,evolution1 ,old ,new ,! want ( a practical acqua9tance ) ,natural ,hi/ory leads ! au?or to take an errone\s view ( ! be>+ ( 8 own !ories on ^? ( ,mr4 ,d>w94--,review ( ',life & ,habit1' by ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 9 ',nature1' ,m>* #bg1 #ahgi4 ,nei!r la/ly w\ld our obs]v] be driv5 out ( 8 conclusion1 or f 8 confid5ce 9 its tru?1 by be+ told t he kn[s no?+ at all ab\t ! matt]4 ,he kn[s en\gh = 8 argum5t2 he kn[s ! utility ( ! end2 he kn[s ! subs]vi5cy & adaptation ( ! means to ! end4 ,^! po9ts be+ kn[n1 8 ignorance conc]n+ o!r po9ts1 8 d\bts conc]n+ o!r po9ts1 affect n ! c]ta9ty ( 8 reason+4 ,! consci\sness ( kn[+ little ne$ n beget a di/ru/ ( t :i* he does "k4 ,paley's ',natural ,!ology1' *ap4 i4 ,evolution1 ,old ,new ,or ! ,!ories ( ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 z comp>$ ) t ( ,*>les ,d>w9 by ,samuel ,butl] ,new ,york ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,company #fha ,fif? ,av5ue ,made & pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 ,,note ,! dem& = a new edition ( ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 gives me an opportunity ( publi%+ ,butl]'s late/ revision ( 8 "w4 ,! second edition ( ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhb & re-issu$ ) a new title-page 9 #ahij1 0 m]ely a re-issue ( ! fir/ edition ) a new preface1 an app5dix1 & an index4 ,at a lat] date1 ?\gh ,i _c say precisely :51 ,butl] revis$ ! text ( ! book 9 view ( a future edition4 ,! corrections t he made are ma9ly v]bal & d n1 ,i ?9k1 affect ! argum5t to any consid]able ext5t4 ,butl]1 h[ev]1 atta*$ suffici5t importance to !m to incur ! exp5se ( hav+ ! /]eos ( m ?an fifty pages cancell$ & new /]eos sub/itut$4 ,i h also add$ a few entries to ! index1 :i* are tak5 f a copy ( ! book1 n[ 9 my possession1 9 :i* ,butl] made a few manuscript notes4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,/reatfeild4 ,octob]1 #aiaa4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,s9ce ! pro(-%eets ( ! ,app5dix to ?is book left my h&s1 f9ally correct$1 & too late = me to be able to reca/ ! fir/ ( ! two *apt]s t compose x1 ,i he>1 ) ! mo/ pr(\nd regret1 ( ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,x be+ /ill possible = me to ref] to ?is ev5t 9 a preface1 ,i ha/5 to say h[ mu* x grates ^u me to appe> to r5ew my attack ^u ,mr4 ,d>w9 "u ! pres5t circum/ances4 ,i h insi/$ 9 ea* ( my ?ree books on ,evolution ^u ! imm5sity ( ! s]vice :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 r5d]$ to t transc5d5tly important !ory4 ,9 ,life & ,habit1 ,i said3 ,to ! end ( "t1 if ! "q be ask$1 ',:o taught p to believe 9 ,evolution8' ! answ] mu/ be t x 0 ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,?is is true2 & x is h>d to see :at palm ( high] praise c be aw>d$ to any philosoph]4 ,i h always admitt$ myself to be "u ! deepe/ obligations to ,mr4 ,d>w9's works2 & x 0 ) ! greate/ reluctance1 n to say repugnance1 t ,i became "o ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,i h p>tak5 ( 8 hospitality1 & h _h too mu* exp]i5ce ( ! *>m+ simplicity ( 8 mann] n to be among ! readie/ to at once admire & envy x4 ,x is un=tunately true t ,i believe ,mr4 ,d>w9 to h behav$ badly to me2 ?is is too notori\s to be d5i$2 b at ! same "t ,i _c be bl9d to ! fact t no man c be judge 9 8 own case1 & t aft] all ,mr4 ,d>w9 may h be5 "r1 & ,i wrong4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 let me impress ?is latt] alt]native ^u my m9d z f> z possible1 & dwell only ^u t side ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w & "*1 ab\t :i* !re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion among ei!r 8 admir]s or 8 oppon5ts4 ,april #ba1 #ahhb4 ,,preface4 ,contr>y to ! advice ( my fri5ds1 :o caution me to avoid all appe>ance ( s+ul>ity1 ,i v5ture ^u introduc+ a practice1 ! exp$i5cy ( :i* ,i w submit to ! judgm5t ( ! read]4 ,x is "o :i* has be5 adopt$ by musicians = m ?an a c5tury--to ! great conv5i5ce ( all :o are fond ( music--& ,i obs]ve t )9 ! la/ few ye>s two su* di/+ui%$ pa9t]s z ,mr4 ,alma-,tadema & ,mr4 ,hub]t ,h]kom] h tak5 to x4 ,x is a matt] = regret t ! practice %\ld n h be5 g5]al at an e>li] date1 n only among pa9t]s & musicians1 b also among ! p :o write books4 ,x consi/s 9 signify+ ! numb] ( a piece ( music1 picture1 or book by ! abbreviation ,op4 & ! numb] :atev] x may happ5 to be4 ,no "w c be judg$ intellig5tly unless n only ! au?or's relations to 8 surr\nd+s1 b also ! relation 9 :i* ! "w /&s to ! life & o!r works ( ! au?or1 is und]/ood & borne 9 m9d2 nor d ,i "k any way ( convey+ ?is in=mation at a glance1 comp>able to t :i* ,i n[ borr[ f musicians4 ,:5 we see ! numb] aga9/ a "w ( ,bee?ov51 we ne$ ask no fur!r to be in=m$ conc]n+ ! g5]al "* ( ! music4 ,! same holds good m or less ) all compos]s4 ,h&el's works 7 n numb]$--n at lea/ 8 op]as & oratorios4 ,_h !y be5 s1 ! significance ( ! numb]s on ,susanna & ,!odora w\ld h be5 at once app>5t1 connect$ z !y w\ld h be5 ) ! numb] on ,jeph?ah1 ,h&el's next & la/ "w1 9 :i* he emphatically repudiates ! influ5ce :i*1 p]haps 9 a "t ( self-di/ru/1 he _h all[$ contempor>y ,g]man music to ex]t ov] him4 ,_m pa9t]s h dat$ _! works1 b /ill m h neglect$ do+ s1 & "s ( ^! h be5 n a little misconceiv$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,z = au?ors1 x is unnecess>y to g f>!r back ?an ,"l ,beaconsfield1 ,?ack]ay1 ,dick5s1 & ,scott1 to feel h[ mu* oblig$ we %\ld h be5 to any cu/om t %\ld h compell$ !m to numb] _! works 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,:5 we ?9k ( ,%akespe>e1 any d\bt :i* might rema9 z to ! advantage ( ! propos$ innovation is felt to disappe>4 ,my fri5ds1 to :om ,i urg$ all ! above1 & m1 met me by say+ t ! practice 0 d\btless a v good "o 9 ! ab/ract1 b t no "o 0 p>ticul>ly likely to want to "k 9 :at ord] my books _h be5 writt54 ,to :i* ,i answ]$ t ev5 a bad book :i* introduc$ s good a cu/om w\ld n be )\t value1 ?\gh ! value might lie 9 ! cu/om1 & n 9 ! book itself2 :]eon1 see+ t ,i 0 ob/9ate1 !y left me1 & int]pret+ _! do+ s into at any rate a modifi$ approbation ( my design1 ,i h c>ri$ x into practice4 ,! edition ( ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ volume1 is t edit$ by ,m4 ,*as4 ,m>t9s1 ,p>is1 ,librairie ,f4 ,savy1 #bd1 ,rue de ,hautefeuille1 #ahgc4 ,! edition ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species' is t ( #ahgf1 unless ano!r edition be especially nam$4 ,! italics ?r\gh\t ! book are g5]ally m9e1 except 9 ! quotations f ,miss ,sew>d1 :]e !y are all h] own4 ,i am anxi\s also to take ! pres5t opportunity ( ackn[l$g+ ! obligations ,i am "u to my fri5d ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,jones1 & to o!r fri5ds 7:o w n all[ me to m5tion _! names1 le/ m errors %\ld be discov]$ ?an !y or ,i yet "k (71 = ! invaluable assi/ance !y h giv5 me :ile ?is "w 0 go+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,if ,i am able to let x g be=e ! public ) any com=t or peace ( m9d1 ,i owe x entirely to ! c>efulness ( _! sup]vision4 ,i am also greatly indebt$ to ,mr4 ,g>nett1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 = hav+ call$ my att5tion to _m works & passages ( :i* o!rwise ,i %\ld h kn[n no?+4 ,m>* #ca1 #ahgi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,/atem5t ( ! ,"q--,curr5t ,op9ion adv]se to ,teleology #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,teleology ( ,paley & ! ,!ologians #ab ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,impot5ce ( ,paley's ,conclusion--,! ,teleology ( ! ,evolutioni/ #bd ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,failure ( ! ,fir/ ,evolutioni/s to see _! ,position z ,teleological #cd ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,teleological ,evolution ( ,organism--,! ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s #dc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,s*eme ( ! ,rema9d] ( ! ,"w--,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,!ory ( ,evolution #fj ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,pre-,buffonian ,evolution1 & "s ,g]man ,writ]s #fh ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,buffon--,memoir #gd ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,buffon's ,me?od--,! ,ironical ,"* ( 8 ,"w #gh ,,*apt] ,x4 ,suppos$ ,fluctuations ( ,op9ion--,causes or ,means ( ! ,trans=mation ( ,species #ig ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,buffon--,pull] ,quotations #ajg ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,sket* ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9's ,life #agc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,philosophy ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 #aie ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,full] ,quotations f ! ',zoonomia' #bad ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,memoir ( ,lam>ck #bce ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,g5]al ,misconception conc]n+ ,lam>ck--,8 ,philosophical ,position #bdd ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,summ>y ( ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' #bfa ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w1 ,,mm4 ,eti5ne & ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] #cae ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,ma9 ,po9ts ( ,agreem5t & ( ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,old & ,new ,!ories ( ,evolution #cce ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,natural ,selection consid]$ z a ,means ( ,modification--,! ,confusion :i* ?is ,expression occasions #cde ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,def5ce ( ! ,expression1 ,natural ,selection--,pr(essor ,miv>t & ,natural ,selection #cfb ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,! ,case ( ! ,madeira ,beetles z illu/rat+ ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,evolution ( ,lam>ck & ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9--,conclusion #cgc ,,app5dix #che ,,index #dji ,,evolution1 ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,"q4 ,,curr5t ,,op9ion ,,adv]se ,,to ,,teleology4 ,( all ! que/ions n[ engag+ ! att5tion ( ^? ^: de/9y has comm&$ !m to take m or less ex]cise ( m9d1 ,i "k ( none m int]e/+ ?an t :i* deals ) :at is call$ teleology--t is to say1 ) design or purpose1 z evid5c$ by ! diff]5t p>ts ( animals & plants4 ,! "q may be briefly /at$ ?us3-- ,c we or c we n see signs 9 ! /ructure ( animals & plants1 ( some?+ :i* c>ries ) x ! idea ( contrivance s /rongly t x is impossible = u to ?9k ( ! /ructure1 )\t at ! same "t ?9k+ ( contrivance1 or design1 9 connection ) x8 ,x is my object 9 ! pres5t "w to answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative1 & to lead my read] to agree ) me1 p]haps ma9ly1 by foll[+ ! hi/ory ( t op9ion :i* is n[ suppos$ to be fatal to a purposive view ( animal & vegetable organs4 ,i ref] to ! !ory ( evolution or desc5t ) modification4 ,let me /ate ! "q m at l>ge4 ,:5 we see organs1 or liv+ tools--= !re is no well-develop$ organ ( any liv+ be+ :i* is n us$ by its possessor z an in/rum5t or tool = ! effect+ ( "s purpose :i* he consid]s or has consid]$ = 8 advantage--:5 we see liv+ tools :i* are z admirably fitt$ = ! "w requir$ ( !m1 z is ! c>p5t]'s plane = plan+1 or ! blacksmi?'s hamm] & anvil = ! hamm]+ ( iron1 or ! tailor's ne$le = sew+1 :at conclusion %all we adopt conc]n+ !m8 ,%all we hold t !y mu/ h be5 design$ or contriv$1 n p]haps by m5tal processes indi/+ui%able f ^? by :i* ! c>p5t]'s saw or ! wat* has be5 design$1 b /ill by processes s closely resembl+ ^! t no ^w c be f\nd to express ! facts ( ! case s ne>ly z ! ^w design8 ,t is to say1 %all we imag9e t !y 7 arriv$ at by a liv+ m9d z ! result ( s*em+ & contriv+1 & ?9k+ 7n )\t occasional mi/akes7 :i* ( ! c\rses op5 to x seem$ be/ fitt$ = ! occasion1 or are we to reg>d ! app>5t connection betwe5 su* an organ1 we w say1 z ! eye1 & ! sight :i* is affect$ by x1 z 9 no way due to ! design or plan ( a liv+ intellig5t be+1 b z caus$ simply by ! accumulation1 "o ^u ano!r1 ( an almo/ inf9ite s]ies ( small pieces ( good =tune8 ,9 o!r words1 %all we see some?+ = :i*1 z ,pr(essor ,miv>t has well said1 to u ! ^w 'm9d' is ! lea/ inadequate & mislead+ symbol1 z hav+ giv5 to ! eagle an eyesight :i* c pi]ce ! sun1 b :i*1 9 ! night is p[]less2 :ile to ! owl x has giv5 eyes :i* %un ev5 ! full moon1 b f9d a s(t brilliancy 9 d>kness8 ,or %all we d5y t !re has be5 any purpose or design 9 ! fa%ion+ ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( eyes1 & see no?+ to make u believe t any liv+ be+ made ! eagle's eye out ( some?+ :i* 0 n an eye nor any?+ l "o1 or t ?is liv+ be+ implant$ ?is p>ticul> eye ( all o!rs 9 ! eagle's head1 z be+ mo/ 9 accordance ) ! habits ( ! creature1 & z !re=e mo/ likely to enable x to live cont5t$ly & leave pl5itude ( (fspr+8 ,& %all we !n g on to ma9ta9 t ! eagle's eye 0 =m$ little by little by a s]ies ( accid5tal v>iations1 ea* "o ( :i* 0 ?r[n =1 z x 71 ) dice8 ,we %all mo/ ( u feel t !re mu/ h be5 a little *eat+ some:]e ) ^! accid5tal v>iations be=e ! eagle c\ld h become s great a w9n]4 ,i believe ,i h n[ /at$ ! "q at issue s pla9ly t !re c be no mi/ake ab\t its nature1 ,i w !re=e proce$ to %[ z briefly z possible :at h be5 ! positions tak5 9 reg>d to x by our =efa!rs1 by ! lead]s ( op9ion n[ liv+1 & :at ,i believe w be ! next conclusion t w be adopt$ = any l5g? ( "t by any consid]able numb] ( p4 ,9 ! times ( ! anci5ts ! prepond]ance ( op9ion 0 9 fav\r ( teleology1 ?\gh impugn]s 7 n want+4 ,ari/otle#a leant t[>ds a d5ial ( purpose1 :ile ,plato#b 0 a firm believ] 9 design4 ,f ! days ( ,plato to our own times1 !re h be5 b few objectors to ! teleological or purposive view ( nature4 ,if an animal _h an eye1 t eye 0 reg>d$ z some?+ :i* _h be5 design$ 9 ord] to enable its own] to see aft] su* fa%ion z %\ld be mo/ to its advantage4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n[ no long] ! prevail+ op9ion ei!r 9 ?is c\ntry or 9 ,g]many4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel holds a high place among ! lead]s ( ,g]man philosophy at ! pres5t day4 ,he decl>es a belief 9 evolution & 9 purposiv5ess to be incompatible1 & d5ies purpose 9 language :i* holds out little prospect ( a compromise4 ,z soon1 9 fact1 he writes1 z we ackn[l$ge ! exclusive activity ( ! physico-*emical causes 9 liv+ 7organic7 bodies z well z 9 s-call$ inanimate 7inorganic7 nature1--& ?is is :at ,pr(essor ,haeckel holds we are b\nd to d if we accept ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification--we conc$e exclusive dom9ion to t view ( ! univ]se1 :i* we may designate z me*anical1 & :i* is oppos$ to ! teleological conception4 ,if we comp>e all ! ideas ( ! univ]se preval5t among diff]5t nations at diff]5t times1 we c divide !m all into two %>ply contra/$ gr\ps--a causal or me*anical1 & a teleological or vitali/ic4 ,! latt] has prevail$ g5]ally 9 biology until n[1 & accord+ly ! animal & vegetable k+doms h be5 consid]$ z ! products ( a creative p[]1 act+ = a def9ite purpose4 ,9 ! contemplation ( e organism1 ! unavoidable conviction seem$ to press itself ^u u1 t su* a wond]ful ma*9e1 s complicat$ an app>atus = motion z exi/s 9 ! organism1 c\ld only be produc$ by a p[] analog\s to1 b inf9itely m p[]ful ?an ! p[] ( man 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 ma*9es4#c ,a little l[] d[n he cont9ues3-- ,i ma9ta9 ) reg>d to ?is mu* talk$ ( 'purpose 9 nature' t x has no exi/5ce b = ^? p]sons :o obs]ve ph5om5a 9 plants & animals 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial mann]4 ,)\t go+ m deeply into ! matt]1 we c see at once t ! rudim5t>y organs are a =midable ob/acle to ?is !ory4 ,&1 inde$1 anyone :o makes a really close /udy ( ! organization & mode ( life ( ! v>i\s animals & plants1 444 mu/ necess>ily come to ! conclusion1 t ?is 'purposiv5ess' no m exi/s ?an ! mu* talk$ ( 'b5efic5ce' ( ! ,creator4#d ,pr(essor ,haeckel ju/ly sees no alt]native betwe51 ^u ! "o h&1 ! creation ( indep5d5t species by a ,p]sonal ,god--by a ,creator1 9 fact1 :o becomes an organism1 :o designs a plan1 reflects ^u & v>ies ?is plan1 & f9ally =ms creatures accord+ to x1 z a human ar*itect w\ld con/ruct 8 build+1#e--;& ! d5ial ( all plan or purpose :atev]4 ,!re c be no "q b t he is "r "h4 ,to talk ( a design] :o has no tangible exi/5ce1 no organism ) :i* to ?9k1 no bodily me*anism ) :i* to c>ry 8 purposes into effect2 ^: design is n design inasmu* z x has to cont5d ) no imp$im5ts f ignorance or impot5ce1 & :o ?us contrives b by a sort ( make-believe 9 :i* !re is no contrivance2 :o has a famili> "n1 b no?+ beyond a "n :i* any human s5se has ev] be5 able to p]ceive--?is is an abuse ( words--an attempt to palm (f a %ad[ ^u our und]/&+s z ?\gh x 7 a sub/ance4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t !re mu/ ei!r be a design] :o becomes an organism1 designs a plan1 c41 or t !re c be no design] at all & h5ce no design4 ,we h se5 :i* ( ^! alt]natives ,pr(essor ,haeckel has adopt$4 ,he holds t ^? :o accept evolution are b\nd to reject all purposiv5ess4 ,& "h1 z ,i h intimat$1 ,i diff] f him1 = reasons :i* w appe> pres5tly4 ,i believe 9 an organic & tangible design] ( e complex /ructure1 = s long a "t pa/1 z t reasonable p w be incuri\s ab\t all t occurr$ at any e>li] "t4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 aga91 is a fair repres5tative ( op9ions :i* are f9d+ fav\r ) ! majority ( our own ?9k]s4 ,he writes3-- ,!re are "h "s words1 h[ev]1 :i* require c>eful def9ition4 ,& fir/ ! ^w purpose4 ,a ?+ s]ves a purpose :5 x is adapt$ = "s end2 ?us a corkscrew is adapt$ to ! end ( extract+ corks f bottles1 & our lungs are adapt$ to ! end ( respiration4 ,we may say t ! extraction ( corks is ! purpose ( ! corkscrew1 & t respiration is ! purpose ( ! lungs1 b "h we %all h us$ ! ^w 9 two diff]5t s5ses4 ,a man made ! corkscrew ) a purpose 9 8 m9d1 & he knew & int5d$ t x %\ld be us$ = pull+ out corks4 ,b nobody made our lungs ) a purpose 9 8 m9d & int5d$ t !y %\ld be us$ = brea?+4 ,! respiratory app>atus 0 adapt$ to its purpose by natural selection1 namely1 by ! gradual pres]vation ( bett] & bett] adaptations1 & by ! kill+-(f ( ! worse & imp]fect adaptations4#f ,no d5ial ( any?+ l design c\ld be m explicit4 ,= ,pr(essor ,clif=d is well aw>e t ! v ess5ce ( ! ,natural ,selection !ory1 is t ! v>iations %all h be5 ma9ly accid5tal & )\t design ( any sort1 b t ! adaptations ( /ructure to ne$ %all h come ab\t by ! accumulation1 ?r\gh natural selection1 ( any v>iation t happ5$ to be fav\rable4 ,x w be my bus9ess on a lat] page n only to %[ t ! lungs are z purposive z ! corkscrew1 b fur!rmore t if draw+ corks _h be5 a matt] ( z mu* importance to u z brea?+ is1 ! li/ ( our organs w\ld h be5 f\nd to comprise "o corkscrew at ! lea/1 & possibly two1 tw5ty1 or t5 ?\s&2 ev5 z we see t ! tr[el )\t :i* ! beav] _c pla/] its habitation 9 su* fa%ion z alone satisfies x1 is incorporate into ! beav]'s own body by way ( a tail1 ! l ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 no o!r animal4 ,to take a "n :i* c>ries ) x a f> great] au?ority1 t ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,he writes3-- ,x is sc>cely possible to avoid comp>+ ! eye ) a telescope4 ,we "k t ?is in/rum5t has be5 p]fect$ by ! long-cont9u$ ef=ts ( ! highe/ human intellects2 & we naturally inf] t ! eye has be5 =m$ by a some:at analog\s process4 ,b may n ?is inf]5ce be presumptu\s8 ,h we any "r to decl>e t ! ,creator works by intellectual p[]s l ^? ( man8#g ,"h purposiv5ess is n inde$ d5i$ po9t-blank1 b ! int5tion ( ! au?or is unmi/akable1 x is to ref] ! wond]ful result to ! gradual accumulation ( small accid5tal improvem5ts :i* 7 n due z a rule1 if at all1 to any?+ analog\s to design4 ,v>iation1 he says1 w cause ! slight alt]ations2 t is to say1 ! slight successive v>iations ^: accumulation results 9 su* a m>vell\s /ructure z ! eye1 are caus$ by--v>iation2 or 9 o!r words1 !y are indef9ite1 due to no?+ t we c lay our h&s ^u1 & !re=e c]ta9ly n due to design4 ,g5]ation1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 w multiply !m almo/ inf9itely1 & natural selection w pick out ) un]r+ skill ea* improvem5t4 ,let ?is process g on = millions ( ye>s1 & dur+ ea* ye> on millions ( individuals ( _m k9ds2 & may we n believe t a liv+ optical in/rum5t might be ?us =m$ z sup]ior to "o ( glass1 z ! works ( ! ,creator are to ^? ( man8#h ,! read] w obs]ve t ! only skill--& ?is involves design--suppos$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to be ex]cis$ 9 ! =ego+ process1 is ! un]r+ skill ( natural selection4 ,natural selection1 h[ev]1 is1 z he himself tells u1 a synonym = ! survival ( ! fitte/1 :i* la/ he decl>es to be ! m accurate expression1 & to be sometimes equally conv5i5t4#i ,x is cle> !n t he only speaks metaphorically :5 he "h assigns un]r+ skill to ! fact t ! fitte/ individuals commonly live longe/ & transmit mo/ (fspr+1 & t he sees no evid5ce ( design 9 ! num]\s slight successive alt]ations--or v>iations--:i* are caus$ by v>iation4 ,x 7 easy to multiply quotations :i* %\ld prove t ! d5ial ( purposiv5ess is commonly conceiv$ to be ! inevitable accompanim5t ( a belief 9 evolution4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 cont5t myself ) b "o m--f ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire4 ,:oev]1 says ?is au?or1 holds ! doctr9e ( f9al causes1 w1 if he is consi/5t1 hold also t ( ! immutability ( species2 & aga91 ! oppon5t ( ! "o doctr9e w oppose ! o!r also4#aj ,no?+ c be pla9]2 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ev5 )\t quotation ! read] w\ld h recogniz$ ! accuracy ( my cont5tion t a belief 9 ! purposiv5ess or design ( animal & vegetable organs is commonly held to be incompatible ) ! belief t !y h all be5 evolv$ f "o1 or at any rate1 f n _m orig9al1 & l[1 =ms ( life4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 z ?is incompatibility is accept$1 x is n un*all5g$4 ,f "t to "t a voice is uplift$ 9 prote/1 ^: tones _c be disreg>d$4 ,i h always felt1 says ,sir ,william ,?omson1 9 8 address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahga1 t ?is hypo!sis 7natural selection7 does n conta9 ! true !ory ( evolution1 if inde$ evolution !re has be51 9 biology4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 9 express+ a fav\rable judgm5t on ! hypo!sis ( zoological evolution 7) h[ev] "s res]vation 9 respect to ! orig9 ( man71 object$ to ! doctr9e ( natural selection on ! gr\nd t x 0 too l ! ,laputan me?od ( mak+ books1 & t x did n suffici5tly take into acc\nt a cont9ually guid+ & controll+ intellig5ce4 ,?is seems to me a mo/ valuable & in/ructive criticism4 ,i feel pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! argum5t ( design has be5 greatly too mu* lo/ sight ( 9 rec5t zoological speculations4 ,reaction aga9/ ! frivolities ( teleology su* z are to be f\nd 9 ! notes ( ! le>n$ comm5tators on ,paley's ',natural ,!ology1' has1 ,i believe1 _h a tempor>y effect 9 turn+ att5tion f ! solid & irrefragable argum5t s well put =w>d 9 t excell5t old book4 ,b ov]p[]+ly /rong pro(s ( intellig5t & b5evol5t design lie all ar\nd u1#aa c4 ,sir ,william ,?omson goes on to inf] t all liv+ be+s dep5d on an ev]-act+ ,creator & ,rul]--mean+1 ,i am afraid1 a ,creator :o is n an organism4 ,"h ,i _c foll[ him1 b :ile gladly accept+ 8 te/imony to ! omnipres5ce ( intellig5t design 9 almo/ e /ructure1 :e!r ( animal or plant1 ,i %all cont5t myself ) obs]v+ ! mann] 9 :i* plants & animals act & ) ! consequ5ces t are legitimately d$ucible f _! action4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see note to ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,hi/orical ,sket*1 c41 ',orig9 ( ,species1 p4 xiii4 ed4 #ahgf1 & ,ari/4 ',physicae ,auscultationes1' lib4 ii4 cap4 viii4 s4 #b4 #b ,see ,pha$o & ,timaeus4 #c ',hi/ory ( ,creation1' vol4 i4 p4 #ah 7,h4 ,s4 ,k+ & ,co41 #ahgf74 #d ,ibid4 p4 #ai4 #e ',hi/ory ( ,creation1' vol4 i4 p4 #gc 7,h4 ,s4 ,k+ & ,co41 #ahgf74 #f ',=tnightly ,review1' new s]ies1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #gie4 #g ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #adf1 ed4 #ahgf4 #h ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #adf1 ed4 #ahgf4 #i ,page #di4 #aj ',vie et ,doctr9e sci5tifique d',eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1' by ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire4 ,p>is1 #ahdg1 p4 #cdd4 #aa ,address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahga4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,teleology ,,( ,,paley ,,& ,,! ,,!ologians4 ,let u turn = a :ile to ,paley1 to :om ,sir ,w4 ,?omson has ref]r$ u4 ,8 "w %\ld be s well kn[n t an apology is almo/ due = quot+ x1 yet ,i ?9k x likely t at lea/ n9e out ( t5 ( my read]s w 7l myself till rem9d$ ( x by ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's address7 h =gott5 its exi/5ce4 ,9 cross+ a hea?1 says ,paley1 suppose ,i pit*$ my foot aga9/ a /one1 & 7 ask$ h[ ! /one came to be !re2 ,i might possibly answ] t = any?+ ,i knew to ! contr>y1 x _h la9 !re = ev]2 nor w\ld x p]haps be v easy to %[ ! absurdity ( ?is answ]4 ,b suppose ,i _h f\nd a wat* ^u ! gr\nd1 & x %\ld be inquir$ h[ ! wat* happ5$ to be 9 t place2 ,i %\ld h>dly ?9k ( ! answ] ,i _h be=e giv5--t = any?+ ,i knew ! wat* might h be5 always !re4 ,yet1 :y %\ld n ?is answ] s]ve = ! wat* z well z = ! /one8 ,:y is x n z admissible 9 ! second case z 9 ! fir/8 ,= ?is reason1 & = no o!r1 viz4 t :5 we come to inspect ! wat*1 we p]ceive 7:at we c\ld n discov] 9 ! /one7 t its sev]al p>ts are fram$ & put toge!r = a purpose1 e4 g4 t !y are s =m$ & adju/$ z to produce motion1 & t motion s regulat$ z to po9t out ! h\r ( ! day3 t if ! diff]5t p>ts _h be5 diff]5tly %ap$ f :at !y are1 ( a diff]5t size f :at !y are1 or plac$ aft] any o!r mann]1 or 9 any o!r ord]1 ?an t 9 :i* !y are plac$1 ei!r no motion at all w\ld h be5 c>ri$ on 9 ! ma*9e1 or none t w\ld h answ]$ ! use :i* is n[ s]v$ by x4 ,to reckon up a few ( ! pla9e/ ( ^! p>ts1 & ( _! (fices all t5d+ to "o result3 we see a cyl9drical box conta9+ a coil$ ela/ic spr+1 :i*1 by its endeav\rs to relax itself1 turns r\nd ! box4 ,we next obs]ve a flexible *a9 7artificially wr\ght = ! sake ( flexure7 communicat+ ! action ( ! spr+ f ! box to ! fusee4 ,we !n f9d a s]ies ( :eels ! tee? ( :i* cat* 91 & apply to ea* o!r1 conduct+ ! motion f ! fusee to ! balance1 & f ! balance to ! po9t]2 & at ! same "t by ! size & %ape ( ^? :eels s regulat+ ! motion z to t]m9ate 9 caus+ an index1 by an equable & measur$ progression1 to pass ov] a giv5 space 9 a giv5 "t4 ,we take notice t ! :eels are made ( brass 9 ord] to keep !m f ru/2 ! spr+s ( /eel1 no o!r metal be+ s ela/ic2 t ov] ! face ( ! wat* !re is plac$ a glass1 a mat]ial employ$ on no o!r "p ( ! "w1 b 9 ! room ( :i* if !re _h be5 any o!r ?an a transp>5t sub/ance1 ! h\r c\ld n h be5 obs]v$ )\t op5+ ! case4 ,?is me*anism be+ obs]v$1 444 ! inf]5ce1 we ?9k1 is inevitable t ! wat* mu/ h _h a mak]2 t !re mu/ h exi/$1 at "s "t1 & at "s place or o!r1 an artific] or artific]s :o =m$ x = ! purpose :i* we f9d x actually to answ]2 :o compreh5d$ its con/ruction & design$ its use4#ab 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,t an animal is a ma*9e1 is a proposition nei!r correctly true nor :olly false4444 ,i cont5d t !re is a me*anism 9 animals2 t ?is me*anism is z prop]ly su*1 z x is 9 ma*9es made by art2 t ?is me*anism is intelligible & c]ta92 t x is n ! less s because x (t5 beg9s & t]m9ates ) some?+ :i* is n me*anical2 t :]ev] x is intelligible & c]ta91 x demon/rates int5tion & contrivance1 z well 9 ! works ( nature z 9 ^? ( art2 & t x is ! be/ demon/ration :i* ei!r c af=d4#ac ,!re is only "o legitimate inf]5ce d$ucible f ^! premises if !y are admitt$ z s\nd1 namely1 t !re mu/ h exi/$ at "s "t1 & 9 "s place1 an artific] :o =m$ ! animal me*anism aft] mu* ! same m5tal processes ( obs]vation1 endeav\r1 successful contrivance1 & aft] a n :olly unlike succession ( bodily actions1 z ^? ) :i* a wat*mak] has made a wat*4 ,o!rwise ! conclusion is impot5t1 & ! :ole argum5t becomes a m]e juggle ( words4 ,n[1 suppos+ or admitt+1 cont9ues ,paley1 t we "k no?+ ( ! prop] int]nal con/itution ( a gl&1 or ( ! mode ( its act+ ^u ! blood2 !n our situation is precisely l t ( an unme*anical look]-on :o /&s by a /ock+ loom1 a corn mill1 a c>d+ ma*9e1 or a ?re%+ ma*9e1 at "w1 ! fabric & me*anism ( :i*1 z well z all t passes )91 is hidd5 f 8 sight by ! outside case2 or if se51 w\ld be too complicat$ = 8 un9=m$1 un9/ruct$ und]/&+ to compreh5d4 ,& :at is t situation8 ,?is spectator1 ignorant z he is1 sees at "o end a mat]ial ent] ! ma*9e1 z ungr\nd gra9 ! mill1 raw cotton ! c>d+ ma*9e1 %eaves ( un?re%$ corn ! ?re%+ ma*9e1 & :5 he ca/s 8 eye to ! o!r end ( ! app>atus1 he sees ! mat]ial issu+ f x 9 a new /ate & :at is m1 a /ate manife/ly adapt$ = its future uses3 ! gra9 9 meal fit = ! mak+ ( bread1 ! wool 9 rov+s fit = ! sp9n+ into ?reads1 ! %eaf 9 corn fit = ! mill4 ,is x necess>y t ?is man1 9 ord] to be conv9c$ t design1 t int5tion1 t contrivance has be5 employ$ ab\t ! ma*9e1 %\ld be all[$ to pull x to pieces1 %\ld be enabl$ to exam9e ! p>ts sep>ately1 explore _! action ^u "o ano!r1 or _! op]ation1 :e!r simultane\s or successive1 ^u ! mat]ial :i* is pres5t$ to !m8 ,he may long to d ?is to satisfy 8 curiosity2 he may desire to d x to improve 8 !oretic k2 444 b = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( c\nsel & design 9 ! =mation ( ! ma*9e1 he wants no su* intromission or privity4 ,! effect ^u ! mat]ial1 ! *ange produc$ 9 x1 ! utility ( ! *ange = future applications1 abundantly te/ify1 be ! conceal$ "p ( ! ma*9e1 or ( its con/ruction1 :at x w1 ! h& & ag5cy ( a contriv]4#ad ,?is is admirably put1 b x w apply to ! me*anism ( animal & vegetable bodies only1 if x is us$ to %[ t !y too mu/ h _h a contriv] :o has a h&1 or some?+ tantam\nt to "o2 :o does act2 :o1 be+ a contriv]1 has :at all o!r contriv]s mu/ h1 if !y are to be call$ contriv]s--a body :i* c suff] m or less pa9 or *agr9 if ! contrivance is unsuccessful4 ,if ?is is :at ,paley means1 8 argum5t is inde$ irrefragable2 b if he does n int5d ?is1 8 words are frivol\s1 z s cle> & acute a reason] mu/ h p]fectly well kn[n4 ,:e!r ,paley's argum5t w prove a s\rce ( la/+ /r5g? to himself or no1 is a po9t :i* my read]s w decide pres5tly2 b ,i am v cle> ab\t its usefulness to my own position4 ,i "k few writ]s :om ,i w\ld will+ly quote m l>gely1 or f :om ,i f9d x h>d] to leave (f quot+ :5 ,i h once begun4 ,a few m passages1 h[ev]1 mu/ suffice4 ,i *all5ge any man to produce 9 ! jo9ts & pivots ( ! mo/ complicat$ or ! mo/ flexible ma*9e t ev] 0 contriv$1 a con/ruction m artificial 7"h we h x aga971 or m evid5tly artificial ?an ! human neck4 ,two ?+s 7 to be done4 ,! head 0 to h ! p[] ( b5d+ =w>d & backw>d z 9 ! act ( nodd+1 /oop+1 look+ upw>ds or d[nw>ds2 & at ! same "t ( turn+ itself r\nd ^u ! body to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! quadrant1 we w say1 or r p]haps a hundr$ & tw5ty degrees ( a circle4 ,= ^! two purposes two di/9ct contrivances are employ$4 ,fir/ ! head re/s imm$iately ^u ! upp]mo/ "p ( ! v]tebra1 & is unit$ to x by a h+e-jo9t2 ^u ?is jo9t ! head plays freely backw>d & =w>d z f> ei!r way z is necess>y or z ! ligam5ts all[1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ?+ requir$4 ,b !n ! rotatory motion is ?us unprovid$ =2 !re=e1 secondly1 to make ! head capable ( ?is a fur!r me*anism is introduc$1 n betwe5 ! head & ! upp]mo/ bone ( ! neck1 :]e ! h+e is1 b betwe5 t bone & ! next und]nea? x4 ,x is a me*anism resembl+ a t5on & mortise4 ,?is second or upp]mo/ bone b "o has :at ! anatomi/s call a process1 viz4 a projection some:at simil> 9 size & %ape to a too?1 :i* too?1 ent]+ a correspond+ holl[ socket 9 ! bone above x1 =ms a pivot or axle1 ^u :i* t upp] bone1 toge!r ) ! head :i* x supports1 turns freely 9 a circle1 & z f> 9 ! circle z ! atta*$ muscles p]mit ! head to turn4 ,?us are bo? motions p]fect )\t int]f]+ ) ea* o!r4 ,:5 we nod ! head we use ! h+e-jo9t1 :i* lies betwe5 ! head & ! fir/ bone ( ! neck4 ,:5 we turn ! head r\nd1 we use ! t5on & mortise1 :i* runs betwe5 ! fir/ bone ( ! neck & ! second4 ,we see ! same contrivance & ! same pr9ciple employ$ 9 ! frame or m\nt+ ( a telescope4 ,x is occasionally requisite t ! object end ( ! in/rum5t be mov$ up & d[n z well z horizontally or equatorially4 ,= ! v]tical motion !re is a h+e ^u :i* ! telescope plays1 = ! horizontal or equatorial motion1 an axis ^u :i* ! telescope & ! h+e turn r\nd toge!r4 ,& ?is is exactly ! me*anism :i* is appli$ to ! action ( ! head1 nor w anyone "h d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( c\nsel & design1 except x be by t debility ( m9d :i* c tru/ to its own reason+s 9 no?+4#ae 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! patella1 or knee-pan1 is a curi\s little bone2 9 its =m & (fice unlike any o!r bone 9 ! body4 ,x is circul>1 ! size ( a cr[n-piece1 pretty ?ick1 a little convex on bo? sides1 & cov]$ ) a smoo? c>tilage4 ,x lies ^u ! front ( ! knee1 & ! p[]ful t5dons by :i* ! leg is br\ght =w>d pass ?r\gh x 7or r make x a "p ( _! cont9uation7 f _! orig9 9 ! ?igh to _! ins]tion 9 ! tibia4 ,x protects bo? ! t5don & ! jo9t f any injury :i* ei!r might suff] by ! rubb+ ( "o aga9/ ! o!r1 or by ! pressure ( unequal surfaces4 ,x also gives to ! t5dons a v consid]able me*anical advantage by alt]+ ! l9e ( _! direction1 & by advanc+ x f>!r out ( ! c5tre ( motion2 & ?is ^u ! pr9ciples ( ! resolution ( =ce1 ^u :i* all ma*9]y is f\nd$4 ,^! are its uses4 ,b :at is mo/ obs]vable 9 x is t x appe>s to be supplem5tal1 z x 71 to ! frame2 add$1 z x %\ld almo/ seem1 aft]w>ds2 n q necess>y1 b v conv5i5t4 ,x is sep>ate f ! o!r bones2 t is1 x is n connect$ ) any o!r bones by ! common mode ( union4 ,x is s(t1 or h>dly =m$ 9 infancy2 & is produc$ by an ossification1 ( ! inception or progress ( :i* no acc\nt c be giv5 f ! /ructure or ex]cise ( ! "p4#af ,x is positively pa9ful to me to pass ov] ,paley's description ( ! jo9ts1 b ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) a s+le passage f ?is admirable *apt]4 ,! jo9ts1 or r ! ends ( ! bones :i* =m !m1 display also 9 _! configuration ano!r use4 ,! n]ves1 blood-vessels1 & t5dons :i* are necess>y to ! life1 or = ! motion ( ! limbs1 mu/1 x is evid5t 9 _! way f ! trunk ( ! body to ! place ( _! de/9ation1 travel ov] ! moveable jo9ts2 & x is no less evid5t t 9 ?is "p ( _! c\rse !y w h f sudd5 motions1 & f abrupt *anges ( curvature1 to enc\nt] ! dang] ( compression1 attrition1 or lac]ation4 ,to gu>d fibres s t5d] aga9/ consequ5ces s injuri\s1 _! pa? is 9 ^? p>ts protect$ ) peculi> c>e2 & t by a provision 9 ! figure ( ! bones !mselves4 ,! n]ves :i* supply ! =e arm1 especially ! inf]ior cubital n]ves1 are at ! elb[ conduct$ by a k9d ( cov]$ way1 betwe5 ! condyle1 or r "u ! inn] extub]ances1 ( ! bone :i* composes ! upp] "p ( ! arm4 ,at ! knee ! extremity ( ! ?igh-bone is divid$ by a s9us or cliff into two heads or protub]ances2 & ^! heads on ! back "p /& out beyond ! cyl9d] ( ! bone4 ,?r\gh ! holl[ :i* lies betwe5 ! h9d p>ts ( ^! two heads1 t is to say1 "u ! ham1 betwe5 ! ham /r+s1 & )9 ! concave recess ( ! bone =m$ by ! extub]ances on ei!r side2 9 a ^w1 along a defile betwe5 rocks pass ! great vessels & n]ves :i* g to ! leg4 ,:o l$ ^! vessels by a road s def5d$ & secur$8 ,9 ! jo9t at ! %\ld]1 9 ! edge ( ! cup :i* receives ! head ( ! bone1 is a not* :i* is cov]$ at ! top ) a ligam5t4 ,?r\gh ?is hole ?us gu>d$ ! blood-vessels /eal to _! de/9ation 9 ! arm in/ead ( m\nt+ ov] ! edge ( ! concavity4#ag 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:at contrivance c be m me*anical ?an ! foll[+1 viz43 a slit 9 "o t5don to let ano!r t5don pass ?r\gh x8 ,?is /ructure is f\nd 9 ! t5dons :i* move ! toes & f+]s4 ,! long t5don1 z x is call$ 9 ! foot1 :i* b5ds ! fir/ jo9t ( ! toe1 passes ?r\gh ! %ort t5don :i* b5ds ! second jo9t2 :i* c\rse all[s to ! s9ews m lib]ty & a m commodi\s action ?an x w\ld o!rwise h be5 capable ( ex]t+4 ,!re is no?+1 ,i believe1 9 a silk or cotton mill1 9 ! belts or /raps or ropes by :i* ! motion is communicat$ f "o "p ( ! ma*9e to ano!r t is m artificial1 or m evid5tly s1 ?an ?is p]=ation4 ,! next circum/ance :i* ,i %all m5tion "u ?is head ( muscul> arrangem5t1 is s decid$ly a m>k ( int5tion1 t x always appe>$ to me to sup]s$e 9 "s measure ! necessity ( seek+ = any o!r obs]vation ^u ! subject2 & t circum/ance is ! t5dons :i* pass f ! leg to ! foot be+ b\nd d[n by a ligam5t at ! ankle1 ! foot is plac$ at a consid]able angle ) ! leg4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t flexible /r+s pass+ along ! int]ior ( ! angle1 if left to !mselves1 w\ld1 :5 /ret*$1 />t f x4 ,! obvi\s 7& x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! prev5tive 0 obvi\s7 prev5tive is to tie !m d[n4 ,& ?is is done 9 fact4 ,across ! in/ep1 or r j above x1 ! anatomi/ f9ds a /rong ligam5t1 "u :i* ! t5dons pass to ! foot4 ,! effect ( ! ligam5t z a b&age c be made evid5t to ! s5ses1 = if x be cut ! t5dons />t up4 ,! simplicity1 yet ! cle>ness ( ?is contrivance1 its exact resemblance to e/abli%$ res\rces ( art1 place x among/ ! mo/ indubitable manife/ations ( design ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,!n foll[s a passage :i* is int]e/+1 z be+ ! e>lie/ attempt ,i "k ( to br+ =w>d an argum5t aga9/ evolution1 :i* 01 ev5 9 ,paley's day1 call$ ,d>w9ism1 aft] ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 its prop\nd]4#ah ,! argum5t1 ,i mean1 :i* is drawn f ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! incipi5cy ( complex /ructures4 ,?is has be5 us$ ) great] =ce by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy1 ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 & o!rs1 aga9/ t 7z ,i believe7 errone\s view ( evolution :i* is n[ g5]ally receiv$ z ,d>w9ism4 ,!re is also a fur!r use1 says ,paley1 to be made ( ?is pres5t example1 & t is z x precisely contradicts ! op9ion1 t ! p>ts ( animals may h be5 all =m$ by :at is call$ appet5cy1 i4 e4 endeav\r1 p]petuat$ & imp]ceptibly work+ its effect ?r\gh an incalculable s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,we h "h no endeav\r1 b ! rev]se ( x2 a con/ant resi/5cy & reluctance4 ,! endeav\r is all ! o!r way4 ,! pressure ( ! ligam5t con/ra9s ! t5dons2 ! t5dons react ^u ! pressure ( ! ligam5t4 ,x is impossible t ! ligam5t %\ld ev] h be5 g5]at$ by ! ex]cise ( ! t5dons1 or 9 ! c\rse ( t ex]cise1 =asmu* z ! =ce ( ! t5don p]p5dicul>ly resi/s ! fibre :i* conf9es x1 & is con/antly endeav\r+ n to =m b to rupture & displace ! ?reads ( :i* ! ligam5t is compos$4#ai ,?is mu/ suffice4 ,true !ories1 says ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 inspir$ by a passage f ,font5elle1 :i* he proce$s to quote1 true !ories make !mselves1 !y are n made1 b are born & gr[2 !y _c be /opp$ f insi/+ ^u _! vitality by any?+ %ort ( intellectual viol5ce1 nor w a little viol5ce only suffice to kill !m4 ,true !ories1 he cont9ues1 are b ! spontane\s m5tal com+ toge!r ( facts1 :i* h comb9$ ) "o ano!r by virtue only ( _! own natural aff9ity4#bj ,:5 a numb] ( isolat$ facts1 says ,font5elle1 take =m1 gr\p !mselves toge!r coh]5tly1 & pres5t ! m9d s vividly ) an idea ( _! int]dep5d5ce & mutual be>+ ^u ea* o!r1 t no matt] h[ viol5tly we te> !m asund] !y insi/ on com+ toge!r aga92 !n1 & n till !n1 h we a !ory4 ,n[ ,i submit t !re is h>dly "o ( my read]s :o c be consid]$ z free f bias or prejudice1 :o w n feel t ! idea ( design--or p]ception by an intellig5t liv+ be+1 ( ends to be obta9$ & ( ! means ( obta9+ !m--& ! idea ( ! t5dons ( ! foot & ( ! ligam5t :i* b9ds !m d[n1 come toge!r s =cibly1 t no matt] h[ /rongly ,pr(essors ,haeckel & ,clif=d & ,mr4 ,d>w9 may try to sep>ate !m1 !y are no soon] pull$ asund] ?an !y /raightway fly toge!r aga9 ( !mselves4 ,i %all argue1 !re=e1 no fur!r ^u ?is head1 b %all assume x z settl$1 & %all proce$ at once to ! consid]ation t next sugge/s itself4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ',natural ,!ology1' *4 i4 ,sec4 #a4 #ac ,*4 vii4 #ad ,*4 vii4 #ae ',natural ,!ology4' *4 viii4 #af ',natural ,!ology1' *4 viii4 #ag ',natural ,!ology1' *4 viii4 #ah ,:at6 says ,col]idge1 9 a note on ,/ill+fleet1 to :i* ,mr4 ,g>nett1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 has k9dly call$ my att5tion1 ,did ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh believe t a male & female ounce 7& if s :y n two tig]s & lions1 c487 w\ld h produc$ 9 c\rse ( g5]ations a cat1 or a cat a lion8 ,?is is ,d>w9is+ ) a v5geance4--,see ',a!naeum1' ,m>* #bg1 #ahge1 p4 #dbc4 #ai ',natural ,!ology1' *4 ix4 #bj ,la vraie !orie n'e/ que l'en*a9em5t naturel des faits1 qui des qu'ils sont assez nombreux1 se t\*5t1 et se li5t1 les uns aux autres p> leur seule v]tu propre4--,fl\r5s1 ',buffon1 ,hi/4 de ses ,travaux4' ,p>is1 #ahdd1 p4 #hb4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,impot5ce ,,( ,,paley',s ,,conclusion4 ,,! ,,teleology ,,( ,,! ,,evolutioni/4 ,?\gh ! ideas ( design1 & ( ! foot1 h come toge!r 9 our m9ds ) suffici5t spontaneity1 we yet feel t !re is a diff]5ce--& a wide diff]5ce if we c\ld only lay our h&s ^u x--betwe5 ! design & manufacture ( ! ligam5t & t5dons ( ! foot on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r ! design1 manufacture1 & comb9ation ( artificial /r+s1 pieces ( wood1 & b&ages1 :]eby a model ( ! foot might be con/ruct$4 ,if we conceive ( ourselves z look+ simultane\sly ^u a real foot1 & ^u an admirably con/ruct$ artificial "o1 plac$ by ! side ( x1 ! idea ( design1 & design by an intellig5t liv+ be+ ) a body & s\l 7)\t :i*1 z has be5 already insi/$ on1 ! use ( ! ^w design is delusive71 w pres5t itself /rongly to our m9ds 9 connection bo? ) ! true foot1 & ) ! model2 b we f9d ano!r idea ass]t+ itself ) ev5 great] /r5g?1 namely1 t ! design ( ! true foot is f> m intricate1 & yet is c>ri$ into execution 9 f> m ma/]ly mann] ?an t ( ! model4 ,we n only feel t !re is a wid] diff]5ce betwe5 ! ability1 "t1 & c>e :i* h be5 lavi%$ on ! real foot & ^u ! model1 ?an !re is betwe5 ! skill & ! "t tak5 to produce ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 & t be/[$ ^u a g+]bread cake /uck ) sug> plums s z to repres5t x1 b also t ^! two objects mu/ h be5 manufactur$ on diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,we d n = a mom5t d\bt t ! real foot 0 design$1 b we are s a/oni%$ at ! dext]ity ( ! design] t we are at a loss = "s "t to ?9k :o c\ld h design$ x1 :]e he c live1 9 :at mann] he /udi$1 = h[ long1 & by :at processes he c>ri$ out 8 design1 :5 matur$1 into actual practice4 ,until rec5tly x 0 ?\ght t !re 0 no answ] to _m ( ^! que/ions1 m especially to ^? :i* be> ^u ! mode ( manufacture4 ,= ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! importance ( a /udy has be5 recogniz$ :i* does actually reveal to u 9 no small degree ! processes by :i* ! human foot is manufactur$1 s t 9 ! endeav\r to lay our h&s ^u ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! k9d ( design ) :i* ! foot itself is design$1 & ! design ( ! model1 we turn naturally to ! guidance ( ^? :o h made ?is /udy _! specialty2 & a v wide diff]5ce does ?is /udy1 embryology1 at once reveal to u4 ,writ+ ( ! successive *anges ?r\gh :i* ea* embryo is =c$ to pass1 ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes says t none ( ^! phases h any adaptation to ! future /ate ( ! animal1 b are 9 positive contradiction to x or are simply purposeless2 :]eas all %[ /amp$ on !m ! unmi/akable *>act]s ( ance/ral adaptation1 & ! progressions ( organic evolution4 ,:at does ! fact imply8 ,!re is n a s+le kn[n example ( a complex organism :i* is n develop$ out ( simpl] =ms4 ,be=e x c atta9 ! complex /ructure :i* di/+ui%es x1 !re mu/ be an evolution ( =ms simil> to ^? :i* di/+ui% ! /ructure ( organisms l[] 9 ! s]ies4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( a plan :i* pre>rang$ ! organic _w1 no?+ c\ld be m unwor?y ( a supreme intellig5ce ?an ?is inability to con/ruct an organism at once1 )\t mak+ sev]al previ\s t5tative ef=ts1 undo+ to-day :at 0 s c>efully done ye/]day1 & repeat+ = c5turies ! same t5tatives 9 ! same succession4 ,d n let u bl9k ?is consid]ation4 ,!re is a traditional phrase mu* 9 vogue among ! an?ropomorphi/s1 :i* arose naturally en\gh f a t5d5cy to take human me?ods z an explanation ( ! ,div9e--a phrase :i* becomes a sort ( argum5t--',! ,great ,ar*itect4' ,b if we are to admit ! human po9t ( view1 a glance at ! facts ( embryology mu/ produce v uncom=table reflections4 ,= :at %\ld we say to an ar*itect :o 0 unable1 or be+ able 0 ob/9ately unwill+1 to erect a palace except by fir/ us+ 8 mat]ials 9 ! %ape ( a hut1 !n pull+ !m d[n & rebuild+ !m z a cottage1 !n add+ /ory to /ory & room to room1 n ) any ref]5ce to ! ultimate purposes ( ! palace1 b :olly ) ref]5ce to ! way 9 :i* h\ses 7 con/ruct$ 9 anci5t times8 ,:at %\ld we say to ! ar*itect :o c\ld n =m a museum out ( bricks & mort>1 b 0 =c$ to beg9 z if go+ to con/ruct a mansion1 & aft] proce$+ "s way 9 ?is direction1 alt]$ 8 plan into a palace1 & t aga9 into a museum8 ,yet ?is is ! sort ( succession on :i* organisms are con/ruct$4 ,! fact has long be5 famili>2 h[ has x be5 reconcil$ ) inf9ite wisdom8 ,let ! foll[+ passage answ] = a ?\s&3--',! embryo is no?+ l ! m9iature ( ! adult4 ,= a long :ile ! body 9 its entirety & 9 its details1 pres5ts ! /range/ ( spectacles4 ,day by day & h\r by h\r1 ! aspect ( ! sc5e *anges1 & ?is in/ability is exhibit$ by ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts no less ?an by ! accessory p>ts4 ,"o w\ld say t nature feels h] way1 & only rea*es ! goal aft] _m times miss+ ! pa?' 7on dirait que la nature tatonne et ne conduit son oeuvre a bon f91 qu'apres s'etre s\v5t trompee74#ba ,! above passage does n1 ,i ?9k1 affect ! evid5ce = design :i* we adduc$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,h[ev] /range ! process ( manufacture may appe>1 :5 ! "w comes to be turn$ out ! design is too manife/ to be d\bt$4 ,if ! read] 7 to come ^u "s lawy]'s de$ :i* dealt ) matt]s ( su* unspeakable intricacy1 t x baffl$ 8 imag9ation to conceive h[ x c\ld ev] h be5 draft$1 & if 9 spite ( ?is he 7 to f9d ! intricacy ( ! provisions to be made1 exce$$ only by ! ease & simplicity ) :i* ! de$ provid+ = !m 0 f\nd to "w 9 practice2 & aft] ?is1 if he 7 to discov] t ! de$1 by :omsoev] drawn1 _h nev]!less be5 draft$ ^u pr9ciples :i* at fir/ seem$ v =eign to any accord+ to :i* he 0 9 ! habit ( draft+ de$s himself1 z = example1 t ! draftsman _h begun to draft a w z a m>riage settlem5t1 & s =?--yet an obs]v] w\ld n1 ,i take x1 d ei!r ( two ?+s4 ,he w\ld n 9 ! face ( ! result d5y ! design1 mak+ himself judge r ( ! me?od ( proc$ure ?an ( ! a*ievem5t4 ,nor yet aft] insi/+ 9 ! mann] ( ,paley1 on ! wond]ful pro(s ( int5tion & on ! exquisite provisions :i* 7 to be f\nd 9 e syllable--?us lead+ u up to ! highe/ pit* ( expectation--w\ld he pres5t u ) su* an impot5t conclusion z t ! design]1 ?\gh a liv+ p]son & a true design]1 0 yet immat]ial & intangible1 a some?+1 9 fact1 :i* proves to be a no?+3 an omnisci5t & omnipot5t vacuum4 ,our obs]v] w\ld feel he ne$ n h be5 at su* pa9s to e/abli% 8 design if ?is 0 to be ! up%ot ( 8 reason+4 ,he w\ld !re=e admit ! design1 & by consequ5ce ! design]1 b w\ld probably ask a little "t = reflection be=e he v5tur$ to say :o1 or :at1 or :]e ! design] 04 ,!n ga9+ "s insight into ! mann] 9 :i* ! de$ _h be5 drawn1 he w\ld conclude t ! draftsman 0 a speciali/ :o _h _h long practice 9 ?is p>ticul> k9d ( "w1 b :o n[ work$ almo/ z x might be said automatically & )\t consci\sness1 & f\nd x difficult to dep>t f a habitual me?od ( proc$ure4 ,we turn1 !n1 on ,paley1 & say to him3 ,we h admitt$ y\r design & y\r design]4 ,:]e is he8 ,%[ him to u4 ,if y _c %[ him to u z fle% & blood1 %[ him z fle% & sap2 %[ him z a liv+ cell2 %[ him z protoplasm4 ,l[] ?an ?is we %\ld n fairly g2 x is n 9 ! bond or nexus ( our ideas t some?+ utt]ly inanimate & inorganic %\ld s*eme1 design1 contrive1 & elaborate /ructures :i* c make mi/akes3 x may elaborate l[ un]r+ ?+s1 l cry/als1 b x _c elaborate ^? :i* h ! p[] to err4 ,nev]!less1 we w commit su* abuse ) our und]/&+s z to waive ?is po9t1 & we w ask y to %[ him to u z air :i*1 if x _c be se51 yet c be felt1 weigh$1 h&l$1 transf]r$ f place to place1 be judg$ by its effects1 & s =?2 or if ?is may n be1 give u half a gra9 ( hydrog51 diffus$ ?r\gh all space & inve/$ ) "s ( ! m9or attributes ( matt]2 or if y _c d ?is1 give u an impond]able l electricity1 or ev5 ! high] ma!matics1 b give u some?+ or ?r[ (f ! mask & tell u fairly out t x is y\r paid pr(ession to hoodw9k u on ?is matt] if y c1 & t y are b do+ y\r be/ to e>n an hone/ liv+4 ,we may fancy ,paley z turn+ ! tables ^u u & z say+3 ,b y too h admitt$ a design]--y too !n mu/ mean a design] ) a body & s\l1 :o mu/ be some:]e to be f\nd 9 space1 & :o mu/ live 9 "t4 ,:]e is ?is y\r design]8 ,c y %[ him m ?an ,i c8 ,c y lay y\r f+] on him & demon/rate him s t a *ild %all see him & "k him1 & f9d :at 0 h]et(ore an isolat$ idea conc]n+ him1 comb9e itself in/antane\sly ) ! idea ( ! design]1 we w say1 ( ! human foot1 s t no p[] on e>? %all h5ce=? te> ^? two ideas asund]8 ,surely if y _c d ?is1 y too are trifl+ ) words1 & abus+ y\r own m9d & t ( y\r read]4 ,:]e1 !n1 is y\r design] ( man8 ,:o made him8 ,& :]e1 aga91 is y\r design] ( bea/s & birds1 ( fi%es1 & ( plants8 ,our answ] is simple en\gh2 x is t we c & d po9t to a liv+ tangible p]son ) fle%1 blood1 eyes1 nose1 e>s1 organs1 s5ses1 dim5sions1 :o did ( 8 own cunn+ aft] inf9ite pro( ( e k9d ( haz>d & exp]im5t s*eme out1 & fa%ion ea* organ ( ! human body4 ,?is is ! p]son :om we claim z ! design] & artific] ( t body1 & he is ! "o ( all o!rs ! be/ fitt$ = ! task by 8 antec$5ts1 & 8 practical k ( ! requirem5ts ( ! case--= he is man himself4 ,n man1 ! individual ( any giv5 g5]ation1 b man 9 ! entirety ( 8 exi/5ce f ! dawn ( life onw>ds to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,9 l mann] we say t ! design] ( all organisms is s incorporate ) ! organisms !mselves--s lives1 moves1 & has its be+ 9 ^? organisms1 & is s "o ) !m--!y 9 x1 & x 9 !m--t x is m consi/5t ) reason & ! common use ( words to see ! design] ( ea* liv+ =m 9 ! liv+ =m itself1 ?an to look = its design] 9 "s o!r place or p]son4 ,?us we h a ?ird alt]native pres5t$ to u4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s d5y design1 z hav+ any appreciable %>e 9 ! =mation ( organism at all4 ,paley & ! !ologians insi/ on design1 b ^u a design] outside ! univ]se & ! organism4 ,! ?ird op9ion is t sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & c>ri$ out to a v high degree ( developm5t by ,buffon4 ,x 0 improv$1 &1 inde$1 made almo/ p]fect by ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 b too mu* neglect$ by him aft] he _h put x =w>d4 ,x 0 borr[$1 z ,i ?9k we may say ) "s confid5ce1 f ,dr4 ,d>w9 by ,lam>ck1 & 0 foll[$ up by him ard5tly !nce=?1 dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 ?\gh some:at less p]fectly compreh5d$ by him ?an x _h be5 by ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,x is t ! design :i* has design$ organisms1 has resid$ )91 & be5 embodi$ 91 ! organisms !mselves4 ,) b a v little *ange 9 ! pres5t signification ( words1 ! "q resolves itself into ?is4 ,%all we see ,god h5ce=? z embodi$ 9 all liv+ =ms2 z dwell+ 9 !m2 z be+ t p[] 9 !m :]eby !y h le>nt to fa%ion !mselves1 ea* "o accord+ to its ideas ( its own conv5i5ce1 & to make itself n only a microcosm1 or little _w1 b a little unwritt5 hi/ory ( ! univ]se f its own po9t ( view into ! b>ga98 ,f ev]la/+1 9 "t pa/1 only 9 s f> z life has la/$2 invisible1 only 9 s f> z ! ultimate connection betwe5 ! w to d & ! ?+ :i* does is invisible2 imp]i%able1 only 9 s f> z life z a :ole is imp]i%able2 omnisci5t & omnipot5t1 )9 ! limits only ( a v long & l>ge exp]i5ce1 b ignorant & impot5t 9 respect ( all else--limit$ 9 all ! above respects1 yet ev5 s incalculably va/] ?an any?+ t we c conceive8 ,or %all we see ,god z we 7 taught to say we saw him :5 we 7 *ildr5--z an artificial & viol5t attempt to comb9e ideas :i* fly asund] & asund]1 no matt] h[ (t5 we try to =ce !m into comb9ation8 ,! true ma9spr+ ( our exi/5ce1 says ,buffon1 lies n 9 ^? muscles1 ve9s1 art]ies1 & n]ves1 :i* h be5 describ$ ) s mu* m9ut5ess1 x is to be f\nd 9 ! m hidd5 =ces :i* are n b\nd5 by ! gross me*anical laws :i* we w\ld fa9 set ov] !m4 ,in/ead ( try+ to "k ^! =ces by _! effects1 we h endeav\r$ to uproot ev5 _! v idea1 s z to bani% !m utt]ly f philosophy4 ,b !y return to u & ) r5ew$ vig\r2 !y return to u 9 gravitation1 9 *emical aff9ity1 9 ! ph5om5a ( electricity1 c4 ,_! exi/5ce re/s ^u ! cle>e/ evid5ce2 ! omnipres5ce ( _! action is indisputable1 b t action is hidd5 away f our eyes1 & is a matt] ( inf]5ce only2 we _c actually see !m1 !re=e we f9d difficulty 9 admitt+ t !y exi/2 we wi% to judge ( ev]y?+ by its ext]ior2 we imag9e t ! ext]ior is ! :ole1 & deem+ t x is n p]mitt$ u to g beyond x1 we neglect all t may enable u to d s4#bb ,or may we n say t ! unse5 p>ts ( ,god are ^? deep buri$ hi/ories1 ! antiquity & ! repeat$ness ( :i* g z f> beyond t ( any habit h&$ d[n to u f our e>lie/ protoplasmic ance/or1 z ! di/ance ( ! remote/ /> 9 space transc5ds our di/ance f ! sun8 ,by vivisection & pa9ful introspection we c r$iscov] _m a long buri$ hi/ory--rek9dl+ t s5se ( novelty 9 respect ( its action1 :]eby we c alone become aw>e ( x4 ,b !re are o!r remot] hi/ories1 & m repeat$ ?\ghts & actions1 be=e :i* we feel s p[]less to reawak5 fre% int]e/ conc]n+ !m1 t we give up ! attempt 9 despair1 & b[ our heads1 ov]p[]$ by ! s5se ( _! imm5sity4 ,?us our inability to compreh5d ,god is coext5sive ) our difficulty 9 go+ back ^u ! pa/--& our s5se ( him is a dim p]ception ( our own va/ & n[ inconceivably remote hi/ory4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,quatrefages1 ',metamorphoses de l',homme et des ,animaux1' #ahfb1 p4 #db2 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 ',physical ,basis ( ,m9d1' #ahgg1 p4 #hc4 #bb ,tom4 ii4 p4 #dhf1 #agid4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,failure ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,evolutioni/s ,,to ,,see ,,_! ,,position ,,z ,,teleological4 ,x foll[s necess>ily f ! doctr9e ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 if n f t ( ,buffon himself1 t ! great] numb] ( organs are z purposive to ! evolutioni/ z to ! !ologian1 & f> m intelligibly s4 ,circum/ances1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ ^! writ]s f ackn[l$g+ ?is fact to ! _w1 & p]haps ev5 to !mselves4 ,_! crux 01 z x /ill is to s _m evolutioni/s1 ! pres5ce ( rudim5t>y organs1 & ! processes ( embryological developm5t4 ,!y w\ld n admit t rudim5t>y & !re=e useless organs 7 design$ by a ,creator to take _! place once & = ev] z "p ( a s*eme ^: ma9 idea 01 t e animal /ructure 0 to s]ve "s useful end 9 connection ) its possessor4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e ( f9al causes z !n commonly held2 9 ! face ( rudim5t>y organs x 0 absurd4 ,buffon 0 above all ?+s else a pla9 matt] ( fact ?9k]1 :o refus$ to g f> beyond ! obvi\s4 ,l all o!r pr(\nd writ]s1 he 01 if ,i may say s1 pr(\ndly sup]ficial4 ,he felt t ! aim ( rese>* does n consi/ 9 ! kn[+ ?is or t1 b 9 ! eas+ ( ! desire to "k or und]/& m completely--9 ! peace ( m9d :i* passe? all und]/&+4 ,8 0 ! p]fection ( a heal?y m5tal organism by :i* ov] ef=t is felt in/9ctively to be z vici\s & contemptible z indol5ce4 ,he knew ?is too well to "k ! gr\nds ( 8 k1 b we small] p :o "k x less completely1 c see t su* felicit\s in/9ctive temp]+ toge!r ( ! two great contradictory pr9ciples1 love ( ef=t & love ( ease1 has und]la9 e /ep ( all heal?y gr[? ?r\gh all conceivable "t4 ,no?+ is wor? look+ at :i* is se5 ei!r too obvi\sly or ) too mu* difficulty4 ,no?+ is wor? do+ or well done :i* is n done fairly easily1 & "s little defici5cy ( ef=t is m p>donable ?an any v p]ceptible excess2 = virtue has ev] err$ r on ! side ( self-indulg5ce ?an ( asceticism1 & well-be+ has ev] advanc$ ?r\gh ! pleasures r ?an ?r\gh au/]ity4 ,accord+ to ,buffon1 !n--z also accord+ to ,dr4 ,d>w91 :o 0 j su* ano!r practical & g5ial ?9k]1 & :o 0 di/9ctly a pupil ( ,buffon1 ?\gh a mo/ intellig5t & orig9al "o--if an organ aft] a reasonable am\nt ( inspection appe>$ to be useless1 x 0 to be call$ useless )\t m ado1 & !ories 7 to be ord]$ out ( c\rt if !y 7 tr\blesome4 ,9 l mann]1 if animals br$ freely int] se be=e our eyes1 z = example ! horse & ass1 ! fact 0 to be not$1 b no animals 7 to be class$ z capable ( int]bre$+ until !y _h ass]t$ _! "r to su* classification by bre$+ ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,if1 aga91 an animal look$ z if x felt1 t is to say1 if x mov$ ab\t pretty quickly or made a noise1 x mu/ be held to feel2 if x did nei!r ( ^! ?+s1 x did n look z if x felt & !re=e x mu/ be said n to feel4 ,de non app>5tibus et non exi/5tibus eadem e/ lex 0 "o ( ! *ief axioms ( _! philosophy2 no writ]s h _h a great] horror ( my/]y or ( ideas t h n become s ma/]$ z to be1 or to h be51 sup]ficial4 ,lam>ck 0 "o ( ^? m5 ( :om ,i believe x has be5 said t !y h bra9 ^u ! bra94 ,he _h 8 !ory t an animal c\ld n feel unless x _h a n]v\s sy/em1 & at lea/ a sp9al m>r[--& t x c\ld n ?9k at all )\t a bra9--all 8 facts1 !re=e1 h to be made to squ>e ) ?is4 ,) ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w9 we feel safe t h[ev] wrong !y may sometimes be1 _! conclusions h always be5 arriv$ at on t fairly sup]ficial view ( ?+s 9 :i*1 z ,i h else:]e said1 our nature alone p]mits u to be com=t$4 ,to ^! writ]s1 !n1 ! doctr9e ( f9al causes = rudim5t>y organs 0 a piece ( my/ification & an absurdity2 no less fatal to any su* doctr9e 7 ! processes ( embryological developm5t4 ,x 0 pla9 t ! commonly receiv$ teleology mu/ be giv5 up2 b ! idea ( design or purpose 0 s associat$ 9 _! m9ds ) !ological design t !y avoid$ x altoge!r4 ,!y seem to h =gott5 t an int]nal teleology is z mu* teleology z an ext]nal "o2 h5ce1 un=tunately1 ?\gh _! :ole !ory ( developm5t is int5sely purposive1 x is ! fact r ?an ! "n ( teleology :i* has hi!rto be5 insi/$ ^u1 ev5 by ! greate/ writ]s on evolution--! "n hav+ be5 d5i$ ev5 by ^? :o 7 mo/ insi/+ on ! ?+ itself4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! difficulty felt by ! fa!rs ( evolution :5 we rememb] h[ mu* _h to be se5 be=e ! facts c\ld lie well be=e !m4 ,x 0 necess>y to atta91 fir/ly1 to a p]ception ( ! unity ( p]son betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+ 9 successive g5]ations2 secondly1 x mu/ be se5 t an organism's memory goes back = g5]ations beyond its bir?1 to ! fir/ beg9n+s 9 fact1 ( :i* we "k any?+ :atev]2 ?irdly1 ! lat5cy ( t memory1 z ( memory g5]ally till ! associat$ ideas are reproduc$1 mu/ be br\ght to be> ^u ! facts ( h]$ity2 & la/ly1 ! unconsci\sness ) :i* habitual actions come to be p]=m$1 mu/ be assign$ z ! explanation ( ! unconsci\sness ) :i* we gr[ & dis*>ge mo/ ( our natural functions4 ,buffon 0 too busy ) ! fact t animals desc5d$ ) modification at all1 to g beyond ! developm5t & illu/ration ( ?is great tru?4 ,i d\bt :e!r he ev] saw m ?an ! fir/1 & t dimly1 ( ! f\r consid]ations above /at$4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ! fir/ two consid]ations ) "s cle>ness1 b he c h>dly be said to h und]/ood _! full importance3 ! two latt] ideas d n appe> to h occurr$ to him4 ,lam>ck _h little if any p]ception ( any "o ( ! f\r4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y are firmly seiz$ & br\ght into _! due be>+s "o ^u ano!r1 ! facts ( h]$ity become z simple z ^? ( a man mak+ a tobacco pipe1 & rudim5t>y organs are se5 to be ess5tially ( ! same "* z ! little rudim5t>y protub]ance at ! bottom ( ! pipe to :i* ,i ref]r$ 9 ',ere:on4'#bc ,^! organs are n[ no long] useful1 b !y once 7 s1 & 7 !re=e once purposive1 ?\gh n s n[4 ,!y are ! expressions ( a bygone usefulness2 say+s1 z x 71 ab\t :i* !re 0 at "o "t inf9ite wrangl+1 z to :at bo? ! mean+ & ! expression %\ld be/ be1 s t !y !n _h liv+ significance 9 ! m\?s ( ^? :o us$ !m1 ?\gh !y h become su* m]e %ibbole?s & cant =mulae to ourselves t we ?9k no m ( _! mean+ ?an we d ( ,julius ,caes> 9 ! mon? ( ,july4 ,!y cont9ue to be reproduc$ ?r\gh ! =ce ( habit1 & ?r\gh indisposition to get out ( any famili> groove ( action until x becomes too unpleasant = u to rema9 9 x any long]4 ,x has long be5 felt t embryology & rudim5t>y /ructures indicat$ community ( desc5t4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck insi/$ on ?is1 z h all subsequ5t writ]s on evolution2 b ! explanation ( :y & h[ ! /ructures come to be repeat$--namely1 t !y are simply examples ( ! =ce ( habit--c only be p]ceiv$ intellig5tly by ^? :o admit s mu* unity betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+ t ! self-developm5t ( ! latt] c be prop]ly call$ habitual 7z be+ a repetition ( an act by "o & ! same individual71 & c only be fully sympa?iz$ ) by ^? :o recognize t if habit be admitt$ z ! key to ! fact at all1 ! unconsci\s mann] 9 :i* ! habit comes to be repeat$ is only ( a piece ) all our o!r obs]vations conc]n+ habit4 ,= ! full] developm5t ( ! =ego+1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to my "w ',life & ,habit4' ,! purposiv5ess1 :i* ev5 ,dr4 ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck /ill less1 seem nev] to h q recogniz$ 9 spite ( _! hav+ insi/$ s mu* on :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 n[ comes into full view4 ,x is se5 t ! organs ext]nal to ! body1 & ^? int]nal to x are1 ! second z mu* z ! fir/1 ?+s :i* we h made = our own conv5i5ce1 & ) a prevision t we %all h ne$ ( !m2 ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! manufacture ( ^! two classes ( organs be+1 t we h made ! "o k9d s (t5 t we c no long] foll[ ! processes :]eby we make !m1 :ile ! o!rs are new ?+s :i* we mu/ make introspectively or n at all1 & :i* are n yet s incorporate ) our vitality z t we %\ld ?9k !y gr[ in/ead ( be+ manufactur$4 ,! manufacture ( ! tool1 & ! manufacture ( ! liv+ organ prove !re=e to be b two species ( ! same g5us1 :i*1 ?\gh widely diff]5tiat$1 h desc5d$ z x 7 f "o common filam5t ( desire & inv5tive faculty4 ,! great] or less complexity ( ! organs goes = v little4 ,x is only a "q ( ! am\nt ( intellig5ce & volunt>y self-adaptation :i* we mu/ admit1 & ?is mu/ be settl$ r by an appeal to :at we f9d 9 organism1 & obs]ve conc]n+ x1 ?an by :at we may h imag9$ a priori4 ,giv5 a small speck ( jelly ) "s k9d ( circum/ance-suit+ p[]1 "s p[] ( slightly v>y+ its actions 9 accordance ) slightly v>y+ circum/ances & desires--giv5 su* a jelly-speck ) a p[] ( assimilat+ o!r matt]1 & ?us1 ( reproduc+ itself1 giv5 also t x %\ld be possess$ ( a memory1 & we c %[ h[ ! :ole animal _w c h desc5d$ x may be f an amoeba )\t int]f]5ce f )\t1 & h[ e organ 9 e creature is design$ at fir/ r\ghly & t5tatively b f9ally fa%ion$ ) ! mo/ consummate p]fection1 by ! creature :i* has _h ne$ ( t organ1 :i* be/ knew :at x want$1 & 0 nev] satisfi$ till x _h got t :i* 0 ! be/ suit$ to its v>y+ circum/ances 9 _! entirety4 ,we c ev5 %[ h[1 if x becomes wor? ! ,e?iopian's :ile to try & *ange 8 sk91 or ! leop>d's to *ange 8 spots1 !y c assur$ly *ange !m )9 a n unreasonable "t & adapt _! cov]+ to _! own w & conv5i5ce1 & to t ( none o!r2 ?us :at is commonly conceiv$ ( z direct creation by ,god is mov$ back to a "t & space inconceivable 9 _! remot5ess1 :ile ! aim & design s obvi\s 9 nature are %[n to be /ill at "w ar\nd u1 gr[+ ev] busi] & busi]1 & advanc+ f day to day bo? 9 k & p[]4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,mr4 ,d>w9 & = ^? :o h too ra%ly foll[$ him to d5y purpose z hav+ _h any %>e 9 ! developm5t ( animal & vegetable organs2 to see no evid5ce ( design 9 ^? wond]ful provisions :i* h be5 ! m>vel & delight ( obs]v]s 9 all ages4 ,! "o :o has drawn our att5tion m ?an p]haps any o!r liv+ writ] to ^? v m>vels ( coadaptation1 is ! =emo/ to ma9ta9 t !y are ! result n ( desire & design1 ei!r )9 ! creature or )\t x1 b ( bl9d *ance1 work+ no :i!r1 & due b to ! accumulation ( innum]able lucky accid5ts4 ,!re are m51 writes ,pr(essor ,tyndall 9 ! ',n9ete5? ,c5tury1' = la/ ,novemb]1 & by no means ! m9ority1 :o1 h[ev] weal?y 9 reg>d to facts1 c nev] rise into ! region ( pr9ciples2 & !y are sometimes intol]ant ( ^? t c4 ,!y are =m$ to plod m]itori\sly on 9 ! l[] levels ( ?\ght2 unpossess$ ( ! p9ions necess>y to rea* ! heights1 !y _c realize ! m5tal act--! act ( inspiration x might well be call$--by :i* a man ( g5ius1 aft] long pond]+ & prov+1 rea*es a !oretic conception :i* unravels & illum9ates ! tangle ( c5turies ( obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,!re are m9ds1 x may be said 9 pass+1 :o1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 /& 9 ?is relation to ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,! m rhapsodical p>ts ( ! above mu/ g = :at !y are wor?1 b ,i %\ld be sorry to ?9k t :at rema9s convey$ a c5sure :i* might fall ju/ly on myself4 ,z ,i read ! e>li] "p ( ! passage ,i confess t ,i imag9$ ! conclusion 0 go+ to be v diff]5t f :at x prov$ to be4 ,fre% f ! /udy ( ! old] m5 & also ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself1 ,i fail$ to see t ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h unravell$ & illum9at$ a tangl$ ske91 b believ$ him1 on ! contr>y1 to h tangl$ & obscur$ :at 8 pr$ecessors _h made 9 great "p1 if n :olly1 pla94 ,) ! old] writ]s1 ,i _h felt z ?\gh 9 ! h&s ( m5 :o wi%$ to und]/& !mselves & to make _! read] und]/& !m ) ! smalle/ possible ex]tion4 ,! old] m51 if n 9 full daylight1 at any rate saw 9 :at qu>t] ( ! sky ! dawn 0 break+1 & 7 look+ /eadily t[>ds x4 ,x is n !y :o h put _! h&s ov] _! own eyes & ours1 & :o are cry+ out t !re is no light1 b *ance & bl9dness ev]y:]e4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,page #baj1 fir/ edition4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,teleological ,,evolution ,,( ,,organism--,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,unconsci\s4 ,i h /at$ ! =ego+ 9 :at ,i take to be an extreme logical developm5t1 9 ord] t ! read] may m easily p]ceive ! consequ5ces ( ^? premises :i* ,i am endeav\r+ to re-e/abli%4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t an animal or plant has ev] conceiv$ ! idea ( "s organ widely diff]5t f any x 0 yet possess$ (1 & has set itself to design x 9 detail & gr[ t[>ds x4 ,! small jelly-speck1 :i* we call ! amoeba1 has no organs save :at x c extemporize z occasion arises4 ,if x wants to get at any?+1 x ?ru/s out "p ( its jelly1 :i* ?us s]ves x z an arm or h&3 :5 ! arm has s]v$ its purpose1 x is absorb$ into ! re/ ( ! jelly1 & has n[ to d ! duty ( a /oma* by help+ to wrap up :at x has j purvey$4 ,! small r\nd jelly-speck spreads itself out & envelops its food1 s t ! :ole creature is n[ a /oma*1 & no?+ b a /oma*4 ,hav+ dige/$ its food1 x aga9 becomes a jelly-speck1 & is aga9 ready to turn "p ( itself into h& or foot z its next conv5i5ce may dictate4 ,x is n to be believ$ t su* a creature z ?is1 :i* is probably j s5sitive to light & no?+ m1 %\ld be able to =m a conception ( an eye & set itself to "w to gr[ "o1 any m ?an x is believable t he :o fir/ obs]v$ ! magnify+ p[] ( a dew drop1 or ev5 he :o fir/ con/ruct$ a rude l5s1 %\ld h _h any idea 9 8 m9d ( ,"l ,rosse's telescope ) all its p>ts & appliances4 ,no?+ c\ld be well conceiv$ m =eign to exp]i5ce & common s5se4 ,animals & plants h travell$ to _! pres5t =ms z man has travell$ to any "o ( 8 own mo/ complicat$ inv5tions4 ,sl[ly1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh _m blund]s & mis*ances :i* h work$ toge!r = good to ^? t h p]sev]$ 9 ela/icity4 ,!y h travell$ z man has travell$1 ) b little p]ception ( a want till !re 0 also "s p]ception ( a p[]1 & ) b little p]ception ( a p[] till !re 0 a dim s5se ( want2 want /imulat+ p[]1 & p[] /imulat+ want2 & bo? s bas$ ^u ea* o!r t no "o c say :i* is ! true f\ndation1 b r t !y mu/ be bo? baseless &1 z x 71 meteoric 9 mid air4 ,!y h se5 v little ahead ( a pres5t p[] or ne$1 & h be5 !n mo/ moral1 :5 mo/ incl9$ to pi]ce a little into futurity1 b also :5 mo/ ob/9ately decl9+ to pi]ce too f>1 & busy ma9ly ) ! pres5t4 ,!y h be5 s f> bl9dfold$ t !y c\ld see b = a few /eps 9 front ( !m1 yet s f> free to see t ^? /eps 7 tak5 ) aim & def9itely1 & n 9 ! d>k4 ,plus il a su1 says ,buffon1 speak+ ( man1 plus il a pu1 mais aussi mo9s il a fait1 mo9s il a su4 ,?is holds good :]ev] life holds good4 ,:]ev] !re is life !re is a moral gov]nm5t ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts und]/ood by ! amoeba nei!r bett] nor worse ?an by man4 ,! hi/ory ( organic developm5t is ! hi/ory ( a moral /ruggle4 ,we "k no?+ z yet ab\t ! orig9 ( a creature able to feel want & p[]1 nor yet :at want & p[] spr+ f4 ,x does n seem wor? :ile to g into ^! que/ions until an und]/&+ has be5 come to z to :e!r ! int]action ( want & p[] 9 "s l[ =m or =ms ( life :i* c\ld assimilate matt]1 reproduce !mselves1 v>y _! actions1 & be capable ( rememb]+1 w or w n suffice to expla9 ! developm5t ( ! v>i$ organs & desires :i* we see 9 ! high] v]tebrates & man4 ,:5 ?is "q has be5 settl$1 !n x w be "t to pu% our inquiries f>!r back4 ,b giv5 su* a l[ =m ( life z "h po/ulat$1 & !re is no =ce 9 ,paley's pret5d$ objection to ! ,d>w9ism ( 8 "t4 ,give our philosoph]1 he says1 appet5cies2 give him a portion ( liv+ irritable matt] 7a n]ve or ! clipp+ ( a n]ve7 to "w ^u2 give also to 8 incipi5t or progressive =ms ! p[] ( propagat+ _! l 9 e /age ( _! alt]ation2 & if he is to be believ$1 he c\ld repl5i% ! _w ) all ! vegetable & animal productions :i* we n[ see 9 x4#bd ,aft] meet+ ?is !ory ) answ]s :i* ne$ n deta9 u1 he cont9ues3-- ,! s5ses ( animals appe> to me q incapable ( receiv+ ! explanation ( _! orig9 :i* ?is !ory af=ds4 ,includ+ "u ! ^w 's5se' ! organ & ! p]ception1 we h no acc\nt ( ei!r4 ,h[ w our philosoph] get at vision or make an eye8 ,or1 suppose ! eye =m$1 w\ld ! p]ception foll[8 ,! same ( ! o!r s5ses4 ,& ?is objection holds its =ce1 ascribe :at y w to ! h& ( "t1 to ! p[] ( habit1 to *anges too sl[ to be obs]v$ by man1 or br\ght )9 any comp>ison :i* he is able to make ( pa/ ?+s ) ! pres5t4 ,conc$e :at y please to ^! arbitr>y & unatte/$ sup]/itions1 h[ w !y help y8 ,"h is no inception4 ,no laws1 no c\rse1 no p[]s ( nature :i* prevail at pres5t1 nor any analog\s to ^! w\ld give comm5cem5t to a new s5se2 & x is 9 va9 to inquire h[ t might proce$ :i* w\ld nev] beg94 ,9 answ] to ?is1 let u suppose t "s inhabitants ( ano!r _w 7 to see a mod]n philosoph] s us+ a microscope t !y %\ld believe x to be a "p ( ! philosoph]'s own p]son1 :i* he c\ld cut (f f & jo9 aga9 to himself at pleasure1 & suppose !re 7 a controv]sy z to h[ ?is microscope _h orig9at$1 & t "o p>ty ma9ta9$ ! man _h made x little by little because he want$ x1 :ile ! o!r decl>$ ?is to be absurd & impossible2 ,i ask1 w\ld ?is latt] p>ty be ju/ifi$ 9 argu+ t microscopes c\ld nev] h be5 p]fect$ by degrees ?r\gh ! pres]vation ( & accumulation ( small successive improvem5ts1 inasmu* z m5 c\ld n h begun to want to use microscopes until !y _h _h a microscope :i* %\ld %[ !m t su* an in/rum5t w\ld be useful to !m1 & t h5ce !re is no?+ to acc\nt = ! beg9n+ ( microscopes1 :i* might inde$ make "s progress :5 once orig9at$1 b :i* c\ld nev] orig9ate8 ,x might be po9t$ out to su* a reason]1 fir/ly1 t z reg>ds any acquir$ p[] ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! acquisition ( :i* he might be suppos$ able to rememb]1 he w\ld f9d t1 logic not)/&+1 ! wi% did orig9ate ! p[]1 & yet 0 orig9at$ by x1 bo? com+ up gradually out ( some?+ :i* 0 n recognisable z ei!r p[] or wi%1 & advanc+ ?r\gh va9 beat+ ( ! air1 to a vague ef=t1 & f ?is to def9ite ef=t ) failure1 & f ?is to def9ite ef=t ) success1 & f ?is to success ) little consci\sness ( ef=t1 & f ?is to success ) su* complete abs5ce ( ef=t t he n[ acts unconsci\sly & )\t p[] ( introspection1 & t1 d :at he w1 he c r>ely or nev] draw a %>p divid+ l9e :]eat any?+ %all be said to beg91 ?\gh none less c]ta9 t !re has be5 a cont9uity 9 discont9uity1 & a discont9uity 9 cont9uity betwe5 x & c]ta9 o!r pa/ ?+s2 moreov]1 t 8 oppon5ts po/ulat$ s mu* beg9n+ ( ! microscope z t !re %\ld be a dew drop1 ev5 z our evolutioni/s />t ) a s5se ( t\*1 ( :i* s5se all ! o!rs are modifications1 s t n "o ( !m b is resolvable into t\* by m or less easy /ages2 & secondly1 t ! "q is "o ( fact & ( ! m evid5t d$uctions !refrom1 & %\ld n be c>ri$ back to ^? remote beg9n+s :]e ! nature ( ! facts is s purely a matt] ( conjecture & inf]5ce4 ,no plant or animal1 !n1 accord+ to our view1 w\ld be able to conceive m ?an a v slight improvem5t on its organization at a giv5 "t1 s cle>ly z to make ! ef=ts t[>ds x t w\ld result 9 gr[? ( ! requir$ modification2 nor w\ld ^! ef=ts be made ) any f>-sight$ p]ception ( :at next & next & aft]1 b only ( :at next2 :ile _m ( ! happie/ ?\ghts w\ld come l all o!r happy ?\ghts--?\ghtlessly2 by a *a9 ( reason+ too swift & subtle = consci\s analysis by ! individual1 z w be m fully insi/$ on h]eaft]4 ,"s ( ^! modifications w\ld be noticeable1 b ! majority w\ld involve no m noticeable diff]5ce ?an c be detect$ betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! %orte/ day1 & t ( ! %orte/ b "o4 ,?us a bird ^: toes 7 n webb$1 b :o _h "u =ce ( circum/ances little by little 9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations le>n$ to swim1 ei!r f hav+ liv$ ne> a lake1 & hav+ le>nt ! art ow+ to its fi%+ habits1 or f wad+ ab\t 9 %all[ pools by ! sea-side at l[ wat]1 & f9d+ itself sometimes a little out ( its dep? & j manag+ to scramble ov] ! int]m$iate y>d or s betwe5 x & safety--su* a bird did n probably conceive ! idea ( swimm+ on ! wat] & set itself to le>n to d s1 & !n conceive ! idea ( webb$ feet & set itself to get webb$ feet4 ,! bird f\nd itself 9 "s small difficulty1 out ( :i* x ei!r saw1 or at any rate f\nd t x c\ld extricate itself by /rik+ out vigor\sly ) its feet & ext5d+ its toes z f> z ev] x c\ld2 x ?us began to le>n ! art ( swimm+ & conceiv$ ! idea ( swimm+ syn*ron\sly1 or ne>ly s2 or p]haps wi%+ to get ov] a y>d or two ( deep wat]1 & try+ to d s )\t be+ at ! tr\ble ( ris+ to fly1 x w\ld spla% & /ruggle its way ov] ! wat]1 & ?us practically swim1 ?\gh )\t mu* p]ception ( :at x _h be5 do+4 ,f9d+ t no h>m _h come to x1 ! bird w\ld d ! same aga91 & aga92 x w\ld ?us pres5tly lose fe>1 & w\ld be able to act m calmly2 !n x w\ld beg9 to f9d out t x c\ld swim a little1 & if its food lay mu* 9 ! wat] s t x w\ld be ( great advantage to x to be able to alight & re/ )\t be+ =c$ to return to l&1 x w\ld beg9 to make a practice ( swimm+4 ,x w\ld n[ discov] t x c\ld swim ! m easily accord+ z its feet pres5t$ a m ext5d$ surface to ! wat]2 x w\ld !re=e keep its toes ext5d$ :5ev] x swam1 & z f> z 9 x lay1 w\ld make ! mo/ ( :atev] sk9 0 already at ! base ( its toes4 ,aft] v _m g5]ations x w\ld become web-foot$1 if do+ z above describ$ %\ld h be5 f\nd cont9u\sly conv5i5t1 s t ! bird %\ld h cont9u\sly us$ ! sk9 ab\t its toes z mu* z possible 9 ?is direction4 ,= !re is a m>g9 9 e organic /ructure 7& p]haps m ?an we imag9e 9 ?+s inorganic also71 :i* w admit ( ref]5ces1 z x 71 side notes1 & glosses ^u ! orig9al text4 ,x is on ?is m>g9 t we may err or w&]--! greatness ( a mi/ake dep5d+ r ^u ! ext5t ( ! dep>ture f ! orig9al text1 ?an on ! direction t ! dep>ture takes4 ,a little error on ! bad side is m p>donable1 & less likely to hurt ! organism ?an a too great dep>ture ^u ! "r "o4 ,?is is a fundam5tal proposition 9 any true sy/em ( e?ics1 ! "q :at is too mu* or too sudd5 be+ decid$ by mu* ! same higgl+ z settles ! price ( butt] 9 a c\ntry m>ket1 & be+ z invisible z ! l9k :i* connects ! la/ mom5t ( desire ) ! fir/ ( p[] & p]=mance1 & ) ! mat]ial result a*iev$4 ,x is on ?is m>g9 t ! fulcrum is to be f\nd1 :]eby we obta9 ! little pur*ase ov] our /ructure1 t enables u to a*ieve great results if we use x /eadily1 ) judgm5t1 & ) nei!r too little ef=t nor too mu*4 ,x is by employ+ ?is t ^? :o h a fancy to move _! e>s or toes )\t mov+ o!r organs le>n to d s4 ,!re is a man at ! ,agricultural ,hall n[ play+ ! viol9 ) 8 toes1 & play+ x1 z ,i am told1 suffici5tly well4 ,! eye ( ! sailor1 ! wri/ ( ! conjuror1 ! toe ( ! pr(essional m$ium1 are all f\nd capable ( developm5t to an a/oni%+ degree1 ev5 9 a s+le lifetime2 b 9 e case success has be5 atta9$ by ! simple process ( mak+ ! be/ ( :atev] p[] a man has _h at any giv5 "t1 & by be+ on ! look out to take advantage ( accid5t1 & ev5 ( mis=tune4 ,if a man w\ld le>n to pa9t1 he mu/ n !orize conc]n+ art1 nor ?9k mu* :at he w\ld d be=eh&1 b he mu/ d some?+--x does n matt] :at1 except t x %\ld be :atev] at ! mom5t w come h&ie/ & easie/ to him2 & he mu/ d t some?+ z well z he c4 ,?is w pres5tly op5 ! door = some?+ else1 & a way w %[ itself :i* no conceivable am\nt ( se>*+ w\ld h discov]$1 b :i* yet c\ld nev] h be5 discov]$ by sitt+ /ill & tak+ no pa9s at all4 ,dans l'animal1 says ,buffon1 il y a mo9s de jugem5t que de s5tim5t4#be ,x may appe> z ?\gh ?is 7 bl[+ hot & cold ) ! same brea?1 inasmu* z ,i am insi/+ t important modifications ( /ructure h be5 always purposive2 & at ! same "t am d5y+ t ! creature modifi$ has _h any purpose 9 ! great] "p ( all ^? actions :i* h at l5g? modifi$ bo? /ructure & in/9ct4 ,?us ,i say t a bird le>ns to swim )\t hav+ any purpose ( le>n+ to swim be=e x set itself to make ^? movem5ts :i* h result$ 9 its be+ able to d s4 ,at ! same "t ,i ma9ta9 t x has only le>n$ to swim by try+ to swim1 & ?is involves ! v purpose :i* ,i h j d5i$4 ,! reconciliation ( ^! two app>5tly irreconcilable cont5tions mu/ be f\nd 9 ! consid]ation t ! bird 0 n ! less try+ to swim1 m]ely because x did n "k ! "n we h *os5 to give to ! art :i* x 0 try+ to ma/]1 nor yet h[ great 7 ! res\rces ( t art4 ,a p]son1 :o knew all ab\t swimm+1 if f "s bank he c\ld wat* our suppos$ bird's fir/ attempt to scramble ov] a %ort space ( deep wat]1 w\ld at once decl>e t ! bird 0 try+ to swim--if n actually swimm+4 ,provid$ !n t !re is a v little p]ception (1 & presci5ce conc]n+1 ! means :]eby ! next desir$ end may be atta9$1 x matt]s n h[ little 9 advance t end may be ( pres5t desires or faculties2 x is /ill rea*$ ?r\gh purpose1 & mu/ be call$ purposive4 ,aga91 no matt] h[ _m ( ^! small /eps be tak51 nor h[ absolute 0 ! want ( purpose or presci5ce conc]n+ any b ! "o be+ actually tak5 at any giv5 mom5t1 ?is does n b> ! result f hav+ be5 arriv$ at ?r\gh design & purpose4 ,if ea* "o ( ! small /eps is purposive ! result is purposive1 ?