,! ,conque/ ( ,bread ,by ,,pet] ,,kropotk9 ,au?or ( ,fields1 ,factories1 & ,work%ops ,! ,memoirs ( a ,revolutioni/1 ,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,vangu>d ,,press ,,mcmxxvi ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,! ,,man 7#ahdb-aiba73 ,pr9ce ,pet] ,alexeivit* ,kropotk91 revolution>y & sci5ti/1 0 desc5d$ f ! old ,russian nobility1 b decid$1 at ! age ( ?irty1 to ?r[ 9 8 lot ) ! social rebels n only ( 8 own c\ntry1 b ( ! entire _w4 ,he became ! intellectual lead] ( ,an>*i/-,communism2 took "p 9 ! labor movem5t2 wrote _m books & pamphlets2 e/abli%$ ,le ,rvolt 9 ,g5eva & ,fre$om 9 ,london2 contribut$ to ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica2 0 twice imprison$ because ( 8 radical activities2 & twice visit$ ,am]ica4 ,aft] ! ,bol%evi/ revolution he return$ to ,russia1 kept himself ap>t f ,soviet activities1 & di$ true to 8 ideals4 ,,! ,,book3 ,! ,conque/ ( ,bread is a revolution>y idyl1 a beautiful outl9e sket* ( a future society bas$ on lib]ty1 equality & frat]nity4 ,x is1 9 ,kropotk9's own words1 a /udy ( ! ne$s ( humanity1 & ( ! economic means to satisfy !m4 ,read 9 conjunction ) ! same au?or's ,fields1 ,factories & ,work%ops1 x meets all ! difficulties ( ! social inquir] :o says3 ,! ,an>*i/ ideal is allur+1 b h[ c\ld y "w x out8 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,our ,,ri*es #a ,,ii4 ,,well-,,be+ ,,= ,,all #ab ,,iii4 ,,an>*i/ ,,communism #bc ,,iv4 ,,expropriation #cd ,v4 ,,food #dg ,,vi4 ,,dwell+s #gc ,,vii4 ,,clo?+ #hd ,,viii4 ,,ways ,,& ,,means #hg ,,ix4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,luxury #ie ,x4 ,,agreeable ,,"w #aaj ,,xi4 ,,free ,,agreem5t #aai ,,xii4 ,,objections #acd ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,collectivi/ ,,wages ,,sy/em #aeb ,,xiv4 ,,consumption ,,& ,,production #afh ,,xv4 ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,lab\r #agf ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,dec5tralization ,,( ,,indu/ry #ahj ,,xvii4 ,,agriculture #aia ,,notes #bac ,,preface ,"o ( ! curr5t objections to ,communism1 & ,socialism altoge!r1 is t ! idea is s old1 & yet x has nev] be5 realiz$4 ,s*emes ( ideal ,/ates haunt$ ! ?9k]s ( ,anci5t ,greece2 lat] on1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians jo9$ 9 communi/ gr\ps2 c5turies lat]1 l>ge communi/ bro!rhoods came into exi/5ce dur+ ! ,re=m movem5t4 ,!n1 ! same ideals 7 reviv$ dur+ ! great ,engli% & ,fr5* ,revolutions2 & f9ally1 q lately1 9 #ahdh1 a revolution1 inspir$ to a great ext5t ) ,sociali/ ideals1 took place 9 ,france4 ,& yet1 y see1 we are told1 h[ f> away is /ill ! realization ( y\r s*emes4 ,don't y ?9k t !re is "s fundam5tal error 9 y\r und]/&+ ( human nature & its ne$s8 ,at fir/ sight ?is objection seems v s]i\s4 ,h[ev]1 ! mom5t we consid] human hi/ory m att5tively1 x loses its /r5g?4 ,we see1 fir/1 t hundr$s ( millions ( m5 h succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ among/ !mselves1 9 _! village communities1 = _m hundr$s ( ye>s1 "o ( ! ma9 elem5ts ( ,socialism--! common own]%ip ( ! *ief in/rum5t ( production1 ! l&1 & ! apportionm5t ( ! same accord+ to ! lab\r capacities ( ! diff]5t families2 & we le>n t if ! communal possession ( ! l& has be5 de/roy$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 x 0 n f )91 b f )\t1 by ! gov]nm5ts :i* creat$ a l& monopoly 9 fav\r ( ! nobility & ! middle classes4 ,we le>n1 moreov]1 t ! m$ieval cities succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ 9 _! mid/1 = sev]al c5turies 9 succession1 a c]ta9 socializ$ organization ( production & trade2 t ^! c5turies 7 p]iods ( a rapid intellectual1 indu/rial1 & arti/ic progress2 :ile ! decay ( ^! communal in/itutions came ma9ly f ! incapacity ( m5 ( comb9+ ! village ) ! city1 ! peasant ) ! citiz51 s z jo9tly to oppose ! gr[? ( ! milit>y /ates1 :i* de/roy$ ! free cities4 ,! hi/ory ( mank9d1 ?us und]/ood1 does n (f]1 !n1 an argum5t aga9/ ,communism4 ,x appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 z a succession ( endeav\rs to realize "s sort ( communi/ organization1 endeav\rs :i* 7 cr[n$ "h & !re ) a p>tial success ( a c]ta9 duration2 & all we are au?oriz$ to conclude is1 t mank9d has n yet f\nd ! prop] =m = comb9+1 on communi/ic pr9ciples1 agriculture ) a sudd5ly develop$ indu/ry & a rapidly gr[+ int]national trade4 ,! latt] appe>s especially z a di/urb+ elem5t1 s9ce x is no long] individuals only1 or cities1 t enri* !mselves by di/ant comm]ce & export2 b :ole nations gr[ ri* at ! co/ ( ^? nations :i* lag beh9d 9 _! indu/rial developm5t4 ,^! conditions1 :i* began to appe> by ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 took1 h[ev]1 _! full developm5t 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury only1 aft] ! ,napoleonic w>s came to an end4 ,& mod]n ,communism has to take !m into acc\nt4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ap>t f its political significance1 0 an attempt made by ! ,fr5* p1 9 #agic & #agid1 9 ?ree diff]5t directions m or less ak9 to ,socialism4 ,x 01 fir/1 ! equalization ( =tunes1 by means ( an income tax & succession duties1 bo? heavily progressive1 z also by a direct confiscation ( ! l& 9 ord] to sub-divide x1 & by heavy w> taxes levi$ ^u ! ri* only4 ,! second attempt 0 a sort ( ,municipal ,communism z reg>ds ! consumption ( "s objects ( fir/ necessity1 b\ght by ! municipalities1 & sold by !m at co/ price4 ,& ! ?ird attempt 0 to introduce a wide national sy/em ( rationally e/abli%$ prices ( all commodities1 = :i* ! real co/ ( production & mod]ate trade pr(its _h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! ,conv5tion work$ h>d at ?is s*eme1 & _h ne>ly complet$ its "w1 :5 reaction took ! upp] h&4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is rem>kable movem5t1 :i* has nev] yet be5 prop]ly /udi$1 t mod]n ,socialism 0 born--,f\ri]ism ) ,l',ange1 at ,lyons1 & au?orit>ian ,communism ) ,buon>roti1 ,babeuf1 & _! comrades4 ,& x 0 imm$iately aft] ! ,great ,revolution t ! ?ree great !oretical f\nd]s ( mod]n ,socialism--,f\ri]1 ,sa9t ,simon1 & ,rob]t ,ow51 z well z ,godw9 7! ,no-,/ate ,socialism7--came =w>d2 :ile ! secret communi/ societies1 orig9at$ f ^? ( ,buon>roti & ,babeuf1 gave _! /amp to militant1 au?orit>ian ,communism = ! next fifty ye>s4 ,to be correct1 !n1 we mu/ say t mod]n ,socialism is n yet a hundr$ ye>s old1 & t1 = ! fir/ half ( ^! hundr$ ye>s1 two nations only1 :i* /ood at ! head ( ! indu/rial movem5t1 i4e41 ,brita9 & ,france1 took "p 9 its elaboration4 ,bo?--ble$+ at t "t f ! t]rible w\nds inflict$ ^u !m by fifte5 ye>s ( ,napoleonic w>s1 & bo? envelop$ 9 ! great ,european reaction t _h come f ! ,ea/4 ,9 fact1 x 0 only aft] ! ,revolution ( ,july1 #ahcj1 9 ,france1 & ! ,re=m movem5t ( #ahcj-ahcb 9 ?is c\ntry1 _h begun to %ake (f t t]rible reaction1 t ! discussion ( ,socialism became possible = a few ye>s be=e ! revolution ( #ahdh4 ,& x 0 dur+ ^? ye>s t ! aspirations ( ,f\ri]1 ,/4 ,simon1 & ,rob]t ,ow51 work$ out by _! foll[]s1 took a def9ite %ape1 & ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,socialism :i* exi/ n[adays 7 def9$4 ,9 ,brita91 ,rob]t ,ow5 & 8 foll[]s work$ out _! s*emes ( communi/ villages1 agricultural & indu/rial at ! same "t2 imm5se co-op]ative associations 7 />t$ = creat+ ) _! divid5ds m communi/ colonies2 & ! ,great ,consolidat$ ,trades' ,union 0 f\nd$--! =]unn] ( bo? ! ,lab\r ,p>ties ( our days & ! ,int]national ,work+-m5's ,association4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,f\ri]i/ ,considrant issu$ 8 rem>kable manife/o1 :i* conta9s1 beautifully develop$1 all ! !oretical consid]ations ^u ! gr[? ( ,capitalism1 :i* are n[ describ$ z ,sci5tific ,socialism4 ,pr\dhon work$ out 8 idea ( ,an>*ism & ,mutualism1 )\t ,/ate int]f]5ce4 ,l\is ,blanc publi%$ 8 ,organization ( ,lab\r1 :i* became lat] on ! programme ( ,lassalle4 ,vidal 9 ,france & ,lor5z ,/e9 9 ,g]many fur!r develop$1 9 two rem>kable works1 publi%$ 9 #ahdf & #ahdg respectively1 ! !oretical conceptions ( ,considrant2 & f9ally ,vidal1 & especially ,pecqueur1 develop$ 9 detail ! sy/em ( ,collectivism1 :i* ! =m] want$ ! ,national ,assembly ( #ahdh to vote 9 ! %ape ( laws4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o feature1 common to all ,sociali/ s*emes ( t p]iod1 :i* mu/ be not$4 ,! ?ree great f\nd]s ( ,socialism :o wrote at ! dawn ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 s entranc$ by ! wide horizons :i* x op5$ be=e !m1 t !y look$ ^u x z a new revelation1 & ^u !mselves z ^u ! f\nd]s ( a new religion4 ,socialism _h to be a religion1 & !y _h to regulate its m>*1 z ! heads ( a new *ur*4 ,besides1 writ+ dur+ ! p]iod ( reaction :i* _h foll[$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & see+ m its failures ?an its successes1 !y did n tru/ ! masses1 & !y did n appeal to !m = br++ ab\t ! *anges :i* !y ?\ght necess>y4 ,!y put _! fai?1 on ! contr>y1 into "s great rul]1 "s ,sociali/ ,napoleon4 ,he w\ld und]/& ! new revelation2 he w\ld be conv9c$ ( its desirability by ! successful exp]im5ts ( _! phalan/]ies1 or associations2 & he w\ld peacefully accompli% by 8 own au?ority ! revolution :i* w\ld br+ well-be+ & happ9ess to mank9d4 ,a milit>y g5ius1 ,napoleon1 _h j be5 rul+ ,europe4 ,:y %\ld n a social g5ius come =w>d1 c>ry ,europe ) him & translate ! new ,gospel into life8 ,t fai? 0 root$ v deep1 & x /ood = a long "t 9 ! way ( ,socialism2 its traces are ev5 se5 among/ u1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 only dur+ ! ye>s #ahdj-dh1 :5 ! approa* ( ! ,revolution 0 felt ev]y:]e1 & ! prolet>ians 7 beg9n+ to plant ! bann] ( ,socialism on ! b>ricades1 t fai? 9 ! p began to ent] once m ! he>ts ( ! social s*em]s3 fai?1 on ! "o side1 9 ,republican ,democracy1 & on ! o!r side 9 free association1 9 ! organiz+ p[]s ( ! work+-m5 !mselves4 ,b !n came ! ,revolution ( ,febru>y1 #ahdh1 ! middle-class ,republic1 &--) x1 %att]$ hopes4 ,f\r mon?s only aft] ! proclamation ( ! ,republic1 ! ,june insurrection ( ! ,p>is prolet>ians broke out1 & x 0 cru%$ 9 blood4 ,! :olesale %oot+ ( ! work+-m51 ! mass deportations to ,new ,gu9ea1 & f9ally ! ,napoleonian c\p d'tat foll[$4 ,! ,sociali/s 7 prosecut$ ) fury1 & ! we$+ out 0 s t]rible & s ?or\gh t = ! next twelve or fifte5 ye>s ! v traces ( ,socialism disappe>$2 its lit]ature vani%$ s completely t ev5 names1 once s famili> be=e #ahdh1 7 entirely =gott52 ideas :i* 7 !n curr5t--! /ock ideas ( ! ,sociali/s be=e #ahdh--7 s wip$ out z to be tak51 lat] on1 by our g5]ation1 = new discov]ies4 ,h[ev]1 :5 a new revival began1 ab\t #ahff1 :5 ,communism & ,collectivism once m came =w>d1 x appe>$ t ! conception z to ! means ( _! realization _h und]gone a deep *ange4 ,! old fai? 9 ,political ,democracy 0 dy+ out1 & ! fir/ pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,p>is work+-m5 agre$ ) ! ,briti% trade-unioni/s & ,ow5ites1 :5 !y met 9 #ahfb & #ahfd1 at ,london1 0 t ! emancipation ( ! work+-m5 mu/ be accompli%$ by ! work+-m5 !mselves4 ,^u ano!r po9t !y also 7 agre$4 ,x 0 t ! lab\r unions !mselves w\ld h to get hold ( ! in/rum5ts ( production1 & organize production !mselves4 ,! ,fr5* idea ( ! ,f\ri]i/ & ,mutuali/ ,association ?us jo9$ h&s ) ,rob]t ,ow5's idea ( ,! ,great ,consolidat$ ,trades' ,union1 :i* 0 ext5d$ n[1 s z to become an ,int]national ,work+-m5's ,association4 ,aga9 ?is new revival ( ,socialism la/$ b a few ye>s4 ,soon came ! w> ( #ahgj-ga1 ! upris+ ( ! ,p>is ,commune--& aga9 ! free developm5t ( ,socialism 0 r5d]$ impossible 9 ,france4 ,b :ile ,g]many accept$ n[ f ! h&s ( its ,g]man tea*]s1 ,m>x & ,engels1 ! ,socialism ( ! ,fr5* =ty-eight]s t is1 ! ,socialism ( ,considrant & ,l\is ,blanc1 & ! ,collectivism ( ,pecqueur1--,france made a fur!r /ep =w>d4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahga1 ,p>is _h proclaim$ t h5ce=w>d x w\ld n wait = ! ret>datory portions ( ,france3 t x int5d$ to />t )9 its ,commune its own social developm5t4 ,! movem5t 0 too %ort-liv$ to give any positive result4 ,x rema9$ communali/ only2 x m]ely ass]t$ ! rights ( ! ,commune to its full autonomy4 ,b ! work+-classes ( ! old ,int]national saw at once its hi/orical significance4 ,!y und]/ood t ! free commune w\ld be h5ce=? ! m$ium 9 :i* ! ideas ( mod]n ,socialism may come to realization4 ,! free agro-indu/rial communes1 ( :i* s mu* 0 spok5 9 ,engl& & ,france be=e #ahdh1 ne$ n be small phalan/]ies1 or small communities ( #bjjj p]sons4 ,!y mu/ be va/ agglom]ations1 l ,p>is1 or1 /ill bett]1 small t]ritories4 ,^! communes w\ld f$]ate to con/itute nations 9 "s cases1 ev5 irrespectively ( ! pres5t national fronti]s 7l ! ,c9que ,ports1 or ! ,hansa74 ,at ! same "t l>ge lab\r associations w\ld come into exi/5ce = ! int]-communal s]vice ( ! railways1 ! docks1 & s on4 ,su* 7 ! ideas :i* began vaguely to circulate aft] #ahga among/ ! ?9k+ work+-m51 especially 9 ! ,lat9 c\ntries4 ,9 "s su* organization1 ! details ( :i* life itself w\ld settle1 ! lab\r circles saw ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ,sociali/ =ms ( life c\ld f9d a mu* easi] realization ?an ?r\gh ! seizure ( all indu/rial prop]ty by ! ,/ate1 & ! ,/ate organization ( agriculture & indu/ry4 ,^! are ! ideas to :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to give a m or less def9ite expression 9 ?is book4 ,look+ back n[ at ! ye>s t h pass$ s9ce ?is book 0 writt51 ,i c say 9 full consci5ce t its lead+ ideas mu/ h be5 correct4 ,/ate ,socialism has c]ta9ly made consid]able progress4 ,/ate railways1 ,/ate bank+1 & ,/ate trade 9 spirits h be5 introduc$ "h & !re4 ,b e /ep made 9 ?is direction1 ev5 ?\gh x result$ 9 ! *eap5+ ( a giv5 commodity1 0 f\nd to be a new ob/acle 9 ! /ruggle ( ! work+-m5 = _! emancipation4 ,s t we f9d gr[+ among/ ! work+-m51 especially 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 ! idea t ev5 ! work+ ( su* a va/ national prop]ty z a railway-net c\ld be mu* bett] h&l$ by a ,f$]at$ ,union ( railway employs1 ?an by a ,/ate organization4 ,on ! o!r side1 we see t c\ntless attempts h be5 made all ov] ,europe & ,am]ica1 ! lead+ idea ( :i* is1 on ! "o side1 to get into ! h&s ( ! work+-m5 !mselves wide bran*es ( production1 &1 on ! o!r side1 to always wid5 9 ! cities ! circles ( ! functions :i* ! city p]=ms 9 ! int]e/ ( its inhabitants4 ,trade-unionism1 ) a gr[+ t5d5cy t[>ds organiz+ ! diff]5t trades int]nationally1 & ( be+ n only an in/rum5t = ! improvem5t ( ! conditions ( lab\r1 b also ( becom+ an organization :i* might1 at a giv5 mom5t1 take into its h&s ! managem5t ( production2 ,co-op]ation1 bo? = production & = di/ribution1 bo? 9 indu/ry & agriculture1 & attempts at comb9+ bo? sorts ( co-op]ation 9 exp]im5tal colonies2 & f9ally1 ! imm5sely v>i$ field ( ! s-call$ ,municipal ,socialism--^! are ! ?ree directions 9 :i* ! greate/ am\nt ( creative p[] has be5 develop$ lately4 ,( c\rse1 none ( ^! may1 9 any degree1 be tak5 z a sub/itute = ,communism1 or ev5 = ,socialism1 bo? ( :i* imply ! common possession ( ! in/rum5ts ( production4 ,b we c]ta9ly mu/ look at all ^! attempts z ^u exp]im5ts--l ^? :i* ,ow51 ,f\ri]1 & ,sa9t ,simon tri$ 9 _! colonies--exp]im5ts :i* prep>e human ?\ght to conceive "s ( ! practical =ms 9 :i* a communi/ society might f9d its expression4 ,! syn!sis ( all ^! p>tial exp]im5ts w h to be made "s day by ! con/ructive g5ius ( "s "o ( ! civiliz$ nations4 ,b samples ( ! bricks out ( :i* ! great syn!tic build+ w h to be built1 & ev5 samples ( "s ( its rooms1 are be+ prep>$ by ! imm5se ef=t ( ! con/ructive g5ius ( man4 ,,brighton4 ,janu>y1 #aiac4 ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,bread ,,*apt] ,i ,,our ,,ri*es ,i ,! human race has travell$ a long way1 s9ce ^? remote ages :5 m5 fa%ion$ _! rude implem5ts ( fl9t & liv$ on ! prec>i\s spoils ( hunt+1 leav+ to _! *ildr5 = _! only h]itage a %elt] b5ea? ! rocks1 "s poor ut5sils--& ,nature1 va/1 unkn[n1 & t]rific1 ) :om !y _h to fight = _! wret*$ exi/5ce4 ,dur+ ! long succession ( agitat$ ages :i* h elaps$ s9ce1 mank9d has nev]!less amass$ untold treasures4 ,x has cle>$ ! l&1 dri$ ! m>%es1 hewn d[n =e/s1 made roads1 pi]c$ m\nta9s2 x has be5 build+1 inv5t+1 obs]v+1 reason+2 x has creat$ a complex ma*9]y1 wre/$ h] secrets f ,nature1 & f9ally x press$ /eam & electricity into its s]vice4 ,& ! result is1 t n[ ! *ild ( ! civiliz$ man f9ds at its bir?1 ready = its use1 an imm5se capital accumulat$ by ^? :o h gone be=e him4 ,& ?is capital enables man to acquire1 m]ely by 8 own lab\r comb9$ ) ! lab\r ( o!rs1 ri*es surpass+ ! dreams ( ! fairy tales ( ! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights4 ,! soil is cle>$ to a great ext5t1 fit = ! reception ( ! be/ se$s1 ready to give a ri* return = ! skill & lab\r sp5t ^u x--a return m ?an suffici5t = all ! wants ( humanity4 ,! me?ods ( rational cultivation are kn[n4 ,on ! wide prairies ( ,am]ica ea* hundr$ m51 ) ! aid ( p[]ful ma*9]y1 c produce 9 a few mon?s en\gh :eat to ma9ta9 t5 ?\s& p = a :ole ye>4 ,& :]e man wi%es to d\ble 8 produce1 to treble x1 to multiply x a hundr$-fold1 he makes ! soil1 gives to ea* plant ! requisite c>e1 & ?us obta9s enorm\s returns4 ,:ile ! hunt] ( old _h to sc\r fifty or sixty squ>e miles to f9d food = 8 family1 ! civiliz$ man supports 8 h\sehold1 ) f> less pa9s1 & f> m c]ta9ty1 on a ?\s&? "p ( t space4 ,climate is no long] an ob/acle4 ,:5 ! sun fails1 man replaces x by artificial heat2 & we see ! com+ ( a "t :5 artificial light also w be us$ to /imulate vegetation4 ,mean:ile1 by ! use ( glass & hot wat] pipes1 man r5d]s a giv5 space t5 & fifty times m productive ?an x 0 9 its natural /ate4 ,! prodigies accompli%$ 9 indu/ry are /ill m /rik+4 ,) ! co-op]ation ( ^? intellig5t be+s1 mod]n ma*9es--!mselves ! fruit ( ?ree or f\r g5]ations ( inv5tors1 mo/ly unkn[n--a hundr$ m5 manufacture n[ ! /uff to provide t5 ?\s& p]sons ) clo?+ = two ye>s4 ,9 well-manag$ coal m9es ! lab\r ( a hundr$ m9]s furni%es ea* ye> en\gh fuel to w>m t5 ?\s& families "u an inclem5t sky4 ,& we h lately witness$ ! spectacle ( wond]ful cities spr++ up 9 a few mon?s = int]national exhibitions1 )\t int]rupt+ 9 ! slighte/ degree ! regul> "w ( ! nations4 ,& if 9 manufactures z 9 agriculture1 & z inde$ ?r\gh our :ole social sy/em1 ! lab\r1 ! discov]ies1 & ! inv5tions ( our ance/ors pr(it *iefly ! few1 x is none ! less c]ta9 t mank9d 9 g5]al1 aid$ by ! creatures ( /eel & iron :i* x already possesses1 c\ld already procure an exi/5ce ( weal? & ease = e "o ( its memb]s4 ,truly1 we are ri*--f> ri*] ?an we ?9k2 ri* 9 :at we already possess1 ri*] /ill 9 ! possibilities ( production ( our actual me*anical outfit2 ri*e/ ( all 9 :at we might w9 f our soil1 f our manufactures1 f our sci5ce1 f our te*nical k1 7 !y b appli$ to br++ ab\t ! well-be+ ( all4 ,,ii ,9 our civiliz$ societies we are ri*4 ,:y !n are ! _m poor8 ,:y ?is pa9ful drudg]y = ! masses8 ,:y1 ev5 to ! be/ paid workman1 ?is unc]ta9ty = ! morr[1 9 ! mid/ ( all ! weal? inh]it$ f ! pa/1 & 9 spite ( ! p[]ful means ( production1 :i* c\ld ensure com=t to all1 9 return = a few h\rs ( daily toil8 ,! ,sociali/s h said x & repeat$ x unwe>y+ly4 ,daily !y reit]ate x1 demon/rat+ x by argum5ts tak5 f all ! sci5ces4 ,x is because all t is necess>y = production--! l&1 ! m9es1 ! highways1 ma*9]y1 food1 %elt]1 education1 k--all h be5 seiz$ by ! few 9 ! c\rse ( t long /ory ( robb]y1 en=c$ migration & w>s1 ( ignorance & oppression1 :i* has be5 ! life ( ! human race be=e x _h le>n$ to subdue ! =ces ( ,nature4 ,x is because1 tak+ advantage ( alleg$ rights acquir$ 9 ! pa/1 ^! few appropriate to-day two-?irds ( ! products ( human lab\r1 & !n squ&] !m 9 ! mo/ /upid & %ameful way4 ,x is because1 hav+ r$uc$ ! masses to a po9t at :i* !y h n ! means ( subsi/5ce = a mon?1 or ev5 = a week 9 advance1 ! few c all[ ! _m to "w1 only on ! condition ( !mselves receiv+ ! lion's %>e4 ,x is because ^! few prev5t ! rema9d] ( m5 f produc+ ! ?+s !y ne$1 & =ce !m to produce1 n ! necess>ies ( life = all1 b :atev] (f]s ! greate/ pr(its to ! monopoli/s4 ,9 ?is is ! sub/ance ( all ,socialism4 ,take1 inde$1 a civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,! =e/s :i* once cov]$ x h be5 cle>$1 ! m>%es dra9$1 ! climate improv$4 ,x has be5 made habitable4 ,! soil1 :i* bore =m]ly only a co>se vegetation1 is cov]$ to-day ) ri* h>ve/s4 ,! rock-walls 9 ! valleys are laid out 9 t]races & cov]$ ) v9es4 ,! wild plants1 :i* yield$ n\ght b acrid b]ries1 or uneatable roots1 h be5 trans=m$ by g5]ations ( culture into succul5t vegetables or trees cov]$ ) delici\s fruits4 ,?\s&s ( highways & railroads furr[ ! e>?1 & pi]ce ! m\nta9s4 ,! %riek ( ! eng9e is he>d 9 ! wild gorges ( ! ,alps1 ! ,caucasus1 & ! ,himalayas4 ,! riv]s h be5 made navigable2 ! coa/s1 c>efully survey$1 are easy ( access2 artificial h>b\rs1 labori\sly dug out & protect$ aga9/ ! fury ( ! sea1 af=d %elt] to ! %ips4 ,deep %afts h be5 sunk 9 ! rocks2 labyr9?s ( und]gr\nd gall]ies h be5 dug out :]e coal may be rais$ or m9]als extract$4 ,at ! cross+s ( ! highways great cities h sprung up1 & )9 _! bord]s all ! treasures ( indu/ry1 sci5ce1 & art h be5 accumulat$4 ,:ole g5]ations1 t liv$ & di$ 9 mis]y1 oppress$ & ill-treat$ by _! ma/]s1 & worn out by toil1 h h&$ on ?is imm5se inh]itance to our c5tury4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s millions ( m5 h lab\r$ to cle> ! =e/s1 to dra9 ! m>%es1 & to op5 up highways by l& & wat]4 ,e rood ( soil we cultivate 9 ,europe has be5 wat]$ by ! sweat ( sev]al races ( m54 ,e acre has its /ory ( en=c$ lab\r1 ( intol]able toil1 ( ! p's suff]+s4 ,e mile ( railway1 e y>d ( tunnel1 has receiv$ its %>e ( human blood4 ,! %afts ( ! m9e /ill be> on _! rocky walls ! m>ks made by ! pick ( ! workman :o toil$ to excavate !m4 ,! space betwe5 ea* prop 9 ! und]gr\nd gall]ies might be m>k$ z a m9]'s grave2 & :o c tell :at ea* ( ^! graves has co/1 9 te>s1 9 privations1 9 unspeakable wret*$ness to ! family :o dep5d$ on ! scanty wage ( ! work] cut (f 9 8 prime by fire-damp1 rock-fall1 or flood8 ,! cities1 b\nd toge!r by railroads & wat]ways1 are organisms :i* h liv$ ?r\gh c5turies4 ,dig b5ea? !m & y f9d1 "o above ano!r1 ! f\ndations ( /reets1 ( h\ses1 ( !atres1 ( public build+s4 ,se>* into _! hi/ory & y w see h[ ! civilization ( ! t[n1 its indu/ry1 its special *>act]i/ics1 h sl[ly gr[n & rip5$ ?r\gh ! co-op]ation ( g5]ations ( its inhabitants be=e x c\ld become :at x is to-day4 ,& ev5 to-day1 ! value ( ea* dwell+1 factory1 & w>eh\se1 :i* has be5 creat$ by ! accumulat$ lab\r ( ! millions ( work]s1 n[ dead & buri$1 is only ma9ta9$ by ! v pres5ce & lab\r ( legions ( ! m5 :o n[ inhabit t special corn] ( ! globe4 ,ea* ( ! atoms compos+ :at we call ! ,weal? ( ,nations owes its value to ! fact t x is a "p ( ! great :ole4 ,:at w\ld a ,london docky>d or a great ,p>is w>eh\se be if !y 7 n situat$ 9 ^! great c5tres ( int]national comm]ce8 ,:at w\ld become ( our m9es1 our factories1 our work%ops1 & our railways1 )\t ! imm5se quantities ( m]*&ise transport$ e day by sea & l&8 ,millions ( human be+s h lab\r$ to create ?is civilization on :i* we pride ourselves to-day4 ,o!r millions1 scatt]$ ?r\gh ! globe1 lab\r to ma9ta9 x4 ,)\t !m no?+ w\ld be left 9 fifty ye>s b ru9s4 ,!re is n ev5 a ?\ght1 or an inv5tion1 :i* is n common prop]ty1 born ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,?\s&s ( inv5tors1 kn[n & unkn[n1 :o h di$ 9 pov]ty1 h co-op]at$ 9 ! inv5tion ( ea* ( ^! ma*9es :i* embody ! g5ius ( man4 ,?\s&s ( writ]s1 ( poets1 ( s*ol>s1 h lab\r$ to increase k1 to dissipate error1 & to create t atmosph]e ( sci5tific ?\ght1 )\t :i* ! m>vels ( our c5tury c\ld nev] h appe>$4 ,& ^! ?\s&s ( philosoph]s1 ( poets1 ( s*ol>s1 ( inv5tors1 h !mselves be5 support$ by ! lab\r ( pa/ c5turies4 ,!y h be5 upheld & n\ri%$ ?r\gh life1 bo? physically & m5tally1 by legions ( work]s & craftsm5 ( all sorts4 ,!y h drawn _! motive =ce f ! environm5t4 ,! g5ius ( a ,sgu91 a ,may]1 a ,grove1 has c]ta9ly done m to laun* indu/ry 9 new directions ?an all ! capitali/s 9 ! _w4 ,b m5 ( g5ius are !mselves ! *ildr5 ( indu/ry z well z ( sci5ce4 ,n until ?\s&s ( /eam-eng9es _h be5 work+ = ye>s be=e all eyes1 con/antly trans=m+ heat into dynamic =ce1 & ?is =ce into s\nd1 light1 & electricity1 c\ld ! insight ( g5ius proclaim ! me*anical orig9 & ! unity ( ! physical =ces4 ,& if we1 *ildr5 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 h at la/ grasp$ ?is idea1 if we "k n[ h[ to apply x1 x is aga9 because daily exp]i5ce has prep>$ ! way4 ,! ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury saw & decl>$ x1 b ! idea rema9$ undevelop$1 because ! eighte5? c5tury _h n gr[n up l ours1 side by side ) ! /eam-eng9e4 ,imag9e ! decades t might h pass$ :ile we rema9$ 9 ignorance ( ?is law1 :i* has revolutioniz$ mod]n indu/ry1 _h ,watt n f\nd at ,soho skill$ workm5 to embody 8 ideas 9 metal1 br++ all ! p>ts ( 8 eng9e to p]fection1 s t /eam1 p5t 9 a complete me*anism1 & r5d]$ m docile ?an a horse1 m manageable ?an wat]1 became at la/ ! v s\l ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,e ma*9e has _h ! same hi/ory--a long record ( sleepless nights & ( pov]ty1 ( disillusions & ( joys1 ( p>tial improvem5ts discov]$ by sev]al g5]ations ( nameless work]s1 :o h add$ to ! orig9al inv5tion ^! little no?+s1 )\t :i* ! mo/ f]tile idea w\ld rema9 fruitless4 ,m ?an t3 e new inv5tion is a syn!sis1 ! resultant ( innum]able inv5tions :i* h prec$$ x 9 ! va/ field ( me*anics & indu/ry4 ,sci5ce & indu/ry1 k & application1 discov]y & practical realization lead+ to new discov]ies1 cunn+ ( bra9 & ( h&1 toil ( m9d & muscle--all "w toge!r4 ,ea* discov]y1 ea* advance1 ea* increase 9 ! sum ( human ri*es1 owes its be+ to ! physical & m5tal travail ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t4 ,by :at "r !n c any "o :atev] appropriate ! lea/ morsel ( ?is imm5se :ole & say--,?is is m9e1 n y\rs8 ,,iii ,x has come ab\t1 h[ev]1 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages trav]s$ by ! human race1 t all t enables man to produce & to increase 8 p[] ( production has be5 seiz$ by ! few4 ,"s "t1 p]haps1 we w relate h[ ?is came to pass4 ,= ! pres5t let x suffice to /ate ! fact & analyze its consequ5ces4 ,to-day ! soil1 :i* actually owes its value to ! ne$s ( an ev]-increas+ population1 belongs to a m9ority :o prev5t ! p f cultivat+ x--or d n all[ !m to cultivate x accord+ to mod]n me?ods4 ,! m9es1 ?\gh !y repres5t ! lab\r ( sev]al g5]ations1 & d]ive _! sole value f ! requirem5ts ( ! indu/ry ( a nation & ! d5sity ( ! population--! m9es also belong to ! few2 & ^! few re/rict ! output ( coal1 or prev5t x entirely1 if !y f9d m pr(itable inve/m5ts = _! capital4 ,ma*9]y1 too1 has become ! exclusive prop]ty ( ! few1 & ev5 :5 a ma*9e inconte/ably repres5ts ! improvem5ts add$ to ! orig9al r\gh inv5tion by ?ree or f\r g5]ations ( work]s1 x none ! less belongs to a few own]s4 ,& if ! desc5dants ( ! v inv5tor :o con/ruct$ ! fir/ ma*9e = lace-mak+1 a c5tury ago1 7 to pres5t !mselves to-day 9 a lace factory at ,ble or ,nott+ham1 & claim _! rights1 !y w\ld be told3 ,h&s (f6 ?is ma*9e is n y\rs1 & !y w\ld be %ot d[n if !y attempt$ to take possession ( x4 ,! railways1 :i* w\ld be useless z s mu* old iron )\t ! teem+ population ( ,europe1 its indu/ry1 its comm]ce1 & its m>ts1 belong to a few %>ehold]s1 ignorant p]haps ( ! :]eab\ts ( ! l9es ( rails :i* yield !m rev5ues great] ?an ^? ( m$ieval k+s4 ,& if ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o p]i%$ by ?\s&s :ile excavat+ ! railway cutt+s & tunnels 7 to assemble "o day1 cr[d+ 9 _! rags & hung]1 to dem& bread f ! %>ehold]s1 !y w\ld be met ) bayonets & grape%ot1 to disp]se !m & safegu>d ve/$ int]e/s4 ,9 virtue ( ?is mon/r\s sy/em1 ! son ( ! work]1 on ent]+ life1 f9ds no field :i* he may till1 no ma*9e :i* he may t5d1 no m9e 9 :i* he may dig1 )\t accept+ to leave a great "p ( :at he w produce to a ma/]4 ,he mu/ sell 8 lab\r = a scant & unc]ta9 wage4 ,8 fa!r & 8 gr&fa!r h toil$ to dra9 ?is field1 to build ?is mill1 to p]fect ?is ma*9e4 ,!y gave to ! "w ! full measure ( _! /r5g?1 & :at m c\ld !y give8 ,b _! heir comes into ! _w poor] ?an ! l[e/ savage4 ,if he obta9s leave to till ! fields1 x is on condition ( surr5d]+ a qu>t] ( ! produce to 8 ma/]1 & ano!r qu>t] to ! gov]nm5t & ! middlem54 ,& ?is tax1 levi$ ^u him by ! ,/ate1 ! capitali/1 ! "l ( ! manor1 & ! middleman1 is always increas+2 x r>ely leaves him ! p[] to improve 8 sy/em ( culture4 ,if he turns to indu/ry1 he is all[$ to "w--?\gh n always ev5 t--only on condition t he yield a half or two-?irds ( ! product to him :om ! l& recognizes z ! own] ( ! ma*9e4 ,we cry %ame on ! feudal b>on :o =bade ! peasant to turn a clod ( e>? unless he surr5d]$ to 8 "l a f\r? ( 8 crop4 ,we call$ ^? ! b>b>\s times4 ,b if ! =ms h *ang$1 ! relations h rema9$ ! same1 & ! work] is =c$1 "u ! "n ( free contract1 to accept feudal obligations4 ,=1 turn :]e he w1 he c f9d no bett] conditions4 ,ev]y?+ has become private prop]ty1 & he mu/ accept1 or die ( hung]4 ,! result ( ?is /ate ( ?+s is t all our production t5ds 9 a wrong direction4 ,ent]prise takes no ?\ght = ! ne$s ( ! community4 ,its only aim is to increase ! ga9s ( ! speculator4 ,h5ce ! con/ant fluctuations ( trade1 ! p]iodical indu/rial crises1 ea* ( :i* ?r[s scores ( ?\s&s ( work]s on ! /reets4 ,! work+ p _c pur*ase ) _! wages ! weal? :i* !y h produc$1 & indu/ry seeks =eign m>kets among ! moni$ classes ( o!r nations4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 9 ,africa1 ev]y:]e1 9 ,egypt1 ,tonk9 or ! ,congo1 ! ,european is ?us b\nd to promote ! gr[? ( s]fdom4 ,& s he does4 ,b soon he f9ds t ev]y:]e !re are simil> competitors4 ,all ! nations evolve on ! same l9es1 & w>s1 p]petual w>s1 break out = ! "r ( prec$5ce 9 ! m>ket4 ,w>s = ! possession ( ! ,ea/1 w>s = ! empire ( ! sea1 w>s to impose duties on imports & to dictate conditions to neighb\r+ /ates2 w>s aga9/ ^? blacks :o revolt6 ,! ro> ( ! cannon nev] ceases 9 ! _w1 :ole races are massacr$1 ! /ates ( ,europe sp5d a ?ird ( _! budgets 9 armam5ts2 & we "k h[ heavily ^! taxes fall on ! work]s4 ,education /ill rema9s ! privilege ( a small m9ority1 = x is idle to talk ( education :5 ! workman's *ild is =c$1 at ! age ( ?irte51 to g d[n into ! m9e or to help 8 fa!r on ! f>m4 ,x is idle to talk ( /udy+ to ! work]1 :o comes home 9 ! ev5+ we>i$ by excessive toil1 & its brutaliz+ atmosph]e4 ,society is ?us b\nd to rema9 divid$ into two ho/ile camps1 & 9 su* conditions fre$om is a va9 ^w4 ,! ,radical beg9s by dem&+ a great] ext5sion ( political rights1 b he soon sees t ! brea? ( lib]ty leads to ! uplift+ ( ! prolet>iat1 & !n he turns r\nd1 *anges 8 op9ions1 & rev]ts to repressive legislation & gov]nm5t by ! sword4 ,a va/ array ( c\rts1 judges1 execution]s1 policem51 & gaol]s is ne$$ to uphold ^! privileges2 & ?is array gives rise 9 its turn to a :ole sy/em ( espionage1 ( false witness1 ( spies1 ( ?reats & corruption4 ,! sy/em "u :i* we live *ecks 9 its turn ! gr[? ( ! social s5tim5t4 ,we all "k t )\t uprightness1 )\t self-respect1 )\t sympa?y & mutual aid1 human k9d mu/ p]i%1 z p]i% ! few races ( animals liv+ by rap9e1 or ! slave-keep+ ants4 ,b su* ideas are n to ! ta/e ( ! rul+ classes1 & !y h elaborat$ a :ole sy/em ( pseudo-sci5ce to tea* ! contr>y4 ,f9e s]mons h be5 prea*$ on ! text t ^? :o h %\ld %>e ) ^? :o h n1 b he :o w\ld c>ry out ?is pr9ciple w\ld be spe$ily in=m$ t ^! beautiful s5tim5ts are all v well 9 poetry1 b n 9 practice4 ,to lie is to degrade & besmir* oneself1 we say1 & yet all civiliz$ life becomes "o huge lie4 ,we accu/om ourselves & our *ildr5 to hypocrisy1 to ! practice ( a d\ble-fac$ morality4 ,& s9ce ! bra9 is ill at ease among lies1 we *eat ourselves ) sophi/ry4 ,hypocrisy & sophi/ry become ! second nature ( ! civiliz$ man4 ,b a society _c live ?us2 x mu/ return to tru?1 or cease to exi/4 ,?us ! consequ5ces :i* spr+ f ! orig9al act ( monopoly spread ?r\gh ! :ole ( social life4 ,"u pa9 ( dea?1 human societies are =c$ to return to fir/ pr9ciples3 ! means ( production be+ ! collective "w ( humanity1 ! product %\ld be ! collective prop]ty ( ! race4 ,individual appropriation is nei!r j nor s]viceable4 ,all belongs to all4 ,all ?+s are = all m51 s9ce all m5 h ne$ ( !m1 s9ce all m5 h work$ 9 ! measure ( _! /r5g? to produce !m1 & s9ce x is n possible to evaluate e "o's "p 9 ! production ( ! _w's weal?4 ,all ?+s = all4 ,"h is an imm5se /ock ( tools & implem5ts2 "h are all ^? iron slaves :i* we call ma*9es1 :i* saw & plane1 sp9 & weave = u1 unmak+ & remak+1 work+ up raw matt] to produce ! m>vels ( our "t4 ,b nobody has ! "r to seize a s+le "o ( ^! ma*9es & say3 ,?is is m9e2 if y want to use x y mu/ pay me a tax on ea* ( y\r products1 any m ?an ! feudal "l ( m$ieval times _h ! "r to say to ! peasant3 ,?is hill1 ?is mead[ belong to me1 & y mu/ pay me a tax on e %eaf ( corn y reap1 on e brick y build4 ,all is = all6 ,if ! man & ! woman be> _! fair %>e ( "w1 !y h a "r to _! fair %>e ( all t is produc$ by all1 & t %>e is en\gh to secure !m well-be+4 ,no m ( su* vague =mulas z ,! "r to "w1 or ,to ea* ! :ole result ( 8 lab\r4 ,:at we proclaim is ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,well-,,be+3 ,,well-,,be+ ,,= ,,all6 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,well-,,be+ ,,= ,,all ,i ,well-be+ = all is n a dream4 ,x is possible1 realizable1 ow+ to all t our ance/ors h done to increase our p[]s ( production4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t ! produc]s1 al?\gh !y con/itute h>dly "o-?ird ( ! inhabitants ( civiliz$ c\ntries1 ev5 n[ produce su* quantities ( goods t a c]ta9 degree ( com=t c\ld be br\ght to e he>?4 ,we "k fur!r t if all ^? :o squ&] to-day ! fruits ( o!rs' toil 7 =c$ to employ _! leisure 9 useful "w1 our weal? w\ld increase 9 proportion to ! numb] ( produc]s1 & m4 ,f9ally1 we "k t contr>y to ! !ory enunciat$ by ,mal?us--t ,oracle ( middle-class ,economics--! productive p[]s ( ! human race increase at a mu* m rapid ratio ?an its p[]s ( reproduction4 ,! m ?ickly m5 are cr[d$ on ! soil1 ! m rapid is ! gr[? ( _! weal?-creat+ p[]4 ,?us1 al?\gh ! population ( ,engl& has only increas$ f #ahdd to #ahij by #fb p] c5t41 its production has gr[n1 ev5 at ! l[e/ e/imate1 at d\ble t rate--to wit1 by #acj p] c5t4 ,9 ,france1 :]e ! population has gr[n m sl[ly1 ! increase 9 production is nev]!less v rapid4 ,not)/&+ ! crises ?r\gh :i* agriculture is frequ5tly pass+1 not)/&+ ,/ate int]f]5ce1 ! blood-tax 7conscription71 & speculative comm]ce & f9ance1 ! production ( :eat 9 ,france has increas$ f\r-fold1 & indu/rial production m ?an t5fold1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ eighty ye>s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is progress is /ill m /rik+4 ,9 spite ( immigration1 or r precisely because ( ! influx ( surplus ,european lab\r1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h multipli$ _! weal? t5fold4 ,h[ev]1 ^! figures give b a v fa9t idea ( :at our weal? might become "u bett] conditions4 ,= alongside ( ! rapid developm5t ( our weal?-produc+ p[]s we h an ov]:elm+ increase 9 ! ranks ( ! idl]s & middlem54 ,in/ead ( capital gradually conc5trat+ itself 9 a few h&s1 s t x w\ld only be necess>y = ! community to dispossess a few millionaires & ent] ^u its lawful h]itage--in/ead ( ?is ,sociali/ =eca/ prov+ true1 ! exact rev]se is com+ to pass3 ! sw>m ( p>asites is ev] increas+4 ,9 ,france !re are n t5 actual produc]s to e ?irty inhabitants4 ,! :ole agricultural weal? ( ! c\ntry is ! "w ( less ?an sev5 millions ( m51 & 9 ! two great indu/ries1 m9+ & ! textile trades1 y w f9d t ! work]s numb] less ?an two & "o-half millions4 ,b ! exploit]s ( lab\r1 h[ _m are !y8 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom a little ov] "o million work]s--m51 wom51 & *ildr51 are employ$ 9 all ! textile trades2 less ?an n9e hundr$ ?\s& "w ! m9es2 mu* less ?an two million till ! gr\nd1 & x appe>$ f ! la/ indu/rial c5sus t only a little ov] f\r million m51 wom5 & *ildr5 7 employ$ 9 all ! indu/ries4#a ,s t ! /ati/icians h to exagg]ate all ! figures 9 ord] to e/abli% a maximum ( eight million produc]s to =ty-five million inhabitants4 ,/rictly speak+ ! creators ( ! goods export$ f ,brita9 to all ! ends ( ! e>? comprise only f six to sev5 million work]s4 ,& :at is ! numb] ( ! %>ehold]s & middlem5 :o levy ! fir/ fruits ( lab\r f f> & ne>1 & heap up une>n$ ga9s by ?ru/+ !mselves betwe5 ! produc] & ! consum]8 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! own]s ( capital con/antly r$uce ! output by re/ra9+ production4 ,we ne$ n speak ( ! c>tloads ( oy/]s ?r[n into ! sea to prev5t a da9ty1 hi!rto res]v$ = ! ri*1 f becom+ a food = ! p4 ,we ne$ n speak ( ! ?\s& & "o luxuries--/uffs1 foods1 etc41 etc4--treat$ aft] ! same fa%ion z ! oy/]s4 ,x is en\gh to rememb] ! way 9 :i* ! production ( ! mo/ necess>y ?+s is limit$4 ,legions ( m9]s are ready & will+ to dig out coal e day1 & s5d x to ^? :o are %iv]+ ) cold2 b too (t5 a ?ird1 or ev5 "o-half1 ( _! numb] are =bidd5 to "w m ?an ?ree days a week1 because1 =soo?1 ! price ( coal mu/ be kept up6 ,?\s&s ( weav]s are =bidd5 to "w ! looms1 al?\gh _! wives & *ildr5 g 9 rags1 & al?\gh ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! population ( ,europe h no clo?+ wor?y ! "n4 ,hundr$s ( bla/-furnaces1 ?\s&s ( factories p]iodically /& idle1 o!rs only "w half-"t--& 9 e civiliz$ nation !re is a p]man5t population ( ab\t two million individuals :o ask only = "w1 b to :om "w is d5i$4 ,h[ gladly w\ld ^! millions ( m5 set to "w to reclaim wa/e l&s1 or to trans=m ill-cultivat$ l& into f]tile fields1 ri* 9 h>ve/s6 ,a ye> ( well-direct$ toil w\ld suffice to multiply fivefold ! produce ( ^? millions ( acres 9 ?is c\ntry :i* lie idle n[ z p]man5t pa/ure1 or ( ^? dry l&s 9 ! s\? ( ,france :i* n[ yield only ab\t eight bu%els ( :eat p] acre4 ,b m51 :o w\ld be happy to become h>dy pione]s 9 s _m bran*es ( weal?-produc+ activity1 mu/ rema9 idle because ! own]s ( ! soil1 ! m9es & ! factories pref] to inve/ _! capital--tak5 9 ! fir/ place f ! community--9 ,turki% or ,egyptian bonds1 or 9 ,patagonian gold m9es1 & s make ,egyptian fellahs1 ,italian emigrants1 & ,*9ese coolies _! wage-slaves4 ,?is is ! direct & delib]ate limitation ( production2 b !re is also a limitation indirect & n ( set purpose1 :i* consi/s 9 sp5d+ human toil on objects absolutely useless1 or de/9$ only to satisfy ! dull vanity ( ! ri*4 ,x is impossible to reckon 9 figures ! ext5t to :i* weal? is re/rict$ indirectly1 ! ext5t to :i* en]gy is squ&]$1 :ile x might h s]v$ to produce1 & above all to prep>e ! ma*9]y necess>y to production4 ,x is en\gh to cite ! imm5se sums sp5t by ,europe 9 armam5ts1 = ! sole purpose ( acquir+ control ( m>kets1 & s =c+ h] own goods on neighb\r+ t]ritories1 & mak+ exploitation easi] at home2 ! millions paid e ye> to (ficials ( all sorts1 ^: function x is to ma9ta9 ! rights ( m9orities--! "r1 t is1 ( a few ri* m5--to manipulate ! economic activities ( ! nation2 ! millions sp5t on judges1 prisons1 policem51 & all ! p>aph]nalia ( s-call$ ju/ice--sp5t to no purpose1 because we "k t e alleviation1 h[ev] slight1 ( ! wret*$ness ( our great cities is always foll[$ by a consid]able dim9ution ( crime2 la/ly1 ! millions sp5t on propagat+ p]nici\s doctr9es by means ( ! press1 & news cook$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ?is or t p>ty1 ( ?is politician or ( t gr\p ( speculators4 ,b ov] & above ?is we mu/ take into acc\nt all ! lab\r t goes to %e] wa/e1--"h1 9 keep+ up ! /ables1 ! k5nels1 & ! ret9ue ( ! ri*2 !re1 9 p&]+ to ! caprices ( society & ! deprav$ ta/es ( ! fa%ionable mob2 !re aga91 9 =c+ ! consum] to buy :at he does n ne$1 or foi/+ an inf]ior article ^u him by means ( puff]y1 & 9 produc+ on ! o!r h& w>es :i* are absolutely injuri\s1 b pr(itable to ! manufactur]4 ,:at is squ&]$ 9 ?is mann] w\ld be en\gh to d\ble ! production ( useful ?+s1 or s to pl5i% our mills & factories ) ma*9]y t !y w\ld soon flood ! %ops ) all t is n[ lack+ to two-?irds ( ! nation4 ,"u our pres5t sy/em a full qu>t] ( ! produc]s 9 e nation are =c$ to be idle = ?ree or f\r mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & ! lab\r ( ano!r qu>t]1 if n ( ! half1 has no bett] results ?an ! amusem5t ( ! ri* or ! exploitation ( ! public4 ,?us1 if we consid] on ! "o h& ! rapidity ) :i* civiliz$ nations augm5t _! p[]s ( production1 & on ! o!r h& ! limits set to t production1 be x directly or indirectly1 by exi/+ conditions1 we _c b conclude t an economic sy/em a trifle m reasonable w\ld p]mit !m to heap up 9 a few ye>s s _m useful products t !y w\ld be con/ra9$ to say--,en\gh6 ,we h en\gh coal & bread & raim5t6 ,let u re/ & consid] h[ be/ to use our p[]s1 h[ be/ to employ our leisure4 ,no1 pl5ty = all is n a dream--?\gh x 0 a dream inde$ 9 ^? days :5 man1 = all 8 pa9s1 c\ld h>dly w9 a few bu%els ( :eat f an acre ( l&1 & _h to fa%ion by h& all ! implem5ts he us$ 9 agriculture & indu/ry4 ,n[ x is no long] a dream1 because man has inv5t$ a motor :i*1 ) a little iron & a few sacks ( coal1 gives him ! ma/]y ( a creature /rong & docile z a horse1 & capable ( sett+ ! mo/ complicat$ ma*9]y 9 motion4 ,b1 if pl5ty = all is to become a reality1 ?is imm5se capital--cities1 h\ses1 pa/ures1 arable l&s1 factories1 highways1 education--mu/ cease to be reg>d$ z private prop]ty1 = ! monopoli/ to dispose ( at 8 pleasure4 ,?is ri* end[m5t1 pa9fully won1 build$1 fa%ion$1 or inv5t$ by our ance/ors1 mu/ become common prop]ty1 s t ! collective int]e/s ( m5 may ga9 f x ! greate/ good = all4 ,!re mu/ be ,,expropriation4 ,! well-be+ ( all--! end2 expropriation--! means4 ,,ii ,expropriation1 su* !n is ! problem :i* ,hi/ory has put be=e ! m5 ( ! tw5tie? c5tury3 ! return to ,communism 9 all t m9i/]s to ! well-be+ ( man4 ,b ?is problem _c be solv$ by means ( legislation4 ,no "o imag9es t4 ,! poor1 z well z ! ri*1 und]/& t nei!r ! exi/+ ,gov]nm5ts1 nor any :i* might arise out ( possible political *anges1 w\ld be capable ( f9d+ su* a solution4 ,!y feel ! necessity ( a social revolution2 & bo? ri* & poor recognize t ?is revolution is imm95t1 t x may break out 9 a few ye>s4 ,a great *ange 9 ?\ght has tak5 place dur+ ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 b suppress$1 z x 01 by ! prop]ti$ classes1 & d5i$ its natural developm5t1 ?is new _s mu/ n[ break its bonds by viol5ce & realize itself 9 a revolution4 ,:5ce w ! revolution come8 h[ w x ann\nce its com+8 ,no "o c answ] ^! que/ions4 ,! future is hidd54 ,b ^? :o wat* & ?9k d n mis9t]pret ! signs3 work]s & exploit]s1 ,revolutioni/s & ,cons]vatives1 ?9k]s & m5 ( action1 all feel t a revolution is at our doors4 ,well1 !n1--,:at are we go+ to d :5 ! ?und]bolt has fall58 ,we h all be5 b5t on /udy+ ! dramatic side ( revolutions s mu*1 & ! practical "w ( revolutions s little1 t we are apt to see only ! /age effects1 s to speak1 ( ^! great movem5ts2 ! fight ( ! fir/ days2 ! b>ricades4 ,b ?is fight1 ?is fir/ skirmi%1 is soon end$1 & x only aft] ! breakd[n ( ! old sy/em t ! real "w ( revolution c be said to beg94 ,effete & p[]less1 attack$ on all sides1 ! old rul]s are soon swept away by ! brea? ( insurrection4 ,9 a few days ! middle-class mon>*y ( #ahdh 0 no m1 & :ile ,l\is ,philippe 0 mak+ good 8 escape 9 a cab1 ,p>is _h already =gott5 h] citiz5 k+4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,?i]s disappe>$1 on ! #ah? ( ,m>*1 #ahga1 9 a few h\rs1 leav+ ,p>is mi/ress ( h] de/9ies4 ,yet #ahdh & #ahga 7 only insurrections4 ,be=e a popul> revolution ! ma/]s ( ! old ord] disappe> ) a surpris+ rapidity4 ,its uphold]s fly ! c\ntry1 to plot 9 safety else:]e & to devise measures = _! return4 ,! =m] ,gov]nm5t hav+ disappe>$1 ! army1 hesitat+ be=e ! tide ( popul> op9ion1 no long] obeys its comm&]s1 :o h also prud5tly decamp$4 ,! troops /& by )\t int]f]+1 or jo9 ! rebels4 ,! police1 /&+ at ease1 are unc]ta9 :e!r to belab\r ! cr[d1 or to cry3 ,long live ! ,commune6 :ile "s retire to _! qu>t]s to await ! pleasure ( ! new ,gov]nm5t4 ,weal?y citiz5s pack _! trunks & betake !mselves to places ( safety4 ,! p rema94 ,?is is h[ a revolution is u%]$ 94 ,9 sev]al l>ge t[ns ! ,commune is proclaim$4 ,9 ! /reets w&] scores ( ?\s&s ( m51 & 9 ! ev5+ !y cr[d into improvis$ clubs1 ask+3 ,:at %all we d8 & ard5tly discuss public affairs4 ,all take an int]e/ 9 !m2 ^? :o ye/]day 7 q indiff]5t are p]haps ! mo/ zeal\s4 ,ev]y:]e !re is pl5ty ( good-w & a ke5 desire to make victory c]ta94 ,x is a "t :5 acts ( supreme devotion are occurr+4 ,! masses ( ! p are full ( ! desire ( go+ =w>d4 ,all ?is is spl5did1 sublime2 b /ill1 x is n a revolution4 ,nay1 x is only n[ t ! "w ( ! revolutioni/ beg9s4 ,d\btless !re w be acts ( v5geance4 ,! ,watr9s & ! ,?omases w pay ! p5alty ( _! unpopul>ity2 b ^! are m]e incid5ts ( ! /ruggle--n ! revolution4 ,sociali/ politicians1 radicals1 neglect$ g5iuses ( j\rnalism1 /ump orators--bo? middle-class p & workm5--w hurry to ! ,t[n ,hall1 to ! ,gov]nm5t (fices1 to take possession ( ! vacant seats4 ,"s w decorate !mselves ) gold & silv] lace to _! he>ts' cont5t1 admire !mselves 9 m9i/]ial mirrors1 & /udy to give ord]s ) an air ( importance appropriate to _! new position4 ,h[ c\ld !y impress _! comrades ( ! (fice or ! work%op )\t hav+ a r$ sa%1 an embroid]$ cap1 & magi/]ial ge/ures6 ,o!rs w bury !mselves 9 (ficial pap]s1 try+1 ) ! be/ ( wills1 to make head or tail ( !m4 ,!y w indite laws & issue high-fl[n word$ decrees t nobody w take ! tr\ble to c>ry out--because revolution has come4 ,to give !mselves an au?ority :i* !y h n !y w seek ! sanction ( old =ms ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y w take ! names ( ,provisional ,gov]nm5t1 ,committee ( ,public ,safety1 ,mayor1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,t[n ,hall1 ,commission] ( ,public ,safety1 & :at n4 ,elect$ or acclaim$1 !y w assemble 9 ,bo>ds or 9 ,communal ,c\ncils1 :]e m5 ( t5 or tw5ty diff]5t s*ools w come toge!r1 repres5t+--n z _m private *apels1 z x is (t5 said1 b z _m diff]5t conceptions reg>d+ ! scope1 ! be>+1 & ! goal ( ! revolution4 ,possibili/s1 ,collectivi/s1 ,radicals1 ,jacob9s1 ,blanqui/s1 w be ?ru/ toge!r1 & wa/e "t 9 wordy w>f>e4 ,hone/ m5 w be huddl$ toge!r ) ! ambiti\s ones1 ^: only dream is p[] & :o spurn ! cr[d :5ce !y are sprung4 ,all com+ toge!r ) diametrically oppos$ views1 all--=c$ to ent] into ephem]al alliances1 9 ord] to create majorities t c b la/ a day4 ,wrangl+1 call+ ea* o!r reaction>ies1 au?orit>ians1 & rascals1 incapable ( com+ to an und]/&+ on any s]i\s measure1 dragg$ into discussions ab\t trifles1 produc+ no?