,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,words 9 ,greek 9 ! orig9al are translit]at$ & plac$ betwe5 plus signs4 ,words italiciz$ 9 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,*>act]s sup]script$ 9 ! orig9al are inclos$ 9 brackets4 ,,essays ,,t[>ds ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,rosal9d3 ,i pray y1 :at is't o'clock8 ,orl&o3 ,y %\ld ask me1 :at "t o' day2 !re's no clock 9 ! =e/4 ,z ,y ,l ,x1 ,act ,,iii4 ,sc4 #b4 ,,essays ,,t[>ds ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,by ,,alex&] ,,philip ,f4,r4,s4,e ,illu/ration ,,london ,,george ,,r\tl$ge ,,sons ,,limit$ ,,new ,,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,co4 #aiae he g> a*romatos te kai as*emati/os kai anaphes ousia ontos ousa psy*es kyb]nete monoi !atei no1 p]i h5 to tes ale?\s epi/emes g5os1 t\ton e*ei ton topon4--,,pha$rus4 ,,preface ,two ye>s ago1 9 ! preface to ano!r essay1 ! pres5t writ] v5tur$ to affirm t ,civilisation moves r t[>ds a *aos ?an t[>ds a cosmos4 ,b he c\ld n =etell t ! desc5sus ,av]ni w\ld be s al>m+ly rapid4 ,:5 we f9d ,sci5ce1 :i* has done s mu* & promis$ s mu* = ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 devot+ s l>ge a proportion ( its res\rces to ! de/ruction ( human life1 we are prone to ask despair+ly--,is ?is ! end8 ,if n2 h[ are we to discov] & assure = /rick5 ,humanity ! vision & ! possession ( a ,bett] ,l&8 ,n c]ta9ly by ! o/5tati\s build+ ( peace-palaces nor ev5 by ! actual accompli%m5t ( successful w>4 ,only by ! discov]y ( true fir/ pr9ciples ( ,?\ght & ,action c ,humanity be r$eem$4 ,undet]r$ by ! confus$ tumult ( to-day we mu/ /ill seek a true und]/&+ ( :at k is--:at are its p[]s & :at also are its limitations4 ,nor may we =get t o!r pr9ciple ( life--) :i* x is s qua9tly contra/$ 9 ,"l ,bacon's translation ( ! ,paul9e aphorism--,k bl[e? up1 ,*>ity builde? up4 ,janu>y #aiae4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i ,,"t ,,& ,,p]iodicity #aa ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,physical ,,concepts #ag ,,iii ,,! ,,two ,,typical ,,!ories ,,( ,,k #cf ,,iv ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,en]gy #ha ,,essays ,,t[>ds ,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,i ,,"t ,,& ,,p]iodicity ,we c measure ,"t 9 "o way only--by c\nt+ repeat$ motions4 ,ap>t f ! op]ation ( ! physical ,law ( ,p]iodicity we %\ld h no natural measures ( ,"t4 ,if t /atem5t be true x foll[s t ap>t f ! op]ation ( ?is law we c\ld n atta9 to any k ( ,"t4#aa3a ,p]haps ?is latt] proposition may n at fir/ be readily grant$4 ,few1 probably1 w\ld hesitate to admit t 9 a condition 9 :i* our exp]i5ce 0 a complete blank we %\ld be unable to acquire any k ( ,"t2 b x may n be q s evid5t t 9 a condition 9 :i* exp]i5ce consi/$ ( a multif>i\s b nev] repeat$ succession ( impressions ! ,k ( ,"t w\ld be equally awant+4#ab3a ,yet s x is4 ,! op]ation ( ! ,law ( ,p]iodicity is necess>y to ! measurem5t ( ,"t4 ,x is by means1 & only by means1 ( p]iodic pulsative movem5ts t we ev] d or c measure ,"t4 ,n[1 ap>t f "s sort ( measurem5t ,"t w\ld be unkn[able4 ,a "t :i* 0 nei!r long nor %ort w\ld be mean+less4 ,! idea ( unquantifi$ ,"t _c be conceiv$ or appreh5d$4 ,"t to be kn[n mu/ be measur$4 ,p]iodicity1 !re=e1 is ess5tial to our ,k ( ,"t4 ,b ,nature amply supplies u ) ?is necess>y in/rum5t4 ,! ,law ( ,p]iodicity prevails widely ?r\gh\t ,nature4 ,x absolutely dom9ates ,life4 ,! c5tre ( animal vitality is to be f\nd 9 ! beat+ he>t & brea?+ lungs4 ,pulsation qualifies n m]ely ! nutri5t life b ! musculo-motor activity z well4 ,eat+1 ,walk+1--all our mo/ elem5t>y movem5ts are pulsatory4 ,we wake & sleep1 we gr[ we>y & re/4 ,we are born & we die1 we are "y & gr[ old4 ,all animal life is det]m9$ by ?is ,law4 ,p]iodicity--g5]ally at a long] int]val ( pulsation--equally affects ! vegetal =ms ( life4 ,! plant is s[n1 gr[s1 fl[]s1 & fades4 ,p]iodicity is to u less obvi\s 9 ! inanimate _w ( molecul> *anges2 yet x is 9 op]ation ev5 !re4 ,b x is m especially 9 ! natural motions ( ^? s-call$ mat]ial masses :i* con/itute our physical environm5t t ,p]iodicity mo/ em95tly prevails4 ,inde$ x 0 by a/ronom]s t ! op]ation ( ?is ,law 0 fir/ def9itely recognis$ & record$4 ,p]iodicity is ! sci5tific "n = ! ,h>mony ( ! ,sph]es4 ,! two p]iodic motions :i* mo/ ess5tially affect & conc]n u human be+s are necess>ily ! two p]iodic motions ( ! globe :i* we inhabit--its rotation ^u its axis :i* gives u ! alt]nation ( ,day & ,night1 & its revolution r\nd ! ,sun :i* gives u ! ye> ) its ,seasons4 ,to ! =m] ( ^!1 animal life seems mo/ directly relat$2 to ! latt]1 ! life ( ! vegetal ord]s4 ,x is evid5t t ! =ms ( animal life on ! globe are necess>ily det]m9$ by ! p]iodic law ( ! ,e>?'s diurnal rotation4 ,?is acc\nts = ! alt]nations ( wak+ & sleep+1 work+ & re/+1 & s =?4 ,9 l mann] ! m in]t vitality ( ! vegetable k+dom is det]m9$ by ! p]iodic law ( ! ,e>?'s annual revolution4 ,:5 fanciful speculators seek to imag9e :at k9d ( liv+ be+s might be enc\nt]$ on ! o!r planets ( our sy/em1 !y usually make calculations z to ! =ce ( gravity on ! surface ( ^! planets & conjure up f su* data ! possible size ( ! inhabitants1 _! relative /r5g? & agility ( movem5t1 etc4 ,s f> s good4 ,b ! fir/ "q we %\ld ask1 be=e proce$+ to our speculative syn!sis1 %\ld r be ! l5g? ( ! planet's diurnal rotation & annual revolution p]iods4 ,c]ta9 planets1 su* z ,m>s & ,v5us1 h rotation p]iods n v diff]5t f ^? ( our own ,e>?4#ad3a ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 !re=e1 a c]ta9 simil>ity ( animal life mu/ be suppos$ possible on ^! planets4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! revolution p]iod w\ld lead u to expect a v wide div]g5ce betwe5 _! l[] =ms ( life1 if any su* !re be1 & our own t]re/rial vegetation4 ,! %ort] ! annual p]iod ! m w\ld ! vegetal approximate to ! animal1 & vice v]sa4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be fooli% to wa/e m "t ov] a speculation s remote4 ,b ^! two facts rema9 un%ak53--7#a7 ,t our measurem5ts & :ole sci5ce ( ,"t dep5d absolutely on ! op]ation ?r\gh\t ,nature ( ! ,law ( ,p]iodicity1 & 7#b7 t ! p]iodicities :i* affect & det]m9e animal & vegetal life ^u our ,e>? are ! p]iodic movem5ts ( rotation & revolution ( t ,e>? itself4 ,n[ x is to ! curvil9e> motions ( ! heav5ly bodies t we mu/ ascribe our subjection to ! p]iodic law4 ,if ^! heav5ly bodies mov$ = ev] 9 /raight l9es1 z !y w\ld d if unact$ on by natural =ces1 ! p]iodic rhy?m ( ,nature w\ld disappe>4 ,x is to ! fact t all ,nature is "u ! con/ra9t due to ! con/ant sil5t op]ation ( physical ,=ce t we owe1 !re=e1 ! law :i* det]m9es ! mo/ ess5tial features ( vitality4 ,! pulsations 9 :i* life consi/s & by :i* x is su/a9$ are attributable to ! con/ra9t & limitation :i* we recognise z ! effect ( ! op]ation ( ,natural ,=ce4 ,x is to ?is same cause t we ascribe ! resi/ance ( coh]+ masses 9 virtue ( :i* s5sation arises & by :i* our exp]i5ce is punctuat$4 ,x is by means ( ^! ob/ructions to free activity t our exp]i5ce is d5ot$1 & by ref]5ce to ^! t x is cognis$4 ,inde$1 ,activity itself z we "k x dep5ds ^u & presupposes ! exi/5ce ( ^! coh]+ masses4 ,?us ! op]ation ( ,natural ,=ce & ! con/ra9t & limitation :i* are !reby impos$ ^u our activity appe> at once to det]m9e ! conditions ( life & to furni% ! fundam5tal implem5ts ( ,k4 ,we _c ov]leap ! b>ri]s by :i* ,life is con/ra9$4 ,^!1 :il/1 on ! "o h& !y seem to create ! environm5t :i* su/a9s ,life1 on ! o!r h& seem to impose ^u x ! limitations "u :i* x inevitably fails & dies4 ,we _c ev5 9 imag9ation conceive1 ei!r z reality or z fancy1 ! illimitable puissance ( a ,life p]fectly free & unre/ra9$4 ,yet ! assurance t ,p]fect ,love c\ld ov]come ! bonds ( ,mat]iality & ,dea? enc\rages 9 mank9d ! ,hope ( an exi/5ce beyond ! imp5etrable veil ( physical limitation4 ,& ?is at any rate may be admitt$1 namely1 t t dynamic condition 9 :i* mat]iality arises is also ! condition-prec$5t ( ,tridim5sionality1 ( ,=ce1 ( ,"t1 & ( ,mutation4 ,b we _c ?us acc\nt = ! elan vital itself4 ,,footnotes3 #aa3a ,plato 9 ! dialogue ,timaeus tells u t ,"t 0 born ) ! ,heav5s1 & t ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,planets 7 creat$ 9 ord] t ,"t might be4 #ab3a ,?is might be contra/$ ) ! /atem5t ( ,m4 ,b]gson :o tells u 7,evolution creatrice1 p4 #aa73 ,plus n\s appr(ondirons la nature du temps plus n\s compr5drons que duree signifie inv5tion1 creation de =mes1 elaboration cont9ue de l'absolum5t n\veau4 #ad3a ,rec5tly1 we believe1 a/ronom]s h fav\r$ ! view t ! day ( ,v5us is equal 9 l5g? to h] ye>4 ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,physical ,,concepts ,p5s] c'e/ s5tir1 said ,condillac4 ,x is evid5t1 said ,bi%op ,b]keley1 to "o :o takes a survey ( ! objects ( ,human ,k t !y are ei!r ideas actually impr9t$ on ! s5ses or else su* z are p]ceiv$ by att5d+ to ! passions & op]ations ( ! ,m9d1 or la/ly ideas =m$ by help ( memory & imag9ation ei!r comb9+1 divid+1 or b>ely repres5t+ ^? orig9ally p]ceiv$ 9 ! =esaid ways4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill tells u1 ,! po9ts1 l9es1 circles1 & squ>es :i* "o has 9 8 m9d are1 ,i appreh5d1 simply copies ( po9ts1 l9es1 circles1 & squ>es :i* he has kn[n 9 8 exp]i5ce1 & aga91 ,! "* ( necessity ascrib$ to ! tru?s ( ,ma!matics & ev51 ) "s res]vations to be h]eaft] made1 ! peculi> c]ta9ty attribut$ to !m is an illusion4 ,9 ! case ( ! def9itions ( ,geometry !re exi/ no real ?+s exactly con=mable to ! def9itions4 ,aga9 ,ta9e1 ,les images sont les exactes reproductions de la s5sation4 ,aga9 ,did]ot1 ,p\r imag9] il faut color] un fond et deta*] de ce fait des po9ts en leur supposant une c\leur diff]5te de celle du fond4 ,re/ituez a ces po9ts la meme c\leur qu'au fond1--a l'in/ant ils se confond5t avec lui et la figure disp>ait1 etc4 ,aga91 ,dr4 ,erne/ ,ma*1 ,vi5na1 rem>ks1 ,we are aw>e ( b "o species ( elem5ts ( ,consci\sness3 s5sations4 ,9 our p]ceptions ( ,space we are dep5d5t on s5sations4 ,dr4 ,ma* repeat$ly ref]s to space-s5sations1 & inde$ affirms t all s5sation is spatial 9 "*4#ah3a ,accord+ to ! view ( ,k ( :i* we h extract$ examples above1 ! ideas ( ! m9d are orig9ally furni%$ to x by s5sation1 f :i* !re=e are d]iv$1 n necess>ily all our ,?\ghts1 b all ! mat]ials ( ,disc\rse1 all t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ,k4 ,our purpose at ! mom5t is to %[ t ?is view is altoge!r false1 & our c\nt] proposition is1 t x is f our ,activity t we d]ive our fundam5tal conceptions ( ! ext]nal _w2 t s5sations only m>k ! int]ruptions 9 ! dynamic ,activity 9 :i* we z pot5t be+s p>take1 & t !y s]ve !re=e to d5ote & di/+ui% our ,exp]i5ce1 b d n con/itute its ess5ce4 ,we d n propose n[ to devote any "t to ! "w ( %[+ t s5sations f _! v nature c\ld nev] become ! in/rum5ts ( ,k4 ,we propose r to turn to ! pr9cipal ideas ( ! ext]nal _w :i* are ! common equipm5t ( ! ,m9d 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r 9 po9t ( fact !y are d]iv$ f ,s5sation4 ,( c\rse to "s ext5t ! answ] dep5ds on :at we mean by ,s5sation4 ,if by t t]m we int5d our :ole ,exp]i5ce ( ! ext]nal1 !n ( c\rse x necess>ily foll[s--or1 at lea/1 we admit--t our ,k ( ! ext]nal mu/ be !nce d]iv$4 ,b su* a use ( ! t]m is loose1 mislead+1 & infrequ5t4 ,! only safe c\rse is to conf9e ! t]m ,s5sation to ! imm$iate data ( ! five s5ses--t\*1 sight1 he>+1 smell1 & ta/e1 ) probably ! addition ( muscul> & o!r int]nal feel+s4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ^w is usually employ$1 & has be5 employ$ by ! ,s5sationali/ ,s*ool !mselves4 ,n[ we might p]haps beg9 by tak+ ! idea ( ,"t z a concept con/antly employ$ 9 ,disc\rse1 b ( :i* x w\ld be absurd to sugge/ t x is suppli$ to u by ,s5sation4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 be urg$ 9 reply t ! idea ( ,"t is n d]iv$ f ! ext]nal _w at all1 b is furni%$ to u directly by ! op]ations ( ! ,m9d1 & t !re=e its intellectual orig9 ne$ n involve any exception to ! g5]al rule t ! mat]ials ( our ,k ( ! _w are furni%$ by ,s5sation alone4 ,)\t1 !re=e1 ent]+ ^u any discussion ( ! int]e/+ "q z to :at is ! real nature ( ,"t1 we %all pass to ! idea ( ,space4 ,ma*1 ! writ] :om we h already quot$1 9 8 essay on ,space & ,geometry speaks con/antly & freely ( s5sations ( ,space1 & z !re c be no d5ial ( ! fact t ,space is a con/itu5t ( ! ext]nal _w1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t ^? :o hold ,s5sation to be ! only s\rce ( our ,k mu/ be oblig$ to affirm ! possibility ( s5sations ( ,space4 ,ma* inde$ claims to di/+ui% physiological ,space1 geometrical ,space1 visual ,space1 tactual ,space z all diff]5t & yet app>5tly h>moni\sly bl5d$ 9 our ,exp]i5ce4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 sadly want+ 9 cle>ness ( /atem5t4 ,he nev] tells u :5 & :]e exactly we d h a s5sation ( ,space4 ,9 tru? he nev] gets beh9d ! po/ulate ( an all-envelop+ tridim5sional _w2 s t he ?r\gh\t assumes ,space z a datum1 & 8 inquiry is an ef=t to r$iscov] ,space :]e he has already plac$ x4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 consid] = a mom5t :at c be meant by a s5sation ( ,space4 ,does x n look v l a contradiction 9 t]ms8 ,pure ,space1 if x means any?+1 means absolute mat]ial empt9ess & vacuity4 ,h[1 !n1 by any possibility c x give rise to a s5sation8 ,:at s5sory organ c x be conceiv$ z affect+8 ,h[ & 9 :at way c x be felt8 ,! tru? is ! idea ( ,space is ess5tially negative4 ,x repres5ts abs5ce ( physical ob/ruction ( e k9d4 ,no d\bt1 we may describe x positively z a possibility ( free movem5t1 & su* a description is at once true & important4 ,yet ev5 x involves a negative4 ,! t]m free is 9 reality1 ?\gh n 9 =m1 a negative t]m & means uncon/ra9$4 ,& ! reason :y su* a t]m is necess>ily negative is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t a /ate ( dynamic con/ra9t is ! ess5tial condition "u :i* we ent] ^u our organic exi/5ce4 ,fre$om is a negation ( ! ,actual4 ,absolute fre$om is a condition only !oretically possible1 & is ess5tially ! negation ( ! /ate ( re/ra9t 9 :i* our life is ma9ta9$4 ,b ! def9ition la/ quot$ is nev]!less valuable because x cle>ly %[s :at really is ! orig9 ( ! idea ( ,space4 ,x proves t ! idea ( ,space is a repres5tation ( "o condition ( our ,activity4 ,x is because ! prim>y "w ( ,?\ght is to repres5t ! =ms ( our dynamic ,activity t we f9d ! idea ( ,space s necess>y & fundam5tal4 ,b x w p]haps be argu$ t our ord9>y s5sations c>ry ) !m a spatial mean+ & implication1 & t indirectly1 !re=e1 our s5sations d supply u ) ! idea ( ,space4 ,x w readily be agre$ t if ?is is s ( any s5sations x is pre-em95tly true ( ! s5sations ( vision & t\*4 ,inde$1 x w p]haps n be disput$ t ! ord9>y vid5t man d]ives f ! s5sations ( vision 8 mo/ common spatial conceptions4 ,we propose1 !re=e1 to inquire v briefly h[ ! "* ( spatial ext5sion becomes associat$ ) ! data ( ,vision4 ,! objects ( ,vision appe> to be display$ be=e u 9 imm5se multitude1 ea* di/9ct f its adjac5t neighb\r1 yet all int]-relat$ z p>ts ( "o s+le :ole--! pres5tation ?us con/itut+ :at is call$ ,ext5sity4 ,?is is ! mo/ commonly employ$ mean+ ( ! t]m spatial4 ,yet x is evid5tly 9 its orig9 r temporal ?an spatial4 ,9 ord9>y movem5t we enc\nt] by t\* v>i\s ob/acles1 b only a v few ( ^! impress u at any "o mom5t ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y succe$ "o aft] ! o!r4 ,to ! bl9d1 !re=e1 z ,platn] long ago rem>k$3 ,"t s]ves in/ead ( ,space4 ,9 ,vision1 on ! o!r h&1 a l>ge numb]1 :i* x w\ld take a v long "t to enc\nt] 9 t\*1 are pres5t$ simultane\sly4 ,9 ?is !re is an imm5se practical advantage1 ! result be+ t we come habitually to direct our e action by ref]5ce to ! data ( ,sight4 ,n[ x is because ^! data--s simultane\sly pres5t$--are employ$ by u z ! guides ( action t _! pres5tation acquires ! "* :i* we d5om9ate ,ext5sity4 ,! simultane\s occurr5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( ,s\nds does n seem to u to pres5t su* a "*4 ,b let u suppose t all ! objects :i* con/itute ob/acles to our ,activity emitt$ ,s\nds by :i* !y 7 recognis$2 x is n d\btful t ^! w\ld !n come to be employ$ by u z ! guides ( our ,activity & w\ld acquire 9 our m9ds ! "* ( ,ext5sity4 ,!y w\ld arrange !mselves 9 a cotemporane\s1 ext5sive1 or spatial relation to "o ano!r j z ! objects ( ,vision d at pres5t4 ,x is only1 !re=e1 :5 we come to employ ! simultane\s pres5tation ( ,vision z ! in/rum5t ( our ,activity & ! guide ( ,action t x acquires ! "* commonly call$ ext5sive4 ,successive visual s5sations convey no ext5sive sugge/ion4 ,x is important to realise ! nature ( ?is peculi> feature 9 ! data ( ,vision4 ,! s\nds :i* we he>1 ! od\rs :i* we smell1 are ! imm$iate result ( c]ta9 undulations affect+ ! appropriate organ ( s5sation4 ,we ref] ^! to ! object 9 :i* ! undulations orig9ate4 ,9 l mann] a light :i* we see is ref]r$ to its objective lum9\s s\rce4 ,b light also & 9 addition is reflect$ f1 & ?us reveals ! pres5ce ( ! :ole body ( our resi/ant environm5t4 ,h5ce is d]iv$ ! col\r$ pres5tation ( ,vision to :i* ! "* ( ext5sity atta*es4 ,no?