !n press on at all co/s2 = if !y advance z rapidly z possible !y h a reasonable prospect ( a*iev+ _! object1 :]eas a halt w increase ! enemy's p[] ( resi/ance1 & )drawal w almo/ c]ta9ly end 9 disa/]4 ,9 ord] t secrecy may be obs]v$1 details ( ! assault w usually be )held f all except sup]ior comm&]s f :om action is requir$1 until ! ,position ( ,assembly is rea*$2 b be=e ! troops leave t position all ranks mu/ be made to und]/& ! objective 9 g5]al1 ! p>ticul> task ( ! unit1 & ! =mation to be adopt$ at ! ,position ( ,deploym5t4 ,9 addition to ?is in=mation1 & to a k ( ! g5]al tactical pr9ciples involv$1 #aed !re are c]ta9 axioms :i* mu/ become rules ( ?umb ) all ranks3-- ,fire mu/ n be op5$ )\t ord]s4 ,magaz9es mu/ be *>g$ b no c>tridge plac$ 9 ! *amb]4 ,until daylight ! bayonet only to be us$4 ,absolute sil5ce to be ma9ta9$ until ! signal = ! assault is giv54 ,no smok+2 no lights4 ,if ob/acles are enc\nt]$ ea* man w lie d[n 9 8 place until !y are remov$4 ,if ho/ile fire is op5$1 all ranks mu/ press on at once ) ! utmo/ _s & det]m9ation & ov]p[] ! enemy ) ! bayonet4 #aee ,,fight+ ,,9 ,,close ,,c\ntry ,close c\ntry has a m>k$ influ5ce on ,tactics ow+ to ! re/rictions x imposes on view & on movem5t4 ,=e/1 jungle1 & bu%1 m\nta9s & rav9es1 riv]s & /reams are natural ob/acles1 :ile cultivation adds woods & plantations1 f5ces & h$ges1 high gr[+ crops1 f>m h\ses1 villages & t[ns1 ) sunk5 roads bel[ ! surface ( ! adjo9+ l&1 & civilisation br+s 9 its tra9 a network ( railways & canals ) embankm5ts & bridges1 & ! natural difficulties ( close c\ntry are !reby increas$4 ,! ob/ruction to movem5t is m or less con/ant1 except 9 cont95tal climates1 :]e fro/ & sn[ r5d] movem5t possible 9 w9t] ov] ! deepe/ riv]s or m>%es1 & ov] roads & tracks :i* are sc>cely practicable 9 ! summ] season4 ,! ob/ruction to view is great] :5 trees & h$ges are 9 leaf ?an :5 ! leaves h fall54 ,:5 ! advantages & disadvantages ( fight+ 9 close c\ntry are weigh$ 9 ! balance !re appe>s to be a di/9ct t5d5cy 9 fav\r ( ! ,attack ov] ! ,def5ce4 ,an ,attack+ =ce c usually obta9 cov] 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! action & loss c !re=e be avoid$ 9 approa*+ ! objective1 :ile ! scre5+ ( its movem5ts & dispositions g5]ally enables ! ,attack+ =ce to surprise ! ,def5ce z to ! direction & weight ( ! bl[ to be deliv]$4 ,troops fight+ 9 close c\ntry are (t5 unable to see :at is go+ on ar\nd !m1 & ! s5se ( security is less5$ by ! k t a flank may be successfully assail$ )\t w>n+4 ,?is fav\rs ! #aef ,attack m ?an ! ,def5ce1 z ! c\nt]-attack1 :i* is ! s\l ( all def5sive op]ations1 requires previ\s organisation to be ?or\ghly effective4 ,,savage ,,w>f>e4--,9 ,savage ,w>f>e ! inh]5t difficulties ( fight+ 9 close c\ntry are (t5 increas$ by ! disp>ity ( numb]s on ! side ( ! civilis$ troops & by ! fanatical c\rage ( ! savages4 ,discipl9e1 self-reliance1 vigilance1 & judgm5t 9 ! application ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,w>1 are requir$ to ov]come ^! add$ difficulties4 ,a vigor\s (f5sive1 ,/rategical z well z ,tactical1 is always ! be/ me?od ( conduct+ op]ations 9 ,savage ,w>f>e1 & = ! purpose ( ,protection vigilance mu/ be ex]cis$ to an ev5 great] degree ?an 9 any o!r =m ( w>f>e4 ,at ,is&hlwana 7,janu>y #bb1 #ahgi7 ! ,briti% camp at ! foot ( ,is&hlwana ,hill 0 surpris$ & ov]:elm$ by a ,zulu ,army1 #aj1jjj /rong1 & almo/ ! :ole ( ! g>rison kill$2 & yet 9 ! ev5+ ( ! same day #abj all ranks 7#dj sick be+ includ$ 9 t numb]7 beat (f ! repeat$ attacks ( #d1jjj ,zulus at ,rorke's ,drift4 ,9 ! op]ations aft] ! fall ( ,kh>t\m a des]t column "u ,major-,g5]al ,sir ,j4 ,mc,neill 0 surpris$ 9 d5se bu% :ile con/ruct+ a z]iba at ,t(rik 7,m>* #bb1 #ahhe71 b aft] tw5ty m9utes' fi]ce fight+ ! ,mahdi/ ,arabs 7 driv5 (f ) m ?an #a1jjj kill$4 ,9 ! op]ations 9 ,upp] ,egypt aga9/ ! invad+ ,mahdi/s a vigor\s /rategical & tactical (f5sive l$ to ! ,battle ( ,toski 7,augu/ #c1 #ahhi7 & result$ 9 ! defeat & complete de/ruction ( ! invad]s1 ) b slight loss to ! ,anglo-,egyptian =ce "u ,g5]al ,sir ,f4 ,w4 ,gr5fell4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era ?ree well-discipl9$ ,roman legions 7 decoy$ into ! fa/nesses ( ! ,teutob]g] ,wald 7,a4,d4 #i7 & !re attack$ & annihilat$ by ! ,*]usci1 a ,saxon tribe1 "u _! k+ ,arm9ius1 & ?is defeat ( ,qu9tilius ,v>us is includ$ by ,sir ,edw>d ,creasey among ! #aeg ,fifte5 ,decisive ,battles ( ! ,_w4 ,fight+ 9 close c\ntry aga9/ m or less savage tribes is frequ5tly ! task ( ,briti% troops 9 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,africa1 :ile ! ,indian ,fronti] con/antly requires to be def5d$ by exp$itions aga9/ tribal levies 9 hilly & m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,9 ,field ,s]vice ,regulations 7,"p ,,ii471 #aiba1 ! peculi>ities ( v>i\s savage races by :om ! ,outpo/s ( ! ,briti% ,empire are liable to be assail$ are c>efully not$4 ,,9 ,,civiliz$ ,,w>f>e4--,! milit>y hi/ory ( ,europe & ,am]ica ab\nds ) acc\nts ( fi]ce fight+ 9 close c\ntry4 ,9 all ages woods & villages play an important "p 9 w>4 ,!y =m natural magnets = troops op]at+ 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,! fact ( _! be+ easily visible1 & nam$ on maps1 causes !m to be adopt$ z objectives 9 ! ,attack or z b\nd>ies 9 ! ,def5ce1 & 9 all op]ations troops are in/9ctively drawn t[>ds !m 9 se>* ( cov]1 or to obta9 wat]1 supplies1 & %elt]4 ,_! situation is also likely to make !m ( tactical importance1 z woods are frequ5tly on ! slopes ( hills & may be occupi$ 9 a def5sive s*eme to =ce an assailant to deploy be=e rea*+ ! ma9 position1 :ile villages are naturally situat$ on roads1 :i* mu/ be gu>d$ z !y are ! normal av5ues ( approa* = all troops4 ,9 ,position ,w>f>e ! wood & ! village are ( ! highe/ importance1 & :5ev] !y are situat$ along ! alignm5t1 or ne> ! front1 ( a def5sive position1 !y may always be assum$ to be occupi$ & /rongly organis$ z "p ( a s]ies ( mutually support+ tactical po9ts4 ,! names ( woods1 l>ge & small1 & ( ! mo/ insignificant villages1 7 ( ev]yday occurr5ce 9 reports on ! fight+ on ! ,we/]n ,front 9 ! ,great ,w> z ! sc5e ( furi\s enc\nt]s1 ( attacks & c\nt]-attacks1 & !re are #fg ref]5ces to copses1 woods1 & =e/s 9 ,m>%al ,haig's ,dispat*es4 ,x #aeh appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be g5]ally admitt$ t close c\ntry 9 g5]al1 & woods & villages 9 p>ticul>1 fav\r ,delay+ ,action r ?an a protract$ ,def5ce1 & 9 ,position ,w>f>e ! advantages are !re=e 9 fav\r ( ! ,attack on acc\nt ( ! facilities (f]$ = surprise ?r\gh ! concealm5t ( movem5t4 ,!re are _m in/ances ( successful ,delay+ ,action 9 woods & villages4 ,"s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( su* fight+ 7 exemplifi$ 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,gravelotte 7,augu/ #ah1 #ahgj7 ! ,bois de ,vaux1 on ! left ( ! ,fr5* position1 induc$ ,m>%al ,baza9e to mass 8 res]ves on t flank1 z x appe>$ to invite attack2 :]eas he 0 defeat$ by a turn+ movem5t on ! o!r flank4 ,dur+ an attack ?r\gh ! ,bois de ,vaux a ,prussian infantry battalion became s scatt]$ t all cohesion 0 lo/1 a common dang] 9 wood fight+4 ,at ! e>li] ,battle ( ,spi*]5 7,augu/ #f1 #ahgj71 h[ev]1 two battalions ma9ta9$ _! ord] & cohesion 9 ,pfaff5 ,wood1 & by mov+ ?r\gh x 9 n>r[ columns 7 able to deb\* 9 good ord]4 ,a t5d5cy to loss ( discipl9e ?r\gh loss ( control 0 exemplifi$ at ! same battle4 ,o!r ,prussian troops _h captur$ ,gif]t ,wood & ! (fic]s 7 unable to organise an attack on a fur!r position ?r\gh ! reluctance ( ! troops to leave ! %elt] ( ! wood4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,wor? 7,augu/ #f1 #ahgj7 two ,fr5* battalions held up ! attack ( #ah1jjj ,prussians = ov] an h\r 9 ! ,ni$]wald1 al?