,,orthography ,,as ,,outlined ,,in ,,the ,,state ,,course ,,of ,,study ,,for ,,illinois4 ,,seventh ,,and ,,eighth ,,years4 ,,by ,,elmer ,w4 ,,cavins1 ,,teacher ,,of ,,orthography ,,in ,,illinois ,,state ,,normal ,,university4 ,,introduction ,,by ,,dr4 ,,edwin ,c4 ,,hewett4 ,,second ,,edition--,,january1 #aijf4 ,,published ,,by ,c4 ,m4 ,,parker1 ,,taylorville1 ,,illinois4 ,copyright1 #aijd1 by ,c4 ,m4 ,parker4 ,,preface4 ,this book is prepared for teachers and pupils who use the ,illinois ,state ,course of ,study4 ,the outline in ,orthography for the ,seventh and ,eighth ,years is the basis of all that is included herein4 ,three fifths or more of this work is word analysis which1 valuable as it is1 teachers as a rule are unable to teach without the aid of a text1 never having learned much of it themselves4 ,what1 for example1 can the average teacher unaided do toward writing a list of words to be analyzed which contain the root ann1 meaning year8 ,he might turn in the dictionary to annual1 anniversary1 and annuity1 but he must fall back on his acquired knowledge for such as1 biennial1 centennial1 millennium1 perennial1 and superannuate4 ,and having the list1 very many teachers1 as well as pupils1 need help in the analysis4 ,the aim of this book has been to set down in an orderly and convenient form such facts as are needed by those who follow the ,state ,course of ,study4 ,emphasis has been placed upon word analysis4 ,the author believes that this has more value in education than is generally attributed to it4 ,when ,mr4 ,kennedy named his work on word analysis ,what ,words ,say1 he gave it the best possible title4 ,composite words have a wealth of meaning2 each syllable is significant4 ,and1 as a rule1 only to those who can read this significance does the word yield its full meaning4 ,accuracy is the mark of a scholar4 ,accuracy in speech and in the understanding of speech cannot be attained by those whose knowledge of words is vague and general4 ,pupils should early learn how to interpret what words say1 and to discriminate carefully in the use of words1 for these are the tools which they are to use in all the various departments for acquiring knowledge4 ,normal1 ,ill41 ,aug4 #cj1 #aijd4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,cavins4 ,,introduction ,,by ,,dr4 ,,edwin ,c4 ,,hewett4 ,i have long thought that the careful1 discriminating study of words is much neglected in our schools4 ,and ,i am glad to approve1 and help to forward1 anything that will promote such a study4 ,not only will such a study improve a person's language greatly1 but it will1 at the same time1 do much to improve the clearness and precision of his thinking2 thought and language have a reciprocal effect4 ,if a child1 while young1 can be made to be interested in words themselves1--their origin1 their exact meaning1 their relations to each other and some of the changes in their meaning which result from their use1--he will be likely to retain that interest through life2 it will be more likely to increase than to diminish4 ,it seems often to be assumed that a student can do nothing profitably with the study of words made up from ,greek and ,latin roots till he has acquired some mastery of those languages4 ,but ,i know from experience and much observation that this is not true4 ,why should it be8 ,must one master ,greek and ,latin before he can understand that1 in ,english words1 graph means write2 ge means earth2 phone means sound2 cur means run2 fin means limit2 port means carry1 etc48 ,and then having learned the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes1 is it preposterous to train him to know the etymological significance of a few hundred words by showing him how they are built up8 ,of course1 we know that many words in common use have shades of meaning quite different from1 and in some cases almost opposite to1 their literal significance4 ,but will not the student be better able to understand these derived meanings by knowing their literal significance than in any other way8 ,at any rate1 ,i am fully persuaded that such a study of words as this book proposes can be made very profitable to those pupils for whose use it is prepared4 ,the teacher will find1 however1 that the teaching of this subject will require much careful labor on his part4 ,the mere learning of the meaning of prefixes and suffixes and of the roots themselves1 with the brief remarks on the meaning of some of the words1 will need to be supplemented by a careful mastery of it all on his part4 ,and to this must be added much thought of his own1 together with careful research in the great dictionaries4 ,but to the earnest and intelligent teacher1 such thought and research will yield very rich fruit in his own thinking1 and in his use of ,english speech4 ,i cheerfully commend the book as a move in the right direction2 and as adapted1 in my opinion1 to do much to supply a serious lack in the present work of the schools4 ,normal1 ,ill41 ,aug4 #ah1 #aijd4 ,e4 ,c4 ,h4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers4 #a4 ,from the lists given in this book omit such words as in your opinion are beyond the vocabulary of your pupils4 #b4 ,all words given for the first month's work are either defined or illustrated below the lists4 ,this is done to help make clear the method of showing their literal significance4 ,further along in each year's work only the most difficult words are explained4 ,insist that pupils in every case where it is possible define or illustrate so as to show the literal meaning1 else much of the value of the study is lost4 ,and1 moreover1 the ordinary1 or current meaning1 where it differs from the literal1 should be given4 ,very many of the words have various uses4 ,thorough work requires that these be illustrated4 ,this necessitates a free use of the dictionary4 ,it is strongly urged that the pupils 7with the aid of the teacher when necessary7 try to find an appropriate sentence to illustrate each word and write the same in an orderly way in a note book for the purpose4 ,in work of this kind a teacher should not underrate the value of reviews4 ,by this means fix facts on the minds of your pupils1 especially the meanings of roots and prefixes4 ,since these meanings are given in a single word1 reviews may proceed rapidly4 ,one convenient method of recitation in this subject is to send pupils to the blackboard without their books1 assign them by turns words to be analyzed according to the examples given under ,directions to ,pupils1 and then let each pupil read to the class what he has written on the board4 ,,directions ,,to ,,pupils4 ,given in the seventh and eighth years' work of the ,state ,course of ,study are #de prefixes1 #fd roots1 and #cc suffixes1--in all #adb elements or component parts of words4 ,in this book a list of words is furnished to illustrate each element1 the average number of words in each list being about eleven1 and the total number of different words analyzed1 or partially analyzed1 is over #abjj4 ,,to ,,analyze ,a ,,word4 #a4 ,name its component parts--root1 prefix1 and suffix--and give the literal meaning of each4 #b4 ,combine these meanings in a definition1 supplying additional words if necessary1 to make the sense complete4 ,in exceptional cases1 however1 the exact literal meanings of the parts cannot be put together in a good definition4 ,one or more of the parts must then be omitted entirely1 or represented by words which are not exactly literal4 #c4 ,give an illustration of the use of the word4 7,caution3 ,carefully distinguish verbs1 adjectives and nouns4 ,do not define adjectives as nouns or verbs1 or vice versa4 ,do not1 for illustration1 say audible is that which can be heard2 but rather say audible means capable of being heard47 ,,examples4 avert3 7#a7 a1 away vert1 turn4 7#b7 ,to turn away2 to ward off4 7#c7 ,the evils which exist are necessary to avert greater evils4 deify3 7#a7 dei1 god fy1 to make4 7#b7 ,to make a god of2 to praise and revere as if a deity4 7#c7 ,the people of ,india deify the ,ganges ,river4 hostile3 7#a7;host1 enemy ile1 belonging to4 7#b7 ,belonging to or having the characteristics of an enemy4 7#c7 ,yon tower which rears its head so high invites the hostile winds4 portable3 7#a7 port1 carry able1 capable of4 7#b7 capable of being carried or moved from place to place2 not stationary4 7#c7 ,a portable photograph gallery stopped for three days at the cross-roads near my home4 benefactor3 7#a7 bene1 good fact1 make1 do or1 one who4 7#b7 ,one who does good2 especially one who makes a charitable donation4 7#c7 ,he is a true benefactor and alone worthy of honor who brings comfort where before was wretchedness1 who dries the tear of sorrow4 ,a careful study of the five examples given above will reveal that to analyze words a pupil must-- #a4 ,learn some facts--meanings of the component parts of words4 #b4 ,be careful in putting these facts together to make a sensible definition4 #c4 ,use the dictionary to find the ordinary1 or current1 use of a word4 #d4 ,gather illustrations4 ,this is not easy1 but it should not be neglected1 for it is the most practical feature of word analysis4 ,pupils should help each other1 and the teacher may contribute when his help is needed4 ,one good illustration for a difficult word might suffice the entire class4 ,,part ,,one ,word ,analysis4 ,,seventh ,,year4 ,,first ,,month4 a1 ab1 abs from1 away4 #a4 a vert1 turn #b4 ab brevi ate1 short #c4 ab duct1 lead #d4 ab ject1 cast #e4 ab lut ion1 wash #f4 ab origin es1 beginning #g4 ab rupt1 break #h4 ab sorb1 suck in #i4 ab solve1 loosen #aj4 ab use1 use4 #b4 ,to shorten1 to take from2 to make briefer4 #c4 ,to lead away2 to carry off by force2 to kidnap4 #d4 ,an abject person is one sunk to low condition 7as if cast from the society of others74 #e4 ,an ablution is a washing or cleansing2 especially a religious rite4 #f4 ,the inhabitants of a country from the beginning4 ,the earliest inhabitants of which anything is known4 #g4 ,broken or appearing as if broken away or off2 as an abrupt cliff4 #h4 ,to suck up2 to drink in4 ,a brick will absorb a pint of water4 #i4 ,to loosen or set free1 as from some duty or obligation #aj4 ,to divert from the proper use2 to misuse4 ambi1 7amphi7 both1 on both sides1 around4 #a4 ambi dextr ous1 right hand #b4 ambi ti on1 go #c4 amphi bi ous1 life #d4 amphi theatre1 view4 #a4 ,having skill with both hands 7as if both were right hands74 #b4 ,a going around or about1 as of a candidate soliciting votes2 eager for favors2 strongly desirous4 #c4 ,living both on land and in water4 ,frogs1 turtles1 crocodiles1 seals1 otters1 and beavers are amphibious4 #d4 ,an amphitheatre is a building built circular so that spectators may view a performance from both sides or from all around4 bene well1 good4 #a4 bene dict ion1 speak #b4 bene fact ion1 do #c4 bene fact or1 one who #d4 bene fic ent1 do #e4 bene fic ial1 pertaining to #f4 bene fit1 do #g4 bene vol ent1 will #h4 beni gn1 7genus7 kind #i4 beni gn ant1 being #aj4 nota bene1 note #a4 ,the act of speaking well to or of2 a blessing pronounced at the close of divine service4 #b4 ,the act of doing good2 making a charitable donation4 #d4 ,doing or effecting good2 performing acts of kindness4 #e4 ,pertaining to what does good1 is useful or profitable4 #f4 ,a good deed done2 an act of kindness4 #g4 ,willing to do good2 well-wishing2 charitable4 #h4 ,good and kind of heart2 expressive of gentleness or kindness4 ,literally1 of a good kind4 #i4 ,being kind and gracious4 #aj4 ,note well2 observe carefully2 take notice4 ,usually abbreviated to ,n4 ,b4 circum around4 #a4 circum fer ence1 carry #b4 circum flex1 bend #c4 circum locut ion1 speak #d4 circum navig ate1 sail #e4 circum scribe1 write1 draw #f4 circum spect1 look #g4 circum sta nce1 stand #h4 circum vent1 come4 #a4 ,think the circumference in the process of making2 carry the crayon around the circle to produce the circumference4 #b4 ,a bending around2 a wave or bend of the voice embracing both a rise and a fall on the same syllable4 #c4 ,the act of speaking in a round about way2 particularly a studied indirectness or evasiveness of speech4 #d4 ,the act of sailing around2 especially the earth or globe4 #e4 ,to draw a bounding line round2 hence to mark out the limits of4 #f4 ,looking around on all sides2 examining carefully4 #g4 ,that which attends or relates to 7stands around1 as it were17 an event1 a person or a thing4 #h4 ,to circumvent one in any enterprise is to come around in an unexpected way for the purpose of gaining an advantage4 contra1 7contro1 counter7 against #a4 contra dict1 speak #b4 contra vene1 come #c4 contra st1 stand #d4 counter act1 do #e4 counter balance1 scales #f4 contro versy1 turn #a4 ,to speak against2 to assert the opposite of4 #b4 ,to come against2 to oppose4 #c4 ,to stand against2 to set in opposition to1 as two or more objects of a like kind with a view to showing their difference4 #d4 ,to act against2 to do what hinders4 #e4 ,to weigh against with equal weight2 equal weight1 power or influence acting in opposition to4 #f4 ,a turning against2 debate1 contention4 ann year4 #a4 annu al1 relating to #b4 anni vers ary1 turn #c4 annu ity1 that which #d4 bi ennial1 two #e4 cent ennial1 hundred #f4 mille nnium1 thousand #g4 per ennial1 through #h4 super annuate1 beyond #a4 ,relating to a year2 yearly4 #b4 ,that day which returns once a year commemorating some event4 #c4 ,a stated sum of money payable yearly4 #d4 ,happening once in two years2 lasting two years4 #e4 ,consisting of or lasting a hundred years4 ,happening every hundred years4 #f4 ,a period or interval of a thousand years4 #g4 ,throughout the year2 lasting1 perpetual4 #h4 ,condition of being beyond the years of active service2 impaired or disabled by length of years4 art skill4 #a4 art ist1 one who #b4 arti fic ial1 make #c4 artist ic1 relating to #d4 art less1 without #a4 ,one who is skilled or adept in any of the fine arts4 #b4 ,produced or made by art or skill rather than by nature4 #c4 ,relating to skill in any field4 #d4 ,without skill2 especially without skill in fraud or deceit4 aster1 7astr7 star4 #a4 aster isk1 little #b4 aster oid1 form #c4 astr olog er1 speak4 #d4 astr onomy1 distribute #e4 dis aster1 apart #a4 ,literally1 a little star2 a mark like a star used to refer to a note in the margin4 #b4 ,formed like a star4 #c4 ,one who speaks about the stars2 one who foretells events by the stars1 or interprets the supposed influence of the stars4 #d4 ,the science which treats of the distribution1 arrangement and size of heavenly bodies 7stars74 #e4 ,an unfavorable aspect of a star or planet1 hence an ill portent1 a calamity4 aud hear4 #a4 aud ible1 capable of #b4 audit ory1 pertaining to #c4 audit ors1 those who #d4 in audible1 not #a4 ,capable of being heard4 #b4 ,pertaining to the hearing1 or the sense of hearing4 #c4 ,those who hear2 people who assemble for the purpose of hearing music or discourse4 #d4 ,not capable of being heard2 indistinct4 ,,second ,,month4 dis 7dif7 apart1 from1 away4 #a4 dis burse1 purse #b4 dis cord1 heart #c4 dis cuss1 shake #d4 dif fer1 bear #e4 dif fuse1 pour #f4 dis loc ate1 place #g4 dis miss1 send #h4 dis pel1 drive #i4 dis pose1 put #aj4 dis rupt1 break #aa4 dis sect1 cut #ab4 dis tend1 stretch #a4 ,to disburse money is to pay it out 7from one's purse74 #b4 7,literally1 hearts apart47 ,want of harmony2 not agreeing in opinion1 or in action4 #c4 ,the discussion of a question shakes it apart1 for a more thorough examination4 #d4 ,when two minds differ1 one bears in one direction1 the other in another1 and thus they bear apart4 ,they do not agree4 #e4 ,to pour out and cause to spread apart1 as a fluid2 to circulate2 to scatter4 #f4 ,to place apart or out of proper position4 #g4 ,to dismiss a congregation is to send the people 7or allow them to go7 apart to their homes4 #h4 ,to dispel fear is to drive it away4 #i4 ,to dispose of property is to part with it 7put it apart from one74 #aj4 ,rocks are disrupted when broken apart4 #aa4 ,to dissect the eye of an ox is to cut it apart1 for the purpose of examination4 #ab4 ,to distend is to stretch apart or spread in all directions2 to dilate1 to expand4 extra beyond4 #a4 ,extra ordin ary1 order1 rule 7ary1 relating to74 ,relating to what is beyond or out of the common rule or order2 exceptional1 unusual4 #b4 ,extra vag ant1 wander 7ant1 ing74 ,wandering beyond bounds or out of the regular course2 excessive4 inter between1 among1 through4 #a4 inter cede1 go #b4 inter cept1 take #c4 inter course1 run #d4 inter ject ion1 throw #e4 inter lop er1 run #f4 inter mingle1 mix #g4 inter pose1 place #h4 inter rogate1 ask #i4 inter sect1 cut #aj4 inter val1 wall #aa4 inter vene1 come #ab4 inter view1 see #a4 ,to go between parties for the purpose of reconciling those who differ2 to plead in favor of another4 #b4 ,to seize or take between the starting point and destination2 as to intercept a letter or messenger4 #c4 ,frequent or habitual meeting or contact of one person with another 7a running between1 to and fro74 #d4 ,an interjection is a word thrown in between other words to express emotion or feeling4 #e4 ,an interloper is one who runs in between two parties to get the advantage which one would obtain from the other4 ,one who intercepts and buys a basket of eggs between a farmer's wagon and a grocery store would1 from the standpoint of the merchant1 be an interloper4 #f4 ,to mix between or together4 #g4 ,to protect the eyes from a strong light interpose 7place between the eyes and light7 a shade4 #h4 ,to interrogate is to question4 7,the questions come between the answers47 #i4 ,one line intersects another when it cuts through it1 or between its parts4 #aj4 ,an interval is an open space or stretch between things or limits4 ,formerly it meant a space between walls4 #aa4 ,to come between persons1 things1 or events4 #ab4 ,a mutual exchange of views between two or more people4 non not1 un4 ,the prefix non- may be joined to the leading word by means of a hyphen1 or1 in most cases1 the hyphen may be dispensed with4 #a4 noncommittal #b4 non compos mentis #c4 nonconductor #d4 nondescript #e4 nonentity #f4 nonessential #g4 nonpareil #h4 non-payment #i4 nonplus #aj4 non-resident #aa4 nonsense #ab4 nonsuit #b4 ,com1 with pos1 power mentis1 of mind4 ,literally1 not with power of mind4 ,not of sound mind2 not capable1 mentally1 of managing one's own affairs4 #d4 ,that which has not been described2 difficult to describe2 new1 novel1 odd4 #e4 ,entity means thing or being2 hence a nonentity is no thing or nothing4 ,often applied to a person or thing which counts for little or nothing4 #i4 ,plus means more4 ,literally1 a person is nonplused when he can do no more1 or go no further2 puzzled1 confounded1 embarrassed4 7,it seems unnecessary to append definitions or illustrations to other words of the above list47 per through1 thoroughly1 by4 #a4 per ambul ate1 walk #b4 per ceive1 take #c4 per cent1 hundred #d4 per col ate1 filter #e4 per enni al1 year #f4 per fect1 make #g4 per for ate1 bore #h4 per form1 form #i4 per fume1 smoke #aj4 per mit1 let go #aa4 per plex1 entangle #ab4 per secute1 follow #ac4 per sist1 stand #ad4 per vade1 go #ae4 per vert1 turn #af4 per vi ous1 way #a4 ,to walk through or