\gh !re 0 nev] purpose ext5d$ ov] m ?an "o1 two1 or p]haps at mo/ ?ree1 /eps at a "t4 ,return+ to ! art ( pa9t+ = an example1 are we to say t ! pr(ici5cy :i* su* a /ud5t z 0 suppos$ above w c]ta9ly atta91 is n due to design1 m]ely because x 0 n until he _h already become ?ree p>ts excell5t t he knew ! full purport ( all t he _h be5 do+8 ,:5 he began he _h b vague notions ( :at he w\ld d4 ,he _h a wi% to le>n to repres5t nature1 b ! l9e into :i* he has settl$ d[n has probably prov$ v diff]5t f t :i* he propos$ to himself orig9ally4 ,because he has tak5 advantage ( 8 accid5ts1 is x1 !re=e1 "o :it ! less true t 8 success is ! result ( 8 desires & 8 design8 ,! ',times' po9t$ out n long ago t ! !ory :i* n[ associates meteors & comets 9 ! mo/ unmi/akable mann]1 0 sugge/$ by "o accid5t1 & confirm$ by ano!r4 ,b ! writ] add$ well t su* accid5ts happ5 only to ! zeal\s /ud5t ( nature's secrets4 ,9 ! same way ! bird t is tak+ to ! habit ( swimm+1 & ( mak+ ! mo/ ( :atev] sk9 x already has betwe5 its toes1 w h d\btless to ?ank accid5ts = no small "p ( its progress2 b !y w be su* accid5ts z c\ld nev] h happ5$ to1 or be5 tak5 advantage ( by any creature :i* 0 n zeal\sly try+ to make ! mo/ ( itself--& betwe5 su* accid5ts z ?is1 & design1 ! l9e is h>d to draw2 = if we g deep en\gh we %all f9d t mo/ ( our design resolves itself into z x 7 a %ak+ ( ! bag to see :at w come out t w suit our purpose1 & yet at ! same "t t mo/ ( our %ak+ ( ! bag resolves itself into a design t ! bag %all conta9 only su* & su* ?+s1 or !reab\ts4 ,aga91 ! fact t animals are no long] consci\s ( design & purpose 9 mu* t !y d1 b act unreflect+ly1 & z we sometimes say conc]n+ ourselves automatically or me*anically--t !y h no idea :atev] ( ! /eps :]eby !y h travell$ to _! pres5t /ate1 & %[ no sign ( d\bt ab\t :at mu/ h be5 at "o "t ! subject ( all mann] ( d\bts1 difficulties1 & discussions--t :atev] sign ( reflection !y n[ exhibit is to be f\nd only 9 case ( "s novel feature or difficulty pres5t+ itself2 ^! facts d n b> t ! results a*iev$ %\ld be attribut$ to an inception 9 reason1 design1 & purpose1 no matt] h[ rapidly & z we call x in/9ctively1 ! creatures may n[ act4 ,= if we look closely at su* an inv5tion z ! /eam eng9e 9 its late/ & mo/ complicat$ developm5ts1 ab\t :i* !re c be no dispute b t !y are a*ievem5ts ( reason1 purpose1 & design1 we %all f9d !m pres5t u ) examples ( all ^? features ! pres5ce ( :i* 9 ! h&iwork ( animals is too (t5 held to b> reason & purpose f hav+ _h any %>e !re94 ,assur$ly su* m5 z ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] & ,capta9 ,sav]y _h v imp]fect ideas z to ! up%ot ( _! own action4 ,! simple/ /eam eng9e n[ 9 use 9 ,engl& is probably a m>vel ( +5uity z comp>$ ) ! highe/ developm5t :i* appe>$ possible to ^! two great m51 :ile our newe/ & mo/ highly complicat$ eng9es w\ld seem to !m m l liv+ be+s ?an ma*9es4 ,_m1 aga91 ( ! /eps lead+ to ! pres5t developm5t h be5 due to action :i* _h b little he$ ( ! /eam eng9e1 be+ ! inv5tions ( att5dants ^: desire 0 to save !mselves ! tr\ble ( turn+ ?is or t cock1 & :o 7 indiff]5t to any o!r end ?an _! own imm$iate conv5i5ce4 ,no /ep 9 fact along ! :ole r\te 0 ev] tak5 ) mu* p]ception ( :at w\ld be ! next /ep aft] ! "o be+ tak5 at any giv5 mom5t4 ,nor d we f9d t an eng9e made aft] any old & well-kn[n patt]n is n[ made ) mu* m consci\sness ( design ?an we c suppose a bird's ne/ to be built )4 ,! great] numb] ( ! p>ts ( any su* eng9e1 are made by ! gross z x 7 l screws & nuts1 :i* are turn$ out by ma*9]y & 9 respect ( :i* ! lab\r ( design is n[ no m felt ?an is ! design ( him :o fir/ inv5t$ ! :eel4 ,x is only :5 circum/ances require any modification 9 ! article to be manufactur$ t ?\ght & design w come into play aga92 b ,i take x few w d5y t if circum/ances compel a bird ei!r to give up a ne/ ?ree-p>ts built altoge!r1 or to make "s trifl+ deviation f its ord9>y practice1 x w 9 n9e cases out ( t5 make su* deviation z %all %[ t x _h ?\ght ! matt] ov]1 & _h on ! :ole conclud$ to take su* & su* a c\rse1 t is to say1 t x _h reason$ & _h act$ ) su* purpose z its reason _h dictat$4 ,& ,i imag9e t ?is is ! utmo/ t anyone c claim ev5 = man's own boa/$ p[]s4 ,set ! man :o has be5 accu/om$ to make eng9es ( "o type1 to make eng9es ( ano!r type )\t any int]m$iate c\rse ( tra9+ or in/ruction1 & he w make no bett] figure ) 8 eng9es ?an a ?ru% w\ld d if comm&$ by h] mate to make a ne/ l a blackbird4 ,x is va9 !n to cont5d t ! ease & c]ta9ty ) :i* an action is p]=m$1 ev5 ?\gh x may h n[ become matt] ( su* fix$ habit t x _c be sudd5ly & s]i\sly modifi$ )\t r5d]+ ! :ole p]=mance abortive1 is any argum5t aga9/ t action hav+ be5 an a*ievem5t ( design & reason 9 respect ( ea* "o ( ! /eps t h l$ to x2 & if 9 respect ( ea* "o ( ! /eps !n z reg>ds ! entire action2 = we see our own mo/ reason$ actions become no less easy1 un]r+1 automatic1 & unconsci\s1 ?an ! actions :i* we call in/9ctive :5 !y h be5 repeat$ a suffici5t numb] ( times4 ,?is has be5 (t5 po9t$ out1 b ,i insi/$ ^u x & develop$ x 9 ',life & ,habit1' m ,i believe ?an has be5 done hi!rto1 at ! same "t mak+ x ! key to _m ph5om5a ( gr[? & h]$ity :i* )\t su* key seem expla9$ by words r ?an by any correspond+ peace ( m9d 9 our ideas conc]n+ !m4 ,see+ t ,i dwelt mu* on ! importance ( be>+ 9 m9d ! vani%+ t5d5cy ( consci\sness1 volition1 & memory ^u _! becom+ int5se1 a t5d5cy :i* no "o aft] five m9utes' reflection w v5ture to d5y1 "s review]s h imag9$ t ,i am advocat+ ! same views z h be5 put =w>d by ,von ,h>tmann "u ! title ( '! ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s4' ,unless1 h[ev]1 ,i am mu* mi/ak51 _! op9ion is )\t f\ndation4 ,= s f> z ,i c ga!r1 ,von ,h>tmann p]sonifies ! unconsci\s & makes x act & ?9k--9 fact deifies x--:]eas ,i only inf] a c]ta9 hi/ory = c]ta9 ( our gr[?s & actions 9 consequ5ce ( obs]v+ t (t5 repeat$ actions come 9 "t to be p]=m$ unconsci\sly4 ,i _c ?9k ,i h done m ?an note a fact :i* all mu/ ackn[l$ge1 & drawn f x an inf]5ce :i* may or may n be true1 b :i* is at any rate p]fectly intelligible1 :]eas if ,von ,h>tmann's mean+ is any?+ l :at ,mr4 ,sully says x is1#bf ,i c only say t x has n be5 giv5 to me to =m any def9ite conception :atev] z to :at t mean+ may be4 ,i am enc\rag$ moreov] to hope t ,i am n 9 ! same condemnation ) ,von ,h>tmann--if1 inde$1 ,von ,h>tmann is to be condemn$1 ab\t :i* ,i "k no?+--by ! foll[+ extract f a ,g]man ,review ( ',life & ,habit4' ,d] er/e dies] beid5 ,erkla]ungsv]su*e1 i/ e9e wahre ',philosophie des ,unbewus/5' ni*t des ,h>tmann's*5 ,unbewus/5 wel*es hellseh5d und wund]?aetig von auss5 9 die natu]li*e ,entwickelung d] ,organism5 e+reift1 sond]n e9es ,unbewus/5 wel*es wie d] ,v]fass] zeigt1 9 all5 organis*5 ,wes5 anzunehm5 uns]e eig5e ,erfahrung und die ,/uf5folge d] ,organism5 von d5 ,mon]5 und ,amoeb5 bis zu d5 hoe*/5 ,pflanz5 und ,?i]5 und uns selb/ aufwa]ts--uns ge/attet1 w5n ni*t uns noe?igt4 ,d] ,g$ank5gang dies] neu5 od] w5ig/5s 9 diesem ,s9ne wohl zum er/5 ,male consequ5t im ,e9zeln5 dur*gefuehrt5 ,philosophie des ,unbewus/5 i/1 se95 ,hauptzueg5 na* kurz ang$eutet1 folg5d]4#bg ,ev5 "h ,i am made to p]sonify m ?an ,i l2 ,i d n wi% to say t ! unconsci\s does ?is or t1 b t :5 we h done ?is or t suffici5tly (t5 we d x unconsci\sly4 ,if ! =ego+ be grant$1 & x be admitt$ t ! unconsci\sness & seem+ automatism ) :i* any action may be p]=m$ is no b> to its hav+ a f\ndation 9 memory1 reason1 & at "o "t consci\sly recogniz$ ef=t--& ?is ,i believe to be ! *ief addition :i* ,i h v5tur$ to make to ! !ory ( ,buffon & ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9--!n ! wid5ess ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,d>w9ism ( eighty ye>s ago & ! ,d>w9ism ( to-day becomes imm$iately app>5t1 & x also becomes app>5t1 h[ important & int]e/+ is ! issue :i* is rais$ betwe5 !m4 ,accord+ to ! old] ,d>w9ism ! lungs are j z purposive z ! corkscrew4 ,!y1 no less ?an ! corkscrew1 are a piece ( me*anism design$ & gradually improv$ ^u & p]fect$ by an intellig5t creature = ! gratification ( its own ne$s4 ,true !re are _m important diff]5ces betwe5 me*anism :i* is "p ( ! body1 & me*anism :i* is no su* "p1 b ! diff]5ces are su* z d n affect ! fact t 9 ea* case ! result1 :e!r1 = example1 lungs or corkscrew1 is due to desire1 inv5tion1 & design4 ,& n[ ,i w ask "o m "q1 :i* may seem1 p]haps1 to h b little importance1 b :i* ,i f9d p]sonally int]e/+4 ,i h be5 told by a review]1 ( :om ^u ! :ole ,i h little reason to compla91 t ! !ory ,i put =w>d 9 ',life & ,habit1' & :i* ,i am n[ aga9 insi/+ on1 is pessimism--pure & simple4 ,i h a v vague idea :at pessimism means1 b ,i %\ld be sorry to believe t ,i am a pessimi/4 ,:i*1 ,i w\ld ask1 is ! pessimi/8 ,he :o sees love ( beauty1 design1 /eadfa/ness ( purpose1 intellig5ce1 c\rage1 & e quality to :i* success has assign$ ! "n ( wor?1 z hav+ drawn ! patt]n ( e leaf & organ n[ & 9 all pa/ "t1 or he :o sees no?+ 9 ! _w ( nature b a *apt] ( accid5ts & ( =ces int]act+ bl9dly8 ,,footnotes3 #bd ',nat4 ,!ol41' *4 xxiii4 #be ',oiseaux1' vol4 i4 p4 #e4 #bf ',we/m9/] ,review1' vol4 xlix4 p4 #abd4 #bg ,translation3 ,! fir/ ( ^! two attempts is a true 'philosophy ( ! unconsci\s1' n ,h>tmann's unconsci\s1 :i* influ5ces ! natural evolution ( organism f )\t z ?\gh by ,provid5ce & miracle1 b ( an unconsci\s1 :i*1 z ! au?or %[s1 our own exp]i5ce & ! progressive succession ( organisms f ! monads & amoebae up to ! highe/ plants & animals1 includ+ ourselves1 all[s1 if x does n compel u to assume z obta9+ 9 all organic be+s4 ,?is philosophy ( ! unconsci\s is new1 or at any rate n[ = ! fir/ "t c>ri$ out consequ5tially 9 detail2 its ma9 features1 briefly /at$ are z foll[s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,s*eme ,,( ,,! ,,rema9d] ,,( ,,! ,,"w4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution4 ,i h long felt t evolution mu/ /& or fall accord+ z x is made to re/ or n on pr9ciples :i* %all give a def9ite purpose & direction to ! v>iations ^: accumulation results 9 specific1 & ultimately 9 g5]ic diff]5ces4 ,9 o!r words1 accord+ z x is made to /& ^u ! gr\nd fir/ cle>ly m>k$ out = x by ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,lam>ck1 or on t tak5 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,!re is "s reason to fe> t 9 consequ5ce ( ! disfav\r into :i* mod]n ,d>w9ism is se5 to be fall+ by ^? :o are m closely wat*+ ! c\rse ( op9ion ^u ?is subject1 evolution itself may be = a "t discr$it$ z some?+ insep>able f ! !ory t x has come ab\t ma9ly ?r\gh ! means ( natural selection4 ,if p are %[n t ! argum5ts by :i* a some:at />tl+ conclusion has be5 rea*$ w n legitimately lead to t conclusion1 !y are v ready to assume t ! conclusion mu/ be altoge!r unf\nd$1 especially :51 z 9 ! pres5t case1 !re is a va/ mass ( ve/$ int]e/s oppos$ to ! conclusion4 ,few "k t !re are o!r great works ^u desc5t ) modification besides ,mr4 ,d>w9's4 ,n "o p]son 9 t5 ?\s& has any di/9ct idea ( :at ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck prop\nd$4 ,_! names h be5 discr$it$ by ! v au?ors :o h be5 mo/ indebt$ to !m2 !re is h>dly a writ] on evolution :o does n ?9k x incumb5t ^u him to w>n ,lam>ck (f ! gr\nd :i* he at any rate made 8 own1 & to ca/ a /one at :at he w call ! %all[ speculations or crude !ories or ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( ! =emo/ expon5t ( ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,buffon is a great "n1 ,dr4 ,d>w9 is no long] ev5 ?is1 & ,lam>ck has be5 s sy/ematically laugh$ at t x am\nts to little less ?an philosophical suicide = anyone to /& up 9 8 behalf4 ,n "o ( our sci5tific eld]s or *ief prie/s b w\ld caution a /ud5t r to avoid ! ?ree great m5 :om ,i h nam$ ?an to consult !m4 ,x is a p]il\s task !re=e to try & take evolution f ! p$e/al on :i* x n[ appe>s to /& s securely1 & to put x back ^u ! "o rais$ = x by its prop\nd]s2 yet ?is is :at ,i believe w h to be done soon] or lat] unless ! n[ g5]al acceptance ( evolution is to be %ak5 m rudely ?an "s ( its uphold]s may anticipate4 ,i propose !re=e to give a %ort biographical sket* ( ! ?ree writ]s ^: works =m new dep>tures 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution1 ) a some:at full resume ( ! positions !y took 9 reg>d to x4 ,i w also t\* briefly ^u "s o!r writ]s :o h h&l$ ! same subject4 ,! read] w ?us be enabl$ to foll[ ! developm5t ( a great conception z x has gr[n up 9 ! m9ds ( successive m5 ( g5ius1 & by ?us gr[+ ) x1 z x 71 ?r\gh its embryonic /ages1 he w make himself m ?or\ghly ma/] ( x 9 all its be>+s4 ,i w !n contra/ ! old] ) ! new] ,d>w9ism1 & w %[ :y ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' ?\gh an episode ( incalculable value1 _c1 any m ?an ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation1' take p]man5t rank 9 ! lit]ature ( evolution4 ,x w appe> t ! evolution ( evolution has gone ?r\gh ! foll[+ pr9cipal /ages3-- ,i4 ,a g5]al conception ( ! fact t specific types 7 n always immutable4 ,?is 0 common to _m writ]s1 bo? anci5t & mod]n2 x has be5 occasionally ass]t$ f ! times ( ,anaxim&] & ,lucretius to ^? ( ,bacon & ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh4 ,,ii4 ,a def9ite conception t animal & vegetable =ms 7 s ext5sively mutable t few 7&1 if s1 p]haps b "o7 c\ld claim to be ( an orig9al /ock2 ! direct effect ( *ang$ conditions be+ assign$ z ! cause ( modification1 & ! important consequ5ces ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce be+ 9 _m respects fully recogniz$4 ,! fact ( design or purpose 9 connection ) organism1 z caus+ habits & ?us z und]ly+ all v>iation1 0 also indicat$ ) "s cle>ness1 b 0 n ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,?is phase mu/ be id5tifi$ ) ! "n ( ,buffon1 :o1 z ,i w %[ reason = believ+1 w\ld h c>ri$ 8 !ory mu* fur!r if he _h n felt t he _h gone z f> 9 ! "r direction z 0 !n desirable4 ,buffon put =w>d 8 op9ions1 ) great res]ve & yet ) h>dly less frankness1 9 volume aft] volume f #agdi to #aghh1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 b !y d n appe> to h tak5 root at once 9 ,france4 ,!y took root 9 ,engl&1 & 7 !nce transplant$ back to ,france4 ,,iii4 ,a developm5t 9 ,engl& ( ! ,buffonian sy/em1 m>k$ by glimpses ( ! unity betwe5 (fspr+ & p>5ts1 & broad sugge/ions to ! effect t ! =m] mu/ be consid]$ z capable ( rememb]+1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 :at _h happ5$ to x1 & :at x did1 :5 x 0 "p ( ! p]sonality ( ^? f :om x _h desc5d$4 ,a def9ite belief1 op5ly express$1 t n only are _m species mutable1 b t all liv+ =ms1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 are desc5d$ f a s+le1 or at any rate f n _m1 orig9al l[ =ms ( life1 & ?is z ! direct consequ5ce ( ! actions & requirem5ts ( ! liv+ =ms !mselves1 & z ! indirect consequ5ce ( *ang$ conditions4 ,a def9ite cause is ?us suppos$ to und]lie v>iations1 & ! result+ adaptations become purposive2 b ?is 0 n said1 nor1 ,i am afraid1 se54 ,?is is ! orig9al ,d>w9ism ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,x 0 put =w>d 9 8 ',zoonomia1' 9 #agid1 & 0 adopt$ almo/ 9 its entirety by ,lam>ck1 :o1 :5 he _h caught ! lead+ idea 7probably ?r\gh a ,fr5* translation ( ! ',loves ( ! ,plants1' :i* appe>$ 9 #ahjj71 began to exp\nd x 9 #ahja2 9 #ahjb1 #ahjc1 #ahjf1 & #ahji1 he develop$ x ) great] fulness ( detail ?an ,dr4 ,d>w9 _h done1 b p]haps ) a some:at less nice s5se ( "s important po9ts4 ,till 8 dea?1 9 #ahca1 ,lam>ck1 z f> z age & bl9dness w\ld p]mit1 cont9u$ to devote himself to ! exposition ( ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification4 ,,iv4 ,a m di/9ct p]ception ( ! unity ( p>5ts & (fspr+1 ) a bold] ref]5ce ( ! facts ( h]$ity 7:e!r ( /ructure or in/9ct71 to memory pure & simple2 a cle>] p]ception ( ! consequ5ces t foll[ f ! survival ( ! fitte/1 & a j view ( ! relation 9 :i* ^? consequ5ces /& to ! circum/ance-suit+ p[] ( animals & plants2 a ref]5ce ( ! v>iations ^: accumulation results 9 species1 to ! volition ( ! animal or plant :i* v>ies1 & p]haps a dawn+ p]ception t all adaptations ( /ructure to ne$ mu/ !re=e be consid]$ z purposive4 ,?is mu/ be connect$ ) ,mr4 ,mat!w's "w on ',naval ,timb] & ,arboriculture1' :i* appe>$ 9 #ahca4 ,! rem>ks :i* x conta9s 9 ref]5ce to evolution are conf9$ to an app5dix1 b :5 br\ght toge!r1 z by ,mr4 ,mat!w himself1 9 ! ',g>d5]s' ,*ronicle' = ,april #g1 #ahfj1 !y =m "o ( ! mo/ p]fect yet succ9ct expositions ( ! !ory ( evolution t ,i h ev] se54 ,i %all !re=e give !m 9 full4#bh ,?is book 0 well receiv$1 & 0 review$ 9 ! ',qu>t]ly ,review1'#bi b seems to h be5 valu$ r = its views on naval timb] ?an on evolution4 ,mr4 ,mat!w's m]it lies 9 a j appreciation ( ! importance ( ea* "o ( ! pr9cipal ideas :i* mu/ be pres5t 9 comb9ation be=e we c h a correct conception ( evolution1 & ( _! be>+s ^u "o ano!r4 ,9 8 s*eme ( evolution ,i f9d ea* "p kept 9 due subord9ation to ! o!rs1 s t ! :ole !ory becomes m coh]5t & bett] articulat$ ?an ,i h else:]e f\nd x2 b ,i d n detect any important addition to ! ideas :i* ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck _h insi/$ ^u4 ,i pass ov] ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation1' :i* %\ld be m5tion$ only z hav+1 z ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 truly says1 done excell5t s]vice 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 call+ att5tion to ?is subject1 9 remov+ prejudice1 & 9 ?us prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! reception ( analog\s views4#cj ,! "w nei!r made any addition to ideas :i* _h be5 long famili>1 nor arrang$ old ones 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,su* z x is1 x is ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 b ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck spoil$4 ,! fir/ edition appe>$ 9 #ahdd4 ,i also pass ov] ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire's ',natural ,hi/ory1' :i* appe>$ #ahed-fb1 & ! position ( :i* is be/ describ$ by call+ x int]m$iate betwe5 ! "o :i* ,buffon ?\ght fit to pret5d to take1 & t actually tak5 by ,lam>ck4 ,! same may be said also ( ,eti5ne ,ge(froy4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 j t\* ^u ^! writ]s lat] on4 ,a %ort notice1 aga91 w suffice = ! op9ions ( ,goe!1 ,treviranus1 & ,ok51 none ( :om c ,i discov] z hav+ orig9at$ any important new idea2 b kn[+ no ,g]man1 ,i h tak5 ?is op9ion f ! resume ( ea* ( ^! writ]s1 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,haeckel 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ,creation4' ,v4 ,a "t ( retrogression1 dur+ :i* we f9d b little app>5t appreciation ( ! unity betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+2 no ref]5ce to memory 9 connection ) h]$ity1 :e!r ( in/9ct or /ructure2 an exagg]at$ view ( ! consequ5ces :i* may be d$uc$ f ! fact t ! fitte/ commonly survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 ! d5ial ( any kn[n pr9ciple z und]ly+ v>iations2 comp>atively little appreciation ( ! circum/ance-suit+ p[] ( plants & animals1 & a rejection ( purposiv5ess4 ,by f> ! mo/ important expon5t ( ?is phase ( op9ion conc]n+ evolution is ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 to :om1 h[ev]1 we are m deeply indebt$ ?an to any o!r liv+ writ] = ! g5]al acceptance ( evolution 9 "o %ape or ano!r4 ,! ',orig9 ( ,species' appe>$ 9 #ahei1 ! same ye>1 t is to say1 z ! second volume ( ,isidore ,ge(froy's ',hi/oire ,naturelle ,g5]ale4' ,,vi4 ,a reaction aga9/ mod]n ,d>w9ism1 ) a dem& = def9ite purpose & design z und]ly+ v>iations4 ,! be/ kn[n writ]s :o h tak5 ?is l9e are ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy & ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 ^: ',habit & intellig5ce' & ',g5esis ( ,species' appe>$ 9 #ahfi & #ahga respectively4 ,9 ,g]many ,pr(essor ,h]+ has reviv$ ! idea ( memory z expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity satisfactorily1 )\t probably hav+ be5 m aw>e t x _h be5 advanc$ already ?an ,i 0 myself :5 ,i put x =w>d rec5tly 9 ',life & ,habit4' ,i h nev] se5 ! lecture 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,h]+ has ref]r$ ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity to memory1 b w give an extract f x :i* appe>$ 9 ! ',a!naeum1' z translat$ by ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/]4#ca ,! only new feature :i* ,i believe ,i may claim to h add$ to receiv$ ideas conc]n+ evolution1 is a p]ception ( ! fact t ! unconsci\sness ) :i* we g ?r\gh our embryonic & infantile /ages1 & ) :i* we dis*>ge ! great] numb] & m important ( our natural functions1 is ( a piece ) :at we obs]ve conc]n+ all habitual actions1 z well z conc]n+ memory2 an explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( old age2 & ( ! ma9 pr9ciple :i* und]lies longevity4 ,i may1 p]haps1 claim also to h m fully expla9$ ! passage ( reason into in/9ct ?an ,i yet "k ( its hav+ be5 expla9$ else:]e4#cb ,,footnotes3 #bh ,see *4 xviii4 ( ?is volume4 #bi ,vol4 xlix4 p4 #abe4 #cj ',orig9 ( ,species1' ,hi/4 ,sket*1 xvii4 #ca ,see page #aii ( ?is volume4 #cb ,apropos ( ?is1 a fri5d has k9dly s5t me ! foll[+ extract f ,balzac3--,hi/oriquem5t1 les paysans sont encore au l5dema9 de la ,jacqu]ie1 leur defaite e/ re/ee inscrite dans leur c]velle4 ,ils ne se s\vi5n5t plus du fait1 il e/ passe a l'etat d'idee in/9ctive4--,balzac1 ',les ,paysans1' v4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pre-,,buffonian ,,evolution1 ,,& ,,"s ,,g]man ,,writ]s4 ,let u n[ proce$ to ! full] developm5t ( ! =ego+ sket*4 ,und\bt$ly1 says ,isidore ,ge(froy1 f ! mo/ anci5t times _m philosoph]s h imag9$ vaguely t "o species c be trans=m$ into ano!r4 ,?is doctr9e seems to h be5 adopt$ by ! ,ionian s*ool f ! six? c5tury be=e our era4444 ,und\bt$ly also ! same op9ion reappe>$ on sev]al occasions 9 ! middle ages1 & 9 mod]n times2 x is to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! h]metic books1 :]e ! transmutation ( animal & vegetable species1 & t ( metals1 are treat$ z complem5t>y to "o ano!r4 ,9 mod]n times we aga9 f9d x allud$ to by "s philosoph]s1 & especially by ,bacon1 ^: boldness is on ?is po9t extreme4 ,admitt+ x z 'inconte/able t plants sometimes deg5]ate s f> z to become plants ( ano!r species1' ,bacon did n hesitate to try & put 8 !ory into practice4 ,he tri$1 9 #afce1 to give '! rules' = ! art ( *ang+ 'plants ( "o species into ^? ( ano!r4' ,?is mu/ be an error4 ,bacon di$ 9 #afbf4 ,! passage ( ,bacon ref]r$ to is 9 ',nat4 ,hi/41' ,c5t4 vi4 7,exp]im5ts 9 consort t\*+ ! deg5]at+ ( plants1 & ! transmutation ( !m "o into ano!r71 & is z foll[s3-- #eah4 ,?is rule is c]ta91 t plants = want ( culture deg5]ate to be bas] 9 ! same k9d2 & sometimes s f> z to *ange into ano!r k9d4 #a4 ,! /&+ long & n be+ remov$ make? !m deg5]ate4 #b4 ,dr\ght unless ! e>?1 ( itself1 be moi/ do? ! l4 #c4 ,s do? remov+ into worse e>?1 or =be>+ to compo/ ! e>?2 z we see t wat] m9t turne? into field m9t1 & ! colewort into rape by neglect1 c4 #ebe4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 v /]il ye>s corn s[n w gr[ to ano!r k9d3-- ',gr&ia saepe quibus m&avimus hordea sulcis1 ,infelix lolium1 et /]iles dom9antur av5ae4' ,& g5]ally x is a rule t plants t are br\ght =? = culture1 z corn1 w soon] *ange into o!r species1 ?an ^? t come ( !mselves2 = t culture give? b an adv5titi\s nature1 :i* is m easily put (f4 ,*ang$ conditions1 accord+ to ,bacon 7?\gh he does n use ^! words71 appe> to be ! fir/ rule = ! transmutation ( plants4 ,b h[ mu* value1 cont9ues ,m4 ,ge(froy1 ought to be atta*$ to su* prophetic glimpses1 :5 !y 7 nei!r l$ up to1 nor ju/ifi$ by any s]i\s /udy8 ,!y are conjectures only1 :i*1 :ile be>+ evid5ce to ! boldness or ra%ness ( ^? :o haz>d$ !m1 rema9 almo/ )\t effect ^u ! advance ( sci5ce4 ,bacon except$1 !y h>dly des]ve to be rememb]$4 ,z = ,de ,maillet1 :o makes birds spr+ f fly+ fi%es1 reptiles f creep+ fi%es1 & m5 f tritons1 8 dreams1 tak5 9 "p f ,anaxim&]1 %\ld h _! place n 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 b 9 t ( ! ab]rations ( ! human m9d4#cc ,a f> m =cible & pregnant passage1 h[ev]1 is ! foll[+1 f ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh's ',hi/ory ( ! ,_w1' :i* ,mr4 ,g>nett has be5 good en\gh to po9t out to me3-- ,= m9e owne op9ion ,i f9d no diff]5ce b only 9 magnitude betwe5 ! ,cat ( ,europe1 & ! ,ounce ( ,india2 & ev5 ^? dogges :i* are become wild 9 ,hispagniola1 ) :i* ! ,spani>ds us$ to dev\r ! nak$ ,indians1 are n[ *ang$ to ,wolves1 & beg9 to de/roy ! bre$ ( _! ,cattell1 & doe (t5 times te>e asund] _! owne *ildr54 ,! common cr[ & rooke ( ,india is full ( r$ fea!rs 9 ! dr\n'd & l[ isl&s ( ,c>ibana1 & ! blackbird & ?ru% ha? 8 fea!rs mixt ) black & c>nation 9 ! nor? p>ts ( ,virg9ia4 ,! ,dog-fi% ( ,engl& is ! ,%>ke ( ! ,s\? ,ocean4 ,= if col\r or magnitude made a diff]5ce ( ,species1 !n 7 ! ,negroes1 :i* wee call ! ,blacke-,mores1 non animalia rationalia1 n ,m5 b "s k9d ( /range ,bea/s1 & s ! giants ( ! ,s\? ,am]ica %\ld be ( ano!r k9d ?an ! p ( ?is "p ( ! ,_w4 ,we also see x dayly t ! nature ( fruits are *ang$ by transplantation4#cd ,= in=mation conc]n+ ! e>lie/ ,g]man writ]s on evolution1 ,i turn to ,pr(essor ,haeckel's ',hi/ory ( ,creation1' & f9d ,goe!'s "n to head ! li/4 ,i d n ga!r1 h[ev]1 t ,goe! add$ mu* to ! ideas :i* ,buffon _h already made suffici5tly famili>4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel does n seem to be aw>e ( ,buffon's "w1 & quotes ,goe! z mak+ an orig9al discov]y :5 he writes1 9 ! ye> #agif3--,?us mu* !n we h ga9$1 t we may ass]t )\t hesitation t all ! m p]fect organic natures1 su* z fi%es1 amphibi\s animals1 birds1 mammals1 & man at ! head ( ! la/1 7 all =m$ ^u "o orig9al type1 :i* only v>ies m or less 9 p>ts :i* 7 none ! less p]man5t1 & /ill daily *anges & modifies its =m by propagation4#ce ,b ^!1 z we %all see1 are almo/ ,buffon's own words--words too t ,buffon insi/$ on = _m ye>s4 ,aga9 ,pr(essor ,haeckel quotes ,goe! z writ+ 9 ! ye> #ahjg3-- ,if we consid] plants & animals 9 _! mo/ imp]fect condition1 !y c h>dly be di/+ui%$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _h long be5 insi/$ ^u by ,bonnet & ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ! fir/ ( :om 0 a naturali/ ( _w-wide fame1 :ile ! ',zoonomia' ( ,dr4 ,d>w9 _h be5 translat$ into ,g]man betwe5 ! ye>s #agie & #agig1 & c\ld h>dly h be5 unkn[n to ,goe! 9 #ahjg1 :o cont9ues3 ,b ?is mu* we may say1 t ! creatures :i* by degrees em]ge z plants & animals out ( a common phase :]e !y are b>ely di/+ui%able1 arrive at p]fection 9 two opposite directions1 s t ! plant 9 ! end rea*es its highe/ glory 9 ! tree1 :i* is immovable & /iff1 ! animal 9 man :o possesses ! greate/ ela/icity & fre$om4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel consid]s ?is to be a rem>kable passage1 b ,i d n ?9k x %\ld cause its au?or to rank among ! f\nd]s ( ! evolution !ory1 ?\gh he may ju/ly claim to h be5 "o ( ! fir/ to adopt x4 ,goe!'s anatomical rese>*es appe> to h be5 m important1 b ,i _c f9d t he insi/$ on any new pr9ciple1 or grasp$ any unfamili> conception1 :i* _h n be5 long s9ce grasp$ & widely promulgat$ by ,buffon & by ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,treviranus 7#aggf-ahcg71 :om ,pr(essor ,haeckel places second to ,goe!1 is cle>ly a disciple ( ,buffon1 & uses ! ^w deg5]ation 9 ! same s5se z ,buffon us$ x _m ye>s e>li]1 t is to say1 z desc5t ) modification1 )\t any ref]5ce to :e!r ! (fspr+ 01 z ,buffon says1 p]fectionne ou degrade4 ,he _c claim1 any m ?an ,goe!1 to rank z a pr9cipal figure 9 ! hi/ory ( evolution4 ,( ,ok51 ,pr(essor ,haeckel says t 8 ',naturphilosophie1' :i* appe>$ 9 #ahji--;9 ! same ye>1 t is to say1 z ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' ( ,lam>ck--0 ! ne>e/ approa* to ! natural !ory ( desc5t1 newly e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 ( any "w t appe>$ 9 ! fir/ decade ( our c5tury4 ,b ,i d n detect any important diff]5ce ( pr9ciple betwe5 8 sy/em & t ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 among ^: disciples he %\ld be reckon$4 ,we n[ turn1 says ,pr(essor ,haeckel aft] ref]r+ to a few m ,g]man writ]s :o adopt$ a belief 9 evolution1 f ! ,g]man to ! ,fr5* nature-philosoph]s :o h likewise held ! !ory ( desc5t1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,at _! head /&s ,jean ,lam>ck1 :o occupies ! fir/ place next to ,d>w9 & ,goe! 9 ! hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( ,filiation4#cf ,?is is r a surpris+ ass]tion1 b ,i w leave ! read] ( ! pres5t volume to assign ! value :i* %\ld be atta*$ to x4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel devotes t5 l9es to ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 :o he decl>es expresses views v simil> to ^? ( ,goe! & ,lam>ck1 )\t1 h[ev]1 !n kn[+ any?+ ab\t ^! two m52 :i* is all ! m /range inasmu* z ,dr4 ,d>w9 prec$$ !m1 & 0 a good deal bett] kn[n to !m1 probably1 ?an !y to him2 b x is pla9 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has no acqua9tance ) ! ',zoonomia' ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,f all1 !n1 t ,i am able to collect1 ,i conclude t ,i %all be/ convey to ! read] an idea ( ! diff]5t phases :i* ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification has gone ?r\gh1 by conf9+ 8 att5tion almo/ entirely to ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,lam>ck1 & ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,,footnotes3 #cc ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' vol4 ii4 p4 #che1 #ahei4 #cd ',hi/ory ( ! ,_w1' bk4 i4 *4 vii4 ,sec4 #i 7',a!naeum1' ,m>* #bg1 #ahge74 #ce ',hi/ory ( ,creation1' vol4 i4 p4 #ia4 #cf ',hi/ory ( ,creation1' bk4 i4 *4 iii4 7,h4 ,s4 ,k+1 #ahgf74 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,buffon--,,memoir4 ,buffon1 says ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 0 born at ,montb>1 on ! #g? ( ,septemb]1 #agjg2 he di$ 9 ,p>is1 at ! ,j>d9 du ,roi1 on ! #af? ( ,april1 #aghh1 ag$ #ha ye>s4 ,m ?an fifty ( ^! ye>s1 z he us$ himself to say1 he _h pass$ at 8 writ+-desk4 ,8 fa!r 0 a c\ncillor ( ! p>liam5t ( ,burgundy4 ,8 "m 0 celebrat$ = h] wit1 & ,buffon *]i%$ h] memory4 ,he /udi$ at ,dijon ) mu* eclat1 & %ortly aft] leav+ became accid5tally acqua9t$ ) ! ,duke ( ,k+/on1 a "y ,engli%man ( 8 own age1 :o 0 travell+ abroad ) a tutor4 ,! ?ree travell$ toge!r 9 ,france & ,italy1 & ,buffon !n pass$ "s mon?s 9 ,engl&4 ,return+ to ,france1 he translat$ ,hales's ',vegetable ,/atics' & ,newton's ',treatise on ,fluxions4' ,he ref]s to sev]al ,engli% writ]s on natural hi/ory 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w1 b ,i see he repeat$ly spells ! ,engli% "n ,will\ghby1 ,willulghby4 ,he 0 appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,j>d9 du ,roi 9 #agci1 & f !nce=? devot$ himself to sci5ce4 ,9 #ageb ,buffon m>ri$ ,mdlle4 de ,sa9t ,bel91 ^: beauty & *>m ( mann] 7 extoll$ by all h] contempor>ies4 ,"o son 0 born to him1 :o ent]$ ! army1 became a colonel1 & ,i grieve to say1 0 guillot9$ at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e1 a few days only be=e ! ext9ction ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,( ?is y\?1 :o inh]it$ ! p]sonal comel9ess & ability ( 8 fa!r1 little is record$ except ! foll[+ /ory4 ,hav+ fall5 into ! wat] & be5 ne>ly dr[n$ :5 he 0 ab\t twelve ye>s old1 he 0 aft]w>ds accus$ ( hav+ be5 afraid3 ,i 0 s little afraid1 he answ]$1 t ?\gh ,i _h be5 (f]$ ! hundr$ ye>s :i* my gr&fa!r liv$1 ,i w\ld h di$ !n & !re1 if ,i c\ld h add$ "o ye> to ! life ( my fa!r2 !n ?9k+ = a m9ute1 a flu% suffus$ 8 face1 & he add$1 b ,i %\ld petition = "o qu>t] ( an h\r 9 :i* to exult ov] ! ?\ght ( :at ,i 0 ab\t to d4 ,on ! scaffold he %[$ mu* composure1 smil+ half pr\dly1 half reproa*fully1 yet :olly k9dly ^u ! cr[d 9 front ( him4 ,citoy5s1 he said1 ,je me nomme ,buffon1 & laid 8 head ^u ! block4 ,! noble/ outcome ( ! old & decay+ ord]1 ov]:elm$ 9 ! mo/ hateful bir? fr5zy ( ! new4 ,s 9 ^? cataclysms & revolutions :i* take place 9 our own bodies dur+ _! developm5t1 :5 we seem /udy+ 9 ord] to become fi%es & sudd5ly make1 z x 71 diff]5t arrangem5ts & resolve on becom+ m5--s1 d\btless1 _m good cells mu/ g1 & _! unit$ dea? cry comes up1 x may be1 9 ! pa9 :i* an infant feels on tee?+4 ,b to return4 ,! man :o c\ld be fa!r ( su* a son1 & :o c\ld reta9 t son's affection1 z x is well kn[n t ,buffon reta9$ x1 may n p]haps always be /rictly accurate1 b x w be z well to pay att5tion to :atev] he may ?9k fit to tell u4 ,^! are ! only p :om x is wor? :ile to look to & /udy f4 ,glory1 said ,buffon1 aft] speak+ ( ! h\rs dur+ :i* he _h lab\r$1 glory comes always aft] lab\r if %e c--& %e g5]ally c4 ,b 9 8 case %e c\ld n well help h]self4 ,he 0 conspicu\s1 says ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 = elevation & =ce ( "*1 = a love ( greatness & true magnific5ce 9 all he did4 ,8 great weal?1 8 h&some p]son1 & graceful mann]s seem$ 9 correspond5ce ) ! spl5d\r ( 8 g5ius1 s t ( all ! gifts :i* ,=tune has x 9 h] p[] to be/[ %e _h d5i$ him no?+4 ,_m ( 8 epigrammatic say+s h pass$ into prov]bs3 = example1 t g5ius is b a supreme capacity = tak+ pa9s4 ,ano!r & /ill m celebrat$ passage %all be giv5 9 its entirety & ) its orig9al sett+4 ,/yle1 says ,buffon1 is ! only passport to po/]ity4 ,x is n range ( in=mation1 nor ma/]y ( "s little kn[n bran* ( sci5ce1 nor yet novelty ( matt] t w ensure immortality4 ,works t c claim all ?is w yet die if !y are conv]sant ab\t trivial objects only1 or writt5 )\t ta/e1 g5ius & true nobility ( m9d2 = range ( in=mation1 k ( details1 novelty ( discov]y are ( a volatile ess5ce & fly (f readily into o!r h&s t "k bett] h[ to treat !m4 ,! matt] is =eign to ! man1 & is n ( him2 ! mann] is ! man himself4#cg ,le /yle1 c'e/ l'homme meme4 ,else:]e he tells u :at true /yle is1 b ,i quote f memory & _c be sure ( ! passage4 ,le /yle1 he says1 e/ comme le bonheur2 il vi5t de la d\ceur de l'ame4 ,is x possible n to ?9k ( ! foll[+8-- ,b :e!r !re be prophecies !y %all fail2 :e!r !re be tongues !y %all cease2 :e!r !re be k x %all vani% away 444 & n[ abide? fai?1 hope & *>ity1 ^! ?ree2 b ! greate/ ( ^! is *>ity4#ch ,,footnotes3 #cg ',disc\rs de ,reception a l',academie ,francaise4' #ch #a ,cor4 xiii4 #h1 #ac4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,buffon',s ,,me?od--,,! ,,ironical ,,"* ,,( ,,8 ,,"w4 ,buffon's idea ( a me?od am\nts almo/ to ! d5ial ( ! possibility ( me?od at all4 ,! true me?od1 he writes1 is ! complete description & exact hi/ory ( ea* p>ticul> object1#ci & lat] on he asks1 is x n m simple1 m natural & m true to call an ass an ass1 & a cat a cat1 ?an to say1 )\t kn[+ :y1 t an ass is a horse1 & a cat a lynx4#dj ,he admits su* divisions z betwe5 animals & vegetables1 or betwe5 vegetables & m9]als1 b t done1 he rejects all o!rs t c be f\nd$ on ! nature ( ?+s !mselves4 ,he concludes t "o :o c\ld see ?+s 9 _! entirety & )\t preconceiv$ op9ions1 w\ld classify animals accord+ to ! relations 9 :i* he f\nd himself /&+ t[>ds !m3-- ,^? :i* he f9ds mo/ necess>y & useful to him w occupy ! fir/ rank2 ?us he w give ! prec$5ce among ! l[] animals to ! dog & ! horse2 he w next conc]n himself ) ^? :i* )\t be+ dome/icat$1 nev]!less occupy ! same c\ntry & climate z himself1 z = example /ags1 h>es1 & all wild animals2 nor w x be till aft] he has famili>iz$ himself ) all ^! t curiosity w lead him to inquire :at inhabitants !re may be 9 =eign climates1 su* z elephants1 drom$>ies1 c4 ,! same w hold good = fi%es1 birds1 insects1 %ells1 & = all nature's o!r productions2 he w /udy !m 9 proportion to ! pr(it :i* he c draw f !m2 he w consid] !m 9 t ord] 9 :i* !y ent] into 8 daily life2 he w arrange !m 9 8 head accord+ to ?is ord]1 :i* is 9 fact t 9 :i* he has become acqua9t$ ) !m1 & 9 :i* x conc]ns him to ?9k ab\t !m4 ,?is ord]--! mo/ natural ( all--is ! "o :i* ,i h ?\ght x well to foll[ 9 ?is volume4 ,my classification has no m my/]y 9 x ?an ! read] has j se5 444 x is pref]able to ! mo/ pr(\nd & +5i\s t c be conceiv$1 = !re is none ( all ! classifications :i* ev] h be5 made or ev] c be1 :i* has n m ( an arbitr>y "* ?an ?is has4 ,take x = all 9 all1 he concludes1 x is m easy1 m agreeable1 & m useful1 to consid] ?+s 9 _! relation to ourselves ?an f any o!r /&po9t4#da ,has x n a bett] effect n only 9 a treatise on natural hi/ory1 b 9 a picture or any "w ( art to arrange objects 9 ! ord] & place 9 :i* !y are commonly f\nd1 ?an to =ce !m into association 9 virtue ( "s !ory ( our own8 ,is x n bett] to let ! dog :i* has toes1 come aft] ! horse :i* has a s+le ho(1 9 ! same way z we see him foll[ ! horse 9 daily life1 ?an to foll[ up ! horse by ! zebra1 an animal :i* is little kn[n to u1 & :i* has no o!r connection ) ! horse ?an ! fact t x has a s+le ho(8#db ,c we suppose t ,buffon really saw no m connection ?an ?is8 ,! writ] :om we %all pres5tly f9d#dc decl9+ to admit any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! skeletons ( man & ( ! horse1 c "h see no resemblance betwe5 ! zebra & ! horse1 except t !y ea* h a s+le ho(4 ,is he to be tak5 at 8 ^w8 ,x is p]haps necess>y to tell ! read] t ,buffon c>ri$ ! =ego+ s*eme into practice z ne>ly z he c\ld 9 ! fir/ fifte5 volumes ( 8 ',natural ,hi/ory4' ,he beg9s ) man--& !n goes on to ! horse1 ! ass1 ! c[1 %eep1 goat1 pig1 dog1 c4 ,"o w\ld be glad to "k :e!r he f\nd x always m easy to decide 9 :at ord] ( famili>ity ?is or t animal w\ld /& to ! majority ( 8 read]s ?an o!r classifi]s h f\nd x to "k :e!r an individual m resembles "o species or ano!r2 probably he nev] gave ! matt] a ?\ght aft] he _h gone ?r\gh ! fir/ doz5 mo/ famili> animals1 b settl$ g5]ally d[n into a classification :i* becomes m & m specific--z :5 he treats ( ! apes & monkeys--till he rea*es ! birds1 :5 he op5ly ab&ons 8 orig9al idea1 9 def]5ce1 z he says1 to ! op9ion ( le peuple des naturali/es4 ,p]haps ! key to ?is piece ( app>5t extravagance is to be f\nd 9 ! ^w my/]ieuse4#dd ,buffon wi%$ to raise a /&+ prote/ aga9/ my/]y mong]+4 ,or p]haps m probably1 he wi%$ at once to turn to animals & plants "u dome/ication1 s z to insi/ e>ly on ! ma9 object ( 8 "w--! pla/icity ( animal =ms4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t a ve9 ( irony p]vades ! :ole1 or mu* ! great] "p ( ,buffon's "w1 & t he int5d$ to convey1 "o mean+ to "o set ( read]s1 & ano!r to ano!r2 inde$1 x is (t5 impossible to believe t he is n writ+ betwe5 8 l9es = ! disc]n+1 :at ! undisc]n+ 7 n int5d$ to see4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 8 ',natural ,hi/ory' has two sides1--a sci5tific & a popul> "o4 ,may we n imag9e t ,buffon w\ld be unwill+ to deb> himself f speak+ to ^? :o c\ld und]/& him1 & yet w\ld wi% l ,h&el & ,%akespe>e to address ! _m1 z well z ! few8 ,b ! only mann] 9 :i* ^! seem+ly irreconcilable ends c\ld be atta9$1 w\ld be by ! use ( language :i* %\ld be self-adju/+ to ! capacity ( ! read]4 ,s ke5 an obs]v] c h>dly h be5 bl9d to ! signs ( ! times :i* 7 already close at h&4 ,free-?9k] ?\gh he 01 he 0 also a p[]ful memb] ( ! ari/ocracy1 & little likely to demean himself--= s he w\ld d\btless hold x--by play+ ! "p ( ,voltaire or ,r\sseau4 ,he w\ld help ^? :o c\ld see to see /ill fur!r1 b he w\ld n dazzle eyes t 7 yet imp]fect ) a light bright] ?an !y c\ld /&4 ,he w\ld !re=e impose ^u p1 z mu* z he ?\ght 0 = _! good2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 he w\ld n all[ inf]ior m5 to my/ify !m4 ,9 ! private "* ( ,buffon1 says ,sir ,william ,j>d9e 9 a *>act]i/ic passage1 we regret !re is n mu* to praise2 8 disposition 0 k9d & b5evol5t1 & he 0 g5]ally belov$ by 8 inf]iors1 foll[]s1 & dep5d5ts1 :i* 7 num]\s ov] 8 ext5sive prop]ty2 he 0 /rictly hon\rable1 & 0 an affectionate p>5t4 ,9 e>ly y\? he _h ent]$ into ! pleasures & dissipations ( life1 & lic5ti\s habits seem to h be5 reta9$ to ! end4 ,b ! great blemi% 9 su* a m9d 0 8 decl>$ infidelity2 x pres5ts "o ( ^? exceptions among ! p]sons :o h be5 devot$ to ! /udy ( nature2 & x is n easy to imag9e a m9d app>5tly ) su* p[]s1 sc>cely ackn[l$g+ a ,creator1 & :5 notic$1 only by an arraignm5t = :at appe>$ want+ or defective 9 8 great works4 ,s op5ly1 inde$1 0 ! fre$om ( 8 religi\s op9ions express$1 t ! indignation ( ! ,sorbonne 0 provok$4 ,he _h to ent] into an explanation :i* he 9 "s way r5d]$ satisfactory2 & :ile he aft]w>ds att5d$ to ! outw>d ord9ances ( religion1 he consid]$ !m z a sy/em ( fai? = ! multitude1 & reg>d$ ^? mo/ impolitic :o mo/ oppos$ !m4#de ,?is is p>tly correct & p>tly n4 ,buffon 0 a free-?9k]1 & z ,i h suffici5tly expla9$1 a decid$ oppon5t ( ! doctr9e t rudim5t>y & !re=e useless organs 7 design$ by a ,creator 9 ord] to s]ve "s useful end ?r\gh\t all "t to ! creature 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,he 0 n1 surely1 to hide ! magnific5t conceptions :i* he _h be5 ! fir/ to grasp1 f ^? :o 7 wor?y to receive !m2 on ! o!r h& he w\ld n tell ! un9/ruct$ :at !y w\ld int]pret z a lic5se to d :atev] !y pleas$1 inasmu* z !re 0 no ,god4 ,:at he did 0 to po9t s irresi/ibly 9 ! "r direction1 t a read] ( any intellig5ce %\ld be 9 no d\bt z to ! road he ought to take1 & !n to contradict himself s flatly z to reassure ^? :o w\ld be %ock$ by a tru? = :i* !y 7 n yet ready4 ,if ,i am "r 9 ! view :i* ,i h tak5 ( ,buffon's "w1 x is n easy to see h[ he c\ld h =m$ a f9] s*eme1 nor h c>ri$ x out m f9ely4 ,i %\ld1 h[ev]1 w>n ! read] to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ accept+ my view too ha/ily4 ,s f> z ,i "k ,i /& alone 9 tak+ x4 ,nei!r ,dr4 ,d>w9 nor ,fl\r5s1 nor ,isidore ,ge(froy1 nor ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 see any subrisive hum\r 9 ,buffon's pages2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,fl\r5s 0 a /rong oppon5t ( mutability1 & probably paid b little he$ to :at ,buffon said on ?is "q2 ,isidore ,ge(froy is n a safe guide1 z w appe> pres5tly2 ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 seems to h adopt$ ! "o half ( ,isidore ,ge(froy's conclusions )\t v]ify+ ei!r2 & ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 :o has no small %>e ( a v pleasant consci\s hum\r1 yet sometimes rises to su* heights ( unconsci\s hum\r1 t ,buffon's puny lab\r may well h be5 invisible to him4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 wrote a great deal ( poetry1 "s ( :i* 0 ab\t ! common pump4 ,miss ,sew>d tells u1 z we %all see lat] on1 t he illu/rat$ ?is famili> object ) a picture ( ,mat]nal ,beauty adm9i/]+ su/5ance to h] infant4 ,buffon c\ld n h done any?+ l ?is4 ,buffon nev]1 !n1 arraign$ ! ,creator = :at 0 want+ or defective 9 ,8 works2 on ! contr>y1 :5ev] he has l$ up by an irresi/ible *a9 ( reason+ to conclusions :i* %\ld make m5 reca/ _! ideas conc]n+ ! ,deity1 he inv>iably retreats "u cov] ( an appeal to revelation4 ,naturally en\gh1 ! ,sorbonne object$ to an artifice :i* ev5 ,buffon c\ld n conceal completely4 ,!y did n l be+ und]m9$2 l ,buffon himself1 !y pref]r$ impos+ ^u ! p1 to see+ o!rs d s4 ,buffon made 8 peace ) ! ,sorbonne imm$iately1 &1 p]haps1 f t "t =w>d1 contradict$ himself a little m impud5tly ?an h]et(ore4 ,x is probably = ! reasons above sugge/$ t ,buffon did n prop\nd a connect$ s*eme ( evolution or desc5t ) modification1 b scatt]$ 8 !ory 9 fragm5ts up & d[n 8 "w 9 ! prefatory rem>ks ) :i* he introduces ! m /rik+ animals or classes ( animals4 ,he nev] wa/es evolution>y matt] 9 ! preface to an un9t]e/+ animal2 & ! m int]e/+ ! animal1 ! m evolution w !re be commonly f\nd4 ,:5 he comes to describe ! animal m famili>ly--& he g5]ally beg9s a fre% *apt] or half *apt] :5 he does s--he writes no m ab\t evolution1 b gives an admirable description1 :i* no "o c fail to enjoy1 & :i* ,i _c ?9k is ne>ly s inaccurate z is commonly suppos$4 ,^! descriptions are ! p>ts :i* ,buffon int5d$ = ! g5]al read]1 expect+1 d\btless1 & desir+ t su* a read] %\ld skip ! dry p>ts he _h be5 address+ to ! m /udi\s4 ,x is true ! descriptions are writt5 ad capt&um1 z are all great works1 b !y succe$ 9 captivat+1 hav+ be5 compos$ ) all ! pa9s a man ( g5ius & ( great p]sev]ance c\ld be/[ ^u !m4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 he look$ to ^! p>ts ( 8 "w to keep ! :ole alive till ! "t %\ld come :5 ! philosophical side ( 8 writ+s %\ld be und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,?us ! goat bre$s ) ! %eep1 & may !re=e s]ve z ! text = a diss]tation on hybridism1 :i* is accord+ly giv5 9 ! preface to ?is animal4 ,! pres5ce ( rudim5t>y organs "u a pig's ho( sugge/s an attack ^u ! doctr9e ( f9al causes 9 s f> z x is pret5d$ t e "p ( e animal or plant 0 specially design$ ) a view to ! wants ( ! animal or plant itself once & = ev] ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,! dog ) 8 great v>iety ( bre$s gives an opportunity = an article on ! =mation ( bre$s & sub-bre$s by man's artificial selection4 ,! cat is n hon\r$ ) any philosophical reflections1 & comes 9 = no?+ b abuse4 ,! h>e sugge/s ! rabbit1 & ! rabbit is a rapid bre$]1 al?\gh ! h>e is an unusually sl[ "o2 b ?is is ne> en\gh1 s ! h>e %all s]ve u = ! !me ( a disc\rse on ! geometrical ratio ( increase & ! balance ( p[] :i* may be obs]v$ 9 nature4 ,:5 we come to ! c>nivora1 additional reflections foll[ ^u ! necessity = dea?1 & ev5 = viol5t dea?2 ?is leads to ! "q :e!r ! creatures t are kill$ suff] pa92 "h1 !n1 w be ! prop] place = consid]+ ! s5sations ( animals g5]ally4 ,p]haps ! mo/ pregnant passage conc]n+ evolution is to be f\nd 9 ! preface to ! ass1 :i* is s ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! "w z to be only ! second animal ( :i* ,buffon treats aft] hav+ describ$ man himself4 ,x po9ts /rongly 9 ! direction ( 8 hav+ believ$ all animal =ms to h be5 desc5d$ f "o s+le common ance/ral type4 ,buffon did n probably *oose to take 8 v fir/ opportunity 9 ord] to insi/ ^u matt] t %\ld po9t 9 ?is direction2 b ! consid]ations 7 too important to be def]r$ long1 & are accord+ly put =w>d "u cov] ( ! ass1 8 second animal4 ,:5 we consid] ! =ce ) :i* ,buffon's conclusion is l$ up to2 ! obvi\sness ( ! conclusion itself :5 ! premises are once admitt$2 ! impossibility t su* a conclusion %\ld be aga9 lo/ sight ( if ! reasonabl5ess ( its be+ drawn _h be5 once admitt$2 ! position 9 8 s*eme :i* is assign$ to x by its prop\nd]2 ! p]si/5cy ) :i* he demon/rates dur+ =ty ye>s !reaft] t ! premises1 :i* he has decl>$ %\ld e/abli% ! conclusion 9 "q1 are indisputable2--:5 we consid]1 too1 t we are deal+ ) a man ( unque/ionable g5ius1 & t ! times & circum/ances ( 8 life 7 su* z w\ld g f> to expla9 res]ve & irony--is x1 ,i w\ld ask1 reasonable to suppose t ,buffon did n1 9 8 own m9d1 & f ! fir/1 draw ! inf]5ce to :i* he leads 8 read]1 m]ely because f "t to "t he tells ! read]1 ) a %rug ( ! %\ld]s1 t he draws no inf]5ces oppos$ to ! ,book ( ,g5esis8 ,is x n m likely t ,buffon int5d$ 8 read] to draw 8 inf]5ces = himself1 & p]haps to value !m all ! m highly on t acc\nt8 ,! passage to :i* ,i am allud+ is z foll[s3-- ,if f ! b\ndless v>iety :i* animat$ nature pres5ts to u1 we *oose ! body ( "s animal or ev5 t ( man himself to s]ve z a model ) :i* to comp>e ! bodies ( o!r organiz$ be+s1 we %all f9d t ?\gh all ^! be+s h an individuality ( _! own1 & are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by diff]5ces ( :i* ! gradations are inf9itely subtle1 !re exi/s at ! same "t a primitive & g5]al design :i* we c foll[ = a long way1 & ! dep>tures f :i* 7deg5]ations7 are f> m g5tle ?an ^? f m]e outw>d resemblance4 ,= n to m5tion organs ( dige/ion1 circulation1 & g5]ation1 :i* are common to all animals1 & )\t :i* ! animal w\ld cease to be an animal1 & c\ld nei!r cont9ue to exi/ nor reproduce itself--!re is none ! less ev5 9 ^? v p>ts :i* con/itute ! ma9 diff]5ce 9 outw>d appe>ance1 a /rik+ resemblance :i* c>ries ) x irresi/ibly ! idea ( a s+le patt]n aft] :i* all w\ld appe> to h be5 conceiv$4 ,! horse1 = example--:at c at fir/ sight seem m unlike mank9d8 ,yet :5 we comp>e man & horse po9t by po9t & detail by detail1 is n our wond] excit$ r by ! po9ts ( resemblance ?an ( diff]5ce t are to be f\nd betwe5 !m8 ,take ! skeleton ( a man2 b5d =w>d ! bones 9 ! region ( ! pelvis1 %ort5 ! ?igh bones1 & ^? ( ! leg & arm1 l5g!n ^? ( ! feet & h&s1 run ! jo9ts toge!r1 l5g!n ! jaws1 & %ort5 ! frontal bone1 f9ally1 l5g!n ! sp9e1 & ! skeleton w n[ be t ( a man no long]1 b w h become t ( a horse--= x is easy to imag9e t 9 l5g!n+ ! sp9e & ! jaws we %all at ! same "t h increas$ ! numb] ( ! v]tebrae1 ribs1 & tee?4 ,x is b 9 ! numb] ( ^! bones1 :i* may be consid]$ accessory1 & by ! l5g!n+1 %ort5+1 or mode ( atta*m5t ( o!rs1 t ! skeleton ( ! horse diff]s f t ( ! human body4444 ,we f9d ribs 9 man1 9 all ! quadrup$s1 9 birds1 9 fi%es1 & we may f9d traces ( !m z f> d[n z ! turtle1 9 :i* !y seem /ill to be sket*$ out by means ( furr[s t are to be f\nd b5ea? ! %ell4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! foot ( ! horse1 :i* seems s diff]5t f a man's h&1 is1 nev]!less1 z ,m4 ,daub5ton has po9t$ out1 compos$ ( ! same bones1 & t we h at ! end ( ea* ( our f+]s a nail correspond+ to ! ho( ( a horse's foot4 ,judge1 !n1 :e!r ?is hidd5 resemblance is n m m>vell\s ?an any outw>d diff]5ces--:e!r ?is con/ancy to a s+le plan ( /ructure :i* we may foll[ f man to ! quadrup$s1 f ! quadrup$s to ! cetacea1 f ! cetacea to birds1 f birds to reptiles1 f reptiles to fi%es--9 :i* all su* ess5tial p>ts z he>t1 inte/9es1 sp9e1 are inv>iably f\nd--:e!r1 ,i say1 ?is does n seem to indicate t ! ,creator :5 ,he made !m w\ld use b a s+le ma9 idea1 ?\gh at ! same "t v>y+ x 9 e conceivable way1 s t man might admire equally ! magnific5ce ( ! execution & ! simplicity ( ! design4#df ,if we reg>d ! matt] ?us1 n only ! ass & ! horse1 b ev5 man himself1 ! apes1 ! quadrup$s1 & all animals might be reg>d$ b z =m+ memb]s ( "o & ! same family4 ,b are we to conclude t )9 ?is va/ family :i* ! ,creator has call$ into exi/5ce out ( no?+1 !re are o!r & small] families1 project$ z x 7 by ,nature1 & br\ght =? by h] 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts & aft] a long "t1 ( :i* "s conta9 b two memb]s1 z ! ass & ! horse1 o!rs _m memb]s1 z ! weasel1 m>t91 /oat1 f]ret1 c41 & t on ! same pr9ciple !re are families ( vegetables1 conta9+ t51 tw5ty1 or ?irty plants1 z ! case may be8 ,if su* families _h any real exi/5ce !y c\ld h be5 =m$ only by cross+1 by ! accumulation ( successive v>iations 7v>iation successive71 & by deg5]ation f an orig9al type2 b if we once admit t !re are families ( plants & animals1 s t ! ass may be ( ! family ( ! horse1 & t ! "o may only diff] f ! o!r ?r\gh deg5]ation f a common ance/or1 we might be driv5 to admit t ! ape is ( ! family ( man1 t he is b a deg5]ate man1 & t he & man h _h a common ance/or1 ev5 z ! ass & horse h _h4 ,x w\ld foll[ !n t e family1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 _h sprung f a s+le /ock1 :i* aft] a succession ( g5]ations1 _h become high] 9 ! case ( "s ( its desc5dants & l[] 9 t ( o!rs4 ,:at inf]5ce c\ld be m aptly drawn8 ,b x 0 n "o :i* ,buffon 0 go+ to put be=e ! g5]al public4 ,he _h said en\gh = ! disc]n+1 & cont9ues ) :at is int5d$ to make ! conclusions !y %\ld draw ev5 pla9] to !m1 :ile x conceals !m /ill m c>efully f ! g5]al read]4 ,! naturali/s :o are s ready to e/abli% families among animals & vegetables1 d n seem to h suffici5tly consid]$ ! consequ5ces :i* %\ld foll[ f _! premises1 = ^! w\ld limit direct creation to z small a numb] ( =ms z anyone might ?9k fit 7r$uisoi5t le produit imm$iat de la creation1 a un nombre d'individus aussi petit que l'on v\droit74 ,= if x 7 once %[n t we _h "r gr\nds = e/abli%+ ^! families2 if ! po9t 7 once ga9$ t among animals & vegetables !re _h be51 ,i d n say sev]al species1 b ev5 a s+le "o1 :i* _h be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( direct desc5t f ano!r species2 if = example x c\ld be once %[n t ! ass 0 b a deg5]ation f ! horse--!n !re is no fur!r limit to be set to ! p[] ( nature1 & we %\ld n be wrong 9 suppos+ t ) suffici5t "t %e c\ld h evolv$ all o!r organiz$ =ms f "o primordial type 7et l'on n'auroit pas tort de suppos]1 que d'un seul etre elle a su tir] avec le temps t\s les autres etres organises74 ,buffon n[ felt t he _h sail$ z ne> ! w9d z 0 desirable4 ,8 next s5t5ce is z foll[s3-- ,b no6 ,x is c]ta9 f revelation t all animals h alike be5 fav\r$ ) ! grace ( an act ( direct creation1 & t ! fir/ pair ( e species issu$ full =m$ f ! h&s ( ! ,creator4#dg ,?is might be tak5 z bona fide1 if x _h be5 writt5 by ,bonnet1 b x is impossible to accept x f ,buffon4 ,x is only ^? :o judge him at second h&1 or by isolat$ passages1 :o c hold t he fail$ to see ! consequ5ces ( 8 own premises4 ,no "o c\ld h se5 m cle>ly1 nor h said m lucidly1 :at %\ld suffice to %[ a sympa!tic read] ! conclusion he ought to come to4 ,ev5 :5 ironical1 8 irony is n ! ill-natur$ irony ( "o :o is m]ely amus+ himself at o!r p's exp5se1 b ! s]i\s & legitimate irony ( "o :o mu/ ei!r limit ! circle ( ^? to :om he appeals1 or mu/ "k h[ to make ! same language appeal diff]5tly to ! diff]5t capacities ( 8 read]s1 & :o tru/s to ! good s5se ( ! disc]n+ to und]/& ! difficulty ( 8 position1 & make due all[ance = x4 ,! compromise :i* he ?\ght fit to put be=e ! public 0 t ,ea* species has a type ( :i* ! pr9cipal features are engrav$ 9 indelible & et]nally p]man5t *>act]s1 :ile all accessory t\*es v>y4#dh ,x w\ld be satisfactory to "k :]e an accessory t\* is suppos$ to beg9 & end4 ,& aga93-- ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( e animal h be5 cons]v$ )\t alt]ation 9 _! mo/ important p>ts4444 ,! individuals ( ea* g5us /ill repres5t ! same =ms z !y did 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 especially 9 ! case ( ! l>g] animals 7s t ! g5]ic =ms ev5 ( ! l>g] animals prove n to be ! same1 b only 'especially' ! same z 9 ! e>lie/ ages74#di ,?is transp>5tly illogical position is ma9ta9$ o/5sibly f fir/ to la/1 mu* 9 ! same _s z 9 ! two =ego+ passages1 writt5 at int]vals ( ?irte5 ye>s4 ,b !y are to be read by ! light ( ! e>li] "o--plac$ z a lant]n to ! w>y ^u ! ?re%old ( 8 "w 9 #agec--to ! effect t a s+le1 well sub/antiat$ case ( deg5]ation w\ld make x conceivable t all liv+ be+s 7 desc5d$ f a s+le common ance/or4 ,if aft] hav+ l$ up to ?is by a remorseless logic1 a man is f\nd five-&-tw5ty ye>s lat] /ill sub/antiat+ cases ( deg5]ation1 z he has be5 sub/antiat+ !m unceas+ly 9 ?irty qu>tos dur+ ! :ole int]val1 !re %\ld be little "q h[ s]i\sly we are to take him :5 he wi%es u to /op %ort ( ! conclusions he has told u we ought to draw f ! premises t he has made x ! bus9ess ( 8 life to e/abli%--especially :5 we "k t he has a ,sorbonne to keep a %>p eye ^u him4 ,i believe t if ! read] w be> 9 m9d ! tw(old1 s]i\s & ironical1 "* ( ,buffon's "w he w und]/& x1 & feel an admiration = x :i* w gr[ cont9ually great] & great] ! m he /udies x1 o!rwise he w miss ! :ole po9t4 ,buffon on "o ( ! e>ly pages ( 8 fir/ volume prote/$ aga9/ ! introduction ( ei!r plaisant]ie or equivoque 7p4 #be7 into a s]i\s "w4 ,b ,i h obs]v$ t !re is an unconsci\s irony 9 mo/ disclaim]s ( ?is nature4 ,:5 a writ] beg9s by say+ t he has an in]adicable t5d5cy to make ?+s cle>1 we may inf] t we are go+ to be puzzl$2 s :5 he %[s t he is haunt$ by a s5se ( ! impropriety ( all[+ hum\r to intrude into 8 "w1 we may hope to be amus$ z well z int]e/$4 ,z %[+ h[ f> ! objection to hum\r :i* he express$ ^u 8 tw5ty-fif? page succe$$ 9 c>ry+ him safely ov] 8 tw5ty-six? & tw5ty-sev5?1 ,i w quote ! foll[+1 :i* beg9s on page tw5ty-six3-- ,aldrov&us is ! mo/ le>n$ & labori\s ( all naturali/s2 aft] sixty ye>s ( "w he has left an imm5se numb] ( volumes beh9d him1 :i* h be5 pr9t$ at v>i\s times1 ! great] numb] ( !m aft] 8 dea?4 ,x w\ld be possible to r$uce !m to a t5? "p if we c\ld rid !m ( all useless & =eign matt]1 & ( a prolixity :i* ,i f9d almo/ ov]:elm+2 7 ?is only done1 8 books %\ld be reg>d$ z among ! be/ we h on ! subject ( natural hi/ory 9 its entirety4 ,! plan ( 8 "w is good1 8 classification di/+ui%$ = its good s5se1 8 divid+ l9es well m>k$1 8 descriptions suffici5tly accurate--monoton\s x is true1 b pa9/ak+2 ! hi/orical "p ( 8 "w is less good2 x is (t5 confus$ & fabul\s1 & ! au?or %[s too manife/ly ! cr$ul\s t5d5cies ( 8 m9d4 ,:ile go+ ov] 8 "w1 ,i h be5 /ruck ) t defect1 or r excess1 :i* we f9d 9 almo/ all ! books ( a hundr$ or a c\ple ( hundr$ ye>s ago1 & :i* prevails /ill among ! ,g]mans--,i mean ) t quantity ( useless erudition ) :i* !y int5tionally swell out _! works1 & ! result ( :i* is t _! subject is ov]laid ) a mass ( extrane\s matt] on :i* !y enl>ge ) great complac5cy1 b ) no consid]ation :atev] = _! read]s4 ,!y seem1 9 fact1 to h =gott5 :at !y h to say 9 _! endeav\r to tell u :at has be5 said by o!r p4 ,i picture to myself a man l ,aldrov&us1 aft] he has once conceiv$ ! design ( writ+ a complete natural hi/ory4 ,i see him 9 8 libr>y read+1 "o aft] ! o!r1 anci5ts1 mod]ns1 philosoph]s1 !ologians1 jurisconsults1 hi/orians1 travell]s1 poets1 & read+ ) no o!r end ?an ) t ( cat*+ at all words & phrases :i* c be =c$ f f> or ne> into "s k9d ( relation ) 8 subject4 ,i see him copy+ all ^! passages1 or gett+ !m copi$ = him1 & arrang+ !m 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,he fills _m portfolios ) all mann] ( notes1 (t5 tak5 )\t ei!r discrim9ation or rese>*1 & at la/ sets himself to write ) a resolve t n "o ( all ^! notes %all rema9 unus$4 ,! result is t :5 he comes to 8 acc\nt ( ! c[ or ( ! h51 he w tell u all t has ev] yet be5 said ab\t c[s or h5s2 all t ! anci5ts ev] ?\ght ab\t !m2 all t has ev] be5 imag9$ conc]n+ _! virtues1 *>act]s1 & c\rage2 e purpose to :i* !y h ev] yet be5 put2 e /ory ( e old woman t he c lay hold (2 all ! miracles :i* c]ta9 religions h ascrib$ to !m2 all ! sup]/itions !y h giv5 rise to2 all ! metaphors & allegories :i* poets h drawn f !m2 ! attributes t h be5 assign$ to !m2 ! repres5tations t h be5 made ( !m 9 hi]oglyphics & armorial be>+s1 9 a ^w all ! hi/ories & all fables 9 :i* !re 0 ev] yet any m5tion ei!r ( a c[ or h54 ,h[ mu* natural hi/ory is likely to be f\nd 9 su* a lumb] room8 & h[ is "o to lay "o's h& ^u ! little t !re may actually be8#ej ,x is hop$ t ! read] w see ,buffon1 mu* u ,buffon saw ! le>n$ ,aldrov&us4 ,he %\ld see him go+ into 8 libr>y1 c41 & quietly *uckl+ to himself z he wrote su* a passage z ! "o 9 :i* we lately f\nd him say+ t ! l>g] animals _h especially ! same g5]ic =ms z !y _h always _h4 ,& ! read] %\ld probably see ,daub5ton *uckl+ also4 ,,footnotes3 #ci ,tom4 i4 p4 #bd1 #agdi4 #dj ,tom4 i4 p4 #dj1 #agdi4 #da ,vol4 i4 p4 #cd1 #agdi4 #db ,tom4 i4 p4 #cf4 #dc ,see p4 #hh ( ?is volume2 see also p4 #aee1 & #afd4 #dd ,tom4 i4 p4 #cc4 #de ',! ,naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bc1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdc4 #df ,tom4 iv4 p4 #cha1 #agec4 #dg ,tom4 iv4 p4 #chc1 #agec 7?is 0 ! fir/ volume on ! l[] animals74 #dh ,tom4 xiii4 p4 ix4 #agfe4 #di ,sup4 tom4 v4 p4 #bg1 #aggh4 #ej ,tom4 i4 p4 #bh1 #agdi4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,suppos$ ,,fluctuations ,,( ,,op9ion--,,causes ,,or ,,means ,,( ,,! ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,species4 ,en\gh1 p]haps1 has be5 already said to disabuse ! read]'s m9d ( ! common misconception ( ,buffon1 namely1 t he 0 m or less ( an elegant trifl] ) sci5ce1 :o c>$ r ab\t ! language 9 :i* 8 ideas 7 clo!d ?an ab\t ! ideas !mselves1 & t he did n hold ! same op9ions = long toge!r2 b ! accusation ( in/ability has be5 made 9 su* high qu>t]s t x is necess>y to refute x /ill m completely4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 = example1 9 8 ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,rec5t ,progress ( ,op9ion on ! ,orig9 ( ,species prefix$ to all ! lat] editions ( 8 own ',orig9 ( ,species1' says ( ,buffon t he 0 ! fir/ au?or :o1 9 mod]n times1 has treat$ ! orig9 ( species 9 a sci5tific _s4 ,b1 he cont9ues1 z 8 op9ions fluctuat$ greatly at diff]5t p]iods1 & z he does n ent] on ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species1 ,i ne$ n "h ent] on details4#ea ,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to h foll[$ ! "o half ( ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire's full acc\nt ( ,buffon's conclusions ^u ! subject ( desc5t ) modification1#eb to :i* he ref]s ) approval on ! second page ( 8 hi/orical sket*4#ec ,turn+1 !n1 to ,isidore ,ge(froy's "w1 ,i f9d t 9 l mann] he too has be5 foll[+ ! "o half ( :at ,buffon actually said4 ,b ev5 s1 he aw>ds ,buffon v high praise4 ,buffon1 he writes1 is to ! doctr9e ( ! mutability ( species :at ,l9naeus is to t ( its fixity4 ,x is only s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,buffon's ',natural ,hi/ory1' & 9 consequ5ce !re(1 t ! mutability ( species has tak5 rank among sci5tific que/ions4#ed 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,buffon1 :o comes next 9 *ronological ord] aft] ,bacon1 foll[s him 9 no o!r respect ?an t ( "t4 ,he is entirely orig9al 9 arriv+ at ! doctr9e ( ! v>iability ( organic types1 & 9 en\nc+ x aft] long hesitation1 dur+ :i* "o c wat* ! lab\r ( a great intellig5ce free+ itself little by little f ! yoke ( or?odoxy4 ,b f ?is s\rce come difficulties 9 ! int]pretation ( ,buffon's "w :i* h misl$ _m writ]s4 ,buffon expresses absolutely diff]5t op9ions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( 8 natural hi/ory--s mu* s t p>tisans & oppon5ts ( ! doctr9e ( ! fixity ( species h alike believ$ & /ill believe !mselves at lib]ty to claim ,buffon z "o ( ! great au?orities ^u _! side4 ,!n foll[ ! quotations ^u :i* ,m4 ,ge(froy relies--to :i* ,i w return pres5tly--aft] :i* ! conclusion runs ?us3-- ,! dates1 h[ev]1 ( ! sev]al passages 9 "q are suffici5t to expla9 ! diff]5ces 9 _! t5or1 9 a mann] wor?y ( ,buffon4 ,:]e are ! passages 9 :i* ,buffon affirms ! immutability ( species8 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w4 ,8 fir/ volume on animals#ee is dat$ #agec4 ,! two foll[+ are ^? 9 :i* ,buffon /ill %>es ! views ( ,l9naeus2 !y are dat$ #agee & #agef4 ,( :at date are ^? 9 :i* ,buffon decl>es = v>iability8 ,f #agfa to #agff4 ,& ^? 9 :i*1 aft] hav+ admitt$ v>iability & decl>$ 9 fav\r ( x1 he proce$s to limit x8 ,f #agfe to #aggh4 ,! inf]5ce is suffici5tly simple4 ,buffon does b correct himself4 ,he does n fluctuate4 ,he goes once = all f "o op9ion to ! o!r1 f :at he accept$ at />t+ on ! au?ority ( ano!r to :at he recogniz$ z true aft] tw5ty ye>s ( rese>*4 ,if :ile try+ to set himself free f ! prevail+ notions1 he 9 ! fir/ in/ance w5t1 l all o!r innovators1 some:at to ! opposite extreme1 he essays z soon z may be to retrace 8 /eps 9 "s measure1 & !nce=w>d to rema9 un*ang$4 ,let ! read] ca/ 8 eye ov] ! g5]al table ( cont5ts :]e9 ,buffon1 at ! end ( 8 ',natural ,hi/ory1' gives a resume ( all ( x t he is anxi\s to pres]ve4 ,he passes ov] alike ! passages 9 :i* he affirms & ^? 9 :i* he unres]v$ly d5ies ! immutability ( species1 & indicates only ! doctr9e ( ! p]man5ce ( ess5tial features & ! v>iability ( details 7t\tes les t\*es accessoires72 he repeats ?is elev5 ye>s lat] 9 8 ',epoques de la ,nature' 7publi%$ #aggh74ef ,b ,i ?9k ,i c %[ t ! passages :i* ,m4 ,ge(froy br+s =w>d1 to prove t ,buffon 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance a support] ( inv>iability1 d n be> him out 9 ! d$uction he has endeav\r$ to draw f !m4 ,:at au?or1 he asks1 has ev] pron\nc$ m decid$ly ?an ,buffon 9 fav\r ( ! inv>iability ( species8 ,:]e c we f9d a m decid$ expression ( op9ion ?an ! foll[+8 ',! diff]5t species ( animals are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a space :i* ,nature _c ov]/ep4' ,on turn+1 h[ev]1 to ,buffon himself1 ,i f9d ! passage to /& z foll[s3-- ,al?\gh ! diff]5t species ( animals are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a space :i* ,nature _c ov]/ep--yet "s ( !m approa* s ne>ly to "o ano!r 9 s _m respects t !re is only room en\gh left = ! gett+ 9 ( a l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 !m1#eg & on ! foll[+ page he di/9ctly enc\rages ! idea ( ! mutability ( species 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,9 place ( reg>d+ ! ass z a deg5]ate horse1 !re w\ld be m reason 9 call+ ! horse a m p]fect k9d ( ass 7un ane p]fectionne71 & ! %eep a m delicate k9d ( goat1 t we h t5d$1 p]fect$1 & propagat$ = our use1 & t ! m p]fect animals 9 g5]al--especially ! dome/ic animals--draw _! orig9 f "s less p]fect species ( t k9d ( wild animal :i* !y mo/ resemble4 ,nature alone n be+ able to d z mu* z ,nature & man c d 9 conc]t ) "o ano!r4#eh ,b ,buffon _h long ago decl>$ t if ! horse & ! ass c\ld be consid]$ z be+ blood relations !re 0 no /opp+ %ort ( ! admission t all animals might also be blood relations--t is to say1 desc5d$ f common ance/ors--& n[ he tells u t ! ass & horse are 9 all probability desc5d$ f common ance/ors4 ,w a read] ( any lit]>y exp]i5ce hold t s labori\s1 & yet s witty a writ]1 & "o s /udi\s ( arti/ic effect1 c\ld ignore ! broad l9es he _h laid d[n = himself1 or =get h[ :at he _h said w\ld be> on subsequ5t passages1 & subsequ5t passages on x8 ,a less pa9/ak+ au?or ?an ,buffon may yet be tru/$ to rememb] 8 own "w well en\gh to avoid su* lit]>y bad workman%ip z ?is4 ,if ,buffon _h se5 reason to *ange 8 m9d he w\ld h said s1 & w\ld h contradict$ ! inf]5ce he _h orig9ally pron\nc$ to be d$ucible f an admission ( k9%ip betwe5 ! ass & ! horse4 ,?is1 x is h>dly necess>y to say1 he nev] does1 ?\gh he frequ5tly ?9ks x well to rem9d 8 read] ( ! fact t ! ass & ! horse are 9 all probability closely relat$4 ,?is is br++ two & two toge!r ) suffici5t clos5ess = all practical purposes4 ,%\ld n ,m4 ,ge(froy's "q1 !n1 h r be5 ,:o has ev] pron\nc$ m grudg+ly1 ev5 9 an e>ly volume1 c41 c41 & :o has m completely neutraliz$ :atev] concession he might appe> to h be5 mak+8 ,nor does ! only o!r passage :i* ,m4 ,ge(froy br+s =w>d to prove t ,buffon 0 orig9ally a believ] 9 ! fixity ( species be> him out mu* bett]4 ,x is to be f\nd on ! op5+ page ( a brief introduction to ! wild animals4 ,m4 ,ge(froy quotes x ?us3 ,we %all see ,nature dictat+ h] laws1 s simple yet s un*angeable1 & impr9t+ h] own immutable *>act]s ^u e species4 ,b ,m4 ,ge(froy does n give ! passage :i*1 on ! same page1 admits mutability among dome/icat$ animals1 9 ! case ( :i* he decl>es we f9d ,nature r>em5t p]fectionnee1 s\v5t alt]ee1 defiguree2 nor yet does he deem x necess>y to %[ t ! context proves t ?is un*angeabl5ess ( wild animals is only relative2 & ?is he %\ld c]ta9ly h done1 = two pages lat] on ,buffon speaks ( ! ,am]ican tig]s1 lions1 & pan!rs z be+ deg5]at$1 if _! orig9al nature 0 cruel & f]oci\s2 or1 r1 !y h exp]i5c$ ! effect ( climate1 & "u a mild] sky h assum$ a mild] nature1 _! excesses h become mod]at$1 & by ! *anges :i* !y h und]gone !y h become m 9 con=mity ) ! c\ntry !y inhabit4#ei ,& aga93-- ,if we consid] ea* species 9 ! diff]5t climates :i* x inhabits1 we %all f9d p]ceptible v>ieties z reg>ds size & =m3 !y all d]ive an impress to a great] or less ext5t f ! climate 9 :i* !y live4 ,^! *anges are only made sl[ly & imp]ceptibly4 ,nature's great workman is ,"t4 ,he m>*es ev] ) an ev5 pace1 & does no?+ by leaps & b\nds1 b by degrees1 gradations1 & succession he does all ?+s2 & ! *anges :i* he works--at fir/ imp]ceptible--become little by little p]ceptible1 & %[ !mselves ev5tually 9 results ab\t :i* !re c be no mi/ake4 ,nev]!less animals 9 a free1 wild /ate are p]haps less subject ?an any o!r liv+ be+s1 man n except$1 to alt]ations1 *anges1 & v>iations ( all k9ds4 ,be+ free to *oose _! own food & climate1 !y v>y less ?an dome/ic animals v>y4#fj ,! conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 9 fact1 rema9+ practically con/ant1 ! animals are no less con/ant !mselves4 ,! writ] ( ! above c\ld h>dly be claim$ z a v ?ick & ?9 p>tisan ( immutability1 ev5 ?\gh he _h n %[n f ! fir/ h[ cle>ly he saw t !re 0 no middle position betwe5 ! d5ial ( all mutability1 & ! admission t 9 ! c\rse ( suffici5t "t any conceivable am\nt ( mutability is possible4 ,i w give a consid]able "p ( :at ,i h f\nd 9 ! fir/ six volumes ( ,buffon to be> "o way or ! o!r on 8 views conc]n+ ! mutability ( species2 & ,i ?9k ! read]1 s f> f agree+ ) ,m4 ,isidore ,ge(froy t ,buffon began 8 "w ) a belief 9 ! fixity ( species1 w f9d1 t f ! v fir/ *apt] onw>d1 he leant /rongly to mutability1 ev5 if he did n op5ly av[ 8 belief 9 x4 ,9 support ( ?is ass]tion1 "o quotation mu/ suffice3-- ,nature advances by gradations :i* pass unnotic$4 ,%e passes f "o species1 & (t5 f "o g5us to ano!r by imp]ceptible degrees1 s t we meet ) a great numb] ( mean species & objects ( su* d\btful *>act]s t we "k n :]e to place !m4#fa ,! read] :o turns to ,buffon himself w f9d ! idea t ,buffon took a less advanc$ position 9 8 old age ?an he _h tak5 9 middle life is also )\t f\ndation4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has said t ,buffon does n ent] into ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species4 ,x is n easy to admit ! ju/ice ( ?is4 ,indep5d5tly ( 8 frequ5tly insi/+ on ! effect ( all k9ds ( *ang$ surr\nd+s1 he has devot$ a long *apt] ( ov] sixty qu>to pages to ?is v subject2 x is to be f\nd 9 8 f\rte5? volume1 & is head$ ,de la ,deg5]ation des ,animaux1 ( :i* words ,on desc5t ) modification w be h>dly m ?an a lit]al translation4 ,i %all give a full] b /ill too brief outl9e ( ! *apt] lat] on1 & w conf9e myself "h to say+ t ! ?ree pr9cipal causes ( modification :i* ,buffon br+s =w>d are *anges ( climate1 ( food1 & ! effects ( dome/ication4 ,he may be said to h attribut$ v>iation to ! direct & specific action ( *ang$ conditions ( life1 & to h _h b little conception ( ! view :i* he 0 himself to sugge/ to ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ?r\gh him to ,lam>ck4 ,isidore ,ge(froy1 writ+ ( ,lam>ck1 & comp>+ 8 position ) t tak5 by ,buffon1 says1 on ! :ole truly1 t :at ,buffon ascribes to ! g5]al effects ( climate1 ,lam>ck ma9ta9s to be caus$1 especially 9 ! case ( animals1 by ! =ce ( habits2 s t1 accord+ to him1 !y are n1 prop]ly speak+1 modifi$ by ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 b are only induc$ by ^! conditions to set ab\t modify+ !mselves4#fb ,b x is v h>d to say h[ mu* ,buffon saw & h[ mu* he did n see4 ,he may be tru/$ to h se5 t if he once all[$ ! ?9 end ( ?is w$ge into 8 sy/em1 he c\ld no m assign limits to ! effect :i* liv+ =ms might produce ^u _! own organisms by ef=t & +5uity 9 ! c\rse ( long "t1 ?an he c\ld set limits to :at he _h call$ ! p[] ( ,nature if he 0 once to admit t an ass & a horse might1 ?r\gh t p[]1 h be5 desc5d$ f a common ance/or4 ,nev]!less1 he %[s no unwill+ness or recalcitrancy ab\t lett+ ! w$ge ent]1 = he speaks ( dome/ication z induc+ modifications suffici5tly pr(\nd to become con/ant & h]$it>y 9 successive g5]ations 444 by its action on bodily habits x influ5ces also _! natures1 in/9cts1 & mo/ inw>d qualities4#fc ,?is is a v ?ick ?9 end to h be5 all[$ to slip 9 unaw>es2 b x is a/oni%+ h[ little ,buffon c see :5 he likes4 ,i h>dly d\bt b he w\ld h be5 well en\gh pleas$ to h let ! w$ge ent] /ill f>!r1 b ?is fluctuat+ writ] _h assign$ himself 8 limits "s ye>s be=e1 & meant adh]+ to !m4 ,aga91 9 ?is v *apt] on ,deg5]ation1 to :i* ,m4 ,ge(froy has ref]r$1 !re are passages on ! callosities on a camel's knees1 on ! llama1 & on ! haun*es ( p\*$ monkeys :i* might h be5 writt5 by ,dr4 ,d>w9 himself4#fd ,!y w appe> m fully pres5tly4 ,buffon n[ probably felt t he _h said en\gh1 & t o!rs might be tru/$ to c>ry ! pr9ciple f>!r :5 ! "t 0 rip] = its en=cem5t4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 xiii4 ed4 #ahgf4 #eb ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 ii4 p4 #dje1 #ahei4 #ec ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 xiv4 #ahgf4 #ed ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 ii4 p4 #chc4 #ee ,tom4 iv4 #ef ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 ii4 p4 #cia1 #ahei4 #eg ,tom4 v4 p4 #ei1 #agee4 #eh ,tom4 v4 p4 #fj4 #ei ,tom4 vi4 p4 #eh1 #agef4 #fj ,tom4 vi4 pp4 #ei-fj1 #agef4 #fa ,tom4 i4 p4 #ac1 #agdi4 #fb ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 ii4 p4 #daa1 #ahei4 #fc ,tom4 xi4 p4 #bij1 #agfd 7mispr9t$ on title-page #aged74 #fd ,see tom4 xiv4 p4 #cbf1 #agff2 & p4 #afb ( ?is volume4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,buffon--,,full] ,,quotations4 ,let u n[ proce$ to ^? full] quotations :i* may answ] ! d\ble purpose ( be>+ me out 9 ! view ( ,buffon's "w :i* ,i h tak5 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & ( induc+ ! read] to turn to ,buffon himself4 ,i h already said t f ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 "w ,buffon %[$ a proclivity t[>ds consid]ations :i* 7 c]ta9 to lead him to a !ory ( evolution1 ev5 ?\gh he _h n1 z ,i believe he _h1 already tak5 a m compreh5sive view ( ! subject ?an he ?\ght fit to proclaim unres]v$ly4 ,9 #agdi1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 fir/ volume he writes3-- ,! fir/ tru? t makes itself app>5t on s]i\s /udy ( ,nature1 is "o t man may p]haps f9d humiliat+2 x is ?is--t he1 too1 mu/ take 8 place 9 ! ranks ( animals1 be+1 z he is1 an animal 9 e mat]ial po9t4 ,x is possible also t ! in/9ct ( ! l[] animals w /rike him z m un]r+1 & _! indu/ry m m>vell\s ?an 8 own4 ,!n1 runn+ 8 eye ov] ! diff]5t objects ( :i* ! univ]se is compos$1 he w obs]ve ) a/oni%m5t t we c desc5d by almo/ imp]ceptible degrees f ! mo/ p]fect creature to ! mo/ =mless matt]--f ! mo/ highly organiz$ animal to ! mo/ entirely inorganic sub/ance4 ,he w recognize ?is gradation z ! great "w ( ,nature2 & he w obs]ve x n only z reg>ds size & =m1 b also 9 respect ( movem5ts1 & 9 ! successive g5]ations ( e species4#fe ,h5ce1 he cont9ues1 arises ! difficulty ( arriv+ at any p]fect sy/em or me?od 9 deal+ ei!r ) ,nature z a :ole or ev5 ) any s+le "o ( h] subdivisions4 ,! gradations are s subtle t we are (t5 oblig$ to make arbitr>y divisions4 ,nature kn[s no?+ ab\t our classifications1 & does n *oose to l5d h]self to !m )\t res]ve4 ,we !re=e see a numb] ( int]m$iate species & objects :i* x is v h>d to classify1 & :i* ( necessity d]ange our sy/em :atev] x may be4#ff ,! attempt to =m p]fect sy/ems has l$ to su* disa/r\s results t x is n[ m easy to le>n botany ?an ! t]m9ology :i* has be5 adopt$ z its language4#fg ,aft] say+ t la m>*e de la ,nature has be5 misund]/ood1 & t h] progress has ev] be5 by a succession ( sl[ /eps1 he ma9ta9s t ! only prop] c\rse is to class toge!r :atev] objects resemble "o ano!r1 & to sep>ate ^? :i* are unlike4 ,if individual specim5s are absolutely alike1 or diff] s little t ! diff]5ces c h>dly be p]ceiv$1 !y mu/ be class$ z ( ! same species2 if ! diff]5ces beg9 to be p]ceptible1 b if at ! same "t !re is m resemblance ?an diff]5ce1 ! individuals pres5t+ ^! features %\ld be class$ z ( a diff]5t species1 b z ( ! same g5us2 if ! diff]5ces are /ill m m>k$1 b nev]!less d n exce$ ! resemblances1 !n !y mu/ be tak5 z n only specific b g5]ic1 ?\gh z n suffici5t to w>rant ! individuals 9 :i* !y appe>1 be+ plac$ 9 diff]5t classes4 ,if !y are /ill great]1 !n ! individuals are n ev5 ( ! same class2 b x %\ld be always und]/ood t ! resemblances & diff]5ces are to be consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ! entirety ( ! plant or animal1 & n 9 ref]5ce to any p>ticul> "p only4#fh ,! two rocks :i* are equally to be avoid$ are1 on ! "o h&1 abs5ce ( me?od1 &1 on ! o!r1 a t5d5cy to ov]-sy/ematize4#fi ,l ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & m rec5tly ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w91 ,buffon is m /ruck ) ! resemblances ?an ) ! diff]5ces betwe5 animals & plants1 b he supposes ! vegetable k+dom to be a cont9uation ( ! animal1 ext5d+ l[] d[n ! scale1 in/ead ( hold+ z ,dr4 ,d>w9 did1 t animals & vegetables h be5 contemporane\s 9 _! deg5]ation f a common /ock4 ,we see1 he writes1 t !re is no absolute & ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 animals & vegetables1 b t ,nature desc5ds by subtle gradations f :at we deem ! mo/ p]fect animal to "o :i* is less s1 & aga9 f ?is to ! vegetable4 ,! fre%-wat] polypus may p]haps be consid]$ z ! l[e/ animal1 & z at ! same "t ! highe/ plant4#gj ,look+ to ! resemblances betwe5 animals & plants1 he decl>es t _! modes ( reproduction & gr[? involve su* close analogy t no diff]5ce ( an ess5tial nature c be admitt$ betwe5 !m4#ga ,on ! o!r h&1 ,buffon appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 to be m /ruck ) ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! m5tal p[]s ( ! l[] animals & man ?an ) ^? :i* !y pres5t 9 common4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to accept ?is z ,buffon's real op9ion1 on ! /r5g? ( isolat$ passages1 & 9 face ( a l>ge numb] ( o!rs :i* po9t /eal?ily b irresi/ibly to an exactly opposite conclusion4 ,we f9d passages :i* %[ a cle> appreh5sion ( facts t ! _w is only n[ beg9n+ to consid] e/abli%$1 foll[$ by o!rs :i* no man :o has kept a dog or cat w be incl9$ to agree )4 ,i ?9k ,i h already expla9$ ?is suffici5tly by ref]r+ x to ! impossibility ( 8 tak+ any o!r c\rse "u ! circum/ances ( 8 own position & ! times 9 :i* he liv$4 ,buffon does n deal ) su* pregnant facts1 z1 = example1 ! geometrical ratio ( increase1 9 su* mann] z to sugge/ t he 0 only half aw>e ( _! importance & be>+4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! v middle ( ^? passages :i*1 if tak5 lit]ally1 %\ld mo/ %ake confid5ce 9 8 judgm5t1 !re comes a su/a9+ s5t5ce1 s quiet t x %all pass unnotic$ by all :o are n att5tive li/5]s1 yet s enc\rag+ to ^? :o are tak+ pa9s to und]/& _! au?or t _! int]e/ is reviv$ at once4 ,?us1 he has insi/$1 & means insi/+ mu* fur!r1 on ! _m po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 man & ! l[] animals1 & x has n[ become necess>y to neutralize ! effect ( :at he has writt5 ^u ! m9ds ( ^? :o are n yet fitt$ to see in/9ct & reason z diff]5tiations ( a s+le faculty4 ,he accord+ly does ?is1 &1 z is 8 wont1 he does x h&somely2 s h&somely t ev5 8 mo/ admir+ foll[]s beg9 to be uncom=table4 ,:]eon he beg9s 8 next p>agraph ) ,animals h excell5t s5ses1 b n g5]ally1 all ( !m1 z good z man's4#gb ,we h he>d ( damn+ ) fa9t praise4 ,is n ?is to praise ) fa9t damnation8 ,yet we c lay hold ( no?