+ simil> takes place 9 ! case ( ! o!r di/antial s5sations4 ,if sonor\s undulations excit$ vibration 9 e resi/ant object ( ! environm5t !y w\ld und\bt$ly come to arrange !mselves 9 an ord] resembl+ ! ext5sity sugge/$ by ,vision1 ?\gh ! sl[] rate ( transmission ( s\nd w\ld detract f ! practical simultaneity 9 ! effect :i*1 z we h se51 l>gely acc\nts = ! p]ception ( visual ext5sity4 ,! univ]sal diffusion ( sunlight is also a det]m9+ factor4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! matt] becomes /ill cle>] :5 we contra/ ! exp]i5ce ( vid5t m5 ) :at we h be5 able to le>n ( ! exp]i5ces ( ! bl9d4 ,n[h]e h we f\nd ?is aspect ( ! "q discuss$ ) ! same cle>ness & ability z by ,m4 ,pi]re ,villey 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ essay1 ,le ,monde des ,aveugles--,"p ,,iii4 ,! bl9d man1 z he rem>ks1 requires repres5tations 9 ord] to comm& 8 movem5ts4 ,we mu/ !n p5etrate ! m9d ( ! bl9d & asc]ta9 :at are 8 repres5tations4 ,are !y1 he asks1 muscul> images comb9$ by temporal relations1 or are !y images ( a spatial ord]8 ,he replies )\t hesitation3 ,bo?1 b1 above all1 spatial images4 ,x is cle>1 he says1 t ! modalities ( ! action ( ! bl9d are expla9$ by spatial repres5tations4 ,^! mu/ be d]iv$ f t\*4 ,:at1 !n1 c be ! spatial repres5tations :i* arise f t\*8 ,! bl9d1 he says1 are (t5 ask$1 ,h[ d y figure to y\rself su* & su* an object1 a *air1 a table1 a triangle8 ,m4 ,villey quotes ,did]ot z affirm+ t ! bl9d _c imag9e4 ,accord+ to ,did]ot1 images require col\r1 & col\r be+ totally want+ to ! bl9d ! nature ( _! imag9ation 0 to him inconceivable4 ,! common op9ion1 says ,m4 ,villey1 is entirely ) ,did]ot4 ,x does n believe t ! bl9d c h images ( ! objects ar\nd him4 ,! photographic app>atus is awant+ & ! photograph _c !re=e be !re4 ,did]ot 0 a s5sationali/4 ,= ?is s*ool1 z ,villey rem>ks1 l'image e/ le decalque de la s5sation1 & he ref]s n m]ely to ,condillac ! fri5d ( ,did]ot b to 8 cont9uator ,ta9e ^: dictum we h already quot$4 ,did]ot attempts to solve ! problem by ma9ta9+ t tactual s5sations occupy an ext5d$ space :i* ! bl9d 9 ?\ght c add to or contract1 & 9 ?is way equip himself ) spatial conceptions4 ,!re w\ld1 on ?is view1 z ,m4 ,villey rem>ks1 be a complete het]og5eity betwe5 ! imag9ation ( ! bl9d & t ( ! vid5t4 ,m4 ,villey d5ies ?is altoge!r4 ,he affirms t ! image ( an object :i* ! bl9d acquires by t\* readily dive/s itself ( ! *>act]s ( tactual s5sation & diff]s pr(\ndly f ^!4 ,he takes ! example ( a *air4 ,! vid5t appreh5ds its v>i\s features simultane\sly & at once2 ! bl9d1 by successive tactual palpations4 ,b he ma9ta9s t ! evid5ce ( ! bl9d is unanim\s on ?is po9t1 t once =m$ 9 ! m9d ! idea ( ! *air pres5ts itself to him imm$iately z a :ole1--! ord] 9 :i* its features 7 asc]ta9$ is n pres]v$1 & does n require to be repeat$4 ,inde$1 ! idea dive/s itself ( ! great bulk ( ! tactual details by :i* x 0 appreh5d$1 :il/ ! muscul> s5sations :i* accompani$ ! act ( palpation nev] seek to be jo9$ ) ! idea4 ,?is dive/iture ( s5sation proce$s to su* an ext5t t !re is no?+ left beyond :at ,m4 ,villey calls ! pure =m4 ,! belief 9 ! reality ( ! object he ref]s to its resi/ance4 ,! orig9 ( ea* ( ^! is ex]tional4 ,! features ^u :i* ! m9d dwells1 if x dwells ^u !m at all1 are les qualites qui sont con/amm5t utiles p\r la pratique--9 a ^w1 ! dynamic significance ( ! ?+4 ,we may rem>k t mu* ! same is true ( ! ideas ( ! vid5t4 ,9 ord9>y ,disc\rse we freely employ our ideas ( ext]nal objects )\t ev] attempt+ a detail$ reproduction ( ! visual image4 ,su* a reproduction w\ld be bo? impracticable & unnecess>y1 & w\ld involve su* a sacrifice ( "t z to r5d] ,disc\rse altoge!r impossible4 ,all t ! ,m9d ( ! vid5t ord9>ily grasps & utilises 9 8 discursive employm5t ( ! idea ( any physical ?+ is :at we h v5tur$ to call its dynamic significance4 ,& ! v c>eful analysis :i* ,m4 ,villey has made ( ! m5tal conceptions ( ! bl9d cle>ly %[s t 9 _! case he has rea*$ exactly ! same conclusion4 ,our fundam5tal conceptions ( ! ext]nal _w are !re=e d]iv$ f & are built up out ( ! data ( our ex]tional ,activity comb9$ ) ! int]ruptions :i* t ,activity p]petually enc\nt]s1 & 9 :i* s5sations arise4 ,x w\ld inde$ be a useful "w ( psy*ological analysis if ! conditions ( ex]tional action 7 c>efully & sy/ematically inve/igat$--mu* m useful ?an mo/ ( ! trifl+ exp]im5ts to :i* psy*ological laboratories are usually devot$4 ,! pr9cipal elem5ts ( su* a s*eme w\ld be-- 7#a7 ,! =ce ( gravity4 ,?is =ce con/antly op]at+ con/ra9s ! organism to be 9 con/ant contact ) ! e>? on :i* we live4 ,b1 fur!r1 x gives u ! def9ite idea ( ,direction4 ,x is f ! action ( gravity t we d]ive our di/9ction betwe5 ,up & ,d[n f :i* z a />t+-po9t we build up our conception ( tridim5sional ,space4 ,& 9 ?is respect x mu/ be rememb]$ t z ! areas ( sph]es are proportional to ! squ>es ( _! radii x necess>ily foll[s t gravity if x acts uni=mly 9 tridim5sional ,space mu/ v>y 9 int5sity 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ( ! po9t ( application f ! c5tre ( orig94 ,gravity & tridim5sionality are 9 %ort necess>ily connect$4 7#b7 ,! same law :i* det]m9es ! =ce ( gravity seems to det]m9e also ! =ce ( cohesion1 & !re=e ! =m ( mat]ial bodies4 ,^!1 !re=e1 are necess>ily subject also to tridim5sionality1 & 9 ! =ce :i* g5]ates solid =m we f9d a second s\rce ( our elem5t>y spatial ideas4 ,su* =m is ! expression ( an ob/acle to action :i* det]m9es all our movem5ts1 & 9 :i* we discov] ^? =ms ( ! limitations ( activity :i* we call spatial *>act]s4 7#c7 ,organic ,dualism is a ?ird det]m9ant ( activity1 & ?us also a s\rce ( spatial ideas4 ,! /ructural dualism ( ! human body1 its "r & left1 its front & back1 etc41 furni% our activity ) a set ( con/ant =ms to :i* its action mu/ con=m1 & :i* necess>ily also p>take (1 & help u to conceive ( tridim5sional =m4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ?is dualism *>act]ises ! organs specially adapt$ to s]ve ex]tional action r ?an ^? :i* s]ve our vegetal or nutri5t life4 ,! way 9 :i* our spatial conceptions are ev] ext5d$ & built up out ( ! data ( action is also well illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ! bl9d1 & to ?is also ,m4 ,villey devotes an int]e/+ *apt] "u ! title ,la conquete des repres5tations spatiales4 ,?is is effect$ 9 _! case by ! high developm5t ( :at we mu/ call active t\*4 ,j z we di/+ui% betwe5 he>+ & li/5+1 betwe5 see+ & look+1 s mu/ we di/+ui% betwe5 t\*+ & palpation4 ,m]e passive t\* gives a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation1 b comp>atively little4 ,x is necess>y to explore2 t is :at is done 9 active t\*--palpation--( diff]5t degrees4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ( ! sk9 v>ies at diff]5t places f ! tongue d[nw>ds4 ,palpation by ! f+]s m>ks a fur!r /age4 ,! bl9d also1 we are told1 l>gely employ ! feet 9 walk+ z a s\rce ( locative data4 ,to ! concepts rea*$ by su* palpation ) ! h&1 ,m4 ,villey gives ! "n ( ,manual ,space4 ,9 ?is connection he ?9ks x necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 syn!tic t\* & analytic t\*--! =m] result+ f ! simultane\s application ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! h& on ! surface ( a body1 ! latt] t :i* we owe to ! movem5ts ( our f+]s :5 hav+ only "o po9t ( contact ) ! object ! f+]s foll[ its cont\r4 ,v>i\s examples ( ! delicacy ( ! in=mation ?us obta9able are giv54 ,foll[+ two /raight l9es ) ! ?umb & index respectively1 a bl9d man c acquire by practice a s5sibility s complete z to enable him to detect ! slighte/ div]g5ce f p>allelism4 ,! analysis passes on f ! data ( ,space manual to ^? ( ,space bra*ial2 !n to ! in=mation d]iv$ f walk+ & o!r movem5ts ( ! l[] limbs1 & !n to ! co-ord9ation ( ! in=mation d]iv$ f ! s5sations ( he>+1 :i* is necess>ily v important to ! bl9d4 ,! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] is t our pr9cipal spatial ideas are common alike to ! bl9d & ! vid5t4 ,bo? c be taught & are taught ! same geometry4 ,bo? und]/& "o ano!r 9 ! description ( spatial conditions4 ,! common elem5t _c possibly be suppli$ ei!r by ! data ( visual s5sation :i* ! bl9d d n possess1 or by ! data ( passive tactual s5sation :i* ! vid5t h>dly ev] employ4 ,une et5due commune se retr\v]ait a la fois dans les donnees de la vue et dans celles du t\*]4 ,! common elem5t is furni%$ by ! common laws & =ms ( our ex]tional ,activity by means ( :i* & 9 t]ms ( :i* we all con/ruct our conceptions ( ! dynamic _w ( our environm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is f our dynamic ,activity also t we d]ive our conception ( ,=ce4 ,=ce1 ?\gh x is /udi$ sci5tifically 9 ! measurem5t ( ! great natural =ces :i* op]ate con/antly1 is orig9ally kn[n to u 9 ! /ress or pressure to :i* muscul> ex]tion 9 contact ) a mat]ial body gives rise4 ,su* a =ce if x c\ld be correctly measur$1 w\ld record ! rate at :i* ,en]gy 0 und]go+ transmutation1 & x is f su* exp]i5ce ( pressure t our idea ( ,=ce is orig9ally d]iv$4 ,! mass ( bodies is usually measur$ by _! weight1 i4e4 by gravity4 ,its absolute measurem5t mu/ be 9 t]ms ( mom5tum4 ,! true e/imate ( ! ,en]gy ( a body mov+ "u ! impulse ( a con/ant ,=ce is /at$ 9 ! =mula #a_/b,,mv#b4 ,to asc]ta9 ,m1 !re=e1 we mu/ h giv5 ,f & ,v1 & ^! are bo? conceptions ! orig9al idea ( :i* is d]iv$ f our ex]tional activity4 ,quantity ( ,matt] orig9ally means ! same z am\nt ( resi/ance to initiation ( motion1 at fir/ e/imat$ by ! v>y+ am\nt ( p]sonal muscul> en]gy requir$ to effect ! motion 9 "q1 !reaft] objectively & sci5tifically by comp>ison ) "s indep5d5t /&>d :]eby a m exact e/imation c be atta9$ ?an 0 possible by a m]e ref]5ce to ! v>y+ inf]5ces ( ! individual :o might ex]t ! =ce4 ,space1 ,mass1 ,=ce are all !re=e ideas :i* are furni%$ to u out ( our exp]i5ce z pot5t actors1 & ! recognition ( ?is great tru? provides u ) ! means ( cle>ly appreh5d+ & co-relat+ our conceptions ( ! ext]nal _w1 ! framework ( our ,k4 ,! true di/9ction betwe5 a p]cept & a concept is j t a p]cept is a concept associat$ ) ! dynamic sy/em discov]$ 9 & by our ex]tional activity4 ,9 l mann] we f9d "h ! true solution ( ! _m que/ions :i* h be5 rais$ z to ! di/9ction betwe5 g5]al & ab/ract1 s+ul> & concrete t]ms4 ,language expresses action3 ! roots ( language are expressions ( ! elem5t>y acts :i* make up exp]i5ce4 ,!y are !re=e g5]al4 ,ea* applies to e act ( ! class 9 "q4 ,!y are also concrete4 ,t is s because !y ref] to ex]tional activities4 ,ab/ract t]ms are t]ms ab/ract$ f ?is dynamic ref]5ce4 ,?us :ite is concrete because col\r is a prop]ty ( ! dynamic _w4 ,b :5 ?is prop]ty is consid]$ ap>t f its dynamic support x is call$ :it5ess1 & becomes ab/ract4 ,9 ! case ( purely m5tal qualities ! t]m is reg>d$ z ab/ract simply because ! quality is 9 e ref]5ce extra dynamic4 ,?us c&\r1 ju/ice are call$ ab/ract t]ms2 !y are prop]ties ( ! ,m9d4 ,b a prop]ty ( ! dynamic sy/em1 e4g4 ,gravitation1 does n /rike u z ab/ract--! sole di/9ction be+ ! dynamic ref]5ce :i* ! latt] t]m implies4 ,x w ev5 be se5 t !re is sometimes a %ad+ (f ( ab/ract quality4 ,?us ,ju/ice z an attribute ( ! ,m9d /rikes u z a purely ab/ract t]m4 ,b z ! ^w takes up a dynamic ref]5ce s does its ab/raction dim9i%4 ,?us 9 ! expression ,adm9i/ration ( ,ju/ice ! ab/ractive sugge/ion is less pron\nc$2 till 9 ! p]son ( ,ju/ice ,%all[ x vani%es 9 ! v concrete4 ,beh9d & b5ea? all ^! consid]ations we %\ld nev] lose sight ( ! great ma9 facts--t ?\ght is an activity2 t its function !re=e is to repres5t or reproduce our pure ex]tional activity2 t su* repres5tation is at ! basis ( all our concepts ( ext]nality2 t s5sation1 p] se is m]e int]ruption ( activity2 t p] se x possesses no spatial or ext5sive or ext]nal sugge/iv5ess2 t s5sations nev]!less s]ve to d5ote or give feature & p>ticul>ity to our exp]i5ce ( activity2 t all p]ception ( ! ext]nal is at bottom !re=e a m5tal repres5tation ( ex]tional activity & its =ms1 d5ot$1 punctuat$1 id5tifi$ by s5sation1 :i* latt] by itself1 we repeat1 c>ries no sugge/ion ( ext]nality4 ,?is view revolutionises ! :ole psy*ology ( ,p]ception1 & !re=e1 ?\gh x at once gives to t sci5ce a mu*-ne$$ unity1 cl>ity1 & simplicity1 x w naturally be accept$ ) reluctance by ! labori\s au?ors ( ! cumbr\s !ories /ill g5]ally curr5t4 ,,footnotes3 #ah3a ,8 reason is t we ab orig9e localise s5sations ) ref]5ce to our organism4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 means by ref]5ce to ! sy/em ( pot5t en]gy 9 :i* our organism ess5tially consi/s4 ,,iii ,,! ,,two ,,typical ,,!ories ,,( ,,k ,! evolution ( liv+ organisms is 9 g5]al a gradual & cont9u\s process4 ,b x is nev]!less true t x pres5ts well-m>k$ /ages & c be/ be describ$ by ref]5ce to ^!4 ,frequ5tly1 moreov]1 ! mean+ & true nature ( ! movem5t at "o /age is only reveal$ aft] a subsequ5t /age has be5 rea*$4 ,! developm5t ( a bra9 or c]ebrum m>ks "o important advance4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is organ r5d]s possible to ! animal 9 v>y+ degree :at are call$ repres5tations ( objects1 & ! faculty ( mak+ su* repres5tations appe>s to be a condition prec$5t to ! developm5t ( delib]ation1 volition1 & purposive action z oppos$ to reflex or in/9ctive activity4 ,! latt] is specially *>act]i/ic ( o!r ord]s ( organic exi/5ce su* z ! ,articulata--be+ rem>kably exemplifi$ 9 ! activities ( ! social insects su* z ! bee4 ,! adv5t ( man ) 8 faculty ( ,disc\rse may be reg>d$ z m>k+ ano!r di/9ct /age 9 ! evolution>y movem5t--a /age1 moreov]1 ! op]ations ( :i* ?r[ light ^u ! :ole nature ( c]ebral repres5tations4 ,! faculty ( rational ,disc\rse1 z ,max ,muell] po9t$ out1 is d5om9at$ 9 ,greek by ! ^w logos1 applicable at once to ! m5tal activity & to its appropriate expression 9 spee*4 ,disc\rse is an in/rum5t by means ( :i* man has be5 enabl$ to con/ruct 8 :ole sy/em ( repres5tations ( ! _w 9 :i* he lives1 ! sy/em ( :at is commonly call$ 8 ,k4 ,human ,k j is ! body ( man's repres5tations ( 8 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! _w ( :i* he =ms a "p4 ,x is n necess>y to insi/ "h on ! gradual b rem>kable gr[? & ext5sion :i* ,human ,k has und]gone dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,concurr5tly ) its ext5sion man's ability to control ! =ces ( ,nature has be5 enl>g$ & increas$4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 t ext5sion has r5d]$ possible false developm5ts & ab]rations to :i* ! m limit$ repres5tations ( ! brute are less liable4 ,) ! faculty ( rational ,disc\rse con/antly /riv+ to ext5d ! b\nds ( ,k1 man came 9 "t to attempt to give an acc\nt n only ( ! imm$iate objects :i* surr\nd him1 b ( ! :ole *oir ( ,heav5 & furniture ( ,e>?4 ,9 ?is advance ! ,greeks took a lead+ "p4 ,:5 we fir/ make acqua9tance ?r\gh hi/orical records ) ! intellectual activity ( ! ,greek m9d1 we f9d x engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( v>i\s su* s*emes = an explanation ( ! _w--usually call$ cosmogonies4 ,x 0 at ?is /age ( intellectual progress t :at we might call an int]ruption occurr$ 9 ! normal process ( evolution4 ,great intellectual activity _h = "s "t prevail$ 9 ! ,greek communities2 sev]al m5 ( conspicu\s g5ius--notably ,h]acleitus & ,p>m5ides--_h c>ri$ speculation z to ! orig9 & nature ( ! _w to a height hi!rto undreamt (4 ,^! a*ievem5ts & ! consci\sness ( cont9ual progress _h eng5d]$ 9 ,a!ns p>ticul>ly :at might be call$ an epidemic ( intellectual pride4 ,on ?is sc5e ,socrates appe>$1 pla91 blunt1 critical4 ,8 tea*+ 0 9 effect an appeal to m5 to reflect3 to turn _! att5tion away f ! _w :i* !y 7 suppos$ to be expla9+ to ! contemplation ( _! own ,m9ds by :i* ! explanation 0 furni%$4 gno?i seauton 0 8 motto4 ,all explanations ( ! ,univ]se or ( ,exp]i5ce 71 z he %[$1 va9 unless ! ,cognitive ,faculty by :i* !y 7 con/ruct$ 7 op]at+ truly4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! process ( ,rational ,disc\rse impli$ ! use ( concrete g5]al t]ms1 :i* 7 recognis$ to be ! ess5tial in/rum5ts ( ,cognition4 ,socrates !re=e devot$ 8 att5tion specially to a critical exam9ation ( ^! g5]al t]ms & also ( ! ab/ract t]ms :i* 7 ! famili> in/rum5ts ( ,disc\rse4 ,! ,greeks ( t day 7 end[$ ) a s+ul> cle>ness ( intellectual vision4 ,!y readily recognis$ t ,k 0 an intellectual process2 !y appreciat$ ! activity ( ,?