\gh no =tifications 7 employ$2 ! difficulty ( deb\*+ f a captur$ wood 0 !n exp]i5c$ by ! ,prussians1 z ! f>!r edge 0 kept "u heavy fire by ,fr5* troops 9 ! neighb\r+ ,elsas%aus5 ,copse4 ,a decisive c\nt]-attack _c usually be organis$ 9 su* w>f>e1 al?\gh ,lee manag$ to employ #ag1jjj troops = t purpose ) complete success at ! ,battle ( ! ,wild]ness 7,may #e-f1 #ahfd74 ,local #aei c\nt]-attacks1 h[ev]1 are ! normal incid5ts ( def5sive op]ations 9 woods1 & 9 ! ,ni$]wald1 at ! ,battle ( ,wor?1 sev]al spirit$ c\nt]-attacks 7 made by ! #if? ,fr5* ,regim5t4 ,villages are ev5 m attractive to troops ?an woods1 & !y figure 9 all battles z local c5tres ( resi/ance4 ,"o ( ! mo/ spirit$ def5ces ( a village took place at ! ,battle ( ,s$an 7,septemb] #a1 #ahgj7 :5 a h]oic /ruggle 0 ma9ta9$ by ,fr5* m>9e infantry 9 ! village ( ,bazeilles1 & aft] ! :ite flag _h be5 hoi/$ ov] ! ,=tress ( ,s$an ! fight 0 /ubbornly ma9ta9$ at ! village ( ,balan1 ! second l9e ( def5ce ( ! ,bazeilles position4 ,visitors to ! battlefield ( ,s$an are %[n a little inn ) ! title1 ,a ,la ,d]nire ,c>t\*e1 9 commemoration ( ! /ruggle4 ,a highly successful ,night ,attack 0 made by ! ,fr5* on ! village ( ,noisseville 7,augu/ #ca1 #ahgj71 ! normal difficulties ( def5d+ ! village be+ increas$ by ! surprise & ! d>kness4 ,,! ,,attack ,,on ,,woods4--,! op5+ /ages ( ! attack on a wood resemble ^? 9 ! attack on any o!r position1 b once ! out] fr+e is ga9$ ! pot5tial advantages (f]$ by ! n>r[ field ( view & fire mu/ be exploit$ to ! full & surprise at weak po9ts mu/ be a*iev$4 ,flank attacks are exceptionally deadly "u ^! circum/ances1 z !y may succe$ be=e ! o!r def5d+ troops are aw>e ( ! ?reat5$ attack1 b ! utmo/ precaution is necess>y to avoid traps1 & sc\ts mu/ prec$e all movem5t1 :ile advances mu/ be made by rapid b\nds to avoid aim$ fire at close range4 ,supports & res]ves mu/ foll[ close to ! =w>d troops 9 ord] to pres]ve cohesion & to af=d imm$iate help4 ,ma*9e guns & light mort>s are ( v great value to give close support1 ! latt] tak+ ! place ( artill]y & inflict+ losses on #afj /ockad$ def5d]s4 ,small woods %\ld usually be attack$ f ! flanks "u heavy fire f artill]y until ! attack turns inw>ds1 :ile ma*9e guns & ,lewis guns are po/$ to prev5t re9=cem5ts rea*+ ! wood & to cut (f ! retreat ( ! def5d]s4 ,dur+ ! ,g]man c\nt]-attacks at ,cambrai 7,novemb] #cj-;,decemb] #d1 #aiag7 ,tanks 7 effectively employ$ 9 wood & village fight+1 & 7 9 a great measure responsible = ! capture ( ,gau*e ,wood1 act+ 9 co-op]ation ) dism\nt$ ,indian cavalry ( ! #e? ,cavalry ,division & ) ! ,gu>ds' ,division2 b al?\gh !y rea*$ ! outskirts ( ,vill]s ,guisla9 !y 7 =c$ to )draw1 z ! support+ infantry 7 unable to co-op]ate ow+ to ! fire ( ! enemy's ma*9e guns4 ,at ! ,battle ( ,mess9es 7,june #g1 #aiag7 a tank enabl$ ! infantry to proce$ ) ! advance by ov]com+ ! ma*9e guns po/$ 9 ,fanny's ,f>m4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 tanks are unable to manoeuvre 9 woods1 ow+ to ! _m insup]able ob/ructions1 & _! sph]e ( usefulness is limit$ by ! availability ( rides or o!r cle>$ av5ues ( approa*4 ,dur+ ! fight+ = ! int]ior ( ! wood reconnaissance dur+ battle is ( ! highe/ importance1 & ! flanks ( ! attack+ =ce w ne$ to be specially gu>d$1 on acc\nt ( ! liability to c\nt]-attack4 ,t\* mu/ also be kept1 to avoid loss ( direction4 ,9 ! advance f ! captur$ position great tactical skill is requir$1 & if ! def5d]s h e/abli%$ a fire position )9 close range x may only be possible to issue f ! wood :5 co-op]at+ troops h cle>$ or neutralis$ t position4 ,x may ev5 be necess>y to hold ! re> edge aga9/ c\nt]-attack & to deb\*1 aft] reorganisation1 f bo? flanks or f ! opposite edge1 to advance 9 two bodies aga9/ ! flanks ( ! fire position "u h>ass+ fire f ! troops 9 ! fur!r edge4 ,if ! fire position is to be c>ri$ by direct assault1 or if #afa x c be got "u control & ! advance is to be cont9u$1 ! successful troops mu/ be reorganis$ )9 ! wood 7c>e be+ tak5 to avoid conc5tration 9 sali5ts7 & mu/ deploy be=e advanc+1 to b\nd =w>d 9 "o ru% until cle> ( ! wood4 ,,def5ce ,,( ,a ,,wood4--,! out] edge ( a wood is p>ticul>ly vuln]able1 b "s portions ( x mu/ ( necessity be occupi$ = purposes ( obs]vation & resi/ance 7p>ticul>ly at night71 :ile ! unoccupi$ portions are heavily entangl$ & made subject to enfilade fire f ! occupi$ positions1 ma*9e & ,lewis guns be+ p>ticul>ly suitable = ! def5sive positions1 9 conceal$ & /r5g!n$ emplacem5ts4 ,! p]imet] %\ld be divid$ into sections g>rison$ by complete units "u def9ite comm&]s4 ,l9es ( def5ce mu/ also be e/abli%$ 9 ! int]ior1 & lat]al communications op5$ up ?r\gh ! trees1 ) easily di/+ui%$ m>ks to direct troops issu+ to c\nt]-attacks1 & "t w be sav$ by mak+ sev]al tracks r ?an "o wide road4 ,! second l9e ( def5ce %\ld conta9 an all-r\nd def5sive position f :i* all av5ues ( approa* c be swept by ma*9e & ,lewis guns1 & ?is position %\ld also provide facilities = sorties to c\nt]-attack4 ,if ! wood is too f> f ! ,outpo/ ,zone ( ! def5ce to s]ve z a factor 9 ! s*eme /eps mu/ be tak5 to neutralise ! advantages (f]$ to an attack+ =ce 9 a conceal$ av5ue ( approa*1 ei!r by ! use ( gas1 or by br++ su* a fire on ! exits f ! wood t a deb\*+ enemy may suff] heavy loss or annihilation4 ,9 mo/ cases1 an attack+ =ce w be h>ass$1 & a %[ ( opposition w be made1 9 su* a wood by fight+ patrols1 & ob/acles c be plac$ 9 ! ne> edge1 ) entanglem5ts outside1 s plann$ z to induce ! attack+ =ce to collect 9 lanes enfilad$ by ma*9e guns4 #afb ,,! ,,attack ,,on ,,villages4--,!re are ?ree phases 9 ! attack on a village z 9 ! attack on a wood4 ,9 ! fight = ! out] edge1 ! front w probably be h>ass$ by a fire attack1 :ile "o or bo? flanks are assault$ by all f\r sections ( ! platoon1 "u cov] ( fire f ma*9e guns & ,lewis guns4 ,! second phase may require reorganisation be=e ! attack on ! village itself1 dur+ :i*1 reconnaissance1 co-op]ation1 & dispat* ( in=mation1 are ( ! highe/ importance4 ,all captur$ po9ts mu/ be imm$iately consolidat$ & ! attack mu/ be prosecut$ ) ! utmo/ vig\r4 ,troops mu/ be tra9$ to ent] build+s f ! re>1 & to advance along ! "r edge ( roads1 close to ! walls & build+s !re1 to make ho/ile fire difficult )\t undue exposure4 ,light mort>s & rifle bombs1 :i* c be fir$ into w9d[s p>tially b>ricad$1 or to fall beh9d /reet b>ricades1 are an important adjunct to ! rifle & bayonet1 & ma*9e guns & ,lewis guns w h _m opportunities 9 assi/+ or repell+ a c\nt]-attack & ( keep+ d[n ! enemy's fire f a comm&+ position at ! end ( a /reet4 ,! ,tank is at its be/ 9 ?is =m ( w>f>e1 z x c surm\nt or demoli% almo/ any /reet b>ricade1 & c be foll[$ up at once by ! infantry1 b x mu/ always be reg>d$ z an auxili>y to ! infantry1 & n z a pr9cipal4 ,9 ! ?ird phase1 ! advance f ! captur$ village1 :ile ! supports are mopp+ up su* ( ! g>rison z h surviv$ ! capture1 previ\s reorganisation & deploym5t w probably be z ess5tial z 9 wood fight+1 & dur+ all ! phases ( ! /ruggle 9 woods & villages sudd5 c\nt]-attacks mu/ always be expect$ & local res]ves to repel !m mu/ be provid$4 ,9 issu+ f ! village1 rapid b\nds to po9ts f :i* ! fire positions 9 re> c be br\ght "u control w also be requir$4 #afc ,,def5ce ,,( ,a ,,village4--,x is difficult to avoid ! inclusion ( villages 9 a s*eme ( def5ce on acc\nt ( ! facilities af=d$ = wat]1 cov]1 & %elt]1 b :ile villages assi/ 9 ! ,delay+ ,action !y are liable to become %ell traps 9 a prolong$ def5ce1 unless !re is good cell>age accommodation1 :ile ! local effect ( a bur/+ %ell is also increas$4 ,!re are c]ta9 pr9ciples