+4 ,x 0 n ,buffon's int5tion t we %\ld4 ,an ironical writ]1 conc]n+ :om we _c at once say :e!r he is 9 e>ne/ or n1 is an actor :o is cont9ually int]rupt+ 8 p]=mance 9 ord] to rem9d ! spectator t he is act+4 ,compla9t1 !n1 aga9/ an ironical writ] on ! score t he puzzles u1 is a compla9t aga9/ irony itself2 = a writ] is n ironical unless he puzzles4 ,he %\ld n puzzle unless he believes t ?is is ! be/ mann] ( mak+ 8 read] und]/& him 9 ! end1 or )\t hav+ a bonne b\*e = ^? :o w be at ! pa9s to puzzle ov] him2 & he %\ld make x pla9 t = long p>ts ( 8 "w toge!r he is to be tak5 accord+ to ! lit]al int]pretation ( 8 words2 b if he has obs]v$ ! above duly1 he is a successful or unsuccessful writ] accord+ z he puzzles or fails to d s1 & %\ld be prais$ or blam$ accord+ly4 ,to condemn irony entirely1 is to say t !re %\ld be no p all[$ to g ab\t ! _w b ^? to :om irony w\ld be an imp]t95ce4 ,hav+ already 9 "s measure reassur$ u by ! fa9tness ) :i* he disp>ages ! s5ses ( ! l[] animals1 ,buffon cont9ues1 t ^! s5ses1 :e!r 9 man or 9 animals1 may be greatly develop$ by ex]cise3 :i* we may suppose t a man ( ev5 less hum\r ?an ,buffon mu/ "k to be great nons5se1 unless x be tak5 to involve t animals z well z man c reflect & rememb]2 x n[1 !re=e1 becomes necess>y to reassure ! o!r side1 & to ma9ta9 t animals _c reflect1 & h no memory4 ,je crois1 he writes1 qu'on peut demontr] que les animaux n'ont aucune connaissance du passe1 aucune idee du temps1 et que p> consequ5t ils n'ont pas la memoire4#gc ,i am a%am$ ( ev5 argu+ s]i\sly aga9/ ! supposition t ?is 0 ,buffon's real op9ion4 ,! v sweep+ness ( ! ass]tion1 ! baldness1 & ,i might say brutality ) :i* x is made1 are conv9c+ 9 _! sugge/iv5ess ( "o :o is laugh+ v quietly 9 8 sleeve4 ,society1 he cont9ues1 lat] on1 consid]$ ev5 9 ! case ( a s+le human family1 involves ! p[] ( reason2 x involves feel+ 9 su* ( ! l[] animals z =m !mselves into societies freely & ( _! own accord1 b x involves no?+ :atev] 9 ! case ( bees1 :o h f\nd !mselves ?r[n toge!r ?r\gh no ef=t ( _! own4 ,su* societies c only be1 & x is pla9 h only be51 ! results--nei!r =ese51 nor orda9$1 nor conceiv$ by ^? :o a*ieve !m--( ! univ]sal me*anism & ( ! laws ( movem5t e/abli%$ by ! ,creator4#gd ,a hive ( bees1 9 fact1 is to be consid]$ z compos$ ( t5 ?\s& animat$ automata4#ge ,ye>s lat] he repeats ^! views ) little if any modification4#gf ,a /ill m rem>kable passage is to be f\nd a little f>!r on4 ,if1 he asks1 animals h nei!r und]/&+1 m9d1 nor memory1 if !y are :olly )\t intellig5ce1 & if !y are limit$ to ! ex]cise & exp]i5ce ( feel+ only1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,buffon has d5i$ all ^! p[]s to ! inf]ior animals1 :5ce comes t rem>kable presci5t in/9ct :i* s _m ( !m exhibit8 ,is ! m]e p[] ( feel+ s5sations suffici5t to make !m g>n] up food dur+ ! summ]1 on :i* food !y may subsi/ 9 w9t]8 ,does n ?is involve ! p[] ( comp>+ dates1 & ! idea ( a com+ future1 an 'inquietude raisonnee'8 ,:y d we f9d 9 ! hole ( ! field-m\se en\gh acorns to keep him until ! foll[+ summ]8 ,:y d we f9d su* an abundant /ore ( honey & wax )9 ! bee-hive8 ,:y d ants /ore food8 ,:y %\ld birds make ne/s if !y d n "k t !y w h ne$ ( !m8 ,:5ce arise ! /ories t we he> ( ! wisdom ( foxes1 :i* hide _! prey 9 diff]5t spots1 t !y may f9d x at _! ne$ & live ^u x = days toge!r8 ,or ( ! subtilty ( owls1 :i* husb& _! /ore ( mice by bit+ (f _! feet1 s t !y _c run away8 ,or ( ! m>vell\s p5etration ( bees1 :i* "k be=eh& t _! que5 %\ld lay s _m eggs 9 su* & su* a "t1 & t s _m ( ^! eggs %\ld be ( a k9d :i* w develop into drones1 & s _m m ( su* ano!r k9d z %\ld become neut]s2 & :o 9 consequ5ce ( ?is _! =ekn[l$ge build s _m l>g] cells = ! fir/1 & s _m small] = ! second8#gg ,buffon answ]s ^! que/ions ?us3-- ,be=e reply+ to !m1 he says1 we %\ld make sure ( ! facts !mselves2--are !y to be dep5d$ ^u8 ,h !y be5 n>rat$ by m5 ( intellig5ce & philosoph]s1 or are !y popul> fables only8 7,h[ _m delightful /ories ( ! same "* does he n soon proce$ to tell u himself74 ,i am p]suad$ t all ^! pret5d$ wond]s w disappe>1 & ! cause ( ea* "o ( !m be f\nd ^u due exam9ation4 ,b admitt+ _! tru? = a mom5t1 & grant+ to ! n>rators ( !m t animals h a pres5tim5t1 a =e?\ght1 & ev5 a c]ta9ty conc]n+ com+ ev5ts1 does x !re=e foll[ t ?is %\ld spr+ f intellig5ce8 ,if s1 !irs is assur$ly mu* great] ?an our own4 ,= our =ekn[l$ge am\nts to conjecture only2 ! vaunt$ light ( our reason do? b suffice to %[ u a little probability2 :]eas ! =e?\ght ( animals is un]r+1 & mu/ spr+ f "s pr9ciple f> high] ?an any we "k ( ?r\gh our own exp]i5ce4 ,does n su* a consequ5ce1 ,i ask1 prove repugnant alike to religion & common s5se8#gh ,?is is ,buffon's way4 ,:5ev] he has %[n u cle>ly :at we ought to ?9k1 he /ops %ort sudd5ly on religi\s gr\nds4 ,x is incr$ible t ! writ] :o at ! v comm5cem5t ( 8 "w makes man take 8 place among ! animals1 & :o sees a subtle gradation ext5d+ ov] all liv+ be+s f ! mo/ p]fect creature--:o mu/ be man--to ! mo/ entirely inorganic sub/ance--,i say x is incr$ible t su* a writ] %\ld n see t he _h made out a /rong] case 9 fav\r ( ! reason ( animals ?an aga9/ x4 ,accord+ to him1 ! te/ :e!r a ?+ is to h su* & su* a "n is :e!r x looks fairly l o!r ?+s to :i* ! same "n is giv52 if x does1 x is to h ! "n2 if x does n1 x is n4 ,no "o accept$ ?is lesson m he>tily ?an ,dr4 ,d>w91 ^: %rewd & homely m9d1 if n s great z ,buffon's1 0 /ill "o ( no common ord]4 ,let u see ! view he took ( ?is matt]4 ,he writes3-- ,if we 7 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ories ( ^? insects :i* are =m$ into societies1 z ! bees1 wasps1 & ants1 ,i make no d\bt b we %\ld f9d t _! arts & improvem5ts are n s simil> & uni=m z !y n[ appe> to u1 b t !y arose 9 ! same mann] f exp]i5ce & tradition1 z ! arts ( our own species2 ?\gh _! reason+ is f few] ideas1 is busi$ ab\t few] objects1 & is execut$ ) less en]gy4#gi ,& aga91 a little lat]3-- ,accord+ to ! late obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,hunt]1 x appe>s t beeswax is n made f ! du/ ( ! an!rs ( fl[]s1 :i* !y br+ home on _! ?ighs1 b t ?is makes :at is t]m$ bee-bread1 & is us$ = ! purpose ( fe$+ ! bee-maggots2 9 ! same way butt]flies live on honey1 b ! previ\s cat]pill> lives on vegetable leaves1 :ile ! maggots ( l>ge flies require fle% = _! food4 ,:at induces ! bee1 :o lives on honey1 to lay up vegetable p[d] = its "y8 ,:at induces ! butt]fly to lay its eggs on leaves :5 itself fe$s on honey8444 ,if ^! are n d$uctions f _! own previ\s exp]i5ce or obs]vation1 all ! actions ( mank9d mu/ be resolv$ into in/9cts4#hj ,or aga93-- ,common worms /op up _! holes ) leaves or /raws to prev5t ! fro/ f injur+ !m1 or ! c5tipes f dev\r+ !m4 ,! habits ( peace or ! /ratagems ( w> ( ^! subt]ranean nations are cov]$ f our view2 b a fri5d ( m9e prevail$ on a di/ress$ worm to ent] ! hole ( ano!r worm on a b[l+ gre51 & he pres5tly return$ mu* w\nd$ ab\t ! head1 444 :i* ev9ces !y h design 9 /opp+ ! m\?s ( _! habitations4#ha ,does x n look z if ,dr4 ,d>w9 _h 9 8 m9d ! v passage ( ,buffon :i* ,i h be5 la/ quot+8 & is x likely t ! facts :i* 7 accept$ by ,dr4 ,d>w9 )\t "q1 or ! conclusions :i* 7 obvi\s to him1 7 any less accept$ by or obvi\s to ,buffon8 ,! ,goat--,hybridism4 ,9 8 prefatory rem>ks ^u ! goat1 ,buffon compla9s ( ! want ( sy/ematic & c]tifi$ exp]im5t z to :at bre$s & species w be f]tile int] se1 & ) :at results4 ,! passage is too long to quote1 b is exce$+ly good1 & ?r\gh\t involves belief 9 a v consid]able am\nt ( modification 9 ! c\rse ( successive g5]ations4 ,i may give ! foll[+ z an example3-- ,we d n "k :e!r or no ! zebra w\ld bre$ ) ! horse or ass--:e!r ! l>ge-tail$ ,b>b>y %eep w\ld be f]tile if cross$ ) our own--:e!r ! *amois is n a wild goat2 & :e!r x w\ld n =m an int]m$iate bre$ if cross$ ) our dome/icat$ goats2 we d n "k :e!r ! diff]5ces betwe5 apes are really specific1 or :e!r apes are n l dogs1 "o s+le species1 ( :i* !re are _m diff]5t bre$s4444 ,our ignorance conc]n+ all ^! facts is almo/ inevitable1 z ! exp]im5ts :i* w\ld decide !m require m "t1 pa9s1 & money ?an c be sp>$ f1 ! life & =tune ( an ord9>y man4 ,i h sp5t _m ye>s 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 & w give my results :5 ,i come to my *apt] on mules2 b ,i may z well say at once t !y h ?r[n b little light ^u ! subject1 & h be5 = ! mo/ "p unsuccessful4#hb ,b ^!1 he cont9ues1 are ! v po9ts :i* mu/ det]m9e our :ole k conc]n+ animals1 _! "r division into species1 & ! true und]/&+ ( _! hi/ory4 ,he proposes !re=e1 9 ! pres5t lack ( k1 to reg>d all animals z diff]5t species :i* d n bre$ toge!r "u our eyes1 & to leave "t & exp]im5t to correct mi/akes4#hc ,! ,pig--,doctr9e ( ,f9al ,causes4 ,we h se5 t ! doctr9e ( ! mutability ( species has be5 un=tunately entangl$ ) t ( f9al causes1 or ! belief t e organ & e "p ( ea* animal or plant has be5 design$ to s]ve "s purpose useful to ! animal1 & ?is n only useful at "s pa/ "t1 b useful n[1 & = all "t to come4 ,he :o believes species to be mutable w see 9 _m organs signs ( ! hi/ory ( ! individual1 b no?+ m4 ,buffon1 z ,i h said1 is explicit 9 8 d5ial ( f9al causes 9 ! s5se express$ above4 ,aft] po9t+ out t ! pig is an animal ^: relation to o!r animals x is difficult to def9e1 he says3-- ,9 a ^w1 x is ( a nature altoge!r equivocal & ambigu\s1 or1 r1 x mu/ appe> s to ^? :o believe ! hypo!tical ord] ( _! own ideas to be ! real ord] ( ?+s1 & :o see no?+ 9 ! inf9ite *a9 ( exi/5ces b a few app>5t po9ts to :i* !y w ref] ev]y?+4 ,b we _c "k ,nature by inclos+ h] action )9 ! n>r[ circle ( our own ?\ghts4444 ,in/ead ( limit+ h] action1 we %\ld ext5d x ?r\gh imm5sity itself2 we %\ld reg>d no?+ z impossible1 b %\ld expect to f9d all ?+s--suppos+ t all ?+s are possible--nay1 are4 ,d\btful species1 !n1 irregul> productions1 anomal\s exi/5ces w h5ce=? no long] surprise u1 & w f9d _! place 9 ! inf9ite ord] ( ?+s z duly z any o!rs4 ,!y fill up ! l9ks ( ! *a92 !y =m knots & int]m$iate po9ts1 & also !y m>k its extremities3 !y are ( especial value to human intellig5ce1 z provid+ x ) cases 9 :i* ,nature1 be+ less 9 con=mity ) h]self1 is tak5 m unaw>es1 s t we c recognize s+ul> *>act]s & fleet+ traits :i* %[ u t h] ends are mu* m g5]al ?an are our own views ( ^? ends1 & t1 ?\gh %e does no?+ 9 va91 yet %e does b little ) ! designs :i* we ascribe to h]4#hd ,! pig1 he cont9ues1 is n =m$ on an orig9al1 special1 & p]fect type2 its type is comp\nd$ ( t ( _m o!r animals4 ,x has p>ts :i* are evid5tly useless1 or :i* at any rate x _c use--su* z toes1 all ! bones ( :i* are p]fectly =m$ b :i* are yet ( no s]vice to x4 ,nature !n is f> f subject+ h]self to f9al causes 9 ! composition ( h] creatures4 ,:y %\ld %e n sometimes add sup]abundant p>ts1 see+ %e s (t5 omits ess5tial ones8 ,h[ _m animals are !re n :i* lack s5se & limbs8 ,:y is x consid]$ s necess>y t e "p 9 an individual %\ld be useful to ! o!r p>ts & to ! :ole animal8 ,%\ld x n be en\gh t !y d n injure ea* o!r nor /& 9 ! way ( ea* o!r's fair developm5t8 ,all p>ts coexi/ :i* d n injure ea* o!r en\gh to de/roy ea* o!r1 & p]haps 9 ! great] numb] ( liv+ be+s ! p>ts :i* mu/ be consid]$ z relative1 useful1 or necess>y1 are few] ?an ^? :i* are indiff]5t1 useless1 & sup]abundant4 ,b we--ev] on ! look out to ref] all p>ts to a c]ta9 end--:5 we c see no app>5t use = !m suppose !m to h hidd5 uses1 & imag9e connections :i* are )\t f\ndation1 & s]ve only to obscure our p]ception ( ,nature z %e really is3 we fail to see t we ?us rob philosophy ( h] true "*1 :i* is to inquire into ! 'h[' ( ?+s--into ! mann] 9 :i* ,nature acts--& t we sub/itute = ?is true object a va9 idea1 seek+ to div9e ! ':y'--! ends :i* %e has propos$ 9 act+4#he ,! ,dog--,v>ieties 9 consequ5ce ( ,man's ,selection4 ,( all animals ! dog is mo/ susceptible ( impressions1 & becomes mo/ easily modifi$ by moral causes4 ,he is also ! "o ^: nature is mo/ subject to ! v>iations & alt]ations caus$ by physical influ5ces3 he v>ies to a prodigi\s ext5t1 9 temp]am5t1 m5tal p[]s1 & 9 habits3 8 v =m is n con/ant2 444 b pres5ts s _m diff]5ces t dogs h no?+ 9 common b con=mity ( int]ior organization1 & ! p[] ( int]bre$+ freely4444 444 ,h[ !n c we detect ! *>act]s ( ! orig9al race8 ,h[ recognize ! effects produc$ by climate1 food1 c48 ,h[1 aga91 di/+ui% ^! f ^? o!r effects :i* come f ! int]mixture ( races1 ei!r :5 wild or 9 a /ate ( dome/ication8 ,all ^! causes1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 alt] ev5 ! mo/ con/ant =ms1 s t ! impr9t ( ,nature does n pres]ve its %>pness 9 races :i* man has dealt ) l>gely4 ,^? animals :i* are free to *oose climate & food = !mselves c be/ cons]ve _! orig9al "*1 444 b ^? :i* man has subject$ to 8 own influ5ce--:i* he has tak5 ) him f clime to clime1 ^: food1 habits1 & mann] ( life he has alt]$--mu/ also h *ang$ _! =m f> m ?an o!rs2 & z a matt] ( fact we f9d mu* great] v>iety 9 ! species ( dome/icat$ animals ?an 9 ^? ( wild ones4 ,( all ^!1 h[ev]1 ! dog is ! "o mo/ closely atta*$ to man1 liv+ l man ! lea/ regul> mann] ( life2 he is also ! "o ^: feel+s s ma/] him z to make him docile1 ob$i5t1 susceptible ( e k9d ( impression1 & ev5 ( e k9d ( con/ra9t2 x is n surpris+1 !n1 t he %\ld ( all animals pres5t u ) ! greate/ v>iety 9 %ape1 /ature1 col\r1 & all physical & m5tal qualities4 ,"h aga9 ! direct cause ( modification is giv5 z be+ ! inn] feel+s ( ! animal modifi$1 *ange ( conditions be+ ! indirect cause z ) ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck4 ,o!r circum/ances1 h[ev]1 concur to produce ^! results4 ,! dog is %ort-liv$3 he bre$s (t5 & freely3 he is p]petually "u ! eye ( man2 h5ce :5--by "s *ance common en\gh ) ,nature--a v>iation or special feature has made its appe>ance1 man has tri$ to p]petuate x by unit+ toge!r ! individuals 9 :i* x has appe>$1 z p d n[ :o wi% to =m new bre$s ( dogs & o!r animals4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh species 7 all =m$ at ! same "t1 yet ! numb] ( g5]ations s9ce ! creation has be5 mu* great] 9 ! %ort-liv$ ?an 9 ! long-liv$ species3 h5ce v>iations1 alt]ations1 & dep>ture f ! orig9al type1 may be expect$ to h become m p]ceptible 9 ! case ( animals :i* are s mu* f>!r remov$ f _! orig9al /ock4 ,man is n[ eight times ne>] ,adam ?an ! dog is to ! fir/ dog--= man lives eighty ye>s1 :ile ! dog lives b t54 ,if1 !n1 ^! species h an equal t5d5cy to dep>t f _! orig9al type1 ! dep>ture %\ld be eight times m app>5t ) ! dog ?an ) man4#hf ,"h foll[ rem>ks ^u ! great v>iability ( ephem]al insects & ( animal plants1 on ! impossibility ( discov]+ ! p>5t-/ock ( our :eat & ( o!rs ( our dome/icat$ plants1#hg & on ! t5d5cy ( bo? plants & animals to resume f]al *>act]i/ics on becom+ wild aga9 aft] dome/ication4#hh ,! ,h>e--,geometrical ,ratio ( ,increase4 ,we h already se5 t x 0 ,buffon's pleasure to consid] ! h>e a rabbit = ! "t be+1 & to make x ! text = a disc\rse ^u fecundity4 ,i h no d\bt he enjoy$ do+ ?is1 & w\ld h f\nd comp>atively little pleasure 9 prea*+ ! same disc\rse ^u ! rabbit4 ,speak+ ( ! way 9 :i* ev5 ! races ( mank9d h /ruggl$ & cr[d$ ea* o!r out1 ,buffon says3-- ,^! great ev5ts--^! well-m>k$ epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race--are yet b ripples1 z x 71 on ! curr5t ( life2 :i*1 z a g5]al rule1 fl[s onw>d ev5ly & 9 equal volume4 ,x may be said t ! movem5t ( ,nature turns ^u two immovable pivots--"o1 ! illimitable fecundity :i* %e has giv5 to all species2 ! o!r1 ! innum]able difficulties :i* r$uce ! results ( t fecundity1 & leave ?r\gh\t "t ne>ly ! same quantity ( individuals 9 e species4#hi444 ,tak+ ! e>? z a :ole1 & ! human race 9 its entirety1 ! numb]s ( mank9d1 l ^? ( animals1 %\ld rema9 ne>ly con/ant ?r\gh\t "t2 = !y dep5d ^u an equilibrium ( physical causes :i* has long s9ce be5 rea*$1 & :i* nei!r man's moral nor 8 physical ef=ts c di/urb1 inasmu* z ^! moral ef=ts d b spr+ f physical causes1 ( :i* !y are ! special effects4 ,no matt] :at c>e man may take ( 8 own species1 he c only make x m abundant 9 "o place by de/roy+ x or dim9i%+ its numb]s 9 ano!r4 ,:5 "o "p ( ! globe is ov]peopl$1 m5 emigrate1 spread !mselves ov] o!r c\ntries1 de/roy "o ano!r1 & e/abli% laws & cu/oms :i* sometimes only too surely prev5t excess ( population4 ,9 ^? climates :]e fecundity is greate/1 z 9 ,*9a1 ,egypt1 & ,gu9ea1 !y bani%1 mutilate1 sell1 or dr[n infants4 ,"h1 we condemn !m to a p]petual celibacy4 ,^? :o are 9 be+ f9d x easy to ass]t rights ov] ! unborn4 ,reg>d+ !mselves z ! necess>y1 !y annihilate ! cont+5t1 & suppress future g5]ations = _! own pleasure & advantage4 ,man does = 8 own race1 )\t p]ceiv+ x1 :at he does also = ! inf]ior animals3 t is to say1 he protects x & enc\rages x to increase1 or neglects x accord+ to 8 s5se ( ne$--accord+ z advantage or inconv5i5ce is expect$ z ! consequ5ce ( ei!r c\rse4 ,& s9ce all ^! moral effects !mselves dep5d ^u physical causes1 :i* h be5 9 p]man5t equilibrium ev] s9ce ! _w 0 =m$1 x foll[s t ! numb]s ( mank9d1 l ^? ( animals1 %\ld rema9 con/ant4 ,nev]!less1 ?is fix$ /ate1 ?is con/ant numb]1 is n absolute1 all physical & moral causes1 & all ! results :i* spr+ f !m1 balance !mselves1 z ?\gh1 ^u a see-saw1 :i* has a c]ta9 play1 b nev] s mu* z t equilibrium %\ld be altoge!r lo/4 ,z ev]y?+ 9 ! univ]se is 9 movem5t1 & z all ! =ces :i* are conta9$ 9 matt] act "o aga9/ ! o!r & c\nt]balance "o ano!r1 all is done by a k9d ( oscillation2 ( :i* ! mean po9ts are ^? to :i* we ref] z be+ ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 :ile ! extremes are ! p]iods :i* deviate f t c\rse mo/ widely4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 ) animals z mu* z ) plants1 a "t ( unusual fecundity is commonly foll[$ by "o ( /]ility2 abundance & de>? come alt]nately1 & (t5 at su* %ort int]vals t we may =etell ! production ( a com+ ye> by our k ( ! pa/ "o4 ,our apples1 pe>s1 oaks1 bee*es1 & ! great] numb] ( our fruit & =e/ trees1 be> freely b ab\t "o ye> 9 two4 ,cat]pill>s1 cock*af]s1 woodlice1 :i* 9 "o ye> may multiply ) great abundance1 w appe> b sp>sely 9 ! next4 ,:at inde$ w\ld become ( all ! good ?+s ( ! e>?1 :at w\ld become ( ! useful animals1 & inde$ ( man himself1 if ea* individual 9 ^! ye>s ( excess 0 to leave its quotum ( (fspr+8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n happ51 = de/ruction & /]ility foll[ closely ^u excessive fecundity1 &1 indep5d5tly ( ! contagion :i* foll[s inevitably ^u ov]cr[d+1 ea* species has its own special s\rces ( dea? & de/ruction1 :i* are ( !mselves suffici5t to comp5sate = excess 9 any pa/ g5]ation4 ,nev]!less ! =ego+ %\ld n be tak5 9 an absolute s5se1 nor yet too /rictly1--especially 9 ! case ( ^? races :i* are n left entirely to ! c>e ( ,nature4 ,^? :i* man takes c>e (--comm5c+ ) 8 own--are m abundant ?an !y w\ld be )\t 8 c>e1 yet1 z 8 p[] ( tak+ ?is c>e is limit$1 ! increase :i* has tak5 place is also fix$1 & has long be5 re/ra9$ )9 impassable b\nd>ies4 ,aga91 ?\gh 9 civiliz$ c\ntries man1 & all ! animals useful to him1 are m num]\s ?an 9 o!r places1 yet _! numb]s nev] become excessive1 = ! same p[] :i* br+s !m into be+ de/roys !m z soon z !y are f\nd inconv5i5t4#ij ,! ,c>nivora--,s5sation4 ,buffon beg9s 8 sev5? volume ) "s rem>ks on ! c>nivora 9 g5]al1 :i* ,i w\ld gladly quote at full] l5g? ?an my space w all[4 ,he dwells on ! fact t ! numb]1 z well z ! fecundity ( ! insect races is great] ?an t ( ! mammalia1 & ev5 ?an ( plants2 & he po9ts out t viol5t dea? is almo/ z necess>y an usage z is ! law t we mu/ all1 9 "o way or ano!r1 die4 ,?is leads him to ! "q :e!r animals c feel4 ,to speak s]i\sly1 7au reel7 he says 7& :y ?is1 if he _h always spok5 s]i\sly8#ia71 c we d\bt t ^? animals ^: organization resembles our own1 feel ! same s5sations z we d8 ,!y mu/ feel1 = !y h s5ses1 & !y mu/ feel m & m 9 proportion z _! s5ses are m active & m p]fect4 ,^? ^: organ ( any s5se is imp]fect1 h b imp]fect p]ception 9 respect ( t s5se2 & ^? t are entirely )\t ! organ want also all correspond+ s5sation4 ,movem5t is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( acts ( p]ception4 ,i h already %[n t 9 :atev] mann] a liv+ be+ is organiz$1 if x has p]ceptions at all1 x _c fail to %[ t x has !m by "s k9d ( movem5t ( its body4 ,h5ce plants1 ?\gh highly organiz$1 h no feel+1 any m ?an h ^? animals :i*1 l plants1 manife/ no p[] ( motion4 ,among animals !re are ^? :i*1 l ! s5sitive plant1 h b a c]ta9 p[] ( movem5t ab\t _! own p>ts1 & :i* h no p[] ( locomotion2 su* animals h z yet b little p]ception4 ,^?1 aga91 :i* h p[] ( locomotion1 b :i*1 l automata1 d b a small numb] ( ?+s1 & always aft] ! same fa%ion1 c h only small p[]s ( p]ception1 & ^! limit$ to a small numb] ( objects4 ,b 9 ! case ( man1 :at automata1 inde$1 h we n "h6 ,h[ mu* d n education & ! int]communication ( ideas increase our p[]s & vivacity ( p]ception4 ,:at diff]5ce c we n see 9 ?is respect betwe5 civiliz$ & unciviliz$ races1 betwe5 ! peasant girl1 & ! woman ( ! _w8 ,& 9 l mann] among animals1 ^? :i* live ) u h _! p]ceptions increas$ 9 range1 :ile ^? t are wild h b _! natural in/9ct1 :i* is (t5 m c]ta9 b always m limit$ 9 range ?an is ! intellig5ce ( dome/icat$ animals4#ib 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,= p]ception to exi/ 9 its fulle/ developm5t 9 any animal body1 t body mu/ =m a :ole--an ensemble1 :i* %all n only be capable ( feel+ 9 all its p>ts1 b %all be s arrang$ t all ^! feel+ p>ts %all h a close correspond5ce ) "o ano!r1 & t no "o ( !m c be di/urb$ )\t communicat+ a portion ( t di/urbance to e o!r "p4 ,!re mu/ also be a s+le *ief c5tre1 ) :i* all ^! diff]5t di/urbances may be connect$1 & f :i*1 z f a common po9t d'appui1 ! reactions aga9/ !m may take _! rise4 ,h5ce man1 & ^? animals ^: organization mo/ resembles man's1 w be ! mo/ capable ( p]ceptions1 :ile ^? ^: unity is less complete1 ^: p>ts h a less close correspond5ce ) ea* o!r--:i* h sev]al c5tres ( s5sation1 & :i* seem1 9 consequ5ce1 less to envelope a s+le exi/5ce 9 a s+le body ?an to conta9 _m c5tres ( exi/5ce sep>at$ & diff]5t f "o ano!r--^! w h few] & dull] p]ceptions4 ,! polypus1 :i* c be reproduc$ by fission2 ! wasp1 ^: head ev5 aft] sep>ation f ! body /ill moves1 lives1 acts1 & ev5 eats z h]et(ore2 ! liz>d :i* we deprive nei!r ( s5sation nor movem5t by cutt+ (f "p ( its body2 ! lob/] :i* c re/ore its amputat$ limbs2 ! turtle ^: he>t beats long aft] x has be5 pluck$ out1 9 a ^w all ! animals ^: organization diff]s f our own1 h b small p[]s ( p]ception1 & ! small] ! m !y diff] f u4#ic ,?is is ,buffon's way ( satiriz+ our inability to be> 9 m9d t we are compell$ to judge all ?+s by our own /&>ds4 ,he also wi%es to reassure ^? :o might be al>m$ at ! t5d5cy ( "s ( 8 =ego+ rem>ks1 & :o he knew w\ld f9d com=t 9 be+ told t a ?+ :i* does n express itself z !y d does n feel at all4 ,! diaphragm accord+ to ,buffon appe>s to be ! c5tre ( ! p[]s ( s5sation2 ! slighte/ injury ev5 to ! atta*m5ts ( ! diaphragm is foll[$ by /rong convulsions1 & ev5 by dea?4 ,! bra9 :i* has be5 call$ ! seat ( 's5sations' is yet n ! c5tre ( 'p]ception1' s9ce we c w\nd x1 & ev5 take consid]able p>ts ( x away1 )\t dea?'s ensu+1 & )\t prev5t+ an animal f liv+1 mov+ & feel+ 9 all its p>ts4 ,buffon ?us di/+ui%es betwe5 s5sation & p]ception4 ,s5sation1 he says1 is simply ! activity ( a s5se1 b p]ception is ! pleasantness or unpleasantness ( ?is s5sation1 p]ceiv$ by its be+ propagat$ & becom+ active ?r\gh\t ! entire sy/em4 ,i h !re=e sev]al times1 :5 translat+ f ,buffon1 r5d]$ ! ^w s5tim5t by p]ception1 & %all cont9ue to d s4 ,i say1 writes ,buffon1 ! pleasantness or unpleasantness1 because ?is is ! v ess5ce ( p]ception2 ! "o feature ( p]ception consi/s 9 p]ceiv+ ei!r pa9 or pleasure2 & ?\gh movem5ts :i* d n affect u 9 ei!r "o or ! o!r ( ^! two ways may inde$ take place )9 u1 yet we are indiff]5t to !m1 & d n p]ceive t we are affect$ by !m4 ,all ext]nal movem5t1 & all ex]cise ( ! animal p[]s1 spr+ f p]ception2 its action is proportionate to ! ext5t ( its excitation1 to ! ext5t ( ! feel+ :i* is be+ felt4#id ,& ?is same "p1 :i* we reg>d z ! c5tre ( s5sation1 w also be t ( all ! animal p[]s2 or1 if x is pref]r$ to call x s1 x w be ! common po9t d'appui f :i* !y all take rise4 ,! diaphragm is to ! animal :at ! '/ock' is to ! plant2 bo? divide an organism transv]sely1 bo? s]ve z ! po9t d'appui ( oppos+ =ces2 = ! =ces :i* pu% upw>d ^? p>ts ( a tree :i* %\ld =m its trunk & bran*es1 be> ^u & are support$ by ! '/ock1' z d ^? oppos+ =ces1 :i* drive ! roots d[nw>ds4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,ev5 on a cursory exam9ation we c see t all our inn]mo/ affections1 our mo/ lively emotions1 our mo/ expansive mom5ts ( delight1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 our sudd5 />ts1 pa9s1 sicknesses1 & swoons--9 fact1 all our /rong impressions conc]n+ ! pleasure or pa9 ( any s5sation--make !mselves felt )9 ! body1 & ab\t ! region ( ! diaphragm4 ,! bra91 on ! contr>y1 %[s no sign ( be+ a seat ( p]ception4 ,9 ! head !re are pure s5sations & no?+ else1 or r1 !re are b ! repres5tations ( s5sations /ripp$ ( ! "* ( p]ception2 t is to say1 we c rememb] & call to m9d :e!r su* & su* a s5sation 0 pleasant to u or o!rwise1 & if ?is op]ation1 :i* goes on 9 ! head1 is foll[$ by a vivid p]ception1 !n ! impression made is p]ceiv$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! body1 & always 9 ! region ( ! diaphragm4 ,h5ce1 9 ! foetus :]e ?is membrane is )\t use1 !re is no p]ception1 or s little t no?+ comes ( x1 ! movem5ts ( ! foetus1 su* z !y are1 be+ r me*anical ?an dep5d5t on s5sation & w4 ,:atev] ! matt] may be :i* s]ves z ! vehicle ( p]ception1 & produces muscul> movem5t1 x is c]ta9 t x is propagat$ ?r\gh ! n]ves1 & t x communicates itself in/antane\sly f "o extremity ( ! sy/em to ! o!r4 ,9 :atev] mann] ?is op]ation is conduct$1 :e!r by ! vibrations1 z x 71 ( ela/ic cords or by a subtle fire1 or by a matt] resembl+ electricity1 :i* n only resides 9 animal z 9 all o!r bodies1 b is be+ cont9ually r5ew$ 9 !m by ! movem5ts ( ! he>t & lungs1 by ! friction ( ! blood )9 ! art]ies1 & also by ! action ( ext]ior causes ^u our organs ( s5se--9 :atev] mann]1 ,i say1 ! op]ation is conduct$1 x is nev]!less c]ta9 t ! n]ves & membranes are ! only p>ts 9 an animal body t c feel4 ,! blood1 lymphs1 & all o!r fluids1 ! fats1 bone1 fle%1 & all o!r solids1 are ( !mselves void ( s5sation4 ,& s also is ! bra92 x is a s(t & inela/ic sub/ance1 incapable !re=e ( produc+ or ( propagat+ ! movem5t1 vibrations1 or concussions :i*1 result 9 p]ception4 ,! m5+es1 on ! o!r h&1 are exce$+ly s5sitive1 & are ! envelopes ( all ! n]ves2 l ! n]ves1 !y take rise 9 ! head2 &1 divid+ !mselves l ! bran*es ( ! n]ves1 !y ext5d ev5 to _! smalle/ ramifications3 !y are1 s to speak1 flatt5$ n]ves2 !y are ( ! same sub/ance z ! n]ves1 are ne>ly ( ! same degree ( ela/icity1 & =m a necess>y "p ( ! sy/em ( s5sation4 ,if1 !n1 ! seat ( ! s5sations mu/ be plac$ 9 ! head1 let x be plac$ 9 ! m5+es1 & n 9 ! m$ull>y "p ( ! bra91 :i* is ( an entirely diff]5t sub/ance4#ie ,if ?is is s1 x appe>s f :at w foll[ z ?\gh ! m5+es mu/ be ! /ock r ?an ! diaphragm4 ,:at p]haps has giv5 rise to ! op9ion t ! seat ( all s5sations & ! c5tre ( all s5sibility is 9 ! bra91 is ! fact t ! n]ves1 :i* are ! organs ( p]ception1 all atta* !mselves to ! bra91 :i* has h5ce come to be reg>d$ z ! "o common c5tre :i* c receive all _! vibrations & impressions4 ,?is fact alone has suffic$ to indicate ! bra9 z ! orig9 ( p]ceptions--z ! ess5tial organ ( s5sations2 9 a ^w1 z ! common s5sorium4 ,?is supposition has appe>$ s simple & natural t its physical impossibility has be5 ov]look$1 an impossibility1 h[ev]1 :i* %\ld be suffici5tly app>5t4 ,= h[ c a "p :i* _c feel--a s(t inactive sub/ance l ! bra9--be ! v organ ( p]ception & movem5t8 ,h[ c ?is s(t & p]ceptionless "p n only receive impressions1 b pres]ve !m = a l5g? ( "t1 & transmit _! undulatory movem5ts 7en propage les ebranlem5ts7 ?r\gh\t all ! solid & feel+ p>ts ( ! body8 ,x may p]haps be ma9ta9$ ) ,desc>tes & ,m4 de ,peyronie t ! pr9ciple ( s5sation does n reside 9 ! bra91 b 9 ! p9eal gl& or 9 ! corpus callosum2 b a glance at ! con=mation ( ! bra9 itself w suffice to %[ t ^! p>ts d n jo9 on to ! n]ves1 b t !y are entirely surr\nd$ by ^? p>ts ( ! bra9 :i* d n feel1 & are s sep>at$ f ! n]ves t !y _c receive any movem5t f !m2 :5ce x foll[s t ?is second supposition is z gr\ndless z ! fir/4#if ,:at1 !n1 asks ,buffon1 is ! use ( ! bra98 ,man1 ! quadrup$s1 & birds all h l>g] bra9s1 & at ! same "t m ext5d$ p]ceptions1 ?an fi%es1 insects1 & ^? o!r liv+ be+s ^: bra9s are small] 9 proportion4 ,:5 ! bra9 is compress$1 !re is susp5sion ( all p[] ( movem5t4 ,if ?is "p is n ! s\rce ( our p[]s ( motion1 :y is x s necess>y & s ess5tial8 ,:y1 aga91 does x seem s proportionate 9 ea* animal to ! am\nt ( p]ceiv+ p[] :i* t animal possesses8 ,i ?9k ,i c answ] ?is "q 9 a satisfactory mann]1 difficult ?\gh x seems2 b 9 ord] t ,i may d s1 ,i w\ld ask ! read] to l5d me 8 att5tion = a few mom5ts :ile we reg>d ! bra9 simply z bra91 & h no o!r idea conc]n+ x ?an we c d]ive f inspection & reflection4 ,! bra91 z well z ! m$ulla oblongata & ! sp9al m>r[1 :i* are b prolongations ( ! bra9 itself1 is only a k9d ( h>dly organiz$ mucilage2 we f9d 9 x no?+ b ! extremities ( small art]ies1 :i* run into x 9 v great numb]s1 b :i* convey a :ite & n\ri%+ lymph in/ead ( blood4 ,:5 ! p>ts ( ! bra9 are disunit$ by mac]ation1 ^! same small art]ies1 or lymphatic vessels1 appe> z v delicate ?reads ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g?4 ,! n]ves1 on ! contr>y1 d n p5etrate ! sub/ance ( ! bra92 !y abut ^u its surface only2 be=e rea*+ x !y lose _! ela/icity & solidity1 & ! extremities ( ! n]ves :i* are ne>e/ to ! bra9 are s(t1 & ne>ly mucilag9\s4 ,f ?is exposition1 9 :i* !re is no?+ hypo!tical1 x appe>s t ! bra91 :i* is n\ri%$ by ! lymphatic art]ies1 does 9 its turn provide n\ri%m5t = ! n]ves1 & t we mu/ reg>d ^! z a k9d ( vegetation :i* rises z trunks & bran*es f ! bra91 & become subsequ5tly subdivid$ into an inf9ite numb]1 z x 71 ( twigs4 ,! bra9 is to ! n]ves :at ! e>? is to plants3 ! la/ extremities ( ! n]ves are ! roots1 :i* ) e vegetable are m s(t & t5d] ?an ! trunk or bran*es2 !y conta9 a ductile matt] fit = ! gr[? & n\ri%m5t ( ! n]v\s tree or fibre2 !y draw ! ductile matt] f ! sub/ance ( ! bra9 itself1 to :i* ! art]ies are cont9ually br++ ! lymph t is necess>y to supply x4 ,! bra91 !n1 in/ead ( be+ ! seat ( ! s5sations1 & ! orig9ator ( p]ception1 is an organ ( secretion & nutrition only1 ?\gh a v ess5tial organ1 )\t :i* ! n]ves c\ld nei!r gr[ nor be ma9ta9$4 ,?is organ is great] 9 man1 9 quadrup$s1 & 9 birds1 because ! numb] or bulk ( ! n]ves is great] 9 ^! animals ?an 9 fi%es or insects1 ^: p[] ( p]ception is m feeble1 = ?is v reason1 t !y h b a small bra92 "o1 9 fact1 t is proportion$ to ! small quantity ( n]ves :i* t bra9 mu/ support4 ,nor c ,i omit to /ate "h t man has n1 z has be5 pret5d$ by "s1 a l>g] bra9 ?an has any o!r animal2 = !re are apes & cetacea :i* h m bra9 ?an man 9 proportion to ! volume ( _! bodies--ano!r fact :i* proves t ! bra9 is nei!r ! seat ( s5sations nor ! orig9ator ( p]ception1 s9ce 9 t case ^! animals w\ld h m s5sations & p]ception ?an man4 ,if we consid] ! mann] 9 :i* plants d]ive _! n\ri%m5t1 we %all f9d t !y d n draw up ! gross] p>ts ei!r ( e>? or wat]2 ^! p>ts mu/ be r$uc$ by w>m? into subtle vap\rs be=e ! roots c suck !m up into ! plant4 ,9 l mann] ! nutrition ( ! n]ves is only effect$ by means ( ! m subtle p>ts ( ! humidity ( ! bra91 :i* are suck$ up by ! roots or extremities ( ! n]ves1 & are c>ri$ !nce ?r\gh all ! bran*es ( ! s5sory sy/em4 ,?is sy/em =ms1 z we h said1 a :ole1 all ^: p>ts are int]connect$ by s close a union t we _c w\nd "o )\t communicat+ a viol5t %ock to all ! o!rs2 ! w\nd+ or simply pull+ ( ! smalle/ n]ve is suffici5t to cause lively irritation to all ! o!rs1 & to put ! body 9 convulsion2 nor c we ease ?is pa9 & convulsion except by cutt+ ! n]ve high] up ?an ! injur$ "p2 b on ?is all ! p>ts abutt+ on ?is n]ve become !nce=w>d s5seless & immovable = ev]4 ,! bra9 %\ld n be consid]$ z ( ! same "*1 nor z an organic portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 = x has n ! same prop]ties nor ! same sub/ance1 be+ nei!r solid nor ela/ic1 nor yet capable ( feel+4 ,i admit t on its compression p]ception ceases1 b ?is v fact %[s x to be a body =eign to ! n]v\s sy/em itself1 :i*1 act+ by its weight1 or pressure1 aga9/ ! extremities ( ! n]ves1 oppresses !m & /upefies !m 9 ! same way z a weight plac$ ^u ! arm1 leg1 or any o!r "p ( ! body1 /upefies ! n]ves & dead5s ! p]ceptions ( t "p4 ,& x is evid5t t ?is cessation ( s5sation on compression is b a susp5sion & tempor>y /upefaction1 = ! mom5t ! compression ( ! bra9 ceases1 p]ception & ! p[] ( movem5t returns4 ,aga91 ,i admit t on te>+ ! m$ull>y sub/ance1 & on w\nd+ ! bra9 till ! corpus callosum is rea*$1 convulsion1 loss ( s5sation1 & dea? ensue2 b ?is is because ! n]ves are s entirely d]ang$ t !y are1 s to speak1 torn up by ! roots & w\nd$ all toge!r1 & at _! s\rce4 ,9 fur!r pro( t ! bra9 is nei!r ! c5tre ( p]ception nor ! seat ( ! s5sations1 ,i may rem9d ! read] t animals & ev5 *ildr5 h be5 born )\t heads & bra9s1 & h yet _h feel+1 movem5t1 & life4 ,!re are also :ole classes ( animals1 l insects & worms1 ) a bra9 t is by no means a di/9ct mass nor ( s5sible volume1 b ) only some?+ :i* corresponds ) ! m$ulla oblongata & ! sp9al m>r[4 ,!re w\ld be m reason1 !n1 9 plac+ ! seat ( ! feel+s & p]ceptions 9 ! sp9al m>r[1 :i* no animal is )\t1 ?an 9 ! bra9 :i* is n an organ common to all creatures t c feel4 ,if ,buffon's ideas conc]n+ ! bra9 are z j z !y appe> to be1 ! resemblance betwe5 plants & animals is m close ?an is app>5t1 ev5 to a sup]ficial obs]v]1 on a fir/ inspection ( ! ph5om5a4 ,su* an obs]v]1 h[ev]1 on look+ b a little m int5tly1 w see ! high] v]tebrata z p]ambulat+ vegetables plant$ upside d[n4 ,s ! man :o _h be5 born bl9d1 on be+ made to see1 & on look+ at ! objects be=e him ) unsophi/icat$ eyes1 said )\t hesitation t he saw m5 z trees walk+1 ?us see+ ) m prophetic insight ?an ei!r he or ! by/&]s c\ld int]pret4 ,= our skull is z a k9d ( fl[]-pot1 & holds ! soil f :i* we spr+1 t is to say ! bra92 our m\? & /oma* are roots1 9 two /ories or /ages2 our bones are ! trellis-"w to :i* we cl+ :ile go+ ab\t 9 se>* ( su/5ance = our roots2 or !y are z ! woody trunk ( a tree2 we are ! n]ves :i* are root$ 9 ! bra91 & :i* draw !nce ! su/5ance :i* is suppli$ x by ! /oma*2 our lungs are leaves :i* are fold$ up )9 u1 z ! blossom ( a fig is hidd5 )9 ! fruit itself4 ,?is is :at %\ld foll[ if ,buffon's !ory ( ! bra9 is all[$ to /&1 :i* ,i hope w prove to be ! case1 = x is ! only com=table ?\ght conc]n+ ! bra9 t ,i h met ) 9 any writ]4 ,i h giv5 x "h at "s l5g? on acc\nt ( its importance1 & = ! illu/ration x af=ds ( ,buffon's hatr$ ( my/]y1 r ?an = its be>+ ^u evolution4 ,! fact t our lead+ m5 ( sci5ce h adopt$ o!r !ories w weigh little ) ^? :o h wat*$ sci5tific or?odoxy ) any clos5ess4 ,:at ,buffon ?\ght ( t or?odoxy may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+3-- ,! greate/ ob/acles to ! advancem5t ( human k lie less 9 ?+s !mselves ?an 9 man's mann] ( consid]+ !m4 ,h[ev] complicat$ a ma*9e ! human body may be1 x is /ill less complicat$ ?an are our own ideas conc]n+ x4 ,x is less difficult to see ,nature z %e is1 ?an z %e is pres5t$ to u4 ,%e c>ries a veil only1 :ile we w\ld put a mask ov] h] face2 we load h] ) our own prejudices1 & suppose h] to act & to conduct h] op]ations ev5 aft] ! same fa%ion z ourselves4#ig 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,i am by no means speak+ ( ^? purely arbitr>y sy/ems :i* we are able at a glance to detect z *im]as t are be+ pret5d$ to u z realities1 b ,i ref] to ! me?ods :]eby p h set !mselves s]i\sly to /udy nature4 ,ev5 ! exp]im5tal me?od itself has be5 m f]tile ( error ?an ( tru?1 = ?\gh x is inde$ ! sure/1 yet is x no sur] ?an ! h& ( him :o uses x4 ,no matt] h[ little we incl9e out ( ! /raight pa?1 we soon f9d ourselves w&]+ 9 a /]ile wild]ness1 :]e we c see b a few obscure objects scatt]$ sp>sely2 nev]!less we d viol5ce to ^! facts & to ourselves1 & resemble !m toge!r on a conceit ( analogies & common prop]ties among/ !m4 ,!n1 pass+ & repass+ complaisantly ov] ! tortu\s pa? :i* we h ourselves beat51 we deem ! road a worn "o1 & ?\gh x leads no :i!r1 ! _w foll[s x1 adopts x1 & accepts its suppos$ consequ5ces z fir/ pr9ciples4 ,i c\ld %[ ?is by lay+ b>e ! orig9 ( t :i* goes by ! "n ( 'pr9ciple' 9 all ! sci5ces1 :e!r ab/ract or natural4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m]1 ! basis ( pr9ciple is ab/raction--t is to say1 "o or m suppositions3 9 t ( ! second1 pr9ciples are b ! consequ5ces1 bett] or worse1 ( ! me?ods :i* may h be5 foll[$4 ,& to speak "h ( anatomy only1 did n he :o fir/ surm\nt$ 8 natural repugnance & set himself to "w to op5 a human body--did he n believe t ?r\gh go+ all ov] x1 dissect+ x1 divid+ x into all its p>ts1 he w\ld soon le>n its /ructure1 me*anism1 & functions8 ,b he f\nd ! task great] ?an he _h expect$1 & r5\nc+ su* pret5sions1 0 fa9 to cont5t himself ) a me?od--n = see+ & judg+1 b = see+ aft] an ord]ly fa%ion4 ,?is me?od 444 is /ill ! sole bus9ess ( our able/ anatomi/s1 b x is n sci5ce4 ,x is ! road :i* %\ld lead sci5cew>d1 & might p]haps h rea*$ sci5ce itself1 if in/ead ( walk+ ev] on a s+le n>r[ pa? m5 _h set ! anatomy ( man & t ( animals face to face ) "o ano!r4 ,=1 :at real k c be drawn f an isolat$ pursuit8 ,is n ! f\ndation ( all sci5ce se5 to consi/ 9 ! comp>ison :i* ! human m9d c draw betwe5 diff]5t objects 9 ! matt] ( _! resemblances & diff]5ces--( _! analog\s or conflict+ prop]ties1 & ( all ! relations 9 :i* !y /& to "o ano!r8 ,! absolute1 if x exi/ at all1 is b ( ! concurr5ce ( man's own k2 we judge & c judge ( ?+s only by _! be>+s "o ^u ano!r2 h5ce :5ev] a me?od limits u to only a s+le subject1 :5ev] we consid] x 9 its solitude & )\t reg>d to its resemblances or to its diff]5ces f o!r objects1 we c atta9 to no real k1 nor yet1 mu* less1 rea* any g5]al pr9ciple4 ,we d b give names1 & make descriptions ( a ?+1 & ( all its p>ts4 ,h5ce comes x t1 aft] ?ree ?\s& ye>s ( dissection1 anatomy is /ill b a nom5clature1 & has h>dly advanc$ a /ep t[>ds its true object1 :i* is ! sci5ce ( animal economy4 ,fur!rmore1 :at defects are !re n 9 ! me?od itself1 :i* %\ld above all ?+s else be simple & easy to be und]/ood1 dep5d+ z x does ^u inspection & hav+ d5om9ations only = its end6 ,= see+ t nom5clature has be5 mi/ak5 = k1 m5 h made x _! *ief bus9ess to multiply names1 in/ead ( limit+ ?+s2 !y h cru%$ !mselves "u ! burd5 ( details1 & be5 on ! look out = diff]5ces :]e !re 0 no di/9ction4 ,:5 !y _h giv5 a new "n !y conceiv$ ( x z a new ?+1 & describ$ ! smalle/ p>ts ) ! mo/ m9uti\s exactness1 :ile ! description ( "s /ill small] "p1 =gott5 or neglect$ by previ\s anatomi/s1 has be5 /raightway hail$ z a discov]y4 ,! d5om9ations !mselves be+ (t5 tak5 f ?+s :i* _h no relation to ! object t x 0 desir$ to d5om9ate1 h s]v$ b to conf\nd confusion4 ,! "p ( ! bra91 = example1 :i* is call$ te/es & nates1 :]e9 does x s diff] f ! re/ ( ! bra9 t x %\ld des]ve a "n8 ,^! names1 tak5 at haphaz>d or spr++ f "s preconceiv$ op9ion1 h !mselves become ! p>5ts ( new prejudices & speculations2 o!r names giv5 to p>ts :i* h be5 ill obs]v$1 or :i* are ev5 non-exi/5t1 h be5 s\rces ( new errors4 ,:at functions & uses has x n be5 attempt$ to foi/ ^u ! p9eal gl&1 & on ! alleg$ empty space 9 ! bra9 :i* is call$ ! ar*1 ! fir/ ( :i* is b a gl&1 :ile ! v exi/5ce ( ! o!r is d\btful1--! empty space be+ p]haps produc$ by ! h& ( ! anatomi/ & ! me?od ( dissection4#ih ,! ,g5us felis4 ,9 8 prelim9>y rem>ks ^u ! lion1 ,buffon :ile /ill pr(ess+ to believe 9 "s consid]able mutability ( species1 seems v f> f admitt+ t all liv+ =ms are capable ( modification4 ,b he has %[n u long s9ce h[ cle>ly he saw ! impossibility ( limit+ mutability1 if he once admitt$ s mu* ( ! ?9 end ( ! w$ge z t a horse & an ass might be relat$4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t he is n speak+ au reel "h1 & we accord+ly f9d him talk+ clap-trap ab\t ! nobl5ess ( ! lion 9 hav+ no species imm$iately alli$ to x4 ,a few l9es l[] on he rem9ds u 9 a casual way t ! ass & horse are relat$4 ,he writes3-- ,add$ to all ^! noble individual features ! lion has also :at may be call$ a specific nobility4 ,= ,i call ^? species noble :i* are con/ant1 inv>iable1 & :i* are above suspicion ( hav+ deg5]at$4 ,^! species are commonly isolat$1 & ! only ones ( _! g5us4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by su* well-m>k$ features t !y _c be mi/ak51 nor conf\nd$ ) any o!r species4 ,to beg9 = example ) man1 ! noble/ ( creat$ be+s2 he is b ( a s+le species1 inasmu* z m5 & wom5 w bre$ freely int] se 9 spite ( all exi/+ diff]5ces ( race1 climate & col\r2 & also inasmu* z !re is no o!r animal :i* c claim ei!r a di/ant or ne> relation%ip ) him4 ,! horse1 on ! o!r h&1 is m noble z an individual ?an z a species1 = he has ! ass z 8 ne> neighb\r1 & seems himself to be ne>ly en\gh relat$ to x2 444 ! dog is p]haps ( ev5 less noble species1 approa*+ z he does to ! wolf1 fox1 & jackal1 :i* we c only consid] to be ! deg5]at$ species ( a s+le family#ii--;all :i* may seem v natural op9ions = a ,fr5* ari/ocrat 9 ! days be=e ! ,revolution1 b :i* _c = a mom5t be believ$ to h be5 ,buffon's own4 ,i h n asc]ta9$ ! date ( ,buffon's little qu>rel ) ! ,sorbonne1 b ,i _c d\bt t if we knew ! inn] hi/ory ( ! "w we are consid]+1 we %\ld f9d ?is passage & o!rs l x expla9$ by ! necessity ( quiet+ or?odox adv]s>ies4 ,he concludes ! p>agraph f :i* ,i h j be5 quot+ by say+1 ,to class man & ! ape toge!r1 or ! lion ) ! cat1 & to say t ! lion is a cat ) a mane & a long tail--?is 7 to degrade & disfigure nature in/ead ( describ+ h] & d5om9at+ h] species4 ,buffon v r>ely uses italics1 b ^? la/ giv5 are 81 n m9e2 c\ld words be bett] *os5 to make u see ! lion & ! cat z memb]s ( ! same g5us8 ,no wond] ! ,sorbonne consid]$ him an infelicit\s writ]2 :y c\ld he n h said cat1 & h done ) x1 in/ead ( giv+ a c\ple ( sly b tell+ t\*es1 :i* make ! cat z l a lion z possible1 & !n tell+ u t we mu/ n call h] "o8 ,sorbonnes nev] d l p :o write 9 ?is way4 ,! lion1 !n1 belongs to a mo/ noble species1 /&+ z he does alone1 & incapable ( be+ conf\nd$ ) ! tig]1 leop>d1 ounce1 c41 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ^? species1 :i* appe> to be lea/ di/ant f ! lion1 are v suffici5tly indi/+ui%able1 s t travell]s & nom5clators are cont9ually conf\nd+ !m4#ajj ,if ?is is n pure malice1 nev] 0 a writ] m p]si/5tly un=tunate 9 little ways4 ,:y rem9d u "h t ! species :i* come ne>e/ to ! lion are s h>d to di/+ui%8 ,:y n h said no?+ ab\t x8 ,z x is1 ! case /&s ?us3 we are requir$ to admit close resemblance betwe5 ! leop>d & ! tig]1 :ile we are to d5y x betwe5 ! tig] & ! lion1 9 spite ( !re be+ no great] outw>d diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ ?an betwe5 ! second pair1 & 9 spite ( ! hurri$ :isp] cat ) a mane & a long tail /ill haunt+ our e>s4 ,isidore ,ge(froy & 8 foll[]s may cons5t to ?is arrangem5t1 b ,i hope ! majority ( my read]s w n d s4 ,i w5t on to ! acc\nt ( ! tig] ) "s int]e/ to see ! l9e :i* ,buffon w\ld take conc]n+ x4 ,i anticipat$ t we %\ld f9d cats1 pumas1 lynxes1 c41 to be really v l tig]s1 & 0 surpris$ to le>n t ! true tig]1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n unlike ^! animals1 0 /ill to be di/+ui%$ f _m o!rs :i* _h s9ce be5 call$ tig]s4 ,he is on no acc\nt to be conf\nd$ ) ^!1 9 spite ( ! obvi\s temptation to conf\nd him4 ,he is a r>e animal1 little kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & badly describ$ by ! mod]ns4 ,he is a bea/ ( great f]ocity1 ( t]rible swiftness1 & surpass+ ev5 ! proportions ( ! lion4 ,! effect ( ! description is t we no long] f9d ! lion /&+ alone1 b ) ! tig] on a p> ) him if n above him2 b at ! same "t we fall easy victims to ! temptation to conf\nd ! tig] ) ! _m o!r animals :i* are also call$ tig]s4 ,a surface /ream has swept ! memb]s ( ! cat family 9 diff]5t directions1 b a /eal?y und]curr5t has seiz$ !m f b5ea?1 & !y are n[ happily reunit$4 ,animals ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w--,*ang$ ,geographical ,di/ribution4 ,writ+ ^u ! animals ( ! old _w1#aja & ref]r+ to ! humps ( ! camel & ! bison1 ,buffon %[s t v consid]able modification may be effect$ 9 "s animals )9 ev5 a few g5]ations1 b he attributes ! effect produc$ to ! direct influ5ce ( climate4 ,buffon concludes 8 sket* ( ! animals ( ! new _w by po9t+ out t ! l>g] animals ( ! ,african torrid zone h be5 h9d]$ by sea & des]t f f9d+ _! way to ,am]ica1 & by claim+ to be ! fir/ ev5 to h suspect$ t !re 0 n a s+le d5iz5 ( ! torrid zone ( "o cont95t :i* 0 common also to ! o!r4#ajb ,! animals common to bo? cont95ts are ^? :i* c /& ! cold & :i* are g5]ally suit$ = a temp]ate climate4 ,^!1 ,buffon believes1 to h travell$ ei!r ov] "s l& /ill unkn[n1 or m probably1 ov] t]ritory :i* has long s9ce be5 subm]g$4 ,! species ( ! old & new _w are nev] )\t "s well-m>k$ diff]5ce1 :i* h[ev] %\ld n be held suffici5t = u to refuse to admit _! practical id5tity4 ,b he ma9ta9s1 ,i imag9e wilfully1 t !re is a t5d5cy 9 all ! mammalia to become small] on be+ transport$ to ! new _w1 & ref]s ! fact to ! quality ( ! e>?1 ! condition ( ! climate1 ! degrees ( heat & humidity1 to ! height ( m\nta9s1 am\nts ( runn+ or /agnant wat]s1 ext5t ( =e/1 & above all to ! brutal condition ( nature 9 a new c\ntry1 :i* he evid5tly reg>ds ) true ari/ocratic abhorr5ce4#ajc ,!n foll[s a passage :i* ,i _h bett] p]haps give 9 full3-- ,! mammo? 0 c]ta9ly ! greate/ & /ronge/ ( all quadrup$s2 b x has disappe>$2 & if s1 h[ _m small]1 feebl]1 & less rem>kable species mu/ h also p]i%$ )\t leav+ u any traces or ev5 h9ts ( _! hav+ exi/$8 ,h[ _m o!r species h *ang$ _! nature1 t is to say1 become p]fect$ or degrad$1 ?r\gh great *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & ocean1 ?r\gh ! cultivation or neglect ( ! c\ntry :i* !y inhabit1 ?r\gh ! long-cont9u$ effects ( climatic *anges1 s t !y are no long] ! same animals t !y once 78 ,yet ( all liv+ be+s aft] man1 ! quadrup$s are ! ones ^: nature is mo/ fix$ & =m mo/ con/ant3 birds & fi%es v>y mu* m easily2 insects /ill m aga9 ?an ^!1 & if we desc5d to plants1 :i* c]ta9ly _c be exclud$ f animat$ nature1 we %all be surpris$ at ! read9ess ) :i* species are se5 to v>y1 & at ! ease ) :i* !y *ange _! =ms & adopt new natures4 ,x is probable !n t all ! animals ( ! new _w are d]iv$ f cong5]s 9 ! old1 )\t any deviation f ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature4 ,we may believe t hav+ become sep>at$ 9 ! lapse ( ages1 by va/ oceans & c\ntries :i* !y c\ld n trav]se1 !y h gradually be5 affect$ by1 & d]iv$ impressions f1 a climate :i* has itself be5 modifi$ s z to become a new "o ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ^? same causes :i* dissociat$ ! individuals ( ! old & new _w f "o ano!r2 ?us 9 ! c\rse ( "t !y h gr[n small] & *ang$ _! *>act]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n prev5t our classify+ !m z diff]5t species n[1 = ! diff]5ce is no less real :e!r x is caus$ by "t1 climate & soil1 or :e!r x dates f ! creation4 ,nature ,i ma9ta9 is 9 a /ate ( cont9ual flux & movem5t4 ,x is en\gh = man if he c grasp h] z %e is 9 8 own "t1 & ?r[ b a glance or two ^u ! pa/ & future1 s z to try & p]ceive :at %e may h be5 9 =m] times & :at "o day %e may atta9 to4#ajd ,! ,buffalo--,animals "u ,dome/ication4 ,! bison & ! auro*s1 says ,buffon1 diff] only 9 uness5tial *>act]i/ics1 & are1 by consequ5ce1 ( ! same species z our dome/ic cattle1 s t ,i believe all ! pret5d$ species ( ! ox1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree--! bull1 ! buffalo1 & ! bubalus4 ,! case ( animals "u dome/ication is 9 _m respects diff]5t f t ( wild ones2 !y v>y mu* m 9 disposition1 size & %ape1 especially z reg>ds ! ext]ior p>ts ( _! bodies3 ! effects ( climate1 s p[]ful ?r\gh\t nature1 act ) f> great] effect ^u captive animals ?an ^u wild ones4 ,food prep>$ by man1 & (t5 ill *os51 comb9$ ) ! inclem5cy ( an uncong5ial climate--^! ev5tuate 9 modifications suffici5tly pr(\nd to become con/ant & h]$it>y 9 successive g5]ations4 ,i d n pret5d to say t ?is g5]al cause ( modification is s p[]ful z to *ange radically ! nature ( be+s :i* h _h _! impress /amp$ ^u !m 9 t sure/ ( m\lds--h]$ity2 b x nev]!less *anges !m 9 n a few respects2 x masks & trans=ms _! outw>d appe>ance2 x suppresses "s ( _! p>ts1 & gives !m new ones2 x pa9ts !m ) v>i\s col\rs1 & by its action on bodily habits influ5ces also _! natures1 in/9cts1 & mo/ inw>d qualities 7& :at is ?is b radically *ang+ _! nature874 ,! modification ( b a s+le "p1 moreov]1 9 a :ole z p]fect z an animal body1 w necessitate a correlative modification 9 e o!r "p1 & x is f ?is cause t our dome/ic animals diff] almo/ z mu* 9 nature & in/9ct1 z 9 =m1 f ^? f :i* !y orig9ally sprung4#aje ,buffon confirms ?is la/ ass]tion by quot+ ! %eep z an example--an animal :i* c n[ no long] exi/ 9 a wild /ate4 ,!n return+ to cattle1 he repeats t _m v>ieties h be5 =m$ by ! effects--div]se 9 !mselves1 & div]se 9 _! comb9ations--( climate1 food1 & treatm5t1 :e!r "u dome/ication or 9 _! wild /ate4 ,^! are ! ma9 causes ( v>iation 7causes g5]ales de v>iete71#ajf among our dome/icat$ animals1 b by f> ! greate/ is *ang$ climate 9 consequ5ce ( _! accompany+ man 9 8 migrations4 ,! effects ( ! =ego+ causes ( modification1 especially ! la/ ( !m1 are repeat$ly insi/$ on 9 ! c\rse ( ! =ty pages :i* complete ! prelim9>y acc\nt ( ! buffalo4 ,:at holds good = ! buffalo does s also = ! m\flon or wild %eep4 ,?is1 ,buffon decl>es to be ! s\rce ( all our dome/icat$ bre$s3 ( ^! !re are 9 all "s f\r or five1 all ( !m be+ b deg5]ations f a s+le /ock1 produc$ by man's ag5cy1 & propagat$ = 8 conv5i5ce4#ajg ,at ! same "t t man has protect$ !m he has hunt$ out ! orig9al race :i* 0 less useful to him1#ajh s t x is n[ to be f\nd only 9 a few seclud$ spots1 su* z ! m\nta9s ( ,greece1 ,cyprus1 & ,s>d9ia4 ,buffon does n consid] ev5 ! diff]5ces betwe5 %eep & goats to be suffici5tly *>act]i/ic to w>rant _! be+ class$ z diff]5t species4 ,i %all nev] tire1 he cont9ues1 ( repeat+--see+ h[ important ! matt] is--t we mu/ n =m our op9ions conc]n+ nature1 nor diff]5tiate 7diff]5ci]7 h] species1 by a ref]5ce to m9or special *>act]i/ics4 ,&1 aga91 t sy/ems1 f> f hav+ illu/rat$ ! hi/ory ( animals1 h1 on ! contr>y1 s]v$ r to obscure x 444 lead+1 z !y d1 to ! creation ( arbitr>y species :i* nature kn[s no?+ ab\t2 p]petually conf\nd+ real & hypo!tical exi/5ces2 giv+ u false ideas z to ! v ess5ce ( species2 unit+ !m & sep>at+ !m )\t f\ndation or k1 & (t5 )\t our hav+ se5 ! animal ) :i* we are deal+4#aji ,fir/ & ,second ,views ( ,nature4 ,! twelf? volume beg9s ) a preface1 entitl$ ,a ,fir/ ,view ( ,nature1 f :i* ,i take ! foll[+3-- ,:at _c ,nature effect ) su* means at h] disposal8 ,%e c d all except ei!r create matt] or de/roy x4 ,^! two extremes ( p[] ! deity has res]v$ = himself only2 creation & de/ruction are ! attributes ( 8 omnipot5ce4 ,to alt] & undo1 to develop & to r5ew--^! are p[]s :i* he has h&$ ov] to ! *>ge ( ,nature4#aaj ,! ?irte5? volume op5s ) a second view ( nature4 ,aft] describ+ :at a man w\ld h obs]v$ if he c\ld h liv$ dur+ _m cont9u\s ages1 ,buffon goes on to say3-- ,& z ! numb]1 su/5ance1 & balance ( p[] among species is con/ant1 ,nature w\ld pres5t ev] ! same appe>ance1 & w\ld be 9 all times & "u all climates absolutely & relatively ! same1 if x 7 n h] fa%ion to v>y h] individual =ms z mu* z possible4 ,! type ( ea* species is f\nd$ 9 a m\ld ( :i* ! pr9cipal features h be5 cut 9 *>act]s t are ineffaceable & et]nally p]man5t1 b all ! accessory t\*es v>y2 no "o individual is ! exact facsimile ( any o!r1 & no species exi/s )\t a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties4 ,9 ! human race on :i* ! div9e seal has be5 set mo/ firmly1 !re are yet v>ieties ( black & :ite1 l>ge & small races1 ! ,patagonian1 ,hott5tot1 ,european1 ,am]ican1 ,negro1 :i*1 ?\gh all desc5d$ f a common fa!r1 nev]!less exhibit no v bro!rly resemblance to "o ano!r4#aaa ,on an e>li] page !re is a passage :i* ,i may quote z %[+ ,buffon to h n be5 )\t "s--?\gh v imp]fect--p]ception ( ! fact :i* evid5tly made s deep an impression ^u 8 successor1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,i ref] to t cont9uity ( life 9 successive g5]ations1 & t on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 :i* is ! only key t w make ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity intelligible4 ,man1 he says1 & especially educat$ man1 is no long] a s+le individual1 b repres5ts no small "p ( ! human race 9 its entirety4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to receive f 8 fa!rs ! k :i* _! own ance/ors _h h&$ d[n to !m4 ,^!1 hav+ discov]$ ! div9e art ( fix+ _! ?\ghts s t !y c transmit !m to _! po/]ity1 become1 z x 71 "o & ! same p ) _! desc5dants 7se sont1 p\r a9si dire1 id5tifies avec leur neveux72 :ile our desc5dants w 9 _! turn be "o & ! same p ) ourselves 7s'id5tifi]ont avec n\s74 ,?is reunion 9 a s+le p]son ( ! exp]i5ce ( _m ages1 ?r[s back ! b\nd>ies ( man's exi/5ce to ! utmo/ limits ( ! pa/2 he is no long] a s+le individual1 limit$ z o!r be+s are to ! s5sations & exp]i5ces ( to-day4 ,9 place ( ! individual we h to deal1 z x 71 ) ! :ole species4#aab ,diff]5ces 9 ext]ior are no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ^? 9 int]ior p>ts4 ,^! la/ mu/ be reg>d$ z ! causes1 :ile ! o!rs are b ! effects4 ,! int]ior p>ts ( liv+ be+s are ! f\ndation ( ! plan ( _! design2 ?is is _! ess5tial =m1 _! real %ape1 _! ext]ior is only ! surface1 or r ! drap]y 9 :i* _! true figure is envelop$4 ,h[ (t5 does n ! /udy ( comp>ative anatomy %[ u t two ext]iors :i* diff] widely conceal int]iors absolutely l ea* o!r1 &1 on ! contr>y1 t ! smalle/ int]nal diff]5ce is accompani$ by ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces ( outw>d appe>ance1 *ang+ z x does ev5 ! natural habits1 faculties & attributes ( ! animal8#aac ,apes & ,monkeys4 ,! f\rte5? volume is devot$ to apes & monkeys1 & to ! *apt] ) :i* ! volumes on quadrup$s are br\ght to a conclusion--a *apt] = :i* p]haps ! mo/ important position 9 ! :ole "w is ?us assign$4 ,x is v long1 & is head$ ,on ,desc5t ) ,modification 7,de la ,deg5]ation des ,animaux74 ,?is is ! *apt] 9 :i* ,buffon ent]s m fully into ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! *apt] on ! nom5clature ( monkeys1 ! !ory is broa*$ t !re is a c]ta9 fix$ am\nt ( life-sub/ance z ( matt] 9 nature2 & t nei!r c be ei!r augm5t$ or dim9i%$4 ,buffon ma9ta9s ?is organic & liv+ sub/ance to be z real & durable z inanimate matt]2 z p]man5t 9 its /ate ( life z ! o!r 9 t ( dea?2 x is spread ov] ! :ole ( nature1 & passes f vegetables to animals by way ( nutrition1 & f animals back to vegetables ?r\gh putrefaction1 ?us circulat+ incessantly to ! animation ( all t lives4 ,z might be expect$1 ,buffon is l\d 9 8 prote/ aga9/ any real simil>ity betwe5 man & ! apes--man has _h ! _s ( ! ,deity brea!d into 8 no/rils1 & ! l[e/ creature ) ?is is high] ?an ! highe/ )\t x4 ,hav+ settl$ ?is po9t1 he makes x 8 bus9ess to %[ h[ little diff]5ce 9 o!r respects !re is betwe5 ! apes & man4 ,"o :o c\ld view1 he writes1 ,nature 9 h] entirety1 f fir/ to la/1 & !n reflect ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ^! two sub/ances--! liv+ & ! inanimate--act & react ^u "o ano!r1 w\ld see t e liv+ be+ is a m\ld :i* ca/s into its own %ape ^? sub/ances ^u :i* x fe$s2 t x is ?is assimilation :i* con/itutes ! gr[? ( ! body1 ^: developm5t is n simply an augm5tation ( volume1 b an ext5sion 9 all its dim5sions1 a p5etration ( new matt] into all p>ts ( its mass3 he w\ld see t ^! p>ts augm5t proportionately ) ! :ole1 & ! :ole proportionately ) ^! p>ts1 :ile g5]al configuration rema9s ! same until ! full developm5t is accompli%$4444 ,he w\ld see t man1 ! quadrup$1 ! cetacean1 ! bird1 reptile1 insect1 tree1 plant1 h]b1 all are n\ri%$1 gr[1 & reproduce !mselves on ?is same sy/em1 & t ?\gh _! mann] ( fe$+ & ( reproduc+ !mselves may appe> s diff]5t1 ?is is only because ! g5]al & common cause ^u :i* ^! op]ations dep5d c only op]ate 9 ! individual agreeably ) ! =m ( ea* species4 ,travell+ onw>d 7= x has tak5 ! human m9d ages to arrive at ^! great tru?s1 f :i* all o!rs are d]iv$71 he w\ld comp>e liv+ =ms1 give !m names to di/+ui% !m1 & o!r names to connect !m ) ea* o!r4 ,tak+ 8 own body z ! model ) :i* all liv+ =ms %\ld be comp>$1 & hav+ measur$ !m1 expla9$ !m ?or\ghly1 & comp>$ !m 9 all _! p>ts1 he w\ld see t !re is b small diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ms ( liv+ be+s2 t by dissect+ ! ape he c\ld arrive at ! anatomy ( man1 & t tak+ "s o!r animal we f9d always ! same ultimate plan ( organization1 ! same s5ses1 ! same visc]a1 ! same bones1 ! same fle%1 ! same movem5ts ( ! fluids1 ! same play & action ( ! solids2 he w\ld f9d all ( !m ) a he>t1 ve9s1 art]ies1 9 all ! same organs ( circulation1 respiration1 dige/ion1 nutrition1 secretion2 9 all ( !m a solid frame1 compos$ ( pieces put toge!r 9 ne>ly ! same mann]2 & he w\ld f9d ?is sy/em always ! same1 f man to ! ape1 f ! ape to ! quadrup$s1 f ! quadrup$s to ! cetacea1 birds1 fi%es1 reptiles2 ?is sy/em or plan !n1 ,i say1 if firmly laid hold ( & compreh5d$ by ! human m9d1 is a true copy ( nature2 x is ! simple/ & mo/ g5]al po9t ( view f :i* we c consid] h]1 & if we ext5d our view1 & g on f :at lives to :at vegetates1 we may see ?is plan--:i* orig9ally did b v>y almo/ imp]ceptibly--*ange its scope & desc5d gradually f reptiles to insects1 f insects to worms1 f worms to zoophytes1 f zoophytes to plants1 & yet keep+ ev] ! same fundam5tal unity 9 spite ( diff]5ces ( detail1 insomu* t nutrition1 developm5t1 & reproduction rema9 ! common traits ( all organic bodies2 traits et]nally ess5tial & div9ely implant$2 :i* "t1 f> f effac+ or de/roy+1 does b make pla9] & pla9] cont9ually4 ,?is is ! writ] :o c see no?+ 9 common betwe5 ! horse & ! zebra except t ea* has a solid ho(4#aad ,he cont9ues3-- ,if f ?is gr& tableau ( resemblances1 9 :i* ! liv+ univ]se pres5ts itself to our eyes z ?\gh x 7 a s+le family1 we pass to a tableau r ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 liv+ =ms1 we %all see t1 ) ! exception ( "s ( ! great] species1 su* z ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 tig]1 lion1 :i* mu/ ea* h _! sep>ate place1 ! o!r races seem all to bl5d ) neighb\r+ =ms1 & to fall into gr\ps ( lik5esses1 great] or less]1 & ( g5]a :i* our nom5clators repres5t to u by a network ( %apes1 ( :i* "s are held toge!r by ! feet1 o!rs by ! tee?1 horns1 & sk91 & o!rs by po9ts ( /ill m9or importance4 ,& ev5 ^? ^: =m /rikes u z mo/ p]fect1 z approa*+ mo/ ne>ly to our own--ev5 ! apes--require "s att5tion be=e !y c be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 = ! privilege ( be+ an isolat$ species has be5 assign$ less to =m ?an to size2 & man himself1 ?\gh ( a sep>ate species & diff]+ inf9itely f all or any o!rs1 has b a m$ium size1 & is less isolat$ & has ne>] neighb\rs ?an h ! great] animals4 ,if we /udy ! ,orang-outang ) reg>d only to 8 configuration1 we might reg>d him1 ) equal ju/ice1 z ei!r ! highe/ ( ! apes or z ! l[e/ ( mank9d1 because1 ) ! exception ( ! s\l1 he wants no?+ ( :at we h ourselves1 & because1 z reg>ds 8 body1 he diff]s less f man ?an he does f o!r animals :i* are /ill call$ apes4#aae ,! want ( a s\l ,buffon ma9ta9s to be ! only ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,orang-outang & man--8 body1 limbs1 s5ses1 bra9 & tongue are ! same z ours4 ,he c execute :atev] movem5ts man c execute2 yet he c nei!r ?9k nor speak1 nor d any action ( a di/9ctly human "*4 ,is ?is m]ely ?r\gh want ( tra9+8 or may x n be ?r\gh wrong comp>ison on our own p>ts8 ,we comp>e ! wild ape 9 ! woods to ! civiliz$ citiz5 ( our great t[ns4 ,no wond] ! ape %[s to disadvantage4 ,he %\ld be comp>$ ) ! hide\s ,hott5tot r1 :o is himself almo/ z mu* above ! l[e/ man1 z ! l[e/ man is above ! ,orang-outang4#aaf ,! passage is a mu* /rong] "o ?an ,i h ?\ght x fit to quote4 ,! read] c ref] to x = himself4 ,aft] read+ x ,i ent]ta9 no fur!r d\bt t ,buffon int5d$ to convey ! impression t m5 & apes are desc5d$ f common ance/ors4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 go+ to av[ ?is conclusion op5ly4 ,i admit1 he cont9ues1 t if we g by m]e /ructure ! ape might be tak5 = a v>iety ( ! human race2 ! ,creator did n *oose to model mank9d ^u an entirely di/9ct sy/em f ! o!r animals3 ,he compris$ _! =m & man's "u a plan :i* is 9 ! ma9 uni=m4#aag ,buffon !n dwells ^u ! possession ( a s\l by man2 ev5 ! l[e/ creature1 he av]s1 :i* _h ?is1 w\ld h become man's rival4 ,! ape !n is purely an animal1 f> f be+ a v>iety ( our own species1 he does n ev5 come fir/ 9 ! ord] ( animals1 s9ce he is n ! mo/ intellig5t3 ! high op9ion :i* m5 h ( ! intellig5ce ( apes is a prejudice bas$ only ^u ! resemblance betwe5 _! outw>d appe>ance & our own4#aah ,b ! undisc]n+ 7 n only to be kept quiet1 !y 7 to be made happy4 ,) ?is end1 if ,i am n mu* mi/ak51 ,buffon br+s 8 *apt] on ! nom5clature ( apes to ! foll[+ conclusion3-- ,! ape1 :i* ! philosoph] & ! un$ucat$ h alike reg>d$ z difficult to def9e1 & z be+ at be/ equivocal1 & midway betwe5 man & ! l[] animals1 proves 9 fact to be an animal & no?+ m2 he is mask$ ext]nally 9 ! %ape ( man1 b int]nally he is f\nd incapable ( ?\ght1 & ( all t con/itutes man2 apes are bel[ sev]al ( ! o!r animals 9 respect ( qualities correspond+ to _! own1 & diff] ess5tially f man1 9 nature1 temp]am5t1 ! "t :i* mu/ be sp5t ^u _! ge/ation & education1 9 _! p]iod ( gr[?1 duration ( life1 & 9 fact 9 all ^? pr(\nd] habits :i* con/itute :at is call$ ! 'nature' ( any individual exi/5ce4#aai ,?is is h&some1 & leaves ! m timor\s read] 9 full possession ( ! field4 ,buffon is accord+ly at lib]ty 9 ! foll[+ *apt] to br+ toge!r e fact he c lay 8 h&s on :i* may po9t ! resemblance betwe5 man & ! ,orang-outang mo/ /rongly2 b he is c>eful to use inv]t$ commas "h mu* m freely ?an is 8 wont4 ,hav+ ?us made out a /rong case = ! ne> aff9ity betwe5 man & ! ,orang-outang1 & hav+ ?r[n ! responsibility on ! orig9al au?ors ( ! passages he quotes1 he excuses himself = hav+ quot$ !m on ! gr\nd t ev]y?+ may seem important 9 ! hi/ory ( a brute :i* resembles man s ne>ly1 & !n insi/s ^u ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,orang-outang & ourselves4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 9 ,buffon's h&s come to mu*1 until ! end ( ! *apt]1 :51 aft] a resume dwell+ on ! po9ts ( resemblance1 ! diff]5ces are aga9 emphatically decl>$ to h ! be/ ( x4 ,i ne$ n foll[ ,buffon ?r\gh 8 description ( ! rema9+ monkeys4 ,x comprises #bej pp41 & is conf9$ to details ) :i* we h no conc]n2 b ! la/ *apt]--,de la ,deg5]ation des ,animaux--des]ves mu* full] quotation ?an my space w all[ me to make f x4 ,! *apt] is v long1 compris+1 z ,i h said1 ov] sixty qu>to pages4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 = me to give m ?an an outl9e ( its cont5ts4 ,causes or ,means ( ! ,trans=mation ( ,species4 ,! human race is decl>$ to be ! "o mo/ capable ( modification1 all its diff]5t v>ieties be+ desc5d$ f a common /ock1 & ow+ _! m sup]ficial diff]5ces to *anges ( climate1 :ile _! pr(\nd] ones1 su* z woolly hair1 flat noses1 & ?ick lips1 are due to diff]5ces ( diet1 :i* aga9 w v>y ) ! nature ( ! c\ntry inhabit$ by any race4 ,*anges w be exce$+ly gradual2 x w take c5turies ( unbrok5 habit to br+ ab\t modifications :i* c be transmitt$ ) c]ta9ty s z to ev5tuate 9 national *>act]i/ics4#abj ,x is a pleasure to f9d t "h1 too1 habit is assign$ z ! ma9 cause :i* und]lies h]$ity4 ,modification w be mu* prompt] ) animals4 ,:5 compell$ to ab&on _! native l&1 !y und]go su* rapid & pr(\nd modification1 t at fir/ sight !y c h>dly be recogniz$ z ! same race1 & _c be detect$ 9 _! disguise till aft] ! mo/ c>eful inspection1 & on gr\nds ( analogy only4 ,dome/ication w produce /ill m surpris+ results2 ! /igmata ( _! captivity1 ! m>ks ( _! *a9s1 c be se5 ^u all ^? animals :i* man has enslav$2 ! old] & m confirm$ ! s]vitude1 ! deep] w be its sc>s1 until at l5g? x w be f\nd impossible to rehabilitate ! creature & re/ore to x its lo/ attributes4 ,temp]ature ( climate1 quality ( food1 & ! ills ( slav]y--"h are ! ?ree ma9 causes ( ! alt]ation & deg5]ation ( animals4 ,! consequ5ces ( ea* ( ^! %\ld be p>ticul>ly consid]$1 s t by exam9+ ,nature z %e is to-day we may ?us p]ceive :at %e 0 9 h] orig9al condition4#aba ,i h m ?an once admitt$ t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ?is op9ion1 :i* assigns modification to ! direct influ5ce ( climate1 food1 & o!r *ang$ conditions ( life1 & t ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 :i* assigns only an indirect effect to ^!1 :ile ! direct effect is giv5 to *ang$ actions 9 consequ5ce ( *ang$ desires2 b x is surpris+ h[ ne>ly ,buffon has approa*$ ! lat] & tru] !ory1 :i* may p]haps h be5 sugge/$ to ,dr4 ,d>w9 by ! foll[+ pregnant passage--z pregnant1 probably1 to ,buffon himself z to ano!r3-- ,! camel is ! animal :i* seems to me to h felt ! weight ( slav]y mo/ pr(\ndly4 ,he is born ) w5s ^u 8 back & callosities ^u 8 knees & *e/2 ^! callosities are ! unmi/akable results ( rubb+1 = !y are full ( pus & ( corrupt$ blood4 ,! camel nev] walks )\t c>ry+ a heavy burd51 & ! pressure ( ?is has h9d]$1 = g5]ations1 ! free ext5sion & uni=m gr[? ( ! muscul> p>ts ( ! back2 :5ev] he reposes or sleeps 8 driv] compels him to d s ^u 8 fold$ legs1 s t little by little ?is position becomes habitual ) him4 ,all ! weight ( 8 body be>s1 dur+ sev]al h\rs ( ! day cont9u\sly1 ^u 8 *e/ & knees1 s t ! sk9 ( ^! p>ts1 press$ & rubb$ aga9/ ! e>?1 loses its hair1 becomes bruis$1 h>d5$1 & disorganiz$4 ,! llama1 :i* l ! camel passes its life b5ea? burd5s1 & also reposes only by re/+ its weight ^u its *e/1 has simil> callosities1 :i* aga9 are p]petuat$ 9 successive g5]ations4 ,baboons1 & p\*$ monkeys1 ^: ord9>y position is a sitt+ "o1 :e!r wak+ or sleep+1 h callosities "u ! region ( ! haun*es1 & ?is h>d sk9 has ev5 become insep>able f ! bone aga9/ :i* x is be+ cont9ually press$ by ! weight ( ! body2 9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ^! animals ! callosities are dry & heal?y1 = !y d n come f ! con/ra9t ( trammels1 nor f ! burd5 ( a =eign weight1 b are ! effects only ( ! natural habits ( ! animal1 :i* cause x to cont9ue long] seat$ ?an 9 any o!r position4 ,!re are callosities ( ^! p\*$ monkeys :i* resemble ! d\ble sole ( sk9 :i* we h ourselves "u our feet2 ?is sole is a natural h>dness :i* our cont9u$ habit ( walk+ or /&+ upright w make ?ick] or ?9n] accord+ to ! great] or less degree ( friction to :i* we subject our feet4#abb ,?is involves ! :ole !ory ( ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,wild animals w\ld n *ange ei!r _! food or climate if left to !mselves1 & 9 ?is case !y w\ld n v>y1 b ei!r man or "s o!r enemies h h>ass$ mo/ ( !m into migrations2 ^? ^: nature 0 suffici5tly flexible to l5d itself to ! new situation spread f> & wide1 :ile o!rs h _h no res\rce b ! des]ts 9 ! neighb\rhood ( _! own c\ntries4#abc ,s9ce food & climate1 & /ill less man's empire ov] !m1 c h b little effect ^u wild animals1 ,buffon ref]s _! pr9cipal v>ieties 9 great measure to _! sexual habits1 v>iations be+ mu* less frequ5t among animals t pair & bre$ sl[ly1 ?an among ^? :i* d n mate & bre$ m freely4 ,aft] runn+ rapidly ov] sev]al animals1 & discuss+ ! flexibility or inflexibility ( _! organizations1 he decl>es ! elephant to be ! only "o on :i* a /ate ( dome/ication has produc$ no effect1 inasmu* z x refuses to bre$ "u conf9em5t1 & _c !re=e transmit ! badges ( its s]vitude to its desc5dants4#abd ,"h is an example ( ,buffon's cov]t mann]1 9 ! way he ma9ta9s t desc5t ) modification may acc\nt n only = specific b = g5]ic diff]5ces4 ,b aft] hav+ tak5 a rapid survey ( ! v>ieties :i* indicate to u ! alt]ations t ea* species has und]gone1 !re arises a broad] & m important "q1 h[ f>1 namely1 species !mselves c *ange--h[ f> !re has be5 an old] deg5]ation1 immemorial f all antiquity1 :i* has tak5 place 9 e family1 or1 if ! t]m is pref]r$1 9 all ! g5]a "u :i* ^? species are compreh5d$ :i* neighb\r "o ano!r )\t pres5t+ po9ts ( any v pr(\nd dissimil>ity8 ,we h only a few isolat$ species1 su* z man1 :i* =m at once ! species & ! :ole g5us2 ! elephant1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 & ! giraffe =m g5]a1 or simple species1 :i* g d[n 9 a s+le l9e1 ) no collat]al bran*es4 ,all o!r races appe> to =m families1 9 :i* we may p]ceive a common s\rce or /ock f :i* ! diff]5t bran*es seem to h sprung 9 great] or less numb]s accord+ z ! individuals ( ea* species are small] & m fecund4#abe ,i c see no explanation ( ! introduction ( ?is passage unless t x is int5d$ to raise ! "q :e!r modification may be n only specific b g5]ic1 ! po9t ( ! p>agraph ly+ 9 ! words dans *aque famille1 ou si l'on veut1 dans *acun des g5res4 ,we are told 9 ! next p>agraph1 t if we *oose to look at ! matt] 9 ?is light1 well--9 t case--we ought to see n only ! ass & ! horse1 b ! zebra too1 z memb]s ( ! same family2 ! numb] ( _! po9ts ( resemblance be+ inf9itely great] ?an ^? 9 respect ( :i* !y diff]4#abf ,?us1 at ! close ( 8 "w on ! quadrup$s1 he ?9ks x well1 z at ! comm5cem5t sev5te5 ye>s e>li]1 to emphasize--9 8 own quiet way--8 p]ception t ! pr9ciples on :i* he has be5 insi/+ %\ld be c>ri$ mu* f>!r ?an he has *os5 to c>ry !m4 ,8 conclusion is1 t aft] comp>+ all ! animals & br++ !m ea* "u _! prop] g5us1 we %all f9d ! two hundr$ species we h already describ$ to be r$ucible into a suffici5tly small numb] ( families or ma9 /ocks f :i* x is n impossible t all ! o!rs may be d]iv$4#abg ,! *apt] closes ?us3-- ,to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ^! animals 7c]ta9 ( ^? peculi> to ,am]ica71 we mu/ g back to ! "t :5 ! two cont95ts 7 n yet sep>at$1 & call to m9d ! e>lie/ geological *anges4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ consid] ! two hundr$ exi/+ species ( quadrup$s z r$uc$ to ?irty-eight families4 ,& ?\gh ?is is n at all ! /ate ( ,nature z %e is 9 our "t1 & z %e has be5 repres5t$ 9 ?is volume1 & ?\gh1 9 fact1 x is a condition :i* we c only arrive at by induction1 & by analogies almo/ z difficult to lay hold ( z is ! "t :i* has effac$ ! great] numb] ( _! traces1 ,i %all1 nev]!less1 endeav\r to asc5d to ^! fir/ ages ( ,nature by ! aid ( facts & monum5ts :i* yet rema9 to u1 & to repres5t ! epo*s :i* ^! facts seem to indicate4#abh ,! fifte5? volume conta9s a description ( a few m monkeys1 z also ( "s animals :i* ,buffon _h nev] actually se51 a great "p be+ devot$ to indices4 ,supplem5t4 ,! fir/ f\r volumes ( ! ,supplem5t to ,buffon's ',natural ,hi/ory1' #aggd-aghi1 conta9 little :i* ?r[s additional light ^u 8 op9ions conc]n+ ! mutability ( species4 ,at ! beg9n+1 h[ev]1 ( ! fif? volume ,i f9d ! foll[+3-- ,on comp>+ ^! anci5t records ( ! fir/ ages ( life fossils ) ! productions ( to-day1 we see ) suffici5t cle>ness t ! ess5tial =m has be5 pres]v$ )\t alt]ation 9 its pr9cipal p>ts3 !re has be5 no *ange :atev] 9 ! g5]al type ( ea* species2 ! plan ( ! inn] p>ts has be5 pres]v$ )\t v>iation4 ,h[ev] long a "t we may imag9e = ! succession ( ages1 :atev] numb] ( g5]ations we may suppose1 ! individuals ( to-day pres5t to u 9 ea* g5us ! same =ms z !y did 9 ! e>lie/ ages2 & ?is is m especially true ( ! great] species1 ^: *>act]s are m inv>iable & nature m fix$2 = ! inf]ior species h1 z we h said1 exp]i5c$ 9 a p]ceptible mann] all ! effects ( diff]5t causes ( deg5]ation4 ,only x %\ld be rem>k$ 9 reg>d to ^! great] species1 su* z ! elephant & hippopotamus1 t 9 comp>+ _! fossil rema9s ) ! exi/+ =ms we f9d ! e>li] ones to h be5 l>g]4 ,nature 0 !n 9 ! full vig\r ( h] y\?1 & ! int]ior heat ( ! e>? gave to h] productions all ! =ce & all ! ext5t ( :i* !y 7 capable 444 if !re h be5 lo/ species1 t is to say animals :i* exi/$ once1 b no long] d s1 ^! c only h be5 animals :i* requir$ a heat great] ?an t ( our pres5t torrid zone4#abi ,! context proves ,buffon to h be5 ?9k+ ( su* huge creatures z ! mega!rium & ma/odon1 b 8 words seem to limit ! ext9ction ( species to ! d5iz5s ( a hot climate :i* _h turn$ cold]4 ,x is n at all likely t ,buffon meant ?is1 z ! passage quot$ at p4 #adf ( ?is "w w suffice to %[4 ,! :ole p>agraph is ironical4 ,i c see no?+ to ju/ify ! conclusion drawn f ?is passage by ,isidore ,ge(froy1 t ,buffon _h modifi$ 8 op9ions1 & 0 incl9$ to believe 9 a m limit$ mutability ?an he _h done a few ye>s e>li]4 ,8 exot]ic position is /ill id5tical ) :at x 0 9 ! outset1 & 8 esot]ic may be se5 f ! _s :i* is h>dly conceal$ "u ! foll[+3-- ,i %all be told t analogy po9ts t[>ds ! belief t our own race has foll[$ ! same pa?1 & dates f ! same p]iod z o!r species2 t x has spread itself ev5 m widely ?an !y2 & t if man's creation has a lat] date ?an t ( ! o!r animals1 no?+ %[s t he has n be5 subject$ to ! same laws ( nature1 ! same alt]ations1 & ! same *anges z !y4 ,we w grant t ! human species does n diff] ess5tially f o!rs 9 ! matt] ( bodily organs1 & t1 9 respect ( ^!1 our lot has be5 mu* ! same z t ( o!r animals4#acj ,plants "u ,dome/ication4 ,if m mod]n & ev5 rec5t examples are requir$ 9 ord] to prove man's p[] ov] ! vegetable k+dom1 x is only necess>y to comp>e our vegetables1 fl[]s1 & fruits ) ! same species su* z !y 7 a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago2 ?is c be done ) mu* ease & c]ta9ty by runn+ ! eye ov] ! great collection ( col\r$ draw+s begun 9 ! "t ( ,ga/on ( ,orleans1 & cont9u$ to ! pres5t day at ! ,j>d9 du ,roi4 ,we f9d ) surprise t ! f9e/ fl[]s ( t date1 z ! ranunculuses1 p9ks1 tulips1 be>'s e>s1 c41 w\ld be reject$ n[1 ,i d n say by our flori/s1 b by our village g>d5]s4 ,^! fl[]s1 ?\gh !n already cultivat$1 7 /ill n f> above _! wild condition4 ,!y _h a s+le r[ ( petals only1 long pi/ils1 col\rs h>d & false2 !y _h little velvety texture1 v>iety1 or gradation ( t9ts1 &1 9 fact1 pres5t$ all ! *>act]i/ics ( untam$ nature4 ,( h]bs !re 0 a s+le k9d ( endive1 & two ( lettuce--bo? bad--:ile we c n[ reckon m ?an fifty lettuces & endives1 all excell5t4 ,we c ev5 "n ! v rec5t dates ( our be/ pipp9s & k]nel fruits--all ( !m diff]+ f ^? ( our =efa!rs1 :i* !y resemble 9 "n only4 ,9 mo/ cases ?+s rema9 :ile names *ange2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! names t h be5 con/ant :ile ! ?+s h v>i$4#aca 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,x is n t e "o ( ^! good v>ieties did n arise f ! same wild /ock2 b h[ _m attempts has n man made on ,nature be=e he succe$$ 9 gett+ !m4 ,h[ _m millions ( g]ms has he n committ$ to ! e>?1 be=e %e has rew>d$ him by produc+ !m8 ,x 0 only by s[+1 t5d+1 & br++ to maturity an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( plants ( ! same k9d t he 0 able to recognize "s individuals ) fruits sweet] & bett] ?an o!rs2 & ?is fir/ discov]y1 :i* itself involves s mu* c>e1 w\ld h rema9$ = ev] fruitless if he _h n made a second1 :i* requir$ z mu* g5ius z ! fir/ requir$ pati5ce--,i mean ! art ( graft+ ^? preci\s individuals1 :i*1 un=tunately1 _c cont9ue a l9e z noble z _! own1 nor !mselves propagate _! r>e & admirable qualities8 ,& ?is alone proves t ^! qualities are purely individual1 & n specific1 = ! pips or /ones ( ^! excell5t fruits br+ =? ! orig9al wild /ock1 s t !y d n =m species ess5tially diff]5t f ?is4 ,man1 h[ev]1 by means ( graft+1 produces :at may be call$ second>y species1 :i* he c propagate at w2 = ! bud or small bran* :i* he engrafts ^u ! /ock conta9s )9 itself ! individual quality :i* _c be transmitt$ by se$1 b :i* ne$s only to be develop$ 9 ord] to br+ =? ! same fruits z ! individual f :i* x 0 tak5 9 ord] to be graft$ on to ! wild /ock4 ,! wild /ock imp>ts none ( its bad qualities to ! bud1 = x did n contribute to ! =m+ !re(1 be+1 z x 71 a wet nurse1 & no true "m4 ,9 ! case ( animals1 ! great] numb] ( ^? features :i* appe> individual1 d n fail to be transmitt$ to (fspr+1 9 ! same way z specific *>act]s4 ,x 0 easi] !n = man to produce an effect ^u ! natures ( animals ?an ( plants4 ,! diff]5t bre$s 9 ea* animal species are v>iations t h become con/ant & h]$it>y1 :ile vegetable species on ! o!r h& pres5t no v>iations t c be dep5d$ on to be transmitt$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! species ( ! f[l & ! pigeon alone1 a l>ge numb] ( bre$s h be5 =m$ q rec5tly1 :i* are all con/ant1 & 9 o!r species we daily improve bre$s by cross+ !m4 ,f "t to "t we acclimatize & dome/icate "s =eign & wild species4 ,all ^! examples ( mod]n times prove t man has b t>dily discov]$ ! ext5t ( 8 own p[]1 & t he is n ev5 yet suffici5tly aw>e ( x4 ,x dep5ds entirely ^u ! ex]cise ( 8 intellig5ce2 ! m1 !re=e1 he obs]ves & cultivates nature ! m means he w f9d ( mak+ h] subs]vi5t to him1 & ( draw+ new ri*es f h] bosom )\t dim9i%+ ! treasures ( h] inexhau/ible fecundity4#acb ,birds4 ,9 ! preface to 8 volumes ^u birds1 ,buffon says t ^! are n only mu* m num]\s ?an quadrup$s1 b t !y also exhibit a f> l>g] numb] ( v>ieties1 & individual v>iations4 ,! div]sities1 he decl>es1 :i* arise f ! effects ( climate & food1 ( dome/ication1 captivity1 transportation1 volunt>y & compulsory migration--all ! causes 9 fact ( alt]ation & deg5]ation--unite to ?r[ difficulties 9 ! way ( ! orni?ologi/4#acc ,he po9ts out ! inf9itely ke5] vision ( birds ?an t ( man & quadrup$s1 & connects x ) _! habits & requirem5ts4#acd ,he does n appe> to consid] x z caus$ by ^? requirem5ts1 ?\gh x is q conceivable t he saw ?is1 b ?\ght he _h already said en\gh4 ,he repeat$ly ref]s to ! effects ( *ang$ climate & ( dome/ication1 b ,i f9d no?+ 9 ! fir/ volume :i* modifies ! position already tak5 by him 9 reg>d to desc5t ) modification3 x is ne$less1 !re=e1 to repeat ! few passages :i* are to be f\nd be>+ at all ^u ! subject4 ,! *apt] on ! birds t _c fly1 conta9s a s5t5ce :i* seems to be ! g]m t has be5 develop$1 9 ! h&s ( ,lam>ck1 into ! comp>ison betwe5 nature & a tree4 ,buffon says t ! *a9 ( nature is n a s+le long *a91 b is comp>able r to some?