+ bett] ?an bomba/ic proclamations2 all giv+ !mselves an awful importance :ile ! real /r5g? ( ! movem5t is 9 ! /reets4 ,all ?is may please ^? :o l ! /age1 b x is n revolution4 ,no?+ has be5 accompli%$ z yet4 ,& mean:ile ! p suff]4 ,! factories are idle1 ! work%ops clos$2 trade is at a /&/ill4 ,! work] does n ev5 e>n ! meagre wage :i* 0 8 be=e4 ,food goes up 9 price4 ,) t h]oic devotion :i* has always *>act]iz$ !m1 & :i* 9 great crises rea*es ! sublime1 ! p w wait pati5tly4 ,we place ^! ?ree mon?s ( want at ! s]vice ( ! ,republic1 !y said 9 #ahdh1 :ile _! repres5tatives & ! g5tlem5 ( ! new ,gov]nm5t1 d[n to ! meane/ ,jack-9-(fice receiv$ _! sal>y regul>ly4 ,! p suff]4 ,) ! *ildlike fai?1 ) ! good hum\r ( ! masses :o believe 9 _! lead]s1 !y ?9k t yond]1 9 ! ,h\se1 9 ! ,t[n ,hall1 9 ! ,committee ( ,public ,safety1 _! welf>e is be+ consid]$4 ,b yond] !y are discuss+ ev]y?+ "u ! sun except ! welf>e ( ! p4 ,9 #agic1 :ile fam9e ravag$ ,france & crippl$ ! ,revolution2 :il/ ! p 7 r$uc$ to ! dep?s ( mis]y1 al?\gh ! ,*amps ,elyses 7 l9$ ) luxuri\s c>riages :]e wom5 display$ _! jewels & spl5d\r1 ,robespi]re 0 urg+ ! ,jacob9s to discuss 8 treatise on ! ,engli% ,con/itution4 ,:ile ! work] 0 suff]+ 9 #ahdh f ! g5]al /oppage ( trade1 ! ,provisional ,gov]nm5t & ! ,national ,assembly 7 wrangl+ ov] milit>y p5sions & prison lab\r1 )\t tr\bl+ h[ ! p manag$ to live dur+ ! t]rible crisis4 ,& c\ld "o ca/ a reproa* at ! ,p>is ,commune1 :i* 0 born b5ea? ! ,prussian cannon1 & la/$ only sev5ty days1 x w\ld be = ?is same error--?is failure to und]/& t ! ,revolution c\ld n triumph unless ^? :o f\ght on its side 7 f$3 t on fifte5 p5ce a day a man _c fight on ! ramp>ts & at ! same "t support a family4 ,! p w suff] & say3 ,h[ is a way out ( ^! difficulties to be f\nd8 ,,iii ,x seems to u t !re is only "o answ] to ?is "q3 ,we mu/ recognize1 & l\dly proclaim1 t e "o1 :atev] 8 grade 9 ! old society1 :e!r /rong or weak1 capable or incapable1 has1 be=e ev]y?+1 ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,live1 & t society is b\nd to %>e among/ all1 )\t exception1 ! means ( exi/5ce x has at its disposal4 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge ?is1 & proclaim x al\d1 & act up to x4 ,affairs mu/ be manag$ 9 su* a way t f ! fir/ day ( ! revolution ! work] %all "k t a new era is op5+ be=e him2 t h5ce=w>d none ne$ cr\* "u ! bridges1 :ile palaces are h>d by1 none ne$ fa/ 9 ! mid/ ( pl5ty1 none ne$ p]i% ) cold ne> %ops full ( furs2 t all is = all1 9 practice z well z 9 !ory1 & t at la/1 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 a revolution has be5 accompli%$ :i* consid]s ! ,,ne$s ( ! p be=e s*ool+ !m 9 _! ,,duties4 ,?is _c be br\ght ab\t by ,acts ( ,p>liam5t1 b only by tak+ imm$iate & effective possession ( all t is necess>y to ensure ! well-be+ ( all2 ?is is ! only really sci5tific way ( go+ to "w1 ! only way :i* c be und]/ood & desir$ by ! mass ( ! p4 ,we mu/ take possession1 9 ! "n ( ! p1 ( ! gran>ies1 ! %ops full ( clo?+ & ! dwell+ h\ses4 ,no?+ mu/ be wa/$4 ,we mu/ organize )\t delay a way to fe$ ! hungry1 to satisfy all wants1 to meet all ne$s1 to produce n = ! special b5efit ( ?is "o or t "o1 b s z to ensure to society z a :ole its life & fur!r developm5t4 ,en\gh ( ambigu\s words l ! "r to "w1 ) :i* ! p 7 misl$ 9 #ahdh1 & :i* are /ill resort$ to ) ! hope ( mislead+ !m4 ,let u h ! c\rage to recognise t ,well-be+ = all1 h5ce=w>d possible1 mu/ be realiz$4 ,:5 ! work]s claim$ ! "r to "w 9 #ahdh1 national & municipal work%ops 7 organiz$1 & workm5 7 s5t to drudge !re at ! rate ( #as4 #h;d4 a day6 ,:5 !y ask$ ! ,organization ( ,lab\r1 ! reply 03 ,pati5ce1 fri5ds1 ! ,gov]nm5t w see to x2 meantime "h is y\r #as4 #h;d4 ,re/ n[1 brave toil]1 aft] y\r life-long /ruggle = food6 ,& 9 ! meantime ! cannons 7 ov]haul$1 ! res]ves call$ out1 & ! work]s !mselves disorganiz$ by ! _m me?ods well kn[n to ! middle classes1 till "o f9e day1 9 ,june1 #ahdh1 f\r mon?s aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! previ\s ,gov]nm5t1 !y 7 told to g & colonize ,africa1 or be %ot d[n4 ,v diff]5t w be ! result if ! work]s claim ! ,,"r ,,to ,,well-,,be+6 ,9 claim+ t "r !y claim ! "r to take possession ( ! weal? ( ! community--to take h\ses to dwell 9 accord+ to ! ne$s ( ea* family2 to socialize ! /ores ( food & le>n ! mean+ ( pl5ty1 aft] hav+ kn[n fam9e too well4 ,!y proclaim _! "r to all social weal?--fruit ( ! lab\r ( pa/ & pres5t g5]ations--& le>n by its means to enjoy ^? high] pleasures ( art & sci5ce :i* h too long be5 monopoliz$ by ! ri*4 ,& :ile ass]t+ _! "r to live 9 com=t1 !y ass]t1 :at is /ill m important1 _! "r to decide = !mselves :at ?is com=t %all be1 :at mu/ be produc$ to ensure x1 & :at disc>d$ z no long] ( value4 ,! "r to well-be+ means ! possibility ( liv+ l human be+s1 & ( br++ up *ildr5 to be memb]s ( a society bett] ?an ours1 :il/ ! "r to "w only means ! "r to be always a wage-slave1 a drudge1 rul$ ov] & exploit$ by ! middle class ( ! future4 ,! "r to well-be+ is ! ,social ,revolution1 ! "r to "w means no?+ b ! ,treadmill ( ,comm]cialism4 ,x is high "t = ! work] to ass]t 8 "r to ! common inh]itance1 & to ent] into possession ( x4 ,,footnote3 #a #d1jac1gaa n[ employ$ 9 all ! #ec bran*es ( diff]5t indu/ries1 includ+ ! ,/ate ,ordnance ,works1 & #bda1ecj work]s engag$ 9 ! ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ( ,railways1 _! aggregate production rea*+ ! value ( #a1jda1jcg1jjj1 & ! net output be+ #djf1gii1jjj4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,an>*i/ ,,communism ,i ,e society1 on aboli%+ private prop]ty w be =c$1 we ma9ta91 to organize itself on ! l9es ( ,communi/ic ,an>*y4 ,an>*y leads to ,communism1 & ,communism to ,an>*y1 bo? alike be+ expressions ( ! pr$om9ant t5d5cy 9 mod]n societies1 ! pursuit ( equality4 ,"t 0 :5 a peasant family c\ld consid] ! corn x s[$ & reap$1 or ! wool5 g>m5ts wov5 9 ! cottage1 z ! products ( its own soil4 ,b ev5 !n ?is way ( look+ at ?+s 0 n q correct4 ,!re 7 ! roads & ! bridges made 9 common1 ! swamps dra9$ by common toil1 ! communal pa/ures enclos$ by h$ges :i* 7 kept 9 repair by ea* & all4 ,if ! looms = weav+ or ! dyes = col\r+ fabrics 7 improv$ by somebody1 all pr(it$2 & ev5 9 ^? days a peasant family c\ld n live alone1 b 0 dep5d5t 9 a ?\s& ways on ! village or ! commune4 ,b n[adays1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( indu/ry1 :5 ev]y?+ is int]dep5d5t1 :5 ea* bran* ( production is knit up ) all ! re/1 ! attempt to claim an ,individuali/ orig9 = ! products ( indu/ry is absolutely unt5able4 ,! a/oni%+ p]fection atta9$ by ! textile or m9+ indu/ries 9 civiliz$ c\ntries is due to ! simultane\s developm5t ( a ?\s& o!r indu/ries1 great & small1 to ! ext5sion ( ! railroad sy/em1 to int]-oceanic navigation1 to ! manual skill ( ?\s&s ( work]s1 to a c]ta9 /&>d ( culture rea*$ by ! work+ class z a :ole--to ! lab\rs1 9 %ort1 ( m5 9 e corn] ( ! globe4 ,! ,italians :o di$ ( *ol]a :ile mak+ ! ,suez ,canal1 or ( an*ylosis 9 ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel1 & ! ,am]icans m[$ d[n by %ot & %ell :ile fight+ = ! abolition ( slav]y1 h help$ to develop ! cotton indu/ry ( ,france & ,engl&1 z well z ! "w-girls :o langui% 9 ! factories ( ,man*e/] & ,r\51 & ! inv5tor :o 7foll[+ ! sugge/ion ( "s work]7 succe$s 9 improv+ ! looms4 ,h[ !n1 %all we e/imate ! %>e ( ea* 9 ! ri*es :i* ,,all contribute to amass8 ,look+ at production f ?is g5]al1 syn!tic po9t ( view1 we _c hold ) ! ,collectivi/s t paym5t proportionate to ! h\rs ( lab\r r5d]$ by ea* w\ld be an ideal arrangem5t1 or ev5 a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,)\t discuss+ :e!r ex*ange value ( goods is really measur$ 9 exi/+ societies by ! am\nt ( "w necess>y to produce x--accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,adam ,smi? & ,ric>do1 9 ^: foot/eps ,m>x has foll[$--suffice x to say "h1 leav+ ourselves free to return to ! subject lat]1 t ! ,collectivi/ ideal appe>s to u unt5able 9 a society :i* consid]s ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r z a common inh]itance4 ,/>t+ f ?is pr9ciple1 su* a society w\ld f9d itself =c$ f ! v outset to ab&on all =ms ( wages4 ,! migrat$ individualism ( ! ,collectivi/ sy/em c]ta9ly c\ld n ma9ta9 itself alongside a p>tial communism--! socialization ( l& & ! in/rum5ts ( production4 ,a new =m ( prop]ty requires a new =m ( remun]ation4 ,a new me?od ( production _c exi/ side by side ) ! old =ms ( consumption1 any m ?an x c adapt itself to ! old =ms ( political organization4 ,! wage sy/em arises out ( ! individual own]%ip ( ! l& & ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r4 ,x 0 ! necess>y condition = ! developm5t ( capitali/ production1 & w p]i% ) x1 9 spite ( ! attempt to disguise x z pr(it-%>+4 ,! common possession ( ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r mu/ necess>ily br+ ) x ! enjoym5t 9 common ( ! fruits ( common lab\r4 ,we hold fur!r t ,communism is n only desirable1 b t exi/+ societies1 f\nd$ on ,individualism1 are inevitably impell$ 9 ! direction ( ,communism4 ,! developm5t ( ,individualism dur+ ! la/ ?ree c5turies is expla9$ by ! ef=ts ( ! individual to protect himself f ! tyranny ( ,capital & ( ! ,/ate4 ,= a "t he imag9$1 & ^? :o express$ 8 ?\ght = him decl>$1 t he c\ld free himself entirely f ! ,/ate & f society4 ,by means ( money1 he said1 ,i c buy all t ,i ne$4 ,b ! individual 0 on a wrong track1 & mod]n hi/ory has taught him to recognize t1 )\t ! help ( all1 he c d no?+1 al?\gh 8 /rong-boxes are full ( gold4 ,9 fact1 along ?is curr5t ( ,individualism1 we f9d 9 all mod]n hi/ory a t5d5cy1 on ! "o h& to reta9 all t rema9s ( ! p>tial ,communism ( antiquity1 &1 on ! o!r1 to e/abli% ! ,communi/ pr9ciple 9 ! ?\s& developm5ts ( mod]n life4 ,z soon z ! communes ( ! t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? c5turies _h succe$$ 9 emancipat+ !mselves f _! lords1 ecclesia/ical or lay1 _! communal lab\r & communal consumption began to ext5d & develop rapidly4 ,! t[n%ip--& n private p]sons--freight$ %ips & equipp$ exp$itions1 = ! export ( _! manufacture1 & ! b5efit aris+ f ! =eign trade did n accrue to individuals1 b 0 %>$ by all4 ,at ! outset1 ! t[n%ips also b\ght provisions = all _! citiz5s4 ,traces ( ^! in/itutions h l+]$ on into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! p pi\sly *]i% ! memory ( !m 9 _! leg5ds4 ,all t has disappe>$4 ,b ! rural t[n%ip /ill /ruggles to pres]ve ! la/ traces ( ?is ,communism1 & x succe$s--except :5 ! ,/ate ?r[s its heavy sword into ! balance4 ,mean:ile new organizations1 bas$ on ! same pr9ciple--to e man accord+ to 8 ne$s--spr+ up "u a ?\s& diff]5t =ms2 = )\t a c]ta9 leav5 ( ,communism ! pres5t societies c\ld n exi/4 ,9 spite ( ! n>r[ly egoi/ic turn giv5 to m5's m9ds by ! comm]cial sy/em1 ! t5d5cy t[>ds ,communism is con/antly appe>+1 & x influ5ces our activities 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,! bridges1 = ! use ( :i* a toll 0 levi$ 9 ! old days1 h become public prop]ty & are free to all2 s are ! high roads1 except 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e a toll is /ill exact$ f ! travell] = e mile ( 8 j\rney4 ,museums1 free libr>ies1 free s*ools1 free meals = *ildr52 p>ks & g>d5s op5 to all2 /reets pav$ & light$1 free to all2 wat] suppli$ to e h\se )\t measure or /9t--all su* arrangem5ts are f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple3 ,take :at y ne$4 ,! tramways & railways h already introduc$ mon?ly & annual season tickets1 )\t limit+ ! numb] ( j\rneys tak52 & two nations1 ,hung>y & ,russia1 h introduc$ on _! railways ! zone sy/em1 :i* p]mits ! hold] to travel five hundr$ or eight hundr$ miles = ! same price4 ,x is b a %ort /ep f t to a uni=m *>ge1 su* z already prevails 9 ! po/al s]vice4 ,9 all ^! innovations1 & 9 a ?\s& o!rs1 ! t5d5cy is n to measure ! individual consumption4 ,"o man wants to travel eight hundr$ miles1 ano!r five hundr$4 ,^! are p]sonal requirem5ts4 ,!re is no suffici5t reason :y "o %\ld pay twice z mu* z ! o!r because 8 ne$ is twice z great4 ,su* are ! signs :i* appe> ev5 n[ 9 our individuali/ societies4 ,moreov]1 !re is a t5d5cy1 ?\gh /ill a feeble "o1 to consid] ! ne$s ( ! individual1 irrespective ( 8 pa/ or possible s]vices to ! community4 ,we are beg9n+ to ?9k ( society z a :ole1 ea* "p ( :i* is s intimately b\nd up ) ! o!rs t a s]vice r5d]$ to "o is a s]vice r5d]$ to all4 ,:5 y g to a public libr>y--n inde$ ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,p>is1 b1 say1 into ! ,briti% ,museum or ! ,b]l9 ,libr>y--! libr>ian does n ask :at s]vices y h r5d]$ to society be=e giv+ y ! book1 or ! fifty books1 :i* y require2 he ev5 comes to y\r assi/ance if y d n "k h[ to manage ! catalogue4 ,by means ( uni=m cr$5tials--& v (t5 a contribution ( "w is pref]r$--! sci5tific society op5s its museums1 its g>d5s1 its libr>y1 its laboratories1 & its annual conv]saziones to ea* ( its memb]s1 :e!r he be a ,d>w91 or a simple amateur4 ,at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 if y are elaborat+ an inv5tion1 y g into a special laboratory1 :]e y are giv5 a place1 a c>p5t]'s b5*1 a turn+ la!1 all ! necess>y tools & sci5tific in/rum5ts1 provid$ only y "k h[ to use !m2 & y are all[$ to "w !re z long z y please4 ,!re are ! tools2 int]e/ o!rs 9 y\r idea2 jo9 ) fell[ work]s skill$ 9 v>i\s crafts1 or "w alone if y pref] x4 ,inv5t a fly+ ma*9e1 or inv5t no?+--t is y\r own affair4 ,y are pursu+ an idea--t is en\gh4 ,9 ! same way1 ^? :o man ! lifeboat d n ask cr$5tials f ! crew ( a s9k+ %ip2 !y laun* _! boat1 risk _! lives 9 ! rag+ waves1 & sometimes p]i%1 all to save m5 :om !y d n ev5 "k4 ,& :at ne$ to "k !m8 ,!y are human be+s1 & !y ne$ our aid--t is en\gh1 t e/abli%es _! "r---- ,to ! rescue6 ,?us we f9d a t5d5cy1 em95tly communi/ic1 spr++ up on all sides1 & 9 v>i\s guises1 9 ! v he>t ( !oretically individuali/ societies4 ,suppose t "o ( our great cities1 s egoti/ic 9 ord9>y times1 7 visit$ to-morr[ by "s calamity--a siege1 = in/ance--t same selfi% city w\ld decide t ! fir/ ne$s to satisfy 7 ^? ( ! *ildr5 & ! ag$4 ,)\t ask+ :at s]vices !y _h r5d]$1 or 7 likely to r5d] to society1 x w\ld fir/ ( all fe$ !m4 ,!n ! combatants w\ld be c>$ =1 irrespective ( ! c\rage or ! intellig5ce :i* ea* _h display$1 & ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 w\ld outvie ea* o!r 9 unselfi% devotion to ! w\nd$4 ,?is t5d5cy exi/s1 & is felt z soon z ! mo/ press+ ne$s ( ea* are satisfi$1 & 9 proportion z ! productive p[] ( ! race increases4 ,x becomes an active =ce e "t a great idea comes to ou/ ! mean preoccupations ( ev]yday life4 ,h[ c we d\bt1 !n1 t :5 ! in/rum5ts ( production are plac$ at ! s]vice ( all1 :5 bus9ess is conduct$ on ,communi/ pr9ciples1 :5 lab\r1 hav+ recov]$ its place ( hon\r 9 society1 produces mu* m ?an is necess>y to all--h[ c we d\bt t ?is =ce 7already s p[]ful71 w enl>ge its sph]e ( action till x becomes ! rul+ pr9ciple ( social life8 ,foll[+ ^! indications1 & consid]+ fur!r ! practical side ( expropriation1 ( :i* we %all speak 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 we are conv9c$ t our fir/ obligation1 :5 ! revolution %all h brok5 ! p[] uphold+ ! pres5t sy/em1 w be to realize ,communism )\t delay4 ,b ours is nei!r ! ,communism ( ,f\ri] & ! ,phalan/]i5s1 nor ( ! ,g]man ,/ate ,sociali/s4 ,x is ,an>*i/ ,communism1 ,communism )\t gov]nm5t--! ,communism ( ! ,free4 ,x is ! syn!sis ( ! two ideals pursu$ by humanity ?r\gh\t ! ages--,economic & ,political ,lib]ty4 ,,ii ,9 tak+ ,an>*y = our ideal ( political organization we are only giv+ expression to ano!r m>k$ t5d5cy ( human progress4 ,:5ev] ,european societies h develop$ up to a c]ta9 po9t1 !y h %ak5 (f ! yoke ( au?ority & sub/itut$ a sy/em f\nd$ m or less on ! pr9ciples ( individual lib]ty4 ,& hi/ory %[s u t ^! p]iods ( p>tial or g5]al revolution1 :5 ! old gov]nm5ts 7 ov]?r[n1 7 also p]iods ( sudd51 progress bo? 9 ! economic & ! intellectual field4 ,s x 0 aft] ! enfran*isem5t ( ! communes1 ^: monum5ts1 produc$ by ! free lab\r ( ! guilds1 h nev] be5 surpass$2 s x 0 aft] ! great peasant upris+ :i* br\ght ab\t ! ,re=mation & imp]ill$ ! papacy2 & s x 0 aga9 ) ! society1 free = a brief space1 :i* 0 creat$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic by ! malcont5ts f ! ,old _w4 ,&1 if we obs]ve ! pres5t developm5t ( civiliz$ nations1 we see1 mo/ unmi/akably1 a movem5t ev] m & m m>k$ t5d+ to limit ! sph]e ( action ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & to all[ m & m lib]ty to ! individual4 ,?is evolution is go+ on be=e our eyes1 ?\gh cumb]$ by ! ru9s & rubbi% ( old in/itutions & old sup]/itions4 ,l all evolutions1 x only waits a revolution to ov]?r[ ! old ob/acles :i* block ! way1 t x may f9d free scope 9 a reg5]at$ society4 ,aft] hav+ /riv5 long 9 va9 to solve ! insoluble problem--! problem ( con/ruct+ a gov]nm5t :i* w con/ra9 ! individual to ob$i5ce )\t itself ceas+ to be ! s]vant ( society1 m5 at la/ attempt to free !mselves f e =m ( gov]nm5t & to satisfy _! ne$ = organization by free contacts betwe5 individuals & gr\ps pursu+ ! same aim4 ,! indep5d5ce ( ea* small t]ritorial unit becomes a press+ ne$2 mutual agreem5t replaces law 9 ord] to regulate individual int]e/s 9 view ( a common object--v (t5 disreg>d+ ! fronti]s ( ! pres5t ,/ates4 ,all t 0 once look$ on z a function ( ! ,gov]nm5t is to-day call$ 9 "q4 ,?+s are arrang$ m easily & m satisfactorily )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate4 ,& 9 /udy+ ! progress made 9 ?is direction1 we are l$ to conclude t ! t5d5cy ( ! human race is to r$uce ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ce to z]o2 9 fact1 to aboli% ! ,/ate1 ! p]sonification ( inju/ice1 oppression1 & monopoly4 ,we c already cat* glimpses ( a _w 9 :i* ! bonds :i* b9d ! individual are no long] laws1 b social habits--! result ( ! ne$ felt by ea* "o ( u to seek ! support1 ! co-op]ation1 ! sympa?y ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,assur$ly ! idea ( a society )\t a ,/ate w give rise to at lea/ z _m objections z ! political economy ( a society )\t private capital4 ,we h all be5 br\ght up f our *ildhood to reg>d ! ,/ate z a sort ( ,provid5ce2 all our education1 ! ,roman hi/ory we le>n$ at s*ool1 ! ,byzant9e code :i* we /udi$ lat] "u ! "n ( ,roman law1 & ! v>i\s sci5ces taught at ! univ]sities1 accu/om u to believe 9 ,gov]nm5t & 9 ! virtues ( ! ,/ate provid5tial4 ,to ma9ta9 ?is sup]/ition :ole sy/ems ( philosophy h be5 elaborat$ & taught2 all politics are bas$ on ?is pr9ciple2 & ea* politician1 :atev] 8 col\rs1 comes =w>d & says to ! p1 ,give my p>ty ! p[]2 we c & we w free y f ! mis]ies :i* press s heavily ^u y4 ,f ! cradle to ! grave all our actions are guid$ by ?is pr9ciple4 ,op5 any book on sociology or jurisprud5ce1 & y w f9d !re ! ,gov]nm5t1 its organization1 its acts1 fill+ s l>ge a place t we come to believe t !re is no?+ outside ! ,gov]nm5t & ! _w ( /atesm54 ,! ,press tea*es u ! same 9 e conceivable way4 ,:ole columns are devot$ to p>liam5t>y debates & to political intrigues2 :ile ! va/ ev]yday life ( a nation appe>s only 9 ! columns giv5 to economic subjects1 or 9 ! pages devot$ to reports ( police & law cases4 ,& :5 y read ! newspap]s1 y\r h>dly ?9k ( ! incalculable numb] ( be+s--all humanity1 s to say--:o gr[ up & die1 :o "k sorr[1 :o "w & consume1 ?9k & create outside ! few encumb]+ p]sonages :o h be5 s magnifi$ t humanity is hidd5 by _! %ad[s1 enl>g$ by our ignorance4 ,& yet z soon z we pass f pr9t$ matt] to life itself1 z soon z we ?r[ a glance at society1 we are /ruck by ! inf9itesimal "p play$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,balzac already has rem>k$ h[ millions ( peasants sp5d ! :ole ( _! lives )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t ! ,/ate1 save ! heavy taxes !y are compell$ to pay4 ,e day millions ( transactions are made )\t ,gov]nm5t int]v5tion1 & ! greate/ ( !m--^? ( comm]ce & ( ! ,ex*ange--are c>ri$ on 9 su* a way t ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld n be appeal$ to if "o ( ! contract+ p>ties _h ! int5tion ( n fulfill+ 8 agreem5t4 ,%\ld y speak to a man :o und]/&s comm]ce1 he w tell y t ! ev]yday bus9ess transact$ by m]*ants w\ld be absolutely impossible 7 x n bas$ on mutual confid5ce4 ,! habit ( keep+ 8 ^w1 ! desire n to lose 8 cr$it1 amply suffice to ma9ta9 ?is relative hone/y4 ,! man :o does n feel ! slighte/ remorse :5 poison+ 8 cu/om]s ) noxi\s drugs cov]$ ) pomp\s labels1 ?9ks he is 9 hon\r b\nd to keep 8 engagem5ts4 ,b if ?is relative morality has develop$ "u pres5t conditions1 :5 enri*m5t is ! only inc5tive & ! only aim1 c we d\bt its rapid progress :5 appropriation ( ! fruits ( o!rs' lab\r w no long] be ! basis ( society8 ,ano!r /rik+ fact1 :i* especially *>act]izes our g5]ation1 speaks /ill m 9 fav\r ( our ideas4 ,x is ! cont9ual ext5sion ( ! field ( ent]prise due to private initiative1 & ! prodigi\s developm5t ( free organizations ( all k9ds4 ,we %all discuss ?is m at l5g? 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ,free ,agreem5t4 ,suffice x to m5tion t ! facts are s num]\s & s cu/om>y t !y are ! ess5ce ( ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ev5 ?\gh political & sociali/ writ]s ignore !m1 always pref]r+ to talk to u ab\t ! functions ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,^! organizations1 free & inf9itely v>i$1 are s natural an outcome ( our civilization2 !y exp& s rapidly & f$]ate ) s mu* ease2 !y are s necess>y a result ( ! cont9ual gr[? ( ! ne$s ( civiliz$ man2 & la/ly1 !y s advantage\sly replace gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce1 t we mu/ recognize 9 !m a factor ( gr[+ importance 9 ! life ( societies4 ,if !y d n yet spread ov] ! :ole ( ! manife/ations ( life1 x is t !y f9d an insurm\ntable ob/acle 9 ! pov]ty ( ! work]1 9 ! divisions ( pres5t society1 9 ! private appropriation ( capital1 & 9 ! ,/ate4 ,aboli% ^! ob/acles1 & y w see !m cov]+ ! imm5se field ( civiliz$ man's activity4 ,! hi/ory ( ! la/ fifty ye>s furni%es a liv+ pro( t ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t is impot5t to dis*>ge all ! functions we h s\ght to assign to x4 ,9 days to come ! n9ete5? c5tury w be quot$ z hav+ witness$ ! failure ( p>liam5t>ianism4 ,?is impot5ce is becom+ s evid5t to all2 ! faults ( p>liam5t>ianism1 & ! inh]5t vices ( ! repres5tative pr9ciple1 are s self-evid5t1 t ! few ?9k]s :o h made a critical /udy ( !m 7,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,lev]days71 did b give lit]>y =m to ! popul> dissatisfaction4 ,x is n difficult1 inde$1 to see ! absurdity ( nam+ a few m5 & say+ to !m1 ,make laws regulat+ all our sph]es ( activity1 al?\gh n "o ( y kn[s any?+ ab\t !m6 ,we are beg9n+ to see t gov]nm5t by majorities means ab&on+ all ! affairs ( ! c\ntry to ! tide-wait]s :o make up ! majorities 9 ! ,h\se & 9 election committees2 to ^?1 9 a ^w1 :o h no op9ion ( _! own4 ,mank9d is seek+ & already f9d+ new issues4 ,! ,int]national ,po/al ,union1 ! railway unions1 & ! le>n$ societies give u examples ( solutions bas$ on free agreem5t 9 place & /ead ( law4 ,to-day1 :5 gr\ps scatt]$ f> & wide wi% to organize !mselves = "s object or o!r1 !y no long] elect an int]national p>liam5t ( ,jacks-(-all-trades4 ,!y proce$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,:]e x is n possible to meet directly or come to an agreem5t by correspond5ce1 delegates v]s$ 9 ! "q at issue are s5t1 & !y are told3 ,endeav\r to come to an agreem5t on su* or su* a "q1 & !n return1 n ) a law 9 y\r pocket1 b ) a proposition ( agreem5t :i* we may or may n accept4 ,su* is ! me?od ( ! great indu/rial companies1 ! le>n$ societies1 & num]\s associations ( e description1 :i* already cov] ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& su* w be ! me?od ( a free society4 ,a society f\nd$ on s]fdom is 9 keep+ ) absolute mon>*y2 a society bas$ on ! wage sy/em & ! exploitation ( ! masses by ! capitali/s f9ds its political expression 9 p>liam5t>ianism4 ,b a free society1 rega9+ possession ( ! common inh]itance1 mu/ seek 9 free gr\ps & free f$]ations ( gr\ps1 a new organization1 9 h>mony ) ! new economic phase ( hi/ory4 ,e economic phase has a political phase correspond+ to x1 & x w\ld be impossible to t\* private prop]ty unless a new mode ( political life be f\nd at ! same "t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,expropriation ,i ,x is told ( ,ro?s*ild t1 see+ 8 =tune ?reat5$ by ! ,revolution ( #ahdh1 he hit ^u ! foll[+ /ratagem3 ,i am q will+ to admit1 said he1 t my =tune has be5 accumulat$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs2 b if x 7 divid$ to-morr[ among ! millions ( ,europe1 ! %>e ( ea* w\ld only am\nt to f\r %ill+s4 ,v well1 !n1 ,i und]take to r5d] to ea* 8 f\r %ill+s if he asks me = x4 ,hav+ giv5 due publicity to 8 promise1 our millionaire proce$$ z usual to /roll quietly ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,frank=t4 ,?ree or f\r pass]s-by ask$ = _! f\r %ill+s1 :i* he disburs$ ) a s>donic smile4 ,8 /ratagem succe$$1 & ! family ( ! millionaire is /ill 9 possession ( its weal?4 ,x is 9 mu* ! same fa%ion t ! %rew$ heads among ! middle classes reason :5 !y say1 ,ah1 ,expropriation6 ,i "k :at t means4 ,y take all ! ov]coats & lay !m 9 a heap1 & e "o is free to help himself & fight = ! be/4 ,b su* je/s are irrelevant z well z flippant4 ,:at we want is n a r$i/ribution ( ov]coats1 al?\gh x mu/ be said t ev5 9 su* a case1 ! %iv]+ folk w\ld see advantage 9 x4 ,nor d we want to divide up ! weal? ( ! ,ro?s*ilds4 ,:at we d want is s to arrange ?+s t e human be+ born into ! _w %all be ensur$ ! opportunity1 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( le>n+ "s useful occupation1 & ( becom+ skill$ 9 x2 & next1 t he %all be free to "w at 8 trade )\t ask+ leave ( ma/] or own]1 & )\t h&+ ov] to l&lord or capitali/ ! lion's %>e ( :at he produces4 ,z to ! weal? held by ! ,ro?s*ilds or ! ,v&]bilts1 x w s]ve u to organize our sy/em ( communal production4 ,! day :5 ! lab\r] may till ! gr\nd )\t pay+ away half ( :at he produces1 ! day :5 ! ma*9es necess>y to prep>e ! soil = ri* h>ve/s are at ! free disposal ( ! cultivators1 ! day :5 ! work] 9 ! factory produces = ! community & n ! monopoli/--t day w see ! work]s clo!d & f$1 & !re w be no m ,ro?s*ilds or o!r exploit]s4 ,no "o w !n h to sell 8 work+ p[] = a wage t only repres5ts a fraction ( :at he produces4 ,s f>1 s good1 say our critics1 b y w h ,ro?s*ilds com+ 9 f ! outside4 ,h[ are y to prev5t a p]son f amass+ millions 9 ,*9a1 & !n settl+ among/ y8 ,h[ are y go+ to prev5t su* a "o f surr\nd+ himself ) lackeys & wage-slaves--f exploit+ !m & enri*+ himself at _! exp5se8 ,y _c br+ ab\t a revolution all ov] ! _w at ! same "t4 ,well1 !n--are y go+ to e/abli% cu/om-h\ses on y\r fronti]s to se>* all :o ent] y\r c\ntry & confiscate ! money !y br+ ) !m8--,an>*i/ policem5 fir+ on travell]s w\ld be a f9e spectacle6 ,b at ! root ( ?is argum5t !re is a great error4 ,^? :o prop\nd x h nev] paus$ to inquire :5ce come ! =tunes ( ! ri*4 ,a little ?\ght w\ld1 h[ev]1 suffice to %[ !m t ^! =tunes h _! beg9n+s 9 ! pov]ty ( ! poor4 ,:5 !re are no long] any de/itute1 !re w no long] be any ri* to exploit !m4 ,let u glance = a mom5t at ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 great =tunes began to spr+ up4 ,a feudal b>on seizes on a f]tile valley4 ,b z long z ! f]tile valley is empty ( folk our b>on is n ri*4 ,8 l& br+s him 9 no?+2 he might z well possess a prop]ty 9 ! moon4 ,:at does our b>on d to enri* himself8 ,he looks out = peasants--= poor peasants6 ,if e peasant-f>m] _h a piece ( l&1 free f r5t & taxes1 if he _h 9 addition ! tools & ! /ock necess>y = f>m lab\r--,:o w\ld pl\gh ! l&s ( ! b>on8 ,ev]yone w\ld look aft] 8 own4 ,b !re are ?\s&s ( de/itute p]sons ru9$ by w>s1 or dr\ght1 or pe/il5ce4 ,!y h nei!r horse nor pl\gh4 7,iron 0 v co/ly 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & a draught-horse /ill m s47 ,all ^! de/itute creatures are try+ to bett] _! condition4 ,"o day !y see on ! road at ! conf9es ( our b>on's e/ate a notice-bo>d indicat+ by c]ta9 signs adapt$ to _! compreh5sion t ! lab\r] :o is will+ to settle on 8 e/ate w receive ! tools & mat]ials to build 8 cottage & s[ 8 fields1 & a portion ( l& r5t free = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s4 ,! numb] ( ye>s is repres5t$ by s _m crosses on ! sign-bo>d1 & ! peasant und]/&s ! mean+ ( ^! crosses4 ,s ! poor wret*es come to settle on ! b>on's l&s4 ,!y make roads1 dra9 ! m>%es1 build villages4 ,9 n9e or t5 ye>s ! b>on beg9s to tax !m4 ,five ye>s lat] he increases ! r5t4 ,!n he d\bles x1 & ! peasant accepts ^! new conditions because he _c f9d bett] ones else:]e4 ,little by little1 ) ! aid ( laws made by ! b>ons1 ! pov]ty ( ! peasant becomes ! s\rce ( ! l&lord's weal?4 ,& x is n only ! "l ( ! manor :o preys ^u him4 ,a :ole ho/ ( usur]s swoop d[n ^u ! villages1 multiply+ z ! wret*$ness ( ! peasants increases4 ,t is h[ ^! ?+s happ5$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& to-day is x n /ill ! same ?+8 ,if !re 7 free l&s :i* ! peasant c\ld cultivate if he pleas$1 w\ld he pay #ej to "s %abble ( a ,duke#b = condesc5d+ to sell him a scrap8 ,w\ld he burd5 himself ) a lease :i* absorb$ a ?ird ( ! produce8 ,w\ld he--on ! mtay] sy/em--cons5t to give half ( 8 h>ve/ to ! l&[n]8 ,b he has no?+4 ,s he w accept any conditions1 if only he c keep body & s\l toge!r1 :ile he tills ! soil & enri*es ! l&lord4 ,s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 j z 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! pov]ty ( ! peasant is a s\rce ( weal? to ! l&$ proprietor4 ,,ii ,! l&lord owes 8 ri*es to ! pov]ty ( ! peasants1 & ! weal? ( ! capitali/ comes f ! same s\rce4 ,take ! case ( a citiz5 ( ! middle class1 :o someh[ or o!r f9ds himself 9 possession ( #bj1jjj4 ,he c\ld1 ( c\rse1 sp5d 8 money at ! rate ( #b1jjj a ye>1 a m]e bagatelle 9 ^! days ( fanta/ic1 s5seless luxury4 ,b !n he w\ld h no?+ left at ! end ( t5 ye>s4 ,s1 be+ a practical p]son1 he pref]s to keep 8 =tune intact1 & w9 = himself a snug little annual income z well4 ,?is is v easy 9 our society1 = ! good reason t ! t[ns & villages sw>m ) work]s :o h n ! :]e)al to live = a mon?1 or ev5 a =tnight4 ,s our wor?y citiz5 />ts a factory4 ,! banks ha/5 to l5d him ano!r #bj1jjj1 especially if he has a reputation = bus9ess ability2 & ) ?is r\nd sum he c comm& ! lab\r ( five hundr$ h&s4 ,if all ! m5 & wom5 9 ! c\ntryside _h _! daily bread assur$1 & _! daily ne$s already satisfi$1 :o w\ld "w = our capitali/ at a wage ( half a cr[n a day1 :ile ! commodities "o produces 9 a day sell 9 ! m>ket = a cr[n or m8 ,unhappily--we "k x all too well--! poor qu>t]s ( our t[ns & ! neighb\r+ villages are full ( ne$y wret*es1 ^: *ildr5 clam\r = bread4 ,s1 be=e ! factory is well f9i%$1 ! work]s ha/5 to (f] !mselves4 ,:]e a hundr$ are requir$ ?ree hundr$ besiege ! doors1 & f ! "t 8 mill is />t$1 ! own]1 if he only has av]age bus9ess capacities1 w cle> #dj a ye> out ( ea* mill-h& he employs4 ,he is ?us able to lay by a snug little =tune2 & if he *ooses a lucrative trade1 & has bus9ess tal5ts1 he w soon increase 8 income by d\bl+ ! numb] ( m5 he exploits4 ,s he becomes a p]sonage ( importance4 ,he c af=d to give d9n]s to o!r p]sonages--to ! local magnates1 ! civic1 legal1 & political dignit>ies4 ,) 8 money he c m>ry money2 by & by he may pick & *oose places = 8 *ildr51 & lat] on p]haps get some?+ good f ! ,gov]nm5t--a contract = ! army or = ! police4 ,8 gold bre$s gold2 till at la/ a w>1 or ev5 a rum\r ( w>1 or a speculation on ! ,/ock ,ex*ange1 gives him 8 great opportunity4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! great =tunes made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are 7z ,h5ry ,george has %[n 9 8 ,social ,problems7 ! result ( knav]y on a l>ge scale1 assi/$ by ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,europe1 n9e-t5?s ( ! =tunes made 9 our mon>*ies & republics h ! same orig94 ,!re are n two ways ( becom+ a millionaire4 ,?is is ! secret ( weal?3 f9d ! />v+ & de/itute1 pay !m half a cr[n1 & make !m produce five %ill+s wor? 9 ! day1 amass a =tune by ^! means1 & !n increase x by "s lucky speculation1 made ) ! help ( ! ,/ate4 ,ne$ we g on to speak ( small =tunes attribut$ by ! economi/s to =e?\ght & frugality1 :5 we "k t m]e sav+ 9 itself br+s 9 no?+1 s long z ! p5ce sav$ are n us$ to exploit ! fami%+8 ,take a %oemak]1 = in/ance4 ,grant t 8 "w is well paid1 t he has pl5ty ( cu/om1 & t by d9t ( /rict frugality he contrives to lay by f eighte5 p5ce to two %ill+s a day1 p]haps two p\nds a mon?4 ,grant t our %oemak] is nev] ill1 t he does n half />ve himself1 9 spite ( 8 passion = economy2 t he does n m>ry or t he has no *ildr52 t he does n die ( consumption2 suppose any?+ & ev]y?+ y please6 ,well1 at ! age ( fifty he w n h scrap$ toge!r #hjj2 & he w n h en\gh to live on dur+ 8 old age1 :5 he is pa/ "w4 ,assur$ly ?is is n h[ =tunes are made4 ,b suppose our %oemak]1 z soon z he has laid by a few p5ce1 ?riftily conveys !m to ! sav+s bank & t ! sav+s bank l5ds !m to ! capitali/ :o is j ab\t to employ lab\r1 i4e41 to exploit ! poor4 ,!n our %oemak] takes an appr5tice1 ! *ild ( "s poor wret*1 :o w ?9k himself lucky if 9 five ye>s' "t 8 son has le>n$ ! trade & is able to e>n 8 liv+4 ,mean:ile our %oemak] does n lose by him1 & if trade is brisk he soon takes a second1 & !n a ?ird appr5tice4 ,by & by he w take two or ?ree work+ m5--poor wret*es1 ?ankful to receive half a cr[n a day = "w t is wor? five %ill+s1 & if our %oemak] is 9 luck1 t is to say1 if he is ke5 en\gh & mean en\gh1 8 work+ m5 & appr5tices w br+ him 9 ne>ly "o p\nd a day1 ov] & above ! product ( 8 own toil4 ,he c !n enl>ge 8 bus9ess4 ,he w gradually become ri*1 & no long] h any ne$ to /9t himself 9 ! necess>ies ( life4 ,he w leave a snug little =tune to 8 son4 ,t is :at p call be+ economical & hav+ frugal1 temp]ate habits4 ,at bottom x is no?+ m nor less ?an gr9d+ ! face ( ! poor4 ,comm]ce seems an exception to ?is rule4 ,su* a man1 we are told1 buys tea 9 ,*9a1 br+s x to ,france1 & realizes a pr(it ( ?irty p] c5t4 on 8 orig9al outlay4 ,he has exploit$ nobody4 ,nev]!less ! case is q simil>4 ,if our m]*ant _h c>ri$ 8 bales on 8 back1 well & good6 ,9 e>ly m$ieval times t 0 exactly h[ =eign trade 0 conduct$1 & s no "o rea*$ su* giddy heights ( =tune z 9 our days4 ,v few & v h>dly e>n$ 7 ! gold co9s :i* ! m$ieval m]*ant ga9$ f a long & dang]\s voyage4 ,x 0 less ! love ( money ?an ! ?ir/ ( travel & adv5ture t inspir$ 8 und]tak+s4 ,n[adays ! me?od is simpl]4 ,a m]*ant :o has "s capital ne$ n /ir f 8 desk to become weal?y4 ,he telegraphs to an ag5t tell+ him to buy a hundr$ tons ( tea2 he freights a %ip1 & 9 a few weeks1 9 ?ree mon?s if x is a sail+ %ip1 ! vessels br+s him 8 c>go4 ,he does n ev5 take ! risks ( ! voyage1 = 8 tea & 8 vessel are insur$1 & if he has exp5d$ f\r ?\s& p\nds he w receive m ?an five or six ?\s&2 t is to say1 if he has n attempt$ to speculate 9 "s novel commodities1 9 :i* case he runs a *ance ( ei!r d\bl+ 8 =tune or los+ x altoge!r4 ,n[1 h[ c\ld he f9d m5 will+ to cross ! sea1 to travel to ,*9a & back1 to endure h>d%ip & slavi% toil & to risk _! lives = a mis]able pittance8 ,h[ c\ld he f9d dock lab\r]s will+ to load & unload 8 %ips = />vation wages8 ,h[8 ,because !y are ne$y & />v+4 ,g to ! seaports1 visit ! cook-%ops & tav]ns on ! quays1 & look at ^! m5 :o h come to hire !mselves1 cr[d+ r\nd ! dock-gates1 :i* !y besiege f e>ly dawn1 hop+ to be all[$ to "w on ! vessels4 ,look at ^! sailors1 happy to be hir$ = a long voyage1 aft] weeks & mon?s ( wait+4 ,all _! lives long !y h gone to ! sea 9 %ips1 & !y w sail 9 o!rs /ill1 until !y h p]i%$ 9 ! waves4 ,ent] _! homes1 look at _! wives & *ildr5 9 rags1 liv+ "o kn[s n h[ till ! fa!r's return1 & y w h ! answ] to ! "q4 ,multiply examples1 *oose !m :]e y w1 consid] ! orig9 ( all =tunes1 l>ge or small1 :e!r aris+ out ( comm]ce1 f9ance1 manufactur]s1 or ! l&4 ,ev]y:]e y w f9d t ! weal? ( ! weal?y spr+s f ! pov]ty ( ! poor4 ,?is is :y an an>*i/ society ne$ n fe> ! adv5t ( a ,ro?s*ild :o w\ld settle 9 its mid/4 ,if e memb] ( ! community kn[s t aft] a few h\rs ( productive toil he w h a "r to all ! pleasures t civilization procures1 & to ^? deep] s\rces ( enjoym5t :i* art & sci5ce (f] to all :o seek !m1 he w n sell 8 /r5g? = a />vation wage4 ,no "o w volunte] to "w = ! enri*m5t ( y\r ,ro?s*ild4 ,8 gold5 gu9eas w be only s _m pieces ( metal--useful = v>i\s purposes1 b incapable ( bre$+ m4 ,9 answ]+ ! above objection we h at ! same "t indicat$ ! scope ( ,expropriation4 ,x mu/ apply to ev]y?+ t enables any man--be he f9anci]1 mill-own]1 or l&lord--to appropriate ! product ( o!rs' toil4 ,our =mula is simple & compreh5sive4 ,we d n want to rob any "o ( 8 coat1 b we wi% to give to ! work]s all ^? ?+s ! lack ( :i* makes !m fall an easy prey to ! exploit]1 & we w d our utmo/ t none %all lack aught1 t n a s+le man %all be =c$ to sell ! /r5g? ( 8 "r arm to obta9 a b>e subsi/5ce = himself & 8 babes4 ,?is is :at we mean :5 we talk ( ,expropriation2 ?is w be our duty dur+ ! ,revolution1 = ^: com+ we look1 n two hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 b soon1 v soon4 ,,iii ,! ideas ( ,an>*ism 9 g5]al & ( ,expropriation 9 p>ticul> f9d mu* m sympa?y ?an we are apt to imag9e among m5 ( indep5d5t "*1 & ^? = :om idl5ess is n ! supreme ideal4 ,/ill1 our fri5ds (t5 w>n u1 take c>e y d n g too f>6 ,humanity _c be *ang$ 9 a day1 s d n be 9 to great a hurry ) y\r s*emes ( ,expropriation & ,an>*y1 or y w be 9 dang] ( a*iev+ no p]man5t result4 ,n[1 :at we fe> ) reg>d to ,expropriation is exactly ! contr>y4 ,we are afraid ( n go+ f> en\gh1 ( c>ry+ out ,expropriation on too small a scale to be la/+4 ,we w\ld n h ! revolution>y impulse arre/$ 9 mid-c>e]1 to exhau/ itself 9 half measures1 :i* w\ld cont5t no "o1 & :ile produc+ a trem5d\s confusion 9 society1 & /opp+ its cu/om>y activities1 w\ld h no vital p[]--w\ld m]ely spread g5]al discont5t & inevitably prep>e ! way = ! triumph ( reaction4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 9 a mod]n ,/ate e/abli%$ relations :i* x is practically impossible to modify if "o attacks !m only 9 detail4 ,!re are :eels )9 :eels 9 our economic organization--! ma*9]y is s complex & int]dep5d5t t no "o "p c be modifi$ )\t di/urb+ ! :ole4 ,?is becomes cle> z soon z an attempt is made to expropriate any?+4 ,let u suppose t 9 a c]ta9 c\ntry a limit$ =m ( expropriation is effect$4 ,= example1 t1 z x has be5 sugge/$ m ?an once1 only ! prop]ty ( ! great l&lords is socializ$1 :il/ ! factories are left unt\*$2 or t1 9 a c]ta9 city1 h\se prop]ty is tak5 ov] by ! ,commune1 b ev]y?+ else is left to private own]%ip2 or t1 9 "s manufactur+ c5tre1 ! factories are communaliz$1 b ! l& is n int]f]$ )4 ,! same result w\ld foll[ 9 ea* case--a t]rible %att]+ ( ! indu/rial sy/em1 )\t ! means ( reorganiz+ x on new l9es4 ,indu/ry & f9ance w\ld be at a deadlock1 yet a return to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ju/ice w\ld n h be5 a*iev$1 & society w\ld f9d itself p[]less to con/ruct a h>moni\s :ole4 ,if agriculture 7 fre$ f great l&[n]s1 :ile indu/ry /ill rema9$ ! bond-slave ( ! capitali/1 ! m]*ant1 & ! bank]1 no?+ w\ld be accompli%$4 ,! peasant suff]s to-day n only 9 hav+ to pay r5t to ! l&lord2 he is oppress$ on all h&s by exi/+ conditions4 ,he is exploit$ by ! tradesman1 :o makes him pay half a cr[n = a spade :i*1 measur$ by ! lab\r sp5t on x1 is n wor? m ?an sixp5ce4 ,he is tax$ by ! ,/ate1 :i* _c d )\t its =midable hi]>*y ( (ficials1 & f9ds x necess>y to ma9ta9 an exp5sive army1 because ! trad]s ( all nations are p]petually fight+ = ! m>kets1 & any day a little qu>rel aris+ f ! exploitation ( "s "p ( ,asia or ,africa may result 9 w>4 ,!n aga9 ! peasant suff]s f ! depopulation ( c\ntry places3 ! "y p are attract$ to ! l>ge manufactur+ t[ns by ! bait ( high wages paid tempor>ily by ! produc]s ( articles ( luxury1 or by ! attractions ( a m /irr+ life4 ,! artificial protection ( indu/ry1 ! indu/rial exploitation ( =eign c\ntries1 ! preval5ce ( /ock-jobb+1 ! difficulty ( improv+ ! soil & ! ma*9]y ( production--all ^! ag5cies comb9e n[adays to "w aga9/ agriculture1 :i* is burd5$ n only by r5t1 b by ! :ole complex ( conditions 9 a society bas$ on exploitation4 ,?us1 ev5 if ! expropriation ( l& 7 accompli%$1 & e "o 7 free to till ! soil & cultivate x to ! be/ advantage1 )\t pay+ r5t1 agriculture1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld enjoy--:i* c by no means be tak5 = grant$--a mom5t>y prosp]ity1 w\ld soon fall back into ! sl\gh 9 :i* x f9ds itself to-day4 ,! :ole ?+ w\ld h to be begun ov] aga91 ) increas$ difficulties4 ,! same holds true ( indu/ry4 ,take ! conv]se case3 in/ead ( turn+ ! agricultural lab\r]s into peasant-proprietors1 make ov] ! factories to ^? :o "w 9 !m4 ,aboli% ! ma/]-manufactur]s1 b leave ! l&lord 8 l&1 ! bank] 8 money1 ! m]*ant 8 ,ex*ange2 ma9ta9 ! sw>m ( idl]s :o live on ! toil ( ! workm51 ! ?\s& & "o middlem51 ! ,/ate ) its numb]less (ficials1--& indu/ry w\ld come to a /&/ill4 ,f9d+ no pur*as]s 9 ! mass ( peasants :o w\ld rema9 poor2 n possess+ ! raw mat]ial1 & unable to export _! produce1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! /oppage ( trade1 & /ill m s because indu/ries spread all ov] ! _w1 ! manufactur]s w\ld feel unable to /ruggle1 & ?\s&s ( work]s w\ld be ?r[n ^u ! /reets4 ,^! />v+ cr[ds w\ld be ready & will+ to submit to ! fir/ s*em] :o came to exploit !m2 !y w\ld ev5 cons5t to return to ! old slav]y1 "u promise ( gu>ante$ "w4 ,or1 f9ally1 suppose y ou/ ! l&[n]s1 & h& ov] ! mills & factories to ! work]1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! sw>m ( middlem5 :o dra9 ! product ( our manufactur]s1 & speculate 9 corn & fl\r1 meat & groc]ies1 9 our great c5tres ( comm]ce4 ,!n1 z soon z ! ex*ange ( produce is slack5$2 z soon z ! great cities are left )\t bread1 :ile ! great manufactur+ c5tres f9d no buy]s = ! articles ( luxury !y produce1--! c\nt]-revolution is b\nd to take place1 & x w\ld come1 tread+ ^u ! sla91 sweep+ ! t[ns & villages ) %ot & %ell2 indulg+ 9 orgies ( proscriptions & deportations1 su* z 7 se5 9 ,france 9 #ahae1 #ahdh1 & #ahga4 ,all is int]dep5d5t 9 a civiliz$ society2 x is impossible to re=m any "o ?+ )\t alt]+ ! :ole4 ,!re=e1 on ! day a nation w /rike at private prop]ty1 "u any "o ( its =ms1 t]ritorial or indu/rial1 x w be oblig$ to attack !m all4 ,! v success ( ! ,revolution w impose x4 ,besides1 ev5 if x 7 desir$1 x w\ld be impossible to conf9e ! *ange to a p>tial expropriation4 ,once ! pr9ciple ( ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,prop]ty is %ak51 no am\nt ( !oriz+ w prev5t its ov]?r[1 "h by ! slaves ( ! field1 !re by ! slaves ( ! ma*9e4 ,if a great t[n1 ,p>is = example1 7 to conf9e itself to tak+ possession ( ! dwell+ h\ses ( ! factories1 x w\ld be =c$ also to d5y ! "r ( ! bank]s to levy ^u ! ,commune a tax am\nt+ to #b1jjj1jjj1 9 ! =m ( int]e/ = =m] loans4 ,! great city w\ld be oblig$ to put itself 9 t\* ) ! rural di/ricts1 & its influ5ce w\ld inevitably urge ! peasants to free !mselves f ! l&[n]4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to communalize ! railways1 t ! citiz5s might get food & "w1 & la/ly1 to prev5t ! wa/e ( supplies2 & to gu>d aga9/ ! tru/s ( corn-speculators1 l ^? to :om ! ,p>is ,commune ( #agic fell a prey1 x w\ld h to place 9 ! h&s ( ! ,city ! "w ( /ock+ its w>eh\ses ) commodities1 & apportion+ ! produce4 ,"s ,sociali/s /ill seek1 h[ev]1 to e/abli% a di/9ction4 ,( c\rse1 !y say1 ! soil1 ! m9es1 ! mills1 & manufactur]s mu/ be expropriat$1 ^! are ! in/rum5ts ( production1 & x is "r we %\ld consid] !m public prop]ty4 ,b articles ( consumption--food1 clo!s1 & dwell+s--%\ld rema9 private prop]ty4 ,popul> common s5se has got ! bett] ( ?is subtle di/9ction4 ,we are n savages :o c live 9 ! woods1 )\t o!r %elt] ?an ! bran*es4 ,! civiliz$ man ne$s a ro(1 a room1 a he>?1 & a b$4 ,x is true t ! b$1 ! room1 & ! h\se is a home ( idl5ess = ! non-produc]4 ,b = ! work]1 a room1 prop]ly heat$ & light$1 is z mu* an in/rum5t ( production z ! tool or ! ma*9e4 ,x is ! place :]e ! n]ves & s9ews ga!r /r5g? = ! "w ( ! morr[4 ,! re/ ( ! workman is ! daily repair+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,! same argum5t applies ev5 m obvi\sly to food4 ,! s-call$ economi/s1 :o make ! j-m5tion$ di/9ction1 w\ld h>dly d5y t ! coal burnt 9 a ma*9e is z necess>y to production z ! raw mat]ial itself4 ,h[ !n c food1 )\t :i* ! human ma*9e c\ld d no "w1 be exclud$ f ! li/ ( ?+s indisp5sable to ! produc]8 ,c ?is be a relic ( religi\s metaphysics8 ,! ri* man's fea/ is inde$ a matt] ( luxury1 b ! food ( ! work] is j z mu* a "p ( production z ! fuel burnt by ! /eam-eng9e4 ,! same ) clo?+4 ,we are n ,new ,gu9ea savages4 ,& if ! da9ty g[ns ( our ladies mu/ rank z objects ( luxury1 !re is nev]!less a c]ta9 quantity ( l951 cotton1 & wool5 /uff :i* is a necessity ( life to ! produc]4 ,! %irt & tr\s]s 9 :i* he goes to 8 "w1 ! jacket he slips on aft] ! day's toil is ov]1 are z necess>y to him z ! hamm] to ! anvil4 ,:e!r we l x or n1 ?is is :at ! p mean by a revolution4 ,z soon z !y h made a clean sweep ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 !y w seek fir/ ( all to ensure to !mselves dec5t dwell+s & suffici5t food & clo!s--free ( capitali/ r5t4 ,& ! p w be "r4 ,! me?ods ( ! p w be mu* m 9 accordance ) sci5ce ?an ^? ( ! economi/s :o draw s _m di/9ctions betwe5 in/rum5ts ( production & articles ( consumption4 ,! p und]/& t ?is is j ! po9t :]e ! ,revolution ought to beg92 & !y w lay ! f\ndations ( ! only economic sci5ce wor?y ! "n--a sci5ce :i* might be call$3 ,! ,/udy ( ! ,ne$s ( ,humanity1 & ( ! ,economic ,means to satisfy !m4 ,,footnote3 #b ,%abble ( a ,duke is an expression co9$ by ,c>lyle2 x is a some:at free r5d]+ ( ,kropotk9e's ,monsieur le ,vicomte1 b ,i ?9k x expresses 8 mean+4--,trans4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,food ,i ,if ! com+ ,revolution is to be a ,social ,revolution1 x w be di/+ui%$ f all =m] upris+s n only by its aim1 b also by its me?ods4 ,to atta9 a new end1 new means are requir$4 ,! ?ree great popul> movem5ts :i* we h se5 9 ,france dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s diff] f ea* o!r 9 _m ways1 b !y h "o common feature4 ,9 ea* case ! p /rove to ov]turn ! old regime1 & sp5t _! he>t's blood = ! cause4 ,!n1 aft] hav+ borne ! brunt ( ! battle1 !y sank aga9 into obscurity4 ,a ,gov]nm5t1 compos$ ( m5 m or less hone/1 0 =m$ & und]took to organize a new regime3 ! ,republic 9 #agic1 ,lab\r 9 #ahdh1 ! ,free ,commune 9 #ahga4 ,imbu$ ) ,jacob9 ideas1 ?is ,gov]nm5t occupi$ itself fir/ ( all ) political que/ions1 su* z ! reorganization ( ! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t1 ! purify+ ( ! adm9i/ration1 ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 civic lib]ty1 & su* matt]s4 ,x is true ! workm5's clubs kept an eye on ! memb]s ( ! new ,gov]nm5t1 & (t5 impos$ _! ideas on !m4 ,b ev5 9 ^! clubs1 :e!r ! lead]s belong$ to ! middle or ! work+ classes1 x 0 always middle-class ideas :i* prevail$4 ,!y discuss$ v>i\s political que/ions at great l5g?1 b =got to discuss ! "q ( bread4 ,great ideas sprang up at su* times1 ideas t h mov$ ! _w2 words 7 spok5 :i* /ill /ir our he>ts1 at ! int]val ( m ?an a c5tury4 ,b ! p 7 />v+ 9 ! slums4 ,f ! v ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,revolution indu/ry inevitably came to a /op--! circulation ( produce 0 *eck$1 & capital conceal$ itself4 ,! ma/]--! employ]--_h no?+ to fe> at su* times1 he fatt5$ on 8 divid5ds1 if inde$ he did n speculate on ! wret*$ness ar\nd2 b ! wage-e>n] 0 r$uc$ to live f h& to m\?4 ,want knock$ at ! door4 ,fam9e 0 abroad 9 ! l&--su* fam9e z _h h>dly be5 se5 "u ! old regime4 ,! ,girondi/s are />v+ u6 0 ! cry 9 ! workm5's qu>t]s 9 #agic1 & !reupon ! ,girondi/s 7 guillot9$1 & full p[]s 7 giv5 to ! ,m\nta9 & to ! ,commune4 ,! ,commune inde$ conc]n$ itself ) ! "q ( bread1 & made h]oic ef=ts to fe$ ,p>is4 ,at ,lyons1 ,f\* & ,collot d',h]bois e/abli%$ city gran>ies1 b ! sums sp5t on fill+ !m 7 woefully insuffici5t4 ,! t[n c\ncils made great ef=ts to procure corn2 ! bak]s :o ho>d$ fl\r 7 hang$--& /ill ! p lack$ bread4 ,!n !y turn$ on ! royali/ conspirators & laid ! blame at _! door4 ,!y guillot9$ a doz5 or fifte5 a day--s]vants & du*esses alike1 especially s]vants1 = ! du*esses _h gone to ,cobl5tz4 ,b if !y _h guillot9$ a hundr$ dukes & visc\nts e day1 x w\ld h be5 equally hopeless4 ,! want only grew4 ,= ! wage-e>n] _c live )\t 8 wage1 & ! wage 0 n =?com+4 ,:at diff]5ce c\ld a ?\s& corpses m or less make to him8 ,!n ! p began to gr[ we>y4 ,s mu* = y\r vaunt$ ,revolution6 ,y are m wret*$ ?an ev] be=e1 :isp]$ ! reaction>y 9 ! e>s ( ! work]4 ,& little by little ! ri* took c\rage1 em]g$ f _! hid+-places1 & flaunt$ _! luxury 9 ! face ( ! />v+ multitude4 ,!y dress$ up l sc5t$ fops & said to ! work]s3 ,come1 en\gh ( ?is fool]y6 ,:at h y ga9$ by y\r ,revolution8 ,&1 sick at he>t1 8 pati5ce at an end1 ! revolution>y _h at la/ to admit to himself t ! cause 0 lo/ once m4 ,he retreat$ into 8 hovel & await$ ! wor/4 ,!n reaction pr\dly ass]t$ itself1 & accompli%$ a c\nt]-revolution>y /roke4 ,! ,revolution dead1 no?+ rema9$ b to trample its corpse "u foot4 ,! ,:ite ,t]ror began4 ,blood fl[$ l wat]1 ! guillot9e 0 nev] idle1 ! prisons 7 cr[d$1 :ile ! pageant ( rank & fa%ion resum$ its old c\rse1 & w5t on z m]rily z be=e4 ,?is picture is typical ( all our revolutions4 ,9 #ahdh ! work]s ( ,p>is plac$ ?ree mon?s ( />vation at ! s]vice ( ! ,republic1 & !n1 hav+ rea*$ ! limit ( _! p[]s1 !y made1 9 ,june1 "o la/ desp]ate ef=t--an ef=t :i* 0 dr[n$ 9 blood4 ,9 #ahga ! ,commune p]i%$ = lack ( combatants4 ,x _h tak5 measures = ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 b x neglect$1 alas1 until too late1 to take measures = provid+ ! p ) bread4 ,& s x came to pass 9 ,p>is t lgantes & f9e g5tlem5 c\ld spurn ! conf$]ates1 & bid !m g sell _! lives = a mis]able pittance1 & leave _! bett]s to fea/ at _! ease 9 fa%ionable re/aurants4 ,at la/ ! ,commune saw its mi/ake1 & op5$ communal kit*5s4 ,b x 0 too late4 ,its days 7 already numb]$1 & ! troops ( ,v]sailles 7 on ! ramp>ts4 ,bread1 x is bread t ! ,revolution ne$s6 ,let o!rs sp5d _! "t 9 issu+ pomp\s proclamations1 9 decorat+ !mselves lavi%ly ) (ficial gold lace1 & 9 talk+ ab\t political lib]ty6444 ,be x ours to see1 f ! fir/ day ( ! ,revolution to ! la/1 9 all ! prov9ces fight+ = fre$om1 t !re is n a s+le man :o lacks bread1 n a s+le woman compell$ to /& ) ! we>i$ cr[d outside ! bakeh\se-door1 t haply a co>se loaf may be ?r[n to h] 9 *>ity1 n a s+le *ild p9+ = want ( food4 ,x has always be5 ! middle-class idea to h>angue ab\t great pr9ciples--great lies r6 ,! idea ( ! p w be to provide bread = all4 ,& :ile middle-class citiz5s1 & workm5 infe/$ ) middle-class ideas admire _! own rhetoric 9 ! ,talk+ ,%ops1 & practical p are engag$ 9 endless discussions on =ms ( gov]nm5t1 we1 ! ,utopian dream]s--we %all h to consid] ! "q ( daily bread4 ,we h ! tem]ity to decl>e t all h a "r to bread1 t !re is bread en\gh = all1 & t ) ?is wat*word ( ,bread = ,all ! ,revolution w triumph4 ,,ii ,t we are ,utopians is well kn[n4 ,s ,utopian are we t we g ! l5g? ( believ+ t ! ,revolution c & ought to assure %elt]1 food1 & clo!s to all--an idea extremely displeas+ to middle-class citiz5s1 :atev] _! p>ty col\r1 = !y are q alive to ! fact t x is n easy to keep ! upp] h& ( a p ^: hung] is satisfi$4 ,all ! same1 we ma9ta9 our cont5tion3 bread mu/ be f\nd = ! p ( ! ,revolution1 & ! "q ( bread mu/ take prec$5ce ( all o!r que/ions4 ,if x is settl$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! p1 ! ,revolution w be on ! "r road2 = 9 solv+ ! "q ( ,bread we mu/ accept ! pr9ciple ( equality1 :i* w =ce itself ^u u to ! exclusion ( e o!r solution4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! com+ ,revolution--l 9 t respect to ! ,revolution ( #ahdh--w bur/ ^u u 9 ! middle ( a great indu/rial crisis4 ,?+s h be5 see?+ = half a c5tury n[1 & c only g f bad to worse4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds t way--new nations ent]+ ! li/s ( int]national trade & fight+ = possession ( ! _w's m>kets1 w>s1 taxes ev] increas+4 ,national debts1 ! insecurity ( ! morr[1 & huge colonial und]tak+s 9 e corn] ( ! globe4 ,!re are millions ( unemploy$ work]s 9 ,europe at ?is mom5t4 ,x w be /ill worse :5 ,revolution has bur/ ^u u & spread l fire laid to a tra9 ( gunp[d]4 ,! numb] ( ! out-(-works w be d\bl$ z soon z ! b>ricades are erect$ 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:at is to be done to provide ^! multitudes ) bread8 ,we d n "k :e!r ! folk :o call !mselves practical p h ev] ask$ !mselves ?is "q 9 all its nak$ness4 ,b we d "k t !y wi% to ma9ta9 ! wage sy/em1 & we mu/ !re=e expect to h national work%ops & public works vaunt$ z a means ( giv+ food to ! unemploy$4 ,because national work%ops 7 op5$ 9 #aghi & #agic2 because ! same means 7 resort$ to 9 #ahdh2 because ,napoleon ,,iii4 succe$$ 9 cont5t+ ! ,p>isian prolet>iat = eighte5 ye>s by giv+ !m public works--:i* co/ ,p>is to-day its debt ( #hj1jjj1jjj & its municipal tax ( ?ree or f\r p\nds a-head2#c because ?is excell5t me?od ( tam+ ! bea/ 0 cu/om>y 9 ,rome1 & ev5 9 ,egypt f\r ?\s& ye>s ago2 & la/ly1 because despots1 k+s1 & emp]ors h always employ$ ! ruse ( ?r[+ a scrap ( food to ! p to ga9 "t to snat* up ! :ip--x is natural t practical m5 %\ld extol ?is me?od ( p]petuat+ ! wage sy/em4 ,:at ne$ to rack our bra9s :5 we h ! "t-hon\r$ me?od ( ! ,ph>aohs at our disposal8 ,yet %\ld ! ,revolution be s misguid$ z to />t on ?is pa?1 x w\ld be lo/4 ,9 #ahdh1 :5 ! national work%ops 7 op5$ on ,febru>y #bg1 ! unemploy$ ( ,p>is numb]$ only #h1jjj2 a =tnight lat] !y _h already increas$ to #di1jjj4 ,!y w\ld soon h be5 #ajj1jjj1 )\t c\nt+ ^? :o cr[d$ 9 f ! prov9ces4 ,yet at t "t trade & manufactur]s 9 ,france employ$ half z _m h&s z to-day4 ,& we "k t 9 "t ( ,revolution ex*ange & indu/ry suff] mo/ f ! g5]al upheaval4 ,we h only to ?9k1 inde$1 ( ! numb] ( workm5 ^: lab\r dep5ds directly or indirectly ^u export trade1 or ( ! numb] ( h&s employ$ 9 produc+ luxuries1 ^: consum]s are ! middle-class m9ority4 ,a revolution 9 ,europe means1 !n1 ! unavoidable /oppage ( at lea/ half ! factories & work%ops4 ,x means millions ( work]s & _! families ?r[n on ! /reets4 ,& our practical m5 w\ld seek to av]t ?is truly t]rible situation by means ( national relief works2 t is to say1 by means ( new indu/ries creat$ on ! spot to give "w to ! unemploy$6 ,x is evid5t1 z ,pr\dhon _h already po9t$ out m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 t ! smalle/ attack ^u prop]ty w br+ 9 its tra9 ! complete disorganization ( ! sy/em bas$ ^u private ent]prise & wage lab\r4 ,society itself w be =c$ to take production 9 h&1 9 its entirety1 & to reorganize x to meet ! ne$s ( ! :ole p4 ,b ?is _c be accompli%$ 9 a day1 or ev5 9 a mon?2 x mu/ take a c]ta9 "t to reorganize ! sy/em ( production1 & dur+ ?is "t millions ( m5 w be depriv$ ( ! means ( subsi/5ce4 ,:at !n is to be done8 ,!re is only "o really practical solution ( ! problem--boldly to face ! great task :i* awaits u1 & in/ead ( try+ to pat* up a situation :i* we ourselves h made unt5able1 to proce$ to reorganize production on a new basis4 ,?us ! really practical c\rse ( action1 9 our view1 w\ld be t ! p %\ld take imm$iate possession ( all ! food ( ! insurg5t communes1 keep+ /rict acc\nt ( x all1 t none might be wa/$1 & t by ! aid ( ^! accumulat$ res\rces e "o might be able to tide ov] ! crisis4 ,dur+ t "t an agreem5t w\ld h to be made ) ! factory work]s1 ! necess>y raw mat]ial giv5 !m1 & ! means ( subsi/5ce assur$ to !m1 :ile !y work$ to supply ! ne$s ( ! agricultural population4 ,= we mu/ n =get t :ile ,france weaves silks & sat9s to deck ! wives ( ,g]man f9anci]s1 ! ,empress ( ,russia1 & ! ,que5 ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 & :ile ,p>is fa%ions wond]ful tr9kets & play?+s = ri* folk all ! _w ov]1 two-?irds ( ! ,fr5* peasantry h n prop] lamps to give !m light1 or ! implem5ts necess>y = mod]n agriculture4 ,la/ly1 unproductive l&1 ( :i* !re is pl5ty1 w\ld h to be turn$ to ! be/ advantage1 poor soils enri*$1 & ri* soils1 :i* yet1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 d n yield a qu>t]1 no1 nor a t5? ( :at !y might produce1 w\ld be submitt$ to int5sive culture1 & till$ ) z mu* c>e z a m>ket g>d5 or a fl[] pot4 ,x is impossible to imag9e any o!r practical solution ( ! problem2 &1 :e!r we l x or n1 %e] =ce ( circum/ances w br+ x to pass4 ,,iii ,! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ic ( our pres5t capitalism is ! wage sy/em1 :i* 9 brief am\nts to ?is3-- ,a man1 or a gr\p ( m51 possess+ ! necess>y capital1 />ts "s indu/rial ent]prise2 he und]takes to supply ! factory or work%ops ) raw mat]ial1 to organize production1 to pay ! employes a fix$ wage1 & la/ly1 to pocket ! surplus value or pr(its1 "u pretext ( rec\p+ himself = manag+ ! conc]n1 = runn+ ! risks x may involve1 & = ! fluctuations ( price 9 ! m>ket value ( ! w>es4 ,to pres]ve ?is sy/em1 ^? :o n[ monopolize capital w\ld be ready to make c]ta9 concessions2 to %>e1 = example1 a "p ( ! pr(its ) ! work]s1 or r to e/abli% a slid+ scale1 :i* w\ld oblige !m to raise wages :5 prices 7 high2 9 brief !y w\ld cons5t to c]ta9 sacrifices on condition t !y 7 /ill all[$ to direct indu/ry & to take its fir/ fruits4 ,collectivism1 z we "k1 does n aboli% ! wage sy/em1 ?\gh x introduces consid]able modifications into ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s4 ,x only sub/itutes ! ,/ate1 t is to say1 "s =m ( ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1 national or local1 = ! individual employ] ( lab\r4 ,"u ,collectivism x is ! repres5tatives ( ! nation1 or ( ! ,commune1 & _! deputies & (ficials :o are to h ! control ( indu/ry4 ,x is !y :o res]ve to !mselves ! "r ( employ+ ! surplus ( production--9 ! int]e/s ( all4 ,moreov]1 ,collectivism draws a v subtle b v f>-rea*+ di/9ction betwe5 ! "w ( ! lab\r] & ( ! man :o has le>n$ a craft4 ,unskill$ lab\r 9 ! eyes ( ! collectivi/ is simple lab\r1 :ile ! "w ( ! craftsman1 ! me*anic1 ! eng9e]1 ! man ( sci5ce1 etc41 is :at ,m>x calls complex lab\r1 & is entitl$ to a high] wage4 ,b lab\r]s & craftsm51 weav]s & m5 ( sci5ce1 are all wage-s]vants ( ! ,/ate--all (ficials1 z 0 said lately1 to gild ! pill4 ,well1 !n1 ! com+ ,revolution c\ld r5d] no great] s]vice to humanity ?an by mak+ ! wage sy/em1 9 all its =ms1 an impossibility1 & by r5d]+ ,communism1 :i* is ! negation ( wage-slav]y1 ! only possible solution4 ,= ev5 admitt+ t ! ,collectivi/ modification ( ! pres5t sy/em is possible1 if introduc$ gradually dur+ a p]iod ( prosp]ity & peace--?\gh = my "p ,i "q its practicability ev5 "u su* conditions--x w\ld become impossible 9 a p]iod ( ,revolution1 :5 ! ne$ ( fe$+ hungry millions w\ld spr+ up ) ! fir/ call to arms4 ,a political revolution c be accompli%$ )\t %ak+ ! f\ndations ( indu/ry1 b a revolution :]e ! p lay h&s ^u prop]ty w inevitably p>alyse ex*ange & production4 ,! millions ( public money fl[+ into ! ,treasury w\ld n suffice = pay+ wages to ! millions ( out-(-works4 ,?is po9t _c be too mu* insi/$ ^u2 ! reorganization ( indu/ry on a new basis 7& we %all pres5tly %[ h[ trem5d\s ?is problem is7 _c be accompli%$ 9 a few days2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 w ! p submit to be half />v$ = ye>s 9 ord] to oblige ! !ori/s :o uphold ! wage sy/em4 ,to tide ov] ! p]iod ( /ress !y w dem& :at !y h always dem&$ 9 su* cases--communization ( supplies--! giv+ ( rations4 ,x w be 9 va9 to prea* pati5ce4 ,! p w be pati5t no long]1 & if food is n =?com+ !y w plund] ! bak]ies4 ,!n1 if ! p are n /rong en\gh to c>ry all be=e !m1 !y w be %ot d[n1 to give ,collectivism a fair field = exp]im5t4 ,to ?is end ord] mu/ be ma9ta9$ at any price--ord]1 discipl9e1 ob$i5ce6 ,& z ! capitali/s w soon realize t :5 ! p are %ot d[n by ^? :o call !mselves ,revolutioni/s1 ! ,revolution itself w become hateful 9 ! eyes ( ! masses1 !y w c]ta9ly l5d _! support to ! *ampions ( ord]--ev5 ?\gh !y are collectivi/s4 ,9 su* a l9e ( conduct1 ! capitali/s w see a means ( h]eaft] cru%+ ! collectivi/s 9 _! turn4 ,& if ord] is e/abli%$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 ! consequ5ces are easy to =esee4 ,n cont5t ) %oot+ d[n ! m>aud]s1 ! faction ( ord] w se>* out ! r+lead]s ( ! mob4 ,!y w set up aga9 ! law c\rts & re9/ate ! hangman4 ,! mo/ ard5t revolutioni/s w be s5t to ! scaffold4 ,x w be #agic ov] aga94 ,d n let u =get h[ reaction triumph$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,fir/ ! ,hb]ti/s & ! madm51 7 guillot9$--^? :om ,mignet1 ) ! memory ( ! /ruggle fre% ^u him1 /ill call$ ,an>*i/s4 ,! ,dantoni/s soon foll[$ !m2 & :5 ! p>ty ( ,robespi]re _h guillot9$ ^! revolution>ies1 !y 9 _! turn _h to m\nt ! scaffold2 :]eupon ! p1 sick ( blood%$1 & see+ ! revolution lo/1 ?rew up ! sponge1 & let ! reaction>ies d _! wor/4 ,if ord] is re/or$1 we say1 ! social democrats w hang ! an>*i/s2 ! ,fabians w hang ! social democrats1 & w 9 _! turn be hang$ by ! reaction>ies2 & ! ,revolution w come to an end4 ,b ev]y?+ confirms u 9 ! belief t ! en]gy ( ! p w c>ry !m f> en\gh1 & t1 :5 ! ,revolution takes place1 ! idea ( an>*i/ ,communism w h ga9$ gr\nd4 ,x is n an artificial idea4 ,! p !mselves h brea!d x 9 our e>1 & ! numb] ( communi/s is ev] increas+1 z ! impossibility ( any o!r solution becomes m & m evid5t4 ,& if ! impetus ( ! p is /rong en\gh1 affairs w take a v diff]5t turn4 ,in/ead ( plund]+ ! bak]s' %ops "o day1 & />v+ ! next1 ! p ( ! insurg5t cities w take possession ( ! w>eh\ses1 ! cattle m>kets1--9 fact ( all ! provision /ores & ( all ! food to be _h4 ,! well-int5tion$ citiz5s1 m5 & wom5 bo?1 w =m !mselves into b&s ( volunte]s & address !mselves to ! task ( mak+ a r\gh g5]al inv5tory ( ! cont5ts ( ea* %op & w>eh\se4 ,if su* a revolution breaks out 9 ,france1 namely 9 ,p>is1 !n 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! ,commune w "k :at ,p>is has n f\nd out yet1 9 spite ( its /ati/ical committees1 & :at x nev] did f9d out dur+ ! siege ( #ahga--! quantity ( provisions x conta9s4 ,9 =ty-eight h\rs millions ( copies w be pr9t$ ( ! tables giv+ a suffici5tly exact acc\nt ( ! available food1 ! places :]e x is /or$1 & ! means ( di/ribution4 ,9 e block ( h\ses1 9 e /reet1 9 e t[n w>d1 gr\ps ( volunte]s w h be5 organiz$1 & ^! commiss>iat volunte]s w f9d x easy to "w 9 unison & keep 9 t\* ) ea* o!r4 ,if only ! ,jacob9 bayonets d n get 9 ! way2 if only ! self-/yl$ sci5tific !ori/s d n ?ru/ !mselves 9 to d>k5 c\nsel6 ,or r let !m exp\nd _! muddle-head$ !ories z mu* z !y l1 provid$ !y h no au?ority1 no p[]6 ,& t admirable _s ( organization inh]5t 9 ! p1 above all 9 e social grade ( ! ,fr5* nation1 b :i* !y h s seldom be5 all[$ to ex]cise1 w initiate1 ev5 9 s huge a city z ,p>is1 & 9 ! mid/ ( a ,revolution1 an imm5se guild ( free work]s1 ready to furni% to ea* & all ! necess>y food4 ,give ! p a free h&1 & 9 t5 days ! food s]vice w be conduct$ ) admirable regul>ity4 ,only ^? :o h nev] se5 ! p h>d at "w1 only ^? :o h pass$ _! lives buri$ among ! docum5ts1 c d\bt x4 ,speak ( ! organiz+ g5ius ( ! ,great ,misund]/ood1 ! p1 to ^? :o h se5 x 9 ,p>is 9 ! days ( ! b>ricades1 or 9 ,london dur+ ! great dock]s' /rike1 :5 half a million ( />v+ folk _h to be f$1 & !y w tell y h[ sup]ior x is to ! (ficial ineptness ( ,bumbl$om4 ,& ev5 suppos+ we _h to endure a c]ta9 am\nt ( discom=t & confusion = a =tnight or a mon?1 surely t w\ld n matt] v mu*4 ,= ! mass ( ! p x w\ld /ill be an improvem5t on _! =m] condition2 &1 besides1 9 times ( ,revolution "o c d9e cont5t$ly en\gh on a bit ( bread & *eese :ile eag]ly discuss+ ev5ts4 ,9 any case1 a sy/em :i* spr+s up spontane\sly1 "u /ress ( imm$iate ne$1 w be inf9itely pref]able to any?+ inv5t$ betwe5 f\r walls by hide-b\nd !ori/s sitt+ on any numb] ( committees4 ,,iv ,! p ( ! great t[ns w be driv5 by =ce ( circum/ances to take possession ( all ! provisions1 beg9n+ ) ! b>e/ necess>ies1 & gradually ext5d+ ,communism to o!r ?+s1 9 ord] to satisfy ! ne$s ( all ! citiz5s4 ,! soon] x is done ! bett]2 ! soon] x is done ! less mis]y !re w be & ! less /rife4 ,b ^u :at basis mu/ society be organiz$ 9 ord] t all may h _! due %>e ( food produce8 ,?is is ! "q t meets u at ! outset4 ,we answ] t !re are no two ways ( x4 ,!re is only "o way 9 :i* ,communism c be e/abli%$ equitably1 only "o way :i* satisfies our in/9cts ( ju/ice & is at ! same "t practical2 namely1 ! sy/em already adopt$ by ! agr>ian communes ( ,europe4 ,take = example a peasant commune1 no matt] :]e1 ev5 9 ,france1 :]e ! ,jacob9s h done _! be/ to de/roy all communal usage4 ,if ! commune possesses woods & copses1 !n1 s long z !re is pl5ty ( wood = all1 e "o c take z mu* z he wants1 )\t o!r let or h9drance ?an ! public op9ion ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,z to ! timb]-trees1 :i* are always sc>ce1 !y h to be c>efully apportion$4 ,! same ) ! communal pa/ure l&2 :ile !re is en\gh & to sp>e1 no limit is put to :at ! cattle ( ea* home/ead may consume1 nor to ! numb] ( bea/s graz+ ^u ! pa/ures4 ,graz+ gr\nds are n divid$1 nor is fodd] dol$ out1 unless !re is sc>city4 ,all ! ,swiss communes1 & scores ( ?\s&s 9 ,france & ,g]many1 :]ev] !re is communal pa/ure l&1 practise ?is sy/em4 ,& 9 ! c\ntries ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 :]e !re are great =e/s & no sc>city ( l&1 y w f9d ! peasants fell+ ! trees z !y ne$ !m1 & cultivat+ z mu* ( ! soil z !y require1 )\t any ?\ght ( limit+ ea* man's %>e ( timb] or ( l&4 ,b ! timb] w be all[anc$1 & ! l& p>cell$ out1 to ea* h\sehold accord+ to its ne$s1 z soon z ei!r becomes sc>ce1 z is already ! case 9 ,russia4 ,9 a ^w1 ! sy/em is ?is3 no /9t or limit to :at ! community possesses 9 abundance1 b equal %>+ & divid+ ( ^? commodities :i* are sc>ce or apt to run %ort4 ,( ! #cej millions :o inhabit ,europe1 #bjj millions /ill foll[ ?is sy/em ( natural ,communism4 ,x is a fact wor? rem>k+ t ! same sy/em prevails 9 ! great t[ns 9 ! di/ribution ( "o commodity at lea/1 :i* is f\nd 9 abundance1 ! wat] suppli$ to ea* h\se4 ,z long z !re is no fe> ( ! supply runn+ %ort1 no wat] company ?9ks ( *eck+ ! consumption ( wat] 9 ea* h\se4 ,take :at y please6 ,b dur+ ! great dr\ghts1 if !re is any fe> ( ! supply fail+1 ! wat] companies "k t all !y h to d is to make kn[n ! fact1 by means ( a %ort adv]tisem5t 9 ! pap]s1 & ! citiz5s w r$uce _! consumption ( wat] & n let x run to wa/e4 ,b if wat] 7 actually sc>ce1 :at w\ld be done8 ,rec\rse w\ld be _h to a sy/em ( rations4 ,su* a measure is s natural1 s inh]5t 9 common s5se1 t ,p>is twice ask$ to be put on rations dur+ ! two sieges :i* x und]w5t 9 #ahga4 ,is x necess>y to g into details1 to prep>e tables1 %[+ h[ ! di/ribution ( rations may "w1 to prove t x is j & equitable1 inf9itely m j & equitable ?an ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s8 ,all ^! tables & details w n s]ve to conv9ce ^? ( ! middle classes1 nor1 alas1 ^? ( ! work]s ta9t$ ) middle-class prejudices1 :o reg>d ! p z a mob ( savages ready to fall ^u & dev\r ea* o!r1 z soon z ! ,gov]nm5t ceases to direct affairs4 ,b ^? only :o h nev] se5 ! p resolve & act on _! own initiative c\ld d\bt = a mom5t t if ! masses 7 ma/]s ( ! situation1 !y w\ld di/ribute rations to ea* & all 9 /ricte/ accordance ) ju/ice & equity4 ,if y 7 to give utt]ance1 9 any ga!r+ ( p1 to ! op9ion t delicacies--game & su*-l--%\ld be res]v$ = ! fa/idi\s palates ( ari/ocratic idl]s1 & black bread giv5 to ! sick 9 ! hospitals1 y w\ld be hiss$4 ,b say at ! same ga!r+1 prea* at ! /reet corn]s & 9 ! m>ket places1 t ! mo/ tempt+ delicacies ought to be kept = ! sick & feeble--especially = ! sick4 ,say t if !re are only five brace ( p>tridge 9 ! entire city1 & only "o case ( %]ry1 !y %\ld g to sick p & convalesc5ts4 ,say t aft] ! sick come ! *ildr54 ,= !m ! milk ( ! c[s & goats %\ld be res]v$ if !re is n en\gh = all4 ,to ! *ildr5 & ! ag$ ! la/ piece ( meat1 & to ! /rong man dry bread1 if ! community be r$uc$ to t extremity4 ,say1 9 a ^w1 t if ?is or t article ( consumption runs %ort1 & has to be dol$ out1 to ^? :o h mo/ ne$ mo/ %\ld be giv54 ,say t & see if y d n meet ) univ]sal agreem5t4 ,! man :o is full-f$ does n und]/& ?is1 b ! p d und]/&1 & h always und]/ood x2 & ev5 ! *ild ( luxury1 if he is ?r[n on ! /reet & comes into contact ) ! masses1 ev5 he w le>n to und]/&4 ,! !ori/s--= :om ! soldi]'s uni=m & ! b>rack mess table are civilization's la/ ^w--w\ld l no d\bt to />t a regime ( ,national ,kit*5s & ,sp>tan ,bro?4 ,!y w\ld po9t out ! advantages !reby ga9$1 ! economy 9 fuel & food1 if su* huge kit*5s 7 e/abli%$1 :]e e "o c\ld come = _! rations ( s\p & bread & vegetables4 ,we d n "q ^! advantages4 ,we are well aw>e t important economies h already be5 a*iev$ 9 ?is direction--z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! h&mill1 or qu]n1 & ! bak]'s ov5 atta*$ to ea* h\se 7 ab&on$4 ,we c see p]fectly well t x w\ld be m economical to cook bro? = a hundr$ families at once1 in/ead ( light+ a hundr$ sep>ate fires4 ,we "k1 besides1 t !re are a ?\s& ways ( prep>+ potatoes1 b t cook$ 9 "o huge pot = a hundr$ families !y w\ld be j z good4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t v>iety 9 cook+ be+ a matt] ( ! season+ introduc$ by ea* cook or h\sewife1 ! cook+ toge!r ( a hundr$weight ( potatoes w\ld n prev5t ea* cook or h\sewife f dress+ & s]v+ !m 9 any way %e pleas$4 ,& we "k t /ock made f meat c be conv]t$ into a hundr$ diff]5t s\ps to suit a hundr$ diff]5t ta/es4 ,b ?\gh we are q aw>e ( all ^! facts1 we /ill ma9ta9 t no "o has a "r to =ce a h\sewife to take h] potatoes f ! communal kit*5 ready cook$ if %e pref]s to cook !m h]self 9 h] own pot on h] own fire4 ,&1 above all1 we %\ld wi% ea* "o to be free to take 8 meals ) 8 family1 or ) 8 fri5ds1 or ev5 9 a re/aurant1 if x seem$ good to him4 ,naturally l>ge public kit*5s w spr+ up to take ! place ( ! re/aurants1 :]e p are poison$ n[adays4 ,already ! ,p>isian h\sewife gets ! /ock = h] s\p f ! but*]1 & trans=ms x into :atev] s\p %e likes1 & ,london h\sekeep]s "k t !y c h a jo9t roa/$1 or an apple or rhub>b t>t bak$ at ! bak]'s = a trifl+ sum1 ?us economiz+ "t & fuel4 ,& :5 ! communal kit*5--! common bakeh\se ( ! future--is e/abli%$1 & p c get _! food cook$ )\t ! risk ( be+ *eat$ or poison$1 ! cu/om w no d\bt become g5]al ( go+ to ! communal kit*5 = ! fundam5tal p>ts ( ! meal1 leav+ ! la/ t\*es to be add$ z individual ta/e %all sugge/4 ,b to make a h>d & fa/ rule ( ?is1 to make a duty ( tak+ home our food ready cook$1 t w\ld be z repugnant to our mod]n m9ds z ! ideas ( ! conv5t or ! b>rack--morbid ideas born 9 bra9s w>p$ by tyranny or sup]/ition4 ,:o w h a "r to ! food ( ! commune8 w assur$ly be ! fir/ "q :i* we %all h to ask ourselves4 ,e t[n%ip w answ] = itself1 & we are conv9c$ t ! answ]s w all be dictat$ by ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice4 ,until lab\r is reorganiz$1 z long z ! di/urb$ p]iod la/s1 & :ile x is impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 invet]ate idl]s & g5u9e work]s ?r[n out ( "w1 ! available food ought to be %>$ by all )\t exception4 ,^? :o h be5 enemies to ! new ord] w ha/5 ( _! own accord to rid ! commune ( _! pres5ce4 ,b x seems to u t ! masses ( ! p1 :i* h always be5 magnanim\s1 & h no?+ ( v9dictiv5ess 9 _! disposition1 w be ready to %>e _! bread ) all :o rema9 ) !m1 conqu]$ & conqu]]s alike4 ,x w be no loss to ! ,revolution to be inspir$ by su* an idea1 &1 :5 "w is set ago+ aga91 ! antagoni/s ( ye/]day w /& side by side 9 ! same work%ops4 ,a society :]e "w is free w h no?+ to fe> f idl]s4 ,b provisions w run %ort 9 a mon?6 our critics at once exclaim4 ,s mu* ! bett]1 say we4 ,x w prove t = ! fir/ "t on record ! p h _h en\gh to eat4 ,z to ! "q ( obta9+ fre% supplies1 we %all discuss ! means 9 our next *apt]4 ,v ,by :at means c\ld a city 9 a /ate ( revolution be suppli$ ) food8 ,we %all answ] ?is "q1 b x is obvi\s t ! means resort$ to w dep5d on ! "* ( ! ,revolution 9 ! prov9ces1 & 9 neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,if ! entire nation1 or1 bett] /ill1 if all ,europe %\ld accompli% ! ,social ,revolution simultane\sly1 & />t ) ?or\gh-go+ ,communism1 our proc$ure w\ld be simplifi$2 b if only a few communities 9 ,europe make ! attempt1 o!r means w h to be *os54 ,! circum/ances w dictate ! measures4 ,we are ?us l$1 be=e we proce$ fur!r1 to glance at ! ,/ate ( ,europe1 &1 )\t pret5d+ to prophesy1 we may try to =esee :at c\rse ! ,revolution w take1 or at lea/ :at w be its ess5tial features4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld be v desirable t all ,europe %\ld rise at once1 t expropriation %\ld be g5]al1 & t communi/ic pr9ciples %\ld inspire all & sundry4 ,su* a univ]sal ris+ w\ld d mu* to simplify ! task ( our c5tury4 ,b all ! signs lead u to believe t x w n take place4 ,t ! ,revolution w embrace ,europe we d n d\bt4 ,if "o ( ! f\r great cont95tal capitals--,p>is1 ,vi5na1 ,brussels1 or ,b]l9--rises 9 revolution & ov]turns its ,gov]nm5t1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! ?ree o!rs w foll[ its example )9 a few weeks' "t4 ,x is1 moreov]1 highly probable t ! ,p59sulas & ev5 ,london & ,/4 ,pet]sburg w\ld n be long 9 foll[+ suit4 ,b :e!r ! ,revolution w\ld ev]y:]e exhibit ! same *>act]i/ics is highly d\btful4 ,x is m ?an probable t expropriation w be ev]y:]e c>ri$ into effect on a l>g] scale1 & t ?is policy c>ri$ out by any "o ( ! great nations ( ,europe w influ5ce all ! re/2 yet ! beg9n+s ( ! ,revolution w exhibit great local diff]5ces1 & its c\rse w v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 #aghi-ic1 ! ,fr5* peasantry took f\r ye>s to f9ally rid !mselves ( ! r$emption ( feudal rights1 & ! b\rgeois to ov]?r[ royalty4 ,let u keep t 9 m9d1 & !re=e be prep>$ to see ! ,revolution develop itself some:at gradually4 ,let u n be di%e>t5$ if "h & !re its /eps %\ld move less rapidly4 ,:e!r x w\ld take an av[$ly sociali/ "* 9 all ,european nations1 at any rate at ! beg9n+1 is d\btful4 ,g]many1 be x rememb]$1 is /ill realiz+ its dream ( a ,unit$ ,empire4 ,its advanc$ p>ties see visions ( a ,jacob9 ,republic l t ( #ahdh1 & ( ! organization ( lab\r accord+ to ,l\is ,blanc2 :ile ! ,fr5* p1 on ! o!r h&1 want above all ?+s a free ,commune1 :e!r x be a communi/ ,commune or n4 ,!re is e reason to believe t1 :5 ! com+ ,revolution takes place1 ,g]many w g fur!r ?an ,france w5t 9 #agic4 ,! eighte5?-c5tury ,revolution 9 ,france 0 an advance on ! ,engli% ,revolution ( ! sev5te5?1 aboli%+ z x did at "o /roke ! p[] ( ! ?rone & ! l&$ ari/ocracy1 ^: influ5ce /ill survives 9 ,engl&4 ,b1 if ,g]many goes fur!r & does great] ?+s ?an ,france did 9 #agic1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ideas :i* w fo/] ! bir? ( h] ,revolution w be ^? ( #ahdh2 :ile ! ideas :i* w inspire ! ,revolution 9 ,russia w probably be a comb9ation ( ^? ( #aghi ) ^? ( #ahdh4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 atta*+ to ^! =eca/s a great] importance ?an !y m]it1 we may safely conclude ?is mu*3 ! ,revolution w take a diff]5t "* 9 ea* ( ! diff]5t ,european nations2 ! po9t atta9$ 9 ! socialization ( weal? w n be ev]y:]e ! same4 ,w x !re=e be necess>y1 z is sometimes sugge/$1 t ! nations 9 ! vangu>d ( ! movem5t %\ld adapt _! pace to ^? :o lag beh9d8 ,mu/ we wait till ! ,communi/ ,revolution is ripe 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries8 ,cle>ly n6 ,ev5 if x 7 a ?+ to be desir$1 x is n possible4 ,hi/ory does n wait = ! lagg>ds4 ,besides1 we d n believe t 9 any "o c\ntry ! ,revolution w be accompli%$ at a /roke1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 z "s sociali/s dream4#d ,x is highly probable t if "o ( ! five or six l>ge t[ns ( ,france--,p>is1 ,lyons1 ,m>seilles1 ,lille1 ,sa9t-,eti5ne1 ,bordeaux--7 to proclaim ! ,commune1 ! o!rs w\ld foll[ its example1 & t _m small] t[ns w\ld d ! same4 ,probably also v>i\s m9+ di/ricts & indu/rial c5tres w\ld ha/5 to rid !mselves ( own]s & ma/]s1 & =m !mselves into free gr\ps4 ,b _m c\ntry places h n advanc$ to t po9t4 ,side by side ) ! revolutioniz$ communes su* places w\ld rema9 9 an expectant attitude1 & w\ld g on liv+ on ! ,individuali/ sy/em4 ,undi/urb$ by visits ( ! bailiff or ! tax-collector1 ! peasants w\ld n be ho/ile to ! revolution>ies1 & ?us1 :ile pr(it+ by ! new /ate ( affairs1 !y w\ld def] ! settlem5t ( acc\nts ) ! local exploit]s4 ,b ) t practical en?usiasm :i* always *>act]izes agr>ian upris+s 7witness ! passionate toil ( #agib7 !y w\ld ?r[ !mselves into ! task ( cultivat+ ! l&1 :i*1 fre$ f taxes & mortgages1 w\ld become s mu* de>] to !m4 ,z to o!r c\ntries1 revolution w\ld break out ev]y:]e1 b revolution "u div]s aspects2 9 "o c\ntry ,/ate ,socialism1 9 ano!r ,f$]ation2 ev]y:]e m or less ,socialism1 n con=m+ to any p>ticul> rule4 ,,vi ,let u n[ return to our city 9 revolt1 & consid] h[ its citiz5s c provide food/uffs = !mselves4 ,h[ are ! necess>y provisions to be obta9$ if ! nation z a :ole has n accept$ ,communism8 ,?is is ! "q to be solv$4 ,take1 = example1 "o ( ! l>ge ,fr5* t[ns--take ! capital itself1 = t matt]4 ,p>is consumes e ye> ?\s&s ( tons ( gra91 #djj1jjj head ( ox51 #cjj1jjj calves1 #djj1jjj sw9e1 & m ?an two millions ( %eep1 besides great quantities ( game4 ,?is huge city dev\rs1 besides1 m ?an #bj million p\nds ( butt]1 #bjj million eggs1 & o!r produce 9 l proportion4 ,x imports fl\r & gra9 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates & f ,russia1 ,hung>y1 ,italy1 ,egypt1 & ! ,indies2 live /ock f ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,spa9--ev5 ,r\mania & ,russia2 & z = groc]ies1 !re is n a c\ntry 9 ! _w t x does n lay "u contribution4 ,n[1 let u see h[ ,p>is or any o!r great t[n c\ld be revictuall$ by home-gr[n produce1 supplies ( :i* c\ld be readily & will+ly s5t 9 f ! prov9ces4 ,to ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 au?ority ! "q w appe> q simple4 ,!y w\ld beg9 by e/abli%+ a /rongly c5traliz$ ,gov]nm5t1 furni%$ ) all ! ma*9]y ( co]cion--! police1 ! army1 ! guillot9e4 ,?is ,gov]nm5t w\ld draw up a /atem5t ( all ! produce conta9$ 9 ,france4 ,x w\ld divide ! c\ntry into di/ricts ( supply1 & !n comm& t a prescrib$ quantity ( "s p>ticul> food/uff be s5t to su* a place on su* a day1 & deliv]$ at su* a /ation1 to be !re receiv$ on a giv5 day by a specifi$ (ficial & /or$ 9 p>ticul> w>eh\ses4 ,n[1 we decl>e ) ! fulle/ conviction1 n m]ely t su* a solution is undesirable1 b t x nev] c\ld by any possibility be put into practice4 ,x is wildly ,utopian6 ,p5 9 h&1 "o may dream su* a dream 9 ! /udy1 b 9 contact ) reality x comes to no?+1--?is 0 prov$ 9 #agic2 =1 l all su* !ories1 x leaves out ( acc\nt ! _s ( indep5d5ce t is 9 man4 ,! attempt w\ld lead to a univ]sal upris+1 to ?ree or f\r ,v5des1 to ! villages ris+ aga9/ ! t[ns1 all ! c\ntry up 9 arms defy+ ! city = its arrogance 9 attempt+ to impose su* a sy/em ^u ! c\ntry4 ,we h already _h too mu* ( ,jacob9 ,utopias6 ,let u see if "s o!r =m ( organization w meet ! case4 ,dur+ ! great ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! prov9ces />v$ ! l>ge t[ns1 & kill$ ! ,revolution4 ,& yet x is a kn[n fact t ! production ( gra9 9 ,france dur+ #agib-c _h n dim9i%$2 inde$1 ! evid5ce goes to %[ t x _h increas$4 ,b aft] hav+ tak5 possession ( ! manorial l&s1 aft] hav+ reap$ a h>ve/ f !m1 ! peasants w\ld n "p ) _! gra9 = pap]-money4 ,!y )held _! produce1 wait+ = a rise 9 ! price1 or ! introduction ( gold4 ,! mo/ rigor\s measures ( ! ,national ,conv5tion 7 )\t avail1 & h] executions fail$ to break up ! r+1 or =ce ! f>m]s to sell _! corn4 ,= x is a matt] ( hi/ory t ! commiss>ies ( ! ,conv5tion did n scruple to guillot9e ^? :o )held _! gra9 f ! m>ket1 & pitilessly execut$ ^? :o speculat$ 9 food/uffs4 ,all ! same1 ! corn 0 n =?com+1 & ! t[nsfolk suff]$ f fam9e4 ,b :at 0 (f]$ to ! husb&man 9 ex*ange = 8 h>d toil8 ,assignats1 scraps ( pap] decreas+ 9 value e day1 promises ( paym5t1 :i* c\ld n be kept4 ,a =ty-p\nd note w\ld n pur*ase a pair ( boots1 & ! peasant1 v naturally1 0 n anxi\s to b>t] a ye>'s toil = a piece ( pap] ) :i* he c\ld n ev5 buy a %irt4 ,z long z wor?less pap]-money--:e!r call$ assignats or lab\r notes--is (f]$ to ! peasant-produc] x w always be ! same4 ,! c\ntry w )hold its produce1 & ! t[ns w suff] want1 ev5 if ! recalcitrant peasants are guillot9$ z be=e4 ,we mu/ (f] to ! peasant 9 ex*ange = 8 toil n wor?less pap]-money1 b ! manufactur$ articles ( :i* he /&s 9 imm$iate ne$4 ,he lacks ! prop] implem5ts to till ! l&1 clo!s to protect him f ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r1 lamps & oil to replace 8 mis]able ru%light or tall[ dip1 spades1 rakes1 pl\ghs4 ,all ^! ?+s1 "u pres5t conditions1 ! peasant is =c$ to d )\t1 n because he does n feel ! ne$ ( !m1 b because1 9 8 life ( /ruggle & privation1 a ?\s& useful ?+s are beyond 8 rea*2 because he has n money to buy !m4 ,let ! t[n apply itself1 )\t loss ( "t1 to manufactur+ all t ! peasant ne$s1 in/ead ( fa%ion+ geegaws = ! wives ( ri* citiz5s4 ,let ! sew+ ma*9es ( ,p>is be set to "w on clo!s = ! c\ntry folk workaday clo!s & clo!s = ,sunday too1 in/ead ( co/ly ev5+ dresses = ! ,engli% & ,russian l&lords & ! ,african gold-magnates' wives4 ,let ! factories & f\ndries turn out agricultural implem5ts1 spades1 rakes1 & su*-l1 in/ead ( wait+ till ! ,engli% s5d !m to ,france1 9 ex*ange = ,fr5* w9es6 ,let ! t[ns s5d no m inspectors to ! villages1 we>+ r$1 blue1 or ra9b[-col\r$ sc>ves1 to convey to ! peasant ord]s to take 8 produce to ?is place or t1 b let !m s5d fri5dly embassies to ! c\ntryfolk & bid !m 9 bro!rly fa%ion3 ,br+ u y\r produce1 & take f our /ores & %ops all ! manufactur$ articles y please4--,!n provisions w\ld p\r 9 on e side4 ,! peasant w\ld only )hold :at he ne$$ = 8 own use1 & w\ld s5d ! re/ into ! cities1 feel+ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory t ^! toil+ t[nsfolk 7 8 comrades--8 bre?r51 & n 8 exploit]s4 ,we %all be told1 p]haps1 t ?is w\ld necessitate a complete trans=mation ( indu/ry4 ,well1 yes1 t is true ( c]ta9 dep>tm5ts2 b !re are o!r bran*es :i* c\ld be rapidly modifi$ 9 su* a way z to furni% ! peasant ) clo!s1 wat*es1 furniture1 & ! simple implem5ts = :i* ! t[ns make him pay su* exorbitant prices at ! pres5t "t4 ,weav]s1 tailors1 %oemak]s1 t9smi?s1 cab9et-mak]s1 & _m o!r trades & crafts c\ld easily direct _! en]gies to ! manufacture ( useful & necess>y articles1 & ab/a9 f produc+ m]e luxuries4 ,all t is ne$$ is t ! public m9d %\ld be ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( ?is trans=mation1 & %\ld come to look ^u x z an act ( ju/ice & ( progress1 & t x %\ld no long] all[ itself to be *eat$ by t dream1 s de> to ! !ori/s--! dream ( a revolution :i* conf9es itself to tak+ possession ( ! pr(its ( indu/ry1 & leaves production & comm]ce j z !y are n[4 ,?is1 !n1 is our view ( ! :ole "q4 ,*eat ! peasant no long] ) scraps ( pap]--be ! sums inscrib$ ^u !m ev] s l>ge2 b (f] him 9 ex*ange = 8 produce ! v ?+s ( :i* he1 ! till] ( ! soil1 /&s 9 ne$4 ,!n ! fruits ( ! l& w be p\r$ into ! t[ns4 ,if ?is is n done !re w be fam9e 9 our cities1 & reaction & despair w foll[ 9 its tra94 ,,vii ,all ! great t[ns1 we h said1 buy _! gra91 _! fl\r1 & _! meat1 n only f ! prov9ces1 b also f abroad4 ,=eign c\ntries s5d ,p>is n only spices1 fi%1 & v>i\s da9ties1 b also imm5se quantities ( corn & meat4 ,b :5 ! ,revolution comes ^! cities w h to dep5d on =eign c\ntries z little z possible4 ,if ,russian :eat1 ,italian or ,indian rice1 & ,spani% or ,hung>ian w9es ab\nd 9 ! m>kets ( we/]n ,europe1 x is n t ! c\ntries :i* export !m h a sup]abundance1 or t su* a produce gr[s !re ( itself1 l ! d&elion 9 ! mead[s4 ,9 ,russia = in/ance1 ! peasant works sixte5 h\rs a day1 & half />ves f ?ree to six mon?s e ye>1 9 ord] to export ! gra9 ) :i* he pays ! l&lord & ! ,/ate4 ,to-day ! police appe>s 9 ! ,russian village z soon z ! h>ve/ is ga!r$ 91 & sells ! peasant's la/ horse & la/ c[ = arre>s ( taxes & r5t due to ! l&lord1 unless ! victim immolates himself ( 8 own accord by sell+ ! gra9 to ! export]s4 ,usually1 r ?an "p ) 8 live/ock at a disadvantage1 he keeps only a n9e-mon?s' supply ( gra91 & sells ! re/4 ,!n1 9 ord] to su/a9 life until ! next h>ve/1 he mixes bir*-b>k & t>es ) 8 fl\r = ?ree mon?s1 if x has be5 a good ye>1 & = six mon?s if x has be5 bad1 :ile 9 ,london !y are eat+ biscuits made ( 8 :eat4 ,b z soon z ! ,revolution comes1 ! ,russian peasant w keep bread en\gh = himself & 8 *ildr52 ! ,italian & ,hung>ian peasants w d ! same2 ! ,h9doo1 let u hope1 w pr(it by ^! good examples2 & ! f>m]s ( ,am]ica w h>dly be able to cov] all ! deficit 9 gra9 :i* ,europe w exp]i5ce4 ,s x w n d to c\nt on _! contributions ( :eat & maize satisfy+ all ! wants4 ,s9ce all our middle-class civilization is bas$ on ! exploitation ( inf]ior races & c\ntries ) less advanc$ indu/rial sy/ems1 ! ,revolution w conf] a boon at ! v outset1 by m5ac+ t civilization1 & all[+ ! s-call$ inf]ior races to free !mselves4 ,b ?is great b5efit w manife/ itself by a /eady & m>k$ dim9ution ( ! food supplies p\r+ into ! great cities ( we/]n ,europe4 ,x is difficult to pr$ict ! c\rse ( affairs 9 ! prov9ces4 ,on ! "o h& ! slave ( ! soil w take advantage ( ! ,revolution to /raight5 8 b[$ back4 ,in/ead ( work+ f\rte5 or fifte5 h\rs a day1 z he does at pres5t1 he w be at lib]ty to "w only half t "t1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld h ! effect ( decreas+ ! production ( ! pr9cipal articles ( consumption--gra9 & meat4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re w be an increase ( production z soon z ! peasant realizes t he is no long] =c$ to support ! idle ri* by 8 toil4 ,new tracts ( l& w be cle>$1 new & improv$ ma*9es set a-go+4 ,nev] 0 ! l& s en]getically cultivat$ z 9 #agib1 :5 ! peasant _h tak5 back f ! l&lord ! soil :i* he _h covet$ s long1 ,mi*elet tells u speak+ ( ! ,great ,revolution4 ,( c\rse1 be=e long1 int5sive culture w\ld be )9 ! rea* ( all4 ,improv$ ma*9]y1 *emical manures1 & all su* matt]s w\ld soon be suppli$ by ! ,commune4 ,b ev]y?+ t5ds to indicate t at ! outset !re w\ld be a fall+ (f 9 agricultural products1 9 ,france & else:]e4 ,9 any case x w\ld be wise/ to c\nt ^u su* a fall+ (f ( contributions f ! prov9ces z well z f abroad4--,h[ is ?is fall+ (f to be made good8 ,:y6 by sett+ to "w ourselves6 ,no ne$ to rack our bra9s = f>-fet*$ panaceas :5 ! rem$y lies close at h&4 ,! l>ge t[ns1 z well z ! villages1 mu/ und]take to till ! soil4 ,we mu/ return to :at biology calls ! integration ( functions--aft] ! division ( lab\r1 ! tak+ up ( x z a :ole--?is is ! c\rse foll[$ ?r\gh\t ,nature4 ,besides1 philosophy ap>t1 ! =ce ( circum/ances w\ld br+ ab\t ?is result4 ,let ,p>is see t at ! end ( eight mon?s x w be runn+ %ort ( bread1 & ,p>is w set to "w to gr[ :eat4 ,l& w n be want+1 = x is r\nd ! great t[ns1 & r\nd ,p>is especially1 t ! p>ks & pleasure gr\nds ( ! l&$ g5try are to be f\nd4 ,^! ?\s&s ( acres only await ! skill$ lab\r ( ! husb&man to surr\nd ,p>is ) fields inf9itely m f]tile & productive ?an ! /eppes ( s\!rn ,russia1 :]e ! soil is dri$ up by ! sun4 ,nor w lab\r be lack+4 ,to :at %\ld ! two million citiz5s ( ,p>is turn _! att5tion1 :5 !y w\ld be no long] cat]+ = ! luxuri\s fads & amusem5ts ( ,russian pr9ces1 ,r\manian gr&ees1 & wives ( ,b]l9 f9anci]s8 ,) all ! me*anical inv5tions ( ! c5tury2 ) all ! intellig5ce & te*nical skill ( ! work] accu/om$ to deal ) complicat$ ma*9]y2 ) inv5tors1 *emi/s1 pr(essors ( botany1 practical botani/s l ! m>ket g>d5]s ( ,g5nevilli]s2 ) all ! plant t !y c\ld use = multiply+ & improv+ ma*9]y2 &1 f9ally1 ) ! organiz+ _s ( ! ,p>isian p1 _! pluck & en]gy--) all ^! at its comm&1 ! agriculture ( ! an>*i/ ,commune ( ,p>is w\ld be a v diff]5t ?+ f ! rude husb&ry ( ! ,ard5nes4 ,/eam1 electricity1 ! heat ( ! sun1 & ! brea? ( ! w9d1 w ere long be press$ into s]vice4 ,! /eam pl\gh & ! /eam h>r[ w quickly d ! r\gh "w ( prep>ation1 & ! soil1 ?us clean$ & enri*$1 w only ne$ ! intellig5t c>e ( man1 & ( woman ev5 m ?an man1 to be clo!d ) luxuriant vegetation--n once b ?ree or f\r times 9 ! ye>4 ,?us1 le>n+ ! art ( horticulture f exp]ts1 & try+ exp]im5ts 9 diff]5t me?ods on small pat*es ( soil res]v$ = ! purpose1 vy+ ) ea* o!r to obta9 ! be/ returns1 f9d+ 9 physical ex]cise1 )\t exhau/ion or ov]work1 ! heal? & /r5g? :i* s (t5 flags 9 cities1--m51 wom5 & *ildr5 w gladly turn to ! lab\r ( ! fields1 :5 x is no long] a slavi% drudg]y1 b has become a pleasure1 a fe/ival1 a r5ewal ( heal? & joy4 ,!re are no b>r5 l&s2 ! e>? is wor? :at man is wor?--t is ! la/ ^w ( mod]n agriculture4 ,ask ( ! e>?1 & %e w give y bread1 provid$ t y ask aright4 ,a di/rict1 ?\gh x 7 z small z ! two dep>tm5ts ( ! ,se9e & ! ,se9e-et-,oise1 & ) s great a city z ,p>is to fe$1 w\ld be practically suffici5t to gr[ ^u x all ! food supplies1 :i* o!rwise might fail to rea* x4 ,! comb9ation ( agriculture & indu/ry1 ! husb&man & ! me*anic 9 ! same individual--?is is :at an>*i/ communism w inevitably lead u to1 if x />ts fair ) expropriation4 ,let ! ,revolution only get s f>1 & fam9e is n ! enemy x w h to fe>4 ,no1 ! dang] :i* w m5ace x lies 9 timidity1 prejudice1 & half-measures4 ,! dang] is :]e ,danton saw x :5 he cri$ to ,france3 ,de l'audace1 de l'audace1 et encore de l'audace4 ,! bold ?\ght fir/1 & ! bold de$ w n fail to foll[4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,! municipal debt ( ,p>is am\nt$ 9 #aijd to #b1bff1egi1ajj francs1 & ! *>ges = x 7 #aba1jjj1jjj francs4 #d ,no fallacy m h>mful has ev] be5 spread ?an ! fallacy ( a ,"o-day ,revolution1 :i* is propagat$ 9 sup]ficial ,sociali/ pamphlets speak+ ( ! ,revolution ( ! #ah? ( ,m>* at ,b]l91 suppos$ 7:i* is absolutely wrong7 to h giv5 ,prussia its repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 ,we saw well ! h>m made by su* fallacies 9 ,russia 9 #aije-aijg4 ,! tru? is t up to #ahga ,prussia1 l ,russia ( ! pres5t day1 _h a scrap ( pap] :i* c\ld be describ$ z a ,con/itution1 b x _h no repres5tative ,gov]nm5t4 ,! ,m9i/ry impos$ ^u ! nation1 up till #ahgj1 ! budget x *ose to propose4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,dwell+s ,i ,^? :o h closely wat*$ ! gr[? ( ,sociali/ ideas among ! work]s mu/ h notic$ t on "o mom5t\s "q--! h\s+ ( ! p--a def9ite conclusion is be+ imp]ceptibly arriv$ at4 ,x is a fact t 9 ! l>ge t[ns ( ,france1 & 9 _m ( ! small] ones1 ! work]s are com+ gradually to ! conclusion t dwell+-h\ses are 9 no s5se ! prop]ty ( ^? :om ! ,/ate recognizes z _! own]s4 ,?is idea has evolv$ naturally 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1 & no?+ w ev] conv9ce !m aga9 t ! rights ( prop]ty ought to ext5d to h\ses4 ,! h\se 0 n built by its own]4 ,x 0 erect$1 decorat$ & furni%$ by innum]able work]s 9 ! timb] y>d1 ! brick field1 & ! work%op1 toil+ = de> life at a m9imum wage4 ,! money sp5t by ! own] 0 n ! product ( 8 own toil4 ,x 0 amass$1 l all o!r ri*es1 by pay+ ! work]s two-?irds or only a half ( :at 0 _! due4 ,moreov]--& x is "h t ! enormity ( ! :ole proce$+ becomes mo/ gl>+--! h\se owes its actual value to ! pr(it :i* ! own] c make out ( x4 ,n[1 ?is pr(it results f ! fact t 8 h\se is built 9 a t[n--t is1 9 an agglom]ation ( ?\s&s ( o!r h\ses1 possess+ pav$ /reets1 bridges1 quays1 & f9e public build+s1 well light$1 & af=d+ to its inhabitants a ?\s& com=ts & conv5i5ces unkn[n 9 villages2 a t[n 9 regul> communication ) o!r t[ns1 & itself a c5tre ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 sci5ce1 & art2 a t[n :i* ! "w ( tw5ty or ?irty g5]ations has made habitable1 heal?y1 & beautiful4 ,a h\se 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,p>is is valu$ at _m ?\s&s ( p\nds /]l+1 n because ?\s&s ( p\nds' wor? ( lab\r h be5 exp5d$ on t p>ticul> h\se1 b because x is 9 ,p>is2 because = c5turies workm51 arti/s1 ?9k]s1 & m5 ( le>n+ & lett]s h contribut$ to make ,p>is :at x is to-day--a c5tre ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 politics1 art1 & sci5ce2 because ,p>is has a pa/2 because1 ?anks to lit]ature1 ! names ( its /reets are h\sehold words 9 =eign c\ntries z well z at home2 because x is ! fruit ( eighte5 c5turies ( toil1 ! "w ( fifty g5]ations ( ! :ole ,fr5* nation4 ,:o1 !n1 c appropriate to himself ! t9ie/ plot ( gr\nd1 or ! meane/ build+ 9 su* a city1 )\t committ+ a flagrant inju/ice8 ,:o1 !n1 has ! "r to sell to any bidd] ! smalle/ portion ( ! common h]itage8 ,on t po9t1 z we h said1 ! work]s beg9 to be agre$4 ,! idea ( free dwell+s %[$ its exi/5ce v pla9ly dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is1 :5 ! cry 0 = an abatem5t pure & simple ( ! t]ms dem&$ by ! l&lords4 ,x appe>$ aga9 dur+ ! ,commune ( #ahga1 :5 ! ,p>is workm5 expect$ ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,commune to decide boldly on ! abolition ( r5t4 ,& :5 ! ,new ,revolution comes1 x w be ! fir/ "q ) :i* ! poor w conc]n !mselves4 ,:e!r 9 "t ( revolution or 9 "t ( peace1 ! work] mu/ be h\s$ someh[ or o!r2 he mu/ h "s sort ( ro( ov] 8 head4 ,b1 h[ev] tumble-d[n & squalid 8 dwell+ may be1 !re is always a l&lord :o c evict him4 ,true1 dur+ ! ,revolution ! l&lord _c f9d bailiffs & police-s]geants to ?r[ ! workman's rags & *attels into ! /reet1 b :o kn[s :at ! new ,gov]nm5t w d to-morr[8 ,:o c say t x w n call co]cion to its aid aga91 & set ! police pack ^u ! t5ant to h\nd him out ( 8 hovels8 ,h we n se5 ! commune ( ,p>is proclaim ! remission ( r5ts due up to ! fir/ ( ,april only6#e ,aft] t1 r5t _h to be paid1 ?