over4 ,he got out of bed and perambulated the room for some minutes4 #b4 ,to take or obtain knowledge through the senses4 ,to take with a thorough mental grasp2 to understand4 #c4 ,by the hundred4 #d4 ,to pass through2 as1 a filter or strainer4 #e4 ,lasting through the year1 or through many years4 #f4 ,thoroughly made2 finished in every part2 without blemish or defect4 #g4 ,to bore through2 to make holes in2 to pierce4 #h4 ,to form thoroughly2 to execute1 accomplish1 or carry out4 #i4 ,to perfume means literally to smoke thoroughly4 ,hence to impregnate or fill with scent or odor4--,kennedy4 #aj4 ,by this permit we may go through the factory4 #aa4 ,to entangle thoroughly4 ,love with doubts perplexes still the mind4 #ab4 ,to follow with persistence or thoroughness4 ,to follow close after2 specifically to afflict or harass on account of adherence to a particular creed4 ,the early ,christians suffered persecution4 #ac4 ,to take a thorough stand2 to continue steadily in some state or course of action2 especially in spite of opposition4 #ad4 ,to go through2 to spread throughout the whole4 #ae4 ,to turn in another direction2 to turn thoroughly from a former course4 ,blessings unused pervert into a waste4 #af4 ,having a way through4 ---- to have their way free and pervious to all places4 clud1 clus shut4 #a4 close #b4 clos et1 little #c4 con clude1 together #d4 dis close1 un #e4 en close1 in #f4 ex elude1 out #g4 exclus ion1 act of #h4 in clude1 within #i4 pre clude1 before #aj4 re cluse1 back #aa4 se clude1 aside #ab4 se clus ion1 state of being #a4 ,to shut4 #b4 ,a small side room in which1 clothing and other articles are kept shut away from view4 #c4 ,to bring to an end4 ,literally to shut in or together 7obsolete72 as1 ,the body of ,christ was concluded in the grave4 #d4 ,to un-shut2 to open or uncover2 to make known4 #i4 ,to put an obstacle before1 or in the way of1 in order to shut out2 to prevent or hinder4 #aj4 ,one who is shut up 7or has shut himself back7 from the world or public view4 #aa4 ,to shut off or keep apart or aside1 as from company or society4 cor1 cord heart4 #a4 core #b4 cordial1 relating to #c4 con cord1 with #d4 cord ate1 shaped #e4 dis cord1 apart #f4 discord ant1 being #g4 re cord1 again #h4 cour age1 having #a4 ,the heart or innermost part of a thing2 as the core of an apple4 #b4 ,relating to the heart2 hearty1 sincere4 #c4 ,heart with heart2 hence unity of sentiment or harmony4 ,love quarrels oft in concord end4 #d4 ,heart shaped2 as a cordate leaf4 #e4 ,heart apart from heart2 hence disagreement or want of harmony4 #f4 ,state of being out of harmony4 #g4 ,record2 through the ,latin recordari1 to remember 7or know again74 ,to get by heart2 hence to register2 to write or inscribe an authentic account of4 #h4 ,having heart2 hence bravery1 calmness1 firmness4 7,the heart is accounted the seat of bravery2 hence the derivative sense of courage47 corpus1 corpor body4 #a4 corpse #b4 corps 7pronounce core7 #c4 corpor al1 relating to #d4 corpu lent1 full of #e4 incorpor ate1 make #f4 corpus cle1 small #g4 corset #h4 habeas corpus4 ,you may have #a4 ,the body only2 hence a dead body4 #b4 ,a body of soldiers4 #c4 ,relating to the body2 as corporal punishment4 #d4 ,a corpulent person is fleshy2 literally full of body4 #e4 ,to make into a body in the legal sense1 so that a number of individuals may transact business legally as one person4 #f4 ,a small body2 a minute particle4 #g4 ,in the middle ages1 a close-fitting body garment1 having sleeves and skirt4 #h4 ,literally1 you may have the body4 ,a writ requiring the body of a person restrained of liberty to be brought into court that the lawfulness of the restraint may be investigated4 cura1 curo care4 #a4 cure #b4 curable1 capable of #c4 curate1 one who #d4 curi ous1 full of #e4 mani cure1 hand #f4 ac cur ate1 to #g4 pro cure1 for #h4 se cure1 aside #a4 ,to take care of2 to restore to health4 #b4 ,capable of being cured or restored by care4 #c4 ,one who has the care of souls2 a parish priest4 #d4 ,formerly1 curious meant full of care1 or careful1 nice1 precise2 as1 ,men were not curious what syllables or particles they used4 ,eager to learn2 inquisitive4 #e4 ,to care for the hands and nails4 #f4 ,a thing is made accurate by giving care to it4 #g4 ,literally1 to care for2 to look after2 as1 ,i procured that rumor to be spread4 ,to obtain2 to get4 #h4 ,aside1 or free1 from care1 anxiety1 or fear2 safe4 ,,third ,,month4 pre before4 #a4 pre amble1 walk #b4 pre cede1 go #c4 pre ced ent1 that which #d4 pre cip ice1 head #e4 pre clude1 shut #f4 pre coc ious1 cook1 ripe #g4 pre curs or1 run #h4 pre destinate1 to determine #i4 pre dict1 speak #aj4 pre face1 say #aa4 pre fer1 bring #ab4 pre fix1 fasten #ac4 pre judice1 judgment #ad4 pre limin ary1 threshold #ae4 pre mature1 ripe #af4 pre monit ion1 warning #ag4 pre pare1 make ready #ah4 pre posit ion1 place #ai4 pre poster ous1 after #bj4 pre scribe1 write #a4 ,the introductory part of a discourse4 ,formerly preamble meant1 to walk over beforehand2 as1 ,i will take a thorough view of those who have preambled this by path4 #c4 ,that which has gone before4 ,a previous example or usage which has1 in some measure at least1 become established2 as1 a custom1 habit1 or rule4 #d4 ,a headlong fall2 an abrupt descent4 ,literally1 head foremost4 #e4 ,see second month1 page #af4 #f4 ,ripe in understanding at an early age or before due time2 as1 a precocious child4 #g4 ,a precursor is a forerunner4 ,that which precedes an event and indicates its approach4 #h4 ,to determine beforehand by an unchangeable purpose or decree4 ,whom ,he did foreknow ,he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of ,his ,son4 #aa4 ,to prefer one thing to another is to bring or set it before the other in estimation4 ,to hold in greater liking or esteem4 #ac4 ,a prejudgment formed without due examination4 ,prejudice is the child of ignorance4 #ad4 ,literally1 before the threshold4 ,preceding or leading up to something more important2 as preliminary arrangements4 #ah4 ,a preposition is so called because usually placed before the word with which it is phrased4 #ai4 ,anything is preposterous when it is contrary to nature1 reason1 or common sense4 ,literally1 having that last which ought to be first2 as1 the cart before the horse4 #bj4 ,to lay down beforehand in writing as a rule of action4 ,prescribe not us our duties4 re back1 again4 #a4 re bound1 leap #b4 re cede1 go #c4 re claim1 call #d4 re cluse1 shut #e4 re cogn ize1 know #f4 re con struct1 build #g4 re course1 run #h4 re create1 make #i4 re cruit1 grow #aj4 re cur1 run #aa4 re flect1 bend #ab4 re fresh1 new #ac4 re hash1 chop #ad4 re im burse1 purse #ae4 re ject1 throw #af4 re juven ate1 young #ag4 re lapse1 slip #ah4 re late1 carry #ai4 re lease1 loose #bj4 re mit1 send #ba4 re morse1 bite #bb4 re nov ate1 new #bc4 re pel1 drive #bd4 re plen ish1 full #be4 re pulse1 drive #bf4 re sult1 leap #bg4 re sume1 take 7up7 #bh4 re surrect ion1 rise #bi4 re tain1 hold #cj4 re tract1 draw ,use each of the above words in a sentence and illustrate its meaning1 thus3 ,a ball thrown against a brick wall will rebound 7leap back74 semi half4 #a4 semicircle #b4 semicolon #c4 semidiameter #d4 semilunar #e4 semivowel #f4 semiweekly super over1 above1 beyond4 #a4 super annu ate1 year #b4 super cili ous1 pride #c4 super fic ial1 face #d4 super flu ous1 flow #e4 super natur al1 nature #f4 super numer ary1 number #g4 super pose1 put #h4 super script ion1 write #i4 super struct ure1 build4 #aj4 super vise1 see #a4 ,a superannuate is one who has become impaired or disabled by length of years4 ,specifically1 one living beyond the years of active service and allowed to retire on a pension4 #b4 ,lofty with pride2 overbearing4 ,a supercilious nabob of the east1 haughty and purse-proud4 #c4 ,literally1 not extending below 7i4 e4 in depth beyond7 the surface2 shallow4 ,she despised superficiality1 and looked deeper than the color of things4 #d4 ,overflowing2 more than is needed2 as1 a composition abounding with superfluous words4 #e4 ,being beyond or exceeding the powers of nature4 ,miracles were performed by supernatural power4 #f4 ,beyond a stated or required number2 as1 a supernumerary officer in a regiment4 #g4 ,to put over or upon2 as to superpose one rock upon another4 #h4 ,a superscription is a writing over or upon2 especially an address on a letter4 #i4 ,a superstructure is something built over something else2 particularly an edifice in relation to its foundation4 #aj4 ,to oversee2 as1 to supervise the erection of a house4 tri three4 #a4 tri angle1 angle #b4 tri cuspid1 point #c4 tri cycle1 circle #d4 tri dent1 tooth #e4 tri enni al1 year #f4 tri gam ist1 marriage4 #g4 tri gon ometry1 measure #h4 tri later al1 side #i4 tri nomi al1 term #aj4 trio #aa4 tri pod1 foot #ab4 tri sect1 cut #ac4 tri syllable1 syllable #ad4 trium vir1 man #ae4 tri une1 one #af4 tri via l1 way #b4 ,a tricuspid tooth has three points4 #d4 ,a three-toothed or three-pronged spear4 ,specifically1 a fishing spear4 ,his nature is too noble for the world2 ,he would not flatter ,neptune for his trident1 ,or ,jove for his power to thunder4 #f4 ,a trigamist is one who has been three times married2 especially one who has three wives or three husbands at the same time4 #g4 ,trigonometry literally means three angle measure4 ,that branch of mathematics which treats of the relations of sides and angles of triangles1 and applies them to other figures4 #i4 ,a trinomial in algebra is a quantity consisting of three terms4 #aj4 ,a trio is a musical composition in three parts4 #aa4 ,a tripod has three feet or legs2 as a three-legged table or stool1 a three-footed kettle or vase4 #ad4 ,a triumvir is one of three men united in office2 specifically in ancient ,rome4 #ae4 ,the triune is three in one2 the three-fold personality of one divine being1--,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit4 #af4 ,trivial formerly meant1 pertaining to three ways2 where three ways or roads cross2 of the cross roads2 hence1 common1 commonplace1 such as may be picked up anywhere2 ordinary2 trifling2 of little worth4 due lead1 draw4 #a4 ab duct1 away #b ad duce1 to #c4 aque duct1 water #d4 con duct1 with #e4 de duct1 from #f4 duct ile1 capable of #g4 duke1 a leader #h4 e duc ate1 out #i4 in duce1 into #aj4 in duce ment1 that which #aa4 intro duce1 into #ab4 pro duce1 forth #ac4 se duce1 aside #ad4 re duce1 back #a4 ,to lead or carry away wrongfully and usually by force2 to kidnap2 as1 to abduct a child4 #b4 ,to lead or bring to2 to bring forward or offer as an argument in a case4 ,i too prize facts and shall adduce nothing else4 #c4 ,an aqueduct is a leadway or artificial channel for conveying water4 #d4 ,a guide conducts a traveler when he goes with him and1 in a sense1 leads him along a safe route4 #e4 ,to deduct is to take from2 to draw away4 #f4 ,a ductile metal is one capable of being drawn into wire2 as1 copper1 platinum1 steel1 etc4 #h4 ,to develop mentally and morally by instruction4 ,educate literally means to lead forth1 to draw out4 #aa4 ,an introduction is the initial step which leads people into one another's acquaintance4 #ad4 7#a7 ,to lead or bring back to a former state2 as1 ,it were but right ,and equal to reduce me to my dust4 7#b7 ,to bring to any specific state or form4 fac1 fact do1 make4 7fec1 fic1 fy1 fea1 fash are variations47 #a4 fact #b4 fact ory1 place where #c4 facil ity1 quality of #d4 bene fact or1 good #e4 manu fact ure1 hand #f4 ef fect1 7ex47 out #g4 per fect1 thoroughly #h4 im perfect1 not #i4 arti ficial1 skill #aj4 bene ficial1 good #aa4 sacri fice1 sacred #ab4 paci fic1 peace #ac4 feat #ad4 de feat1 un #ae4 feas ible1 capable of #af4 fashion4 #a4 ,a fact is something done or brought to pass4 #c4 ,quality of being easily done4 #e4 ,manufacture formerly meant to make by hand4 #f4 ,an effect is something worked out1 or done4 #g4 ,a thing is perfect when thoroughly made1 or finished4 #aa4 ,sacrifice literally means to make sacred2 to set apart as sacred4 #ab4 ,pacific means pertaining to peace2 suited to make or restore peace4 #ac4 ,a feat is an act1 a deed1 an exploit2 something done4 #ad4 ,to defeat means to overcome or vanquish4 ,literally to un do4 #af4 ,the fashion of a thing is1 in a sense1 the make of it4 ,,note4--fy1 meaning to make1 is found as a suffix in derivatives too numerous to mention2 as1 purify 7to make pure71 rarefy 7to make rare71 classify 7to make or put into a class71 etc4 fer1 ferr carry1 bear1 bring4 #a4 circum fer ence1 around #b4 con fer1 together #c4 dif fer1 apart #d4 fert ile1 capable of #e4 of fer1 7ob7 near4 #f4 pro 7f7fer1 forth #g4 re fer1 back #h4 re fer ee1 one who #i4 suf fer1 7sub7 under #aj4 trans fer1 across #a4 ,see first month1 page #aj4 #b4 ,when two or more persons confer they bring together opinions and facts on some special subject4 #c4 ,see second month1 page #ac4 #e4 ,to bring near to2 to present for acceptance2 as1 to offer one's services4 #f4 ,to bring or put forward2 to hold forth so that a person may take2 as1 to proffer a gift4 #g4 ,to direct for information4 ,literally1 to carry back2 as1 ,mahomet referred his new laws to the angel ,gabriel1 by whose direction he gave out they were made4 #i4 ,to suffer is to bear under2 to undergo4 ,,note4--,ferr is an irregular ,latin verb the principal parts of which are3 fero1 ferre1 tuli1 latus4 ,the last form is found in a number of ,english words2 as1 dilate1 elate1 legislate1 relate1 superlative1 translate4 ,the meaning of the root in these words1 as in the ten given above1 is bear1 carry1 or bring4 fest feast4 #a4 fest al4 ,pertaining to a feast1 a holiday or celebration4 #b4 fest ive4 ,pertaining to or becoming a feast2 festal1 joyous1 gay4 #c4 festival4 ,a time of feasting or celebration4 #d4 festivity4 ,joyousness1 gayety1 such as becomes a feast4 #e4 festoon4 ,originally an ornament for decoration at a feast4 #f4 fete4 ,modern ,french1 equivalent of feast4 ,,fourth ,,month4 uni one4 #a4 unit1 one #b4 un ity1 ness #c4 un ion1 state of being #d4 unite #e4 dis unite1 not #f4 re unite1 again #g4 un anim ous1 mind #h4 unanim ity1 state of being #i4 uni corn1 horn #aj4 uni form1 form #aa4 uni son1 sound #ab4 uni verse1 turn #ac4 unique #ad4 onion #i4 ,the unicorn is a fabulous one-horned animal4 #ab4 ,the universe consists of all things considered as one whole4 #ac4 ,a thing is unique when it is the only one of its kind4 #ad4 ,onion comes from the ,latin unio1 which means oneness2 also a single pearl of large size resembling the onion4 anti against1 opposed to4 #a4 anti climax1 ladder #b4 anti christ1 ,christ #c4 anti dote1 give #d4 anti path y1 feel #e4 anti pod es1 foot #f4 anti thesis1 place #g4 anti slave ry1 slave #h4 anti soci al1 companion #a4 ,an anti climax is opposed to or in contrast with a climax4 ,in rhetoric it is a figure or fault of style consisting of an abrupt descent 7down the ladder7 from stronger to weaker expressions4 #c4 ,an antidote is something given to counteract 7act against7 poison or disease4 #e4 ,those who live at opposite points on the globe so that their feet are directly toward each other are antipodes4 ,figuratively1 things opposed to each other4 #f4 ,in rhetoric an antithesis is a figure of speech which consists of one idea placed against another2 a contrast4 #h4 ,a person is antisocial when he is averse or opposed to society1 social intercourse or companionship4 dia across1 through1 between4 #a4 diagon al1 angle #b4 dia gram1 writing #c4 dia lect1 speech #d4 dia log1 speech #e4 dia meter1 measure #f4 dia pason1 all #g4 dia phragm1 fence #a4 ,a diagonal is a line across from angle to angle4 #b4 ,a diagram is that which is marked out by lines drawn or written across2 as1 a figure1 a plan4 #c4 ,dialect is speech or language by means of which ideas are communicated 7across7 from one to another4 #f4 ,the diapason is one of certain stops in the organ1 so called because it extends through all notes of the scale4 #g4 ,the diaphragm is a membranous partition or fence between the thorax and abdomen4 en on4 #a4 en dorse1 back #b4 en grave1 carve #c4 en throne1 throne #d4 en list1 list #a4 ,to endorse a check is to write one's name on the back of it4 ,,note4--en in most words is the equivalent of the ,latin in1 meaning in1 into1 within2 as in encage1 encase1 encircle1 enclose1 encourage1 enrage1 enroll1 entangle1 entice1 entomb1 entrap1 entwine1 envelop1 enwrap4 foli leaf4 #a4 foliage4 ,a cluster of leaves4 #b4 folio4 ,a leaf-sheet folded once4 #c4 foil4 ,a thin leaf of metal4 #d4 trefoil4 ,a plant with three leaves2 as1 clover4 #e4 port-folio4 ,a case for carrying loose leaves of paper4 fort1 forc strong4 #a4 fort #b4 forti fy1 make #c4 fortr ess #d4 ef fort1 7ex47 out #e4 forti tude1 quality of #f4 force #g4 forc ible1 capable of #h4 en force1 on #i4 com fort1 with #aj4 piano forte1 soft #a4 ,a fort is a stronghold4 #b4 ,to make strong2 to strengthen or secure by means of forts1 batteries1 or other military works4 #c4 ,ess is a feminine ending4 ,a maiden fortress is a fortification which has never been taken4 ,a fortress is a very strong fort4 #d4 ,an effort is a putting out of one's strength for the accomplishment of some end4 #e4 ,fortitude is strength or firmness of mind in meeting danger1 pain1 or adversity4 #f4 ,force is strength in general1 physical1 mental1 moral4 #i4 ,to comfort is to strengthen with hope and cheer2 to give consolation to4 #aj4 ,the piano forte is an instrument having both soft and loud 7strong7 tones4 ,the name is generally shortened to piano4 fract1 frang break4 #a4 frail #b4 frail ty1 quality #c4 fract ure1 that which #d4 fract ion1 that which #e4 fract ious1 quality of #f4 frag ile1 capable of #g4 frag ment1 that which #h4 in fringe1 in #a4 ,a thing is frail when it is easily broken4 #b4 ,frailty is a quality of things easily broken4 #c4 ,a fracture is a break2 as of a bone4 #d4 ,a fraction is a part1 as if broken off4 #e4 ,a fractious person is one apt to break out into a passion4 #f4 ,the stalk of ivy is tough and not fragile 7capable of being broken74--,bacon4 #g4 ,a fragment is that which is broken off4 #h4 ,to infringe is to break in upon2 to trespass on another's rights4 frater1 fratr brother4 #a4 fratern al1 pertaining to #b4 fratern ity1 that which #c4 fratern ize1 make #d4 frater #e4 friar #f4 friary #a4 ,fraternal means brotherly2 like brothers4 #b4 ,an organization in which the members hold one another in brotherly relations4 #c4 ,to fraternize means to make a brother of2 to receive into a fraternity4 #d4 ,frater4 ,a brother2 especially a monk4 #e4 ,friar4 ,a brother of any religious order1 but especially one of certain monastic orders of the ,roman ,catholic church4 #f4 ,friary4 ,a home for friars 7brothers72 a monastery4 ,,fifth ,,month4 mono one1 single1 alone1 solitary4 #a4 mon arch1 rule #b4 mono gam ist1 marriage #c4 mono gram1 write #d4 mono logue1 speak #e4 mono mania1 mind #f4 mo nomi al1 term #g4 mono poly1 sell #h4 mono syllable1 syllable #i4 mono the ism1 ,god #aj4 mono tone1 tone1 sound #a4 ,a monarch is a sole or supreme ruler4 #b4 ,a monogamist is one who believes in marriage with one person only4 #c4 ,a monogram is a single character formed of two or more letters interwoven 7as if done at one writing74 #d4 ,a