\ght or ,rational ,disc\rse z ess5tial to its =mation4 ,!y q und]/ood t ,k is n ( ! nature ( a photograph--a resemblant pictorial reproduction ( ! data furni%$ by s5sation4 ,only v casually & occasionally d we ev] attempt to supply ourselves ) a resemblant reproduction ( our s5sations4 ,obvi\sly su* a reproduction w\ld only be ( value memorially & c\ld tell u no?+ new4 ,^! e>ly ,greeks realis$ ?is1 & !y appe> to h realis$ also pretty cle>ly t x w\ld be impossible by means ( su* pictorial impressions to e/abli% any community ( ,k4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( ,k t x is some?+ :i* c be communicat$ to1 & :i* is ! common possession (1 sev]al individuals4 ,t c nev] be true ( s5sation4 ,we c nev] tell :e!r our s5sations are ! same z ^? ( o!r p--nev] at any rate by means ( s5sations !mselves2 nev] unless & until su* s5sations h be5 int]-relat$ by "s o!r in/rum5t4 ,a m]e photographic reproduction ( s5sation is ?us q useless z a means ( ,k4 ,9 "s way or o!r g5]al t]ms supply ! common bond4 ,! recognition ( ?is fact 0 "o ( ! great results ( ! ,socratic discussion4 ,?is expla9s ! imm5se importance :i* ,socrates naturally atta*$ to ! criticism ( g5]al & ab/ract t]ms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "w ( ,socrates 9 ?is direction 0 imm$iately tak5 up & c>ri$ mu* fur!r by ,plato4 ,plato ma9ta9$ t ^! g5]al & ab/ract t]ms 7 9 tru? ! names ( ideas 7eide7 ) :i* ! m9d is naturally furni%$1 & fur!r t ^! ideas correspond$ to & typifi$ ! et]nal =ms ( ?+s--! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! real _w4 ,k 0 possible because !re 7 su* et]nal =ms or ideal elem5ts--! ar*etypes--( :i* ! eide 7 ! c\nt]p>ts & repres5tations4 ,k1 ,plato held1 0 conc]n$ solely ) ^! et]nal =ms1 n ) s5sation at all4 ,! s5sible _w 0 9 a /ate ( con/ant flux & c\ld n be ! object ( true sci5ce4 ,its appreh5sion 0 effect$ by a faculty or capacity 7,republic1 v4 #dgh-gi7 midway betwe5 ,k & nesci5ce to :i* he appli$ ! t]m doxa1 frequ5tly translat$ op9ion1 b :i* 9 ?is connection w\ld be mu* m accurately r5d]$1 s5sible impression1 or ev5 p]ception4 ,at any rate1 ! t]m op9ion is a v unhappy "o1 & does n convey ! true mean+ at all1 = no volunt>y intellective act on ! "p ( ! subject 0 impli$ by ! t]m4 ,n[ intellig5ce 9 con/ruct+ a s*eme ( ,k is active4 ,! ideas are ! in/rum5ts ( ?is activity4 ,plato's doctr9e ( ideas 0 probably design$ or conceiv$ by him z af=d+ an explanation also ( ! community ( ,k4 ,he emphasis$ ! flu5t in/ability ( ! s5sible impression1 & z we h already po9t$ out1 s5sation 9 itself lab\rs also "u ?is drawback t x conta9s & af=ds no common nexus :]eby ! conceptions or p]ceptions ( "o man c be comp>$ or relat$ ) ^? ( ano!r4 ,inde$1 if ,exp]i5ce 7 compos$ solely ( s5sations1 ea* individual w\ld be an isolat$ solipsi/ic unit--incapable ( rational ,disc\rse or communication ) 8 fell[-m54 ,to cure ?is defect1 ,plato (f]$ ! ideas--univ]sal =ms common to ! intellig5ce ( e rational be+4 ,n only w\ld !y r5d] possible a common ,k ( ,reality--! exi/5ce ( su* ideas w\ld necess>ily also give p]man5ce1 fixity1 law1 & ord] to our intellectual activity4 ,our ,k w\ld n be a m]e r&om succession ( impressions1 b a def9itely det]m9$ organic unity4 ,9 all ?is argum5t x mu/ be rememb]$ ,plato nev] said or sugge/$ t ! intellect ( man--?us equipp$ ) ideal =ms--0 !reby enabl$ to become1 or did become1 ! creator ( ! _w by & 9 :i* ea* "o believes himself to be surr\nd$ & includ$4 ,he always di/+ui%$ betwe5 ,idea & ,reality1 betwe5 ,?\ght & ,?+4 ,! ideas 7 types ( ! =ms imman5t 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,x has be5 said by "s s*ol>s t he g5]ally di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! two by ! employm5t ( di/9ct t]ms1 apply+ eidos to ! m5tal conception & idea to ! sub/antial =m4 ,?is v]bal di/9ction 0 accept$ by _m s*ol>s ( ! epo* ( ,liddell & ,scott & ,davies & ,vaughan4 ,a ref]5ce to ?is di/9ction 9 ! pres5t writ]'s essay on ,! ,dynamic ,f\ndation ( ,k provok$ at ! in/ance ( "o critic ! allegation t x is n borne out by a critical /udy ( ! ,platonic texts4 ,t is a matt] ( little mom5t & "o ^u :i* ! writ] _c claim to pron\nce4 ,! important po9t is t 9 "o way or ano!r ,plato und\bt$ly di/+ui%$ betwe5 & inde$ contra/$ ! idea & ! sub/antial =m4 ,no trace ( ! solipsism :i* results f _! be+ conf\nd$ & :i* has ultimately br\ght to de/ruction ! impos+ edifice ( ,hegelian ,?\ght is to be f\nd 9 8 writ+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,platonic doctr9e ( ideas spe$ily f\nd an en]getic critic 9 ,ari/otle4 ,9 ,ari/otle's view1 x 0 q unnecess>y & unw>rantable to po/ulate ! exi/5ce 9 ! ,m9d ( ideal =ms or c\nt]p>ts ( ! sub/antial =ms ( ,reality4 ,?is1 accord+ to him1 0 a :olly unnecess>y r$uplication4 ,he 0 cont5t to believe t ! m9d f\nd & recognis$ ! ess5tial =ms ( ?+s :5 !y 7 pres5t$ to x 9 p]ceptive ,exp]i5ce4 ,univ]salia 9 re 7 conceiv$ by him z suffici5tly expla9+ ! g5esis ( cognition )\t ! po/ulation ( any su* univ]salia extra rem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! ,platonic doctr9e he (f]$ ! fur!r objection t ! et]nal =ms ( ?+s :i* t doctr9e affirm$ & :i* x decl>$ to be repres5t$ 9 _! ideal types 7 necess>ily impot5tial4 ,!re 0 no g5]ative p[] 9 ! pure activity ( ,?\ght4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ess5tials ( ,reality 7 ideal1 x foll[$ t !y also 7 impot5t1 & incapable ( causative efficacy4 ,! s5sible _w1 h[ev]1 0 a flu5t & p]petually g5]at$ /ream1 :i* requir$ "s pot5t cause to uphold x4 ,! et]nal ,reality :i* su/a9$ ! _w 0 = him an ,en]gy con/antly g5]at+ ! actual1 & no conception :i* fail$ to provide = ?is process ( causative g5]ation ( ! ?+s ( ,s5se c\ld 9 8 view adequately acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ,nature nor consequ5tly c\ld con/itute ! sy/em ( sci5ce4 ,9 ?is argum5t ,ari/otle und\bt$ly express$ a pr(\nd tru?1 b x may p]haps be admitt$ t he r fail$ to appreciate fully ! difficulty :i* ! ,platonic doctr9e 0 design$ to meet--t1 namely1 ( provid+ "s sort ( common nexus or unify+ pr9ciple by :i* ! validity ( ,k c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,= he _h no c]ta9 means ( %[+ t ! pot5t en]gy ( ,nature 0 unit>y & homog5e\s4 ,he is frequ5tly describ$ z a s5sationali/1 b su* a view is c]ta9ly incorrect4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be admitt$--t he s\ght ! ess5tials ( ,reality n 9 ! ,m9d b 9 ! ,object4 ,x may be fairly claim$ t to ?is ext5t he occupi$ common gr\nd ) ! s5sationali/s1 9 t he 0 an adh]5t ( ! tabula rasa view ( ! ,m9d1 express$ 9 ! maxim3-- ,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non fuit 9 s5su4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plato & ,ari/otle may be tak5 z typical ( ! two pr9cipal intellectual t5d5cies :i* h *>act]is$ all subsequ5t speculation--! ,platoni/1 he :o f9ds 9 ! con/itution ( ! ,m9d ! et]nal pr9ciples or at lea/ ! types ( ! et]nal pr9ciples ( ,reality2 ! ,ari/otelian1 he = :om ^! seem to reside 9 ! object &1 9 ! act ( ,cognition1 are m]ely impress$ ^u1 transf]r$ to1 pres5t$ to1 or o!rwise introduc$ into or appreh5d$ by ! ,m9d4 ,! ,ari/otelian view ( ,nature z an en]getic process fail$ to impress itself ^u 8 successors4 ,greek ,philosophy soon aft] ,ari/otle's dea? decay$ or 0 depriv$ ( its e>ly vig\r1 & ! doctr9e :i* surviv$ ! wreck 0 ess5tially d]iv$1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 f ! ,platonic !ory4 ,?r\gh\t ! fir/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian era ?is doctr9e und\bt$ly dom9at$ ! c\rse ( speculation--a speculation ( :i* mu* is n[ =gott5 & almo/ z mu* 0 c]ta9ly b>r5 & unfruitful1 b ( :i* we w\ld ent]ta9 a v mi/ak5 notion if we 7 to imag9e t x 0 n (t5 pursu$ ) great subtlety & acum54 ,"o natural result ( ! fact t su* a pr9ciple dom9at$ human ?\ght 0 ! preval5ce ( a belief t ! explanation ( ,nature & natural processes c\ld be d]iv$ f ! cognitive faculty itself4 ,our cognition ( our imm$iate surr\nd+s 0 d\btless cont9u\sly correct$ by imm$iate practical te/s4 ,b ! sci5ce ( a m ext5d$ view ( ,nature 0 vitiat$ by ?is false pr9ciple & 9 consequ5ce = _m c5turies our :ole ,k ( ,nature rema9$ unprogressive & unfruitful4 ,causa aequat effectum1 ,nature abhors a vacuum1 are examples ( ! maxims d]iv$ or suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! necessities ( our ,reason1 & by ! aid ( :i* x 0 va9ly hop$ to atta9 a k ( ,nature & natural laws4 ,! pr9ciple 0 9 itself uns\nd4 ,! necess>y laws ( our rational faculty c\ld discov] to u only ! ess5tials ( t faculty itself4 ,! maxims by :i* x 0 s\ght to con/itute a priori a s*eme ( natural laws c\ld n ju/ly claim desc5t f ! necessities ( ,?\ght4 ,_h ! ,s*oolm5 =m$ a true conception ( ! nature ( ,k !y w\ld nev] h imag9$ t any necessity ( ,?\ght oblig$ !m to believe t a #aj lb4 weight w\ld fall to ! gr\nd m rapidly ?an a #a lb4 weight4 ,equally true is x t _! sci5tific pr9ciples _h n be5 d]iv$ f any /udy ( ! action ( natural law4 ,!y 7 unackn[l$g$ intellectual orphans4 ,! movem5t associat$ ) ! names ( ,galileo1 ,bruno1 ,bacon1 ,kepl]1 & ,newton ow$ its orig9 & its success to ! ab&onm5t ( ?is vici\s pr9ciple4 ,s f> z ,nature 0 conc]n$1 ! ,m9d 0 reg>d$ z a tabula rasa1 & ! physician set himself to asc]ta9 ! laws ( nature n by reflection ^u 8 own m5tal processes or requirem5ts1 b by exp]im5t ) & obs]vation ( natural processes !mselves4 ,! result has be5 ! e/abli%m5t ( mod]n sci5ce--! greate/ triumph :i* ! human m9d has yet a*iev$4 ,9 a criticism ( ! writ]'s essay on ,! ,dynamic ,f\ndation ( ,k 9 ! ,revue neo-scola/ique ( ,l\va91 ! critic wrote z foll[s3 ,rem>quons qu'il n'a pas compris la syn!se scola/ique du moy5 age1 elle qui cep5dant a concilie d'une facon admirable l'actuel et le pot5tiel dans l'explication de la nature des *oses4 ,il s'e/ mepris aussi sur les c>act]es de la me?ode scola/ique de connaitre la con/itution intime du monde exp]im5tal2 il croit cette me?ode exclusivem5t d$uctive4 ,we h felt t c&\r dem&$ t we %\ld quote ! =ego+ passage--com+ z x does f a s\rce exceptionally well qualifi$ to express an op9ion4 ,if we h nev]!less all[$ ourselves 9 ! prec$5t p>agraphs ( ?is essay to express aga9 ! view :i* ?is critic seeks to qualify1 b :i* we /ill ?9k 9 ! ma9 s\nd1 we are at ! same "t v glad to be able 9 ?is way to invite att5tion to ! und\bt$ fact t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! actual & ! pot5tial 0 recognis$ by ! s*oolm5 z ( a v deep significance4 ,we believe fur!r t ! real secret ( ! failure ( m$iaevalism to ext5d its ,k ( ,nature 0 n s mu* a pref]5ce = d$uctive ov] inductive me?ods z ! failure to realise t ,nature 0 a dynamic op]ation4 ,x is important1 !n1 to und]/& accurately :at is ! me?od ( ,sci5ce4 ,! ext]nal _w ( our ,exp]i5ce seems to be compos$ ( s5sible impressions4 ,! ev] pres5t visual panorama comb9$ ) ! con/ant occurr5ce ( o!r s5sations sugge/s t ,nature is1 z has s (t5 be5 ass]t$1 simply ano!r "n = ! s5sible pres5tation4 ,a tru] view ( ,nature 0 adumbrat$ by ,ari/otle :5 he =mulat$ ! !ory ( an ,en]gy ev] g5]ative ( ! s5sible4 ,if ! f\nd]s ( ,sci5ce did n fully grasp ! ,ari/otelian conception1 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t !y look$ ^u ,nature n m]ely z a s5sible pres5tation b z a process--a dynamic op]ation4 ,x 0 to ! /udy ( ^! op]ations1 to ! measurem5t ( ! natural =ces or normal categories ( physical action t ,galileo & ,newton devot$ !mselves4 ,! true e/imate ( a mov+ =ce may inde$ be said to h be5 _! fir/ great problem1 j z ! law ( univ]sal gravitation 0 _! gr&e/ g5]alisation4 ,x 0 to ?is sure in/9ct t ! f\nd]s ( ,sci5ce ow$ _! success4 ,_h !y devot$ !mselves to ! m]e /udy ( s5sations--( blue ?+s & gre5 ?+s1 ( h>d ?+s & s(t ?+s1 ( l\d ?+s & sil5t ?+s--,sci5ce z an effici5t & co-ord9at$ sy/em w\ld nev] h come into be+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ /ruck ! "r pa?1 !y mov$ rapidly along x1 leav+ ! ,s*oolm5 & ,philosoph]s beh9d !m1 suspici\s1 ho/ile1 & amaz$4 ,b ,philosophy did n rema9 altoge!r negative4 ,! new movem5t ext5d$ itself to ,metaphysics1 & "u ! lead]%ip ( ,desc>tes a resolute ef=t 0 made to re=m ,philosophy on sympa!tic l9es4 ,x 0 9 ! true _s ( ,socrates t ,desc>tes advanc$ 8 fam\s me?od ( ,d\bt4 ,! :ole fabric ( beliefs & rational pr9ciples 0 to be subject$ to a re-exam9ation1 & ,desc>tes f\nd himself on b$rock :5 he t\*$ 8 fam\s ,cogito1 ergo sum4 ,! simple fact or act ( ,d\bt impli$ ! ,activity--! ,reality !re=e--( ! ,d\bt]4 ,b ! cogitant subject 0 r$uc$ v mu* to ! condition ( a tabula rasa1 & :5 ,desc>tes proce$$ to fill up ! blank ) a r$iscov]y on m sci5tific l9es ( ! ess5tials ( ,cognition he f\nd 8 basal feature 9 ,ext5sion4 ,tridim5sional ,space seem$ ! simple elem5t>y framework ( our ,k ( ,nature4 ,! me?od ( ,desc>tes 0 fur!r ext5d$ by ! ,engli% philosoph] ,locke4 ,^? qualities :i* =m$ ! elem5ts ( ,k 7 describ$ by him z ! prim>y qualities ( body2 ! s5sible pres5tation compris$ also ! second>y qualities :i* seem$ to be 9 "s way sup]pos$ ^u & conta9$ )9 ! =m]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our fundam5tal ideas ( ,nature 7 call$ by ,locke s5sible ideas4 ,^! ideas 7 d]iv$ f our s5sible ,exp]i5ce1 & x is only j to ,locke to po9t out t1 :5 exam9$ 9 detail1 8 s5sible ideas are se5 to be n m]e qualifications ( s5sation1 b r ! elem5t>y *>act]s ( ,nature view$ z a dynamic process & discov]$ by our ,activity4 ,yet ! ambigu\s t]m s5sible ideas un=tunately l$ to _! be+ reg>d$ z ideas d]iv$1 n f our action 9 any =m1 b f pure s5sation alone4 ,?is extraord9>y error 0 int5sifi$ 9 ! speculation ( ,b]keley & ,hume4 ,exp]i5ce ) !m appe>$ to consi/ solely ( a succession ( s5sations appe>+ to1 impress+1 or affect+ a tabula rasa ( consci\sness4 ,( c\rse 9 su* a /ate ( affairs all ,k w\ld be impossible4 ,! scepticism :i* logically foll[$ f su* a doctr9e 0 too univ]sal to be capable ev5 ( ! fiction t x 0 cr$ible4 ,b]keley1 x is true1 endeav\r$ to save ! situation by po/ulat+ ! incessant & imm$iate int]v5tion ( ! ,deity z ! su/a9] ( ! s5sible panorama4 ,?is purely arbitr>y & fictiti\s exp$i5t 0 entirely reject$ by ,hume1 :o ) fe>less hone/y c>ri$ to its ultimate results ! direct consequ5ces ( ! doctr9e & !n complac5tly left human ,k to take c>e ( itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ma/]ly prote/ aga9/ ! position ( ,hume 0 made by 8 c\ntryman ,reid1 :o 9 8 ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d v cle>ly po9t$ out ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! s5sible accompanim5ts or con/itu5ts ( our ,exp]i5ce & ! real & indep5d5tly exi/5t sub/ratum by :i* t ,exp]i5ce is su/a9$ & organis$4 ,8 argum5t1 ?\gh x attract$ consid]able att5tion1 did n1 h[ev]1 affect z deeply z might h be5 expect$ ! future ( philosophic speculation1 probably because he (f]$ no new clue or key :]eby to detect ! orig9 & acc\nt = ! pres5ce 9 our ,exp]i5ce ( ^? endur+ & sub/antial elem5ts or =ms by :i* x is su/a9$1 b on ! contr>y left _! recognition to :at he r vaguely describ$ z common s5se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mu* m influ5tial 0 ! elaborate answ] ( ,kant1 :i* has pr(\ndly affect$ ! c\rse ( ,metaphysics s9ce its publication4 ,rev]t+ 9 pr9ciple to ! platonic me?od1 ,kant aga9 s\ght ! endur+ elem5ts1 ! fundam5tals ( ,sci5ce1 9 ! con/itution ( ! cognitive faculty itself4 ,b v diff]5tly f ,plato he discov]$ ^! 9 ! categories or ess5tial =ms ( intellective action1--! category ( causality & dep5d5ce & ! s-call$ =ms ( ! transc5d5tal ae/hetic--,"t & ,space4 ,"u ^! categories ! indef9ite data ( s5sation 7 ?