,,! ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,p ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,augu/us ,,! ,,gif=d ,,lectures ,,= #aiji-aj ,,deliv]$ ,,9 ,,ed9burgh ,,univ]sity ,,by ,w4 ,,w>de ,,f[l]1 ,m4,a4 ,,fell[ ,,& ,,late ,,sub-,,rector ,,( ,,l9coln ,,college1 ,,ox=d ,,hon4 ,d4,,litt4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,man*e/] ,,au?or ,,( ',,! ,,roman ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,republic1' ,,etc4 ,sanctos ausus reclud]e fontes ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,/reet1 ,,london #aiaa ,,to ,,pr(essor ,w4,r4 ,,h>die ,,& ,,my ,,_m ,,o!r ,,k9d ,,fri5ds ,,& ,,fri5dly ,,he>]s ,,9 ,,ed9burgh ,,preface ,"l ,gif=d 9 f\nd+ 8 lecture%ip direct$ t ! lectures %\ld be public & popul>1 i4e4 n re/rict$ to memb]s ( a ,univ]sity4 ,accord+ly 9 lectur+ ,i endeav\r$ to make myself intelligible to a g5]al audi5ce by avoid+ mu* te*nical discussion & controv]sial matt]1 & by keep+ to ! plan ( describ+ 9 outl9e ! developm5t & decay ( ! religion ( ! ,roman ,city-/ate4 ,& on ! :ole ,i h ?\ght x bett] to keep to ?is pr9ciple 9 publi%+ ! lectures2 !y are pr9t$ = ! mo/ "p mu* z !y 7 deliv]$1 & )\t footnotes1 b at ! end ( ea* lecture /ud5ts ( ! subject w f9d ! notes ref]r$ to by ! numb]s 9 ! text1 conta9+ su* fur!r in=mation or discussion z has seem$ desirable4 ,my model 9 ?is me?od has be5 ! admirable lectures ( ,pr(4 ,cumont on les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma94 ,i wi% to make two rem>ks ab\t ! subject-matt] ( ! lectures4 ,fir/1 ! idea runn+ ?r\gh !m is t ! primitive religi\s 7or magico-religi\s7 in/9ct1 :i* 0 ! g]m ( ! religion ( ! hi/orical ,romans1 0 gradually atrophi$ by ov]-elaboration ( ritual1 b %[$ itself aga9 9 /range =ms f ! p]iod ( ! ,punic w>s onw>ds4 ,= ?is religi\s in/9ct ,i h us$ ! ,lat9 ^w religio1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi foll4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 well aw>e t "s s*ol>s take a diff]5t view ( ! orig9al mean+ ( ?is fam\s ^w1 :i* has be5 mu* discuss$ s9ce ,i =m$ my plan ( lectur+4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ^? :o diff] f me on ?is po9t w f9d t my g5]al argum5t is s]i\sly affect$ "o way or ano!r by my use ( ! ^w4 ,secondly1 :ile ,i h be5 at "w on ! lectures1 ! idea seems to h be5 sl[ly ga9+ gr\nd t ! patrician religion ( ! e>ly ,city-/ate1 :i* became s highly =malis$1 s clean & au/]e1 & ev5tually s political1 0 really ! religion ( an invad+ race1 l t ( ! ,a*aeans 9 ,greece1 engraft$ on ! religion ( a primitive & less civilis$ population4 ,i h n def9itely adopt$ ?is idea2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t a good deal ( :at ,i h said 9 ! e>li] lectures may be f\nd to support x4 ,once only1 9 ,lecture ,,xvii41 ,i h us$ x myself to support a hypo!sis !re advanc$4 ,i h reta9$ ! famili> ,engli% spell+ ( c]ta9 div9e names1 e4g4 ,jupit] 7in/ead ( ,iuppit]71 z less />tl+ to ,briti% read]s4 ,i wi% to express my v deep obligations to ! works ( ,pr(4 ,wiss[a & ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 & also to ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 :o gave me useful p]sonal help 9 my second & ?ird lectures4 ,f ,pr(4 ,wiss[a & ,dr4 ,fraz] ,i h _h ! mis=tune to diff] on "o or two po9ts2 b diff]5ce ( op9ion is ! salt ( life1 z a great s*ol> said to me n long ago4 ,9 read+ ! pro(s ,i h _h mu* k9d & valuable help f my ,ox=d fri5ds ,mr4 ,cyril ,bailey & ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,l4 ,f>quh>son1 :o h read c]ta9 p>ts ( ! "w1 & to ^: sugge/ions ,i am greatly indebt$4 ,! :ole has be5 read ?r\gh by my old pupil ,mr4 ,hugh ,p>r1 n[ ( ,clifton ,college1 to :om my be/ ?anks are due = 8 timely discov]y ( _m mispr9ts & awkw>d expressions4 ,! loyalty & goodwill ( my old ,ox=d pupils nev] seem to fail me4 ,w4 ,w4 ,f4 ,k+ham1 ,oxon1 #crd ,m>* #aiaa4 ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,i ,,introductory ,,page ,acc\nts ( ! ,roman religion 9 rec5t /&>d works2 a h>d & highly =malis$ sy/em4 ,its int]e/ lies p>tly 9 ?is fact4 ,h[ did x come to be s8 ,?is ! ma9 "q ( ! fir/ epo* ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,roman religion & ,roman law comp>$4 ,roman religion a te*nical subject4 ,:at we mean by religion4 ,a useful def9ition appli$ to ! plan ( ,lectures ,i4-,x42 includ+ 7#a7 survivals ( primitive or quasi-magical religion2 7#b7 ! religion ( ! agricultural family2 7#c7 t ( ! ,city-/ate1 9 its simple/ =m1 & 9 its fir/ p]iod ( expansion4 ,difficulties ( ! subject2 pres5t position ( k & criticism4 ,help obta9able f 7#a7 ar*aeology1 7#b7 an?ropology #a-bc ,,lecture ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,?re%old ,,( ,,religion3 ,,survivals ,survivals at ,rome ( previ\s eras ( quasi-religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,totemism n disc]nible4 ,taboo1 & ! means adopt$ ( escap+ f x2 bo? surviv$ at ,rome into an age ( real religion4 ,examples3 impurity 7or hol9ess7 ( new-born infants2 ( a corpse2 ( wom5 9 c]ta9 wor%ips2 ( /rang]s2 ( crim9als4 ,almo/ complete abs5ce ( blood-taboo4 ,iron4 ,/range taboos on ! prie/ ( ,jupit] & 8 wife4 ,holy or taboo$ places2 holy or taboo$ days2 ! ^w religiosus z appli$ to bo? ( ^! #bd-df ,,lecture ,,iii ,,on ,,! ,,?re%old ,,( ,,religion3 ,,magic ,magic2 di/9ction betwe5 magic & religion4 ,religi\s au?orities seek to exclude magic1 & did s at ,rome4 ,few survivals ( magic 9 ! ,/ate religion4 ,! aquaelicium4 ,ve/als & runaway slaves4 ,! magical :ipp+ at ! ,lup]calia4 ,! ?r[+ ( puppets f ! pons sublicius4 ,magical processes surviv+ 9 religi\s ritual ) _! mean+ lo/4 ,private magic3 excantatio 9 ! ,,xii4 ,tables2 o!r spells or c>m9a4 ,amulets3 ! bulla2 oscilla #dg-fg ,,lecture ,,iv ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,family ,cont9uity ( ! religion ( ! ,lat9 agricultural family4 ,:at ! family 02 its relation to ! g5s4 ,! familia z settl$ on ! l&1 an economic unit1 embodi$ 9 a pagus4 ,! h\se z ! religi\s c5tre ( ! familia2 its holy places4 ,ve/a1 ,p5ates1 ,g5ius1 & ! _s ( ! doorway4 ,! ,l> famili>is on ! l&4 ,fe/ival ( ! ,l> belongs to ! religion ( ! pagus3 o!r fe/ivals ( ! pagus4 ,religio t]m9orum4 ,religion ( ! h\sehold3 m>riage1 *ildbir?1 burial & cult ( ! dead #fh-ia ,,lecture ,v ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,numa ,beg9n+s ( ! ,city-/ate3 ! oppidum4 ,! e>lie/ hi/orical ,rome1 ! city ( ! f\r regions2 to ?is belongs ! surviv+ religi\s cal5d>4 ,?is cal5d> describ$2 ! basis ( our k ( e>ly ,roman religion4 ,x expresses a life agricultural1 political1 & milit>y4 ,days ( gods di/+ui%$ f days ( man4 ,agricultural life ! real basis ( ! cal5d>2 gradual effacem5t ( x4 ,results ( a fix$ r\t9e 9 cal5d>2 discipl9e1 religi\s confid5ce4 ,exclusion f x ( ! b>b>\s & grotesque4 ,dec5cy & ord] "u an organis+ prie/ly au?ority #ib-aac ,,lecture ,,vi ,,! ,,div9e ,,objects ,,( ,,wor%ip ,s\rces ( k ab\t ,roman deities4 ,:at did ! ,romans !mselves "k ab\t !m8 ,no p]sonal deity 9 ! religion ( ! family4 ,^? ( ! ,city-/ate are num9a1 m>k+ a transition f animism to poly!ism4 ,mean+ ( num54 ,importance ( names1 :i* are *iefly adjectival1 m>k+ functional activity4 ,tellus an exception4 ,importance ( prie/s 9 developm5t ( dei4 ,! f\r great ,roman gods & _! prie/s3 ,janus1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,quir9us4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ea* ( ^! 9 e>lie/ ,rome4 ,juno & ! difficulties %e pres5ts4 ,ve/a #aad-add ,,lecture ,,vii ,,! ,,deities ,,( ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,religion3 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,no temples 9 ! e>lie/ ,rome2 mean+ ( fanum1 ara1 lucus1 sacellum4 ,no images ( gods 9 ^! places1 until end ( regal p]iod4 ,?us deities n conceiv$ z p]sons4 ,?\gh mascul9e & fem99e !y 7 n m>ri$ pairs2 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s op9ion on ?is po9t4 ,exam9ation ( 8 evid5ce d]iv$ f ! libri sac]dotum2 mean+ ( ,n]io ,m>tis4 ,su* comb9ations ( names sugge/ =ms or manife/ations ( a deity's activity1 n likely to gr[ into p]sonal deities )\t ,greek help4 ,mean+ ( pat] & mat] appli$ to deities2 procreation n indicat$ by !m4 ,! deities ( ! ,indigitam5ta2 prie/ly inv5tions ( a lat] age4 ,us5]'s !ory ( ,sond]goett] criticis$ s f> z x applies to ,rome #ade-afh ,,lecture ,,viii ,,ritual ,,( ,,! ,,ius ,,div9um ,ma9 object ( ius div9um to keep up ! pax deorum2 mean+ ( pax 9 ?is phrase4 ,means t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( ! pax3 sacrifice & pray]1 fulfilm5t ( v[s1 lu/ratio1 div9ation4 ,mean+ ( sacrificium4 ,little trace ( sacram5tal sacrifice4 ,typical sacrifice ( ius div9um3 bo? prie/ & victim mu/ be acceptable to ! deity2 means tak5 to secure ?is4 ,ritual ( slaught]3 exam9ation & porrectio ( entrails4 ,pray]2 ! phrase ,macte e/o & its importance 9 expla9+ ,roman sacrifice4 ,magical survivals 9 ,roman & ,italian pray]s2 yet !y are ess5tially religi\s #afi-aii ,,lecture ,,ix ,,ritual 7cont9u$7 ,vota 7v[s7 h sugge/$ ! idea t ,roman wor%ip 0 b>ga9+4 ,exam9ation ( private v[s1 :i* d n prove ?is2 ( public v[s1 :i* 9 "s degree d s4 ,moral elem5ts 9 bo? ^!4 ,o!r =ms ( v[3 evocatio & devotio4 ,lu/ratio3 mean+ ( lu/r>e 9 successive /ages ( ,roman exp]i5ce4 ,lu/ratio ( ! f>m & pagus2 ( ! city2 ( ! p 7at ,rome & ,iguvium72 ( ! army2 ( ! arms & trumpets ( ! army3 mean+ ( lu/ratio 9 ^! la/ cases1 bo? be=e & aft] a campaign #bjj-bbb ,,lecture ,x ,,! ,,fir/ ,,arrival ,,( ,,new ,,cults ,,9 ,,rome ,recapitulation ( =ego+ lectures4 ,weak po9t ( ! organis$ ,/ate religion3 x disc\rag$ individual developm5t4 ,its moral influ5ce ma9ly a discipl9>y "o2 & x hypnotis$ ! religi\s in/9ct4 ,gr[? ( a new population at end ( regal p]iod1 also ( trade & indu/ry4 ,new deities f abroad repres5t ^! *anges3 ,h]cules ( ,ara ,maxima2 ,ca/or & ,pollux2 ,m9]va4 ,diana ( ! ,av5t9e reflects a new relation ) ,latium4 ,"q z to ! real religi\s influ5ce ( ^! deities4 ,! ,capitol9e temple ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va1 ( ,etruscan orig94 ,mean+ ( cult-titles ,optimus ,maximus1 & significance ( ?is great ,jupit] 9 ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce #bbc-bdg ,,lecture ,,xi ,,contact ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,9 ,,religion ,plan ( ?is & foll[+ lectures4 ,! =malis$ ,roman religion meets ) p]ils1 mat]ial & moral1 & ultimately proves inadequate4 ,subject ( ?is lecture1 ! introduction ( ,greek deities & rites2 b fir/ a pro( t ! ,romans 7 a really religi\s p2 