common to all def5sive action 9 village fight+3-- 7#a7 ,! g>rison %\ld consi/ ( a def9ite unit or =mation "u a def9ite comm&]4 7#b7 ,! =w>d troops %\ld be po/$ 9 front ( ! edge ( ! village1 p>tly because ( ! vuln]ability ( ! actual edge to artill]y fire b ma9ly to prev5t ! attack f e/abli%+ itself 9 ! =w>d build+s4 ,9 ! case ( a small village x w (t5 be advantage\s to occupy positions on ! flanks comm&+ ! edge by fire1 ) a view to entic+ ! attack into ! funnel ?us provid$4 7#c7 ,supports & ,res]ves mu/ be c5tralis$ 9 ord] t !y may be readily available = in/antane\s local c\nt]-attacks1 by :i* means alone a village c be def5d$ aga9/ a det]m9$ enemy4 7#d7 ,h\ses %\ld be loophol$ & w9d[s s&-bagg$1 :ile h\se-to-h\se communication mu/ be improvis$ to increase ! def5d]s' p[] ( manoeuvre4 7#e7 ,! int]ior ( ! village %\ld be def5d$ by ! cross fire ( ma*9e guns & ,lewis guns1 b :ile *ur*es & halls1 & ! inn] edge ( village gre5s & ( squ>es1 %\ld be prep>$ = det]m9$ resi/ance1 su* places %\ld n be occupi$ z billets1 ow+ to ! risk ( loss f artill]y bomb>dm5t4 7#f7 ,! natural difficulties ( ma9ta9+ control 9 village fight+ require to be c\nt]act$ by increas$ ef=t & vigilance on ! "p ( all lead]s1 & special arrangem5ts mu/ be made = collect+ in=mation 9 report c5tres1 ! position ( :i* mu/ be made kn[n to all ranks 9 ! def5d+ =ce4 #afd ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,arms ,! full p[] ( an army c be ex]t$ only :5 all its p>ts act 9 close comb9ation1 & ?is is n possible unless ! memb]s ( ea* arm und]/& ! *>act]i/ics ( ! o!r arms4 ,ea* has its special *>act]i/ics & functions1 & is dep5d5t on ! co-op]ation ( ! o!rs 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 ,an intellig5t und]/&+ ( '! o!r man's job' is ! fir/ ess5tial ( successful co-op]ation4--,,m>%al ,,haig4 ,,infantry ,infantry is ! arm :i* 9 ! end w9s battles 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 ,! spe$ ) :i* infantry c advance1 & ! di/ance :i* c be cov]$ 9 "o day1 are ! only limits to ! /rik+ p[] ( well-tra9$ infantry4 ,9 ! ,great ,w> ^! limits 7 l>gely remov$ by ! use ( ,me*anical ,transport1 & ?is means ( transportation w be us$ increas+ly 9 ,mod]n ,w>f>e1 9 ord] to br+ fre% troops into or ne> ! sc5e ( action1 or to exp$ite ! removal ( exhau/$ troops f ! battlefield4 ,aga9/ ^! natural limits to mobility are ! comp5sat+ advantages ( ! p[] ( infantry to move into & ov] almo/ any gr\nd by day or by night1 & ! rapidity ) :i* tra9$ infantrym5 c f9d or improvise cov]4 ,! ma9 object ( battle is to close ) ! enemy & to de/roy him by kill+ or capture1 & x is ?is p[] to close ) ! enemy :i* makes infantry ! decisive arm 9 battle4 ,,! ,,rifle ,,& ,,bayonet4--,! rifle is ! pr9cipal infantry weapon1 & ! ,briti% ,%ort-magaz9e #afe ,lee-,enfield rifle is ! be/ rifle 9 action4 ,a tra9$ rifleman c fire #ae aim$ %ots 9 a m9ute1 reload+ ) ! butt 9 ! %\ld] & eyes on ! m>k4 ,) ! bayonet affix$ ! rifle is ! pr9cipal weapon ( close combat = deliv]+ or repell+ an assault1 & 9 ,night ,assaults infantry dep5d entirely ^u ! bayonet4 ,,! ,,entr5*+ ,,tool1 c>ri$ by all o!r ranks1 is an invaluable adjunct to ! rifle bullet & to ! bayonet4 ,9 a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre1 :5 infantry are frequ5tly compell$ to improvise def5ces on ! field ( battle1 by night z well z by day1 ! value ( ! ,entr5*+ ,tool c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 ,9 ,position ,w>f>e1 & 9 ! organisation ( an area = prolong$ def5ce 9 a ,w> ( ,manoeuvre1 heavi] tools & mat]ials ( all k9ds are available = ! consolidation ( ! def5ces1 b = ! rapid con/ruction ( tempor>y def5ces by day or by night ! ,entr5*+ ,tool alone has be5 prov$ to be highly effective4 ,:5 troops are digg+ !mselves 9 at night ) ?is weapon c>e mu/ be tak5 t "s sy/em is adopt$ to obta9 a m or less regul> l9e fac+ 9 ! "r direction4 ,by ! ext5sion ( ! m5 ( an infantry section at arm's l5g? fac+ ! enemy1 & by mov+ ! two m5 on ea* flank two paces outw>ds1 & ! two c5tre m5 two paces backw>ds1 & !n caus+ ! section to dig on ! l9e ( _! toes1 !re w result 7ev5 on ! d>ke/ night7 a %ort fire tr5* ) a c5tral trav]se4 ,?is sectional tr5* c be connect$ at ! fir/ opportunity ) tr5*es dug by o!r sections simil>ly ext5d$4 ,dur+ ! ,retreat f ,mons 7,augu/-,septemb]1 #aiad7 ! ,contemptible ,little ,army1 "u ,m>%al ,fr5*1 frequ5tly obta9$1 by means ( ! ,entr5*+ ,tool alone1 %elt] f bullets1 & a sy/em ( fire tr5*es :i* co/ ! pursu+ ,g]mans hundr$s ( lives & mat]ially delay$ _! movem5ts4 #aff ,,! ,,lewis ,,gun4--,! ,lewis gun is an automatic rifle1 fir+ ! same ammunition z ! ,s4-,m4-,l4-,e4 rifle1 & two ,lewis-gun sections are includ$ 9 ea* infantry platoon4 ,! rate ( fire is increas$ by ! automatic action ( ! gun1 ! maximum rate p]mitt+ a drum ( #dg r\nds to be fir$ 9 less ?an t5 seconds1 :ile "o or two r\nds only may be fir$ if s requir$4 ,! mobility ( ! ,lewis-gun sections is ! same z t ( o!r sections ( ! infantry platoon4 ,,ranges ,,( ,,rifles ,,& ,,ma*9e ,,guns ,close range4 ,up to #hjj y>ds4 ,effective range4 ,ov] #hjj y>ds up to #b1jjj y>ds4 ,long range4 ,ov] #b1jjj y>ds up to #b1ijj y>ds4 ,,gr5ades4--,h& gr5ades & rifle gr5ades are adjuncts to ! rifle & bayonet & ! ,lewis gun4 ,_! pr9cipal use is 9 cle>+ =tifi$ po/s1 especially 9 ,position ,w>f>e4 ,! h& gr5ade1 or bomb ?r[n by h&1 is limit$ 9 range by ! skill & /r5g? ( ! ?r[]1 & #cj to #dj y>ds may be reg>d$ z ! maximum di/ance4 ,! rifle gr5ade is effective up to ab\t #djj y>ds1 & is g5]ally employ$ to provide a local b>rage or to se>* cov]4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a high angle ( desc5t is us$ z ) mort>s or h[itz]s4 ,,light ,,mort>s4--,! ,light ,mort> ,section is an integral "p ( e infantry battalion1 & al?\gh sometimes brigad$ = special purposes ! sections normally "w ) _! own battalions4 ,a section ( #b light mort>s1 fir+ #aa-lb4 bombs1 consi/s ( #a (fic] & #bj o!r ranks1 & requires #b horses & #a ,g4,s4 limb]$ wagon4 ,ow+ to ! high angle ( desc5t ! bombs c be fir$ beh9d1 & c se>*1 high cov]1 :ile ! mort>s !mselves are n v conspicu\s objects & c be #afg readily mov$ = %ort di/ances1 :ile !y come into action 9 #cj seconds4 ,! comp>atively sl[ flight ( ! bombs1 h[ev]1 enables ! enemy to discov] ! location ( ! mort>s1 & necessitates ! use ( exp$i5ts to avoid c\nt]-artill]y fire4 ,a maximum rate ( #cj to #dj r\nds a m9ute c be ma9ta9$ = two or ?ree m9utes1 if ammunition is available1 & at an angle ( #de degrees a range ( #gjj y>ds c be obta9$4 ,,ma*9e ,,guns4--,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( ! ma*9e gun is its p[] ( deliv]+ a conc5trat$ volume ( fire :i* c be su/a9$ almo/ indef9itely1 subject to limitations ( ammunition supply4 ,! ease ) :i* ! gun c be conceal$ 9 action & its fire controll$ enable advantage to be tak5 ( surprise effect 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 ,! ,ma*9e-gun ,platoon is an integral "p ( e infantry battalion1 b 9 ,attack ma*9e guns are frequ5tly gr\p$ = ! purpose ( provid+ ov]head or o!r cov]+ fire1 :ile 9 ,def5ce !y =m1 ) ! artill]y1 ! framework into :i* ! def5sive dispositions are fitt$1 & by reason ( _! fire-p[] ma*9e guns enable a comm&] to economise 9 ! numb] ( infantry allott$ to a purely def5sive rle4 ,! ranges are ^? giv5 above = rifles & ,lewis guns1 & ! rate ( fire is ab\t #bj times t ( a rifle1 :ile #a1ejj to #b1jjj r\nds may be fir$ cont9u\sly at a mom5t ( ne$4 ,,m\nt$ ,,troops ,,cavalry4--,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( cavalry is its mobility4 ,?is enables x to attack unexpect$ly2 to def5d ) det]m9ation :ile reta9+ ! p[] to break (f an action