+ wov51 :i* at c]ta9 int]vals ?r[s out a bran* sideways t unites x ) ! /r&s ( "s o!r weft4#ace ,on ! foll[+ page !re is a passage :i* has be5 quot$ z an example ( ,buffon's contempt = ! m5 ( sci5ce ( 8 "t4 ,! writ] ma9ta9s t ! mo/ lucid arrangem5t ( birds1 w\ld h be5 to beg9 ) ^? :i* mo/ resembl$ quadrup$s4 ,! o/ri*1 :i* approa*es ! camel 9 ! %ape ( its legs1 & ! porcup9e 9 ! quills ) :i* its w+s are arm$1 %\ld h imm$iately foll[$ ! quadrup$s1 b philosophy is (t5 oblig$ to make a %[ ( yield+ to popul> op9ions1 & ! tribe ( naturali/s is bo? num]\s & impati5t ( any di/urbance ( its me?ods4 ,x w\ld only1 !n1 h reg>d$ ?is arrangem5t z an unreasonable innovation caus$ by a desire to contradict & to be s+ul>4#acf ,x is1 ,i believe1 held n only by le peuple des naturali/es1 b by mo/ s5sible p]sons1 t ! propos$ arrangem5t w\ld n h be5 an improvem5t4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 9 ! preface to ! ?ird volume on birds t ,m4 ,gu5eau de ,montbeill>d describ$ all ! birds f ! o/ri* to ! quail1 s ! =ego+ passage is p]haps 8 & n ,buffon's4 ,if s1 ! imitation is fair1 b :5 we reflect ^u x we feel unc]ta9 :e!r x is or is n b5ea? ,buffon's dignity4 ,"h1 z (t5 ) pictures & music1 we _c criticise ju/ly )\t tak+ m into consid]ation ?an is actually be=e u4 ,we feel almo/ incl9$ to say t if ! passage is by ,buffon x is probably "r1 & if by ,m4 ,gu5eau de ,montbeill>d1 probably wrong4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t1 z we le>n f ! preface already ref]r$ to1 ,buffon 0 seiz$ at ?is po9t 9 8 "w ) a long & pa9ful illness1 :i* cont9u$ = two ye>s2 a s+le ha/y passage 9 s great a writ] may well be p>don$ "u su* circum/ances4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! ?ird & rema9+ volumes on birds1 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 by ,gu5eau de ,montbeill>d1 & be>+ 9 m9d t 9 po9t ( date !y are syn*ron\s ) "s ( ^? ^u quadrup$s f :i* ,i h already extract$ z mu* z my space w all[1 & n see+ any?+ on a rapid survey :i* promises to ?r[ new light ^u ! au?or's op9ions1 ,i =be> to quote fur!r4 ,i !re=e leave ,buffon ) ! hope t ,i h se5 him m ju/ly ?an "s o!rs h done1 b ) ! c]ta9ty t ! po9ts ,i h caught & und]/ood are few 9 comp>ison ) ^? t ,i h miss$4 ,,footnotes3 #fe ',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 i4 p4 #ac1 #agdi4 #ff ,ibid4 #fg ,ibid4 p4 #af4 #fh ,tom4 i4 p4 #ba4 #fi ,ibid4 p4 #bc4 #gj ,tom4 ii4 p4 #i1 #agdi4 #ga ,ibid4 p4 #aj4 #gb ,tom4 iv4 p4 #ca1 #agec4 #gc ,tom4 iv4 p4 #ee4 #gd ,tom4 iv4 p4 #ih1 #agec4 #ge ,ibid4 #gf ,tom4 viii4 p4 #bhc1 c41 #agfj4 #gg ,tom4 iv4 p4 #ajb1 #agfj4 #gh ,tom4 iv4 p4 #ajc1 #agec4 #gi ,dr4 ,d>w91 ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #ahc1 #agif4 #hj ,ibid4 p4 #ahd4 #ha ,dr4 ,d>w91',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #ahf4 #hb ,tom4 v4 p4 #fc1 #agee4 #hc ,ibid4 p4 #fd4 #hd ,tom4 v4 p4 #ajc1 #agee4 #he ,tom4 v4 p4 #ajd1 #agee4 #hf ,tom4 v4 pp4 #aib-aie1 #agee4 #hg ,tom4 v4 p4 #aie4 #hh ,tom4 v4 pp4 #aif1 #aig4 #hi ,?is passage w\ld seem to be ! "o :i* has sugge/$ ! foll[+ to ! au?or ( ',! ,ve/iges ( ,creation'3-- ,he ! ,deity has end[$ ! families :i* enjoy ,8 b\nty ) an almo/ inf9ite fecundity1 444 b ! limitation ( ! results ( ?is fecundity 444 is accompli%$ 9 a befitt+ mann] by ,8 orda9+ t c]ta9 o!r animals %all h end[m5ts sure s to act z to br+ ! re/ ( animat$ be+s to a prop] balance 7p4 #cag1 ed4 #ahec74 #ij ,tom4 vi4 p4 #beb1 #agef4 #ia ',disc\rs sur la ,nature des ,animaux1' vol4 iv4 & p4 #aac ( ?is vol4 #ib ,tom4 vii4 p4 #i1 #ageh4 #ic ,tom4 vii4 p4 #aj1 #ageh4 #id ,tom4 vii4 p4 #ab1 #ageh4 #ie ,tom4 vii4 p4 #ad1 #ageh #if ,tom4 vii4 p4 #ae1 #ageh4 #ig ,tom4 vii4 p4 #ai1 #ageh4 #ih ,tom4 vii4 p4 #bc1 #ageh4 ,see ,/5on's ,disc\rse ^u ?is subject4 #ii ,tom4 ix4 p4 #aj1 #agfa4 #ajj ,tom4 ix4 p4 #aa1 #agfa4 #aja ,tom4 ix4 p4 #fh1 #agfa4 #ajb ,ibid4 p4 #if1 #agfa4 #ajc ,tom4 ix4 p4 #ajg & foll[+ pages 7dur+ :i* he rails at ! new _w g5]ally71 #agfa4 #ajd ,tom4 ix4 p4 #abg1 #agfa4 #aje ,tom4 xi4 p4 #bij1 #agfd 7mispr9t$ on title-page #aged74 #ajf ,ibid4 p4 #bif4 #ajg ,ibid4 p4 #cfc4 #ajh ,ibid4 p4 #cfc4 #aji ,tom4 xi4 p4 #cgj1 #agfd4 #aaj ,ibid4 xii41 preface1 iv4 #agfd4 #aaa ,tom4 xiii41 preface1 x4 #agfe4 #aab ,tom4 xiii41 preface1 iv4 #agfe4 #aac ,ibid4 xiii4 p4 #cg4 #aad ,see p4 #hj ( ?is volume4 #aae ,tom4 xiv4 p4 #cj1 #agff4 #aaf ,tom4 xiv4 p4 #ca1 #agff4 #aag ,ibid4 p4 #cb1 #agff4 #aah ,tom4 xiv4 p4 #ch1 #agff4 #aai ,ibid4 p4 #db1 #agff4 #abj ,tom4 xiv4 p4 #caf1 #agff4 #aba ,ibid4 p4 #cag4 #abb ,tom4 xiv4 p4 #cbf1 #agff4 #abc ,ibid4 p4 #cbg4 #abd ,tom4 xiv4 p4 #ccc4 #abe ,ibid4 p4 #cce1 #agff4 #abf ,see p4 #hj ( ?is volume4 #abg ,tom4 xiv4 p4 #ceh1 #agff4 #abh ,tom4 xiv4 p4 #cgd1 #agff4 #abi ',hi/4 ,nat41' ,sup4 tom4 v4 p4 #bg1 #aggh4 #acj ,sup4 tom4 v4 p4 #ahg1 #aggh4 #aca ,sup4 tom4 v4 p4 #bej1 #aggh4 #acb ,sup4 tom4 v4 p4 #bec1 #aggh4 #acc ',oiseaux1' tom4 i41 preface1 v4 #aggj4 #acd ,ibid4 pp4 #i-aa4 #ace ',oiseaux1' tom4 i4 pp4 #cid1 #cie4 #acf ,ibid4 p4 #cif1 #agga4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,dr4 ,,erasmus ,,d>w9',s ,,life4 ,proce$+ n[ to ! second ( ! ?ree f\nd]s ( ! !ory ( evolution1 ,i f9d1 f a memoir by ,dr4 ,d[son1 t ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 0 born at ,el/on1 ne> ,new>k1 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 on ! #ab? ( ,decemb]1 #agca1 be+ ! sev5? *ild & f\r? son ( ,rob]t ,d>w91 a private g5tleman1 :o _h a ta/e = lit]ature & sci5ce1 :i* he endeav\r$ to imp>t to 8 sons4 ,erasmus receiv$ 8 e>ly education at ,*e/]field ,s*ool1 & lat] on 0 ent]$ at ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he obta9$ a s*ol>%ip ( ab\t #afl4 a ye>1 & di/+ui%$ himself by 8 poetical ex]cises1 :i* he compos$ ) uncommon facility4 ,he took ! degree ( ,m4,b4 !re 9 #agee1 & aft]w>ds prep>$ himself = ! practice ( m$ic9e by att5dance on ! lectures ( ,dr4 ,hunt] 9 ,london1 & a c\rse ( /udies 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,he fir/ settl$ z a physician at ,nott+ham2 b meet+ ) no success !re1 he remov$ 9 ! autumn ( #agef1 8 tw5ty-fif? ye>1 to ,li*field1 :]e he 0 m =tunate2 = a few weeks aft] 8 arrival1 to use ! words ( ,miss ,sew>d1 'he brilliantly op5$ 8 c>e] ( fame4' ,a "y g5tleman ( family & =tune lay sick ( a dang]\s fev]4 ,a physician :o _h = _m ye>s possess$ ! confid5ce ( ,li*field & ! neighb\rhood att5d$1 b at l5g? pron\nc$ ! case hopeless1 & took 8 leave4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 0 !n call$ 91 & by 'a rev]se & entirely novel k9d ( treatm5t' ! pati5t recov]$4#acg ,( ,dr4 ,d>w9's p]sonal appe>ance ,miss ,sew>d says3-- ,he 0 some:at above ! middle size2 8 =m a?letic1 & incl9$ to corpul5ce2 8 limbs 7 too heavy = exact proportion2 ! traces ( a sev]e smallpox disfigur$ features & a c\nt5ance :i*1 :5 !y 7 n animat$ by social pleasure1 7 r saturn9e ?an sprightly2 a /oop 9 ! %\ld]s1 & ! !n pr(essional app5dage--a l>ge full-bottom$ wig--gave at t e>ly p]iod ( life an appe>ance ( ne>ly twice ! ye>s he bore4 ,florid heal? & ! e>ne/ ( good hum\r1 a funny smile on ent]+ a room & on fir/ acco/+ 8 fri5ds1 r5d]$ 9 8 y\? t ext]ior agreeable1 to :i* beauty & symmetry _h n be5 propiti\s4 ,he /amm]$ extremely1 b :atev] he said1 :e!r gravely or 9 je/1 0 always well wor? wait+ =1 ?\gh ! inevitable impression x made might n be always pleasant to individual self-love4 ,consci\s ( great native elevation above ! g5]al /&>d ( intellect1 he became e>ly 9 life sore ^u opposition1 :e!r 9 argum5t or conduct1 & always res5t$ x by s>casm ( v ke5 edge4 ,nor 0 he less impati5t ( ! sallies ( egotism & vanity1 ev5 :5 !y 7 9 s slight a degree t /rict polit5ess w\ld r tol]ate ?an ridicule !m4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 seldom fail$ to pres5t _! c>icature 9 jocose b w\nd+ irony4 ,if ^! +r$i5ts ( colloquial despotism 7 disc]nible 9 unworn exi/5ce1 !y increas$ z x advanc$1 f$ by an ev] gr[+ reputation )9 & )\t ! pale ( m$ic9e4#ach ,i imag9e t ?is portrait is some:at too h>%ly drawn4 ,dr4 ,d>w9's ta/e = ,engli% w9es is ! wor/ trait :i* ,i h be5 able to discov] 9 8 "*4 ,on ?is head ,miss ,sew>d tells u t he despis$ ! prejudice :i* deems =eign w9es m :olesome ?an ! w9es ( ! c\ntry4 ',if y mu/ dr9k w9e1' said he1 'let x be home-made4' ,x is well kn[n1 %e cont9ues1 t ,dr4 ,d>w9's influ5ce & example h sob]$ ! c\nty ( ,d]by2 t intemp]ance 9 f]m5t$ fluid ( e species is almo/ unkn[n among its g5tlem51#aci :i*1 if he limit$ !m to c[slip w9e1 is h>dly to be wond]$ at4 ,dr4 ,d[son1 quot+ ,miss ,edgewor?1 says t ,dr4 ,d>w9 attribut$ almo/ all ! diseases ( ! upp] classes to ! too great use ( f]m5t$ liquors4 ,?is op9ion he support$ 9 8 writ+s ) ! =ce ( 8 eloqu5ce & reason2 & /ill m 9 conv]sation by all ^? p[]s ( wit1 satire1 & peculi> hum\r1 :i* nev] appe>$ fully to ! public 9 8 works1 b :i* ga9$ him /rong asc5dancy 9 private society4444 ,:5 he he>d t my fa!r 0 bili\s1 he suspect$ t ?is mu/ be ! consequ5ce ( 8 hav+1 s9ce 8 resid5ce 9 ,irel&1 & 9 compliance ) ! fa%ion ( ! c\ntry1 indulg$ too freely 9 dr9k+4 ,8 lett]1 ,i rememb]1 conclud$ )1 ',f>ewell1 my de> fri5d2 ,god keep y f :isky--if ,he c4'#adj ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,d>w9 seems to h be5 a v l>ge eat]4 ,acid fruits ) sug>1 & all sorts ( creams & butt] 7 8 luxuries2 b he always ate pl5tifully ( animal food4 ,?is lib]al alim5t>y regim5 he prescrib$ to p ( e age :]e unvitiat$ appetite r5d]$ !m capable ( foll[+ x2 ev5 to infants4 ,dr4 ,d[son writes3-- ,i h m5tion$ already t he _h 9 8 c>riage a receptacle = pap] & p5cils1 ) :i* he wrote z he travell$1 & 9 "o corn] a pile ( books2 b he _h also a receptacle = a knife1 =k1 & spoon1 & 9 ! o!r corn] a hamp]1 conta9+ fruit & sweetmeats1 cream & sug>4 ,he provid$ also = 8 horses by hav+ a l>ge pail la%$ to 8 c>riage = wat]+ !m1 z well z hay & oats to be eat5 on ! road4 ,mrs4 ,s*immelp5n9ck says t :5 he came on a pr(essional visit to h] fa!r's h\se !y _h1 z 0 ! cu/om :5ev] he came1 'a lun*eon-table set out ) ho?\se fruits & ,we/ ,india sweetmeats1 clott$ cream1 /ilton *eese1 c4 ,:ile ! conv]sation w5t on1 ! di%es 9 8 vic9ity 7 rapidly empti$1 & :at1' %e adds1 '0 my a/oni%m5t :51 at ! end ( ! ?ree h\rs dur+ :i* ! meal _h la/$1 he express$ 8 joy at he>+ ! dress+ bell1 & hop$ d9n] w\ld soon be ann\nc$4' ,?is 0 n m]e gluttony2 he ?\ght an abundance1 or :at mo/ p w\ld consid] a sup]abundance ( food1 conducive to heal?4 ',eat or be eat5' is said to h be5 (t5 8 m$ical advice4 ,he _h especially a v high op9ion ( ! nutritive value ( sug>1 & said 't if ev] our improv$ *emi/ry %\ld discov] ! art ( mak+ sug> f fossil or a]ial matt] )\t ! assi/ance ( vegetation1 food = animals w\ld !n become z pl5tiful z wat]1 & mank9d might live ^u ! e>? z ?ick z blades ( grass1 ) no re/ra9t to _! numb]s b want ( room4'--,botanic ,g>d51 vol4 i4 p4 #dgj4ada ,pr(essional g5]osity1 says ,miss ,sew>d1 di/+ui%$ ,dr4 ,d>w9's practice4 ,:il/ resid5t 9 ,li*field he always *e]fully gave to ! prie/ & lay vic>s ( its ca!dral & _! families 8 advice1 b nev] took fees f any ( !m4 ,dilig5tly also did he att5d ! heal? ( ! poor 9 t city1 & aft]w>ds at ,d]by1 & suppli$ _! necessities by food1 & all sort ( *>itable assi/ance4 ,9 ea* ( ^? t[ns 8 0 ! *e]ful bo>d ( almo/ op5-h\s$ hospitality1 )\t extravagance or p>ade2 g5]osity1 wit1 & sci5ce 7 8 h\sehold gods4#adb ,( 8 fir/ m>riage ! foll[+ acc\nt is giv53-- ,9 #ageg he m>ri$ ,miss ,h[>d1 ( ! ,close ( ,li*field1 a bloom+ & lovely "y lady ( eighte54444 ,mrs4 ,d>w9's own m9d1 by nature s well end[$1 /r5g!n$ & exp&$ 9 ! fri5d%ip1 conv]sation1 & confid5ce ( s belov$ a preceptor4 ,b alas6 ^u h] too e>ly y\?1 & too delicate con/itution1 ! frequ5cy ( h] mat]nal situation1 dur+ ! fir/ five ye>s ( h] m>riage1 _h probably a baneful effect4 ,! pot5t skill & assidu\s c>es ( him be=e :om disease daily vani%$ f ! frame ( o!rs1 c\ld n expel x radically f t ( h] he lov$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 kept at bay dur+ ?irte5 ye>s4 ,^u ! di/+ui%$ happ9ess ( ^? ye>s %e spoke ) f]v\r to two intimate female fri5ds 9 ! la/ week ( h] exi/5ce1 :i* clos$ at ! latt] end ( ! summ] #aggj4 ',d n weep = my imp5d+ fate1' said ! dy+ angel ) a smile ( unaffect$ *e]fulness4 ',9 ! %ort t]m ( my life a great deal ( happ9ess has be5 compris$4 ,! maladies ( my frame 7 peculi>2 ^? ( my head & /oma* :i* no m$ic9e c\ld eradicate1 7 spasmodic & viol5t2 & requir$ /rong] measures to r5d] !m supportable :ile !y la/$ ?an my con/itution c\ld su/a9 )\t injury4 ,! p]iods ( exemption f ^? pa9s 7 frequ5tly ( sev]al days' duration1 & 9 my int]missions ,i felt no indications ( malady4 ,pa9 taught me ! value ( ease1 & ,i enjoy$ x ) a gl[ ( _s1 seldom1 p]haps1 felt by ! habitually heal?y4 ,:ile ,dr4 ,d>w9 combat$ & assuag$ my disease f "t to "t1 8 indulg5ce to all my wi%es1 8 active desire to see me amus$ & happy1 prov$ incessant4 ,8 h\se1 z y "k1 has ev] be5 ! resort ( p ( sci5ce & m]it4 ,if1 f my husb&'s great & ext5sive practice1 ,i _h mu* less ( 8 society ?an ,i wi%$1 yet ! conv]sation ( 8 fri5ds1 & ( my own1 0 ev] ready to enliv5 ! h\rs ( 8 abs5ce4 ,z occasional malady made me d\bly enjoy heal?1 s did ^? frequ5t abs5ces give a ze/ ev5 to delight1 :5 ,i c\ld be indulg$ ) 8 company4 ,my ?ree boys h ev] be5 docile & affectionate4 ,*ildr5 z !y are1 ,i c\ld tru/ !m ) important secrets1 s sacr$ d !y hold e promise !y make4 ,!y scorn deceit & falsehood ( e k9d1 & h less selfi%ness ?an g5]ally belongs to *ildhood4 ,m>ri$ to any o!r man1 ,i d n suppose ,i c\ld h liv$ a ?ird "p ( ! ye>s :i* ,i h pass$ ) ,dr4 ,d>w92 he has prolong$ my days1 & he has bless$ !m4' ,?us di$ ?is sup]ior woman1 9 ! bloom ( life1 s9c]ely regrett$ by all :o knew h[ to value h] excell5ce1 & passionately regrett$ by ! select$ few :om %e hon\r$ ) h] p]sonal & confid5tial fri5d%ip4#adc ,i f9d ,miss ,sew>d's pages s fasc9at+1 t ,i am 9 dang] ( foll[+ h] ev5 9 ^? p>ts ( h] "w :i* h no be>+ on ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 pass ov] h] acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,edgewor? & ( 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,day1 ! au?or ( ',s&=d & ,m]ton1' :i*1 by wise p>5ts1 is put into e y\?ful h&1 b ! description ( ,mr4 ,day's portrait _c be omitt$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #aggj1 ,mr4 ,day /ood = a full-l5g? picture to ,mr4 ,wright1 ( ,d]by4 ,a /rong lik5ess & a dignifi$ portrait 7 ! result4 ,drawn 9 ! op5 air1 ! surr\nd+ sky is tempe/u\s1 lurid1 d>k4 ,he /&s lean+ 8 left arm aga9/ a column inscrib$ to ,hambd5 7sic74 ,mr4 ,day looks upw>ds1 z en?usia/ically m$itat+ on ! cont5ts ( a book held 9 8 dropp$ "r h&4 ,! op5 leaf is ! oration ( t virtu\s patriot 9 ! s5ate1 aga9/ ! grant ( %ip money1 dem&$ by ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ,a fla% ( lightn+ plays 9 ,mr4 ,day's hair1 & illum9ates ! cont5ts ( ! volume4 ,! poetic fancy & :at 7 !n ! politics ( ! orig9al1 appe> 9 ! *oice ( subject & attitude4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 sat to ,mr4 ,wright ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,t 0 a simply contemplative portrait1 ( ! mo/ p]fect resemblance4#add 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,9 ! ye> #agfh1 ,dr4 ,d>w9 met ) an accid5t ( irretrievable injury to ! human frame4 ,8 prop5sity to me*anics _h un=tunately l$ him to con/ruct a v s+ul> c>riage4 ,x 0 a plat=m ) a seat fix$ ^u a v high pair ( :eels1 & support$ 9 ! front ^u ! back ( ! horse1 by means ( a k9d ( proboscis :i*1 =m+ an ar*1 rea*$ ov] ! h9d-qu>t]s ( ! horse1 & pass$ ?r\gh a r+1 plac$ on an upright piece ( iron1 :i* work$ 9 a socket fix$ 9 ! saddle4 ,! horse c\ld ?us move f "o side ( ! road to ! o!r1 qu>t]+1 z x is call$1 at ! w ( ! driv]1 ^: con/ant att5tion 0 necess>ily employ$ to regulate a piece ( ma*9]y contriv$1 b n well contriv$1 = t purpose4 ,i _c help ! read] to und]/& ! =ego+ description4 ,f ?is :imsical c>riage1 h[ev]1 ! doctor 0 sev]al times ?r[n1 & ! la/ "t he us$ x _h ! mis=tune1 f a simil> accid5t1 to break ! patella ( 8 "r knee1 :i* caus$1 z x mu/ always cause1 an incurable weakness 9 ! fractur$ "p1 & a lam5ess n v disc]nible1 inde$1 :5 walk+ on ev5 gr\nd4#ade ,miss ,sew>d pres5tly tells a /ory :i* reads z ?\gh x might h be5 told by ,plut>* ( "s ,greek or ,roman sage4 ,mu* z we mu/ approve ( ,dr4 ,d>w9's habitual sobriety1 we %all mo/ ( u be agre$ t a few m su* /ories w\ld h be5 *eaply pur*as$ by a correspond+ numb] ( lapses on ! doctor's "p4 ,miss ,sew>d writes3-- ,s9ce ^! memoirs comm5c$1 an odd anecdote ( ,dr4 ,d>w9's e>ly resid5ce at ,li*field1 0 n>rat$ to a fri5d ( ! au?or by a g5tleman1 :o 0 ( ! p>ty 9 :i* x happ5$4 ,mr4 ,sneyd1 !n ( ,bi%ton1 & a few m g5tlem5 ( ,/af=d%ire1 prevail$ ^u ! doctor to jo9 !m 9 an exp$ition by wat] f ,burton to ,nott+ham1 & on to ,new>k4 ,!y _h cold provisions on bo>d1 & pl5ty ( w9e4 ,x 0 midsumm]2 ! day ard5t & sultry4 ,! noon-tide meal _h be5 made1 & ! glass _h gone gaily r\nd4 ,x 0 "o ( ^? few in/ances 9 :i* ! m$ical vot>y ( ! ,naiads transgress$ 8 g5]al & /rict sobriety1 9 :i*1 9 fact1 he may be said to h--rememb]$ himself4 ,if n absolutely intoxicat$1 8 spirits 7 9 a high /ate ( v9\s exhil>ation4 ,on ! boat approa*+ ,nott+ham1 )9 ! di/ance ( a few fields1 he surpris$ 8 companions by /epp+1 )\t any previ\s notice1 f ! boat into ! middle ( ! riv]1 & swimm+ to %ore4 ,!y saw him get ^u ! bank1 & walk coolly ov] ! mead[s t[>ds ! t[n3 !y call$ to him 9 va91 b he did n once turn 8 head4 ,anxi\s le/ he %\ld take a dang]\s cold by rema9+ 9 8 wet clo!s1 & unc]ta9 :e!r or n he int5d$ to des]t ! p>ty1 !y r[$ in/antly to ! t[n at :i* !y _h n design$ to h t\*$1 & w5t 9 se>* ( _! riv]-god4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! m>ket-place !y saw him /&+ ^u a tub1 encircl$ by a cr[d ( p1 & resi/+ ! entreaties ( an apo!c>y ( ! place1 "o ( 8 old acqua9tances1 :o 0 importun+ him to 8 h\se1 & to accept o!r raim5ts till 8 own c\ld be dri$4 ,! p>ty on press+ ?r\gh ! cr[d 7 surpris$ to he> him speak+ )\t any degree ( 8 usual /amm]3--',h ,i n told y1 my fri5d1 t ,i _h drank a consid]able quantity ( w9e be=e ,i committ$ myself to ! riv]4 ,y "k my g5]al sobriety1 & z a pr(essional man y ought to "k t ! unusual exi/5ce ( int]nal /imulus w\ld1 9 its effects ^u ! sy/em1 c\nt]act ! ext]nal cold & moi/ure4' ,!n p]ceiv+ 8 companions ne> him1 he nodd$1 smil$1 & waiv$ 8 h&1 z enjo9+ !m sil5ce1 ?us1 )\t hesitation1 address+ ! populace3-- ',ye m5 ( ,nott+ham1 li/5 to me4 ,y are +5i\s & indu/ri\s me*anics4 ,by y\r indu/ry life's com=ts are procur$ = y\rselves & families4 ,if y lose y\r heal? ! p[] ( be+ indu/ri\s w =sake y4 ,t y "k1 b y may n "k t to brea! fre% & *ang$ air con/antly1 is n less necess>y to pres]ve heal? ?an sobriety itself4 ,air becomes un:olesome 9 a few h\rs if ! w9d[s are %ut4 ,op5 ^? ( y\r sleep+ rooms :5ev] y quit !m to g to y\r work%ops4 ,keep ! w9d[s ( y\r work%ops op5 :5ev] ! wea!r is n insupportably cold4 ,i h no int]e/ 9 giv+ y ?is advice2 rememb] :at ,i1 y\r c\ntryman & a physician1 tell y4 ,if y w\ld n br+ infection & disease ^u y\rselves1 & to y\r wives & little ones1 *ange ! air y brea!1 *ange x _m times a day1 by op5+ y\r w9d[s4' ,s say+1 he /epp$ d[n f ! tub1 &1 return+ ) 8 p>ty to _! boat1 !y pursu$ _! voyage4#adf ,c\ld any mission>y be m p]fectly sob] & s5sible1 or m alive to ! immorality ( try+ to effect too sudd5 a modification 9 ! organisms he 0 endeav\r+ to influ5ce8 ,if ! m5 ( ,nott+ham want a /atue 9 _! m>ket-place1 ,i w\ld respectfully sugge/ t a subject is "h af=d$ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,johnson 0 sev]al times at ,li*field on visits to ,mrs4 ,lucy ,port]1 8 daught]-9-law1 :ile ,dr4 ,d>w9 0 "o ( ! inhabitants4 ,!y _h "o or two int]views1 b nev] aft]w>ds s\ght ea* o!r4 ,mutual & /rong dislike subsi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,x is curi\s t 9 ,johnson's v>i\s lett]s to ,mrs4 ,?rale1 n[ ,mrs4 ,piozzi1 publi%$ by t lady aft] 8 dea?1 _m ( !m dat$ f ,li*field1 ! "n ( ,d>w9 _c be f\nd1 nor1 inde$1 t ( any ( ! +5i\s & lett]$ p :o liv$ !re2 :ile ( its m]e common-life *>act]s !re is frequ5t m5tion1 ) _m h9ts ( ,li*field's intellectual b>r5ness1 :ile x c\ld boa/ a ,d>w9 & o!r m5 ( classical le>n+1 poetic tal5ts1 & lib]al in=mation4#adg ,"h !re foll[s a pleasant sket* ( ! pr9cipal ,li*field notabilities1 :i* ,i am compell$ to omit4 ,^! 7 ! m51 exclaims ,miss ,sew>d1 ^: intellectual exi/5ce pass$ unnotic$ by ,dr4 ,johnson 9 8 depreciat+ e/imate ( ,li*field tal5ts4 ,b ,johnson lik$ only wor%ipp]s4 ,ar*deacon ,vyse1 ,mr4 ,sew>d1 & ,mr4 ,rob9son paid all ! respect & att5tion to ,dr4 ,johnson1 on ^! 8 visits to _! t[n1 due to 8 great abilities1 8 high reputation1 & to :atev] 0 e/imable 9 8 mix$ "*2 b !y 7 n 9 ! h]d t 'pag$ 8 heels1' & sunk 9 s]vile sil5ce "u ! =ce ( 8 dogmas1 :5 _! he>ts & _! judgm5ts bore contr>y te/imony4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 x 0 an ardu\s haz>d to ! feel+s ( ! company to oppose 9 ! slighte/ degree ,dr4 ,johnson's op9ions4 ,8 /5tor lungs2 t comb9ation ( wit1 hum\r1 & eloqu5ce1 :i* 'c\ld make ! worse appe> ! bett] reason1' t s>ca/ic contempt ( 8 antagoni/1 nev] suppress$ or ev5 s(t5$ by ! due re/ra9ts ( good bre$+1 7 suffici5t to close ! lips 9 8 pres5ce1 ( m5 :o c\ld h met him 9 fair argum5t1 on any gr\nd1 lit]>y or political1 moral or *>act]i/ic4 ,:]e ,dr4 ,johnson 01 ,dr4 ,d>w9 _h no *ance ( be+ he>d1 ?\gh at lea/ 8 equal 9 g5ius1 8 sup]ior 9 sci5ce2 nor1 inde$1 f 8 imp$$ utt]ance1 9 ! company ( any ov]be>+ declaim]2 & he 0 too intellectually great to be an humble li/5] to ,johnson4 ,!re=e he %unn$ him on hav+ exp]i5c$ :at mann] ( man he 04 ,! surly dictator felt ! mortification1 & rev5g$ x by affect+ to av[ 8 disda9 ( p[]s too di/+ui%$ to be objects ( g5u9e scorn4 ,dr4 ,d>w91 9 8 turn1 0 n mu* m j to ,dr4 ,johnson's g5ius4 ,he uni=mly spoke ( him 9 t]ms :i*1 _h !y be5 des]v$1 w\ld h ju/ifi$ ,*ur*ill's 'immane ,pomposo' z an appellation ( scorn2 s9ce if 8 p]son 0 huge1 & 8 mann]s pomp\s & viol5t1 s 7 8 tal5ts va/ & p[]ful1 9 a degree f :i* only prejudice & res5tm5t c\ld )hold respect4 ,?\gh ,dr4 ,d>w9's hesitation 9 speak+ preclud$ 8 fl[ ( colloquial eloqu5ce1 x did n imp$e1 or at all less51 ! =ce ( t concis] quality1 wit4 ,( satiric wit he possess$ a v peculi> species4 ,x 0 nei!r ! dead-do+ broadside ( ,dr4 ,johnson's satire1 nor ! aurora borealis ( ,gray 444 ^: ar* yet coy & quiet fa/idi\sness ( ta/e & feel+1 z record$ by ,mason1 glanc$ bright & cold ?r\gh 8 conv]sation1 :ile x seem$ difficult to def9e its nature2 & :ile its effects 7 r p]ceiv$ ?an felt1 excit+ surprise m ?an mir?1 & nev] awak5+ ! pa9$ s5se ( be+ ! object ( its ridicule4 ,t unique 9 humor\s v]se1 ! ,long ,/ory1 is a complete & beautiful specim5 ( ,gray's s+ul> ve94 ,d>w9ian wit is n m easy to be def9$2 in/ances w be/ convey an idea ( its "* to ^? :o nev] conv]s$ ) its possessor4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 0 conv]s+ ) a bro!r botani/ conc]n+ ! plant kalmia1 !n a j import$ /rang] 9 our gre5h\ses & g>d5s4 ,a lady :o 0 pres5t1 conclud+ he _h se5 x1 :i* 9 fact he _h n1 ask$ ! doctor :at 7 ! col\rs ( ! plant4 ,he repli$1 ',madam1 ! kalmia has precisely ! col\rs ( a s]aph's w+4' ,s fancifully did he express 8 want ( consci\sness conc]n+ ! appe>ance ( a fl[]1 ^: "n & r>5ess 7 all he knew ( ! matt]4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 _h a l>ge company at tea4 ,8 s]vant ann\nc$ a /rang]1 lady & g5tleman4 ,! female 0 a conspicu\s figure1 ruddy1 corpul5t1 & tall4 ,%e held by ! arm a little1 meek-look+1 pale1 effem9ate man1 :o1 f 8 close adh]5ce to ! side ( ! lady1 seem$ to consid] himself z "u h] protection4 ',dr4 ,d>w91 ,i seek y n z a physician1 b z a ,belle ,esprit4 ,i make ?is husb& ( m9e1' & %e look$ d[n ) a side glance ^u ! animal1 'treat me e summ] ) a t\r ?r\gh "o ( ! ,briti% c\nties1 to explore :atev] x conta9s wor? ! att5tion ( +5i\s p4 ,on arriv+ at ! sev]al inns 9 our r\te ,i always se>* out ! man ( ! vic9ity mo/ di/+ui%$ = 8 g5ius & ta/e1 & introduce myself1 t he may direct z ! objects ( our exam9ation1 :atev] is curi\s 9 nature1 art1 or sci5ce4 ,li*field w be our headqu>t]s dur+ sev]al days4 ,come1 doctor1 :i!r mu/ we g2 :at mu/ we inve/igate to-morr[1 & ! next day1 & ! next8 ,"h are my tablets & p5cil4' ',y arrive1 madam1 at a =tunate juncture4 ,to-morr[ y w h an opportunity ( survey+ an annual exhibition p]fectly wor?y y\r att5tion4 ,to-morr[1 madam1 y w g to ,tutbury bull-runn+4' ,! satiric laugh ) :i* he /amm]$ out ! la/ ^w m ke5ly po9t$ ?is sly1 yet broad rebuke to ! vanity & arrogance ( h] spee*4 ,%e _h be5 up among/ ! b\ghs1 & little expect$ !y w\ld break "u h] s sudd5ly1 & ) s little m]cy4 ,h] l>ge features swell$1 & h] eyes fla%$ ) ang]--',i 0 recomm5d$ to a man ( g5ius1 & ,i f9d him insol5t & ill-br$4' ,!n1 ga!r+ up h] meek & al>m$ husb&1 :om %e _h loos$ :5 %e fir/ spoke1 "u ! %ad[ ( h] broad arm & %\ld]1 %e /rutt$ out ( ! room4 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ?is curi\s c\ple1 8 gue/s told _! ho/ he _h be5 v unm]ciful4 ',i *ose1' repli$ he1 'to av5ge ! cause ( ! little man1 ^: no?+ness 0 s o/5tati\sly display$ by 8 lady-wife4 ,h] vanity has _h a sm>t emetic4 ,if x abates ! symptoms1 %e w h reason to ?ank h] physician :o adm9i/]$ )\t hope ( a fee4'#adh ,9 ! spr+ ( #aggh ! *ildr5 ( ,colonel & ,mrs4 ,pole ( ,radburn1 9 ,d]by%ire1 _h be5 injur$ by a dang]\s quantity ( ! cicuta1 injudici\sly adm9i/]$ to !m 9 ! hoop+-c\gh by a physician ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,mrs4 ,pole br\ght !m to ! h\se ( ,dr4 ,d>w9 9 ,li*field1 rema9+ ) !m !re a few weeks1 till by 8 art ! poison 0 expell$ f _! con/itutions & _! heal? re/or$4 ,mrs4 ,pole 0 !n 9 ! full bloom ( h] y\? & beauty4 ,agreeable features2 ! gl[ ( heal?2 a f9e =m1 tall & graceful2 playful sprightl9ess ( mann]2 a b5evol5t he>t1 & mat]nal affection1 9 all its unwe>i$ c>es & t\*+ t5d]ness1 contribut$ to inspire ,dr4 ,d>w9's admiration1 & to secure 8 e/eem4#adi ,9 ! autumn ( ?is ye> 7#aggh7 ,mrs4 ,pole ( ,radburn 0 tak5 ill2 h] disord] a viol5t fev]4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 0 call$ 91 & nev] p]haps s9ce ! dea? ( ,mrs4 ,d>w91 prescrib$ ) su* deep anxiety4 ,n be+ reque/$ to cont9ue 9 ! h\se dur+ ! ensu+ night1 :i* he appreh5d$ might prove critical1 he pass$ ! rema9+ h\rs till day-dawn b5ea? a tree opposite h] ap>tm5t1 wat*+ ! pass+ & repass+ lights 9 ! *amb]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* a life s passionately valu$ 0 9 dang]1 he p>aphras$ ,petr>*'s celebrat$ sonnet1 n>rat+ a dream ^: prophecy 0 accompli%$ by ! dea? ( ,laura4 ,x took place ! night on :i* ! vision arose amid 8 slumb]4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 ext5d$ ! ?\ght ( t sonnet into ! foll[+ elegy3-- ,dread dream1 t1 hov]+ 9 ! midnight air1 ,clasp'd ) ?y dusky w+ my a*+ head1 ,:ile to imag9ation's />tl$ e> ,toll'd ! sl[ bell1 = bright ,eliza dead4 ,/ret*$ on h] sable bi]1 ! grave beside1 ,a sn[-:ite %r\d h] brea?less bosom b\nd1 ,o'er h] wan br[ ! mimic lace 0 ti$1 ,& loves & virtues hung _! g>l&s r\nd4 ,f ^? cold lips did s(te/ acc5ts fl[8 ,r\nd t pale m\? did sweete/ dimples play8 ,on ?is dull *eek ! rose ( beauty bl[1 ,& ^? dim eyes diffuse cele/ial day8 ,did ?is cold h&1 unask+ ,want relieve1 ,or wake ! lyre to e raptur\s s\nd8 ,h[ sad = o!r's woe ?is brea/ w\ld heave6 ,h[ light ?is he>t = o!r's transport b\nd6 ,beats n ! bell aga98--,heav5s1 d ,i wake8 ,:y heave my sighs1 :y gu% my te>s anew8 ,unreal =ms my trembl+ d\bts mi/ake1 ,& frantic sorr[ fe>s ! vision true4 ,dreams to ,eliza b5d ?y airy flight1 ,g1 tell my *>m] all my t5d] fe>s1 ,h[ love's fond woes al>m ! sil5t night1 ,& /eep my pill[ 9 unpiti$ te>s4 ,unwill+ z ,i am to ext5d ?is memoir1 ,i mu/ give ,miss ,sew>d's criticism on ! =ego+4 ,! second v]se ( ?is *>m+ elegy af=ds an in/ance ( ,dr4 ,d>w9's too exclusive devotion to di/9ct picture 9 poetry2 t x sometimes betray$ him into br++ objects s precisely to ! eye z to lose 9 su* precision _! p[] ( /rik+ =cibly on ! he>t4 ,! pa?os 9 ! second v]se is mu* injur$ by ! words 'mimic lace1' :i* allude to ! p]=at$ bord]s on ! %r\d4 ,! expression is too m9ute = ! solemnity ( ! subject4 ,c]ta9ly x _c be natural = a %ock$ & agitat$ m9d to obs]ve1 or to describe ) su* petty accuracy4 ,besides1 ! allusion is n suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! read] pauses to consid] :at ! poet means by 'mimic lace4' ,su* pauses dead5 s5sation & break ! c\rse ( att5tion4 ,a fri5d ( ! doctor's plead$ greatly t ! l9e might run ?us3-- ,on h] wan br[ ! %ad[y crape 0 ti$2 b ! alt]ation 0 reject$4 ,inatt5tion to ! rules ( gramm> 9 ! fir/ v]se 0 also po9t$ out to him at ! same "t4 ,! dream is address$3 ,dread dream1 t clasp$ my a*+ head1 b no?+ is said to x1 & !re=e ! s5se is left unf9i%$1 :ile ! elegy proce$s to give a picture ( ! lifeless beauty4 ,! same fri5d sugge/$ a *ange :i* w\ld h rem$i$ ! defect4 ,?us3-- ,dread 0 ! dream t 9 ! midnight air ,clasp$ ) its dusky w+ my a*+ head1 ,:ile to c41 c4 ,h5ce n only ! grammatic error w\ld h be5 done away1 b ! grat+ s\nd produc$ by ! ne> allit]ation ( ! h>% dr 9 'dread dream' remov$1 by plac+ ^? words at a great] di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,?is alt]ation 01 = ! same reason1 reject$4 ,! doctor w\ld n sp>e ! ^w hov]+1 :i* he said /r5g!n$ ! picture2 b surely ! image ought n to be elaborately precise1 by :i* a dream is trans=m$ into an animal ) black w+s4#aej ,!n ,mrs4 ,pole got well1 & ! doctor wrote m v]ses & ,miss ,sew>d m criticism4 ,x 0 n = no?+ t ,dr4 ,johnson came d[n to ,li*field4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 #aghj ,colonel ,pole di$1 & 8 wid[1 /ill "y1 h&some1 witty1 &--= ^? days--ri*1 0 9 no want ( suitors4 ,colonel ,pole1 says ,miss ,sew>d1 _h numb]$ twice ! ye>s ( 8 fair wife4 ,8 temp] 0 said to h be5 peevi% & suspici\s2 yet n b5ea? ^? circum/ances _h h] k9d & *e]ful att5tions to him gr[n cold or remiss4 ,he left h] a jo9ture ( #fjjl4 p] annum1 a son to inh]it 8 e/ate1 & two female *ildr5 amply portion$4 ,mrs4 ,pole1 x has already be5 rem>k$1 _h mu* vivacity & sportive hum\r1 ) v engag+ frankness ( temp] & mann]s4 ,e>ly 9 h] wid[hood %e 0 ralli$ 9 a l>ge company ^u ,dr4 ,d>w9's passion = h]1 & 0 ask$ :at %e w\ld d ) h] captive philosoph]4 ',he is n v fond ( *ur*es1 ,i believe1' said %e1 '& ev5 if he w\ld g !re = my sake1 ,i %all sc>cely foll[ him4 ,he is too old = me4' ',nay1 ,madam1' 0 ! answ]1 ':at are fifte5 ye>s on ! "r side8' ,%e repli$1 ) an ar* smile1 ',i h _h s mu* ( t "r side4' ,?is confession 0 ?\ght inauspici\s = ! doctor's hopes1 b x did n prove s4 ,! triumph ( intellect 0 complete4#aea ,mrs4 ,pole _h tak5 a /rong dislike to ,li*field1 & _h made x a condition ( h] m>riage t ,dr4 ,d>w9 %\ld n reside !re aft] he _h m>ri$ h]4 ,9 #agha1 !re=e1 imm$iately aft] 8 m>riage1 he remov$ to ,d]by1 & cont9u$ to live !re till a =tnight be=e 8 dea?4 ,"h he wrote ',! ,botanic ,g>d5' & a great "p ( ! ',zoonomia4' ,^? :o wi% = a detail$ analysis ( ',! ,botanic ,g>d5' c h>dly d bett] ?an turn to ,miss ,sew>d's pages4 ,op5+ !m at r&om1 ,i f9d ! foll[+3-- ,! m5tion ( ,br9dley1 ! fa!r ( comm]cial canals1 has propriety z well z happ9ess4 ,similitude = _! c\rse to ! s9u\s track ( a s]p5t1 produces a f9e picture ( a glid+ animal ( t species1 & x is succe$$ by ^! supremely happy l9es3-- ',s ) /rong arms immortal ,br9dley leads ,8 long canals1 & p>ts ! velvet meads2 ,w9d+ 9 lucid l9es1 ! wat]y mass ,m9es ! firm rock1 or loads ! deep morass2'#aeb c4 c4 c4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! me*anism ( ! pump is next describ$ ) curi\s +5uity4 ,common z is ! ma*9e1 x is n unwor?y a place 9 ?is spl5did composition1 z be+1 aft] ! s9k+ ( wells1 ! e>lie/ ( ^? inv5tions1 :i* 9 situations ( ext]ior aridness gave ready accession to wat]4 ,?is famili> object is illu/rat$ by a picture ( ,mat]nal ,beauty adm9i/]+ su/5ance to h] infant4#aec ,"h we w leave ! poetical "p ( ! ',botanic ,g>d54' ,! notes1 h[ev]1 to :i* are /ill1 z ,dr4 ,d[son says1 in/ructive & amus+1 & conta9 matt] :i*1 at ! "t !y 7 writt51 0 = ! mo/ "p new4 ,( ! ',zoonomia' !re is no occasion to speak "h1 z a suffici5t numb] ( extracts f ^? p>ts t conc]n u z be>+ ^u evolution w be giv5 pres5tly4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,april1 #ahjb1 ,dr4 ,d>w9 _h writt5 "o page ( a v sprightly lett] to ,mr4 ,edgewor?1 describ+ ! ,priory & 8 purpos$ alt]ations !re1 :5 ! fatal signal 0 giv54 ,he rang ! bell & ord]$ ! s]vant to s5d ,mrs4 ,d>w9 to him4 ,%e came imm$iately1 ) 8 daught]1 ,miss ,emma ,d>w94 ,!y saw him %iv]+ & pale4 ,he desir$ !m to s5d to ,d]by = 8 surgeon1 ,mr4 ,hadley4 ,!y did s1 b all 0 ov] be=e he c\ld arrive4 ,x 0 report$ at ,li*field t1 p]ceiv+ himself gr[+ rapidly worse1 he said to ,mrs4 ,d>w91 ',my de>1 y mu/ ble$ me in/antly4' ',alas6 ,i d>e n1 le/--' ',emma1 w y8 ,!re is no "t to be lo/4' ',yes1 my de> fa!r1 if y w direct me4' ,at t mom5t he sank into 8 *air & expir$4#aed ,dr4 ,d[son gives ! lett] to ,mr4 ,edgewor?1 :i* is z foll[s3-- ,de> ,edgewor?1 ,i am glad to f9d t y /ill amuse y\rself ) me*anism1 9 spite ( ! tr\bles ( ,irel&4 ,! use ( turn+ aside or d[nw>ds ! claw ( a table1 ,i don't see2 z x mu/ !n be re>$ aga9/ a wall1 = x w n /& alone4 ,if ! use be = c>riage1 ! feet may %ut up1 l ! usual brass feet ( a reflect+ telescope4 ,we h all be5 n[ remov$ f ,d]by ab\t a =tnight1 to ! ,priory1 & all ( u l our *ange ( situation4 ,we h a pleasant h\se1 a good g>d51 ponds full ( fi%1 & a pleas+ valley1 some:at l ,%5/one's--deep1 umbrage\s1 & ) a talkative /ream runn+ d[n x4 ,our h\se is ne> ! top ( ! valley1 well scre5$ by hills f ! ea/ & nor?1 & op5 to ! s\?1 :]e at f\r miles di/ance we see ,d]by t[]4 ,f\r or m /rong spr+s rise ne> ! h\se1 & h =m$ ! valley :i*1 l t ( ,petr>*1 may be call$ ,val ,*iusa1 z x beg9s1 or is %ut at ! situation ( ! h\se4 ,i hope y l ! description1 & hope f>!r t y\rself & any "p ( y\r family w sometimes d u ! pleasure ( a visit4 ,pray tell ! au?oress 7,miss ,m>ia ,edgewor?7 t ! wat]-nymphs ( our valley w be happy to assi/ h] next novel4 ,my booksell]1 ,mr4 ,johnson1 w n beg9 to pr9t ! ',temple ( ,nature' till ! price ( pap] is fix$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,i suppose ! pres5t duty is paid4444 ,at ^! words ,dr4 ,d>w9's p5 /opp$4 ,:at foll[$ 0 writt5 on ! opposite side ( ! pap] by ano!r h&4 ,,footnotes3 #acg ',sket*1 c41 ( ,erasmus ,d>w91' pp4 #c1 #d4 #ach ,miss ,sew>d's ',memoirs ( ,dr4 ,d>w91' p4 #c4 #aci ,ibid4 #adj ,dr4 ,d[son's ',sket* ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91' p4 #ej4 #ada ,dr4 ,d[son's ',sket* ( ,dr4 ,d>w91' p4 #ec4 #adb ,miss ,sew>d's ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #f4 #adc ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #ad4 #add ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #ba4 #ade ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #fb4 #adf ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #fh4 #adg ,miss ,sew>d's ',memoirs1' p4 #fi4 #adh ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #hd4 #adi ,ibid41 p4 #aje4 #aej ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #abj4 #aea ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #adi4 #aeb ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #bdi4 #aec ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #bej4 #aed ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #dbf4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,philosophy ,,( ,,dr4 ,,erasmus ,,d>w94 ,consid]+ ! wide reputation enjoy$ by ,dr4 ,d>w9 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 x is surpris+ h[ completely he has be5 lo/ sight (4 ,! ',botanic ,g>d5' 0 translat$ into ,portuguese 9 #ahjc2 ! ',loves ( ! ,plants' into ,fr5* & ,italian 9 #ahjj & #ahje2 :ile1 z ,i h already said1 ! ',zoonomia' _h appe>$ "s ye>s e>li] 9 ,g]many4 ,paley's ',natural ,!ology' is writt5 ?r\gh\t at ! ',zoonomia1' ?\gh he is c>eful1 m suo1 nev] to m5tion ?is "w by "n4 ,paley's success 0 probably "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! neglect into :i* ! ,buffonian & ,d>w9ian sy/ems fell 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 is z retic5t ab\t teleology z ,buffon1 & presumably = ! same reason1 b ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( design 0 too obvi\s2 ,paley1 !re=e1 ) 8 usual ke5-sight$ness seiz$ ^u ?is weak po9t1 & _h ! battle all 8 own way1 = ,dr4 ,d>w9 di$ ! same ye> z t 9 :i* ! ',natural ,!ology' appe>$4 ,! un=tunate failure to see t evolution involves design & purpose z necess>ily & f> m intelligibly ?an ! !ological view ( creation1 has ret>d$ our p]ception ( _m important facts = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,dr4 ,d>w9's "n has be5 b little be=e ! public dur+ ! controv]sies ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 inde$1 9 ! hi/orical sket* :i* he has prefix$ to ! lat] editions ( 8 ',orig9 ( ,species1' says1 ,x is curi\s h[ l>gely my gr&fa!r1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 anticipat$ ! views & errone\s gr\nds ( op9ion ( ,lam>ck 9 8 ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ejj-eaj1 publi%$ 9 #agid4aee ,& a few l9es l[] ,mr4 ,d>w9 adds1 ,x is r a s+ul> in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* simil> views arise at ab\t ! same "t1 t ,goe! 9 ,g]many1 & ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 7z we %all imm$iately see7 9 ,france1 came to ! same conclusion on ! ',orig9 ( ,species' 9 ! ye>s #agid-agif4 ,acqua9tance ) ,buffon's "w w expla9 mu* ( ! s+ul>ity1 :ile ^? :o h any k ( ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire w be aw>e t nei!r w\ld admit ! o!r z com+ to ! same conclusion1 or ev5 ne>ly s1 z himself4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 goes beyond 8 successor1 ,lam>ck1 :ile ,eti5ne ,ge(froy does n ev5 g s f> z ,dr4 ,d>w9's pr$ecessor1 ,buffon1 _h ?\ght fit to let himself be kn[n z go+4 ,i h f\nd no o!r ref]5ce to ,dr4 ,d>w9 9 ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' except ! two j giv5 f ! same note4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ,i f9d no m5tion ( him4 ,! *ief fault to be f\nd ) ,dr4 ,d>w9's treatise on evolution is t !re is n en\gh ( x2 :at !re is1 s f> f be+ errone\s1 is admirable4 ,b s great a subject %\ld h _h a book to itself1 & n a m]e fraction ( a book4 ,if 8 oppon5ts1 n v5tur+ to dispute ) him1 pass$ ov] "o book 9 sil5ce1 he %\ld h foll[$ x up ) ano!r1 & ano!r1 & ano!r1 ye> by ye>1 z ,buffon & ,lam>ck did2 x is only ?us t m5 c expect to succe$ aga9/ ve/$ int]e/s4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 c\ld speak ) a fre$om t 0 d5i$ to ,buffon4 ,he took ,buffon at 8 ^w z well z he c\ld1 & c>ri$ out 8 pr9ciples to :at he conceiv$ to be _! logical conclusion4 ,?is 0 d\btless :at ,buffon _h desir$ & reckon$ on1 b1 z ,i h said already1 ,i "q h[ f> ,dr4 ,d>w9 und]/ood ,buffon's hum\r2 he does n pres5t any ( ! ph5om5a ( hav+ done s1 & !re=e ,i am afraid he mu/ be said to h miss$ x4 ,l ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,d>w9 _h no wi% to see f> beyond ! obvi\s2 he miss$ good ?+s sometimes1 b he ga9$ m ?an he lo/2 he knew t x is always on ! m>g91 z x 71 ( ! self-evid5t t ! greate/ pur*ase aga9/ ! ne>e/ difficulty is obta9able4 ,8 life 0 n "o ( ,h]culean ef=t1 b1 l ! lives ( all ^? organisms t are mo/ likely to develop & transmit a useful modification1 x 0 "o ( well-su/a9$ activity2 x 0 a long-cont9u$ keep+ op5 ( ! w9d[s ( 8 own m9d1 mu* aft] ! advice he gave to ! ,nott+ham weav]s4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 knew1 &1 ,i imag9e1 q in/9ctively1 t no?+ t5ds to ov]sight l ov]see+4 ,he does n tr\ble himself ab\t ! orig9 ( life2 z = ! p]ceptions & reason+ faculties ( animals & plants1 x is en\gh = him t animals & plants d ?+s :i* we say involve s5sation & consci\sness :5 we d !m ourselves or see o!rs d !m4 ,if1 !n1 plants & animals appe> z if !y felt & und]/ood1 let ! matt] re/ !re1 & let u say !y feel & und]/&--be+ guid$ by ! common use ( language1 r ?an by any !ories conc]n+ bra9 & n]v\s sy/em4 ,if any "y writ] happ5s to be 9 want ( a subject1 ,i beg to sugge/ t he may f9d 8 opportunity 9 a ',philosophy ( ! ,sup]ficial4' ,?\gh ,dr4 ,d>w9 0 m deeply impress$ ?an ,buffon ) ! on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 s t ^! latt] are n new creatures1 b elongations ( ! p>5ts1 & h5ce may reta9 "s ( ! habits ( ! p>5t sy/em1 he did n g on to inf] def9itely all t he might easily h inf]r$ f su* a pregnant premiss4 ,he did n ref] ! repetition by (fspr+1 ( actions :i* _! p>5ts h done = _m g5]ations1 b :i* !y c nev] h se5 ^? p>5ts d1 to ! memory 79 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w7 ( _! hav+ done ^? actions :5 !y 7 9 ! p]sons ( _! p>5ts2 :i* memory1 ?\gh dormant until awak5$ by ! pres5ce ( associat$ ideas1 becomes promptly k9dl$ into activity :5 a suffici5t numb] ( ^! ideas are reproduc$4 ,?is1 ,i ga!r1 is ! !ory put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,h]+1 ( ^: "w1 h[ev]1 ,i "k no m ?an is told u by ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] 9 an article :i*1 appe>$ 9 ',nature1' ,july #ac?1 #ahgf4 ,?is !ory seems to be adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 & to receive support f ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] himself4 ,kn[+ no ,g]man1 ,i h be5 unable to make myself acqua9t$ ) ,pr(essor ,h]+'s position 9 detail1 b its simil>ity to1 if n id5tity )1 t tak5 by myself subsequ5tly1 b indep5d5tly1 9 ',life & ,habit1' seems suffici5tly e/abli%$ by ! foll[+ extracts2 x is to be wi%$1 h[ev]1 t a full acc\nt ( ?is lecture 7 accessible to ,engli% read]s4 ,! extracts are z foll[s3-- ,pr(essor ,h]+ has ! m]it ( introduc+ "s /rik+ phraseology into 8 treatm5t ( ! subject :i* s]ves to emphasize ! lead+ idea4 ,he po9ts out t s9ce all transmission ( 'qualities' f cell to cell 9 ! gr[? & repair ( "o & ! same organ1 or f p>5t to (fspr+1 is a transmission ( vibrations or affections ( mat]ial p>ticles1 :e!r ^! qualities manife/ !mselves z =m1 or z a facility = ent]+ on a giv5 s]ies ( vibrations1 we may speak ( all su* ph5om5a z 'memory1' :e!r x be ! consci\s memory exhibit$ by ! n]ve cells ( ! bra9 or ! unconsci\s memory we call habit1 or ! inh]it$ memory we call in/9ct2 or :e!r1 aga91 x be ! reproduction ( p>5tal =m & m9ute /ructure4 ,all equally may be call$ ! 'memory ( liv+ matt]4' ,f ! e>lie/ exi/5ce ( protoplasm to ! pres5t day ! memory ( liv+ matt] is cont9u\s4 ,?\gh individuals die1 ! univ]sal memory ( liv+ matt] is c>ri$ on4 ,pr(essor ,h]+1 9 %ort1 helps u to a compreh5sive conception ( ! nature ( h]$ity & adaptation1 by giv+ u ! t]m 'memory' consci\s or unconsci\s1 = ! cont9uity ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s pol> =ces1 or pol>ities ( physiological units4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! undulatory movem5t ( ! pla/idules is ! key to ! me*anical explanation ( all ! ess5tial ph5om5a ( life4 ,! pla/idules are liable to h _! undulations affect$ by e ext]nal =ce1 &1 once modifi$1 ! movem5t does n return to its pri/9e condition4 ,by assimilation !y cont9ually increase to a c]ta9 po9t 9 size1 & !n divide1 & ?us p]petuate 9 ! undulatory movem5t ( successive g5]ations1 ! impressions or resultants due to ! action ( ext]nal ag5cies on individual pla/idules4 ,?is is ,memory4 ,all pla/idules possess memory2 & ,memory :i* we see 9 its ultimate analysis is id5tical ) reproduction1 is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! pla/idule2 is t :i* x alone ( all molecules possesses1 9 addition to ! ord9>y prop]ties ( ! physici/'s molecule2 is1 9 fact1 t :i* di/+ui%es x z vital4 ,to ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! movem5t ( pla/idules is due ,v>iability--to _! unconsci\s ,memory ! p[] ( ,h]$it>y ,transmission4 ,z we "k !m to-day !y may 'h le>nt little1 & =gott5 no?+' 9 "o organism1 & 'h le>nt mu*1 & =gott5 mu*' 9 ano!r2 b 9 all1 _! memory if sometimes fragm5t>y1 yet rea*es back to ! dawn ( life ^u ! e>?4--,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]4 ,no?+ c well be pla9] & m uncompromis+ ?an ! above4 ,pr(essor ,h]+ w\ld1 ,i ga!r1 no less ?an myself1 ref] ! build+ ( its ne/ by a bird to ! int5se--b unconsci\s1 ow+ to its v p]fection & int5sity--recollection by ! bird ( ! ne/s x built :5 x 0 9 ! p]sons ( its ance/ors2 ?is memory w\ld beg9 to /imulate action :5 ! surr\nd+ associations1 su* z temp]ature1 /ate ( vegetation1 c41 rem9d$ x ( ! "t :5 x _h be5 9 ! habit ( beg9n+ to build 9 c\ntless pa/ g5]ations4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 does n g s f> z ?is4 ,he says t wild birds *oose spr+ z _! build+ "t f _! acquir$ k t ! mild temp]ature ( ! air is m conv5i5t = hat*+ _! eggs1 & a little l[] d[n he speaks ( ! fact t gram9ivor\s animals g5]ally produce _! "y 9 spr+1 z "p ( ! traditional k :i* !y le>n f ! example ( _! p>5ts4#aef ,aga9 he says1 t birds seem to be in/ruct$ h[ to build _! ne/s f _! obs]vation ( t 9 :i* !y 7 educat$1 & f _! k ( ^? ?+s t are mo/ agreeable to _! t\* 9 respect to w>m?1 cleanl9ess1 & /ability4 ,_h ,dr4 ,d>w9 laid firmly hold ( two sup]ficial facts conc]n+ memory :i* we c all ( u te/ = ourselves--,i mean its dormancy until k9dl$ by ! return ( a suffici5t numb] ( associat$ ideas1 & its unselfconsci\sness ^u becom+ int5se & p]fect--& _h he connect$ ^! two facts ) ! unity ( life ?r\gh successive g5]ations--an idea :i* pla9ly haunt$ him--he w\ld h be5 sav$ f hav+ to ref] in/9ct to imitation1 9 ! face ( ! fact t 9 a ?\s& in/ances ! creature imitat+ c nev] h se5 its model1 save :5 x 0 a "p ( its p>5ts1--see+ :at !y saw1 do+ :at !y did1 feel+ z !y felt1 & rememb]+ :at !y rememb]$4 ,miss ,sew>d tells u t ,dr4 ,d>w9 read 8 *apt] on in/9ct to a lady :o 0 9 ! habit ( re>+ can>y birds4 ,%e obs]v$ t ! pair :i* he !n saw build+ _! ne/ 9 h] cage1 7 a male & female1 :o _h be5 hat*$ & re>$ 9 t v cage1 & 7 n 9 exi/5ce :5 ! mossy cradle 0 fabricat$ 9 :i* !y fir/ saw light4 ,%e ask$ him1 & q reasonably1 h[1 ^u 8 pr9ciple ( imitation1 he c\ld acc\nt = ! ne/ he !n saw build+1 be+ con/ruct$ ev5 to ! precise disposal ( e hair & %r$ ( wool ^u ! model ( t 9 :i* ! pair 7 born1 & on :i* e o!r can>y bird's ne/ is con/ruct$1 :5 ! prop] mat]ials are furni%$4 ,t ( ! pyef9*1 %e add$1 is ( mu* compact] =m1 w>m]1 & m com=table4 ,pull "o ( ^! ne/s to pieces = its mat]ials2 & place ano!r ne/ be=e ^! can>y birds z a patt]n1 & see if !y w make ! slighte/ attempt to imitate _! model6 ,no1 ! result ( _! lab\r w1 ^u in/9ctive h]$it>y impulse1 be exactly ! slov5ly little mansion ( _! race1 ! same ) t :i* _! p>5ts built be=e !mselves 7 hat*$4 ,! ,doctor c\ld n d away ! =ce ( t s+le fact1 ) :i* 8 sy/em 0 incompatible1 yet he ma9ta9$ t sy/em ) philosophic /urd9ess1 ?\gh exp]i5ce br\ght confutation f a ?\s& s\rces4#aeg ,z commonly happ5s 9 su* disputes1 bo? 7 "r & bo? 7 wrong4 ,! lady 0 "r 9 refus+ to ref] in/9ct to imitation1 & ! ,doctor 0 "r 9 ma9ta9+ reason & in/9ct to be b diff]5t degrees ( p]fection ( ! same m5tal processes4 ,_h he sub/itut$ memory = imitation1 & ask$ ! lady to def9e sam5ess or p]sonal id5tity1 he w\ld h soon secur$ 8 victory4 ,! ma9 fact1 comp>$ ) :i* all else is a matt] ( detail1 is ! admission t in/9ct is only reason become habitual4 ,?is admission involves1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 ! admission ( all ! pr9ciples cont5d$ = 9 ',life & ,habit'2 pr9ciples :i*1 if admitt$1 make ! facts ( h]$ity intelligible by %[+ t !y are ( ! same "* z o!r facts :i* we call intelligible1 b d5ial ( :i* makes nons5se ( half ! t]ms 9 common use conc]n+ x4 ,= ! view t in/9ct is habitual reason involves sam5ess ( p]sonality & memory z common to p>5ts & (fspr+2 x involves also ! lat5cy ( t memory till rek9dl$ by ! return ( a suffici5t numb] ( its associat$ ideas1 & po9ts ! unconsci\sness ) :i* habitual actions are p]=m$4 ,^! pr9ciples be+ grasp$1 ! inf]tility int] se ( widely di/ant species1 ! commonly obs]v$ /]ility ( hybrids1 ! /]ility ( c]ta9 animals & plants "u conf9em5t1 ! ph5om5a ( old age z well z ^? ( gr[?1 & ! pr9ciple :i* und]lies longevity & alt]nate g5]ations1 foll[ logically & coh]5tly1 z ,i %[$ 9 ',life & ,habit4' ,moreov]1 we f9d t ! t]ms 9 common use %[ an unconsci\s s5se t "s su* view z ,i h insi/$ on 0 want$ & w\ld come1 = we f9d !m made & to h& already2 few if any w require alt]+2 all t is necess>y is to take common words accord+ to _! common mean+s4 ,dr4 ,d>w9 is v good on ?is head4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t 8 "w1 if ?+s or qualities appe> to resemble "o ano!r suffici5tly & )\t su* traits ( unlik5ess1 on clos] inspection1 z %all de/roy ! lik5ess :i* 0 app>5t at fir/1 he connects !m1 all !ories not)/&+4 ,i h giv5 two in/ances ( 8 mann] ( look+ at in/9ct & reason4#aeh ,if ^! are n1 he concludes1 d$uctions f _! own previ\s exp]i5ce1 or obs]vation1 all ! actions ( mank9d mu/ be resolv$ into in/9cts4#aei ,if by previ\s exp]i5ce we c\ld be sure t ,dr4 ,d>w9 p]si/5tly meant previ\s exp]i5ce 9 ! p]sons ( _! ance/ors1 he w\ld be 9 an impregnable position4 ,z x is1 we feel t ?\gh he _h caught sight ( ! tru?1 & _h ev5 held x 9 8 h&s1 yet someh[ or o!r x j manag$ to slip ?r\gh 8 f+]s4 ,aga9 he writes3-- ,s flies burn !mselves 9 c&les1 deceiv$ l mank9d by ! misapplication ( _! k4 ,aga93-- ,an +5i\s philosoph] has lately d5i$ t animals c ent] into contracts1 & ?9ks ?is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! human creature3 b does n daily obs]vation conv9ce u t !y =m contracts ( fri5d%ip ) ea* o!r & ) mank9d8 ,:5 puppies & kitt5s play toge!r is !re n a tacit contract t !y w n hurt ea* o!r8 ,& does n y\r fav\rite dog expect y %\ld give him 8 daily food = 8 s]vices & att5tion to y8 ,& ?us b>t]s 8 love = y\r protection8 ,9 ! same mann] t all contracts are made among m5 t d n und]/& ea* o!r's arbitr>y language4#afj ,"o m extract f a *apt] full ( excell5t passages mu/ suffice4 ,"o circum/ance ,i %all relate :i* fell "u my own eye1 & %[$ ! p[] ( reason 9 a wasp1 z x is ex]cis$ among m54 ,a wasp on a gravel walk _h caught a fly ne>ly z l>ge z himself2 kneel+ on ! gr\nd1 ,i obs]v$ him sep>ate ! tail & ! head f ! body "p1 to :i* ! w+s 7 atta*$4 ,he !n took ! body "p 9 8 paws1 & rose ab\t two feet f ! gr\nd ) x2 b a g5tle breeze waft+ ! w+s ( ! fly turn$ him r\nd 9 ! air1 & he settl$ aga9 ) 8 prey ^u ! gravel4 ,i !n di/9ctly obs]v$ him cut (f ) 8 m\? fir/ "o ( ! w+s & !n ! o!r1 aft] :i* he flew away ) x1 unmole/$ by ! w9d4 ,g1 pr\d reason]1 & call ! worm ?y si/]6#afa ,dr4 ,d>w9's views on ! ess5tial unity ( animal & vegetable life are put =w>d 9 ! foll[+ admirable *apt] on ,vegetable ,animation1 :i* ,i w give 9 full1 & :i* is confirm$ 9 all important respects by ! late/ conclusions ( our be/ mod]n sci5ti/s1 s1 at lea/1 ,i ga!r f ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w9's int]e/+ lecture4#afb ,i4 #a4 ,! fibres ( ! vegetable _w1 z well z ^? ( ! animal1 are excitable into a v>iety ( motion by irritations ( ext]nal objects4 ,?is appe>s p>ticul>ly 9 ! mimosa or s5sitive plant1 ^: leaves contract on ! slighte/ injury3 ! ,dionaea muscipula1 :i* 0 lately br\ght ov] f ! m>%es ( ,am]ica1 pres5ts u ) ano!r curi\s in/ance ( vegetable irritability2 its leaves are arm$ ) sp9es on _! upp] edge1 & are spread on ! gr\nd ar\nd ! /em2 :5 an insect creeps on any ( !m 9 its passage to ! fl[] or se$1 ! leaf %uts up l a /eel rat-trap1 & de/roys its enemy4#afc ,! v>i\s secretions ( vegetables z ( od\r1 fruit1 gum1 res91 wax1 honey1 seem br\ght ab\t 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! gl&s ( animals2 ! ta/eless moi/ure ( ! e>? is conv]t$ by ! hop plant into a bitt] juice2 z by ! cat]pill> 9 ! nut%ell1 ! sweet p[d] is conv]t$ into a bitt] p[d]4 ,:ile ! p[] ( absorption 9 ! roots & b>ks ( vegetables is excit$ into action by ! fluids appli$ to _! m\?s l ! lacteals & lymphatics ( animals4 #b4 ,! individuals ( ! vegetable _w may be consid]$ z inf]ior or less p]fect animals2 a tree is a cong]ies ( _m liv+ buds1 & 9 ?is respect resembles ! bran*es ( ! corall9e1 :i* are a cong]ies ( a multitude ( animals4 ,ea* ( ^! buds ( a tree has its prop] leaves or petals = lungs1 produces its vivip>\s or its ovip>\s (fspr+ 9 buds or se$s2 has its own roots1 :i*1 ext5d+ d[n ! /em ( ! tree1 are int]wov5 ) ! roots ( ! o!r buds1 & =m ! b>k1 :i* is ! only liv+ "p ( ! /em1 is annually r5ew$ & is sup]9duc$ ^u ! =m] b>k1 :i* !n dies1 &1 ) its /agnat$ juices gradually h>d5+ into wood1 =ms ! conc5tric circles :i* we see 9 blocks ( timb]4 ,! foll[+ circum/ances ev9ce ! individuality ( ! buds ( trees4 ,fir/1 !re are _m trees ^: :ole int]nal wood is p]i%$1 & yet ! bran*es are vegete & heal?y4 ,secondly1 ! fibres ( ! b>k ( trees are *iefly longitud9al1 resembl+ roots1 z is beautifully se5 9 ^? prep>$ b>ks t 7 lately br\ght f ,otaheita4 ,?irdly1 9 horizontal w\nds ( ! b>k ( trees1 ! fibres ( ! upp] lip are always elongat$ d[nw>ds l roots1 b ^? ( ! l[] lip d n approa* to meet !m4 ,f\r?ly1 if y wrap wet moss r\nd any jo9t ( a v9e1 or cov] x ) moi/ e>?1 roots w %oot out f x4 ,fif?ly1 by ! inoculation or engraft+ ( trees _m fruits are produc$ f "o /em4 ,six?ly1 a new tree is produc$ f a bran* pluck$ f an old "o & set 9 ! gr\nd4 ,:5ce x appe>s t ! buds ( decidu\s trees are s _m annual plants1 t ! b>k is a contexture ( ! roots ( ea* individual bud1 & t ! int]nal wood is ( no o!r use b to support !m 9 ! air1 & t ?us !y resemble ! animal _w 9 _! individuality4 ,! irritability ( plants1 l t ( animals1 appe>s liable to be increas$ or decreas$ by habit2 = ^? trees or %rubs :i* are br\ght f a cold] climate to a w>m]1 put out _! leaves & blossoms a =tnight soon] ?an ! indig5\s ones4 ,pr(essor ,kalm1 9 8 travels 9 ,new ,york1 obs]ves t ! apple trees br\ght f ,engl& blossom a =tnight soon] ?an ! native ones4 ,9 our c\ntry1 ! %rubs t are br\ght a degree or two f ! nor? are obs]v$ to fl\ri% bett] ?an ^? :i* come f ! s\?4 ,! ,sib]ian b>ley & cabbage are said to gr[ l>g] 9 ?is climate ?an ! simil> m s\!rn vegetables2 & our ho>ds ( roots1 z ( potatoes & onions1 g]m9ate ) less heat 9 spr+1 aft] !y h be5 accu/om$ to ! w9t]'s cold1 ?an 9 autumn1 aft] ! summ]'s heat4 ,,ii4 ,! /am5s & pi/ils ( fl[]s %[ evid5t m>ks ( s5sibility1 n only f _m ( ! /am5s & "s pi/ils approa*+ t[>ds ea* o!r at ! season ( impregnation1 b f _m ( !m clos+ _! petals & calyxes dur+ ! cold "p ( ! day4 ,= ?is _c be ascrib$ to irritation1 because cold means a defect ( ! /imulus ( heat2 b z ! want ( accu/om$ /imuli produces pa91 z 9 coldness1 hung]1 & ?ir/ ( animals1 ^! motions ( vegetables 9 clos+ up _! fl[]s mu/ be ascrib$ to ! disagreeable s5sation1 & n to ! irritation ( cold4 ,o!rs close up _! leaves dur+ d>kness1 :i*1 l ! =m]1 _c be ow+ to irritation1 z ! irritat+ mat]ial is )drawn4 ,! approa* ( ! an!rs 9 _m fl[]s to ! /igmas1 & ( ! pi/ils ( "s fl[]s to ! an!rs1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! passion ( love1 & h5ce belongs to s5sation1 n to irritation4 ,,iii4 ,t ! vegetable _w possesses "s degree ( volunt>y p[]s appe>s f _! necessity to sleep1 :i* we h %[n 9 ,section ,,xviii4 to consi/ 9 ! tempor>y abolition ( volunt>y p[]4 ,?is volunt>y p[] seems to be ex]t$ 9 ! circul> movem5t ( ! t5drils ( ! v9es1 & o!r climb+ vegetables2 or 9 ! ef=ts to turn ! upp] surfaces ( _! leaves1 or _! fl[]s1 to ! light4 ,,iv4 ,! associations ( fibr\s motions are obs]vable 9 ! vegetable _w z well z 9 ! animal4 ,! divisions ( ! leaves ( ! s5sitive plant h be5 accu/om$ to contract at ! same "t f ! abs5ce ( light2 h5ce1 if by any o!r circum/ance1 z a slight /roke or injury1 "o division is irritat$ into contraction1 ! neighb\r+ ones contract also f _! motions be+ associat$ ) ^? ( ! irritat$ "p4 ,s ! v>i\s /am9a ( ! class ( syng5esia h be5 accu/om$ to contract toge!r 9 ! ev5+1 & !nce if y /imulate any "o ( !m ) a p91 accord+ to ! exp]im5t ( ,m4 ,colvolo1 !y all contract f _! acquir$ associations4 ,to ev9ce t ! collaps+ ( ! s5sitive plant is n ow+ to any me*anical vibrations propagat$ along ! :ole bran* :5 a s+le leaf is /ruck ) ! f+]1 a leaf ( x 0 slit ) %>p scissors1 ) z little di/urbance z possible1 & "s seconds ( "t pass$ be=e ! plant seem$ s5sible ( ! injury1 & !n ! :ole bran* collaps$ z f> z ! pr9cipal /em4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ sev]al times ) ! lea/ possible impulse to ! plant4 ,v4 #a4 ,= ! num]\s circum/ances 9 :i* vegetable buds are analog\s to animals1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! additional notes at ! end ( ',botanic ,g>d51' ,"p ,i4 ,x is !re %[n t ! roots ( vegetables resemble ! lacteal sy/em ( animals2 ! sap vessels 9 ! e>ly spr+1 be=e _! leaves exp&1 are analog\s to ! plac5tal vessels ( ! foetus2 t ! leaves ( l& plants resemble lungs1 & ^? ( aquatic plants ! gills ( fi%2 t !re are o!r sy/ems ( vessels resembl+ ! v5a port>um ( quadrup$s1 or ! aorta ( fi%2 t ! dige/ive p[] ( vegetables is simil> to t ( animals conv]t+ ! fluids :i* !y absorb into sug>2#afd t _! se$s resemble ! eggs ( animals1 & _! buds & bulbs _! vivip>\s (fspr+2 & la/ly1 t ! an!rs & /igmas are real animals atta*$ to _! p>5t tree l polypi or coral insects1 b capable ( spontane\s motion2 t !y are affect$ ) ! passion ( love1 & furni%$ ) p[]s ( reproduc+ _! species1 & are f$ ) honey l ! mo?s & butt]flies :i* plund] _! nect>ies4#afe ,! male fl[]s ( ,vallisn]ia approa* /ill ne>] to app>5t animality1 z !y deta* !mselves f ! p>5t plant1 & float on ! surface ( ! wat] to ! female ones4#aff ,o!r fl[]s ( ! classes ( monoecia & dioecia1 & polygamia dis*>ge ! fecundat+ f>9a1 :i*1 float+ 9 ! air1 is c>ri$ to ! /igma ( ! female fl[]s1 & t at consid]able di/ances4 ,c ?is be effect$ by any specific attraction8 ,or1 l ! diffusion ( ! odor\s p>ticles ( fl[]s1 is x left to ! curr5ts ( ! w9ds1 & ! accid5tal misc>riages ( x c\nt]act$ by ! quantity ( its production8 #b4 ,?is leads u to a curi\s inquiry1 :e!r vegetables h ideas ( ext]nal ?+s8 ,z all our ideas are orig9ally receiv$ by our s5ses1 ! "q may be *ang$ to :e!r vegetables possess any organs ( s5se8 ,c]ta9 x is t !y possess a s5se ( heat & cold1 ano!r ( moi/ure & dryness1 & ano!r ( light & d>kness1 = !y close _! petals occasionally f ! pres5ce ( cold1 moi/ure1 or d>kness4 ,& x has be5 already %[n t ^! actions _c be p]=m$ simply f irritation1 because cold & d>kness are negative quantities1 & on t acc\nt s5sation1 or volition are impli$1 & 9 consequ5ce a s5sorium or union ( _! n]ves4 ,s :5 we g into ! light we contract ! iris2 n f any /imulus ( ! light on ! f9e muscles ( ! iris1 b f its motions be+ associat$ ) ! s5sation ( too mu* light ^u ! ret9a1 :i* c\ld n take place )\t a s5sorium or c5tre ( union ( ! n]ves ( ! iris1 ) ^? ( vision4#afg ,besides ^! organs ( s5se1 :i* di/+ui% cold1 moi/ure1 & d>kness1 ! leaves ( mimosa1 & ( dionaea1 & ( dros]a1 & ! /am5s ( _m fl[]s1 z ( ! b]b]y1 & ! num]\s class ( syng5esia1 are s5sible to me*anic impact1 t is1 !y possess a s5se ( t\*1 z well z a common s5sorium1 by ! m$ium ( :i* _! muscles are excit$ into action4 ,la/ly1 9 _m fl[]s ! an!rs1 :5 mature1 approa* ! /igma1 9 o!rs ! female organ approa*es to ! male4 ,9 a plant ( coll9sonia1 a bran* ( :i* is n[ be=e me1 ! two yell[ /am5s are ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* high1 & div]ge f ea* o!r at an angle ( ab\t fifte5 degrees1 ! purple /yle is half an in* high1 & 9 "s fl[]s is n[ appli$ to ! /am5 on ! "r h&1 & 9 o!rs to t ( ! left2 & w1 ,i suppose1 *ange place to-morr[ 9 ^?1 :]e ! an!rs h n yet effus$ _! p[d]4 ,i ask by :at means are ! an!rs 9 _m fl[]s & /igmas 9 o!r fl[]s direct$ to f9d _! p>am\rs8 ,h[ d ei!r ( !m "k t ! o!r exi/s 9 _! vic9ity8 ,is ?is curi\s k9d ( /orge produc$ by me*anic attraction1 or by ! s5sation ( love8 ,! latt] op9ion is support$ by ! /ronge/ analogy1 because a reproduction ( ! species is ! consequ5ce2 & !n ano!r organ ( s5se mu/ be want$ to direct ^! vegetable am\rettes to f9d ea* o!r1 "o probably analog\s to our s5se ( smell1 :i* 9 ! animal _w directs ! new-born infant to its s\rce ( n\ri%m5t1 & !y may ?us possess a faculty ( p]ceiv+ z well z ( produc+ od\rs4 ,?us1 besides a k9d ( ta/e at ! extremity ( _! roots1 simil> to t ( ! extremities ( our lacteal vessels1 = ! purpose ( select+ _! prop] food1 & besides diff]5t k9ds ( irritability resid+ 9 ! v>i\s gl&s1 :i* sep>ate honey1 wax1 res91 & o!r juices f _! blood2 vegetable life seems to possess an organ ( s5se to di/+ui% ! v>iations ( heat1 ano!r to di/+ui% ! v>y+ degrees ( moi/ure1 ano!r ( light1 ano!r ( t\*1 & probably ano!r analog\s to our s5se ( smell4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! indubitable evid5ce ( _! passion ( love1 & ,i ?9k we may truly conclude t !y are furni%$ ) a common s5sorium = ea* bud1 & t !y mu/ occasionally repeat ^? p]ceptions1 ei!r 9 _! dreams or wak+ h\rs1 & consequ5tly possess ideas ( s _m ( ! prop]ties ( ! ext]nal _w1 & ( _! own exi/5ce4#afh ,,footnotes3 #aee ',orig9 ( ,species1' note on p4 xiv4 #aef ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #agj4 #aeg ,miss ,sew>d's ',memoirs1' c41 p4 #dia4 #aeh ,see p4 #aaf ( ?is volume4 #aei ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #ahd4 #afj ',zoonomia1' p4 #aga4 #afa ',zoonomia1' p4 #ahg4 #afb ',nature1' ,m>* #ad & #ba1 #ahgh4 #afc ,see ',botanic ,g>d51' "p ii41 note on ,sil5e4 #afd ',on ! ,dige/ive ,p[]s ( ,plants4' ,see ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w9's lecture1 already ref]r$ to4 #afe ,see ',botanic ,g>d51 "p i41 add4 note1 p4 xxxix4 #aff ,ibid41 "p ii41 art4 ,vallisn]ia4 #afg ,see ',botanic ,g>d51' "p i4 cant #c1 l4 #ddj4 #afh ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #ajg4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,full] ,,quotations ,,f ,,! ',,zoonomia4' ,! foll[+ are ! passages 9 ! ',zoonomia' :i* h ! mo/ important be>+ on evolution3-- ,! +5i\s ,dr4 ,h>tley1 9 8 "w on man1 & "s o!r philosoph]s h be5 ( op9ion1 t our immortal "p acquires dur+ ?is life c]ta9 habits ( action or ( s5tim5t :i* become = ev] indissoluble1 cont9u+ aft] dea? 9 a future /ate ( exi/5ce2 & add t if ^! habits are ( ! malevol5t k9d1 !y mu/ r5d] _! possessor mis]able ev5 9 ,heav54 ,i w\ld apply ?is +5i\s idea to ! g5]ation or production ( ! embryon or new animal1 :i* p>takes s mu* ( ! =m & prop5sities ( its p>5t4 ,ow+ to ! imp]fection ( language ! (fspr+ is t]m$ a new animal1 b is 9 tru? a bran* or elongation ( ! p>5t1 s9ce a "p ( ! embryon-animal is1 or 01 a "p ( ! p>5t1 & !re=e 9 /rict language1 _c be said to be entirely new at ! "t ( its production2 &1 !re=e1 x may reta9 "s ( ! habits ( ! p>5t sy/em4 ,at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its exi/5ce ! embryon w\ld seem to consi/ ( a liv+ filam5t ) c]ta9 capabilities ( irritation1 s5sation1 volition1 & association1 & also ) "s acquir$ habits or prop5sities peculi> to ! p>5ts2 ! =m] ( ^! are 9 common ) o!r animals2 ! latt] seem to di/+ui% or produce ! k9d ( animal1 :e!r man or quadrup$1 ) ! simil>ity ( feature or =m to ! p>5t4#afi 99 99 99 99 99 ,go+ on to describe ! gradual developm5t ( ! embryo1 ,dr4 ,d>w9 cont9ues3-- ,z ! want ( ?is oxyg5ation ( ! blood is p]petual 7z appe>s f ! incessant necessity ( brea?+ by lungs or gills71 ! vessels become ext5d$ by ! ef=ts ( pa9 or desire to seek ?is necess>y object ( oxyg5ation1 & to remove ! disagreeable s5sations :i* ?is want occasions4#agj 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! lat]al production ( plants by wires1 :ile ea* new plant is ?us *a9$ to its p>5t1 & cont9ues to put =? ano!r & ano!r z ! wire creeps onw>d on ! gr\nd1 is exactly resembl$ by ! tape-worm or ta5ia1 s (t5 f\nd 9 ! b[els1 /ret*+ itself 9 a *a9 q f ! /oma* to ! rectum4 ,l9naeus ass]ts 't x gr[s old at "o extremity1 :ile x cont9ues to g5]ate y\ng] ones at ! o!r1 proce$+ ad inf9itum l a sort ( grass2 ! sep>ate jo9ts are call$ g\rd worms1 & propagate new jo9ts l ! p>5t )\t end1 ea* jo9t be+ furni%$ ) its prop] m\? & organs ( dige/ion4'#aga 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,_m +5i\s philosoph]s h f\nd s great difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! mann] ( ! reproduction ( animals1 t !y h suppos$ all ! num]\s prog5y to h exi/$ 9 m9iature 9 ! animal orig9ally creat$2 & t ^! inf9itely m9ute =ms are only evolv$ or di/5d$1 z ! embryon increases 9 ! womb4 ,?is idea1 besides its be+ unsupport$ by any analogy we are acqua9t$ )1 ascribes a great] t5uity to organiz$ matt] ?an we c readily admit2 z ^! includ$ embryons are suppos$ ea* ( !m to consi/ ( ! v>i\s & complicate p>ts ( animal bodies1 !y mu/ possess a mu* great] degree ( m9ut5ess ?an t :i* 0 ascrib$ to ! devils :i* tempt$ ,/4 ,an?ony1 ( :om #bj1jjj 7 said to h be5 able to dance a s>ab& on ! po9t ( ! f9e/ ne$le )\t incommod+ "o ano!r4#agb 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,i conceive ! primordium or rudim5t ( ! embryon z secret$ f ! blood ( ! p>5t to consi/ ( a simple liv+ filam5t z a muscul> fibre2 :i* ,i suppose to be an extremity ( a n]ve ( locomotion1 z a fibre ( ! ret9a is an extremity ( a n]ve ( s5sation2 z1 = in/ance1 "o ( ! fibrils :i* compose ! m\? ( an absorb5t vessel4 ,i suppose ?is liv+ filam5t ( :atev] =m x may be1 :e!r sph]e1 cube1 or cyl9d]1 to be endu$ ) ! capability ( be+ excit$ into action by c]ta9 k9ds ( /imulus4 ,by ! /imulus ( ! surr\nd+ fluid 9 :i* x is receiv$ f ! male x may b5d into a r+1 & ?us =m ! beg9n+ ( a tube4 ,su* mov+ filam5ts & su* r+s are describ$ by ^? :o h att5d$ to microscopic animalculae4 ,?is liv+ r+ may n[ embrace or absorb a nutritive p>ticle ( ! fluid 9 :i* x swims2 & by draw+ x into its pores1 or jo9+ x by compression to its extremities1 may increase its own l5g? or crassitude1 & by degrees ! liv+ r+ may become a liv+ tube4 ,) ?is new organization1 or accretion ( p>ts1 new k9ds ( irritability may comm5ce2 = s long z !re 0 b "o liv+ organ x c\ld only be suppos$ to possess irritability2 s9ce s5sibility may be conceiv$ to be an ext5sion ( ! effect ( irritability ov] ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,^! new k9ds ( irritability & ( s5sibility 9 consequ5ce ( new organization appe> f v>iety ( facts 9 ! m mature animals2 ?us 444 ! lungs mu/ be previ\sly =m$ be=e _! ex]tions to obta9 fre% air c exi/2 ! ?roat1 or oesophagus1 mu/ be =m$ previ\s to ! s5sation or appetites ( hung] & ?ir/1 "o ( :i* seems to reside at ! upp] end & ! o!r at ! l[] end ( t canal4#agc ,x seems to me ,dr4 ,d>w9 is wrong 9 suppos+ t ! organ mu/ h prec$$ ! p[] to use x4 ,! organ & its use--! desire to d & ! p[] to d--h always gone h& 9 h&1 ! organism f9d+ itself able to d m accord+ z x advanc$ its desires1 & desir+ to d m simultane\sly ) any increase 9 p[]1 s t nei!r appet5cy nor organism c claim prec$5ce1 b p[] & desire mu/ be consid]$ z ,siamese tw9s begott5 toge!r1 conceiv$ toge!r1 born toge!r1 & insep>able always f ea* o!r4 ,at ! same "t !y are torn by mutual jeal\sy2 ea* claims1 ) "s va9 %[ ( reason1 to h be5 ! eld] bro!r2 ea* intrigues incessantly f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( "t to prev5t ! o!r f out/ripp+ him2 ea* is 9 turn successful1 b ea* is doom$ to dea? ) ! ext9ction ( ! o!r4 ,s inflam$ t5dons & membranes1 & ev5 bones1 acquire new s5sations2 & ! p>ts ( mutilat$ animals1 z ( w\nd$ snails & polypi & crabs1 are reproduc$2 & at ! same "t acquire s5sations adapt$ to _! situation4 ,?us :5 ! head ( a snail is reproduc$ aft] decollation ) a %>p razor1 ^? curi\s telescopic eyes are also reproduc$1 & acquire _! s5sibility to light1 z well z _! adapt$ muscles = retraction on ! approa* ( injury4 ,) e *ange1 !re=e1 ( organic =m or addition ( organic p>ts1 ,i suppose a new k9d ( irritability or ( s5sibility to be produc$2 su* v>ieties ( irritability or ( s5sibility exi/ 9 our adult /ate 9 ! gl&s2 e "o ( :i* is furni%$ ) an irritability or a ta/e or appet5cy1 & a consequ5t mode ( action peculi> to itself4 ,9 ?is mann] ,i conceive ! vessels ( ! jaws to produce ^? ( ! tee?2 ^? ( ! f+]s to produce ! nails2 ^? ( ! sk9 to produce ! hair2 9 ! same mann] z aft]w>ds1 ab\t ! age ( pub]ty1 ! be>d & o!r great *anges 9 ! =m ( ! body & disposition ( ! m9d are produc$ 9 consequ5ce ( new developm5ts2 =1 if ! animal is depriv$ ( ^! developm5ts1 ^? *anges d n take place4 ,^! *anges ,i believe to be =m$ n by elongation or di/5sion ( primeval /am9a1 b by apposition ( p>ts2 z ! mature crab fi% :5 depriv$ ( a limb1 9 a c]ta9 space ( "t1 has p[] to reg5]ate x2 & ! tadpole puts =? its feet aft] its long exclusion f ! spawn1 & ! cat]pill> 9 *ang+ into a butt]fly acquires a new =m ) new p[]s1 new s5sations1 & new desires4#agd 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,f h5ce ,i conclude t ) ! acquisition ( new p>ts1 new s5sations & new desires1 z well z new p[]s are produc$2 & ?is by accretion to ! old ones & n by di/5sion ( !m4 ,& f9ally1 t ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! sy/em1 z ! bra9 = ! purpose ( di/ribut+ ! p[]s ( life1 & ! plac5ta = ! purpose ( oxyg5at+ ! blood1 & ! additional absorb5t vessels1 = ! purpose ( acquir+ alim5t1 are fir/ =m$ by ! irritations above m5tion$1 & by ! pleasurable s5sations att5d+ ^? irritations1 & by ! ex]tions 9 consequ5ce ( pa9ful s5sations simil> to ^? ( hung] & suffocation4 ,aft] ^! an app>atus ( limbs = future uses1 or = ! purpose ( mov+ ! body 9 its pres5t natant /ate1 & ( lungs = future respiration1 & ( te/es = future reproduction1 are =m$ by ! irritations & s5sations & consequ5t ex]tions ( ! p>ts previ\sly exi/+1 & to :i* ! new p>ts are to be atta*$4#age 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! embryon mu/ be suppos$ to be a liv+ filam5t1 :i* acquires or makes new p>ts1 ) new irritabilities z x advances 9 its gr[?4#agf 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,f ?is acc\nt ( reproduction x appe>s t all animals h a simil> orig91 viz4 a s+le liv+ filam5t2 & t ! diff]5ce ( _! =ms & qualities has aris5 only f ! diff]5t irritabilities & s5sibilities1 or volunt>ities1 or associabilities1 ( ?is orig9al liv+ filam5t1 & p]haps 9 "s degree f ! diff]5t =ms ( ! p>ticles ( ! fluids by :i* x has at fir/ be5 /imulat$ into activity4#agg 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,all animals1 !re=e1 ,i cont5d1 h a simil> cause ( _! organization1 orig9at+ f a s+le liv+ filam5t1 endu$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( irritabilities & s5sibilities1 or ( animal appet5cies1 :i* exi/ 9 e gl&1 & 9 e mov+ organ ( ! body1 & are z ess5tial to liv+ organism z *emical aff9ities are to c]ta9 comb9ations ( inanimate matt]4 ,if ,i might be indulg$ to make a simile 9 a philosophical "w1 ,i %\ld say t ! animal appet5cies are n only p]haps less num]\s orig9ally ?an ! *emical aff9ities1 b t1 l ^! latt]1 !y *ange ) e fre% comb9ation2 ?us vital air & azote1 :5 comb9$1 produce nitr\s acid1 :i* n[ acquires ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ silv]2 s t ) e new additional "p to ! embryon1 z ( ! ?roat or lungs1 ,i suppose a new animal appet5cy to be produc$4#agh 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h1 aga91 x %\ld be insi/$ on t nei!r c ! additional "p prec$e ! appet5cy1 nor ! appet5cy prec$e ! additional "p = long toge!r--! two advance ne>ly p>i passu2 sometimes ! p[] a little ahead ( ! desire1 /imulates ! desire to an activity x w\ld n o!rwise h kn[n2 z ^? :o h m money ?an !y once _h1 feel new wants :i* !y w\ld n h kn[n if !y _h n obta9$ ! p[] to gratify !m2 sometimes1 on ! o!r h&1 ! desire is a little m active ?an ! p[]1 & pulls ! p[] up to itself by means ( ! ef=t made to gratify ! desire--z ^? :o want a little m ( ?is or t ?an !y h money to pay =1 w try all mann] ( %ifts to e>n ! additional money !y want1 unless x is s mu* 9 excess ( _! pres5t means t !y give up ! endeav\r z hopeless2 b :i*ev] gets ahead1 imm$iately sets to "w to pull ! o!r level ) x1 ! gett+ ahead ei!r ( p[] or desire be+ exclusively ! "w ( ext]nal ag5cies1 :ile ! com+ up level ( ! o!r is due to ag5cies t are incorporate ) ! organism itself4 ,?us an unusually abundant supply ( food1 due to causes entirely beyond ! control ( ! individual1 is an ext]nal ag5cy2 x w imm$iately set p[] a little ahead ( desire4 ,on ?is ! individual w eat z mu* z x c--?us le>n+ pro tanto to be able to eat m1 & to want m "u ord9>y circum/ances--& w also bre$ rapidly up to ! balance ( ! abundance4 ,?is is ! "w ( ! ag5cies incorporate 9 ! organism1 & w br+ desire level ) p[] aga94 ,fam9e1 on ! o!r h&1 puts desire ahead ( p[]1 & ! incorporate ag5cies mu/ ei!r br+ p[] up by res\rce & inv5tion1 or mu/ pull desire back by eat+ less1 bo? z individuals1 & z ! race1 t is to say1 by bre$+ less freely2 = bre$+ is an assimilation ( outside matt] s closely ak9 to fe$+1 t x is only ! fe$+ ( ! race1 z aga9/ t ( ! individual4 ,i d n ?9k ! read] w f9d any cle>] mann] ( pictur+ to himself ! developm5t ( organism ?an by keep+ ! normal gr[? ( weal? cont9ually 9 8 m9d4 ,he w f9d few ( ! ph5om5a ( organic developm5t :i* h n _! c\nt]p>t 9 ! acquisition ( weal?4 ,?us a too sudd5 acquisition1 ow+ to accid5tal & ext]nal circum/ances & due to no int]nal s\rce ( en]gy1 w be commonly lo/ 9 ! next few g5]ations4 ,s a sudd5 sport due to a lucky accid5t ( soil w n g5]ally be p]petuat$ if ! (fspr+ plant be re/or$ to its normal soil4 ,aga91 if ! advance 9 p[] c>ry p[] sudd5ly f> beyond any pa/ desire1 or be f> great] ?an any pa/-rememb]$ advance ( p[] beyond desire--!n desire w n come up level easily1 b only ) difficulty & all mann] ( extravagance1 su* z is likely to de/roy ! p[] itself4 ,dem& & ,supply are also good illu/rations4 ,b to return to ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,:5 we revolve 9 our m9ds1 he writes1 fir/ ! great *anges :i* we see naturally produc$ 9 animals aft] _! nativity1 z 9 ! production ( ! butt]fly ) pa9t$ w+s f ! crawl+ cat]pill>2 or ( ! respir+ frog f ! subnatant tadpole2 f ! boy to ! be>d$ man1 f ! infant girl to ! woman1--9 bo? :i* cases mutilation w prev5t due developm5t4 ,secondly1 :5 we ?9k ov] ! great *anges introduc$ into v>i\s animals by artificial or accid5tal cultivation1 z 9 horses1 :i* we h ex]cis$ = ! diff]5t purposes ( /r5g? or swiftness1 9 c>ry+ bur!ns or 9 runn+ races1 or 9 dogs :i* h be5 cultivat$ = /r5g? & c\rage1 z ! bull-dog2 or = acut5ess ( 8 s5se ( smell1 z ! h\nd or spaniel2 or = ! swiftness ( 8 foot1 z ! greyh\nd2 or = 8 swimm+ 9 ! wat] or = draw+ sn[ sl$ges1 z ! r\gh-hair$ dogs ( ! nor?2 or1 la/ly1 z a play dog = *ildr51 z ! lapdog2 ) ! *anges ( ! =ms ( ! cattle :i* h be5 dome/icat$ f ! greate/ antiquity1 z camels & %eep1 :i* h und]gone s total a trans=mation t we are n[ ignorant f :at species ( wild animal !y _h _! orig94 ,add to ^! ! great *anges ( %ape & col\r :i* we daily see produc$ 9 small] animals f our dome/ication ( !m1 z rabbits or pigeons1 or f ! diff]5ce ( climates & ev5 ( seasons2 ?us ! %eep ( w>m climates are cov]$ ) hair in/ead ( wool2 & ! h>es & p>tridges ( ! latitudes :i* are long buri$ 9 sn[ become :ite dur+ ! w9t] mon?s2 add to ^! ! v>i\s *anges produc$ 9 ! =ms ( mank9d by _! e>ly modes ( ex]tion1 or by ! diseases occasion$ by _! habits ( life1 bo? ( :i* become h]$it>y1 & t ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,^? :o lab\r at ! anvil1 ! o>1 or ! loom1 z well z ^? :o c>ry s$an *airs or :o h be5 educat$ to dance ^u ! rope1 are di/+ui%able by ! %ape ( _! limbs2 & ! diseases occasion$ by intoxication de=m ! c\nt5ance ) lepr\s eruptions1 or ! body ) tumid visc]a1 or ! jo9ts ) knots & di/ortions4 ,?irdly1 :5 we enum]ate ! great *anges produc$ 9 ! species ( animals be=e _! nativity1 z1 = example1 :5 ! (fspr+ reproduces ! effects produc$ ^u ! p>5t by accid5t or cultivation2 or ! *anges produc$ by ! mixture ( species1 z 9 mules2 or ! *anges produc$ probably by ! exub]ance ( n\ri%m5t suppli$ to ! fetus1 z 9 mon/r\s bir?s ) additional limbs2 _m ( ^! enormities ( %ape are propagat$ & cont9u$ z a v>iety at lea/1 if n z a new species ( animal4 ,i h se5 a bre$ ( cats ) an additional claw on e foot2 ( p\ltry also ) an additional claw1 & ) w+s to _! feet2 & ( o!rs )\t rumps4 ,mr4 ,buffon m5tions a bre$ ( dogs )\t tails :i* are common at ,rome & ,naples--:i* he supposes to h be5 produc$ by a cu/om long e/abli%$ ( cutt+ _! tails close (f4 ,!re are _m k9ds ( pigeons admir$ = _! peculi>ities :i* are m or less ?us produc$ & propagat$4#agi 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:5 we consid] all ^! *anges ( animal =m & innum]able o!rs :i* may be collect$ f ! books ( natural hi/ory1 we _c b be conv9c$ t ! fetus or embryon is =m$ by apposition ( new p>ts1 & n by ! di/5tion ( a primordial ne/ ( g]ms includ$ "o )9 ano!r l ! cups ( a conjur]4 ,f\r?ly1 :5 we revolve 9 our m9ds ! great simil>ity ( /ructure :i* obta9s 9 all ! w>m-blood$ animals1 z well quadrup$s1 birds1 & amphibi\s animals1 z 9 mank9d2 f ! m\se & bat to ! elephant & :ale2 "o is l$ to conclude t !y h alike be5 produc$ f a simil> liv+ filam5t4 ,9 "s ?is filam5t 9 its advance to maturity has acquir$ h&s & f+]s ) a f9e s5se ( t\*1 z 9 mank9d4 ,9 o!rs x has acquir$ claws or talons1 z 9 tig]s & eagles4 ,9 o!rs1 toes ) an int]v5+ web or membrane1 z 9 seals & geese4 ,9 o!rs x has acquir$ clov5 ho(s1 z 9 c[s & sw9e2 & :ole ho(s 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! horse3 :ile 9 ! bird k9d ?is orig9al liv+ filam5t has put =? w+s in/ead ( arms or legs1 & fea!rs in/ead ( hair4 ,9 "s x has protrud$ horns on ! =ehead in/ead ( tee? 9 ! =e "p ( ! upp] jaw2 9 o!rs1 tusks in/ead ( horns2 & 9 ! o!rs1 beaks in/ead ( ei!r4 ,& all ?is exactly z is se5 daily 9 ! transmutation ( ! tadpole1 :i* acquires legs & lungs :5 he wants !m1 & loses 8 tail :5 x is no long] ( s]vice to him4 ,fif?ly1 f _! fir/ rudim5t or primordium to ! t]m9ation ( _! lives1 all animals und]go p]petual trans=mations2 :i* are 9 "p produc$ by _! own ex]tions 9 consequ5ce ( _! desires & av]sions1 ( _! pleasures & _! pa9s1 or ( irritations or ( associations2 & _m ( ^! acquir$ =ms or prop5sities are transmitt$ to _! po/]ity4 ,z air & wat] are suppli$ to animals 9 suffici5t pr(usion1 ! ?ree great objects ( desire :i* h *ang$ ! =ms ( _m animals by _! desires to gratify !m are ^? ( lu/1 hung]1 & security4 ,a great want ( "o "p ( ! animal _w has consi/$ 9 ! desire ( ! exclusive possession ( ! females2 & ^! h acquir$ weapons to combat ea* o!r = ?is purpose1 z ! v ?ick1 %ield-l1 horny sk9 on ! %\ld] ( ! bo> is a def5ce only aga9/ animals ( 8 own species :o /rike obliquely upw>ds1 nor are 8 tusks = o!r purposes except to def5d himself1 z he is n naturally a c>nivor\s animal4 ,s ! horns ( ! /ag are %>p to (f5d 8 adv]s>y1 b are bran*$ = ! purpose ( p>ry+ or receiv+ ! ?ru/ ( horns simil> to 8 own1 & h !re=e be5 =m$ = ! purpose ( combat+ o!r /ags1 = ! exclusive possession ( ! females2 :o are obs]v$ l ! ladies 9 ! times ( *ivalry to att5d ! c> ( ! victor4 ,! birds :i* d n c>ry food to _! "y1 & d n !re=e m>ry1 are arm$ ) spurs = ! purpose ( fight+ = ! exclusive possession ( ! females1 z cocks & quails4 ,x is c]ta9 t ^! weapons are n provid$ = _! def5ce aga9/ o!r adv]s>ies1 because ! females ( ^! species are )\t ?is arm\r4 ,! f9al cause ( ?is conte/ among ! males seems to be t ! /ronge/ & mo/ active animal %\ld propagate ! species1 :i* %\ld !nce become improv$4#ahj ,dr4 ,d>w9 w\ld h be5 on /rong] gr\nd if he _h said t ! effect ( ! conte/ among ! males 0 t ! fitte/ %\ld survive1 & h5ce transmit any fit modifications :i* _h occurr$ to !m z vitally true1 r ?an t ! desire to atta9 ?is end _h caus$ ! conte/2 b ei!r way ! s5t5ce j giv5 is suffici5t to %[ t he 0 n bl9d to ! fact t ! fitte/ commonly survive1 & to ! consequ5ces ( ?is fact4 ,! use1 h[ev]1 ( ! ^w !nce1 z well z ( ! expression f9al cause1 is loose1 z ,dr4 ,d>w9 w\ld no d\bt readily h admitt$4 ,improvem5t 9 ! species is due q z mu*1 by ,dr4 ,d>w9's own %[+1 to ! causes :i* h l$ to su* & su* an animal's mak+ itself ! fitte/1 z to ! fact t if fitte/ x w be m likely to survive & transmit its improvem5t4 ,!re h be5 two factors 9 modification2 ! "o provides v>iations1 ! o!r accumulates !m2 nei!r c claim exclusive "r to ! ^w !nce1 z ?