speaking by one person4 #e4 ,monomania is a derangement of mind in regard to a single subject only4 #f4 ,a monomial in algebra is a quantity which consists of a single term4 #g4 ,a monopoly is the sole 7or single7 right to sell a certain article1 or to sell it at a given place4 #i4 ,monotheism is the doctrine of belief that there is but one ,god4 #aj4 ,a monotone is a single tone without harmony or variation in pitch4 para aside1 beside1 similar #a4 para ble 7ballo71 throw #b4 para graph1 write #c4 par allel1 one another #d4 para phrase1 speak #e4 para site1 feed #f4 par en thesis1 put #a4 ,a parable is a short fictitious narrative placed 7thrown7 beside something which it is intended to illustrate4 #b4 ,a paragraph was originally a mark or note of comment written beside the line or place where a division should be made2 now a distinct part of a discourse or writing4 #c4 ,parallel lines extend beside one another4 #d4 ,paraphrasing is telling 7speaking7 the same thing in other words4 #e4 ,a parasite is an animal or plant which lives beside or in another organism on which it feeds4 #f4 ,marks of parenthesis are often used for a word1 phrase1 clause1 or sentence put in by way of explanation to what it stands beside4 peri around4 #a4 peri anth1 flower #b4 peri cardium1 heart #c4 peri meter1 measure #d4 peri tone um1 stretch #e4 peri oste um #a4 ,the perianth is the floral envelope around the flower4 #b4 ,the pericardium is the membrane which surrounds the heart4 #c4 ,the perimeter of a figure is the outer boundary or measure around it4 #d4 ,the peritoneum is the membrane which is stretched around the abdomen4 #e4 ,the periosteum is the membrane around the bones4 syn 7syl1 sym7 with1 together4 #a4 syl lable1 take #b4 sym pathy1 feel #c4 sym phony1 sound #d4 syn chron ous1 time #e4 syn onym1 name #f4 syn ops is1 view #g4 syn thesis1 put1 place #a4 ,literally1 a syllable is two or more sounds taken together1 or uttered by one impulse of the voice4 ,many syllables1 however1 comprise but one sound4 #b4 ,sympathy is feeling with another1 especially his sorrows and misfortunes4 #c4 ,a symphony is a sounding together2 a harmony of sounds4 #d4 ,synchronous4 ,happening or existing at the same time4 #e4 ,synonym4 ,literally1 a word having the same name4 ,but it is applied to words of like or kindred meaning4 #f4 ,a synopsis is a view of the whole together4 ,a summary giving a general view of some subject4 #g4 ,the putting of two or more things together4 ,synthesis is the opposite of analysis4 tele far 7distance74 #a4 tele gram1 write #b4 tele graph1 write #c4 tele pathy1 feel #d4 tele meter1 measure #e4 tele phone1 sound #f4 tele scope1 view #a4 ,a telegram is a message transmitted 7written7 from afar4 #c4 ,telepathy is the sympathetic communication at a distance of one mind with another2 not by the ordinary methods1 but through feeling4 #d4 ,telemeter4 ,an instrument for measuring distances in surveying4 liber free4 #a4 liber al1 relating to #b4 il liberal1 not #c4 liberal ity1 quality of #d4 liber ate1 act of #e4 liberat or1 one who #f4 liber ty1 state of being #g4 liberal ize1 make #h4 de liver1 from #i4 deliver er1 one who #aj4 deliver y1 act of #a4 ,liberal4 ,relating to or possessing a free and generous heart4 #c4 ,liberality is the quality of being free or generous4 #g4 ,to liberalize is to make free1 as to free from narrow views or prejudices4 #h4 ,to deliver means to set free from bondage or restraint4 liter letter4 #a4 letter #b4 letters #c4 liter ary1 pert4 to #d4 liter ate1 condition of #e4 il literate1 not #f4 al literation1 7ad7 to #g4 liter al1 relating to #h4 ob literate1 against #a4 ,letter 7from ,l4 linere1 to besmear72 so called because smeared on parchment and not cut on wood4 #b4 ,letters usually means literature in general2 hence knowledge gained from books2 literary culture4 #f4 ,alliteration is a repetition of the same letter or sound at the beginning of two or more words in close succession4 ,examples3 ,a whole fleet of bulky bottomed boats4 ,what a tale of terror now their turbulency tells4 ,literally1 letter to letter4 #h4 ,in obliterate1 ob means against or the reverse4 ,the reverse of besmear is to rub off2 hence to obliterate means to rub out1 to erase4 ,,note4--,other words from the same root are1 literally1 illiteracy1 literati1 literature1 literalize1 literalist4 man 7manus7 hand4 #a4 bi mana1 two #b4 e man cip ate1 take #c4 man acle1 cuff #d4 man euver1 work #e4 man 7n7 er1 relating to #f4 manu al1 pert4 to #g4 manu fact ory1 make #h4 manu script1 write #a4 ,bimana is a term applied to man as a special order of mammalia4 ,animals having two hands4 #b4 ,to emancipate a slave is to take him out of the hands of his master4 #c4 ,the word manacle comes from manicula1 which means handcuff4 #d4 ,literally1 maneuver means a working with the hands4 ,to make adroit and artful moves2 as1 of an army4 #e4 ,manner relates to the way of handling or doing things4 #f4 ,manual4 ,performed1 made1 or used by the hands2 as manual labor1 manual arts4 mater mother4 #a4 alma mater1 foster #b4 matern al1 pert4 to #c4 matern ity1 state of being #d4 matri cide1 kill #e4 metro polis1 city #f4 metropolit an1 relating to #g4 matron #h4 matron ly1 like #a4 ,literally1 alma mater means foster mother4 ,it is applied by students to the university or college in which they have been trained4 #e4 ,metropolis means mother city2 the chief city of a state or country4 ,chicago is the metropolis of ,illinois4 #f4 ,metropolitan4 ,relating to the metropolis2 as1 a metropolitan newspaper4 #g4 ,a matron is a woman with motherly duties2 as the matron of a school or hospital4 ,,sixth ,,month4 able capable of1 fit to be4 #a4 ar able1 plow #b4 cap able1 take1 hold #c4 dur able1 last1 hard #d4 lia ble1 bind #e4 mut able1 change #f4 laud able1 praise #g4 port able1 carry #h4 soci able1 companion #i4 ten able1 hold #aj4 us able1 use4 #a4 ,arable land is capable of being plowed4 #b4 ,a capable mind can take and hold ideas 7understand and remember74 #d4 ,one is liable for a debt when legally bound to pay it4 #g4 ,a portable library is one fitted for being carried from place to place4 #i4 ,tenable ground for argument is ground which is capable of being held or maintained4 acy state of being1 office of4 #a4 celib acy1 unmarried #b4 delic acy1 pleasing #c4 magistr acy1 master #d4 obdur acy1 hard #e4 obstin acy1 firmly set #f4 pap acy1 pope #g4 intim acy1 inmost #h4 intric acy1 entangle #a4 ,celibacy is the state of being unmarried2 especially that of a bachelor or of one bound by vows not to marry4 #c4 ,magistracy4 ,the office of master2 of one clothed with power1 as a civil officer4 #d4 ,obduracy is the state of being hardened1 especially against moral influences2 hard-hearted2 stubbornly wicked4 #f4 ,the papacy is the office of the pope4 #g4 ,intimacy is the state of being inmost or near in relationship4 an pertaining to4 ,this suffix is seldom used except with names of countries and states4 ,it means1 pertaining to what is of that country or state2 as1 ,american history1 ,american products1 ,american people4 #a4 ,african #b4 ,alaskan #c4 ,armenian #d4 ,australian #e4 ,bolivian #f4 ,bulgarian #g4 ,corsican #h4 ,european #i4 ,georgian #aj4 ,hawaiian #aa4 ,indian #ab4 ,mexican #ac4 ,ohioan #ad4 ,persian #ae4 ,russian #af4 amphibian #ag4 republican #ah4 metropolitan #af4 ,amphibian3 amphi1 both 7two72 bi1 life2 an1 pertaining to3 pertaining to two kinds of life2 i4 e4 life on the land and in the water4 ,frogs1 turtles1 crocodiles1 seals1 walruses1 otters1 beavers1 etc41 are amphibians1 because they can live in water 7for a time at least7 and on land4 #ah4 ,metropolitan4 ,pertaining to the mother city4 7,see fifth month's work1 page #cb47 ary one who1 that which4 #a4 ad vers ary1 turn #b4 anni vers ary1 year #c4 antiqu ary1 ancient #d4 drom ed ary1 run #e4 miss ion ary1 send #f4 e miss ary1 out #g4 not ary1 note #h4 sal ary1 salt #i4 secret ary1 secret #a4 ,literally1 an adversary is one who turns toward another 7to oppose him72 hence1 one who turns against another4 #b4 ,that day which returns each year commemorating some event is an anniversary4 #c4 ,an antiquary is one who collects and examines old 7ancient7 things2 as1 coins1 medals1 weapons4 #d4 ,a dromedary is a thorough-bred ,arabian camel of more than ordinary speed and bottom2 hence well adapted for running4 #e4 ,a missionary is one who is sent on a mission2 especially one sent to propagate religion4 #f4 ,an emissary is one who is sent out2 especially one sent on secret business1 as a spy4 ,i am charged with being an emissary to ,france4--,robert ,emmet4 #g4 ,a notary was formerly one whose vocation was to make notes or memoranda of acts of others4 ,now1 a public officer usually spoken of as notary public4 #h4 ,a salary was formerly an allowance 7that which was7 given to soldiers with which to buy salt4 #i4 ,a secretary was formerly one who was intrusted with the private or secret matters of his chief4 ,one employed to do clerical work4 ,ary is also a suffix of adjectives1 meaning relating to2 as in1 arbitrary1 contrary1 culinary1 exemplary1 antiquary1 hereditary1 military1 primary1 revolutionary1 solitary1 secondary1 visionary4 ,ary also means place where2 as in1 granary1 infirmary1 library1 seminary1 sanctuary4 ate having4 #a4 corpor ate1 body #b4 de sper ate1 hope #c4 ef femin ate1 woman #d4 fortun ate1 luck #e4 in anim ate1 breath #f4 cord ate1 heart #g4 cruci ate1 cross #h4 cuspid ate1 point #i4 dent ate1 tooth #aj4 glomer ate1 ball #aa4 labi ate1 lip #ab4 lun ate1 moon #ac4 pin 7n7 ate1 feather #ad4 serr ate1 saw #ae4 sagitt ate1 arrow #af4 stell ate1 star #a4 ,corporate means having a body4 7,see incorporate1 second month1 page #ah47 #b4 ,having no hope2 as1 ,continued misfortune had rendered him desperate4 #c4 ,effeminate4 ,having the qualities of a woman2 soft1 delicate1 to an unmanly degree4 ,applied to men4 #e4 ,inanimate4 ,not having breath2 without life4 #f4 ,cordate4 ,having the shape of a heart2 as a cordate leaf4 pel1 puls drive4 #a4 com pel1 together #b4 compuls ion1 act of #c4 dis pel1 apart #d4 ex pel1 out #e4 expuls ion1 act of #f4 im pel1 on #g4 im pulse1 on #h4 pulse #i4 pro pel1 forward #aj4 re pel1 back #aa4 re pulse1 back #ab4 repuls ive1 quality #a4 ,to compel1 literally means to drive together2 as a herd 7a ,latinism and rare74 ,to drive or urge with force4 #h4 ,the pulse is caused by driving the blood through the arteries4 #ab4 ,a person is repulsive when he has qualities which tend to drive others back or away4 pend1 pens hang4 #a4 ap pend1 to #b4 append age1 that which #c4 de pend1 from #d4 depend ent1 one who #e4 depend ence1 state or quality of #f4 in dependence1 not #g4 independent1 one who #h4 im pend1 over #i4 pend ant1 that which #aj4 pendulum #aa4 per pendicular1 through #ab4 sus pend1 under #ac4 suspend ers1 that which #ad4 suspens ion1 state of #a4 ,append4 ,to hang or attach to4 #b4 ,an appendage is that which hangs to something as a part of it4 ,this little pensive appendage or tender 7the moon7 to our fuming engine of an earth4--,de ,quincey4 #c4 ,depend4 ,to hang from2 to be fastened or attached to something above2 to rely upon4 #d4 ,a dependent is one who hangs 7figuratively71 or relies on another for support4 #h4 ,impend4 ,to hang over1 be ready to fall2 threaten4 ,we seriously consider the dreadful judgments that now impend the nation4--,penn4 #i4 ,a pendant is that which hangs from something else2 as1 an earring or a tassel4 #aj4 ,the pendulum of a clock hangs and swings to and fro4 #aa4 ,a plumb line is a line perpendicular to the horizon1 hanging 7through the air74 #ab4 ,suspend4 ,to hang under or from beneath4 #ac4 ,suspenders are that from which trousers are hung4 ped 7pod7 foot4 #a4 anti podes1 against #b4 bi ped1 two #c4 centi ped1 hundred #d4 ex pedite1 out #e4 expedi ent1 that which #f4 im pede1 in #g4 impedi ment1 that which #h4 ped al1 pertaining to #i4 peddl er1 one who #aj4 pede stal1 stand #aa4 pedestr ian1 one who #ab4 pedun cle1 little #ac4 quadru ped1 four #ad4 tri pod1 three #ae4 octo pus1 eight #af4 pedi gree1 crane #a4 ,see fourth month1 page #be4 #b4 ,biped4 ,a two-footed animal1 as man4 #c4 ,centiped4 ,an animal so called from having a great many feet 7indefinitely a hundred74 #d4 ,expedite4 ,literally1 to take the feet out of entanglement2 hence1 to hasten4 #f4 ,impede4 ,literally1 to entangle the feet4 ,to obstruct the progress1 motion1 or effect of4 #h4 ,the pedal is something made to be moved by the feet4 #i4 ,a peddler1 literally1 is a trader who travels on foot4 #aj4 ,pedestal4 ,that which forms the base 7standing place for the feet7 of a statue1 column1 vase1 etc4 #ab4 ,a peduncle is a 7little7 footstalk of a flower or leaf4 #ae4 ,an octopus is an eight-footed or armed cuttlefish4 #af4 ,pedigree means1 literally1 crane's foot4 ,why so called is uncertain1 but supposed to be on account of a fancied resemblance of the lines of a pedigree1 as drawn out on paper1 to a crane's foot4 7,compare crow's foot1 applied to the lines of age about the eyes47 pon1 pos place1 put4 #a4 ap position1 to #b4 com pose1 together #c4 compos ite1 being #d4 composit ion1 act of #e4 compon ent1 that which #f4 com pound1 together #g4 de pose1 down #h4 de posit1 down 7away7 #i4 deposit ory1 place where #aj4 dis pose1 apart #aa4 ex pose1 out #ab4 im pose1 upon #ac4 inter pose1 between #ad4 im post1 upon #ae4 im post or1 one who #af4 op pose1 7ob47 against #ag4 oppos ite1 being #ah4 posit ion1 state of being #ai4 pro pose1 before #bj4 trans pose1 across #a4 ,one word is in apposition to another when it is placed near to it1 by way of explanation4 #c4 ,being made by putting together separate parts or elements2 as1 a composite flower4 #e4 ,one of the several parts or elements which1 when placed together1 form the whole1 is a component part4 #f4 ,to compound is to put or mix together two or more elements or ingredients4 #h4 ,to put away for safe keeping2 as1 to deposit money in a bank4 #aj4 ,to dispose of anything is to put it apart from one2 to get rid of it4 #aa4 ,to place out where all may see2 to uncover2 as1 to expose fraud4 #ae4 ,an impostor is one who puts burdens on others2 commonly applied to one who assumes a character for the purpose of deceiving others4 #ah4 ,position4 ,the manner in which a thing is placed2 the state of being placed4 #bj4 ,to transpose a quantity from one side of an equation to another is to place it across4 ,,seventh ,,month4 ic pertaining to4 #a4 arct ic1 bear #b4 aromat ic1 spice #c4 civ ic1 citizen #d4 class ic1 first class #e4 com ic1 revelry #f4 democrat ic1 rule of the people #g4 despot ic1 master #h4 domest ic1 house #i4 empir ic1 experience #aj4 metr ic1 measure #aa4 numer ic1 number #ab4 phon ic1 sound #ac4 prosa ic1 prose #ad4 plast ic1 form #ae4 graph ic1 write #a4 ,arctic literally means pertaining to the ,bear2 i4 e4 the northern constellations called the ,great and ,little ,bears2 hence1 pertaining to the northern polar regions4 #b4 ,aromatic4 ,pertaining to an agreeable or spicy odor2 fragrant4 #c4 ,one's civic duties are those pertaining to him as a citizen1 in distinction from those as a soldier4 #d4 ,classic pertains to what is first class in literature or art1 especially that of the ,greeks and ,romans4 #e4 ,comic pertains to revelry2 to what provokes mirth2 as a comic song4 #i4 ,empiric pertains to experience1 or what is founded on experience2 relying on or guided by practical experience rather than scientific knowledge4 #ac4 ,prosaic means pertaining to prose2 especially to that which lacks animation or interest4 #ad4 ,plastic means pertaining to the process of forming or modeling2 capable of being moulded into a desired form4 #ae4 ,graphic means pertaining to the art of writing or drawing4 ,a graphic illustration is generally in the form of a drawing4 id 7ness7 quality1 condition4 #a4 ac id1 sour #b4 flor id1 flower #c4 flu id1 flow #d4 frig id1 cold #e4 in sip id1 taste #f4 in trep id1 tremble #g4 luc id1 light #h4 morb id1 disease #i4 pal7l7 id1 pale #aj4 splend id1 shine #aa4 tep id1 warm #ab4 torr id1 parch #ac4 torp id1 numb #ad4 viv id1 life #a4 ,the distinguishing quality of acid is its sourness4 #b4 ,having the quality or appearance of flowers2 specifically1 flushed with red2 as a florid countenance4 #e4 ,that which is insipid has not those qualities which affect the taste2 tasteless4 #f4 ,an intrepid person is brave and daring2 he does not tremble with fear4 #ac4 ,torpid4 ,benumbed2 insensible2 inactive2 as an animal in hibernation1 when it passes its time in sleep4 ity state or quality of being4 #a4 alacr ity1 lively #b4 brev ity1 short #c4 enm ity1 enemy #d4 fidel ity1 faith #e4 mortal ity1 death #f4 rotund ity1 wheel #g4 sanct ity1 holy #h4 seren ity1 calm #i4 tranquil 7l7ity1 quiet #aj4 un ity1 one #aa4 util ity1 use #ab4 veloc ity1 swift #e4 ,mortality4 ,state of being subject to death2 frequency of death2 hence the death-rate4 ive one who1 that which4 #a4 ad ject ive1 throw #b4 alter native1 other #c4 capt ive1 take #d4 con nect ive1 bind #e4 ex ecut ive1 follow #f4 ex plet ive1 fill #g4 fugit ive1 flee #h4 in finit ive1 limit #i4 locomotive1 move #aj4 nat ive1 born #aa4 negat ive1 deny #ab4 posit ive1 place #a4 7ad1 to7 ,an adjective is a word which is added 7thrown7 to a noun to qualify its meaning4 #b4 ,alternative in the plural means two things of which one or the other may be taken as a choice4 #e4 ,the executive of a state or nation is the one whose duty it is to follow out the decrees of the law making bodies2 i4 e4 to see that the laws are obeyed4 #f4 ,an expletive is that word which fills out the sentence that contains it2 as an expletive adverb4 #h4 7in1 not7 ,an infinitive is that verb which is not limited by person and number4 #i4 7loco1 place7 ,a locomotive is that which can move cars from place to place4 #ab4 ,the positive is that which has a real standing place4 ,not admitting of doubt2 definitely laid down2 clearly stated4 ment act of1 that which4 #a4 com ple ment1 fill #b4 fila ment1 thread #c4 fragment1 break #d4 garment1 protect #e4 impedi ment1 foot #f4 inducement1 lead #g4 liga ment1 bind #h4 monu ment1 remind #i4 orna ment1 deck #aj4 refresh ment1 new #a4 ,that which fills or completes4 #b4 ,a filament is that which is threadlike2 as1 the filament of silk1 or flax4 #e4 ,literally1 an impediment is that which entangles the feet2 hence1 that which hinders or interferes4 #aj4 ,refreshments consist of that which makes one fresh or new again4 tang1 tact1 tig touch4 #a4 con tact1 together #b4 contagion1 act of #c4 contag ious1 quality of #d4 contamin ate1 to make #e4 contigu ity1 state of being #f4 contiguous1 quality of #g4 en tire1 not #h4 in teger1 not #i4 integr al1 relating to #aj4 integr ity1 state of being #aa4 tact #ab4 in tact1 not #ac4 tact ile1 relating to #ad4 tangent1 that which #ae4 tang ible1 capable of #af4 in tangible1 not #a4 ,the coming together of two bodies2 touching4 #b4 ,the act of communicating disease by the touch4 #c4 ,having the quality of being imparted by touch2 catching2 as1 contagious diseases4 #d4 ,to contaminate is to make impure by mixture 7touching together74 #e4 ,contiguity is the state of being within touching distance4 #g4 ,entire4 ,whole or complete2 not touched4 #h4 ,an integer