m easily ?an infantry2 to ga9 in=mation & to af=d protection at a consid]able di/ance f ! =ce protect$2 & to confirm #afh & exploit ! success obta9$ 9 battle4 ,cavalry is capable1 if requir$1 ( und]tak+ mo/ op]ations = :i* infantry w\ld usually be employ$1 b ! dem&s made by ! c>e ( horses r$uce ! numb] ( rifles :i* c actually be plac$ 9 action2 & x !re=e lacks dep? 9 comp>ison ) simil> infantry =mations 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 ,! cavalry arms are ! lance & sword = m\nt$ action2 horse artill]y usually "w ) cavalry1 & ! arms employ$ by cavalry = dism\nt$ action are ! rifle1 ! ma*9e gun1 & ! ,hot*kiss rifle4 ,examples ( ! employm5t ( cavalry 9 mod]n w>f>e are giv5 ?r\gh\t ! ,lectures4 ,,m\nt$ ,,rifles4--,! *>act]i/ics & me?ods ( employm5t ( m\nt$ rifles are simil> to ^? ( cavalry1 ) ! exception t !y are n equipp$ = m\nt$ action4 ,m\nt$ rifles1 l cavalry1 enable a comm&] to ext5d 8 attack or def5ce 9 a mann] t is mo/ bewild]+ to infantry1 & attempts by infantry to outflank a def5d+ =ce ( m\nt$ rifles are g5]ally fru/rat$ by ! mobility ( ! def5d+ =ce1 z 0 exemplifi$ 9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w> ( #ahii-aijb4 ,,cycli/s4--,"u fav\rable conditions cycli/s possess great] mobility ?an cavalry1 & !y c develop great] fire-p[]1 z no horse-hold]s are requir$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 dep5d5t ^u roads1 !y are vuln]able on ! move1 !y _c fight )\t dism\nt+1 & !y mu/ return to _! bicycles aft] action2 :]eas cavalry horse-hold]s c meet dism\nt$ troop]s at a pre>rang$ spot4 ,,artill]y ,! rle ( artill]y is to assi/ ! o!r arms 9 break+ d[n opposition1 & to af=d all possible #afi support to ! infantry1 ) :om ! ev5tual decision re/s 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 ,all classes ( artill]y are includ$ 9 mod]n milit>y op]ations4 ,motor traction enables ! heavie/ guns to be br\ght to ! battlefield & to be remov$ :5 a comm&] decides to )draw f battle1 :ile ! increase 9 ! def5sive p[] ( ob/acles & small arms fire1 comb9$ ) ! increase 9 mobility af=d$ by motor traction1 enables all b sup]-heavy artill]y 7:i* require a railway m\nt+7 to be plac$ close beh9d ! infantry 9 ,attack & ,def5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t ! close/ support c be giv5 by ! guns t are weake/ 9 %ell-p[]1 on acc\nt ( ! sup]iority 9 mobility possess$ by ! light] guns4 ,9 ,mod]n ,w>f>e a great proportion ( ! "w ( artill]y is c>ri$ out1 ( necessity1 9 ! h\rs ( d>kness1 ow+ to ! frequ5cy ( movem5t by night to avoid arial obs]vation1 & to ! consequ5t use ( indirect artill]y fire to inflict losses dur+ su* movem5ts4 ,! artill]y p]sonnel !re=e requires to be reliev$ ) great] frequ5cy ?an 9 ! days be=e ! use ( aircraft4 ,! gr[? ( artill]y dur+ ! w> 0 symbolical ( ! cont9ual *anges 9 ! me?ods ( w>f>e1 its numb]s & p[] increas+ out ( all proportion to ! exp]i5ce ( previ\s w>s4 ,! #dhf pieces ( light & m$ium artill]y ) :i* we took ! field 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 7 repres5t$ at ! date ( ! ,armi/ice by #f1dcg guns & h[itz]s ( all natures1 includ+ pieces ( ! heavie/ calibre 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,f ! comm5cem5t ( our (f5sive 9 ,augu/1 #aiah1 to ! conclusion ( ! ,armi/ice "s #gjj1jjj tons ( artill]y ammunition 7 exp5d$ by ! ,briti% ,armies on ! ,we/]n ,front4 ,= ! =tnight f ,augu/ #ba to ,septemb] #c1 our daily av]age exp5diture exce$$ #agj #aa1jjj tons1 :ile = ! ?ree days ( ! crucial battle on ,septemb] #bg1 #bh1 & #bi 7,second ,battle ( ,cambrai7 ne>ly #fe1jjj tons ( ammunition 7 fir$ by our artill]y 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,9 ! ,table ( ,artill]y ,ranges on p4 #agc1 ! effective ranges ( light artill]y fir+ ,h4,e4 %ell are bas$ on ! use ( ,no4 #ajf fuse4 ,! inv5tion ( a new fuse kn[n z '#ajf1' :i* 0 fir/ us$ at ! ,battle ( ,arras 7,april #i-;,june #g1 #aiag71 enabl$ wire entanglem5ts to be easily & quickly de/roy$1 & s modifi$ our me?ods ( attack+ organis$ positions4 ,by bur/+ ! %ell ! in/ant x t\*$ ! gr\nd1 & be=e x _h become buri$1 ! de/ructive effect ( ! explosion 0 greatly increas$4 ,x became possible to cut wire ) a f> less exp5diture ( "t & ammunition1 & ! factor ( surprise 0 giv5 a l>g] "p 9 op]ations 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,artill]y is class$ "u ! designations ,light1 ,m$ium1 ,heavy1 & ,sup]-,heavy4 ,,light ,,guns4--,pack ,guns1 ) a calibre ( #b4ge in*es1 are weake/ 9 %ell-p[]1 b !y possess a mobility great] ?an any o!r artill]y & c be mov$ 9 c\ntry :i* w\ld pres5t insup]able ob/acles to :eel$ traffic4 ,pack ,h[itz]s1 ) a calibre ( #c4g in*es1 are p>ticul>ly valuable 9 close c\ntry1 ! high angle ( desc5t enabl+ ! attack or def5ce to se>* ! /eepe/ cov]4 ,horse ,artill]y ,guns1 fir+ a #ac-p\nd %ell1 are ! mo/ mobile ( all :eel$ artill]y & are normally employ$ ) m\nt$ troops4 ,all ranks ( ! ,royal ,horse ,artill]y are m\nt$1 & its mobility is sc>cely less ?an t ( cavalry4 ,field ,guns1 ) a calibre ( #c in*es1 fir+ an #ah-p\nd %ell1 are ! pr9cipal artill]y weapon ( a field army4 ,al?\gh inf]ior 9 mobility to ,pack or ,horse ,artill]y1 !y h great] %ell-p[] & af=d ! pr9cipal support to infantry 9 clos+ ) or repell+ ! enemy4 ,_! p[] to inflict casualties #aga by enfilade fire ) %rapnel makes !m specially suitable 9 ! def5ce1 & ! accuracy ( mod]n weapons enables !m to co-op]ate 9 ! ,attack ) cov]+ fire1 "u ! protection ( :i* infantry may advance unimp$$ to ! assault4 ,9 addition to _! normal functions1 & to _! employm5t 9 c\nt]-batt]y "w1 !y c be employ$ 9 ! r$uction ( def5ces by bomb>dm5t ) ,high ,explosive %ells1 9 neutralis+ an area by ! use ( gas %ells1 or 9 provid+ artificial cov] by ! production ( ,smoke4 ,field ,h[itz]s1 ) a calibre ( #d4e in*es1 h increas$ (f5sive p[] & practically ! same mobility z field guns4 ,light guns are ! pr9cipal weapons = protection aga9/ ,aircraft & = def5ce aga9/ ,tanks4 ,! ,tank is p[]less aga9/ artill]y1 & its mo/ effective enemy is light artill]y4 ,dur+ ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme a new t]ror 0 add$ to ! ,briti% attack by ! introduction ( ! ,tank1 :i* surm\nt$ inequalities 9 ! gr\nd1 cru%$ ! wire def5ces1 & cross$ ! tr5*es4 ,al?\gh accompani$ by infantry1 x 0 reg>d$ z an all-conqu]+ & decisive factor4 ,at "o p]iod ( ! battle1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( ,tanks 7 plac$ out ( action by a s+le field gun1 mann$ & fir$ ) ! greate/ gallantry by a s+le ,g]man artill]y (fic]1 :o fir$ po9t-blank at ea* ,tank z x surm\nt$ ! cre/ ( a rise4 ,infantry 7 9 close support1 & a s+le ,lewis-gun section c\ld h prev5t$ ! use ( ! field gun4 ,,m$ium ,,guns4--,m$ium guns1 fir+ a #fj-p\nd %ell1 are pr9cipally employ$ 9 c\nt]-batt]y "w & 9 fulfill+ ! functions ( #ah-p\nd field guns at a great] range & ) great] =ce4 ,m$ium ,h[itz]s occupy ! same relative position1 _! (f5sive p[] be+ great] ?an t ( ! ,field ,h[itz]4 #agb ,,heavy ,,guns4--,heavy guns ( #f-;in* calibre1 fir+ a %ell ( #ajj p\nds1 are us$ aga9/ t>gets beyond ! range ( light & m$ium guns1 & ) great] effect4 ,heavy ,h[itz]s1 ( #h-;in* or #i4b-;in* calibre1 are pr9cipally employ$ aga9/ cov]$ batt]ies & /rong def5ces1 or = de/roy+ wire entanglem5ts ) in/antane\s fuses4 ,,sup]-,,heavy ,,guns4--,sup]-heavy guns ( a calibre ( #i4b in*es & upw>ds are usually c>ri$ on railway m\nt+s1 & :ile !y possess a high muzzle velocity1 consid]able %ell-p[]1 & a high degree ( mobility 7:i* enables !m to come into action 9 any "p ( ! battlefield :]e suitable rails h be5 laid71 _! arc ( fire is v re/rict$ & _! life is %ort4 ,sup]-,heavy ,h[itz]s1 ( #ab-;in* or #ah-;in* calibre1 possess simil> advantages & disadvantages to sup]-heavy guns4 ,_! normal use is ! de/ruction ( p]man5t def5ces1 ! break+ d[n ( bridges1 etc4 ,! #ab-;in* weapon is also us$ on tractor-drawn m\nt+s & is highly effective 9 c\nt]-batt]y "w4 ,! table on p4 #agc is bas$ ^u p>ticul>s giv5 on p4 #bf ( ,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba74 ,,royal ,,eng9e]s ,all arms are responsible = ! con/ruction ( _! own works ( def5ce4 ,x is ! duty ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s to assi/ !m by eng9e] reconnaissances1 plans1 advice1 te*nical sup]vision1 provision ( mat]ials & ! con/ruction ( works requir+ special te*nical skill4 4 4 4 ,al?