\gh ,p>is 0 9 a /ate ( *aos1 & indu/ry at a /&/ill2 s t ! f$]ate :o _h tak5 arms to def5d ! indep5d5ce ( ,p>is _h absolutely no?+ to dep5d ^u--he & 8 family--b an all[ance ( fifte5 p5ce a day6 ,n[ ! work] mu/ be made to see cle>ly t 9 refus+ to pay r5t to a l&lord or own] he is n simply pr(it+ by ! disorganization ( au?ority4 ,he mu/ und]/& t ! abolition ( r5t is a recogniz$ pr9ciple1 sanction$1 s to speak1 by popul> ass5t2 t to be h\s$ r5t-free is a "r proclaim$ al\d by ! p4 ,are we go+ to wait till ?is measure1 :i* is 9 h>mony ) e hone/ man's s5se ( ju/ice1 is tak5 up by ! few sociali/s scatt]$ among ! middle class elem5ts1 ( :i* ! ,provision>y ,gov]nm5t w be compos$8 ,if x 7 s1 ! p %\ld h to wait long--till ! return ( reaction1 9 fact6 ,?is is :y1 refus+ uni=ms & badges--^? outw>d signs ( au?ority & s]vitude--& rema9+ p among ! p1 ! e>ne/ revolutioni/s w "w side by side ) ! masses1 t ! abolition ( r5t1 ! expropriation ( h\ses1 may become an accompli%$ fact4 ,!y w prep>e ! gr\nd & enc\rage ideas to gr[ 9 ?is direction2 & :5 ! fruit ( _! lab\rs is ripe1 ! p w proce$ to expropriate ! h\ses )\t giv+ he$ to ! !ories :i* w c]ta9ly be ?ru/ 9 _! way--!ories ab\t pay+ comp5sation to l&lords1 & f9d+ fir/ ! necess>y funds4 ,on ! day t ! expropriation ( h\ses takes place1 on t day1 ! exploit$ work]s w h realiz$ t new times h come1 t ,lab\r w no long] h to be> ! yoke ( ! ri* & p[]ful1 t ,equality has be5 op5ly proclaim$1 t ?is ,revolution is a real fact1 & n a !atrical make-believe1 l s _m o!rs prec$+ x4 ,,ii ,if ! idea ( expropriation be adopt$ by ! p x w be c>ri$ into effect 9 spite ( all ! insurm\ntable ob/acles ) :i* we are m5ac$4 ,( c\rse1 ! good folk 9 new uni=ms1 seat$ 9 ! (ficial arm-*airs ( ! ,htel de ,ville1 w be sure to busy !mselves 9 heap+ up ob/acles4 ,!y w talk ( giv+ comp5sation to ! l&lords1 ( prep>+ /ati/ics1 & draw+ up long reports4 ,yes1 !y w\ld be capable ( draw+ up reports long en\gh to outla/ ! hopes ( ! p1 :o1 aft] wait+ & />v+ 9 en=c$ idl5ess1 & see+ no?+ come ( all ^! (ficial rese>*es1 w\ld lose he>t & fai? 9 ! ,revolution & ab&on ! field to ! reaction>ies4 ,! new bureaucracy w\ld end by mak+ expropriation hateful 9 ! eyes ( all4 ,"h1 inde$1 is a rock :i* might %ipwreck our hopes4 ,b if ! p turn a deaf e> to ! speci\s argum5ts us$ to dazzle !m1 & realize t new life ne$s new conditions1 & if !y und]take ! task !mselves1 !n expropriation c be effect$ )\t any great difficulty4 ,b h[8 ,h[ c x be done8 y ask u4 ,we %all try to reply to ?is "q1 b ) a res]vation4 ,we h no int5tion ( trac+ out ! plans ( expropriation 9 _! smalle/ details4 ,we "k be=eh& t all t any man1 or gr\p ( m51 c\ld sugge/ to-day w\ld be f> surpass$ by ! reality :5 x comes4 ,man w accompli% great] ?+s1 & accompli% !m bett] & by simpl] me?ods ?an ^? dictat$ to him be=eh&4 ,?us we %all m]ely indicate ! mann] by :i* expropriation might be accompli%$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,we d n propose to g out ( our way to answ] ^? :o decl>e t ! ?+ is impossible4 ,we conf9e ourselves to reply+ t we are n ! uphold]s ( any p>ticul> me?od ( organization4 ,we are only conc]n$ to demon/rate t expropriation c\ld be effect$ by popul> initiative1 & c\ld n be effect$ by any o!r means :atev]4 ,x seems v likely t1 z soon z expropriation is fairly />t$1 gr\ps ( volunte]s w spr+ up 9 e di/rict1 /reet1 & block ( h\ses1 & und]take to inquire into ! numb] ( flats & h\ses :i* are empty & ( ^? :i* are ov]cr[d$1 ! un:olesome slums1 & ! h\ses :i* are too spaci\s = _! occupants & might well be us$ to h\se ^? :o are /ifl$ 9 sw>m+ t5em5ts4 ,9 a few days ^! volunte]s w\ld h drawn up complete li/s = ! /reet & ! di/rict ( all ! flats1 t5em5ts1 family mansions & villa resid5ces1 all ! rooms & suites ( rooms1 heal?y & unheal?y1 small & l>ge1 foetid d5s & homes ( luxury4 ,freely communicat+ ) ea* o!r1 ^! volunte]s w\ld soon h _! /ati/ics complete4 ,false /ati/ics c be manufactur$ 9 bo>d rooms & (fices1 b true & exact /ati/ics mu/ beg9 ) ! individual & m\nt up f ! simple to ! complex4 ,!n1 )\t wait+ = anyone's leave1 ^? citiz5s w probably g & f9d _! comrades :o 7 liv+ 9 mis]able g>rets & hovels & w say to !m simply3 ,x is a real ,revolution ?is "t1 comrades1 & no mi/ake ab\t x4 ,come to su* a place ?is ev5+2 all ! neighb\rhood w be !re2 we are go+ to r$i/ribute ! dwell+-h\ses4 ,if y are tir$ ( y\r slum-g>ret1 come & *oose "o ( ! flats ( five rooms t are to be dispos$ (1 & :5 y h once mov$ 9 y %all /ay1 nev] fe>4 ,! p are up 9 arms1 & he :o w\ld v5ture to evict y w h to answ] to !m4 ,b e "o w want a f9e h\se or a spaci\s flat6 we are told4--,no1 y are q mi/ak54 ,x is n ! p's way to clam\r = ! moon4 ,on ! contr>y1 e "t we h se5 !m set ab\t repair+ a wrong we h be5 /ruck by ! good s5se & in/9ct = ju/ice :i* animates ! masses4 ,h we ev] kn[n !m dem& ! impossible8 ,h we ev] se5 ! p ( ,p>is fight+ among !mselves :ile wait+ = _! rations ( bread or firewood dur+ ! two sieges or dur+ ! t]rible ye>s ( #agib-agid8 ,! pati5ce & resignation :i* prevail$ among !m 9 #ahga 0 con/antly pres5t$ = admiration by ! =eign ,press correspond5ts2 & yet ^! pati5t wait]s knew full well t ! la/ com]s w\ld h to pass ! day )\t food or fire4 ,we d n d5y t !re are pl5ty ( egoti/ic in/9cts 9 isolat$ individuals4 ,we are q aw>e ( x4 ,b we cont5d t ! v way to revive & n\ri% ^! in/9cts w\ld be to conf9e su* que/ions z ! h\s+ ( ! p to any bo>d or committee1 9 fact1 to ! t5d] m]cies ( (ficialism 9 any %ape or =m4 ,!n inde$ all ! evil passions spr+ up1 & x becomes a case ( :o is ! mo/ influ5tial p]son on ! bo>d4 ,! lea/ inequality causes wrangl+s & recrim9ations4 ,if ! smalle/ advantage is giv5 to any "o1 a trem5d\s hue & cry is rais$--& n )\t reason4 ,b if ! p !mselves1 organiz$ by /reets1 di/ricts1 & p>i%es1 und]take to move ! inhabitants ( ! slums into ! half-empty dwell+s ( ! middle classes1 ! trifl+ inconv5i5ces1 ! little inequalities w be easily tid$ ov]4 ,r>ely has appeal be5 made to ! good in/9cts ( ! masses--only z a la/ resort1 to save ! s9k+ %ip 9 times ( revolution--b nev] has su* an appeal be5 made 9 va92 ! h]oism1 ! self-devotion ( ! toil] has nev] fail$ to respond to x4 ,& ?us x w be 9 ! com+ ,revolution4 ,b1 :5 all is said & done1 "s inequalities1 "s inevitable inju/ices1 und\bt$ly w rema94 ,!re are individuals 9 our societies :om no great crisis c lift out ( ! deep mire ( egoism 9 :i* !y are sunk4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is n :e!r !re w be inju/ices or no1 b r h[ to limit ! numb] ( !m4 ,n[ all hi/ory1 all ! exp]i5ce ( ! human race1 & all social psy*ology1 unite 9 %[+ t ! be/ & faire/ way is to tru/ ! decision to ^? :om x conc]ns mo/ ne>ly4 ,x is !y alone :o c consid] & all[ = ! hundr$ & "o details :i* mu/ necess>ily be ov]look$ 9 any m]ely (ficial r$i/ribution4 ,,iii ,moreov]1 x is by no means necess>y to make /raightway an absolutely equal r$i/ribution ( all ! dwell+s4 ,!re w no d\bt be "s inconv5i5ces at fir/1 b matt]s w soon be right$ 9 a society :i* has adopt$ expropriation4 ,:5 ! masons1 & c>p5t]s1 & all :o are conc]n$ 9 h\se build+1 "k t _! daily bread is secur$ to !m1 !y w ask no?+ bett] ?an to "w at _! old trades a few h\rs a day4 ,!y w adapt ! f9e h\ses1 :i* absorb$ ! "t ( a :ole /aff ( s]vants1 = giv+ %elt] to sev]al families1 & 9 a few mon?s homes w h sprung up1 inf9itely heal?i] & m conv5i5tly arrang$ ?an ^? ( to-day4 ,& to ^? :o are n yet com=tably h\s$ ! an>*i/ ,commune w be able to say3 ,pati5ce1 comrades6 ,palaces fair] & f9] ?an any ! capitali/s built = !mselves w spr+ f ! gr\nd ( our enfran*is$ city4 ,!y w belong to ^? :o h mo/ ne$ ( !m4 ,! an>*i/ ,commune does n build ) an eye to rev5ues4 ,^! monum5ts erect$ to its citiz5s1 products ( ! collective _s1 w s]ve z models to all humanity2 !y w be y\rs4 ,if ! p ( ! ,revolution expropriate ! h\ses & proclaim free lodg+s--! communaliz+ ( h\ses & ! "r ( ea* family to a dec5t dwell+--!n ! ,revolution w h assum$ a communi/ic "* f ! fir/1 & />t$ on a c\rse f :i* x w be by no means easy to turn x4 ,x w h /ruck a fatal bl[ at individual prop]ty4 ,= ! expropriation ( dwell+s conta9s 9 g]m ! :ole social revolution4 ,on ! mann] ( its accompli%m5t dep5ds ! "* ( all t foll[s4 ,ei!r we %all />t on a good road lead+ /raight to an>*i/ communism1 or we %all rema9 /ick+ 9 ! mud ( despotic individualism4 ,x is easy to see ! num]\s objections--!oretic on ! "o h&1 practical on ! o!r--) :i* we are sure to be met4 ,z x w be a "q ( ma9ta9+ iniquity at any price1 our oppon5ts w ( c\rse prote/ 9 ! "n ( ju/ice4 ,is x n a cry+ %ame1 !y w exclaim1 t ! p ( ,p>is %\ld take possession ( all ^! f9e h\ses1 :ile ! peasants 9 ! c\ntry h only tumble-d[n huts to live 98 ,b d n let u make a mi/ake4 ,^! en?usia/s = ju/ice =get1 by a lapse ( memory to :i* !y are subject1 ! cry+ %ame :i* !y !mselves are tacitly def5d+4 ,!y =get t 9 ?is same city ! work]1 ) 8 wife & *ildr51 suffocates 9 a noisome g>ret1 :ile f 8 w9d[ he sees ! ri* man's palace4 ,!y =get t :ole g5]ations p]i% 9 cr[d$ slums1 />v+ = air & sunlight1 & t to r$ress ?is inju/ice ought to be ! fir/ task ( ! ,revolution4 ,d n let ^! dis+5u\s prote/s hold u back4 ,we "k t any inequality :i* may exi/ betwe5 t[n & c\ntry 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,revolution w be transitory & ( a nature t w "r itself f day to day2 = ! village w n fail to improve its dwell+s z soon z ! peasant has ceas$ to be ! bea/ ( burd5 ( ! f>m]1 ! m]*ant1 ! money-l5d]1 & ! ,/ate4 ,9 ord] to avoid an accid5tal & transitory inequality1 %all we /ay our h& f right+ an anci5t wrong8 ,! s-call$ practical objections are n v =midable ei!r4 ,we are bidd5 to consid] ! h>d case ( "s poor fell[ :o by d9t ( privation has contriv$ to buy a h\se j l>ge en\gh to hold 8 family4 ,& we are go+ to deprive him ( 8 h>d-e>n$ happ9ess1 to turn him into ! /reet6 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,if 8 h\se is only j l>ge en\gh = 8 family1 by all means let him /ay !re4 ,let him "w 9 8 little g>d51 too2 our boys w n h9d] him--nay1 !y w l5d him a help+ h& if ne$ be4 ,b suppose he lets lodg+s1 suppose he has empty rooms 9 8 h\se2 !n ! p w make ! lodg] und]/& t he ne$ n pay 8 =m] l&lord any m r5t4 ,/ay :]e y are1 b r5t free4 ,no m duns & collectors2 ,socialism has aboli%$ all t6 ,or aga91 suppose t ! l&lord has a score ( rooms all to himself1 & "s poor woman lives ne> by ) five *ildr5 9 "o room4 ,9 t case ! p w\ld see :e!r1 ) "s alt]ations1 ^! empty rooms c\ld n be conv]t$ into a suitable home = ! poor woman & h] five *ildr54 ,w\ld n t be m j & fair ?an to leave ! "m & h] five little ones langui%+ 9 a g>ret1 :ile ,sir ,gorge\s ,midas sat at 8 ease 9 an empty mansion8 ,besides1 good ,sir ,gorge\s w\ld probably ha/5 to d x ( 8 own accord2 8 wife w be delight$ to be fre$ f half h] big1 unwieldy h\se :5 !re is no long] a /aff ( s]vants to keep x 9 ord]4 ,s y are go+ to turn ev]y?+ upside d[n1 say ! def5d]s ( law & ord]4 ,!re w be no end to ! evictions & removals4 ,w\ld x n be bett] to />t fre% by turn+ ev]ybody out ( doors & r$i/ribut+ ! h\ses by lot8 ,?us our critics2 b we are firmly p]suad$ t if no ,gov]nm5t int]f]es 9 ! matt]1 if all ! *anges are entru/$ to ^! free gr\ps :i* h sprung up to und]take ! "w1 ! evictions & removals w be less num]\s ?an ^? :i* take place 9 "o ye> "u ! pres5t sy/em1 ow+ to ! rapacity ( l&lords4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are 9 all l>ge t[ns almo/ en\gh empty h\ses & flats to lodge all ! inhabitants ( ! slums4 ,z to ! palaces & suites ( f9e ap>tm5ts1 _m work+ p w\ld n live 9 !m if !y c\ld4 ,"o c\ld n keep up su* h\ses )\t a l>ge /aff ( s]vants4 ,_! occupants w\ld soon f9d !mselves =c$ to seek less luxuri\s dwell+s4 ,! f9e ladies w\ld f9d t palaces 7 n well adapt$ to self-help 9 ! kit*54 ,gradually p w\ld %ake d[n4 ,!re w\ld be no ne$ to conduct ,dives to a g>ret at ! bayonet's po9t1 or in/all ,laz>us 9 ,dives's palace by ! help ( an arm$ escort4 ,p w\ld %ake d[n amicably into ! available dwell+s ) ! lea/ possible friction & di/urbance4 ,h we n ! example ( ! village communes r$i/ribut+ fields & di/urb+ ! own]s ( ! allotm5ts s little t "o c only praise ! intellig5ce & good s5se ( ! me?ods !y employ8 ,few] fields *ange h&s "u ! managem5t ( ! ,russian ,commune ?an :]e p]sonal prop]ty holds sway1 & is = ev] c>ry+ its qu>rels into c\rts ( law4 ,& are we to believe t ! inhabitants ( a great ,european city w\ld be less intellig5t & less capable ( organization ?an ,russian or ,h9doo peasants8 ,moreov]1 we mu/ n bl9k at ! fact t e revolution means a c]ta9 di/urbance to ev]yday life1 & ^? :o expect ?is trem5d\s climb out ( ! old grooves to be accompli%$ )\t s mu* z j>r+ ! di%es on _! d9n] tables w f9d !mselves mi/ak54 ,x is true t ,gov]nm5ts c *ange )\t di/urb+ wor?y citiz5s at d9n]1 b ! crimes ( society t[>ds ^? :o h n\ri%$ & support$ x are n to be r$ress$ by any su* political sleight ( p>ties4 ,und\bt$ly !re w be a di/urbance1 b x mu/ n be "o ( pure loss2 x mu/ be m9imiz$4 ,& aga9--x is impossible to lay too mu* /ress on ?is maxim--x w be by address+ ourselves to ! int]e/$ p>ties1 & n to bo>ds & committees1 t we %all be/ succe$ 9 r$uc+ ! sum ( inconv5i5ces = ev]ybody4 ,! p commit blund] on blund] :5 !y h to *oose by ballot "s h>e-bra9$ c&idate :o solicits ! hon\r ( repres5t+ !m1 & takes ^u himself to "k all1 to d all1 & to organize all4 ,b :5 !y take ^u !mselves to organize :at !y "k1 :at t\*es !m directly1 !y d x bett] ?an all ! talk+-%ops put toge!r4 ,is n ! ,p>is ,commune an in/ance 9 po9t8 & ! great dock]s' /rike8 & h we n con/ant evid5ce ( ?is fact 9 e village commune8 ,,footnote3 #e ,! decree ( ! #cj ,m>*3 by ?is decree r5ts due up to ! t]ms ( ,octob]1 #ahgj1 & ,janu>y & ,april1 #ahga1 7 annull$4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,clo?+ ,:5 ! h\ses h become ! common h]itage ( ! citiz5s1 & :5 ea* man has 8 daily supply ( food1 ano!r =w>d /ep w h to be tak54 ,! "q ( clo?+ w ( c\rse dem& consid]ation next1 & aga9 ! only possible solution w be to take possession1 9 ! "n ( ! p1 ( all ! %ops & w>eh\ses :]e clo?+ is sold or /or$1 & to ?r[ op5 ! doors to all1 s t ea* c take :at he ne$s4 ,! communalization ( clo?+--! "r ( ea* to take :at he ne$s f ! communal /ores1 or to h x made = him at ! tailors & outfitt]s--is a necess>y coroll>y ( ! communalization ( h\ses & food4 ,obvi\sly we %all n ne$ = t to despoil all citiz5s ( _! coats1 to put all ! g>m5ts 9 a heap & draw lots = !m1 z our critics1 ) equal wit & +5uity1 sugge/4 ,let him :o has a coat keep x /ill--nay1 if he h t5 coats x is highly improbable t any "o w want to deprive him ( !m1 = mo/ folk w\ld pref] a new coat to "o t has already grac$ ! %\ld]s ( "s fat b\rgeois2 & !re w be en\gh new g>m5ts1 & to sp>e1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to second-h& w>drobes4 ,if we 7 to take an inv5tory ( all ! clo!s & /uff = clo?+ accumulat$ 9 ! %ops & /ores ( ! l>ge t[ns1 we %\ld f9d probably t 9 ,p>is1 ,lyons1 ,bordeaux1 & ,m>seilles1 !re 0 en\gh to enable ! commune to (f] g>m5ts to all ! citiz5s1 ( bo? sexes2 & if all 7 n suit$ at once1 ! communal outfitt]s w\ld soon make good ^! %ortcom+s4 ,we "k h[ rapidly our great tailor+ & dressmak+ e/abli%m5ts "w n[adays1 provid$ z !y are ) ma*9]y specially adapt$ = production on a l>ge scale4 ,b e "o w want a sable-l9$ coat or a velvet g[n6 exclaim our adv]s>ies4 ,frankly1 we d n believe x4 ,e woman does n dote on velvet nor does e man dream ( sable l9+s4 ,ev5 n[1 if we 7 to ask ea* woman to *oose h] g[n1 we %\ld f9d "s to pref] a simple1 practical g>m5t to all ! fanta/ic trimm+s ! fa%ionable _w affects4 ,ta/es *ange ) ! times1 & ! fa%ion 9 vogue at ! "t ( ! ,revolution w c]ta9ly make = simplicity4 ,societies1 l individuals1 h _! h\rs ( c[>dice1 b also _! h]oic mom5ts2 & ?\gh ! society ( to-day cuts a v poor figure sunk 9 ! pursuit ( n>r[ p]sonal int]e/s & second-rate ideas1 x we>s a diff]5t air :5 great crises come4 ,x has its mom5ts ( greatness & en?usiasm4 ,m5 ( g5]\s nature w ga9 ! p[] :i* to-day is 9 ! h& ( jobb]s4 ,self-devotion w spr+ up1 & noble de$s beget _! l2 ev5 ! egoti/s w be a%am$ ( hang+ back1 & w be drawn 9 spite ( !mselves to admire1 if n to imitate1 ! g5]\s & brave4 ,! great ,revolution ( #agic ab\nds 9 examples ( ?is k9d1 & x is always dur+ su* times ( spiritual revival--z natural to societies z to individuals--t ! spr+-tide ( en?usiasm sweeps humanity onw>ds4 ,we d n wi% to exagg]ate ! "p play$ by su* noble passions1 nor is x ^u !m t we w\ld f\nd our ideal ( society4 ,b we are n ask+ too mu* if we expect _! aid 9 tid+ ov] ! fir/ & mo/ difficult mom5ts4 ,we _c hope t our daily life w be cont9u\sly inspir$ by su* exalt$ en?usiasms1 b we may expect _! aid at ! fir/1 & t is all we ne$4 ,x is j to wa% ! e>? clean1 to sweep away ! %>ds & refuse1 accumulat$ by c5turies ( slav]y & oppression1 t ! new an>*i/ society w h ne$ ( ?is wave ( bro!rly love4 ,lat] on x c exi/ )\t appeal+ to ! _s ( self-sacrifice1 because x w h elim9at$ oppression1 & ?us creat$ a new _w in/9ct ) all ! feel+s ( solid>ity4 ,besides1 %\ld ! "* ( ! ,revolution be su* z we h sket*$ "h1 ! free initiative ( individuals w\ld f9d an ext5sive field ( action 9 ?w>t+ ! ef=ts ( ! egoti/s4 ,gr\ps w\ld spr+ up 9 e /reet & qu>t] to und]take ! *>ge ( ! clo?+4 ,!y w\ld make inv5tories ( all t ! city possess$1 & w\ld f9d out approximately :at 7 ! res\rces at _! disposal4 ,x is m ?an likely t 9 ! matt] ( clo?+ ! citiz5s w\ld adopt ! same pr9ciple z 9 ! matt] ( provisions--t is to say1 !y w\ld (f] freely f ! common /ore ev]y?+ :i* 0 to be f\nd 9 abundance1 & dole out :atev] 0 limit$ 9 quantity4 ,n be+ able to (f] to ea* man a sable-l9$ coat & to e woman a velvet g[n1 society w\ld probably di/+ui% betwe5 ! sup]flu\s & ! necess>y1 &1 provisionally at lea/ class sable & velvet among ! sup]fluities ( life1 ready to let "t prove :e!r :at is a luxury to-day may n become common to all to-morr[4 ,:ile ! necess>y clo?+ w\ld be gu>ante$ to ea* inhabitant ( ! an>*i/ city1 x w\ld be left to private activity to provide = ! sick & feeble ^? ?+s1 provisionally consid]$ z luxuries1 & to procure = ! less robu/ su* special articles1 z w\ld n ent] into ! daily consumption ( ord9>y citiz5s4 ,b1 x may be urg$1 ?is means grey uni=mity & ! end ( ev]y?+ beautiful 9 life & art4 ,c]ta9ly n1 we reply4 ,&1 /ill bas+ our reason+s on :at already exi/s1 we are go+ to %[ h[ an ,an>*i/ society c\ld satisfy ! mo/ arti/ic ta/es ( its citiz5s )\t all[+ !m to amass ! =tunes ( millionaires4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ways ,,& ,,means ,i ,if a society1 a city or a t]ritory 7 to gu>antee ! necess>ies ( life to its inhabitants 7& we %all see h[ ! conception ( ! necess>ies ( life c be s ext5d$ z to include luxuries71 x w\ld be compell$ to take possession ( :at is absolutely ne$$ = production2 t is to say--l&1 ma*9]y1 factories1 means ( transport1 etc4 ,capital 9 ! h&s ( private own]s w\ld be expropriat$1 to be return$ to ! community4 ,! great h>m done by b\rgeois society1 z we h already m5tion$1 is n only t capitali/s seize a l>ge %>e ( ! pr(its ( ea* indu/rial & comm]cial ent]prise1 ?us enabl+ !mselves to live )\t work+1 b t all production has tak5 a wrong direction1 z x is n c>ri$ on ) a view to secur+ well-be+ to all4 ,!re is ! reason :y x mu/ be condemn$4 ,x is absolutely impossible t m]cantile production %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! int]e/ ( all4 ,to desire x w\ld be to expect ! capitali/ to g beyond 8 prov9ce & to fulfil duties t he _c fulfil )\t ceas+ to be :at he is--a private manufactur] seek+ 8 own enri*m5t4 ,capitali/ organization1 bas$ on ! p]sonal int]e/ ( ea* individual employ] ( lab\r1 has giv5 to society all t c\ld be expect$ ( x3 x has increas$ ! productive =ce ( ,lab\r4 ,! capitali/1 pr(it+ by ! revolution effect$ 9 indu/ry by /eam1 by ! sudd5 developm5t ( *emi/ry & ma*9]y1 & by o!r inv5tions ( our c5tury1 has work$ 9 8 own int]e/ to increase ! yield ( human lab\r1 & 9 a great measure he has succe$$ s f>4 ,b to attribute o!r duties to him w\ld be unreasonable4 ,= example1 to expect t he %\ld use ?is sup]ior yield ( lab\r 9 ! int]e/ ( society z a :ole1 w\ld be to ask philan?ropy & *>ity ( him1 & a capitali/ ent]prise _c be bas$ on *>ity4 ,x n[ rema9s = society1 fir/1 to ext5d ?is great] productivity1 :i* is limit$ to c]ta9 indu/ries1 & to apply x to ! g5]al good4 ,b x is evid5t t to utilize ?is high productivity ( lab\r1 s z to gu>antee well-be+ to all1 ,society mu/ itself take possession ( all means ( production4 ,economi/s1 z is _! wont1 w n fail to rem9d u ( ! comp>ative well-be+ ( a c]ta9 category ( "y robu/ workm51 skill$ 9 c]ta9 special bran*es ( indu/ry :i* has be5 obta9$ "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,x is always ?is m9ority t is po9t$ out to u ) pride4 ,b ev5 ?is well-be+1 :i* is ! exclusive "r ( a few1 is x secure8 ,to-morr[1 maybe1 neglig5ce1 improvid5ce1 or ! gre$ ( _! employ]s1 w deprive ^! privileg$ m5 ( _! "w1 & !y w pay = ! p]iod ( com=t !y h enjoy$ ) mon?s & ye>s ( pov]ty or de/itution4 ,h[ _m important indu/ries--! textiles1 iron1 sug>1 etc4--)\t m5tion+ all sorts ( %ort-liv$ trades1 h we n se5 decl9e or come to a /&/ill on acc\nt ( speculations1 or 9 consequ5ce ( natural displacem5t ( "w1 or f ! effects ( competition among/ ! capitali/s !mselves6 ,if ! *ief textile & me*anical indu/ries _h to pass ?r\gh su* a crisis z !y h pass$ ?r\gh 9 #ahhf1 we h>dly ne$ m5tion ! small trades1 all ( :i* h _! p]iods ( /&/ill4 ,:at1 too1 %all we say to ! price :i* is paid = ! relative well-be+ ( c]ta9 categories ( workm58 ,un=tunately1 x is paid = by ! ru9 ( agriculture1 ! %ameless exploitation ( ! peasants1 ! mis]y ( ! masses4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! feeble m9ority ( work]s :o enjoy a c]ta9 com=t1 h[ _m millions ( human be+s live f h& to m\?1 )\t a secure wage1 ready to g :]ev] !y are want$2 h[ _m peasants "w f\rte5 h\rs a day = a poor pittance6 ,capital depopulates ! c\ntry1 exploits ! colonies & ! c\ntries :]e indu/ries are b little develop$1 dooms ! imm5se majority ( workm5 to rema9 )\t te*nical education1 to rema9 m$iocre ev5 9 _! own trade4 ,?is is n m]ely accid5tal1 x is a necessity ( ! capitali/ sy/em4 ,9 ord] well to remun]ate c]ta9 classes ( workm51 peasants mu/ become ! bea/s ( burd5 ( society2 ! c\ntry mu/ be des]t$ = ! t[n2 small trades mu/ agglom]ate 9 ! f\l suburbs ( l>ge cities1 & manufacture a ?\s& little ?+s = next to no?+1 s z to br+ ! goods ( ! great] indu/ries )9 rea* ( buy]s ) small sal>ies4 ,t bad clo? may be sold to ill-paid work]s1 g>m5ts are made by tailors :o are satisfi$ ) a />vation wage6 ,ea/]n l&s 9 a backw>d /ate are exploit$ by ! ,we/1 9 ord] t1 "u ! capitali/ sy/em1 work]s 9 a few privileg$ indu/ries may obta9 c]ta9 limit$ com=ts ( life4 ,! evil ( ! pres5t sy/em is !re=e n t ! surplus-value ( production goes to ! capitali/1 z ,rodb]tus & ,m>x said1 ?us n>r[+ ! ,sociali/ conception & ! g5]al view ( ! capitali/ sy/em2 ! surplus-value itself is b a consequ5ce ( deep] causes4 ,! evil lies 9 ! possibility ( a surplus-value exi/+1 in/ead ( a simple surplus n consum$ by ea* g5]ation2 =1 t a surplus-value %\ld exi/1 means t m51 wom5 & *ildr5 are compell$ by hung] to sell _! lab\r = a small "p ( :at ?is lab\r produces1 & /ill m s1 ( :at _! lab\r is capable ( produc+3 ,b ?is evil w la/ z long z ! in/rum5ts ( production belong to ! few4 ,z long z m5 are compell$ to pay a heavy tribute to prop]ty hold]s = ! "r ( cultivat+ l& or putt+ ma*9]y into action1 & ! own]s ( ! l& & ! ma*9e are free to produce :at bids fair to br+ !m 9 ! l>ge/ pr(its--r ?an ! greate/ am\nt ( useful commodities--well-be+ c only be tempor>ily gu>ante$ to a v few2 x is only to be b\ght by ! pov]ty ( a l>ge section ( society4 ,x is n suffici5t to di/ribute ! pr(its realiz$ by a trade 9 equal p>ts1 if at ! same "t ?\s&s ( o!r work]s are exploit$4 ,x is a case ( ,,produc+ ,,! ,,greate/ ,,am\nt ,,( ,,goods ,,necess>y ,,to ,,! ,,well-,,be+ ,,( ,,all1 ,,) ,,! ,,lea/ ,,possible ,,wa/e ,,( ,,human ,,en]gy4 ,?is g5]aliz$ aim _c be ! aim ( a private own]2 & ?is is :y society z a :ole1 if x takes ?is view ( production z its ideal1 w be compell$ to expropriate all t enhances well-be+ :ile produc+ weal?4 ,x w h to take possession ( l&1 factories1 m9es1 means ( communication1 etc41 & besides1 x w h to /udy :at products w promote g5]al well-be+1 z well z ! ways & means ( an adequate production4 ,,ii ,h[ _m h\rs a day w man h to "w to produce n\ri%+ food1 a com=table home1 & necess>y clo?+ = 8 family8 ,?is "q has (t5 preoccupi$ ,sociali/s1 & !y g5]ally came to ! conclusion t f\r or five h\rs a day w\ld suffice1 on condition1 be x well und]/ood1 t all m5 "w4 ,at ! end ( la/ c5tury1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 fix$ ! limit at five h\rs2 & if ! ne$ ( com=t is great] n[1 ! p[] ( production has augm5t$ too1 & f> m rapidly4 ,9 speak+ ( agriculture fur!r on1 we %all see :at ! e>? c be made to yield to man :5 he cultivates x 9 a reasonable way1 in/ead ( ?r[+ se$ haphaz>d 9 a badly pl\gh$ soil z he mo/ly does to-day4 ,9 ! great f>ms ( ,we/]n ,am]ica1 "s ( :i* cov] #cj squ>e miles1 b h a poor] soil ?an ! manur$ soil ( civiliz$ c\ntries1 only #aj to #ae ,engli% bu%els p] ,engli% acre are obta9$2 t is to say1 half ! yield ( ,european f>ms or ( ,am]ican f>ms 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,& nev]!less1 ?anks to ma*9es :i* enable #b m5 to pl\gh #d ,engli% acres a day1 #ajj m5 c produce 9 a ye> all t is necess>y to deliv] ! bread ( #aj1jjj p at _! homes dur+ a :ole ye>4 ,?us x w\ld suffice = a man to "w "u ! same conditions = #cj h\rs1 say #f half-days ( five h\rs ea*1 to h bread = a :ole ye>2 & to "w #cj half-days to gu>antee ! same to a family ( #e p4 ,we %all also prove by results obta9$ n[adays1 t if we took rec\rse to int5sive agriculture1 less ?an #f half-days' "w c\ld procure bread1 meat1 vegetables1 & ev5 luxuri\s fruit = a :ole family4 ,aga91 if we /udy ! co/ ( workm5's dwell+s1 built 9 l>ge t[ns to-day1 we c asc]ta9 t to obta91 9 a l>ge ,engli% city1 a semi-deta*$ little h\se1 z !y are built = workm5 = #bej1 f #adjj to #ahjj half-days' "w ( #e h\rs w\ld be suffici5t4 ,& z a h\se ( t k9d la/s #ej ye>s at lea/1 x foll[s t #bh to #cf half-days' "w a ye> w\ld provide well-furni%$1 heal?y qu>t]s1 ) all necess>y com=t = a family4 ,:]eas :5 hir+ ! same ap>tm5t f an employ]1 a workman pays f #ge to #ajj days' "w p] ye>4 ,m>k t ^! figures repres5t ! maximum ( :at a h\se co/s 9 ,engl& to-day1 be+ giv5 ! defective organization ( our societies4 ,9 ,belgium1 workm5's h\ses 9 ! cits ouvrires h be5 built at a mu* small] co/4 ,s t1 tak+ ev]y?+ into consid]ation1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 affirm+ t 9 a well-organiz$ society #cj or #dj half-days' "w a ye> w suffice to gu>antee a p]fectly com=table home4 ,!re n[ rema9s clo?+1 ! exact value ( :i* is almo/ impossible to fix1 because ! pr(its realiz$ by a sw>m ( middlem5 _c be e/imat$4 ,let u take clo?1 = example1 & add up all ! tribute levi$ on e y>d ( x by ! l&[n]s1 ! %eep own]s1 ! wool m]*ants1 & all _! int]m$iate ag5ts1 !n by ! railway companies1 mill-own]s1 weav]s1 deal]s 9 ready-made clo!s1 sell]s & commission ag5ts1 & we %all get !n an idea ( :at we pay to a :ole sw>m ( capitali/s = ea* article ( clo?+4 ,t is :y x is p]fectly impossible to say h[ _m days' "w an ov]coat t y pay #c or #d = 9 a l>ge ,london %op repres5ts4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ) pres5t ma*9]y x is possible to manufacture an incr$ible am\nt ( goods bo? *eaply & quickly4 ,a few examples w suffice4 ,?us 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #gea cotton mills 7= sp9n+ & weav+71 #age1jjj m5 & wom5 produce #b1jcc1jjj1jjj y>ds ( cotton goods1 besides a great quantity ( ?read4 ,on ! av]age1 m ?an #ab1jjj y>ds ( cotton goods alone are obta9$ by a #cjj days' "w ( n9e & "o-half h\rs ea*1 say #dj y>ds ( cotton 9 #aj h\rs4 ,admitt+ t a family ne$s #bjj y>ds a ye> at mo/1 ?is w\ld be equival5t to #ej h\rs' "w1 say #aj half-days ( #e h\rs ea*4 ,& we %\ld h ?read besides2 t is to say1 cotton to sew )1 & ?read to weave clo? )1 s z to manufacture wool5 /uffs mix$ ) cotton4 ,z to ! results obta9$ by weav+ alone1 ! (ficial /ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates tea* u t 9 #ahgj1 if workm5 work$ #ac or #ad h\rs a day1 !y made #aj1jjj y>ds ( :ite cotton goods 9 a ye>2 sixte5 ye>s lat] 7#ahhf7 !y wove #cj1jjj y>ds by work+ only #ee h\rs a week4 ,ev5 9 pr9t$ cotton goods !y obta9$1 weav+ & pr9t+ includ$1 #cb1jjj y>ds 9 #bfgj h\rs ( "w a ye>--say ab\t #ab y>ds an h\r4 ,?us to h y\r #bjj y>ds ( :ite & pr9t$ cotton goods #ag h\rs' "w a ye> w\ld suffice4 ,x is necess>y to rem>k t raw mat]ial rea*es ^! factories 9 ab\t ! same /ate z x comes f ! fields1 & t ! trans=mations gone ?r\gh by ! piece be=e x is conv]t$ into goods are complet$ 9 ! c\rse ( ^! #ag h\rs4 ,b to buy ^! #bjj y>ds f ! tradesman1 a well-paid workman mu/ give at ! v lea/ #aj to #ae days' "w ( #aj h\rs ea*1 say #ajj to #aej h\rs4 ,& z to ! ,engli% peasant1 he w\ld h to toil = a mon?1 or a little m1 to obta9 ?is luxury4 ,by ?is example we already see t by work+ #ej half-days p] ye> 9 a well-organiz$ society we c\ld dress bett] ?an ! l[] middle classes d to-day4 ,b ) all ?is we h only requir$ #fj half-days' "w ( #e h\rs ea* to obta9 ! fruits ( ! e>?1 #dj = h\s+1 & #ej = clo?+1 :i* only makes half a ye>'s "w1 z ! ye> consi/s ( #cjj work+-days if we d$uct holidays4 ,!re rema9 /ill #aej half-days' "w :i* c\ld be made use ( = o!r necess>ies ( life--w9e1 sug>1 c(fee1 tea1 furniture1 transport1 etc41 etc4 ,x is evid5t t ^! calculations are only approximative1 b !y c also be prov$ 9 ano!r way4 ,:5 we take into acc\nt h[ _m1 9 ! s-call$ civiliz$ nations1 produce no?+1 h[ _m "w at h>mful trades1 doom$ to disappe>1 & la/ly1 h[ _m are only useless middlem51 we see t 9 ea* nation ! numb] ( real produc]s c\ld be d\bl$4 ,& if1 in/ead ( e #aj m51 #bj 7 occupi$ 9 produc+ useful commodities1 & if society took ! tr\ble to economize human en]gy1 ^? #bj p w\ld only h to "w #e h\rs a day )\t production decreas+4 ,& x w\ld suffice to r$uce ! wa/e ( human en]gy :i* is go+ on 9 ! ri* families ) ! scores ( useless s]vants1 or 9 ! adm9i/rations :i* occupy "o (ficial to e t5 or ev5 six inhabitants1 & to utilize ^? =ces1 to augm5t imm5sely ! productivity ( a nation4 ,9 fact1 "w c\ld be r$uc$ to f\r or ev5 ?ree h\rs a day1 to produce all ! goods t are produc$ n[4 ,aft] /udy+ all ^! facts toge!r1 we may arrive1 !n1 at ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,imag9e a society1 compris+ a few million inhabitants1 engag$ 9 agriculture & a great v>iety ( indu/ries--,p>is1 = example1 ) ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,se9e-et-,oise4 ,suppose t 9 ?is society all *ildr5 le>n to "w ) _! h&s z well z ) _! bra9s4 ,admit t all adults1 save wom51 engag$ 9 ! education ( _! *ildr51 b9d !mselves to "w #e h\rs a day f ! age ( tw5ty or tw5ty-two to =ty-five or fifty1 & t !y foll[ occupations !y h *os5 !mselves 9 any "o ( ^? bran*es ( human "w :i* 9 ?is city are consid]$ necess>y4 ,su* a society c\ld 9 return gu>antee well-be+ to all its memb]s1 a well-be+ m sub/antial ?an t enjoy$ to-day by ! middle classes4 ,&1 moreov]1 ea* work] belong+ to ?is society w\ld h at 8 disposal at lea/ #e h\rs a day :i* he c\ld devote to sci5ce1 art1 & individual ne$s :i* d n come "u ! category ( necessities1 b w probably d s lat] on1 :5 man's productivity w h augm5t$1 & ^? objects w no long] appe> luxuri\s or inaccessible4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,luxury ,i ,man is n a be+ ^: exclusive purpose 9 life is eat+1 dr9k+1 & provid+ a %elt] = himself4 ,z soon z 8 mat]ial wants are satisfi$1 o!r ne$s1 :i*1 g5]ally speak+1 may be describ$ z ( an arti/ic "*1 w ?ru/ !mselves =w>d4 ,^! ne$s are ( ! greate/ v>iety2 !y v>y ) ea* & e individual2 & ! m society is civiliz$1 ! m w individuality be develop$1 & ! m w desires be v>i$4 ,ev5 to-day we see m5 & wom5 d5y+ !mselves necess>ies to acquire m]e trifles1 to obta9 "s p>ticul> gratification1 or "s intellectual or mat]ial enjoym5t4 ,a ,*ri/ian or an ascetic may disapprove ( ^! desires = luxury2 b x is precisely ^! trifles t break ! monotony ( exi/5ce & make x agreeable4 ,w\ld life1 ) all its inevitable drudge & sorr[s1 be wor? liv+1 if1 besides daily "w1 man c\ld nev] obta9 a s+le pleasure accord+ to 8 individual ta/es8 ,if we wi% = a ,social ,revolution1 x is no d\bt1 fir/ ( all1 to give bread to ev]yone2 to trans=m ?is execrable society1 9 :i* we c e day see capable workm5 dangl+ _! arms = want ( an employ] :o w exploit !m2 wom5 & *ildr5 w&]+ %elt]less at night2 :ole families r$uc$ to dry bread2 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 dy+ = want ( c>e & ev5 = want ( food4 ,x is to put an end to ^! iniquities t we rebel4 ,b we expect m f ! ,revolution4 ,we see t ! work]1 compell$ to /ruggle pa9fully = b>e exi/5ce1 is r$uc$ to ignore ! high] delights1 ! highe/ )9 man's rea*1 ( sci5ce1 & especially ( sci5tific discov]y2 ( art1 & especially ( arti/ic creation4 ,x is 9 ord] to obta9 = all ( u joys t are n[ res]v$ to a few2 9 ord] to give leisure & ! possibility ( develop+ ev]yone's intellectual capacities1 t ! social revolution mu/ gu>antee daily bread to all4 ,aft] bread has be5 secur$1 leisure is ! supreme aim4 ,no d\bt1 n[adays1 :5 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( human be+s are 9 ne$ ( bread1 coal1 clo?+1 & %elt]1 luxury is a crime2 to satisfy x1 ! work]'s *ild mu/ g )\t bread6 ,b 9 a society 9 :i* all h ! necess>y food & %elt]1 ! ne$s :i* we consid] luxuries to-day w be ! m ke5ly felt4 ,& z all m5 d n & _c resemble "o ano!r 7! v>iety ( ta/es & ne$s is ! *ief gu>antee ( human progress7 !re w always be1 & x is desirable t !re %\ld always be1 m5 & wom5 ^: desire w g beyond ^? ( ord9>y individuals 9 "s p>ticul> direction4 ,ev]ybody does n ne$ a telescope1 because1 ev5 if le>n+ 7 g5]al1 !re are p :o pref] to exam9e ?+s ?r\gh a microscope to /udy+ ! />ry heav5s4 ,"s l /atues1 "s l pictures4 ,a p>ticul> individual has no o!r ambition ?an to possess a good piano1 :ile ano!r is pleas$ ) an accordion4 ,! ta/es v>y1 b ! arti/ic ne$s exi/ 9 all4 ,9 our pres5t1 poor capitali/ic society1 ! man :o has arti/ic ne$s _c satisfy !m unless he is heir to a l>ge =tune1 or by d9t ( h>d "w appropriates to himself an intellectual capital :i* w enable him to take up a lib]al pr(ession4 ,/ill he *]i%es ! hope ( "s day satisfy+ 8 ta/es m or less1 & = ?is reason he reproa*es ! ideali/ ,communi/ societies ) hav+ ! mat]ial life ( ea* individual z _! sole aim4 ,9 y\r communal /ores y may p]haps h bread = all1 he says to u1 b y w n h beautiful pictures1 optical in/rum5ts1 luxuri\s furniture1 arti/ic jewelry--9 %ort1 ! _m ?+s t m9i/] to ! inf9ite v>iety ( human ta/es4 ,& y suppress ! possibility ( obta9+ any?+ besides ! bread & meat :i* ! commune c (f] to all1 & ! drab l95 9 :i* all y\r lady citiz5s w be dress$4 ,^! are ! objections :i* all communi/ sy/ems h to consid]1 & :i* ! f\nd]s ( new societies1 e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ican des]ts1 nev] und]/ood4 ,!y believ$ t if ! community c\ld procure suffici5t clo? to dress all its memb]s1 a music-room 9 :i* ! bro!rs c\ld /rum a piece ( music1 or act a play f "t to "t1 x 0 en\gh4 ,!y =got t ! feel+ = art exi/$ 9 ! agriculturi/ z well z 9 ! burgh]1 &1 not)/&+ t ! expression ( arti/ic feel+ v>ies accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 culture1 9 ! ma9 x rema9s ! same4 ,9 va9 did ! community gu>antee ! common necess>ies ( life1 9 va9 did x suppress all education t w\ld t5d to develop individuality1 9 va9 did x elim9ate all read+ save ! ,bible4 ,individual ta/es broke =?1 & caus$ g5]al discont5t2 qu>rels arose :5 somebody propos$ to buy a piano or sci5tific in/rum5ts2 & ! elem5ts ( progress flagg$4 ,! society c\ld only exi/ on condition t x cru%$ all individual feel+1 all arti/ic t5d5cy1 & all developm5t4 ,w ! an>*i/ ,commune be impell$ by ! same direction8--,evid5tly n1 if x und]/&s t :ile x produces all t is necess>y to mat]ial life1 x mu/ also /rive to satisfy all manife/ations ( ! human m9d4 ,,ii ,we frankly confess t :5 we ?9k ( ! abyss ( pov]ty & suff]+ t surr\nds u1 :5 we he> ! he>tr5d+ cry ( ! work] walk+ ! /reets begg+ = "w1 we are lo? to discuss ! "q3 ,h[ w m5 act 9 a society1 ^: memb]s are prop]ly f$1 to satisfy c]ta9 individuals desir\s ( possess+ a piece ( ,svres *9a or a velvet dress8 ,we are tempt$ to answ]3 ,let u make sure ( bread to beg9 )1 we %all see to *9a & velvet lat] on4 ,b z we mu/ recognize t man has o!r ne$s besides food1 & z ! /r5g? ( ,an>*y lies precisely 9 t t x und]/&s all human faculties & all passions1 & ignores none1 we %all1 9 a few words1 expla9 h[ man c contrive to satisfy all 8 intellectual & arti/ic ne$s4 ,we h already m5tion$ t by work+ #d or #e h\rs a day till ! age ( =ty-five or fifty1 man c\ld easily produce all t is necess>y to gu>antee com=t to society4 ,b ! day's "w ( a man accu/om$ to toil does n consi/ ( #e h\rs2 x is a #aj h\rs' day = #cjj days a ye>1 & la/s all 8 life4 ,( c\rse1 :5 a man is h>ness$ to a ma*9e1 8 heal? is soon und]m9$ & 8 intellig5ce is blunt$2 b :5 man has ! possibility ( v>y+ occupations1 & especially ( alt]nat+ manual ) intellectual "w1 he c rema9 occupi$ )\t fatigue1 & ev5 ) pleasure1 = #aj or #ab h\rs a day4 ,consequ5tly1 ! man :o w h done ! #d or #e h\rs ( manual "w t are necess>y = 8 exi/5ce1 w h be=e him #e or #f h\rs :i* he w seek to employ accord+ to 8 ta/es4 ,& ^! #e or #f h\rs a day w fully enable him to procure = himself1 if he associates ) o!rs1 all he wi%es =1 9 addition to ! necess>ies gu>ante$ to all4 ,he w dis*>ge fir/ 8 task 9 ! field1 ! factory1 & s on1 :i* he owes to society z 8 contribution to ! g5]al production4 ,& he w employ ! second half ( 8 day1 8 week1 or 8 ye>1 to satisfy 8 arti/ic or sci5tific ne$s1 or 8 hobbies4 ,?\s&s ( societies w spr+ up to gratify e ta/e & e possible fancy4 ,"s1 = example1 w give _! h\rs ( leisure to lit]ature4 ,!y w !n =m gr\ps compris+ au?ors1 compositors1 pr9t]s1 engrav]s1 draughtsm51 all pursu+ a common aim--! propagation ( ideas t are de> to !m4 ,n[adays an au?or kn[s t !re is a bea/ ( burd51 ! work]1 to :om1 = ! sum ( a few %ill+s a day1 he c entru/ ! pr9t+ ( 8 books2 b he h>dly c>es to "k :at a pr9t+ (fice is l4 ,if ! compositor suff]s f lead-poison+1 & if ! *ild :o sees to ! ma*9e dies ( anmia1 are !re n o!r poor wret*es to replace !m8 ,b :5 !re w be no m />vel+s ready to sell _! "w = a pittance1 :5 ! exploit$ work] ( to-day w be educat$1 & w h 8 own ideas to put d[n 9 black & :ite & to communicate to o!rs1 !n ! au?ors & sci5tific m5 w be compell$ to comb9e among !mselves & ) ! pr9t]s1 9 ord] to br+ out _! prose & _! poetry4 ,s long z m5 consid] fu/ian & manual lab\r a m>k ( inf]iority1 x w appe> amaz+ to !m to see an au?or sett+ up 8 own book 9 type1 = has he n a gymnasium or games by way ( div]sion8 ,b :5 ! opprobrium connect$ ) manual labor has disappe>$1 :5 all w h to "w ) _! h&s1 !re be+ no "o to d x = !m1 !n ! au?ors z well z _! admir]s w soon le>n ! art ( h&l+ compos+-/icks & type2 !y w "k ! pleasure ( com+ toge!r--all admir]s ( ! "w to be pr9t$--to set up ! type1 to %ape x into pages1 to take x 9 its virg9al purity f ! press4 ,^! beautiful ma*9es1 in/rum5ts ( torture to ! *ild :o att5ds on !m f morn till night1 w be a s\rce ( enjoym5t = ^? :o w make use ( !m 9 ord] to give voice to ! ?\ghts ( _! fav\rite au?or4 ,w lit]ature lose by x8 ,w ! poet be less a poet aft] hav+ work$ out ( doors or help$ ) 8 h&s to multiply 8 "w8 ,w ! noveli/ lose 8 k ( human nature aft] hav+ rubb$ %\ld]s ) o!r m5 9 ! =e/ or ! factory1 9 ! lay+ out ( a road or on a railway l9e8 ,c !re be two answ]s to ^! que/ions8 ,maybe "s books w be less volum9\s2 b !n1 m w be said on few] pages4 ,maybe few] wa/e-%eets w be publi%$2 b ! matt] pr9t$ w be m att5tively read & m appreciat$4 ,! book w appeal to a l>g] circle ( bett] educat$ read]s1 :o w be m compet5t to judge4 ,moreov]1 ! art ( pr9t+1 t has s little progress$ s9ce ,gut5b]g1 is /ill 9 its infancy4 ,x takes two h\rs to compose 9 type :at is writt5 9 t5 m9utes1 b m exp$iti\s me?ods ( multiply+ ?\ght are be+ s\ght aft] & w be discov]$4#f ,:at a pity e au?or does n h to take 8 %>e 9 ! pr9t+ ( 8 works6 ,:at progress pr9t+ w\ld h already made6 ,we %\ld no long] be us+ movable lett]s1 z 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,,iii ,is x a dream to conceive a society 9 :i*--all hav+ become produc]s1 all hav+ receiv$ an education t enables !m to cultivate sci5ce or art1 & all hav+ leisure to d s--m5 w\ld comb9e to publi% ! works ( _! *oice1 by contribut+ ea* 8 %>e ( manual "w8 ,we h already hundr$s ( le>n$1 lit]>y1 & o!r societies2 & ^! societies are no?+ b volunt>y gr\ps ( m51 int]e/$ 9 c]ta9 bran*es ( le>n+1 & associat$ = ! purpose ( publi%+ _! works4 ,! au?ors :o write = ! p]iodicals ( ^! societies are n paid1 & ! p]iodicals1 ap>t f a limit$ numb] ( copies1 are n = sale2 !y are s5t gratis to all qu>t]s ( ! globe1 to o!r societies1 cultivat+ ! same bran*es ( le>n+4 ,?is memb] ( ! ,society may ins]t 9 its review a "o-page note summ>iz+ 8 obs]vations2 ano!r may publi% !re9 an ext5sive "w1 ! results ( long ye>s ( /udy2 :ile o!rs w conf9e !mselves to consult+ ! review z a />t+-po9t = fur!r rese>*4 ,x does n matt]3 all ^! au?ors & read]s are associat$ = ! production ( works 9 :i* all ( !m take an int]e/4 ,x is true t a le>n$ society1 l ! individual au?or1 goes to a pr9t+ (fice :]e workm5 are engag$ to d ! pr9t+4 ,n[adays1 ^? :o belong to ! le>n$ societies despise manual lab\r :i* inde$ is c>ri$ on "u v bad conditions2 b a community :i* w\ld give a g5]\s philosophic & sci5tific education to all its memb]s1 w\ld "k h[ to organize manual lab\r 9 su* a way t x w\ld be ! pride ( humanity4 ,its le>n$ societies w\ld become associations ( explor]s1 lov]s ( sci5ce1 & work]s--all kn[+ a manual trade & all int]e/$ 9 sci5ce4 ,if1 = example1 ! ,society is /udy+ geology1 all w contribute to ! exploration ( ! e>?'s /rata2 ea* memb] w take 8 %>e 9 rese>*1 & t5 ?\s& obs]v]s1 :]e we h n[ only a hundr$1 w d m 9 a ye> ?an we c d 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,& :5 _! works are to be publi%$1 t5 ?\s& m5 & wom51 skill$ 9 diff]5t trades1 w be ready to draw maps1 engrave designs1 compose1 & pr9t ! books4 ,) gladness w !y give _! leisure--9 summ] to exploration1 9 w9t] to indoor "w4 ,& :5 _! works appe>1 !y w f9d n only a hundr$1 b t5 ?\s& read]s int]e/$ 9 _! common "w4 ,?is is ! direction 9 :i* progress is already mov+4 ,ev5 to-day1 :5 ,engl& felt ! ne$ ( a complete diction>y ( ! ,engli% language1 ! bir? ( a ,littr1 :o w\ld devote 8 life to ?is "w1 0 n wait$ =4 ,volunte]s 7 appeal$ to1 & a ?\s& m5 (f]$ _! s]vices1 spontane\sly & gratuit\sly1 to ransack ! libr>ies1 to take notes1 & to accompli% 9 a few ye>s a "w :i* "o man c\ld n complete 9 8 lifetime4 ,9 all bran*es ( human intellig5ce ! same _s is break+ =?1 & we %\ld h a v limit$ k ( humanity c\ld we n guess t ! future is ann\nc+ itself 9 su* t5tative co-op]ation1 :i* is gradually tak+ ! place ( individual "w4 ,= ?is diction>y to be a really collective "w1 x w\ld h be5 necess>y t _m volunte] au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & pr9t]s' read]s %\ld h work$ 9 common2 b some?+ 9 ?is direction is done already 9 ! ,sociali/ ,press1 :i* (f]s u examples ( manual & intellectual "w comb9$4 ,x happ5s 9 our newspap]s t a ,sociali/ au?or composes 9 lead 8 own article4 ,true1 su* attempts are r>e1 b !y indicate 9 :i* direction evolution is go+4 ,!y %[ ! road ( lib]ty4 ,9 future1 :5 a man w h some?+ useful to say--a ^w t goes beyond ! ?\ghts ( 8 c5tury1 he w n h to look = an editor :o might advance ! necess>y capital4 ,he w look = collaborators among ^? :o "k ! pr9t+ trade1 & :o approve ! idea ( 8 new "w4 ,toge!r !y w publi% ! new book or j\rnal4 ,lit]ature & j\rnalism w cease to be a means ( money-mak+ & liv+ at ! co/ ( o!rs4 ,b is !re any "o :o kn[s lit]ature & j\rnalism f )91 & :o does n ard5tly desire t lit]ature %\ld at la/ be able to free itself f ^? :o =m]ly protect$ x1 & :o n[ exploit x1 & f ! multitude1 :i*1 ) r>e exceptions1 pays = x 9 proportion to its m$iocrity1 or to ! ease ) :i* x adapts itself to ! bad ta/e ( ! great] numb]8 ,lett]s & sci5ce w only take _! prop] place 9 ! "w ( human developm5t :51 fre$ f all m]c5>y bondage1 !y w be exclusively cultivat$ by ^? :o love !m1 & = ^? :o love !m4 ,,iv ,lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art mu/ be cultivat$ by free m54 ,only on ?is condition w !y succe$ 9 emancipat+ !mselves f ! yoke ( ! ,/ate1 ( ,capital1 & ( ! b\rgeois m$iocrity :i* /ifles !m4 ,:at means has ! sci5ti/ ( to-day to make rese>*es t int]e/ him8 ,%\ld he ask help ( ! ,/ate1 :i* c only be giv5 to "o c&idate 9 a hundr$1 & :i* only he may obta9 :o promises o/5sibly to keep to ! beat5 track8 ,let u rememb] h[ ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,france repudiat$ ,d>w91 h[ ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg treat$ ,m5deleff ) contempt1 & h[ ! ,royal ,society ( ,london refus$ to publi% ,j\le's pap]1 9 :i* he det]m9$ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat1 f9d+ x unsci5tific4#g ,x 0 :y all great rese>*es1 all discov]ies revolutioniz+ sci5ce1 h be5 made outside academies & univ]sities1 ei!r by m5 ri* en\gh to rema9 indep5d5t1 l ,d>w9 & ,lyell1 or by m5 :o und]m9$ _! heal? by work+ 9 pov]ty1 & (t5 9 great /raits1 los+ endless "t = want ( a laboratory1 & unable to procure ! in/rum5ts or books necess>y to cont9ue _! rese>*es1 b p]sev]+ aga9/ hope1 & (t5 dy+ be=e !y _h rea*$ ! end 9 view4 ,_! "n is legion4 ,altoge!r1 ! sy/em ( help grant$ by ! ,/ate is s bad t sci5ce has always endeav\r$ to emancipate itself f x4 ,= ?is v reason !re are ?