evid5ce f lit]ature1 f wor%ip1 f ! practice ( public life1 & f ,lat9 religi\s vocabul>y4 ,temple ( ,c]es1 ,lib]1 ,lib]a 7,demet]1 ,dionysus1 ,p]sephone72 its importance = ! date ( ,sibyll9e influ5ce at ,rome4 ,nature ( ?is influ5ce2 h[ & :5 x rea*$ ,rome4 ,! keep]s ( ! ,sibyll9e books2 new cults introduc$ by !m4 ,new rites3 lecti/]nia & supplicationes1 _! mean+ & hi/orical importance #bdh-bfi ,,lecture ,,xii ,,! ,,pontifices ,,& ,,! ,,secul>isation ,,( ,,religion ,hi/orical facts ab\t ! ,pontifices 9 ?is p]iod2 a p[]ful exclusive collegium tak+ *>ge ( ! ius div9um4 ,! legal side ( _! "w2 !y adm9i/]$ ! olde/ rules ( law1 :i* belong$ to t ius4 ,new ideas ( law aft] ,etruscan p]iod2 increas+ social complexity & its effect on legal matt]s2 result1 publication ( rules ( law1 civil & religi\s1 9 ,,xii4 ,tables1 & abolition ( legal monopoly ( ,pontifices4 ,b !y keep control ( 7#a7 proc$ure1 7#b7 int]pretation1 till end ( f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,publication ( ,fa/i & ,legis actiones2 ! college op5$ to ,plebeians4 ,"w ( ,pontifices 9 ?ird c5tury3 7#a7 admission ( new deities1 7#b7 compilation ( annals1 7#c7 collection ( religi\s =mulae4 ,g5]al result2 =malisation ( religion2 & secul>isation ( pontifical influ5ce #bgj-bia ,,lecture ,,xiii ,,! ,,augurs ,,& ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,div9ation ,div9ation a univ]sal practice3 its relation to magic4 ,want ( a compreh5sive treatm5t ( x4 ,its object at ,rome3 to assure oneself ( ! pax deorum2 b x 0 ! mo/ futile me?od us$4 ,private div9ation2 limit$ & disc\rag$ by ! ,/ate1 except 9 ! =m ( family auspicia4 ,public div9ation2 auspicia ne$$ 9 all ,/ate op]ations2 close connection ) imp]ium4 ,! augurs 7 skill$ advis]s ( ! magi/rates1 b c\ld n !mselves take ! auspices4 ,probable result ( ?is3 ,rome escap$ subjection to a hi]>*y4 ,augurs & auspicia become politically important1 b cease to belong to religion4 ,/ate div9ation a clog on political progress4 ,s9i/] influ5ce on ,rome ( ,etruscan div9ation2 hi/ory ( ! h>uspices #bib-cac ,,lecture ,,xiv ,,! ,,hannibalic ,,w> ,t5d5cy t[>ds contempt ( religi\s =ms 9 ?ird c5tury ,b4,c42 disappe>s dur+ ?is w>4 ,religio 9 ! old s5se takes its place1 i4e4 fe> & anxiety4 ,?is takes ! =m ( report+ prodigia2 acc\nt ( ^! 9 #bah ,b4,c41 & ( ! prescriptions suppli$ by ,sibyll9e books4 ,fre% outbreak ( religio aft] battle ( ,trasim5e2 lecti/]nium ( #baf1 )\t di/9ction ( ,greek & ,roman deities2 importance ( ?is4 ,religi\s panic aft] battle ( ,cannae2 extraord9>y religi\s measures1 includ+ human sacrifice4 ,embassy to ,delphi & its result2 symptoms ( r5ew$ confid5ce4 ,b fre% & al>m+ outbreak 9 #bac2 met ) rem>kable skill4 ,in/itution ( ,apoll9e games4 ,summ>y ( religi\s hi/ory 9 la/ ye>s ( ! w>2 gratitude to ! gods aft] battle ( ,metaurus4 ,arrival ( ! ,great ,"m ( ,phrygia at ,rome4 ,hannibal leaves ,italy #cad-ccd ,,lecture ,,xv ,,aft] ,,! ,,hannibalic ,,w> ,religion us$ to support ,s5atorial policy 9 decl>+ w> 7#a7 ) ,philip ( ,mac$on1 7#b7 ) ,antio*us ( ,syria2 b ?is is n ! old religion4 ,use ( prodigia & ,sibyll9e oracles to secure political & p]sonal objects2 mis*ief caus$ 9 ?is way4 ,gr[? ( individualism2 rebellion ( ! individual aga9/ ! ius div9um4 ,examples ( ?is f ! hi/ory ( ! prie/hoods2 /range /ory ( a ,flam5 ,dialis4 ,! /ory ( ! introduction ( ,bac*ic rites 9 #ahf ,b4,c42 int]f]5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,magi/rates1 & significance ( ?is4 ,/range attempt to propagate ,py?agoreanism2 ?is also dealt ) by ! gov]nm5t4 ,influ5ce ( ,ennius & ,plautus1 & ( translations f ,greek com$y1 on ! dy+ ,roman religion #cce-cef ,,lecture ,,xvi ,,greek ,,philosophy ,,& ,,roman ,,religion ,religi\s de/itution ( ! ,roman 9 second c5tury ,b4,c4 9 reg>d to 7#a7 8 idea ( ,god1 7#b7 8 s5se ( ,duty4 ,no help f ,epicurism1 :i* provid$ no religi\s sanction = conduct2 ,lucretius1 & ,epicurean idea ( ! ,div9e4 ,arrival ( ,/oicism at ,rome2 ,panaetius & ! ,scipionic circle4 ,"* ( ,scipio4 ,! religi\s side ( ,/oicism2 x tea*es a new doctr9e ( ! relation ( man to ,god4 ,/oic idea ( ,god z ,reason1 & z p]vad+ ! univ]se2 adju/m5t ( ?is to ,roman idea ( num9a4 ,/oic idea ( ,man z possess+ ,reason1 & s p>tak+ ! ,div9e nature4 ,influ5ce ( ^! two ideas on ! be/ type ( ,roman2 !y appeal to 8 idea ( ,duty1 & ennoble 8 idea ( ,law4 ,weak po9ts 9 ,roman ,/oicism3 7#a7 doctr9e ( ,w1 7#b7 neglect ( emotions & sympa?y4 ,x fail$ to r\se an en?usiasm ( humanity #ceg-cgi ,,lecture ,,xvii ,,my/icism--,,ideas ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life ,e>ly ,py?agoreanism 9 ,s4 ,italy2 its reappe>ance 9 la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 "u ! influ5ce ( ,posidonius1 :o comb9$ ,/oicism ) ,platonic ,py?agoreanism4 ,cic]o affect$ by ?is revival2 8 ,somnium ,scipionis & o!r lat] works4 ,8 my/icism takes practical =m on ! dea? ( 8 daught]2 lett]s to ,atticus ab\t a fanum4 ,individualisation ( ! ,manes2 fre$om ( belief on su* que/ions4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ,cic]o's t5d5cy to my/icism at ?is "t 7#de ,b4,c471 & 8 belief 9 a future life4 ,b did ! ord9>y ,roman s believe8 ,"q :e!r he really believ$ 9 ! torm5ts ( ,hades4 ,probability ( ?is3 explanation to be f\nd 