\gh ! modification 0 due to x & to x only4 ,dr4 ,d>w9's use ( ! ^w !nce "h is cle>ly a slip1 & no?+ else2 b x is "o :i* br+s him = ! mom5t into ! v error into :i* 8 gr&son has fall5 m disa/r\sly4 ,ano!r great want1 he cont9ues1 consi/s 9 ! means ( procur+ food1 :i* has div]sifi$ ! =ms ( all species ( animals4 ,?us ! nose ( ! sw9e has become h>d = ! purpose ( turn+ up ! soil 9 se>* ( insects & ( roots4 ,! trunk ( ! elephant is an elongation ( ! nose = ! purpose ( pull+ d[n ! bran*es ( trees = 8 food1 & = tak+ up wat] )\t b5d+ 8 knees4 ,bea/s ( prey h acquir$ /rong jaws or talons4 ,cattle h acquir$ a r\gh tongue & a r\gh palate to pull (f ! blades ( grass1 z c[s & %eep4 ,"s birds h acquir$ h>d] beaks to crack nuts1 z ! p>rot4 ,o!rs h acquir$ beaks to break ! h>d] se$s1 z sp>r[s4 ,o!rs = ! s(t] k9ds ( fl[]s1 or ! buds ( trees1 z ! f9*es4 ,o!r birds h acquir$ long beaks to p5etrate ! moi/] soils 9 se>* ( insects or roots1 z woodcocks1 & o!rs broad ones to filtrate ! wat] ( lakes & to reta9 aquatic insects4 ,all :i* seem to h be5 gradually produc$ dur+ _m g5]ations by ! p]petual endeav\r ( ! creature to supply ! want ( food1 & to h be5 deliv]$ to _! po/]ity ) con/ant improvem5t ( !m = ! purposes requir$4 ,! ?ird great want among animals is t ( security1 :i* seems to h div]sifi$ ! =ms ( _! bodies & ! col\r ( !m2 ^! consi/ 9 ! means ( escap+ o!r animals m p[]ful ?an !mselves4 ,h5ce "s animals h acquir$ w+s in/ead ( legs1 z ! small] birds1 = purposes ( escape4 ,o!rs1 great l5g? ( f9 or ( membrane1 z ! fly+ fi% & ! bat4 ,o!rs h acquir$ h>d or arm$ %ells1 z ! tortoise & ! ,e*9us m>9us4 ,mr4 ,osbeck1 a pupil ( ,l9naeus1 m5tions ! ,am]ican frog-fi%1 ,lophius ,hi/rio1 :i* inhabits ! l>ge float+ isl&s ( sea-we$ ab\t ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & has fulcra resembl+ leaves1 t ! fi%es ( prey may mi/ake x = ! sea-we$1 :i* x inhabits4#aha ,! contrivances = ! purposes ( security ext5d ev5 to vegetables1 z is se5 9 ! wond]ful & v>i\s means ( _! conceal+ or def5d+ _! honey f insects & _! se$s f birds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 swiftness ( w+ has be5 acquir$ by hawks & swall[s to pursue _! prey2 & a proboscis ( admirable /ructure has be5 acquir$ by ! bee1 ! mo?1 & ! humm+ bird = ! purpose ( plund]+ ! nect>ies ( fl[]s4 ,all :i* seem to h be5 =m$ by ! orig9al liv+ filam5t1 excit$ into action by ! necessities ( ! creatures :i* possess !m1 & on :i* _! exi/5ce dep5ds4 ,f ?us m$itat+ on ! great simil>ity ( ! /ructure ( ! w>m-blood$ animals1 & at ! same "t ( ! great *anges !y und]go bo? be=e & aft] _! nativity2 & by consid]+ 9 h[ m9ute a portion ( "t _m ( ! *anges ( animals above describ$ h be5 produc$2 w\ld x be too bold to imag9e t 9 ! great l5g? ( "t s9ce ! e>? began to exi/1 p]haps millions ( ages be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d--w\ld x be too bold to imag9e t all w>m-blood$ animals h aris5 f "o liv+ filam5t1 :i* ! ,great ,fir/ ,cause endu$ ) animality1 ) ! p[] ( atta9+ new p>ts1 att5d$ ) new prop5sities1 direct$ by irritations1 s5sations1 volitions1 & associations2 & ?us possess+ ! faculty ( cont9u+ to improve1 by its own inh]5t activity1 & ( deliv]+ d[n ^? improvem5ts by g5]ation to its po/]ity _w )\t end6 ,six?ly1 ! cold-blood$ animals1 z ! fi% tribes1 :i* are furni%$ ) b "o v5tricle ( ! he>t1 & ) gills in/ead ( lungs1 & ) f9s in/ead ( feet or w+s1 be> a great simil>ity to ea* o!r2 b !y diff] nev]!less s mu* 9 _! g5]al /ructure f ! w>m-blood$ animals1 t x may n seem probable at fir/ view t ! same liv+ filam5t c\ld h giv5 orig9 to ?is k+dom ( animals1 z to ! =m]4 ,yet are !re "s creatures :i* unite or p>take ( bo? ^! ord]s ( animation1 z ! :ales & seals2 & m p>ticul>ly ! frog1 :o *anges f an aquatic animal furni%$ ) gills to an a]ial "o furni%$ ) lungs4 ,! num]\s tribes ( insects )\t w+s1 f ! spid] to ! scorpion1 f ! flea to ! lob/]2 or ) w+s1 f ! gnat or ! ant to ! wasp & ! dragon-fly1 diff] s totally f ea* o!r1 & f ! r$-blood$ classes above describ$1 bo? 9 ! =ms ( _! bodies & 9 _! modes ( life2 besides ! organ ( s5se1 :i* !y seem to possess 9 _! ant5nae or horns1 to :i* x has be5 ?\ght by "s naturali/s t o!r creatures h no?+ simil>2 t x c sc>cely be suppos$ t ?is nature ( animals c\ld h be5 produc$ by ! same k9d ( liv+ filam5t z ! r$-blood$ classes above m5tion$4 ,& yet ! *anges :i* _m ( !m und]go 9 _! e>ly /ate to t ( _! maturity1 are z diff]5t z "o animal c be f ano!r4 ,z ^? ( ! gnat1 :i* passes 8 e>ly /ate 9 wat]1 & !n /ret*+ out 8 new w+s & exp&+ 8 new lungs1 rises 9 ! air2 z ( ! cat]pill> & bee-nymph1 :i* fe$ on vegetable leaves or f>9a1 & at l5g? bur/+ f _! self-=m$ graves1 become beautiful w+$ inhabitants ( ! skies1 j\rney+ f fl[] to fl[]1 & n\ri%$ by ! ambrosial food ( honey4 ,!re is /ill ano!r class ( animals :i* are t]m$ v]mes by ,l9naeus1 :i* are )\t feet or bra91 & are h]maphrodites1 z worms1 lee*es1 snails1 %ell-fi%1 corall9e insects1 & sponges1 :i* possess ! simple/ /ructure ( all animals1 & appe> totally diff]5t f ^? already describ$4 ,! simplicity ( _! /ructure1 h[ev]1 c af=d no argum5t aga9/ _! hav+ be5 produc$ f a s+le liv+ filam5t1 z above cont5d$4 ,la/ ( all1 ! v>i\s tribes ( vegetables are to be enum]at$ among/ ! inf]ior ord]s ( animals4 ,( ^! ! an!rs & /igmas h already be5 %[n to possess "s organs ( s5se1 to be n\ri%$ by honey1 & to h ! p[] ( g5]ation l insects1 & h !nce be5 ann\nc$ among/ ! animal k+dom 9 ,section ,,xiii42 & to ^! mu/ be add$ ! buds & bulbs1 :i* con/itute ! vivip>\s (fspr+ ( vegetation4 ,! =m] ,i suppose to be behold5 to a s+le liv+ filam5t = _! sem9al or amatorial procreation2 & ! latt] to ! same cause = _! lat]al or bran*+ g5]ation1 :i* !y possess 9 common ) ! polypus1 ta5ia1 & volvox1 & ! simplicity ( :i* is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! simil>ity ( its cause4 ,l9naeus supposes1 9 ! introduction to 8 natural ord]s1 t v few vegetables 7 at fir/ creat$1 & t _! numb]s 7 increas$ by _! int]m>riages1 & adds1 ',suad]et haec ,creatoris leges a simplicibus ad composita4' ,_m o!r *anges appe> to h aris5 9 !m by _! p]petual conte/ = light & air above gr\nd1 & = food or moi/ure b5ea? ! soil4 ,z not$ 9 ! ',botanic ,g>d51' ,"p ,,ii41 note on ,cuscuta4 ,o!r *anges ( vegetables f climate or o!r causes are rem>k$ 9 ! note on ,curcuma 9 ! same "w4 ,f ^! "o might be l$ to imag9e t ea* plant at fir/ consi/$ ( a s+le bulb or fl[] to ea* root1 z ! g5tianella & daisy1 & t 9 ! conte/ = air & light1 new buds grew on ! old decay+ fl[]-/em1 %oot+ d[n _! elongat$ roots to ! gr\nd1 & t 9 process ( ages tall trees 7 ?us =m$1 & an individual bulb became a sw>m ( vegetables4 ,o!r plants :i* 9 ?is conte/ = light & air 7 too sl5d] to rise by _! own /r5g?1 le>n$ by degrees to adh]e to _! neighb\rs1 ei!r by putt+ =? roots l ! ivy1 or by t5drils l ! v9e1 or by spiral contortions l ! honeysuckle1 or by gr[+ ^u !m l ! mi/leto1 & tak+ n\ri%m5t f _! b>ks1 or by only lodg+ or adh]+ on !m & d]iv+ n\ri%m5t f ! air z till&sia4 ,%all we !n say t ! vegetable liv+ filam5t 0 orig9ally diff]5t f t ( ea* tribe ( animals above describ$8 ,& t ! productive liv+ filam5t ( ea* ( ^? tribes 0 diff]5t f ! o!r8 ,or z ! e>? & ocean 7 probably peopl$ ) vegetable productions long be=e ! exi/5ce ( animals2 & _m families ( ^! animals1 long be=e o!r families ( !m1 %all we conjecture t "o & ! same k9d ( liv+ filam5t is & has be5 ! cause ( all organic life8#ahb 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! late ,mr4 ,david ,hume 9 8 po/hum\s works places ! p[]s ( g5]ation mu* above ^? ( our boa/$ reason1 & adds1 t reason c only make a ma*9e1 z a clock or a %ip1 b ! p[] ( g5]ation makes ! mak] ( ! ma*9e2 & probably f hav+ obs]v$ t ! greate/ "p ( ! e>? has be5 =m$ out ( organic recrem5ts1 z ! imm5se b$s ( lime/one1 *alk1 m>ble1 f ! %ells ( fi%2 & ! ext5sive prov9ces ( clay1 s&/one1 iron/one1 coals1 f decompos$ vegetables2 all ( :i* h be5 fir/ produc$ by g5]ation1 or by ! secretion ( organic life2 he concludes t ! _w itself might h be5 g5]at$ r ?an creat$2 t x might h be5 gradually produc$ f v small beg9n+s1 increas+ by ! activity ( its inh]5t pr9ciples1 r ?an by a sudd5 evolution ( ! :ole by ! ,almighty fire4 ,:at a magnific5t idea ( ! inf9ite p[] ( ! great ,ar*itect6 ,! ,cause ( causes6 ,p>5t ( p>5ts6 ,ens entium6#ahc ,,footnotes3 #afi ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #dhd4 #agj ,ibid4 p4 #dhe4 #aga ,ibid4 p4 #dic4 #agb ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #did4 #agc ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #dig4 #agd ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #dih4 #age ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #ejj4 #agf ,ibid4 p4 #eja4 #agg ,ibid4 p4 #ejb4 #agh ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #ejc4 #agi ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #eje4 #ahj ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #ejg4 #aha ',voyage to ,*9a1' p4 #aac4 #ahb ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #eaa4 #ahc ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #eac4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,memoir ,,( ,,lam>ck4 ,i take ! foll[+ memoir ( ,lam>ck entirely f ! biographical sket* prefix$ by ,m4 ,m>t9s to 8 excell5t edition ( ! ',philosophie ,zoologique4'#ahd ,f ?is sket* ,i f9d t ,lam>ck 0 born ,augu/ #a1 #agdd1 at ,b>5ton1 9 ,pic>dy1 be+ ! elev5? *ild ( ,pi]re de ,monet1 squire ( ! place1 a man ( old family1 b poor4 ,8 fa!r int5d$ him = ! ,*ur*1 ! ord9>y res\rce ( y\ng] sons at t "t1 & accord+ly plac$ him "u ! c>e ( ! ,jesuits at ,ami5s4 ,b ?is 0 n 8 vocation3 ! annals ( 8 family spoke all to him ( milit>y glory2 8 elde/ bro!r _h di$ 9 ! brea*es at ! siege ( ,b]g5-op-,zoom2 two o!rs 7 /ill s]v+ 9 ! army1 & ,france 0 exhau/+ h] en]gies 9 an unequal /ruggle4 ,8 fa!r w\ld n yield to 8 wi%es1 b on 8 dea?1 9 #agfj1 ,lam>ck 0 left free to take 8 own l9e1 & made 8 way at once--^u a v bad horse--to ! army ( ,g]many1 !n encamp$ at ,lipp/adt 9 ,we/phalia4 ,he 0 ! be>] ( a lett] writt5 by ,madame de ,lame?1 "o ( 8 neighb\rs 9 ! c\ntry1 & recomm5d+ him to ,m4 de ,la/ic1 colonel ( ! regim5t ( ,beaujolais4 ,?is g5tleman1 on see+ be=e him a lad ( sev5te51 ^: some:at /unt$ gr[? made him look /ill y\ng] ?an he really 01 s5t ! y\? imm$iately to 8 own qu>t]s4 ,! next day a battle 0 imm$iately imp5d+1 & ,m4 de ,la/ic1 on pass+ 8 regim5t 9 review1 saw 8 protege 9 ! fir/ rank ( a company ( gr5adi]s4 ,! ,fr5* army 0 "u ! ord]s ( ! ,m>%al de ,broglie & ( ! ,pr9ce de ,s\bise2 ! alli$ troops 7 comm&$ by ,f]d9& ( ,brunswick4 ,! two ,fr5* g5]als 7 beat5 ow+ to _! divid$ c\nsels1 & ,lam>ck's company1 almo/ annihilat$ by ! enemy's fire1 0 =gott5 9 ! confusion ( ! retreat4 ,all ! (fic]s1 commission$ & non-commission$1 7 kill$1 & only f\rte5 m5 out ( ! :ole company rema9$ alive3 ! elde/ propos$ to retreat1 b ,lam>ck1 improvis+ himself z comm&]1 decl>$ t !y ought n to retire )\t ord]s4 ,pres5tly ! colonel see+ t ?is company did n rally s5t an ord]ly (fic] :o made 8 way up to x by protect$ pa?s4 ,next day ,lam>ck 0 made an (fic]1 & %ortly aft]w>ds lieut5ant4 ,=tunately = sci5ce1 cont9ues ,m4 ,m>t9s1 ?is brilliant debut 0 n to decide 8 c>e]4 ,aft] peace _h be5 sign$ he 0 s5t into g>rison at ,t\lon & ,monaco1 :]e an inflammation ( ! lymphatic ganglions ( ! neck necessitat$ an op]ation :i* left him deeply sc>r$ = life4 ,! vegetation 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,t\lon & ,monaco n[ arre/$ ! "y (fic]'s att5tion4 ,he _h already d]iv$ "s little k ( botany f ! ',traite des ,plantes usuelles' ( ,*omel4 ,hav+ retir$ f ! s]vice1 & hav+ no?+ beyond 8 mode/ p5sion ( f\r hundr$ francs a ye>1 he took a situation at ,p>is ) a bank]2 b drawn irresi/ibly to ! /udy ( nature1 he us$ to /udy f 8 attic w9d[ ! =ms & movem5ts ( cl\ds1 & made himself famili> ) ! plants 9 ! ,j>d9 du ,roi or 9 ! public g>d5s4 ,he began to feel t he 0 on 8 "r pa?1 & und]/ood1 z ,voltaire said ( ,condorcet1 t discov]ies ( p]man5t value c\ld make him no less illu/ri\s ?an milit>y glory4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! botanical sy/ems ( 8 "t1 9 six mon?s he wrote 8 ',flore francaise1' prec$$ by ! ',cle di*otomique1' ) ! help ( :i* x is easy ev5 = a beg9n] to arrive ) c]ta9ty at ! "n ( ! plant be=e him4 ,( ?is "w1 ,m4 ,m>t9s tells u 9 a note1 t ! second edition1 publi%$ by ,c&olle 9 #ahae1 is /ill ! /&>d "w on ,fr5* plants4 ,9 #aggh ,r\sseau _h br\ght botany into vogue4 ,wom5 & m5 ( fa%ion took to x4 ,buffon _h ! ?ree volumes ( ',flore francaise' pr9t$ at ! royal press1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,lam>ck ent]$ ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,buffon be+ anxi\s t 8 son %\ld travel1 gave him ,lam>ck = 8 companion & tutor4 ,he ?us made a trip ?r\gh ,holl&1 ,g]many1 & ,hung>y1 & became acqua9t$ ) ,gl$its* at ,b]l91 ) ,jacqu9 at ,vi5na1 & ) ,murray at ,gott+54 ,! ',encyclop$ie me?odique1' begun by ,did]ot & ,d',alemb]t1 0 n yet complet$4 ,= ?is "w ,lam>ck wrote f\r volumes1 describ+ all ! !n kn[n plants ^: names began ) ! lett]s f ,a to ,p4 ,?is great "w 0 complet$ by ,poiret1 & comprises twelve volumes1 :i* appe>$ betwe5 ! ye>s #aghc & #ahag4 ,a /ill m important "w1 also "p ( ! ,encyclop$ia1 & cont9ually quot$ by botani/s1 is ! ',illu/ration des ,g5res4' ,9 ?is "w ,lam>ck describes two ?\s& g5]a1 & illu/rates !m1 accord+ to ! title-page1 ) n9e hundr$ engrav+s4 ,only a botani/ c =m any idea ( ! rese>* 9 collections1 g>d5s1 & books1 :i* su* a "w mu/ h involv$4 ,b ,lam>ck's activity 0 inexhau/ible4 ,sonn]at return$ f ,india 9 #agha ) a v l>ge numb] ( dri$ plants2 no "o except ,lam>ck ?\ght x wor? :ile to inspect !m1 & ,sonn]at1 *>m$ ) 8 en?usiasm1 gave him ! :ole magnific5t collection4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( 8 incessant toil1 ,lam>ck's position cont9u$ to be mo/ prec>i\s4 ,he liv$ by 8 p51 z a publi%]'s hack1 & x 0 ) difficulty t he obta9$ ev5 ! poorly paid po/ ( keep] ( ! k+'s cab9et ( dri$ plants4 ,l mo/ o!r naturali/s he _h ?us to cont5d ) incessant difficulties dur+ a p]iod ( fifte5 ye>s4 ,at l5g? =tune bett]$ 8 condition :ile *ang+ ! direction ( 8 lab\rs4 ,france 0 n[ "u ! ,conv5tion2 :at ,c>not _h done = ! army ,lakanal und]took to d = ! natural sci5ces4 ,at 8 sugge/ion a museum ( natural hi/ory 0 e/abli%$4 ,pr(essors _h be5 f\nd = all ! *airs save t ( ,zoology2 b 9 t "t ( en?usiasm1 s diff]5t f ! pres5t1 ,france c\ld f9d m5 ( w> & m5 ( sci5ce :]ev] & :5ev] %e _h ne$ ( !m4 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 0 tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 & 0 engag$ 9 ! /udy ( m9]alogy "u ,hauey4 ,daub5ton said to him1 ',i w und]take ! responsibility = y\r inexp]i5ce4 ,i h a fa!r's au?ority ov] y4 ,take ?is pr(essor%ip1 & let u "o day say t y h made zoology a ,fr5* sci5ce4' ,ge(froy accept$1 & und]took ! high] animals4 ,lakanal knew t a s+le pr(essor c\ld n suffice = ! task ( arrang+ ! collections ( ! entire animal k+dom1 & z ,ge(froy 0 to class ! v]tebrate animals only1 !re rema9$ ! inv]tebrata--t is to say1 insects1 molluscs1 worms1 zoophytes--9 a ^w1 :at 0 !n ! *aos ( ! unkn[n4 ',lam>ck1' says ,m4 ,mi*elet1 'accept$ ! unkn[n4' ,he _h devot$ "s att5tion to ! /udy ( %ells ) ,brugui]es1 b he _h /ill ev]y?+ to le>n1 or ,i %\ld p]haps say r1 ev]y?+ to create 9 t unexplor$ t]ritory into :i* ,l9naeus _h decl9$ to ent]1 & into :i* he _h ?us introduc$ none ( ! ord] he _h s well kn[n h[ to e/abli% among ! high] animals4 ,lam>ck began 8 c\rse ( lectures at ! museum 9 #agid1 aft] a ye>'s prep>ation1 & at once e/abli%$ t great division ( animals into v]tebrate & inv]tebrate1 :i* sci5ce has ev] s9ce recogniz$4 ,divid+ ! v]tebrate animals--z ,l9naeus _h already divid$ !m--into mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es1 he divid$ ! inv]tebrates into molluscs1 insects1 worms1 e*9od]ms1 & polyps4 ,9 #agii he sep>at$ ! cru/acea f ! insects1 ) :i* !y _h be5 class$ hi!rto2 9 #ahjj he e/abli%$ ! ara*nids z a class di/9ct f ! insects2 9 #ahjb t ( ! annelids1 a subdivision ( ! worms1 & t ( ! radiata z di/9ct f ! polyps4 ,"t has approv$ ! wisdom ( ^! divisions1 f\nd$ all ( !m ^u ! organic type ( ! creatures !mselves--t is to say1 ^u ! rational me?od introduc$ into zoology by ,cuvi]1 ,lam>ck1 & ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire4 ,?is introduction be+ devot$ only to ,lam>ck's lab\rs z a naturali/1 we w pass ov] c]ta9 works 9 :i* he treats ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,^! attempts--errors ( a p[]ful m9d :i* ?\ght itself able by ! help ( pure reason to e/abli% tru?s :i* re/ only ^u exp]i5ce--attempts1 moreov]1 :i* 7 "s ( !m b resuscitations ( explod$ !ories1 su* z t ( 'phlogi/ic'--_h n ev5 ! hon\r ( be+ refut$3 !y did n des]ve to be s1 & %\ld be a w>n+ to all ^? :o w\ld write ^u a subject )\t ! necess>y practical k4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury !re 0 n yet any su* sci5ce z geology4 ,p obs]v$ b little1 & 9 lieu ( obs]vation made !ories to embrace ! entire globe4 ,lam>ck made 8 9 #ahjb1 & tw5ty-?ree ye>s lat] ! judici\s ,cuvi] /ill yield$ to ! prevail+ cu/om 9 publi%+ 8 ',discov]ies on ! ,e>?'s ,revolutions4' ,lam>ck's m]it 0 to h discov]$ t !re _h be5 no cata/rophes1 b t ! gradual action ( =ces dur+ ?\s&s ( ages acc\nt$ = ! *anges obs]vable ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 bett] ?an any sudd5 & viol5t p]turbations4 ',nature1' he writes1 'has no difficulty on ! score ( "t2 %e has x always at comm&2 x is ) h] a b\ndless space 9 :i* %e has room = ! greate/ z = ! smalle/ op]ations4' ,"h we mu/ n =get ,buffon's f9e passage1 ,nature's great workman is ,"t1 c4 ,see page #ajc4 ,lam>ck1 cont9ues ,m4 ,m>t9s1 0 ! fir/ to di/+ui% littoral f ocean fossils1 b no "o accepts 8 !ory t oceans make _! b$s deep] ow+ to ! action ( ! tides1 & di/ribute !mselves diff]5tly ov] ! e>?'s surface )\t any *ange ( level ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( t surface4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,settl+ d[n to a s+le bran* ( sci5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 pr(essor%ip1 ,lam>ck n[ devot$ himself to ! tw(old lab\r ( lectur+ & classify+ ! collections at ! museum4 ,9 #ahjb he publi%$ 8 ',consid]ations on ! ,organization ( ,liv+ ,bodies'2 9 #ahji 8 ',philosophie ,zoologique1' a developm5t ( ! ',consid]ations'2 & f #ahaf to #ahbb 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! inv]tebrate animals1 9 sev5 volumes4 ,?is is 8 great "w1 &1 be+ entirely a "w ( description & classification1 0 receiv$ ) ! unanim\s approbation ( ! sci5tific _w4 ,8 ',fossil ,%ells ( ! ,neighb\rhood ( ,p>is'--a "w 9 :i* 8 pr(\nd k ( exi/+ %ells enabl$ him to class ) c]ta9ty ! rema9s ( =ms t _h disappe>$ ?\s&s ( ages ago--met also ) a fav\rable reception4 ,lam>ck 0 fifty ye>s old be=e he began to /udy zoology2 & prolong$ microscopic exam9ations fir/ fatigu$ & at l5g? enfeebl$ 8 eyesight4 ,! cl\ds :i* obscur$ x gradually ?ick5$1 & he became q bl9d4 ,m>ri$ f\r times1 ! fa!r ( sev5 *ildr51 he saw 8 small patrimony & ev5 8 e>li] sav+s swall[$ up by "o ( ^? haz>d\s inve/m5ts ) :i* promot]s impose on ! cr$ulity ( ! public4 ,8 small end[m5t z pr(essor alone protect$ him f de/itution4 ,m5 ( sci5ce :om 8 reputation z a botani/ & zoologi/ _h attract$ ne> him1 wond]$ at ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 neglect$4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,he pass$ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 labori\s life 9 d>kness1 t5d$ only by ! affectionate c>e ( 8 two daught]s4 ,! elde/ wrote f 8 dictation "p ( ! six? & sev5? volumes ( 8 "w on ! inv]tebrate animals4 ,f ! "t h] fa!r became conf9$ to 8 room 8 daught] nev] left ! h\se2 & :5 fir/ %e did s aft] 8 dea?1 %e 0 di/ress$ by ! fre% air to :i* %e _h be5 s long a /rang]4 ,lam>ck di$ ,decemb] #ah1 #ahbi1 at ! age ( eighty-five4 ,latreille & ,bla9ville 7 8 successors at ! museum4 ,! incr$ible activity ( ! fir/ pr(essor _h s greatly increas$ ! numb] ( ! kn[n inv]tebrata t x 0 f\nd necess>y to end[ two pr(essors1 :]e "o _h orig9ally be5 suffici5t4 ,8 two daught]s 7 left p5niless4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcb ,i myself saw ,mlle4 ,cornelie de ,lam>ck e>n+ a scanty pittance by fa/5+ dri$ plants on to pap]1 9 ! museum ( :i* h] fa!r _h be5 a pr(essor4 ,_m a species nam$ & describ$ by him mu/ h pass$ "u h] eyes & increas$ ! bitt]ness ( h] regret4#ahe ,,footnotes3 #ahd ,p>is1 #ahgc4 #ahe ,introduction ,biographique to ,m4 ,m>t9s' edition ( ! ',phil4 ,zool41' pp4 ix-xx4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,g5]al ,,misconception ,,conc]n+ ,,lam>ck--,,8 ,,philosophical ,,position4 ,if ,cuvi]1 says ,m4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1#ahf is ! mod]n successor ( ,l9naeus1 s is ,lam>ck ( ,buffon4 ,b ,cuvi] does n g s f> z ,l9naeus1 & ,lam>ck goes mu* f>!r ?an ,buffon4 ,lam>ck1 moreov]1 took 8 own l9e1 & 8 conjectures are n only mu* bold]1 or r m haz>d\s1 b !y are pr(\ndly diff]5t f ,buffon's4 ,x is well kn[n t ! va/ lab\rs ( ,lam>ck 7 divid$ betwe5 botany & physical sci5ce 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & betwe5 zoology & natural philosophy 9 ! n9ete5?2 x is1 h[ev]1 less g5]ally kn[n t ,lam>ck 0 long a p>tisan ( ! immutability ( species4 ,x 0 n till #ahja1 :5 he 0 already old1 t he fre$ himself f ! ideas !n g5]ally prevail+4 ,b ,lam>ck1 hav+ once made up 8 m9d1 nev] *ang$ x2 9 8 ripe age he exhibits all ! ard\r ( y\? 9 propagat+ & def5d+ 8 new convictions4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s1 #ahja1 #ahjb1 #ahjc1 he en\nc$ !m twice 9 8 lectures1 & ?ree times 9 8 writ+s4#ahg ,he returns to ! subject & /ates 8 views precisely 9 #ahjf1ahh & 9 #ahji he devotes a great "p ( 8 pr9cipal "w1 ! ',philosophie ,zoologique1' to _! demon/ration4#ahi ,"h he might h re/$ & h quietly await$ ! judgm5t ( 8 pe]s2 b he is too mu* conv9c$2 he believes ! future ( sci5ce to dep5d s mu* ^u 8 doctr9e t to 8 dy+ day he feels compell$ to expla9 x fur!r & insi/ ^u x4 ,:5 already ov] sev5ty ye>s ( age he en\nces x aga91 & ma9ta9s x z firmly z ev] 9 #ahae1 9 8 ',hi/oire des ,animaux sans ,v]tebres1' & 9 #ahbj 9 8 ',sy/eme des ,connaissances ,positives4'#aij ,?is doctr9e1 s de>ly *]i%$ by its au?or1 & ! conception1 exposition1 & def5ce ( :i* s labori\sly occupi$ ! second half ( 8 sci5tific c>e]1 has be5 assur$ly too mu* admir$ by "s1 :o h =gott5 t ,lam>ck _h a precursor1 & t t precursor 0 ,buffon4 ,x has1 on ! o!r h&1 be5 too sev]ely condemn$ by o!rs :o h involv$ x 9 its entirety 9 broad & sweep+ condemnation4 ,z if x 7 possible t s great lab\r on ! "p ( s great a naturali/ %\ld h l$ him to 'a fanta/ic conclusion' only--to a 'flighty error1' &1 z has be5 (t5 said1 ?\gh n writt51 to '"o absurdity ! m4' ,su* 0 ! language :i* ,lam>ck he>d dur+ 8 protract$ old age1 sadd5$ alike by ! weight ( ye>s & bl9dness2 ?is 0 :at p did n hesitate to utt] ov] 8 grave yet b>ely clos$1 & :at1 inde$1 !y are /ill say+--commonly1 too1 )\t any k ( :at ,lam>ck ma9ta9$1 b m]ely repeat+ at second h& bad c>icatures ( 8 tea*+4 ,:5 w ! "t come :5 we may see ,lam>ck's !ory discuss$--&1 ,i may z well at once say1 refut$ 9 "s important po9ts--) at any rate ! respect due to "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ma/]s ( our sci5ce8 ,& :5 w ?is !ory1 ! h>dihood ( :i* has be5 greatly exagg]at$1 become fre$ f ! int]pretations & comm5t>ies by ! false light ( :i* s _m naturali/s h =m$ _! op9ion conc]n+ x8 ,if its au?or is to be condemn$1 let x be1 at any rate1 n be=e he has be5 he>d4#aia ,x is n necess>y = me to give ! extracts f ,lam>ck :i* ,m4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire quotes 9 ord] to %[ :at he really ma9ta9$1 inasmu* z !y w be giv5 at great] l5g? 9 ! foll[+ *apt]2 b ,i may p]haps say t ,i h n f\nd ,m4 ,ge(froy refut+ ,lam>ck 9 any ess5tial po9t4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel says t to ,lam>ck w always belong ! immortal glory ( hav+ = ! fir/ "t work$ out ! !ory ( desc5t z an indep5d5t sci5tific !ory ( ! fir/ ord]1 & z ! philosophical f\ndation ( ! :ole sci5ce ( ,biology4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ',philosophie ,zoologique1' cont9ues ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 is ! fir/ connect$ exposition ( ! !ory ( desc5t c>ri$ out /rictly into all its consequ5ces2 444 & ) ! exception ( ,d>w9's "w1 :i* appe>$ exactly half a c5tury lat]1 we "k ( none :i* we c\ld 9 ?is respect place by ! side ( ! ',philosophie ,zoologique4' ,h[ f> x 0 9 advance ( its "t is p]haps be/ se5 f ! circum/ance t x 0 n und]/ood by mo/ m51 & = fifty ye>s 0 n spok5 ( at all4#aib ,?is is an exagg]ation1 bo? z reg>ds ! orig9ality ( ,lam>ck's "w & ! reception x has met )4 ,x is probably m accurate to say ) ,m4 ,m>t9s t ,lam>ck's !ory has nev] yet _h ! hon\r ( be+ discuss$ s]i\sly1#aic n1 at lea/1 9 connection ) ! "n ( its orig9ators4 ,s completely has ?is be5 s t ! au?or ( ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation1' ev5 9 ! edition ( #ahfj1 9 :i* he unres]v$ly ackn[l$ges ! adoption ( ,lam>ck's views1 n unfrequ5tly speaks disp>ag+ly ( ,lam>ck himself1 & nev] gives him 8 due me$ ( recognition4 ,i am n1 !re=e1 :olly displeas$ to f9d ?is au?or conceiv+ himself to h be5 treat$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 ) "s ( ! inju/ice :i* he has himself inflict$ on ,lam>ck4 ,9 ! #ahei edition ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' & 9 a v prom95t place1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3--,! au?or ( ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation' w\ld ,i presume say1 t aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( unkn[n g5]ations1 "s bird _h giv5 bir? to a woodpeck]1 & "s plant to a misseltoe1 & t ^! _h be5 produc$ p]fect z we n[ see !m4#aid ,?is is ! only allusion to ! ',ve/iges' :i* ,i h f\nd 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species4' ,^? :o h read ! #ahec edition ( ! ',ve/iges' w n be surpris$ to f9d ! au?or rejo9+1 9 8 edition ( #ahfj1 t x 0 to be regrett$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 %\ld h read ! ',ve/iges' ne>ly z mu* amiss z ?\gh1 l its decl>$ oppon5ts1 he _h an int]e/ 9 misund]/&+ x4 ,& a little l[] he adds t ,mr4 ,d>w9's book 9 no ess5tial respect contradicts ! ',ve/iges'2 on ! contr>y1 :ile add+ to its explanations ( nature1 x expresses sub/antially ! same g5]al ideas4#aie ,x is "r to say t ! passage ?us object$ to is n to be f\nd 9 lat] editions ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' :ile 9 ! hi/orical sket* we n[ read z foll[s3--,9 my op9ion x 7! ',ve/iges ( ,creation'7 has done excell5t s]vice 9 ?is c\ntry by call+ att5tion to ! subject1 remov+ prejudice1 & 9 ?us prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! reception ( analog\s views4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! ma9 "p ( ^: "w on ! ',orig9 ( ,species' is tak5 up ) support+ ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification 7:i* frequ5tly 9 ! recapitulation *apt] ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species' he seems to treat z synonym\s ) natural selection71 has fall5 into ! common error ( ?9k+ t ,lam>ck c be ignor$ or pass$ ov] 9 a c\ple ( s5t5ces4 ,i only f9d ,lam>ck's "n twice 9 ! #ahei edition ( ! ',orig91' once on p4 #bdb1 :]e ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3 ,i am surpris$ t no "o has advanc$ ?is demon/rative case ( neut] insects1 aga9/ ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( ,lam>ck2 & aga91 p4 #dbg1 :]e ,lam>ck is /at$ to h be5 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ! v important di/9ction betwe5 real aff9ities & analogical or adaptive resemblances4 ,h[ f> f demon/rative is ! p>ticul> case :i* 9 #ahei ,mr4 ,d>w9 consid]$ s fatal to ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( ,lam>ck--:i* %\ld surely1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 include ! doctr9e ( desc5t ) modification1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 is himself support+--,i h attempt$ to %[ 9 ',life & ,habit1' b _h p]haps bett] recapitulate briefly "h4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3 ,9 ! simpl] case ( neut] insects all ( "o ca/e1 :i*1 z ,i believe1 h be5 r5d]$ diff]5t f ! f]tile males & females ?r\gh natural selection4444#aif ,he ?us attributes ! /]ility & peculi> *>act]i/ics1 we w say1 ( ! common hive work+ bees--neut] insects all ( "o ca/e--to natural selection4 ,n[1 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t ^! *>act]i/ics--/]ility1 a cavity 9 ! ?igh = collect+ wax1 a proboscis = ga!r+ honey1 c4--are due to ! treatm5t :i* ! eggs laid by ! que5 bee receive aft] !y h left h] body4 ,take an egg & treat x 9 a c]ta9 way1 & x becomes a work+ bee2 treat ! same egg 9 a c]ta9 o!r way1 & x becomes a que54 ,if ! bees are 9 dang] ( becom+ que5less !y take eggs :i* 7 9 ! way ( be+ develop$ into work+ bees1 & *ange _! food & cells1 :]eon !y develop into que5s in/ead4 ,h[ ,mr4 ,d>w9 c\ld attribute ! neutralization ( ! work+ bees--an act :i* is obvi\sly "o ( abortion committ$ by ! body politic ( ! hive on a balance ( consid]ations--to ! action ( :at he calls natural selection1 & h[1 aga91 he c\ld suppose t :at he 0 advanc+ _h any b a confirmatory be>+ ^u ,lam>ck's position1 is incompreh5sible1 unless ! passage 9 "q be tak5 z a m]e slip4 ,t att5tion has be5 call$ to x is pla91 = ! words ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( ,lam>ck h be5 *ang$ 9 lat] editions into ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit z advanc$ by ,lam>ck1#aig b ?is correction1 ?\gh "s app>5t improvem5t on ! orig9al text1 does little inde$ 9 comp>ison ) :at is want$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has s9ce introduc$ a p>agraph conc]n+ ,lam>ck into ! hi/orical sket*1 already m ?an once ref]r$ to 9 ^! pages4 ,9 ?is he summ>ises ! !ory :i* ,i am ab\t to lay be=e ! read]1 by say+ t ,lam>ck upheld ! doctr9e t all species1 includ+ man1 are desc5d$ f o!r species4 ,if ,lam>ck _h be5 alive he w\ld probably h pref]r$ to see ,mr4 ,d>w9 write t he upheld ! doctr9e ( desc5t ) modification z ! explanation ( all diff]5tiations ( /ructure & in/9ct4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont9ues1 t ,lam>ck seems to h be5 *iefly l$ to 8 conclusion on ! gradual *ange ( species1 by ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ species & v>ieties1 by ! almo/ p]fect gradation ( =ms 9 c]ta9 gr\ps1 & by ! analogy ( dome/ic productions4 ,lam>ck w\ld probably h said t ?\gh he did inde$ turn--z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has done1 & z ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w9 _h done be=e him--to animals & plants "u dome/ication1 9 illu/ration & support ( ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification2 & t ?\gh he did also insi/1 z s _m o!r writ]s h done1 on ! arbitr>y & artificial nature ( ! di/9ction betwe5 species & v>ieties1 he 0 ma9ly l$ to agree ) ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w9 by a broad survey ( ! animal k+dom1 ) ! details also ( :i* few naturali/s h ev] be5 bett] acqua9t$4 ,great1 says ,mr4 ,d>w91 is ! p[] ( /eady misrepres5tation1--& greatly inde$ has ! j fame ( ,lam>ck be5 eclips$ 9 consequ5ce2 b1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 f9ely cont9ues1 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce %[s t =tunately ?is p[] does n long endure4#aih ,t ,lam>ck anticipat$ x1 0 prep>$ to face x1 & ev5 felt t ?+s 7 ?us1 aft] all1 z !y %\ld be1 w appe> f ! %rewd & pleasant passage :i* is to be f\nd ne> ! close ( 8 preface3-- ,s great is ! p[] ( preconceiv$ op9ion1 especially :5 any p]sonal int]e/ is enli/$ on ! same side z itself1 t ?\gh x is h>d to d$uce new tru?s f ! /udy ( nature1 x is /ill h>d] to get !m recogniz$ by o!r p4 ,^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 are on ! :ole m b5eficial ?an hurtful to ! cause ( sci5ce2 = x is ?r\gh !m t a numb] ( ecc5tric1 ?\gh p]haps plausible speculations1 p]i% 9 _! infancy1 & are nev] aga9 he>d (4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 valuable ideas are ?us lo/2 b x is bett] t a tru?1 :5 once caught sight (1 %\ld h to /ruggle = a long "t )\t meet+ ! att5tion x des]ves1 ?an t e outcome ( a heat$ imag9ation %\ld be readily receiv$4 ,! m ,i reflect ^u ! num]\s causes :i* affect our judgm5ts1 ! m conv9c$ ,i am t1 ) ! exception ( su* physical & moral facts z no "o c n[ ?r[ d\bt ^u1 all else is matt] ( op9ion & argum5t2 & we "k well t !re is h>dly an argum5t to be f\nd any:]e1 aga9/ :i* ano!r argum5t _c plausibly be adduc$4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh x is pla9 t ! v>i\s op9ions ( m5 diff] greatly 9 probability & 9 ! weight :i* %\ld be atta*$ to !m1 x seems to me t we are wrong :5 we blame ^? :o diff] f u4 ,are we !n to recognize no op9ions z well f\nd$ b ^? :i* are g5]ally receiv$8 ,nay--exp]i5ce tea*es u pla9ly t ! highe/ & mo/ cultivat$ m9ds mu/ be at all times 9 an exce$+ly small m9ority4 ,no "o c dispute ?is4 ,au?ority %\ld be told by weight & n by numb]--b 9 good tru? au?ority is a h>d ?+ to weigh4 ,nor aga9--9 spite ( ! _m & sev]e conditions :i* a judgm5t mu/ fulfil be=e x c be decl>$ good--is x q c]ta9 t ^? :om public op9ion has decl>$ to be au?orities1 are always "r 9 ! conclusions !y arrive at4 ,positive facts are ! only solid gr\nd = man2 ! d$uctions he draws f !m are a v diff]5t matt]4 ,outside ! facts ( nature all is a "q ( probabilities1 & ! mo/ t c be said is t "s conclusions are m probable ?an o!rs4 ,lam>ck's pov]ty 0 p]haps "o ma9 reason ( ! ease ) :i* x 0 f\nd possible to neglect 8 philosophical op9ions4 ,sci5ce is n a k+dom into :i* a poor man c ent] easily1 if he happ5s to diff] f a philosoph] :o gives good d9n]s1 & has 8 si/]s & 8 c\s9s & 8 aunts to play ! "p ( *orus to him4 ,lam>ck's two daught]s d n appe> to h be5 ! k9d ( p]sons :o c\ld make effective si/]s or c\s9s or aunts4 ,m5 ( sci5ce are ( l passions ev5 ) ! o!r holy ones :o h set !mselves up 9 all ages z ! pa/ors & prophets ( mank9d4 ,! sa9t has commonly deem$ x to be = ! int]e/s ( sa9tl9ess t he %\ld /ra9 a po9t or two 9 8 own fav\r--& ! m s accord+ z 8 reputation = an appe>ance ( c&\r has be5 ! bett] e>n$4 ,if1 !n1 ,lam>ck's oppon5ts c\ld keep *oruses1 :ile ,lam>ck _h no?+ to fall back ^u b ! m]its ( 8 case only1 x is n surpris+ t he %\ld h f\nd himself neglect$ by ! sci5ti/s ( 8 own "t4 ,moreov] he 0 too old to h und]tak5 su* an unequal conte/4 ,if he _h be5 tw5ty ye>s y\ng] :5 he began x1 he w\ld probably h enjoy$ 8 full measure ( success be=e he di$4 ,n t ,lam>ck c claim1 z a ?9k]1 to /& on ! same level ) ,dr4 ,d>w91 & /ill less s ) ,buffon4 ,he attempt$ to g too fa/ & too f>4 ,see+ t if we accept desc5t ) modification1 ! "q arises :e!r :at we call life & consci\sness may n !mselves be evolv$ f "s ?+ or ?+s :i* look$ at "o "t s little liv+ & consci\s t we call !m inanimate--& be+ anxi\s to see 8 !ory rea*1 & to foll[ x1 z f> back z possible1 he speculates ab\t ! orig9 ( life2 hav+ =m$ a !ory !reon1 he is m incl9$ to int]pret ! ph5om5a ( l[] animal life s z to make !m fit 9 ) 8 !ory1 ?an z he w\ld h int]pret$ !m if !re _h be5 no !ory at /ake4 ,?us 8 d5ial t s5sation1 & mu* m1 intellig5ce & delib]ate action1 c exi/ )\t a bra9 & a n]v\s sy/em1 has l$ him to d5y s5sation1 consci\sness1 & intellig5ce to _m animals :i* act 9 su* mann] z w\ld c]ta9ly h made him say t !y feel & "k :at !y are ab\t1 if he _h =m$ no !ory ab\t bra9s & n]v\s sy/ems4 ,no?+ c be m diff]5t ?an ! mann]s 9 :i* ,lam>ck & ,dr4 ,d>w9 wrote on ?is head4 ,lam>ck ov] & ov] aga9 ma9ta9s t :]e !re is no n]v\s sy/em !re c be no s5sation4 ,combat+1 = example1 ! ass]tion ( ,cabanis1 t to live is to feel1 he says t ! great] numb] ( ! polypi & all ! infusoria1 hav+ no n]v\s sy/em1 x mu/ be said ( !m z also ( worms1 t to live is /ill n to feel2 & s aga9 ( plants4#aii ,h[ diff]5t f ?is is ! un-!ory-ridd5 language ( ,dr4 ,d>w91 quot$ on p4 #aaf ( ?is "w4 ,lam>ck aga9 writes3-- ,! v imp]fect animals ( ! l[e/ classes1 hav+ no n]v\s sy/em1 are simply irritable1 h no?+ b c]ta9 habits1 exp]i5ce no s5sations1 & nev] conceive ideas4 ,?is1 9 ! face ( ! p]=mances ( ! amoeba--a m9ute jelly speck1 )\t any special organ :atev]--9 mak+ its te/s1 _c be admitt$4 ,is x possible t ,lam>ck 0 9 "s measure misl$ by believ+ ,buffon to be 9 e>ne/ :5 he advanc$ propositions little less mon/r\s8 ,b1 cont9ues ,lam>ck1 ! less imp]fect animals :i* h a n]v\s sy/em1 ?\gh !y h n ! organ ( intellig5ce1 h in/9ct1 habits1 & proclivities2 !y feel s5sations1 & yet =m no ideas :atev]4 ,i v5ture to say t :]e !re is no organ = a faculty t faculty _c exi/4#bjj ,:o c tell :at ideas a worm does or does n =m8 ,we c wat* its actions1 & see t !y are su* z involve :at we call design & a p]ception ( its own int]e/4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x seems bett] to call ! worm a reasonable creature ) ,dr4 ,d>w9 ?an to say ) ,lam>ck t because worms d n appe> to h t organ :i* he assumes to be ! sole means ( caus+ s5sation & ideas1 !re=e !y c nei!r feel nor ?9k4 ,d\btless !y _c feel & ?9k z _m s5sations & ?\ghts z we c1 b our ideas ( :at !y c & _c feel mu/ be =m$ ?r\gh consid]ation ( :at we see !m d1 & mu/ be biass$ by no !ories ( :at !y ought to be able to feel or n feel4 ,aga9 ,lam>ck1 %ortly aft] an excell5t passage 9 :i* he po9ts out t ! l[] animals ga9 by exp]i5ce j z man does 7& "h probably he _h 9 8 m9d ! passage ( ,buffon ref]r$ to at p4 #aab ( ?is "w71 nev]!less writes3-- ,if ! facts & consid]ations put =w>d 9 ?is volume be held wor?y ( att5tion1 x w foll[ necess>ily t !re are "s animals :i* h nei!r reason nor in/9ct 7,i %\ld be glad to see "o ( ^! animals & to wat* its movem5ts71 su* z ^? :i* h no p[] ( feel+2 t !re are o!rs :i* h in/9ct b no degree :atev] ( reason 7:]eas f ,dr4 ,d>w9's premises x %\ld foll[1 & w\ld d\btless be readily admitt$ by him1 t in/9ct is reason1 b reason _m times repeat$ made p]fect1 & f9ally repeat$ by rote2 s t f> f be+ prior to reason1 z ,lam>ck "h implies1 x c only come long aft]w>ds71 su* z ^? :i* h a sy/em enabl+ !m to feel1 b :i* /ill lack ! organ ( intellig5ce2 & f9ally1 t !re are ^? :i* h n only in/9ct1 b ov] & above ?is a c]ta9 degree ( reason+ p[]1 su* z ^? creatures :i* h "o sy/em = s5sations & ano!r = acts involv+ intellig5ce4 ,in/9ct is ) ^! la/ animals ! motive p[] ( almo/ all _! actions1 & !y r>ely use :at little reason !y h4 ,man1 :o comes next above !m1 is also possess$ ( in/9cts :i* inspire "s ( 8 actions1 b he c acquire mu* reason1 & c use x s z to direct ! great] "p ( 8 actions4#bja ,all ?is w be felt to be less satisfactory ?an ! simple directness ( ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,x comes 9 great measure f foll[+ ,buffon )\t be+ en rapport ) him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,lam>ck mu/ be admitt$ to h elaborat$ ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification ) no less cle>ness ?an ,dr4 ,d>w91 & ) mu* great] fulness ( detail4 ,!re is no sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 ! po9ts !y wi% to e/abli%2 ,dr4 ,d>w9 has ! advantage 9 t n cont5t ) ma9ta9+ t !re w be a p[] ( adaptation to ! conditions ( an animal's exi/5ce :i* w det]m9e its organism1 he goes on to say :at ! pr9cipal conditions are1 & %[s m lucidly ?an ,lam>ck has done 7?\gh ,lam>ck adopts ! same ?ree causes 9 a passage :i* w foll[71 t /ruggle1 & consequ5tly modification1 w be *iefly conv]sant ab\t ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ( reproduction1 & ( self-protection4 ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ,dr4 ,d>w9 has said en\gh to %[ t he _h ! :ole ?+ cle>ly be=e him1 & c\ld h elaborat$ x z f9ely z or bett] ?an ,lam>ck himself has done1 if he _h be5 s m9d$1 yet ! palm mu/ be giv5 to ,lam>ck on ! score ( :at he actually did1 & ?is ,i obs]ve to be ! v]dict ( hi/ory1 = :]eas ,lam>ck's "n is /ill daily quot$1 ,dr4 ,d>w9's is seldom m5tion$1 & nev] ) ! applause :i* x des]ves4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! two writ]s--t is to say1 ! complete co9cid5ce ( _! views--is s rem>kable t ! "q is =c$ ^u u h[ f> ,lam>ck knew ! sub/ance ( ,dr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,lam>ck knew ,buffon p]sonally2 he _h be5 tutor to ,buffon's son1 & ,buffon _h ?ree ( ,lam>ck's volumes on ! ,fr5* ,flora pr9t$ at ! royal pr9t+ press2--h[ c we acc\nt = ,lam>ck's hav+ _h ,buffon's !ory ( desc5t ) modification be=e him = s _m ye>s1 & yet rema9+ a p>tisan ( immutability till #ahja8 ,be=e ?is ye> we f9d no trace ( 8 hav+ accept$ evolution2 !nce=w>d he is "o ( ! mo/ ard5t & con/ant expon5ts :i* ?is doctr9e has ev] _h4 ,:at 0 x t repell$ him 9 ,buffon's sy/em8 ,h[ is x t 9 ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' !re is n1 s f> z ,i c rememb]1 a s+le ref]5ce to ,buffon1 f :om1 h[ev]1 z we %all see1 _m p>agraphs are tak5 ) b v little alt]ation8 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! secret ( ?is sudd5 conv]sion mu/ be f\nd 9 a ,fr5* translation by ,m4 ,deleuze ( ,dr4 ,d>w9's poem1 ',! ,loves ( ! ,plants' :i* appe>$ 9 #ahjj4 ,lam>ck--! mo/ em95t botani/ ( 8 "t--0 sure to h he>d ( & se5 ?is1 & w\ld probably "k ! translator1 :o w\ld be able to give him a fair idea ( ! ',zoonomia4' ,i w give a few ( ! passages :i* ,lam>ck w\ld f9d 9 ?is translation4 ,speak+ ( ,dr4 ,d>w91 ,m4 ,deleuze says3--,il falloit encore qu'un n\vel obs]vateur1 entrant dans la r\te qui v5oit de s'ouvrir1 s'y frayat des s5ti]s ignores2 que liant la physique vegetale a la botanique il n\s montrat dans les plantes1 non seulem5t des corps organises s\mis a des lois con/antes1 mais des etres d\es s9on de s5sibilite1 au mo9s d'une irritabilite p>ticuli]e1 d'un pr9cipe de vie qui leur fait execut] des m\vem5ts analogues a leurs beso9s4444#bjb ,il e/ des animaux et des plantes qui p> le laps du tems p>oiss5t avoir epr\ve des *angem5s dans leur organisation1 p\r s'accommod] a de n\veaux g5res de n\rriture et aux moy5s de se la procur]4 ,peut-etre les productions de la nature font elles des progres v]s la p]fection4 ,cette idee appuyee p> les obs]vations mod]nes sur l'accroissem5t progressif des p>ties solides du globe1 s'accorde avec la dignite et la provid5ce du createur de l'univ]s4#bjc ,la nature semble s'etre fait un jeu d'etablir entre t\s les etres organises une sorte de gu]re qui entreti5t leur activite3 si elle a donne aux uns des moy5s de def5se1 elle a donne aux autres des moy5s d'attaque4#bjd ,turn+ to ! ',botanic ,g>d5' itself1 ,i f9d t ?is admirable s5t5ce belongs to ,m4 ,deleuze1 & n to ,dr4 ,d>w91 :o1 h[ev]1 has said :at comes to mu* ! same ?+1#bje z may be se5 p4 #bbg ( ?is volume4 ,b ! au?or%ip is immat]ial2 :e!r ! passage 0 by ,dr4 ,d>w9 or ,m4 ,deleuze1 x 01 9 all probability1 kn[n to ,lam>ck be=e 8 *ange ( front4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! note on ,trapa ,natans aga9#bjf sugge/s itself z ! s\rce f :i* ! passage 9 ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' ab\t ! ,ranunculus aquatilis is tak51#bjg :ile "o ( ! mo/ important passages 9 ! "w1 a summ>y1 9 fact1 ( ! pr9cipal means ( modification1 seems to be tak51 ! fir/ half ( x f ,buffon1 & ! second f ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,i h call$ att5tion to x on pp4 #cjj1 #cja4 ,we may !n suppose t ,lam>ck fail$ to und]/& ,buffon1 & conceiv$ t he ought ei!r to h gone mu* f>!r1 or n s f>2 n be+ yet prep>$ to g ! :ole l5g? himself1 he oppos$ mutability till ,dr4 ,d>w9's additions to ,buffon's o/5sible !ory rea*$ him1 :]eon he at once adopt$ !m1 & hav+ receiv$ no?+ b a few notes & h9ts1 felt himself at lib]ty to "w ! !ory out indep5d5tly & claim x4 ,9 s orig9al a "w z ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' mu/ always be consid]$1 ?is may be legitimate1 b ,i f9d 9 x1 z ,isidore ,ge(froy seems also to h f\nd1 a little m claim to complete indep5d5ce ?an is acceptable to "o :o is fre% f ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,,footnotes3 #ahf ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 ii4 p4 #djd1 #ahei4 #ahg ',sy/eme des ,animaux sans ,v]tebres1' ,p>is1 9-#h1 an4 ix4 7#ahja72 ',disc\rs d',ouv]ture1' p4 #ab1 c42 ',re*]*es sur l',organisation des ,corps ,vivants1' ,p>is1 9-#h1 #ahjb1 p4 #ej1 c42 ',disc\rs d',ouv]ture d'un ,c\rs de ,zoologie p\r l'an ix41' ,p>is1 9-#h1 #ahjc4 ,?is disc\rse is entirely devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! "q1 ,:at is ,species8 #ahh ',disc\rs d',ouv]ture d'un ,c\rs de ,zoologie1' #ahjf1 ,p>is1 9-#h1 p4 #h1 c4 #ahi ,see foll[+ *apt]4 #aij ',hi/1 des ,anim4 sans ,v]teb41' tom1 i41 ,introduction1 #are ed41 #ahae2 ',sy/4 des ,conn4 ,positives1' ,p>is1 9-#h1 #ahbj1 #are "p1 #bme sect4 *4 ii4 p4 #aad1 c4 #aia ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 ii4 p4 #djg4 #aib ',hi/ory ( ,creation1' ,engli% translation1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aaa1 #aab4 #aic ,m4 ,m>t9s' edition ( ! ',philosophie ,zoologique1' ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,introd41 p4 vi4 #aid ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #c1 #ahei4 #aie ',ve/iges ( ,creation1' ed4 #ahfj1 ,pro(s1 ,illu/rations1 c41 p4 lxiv4 #aif ',orig9 ( ,species1' ed4 #a1 p4 #bci2 ed4 #f1 p4 #bca4 #aig ',orig9 ( ,species1' ed4 #a1 p4 #bdb2 ed4 #f1 #ahgf1 p4 #bcc4 #aih ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #dba1 ed4 #ahgf4 #aii ',phil4 ,zool41' vol4 i4 p4 #djd4 #bjj ,ibid4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbd4 #bja ',phil4 ,zool41' vol4 ii4 p4 #daj4 #bjb ',les ,am\rs des ,plantes1' ,disc\rs ,prelim41 p4 #g4 ,p>is1 #ahjj4 #bjc ,ibid41 ,notes du *ant i41 p4 #bjb4 #bjd ,ibid4 p4 #bch4 #bje ',zoonomia1' vol4 i4 p4 #ejg4 #bjf ',les ,am\rs des ,plantes1' p4 #cfj4 #bjg ,vol4 i4 p4 #bca1 ed4 ,m4 ,m>t9s1 #ahgc4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ',,philosophie ,,zoologique4' ,! fir/ "p ( ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' is ! "o :i* deals ) ! doctr9e ( evolution or desc5t ) modification4 ,x is to ?is1 !re=e1 t our att5tion w be conf9$4 ,yet only a comp>atively small "p ( ! ?ree hundr$ & fifty pages :i* con/itute ,lam>ck's fir/ "p are devot$ to sett+ =? ! reasons :i* l$ him to arrive at 8 conclusions--! great] "p ( ! volume be+ occupi$ ) ! classification ( animals1 :i* we may aga9 omit1 z =eign to our purpose4 ,i %all cond5se :5ev] ,i c1 b ,i d n ?9k ! read] w f9d t ,i h left out mu* t be>s ^u ! argum5t4 ,i %all also use inv]t$ commas :ile translat+ ) su* fre$om z to omit sev]al l9es toge!r1 :]e ,i c d s )\t suppress+ any?+ ess5tial to ! elucidation ( ,lam>ck's mean+4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ref] ! read] to ! page ( ! orig9al "w f :i* ,i am translat+4 ,! common orig9 ( bodily & m5tal ph5om5a1 says ,lam>ck 9 8 prelim9>y *apt]1 has be5 obscur$1 because we h /udi$ !m *iefly 9 man1 :o1 z ! mo/ highly develop$ ( liv+ be+s1 pres5ts ! problem 9 its mo/ difficult & complicat$ aspect4 ,if we _h begun our /udy ) t ( ! l[e/ organisms1 & _h proce$$ f ^! to ! m complex ones1 we %\ld h se5 ! progression :i* is obs]vable 9 organization1 & ! successive acquisition ( v>i\s special organs1 ) new faculties = e additional organ4 ,we %\ld ?us h se5 t s5se ( ne$s--orig9ally h>dly p]ceptible1 b gradually increas+ 9 int5sity & v>iety--has l$ to ! attempt to gratify !m2 t ! actions ?us induc$1 hav+ become habitual & en]getic1 h occasion$ ! developm5t ( organs adapt$ = _! p]=mance2 t ! =ce :i* excites organic movem5ts c 9 ! case ( ! l[e/ animals exi/ outside !m & yet animate !m2 t ?is =ce 0 subsequ5tly introduc$ into ! animals !mselves1 & fix$ )9 !m2 &1 la/ly1 t x gave rise to s5sibility &1 9 ! end1 to intellig5ce4#bjh ,! read] _h bett] be on 8 gu>d "h1 & :5ev] ,lam>ck is speculat+ ab\t ! l[e/ =ms ( action & s5sation4 ,i h ?\ght x well1 h[ev]1 to give en\gh ( ^! speculations1 z occasion arises1 to %[ _! t5d5cy4 ,s5sation is n ! proximate cause ( organic movem5ts4 ,x may be s ) ! high] animals1 b x _c be %[n to be s ) plants1 nor ev5 ) all kn[n animals4 ,at ! outset ( life !re 0 none ( t s5sation :i* c\ld only arise :]e organic be+s _h already atta9$ a consid]able developm5t4 ,nature has done all by sl[ gradations1 bo? organs & faculties be+ ! outcome ( a progressive developm5t4#bji ,! m]e composition ( an animal is b a small "p ( :at des]ves /udy 9 connection ) ! animal itself4 ,! effects ( its surr\nd+s 9 caus+ new wants1 ! effects ( its wants 9 giv+ rise to actions1 ^? ( its actions 9 develop+ habits & t5d5cies1 ! effects ( use & disuse z affect+ any organ1 ! means :i* nature takes to pres]ve & make p]fect :at has be5 already acquir$--^! are all matt]s ( ! highe/ importance4#baj ,9 _! be>+ ^u ^! que/ions ! inv]tebrate animals are m important & int]e/+ ?an ! v]tebrate1 = !y are m 9 numb]1 & be+ m 9 numb] are m v>i$2 _! v>iations are m m>k$1 & ! /eps by :i* !y h advanc$ 9 complexity are m easily obs]v$4#baa ,i propose1 !re=e1 to divide ?is "w into ?ree p>ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ %all deal ) ! conv5tions necess>y = ! treatm5t ( ! subject1 ! importance ( analogical /ructures1 & ! mean+ :i* %\ld be atta*$ to ! ^w species4 ,i w po9t out on ! "o h& ! evid5ce ( a graduat$ desc5d+ scale1 z exi/+ betwe5 ! highe/ & ! l[e/ organisms2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! effect ( surr\nd+s & habits on ! organs ( liv+ be+s1 z ! cause ( _! developm5t or arre/ ( developm5t4 ,la/ly1 ,i w treat ( ! natural ord] ( animals1 & %[ :at %\ld be _! fitte/ classification & arrangem5t4#bab ,x seems unnecess>y to give ,lam>ck's int5tions ) reg>d to 8 second & ?ird p>ts1 z !y d n "h conc]n u2 !y deal ) ! orig9 ( life & m9d4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! "w op5s ) ! importance ( be>+ 9 m9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! conv5tional & ! natural1 t is to say1 betwe5 words & ?+s4 ,"h1 z inde$ l>gely ?r\gh\t ?is "p ( 8 "w1 he foll[s ,buffon1 by :om he is evid5tly influ5c$4 ,! conv5tional deals ) sy/ems ( arrangem5t1 classification1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 & ! nom5clature1 :e!r ( diff]5t sections or ( individual objects4 ,an arrangem5t %\ld be call$ sy/ematic1 or arbitr>y1 :5 x does n con=m to ! g5ealogical ord] tak5 by nature 9 ! developm5t ( ! ?+s arrang$1 & :51 by consequ5ce x is n f\nd$ ^u well-consid]$ analogies4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z a natural ord] 9 e dep>tm5t ( nature2 x is ! ord] 9 :i* its sev]al compon5t items h be5 successively develop$4#bac ,"s l9es c]ta9ly seem to h be5 drawn by ,nature h]self4 ,x 0 h>d to believe t mammals1 = example1 & birds1 7 n well-def9$ classes4 ,nev]!less ! %>pness ( def9ition 0 an illusion1 & due only to our limit$ k4 ,! orni?orhyn*us & ! e*idna bridge ! gulf4#bad ,simplicity is ! ma9 end ( any classification4 ,if all ! races1 or z !y are call$1 species1 ( any k+dom 7 p]fectly kn[n1 & if ! true analogies betwe5 ea* species1 & betwe5 ! gr\ps :i* species =m1 7 also kn[n1 s t _! approximations to ea* o!r & ! position ( ! sev]al gr\ps 7 9 con=mity ) ! natural analogies betwe5 !m--!n classes1 ord]s1 sections1 & g5]a w\ld be families1 l>g] or small]2 = ea* division w\ld be a great] or small] section ( a natural ord] or sequ5ce4#bae ,b 9 ?is case x w\ld be v difficult to assign ! limits ( ea* division2 !y w\ld be cont9ually subject$ to arbitr>y alt]ation1 & agreem5t w\ld only exi/ :]e pla9 & palpable gaps 7 manife/ 9 our s]ies4 ,happily1 h[ev]1 = classifi]s !re are1 & w always probably rema91 a numb] ( unkn[n =ms4#baf ,t ! =ego+ is /ill felt to be true by ^? :o accept evolution1 may be se5 f ! foll[+ passage1 tak5 f ,mr4 ,d>w9's ',orig9 ( ,species'3-- ,z all ! organic be+s :i* h ev] liv$ c be arrang$ )9 a few great classes2 & z all )9 ea* class h1 accord+ to our !ory1 be5 connect$ toge!r by f9e gradations1 ! be/1 & if our collections 7 ne>ly p]fect1 ! only possible arrangem5t w\ld be g5ealogical3 desc5t be+ ! hidd5 bond ( connection :i* naturali/s h be5 seek+ "u ! t]m ( ! ,natural ,sy/em4 ,on ?is view1 we c und]/& h[ x is t 9 ! eyes ( mo/ naturali/s1 ! /ructure ( ! embryo is ev5 m important = classifications ?an t ( ! adult4#bag ,9 8 second *apt] ,lam>ck deals ) ! importance ( comp>ative anatomy1 & ! /udy ( homolog\s /ructures4 ,^! indicate a sort ( blood relation%ip betwe5 ! individuals 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 & are our safe/ guide to any natural sy/em ( classification4 ,_! importance is n conf9$ to ! /udy ( classes1 families1 or ev5 species2 !y mu/ be /udi$ also 9 ! individuals ( ea* species1 z x is ?us only1 t we c recognize ei!r id5tity or diff]5ce ( species4 ,! results arriv$ at1 h[ev]1 are only tru/wor?y ov] a limit$ p]iod1 = ?\gh ! individuals ( any species commonly s resemble "o ano!r at any giv5 "t1 z to enable u to g5]alize f !m1 at ! date ( our obs]v+ !m1 yet species are n fix$ & immutable ?r\gh all "t3 !y *ange1 ?\gh ) su* extreme sl[ness t we d n obs]ve _! do+ s1 & :5 we come ^u a species t has *ang$1 we consid] x z a new "o1 & z hav+ always be5 su* z we n[ see x4#bah ,x is none ! less true t :5 we comp>e ! same k9d ( organs 9 diff]5t individuals1 we c quickly & easily tell :e!r !y are v l ea* o!r or n1 & h5ce1 :e!r ! animals or plants 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 %\ld be set d[n z memb]s ( ! same or ( a diff]5t species4 ,x is only !re=e ! g5]al inf]5ce drawn f ! app>5t immutability ( species1 t has be5 too inconsid]ately drawn4#bai ,! analogies & po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 liv+ organisms1 are always incomplete :5 bas$ ^u ! consid]ation ( any s+le organ only4 ,b ?\gh /ill incomplete1 !y w be mu* m important accord+ z ! organ on :i* !y are f\nd$ is an ess5tial "o or o!rwise4 ,) animals1 ^? analogies are mo/ important :i* exi/ betwe5 organs mo/ necess>y = ! cons]vation ( _! life4 ,) plants1 betwe5 _! organs ( g5]ation4 ,h5ce1 ) animals1 x w be ! int]ior /ructure :i* w det]m9e ! mo/ important analogies3 ) plants x w be ! mann] 9 :i* !y fructify4#bbj ,) animals we %\ld look to n]ves1 organs ( respiration1 & ^? ( ! circulation2 ) plants1 to ! embryo & its accessories1 ! sexual organs ( _! fl[]s1 c4#bba ,to d ?is1 w set u on to ! ,natural ,me?od1 :i* is z x 7 a sket* trac$ by man ( ! ord] tak5 by ,nature 9 h] productions4#bbb ,nev]!less ! divisions :i* we %all be oblig$ to e/abli%1 w /ill be arbitr>y & artificial1 ?\gh pres5t+ to our view sections arrang$ 9 ! ord] :i* ,nature has pursu$4#bbc ,:at1 !n1 he asks1#bbd is species--& c we %[ t species has *ang$--h[ev] sl[ly8 ,he n[ cov]s "s ( ! gr\nd s9ce enl>g$ ^u 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's second *apt]1 9 :i* ! arbitr>y nature ( ! di/9ction betwe5 species & v>ieties is s well expos$4 ,i %all %[1 says ,lam>ck 79 sub/ance1 b ,i am compell$ to cond5se mu*71 t ! habits by :i* we n[ recognize any species1 are due to ! conditions ( life circon/ances "u :i* x has = a long "t exi/$1 & t ^! habits h _h su* an influ5ce ^u ! /ructure ( ea* individual ( ! species1 z to h at l5g? modifi$ ?is /ructure1 & adapt$ x to ! habits :i* h be5 contract$4#bbe ,! individuals ( any species1 he cont9ues1 c]ta9ly resemble _! p>5ts2 x is a univ]sal law ( nature t all (fspr+ %\ld diff] b little f its imm$iate prog5itors1 b ?is does n ju/ify ! ord9>y belief t species nev] v>y4 ,inde$1 naturali/s !mselves are 9 cont9ual difficulty z reg>ds di/+ui%+ species f v>ieties2 !y d n recognize ! fact t species are only con/ant z long z ! conditions 9 :i* !y are plac$ are con/ant4 ,individuals v>y & =m bre$s :i* bl5d s ins5sibly into ! neighb\r+ species1 t ! di/9ctions made by naturali/s betwe5 species & v>ieties1 are = ! mo/ "p arbitr>y1 & ! confusion ^u ?is head is becom+ day by day m s]i\s4#bbf ,n p]ceiv+ t species w n v>y z long z ! conditions 9 :i* !y are plac$ rema9 ess5tially un*ang$1 naturali/s h suppos$ t ea* species 0 due to a special act ( creation on ! "p ( ! ,supreme ,au?or ( all ?+s4 ,assur$ly1 no?+ c exi/ b by ! w ( ?is ,supreme ,au?or1 b c we v5ture to assign rules to him 9 ! execution ( 8 w8 ,may n 8 inf9ite p[] h *os5 to create an ord] ( ?+s :i* %\ld evolve 9 succession all t we "k z well z all t we d n "k8 ,:e!r we reg>d species z creat$ or evolv$1 ! b\ndlessness ( 8 p[] rema9s un*ang$1 & incapable ( any dim9ution :atsoev]4 ,let u !n conf9e ourselves simply to obs]v+ ! facts ar\nd u1 & if we f9d any clue to ! pa? tak5 by ,nature1 let u say fe>lessly t x has pleas$ h] ,almighty ,au?or t %e %\ld take ?is pa?4#bbg ,:at applies to species applies also to g5]a2 ! fur!r our k ext5ds1 ! m difficult d we f9d x to assign its exact limits to any g5us4 ,gaps 9 our collections are be+ cont9ually fill$ up1 to ! effacem5t ( our divid+ l9es ( dem>cation4 ,we are ?us compell$ to settle ! limits ( species & v>iety arbitr>ily1 & 9 a mann] ab\t :i* !re w be con/ant disagreem5t4 ,naturali/s are daily classify+ new species :i* bl5d into "o ano!r s ins5sibly t !re c h>dly be f\nd words to express ! m9ute diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,! gaps t exi/ are simply due to our n hav+ yet f\nd ! connect+ species4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 mean to say t animal life =ms a simple & cont9u\sly bl5d$ s]ies4 ,life is r comp>able to a ramification4 ,9 life we %\ld see1 z x 71 a ramifi$ cont9uity1 if c]ta9 species _h n be5 lo/4 ,! species :i*1 accord+ to ?is illu/ration1 /&s at ! extremity ( ea* b\gh1 %\ld be> a resemblance1 at lea/ ^u "o side1 to ! o!r neighb\r+ species2 & ?is c]ta9ly is :at we obs]ve 9 nature4 ,hav+ arrang$ liv+ =ms 9 su* an ord] z ?is1 let u take "o1 & !n1 pass+ ov] sev]al b\ghs1 let u take ano!r at "s di/ance f x2 a wide diff]5ce w n[ be se5 betwe5 ! species :i* ! =ms select$ repres5t4 ,our e>lie/ collections suppli$ u ) su* di/antly alli$ =ms only2 n[1 h[ev]1 t we h su* an inf9itely great] numb] ( specim5s1 we c see t _m ( !m bl5d "o into ! o!r )\t pres5t+ notewor?y diff]5ces at any /ep4#bbh ,?is has be5 well ext5d$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 a passage :i* beg9s3--,! aff9ities ( all be+s ( ! same class h sometimes be5 repres5t$ by a great tree4 ,i believe t ?is simile l>gely speaks ! tru?4#bbi ,:at1 !n1 cont9ues ,lam>ck1 c be ! cause ( all ?is8 ,surely ! foll[+3 namely1 t :5 individuals ( any species *ange _! situation1 climate1 mode ( exi/5ce1 or habits conditions ( life1 _! /ructure1 =m1 organization1 & 9 fact _! :ole be+ becomes little by little modifi$1 till 9 ! c\rse ( "t x responds to ! *anges exp]i5c$ by ! creature4#bcj ,9 8 preface ,lam>ck _h already decl>$ t ! ?read :i* gives u a clue to ! causes ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( animal organization1 9 ! manifold div]sity ( its developm5ts1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ,nature cons]ves 9 (fspr+ all t _! life & environm5ts has develop$ 9 p>5ts4 ,h]$ity--! hidd5 bond ( common desc5t--temp]$ ) ! modifications induc$ by *ang$ habits--:i* *ang$ habits are due to new conditions & surr\nd+s--?is ) ,lam>ck1 z ) ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w91 is ! explanation ( ! div]sity ( =ms :i* we obs]ve 9 nature4 ,he n[ goes on to support ?is--briefly1 9 accordance ) 8 design--b ) suffici5t detail to prev5t all possibility ( mi/ake ab\t 8 mean+4 ,9 ! same climate diff]5ces 9 situation1 & a great] or less degree ( exposure1 affect simply1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! individuals expos$ to !m2 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ^! repeat$ diff]5ces ( surr\nd+s 9 individuals :i* reproduce !mselves cont9ually "u simil> circum/ances1 induce diff]5ces :i* become "p ( _! v nature2 s t aft] _m successive g5]ations1 ^! individuals1 :i* 7 orig9ally1 we w say1 ( any giv5 species1 become trans=m$ into a diff]5t "o4#bca ,let u suppose t a grass gr[+ 9 a l[-ly+ mead[ gets c>ri$ by "s accid5t to ! br[ ( a neighb\r+ hill1 :]e ! soil is /ill damp en\gh = ! plant to be able to exi/4 ,let x live "h = _m g5]ations1 till x has become ?or\ghly accu/om$ to its position1 & let x !n gradually f9d its way to ! dry & almo/ arid soil ( a m\nta9 side2 if ! plant is able to /& ! *ange & to p]petuate itself = _m g5]ations1 x w h become s *ang$ t botani/s w class x z a new species4#bcb ,! same sort ( process goes on 9 ! animal k+dom1 b animals are modifi$ m sl[ly ?an plants4#bcc ,! /]ility ( hybrids1 to :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 devotes a great "p ( ! n9? *apt] ( 8 ',orig9 ( ,species1'#bcd is !n t\*$ on--briefly1 b suffici5tly--z foll[s3-- ,! idea t species 7 fix$ & immutable involv$ ! belief t di/9ct species c\ld n be f]tile int] se4 ,b un=tunately obs]vation has prov$1 & daily proves1 t ?is supposition is unf\nd$4 ,hybrids are v common among plants1 & q suffici5tly s among animals to %[ t ! b\nd>ies ( ^! s-call$ immutable species are n s well def9$ z has be5 suppos$4 ,(t51 inde$1 !re is no (fspr+ betwe5 ! individuals ( :at are call$ di/9ct species1 especially :5 !y are widely diff]5t1 & aga91 ! (fspr+ :5 produc$ is g5]ally /]ile2 b :5 !re is less diff]5ce betwe5 ! p>5ts1 bo? ! difficulty ( bre$+ ! hybrid1 & its /]ility :5 produc$1 are f\nd to disappe>4 ,9 ?is v p[] ( cross+ we see a s\rce f :i* bre$s1 & ultimately species1 may arise4#bce ,mr4 ,d>w9 arrives at ! same conclusion4 ,he writes3-- ,we mu/1 !re=e1 ei!r give up ! belief ( ! univ]sal /]ility ( species :5 cross$1 or we mu/ look at ?is /]ility 9 animals1 n z an indelible *>act]i/ic1 b z "o capable ( be+ remov$ by dome/ication4 ,f9ally1 on consid]+ all ! asc]ta9$ facts on ! int]cross+ ( plants & animals1 x may be conclud$ t "s degree ( /]ility1 bo? 9 fir/ crosses & 9 hybrids1 is an exce$+ly g5]al result1 b t x _c1 "u our pres5t /ate ( k1 be consid]$ z absolutely univ]sal4#bcf ,return+ to ,lam>ck1 we f9d him say+3-- ,! limits1 !re=e1 ( s-call$ species are n s con/ant & unv>y+ z is commonly suppos$4 ,consid] also ! foll[+4 ,all liv+ =ms ^u ! face ( ! globe h be5 br\ght =? 9 ! c\rse ( inf9ite "t by ! process ( g5]ation only4 ,nature has directly creat$ none b ! l[e/ organisms2 ^! %e is /ill produc+ e day1 !y be+1 z x 71 ! fir/ sket*es ( life1 & produc$ by :at is call$ spontane\s g5]ation4 ,organs h be5 gradually develop$ 9 ^! l[ =ms1 & ^! organs h 9 ! c\rse ( "t increas$ 9 div]sity & complexity4 ,! p[] ( gr[? 9 ea* liv+ body has giv5 rise to v>i\s modes ( reproduction1 & ?us progress1 already acquir$1 has be5 pres]v$ & h&$ d[n to (fspr+4#bcg ,) suffici5t "t1 fav\rable conditions ( life circon/ances1 successive *anges 9 ! surface ( ! globe1 & ! p[] ( new surr\nd+s & habits to modify ! organs ( liv+ bodies1 all animal & vegetable =ms h be5 imp]ceptibly r5d]$ su* z we n[ see !m4 ,x foll[s t species w be con/ant only 9 relation to _! environm5ts1 & _c be z old z ,nature h]self4 ,b :at are we to say ( in/9ct8 ,c we suppose t all ! tricks1 cunn+1 artifices1 precautions1 pati5ce1 & skill ( animals are due to evolution only8 ,mu/ we n see "h ! design ( an all-p[]ful ,creator8 ,no "o c]ta9ly w assign limits to ! ,creator's p[]1 b x is a bold ?+ to say t he did n *oose to "w 9 ?is way or t way1 :5 8 own h&iwork decl>es to u t ?is is ! way he *ose4 ,i f9d pro( 9 ,nature--mean+ by nature ! ensemble ( all t is1#bch b reg>d+ h] z h]self ! effect ( an unkn[n fir/ cause#bci--t %e is ! au?or ( organization1 life1 & ev5 s5sation2 t %e has multipli$ & div]sifi$ ! organs & m5tal p[]s ( ! creatures :i* %e su/a9s & reproduces2 t %e has develop$ 9 animals1 ?r\gh ! sole in/rum5tality ( s5se ( ne$ z e/abli%+ & direct+ _! habits1 all actions & all habits1 f ! simple/ up to ^? :i* con/itute in/9ct1 indu/ry1 & f9ally reason4#bdj ,aga9/ ?is x is alleg$ t we h no reason to believe species to h *ang$ )9 any kn[n era4 ,! skeletons ( "s ,egyptian birds1 pres]v$ two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 diff] 9 no p>ticul> f ! same k9d ( creatures at ! pres5t day4 ,b ?is is :at we %\ld expect1 inasmu* z ! position & climate ( ,egypt itself d n appe> to h *ang$4 ,if ! conditions ( life h n v>i$1 :y %\ld ! species subject$ to ^? conditions h done s8 ,moreov]1 birds c move ab\t freely1 & if "o place does n suit !m !y c f9d ano!r t does4 ,all t ^! ,egyptian mummies really prove is1 t !re 7 animals 9 ,egypt two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago :i* are l ! animals ( to-day2 b h[ %ort a space is two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 z comp>$ ) ! "t :i* ,nature has _h at h] disposal6 ,a "t inf9itely great qua man1 is /ill inf9itely %ort qua ,nature4#bda ,if1 h[ev]1 we turn to animals "u conf9em5t1 we f9d imm$iate pro( t ! mo/ />tl+ *anges are capable ( be+ produc$ aft] "s g5]ations ( *ang$ habits4 ,9 ! six? *apt] we %all h occasion to obs]ve ! p[] ( *ang$ conditions circon/ances to develop new desires 9 animals1 & to induce new c\rses ( action2 we %all see ! p[] :i* ^! new actions w h1 aft] a c]ta9 am\nt ( repetition1 to eng5d] new habits & t5d5cies2 & we %all also note ! effects ( use & disuse 9 ei!r =tify+ & develop+ an organ1 or 9 dim9i%+ x & caus+ x to disappe>4 ,) plants "u dome/ication1 we %all f9d correspond+ ph5om5a4 ,species w ?us appe> to be un*angeable = comp>atively %ort p]iods only4#bdb ,x is int]e/+ to see t ,mr4 ,d>w9 lays no less /ress on ! /udy ( animals & plants "u dome/ication ?an ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck4 ,inde$1 all f\r writ]s appe> to h be5 9 great measure l$ to _! conclusions by ?is v /udy4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( my inve/igations1 writes ,mr4 ,d>w91 x seem$ to me probable t a c>eful /udy ( dome/icat$ animals & ( cultivat$ plants w\ld (f] ! be/ *ance ( mak+ out ?is obscure problem4 ,nor h ,i be5 disappo9t$2 9 ?is & 9 all o!r p]plex+ cases1 ,i h inv>iably f\nd t our k1 imp]fect ?\gh x be1 ( v>iation "u dome/ication1 af=d$ ! be/ & safe/ clue4 ,i may v5ture to express my conviction ( ! high value ( su* /udies1 ?\gh !y h be5 v commonly neglect$ by naturali/s4#bdc ,9 ju/ice to ! ?ree writ]s :om ,i h nam$1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t !y also v5tur$ to express _! conviction ( ! high value ( ^! /udies4 ,buffon1 inde$1 z we h se51 gives animals "u dome/ication ! =emo/ place 9 8 "w4 ,he does n treat ( wild animals till he has said all he has to say ^u our mo/ important dome/icat$ bre$s1--on ^: desc5t f "o or two wild /ocks he is nev] we>y ( insi/+4 ,x 0 d\btless because ( ! opportunities !y af=d$ him = demon/rat+ ! pla/icity ( liv+ organism t ! mo/ important position 9 8 "w 0 assign$ to !m4 ,lam>ck pr(esses himself unable to make up 8 m9d ab\t ext9ct species2 h[ f>1 t is to say1 :ole bre$s mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ di$ out1 or h[ f> ! diff]5ce betwe5 s _m n[ liv+ & fossil =ms is due to ! fact t our liv+ species are modifi$ desc5dants ( ! fossil ones4 ,su* l>ge p>ts ( ! globe 7 /ill practically unkn[n 9 ,lam>ck's "t1 & ! rec5t discov]y ( ! orni?orhyn*us has rais$ su* hopes z to :at might yet be f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 t he 0 incl9$ to ?9k t only su* creatures z man f\nd hurtful to him1 z1 = example1 ! mega!rium & ! ma/odon1 _h become truly ext9ct1 nor 0 he1 x w\ld seem1 )\t a hope t ^! w\ld yet "o day be discov]$4 ,! climatic & geological *anges t h occurr$ 9 pa/ ages1 w\ld1 he believ$1 acc\nt = all ! diff]5ce :i* we obs]ve betwe5 liv+ & fossil =ms1 inasmu* z !y w\ld h *ang$ ! conditions "u :i* animals liv$1 & !re=e _! habits & organs w\ld h become correspond+ly modifi$4 ,he !re=e r wond]$ to f9d s mu*1 ?an s little1 resemblance betwe5 exi/+ & fossil =ms4 ,buffon took a ju/] view ( ?is matt]2 x w be rememb]$ t he conclud$ 8 rem>ks ^u ! mammo? by say+ t _m species _h d\btless disappe>$ )\t leav+ any liv+ desc5dants1 :ile o!rs _h left desc5dants :i* _h become modifi$4 ,lam>ck anticipat$ ,lyell 9 suppos+ geological *anges to h be5 due almo/ entirely to ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! causes :i* we obs]ve daily at "w 9 nature3 ?us he writes3-- ,e obs]v] kn[s t ! surface ( ! e>? has *ang$2 e valley has be5 exalt$1 ! crook$ has be5 made /raight1 & ! r\gh places pla92 n ev5 is climate itself /able4 ,h5ce *ang$ conditions2 & ^! involve *ang$ ne$s & habits ( life2 if su* *anges c give rise to modifications or developm5ts1 x is cle> t e liv+ body mu/ v>y1 especially 9 its outw>d "*1 ?\gh ! v>iation c only be p]ceptible aft] sev]al g5]ations4 ,x is n surpris+ !n t s few liv+ species %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! geologic record4 ,x is surpris+ r t we %\ld f9d any liv+ species repres5t$ at all4#bdd ,cata/rophes h inde$ be5 suppos$1 & !y are an easy way ( gett+ out ( ! difficulty2 b un=tunately1 !y are n support$ by evid5ce4 ,local cata/rophes h und\bt$ly occurr$1 z e>?quakes & volcanic eruptions1 ( :i* ! effects c be suffici5tly se52 b :y suppose any univ]sal cata/rophe1 :5 ! ord9>y progress ( nature suffices to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a8 ,nature is nev] brusque4 ,%e proce$s sl[ly /ep by /ep1 & ?is ) occasional local cata/rophes w remove all our difficulties4#bde ,9 8 f\r? *apt] ,lam>ck po9ts out t animals move !mselves1 or p>ts ( !mselves1 n ?r\gh impulsion or movem5t communicat$ to !m z f "o billi>d ball to ano!r1 b by reason ( a cause :i* excites _! irritability1 :i* cause is )9 "s animals & =ms "p ( !m1 :ile x is :olly outside ( o!rs4#bdf ,i %\ld aga9 w>n ! read] to be on 8 gu>d aga9/ ! op9ion t any animals c be said to live if !y h no inw>d motion ( _! own :i* prompts !m to act4 ,we _c call any?+ alive :i* moves only z w9d & wat] may make x move1 b )\t any impulse f )9 to execute ! smalle/ action & )\t any capacity ( feel+4 ,su* a creature does n look suffici5tly l ! o!r ?+s :i* we call alive2 x %\ld be fir/ %[n to u1 s t we may make up our m9ds :e!r ! facts conc]n+ x h be5 truly /at$1 & if s1 :at x mo/ resembles2 we may !n classify x accord+ly4 ,"s animals *ange _! place by creep+1 "s by walk+1 "s by runn+ or leap+2 o!rs aga9 fly1 :ile o!rs live 9 ! wat] & swim4 ,! orig9 ( ^! diff]5t k9ds ( locomotion is to be f\nd 9 ! two great wants ( animal life3 #a1 ! means ( procur+ food2 #b1 ! se>* aft] mates ) a view to reproduction4 ,s9ce !n ! p[] ( locomotion 0 a matt] affect+ _! individual self-pres]vation1 z well z t ( _! race1 ! exi/5ce ( ! want l$ to ! means ( its be+ gratifi$4#bdg ,lam>ck is practically at "o ) ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 t modification w commonly travel along ?ree ma9 l9es :i* spr+ f ! ne$ ( reproduction1 ( procur+ food1 & 7,dr4 ,d>w9 has add$7 ! p[] ( self-protection2 b ,dr4 ,d>w9's treatm5t ( ?is "p ( 8 subject is m lucid & satisfactory ?an ,lam>ck's1 inasmu* z he imm$iately br+s =w>d in/ances ( v>i\s modifications :i* h 9 ea* case be5 due to "o ( ! ?ree ma9 desires above specifi$1 namely1 reproduction1 subsi/5ce1 & self-def5ce4 ,lam>ck concludes ! *apt] ) "s passages :i* %[ t he 0 alive--z :at ,fr5*man c\ld fail to be aft] ,buffon _h writt58--to ! consequ5ces :i* mu/ foll[ f ! geometrical ratio ( increase1 & to ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ) consequ5t survival ( ! fitte/1 :i* mu/ always be "o ( ! conditions ( any wild animal's exi/5ce4 ,! p>agraphs1 inde$1 on ?is subject are tak5 ) v little alt]ation f ,buffon's "w4 ,z ,lam>ck's !ory is bas$ ^u ! fact t x is on ! nature ( ^! conditions t ! habits & consequ5tly ! /ructure ( any animal w dep5d1 he mu/ h se5 t ! %ape ( _m ( its organs mu/ v>y greatly 9 correlation to ! conditions to :i* x 0 subject$ 9 ! matt] ( self-protection4 ,i d n see1 !n1 t !re is any sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 ! positions tak5 by ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & by ,lam>ck 9 ?is respect4 ,let u conclude1 he writes1 by %[+ ! means employ$ by nature to prev5t ! numb] ( h] creatures f injur+ ! cons]vation ( :at has be5 produc$ already1 & ( ! g5]al ord] :i* %\ld subsi/4#bdh 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! extremely rapid rate ( increase ( ! small]1 & especially ( ! mo/ imp]fect1 animals1 _! numb]s w\ld become s great z to prove injuri\s to ! cons]vation ( bre$s1 & to ! progress already made t[>ds m p]fect organization1 unless nature _h tak5 precautions to keep !m d[n )9 c]ta9 fix$ limits :i* %e _c exce$4#bdi ,?is seems to conta91 & 9 a nut%ell1 z mu* ( ! ess5ce ( :at ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 h t]m$ ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z 0 necess>y = ,lam>ck's purpose4 ,to ,lam>ck1 z to ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,buffon1 x 0 p]fectly cle> t ! facts1 t animals h to f9d _! food "u v>y+ circum/ances1 & t !y mu/ def5d !mselves 9 all mann] ( v>y+ ways aga9/ o!r creatures :i* w\ld eat !m if !y c\ld1 7 simply "s ( ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,9 say+ t ! surr\nd+ circum/ances--:i* am\nt to ! conditions ( exi/5ce--det]m9$ ! direction 9 :i* any plant or animal %\ld be sl[ly modifi$1 ,lam>ck includes z a matt] ( c\rse ! fact t ! /rong] & bett] arm$ %\ld eat ! weak]1 & ?us survive & be> (fspr+ :i* w\ld inh]it ! /r5g? & bett] arm\r ( its p>5ts4 ,no?+ !re=e c be m at v>iance ) ! tru? ?an to repres5t ,lam>ck & ! o!r e>ly evolutioni/s z ignor+ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! survival ( ! fitte/2 ^! are inevitably impli$ :5ev] !y use ! ^w circon/ances or environm5t1 z ,i w m fully %[ lat] on1 & are also expressly call$ att5tion to by ! great] numb] ( !m4#bej ,animals1 except ^? :i* are h]bivor\s1 prey ^u "o ano!r2 & ! h]bivor\s are expos$ to ! attacks ( ! fle%-eat+ races4 ,! /ronge/ & be/ arm$ = attack eat ! weak]1 & ! great] k9ds eat ! small]4 ,individuals ( ! same race r>ely eat "o ano!r2 !y w> only ) o!r races ?an _! own4#bea ,dr4 ,d>w9 "h aga9 has ! advantage ov] ,lam>ck2 = he has po9t$ out h[ ! males cont5d ) "o ano!r = ! possession ( ! females1 :i* ,i d n f9d ,lam>ck to h done1 ?\gh he w\ld at once h admitt$ ! fact4 ,lam>ck cont9ues3-- ,! small] k9ds ( animals bre$ s num]\sly & s rapidly t !y w\ld p ! globe to ! exclusion ( o!r =ms ( life1 if nature _h n limit$ _! inconceivable multitude4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y are ! prey ( a numb] ( o!r creatures1 live b a %ort "t1 & p]i% easily ) cold1 !y are kept always )9 ! proportions necess>y = ! ma9t5ance bo? ( _! own & ( o!r races4#beb ,z reg>ds ! l>g] & /rong] animals1 !y w\ld become dom9ant1 & be injuri\s to ! cons]vation ( _m o!r races1 if !y c\ld multiply 9 too great numb]s4 ,b z x is1 !y dev\r "o ano!r1 & bre$ b sl[ly1 & few at a bir?1 s t equilibrium is duly pres]v$ among !m4 ,man alone is ! unque/ionably dom9ant animal1 b m5 w> among !mselves1 s t x may be safely said ! _w w nev] be peopl$ to its utmo/ capacity4#bec ,9 8 fif? *apt] ,lam>ck returns to ! !n exi/+ arrangem5t & classification ( animals4 ,naturali/s hav+ rem>k$ t _m species1 & "s g5]a & ev5 families pres5t *>act]s :i* z x 7 isolate !m1 x has be5 imag9$ t ^! approa*$ or drew fur!r f ea* o!r accord+ z _! po9ts ( agreem5t or diff]5ce seem$ great] or less :5 set d[n z x 7 on a *>t or map4 ,!y reg>d ! small well-m>k$ s]ies :i* h be5 /yl$ natural families1 z gr\ps :i* %\ld be plac$ betwe5 ! isolat$ species & _! ne>e/ neighb\rs s z to =m a k9d ( reticulation4 ,?is idea1 :i* "s ( our mod]n naturali/s h held to be admirable1 is evid5tly mi/ak51 & w be disc>d$ on a pr(\nd] & m ext5d$ k ( organization1 & m especially :5 ! di/9ction has be5 duly drawn betwe5 :at is due to ! action ( special conditions & to g5]al advance ( organization4#bed ,i take x t ,lam>ck is "h attempt+ to express :at ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 has r5d]$ mu* m cle>ly 9 ! foll[+ excell5t passage3-- ,x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d :at sort ( int]m$iate =ms mu/1 on ! !ory :at !ory81 h =m]ly exi/$4 ,i h f\nd x difficult :5 look+ at any two species to avoid pictur+ to myself =ms directly int]m$iate betwe5 !m4 ,b ?is is a :olly false view2 we %\ld always look = =ms int]m$iate betwe5 ea* species & a common b unkn[n prog5itor2 & ! prog5itor w g5]ally h diff]$ 9 "s respects f all its modifi$ desc5dants4 ,to give a simple illu/ration3 ! fantail & p\t] pigeons are bo? desc5d$ f ! rock pigeon4 ,if we possess$ all ! int]m$iate v>ieties :i* h ev] exi/$1 we %\ld h an extremely close s]ies1 betwe5 bo? & ! rock pigeon2 b we %\ld h no v>ieties directly int]m$iate betwe5 ! fantail & ! p\t]2 none1 = in/ance1 comb9+ a tail some:at exp&$ ) a crop some:at enl>g$1 ! *>act]i/ic features ( ^! two bre$s4 ,^! two bre$s1 moreov]1 h become s mu* modifi$ t1 if we _h no hi/orical or indirect evid5ce reg>d+ _! orig91 x w\ld n h be5 possible to h det]m9$1 f a m]e comp>ison ( _! /ructure ) t ( ! rock pigeon ,c4 livia1 :e!r !y _h desc5d$ f ?is species1 or f "s o!r alli$ =m1 z ,c4 o5as4 ,s ) natural species1 if we look to =ms v di/9ct--= in/ance1 to ! horse & ! tapir--we h no reason to suppose t l9ks directly int]m$iate betwe5 !m ev] exi/$1 b betwe5 ea* & an unkn[n common p>5t4 ,! common p>5t w h _h 9 its :ole organization mu* g5]al resemblance to ! tapir & ! horse2 b 9 "s po9ts ( /ructure x may h diff]$ consid]ably f bo?1 ev5 p]haps m ?an !y diff] f ea* o!r4 ,h5ce 9 all su* cases we %\ld be unable to recognize ! p>5t =m ( any two or m species1 ev5 if we closely comp>$ ! /ructure ( ! p>5t ) t ( its modifi$ desc5dants1 unless at ! same "t we _h a ne>ly p]fect *a9 ( ! int]m$iate l9ks4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,by ! !ory ( natural selection surely ?is is a slip = by ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification all liv+ species h be5 connect$ ) ! p>5t species ( ea* g5us1 by diff]5ces n great] ?an we see betwe5 ! natural & dome/ic v>ieties ( ! same species at ! pres5t day2 & _! p>5t species1 n[ g5]ally ext9ct1 h 9 _! turn be5 simil>ly connect$ ) m anci5t =ms1 & s on backw>ds1 always conv]g+ to ! common ance/or ( ea* great class2 s t ! numb] ( int]m$iate & transitional l9ks betwe5 all liv+ & ext9ct species mu/ h be5 inconceivably great4 ,b assur$ly if ?is !ory ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification or t ( natural selection8 be true1 su* h liv$ ^u ! e>?4#bee ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ,lam>ck4 ,?