\s&s ( le>n$ societies organiz$ & ma9ta9$ by volunte]s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1--"s hav+ develop$ to su* a degree t all ! res\rces ( subv5tion$ societies1 & all ! weal? ( millionaires1 w\ld n buy _! treasures4 ,no gov]nm5tal in/itution is z ri* z ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london1 :i* is support$ by volunt>y contributions4 ,x does n buy ! animals :i* 9 ?\s&s p its g>d5s3 !y are s5t by o!r societies & by collectors ( ! entire _w4 ,! ,zoological ,society ( ,bombay w s5d an elephant z a gift2 ano!r "t a hippopotamus or a rh9oc]os is (f]$ by ,egyptian naturali/s4 ,& ^! magnific5t pres5ts are p\r+ 9 e day1 arriv+ f all qu>t]s ( ! globe--birds1 reptiles1 collections ( insects1 etc4 ,su* consignm5ts (t5 comprise animals t c\ld n be b\ght = all ! gold 9 ! _w2 ?us a travell] :o has captur$ an animal at life's p]il1 & n[ loves x z he w\ld love a *ild1 w give x to ! ,society because he is sure x w be c>$ =4 ,! entrance fee paid by visitors1 & !y are numb]less1 suffices = ! ma9t5ance ( t imm5se in/itution4 ,:at is defective 9 ! ,zoological ,society ( ,london1 & 9 o!r k9dr$ societies1 is t ! memb]'s fee _c be paid 9 "w2 t ! keep]s & num]\s employes ( ?is l>ge in/itution are n recogniz$ z memb]s ( ! ,society1 :ile _m h no o!r inc5tive to jo9+ ! society ?an to put ! cabali/ic lett]s ,f4,z4,s 7,fell[ ( ! ,zoological ,society7 on _! c>ds4 ,9 a ^w1 :at is ne$$ is a m p]fect co-op]ation4 ,we may say ! same ab\t inv5tors1 t we h said ( sci5ti/s4 ,:o does n "k :at suff]+s ne>ly all great inv5tions h co/8 ,sleepless nights1 families depriv$ ( bread1 want ( tools & mat]ials = exp]im5ts1 ?is is ! hi/ory ( ne>ly all ^? :o h enri*$ indu/ry ) inv5tions :i* are ! truly legitimate pride ( our civilization4 ,b :at are we to d to alt] ! conditions t ev]ybody is conv9c$ are bad8 ,pat5ts h be5 tri$1 & we "k ) :at results4 ,! inv5tor sells 8 pat5t = a few p\nds1 & ! man :o has only l5t ! capital pockets ! enorm\s pr(its (t5 result+ f ! inv5tion4 ,besides1 pat5ts isolate ! inv5tor4 ,!y compel him to keep secret 8 rese>*es :i* !re=e end 9 failure2 :]eas ! simple/ sugge/ion1 com+ f a bra9 less absorb$ 9 ! fundam5tal idea1 sometimes suffices to f]tilize ! inv5tion & make x practical4 ,l all ,/ate control1 pat5ts hamp] ! progress ( indu/ry4 ,?\ght be+ incapable ( be+ pat5t$1 pat5ts are a cry+ inju/ice 9 !ory1 & 9 practice !y result 9 "o ( ! great ob/acles to ! rapid developm5t ( inv5tion4 ,:at is ne$$ to promote ! _s ( inv5tion is1 fir/ ( all1 ! awak5+ ( ?\ght1 ! boldness ( conception1 :i* our entire education causes to langui%2 x is ! spread+ ( a sci5tific education1 :i* w\ld increase ! numb] ( inquir]s a hundr$fold2 x is fai? t humanity is go+ to take a /ep =w>d1 because x is en?usiasm1 ! hope ( do+ good1 t has inspir$ all ! great inv5tors4 ,! ,social ,revolution alone c give ?is impulse to ?\ght1 ?is boldness1 ?is k1 ?is conviction ( work+ = all4 ,!n we %all h va/ in/itutes suppli$ ) motor-p[] & tools ( all sorts1 imm5se indu/rial laboratories op5 to all inquir]s1 :]e m5 w be able to "w out _! dreams1 aft] hav+ acquitt$ !mselves ( _! duty t[>ds society2 ma*9]y palaces :]e !y w sp5d _! five or six h\rs ( leisure2 :]e !y w make _! exp]im5ts2 :]e !y w f9d o!r comrades1 exp]ts 9 o!r bran*es ( indu/ry1 likewise com+ to /udy "s difficult problem1 & !re=e able to help & enlight5 ea* o!r1--! enc\nt] ( _! ideas & exp]i5ce caus+ ! long$-= solution to be f\nd4 ,& yet aga91 ?is is no dream4 ,solany ,gorodk1 9 ,pet]sburg1 has already p>tially realiz$ x z reg>ds te*nical matt]s4 ,x is a factory well furni%$ ) tools & free to all2 tools & motor-p[] are suppli$ gratis1 only metals & wood are *>g$ = at co/ price4 ,un=tunately workm5 only g !re at night :5 worn out by t5 h\rs' lab\r 9 ! work%op4 ,moreov]1 !y c>efully hide _! inv5tions f ea* o!r1 z !y are hamp]$ by pat5ts & ,capitalism--t bane ( pres5t society1 t /umbl+-block 9 ! pa? ( intellectual & moral progress4 ,v ,& :at ab\t art8 ,f all sides we he> lam5tations ab\t ! decad5ce ( art4 ,we are1 inde$1 f> beh9d ! great ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! te*nicalities ( art h rec5tly made great progress2 ?\s&s ( p gift$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( tal5t cultivate e bran*1 b art seems to fly f civilization6 ,te*nicalities make headway1 b inspiration frequ5ts arti/s' /udios less ?an ev]4 ,:]e1 inde$1 %\ld x come f8 ,only a gr& idea c inspire art4 ,art is 9 our ideal synonym\s ) creation1 x mu/ look ahead2 b save a few r>e1 v r>e exceptions1 ! pr(essional arti/ rema9s too phili/9e to p]ceive new horizons4 ,moreov]1 ?is inspiration _c come f books2 x mu/ be drawn f life1 & pres5t society _c ar\se x4 ,raphael & ,murillo pa9t$ at a "t :5 ! se>* ( a new ideal c\ld be pursu$ :ile reta9+ ! old religi\s traditions4 ,!y pa9t$ to decorate *ur*es :i* !mselves repres5t$ ! pi\s "w ( sev]al g5]ations ( a giv5 city4 ,! basilic ) its my/]i\s aspect1 its gr&eur1 0 connect$ ) ! life itself ( ! city1 & c\ld inspire a pa9t]4 ,he work$ = a popul> monum5t2 he spoke to 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & 9 return he receiv$ inspiration2 he appeal$ to ! multitude 9 ! same way z did ! nave1 ! pill>s1 ! /a9$ w9d[s1 ! /atues1 & ! c>v$ doors4 ,n[adays ! greate/ hon\r a pa9t] c aspire to is to see 8 canvas1 fram$ 9 gild$ wood1 hung 9 a museum1 a sort ( old curiosity %op1 :]e y see1 z 9 ! ,prado1 ,murillo's ,asc5sion next to a begg> ( ,velasquez & ! dogs ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,poor ,velasquez & poor ,murillo6 ,poor ,greek /atues :i* liv$ 9 ! ,acropolis ( _! cities1 & are n[ /ifl$ b5ea? ! r$ clo? hang+s ( ! ,l\vre6 ,:5 a ,greek sculptor *isel$ 8 m>ble he endeavor$ to express ! _s & he>t ( ! city4 ,all its passions1 all its traditions ( glory1 7 to live aga9 9 ! "w4 ,b to-day ! unit$ city has ceas$ to exi/2 !re is no m communion ( ideas4 ,! t[n is a *ance agglom]ation ( p :o d n "k "o ano!r1 :o h no common int]e/1 save t ( enri*+ !mselves at ! exp5se ( "o ano!r4 ,! fa!rl& does n exi/4444 ,:at fa!rl& c ! int]national bank] & ! rag-pick] h 9 common8 ,only :5 cities1 t]ritories1 nations1 or gr\ps ( nations1 w h r5ew$ _! h>moni\s life1 w art be able to draw its inspiration f ideals held 9 common4 ,!n w ! ar*itect conceive ! city's monum5t :i* w no long] be a temple1 a prison1 or a =tress2 !n w ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 ! c>v]1 ! ornam5t-work] "k :]e to put _! canvases1 _! /atues1 & _! decoration2 d]iv+ _! p[] ( execution f ! same vital s\rce1 & glori\sly m>*+ all toge!r t[>ds ! future4 ,b till !n art c only vegetate4 ,! be/ canvases ( mod]n arti/s are ^? t repres5t nature1 villages1 valleys1 ! sea ) its dang]s1 ! m\nta9 ) its spl5d\rs4 ,b h[ c ! pa9t] express ! poetry ( "w 9 ! fields if he has only contemplat$ x1 imag9$ x1 if he has nev] delight$ 9 x himself8 ,if he only kn[s x z a bird ( passage kn[s ! c\ntry he so>s ov] 9 8 migrations8 ,if1 9 ! vig\r ( e>ly y\?1 he has n foll[$ ! pl\gh at dawn1 & enjoy$ m[+ grass ) a l>ge sweep ( ! scy! next to h>dy haymak]s vy+ 9 en]gy ) lively "y girls :o fill ! air ) _! songs8 ,! love ( ! soil & ( :at gr[s on x is n acquir$ by sket*+ ) a pa9t-bru%--x is only 9 its s]vice2 & )\t lov+ x1 h[ pa9t x8 ,?is is :y all t ! be/ pa9t]s h produc$ 9 ?is direction is /ill s imp]fect1 n true to life1 ne>ly always m]ely s5tim5tal4 ,!re is no /r5g? 9 x4 ,y mu/ h se5 a sunset :5 return+ f "w4 ,y mu/ h be5 a peasant among peasants to keep ! spl5d\r ( x 9 y\r eye4 ,y mu/ h be5 at sea ) fi%]m5 at all h\rs ( ! day & night1 h fi%$ y\rself1 /ruggl$ ) ! waves1 fac$ ! /orm1 & aft] r\gh "w exp]i5c$ ! joy ( haul+ a heavy net1 or ! disappo9tm5t ( see+ x empty1 to und]/& ! poetry ( fi%+4 ,y mu/ h sp5t "t 9 a factory1 kn[n ! fatigues & ! joys ( creative "w1 =g$ metals by ! vivid light ( a bla/ furnace1 h felt ! life 9 a ma*9e1 to und]/& ! p[] ( man & to express x 9 a "w ( art4 ,y mu/1 9 fact1 be p]meat$ ) popul> feel+s1 to describe !m4 ,besides1 ! works ( future arti/s :o w h liv$ ! life ( ! p1 l ! great arti/s ( ! pa/1 w n be de/9$ = sale4 ,!y w be an integral "p ( a liv+ :ole t w\ld n be complete )\t !m1 any m ?an !y w\ld be complete )\t x4 ,m5 w g to ! arti/'s own city to gaze at 8 "w1 & ! spirit$ & s]5e beauty ( su* creations w produce its b5eficial effect on he>t & m9d4 ,art1 9 ord] to develop1 mu/ be b\nd up ) indu/ry by a ?\s& int]m$iate degrees1 bl5d$1 s to say1 z ,rusk9 & ! great ,sociali/ poet ,morris h prov$ s (t5 & s well4 ,ev]y?+ t surr\nds man1 9 ! /reet1 9 ! int]ior & ext]ior ( public monum5ts1 mu/ be ( a pure arti/ic =m4 ,b ?is c only be realiz$ 9 a society 9 :i* all enjoy com=t & leisure4 ,!n only %all we see art associations1 ( :i* ea* memb] w f9d room = 8 capacity2 = art _c disp5se ) an inf9ity ( purely manual & te*nical supplem5t>y works4 ,^! arti/ic associations w und]take to embelli% ! h\ses ( _! memb]s1 z ^? k9d volunte]s1 ! "y pa9t]s ( ,ed9burgh1 did 9 decorat+ ! walls & ceil+s ( ! great hospital = ! poor 9 _! city4 ,a pa9t] or sculptor :o has produc$ a "w ( p]sonal feel+ w (f] x to ! woman he loves1 or to a fri5d4 ,execut$ = love's sake1--w 8 "w1 inspir$ by love1 be inf]ior to ! art t to-day satisfies ! vanity ( ! phili/9e1 because x has co/ mu* money8 ,! same w be done z reg>ds all pleasures n compris$ 9 ! necess>ies ( life4 ,he :o wi%es = a gr& piano w ent] ! association ( musical in/rum5t mak]s4 ,& by giv+ ! association "p ( 8 half-days' leisure1 he w soon possess ! piano ( 8 dreams4 ,if he is fond ( a/ronomical /udies he w jo9 ! association ( a/ronom]s1 ) its philosoph]s1 its obs]v]s1 its calculators1 ) its arti/s 9 a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 its sci5ti/s & amateurs1 & he w h ! telescope he desires by tak+ 8 %>e ( ! associat$ "w1 = x is especially ! r\gh "w t is ne$$ 9 an a/ronomical obs]vatory--bricklay]'s1 c>p5t]'s1 f\nd]'s1 me*anic's "w1 ! la/ t\* be+ giv5 to ! in/rum5t ( precision by ! arti/4 ,9 %ort1 ! five or sev5 h\rs a day :i* ea* w h at 8 disposal1 aft] hav+ consecrat$ sev]al h\rs to ! production ( necessities1 w\ld amply suffice to satisfy all long+s = luxury1 h[ev] v>i$4 ,?\s&s ( associations w\ld und]take to supply !m4 ,:at is n[ ! privilege ( an insignificant m9ority w\ld be accessible to all4 ,luxury1 ceas+ to be a fooli% & o/5tati\s display ( ! b\rgeois class1 w\ld become an arti/ic pleasure4 ,ev]yone w\ld be ! happi] = x4 ,9 collective "w1 p]=m$ ) a light he>t to atta9 a desir$ end1 a book1 a "w ( art1 or an object ( luxury1 ea* w f9d an inc5tive & ! necess>y relaxation t makes life pleasant4 ,9 work+ to put an end to ! division betwe5 ma/] & slave1 we "w = ! happ9ess ( bo?1 = ! happ9ess ( humanity4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,!y h already be5 discov]$ s9ce ! above l9es 7 writt54 #g ,we "k ?is f ,playfair1 :o m5tion$ x at ,j\le's dea?4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,agreeable ,,"w ,i ,:5 ,sociali/s ma9ta9 t a society1 fre$ f ! rule ( ! capitali/s1 w\ld make "w agreeable1 & w\ld suppress all repugnant & unheal?y drudg]y1 !y are laugh$ at4 ,& yet ev5 to-day we c see ! /rik+ progress t is be+ made 9 ?is direction2 & :]ev] ?is progress has be5 a*iev$1 employ]s congratulate !mselves on ! economy ( en]gy obta9$ !reby4 ,x is evid5t t a factory c\ld be made z heal?y & pleasant z a sci5tific laboratory4 ,& x is no less evid5t t x w\ld be advantage\s to make x s4 ,9 a spaci\s & well-v5tilat$ factory ! "w is bett]2 x is easy to introduce _m small ameliorations1 ( :i* ea* repres5ts an economy ( "t or ( manual lab\r4 ,& if mo/ ( ! work%ops we "k are f\l & unheal?y1 x is because ! work]s are ( no acc\nt 9 ! organization ( factories1 & because ! mo/ absurd wa/e ( human en]gy is ! di/9ctive feature ( ! pres5t indu/rial organization4 ,nev]!less1 n[ & aga91 we already f9d1 ev5 n[1 "s factories s well manag$ t x w\ld be a real pleasure to "w 9 !m1 if ! "w1 be x well und]/ood1 7 n to la/ m ?an f\r or five h\rs a day1 & if e "o _h ! possibility ( v>y+ x accord+ to 8 ta/es4 ,!re are imm5se works1 :i* ,i "k1 9 "o ( ! ,midl& c\nties1 un=tunately consecrat$ to eng9es ( w>4 ,!y are p]fect z reg>ds sanit>y & intellig5t organization4 ,!y occupy fifty ,engli% acres ( l&1 fifte5 ( :i* are ro($ ) glass4 ,! pavem5t ( fire-pro( bricks is z clean z t ( a m9]'s cottage1 & ! glass ro( is c>efully clean$ by a gang ( workm5 :o d no?+ else4 ,9 ^! works are =g$ /eel +ots or blooms weigh+ z mu* z tw5ty tons2 & :5 y /& ?irty feet f ! imm5se furnace1 ^: flames h a temp]ature ( m ?an a ?\s& degrees1 y d n guess its pres5ce save :5 its great doors op5 to let out a /eel mon/]4 ,& ! mon/] is h&l$ by only ?ree or f\r workm51 :o n[ "h1 n[ !re1 op5 a tap caus+ imm5se cranes to move "o way or ano!r by ! pressure ( wat]4 ,y ent] ^! works expect+ to he> ! deaf5+ noise ( /amp]s1 & y f9d t !re are no /amp]s4 ,! imm5se hundr$-ton guns & ! crank-%afts ( transatlantic /eam]s are =g$ by hydraulic pressure1 & ! work] has b to turn a tap to give %ape to ! imm5se mass ( /eel1 :i* makes a f> m homog5e\s metal1 )\t crack or flaw1 ( ! blooms1 :atev] be _! ?ickness4 ,i expect$ an inf]nal grat+1 & ,i saw ma*9es :i* cut blocks ( /eel ?irty feet long ) no m noise ?an is ne$$ to cut *eese4 ,& :5 ,i express$ my admiration to ! eng9e] :o %[$ u r\nd1 he answ]$-- ,a m]e "q ( economy6 ,?is ma*9e1 t planes /eel1 has be5 9 use = =ty-two ye>s4 ,x w\ld n h la/$ t5 ye>s if its p>ts1 badly adju/$1 'int]f]$' & creak$ at ea* movem5t ( ! plane6 ,& ! bla/-furnaces8 ,x w\ld be a wa/e to let heat escape in/ead ( utiliz+ x4 ,:y roa/ ! f\nd]s1 :5 heat lo/ by radiation repres5ts tons ( coal8 ,! /amp]s t made build+s %ake five leagues (f 7 also wa/e4 ,is x n bett] to =ge by pressure ?an by impact1 & x co/s less--!re is less loss4 ,9 ^! works1 light1 cleanl9ess1 ! space allott$ to ea* b5*1 are b a simple "q ( economy4 ,"w is bett] done :5 y c see :at y d1 & h elb[-room4 ,x is true1 he said1 we 7 v cramp$ be=e com+ "h4 ,l& is s exp5sive 9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns--l&lords are s grasp+6 ,x is ev5 s 9 m9es4 ,we "k :at m9es are l n[adays f ,zola's descriptions & f newspap] reports4 ,b ! m9e ( ! future w be well v5tilat$1 ) a temp]ature z easily regulat$ z t ( a libr>y2 !re w be no horses doom$ to die bel[ ! e>?3 und]gr\nd traction w be c>ri$ on by means ( an automatic cable put into motion at ! pit's m\?4 ,v5tilators w be always work+1 & !re w nev] be explosions4 ,?is is no dream1 su* a m9e is already to be se5 9 ,engl&2 ,i w5t d[n x4 ,"h aga9 ! excell5t organization is simply a "q ( economy4 ,! m9e ( :i* ,i speak1 9 spite ( its imm5se dep? 7#dff y>ds71 has an output ( a ?\s& tons ( coal a day1 ) only two hundr$ m9]s--five tons a day p] ea* work]1 :]eas ! av]age = ! two ?\s& pits 9 ,engl& at ! "t ,i visit$ ?is m9e 9 ! e>ly 'n9eties1 0 h>dly ?ree hundr$ tons a ye> p] man4 ,if necess>y1 x w\ld be easy to multiply examples prov+ t z reg>ds ! mat]ial organization ,f\ri]'s dream 0 n a ,utopia4 ,?is "q has1 h[ev]1 be5 s frequ5tly discuss$ 9 ,sociali/ newspap]s t public op9ion %\ld already be educat$ on ?is po9t4 ,factory1 =ge & m9e c be z heal?y & magnific5t z ! f9e/ laboratories 9 mod]n univ]sities1 & ! bett] ! organization ! m w man's lab\r produce4 ,if x be s1 c we d\bt t "w w become a pleasure & a relaxation 9 a society ( equals1 9 :i* h&s w n be compell$ to sell !mselves to toil1 & to accept "w "u any conditions8 ,repugnant tasks w disappe>1 because x is evid5t t ^! unheal?y conditions are h>mful to society z a :ole4 ,slaves c submit to !m1 b free m5 w create new conditions1 & _! "w w be pleasant & inf9itely m productive4 ,! exceptions ( to-day w be ! rule ( to-morr[4 ,! same w come to pass z reg>ds dome/ic "w1 :i* to-day society lays on ! %\ld]s ( t drudge ( humanity--woman4 ,,ii ,a society reg5]at$ by ! ,revolution w make dome/ic slav]y disappe>--?is la/ =m ( slav]y1 p]haps ! mo/ t5aci\s1 because x is also ! mo/ anci5t4 ,only x w n come ab\t 9 ! way dreamt ( by ,phalan/]ians1 nor 9 ! mann] (t5 imag9$ by au?orit>ian ,communi/s4 ,phalan/]ies are repugnant to millions ( human be+s4 ,! mo/ res]v$ man c]ta9ly feels ! necessity ( meet+ 8 fell[s = ! purpose ( common "w1 :i* becomes ! m attractive ! m he feels himself a "p ( an imm5se :ole4 ,b x is n s = ! h\rs ( leisure1 res]v$ = re/ & intimacy4 ,! phalan/]y & ! family/]y d n take ?is into acc\nt1 or else !y endeav\r to supply ?is ne$ by artificial gr\p+s4 ,a phalan/]y1 :i* is 9 fact no?+ b an imm5se hotel1 c please "s1 & ev5 all at a c]ta9 p]iod ( _! life1 b ! great mass pref]s family life 7family life ( ! future1 be x und]/ood74 ,!y pref] isolat$ ap>tm5ts1 ,anglo-,saxons ev5 go+ z f> z to pref] h\ses ( f six to eight rooms1 9 :i* ! family1 or an agglom]ation ( fri5ds1 c live ap>t4 ,sometimes a phalan/]y is a necessity1 b x w\ld be hateful1 7 x ! g5]al rule4 ,isolation1 alt]nat+ ) "t sp5t 9 society1 is ! normal desire ( human nature4 ,?is is :y "o ( ! greate/ tortures 9 prison is ! impossibility ( isolation1 mu* z solit>y conf9em5t becomes torture 9 its turn1 :5 n alt]nat$ ) h\rs ( social life4 ,z to consid]ations ( economy1 :i* are sometimes laid /ress on 9 fav\r ( phalan/]ies1 !y are ^? ( a petty tradesman4 ,! mo/ important economy1 ! only reasonable "o1 is to make life pleasant = all1 because ! man :o is satisfi$ ) 8 life produces inf9itely m ?an ! man :o curses 8 surr\nd+s4#h ,o!r ,sociali/s reject ! phalan/]y4 ,b :5 y ask !m h[ dome/ic "w c be organiz$1 !y answ]3 ,ea* c d '8 own "w4' ,my wife manages ! h\se2 ! wives ( b\rgeois w d z mu*4 ,& if x is a b\rgeois play+ at ,socialism :o speaks1 he w add1 ) a graci\s smile to 8 wife3 ,is x n true1 d>l+1 t y w\ld d )\t a s]vant 9 ! ,sociali/ society8 ,y w\ld "w l ! wife ( our good comrade ,paul or ! wife ( ,john ! c>p5t]8 ,s]vant or wife1 man always reckons on woman to d ! h\se-"w4 ,b woman1 too1 at la/ claims h] %>e 9 ! emancipation ( humanity4 ,%e no long] wants to be ! bea/ ( burd5 ( ! h\se4 ,%e consid]s x suffici5t "w to give _m ye>s ( h] life to ! re>+ ( h] *ildr54 ,%e no long] wants to be ! cook1 ! m5d]1 ! sweep] ( ! h\se6 ,&1 ow+ to ,am]ican wom5 tak+ ! lead 9 obta9+ _! claims1 !re is a g5]al compla9t ( ! de>? ( wom5 :o w condesc5d to dome/ic "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,my lady pref]s art1 politics1 lit]ature1 or ! gam+ tables2 z to ! "w-girls1 !y are few1 ^? :o cons5t to submit to apron-slav]y1 & s]vants are only f\nd ) difficulty 9 ! ,/ates4 ,consequ5tly1 ! solution1 a v simple "o1 is po9t$ out by life itself4 ,ma*9]y und]takes ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! h\sehold c>es4 ,y black y\r boots1 & y "k h[ ridicul\s ?is "w is4 ,:at c be m /upid ?an rubb+ a boot tw5ty or ?irty times ) a bru%8 ,a t5? ( ! ,european population mu/ be compell$ to sell itself 9 ex*ange = a mis]able %elt] & insuffici5t food1 & woman mu/ consid] h]self a slave1 9 ord] t millions ( h] sex %\ld g ?r\gh ?is p]=mance e morn+4 ,b hairdress]s h already ma*9es = bru%+ glossy or woolly heads ( hair4 ,:y %\ld we n apply1 !n1 ! same pr9ciple to ! o!r extremity8 ,s x has be5 done1 & n[adays ! ma*9e = black+ boots is 9 g5]al use 9 big ,am]ican & ,european hotels4 ,its use is spread+ outside hotels4 ,9 l>ge ,engli% s*ools1 :]e ! pupils are bo>d+ 9 ! h\ses ( ! tea*]s1 x has be5 f\nd easi] to h "o s+le e/abli%m5t :i* und]takes to bru% a ?\s& pairs ( boots e morn+4 ,z to wa%+ up6 ,:]e c we f9d a h\sewife :o has n a horror ( ?is long & dirty "w1 t is usually done by h&1 solely because ! "w ( ! dome/ic slave is ( no acc\nt4 ,9 ,am]ica !y d bett]4 ,!re are already a numb] ( cities 9 :i* hot wat] is convey$ to ! h\ses z cold wat] is 9 ,europe4 ,"u ^! conditions ! problem 0 a simple "o1 & a woman--,mrs4 ,co*rane--solv$ x4 ,h] ma*9e wa%es twelve doz5 plates or di%es1 wipes !m & dries !m1 9 less ?an ?ree m9utes4 ,a factory 9 ,ill9ois manufactures ^! ma*9es & sells !m at a price )9 rea* ( ! av]age middle-class purse4 ,& :y %\ld n small h\seholds s5d _! crock]y to an e/abli%m5t z well z _! boots8 ,x is ev5 probable t ! two functions1 bru%+ & wa%+ up1 w be und]tak5 by ! same association4 ,clean+1 rubb+ ! sk9 (f y\r h&s :5 wa%+ & wr++ l952 sweep+ floors & bru%+ c>pets1 !reby rais+ cl\ds ( du/ :i* aft]w>ds occasion mu* tr\ble to dislodge f ! places :]e !y h settl$ d[n1 all ?is "w is /ill done because woman rema9s a slave1 b x t5ds to disappe> z x c be inf9itely bett] done by ma*9]y4 ,ma*9es ( all k9ds w be introduc$ into h\seholds1 & ! di/ribution ( motor-p[] 9 private h\ses w enable p to "w !m )\t muscul> ef=t4 ,su* ma*9es co/ little to manufacture4 ,if we /ill pay v mu* = !m1 x is because !y are n 9 g5]al use1 & *iefly because an exorbitant tax is levi$ ^u e ma*9e by ! g5tlem5 :o wi% to live 9 gr& /yle & :o h speculat$ on l&1 raw mat]ial1 manufacture1 sale1 pat5ts1 & duties4 ,b emancipation f dome/ic toil w n be br\ght ab\t by small ma*9es only4 ,h\seholds are em]g+ f _! pres5t /ate ( isolation2 !y beg9 to associate ) o!r h\seholds to d 9 common :at !y did sep>ately4 ,9 fact1 9 ! future we %all n h a bru%+ ma*9e1 a ma*9e = wa%+ up plates1 a ?ird = wa%+ l951 & s on1 9 ea* h\se4 ,to ! future1 on ! contr>y1 belongs ! common heat+ app>atus t s5ds heat into ea* room ( a :ole di/rict & sp>es ! light+ ( fires4 ,x is already s 9 a few ,am]ican cities4 ,a great c5tral furnace supplies all h\ses & all rooms ) hot wat]1 :i* circulates 9 pipes2 & to regulate ! temp]ature y ne$ only turn a tap4 ,& %\ld y c>e to h a blaz+ fire 9 any p>ticul> room y c light ! gas specially suppli$ = heat+ purposes f a c5tral res]voir4 ,all ! imm5se "w ( clean+ *imneys & keep+ up fires--& woman kn[s :at "t x takes--is disappe>+4 ,c&les1 lamps1 & ev5 gas h _h _! day4 ,!re are entire cities 9 :i* x is suffici5t to press a button = light to bur/ =?1 &1 inde$1 x is a simple "q ( economy & ( k to give y\rself ! luxury ( electric light4 ,& la/ly1 also 9 ,am]ica1 !y speak ( =m+ societies = ! almo/ complete suppression ( h\sehold "w4 ,x w\ld only be necess>y to create a dep>tm5t = e block ( h\ses4 ,a c>t w\ld come to ea* door & take ! boots to be black$1 ! crock]y to be wa%$ up1 ! l95 to be wa%$1 ! small ?+s to be m5d$ 7if x 7 wor? :ile71 ! c>pets to be bru%$1 & ! next morn+ w\ld br+ back ! ?+s entru/$ to x1 all well clean$4 ,a few h\rs lat] y\r hot c(fee & y\r eggs done to a nicety w\ld appe> on y\r table4 ,x is a fact t betwe5 twelve & two o'clock !re are m ?an tw5ty million ,am]icans & z _m ,engli%m5 :o eat roa/ beef or mutton1 boil$ pork1 potatoes & a seasonable vegetable4 ,& at ! l[e/ figure eight million fires burn dur+ two or ?ree h\rs to roa/ ?is meat & cook ^! vegetables2 eight million wom5 sp5d _! "t prep>+ a meal :i*1 tak+ all h\seholds1 repres5ts at mo/ a doz5 diff]5t di%es4 ,fifty fires burn1 wrote an ,am]ican woman ! o!r day1 :]e "o w\ld suffice6 ,d9e at home1 at y\r own table1 ) y\r *ildr51 if y l2 b only ?9k y\rself1 :y %\ld ^! fifty wom5 wa/e _! :ole morn+ to prep>e a few cups ( c(fee & a simple meal6 ,:y fifty fires1 :5 two p & "o s+le fire w\ld suffice to cook all ^! pieces ( meat & all ^! vegetables8 ,*oose y\r own beef or mutton to be roa/$ if y are p>ticul>4 ,season ! vegetables to y\r ta/e if y pref] a p>ticul> sauce6 ,b h a s+le kit*5 ) a s+le fire & organize x z beautifully z y are able to4 ,:y has woman's "w nev] be5 ( any acc\nt8 ,:y 9 e family are ! "m & ?ree or f\r s]vants oblig$ to sp5d s mu* "t at :at p]ta9s to cook+8 ,because ^? :o want to emancipate mank9d h n includ$ woman 9 _! dream ( emancipation1 & consid] x b5ea? _! sup]ior mascul9e dignity to ?9k ( ^? kit*5 arrangem5ts1 :i* !y h put on ! %\ld]s ( t drudge--woman4 ,to emancipate woman1 is n only to op5 ! gates ( ! univ]sity1 ! law c\rts1 or ! p>liam5ts to h]1 = ! emancipat$ woman w always ?r[ h] dome/ic toil on to ano!r woman4 ,to emancipate woman is to free h] f ! brutaliz+ toil ( kit*5 & wa%h\se2 x is to organize y\r h\sehold 9 su* a way z to enable h] to re> h] *ildr51 if %e be s m9d$1 :ile /ill reta9+ suffici5t leisure to take h] %>e ( social life4 ,x w come4 ,z we h said1 ?+s are already improv+4 ,only let u fully und]/& t a revolution1 intoxicat$ ) ! beautiful words1 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,solid>ity1 w\ld n be a revolution if x ma9ta9$ slav]y at home4 ,half humanity subject$ to ! slav]y ( ! he>? w\ld /ill h to rebel aga9/ ! o!r half4 ,,footnote3 #h ,x seems t ! ,communi/s ( ,"y ,ic>ia _h und]/ood ! importance ( a free *oice 9 _! daily relations ap>t f "w4 ,! ideal ( religi\s ,communi/s has always be5 to h meals 9 common2 x is by meals 9 common t e>ly ,*ri/ians manife/$ _! adhesion to ,*ri/ianity4 ,communion is /ill a ve/ige ( x4 ,"y ,ic>ians _h giv5 up ?is religi\s tradition4 ,!y d9$ 9 a common d9+ room1 b at small sep>ate tables1 at :i* !y sat accord+ to ! attractions ( ! mom5t4 ,! ,communi/s ( ,anama h ea* _! h\se & d9e at home1 :ile tak+ _! provisions at w at ! communal /ores4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,free ,,agreem5t ,i ,accu/om$ z we are by h]$ity prejudices & our uns\nd education & tra9+ to repres5t ourselves ! b5eficial h& ( ,gov]nm5t1 legislation & magi/racy ev]y:]e1 we h come to believe t man w\ld te> 8 fell[-man to pieces l a wild bea/ ! day ! police took 8 eye (f him2 t absolute *aos w\ld come ab\t if au?ority 7 ov]?r[n dur+ a revolution4 ,& ) our eyes %ut we pass by ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( human gr\p+s :i* =m !mselves freely1 )\t any int]v5tion ( ! law1 & atta9 results inf9itely sup]ior to ^? a*iev$ "u gov]nm5tal tutelage4 ,if y op5 a daily pap] y f9d t its pages are entirely devot$ to ,gov]nm5t transactions & to political jobb]y4 ,a man f ano!r _w1 read+ x1 w\ld believe t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,/ock ,ex*ange transactions1 no?+ gets done 9 ,europe save by ord] ( "s ma/]4 ,y f9d no?+ 9 ! pap] ab\t in/itutions t spr+ up1 gr[ up1 & develop )\t m9i/]ial prescription6 ,no?+--or almo/ no?+6 ,ev5 :]e !re is a head+1 ,sundry ,ev5ts 7,faits div]s1 a favorite column 9 ! ,fr5* pap]s71 x is because !y are connect$ ) ! police4 ,a family drama1 an act ( rebellion1 w only be m5tion$ if ! police h appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,?ree hundr$ & fifty million ,europeans love or hate "o ano!r1 "w1 or live on _! incomes2 b1 ap>t f lit]ature1 !atre1 or sport1 _! lives rema9 ignor$ by newspap]s if ,gov]nm5ts h n int]v5$ 9 x 9 "s way or o!r4 ,x is ev5 s ) hi/ory4 ,we "k ! lea/ details ( ! life ( a k+ or ( a p>liam5t2 all good & bad spee*es pron\nc$ by ! politicians h be5 pres]v$3 spee*es t h nev] _h ! lea/ influ5ce on ! vote ( a s+le memb]1 z an old p>liam5t>ian said4 ,royal visits1 ! good or bad hum\r ( politicians1 _! jokes & intrigues1 are all c>efully record$ = po/]ity4 ,b we h ! greate/ difficulty to recon/itute a city ( ! ,middle ,ages1 to und]/& ! me*anism ( t imm5se comm]ce t 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 ,hanseatic cities1 or to "k h[ ! city ( ,r\5 built its ca!dral4 ,if a s*ol> sp5ds 8 life 9 /udy+ ^! que/ions1 8 works rema9 unkn[n1 & p>liam5t>y hi/ories--t is to say1 ! defective ones1 z !y only treat ( "o side ( social life--multiply2 !y are circulat$1 !y are taught 9 s*ools4 ,9 ?is way we d n ev5 p]ceive ! prodigi\s "w1 accompli%$ e day by spontane\s gr\ps ( m51 :i* con/itutes ! *ief "w ( our c5tury4 ,we !re=e propose to po9t out "s ( ^! mo/ /rik+ manife/ations1 & to %[ h[ m51 z soon z _! int]e/s d n absolutely cla%1 act 9 conc]t1 h>moni\sly1 & p]=m collective "w ( a v complex nature4 ,x is evid5t t 9 pres5t society1 bas$ on individual prop]ty--t is to say1 on plund]1 & on a n>r[-m9d$1 & !re=e fooli% individualism--facts ( ?is k9d are necess>ily limit$2 agreem5ts are n always p]fectly free1 & (t5 !y h a mean1 if n execrable aim4 ,b :at conc]ns u is n to give examples :i* might be bl9dly foll[$1 & :i*1 moreov]1 pres5t society c\ld n possibly give u4 ,:at we h to d is to %[ t1 9 spite ( ! au?orit>ian individualism :i* /ifles u1 !re rema9s 9 our life1 tak5 z a :ole1 a v great "p 9 :i* we only act by free agreem5t2 & t !re=e x w\ld be mu* easi] ?an is usually ?\ght1 to disp5se ) ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 support ( our view we h already m5tion$ railways1 & we w n[ return to !m4 ,we "k t ,europe has a sy/em ( railways1 ov] #age1jjj miles long1 & t on ?is network y c n[adays travel f nor? to s\?1 f ea/ to we/1 f ,madrid to ,pet]sburg1 & f ,calais to ,con/ant9ople1 )\t delays1 )\t ev5 *ang+ c>riages 7:5 y travel by express74 ,m ?an t3 a p>cel deposit$ at a /ation w f9d its addressee any:]e1 9 ,turkey or 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 )\t m =mality ne$$ = s5d+ x ?an writ+ its de/9ation on a bit ( pap]4 ,?is result might h be5 obta9$ 9 two ways4 ,a ,napoleon1 a ,bism>ck1 or "s pot5tate hav+ conqu]$ ,europe1 w\ld f ,p>is1 ,b]l91 or ,rome1 draw a railway map & regulate ! h\rs ( ! tra9s4 ,! ,russian ,ts> ,ni*olas ,i4 dreamt ( su* a p[]4 ,:5 he 0 %[n r\gh drafts ( railways betwe5 ,mosc[ & ,pet]sburg1 he seiz$ a rul] & drew on ! map ( ,russia a /raight l9e betwe5 ^! two capitals1 say+1 ,"h is ! plan4 ,& ! road 0 built 9 a /raight l9e1 fill+ 9 deep rav9es1 build+ bridges ( a giddy height1 :i* _h to be ab&on$ a few ye>s lat]1 aft] ! railway _h co/ ab\t #abj1jjj to #aej1jjj p] ,engli% mile4 ,?is is "o way1 b happily ?+s 7 manag$ diff]5tly4 ,railways 7 con/ruct$ piece by piece1 ! pieces 7 jo9$ toge!r1 & ! hundr$ diff]5t companies1 to :om ^! pieces belong$1 gradually came to an und]/&+ conc]n+ ! arrival & dep>ture ( _! tra9s1 & ! runn+ ( c>riages on _! rails1 f all c\ntries1 )\t unload+ m]*&ise z x passes f "o network to ano!r4 ,all ?is 0 done by free agreem5t1 by ex*ange ( lett]s & proposals1 & by congresses at :i* delegates met to discuss well specifi$ special po9ts1 & to come to an agreem5t ab\t !m1 b n to make laws4 ,aft] ! congress 0 ov]1 ! delegates return$ to _! respective companies1 n ) a law1 b ) ! draft ( a contract to be accept$ or reject$4 ,( c\rse difficulties 7 met 9 ! way4 ,!re 7 ob/9ate m5 :o w\ld n be conv9c$4 ,b a common int]e/ compell$ !m to agree 9 ! end1 )\t invok+ ! help ( armies aga9/ ! refractory memb]s4 ,?is imm5se network ( railways connect$ toge!r1 & ! enorm\s traffic x has giv5 rise to1 no d\bt con/itutes ! mo/ /rik+ trait ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & x is ! result ( free agreem5t4 ,if somebody _h =etold x eighty ye>s ago1 our gr&fa!rs w\ld h ?\ght him idiotic or mad4 ,!y w\ld h said3 ,nev] w y be able to make ! %>ehold]s ( a hundr$ companies li/5 to reason6 ,x is a ,utopia1 a fairy tale4 ,a c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 ) an 'iron' dictator1 c alone en=ce x4 ,& ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ 9 ?is organization is1 t !re is no ,european ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t ( ,railways6 ,no?+6 ,no m9i/] ( railways1 no dictator1 n ev5 a cont95tal p>liam5t1 n ev5 a direct+ committee6 ,ev]y?+ is done by free agreem5t4 ,s we ask ! believ]s 9 ! ,/ate1 :o pret5d t we c nev] d )\t a c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 7 x only = regulat+ ! traffic1 we ask !m3 ,b h[ d ,european railways manage )\t !m8 ,h[ d !y cont9ue to convey millions ( travell]s & m\nta9s ( luggage across a cont95t8 ,if companies own+ railways h be5 able to agree1 :y %\ld railway work]s1 :o w\ld take possession ( railways1 n agree likewise8 ,& if ! ,pet]sburg-,w>saw ,company & t ( ,p>is-,bel=t c act 9 h>mony1 )\t giv+ !mselves ! luxury ( a common comm&]1 :y1 9 ! mid/ ( our societies1 consi/+ ( gr\ps ( free work]s1 %\ld we ne$ a ,gov]nm5t8 ,,ii ,:5 we endeav\r to prove by examples t ev5 to-day1 9 spite ( ! iniquit\s organization ( society z a :ole1 m51 provid$ _! int]e/s be n diametrically oppos$1 agree )\t ! int]v5tion ( au?ority1 we d n ignore ! objections t w be put =?4 ,all su* examples h _! defective side1 because x is impossible to quote a s+le organization exempt f ! exploitation ( ! weak by ! /rong1 ! poor by ! ri*4 ,?is is :y ! ,/ati/s w n fail to tell u ) _! wont$ logic3 ,y see t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,/ate is necess>y to put an end to ?is exploitation6 ,only !y =get ! lessons ( hi/ory2 !y d n tell u to :at ext5t ! ,/ate itself has contribut$ t[>ds ! exi/+ ord] by creat+ prolet>ians & deliv]+ !m up to exploit]s4 ,!y =get to prove u t x is possible to put an end to exploitation :ile ! primal causes--private capital & pov]ty1 two-?irds ( :i* are artificially creat$ by ! ,/ate--cont9ue to exi/4 ,:5 we speak ( ! accord e/abli%$ among ! railway companies1 we expect !m1 ! wor%ipp]s ( ! b\rgeois ,/ate1 to say to u3 ,d y n see h[ ! railway companies oppress & ill-use _! employees & ! travell]s6 ,! only way is1 t ! ,/ate %\ld int]v5e to protect ! work]s & ! public6 ,b h we n said & repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 t z long z !re are capitali/s1 ^! abuses ( p[] w be p]petuat$8 ,x is precisely ! ,/ate1 ! w\ld-be b5efactor1 t has giv5 to ! companies t monopoly & ^? rights ^u u :i* !y possess to-day4 ,has x n creat$ concessions1 gu>antees8 ,has x n s5t its soldi]s aga9/ railwaym5 on /rike8 ,& dur+ ! fir/ trials 7q lately we saw x /ill 9 ,russia71 has x n ext5d$ ! privilege ( ! railway magnates z f> z to =bid ! ,press to m5tion railway accid5ts1 s z n to depreciate ! %>es x gu>ante$8 ,has x n fav\r$ ! monopoly :i* has ano9t$ ! ,v&]bilts & ! ,polyak(fs1 ! directors ( ! ,p4,l4,m41 ! ,c4,p4,r41 ! ,/4 ,go?>d1 ! k+s ( our days8 ,!re=e1 if we give z an example ! tacit agreem5t come to betwe5 railway companies1 x is by no means z an ideal ( economical managem5t1 nor ev5 an ideal ( te*nical organization4 ,x is to %[ t if capitali/s1 )\t any o!r aim ?an t ( augm5t+ _! divid5ds at o!r p's exp5se1 c exploit railways successfully )\t e/abli%+ an ,int]national ,dep>tm5t1--societies ( work+ m5 w be able to d x j z well1 & ev5 bett]1 )\t nom9at+ a ,m9i/ry ( ,european railways4 ,ano!r objection is rais$ t is m s]i\s at fir/ sight4 ,we may be told t ! agreem5t we speak ( is n p]fectly free1 t ! l>ge companies lay d[n ! law to ! small ones4 ,x might be m5tion$1 = example1 t a c]ta9 ri* ,g]man company1 support$ by ! ,/ate1 compel travell]s :o g f ,b]l9 to ,ble to pass via ,cologne & ,frank=t1 in/ead ( tak+ ! ,leipzig r\te2 or t su* a company c>ries goods a hundr$ & ?irty miles 9 a r\ndab\t way 7on a long di/ance7 to fav\r its influ5tial %>ehold]s1 & ?us ru9s ! second>y l9es4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates travell]s & goods are sometimes compell$ to travel impossibly circuit\s r\tes s t doll>s may fl[ into ! pocket ( a ,v&]bilt4 ,our answ] w be ! same3 ,z long z ,capital exi/s1 ! ,great] ,capital w oppress ! less]4 ,b oppression does n result f ,capital only4 ,x is also ow+ to ! support giv5 !m by ! ,/ate1 to monopoly creat$ by ! ,/ate 9 _! fav\r1 t ! l>ge companies oppress ! small ones4 ,! e>ly ,engli% & ,fr5* ,sociali/s h %[n long s9ce h[ ,engli% legislation did all 9 its p[] to ru9 ! small indu/ries1 drive ! peasant to pov]ty1 & deliv] ov] to weal?y indu/rial employ]s battalions ( m51 compell$ to "w = no matt] :at sal>y4 ,railway legislation did exactly ! same4 ,/rategic l9es1 subsidiz$ l9es1 companies :i* receiv$ ! ,int]national ,mail monopoly1 ev]y?+ 0 br\ght into play to =w>d ! int]e/s ( weal?y f9anci]s4 ,:5 ,ro?s*ild1 cr$itor to all ,european ,/ates1 puts capital 9 a railway1 8 fai?ful subjects1 ! m9i/]s1 w d _! be/ to make him e>n m4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ,democracy t au?orit>ians hold up to u z an ideal1 ! mo/ sc&al\s fraudul5cy has crept into ev]y?+ t conc]ns railroads4 ,?us1 if a company ru9s its competitors by *eap f>es1 x is (t5 enabl$ to d s because x is reimburs$ by l& giv5 to x by ! ,/ate = a gratuity4 ,docum5ts rec5tly publi%$ conc]n+ ! ,am]ican :eat trade h fully %[n up ! "p play$ by ! ,/ate 9 ! exploitation ( ! weak by ! /rong4 ,"h1 too1 ! p[] ( accumulat$ capital has increas$ t5fold & a hundr$fold by means ( ,/ate help4 ,s t1 :5 we see syndicates ( railway companies 7a product ( free agreem5t7 succe$+ 9 protect+ _! small companies aga9/ big ones1 we are a/oni%$ at ! intr9sic =ce ( free agreem5t t c hold its own aga9/ all-p[]ful ,capital fav\r$ by ! ,/ate4 ,x is a fact t little companies exi/1 9 spite ( ! ,/ate's p>tiality4 ,if 9 ,france1 l& ( c5tralization1 we only see five or six l>ge companies1 !re are m ?an a hundr$ & t5 9 ,great ,brita9 :o agree rem>kably well1 & :o are c]ta9ly bett] organiz$ = ! rapid transit ( travell]s & goods ?an ! ,fr5* & ,g]man companies4 ,moreov]1 t is n ! "q4 ,l>ge ,capital1 fav\r$ by ! ,/ate1 c always1 if x be to its advantage1 cru% ! less] "o4 ,:at is ( importance to u is ?is3 ,! agreem5t betwe5 hundr$s ( capitali/ companies to :om ! railways ( ,europe belong1 0 e/abli%$ )\t int]v5tion ( a c5tral gov]nm5t to lay d[n ! law to ! div]s societies2 x has subsi/$ by means ( congresses compos$ ( delegates1 :o discuss among !mselves1 & submit proposals1 n laws1 to _! con/itu5ts4 ,x is a new pr9ciple t diff]s completely f all gov]nm5tal pr9ciple1 mon>*ical or republican1 absolute or p>liam5t>ian4 ,x is an innovation t has be5 timidly introduc$ into ! cu/oms ( ,europe1 b has come to /ay4 ,,iii ,h[ (t5 h we n read 9 ! writ+s ( ,/ate-lov+ ,sociali/s3 ,:o1 !n1 w und]take ! regulation ( canal traffic 9 ! future society8 ,%\ld x ent] ! m9d ( "o ( y\r ,an>*i/ 'comrades' to put 8 b>ge across a canal & ob/ruct ?\s&s ( boats1 :o w =ce him to reason8 ,let u confess ! supposition to be some:at fanciful4 ,/ill1 x might be said1 = in/ance3 ,%\ld a c]ta9 commune1 or a gr\p ( communes1 want to make _! b>ges pass be=e o!rs1 !y might p]haps block ! canal 9 ord] to c>ry /ones1 :ile :eat1 ne$$ 9 ano!r commune1 w\ld h to /& by4 ,:o1 !n1 w\ld regulate ! traffic if n ! ,gov]nm5t8 ,b real life has aga9 demon/rat$ t ,gov]nm5t c be v well disp5s$ ) "h z else:]e4 ,free agreem5t1 free organization1 replace t noxi\s & co/ly sy/em1 & d bett]4 ,we "k :at canals mean to ,holl&4 ,!y are its highways4 ,we also "k h[ mu* traffic !re is on ! canals4 ,:at is c>ri$ along our highroads & railroads is transport$ on canal-boats 9 ,holl&4 ,!re y c\ld f9d cause to fight1 9 ord] to make y\r boats pass be=e o!rs4 ,!re ! ,gov]nm5t might really int]f]e to keep ! traffic 9 ord]4 ,yet x is n s4 ,! ,dut* settl$ matt]s 9 a m practical way1 long ago1 by f\nd+ guilds1 or syndicates ( boatm54 ,^! 7 free associations sprung f ! v ne$s ( navigation4 ,! "r ( way = ! boats 0 adju/$ by ! ord] ( inscription 9 a navigation regi/]2 !y _h to foll[ "o ano!r 9 turn4 ,nobody 0 all[$ to get ahead ( ! o!rs "u pa9 ( be+ exclud$ f ! guild4 ,none c\ld /ation m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( days along ! quay2 & if ! own] f\nd no goods to c>ry dur+ t "t1 s mu* ! worse = him2 he _h to dep>t ) 8 empty b>ge to leave room = newcom]s4 ,ob/ruction 0 ?us avoid$1 ev5 ?\gh ! competition betwe5 ! private own]s ( ! boats cont9u$ to exi/4 ,7 ! latt] suppress$1 ! agreem5t w\ld h be5 only ! m cordial4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t ! %ip[n]s c\ld adh]e or n to ! syndicate4 ,t 0 _! bus9ess1 b mo/ ( !m elect$ to jo9 x4 ,moreov]1 ^! syndicates (f]$ su* great advantages t !y spread also along ! ,rh9e1 ! ,wes]1 ! ,od]1 & z f> z ,b]l94 ,! boatm5 did n wait = a great ,bism>ck to annex ,holl& to ,g]many1 & to appo9t an ,ob] ,haupt ,g5]al ,/aats ,canal ,navigation's ,ra? 7,supreme ,head ,c\ncillor ( ! ,g5]al ,/ates ,canal ,navigation71 ) a numb] ( gold /ripes on 8 sleeves1 correspond+ to ! l5g? ( ! title4 ,!y pref]r$ com+ to an int]national und]/&+4 ,besides1 a numb] ( %ip[n]s1 ^: sail+-vessels ply betwe5 ,g]many & ,sc&9avia1 z well z ,russia1 h also jo9$ ^! syndicates1 9 ord] to regulate traffic 9 ! ,baltic1 & to br+ ab\t a c]ta9 h>mony 9 ! *ass-crois ( vessels4 ,^! associations h sprung up freely1 recruit+ volunte] adh]5ts1 & h n\ght 9 common ) gov]nm5ts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m ?an probable t "h too great] capital oppresses less]4 ,maybe ! syndicate has also a t5d5cy to become a monopoly1 especially :]e x receives ! preci\s patronage ( ! ,/ate t surely did n fail to int]f]e ) x4 ,let u n =get ei!r1 t ^! syndicates repres5t associations ^: memb]s h only private int]e/s at /ake1 & t if at ! same "t ea* %ip[n] 7 compell$--by ! socializ+ ( production1 consumption1 & ex*ange--to belong to f$]at$ ,communes1 or to a hundr$ o!r associations = ! satisfy+ ( 8 ne$s1 ?+s w\ld h a diff]5t aspect4 ,a gr\p ( %ip[n]s1 p[]ful on sea1 w\ld feel weak on l&1 & !y w\ld be oblig$ to less5 _! claims 9 ord] to come to t]ms ) railways1 factories1 & o!r gr\ps4 ,at any rate1 )\t discuss+ ! future1 "h is ano!r spontane\s association t has disp5s$ ) ,gov]nm5t4 ,let u quote m examples4 ,z we are talk+ ( %ips & boats1 let u m5tion "o ( ! mo/ spl5did organizations t ! n9ete5? c5tury has br\ght =?1 "o ( ^? we may ) "r be pr\d (--! ,engli% ,lifeboat ,association4 ,x is kn[n t e ye> m ?an a ?\s& %ips are wreck$ on ! %ores ( ,engl&4 ,at sea a good %ip seldom fe>s a /orm4 ,x is ne> ! coa/s t dang] ?reat5s--r\gh seas t %att] h] /]n-po/1 squalls t c>ry (f h] ma/s & sails1 curr5ts t r5d] h] unmanageable1 reefs & s& banks on :i* %e runs agr\nd4 ,ev5 9 old5 times1 :5 x 0 a cu/om among inhabitants ( ! coa/s to light fires 9 ord] to attract vessels on to reefs1 9 ord] to plund] _! c>goes1 !y always /rove to save ! crew4 ,see+ a %ip 9 di/ress1 !y laun*$ _! boats & w5t to ! rescue ( %ipwreck$ sailors1 only too (t5 f9d+ a wat]y grave !mselves4 ,e hamlet along ! sea %ore has its leg5ds ( h]oism1 display$ by woman z well z by man1 to save crews 9 di/ress4 ,no d\bt ! ,/ate & m5 ( sci5ce h done some?+ to dim9i% ! numb] ( casualties4 ,ligh?\ses1 signals1 *>ts1 meteorological w>n+s h dim9i%$ !m greatly1 b !re rema9s a ?\s& %ips & sev]al ?\s& human lives to be sav$ e ye>4 ,to ?is end a few m5 ( goodwill put _! %\ld]s to ! :eel4 ,be+ good sailors & navigators !mselves1 !y inv5t$ a lifeboat t c\ld wea!r a /orm )\t be+ torn to pieces or capsiz+1 & !y set to "w to int]e/ ! public 9 _! v5ture1 to collect ! necess>y funds = con/ruct+ boats1 & = /ation+ !m along ! coa/s1 :]ev] !y c\ld be ( use4 ,^! m51 n be+ ,jacob9s1 did n turn to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,!y und]/ood t to br+ _! ent]prise to a successful issue !y mu/ h ! co-op]ation1 ! en?usiasm1 ! local k1 & especially ! self-sacrifice ( ! local sailors4 ,!y also und]/ood t to f9d m5 :o at ! fir/ signal w\ld laun* _! boat at night1 9 a *aos ( waves1 n suff]+ !mselves to be det]r$ by d>kness or break]s1 & /ruggl+ five1 six1 t5 h\rs aga9/ ! tide be=e rea*+ a vessel 9 di/ress--m5 ready to risk _! lives to save ^? ( o!rs--!re mu/ be a feel+ ( solid>ity1 a _s ( sacrifice n to be b\ght ) galloon4 ,x 0 !re=e a p]fectly spontane\s movem5t1 sprung f agreem5t & individual initiative4 ,hundr$s ( local gr\ps arose along ! coa/s4 ,! initiators _h ! common s5ses n to pose z ma/]s4 ,!y look$ = sagacity 9 ! fi%]m5's hamlets1 & :5 a ri* man s5t #a1jjj to a village on ! coa/ to erect a lifeboat /ation1 & 8 (f] 0 accept$1 he left ! *oice ( a site to ! local fi%]m5 & sailors4 ,models ( new boats 7 n submitt$ to ! ,admiralty4 ,we read 9 a ,report ( ! ,association3 ,z x is ( importance t life-boatm5 %\ld h full confid5ce 9 ! vessel !y man1 ! ,committee w make a po9t ( con/ruct+ & equipp+ ! boats accord+ to ! life-boatm5's express$ wi%4 ,9 consequ5ce e ye> br+s ) x new improvem5ts4 ,! "w is :olly conduct$ by volunte]s organiz+ 9 committees & local gr\ps2 by mutual aid & agreem5t6--,oh1 ,an>*i/s6 ,moreov]1 !y ask no?+ ( ! ratepay]s1 & 9 a ye> !y may receive #dj1jjj 9 spontane\s subscriptions4 ,z to ! results1 "h !y are3 ,9 #ahia ! ,association possess$ #bic lifeboats4 ,! same ye> x sav$ #fja %ipwreck$ sailors & #cc vessels4 ,s9ce its f\ndation x has sav$ #cb1fga human be+s4 ,9 #ahhf1 ?ree lifeboats ) all _! m5 hav+ p]i%$ at sea1 hundr$s ( new volunte]s ent]$ _! names1 organiz$ !mselves into local gr\ps1 & ! agitation result$ 9 ! con/ruction ( tw5ty additional boats4 ,z we proce$1 let u note t e ye> ! ,association s5ds to ! fi%]m5 & sailors excell5t b>omet]s at a price ?ree times less ?an _! sale price 9 private %ops4 ,x propagates meteorological k1 & w>ns ! p>ties conc]n$ ( ! sudd5 *anges ( wea!r pr$ict$ by m5 ( sci5ce4 ,let u repeat t ^! hundr$s ( committees & local gr\ps are n organiz$ hi]>*ically1 & are compos$ exclusively ( volunte]s1 lifeboatm51 & p int]e/$ 9 ! "w4 ,! ,c5tral ,committee1 :i* is m ( a c5tre = correspond5ce1 9 no wise int]f]es4 ,x is true t :5 a vot+ on "s "q ( education or local taxation takes place 9 a di/rict1 ^! committees ( ! ,national ,lifeboat ,association d n1 z su*1 take "p 9 ! delib]ations--a mode/y1 :i* un=tunately ! memb]s ( elect$ bodies d n imitate4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! brave m5 d n all[ ^? :o h nev] fac$ a /orm to legislate = !m ab\t sav+ life4 ,at ! fir/ signal ( di/ress !y ru% to _! boats1 & g ahead4 ,!re are no embroid]$ uni=ms1 b mu* goodwill4 ,let u take ano!r society ( ! same k9d1 t ( ! ,r$ ,cross4 ,! "n matt]s little2 let u exam9e x4 ,imag9e somebody say+ fifty ye>s ago3 ,! ,/ate1 capable z x is ( massacr+ tw5ty ?\s& m5 9 a day1 & ( w\nd+ fifty ?\s& m1 is incapable ( help+ its own victims2 consequ5tly1 z long z w> exi/s private initiative mu/ int]v5e1 & m5 ( goodwill mu/ organize int]nationally = ?is humane "w6 ,:at mock]y w\ld n h met ! man :o w\ld h d>$ to speak ?us6 ,to beg9 )1 he w\ld h be5 call$ a ,utopian1 & if t did n sil5ce him he w\ld h be5 told3 ,:at nons5se6 ,y\r volunte]s w be f\nd want+ precisely :]e !y are mo/ ne$$1 y\r volunte] hospitals w be c5traliz$ 9 a safe place1 :ile ev]y?+ w be want+ 9 ! ambulances4 ,utopians l y =get ! national rivalries :i* w cause ! poor soldi]s to die )\t any help4 ,su* di%e>t5+ rem>ks w\ld h only be5 equall$ by ! numb] ( speak]s4 ,:o ( u has n he>d m5 hold =? 9 ?is /ra98 ,n[ we "k :at happ5$4 ,r$ ,cross societies organiz$ !mselves freely1 ev]y:]e1 9 all c\ntries1 9 ?\s&s ( localities2 & :5 ! w> ( #ahgj-a broke out1 ! volunte]s set to "w4 ,m5 & wom5 (f]$ _! s]vices4 ,?\s&s ( hospitals & ambulances 7 organiz$2 tra9s 7 />t$ c>ry+ ambulances1 provisions1 l951 & m$icam5ts = ! w\nd$4 ,! ,engli% committees s5t entire convoys ( food1 clo?