9 ! influ5ce ( ,etruscan art & ,greek plays on primitive ,roman ideas ( ! dead4 ,my/icism 9 ! =m ( a/rology2 ,nigidius ,figulus #chj-djb ,,lecture ,,xviii ,,religi\s ,,feel+ ,,9 ,,! ,,poems ,,( ,,virgil ,virgil sums up ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce1 & comb9es x ) hope = ! future4 ,s5se ( depression 9 8 day2 want ( sympa?y & goodwill t[>ds m54 ,virgil's sympa!tic outlook2 %[n 9 8 treatm5t ( animals1 ,italian sc5]y1 man's lab\r1 & man's wor%ip4 ,8 idea ( pietas4 ,! !me ( ! ,a5eid2 ,rome's mission 9 ! _w1 & ! pietas ne$$ to c>ry x out4 ,developm5t ( ! "* ( ,a5eas2 8 pietas imp]fect 9 ! fir/ six books1 p]fect$ 9 ! la/ six1 result+ 9 a balance betwe5 ! ideas ( ! ,individual & ! ,/ate4 ,illu/ration ( ?is f ! poem4 ,importance ( ,book vi41 :i* describes ! ordeal de/9$ to p]fect ! pietas ( ! h]o4 ,! s5se ( ,duty nev] aft]w>ds des]ts him2 8 pietas enl>g$ 9 a religi\s s5se #djc-dbg ,,lecture ,,xix ,,! ,,augu/an ,,revival ,connection ( ,augu/us & ,virgil4 ,augu/us aims at re-e/abli%+ ! national pietas1 & secur+ ! pax deorum by means ( ! ius div9um4 ,h[ ?is =m$ "p ( 8 political plans4 ,temple re/oration & its practical result4 ,revival ( ! anci5t ritual2 illu/rat$ f ! records ( ! ,arval ,bre?r54 ,! new elem5t 9 x2 ,caes>-wor%ip2 b ,augu/us 0 cont5t ) ! hon\r ( re-e/abli%+ ! pax deorum4 ,celebration ( ?is 9 ! ,ludi saecul>es1 #ag ,b4,c4 ,our detail$ k ( ?is fe/ival2 mean+ ( saeculum2 description ( ! ludi1 & illu/ration ( _! mean+ f ! ,c>m5 saecul>e ( ,horace4 ,discussion ( ! p]=mance ( ?is hymn by ! *oirs ( boys & girls #dbh-dea ,,lecture ,,xx ,,conclusion ,religi\s +r$i5ts 9 ,roman soil likely to be utilis$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,/oic +r$i5t2 revelation ( ! ,univ]sal1 & ennobl+ ( ,individual4 ,! contribution ( ,my/icism2 prep>ation = ,*ri/ian es*atology4 ,! contribution ( ,virgil2 sympa?y & s5se ( ,duty4 ,! contribution ( ,roman religion prop]3 7#a7 sane & ord]ly "* ( ritual1 7#b7 practical "* ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity visible 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s1 7#c7 a religi\s vocabul>y1 e4g4 religio1 pietas1 sanctus1 sacram5tum4 ,b all ?is is b a slight contribution2 ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & all t prec$$ x 9 ,italy2 illu/ration f ! language ( ,/4 ,paul #deb-dgb ,,app5dix ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,huts ,,or ,,boo?s ,,9 ,,religi\s ,,ritual #dgc ,,ii4 ,,pr(4 ,,deubn]',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,lup]calia #dgh ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pairs ,,( ,,deities ,,9 ,,gellius xiii4 #bc #dha ,,iv4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,usage ,,( ,,! ,,words ,,ius ,,& ,,fas #dhf ,v4 ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,sacr$ ,,ut5sils #dhi ,,index #dia ,,lecture ,i ,,introductory ,i 0 invit$ to prep>e ^! lectures1 on ,"l ,gif=d's f\ndation1 z "o :o has made a special /udy ( ! religi\s ideas & practice ( ! ,roman p4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! subject has n be5 t\*$ ^u z yet by any ,gif=d lectur]4 ,we are 9 ^! days int]e/$ 9 e =m ( religion1 f ! mo/ rudim5t>y to ! mo/ highly develop$2 f ! ideas ( ! aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 :i* h n[ become ! common prop]ty ( an?ropologi/s1 to ! e?ical & spiritual religions ( civilis$ man4 ,yet x is rem>kable h[ few /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 ap>t f "o or two speciali/s1 h be5 able to f9d any?+ in/ructive 9 ! religion ( ! ,romans--( ! ,romans1 ,i mean1 z di/+ui%$ f t va/ collection ( races & nationalities :i* ev5tually came to be call$ by ! "n ( ,rome4 ,at ! ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions held at ,ox=d 9 #aijh1 out ( scores ( pap]s read & (f]$1 n m ?an "o or two ev5 t\*$ on ! e>ly religi\s ideas ( ! mo/ practical & p[]ful p t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,?is is due1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! fact t j :5 ,roman hi/ory beg9s to be ( absorb+ int]e/1 & fairly well sub/antiat$ by evid5ce1 ! ,roman religion1 z religion1 has already begun to lose its vitality1 its purity1 its efficacy4 ,x has become ov]laid ) =eign rites & ideas1 & x has also become a religi\s monopoly ( ! ,/ate2 ( :i* ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic1 z ,momms5 has well put x1 & z we %all see lat] on1 0 ! consci\s ret5tion ( ! pr9ciples ( ! popul> belief1 :i* 7 recognis$ z irrational1 = reasons ( outw>d conv5i5ce4#a ,x 0 n unlike ! religion ( ! ,jews 9 ! p]iod imm$iately be=e ! ,captivity1 & x 0 nev] to pr(it by ! ref9+ & *a/5+ influ5ce ( su* l5g?y suff]+4 ,9 ?is lat] condition x has n be5 attractive to /ud5ts ( religi\s hi/ory2 & to p5etrate f>!r back into ! real religi\s ideas ( ! g5u9e ,roman p is a task v f> f easy1 ( :i* inde$ ! difficulties only seem to increase z we become m famili> ) x4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 too1 t z a consequ5ce ( ?is unattractiv5ess1 ! acc\nts giv5 9 /&>d works ( ! g5]al features ( ?is religion are r *ill+ & repell5t4 ,m ?an fifty ye>s ago1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,roman ,hi/ory1 ,momms5 s treat$ ( x--n inde$ )\t "s res]vation1--& 9 ?is