\ght to be organis$ into a cognisable sy/em4 ,a rapid advance ( speculation along ! l9es signalis$ by ,kant took place aft] 8 "w 0 publi%$1 & = _m ye>s ?is movem5t 0 reg>d$ by a l>ge "p ( ! speculative _w z ! mo/ hopeful & progressive ( philosophic ef=ts1 & by its own vot>ies z plac+ !m 9 a position ( sup]iority to all o!r s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,! ?or\ghness ( _! /udies & introspective me?ods to "s ext5t ju/ifi$1 or at lea/ excus$ ! arrogance ( _! pret5sions4 ,b x is to-day almo/ unnecess>y ev5 to criticise ?is ,philosophy4 ,f ! fir/ x 0 =$oom$ to failure1 & _h no prospect ( succe$+ :]e ,plato--equipp$ ) arm\r f ! same =ge--_h already fail$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kantianism l ,platonism fail$ because x /ill left ! s5sible unacc\nt$ =4 ,n only did x fail to tell u :5ce came ^! s5sations :i*1 h[ev] transitory & unreal1 con/antly salut$ our consci\sness & l>gely con/itut$ our ,exp]i5ce2 x fail$ also to %[ u h[ !y c\ld be br\ght into relation ) ! faculty ( ,k4 ,f9d+ its elem5tal =ms 9 ! /ructure ( ! organ ( ,k1 x fail$ to tell u h[ we ev] manag$ by means ( ^! to get beyond our own subjective /ates1 or h[ we ev] came to ?9k t !re 0 a ,_w outside ( ! individual consci\sness1 by ! categories ( :i*1 accord+ to !m1 our cognitions ( su* a ,_w 7 call$ into be+4 ,= if ,reality 7 unkn[able except by & ?r\gh ! categories1 !n our ,k ( ,reality 0 ! creature ( our own m5tal activity1 & we mu/ /ill rema9 unable to und]/& :y we %\ld suppose t we _h got beyond ourselves4 ,^! defects ( ,kantianism 7 e>ly recognis$ by ,s*op5hau]1 :o also appe>s to h realis$ t :at 0 want$ 0 ano!r & a new key to unlock ! gateway ( ,k4 ,k 0 9 ess5ce an affirmation or s]ies ( affirmations ab\t a real ,_w di/9ct f ! ,kn[]4 ,x 0 surely n[ obvi\s t ! w>rant = su* affirmations & ! s\rce ( _! validity mu/ come f some:]e beyond ! cognitive faculty itself4 ,! s\rce ^u :i* m5 aga9 & aga9 h seem$ to fall back is ,s5sation2 b ,s5sation be+ transitory & dep5d5t = its exi/5ce ^u its be+ felt c really give u no help4 ,"s o!r1 "s self-exi/5t ?+ is want$1 & ) consid]able insight ,s*op5hau] sugge/$ t ! key 0 to be f\nd 9 ! ,w4 ,b ?is !ory1 ?\gh x has lately attract$ consid]able att5tion1 c h>dly be claim$ z (f]+ any def9ite prospect ( a solution4 ,its c>d9al defect is t x /ill fails to %[ h[ ! s5sible arises4 ,x is suppos$ to be g5]at$ out ( pure ,volition1 b no causal nexus1 no direct connection ( any k9d is imm$iately app>5t betwe5 ! two1 & ,s*op5hau] 9 develop+ 8 !ory did no?+ to supply ! want4 ,! doctr9e _c !re=e be reg>d$ z m ?an a helpful /epp+-/one to ! true answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 rec5t ye>s v>i\s =ms ( opportuni/ philosophies "u ! names ( ,pragmatism1 ,pluralism1 etc41 h endeav\r$ to elude ! pressure ( ! dilemma & to solace mank9d = ! failure ( ,kantianism by advis+ !m to accept ,exp]i5ce z x is4 ,b ?\gh su* a c\nsel ( resignation may 9 a popul> s5se ( ! t]m be reg>d$ z philosophical x c h>dly be accept$ z a solution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we f9d1 !n1 t s9ce man fir/ began to inquire reflectively ^u ! nature ( 8 cognitive faculty 8 speculation has foll[$ "o or o!r ( two great l9es or divisions ( !ory1 nei!r ( :i* has be5 f\nd to af=d intellectual satisfaction4 ,we h 7#a7 ! !ory t seeks 9 "s way or o!r to d]ive ! real con/itu5ts ( ,sci5ce f ! con/itution ( ! cognitive faculty itself4 ,to ?is !ory1 :i* has inspir$ "o :ole /ream ( speculation f ,plato to ,hegel1 !re are at lea/ two absolutely fatal objections4 7a7 ,x fails altoge!r to acc\nt = ! s5sible pres5tation :i* h[ev] flu5t & un/able appe>s to /& 9 a direct & ev5 unique relation to ! real4 ,x fails to let u und]/& h[ t relation arises1 h[ ! s5sible is g5]at$1 or h[ x ent]s into our consci\sness4 7b7 ,we are unable "u ?is !ory to discov] h[ we ev] rea* a ,k ( ! real ,_w1 h[ we c get beyond ourselves1 h[ if ! ,m9d 9 its se>* = tru? is p]petually int]cept$ by its own =ms x c ev] furni% u ) any g5u9e cognitions ( ! ext]nal4 7#b7 ,we h ! !ory t ! ess5tial =ms ( ,reality are to be f\nd 9 ! ,object & are !nce suppli$ to ! ,und]/&+1 :i* plays ! "p m]ely ( a receptive surface or tabula rasa4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,ari/otle ?is doctr9e took ! =m ( an affirmation t ,nature mu/ be reg>d$ z an en]getic process conta9+ )9 itself ! pot5cy by :i* x p]petually g5]at$ ! actual4 ,promis+ z x 0 9 ,ari/otle's h&s1 ?is speculation 0 n c>ri$ =w>d or assimilat$ by 8 imm$iate successors4 ,inde$1 x 0 practically =gott5 until ! intellectual revival ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* inaugurat$ ! f\ndations ( mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,h[ev] little ! fact may h be5 consci\sly recognis$ ev5 by ! lead]s ( sci5tific discov]y1 ?is 0 ! conception ( ,nature :i* inspir$ & su/a9$ ! sci5tific advance4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( philosophic speculation1 h[ev]1 x appe>$ only "u ! debas$ & mislead+ =m ( a belief t ! s5sible pres5tation 0 ! true s\rce ( ! cont5ts ( ,cognition1 t x 0 f ,s5sation t ! ,m9d ( ,man d]iv$ ! :ole fabric ( ,sci5ce4 ,p5s] c'e/ s5tir 0 ! =m 9 :i* x 0 express$ by ,condillac1 b 0 equally ! view :i* comm5d$ itself to ,b]keley1 at lea/ 9 8 e>ly writ+s1 to ,hume1 & to a :ole army ( successors d[n to ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,we hope we h already suffici5tly emphasis$ ! falsity ( su* a view4 ,obvi\sly1 if ! ,m9d 7 m]ely ! passive recipi5t ( a /ream ( impressions1 no sort ( rational ,disc\rse1 no sci5tific or cognitive ef=t c\ld ev] h be5 /imulat$ into activity1 & ! v ideas ( causality & relation1 inde$ all t we associate ) ! ex]cise ( ! und]/&+1 c\ld nev] h be5 call$ into be+4 ,^u nei!r ( ^! views ( ! nature ( ,k c we arrive at any consi/5t or intelligible conception ( its g5esis1 nature1 or me?od ( op]ation4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ we d8 ,x is h>dly d\btful t if we are to make any progress we mu/ f9d ano!r & a new key :]eby to unlock ! d\ble door t b>s ! entrance to ! inn] %r9e ( tru?4 ,n[ ! fundam5tal1 or at lea/ a fundam5tal error *>act]i/ic ( all ^! v>i\s ef=ts aft] a solution is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t !y view ! ,_w z a /atic ?+ r ?an z a k9etic process4 ,! ,_w to vision seems a great /ill ?+ 9 or on :i* no d\bt innum]able bodies are mov+ to & fro1 b :i* itself--! fundam5tal ?+--is solid & un*ang+4 ,b ?is is an illusion4 ,! seem+ly un*ang+ features are *angeless only 9 ! monotony ( _! con/ant mutation4 ,coh]+ masses are rigid 9 respect only ( ! con/ancy ( ! dynamic process ( transmutation 9 :i* cohesion consi/s4 ,! sun %9es et]nally /eady only 9 consequ5ce ( ! ceaseless k9etic en]gies :i* give x be+4 ,:at we are ev] do+ 9 rational ,disc\rse1 :at ,k con/antly accompli%es1 is to furni% an acc\nt1 a reproduction ( a s]ies ( op]ations4 ,! ,_w is a process--an activity4 ,t 0 recognis$ z long ago z ! days ( ,h]acleitus1 b 8 disciples did n--al?\gh we ?9k !re is good gr\nd = believ+ t he did#fj3a--;8 disciples did n realise t a process1 :il/ x implies con/ant flux & *ange1 implies also some?+ p]man5t ev5 9 its mutations1 some?+ :i* und]goes ! *ange & su/a9s ! fl[4 ,to und]/& a ?+ is to discov] h[ x op]ates4 ,! et]nal =ms ( ?+s are laws ( natural action4 ,su* are ! law ( gravitation1 ! laws ( optics or ( *emical comb9ation4 ,a /atic picture unless s int]pret$ mu/ be at once valueless & mean+less4 ,x foll[s t ,?\ght & ,disc\rse1 9 furni%+ u ) ,k1 mu/ !mselves be active1 & mu/ 9 "s way or o!r reproduce ! activity ( ,nature4 ,?\ght1 9 %ort1 is an ,activity :i* reproduces ! activity ( ?+s1 ! activity 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( ,nature arise4 ,b h[ d we arrive at any appreh5sion ( ,natural ,action8 ,:at in=ms u t ,nature is a pot5cy ev] op]ative8 ,:at sugge/s to u ! conception ( pot5cy at all8 ,we reply t we arrive at ! idea ( pot5t action because we are ourselves active be+s4 ,our organism ma9ta9s itself by con/ant physiological activities4 ,^! are ! p]man5t con/ancies ( transmutation :i* con/itute ! organism4 ,b sup]impos$ ^u ^! !re are our volunt>y ex]tional activities4 ,by ^! latt] we necess>ily m+le ) & inde$ p>ticipate 9 ! action ( ! natural =ces :i* 7z we usually say7 surr\nd u1 b :i* 9 po9t ( fact d m ?an surr\nd u4 ,! disp>ate gr\p+ ( natural bodies 9 vision bl9ds u to ! fact t we are really n m]ely surr\nd$ by b are m+l$ ) & p>ticipate 9 ! dynamic sy/em4#fa3a ,we are cont9ually press+ ) our weight ^u ! bodies on :i* we re/1 we are cont9ually ex]t+ or resi/+ ! pressure ( s-call$ adh]+ masses--resi/ance-po9ts 9 "o dynamic sy/em ( :i* we are ourselves a "p4 ,?us x is t 9 our ex]tional action we reveal to our consci\sness n only ! =ms ( our own activity b ! =ms ( ! dynamic sy/em :i* conta9s & yet transc5ds ! ,s5sible & ! ,ideal4 ,! !ory we h sugge/$ enables u to proce$ at once to a rational explanation ( ,s5sation4 ,s5sation is ob/ruct$ action4 ,a detail$ consid]ation ( z _m z y l to take ( ! myriad con/itu5ts ( our s5sible ,exp]i5ce w cont9ually & )\t exception confirm ?is simple fact4 ,9 ,nature x is ! pot5t action :i* is real4 ,x alone c be directly repres5t$ by ! activity ( ,?\ght4 ,! m]e ob/ruction ( activity is n a real ?+1 h5ce ! unreal "* ( ,s5sation4 ,yet ! ob/ruction be+ an ob/ruction ( ! real action ( ,nature is1 if n real1 at lea/ actual & imm$iate4 ,nay1 its pres5ce 9 our ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev] mutable & un/able x may be1 is ! only sure te/ & gu>antee ( ,reality4 ,ea* ( ! two lead+ !ories :i* h dom9at$ speculation pres5ts "o p>tial aspect ( ! tru?4 ,! et]nal cognisable elem5t ( ,reality is appreh5d$1 z ! ,platoni/ holds1 by ! intellect & by ! intellect alone4 ,to t ext5t ! ,platoni/ is "r4 ,t cognisable elem5t is ,action4 ,b ,action is d5ot$ = u only 9 ! ob/ructions :i* x enc\nt]s4 ,^! ob/ructions con/itute our ,_w ( ,s5sible ,exp]i5ce1 :i* is !re=e = ea* ( u ! sure indicator ( ! ,real4 ,9 recognis+ ?is fact ! s5sationali/ is "r 9 8 turn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n only does ! dynamic conception ( ,nature enable u to acc\nt = ,s5sation1 b x lets u see h[ ! ,s5sible ,_w becomes a con/itu5t ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,x is by & ?r\gh its ob/ructions & ^! only t we featurise or d5ote our ,exp]i5ce4 ,x is by ! breaks1 ! turn+s 9 ! road t we cognise its c\rse4 ,x is by ! l9e ( rocks & break]s t we def9e ! %ore4 ,b we mu/ n mi/ake ! turn+s = ! roadway nor ! %ore = ! ocean4 ,x is 9 & by our activity t we discov] ?is ,_w ( s5sible ob/ructions4 ,! features ( ! ,s5sible ,_w correspond !re=e to ! laws ( our ex]tional activity1 b ! correspond5ce is relational1 n resemblant4 ,j s1 x is by ! reflection ( ,light t we discov] ! =ms ( ! ob/acle :i* solid bodies oppose to ! radiant undulation4 ,! resultant col\rs correspond to ! =m ( ^! ob/ructions2 b ! correspond5ce is relational n resemblant4 ,! same is true ( s\nds1 ( tactual s5sations1 ( e o!r s5sible ob/acle to pure activity4 ,by ! cl\ds ( smoke we foll[ or us$ to foll[ ! progress ( ! battle1 b ! battle is some?+ o!r ?an a cl\d ( smoke4 ,we are1 z ,plato told u 9 8 fam\s allegory1 l prison]s 9 a cave--our attitude av]t$ f ! ap]ture1 & x is only by ! %ad[s ca/ ^u ! cav]n wall t we c int]pret ! ev5ts :i* are transact+ !mselves outside4 ,9 "o s5se1 !re=e1 ! :ole s5sible & spatial ,_w is real4 ,at lea/ x is actual2 & x af=ds u ! mat]ials f :i* we con/ruct our s*eme ( ph5om5a1 & by :i* ! k9etic process ( ,reality is d5ot$ & conceiv$4 ,! "q ev] & anon occurs to u--,h[ ^u ?is view c we solve ! problem ( transc5d5ce8 ,h[ ev5 on ?is view ( ! case d we manage to get beyond ourselves8 ,h[ are we 9 any way help$ !reto by ! fact t ,reality consi/s 9 pot5t action r ?an 9 ,s5sation8 ,aga91 ! answ] is significant4 ,9 action1 t is1 9 ex]tional action1 we are really "p ( a l>g] :ole4 ,our ex]tional action is ab initio m+l$ 9 & =ms really an integral "p ( ! dynamic sy/em 9 :i* our life is involv$4 ,! ev] op]ative =ces ( ,gravity1 ,cohesion1 ,*emical ,aff9ity1 & s =? are ! ph5om5al expression ( ! laws ( en]getic transmutation 9 :i* we p>take & ( :i* we are organically a "p1 h[ev] app>5tly sep>ate & disp>ate our bodies may seem to be4 ,x is life & feel+1 n action1 :i* really di/+ui% ! individual f 8 environm5t1 at lea/ f 8 mat]ial dynamic environm5t4 ,be x not$ t :at is requir$ is n an explanation ( h[ we transc5d ,exp]i5ce4 ,t by no ef=t c we ev] d 9 ,k4 ,all we are requir$ to expla9 is h[ we transc5d our ,?\ght & our ,s5sibility4 ,! answ] is3 ,our ,exp]i5ce beg9s 9 action1 & x beg9s !re=e 9 a sph]e :i* is beyond ! m]e subjective ,consci\sness1 & yet is organically "o ) ! organs ( ,cognition & ,feel+4 ,x is only by a visual fiction t we come to reg>d our active selves z di/9ct f ! dynamic sy/em4 ,we _c1 9 fact1 %ake (f ! bonds ( corporeality1 ( gravity1 ( all ! v>i\s re/ra9ts ( our organic activity4 ,relatively1 h[ev]1 ! c]ebral activity ( ,?\ght is lib]at$ f ! /resses ( ! dynamic environm5t2 h5ce ! app>5t fre$om & indep5d5ce1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ( ,?\ght1 ,imag9ation1 & ,volition4 ,a great difficulty 9 realis+ ?is view ( ,exp]i5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! app>5t ,solidity & ,in]tia ( mat]ial bodies4 ,s5sible exp]i5ces gr\p !mselves r\nd ^! con/ancies4 ,b a mat]ial body1 :5 its s5sible concomitants are ab/ract$1 is no?+ m ?an a p]man5t process ( en]gy transmutation ! int]ruption ( :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r may orig9ate ,s5sation4 ,x foll[s t ! _w ( spatially ext5d$ bodies is a homog5e\s & consi/5t :ole1 reflect+ 9 its laws & =ms ! real op]ations by :i* x is con/itut$ & su/a9$4 ,b all ?is actual ,_w is nev]!less ph5om5al only1 albeit ! ph5om5a are d]iv$ f & relat$ to ! ,real z *ange is to ! ?+ :i* *anges4 ,to a l>ge ext5t we are misl$ by ! impressive prom95ce ( ! visual data4 ,9 vision we are pres5t$ ) a sy/em ( int]-relat$ & simultane\sly occurr+ s5sations :i* we f9d by exp]i5ce to be ! sure & c]ta9 indicators ( ! pot5t ob/ructions :i* our activity enc\nt]s4 ,= ?is reason we habitually make use ( ! visual sign z ! guide & in/rum5t ( our ex]tional activity1 & ?is habitual use leads u to reg>d ! visual pres5tation z ! ess5tial =m ( ,reality4 ,h[ev] sure we are t t is a false view1 x yet is v difficult to retrace our /eps & re-ent] ! elem5tal d>kness :i* involves ! bl9d4 ,! philosophic value ( ! int]pretation ( ,exp]i5ce by ! bl9d ought !re=e to be v great4 ,obs]vations made on ! exp]i5ces ( ! bl9d & ( ^? to :om vision has be5 re/or$ are n v num]\s1 b _m ( ^! record$ by ,pla9]1 ! fri5d ( ,leibniz1 & o!rs are ( ! highe/ value1 & rem>kably confirm ! view = :i* we h be5 cont5d+4 ,und\bt$ly1 s f> z we are aw>e1 ! mo/ valuable contribution to ?is aspect ( ! discussion is to be f\nd 9 a little volume rec5tly publi%$ 9 ,p>is "u ! title ,le ,monde des ,aveugles4 ,! au?or1 ,m4 ,pi]re ,villey1 is himself bl9d4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( ,sci5ce he has ca/ aside ! delicacy & res]ve :i* h g5]ally prev5t$ ! bl9d f analys+ or at lea/ f discuss+ ! import ( _! exp]i5ces4 ,he is also =tunately possess$ ( a philosophic & highly cultivat$ intellect1 & has n fail$ to make himself acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al c\rse ( metaphysical speculation4 ,! pres5t writ] has be5 9 correspond5ce ) ,m4 ,villey1 ^: conclusions rem>kably confirm ! view = :i* ?is essay cont5ds1 & he f9ds t ,m4 ,villey recognises ! tru? ( t view4 ,individual quotations w\ld only detract f ! cumulative effect ( 8 argum5t1 b we may ref] 9 p>ticul> to ! int]e/+ discussion z to ! relations betwe5 ! space concepts ( ! bl9d & ^? ( ! vid5t4 ,! bl9d c be taught1 & are taught1 geometry1 & c discuss & und]/& spatial & geometrical problems4 ,! s5sible furniture by :i* ! spatial conceptions ( ! bl9d are d5ot$ obvi\sly _c be visual1 & are no d\bt l>gely tactual1 :il/ on ! o!r h& ! vid5t utilise ! visual data to ! almo/ total exclusion ( any o!r4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be "s common measure by means ( :i* a community is e/abli%$ betwe5 ! spatial conceptions ( ! bl9d & ^? ( ! vid5t4 ,m4 ,villey concludes & cle>ly %[s t ! common m$ium is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t our spatial conceptions are fundam5tally bas$ ^u & are expressive ( ! discov]ies ( our ex]tional activity4 ,t\*1 9 %ort1 is an ambigu\s t]m & includes bo? passive s5sations & ^? =ms ( ,activity :i* we describe :5 we use ! t]m feel z a transitive v]b4 ,j z we di/+ui% betwe5 see+ & look+ or betwe5 he>+ & li/5+1 s %\ld we di/+ui% betwe5 t\* passive & t\* active or palpation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! view ( ,sci5ce :i* we h endeav\r$ to expla9 has receiv$ a notable confirmation f ! e/abli%m5t dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ( ! sci5tific doctr9e ( ,en]gy4#fi3a ,! culm9ation ( ! sci5tific fabric ( :i* ,galileo & ,newton laid ! f\ndations 0 rea*$ :5 x 0 demon/rat$ t ! :ole physical univ]se mu/ be reg>d$ z compos$ ( ,en]gy1 ei!r k9etic & actually und]go+ transmutation f "o =m to ano!r1 or pot5tial & quiesc5t yet conta9+ )9 itself ! quantifiable capacity ( trans=mation4 ,! objective correlatives ( ! diff]5t classes ( s5sible exp]i5ces are f\nd to be diff]5t =ms :i* ?is ,en]gy assumes--! k9etic en]gy ( a mass 9 motion1 ! radiant en]gy ( ,light1 ! en]gy ( ,heat1 ! pot5tial en]gy ( *emical sep>ation1 etc4--all ^! h n[ at l5g? be5 %[n to be =ms ( "o real ?