+1 tools1 gra9 to s[1 bea/s ( draught1 ev5 /eam-pl\ghs ) _! att5dants to help 9 ! tillage ( dep>tm5ts deva/at$ by ! w>6 ,only consult ,la ,croix ,r\ge1 by ,gu/ave ,moyni]1 & y w be really /ruck by ! imm5sity ( ! "w p]=m$4 ,z to ! prophets ev] ready to d5y o!r m5's c\rage1 good s5se1 & intellig5ce1 & believ+ !mselves to be ! only ones capable ( rul+ ! _w ) a rod1 none ( _! pr$ictions 7 realiz$4 ,! devotion ( ! ,r$ ,cross volunte]s 0 beyond all praise4 ,!y 7 only too eag] to occupy ! mo/ dang]\s po/s2 & :]eas ! sal>i$ doctors ( ! ,napoleonic ,/ate fl$ ) _! /aff :5 ! ,prussians approa*$1 ! ,r$ ,cross volunte]s cont9u$ _! "w "u fire1 endur+ ! brutalities ( ,bism>ck's & ,napoleon's (fic]s1 lavi%+ _! c>e on ! w\nd$ ( all nationalities4 ,dut*1 ,italians1 ,sw$es1 ,belgians1 ev5 ,japanese & ,*9ese agre$ rem>kably well4 ,!y di/ribut$ _! hospitals & _! ambulances accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! occasion4 ,!y vi$ ) "o ano!r especially 9 ! hygi5e ( _! hospitals4 ,& !re is _m a ,fr5*man :o /ill speaks ) deep gratitude ( ! t5d] c>e he receiv$ f ! ,dut* or ,g]man volunte]s 9 ! ,r$ ,cross ambulances4 ,b :at is ?is to an au?orit>ian8 ,8 ideal is ! regim5t doctor1 sal>i$ by ! ,/ate4 ,:at does he c>e = ! ,r$ ,cross & its hygi5ic hospitals1 if ! nurses be n function>ies6 ,"h is !n an organization1 sprung up b ye/]day1 & :i* reckons its memb]s by hundr$s ( ?\s&s2 possesses ambulances1 hospital tra9s1 elaborates new processes = treat+ w\nds1 & s on1 & is due to ! spontane\s initiative ( a few devot$ m54 ,p]haps we %all be told t ! ,/ate has some?+ to d ) ?is organization4 ,yes1 ,/ates h laid h&s on x to seize x4 ,! direct+ committees are presid$ ov] by ^? :om flunkeys call pr9ces ( ! blood4 ,emp]ors & que5s lavi%ly patronize ! national committees4 ,b x is n to ?is patronage t ! success ( ! organization is due4 ,x is to ! ?\s& local committees ( ea* nation2 to ! activity ( individuals1 to ! devotion ( all ^? :o try to help ! victims ( w>4 ,& ?is devotion w\ld be f> great] if ! ,/ate did n m$dle ) x4 ,9 any case1 x 0 n by ! ord] ( an ,int]national ,direct+ ,committee t ,engli%m5 & ,japanese1 ,sw$es & ,*9am51 be/irr$ !mselves to s5d help to ! w\nd$ 9 #ahga4 ,x 0 n by ord] ( an int]national m9i/ry t hospitals rose on ! invad$ t]ritory & t ambulances 7 c>ri$ on to ! battlefield4 ,x 0 by ! initiative ( volunte]s f ea* c\ntry4 ,once on ! spot1 !y did n get hold ( "o ano!r by ! hair z 0 =ese5 by ! ,jacob9i/s ( all nations2 !y all set to "w )\t di/9ction ( nationality4 ,we may regret t su* great ef=ts %\ld be put to ! s]vice ( s bad a cause1 & we may ask ourselves l ! poet's *ild3 ,:y inflict w\nds if y are to heal !m aft]w>ds8 ,9 /riv+ to de/roy ! p[] ( capitali/ & middle-class au?ority1 we "w to put an end to ! massacres call$ w>s1 & we w\ld f> r see ! ,r$ ,cross volunte]s put =? _! activity to br+ ab\t 7) u7 ! suppression ( w>2 b we _h to m5tion ?is imm5se organization z ano!r illu/ration ( results produc$ by free agreem5t & free aid4 ,if we wi%$ to multiply examples tak5 f ! art ( ext]m9at+ m5 we %\ld nev] end4 ,suffice to quote ! num]\s societies to :i* ! ,g]man army owes its =ce1 t does n only dep5d on discipl9e1 z is g5]ally believ$4 ,i mean ! societies ^: aim is to propagate milit>y k4 ,at "o ( ! la/ congresses ( ! ,milit>y ,alliance 7,krieg]bund71 delegates f #b1deb f$]at$ societies1 compris+ #aea1gab memb]s1 7 pres5t4 ,b !re are besides v num]\s ,%oot+1 ,milit>y ,games1 ,/rategical ,games1 ,topographical ,/udies ,societies--^! are ! work%ops 9 :i* ! te*nical k ( ! ,g]man army is develop$1 n 9 regim5tal s*ools4 ,x is a =midable network ( all k9ds ( societies1 includ+ milit>y m5 & civilians1 geograph]s & gymna/s1 sportsm5 & te*nologi/s1 :i* rise up spontane\sly1 organize1 f$]ate1 discuss1 & explore ! c\ntry4 ,x is ^! volunt>y & free associations t g to make ! real backbone ( ! ,g]man army4 ,_! aim is execrable4 ,x is ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,empire4 ,b :at conc]ns u1 is to po9t out t1 9 spite ( milit>y organization be+ ! ,great ,mission ( ! ,/ate1 success 9 ?is bran* is ! m c]ta9 ! m x is left to ! free agreem5t ( gr\ps & to ! free initiative ( individuals4 ,ev5 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to w>1 free agreem5t is ?us appeal$ to2 & to fur!r prove our ass]tion let u m5tion ! ,volunte] ,topograph]s' ,corps ( ,switz]l& :o /udy 9 detail ! m\nta9 passages1 ! ,a]oplane ,corps ( ,france1 ! ?ree hundr$ ?\s& ,briti% volunte]s1 ! ,briti% ,national ,artill]y ,association1 & ! ,society1 n[ 9 c\rse ( organization1 = ! def5ce ( ,engl&'s coa/s1 z well z ! appeals made to ! comm]cial fleet1 ! ,bicycli/s' ,corps1 & ! new organizations ( private motorc>s & /eam laun*es4 ,ev]y:]e ! ,/ate is abdicat+ & ab&on+ its holy functions to private individuals4 ,ev]y:]e free organization trespasses on its doma94 ,& yet1 ! facts we h quot$ give u only a glimpse ( :at free gov]nm5t has 9 /ore = u 9 ! future :5 !re w be no m ,/ate4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,objections ,i ,let u n[ exam9e ! pr9cipal objections put =? aga9/ ,communism4 ,mo/ ( !m are evid5tly caus$ by a simple misund]/&+1 yet !y raise important que/ions & m]it our att5tion4 ,x is n = u to answ] ! objections rais$ by au?orit>ian ,communism--we ourselves hold ) !m4 ,civiliz$ nations h suff]$ too mu* 9 ! long1 h>d /ruggle = ! emancipation ( ! individual1 to dis[n _! pa/ "w & to tol]ate a ,gov]nm5t t w\ld make itself felt 9 ! smalle/ details ( a citiz5's life1 ev5 if t ,gov]nm5t _h no o!r aim ?an ! good ( ! community4 ,%\ld an au?orit>ian ,sociali/ society ev] succe$ 9 e/abli%+ itself1 x c\ld n la/2 g5]al discont5t w\ld soon =ce x to break up1 or to reorganize itself on pr9ciples ( lib]ty4 ,x is ( an ,an>*i/-,communi/ society we are ab\t to speak1 a society t recognizes ! absolute lib]ty ( ! individual1 t does n admit ( any au?ority1 & makes use ( no compulsion to drive m5 to "w4 ,limit+ our /udies to ! economic side ( ! "q1 let u see if su* a society1 compos$ ( m5 z !y are to-day1 nei!r bett] nor worse1 nei!r m nor less indu/ri\s1 w\ld h a *ance ( successful developm5t4 ,! objection is kn[n4 ,if ! exi/5ce ( ea* is gu>ante$1 & if ! necessity ( e>n+ wages does n compel m5 to "w1 nobody w "w4 ,e man w lay ! burd5 ( 8 "w on ano!r if he is n =c$ to d x himself4 ,let u fir/ note ! incr$ible levity ) :i* ?is objection is rais$1 )\t ev5 realiz+ t ! real "q rais$ by ?is objection is m]ely to "k1 on ! "o h&1 :e!r y effectively obta9 by wage-"w1 ! results t are said to be obta9$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :e!r volunt>y "w is n already n[ m productive ?an "w /imulat$ by wages4 ,a "q :i*1 to be dealt ) prop]ly1 w\ld require a s]i\s /udy4 ,b :]eas 9 exact sci5ces m5 give _! op9ion on subjects inf9itely less important & less complicat$ aft] s]i\s rese>*1 aft] c>efully collect+ & analyz+ facts--on ?is "q !y w pron\nce judgm5t )\t appeal1 re/+ satisfi$ ) any "o p>ticul> ev5t1 su* z1 = example1 ! want ( success ( "s communi/ association 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y act l ! b>ri/] :o does n see 9 ! c\nsel = ! opposite side a repres5tative ( a cause1 or an op9ion contr>y to 8 own1 b a simple nuisance1--an adv]s>y 9 an oratorical debate2 & if he be lucky en\gh to f9d a rep>tee1 does n o!rwise c>e to ju/ify 8 cause4 ,!re=e ! /udy ( ?is ess5tial basis ( all ,political ,economy1 ! /udy ( ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = giv+ society ! greate/ am\nt ( useful products ) ! lea/ wa/e ( human en]gy1 does n advance4 ,p ei!r limit !mselves to repeat+ commonplace ass]tions1 or else !y pret5d ignorance ( our ass]tions4 ,:at is mo/ /rik+ 9 ?is levity is t ev5 9 capitali/ ,political ,economy y already f9d a few writ]s compell$ by facts to d\bt ! axiom put =? by ! f\nd]s ( _! sci5ce1 t ! ?reat ( hung] is man's be/ /imulant = productive "w4 ,!y beg9 to p]ceive t 9 production a c]ta9 collective elem5t is introduc$1 :i* has be5 too mu* neglect$ up till n[1 & :i* might be m important ?an p]sonal ga94 ,! inf]ior quality ( wage-"w1 ! t]rible wa/e ( human en]gy 9 mod]n agricultural & indu/rial lab\r1 ! ev]-gr[+ quantity ( pleasure-seek]s1 :o %ift _! burd5 on to o!rs' %\ld]s1 ! abs5ce ( a c]ta9 animation 9 production t is becom+ m & m app>5t2 all ?is is beg9n+ to preoccupy ! economi/s ( ! classical s*ool4 ,"s ( !m ask !mselves if !y h n got on ! wrong track3 if ! imag9>y evil be+1 t 0 suppos$ to be tempt$ exclusively by a bait ( lucre or wages1 really exi/s4 ,?is h]esy p5etrates ev5 into univ]sities2 x is f\nd 9 books ( or?odox economy4 ,b ?is does n prev5t a great _m ,sociali/ re=m]s f rema9+ p>tisans ( individual remun]ation1 & def5d+ ! old citadel ( wag$om1 not)/&+ t x is be+ deliv]$ ov] /one by /one to ! assailants by its =m] def5d]s4 ,!y fe> t )\t compulsion ! masses w n "w4 ,b dur+ our own lifetime1 h we n he>d ! same fe>s express$ twice8 ,once1 by ! anti-abolitioni/s 9 ,am]ica be=e ! emancipation ( ! ,negroes1 &1 = a second "t1 by ! ,russian nobility be=e ! lib]ation ( ! s]fs8 ,)\t ! :ip ! ,negro w n "w1 said ! anti-abolitioni/4 ,free f _! ma/]'s sup]vision ! s]fs w leave ! fields uncultivat$1 said ! ,russian s]f-own]s4 ,x 0 ! refra9 ( ! ,fr5* noblem5 9 #aghi1 ! refra9 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 a refra9 z old z ! _w1 & we %all he> x e "t !re is a "q ( sweep+ away an inju/ice4 ,& ea* "t actual facts give x ! lie4 ,! lib]at$ peasant ( #agib pl\gh$ ) an eag] en]gy1 unkn[n to 8 ance/ors2 ! emancipat$ ,negro works m ?an 8 fa!rs2 & ! ,russian peasant1 aft] hav+ hon\r$ ! honeymoon ( 8 emancipation by celebrat+ ,fridays z well z ,sundays1 has tak5 up "w ) an eag]ness proportionate to ! complet5ess ( 8 lib]ation4 ,!re1 :]e ! soil is 81 he works desp]ately2 t is ! exact ^w = x4 ,! anti-abolitioni/ refra9 c be ( value to slave-own]s2 z to ! slaves !mselves1 !y "k :at x is wor?1 z !y "k its motive4 ,moreov]1 :o b ! economi/s !mselves taught u t :ile a wage-e>n]'s "w is v (t5 indiff]5t1 an int5se & productive "w is only obta9$ f a man :o sees 8 weal? increase 9 proportion to 8 ef=ts8 ,all hymns sung 9 hon\r ( private prop]ty c be r$uc$ to ?is axiom4 ,= x is rem>kable t :5 economi/s1 wi%+ to celebrate ! bless+s ( prop]ty1 %[ u h[ an unproductive1 m>%y1 or /ony soil is clo!d ) ri* h>ve/s :5 cultivat$ by ! peasant proprietor1 !y 9 n[ise prove _! !sis 9 fav\r ( private prop]ty4 ,by admitt+ t ! only gu>antee n to be robb$ ( ! fruits ( y\r lab\r is to possess ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r--:i* is true--! economi/s only prove t man really produces mo/ :5 he works 9 fre$om1 :5 he has a c]ta9 *oice 9 8 occupations1 :5 he has no ov]se] to imp$e him1 & la/ly1 :5 he sees 8 "w br++ 9 a pr(it to him & to o!rs :o "w l him1 b br++ 9 little to idl]s4 ,no?+ else c be d$uct$ f _! argum5tation1 & ?is is :at we ma9ta9 ourselves4 ,z to ! =m ( possession ( ! in/rum5ts ( lab\r1 ! economi/s only m5tion x indirectly 9 _! demon/ration1 z a gu>antee to ! cultivator t he %all n be robb$ ( ! pr(its ( 8 yield nor ( 8 improvem5ts4 ,besides1 9 support ( _! !sis 9 fav\r ( private prop]ty aga9/ all o!r =ms ( possession1 %\ld n ! economi/s demon/rate t "u ! =m ( communal prop]ty l& nev] produces su* ri* h>ve/s z :5 ! possession is private8 ,b ?is !y c\ld n prove2 9 fact1 x is ! contr>y t has be5 obs]v$4 ,take = example a commune 9 ! canton ( ,vaud1 9 ! w9t] "t1 :5 all ! m5 ( ! village g to fell wood 9 ! =e/1 :i* belongs to !m all4 ,x is precisely dur+ ^! fe/ivals ( lab\r t ! greate/ ard\r = "w & ! mo/ consid]able display ( human en]gy are app>5t4 ,no sal>i$ lab\r1 no ef=t ( a private own] c be> comp>ison ) x4 ,or let u take a ,russian village1 :5 all its inhabitants m[ a field belong+ to ! commune1 or f>m$ by x4 ,!re y w see :at man c produce :5 he works 9 common = communal production4 ,comrades vie ) "o ano!r 9 cutt+ ! wide/ swa!1 wom5 be/ir !mselves 9 _! wake s z n to be di/anc$ by ! m[]s4 ,x is a fe/ival ( lab\r1 9 :i* a hundr$ p accompli% 9 a few h\rs a "w t w\ld n h be5 f9i%$ 9 a few days _h !y work$ sep>ately4 ,:at a mis]able contra/ comp>$ to !m is (f]$ by ! "w ( ! isolat$ own]6 ,9 fact1 we might quote scores ( examples among ! pione]s ( ,am]ica1 9 ,swiss1 ,g]man1 ,russian1 & 9 c]ta9 ,fr5* villages2 or ! "w done 9 ,russia by gangs 7artels7 ( masons1 c>p5t]s1 boatm51 fi%]m51 etc41 :o und]take a task & divide ! produce or ! remun]ation among !mselves )\t x pass+ ?r\gh an int]m$i>y ( middlem52 or else ! am\nt ( "w ,i saw p]=m$ 9 ,engli% %ip-y>ds :5 ! remun]ation 0 paid on ! same pr9ciple4 ,we c\ld also m5tion ! great communal hunts ( nomadic tribes1 & an inf9ite numb] ( successful collective ent]prises4 ,& 9 e case we c\ld %[ ! unque/ionable sup]iority ( communal "w comp>$ to t ( ! wage-e>n] or ! isolat$ private own]4 ,well-be+--t is to say1 ! satisfaction ( physical1 arti/ic1 & moral ne$s1 has always be5 ! mo/ p[]ful /imulant to "w4 ,& :]e a hirel+ h>dly succe$s to produce ! b>e necessities ) difficulty1 a free work]1 :o sees ease & luxury increas+ = him & = o!rs 9 proportion to 8 ef=ts1 sp5ds inf9itely f> m en]gy & intellig5ce1 & obta9s products 9 a f> great] abundance4 ,! "o feels rivet$ to mis]y1 ! o!r hopes = ease & luxury 9 ! future4 ,9 ?is lies ! :ole secret4 ,!re=e a society aim+ at ! well-be+ ( all1 & at ! possibility ( all enjoy+ life 9 all its manife/ations1 w give volunt>y "w1 :i* w be inf9itely sup]ior & yield f> m ?an "w has produc$ up till n[ "u ! goad ( slav]y1 s]fdom1 or wag$om4 ,,ii ,n[adays1 :oev] c load on o!rs 8 %>e ( lab\r indisp5sable to exi/5ce does s1 & x is believ$ t x w always be s4 ,n[1 "w indisp5sable to exi/5ce is ess5tially manual4 ,we may be arti/s or sci5ti/s2 b none ( u c d )\t ?+s obta9$ by manual "w--bread1 clo!s1 roads1 %ips1 light1 heat1 etc4 ,&1 moreov]1 h[ev] highly arti/ic or h[ev] subtly metaphysical are our pleasures1 !y all dep5d on manual lab\r4 ,& x is precisely ?is lab\r--! basis ( life--t ev]yone tries to avoid4 ,we und]/& p]fectly well t x mu/ be s n[adays4 ,because1 to d manual "w n[1 means 9 reality to %ut y\rself up = t5 or twelve h\rs a day 9 an unheal?y work%op1 & to rema9 *a9$ to ! same task = tw5ty or ?irty ye>s1 & maybe = y\r :ole life4 ,x means to be doom$ to a paltry wage1 to ! unc]ta9ty ( ! morr[1 to want ( "w1 (t5 to de/itution1 m (t5 ?an n to dea? 9 a hospital1 aft] hav+ work$ =ty ye>s to fe$1 clo!1 amuse1 & in/ruct o!rs ?an y\rself & y\r *ildr54 ,x means to be> ! /amp ( inf]iority all y\r life2 because1 :atev] ! politicians tell u1 ! manual work] is always consid]$ inf]ior to ! bra9 work]1 & ! "o :o has toil$ t5 h\rs 9 a work%op has n ! "t1 & /ill less ! means1 to give himself ! high delights ( sci5ce & art1 nor ev5 to prep>e himself to appreciate !m2 he mu/ be cont5t ) ! crumbs f ! table ( privileg$ p]sons4 ,we und]/& t "u ^! conditions manual lab\r is consid]$ a curse ( fate4 ,we und]/& t all m5 h b "o dream--t ( em]g+ f1 or enabl+ _! *ildr5 to em]ge f ?is inf]ior /ate2 to create = !mselves an indep5d5t position1 :i* means :at8--,to also live by o!r m5's "w6 ,z long z !re w be a class ( manual work]s & a class ( bra9 work]s1 black h&s & :ite h&s1 x w be ?us4 ,:at int]e/1 9 fact1 c ?is depress+ "w h = ! work]1 :5 he kn[s t ! fate await+ him f ! cradle to ! grave w be to live 9 m$iocrity1 pov]ty1 & insecurity ( ! morr[8 ,!re=e1 :5 we see ! imm5se majority ( m5 take up _! wret*$ task e morn+1 we feel surpris$ at _! p]sev]ance1 at _! zeal = "w1 at ! habit t enables !m1 l ma*9es bl9dly obey+ an impetus giv51 to lead ?is life ( mis]y )\t hope = ! morr[2 )\t =esee+ ev] s vaguely t "s day !y1 or at lea/ _! *ildr51 w be "p ( a humanity ri* 9 all ! treasures ( a b\ntiful nature1 9 all ! enjoym5ts ( k1 sci5tific & arti/ic creation1 res]v$ to-day to a few privileg$ fav\rites4 ,x is precisely to put an end to ?is sep>ation betwe5 manual & bra9 "w t we want to aboli% wag$om1 t we want ! ,social ,revolution4 ,!n "w w no long] appe> a curse ( fate3 x w become :at x %\ld be--! free ex]cise ( all ! faculties ( man4 ,moreov]1 x is "t to submit to a s]i\s analysis ?is leg5d ab\t sup]ior "w1 suppos$ to be obta9$ "u ! la% ( wag$om4 ,x w\ld be suffici5t to visit1 n ! model factory & work%op t we f9d n[ & aga91 b a numb] ( ! ord9>y factories1 to conceive ! imm5se wa/e ( human en]gy t *>act]izes mod]n indu/ry4 ,= "o factory m or less rationally organiz$1 !re are a hundr$ or m :i* wa/e man's lab\r1 )\t any m sub/antial motive ?an t ( p]haps br++ 9 a few p\nds m p] day to ! employ]4 ,"h y see y\?s f tw5ty to tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 sitt+ all day long on a b5*1 _! *e/s sunk5 91 fev]i%ly %ak+ _! heads & bodies1 to tie1 ) ! spe$ ( conjur]s1 ! two ends ( wor?less scraps ( cotton1 ! refuse ( ! lace-looms4 ,:at prog5y w ^! trembl+ & rickety bodies bequea? to _! c\ntry8 ,b !y occupy s little room 9 ! factory1 & ea* ( !m br+s me 9 sixp5ce net e day1 w say ! employ]4 ,9 an imm5se ,london factory we saw girls1 bald at sev5te5 f c>ry+ trays ( mat*es on _! heads f "o room to ano!r1 :5 ! simple/ ma*9e c\ld :eel ! mat*es to _! tables4 ,b ,x co/s s little1 ! "w ( wom5 :o h no special trade6 ,:y %\ld we use a ma*9e8 ,:5 ^! c d no m1 !y w be easily replac$1 !re are s _m ( !m 9 ! /reet6 ,on ! /eps ( a mansion on an icy night y w f9d a b>e-foot$ *ild asleep1 ) its bundle ( pap]s 9 its arms 444 *ild-lab\r co/s s little t x may be well employ$1 e ev5+1 to sell t5p5ny-wor? ( pap]s1 ( :i* ! poor boy w receive a p5ny1 or a p5ny halfp5ny4 ,& cont9ually 9 all big cities y may see robu/ m5 tramp+ ab\t :o h be5 out ( "w = mon?s1 :ile _! daught]s gr[ pale 9 ! ov]heat$ vap\rs ( ! work%ops = dress+ /uffs1 & _! sons are fill+ black+-pots by h&1 or sp5d ^? ye>s dur+ :i* !y ought to h le>n$ a trade1 9 c>ry+ ab\t baskets = a gre5groc]1 & at ! age ( eighte5 or tw5ty become regul> unemploy$4 ,& s x is ev]y:]e1 f ,san ,francisco to ,mosc[1 & f ,naples to ,/ockholm4 ,! wa/e ( human en]gy is ! di/+ui%+ & pr$om9ant trait ( our indu/ry1 n to m5tion trade :]e x atta9s /ill m colossal proportions4 ,:at a sad satire is t "n1 ,political ,economy1 giv5 to ! sci5ce ( wa/e & en]gy "u ! sy/em ( wag$om6 ,?is is n all4 ,if y speak to ! director ( a well-organiz$ factory1 he w naively expla9 to y t x is difficult n[adays to f9d a skilful1 vigor\s1 & en]getic workman1 :o works ) a w4 ,%\ld su* a man pres5t himself among ! tw5ty or ?irty :o call e ,monday ask+ u = "w1 he is sure to be receiv$1 ev5 if we are r$uc+ ! numb] ( our h&s4 ,we recognize him at ! fir/ glance1 & he is always accept$1 ev5 ?\gh we h to get rid ( an old] & less active work] ! next day4 ,& ! "o :o has j receiv$ notice to quit1 & all ^? :o w receive x to-morr[1 g to re9=ce t imm5se res]ve-army ( capital--workm5 out ( "w--:o are only call$ to ! loom or ! b5* :5 !re is pressure ( "w1 or to oppose /rik]s4 ,& ^? o!rs--! av]age work]s :o are s5t away by ! bett]-class factories z soon z bus9ess is slack5$8 ,!y also jo9 ! =midable army ( ag$ & indiff]5t work]s :o cont9ually circulate among ! second-class factories--^? :i* b>ely cov] _! exp5ses & make _! way 9 ! _w by trick]y & sn>es laid = ! buy]1 & especially = ! consum] 9 di/ant c\ntries4 ,& if y talk to ! workm5 !mselves1 y w soon le>n t ! rule 9 su* factories is--nev] to d y\r be/4 ,%oddy pay--%oddy "w6 ?is is ! advice :i* ! work+ man receives f 8 comrades ^u ent]+ su* a factory4 ,= ! work]s "k t if 9 a mom5t ( g5]osity !y give way to ! entreaties ( an employ] & cons5t to int5sify ! "w 9 ord] to c>ry out a press+ ord]1 ?is n]v\s "w w be exact$ 9 ! future z a rule 9 ! scale ( wages4 ,!re=e 9 all su* factories !y pref] nev] to produce z mu* z !y c4 ,9 c]ta9 indu/ries production is limit$ s z to keep up high prices1 & sometimes ! pass-^w1 ,g-canny1 is giv51 :i* signifies1 ,bad "w = bad pay6 ,wage-"w is s]f-"w2 x _c1 x mu/ n1 produce all t x c\ld produce4 ,& x is high "t to disbelieve ! leg5d :i* repres5ts wag$om z ! be/ inc5tive to productive "w4 ,if indu/ry n[adays br+s 9 a hundr$ times m ?an x did 9 ! days ( our gr&fa!rs1 x is due to ! sudd5 awak5+ ( physical & *emical sci5ces t[>ds ! end ( la/ c5tury2 n to ! capitali/ organization ( wag$om1 b 9 spite ( t organization4 ,,iii ,^? :o h s]i\sly /udi$ ! "q d n d5y any ( ! advantages ( ,communism1 on condition1 be x well und]/ood1 t ,communism be p]fectly free1 t is to say1 ,an>*i/4 ,!y recognize t "w paid ) money1 ev5 disguis$ "u ! "n ( lab\r *eques1 to ,work]s' associations gov]n$ by ! ,/ate1 w\ld keep up ! *>act]i/ics ( wag$om & w\ld reta9 its disadvantages4 ,!y agree t ! :ole sy/em w\ld soon suff] f x1 ev5 if ,society came into possession ( ! in/rum5ts ( production4 ,& !y admit t1 ?anks to an integral complete education giv5 to all *ildr51 to ! labori\s habits ( civiliz$ societies1 ) ! lib]ty ( *oos+ & v>y+ _! occupations & ! attractions ( "w done by equals = ! well-be+ ( all1 a ,communi/ society w\ld n be want+ 9 produc]s :o w\ld soon make ! f]tility ( ! soil triple & t5fold1 & give a new impulse to indu/ry4 ,?is our oppon5ts agree to4 ,b ! dang]1 !y say1 w come f t m9ority ( loaf]s :o w n "w1 & w n h regul> habits1 9 spite ( ! excell5t conditions t w\ld make "w pleasant4 ,to-day ! prospect ( hung] compels ! mo/ refractory to move along ) ! o!rs4 ,! "o :o does n arrive 9 "t is dismiss$4 ,b "o black %eep suffices to contam9ate ! :ole flock1 & two or ?ree sluggi% or refractory workm5 w\ld lead ! o!rs a/ray & br+ a _s ( disord] & rebellion into ! work%op t w\ld make "w impossible2 s t 9 ! end we %\ld h to return to a sy/em ( compulsion t w\ld =ce su* r+lead]s back into ! ranks4 ,& !n1--,is n ! sy/em ( wages1 paid 9 proportion to "w p]=m$1 ! only "o t enables compulsion to be employ$1 )\t hurt+ ! feel+s ( indep5d5ce ( ! work]8 ,all o!r means w\ld imply ! cont9ual int]v5tion ( an au?ority t w\ld be repugnant to free m54 ,?is1 we believe1 is ! objection fairly /at$4 ,to beg9 )1 su* an objection belongs to ! category ( argum5ts :i* try to ju/ify ! ,/ate1 ! ,p5al ,law1 ! ,judge1 & ! ,gaol]4 ,z !re are p1 a feeble m9ority1 :o w n submit to social cu/oms1 ! au?orit>ians say1 we mu/ ma9ta9 magi/rates1 tribunals & prisons1 al?\gh ^! in/itutions become a s\rce ( new evils ( all k9ds4 ,!re=e we c only repeat :at we h s (t5 said conc]n+ au?ority 9 g5]al3 ,to avoid a possible evil y h rec\rse to means :i* 9 !mselves are a great] evil1 & become ! s\rce ( ^? same abuses t y wi% to rem$y4 ,=1 d n =get t x is wag$om1 ! impossibility ( liv+ o!rwise ?an by sell+ y\r lab\r1 :i* has creat$ ! pres5t ,capitali/ sy/em1 ^: vices y beg9 to recognize4 ,besides1 ?is way ( reason+ is m]ely a sophi/ical ju/ification ( ! evils ( ! pres5t sy/em4 ,wag$om 0 n in/itut$ to remove ! disadvantages ( ,communism2 its orig91 l t ( ! ,/ate & private own]%ip1 is to be f\nd else:]e4 ,x is born ( slav]y & s]fdom impos$ by =ce1 & only we>s a m mod]n g>b4 ,?us ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( wag$om is z valueless z ^? by :i* !y seek to apologize = private prop]ty & ! ,/ate4 ,we are1 nev]!less1 go+ to exam9e ! objection1 & see if !re is any tru? 9 x4 ,fir/ ( all1--,is x n evid5t t if a society1 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( free "w1 7 really m5ac$ by loaf]s1 x c\ld protect itself )\t ! au?orit>ian organization we h n[adays1 & )\t hav+ rec\rse to wag$om8 ,let u take a gr\p ( volunte]s1 comb9+ = "s p>ticul> ent]prise4 ,hav+ its success at he>t1 !y all "w ) a w1 save "o ( ! associates1 :o is frequ5tly abs5t f 8 po/4 ,mu/ !y on 8 acc\nt dissolve ! gr\p1 elect a presid5t to impose f9es1 & "w out a code ( p5alties8 ,x is evid5t t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r w be done1 b t "s day ! comrade :o imp]ils _! ent]prise w be told3 ,fri5d1 we %\ld l to "w ) y2 b z y are (t5 abs5t f y\r po/1 & y d y\r "w neglig5tly1 we mu/ "p4 ,g & f9d o!r comrades :o w put up ) y\r indiff]5ce6 ,?is way is s natural t x is practic$ ev]y:]e1 ev5 n[adays1 9 all indu/ries1 9 competition ) all possible sy/ems ( f9es1 dock+ ( wages1 sup]vision1 etc42 a workman may ent] ! factory at ! appo9t$ "t1 b if he does 8 "w badly1 if he h9d]s 8 comrades by 8 laz9ess or o!r defects1 if he is qu>relsome1 !re is an end ( x2 he is compell$ to leave ! work%op4 ,au?orit>ians pret5d t x is ! almighty employ] & 8 ov]se]s :o ma9ta9 regul>ity & quality ( "w 9 factories4 ,9 reality1 9 e some:at complicat$ ent]prise1 9 :i* ! goods produc$ pass ?r\gh _m h&s be=e be+ f9i%$1 x is ! factory itself1 ! workm5 z a unity1 :o see to ! good quality ( ! "w4 ,!re=e ! be/ factories ( ,briti% private indu/ry h few ov]se]s1 f> less on an av]age ?an ! ,fr5* factories1 & less ?an ! ,briti% ,/ate factories4 ,a c]ta9 /&>d ( public morals is ma9ta9$ 9 ! same way4 ,au?orit>ians say x is due to rural gu>ds1 judges1 & policem51 :]eas 9 reality x is ma9ta9$ 9 spite ( judges1 policem51 & rural gu>ds4 ,_m are ! laws produc+ crim9als6 0 said long ago4 ,n only 9 indu/rial work%ops d ?+s g on 9 ?is way2 x happ5s ev]y:]e1 e day1 on a scale t only bookworms h z yet no notion (4 ,:5 a railway company1 f$]at$ ) o!r companies1 fails to fulfil its engagem5ts1 :5 its tra9s are late & goods lie neglect$ at ! /ations1 ! o!r companies ?reat5 to cancel ! contract1 & t ?reat usually suffices4 ,x is g5]ally believ$1 at any rate x is taught 9 ,/ate-approv$ s*ools1 t comm]ce only keeps to its engagem5ts f fe> ( lawsuits4 ,no?+ ( ! sort2 n9e times 9 t5 ! trad] :o has n kept 8 ^w w n appe> be=e a judge4 ,!re1 :]e trade is v active1 z 9 ,london1 ! sole fact ( hav+ driv5 a cr$itor to br+ a lawsuit suffices = ! imm5se majority ( m]*ants to refuse = good to h any deal+s ) a man :o has compell$ "o ( !m to g to law4 ,?is be+ s1 :y %\ld means t are us$ to-day among work]s 9 ! work%op1 trad]s 9 ! trade1 & railway companies 9 ! organization ( transport1 n be made use ( 9 a society bas$ on volunt>y "w8 ,take1 = example1 an association /ipulat+ t ea* ( its memb]s %\ld c>ry out ! foll[+ contract3 ,we und]take to give y ! use ( our h\ses1 /ores1 /reets1 means ( transport1 s*ools1 museums1 etc41 on condition t1 f tw5ty to =ty-five or fifty ye>s ( age1 y consecrate f\r or five h\rs a day to "s "w recogniz$ z necess>y to exi/5ce4 ,*oose y\rself ! produc+ gr\ps :i* y wi% to jo91 or organize a new gr\p1 provid$ t x w und]take to produce necess>ies4 ,& z = ! rema9d] ( y\r "t1 comb9e toge!r ) :omsoev] y l1 = recreation1 art1 or sci5ce1 accord+ to ! b5t ( y\r ta/e4 ,twelve or fifte5 hundr$ h\rs ( "w a ye>1 9 "o ( ! gr\ps produc+ food1 clo!s1 or h\ses1 or employ$ 9 public sanitation1 transport1 & s on1 is all we ask ( y4 ,= ?is am\nt ( "w we gu>antee to y ! free use ( all t ^! gr\ps produce1 or w produce4 ,b if n "o1 ( ! ?\s&s ( gr\ps ( our f$]ation1 w receive y1 :atev] be _! motive2 if y are absolutely incapable ( produc+ any?+ useful1 or if y refuse to d x1 !n live l an isolat$ man or l an invalid4 ,if we are ri* en\gh to give y ! necess>ies ( life we %all be delight$ to give !m to y4 ,y are a man1 & y h ! "r to live4 ,b z y wi% to live "u special conditions1 & leave ! ranks1 x is m ?an probable t y w suff] = x 9 y\r daily relations ) o!r citiz5s4 ,y w be look$ ^u z a gho/ ( b\rgeois society1 unless "s fri5ds ( y\rs1 discov]+ y to be a tal5t1 k9dly free y f all moral obligation t[>ds society by do+ all ! necess>y "w = y4 ,& f9ally1 if x does n please y1 g & look = o!r conditions else:]e 9 ! wide _w1 or else seek adh]5ts & organize ) !m on novel pr9ciples4 ,we pref] our own4 ,?is is :at c\ld be done 9 a communal society 9 ord] to turn away slugg>ds if !y became too num]\s4 ,,iv ,we v mu* d\bt t we ne$ fe> ?is cont+5cy 9 a society really bas$ on ! entire fre$om ( ! individual4 ,9 fact1 9 spite ( ! premium on idl5ess (f]$ by ! private own]%ip ( capital1 ! really lazy man is comp>atively r>e1 unless 8 laz9ess be due to illness4 ,among workm5 x is (t5 said t ! b\rgeois are idl]s4 ,!re are c]ta9ly en\gh ( !m1 b !y1 too1 are ! exception4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 e indu/rial ent]prise1 y are sure to f9d "o or m b\rgeois :o "w v h>d4 ,x is true t ! majority ( b\rgeois pr(it by _! privileg$ position to aw>d !mselves ! lea/ unpleasant tasks1 & t !y "w "u hygi5ic conditions ( air1 food1 etc41 :i* p]mits !m to d _! bus9ess )\t too mu* fatigue4 ,b ^! are precisely ! conditions :i* we claim = all work]s1 )\t exception4 ,x mu/ also be said t if1 ?anks to _! privileg$ position1 ri* p (t5 p]=m absolutely useless or ev5 h>mful "w 9 society1 nev]!less ! ,m9i/]s1 ,heads ( ,dep>tm5ts1 factory own]s1 trad]s1 bank]s1 etc41 subject !mselves = a numb] ( h\rs e day to "w :i* !y f9d m or less tiresome1 all pref]r+ _! h\rs ( leisure to ?is obligatory "w4 ,& if 9 n9e cases out ( t5 ?is "w is a h>mful "w1 !y f9d x none ! less tir+ = t4 ,b x is precisely because ! middle class put =? a great en]gy1 ev5 9 do+ h>m 7kn[+ly or n7 & def5d+ _! privileg$ position1 t !y h succe$$ 9 defeat+ ! l&$ nobility1 & t !y cont9ue to rule ! masses4 ,if !y 7 idl]s1 !y w\ld long s9ce h ceas$ to exi/1 & w\ld h disappe>$ l ! ari/ocracy4 ,9 a society t w\ld expect only f\r or five h\rs a day ( useful1 pleasant1 & hygi5ic "w1 ^! same middle-class p w\ld p]=m _! task p]fectly well1 & !y c]ta9ly w\ld n put up ) ! horrible conditions 9 :i* m5 toil n[adays )\t re=m+ !m4 ,if a ,huxley sp5t only five h\rs 9 ! sew]s ( ,london1 re/ assur$ t he w\ld h f\nd ! means ( mak+ !m z sanit>y z 8 physiological laboratory4 ,z to ! laz9ess ( ! great majority ( work]s1 only phili/9e economi/s & philan?ropi/s c utt] su* nons5se4 ,if y ask an intellig5t manufactur]1 he w tell y t if workm5 only put x into _! heads to be lazy1 all factories w\ld h to be clos$1 = no measure ( sev]ity1 no sy/em ( spy+ w\ld be ( any use4 ,y %\ld h se5 ! t]ror caus$ 9 #ahhg among ,briti% employ]s :5 a few agitators />t$ prea*+ ! g-canny !ory--,bad pay1 bad "w2 ,take x easy1 d n ov]work y\rselves1 & wa/e all y c4--,!y demoralize ! work]1 !y want to kill our indu/ry6 cri$ ^? same p :o ! day be=e inveigh$ aga9/ ! immorality ( ! work] & ! bad quality ( 8 "w4 ,b if ! work]s 7 :at !y are repres5t$ to be--namely1 ! idl] :om ! employ] is suppos$ cont9ually to ?reat5 ) dismissal f ! work%op--:at w\ld ! ^w demoralization signify8 ,s :5 we speak ( possible idl]s1 we mu/ well und]/& t x is a "q ( a small m9ority 9 society2 & be=e legislat+ = t m9ority1 w\ld x n be wise to /udy ! orig9 ( t idl5ess8 ,:oev] obs]ves ) an intellig5t eye1 sees well en\gh t ! *ild reput$ lazy at s*ool is (t5 ! "o :i* simply does n und]/&1 because he is be+ badly taught4 ,v (t51 too1 x is suff]+ f c]ebral anmia1 caus$ by pov]ty & an anti-hygi5ic education4 ,a boy :o is lazy at ,greek or ,lat9 w\ld "w admirably 7 he taught sci5ce1 especially if he 7 taught ) ! aid ( manual lab\r4 ,a girl :o is /upid at ma!matics becomes ! fir/ ma!matician ( h] class if %e by *ance meets somebody :o c expla9 to h] ! elem5ts ( ari?metic :i* %e did n und]/&4 ,& a workman1 lazy 9 ! work%op1 cultivates 8 g>d5 at dawn1 :ile gaz+ at ! ris+ sun1 & w be at "w aga9 at nightfall1 :5 all nature goes to its re/4 ,somebody has said t du/ is matt] 9 ! wrong place4 ,! same def9ition applies to n9e-t5?s ( ^? call$ lazy4 ,!y are p gone a/ray 9 a direction t does n answ] to _! temp]am5t nor to _! capacities4 ,9 read+ ! biography ( great m51 we are /ruck ) ! numb] ( idl]s among !m4 ,!y 7 lazy s long z !y _h n f\nd ! "r pa?2 aft]w>ds !y became labori\s to excess4 ,d>w91 ,/eph5son1 & _m o!rs belong$ to ?is category ( idl]s4 ,v (t5 ! idl] is b a man to :om x is repugnant to sp5d all 8 life mak+ ! eighte5? "p ( a p91 or ! hundr$? "p ( a wat*1 :ile he feels he has exub]ant en]gy :i* he w\ld l to exp5d else:]e4 ,(t51 too1 he is a rebel :o _c submit to be+ fix$ all 8 life to a "w-b5* 9 ord] to procure a ?\s& pleasures = 8 employ]1 :ile kn[+ himself to be f> ! less /upid ( ! two1 & kn[+ 8 only fault to be t ( hav+ be5 born 9 a hovel in/ead ( com+ into ! _w 9 a ca/le4 ,la/ly1 an imm5se numb] ( idl]s are idl]s because !y d n "k well en\gh ! trade by :i* !y are compell$ to e>n _! liv+4 ,see+ ! imp]fect ?+ !y make ) _! own h&s1 /riv+ va9ly to d bett]1 & p]ceiv+ t !y nev] w succe$ on acc\nt ( ! bad habits ( "w already acquir$1 !y beg9 to hate _! trade1 &1 n kn[+ any o!r1 hate "w 9 g5]al4 ,?\s&s ( workm5 & arti/s :o are failures suff] f ?is cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he :o s9ce 8 y\? has le>n$ to play ! piano well1 to h&le ! plane well1 ! *isel1 ! bru%1 or ! file1 s t he feels t :at he does is beautiful1 w nev] give up ! piano1 ! *isel1 or ! file4 ,he w f9d pleasure 9 8 "w :i* does n tire him1 s long z he is n ov]driv54 ,"u ! "o "n1 idl5ess1 a s]ies ( results due to diff]5t causes h be5 gr\p$1 ( :i* ea* "o c\ld be a s\rce ( good1 in/ead ( be+ a s\rce ( evil to society4 ,l all que/ions conc]n+ crim9ality & relat$ to human faculties1 facts h be5 collect$ hav+ no?+ 9 common ) "o ano!r4 ,p speak ( laz9ess or crime1 )\t giv+ !mselves ! tr\ble to analyze ! cause4 ,!y are 9 a hurry to puni% ^! faults )\t inquir+ if ! puni%m5t itself does n conta9 a premium on laz9ess or crime4#i ,?is is :y a free society1 if x saw ! numb] ( idl]s increas+ 9 its mid/1 w\ld no d\bt ?9k ( look+ fir/ = ! cause ( laz9ess1 9 ord] to suppress x1 be=e hav+ rec\rse to puni%m5t4 ,:5 x is a case1 z we h already m5tion$1 ( simple bloodlessness1 !n be=e /uff+ ! bra9 ( a *ild ) sci5ce1 n\ri% 8 sy/em s z to produce blood1 /r5g!n him1 &1 t he %all n wa/e 8 "t1 take him to ! c\ntry or to ! seaside2 !re1 tea* him 9 ! op5 air1 n 9 books--geometry1 by measur+ ! di/ance to a spire1 or ! height ( a tree2 natural sci5ces1 :ile pick+ fl[]s & fi%+ 9 ! sea2 physical sci5ce1 :ile build+ ! boat he w g to fi% 94 ,b = m]cy's sake d n fill 8 bra9 ) classical s5t5ces & dead languages4 ,d n make an idl] ( him6444 ,or1 "h is a *ild :i* has nei!r ord] nor regul> habits4 ,let ! *ildr5 fir/ inculcate ord] among !mselves1 & lat] on1 ! laboratory1 ! work%op1 ! "w t w h to be done 9 a limit$ space1 ) _m tools ab\t1 "u ! guidance ( an intellig5t tea*]1 w tea* !m me?od4 ,b d n make disord]ly be+s out ( !m by y\r s*ool1 ^: only ord] is ! symmetry ( its b5*es1 & :i*--true image ( ! *aos 9 its tea*+s--w nev] inspire anybody ) ! love ( h>mony1 ( consi/5cy1 & me?od 9 "w4 ,d n y see t by y\r me?ods ( tea*+1 fram$ by a ,m9i/ry = eight million s*ol>s1 :o repres5t eight million diff]5t capacities1 y only impose a sy/em good = m$iocrities1 conceiv$ by an av]age ( m$iocrities8 ,y\r s*ool becomes a ,univ]sity ( laz9ess1 z y\r prison is a ,univ]sity ( crime4 ,make ! s*ool free1 aboli% y\r ,univ]sity grades1 appeal to ! volunte]s ( tea*+2 beg9 t way1 in/ead ( mak+ laws aga9/ laz9ess :i* only s]ve to increase x4 ,give ! workman :o _c condemn himself to make all 8 life a m9ute p>ticle ( "s object1 :o is /ifl$ at 8 little tapp+ ma*9e1 :i* he ends by loa?+1 give him ! *ance ( till+ ! soil1 ( fell+ trees 9 ! =e/1 sail+ ! seas 9 ! tee? ( a /orm1 da%+ ?r\gh space on an eng9e1 b d n make an idl] ( him by =c+ him all 8 life to att5d to a small ma*9e1 to pl\gh ! head ( a screw1 or to drill ! eye ( a ne$le4 ,suppress ! cause ( idl5ess1 & y may take x = grant$ t few individuals w really hate "w1 especially volunt>y "w1 & t !re w be no ne$ to manufacture a code ( laws on _! acc\nt4 ,,footnote3 #i ,kropotk93 ,9 ,russian & ,fr5* ,prisons4 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,collectivi/ ,,wages ,,sy/em ,i ,9 _! plans = ! recon/ruction ( society ! collectivi/s commit1 9 our op9ion1 a tw(old error4 ,:ile speak+ ( aboli%+ capitali/ rule1 !y int5d nev]!less to reta9 two in/itutions :i* are ! v basis ( ?is rule--,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t & ! ,wages' ,sy/em4 ,z reg>ds s-call$ repres5tative gov]nm5t1 we h (t5 spok5 ab\t x4 ,x is absolutely incompreh5sible to u t intellig5t m5--& su* are n want+ 9 ! collectivi/ p>ty--c rema9 p>tisans ( national or municipal p>liam5ts aft] all ! lessons hi/ory has giv5 !m--9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,g]many1 or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile we see p>liam5t>y rule break+ up1 & f all sides criticism ( ?is rule gr[+ l\d]--n only ( its results1 b also ( its pr9ciples--h[ is x t ! revolution>y sociali/s def5d a sy/em already condemn$ to die8 ,built up by ! middle classes to hold _! own aga9/ royalty1 sanction+1 &1 at ! same "t /r5g!n+1 _! sway ov] ! work]s1 p>liam5t>y rule is pre-em95tly a middle-class rule4 ,! uphold]s ( ?is sy/em h nev] s]i\sly ma9ta9$ t a p>liam5t or a municipal c\ncil repres5t a nation or a city4 ,! mo/ intellig5t among !m "k t ?is is impossible4 ,! middle classes h simply us$ ! p>liam5t>y sy/em to raise a protect+ b>ri] aga9/ ! pret5sions ( royalty1 )\t giv+ ! p lib]ty4 ,b gradually1 z ! p become consci\s ( _! real int]e/s1 & ! v>iety ( _! int]e/s is gr[+1 ! sy/em c no long] "w4 ,!re=e democrats ( all c\ntries va9ly imag9e v>i\s palliatives4 ,! ,ref]5dum is tri$ & f\nd to be a failure2 proportional repres5tation is spok5 (1 ! repres5tation ( m9orities1 & o!r p>liam5t>y ,utopias4 ,9 a ^w1 !y /rive to f9d :at is n to be f\nd1 & aft] ea* new exp]im5t !y are b\nd to recognize t x 0 a failure2 s t confid5ce 9 ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t vani%es m & m4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,wages' sy/em2 because1 once ! abolition ( private prop]ty is proclaim$1 & ! possession 9 common ( all means ( production is introduc$1--h[ c ! wages' sy/em be ma9ta9$ 9 any =m8 ,?is is1 nev]!less1 :at collectivi/s are do+ :5 !y recomm5d ! use ( ! lab\r-*eques z a mode ( remun]ation = lab\r accompli%$ = ! great ,collectivi/ employ]--! ,/ate4 ,x is easy to und]/& :y ! e>ly ,engli% sociali/s1 s9ce ! "t ( ,rob]t ,ow51 came to ! sy/em ( lab\r-*eques4 ,!y simply tri$ to make ,capital & ,lab\r agree4 ,!y repudiat$ ! idea ( lay+ h&s on capitali/ prop]ty by means ( revolution>y measures4 ,x is also easy to und]/& :y ,pr\dhon took up lat] on ! same idea4 ,9 8 ,mutuali/ sy/em he tri$ to make ,capital less (f5sive1 not)/&+ ! reta9+ ( private prop]ty1 :i* he dete/$ f ! bottom ( 8 he>t1 b :i* he believ$ to be necess>y to gu>antee individuals aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,nei!r is x a/oni%+ t c]ta9 economi/s1 m or less b\rgeois1 admit lab\r-*eques4 ,!y c>e little :e!r ! work] is paid 9 lab\r-notes or 9 co9 /amp$ ) ! effigy ( ! ,republic or ! ,empire4 ,!y only c>e to save f de/ruction ! individual own]%ip ( dwell+-h\ses1 ( l&1 ( factories2 9 any case--t1 at lea/1 ( dwell+-h\ses & ! capital t is necess>y = manufactur+4 ,& lab\r-notes w\ld j answ] ! purpose ( uphold+ ?is private prop]ty4 ,z long z lab\r-notes c be ex*ang$ = jewels or c>riages1 ! own] ( ! h\se w will+ly accept !m = r5t4 ,& z long z dwell+ h\ses1 fields1 & factories belong to isolat$ own]s1 m5 w h to pay ^! own]s1 9 "o way or ano!r1 = be+ all[$ to "w 9 ! fields or factories1 or = liv+ 9 ! h\ses4 ,! own]s w agree to be paid by ! work]s 9 gold1 9 pap]-money1 or 9 *eques ex*angeable = all sorts ( commodities1 once t toll ^u lab\r is ma9ta9$1 & ! "r to levy x is left ) !m4 ,b h[ c we def5d lab\r-notes1 ?is new =m ( wag$om1 :5 we admit t ! h\ses1 ! fields1 & ! factories w no long] be private prop]ty1--t !y w belong to ! commune or ! nation8 ,,ii ,let u closely exam9e ?is sy/em ( remun]ation = "w done1 prea*$ by ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 & ,italian collectivi/s 7! ,spani% an>*i/s1 :o /ill call !mselves collectivi/s1 imply by ,collectivism ! possession 9 common ( all in/rum5ts ( production1 & ! lib]ty ( ea* gr\p to divide ! produce1 z !y ?9k fit1 accord+ to communi/ or any o!r pr9ciples74 ,x am\nts to ?is3 ,ev]ybody works 9 field1 factory1 s*ool1 hospital1 etc4 ,! work+-day is fix$ by ! ,/ate1 :i* owns ! l&1 ! factories1 ! roads1 etc4 ,e "w-day is paid = ) a lab\r-note1 :i* is inscrib$ ) ^! words3 ,eight h\rs' "w4 ,) ?is *eque ! work] c procure all sorts ( m]*&ise 9 ! /ores own$ by ! ,/ate or by div]s corporations4 ,! *eque is divisible1 s t y c buy an h\r's-"w wor? ( meat1 t5 m9utes' wor? ( mat*es1 or half an h\r ( tobacco4 ,aft] ! ,collectivi/ ,revolution1 in/ead ( say+ twop5ce wor? ( soap1 we %all say five m9utes' wor? ( soap4 ,mo/ collectivi/s1 true to ! di/9ction laid d[n by middle-class economi/s 7& by ,m>x z well7 betwe5 qualifi$ "w & simple "w1 tell u1 moreov]1 t qualifi$ or pr(essional "w mu/ be paid a c]ta9 quantity m ?an simple "w4 ,?us "o h\r's "w ( a doctor w h to be consid]$ z equival5t to two or ?ree h\rs' "w ( a hospital nurse1 or to ?ree or five h\rs' "w ( a navvy4 ,pr(essional1 or qualifi$ "w1 w be a multiple ( simple "w1 says ! collectivi/ ,grnlund1 because ?is k9d ( "w ne$s a m or less long appr5tice%ip4 ,"s o!r collectivi/s1 su* z ! ,fr5* ,m>xi/1 ,guesde1 d n make ?is di/9ction4 ,!y proclaim ! ,equality ( ,wages4 ,! doctor1 ! s*oolma/]1 & ! pr(essor w be paid 79 lab\r-*eques7 at ! same rate z ! navvy4 ,eight h\rs visit+ ! sick 9 a hospital w be wor? ! same z eight h\rs sp5t 9 e>?works or else 9 m9es or factories4 ,"s make a great] concession2 !y admit t disagreeable or unheal?y "w--su* z sew]age--c\ld be paid = at a high] rate ?an agreeable "w4 ,"o h\r's "w ( a sew]man w\ld be wor?1 !y say1 two h\rs ( a pr(essor's "w4 ,let u add t c]ta9 collectivi/s admit ( corporations be+ paid a lump sum = "w done4 ,?us a corporation w\ld say3 ,"h are a hundr$ tons ( /eel4 ,a hundr$ workm5 7 requir$ to produce !m1 & x took !m t5 days4 ,_! "w-day be+ an eight-h\rs day1 x has tak5 !m eight ?\s& work+ h\rs to produce a hundr$ tons ( /eel--eight h\rs a ton4 ,= ?is ! ,/ate w\ld pay !m eight ?\s& lab\r-notes ( "o h\r ea*1 & ^! eight ?\s& *eques w\ld be divid$ among ! memb]s ( ! iron-works z !y !mselves ?\ght prop]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a hundr$ m9]s hav+ tak5 tw5ty days to extract eight ?\s& tons ( coal1 coal w\ld be wor? two h\rs a ton1 & ! sixte5 ?\s& *eques ( "o h\r ea*1 receiv$ by ! ,guild ( ,m9]s1 w\ld be divid$ among _! memb]s accord+ to _! own appreciation4 ,if ! m9]s prote/$ & said t a ton ( /eel %\ld only co/ six h\rs' "w in/ead ( eight2 if ! pr(essor wi%$ to h 8 day paid f\r times m ?an ! nurse1 !n ! ,/ate w\ld int]f]e & w\ld settle _! diff]5ces4 ,su* is1 9 a few words1 ! organization ! collectivi/s wi% to see arise out ( ! ,social ,revolution4 ,z we see1 _! pr9ciples are3 ,collective prop]ty ( ! in/rum5ts ( production1 & remun]ation to ea* accord+ to ! "t sp5t 9 produc+1 :ile tak+ into acc\nt ! productivity ( 8 lab\r4 ,z to ! political sy/em1 x w\ld be ! ,p>liam5t>y sy/em1 modifi$ by positive in/ructions giv5 to ^? elect$1 & by ! ,ref]5dum--a vote1 tak5 by noes or ayes by ! nation4 ,let u own t ?is sy/em appe>s to u simply unrealizable4 ,collectivi/s beg9 by proclaim+ a revolution>y pr9ciple--! abolition ( private prop]ty--& !n !y d5y x1 no soon] ?an proclaim$1 by uphold+ an organization ( production & consumption :i* orig9at$ 9 private prop]ty4 ,!y proclaim a revolution>y pr9ciple1 & ignore ! consequ5ces t ?is pr9ciple w inevitably br+ ab\t4 ,!y =get t ! v fact ( aboli%+ individual prop]ty 9 ! in/rum5ts ( "w--l&1 factories1 road1 capital--mu/ laun* society into absolutely new *annels2 mu/ completely ov]?r[ ! pres5t sy/em ( production1 bo? 9 its aim z well z 9 its means2 mu/ modify daily relations betwe5 individuals1 z soon z l&1 ma*9]y1 & all o!r in/rum5ts ( production are consid]$ common prop]ty4 ,!y say1 ,no private prop]ty1 & imm$iately aft] /rive to ma9ta9 private prop]ty 9 its daily manife/ations4 ,y %all be a ,commune z f> z reg>ds production3 fields1 tools1 ma*9]y1 all t has be5 inv5t$ up till n[--factories1 railways1 h>b\rs1 m9es1 etc41 all are y\rs4 ,n ! slighte/ di/9ction w be made conc]n+ ! %>e ( ea* 9 ?is collective prop]ty4 ,b f to-morr[ y w m9utely debate ! %>e y are go+ to take 9 ! creation ( new ma*9]y1 9 ! digg+ ( new m9es4 ,y w c>efully weigh :at "p ( ! new produce belongs to y4 ,y w c\nt y\r m9utes ( "w1 & y w take c>e t a m9ute ( y\r neighb\rs %\ld n buy m ?an y\rs4 ,& z an h\r measures no?+1 z 9 "s factories a work] c see to six p[]-looms at a "t1 :ile 9 ano!r he only t5ds two1 y w weigh ! muscul> =ce1 ! bra9 en]gy1 & ! n]v\s en]gy y h exp5d$4 ,y w accurately calculate ! ye>s ( appr5tice%ip 9 ord] to appraise ! am\nt ea* w contribute to future production4 ,& ?is--aft] hav+ decl>$ t y d n take into acc\nt 8 %>e 9 pa/ production4 ,well1 = u x is evid5t t a society _c be bas$ on two absolutely oppos$ pr9ciples1 two pr9ciples t contradict "o ano!r cont9ually4 ,& a nation or a commune :i* w\ld h su* an organization w\ld be compell$ to rev]t to private prop]ty 9 ! in/rum5ts ( production1 or to trans=m itself into a communi/ society4 ,,iii ,we h said t c]ta9 collectivi/ writ]s desire t a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 qualifi$ or pr(essional "w & simple "w4 ,!y pret5d t an h\r's "w ( an eng9e]1 an ar*itect1 or a doctor1 mu/ be consid]$ z two or ?ree h\rs' "w ( a blacksmi?1 a mason1 or a hospital nurse4 ,& ! same di/9ction mu/ be made betwe5 all sorts ( trades necessitat+ appr5tice%ip1 & ! simple toil ( day lab\r]s4 ,well1 to e/abli% ?is di/9ction w\ld be to ma9ta9 all ! inequalities ( pres5t society4 ,x w\ld mean fix+ a divid+ l9e1 f ! beg9n+1 betwe5 ! work]s & ^? :o pret5d to gov]n !m4 ,x w\ld mean divid+ society into two v di/9ct classes--! ari/ocracy ( k plac$ above ! horny-h&$ l[] ord]s--! "o doom$ to s]ve ! o!r2 ! "o work+ ) its h&s to fe$ & clo! ^? :o1 pr(it+ by _! leisure1 /udy h[ to gov]n _! fo/]]s4 ,x w\ld mean reviv+ "o ( ! di/9ct peculi>ities ( pres5t society & giv+ x ! sanction ( ! ,social ,revolution4 ,x w\ld mean sett+ up z a pr9ciple an abuse already condemn$ 9 our anci5t crumbl+ society4 ,we "k ! answ] we %all get4 ,!y w speak ( ,sci5tific ,socialism2 !y w quote b\rgeois economi/s1 & ,m>x too1 to prove t a scale ( wages has its raison d'tre1 z ! lab\r =ce ( ! eng9e] w h co/ m to society ?an ! lab\r-=ce ( ! navvy4 ,9 fact--h n economi/s tri$ to prove to u t if an eng9e] is paid tw5ty times m ?an a navvy x is because ! necess>y outlay to make an eng9e] is great] ?an t necess>y to make a navvy8 ,& has n ,m>x ass]t$ t ! same di/9ction is equally logical betwe5 two bran*es ( manual lab\r8 ,he c\ld n conclude o!rwise1 hav+ tak5 up on 8 own acc\nt ,ric>do's !ory ( value1 & upheld t goods are ex*ang$ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( "w socially necess>y = _! production4 ,b we "k :at to ?9k ( ?is4 ,we "k t if eng9e]s1 sci5ti/s1 or doctors are paid t5 or a hundr$ times m ?an a lab\r]1 & if a weav] e>ns ?ree times m ?an an agricultural lab\r]1 & t5 times m ?an a girl 9 a mat* factory1 x is n by reason ( _! co/ ( production1 b by reason ( a monopoly ( education1 or a monopoly ( indu/ry4 ,eng9e]s1 sci5ti/s1 & doctors m]ely exploit _! capital--_! diplomas--z middle-class employ]s exploit a factory1 or z nobles us$ to exploit _! titles ( nobility4 ,z to ! employ] :o pays an eng9e] tw5ty times m ?an a lab\r]1 x is simply due to p]sonal int]e/2 if ! eng9e] c economize #d1jjj a ye> on ! co/ ( production1 ! employ] pays him #hjj4 ,& if ! employ] has a =eman :o saves #djj on ! "w by clev]ly sweat+ workm51 he gladly gives him #hj or #abj a ye>4 ,he p>ts ) an extra #dj :5 he expects to ga9 #djj by x2 & ?is is ! ess5ce ( ! ,capitali/ sy/em4 ,! same diff]5ces obta9 among diff]5t manual trades4 ,let !m1 !re=e1 n talk to u ( ! co/ ( production :i* raises ! co/ ( skill$ lab\r1 & tell u t a /ud5t :o has gaily sp5t 8 y\? 