matt]1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 8 view rema9$ = _m ye>s ! dom9ant "o4 ,he look$ at ?is religion1 z 0 natural to him1 f ! po9t ( view ( law2 9 religion z su* he _h no p>ticul> int]e/4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 x 0 = him1 except 9 s f> z x is connect$ ) ,roman law1 ! lea/ int]e/+ "p ( all 8 f>-rea*+ ,roman /udies4 ,m rec5t writ]s ( cr$it & ability h foll[$ 8 lead1 & /ress has be5 laid on ! legal side ( religion at ,rome2 x has be5 describ$ ov] & ov] aga9 z m]ely a sy/em ( contracts betwe5 gods & wor%ipp]s1 secur$ by h>d & lit]al =malism1 & )\t e?ical value or any native pr9ciple ( gr[?4 ,q rec5tly1 = example1 s great an au?ority z ,pr(essor ,cumont has writt5 ( x ?us3-- ,il n'a peut etre jamais exi/e aucune religion aussi froide1 aussi prosaique que celle des ,roma9s4 ,subordonnee a la politique1 elle *]*e avant t\t1 p> la /ricte execution de pratiques appropriees1 a assur] a l',etat la protection des dieux ou a det\rn] les effets de leur malveillance4 ,elle a conclu avec les puissances cele/es un contrat synallagmatique d'ou dec\l5t des obligations reciproques3 sacrifices d'une "p1 faveurs de l'autre4444 ,sa liturgie rappelle p> la m9utie de ses prescriptions l'anci5 droit civil4 ,cette religion se defie des ab&ons de l'ame et des elans de la devotion4 ,& he f9i%es 8 description by quot+ a few words ( ! late ,m4 ,jean ,reville3 ,! legalism ( ! ,ph>isees1 9 spite ( ! dryness ( _! rituali/ic m9utiae1 c\ld make ! he>t vibrate m ?an ! =malism ( ! ,romans4#b ,n[ x is n = me to d5y ! tru? ( su* /atem5ts z ?is1 ?\gh ,i might be dispos$ to say t x is r approximate ?an complete tru? z "h express$1 does n sum up ! :ole /ory1 & only holds good = a s+le epo* ( ?is religi\s hi/ory4 ,b surely1 = anyone int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 a religi\s sy/em ( su* an unusual k9d1 ) *>act]i/ics s well m>k$1 mu/1 "o w\ld suppose1 be itself an attractive subject4 ,a religion t becomes highly =malis$ claims att5tion by ?is v *>act]i/ic4 ,at "o "t1 h[ev] f> back1 x mu/ h accurately express$ ! ne$s & ! aspirations ( ! ,roman p 9 _! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x is obvi\sly1 z describ$ by ! writ]s ,i h quot$1 a v mature gr[?1 a highly develop$ sy/em2 & ! /ory1 if we c\ld recov] x1 ( ! way 9 :i* x came to be ?us =malis$1 %\ld be "o ( ! deepe/ int]e/ = /ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,ano!r /ory1 too1 t ( ! gradual discov]y ( ! inadequacy ( ?is sy/em1 & ( ! engraft+ ^u x1 or sub/itution = x1 ( =eign rites & beliefs1 is assur$ly n less in/ructive2 & "h1 =tunately1 our records make ! task ( tell+ x an easi] "o4 ,n[ ^! two /ories1 tak5 toge!r1 sum up :at we may call ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman p2 & z x is ^u ^! t ,i wi% to conc5trate y\r att5tion dur+ ?is & ! foll[+ c\rse1 ,i h call$ ^! lectures by t "n4 ,my plan is n to provide an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! details ( ! ,roman wor%ip or ( ! nature ( ! ,roman gods3 t c be f\nd 9 ! works ( c>efully tra9$ speciali/s1 ( :om ,i %all h some?+ to say pres5tly4 ,m 9 accordance ) ! int5tions ( ! ,f\nd] ( ^! lectures1 ,i ?9k1 w be an attempt to foll[ out1 ) su* detail$ comm5t z may be necess>y1 ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans1 z an important "p ( _! hi/ory4 ,& ?is happ5s to co9cide ) my own incl9ation & tra9+2 = ,i h be5 all my academic life occupi$ 9 le>n+ & tea*+ ,roman hi/ory1 & ! fasc9ation :i* ! /udy ( ! ,roman religion has long _h = me is simply due to ?is fact4 ,:atev] may be ! case ) o!r religions1 x is impossible to ?9k ( t ( ! ,romans z deta*$ f _! hi/ory z a :ole2 x is an integral "p ( ! life & gr[? ( ! p4 ,an adequate k ( ,roman hi/ory1 ) all its difficulties & d\bts1 is ! only sci5tific basis = ! /udy ( ,roman religion1 j z an adequate k ( ,jewi% hi/ory is ! only sci5tific basis = a /udy ( ,jewi% religion4 ,! same rule mu/ hold good 9 a great] or less degree ) all o!r =ms ( religion ( ! high] type1 & ev5 :5 we are deal+ ) ! religi\s ideas ( savage peoples x is well to be> x /eadfa/ly 9 m9d4 ,i may be excus$ = sugge/+ t 9 works on comp>ative religion & morals ?is pr9ciple is n always suffici5tly realis$1 & t ! panorama ( religi\s or quasi-religi\s practice f all p>ts ( ! _w1 & f\nd among peoples ( v diff]5t /ages ( developm5t1 ) :i* we are n[ s famili>1 ne$s con/ant te/+ by increas$ k ( ^? peoples 9 all _! relations ( life4 ,at any rate1 9 deal+ ) ,roman evid5ce ! inve/igator ( religi\s hi/ory %\ld also be a /ud5t ( ,roman hi/ory g5]ally1 = ! facts ( ,roman life1 public & private1 are all closely concat5at$ toge!r1 & spr+ ) an organic gr[? f ! same root4 ,! bran*es t5d to sep>ate1 b ! tree is ( regul> gr[?1 compact 9 all its p>ts1 & y _c safely conc5trate y\r att5tion on "o ( ^! p>ts to ! comp>ative neglect ( ! re/4 ,conv]sely1 too1 ! great /ory ( ! rise & decay ( ! ,roman dom9ion _c be prop]ly und]/ood )\t foll[+ out ! religi\s hi/ory ( ?is p--_! religi\s exp]i5ce1 z ,i pref] to call x4 ,to take an example ( ?is1 let me rem9d y ( two lead+ facts 9 ,roman hi/ory3 fir/1 ! /r5g? & t5acity ( ! family z a gr\p "u ! absolute gov]nm5t ( ! pat]familias2 secondly1 ! /r5g? & t5acity ( ! idea ( ! ,/ate z repres5t$ by ! imp]ium ( its magi/rates4 ,h[ diff]5t 9 ^! respects are ! ,romans f ! ,celts1 ! ,sc&9avians1 ev5 f ! ,greeks6 ,b ^! two facts are 9 great measure ! result ( ! religi\s ideas ( ! p1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !y !mselves react ) a/oni%+ =ce on ! =tunes ( t religion4 ,i d n inde$ wi% to be und]/ood z ma9ta9+ t ! religion ( ! ,roman 0 ! mo/ important elem5t 9 8 m5tal or civic developm5t3 f> f x4 ,i %\ld be ! fir/ to conc$e t ! religi\s elem5t 9 ! ,roman m9d 0 n t "p ( x :i* has left ! deepe/ impress on hi/ory1 or contribut$ mu*1 except 9 ext]nals1 to our mod]n ideas ( ! ,div9e & ( wor%ip4 ,x is n1 z ,roman law 01 ! "o great contribution ( ! ,roman g5ius to ! evolution ( humanity4 ,b ,roman law & ,roman religion sprang f ! same root2 !y 7 inde$ 9 orig9 "o & ! same ?+4 ,religi\s law 0 a "p ( ! ius civile1 & bo? 7 orig9ally adm9i/]$ by ! same au?ority1 ! ,rex4 ,foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! two side by side = a few c5turies1 we come ^u an a/oni%+ ph5om5on1 :i* ,i w m5tion n[ 7x w meet u aga97 z %[+ h[ f> m int]e/ c be ar\s$ 9 our subject if we are fully equipp$ z ,roman hi/orians ?an if we 7 to /udy ! religion alone1 torn f ! liv+ body ( ! ,/ate1 & plac$ on ! dissect+-bo>d by itself4 ,z ! ,/ate grew 9 population & importance1 & came into contact1 fri5dly or ho/ile1 ) o!r peoples1 bo? ! religion & ! law ( ! ,/ate 7 call$ ^u to exp&1 & !y did s4 ,b !y did s 9 diff]5t ways2 ,roman law exp&$ organically & int5sively1 absorb+ into its own body ! exp]i5ce & practice ( o!r peoples1 :ile ,roman religion exp&$ me*anically & ext5sively1 by tak+ on ! deities & wor%ip ( o!rs )\t any organic *ange ( its own be+4 ,j z ! ,engli% language has be5 able to absorb words ( ,lat9 orig91 ?r\gh its e>ly contact ) ,fr5*1 into ! v tissue & fibre ( its be+1 :ile ,g]man has = c]ta9 reasons nev] be5 able to d ?is1 b has adopt$ !m z /rang]s only1 )\t mak+ !m its v own3 s ,roman law contriv$ to take into its own be+ ! rules & practices ( /rang]s1 :ile ,roman religion1 ?\gh x ev5tually admitt$ ! ideas & cults ( ,greeks & o!rs1 did s )\t tak+ !m by a dige/ive process into its own sy/em4 ,_h ! law ( ,rome rema9$ z inela/ic z ! religion1 ! ,roman p w\ld h advanc$ z little 9 civilisation z ^? races :i* embrac$ ! fai? ( ,islam1 ) its law & religion alike imp]meable to any *ange4#c ,"h is a ph5om5on t at once attracts att5tion & sugge/s que/ions n easy to answ]4 ,:y is x t ! ,roman religion c nev] h ! same int]e/ & value = mank9d z ,roman law8 ,i hope t we %all f9d an answ] to ?is "q 9 ! c\rse ( our /udies3 at ?is mom5t ,i only propose x z an example ( ! advantage ga9$ = ! /udy ( "o dep>tm5t ( ,roman life & ?\ght by a pretty complete equipm5t 9 ! k ( o!rs4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ rememb] t ! religion ( ! ,romans is a highly te*nical subject1 l ,roman law1 ! ,roman con/itution1 & almo/ ev]y?+ else ,roman2 x calls = special k z well z a suffici5t tra9+ 9 ,roman in/itutions g5]ally4 ,ea* ( ^! ,roman subjects is l a language ) a delicate accid5ce1 :i* is always pres5t+ ! unw>y ) pitfalls into :i* !y are sure to blund] unless !y h a ?or\gh ma/]y ( x4 ,i c\ld m5tion a book full ( valuable ?\ghts ab\t ! relation to ,paganism ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 by a s*ol> at once le>n$ & sympa!tic2#d :o :5 he happ5s to deal = a mom5t ) ! old ,roman religion1 is inaccurate & mislead+ at e po9t4 ,he knew1 = example1 t ?is religion is built on ! f\ndation ( ! wor%ip ( ! family1 b he yield$ to ! temptation to assume t ! family 9 heav5 0 a c\nt]p>t ( ! family on e>?1 z x might be se5 9 any palace ( ! ,roman nobility4 ,jupit] & ,juno1 he says1 7 ! "l & lady1 & b5ea? !m 0 an army ( (fic]s1 att5dants1 m9i/]s1 ( e rank & degree4 ,su* a description ( ! pan!on ( 8 religion w\ld h utt]ly puzzl$ a ,roman1 ev5 9 ! lat] days ( !ological syncretism4 ,aga9 he says t ?is religion 0 /rongly moral2 t ! gods gave e man 8 duty1 & expect$ him to p]=m x4 ,"h aga9 no ,roman ( hi/orical times1 or inde$ ( any age1 c\ld h all[$ ?is to be 8 cre$4 ,_h x really be5 s1 n only ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman religion1 b t ( ! ,roman /ate1 w\ld h be5 v diff]5t f :at x actually 04 ,! pr9ciples !n on :i* ,i wi% to proce$ 9 ^! lectures are--7#a7 to keep ! subject 9 cont9ual t\* ) ,roman hi/ory & ! developm5t ( ! ,roman /ate2 7#b7 to ex]cise all possible c>e & accuracy 9 deal+ ) ! te*nical matt]s ( ! religion itself4 ,i may n[ g on to expla9 m exactly ! plan ,i propose to foll[4 ,x w greatly assi/ me 9 ?is explanation if ,i beg9 by mak+ cle> :at ,i und]/&1 = our pres5t purposes1 by ! ^w religion4 ,!re h be5 _m def9itions prop\nd$--m 9 rec5t ye>s ?an ev] be=e1 ow+ to ! recognition ( ! /udy ( religion z a dep>tm5t ( an?ropology4 ,controv]sies are go+ on :i* call = new def9itions1 & x is only by sl[ degrees t we are arriv+ at any common und]/&+ z to ! real ess5tial ?