+ capable "u appropriate conditions ( be+ transmut$ into ea* o!r & ( :i* n only ! int]-transmutability b ! equival5t values c be calculat$ & h be5 f\nd by exp]im5t to be fix$ & def9ite4 ,?us ! me*anical equival5t ( heat is a fix$ & def9ite quantity4 ,! ,en]gy ( a body 9 motion c be measur$ & /at$ 9 t]ms ( mass & velocity4 ,! pr(\nd conception ( ,ari/otle1 "u :i* ,nature 0 reg>d$ z a pot5t ,en]gy conta9+ )9 itself ! capacity ( g5]at+ ! ph5om5al ,_w1 has aga9 be5 reviv$ & realis$--b ) great additions4 ,! !ory 9 ! h&s ( ,sci5ce is n[ n only confirm$ by incessant exp]im5t1 b ! relation :i* x affirms betwe5 reality & ph5om5on has be5 quantifi$4 ,moreov]1 ! actual op]ations "u :i* ! pot5tial g5]ates ! actual h1 s to say1 be5 laid b>e to view2 & la/ly1 ! int]-transmutability ( all =ms ( ,en]gy & its real unity h be5 e/abli%$4 ,! doctr9e has !re=e receiv$ a confirmation ( :i* ,ari/otle did n dream1 & its explanation has at ! same "t receiv$ an illum9ation :i* 8 vague if pr(\nd adumbration c\ld nev] af=d4 ,) ?is add$ support ! true conception ( human k has receiv$ new /r5g?4 ,! !ory is /ill1 nev]!less1 n to be grasp$ )\t a resolute ef=t ( reflection4 ,x involves an inv]sion ( our ev]yday conceptions m radical ?an t :i* 0 dem&$ by ! ,cop]nican !ory ( a/ronomy1 & we "k t t !ory--(f]$ to & reject$ by mank9d be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era--_h to wait ?r\gh sixte5 or sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s be=e x secur$ an acceptance1 at fir/ grudg+ & ev5 n[ n always adequate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ord9>y metaphysical /ud5t has hi!rto r res5t$ ! idea t 9 ord] to a true solution ( ! problem ( ,k he mu/ acqua9t himself ) ! fundam5tal conceptions ( physics4 ,yet s x is4 ,x may p]haps be hop$ t :5 ! fir/ /rang5ess ( ! new position has disappe>$ ! conditions may be accept$ ) great] read9ess4 ,at any rate1 a correct appreh5sion ( our fundam5tal conceptions ( ! _w ( our ext]nal exp]i5ce is indisp5sable4 ,no !ory c :olly disp5se ) su* conceptions4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial t1 h[ev] elem5t>y1 !y %\ld be cle> & n contradictory4 ,philosophy has always vaguely realis$ & exact$ z mu*4 ,! ne$ is n[ imp]ative4 ,"s ye>s ago1 9 an essay on ,s*op5hau]1 ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,saund]s1 rem>k$1 ,h[ ! matt] ( :i* my arm is compos$ & t /ate ( consci\sness :i* ,i call my ,w imag9e anyone call+ ,w a /ate ( consci\sness6 are conjo9$ is a my/]y beyond ! rea* ( ,sci5ce1 & ! man :o c solve x is ! man = :om ! _w is wait+4 ,well1 if t be s1 !n ! _w ne$ n wait any long]4 ,! requir$ explanation is (f]$ to metaphysics by ! sci5tific "w ( ! physicians :o built up & consolidat$ ! mod]n doctr9e ( ,en]gy4 ,x is true t mo/ ( !m h cont9u$ to po/ulate ! reality ( mat]ial bodies4 ,= _! purpose !re 0 no real difficulty 9 do+ s4 ,:at !y requir$ 0 a datum ( configuration1 a ph5om5al basis ^u :i* _! calculations c\ld proce$ & 9 t]ms ( :i*1 z a po9t ( orig91 _! /atem5t ( transmutations 0 made4 ,! p]si/5ce ( mat]ial bodies is a condition prec$5t to ! ph5om5al manife/ations 9 :i* our ,exp]i5ce arises4 ,organic exi/5ce 9 e =m & ! _w 9 :i* x arises presuppose ! actuality ( ^!4 ,b dynamically !y are m]ely ! ph5om5al result ( c]ta9 p]man5t =ces con/antly 9 op]ation4 ,to be+s1 if !re be su*1 inhabit+ ! ,e!r !re is little d\bt b t a gravitation sy/em l t ( ! sun & its planets mu/ pres5t a corporate rigidity & id5tity some:at simil> to t :i* coh]+ masses pres5t to our intellig5ce4 ,b1 9 t]ms ( reality1 ,en]gy1 pot5tial & k9etic1 conta9+ )9 itself ! pot5cy :i* g5]ates ! actual & su/a9s ! con/ant transmutation 9 :i* ph5om5a arise is ! sole & only po/ulate4 ,! rise ( meta-geometrical me?ods & o!r bran*es ( sci5tific speculation h l$ 9 rec5t ye>s to a consid]able am\nt ( v int]e/+ inquiry into ! nature ( our fundam5tal geometrical conceptions4 ,/range to say1 a l>ge body ( respectable ma!maticians h be5 f\nd to fav\r ! extraord9>y view t our ma!matical conceptions are d]iv$ f ,s5sation4 ,we d n propose "h to discuss at l5g? ?is idea4 ,x is m]ely ano!r =m ( ! old s5sationali/ view ( ,k1 b we sugge/ t ! conditions ( ! problem w readily appe> 9 _! true light & real nature :5ev] su* inquir]s realise ! fact t our ex]tional activity is ! s\rce ( our cognitions ( ! ext]nal1 & t !re=e our pure ex]tional activity is ! s\rce ( ! basal concepts ( geometry4 ,"h lies ! root ( ! di/9ction betwe5 pure & empirical sci5ce4 ,! propositions ( geometry1 be+ d]iv$ f our own pure activity1 are ( ! =m] class2 ! inductive conclusions ( physical exp]im5tal sci5ce1 be+ ga!r$ by obs]vation & measurem5t f s5sible data1 are empirical & approximate4 ,a geometrical proposition--su*1 = example1 z ! ass]tion t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles--is n m]ely approximate4 ,x has no dep5d5ce on measurem5t4 ,x is absolutely true4 ,x is asc]ta9$ d$uctively1 & !re=e measurem5t is n involv$1 & is nev] employ$4 ,its tru? is n asc]ta9$ by measurem5t4 ,x is n v]ifi$ by measurem5t4 ,x 9 no degree dep5ds ^u ! s5sible figure4 ,x is equally true = e human be+ :atev] be ! degree ( accuracy ( ! figure by ! aid ( :i* he /udies x1 or inde$ :e!r he /udies x by figure or o!rwise1 z mu/ necess>ily be ! case ) ! born bl9d4 ,!re may be _m diff]5t =ms ( en]getic transmutation :i* may det]m9e _m o!r =ms ( space besides t =m ( tridim5sional space 9 :i* our ,activity is involv$4 ,= su*1 a diff]5t geometry may & w be applicable2 b = ! tridim5sional conditions ( our activity ! proposition is necess>y & absolute4 ,no measurem5t ( any /ell> p>allax1 h[ev] m9ute & :atev] ! result might be1 c\ld h any be>+ on its tru?4 ,geometry is ! sci5ce ( ! pure =ms ( our motor activity amid/ corporeal bodies4 ,a useful illu/ration ( our argum5t is to be drawn f a consid]ation ( ! "q ( phonetic spell+4 ,occasionally we f9d p]sons urg+ t all spell+ %\ld be an exact reproduction ( s\nd4 ,inde$1 an improv$ alphabet has be5 design$ to enable ! idea to be c>ri$ out ) great] accuracy4 ,n[ x is q true t x is by _! s\nd t we recognise or d5ote our words4 ,h5ce our alphabet 0 orig9ally phonetic 9 pr9ciple1 & inde$ /ill is s1 al?\gh ! correspond5ce is imp]fect4 ,z ! use ( visible signs develops spell+ seems to fall into c]ta9 fix$ frames & to deviate m & m f pure phonetic simplicity4 ,b :y is ?is s8 ,x is because ! s\nds are m]ely ! symbols or indicators ( ! diff]5t =ms ( vocal articulation 7vocal acts71 & x is really z ! symbols & indicators ( ^! actions t !y possess any mean+ & acquire su* p]man5ce & id5tity z !y h4 ,! phonetic sy/em1 !re=e1 becomes 9 use subord9at$ to ! expression ( ! acts by :i* are produc$ ^! radical vocables :i* con/itute ! ess5tials ( rational ,disc\rse4 ,9 all ?is ! process ( ! expression ( words 9 spell+ is a microcosmic c\nt]p>t ( ! process ( cognition z we h tri$ to expla9 x4 ,x is notewor?y t ! same ?+ necess>ily happ5s 9 ! case ( any new sy/em ( spell+4 ,! mo/ prom95t advocates ( phonetic spell+ h be5 also ! au?ors ( a sy/em ( phonetic %or?&4 ,l ! writt5 & pr9t$ alphabet ( ,europe1 ! alphabet ( ,phonography 0 made phonetic4 ,inde$ x />t$ (f z a m ne>ly p]fect phonetic sy/em ?an ! ord9>y ,european alphabet4 ,b z its use advances its employm5t und]goes ! same *ange4 ,! phonetic symbols are abbreviat$ by grammalogues & contractions1 & ?is proce$s 9 accordance ) a pr9ciple unconsci\sly recognis$ b :i* really dep5ds on ! same inh]5t necessity to pres]ve 9 a consi/5t =m ! expression ( ! radical vocables ( ,spee*4 ,f9ally1 9 ! h&s ( ! exp]t /5ograph] ! sy/em ( phonetic %or?& 7?\gh he /ill uses ! s\nd z ! guide & indicator ( 8 actions7 is z f> remov$ f a pure phonetic repres5tation z ! ord9>y me?od ( spell+4 ,inde$1 unless "s su* supras5sible & unify+ pr9ciple 7 available1 phonetic spell+ w\ld spe$ily p]i% 9 an inf9ity ( deg5]ate v>iations4 ,we adduce ?is illu/ration z "o :i* v well confirms our ma9 argum5t4 ,we h no desire to discuss on its m]its ! g5]al "q ( ,spell+ ,re=m1 :i* ( c\rse is q ap>t f ! attempt to e/abli% a s*eme ( spell+ on a purely phonetic basis4 ,a m rational sy/em ( spell+ is nev]!less an object wor?y ( all consid]ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,intellectualism & s5sationalism h bo? brok5 d[n4 ,! _w ( speculation is anxi\sly look+ = a new clue4 ,witness ! pa!tic eag]ness ) :i* x clut*es at e float+ /raw4 ,! innum]able isms by :i* x seeks ev] & anon to keep itself afloat are mo/ ( !m b ! sometimes unrecognisable wreckage ( ! old sy/ems drift+ ab\t "u v inappropriate names4 ,su* t]ms z ,realism & ,idealism are freely us$ 7g5]ally prefix+ ! adjective new7 by writ]s 9 philosophic p]iodicals 9 a s5se :i* might make ,plato1 ,aqu9as1 or ,kant turn 9 _! graves4 ,we see _! vot>ies encumb]$ ) ! trapp+s ( a futile erudition ( ! insignificant or cl++ pa!tically to ! insecure relics ( teleological doctr9e1 or1 /ill less virile1 seek+ support 9 a return to ! unsci5tific tales ( sup]natural spiritualism4 ,su* ef=ts are va94 ,only by fac+ ! facts ) all _! consequ5ces1 :atev] ^! may be & :atev] !y may involve = ! pr\de/ aspirations ( mank9d--only ?us c tru? be atta9$4 ,& le/ any %\ld say t we prea* an unreliev$ pessimism1 let u rem9d su* t ,k is n aft] all ! s\rce ( ,life1 t ano!r category & a diff]5t pr9ciple--t1 namely1 :i* we indicate "u ! t]m ,love-div9e--mu/ h g5]at$ ! pot5t curr5t ( ,life1 & t no "o %\ld close ! door aga9/ ! hopes ( ! human ,intellig5ce until he has discov]$ :at are ! limits impos$ ^u :at ,p]fect ,love c d4 ,! "q /ill rema9s :e!r mank9d w be equal to ! ef=t requir$ to assimilate ! ess5tial tru?4 ,!y v ne>ly fail$ to assimilate ! ,cop]nican cosmogony4 ,= sixte5 hundr$ ye>s aft] x 0 fir/ (f]$ to mank9d ! race pref]r$ to grope 9 ! d>kness & conf9em5t ( a false conception4 ,if !y succe$ 9 accompli%+ ! reception ( ! new tru?1 unhe>d-( progress may be look$ =4 ,if !y fail1 civilisation mu/ disappe> & humanity decl9e4 ,!re is no middle c\rse4 ,z ,bacon rem>k$1 9 ?is !atre ( man's life x is res]v$ only to ,god & angels to be look]s-on4 ,we "k h[ /ubbornly ! ,ptolemaic cosmogony /ill cl+s to our conceptions1 h[ l>gely x /ill dom9ates--or till rec5tly did dom9ate--! religi\s cosmography ( ! mo/ civilis$ peoples4 ,9 ,philosophy our lead+ tea*]s seem z yet to h a v feeble appreciation ( ! new conditions4 ,!y turn gre$ily to ! eloqu5t pages ( ,l',evolution creatrice1 b h[ev] e>ne/ly !y se>* !y _c f9d !re any def9ite solution ( ! difficulties ( ! age-old problem4 ,!y w&] we>ily ?r\gh ! mazes ( psy*ological detail or wage almo/ *ildi% logoma*ies ov] ! int]pretation ( ea* o!r's essays4 ,philosophical magaz9es are fill$ ) articles :i* reflect ?is /ate ( ! philosophic m9d4 ,philosophical congresses meet & argue & g home2 ,gif=d lectur]s prelect2 yet s f> z c be se5 !re is little sign t ! key has be5 grasp$4 ,! great fact rema9s obscur$ amid/ a mass ( words4 ,! elucidation ( ! problem ( ,k dem&s c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 our philosophic t]m9ology4 ,language z a rule is a v un]r+ philosoph]1 & words %ap$ & poli%$ by long usage g5]ally express1 m truly ?an ^? :o use !m realise1 ! ess5tial reality ( ?+s4 ,yet ^! long-endur+ errors ( ! ages :i* we h be5 discuss+ "h h left _! impress too on ! t]m9ology ( ,metaphysics4 ,?\ght & ,action are 9 common spee* contra/$1 & ! di/9ction expresses an ess5tial tru?4 ,b :5 we seek to say fur!r t bo? ( ^! are ,activities1 we are /at+ ano!r tru? 9 t]ms :i* are h>dly consi/5t ) ! previ\sly contra/$ di/9ction4 ,x might be bett] if ,action & ,active c\ld be appli$ g5]ally to bo? & if ! t]m ex]tion c\ld be sub/itut$ = ,action 9 describ+ ! =ms ( activity :i* we d5om9ate motor4 ,to t sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 !re are also s]i\s objections4 ,! words d]iv$ f ago h hi/orically a special application to ! ex]tional & dynamic4 ,we leave ! "q to our read]s z "o ( :i* x is ( consid]able importance to f9d a satisfactory solution4 ,9 ! =ego+ pages our object has be5 to illu/rate ! errone\s conceptions by :i* ! !ory ( human cognition has be5 obscur$ & to expla9 briefly :at we conceive to be ! true solution4 ,! argum5t 9 support ( ! doctr9e "h expla9$ has be5 m fully pres5t$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 an essay entitl$ ,! ,dynamic ,f\ndation ( ,k1 to :i* ! read] :o desires to /udy ! "q fur!r mu/ n[ be ref]r$4 ,,footnotes3 #fj3a ,kosmon tonde ton auton akanton oute tis !on oute an?ropon epoiese1 all' en aiei kai e/i kai e/ai pyr aeizoon haptom5on metra kai aposb5nym5on metra4 ,quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 etc4 7,! ,fir/ ,philosoph]s ( ,greece1 by ,a4 ,fairbanks1 p4 #bh47 #fa3a ,la subdivision d la mati]e en corps isoles e/ relative a notre p]ception 7,evolution creatrice1 p4 #ac74 #fi3a ,= a cle> brief summ>y ( ! !ory ! read] may be ref]r$ to a little "w by ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 ,f4,r4,s41 entitl$ ,elem5ts & ,electrons1 pp4 #h-ae4 ,,iv ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,en]gy#ha3a ,! problem ( ,metaphysics--! nature ( ,reality--/ill presses = a solution4 ,agno/icism is b a cauti\s idealism--a timid ph5om5alism4 ,t philosophy1 h[ev] nam$1 :i* proclaims t ! exp]i5ce ( life is no?+ m ?an a va9 %[1 a pantomime ( s5sations di/+ui%$ only f ideas by _! great] int5sity & di/9ctness1 is n only a confession ( failure4 ,x is a d5ial ( fact4 ,to "k ! nature ( ! ,absolute z su*1 to pres5t ! ,absolute to f9ite m9ds z x mu/ be pres5t$1 if t be possible1 to ! ,absolute itself1 mu/ ev] rema9 impossible to man4 ,b x is equally true t to attempt su* a task has nev] be5 ! urg5t mission ( ,philosophy4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,ideal & ! ,real1 betwe5 ! conceptual & ! p]ceptual1 is q c]ta9ly & incessantly recognis$4 ,agno/icism c nei!r d5y ! fact successfully1 nor solve ! speculative difficulties :i* its recognition raises up4 ,! ,real & ! ,ideal1 ess5tially di/9ct yet mock+ly simil>1 = ev] bl5d & int]m+le 9 ! composite exp]i5ce ( life4 ,truly to discrim9ate & unravel ^!1--validly to sep>ate ! ,ideal elem5t :i* impregnates t ,reality :i* we are = ev] compell$ to po/ulate & recognise1 /ill rema9s ! great problem ( ,philosophy--humbl] p]haps & m practical1 b n less pr(\nd ?an any va9 attempt to discov] to f9ite conception ! ,absolute z x is 9 itself4 ,!re=e x is t ! ef=ts ( negative & agno/ic criticism to disp5se ) ! recognition ( ,reality z a necess>y po/ulate ( our activity are =$oom$ to failure4 ,!y leave u n a solitude :i* we might pret5d to be peace1 b a see?+ sea ( tr\bles urg5tly dem&+ a new attempt to reveal ! unity :i* mu/ und]lie ! inf9ite div]sity ( exp]i5ce4 ,su*1 inde$1 seems to u ! pres5t position ( ,metaphysics2 &1 :at is m important1 x appe>s to react ) increas+ =ce ^u ! !ories & inve/igations ( ,sci5ce4 ,! problem ( ,reality is ?us at pres5t n )\t a special & increas+ int]e/ = ! /ud5ts ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,until lately !y h be5 taught & h always ma9ta9$ t ,matt] is ! direct object ( s5se-p]ception4 ,no d\bt x is long s9ce ,philosophy has urg$ t our conceptions ( ! ext]nal _w are a m5tally con/ruct$ sy/em4 ,b ?is doctr9e has made b little impression ^u ! /ud5ts ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,! objective orig9 ( our s5sations & ! app>5tly objective reality also ( ! intelligible qualities & op]ative laws ( ! ext]nal _w are too /rongly impress$ ^u _! m9ds4 ,idealism & ,transc5d5talism h c>ri$ no conviction to !m4 ,/ill1 ! difficulties ( common s5se h cont9u$ to gr[4 ,rec5t developm5ts ( sci5tific !ory h increas$ ! urg5cy ( ! problem1 b !y seem to u also to sugge/ a solution ! b5eficial results ( :i* affect ! :ole ( ,metaphysics4 ,we ref] to ! doctr9e ( ,en]gy1 :i* occupies n[ z great a place 9 ! physical sci5ces z ! doctr9e ( ,evolution does 9 ! zoological sci5ces4 ,natural philosoph]s h = "s "t taught t !re are two ,real ,?