9 a univ]sity has a "r to a wage t5 times great] ?an ! son ( a m9] :o has gr[n pale 9 a m9e s9ce ! age ( elev52 or t a weav] has a "r to a wage ?ree or f\r times great] ?an t ( an agricultural lab\r]4 ,! co/ ( tea*+ a weav] 8 "w is n f\r times great] ?an ! co/ ( tea*+ a peasant 84 ,! weav] simply b5efits by ! advantages 8 indu/ry reaps 9 int]national trade1 f c\ntries t h z yet no indu/ries1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! privileges accord$ by all ,/ates to indu/ries 9 pref]5ce to ! till+ ( ! soil4 ,nobody has ev] calculat$ ! co/ ( production ( a produc]2 & if a noble loaf] co/s f> m to society ?an a work]1 x rema9s to be se5 :e!r a robu/ day-lab\r] does n co/ m to society ?an a skill$ artisan1 :5 we h tak5 into acc\nt infant-mortality among ! poor1 ! ravages ( anmia1 & premature dea?s4 ,c\ld !y1 = example1 make u believe t ! #as4 #c;d4 paid to a ,p>is workwoman1 ! #c;d4 paid to an ,auv]gne peasant girl :o gr[s bl9d at lace-mak+1 or ! #as4 #h;d4 paid to ! peasant repres5t _! co/ ( production4 ,we "k full well t p "w = less1 b we also "k t !y d s exclusively because1 ?anks to our wond]ful organization1 !y w\ld die ( hung] did !y n accept ^! mock wages4 ,= u ! scale ( remun]ation is a complex result ( taxes1 ( gov]nm5tal tutelage1 ( ,capitali/ monopoly4 ,9 a ^w1 ( ,/ate & ,capital4 ,!re=e1 we say t all wages' !ories h be5 inv5t$ aft] ! ev5t to ju/ify inju/ices at pres5t exi/+1 & t we ne$ n take !m into consid]ation4 ,nei!r w !y fail to tell u t ! ,collectivi/ scale ( wages w\ld be an improvem5t4 ,x w\ld be bett]1 s !y say1 to see c]ta9 artisans receiv+ a wage two or ?ree times high] ?an common lab\r]s1 ?an to see a m9i/] receiv+ 9 a day :at a workman _c e>n 9 a ye>4 ,x w\ld be a great /ep t[>ds equality4 ,= u ?is /ep w\ld be ! rev]se ( progress4 ,to make a di/9ction betwe5 simple & pr(essional "w 9 a new society w\ld result 9 ! ,revolution sanction+ & recogniz+ z a pr9ciple a brutal fact we submit to n[adays1 b t we nev]!less f9d unju/4 ,x w\ld mean imitat+ ^? g5tlem5 ( ! ,fr5* ,assembly :o proclaim$ on ,augu/ #d?1 #aghi1 ! abolition ( feudal rights1 b :o on ,augu/ #h? sanction$ ^! same rights by impos+ dues on ! peasants to comp5sate ! noblem51 plac+ ^! dues "u ! protection ( ! ,revolution4 ,x w\ld mean imitat+ ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t1 :i* proclaim$1 at ! "t ( ! emancipation ( ! s]fs1 t c]ta9 l&s %\ld h5ce=? belong to ! nobility1 :ile =m]ly ^! l&s 7 consid]$ z belong+ to ! s]fs4 ,or else1 to take a bett] kn[n example1 :5 ! ,commune ( #ahga decid$ to pay memb]s ( ! ,commune ,c\ncil #abs4 #f;d4 a day1 :ile ! ,f$]ates on ! ramp>ts receiv$ only #as4 #c;d41 ?is decision 0 hail$ z an act ( sup]ior democratic equality4 ,9 reality1 ! ,commune only ratifi$ ! =m] inequality betwe5 function>y & soldi]1 ,gov]nm5t & gov]n$4 ,com+ f an ,opportuni/ ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 su* a decision w\ld h appe>$ admirable1 b ! ,commune doom$ h] own revolution>y pr9ciples :5 %e fail$ to put !m into practice4 ,"u our exi/+ social sy/em1 :5 a m9i/] gets paid #d1jjj a ye>1 :ile a workman mu/ cont5t himself ) #dj or less2 :5 a =eman is paid two or ?ree times m ?an a workman1 & among workm5 !re is e gradation1 f #hs4 a day d[n to ! peasant girl's #c;d41 we disapprove ( ! high sal>y ( ! m9i/] z well z ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! #hs4 ( ! workman & ! #c;d4 ( ! poor woman4 ,& we say1 ',d[n ) ! privileges ( education1 z well z ) ^? ( bir?6 ,we are an>*i/s precisely because ^! privileges revolt u4 ,!y revolt u already 9 ?is au?orit>ian society4 ,c\ld we endure !m 9 a society t began by proclaim+ equality8 ,?is is :y "s collectivi/s1 und]/&+ ! impossibility ( ma9ta9+ a scale ( wages 9 a society inspir$ by ! brea? ( ! ,revolution1 ha/5 to proclaim equality ( wage4 ,b !y meet ) new difficulties1 & _! equality ( wages becomes ! same unrealizable ,utopia z ! scale ( wages ( o!r collectivi/s4 ,a society hav+ tak5 possession ( all social weal?1 hav+ boldly proclaim$ ! "r ( all to ?is weal?--:atev] %>e !y may h tak5 9 produc+ x--w be compell$ to ab&on any sy/em ( wages1 :e!r 9 curr5cy or lab\r-notes4 ,,iv ,! collectivi/s say1 ,to ea* accord+ to 8 de$s2 or1 9 o!r t]ms1 accord+ to 8 %>e ( s]vices r5d]$ to society4 ,!y ?9k x exp$i5t to put ?is pr9ciple into practice1 z soon z ! ,social ,revolution w h made all in/rum5ts ( production common prop]ty4 ,b we ?9k t if ! ,social ,revolution _h ! mis=tune ( proclaim+ su* a pr9ciple1 x w\ld mean its necess>y failure2 x w\ld mean leav+ ! social problem1 :i* pa/ c5turies h burd5$ u )1 unsolv$4 ,( c\rse1 9 a society l ours1 9 :i* ! m a man works ! less he is remun]at$1 ?is pr9ciple1 at fir/ sight1 may appe> to be a ye>n+ = ju/ice4 ,b 9 reality x is only ! p]petuation ( inju/ice4 ,x 0 by proclaim+ ?is pr9ciple t wag$om began1 to end 9 ! gl>+ inequalities & all ! abom9ations ( pres5t society2 because1 f ! mom5t "w done began to be apprais$ 9 curr5cy1 or 9 any o!r =m ( wage1 ! day x 0 agre$ ^u t man w\ld only receive ! wage he %\ld be able to secure to himself1 ! :ole hi/ory ( a ,/ate-aid$ ,capitali/ ,society 0 z good z writt52 x 0 conta9$ 9 g]m 9 ?is pr9ciple4 ,%all we1 !n1 return to our />t+-po9t1 & g ?r\gh ! same evolution aga98 ,our !ori/s desire x1 b =tunately x is impossible4 ,! ,revolution1 we ma9ta91 mu/ be communi/2 if n1 x w be dr[n$ 9 blood1 & h to be begun ov] aga94 ,s]vices r5d]$ to society1 be !y "w 9 factory or field1 or m5tal s]vices1 _c be valu$ 9 money4 ,!re c be no exact measure ( value 7( :at has be5 wrongly t]m$ ex*ange value71 nor ( use value1 9 t]ms ( production4 ,if two individuals "w = ! community five h\rs a day1 ye> 9 ye> out1 at diff]5t "w :i* is equally agreeable to !m1 we may say t on ! :ole _! lab\r is approximately equival5t4 ,b we _c divide _! "w1 & say t ! result ( any p>ticul> day1 h\r1 or m9ute ( "w ( ! "o is wor? ! result ( "o day1 "o h\r1 or "o m9ute ( ! o!r4 ,we may r\ghly say t ! man1 :o dur+ 8 lifetime has depriv$ himself ( leisure dur+ t5 h\rs a day has giv5 f> m to society ?an ! "o :o has only depriv$ himself ( leisure dur+ five h\rs a day1 or :o has n depriv$ himself at all4 ,b we _c take :at he has done dur+ two h\rs1 & say t ! yield ( 8 two h\rs' "w is wor? twice z mu* z ! yield ( ano!r individual1 :o has work$ only "o h\r1 & remun]ate ! two 9 proportion4 ,x w\ld be disreg>d+ all t is complex 9 indu/ry1 9 agriculture1 9 ! :ole life ( pres5t society2 x w\ld be ignor+ to :at ext5t all individual "w is ! result ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t lab\r ( society z a :ole4 ,x w\ld mean believ+ ourselves to be liv+ 9 ! ,/one ,age1 :]eas we are liv+ 9 an age ( /eel4 ,if y ent] a mod]n coal-m9e y w see a man 9 *>ge ( a huge ma*9e t raises & l[]s a cage4 ,9 8 h& he holds a lev] t /ops & rev]ses ! c\rse ( ! ma*9e2 he l[]s x & ! cage rev]ses its c\rse 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye2 he s5ds x upw>ds or d[nw>ds into ! dep?s ( ! %aft ) a giddy swiftness4 ,all att5tion1 he foll[s ) 8 eyes fix$ on an indicator :i* %[s him1 on a small scale1 at :i* po9t ( ! %aft ! cage is at ea* second ( its progress2 & z soon z ! indicator has rea*$ a c]ta9 level1 he sudd5ly /ops ! c\rse ( ! cage1 n a y>d high] nor l[] ?an ! requir$ spot4 ,& no soon] h ! colli]s unload$ _! coal-wagonettes1 & pu%$ empty ones in/ead1 ?an he rev]ses ! lev] & aga9 s5ds ! cage back into space4 ,dur+ eight or t5 consecutive h\rs e day he mu/ keep ! same /ra9 ( att5tion4 ,%\ld 8 bra9 relax = a mom5t1 ! cage w\ld inevitably /rike aga9/ ! ge>1 break its :eels1 snap ! rope1 cru% m51 & put a /op to all "w 9 ! m9e4 ,%\ld he wa/e ?ree seconds at ea* t\* ( ! lev]1--! extraction1 9 our mod]n1 p]fect$ m9es1 w\ld be r$uc$ f tw5ty to fifty tons a day4 ,is x he :o is ! mo/ necess>y man 9 ! m9e8 ,or1 is x p]haps ! boy :o signals to him f bel[ to raise ! cage8 ,is x ! m9] at ! bottom ( ! %aft1 :o risks 8 life e in/ant1 & :o w "s day be kill$ by fire-damp8 ,or is x ! eng9e]1 :o w\ld lose ! lay] ( coal1 & w\ld cause ! m9]s to dig on rock by a simple mi/ake 9 8 calculations8 ,or is x ! m9e own] :o has put 8 capital into ! m9e1 & :o has p]haps1 contr>y to exp]t advice1 ass]t$ t excell5t coal w\ld be f\nd !re8 ,all ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! m9e contribute to ! extraction ( coal 9 proportion to _! /r5g?1 _! en]gy1 _! k1 _! intellig5ce1 & _! skill4 ,& we may say t all h ! "r to live1 to satisfy _! ne$s1 & ev5 _! :ims1 :5 ! necess>ies ( life h be5 secur$ = all4 ,b h[ c we appraise ! "w ( ea* "o ( !m8 ,&1 moreov]1 ,is ! coal !y h extract$ entirely _! "w8 ,is x n also ! "w ( ! m5 :o h built ! railway lead+ to ! m9e & ! roads t radiate f all ! railway /ations8 ,is x n also ! "w ( ^? t h till$ & s[n ! fields1 extract$ iron1 cut wood 9 ! =e/s1 built ! ma*9es t burn coal1 sl[ly develop$ ! m9+ indu/ry altoge!r1 & s on8 ,x is utt]ly impossible to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! "w ( ea* ( ^? m54 ,to measure ! "w by its results leads u to an absurdity2 to divide ! total "w1 & to measure its fractions by ! numb] ( h\rs sp5t on ! "w also leads u to absurdity4 ,"o ?+ rema9s3 to put ! ne$s above ! works1 & fir/ ( all to recognize ! "r to live1 & lat] on ! "r to well-be+ = all ^? :o took _! %>e 9 production4 ,b take any o!r bran* ( human activity--take ! manife/ations ( life z a :ole4 ,:i* "o ( u c claim ! high] remun]ation = 8 "w8 ,is x ! doctor :o has f\nd out ! illness1 or ! nurse :o has br\ght ab\t recov]y by h] hygi5ic c>e8 ,is x ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ /eam-eng9e1 or ! boy1 :o1 "o day gett+ tir$ ( pull+ ! rope t =m]ly op5$ ! valve to let /eam "u ! pi/on1 ti$ ! rope to ! lev] ( ! ma*9e1 )\t suspect+ t he _h inv5t$ ! ess5tial me*anical "p ( all mod]n ma*9]y--! automatic valve8 ,is x ! inv5tor ( ! locomotive1 or ! workman ( ,newca/le1 :o sugge/$ replac+ ! /ones =m]ly laid "u ! rails by wood5 sleep]s1 z ! /ones1 = want ( ela/icity1 caus$ ! tra9s to d]ail8 ,is x ! eng9e] on ! locomotive8 ,! signalman :o /ops ! tra9s1 or lets !m pass by8 ,! swit*man :o transf]s a tra9 f "o l9e to ano!r8 ,aga91 to :om d we owe ! transatlantic cable8 ,is x to ! electrical eng9e] :o ob/9ately affirm$ t ! cable w\ld transmit messages :ile le>n$ m5 ( sci5ce decl>$ x to be impossible8 ,is x to ,maury1 ! le>n$ physical geograph]1 :o advis$ t ?ick cables %\ld be set aside = o!rs z ?9 z a walk+ cane8 ,or else to ^? volunte]s1 come f nobody kn[s :]e1 :o sp5t _! days & nights on deck m9utely exam9+ e y>d ( ! cable1 & remov$ ! nails t ! %>ehold]s ( /eam%ip companies /upidly caus$ to be driv5 into ! non-conduct+ wrapp] ( ! cable1 s z to make x uns]viceable8 ,& 9 a wid] sph]e1 ! true sph]e ( life1 ) its joys1 its suff]+s1 & its accid5ts1 _c ea* "o ( u recall someone :o has r5d]$ him s great a s]vice t we %\ld be indignant if its equival5t 9 co9 7 m5tion$8 ,! s]vice may h be5 b a ^w1 no?+ b a ^w spok5 at ! "r "t1 or else x may h be5 mon?s & ye>s ( devotion1 & we are go+ to appraise ^! incalculable s]vices 9 lab\r-notes8 ,! works ( ea*6 ,b human society w\ld n exi/ = m ?an two consecutive g5]ations if ev]yone did n give inf9itely m ?an t = :i* he is paid 9 co91 9 *eques1 or 9 civic rew>ds4 ,! race w\ld soon become ext9ct if mo!rs did n sacrifice _! lives to take c>e ( _! *ildr51 if m5 did n give cont9ually1 )\t dem&+ an equival5t rew>d1 if m5 did n give mo/ precisely :5 !y expect no rew>d4 ,if middle-class society is decay+1 if we h got into a bl9d alley f :i* we _c em]ge )\t attack+ pa/ in/itutions ) tor* & hat*et1 x is precisely because we h giv5 too mu* to c\nt+4 ,x is because we h let ourselves be influ5c$ into giv+ only to receive4 ,x is because we h aim$ at turn+ society into a comm]cial company bas$ on debit & cr$it4 ,aft] all1 ! ,collectivi/s "k ?is !mselves4 ,!y vaguely und]/& t a society c\ld n exi/ if x c>ri$ out ! pr9ciple ( ,ea* accord+ to 8 de$s4 ,!y h a notion t necess>ies--we d n speak ( :ims--! ne$s ( ! individual1 d n always correspond to 8 works4 ,?us ,de ,paepe tells u3 ,! pr9ciple--! em95tly ,individuali/ pr9ciple--w\ld1 h[ev]1 be temp]$ by social int]v5tion = ! education ( *ildr5 & "y p]sons 7includ+ ma9t5ance & lodg+71 & by ! social organization = assi/+ ! infirm & ! sick1 = retreats = ag$ work]s1 etc4 ,!y und]/& t a man ( =ty1 fa!r ( ?ree *ildr51 has o!r ne$s ?an a "y man ( tw5ty4 ,!y "k t ! woman :o suckles h] infant & sp5ds sleepless nights at its b$side1 _c d z mu* "w z ! man :o has slept peacefully4 ,!y seem to take 9 t m5 & wom51 worn out maybe by d9t ( ov]work = society1 may be incapable ( do+ z mu* "w z ^? :o h sp5t _! "t leisurely & pocket$ _! lab\r-notes 9 ! privileg$ c>e] ( ,/ate function>ies4 ,!y are eag] to temp] _! pr9ciple4 ,!y say3 ,society w n fail to ma9ta9 & br+ up its *ildr52 to help bo? ag$ & infirm4 ,)\t d\bt ne$s w be ! measure ( ! co/ t society w burd5 itself )1 to temp] ! pr9ciple ( de$s4 ,*>ity1 *>ity1 always ,*ri/ian *>ity1 organiz$ by ! ,/ate ?is "t4 ,!y believe 9 improv+ ! asylums = f\ndl+s1 9 effect+ old-age & sick insurances--s z to temp] _! pr9ciple4 ,b !y _c yet ?r[ aside ! idea ( w\nd+ fir/ & heal+ aft]w>ds6 ,?us1 aft] hav+ d5i$ ,communism1 aft] hav+ laugh$ at _! ease at ! =mula--,to ea* accord+ to 8 ne$s--^! great economi/s discov] t !y h =gott5 some?+1 ! ne$s ( ! produc]s1 :i* !y n[ admit4 ,only x is = ! ,/ate to e/imate !m1 = ! ,/ate to v]ify if ! ne$s are n disproportionate to ! "w4 ,! ,/ate w dole out *>ity4 ,!nce to ! ,engli% poor-law & ! workh\se is b a /ep4 ,!re is b a slight diff]5ce1 because ev5 ?is /epmo!r ( a society aga9/ :om we are 9 revolt has also be5 compell$ to temp] h] individuali/ pr9ciples2 %e1 too1 has _h to make concessions 9 a communi/ direction & "u ! same =m ( *>ity4 ,%e1 too1 di/ributes halfp5ny d9n]s to prev5t ! pillag+ ( h] %ops2 builds hospitals--(t5 v bad ones1 b sometimes spl5did ones--to prev5t ! ravages ( contagi\s diseases4 ,%e1 too1 aft] hav+ paid ! h\rs ( lab\r1 %elt]s ! *ildr5 ( ^? %e has wreck$4 ,%e takes _! ne$s into consid]ation & doles out *>ity4 ,pov]ty1 we h said else:]e1 0 ! prim>y cause ( weal?4 ,x 0 pov]ty t creat$ ! fir/ capitali/2 because1 be=e accumulat+ surplus value1 ( :i* we he> s mu*1 m5 _h to be suffici5tly de/itute to cons5t to sell _! lab\r1 s z n to die ( hung]4 ,x 0 pov]ty t made capitali/s4 ,& if ! numb] ( ! poor increas$ s rapidly dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 x 0 due to ! invasions & w>s t foll[$ ! f\nd+ ( ,/ates1 & to ! increase ( ri*es result+ f ! exploitation ( ! ,ea/4 ,^! two causes tore asund] ! bonds t kept m5 toge!r 9 ! agr>ian & urban communities1 & taught !m to proclaim ! pr9ciple ( wages1 s de> to ! exploit]s1 in/ead ( ! solid>ity !y =m]ly practic$ 9 _! tribal life4 ,& x is ?is pr9ciple t is to spr+ f a revolution :i* m5 d>e to call by ! "n ( ,social ,revolution1--a "n s de> to ! />v$1 ! oppress$1 & ! suff]]s6 ,x c nev] be4 ,= ! day on :i* old in/itutions w fall "u ! prolet>ian axe1 voices w cry out3 ,bread1 %elt]1 ease = all6 ,& ^? voices w be li/5$ to2 ! p w say3 ,let u beg9 by allay+ our ?ir/ = life1 = happ9ess1 = lib]ty1 t we h nev] qu5*$4 ,& :5 we %all h ta/$ ( ?is joy1 we w set to "w to demoli% ! la/ ve/iges ( middle-class rule3 its morality drawn f acc\nt books1 its 'debit & cr$it' philosophy1 its 'm9e & y\rs' in/itutions4 ',9 demoli%+ we %all build1' z ,pr\dhon said2 & we %all build 9 ! "n ( ,communism & ,an>*y4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,consumption ,,& ,,production ,i ,look+ at society & its political organization f a diff]5t /&po9t ?an t ( all ! au?orit>ian s*ools--= we />t f a free individual to rea* a free society1 in/ead ( beg9n+ by ! ,/ate to come d[n to ! individual--we foll[ ! same me?od 9 economic que/ions4 ,we /udy ! ne$s ( ! individuals1 & ! means by :i* !y satisfy !m1 be=e discuss+ ,production1 ,ex*ange1 ,taxation1 ,gov]nm5t1 & s on4 ,at fir/ sight ! diff]5ce may appe> trifl+1 b 9 reality x upsets all ! canons ( (ficial ,political ,economy4 ,if y op5 ! works ( any economi/ y w f9d t he beg9s ) ,,production1 i4 e41 by ! analysis ( ! means employ$ n[adays = ! creation ( weal?3 division ( lab\r1 ! factory1 its ma*9]y1 ! accumulation ( capital4 ,f ,adam ,smi? to ,m>x1 all h proce$$ along ^! l9es4 ,only 9 ! latt] p>ts ( _! books d !y treat ( ,,consumption1 t is to say1 ( ! means resort$ to 9 our pres5t ,society to satisfy ! ne$s ( ! individuals2 & ev5 !re !y conf9e !mselves to expla9+ h[ ri*es are divid$ among ^? :o vie ) "o ano!r = _! possession4 ,p]haps y w say ?is is logical4 ,be=e satisfy+ ne$s y mu/ create ! :]e)al to satisfy !m4 ,b1 be=e produc+ any?+1 mu/ y n feel ! ne$ ( x8 ,0 x n necessity t fir/ drove man to hunt1 to raise cattle1 to cultivate l&1 to make implem5ts1 & lat] on to inv5t ma*9]y8 ,is x n ! /udy ( ! ne$s t %\ld gov]n production8 ,to say ! lea/1 x w\ld !re=e be q z logical to beg9 by consid]+ ! ne$s1 & aft]w>ds to discuss h[ production is1 & ought to be1 organiz$1 9 ord] to satisfy ^! ne$s4 ,?is is precisely :at we mean to d4 ,b z soon z we look at ,political ,economy f ?is po9t ( view1 x entirely *anges its aspect4 ,x ceases to be a simple description ( facts1 & becomes a sci5ce1 & we may def9e ?is sci5ce z3 ,! /udy ( ! ne$s ( mank9d1 & ! means ( satisfy+ !m ) ! lea/ possible wa/e ( human en]gy4 ,its true "n %\ld be1 ,physiology ( ,society4 ,x con/itutes a p>allel sci5ce to ! physiology ( plants & animals1 :i* is ! /udy ( ! ne$s ( plants & animals1 & ( ! mo/ advantage\s ways ( satisfy+ !m4 ,9 ! s]ies ( sociological sci5ces1 ! economy ( human societies takes ! place1 occupi$ 9 ! s]ies ( biological sci5ces by ! physiology ( organic bodies4 ,we say1 "h are human be+s1 unit$ 9 a society4 ,all ( !m feel ! ne$ ( liv+ 9 heal?y h\ses4 ,! savage's hut no long] satisfies !m2 !y require a m or less com=table solid %elt]4 ,! "q is1 !n3 :e!r1 tak+ ! pres5t capacity ( m5 = production1 e man c h a h\se ( 8 own8 & :at is h9d]+ him f hav+ x8 ,& z soon z we ask ?is "q1 we see t e family 9 ,europe c\ld p]fectly well h a com=table h\se1 su* z are built 9 ,engl&1 9 ,belgium1 or 9 ,pullman ,city1 or else an equival5t set ( rooms4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( days' "w w\ld suffice to build a pretty little airy h\se1 well fitt$ up & light$ by electricity4 ,b n9e-t5?s ( ,europeans h nev] possess$ a heal?y h\se1 because at all times common p h _h to "w day aft] day to satisfy ! ne$s ( _! rul]s1 & h nev] _h ! necess>y leisure or money to build1 or to h built1 ! home ( _! dreams4 ,& !y c h no h\ses1 & w inhabit hovels z long z pres5t conditions rema9 un*ang$4 ,x is ?us se5 t our me?od is q contr>y to t ( ! economi/s1 :o immortalize ! s-call$ laws ( production1 &1 reckon+ up ! numb] ( h\ses built e ye>1 demon/rate by /ati/ics1 t z ! numb] ( ! new-built h\ses is too small to meet all dem&s1 n9e-t5?s ( ,europeans mu/ live 9 hovels4 ,let u pass on to food4 ,aft] hav+ enum]at$ ! b5efits accru+ f ! division ( lab\r1 economi/s tell u ! division ( lab\r requires t "s m5 %\ld "w at agriculture & o!rs at manufacture4 ,f>m]s produc+ s mu*1 factories s mu*1 ex*ange be+ c>ri$ on 9 su* a way1 !y analyze ! sale1 ! pr(it1 ! net ga9 or ! surplus value1 ! wages1 ! taxes1 bank+1 & s on4 ,b aft] hav+ foll[$ !m s f>1 we are none ! wis]1 & if we ask !m3 ,h[ is x t millions ( human be+s are 9 want ( bread1 :5 e family c\ld gr[ suffici5t :eat to fe$ t51 tw5ty1 & ev5 a hundr$ p annually8 !y answ] u by dron+ ! same an!m--division ( lab\r1 wages1 surplus value1 capital1 etc4--arriv+ at ! same conclusion1 t production is insuffici5t to satisfy all ne$s2 a conclusion :i*1 if true1 does n answ] ! "q3 ,c or _c man by 8 lab\r produce ! bread he ne$s8 ,& if he _c1 :at is x t h9d]s him8 ,"h are #cej million ,europeans4 ,!y ne$ s mu* bread1 s mu* meat1 w9e1 milk1 eggs1 & butt] e ye>4 ,!y ne$ s _m h\ses1 s mu* clo?+4 ,?is is ! m9imum ( _! ne$s4 ,c !y produce all ?is8 & if !y c1 w suffici5t leisure be left !m = art1 sci5ce1 & amusem5t8--9 a ^w1 = ev]y?+ t is n compris$ 9 ! category ( absolute necessities8 ,if ! answ] is 9 ! affirmative1--,:at h9d]s !m go+ ahead8 ,:at mu/ !y d to remove ! ob/acles8 ,is x "t t is ne$$ to a*ieve su* a result8 ,let !m take x6 ,b let u n lose sight ( ! aim ( production--! satisfaction ( ! ne$s ( all4 ,if ! mo/ imp]i\s ne$s ( man rema9 unsatisfi$ n[1--,:at mu/ we d to increase ! productivity ( our "w8 ,b is !re no o!r cause8 ,might x n be t production1 hav+ lo/ sight ( ! ne$s ( man1 has /ray$ 9 an absolutely wrong direction1 & t its organization is at fault8 ,& z we c prove t su* is ! case1 let u see h[ to reorganize production s z to really satisfy all ne$s4 ,?is seems to u ! only "r way ( fac+ ?+s4 ,! only way t w\ld all[ ( ,political ,economy becom+ a sci5ce--! ,sci5ce ( ,social ,physiology4 ,x is evid5t t s long z sci5ce treats ( production1 z x is c>ri$ on at pres5t by civiliz$ nations1 by ,h9doo communes1 or by savages1 x c h>dly /ate facts o!rwise ?an ! economi/s /ate !m n[2 t is to say1 z a simple descriptive *apt]1 analog\s to ! descriptive *apt]s ( ,zoology & ,botany4 ,b if ?is *apt] 7 writt5 s z to ?r[ "s light on ! economy ( ! en]gy t is necess>y to satisfy human ne$s1 ! *apt] w\ld ga9 9 precision1 z well z 9 descriptive value4 ,x w\ld cle>ly %[ ! frightful wa/e ( human en]gy "u ! pres5t sy/em1 & x w\ld prove t z long z ?is sy/em exi/s1 ! ne$s ( humanity w nev] be satisfi$4 ,! po9t ( view1 we see1 w\ld be entirely *ang$4 ,beh9d ! loom t weaves s _m y>ds ( clo?1 beh9d ! /eel-plate p]=ator1 & beh9d ! safe 9 :i* divid5ds are ho>d$1 we %\ld see man1 ! artisan ( production1 m (t5 ?an n exclud$ f ! fea/ he has prep>$ = o!rs4 ,we %\ld also und]/& t ! /&po9t be+ wrong1 ! s-call$ laws ( value & ex*ange are b a v false explanation ( ev5ts1 z !y happ5 n[adays2 & t ?+s w come to pass v diff]5tly :5 production is organiz$ 9 su* a mann] z to meet all ne$s ( society4 ,,ii ,!re is n "o s+le pr9ciple ( ,political ,economy t does n *ange its aspect if y look at x f our po9t ( view4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ov]-production1 a ^w :i* e day re-e*oes 9 our e>s4 ,is !re a s+le economi/1 academician1 or c&idate = academical hon\rs1 :o has n support$ argum5ts1 prov+ t economic crises are due to ov]-production--t at a giv5 mom5t m cotton1 m clo?1 m wat*es are produc$ ?an are ne$$6 ,h we n1 all ( u1 ?und]$ aga9/ ! rapacity ( ! capitali/s :o are ob/9ately b5t on produc+ m ?an c possibly be consum$6 ,h[ev]1 on c>eful exam9ation all ^! reason+s prove uns\nd4 ,9 fact1 ,is !re "o s+le commodity among ^? 9 univ]sal use :i* is produc$ 9 great] quantity ?an ne$ be4 ,exam9e "o by "o all commodities s5t out by c\ntries export+ on a l>ge scale1 & y w see t ne>ly all are produc$ 9 insuffici5t quantities = ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntries export+ !m4 ,x is n a surplus ( :eat t ! ,russian peasant s5ds to ,europe4 ,! mo/ pl5tiful h>ve/s ( :eat & rye 9 ,european ,russia only yield en\gh = ! population4 ,& z a rule1 ! peasant deprives himself ( :at he actually ne$s :5 he sells 8 :eat or rye to pay r5t & taxes4 ,x is n a surplus ( coal t ,engl& s5ds to ! f\r corn]s ( ! globe1 because only ?ree-qu>t]s ( a ton1 p] head ( population1 annually1 rema9s = home dome/ic consumption1 & millions ( ,engli%m5 are depriv$ ( fire 9 ! w9t]1 or h only j en\gh to boil a few vegetables4 ,9 fact1 sett+ aside useless luxuries1 !re is 9 ,engl&1 :i* exports m ?an any o!r c\ntry1 "o s+le commodity 9 univ]sal use--cottons--^: production is suffici5tly great to p]haps exce$ ! ne$s ( ! community4 ,yet :5 we look ^u ! rags t pass = we>+ app>el worn by ov] a ?ird ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 we are l$ to ask ourselves :e!r ! cottons export$ w\ld n1 on ! :ole1 suit ! real ne$s ( ! population8 ,z a rule x is n a surplus t is export$1 ?\gh x may h be5 s orig9ally4 ,! fable ( ! b>efoot$ %oemak] is z true ( nations z x 0 =m]ly ( individual artisans4 ,we export ! necess>y commodities4 ,& we d s1 because ! workm5 _c buy ) _! wages :at !y h produc$1 & pay besides ! r5t & int]e/ to ! capitali/ & ! bank]4 ,n only does ! ev]-gr[+ ne$ ( com=t rema9 unsatisfi$1 b ! /rict necessities ( life are (t5 want+4 ,!re=e1 surplus production does n exi/1 at lea/ n 9 ! s5se giv5 to x by ! !ori/s ( ,political ,economy4 ,tak+ ano!r po9t--all economi/s tell u t !re is a well-prov$ law3 ,man produces m ?an he consumes4 ,aft] he has liv$ on ! proce$s ( 8 toil1 !re rema9s a surplus4 ,?us1 a family ( cultivators produces en\gh to fe$ sev]al families1 & s =?4 ,= u1 ?is (t-repeat$ s5t5ce has no s5se4 ,if x meant t ea* g5]ation leaves some?+ to future g5]ations1 x w\ld be true2 ?us1 = example1 a f>m] plants a tree t w live1 maybe1 = ?irty1 =ty1 or a hundr$ ye>s1 & ^: fruits w /ill be ga!r$ by ! f>m]'s gr&*ildr54 ,or he cle>s a few acres ( virg9 soil1 & we say t ! h]itage ( future g5]ations has be5 increas$ by t mu*4 ,roads1 bridges1 canals1 8 h\se & 8 furniture are s mu* weal? bequea!d to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,b ?is is n :at is meant4 ,we are told t ! cultivator produces m ?an he ne$ consume4 ,r %\ld !y say t1 ! ,/ate hav+ always tak5 f him a l>ge %>e ( 8 produce = taxes1 ! prie/ = ti!1 & ! l&lord = r5t1 a :ole class ( m5 has be5 creat$1 :o =m]ly consum$ :at !y produc$--save :at 0 set aside = un=ese5 accid5ts1 or exp5ses incurr$ 9 af=e/ation1 roads1 etc4--b :o to-day are compell$ to live v poorly1 f h& to m\?1 ! rema9d] hav+ be5 tak5 f !m by ! ,/ate1 ! l&lord1 ! prie/1 & ! usur]4 ,!re=e we pref] to say3 ,! agricultural lab\r]1 ! indu/rial work] & s on consume less ?an !y produce1--because !y are compell$ to sell mo/ ( ! produce ( _! lab\r & to be satisfi$ ) b a small portion ( x4 ,let u also obs]ve t if ! ne$s ( ! individual are tak5 z ! />t+-po9t ( our political economy1 we _c fail to rea* ,communism1 an organization :i* enables u to satisfy all ne$s 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh & economical way4 ,:ile if we />t f our pres5t me?od ( production1 & aim at ga9 & surplus value1 )\t ask+ :e!r our production corresponds to ! satisfaction ( ne$s1 we necess>ily arrive at ,capitalism1 or at mo/ at ,collectivism--bo? be+ b two diff]5t =ms ( ! pres5t wages' sy/em4 ,9 fact1 :5 we consid] ! ne$s ( ! individual & ( society1 & ! means :i* man has resort$ to 9 ord] to satisfy !m dur+ 8 v>i$ phases ( developm5t1 we see at once ! necessity ( sy/ematiz+ our ef=ts1 in/ead ( produc+ haphaz>d z we d n[adays4 ,x becomes evid5t t ! appropriation by a few ( all ri*es n consum$1 & transmitt$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 is n 9 ! g5]al int]e/4 ,& we see z a fact t ow+ to ^! me?ods ! ne$s ( ?ree-qu>t]s ( society are n satisfi$1 s t ! pres5t wa/e ( human /r5g? 9 useless ?+s is only ! m crim9al4 ,we discov]1 moreov]1 t ! mo/ advantage\s use ( all commodities w\ld be1 = ea* ( !m1 to g1 fir/1 = satisfy+ ^? ne$s :i* are ! mo/ press+3 t1 9 o!r words1 ! s-call$ value 9 use ( a commodity does n dep5d on a simple :im1 z has (t5 be5 affirm$1 b on ! satisfaction x br+s to real ne$s4 ,communism--t is to say1 an organization :i* w\ld correspond to a view ( ,consumption1 ,production1 & ,ex*ange1 tak5 z a :ole--!re=e becomes ! logical consequ5ce ( su* a compreh5sion ( ?+s--! only "o1 9 our op9ion1 t is really sci5tific4 ,a society t w satisfy ! ne$s ( all1 & :i* w "k h[ to organize production to answ] to ?is aim w also h to make a clean sweep ( sev]al prejudices conc]n+ indu/ry1 & fir/ ( all ! !ory (t5 prea*$ by economi/s--,! ,division ( ,lab\r !ory--:i* we are go+ to discuss 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,division ,,( ,,lab\r ,political ,economy has always conf9$ itself to /at+ facts occurr+ 9 society1 & ju/ify+ !m 9 ! int]e/ ( ! dom9ant class4 ,!re=e1 x pron\nces itself 9 fav\r ( ! division ( lab\r 9 indu/ry4 ,hav+ f\nd x pr(itable to capitali/s1 x has set x up z a pr9ciple4 ,look at ! village smi?1 said ,adam ,smi?1 ! fa!r ( mod]n ,political ,economy4 ,if he has nev] be5 accu/om$ to mak+ nails he w only succe$ by h>d toil 9 =g+ two or ?ree hundr$ a day1 & ev5 !n !y w be bad4 ,b if ?is same smi? has nev] made any?+ b nails1 he w easily supply z _m z two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ 9 ! c\rse ( a day4 ,& ,smi? ha/5$ to ! conclusion--,divide lab\r1 specialize1 g on specializ+2 let u h smi?s :o only "k h[ to make heads or po9ts ( nails1 & by ?is means we %all produce m4 ,we %all gr[ ri*4 ,t a smi? condemn$ = life to make ! heads ( nails w\ld lose all int]e/ 9 8 "w1 t he w\ld be entirely at ! m]cy ( 8 employ] ) 8 limit$ h&icraft1 t he w\ld be out ( "w f\r mon?s out ( twelve1 & t 8 wages w\ld fall v l[ d[n1 :5 x w\ld be easy to replace him by an appr5tice1 ,smi? did n ?9k ( all ?is :5 he exclaim$--,long live ! division ( lab\r4 ,?is is ! real gold-m9e t w enri* ! nation6 ,& all jo9$ him 9 ?is cry4 ,& lat] on1 :5 a ,sismondi or a ,j4 ,b4 ,say began to und]/& t ! division ( lab\r1 in/ead ( enri*+ ! :ole nation1 only enri*es ! ri*1 & t ! work]1 :o is doom$ = life to mak+ ! eighte5? "p ( a p91 gr[s /upid & s9ks into pov]ty--:at did (ficial economi/s propose8 ,no?+6 ,!y did n say to !mselves t by a lifelong gr9d at "o & ! same me*anical toil ! work] w\ld lose 8 intellig5ce & 8 _s ( inv5tion1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 a v>iety ( occupations w\ld result 9 consid]ably augm5t+ ! productivity ( a nation4 ,b ?is is ! v issue we h n[ to consid]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 le>n$ economi/s 7 ! only ones to prea* ! p]man5t & (t5 h]$it>y division ( lab\r1 we might all[ !m to prea* x z mu* z !y pleas$4 ,b ! ideas taught by doctors ( sci5ce filt] into m5's m9ds & p]v]t !m2 & f repeat$ly he>+ ! division ( lab\r1 pr(its1 int]e/1 cr$it1 etc41 spok5 ( z problems long s9ce solv$1 all middle-class p1 & work]s too1 end by argu+ l economi/s2 !y v5]ate ! same feti%es4 ,?us we see mo/ sociali/s1 ev5 ^? :o h n fe>$ to po9t out ! mi/akes ( economical sci5ce1 ju/ify+ ! division ( lab\r4 ,talk to !m ab\t ! organization ( "w dur+ ! ,revolution1 & !y answ] t ! division ( lab\r mu/ be ma9ta9$2 t if y %>p5$ p9s be=e ! ,revolution y mu/ g on %>p5+ !m aft]4 ,true1 y w n h to "w m ?an five h\rs a day1 b y w h to %>p5 p9s all y\r life1 :ile o!rs w make designs = ma*9es t w enable y to %>p5 hundr$s ( millions ( p9s dur+ y\r life-"t2 & o!rs aga9 w be speciali/s 9 ! high] bran*es ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & art1 etc4 ,y 7 born to %>p5 p9s :ile ,pa/eur 0 born to inv5t ! inoculation aga9/ an?rax1 & ! ,revolution w leave y bo? to y\r respective employm5ts4 ,well1 x is ?is horrible pr9ciple1 s noxi\s to society1 s brutaliz+ to ! individual1 s\rce ( s mu* h>m1 t we propose to discuss 9 its div]s manife/ations4 ,we "k ! consequ5ces ( ! division ( lab\r full well4 ,x is evid5t t1 fir/ ( all1 we are divid$ into two classes3 on ! "o h&1 produc]s1 :o consume v little & are exempt f ?9k+ because !y only d physical "w1 & :o "w badly because _! bra9s rema9 inactive2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! consum]s1 :o1 produc+ little or h>dly any?+1 h ! privilege ( ?9k+ = ! o!rs1 & :o ?9k badly because ! :ole _w ( ^? :o toil ) _! h&s is unkn[n to !m4 ,!n1 we h ! lab\r]s ( ! soil :o "k no?+ ( ma*9]y1 :ile ^? :o "w at ma*9]y ignore ev]y?+ ab\t agriculture4 ,! idea ( mod]n indu/ry is a *ild t5d+ a ma*9e t he _c & mu/ n und]/&1 & a =eman :o f9es him if 8 att5tion flags = a mom5t4 ,! ideal ( indu/rial agriculture is to d away ) ! agricultural lab\r] altoge!r & to set a man :o does odd jobs to t5d a /eam-pl\gh or a ?re%+-ma*9e4 ,! division ( lab\r means labell+ & /amp+ m5 = life--"s to splice ropes 9 factories1 "s to be =em5 9 a bus9ess1 o!rs to %ove huge coal-baskets 9 a p>ticul> "p ( a m9e2 b none ( !m to h any idea ( ma*9]y z a :ole1 nor ( bus9ess1 nor ( m9es4 ,& !reby !y de/roy ! love ( "w & ! capacity = inv5tion t1 at ! beg9n+ ( mod]n indu/ry1 creat$ ! ma*9]y on :i* we pride ourselves s mu*4 ,:at !y h done = individuals1 !y also want$ to d = nations4 ,humanity 0 to be divid$ into national work%ops1 hav+ ea* its speciality4 ,russia1 we 7 taught1 0 de/9$ by nature to gr[ corn2 ,engl& to sp9 cotton2 ,belgium to weave clo?2 :ile ,switz]l& 0 to tra9 nurses & gov]nesses4 ,moreov]1 ea* sep>ate city 0 to e/abli% a specialty4 ,lyons 0 to weave silk1 ,auv]gne to make lace1 & ,p>is fancy articles4 ,9 ?is way1 economi/s said1 an imm5se field 0 op5$ = production & consumption1 & 9 ?is way an era ( limitless weal? = mank9d 0 at h&4 ,h[ev]1 ^! great hopes vani%$ z fa/ z te*nical k spread abroad4 ,z long z ,engl& /ood alone z a weav] ( cotton & z a metal-work] on a l>ge scale2 z long z only ,p>is made arti/ic fancy articles1 etc41 all w5t well1 economi/s c\ld prea* ! s-call$ division ( lab\r )\t be+ refut$4 ,b a new curr5t ( ?\ght induc$ bye & bye all civiliz$ nations to manufacture = !mselves4 ,!y f\nd x advantage\s to produce :at !y =m]ly receiv$ f o!r c\ntries1 or f _! colonies1 :i* 9 _! turn aim$ at emancipat+ !mselves f ! "m-c\ntry4 ,sci5tific discov]ies univ]saliz$ ! me?ods ( production1 & h5ce=? x 0 useless to pay an exorbitant price abroad = :at c\ld easily be produc$ at home4 ,& n[ we see already t ?is indu/rial revolution /rikes a cru%+ bl[ at ! !ory ( ! division ( lab\r :i* = a long "t 0 suppos$ to be s s\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,dec5tralization ,,( ,,indu/ry#aj ,i ,aft] ! ,napoleonic w>s ,brita9 _h ne>ly succe$$ 9 ru9+ ! ma9 indu/ries :i* _h sprung up 9 ,france at ! end ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,%e also became mi/ress ( ! seas & _h no rivals ( importance4 ,%e took 9 ! situation1 & knew h[ to turn its privileges & advantages to acc\nt4 ,%e e/abli%$ an indu/rial monopoly1 &1 impos+ ^u h] neighb\rs h] prices = ! goods %e alone c\ld manufacture1 accumulat$ ri*es ^u ri*es4 ,b z ! middle-class ,revolution ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h aboli%$ s]fdom & creat$ a prolet>iat 9 ,france1 ,fr5* indu/ry1 hamp]$ = a "t 9 its flight1 so>$ aga91 & f ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,france ceas$ to be a tribut>y ( ,engl& = manufactur$ goods4 ,to-day %e too has gr[n into a nation ) an export trade4 ,%e sells f> m ?an sixty million p\nds' wor? ( manufactur$ goods1 & two-?irds ( ^! goods are fabrics4 ,! numb] ( ,fr5*m5 work+ = export or liv+ by _! =eign trade1 is e/imat$ at ?ree millions4 ,france is !re=e no long] ,engl&'s tribut>y4 ,9 h] turn %e has /riv5 to monopolize c]ta9 bran*es ( =eign indu/ry1 su* z silks & ready-made clo!s1 & has reap$ imm5se pr(its !refrom2 b %e is on ! po9t ( los+ ?is monopoly = ev]1 j z ,engl& is on ! po9t ( los+ ! monopoly ( cotton goods4 ,travell+ ea/w>ds1 indu/ry has rea*$ ,g]many4 ,fifty ye>s ago ,g]many 0 a tribut>y ( ,engl& & ,france = mo/ manufactur$ commodities 9 ! high] bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,x is no long] s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ fifty ye>s1 & especially s9ce ! ,franco-,g]man w>1 ,g]many has completely reorganiz$ h] indu/ry4 ,! new factories are /ock$ ) ! be/ ma*9]y2 ! late/ creations ( indu/rial art 9 cotton goods f ,man*e/]1 or 9 silks f ,lyons1 etc41 are n[ realiz$ 9 new ,g]man factories4 ,x took two or ?ree g5]ations ( work]s1 at ,lyons & ,man*e/]1 to con/ruct ! mod]n ma*9]y2 b ,g]many adopt$ x 9 its p]fect$ /ate4 ,te*nical s*ools1 adapt$ to ! ne$s ( indu/ry1 supply ! factories ) an army ( intellig5t workm5--practical eng9e]s1 :o c "w ) bo? h& & bra94 ,g]man indu/ry />ts at ! po9t :i* 0 only rea*$ by ,man*e/] & ,lyons aft] fifty ye>s ( grop+ 9 ! d>k1 ( ex]tion & exp]im5ts4 ,x foll[s t s9ce ,g]many manufactures s well at home1 %e dim9i%es h] imports f ,france & ,engl& ye> by ye>4 ,%e has n only become _! rival 9 manufactur$ goods 9 ,asia & 9 ,africa1 b also 9 ,london & 9 ,p>is4 ,%ortsight$ p 9 ,france may cry out aga9/ ! ,frank=t ,treaty2 ,engli% manufactur]s may expla9 ,g]man competition by little diff]5ces 9 railway t>iffs2 !y may l+] on ! petty side ( que/ions1 & neglect great hi/orical facts4 ,b x is none ! less c]ta9 t ! ma9 indu/ries1 =m]ly 9 ! h&s ( ,engl& & ,france1 h progress$ ea/w>d1 & 9 ,g]many !y h f\nd a c\ntry1 "y1 full ( en]gy1 possess+ an intellig5t middle class1 & eag] 9 its turn to enri* itself by =eign trade4 ,:ile ,g]many has fre$ h]self f subjection to ,france & ,engl&1 has manufactur$ h] own cotton-clo?1 & con/ruct$ h] own ma*9es--9 fact1 manufactur$ all commodities--! ma9 indu/ries h also tak5 root 9 ,russia1 :]e ! developm5t ( manufacture is ! m in/ructive z x sprang up b ye/]day4 ,at ! "t ( ! abolition ( s]fdom 9 #ahfa1 ,russia _h h>dly any factories4 ,ev]y?+ ne$$ 9 ! way ( ma*9es1 rails1 railway-eng9es1 f9e dress mat]ials1 came f ! ,we/4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] %e possess$ already #he1jjj factories1 & ! value ( ! goods manufactur$ 9 ,russia _h increas$ f\rfold4 ,! old ma*9]y 0 sup]s$$1 & n[ ne>ly all ! /eel 9 use 9 ,russia1 ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! iron1 two-?irds ( ! coal1 all railway-eng9es1 railway-c>riages1 rails1 ne>ly all /eam]s1 are made 9 ,russia4 ,russia1 de/9$--s wrote economi/s--to rema9 an agricultural t]ritory1 has rapidly develop$ into a manufactur+ c\ntry4 ,%e ord]s h>dly any?+ f ,engl&1 & v little f ,g]many4 ,economi/s hold ! cu/oms responsible = ^! facts1 & yet cottons manufactur$ 9 ,russia are sold at ! same price z 9 ,london4 ,capital tak+ no cognizance ( fa!r-l&s1 ,g]man & ,engli% capitali/s1 accompani$ by eng9e]s & =em5 ( _! own nationalities1 h introduc$ 9 ,russia & 9 ,pol& manufactories ^: goods compete 9 excell5ce ) ! be/ f ,engl&4 ,if cu/oms 7 aboli%$ to-morr[1 manufacture w\ld only ga9 by x4 ,n long ago ! ,briti% manufactur]s deliv]$ ano!r h>d bl[ to ! import ( clo? & wool5s f ! ,we/4 ,!y set up 9 s\!rn & middle ,russia imm5se wool factories1 /ock$ ) ! mo/ p]fect ma*9]y f ,brad=d1 & already n[ ,russia imports only ! highe/ sorts ( clo? & wool5 fabrics f ,engl&1 ,france & ,au/ria4 ,! rema9d] is fabricat$ at home1 bo? 9 factories & z dome/ic indu/ries4 ,! ma9 indu/ries n only move ea/w>d1 !y are spread+ also to ! s\!rn p59sulas4 ,! ,tur9 ,exhibition ( #ahhd already demon/rat$ ! progress made 9 ,italian manufactur$ produce2 &1 let u n make any mi/ake ab\t x1 ! mutual hatr$ ( ! ,fr5* & ,italian middle classes has no o!r orig9 ?an _! indu/rial rivalry4 ,spa9 is also becom+ an indu/rial c\ntry2 :ile 9 ! ,ea/1 ,bohemia has sudd5ly sprung into importance z a new c5tre ( manufactures1 provid$ ) p]fect$ ma*9]y & apply+ ! be/ sci5tific me?ods4 ,we might also m5tion ,hung>y's rapid progress 9 ! ma9 indu/ries1 b let u r take ,brazil z an example4 ,economi/s s5t5c$ ,brazil to cultivate cotton =ev]1 to export x 9 its raw /ate1 & to receive cotton-clo? f ,europe 9 ex*ange4 ,9 fact1 =ty ye>s ago ,brazil _h only n9e wret*$ little cotton factories ) #che sp9dles4 ,to-day !re are #afj cotton-mills1 possess+ #a1ejj1jjj sp9dles & #ej1jjj looms1 :i* ?r[ #ejj million y>ds ( textiles on ! m>ket annually4 ,ev5 ,mexico is n[ v successful 9 manufactur+ cotton-clo?1 in/ead ( import+ x f ,europe4 ,z to ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y h q fre$ !mselves f ,european tutelage1 & h triumphantly develop$ _! manufactur+ p[]s to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,b x 0 ,india :i* gave ! mo/ /rik+ pro( aga9/ ! specialization ( national indu/ry4 ,we all "k ! !ory3 ! great ,european nations ne$ colonies1 = colonies s5d raw mat]ial--cotton fibre1 unwa%$ wool1 spices1 etc41 to ! "m-l&4 ,& ! "m-l&1 "u pret5se ( s5d+ !m manufactur$ w>es1 gets rid ( h] damag$ /uffs1 h] ma*9e scrap-iron & ev]y?+ :i* %e no long] has any use =4 ,x co/s h] little or no?+1 & none ! less ! articles are sold at exorbitant prices4 ,su* 0 ! !ory--su* 0 ! practice = a long "t4 ,9 ,london & ,man*e/] =tunes 7 made1 :ile ,india 0 be+ ru9$4 ,9 ! ,india ,museum 9 ,london unhe>d ( ri*es1 collect$ 9 ,calcutta & ,bombay by ,engli% m]*ants1 are to be se54 ,b o!r ,engli% m]*ants & capitali/s conceiv$ ! v simple idea t x w\ld be m exp$i5t to exploit ! natives ( ,india by mak+ cotton-clo? 9 ,india itself1 ?an to import f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r million p\nds' wor? ( goods annually4 ,at fir/ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts end$ 9 failure4 ,indian weav]s--arti/s & exp]ts 9 _! own craft--c\ld n inure !mselves to factory life2 ! ma*9]y s5t f ,liv]pool 0 bad2 ! climate _h to be tak5 into acc\nt2 & m]*ants _h to adapt !mselves to new conditions1 n[ fully ma/]$1 be=e ,briti% ,india c\ld become ! m5ac+ rival ( ! ,"m-l& %e is to-day4 ,%e n[ possesses m ?an #bjj cotton-mills :i* employ ab\t #bcj1jjj workm51 & conta9 m ?an #f1jjj1jjj sp9dles & #hj1jjj looms1 & #dj jute-mills1 ) #djj1jjj sp9dles4 ,%e exports annually to ,*9a1 to ! ,dut* ,indies1 & to ,africa1 ne>ly eight million p\nds' wor? ( ! same :ite cotton-clo?1 said to be ,engl&'s specialty4 ,& :ile ,engli% workm5 are (t5 unemploy$ & 9 great want1 ,indian wom5 weave cotton by ma*9]y1 = ! ,f> ,ea/ at wages ( six-p5ce a day4 ,9 %ort1 ! intellig5t manufactur]s are fully aw>e t ! day is n f> (f :5 !y w n "k :at to d ) ! factory h&s :o =m]ly wove cotton-clo? = export f ,engl&4 ,besides :i* x is becom+ m & m evid5t t ,india w no import a s+le ton ( iron f ,engl&4 ,! initial difficulties 9 us+ ! coal & ! iron-ore obta9$ 9 ,india h be5 ov]come2 & f\ndries1 rivall+ ^? 9 ,engl&1 h be5 built on ! %ores ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,colonies compet+ ) ! "m-l& 9 its production ( manufactur$ goods1 su* is ! factor :i* w regulate economy 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,& :y %\ld ,india n manufacture8 ,:at %\ld be ! h9drance8 ,capital8--,b capital goes :]ev] !re are m51 poor en\gh to be exploit$4 ,k8 ,b k recognizes no national b>ri]s4 ,te*nical skill ( ! work]8--,no4 ,are1 !n1 ,h9doo workm5 inf]ior to ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( boys & girls1 n eighte5 ye>s old1 at pres5t work+ 9 ! ,engli% textile factories8 ,,ii ,aft] hav+ glanc$ at national indu/ries x w\ld be v int]e/+ to turn to "s special bran*es4 ,let u take silk1 = example1 an em95tly ,fr5* produce 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we all "k h[ ,lyons became ! emporium ( ! silk trade4 ,at fir/ raw silk 0 ga!r$ 9 s\!rn ,france1 till little by little !y ord]$ x f ,italy1 f ,spa91 f ,au/ria1 f ! ,caucasus1 & f ,japan1 = ! manufacture ( _! silk fabrics4 ,9 #ahge1 out ( five million kilos ( raw silk conv]t$ into /uffs 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lyons1 !re 7 only f\r hundr$ ?\s& kilos ( ,fr5* silk4 ,b if ,lyons manufactur$ import$ silk1 :y %\ld n ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 d z mu*8 ,consequ5tly1 silk-weav+ began to develop 9 ! villages r\nd ,zuri*4 ,ble became a great c5tre ( ! silk trade4 ,! ,caucasian ,adm9i/ration engag$ wom5 f ,m>seilles & workm5 f ,lyons to tea* ,georgians ! p]fect$ re>+ ( silk-worms1 & ! art ( conv]t+ silk into fabrics to ! ,caucasian peasants4 ,au/ria foll[$4 ,!n ,g]many1 ) ! help ( ,lyons workm51 built great silk factories4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates did likewise at ,pat]son4 ,& to-day ! silk trade is no long] a ,fr5* monopoly4 ,silks are made 9 ,g]many1 9 ,au/ria1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ,engl&1 & x is n[ reckon$ t "o-?ird ( ! silk /uffs us$ 9 ,france are import$4 ,9 w9t]1 ,caucasian peasants weave silk h&k]*iefs at a wage t w\ld mean />vation to ! silk-weav]s ( ,lyons4 ,italy & ,g]many s5d silks to ,france2 & ,lyons1 :i* 9 #ahgj-d export$ #dfj million francs' wor? ( silk fabrics1 exports n[ only "o-half ( t am\nt4 ,9 fact1 ! "t is n f> (f :5 ,lyons w only s5d high] class goods & a few novelties z patt]ns to ,g]many1 ,russia & ,japan4 ,& s x is 9 all indu/ries4 ,belgium has no long] ! clo? monopoly2 clo? is made 9 ,g]many1 9 ,russia1 9 ,au/ria1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,switz]l& & ! ,fr5* ,jura h no long] a clockwork monopoly2 wat*es are made ev]y:]e4 ,scotl& no long] ref9es sug> = ,russia3 ref9$ ,russian sug> is import$ into ,engl&4 ,italy1 al?\gh nei!r possess+ coal nor iron1 makes h] own iron-clads & eng9es = h] /eam]s4 ,*emical indu/ry is no long] an ,engli% monopoly2 sulphuric acid & soda are made ev5 9 ! ,urals4 ,/eam-eng9es1 made at ,w9t]?ur1 h acquir$ ev]y:]e a wide reputation1 & at ! pres5t mom5t1 ,switz]l&1 :i* has nei!r coal nor iron1 & no sea-ports to import !m--no?+ b excell5t te*nical s*ools--makes ma*9]y bett] & *eap] ?an ,engl&4 ,s ends ! !ory ( ,ex*ange4 ,! t5d5cy ( trade1 z = all else1 is t[>d dec5tralization4 ,e nation f9ds x advantage\s to comb9e agriculture ) ! greate/ possible v>iety ( factories4 ,! specialization1 ( :i* economi/s spoke s highly1 c]ta9ly has enri*$ a numb] ( capitali/s1 b is n[ no long] ( any use4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is to ! advantage ( e region1 e nation1 to gr[ _! own :eat1 _! own vegetables1 & to manufacture at home mo/ ( ! produce !y consume4 ,?is div]sity is ! sure/ pl$ge ( ! complete developm5t ( production by mutual co-op]ation1 & ! mov+ cause ( progress1 :ile specialization is n[ a h9drance to progress4 ,agriculture c only prosp] 9 proximity to factories4 ,& no soon] does a s+le factory appe> ?an an inf9ite v>iety ( o!r factories mu/ spr+ up ar\nd1 s t1 mutually support+ & /imulat+ "o ano!r by _! inv5tions1 !y increase _! productivity4 ,,iii ,x is fooli% inde$ to export :eat & to import fl\r1 to export wool & import clo?1 to export iron & import ma*9]y2 n only because transportation is a wa/e ( "t & money1 b1 above all1 because a c\ntry ) no develop$ indu/ry inevitably rema9s beh9d ! times 9 agriculture2 because a c\ntry ) no l>ge factories to br+ /eel to a f9i%$ condition is doom$ to be backw>d 9 all o!r indu/ries2 & la/ly1 because ! indu/rial & te*nical capacities ( ! nation rema9 undevelop$1 if !y are n ex]cis$ 9 a v>iety ( indu/ries4 ,n[adays ev]y?