\gh ,nature1 he cont9ues1 9 ! c\rse ( long "t has evolv$ all animals & plants 9 a true scale ( progression1 ! /eps ( ?is scale c be p]ceiv$ only 9 ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( liv+ =ms2 x _c be p]ceiv$ 9 species nor ev5 9 g5]a4 ,! reason ( ?is lies 9 ! extreme div]sity ( ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* ea* diff]5t race ( animals & plants has exi/$4 ,^! surr\nd+s h (t5 be5 out ( h>mony ) ! gr[+ organization ( ! plants & animals !mselves2 ?is has l$ to anomalies1 &1 z x 71 digressions1 :i* ! m]e developm5t ( organization by itself c\ld n h occasion$4#bef ,or1 9 o!r words1 to t div]g5cy ( type :i* is s well insi/$ on by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,x is only !re=e ! pr9cipal gr\ps ( animal & vegetable life :i* c be arrang$ 9 a v]tical l9e ( desc5t2 species & ev5 g5]a _c always be s--= ^! conta9 be+s ^: organization has be5 dep5d5t on ! possession ( su* & su* a special sy/em ( ess5tial organs4 ,ea* great & sep>ate gr\p has its own sy/em ( ess5tial organs1 & x is ^! sy/ems :i* c be se5 to desc5d1 )9 ! limits ( ! gr\p1 f _! mo/ complex to _! simple/ =m4 ,b ea* organ1 consid]$ individually1 does n desc5d by equally regul> gradation2 ! gradations are less & less regul> accord+ z ! organ is ( less importance1 & is m susceptible ( modification by ! conditions :i* surr\nd x4 ,organs ( small importance1 & n ess5tial to exi/5ce1 are n always ei!r p]fect$ or degrad$ at an equal rate1 s t 9 obs]v+ all ! species ( any class we f9d an organ 9 "o species 9 ! highe/ degree ( p]fection1 :ile ano!r organ1 :i* 9 ?is same species is impov]i%$ or v imp]fect1 is highly develop$ 9 ano!r species ( ! same gr\p4#beg ,! facts ma9ta9$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph are 9 great measure support$ by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 :o1 h[ev]1 assigns _! cause to natural selection4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes1 ,ord9>y specific *>act]s are m v>iable ?an g5]ic2 & aga91 a little l[] d[n1 ,! po9ts 9 :i* all ! species ( a g5us resemble ea* o!r1 & 9 :i* !y diff] f alli$ g5]a1 are call$ g5]ic *>act]s2 & ^! *>act]s may be attribut$ to inh]itance f a common prog5itor1 = x c r>ely happ5 t natural selection w h modifi$ sev]al di/9ct species fitt$ to m or less widely diff]5t habits1 9 exactly ! same mann]2 & z ^! s call$ g5]ic *>act]s h be5 inh]it$ f be=e ! p]iod :5 ! sev]al species fir/ bran*$ (f f _! common prog5itor1 & subsequ5tly h n v>i$ or come to diff] 9 any degree1 or only 9 a slight degree1 x is n probable t !y %\ld v>y at ! pres5t day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! po9ts 9 :i* species diff] f o!r species ( ! same g5us are call$ specific *>act]s2 & z ^! specific *>act]s h v>i$ & come to diff] s9ce ! p]iod :5 ! species bran*$ (f f a common prog5itor1 x is probable t !y %\ld /ill (t5 be 9 "s degree v>iable1 or at lea/ m v>iable ?an ^? p>ts ( ! organization :i* h = a v long "t rema9$ con/ant4#beh ,! fact1 !n1 t x is specific *>act]s :i* v>y mo/ is agre$ ^u by bo? ,lam>ck & ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,lam>ck1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9s t x is ^! specific *>act]s :i* are mo/ capable ( be+ affect$ by ! habits ( ! creature1 & t x is = ?is reason !y w be mo/ v>iable1 :ile ,mr4 ,d>w9 simply says !y are mo/ v>iable1 & t1 ?is be+ s1 ! fav\rable v>iations w be pres]v$ & accumulat$--an ass]tion :i* ,lam>ck w\ld c]ta9ly n demur to4 ,irregul> degrees ( p]fection1 says ,lam>ck1 & degradation 9 ! less ess5tial organs1 are due to ! fact t ^! are m liable ?an ! m ess5tial ones to ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances3 ^! induce correspond+ diff]5ces 9 ! m outw>d p>ts ( ! animal1 & give rise to su* consid]able & s+ul> diff]5ce 9 species1 t in/ead ( be+ able to arrange !m 9 a direct l9e ( desc5t1 z we c arrange ! ma9 gr\ps1 ^! species (t5 =m lat]al ramifications r\nd ab\t ! ma9 gr\ps to :i* !y belong1 & 9 _! extreme developm5t are truly isolat$4#bei ,9 8 summ>y ( ! second *apt] ( 8 ',orig9 ( ,species1' ,mr4 ,d>w9 well confirms ?is :5 he says1 ,9 l>ge g5]a ! species are apt to be closely1 b unequally1 alli$ toge!r1 =m+ little clu/]s r\nd o!r species4 ,a long] "t1 says ,lam>ck1 & a great] influ5ce ( surr\nd+ conditions1 is necess>y 9 ord] to modify int]ior organs4 ,nev]!less we see t ,nature does pass f "o sy/em to ano!r )\t any sudd5 leap1 :5 circum/ances require x1 provid$ ! sy/ems are n too f> ap>t4 ,h] me?od is to proce$ f ! m simple to ! m complex4#bfj ,%e does ?is n only 9 ! race1 b 9 ! individual4 ,"h ,lam>ck1 l ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 %[s 8 p]ception ( ! importance ( embryology 9 ?r[+ light on ! aff9ities ( animals--z s9ce m fully insi/$ on by ! au?or ( ! ',ve/iges ( ,creation1' & by ,mr4 ,d>w91#bfa z well z by o!r writ]s4 ,brea?+ ?r\gh gills is ne>] to brea?+ ?r\gh lungs ?an brea?+ ?r\gh tra*ea is4 ,n only d we see ,nature pass f gills to lungs 9 families :i* are n too f> ap>t1 z may be se5 by consid]+ ! case ( fi%es & reptiles2 b %e does s dur+ ! exi/5ce ( a s+le individual1 :i* may successively make use bo? ( ! "o & ( ! o!r sy/em4 ,! frog :ile yet a tadpole brea!s ?r\gh gills2 on becom+ a frog x brea!s ?r\gh lungs2 b we _c f9d t ,nature 9 any case passes f tra*ea to lungs4#bfb ,lam>ck n[ rapidly reviews previ\s classifications1 & prop\nds 8 own1 :i* /&s ?us3--,i4 ,v]tebrata1 consi/+ ( ,mammals1 ,birds1 ,fi%es1 & ,reptiles4 ,,ii4 ,inv]tebrata1 consi/+ ( ,molluscs1 ,c5tip$es1 ,annelids1 ,cru/acea1 ,ara*nids1 ,insects1 ,worms1 ,radiata1 ,polyps1 ,infusoria4 ,! degradation ( organism1 he concludes1 9 ?is desc5d+ scale is n p]fectly ev51 & _c be made s by any classification1 nev]!less !re is su* evid5ce ( su/a9$ degradation 9 ! pr9cipal gr\ps z mu/ po9t 9 ! direction ( "s und]ly+ g5]al pr9ciple4#bfc ,lam>ck's six? *apt] is head$ ,degradation & ,simplification ( ! ,animal ,*a9 z we proce$ d[nw>ds f ! mo/ complex to ! mo/ simple ,organisms4 ,?is is a positive fact1 & results f ! op]ation ( a con/ant law ( nature2 b a di/urb+ cause1 :i* c be easily recogniz$1 v>ies ! regul> op]ation ( ! law f "o end to ! o!r ( ! *a9 ( life4#bfd ,we c see1 nev]!less1 t special organs become m & m simple ! l[] we desc5d2 t !y become *ang$1 impov]i%$1 & att5uat$ little by little2 t !y lose _! local c5tres1 & f9ally become def9itely annihilat$ be=e we rea* ! l[e/ extremity ( ! *a94#bfe ,z has be5 said already1 ! degradation ( organism is n always regul>2 su* & su* an organ (t5 fails or *anges sudd5ly1 & sometimes 9 its *anges assumes =ms :i* are n alli$ ) any o!rs by /eps t we c recognize4 ,an organ may disappe> & reappe> sev]al times be=e be+ entirely lo/3 b ?is is :at we might expect1 = ! cause :i* has l$ to ! evolution ( liv+ organisms has evolv$ _m v>ieties1 due to ext]nal influ5ces4 ,nev]!less1 look+ at organization broadly1 we obs]ve a desc5d+ scale4#bff ,if ! t5d5cy to progressive developm5t 0 ! only cause :i* _h influ5c$ ! =ms & organs ( animals1 developm5t w\ld h be5 regul> ?r\gh\t ! animal *a92 b x has n be5 s3 ,nature is compell$ to submit h] productions to an environm5t :i* acts ^u !m1 & v>iation 9 environm5t w induce v>iation 9 organism3 ?is is ! true cause ( ! sometimes /range deviations f ! direct l9e ( progression :i* we %all h to obs]ve4#bfg ,if ,nature _h only call$ aquatic be+s into exi/5ce1 & if ^! be+s _h liv$ always 9 ! same climate1 9 ! same k9d ( wat]1 & at ! same dep?1 ! organization ( ^! animals w\ld d\btless h pres5t$ an ev5 & regul> scale ( developm5t4 ,b !re has be5 fre% wat]1 salt wat]1 runn+ & /agnant wat]1 w>m & cold climates1 an inf9ite v>iety ( dep?3 animals expos$ to ^! & o!r diff]5ces 9 _! surr\nd+s h v>i$ 9 accordance ) !m4#bfh ,9 l mann] ^? animals :i* h be5 gradually fitt$ = liv+ 9 air in/ead ( wat] h be5 subject$ to an endless div]sity 9 _! surr\nd+s4 ,! foll[+ law1 !n1 may be n[ prop\nd$1 namely3-- ,t anomalies 9 ! developm5t ( organism are due to ! influ5ces ( ! environm5t & to ! habits ( ! creature4#bfi ,"s h said t ! anomalies above m5tion$ are s great z to disprove ! exi/5ce ( any scale :i* %\ld indicate desc5t2 b ! ne>] we approa* species1 ! small] we see diff]5ces become1 till ) species itself we f9d !m at times almo/ imp]ceptible4#bgj ,lam>ck "h devotes ab\t sev5ty pages to a survey ( ! animal k+dom 9 its entirety1 beg9n+ ) ! mammals & end+ ) ! infusoria4 ,he po9ts out ! mann] 9 :i* organ aft] organ disappe>s z we desc5d ! scale1 till we are left ) a =m :i*1 ?\gh pres5t+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( life1 has yet no special organ :atev]4 ,i am oblig$ to pass ?is classification ov]1 b d s v unwill+ly1 = x is illu/rative ( ,lam>ck1 bo? at 8 be/ & at 8 wor/4 ,! sev5? *apt] is head$-- ,on ! influ5ce ( _! surr\nd+s on ! actions & habits ( animals1 & on ! effect ( ^! habits & actions 9 modify+ _! organization4 ,! effect ( diff]5t conditions ( our organization ^u our "*1 t5d5cies1 actions1 & ev5 our ideas1 has be5 (t5 rem>k$1 b no att5tion has yet be5 paid to t ( our actions & habits ^u our organization itself4 ,^! actions & habits dep5d entirely ^u our relations to ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* we habitually exi/2 we %all h occasion1 !re=e1 to see h[ great is ! effect ( environm5t ^u organization4 ,b = our hav+ dome/icat$ plants & animals we %\ld nev] h arriv$ at ! p]ception ( ?is tru?2 = ?\gh ! influ5ce ( ! environm5t is at all times & ev]y:]e active ^u all liv+ bodies1 its effects are s gradual t !y c only be p]ceiv$ ov] long p]iods ( "t4#bga ,tak+ ! *a9 ( life 9 ! inv]se ord] ( nature--t is to say1 f man d[nw>ds--we c]ta9ly p]ceive a su/a9$ b irregul> degradation ( organism1 ) an increas+ simplicity bo? 9 organism & faculties4 ,?is fact %\ld ?r[ light ^u ! ord] tak5 by nature1 b x does n %[ u :y ! gradation is s irregul>1 nor :y ?r\gh\t its ext5t we f9d s _m anomalies or digressions :i* h app>5tly no ord] at all 9 _! manifold v>ieties4#bgb ,! explanation ( ?is mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! inf9ite div]sity ( circum/ances "u :i* organisms h be5 develop$4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is a t5d5cy to a regul> progressive developm5t2 on ! o!r1 !re is a ho/ ( widely diff]5t surr\nd+s :i* t5d cont9ually to de/roy ! regul>ity ( developm5t4 ,x is necess>y to expla9 :at is meant by su* expressions z '! effect ( its environm5t ^u ! =m & organization ( an animal4' ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t its surr\nd+s directly effect any modification :atev] 9 ! =m & organization ( an animal4#bgc ,great *anges 9 surr\nd+s involve great *anges 9 ! wants ( animals1 & ^! *anges 9 _! wants involve correspond+ *anges 9 _! actions4 ,if ^! new wants become p]man5t1 or ( v long duration1 ! animals contract new habits1 :i* la/ z long z ! wants :i* gave rise to !m4#bgd ,a great *ange 9 surr\nd+s1 if x p]si/ = a long "t1 mu/ pla9ly1 !re=e1 involve ! contraction ( new habits4 ,^! new habits 9 _! turn involve a pref]5ce = ! employm5t ( su* & su* an organ ov] su* & su* ano!r organ1 & 9 c]ta9 cases ! total disuse ( an organ :i* is no long] want$4 ,?is is p]fectly self-evid5t4#bge ,on ! "o h&1 new wants h r5d]$ a "p necess>y1 :i* "p has accord+ly be5 creat$ by a succession ( ef=ts3 use has kept x 9 exi/5ce1 gradually /r5g!n+ & develop+ x till 9 ! end x atta9s a consid]able degree ( p]fection4 ,on ! o!r1 new circum/ances hav+ 9 "s cases r5d]$ su* or su* a "p useless1 disuse has l$ to its gradually ceas+ to receive ! developm5t :i* ! o!r p>ts atta9 to2 on ?is x becomes r$uc$1 & 9 "t disappe>s4#bgf ,plants h nei!r actions nor habits prop]ly s call$1 nev]!less !y *ange 9 a *ang$ environm5t z mu* z animals d4 ,?is is due to *anges 9 nutrition1 absorption & transpiration1 to degrees ( heat1 light1 & moi/ure1 & to ! prepond]ance ov] o!rs :i* c]ta9 ( ! vital functions atta9 to4 ,lam>ck is l$ into ! /atem5t t plants h nei!r actions nor habits1 by 8 !ories ab\t ! n]v\s sy/em & ! bra94 ,pla9 matt]-(-fact p w pref] ! view tak5 by ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,d>w91 &1 m rec5tly1 by ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w91 t !re is no radical diff]5ce betwe5 plants & animals4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 well-n\ri%$ & ill-n\ri%$ plants become little by little v noticeable4 ,if individuals1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 are cont9ually ill-f$ & expos$ to h>d%ips = sev]al g5]ations1 _! organization becomes ev5tually modifi$1 & ! modification is transmitt$ until a race is =m$ :i* is q di/9ct f ^? desc5dants ( ! common p>5t /ock :i* h be5 plac$ 9 fav\rable circum/ances4#bgg ,9 a dry spr+ ! meagre & /unt$ h]bage se$s e>ly4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! spr+ is w>m b ) occasional days ( ra91 !re is an excell5t hay-crop4 ,if1 h[ev]1 any cause p]petuates unfav\rable circum/ances1 plants w v>y correspond+ly1 fir/ 9 appe>ance & g5]al conditions1 & !n 9 sev]al p>ticul>s ( _! actual "*1 c]ta9 organs hav+ receiv$ m developm5t ?an o!rs1 ^! diff]5ces w 9 ! c\rse ( "t become h]$it>y4#bgh ,nature *anges a plant or animal's surr\nd+s gradually--man sometimes does s sudd5ly4 ,all botani/s "k t plants v>y s greatly "u dome/ication t 9 "t !y become h>dly recognizable4 ,!y und]go s mu* *ange t botani/s d n at all l describ+ dome/icat$ v>ieties4 ,:eat itself is an example4 ,:]e c :eat be f\nd z a wild plant1 unless x h escap$ f "s neighb\r+ cultivation8 ,:]e are our caulifl[]s1 our lettuces1 to be f\nd wild1 ) ! same *>act]s z !y possess 9 our kit*5 g>d5s8 ,! same applies to our dome/icat$ bre$s ( animals4 ,:at a v>iety ( bre$s has n man produc$ among f[ls & pigeons1 ( :i* we c f9d no undome/icat$ examples6#bgi ,! =ego+ rem>ks on ! effects ( dome/ication seem to h be5 inspir$ by ^? giv5 p4 #abc & pp4 #afh1 #afi ( ?is volume4#bhj ,"s1 d\btless1 h *ang$ less ?an o!rs1 ow+ to _! hav+ und]gone a less protract$ dome/ication1 & a less degree ( *ange 9 climate2 nev]!less1 ?\gh our ducks & geese1 = example1 are ( ! same type z _! wild prog5itors1 !y h lo/ ! p[] ( long & su/a9$ flight1 & h become 9 o!r respects consid]ably modifi$4#bha ,a bird1 aft] hav+ be5 kept five or six ye>s 9 a cage1 _c on be+ lib]at$ fly l its bre?r5 :i* h be5 always free4 ,su* a *ange 9 a s+le lifetime has n effect$ any transmissible modification ( type2 b captivity1 cont9u$ dur+ _m successive g5]ations1 w\ld und\bt$ly d s4 ,if to ! effects ( captivity !re be add$ also ^? ( *ang$ climate1 *ang$ food1 & *ang$ actions = ! purpose ( lay+ hold ( food1 ^!1 unit$ toge!r & become con/ant1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t develop an entirely new bre$4 ,?is1 aga91 is almo/ id5tical ) ! passage f ,buffon1#bhb p4 #adh ( ?is volume4 ,see also pp4 #afi1 #agj4 ,:]e c our _m dome/ic bre$s ( dogs be f\nd 9 a wild /ate8 ,:]e are our bulldogs1 greyh\nds1 spaniels1 & lapdogs1 bre$s pres5t+ diff]5ces :i*1 9 wild animals1 w\ld be c]ta9ly call$ specific8 ,^! are all desc5d$ f an animal ne>ly alli$ to ! wolf1 if n f ! wolf itself4 ,su* an animal 0 dome/icat$ by e>ly man1 tak5 at successive int]vals into widely diff]5t climates1 tra9$ to diff]5t habits1 c>ri$ by man 9 8 migrations z a preci\s capital into ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries1 & cross$ f "t to "t ) o!r bre$s :i* _h be5 develop$ 9 simil> ways4 ,h5ce our pres5t multi=m bre$s4#bhc ,"h1 also1 x is impossible to =get ,buffon's passages on ! dog1 giv5 pp4 #aba1 #abb4 ,see also p4 #bbc4 ,obs]ve ! gradations :i* are f\nd betwe5 ! ranunculus aquatilis & ! ranunculus h$]aceus3 ! latt]--a l& plant--resembles ^? p>ts ( ! =m] :i* gr[ above ! surface ( ! wat]1 b n ^? t gr[ b5ea? x4#bhd ,! modifications ( animals arise m sl[ly ?an ^? ( plants2 !y are !re=e less easily wat*$1 & less easily assignable to _! true causes1 b !y arise none ! less surely4 ,z reg>ds ^! causes1 ! mo/ pot5t is div]sity ( ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* !y exi/1 b !re are also _m o!rs4#bhe ,! climate ( ! same place *anges1 & ! place itself *anges ) *ang$ climate & exposure1 b s sl[ly t we imag9e all l&s to be /able 9 _! conditions4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n true2 climatic & o!r *anges induce correspond+ *anges 9 environm5t & habit1 & ^! modify ! /ructure ( ! liv+ =ms :i* are subject$ to !m4 ,inde$1 we see int]m$iate =ms & species correspond+ to int]m$iate conditions4 ,to ! above causes mu/ be ascrib$ ! inf9ite v>iety ( exi/+ =ms1 indep5d5tly ( any t5d5cy t[>ds progressive developm5t4#bhf ,! read] has n[ be=e him a fair sample ( ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit z advanc$ by ,lam>ck4#bhg ,9 :at way1 let me ask 9 pass+1 does ! case ( neut] insects prove demon/rative aga9/ x1 unless x is held equally demon/rative aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's own position8 ,lam>ck cont9ues3-- ,! "* ( any habitable qu>t] ( ! globe is qua man con/ant3 ! con/ancy ( type 9 species is !re=e also qua man p]si/5t4 ,b ?is is an illusion4 ,we e/abli%1 !re=e1 ! ?ree foll[+ propositions3-- #a4 ,t e consid]able & su/a9$ *ange 9 ! surr\nd+s ( any animal involves a real *ange 9 its ne$s4 #b4 ,t su* *ange ( ne$s involves ! necessity ( *ang$ action 9 ord] to satisfy ^! ne$s1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ( new habits4#bhh #c4 ,x foll[s t su* & su* p>ts1 =m]ly less us$1 are n[ m frequ5tly employ$1 & 9 consequ5ce become m highly develop$2 new p>ts also become ins5sibly evolv$ 9 ! creature by its own ef=ts f )94 ,f ! =ego+ ^! two g5]al laws may be d$uc$3-- ,fir/ly4 ,t 9 e animal :i* has n pass$ its limit ( developm5t1 ! m frequ5t & su/a9$ employm5t ( any organ develops & aggr&izes x1 giv+ x a p[] proportionate to ! duration ( its employm5t1 :ile ! same organ 9 default ( con/ant use becomes ins5sibly weak5$ & det]iorat$1 decreas+ imp]ceptibly 9 p[] until x f9ally disappe>s4#bhi ,secondly4 ,t ^! ga9s or losses ( organic developm5t1 due to use or disuse1 are transmitt$ to (fspr+1 provid$ !y h be5 common to bo? sexes1 or to ! animals f :i* ! (fspr+ h desc5d$4#bij ,lam>ck n[ sets himself to e/abli% ! fact t animals h develop$ modifications :i* h be5 transmitt$ to _! (fspr+4 ,naturali/s1 he says1 h believ$ t ! possession ( c]ta9 organs has l$ to _! employm5t4 ,?is is n s3 x is ne$ & use :i* h develop$ ! organs1 & ev5 call$ !m into exi/5ce4 ,i h already suffici5tly insi/$ t x is impossible to disp5se ) ei!r ( ^! two views4 ,dem& & ,supply h gone h& 9 h&1 ea* react+ ^u ! o!r4 ,o!rwise a special act ( creation w\ld be necess>y = e diff]5t comb9ation ( conditions2 & x w\ld be also necess>y t ! conditions %\ld rema9 always con/ant4 ,if ?is 7 really s we %\ld h no racehorses l ^? ( ,engl&1 nor drayhorses s heavy 9 build & s unlike ! racehorse2 = !re are no su* bre$s 9 a wild /ate4 ,= ! same reason1 we %\ld h no turnspit dogs ) crook$ legs1 no greyh\nds nor wat]-spaniels2 we %\ld h no tailless bre$ ( f[ls nor fantail pigeons1 c4 ,nor %\ld we be able to cultivate wild plants 9 our g>d5s1 = any l5g? ( "t we please1 )\t fe> ( _! *ang+4 ',habit1' says ! prov]b1 'is a second nature'2 :at possible mean+ c ?is prov]b h1 if desc5t ) modification is unf\nd$8#bia ,z reg>ds ! circum/ances :i* give rise to v>iation1 ! pr9cipal are climatic *anges1 diff]5t temp]atures ( any ( a creature's environm5ts1 diff]5ces ( abode1 ( habit1 ( ! mo/ frequ5t actions2 & la/ly1 ( ! means ( obta9+ food1 self-def5ce1 reproduction1 c41 c4#bib ,"h we h absolute agreem5t ) ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91#bic except t !re seems a t5d5cy 9 ?is passage to assign m effect to ! direct action ( conditions ?an is common ) ,lam>ck4 ,he seems to be mix+ ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w94 ,9 consequ5ce ( *ange 9 any ( ^! respects1 ! faculties ( an animal become ext5d$ & enl>g$ by use3 !y become div]sifi$ ?r\gh ! long cont9uance ( ! new habits1 until little by little _! :ole /ructure & nature1 z well z ! organs orig9ally affect$1 p>ticipate 9 ! effects ( all ^! influ5ces1 & are modifi$ to an ext5t :i* is capable ( transmission to (fspr+4#bid ,?is s5t5ce alone w\ld be suffici5t to %[ t ,lam>ck 0 z mu* alive z ,buffon & ,dr4 ,d>w9 7 be=e him1 to ! fact t "o ( ! mo/ important conditions ( an animal's life1 is ! relation 9 :i* x /&s to ! o!r inhabitants ( ! same neighb\rhood--f :i* ! survival ( ! fitte/ foll[s z a self-evid5t proposition4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be m unf\nd$ ?an ! attempt1 s frequ5tly made by writ]s :o h n read ,lam>ck1 or :o ?9k o!rs may be tru/$ n to d s1 to repres5t him z ma9ta9+ some?+ p]fectly diff]5t f :at is ma9ta9$ by mod]n writ]s on evolution4 ,! diff]5ce1 9 s f> z !re is any diff]5ce1 is "o ( detail only4 ,lam>ck w\ld n h hesitat$ to admit1 t1 if animals are modifi$ 9 a direction :i* is fav\rable to !m1 !y w h a bett] *ance ( surviv+ & transmitt+ _! fav\rable modifications4 ,9 l mann]1 our mod]n evolutioni/s %\ld all[ t animals are modifi$ n because !y subsequ5tly survive1 b because !y h done ?is or t :i* has l$ to _! modification1 & h5ce to _! surviv+4 ,hav+ e/abli%$ t animals & plants are capable ( be+ mat]ially *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations1 ,lam>ck proce$s to %[ t _! modification is due to *ang$ di/ribution ( ! use & disuse ( _! organs at any giv5 "t4 ,! disuse ( an organ1 he writes1 if x becomes con/ant 9 consequ5ce ( new habits1 gradually r$uces ! organ1 & leads f9ally to its disappe>ance4#bie ,?us :ales h lo/ _! tee?1 ?\gh tee? are /ill f\nd 9 ! embryo4 ,s1 aga91 ,m4 ,ge(froy has discov]$ 9 birds ! groove :]e tee? 7 =m]ly plac$4 ,! ant-eat]1 :i* belongs to a g5us t has long rel9qui%$ ! habit ( ma/icat+ its food1 is z too?less z ! :ale4#bif ,!n are adduc$ fur!r examples ( rudim5t>y organs1 :i* w be giv5 9 ano!r place1 & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,speak+ ( ! fact1 h[ev]1 t s]p5ts h no legs1 ?\gh !y are high] 9 ! scale ( life ?an ! batra*ians1 ,lam>ck attributes ?is to ! cont9u$ habit ( try+ to squeeze ?r\gh v n>r[ places1 :]e f\r feet w\ld be 9 ! way1 & w\ld be v little good to !m1 inasmu* z m ?an f\r w\ld be want$ 9 ord] to turn bodies t 7 already s mu* elongat$4#big ,if x be ask$ :y1 on ,lam>ck's !ory1 if s]p5ts want$ m legs !y c\ld n h made !m1 ! answ] is t ! attempt to d ?is w\ld be to unsettle a "q :i* _h be5 already s long settl$1 t x w\ld be impossible to reop5 x4 ,! animal mu/ adapt itself to f\r legs1 or mu/ get rid ( all or "s ( !m if x does n l !m2 b x has /ood s long committ$ to ! !ory t if !re are to be legs at all1 !re are to be n m ?an f\r1 t x is impossible = x n[ to see ?is matt] 9 any o!r light4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,br[n ,sequ>d on gu9ea pigs1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91#bih sugge/ t ! =m ( ! s]p5t may be due to its hav+ lo/ its legs by successive accid5ts 9 squeez+ ?r\gh n>r[ places1 & t ! w\nds hav+ be5 foll[$ by disease1 ! creature may h bitt5 ! limbs (f1 9 :i* case ! loss might h be5 v readily transmitt$ to (fspr+2 ! animal w\ld accord+ly take to a s9u\s mode ( progression t w\ld d\btless 9 "t elongate ! body /ill fur!r4 ,m4 ,br[n ,sequ>d c>efully record$ ?irte5 cases1 & saw ev5 a great] numb]1 9 :i* ! loss ( toes by gu9ea pigs :i* _h gnaw$ _! own toes (f1 0 imm$iately transmitt$ to (fspr+4 ,accid5ts foll[$ by disease seem to h be5 some:at ov]look$ z a possible means ( modification4 ,! miss+ =ef+] to ! h& ( ! potto#bii w\ld appe> at fir/ sight to h be5 lo/ by "s su* mi%ap4 ,return+ to ,lam>ck1 we f9d him say+3-- ,ev5 9 ! lifetime ( a s+le individual we c see organic *anges 9 consequ5ce ( *ang$ habits4 ,?us ,m4 ,t5on has con/antly f\nd ! inte/9al canal ( drunk>ds to be greatly %ort] ?an t ( p :o d n dr9k4 ,?is is due to ! fact t habitual drunk>ds eat b little solid food1 s t ! /oma* & inte/9es are m r>ely di/5d$4 ,! same applies to p :o lead /udi\s & s$5t>y lives4 ,! /oma*s ( su* p]sons & ( drunk>ds h little p[]1 & a small quantity w fill !m1 :ile ^? ( m5 :o take pl5ty ( ex]cise rema9 9 full vig\r & are ev5 increas$4#cjj ,x becomes n[ necess>y to e/abli% ! conv]se proposition1 namely t3-- ,! frequ5t use ( an organ increases its p[]2 x ev5 develops ! organ itself1 & makes x acquire dim5sions & p[]s :i* x is n f\nd to h 9 animals :i* make no use ( su* an organ4 ,9 support ( ?is we see t ! bird ^: ne$s lead x to ! wat]1 9 :i* to f9d its prey1 ext5ds ! toes ( its feet :5 x wants to /rike ! wat]1 & move itself ^u ! surface4 ,! sk9 at ! base ( ! toes ( su* a bird contracts ! habit ( ext5d+ itself f cont9ual practice4 ,to ?is cause1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 mu/ be attribut$ ! wide membrane :i* unites ! toes ( ducks1 geese1 c4 ,! same ef=ts to swim1 t is to say1 to pu% ! wat] = ! purpose ( mov+ itself =w>d1 has ext5d$ ! membrane betwe5 ! toes ( frogs1 turtles1 ! ott]1 & ! beav]4#cja ,?is is tak51 ,i believe1 f ,dr4 ,d>w9 or ,buffon1 b ,i h lo/ ! passage1 if1 inde$1 ,i ev] f\nd x4 ,x _h be5 met by ,paley "s ye>s e>li] 7#ahjb7 9 ! foll[+3-- ,!re is no?+ 9 ! action ( swimm+ z c>ri$ on by a bird ^u ! surface ( ! wat] t %\ld g5]ate a membrane betwe5 ! toes4 ,z to t membrane x is an action ( con/ant resi/ance4444 ,! web feet ( amphibi\s quadrup$s1 seals1 ott]s1 c41 fall "u ! same obs]vation4#cjb ,on ! o!r h& ^? birds ^: habits lead !m to p]* on trees1 & :i* h sprung f p>5ts t h long contract$ ?is habit1 h _! toes %ap$ 9 a p]fectly diff]5t mann]4 ,_! claws become l5g!n$1 %>p5$1 & curv$1 s z to enable ! creature to lay hold ( ! b\ghs on :i* x s (t5 re/s4 ,! %ore bird aga91 :i* does n l to swim1 is nev]!less cont9ually oblig$ to ent] ! wat] :5 se>*+ aft] its prey4 ,n lik+ to plunge its body 9 ! wat]1 x makes e endeav\r to ext5d & l5g!n its l[] limbs4 ,9 ! c\rse ( long "t ^! birds h come to be elevat$1 z x 71 on /ilts1 & h got long legs b>e ( fea!rs z f> z _! ?ighs1 & (t5 /ill high]4 ,! same bird is cont9ually try+ to ext5d its neck 9 ord] to fi% )\t wett+ its body1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t its neck has become modifi$ accord+ly4#cjc ,swans1 inde$1 & geese h %ort legs & v long necks1 b ?is is because !y plunge _! heads z l[ 9 ! wat] z !y c 9 _! se>* = aquatic l>vae & o!r animalcules1 b make no ef=t to l5g!n _! legs4#cjd ,?is too is tak5 f "s passage :i* ,i h ei!r nev] se5 or h lo/ sight (4 ,paley nev] gives a ref]5ce to an oppon5t1 ?\gh he frequ5tly does s :5 quot+ an au?or on 8 own side1 b ,i c h>dly d\bt t he _h 9 8 m9d ! passage f :i* ,lam>ck 9 #ahji d]iv$ ! =ego+1 :5 9 #ahjb he wrote ,sec4 #e ( *apt] xv4 & ! latt] half ( *apt] xxiii4 ( 8 ',natural ,!ology4' ,! tongues ( ! ant-eat] & ! woodpeck]1 cont9ues ,lam>ck1 h become elongat$ f simil> causes4 ,humm+ birds cat* hold ( ?+s ) _! tongues2 s]p5ts & liz>ds use _! tongues to t\* & reconnoitre objects 9 front ( !m1 h5ce _! tongues h come to be =k$4 ,ne$--always occasion$ by ! circum/ances 9 :i* an animal is plac$1 & foll[$ by su/a9$ ef=ts at gratification--c n only modify an organ1 t is to say1 augm5t or r$uce x1 b c *ange its position :5 ! case requires its removal4#cje ,ocean fi%es h occasion to see :at is on ei!r side ( !m1 & h _! eyes accord+ly plac$ on ei!r side _! head4 ,"s fi%es1 h[ev]1 h _! abode ne> coa/s on subm>9e banks & incl9ations1 & are ?us =c$ to flatt5 !mselves z mu* z possible 9 ord] to get z ne> z !y c to ! %ore4 ,9 ?is situation !y receive m light f above ?an f bel[1 & f9d x necess>y to pay att5tion to :atev] happ5s to be above !m2 ?is ne$ has involv$ ! displacem5t ( _! eyes1 :i* n[ take ! rem>kable position :i* we obs]ve 9 ! case ( soles1 turbots1 plaice1 c4 ,! transf] ( position is n ev5 yet complete 9 ! case ( ^! fi%es1 & ! eyes are n1 !re=e1 symmetrically plac$2 b !y are s ) ! skate1 ^: head & :ole body are equally dispos$ on ei!r side a longitud9al section4 ,h5ce ! eyes ( ?is fi% are plac$ symmetrically ^u ! upp]mo/ side4#cjf ,! eyes ( s]p5ts are plac$ on ! sides & upp] portions ( ! head1 s t !y c easily see :at is on "o side ( !m or above !m2 b !y c only see v little 9 front ( !m1 & supplem5t ?is defici5cy ( p[] ) _! tongue1 :i* is v long & supple1 & is 9 _m k9ds s divid$ t x c t\* m ?an "o object at a "t2 ! habit ( reconnoitr+ objects 9 front ( !m ) _! tongues has ev5 l$ to _! be+ able to pass x ?r\gh ! end ( _! no/rils )\t be+ oblig$ to op5 _! jaws4#cjg ,h]bivor\s mammals1 su* z ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 ox1 buffalo1 horse1 c41 owe _! great size to _! habit ( daily di/5d+ !mselves ) food & tak+ comp>atively little ex]cise4 ,!y employ _! feet = /&+1 walk+1 or runn+1 b n = climb+ trees4 ,h5ce ! ?ick horn :i* cov]s _! toes4 ,^! toes h become useless to !m1 & are n[ 9 _m cases rudim5t>y only4 ,"s pa*yd]ms h five toes cov]$ ) horn2 "s f\r1 "s ?ree4 ,! rum9ants1 :i* appe> to be ! e>lie/ mammals t conf9$ !mselves to a life ^u ! gr\nd1 h b two hooves1 :ile ! horse has only "o4#cjh ,"s h]bivor\s animals1 especially among ! rum9ants1 h be5 incessantly prey$ ^u by c>nivor\s animals1 aga9/ :i* _! only refuge is 9 flight4 ,necessity has !re=e develop$ ! light & active limbs ( antelopes1 gazelles1 c4 ,rum9ants1 only us+ _! jaws to graze )1 h b little p[] 9 !m1 & !re=e g5]ally fight ) _! heads4 ,! males fight frequ5tly ) "o ano!r1 & _! desires prompt an access ( fluids to ! p>ts ( _! heads ) :i* !y fight2 ?us ! horns & bosses h aris5 ) :i* ! heads ( mo/ ( ^! animals are arm$4#cji ,! giraffe owes its long neck to its cont9u$ habit ( br[s+ ^u trees1 :5ce also ! great l5g? ( its =e legs z comp>$ ) its h9d] ones4 ,c>nivor\s animals1 9 l mann]1 h _h _! organs modifi$ 9 correlation ) _! desires & habits4 ,"s climb1 "s scrat* 9 ord] to burr[ 9 ! e>?1 "s te> _! prey2 !y !re=e h ne$ ( toes1 & we f9d _! toes sep>at$ & arm$ ) claws4 ,"s ( !m are great hunt]s1 & also plunge _! claws deeply into ! bodies ( _! victims1 try+ to te> out ! "p on :i* !y h seiz$2 ?is habit has develop$ a size & curvature ( claw :i* w\ld imp$e !m greatly 9 travell+ ov] /ony gr\nd2 !y h !re=e be5 oblig$ to make ef=ts to draw back _! too project+ claws1 & s1 little by little1 has aris5 ! peculi> %ea? into :i* cats1 tig]s1 lions1 c41 )draw _! claws :5 !y no long] wi% to use !m4#caj ,we see !n t ! long-su/a9$ & habitual ex]cise ( any "p ( a liv+ organism1 9 consequ5ce ( ! necessities eng5d]$ by its environm5t1 develops su* "p1 & gives x a =m :i* x w\ld nev] h atta9$ if ! ex]cise _h n become an habitual action4 ,all kn[n animals furni% u ) examples ( ?is4#caa ,if anyone ma9ta9s t ! especially p[]ful developm5t ( any organ has _h no?+ to d ) its habitual use--t use has add$ no?+1 & disuse detract$ no?+ f its effici5cy1 b t ! organ has always be5 z we n[ see x f ! creation ( ! p>ticul> species onw>ds--,i w\ld ask :y _c our dome/icat$ ducks fly l wild ducks8 ,i w\ld also quote a multitude ( examples ( ! effects ( use & disuse ^u our own organs1 effects :i*1 if ! use & disuse 7 con/ant = _m g5]ations1 w\ld become mu* m m>k$4 ,a great numb] ( facts %[1 z w be m fully insi/$ on1 t :5 its w prompts an animal to ?is or t action1 ! organs :i* are to execute x receive an excess ( n]v\s fluid1 & ?is is ! det]m9ant cause ( ! movem5ts necess>y = ! requir$ action4 ,modifications acquir$ 9 ?is way ev5tually become p]man5t 9 ! bre$ t has acquir$ !m1 & are transmitt$ to (fspr+1 )\t ! (fspr+'s hav+ itself gone ?r\gh ! processes ( acquisition :i* 7 necess>y 9 ! case ( ! ance/or4#cab ,frequ5t crosses1 h[ev]1 ) unmodifi$ individuals1 de/roy ! effect produc$4 ,x is only ow+ to ! isolation ( ! races ( man ?r\gh geographical & o!r causes1 t man himself pres5ts s _m v>ieties1 ea* ) a di/9ctive "*4 ,a review ( all exi/+ classes1 ord]s1 g5]a1 & species w\ld %[ t _! /ructure1 organs1 & faculties1 are 9 all cases solely attributable to ! surr\nd+s to :i* ea* creature has be5 subject$ by nature1 & to ! habits :i* individuals h be5 compell$ to contract2 & t !y are n at all ! result ( a =m orig9ally be/[$1 :i* has impos$ c]ta9 habits ^u ! creature4#cac ,x is unnecess>y to multiply in/ances2 ! fact is simply ?is1 t all animals h c]ta9 habits1 & t _! organization is always 9 p]fect h>mony ) ^! habits4#cad ,! conclusion hi!rto accept$ is t ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 :5 he creat$ animals1 =esaw all ! possible circum/ances 9 :i* !y w\ld be plac$1 & gave an un*ang+ organism to ea* creature1 9 accordance ) its future de/9y4 ,! conclusion1 on ! o!r h&1 "h ma9ta9$ is t nature has evolv$ all exi/+ =ms ( life successively1 beg9n+ ) ! simple/ organisms & gradually proce$+ to ^? :i* are m complete4 ,=ms ( life h spread !mselves ?r\gh\t all ! habitable p>ts ( ! e>?1 & ea* species has receiv$ its habits & correspond+ modification ( organs1 f ! influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+s 9 :i* x f\nd itself plac$4#cae ,! fir/ conclusion supposes an unv>y+ organism & unv>y+ conditions4 ,! second1 :i* is my !ory 7la mi5ne propre71 supposes t ea* animal is capable ( modifications :i* 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations am\nt to a wide div]g5ce ( type4 ,if a s+le animal c be %[n to h v>i$ consid]ably "u dome/ication1 ! fir/ conclusion is prov$ to be inadmissible1 & ! second to be 9 con=mity ) ! laws ( nature4 ,?is is a mild] v]sion ( ,buffon's conclusion 7see ante1 pp4 #ij1 #ia74 ,x is a little grat+ to read ! words la mi5ne propre1 & to recall no m5tion ( ,buffon 9 ! ',philosophie ,zoologique4' ,animal =ms !n are ! result ( conditions ( life & ( ! habits eng5d]$ !reby4 ,) new =ms new faculties are develop$1 & ?us nature has little by little evolv$ ! exi/+ diff]5tiations ( animal & vegetable life4#caf ,lam>ck makes no exception 9 man's fav\r to ! rule ( desc5t ) modification4 ,he supposes t a race ( quadruman\s apes gradually acquir$ ! upright position 9 walk+1 ) a correspond+ modification ( ! feet & facial angle4 ,su* a race hav+ become ma/] ( all ! o!r animals1 spread itself ov] all p>ts ( ! _w t suit$ x4 ,x hunt$ out ! o!r high] races :i* 7 9 a condition to dispute ) x = enjoym5t ( ! _w's productions1 & drove !m to take refuge 9 su* places z x did n desire to occupy4 ,x *eck$ ! increase ( ! races ne>e/ itself1 & kept !m exil$ 9 woods & des]t places1 s t _! fur!r developm5t 0 arre/$1 :ile itself1 able to spread 9 all directions1 to multiply )\t opposition1 & to lead a social life1 x develop$ new requirem5ts "o aft] ano!r1 :i* urg$ x to indu/rial pursuits1 & gradually p]fect$ its capabilities4 ,ev5tually ?is pre-em95t race1 hav+ acquir$ absolute supremacy1 came to be widely diff]5t f ev5 ! mo/ p]fect ( ! l[] animals4 ,c]ta9 apes approa* man m ne>ly ?an any o!r animal approa*es him2 nev]!less1 !y are f> inf]ior to him1 bo? 9 bodily & m5tal capacity4 ,"s ( !m frequ5tly /& upright1 b z !y d n habitually ma9ta9 ?is attitude1 _! organization has n be5 suffici5tly modifi$ to prev5t x f be+ irksome to !m to /& = long toge!r4 ,!y fall on all f\rs imm$iately at ! approa* ( dang]4 ,?is reveals _! true orig94#cag ,b is ! upright position altoge!r natural1 ev5 to man8 ,he uses x 9 mov+ f place to place1 b /ill /&+ is a fatigu+ position1 & "o :i* c only be ma9ta9$ = a limit$ "t1 & by ! aid ( muscul> contraction4 ,! v]tebrate column does n pass ?r\gh ! axis ( ! head s z to ma9ta9 x 9 l equilibrium ) o!r limbs4 ,! head1 *e/1 /oma*1 & inte/9es weigh almo/ entirely on ! ant]ior "p ( ! v]tebrate column1 & ?is column itself is plac$ obliquely1 s t1 z ,m4 ,ri*]& has obs]v$1 cont9ual wat*fulness & muscul> ex]tion are necess>y to avoid ! falls t[>ds :i* ! weight & disposition ( our p>ts are cont9ually incl9+ u4 ',*ildr51' he rem>ks1 'h a con/ant t5d5cy to assume ! position ( quadrup$s4'#cah ,surely ^! facts %\ld reveal man's orig9 z analog\s to t ( ! o!r mammals1 if 8 organization only be look$ to4 ,b ! foll[+ consid]ation mu/ be add$4 ,new wants1 develop$ 9 societies :i* _h become num]\s1 mu/ h correspond+ly multipli$ ! ideas ( ?is dom9ant race1 ^: individuals mu/ h !re=e gradually felt ! ne$ ( full] communication ) ea* o!r4 ,h5ce ! necessity = increas+ & v>y+ ! numb] ( ! signs suitable = mutual und]/&+4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t incessant ef=ts w\ld be made 9 ?is direction4#cai ,! l[] animals1 ?\gh (t5 social1 h be5 kept 9 too great subjection = any su* developm5t ( p[]4 ,!y cont9ue1 !re=e1 /ation>y z reg>ds _! wants & ideas1 v few ( :i* ne$ be communicat$ f "o individual to ano!r4 ,a few movem5ts ( ! body1 a few simple cries & :i/les1 or inflexions ( voice1 w\ld suffice = _! purpose4 ,) ! dom9ant race1 on ! o!r h&1 ! cont9u$ multiplication ( ideas :i* x 0 desirable to communicate rapidly1 w\ld exhau/ ! p[] ( pantomimic ge/ure & ( all possible inflexions ( ! voice--!re=e by a succession ( ef=ts ?is race arriv$ at ! utt]ance ( articulate s\nds4 ,a few only w\ld be at fir/ made use (1 & ^! w\ld be supplem5t$ by inflexions ( ! voice3 pres5tly !y w\ld increase 9 numb]1 v>iety1 & appropriat5ess1 ) ! increase ( ne$s & ( ! ef=ts made to speak4 ,habitual ex]cise w\ld increase ! p[] ( ! lips & tongue to articulate di/9ctly4 ,! div]sity ( language is due to geographical di/ribution1 ) consequ5t great] or less isolation ( c]ta9 races1 & corruption ( ! signs orig9ally agre$ ^u = ea* idea4 ,man's own wants1 !re=e1 w h a*iev$ ! :ole result4 ,!y w h giv5 rise to endeav\r1 & habitual use w h develop$ ! organs ( articulation4#cbj ,h[1 let me ask aga91 is ! case ( neut] insects demon/rative aga9/ ! well-kn[n !ory put =w>d 9 ! =ego+ *apt]8 ,,footnotes3 #bjh ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i41 edit$ by ,m4 ,m>t9s1 #ahgc1 pp4 #be1 #bf4 #bji ',phil4 ,zool4' tom4 i4 pp4 #bf1 #bg4 #baj ,page #bh4 #baa ,pages #bh-ca4 #bab ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 pp4 #cd1 #ce4 #bac ,page #db4 #bad ,page #df4 #bae ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #ej4 #baf ,pages #ej1 #ea4 #bag ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #cie1 ed4 #ahgf4 #bah ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #fa4 #bai ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #fb4 #bbj ,page #fc4 #bba ,page #fd4 #bbb ,page #fe4 #bbc ,page #fg4 #bbd ,*ap4 iii4 #bbe ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #gb4 #bbf ,pages #ga-gc4 #bbg ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #gd1 #ge4 #bbh ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 pp4 #ge-gg4 #bbi ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #ajd1 ed4 #ahgf4 #bcj ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #gi4 #bca ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 #bcb ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #hj4 #bcc ,page #hj4 #bcd ,ed4 #ahgf4 #bce ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #ha4 #bcf ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #bda4 #bcg ',phil4 ,zool41' p4 #hb4 #bch ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #hc4 #bci ,pages #cdi-cea4 #bdj ,page #hd4 #bda ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #hh4 #bdb ,page #ij4 #bdc ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #c4 #bdd ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #id4 #bde ,pages #ie-if4 #bdf ,page #ig4 #bdg ,phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #ih4 #bdh ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #aaa4 #bdi ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #aab4 #bej ,see pp4 #bbg & #bei ( ?is book4 #bea ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #aac4 #beb ,page #aac4 #bec ',phil ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #aac4 #bed ,?is passage is r obscure4 ,i give x !re=e 9 ! orig9al3-- ,a9si les naturali/es ayant rem>que que beauc\p d'especes1 c]ta9s g5res1 et meme quelques familles p>aiss5t dans une sorte d'isolem5t1 quant a leurs c>act]es1 plusieurs se sont imag9es que les etres vivants1 dans l'un ou l'autre regne1 s'avois9ai5t1 ou s'eloignai5t entre eux1 relativem5t a leurs rapports naturels1 dans une disposition semblable aux diff]5ts po9ts d'une c>te de geographie ou d'une mappemonde4 ,ils reg>d5t les petites s]ies bi5 prononcees qu'on a nommees familles naturelles1 comme devant etre disposees entre elles de mani]e a =m] une reticulation4 ,cette idee qui a p>u sublime a quelques mod]nes1 e/ evidemm5t une erreur1 et1 sans d\te1 elle se dissip]a des qu'on aura des connaissances plus pr(ondes et plus g5]ales de l'organisation1 et surt\t lorsqu'on di/+u]a ce qui app>ti5t a l'influ5ce des lieux d'habitation et des habitudes contractees1 de ce qui resulte des progres plus ou mo9s avances dans la composition ou le p]fectionnem5t de l'organisation4--7p4 #abj74 #bee ',orig9 ( ,species1' pp4 #bfe1 #bff4 #bef ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #aba4 #beg ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #abb4 #beh ',orig9 ( ,species1' pp4 #abb1 #abc4 #bei ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #abc4 #bfj ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #abc4 #bfa ',orig9 ( ,species1' *ap4 xiv4 #bfb ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #abc4 #bfc ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #adj4 #bfd ,page #adb4 #bfe ,page #adc4 #bff ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #adc4 #bfg ,page #add4 #bfh ,ibid4 #bfi ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #ade4 #bgj ,page #adf4 #bga ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bba4 #bgb ,page #bbb4 #bgc ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bbc4 #bgd ,page #bbd4 #bge ,page #bbc4 #bgf ,page #bbe4 #bgg ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bbe4 #bgh ,page #bbf4 #bgi ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bbh4 #bhj ,see ,buffon1 ',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 v4 pp4 #aif1 #aig1 & ,supp4 tom4 v4 pp4 #bej-bec4 #bha ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bbi4 #bhb ',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 xi4 p4 #bij4 #bhc ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bca4 #bhd ,page #bca4 ,see ,dr4 ,d>w9's note on ,trapa natans1 ',botanic ,g>d51' "p ii4 canto #d1 l4 #bjd4 #bhe ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bcb4 #bhf ,page #bcc4 ,see ,buffon on ,climate1 tom4 ix41 ',! ,animals ( ! ,old & ,new ,worlds4' #bhg ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #bcc1 ed4 #ahgf4 #bhh ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p #bcd4 #bhi ,page #bce4 #bij ,page #bcf4 #bia ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bcg4 #bib ,page #bch4 #bic ,see ante1 pp4 #bbj-bbh4 #bid ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bci4 #bie ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p #bdj4 #bif ,page #bda4 #big ,page #bde4 #bih ',animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1' vol4 i4 p4 #dfg1 c4 #bii ,see frontispiece to ,pr(essor ,miv>t's ',g5esis ( ,species4' #cjj ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bdg4 #cja ,page #bdh4 #cjb ',nat4 ,!ol41' vol4 xii41 end ( ,sec4 viii4 #cjc ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bdi4 #cjd ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bej4 #cje ,page #bej4 #cjf ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bea4 #cjg ,page #beb4 #cjh ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bec4 #cji ,page #bed4 #caj ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bef4 #caa ,page #beg4 #cab ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bei4 #cac ,page #bfj4 #cad ,page #bfc4 #cae ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bfc4 #caf ,page #bfe4 #cag ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #cdc4 #cah ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #cdc4 #cai ,page #cdf4 #cbj ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #cdg4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,mr4 ,,patrick ,,mat!w1 ,,mm4 ,,eti5ne ,,& ,,isidore ,,ge(froy ,,/4 ,,hilaire1 ,,& ,,mr4 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,! same compla9t mu/ be made aga9/ ,mr4 ,mat!w's excell5t survey ( ! !ory ( evolution1 z aga9/ ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9's orig9al exposition ( ! same !ory1 namely1 t x is too %ort4 ,x may be v true t brevity is ! s\l ( wit1 b ! lead]s ( sci5ce w g5]ally succe$ 9 burk+ new-born wit1 unless ! brevity ( its s\l is f\nd compatible ) a body ( "s bulk4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes ?us conc]n+ ,mr4 ,mat!w 9 ! hi/orical sket* to :i* ,i h already m ?an once ref]r$4 ,9 #ahca ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w publi%$ 8 "w on ',naval ,timb] & ,arboriculture1' 9 :i* he gives precisely ! same view on ! orig9 ( species z t 7pres5tly to be allud$ to7 prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,wallace & myself 9 ! ',l9nean ,j\rnal1' & z t enl>g$ 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,un=tunately ! view 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,mat!w v briefly1 9 scatt]$ passages 9 an app5dix to a "w on a diff]5t subject1 s t x rema9$ unnotic$ until ,mr4 ,mat!w himself drew att5tion to x 9 ! ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle' = ,april #g1 #ahfj4 ,! diff]5ces ( ,mr4 ,mat!w's view f m9e are n ( mu* importance2 he seems to consid] t ! _w 0 ne>ly depopulat$ at successive p]iods1 & !n re-/ock$1 & he gives z an alt]native1 t new =ms may be g5]at$ ')\t ! pres5ce ( any m\ld or g]m ( =m] aggregates4' ,i am n sure t ,i und]/& "s passages2 b x seems t he attributes mu* influ5ce to ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life4 ,he cle>ly saw1 h[ev]1 ! full =ce ( ! pr9ciple ( natural selection4#cba ,no?+ c\ld well be m mislead+4 ,if ,mr4 ,mat!w's view ( ! orig9 ( species is precisely ! same z t prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 x is h>d to see h[ ,mr4 ,d>w9 c call ^? ( ,lam>ck & ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 errone\s2 = ,mr4 ,mat!w's is no?+ b an excell5t & well-dige/$ summ>y ( ! conclusions arriv$ at by ^! two writ]s & by ,buffon4 ,if1 aga91 ,mr4 ,d>w9 is correct 9 say+ t ,mr4 ,mat!w cle>ly saw ! full =ce ( ! pr9ciple ( natural selection1 he condemns ! view he has himself tak5 ( x 9 8 ',orig9 ( ,species1' = ,mr4 ,d>w9 has assign$ a f> m important & v diff]5t effect to ! fact t ! fitte/ commonly survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ?an ,mr4 ,mat!w has done4 ,mr4 ,mat!w sees a cause und]ly+ all v>iations2 he takes ! mo/ teleological or purposive view ( organism t has be5 tak5 by any writ] 7n a !ologian7 except myself1 :ile ,mr4 ,d>w9's view1 if n ! lea/ teleological1 is c]ta9ly ne>ly s1 & 8 confession ( inability to detect any g5]al cause und]ly+ v>iations1 leaves1 z w appe> pres5tly1 less ?an common room = ambiguity4 ,"h are ,mr4 ,mat!w's own words3-- ,!re is a law univ]sal 9 nature1 t5d+ to r5d] e reproductive be+ ! be/ possibly suit$ to ! condition t its k9d1 or t organiz$ matt] is susceptible (1 & :i* appe>s int5d$ to model ! physical & m5tal or in/9ctive1 p[]s to _! highe/ p]fection1 & to cont9ue !m s4 ,?is law su/a9s ! lion 9 8 /r5g?1 ! h>e 9 h] swiftness1 & ! fox 9 8 wiles4 ,z nature 9 all h] modifications ( life has a p[] ( increase f> beyond :at is ne$$ to supply ! place ( :at falls by ,"t's decay1 ^? individuals :o possess n ! requisite /r5g?1 swiftness1 h>dihood1 or cunn+1 fall prematurely )\t reproduc+--ei!r a prey to _! natural dev\r]s1 or s9k+ "u disease1 g5]ally induc$ by want ( n\ri%m5t1 _! place be+ occupi$ by ! m p]fect ( _! own k9d1 :o are press+ on ! means ( exi/5ce4 ,?r\gh\t ?is volume1 we h felt consid]able inconv5i5ce f ! adopt$ dogmatical classification ( plants1 & h all along be5 fl\nd]+ betwe5 species & v>iety1 :i* c]ta9ly "u culture s(t5 into ea* o!r4 ,a p>ticul> con=mity1 ea* aft] its own k9d1 :5 9 a /ate ( nature1 t]m$ species1 no d\bt exi/s to a consid]able degree4 ,?is con=mity has exi/$ dur+ ! la/ =ty c5turies2 geologi/s discov] a l p>ticul> con=mity--fossil species--?r\gh ! deep deposition ( ea* great epo*2 b !y also discov] an almo/ complete diff]5ce to exi/ betwe5 ! species or /amp ( life ( "o epo* f t ( e o!r4 ,we are !re=e l$ to admit ei!r a repeat$ miracul\s conception1 or a p[] ( *ange "u *ange ( circum/ances to belong to liv+ organiz$ matt]1 or r to ! cong]ies ( inf]ior life :i* appe>s to =m sup]ior4 7,by ?is ,i suppose ,mr4 ,mat!w to imply 8 ass5t to ! !ory1 t our p]sonality or individuality is b z x 7 ! cons5sus1 or full fl[+ riv] ( a va/ numb] ( subord9ate individualities or p]sonalities1 ea* "o ( :i* is a liv+ be+ ) ?\ghts & wi%es ( its own47 ,! d]angem5ts & *anges 9 organiz$ exi/5ce1 induc$ by a *ange ( circum/ances f ! int]f]5ce ( man1 af=d u pro( ( ! pla/ic quality ( sup]ior life2 & ! likelihood t circum/ances h be5 v diff]5t 9 ! diff]5t epo*s1 ?\gh /eady 9 ea*1 t5d /rongly to height5 ! probability ( ! latt] !ory4 ,:5 we view ! imm5se calc>e\s & bitum9\s =mations1 pr9cipally f ! wat]s & atmosph]e1 & consid] ! oxidations & depositions :i* h tak5 place1 ei!r gradually or dur+ "s ( ! great convulsions1 x appe>s at lea/ probable t ! liquid elem5ts conta9+ life h v>i$ consid]ably at diff]5t times 9 composition & weight2 t our atmosph]e has conta9$ a mu* great] proportion ( c>bonic acid or oxyg52 & our wat]s1 aid$ by excess ( c>bonic acid1 & great] heat result+ f great] d5sity ( atmosph]e1 h conta9$ a great] quantity ( lime1 & o!r m9]al solutions4 ,is ! inf]5ce1 !n1 unphilosophic t liv+ ?+s :i* are prov$ to h a circum/ance-suit+ p[] 7a v slight *ange ( circum/ance by culture induc+ a correspond+ *ange ( "*71 may h gradually accommodat$ !mselves to ! v>iations ( ! elem5ts conta9+ !m1 & )\t new creation1 h pres5t$ ! div]g+ *angeable ph5om5a ( pa/ & pres5t organiz$ exi/5ce8 ,! de/ructive liquid curr5ts be=e :i* ! h>de/ m\nta9s h be5 swept & comm9ut$ into gravel1 s&1 & mud1 :i* int]v5$ betwe5 & divid$ ^! epo*s1 probably ext5d+ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe & de/roy+ ne>ly all liv+ ?+s1 mu/ h r$uc$ exi/5ce s mu* t an unoccupi$ field w\ld be =m$ = new div]g+ ramifications ( life1 :i* f ! connect$ sexual sy/em ( vegetables1 & ! natural in/9ct ( animals to h]d & comb9e ) _! own k9d1 w\ld fall into specific gr\ps--^! remnants 9 ! c\rse ( "t m\ld+ & accommodat+ _! be+ anew to ! *ange ( circum/ances1 & to e possible means ( subsi/5ce--& ! millions ( ages ( regul>ity :i* appe> to h foll[$ betwe5 ! epo*s1 probably aft] ?is accommodation 0 complet$1 af=d+ fossil deposit ( regul> specific "*4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,9 endeav\r+ to trace 444 ! pr9ciple ( ^! *anges ( fa%ion :i* h tak5 place 9 ! domiciles ( life ! foll[+ que/ions occur3 ,d !y arise f admixture ( species ne>ly alli$ produc+ int]m$iate species8 ,are !y ! div]g+ ramifications ( ! liv+ pr9ciple "u modification ( circum/ance8 or h !y result$ f ! comb9$ ag5cy ( bo?8 ,is !re only "o liv+ pr9ciple8 ,does organiz$ exi/5ce1 & p]haps all mat]ial exi/5ce1 consi/ ( "o ,proteus pr9ciple ( life capable ( gradual circum/ance-suit$ modifications & aggregations )\t b\nd1 "u ! solv5t or motion-giv+ pr9ciple ( heat or light8 ,!re is m beauty & unity ( design 9 ?is cont9ual balanc+ ( life to circum/ance1 & great] con=mity to ^? dispositions ( nature t are manife/ to u1 ?an 9 total de/ruction & new creation4 ,x is improbable t mu* ( ?is div]sification is ow+ to commixture ( species ne>ly alli$2 all *ange by ?is appe>s v limit$ & conf9$ )9 ! b\nds ( :at is call$ species2 ! prog5y ( ! same p>5ts "u great diff]5ce ( circum/ance1 might 9 sev]al g5]ations ev5 become di/9ct species1 incapable ( co-reproduction4 ,! self-regulat+ adaptive disposition ( organiz$ life may1 9 "p1 be trac$ to ! extreme fecundity ( nature1 :o1 z be=e /at$1 has 9 all ! v>ieties ( h] (fspr+ a prolific p[] mu* beyond 79 _m cases a ?\s& fold7 :at is necess>y to fill up ! vacancies caus$ by s5ile decay4 ,z ! field ( exi/5ce is limit$ & preoccupi$1 x is only ! h>di]1 m robu/1 bett] suit$ to circum/ance individuals1 :o are able to /ruggle =w>d to maturity1 ^! inhabit+ only ! situations to :i* !y h sup]ior adaptation & great] p[] ( occupancy ?an any o!r k9d2 ! weak] & less circum/ance-suit$ be+ prematurely de/roy$4 ,?is pr9ciple is 9 con/ant action2 x regulates ! col\r1 ! figure1 ! capacities1 & in/9cts2 ^? individuals 9 ea* species ^: col\r & cov]+ are be/ suit$ to concealm5t or protection f enemies1 or def5ce f inclem5cies & vicissitudes ( climate1 ^: figure is be/ accommodat$ to heal?1 /r5g?1 def5ce1 & support2 ^: capacities & in/9cts c be/ regulate ! physical en]gies to self-advantage accord+ to circum/ances--9 su* imm5se wa/e ( prim>y & y\?ful life ^? only come =w>d to maturity f ! /rict ordeal by :i* nature te/s _! adaptation to h] /&>d ( p]fection & fitness to cont9ue _! k9d by reproduction4 ,f ! unremitt+ op]ation ( ?is law act+ 9 conc]t ) ! t5d5cy :i* ! prog5y h to take ! m p>ticul> qualities ( ! p>5ts1 toge!r ) ! connect$ sexual sy/em 9 vegetables & in/9ctive limitation to its own k9d 9 animals1 a consid]able uni=mity ( figure1 col\r1 & "* is induc$ con/itut+ species2 ! bre$ gradually acquir+ ! v be/ possible adaptation ( ^! to its condition :i* x is susceptible (1 & :5 alt]ation ( circum/ance occurs1 ?us *ang+ 9 "* to suit ^!1 z f> z its nature is susceptible ( *ange4 ,?is circum/ance-adaptive law op]at+ ^u ! slight b cont9u$ natural disposition to sport 9 ! prog5y 7se$l+ v>iety7 does n preclude ! suppos$ influ5ce :i* volition or s5sation may h _h ov] ! configuration ( ! body4 ,to exam9e into ! disposition to sport 9 ! prog5y1 ev5 :5 !re is only "o p>5t z 9 _m vegetables1 & to inve/igate h[ mu* v>iation is modifi$ by ! m9d or n]v\s s5sation ( ! p>5ts1 or ( ! liv+ ?+ itself dur+ its progress to maturity2 h[ f> x dep5ds ^u ext]nal circum/ance1 & h[ f> on ! w1 irritability1 & muscul> ex]tion1 is op5 to exam9ation & exp]im5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we ought to exam9e its dep5d5cy ^u ! prec$+ l9ks ( ! p>ticul> *a9 ( life1 v>iety be+ (t5 m]ely types or approximations ( =m] p>5tage2 !nce ! v>iation ( ! family z well z ( ! individual mu/ be embrac$ by our exp]im5ts4 ,?is cont9uation ( family type1 n brok5 by casual p>ticul> ab]ration1 is m5tal z well z corporeal1 & is exemplifi$ 9 _m ( ! dispositions or in/9cts ( p>ticul> races ( m54 ,^! innate or cont9u\s ideas or habits seem proportionally great] 9 ! insect tribes1 & 9 ^? especially ( %ort] revolution2 & =m+ an abid+ memory1 may resolve mu* ( ! enigma ( in/9ct1 & ! =ekn[l$ge :i* ^! tribes h ( :at is necess>y to complet+ _! r\nd ( life1 r$uc+ ?is to k or impressions & habits acquir$ by a long exp]i5ce4 ,?is great] cont9uity ( exi/5ce1 or r cont9uity ( p]ceptions & impressions 9 insects1 is highly probable2 x is ev5 difficult 9 "s to asc]ta9 ! p>ticul> /eps :5 ea* individual comm5ces1 "u ! diff]5t phases ( egg1 l>va1 pupa1 or if mu* consci\sness ( individuality exi/s4 ,! cont9uation ( reproduction = sev]al g5]ations by ! females alone 9 "s ( ^! tribes1 t5ds to ! probability ( ! great] cont9uity ( exi/5ce2 & ! subdivisions ( life by cutt+s 7ev5 9 animal life71 at any rate1 mu/ /agg] ! advocate ( individuality4 ,among ! millions ( specific v>ieties ( liv+ ?+s :i* occupy ! humid portions ( ! surface ( our planet1 z f> back z c be trac$1 !re does n appe>1 ) ! exception ( man1 to h be5 any p>ticul> engross+ race1 b a pretty fair balance ( p[] ( occupancy--or r mo/ wond]ful v>iation ( circum/ance p>allel to ! nature ( e species1 z if circum/ance & species _h gr[n up toge!r4 ,!re are1 inde$1 sev]al races :i* h ?reat5$ asc5dancy 9 "s p>ticul> regions2 b x is man alone f :om any g5]al imm95t dang] to ! exi/5ce ( 8 bre?r5 is to be dread$4 ,z f> back z hi/ory rea*es1 man _h already _h consid]able influ5ce1 & _h made encroa*m5ts ^u 8 fell[ d5iz5s1 probably occasion+ ! de/ruction ( _m species1 & ! production & cont9uation ( a numb] ( v>ieties1 & ev5 species1 :i* he f\nd m suit$ to supply 8 wants1 b :i* f ! infirmity ( _! condition--n hav+ und]gone selection by ! law ( nature1 ( :i* we h spok5--_c ma9ta9 _! gr\nd )\t culture & protection4 ,x is only h[ev] 9 ! pres5t age t man has begun to reap ! fruits ( 8 t$i\s education1 & has prov5 h[ mu* 'k is p[]4' ,he has n[ acquir$ a dom9ion ov] ! mat]ial _w1 & a consequ5t p[] ( increase1 s z to r5d] x probable t ! :ole surface ( ! e>? may soon be ov]run by ?is engross+ anomaly1 to ! annihilation ( e wond]ful & beautiful v>iety ( animal exi/5ce :i* does n adm9i/] to 8 wants1 pr9cipally z laboratories ( prep>ation to befit crud] elem5tal matt] = assimilation by 8 organs4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! consequ5ces are be+ n[ develop$ ( our deplorable ignorance (1 or inatt5tion to1 "o ( ! mo/ evid5t traits ( natural hi/ory--t vegetables1 z well z animals1 are g5]ally liable to an almo/ unlimit$ div]sification1 regulat$ by climate1 soil1 n\ri%m5t1 & new commixture ( already-=m$ v>ieties4 ,9 ^? ) :i* man is mo/ intimate1 & :]e 8 ag5cy 9 ?r[+ !m f _! natural locality & disposition has br\ght out ?is p[] ( div]sification 9 /rong] %ades1 x has be5 =c$ ^u 8 notice1 z 9 man himself1 9 ! dog1 horse1 c[1 %eep1 p\ltry1--9 ! apple1 pe>1 plum1 gooseb]ry1 potato1 pea1 :i* sport 9 inf9ite v>ieties1 diff]+ consid]ably 9 size1 col\r1 ta/e1 firmness ( texture1 p]iod ( gr[?1 almo/ 9 e recognizable quality4 ,9 all ^! k9ds man is influ5tial 9 prev5t+ det]ioration1 by c>eful selection ( ! l>ge/ or mo/ valuable z bre$]s4#cbb ,eti5ne & ,isidore ,ge(froy4 ,bo? ,cuvi] & ,eti5ne ,ge(froy1 says ,isidore ,ge(froy1 _h e>ly p]ceiv$ ! philosophical importance ( a "q 7evolution7 :i* mu/ be admitt$ z--) t ( unity ( composition--! greate/ 9 natural hi/ory4 ,we f9d !m lay+ x d[n 9 ! ye> #agie 9 "o ( _! jo9t ',memoirs' 7on ! ,orangs71 9 ! v pla9e/ t]ms1 9 ! foll[+ "q1 ',mu/ we see1' !y inquire1 ':at we commonly call species1 z ! modifi$ desc5dants ( ! same orig9al =m8' ,bo? 7 at t "t d\btful4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds ,cuvi] n only answ]$ ?is "q 9 ! negative1 b decl>$1 & pret5d$ to prove1 t ! same =ms h be5 p]petuat$ f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,lam>ck1 8 antagoni/ p> excell5ce on ?is po9t1 ma9ta9$ ! contr>y position ) no less di/9ctness1 %[+ t liv+ be+s are unceas+ly v>iable ) *ange ( _! surr\nd+s1 & giv+ ) "s boldness a zoological g5esis 9 con=mity ) ?is doctr9e4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire _h long pond]$ ov] ?is difficult subject4 ,! doctr9e :i* 9 8 old age he s firmly def5d$1 does n seem to h be5 conceiv$ by him till aft] he _h complet$ 8 ',philosophie ,anatomique1' & except ?r\gh lectures deliv]$ orally to ! museum & ! faculty1 x 0 n publi%$ till #ahbh2 nor aga9 9 ! "w !n publi%$ d we f9d 8 !ory 9 its neate/ expression & fulle/ developm5t4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire tells u 9 a note t ! "w ref]r$ to z fir/ putt+ 8 fa!r's views be=e ! public 9 a pr9t$ =m1 0 a report to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on a memoir by ,m4 ,r\l92 b t be=e ?is report "s indications ( !m are to be f\nd 9 a pap] on ! ,gavials1 publi%$ 9 #ahbe4 ,_! be/ r5d]+1 h[ev]1 & fulle/ developm5t is 9 sev]al memoirs1 publi%$ 9 succession1 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahbh & #ahcg4 ,?is doctr9e1 he cont9ues1 is diametrically oppos$ to t ( ,cuvi]1 & is n entirely ! same z ,lam>ck's4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire refutes ! "o1 he re/ra9s & corrects ! o!r4 ,cuvi]1 accord+ to him1 sums up aga9/ ! facts1 :ile ,lam>ck goes fur!r ?an !y w be> him out4 ,ess5tially h[ev] on que/ions ( ?is nature he is a foll[] ( ,lam>ck1 & took pleasure on sev]al occasions 9 describ+ himself z ! disciple ( 8 illu/ri\s confr]e4#cbc ,i h be5 unable to detect any sub/antial diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire & ,lam>ck1 except t ! fir/ ma9ta9$ t a l9e mu/ be drawn some:]e--& did n draw x--:ile ! latt] said t no l9e c\ld be drawn1 & !re=e drew none4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 is q correct 9 say+ t ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire reli$ *iefly on ! conditions ( life1 or ! 'monde ambiant1' z ! cause ( *ange4 ,b ?is is only ,lam>ck ov] aga91 = ?\gh ,lam>ck attributes v>iation directly to *ange ( habits 9 ! creature1 he is almo/ we>isome 9 8 insi/5ce on ! fact t ! habit w n *ange1 unless ! conditions ( life also d s4 ,) bo? writ]s !n x is *ange 9 ! relative positions ( ! ext]ior circum/ances1 & ( ! organism1 :i* results 9 v>iation1 & f9ally 9 specific modification4 ,"h is ano!r sket* ( ,eti5ne ,ge(froy1 also by 8 son ,isidore4 ,9 #agie1 :ile ,lam>ck 0 /ill a believ] 9 immutability1 ,eti5ne ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire _h v5tur$ to say t species might well be 'deg5]ations f a s+le type1' b1 ?\gh he nev] lo/ sight ( ! "q1 he wait$ m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e pass+ f m$itation to action4 ,he at l5g? put =w>d 8 op9ion 9 #ahbe1 he return$ to x1 b /ill briefly1 9 #ahbh & #ahbi1 & did n set himself to develop & e/abli% x till ! ye> #ahca--! ye> foll[+ ! memorable discussion 9 ! ,academy1 on ! unity ( organic composition4#cbd ,if1 says 8 son1 he began by pay+ homage to 8 illu/ri\s precursor1 & by lay+ x d[n z a g5]al axiom1 t !re is no su* ?+ z fixity 9 nature1 & especially 9 animat$ nature1 he foll[s ?is adhesion to ! g5]al doctr9e ( v>iability by a diss5t :i* goes to ! v he>t ( ! matt]4 ,& ?is diss5t becomes deep] & deep] 9 8 lat] works4 ,n only is ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire at pa9s to d5y ! unlimit$ ext5sion ( v>iability :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! ,lam>ckian sy/em1 b he moreov] & p>ticul>ly decl9es to expla9 ^? deg5]ations :i* he admits z possible1 by *anges ( action & habit on ! "p ( ! creature v>y+--,lam>ck's fav\rite hypo!sis1 :i* he lab\r$ to demon/rate )\t ev5 succe$+ 9 mak+ x appe> probable4#cbe ,isidore ,ge(froy !n decl>es t 8 fa!r1 ?\gh *ronologically a foll[] ( ,lam>ck1 %\ld be rank$ philosophically z hav+ cont9u$ ! "w ( ,buffon1 to :om all 8 diff]5ces ( op9ion ) ,lam>ck s]ve to br+ him ne>]4#cbf ,if he _h und]/ood ,buffon he w\ld n h said s4 ,8 conclusions are ?us summ$ up3--,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire ma9ta9s t species are v>iable if ! environm5t v>ies 9 "*2 diff]5ces1 !n1 m or less consid]able accord+ to ! p[] ( ! modify+ causes may h be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & ! liv+ =ms ( to-day may be ! desc5dants ( m anci5t =ms4#cbg ,x is n easy to see t mu* weight %\ld be atta*$ to ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire's op9ion4 ,he seems to h be5 a p]son ( hesitat+ temp]am5t1 "u an impression t !re 0 an op5+ j !n ?r\gh :i* a judici\s trimm] might pass himself 9 among m5 ( great] p[]4 ,if 8 son has describ$ 8 tea*+ correctly1 x am\nts practically to a bona fide endorsem5t ( :at ,buffon c only be consid]$ to h pret5d$ to believe4 ,! same objection t mu/ be fatal to ! view pret5d$ by ,buffon1 is s 9 l mann] to ^? put =w>d s]i\sly ( bo? ! ,ge(froys--= ,isidore ,ge(froy foll[$ 8 fa!r1 b leant a little m op5ly t[>ds ,lam>ck4 ,he writes3-- ,! *>act]s ( species are nei!r absolutely fix$1 z has be5 ma9ta9$ by "s2 nor yet1 /ill m1 indef9itely v>iable z accord+ to o!rs4 ,!y are fix$ = ea* species z long z t species cont9ues to reproduce itself 9 an un*ang$ environm5t2 b !y become modifi$ if ! environm5t *anges4#cbh ,?is is all t ,lam>ck himself w\ld expect1 z no "o c\ld be m fully aw>e ?an ,m4 ,ge(froy1 :o1 h[ev]1 admits t deg5]ation may ext5d to g5]ic diff]5ces4#cbi ,i h be5 unable to f9d 9 ,m4 ,isidore ,ge(froy's "w any?+ l a refutation ( ,lam>ck's cont5tion t ! modifications 9 animals & plants are due to ! ne$s & wi%es ( ! animals & plants !mselves2 on ! contr>y1 to "s ext5t he c\nt5ances ?is view himself1 = he says1 h5ce arise notable diff]5ces ( habitation & climate1 & ^! 9 _! turn induce second>y diff]5ces 9 diet & ev5 9 habits4#ccj ,f :i* x mu/ foll[1 ?\gh ,i _c f9d x said expressly1 t ! au?or attributes modification 9 "s measure to *ang$ habits1 & !re=e to ! *ang$ desires f :i* ! *ange ( habits has aris52 b 9 ! ma9 he appe>s to ref] modification to ! direct action ( a *ang$ environm5t4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,^? :o cavali]ly reject ! !ory ( ,lam>ck & 8 foll[]s z n adequately support$ by facts1 wrote ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1#cca seem q to =get t _! own !ory is support$ by no facts at all--inasmu* z no "o pret5ds to h se5 an act ( direct creation4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] po9ts out t1 accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 !re are "s #cbj1jjj species ( plants n[ exi/+1 & ab\t #b1jjj1jjj species ( animals1 includ+ insects1 & t if ! ext9ct =ms :i* h successively appe>$ & disappe>$ be add$ to ^!1 !re _c h exi/$ 9 all less ?an "s t5 million species4 ,:i*1 asks ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 is ! mo/ rational !ory ab\t ^! t5 millions ( species8 ,is x mo/ likely t !re h be5 t5 millions ( special creations8 or1 is x mo/ likely t by cont9ual modification due to *ange ( circum/ances1 t5 millions ( v>ieties may h be5 produc$ z v>ieties are be+ produc$ /ill8 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,ev5 c\ld ! support]s ( ! developm5t hypo!sis m]ely %[ t ! production ( species by ! process ( modification is conceivable1 !y w\ld be 9 a bett] position ?an _! oppon5ts4 ,b !y c d mu* m ?an ?is2 !y c %[ t ! process ( modification has effect$ & is effect+ great *anges 9 all organisms1 subject to modify+ influ5ces 444 !y c %[ t any exi/+ species--animal or vegetable--:5 plac$ "u conditions diff]5t f its previ\s ones1 imm$iately beg9s to und]go c]ta9 *anges ( /ructure fitt+ x = ! new conditions4 ,!y c %[ t 9 successive g5]ations ^! *anges cont9ue until ultimately ! new conditions become ! natural ones4 ,!y c %[ t 9 cultivat$ plants & dome/icat$ animals1 & 9 ! sev]al races ( m51 ^! *anges h uni=mly tak5 place4 ,!y c %[ t ! degrees ( diff]5ce1 s produc$1 are (t51 z 9 dogs1 great] ?an ^? on :i* di/9ctions ( species are 9 o!r cases f\nd$4 ,!y c %[ t x is a matt] ( dispute :e!r "s ( ^! modifi$ =ms are v>ieties or modifi$ species4 ,!y c %[ too t ! *anges daily tak+ place 9 ourselves2 ! facility t att5ds long practice1 & ! loss ( aptitude t beg9s :5 practice ceases2 ! /r5g!n+ ( passions habitually gratifi$1 & ! weak5+ ( ^? habitually curb$2 ! developm5t ( e faculty1 bodily1 moral or intellectual1 accord+ to ! use made ( x1 are all explicable on ?is same pr9ciple4 ,& ?us !y c %[ t ?r\gh\t all organic nature !re is at "w a modify+ influ5ce ( ! k9d !y assign z ! cause ( ^! specific diff]5ces1 an influ5ce :i*1 ?\gh sl[ 9 its action1 does 9 "t1 if ! circum/ances dem& x1 produce m>k$ *anges2 an influ5ce :i*1 to all appe>ance1 w\ld produce 9 ! millions ( ye>s1 & "u ! great v>ieties ( condition :i* geological records imply1 any am\nt ( *ange4 ,?is leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,x is ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck1 well express$4 ,^? 7 ! days be=e ,natural ,selection _h be5 dis*>g$ into ! wat]s ( ! evolution controv]sy1 l ! secretion ( a cuttle fi%4 ,*ang$ circum/ances imm$iately induce *ang$ habits1 & h5ce a *ang$ use ( "s organs1 & disuse ( o!rs3 z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 organs & in/9cts become *ang$1 & ^! *anges cont9ue 9 successive g5]ations1 until ultimately ! new conditions become ! natural ones4 ,?is is ! :ole !ory ( developm5t1 evolution1 or desc5t ) modification4 ,volumes may be writt5 to adduce ! details :i* w>rant u 9 accept+ x1 & to expla9 ! causes :i* h br\ght x ab\t1 b ,i fail to see h[ any?+ ess5tial c be add$ to ! !ory itself1 :i* is "h s well support$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 & :i* is exactly z ,lam>ck left x4 ,all t rema9s is to h a cle> conception ( ! on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 ( ! et]nity1 & lat5cy1 ( memory1 & ( ! unconsci\sness ) :i* habitual actions are repeat$1 :i* la/ po9t1 inde$1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has himself t\*$ ^u4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] cont9ues--,t by any s]ies ( *anges a zoophyte %\ld ev] become a mammal1 seems to ^? :o are n famili> ) zoology1 & :o h n se5 h[ cle> becomes ! relation%ip betwe5 ! simple/ & ! mo/ complex =ms1 :5 all int]m$iate =ms are exam9$1 a v grotesque notion 444 !y nev] realize ! fact t by small increm5ts ( modification1 any am\nt ( modification may 9 "t be g5]at$4 ,t surprise :i* !y feel on f9d+ "o :om !y la/ saw z a boy1 gr[n into a man1 becomes incr$ulity :5 ! degree ( *ange is great]4 ,nev]!less1 abundant in/ances are at h& ( ! mode 9 :i* we may pass to ! mo/ div]se =ms by ins5sible gradations4 ,no?+ c be m satisfactory & /raight=w>d4 ,i w make "o m quotation f ?is excell5t article3-- ,b ! bl9dness ( ^? :o ?9k x absurd to suppose t complex organic =ms may h aris5 by successive modifications out ( simple ones1 becomes a/oni%+ :5 we rememb] t complex organic =ms are daily be+ ?us produc$4 ,a tree diff]s f a se$ immeasurably 9 e respect--9 bulk1 9 /ructure1 9 col\r1 9 =m1 9 specific gravity1 9 *emical composition--diff]s s greatly t no visible resemblance ( any k9d c be po9t$ out betwe5 !m4 ,yet is ! "o *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s into ! o!r--*ang$ s gradually t at no mom5t c x be said1 ',n[ ! se$ ceases to be1 & ! tree exi/s4' ,:at c be m widely contra/$ ?an a newly-born *ild1 & ! small1 semi-transp>5t gelat9\s sph]ule con/itut+ ! human ovum8 ,! infant is s complex 9 /ructure t a cyclopa$ia is ne$$ to describe its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! g]m9al vesicle is s simple1 t a l9e w conta9 all t c be said ( x4 ,nev]!less1 a few mon?s suffices to develop ! "o out ( ! o!r1 & t too by a s]ies ( modifications s small1 t 7 ! embryo exam9$ at successive m9utes1 n ev5 a microscope w\ld disclose any s5sible *anges4 ,t ! un$ucat$ & ill-educat$ %\ld ?9k ! hypo!sis t all races ( be+s1 man inclusive1 may 9 process ( "t h be5 evolv$ f ! simple/ monad a ludicr\s "o is n to be wond]$ at4 ,b = ! physiologi/1 :o kn[s t e individual be+ is s evolv$--:o kn[s fur!r t 9 _! e>lie/ condition ! g]ms ( all plants & animals :atsoev] are s simil>1 't !re is no appreciable di/9ction among !m :i* w\ld enable x to be det]m9$ :e!r a p>ticul> molecule is ! g]m ( a conf]va or ( an oak1 ( a zoophyte or ( a man'#ccb--;= him to make a difficulty ( ! matt] is inexcusable4 ,surely1 if a s+le /ructureless cell may1 :5 subject$ to c]ta9 influ5ces1 become a man 9 ! space ( tw5ty ye>s1 !re is no?+ absurd 9 ! hypo!sis t "u c]ta9 o!r influ5ces a cell may1 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s1 give orig9 to ! human race4 ,! two processes are g5]ically ! same1 & diff] only 9 l5g? & complexity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v important extract f ,pr(essor ,h]+'s lecture %\ld p]haps h be5 plac$ "h4 ,! read] w1 h[ev]1 f9d x on page #aii4 ,,footnotes3 #cba ',orig9 ( ,species1' ,hi/4 ,sket*1 p4 xvi4 #cbb ,see ',naval ,timb] & ,arboriculture1' by ,patrick ,mat!w1 publi%$ by ,adam & ,c4 ,black1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,longmans & ,co41 ,london1 #ahca1 pp4 #cfd1 #cfe1 #cha-chh1 & also #ajf-ajh1 ',g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1' ,april #g1 #ahfj4 #cbc ',vie et ,doctr9e ,sci5tifique de ,ge(froy ,eti5ne ,/4 ,hilaire1' ,p>is1 ,/rasb\rg1 #ahdg1 pp4 #cdd-cdf4 #cbd ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 ii4 #dac4 #cbe ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 ii4 p4 #dae4 #cbf ,ibid4 #cbg ,ibid4 p4 #dba4 #cbh ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' vol4 ii4 p4 #dca1 #ahei4 #cbi ',orig9 ( ,species1' ,hi/4 ,sket*1 p4 xix4 #ccj ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' vol4 ii4 p4 #dcb4 #cca ,see ',! ,lead]1' ,m>* #bj1 #aheb1 ,! ,hay?orne ,pap]s4 #ccb ,c>p5t]'s ',pr9ciples ( ,physiology'1 #crd ed41 p4 #hfg4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,ma9 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,agreem5t ,,& ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,!ories ,,( ,,evolution4 ,hav+ put be=e ! read] ) "s fulness ! !ories ( ! ?ree writ]s to :om we owe ! old] or teleological view ( evolution1 ,i w n[ comp>e t view m closely ) ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace1 to :om1 9 spite ( my pr(\nd diff]5ce ( op9ion ) !m on ! subject ( natural selection1 ,i admit ) pleasure t ,i am "u deep obligation4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 ,i %all take ,lam>ck z ! expon5t ( ! old] view1 & ,mr4 ,d>w9 z t ( ! "o n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,we h se51 t up to a c]ta9 po9t !re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 ,lam>ck & ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,lam>ck ma9ta9s t animals & plants v>y3 s does ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,lam>ck ma9ta9s t v>iations hav+ once aris5 h a t5d5cy to be transmitt$ to (fspr+ & accumulat$3 s does ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,lam>ck ma9ta9s t ! accumulation ( v>iations1 s small1 ea* "o ( !m1 t x _c be1 or is n notic$1 nev]!less w lead 9 ! c\rse ( t almo/ inf9ite "t dur+ :i* life has exi/$ ^u e>?1 to v wide diff]5ces 9 =m1 /ructure1 & in/9cts3 s does ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,f9ally1 ,lam>ck decl>es t all1 or ne>ly all1 ! diff]5ces :i* we obs]ve betwe5 v>i\s k9ds ( animals & plants are due to ?is exce$+ly gradual & imp]ceptible accumulation1 dur+ _m successive g5]ations1 ( v>iations ea* "o ( :i* 0 9 ! outset small3 s does ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,b 9 ! above we h a complete /atem5t ( ! fact ( evolution1 or desc5t ) modification--want+ no?+1 b entire1 & incapable ( be+ add$ to except 9 detail1 & by way ( explanation ( ! causes :i* h br\ght ! fact ab\t4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al conclusion arriv$ at1 !re=e1 ,i am unable to detect any diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ,lam>ck & ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,!y are bo? b5t on e/abli%+ ! !ory ( evolution 9 its wide/ ext5t4 ,! late ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 8 ',pr9ciples ( ,geology1' be>s me out "h4 ,9 a note to 8 resume ( ! "p ( ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' :i* be>s ^u evolution1 he writes3-- ,i h repr9t$ 9 ?is *apt] ^w = ^w my ab/ract ( ,lam>ck's doctr9e ( transmutation1 z drawn up by me 9 #ahcb 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ',pr9ciples ( ,geology4'#ccc ,i h ?\ght x "r to d ?is 9 ju/ice to ,lam>ck1 9 ord] to %[ h[ ne>ly ! op9ions taught by him at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury resembl$ ^? n[ 9 vogue among/ a l>ge body ( naturali/s respect+ ! inf9ite v>iability ( species1 & ! progressive developm5t 9 pa/ "t ( ! organic _w4 ,! read] mu/ be> 9 m9d t :5 ,i made ?is analysis ( ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' 9 #ahcb1 ,i 0 altoge!r oppos$ to ! doctr9e t ! animals & plants n[ liv+ 7 ! l9eal desc5dants ( di/9ct species1 only kn[n to u 9 a fossil /ate1 & 444 s f> f exagg]at+1 ,i did n d ju/ice to ! argum5ts orig9ally adduc$ by ,lam>ck & ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 especially ^? f\nd$ on ! occurr5ce ( rudim5t>y organs4 ,!re is !re=e no room = suspicion t my acc\nt ( ! ,lam>ckian hypo!sis1 writt5 by me ?irty-five ye>s ago1 d]iv$ any col\r+ f my own views t5d+ to br+ x m into h>mony ) ! !ory s9ce prop\nd$ by ,d>w94#ccd ,s little diff]5ce did ,sir ,*>les ,lyell discov] betwe5 ! views ( ,lam>ck & ^? ( 8 successors4 ,) ! id5tity1 h[ev]1 ( ! ma9 proposition :i*1 bo? ,lam>ck & ,mr4 ,d>w9 alike endeav\r to e/abli%1 ! po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ! two writ]s come to an end4 ,lam>ck's great aim 0 to discov] ! cause ( ^? v>iations ^: accumulation results 9 specific1 & f9ally 9 g5]ic1 diff]5ces4 ,n cont5t ) e/abli%+ ! fact ( desc5t ) modification1 he1 l 8 pr$ecessors1 wi%es to expla9 h[ x 0 t ! fact came ab\t4 ,he f9ds its explanation 9 *ang$ surr\nd+s--t is to say1 9 *ang$ conditions ( exi/5ce--z ! indirect cause1 & 9 ! v>y+ ne$s aris+ f ^! *ang$ conditions z ! direct cause4 ,accord+ to ,lam>ck1 !re is a broad pr9ciple :i* und]lies v>iation g5]ally1 & ?is pr9ciple is ! p[] :i* all liv+ be+s possess ( slightly v>y+ _! actions 9 accordance ) v>y+ ne$s1 c\pl$ ) ! fact obs]vable ?r\gh\t nature t use develops1 & disuse enfeebles an organ1 & t ! effects1 :e!r ( use or disuse1 become h]$it>y aft] _m g5]ations4 ,?is resolves itself into ! effect ( ! mutual int]action ( m9d on body & ( body on m9d4 ,?us he writes3-- ,! physical & ! m5tal are to />t ) und\bt$ly "o & ! same ?