+s 9 ! physical univ]se--,matt] & ,en]gy4 ,x seems a v /rik+ !ory4 ,has x receiv$ ! att5tion x des]ves f ! /ud5t ( ,metaphysics8 ,we are conv9c$ t x has n3 & ! reason he mo/ frequ5tly gives = ?is neglect is t1 be+ a purely sci5tific doctr9e1 x does n come )9 8 sph]e4 ,sci5ce1 we are told1 deals ) ! ph5om5al _w int]nally consid]$2 ,philosophy ) ! relations ( ! ph5om5al _w to ,reality1 & ) ! nature ( ! transc5d5tal elem5ts 9 our ,k4 ,?is may be g5]ally true4 ,nev]!less1 ,philosophy & ,sci5ce h surely concepts 9 common4 ,!y bo? ref] to ! same ?+ :5 !y speak ( ,space2 we presume also :5 !y speak ( ,matt]4 ,inde$1 ,philosophy analyses ! conceptions involv$ n only 9 sci5tific reason+1 b 9 ! mo/ common & ord9>y m5tal processes4 ,x analyses !m ) special ref]5ce to ! relations betwe5 ! ,ph5om5al & ! ,real--a "q :i*1 ?\gh x always lies lat5t1 does n 9 ord9>y circum/ances arise 9 urg5t =m4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ,sci5ce d fall )9 ! purview ( ,philosophy4 ,! /udy ( ,physics c be c>ri$ on practically z a /udy ( ph5om5a--( ,heat1 ,col\rs1 ,s\nds1 ,=ces1 etc41 all ( :i* are k9ds ( ph5om5a--)\t ! expression ( any dogmatic & =mulat$ op9ion z to _! relation ) ,reality4 ,physics c speak ( mass & weight & avoid all ref]5ce to ,matt]2 b !re always is1 9 sci5tific reason+1 an implicit ref]5ce to ,reality1 & x facilitates1 !re=e1 ! expression ( sci5tific reason+1 :5 ! acc\nt ( a physical process is /at$ ) ref]5ce to a suppos$ reality1 su* z ,matt]4 ,& 9 mak+ su* ref]5ce ,sci5ce is ?9k+ ( ! ?+-9-itself4 ,x is a ref]5ce beyond ph5om5a4 ,heat1 ,light1 ,s\nd1 ,=ce1 are names ( classes ( ph5om5a1 & ! great discov]y ( ,physics dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 t ^! are all trans=mable into ea* o!r1 & be> def9ite num]ical relations to ea* o!r 9 proportion to :i* su* trans=mations take place4 ,sci5ce avail+ itself ( ?is discov]y1 unifies its conception ( ,nature & gives expression to ! doctr9e ( ! int]-transmutability ( ! v>i\s classes ( physical ph5om5a by po/ulat+ an entity call$ ,en]gy1 & reg>d+ ! v>i\s classes ( ph5om5a z transmutations :i* ?is entity und]goes4 ,b ,sci5ce has be5 reluctant to recognise t x is n[ entitl$ to disp5se ) ! po/ulation ( ,matt]4 ,! !ory1 z ann\nc$ by ! lead+ m5 ( sci5ce1 has !re=e be5 to ! effect t !re exi/ 9 ! physical univ]se two real ?+s--,matt] & ,en]gy--9 place ( "o only1 z commonly suppos$ = s long4 ,n[ we ma9ta91 on ! contr>y1 t su* a /atem5t ( physical !ory is errone\s & r$undant2 t ,sci5ce is n oblig$ to po/ulate two su* entities2 t ! concept ( ,en]gy supplies all h] requirem5ts2 & t ! employm5t ( t conception obviates ! v s]i\s contradictions :i* are involv$ 9 any assumption ( a real entity ( ! nature ( ,matt] z ord9>ily und]/ood--a conception ( :i* ! v description involves difficulties :i* h p]plex$ ?9k+ m5 = m ?an two c5turies4 ,our argum5t on ?is po9t involves consid]ation ( ! place occupi$ by ,en]gy 9 a pot5tial =m4 ,:il/ ! trans=mability ( ,heat1 ,light1 ,s\nd1 & o!r physical ph5om5a 9 def9ite num]ical ratios has l$ to _! be+ all reg>d$ z actual manife/ations ( transmutations proce$+ 9 "o real ?+1 occasionally !re is a seem+ break 9 ! cat5a2 no ph5om5on c be detect$ into :i* ! heat or light or o!r imm$iately prec$+ manife/ation has be5 trans=m$2 b1 lat] on1 ! co-relative reappe>s1 & by an argum5t z /rong z t :i* ass]ts ! cont9u\s id5tity ( an intellig5ce be=e1 dur+1 & aft] a tempor>y susp5sion ( consci\sness1 ! /ud5t ( ,physics ma9ta9s ! cont9u$ exi/5ce 9 posse1 if n 9 esse1 ( ! ,en]gy :i* by appropriate action he c aga9 reveal 9 an active or k9etic manife/ation4 ,h5ce arises ! conception ( pot5tial ,en]gy4 ,! ,en]gy to :i* we attribute ! =ce ( cohesion :i* any p>ticul> body c on occasion manife/1 we believe to exi/ pot5tially :il/ t body cont9ues unact$ ^u4 ,our belief is confirm$ by our exp]i5ce ( ! c]ta9ty ) :i*1 on ! recurr5ce ( ! giv5 conditions1 ! =ce always aga9 manife/s itself4 ,9 l mann] ! pot5tial ,en]gy to :i* we attribute ! ,=ce ( ,gravitation we believe to exi/ at all times1 ev5 :5 n k9etically active4 ,inde$1 x only manife/s itself :5 a transmutation is tak+ place into "s o!r =m ( ,en]gy4 ,n[ x is ! univ]sal association ( ^! two =ms ( pot5tial ,en]gy ) ! common & fundam5tal data ( our s5se-exp]i5ce t has sugge/$ ! con/ruction 9 our m9ds ( ! conception ( ,matt]1 & furni%$ u ) ! ideas ( solidity1 imp5etrability1 & weight :i* con/itute its gr\ndwork4 ,our view1 !re=e1 is t ! concept ( mat]iality c1 9 ! way j indicat$1 be 9 all cases analys$ into1 & d]iv$ f1 ! conception ( ,en]gy2 & t ,sci5ce1 if consi/5t1 _c po/ulate ! reality ( ,matt] z well4 ,pot5tial ,en]gy adequately supplies ! dem& = a real sub/ratum ( :i* ph5om5a are ! manife/ation4 ,! :ole "q is v well wor? ! att5tion1 n only ( sci5tific /ud5ts b ( metaphysicians4 ,! inquiry w di/9ctly ga9 if x receive ! auxili>y att5tion ( ^? :o h /udi$ ! process by :i* we =m our m5tal conceptions1 & :il/ ! /ud5ts ( ,physics des]ve ! hon\rs ( discov]y1 !y _c safely disp5se ) su* assi/ance1 = :i* ! pres5t confus$ & inconsi/5t /ate ( ! fundam5tal def9itions ( ,physical ,sci5ce mo/ urg5tly calls4 ,!re is "h a neglect$ b v int]e/+ field = ! metaphysician's ef=ts4 ,rec5t sci5tific writ+s conta9 en\gh to %[ u t m5 ( sci5ce are already beg9n+ to recognise n only ! inconsi/5cy ( ! !ory ( two real ?+s1 b ! dom9at+ significance ( ! conception ( ,en]gy1 & are gradually com+ to claim = ! conception ( ,matt] little m ?an recognition z ! vehicle ( en]getic transmutation4 ,let u !n = ! mom5t accept ! position t ,sci5ce--ridd+ itself ( r$undant !ory--po/ulates ,en]gy z ! real ?+-9-itself1 9 t]ms ( :i* x frames its /atem5t ( physical ph5om5a1 & let u exam9e briefly ! effects :i* ! acceptance ( ?is new po/ulate is likely to h on philosophic speculation4 ,all my ,pres5tm5t1 all ! cont5t ( my s5se-exp]i5ce1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ,i attribute to a multif>i\s cont9u\s s]ies ( transmutations con/antly proce$+ 9 "s portion ( ! sy/em ( ,en]gy :i* con/itutes ! real sub/ratum ( ph5om5a4 ,i /udy1 measure1 & classify ! diff]5t species ( ^! transmutations2 ,i associate p>ticul> s5sations & classes ( s5sations ) p>ticul> transmutations1 & ,i !nce inf] ! exi/5ce 9 posse or 9 esse ( m or less ,en]gy 9 "s p>ticul> =m transmut+ itself accord+ to "s "o or o!r def9ite physical law4 ,i inf] also ! exi/5ce ( v>i\s supplies ( pot5tial ,en]gy con/antly available1 & ( o!r intellig5t ag5ts l myself4 ,i associate e su* intellig5t ag5t ) a p>ticul> s]ies or gr\p ( s5se-exp]i5ces1 & fur!r ,i assume t ! _w at 8 ,pres5tm5t1 consi/s = him 9 a simil> s]ies ( transmutations cont9u\sly go+ on 9 t portion ( ! en]getic sy/em :i* ,i believe 9 a simil> way to con/itute su* p]son's bodily organism4 ,?us by ! same process ( reason+ by :i* ,i am l$ to believe t my own ,pres5tm5t consi/s 9 ! en]getic transmutations proce$+ 9 my organism1 ,i expla9 ! univ]sality ( ! exp]i5ce ( all intellig5t ag5ts4 ,9 my own case1 by t union ( consci\sness ) physical en]gy :i* accompanies ! manife/ation ( life1 ,i am imm$iately relat$ ) t portion ( ! en]getic sy/em :i* is ! real sub/ratum ( my organism1 & am made consci\s ( ! s]ies ( transmutations occurr+ at t p>ticul> po9t 9 x :i* is repres5t$ by my s5sory sy/em4 ,9 ! case ( o!rs1 f c]ta9 ( ! transmutations occurr+ 9 my ,pres5tm5t1 ,i am l$ to inf] ! exi/5ce ( o!r simil> microcosmic sy/ems 9 ! en]getic macrocosm ( ! physical univ]se4 ,?is is all v well z a !ory1 b if all ,i "k is ! s]ies ( transmutations occurr+ 9 ! portion ( ! sy/em ( ,en]gy relat$ directly to my intellig5ce1 h[ did ,i ev] le>n to inf] f ^! transmutations ! exi/5ce ( t ,en]gy und]ly+ !m1 & /ill m ( ! :ole en]getic sy/em ext5d+ f> beyond my organism8 ,h[ d ,i d$uce f transmutations proce$+ 9 ! portion ( ! en]getic sy/em :i* con/itutes ! real sub/ratum ( my organism ! exi/5ce1 n only ( t sub/ratum itself1 b ( o!r portions ( ! sy/em simil>ly relat$ to o!r intellig5ces1 & ( ! en]getic sy/em z a :ole8 ,h[ d ,i get beyond my ,pres5tm5t8 ,h[ pass f ,ideality to ,exi/5ce8 ,i answ] t ,i nev] c\ld by any *ance or possibility h got beyond x or got any sugge/ion ( ! ,reality _h ,i be5 m]ely relat$ to my ,pres5tm5t z a passive & p]cipi5t subject4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ,i am 9 relation ) ! en]getic sy/em n m]ely or prim>ily z an ,intellig5ce p]cipi5t ( ! transmutations proce$+ 9 x at a p>ticul> po9t1 b also z a ,w initiative to "s ext5t ( su* transmutations & capable ( influ5c+ & direct+ ! physical process4 ,life necess>ily involves a process ( en]getic transmutation con/antly proce$+ at t portion ( ! sy/em ( ,en]gy :i* con/itutes my organism1 & ,i am !re relat$ z ,w ) a l>g] sy/em :i* embraces ! "p 9 :i* intellig5ce is develop$4 ,fundam5tally1 life manife/s itself 9 all grades ( ! zoologic hi]>*y z a union ( ,volition 7or :at appe>s 9 action z ,volition7 ) "s p>ticul> po9t 9 ! univ]se ( physical ,en]gy1 ! union con/itut+ :at we call a liv+ organism4 ,despite its pr(\nd importance to u p]sonally & to our race1 we %\ld n =get t1 objectively consid]$1 ! bra9 9 man & ! high] animals is m]ely a special organ highly develop$ by use1 z ! trunk is 9 ! elephant1 ! middle phalanx 9 ! horse1 or w+s 9 ! bird4 ,intellig5ce is h>dly to any ext5t a necessity ( ! vital union ( ! ,w ) ! en]getic sy/em4 ,x is n at all develop$ 9 ! vegetal k+dom1 h>dly at all 9 "s bran*es ( ! animal1 & !re may conceivably be an inf9ite numb] ( o!r k+doms 9 :i* x may be ei!r undevelop$1 or v diff]5tly develop$1 or sup]s$$ by "s o!r manife/ation by u unimag9able4 ,its developm5t inde$ seems to be concurr5t ) ! developm5t ( a locomotive faculty--a /rik+ confirmation ( ! !ory t x is 9 our activity t we d]ive ! sugge/ions :i* call =? ! ex]cise ( ! ,und]/&+ & trans=m s5sation into p]ception4 ,x is only ) a comp>ative fraction ( ! organism t ,i am relat$ z a passively p]cipi5t intellig5ce4 ,i am directly or indirectly relat$ z ,w1 z an orig9ative cause ( activity1 ) a l>g] portion ( my organism1 _m p>ts ( :i* are q di/9ct f ! cognitive portion4 ,n[ x is f my relation z ,w ) ,en]gy o!r ?an & beyond ! en]getic transmutations :i* con/itute my ,pres5tm5t t ,i discov] ! en]getic sy/em ( ,nature1 z a real ?+--beyond1 und]ly+1 & by its transmutations con/itutive ( my ,pres5tm5t4 ,_m ( ! transmutations :i* occur 9 my ,pres5tm5t ,i recognise z attributable to my own volitional activity op]at+ ^u my en]getic organism1 & 9 my own activity !re is ?us sugge/$ to me a s\rce ( ph5om5a ly+ beyond ^! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,a transmutation initiat$ 9 my bra9 is a pure idea4 ,! key :i* sugge/s to me ! real _w is ! occurr5ce ( transmutations ascribable to my activity op]at+ beyond ! sph]e :i* con/itutes my ,pres5tm5t4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ,i orig9ally discov] ! real en]getic sub/ratum to ! ph5om5al _w ( my ,pres5tm5t4 ,i le>n f ! transmutations to inf] ! ag5cy & op]ation ( ! und]ly+ en]gy1 & ?us gradually con/ruct my :ole sy/ematic conception ( ! real _w 9 :i* ,i live & move & h my be+4 ,?is view ( my activity & ( ! consequ5ces ( my relation z ,w to ! en]getic sy/em repres5t$ by my organism1 includ+ ! portion !re( relat$ to my intellig5ce1 supplies u !re=e ) a key to ! inevitable ref]5ce ( ?\ghts to ?+s4 ,i di/+ui% 9 my active exp]i5ce a cle> diff]5ce betwe5 wi%+ & will+1 & fur!r betwe5 will+ & effective action4 ,my ,p[]--! ,en]gy relat$ to my ,w--! ex]tion ( :i* is necess>y to translate ,volition into an ov]t result--is a limit$ & quantifiable ?+1 b t su* a hidd5 en]getic m$ium or sub/ratum und]lies all ph5om5a is evid5t f ! fact t ,i d n w directly ! appe>ance ( any giv5 ph5om5on4 ,i may wi% t4 ,b :5 ! ,volition is rea*$ & ! wi% trans=m$ into ov]t ex]tion ,i f9d myself involv$ 9 ! multif>i\s processes ( an en]getic sy/em :i* ,i may s f> influ5ce1 b :i* is nev]!less 9 _m ways con/antly go+ on irrespective ( my ,volition4 ,i may wi% to avoid pa9 & may w c]ta9 ex]tions ) t view1 b ! consequ5ces may be ! rev]se ( :at ,i wi%$4 ,?is %[s t ! ,volition op]ates imm$iately n on ! s5sation b on ! en]getic sy/em4 ,9 all cases betwe5 ,volition & ov]t result !re seems to be erect$ & con/antly ma9ta9$ ar\nd me a va/ en]getic sy/em1 a "p b only a small "p ( :i*1 namely ! ,en]gy ( my organism1 c be influ5c$ directly by my ,w1 :il/1 ev5 9 imm$iate relation ) t "p1 transmutations beyond ! rea* ( my ,w are con/antly go+ on4 ,inde$1 :at fundam5tally di/+ui%es ,volition f ,desire is its relation to ! en]getic sy/em4 ,! doctr9e ( ,en]gy !re=e puts 9 a new & cle>] light ! :ole !ory ( ,causation4 ,x is common = philosoph]s to talk ( inv>iable sequ5ce z ! crit]ion ( ,causality4 ,b1 9 fact1 t is q fallaci\s4 ,no "o ev] reg>ds a ph5om5on z ! cause ( ano!r ph5om5on4 ,we ascribe ,causality to ! en]getic transmutation :i* 9 "s =m or o!r we inevitably believe to accompany ! appe>ance ( e ph5om5on4 ,we nev] po/ulate a causal relation betwe5 day & night--! mo/ notable case ( inv>iable sequ5ce4 ,:5 we say ! fire w>ms ! room1 or ! horse draws ! c>t1 or ! sun rip5s ! corn1 x is ! ,en]gy :i* we rightly or wrongly associate ) ! visual s5sation ref]r$ to 9 ! words fire & horse & sun ( :i* we are ?9k+1 & by no means ( ^! visual s5sations !mselves4 ,z has be5 well said1 we nev] suppose t ! lead+ c>riage ( ! tra9 draws ^? beh9d x1 al?\gh _! relation ( sequ5ce is q z close to x z to ! eng9e4 ,true1 x is & mu/ be f & by ph5om5a only t ,i inf] & measure ! transmutations ( ,en]gy1 b ! transmutations measur$ are op]ations ( ! real ?+-9-itself po/ulat$ by ,sci5ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* ,en]gy is sugge/$ to me prim>ily 9 my exp]i5ce ( my own activity 9 :i* ,i recognise my p[] ( do+ "w--a quantifiable & measurable ?+1 homog5e\s ) ! ,en]gy 9 respect ( :i* ,sci5ce /ates ! relations & conditions ( all physical ph5om5a4 ,my mo/ incessant m5tal act is t by :i*1 on ! analogy ( my own active exp]i5ce1 ,i ref] all ph5om5a to ! und]ly+ en]getic sy/em4 ,?is ref]5ce x is :i* trans=ms s5sation into p]ception2 & ! con/ant affirmation ( ?is ref]5ce is ! great function ( ! syn!tic m5tal activity ( ! und]/&+1 & is at once ! orig9 & explanation ( t imp]ative m5tal t5d5cy :i* metaphysicians call ! law ( ,causality4 ,h[1 !n1 does ?is doctr9e affect ! !ory ( ! nature ( ,space8 ,if x be true t ! _w z my ,pres5tm5t consi/s 9 ! transmutations occurr+ 9 t p>ticul> "p ( ! en]getic sy/em :i* con/itutes ! real sub/ratum ( ! bra91 !n ph5om5a z a :ole mu/ arise 9 transmutation1 9 a process ( ,becom+ r ?an 9 a /ate ( ,be+1 & ,space mu/ be ! cont5t1 ! condition1 9 :i* t process proce$s4 ,! laws ( ,space1 !re=e1 are laws1 s to speak1 ( motion1 n ( position4 ,! mo/ absolutely /ill & motionless visual pres5tation is really a s]ies ( con/ant transmutations ( ,en]gy & ! =m ( ,space is con/itut$ by ! laws ( transmutation1 :i* are ?us at once ! necess>y conditions ( my p]ception & ! univ]sal conditions ( all s5se-p]ception4 ,space1 !re=e1 does n conta9 ! real ?+ :i* su/a9s ! ph5om5al _w any m ?an x does ! reality :i* und]lies my consci\s self4 ,x is ! univ]sal condition ( ! transmutations :i* con/itute ph5om5a2 & x !re=e conta9s all ^! ph5om5a1 includ+ my body z ph5om5on & only z ph5om5on4 ,its =m is discov]$ by my organic motor activity1 & 9 repres5t+ ?is activity ! m9d con/ructs its concepts ( ,space & ,ext5sion4 ,?is view ( ! nature ( ,space1 by relat+ its =ms & laws ) ! objective1 & a-logical ?+-9-itself 9 virtue ( ! transmutations ( :i* our s5se-exp]i5ce occurs1 relieves an obvi\s difficulty :i* mu/ always h be5 felt 9 accept+ )\t qualification ! purely ,kantian view :i* reg>d$ x z a category impos$ by ! ,intellig5ce ^u ! o!rwise unkn[able _w ( s5se4 ,! mo/ ard5t ass]tors ( ! ideality ( ,space h hi!rto app>5tly _h difficulty 9 avoid+ ! t5d5cy to conceive x z ! p]si/5t all-embrac+ objective cont5t ( ! ?+-9-itself1 n m]ely ( ! ph5om5on1 al?