+ holds toge!r 9 ! _w ( production4 ,cultivation ( ! soil is no long] possible )\t ma*9]y1 )\t great irrigation works1 )\t railways1 )\t manure factories4 ,& to adapt ?is ma*9]y1 ^! railways1 ^! irrigation eng9es1 etc41 to local conditions1 a c]ta9 _s ( inv5tion1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( te*nical skill mu/ be develop$1 :ile !y necess>ily lie dormant s long z spades & pl\gh%>es are ! only implem5ts ( cultivation4 ,if fields are to be prop]ly cultivat$1 if !y are to yield ! abundant h>ve/s t man has ! "r to expect1 x is ess5tial t work%ops1 f\ndries1 & factories develop )9 ! rea* ( ! fields4 ,a v>iety ( occupations1 & a v>iety ( skill aris+ !refrom1 bo? work+ toge!r = a common aim--^! are ! true =ces ( progress4 ,& n[ let u imag9e ! inhabitants ( a city or a t]ritory--:e!r va/ or small--/epp+ = ! fir/ "t on to ! pa? ( ! ,social ,revolution4 ,we are sometimes told t no?+ w h *ang$3 t ! m9es1 ! factories1 etc41 w be expropriat$1 & proclaim$ national or communal prop]ty1 t e man w g back to 8 usual "w1 & t ! ,revolution w !n be accompli%$4 ,b ?is is a m]e dream3 ! ,social ,revolution _c take place s simply4 ,we h already m5tion$ t %\ld ! ,revolution break out to-morr[ 9 ,p>is1 ,lyons1 or any o!r city--%\ld ! work]s lay h&s on factories1 h\ses1 & banks1 pres5t production w\ld be completely revolutioniz$ by ?is simple fact4 ,int]national comm]ce w come to a /&/ill2 s also w ! importation ( =eign bread-/uffs2 ! circulation ( commodities & ( provisions w be p>alyz$4 ,& !n1 ! city or t]ritory 9 revolt w be compell$ to provide = itself1 & to reorganize its production1 s z to satisfy its own ne$s4 ,if x fails to d s1 x is dea?4 ,if x succe$s1 x w revolutionize ! economic life ( ! c\ntry4 ,! quantity ( import$ provisions hav+ decreas$1 consumption hav+ increas$1 "o million ,p>isians work+ = exportation purposes hav+ be5 ?r[n out ( "w1 a great numb] ( ?+s import$ to-day f di/ant or neighb\r+ c\ntries n rea*+ _! de/9ation1 fancy-trade be+ tempor>ily at a /&/ill1--,:at w ! inhabitants h to eat six mon?s aft] ! ,revolution8 ,we ?9k t :5 ! /ores conta9+ food-/uffs are empty1 ! masses w seek to obta9 _! food f ! l&4 ,!y w see ! necessity ( cultivat+ ! soil1 ( comb9+ agricultural production ) indu/rial production 9 ! suburbs ( ,p>is itself & its environs4 ,!y w h to ab&on ! m]ely ornam5tal trades & consid] _! mo/ urg5t ne$--bread4 ,a great numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ! cities w h to become agriculturi/s4 ,n 9 ! same mann] z ! pres5t peasants :o we> !mselves out1 pl\gh+ = a wage t b>ely provides !m ) suffici5t food = ! ye>1 b by foll[+ ! pr9ciples ( ! int5sive agriculture1 ( ! m>ket g>d5]s1 appli$ on a l>ge scale by means ( ! be/ ma*9]y t man has inv5t$ or c inv5t4 ,!y w till ! l&--n1 h[ev]1 l ! c\ntry bea/ ( burd53 a ,p>is jewell] w\ld object to t4 ,!y w organize cultivation on bett] pr9ciples2 & n 9 ! future1 b at once1 dur+ ! revolution>y /ruggles1 f fe> ( be+ wor/$ by ! enemy4 ,agriculture w h to be c>ri$ out on intellig5t l9es1 by m5 & wom5 avail+ !mselves ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t "t1 organiz+ !mselves 9 joy\s gangs = pleasant "w1 l ^? :o1 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 work$ 9 ! ,*amp de ,m>s = ! ,fea/ ( ! ,f$]ation--a "w ( delight1 :5 n c>ri$ to excess1 :5 sci5tifically organiz$1 :5 man inv5ts & improves 8 tools & is consci\s ( be+ a useful memb] ( ! community4 ,( c\rse1 !y w n only cultivate :eat & oats--!y w also produce ^? ?+s :i* !y =m]ly us$ to ord] f =eign p>ts4 ,& let u n =get t = ! inhabitants ( a revolt$ t]ritory1 =eign p>ts may include all di/ricts t h n jo9$ 9 ! revolution>y movem5t4 ,dur+ ! ,revolutions ( #agic & #ahga ,p>is 0 made to feel t =eign p>ts meant ev5 ! c\ntry di/rict at h] v gates4 ,! speculator 9 gra9s at ,troyes />v$ 9 #agic & #agid ! sansculottes ( ,p>is z badly1 & ev5 worse1 ?an ! ,g]man armies br\ght on to ,fr5* soil by ! ,v]sailles conspirators4 ,! revolt$ city w be compell$ to d )\t ^! =eign]s1 & :y n8 ,france inv5t$ beet-root sug> :5 sug>-cane ran %ort dur+ ! cont95tal blockade4 ,p>isians discov]$ saltpetre 9 _! cell>s :5 !y no long] receiv$ any f abroad4 ,%all we be inf]ior to our gr&fa!rs1 :o h>dly lisp$ ! fir/ words ( sci5ce8 ,a revolution is m ?an a m]e *ange ( ! prevail+ political sy/em4 ,x implies ! awak5+ ( human intellig5ce1 ! increas+ ( ! inv5tive _s t5fold1 a hundr$fold2 x is ! dawn ( a new sci5ce--! sci5ce ( m5 l ,laplace1 ,lam>ck1 ,lavoisi]4 ,x is a revolution 9 ! m9ds ( m51 z deep1 & deep] /ill1 ?an 9 _! in/itutions4 ,& !re are /ill economi/s1 :o tell u t once ! revolution is made1 ev]yone w return to 8 work%op1 z if pass+ ?r\gh a revolution 7 go+ home aft] a walk 9 ! ,epp+ =e/6 ,to beg9 )1 ! sole fact ( hav+ laid h&s on middle-class prop]ty w imply ! necessity ( completely reorganiz+ ! :ole ( economic life 9 ! work%ops1 ! docky>ds1 ! factories4 ,& ! revolution surely w n fail to act 9 ?is direction4 ,%\ld ,p>is1 dur+ ! social revolution1 be cut (f f ! _w = a ye> or two by ! support]s ( middle-class rule1 its millions ( intellects1 n yet depress$ by factory life--t ,city ( little trades :i* /imulate ! _s ( inv5tion--w %[ ! _w :at man's bra9 c accompli% )\t ask+ = help f )\t1 b ! motor =ce ( ! sun t gives light1 ! p[] ( ! w9d t sweeps away impurities1 & ! sil5t life-=ces at "w 9 ! e>? we tread on4 ,we %all see !n :at a v>iety ( trades1 mutually coop]at+ on a spot ( ! globe & animat$ by a revolution1 c d to fe$1 clo!1 h\se1 & supply ) all mann] ( luxuries millions ( intellig5t m54 ,we ne$ write no fiction to prove ?is4 ,:at we are sure (1 :at has already be5 exp]im5t$ ^u1 & recogniz$ z practical1 w\ld suffice to c>ry x into effect1 if ! attempt 7 f]tiliz$1 vivifi$ by ! d>+ inspiration ( ! ,revolution & ! spontane\s impulse ( ! masses4 ,,footnote3 #aj ,a full] developm5t ( ^! ideas w be f\nd 9 my book1 ,fields1 ,factories1 & ,work%ops1 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,?omas ,nelson & ,sons 9 _! popul> s]ies 9 #aiab4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,agriculture ,i ,political ,economy has (t5 be5 reproa*$ ) draw+ all its d$uctions f ! decid$ly false pr9ciple1 t ! only inc5tive capable ( =c+ a man to augm5t 8 p[] ( production is p]sonal int]e/ 9 its n>r[e/ s5se4 ,! reproa* is p]fectly true2 s true t epo*s ( great indu/rial discov]ies & true progress 9 indu/ry are precisely ^? 9 :i* ! happ9ess ( all 0 inspir+ m51 & 9 :i* p]sonal enri*m5t 0 lea/ ?\ght (4 ,! great inve/igators 9 sci5ce & ! great inv5tors aim$1 above all1 at giv+ great] fre$om ( mank9d4 ,& if ,watt1 ,/eph5son1 ,jacqu>d1 etc41 c\ld h only =ese5 :at a /ate ( mis]y _! sleepless nights w\ld br+ to ! work]s1 !y c]ta9ly w\ld h burn$ _! designs & brok5 _! models4 ,ano!r pr9ciple t p]vades ,political ,economy is j z false4 ,x is ! tacit admission1 common to all economi/s1 t if !re is (t5 ov]-production 9 c]ta9 bran*es1 a society w nev]!less nev] h suffici5t products to satisfy ! wants ( all1 & t consequ5tly ! day w nev] come :5 nobody w be =c$ to sell 8 lab\r 9 ex*ange = wages4 ,?is tacit admission is f\nd at ! basis ( all !ories & all ! s-call$ laws taught by economi/s4 ,& yet x is c]ta9 t ! day :5 any civiliz$ association ( individuals w\ld ask itself1 :at are ! ne$s ( all1 & ! means ( satisfy+ !m1 x w\ld see t1 9 indu/ry1 z 9 agriculture1 x already possesses suffici5t to provide abundantly = all ne$s1 on condition t x kn[s h[ to apply ^! means to satisfy real ne$s4 ,t ?is is true z reg>ds indu/ry no "o c conte/4 ,inde$1 x suffices to /udy ! processes already 9 use to extract coals & ore1 to obta9 /eel & "w x1 to manufacture on a great scale :at is us$ = clo?+1 etc41 9 ord] to p]ceive t we c\ld already increase our production f\rfold or m1 & yet use = t less "w ?an we are us+ n[4 ,we g fur!r4 ,we ass]t t agriculture is 9 ! same position3 ^? :o cultivate ! soil1 l ! manufactur]s1 already c\ld increase _! production1 n only f\rfold b t5fold1 & !y c put x into practice z soon z !y feel ! ne$ ( x1--z soon z a sociali/ organization ( "w w be e/abli%$ in/ead ( ! pres5t capitali/ic "o4 ,ea* "t agriculture is spok5 (1 m5 imag9e a peasant b5d+ ov] ! pl\gh1 ?r[+ badly assort$ corn haphaz>d into ! gr\nd & wait+ anxi\sly = :at ! good or bad season w br+ =?2 !y ?9k ( a family work+ f morn to night & reap+ z rew>d a rude b$1 dry bread1 & co>se bev]age4 ,9 a ^w1 !y picture ! savages ( ,la ,bruyre4 ,& = ^! m51 gr\nd d[n to su* a mis]y1 ! utmo/ relief t society proposes1 is to r$uce _! taxes or _! r5t4 ,b ev5 mo/ social re=m]s d n c>e to imag9e a cultivator /&+ erect1 tak+ leisure1 & produc+ by a few h\rs' "w p] day suffici5t food to n\ri%1 n only 8 own family1 b a hundr$ m5 m at ! lea/4 ,9 _! mo/ gl[+ dreams ( ! future ,sociali/s d n g beyond ,am]ican ext5sive culture1 :i*1 aft] all1 is b ! infancy ( agricultural art4 ,b ! ?9k+ agriculturi/ has broad] ideas to-day--8 conceptions are on a f> gr&] scale4 ,he only asks = a fraction ( an acre 9 ord] to produce suffici5t vegetables = a family2 & to fe$ tw5ty-five horn$ bea/s he ne$s no m space ?an he =m]ly requir$ to fe$ "o2 8 aim is to make 8 own soil1 to defy seasons & climate1 to w>m bo? air & e>? ar\nd ! "y plant2 to produce1 9 a ^w1 on "o acre :at he us$ to ga!r f fifty acres1 & t )\t any excessive fatigue--by greatly r$uc+1 on ! contr>y1 ! total ( =m] lab\r4 ,he kn[s t we w be able to fe$ ev]ybody by giv+ to ! culture ( ! fields no m "t ?an :at ea* c give ) pleasure & joy4 ,?is is ! pres5t t5d5cy ( agriculture4 ,:ile sci5tific m51 l$ by ,liebig1 ! creator ( ! *emical !ory ( agriculture1 (t5 got on ! wrong tack 9 _! love ( m]e !ories1 unlett]$ agriculturi/s op5$ up new roads to prosp]ity4 ,m>ket-g>d5]s ( ,p>is1 ,troyes1 ,r\51 ,scot* & ,engli% g>d5]s1 ,flemi% & ,lomb>dian f>m]s1 peasants ( ,j]sey1 ,gu]nsey1 & f>m]s on ! ,scilly ,isles h op5$ up su* l>ge horizons t ! m9d hesitates to grasp !m4 ,:ile up till lately a family ( peasants ne$$ at lea/ sev5te5 to tw5ty acres to live on ! produce ( ! soil--& we "k h[ peasants live--we c n[ no long] say :at is ! m9imum area on :i* all t is necess>y to a family c be gr[n1 ev5 includ+ articles ( luxury1 if ! soil is work$ by means ( int5sive culture4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago x c\ld already be ass]t$ t a population ( ?irty million individuals c\ld live v well1 )\t import+ any?+1 on :at c\ld be gr[n 9 ,great ,brita94 ,b n[1 :5 we see ! progress rec5tly made 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,engl&1 & :5 we contemplate ! new horizons :i* op5 be=e u1 we c say t 9 cultivat+ ! e>? z x is already cultivat$ 9 _m places1 ev5 on poor soils1 fifty or sixty million inhabitants to ! t]ritory ( ,great ,brita9 w\ld /ill be a v feeble proportion to :at man c\ld extract f ! soil4 ,9 any case 7z we are ab\t to demon/rate7 we may consid] x z absolutely prov$ t if to-morr[ ,p>is & ! two dep>tm5ts ( ,se9e & ( ,se9e-et-,oise organiz$ !mselves z an ,an>*i/ commune1 9 :i* all work$ ) _! h&s1 & if ! entire univ]se refus$ to s5d !m a s+le bu%el ( :eat1 a s+le head ( cattle1 a s+le basket ( fruit1 & left !m only ! t]ritory ( ! two dep>tm5ts1 !y c\ld n only produce all ! corn1 meat1 & vegetables necess>y = !mselves1 b also vegetables & fruit :i* are n[ articles ( luxury1 9 suffici5t quantities = all4 ,&1 9 addition1 we affirm t ! sum total ( ?is lab\r w\ld be f> less ?an t exp5d$ at pres5t to fe$ ^! p ) corn h>ve/$ 9 ,auv]gne & ,russia1 ) vegetables produc$ a little ev]y:]e by ext5sive agriculture1 & ) fruit gr[n 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is self-evid5t t we 9 n[ise desire all ex*ange to be suppress$1 nor t ea* region %\ld /rive to produce t :i* w only gr[ 9 its climate by a m or less artificial culture4 ,b we c>e to draw att5tion to ! fact t ! !ory ( ex*ange1 su* z is und]/ood to-day1 is /rangely exagg]at$--t ex*ange is (t5 useless & ev5 h>mful4 ,we ass]t1 moreov]1 t p h nev] _h a "r conception ( ! imm5se lab\r ( ,s\!rn w9e gr[]s1 nor t ( ,russian & ,hung>ian corn gr[]s1 ^: excessive lab\r c\ld also be v mu* r$uc$ if !y adopt$ int5sive culture1 in/ead ( _! pres5t sy/em ( ext5sive agriculture4 ,,ii ,x w\ld be impossible to quote "h ! mass ( facts on :i* we base our ass]tions4 ,we are !re=e oblig$ to ref] our read]s :o want fur!r in=mation to ano!r book1 ,fields1 ,factories1 & ,work%ops4#aa ,above all we e>ne/ly invite ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! "q to read sev]al excell5t works publi%$ 9 ,france & else:]e1 & ( :i* we give a li/ at ! close ( ?is book#ab4 ,z to ! inhabitants ( l>ge t[ns1 :o h z yet no real notion ( :at agriculture c be1 we advise !m to explore ! surr\nd+ m>ket-g>d5s4 ,!y ne$ b obs]ve & "q ! m>ket-g>d5]s1 & a new _w w be op5 to !m4 ,!y w !n be able to see :at ,european agriculture may be 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury2 & !y w und]/& ) :at =ce ! social revolution w be arm$ :5 we "k ! secret ( tak+ ev]y?+ we ne$ f ! soil4 ,a few facts w suffice to %[ t our ass]tions are 9 no way exagg]at$4 ,we only wi% !m to be prec$$ by a few g5]al rem>ks4 ,we "k 9 :at a wret*$ condition ,european agriculture is4 ,if ! cultivator ( ! soil is n plund]$ by ! l&[n]1 he is robb$ by ! ,/ate4 ,if ! ,/ate taxes him mod]ately1 ! money-l5d] enslaves him by means ( promissory notes1 & soon turns him into ! simple t5ant ( soil belong+ 9 reality to a f9ancial company4 ,! l&lord1 ! ,/ate1 & ! bank] ?us plund]s ! cultivator by means ( r5t1 taxes1 & int]e/4 ,! sum v>ies 9 ea* c\ntry1 b x nev] falls bel[ ! qu>t]1 v (t5 ! half ( ! raw produce4 ,9 ,france & 9 ,italy agriculturi/s paid ! ,/ate q rec5tly z mu* z #dd p] c5t4 ( ! gross produce4 ,moreov]1 ! %>e ( ! own] & ( ,/ate always goes on increas+4 ,z soon z ! cultivator has obta9$ m pl5tiful crops by prodigies ( lab\r1 inv5tion1 or initiative1 ! tribute he w owe to ! l&[n]1 ! ,/ate1 & ! bank] w augm5t 9 proportion4 ,if he d\bles ! numb] ( bu%els reap$ p] acre1 r5t w be d\bl$1 & taxes too1 & ! ,/ate w take c>e to raise !m /ill m if ! prices g up4 ,& s on4 ,9 %ort1 ev]y:]e ! cultivator ( ! soil works twelve to sixte5 h\rs a day2 ^! ?ree vultures take f him ev]y?+ he might lay by2 !y rob him ev]y:]e ( :at w\ld enable him to improve 8 culture4 ,?is is :y agriculture progresses s sl[ly4 ,! cultivator c only occasionally make "s progress1 9 "s exceptional regions1 "u q exceptional circum/ances1 foll[+ ^u a qu>rel betwe5 ! ?ree vampires4 ,& yet we h said no?+ ab\t ! tribute e cultivator pays to ! manufactur]4 ,e ma*9e1 e spade1 e b>rel ( *emical manure1 is sold to him at ?ree or f\r times its real co/4 ,nor let u =get ! middleman1 :o levies ! lion's %>e ( ! e>?'s produce4 ,?is is :y1 dur+ all ?is c5tury ( inv5tion & progress1 agriculture has only improv$ f "t to "t on v limit$ areas4 ,happily !re h always be5 small oases1 neglect$ = "s "t by ! vulture2 & "h we le>n :at int5sive agriculture c produce = mank9d4 ,let u m5tion a few examples4 ,9 ! ,am]ican prairies 7:i*1 h[ev]1 only yield meagre spr+ :eat crops1 f #g to #ae bu%els acre1 & ev5 ^! are (t5 m>r$ by p]iodical dr\ghts71 #ejj m51 work+ only dur+ eight mon?s1 produce ! annual food ( #ej1jjj p4 ,) all ! improvem5ts ( ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 "o man's ye>ly lab\r 7#cjj days7 yields1 deliv]$ 9 ,*icago z fl\r1 ! ye>ly food ( #bej m54 ,"h ! result is obta9$ by a great economy 9 manual lab\r3 on ^? va/ pla9s1 pl\gh+1 h>ve/+1 ?ra%+1 are organiz$ 9 almo/ milit>y fa%ion4 ,!re is no useless runn+ to & fro1 no loss ( "t--all is done ) p>ade-l precision4 ,?is is agriculture on a l>ge scale--ext5sive agriculture1 :i* takes ! soil f nature )\t seek+ to improve x4 ,:5 ! e>? has yield$ all x c1 !y leave x2 !y seek else:]e = a virg9 soil1 to be exhau/$ 9 its turn4 ,b "h is also int5sive agriculture1 :i* is already work$1 & w be m & m s1 by ma*9]y4 ,its object is to cultivate a limit$ space well1 to manure1 to improve1 to conc5trate "w1 & to obta9 ! l>ge/ crop possible4 ,?is k9d ( culture spreads e ye>1 & :]eas agriculturi/s 9 ! s\? ( ,france & on ! f]tile pla9s ( we/]n ,am]ica are cont5t ) an av]age crop ( #aa to #ae bu%els p] acre by ext5sive culture1 !y reap regul>ly #ci1 ev5 #ee1 & sometimes #fj bu%els p] acre 9 ! nor? ( ,france4 ,! annual consumption ( a man is ?us obta9$ f less ?an a qu>t] ( an acre4 ,& ! m int5se ! culture is1 ! less "w is exp5d$ to obta9 a bu%el ( :eat4 ,ma*9]y replaces man at ! prelim9>y "w & = ! improvem5ts ne$$ by ! l&--su* z dra9+1 cle>+ ( /ones--:i* w d\ble ! crops 9 future1 once & = ev]4 ,sometimes no?+ b keep+ ! soil free ( we$s1 )\t manur+1 all[s an av]age soil to yield excell5t crops f ye> to ye>4 ,x has be5 done = =ty ye>s 9 succession at ,ro?am/ead1 9 ,h]t=d%ire4 ,h[ev]1 let u n write an agricultural romance1 b be satisfi$ ) a crop ( #dd bu%els p] acre4 ,t ne$s no exceptional soil1 b m]ely a rational culture2 & let u see :at x means4 ,! #c1fjj1jjj individuals :o inhabit ! two dep>tm5ts ( ,se9e & ,se9e-et-,oise consume ye>ly = _! food a little less ?an #bb million bu%els ( c]eals1 *iefly :eat2 & 9 our hypo!sis !y w\ld h to cultivate1 9 ord] to obta9 ?is crop1 #did1bjj acres out ( ! #a1ejg1cjj acres :i* !y possess4 ,x is evid5t !y w\ld n cultivate !m ) spades4 ,t w\ld ne$ too mu* "t--#if "w-days ( #e h\rs p] acre4 ,x w\ld be pref]able to improve ! soil once = all--to dra9 :at ne$$ dra9+1 to level :at ne$$ levell+1 to cle> ! soil ( /ones1 7 x ev5 necess>y to sp5d #e million days ( #e h\rs 9 ?is prep>atory "w--an av]age ( #aj "w-days to ea* acre4 ,!n !y w\ld pl\gh ) ! /eam-digg]1 :i* w\ld take "o & ?ree-fif?s ( a day p] acre1 & !y w\ld give ano!r "o & ?ree-fif?s ( a day = work+ ) ! d\ble pl\gh4 ,se$s w\ld be sort$ by /eam in/ead ( tak5 haphaz>d1 & !y w\ld be c>efully s[n 9 r[s in/ead ( be+ ?r[n to ! f\r w9ds4 ,n[ all ?is "w w\ld n take #aj days ( #e h\rs p] acre if ! "w 7 done "u good conditions4 ,b if #aj million "w-days are giv5 to good culture dur+ #c or #d ye>s1 ! result w be t lat] on crops ( #dd to #ee bu%els p] acre w be obta9$ by only work+ half ! "t4 ,fifte5 million "w-days w ?us h be5 sp5t to give bread to a population ( #c1fjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,& ! "w w\ld be su* t ev]yone c\ld d x )\t hav+ muscles ( /eel1 or )\t hav+ ev5 work$ ! gr\nd be=e4 ,! initiative & ! g5]al di/ribution ( "w w\ld come f ^? :o "k ! soil4 ,z to ! "w itself1 !re is no t[nsman ( ei!r sex s enfeebl$ z to be incapable ( look+ aft] ma*9es & ( contribut+ 8 %>e to agr>ian "w aft] a few h\rs' appr5tice%ip4 ,well1 :5 we consid] t 9 ! pres5t *aos !re are1 9 a city l ,p>is1 )\t c\nt+ ! unemploy$ ( ! upp] classes1 !re are always ab\t #ajj1jjj workm5 out ( "w 9 _! sev]al trades1 we see t ! p[] lo/ 9 our pres5t organization w\ld alone suffice to give1 ) a rational culture1 all ! bread t is necess>y = ! ?ree or f\r million inhabitants ( ! two dep>tm5ts4 ,we repeat1 ?is is no fancy dream1 & we h n yet spok5 ( ! truly int5sive agriculture4 ,we h n dep5d$ ^u ! :eat 7obta9$ 9 ?ree ye>s by ,mr4 ,hallett7 ( :i* "o gra91 replant$1 produc$ #e1jjj or #f1jjj1 & occasionally #aj1jjj gra9s1 :i* w\ld give ! :eat necess>y = a family ( five individuals on an area ( #abj squ>e y>ds4 ,on ! contr>y1 we h only m5tion$ :at is be+ already a*iev$ by num]\s f>m]s 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,belgium1 etc41 & :at might be done to-morr[ ) ! exp]i5ce & k acquir$ already by practice on a l>ge scale4 ,b )\t a revolution1 nei!r to-morr[1 nor aft] to-morr[ w see x done1 because x is n to ! int]e/ ( l&[n]s & capitali/s2 & because peasants :o w\ld f9d _! pr(it 9 x h nei!r ! k nor ! money1 nor ! "t to obta9 :at is necess>y to g ahead4 ,! society ( to-day has n yet rea*$ ?is /age4 ,b let ,p>isians proclaim an ,an>*i/ ,commune1 & !y w ( necessity come to x1 because !y w n be fooli% en\gh to cont9ue mak+ luxuri\s toys 7:i* ,vi5na1 ,w>saw1 & ,b]l9 make z well already71 & to run ! risk ( be+ left )\t bread4 ,moreov]1 agricultural "w1 by ! help ( ma*9]y1 w\ld soon become ! mo/ attractive & ! mo/ joyful ( all occupations4 ,we h _h en\gh jewel]y & en\gh dolls' clo!s1 !y w\ld say2 x is high "t = ! work]s to recruit _! /r5g? 9 agriculture1 to g 9 se>* ( vig\r1 ( impressions ( nature1 ( ! joy ( life1 t !y h =gott5 9 ! d>k factories ( ! suburbs4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 ,alp9e pa/ure l&s1 r ?an guns1 :i* all[$ ! ,swiss to %ake (f lords & k+s4 ,mod]n agriculture w all[ a city 9 revolt to free itself f ! comb9$ b\rgeois =ces4 ,,iii ,we h se5 h[ ! ?ree & "o-half million inhabitants ( ! two dep>tm5ts r\nd ,p>is c\ld f9d ample bread by cultivat+ only a ?ird ( _! t]ritory4 ,let u n[ pass on to cattle4 ,engli%m51 :o eat mu* meat1 consume on an av]age a little less ?an #bbj p\nds a ye> p] adult4 ,suppos+ all meats consum$ 7 ox51 t makes a little less ?an ! ?ird ( an ox4 ,an ox a ye> = five individuals 7includ+ *ildr57 is already a suffici5t ration4 ,= ?ree & "o-half million inhabitants ?is w\ld make an annual consumption ( #gjj1jjj head ( cattle4 ,to-day1 ) ! pa/ure sy/em1 we ne$ at lea/ five million acres to n\ri% #ffj1jjj head ( cattle4 ,?is makes n9e acres p] ea* head ( horn$ cattle4 ,nev]!less1 ) prairies mod]ately wat]$ by spr+ wat] 7z rec5tly done on ?\s&s ( acres 9 ! s\?we/ ( ,france71 "o & "o-f\r? million acres already suffice4 ,b if int5sive culture is practic$1 & beet-root is gr[n = fodd]1 y only ne$ a qu>t] ( t area1 t is to say1 ab\t #caj1jjj acres4 ,& if we h rec\rse to maize & practice ensilage 7! compression ( fodd] :ile gre57 l ,arabs1 we obta9 fodd] on an area ( #bag1ejj acres4 ,9 ! environs ( ,milan1 :]e sew] wat] is us$ to irrigate ! fields1 fodd] = two to ?ree horn$ cattle p] ea* acre is obta9$ on an area ( #bb1jjj acres2 & on a few fav\r$ fields1 up to #agg tons ( hay to ! #aj acres h be5 cropp$1 ! ye>ly prov5d] ( #cf mil* c[s4 ,ne>ly n9e acres p] head ( cattle are ne$$ "u ! pa/ure sy/em1 & only two & "o-half acres = n9e ox5 or c[s "u ! new sy/em4 ,^! are ! opposite extremes 9 mod]n agriculture4 ,9 ,gu]nsey1 on a total ( #i1hhd acres utiliz$1 ne>ly half 7#d1fie acres7 are cov]$ ) c]eals & kit*5-g>d5s2 only #e1ahi acres rema9 z mead[s4 ,on ^! #e1ahi acres1 #a1dhj horses1 #g1bfj head ( cattle1 #ijj %eep1 & #d1bjj pigs are f$1 :i* makes m ?an ?ree head ( cattle p] two acres1 )\t reckon+ ! %eep or ! pigs4 ,x is ne$less to add t ! f]tility ( ! soil is made by seawe$ & *emical manures4 ,return+ to our ?ree & "o-half million inhabitants belong+ to ,p>is & its environs1 we see t ! l& necess>y = ! re>+ ( cattle comes d[n f five million acres to #aig1jjj4 ,well1 !n1 let u n /op at ! l[e/ figures1 let u take ^? ( ord9>y int5sive culture2 let u lib]ally add to ! l& necess>y = small] cattle :i* mu/ replace "s ( ! horn$ bea/s & all[ #cie1jjj acres = ! re>+ ( cattle--#did1jjj if y l1 on ! #a1jac1jjj acres rema9+ aft] bread has be5 provid$ = ! p4 ,let u be g5]\s & give five million "w-days to put ?is l& into a productive /ate4 ,aft] hav+ !re=e employ$ 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> tw5ty million "w-days1 half ( :i* are = p]man5t improvem5ts1 we %all h bread & meat assur$ to u1 )\t includ+ all ! extra meat obta9able 9 ! %ape ( f[ls1 pigs1 rabbits1 etc42 )\t tak+ into consid]ation t a population provid$ ) excell5t vegetables & fruit consumes less meat ?an ,engli%m51 :o supplem5t _! poor supply ( vegetables by animal food4 ,n[1 h[ mu* d tw5ty million "w-days ( five h\rs make p] inhabitant8 ,v little inde$4 ,a population ( ?ree & "o-half millions mu/ h at lea/ #a1bjj1jjj adult m51 & z _m wom5 capable ( "w4 ,well1 !n1 to give bread & meat to all1 x w\ld ne$ only sev5te5 half-days ( "w a ye> p] man4 ,add ?ree million "w-days1 or d\ble t numb] if y l1 9 ord] to obta9 milk4 ,t w make tw5ty-five "w-days ( five h\rs 9 all--no?+ m ?an a little pleasureable c\ntry ex]cise--to obta9 ! ?ree pr9cipal products3 bread1 meat1 & milk4 ,! ?ree products :i*1 aft] h\s+1 cause daily anxiety to n9e-t5?s ( mank9d4 ,& yet--let u n tire ( repeat+--^! are n fancy dreams4 ,we h only told :at is1 :at be51 obta9$ by exp]i5ce on a l>ge scale4 ,agriculture c\ld be reorganiz$ 9 ?is way to-morr[ if prop]ty laws & g5]al ignorance did n (f] opposition4 ,! day ,p>is has und]/ood t to "k :at y eat & h[ x is produc$1 is a "q ( public int]e/2 ! day :5 ev]ybody w h und]/ood t ?is "q is inf9itely m important ?an all ! p>liam5t>y debates ( ! pres5t times--on t day ! ,revolution w be an accompli%$ fact4 ,p>is w take possession ( ! two dep>tm5ts & cultivate !m4 ,& !n ! ,p>isian work]1 aft] hav+ lab\r$ a ?ird ( 8 exi/5ce 9 ord] to buy bad & insuffici5t food1 w produce x himself1 "u 8 walls1 )9 ! enclosure ( 8 =ts 7if !y /ill exi/71 & 9 a few h\rs ( heal?y & attractive "w4 ,& n[ we pass on to fruit & vegetables4 ,let u g outside ,p>is & visit ! e/abli%m5t ( a m>ket-g>d5] :o accompli%es wond]s 7ignor$ by le>n$ economi/s7 at a few miles f ! academies4 ,let u visit1 suppose1 ,m4 ,ponce1 ! au?or ( a "w on m>ket-g>d5+1 :o makes no secret ( :at ! e>? yields him1 & :o has publi%$ x all along4 ,m4 ,ponce1 & especially 8 workm51 "w l nigg]s4 ,x takes eight m5 to cultivate a plot a little less ?an ?ree acres 7#b4g74 ,!y "w twelve & ev5 fifte5 h\rs a day1 t is to say1 ?ree times m ?an is ne$$4 ,tw5ty-f\r ( !m w\ld n be too _m4 ,to :i* ,m4 ,ponce w probably answ] t z he pays ! t]rible sum ( #ajj r5t a ye> = 8 #b4g acres ( l&1 & #ajj = manure b\ght 9 ! b>racks1 he is oblig$ to exploit4 ,he w\ld no d\bt answ]1 ,be+ exploit$1 ,i exploit 9 my turn4 ,8 in/allation has also co/ him #a1bjj1 ( :i* c]ta9ly m ?an half w5t z tribute to ! idle b>ons ( indu/ry4 ,9 reality1 ?is e/abli%m5t repres5ts at mo/ #c1jjj "w-days1 probably mu* less4 ,b let u exam9e 8 crops3 ne>ly t5 tons ( c>rots1 ne>ly t5 tons ( onions1 radi%es1 & small vegetables1 #f1jjj heads ( cabbage1 #c1jjj heads ( caulifl[]1 #e1jjj baskets ( tomatoes1 #e1jjj doz5 ( *oice fruit1 #aed1jjj salads2 9 %ort1 a total ( #abc tons ( vegetables & fruit to #b4g acres--#abj y>ds long by #aji y>ds broad1 :i* makes m ?an =ty-f\r tons ( vegetables to ! acre4 ,b a man does n eat m ?an #ffj p\nds ( vegetables & fruit a ye>1 & two & "o-half acres ( a m>ket-g>d5 yield en\gh vegetables & fruit to ri*ly supply ! table ( #cej adults dur+ ! ye>4 ,?us tw5ty-f\r p]sons employ$ a :ole ye> 9 cultivat+ #b4g acres ( l&1 & only five work+ h\rs a day1 w\ld produce suffici5t vegetables & fruit = #cej adults1 :i* is equival5t at lea/ to #ejj individuals4 ,to put x ano!r way3 9 cultivat+ l ,m4 ,ponce--& 8 results h already be5 surpass$--#cej adults %\ld ea* give a little m ?an #ajj h\rs a ye> 7#ajc7 to produce vegetables & fruit necess>y = #ejj p4 ,let u m5tion t su* a production is n ! exception4 ,x takes place1 "u ! walls ( ,p>is1 on an area ( #b1bbj acres1 by #e1jjj m>ket-g>d5]s4 ,only ^! m>ket-g>d5]s are r$uc$ n[adays to a /ate ( bea/s ( burd51 9 ord] to pay an av]age r5t ( #cb p] acre4 ,b d n ^! facts1 :i* c be v]ifi$ by e "o1 prove t #ag1cjj acres 7( ! #eai1jjj rema9+ to u7 w\ld suffice to give all necess>y vegetables1 z well z a lib]al am\nt ( fruit to ! ?ree & "o-half million inhabitants ( our two dep>tm5ts8 ,z to ! quantity ( "w necess>y to produce ^! fruits & vegetables1 x w\ld am\nt to fifty million "w-days ( five h\rs 7#ej days p] adult male71 if we measure by ! m>ket-g>d5]s' /&>d ( "w4 ,b we c\ld r$uce ?is quantity if we _h rec\rse to ! process 9 vogue 9 ,j]sey & ,gu]nsey4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! ,p>is m>ket-g>d5] is =c$ to "w s h>d because he mo/ly produces e>ly season fruits1 ! high prices ( :i* h to pay = fabul\s r5ts1 & t ?is sy/em ( culture entails m "w ?an is necess>y = gr[+ ! ord9>y /aple-food vegetables & fruit4 ,besides1 ! m>ket-g>d5]s ( ,p>is1 n hav+ ! means to make a great outlay on _! g>d5s1 & be+ oblig$ to pay heavily = glass1 wood1 iron1 & coal1 obta9 _! artificial heat out ( manure1 :ile x c be _h at mu* less co/ 9 ho?\ses4 ,,iv ,! m>ket-g>d5]s1 we say1 are =c$ to become ma*9es & to r5\nce all joys ( life 9 ord] to obta9 _! m>vell\s crops4 ,b ^! h>d gr9d]s h r5d]$ a great s]vice to humanity 9 tea*+ u t ! soil c be made4 ,!y make x ) old hot-b$s ( manure1 :i* h already s]v$ to give ! necess>y w>m? to "y plants & to e>ly fruit2 & !y make x 9 su* great quantity t !y are compell$ to sell x 9 "p1 o!rwise x w\ld raise ! level ( _! g>d5s by "o in* e ye>4 ,!y d x s well 7s ,b>ral tea*es u1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,agriculture1 9 an article on m>ket-g>d5]s7 t 9 rec5t contracts1 ! m>ket-g>d5] /ipulates t he w c>ry away 8 soil ) him :5 he leaves ! bit ( gr\nd he is cultivat+4 ,loam c>ri$ away on c>ts1 ) furniture & glass frames--t is ! answ] ( practical cultivators to ! le>n$ treatises ( a ,ric>do1 :o repres5t$ r5t z a means ( equaliz+ ! natural advantages ( ! soil4 ,! soil is wor? :at ! man is wor?1 t is ! g>d5]s' motto4 ,& yet ! m>ket-g>d5]s ( ,p>is & ,r\5 lab\r ?ree times z h>d to obta9 ! same results z _! fell[-work]s 9 ,gu]nsey or 9 ,engl&4 ,apply+ indu/ry to agriculture1 ^! la/ make _! climate 9 addition to _! soil1 by means ( ! gre5h\se4 ,fifty ye>s ago ! gre5h\se 0 ! luxury ( ! ri*4 ,x 0 kept to gr[ exotic plants = pleasure4 ,b n[adays its use beg9s to be g5]aliz$4 ,a trem5d\s indu/ry has gr[n up lately 9 ,gu]nsey & ,j]sey1 :]e hundr$s ( acres are already cov]$ ) glass--to say no?+ ( ! c\ntless small gre5h\ses kept 9 e little f>m g>d54 ,acres & acres ( gre5h\ses h lately be5 built also at ,wor?+ 7#ajc acres 9 #aiab71 9 ! suburbs ( ,london1 & 9 sev]al o!r p>ts ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,!y are built ( all qualities1 beg9n+ ) ^? :i* h granite walls1 d[n to ^? :i* repres5t m]e %elt]s made 9 planks & glass frames1 :i* co/1 ev5 n[1 ) all ! tribute paid to capitali/s & middlem51 less ?an #cs4 #f;d4 p] squ>e y>d "u glass4 ,mo/ ( !m are heat$ = at lea/ ?ree ( f\r mon?s e ye>2 b ev5 ! cool gre5h\ses1 :i* are n heat$ at all1 give excell5t results--( c\rse1 n = gr[+ grapes & tropical plants1 b = potatoes1 c>rots1 peas1 tomatoes1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way man emancipates himself f climate1 & at ! same "t he avoids also ! heavy "w ) ! hot-b$s1 & he saves bo? 9 buy+ mu* less manure & 9 "w4 ,?ree m5 to ! acre1 ea* ( !m work+ less ?an sixty h\rs a week1 produce on v small spaces :at =m]ly requir$ acres & acres ( l&4 ,! result ( all ^! rec5t conque/s ( culture is1 t if "o-half only ( ! adults ( a city gave ea* ab\t fifty half-days = ! culture ( ! f9e/ fruit & vegetables out ( season1 !y w\ld h all ! ye> r\nd an unlimit$ supply ( t sort ( fruit & vegetables = ! :ole population4 ,b !re is a /ill m important fact to notice4 ,! gre5h\se has n[adays a t5d5cy to become a m]e kit*5 g>d5 "u glass4 ,& :5 x is us$ to su* a purpose1 ! simple/ plank-&-glass unheat$ %elt]s already give fabul\s crops--su* z1 = in/ance1 #ejj bu%els ( potatoes p] acre z a fir/ crop1 ready by ! end ( ,april2 aft] :i* a second & a ?ird crop are obta9$ 9 ! extremely high temp]ature :i* prevails 9 ! summ] "u glass4 ,i gave 9 my ,fields1 ,factories1 & ,work%ops1 mo/ /rik+ facts 9 ?is direction4 ,suffici5t to say "h1 t at ,j]sey1 ?irty-f\r m51 ) "o tra9$ g>d5] only1 cultivate ?irte5 acres "u glass1 f :i* !y obta9 #adc tons ( fruit & e>ly vegetables1 us+ = ?is extraord9>y culture less ?an #a1jjj tons ( coal4 ,& ?is is done n[ 9 ,gu]nsey & ,j]sey on a v l>ge scale1 q a numb] ( /eam]s con/antly ply+ betwe5 ,gu]nsey & ,london1 only to export ! crops ( ! gre5h\ses4 ,n[adays1 9 ord] to obta9 t same crop ( #ejj bu%els ( potatoes1 we mu/ pl\gh e ye> a surface ( f\r acres1 plant x1 cultivate x1 we$1 x1 & s on2 :]eas ) ! glass1 ev5 if we %all h to give p]haps1 to />t )1 half a day's "w p] squ>e y>d 9 ord] to build ! gre5h\se--we %all save aft]w>ds at lea/ "o-half1 & probably ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ye>ly lab\r requir$ =m]ly4 ,^! are facts1 results :i* e "o c v]ify himself4 ,& ^! facts are already a h9t z to :at man c\ld obta9 f ! e>? if he treat$ x ) intellig5ce4 ,v ,9 all ! above we h reason$ ^u :at already )/ood ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,int5sive culture ( ! fields1 irrigat$ mead[s1 ! hot-h\se1 & f9ally ! kit*5 g>d5 "u glass are realities4 ,moreov]1 ! t5d5cy is to ext5d & to g5]alize ^! me?ods ( culture1 because !y all[ ( obta9+ m produce ) less "w & ) m c]ta9ty4 ,9 fact1 aft] hav+ /udi$ ! mo/ simple glass %elt]s ( ,gu]nsey1 we affirm t1 tak+ all 9 all1 f> less "w is exp5d$ = obta9+ potatoes "u glass 9 ,april1 ?an 9 gr[+ !m 9 ! op5 air1 :i* requires digg+ a space f\r times z l>ge1 wat]+ x1 we$+ x1 etc4 ,"w is likewise economiz$ 9 employ+ a p]fect$ tool or ma*9e1 ev5 :5 an initial exp5se _h to be incurr$ to buy ! tool4 ,complete figures conc]n+ ! culture ( common vegetables "u glass are /ill want+4 ,?is culture is ( rec5t orig91 & is only c>ri$ out on small areas4 ,b we h already figures conc]n+ ! fifty ye>s old culture ( e>ly season grapes1 & ^! figures are conclusive4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 on ! ,scot* fronti]1 :]e coal only co/s #cs4 a ton at ! pit's m\?1 !y h long s9ce tak5 to gr[+ hot-h\se grapes4 ,?irty ye>s ago ^! grapes1 ripe 9 ,janu>y1 7 sold by ! gr[] at #bjs4 p] p\nd & resold at #djs4 p] p\nd = ,napoleon ,,iii4's table4 ,to-day ! same gr[] sells !m at only #bs4 #f;d4 p] p\nd4 ,he tells u s himself 9 a horticultural j\rnal4 ,! fall 9 ! prices is caus$ by ! tons & tons ( grapes arriv+ 9 ,janu>y to ,london & ,p>is4 ,?anks to ! *eapness ( coal & an intellig5t culture1 grapes f ! nor? travel n[ s\?w>ds1 9 a contr>y direction to ord9>y fruit4 ,!y co/ s little t 9 ,may1 ,engli% & ,j]sey grapes are sold at #as4 #h;d4 p] p\nd by ! g>d5]s1 & yet ?is price1 l t ( #djs4 ?irty ye>s ago1 is only kept up by slack production4 ,9 ,m>*1 ,belgium grapes are sold at f #f;d4 to #h;d41 :ile 9 ,octob]1 grapes cultivat$ 9 imm5se quantities--"u glass1 & ) a little artificial heat+ 9 ! environs ( ,london--are sold at ! same price z grapes b\ght by ! p\nd 9 ! v9ey>ds ( ,switz]l& & ! ,rh9e1 t is to say1 = a few halfp5ce4 ,yet !y /ill co/ two-?irds too mu*1 by reason ( ! excessive r5t ( ! soil & ! co/ ( in/allation & heat+1 on :i* ! g>d5] pays a =midable tribute to ! manufactur] & ! middleman4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 we may say t x co/s next to no?+ to h delici\s grapes "u ! latitude (1 & 9 our mi/y ,london 9 autumn4 ,9 "o ( ! suburbs1 = in/ance1 a wret*$ glass & pla/] %elt]1 n9e feet t5 in*es long by six & "o-half feet wide1 re/+ aga9/ our cottage1 gave u ab\t fifty p\nds ( grapes ( an exquisite flav\r 9 ,octob]1 = n9e consecutive ye>s4 ,! crop came f a ,hamburg v9e-/alk1 six ye> old4 ,& ! %elt] 0 s bad t ! ra9 came ?r\gh4 ,at night ! temp]ature 0 always t ( outside4 ,x 0 evid5tly n heat$1 = x w\ld h be5 z useless z heat+ ! /reet6 ,& ! c>e :i* 0 giv5 03 prun+ ! v9e1 half an h\r e ye>2 & br++ a :eel-b>r[ful ( manure1 :i* 0 ?r[n ov] ! /alk ( ! v9e1 plant$ 9 r$ clay outside ! %elt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we e/imate ! am\nt ( c>e giv5 to ! v9e on ! bord]s ( ! ,rh9e ( ,lake ,leman1 ! t]races con/ruct$ /one ^u /one on ! slopes ( ! hills1 ! transport ( manure & also ( e>? to a height ( two or ?ree hundr$ feet1 we come to ! conclusion t on ! :ole ! exp5diture ( "w necess>y to cultivate v9es is m consid]able 9 ,switz]l& or on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e ?an x is "u glass 9 ,london suburbs4 ,?is may seem p>adoxical1 because x is g5]ally believ$ t v9es gr[ ( !mselves 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 & t ! v9e-gr[]'s "w co/s no?+4 ,b g>d5]s & horticulturi/s1 f> f contradict+ u1 confirm our ass]tions4 ,! mo/ advantage\s culture 9 ,engl& is v9e culture1 wrote a practical g>d5]1 editor ( ! ,engli% ,j\rnal ( ,horticulture 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,prices speak eloqu5tly = !mselves1 z we "k4 ,translat+ ^! facts into communi/ language1 we may ass]t t ! man or woman :o takes tw5ty h\rs a ye> f 8 leisure "t to give "s little c>e--v pleasant 9 ! ma9--to two or ?ree v9e-/alks %elt]$ by simple glass "u any ,european climate1 w ga!r z _m grapes z _! family & fri5ds c eat4 ,& t applies n only to v9es1 b to all fruit trees4 ,! ,commune t w put ! processes ( int5sive culture into practice on a l>ge scale w h all possible vegetables1 indig5\s or exotic1 & all desirable fruits1 )\t employ+ m ?an ab\t t5 h\rs a ye> p] inhabitant4 ,9 fact1 no?+ w\ld be easi] ?an to v]ify ! above /atem5ts by direct exp]im5t4 ,suppose #ajj acres ( a light loam 7su* z we h at ,wor?+7 are trans=m$ into a numb] ( m>ket g>d5s1 ea* "o ) its glass h\ses = ! re>+ ( ! se$l+s & "y plants4 ,suppose also t fifty m acres are cov]$ ) glass h\ses1 & ! organization ( ! :ole is left to practical exp]i5c$ ,fr5* m>a*]s1 & ,gu]nsey or ,wor?+ gre5h\se g>d5]s4 ,9 bas+ ! ma9t5ance ( ^! #aej acres on ! ,j]sey av]age1 requir+ ! "w ( ?ree m5 p] acre "u glass--:i* makes less ?an #h1fjj h\rs ( "w a ye>--x w\ld ne$ ab\t #a1cjj1jjj h\rs = ! #aej acres4 ,fifty compet5t g>d5]s c\ld give five h\rs a day to ?is "w1 & ! re/ w\ld be simply done by p :o1 )\t be+ g>d5]s by pr(ession1 w\ld soon le>n h[ to use a spade1 & to h&le ! plants4 ,b ?is "w w\ld yield at lea/--we h se5 x 9 a prec$+ *apt]--all necess>ies & articles ( luxury 9 ! way ( fruit & vegetables = at lea/ #dj1jjj or #ej1jjj p4 ,let u admit t among ?is numb] !re are #ac1ejj adults1 will+ to "w at ! kit*5 g>d52 !n1 ea* "o w\ld h to give #ajj h\rs a ye> di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole ye>4 ,^! h\rs ( "w w\ld become h\rs ( recreation sp5t among fri5ds & *ildr5 9 beautiful g>d5s1 m beautiful probably ?an ^? ( ! leg5d>y ,semiramis4 ,?is is ! balance %eet ( ! lab\r to be sp5t 9 ord] to be able to eat to satiety fruit :i* we are depriv$ ( to-day1 & to h vegetables 9 abundance1 n[ s scrupul\sly ration$ out by ! h\sewife1 :5 %e has to reckon ea* half-p5ny :i* mu/ g to enri* capitali/s & l&[n]s#ac4 ,if only humanity _h ! consci\sness ( :at x ,,c1 & if t consci\sness only gave x ! p[] to ,,w6 ,if x only knew t c[>dice ( ! _s is ! rock on :i* all revolutions h /r&$ until n[4 ,,vi ,we c easily p]ceive ! new horizons op5+ be=e ! social revolution4 ,ea* "t we speak ( revolution1 ! face ( ! work] :o has se5 *ildr5 want+ food d>k5s & he asks--,:at ( bread8 ,w !re be suffici5t1 if ev]yone eats accord+ to 8 appetite8 ,:at if ! peasants1 ignorant tools ( reaction1 />ve our t[ns z ! black b&s did 9 ,france 9 #agic--:at %all we d8 ,let !m d _! wor/4 ,! l>ge cities w h to d )\t !m4 ,at :at1 !n1 %\ld ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( work]s1 :o are asphyxiat$ to-day 9 small work%ops & factories1 be employ$ on ! day !y rega9 _! lib]ty8 ,w !y cont9ue to %ut !mselves up 9 factories aft] ! ,revolution8 ,w !y cont9ue to make luxuri\s toys = export :5 !y see _! /ock or corn gett+ exhau/$1 meat becom+ sc>ce1 & vegetables disappe>+ )\t be+ replac$8 ,evid5tly n6 ,!y w leave ! t[n & g into ! fields6 ,aid$ by a ma*9]y :i* w enable ! weake/ ( u to put a %\ld] to ! :eel1 !y w c>ry revolution into previ\sly enslav$ culture z !y w h c>ri$ x into in/itutions & ideas4 ,hundr$s ( acres w be cov]$ ) glass1 & m51 & wom5 ) delicate f+]s1 w fo/] ! gr[? ( "y plants4 ,hundr$s ( o!r acres w be pl\gh$ by /eam1 improv$ by manures1 or enri*$ by artificial soil obta9$ by ! pulv]ization ( rocks4 ,happy cr[ds ( occasional lab\r]s w cov] ^! acres ) crops1 guid$ 9 ! "w & exp]im5ts p>tly by ^? :o "k agriculture1 b especially by ! great & practical _s ( a p r\s$ f long slumb] & illum9$ by t bright beacon--! happ9ess ( all4 ,& 9 two or ?ree mon?s ! e>ly crops w receive ! mo/ press+ wants1 & provide food = a p :o1 aft] s _m c5turies ( expectation1 w at lea/ be able to appease _! hung] & eat accord+ to _! appetite4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 popul> g5ius1 ! g5ius ( a nation :i* revolts & kn[s its wants1 w "w at exp]im5t+ ) new processes ( culture t we already cat* a glimpse (1 & t only ne$ ! baptism ( exp]i5ce to become univ]sal4 ,light w be exp]im5t$ )--t unkn[n ag5t ( culture :i* makes b>ley rip5 9 =ty-five days "u ! latitude ( ,yakutsk2 light1 conc5trat$ or artificial1 w rival heat 9 ha/5+ ! gr[? ( plants4 ,a ,m\*ot ( ! future w inv5t a ma*9e to guide ! rays ( ! sun & make !m "w1 s t we %all no long] seek sun-heat /or$ 9 coal 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,!y w exp]im5t ! wat]+ ( ! soil ) cultures ( micro-organisms--a rational idea1 conceiv$ b ye/]day1 :i* w p]mit u to give to ! soil ^? little liv+ be+s1 necess>y to fe$ ! rootlets1 to decompose & assimilate ! compon5t p>ts ( ! soil4 ,!y w exp]im5t4444 ,b let u /op "h1 or we %all ent] into ! realm ( fancy4 ,let u rema9 9 ! reality ( acquir$ facts4 ,) ! processes ( culture 9 use1 appli$ on a l>ge scale1 & already victori\s 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ indu/rial competition1 we c give ourselves ease & luxury 9 return = agreeable "w4 ,! ne> future w %[ :at is practical 9 ! processes t rec5t sci5tific discov]ies give u a glimpse (4 ,let u limit ourselves at pres5t to op5+ up ! new pa? t consi/s 9 ! /udy ( ! ne$s ( man1 & ! means ( satisfy+ !m4 ,! only ?+ t may be want+ to ! ,revolution is ! boldness ( initiative4 ,) our m9ds already n>r[$ 9 our y\? & enslav$ by ! pa/ 9 our mature age1 we h>dly d>e to ?9k4 ,if a new idea is m5tion$--be=e v5tur+ on an op9ion ( our own1 we consult mu/y books a hundr$ ye>s old1 to "k :at anci5t ma/]s ?\ght on ! subject4 ,x is n food t w fail1 if boldness ( ?\ght & initiative are n want+ to ! revolution4 ,( all ! great days ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! mo/ beautiful1 ! greate/1 0 ! "o on :i* delegates :o _h come f all p>ts ( ,france to ,p>is1 work$ all ) ! spade to plane ! gr\nd ( ! ,*amp de ,m>s1 prep>+ x = ! fte ( ! ,f$]ation4 ,t day ,france 0 unit$3 animat$ by ! new _s1 %e _h a vision ( ! future 9 ! work+ 9 common ( ! soil4 ,& x w aga9 be by ! work+ 9 common ( ! soil t ! enfran*is$ societies w f9d _! unity & w oblit]ate ! hatr$ & oppression :i* has hi!rto divid$ !m4 ,h5ce=?1 able to conceive solid>ity--t imm5se p[] :i* increases man's en]gy & creative =ces a hundr$fold--! new society w m>* to ! conque/ ( ! future ) all ! vig\r ( y\?4 ,ceas+ to produce = unkn[n buy]s1 & look+ 9 its mid/ = ne$s & ta/es to be satisfi$1 society w lib]ally assure ! life & ease ( ea* ( its memb]s1 z well z t moral satisfaction :i* "w gives :5 freely *os5 & freely accompli%$1 & ! joy ( liv+ )\t encroa*+ on ! life ( o!rs4 ,inspir$ by a new d>+--born ( ! feel+ ( solid>ity--all w m>* toge!r to ! conque/ ( ! high joys ( k & arti/ic creation4 ,a society ?us inspir$ w fe> nei!r diss5sions )9 nor enemies )\t4 ,to ! coalitions ( ! pa/ x w oppose a new h>mony1 ! initiative ( ea* & all1 ! d>+ :i* spr+s f ! awak5+ ( a p's g5ius4 ,be=e su* an irresi/ible =ce conspir+ k+s w be p[]less4 ,no?+ w rema9 = !m b to b[ be=e x1 & to h>ness !mselves to ! *>iot ( humanity1 roll+ t[>ds new horizons op5$ up by ! ,social ,revolution4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,a new enl>g$ edition ( x has be5 publi%$ by ,?omas ,nelson & ,sons 9 _! ,%ill+ ,libr>y4 #ab ,consult ,la ,rp>tition mtrique des impts1 by ,a4 ,t\beau1 two vols41 publi%$ by ,guillaum9 9 #ahhj4 7,we d n 9 ! lea/ agree ) ,t\beau's conclusions1 b x is a real encyclopdia1 indicat+ ! s\rces :i* prove :at c be obta9$ f ! soil47 ,la ,culture m>a*]e1 by ,m4 ,ponce1 ,p>is1 #ahfi4 ,le ,potag] ,gress5t1 ,p>is1 #ahhe1 an excell5t practical "w4 ,physiologie et culture du bl1 by ,risl]1 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,le bl1 sa culture int5sive et ext5sive1 by ,lec\teux1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,la ,cit ,*9oise1 by ,eugne ,simon4 ,le dictionnaire d'agriculture1 by ,b>ral 7,ha*ette1 editor74 ,! ,ro?am/ead ,exp]im5ts1 by ,wm4 ,fream1 ,london1 #ahhh--;culture )\t manure1 etc4 7! ,field (fice1 editor74 ,fields1 ,factories1 & ,work%ops1 by ! au?or4 7,?omas ,nelson ,sons47 #ac ,summ+ up ! figures giv5 on agriculture1 figures prov+ t ! inhabitants ( ! two dep>tm5ts ( ,se9e & ,se9e-et-,oise c live p]fectly well on _! own t]ritory by employ+ v little "t annually to obta9 food1 we h3-- ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,se9e ,,& ,,se9e-,,et-,,oise ,numb] ( inhabitants 9 #ahhi #c1ijj1jjj ,area 9 acres #a1ejg1cjj ,av]age numb] ( inhabitants p] acre #b4f ,areas to be cultivat$ to fe$ ! inhabitants 79 acres73-- ,corn & ,c]eals #did1jjj ,natural & artificial mead[s #did1jjj ,vegetables & fruit f #ag1cjj to #be1jjj ,leav+ a balance = h\ses1 roads1 p>ks1 =e/s #did1jjj ,quantity ( annual "w necess>y to improve & cultivate ! above surfaces 9 five-h\r workdays3-- ,c]eals 7culture & crop7 #ae1jjj1jjj ,mead[s1 milk1 re>+ ( cattle #aj1jjj1jjj ,m>ket-g>d5+ culture1 high-class fruit #cc1jjj1jjj ,extras #ab1jjj1jjj ---------- ,total #gj1jjj1jjj ,if we suppose t only half ( ! able-bodi$ adults 7m5 & wom57 are will+ to "w at agriculture1 we see t #gj million "w-days mu/ be divid$ among #a1bjj1jjj individuals1 :i* gives u fifty-eight "w-days ( #e h\rs = ea* ( ^! work]s4 ,) t ! population ( ! two dep>tm5ts w\ld h all necess>y bread1 meat1 milk1 vegetables1 & fruit1 bo? = ord9>y & ev5 luxuri\s consumption4 ,to-day a workman sp5ds = ! necess>y food ( 8 family 7g5]ally less ?an :at is necess>y7 at lea/ "o-?ird ( 8 #cjj "w-days a ye>1 ab\t #a1jjj h\rs be x1 in/ead ( #bij4 ,t is1 he ?us gives ab\t #gjj h\rs too mu* to fatt5 ! idle & ! w\ld-be adm9i/rators1 because he does n produce 8 own food1 b buys x ( middlem51 :o 9 _! turn buy x ( peasants :o exhau/ !mselves by work+ ) bad tools1 because1 be+ robb$ by ! l&[n]s & ! ,/ate1 !y _c procure bett] ones4