+2 ?is fact is mo/ easily made app>5t ?r\gh /udy ( ! organization ( ! v>i\s ord]s ( kn[n animals4 ,f ! common s\rce !re proce$$ c]ta9 effects1 & ^! effects1 9 ! outset h>dly sep>at$1 h 9 ! c\rse ( "t become s p]fectly di/9ct1 t :5 look$ at 9 _! extreme/ developm5t !y appe> to h little or no?+ 9 common4 ,! effect ( ! body ^u ! m9d has be5 already suffici5tly recogniz$2 n s t ( ! m9d ^u ! body itself4 ,! two1 "o 9 ! outset ?\gh !y 71 int]act ^u ea* o!r m & m ! m !y pres5t ! appe>ance ( hav+ become widely sund]$1 & x c be %[n t ea* is cont9ually modify+ ! o!r & caus+ x to v>y4#cce ,& aga91 lat]3-- ,i %all %[ t ! habits by :i* we n[ recognize any creature are due to ! environm5t 7circon/ances7 "u :i* x has = a long :ile exi/$1 & t ^! habits h _h su* an influ5ce ^u ! /ructure ( ea* individual ( ! species z to h at l5g? 7t is to say1 ?r\gh _m successive slight v>iations1 ea* due to habit eng5d]$ by ! wi%es ( ! animal itself71 modifi$ ?is /ructure & adapt$ x to ! habits contract$4#ccf ,^! quotations mu/ suffice1 = ! read] has already _h ,lam>ck's argum5t suffici5tly put be=e him4 ,v>iation1 & consequ5tly modification1 are1 accord+ to ,lam>ck1 ! outw>d & visible signs ( ! impressions made ^u animals & plants 9 ! c\rse ( _! long & v>i$ hi/ory1 ea* organ *ronicl+ a "t dur+ :i* su* & su* ?\ghts & actions dom9at$ ! creature1 & specific *anges be+ ! effect ( c]ta9 long-cont9u$ wi%es ^u ! body1 & ( c]ta9 *ang$ surr\nd+s ^u ! wi%es4 ,plants & animals are liv+ =ms ( fai?1 or fai?s ( =m1 :i*ev] ! read] pleases4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 on ! o!r h&1 repeat$ly av[s ignorance1 & pr(\nd ignorance1 conc]n+ ! causes ( ^? v>iations :i*1 or no?+1 mu/ be ! f\nta9-heads ( species4 ,?us he writes ( ! complex & little kn[n laws ( v>iation4#ccg ,!re is also "s probability 9 ! view prop\nd$ by ,&rew ,knight1 t v>iability may be p>tly connect$ ) excess ( food4#cch ,_m laws regulate v>iation1 "s few ( :i* c be dimly se54#cci ,! results ( ! unkn[n1 or b dimly und]/ood1 laws ( v>iation are inf9itely complex & div]sifi$4#cdj ,we are pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! cause ( ea* slight v>iation or individual diff]5ce4#cda ,we are f> too ignorant to speculate on ! relative importance ( ! sev]al kn[n & unkn[n causes ( v>iation4#cdb ,he admits1 inde$1 ! effects ( use & disuse to h be5 important1 b h[ important we h no means ( kn[+2 he also attributes consid]able effect to ! action ( *ang$ conditions ( life--b h[ consid]able aga9 we "k n2 nev]!less1 he sees no great pr9ciple und]ly+ ! v>iations g5]ally1 & t5d+ to make !m appe> = a l5g? ( "t toge!r 9 any def9ite direction advantage\s to ! creature itself1 b ei!r expressly1 z at times1 or by implication1 z ?r\gh\t 8 works1 ascribes !m to accid5t or *ance4 ,9 o!r words1 he admits 8 ignorance conc]n+ !m1 & dwells only on ! accumulation ( v>iations ! appe>ance ( :i* = any l5g? ( "t 9 any giv5 direction he leaves unacc\nt$ =4 ,lam>ck1 aga91 hav+ e/abli%$ 8 pr9ciple t s5se ( ne$ is ! ma9 direct cause ( v>iation1 & hav+ also e/abli%$ t ! v>iations ?us eng5d]$ are inh]it$1 s t div]g5ces accumulate & result 9 species & g5]a1 is comp>atively indiff]5t to fur!r details4 ,8 "w is av[$ly an outl9e4 ,nev]!less1 we h se5 t he 0 q alive to ! effects ( ! geometrical ratio ( increase1 & ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* !nce inevitably foll[s4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 on ! o!r h&1 comp>atively indiff]5t to1 or at any rate sil5t conc]n+ ! causes ( ^? v>iations :i* appe>$ s all-important to ,lam>ck1 inasmu* z !y are ! ra9drops :i* unite to =m ! full /ream ( modification1 goes into v full detail ^u natural selection1 or ! survival ( ! fitte/1 & ma9ta9s x to h be5 ! mo/ important b n ! exclusive means ( modification4#cdc ,x w be readily se5 t1 accord+ to ,lam>ck1 ! v>iations :i* :5 accumulat$ am\nt to specific & g5]ic diff]5ces1 w h be5 due to causes :i* h be5 ma9ly ( ! same k9d = long p]iods toge!r4 ,conditions ( life *ange = ! mo/ "p sl[ly1 /eadily1 & 9 a set direction2 z 9 ! direction ( /eady1 gradual increase or decrease ( cold or moi/ure2 ( ! /eady1 gradual increase ( su* & su* an enemy1 or decrease ( su* & su* a k9d ( food2 ( ! gradual upheaval or subm]g5ce ( su* & su* a cont95t1 & consequ5t dry+ up or encroa*m5t ( su* & su* a sea1 & s =?4 ,! ?\ghts ( ! creature v>y+ w ?us h be5 turn$ ma9ly 9 "o direction = long toge!r2 & h5ce ! consequ5t modifications w also be ma9ly 9 fix$ & def9ite directions = _m successive g5]ations2 z 9 ! direction ( a w>m] or cool] cov]+2 ( a bett] means ( def5ce or ( attack 9 relation to su* & su* ano!r species2 ( a long] neck & long] legs1 or ( :atev] o!r modification ! gradually *ang+ circum/ances may be r5d]+ exp$i5t4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! accumulation ( slight successive modifications :i* ?us make _! appe>ance 9 giv5 organs & 9 a set direction4 ,) ,mr4 ,d>w91 on ! contr>y1 ! v>iations be+ accid5tal1 & due to no special & uni=m cause1 w n appe> = any l5g? ( "t 9 any giv5 direction1 nor 9 any giv5 organ1 b w be j z liable to appe> 9 "o organ z 9 ano!r1 & may be 9 "o g5]ation 9 "o direction1 & 9 ano!r 9 ano!r4 ,9 confirmation ( ! above1 & 9 illu/ration ( ! important consequ5ces t w foll[ accord+ z we adopt ! old or ! m rec5t !ory1 ,i w\ld quote ! foll[+ f ,mr4 ,miv>t's ',g5esis ( ,species4' ,%ortly be=e ma9ta9+ t two simil> /ructures h (t5 be5 develop$ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 ,mr4 ,miv>t po9ts out t if we are dep5d5t ^u indef9ite v>iations only1 z provid$ = u by ,mr4 ,d>w91 ?is w\ld be s improbable z to be practically impossible4#cdd ,! numb] ( possible v>iations be+ indef9itely great1 x is !re=e an indef9itely great numb] to "o aga9/ a simil> s]ies ( v>iations occurr+ & be+ simil>ly pres]v$ 9 any two indep5d5t in/ances4 ,x w be felt 7z ,mr4 ,miv>t pres5tly insi/s7 t ?is objection does n apply to a sy/em :i* ma9ta9s t 9 case an animal feels any giv5 want x w gradually develop ! /ructure :i* %all meet ! want--t is to say1 if ! want be n s great & s sudd5 z to ext+ui% ! creature to :i* x has become a necessity4 ,= if !re be su* a p[] ( self-adaptation z ?us suppos$1 two or m v widely diff]5t animals feel+ ! same k9d ( want might easily adopt simil> means to gratify x1 & h5ce develop ev5tually a sub/antially simil> /ructure2 j z two m51 )\t any k9d ( conc]t1 h (t5 hit ^u l means ( compass+ ! same ends4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s !ory--s ,mr4 ,miv>t tells u--& c]ta9ly t ( ,lam>ck1 ^: disciple ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld appe> to be1#cde admits a c]ta9 peculi>1 b limit$ p[] ( response & adaptation 9 ea* animal & plant--to ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,su* !ories1 says ,mr4 ,miv>t1 h n to cont5d aga9/ ! difficulty propos$1 & x has be5 urg$ t ev5 v complex extremely simil> /ructures h aga9 & aga9 be5 develop$ q indep5d5tly "o ( ! o!r1 & ?is because ! process has tak5 place n by m]ely haphaz>d1 indef9ite v>iations 9 all directions1 b by ! concurr5ce ( "s o!r int]nal natural law or laws co-op]at+ ) ext]nal influ5ces & ) ,natural ,selection 9 ! evolution ( organic =ms4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t to admit any su* con/ant op]ation ( any su* unkn[n natural cause is to d5y ! purely ,d>w9ian !ory :i* relies ^u ! survival ( ! fitte/ by means ( m9ute =tuit\s indef9ite v>iations4 ,among _m o!r obligations :i* ! au?or has to ackn[l$ge to ,pr(essor ,huxley1 are ! po9t+ out ( ?is v difficulty1 & ! call+ 8 att5tion to ! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 c]ta9 tee? ( ! dog1 & ( ! ?ylac9e1 z "o in/ance1 & c]ta9 orni?ic peculi>ities ( pt]odactyles z ano!r4#cdf ,9 brief !n1 *ang$ di/ribution ( use & disuse 9 consequ5ce ( *ang$ conditions ( ! environm5t is ) ,lam>ck ! ma9 cause ( modification4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9 natural selection1 or ! survival ( fav\rable b accid5tal v>iations1 is ! mo/ important means ( modification4 ,9 a ^w1 ) ,lam>ck ! v>iations are def9ite2 ) ,mr4 ,d>w9 indef9ite4 ,,footnotes3 #ccc ,vol4 ii4 *ap4 i4 #ccd ,vol4 ii4 *ap1 xxxiv41 ed4 #ahgb4 #cce ',philosophie ,zoologique1' ed4 ,m4 ,m>t9s1 ,p>is1 ,lyons1 #ahgc1 tom4 i4 p4 #bd4 #ccf ',philosophie ,zoologique1' tom4 i4 p4 #gb4 #ccg ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #c4 #cch ,ibid4 p4 #e4 #cci ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #h4 #cdj ,ibid4 p4 #i4 #cda ,ibid4 p4 #aeh4 #cdb ,ibid4 p4 #aei4 #cdc ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #d4 #cdd ',g5esis ( ,species1' p4 #gd1 #ahga4 #cde ,see ante1 p4 #ccj1 l9e #a aft] head+4 #cdf ',g5esis ( ,species1' p4 #gf1 ed4 #ahga4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,natural ,,selection ,,consid]$ ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,modification4 ,,! ,,confusion ,,:i* ,,?is ,,expression ,,occasions4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says t natural selection is ! mo/ important means ( modification1 ,i am n sure t ,i und]/& :at he wi%es to imply by ! ^w means4 ,i d n see h[ ! fact t ^? animals :i* are be/ fitt$ = ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce commonly survive 9 ! /ruggle = life1 c be call$ 9 any special s5se a means ( modification4 ,means is a dang]\s ^w2 x slips too easily into cause4 ,we h se5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself say t ,buffon did n ent] on ! causes or means#cdg ( modification1 z ?\gh ^! two words 7 synonym\s1 or ne>ly s4 ,nev]!less1 ! use ( ! ^w means "h enables ,mr4 ,d>w9 to speak ( ,natural ,selection z if x 7 an active cause 7:i* he con/antly does71 & yet to avoid expressly ma9ta9+ t x is a cause ( modification4 ,?is1 inde$1 he has n done 9 express t]ms1 b he does x by implication :5 he writes1 ,natural ,selection might be mo/ effective 9 giv+ ! prop] col\r to ea* k9d ( gr\se1 & 9 keep+ t col\r :5 once acquir$4 ,su* language1 says ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 is mislead+2 x makes selection an ag5t4#cdh ,x is pla9 t natural selection _c be consid]$ a cause ( v>iation2 & if n ( v>iation1 :i* is z ! ra9 drop1 !n n ( specific & g5]ic modification1 :i* are z ! riv]2 = ! v>iations mu/ make _! appe>ance be=e !y c be select$4 ,suppose t x is an advantage to a horse to h an especially h>d & broad ho(1 !n a horse born ) su* a ho( w inde$ probably survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 b he 0 n born ) ! l>g] & h>d] ho( because ( 8 subsequ5tly surviv+4 ,he surviv$ because he 0 born fit--n1 he 0 born fit because he surviv$4 ,! v>iation mu/ arise fir/ & be pres]v$ aft]w>ds4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 !re=e is 9 ! foll[+ dilemma4 ,if he does n treat natural selection z a cause ( v>iation1 ! ',orig9 ( ,species' w turn out to h no raison d'etre4 ,x w h pr(ess$ to h expla9$ to u ! mann] 9 :i* species has orig9at$1 b x w h left u 9 ! d>k conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ^? v>iations :i*1 :5 add$ toge!r1 am\nt to specific & g5]ic diff]5ces4 ,?us1 z ,i said 9 ',life & ,habit1' ,mr4 ,d>w9 w h made u ?9k we "k ! :ole road1 9 spite ( 8 hav+ almo/ o/5tati\sly bl9dfold$ u at e /ep 9 ! j\rney4 ,! ',orig9 ( ,species' w\ld ?us prove to be no less a piece ( intellectual sleight-(-h& ?an ,paley's ',natural ,!ology4' ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ma9ta9s natural selection to be a cause ( v>iation1 ?is comes to say+ t :5 an animal has v>i$ 9 an advantage\s direction1 ! fact ( its subsequ5tly surviv+ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ! cause ( its hav+ v>i$ 9 ! advantage\s direction--or m simply /ill--t ! fact ( its hav+ v>i$ is ! cause ( its hav+ v>i$4 ,& ?is is :at we h already se5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 actually to say1 9 a passage quot$ ne> ! beg9n+ ( ?is pres5t book4 ,:5 writ+ ( ! eye he says1 ,v>iation w cause ! slight alt]ations2#cdi b ! slight alt]ations are ! v>iations2 s t ,mr4 ,d>w9's words come to ?is--t v>iation w cause ! v>iations4 ,!re does n seem any bett] way out ( ?is dilemma ?an t :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 has adopt$--namely1 to hold out natural selection z a means ( modification1 & !nce=w>d to treat x z an effici5t cause2 b at ! same "t to prote/ aga9 & aga9 t x is n a cause4 ,accord+ly he writes t ,natural ,selection acts only by ! pres]vation & accumulation ( small inh]it$ modifications1#cej--t is to say1 x has _h no %>e 9 induc+ or caus+ ^! modifications4 ,aga91 ,:at applies to "o animal w apply ?r\gh\t all "t to all animals--t is1 if !y v>y1 = o!rwise natural selection c effect no?+#cea2 & aga91 = natural selection only takes advantage ( su* v>iations z arise#ceb--! v>iations !mselves aris+1 z we h j se51 f v>iation4 ,no?+1 !n1 c be cle>] f ^! passages ?an t natural selection is n a cause ( modification2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 no?+ c be cle>]1 f a l>ge numb] ( su* passages1 z1 = in/ance1 natural selection may be effective 9 giv+ & keep+ col\r1#cec ?an t natural selection is an effici5t cause2 & 9 spite ( its be+ expressly decl>$ to be only a means ( modification1 x w be accept$ z cause by ! great majority ( read]s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 expla9s ?is app>5t inconsi/5cy ?us3--,he ma9ta9s t ?\gh ! advantage\s modification itself is =tuit\s1 or )\t kn[n cause or pr9ciple und]ly+ x1 yet its becom+ ! pr$om9ant =m ( ! species 9 :i* x appe>s is due to ! fact t ^? animals :i* h be5 advantage\sly modifi$ commonly survive 9 times ( difficulty1 :ile ! unmodifi$ individuals p]i%3 (fspr+ !re=e is m frequ5tly left by ! fav\rably modifi$ animal1 & ?us little by little ! :ole species w come to inh]it ! modification4 ,h5ce ! survival ( ! fitte/ becomes a means ( modification1 ?\gh x is no cause ( v>iation4 ,x w appe> m cle>ly lat] on h[ mu* ?is am\nts to4 ,i w = ! pres5t cont5t myself ) ! foll[+ quotation f ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes 9 ref]5ce to x4 ,mr4 ,lewes writes3-- ,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to imply t ! ext]nal conditions :i* cause a v>iation are to be di/+ui%$ f ! conditions :i* accumulate & p]fect su* v>iation1 t is to say1 he implies a radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! process ( v>iation & ! process ( selection4 ,?is ,i h already said does n seem to me acceptable2 ! selection ,i conceive to be simply ! v>iation :i* has surviv$4#ced ,c]ta9ly ^? animals & plants :i* are be/ fitt$ = _! environm5t1 or1 z ,lam>ck calls x1 circon/ances--^? animals1 9 fact1 :i* are be/ fitt$ to comply ) ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce--are mo/ likely to survive & transmit _! especial fitness4 ,no "o w\ld admit ?is m readily ?an ,lam>ck4 ,?is is no !ory2 x is a commonly obs]v$ fact 9 nature :i* no "o w dispute1 b x is n m a means ( modification ?an _m o!r commonly obs]v$ facts conc]n+ animals4 ,:y is ! survival ( ! fitte/ m a means ( modification ?an1 we w say1 ! fact t animals live at all1 or t !y live 9 successive g5]ations1 be+ born1 cont9u+ _! species1 & dy+1 in/ead ( liv+ on = ev] z "o s+le animal 9 ! common acceptation ( ! t]m2 or ?an t !y eat & dr9k8 ,! heat :]eby ! wat] is heat$1 ! wat] :i* is turn$ into /eam1 ! pi/on on :i* ! /eam acts1 ! driv+ :eel1 c41 c41 are all "o z mu* z ano!r a means :]eby a tra9 is made to g f "o place to ano!r2 x is impossible to say t any "o ( !m is ! ma9 means4 ,s 7mutatis mut&is7 ) modification4 ,!re is no reason !re=e :y ! survival ( ! fitte/ %\ld claim to be an especial means ( modification r ?an any o!r necess>y adjunct ( animal or vegetable life4 ,i f9d t ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes has insi/$ on ?is objection 9 8 ',physical ,basis ( ,m9d4' ,i obs]ve1 also1 t 9 ! v passage 9 :i* he does s1 ,mr4 ,lewes appe>s to h be5 misl$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9's use ( t dang]\s ^w means1 &1 at ! same "t1 by 8 frequ5t treatm5t ( natural selection z ?\gh x 7 an active cause2 s t ,mr4 ,lewes supposes ,mr4 ,d>w9 to h fall5 into ! v error ( :i*1 z ,i h above %[n1 he is evid5tly /ruggl+ to keep cle>--namely1 t ( ma9ta9+ natural selection to be a cause ( v>iation4 ,mr4 ,lewes !n cont9ues3-- ,he ,mr4 ,d>w9 sep>ates ,natural ,selection f all ! prim>y causes ( v>iation ei!r int]nal or ext]nal--ei!r z results ( ! laws ( gr[?1 ( ! correlations ( v>iation1 ( use & disuse1 c41 & limits x to ! sl[ accumulation ( su* v>iations z are pr(itable 9 ! /ruggle ) competitors4 ,& = 8 purpose ?is sep>ation is necess>y4 ,b biological philosophy mu/1 ,i ?9k1 reg>d ! di/9ction z artificial1 ref]r+ only to "o ( ! great factors 9 ! production ( species4#cee ,! fact t "o 9 a brood or litt] is born fitt] = ! conditions ( its exi/5ce ?an its bro!rs & si/]s1 &1 aga91 ! causes t h l$ to ?is "o's hav+ be5 born fitt]--:i* la/ is :at ! old] evolutioni/s ju/ly dwelt ^u z ! mo/ int]e/+ consid]ation 9 connection ) ! :ole subject--are m notewor?y factors ( modification ?an ! factor t an animal1 if born fitt] = its conditions1 w commonly survive long] 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if ! fir/ ( ^! c be expla9$ 9 su* a mann] z to be accept$ z true1 or highly probable1 we h a sub/antial ga9 to our k4 ,! second is little--if at all--bett] ?an a truism4 ,grant$1 if x 7 n g5]ally ! case t ^? =ms are mo/ likely to survive :i* are be/ fitt$ = ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 no adaptation ( =m to conditions ( exi/5ce c\ld ev] h come ab\t4 ,! survival ( ! fitte/ !re=e1 or1 p]haps bett]1 ! f]tility ( ! fitte/1 is ?us a s9e qua non = modification4 ,b1 z we h j insi/$1 ?is does n r5d] ! f]tility ( ! fitte/ an especial means ( modification1 r ?an any o!r s9e qua non = modification4 ,b1 to look at ! matt] 9 ano!r light4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ma9ta9s natural selection to be ! mo/ important b n ! exclusive means ( modification4 ,= natural selection sub/itute ! words survival ( ! fitte/1 :i* we may d ) ,mr4 ,d>w9's own cons5t abundantly giv54 ,to ! words survival ( ! fitte/ add :at is elid$1 b :at is1 nev]!less1 unque/ionably z mu* impli$ z ?\gh x 7 said op5ly :5ev] ^! words are us$1 & )\t :i* fitte/ has no =ce--,i mean1 = ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,we ?us f9d t :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says t natural selection is ! mo/ important1 b n exclusive means ( modification1 he means t ! survival 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ( ^? creatures :i* are be/ fitt$ to comply ) ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce is ! mo/ important1 b n exclusive means :]eby ! desc5dants ( a creature1 we w say1 ,a1 h become modifi$1 s z to be n[ repres5t$ by a creature1 we w say1 ,b4 ,b ! ^w circon/ances1 s frequ5tly us$ by ,lam>ck = ! conditions ( an animal's exi/5ce1 conta9s1 by implication1 ! idea ( animals :i* %all exi/ or n accord+ z !y fulfil ^? conditions or fail to fulfil !m4 ,conditions ( exi/5ce are conditions :i* some?+ capable ( exi/+ mu/ fulfil if x w\ld exi/ at all1 & no?+ is a condition ( an animal's exi/5ce :i* t animal ne$ n comply ) & may yet cont9ue to exi/4 ,aga91 ! words animals & plants compreh5d ! ideas ( fit1 fitt]1 & fitte/1 unfit1 unfitt]1 & unfitte/ = c]ta9 conditions1 = we "k ( no animals or plants 9 :i* we d n obs]ve degrees ( fitness or unfitness = _! circon/ances or environm5t1 or conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,! use1 !re=e1 ( ! t]m conditions ( exi/5ce is suffici5t to %[ t ! p]son us+ x int5ds to imply t ^? animals & plants w live longe/ 7or survive7 & ?rive be/ :i* are be/ able to fulfil ^? conditions4 ,h5ce x implies nei!r m nor less ?an :at is impli$ by ! words /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ) consequ5t survival ( ! fitte/--t is to say1 if we hold ! comply+ ) any condition ( life to :i* difficulty is atta*$ to be "p ( ! /ruggle = life1 & ?is we %\ld c]ta9ly d4 ,! words conditions ( exi/5ce may1 !n1 be us$ in/ead ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) consequ5t survival ( ! fitte/1 = z !y _c imply any less ?an ! /ruggle1 c41 :5 !y are set out 9 full1 & )\t suppression1 s nei!r d !y imply m2 = no?+ is a condition ( exi/5ce1 9 s f> z its p[] ( effect+ ! modification ( any animal is conc]n$1 :i* does n also involve m or less difficulty or /ruggle2 = if !re is no difficulty or /ruggle !re w be no?+ to br+ ab\t *ange ( habit1 & h5ce ( /ructure4 ,?is id5tity ( mean+ may be also se5 if we call to m9d t ! conditions ( exi/5ce c be only a synonym = ! conditions ( cont9u+ to live1 & ! conditions ( cont9u+ to live a synonym = ! conditions ( cont9u+ to live a long] "t1 & ! conditions ( cont9u+ to live a long] "t1 = ! conditions ( survival1 & ! conditions ( survival1 = ! survival ( ! fitte/1 inasmu* z ! be+ fitte/ is ! condition ( be+ ! longe/ survivor4 ,b we h already se5 t ! survival ( ! fitte/1 is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 a synonym = natural selection2 h5ce x foll[s t ! conditions ( exi/5ce imply nei!r m nor less ?an :at is impli$ by natural selection :5 ?is expression is prop]ly expla9$1 & may be us$ in/ead ( x2 s t :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says t natural selection is ! ma9 b n exclusive means ( modification1 he mu/ mean1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 t ! conditions ( exi/5ce are ! ma9 b n exclusive means ( modification4 ,b ?is is only fall+ 9 ) ! views & errone\s gr\nds ( op9ion1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 briefly calls !m1 ( ,lam>ck himself2 a fact :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9's read]s w\ld h se5 m readily if he _h kept to ! use ( ! words survival ( ! fitte/ in/ead ( natural selection4 ,( t expression ,mr4 ,d>w9 says#cef t x is m accurate ?an natural selection1 b naively adds1 & sometimes equally conv5i5t4 ,i h said t !re is a practical id5tity ( mean+ betwe5 natural selection & ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :5 bo? expressions are fully ext5d$4 ,i say ?is1 h[ev]1 )\t prejudice to my "r ( ma9ta9+ t1 ( ! two expressions1 ! "o is accurate1 lucid1 & calculat$ to keep ! ?read ( ! argum5t well 9 sight ( ! read]1 :ile ! o!r is inaccurate1 & always1 if ,i may say s1 less conv5i5t1 z be+ always liable to lead ! read] a/ray4 ,nor %\ld x be lo/ sight ( t ,lam>ck & ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 ma9ta9 t species & g5]a h aris5 because animals c fa%ion !mselves into accord ) _! conditions1 s t1 z ,lam>ck is s cont9ually insi/+1 ! action ( ! conditions is indirect only--*ang$ use & disuse be+ ! direct causes2 :ile1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 x is natural selection itself 7:i*1 z we h se51 is b ano!r way ( say+ conditions ( exi/5ce7 t is ! mo/ important means ( modification4 ,! id5tity ( mean+ above insi/$ on 01 on ! face ( x1 almo/ z obscure z t betwe5 eveque & bi%op4 ,yet we "k t eveque is episc & bi%op piscop1 & t episcopus is ! ,lat9 = bi%op2 ! words1 !re=e1 are really "o & ! same1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce 9 _! appe>ance4 ,i ?9k ,i c %[1 moreov]1 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself holds natural selection & ! conditions ( exi/5ce to be "o & ! same ?+4 ,= he writes1 9 "o s5se1 & x is h>d to see any s5se b "o 9 :at foll[s1 ! conditions ( life may be said n only to cause v>iability 7s t "h ,mr4 ,d>w9 appe>s to support ,lam>ck's ma9 !sis7 ei!r directly or indirectly1 b likewise to include natural selection2 = ! conditions det]m9e :e!r ?is or t v>iety %all survive4#ceg ,b lat] on we f9d t ! expression ( conditions ( exi/5ce1 s (t5 insi/$ ^u by ! illu/ri\s ,cuvi] 7& surely also by ! illu/ri\s ,lam>ck1 ?\gh he calls !m circon/ances7 is fully embrac$ by ! pr9ciple ( natural selection4#ceh ,s we see t ! conditions ( life include natural selection1 & yet ! conditions ( exi/5ce are fully embrac$ by natural selection1 :i*1 ,i take x1 is an enigmatic way ( say+ t !y are "o & ! same ?+1 = x is n until two bodies absolutely co9cide & occupy ! same space t ! "o c be said bo? to include & to be embrac$ by ! o!r4 ,! difficulty1 aga91 ( und]/&+ ,mr4 ,d>w9's mean+ is enhanc$ by 8 repeat$ly writ+ ( natural selection1 or ! fact t ! fitte/ survive 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 z ?\gh x 7 ! same ?+ z evolution or ! desc5t1 ?r\gh ! accumulation ( small modifications 9 _m successive g5]ations1 ( "o species f ano!r & diff]5t "o4 ,9 ! conclud+ & recapitulatory *apt] ( ! ',orig9 ( ,species1' he writes3-- ,turn+ to geographical di/ribution1 ! difficulties enc\nt]$ on ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification are s]i\s en\gh2#cei & 9 ! next p>agraph1 ,z1 accord+ to ! !ory ( natural selection1 c41 ! context %[+ t 9 ea* case desc5t ) modification is int5d$4 ,aga93-- ,on ! !ory ( ! natural selection ( successive1 slight1 b pr(itable1 modifications1#cfj t is to say1 on ! !ory ( ! survival ( ! fitte/2 :ile on ! next page we f9d ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification1 & ! pr9ciple ( natural selection1 us$ z ?\gh !y 7 conv]tible t]ms4 ,aga93-- ,! exi/5ce ( closely alli$ or repres5tative species 9 any two areas implies1 on ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification1 c42#cfa &1 9 ! next p>agraph1 ! !ory ( natural selection1 ) its cont+5cies ( ext9ction & div]g5ce ( "*1 is sub/itut$ z ?\gh ! two expressions 7 id5tical4 ,?is is calculat$ to mislead4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! fact t natural selection1 or ! survival ( ! fitte/1 is 9 no s5se a !ory1 b simply an obs]v$ fact1 yet ev5 if ! words are all[$ to /& = desc5t ) modification by means ( natural selection1 x is /ill mislead+ to write z ?\gh ?is 7 synonym\s ) ! !ory ( evolution1 or ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification4 ,to d ?is prev5ts ! read] f be>+ 9 m9d t evolution by means ( ! circum/ance-suit+ p[] ( plants & animals z advanc$ by ! e>li] evolutioni/s2 & evolution by means ( lucky accid5ts ) comp>atively little circum/ance-suit+ p[]1 are two v diff]5t ?+s1 ( :i* ! "o may be true & ! o!r untrue4 ,x leads ! read] to =get t evolution by no means /&s or falls ) evolution by means ( natural selection1 & makes him ?9k t if he accepts evolution at all1 he is b\nd to ,mr4 ,d>w9's view ( x4 ,h5ce1 :5 he falls 9 ) su* writ]s z ,pr(essor ,miv>t & ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy1 :o %[1 & v pla9ly1 t ! survival ( ! fitte/1 unsupplem5t$ by some?+ :i* %all give a def9ite aim to ! v>iations :i* successively occur1 fails to acc\nt = ! coadaptations ( ne$ & /ructure1 he imag9es t evolution has mu* less to say = itself ?an x really has4 ,if ,mr4 ,d>w91 in/ead ( tak+ ! l9e :i* he has ?\ght fit to adopt t[>ds ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,lam>ck1 & ! au?or ( ! ',ve/iges1' _h %[n u :at ^! m5 taught1 :y !y taught x1 :]e9 !y 7 wrong1 & h[ he propos$ to set !m "r1 he w\ld h tak5 a c\rse at once m agreeable ) ord9>y practice1 & m likely to cle> misconception f 8 own m9d & f ^? ( 8 read]s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says1#cfb x is easy to hide our ignorance "u su* expressions z '! plan ( creation' & 'unity ( design4' ,surely1 also1 x is easy to hide want ( precision ( ?\ght1 & ! abs5ce ( any fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 8 own ma9 conclusion & t ( ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck :om he condemns1 "u ! t]m natural selection4 ,i assure ! read] t ,i f9d ! task ( =m+ a cle>1 well-def9$ conception ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's mean+1 z express$ 9 8 ',orig9 ( ,species1' comp>able only to t ( "o :o has to act on ! advice ( a lawy] :o has obscur$ ! ma9 issue z f> z he c1 & ^: *ief aim has be5 to make z _m loopholes z possible = himself to escape ?r\gh 9 case ( 8 be+ call$ to acc\nt4 ,or1 aga91 to t ( "o :o has to con/rue an ,act ( ,p>liam5t :i* 0 orig9ally fram$ s z to ?r[ du/ 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o w\ld oppose ! measure1 & :i*1 hav+ be5 s9ce f\nd unworkable1 has _h clauses repeal$ & ins]t$ up & d[n x1 till x is 9 an inextricable tangle ( confusion & contradiction4 ,z an example ( my mean+1 ,i w quote a passage to :i* ,i call$ att5tion 9 ',life & ,habit4' ,x runs3-- ,9 ! e>li] editions ( ?is "w ,i und]rat$1 z n[ seems probable1 ! frequ5cy & importance ( modifications due to spontane\s v>iability4 ,b x is impossible to attribute to ?is cause 7i4 e4 spontane\s v>iability1 :i* is itself only an expression = unkn[n causes7 ! innum]able /ructures :i* are s well adapt$ to ! habits ( life ( ea* species4 ,i c no m believe 9 ?is 7i4 e4 t ! innum]able /ructures1 c41 c be due to unkn[n causes7 ?an t ! well adapt$ =m ( a racehorse or greyh\nd1 :i*1 be=e ! pr9ciple ( selection by man 0 well und]/ood1 excit$ s mu* surprise 9 ! m9ds ( ! old] naturali/s1 c ?us 7i4 e4 by attribut+ !m to unkn[n causes7 be expla9$4#cfc ,?is am\nts to say+ t unkn[n causes c d s mu*1 b _c d s mu* m4 ,on ?is passage ,i wrote1 9 ',life & ,habit'3-- ,x is impossible to believe t1 aft] ye>s ( reflection ^u 8 subject1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 %\ld h writt5 z above1 especially 9 su* a place1 if 8 m9d 0 cle> ab\t 8 own position4 ,imm$iately aft] ! admission ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( miscalculation !re comes a m or less exculpatory s5t5ce1 :i* s\nds s "r t n9ety-n9e p out ( a hundr$ w\ld walk ?r\gh x1 unless l$ by "s exig5cy ( _! own position to exam9e x closely1 b :i* yet1 ^u exam9ation1 proves to be z ne>ly mean+less z a s5t5ce c be4#cfd ,no "o1 to my k1 has impugn$ ! ju/ice ( ?is criticism1 & ,i may say t fur!r /udy ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's works has only /r5g!n$ my conviction ( ! confusion & inaccuracy ( ?\ght1 :i* detracts s greatly f _! value4 ,s little is x g5]ally und]/ood t evolution & :at is call$ ,d>w9ism convey inde$ ! same ma9 conclusion1 b t ?is conclusion has be5 rea*$ by two di/9ct roads1 "o ( :i* is impregnable1 :ile ! o!r has already fall5 into ! h&s ( ! enemy1 t 9 ! la/ ,novemb] numb] ( ! ',n9ete5? ,c5tury' ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 :ile ref]r+ to desc5t ) modification or evolution1 speaks ( x z ?\gh x 7 "o & insep>able f ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory t x has come ab\t ma9ly by means ( natural selection4 ,he writes3-- ,d>w9's !ory1 z po9t$ out n9e or t5 ye>s ago by ,helmholtz & ,hook]1 0 !n exactly 9 ?is condition ( gr[?2 & _h !y to speak ( ! subject to-day !y w\ld be able to ann\nce an enorm\s /r5g!n+ ( ! !oretic fibre4 ,fissures 9 cont9uity :i* !n exi/$1 & :i* left little hope ( be+ ev] spann$1 h be5 s9ce bridg$ ov]1 s t ! fur!r ! !ory is te/$ ! m fully does x h>monize ) progressive exp]i5ce & discov]y4 ,we %all nev] probably fill all ! gaps2 b ?is w n prev5t a pr(\nd belief 9 ! tru? ( ! !ory f tak+ root 9 ! g5]al m9d4 ,mu* less w x ju/ify a total d5ial ( ! !ory4 ,! man ( sci5ce1 :o assumes 9 su* a case ! position ( a d5i]1 is sure to be /r&$ & isolat$4 ,?is is 9 ! true ve9 ( ! pr(essional & or?odox sci5ti/2 ( t new or?odoxy :i* is clam\r+ = end[m5t1 & :i* w\ld /ep into ! ,pope's %oes to-morr[1 if we w\ld only let x4 ,if ,pr(essor ,tyndall means t ^? :o d5y evolution w f9d !mselves pres5tly 9 a v small m9ority1 ,i agree ) him2 b if he means t evolution is ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 & t he :o rejects :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 calls ! !ory ( natural selection w f9d himself /r&$1 8 ass]tion w pass mu/] ) ^? only :o "k little ( ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( evolution4 ,,footnotes3 #cdg ',orig9 ( ,species1' ,hi/4 ,sket*1 p4 xiii4 #cdh ',physical ,basis ( ,m9d1' p4 #ajh4 #cdi ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #adf4 #cej ,ibid4 p4 #ge4 #cea ,ibid4 p4 #hh4 #ceb ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #ih4 #cec ,ibid4 p4 #ff4 #ced ',physical ,basis ( ! ,m9d1' p4 #aji1 #ahgh4 #cee ',physical ,basis ( ! ,m9d1' p4 #ajg1 #ahgh4 #cef ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #di4 #ceg ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #ajg4 #ceh ,ibid4 p4 #aff4 #cei ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #djf4 #cfj ,ibid1 p4 #daf4 #cfa ,ibid4 p4 #dai4 #cfb ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #dbb4 #cfc ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #aga1 ed4 #ahgf4 #cfd ',life & ,habit1' p4 #bfj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,mr4 ,,d>w9',s ,,def5ce ,,( ,,! ,,expression1 ,,natural ,,selection--,,pr(essor ,,miv>t ,,& ,,natural ,,selection4 ,s important is x t we %\ld come to a cle> und]/&+ ^u ! positions tak5 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck respectively1 t at ! risk ( we>y+ ! read] ,i w endeav\r to exhau/ ?is subject "h4 ,9 ord] to d s1 ,i w foll[ ,mr4 ,d>w9's answ] to ^? :o h object$ to ! expression1 natural selection4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3-- ,sev]al writ]s h misappreh5d$ or object$ to ! t]m 'natural selection4' ,"s h ev5 imag9$ t natural selection induces v>iability4#cfe ,& small wond] if !y h2 b ^? :o h fall5 into ?is error are h>dly wor? consid]+4 ,! true compla9t is t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has too (t5 writt5 ( natural selection z ?\gh x does induce v>iability1 & t 8 language conc]n+ x is s confus+ t ! read] is n help$ to see t x really comes to no?+ b a cloak ( diff]5ce f 8 pr$ecessors1 "u :i* !re lurks a conceal$ id5tity ( op9ion z to ! ma9 facts4 ,! read] is ?us l$ to look ^u x z some?+ positive & special1 &1 9 spite ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's disclaim]1 to ?9k ( x z an actively effici5t cause4 ,few w d5y t ?is compla9t is a j "o1 or t n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ read]s ( av]age intellig5ce1 if ask$1 aft] read+ ,mr4 ,d>w9's ',orig9 ( ,species1' :at 0 ! mo/ important cause ( modification1 w\ld answ] natural selection4 ,let ! same read]s h read ! ',zoonomia' ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 or ! ',philosophie ,zoologique' ( ,lam>ck1 & !y w\ld at once reply1 ! wi%es ( an animal or plant1 z v>y+ ) its v>y+ conditions1 or m briefly1 s5se ( ne$4 ,:]eas1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 x 7natural selection7 implies only ! pres]vation ( su* v>iations z arise1 & are b5eficial to ! be+ "u its conditions ( life4 ,no "o objects to agriculturi/s speak+ ( ! pot5t effects ( man's selection4 ,( c\rse n2 = !re is an actual creature man1 :o actually does select ) a set purpose 9 ord] to produce su* & su* a result1 :i* result he pres5tly produces4 ,& 9 ?is case ! individual diff]5ces giv5 by nature1 :i* man = "s object selects1 mu/ fir/ occur4 ,?is %[s t ! compla9t has already rea*$ ,mr4 ,d>w91 t 9 n %[+ u h[ ! individual diff]5ces fir/ occur1 he is really leav+ u absolutely 9 ! d>k z to ! cause ( all modification--giv+ u an ',orig9 ( ,species' ) ! orig9 cut out2 b ,i d n ?9k t any read] :o has n be5 compell$ to g some:at deeply into ! "q w\ld f9d out t ?is is ! real gi/ ( ! objection :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 is appe>+ to combat4 ,a g5]al impression is left ^u ! read] t "s v fooli% objectors are be+ put to sil5ce1 t ,mr4 ,d>w9 is ! mo/ c&id lit]>y oppon5t 9 ! _w1 & z j z ,ari/ides himself2 b if ! unassi/$ read] w cross-"q himself :at x is all ab\t1 ,i %all be mu* surpris$ if he is ready ) 8 answ]4 ,o!rs--to resume our criticism on ,mr4 ,d>w9's def5ce--h object$ t ! t]m implies consci\s *oice 9 ! animals :i* become modifi$1 & x has be5 ev5 urg$ t z plants h no volition1 natural selection is n applicable to !m6 ,?is--un=tunately--mu/ h be5 ! objection ( a slov5ly1 or wilfully misappreh5d+ read]1 & 0 unwor?y ( s]i\s notice4 ,b its introduction "h t5ds to draw ! read] f ! true gr\nd ( compla9t1 :i* is t at ! end ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's book we /& mu* 9 ! same place z we did :5 we />t$1 z reg>ds any k ( :at is ! orig9 ( species4 ,9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w1 no d\bt1 natural selection is a false t]m4 ,!n :y use x :5 ano!r1 &1 by ,mr4 ,d>w9's own admission1 a m accurate "o is to h& 9 ! survival ( ! fitte/8#cff ,?is t]m is n appreciably long] ?an natural selection4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 may say1 inde$1 t x is sometimes z conv5i5t a t]m z natural selection2 b ! k9d ( m5 :o ex]cise p]man5t effect ^u ! op9ions ( o!r p w bid su* a passage z ?is /& aside some:at /]nly4 ,if a t]m is n appreciably long] ?an ano!r1 & if at ! same "t x m accurately expresses ! idea :i* is int5d$ to be convey$1 x is n sometimes only1 b always1 m conv5i5t1 & %\ld imm$iately be sub/itut$ = ! less accurate "o4 ,no "o compla9s ( ! use ( :at is1 /rictly speak+1 an inaccurate expression1 :5 x is nev]!less ! be/ t we c get4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re is any su* ?+ possible z a p]fectly accurate expression4 ,all words t are n simply names ( ?+s are apt to turn out little else ?an comp5di\s false analogies2 b we h a "r to compla9 :5 a writ] tells u t he is us+ a less accurate expression :5 a m accurate "o is ready to 8 h&4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont9ues1 ,:o ev] object$ to *emi/s speak+ ( ! elective aff9ities ( ! v>i\s elem5ts8 & yet an acid _c /rictly be said to elect ! base ) :i* x by pref]5ce comb9es1 he is beside ! m>k4 ,*emi/s d n speak ( elective aff9ities 9 spite ( !re be+ a m accurate & n appreciably long] expression at _! disposal4 ,x has be5 said1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 t ,i speak ( natural selection z an active p[] or deity4 ,b :o objects to an au?or speak+ ( ! attraction ( gravity8 ,ev]yone kn[s :at is meant & impli$ by su* metaphorical expressions1 & !y are almo/ necess>y = brevity4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 c]ta9ly does speak ( natural selection act+1 accumulat+1 op]at+2 & if e-"o knew :at 0 meant & impli$ by ?is metaphorical expression1 z !y n[ d1 or ?9k !y d1 9 ! case ( ! attraction ( gravity1 !re might be less gr\nd ( compla9t2 b ! expression 0 kn[n to v few at ! "t ,mr4 ,d>w9 introduc$ x1 & 0 us$ ) s mu* ambiguity1 & ) s little to protect ! read] f fall+ into ! error ( suppos+ t x 0 ! cause ( ! modifications :i* we see ar\nd u1 t we _h a j "r to compla91 ev5 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 mu* m %\ld we d s on ! score ( ! ret5tion ( ! expression :5 a m accurate "o _h be5 f\nd4 ,if ! survival ( ! fitte/ _h be5 us$1 to ! total excision ( natural selection f e page 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's book--x w\ld h be5 easily se5 t ! survival ( ! fitte/ is no m a cause ( modification1 & h5ce c give no m explanation conc]n+ ! orig9 ( species1 ?an ! fact ( a numb] ( competitors 9 a race fail+ to run ! :ole c\rse1 or to run x z quickly z ! w9n]1 c expla9 h[ ! w9n] came to h good legs & lungs4 ,accord+ to ,lam>ck1 ! w9n] w h got ^! by means ( s5se ( ne$1 & consequ5t practice & tra9+1 on 8 own "p1 & on t ( 8 =efa!rs2 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! mo/ important means ( 8 gett+ !m is 8 happ5+ to be born ) !m1 c\pl$1 ) ! fact t 8 uncles & aunts = _m g5]ations c\ld n run s well z 8 ance/ors 9 ! direct l9e4 ,b c ! fact ( 8 uncles & aunts runn+ less well ?an 8 fa!rs & mo!rs be a means ( 8 fa!rs & mo!rs com+ to run bett] ?an !y us$ to run8 ,if ! read] w be> 9 m9d ! idea ( ! runn]s 9 a race1 x w help him to see ! po9t at issue betwe5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck4 ,p]haps also ! d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w race1 z express+ equally a bre$ & a competition1 may n be :olly )\t significance4 ,:at we want to be told is1 n t a runn] w w9 ! prize if he c run ev] su* a little fa/] ?an 8 fell[s--we "k ?is--b by :at process he comes to be able to run ev] su* a little fa/]4 ,s1 aga91 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 x is difficult to avoid p]sonify+ nature1 b ,i mean by nature only ! aggregate action & product ( _m natural laws1 & by laws ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts z asc]ta9$ by u4 ,?is1 aga91 is rais+ up a dead man 9 ord] to knock him d[n4 ,nature has be5 p]sonifi$ = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 & e "o und]/&s t nature is no m really a woman ?an hope or ju/ice1 or ?an ,god is l ! pictures ( ! m$iaeval pa9t]s2 no "o ^: objection 0 wor? notice c\ld h object$ to ! p]sonification ( nature4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 concludes3-- ,) a little famili>ity1 su* sup]ficial objections w be =gott54#cfg ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,i d n see any great] t5d5cy to acquiesce 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's claim on behalf ( natural selection ?an !re 0 a few ye>s ago1 b on ! contr>y1 t discont5t is daily gr[+4 ,to say no?+ ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy & ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 ! late ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes did n f9d ! objection a sup]ficial "o1 nor yet did he f9d x disappe> ) a little famili>ity2 on ! contr>y1 ! m famili> he became ) x ! less he appe>$ to l x4 ,i may ev5 g1 )\t fe>1 s f> z to say t any writ] :o n[ uses ! expression natural selection1 writes himself d[n !reby z beh9d ! age4 ,x is ) great pleasure t ,i obs]ve ,mr4 ,francis ,d>w9 9 8 rec5t lecture#cfh to h kept cle> ( x altoge!r1 & to h made use ( no expression1 & advocat$ no doctr9e to :i* ei!r ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 or ,lam>ck w\ld n h readily ass5t$4 ,i ?9k ,i may affirm confid5tly t a few ye>s ago any su* lecture w\ld h conta9$ repeat$ ref]5ce to ,natural ,selection4 ,= my own "p ,i "k ( few passages 9 any !ological writ] :i* please me less ?an ! "o :i* ,i h above foll[$ s5t5ce by s5t5ce4 ,i "k ( few :i* %\ld bett] s]ve to %[ u ! sort ( dang] we %\ld run if we 7 to let m5 ( sci5ce get ! upp] h& ( u4 ,natural ,selection1 !n1 is only ano!r way ( say+ ,nature4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to be aw>e ( ?is :5 he writes1 ,nature1 if ,i may be all[$ to p]sonify ! natural pres]vation or survival ( ! fitte/4 ,& aga91 at ! bottom ( ! same page1 ,x may metaphorically be said t natural selection is daily & h\rly scrut9iz+ ?r\gh\t ! _w ! slighte/ v>iations4#cfi ,x may be metaphorically said t ,nature is daily & h\rly scrut9iz+1 b x _c be said consi/5tly ) any "r use ( words1 metaphorical or o!rwise1 t natural selection scrut9izes1 unless natural selection is m]ely a some:at cumbr\s synonym = ,nature4 ,:51 !re=e1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says t natural selection is ! mo/ important1 b n ! exclusive means :]eby any modification has be5 effect$1 he is really say+ t ,nature is ! mo/ important means ( modification--:i* is only ano!r way ( tell+ u t v>iation causes v>iations1 & is all v true z f> z x goes4 ,i did n read ,pr(essor ,miv>t's ',lessons f ,nature1' until ,i _h writt5 all my own criticism on ,mr4 ,d>w9's position4 ,f t "w1 h[ev]1 ,i n[ quote ! foll[+3-- ,x _c !n be conte/$ t ! f>-fam$ ',orig9 ( ,species1' t1 namely1 by ',natural ,selection1' has be5 repudiat$ 9 fact1 ?\gh n expressly ev5 by its own au?or4 ,?is circum/ance1 :i* is simply und5iable1 might disp5se u f any fur!r consid]ation ( ! hypo!sis itself4 ,b ! conspiracy ( sil5ce1 :i* has accompani$ ! repudiation t5ds to lead ! un?9k+ _m to suppose t ! same importance /ill atta*es to x z at fir/4 ,on ?is acc\nt x may be well to ask ! "q1 :at1 aft] all1 is ',natural ,selection'8 ,! answ] may seem surpris+ to "s1 b x is none ! less true1 t ',natural ,selection' is simply no?+4 ,x is an app>5tly positive "n = a really negative effect1 & is !re=e an em95tly mislead+ t]m4 ,by ',natural ,selection' is meant ! result ( all ! de/ructive ag5cies ( ,nature1 de/ructive to individuals & to races by de/roy+ _! lives or _! p[]s ( propagation4 ,evid5tly1 ! cause ( ! di/9ction ( species 7suppos+ su* di/9ction to be br\ght ab\t 9 natural g5]ation7 mu/ be t :i* causes v>iation1 & v>iation 9 "o det]m9ate direction 9 at lea/ sev]al individuals simultane\sly4 ,i %\ld l to h add$ "h ! words & dur+ _m successive g5]ations1 b !y w g v suffici5tly )\t say+4 ,at ! same "t1 cont9ues ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 x is freely conc$$ t ! de/ructive ag5cies 9 nature d succe$ 9 prev5t+ ! p]petuation ( mon/r\s1 abortive1 & feeble attempts at ! p]=mance ( ! evolution>y process1 t !y rapidly remove antec$5t =ms :5 new ones are evolv$ m 9 h>mony ) surr\nd+ conditions1 & t _! action results 9 ! =mation ( new *>act]s :5 ^! h once atta9$ suffici5t complet5ess to be ( real utility to _! possessor4 ,cont9u$ reflection1 & five ye>s fur!r pond]+ ov] ! problems ( specific orig9 h m & m conv9c$ me t ! conception1 t ! orig9 ( all species 'man includ$' is due simply to conditions :i* are 7to use ,mr4 ,d>w9's own words7 '/rictly accid5tal1' is a conception utt]ly irrational4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,) reg>d to ! conception z n[ put =w>d by ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,i _c truly *>act]ize x b by an epi!t :i* ,i employ only ) mu* reluctance4 ,i weigh my words & h pres5t to my m9d ! _m di/+ui%$ naturali/s :o h accept$ ! notion1 & yet ,i _c hesitate to call x a 'pu]ile hypo!sis4'#cgj ,i am afraid ,i _c g ) ,pr(essor ,miv>t f>!r ?an ?is po9t1 ?\gh ,i h a /rong feel+ z ?\gh 8 conclusion is true1 t ! mat]ial univ]se is always & ev]y:]e su/a9$ & direct$ by an inf9ite cause1 = :i* to u ! ^w m9d is ! lea/ inadequate & mislead+ symbol4 ,b ,i feel t any attempt to deal ) su* a "q is go+ f> beyond t sph]e 9 :i* man's p[]s may be at pres5t employ$ ) advantage3 ,i tru/1 !re=e1 t ,i may nev] try to v]ify x1 & am indiff]5t :e!r x is correct or n4 ,aga91 ,i %\ld probably diff] f ,pr(essor ,miv>t 9 f9d+ ?is m9d insep>able f ! mat]ial univ]se 9 :i* we live & move4 ,s t ,i c\ld nei!r conceive ( su* a m9d influ5c+ & direct+ ! univ]se f a po9t z x 7 outside ! univ]se itself1 nor yet ( a univ]se z exi/+ )\t !re be+ pres5t--or hav+ be5 pres5t--9 its e p>ticle some?+ = :i* m9d %\ld be ! lea/ inadequate & mislead+ symbol4 ,b ! subject is f> beyond me4 ,z reg>ds ,pr(essor ,miv>t's d5unciations ( natural selection1 ,i h only "o fault to f9d ) !m1 namely1 t !y d n speak out ) suffici5t bluntness4 ,! difficulty ( %[+ ! fallacy ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's position1 is ! difficulty ( grasp+ a w-o'-!-wisp4 ,a conclud+ example w put ?is cle>ly be=e ! read]1 & at ! same "t s]ve to illu/rate ! mo/ tangible feature ( diff]5ce betwe5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck4 ,,footnotes3 #cfe ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #fb4 #cff ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #di4 #cfg ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #fc4 #cfh ',nature1' ,m>* #ad & #ba1 #ahgh4 #cfi ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #fe4 #cgj ',lessons f ,nature1' p4 #cjj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,! ,,madeira ,,beetles ,,z ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,lam>ck ,,& ,,( ,,mr4 ,,*>les ,,d>w9--,,conclusion4 ,an isl& ( no v great ext5t is surr\nd$ by a sea :i* cuts x (f = _m miles f ! ne>e/ l&4 ,x lies a good deal expos$ to w9ds1 s t ! beetles :i* live ^u x are 9 cont9ual dang] ( be+ bl[n out to sea if !y fly dur+ ! h\rs & seasons :5 ! w9d is bl[+4 ,x is f\nd t an unusually l>ge proportion ( ! beetles inhabit+ ?is isl& are ei!r )\t w+s or h _! w+s 9 a useless & m]ely rudim5t>y /ate2 & t a l>ge numb] ( k9ds :i* are v common on ! ne>e/ ma9l&1 b :i* are compell$ to use _! w+s 9 seek+ _! food1 are "h entirely want+4 ,x is also obs]v$ t ! beetles on ?is isl& g5]ally lie mu* conceal$ until ! w9d lulls & ! sun %9es4 ,^! are ! facts2 let u n[ see h[ ,lam>ck w\ld treat !m4 ,lam>ck w\ld say t ! beetles once be+ on ?is isl& x became "o ( ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce t !y %\ld n get bl[n out to sea4 ,= once bl[n out to sea1 !y w\ld be q c]ta9 to be dr[n$4 ,beetles1 :5 !y fly1 g5]ally fly = "s purpose1 & d n l hav+ t purpose int]f]$ ) by some?+ :i* c c>ry !m all-:i!rs1 :e!r !y l x or no4 ,if !y are fly+ & f9d ! w9d tak+ !m 9 a wrong direction1 or seaw>d--:i* !y "k w be fatal to !m--!y /op fly+ z soon z may be1 & alight on t]ra firma4 ,b if ! w9d is v preval5t ! beetles c f9d b little opportunity = fly+ at all3 !y w !re=e lie quiet all day & d z be/ !y c to get _! liv+ on foot in/ead ( on ! w+4 ,!re w ?us be a long-cont9u$ disuse ( w+s1 & ?is w gradually dim9i% ! developm5t ( ! w+s !mselves1 till aft] a suffici5t numb] ( g5]ations ^! w ei!r disappe> altoge!r1 or be se5 9 a rudim5t>y condition only4 ,= ea* beetle :i* has made b little use ( its w+s w be liable to leave (fspr+ ) a slightly dim9i%$ w+1 "s o!r organ :i* has be5 us$ in/ead ( ! w+ becom+ proportionately develop$4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! conditions ( exi/5ce are ! indirect cause ( ! w+s becom+ rudim5t>y1 inasmu* z !y preclude ! beetles f us+ !m2 ! disuse h[ev] on ! "p ( ! beetles !mselves is ! direct cause4 ,n[ let u see h[ ,mr4 ,d>w9 deals ) ! same case4 ,he writes3-- ,9 "s cases we might easily set d[n to disuse1 modifications ( /ructure :i* are :olly or ma9ly due to natural selection4 ,!n foll[ ! facts ab\t ! beetles ( ,madeira1 z ,i h giv5 !m above4 ,:ile we are read+ !m we naturally make up our m9ds t ! w+lessness ( ! beetles w prove due ei!r :olly1 or at any rate ma9ly1 to natural selection1 & t ?\gh x w\ld be easy to set x d[n to disuse1 yet we mu/ on no acc\nt d s4 ,! facts hav+ be5 /at$1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont9ues3--,^! sev]al consid]ations make me believe t ! w+less condition ( s _m ,madeira beetles is ma9ly due to ! action ( natural selection1 & :5 we g on to ! words t imm$iately foll[1 comb9$ probably ) disuse1 we are almo/ surpris$ at f9d+ t disuse has _h any?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,we feel a languid wi% to "k exactly h[ mu* & 9 :at way x has ent]$ into ! comb9ation2 b we f9d x difficult to ?9k ! matt] out1 & are glad to take x = grant$ t ! "p play$ by disuse mu/ be s unimportant t we ne$ n consid] x4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont9ues3-- ,= dur+ _m successive g5]ations ea* individual beetle :i* flew lea/1 ei!r f its w+s hav+ be5 ev] s little less p]fectly develop$1 or f indol5t habit1 w h _h ! be/ *ance ( surviv+ f n hav+ be5 bl[n out to sea2 & on ! o!r h& ^? beetles :i* mo/ readily took to flight w\ld (t5e/ be bl[n out to sea & p]i%4#cga ,s apt are we to believe :at we are told1 :5 x is told u gravely & ) au?ority1 & :5 !re is no /atem5t at h& to contradict x1 t we fail to see t ,mr4 ,d>w9 is all ! "t really attribut+ ! w+lessness ( ! ,madeira beetles ei!r to ! qua him unkn[n causes :i* h l$ to ! ev] s little less p]fect developm5t ( w+ on ! "p ( ! beetles t leave (fspr+--t is to say1 is admitt+ t he c give no acc\nt ( ! matt]--or else to ! indol5t habit ( ! p>5t beetles :i* has l$ !m to disuse _! w+s1 & h5ce gradually to lose !m--:i* is nei!r m nor less ?an ! errone\s gr\nds ( op9ion1 & well-kn[n doctr9e ( ,lam>ck4 ,= ,mr4 ,d>w9 _c mean t ! fact ( "s beetles be+ bl[n out to sea is ! mo/ important means :]eby c]ta9 o!r beetles come to h small] w+s--t ! ,madeira beetles 9 fact come to h small] w+s ma9ly because _! l>ge w+$ uncles & aunts--g away4 ,b if he does n mean ?is1 :at becomes ( natural selection8 ,= 9 ?is case we are left exactly :]e ,lam>ck left u1 & mu/ hold t su* beetles z h small] w+s h !m because ! conditions ( life or circum/ances 9 :i* _! p>5ts 7 plac$1 r5d]$ x inconv5i5t to !m to fly1 & ?us l$ !m to leave (f us+ _! w+s4 ,grant$1 t if !re _h be5 no?+ to take unmodifi$ beetles away1 !re w\ld h be5 less room & scope = ! modifi$ beetles2 also t unmodifi$ beetles w\ld h int]mix$ ) ! modifi$1 & imp$$ ! preval5ce ( ! modification4 ,b any?+ else ?an su* removal ( unmodifi$ individuals w\ld be contr>y to our hypo!sis4 ,! v ess5ce ( conditions ( exi/5ce is t !re %all be some?+ to take away ^? :i* d n comply ) ! conditions2 if !re is no?+ to r5d] su* & su* a c\rse a s9e qua non = life1 !re is no condition ( exi/5ce 9 respect ( ?is c\rse1 & no modification accord+ to ,lam>ck c\ld foll[1 z !re w\ld be no *ang$ di/ribution ( use4 ,i ?9k t if ,i 7 to leave ?is matt] "h ,i %\ld h said en\gh to make ! read] feel t ,lam>ck's sy/em is direct1 intelligible & suffici5t--:ile ,mr4 ,d>w9's is confus$ & confus+4 ,i may h[ev] quote ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself z ?r[+ 8 !ory ab\t ! ,madeira beetles on "o side 9 a lat] passage1 = he writes3-- ,x is probable t disuse has be5 ! ma9 ag5t 9 r5d]+ organs rudim5t>y1 or 9 o!r words t ,lam>ck 0 q "r--nor does "o see :y if disuse is aft] all ! ma9 ag5t 9 r5d]+ an organ rudim5t>y1 use %\ld n h be5 ! ma9 ag5t 9 develop+ x--b let t pass4 ,x 7disuse7 w\ld at fir/ lead1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 by sl[ /eps to ! m & m complete r$uction ( a "p1 until at la/ x became rudim5t>y--z 9 ! case ( ! eyes ( animals inhabit+ d>k cav]ns1 & ( ! w+s ( birds inhabit+ oceanic isl&s1 :i* h seldom be5 =c$ by bea/s ( prey to take flight1 & h ultimately lo/ ! p[] ( fly+4 ,aga91 an organ useful "u c]ta9 conditions1 might become injuri\s "u o!rs1 z ) ! w+s ( beetles liv+ on small & expos$ isl&s2#cgb s t ! rudim5t>y condition ( ! ,madeira beetles' w+s is "h set d[n z ma9ly due to disuse--:ile above we f9d x ma9ly due to natural selection--,i %\ld say t imm$iately aft] ! ^w isl&s j quot$1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 adds & 9 ?is case natural selection w h aid$ 9 r$uc+ ! organ1 until x 0 r5d]$ h>mless & rudim5t>y1 b ?is is ,mr4 ,d>w9's mann]1 & mu/ g = :at x is wor?4 ,h[ refre%+ to turn to ! simple /raight=w>d language ( ,lam>ck4 ,long cont9u$ disuse1 he writes1 9 consequ5ce ( ! habits :i* an animal has contract$1 gradually r$uces an organ1 & leads to its f9al disappe>ance4444 ,eyes plac$ 9 ! head =m an ess5tial "p ( t plan on :i* we obs]ve all v]tebrate organisms to be con/ruct$4 ,nev]!less ! mole :i* uses its vision v little1 has eyes :i* are only v small & h>dly app>5t4 ,! aspalax ( ,olivi]1 :i* lives und]gr\nd l ! mole1 & exposes itself ev5 less ?an ! mole to ! light ( day1 has :olly lo/ ! use ( its sight1 nor does x reta9 m ?an m]e traces ( visual organs1 ^! traces aga9 be+ hidd5 "u ! sk9 & "u c]ta9 o!r p>ts :i* cov] !m up & leave n ev5 ! smalle/ access to ! light4 ,! ,proteus1 an aquatic reptile ak9 to ! ,salam&] & liv+ 9 deep & obscure cavities "u wat]1 has1 l ! aspalax1 no long] any?+ b traces ( eyes rema9+--traces :i* are aga9 entirely hidd5 & cov]$ up4#cgc ,! foll[+ consid]ation %\ld be decisive4 ,light _c p5etrate ev]y:]e1 & z a consequ5ce1 animals :i* live habitually 9 places :i* x _c rea*1 d n h an opportunity ( us+ eyes1 ev5 ?\gh !y h got !m2 b animals :i* =m "p ( a sy/em ( organization :i* comprises eyes z an inv>iable rule among its organs1 mu/ h _h eyes orig9ally4 ,s9ce !n we f9d among ^! animals "s :i* h lo/ _! eyes1 & :i* h only conceal$ traces ( ^! organs1 x is evid5t t ! impov]i%m5t1 & ev5 disappe>ance ( ! organs 9 "q1 mu/ be ! effect ( long-cont9u$ disuse4 ,a pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! organ ( he>+ is nev] 9 l case ) t ( sight2 we always f9d x 9 animals ( ^: sy/em ( organization he>+ is a compon5t "p2 & = ! foll[+ reason1 namely1 t s\nd1 :i* is ! effect ( vibration ^u ! e>1 c p5etrate ev]y:]e1 & pass ev5 ?r\gh massive int]m$iate bodies4 ,any animal1 !re=e1 ) an organic sy/em ( :i* ! e> is an ess5tial "p1 c always f9d a use = its e>s1 no matt] :]e x inhabits4 ,we nev]1 !re=e1 come ^u rudim5t>y e>s among ! v]tebrata1 & :51 go+ d[n ! scale ( life l[] ?an ! v]tebrata1 we come to a po9t at :i* ! e> is no long] to be f\nd2 we nev] come ^u e>s aga9 9 any l[] class4 ,n s ) ! organ ( sight3 we see ?is organ disappe>1 reappe>1 & disappe> aga9 ) ! possibility or impossibility ( us+ eyes on ! "p ( ! creature itself4#cgd ,! great developm5t ( mantle 9 ! acephal\s molluscs has r5d]$ eyes1 & ev5 a head1 entirely useless to !m4 ,^! organs1 ?\gh belong+ to ! type ( ! organism1 & by rights includ$ 9 x1 h _h to disappe> & become annihilat$ ow+ to cont9u$ default ( use4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,_m insects :i*1 by ! analogy ( _! ord] & ev5 g5us1 %\ld h w+s1 h nev]!less lo/ !m m or less completely ?r\gh disuse4 ,a numb] ( coleopt]a1 or?opt]a1 hym5opt]a1 & hemipt]a give u examples1 ! habits ( ^! animals nev] lead+ !m to use _! w+s4#cge 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w "h br+ ?is pres5t volume to a conclusion1 hop+1 h[ev]1 to return to ! same subject %ortly1 b to t "p ( x :i* be>s ^u longevity & ! ph5om5a ( old age4 ,9 ',life & ,habit' ,i po9t$ out t if diff]5tiations ( /ructure & in/9ct are consid]$ z due to ! diff]5t desires "u diff]5t circum/ances ( an organism1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z a s+le creature1 ?\gh its developm5t has ext5d$ ov] millions ( ye>s1 & :i* is guid$ ma9ly by habit & memory until "s di/urb+ cause compels inv5tion--!n ! longevity ( ea* g5]ation or /age ( ?is organism %\ld dep5d ^u ! lat5ess ( ! av]age age ( reproduction 9 ea* g5]ation2 s t an organism 7us+ ! ^w 9 its usual signification7 :i* did n ^u ! av]age beg9 to reproduce itself till x 0 tw5ty1 %\ld be long] liv$ ?an "o t on ! av]age beg9s to reproduce itself at a ye> old4 ,i also ma9ta9$ t ! ph5om5a ( old age %\ld be ref]r$ to failure ( memory on ! "p ( ! organism1 :i* 9 ! embryonic /ages1 infancy1 y\?1 & e>ly manhood1 leans ^u ! memory ( :at x did :5 x 0 9 ! p]sons ( its ance/ors2 9 middle life1 c>ries its action onw>d by means ( ! impetus1 already receiv$1 & by ! =ce ( habit2 & 9 old age becomes puzzl$1 hav+ no exp]i5ce ( any pa/ exi/5ce at sev5ty-five1 we w say1 to guide x1 & !re=e =gett+ itself m & m completely till x dies4 ,i hope to ext5d ?is1 & to br+ =w>d argum5ts 9 support ( x 9 a future "w4 ,( ! importance ( ! !ory put =w>d 9 ',life & ,habit'--,i am daily m & m conv9c$4 ,unless we admit on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 memory ( ! (t5 repeat$ facts ( pa/ exi/5ces1 ! lat5cy ( t memory until x is rek9dl$ by ! pres5ce ( ! associat$ ideas1 or ( a suffici5t numb] ( !m1 & ! f>-rea*+ consequ5ces ( ! unconsci\sness :i* results f habitual action1 evolution does n greatly add to our k z to h[ we %all live "h to ! be/ advantage4 ,add ^! consid]ations1 & its value z a guide becomes imm$iately app>5t2 a new light is p\r$ ^u a hundr$ problems ( ! greate/ delicacy & difficulty4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ ( ^! is ! gradual ext5sion ( human longevity--an ext5sion1 h[ev]1 :i* _c be effect$ till _m _m g5]ations z yet unborn h come & gone4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 to prev5t man's becom+ z long liv$ z ! oak if he w p]sev]e = _m g5]ations 9 ! /eps :i* c alone lead to ?is result4 ,ano!r int]e/+ a*ievem5t :i* %\ld be m quickly atta9able1 ?\gh /ill n 9 our own "t1 is ! e>li] maturity ( ^? animals ^: rapid maturity is an advantage to u1 b ^: longevity is n to our purpose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q--,evolution or ,direct ,creation ( all species8--has be5 settl$ 9 fav\r ( ,evolution4 ,a h>dly less int]e/+ & important battle has n[ to be f\ght ov] ! "q :e!r we are to accept ! evolution ( ! f\nd]s ( ! !ory--) ! adjuncts h9t$ at by ,dr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,mat!w1 & insi/$ on1 s f> z ,i c ga!r1 by ,pr(essor ,h]+ & myself--or ! evolution ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 :i* d5ies ! purposiv5ess or teleology inh]5t 9 evolution z fir/ prop\nd$4 ,i am assur$ t su* ( my read]s z ,i c p]suade to pref] ! old evolution to ! new w h b little reason to regret _! pref]5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p4,s4--,z ^! %eets leave my h&s1 my att5tion is call$ to a review ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's ',evolution ( ,man1' by ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,wallace1 9 ! ',academy' = ,april #ab1 #ahgi4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel ma9ta9s1 says ,mr4 ,wallace1 t ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 nature evolves new =ms )\t design1 j z ! w ( man produces new v>ieties 9 cultivation ) design4 ,i ma9ta9 9 pref]5ce ) ! old] evolutioni/s1 t 9 consequ5ce ( *ange 9 ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce1 organisms design new =ms = !mselves1 & c>ry ^? designs out 9 additions to1 & modifications (1 _! own bodies4 ,! sci5ce ( rudim5t>y organs1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,wallace1 :i* ,haeckel t]ms 'dy/eleology1 or ! doctr9e ( purposelessness1' is "h discuss$1 & a numb] ( int]e/+ examples are giv51 ! conclusion be+ t !y prove ! me*anical or moni/ic conception ( ! orig9 ( organisms to be correct1 & ! idea ( any 'all-wise creative plan an anci5t fable4' ,i see no reason to suppose1 or aga9 n to suppose1 an all-wise creative plan4 ,i decl9e to g into ?is "q1 believ+ x to be n yet ripe1 nor ne>ly ripe1 = consid]ation4 ,i see purpose1 h[ev]1 9 rudim5t>y organs z mu* z 9 useful ones1 b a sp5t or ext9ct purpose--a purpose :i* has be5 fulfill$1 & is n[ =gott5--! rudim5t>y organ be+ repeat$ f =ce ( habit1 indol5ce1 & dislike ( *ange1 s long z x does n1 to use ! words ( ,buffon1 /& 9 ! way ( ! fair developm5t ( o!r p>ts :i* are f\nd useful & necess>y4 ,i demur1 !re=e1 to ! inf]5ce ( purposelessness :i* ,i ga!r t ,pr(essor ,haeckel draws f ^! organs4 ,9 ! ',academy' = ,april #ai1 #ahgi1 ,mr4 ,wallace quotes ,pr(essor ,haeckel z say+ t our highly purposive & admirably-con/itut$ s5se-organs h develop$ )\t prem$itat$ aim2 t !y h orig9at$ by ! same me*anical process ( ,natural ,selection1 by ! same con/ant int]action ( ,adaptation & ,h]$ity :at is ,h]$ity b ano!r ^w = unkn[n causes1 unless x is expla9$ 9 "s su* mann] z 9 ',life & ,habit'8 by :i* all ! o!r purposive contrivances ( ! animal organization h be5 sl[ly & gradually evolv$ dur+ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,i see no evid5ce = prem$itat$ aim at any modification v f> 9 advance ( an exi/+ organ1 any m ?an ,i d = prem$itat$ aim on man's "p at any z yet inconceivable me*anical inv5tion2 b z 9 ! case ( man's inv5tions1 s also 9 t ( ! organs ( animals & plants1 modification is due to ! accumulation ( small1 well-consid]$ improvem5ts1 z f\nd necess>y 9 practice1 & ! conduct ( _! affairs4 ,ea* /ep hav+ be5 purposive1 ! :ole road has be5 travell$ purposively2 nor is ! purposiv5ess ( su* an organ1 we w say1 z ! eye1 b>r$ by ! fact t inv5tion has d\btless be5 aid$ by "s ( ^? happy accid5ts :i* f "t to "t happ5 to all :o keep _! wits ab\t !m1 & "k h[ to turn ! gifts ( ,=tune to acc\nt4 ,,footnotes3 #cga ',orig9 ( ,species1' p4 #aji4 #cgb ',orig9 ( ,species1 p4 #dja4 #cgc ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bdb4 #cgd ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bdd4 #cge ',phil4 ,zool41' tom4 i4 p4 #bde4 ,,app5dix4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,reviews ,,( ',,evolution1 ,,old ,,& ,,new4' ,^? :o h be5 at ! pa9s to read ! =ego+ book w1 p]haps1 p>don me if ,i put be=e !m a %ort acc\nt ( ! reception x has met )3 ,i w n wa/e "t by argu+ ) my critics at any l5g?2 x w be en\gh if ,i place "s ( _! rem>ks ^u my book "u ! same cov] z ! book itself1 ) "h & !re a ^w or two ( comm5t4 ,! only reviews :i* h come "u my notice appe>$ 9 ! ',academy' & ! ',exam9]1' bo? ( ,may #ag1 #ahgi2 ! ',ed9burgh ,daily ,review1' ,may #bc1 #ahgi2 ',city ,press1' ,may #ba1 #ahgi2 ',field1' ,may #bf1 #ahgi2 ',saturday ,review1' ,may #ca1 #ahgi2 ',daily ,*ronicle1' ,may #ca1 #ahgi2 ',graphic' & ',nature1' bo? ,june #ab1 #ahgi2 ',pall ,mall ,gazette1' ,june #ah1 #ahgi2 ',lit]>y ,_w1' ,june #bj1 #ahgi2 ',scotsman1' ,june #bd1 #ahgi2 ',briti% ,j\rnal ( ,homoeopa?y' & ',m9d1' bo? ,july #a1 #ahgi2 ',j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1' ,july #ah1 #ahgi2 ',we/m9/] ,review1' ,july1 #ahgi2 ',a!naeum1' ,july #bf1 #ahgi2 ',daily ,news1' ,july #bi1 #ahgi2 ',man*e/] ,city ,news1' ,augu/ #af1 #ahgi2 ',noncon=mi/1' ,novemb] #bf1 #ahgi2 ',popul> ,sci5ce ,review1' ,jan4 #a1 #ahhj2 ',morn+ ,po/1' ,jan4 #ab1 #ahhj4 ,"s ( ! mo/ ho/ile passages 9 ! reviews above ref]r$ to are z foll[s3-- ,f beg9n+ to end1 our ecc5tric au?or treats u to a dazzl+ flood ( epigram1 invective1 & :at appe>s to be argum5t2 & f9ally leaves u )\t a s+le cle> idea z to :at he has be5 driv+ at4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,mr4 ,butl] comes =w>d1 z x 71 to proclaim himself a pr(essional satiri/1 & a my/ifi] :o w d 8 be/ to leave y utt]ly 9 ! d>k ) reg>d to 8 sy/em ( juggl+4 ,is he a teleological !ologian mak+ fun ( evolution8 ,is he an evolutioni/ mak+ fun ( teleology8 ,is he a man ( lett]s mak+ fun ( sci5ce8 ,or is he a ma/] ( pure irony mak+ fun ( all ?ree1 & ( 8 audi5ce z well8 ,= our "p we decl9e to commit ourselves1 & pref] to obs]ve1 z ,mr4 ,butl] obs]ves ( ,von ,h>tmann1 t if 8 mean+ is any?+ l :at he says x is1 we c only say t x has n be5 giv5 u to =m any def9ite conception :atev] z to :at t mean+ may be4--',academy1' ,may #ag1 #ahgi1 ,sign$ ,grant ,all54 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h is ano!r criticism ( ,evolution1 ,old & ,new--also1 ,i believe ,i am w>rant$ 9 say+1 by ,mr4 ,grant ,all54 ,^! two criticisms appe>$ on ! same day2 h[ _m m ,mr4 ,all5 may h writt5 lat] on ,i d n "k4 ,we f9d ! writ] :o 9 ! ',academy' decl>es t he has be5 left )\t a s+le cle> idea z to :at ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' has be5 driv+ at say+ on ! same day 9 ! ',exam9]' t ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' has a m evid5t purpose ?an any ( its pr$ecessors4 ,if s1 ,i am afraid ! pr$ecessors mu/ h puzzl$ ,mr4 ,all5 v unpleasantly4 ,:at ! purpose ( ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' is1 he proce$s to expla93-- ,z to 8 7,mr4 ,butl]'s7 ma9 argum5t1 x comes briefly to ?is3 natural selection does n orig9ate fav\rable v>ieties1 x only passively p]mits !m to exi/2 !re=e x is ! unkn[n cause :i* produc$ ! v>iations1 n ! natural selection :i* sp>$ !m1 t ought to c\nt z ! ma9spr+ ( evolution4 ,t unkn[n cause ,mr4 ,butl] boldly decl>es to be ! w ( ! organism itself4 ,an intellig5t ascidian want$ a pair ( eyes1#cgf s set to "w & made itself a pair1 exactly z a man makes a microscope2 a tal5t$ fi% conceiv$ ! idea ( walk+ on dry l&1 s x develop$ legs1 turn$ its swim bladd] into a pair ( lungs1 & became an amphibian2 an ae/hetic gu9ea-f[l admir$ bright col\rs1 s x b\ght a pa9t-box1 /udi$ ,mr4 ,:i/l]'s ornam5tal designs1 &1 pa9t+ itself a gild$ & ocellat$ tail1 0 !nce=? a peacock4 ,b h[ ab\t plants8 ,mr4 ,butl] does n %irk ev5 ?is difficulty4 ,! !ory mu/ be ma9ta9$ at all haz>ds4444 ,?is is ! sort ( my/ical nons5se f :i* we _h hop$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h = ev] sav$ u4--',exam9]1' ,may #ag1 #ahgi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is la/ article1 ,mr4 ,all5 has said t ,i am a man ( g5ius1 ) ! unmi/akable signet-m>k ^u my =ehead4 ,i h be5 subject$ to a good deal ( obloquy & misrepres5tation at "o "t or ano!r1 b ?is passage by ,mr4 ,all5 is ! only "o ,i h se5 t has made me s]i\sly uneasy ab\t ! prospects ( my lit]>y reputation4 ,i see ,mr4 ,all5 has be5 lately writ+ an article 9 ! ',=tnightly ,review' on ! decay ( criticism4 ,look+ ov] x some:at hurri$ly1 my eye 0 arre/$ by ! foll[+3-- ,n[adays any man c write1 because !re are pap]s en\gh to give employm5t to ev]ybody4 ,no reflection1 no delib]ation1 no c>e2 all is ha/e1 fatal facility1 /ock phrases1 commonplace ideas1 & a ready p5 t c turn itself to any task ) equal ease1 because supremely ignorant ( all alike4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! writ] takes to 8 craft n[adays1 n because he has ta/e = lit]ature1 b because he has an incurable faculty = scribbl+4 ,he has no culture1 & he soon loses ! p[] ( tak+ pa9s1 if he ev] possess$ x4 ,b he c talk ) glib sup]ficiality & impos+ confid5ce ab\t e conceivable subject1 f a play or a picture to a s]mon or a metaphysical essay4 ,x is ! utt] indiff]5ce to subject-matt]1 jo9$ ) ! vulg> unscrupul\sness ( pret5ti\s ignorance1 t /rikes ! keynote ( our exi/+ criticism4 ,m5 write )\t tak+ ! tr\ble to read or ?9k4#cgg 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ',saturday ,review' attack$ ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' ,i may almo/ say savagely4 ,x wrote3 ,:5 ,mr4 ,butl]'s ',life & ,habit' came be=e u1 we d\bt$ :e!r 8 ambigu\sly express$ speculations belong$ to ! regions ( playful b possibly sci5tific imag9ation1 or ( unsci5tific fancies2 & we gave him ! b5efit ( ! d\bt4 ,9 fact1 we /ra9$ a po9t or two to f9d a reasonable mean+ = him4 ,he has n[ settl$ ! "q aga9/ himself4 ,n pr(ess+ to h any p>ticul> compet5ce 9 biology1 natural hi/ory1 or ! sci5tific /udy ( evid5ce 9 any %ape :atev]1 &1 inde$1 r glory+ 9 8 fre$om f any su* sup]fluities1 he und]takes to assure ! ov]:elm+ majority ( m5 ( sci5ce1 & ! educat$ public :o h foll[$ _! lead1 t1 :ile !y h done well to be conv]t$ to ! doctr9e ( ! evolution & transmutation ( species1 !y h be5 conv]t$ on entirely wrong gr\nds4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,:5 a writ] :o has n giv5 z _m weeks to ! subject z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has giv5 ye>s z a matt] ( fact1 x is n[ tw5ty ye>s s9ce ,i began to publi% on ! subject ( ,evolution is n cont5t to air 8 own crude1 ?\gh clev]1 fallacies1 b presumes to criticize ,mr4 ,d>w9 ) ! sup]cili\sness ( a "y s*oolma/] look+ ov] a boy's !me1 x is difficult n to take him m s]i\sly ?an he des]ves or p]haps desires4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ,mr4 ,butl] 0 ! travell$ & labori\s obs]v] ( ,nature1 & ,mr4 ,d>w9 ! p]t speculator1 :o takes all 8 facts at secondh&4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,let u once m consid] h[ matt]s /ood a ye> or two be=e ! ',orig9 ( ,species' fir/ appe>$4 ,! cont9u\s evolution ( animat$ ,nature _h 9 its fav\r ! difficulty ( draw+ fix$ l9es betwe5 species & ev5 l>g] divisions1 all ! indications ( comp>ative anatomy & embryology1 & a good deal ( g5]al sci5tific presumption4 ,sev]al well-kn[n writ]s1 & "s em95t en\gh to comm& respect1 _h express$ _! belief 9 x4 ,"o or two f>-see+ ?9k]s1 among :om ! place ( hon\r mu/ be assign$ to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 _h done m4 ,!y _h us$ _! philosophic insight1 :i*1 to sci5ce1 is ! eye ( fai?1 to descry ! promis$ l& almo/ )9 rea*2 !y knew & ann\nc$ h[ ri* & spaci\s ! h]itage w\ld be1 if once ! entry c\ld be made good4 ,b on t 'if' ev]y?+ hung4 ,nature 0 n b\nd to give up h] secret1 or 0 b\nd only 9 a mock+ cov5ant ) an impossible condition3 ,si caelum digito tetig]is2 if only "s =tunate h& c\ld t\* ! inaccessible firmam5t1 & br+ d[n ! gold5 *a9 to e>?6 ,b fruition seem$ out ( sight4 ,ev5 ^? :o 7 mo/ will+ to advance 9 ?is direction1 c\ld only regret t !y saw no road cle>4 ,!re 0 a tempt+ vision1 b no?+ prov5--_m w\ld h said no?+ provable4 ,a few ye>s pass$1 & all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,! d\btful speculation _h become a firm & connect$ !ory4 ,9 ! room ( scatt]$ =ag]s & sc\ts1 !re 0 an irresi/ibly advanc+ column4 ,nature _h surr5d]$ h] /ronghold1 & 0 dis>m$ ( h] secret4 ,& if we ask :o 7 ! m5 by :om ?is 0 done1 ! answ] is notori\s1 & !re is b "o answ] possible3 ! names t are = ev] associat$ ) ?is great triumph are ^? ( ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,wallace4#cgh ,i gave ! lady or g5tleman :o wrote ?is an opportunity ( ackn[l$g+ ! au?or%ip2 b %e or he pref]r$1 n ,i ?9k unnaturally1 to rema9 anonym\s4 ,! only o!r criticism ( ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' to :i* ,i w\ld call att5tion1 appe>$ 9 ',nature1' 9 a review ( ',unconsci\s ,memory1' by ,mr4 ,romanes1 & conta9$ ! foll[+ passages3-- ,b to be s]i\s1 if 9 *>ity we c\ld deem ,mr4 ,butl] a lunatic1 we %\ld n be unprep>$ = any ab]ration ( common s5se t he might display4444 ,a c]ta9 nobody writes a book ',evolution1 ,old & ,new' accus+ ! mo/ illu/ri\s man 9 8 g5]ation ( bury+ ! claims ( c]ta9 illu/ri\s pr$ecessors out ( ! sight ( all m54 ,9 ! hope ( ga9+ "s notoriety by des]v+1 & p]haps receiv+ a contemptu\s refutation f ! em95t man 9 "q1 he publi%es ?is book :i*1 if x des]v$ s]i\s consid]ation1 w\ld be n m ( an insult to ! p>ticul> man ( sci5ce :om x accuses ( consci\s & :olesale plagi>ism !re is no su* accusation 9 ',evolution1 ,old & ,new' ?an x w\ld be to m5 ( sci5ce 9 g5]al = requir+ su* elem5t>y in/ruction on "s ( ! mo/ fam\s lit]ature 9 sci5ce f an up/>t ignoramus1 :o1 until two or ?ree ye>s ago1 consid]$ himself a pa9t] by pr(ession4--',nature1' ,jan4 #bg1 #ahha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a subsequ5t lett] to ',nature1' ,mr4 ,romanes said he _h be5 act+ ! "p ( policeman by writ+ z he _h done4 ,any unscrupul\s review] may call himself a policeman if he likes1 b he mu/ n expect ^? :om he assails to recognize 8 pret5sions4 ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' 0 n writt5 = ! k9d ( p :om ,mr4 ,romanes calls m5 ( sci5ce2 if m5 ( sci5ce means m5 l ,mr4 ,romanes1 ,i tru/ !y say well :o ma9ta9 t ,i am n a man ( sci5ce2 ,i believe ! m5 to :om ,mr4 ,romanes ref]s to be m51 n ( t k9d ( sci5ce :i* desires to "k1 b ( t k9d ^: aim is to ?ru/ itself ^u ! public z actually kn[+4 ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' c\ld be ( no use to ^!2 c]ta9ly1 x 0 n int5d$ z an insult to !m1 b if !y are insult$ by x1 ,i d n "k t ,i am sorry1 = ,i value _! antipa?y & opposition z mu* z ,i %\ld dislike _! approbation3 ( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i am c]ta9--namely1 t be=e ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' 0 writt51 ,pr(essors ,huxley & ,tyndall1 = example1 knew v little ( ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,evolution4 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 article on ,evolution 9 ! n9? edition ( ! ',encyclopa$ia ,britannica1' publi%$ 9 #ahgh1 says ( ! two great pione]s ( ,evolution1 t ,buffon contribut$ no?+ to ! g5]al doctr9e ( ,evolution1#cgi & t ,erasmus ,d>w9 c h>dly be said to h made any real advance on 8 pr$ecessors4#chj ,pr(essor ,haeckel evid5tly knew little ( ,erasmus ,d>w91 & /ill less1 app>5tly1 ab\t ,buffon4#cha ,pr(essor ,tyndall1#chb 9 #ahgh1 spoke ( ,evolution z ,d>w9's !ory2 & ,i h j read ,mr4 ,grant ,all5 z say+ t ,evolutionism is an almo/ exclusively ,engli% impulse4#chc ,s9ce ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' 0 publi%$1 ,i h obs]v$ sev]al ( ! s-call$ m5 ( sci5ce--among !m ,pr(essor ,huxley & ,mr4 ,romanes--air+ ,buffon2 b ,i nev] obs]v$ any ( !m d ?is till )9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,i ma9ta9 t m5 ( sci5ce 71 & /ill are1 v ignorant conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,evolution2 b1 :e!r !y 7 or 7 n1 ,i did n write ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' = !m2 ,i wrote = ! g5]al public1 :o h be5 k9d en\gh to te/ify _! appreciation ( x 9 a suffici5tly practical mann]4 ,! way 9 :i* ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 met ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' has be5 s fully dealt ) 9 my book1 ',unconsci\s ,memory2' 9 ! ',a!naeum1' ,jan4 #ca1 #ahhj2 ! ',/4 ,james's ,gazette1' ,dec4 #h1 #ahhj2 & ',nature1' ,feb4 #c1 #ahha1 t ,i ne$ n return to x "h1 m especially z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has1 by 8 sil5ce1 admitt$ t he has no def5ce to make4 ,i h quot$ by no means ! moat exceptionable p>ts ( ,mr4 ,romanes' article1 & h giv5 !m a p]man5ce !y w\ld n o!rwise atta91 inasmu* z no?+ c bett] %[ ! temp] ( ! k9d ( m5 :o are n[--z ,i said 9 ! body ( ! =ego+ "w--clam\r+ = end[m5t1 & :o w\ld /ep into ! ,pope's %oes to-morr[ if we w\ld only let !m4 ,,footnotes3 #cgf ,see p4 #dd1 & ! :ole ( *ap4 v41 :]e ,i say ( ?is supposition1 t no?+ c\ld be conceiv$ m =eign to exp]i5ce & common s5se4 #cgg ',=tnightly ,review1' ,m>* #a1 #ahhb1 pp4 #cdd1 #cde4 #cgh ',saturday ,review1' ,may #ca1 #ahgi1 pp4 #fhb-c4 #cgi ,p4 #gdh4 #chj ,ibid4 #cha ,see pp4 #ga-gc4 #chb ',n9ete5? ,c5tury' = ,novemb]1 pp4 #cfj1 #cfa4 #chc ',=tnightly ,review1' ,m>*1 #ahhb4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,rome ,,& ,,pan!ism4 ,evolution w\ld aft] all be a poor doctr9e if x did n affect human affairs at e t\* & turn4 ,i propose to devote ! second *apt] ( ?is ,app5dix to ! consid]ation ( an aspect ( ,evolution :i* w always int]e/ a v l>ge numb] ( p--! developm5t ( ! relation t may exi/ betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,if ! ,*ur* ( ,rome w\ld only develop "s doctr9e or1 ,i "k n h[1 provide "s means by :i* m5 l myself1 :o _c pret5d to believe 9 ! miracul\s elem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 c\ld yet jo9 h] z a cons]vative /ronghold1 ,i1 = "o1 %\ld gladly d s4 ,i believe ! diff]5ce betwe5 h] fai? & t ( all :o c be call$ g5tlem5 to be "o ( words r ?an ?+s4 ,our practical work+ ideal is mu* ! same z h]s2 :5 we use ! ^w g5tleman we mean ! same ?