\gh ! latt] only might ent] into ,k4 ,! doctr9e1 h[ev]1 :i* pres5ts our conception ( ,space z discov]$ 9 our activity amid resi/ant transmutation-processes n only e/abli%es its ideality b at ! same "t expla9s ! relation :i* its =m nev]!less be>s to ! objective mat]ial laws ( ! s5sible pres5tation4 ,x lib]ates ! m9d f ! oppressive necessity ( reg>d+ ,space z /ill someh[ objectively ext5d+ & conta9+ ! real _w4 ,x also relieves an obvi\s difficulty :i* confronts ! ,philosophy ( ,s*op5hau] 9 locat+ ^? transc5d5tal =ms ( ! ph5om5on :i* are impos$ a priori ^u ! pres5tation1 & yet are n to be f\nd 9 ! pure ,volition4 ,( c\rse1 x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t my :ole s5ti5t exp]i5ce consi/s prim>ily ( ! s]ies ( en]getic transmutations occurr+ at t "p ( ! en]getic sy/em :i* is 9 imm$iate vital relation ) my consci\sness4 ,x is my exp]i5ce ( active ex]tion1 ( mov+1 speak+1 etc41 :i* gives a sugge/ion ( ! real en]getic _w4 ,! transmutations ( ! real ,en]gy ( ! _w beyond my organism nev] ent] my ,consci\sness4 ,transmutations aris+ beyond my body only ent] ! pres5tation by influ5c+ ! c]ebral process4 ,! lum9\s undulation & ! s\nd-wave mu/ bo? produce transmutation ( ! c]ebral ,en]gy 9 ord] to affect ,consci\sness4 ,yet ! v>i\s *>act]s ( ! transmitt$ impulses are di/+ui%able 9 ! resultant c]ebral transmutations4 ,?us ,i feel s5sations ( h>dness1 r\ghness1 pa91 col\r1 s\nd1 etc4 ,x is by a process ( m5tal con/ruction t ,i associate ^! ) ! =ms ( my ex]tional activity1 & ?us frame my conceptions ( real bodies 9 ! _w ar\nd me--^? :i* ,i m directly associate ) ! ,en]gy subject to my ,volition be+ conceiv$ z repres5t+ my body4 ,= reasons ( conv5i5ce1 ,i ref] ^? conceptions *iefly to ! co-ord9at$ visual pres5tation1 & ?us build up my conception ( ! ext5d$ _w ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,sci5ce is possible because all transmutations ( ,en]gy take place accord+ to def9ite num]ical laws & ratios4 ,! :ole "w ( ,sci5ce is to expla9 e ph5om5on 9 t]ms ( its def9ite transmutation ( ,en]gy4 ,^! def9ite num]ical laws & processes are *>act]i/ic ( all ,en]gy transmutation1 & ?us regulate ! exp]i5ce ( e intellig5t be+4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ^! t our sep>ate sy/ems ( k correspond1 & t we are ?us pres5t$ ea* ) correspond+ aspects ( "o out] _w4 ,! laws :i* regulate ! c]ebral *anges t accompany s5se-pres5tation are = me ! necess>y a priori laws ( p]ception4 ,x is because ^! laws op]ate 9 common 9 all bra9s t community ( int]c\rse is possible among/ mank9d4 ,x is because ( ! fur!r fact t ! :ole ( ! transmutations ( ,en]gy :i* con/itute physical ph5om5a compose a num]ically int]-relat$ & regulat$ sy/em t ,sci5ce & rational k are possible to ! intellect ( man4 ,our k is :at we are oblig$ to ?9k & ass]t reg>d+ exp]i5ce2 b ! univ]sality ( exp]i5ce is n expla9$ m]ely by ! common nature & g5]al laws ( ,intellig5ce1 b dep5ds also on ! g5]ality ( ! laws "u :i* ! transmutations ( ,en]gy proce$4 ,we are n[1 !re=e1 by ! aid ( ! doctr9e ( ,en]gy1 bett] able ?an be=e to di/+ui% accurately betwe5 ! ,ideal & ! ,real z contra/$ elem5ts 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,my ,pres5tm5t z a :ole consi/s 9 ! transmutation-processes--9 ! s5sations1 feel+s1 p]ceptions1 images1 ideas--9 %ort1 9 all t is go+ on at ! po9t :]e 7,i necess>ily express myself 9 t]ms ( spatial relations1 ?\gh 9 ?is connection ^! are figurative7 my s5ti5ce & intellig5ce are develop$4 ,my :ole ,pres5tm5t is1 !re=e1 9 "o s5se subjective1 or1 z "s w\ld say1 ideal4 ,= me1 my ,pres5tm5t is ! impression produc$ on1 ! condition e/abli%$ 91 my ,consci\sness 9 virtue ( :at is go+ on at ?is s-call$ po9t ( contact4 ,:at we mean1 !re=e1 by ! subjectivity or ideality ( ! ,pres5tm5t is ! aspect ( en]getic transmutations :5 view$ z affect+ my ,consci\sness 9 contra/ ) _! obv]se aspect :5 view$ z transmutations 9 ! objective sy/em4 ,z my ,pres5tm5t1 !y are all subjective or ideal1 & x is 9 ?is ref]5ce t ,b]keley & ,hume1 = in/ance1 speak ( ideas ( s5se1 su* z ! col\r blue1 ! heat ( ! fire1 ! pa9 ( a bl[4 ,^!1 con/itut+ ! bulk ( ! ,pres5tm5t1 !y di/+ui% f :at ,b]keley call$ ideas ( ! imag9ation--^? /imulat$ or orig9at$1 or1 z he said1 excit$1 by ! intellig5ce itself4 ,:il/ he cont5d$ t bo? classes are ideal or subjective1 9 respect t !y are con/itu5ts ( ! ,pres5tm5t1 ! latt] h an additional title to subjectivity 9 respect ( _! orig91 & con/itute :at are call$ ideas :5 ! ^w is us$ 9 contra-di/9ction to s5sations--su* pure ideas occurr+ 9 response to a subjective impulse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* ! ,pres5tm5t is1 if n real1 at lea/ actual & objective4 ,s f> z we "k1 ,intellig5ce nev] develops except 9 conjunction ) an organism--t is1 9 vital relation ) physical ,en]gy4 ,my ,pres5tm5t is con/itut$ by ! occurr5ce & dep5ds ^u ! cont9uance ( ! transmutations or op]ations proce$+ at ! relat$ po9t 9 ! en]getic sy/em4 ,ev5 pure ideas1 ?\gh subjective n only 9 reg>d to aspect b 9 reg>d to _! orig91 are objective 9 respect t !y also consi/ 9 an en]getic transmutation4 ,h]e9 lies ! g]m ( tru? to be discov]$ ev5 9 ! un9tellig5t dogmatism ( ^? philosoph]s :o ass]t ! absolute ,reality ( my ,pres5tm5t1 z su*--n m]ely its actuality4 ,x is comp>atively seldom1 h[ev]1 ei!r 9 ,sci5ce or ,philosophy1 t we meet a ?9k] prep>$ to g z f> z t4 ,mo/ take refuge 9 a di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y qualities ( bodies1 class+ my s5sations z non-resembl+ second>y qualities1 :i* !y admit _c be conceiv$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y make up my ,pres5tm5t1 b res]v+ five or six prim>y qualities--solidity1 ext5sion1 figure1 motion1 re/--:i* !y conceive to exi/ indep5d5tly1 j z !y ent] into my ,pres5tm5t4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ^! s-call$ prim>y qualities are n ! names ( intuitions1 b are ab/ractions or g5]alisations ( ! mo/ g5]al & necess>y elem5ts ( my active ,exp]i5ce by ref]5ce to :i* ,i m5tally con/ruct my _w4 ,! transmutations ( ,en]gy are n a nev]-repeat$ accid5tal kaleidoscope4 ,!y proce$ accord+ to con/ant1 def9ite1 measurable laws1 & ?\gh subord9ate v>iations are inf9ite & make up ! details ( my ,pres5tm5t1 ! g5]al laws & conditions accord+ to :i* all ,en]gy transmutes are def9ite1 & con/itute ! g5]al features or qualities ( my ,exp]i5ce1 & ^! are ! s-call$ prim>y qualities ( bodies reg>d$ 9 ! light ( ! doctr9e ( ,en]gy4 ,! prim>y quality ( ext5sion1 9 p>ticul>1 is a conception result+ f ! association ( my visual ,pres5tm5t ) my p[] ( active ex]tion1 & ! delusive t5d5cy to reg>d ?is quality z 9 "s s5se prim>ily & fundam5tally real is due to ! unconsci\s recognition ( ! fact t x is 9 virtue ( my p[]1 or association z an ag5t ) ! en]getic sy/em1 t ,i d]ive a sugge/ion ( ! real _w beyond ! ph5om5a :i* con/itute my exp]i5ce4 ,i _c exi/ )\t "s developm5t ( activity4 ,h5ce are d]iv$ my conceptions ( free space & ( resi/ance betwe5 bodies4 ,my prim>y s5sations are ! s5sations ( t\*1 & ! prim>y impulse ( ?\ght is to relate ^! ) my active ex]tions4 ,:5 sight is fir/ re/or$ to ! bl9d ! fir/ impulse is to reg>d ! new s5sation z a =m ( t\*4 ,its intellectual sugge/iv5ess is a developm5t4 ,! sy/em or /ream ( transmutations 9 :i* my volitional activity pr9cipally takes "p is t repres5t$ by ! op]ation ( ! =ces ( ,gravitation & ,cohesion2 ! sy/em :i* influ5ces my visual s5sations is a q diff]5t s]ies4 ,! *anges 9 ?is latt] s]ies1 by _! great] rapidity1 enable me to anticipate ! o!r s]ies1 & = ?is & o!r reasons ,i employ ^! s5sations to signalise & symbolise ! transmutations proce$+ 9 ! s]ies ) :i* ,i am m imm$iately relat$ z an active & will+ ag5t4 ,all transmutations1 if !y result 9 s5sations1 mu/ d s by produc+ *anges 9 ! ,en]gy ( my organism1 & mu/ !re=e be condition$ by ! g5]al laws :i* regulate ! *anges :i* occur !re1 or1 9 o!r words1 mu/ be conta9$ )9 a self-consi/5t spatial condition2 b ! diff]5ces 9 ! *>act]s ( visual ,space1 z x is call$1 & ! spatial cont5t ( my activity1 reflect ! diff]5ces 9 ! s]ies ( en]getic transmutations ) :i* !y are respectively connect$4 ,we see m cle>ly1 !re=e1 ) ! aid ( ! doctr9e ( ,en]gy1 ! import ( ! !ory ( transc5d5tal ae/hetic enunciat$ by ,kant1 :o fir/ po9t$ out t !re are elem5ts1 & ^? ! mo/ necess>y & univ]sal1 9 ! s5se-pres5tation :i* be> ! "* ( ideality z fully z ! mo/ subjective ef=ts ( our ideative activity4 ,m p>ticul>ly d we illu/rate ! ideality ( ,space z a cognition prec$5t to exp]i5ce4 ,x is because g5]al laws con/antly op]ative regulate ! transmutations :i* con/itute ! individual's ,pres5tm5t t x is possible = him to ab/ract f & g5]alise ! data ( s5se2 & x is because ! subjective process ( ,ideation1 by :i* we mean our repres5tative m5tal activity 9 its wide/ s5se1 consi/s also 9 transmutations "u ! same g5]al laws ( ! same portion ( ! en]getic organism1 t x is possible to frame g5]al ideas4 ,^! g5]al laws ( organic transmutation are ! a priori conditions ( ! necess>y det]m9ation 9 "t ( all exi/5ces 9 ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,! =m1 !re=e1 ( ! ph5om5on1 9 ! language ( ,kant1 is con/itut$ by ! transmutations ( ! ,en]gy imm$iately relat$ to consci\sness2 ! matt] ( ! ph5om5on is con/itut$ by ! v>ieties produc$ 9 ^! by ! transmitt$ transmutations f ! ,en]gy beyond--j z ! musician may produce a con/ant v>iety ( h>monies ^u 8 in/rum5t1 b all mu/ be condition$ by ! relations fix$ & e/abli%$ betwe5 ! notes ( :i* ! in/rum5t is compos$4 ,transmutations ( ! c]ebral ,en]gy may be /imulat$ n only f )\t1 b by subjective impulse f )92 b 9 ei!r case ! laws ( ^! transmutations are ! necess>y =m ( exp]i5ce1 & x is ! possibility ( transmutation ^u an int]nal & subjective impulse :i* makes possible ! =mation ( syn!tical judgm5ts a priori4 ,x is z if ! organ 7 n only responsive to impressions ^u its keybo>d f )\t1 b 7 also automotive & c\ld orig9ate h>monies 9 its own notes2 & z if1 moreov]1 x 7 end[$ ) consci\sness s z to receive an intuition ( bo? classes ( music4 ,! =m] w\ld correspond to s5sations1 ! latt] to ideas2 & we might imag9e su* an in/rum5t by pres5t+ to itself its own sy/em ( notes1 contriv+ ?us to frame a priori a syn!tical sy/em ( ^! g5]al musical laws :i* w\ld con/itute ! necess>y & univ]sal =m ( its :ole musical exp]i5ce4 ,to complete ! p]haps fanta/ic analogy we mu/ imag9e ! _w to be "o co-ord9at$ musical sy/em1 & our in/rum5t to be end[$ ) ! p[] ( play+ ^u ! o!r keybo>ds2 ( !nce d]iv+ ! sugge/ion ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! int]nal & ext]nal impulses :i* respectively awak5$ h>monies )9 itself2 & la/ly1 ( ?us at l5g? conceiv+ 9 ! _s ( sci5ce t ! necess>y & univ]sal laws :i* x recognis$ z ! mo/ subjective & fundam5tal conditions ( its own op]ation1 at ! same "t regulat$ ! activity ( ! entire musical univ]se4 ,h[ natural x w\ld be = su* an intellig5t musical in/rum5t1 if unhappily end[$ ) common s5se1 to believe & ass]t t ! real sub/ance ( ! univ]se consi/$ solely ( s\nds4 ,yet h[ evid5t w\ld x be to u f our /&po9t ( m absolute k t ! :ole or*e/ra ( s\nds1 al?\gh actual & q di/9ct f consci\sness1 0 /ill m]ely ph5om5al1 & yet )al1 9 its e expression1 reveal$ ! laws & /ructure ( reality--( ! sy/em ( ?+s 9 !mselves--a sy/em ! reality ( :i* 0 dissimil> to ^? appe>ances1 ?\gh all its laws & /ructure c\ld be /udi$ & d]iv$ f !m4 ,b]keley1 !re=e1 err$ s]i\sly :5 he describ$ ! idea z a fa9t] s5sation4 ,fa9t subjective reproductions ( our s5sations1 z ( blue1 gre51 or ! l1 con/itute a v insignificant elem5t 9 our m5tal furniture4 ,we seldom pursue s f> into detail ! ideative ef=t4 ,sev]ely & effectively z ,b]keley criticis$ ,locke's acc\nt ( ab/ract ideas1 ! fact rema9s t ab/raction is a prim>y feature ( our :ole conceptual sy/em2 & ! ab/ractable elem5ts ( ! s5sible pres5tation be+ ! necess>y con/itu5ts ( all ideative repres5tation are prop]ly d5om9at$ ideal4 ,! "o elem5t ( p>ticul>ity :i* e idea lacks is ! ref]5ce to ! transmitt$ transmutation to :i* ! s5sible ph5om5on owes its orig94 ,we d]ive su* ref]5ce to ! ext]nal solely f ! ob/ructions :i* our free activity enc\nt]s & )\t :i* we c\ld receive no sugge/ion ( ! non-ego1 & 9 p>ticul> no sugge/ion ( ! dynamic elem5t :i* fundam5tally di/+ui%es ?+s f ?\ghts4 ,! empirical cont5t ( exp]i5ce--! s-call$ second>y qualities ( bodies--are (t5 call$ 9 _! subjective aspect ideal because ! m5tal impression is obvi\sly v diff]5t f ! transmutation objectively reg>d$4 ,b ?is is to conf\nd ! ideal ) ! subjective1 :i* latt] t]m is t prop]ly applicable bo? to ! s5sible impression & to purely m5tal activity4 ,! prim>y qualities1 be+ ! g5]al laws or =ms ( organic ,en]gy-transmutation1 are 9 a high] s5se ideal1 = !y are ! necess>y conditions "u :i* bo? s5se-pres5tation & ideative repres5tation proce$4 ,:il/1 !re=e1 z ,kant ma9ta9$1 !y are ! a priori elem5t 9 p]ception1 !y at ! same "t con/itute ! laws :i* regulate all ,en]gy-transmutation )9 our exp]i5ce bo? organic & extra-organic4 ,we hold1 !re=e1 to ! ,platonic doctr9e t :il/1 on ! "o h&1 ! s5sible is only an object ( ?\ght 9 s f> z x p>takes ( ! intelligible1 on ! o!r h& ! idea is n only a type = ! individual m9d1 b is p>tak] also ( ! laws :i* p5etrate ! sy/em ( ?+s4 ,idealism z a ,philosophy1 9 d5y+ ! validity ( any ref]5ce ( ! cont5t ( ! ,pres5tm5t to a fur!r exi/5ce outside ( ! subjective exp]i5ce1 has induc$ t wid] use ( ! t]m idea :i* applies x to ! :ole actuality ( exp]i5ce 9 its subjective aspect4 ,) ! advance ( ,philosophy we mu/ rev]t to t m anci5t use ( ! t]m idea :i* conf9es its ext5sion into ! realm ( ! p]ceptual to ^? elem5ts ( ! s5sible pres5tation :i* c be reproduc$ by ! conceptual activity ( ! subject1 & :i* 9 ass]t+1 = in/ance1 ! ideality ( ,space1 rem9ds u at ! same "t t ,ideality implies n m]ely subjectivity1 b ! expression or repres5tation also ( "s aspect ( ^? laws :i* regulate ! sy/em ( ,reality4 ,b is n common s5se "r1 aft] all8 ,d ,i really mean to say t tables1 *airs1 h\ses1 m\nta9s--! :ole _w ( my ,pres5tm5t1 are to be reg>d$ z %rivell$ up & locat$ 9 my bra91 or 9 ! en]getic correlative ( my bra98 ,is ! :ole ,univ]se1 z kn[n to me or conceiv$ by me1 conta9$ )9 a m9ute portion ( itself--! bra98 ,n[ ,sci5ce does say some?+ v l ?is1 & ! logical difficulties ( ! position are v press+4 ,b !y _c be got ov] by attempt+ to rev]t to common s5se1 because to ass]t t all my conceiv$ ,univ]se is imm$iately p]ceiv$ by me z x exi/s1 w\ld seem to involve a diffusion ( my intellig5ce ?r\gh\t ,space :i* is /ill m inconceivable & self-contradictory4 ,ev5 ap>t f ?is implication1 ! assumption ( ! ,reality ( ! ph5om5al _w de/roys itself4 ,to assume ! reality ( s-call$ mat]ial p>ticles is to lay ! f\ndation ( an argum5t :i* surely leads to ! conclusion t ! :ole _w ( my consci\sness is produc$ by & consi/s 9 motions 9 t c]ta9 small gr\p ( ^! same molecules :i* is assum$ to make up my bra94 ,! solution is only rea*$ :5 we discov] t ! error lies 9 =gett+ t ! ,reality :i* is ! seat ( my ,pres5tm5t is itself unp]ceiv$1 & t :at ,i commonly call a body & a bra9 are ! ph5om5a occurr+ 9 my ,pres5tm5t1 & :i* ,i associate ) su* real sub/ratum4 ,! real sub/ratum ( my ,pres5tm5t is a "p ( ! en]getic ,univ]se1 :i* is con/antly und]go+ transmutations4 ,:]ev] su* ,en]gy is unit$1 9 an organism1 ) consci\sness ^! transmutations1 z affect+ & p]ceiv$ by su* consci\sness1 con/itute its ,pres5tm5t or s5se-exp]i5ce2 & aid$ by ! con/ructive activity ( ?\ght exp&1 z x 71 subjectively into a :ole _w ( exp]i5ce1 z ! electric curr5t vibrat+ d>kly along ! n>r[ conf9es ( ! wire sudd5ly exp&s at ! c>bon po9t into ! lum9\s undulations :i* light a city4 ,we admit1 !re=e1 to ! full ! actuality & objectivity ( ! s5sible pres5tation4 ,we only d5y t x is ! real ?+-9-itself4 ,! latt] is n discov]$ by s5se4 ,my en]getic organism is l a well-fitt+ g>m5t2 ,i d n feel x at all4 ,i feel only *anges or transmutations tak+ place 9 x4 ,be n al>m$1 !re=e1 = y\r common-s5se _w4 ,we leave x to y intact & actual--n d$uct+ ev5 a s+le prim>y quality4 ,all[+ fully = ! ext5t to :i*1 little suspect$ by y1 x is a m5tally con/ruct$ sy/em1 its elem5ts are /ill actual & objective2 !y are modes ( ,reality2 ext5sion & ! o!r prim>y qualities are qualities ( ^! modes4 ,moreov]1 ! ,ego1 ,i1 myself1 z ,w1 z a cont9u\sly id5tic intellig5t ag5t1 am n giv5 to myself imm$iately 9 my ,pres5tm5t1 any m ?an is ! real object4 ,! exi/5ce ( my ,ego1 ( my cogitant self1 is an inf]5ce :i* ,i am compell$ to draw f ! facts ( my m5tal activity4 ,cogito1 ergo sum4 ,simil>ly1 my en]getic organism is ! real a-logical ?