\gh tra9$ z fight+ troops1 eng9e]s %\ld be reg>d$ z res]ves to be us$ only z a la/ res\rce2 casualties 9 _! ranks are n easy to replace1 & !y may become ne$lessly involv$ 9 ! fight+ & lo/ = "w :i* may h an important be>+ on ! op]ations 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 #agc ,,table ,,( ,,artill]y ,,ranges ,weapon ,effective ,range 7,yds47 ,light ,artill]y ,h4,e4 ,%ell ,%rapnel ,pack ,guns 7#b4ge 947 #e1hjj #d1jjj ,pack ,h[itz]s 7#c4g 947 #e1ijj ,horse ,artill]y ,guns 7#ac pr47 #h1ejj #e1jjj ,field ,guns 7#ah pr47 #i1ejj #e1ejj ,field ,h[itz]s 7#d4e 947 #g1jjj ,m$ium ,artill]y ,m$ium ,guns 7#fj pr47 #ae1ejj -- ,m$ium ,h[itz]s 7#f 947 #aj1jjj ,heavy ,artill]y ,heavy ,guns 7#f 947 #ai_/bj1jjj ,heavy ,h[itz]s 7#h 947 #ab1cjj -- 7#i4b 97 #ac1jjj ,sup]-,heavy ,artill]y ,sup]-,heavy ,guns 7#i4b 947 #bd1ejj -- 7#ab 947 #bh1bjj -- 7#ad 947 #ce1fjj -- ,sup]-,heavy ,h[itz]s 7#ab 947 #ad1cjj 7#ah 97 #bc1jjj ,weapon ,maximum ,range 7,yds47 ,light ,artill]y ,h4,e4 ,%ell ,%rapnel ,pack ,guns 7#b4ge 947 #e1hjj #e1ejj ,pack ,h[itz]s 7#c4g 947 #e1ijj ,horse ,artill]y ,guns 7#ac pr47 #h1ejj #f1djj ,field ,guns 7#ah pr47 #i1ejj #f1ejj ,field ,h[itz]s 7#d4e 947 #g1jjj ,m$ium ,artill]y ,m$ium ,guns 7#fj pr47 #ae1ejj #ae1cjj ,m$ium ,h[itz]s 7#f 947 #aj1jjj ,heavy ,artill]y ,heavy ,guns 7#f 947 #ai_/bj1jjj #ai_/bj1jjj ,heavy ,h[itz]s 7#h 947 #ab1cjj 7#i4b 97 #ac1jjj ,sup]-,heavy ,artill]y ,sup]-,heavy ,guns 7#i4b 947 #bd1ejj #bd1ejj 7#ab 947 #bh1bjj #bf1ajj 7#ad 947 #ce1fjj -- ,sup]-,heavy ,h[itz]s 7#ab 947 #ad1cjj 7#ah 97 #bc1jjj ,! maximum range ( ,m$ium ,mort>s is #a1ejj y>ds2 ( ,light ,mort>s #gjj y>ds4 #agd ,,c>ey',s ,,=ce4--,dur+ ! ,second ,battle ( ! ,somme a mix$ =ce1 includ+ details1 /raggl]s1 s*ools p]sonnel1 tunnell+ companies1 army troops companies1 field survey companies1 & ,canadian & ,am]ican ,eng9e]s1 _h be5 got toge!r & organis$ by ,major-,g54 ,p4 ,g4 ,grant1 ! ,*ief ,eng9e] to ! ,v4 ,army4 ,on ,m>* #bf ^! 7 po/$ by ,g5]al ,grant1 9 accordance ) ord]s giv5 by ! ,v4 ,army comm&]1 on ! l9e ( ! old ,ami5s def5ces betwe5 ,mezires1 ,m>celcave1 & ,hamel4 ,subsequ5tly1 z ,g5]al ,grant c\ld ill be sp>$ f 8 prop] duties1 he 0 direct$ to h& ov] comm& ( 8 =ce to ,major-,g54 ,g4 ,g4 ,s4 ,c>ey4 ,except = ,g5]al ,c>ey's =ce !re 7 no re9=cem5ts ( any k9d beh9d ! divisions1 :i* _h be5 fight+ = ! mo/ "p s9ce ! op5+ ( ! battle4 4 4 4 ,on ,m>* #bh our l9e f ,m>celcave to ! ,somme 0 mann$ by ,c>ey's ,=ce1 ) ! #a/ ,cavalry ,division 9 close support4 4 4 4 ,on ,m>* #bi ! great] "p ( ! ,briti% front s\? ( ! ,somme 0 held by ,c>ey's ,=ce1 assi/$ by ! #a/ ,cavalry ,division & su* troops ( ! divisions orig9ally engag$ z x _h n yet be5 f\nd possible to )draw4 ,9 re> ( ^! troops1 a few ( ! divisions ( ! ,v4 ,army 7 giv5 a brief opportunity to reassemble 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,,tanks ,tanks are mov+ =tresses conta9+ light artill]y1 ma*9e guns1 & rifles1 & :ile capable ( inflict+ heavy losses by fire !y c also de/roy ob/acles1 weapons1 & p]sonnel4 ,_! g>risons are protect$ aga9/ ! fire ( small arms & f %rapnel bullets1 b !y are v vuln]able to o!r =ms ( artill]y fire4 ,_! mobility & radius ( action are gov]n$ by ! am\nt ( petrol c>ri$ & by ! physical endurance ( ! crew1 b except ov] deep cutt+s1 #age broad /reams1 swamps1 v heavily %ell$ gr\nd1 rocky & m\nta9\s c\ntry1 or 9 ?ick woods !y c move )\t difficulty4 ,! p[] ( deliv]+ successful surprise attacks aga9/ almo/ any type ( def5ces is "o ( ! mo/ important advantages ( ! use ( ,tanks 9 l>ge numb]s 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 ,dur+ ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,septemb] #a-,novemb] #ah1 #aiaf7 ,our new heavily arm\r$ c>s1 kn[n z ',tanks1' n[ br\ght into action = ! fir/ "t1 successfully co-op]at$ ) ! infantry1 & com+ z a surprise to ! enemy rank & file1 gave valuable help 9 break+ d[n _! resi/ance4 4 4 4 ,^! c>s prov$ ( great value on v>i\s occasions1 & ! p]sonnel 9 *>ge ( !m p]=m$ _m de$s ( rem>kable val\r 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,,aircraft ,two classes ( ,aircraft are us$ 9 ! field4 ,a]oplanes1 :i* are self-propell$ & h an almo/ unlimit$ radius ( action2 & ,kite ,balloons1 :i*1 9 fav\rable wea!r1 c be t[$ by a lorry & c be mov$ frequ5tly )\t loss ( effici5cy4 ,,a]oplanes are ( ! greate/ value = reconnaissance & int]-communication1 & n only obta91 & return to _! base )1 in=mation ( ! highe/ value1 b facilitate p]sonal reconnaissance ( ! battlefield by comm&]s & /aff (fic]s4 ,_! (f5sive & def5sive action is also v great & ! moral effect ( _! (f5sive action is ( ! highe/ value4 ,al?\gh a]oplane squadrons are mobile units !y lose effici5cy if ! units are mov$ too frequ5tly4 ,! action ( aircraft 9 v>i\s phases ( fight+ is dealt ) ?r\gh\t ! ,lectures4 ,,kite ,,balloons c>ry two obs]v]s1 :o c rema9 9 telephonic communication ) ! gr\nd up to a #agf height ( #e1jjj feet4 ,inflat$ balloons c be mov$ 9 fav\rable wea!r at a maximum spe$ ( #h miles an h\r :ile at a height ( ab\t #ejj feet4 ,_! extreme vuln]ability to artill]y fire prev5ts _! use close to ! battle front4 ,,gas ,! advisability ( employ+ gas z a milit>y weapon is a matt] = consid]ation by ! au?orities conc]n$ be=e a campaign beg9s4 ,once au?oris$1 h[ev]1 & assum+ t wea!r conditions are fav\rable1 gas may be expect$ to play a "p 9 e action4 4 4 4 ,! diff]5t me?ods 9 :i* gas c be employ$ make x a weapon :i* c be us$ by all arms1 ?us ,artill]y deal ) gas %ells1 ,infantry ) light mort> gas bombs1 ,aircraft ) arial gas bombs1 & ,eng9e]s ) all me?ods ( use t call = special manipulation 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 ,gas 0 introduc$ by ! ,g]mans dur+ ! ,second ,battle ( ,ypres 7,april #bb-,may #ah1 #aiae71 & ! num]\s exp]im5ts & trials necess>y be=e gas c be us$1 & ! great prep>ations :i* h to be made = its manufacture1 %[ t its employm5t 0 n ! result ( a desp]ate decision1 b _h be5 prep>$ = delib]ately4 ,dur+ ! ,fir/ ,battle ( ! ,somme 7,septemb] #a-,novemb] #ah1 #aiaf7 ! employm5t by ! enemy ( gas & liquid flame z weapons ( (f5ce compell$ u n only to discov] ways to protect our troops f _! effects1 b also to devise means to make use ( ! same in/rum5ts ( de/ruction4 4 4 4 ,s9ce we h be5 compell$1 9 self-def5ce1 to use simil> me?ods1 x is satisfactory to be able to record1 on ! evid5ce ( prison]s1 ( docum5ts captur$1 & ( our own obs]vation1 t ! enemy has suff]$ heavy casualties f our gas attacks1 :ile ! means ( protection adopt$ by u #agg h prov$ ?or\ghly effective 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 ,,smoke ,smoke c be dis*>g$ f ,artill]y %ells1 ,artill]y or infantry mort> bombs1 ,infantry rifle gr5ades1 smoke c&les1 ,aircraft bombs1 ,eng9e]s' /ation>y g5]ators1 or ! exhau/ pipe ( ,tanks4 ,x is us$ to conceal movem5t = ! purposes ( surprise or = r$uc+ casualties1 & c be s employ$ z to impose night conditions on ! enemy :ile "o's own troops reta9 ! natural visibility2 b :ile ! weight & direction ( an int5d$ bl[ may ?us be hidd5 f ! enemy a w>n+ is giv5 ( ! "t ( its deliv]y4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 to my/ify1 z well z to surprise1 ! enemy by ! use ( smoke1 & its /rategical & tactical value w ensure its adoption 9 ,mod]n ,w>f>e4 ,9 ! clos+ battles ( ! ,great ,w> ! use ( smoke %ells = cov]+ ! advance ( our infantry & mask+ ! enemy's positions 0 introduc$ & employ$ ) increas+ frequ5cy & effect 7,sir ,d4 ,haig's ,dispat*es74 #agh ,,op]ation ,,ord]s ,combatant (fic]s ( e rank are requir$ to issue ord]s ( "s k9d or o!r1 & ord]s = op]ations %\ld always be committ$ to pap] :5 circum/ances p]mit4 ,! object ( an op]ation ord] is to br+ ab\t a c\rse ( action 9 accordance ) ! int5tions ( ! comm&]1 & ) full co-op]ation betwe5 all units4 ,op]ation ord]s ( a complicat$ nature are unlikely to be requir$ f ! p5 ( infantry (fic]s 9 ! junior ranks1 & ! rules = draft+ ord]s are /at$ 9 detail 9 ! (ficial text-books1 = ! use ( (fic]s ( ! ranks t w be requir$ to issue !m4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples und]ly+ ord]s ( all k9ds are t !y %\ld be fool pro(1 & x has be5 rem>k$ t ! writ] ( ord]s %\ld always rememb] t at lea/ "o silly ass w try to misund]/& !m4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 be void ( all ambiguity1 & :ile conta9+ e ess5tial piece ( in=mation1 & omitt+ ev]y?+ t is cle>ly kn[n already to ! recipi5ts1 !y %\ld be conf9$ to facts1 & conjecture %\ld be avoid$4 ,an op]ation ord] mu/ conta9 j :at ! recipi5t requires to "k & no?+ m4 ,x %\ld tell him no?+ :i* he c & %\ld arrange = himself1 &1 especially 9 ! case ( l>ge =ces1 w only ent] into details :5 details are absolutely necess>y4 ,any attempt to prescribe to a subord9ate at a di/ance any?+ :i* he1 ) a full] k ( local conditions1 %\ld be bett] able to decide on ! spot1 is likely to cramp 8 initiative 9 deal+ ) un=ese5 developm5ts1 & w be avoid$4 ,9 #agi p>ticul>1 su* expressions z ',w await fur!r ord]s' %\ld be avoid$ 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 ,ap>t f ! /&+ rules z to ! pr9t+ ( names ( places 9 block type1 includ+ a ref]5ce to ! map us$1 dat+ & sign+ ! ord]s1 numb]+ ! copies1 & /at+ ! "t & me?od ( issue1 etc41 ! g5]al t5\r ( all op]ation ord]s w always be3 ,! enemy are4 4 4 4 ,my int5tion is4 4 4 4 ,y w4 4 4 4 ,9 o!r words1 all t is kn[n ab\t ! enemy1 & ( our own troops1 t is ess5tial = ! purposes ( ! ord]1 %\ld be reveal$2 !n ! g5]al int5tion ( ! comm&] :o issues ! ord]s2 !n ! "p 9 ! op]ations t is to be play$ by ! recipi5t4 ,b ! me?od ( atta9+ ! object w be left to ! utmo/ ext5t possible to ! recipi5t1 ) due reg>d to 8 p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,x is ess5tial t subord9ates %\ld n only be able to "w intellig5tly & resolutely 9 accordance ) brief ord]s or in/ructions1 b %\ld also be able to take ^u !mselves1 :5ev] necess>y1 ! responsibility ( dep>t+ f1 or ( v>y+1 ! ord]s !y may h receiv$ 7,field ,s]vice ,regulations1 vol4 ii4 7#aiba774 #aha ,,index ,active def5ce1 !1 #hf-ia ,ad[a1 battle (1 7note7 #bb ,advanc$ gu>d1 !1 #ajb-aac di/ance1 #ajc in=mation1 #ajg-ajh 9 advances1 #ajc 9 retreats1 #ajd-aje1 #abd ma9 gu>d1 #aje-ajf ,na*od1 #gg night1 #ade problems1 #aaj-aac /rategical1 #ajc /r5g? 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(1 #afi-agj heavy1 #agb1 #agc 9 attack1 #fb-fd1 9 def5ce1 #hc1 #hi 9 retreat1 #abj1 #abc light1 #agj-aga m$ium1 #aga mobility (1 #fc-fd outpo/1 #aca1 #acd pack1 #agj positions1 #id ranges1 #agc smoke %ells1 #agg sup]-heavy1 #agb1 #agc ,a%by1 ,g54 ,turn]1 ,c4,s4,a41 #aag ,assaults by night1 #adh-aed ,assembly1 position (1 #eh-ei1 #adg ,attack1 !1 #ea-ge aircraft 91 #fg artill]y 91 #fb-fd battalion 91 #gc-ge cavalry1 #fd-fg close c\ntry1 #aee-aef company 91 #gb-gc co-op]ation1 #be-bf1 #ce-cg1 #ci decisive1 #ef-eg1 #fj-fb disposition ( troops1 #ee eng9e]s1 #fg fire1 #fb flank1 #fa =mation =1 #gj-ge =w>d body1 #ee-ef frontal1 #fj-fa g5]al res]ve1 #ef-eg hold+1 #ab1 #cj1 #dh1 #ei1 #fb1 #gf1 #ie1 #aag local res]ve1 #ee-ef m$ical arrangem5ts1 #fg me?ods (1 #ec op5+ fire1 #cg-ch platoon 91 #gj-gb reconnaissance =1 #ada-adb smoke1 #agg /r5g? (1 #ed-ee supply1 #fg-fh supports1 #ee-ef two plans (1 #ed villages1 #afb woods1 #aei-afa ,attack+ =ce1 !1 #ei-fj ,au/]litz1 battle (1 #i-aj1 #dg1 #gf ,au/ralians at ,morlanc\rt1 #adi ,av5ues1 communicat+1 #adc ,bacc>at1 battle (1 #bh ,bagdadieh1 battle (1 #fd-fe ,balaclava ,*>ge1 #if ,balloons1 obs]vation by1 #bb1 #age-agf ,banks1 ,g541 ,u4,s4,a41 #ei ,bapaume1 battle (1 #ba ,b>rage1 !1 #ga ,base1 !1 #ij1 #aah ,battalion 9 attack1 #gc-ge ,battle1 !1 #bd-ej *>act]i/ics (1 #bd-bf decisive bl[1 #ca-cb developm5t ( !1 #bi-ca influ5ces on !1 #cc-dd in=mation1 #bf-bh initiative1 #bf-bh outpo/s1 #ach-adj phases ( !1 #bf-bi position1 !1 #hd-he reports1 #fh ! def5sive1 #de-df ! def5sive-(f5sive1 #dg-di ! enc\nt]1 #eh ! (f5sive1 #df-dg types (1 #de-ej ,bav>ia1 ,elector (1 #df ,bayonet1 !1 #afd-afe 9 night op]ations1 #aed ,baza9e1 ,m>*al1 #aeh ,bazeilles1 def5ce (1 #aei ,b5$ek1 ,m>%al1 #if ,b]nadotte1 ,m>%al1 #aj ,bl5heim1 battle (1 #df-dg ,bl*]1 ,m>%al1 #h1 #da1 #dh1 #gh ,bluff1 ! 7,ypres71 #ci ,bo] ,w>1 7note7 #ba ,bois de ,vaux1 #aeh ,bombs1 light mort>1 #aff-afg 7,see also ,gr5ades47 ,bord] ,regim5t1 #ge ,b\rlon ,village1 #db ,bri/[ ,/ation1 #abh ,briti% ef=ts1 #aiad-aiah1 #af-ag moral1 #af-bb ,bro5beek1 #aci ,bromhead1 ,lieut41 #gg ,bl[1 ,g5]al von1 #gh ,bunk] ,hill1 battle (1 #ch ,burnside1 ,g541 ,u4,s4,a41 #ad1 #df1 #ajh1 #aci-adj ,byng ( ,vimy1 ,g54 ,"l1 ,g4,c4,b41 #g1 #eb ,cambrai1 fir/ battle (1 #g1 #cj-ca1 #eb1 #ff1 #ge1 #afj second battle (1 #ba1 #agj ,cam\flage1 #ajj ,canadian cavalry1 #ff eng9e]s1 #agd infantry at ,vimy1 #adi ,canadians at ,ypres1 #db ,cannae1 battle (1 #ad ,c>ey1 ,maj4-,g54 ,g4 ,g4 ,s41 ,c4,b41 #agd ,c>ey's =ce1 #agd ,cattigny ,wood1 #ff ,cavalry1 *>act]i/ics (1 #afg-afh cossack po/s1 #acg 9 attack1 #fd-fg 9 def5ce1 #ie-if 9 pursuit1 #fd-fe1 #fi 9 retreat1 #ie-if1 #abj1 #abc-abd ,mesopotamian campaign1 #fd-fe outpo/s1 #acg protection by1 #ih-ii1 #aaj raids by1 #aag-aah reconnaissance by1 #h1 #bf1 #cb1 #fe-ff1 #ajf1 #aab-aac v$ettes1 #acg ,cetewayo1 #gg-gh ,*ambord1 ,*ateau de1 #ach ,*ancellorsville1 battle (1 #ab1 #cj1 #dh1 #gf1 #ie1 #aag ,*anges 9 w>f>e1 #ba-bc ,*>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s arms1 #afd-agg ,*>d1 ,lieut41 #gg ,*>l]oi1 battle (1 #hh ,*attanooga1 battle (1 #fa-fb ,*em9 des ,dames1 #af ,civilis$ w>f>e1 #aeg-aeh ,cl]y1 ,lieut4-,g54 ,sir ,c4 ,f4 7quot$73 advanc$ gu>d tactics1 #aji-aaj ,close c\ntry1 fight+ 91 #aee-afc ,cold/ream ,gu>ds1 #ge ,col5so1 battle (1 #fc ,colombey1 battle (1 #aji ,combe1 ,capt4 ,e4 ,p41 ,m4,c41 #gh ,comm&]1 battalion1 #gd-ge company1 #gb-gc outpo/ company1 #acd-acg piquet1 #ace-acf platoon1 #ga-gb1 #ace-acf ,comm&]'s influ5ce1 #cc-ce ord]s1 #agh-agi plans1 #eg-eh position1 #fh ,common ,s5se fallacy1 #a1 #c ,communication1 #ca1 #ce1 #ajg-ajh ,communications1 lat]al1 #hi l9es (1 #aaf-aah ,company 9 attack1 #gb-gc outpo/1 #acd-acg ,cond-,mons-,b9*e l9e1 #hg ,connection by night1 #adf ,contemptible ,little ,army1 !1 #ah-ai1 #afe ,convoys1 #aaf-aah ,co-op]ation1 #ce-cg1 #afd ,corua1 #abg-abh ,cossack po/s1 #acg ,c\nt] attack1 #abc decisive1 #gi1 #hd1 #ib-id local1 #ef1 #ge1 #gi1 #afa1 #afc ,cov]1 #hh-hi1 #aee ,cov]+ fire1 #dc-dd ,cronje1 ,g54 7,pa>deb]g71 #af ,cross ,keys1 battle (1 #aag ,cr[n ,pr9ce ( ,prussia 7#ahgj71 #aji 7#aiad71 #bh ,crozat ,canal1 #gg ,cugny1 #if ,cumb]l&1 army ( !1 #ae ,cycli/s1 *>act]i/ics (1 #afh ,davis1 ,jeff]son1 #c ,day outpo/s1 #acg-ach ,daylight & night