is a complete or not touched whole2 a whole number4 #aj4 ,state of being untouched or unimpaired2 freedom from corruption or impurity2 as1 integrity of character4 #aa4 ,tact is skill in touching2 nice perception or discernment in dealing with others4 #ab4 ,intact4 ,not touched1 especially by anything that misplaces1 harms1 or defiles4 #ac4 ,tactile4 ,relating to the sense of touch4 #ad4 ,a tangent is a line which touches a curve4 #ae4 ,anything is tangible when it is capable of being touched1 or perceived by senses4 tempor time4 #a4 contempor ary1 one who #b4 contemporaneous1 quality of #c4 ex tempore1 out #d4 tempor al1 relating to #e4 tempor ary1 that which #f4 temporari ly1 state of being #g4 tempor ize1 do #h4 tense #i4 tempus fugit1 flies #a4 7con1 together7 ,one who lives at the same time together with another is his contemporary2 occurring or existing at the same time4 #c4 ,extempore means1 literally1 out of the moment4 ,on the spur of the moment2 without previous study or preparation4 #d4 ,relating to time as opposed to eternity2 earthly1 transient2 as1 our temporal affairs4 #e4 ,that which lasts for a brief time only2 not permanent2 as1 a temporary scaffolding4 #g4 ,to temporize is to comply with the time or occasion2 to yield to the current of opinion or circumstances2 to do as the times do4 #h4 ,the modification of verbs to indicate time1 is called tense4 #i4 ,tempus fugit is a ,latin phrase frequently met with in ,english4 ,it means1 literally1 time flies4 ten1 tent1 tain hold4 #a4 abs tain1 from #b4 con tain1 together #c4 de tain1 from #d4 detent ion1 act of #e4 main tain1 hand #f4 re tain1 back #g4 sus tain1 7sub7 under #h4 ten ant1 one who #i4 tenet #aj4 ten able1 capable of #aa4 tenacious1 quality of #ab4 tenure1 that which #a4 ,to abstain from drink is to hold from it1 to refrain voluntarily4 #b4 ,a vessel contains a liquid when it holds its particles together4 #c4 ,to detain the wages of a laborer is to hold them from him after they are due4 #e4 ,maintain literally means to hold by the hand2 to preserve from falling4 ,to hold fast2 to keep in possession2 as1 to maintain one's ground in battle4 #g4 ,sustain4 ,to hold up from beneath2 to uphold2 to support2 to endure4 #h4 ,a tenant is one who holds land under another4 #i4 ,a tenet is an opinion or doctrine held as true4 #aj4 ,tenable4 ,capable of being held2 as ground taken for argument4 #aa4 ,tenacious4 ,having the quality of holding fast4 #ab4 ,one's tenure of office is that time during which he holds office4 terr earth4 #a4 in ter1 in #b4 inter ment1 act of #c4 sub terranean1 under #d4 terr ace1 that which #e4 terra cotta1 baked #f4 terrestri al1 relating to #g4 terr ier1 that which #h4 territ ory1 relating to #i4 ,medi terranean1 middle #aj4 ,terra del ,fuego1 fire #aa4 ,terre ,haute1 high #ab4 terra firma1 firm #a4 ,to bury in the earth2 as a dead body4 #c4 ,situated or occurring under the surface of the earth2 as subterranean forests--buried forests4 #d4 ,a terrace is a long mound or raised portion of earth4 #e4 ,terra cotta is literally baked earth4 ,a species of hard pottery used in building2 ornamentation4 #f4 ,terrestrial4 ,relating to the earth1 earthly4 #g4 ,a terrier is one of a small breed of dogs1 named from their propensity to scratch the ground or earth in pursuit of prey4 #h4 ,territory4 ,relating to the earth2 a large extent or tract of land4 #i4 ,the ,mediterranean ,sea is so called because situated in the middle of the land4 ,in the middle of the ancient known world4 #aj4 ,terra del ,fuego means literally the land of fire 7del1 of74 #aa4 ,terre ,haute means high land4 ,a city in ,indiana situated on high land4 #ab4 ,terra firma is a ,latin phrase1 frequently met in ,english4 ,it means firm land4 ,,eighth ,,month4 ac pertaining to4 #a4 cardi ac1 heart #b4 demoni ac1 demon #c4 mani ac1 mad #d4 zodi ac1 animal #a4 ,cardiac4 ,pertaining to or resembling the heart2 exciting action in the heart4 #b4 ,demoniac4 ,pertaining to demons2 one possessed of an evil spirit2 a lunatic4 #c4 ,maniac4 ,raving with madness2 crazy2 insane4 #d4 ,zodiac4 ,pertaining to the imaginary animals figured in the twelve constellations forming a circle around the sun4 ics science of4 #a4 civ ics1 citizen #b4 eth ics1 character #c4 econom ics1 7see below7 #d4 mechan ics1 machine #e4 opt ics1 see #f4 phys ics1 nature #g4 phon ics1 sound #h4 polit ics1 city #a4 ,civics4 ,the ,science which treats of citizenship4 #b4 ,ethics4 ,the science of right conduct--of character-building4 #c4 ,economics literally means1 the science of managing the household2 the science of the production and distribution of wealth1 or the means of living well4 #d4 ,mechanics4 ,the science of machinery1 or the theory of machines4 #e4 ,optics4 ,the science which treats of light and vision1 and all that is connected with the phenomena of sight4 #f4 ,physics4 ,the science which treats of the forces of nature2 as1 gravitation1 light1 heat1 electricity4 #g4 ,phonics4 ,the science of sound2 especially of sounds produced by the human voice4 #h4 ,politics4 ,the science which treats of the government of states and cities4 ism state of being1 theory of4 #a4 altru ism1 other #b4 barbar ism1 foreign #c4 ego tism1 self1 ,i #d4 commun ism1 common #e4 hero ism1 hero #f4 hypnot ism1 sleep #g4 organ ism1 organ #h4 sensual ism1 sense #a4 ,altruism4 ,the theory that devotion to the interests of others is the highest good4 #b4 ,barbarism4 ,the state of being foreign2 rude in point of manners1 arts and literature4 #c4 ,egotism4 ,the state of being self-centered1 self-conceited1 and unduly self-confident2 selfish as opposed to altruistic4 #d4 ,communism4 ,a theory of government and social order according to which property is held in common1 and the profits of all labor devoted to the general good4 #e4 ,the state of being a hero or having heroic qualities2 as1 lofty aim1 fearlessness1 fortitude4 #f4 ,hypnotism4 ,an artificially induced state of sleep1 in which the mind becomes passive1 but acts readily upon suggestion or direction4 #g4 ,organism4 ,the state of being composed of different organs or parts1 working together and each necessary to the whole4 #h4 ,sensualism4 ,the state which regards the gratification of the senses as the highest good4 y state of being4 #a4 a path y1 feel #b4 anti pathy1 against #c4 an arch y1 rule #d4 bi gam y1 marriage #e4 eu phon y1 sound #f4 melan chol y1 bile #g4 mis anthrop y1 mankind #h4 phil anthrop y1 love #i4 mono poly1 sell #aj4 poly gam y1 many #aa4 sym path y1 with #a4 ,apathy 7a without74 ,state of being without feeling2 lack of interest2 mental indifference2 sluggishness4 #b4 ,antipathy4 ,a state of feeling against or antagonistic to a person or thing2 as1 antipathy to spiders4 #c4 ,anarchy 7an without74 ,state of being without rule2 social and political disorder4 #d4 ,bigamy 7bi two74 ,state of being married twice2 having two wives or two husbands at the same time4 #e4 ,euphony 7eu well74 ,state of being agreeable in sound2 well-sounding4 #f4 ,melancholy 7melan black74 ,state of having black bile2 gloomy state of mind arising from grief or natural indisposition4 #g4 ,misanthropy 7mis hatred74 ,state of having hatred for mankind2 ill will for people in general4 #i4 ,monopoly 7mono one74 ,state of having the exclusive 7sole7 privilege or power to sell an article at a certain place and time4 #aa4 ,sympathy4 ,state of feeling with another 7as he feels7 on account of his sufferings1 misfortune1 or joy4 ,,note4--,the suffix y has the same meaning in the following words4 ,they are1 however1 too simple to need defining2 in fact1 there are no simpler words on which to base definitions3 airy1 balky1 bony1 briny1 chunky1 downy1 dusty1 healthy1 hearty1 miry1 musty1 rusty1 scaly1 showy1 sinewy1 wealthy1 worthy4 chron time4 #a4 chron ic1 pertaining to #b4 chronicl er1 one who #c4 chron ology1 science of #d4 chrono meter1 measure #e4 syn chron ous1 together #f4 ana chron ism1 state of #a4 ,pertaining to time2 continuing a long time1 as a chronic disease2 hence mild as to intensity and slow as to progress4 #b4 ,chronicler4 ,one who records events in the order of their occurrence in time4 #c4 ,chronology4 ,the science of ascertaining the true historic order 7in time7 of past events and their exact dates4 #d4 ,chronometer4 ,any instrument for measuring time2 as1 clock1 watch1 dial4 ,specifically1 an instrument of great accuracy used on vessels for determining longitude4 #e4 ,synchronous4 ,occurring together in time2 happening or existing at the same time4 #f4 ,anachronism 7ana back74 ,any error in respect to dates4 ,literally1 state of being placed at a wrong time4 ,the significance of ana in this word is not clear2 the original meaning probably was1 the referring of an event to a time back of its correct date4 ge earth4 #a4 geo graph y1 write #b4 geo logy1 science of #c4 geo metr y1 measure #d4 ,george1 7erg7 work #a4 ,geography4 ,a description 7writing7 of the earth and its inhabitants4 #b4 ,geology4 ,the science which treats of the structure of the earth2 of its history as regards rocks1 minerals1 rivers1 valleys1 mountains1 etc4 #c4 ,geometry4 ,that branch of mathematics which treats of the measurement of solids1 surfaces1 lines1 and angles4 ,so called because one of its earliest and most important applications was to the measurement of the earth's surface4 #d4 ,george4 ,a tiller 7worker7 of the earth2 a farmer4 ,,note #a4--,other words1 kindred to the above1 containing this root-form are3 geometric1 geometrical1 geometrician1 geographic1 geologize1 geologist4 ,,note #b4--,o is no part of the root4 ,it is the wedding ring that ties roots of families together4 graph write4 #a4 auto graph1 self #b4 bio graphy1 life #c4 chiro graphy1 hand #d4 tri graph1 three #e4 graphic1 pertaining to #f4 graphite #g4 litho graph1 stone #h4 mono graph1 single #i4 ortho graphy1 right #aj4 para graph1 beside #aa4 phono graph1 sound #ab4 photo graphy1 light #ac4 steno graphy1 narrow #ad4 topo graphy1 place #f4 ,graphite is a mineral used in lead pencils for writing4 #g4 ,lithograph4 ,a writing on stone ,rare4 ,made by printing 7writing7 from stone2 as a picture4 #h4 ,monograph4 ,a written account or description of a single thing1 or class of things4 #i4 ,orthography4 ,the art of writing words correctly 7right71 or according to standard usage4 #aj4 ,paragraph4 7,see fifth month1 page #bi47 #ab4 ,a photograph is produced by the action of light 7writing1 as it were17 upon chemically prepared paper4 #ac4 ,stenography is short 7in a somewhat vague sense narrow7 hand writing4 #ad4 ,topography4 ,a written description of a particular place1 town1 or tract of land2 especially the description of the physical features of a locality4 log1 logy speech1 reason1 science of4 #a4 logic #b4 logic ian1 one who #c4 apo logy1 from #d4 chrono logy1 time #e4 deca logue1 ten #f4 dia logue1 between #g4 epilogue1 upon #h4 eu logy1 well #i4 eulog ize1 act of #aj4 geo logy1 earth #aa4 mono logue1 single #ab4 myth ology1 fable #ac4 ornith ology1 bird #ad4 psych ology1 soul #ae4 pro logue1 before #af4 theo logy1 ,god #ag4 dox ology1 praise #ah4 zoo logy1 animal #a4 ,logic4 ,the science of reason4 #c4 ,an apology is a speech in defense of what appears to others wrong1 the speaker thereby seeking relief from blame4 #e4 ,decalogue4 ,the ten commandments 7speeches7 given to ,moses on ,mount ,sinai4 #g4 ,epilogue4 ,a speech or poem at the end of an argument or address2 a speech upon 7on top of1 or in addition to7 what has been said4 #ad4 ,psychology4 ,the science which treats of the human soul 7mind and spirit included7 and its operations4 ,,eighth ,,year4 ,,first ,,month4 ad to1 toward4 7ac1 af1 ag1 al1 an1 ap1 ar1 as1 at1 denote the same as ad4 ,the consonant is changed for the sake of euphony47 #a4 ad dress1 direct #b4 ad equate1 equal #c4 ad here1 stick #d4 adher ent1 one who #e4 a dieu1 ,god #f4 ad ject ive1 throw #g4 ad journ1 day #h4 ad mon ish1 warning #i4 ad apt1 fit #aj4 ad opt1 choose #aa4 ad vent1 come #ab4 ad vert ise1 turn #ac4 ag greg ate1 flock #ad4 al lure1 entice #ae4 an nex1 bind #af4 ap pend1 hang #ag4 af fix1 fasten #ah4 ar rive1 bank #ai4 as sail1 leap #bj4 at tach1 fasten #a4 ,to address a letter is to direct it to its destination4 #b4 ,one is adequate to a duty or occasion when equal to it4 #c4 ,to adhere is to stick to2 as1 a stamp to an envelope4 #d4 ,every great man has his adherents 7those who stick to him74 #e4 ,adieu4 ,a farewell2 a commendation to the care of ,god4 #f4 ,an adjective is a word added 7in a sense thrown7 to a noun to modify its meaning4 #g4 ,adjourn4 ,to put off to another day1 or indefinitely4 #h4 ,to admonish is to give a friendly warning to2 to give advice4 #i4 ,to adapt is to fit to a certain purpose4 #aj4 ,to adopt is to choose 7to one's self72 as to adopt a child4 #aa4 ,advent4 ,the second coming of ,christ 7to the earth74 #ab4 ,to advertise goods is to cause the public to turn their attention to them4 #ac4 ,to aggregate is to collect into a flock2 to collect into a mass or sum4 #ad4 ,to allure is to attempt to entice or draw 7to7 by the offer of some good1 real or apparent4 #ae4 ,to annex is to bind1 join or add to1 as a smaller thing to a greater4 #af4 ,append means to hang or attach to1 as by a string4 #ag4 ,affix4 ,to fasten to2 to add at the close or end4 #ah4 ,arrive literally means to come to the bank or shore 7from out on the water74 ,in present usage it means to reach any object or result4 #ai4 ,assail4 ,to leap toward2 to attack with violence4 #bj4 ,attach4 ,to fasten to2 to affix or connect4 ante before4 #a4 ante ced ent1 go #b4 ante di luv ian1 wash #c4 ante meridi an1 midday #d4 ante pen ult1 last #a4 ,antecedent4 ,that which goes before in time4 #b4 ,antediluvian 7di away7 7ian one who74 ,one who lived before the flood 7wash away74 #c4 ,antemeridian4 ,before the middle of the day4 ,generally abbreviated to ,a4 ,m4 #d4 ,antepenult 7pen almost74 ,before almost the last4 ,the last syllable of a word but two4 bi 7bis7 two 7twice74 #a4 bi ceps1 head #b4 bi cuspid1 point #c4 bi cycle1 circle4 #d4 bi ennial1 year #e4 bi gamy1 marriage #f4 bi mana1 hand #g4 bi nomial1 name or term #h4 bi ped1 foot #i4 bis cuit1 cook #aj4 bi sect1 cut #aa4 bi valve1 door #ab4 ba lance1 plate #a4 ,the biceps is a muscle which draws up the forearm2 so called because it has two heads or origins4 #b4 ,the bicuspid teeth have two points4 #c4 ,a bicycle has two wheels or circles4 #d4 ,biennial means lasting two years or occurring once in two years4 #e4 ,a bigamist is one who has been married twice1 and who has two wives or two husbands at the same time4 #f4 ,the bimana are animals having two hands2 as man4 #g4 ,a binomial in algebra is a quantity consisting of two terms4 #h4 ,a biped is an animal having but two feet2 as man4 #i4 ,biscuit were so called because formerly baked or cooked twice4 #aj4 ,to bisect a line is to cut it into two equal parts4 #aa4 ,bivalve4 ,having two doors2 as the clam4 7,each side or shell is comparable to a door1 opening and shutting on a hinge47 #ab4 ,balances are so called because they consist of two plates or pans suspended from the balance beam4 con 7col com cor7 with1 together4 #a4 col lapse1 slip1 fall #b4 col lect1 choose1 gather #c4 col lide1 strike #d4 col loquy1 talk #e4 com mingle1 mix #f4 com miserate1 pity #g4 com motion1 move #h4 com mute1 change #i4 com pany1 bread #aj4 com position1 put #aa4 com peer 7par71 equal #ab4 con cur1 run #ac4 con fide1 faith #ad4 con cord1 heart #ae4 con flict1 strike #af4 con gregate1 flock #ag4 con tact1 touch #ah4 cor robor ate1 strength #a4 ,a building collapses when its sides fall together2 when it tumbles down4 #b4 ,to collect botanical specimens is to gather them together4 #c4 ,two objects collide when they strike together4 #d4 ,a colloquy is a talking together of two or more people4 #e4 ,commingle means to mix together2 as people in society4 #f4 ,commiserate4 ,to feel sorrow1 pain or pity 7with another74 #g4 ,a commotion is a moving together2 a tumult4 #h4 ,commute4 ,to change one thing 7with7 for another2 to exchange4 ,to substitute a less thing for a greater4 #i4 ,company formerly meant an assembly of people eating bread together4 #aj4 ,composition4 ,the act of putting parts together to produce a harmonious whole4 #aa4 ,one's compeer is the equal with himself in rank1 age1 prowess1 etc4 #ab4 ,two people concur in regard to a matter when their minds run together2 when they agree4 #ac4 ,to confide in one is to have faith in him2 to intrust secrets with him4 #ad4 ,concord means literally heart with heart2 agreement2 harmony4 #ae4 ,conflict4 ,a striking together2 hostile contest4 #af4 ,to congregate means to flock or assemble together4 #ag4 ,contact4 ,a touching together2 a close union of bodies4 #ah4 ,corroborate4 ,to strengthen2 to make more certain2 to confirm4 ,two statements corroborate when one agrees with the other2 each thus strengthens the other4 de down1 from4 #a4 de capi tate1 head #b4 de cid uous1 fall #c4 de fine1 end1 limit #d4 de grade1 step1 degree #e4 de ject ed1 cast #f4 de pose1 place put #g4 de preci ate1 price #h4 de scend1 climb #i4 de spic able1 look #aj4 de tract1 draw #a4 ,decapitate4 ,to take the head from the body2 to behead4 #b4 ,the leaves of deciduous trees fall 7down7 once a year4 #c4 ,define4 ,to put down1 or mark out the bounds or limit2 to fence from2 to determine the precise meaning2 to describe accurately4 #d4 ,degrade4 ,to reduce from a higher 7down7 to a lower rank or degree4 #e4 ,dejected4 ,cast down in spirit2 discouraged4 #f4 ,depose4 ,to put down2 especially to remove from a throne or high station4 #g4 ,depreciate4 ,to put down the price2 to reduce the value of4 #h4 ,descend4 ,to climb down4 #i4 ,despicable4 ,deserving to be looked down upon2 low1 mean1 contemptible4 #aj4 ,detract4 ,to draw from2 to take away2 as1 to take credit or reputation from4 capt 7caput7 head4 #a4 bi ceps1 two #b4 capit al1 pertaining to #c4 capt ain1 one who #d4 capit ul ate1 act of #e4 de capitate1 from #f4 cab7b7 age1 that which #g4 per capita1 by #h4 cap4 #i4 cape #a4 ,biceps4 ,a large muscle of the upper arm1 so called because it has two heads or origins4 #b4 ,pertaining to the head2 chief2 principal2 as the capital city4 #c4 ,one who is at the head2 a leader2 as the captain of a vessel1 or a company of soldiers4 #d4 ,capitulate4 ,to surrender on stipulated terms or conditions2 to draw up items under heads or chapters4 #e4 ,decapitate4 ,to take the head from the body4 #f4 ,cabbage4 ,a vegetable which has a head4 #g4 ,by the head2 as a per capita tax4 #h4 ,a cap is a covering for the head4 #i4 ,a cape is a head of land4 cede1 ced1 cess go1 yield4 #a4 accede1 to #b4 antecedent1 before #c4 exceed1 out1 beyond #d4 intercede1 between #e4 precede1 before #f4 proceed1 forward #g4 recede1 back #h4 secede1 aside #i4 succeed1 7sub7 after1 under #aj4 access #aa4 an 7te7 cestor #ab4 excess #ac4 intercessor #ad4 predecessor #ae4 process #af4 recess #ag4 secession #ah4 successor #a4 ,accede4 ,to yield to2 to agree2 consent1 concur2 go to4 #b4 ,the antecedent of a pronoun is the noun which goes before it1 and for which the pronoun stands4 #c4 ,exceed4 ,to go beyond what is needed or expected4 #d4 ,to go between two persons as a mediator2 especially to plead with the person