+ t ! ,*ur* ( ,rome does2 s t1 if we get d[n bel[ ! words t =mulate h] tea*+1 !re are few po9ts ^u :i* we %\ld n agree4 ,b1 alas6 words are (t5 s v important4 ,h[ is x possible = myself1 = example1 to give p to und]/& t ,i believe 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,immaculate ,conception or 9 ! ,l\rdes miracles8 ,if ! ,pope c\ld sp>e "t to ?9k ab\t s insignificant a p]son1 w\ld he wi% me to pret5d su* beliefs or ?9k bett] ( me if ,i did pret5d !m8 ,i %\ld be sorry to see him turn sudd5ly r\nd & d5y 8 own fai?1 & ,i am p]suad$ t1 9 l mann]1 he w\ld h me cont9ue to hold my own 9 peace2 nev]!less1 ! duty ( subord9at+ private judgm5t to ! avoidance ( s*ism is s obvi\s t1 if we c\ld see a practicable way ( bridg+ ! gulf betwe5 ourselves & ,rome1 we %\ld be he>tily glad to bridge x4 ,i speak z ?\gh ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 0 ! only "o we c look to4 ,i d n see h[ x is easy to dispute ?is4 ,prote/antism has be5 tri$ & fail$2 x has long ceas$ to gr[1 b x has by no means ceas$ to dis9tegrate4 ,note ! mann] 9 :i* x is torn asund] by diss5sions1 & ! ranc\r :i* ^! diss5sions eng5d]--a ranc\r :i* f9ds its way into ! political & social life ( ,europe1 ) incalculable damage to ! heal? & well-be+ ( ! _w4 ,:o c d\bt b t !re w be a split ev5 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& ere s _m ye>s are ov]8 ,prote/antism is l "o ( ^? drops ( glass :i* t5d to split up into m9ut] & m9ut] fragm5ts ! mom5t ! bond t unit$ !m has be5 remov$4 ,x is z ?\gh ! =ce ( gravity _h lo/ its hold1 & a univ]sal p[] ( repulsion tak5 ! place ( attraction4 ,?is may1 p]haps1 come ab\t "s day 9 ! mat]ial z well z 9 ! spiritual & political _w1 b ! _s ( ! age is z yet "o ( aggregation2 ! _s ( ,prote/antism is "o ( dis9tegration4 ,i ma9ta91 !re=e1 t x is n likely to be p]man5t4 ,all ! great p[]s ( ,europe h f numb]less di/9ct tribes become fir/ a few k+doms or duk$oms1 !n two or ?ree nations1 & n[ homog5e\s :oles1 s t !re is no *ance ( _! fur!r dismemb]m5t ?r\gh int]nal discont5t2 a process :i* has be5 go+ on = s _m hundr$s ( ye>s all ov] ,europe is n likely to be arre/$ )\t ample w>n+4 ,true1 dur+ ! ,roman ,empire ! _w 0 practically bond$ toge!r1 yet broke 9 pieces aga92 b ?is1 ,i imag9e1 0 because ! bond+ 0 prophetic & sup]ficial r ?an g5u9e4 ,nature v commonly makes "o or two false />ts1 & misses h] aim a "t or two be=e %e hits x4 ,%e ne>ly hit x 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 b ?is 0 a %ort-liv$ success2 9 ! case ( ! ,roman ,empire %e succe$$ bett] & = long] toge!r4 ,:]e ,nature has once or twice hit h] m>k z ne> z ?is %e w commonly hit x outright ev5tually2 ! disruption ( ! ,roman ,empire1 !re=e1 does n militate aga9/ ! supposition t ! normal condition ( "r-m9d$ p is "o :i* t5ds t[>ds aggregation1 or1 9 o!r words1 t[>ds compromise & ! m]g+ ( mu* ( "o's own individuality = ! sake ( union & conc]t$ action4 ,see1 aga91 h[ ,rome h]self1 )9 ! limits ( ,italy1 0 an aggregation1 an aggregation :i* has n[ )9 ^! la/ few ye>s come toge!r aga9 aft] c5turies ( disruption2 all middle-ag$ m5 h se5 _m small c\ntries come toge!r 9 _! own lifetime1 :ile 9 ,am]ica a gigantic attempt at disruption has completely fail$4 ,success w1 ( c\rse1 sometimes att5d disruption1 b on ! :ole ! balance incl9es /rongly 9 fav\r ( aggregation & homog5eity2 analogy po9ts 9 ! direction ( suppos+ t ! great civiliz$ nations ( ,europe1 z !y are ! coalition ( subord9ate prov9ces1 s mu/ coalesce !mselves also to =m a l>g]1 b s+le empire4 ,w>s w !n cease1 & surely any?+ t seems likely to t5d t[>ds s desirable an end des]ves respectful consid]ation4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome is ess5tially a unifi]4 ,x is a great ?+ t nations %\ld h s mu* 9 common z ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! same tribunal = ! settlem5t ( spiritual & religi\s que/ions1 & !re is no head "u :i* ,*ri/5dom c unite ) z little di/urbance z "u ,rome4 ,no?+ m t5ds to keep m5 ap>t ?an religi\s diff]5ces2 ?is c]ta9ly ought n to be ! case1 b x no less c]ta9ly is1 & !re=e we %\ld /ra9 _m po9ts & subord9ate our private judgm5t to a v consid]able ext5t if call$ ^u to d s4 ,a man1 "u ^! circum/ances1 is "r 9 say+ he believes 9 mu* t he does n believe 94 ,nev]!less !re are limits to ?is1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,rome requires m ( u at pres5t ?an we c by any means br+ ourselves into ass5t+ to4 ,x may be ask$1 ,:y h a ,*ur* at all8 ,:y n unite 9 community ( negation r ?an ( ass]tion8 ,:5 ,i wrote ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' ?ree ye>s ago1 ,i ?\ght1 z n[1 t ! only possible ,*ur* mu/ be a developm5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome2 & see+ no *ance ( agreem5t betwe5 av[$ free-?9k]s1 l myself1 & ,rome 7= ,i believ$ ,rome immovable71 ,i lean$ t[>ds absolute negation z ! be/ *ance = unity among civiliz$ nations2 b ev5 !n1 ,i express$ myself z hav+ a /rong feel+ z ?\gh ,pr(essor ,miv>t's conclusion is true1 t '! mat]ial univ]se is always & ev]y:]e su/a9$ & direct$ by an inf9ite cause1 = :i* to u ! ^w m9d is ! lea/ inadequate & mislead+ symbol4'#chd ,i _h h>dly f9i%$ ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' be=e ,i began to deal ) ?is "q accord+ to my lights1 9 a s]ies ( articles ^u ,god#che :i* appe>$ 9 ! ',exam9]' dur+ ! summ] ( #ahgi1 & ,i return$ to ! same matt] m ?an once 9 ',unconsci\s ,memory1' my next succe$+ "w4 ,! articles ,i int5d reca/+ & rewrit+1 z !y g ^u a false assumption2 b subsequ5t reflection has only confirm$ me 9 ! g5]al result ,i arriv$ at--namely1 ! omnipres5ce ( m9d 9 ! univ]se4 ,i h !re=e come to see t we c g f>!r ?an negation1 & 9 ?is case--a positive expression ( fai? z reg>ds an invisible univ]se ( "s sort be+ possible--a ,*ur* ( "s sort is also possible1 :i* %all =mulate & express ! g5]al convictions z reg>ds man's position 9 respect ( ?is fai?4 ,i ?9k ! in/9ct :i* has l$ s _m c\ntries t[>ds a d\ble legislative *amb]1 & ourselves1 till at any rate q rec5tly1 to a d\ble sy/em ( jurisprud5ce1 law & equity1 0 n arriv$ at )\t hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! /ages ( reason & reflection4 ,!re are a v>iety ( delicate1 almo/ intangible1 que/ions :i* belong r to consci5ce ?an to law1 & = :i* a ,*ur* is a fitt] tribunal--at any rate = _m ages h5ce--?an a p>liam5t or law c\rt4 ,!re is room1 !re=e1 = bo? a ,/ate & a ,*ur*1 ea* ( :i* %\ld be influ5c$ by ! action ( ! o!r4 ,i d n say t ,i p]sonally %\ld l to see ! ,*ur* ( ,rome z at pres5t con/itut$ 9 ! position :i* ,i %\ld be glad to see atta9$ by an ideal ,*ur*4 ,if x 7 9 t position ,i w\ld attack x to ! utmo/ ( my p[]2 b ,i h little hesitation 9 ?9k+ t ! _w ) a v possible feasible ,*ur*1 w\ld be bett] ?an ! _w ) no ,*ur* at all2 &1 if s1 ,i h /ill less hesitation 9 conclud+1 = ! reasons already giv51 t x is to ,rome we mu/ turn z ! s\rce f :i* ! ,*ur* ( ! future is to be evolv$1 if x is to come at all4 ,= ! new1 if x is to /rike deep root & be p]man5t1 mu/ gr[ out ( ! old1 )\t too viol5t a transition4 ,"s viol5ce !re w always be1 ev5 9 ! k9dlie/ bir?2 b ! less ! bett]1 & a leap great] ?an ! "o f ,judaism to ,*ri/ianity is n desirable1 ev5 if x 7 possible4 ,z a free-?9k]1 !re=e1 b also z "o :o wi%es to take a practical view ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?+s w1 & ought to g1 ,i nei!r expect to see ! religions ( ! _w come once = all to an end ) ! belief 9 ,*ri/ianity--:i* to me is tantam\nt to say+ ) ,rome--nor am ,i at all sure t su* a consummation is m desirable ?an likely to come ab\t4 ,! ultimate fight w1 ,i believe1 be betwe5 ,rome & ,pan!ism2 & ! soon] ! two cont5d+ p>ties c be rang$ into _! opposite camps by ! ext9ction ( all int]m$iate cre$s1 ! soon] w an issue ( "s sort be arriv$ at4 ,?is w n happ5 9 our "t1 b we %\ld "w t[>ds x4 ,:5 x arrives1 :at is to happ58 ,is ,pan!ism to absorb ,rome1 &1 if s1 :at sort ( a religi\s =mula is to be ! result8 or is ,rome s to modify h] dogmas t ! ,pan!i/ c jo9 h] )\t do+ too mu* viol5ce to 8 convictions8 ,we :o are outside ! ,*ur*'s pale are 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ t %e w make little if any advances 9 our direction4 ,! dream ( a ,pan!i/ic ,rome seems s wild z h>dly to be ent]ta9$ s]i\sly2 nev]!less ,i am mu* mi/ak5 if ,i d n detect at lea/ "o sign z ?\gh m 7 )9 ! b\nds ( possibility ?an ev5 ! mo/ sangu9e ( u c\ld h hop$ = a few ye>s back4 ,we d n expect ! ,*ur* to g our :ole l5g?2 x is ! bus9ess ( "s to act z pione]s1 b ?is is ! la/ function a ,*ur* %\ld assume4 ,a ,*ur* %\ld be z ! fly-:eel ( a /eam-eng9e1 :i* cons]ves1 regulates & di/ributes en]gy1 b does n orig9ate x4 ,9 all cases x is m moral & saf] to be a little beh9d ! age ?an a little 9 front ( x2 a ,*ur*1 !re=e1 ought to cl+ to an old-e/abli%$ belief1 ev5 ?\gh h] lead]s "k x to be unf\nd$1 s long z any consid]able numb] ( h] memb]s w\ld be %ock$ at its ab&onm5t4 ,! "q is :e!r !re are any signs z ?\gh ! ,*ur* ( ,rome ?\ght ! "t _h come :5 %e might prop]ly move a /ep =w>d1 & ,i rejoice to ?9k1 z ,i h said above1 t at any rate "o su* sign--& a v important "o--has come "u my notice4 ,9 8 ,encyclical ( ,augu/ #d1 #ahgi1 ! ,pope desires ! ,bi%ops & ,cl]gy to re/ore ! gold5 wisdom ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & to spread x f> & wide4 ,vos omnes1 he writes1 ,v5]abiles ,fratres1 quam enixe hortamur ut ad ,ca?olicae fidei tutelam et decus1 ad societatis bonum1 ad sci5ti>um omnium increm5tum auream ,sancti ,?omae sapi5tiam re/ituatis1 et quam latissime propagetis4 ,he proce$s !n ) ! foll[+ rem>kable passage3 ,we say ! wisdom ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,= :atev] has be5 work$ out ) too mu* subtl5ess by ! doctors ( ! s*ools1 or h&$ d[n inconsid]ately1 :atev] is n consi/5t ) ! tea*+s ( a lat] age1 or f9ally1 is 9 any way ,,n ,,probable1 ,we 9 no wise int5d to propose = acceptance 9 ^! days4#chf ,x w\ld be almo/ possible to suppose t ^! words _h be5 writt5 inadv]t5tly1 s ! ,pope practically repeats !m ?us3 ,we will+ly & gratefully decl>e t :atsoev] c be except$ ) advantage1 is to be except$1 no matt] by :om x has be5 inv5t$4#chg ,! passage j quot$ is s pregnant t a few words ( comm5t may be v well excus$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c b admire ! latitude :i* ! ,pope n only tol]ates1 b enjo9s3 he def9es no?+1 b decl>es po9t blank t if we f9d any?+ 9 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as n consi/5t ) ! assur$ tea*+s ( a lat] age1 or f9ally ,,9 ,,any ,,way ,,n ,,probable--7:at is n involv$ "h87--we are 9 no wise to suppose t x is be+ propos$ = our acceptance4 ,b x is a small /ep f all[+ latitude 9 accept+ or reject+ ! p>ts ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as :i* conflict ) ! assur$ result ( lat] discov]ies to all[+ a simil> latitude 9 respect1 we w say1 ( ,/4 ,jude2 & if ( ,/4 ,jude1 !n ( ,/4 ,james ! ,less2 & if ( ,/4 ,james ! ,less1 !n surely ere v long ( ,/4 ,james ! ,great] & ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,paul2 nor w ! matt] /op !re4 ,h[ m>vell\sly closely are ! two extremes ( doctr9e approa*+ to "o ano!r6 ,we1 on ! "o h&1 :o beg9 ) tabulae rasae hav+ made a clean sweep ( e %r$ ( doctr9e1 lay hold ( ! fir/ ?+ we c grasp ) any firmness1 & "w back f x4 ,we grope our way to evolution2 ?r\gh ?is to purposive evolution2 ?r\gh ?is to ! omnipres5ce ( m9d & design ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 :at is ?is b ,god8 ,s t we c say ) absolute fre$om f equivoque t we are :at we are ?r\gh ! w ( ,god4 ,! !ologian1 on ! o!r h&1 />ts ) ,god1 & f9ds himself driv5 ?r\gh ?is to evolution1 z surely z we f\nd ourselves driv5 ?r\gh evolution to ! omnipres5ce ( ,god4 ,let u look a little m closely at ! gr\nd :i* ! ,*ur* ( ,rome & ! ,evolutioni/ hold 9 common4 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( !re be+ "o body & "o _s1 & ( "o ,god z be+ above all1 & ?r\gh all1 & 9 y all4#chh ,aga91 he tells u t we are memb]s ( ,god's body1 ( 8 fle% & ( 8 bones2#chi 9 ano!r place he writes t ,god has reconcil$ u to himself1 9 ! body ( 8 fle%1#cij & 9 yet ano!r ( ! ,_s ( ,god dwell+ 9 u4#cia ,/4 ,paul inde$ is cont9ually us+ language :i* implies ! close/ physical z well z spiritual union betwe5 ,god & ^? at any rate ( mank9d :o 7 ,*ri/ians4 ,!n he speaks ( our be+ build$ toge!r = an habitation ( ,god ?r\gh ! _s1#cib & ( our be+ fill$ ) ! fulness ( ,god4#cic ,he calls ,*ri/ian m5's bodies temples ( ! ,holy ,_s1#cid 9 fact x is n too mu* to say t he reg>d$ ,*ri/ian m5's limbs z ! actual liv+ organs ( ,god himself1 = ! expressions quot$ above--& _m o!rs c\ld be giv5--come to no less ?an ?is4 ,x foll[s t s9ce any man c\ld unite himself to ! fle% & bones ( ,god by becom+ a ,*ri/ian1 ,paul _h a p]ception ( ! unity at any rate ( human life2 & :at ,paul admitt$ ,i am p]suad$ ! ,*ur* ( ,rome w n d5y4 ,grant$ t ,paul's notion ( ! unity ( all mank9d 9 "o _s animat+1 or pot5tially animat+ ! :ole 0 my/ical1 ,i submit t ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 him & ! ,evolutioni/ is t ! fir/ uses c]ta9 expressions m or less prophetically1 & )\t p]haps a full p]ception ( _! import2 :ile ! second uses ! same expressions lit]ally1 & ) ! ord9>y signification atta*$ to ! words t compose !m4 ,x is n s mu* t we d n hold :at ,paul held1 b t we hold x ) ! great] def9it5ess & compreh5sion :i* mod]n discov]y has r5d]$ possible4 ,we n only accept 8 words1 b we ext5d !m1 & n only accept !m z articles ( fai? to be tak5 on ! ^w ( o!rs1 b z s pr(\ndly ent]+ into our views ( ! _w ar\nd u t t _w loses ! great] "p ( its significance if we may n take su* say+s z t we are ,god's fle% & 8 bones z mean+ nei!r m nor less ?an :at appe>s ^u ! face ( !m4 ,we believe t :at we call our life is "p ( ! univ]sal life ( ! ,deity--:i* is lit]ally & truly made manife/ to u 9 fle% t c be se5 & h&l$--ev] *ang+1 b ! same ye/]day1 & to-day1 & = ev]4 ,s mu* = ! clos5ess ) :i* we h come toge!r on matt]s ( fact1 & n[ = ! rappro*em5t betwe5 u 9 respect ( h[ mu* con=mity is requir$ = ! sake ( avoid+ s*ism4 ,we f9d ourselves driv5 ?r\gh consid]ations ( great obvi\sness & simplicity to ! conclusion t a man bo? may & %\ld keep no small "p ( 8 op9ions to himself1 if !y are too widely diff]5t f ^? ( o!r p = ! sake ( union & ! /r5g? ga9$ by conc]t$ action2 & we also f9d ! ,pope decl>+ ( "o ( ! brighte/ sa9ts & lum9>ies ( ! ,*ur* t we ne$ n foll[ him :5 x is pla9ly impossible = u to d s4 ,is x s v mu* to hope t ere _m ye>s are ov] ! approximation w become clos] /ill8 ,i h sometimes imag9$ t ! doctr9e ( ,papal ,infallibility may be ! beg9n+ ( a way out ( ! difficulty1 & t its promot]s 7 s eag] = x1 r = ! facilities x af=d$ = ! repeal+ ( old dogmas ?an = ! imposition ( new ones4 ,! ,pope _c1 ev5 n[1 "u any circum/ances1 decl>e a dogma ( ! ,*ur* to be obsolete or untrue1 b ,i %\ld imag9e he c1 9 c\ncil1 ex ca!dra1 modify ! int]pretation to be put ^u any dogma1 if he %\ld f9d ! int]pretation commonly receiv$ to be prejudicial to ! good ( ! ,*ur*3 & if s1 ! mann] 9 :i* ,rome c put h]self m 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( rec5t discov]ies1 )\t putt+ h]self 9 an illogical position1 is n likely to escape eyes s ke5 z ^? ( ! ,ca?olic hi]>*y4 ,no s5sible man w hesitate to admit t _m an int]pretation :i* 0 natural to & suitable = "o age is unnatural to & unsuitable = ano!r2 z circum/ances are always *ang+1 s m5's moods & ! mean+s !y atta* to words1 & ! /ate ( _! k *anges2 & h5ce1 also1 ! int]pretation ( ! dogmas 9 :i* _! conclusions are summ>iz$4 ,!re is no?+ to be a%am$ ( or t ne$s expla9+ away 9 ?is2 no?+ c rema9 *angeless "u *ang$ conditions2 & t in/itution is mo/ likely to be p]man5t :i* conta9s provision = su* *anges z "t may prove to be exp$i5t1 ) ! lea/ di/urbance4 ,i c see no?+1 !re=e1 illogical or t ne$s concealm5t 9 ! fact ( an infallible ,pope putt+ a widely diff]5t int]pretation ^u a dogma n[1 to :at a no less infallible ,pope put ^u ! same dogma fifte5 hundr$1 or ev5 fifte5 ye>s ago2 x is only "r1 reasonable1 & natural t ?is %\ld be s4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& may h made no provision = ! virtual prun+ (f ( dogmas t h become rudim5t>y1 b ! ,encyclical f :i* ,i h j quot$ leads me to ?9k t ! ,*ur* ( ,rome has f\nd "o1 &1 9 h] own cauti\s way1 is proce$+ to make use ( x4 ,if s1 %e may possibly 9 ! end get rid ( ,prote/antism by putt+ h]self m 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( ! age ?an ,prote/antism c d4 ,9 ?is case1 ! spiritual reunion ( ,*ri/5dom "u ,rome ceases to be impossible1 or ev51 ,i %\ld ?9k improbable4 ,i he>tily wi% t my conjecture conc]n+ future possibilities is n unf\nd$4 ,sci5ti/s h be5 "r 9 prea*+ evolution1 b !y h prea*$ x 9 su* a way z to make x almo/ z mu* ( a /umbl+-block z ( an assi/ance4 ,= ?\gh ! fact t animals & plants are desc5d$ f a common /ock is accept$ by ! great] & m reasonable "p ( mank9d1 ^! same p feel t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( design 9 ! univ]se is no less /rong ?an t 9 fav\r ( evolution1 & our sci5ti/s1 = ! mo/ "p1 uphold a !ory ( evolution ( :i* ! c>d9al doctr9e is t design & evolution h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r2 ! j> !y raise1 !re=e1 is z bad z ! j> !y h allay$4 ,x has be5 ! object ( ! =ego+ "w to %[ t ^? :o take ?is l9e are wrong1 & t evolution n only tol]ates design1 b _c get on )\t x4 ,! unscrupul\sness ) :i* ,i h be5 attack$1 toge!r ) ! support giv5 me by ! g5]al public1 are suffici5t pro(s t ,i h n writt5 9 va94 ,,footnotes3 #chd ,p4 #cga4 #che ,publi%$ z ,god ! ,kn[n & ,god ! ,unkn[n 9 #aiji4 7,fifield47 #chf ,sapi5tiam ,sancti ,?omae dicimus3 si quid enim e/ a doctoribus s*ola/icis vel nimia subtilitate quaesitum1 vel p>um consid]ate traditum1 si quid cum exploratis po/]ioris aevi doctr9is m9us coha]5s1 vel d5ique quoque modo non probabile1 id nullo pacto 9 animo e/ aetate no/ra ad imit&um proponi4 #chg ,edicimus lib5ti gratoque animo excipi5dum esse quidquid utilit] fu]it a quopiam inv5tum atque excogitatum4 #chh ,eph4 iv4 #c1 #d1 #e4 #chi ,eph4 v4 #cj4 #cij ,col4 i4 #bb4 #cia ,rom4 viii4 #b4 #cib ,eph4 ii4 #bb4 #cic ,eph4 iii4 #ai4 #cid #a ,cor4 vii4 #ai4 ,,index ,,abortion1 neutralization ( work+ bees an act (1 #bej ,accessory t\*es1 v>y+ ,buffon on1 #ib ,accid5t1 _m ( our be/ ?\ghts come ?\ghtlessly1 #dh1 #chd ---- pr(it+ by1 #ea1 #ec ---- & discov]y ( !ory connect+ meteors ) comets1 #ec ---- %ak+ ! bag to see :at w come out1 #ec ---- effects (1 transmitt$ to (fspr+1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 #bbd ---- & design1 ! l9e betwe5 ^! h>d to draw1 #chd ,accid5tal v>iations ?r[n = z ) dice1 #c ,accumulation ( v>iations1 ,c4 ,d>w9 deals ) !1 & n ) ! orig9 (1 #cdj1 #cda ---- ( small div]g5cies1 ,buffon on !1 #ajc ,accurate1 survival ( fitte/ m accurate ?an ,nat4 ,sel4 & sometimes equally conv5i5t1 #i1 #ced1 #cfe ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ,natural ,selection comp>$ to a c]ta9 k9d (1 #ceh ,age1 old1 ! ph5om5a (1 #fg1 #bjd1 #cha ,aggregation1 ! _s ( ! age t5ds t[>ds1 #cig1 #cih ,ahead1 no organism sees v f>1 #dd1 #dh1 #ed1 #chd ,aldrov&us1 ,buffon on ! le>n$1 #ic ,alive1 :5 we mu/ n say t an animal is alive 7to be retract$71 #bgi ,all51 ,grant1 on ',evolution1 ,old & ,new1' #chf-chh ---- on ! decay ( criticism1 #chh ---- calls ,evolutionism an almo/ exclusively ,engli% impulse1 #cic ,alt]nations ( fat & lean ye>s1 ,buffon on1 #abe ,amoeba1 !1 did n conceive ! idea ( an eye & "w t[>ds x1 #dc1 #dd1 #chd ,analogies1 false1 all words are apt to turn out to be1 #cfe ,animals1 contracts among1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w9 on1 #bje ,ape1 !1 & man1 #ij ,apes & monkeys1 ,buffon on1 #aec ---- & *ildr5 fall on all-f\rs at ! approa* ( dang]1 #cab ,app>5tibus1 de non1 et non exi/5tibus1 c41 #cf ,appe>ances1 r sup]ficial1 our only guide to classification1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #aih1 #bjd ,appet5cy1 ,paley's argum5t aga9/ ! view t /ructures h be5 develop$ ?r\gh1 #bb1 #de ,ari/ides1 ,c4 ,d>w9 z j z1 #cfc ,ari/otle d5i$ teleology1 #d ,artificial & real foot1 diff]5ces betwe51 #be ,asceticism1 virtue errs on ! side ( excess r ?an on t (1 #ce ,ass1 !1 & horse1 ,buffon's pregnant passage on _! relation%ip1 #hj1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajj1 #aja1 #adb1 #adc1 #aee1 #afd1 #caa ,au?ority1 a h>d ?+ to weigh1 #bec ,,bacon1 ,f41 on evolution1 #fi ,balzac1 quotation f1 on memory & in/9ct1 #fg ,b>k1 ,erasmus ,d>w9's !ory (1 #bjh ,beav]1 tr[el incorporat$ into ! beav]'s organism1 #h ,bees1 neutralization ( work+1 an act ( abortion1 #bej ,beetles1 ,madeira1 ,lam>ck & ,c4 ,d>w9's views ( _! w+lessness comp>$1 #cgc1 #chj ,beg91 ,h[ c\ld ! eye beg98 #df1 #dg ,beg9n+s1 ( complex /ructures1 a difficulty 9 ! way ( natural selection1 #ba1 #bb ---- difficulty ( acc\nt+ =1 #df1 #dg ---- a matt] ( conjecture & inf]5ce1 #dh ,beh9d1 m moral to be beh9d ! age ?an 9 front ( x1 #dja ,be/1 mak+ ! be/ ( :atev] p[] "o has1 #ej ,bird1 h[ birds became web-foot$1 #dh1 #di1 #ea ---- a1 w modify its ne/ a little1 "u alt]$ circum/ances1 #ee ---- ,buffon on1 #agj1 c4 ---- ne/s1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9's failure to connect ! p[] to make !m ) memory1 #bja1 #bjc ---- aquatic & wad+1 ,lam>ck on1 #cje ,bi%op1 & ,eveque1 common d]ivation (1 #cee ,bl9dfold$1 we are s f>1 t we c see a few /eps 9 front1 b no m1 #dd ---- u1 ,c4 ,d>w9 has almo/ o/5tati\sly1 #cdf ,bl9dly1 =ces int]act+ bl9dly1 #ei ,body & m9d1 ,lam>ck on1 #cch1 #cci1 #cda ,bra91 ,lam>ck _h bra9 ^u ! bra91 #cf ---- ,buffon on !1 #aca1 #acc1 c4 ,brevity may be ! s\l ( wit1 b1 c41 #cae ,bre$+1 & fe$+1 #bbb ,br[n-,sequ>d1 8 exp]im5ts on gu9ea-pigs' legs1 #cjc ,buds1 individuality (1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on !1 #bjg1 #bjh ,buffalo1 ,buffon on !1 #adh1 c4 ,buffon1 pr(\ndly sup]ficial1 #cd ---- plus il a su1 plus il a pu1 c41 #dd ---- dans l'animal il y a mo9s de jugem5t que de s5tim5t1 #ea ---- ignorance conc]n+1 #fa ---- memoir (1 #gd1 c4 ---- on glory1 g5ius1 & /yle1 #gf1 #gg ---- ironical "* ( 8 "w & me?od 7see ,irony71 #gh1 c41 #aga ---- on ! ass1 horse1 & zebra1 #hj1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajj1 #aja1 #adb1 #adc1 #aee1 #afd1 #caa ---- w\ld n play ! "p ( ,r\sseau or ,voltaire1 #ha ---- ,sir ,w4 ,j>d9e on1 & ! ,sorbonne1 #hb ---- reg>ds all animal & vegetable life z f "o common s\rce1 #ij ---- if a s+le species has ev] be5 f\nd "u dome/ication1 c41 #ia ---- on plaisant]ie1 & ! le>n$ ,aldrov&us1 #ic1 c4 ---- 8 compromise1 #ib ---- accessory t\*es1 #ib ---- especially ! same1 #if ---- fluctuation ( op9ion an unf\nd$ *>ge1 #ig1 c41 #afd ---- on ! accumulation ( small div]g5cies1 #ajc ---- began prea*+ evolution almo/ on 8 fir/ page1 #ajd ---- *apt] on ! deg5]ation des animaux1 equival5t to on desc5t ) modification1 #ajd1 c4 ---- diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 him & ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 #aje ---- probably did n diff] f ,lam>ck1 #aje ---- on direct action ( *ang$ conditions1 #aje1 #ade1 #adg ---- on man & ! l[] animals1 #ajh ---- on classification1 #ajh1 #aji1 #ada ---- on animals & plants1 #aji1 #aaj ---- on reason & in/9ct1 #aaj1 #aae ---- on f9al causes 7! pig71 #aah1 c4 ---- on hybridism1 #aag1 #aah ---- rudim5t>y organs1 #abj ---- on animals "u dome/ication1 #aba1 c41 #adh ---- deals ) ^! e>ly1 z giv+ him ! be/ opportunities = illu/rat+ ! !ory ( evolution1 #bgf ---- approa*es natural selection 9 8 by "s *ance common en\gh 9 ,nature1 #abb ---- prea*+ on ! h>e :5 he %\ld h prea*$ on ! rabbit out ( pure love ( mis*ief1 #abc ---- resumption ( f]al *>act]i/ics1 #abc ---- on ! geometrical ratio ( increase1 #abc1 c4 ---- alt]nation ( fat & lean ye>s1 #abe ---- equilibrium ( ,nature1 #abe ---- au reel1 #abf ---- on viol5t dea?1 #abf ---- on s5sation1 #abf1 c4 ---- on ! int]action ( organ & s5se1 #abg ---- ! c>nivora1 #abf ---- 8 crit]ion ( :at "n a ?+ is to be>1 #abg ---- 8 crit]ion ( p]ception & s5sation1 #abg ---- on ! unity ( ! individual1 #abg1 #abh ---- satirizes our habit ( judg+ all ?+s by our own /&>ds1 #abi ---- ! diaphragm1 #abi ---- on ! /ock & ! diaphragm1 #acj ---- di/9ction betwe5 p]ception & s5sation1 #abi1 #acj ---- on ! m5+es1 #acb ---- on ! bra91 #aca1 #acc1 c4 ---- on sci5tific or?odoxy & my/ification1 #ach ---- on ! relativity ( sci5ce1 #adj ---- on nom5clature & k1 #ada ---- on ! g5us felis1 #adc ---- on ! lion & ! tig]1 #adc1 #ade ---- on ! animals ( ! old & new _w1 #ade1 c4 ---- on *ang$ geographical di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 #ade1 #afd ---- on ext9ct species1 #adf ---- hates ! new _w1 #adf ---- on h]$ity & habit1 #adh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ---- approa*es ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 re ! ,buffalo1 ,camel1 & ,llama1 #adh1 #afj1 #afa ---- on on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 #aea ---- on ! organic & inorganic1 #aec1 c4 ---- on apes & monkeys1 #aec1 c4 ---- on ! causes or means ( ! trans=mation ( species1 #aei1 c4 ---- on g5]ic 7z well z specific7 diff]5ces1 #afd ---- on plants "u dome/ication1 #afg ---- on pigeons & f[ls1 #afi ---- on birds1 #agj1 c4 ---- ! assi/ance he r5d]$ to ,lam>ck1 #bcg1 #beh ---- ,isidore ,ge(froy's failure to und]/&1 #cbh ---- ,colonel1 #ge ,bulk1 a s9e qua non = success 9 lit]ature or sci5ce1 #cae ,bull runn+1 ,tutbury1 & ,erasmus ,d>w91 #ahg ,,camel1 ,buffon on ! h]$it>y ills ( !1 #afa ,cant1 & rudim5t>y organs1 #ch ,capt&um1 all good ?+s are done ad1 #he ,c>nivora1 ,buffon on !1 #abf ,c>riage1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9's1 #aha ,cat1 family1 ,buffon on !1 #adb1 c4 ---- ) a mane & long tail1 #adc ,cataclysms1 ! good cells t get ext]m9at$ dur+ ! cataclysms ( our own developm5t1 #ge ,cata/rophes1 ,lam>ck on1 #bgg ,causes1 or means1 ( modification1 #cja ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 says t ,buffon has n ent]$ on !1 #ajd1 c4 ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 gets u into a fog ab\t1 #cde1 c4 ,*ange1 "u *ang$ circum/ances1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cah ,*>ity1 ! greate/ ( ^! is1 #gg ,*ur*1 a1 l a second *amb]1 #djj ---- ! _w bett] ) ?an )\t1 #djj ---- %\ld be l ! fly-:eel ( a /eam eng9e1 #ajd ,circon/ances 7see ,conditions ( ,exi/5ce71 ,lam>ck on1 #bfh1 #bha ,circum/ance1 suit+ p[]1 a1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cah-cba ,classification1 r sup]ficial appe>ances our be/ guide to1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #aih1 #bjd ---- ,buffon on1 #ajh1 #aji1 #ada ,cle>1 an in]adicable t5d5cy to make ?+s1 #ib ,clif=d1 ,pr(essor1 on ,design1 #f1 #g ,climb+ plants1 ! movem5ts (1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #bji ,coh]5cy1 ! p]si/5cy ( ideas ! be/ argum5t 9 support ( _! legitimate connection1 #bc ,col]idge1 on ,d>w9is+1 #ba ,common t]ms1 our1 involve ! connection betwe5 memory & h]$ity1 #bja1 #bje ---- desc5t1 ! hidd5 bond ( ,lam>ck1 z also ( ,c4 ,d>w91 #bga ,comp>ative anatomy1 ,lam>ck on1 #bff1 c4 ,complex /ructures1 ! incipi5cy (1 a difficulty 9 ! way ( ! natural selection view ( evolution1 #ba1 #bb ,compromise1 ,buffon's1 #ib ,conditions ( exi/5ce1 ! v ess5ce ( condition involves t !re %all be p5alty 9 case ( non-fulfilm5t1 #ceb1 #cgf1 #cgg ---- & ! w+lessness ( ,madeira beetles1 #cgc1 c4 ---- accord+ to ,c4 ,d>w91 include & yet are fully embrac$ by natural selection1 #cee ---- id5tical ) natural selection1 #cea-ced ---- ,eti5ne ,ge(froy1 & ,lam>ck on1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh ---- ,buffon on !1 #ajc2 diff]5ce betwe5 ,buffon's & ,lam>ck's view ( _! action1 #aje ---- direct action ( *ang$1 ,buffon on !1 #ade1 #adg1 #afj ---- ,lam>ck on1 #aje1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bge1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjj1 c4 ,cont9uity 9 discont9uity1 & vice v]sa1 #dg ,contracts ( animals1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w9 on !1 #bje ,contrivance1 does organism %[ signs ( ?is8 #b ,conv5i5t1 n only sometimes1 b always1 m1 #cfe ,corkscrew = corks1 & lungs = respiration1 ,pr(4 ,clif=d on1 #g4 ,see also p4 #eh ---- we %\ld h gr[n a1 if draw+ corks _h be5 important to u1 #g ,creator1 a1 :o is n an organism1 un9telligible1 #f1 #aa1 #bd ,criticis+1 difficulty (1 )\t kn[+ m ?an ! m]e facts :i* are to be criticis$1 #agb ,criticism1 ,miss ,sew>d's1 on ,dr4 ,d>w9's ,elegy1 #ahi ---- ,grant ,all5 on ! decay (1 #chh ,crux1 !1 ( ! e>ly evolutioni/1 #ce ,cuttle-fi%1 natural selection l ! secretion ( a1 #ccb ,,damnation1 prais+ ) fa9t1 #aaa ,d>w91 ,*>les1 on ! eye1 d5ies design1 #h ---- decl>es v>iation to be ! cause ( v>iation1 #h1 #cdg1 #cfi ---- & bl9d *ance work+ on :i!r2 ! accumulation ( innum]able lucky accid5ts1 #da1 #db ---- our indebt$ness to1 #fb1 #ff1 #cce ---- has adopt$ "o half ( ,isidore ,ge(froy's conclusion )\t v]ify+ ei!r1 #hc ---- on ,buffon's fluctuation ( op9ion1 #ig ---- on ,isidore ,ge(froy1 #ig ---- 8 ass]tion t ,buffon has n ent]$ on ! causes or means ( trans=mation1 #ajd ---- 8 meagre notice ( 8 gr&fa!r1 #aif ---- 8 treatm5t ( ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 #fe1 #bdg1 #bdh ---- attributes ! *>act]i/ics ( neut] insects to natural selection1 #bdi ---- 8 treatm5t ( ,lam>ck1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #bih1 #cad1 #cgf ---- great is ! p[] ( /eady misrepres5tation1 #bea ---- 8 happy simplicity ab\t animals & plants "u dome/ication1 #bgf ---- 8 notice ( ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w 9 ! imp]fect hi/orical sket* :i* he has prefac$ to ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 #cae1 #caf ---- po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 him & ,lam>ck1 #cce-ccg ---- sees no broad pr9ciple und]ly+ v>iation1 #cci ---- dwells on ! accumulation ( v>iations1 ! orig9ation ( :i* he leaves unacc\nt$ =1 #cdj1 #cda ---- 8 v>iations be+ due to no g5]al und]ly+ pr9ciple1 w n t5d to appe> 9 def9ite directions1 nor to _m individuals at a "t1 nor to be con/ant = long toge!r1 #cdb ---- speaks ( natural selection z a cause ( modification1 :ile decl>+ x to be a means only1 #cde1 c4 ---- 8 explanation ( ?is1 #chd1 c4 ---- 8 dilemma1 z reg>ds ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 #cdf ---- decl>es ! fact ( v>iation to be ! cause ( v>iation1 #h1 #cdg1 #cfi ---- if he _h told u m ( :at ,buffon1 c41 said1 & :]e !y 7 wrong1 he w\ld h tak5 a c\rse1 c41 #ceg ---- on ! ease ) :i* we c hide our ignorance "u a cl\d ( words1 #ceh ---- apologizes = hav+ und]rat$ ! frequ5cy & importance ( v>iation due to spontane\s v>iability1 #ceh ---- 8 ,orig9 ( ,species l ! op9ion ( a lawy] :o want$ to leave loopholes1 or an ,act ( ,p>liam5t full ( repeal$ & ins]t$ clauses1 #ceh ---- accus$ ( confusion & inaccuracy ( ?\ght1 #cei ---- z j z ,ari/ides himself1 #cfd ---- mo/ c&id lit]>y oppon5t 9 ! _w1 #cfd ---- decl>es ,nature to be ! mo/ important means ( modification1 & v>iation to be ! cause ( v>iations1 #cfi ---- l a w-o'-!-wisp1 #cgb ---- disuse1 ! ma9 ag5t 9 r$uc+ w+s ( ,madeira beetles1 #cgg ---- h[ he & ,lam>ck treat ! w+lessness ( ,madeira beetles respectively1 #cgc-chj ---- an example ( 8 mann]1 #cgh ---- ! way 9 :i* he met ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 #cic ,d>w91 ,erasmus1 nev] q recogniz$ design1 #ci ---- ignorance conc]n+1 #fa ---- on reason & in/9ct1 #aae1 c4 ---- life (1 #agc1 c4 ---- 9 ,nott+ham m>ket-place1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aig ---- & ,dr4 ,johnson1 #ahd1 #ahe ---- & ,tutbury bull runn+1 #ahg ---- 8 poetry ab\t ! pump1 & illu/ration1 #hd1 #aic ---- %\ld h giv5 8 evolution !ory a book to itself1 #aig ---- _h no wi% to see f> beyond ! obvi\s1 #aig ---- mu/ be admitt$ to h miss$ detect+ ,buffon's hum\r1 #hc1 #hd1 #aig ---- did n attribute in/9cts & /ructures to memory pure & simple1 #aih ---- on ! reason+ p[]s ( animals1 & on in/9ct1 #bja1 #bje ---- 8 failure to connect memory & in/9ct1 z ) birds' ne/s1 #bja-bjc ---- fail$ to see ! f\r ma9 propositions :i* ,i cont5d$ = 9 ,life & ,habit1 #cg1 #bjc1 #bjd ---- on ! analogies betwe5 animal & vegetable life1 #bjf1 c4 ---- on s5sitive plants1 #bjf1 #baj ---- on ! individuality ( buds1 & 8 !ory ( b>k1 #bjg1 #bjh ---- on ! movem5ts ( climb+ plants1 #bji ---- on ! on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 #bad2 ! embryo n a new animal1 #bae ---- on animals "u dome/ication1 #bbc ---- on ! effects ( accid5ts transmitt$ to (fspr+1 #bbd ---- sees /ruggle1 & h5ce modification1 turn ma9ly r\nd ?ree great wants1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #beg1 #bgi ---- on desire z a means ( modification1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bei ---- by a slip approa*es ! error ( 8 gr&son1 #bbg1 #bbh ---- on embryonic metamorphoses1 #bcj1 #bca ---- believ$ animals & plants to be desc5d$ f a common /ock1 #bcc ---- & ,lam>ck comp>$1 #beg ---- on ! /ruggle ( exi/5ce1 & ! survival ( ! fitte/1 #bbg1 #bcb1 #bei ,d>w91 ,mrs4 ,erasmus1 dea?-b$ (1 #agh ,d>w91 ,francis1 m5tion$1 #aji ---- 8 int]e/+ lecture1 #bjf ---- does n use ! expression natural selection1 #cfh ,d>w9is+1 ,col]idge on1 #ba ,d>w9ism1 ! old ,d>w9ism involves desire1 inv5tion1 & design1 #eh ---- mod]n1 fall+ into disfav\r1 #fj ---- & evolution n to be conf\nd$1 #cfj1 #cfa ,day1 ! portrait (1 by ,wright ( ,d]by1 #ahj ,dea?1 viol5t1 ,buffon on1 #abf ---- ( ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 #aic1 #aid ,dea?-b$ ( ,mrs4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 #agh ,de$1 illu/ration drawn f a v intricate1 #bh ,def9ite1 ) ,lam>ck ! v>iations are1 #cda1 #cdd ,deg5]ations1 #hg ,dem& & supply1 l p[] & desire1 #bbb1 #cjj ,demon/rative case1 ?is demon/rative case ( neut] insects1 c41 #bdi1 #bih1 #cad ,desc5t1 ) modification1 spok5 ( z ?\gh synonym\s ) natural selection1 #bdh1 #cef ,design1 & organism1 %all we or %all we n connect ^! ideas8 #b ---- ,ari/otle d5i$1 ,plato upheld1 ,haeckel on1 #d ---- ,pr(4 ,clif=d's d5ial (1 #f1 #g ---- does c]ta9ly involve a design] :o has an organism1 :o c ?9k1 & make mi/akes1 #f1 #bd ---- a belief 9 bo? design & evolution1 commonly held to be incompatible1 #i ---- ,sir ,w4 ,?omson & ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el on1 #aa ---- ,paley on1 #ab1 c4 ---- light ?r[n by embryology on ! me?od (1 #be ---- ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes opposes1 #bf ---- ! ?ree positions 9 respect to1 tak5 by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,paley1 & ! e>li] evolutioni/s1 #ca ---- ! fir/ evolutioni/s did n see t _! view ( evolution involv$ design1 #cd ---- f )9 z mu* design z f )\t1 #cf ---- 0 equival5t to !ological design1 ) ! e>ly evolutioni/s1 #cf ---- if ea* /ep is tak5 design$ly1 ! :ole is done design$ly1 #eb1 #chd ---- & accid5t1 ! l9e betwe5 !m h>d to draw2 %ak+ ! bag1 c41 #ec1 #chd ---- in/9ct orig9at$ 91 #ed ---- z mu* lo/ sight ( ) old-e/abli%$ =ms ( ! /eam-eng9e z ) birds' ne/s or ! :eel1 #ee ---- ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w9's failure to see t evolution involves design1 #aie ---- we feel ! want (1 z mu* z we d ( evolution1 #djg ---- evolution n only tol]ates1 b _c get on )\t1 #djh ,design]1 ,i believe 9 an organic & tangible design] ( e complex /ructure1 #f ---- :]e is he8 %[ him to u1 c41 #bi1 #cj ---- !1 ( any organism1 ! organism itself1 #cj1 #ca1 #dj ,desire & p[]1 int]action (1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #abg1 #bag1 #bba1 #cjj1 #cbb ---- & p[]1 l weal?1 #bbb ---- z a means ( modification1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bei ,developm5t1 ! hi/ory ( organic1 ! hi/ory ( a moral /ruggle1 #de ---- always due to mak+ ! be/ ( ! pres5t1 #ej ,devils1 #bj1jjj1 danc+ a s>ab& on ! po9t ( a ne$le1 #baf ,dew drop1 or l5s1 !1 & ,"l ,rosse's telescope1 #dd1 #dg ,diaphragm1 ,buffon on !1 #abi ,dice1 accid5tal v>iations ?r[n = z )1 #c ,diff]5ce betwe5 animal & ord9>y me*anism1 #bd ---- ! ma91 betwe5 ! manufacture ( tools & t ( organs1 #ci ,dilemma1 ,c4 ,d>w9's1 #cdf ,direct action ( *ang$ conditions1 ,buffon on !1 #aje1 #ade1 #adg1 #afj ,discont9uity 9 cont9uity1 #dg ,disease1 accid5ts foll[$ by1 #cjc ,dis9tegration1 ,prote/antism t5ds t[>ds1 #cig ,di/ribution1 geographical1 *ang$1 ,buffon on1 #ade1 #afd ,disuse1 & ! w+lessness ( ,madeira beetles1 we are almo/ surpris$ to f9d t !y are connect$ at all1 #cge ---- ! ma9 ag5t 9 r$uc+ ! w+s ( ,madeira beetles1 #cgg ---- "s examples ( ! effect (1 adduc$ by ,lam>ck1 #cgh ,dog1 ,buffon on !1 #abj ---- ,lam>ck on ! v>i\s bre$s ( !1 #big ,dome/ication1 a s+le case ( a species =m$ "u dome/ication suffici5t to remove ! a priori difficulty f a compreh5sive !ory ( evolution1 #ij1 #ia1 #caa ---- plants "u1 ,buffon on1 #afg1 c4 ---- ,buffon on animals "u1 #ajc1 #abj1 c41 #adh1 c41 #aei1 c41 #bgf ---- animals "u1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #bbc ---- animals "u1 ,buffon on1 #aba1 c41 #adh1 #bgf ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 on1 #bgf ---- animals & plants "u1 ,lam>ck on1 #bge1 #bic1 #bif1 #big1 #cjj ---- animals & plants "u1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cbd ,door1 ! do+ any?+ well w op5 ! door = do+ some?+ else1 #ea ,ducks1 our dome/icat$1 :y !y _c fly l wild ones1 #bif1 #cji ,,e>n1 y are b do+ y\r be/ to e>n an hone/ liv+1 #bi ,e>s are nev] f\nd 9 a rudim5t>y condition1 #cgi ,eat1 or be eat51 #agg ,ef=t1 ,paley's argum5t t /ructures h n be5 develop$ ?r\gh1 #bb1 #de ---- too mu*1 z vici\s z indol5ce1 #ce ---- nei!r too mu* nor too little1 #ej ---- ,h]culean1 condemn$1 #aig ,egyptian mummies1 ,lam>ck on1 #bgd1 #bge ,embryology1 ! light x ?r[s ^u ! mode 9 :i* organisms h be5 design$1 #be ,embryonic metamorphoses1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #bcj1 #bca ,embryonic developm5t1 ,lam>ck on1 #bhi ,encyclical1 ! ,pope's1 on ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #djb1 c4 ,endeav\r1 ,paley's argum5t aga9/ ! view t /ructures h be5 develop$ ?r\gh1 #bb1 #de ,end[m5t1 ! new or?odoxy1 :i* is clam\r+ =1 #cfj ,engli% w9es1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9's pref]5ce =1 #age ,environm5t4 ,see ,conditions ( ,exi/5ce ,equilibrium1 !1 ( ,nature1 ,buffon on !1 #abe ,err1 ! p[] to1 rat$ highly1 #bi ---- x is on ?is m>g9 t we may err or w&]1 #ej ---- virtue ev] errs on ! side ( excess1 #ce ,error1 importance (1 dep5d5t on ! di/ance1 r ?an ! direction1 #ej ,especially ! same1 #ib1 #if ,e?iopian1 !1 c *ange 8 sk91 if x becomes wor? 8 :ile to try long en\gh1 #dj ,eveque & bi%op1 common d]ivation (1 #cee ,ev]la/+1 ,god1 h[ f>1 #cb ,evolution1 commonly held incompatible ) design1 #i ---- ,paley1 its fir/ s]i\s oppon5t 9 ,engl&1 #ba ---- ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh on1 #ba1 #gj ---- mu/ /& or fall accord+ z x re/s on a purposive f\ndation or no1 #fj ---- brief summ>y ( its six pr9cipal /ages1 #fb1 c4 ---- ,bacon on1 #fi ---- ! !ory (1 z ap>t f ! evid5ce 9 support ( x1 #ccb ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck are equally int5t ^u e/abli%+ ! same !ory ( evolution1 #cce-ccg ---- & ,d>w9ism1 n to be conf\nd$1 #cfj1 #cfa ---- ,rome & ,pan!ism meet 91 #djc ,evolutioni/s1 ! e>ly1 did n "k t !y accept$ teleology1 #cd ---- ! e>ly1 saw design1 only z design by ! ,god ( !ologians1 #cf ,exp]i5ce & in/9ct1 ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cbb ,ext9ct species1 ,lam>ck on1 #bgg ---- ,buffon on1 #adf1 #bgg ,eye1 no creature t _h no?+ l an eye ev] set itself to conceive "o & gr[ "o1 #dd1 #chg ---- ,paley asks h[ w our philosoph] get an eye8 #df ---- ( flat fi%1 ,lam>ck on !1 #cjg ---- ,lam>ck on !1 ( und]gr\nd & cave-inhabit+ animals1 #cgh ---- disappe> & reappe> 9 ! scale ( organism accord+ to ! p[] ( us+ !m1 #cgi ,,fai?1 =ms (1 or fai?s ( =m1 c41 #cci ,famili>ity1 ) a little1 su* sup]ficial objections w be =gott51 #cfg ,f> ahead1 no organism ev] saw an improvem5t a long way (f & made t[>ds x1 #dc1 #dd1 #dh1 #di1 #ed1 #chd ,fa!r1 ! man :o c\ld be fa!r ( su* a son & reta9 8 affection1 c41 #gf ,factors1 !re h be5 two1 ( modification1 "o produc+ & ! o!r accumulat+ v>iations1 #bbg ,fecundity1 alt]nate ye>s (1 ,buffon on1 #abe ,fe$+ & bre$+1 #bbb ,feel1 if plants & animals look z if !y feel1 let u say !y feel1 #aih ,feel+1 !re is m feel+ ?an reason 9 animals1 #ea ,f]al *>act]i/ics1 resumption (1 ,buffon on1 #abc ,f9al causes1 ! doctr9e (1 z commonly held 9 ! "t ( ! e>ly evolutioni/s1 #cd1 #cf ---- ,buffon on1 #aah1 c4 ,fitness1 ! cause (1 m important ?an ! fact t fitness is commonly fit1 & !re=e successful1 #cea ,flat fi%1 ,lam>ck on ! eyes (1 #cjg ,fluctuation ( op9ion1 ,c4 ,d>w9 on ,buffon's1 ! *>ge refut$1 #ig1 c41 #afd1 #aff ,font5elle1 on !ories1 #bb ,foot1 & model ( foot1 diff]5ces betwe51 #bd ,=ms ( fai?1 or fai?s ( =m1 c41 #cci ,f\r ma9 po9ts :i* ! e>ly evolutioni/s fail$ to see 9 _! connection & be>+ on ea* o!r1 #cg1 #bjc ,f\r ma9 pr9ciples1 !1 :i* ,i cont5d$ = 9 ,life & ,habit1 #cg1 #bjc1 #chj1 #cha ,f[ls & pigeons1 ,buffon on1 #afi ,,g>nett1 ,mr4 ,r41 & ,d>w9is+1 #ba ,g5ius1 ,mr4 ,all5 says ,i am a1 #chh ,g5tleman1 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome means ! same by ! ^w z we d1 #cie ,ge(froy1 ,eti5ne1 h[ small a way he goes1 #aif ---- & ,isidore1 trimm]s1 #cbh ---- on ,buffon1 #cbh ---- on conditions ( exi/5ce1 #cbf1 #cbg ---- decl>es aga9/ ,lam>ck's hypo!sis1 #cbh ---- 8 position1 #cbe-cbh ,ge(froy1 ,isidore1 on evolution & f9al causes1 #i ---- on ,buffon's fluctuation ( op9ion1 #ih1 c41 #afd1 #aff ---- po9ts out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! views ( ,buffon & ,lam>ck1 #aje ---- /atem5t t ,buffon's op9ions fluctuat$ aga9 refut$1 #aff ---- & ,lam>ck's hypo!sis1 #bdd-bdf1 #cbi ---- on ,buffon1 #cbh ---- 8 position1 #cbi ,g5ealogical ord]1 ,lam>ck on1 #bfd ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 on1 #bfe ,g5]ation m rem>kable ?an reason1 ,hume on1 #bcc ,g5]ic diff]5ces 7z well z specific71 ,buffon on1 #afd ,g5ius1 a supreme capacity = tak+ pa9s1 #gf ,geographical di/ribution1 *ang$1 ,buffon on1 #ade1 c41 #afd ,geometrical ratio ( increase1 ,buffon on1 #abc ---- ,lam>ck1 on1 #bhj ---- ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cbj1 #cba ,g]m ( oak indi/+ui%able f t ( a man1 #ccd ,g]mans1 ,buffon on !1 #ic ,glory comes aft] lab\r if %e c1 c41 #gf ,g away1 because _! uncles1 aunts1 #cgf ,god1 embodi$ 9 liv+ =ms1 & dwell+ 9 !m1 #ca ---- h[ f> ev]la/+1 invisible1 imp]i%able1 omnipot5t1 c41 #cb ---- ! unse5 p>ts (1 are z a deep-buri$ hi/ory1 #cc ,goe!1 z an evolutioni/1 #ga ,gradations inf9itely subtle1 #hg ,grant ,all51 on ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 #chf-chh ---- on ! decay ( criticism1 #chh ---- says t ,evolutionism is an almo/ exclusively ,engli% impulse1 #cic ,greyh\nd or racehorse1 ! well-adapt$ =m ( !1 #cei ,gr[? att5d$ at ea* /ep by a felicit\s temp]+ ( two antagoni/ic pr9ciples1 #ce ,gu5eau de ,montbeill>d1 #agb1 #agc ,,habit1 ,life &4 ,see ,life & ,habit4 ---- rudim5t>y organs repeat$ ?r\gh m]e =ce (1 #ch1 #ci ---- ,buffon on1 #adh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ---- a second ,nature1 ,lam>ck on1 #cjj ,habits1 or use1 & organ1 ,lam>ck on ! int]action (1 #bib1 #caa ,haeckel1 on design1 #d1 #e ---- on ,goe! z an evolutioni/1 #ga ---- does n appe> to "k ( ,buffon z an evolutioni/1 #ga1 #cic ---- 8 surpris+ /atem5t conc]n+ ,lam>ck1 #gc ---- 8 ignorance conc]n+ ,erasmus ,d>w91 #gc1 #cic ---- on ,lam>ck1 #bdf1 #bdg ---- ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace's review ( 8 ,evolution ( ,man1 #chb1 #chd ,hamlet1 ! ,orig9 ( ,species l ,hamlet )\t ,hamlet1 #cfc ,h&ie/1 a man %\ld d :atev] comes h&ie/1 #ea1 #eb ,h>e1 ,buffon on !1 #abc1 c4 ,h>tmann's philosophy ( ! unconsci\s1 & ,life & ,habit1 #ef1 #eg ,he>+1 :5 we once rea* animals s l[ z to h no organ (1 we lose ?is organ = good & all1 #cgi ,h]$ity & habit1 ,buffon on1 #adh1 #aei1 #afj1 #afa1 #afb ---- only ano!r t]m = unkn[n causes1 unless ! ,life & ,habit !ory be adopt$1 #chd ,h]+1 ,pr(essor1 ref]r$ to1 #ff1 #fg ---- 8 !ory z giv5 9 ,nature by ,ray ,lanke/]1 #aih-bjj ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 comp>es natural selection to ! ,laputan me?od ( mak+ books1 #aj ,higgl+ & haggl+ ( ! m>ket1 #ej ,hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 ea* organism is a1 f its own po9t ( view1 #ca ,horse & ass1 ,buffon's mo/ pregnant passage on !1 #hj1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajj1 #aja1 #adb1 #adc1 #aee1 #afd1 #caa ---- & man1 skeleton ( !1 #hh1 #hi ---- & zebra1 ,buffon on !1 example ( irony1 #hj1 #aee1 #afd ,hume1 8 say+ t g5]ation is m rem>kable ?an reason1 #bcc ,huxley1 ,pr(essor1 ref]r$ to1 #ic ---- po9t$ out to ,pr(essor ,miv>t ! difficulty 9 ! way ( natural selection1 #cdd ---- 8 ignorance conc]n+ ! e>li] hi/ory ( evolution1 #cib1 #cic ,hybridism1 ,buffon on1 #aag1 #aah ,hybrids1 /]ility (1 ,lam>ck on1 & ,c4 ,d>w9 on1 #bgb1 #bgc ,,ideas1 ! bond or nexus ( our1 #bc1 #bi1 #cj ,ignorance1 ! prevail+1 conc]n+ ! e>li] evolutioni/s1 #fa ---- x is easy to hide our1 "u su* expressions z plan ( creation1 or natural selection1 #ceh ,imitation1 in/9ct n ref]able to1 z ma9ta9$ by ,erasmus ,d>w91 #bjb ,immutability ( species & design commonly accept$ toge!r1 #i1 #aj ,improvem5ts1 small successive1 9 man's inv5tions1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #ed1 #ee1 #chd ,inaccuracy ( ?\ght1 ,c4 ,d>w9 accus$ (1 #cei ,incipi5cy1 ( complex /ructures1 a difficulty 9 ! way ( ! ,natural selection view ( evolution1 #ba1 #bb ,incorporate1 ! design] is1 ) ! organism1 #cj ,increase1 geometrical ratio ( ,buffon on !1 #abc ---- ,lam>ck on1 #bhj ---- ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cbj1 #cba ,indef9ite1 ) ,c4 ,d>w9 ! v>iations are1 #cdb1 #cdd ,indiff]5ce1 ,i say ,i am m indiff]5t ?an ,i ?9k ,i am1 :e!r m9d is or is n ! lea/ mislead+ symbol = ! cause t su/a9s ! univ]se1 #cga ,indirect action ( conditions ( exi/5ce accord+ to ,lam>ck1 #bid1 #bii1 #cjf4 7,see ,conditions ( ,exi/5ce7 ,individuality1 ,buffon on1 #abh ---- ( buds1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on !1 #bjg1 #bjh ---- our1 a cons5sus1 or full-fl[+ riv]1 #cah ,infallibility1 possible results ( ! doctr9e ( ,papal1 #djf ,insectivor\s plants1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #bjf ,in/ep1 ligam5t t b9ds ! t5dons ( !1 ,paley on !1 #bb ,in/9ct1 pres5t1 does n b> its hav+ aris5 9 reason & reflection1 #ec1 #ed ---- returns to its e>li] phase1 i4 e4 to reason on ! pres5ce ( ! unfamili>1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef ---- & reason1 ,buffon on1 #aaj-aaf ---- ,d>w91 ,erasmus1 on1 #aae1 #aaf1 #bjd ---- n ref]able to imitation1 z ma9ta9$ by ,erasmus ,d>w91 #bjb ---- is reason become habitual1 #bjc ---- reason p]fect$ & got by rote1 #bef ---- & reason1 ,lam>ck on1 #bef1 #beg1 #bgd ---- ref]r$ to exp]i5ce & memory1 by ,patrick ,mat!w1 #cbb ,insult1 ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 n int5d$ z an insult to m5 ( sci5ce1 #cib ,int]action ( want & p[]1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #bag1 #bah1 #bba1 #cjj1 #cbc ---- ( body & m9d1 ,lam>ck on !1 #cch1 #cci1 #cda ,int]e/+1 ! m int]e/+ ! animal ! m evolution ,buffon puts into 8 acc\nt ( x1 #hd ,int]m$iate =ms1 ,lam>ck on1 #bhc1 #bhf ---- ,c4 ,d>w91 #bhd1 #bhe ,inv5tions1 small successive improvem5ts 9 man's1 & developm5t (1 analog\s to t ( organism1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #ed1 #ee1 #chd ,irony1 good-natur$ & ! rev]se1 #ia ---- an apology =1 & explanation h[ f> x is legitimate1 #aaa1 #aab ---- ,buffon's1 #gh1 c41 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #aee1 #aeg1 #afc1 #afd ,,j>d9e1 ,sir ,w41 on ,buffon's "*1 #hb ,johnson1 ,dr41 & ,erasmus ,d>w91 #ahd1 #ahe ,jo9ts1 ,paley on ! human1 #ai1 #bj ,juggle1 ,paley's argum5t a juggle1 unless man has _h a bona fide p]sonal1 & !re=e organic design]1 #ad1 #af ,,knee-,,pan1 ,paley on ! human1 #ah ,k1 nom5clature mi/ak5 =1 #ada ,,lab\r1 glory comes aft]1 if %e c1 #gf ,lam>ck1 _h bra9 ^u ! bra91 #cf ---- nev] q recogniz$ design1 #ci ---- ,haeckel's surpris+ /atem5t conc]n+1 #gc ---- :]e9 he ma9ly diff]s f ,buffon1 #aje ---- memoir (1 #bce ---- 8 connection ) ,buffon1 z tutor to 8 son1 c41 #bcg1 #beh ---- 8 daught]s1 #bdb1 #bec ---- 8 pov]ty & bl9dness1 #bdb1 #bec ---- ,isidore ,ge(froy on1 bad c>icature ( 8 tea*+1 #bdd-bdf ---- ,haeckel on1 #bdf1 #bdg ---- nev] s]i\sly discuss$1 #bdg ---- ! well-kn[n doctr9e (1 ,c4 ,d>w9's ref]5ce to1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #bih1 #cad1 #cgf ---- on ! opposition 8 !ory met )1 #beb ---- too old to h begun 8 unequal conte/1 #bec ---- on ! feel+ ( animals1 #bed1 #bee ---- too !ory-ridd51 #bed ---- misl$ by ,buffon 7qu]y71 #bee ---- took f ,buffon )\t suffici5t ackn[l$gm5t1 #bee1 #beh1 #bfj1 #caa ---- z comp>$ ) ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 #beg ---- l ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w91 sees /ruggle & modification turn ma9ly r\nd ?ree great wants1 #beg1 #bgi1 #cjj1 #cji ---- :5 & h[ he came ov] to ! side ( mutability1 #beh ---- & ! ,fr5* translation ( ! ,loves ( ! ,plant1 #bei ---- on comp>ative anatomy1 #bff ---- on species1 #bfg1 c4 ---- on conditions ( exi/5ce 7circon/ances71 #aje1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bge1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bia1 #bib1 #bid1 #bie1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjj1 c4 ---- on in/9ct1 #bgd ---- on animals & plants "u dome/ication1 #bge1 #bic1 #bif1 #big1 #cjj ---- on ext9ct species1 #bgg ---- anticipat$ ,lyell 9 reject+ cata/rophes1 #bgg ---- on ! geometrical ratio ( increase & /ruggle = exi/5ce1 #bhj-bhb ---- on embryonic developm5t1 #bhi ---- ! ma9 pr9ciples :i* he supposes to und]lie v>iations1 #bib1 #bii1 #cch1 #cci ---- 8 cont5tion t plants h nei!r actions nor habits1 #bie ---- on use & disuse1 #bid1 #bif1 #bii1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg-cji ---- on ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! dog1 #big ---- habit a second nature1 #cjj ---- l ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,buffon1 und]/ood ! survival ( ! fitte/1 #cja ---- on ! way 9 :i* s]p5ts h lo/ _! legs1 #cjc ---- on wad+ & aquatic birds1 #cje ---- on ! eyes ( flat fi%1 #cjg ---- on man1 #caa1 c4 ---- on a s+le in/ance ( consid]able v>iation "u dome/ication1 #caa ---- on spee*1 #cac1 #cad ---- on ! upright position ( man & c]ta9 apes1 #cac ---- 81 & ,eti5ne ,ge(froy's views on conditions ( exi/5ce1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh ---- 8 hypo!sis1 & ,isidore ,ge(froy1 #cbi ---- ,h]b]t ,sp5c] on1 #ccj1 #cca ---- desir$ to discov] ! law und]ly+ v>iations1 #ccg ---- ! ext5t to :i* he & ,c4 ,d>w9 take common gr\nd1 #cce-ccg ---- on body & m9d1 #cch1 #cci1 #cda ---- on 8 !ory v>iations w be def9ite1 w appe> 9 l>ge numb]s ( individuals at ! same "t1 = long p]iods toge!r1 #cda ---- h[ he & ,c4 ,d>w9 treat ! w+lessness ( ,madeira beetles respectively1 #cgc-chj ---- on ! eyes & e>s ( cave-inhabit+ animals1 #cgh1 #cgi ,laputan me?od ( mak+ books1 !1 & natural selection1 #aa ,lawy]'s de$1 if we come across a v intricate1 c41 #bg ,leop>d1 !1 c *ange 8 spots if x becomes wor? 8 :ile to try long en\gh1 #dj ,lewes1 ,g4 ,h41 on embryology1 #be ---- 8 objection to ! t5tativ5ess ) :i* ! same errors are repeat$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 #bf ---- 8 objection to ,c4 ,d>w9's language conc]n+ natural selection1 #cdf ,lewes1 ,g4 ,h41 on natural selection1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cei ,life1 "s rem>ks ab\t ! crit]ion (1 t ,i mu/ retract1 #bgi ---- "o ,proteus pr9cipal (1 #cbj ,life & ,habit1 :at ,i believe to h be5 its mo/ important features1 #fg1 #bjc1 #bjd ---- recapitulation ( ! ma9 pr9ciple insi/$ on1 #cg1 #ef1 #bjc1 #chj1 #cha1 #chd ---- & ,h>tmann's philosophy ( ! unconsci\s1 ,g]man review1 #ef1 #eg ,lifetime1 consid]able modifications effect$ dur+ a s+le1 #cjd ---- ! *anges und]gone by organisms dur+ a s+le1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 on1 #ccb-ccd ,ligam5t1 !1 :i* b9ds d[n ! t5dons ( ! in/ep1 #ba ,liv+1 ,paley is b do+ 8 be/ to e>n an hone/1 #bi ---- =ms ( fai?1 or fai?s ( =m1 #cci ,l9es1 no %>p c be drawn1 #dg ,lion & tig]1 ,buffon on !1 #adc1 #ade ,llama1 ,buffon on ! h]$it>y ills ( !1 #afa ,longevity1 ! pr9ciple und]ly+1 #fg1 #chj1 #cha ,loopholes = escape1 ! ,orig9 ( ,species full (1 #ceh ,loves ( ! ,plants1 ,fr5* translation ( !1 #fc1 #bei ,lungs = respiration1 & corkscrew = corks1 ,pr(essor ,clif=d on1 #g4 7,see also p4 #eh7 ,lyell1 ,sir ,c41 & ,lam>ck1 #bgg ---- on ! simil>ity betwe5 ,lam>ck's !ory & ,mr4 ,d>w9's1 #ccf1 #ccg ,,ma*9e1 ,paley decl>es animals to be nei!r :olly ma*9es nor :olly n ma*9es1 #ad ,madeira beetles1 ! ways 9 :i* ,lam>ck & ,c4 ,d>w9 w\ld treat _! w+lessness1 #cgc-chj ,maillet1 de1 ref]r$ to1 #gj ,ma9spr+1 ! true1 ( our exi/5ce lies n 9 ^! muscles1 c41 #cb ,man1 ! design] ( man1 #cj ---- & horse1 skeleton ( !1 #hh1 #hi ---- & ! ape1 #ij ---- & ! l[] animals1 ,buffon on1 #ajg1 #ajh ---- ,lam>ck on1 #caa1 c4 ,mann]1 !1 is ! man himself1 #gg ---- b ?is is ,mr4 ,d>w9's1 #cgh ,manufacture1 !1 ( tools & ( organs1 two species ( ! same g5us1 #ci ,m>g91 !re is a m>g9 9 e organic /ructure1 c41 #di1 #ej ---- on ! m>g9 ( ! self-evid5t ! greate/ pur*ase is obta9able1 #aig ,m>ket1 ! higgl+ & haggl+ ( !1 #ej ,m>t9s1 ,m41 8 life ( ,lam>ck1 #bce1 c4 ,matt] less important ?an ! mann]1 #gg ---- & m9d1 insep>able1 #cga ,mat!w1 ,mr4 ,patrick1 8 "w on naval timb] & arboriculture1 #fd1 #fe ---- extracts f1 #cae1 c4 ---- ,mr4 ,c4 ,d>w9 on1 #cae ---- on animals & plants "u dome/ication1 #cbd ---- on w z influ5c+ organism1 #cbj1 #cba1 #cbb ---- on ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) survival ( ! fitte/1 #cbj1 #cbb ---- & natural selection1 #cbc ---- on in/9ct & memory1 & on ! cont9u$ p]sonality ( p>5ts 9 (fspr+1 #cba1 #cbb1 #cbc ,means1 ,c4 ,d>w9's dang]\s use ( ?is ^w1 #cde ---- "o s9e qua non = a ?+ is z mu* a means ( t ?+'s com+ ab\t z any?+ else is1 #cdi ,me*anism ( animals1 ,paley on !1 #ad ,me*anism ( animals1 evid5ce ( design 9 any ord9>y1 #ae ,memory1 & life & h]$ity1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #ef1 #fg1 #aih-bjc1 #ccb1 #chj1 #cha ---- ,pr(essor ,h]+ on1 #aih-bjj ---- ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cbb ,meteoric1 bo? want & p[] are1 #dd1 #de ,m5+es1 ,buffon on !1 #acb ,microcosm1 ea* organism a hi/ory ( ! univ]se f its own po9t ( view1 #ca ,microscope1 illu/ration f successive improvem5ts 9 !1 #df1 #dg ,m9d1 ! lea/ inadequate & mislead+ symbol1 = ! p[] t has design$ organism1 #c1 #cga ---- & body1 ,lam>ck on1 #cch1 #cci1 #cda ---- & matt] insep>able1 #cga ,mis=tune1 take advantage (1 #ea ,misrepres5tation1 great is ! p[] ( /eady1 #bea ,mission>ies %\ld avoid try+ to effect sudd5 modifications1 #ahc ,mi/ake1 ! p[] to make1 rat$ highly1 #bi ---- importance (1 dep5ds on magnitude r ?an on ! direction1 #ej ,miv>t1 ,pr(essor1 says t1 ,m9d is ! lea/ adequate & mislead+ symbol1 c41 #c1 #cga ---- ref]r$ to1 #bb1 #ff1 #fg ---- admits t 8 objection does n tell aga9/ ! ,lam>ckian !ory ( evolution1 #cdc ---- po9ts out t ! admission ( a pr9ciple und]ly+ v>iations is fatal to ,c4 ,d>w9's !ory conc]n+ natural selection1 #cdc ---- on ,c4 ,d>w9's haphaz>d1 indef9ite v>iations1 #cdc ---- h[ ,pr(essor ,huxley po9t$ out to him ! objection to ,c4 ,d>w9's !ory conc]n+ natural selection1 #cdd ---- asks :at is natural selection8 & decl>es x to be repudiat$ by its prop\nd]1 #cfi ---- decl>es x to be no?+1 & a pu]ile hypo!sis1 #cgj1 #cga ---- decl>es ! causes ( v>iation to be ! causes ( ! di/9ction ( species1 #cgj ,model1 artificial1 ( a foot1 & true foot1 diff]5ce betwe51 #bd ,modification4 ,x is only on modification t reason reass]ts itself1 #ee ---- !re h be5 two factors (1 "o produc+ v>iations1 & ! o!r accumulat+ !m1 #bbg ---- arriv$ at by /ruggle r\nd ?ree great wants1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #bbf-bbi ---- ,lam>ck on ! same1 #beg1 #bgi1 #cjj1 #cja ---- ! cause ( survival1 n survival ! cause ( modification1 #cjb ,moral1 an organism is mo/1 :5 look+ a little ahead1 b n too f>1 #dd ---- /ruggle1 ! hi/ory ( organic developm5t1 ! hi/ory ( a1 #de ---- m1 & saf]1 to be beh9d ! age ?an 9 front ( x1 #dja ,movem5t1 ,buffon's great crit]ion ( s5sation1 #abg ,mummies1 ,egyptian1 ,lam>ck on1 #bgd1 #bge ,murphy1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,j41 m5tion$1 #bb ---- ref]r$ to1 #ff1 #fg ,mutability ( species commonly held to be incompatible ) a belief 9 design1 #i1 #aj ,my/]y-mong]+1 t ,buffon wi%$ to prote/ aga9/1 #ha1 #aga ,my/ification1 sci5tific1 & or?odoxy1 ,buffon on1 #ach ,,naively1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 naively adds1 sometimes equally conv5i5t1 #ced ,natural selection1 ! ess5ce ( ! !ory is t ! v>iations %all h be5 ma9ly accid5tal1 #g ,natural selection1 ! un]r+ skill (1 #i ---- ,sir ,william ,?omson & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el on1 #aj ---- ,button1 &1 by "s *ance common en\gh ) ,nature1 #abb ---- spok5 ( z ?\gh synonym\s ) desc5t ) modification1 #bdh1 #bhe1 #cef ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 attributes ! in/9cts ( neut] insects to1 #bdi ---- ,mr4 ,patrick ,mat!w &1 #cbc ---- l ! secretion ( a cuttle-fi%1 #ccb ---- ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes's objection to ,c4 ,d>w9's language conc]n+1 #cdf ---- if ?is is decl>$ to be a cause1 ! fact ( v>iation is decl>$ to be ! cause ( v>iation1 #cdg ---- decl>$ by ,c4 ,d>w9 to be a means ( v>iation1 #cdg ---- treat$ z a cause1 #cdh ---- ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes on1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #cej ---- id5tity ) conditions ( exi/5ce1 #cea-ced ---- accord+ to ,c4 ,d>w91 fully embraces & yet is includ$ 9 conditions ( exi/5ce1 #cee ---- a cloak = want ( precision ( ?\ght1 & ( sub/antial diff]5ce f ,lam>ck1 #ceh ---- "s h ev5 imag9$ t x induces v>iability2 & small wond]1 consid]+ ,c4 ,d>w9's language conc]n+ x1 #cfb ---- ,c4 ,d>w9's reply to ^? :o h object$ to ! t]m1 #cfb-cfh ---- a cloak ( diff]5ce f ,c4 ,d>w9's pr$ecessors1 "u :i* !re lurks a conceal$ id5tity ( op9ion z to ma9 facts1 #cfb1 #cfc ---- implies only ! pres]vation ( su* v>iations z arise1 c41 #cfc ---- admitt$ by ,c4 ,d>w9 to be a false t]m1 #cfd ---- ! compla9t is t ! expression has be5 reta9$ :5 an av[$ly m accurate "o is to h&1 #cfe1 #cff ---- only ano!r way ( say+ ,nature1 #cfh1 #cfi ---- ! dislike ( x is increas+1 #cfh1 #cfi ---- ,francis ,d>w9 does n use ! expression1 #cfh1 #cfi ---- daily & h\rly scrut9iz+ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 c41 #cfi ---- practically repudiat$ by ,c4 ,d>w9 himself1 #cfi ---- ,pr(essor ,miv>t decl>es x to be simply no?+1 #cgj ---- a pu]ile hypo!sis1 #cga ---- & n disuse1 ! true ma9 cause ( ! w+lessness ( ,madeira beetles1 accord+ to ,c4 ,d>w91 #cgd ---- n ! ma9 cause ( ! w+lessness ( ,madeira beetles1 accord+ to ,c4 ,d>w91 #cgg ---- comb9$ probably ) disuse1 w acc\nt1 accord+ to ,c4 ,d>w91 = ! w+lessness ( ,madeira beetles1 #cge ,naturali/es1 le peuple des1 #hj1 #aga ,nature1 ! p]sonification ( comp>atively v5ial1 #cfg ---- & natural selection ! same ?+1 #cfh1 #cfi ---- ! mo/ important means ( modification1 & v>iation ! cause ( v>iation1 #cfi ,neck1 ,paley on ! human1 #ag1 #ah ,ne$1 s5se (1 ! ma9 idea 9 connection ) evolution t is left ) ! read] by ! ,zoonomia1 or ,philosophie ,zoologique1 #cfc ,ne$le1 #bj1jjj devils danc+ a s>ab& on ! po9t ( a1 #baf ,ne/1 a bird w alt] its ne/ a little1 to meet alt]$ circum/ances1 #ee ,ne/s1 birds'1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w9 on1 #bja ,neut] insects1 ! demon/rative case ( neut] insects1 c41 #bdi1 #bih1 #cad ,new c\ntries1 ,buffon a hat] (1 #adf ,nom5clature1 mi/ak5 = k1 #ada ,nott+ham m>ket-place1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 91 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aig ,,oak & man1 ! g]ms (1 indi/+ui%able1 #ccd ---- man may become z long-liv$ z !1 #chb ,obvi\s1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 _h no wi% to see f> beyond !1 #aig ,ok51 allud$ to1 #gb ,old age1 ! ph5om5a (1 #fg1 #bjd1 #cha ---- & new worlds1 ,buffon on ! fauna (1 #ade1 c4 ,"o s\rce = all life1 ,buffon on1 #ia ---- ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #aji1 #bcc ,on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci ---- ,buffon on !1 #aea ---- ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,pr(essor ,h]+ on !1 #aih-bjj ---- ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w9's failure to grasp ! :ole facts 9 connection ) ?is1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjc ---- ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w9 on1 #bad1 #bae ---- ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cbb1 #cbc ---- m5tion$1 #ccb1 #chj1 #cha ,orang-outang1 ,buffon on !1 #aef-aei ,organ & use4 ,see ,use4 ---- & s5se1 int]action ( !1 ,buffon on1 #abg ---- & faculty1 ,lam>ck on1 #bee ,organs are liv+ tools1 #b ---- ! manufacture (1 & t ( tools1 two species ( ! same g5us1 #ci1 #dc1 c4 ---- are ! expressions ( m5tal phases1 #cci1 #cda ,organic /ructures h a m>g91 #di1 #ej ,organic /rictures & inorganic1 ,buffon on !1 #aec1 c4 ,organisms1 h be5 develop$ z man's inv5tions h1 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #chd ,orig9 ( ,species1 !1 _c take p]man5t rank 9 ! lit]ature ( evolution1 #fb ---- has no raison d'etre1 if natural selection is n a cause ( v>iation1 #cdf ---- a piece ( intellectual sleight ( h&1 #cdf ---- comp>$ to ! advice ( a lawy] :o want$ to leave pl5ty ( loopholes1 or to a cobbl$ ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 #ceh ---- is ,hamlet ) ! "p ( ,hamlet cut out1 #cfc ---- mo/ read]s w\ld say t x advocat$ natural selection z ! mo/ important cause ( v>iation1 #cfc ---- & ! ,zoonomia1 or ! ,philosophie ,zoologique2 ! "o upholds natural selection1 ! o!r1 s5se ( ne$1 #cfc ,or?odoxy1 sci5tific1 & my/ification1 ,buffon on1 #ach ---- sci5tific1 clam\r+ = end[m5t1 #cfj ---- dang]s (1 #cfh ,ov]see+ t5ds to ov]sight1 #aig ,,pa9s1 g5ius a supreme capacity = tak+1 #gf ,pa9t+1 a man %\ld d some?+1 no matt] :at1 #ea1 #eb ,paley1 quotations f1 #ab1 c4 ---- 8 argum5t a juggle1 unless "s "o design$ man1 mu* z man design$ ! wat*1 #ad1 #af ---- on ord9>y me*anism1 z %[+ design1 #ae ---- on ! human neck1 #af1 #ag ---- on ! patella1 #ah ---- on ! jo9ts1 #ai1 #bj ---- z a writ] aga9/ evolution1 #ba ---- on ! ligam5t t b9ds ! t5dons ( ! in/ep1 #ba1 #bb ---- opposes ! view t /ructures h be5 =m$ ?r\gh appet5cy1 endeav\r or ef=t1 #bb1 #de ---- we turn on him & say1 ,%[ u y\r design]1 #bi ---- asks1 ,h[ w our philosoph] get an eye8 #df ---- 8 ,natural ,!ology writt5 ?r\gh\t at ! ,zoonomia1 #aie ---- nev] gives a ref]5ce :5 quot+ an oppon5t1 #aie1 #cjf ,pan!ism & ,rome w 9 ! end be ! two sole combatants1 #dja ---- common gr\nd held by ,rome & ,pan!ism1 #djc-dje ---- ( ,paul1 #djd ,p>5ts & (fspr+1 on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 7see ,p]sonality7 ,passions1 ( l passions1 m5 ( sci5ce are1 ) o!r pa/ors & prophets1 #bec ,patella1 or knee-pan1 ,paley on !1 #ah ,paul1 ,/41 8 pan!i/ic t5d5cies1 #djd ---- we want to accept him lit]ally1 #dje ,peace1 !1 t passe? und]/&+1 #ce ,p]ception & s5sation1 ,buffon on ! diff]5ce betwe51 #abi1 #acj ,p]sonality1 on5ess (1 betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci ---- ,buffon on !1 #aea ---- ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,pr(essor ,h]+ on !1 #aih-bjj ---- ,erasmus ,d>w9's failure to grasp ! :ole conception1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjc ---- ,erasmus ,d>w9 on !1 #bad1 #bae ---- ,patrick ,mat!w on !1 #cbb1 #cbc ---- m5tion$1 #ccb1 #chj1 #cha ,p]sonification1 !1 ( ,nature1 comp>atively v5ial1 #cfg ,pessimism3 ,:i* is ! pessimi/ ,i or ,mr4 ,d>w98 #ei ,peuple des ,naturali/es1 le1 #hj1 #aga ,philosophie ,zoologique1 summ>y (1 #bfa-cad ---- !1 leaves s5se ( ne$ on ! read]'s m9d2 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 natural selection1 #cfc ,pig1 ,buffon on !1 #aah1 c4 ,pigeons & f[ls1 ,buffon on1 #afi ,plaisant]ie1 ,button's disclaim] (1 #ic ,plant$ upside d[n1 ! v]tebrata reg>d$ z vegetables1 #acg ,plants "u dome/ication1 ,buffon on1 #afg1 c4 ---- ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 on ! life (1 #bjf1 c4 ---- ,lam>ck's ass]tion t !y h no action nor habits1 #bid1 #bie ,plato upheld teleology1 #d ,plus il a su1 c41 #dd ,poem1 a1 by ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 #ahi ,poetry1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9's1 #hc1 #ahi1 #aic ,pope's %oes1 sci5ti/s w\ld /ep into !1 if we w\ld let !m1 #cfj1 #cid ,portrait ( ,mr4 ,day1 au?or ( ,s&=d & ,m]ton1 #ahj ,potto1 ! miss+ =ef+] ( !1 #cjc ,p[] & desire1 int]action (1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #abg1 #bag1 #bba1 #cjj1 #cbc ,prais+1 ) fa9t damnation1 #aaa ,presci5ce1 ne$ n ext5d ov] m ?an ! next /ep1 & yet ! :ole road may h be5 travell$ presci5tly1 #eb1 #chd ,pres5t1 developm5t due to a wise use ( !1 #ej-eb ,probable1 :atev] 9 ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as is n probable is to be reject$1 #djb1 #djc ,pr(ici5cy is due to design if ea* /ep 0 tak5 design$ly1 ?\gh ! end 0 n f> =ese51 #eb1 #chd ,prote/antism t5ds t[>ds dis9tegration1 #cif ,proteus pr9ciple ( life1 "o1 #cbj ,pump1 ,erasmus ,d>w9's poetry ab\t !1 #hd1 #aic ,purpose1 in/9ctive actions 7 once done ) a1 #ed ---- sp5t or ext9ct1 & rudim5t>y organs1 #ch1 #chc ,purposive1 if ea* /ep is purposive1 ! :ole is purposive1 #eb1 #chd ,purposiv5ess3 ,i ma9ta9 ! lungs to be z purposive u ! corkscrew1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #eh ,,race1 ! runn]s 9 a1 & natural selection1 #cff1 #cfg ---- significance ( ! words be+ us$ = a bre$ & a competition1 #cff1 #cfg ,racehorse or greyh\nd1 ! well-adapt$ =ms ( !1 #cei ,ranunculus aquatilis1 ,lam>ck's passage on1 #bfj1 #big ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walt]1 & evolution1 #ba1 #gj ,ray ,lanke/]1 ,pr(essor1 on ,h]+'s !ory connect+ memory & h]$ity1 #aih-bjj ,reason1 !re is less reason ?an feel+ 9 animals1 ,buffon1 #ea ---- p]fect$ becomes in/9ct1 b reass]ts itself :5 ! circum/ances alt]1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #bjc ---- & in/9ct1 ,buffon on1 #aaj1 #aaf ---- ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #aae1 #aaf1 #bja-bje ---- a less rem>kable faculty ?an g5]ation1 ,hume on1 #bcc ---- & in/9ct1 ,lam>ck on1 #bef1 #bgd ---- decl>$ to be incipi5t in/9ct1 #bef ,reel1 au1 ,buffon's use ( ^! words1 #abf ,relativity ( ! sci5ces1 ,buffon on !1 #adj ,religion1 ,buffon's appeals to1 #ia1 #aae ,reop5 settl$ que/ions1 animals _c1 s]p5ts mu/ h no m ?an f\r legs1 #cjc ,resume e>li] habits1 ! t5d5cy to1 on ! approa* ( a difficulty1 #cab1 #cac ,retrogressive1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's views ( evolution retrogressive1 #ff ,revelation1 ,buffon's appeals to1 aga9/ evolution1 #ia1 #aae ,reviews ( ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 #che1 c4 ,ri*es1 ! normal gr[? (1 & evolution1 #bbb ,roman ,empire1 !1 prophetic1 #cig ,romanes1 ,g4 ,r41 on ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 #cia-cic ,rome1 ,*ur* (1 means ! same by g5tleman z we d1 #cie ---- ,i w\ld jo91 if ,i c\ld1 #cie1 #cif ---- a unifi]1 #cih ---- ! only s\rce f :i* a *ur* c come1 #cih-dja ---- & ,pan!ism1 ! ultimate fight w be betwe51 #dja ---- po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ,rome & ,pan!i/s1 #djc-dje ---- may1 & %\ld get rid ( ,prote/antism by outbidd+ x1 #djg ,r\sseau1 ,buffon w\ld n play "p (1 #ha ,rudim5t>y organs1 ! crux ( ! e>ly evolutioni/ 9 respect ( design1 #cd ---- are n[ m]e cant =mulae1 =ce ( habit1 #ch1 #chc ---- l ! protub]ance at ! bottom ( a tobacco-pipe1 #ch ---- ,buffon w\ld n accept !m z design$1 #hc ---- ,buffon on1 #abj ---- ,pr(essor ,haeckel on1 #chc ,run1 h[ did ! w9n] come to be able to run ev] su* a little fa/] ?an 8 fell[s1 #cfg ,runn]s 9 a race & natural selection1 #cff1 #cfg ,,s&=d & ,m]ton1 ,miss ,sew>d on ! au?or (1 #agi1 #ahj ,sa9ts w commonly /ra9 a po9t or two 9 _! own fav\r1 #bec ,saturday ,review on ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 #chi-cia ,sav]y1 ,capta91 #ed ,sci5ce1 m5 (1 ( l passions ) o!r prie/s & prophets1 #bec ---- n a k+dom into :i* a poor man c ent] easily1 #bec ---- ! lead]s ( w g5]ally burke new-born wit unless1 c41 #cae ---- n ( t k9d :i* desires to "k1 #cib ,sci5tific or?odoxy & my/ification1 ,buffon on1 #ach ---- dang] (1 #cfj1 #cfh ,scramble1 birds le>n$ to swim ?r\gh scrambl+1 #dh1 #ea ,self-indulg5ce1 virtue has ev] err$ r on ! side (1 ?an on t ( asceticism1 #ce ,s5sation1 ,buffon on1 #abf1 #abi ,s5se1 9 "o s5se1 #cee ,s5sitive plants1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w9 on1 #bjf1 #baj ,s]i\sly1 ,buffon speak+1 #abf ,s]p5ts1 h[ x is t !y h lo/ _! legs1 #cjb ,sew>d1 ,miss1 h] life ( ,erasmus ,d>w91 #agd1 c4 ,%akspe>e & ,h&el address ! _m z well z ! few1 #ha ,%orte/ day1 & %orte/ day b "o1 no diff]5ce p]ceptible betwe51 #dh ,skeletons1 !1 ( man & ( ! horse1 #hh1 c4 ,skill1 ! un]r+1 ( natural selection1 #i ,siamese tw9s1 desire & p[] comp>$ to1 #bah1 #cjj ,simplicity1 happy1 an example (1 #bgf ,si/]s1 81 & 8 c\s9s & 8 aunts1 #bec ,slit1 a slit 9 "o t5don to let ano!r pass ?r\gh1 #bj ,some?+ a man %\ld d1 no matt] :at1 #ea ,sometimes1 equally conv5i5t 7! survival ( ! fitte/ ) natural selection71 #i1 #ced1 #cfe ,son1 ! p :o c get good sons & reta9 _! affection are ! only ones wor? /udy+ f1 #gf ,sorbonne1 !1 & ,buffon1 #hb1 #hd ,sorbonnes1 nev] d l p :o write 9 ?is way1 #adc ,speciali/s1 embryos are1 #bh ,species1 ,buffon on ! causes or means ( trans=mation1 #aei1 c4 ---- ,lam>ck on1 #bfg1 c4 ---- clu/]s (1 ,lam>ck on1 #bhh ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 on1 #bhi ,specific *>act]i/ics v>y m ?an g5]ic1 ,lam>ck on1 #bhg1 #bhh ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 on1 #bhh ,spee*1 ,lam>ck on1 #cac1 #cad ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 on ,lam>ck's hypo!sis1 #ccj1 #cca ---- a foll[] ( ,buffon1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 #ccb ,sp5t1 or ext9ct purpose1 & rudim5t>y organs1 #chc ,spontane\s3 ,c4 ,d>w9 uses ?is ^w 9 connection ) v>iability1 #ceh ---- v>iability 7or unkn[n causes71 ,c4 ,d>w91 on :at x w acc\nt =1 or make kn[n1 #ceh ,/eam eng9e1 late/ developm5t (1 n =ese51 ?\gh ea* imm$iate /ep 9 advance 0 s1 #ed1 #chd ---- design lo/ sight ( 9 ! mo/ common patt]ns1 z ) a bird's-ne/1 or ! :eel1 #ee ,/ep1 if ea* /ep is purposive1 ! :ole road has be5 travell$ purposively1 #eb1 #chd ---- only ! few ne>e/ are tak5 def9itely1 #dd1 #chd ,/]ility ( hybrids1 ,lam>ck on1 #bgb ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 on1 #bgc ,/ock1 ,buffon on !1 & ! diaphragm1 #acj ,/rong]1 !1 succe$1 & ! weak] fail1 #cbj1 #cba ,/ronge/1 !1 eat ! weak]1 #bhb ,/ruggle = exi/5ce1 ,buffon on !1 #abc ---- & h5ce modification1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 ma9ly conv]sant ab\t ?ree wants1 #bbf-bbi1 #bcb ---- comp>ison betwe5 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck's views on ! =ego+1 #beg ---- ,lam>ck on ! =ego+1 #bgi ---- & survival ( ! fitte/1 ,lam>ck on !1 #bha1 #bhb ---- ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cba ,/yle1 ,buffon on1 #gf1 #gg ,sudd51 ! "q :at is too1 to be settl$ by higgl+ & haggl+1 #ej ---- modifications1 mission>ies %\ld avoid try+ to effect1 #ahc ,sup]ficial1 philosophy ( !1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #aih1 #bjd ,supply & dem&1 & desire & p[]1 #bbc1 #cjj ,survival ( ! fitte/1 a synonym = natural selection1 #i ---- ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on !1 #bbg ---- 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ,lam>ck on !1 #bha1 #bhb ---- und]/ood & admitt$ by ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck1 #cja ---- subsequ5t to modification1 & !re=e n ! cause ( x1 #cjb1 #cdf ---- ,patrick ,mat!w on1 #cba ---- ?is is n a !ory1 b a fact1 #cef1 #ceg ,swimm+1 no %ore bird ev] set itself to le>n1 ( malice prep5se1 #dh1 #ea ,,tail1 ! beav]'s1 has become an inc>nate tr[el1 #h ,tee?+1 ! pa9 an infant feels is ! dea?-cry ( _m a good cell1 #ge ,teleological1 failure ( ! e>ly evolutioni/s to see _! position z1 #cd ,teleology1 /atem5t ( ! "q1 #a ---- ,ari/otle d5i$1 ,plato upheld1 #d ---- !1 ( ,paley & ! !ologians1 #ab1 c4 ---- int]nal z mu* teleology z ext]nal1 #cf ---- ,see also ,design4 ,telescope1 ,"l ,rosse's1 & dew-drop1 #dd1 #dg ,temp]+1 ! felicit\s1 ( two great contradictory pr9ciples1 #ce ,t5don1 a slit 9 "o1 to let ano!r pass ?r\gh1 #bj ,t]m9ology ( botany h>d] ?an botany1 #ajh ---- ,buffon on1 #adj1 #ada ,te/1 ,buffon's1 z to ! "n an object is to be>1 #aae ---- ( p]ception & s5sation1 ,buffon's1 #abg ,!ological writ]1 few passages 9 any1 displease me m1 c41 #cfh ,!ory1 ! survival ( ! fitte/ is a fact1 n a !ory1 #cef1 #ceg ,!ories1 true1 ,font5elle on1 #bb1 #bc ---- to be ord]$ out ( c\rt if tr\blesome1 #ce ,?is3 ,i c no m believe 9 ?is1 c41 #cei ---- x is impossible to attribute to ?is cause1 #ceh ,?omas1 ,/41 ,aqu9as1 ,papal encyclical on1 #djb1 #djc ,?omson1 ,sir ,w41 natural selection & design1 #aj ,?\ght is express$ 9 organ1 #cci1 #cda ,"t1 ,buffon on1 #ajc ---- ,lam>ck on1 #bda ,tobacco-pipe1 a rudim5t>y organ on a1 #ch ,toes1 a man :o plays ! viol9 ) 81 #ej ,tools1 organs are liv+ tools1 #b ---- ! manufacture (1 & t ( organs1 two species ( ! same g5us1 #ci ,t\*1 all s5ses modifications ( ! s5se ( t\*1 #dg ,trans=mation ( species1 ,buffon on ! causes or means (1 #aei ,translation ( ! ,loves ( ! ,plants into ,fr5*1 #fc1 #beh1 #bei ,translation ( ! ,zoonomia into ,g]man1 #ga ---- ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,d>w9's o!r works1 #aie ,trapa ,natans1 ,erasmus ,d>w9's note on1 #bfj ,treviranus allud$ to1 #gb ,tree1 life se5 z a tree1 by ,lam>ck1 #bfi ---- by ,c4 ,d>w91 #bgj ---- nature comp>$ to a1 by ,buffon1 #aga ,trees1 ! bl9d man :o saw m5 z trees walk+1 #acg ,tr[el1 ! beav] has an inc>nate tr[el1 #h ,true1 vitally1 #bbg ---- all v1 z f> z x goes 7t ,nature is ! mo/ important means ( modification71 #cfi ,truism1 ! survival ( ! fitte/1 a1 #cea ,tutbury bull runn+1 #ahg ,tyndall1 ,pr(essor1 a rhapsody ab\t ,c4 ,d>w91 #da ---- calls evolution ,c4 ,d>w9's !ory1 #cfj1 #cfa ,,uncles & aunts d n beget _! nephews & nieces1 #cfg1 #cgf ,unconsci\s1 our acquir$ habits come to be done z unconsci\sly z ?\gh in/9ctive1 on repetition1 #ef ---- diff]5ce betwe5 my view ( !1 & ,von ,h>tmann's1 #eh ,unconsci\sness1 !1 ) :i* habitual actions come to be p]=m$1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #ef-eh1 #fg1 #bjc1 #ccb1 #cha ,und]/&+1 ! peace ( m9d t passe?1 #ce ,unity ( ! individual1 ,buffon on !1 #abg1 #abh4 7,see ,on5ess7 ,unkn[n causes1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 c d s mu*1 b n s mu* m1 #cei ---- _! id5tity ) spontane\s v>iability1 #cei ---- h]$ity only ano!r "n =1 unless ! ,life & ,habit !ory be adopt$1 #chd ,upright position 9 man & c]ta9 apes1 & *ildr51 ,lam>ck on1 #cab ,upside d[n1 ! v]tebrata are p]ambulat+ vegetables plant$1 #acg ,use & organ1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #bag1 #bah1 #bba1 #bib1 #bid1 #bif1 #bii1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg-cji1 #caa1 #cbc ,,vacuum1 an omnisci5t & omnipot5t1 #bh ,vague1 ef=ts & desires are vague 9 ! outset1 #dg1 #eb1 #chd ,v>iation1 ,c4 ,d>w9 decl>es ! fact ( v>iation to be ! cause ( v>iation1 #h1 #i1 #cdg1 #cfi ,v>iations1 "o factor ( modification provides1 ! o!r accumulates1 #bbg ---- ,lam>ck /rove to discov] ! law und]ly+1 #ccg ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 sees no cause und]ly+ !m1 #cci1 #cdj ---- accord+ to ,lam>ck1 !y w t5d to appe> 9 def9ite directions 9 l>ge numb]s ( individuals1 = long p]iods toge!r2 accord+ to ,c4 ,d>w9 !y w n d ?us1 #cda ---- mu/ appe> be=e !y c be pres]v$1 #cdf ---- ! cause ( v>iations is ! cause ( species 7,pr(essor ,miv>t on ?is71 #cgj ,v>y1 man _c v>y 8 practices mu* m ?an animals c1 #ee ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 !1 #fe ---- ,c4 ,d>w9 on !1 #fe ---- ! au?or (1 on ,lam>ck1 #bdg ---- ,d>w9's treatm5t (1 #bdg1 #bdh ,virtue has ev] err$ on ! side ( excess ?an on t ( asceticism1 #ce ,viol91 a man :o plays !1 ) 8 toes1 #ej ,vitally true1 #bbg ,volition4 7,see ,w7 ,voltaire1 ,buffon w\ld n play ! "p (1 #ha ,,wallace1 ,a4 ,r41 8 review ( ,pr(essor ,haeckel's ,evolution ( ,man1 #chb-chd ,want & p[]1 int]action (1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #bag1 #bah1 #bba1 #cjj1 #cbc ,wasp1 cutt+ a fly 9 half1 ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 on1 #bje ,wat*1 ,paley's argum5t f !1 #ac ,weak]1 ! /ronge/ eat !1 #bhb ,weal?1 ! normal gr[? (1 & evolution1 #bbb ,web-foot$1 h[ birds1 became1 #dh1 #di1 #ea ---- developm5t (1 birds1 ,lam>ck on1 #cje ---- ,paley on1 #cje ,w$ge1 ,buffon let 9 ! ?9 end ( ! w$ge1 by say+ t *ang$ habits modify =m1 #aje1 #ajf ,:isky1 ,god keep y f--if he c1 #agf ,w1 ,patrick ,mat!w on1 z influ5c+ organism1 #cbj-cbb4 7,see also ,desire1 ,design1 ,want1 ,wi%7 ,w-o'-!-wisp1 ,c4 ,d>w9 l a1 #cgb ,wi% & p[]1 _! int]action1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #bag1 #bah1 #bba1 #cjj1 #cbc ,wit1 brevity may be its s\l1 b ! lead]s ( sci5ce1 c41 #cae ,worce/]1 ! ,m>quis (1 #ed ,words are apt to turn out comp5di\s false analogies1 #cfe ,worms1 reasonable creatures1 #bee ,wor?1 no?+ wor? look+ at or do+1 except at a fair price1 #ce ,wright1 ( ,d]by1 8 portrait ( ,mr4 ,day1 #ahj ,,zebra & horse1 ,buffon on !1 #hj1 #aee1 #afd ,zoonomia1 ,g]man translation ( !1 #ga ---- ,paley's ,natural ,!ology writt5 at !1 #aie ---- full] quotations f !1 #bad1 c4 ---- !1 & ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ! diff]5t ideas t an av]age read] w\ld c>ry away ) him f ^! two works 7,s5se ( ,ne$ & ,natural ,selection71 #cfc ,! ,mayfl[] ,press1 ,plym\?1 ,engl&4 ,william ,br5don ,son1 ,ltd4