+-9-itself :i* ,i am compell$ to po/ulate 9 ord] to expla9 my p]ception ( physical ph5om5a 9 ! light ( my physical activity2 ago1 ergo possum4 ,we mu/ n ov]look ! unique position 9 our ,pres5tm5t occupi$ by ! visual pres5tation4 ,its univ]sality1 simultane\sness1 m9ute accuracy1 quantifiability1 etc41 are su* t x is really to ! visual ,pres5tm5t t ,i ref] all o!r elem5ts 9 my s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,i ?9k ( !m ) ref]5ce to x4 ,9 connection ) x ,i m5tally con/ruct my _w4 ,i associate ) "s modification ( ! visual pres5tation ! ph5om5a resultant ^u ! en]getic activity ( my own organism1 & ! o!r =ces & pot5tial ,en]gies :i* t activity reveals & sugge/s4 ,x is ?us t ,i d]ive ! comp\nd idea ( ,body z consi/+ ( ,figure1 ,ext5sion1 & ,solidity4 ,! cont9u$ appe>ance 9 my visual pres5tation ( ! grey col\r :i* ,i am n[ see+ is to me ! sign ( ! cont9u$ p]si/5ce ( t pot5tial ,en]gy 9 virtue ( :i* ,i reg>d x z ! appe>ance ( a solid ext5d$ /one wall4 ,ev]y?+ is ref]r$ to ! visual pres5tation1 & x is 9 ref]5ce to x t ! m9d works 9 con/ruct+ its _w4 ,! :ole !ory ( molecul> action is a !ory con/ruct$ 9 ref]5ce to ! visual pres5tation--! reality ( :i*1 /rangely1 x seems to result 9 ov]?r[+4 ,a born-bl9d man c\ld nev] h inv5t$ ! conception ( atoms or molecules4 ,?is is well wor? ?9k+ ov]4 ,! visual pres5tation is n really fundam5tal2 & we mu/ undo ! inv]sion induc$ by its great conv5i5ce :]eby we ref] to x all ! o!r elem5ts ( our s5se-exp]i5ce & conceive ( our activity & our :ole actual _w by ref]5ce to ! visible sign4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ref]5ce to ! visual t bodies are ?\ght ( z discrete units1 s t x is difficult to conceive t ! real ?+ 9 virtue ( :i* we exp]i5ce ! p]ception (1 say1 a heap ( /ones1 is truly m or less pot5tial ,en]gy--j z ! cont9u\s process ( ?\ght is v diff]5t f ! disp>ate symbols ( spee*4 ,i habitually ref] to ! visual ext5d$ image z ! prim>y basis ( my idea ( ! _w1 or ( any p>ticul> "p ( ! _w1 su* z my d9+-room4 ,:y8 ,simply because1 = ! reasons already not$1 ! s5se ( sight is ! s5se ( univ]sal ref]5ce4 ,9 pr9ciple x is ! same habitual t5d5cy :i* makes me associate e elem5t ( my _w ) its appropriate "n4 ,x is diff]5t 9 ! case ( o!r s5sations4 ,:5 ,i am abs5t f ,niag>a ,i d n1 9 ?9k+ ( x1 prim>ily conceive ( x z a ro> ( s\nd4 ,i ?9k ( c]ta9 motions ( mass :i*1 if ,i 7 pres5t1 w\ld occasion ! subjective s5sations ( s\nd4 ,b = ! habitual t5d5cy aris+ f ! univ]sal ref]5ce to ! visible ,i w\ld d ! same 9 ! case ( ! visual image4 ,all ,i am necessitat$ to ?9k is a real ev5t--a real1 physical1 dynamical transmutation--proce$+ q indep5d5tly ( my p]ception or pres5ce2 & if ,i c only manage to realise t ,i mu/1 = philosophical purposes1 elim9ate my ref]5ce to visual z well z to audible or o!r s5sations1 ,i w und]/& t all ,i am entitl$ to1 & all ,i c1 )\t hopeless contradiction1 po/ulate z real ?+ exi/+ indep5d5tly ( my p]ception1 is a transmutation ( ,en]gy4 ,?is en]gy is imp]ceptible1 unext5d$1 unfigur$1 yet x is by no means a m]e logical or m5tal necessity or associative t5d5cy4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is v real4 ,x su/a9s my e act4 ,by an imp]ative m5tal necessity ,i am oblig$1 by inf]5ce f my exp]i5ces z an active & p]cipi5t ag5t1 to po/ulate ! en]getic sy/em 9 :i* ,i am involv$1 & ) "o p>ticul> c5tre 9 :i* ,i am organically relat$4 ,b we recall at ?is po9t t ,sci5ce says %e mu/ /ill po/ulate ,matt] z ! vehicle ( ,en]gy4 ,b :at does t mean except t ! subject ( h] /udies is ! s5sible pres5tation :i* itself consi/s ( en]gy transmutation 9 "p con/antly *ang+ b ) relatively p]man5t & recurr5t elem5ts8 ,^! m p]man5t elem5ts con/itute :at we call bodies4 ,if ! s5sible pres5tation consi/$ exclusively ( "o cont9u\s1 un*ang+ ph5om5on1 ,reason w\ld nev] be /imulat$1 & ,p]sonality1 ,cause1 ,p[] w\ld nev] h be5 po/ulat$ or conceiv$4 ,b ! transmutation is con/antly accel]at$--incessantly fluctuates & v>ies4 ,c]ta9 ( ^! v>iations ,i recognise z relat$ to my own volitional activity1 & ,i am ?us furni%$ ) a key :i* enables me1 by a sympa!tic analogy1 to attribute all ! *anges 9 my exp]i5ce to v>i\s ag5ts1 ea* relat$ to ! o!r by ! int]v5tion ( ?is sy/em ( physical ,en]gy4 ,"s ( ^! ,i c fur!r trace to ! initiative ( ,volition ( myself or o!r p]sons2 o!rs ,i c only recognise z integral p>ts ( ! va/ en]getic sy/em ( ,nature1 ! /imulus ( :i* ,i _c foll[ fur!r4 ,! reality ( ,matt] is said to be prov$ by its inde/ructibility2 b ?is *>act]i/ic c easily be resolv$ into 7#a7 ! inde/ructibility ( ,space & ,ext5sion :i* we h se5 to be m]ely ano!r "n = ! necessity or inevitable univ]sality ( ! g5]al laws & conditions ( ,en]gy transmutation1 & 7#b7 ! inde/ructibility ( ! ,en]gy to ! transmutations ( :i* we attribute ! =ces ( ,cohesion & ,gravitation4 ,all vital activity is b a produc+ ( *anges 9 ! /ream ( transmutation4 ,we nev] d1 nor 9 ! nature ( ?+s d we ev] try to1 increase or dim9i% ! quantity ( ! real ,en]gy itself4 ,we in/9ctively recognise ! objective s\rce ( our physical p[]1 & ?is has l$ "s ?9k]s to suppose t ! inde/ructibility ( ,matt] is an a priori datum ( ?\ght4 ,b su* a belief is q unf\nd$4 ,all x am\nts to is a recognition t ! de/ruction ( ,matt] is beyond our p[]--a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fact t we m]ely act ^u ! transmutation-process4 ,_m a long conte/ betwe5 ! support]s ( a priori & exp]i5tial k c be set at re/ by ?is view ( ! m$iat+ functions ( ! en]getic organism4 ,! reflections :i* we h ?us briefly not$ & illu/rat$ op5 a wide field = inquiry4 ,! sci5tific doctr9e ( ,en]gy w\ld seem to be pregnant ) mom5t\s consequ5ces = ,philosophy1 & x is wor? :ile = metaphysicians to devote to ?is subject ! deepe/ & mo/ delib]ate ?\ght4 ,! results _c easily be grasp$ by a m]e cursory p]usal ( memor&a1 9 :i* we h only sket*$ a few sali5t aspects ( ! doctr9e4 ,we deprecate unw>rantable assurance1 & are fully consci\s ( ! difficulty ( adequately express+ ?\ght on su* a !me2 b we h n writt5 ra%ly nor )\t good gr\nds = ask+ att5tion4 ,sci5ce1 x seems to u1 po/ulates 9 ,en]gy an a-logical1 unext5d$1 real ?+-9-itself 9 t]ms ( :i* ! ph5om5a ( ,physics c be adequately & quantifiably /at$4 ,at ! same "t x furni%es ,philosophy ) a !ory ( ! objectively real ?+-9-itself :i* satisfi$ ^? necessities ( ?\ght by :i* we are con/ra9$ to int]pret our s5se-exp]i5ce by a con/ant ref]5ce to a ,reality beyond x--a necessity due to our association z ,actors ) an ,en]gy beyond t :i* is ! seat ( our ,pres5tm5t4 ,su* a view avoids ! incurable difficulties & contradictions involv$ 9 ! !ory ( ! reality ( ext5d$ mat]ial sub/ance1 or 9 any !ory1 inde$1 :i* ass]ts ! reality--z pres5t$--( ! s5sible pres5tation4 ,physical ,reality ?us conceiv$ is consi/5tly ?9kable z co-exi/5t ) ! ?+-9-itself--be x ultimately ,intellig5ce or ,volition--( :i* our cognitive & conative exi/5ce is a manife/ation4 ,& su* a doctr9e1 by expla9+ all ph5om5a z transmutations proce$+ 7accord+ to ! def9ite ma!matical laws prevail+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,univ]se ( ,en]gy7 at t po9t 9 ! sy/em :i* is organically relat$ to ,consci\sness1 acc\nts at once = ! app>5t apriority & necessity ( ! qualities ( ,space1 & at ! same "t = _! evid5t univ]sality & objectivity4 ,9 a ^w1 x w\ld r seem z if ,sci5ce1 unconsci\s ( its pregnant possibilities1 has n only =mulat$ a !ory :i* co-ord9ates & unifies ! entire fabric ( physical k1 b has also at l5g? furni%$ ,philosophy ) ! key to t problem ! solution ( :i* has1 9 ! words ( ,s*op5hau]1 be5 ! ma9 endeav\r ( philosoph]s = m ?an two c5turies1 namely1 to sep>ate by a correctly drawn l9e ( cleavage ! ,ideal--t :i* belongs to our k z su*--f ! ,real1 t :i* exi/s indep5d5tly ( u2 & ?us to det]m9e ! relation ( ea* to ! o!r4 ,to u x seems n /range t ,philosophy %\ld 9 ! end be indebt$ to ,sci5ce = ?is solution--nor %\ld ,sci5ce1 9 ! h\r ( h] greate/ speculative victory1 object too ha/ily to ! assi/ance :i* ! ?9k]1 tra9$ to ! /udy ( ! process ( ?\ght1 c r5d] 9 cl>ify+ & re/at+ 9 its metaphysical aspects a !ory :i*1 if pr(\ndly conceiv$1 & =mulat$ by m5 ( sci5ce f ,rum=d & ,davy to ,/ew>t1 ,tait1 & ,kelv91 0 p>tially anticipat$ by ! metaphysician :o conceiv$ ! _w z w & idea4 ,we ma9ta91 !re=e1 t ! pres5tation ( s5se1 ! cont9uum or manifold1 or :at y w1 consi/s 9 ! transmutations ( a real sub/ance itself unext5d$ & unp]ceiv$2 t ! laws ( ^! transmutations are :at con/itute ! geometric all-conta9+ ,space2 t at a po9t 9 ?is real en]getic sy/em organically relat$ to ! intellig5t self1 ! transmutations occurr+ !re con/itute ! individual's s5sible exp]i5ce2 t 8 m9d1 by also actively influ5c+ ! sy/em at t po9t1 c /imulate ! tra9 ( transmutations :i* con/itute 8 _w ( ideas2 t ! m9d c discov] itself z ,w influ5c+ transmutations 9 ! organism :i* are transmitt$ ?r\gh a wid]1 l>g] portion ( ! sy/em2 & c recognise ! transmutations at ! relat$ po9t z influ5c$ sometimes by its own ,volition & sometimes by o!r ag5ts4 ,we seek to br+ ! add$ light ( sci5tific !ory to reconcile ! conflict betwe5 ! law & ! fact1 betwe5 ! objects ( reflection & ! objects ( s5se1 betwe5 ! _w ( ?\ght & ! _w ( ph5om5a1--! problem :i* ,plato rais$ & :i* has s9ce be5 ! c5tral problem ( ,metaphysics4 ,9 do+ s we pres5t a doctr9e :i* n only ma9ta9s ! tru? ( ! ,ideal1 & ! actuality ( ! ph5om5al1 & ! relative reality ( bo?1 b :i* proves1 ) all ! cog5cy ( ,sci5ce1 h[ x is t ! ,s5sible is p]meat$ by & made kn[able only by ! ,ideal1 by ! laws ( ! transmutations :i* con/itute actuality1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ideal only ent]s exp]i5ce z ! regulative pr9ciple ( ! ev]-transmut+ ,reality4 ,! _w consi/s n m]ely ( ph5om5a1 nor ( ph5om5a & laws :i* regulate !m4 ,^! are b transitional & imp]fect aspects ( ,reality4 ,our /&>d ( ,tru? & ,reality1 says a rec5t writ]1 moves u on t[>ds an individual ) laws ( its own1 & to laws :i* =m ! vital sub/ance ( a s+le exi/5ce4 ,we approa* su* a goal 9 ! conception ( ,en]gy--! laws ( ^: con/ant transmutations are :at we call ,nature4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% ,en]gy z ,absolute ,reality f su* conceptions z ,activity1 :i* is its subjective aspect1 or z ,=ce1 :i* is really ! rate at :i* ,en]gy is1 9 c]ta9 cases1 trans=m$4 ,dynamics1 :i* inve/igates ,=ce1 is a /udy ( ! fundam5tal transmutations ( ,en]gy4 ,x po/ulates ,en]gy z ! ,real ,entity 9 t]ms ( :i* x c frame a satisfactory !ory ( dynamical ph5om5a4 ,! metaphysical lab\rs ( ! c5tury :i* has elaps$ s9ce ,kant h n be5 altoge!r 9 va94 ,! deep] ?9k]s are pretty ne>ly agre$ t ! ,absolute is n to be id5tifi$ ) its appe>ances4 ,h[ f> !y c br+ home ?is view 9 practical =m to ! intellig5ce ( man is ano!r matt]4 ,plato d\btless saw ! tru? 9 a sort ( beatific vision1 b ! tide ( speculation ebb$ aft] 8 dea?1 & its heal+ wat]s nev] inundat$ ! des]ts ( m$iaeval ?\ght4 ,! discursive weakness 9 :i* ! speculation ( ! transc5d5tal ,philosophy seems to dissipate itself makes u fe> a simil> decl9e4 ,metaphysics mu/ receive ! assi/ance ( ! great speculative a*ievem5t ( ,physics4 ,x mu/ realise t ,sci5ce c po/ulate a ,reality unp]ceiv$ & unqualifi$ by ! conditions ( s5se1 b 9 t]ms ( :i* ,sci5ce c expla9 ! :ole ph5om5a ( ! s5sible pres5tation 9 _! objective aspect1--expla9 ^! z transmutations ( ,reality1 proce$+ 9 accordance ) ! g5]al ma!matical laws "u :i* ,reality transmutes itself4 ,x may be said t reason requires u to ?9k t ! ,univ]se is a unity4 ,:]e d y embrace )9 ,reality1 9 su* a view ( x1 ,intellig5ce1 ,volition1 ,feel+8 ,we answ]3 ,( c\rse1 obvi\sly ,reality1 z po/ulat$ by ,physics1 does n conta9 ^!4 ,b ! ,real ,?+ po/ulat$ by ,physics is b "o aspect ( ! :ole1 & may be1 mu/ be1 m]g$ 9 a high] ,reality--( :i* ph5om5a1 on ! "o h&1 & ,?\ght1 ,conation1 ,feel+ on ! o!r1 are ! appe>ances4 ,t involves a fur!r advance1 ! atta9m5t ( a high] degree ( ,tru? :i* w\ld bridge ! ,dualism ( ,?\ght & ,exi/5ce1 ( ,self & ,n-self1 ( ,_s & ,nature1 & :il/1 on ! "o h&1 su* ,reality mu/ fundam5tally be a-logical1 on ! o!r h& ,en]gy may owe its en]gy to ,_s4 ,9 ! dualism :i* we mu/1 9 exp]i5ce1 recognise1 we notice "o fundam5tal di/9ction3 quantification1 measurability1 appe> ! attributes ( ! physical2 quality1 ideality1 ( ! spiritual4 ,! appreh5sion1 !re=e1 ( ! doctr9e ( ,en]gy %\ld accompli% 9 cl>ity & security ! abolition ( ! intol]able contradictions :i* h hi!rto involv$ ! se>* = ,reality amid its appe>ances4 ,we ?9k x sugge/s ! mo/ satisfy+ explanation ( ! di/9ction :i* sep>ates1 & ! pr9ciple :i* relates ,ideality & ,ext]nality1 & %\ld obviate ! almo/ *ildi% ef=ts ( transc5d5tali/s to exp\nd ! relation ( ! ,m9d to a body :i* is involv$ 91 & :i* is yet--= ! individual--di/+ui%$1 !y _c tell u h[1 f ! :ole sy/em ( ,nature4 ,( c\rse1 nei!r ,?\ght nor ,volition1 z su*1 c be ! absolute ,reality4 ,!y1 l ,physical ,=ce1 are b transmutations1 affections1 phases ( ,reality4 ,nor1 aga91 is ,en]gy1 z a quality1 a correct description ( ! ,absolute1 z su*4 ,! ,absolute1 z su*1 we _c describe2 b 9 /udy+1 z ,physics does1 ! relations ( physical ph5om5a & /at+ ^! 9 t]ms ( ,reality1 x conv5i5tly gives ,reality a "n appropriate to its own /&po9t4 ,metaphysics rightly decl9es to be requir$ to /udy special bran*es ( ,sci5ce4 ,no?+ b grotesque absurdity ensues :5 ?is precaution is ov]look$4 ,yet ,metaphysics has hi!rto ?\ght itself ! bett] ( a little logic1 & 9 ! future x w h to grasp ! sci5tific conception ( ,reality4 ,!re is no?+ else = x2 &1 aft] all1 x is rem>kable h[ f> ! mo/ fundam5tal conceptions ( ,metaphysics are dep5d5t on a physical orig94 ,surely x is ( prim>y importance to realise ! effect ^u our conceptions ( ,space & ,ext5sion ( ! doctr9e ( ! transmutations ( ,en]gy4 ,ev5 ! pr(\nde/ metaphysicians h seem+ly fail$ to expla9 h[ ,space1 ,matt]1 & ,ext5sion are relat$ ) ,reality4 ,y _c ignore ?is difficulty by say+ t ^! are ! work+ conceptions ( p>ticul> bran*es ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,b :5 y realise t physical ph5om5a1 ev5 ! mo/ p]man5t & rigid1 are by sci5tific demon/ration b transmutations ( ! real ?+1 y may !n und]/& t ,space1 ,body1 & ,ext5sion are b ! laws & conditions ( ! process4 ,z appe>ances1 & )9 ! realm ( ph5om5a1 !y seem /ill :at !y h always seem$4 ,s mu* we /ill conc$e )\t dim9ution or obscurity2 & at ! same "t we c h>monise !m z !y c\ld nev] be h>monis$ be=e ) po/ulat$ ,reality4 ,x is ! same ) ,"t4 ,! facts ( memory w\ld seem to imply t !re is no succession 9 ! ,absolute4 ,we are always pres5t at all times ( our life4 ,9 recollect+ a pa/ ev5t we are contemplat+ no m]e image1 b ! actual pa/ ev5t itself4 ,our *ronometry dep5ds on ! annual motion ( ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun4 ,x has ?us a purely physical basis4 ,we might illu/rate ! application ( ! doctr9e ( ,en]gy to e dep>tm5t ( ,metaphysics4 ,b su* is n ! object ( ! pres5t essay4 ,we m]ely desire to indicate briefly "s ( ! _m aspects ( ! !ory1 & if only we h be5 able to sugge/ a l9e ( inquiry1 ! prim>y object ( ?is essay has be5 atta9$4 ,,footnotes3 #ha3a ,orig9ally pr9t$ 9 #ahih1 n[ revis$ & rewritt54 ,pr9t$ by ,,morrison ,,gibb ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,! ,,dynamic ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,k ,cr[n #hvo4 #ccj pp4 #fs4 net ,mr4 ,philip1 a ?9k] ( consid]able acut5ess1 exp\nds fur!r ! dynamic !ory ( k :i* he prop\nd$ 9 ',matt] & ,en]gy' & ! ',doctr9e ( ,en]gy4' ,:at we are really s5sible ( 9 ! ext]nal _w is mutation2 b ! consci\sness ( our own activity sugge/s ! exi/5ce ( some?+ beh9d ph5om5a4 ,! reality :i* su/a9s exp]i5ce is f\nd to be1 9 ess5ce1 p[]--p[] conceiv$ z an en]gy conta9+ )9 itself ! pr9ciple ( its own evolution2 an en]gy con/antly transmut+ itself1 & 9 its transmutations furni%+ ! entire pres5tation ( s5se4 ,! univ]sal application ( ?is concept unifies sci5ce or ! k ( nature2 & ! dynamic !ory is appli$ by ,mr4 ,philip to life1 economics1 & education4 ,times4 ,well writt51 & conta9s mu* s\nd analysis ( p]ception & ! l1 ) mu* t is debatable b sugge/ive & /imulat+4--,nature4 ,! argum5t is conduct$ ) great ability & ?or\ghness1 & ! writ] reveals a mo/ accurate acqua9tance ) ! results ( bo? sci5ce & philosophy4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,t,r,ue,b,n,e,r1 ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,,broadway ,,h\se1 #fh-gd ,,c>t] ,,lane1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4