who has some advantage over the other4 #e4 ,precede4 ,to go before in order of time4 #f4 ,to go on or forward2 as proceed with your work4 #g4 ,recede4 ,to go back from a given position4 #h4 ,to go aside2 to separate2 as to secede from the church4 #i4 ,to go or follow after in order of time2 as1 one shock succeeded another with great rapidity4 ,,note #a4--,the principal parts of the ,latin verb are cedo1 cedere1 cessi1 cessum4 ,from this it appears that words #aj-ah above are kindred in meaning and correspond to words #a-i4 ,,note #b4--,observe that in three of these words the root is spelled ceed1 in the others cede4 cent--hundred4 #a4 cent enni al1 year #b4 centi grade1 step1 degree #c4 centi meter1 measure #d4 centi ped1 foot #e4 per cent1 by #a4 ,happening once in a hundred years4 ,the ,centennial ,exposition was held in ,philadelphia in #ahgf1 one hundred years after the signing of the ,declaration of ,independence4 #b4 ,divided into one hundred degrees4 ,on the centigrade thermometer there are one hundred degrees between the freezing point and the boiling point4 #c4 ,centimeter4 ,the hundredth part of a meter 7standard of measure74 #d4 ,centiped4 ,a segmented invertebrate animal of the class nyrapod 7,greek for many feet71 so called because it has a great many 7indefinitely one hundred7 feet4 #e4 ,by the hundred2 as1 six per cent2 that is1 six cents on the dollar4 civ citizen4 #a4 civic1 pertaining to #b4 civ il1 quality of #c4 civil ize1 to make #d4 civil ian1 one who #a4 ,civic4 ,pertaining to a citizen1 or the affairs of a city4 #b4 ,civil4 ,fit to live in a state or society with citizens4 #c4 ,civilize4 ,to make civil4 ,to instruct in the arts and customs of citizenship4 #d4 ,a civilian is one whose pursuits are those of a citizen and not of a soldier4 ,,second ,,month4 ex out1 beyond1 from4 7e1 ec1 and ef1 are euphonic variations of ex47 #a4 ex ceed1 go #b4 ex cept1 take #c4 ex clude1 shut #d4 ex cursion1 run #e4 ex cuse1 charge #f4 ex hale1 breathe #g4 ex it1 go #h4 ex pand1 spread #i4 ex pect1 look #aj4 ex ped ite1 foot #aa4 ex pel1 drive #ab4 ex pire1 breathe #ac4 ex port1 carry #ad4 ex tent1 stretch #ae4 ex tract1 draw #e4 ,to excuse is to relieve 7take out7 from the charge of blame4 #aj4 ,to expedite is to hurry forward2 especially by removing hinderances 7as from the feet74 in 7il1 im1 ir7 in1 into1 on1 not4 #a4 il leg al1 law #b4 il liter ate1 letter #c4 im bibe1 drink #d4 im mature1 ripe #e4 im mense1 measure #f4 im merse1 plunge #g4 im mort al1 death #h4 im mut able1 change #i4 im pel1 drive #aj4 im per vi ous1 way #aa4 im pious1 reverent #ab4 im port1 carry #ac4 im pose1 put #ad4 im pulse1 drive #ae4 im pun ity1 punish #af4 in carn ate1 flesh #ag4 in clem ent1 mild #ah4 in cognito1 known #ai4 in clude1 shut #bj4 in crease1 grow #ba4 in cred ible1 believe #bb4 in cur1 run #bc4 in dorse1 back #bd4 in duce1 lead #be4 in del ible1 rub out #bf4 in dent1 tooth #bg4 in evit able1 avoid #bh4 in fidel1 faithful #bi4 in fant1 speak #cj4 in grate1 thankful #ca4 in hale1 breathe #cb4 in ject1 throw #cc4 in nate1 born #cd4 in nov ate1 new #ce4 in sect1 cut #cj4 in spect1 look #cg4 in toxic ate1 poison #ch4 in trude1 thrust #ci4 in vade1 go #dj4 in vert1 turn ,,note4--,in defining the words in this list choose that meaning of the prefix from the four given above 7in1 into1 on1 not7 which is most suitable2 thus3 imbibe means to drink in2 immature1 not ripe2 immerse1 to plunge into2 indorse1 to write on the back of4 #b4 ,an illiterate person is one not familiar with letters2 one who has little or no learning4 #e4 ,literally1 anything is immense when it can not be measured2 of vast extent4 #g4 ,immortal4 ,not liable to death4 #aj4 ,having no way through 7per through72 as1 cloth which is impervious to water2 waterproof4 #ad4 ,an impulse is a sudden mental motive or feeling which tends to drive one on to say or do something4 #ae4 ,not liable to punishment2 freedom from the bad consequences which usually result from an act2 as1 the magician could eat fire with impunity4 #af4 ,in the flesh2 as ,christ was the incarnate ,son of ,god4 #ag4 ,not mild1 but harsh and severe2 as inclement weather4 #ah4 ,not known2 under an assumed name2 disguised2 as a nobleman traveling incognito4 #ba4 ,a story is incredible when it is not capable of being believed2 unworthy of belief4 #bf4 ,indent4 ,to cut into points like a row of teeth4 #bi4 ,infant4 ,a young babe 7not yet able to speak74 #ce4 ,insect4 ,a small animal apparently cut into segments4 #dj4 ,invert4 ,to turn the outside in2 to place in a contrary way4 ob against1 in the way of4 7oc1 of1 op1 are euphonic variations of ob47 #a4 ob ject1 throw #b4 ob loqu y1 speak #c4 ob sta cle1 stand #d4 ob struct1 build #e4 ob trude1 thrust #f4 oc cupy1 hold #g4 of fend1 strike #h4 op pon ent1 place #a4 ,an objection to a proposition is an opinion thrown against or in opposition to it4 #b4 ,obloquy4 ,a speaking against2 language that casts contempt on men and their actions4 #f4 ,to take and hold 7against the possession of another72 as to preempt and occupy a homestead4 post after1 behind4 #a4 post date1 date #b4 post pone1 place #c4 post script1 write #d4 post meridian1 midday #e4 post mortem1 death #f4 pre poster ous1 before #f4 ,preposterous originally meant1 having that first which ought to be last2 hind side before2 reversing the natural order4 ,in present day usage1 contrary to nature1 reason1 or common sense2 absurd4 curr1 curs run4 #a4 couri er1 one who #b4 con cur1 together #c4 con course1 together #d4 curs ory1 ing #e4 course #f4 ex curs ion1 out #g4 in cur1 into #h4 inter course1 between #i4 pre curs or1 before #aj4 re course1 back #a4 ,a courier is one who runs1 or goes hastily with a message4 #b4 ,the opinions of people concur when they agree1 or run together4 #c4 ,a concourse is an assemblage of people who have come 7or run7 together4 #d4 ,a cursory glance is a hasty1 and hence1 a running glance4 #e4 ,a race course is a place for running4 #g4 ,to incur a debt is to run into it4 #aj4 ,one who adds to his indorsement of a note or check the words without recourse1 says in effect1 ,you can't run back on me for payment4 dent tooth4 #a4 dent #b4 dent al1 pertaining to #c4 dent ate1 shaped like #d4 dent ist1 one who #e4 e dent ate1 without #f4 dan de lion1 of lion #a4 ,a dent is an impression like that made by a tooth4 #e4 ,edentate animals1 such as the sloth1 are without teeth1 or at least are without the incisors4 #f4 ,the dandelion has yellow compound flowers which resemble the tooth of the lion4 dict speak1 say1 tell4 #a4 bene dict ion1 well #b4 contra dict1 against #c4 diction ary1 that which #d4 dict ate1 act of #e4 e dict1 out #f4 pre dict1 before #g4 ver dict1 truth #h4 male dict ion1 bad #a4 ,a benediction is a blessing 7a speech to the effect that it may be well with thee74 #c4 ,a dictionary is a book in which we may learn about words1 the elements of speech4 #d4 ,to dictate is to speak or say what another shall write or do4 #g4 ,the verdict of a jury is what they say to be the truth in the case4 doc1 doct teach4 #a4 doc ile1 capable of #b4 doct or1 one who #c4 doct rine1 that which #d4 docu ment1 that which #a4 ,docile4 ,capable of being easily taught4 #b4 ,a doctor is one who1 by virtue of his master's degree1 is qualified to teach4 #c4 ,doctrine is that which is taught2 a principle taught as a part of a system of belief4 #d4 ,a document is that which teaches by means of the evidence it gives4 ,,third ,,month4 pro for1 forth1 forward1 before4 #a4 pro bat ion1 try1 prove #b4 pro bosc is1 feed #c4 pro crastin ate1 tomorrow #d4 pro duce1 lead #e4 pro 7f7 fer1 bear1 bring #f4 pro fuse1 pour #g4 pro gnostic ate1 know #h4 pro gram1 write #i4 pro gress1 step #aj4 pro ject1 cast #aa4 pro logue1 speech #ab4 pro mise1 send #ac4 pro mote1 move #ad4 pro noun1 noun #ae4 pro pel1 drive #af4 pro pose1 put #ag4 pro spect1 look #ah4 pro trude1 thrust #ai4 pro vide1 see #bj4 pro voke1 call #a4 ,one who joins a church on probation is given a trial to prove his worthiness before being fully admitted4 #b4 ,a hollow organ attached to the head or mouth 7the forward portion7 of the animal with which he feeds4 #c4 ,to put forward till tomorrow1 or to put off from time to time4 ,procrastination is the thief of time4 #f4 ,a profuse speaker pours forth ideas freely4 #ab4 ,one's promise is his word1 spoken or written1 sent forth as evidence of something more substantial to follow4 #af4 ,when a young man proposes he puts the question before his lady4 #ai4 ,a good provider sees necessities beforehand and prepares to meet them4 #bj4 ,to provoke laughter is to call it forth4 retro backward4 #a4 retro grade1 step #b4 retro spect1 look se 7sed7 aside4 #a4 se cede1 go #b4 se clude1 shut #c4 se cure1 care #d4 se duce1 lead #e4 se greg ate1 flock #f4 se lect1 gather #c4 ,secure4 ,free 7aside7 from care1 as to danger or risk2 as1 secure from attack1 or secure against loss by fire4 #d4 ,seduce4 ,to lead or draw aside2 especially from a path of rectitude4 ,to lead into evil4 #e4 ,segregate4 ,to place or group 7flock7 aside from others or the rest4 ,in science1 to put into a new or separate class4 sub under1 after1 near4 7suc1 suf1 sug1 sup1 sur1 are euphonic variations of sub47 #a4 sub due lead #b4 sub jug ate1 yoke #c4 sub lunar1 moon #d4 sub merge1 plunge #e4 sub ordin ate1 rank #f4 sub poena1 penalty #g4 sub scribe1 write #h4 sub side1 sit #i4 sub soil1 ground #aj4 sub stance1 stand #aa4 sub terr anean1 earth #ab4 sub trahe nd1 draw #ac4 sub urbs1 city #ad4 sub way1 way #ae4 suc cess or1 go #af4 suc cumb1 lie #ag4 suf fer1 bear #ah4 suf fix1 fasten #ai4 suf focate1 throat #bj4 sup port1 carry #a4 ,subdue4 ,to lead or bring under authority2 to conquer4 #b4 ,subjugate4 ,to bring under the yoke of power or dominion4 #c4 ,sublunar4 ,situated underneath the moon2 hence earthly4 #f4 ,subpoena4 ,a writ commanding attendance under penalty4 #g4 ,subscribe4 ,to bind one's self to1 by writing one's name underneath2 as to subscribe to the terms of a contract4 #h4 ,subside4 ,to sit 7or settle7 under 7down74 #aj4 ,substance4 ,that which underlies 7stands under7 all outward manifestation4 #aa4 ,subterranean4 ,situated or occurring under the surface of the earth4 #ab4 ,the subtrahend is placed under the minuend to be drawn from it4 #ac4 ,suburb4 ,a town or village so near to a city that it may be used for residence by those doing business in the city4 #ae4 ,one who goes or follows after2 as1 a successor in office4 #af4 ,succumb4 ,to lie under discouragement1 rather than to surmount it4 #ai4 ,certain fumes or vapors under the mouth 7or throat71 will suffocate one4 #bj4 ,support4 ,to carry on2 keep up2 as to support a conversation2 to support a war4 ,to bear the weight of1 especially by holding up from beneath 7under74 trans across1 over1 through4 #a4 trans act1 drive #b4 trans alpine1 ,alps #c4 trans atlantic1 ,atlantic #d4 tran scend1 climb #e4 tran scribe1 write #f4 trans fer1 carry #g4 trans form1 shape #h4 trans fuse1 pour #i4 trans gress1 step #aj4 trans it1 go #aa4 trans late1 carry #ab4 trans lucent1 shining #ac4 trans marine1 sea #ad4 trans migration1 moving #ae4 trans mit1 send #af4 trans mute1 change #ag4 trans parent1 appear #ah4 trans port1 carry #ai4 trans pose1 put #bj4 trans verse1 turn ,the literal meanings of the twenty words given above are so apparent as to need no explanation4 ,illustrate each with a sentence4 fin end1 limit4 #a4 ,final4 ,pertaining to the end2 the last4 #b4 ,finale4 ,the end of a musical composition4 #c4 ,finish4 ,to make an end of4 #d4 ,fine4 ,well finished4 ,also1 a penalty assessed at the end of the case4 #e4 ,refine4 ,finished over 7or again74 #f4 ,finite4 ,having a limit in power or knowledge4 #g4 ,infinite4 ,having no limit in power or knowledge4 #h4 ,confine4 ,to keep within limits or bounds4 #i4 ,superfine4 ,over or extra finish4 firm strong1 steadfast4 #a4 infirm1 not #b4 infirm ity1 that which #c4 infirm ary1 place where #d4 con firm1 with #e4 farm #a4 ,infirm4 ,not strong1 but weak and defective4 #b4 ,infirmity4 ,that with which one is afflicted or infirm4 #d4 ,the testimony of one witness is made stronger when that of another witness agrees with or confirms it4 #e4 ,a farm is a substantial possession1 steadfast and immovable4 flex1 flect bend1 turn4 #a4 flex ible1 capable of #b4 in flexible1 not #c4 flexibil ity1 quality #d4 flect or1 that which #e4 circum flex1 around #f4 de flect1 from #g4 re flection1 back #h4 re flex1 back #d4 ,that which bends2 as1 the biceps muscle is the flector which bends the arm4 #e4 ,a circumflex is a bending around of the voice1--a rise and a fall on the same syllable4 #g4 ,reflection4 ,a turning of the thoughts back to things of the past4 #h4 ,sensations arrested at the nerve centers and turned back without their reaching the brain results in reflex action4 flu flow4 #a4 flu ent1 characteristic of #b4 af fluence1 7ad7 to #c4 con fluence1 together #d4 in fluence1 in #e4 influenz a #f4 in flux1 in #g4 super fluous1 over #h4 fluid #i4 flush #a4 ,a fluent speaker uses smooth and flowing language4 #b4 ,people of affluence have wealth flowing to them4 #c4 ,the confluence of two streams is their flowing together4 #d4 ,influence literally means flowing in4 ,the bringing about a result by a gradual process2 gradual because flowing4 #e4 ,influenza4 ,a disease1 somewhat allied to a cold1 formerly attributed to the influence of the stars4 #h4 ,a fluid is so called because it is capable of flowing4 #i4 ,flush4 ,to flow swiftly4 ,,fourth ,,month4 vice instead of4 #a4 vice president #b4 vice admiral #c4 vice roy1 king #d4 vic ar1 one who #e4 vice versa1 turn #c4 ,viceroy4 ,a ruler acting with kingly authority instead of the king4 #d4 ,vicar4 ,in general1 one who is authorized to perform functions1 especially religious ones1 instead of another4 #e4 ,vice versa4 ,turned1 one instead of the other1 interchanged4 a 7an7 without1 not4 #a4 a byss1 bottom #b4 a cephal ous1 head #c4 a chrom atic1 color #d4 a gnostic ism1 knowledge #e4 an archy1 rule #f4 an ecdote1 given out #g4 an esthetic1 feeling #h4 an onym ous1 name #i4 a pathy1 suffer1 feel #aj4 a sylum1 right of seizure #aa4 a the ist1 ,god #ab4 a tom1 cut #d4 ,agnosticism4 ,the doctrine or theory that man has not any real or absolute knowledge of anything1 but can know only impressions4 #e4 ,anarchy4 ,a state of society in which there is no authority or ruling power4 #f4 ,anecdote ec 7ex7 out4 ,originally a personal or biographical incident not given out for publication4 #g4 ,that which causes a loss of sensation2 hence1 one who has taken an anesthetic is without the feeling of pain4 #aj4 ,asylum4 ,originally a place of refuge where criminals or debtors were free from 7without7 the right of seizure4 #aa4 ,atheist4 ,one who is without belief in the existence of a ,god4 #ab4 ,atom4 ,the smallest particle of matter2 hence a particle which cannot be further cut or divided4 auto self4 #a4 auto crat1 rule #b4 auto graph1 write #c4 auto bio graphy1 life #d4 auto maton1 strive #e4 auto mobile1 move #f4 aut ops y1 see #a4 ,autocrat4 ,an absolute sovereign1 one who has the ruling power all in himself4 #c4 ,autobiography4 ,a writing of one's life by himself4 #d4 ,automaton4 ,a self acting 7striving7 machine2 one having its motive power within itself4 #f4 ,autopsy4 ,seeing by one's self2 personal observation or examination4 epi upon4 #a4 epi cycle1 circle #b4 epi demic1 people #c4 epi dermis1 skin #d4 epi gram1 write #e4 epi sode1 way #f4 epi taph1 tomb #g4 epi thet1 place #h4 epi zooetic1 animal #a4 ,epicycle4 ,a circle whose center moves around upon1 or in1 the circumference of another circle2 as the orbit of the moon in its motion with the earth around the sun4 #d4 ,epigram4 ,literally1 to write upon4 ,a short1 pointed poem1 or a bright thought concisely and sharply expressed4 #e4 ,episode4 ,something which happens upon the way1 or comes in incidentally to the main enterprise4 #g4 ,epithet4 ,an adjective or term placed upon a person or thing and expressing some quality especially appropriate to that person or thing4 #h4 ,epizooetic4 ,a disease upon many animals in a community4 micro little4 micro be1 life2 micro cosm1 world2 micro scope1 see1 view4 grat 7grac7 pleasing1 favor1 thankful4 #a4 grati tude1 ness #b4 grate ful1 full of #c4 grati fy1 make #d4 in grati ate1 into #e4 in grate1 not #f4 un grateful1 not #g4 dis grace1 from #h4 grac ious1 having #i4 a gree1 7ad7 according to #aj4 gratis #aa4 grace #d4 ,to become ingratiated with another is to get into his favor4 ,the pigmy had contrived to ingratiate himself into every man's affection4--,stanley4 #e4 ,an ingrate is not thankful for benefits received4 #g4 ,one in disgrace is out of 7away from7 favor with others4 #i4 ,an agreement is entered into according to the pleasure of both parties4 #aj4 ,gratis4 ,out of1 or because of1 favor2 without recompense4 #aa4 ,grace4 ,literally1 pleasing2 beloved4 greg flock1 herd4 #a4 ag gregate1 7ad7 to #b4 con gregate1 together #c4 gregari ous1 quality #d4 se gregate1 aside #c4 ,gregarious4 ,quality or characteristic of animals which tend to gather in flocks2 as1 sheep1 geese1 deer4 #d4 ,segregate4 ,to separate 7aside7 from others and form into an isolated group 7flock74 ject cast1 throw4 #a4 ab ject1 away #b4 de jected1 down #c4 e ject1 out #d4 in ject1 in #e4 ob ject1 against #f4 pro ject1 forth #g4 re ject1 back #h4 ad jective1 to #i4 inter jection1 between #aj4 sub ject1 under leg law4 #a4 leg al1 pertaining to #b4 il legal1 not #c4 legal ity1 state of #d4 legal ize1 make #e4 legis late1 bring forth #f4 privi lege1 private #f4 ,a private law1 a peculiar benefit1 right1 or favor not enjoyed by others or by all1 is a privilege4 ,,fifth ,,month4 aceous having the quality of4 ,in defining words of this ending1 combine the meaning of the suffix with the meaning of the root2 thus1 cretaceous means having the quality of chalk4 #a4 creta ceous1 chalk #b4 crust aceous1 shell #c4 carbon aceous1 coal #d4 farin aceous1 grain #e4 herb aceous1 herb #f4 sapon aceous1 soap al pertaining to4 #a4 capit al1 head #b4 corpor al1 body #c4 cymb al1 cup #d4 dent al1 tooth #e4 di al1 day #f4 fest al1 feast #g4 fili al1 son1 daughter #h4 fin al1 end #i4 flor al1 flower #aj4 frug al1 fruit #aa4 jovi al1 merry #ab4 leg al1 law #ac4 miner al1 mine #ad4 nas al1 nose #ae4 nat al1 born #af4 nomin al1 name #ag4 norm al1 rule #ah4 pen al1 punishment #ai4 plur al1 more #bj4 reg al1 king #ba4 roy al1 king #bb4 rur al1 country #bc4 vit al1 life #bd4 voc al1 voice #a4 ,pertaining to the head1 as1 capital punishment1 which involves the forfeiture of the head4 #aj4 ,a frugal person is economical with his means1 hence fruitful in saving4 #af4 ,pertaining to the name only1 not real2 as1 a nominal ,christian4 #ag4 ,pertaining to the standard or rule2 as1 the normal color of the crow is black4 ence1 as a suffix to nouns like the following1 means state of being4 #a4 abs tin ence1 hold #b4 af flu ence1 flow #c4 bene vol ence1 wish #d4 con dol ence1 grief #e4 con fid ence1 faith #f4 de pend ence1 hang #g4 im pot ence1 power #h4 omni pot ence1 all #i4 re tic ence1 silent #aj4 sequ ence1 follow #a4 ,state of holding from something which tempts and entices2 as1 abstinence from strong drink4 #b4 7,see third month1 page #fc47 #c4 ,state of being actively desirous 7wishing7 for the well-being of others4 ,the laws of social benevolence require that every man should try to assist others by his experience4 #d4 ,condolence4 ,state of being in grief or sympathy with others on account of their afflictions4 #e4 ,confidence4 ,state of being confident 7of having faith in others or in one's self74 #f4 ,dependence4 ,state of being dependent 7of hanging relying on others for support74 #g4 ,impotence4 ,state of being impotent 7of having no power2 weak2 feeble74 #h4 ,omnipotence4 ,state of being all powerful4 #i4 ,reticence4 ,state or quality of being silent2 refraining from speech4 #aj4 ,sequence4 ,state of being sequent 7following72 order of following4 ance1 as a suffix to nouns like the following1 means state of being4 #a4 con cord ance1 heart #b4 con son ance1 sound #c4 dis cord ance1 heart #d4 dis son ance1 sound #e4 domin ance1 master #f4 ex pect ance1 look #g4 fragr ance1 scent #h4 re pugn ance1 fist #i4 sembl ance1 similar #aj4 temper ance1 time #a4 ,concordance4 ,state of being heart with heart2 harmony2 agreement4 #b4 ,consonance4 ,state of agreement of sound with sound2 tones in unison4 #h4 ,repugnance4 ,literally1 the state of being disposed to fight 7strike7 back 7with the fist7 obsolete4 ,opposition2 aversion2 dislike4 #aj4 ,temperance4 ,state of being well timed 7regular in habits7 in eating1 drinking1 sleeping1 exercising1 etc4 ent one who1 that which4 #a4 ad her ent1 stick #b4 ante ced ent1 go #c4 belliger ent1 wage war #d4 de pend ent1 hang #e4 equi val ent1 power #f4 in solv ent1 loosen #g4 pre ced ent1 go #h4 op pon ent1 place #i4 re pell ent1 drive #aj4 tang ent1 touch ,,note4--,the meanings of the above prefixes have frequently been given4 ,combine the meaning of suffix1 root1 and prefix1 adding other words when necessary1 to make definitions4 ,the only word in the list which can give any difficulty is number four1 which is explained in the work of seventh year1 sixth month1 page #ce4 ment mind4 #a4 mental #b4 comments #c4 mention #d4 memento #e4 demented #a4 ,one's mental powers are the powers of his mind1 including intellect1 feeling1 and will4 #b4 ,one's comments on a topic generally reveal to some degree the state of his mind in regard to it4 #c4 ,the mention of a thing calls it to mind4 #d4 ,a memento is a reminder4 #e4 ,a demented person has the powers of his mind impaired4 mit1 mitt send1 let go4 #a4 ad mit1 to #b4 com mit1 with #c4 e mit1 out #d4 o mit1 7ob7 by #e4 per mit1 through #f4 re mit1 back #g4 sub mit1 under #h4 trans mit1 across #a4 ,a ticket will admit you 7let you go7 to the entertainment4 #b4 ,to place in custody2 to entrust with2 as to commit a fund to the care of trustees2 to commit 7send7 a prisoner to jail4 #c4 ,to send or give out2 as1 the fountain emits water4 #d4 ,to let go by2 to neglect2 to overlook2 as1 to omit a fact4 #e4 ,a permit will let you go through the factory4 #f4 ,to remit is to send 7back7 value for value received4 #g4 ,to give up or let one's self go under the government of another2 to yield1 or surrender4 ,do not submit yourself to insult4 #h4 ,to send 7across7 from one to another2 as1 to transmit a message4 norm rule4 #a4 norm al1 pertaining to #b4 ab normal1 from #c4 e normous1 out #d4 enorm ity1 state of #a4 ,pertaining to the usual rule or type2 as1 his pulse is normal4 #b4 ,deviating from the natural condition1 course1 or rule2 as1 an abnormal appetite4 #c4 ,out of the ordinary2 not conforming to the usual rule2 as the death rate was enormous4 #d4 ,the state or quality of being enormous2 especially the quality of being extremely bad2 as1 the enormity of his crime4 pater father4 #a4 patern al1 pertaining to #b4 patri arch1 rule #c4 patron ize1 act of #d4 patri cide1 kill #e4 patri ot1 one who #f4 patrimony #a4 ,pertaining to a father2 fatherly2 as1 paternal love4 #b4 ,patriarch4 ,one of the fathers and rulers of a tribe or race2 particularly applied to the early tribes of mankind4 #c4 ,patronize4 ,to act like a patron1 or one who protects1 fosters1 or supports some enterprise1 as a father looks after those under his care4 #d4 ,patricide4 ,the killing of a father4 #e4 ,patriot4 ,one who loves and supports the institutions of his country somewhat as a father cares for the interests of his family4 #f4 ,patrimony4 ,an inheritance from an ancestor2 especially from one's father4 ,,sixth ,,month4 fy to make4 #a4 ampli fy1 large #b4 certi fy1 certain #c4 clari fy1 clear #d4 dei fy1 god #e4 exempli fy1 example #f4 falsi fy1 false #g4 forti fy1 strong #h4 horri fy1 horror #i4 identi fy1 the same #aj4 justi fy1 right #aa4 lique fy1 liquid #ab4 magni fy1 large #ac4 puri fy1 pure #ad4 rare fy1 rare #ae4 recti fy1 right #af4 terri fy1 frighten #ag4 testi fy1 witness #ah4 typi fy1 type #ai4 veri fy1 true #bj4 vivi fy1 life ile pertaining to1 belonging to1 capable of1 like4 #a4 ag ile1 act #b4 duct ile1 draw #c4 frag ile1 break #d4 fert ile1 bear #e4 host ile1 enemy #f4 juven ile1 young #g4 puer ile1 child #h4 serv ile1 serve #i4 vers atile1 turn #aj4 vir ile1 man #b4 ,a ductile substance is one which is capable of being drawn into wire4 #i4 ,a versatile person is capable of turning readily from one thing to another2 manysided4 ine belonging to1 like4 #a4 aquil ine1 eagle #b4 bov ine1 cow #c4 can ine1 dog #d4 dent ine1 tooth #e4 div ine1 deity #f4 fel ine1 cat #g4 femin ine1 woman #h4 mar ine1 sea #i4 mascul ine1 male #aj4 sal ine1 salt #a4 ,an aquiline nose is one hooked like the beak which belongs to an eagle4 #c4 ,the canine teeth are so called because they correspond to those best developed in the dog4 ion the act of1 ing4 7,in many words ion means that which47 #a4 ablut ion1 washing away #b4 bisect ion1 cutting in two #c4 expans ion1 spreading out #d4 expuls ion1 driving out #e4 inspect ion1 looking into #f4 intercess ion1 going between #g4 collect ion1 gathering together #h4 combust ion1 burn #i4 commot ion1 move #aj4 frict ion1 rub #aa4 junct ion1 join #ab4 opt ion1 choose #ac4 resurrect ion1 rising again #ad4 secess ion1 going aside #ae4 stat ion1 stand #af4 tens ion1 stretch #a4 ,an ablution is the act of washing away1 or cleansing4 #ae4 ,a station is a standing place for the train4 ite one who4 #a4 ,a ,canaanite is one who dwelt in the land of ,canaan4 #b4 ,a ,dowieite is one who is a follower of ,dowie4 #c4 ,a favorite is one who receives special favor4 #d4 ,a hypocrite is one who pretends to be what he is not4 #e4 ,an ,israelite is one who is a descendant of ,israel1 or ,jacob4 #f4 ,a ,levite is one who is a descendant of ,levi4 port carry4 #a4 port able1 capable of #b4 port folio1 leaf #c4 port er1 one who #d4 ex port1 out #e4 im port1 into #f4 re port1 back #g4 sup port1 under #h4 trans port1 across #i4 port #a4 ,capable of being carried or moved without difficulty2 as1 a portable engine4 #b4 ,portfolio4 ,a case or folder in which leaves of loose paper or other stationery may be carried4 #c4 ,porter4 ,literally1 one who carries burdens4 #g4 ,support4 ,to carry or uphold from beneath 7under74 #i4 ,port4 ,the manner in which one carries himself4 rupt break4 #a4 ab rupt1 away #b4 bank rupt1 bench #c4 dis rupt1 apart #d4 e ruption1 out #e4 inter rupt1 between #f4 rupt ure1 ing #g4 rout #h4 route #b4 ,at ,florence1 it is said1 a trader or money changer who failed in business had his banca1 or money bench1 broken2 hence1 one who is unable to pay his debts is bankrupt4 #f4 ,a rupture is a breaking apart2 as the rupture of a blood vessel4 #g4 ,to break the ranks of1 and throw into confusion2 as to rout an enemy4 #h4 ,route originally meant a road broken through a new and untraveled section of country4 ,after thus broken it became a way or route for travel4 scribe1 script write4 #a4 circum scribe1 around #b4 de scribe1 down #c4 in scribe1 in1 upon #d4 pre scribe1 before #e4 sub scribe1 under #f4 tran scribe1 across #g4 post script1 after #h4 in scription1 upon #i4 scribe #aj4 scribble #aa4 script #ab4 scripture #a4 ,circumscribe4 ,to draw 7write7 a bounding line around2 hence1 to lay down the limits or restrict the action of4 #i4 ,a scribe1 in ,jewish history1 was a custodian and writer of the official records of the nation4 #aj4 ,to scribble is to do hasty or careless writing4 #aa4 ,script consists of characters written by hand4 #ab4 ,scripture4 ,the sacred writings of any people4 spec1 spect look1 see1 view4 #a4 a spect1 7ad7 toward #b4 circum spect1 around #c4 ex pect1 out #d4 in spect1 into #e4 per spective1 through #f4 pro spect1 before #g4 retro spect1 backward #h4 spectat or1 one who #i4 sus pect1 under #aj4 spectacle #aa4 spectacles #a4 ,the appearance of a thing as viewed 7looked toward or at7 by the eye or mind2 as1 a stern aspect2 the southern aspect of a house4 #b4 ,looking around in all directions1 as against danger or error4 ,of all these circumstances1 the slow1 circumspect eye of the master took cognizance one by one4 #e4 ,perspective4 ,that which is seen through an opening or vista4 ,the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects4 #i4 ,suspect4 ,to underlook2 to imagine or infer that appearances misrepresent2 hence one who suspects is inclined to look beneath the surface4 #aj4 ,spectacle4 ,something exhibited to be looked at1 especially if it be held worthy of unusual notice4 ,,seventh ,,month4 ory place where4 #a4 arm ory1 arms #b4 deposit ory1 put away #c4 dorm itory1 sleep #d4 fact ory1 make #e4 laborat ory1 work #f4 manufact ory1 hand made #g4 observ atory1 observe #h4 prepar atory1 to make ready #i4 reform atory1 form again #aj4 terr itory1 land #a4 ,an armory is a place where arms and other instruments of war are kept4 #b4 ,a depository is a place where things are or may be put away for safe keeping4 #e4 ,a laboratory is1 literally1 a place for labor2 particularly a place for scientific experimentation4 #f4 ,a manufactory was formerly so called because it named a place where things were made by hand4 ,the first part of the word is now generally omitted1 and appropriately so1 because a small part of the work in a factory is done by hand4 #aj4 ,territory is extent of land belonging to or ruled by the government4 ,literally it means a place where there is land4 ous having1 consisting of1 full of1 pertaining to4 #a4 amphi bi ous1 double life #b4 aque ous1 water #c4 bili ous1 bile #d4 clamor ous1 to cry out #e4 decidu ous1 fall #f4 furi ous1 rage #g4 greg arious1 flock #h4 hetero gene ous1 other kind #i4 homo gene ous1 like kind #aj4 im per vi ous1 no through way #aa4 numer ous1 number #ab4 preci ous1 price1 value #ac4 pre coci ous1 early ripe #ad4 ponder ous1 weigh #ae4 pre poster ous1 before after #af4 viv acious1 life #a4 ,living both on land and in water4 ,seals of amphibious nature1 are either for the land or water4 #b4 ,pertaining to1 or containing water2 as1 an aqueous vapor4 #c4 ,a state of ill health due to a disordered condition of the liver1 the gland which secretes bile4 #d4 ,consisting of loud and repeated outcries or noise2 as1 a clamorous crowd4 #e4 ,the leaves of deciduous trees fall once a year4 #h4 ,consisting of unlike elements or ingredients of different 7other7 kinds4 #ac4 ,having the mental faculties prematurely developed2 as1 a precocious child4 #ae4 ,contrary to nature1 reason1 or common sense4 ,originally1 preposterous meant having the after part before4 ulent full of4 #a4 corp ulent1 body #b4 fraud ulent1 fraud #c4 op ulent1 wealth #d4 succ ulent1 juice #e4 esc ulent1 food #f4 vir ulent1 poison #a4 ,a corpulent person is one who has an excess of fat2 hence1 literally speaking1 is full of body4 #d4 ,succulent plants are full of juice2 as1 the stalk of the sugar cane4 #e4 ,esculent plants are those suitable for food 7literally1 full of food74 ,every lover of that invaluable esculent 7the potato7 has reason to remember with gratitude the settlers of ,londonderry4--,whittier4 ure act or state of1 that which4 #a4 capt ure1 take #b4 depart ure1 from part #c4 en clos ure1 within shut #d4 fixt ure1 fasten #e4 fract ure1 break #f4 gest ure1 act1 do #g4 junct ure1 join #h4 manu fact ure1 hand make #i4 overt ure1 open #aj4 past ure1 feed #aa4 pict ure1 paint #ab4 pleas ure1 please #ac post ure1 place #ad4 pro ced ure1 forward go #ae4 rapt ure1 carry away #af4 script ure1 write #ag4 signat ure1 mark or sign #ah4 sut ure1 sew #ai4 text ure1 weave #bj4 verd ure1 green y state of being1 full of1 consisting or made of4 #a4 bloody #b4 dewy #c4 dressy #d4 curly #e4 faulty #f4 filthy #g4 fleshy #h4 frosty #i4 fussy #aj4 gaudy #aa4 gloomy #ab4 grassy #ac4 guilty #ad4 hardy #ae4 hoary #af4 lofty #ag4 marshy #ah4 rainy #ai4 rosy #bj4 sandy #ba4 shady #bb4 spunky #bc4 thirsty #bd4 wealthy ,while the above words serve to illustrate the use of y as a suffix1 to analyze them would not be profitable4 ,on account of their simplicity no illustrations are needed to show their use1 and no definitions2 in fact1 there are no words simpler on which to base definitions4 ,the eight words following1 which end in y1 can1 however1 be analyzed with profit3 #a4 an arch y1 without rule #b4 a path y1 without feel #c4 aut ops y1 self see #d4 col loqu y1 together speak #e4 ob loqu y1 against speak #f4 poly gam y1 many marriage #g4 sym path y1 together feel #h4 sym phon y1 together sound tort1 tors twist1 wring1 wrest4 #a4 con tort1 together #b4 dis tort1 aside #c4 ex tort1 out #d4 re tort1 back #e4 torch #f4 tor ment1 that which #g4 tortoise #h4 tort ure1 that which #a4 ,to twist together2 to turn awry4 ,a form contorted and misshapen from that which nature gave4 #b4 ,to twist aside2 to twist out of shape2 to wrest from the true meaning4 ,for gold the hireling judge distorts the laws4 #c4 ,to wring or wrest out of or away from2 to get by force or by taking unfair advantage4 ',till the injurious ,romans did extort this tribute from us1 we were free4 #d4 ,to bend1 twist or turn back4 ,a retort is a short and pointed reply turned back on an assailant4 ,a retort tube is one twisted or bent back at one end4 #e4 ,the torch is so called because the wick is twisted like a rope4 #f4 ,torment comes from tormentum1 a machine 7engine7 for throwing stones to inflict torture4 #g4 ,the tortoise is so called because of its twisted or crooked feet4 #h4 ,wringing pain2 anguish of body or mind4 ,in ancient ,greece1 torture was never employed except in case of treason4 tract draw4 #a4 abs tract1 away #b4 at tract1 to #c4 con tract1 together #d4 de tract1 from #e4 dis tract1 apart #f4 ex tract1 out #g4 pro tract1 forward #h4 re tract1 back #i4 re treat1 back #aj4 sub tract1 under #aa4 trace #ab4 tract able1 capable of #ac4 trail #ad4 train #a4 ,to draw away2 to consider apart4 ,in truth the object and sensation are the same thing and cannot be abstracted from each other4 #b4 ,to draw to or toward4 ,a magnet attracts iron filings4 #c4 ,to draw together or closer4 ,heat expands and cold contracts4 #d4 ,to draw away from4 ,to take away a part of something1 especially from one's credit4 ,should ,i detract his worth1 'twould argue want of merit in myself4 #e4 ,to draw apart or away4 ,the attention is distracted when it is drawn apart from the thing in hand4 #f4 ,to draw out1 to withdraw4 ,honey is sometimes extracted from the honeycomb and the comb replaced in the beehive4 #g4 ,to draw forward2 to extend or prolong2 as1 ,england desired not to protract the war4 #h4 ,to draw back2 to take back what has been said4 ,when one finds he has said a hasty thing he would do well to retract it4 #i4 ,to draw back1 as from an enemy4 ,come1 shepherd1 let us make an honorable retreat4 #aj4 ,to draw away2 as apart from the whole4 ,literally to draw away from under1 or in an underhanded way1 as by stealth4 ,the word is very seldom used literally4 #aa4 ,a trace is one of the tugs or straps by which a vehicle is drawn4 #ab4 ,a tractable child is one which can be easily led or drawn4 #ac4 ,trail means to draw along1 or what is drawn4 #ad4 ,a train consists of cars drawn by a locomotive4 ven1 vent come4 #a4 ad vent1 to #b4 ad vent ure1 upon #c4 a venue1 to #d4 con vene1 together #e4 circum vent1 around #f4 e vent1 out #g4 inter vention1 between #h4 in vent1 upon #i4 re venue1 back #aj4 pre vent1 before #a4 ,a coming or arrival of any important event or personage4 ,the advent of summer4 ,an ,adventist is one who makes the second personal coming of ,christ a special feature in his doctrine4 #b4 ,an adventure is a stirring experience1 come upon1 as it were1 suddenly and unexpectedly4 #c4 ,that which comes to a certain place4 ,formerly an avenue was a roadway bordered with trees which comes to a residence4 #d4 ,to come together4 ,the household fowls convene4 #e4 ,to circumvent an individual is to gain an advantage over him in a secret and round about 7coming around7 way4 #f4 ,the outcome of an occurrence2 as1 ,in that event all will be right4 ,marriage is the principal event for good or evil in all lives4 #g4 ,the act of coming between persons or objects2 especially interference with the acts of others4 #h4 ,to come upon2 to find out or discover4 #i4 ,revenue is that which comes back1 as from an investment2 income from all forms of one's property4 #aj4 ,to stop or hinder from happening by means of previous measures4 ,originally prevent meant to come before2 as in ,matt4 xvii3#be3 ,when ,peter was come into the house1 ,jesus prevented him4 vers1 vert turn4 #a4 ad verse1 to 7against7 #b4 ad vers ity1 state of #c4 ad vert1 to #d4 ad vert ise1 act of #e4 a vers ion1 away #f4 a vert1 away #g4 di verse1 apart #h4 di version1 aside #i4 di vorce1 apart #aj4 in vert1 into #aa4 per verse1 thoroughly #ab4 re verse1 back #ac4 trans verse1 across #ad4 versat ile1 capable of #ae4 vers ion1 that which #af4 vertex #ag4 vertigo #ah4 vortex #a4 ,turned against2 antagonistic4 ,adverse winds4 ,error is adverse to human happiness4 #b4 ,state of adverse fortune2 a condition of calamity1 distress1 or unhappiness4 ,ye have this day rejected your ,god1 who himself saved you out of all adversities4 #c4 ,to turn the mind or attention to2 as1 ,i will only advert to some leading points in the argument4--,emerson4 #d4 ,to advertise an article is to cause the public to turn attention to it4 #e4 ,a turning away from4 ,adhesion to vice and aversion to goodness4 #f4 ,to turn away or aside4 ,till ardent prayer averts the public woe4 #g4 ,diverse ways are different ways--they turn apart4 #h4 ,the act of turning aside from a course2 as the diversion of the mind from study4 #i4 ,a judgment or decree dissolving marriage1 and thus turning husband and wife apart from each other4 #aj4 ,to turn into another position2 as1 upside down1 inside out1 end for end1 etc4 #aa4 ,a perverse inclination is one thoroughly wrong or turned from the right4 #ab4 ,to turn back2 as to reverse an engine4 #ac4 ,a transverse beam is one turned across others4 #ad4 ,capable of moving or turning around2 as a versatile spindle2 turning with ease from one thing to another2 many sided2 as1 a versatile writer4 #ae4 ,that which is translated 7or turned7 from another language2 as1 the ,king ,james version of the ,bible4 #af4 ,the highest point1 peak1 or summit4 ,literally the turning point4 #ag4 ,a turning or whirling around2 dizziness or giddiness4 ,that old vertigo in his head ,will never leave him till he's dead4 #ah4 ,a whirlpool4 7,vortex