+ or fact = :i* we %\ld res]ve ?is fam\s ^w1 & o!r words closely connect$ ) x1 e4g4 ! sup]natural4 ,we are /ill disput+1 = example1 z to ! relation ( religion to magic1 & !re=e z to ! exact mean+ to be attribut$ to ea* ( ^! t]ms4 ,among ! _m def9itions ( religion :i* ,i h met )1 !re is "o :i* seems to me to be p>ticul>ly helpful = our pres5t purposes2 x is contribut$ by an ,am]ican inve/igator4 ,religion is ! effective desire to be 9 "r relation to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4#e ,dr4 ,fraz]'s def9ition is n diff]5t 9 ess5tials3 ,by religion ,i und]/& a propitiation or conciliation ( p[]s sup]ior to man :i* are believ$ to direct & control ! c\rse ( nature & ( human life2#f only t "h ! ^w is us$ ( acts ( wor%ip r ?an ( ! feel+ or desire t prompts !m4 ,! def9ition ( ! late ,m4 ,jean ,reville1 9 a *apt] on ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 writt5 ne> ! end ( 8 valuable life1 is 9 my view ne>] ! m>k1 & m compreh5sive4 ,religion1 he says1 is ess5tially a pr9ciple ( life1 ! feel+ ( a liv+ relation betwe5 ! human individual & ! p[]s or p[] ( :i* ! univ]se is ! manife/ation4 ,:at *>act]ises ea* religion is its way ( look+ ^u ?is relation & its me?od ( apply+ x4#g ,& a little fur!r on he writes3 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ?is feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u ! univ]se is ! root ( all religion4 ,b ?is is n s succ9ct z ! def9ition :i* ,i quot$ fir/1 & x introduces at lea/ "o t]m1 ! individual1 :i*1 = c]ta9 good reasons1 ,i ?9k x w be bett] = u to avoid 9 /udy+ ! e>ly ,roman religi\s ideas4 ,religion is ! effective desire to be 9 "r relations ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,?is has ! advantage ( treat+ religion z prim>ily & ess5tially a feel+1 an in/9ctive desire1 & ! ^w effective1 skilfully introduc$1 sugge/s t ?is feel+ manife/s itself 9 c]ta9 actions und]tak5 9 ord] to secure a desir$ end4 ,aga91 ! phrase "r relations seems to me well *os51 & bett] ?an ! liv+ relation ( ,m4 ,reville1 :i* if appli$ to ! religions ( antiquity c only be und]/ood 9 a sacram5tal s5se1 & is n obvi\sly s int5d$4 ,"r relation w cov] all religi\s feel+1 f ! mo/ mat]ial to ! mo/ spiritual4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( ! #aai? ,psalm1 ! high-wat] m>k ( ! religi\s feel+ ( ! mo/ religi\s p ( antiquity2 x is a magnific5t decl>ation ( con=mity to ! w ( ,god1 i4e4 ( ! desire to be 9 "r relation to ,him1 to ,8 /atutes1 judgm5ts1 laws1 comm&s1 te/imonies1 righte\sness4 ,?is is religion 9 a high /ate ( developm5t2 b our def9ition is s skilfully word$ z to adapt itself readily to mu* e>li] & simpl] =ms4 ,! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se may be tak5 z includ+ all ! work+s ( nature1 :i* ev5 n[ we mo/ imp]fectly und]/&1 & :i* primitive man s little und]/ood t he mis9t]pret$ !m 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways4 ,! effective desire to be 9 "r relation ) ^! my/]i\s p[]s1 s t !y might n int]f]e ) 8 mat]ial well-be+--) 8 flocks & h]ds1 ) 8 crops1 too1 if he 7 9 ! agricultural /age1 ) 8 dwell+ & 8 l&1 or ) 8 city if he _h got s f> 9 social developm5t--?is is :at we may call ! religi\s in/9ct1 ! orig9 ( :at ! ,romans call$ religio4#h ,! effective desire to h y\r own w br\ght into con=mity to ! w ( a heav5ly ,fa!r is a lat] developm5t ( ! same feel+2 to ?is ! g5u9e ,roman nev] atta9$1 & ! ,greek v imp]fectly4 ,if we keep ?is def9ition /eadily 9 m9d1 ,i ?9k we %all f9d x a valuable guide 9 foll[+ out :at ,i call ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman p2 & at ! pres5t mom5t x w help me to expla9 my plan 9 draw+ up ^! lectures4 ,to beg9 )1 9 ! prehi/oric age ( ,rome1 s f> z we c disc]n f survivals ( a lat] age1 ! feel+ or desire mu/ h tak5 %ape1 ineffectively inde$1 9 _m qua9t acts1 "s ( !m magical or quasi-magical1 & possibly tak5 ov] f an e>li] & rud] population among :om ! ,lat9s settl$4 ,_m ( ^! cont9u$1 d\btless1 to exi/ among ! common folk1 unau?oris$ by any con/itut$ p[]1 :ile "s few 7 absorb$ into ! religi\s practice ( ! ,/ate1 probably ) ! spe$y loss ( _! orig9al significance4 ,su* survivals ( ineffective religion are ( c\rse to be f\nd 9 ! l[e/ /ratum ( ! religi\s ideas ( e p1 anci5t & mod]n2 ev5 among ! ,israelites1#i & 9 ! rites ( ,islam or ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y =m1 z x 71 a k9d ( protoplasm ( religi\s vitality1 f :i* an organic gr[? 0 gradually develop$4 ,b ?\gh !y are necess>ily a matt] ( inve/igation z survivals :i* h a /ory to tell1 !y d n c>ry u v f> :5 we are trac+ ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( a p1 & 9 any case ! process ( inve/igat+ !m is "o ( grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,i %all deal ) ^! survivals 9 my next two lectures1 & !n leave !m = good4 ,i am m imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! desire express$ 9 our def9ition :5 x has become m effective2 & ?is we f9d 9 ! ,lat9s :5 !y h atta9$ to a complete settlem5t on ! l&1 & are well on 9 ! agricultural /age ( social developm5t4 ,?is /age we c dimly see reflect$ 9 ! life ( ! home & f>m ( lat] times2 we h1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 no contempor>y evid5ce ( x1 ?\gh ar*aeology may yet yield u some?