attacks1 #adh ,decisive attack1 !1 #ca-cb1 #fj-fb c\nt] attack1 #gi1 #hd1 #ib-id ,def5ce 9 close c\ntry1 #aee-aef ( villages1 #afc ( woods1 #afa ,def5sive action1 #gf-ig1 #afc battle1 #de-df flank1 #hf sy/em1 #hc ,def5sive-(f5sive battle1 #dg-di ,defiles1 #abd ,def9itions1 #f-h ,delaborde1 ,gnral1 #ie1 #abg ,delay+ action1 #aah1 #aba-abh1 #aeh-aei ,deploym5t1 position (1 #adg-adh ,dep? ( a position1 #hi ,deta*$ po/s1 #acd1 #ace ,de ,wet1 #aah1 #ach ,diamond =mation1 #gj ,direction by night1 #ade ,discipl9e1 value (1 #aa-ab ,dresd51 battle (1 #dg1 #hi ,e>ly1 ,g5]al41 ,c4,s4 ,army1 #g ,ea/ ,surrey ,regim5t1 #db ,embuss+ po9t1 #fi ,enc\nt] battle1 #eh1 #fd ,eng9e]s1 ,royal1 *>act]i/ics1 #agb gas1 #agf smoke1 #agg ,entr5*+ tool1 #afe ,entr5*m5ts1 #hb-hc1 #ajj1 #ace ,epehy1 battle (1 #ba ,ettl+51 battle (1 #abh ,eugne ( ,savoy1 #df ,evel+ton ,heights1 #aab-aac ,fabius ,maximus1 #ad1 #ajb ,fallacies expos$1 #a-e ,fanny's ,f>m1 #afj ,field artill]y1 *>act]i/ics (1 #agj-aga ( battle1 #f-g ( fire1 #hh ,fight+ 9 close c\ntry1 #aee-afc ,fire attack1 #ei-fj & movem5t1 #dd cov]+1 #dc-dd op5+1 #ca1 #cg-ch1 #adf1 #aed ov]head1 #dd tactics1 #cg-ci ,flame projectors1 #agf ,fl&]s1 battle (1 #ba ,flank attacks1 #fa1 #aad-aah gu>d tactics1 #aae gu>ds1 #aad-aah1 #ade sc\ts1 #ga ,flanks 9 def5ce1 #hf security (1 #hh ,flet*]1 ,col4 ,sir ,r41 ,b>t41 #hb ,fo*1 ,m>*al1 #dg1 #dh-ej1 #ec 7quot$73-- advanc$ gu>d tactics1 #ajf1 #aac art ( w>1 #a ,briti% victories 9 #aiah1 #bj-ba def5ce 9 mod]n w>f>e1 #hj def9itions1 #f fully equipp$ m9d1 #b-c human factor 9 w>1 #aj-aa moral1 #i ,na*od1 #ah outflank+ a re> gu>d1 #aba pr9ciples ( w>1 #a-b protection by attack1 #ih s\l ( ! def5ce1 #gf subord9ate comm&]s1 #cd surprise1 #cj-ca1 #ih well conduct$ battle1 #bd ,fog ( battle1 #cd ,font5oy-,belleau attack1 #di ,=mations = ! attack1 #gj-ge ,=re/1 ,g5]al1 ,c4 ,s4 ,army1 #ah1 #ei ,=t ,g>ry ,horse1 #ff ,=w>d body1 !1 #ee-ef ,fossoy1 ,am]ican attack at1 #di ,france1 _s (1 #af ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 #hd1 #aeh-aei 7,see also ,battles by "n47 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #aa1 #df1 #add ,fr$]icksburg1 battle (1 #ad1 #bb1 #ch1 #df1 #ib1 #ajh1 #aci ,fr5* ( ,ypres1 ,field-,m>%al ,e>l1 ,k4,p41 #ae-af1 #hg-hh1 #ij1 #abf1 #afe 7quot$73-- ,contemptible ,little ,army1 #ai def5ce 9 mod]n w>f>e1 #hj necessity = /udy1 #b ,frontage ( outpo/ company1 #ace ,frontal attack1 #fj-fa ,ga9es's ,mill1 battle (1 #ad1 #fe ,galli5i1 ,gnral1 #bh1 #cg ,gas1 #db1 #ha1 #ajj1 #agf-agg ,gatacre1 ,maj4-,g54 ,sir ,w4 ,f41 ,k4,c4,b41 #aeb ,gaugamela1 7note7 #cb ,g5]al res]ve1 9 attack1 #cc-cd 9 def5ce1 #ia-ib1 #id-ie ,george1 ,rt4 ,hon4 ,d4 ,lloyd-1 ,o4,m4 7quot$73 ,briti% ef=ts1 #aiad-aiah1 #af-ag ,gette ,riv]1 #ia ,gettysburg1 battle (1 #ae1 #de1 #fa1 #fe-ff1 #ie-if1 #aag1 #abh ,gheluvelt1 #db1 #hh ,gif]t ,wood1 #aeh ,giv5*y1 #dc ,grant1 ,maj4-,g54 ,p4 ,g41 ,c4,b41 #agd ,grant1 ,g5]al ,u4 ,s41 ,u4,s4,a41 #c1 #g1 #ae1 #df1 #fj-fb1 #ij1 #aag1 #adi-aej ,gravelotte1 battle (1 #aeh ,gre5 ,curve1 !1 #i1 #cd ,gr5ades1 h& & rifle1 #aff ,gr5fell1 ,g54 ,sir ,f4 ,w41 ,k4,c4,b41 #aef ,gr\*y1 ,m>*al1 #g-h1 #ij-ia ,gr\nd1 eye =1 #abe-abf sc\ts1 #ga ,gu>ds' division1 #dc1 #ge1 #afj ,gueudec\rt1 #cg ,ha]9c\rt & ,epehy1 battle (1 #ba ,haig ( ,bem]syde1 ,field-,m>%al ,e>l1 ,k4,t41 #ec 7quot$73-- artill]y1 #afi-agj canal bridges1 #gg ,c>ey's =ce1 #agd cavalry 9 def5ce1 #if cavalry 9 ! w>1 #ff-fg fuse ,no4 #ajf1 #agj gas1 #agf-agg hang on6 #dc heal? & moral1 #ac infantry ! backbone1 #bb ,new ,armies1 #ai-bb ,o!r ,man's ,job1 #afd pr9ciples ( w>1 #b re>w>d s]vices1 #ac res]ves 9 #aiah1 #ie rifle & bayonet1 #gj smoke1 #agg surprise1 #g tanks1 #age ,hak+1 ,lieut4-,g54 ,sir ,r4 ,c4 ,b41 ,g4,b4,e4 7quot$73-- advanc$ gu>ds1 #ajd re> gu>ds1 #abc ,hal & ,tubize1 #gh ,hamley1 ,g54 ,sir ,e4 ,b41 ,k4,c4,b4 7quot$73-- communications1 #ca co-op]ation1 #ce-cf c\rage1 #ad def9itions1 #f ,high] ,ranks fallacy1 #d mobility1 #aa /udy requir$1 #b ,hancock1 ,g541 ,u4,s4,a41 #ic ,h& gr5ades1 #aff ,hannibal1 #dg ,h>old ,,ii41 k+1 #aa-ab ,h>rison's ,l&+1 #fe ,ha/+s1 battle (1 #aa-ab ,heal? & moral1 #ac ,heavy artill]y1 #agb1 #agc ,heights ( ,abraham1 #ch ,h5d]son1 ,col4 ,g4 ,f4 ,r41 ,c4,b4 7quot$73-- ,abraham ,l9coln1 #ad atmosph]e ( battle1 #bi-cj ,briti% & ,am]ican troops1 #ag-ah cavalry1 #fd ,common ,s5se fallacy1 #c co-op]ation1 #ce-cg discipl9e1 #aa eye = gr\nd1 #abe-abf flank attacks1 #aad ,grant's bases1 #ij soldi]s' battles1 #i s\nd sy/em ( comm&1 #cc ,spottsylvania1 #ic-id /udy necess>y1 #d-e value ( text-books1 #bc ,h5ne*y1 #ff ,high] ,ranks fallacy1 #d ,hill1 ,g54 ,d4 ,h41 ,c4,s4 ,army1 #be-bf ,h9d5burg1 ,m>%al von1 #eb ,h9d5burg ,l9e1 battle ( !1 #ba1 #cj ,hoh5l9d51 battle (1 #abh ,hood1 ,g54 ,j4 ,b41 ,c4,s4 ,army1 #de ,hook]1 ,g541 ,u4,s4,a41 #c1 #dh1 #gf1 #aag ,horatius ,cocles1 #gg ,horse artill]y1 *>act]i/ics (1 #afh1 #agj ,hot*kiss rifles1 #afh ,h[itz]s1 #agj1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc ,human nature 9 w>1 #ac-af ,hunt]1 ,g541 ,u4,s4,a41 #g ,infantry1 *>act]i/ics (1 #afd-afg ,in=mation 9 battle1 #bf-bh1 #ce1 #ajg-ajh ,initiative1 !1 #bf-bh1 #agh-agi ,intellig5ce (fic]s1 #ada-adb ,is&hlwana1 #gg-gh1 #aef ,italo-,turki% campaign1 7note7 #bb ,jackson1 ,g54 ,t4 ,j41 ,c4,s4 ,army1 7,/onewall ,jackson71 #d1 #aj1 #ab1 #fi1 #gf1 #aag ,j(fre1 ,m>*al1 #bh1 #ajh ,j\rdan1 ,m>*al1 #abh ,kimb]ley1 relief (1 #f ,kite balloons1 #age-agf ,kniggratz1 battle (1 #if ,koorn ,spruit1 #aah1 #abd ,ladysmi?1 relief (1 #f ,la ,fre1 #eb ,lanca%ire t]ritorials1 #dc ,le ,cateau1 fir/ battle (1 #if1 #abf second battle (1 #ba1 #ff ,lee1 ,g5]al ,r4 ,e41 ,c4,s4 ,army1 #aj1 #de1 #df1 #dh1 #fa1 #fe1 #gf1 #ic-id1 #ig1 #ajh1 #aac1 #aag1 #abe-abf1 #abh1 #aci-adj1 #adi-aej ,leonidas1 #gg ,le ,quesnoy1 #gh ,les ,boeufs1 #abf-abg ,leu!n1 battle (1 #df ,lewis guns1 *>act]i/ics (1 #aff ,lib]ty ( manoeuvre1 #bf-bh1 #ci1 #dc-dd1 #ga1 #abf-abg1 #acb1 #aci ,light ,mort>s1 #aff-afg1 #agc ,ligny1 battle (1 #h1 #dg1 #ij-ia ,l9coln1 ,abraham1 #c1 #aj1 #ad ,l9es ( communications1 #aaf-aah ( obs]vation1 #acj1 #acc ( resi/ance1 #hd1 #acd ,local res]ves1 attack1 #ee-ef def5ce1 #ib1 #ie outpo/s1 #acj1 #acd re> gu>ds1 #abe ,logan1 ,g54 ,j4 ,a41 ,u4,s4,a41 #ae ,london ,regim5t1 #ge ,long/reet1 ,g54 ,j41 ,c4,s4 ,army1 #de ,losses r$uc$ by movem5t1 #ci-dj ,lud5dorff1 #eb ,lys1 attack on !1 #dc1 #ef ,mc,clellan1 ,g54 ,j4 ,b41 ,u4,s4,a41 #ad-ae1 #be-bf1 #dh1 #fe1 #ij1 #aab ,ma*9e guns1 *>act]i/ics (1 #afg 9 attack1 #dc-dd1 #ef 9 close c\ntry1 #aei-afj 9 def5ce1 #ee-ef1 #hc 9 outpo/s1 #aca1 #acd 9 retreats1 #abf-abg range (1 #acb ,mc,neill1 ,maj4-,g54 ,sir ,j41 ,k4,c4,b41 #aef ,madritov1 ,colonel1 #aag-aah ,mag]sfonte91 battle (1 #aeb ,mahdi/ ,arabs1 #aef ,ma9 gu>d 7advanc$ gu>d71 #aje 7re> gu>d71 #abj-aba ,mai/re1 ,g5]al 7quot$73-- ,briti% val\r1 #bj ,malplaquet1 battle (1 #df ,malv]n ,hill1 battle (1 #ae1 #be-bf1 #fe1 #aab-aac1 #aag ,manassas1 battles (1 #ab ,manoeuvre1 lib]ty (1 #be-bh ,man\ry1 ,gnral1 #cg ,map read+1 #abd1 #ace1 #acf ,m>*es1 night1 #add-adg ,m>*+ p[] ( troops1 #aa-ab ,m>5go1 battle (1 #dg1 #gf ,m>lbor\gh1 ,duke (1 #df-dg1 #ia ,m>mont1 ,m>*al1 #bg1 #gh ,m>ne1 fir/ battle ( !1 #bg-bi1 #cf-cg1 #eb1 #ec1 #ajh second battle ( !1 #di-ej ,m>%all1 ,g54 ,sir ,w4 ,r41 ,k4,c4,b41 #fd-fe ,m>ye's ,hill1 #ch ,massna1 ,m>*al1 #hb ,maude1 ,g54 ,sir ,s41 ,k4,c4,b41 #fd ,mc,dowell1 battle (1 #ab ,meade1 ,g541 ,u4,s4,a41 #ae1 #de1 #df1 #fa1 #ib1 #abh ,meagh]'s ,iri% brigade1 #ch ,me*anical transport1 #ba-bb1 #fi1 #afd ,m$ical arrangem5ts 7attack71 #fg ,mesopotamia1 #cb1 #fd-fe ,message c>ds1 #fh ,mess9es1 battle (1 #adi1 #afj ,me?ods ( attack1 #ec ,me?u51 ,field-,m>%al ,"l1 ,g4,c4,b41 #aeb ,mobility1 value (1 #aa-ab1 #afh ,mon*y-le-,preux1 #ge ,monocacy1 battle (1 #g ,mons1 retreat f1 #ai1 #ch1 #hg-hh1 #ij1 #if1 #abf-abh1 #afe ,moore1 ,g54 ,sir ,j41 ,k4,c4,b41 #abg-abh ,moral1 #h-bb ,moreau1 ,brig4-,g541 #da ,gnral ,j4 ,v41 #abh ,morlanc\rt1 #adi ,mort>s1 #he1 #aei1 #aff-afg1 #agc ,m\nt$ troops1 *>act]i/ics (1 #afg-afh ,movem5t & fire1 #ci-dd 9 close c\ntry1 #aee ,murat1 ,m>*al1 #aj ,musketry1 #cg-ci1 #abf-abh ,na*od1 battle (1 #gg1 #aaj ,napi]1 ,sir ,w4 ,f4 ,p4 7quot$73-- re> gu>ds1 #abg-abh ,torres ,v$ras1 #hb-hc ,napoleon1 ,emp]or1 #e1 #h1 #i-aj1 #df1 #dg1 #hi1 #ia1 #aji1 #abe1 #abg 7quot$73-- ,caes> & ,tur5ne1 #i ,c'e/ les ,prussi5s1 #h moral =ce1 #h-i read & re-read1 #c to cov] ,tur91 #hg ,na%ville1 battle (1 #ae ,national moral1 #aj-aa ,new ,armies1 !1 #ai-bb ,newf\ndl& ,regim5t1 ! ,royal1 #ge1 #aci ,ni$]wald1 #aeh-aei ,night advances1 #adg-adh assaults1 #adh-aed entr5*+1 #afe m>*es1 #add-adg op]ations1 #add-aed outpo/s1 #acg-ach ,nile valley1 #aea ,noisseville1 #aei ,norman conque/1 #aa-ab ,obs]vation1 l9e (1 #hd1 #acj po/s1 #ii ,ob/acles1 #hj ,(f5sive battle1 !1 #df-dg _s1 #gi ,op]ation ord]s1 #agh-agi ,ord]s1 #agh-agi ,or!z1 battle (1 #dg ,osman ,pa%a1 #fj ,outpo/ zone1 !1 #hd1 #acd ,outpo/s1 #abi-adj aircraft1 #acg artill]y1 #aca battle outpo/s1 #ach-adj cavalry1 #acj1 #acg comm&]1 #acb-acd company1 #acd-acg day1 #acg-ach di/ance1 #aca frontage1 #ace in=mation1 #acc-acd l9e ( obs]vation1 #hd1 #acj l9e ( resi/ance1 #hd1 #acd ma*9e guns1 #aca1 #acb night1 #acg-ach obs]vation by1 #hd1 #acj ord]s1 #acc-acd outpo/ company1 #acd-acg outpo/ zone1 #acd patrols1 #acj1 #acg-ach piquets1 #aca position w>f>e1 #acd1 #ach reconnaissance by1 #acj res]ves1 #aca resi/ance by1 #hd1 #aca s5try gr\ps1 #acf-acg /r5g?1 #acj )drawal (1 #adf ,pa>deb]g1 battle (1 #af1 #fd ,pack artill]y1 *>act]i/ics (1 #agj1 #agc ,passive def5ce1 #gi ,patrols1 fight+1 #afa f outpo/s1 #acj1 #acg-ach raid+1 #ii ,peiw> ,kotal1 battle (1 #aea ,p5etration by attack1 #ea-eb ,pta91 ,m>*al1 #ec ,pfaff5 ,wood1 #aeh ,phalanx1 !1 #cb ,photographs1 arial1 #ii ,piave l9e1 !1 #g ,pill-box =ts1 #he-hf ,pione] infantry1 #aec ,piquets1 #aca ,platoon 9 attack1 #gj-gb 9 def5ce1 #aca ,pleasant ,hill1 #ei ,plevna1 battle (1 #fj ,plum]1 ,field-,m>%al ,"l1 ,g4,c4,b41 #adi ,polygon ,wood1 #db-dc ,position1 *oice ( a1 #hc-hd def5sive1 #hf-ia w>f>e1 #gi-hb1 #ii-ajj1 #acd1 #ach1 #ada-adb1 #afe1 #aff ,potomac1 ,army ( !1 #ad-ae1 #be-bf1 #de1 #df ,pr9ciples ( w>f>e1 #a-e ,protection & reconnaissance1 #ih-aja by night1 #ade ,pult5ey1 ,g54 ,sir ,w4 ,p41 ,k4,c4,b41 #hh ,pursuit1 #fd1 #fi ,quatre ,bras1 battle (1 #dh ,quebec1 #ch ,que5's ,regim5t1 #db ,raids1 #hb1 #ada1 #adb ,rally+ place1 #ig ,ramadie1 battle (1 #fd ,ramdam1 #aah ,ramillies1 battle (1 #df1 #ia ,range c>ds1 #ace ,ranges ( artill]y1 #agc ( small arms1 #aff ( mort>s1 #agc ,rappahannock ,/ation1 #afa ,ra/att1 #abh ,re> gu>d1 #aai-abh aircraft1 #abj artill]y1 #abj cavalry1 #abj composition1 #abj di/ance1 #aba di/ribution1 #abj-aba examples1 #abf-abh infantry1 #abj ma9 gu>d1 #abj-aba ma*9e guns1 #abj me*anical transport1 #abj m$ical arrangem5ts1 #abj night1 #ade positions1 #aba-abd re> p>ty1 #abj-aba ,royal ,eng9e]s1 #abj /r5g?1 #aai-abj tactics1 #gi1 #aai1 #aba-abh tra9+1 #abd-abe ,reconnaissance & protection1 #ih-aja1 #age by raids1 #adb dur+ battle1 #cf = attack1 #ada-adb = def5ce1 #adb-adc intellig5ce (fic]s1 #ada-adb tactical1 #ada-adc ,reorganisation aft] attack1 #ig & pursuit1 #fi ,report c5tres1 #afc ,reports1 battle1 #fh on positions1 #ada-adc ,res]ve1 g5]al1 9 attack1 #ef-eg 9 def5ce1 #id-ie outpo/s1 #aca local1 #ee-ef1 #ib1 #ie1 #abe1 #acj1 #acd ,resi/ance1 l9e (1 #hd1 #acd ,retir+ "u fire1 #dj-da ,retreat f ,mons1 #ch1 #hg-hh1 #ij1 #if1 #abf-abh1 #afe l9es (1 #hi-ij tactics 91 #ajd-aje ,reumont1 #ff ,rezonville1 #if ,rifle1 ! ,briti%1 #ch1 #afd-afe ,rifle gr5ade1 !1 #aff ,rob]ts1 ,field-,m>%al ,e>l1 ,k4,g41 #ae-af1 #aea 7quot$73-- ,g]many ,/rikes1 #ag ,rolia1 combat at1 #ie1 #abg ,roman walls1 #hb ,rorke's ,drift1 #gg-gh1 #aef ,royal ,eng9e]s1 *>act]i/ics (1 #agb1 #agd def5ce1 #agb ,horse ,artill]y1 #agj 9 attack1 #fg1 #aec outpo/s1 #acg retreats1 #abj ,we/ ,k5t ,regim5t1 #db ,runn]s1 #ce ,russia1 collapse (1 #eb ,nor? 7,campaign71 #ff-fg ,russian ,w> ( #ahed-ahee1 #hb ,russo-,japanese ,w>1 #hb1 #aag-aah ,russo-,turki% ,w>1 #ah1 #hb ,sad[a1 battle (1 #if ,/4 ,privat1 battle (1 #fj ,salamanca1 battle (1 #bg1 #gh ,sali5t1 ! 7#ahfd71 #ig1 #adi 7,ypres71 #ci ,sambre1 battle ( !1 #ba ,sannah's ,po/1 #aah1 #abd ,s>rail1 ,gnral1 #cg ,sauror51 battle (1 #aj ,savage w>f>e1 #aef-aeg ,sc>pe1 battle ( !1 #ba ,sc\ts 7platoon71 #ga ,secrecy1 #be1 #bi-ca1 #ea1 #ajb1 #add1 #ade-adf1 #aec-aed ,sectors ( def5ce1 #id ,s$an1 battle (1 #aei ,selle1 battle ( !1 #ba ,semi-p]man5t def5ces1 #he-hf ,s5eca quot$3 7,surprise71 #ajb ,s5try gr\ps1 #aca1 #acf-acg ,s]re ,hill1 #adh-adi ,sev5 ,days' ,battle1 !1 #ad1 #ij ,%>psburg1 battle (1 #ad1 #ae1 #dh ,%5&oah ,valley campaign1 #d1 #g1 #ab1 #aag ,signals1 #ce1 #ajg ,sil5ce is gold51 #aac ,skobeleff1 ,g5]al ,mi*ael ,dimitrievit*1 #ah ,smi?-,dorri51 ,g54 ,sir ,h4 ,l41 ,g4,c4,b41 #hg1 #abf ,smoke1 #ef1 #aej-aea1 #aga1 #agg ,snip]s1 #ha ,soissons1 ,=tress (1 #da1 #gh ,soldi]s' battles1 #i ,somme1 fir/ battle ( !1 #g1 #ac1 #cg1 #db-dc1 #adh1 #aga1 #agf-agg second battle ( !1 #cc-cd1 #dc1 #ea-eb1 #ef1 #ff1 #gg1 #gh1 #abf-abg1 #agd ,s\lt1 ,m>*al1 #aj1 #abg ,s\? ,african ,w>1 #f-g4 7,see also ,battles by "n47 ,spi*]51 battle (1 #ajh-aji1 #aeh ,spottsylvania1 battle (1 #ic-id1 #aag1 #adi-aej ,squ>e =mation 9 attack1 #gj ,/af=d ,heights1 #aci ,/am=d ,bridge1 battle (1 #ab ,/ormb]g1 #aeb ,/rategical advanc$ gu>d1 #ajc ,/rategy def9$1 #f1 #h & tactics1 #f-bc ,/u>t1 ,g54 ,j4 ,e4 ,b41 ,c4,s4 ,army 7,jeb ,/u>t71 #fe1 #aab-aac1 #aag1 #abh4 ,/udy1 necessity =1 #a-c1 #d-e ,sublician ,bridge1 #gg ,sulphur ,spr+s1 #ajh ,sup]-heavy artill]y1 #agb1 #agc ,supply1 #ac1 #fg ,supports 9 attack1 #ee-ef1 #afi 9 close c\ntry1 #aei def5ce1 #ib outpo/s1 #acd-acg ,surprise1 value (1 #be1 #bi-ca1 #ea1 #age fire1 #ca1 #ch hi/orical examples1 #ab1 #cj1 #fc1 #gg-gh1 #aah1 #abd1 #ach ,tactical advanc$ gu>d1 #ajc reconnaissance1 #adj-adc ,tactics & /rategy1 #f-bc def9ition (1 #f1 #h subs]vi5t to /rategy1 #f-h ,tadpole ,copse1 #ge ,talav]a1 battle (1 #ib ,tall>d1 ,m>*al1 #df ,tanks1 *>act]i/ics (1 #aga1 #agd-age 9 close c\ntry1 #bb1 #afj1 #afb1 #agg ,taube ,f>m1 #aci ,taylor1 ,g54 ,r41 ,c4,s4 ,army 7quot$73-- c>d9al pr9ciples1 #a discipl9e1 #aa ,tel-el-,kebir1 battle (1 #aea-aeb ,t]ritorial troops1 #ai1 #dc ,teutob]g] ,wald1 #aef-aeg ,text-books1 value (1 #bc ,!atre ( op]ations1 #f-g ,!rmopylae1 battle (1 #gg ,?ielmann's ,corps 7,wavre71 #h ,?omas1 ,g54 ,g4 ,h41 ,u4,s4,a41 #ae ,"t1 value (1 #ab ,t(rik1 battle (1 #aef ,torres ,v$ras1 l9es (1 #hb-hc ,toski1 battle 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#aj1 #df1 #dg1 #gh-gi1 #hb-hc1 #abg ,wild]ness1 battle ( !1 #ic-id1 #aag1 #adi-aej1 #aeh ,william ! ,conqu]or1 #ab ,wire1 #hj ,wolfe1 ,g54 ,james1 #ch ,wolseley1 ,field-,m>%al ,visc\nt1 ,k4,p41 #aea-aeb ,wood fight+1 #aee-afa ,bois de ,vaux1 #aeh ,elsas%aus5 ,copse1 #aeh ,gau*e1 #afj ,gif]t1 #aeh ,ni$]wald1 #aeh-aei ,pfaff51 #aeh ,polygon1 #db-dc ,tadpole ,copse1 #ge ,trnes1 #db ,woods1 attack on1 #aei-afa def5ce (1 #afa ,worce/]%ire ,regim5t1 #db ,wor?1 battle (1 #aji1 #aeh-aei ,wyts*aete ,ridge1 #bj1 #adi ,yalu1 battle ( !1 #aah ,ypres1 fir/ battle (1 #ai1 #bj1 #da-db1 #hh second battle (1 #ai1 #bj1 #db1 #agf ?ird battle (1 #ci1 #aci ,z]o h\r1 #gd ,zulu ,w>1 #gg-gh