is another form of vertex47 ,,eighth ,,month4 ic pertaining to4 #a4 aqua tic1 water #b4 arc tic1 bear #c4 barbar ic1 foreign2 uncivilized #d4 chron ic1 time #e4 civ ic1 citizen #f4 dom estic1 house #g4 epi dem ic1 upon people #h4 erra tic1 wander #i4 ,homer ic1 ,homer #aj4 luna tic1 moon #aa4 lyr ic1 lyre1 harp #ab4 metal lic1 metal #ac4 metr ic1 measure #ad4 numer ic1 number #ae4 op tic1 eye #af4 pan ic1 ,pan #ag4 phon ic1 sound #ah4 publ ic1 people #ai4 rust ic1 country #bj4 techn ic1 art1 trade #b4 ,arctic means1 literally1 pertaining to the northern constellations called the ,great and ,little ,bears2 hence pertaining to the north polar regions4 #h4 ,erratic means wandering from the proper or usual course in opinion or conduct4 #i4 ,homeric means relating to ,homer1 the great epic poet of ancient ,greece1 or to the poetry which he wrote4 #aj4 ,a lunatic is one who is periodically insane1 with intervals of sanity 7as if affected by the moon74 #aa4 ,lyric poetry is that which is adapted to the lyre or harp2 fit to be sung to an accompaniment4 #af4 ,panic means sudden or groundless fright1 such as was said to have been caused by ,pan1 the god of pastures and forests4 ise1 7ize7 make1 do1 cause4 #a4 ad vert ise1 to turn #b4 critic ise1 judge #c4 familiar ize1 family #d4 fertil ize1 bear1 produce #e4 leg alize1 law #f4 re cogn ize1 again know #g4 sym path ize1 with feel #h4 tan tal ize1 ,tantalus #i4 agonize #aj4 brutalize #aa4 civilize #ab4 crystallize #ac4 equalize #ad4 generalize #ae4 harmonize #af4 humanize #ag4 idolize #ah4 magnetize #ai4 modernize #bj4 naturalize #ba4 organize #bb4 realize #bc4 systematize #bd4 tyrannize #a4 ,a merchant when he advertises goods hopes thereby to cause people to turn their attention to them4 #b4 ,to criticise is to 7make7 pass judgment upon4 #c4 ,to familiarize means1 literally1 to make as one of the family1 to become intimate with4 #d4 ,ground is fertilized when it is caused to produce more abundantly4 #e4 ,any conduct is legalized when it is made lawful4 #f4 ,we recognize a person when we know him again2 as1 one whom we have known before4 #g4 ,to sympathize is to feel with another4 #h4 ,tantalize is derived from ,tantalus1 a ,phyrgian king who1 according to ,greek mythology1 was punished in the lower world by being placed in a lake of pure water up to his chin1 while there hung over him luscious fruit1 the fruit and the water receding whenever he sought to satisfy his hunger or thirst4 ,hence tantalize means to tease or torment by presenting something desirable to the view and frustrating expectation by keeping it out of reach4 ,words #i to #bd may be defined in a simple and satisfactory manner by using some meaning of the suffix ize in the definition with the first part of the word2 thus1 agonize means to cause to have agony4 ist one who4 #a4 agri cultur ist1 field culture #b4 an arch ist1 without rule #c4 art ist1 art #d4 a the ist1 without god #e4 botan ist1 plant #f4 de ist1 god #g4 dent ist1 tooth #h4 flor ist1 flower #i4 ge olog ist1 earth science #aj4 hypno tist1 sleep #aa4 journ alist1 day #ab4 jur ist1 right #ac4 loy alist1 law #ad4 oc ulist1 eye #ae4 optim ist1 best #af4 pessim ist1 worst #ag4 re viv alist1 again life #ah4 roy alist1 king #ai4 sci entist1 knowledge #bj4 somn ambul ist1 sleep walk #d4 ,an atheist is one who is without belief in a personal ,god4 #f4 ,a deist is one who believes in ,god but denies revealed religion4 #ae4 ,an optimist is one who holds the opinion that all events are ordered for the best4 #af4 ,a pessimist is one who has a disposition to take the least hopeful 7worst7 view of things2 one who believes that the ultimate tendency of the world is toward evil and not good4 oid having the form of1 shaped like4 #a4 aster oid1 star #b4 dent oid1 tooth #c4 ethm oid1 sieve #d4 spher oid1 sphere #e4 typh oid1 cloud1 stupor #f4 variol oid1 various meter1 metr measure4 #a4 anemo meter1 wind #b4 baro meter1 weight #c4 chrono meter1 time #d4 dia meter1 across #e4 gas ometer1 gas #f4 ge ometer1 earth #g4 hexa meter1 six #h4 hydro meter1 water #i4 lacto meter1 milk #aj4 metr ic1 pertaining to #aa4 penta meter1 five #ab4 peri meter1 around #ac4 thermo meter1 heat #ad4 tri gon ometry1 three angle #a4 ,the anemometer is an instrument for measuring the force and velocity of the wind4 #b4 ,the barometer measures the weight of the atmosphere1 and thus aids in determining the indications of the weather4 #c4 ,a chronometer is an instrument for measuring time4 ,specifically1 it is a large and very accurate watch for use in astronomical observations4 #f4 ,geometry literally means earth measure4 ,it treats of the measurement of surfaces1 and is therefore applied in the measurement of land4 #g4 ,the hexameter in poetry is a measure having six poetic feet to the line4 #h4 ,the hydrometer is used for measuring the specific gravity of water and other liquids4 #i4 ,the lactometer is used for measuring the purity and richness of milk4 #aj4 ,the metric system of weights and measures is one in which the meter is the unit of measure4 #ab4 ,the perimeter is the measure around a body or figure4 #ad4 ,trigonometry treats of measurements based on the triangle 7three angles74 phon sound4 #a4 eu phony1 well #b4 phon etic1 pertaining to #c4 phon ic1 pertaining to #d4 phono graph1 write #e4 sym phony1 with #f4 tele phone1 far polis city4 #a4 acro polis1 high1 upper #b4 ,anna polis1 ,ann #c4 ,constantin ople1 ,constanine #d4 ,indiana polis1 ,indiana #e4 metro polis1 mother #f4 ,minne apolis1 ,minne #g4 police #h4 politics #a4 ,the acropolis was the upper part of a ,grecian city4 ,it commanded a view of the surrounding country4 #b4 ,named for ,queen ,ann4 #c4 ,a contraction of ,constantinopolis4 ,named for ,constantine4 #d4 ,indiana means1 literally1 the land of the ,indians4 ,indianapolis means city of ,indiana4 #e4 ,the metropolis is the chief1 or mother city1 of the state or country4 #f4 ,the city of ,minne 7haha74 #g4 ,a police force is a body of civil officers in a city organized for its protection4 #h4 ,politics is the science of government in state or city4 scop view4 #a4 horo scope1 hour #b4 kaleido scope1 beautiful form #c4 micro scope1 small #d4 stereo scope1 solid #e4 tele scope1 far #a4 ,the horoscope is an instrument for viewing the heavens at the hour of one's birth1 by which the astrologers professed to foretell the events of a person's life4 #b4 ,the kaleidoscope is an optical instrument in which an endless variety of beautiful patterns or forms may be viewed by changing its position4 #d4 ,the stereoscope is an instrument1 with two eye glasses1 for giving to pictures the appearance of solid forms as seen in nature4 ,,part ,,two ,letters1 ,sounds1 ,syllables1 ,words1 ,principles of ,pronunciation1 and ,rules of ,spelling4 ,,seventh ,,year4 7,first ,month47 ,,terms ,,to ,,be ,,defined4 ,an ,,elementary ,,sound is the simplest sound of spoken language4 ,there are forty-four elementary sounds in the ,english language4 ,as there are only twenty-six letters in the alphabet some letters represent more than one sound4 ,certain marks or distinguishing characters used with the letters to indicate the various sounds are called ,,diacritical ,,marks4 ,,phonotypy is a method of representing each of the elementary sounds by a distinct printed character or letter4 ,the ,,vocals or ,,tonics are those elementary sounds made by an unmodified or uninterrupted tone of the voice2 as a1 7e4 ,the ,,subvocals or ,,subtonics are those elementary sounds made by the tone of the voice modified by the organs of speech1 making an undertone2 as b1 d1 g1 r4 ,the ,,aspirates or ,,atonics are those elementary sounds made by merely breathing modified by the organs of speech2 sometimes called breath sounds2 as p1 t1 s4 ,,table ,,of ,,elementary ,,sounds4 ,from ,swett's ,normal ,word ,book4 ,i4 ,vocals4 --------------------------------------- a a-le1 ai-m ae ae-lms1 ae-rt a3 a3-ll1 b-a3-ll 7a 7a-n1 m-7a-n a -c-a-re1 a-ir 4a 4a-sk1 f-4a-st e e-ve1 b-e ve ve-nd1 m-ve-n e h-e-r1 e-rr i1 y i-ce1 b-y 7i1 7y 7i-t1 h-7y-mn o o-ld1 n-o vo vo-n1 n-vo-t o31 oo m-o3-ve1 m-oo-n u u-se1 m-u-s1e vu vu-p1 b-vu-t u u-rge1 b-u-rn u41 7oo f-u4-ll1 w-7oo-l oi1 oy oi-l1 b-oy ou1 ow ou-t1 ow-l --------------------------------------- ,,ii4 ,subvocals4 ---------------------------------------- - b b-i-b1 b-a-be d d-i-d1 d-ea-d g g-i-g1 g-a-g j j-ar1 j-et l l-u-ll1 te-ll m m-ai-m1 -ca-me n n-u-n1 n-o-ne ng1 n ri-ng1 i-n-k r r-oa-r1 r-ea-r th th-ese1 wi-th v val-ue1 v-ain w w-ell1 w-eb y y-es1 y-et z z-one1 z-est zh1 z a-z'-ure1 sei-z'-ure ---------------------------------------- - ,,iii4 ,aspirates4 --------------------------------------- f f-i-fe1 o-ff h h-at1 h-ome k k-ite1 k-ill p p-i-pe1 to-p s s-un1 s-ame t t-en-t1 t-ar-t ch ch-ur-ch1 ch-ild sh sh-all1 wi-sh th th-in1 th-ree wh wh-ere1 wh-y --------------------------------------- ,,note4--,the foregoing forty-four sounds are those most employed in the ,english language4 ,some of these sounds are represented by other letters1 as shown in the following3 ,,iv4--,table of ,equivalents4 ,dictionary ,work--,metcalf ,de,garmo4 ,,char4 ,,equiv4 e i e i u a e a e o a3 7broad a7 o3 oo u3 7i 7y 7u 4o 7o a4 o4 7oo u4 i y oi oy ou ow u ew ,,char4 ,,equiv4 j 4g 7soft7 g g 7hard7 z s4 k -c -ch f ph s c 7cedilla c7 sh ch n ng x ks x gz ,,cognate sounds are such as are produced by the same organs of speech in a similar position4 ,the cognates are in pairs1 as follows3 ,vowels3 a 7e1 e 7i1 a 7a1 ae 4a1 a3 7o1 u 7u1 oo 7oo2 consonants3 g' k1 b p1 d t1 j ch1 th th1 v f1 z s4 ,second ,month4 ,,letters4 ,a ,,letter is a mark or character used to represent a sound1--usually an elementary sound4 ,an ,,alphabet is an orderly arrangement of all the letters of a language4 ,the ,,number ,,of ,,letters in the different alphabets vary1 as follows3 ,english #bf1 ,arabic #bh1 ,french #be1 ,german #bf1 ,greek #bd1 ,hebrew #bb1 ,italian #ba1 ,russian #cc1 ,spanish #bg1 ,sanskrit #di4 ,the ,chinese have no alphabet1 but about #bj1jjj syllabic characters4 ,the ,,power ,,of ,a ,,letter is the elementary sound for which it stands4 ,,letters ,,as ,,to ,,form are either script or print4 ,there are many different ,,styles ,,of ,,letters2 as1 ,roman1 ,italic1 ,old ,english1 and ,script4 ,as to ,,size letters are both capital and lower case4 ,third ,month4 ,,vowels4 ,a ,,vowel sound is a free and uninterrupted sound of the voice4 ,the vowel sounds are formed by the voice modified1 but not interrupted1 by the various positions of the tongue and lips4 ,a ,,consonant sound is an articulate sound made by the obstructed voice1 and which in utterance is usually combined with a vowel sound4 ,there is no absolute division between vowels and consonants4 ,certain vowels are so open as to be only vowels1 certain consonants are so close as to be only consonants2 but there are yet others which have the value now of vowels and now of consonants2 as1 i1 u1 w1 and y4 ,y as a vowel is a substitute for i1 and i is a consonant as a substitute for y4 ,w and y are vowels3 7#a7 ,when they end words or syllables1 7#b7 when they are not followed by a vowel in the same syllable1 7#c7 when they are followed by a silent vowel in the same syllable4 ,w and y are consonants when they begin words or syllables and are immediately followed by a vowel4 ,i is a consonant when it represents the consonant y1 as in alien4 ,u is a consonant when it represents the consonant w1 as in quick1 language4--,irish's ,orthography4 ,a ,,diphthong is produced by running together two vowel sounds in the same syllable4 ,a diphthong is ,,proper if both the vowels are sounded2 as o and i in boil4 ,an ,,improper ,,diphthong or ,,digraph is merely a collection of two vowels in the same syllable1 of which only one is sounded2 as in rain1 teach4 ,the diphthongs in the following words are all that are in common use1 viz43 toil1 toy1 sound1 cow1 peal1 oil1 audible1 awning1 say1 seine1 people1 feud1 obey1 eschew1 believe1 loan1 hoe1 hue1 juice4 ,of these oi1 oy1 ou1 and ow are the only proper diphthongs4 ,a ,,triphthong is produced by running together three vowel sounds in the same syllable4 ,a triphthong is ,,proper if all three of the vowels are sounded4 7,but there are no proper triphthongs that ,i know of47 ,a triphthong is ,,improper or is called a ,,trigraph if one or two of the three vowels is silent2 as in adieu1 beauty4 ,fourth ,month4 ,,consonants4 ,,consonants are divided on three different bases2 as follows3 ,i4 ,,mutes and ,,semivowels4 ,the mutes represent an explosive sound1 and are so called because the mouth organs are closed just before the sound is uttered and the voice is momentarily mute4 ,the four subvocals b1 d1 j1 g1 and their cognates1 p1 t1 ch1 and k1 are generally classed as mutes4 ,pronounce them and see if they do not represent explosive sounds4 ,all other consonants are semivowels1 and are pronounced with a continuous sound4 ,the sound may be continued so long as the breath lasts2 but in the case of mutes the sound must stop with the explosive utterance4 ,,ii4 ,the ,,subvocals and ,,aspirates are shown in the vertical columns of the table below4 ,the subvocals are sometimes called voice consonants and the aspirates breath consonants4 ,these are fit terms1 for they indicate the basis of classification4 ,,iii4 ,,labials1 ,,lingua-,,dentals1 and ,,palatals constitute a classification of the consonants with respect to the place of formation4 ,bead the table from left to right4 ,the lips have most to do with making the labial sounds2 the lingua-dentals are formed at the point of the tongue in contact with the teeth1 the palatals between the tongue and hard and soft palate4 ,consonant ,table4 ,subvocals4 ,aspirates4 7,voice47 7,breath47 ,labials4 b p 7,lips47 v f w wh m ,lingua- d t ,dentals4 z s 7,point of th 7sonant7 7non-sonant7 th tongue47 l n r ,palatals4 zh sh 7,between j ch tongue g k and y palate47 h ng ,,eighth ,,year4 ,first ,month4 ,,syllables4 ,,syllable literally means taken together4 ,a ,,spoken ,,syllable is an elementary sound1 or a combination of elementary sounds1 uttered together1 or with a single impulse of the voice4 ,it constitutes a word or a part of a word4 ,a ,,written or printed syllable is a part of a word separated from the rest1 and capable of pronunciation by a single impulse of the voice4 ,as to where a word shall be divided in making it into syllables depends upon the ,,purpose ,,of ,,syllabication4 ,when the purpose is to show the derivation the division is made with reference to the component parts 7roots1 prefixes1 and suffixes72 but if the purpose is to indicate correct pronunciation1 the result may be very different4 ,for illustration1 the following words are divided1 first1 to show derivation3 abs-tract1 bene-vol-ent1 pre-de-cess-or1 e-duc-ate1 phon-o-typ-y1 pro-gress1 e-lig-ible2 and1 second1 to indicate correct pronunciation3 ab-stract1 be-nev-o-lent1 pred-e-ces-sor1 ed-u-cate1 pho-not-y-py1 prog-ress1 el-i-gi-ble4 ,while in the illustrations here given the syllables formed for one purpose are very different from those formed for the other1 yet in the majority of words the resulting syllables are the same whether divided for one purpose or for the other4 ,in the ,united ,states the prevailing purpose of syllabication is to indicate pronunciation4 ,the ,,ultimate syllable of a word is the last 7ultimus last72 the ,,penultimate is next to the last 7pen almost72 the ,,antepenultimate is the third from the last 7literally1 before almost the last72 the ,,preantepenultimate is the fourth from the last 7literally1 before the one that is before the one almost last74 ,second ,month4 ,,accent4 ,,accent is stress of voice on a particular syllable in pronouncing a word4 ,in long words two1 and sometimes three1 syllables are accented4 ,but one syllable is always accented more strongly than the others are4 ,the stronger accent is called the ,,primary accent1 the weaker is called the ,,secondary4 ,thus1 in am' mu ni' tion the primary accent falls on the third syllable and the secondary on the first4 ,the ,,principles which govern the placing of accent are complicated4 ,the ,international ,dictionary says there are no principles by which to determine the accent in ,english4 ,another high authority says3 ,all attempts to assign rules for the place of the accent in ,english only serve to render the subject hopelessly intricate and confounded4 ,there are1 however1 certain tendencies which mature pupils might profitably consider1 but the limited scope of this book will not permit me to attempt to set them forth4 ,in the words of the following list the accent changes with a change of meaning4 ,when nouns or adjectives these words are accented on the first syllable2 when verbs1 on the second3 abstract accent compound conflict concert contract contrast converse convict desert escort export ferment forecast frequent incense insult permit prefix present produce project record survey ,third ,month4 ,,words4 ,a ,,word is a sign of an idea4 ,it may be either spoken or written4 ,a ,,primitive1 ,,or ,,root1 word is one not derived from any other word of the language2 as1 fix1 strike1 man4 ,a ,,derivative is a word formed from a primitive by changing it internally1 or by adding a prefix or suffix2 as1 men1 suffix1 strikers4 ,a ,,simple ,,word is a single word4 ,it may be either primitive or derivative4 ,a ,,compound ,,word is a combination of two or more simple words2 as1 buck-saw1 well-behaved1 school-room4 ,a word of one syllable is a monosyllable 7mono one72 of two syllables1 a dissyllable 7dis two72 of three syllables1 a trisyllable 7tri three72 of three or more syllables1 a polysyllable 7poly many74 ,the ,,root of a word is its fundamental or elementary part which carries the primitive notion or significance with it1 without prefix or suffix2 as1 ge 7earth71 graph 7write71 vol 7wish74 ,a ,,prefix is a significant syllable joined to the beginning of a word2 as1 autograph1 circumvent1 amphitheater4 ,a ,,suffix is a significant syllable joined to the end of a word2 as1 man ly1 fert ile1 ment ion4 ,,affix is a general term for prefixes and suffixes2 it may be applied to either or to both together4 ,,seventh ,,year4 ,fifth ,month4 ,,silent ,,letters4 ,silent letters have at least four uses3 #a4 ,to modify sounds of other letters in the same syllable4 ,drop final silent e from such words as the following and note the effect on the sound of the other vowel in the same syllable3 bare1 pure1 ripe1 lame4 #b4 ,to indicate pronunciation4 ,in the four words last given1 for illustration1 the pronunciation changes when the final silent e is dropped4 ,another class of words ending in ce and ge retain the final silent e on adding a suffix beginning with a or o to preserve the soft sound of c and g1 and with it the correct pronunciation of the word2 as1 serviceable1 noticeable1 changeable1 courageous4 #c4 ,to show the meaning of words4 ,illustrations3 clime1 climb1 plumb1 belle1 butt1 dyeing1 singeing1 guilt1 damn4 #d4 ,to show the derivation of words4 ,numerous illustrations are found in words derived from the ,greek4 ,in chronic1 and chronology1 the h is silent1 but serves to indicate that the root of those words is identical with the ,greek root chron1 which means time4 ,similarly the g in gnostic1 the e in eulogy1 p in pneumonia1 the h in chromatic4 ,in honour and favour u is silent1 and therefore a useless letter1 so far as sound is concerned4 ,the u signifies that the word came to us through the ,french1 instead of directly from the ,latin4 ,the question is1 whether we shall go to the trouble of writing the extra letter in a large class of such words for the sake of the historical association4 ,perhaps one in a thousand would choose to do so1 but others of us are more intent on saving time and ink4 ,when the spelling reform idea becomes operative with ,english speaking people1 a great many silent letters will go the way of the u in labour1 favour1 and the like4 ,the following are some of the numerous classes of silent letters together with the principle found to be operative through them4 ,sixth ,month4 ,e final is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same syllable4 change sense adverse ,chinese condense brace quite bade oppose deceive force scribe burlesque embrace machine crease measure canine emerge endorse cease absolve caprice examine advise ,seventh ,month4 ,b is usually silent before t or after m in the same syllable4 lamb tomb numb debt bomb comb thumb dumb doubt crumb limb climb plumb redoubt jamb ,eighth ,month4 ,c is silent before k in the same syllable4 ,c is silent in czar1 victuals1 muscle1 corpuscle1 indict1 and ,connecticut4 back deck lack stack ,patrick buck duck hack stick reckon burdock chick luck suck thicken clock click lick beckon ,cossack ,,eighth ,,year4 ,first ,month4 ,d is silent before g in the same syllable4 edge hedge ridge lodge misjudge wedge budge bridge sledge judgment pledge drudge fudge begrudge lodgment ,second ,month4 ,g is silent before m or n in the same syllable4 phlegm malign gnaw campaign gnash arraign paradigm feign foreign gnu benign diaphragm reign design seignior resign gnat assign gnarl consign ,third ,month4 ,h is silent when it follows g or r in the same syllable4 ghost myrrh rheumatism rhapsody rhinoceros aghast hemorrhage rhyme rhythm ,rhine gherkin rhubarb rhombus rhomboid catarrh ,fourth ,month4 ,k is silent before n in the same syllable4 knack kneel knot knap sack knob knave knife knock knowledge knucks knead knight knoll knuckle knarl knee knit know knell knout ,fifth ,month4 ,n final after l or m is silent4 hymn contemn solemn limn damn kiln condemn column autumn ,sixth ,month4 ,t is silent before ch in the same syllable4 hitch pitch match notch catch kitchen botch hatch scratch patch latch ,dutch watch ,mitchell satchel thatch ditch witch batch ,scotch ,seventh ,month4 ,w is silent before r in the same syllable4 wrestle wren wrist writing wreak wrong wrote wreck wrest writ wring wraith awry write wrought wrath wretch wreath wrinkle wrangle ,eighth ,month4 ,gh is always silent after i and1 when not a substitute for f or k1 is also silent after au and ou4 sight plight weigh fraught through light wright weight caught although fight height freight thought slaughter might wight aught daughter laughter ,,seventh ,,year4 ,,principles ,,of ,,pronunciation ,,with ,,illustrations4 ,sixth ,month4 ,a constituting or ending an unaccented syllable is short ,italian a4 again ,america banana fatality papa alas amuse canine fatigue parasol algebra apparatus ,china lapel pica alkali area data massacre sacrament amass arena drama ornament valise ,seventh ,month4 ,e constituting or ending a syllable is long4 depot memento obedience really society event museum penal recess superior feline nausea precedence resource theater frequent negro precise sacrilegious theology mechanic notoriety pretense secretary veto ,eighth ,month4 ,o constituting or ending a syllable is long4 broken explosive melodeon poem spoken chosen gondola melody police tobacco composition licorice open potato trophy coquet location opponent promotion zodiac cupola locust pantomime proviso zooelogy ,,eighth ,,year4 ,fourth ,month4 ,iconstituting or ending an unaccented syllable1 not initial1 is always short1 and is usually short even in initial syllables1 if unaccented4 divide tirade sentinel fidelity residence direct intimate continent digest levity finance indivisible defensible hilarious reticent imitate equidistant predicate maritime reticule piazza nobility finance invitation direction ,in the initial syllables i1 bi1 chi1 cli1 cri1 pri1 tri1 however1 i is generally long4 idea biology climatic primeval tripod idle ,chinese criterion triangular triune isothermal chirography biennial binomial priority ,fifth ,month4 ,e before terminal n should always be silent in participles1 and also in most other words4 given stolen ridden bidden forsaken taken proven shaken woven gotten broken driven written shaven risen spoken frozen arisen chidden smitten fallen hidden beaten eaten stricken also heaven oaken happen burden leaven often leaden seven garden brazen widen golden even eleven christen ,but in the following words e should be sounded3 hyphen chicken marten lichen sudden linden linen gluten mitten aspen ,e should also be sounded in any word 7not a participle7 in which terminal en is immediately preceded by l1 m1 n1 or r4 women ,ellen ,helen omen pollen barren linen woolen ,allen ,warren ,sixth ,month4 ,e before terminal l should usually be sounded4 ,abel model morsel cancel marvel level travel rebel gravel barrel nickel apparel towel channel kennel chapel citadel revel ,mabel libel camel laurel bevel funnel parcel ,but in the following words and in their derivatives e before terminal l should not be sounded3 easel weasel ravel mantel shekel navel chattel shrivel drivel snivel shovel grovel mussel hazel teasel ,seventh ,month4 ,in most words i before terminal l or n should be sounded4 ,latin vigil anvil goblin coffin cavil cabin council rosin origin javelin pencil axil assassin tranquil resin bobbin violin peril moccasin retail satin utensil pistil daffodil ,in the following words i should not be sounded3 devil basin evil cousin weevil raisin ,eighth ,month4 ,i accented in most words from the ,french has the sound of long e4 pique quarantine police critique unique machine routine ravine regime intrigue caprice suite valise ,bastile magazine guillotine fatigue antique ,,seventh ,,year4 ,,rules ,,of ,,spelling4 ,many people think that rules of spelling are of no value1 because they are hard to remember and because of numerous exceptions4 ,this is certainly true of a great many such rules 7and there are a great many72 but three or four of these rules apply to so many words difficult to spell1 and they have such a small number of exceptions that they are well worth while4 ,several hundred words are spelled according to the first rule given below4 ,the rule itself is short1 and all of the exceptions could be learned for keeps by a pupil in an hour4 ,but pupils must have drill in applying the rules or they may be able to repeat the rules perfectly and glibly and not be able to spell the words coming under them4 ,since the rule given for the work of the first month1 seventh year1 and that given for the second month1 are counterparts1 each of the other1 ,i prefer to take them together4 ,knowing that silent final e is dropped when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added1 we naturally infer its counterpart1 viz43 ,silent final e is retained when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added4 ,to bring about the necessary drill and insure attention to the application of the rule1 ,i suggest that a class of pupils1 reciting by turns1 spell at least twenty-five words according to the following model4 ,the words are on the board in this form3 love able1 care less4 ,the suffix able begins with the vowel a2 therefore when it is added to the word love the final silent e is dropped1 and the word is spelled lovable4 ,or1 ,the suffix less begins with the consonant l2 therefore1 when it is added to the word care the final silent e is not dropped1 and the word is spelled careless4 ,words to be spelled according to this model should be mixed1--those in which the suffix to be added begins with a vowel mixed with those in which the suffix begins with a consonant4 ,exceptions ought to be thrown into the mixture1 and when a pupil comes to an exception1 he can proceed according to the model1 concluding with1 but this word is an exception to the rule4 ,fifty words are here given to illustrate this rule1 but pupils who want to do thorough work should spell several such fifties4 ,first ,month4 love--able adventure--ous decide--ing care--less change--ing ice--berg blame--able extreme--ly house--keeper achieve--ment fickle--ness idle--ness brake--man fore--cast excite--ment cure--able compare--able console--able discourage--ment continue--ally endure--ance prove--able contrive--ance amaze--ment move--able guide--ance fierce--ness acquire--ing forgive--ness peace--ful else--where hate--ful deface--ment enlarge--ment believe--ing disgrace--ful admire--able converse--ed blue--ish abide--ing hedge--hog lodge--ing advertise--ment achieve--ing amuse--ment eye--brow hoarse--ness dine--ing pursue--ing argue--ing revenge--ful ,,exceptions4 ,words ending in ce and ge retain the e when a suffix beginning with a or o is added4 changeable challengeable pronounceable exchangeable peaceable advantageous chargeable serviceable outrageous manageable traceable courageous marriageable noticeable vengeance ,,other ,,exceptions4 hoeing singeing seer nursling truly shoeing tingeing seeing loathsome duty toeing freeing agreeable awful wisdom dyeing fleeing mileage duly wholly ,five other exceptions1 to be remembered together3 argument1 judgment1 lodgment1 abridgment1 acknowledgment4 ,the exceptions here given1 which are practically all of the exceptions to this rule1 should be reviewed until they cannot be forgotten4 ,the value of the rule depends much on a thorough committal of the exceptions4 ,third ,month4 ,rule ,,ii3 ,when a suffix is added to a word ending in y1 preceded by a consonant1 the y is changed to i1 unless the suffix begins with i4 ,model for drill on this rule 7supply ed1 display ed are written on the board73 ,the y in supply is preceded by a consonant1 therefore1 when the suffix ed is added the y is changed to i and the word is spelled1 supplied4 ,or1 ,the y in display is preceded by a vowel1 therefore when the suffix ed is added the y is not changed1 and the word is spelled1 displayed4 carry ed study es espy ed juicy est hurry es destroy ed deny ing homely est marry ing pity ing survey ed pity ful decay ed pity less employ ing rally es annoy s joy less noisy est pretty est copy ed city es mighty er pity able ,,exceptions4 y does not change before 's2 as in la'dy's en'e my's ba'by's coun'try's ,other exceptions to the rule1 or to what is inferred from it3 staid 7or stayed7 slain dry'ly la'dy like paid dai'ly dry ness la dy bug laid sly ly 7but1 dri'er1 la dy ship said sly ness dri'est7 ba by hood saith shy ly shy ness ba by house ,fourth and ,fifth ,months4 ,rule ,,iii3 ,monosyllables or words accented on the last syllable1 ending in a single consonant1 preceded by a single vowel1 double the final consonant on receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel4 ,this rule carries with it the inference that the final consonant is not doubled unless these conditions are all complied with4 ,model for drill on this rule3 ,refer is not a monosyllable1 but it is accented on the last syllable2 it ends in a single consonant r1 preceded by a single vowel e2 therefore1 on adding the suffix ed1 beginning with the vowel e1 the final consonant r is doubled1 and the word is spelled1 referred4 refer ed gallop ed suspend ed suffer ing omit ed abhor ence kidnap ed travel ed cheat ed join ing admit ing rebel ious flatter ed benefit ed differ ence fertil izer prefer ing permit ed enamel ed quarrel ing remit ance map ing drug ist brag art heap ing connect ing emit ed unfit ed confer ing offer ed conceal ed parallel ed acquit ed99 commit ee shelter ed stir ing root ed squeal ing intermit ent equal ed depend ent begin er cheer ed vigor ous occur ed shovel ed forgot en regret ed submit ed transmit ed drum er spin ing 99 ,after q1 u is a consonant4 ,,exceptions4 ,the final consonant is not doubled when1 in the derivative1 the accent is thrown from the last syllable of the primitive2 as1 re fer'1 ref'er ence4 ref'er ence def'er ence ref er ee' pref er ence in fer ence ref'er a ble or con fer ence pref er a ble re fer'ri ble ,,other ,,exceptions4 gas es 7but gassy7 tranquillity gas eous humbug ging trans fer able crystallize humbug ged ex cellence chagrined ,,note4--,there is a large class of words ending in l1 and accented on some other syllable than the last1 in whose derivatives the l is doubled by many writers2 but it accords more with the analogy of the language not to double the l4 ,such words are the following3 apparel1 cancel1 channel1 cudgel1 dishevel1 drivel1 duel1 enamel1 equal1 gambol1 grovel1 jewel1 libel1 marshal1 marvel1 metal1 model1 panel1 peril1 quarrel4 ,,reference ,,table ,,of ,,suffixes4 able1 see ble age1 that which1 having ain1 see ian al1 pertaining to an1 pertaining to1 one who ant1 one who1 that which1 quality of1 condition of ary1 one who1 that which1 place where1 condition of1 quality of1 pertaining to ate1 act of1 state of1 shaped like ble1 capable of1 fit to be cle1 little1 that which ed1 condition of ee1 one who ence1 see ant ent1 see ant er1 one who1 that which es1 see er et1 little ful1 full of1 having fy1 to make ial1 see al ian1 one who ible1 see ble ic1 pertaining to il1 see ile ile1 capable of1 quality of ion1 act of1 state of1 that which ious1 see ous ish1 act of is1 that which ise1 see ize ism1 state of1 doctrine of ist1 one who ity1 that which1 state of being1 quality of ive1 that which1 quality of ize1 act of lent1 full of less1 without ly1 state of being ment1 that which oid1 form or1 one who ory1 see ary ous1 full of1 quality of1 having tic1 see ic tude1 quality of ty1 see ity ure1 that which1 act of y1 that which ,,index ,,to ,,roots4 ,this index is to be used as a cross-reference by means of which1 words in different parts of the book having a common root may be associated4 ,page4 act #aa1 #fa ambl #ae1 #ah1 #hb anim #be1 #ce 99ann #aa aqua #gd1 #hj arch #bh1 #de1 #hb 99art #ab 99aster #ab 99aud #ac bi1 be #i1 #fd1 #fe1 #gd brev #i1 #ci burse #ac1 #bj 99capt1 caput #ec 99ced1 cess #ec 99cent #ed cept #ad1 #ee 99chron #df cep1 cip #ah1 #ej 99civ #ee clam1 claim #bj1 #gd clud1 clus #af cogn #bj1 #ef1 #ha 99cord1 card #ag 99corpus1 corpor #ag 99cura1 curo #ah 99curr #eh cuspid #ba1 #ce1 #ej cycl #ba1 #ej1 #fd 99dent #eh 99dict #eh 99doc1 doct #ei dors #bf1 #ef dote #be1 #fc 99duc #bb dur #cb1 #cc 99fac1 fec1 fic #bc femin #ce1 #ga 99fer1 lat #bd 99fest #bd fid #ci1 #ea1 #ef1 #fg 99fin #fb 99firm #fb fix #ai1 #di1 #fj 99flex1 flect #fb flor #ci1 #ff1 #hb 99flu #fc 99foli #bf form #ae1 #be1 #fa1 #gc 99fort #bf 99fract1 frang #bg 99frater #bg fresh #bj1 #dj fuse #ac1 #ei1 #fa fy #gj gam #ba1 #bh1 #de 99ge #dg gnost #ei1 #fc gon #bf1 #hc grad1 gress #eb1 #ed1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa 99graph #dg 99grat1 grac #fe 99greg #fe hale #ee1 #ef hypnot #de1 #hb itio1 it #i1 #ee1 #fa 99ject #ff journ #di1 #hb junct #ga1 #ge juven #bj1 #gj laps #bj1 #ea lect #ea1 #fj1 #ga 99leg #ff 99liber #cj 99liter #ca loc #ac1 #dj 99log1 logy #dh loqu #ea1 #eg1 #ei1 #gf luc #ci1 #fa luna #fj1 #hj lut1 luv #i1 #ej 99manu #ca mar #fa1 #ga 99mater #cb matur #ai1 #ef 99ment #fh meridi #ej1 #eg 99meter #hc mingle #ad1 #ea 99mit #fi moni #ai1 #di mort #ci1 #ef1 #eg mot #dj1 #ea1 #ei1 #ga mut #cb1 #ea1 #ef1 #fa nat #dj1 #ef1 #ff nomi #ba1 #bh1 #ej1 #ff 99norm #fi nov #bj1 #ef numer #ch1 #gd opo1 opt #bi1 #dd1 #fd1 #gf1 #hj 99pater #fi path #be1 #bi1 #cj1 #de1 #fc1 #gf1 #ha 99ped1 pod #cf 99pel1 puls #ce 99pend1 pens #ce 99phon #hc ple1 plen #bj1 #dj 99polis #hd 99pon1 pos #cg 99port #gb preci #eb1 #gd roy #fc1 #ff1 #hb 99rupt #gb sal #cd1 #ga scend #eb1 #fa 99scop #hd 99scrib1 scrip #gb secu #ae1 #dj sect #ac1 #ad1 #ba1 #ej1 #ef1 #ga soci #be1 #cb solv #i1 #fh son #be1 #fh 99spec #gc sta1 sist #aa1 #ae1 #eg1 #fj1 #ga struct #bj1 #eg surrect #bj1 #ga 99tang1 tact #da 99tempor #da 99ten1 tain #db 99terr #dc thesis #be1 #bi1 #fd 99tors1 tort #gf 99tract #gg trude #ef1 #eg1 #ei une #ba1 #ci use1 uti #i1 #cb1 #ci vade #ae1 #ef 99ven #gh 99vers1 vert #gi via1 vi #ae1 #ba1 #ef1 #gd vir #ba1 #gj viv #ci1 #gj1 #gd1 #hb vol #aj1 #fg zoo #dh1 #fd 99 ,given in the ,illinois ,state ,course of ,study4 ,,index ,,to ,,prefixes4 ,page4 a 7an7 #fc a1 ab1 abs #i ad 7ac1 etc47 #di ambi1 amphi #i ante #ej anti #be auto #fd bene #aj bi #ej circum #aj con 7col1 etc47 #ea contra #aa de #eb dia #bf dis #ac en 7on7 #bf epi #fd ex 7e1 ec7 #ee extra #ad in 7im7 #ef inter #ad micro #fe non #ae mono #bh ob 7op7 #eg para #bi per #ae peri #bi post #eg pre #ah pro #ei re #bj retro #fj se #fj semi #bj sub 7suc1 etc47 #fj super #bj syn 7sym7 #bi tele #cj trans #fa tri #ba uni #be vice #fc ,,index ,,to ,,suffixes4 ,page able #cb ac #dd aceous #ff acy #cc al #ff an #cc ance #fh ary #cd ate #ce ence #fg ent #fh fy #gj ic #ch1 #hj ics #dd id #ci ile #gj ine #ga ion #ga ise #ha ist #hb ism #de ite #ga ity #ci ive #dj ment #dj oid #hb ory #gc ous #gd ulent #ge ure #ge y #de1 #ge ,,contents4 ,seventh ,year4 ,first ,month4 ,page4 ,word ,analysis #i-ac ,elementary ,sounds #he ,rule of ,spelling #ajj ,second ,month4 ,word ,analysis #ac-ah ,letters1 ,alphabet1 etc4 #hg ,rule of ,spelling #ajj ,third ,month4 ,word ,analysis #ah-bd ,vowels #hh ,rule of ,spelling #aja ,fourth ,month4 ,word ,analysis #be-bh ,consonants #hi ,rule of ,spelling #ajb ,fifth ,month4 ,word ,analysis #bh-cb ,silent ,letters--,principle #ic ,rule of ,spelling #ajb ,sixth ,month4 ,word ,analysis #cb-ch ,silent ,letters--,principle #id ,principle of ,pronunciation #if ,seventh ,month4 ,word ,analysis #ch-dc ,silent ,letters--,principle #id ,principle of ,pronunciation #ig ,eighth ,month4 ,word ,analysis #dd-dh ,silent ,letters--,principle #ie ,principle of ,pronunciation #ig ,eighth ,year4 ,first ,month4 ,word ,analysis #di-ee ,syllables #ij ,silent ,letters--,principle #ie ,second ,month4 ,word ,analysis #ee-ei ,accent #ia ,silent ,letters--,principle #ie ,third ,month4 ,word ,analysis #ei-fc ,words #ib ,silent ,letters--,principle #ie ,fourth ,month4 ,word ,analysis #fc-ff ,silent ,letters--,principle #ie ,principle of ,pronunciation #ig ,fifth ,month4 ,word ,analysis #ff-gj ,silent ,letters--,principle #if ,principle of ,pronunciation #ih ,sixth ,month4 ,word ,analysis #gj-gc ,silent ,letters--,principle #if ,principle of ,pronunciation #ih ,seventh ,month4 ,word ,analysis #gc-hj ,silent ,letters--,principle #if ,principle of ,pronunciation #ii ,eighth ,month4 ,word ,analysis #hj-hd ,silent ,letters--,principle #if ,principle of ,pronunciation #ii ,reference ,table of ,suffixes #aje ,index to ,roots1 ,prefixes1 and ,suffixes #ajf-ajg ,transcriber's notes3 ,the legend for reading accented characters3 x macron 7straight line7 above the letter x macron 7straight line7 below the letter 3x diaeresis 7umlaut7 above the letter x3 diaeresis 7umlaut7 below the letter 7x breve above the letter x7 breve below the letter x tilde above the letter x tilde below the letter -x overlay hyphen through the letter