+4 ,b ! cons]vatism ( rural life is a famili> fact1 & comes home to me :5 ,i reflect t 9 my own ,engli% village ! ma9 features ( "w & wor%ip rema9$ ! same ?r\gh _m c5turies1 until we 7 revolutionis$ by ! enclosure ( ! p>i% & ! com+ ( ! railroad 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! int5se cons]vatism ( rural ,italy1 up to ! pres5t day1 has always be5 an ackn[l$g$ fact1 & admits ( easy explanation4 ,we may be sure t ! ,lat9 f>m]1 be=e ! ,city-/ate 0 develop$1 0 l 8 desc5dants ( hi/orical times1 ! religi\s head ( a family1 ^: h\sehold deities 7 effectively wor%ipp$ by a regul> & ord]ly proc$ure1 ^: dead 7 c>$ = 9 l mann]1 & ^: l& & /ock 7 protect$ f malignant spirits by a b\nd>y made sacr$ by ye>ly rites ( sacrifice & pray]4 ,d\btless ^! wild spirits beyond 8 b\nd>ies 7 a con/ant s\rce ( anxiety to him2 d\btless *>ms & spells & o!r survivals f ! e>li] /age 7 9 use to keep !m f mis*ief2 b ^! t5d to become exceptions 9 an ord]ly life ( agricultural r\t9e :i* we may call religi\s4 ,spirits may accept domicile )9 ! limits ( ! f>m1 & t5d1 z always 9 ?is agricultural /age1 to become fix$ to ! soil & to take m def9ite %ape z 9 "s s5se deities4 ,?is /age--t ( ! agricultural family--is ! f\ndation ( ,roman civilis$ life1 9 religi\s z 9 all o!r aspects1 & x w =m ! subject ( my f\r? lecture4 ,! gr[+ effectiv5ess ( ! desire1 z se5 9 ! family & 9 ! agricultural /age1 prep>es u = /ill great] effectiv5ess 9 ! high] =m ( civilisation :i* we "k z t ( ! ,city-/ate4 ,t desire1 let me say once m1 is to be 9 "r relations ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is only 9 ! high] /ages ( civilisation t ?is desire c really become effective2 social organisation1 z ,i %all %[1 produces an increas$ k ( ! nature ( ! ,p[]1 & ) x a sy/ematisation ( ! means deem$ necess>y to secure ! "r relations4 ,! ,city-/ate1 ! peculi> =m 9 :i* ,greek & ,italian social & political life ev5tually blossom$ & fructifi$1 0 admirably fitt$ to secure ?is effectiv5ess4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 an int5sely local sy/em2 & ! result 01 fir/1 t ! ,p[] is localis$ 9 c]ta9 spots & propitiat$ by c]ta9 =ms ( cult )9 ! city wall1 ?us br++ ! div9e into close/ t\* ) ! human population & its int]e/s2 & secondly1 t ! conc5tration ( intellig5ce & w-p[] )9 a small space might1 & did at ,rome1 develop a v elaborate sy/em = secur+ ! "r relations--9 o!r words1 x produc$ a religi\s sy/em z highly rituali/ic z t ( ! ,jews4 ,) ! sev]al aspects ( ?is sy/em my fif? & succe$+ lectures w be occupi$4 ,i %all deal fir/ ) ! religi\s cal5d> ( ! e>lie/ hi/orical =m ( ! ,city-/ate1 :i* mo/ =tunately has come d[n to u entire4 ,i %all devote two lectures to ! e>ly ,roman ideas ( div9ity1 & ! "* ( _! deities z reflect$ 9 ! cal5d>1 & z fur!r expla9$ by ,roman & ,greek writ]s ( ! lit]>y age4 ,two o!r lectures w discuss ! ritual ( sacrifice & pray]1 ) ! prie/s 9 *>ge ( ^! c]emonies1 & ! ritual ( v[s & ( purification4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ,i %all try to po9t out :]e9 ! weakness ( ?is religi\s sy/em lay--viz4 9 attempts at effectiv5ess s elaborate t !y ov]%ot _! m>k1 9 a misconception ( ! means necess>y to secure ! "r relations1 & 9 a failure to gr[ 9 k ( ! ,p[] itself4 ,la/ly1 z ! ,city-/ate advances socially & politically1 9 trade & comm]ce1 9 alliance & conque/1 we %all f9d t ! ideas ( o!r peoples ab\t ! ,p[]1 & _! me?ods ( propitiation1 beg9 to be adopt$ 9 addition to ! native /ock4 ,! fir/ /ages ( ?is revolution w br+ u to ! conclusion ( my pres5t c\rse2 b we %all be !n well prep>$ = :at foll[s4 ,= lat] on we %all f9d ! ,romans feel+ afre% ! desire to be 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[]1 discov]+ t _! own highly =malis$ sy/em is no long] equal to ! "w dem&$ ( x1 & pitiably mi/ak+ _! true c\rse 9 seek+ a rem$y4 ,_! k ( ! ,div9e1 always n>r[ & limit$1 becomes by degrees blurr$ & obscur$1 & _! sight beg9s to fail !m4 ,i hope 9 due c\rse to expla9 ?is1 & to give y "s idea ( ! sadness ( _! religi\s exp]i5ce be=e ! adv5t ( an age ( philosophy1 ( !ological syncretism1 & ( ! wor%ip ( ! rul]s ( ! /ate4 ,let u n[ turn = a few m9utes to ! special difficulties ( our subject4 ,^! are s]i\s en\gh2 b !y h be5 wond]fully & happily r$uc$ s9ce ,i began to be int]e/$ 9 ! ,roman religion "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,!re 7 !n only two really valuable books :i* dealt ) ! :ole subject4 ,?\gh ,i c\ld avail myself ( _m treatises1 good & bad1 on p>ticul> aspects ( x1 "s few ( :i* /ill survive1 ! only two compreh5sive & illum9at+ books 7 ,prell]'s ,roemis*e ,my?ologie1 & ,m>qu>dt's volume on ! cult 9 8 ,/aatsv]waltung4 ,bo? ( ^! 7 !n already _m ye>s old1 b !y _h j be5 re-edit$ by two em95t s*ol>s ?or\ghly well equipp$ = ! task--,prell]'s "w by ,h4 ,jordan1 & ,m>qu>dt's by ,georg ,wiss[a4 ,!y 7 writt5 f diff]5t po9ts ( view2 ,prell] dealt ) ! deities & ! ideas ab\t !m r ?an ) ! cults & ! prie/s conc]n$ ) !m2 :ile ,m>qu>dt treat$ ! subject z a "p ( ! adm9i/ration ( gov]nm5t1 deal+ ) ! wor%ip & ! ius div9um1 & claim+ t ?is 0 ! only safe & true way ( arriv+ at ! ideas und]ly+ t law & wor%ip4#aj ,bo? books are /ill indisp5sable = ! /ud5t2 b ,m>qu>dt's is ! saf] guide1 z deal+ ) facts to ! exclusion ( fancies4 ,! two tak5 toge!r _h collect$ & sift$ ! evid5ce s f> z x 0 !n available4 ,! ,corpus ,inscriptionum _h n at t "t got v f>1 b its fir/ volume1 edit$ by ,momms51 conta9$ ! anci5t ,fa/i1 :i* supply u ) ! religi\s cal5d> ( e>ly ,rome1 & ) o!r matt] ?r[+ light ^u x4 ,?is fir/ volume 0 an invaluable help1 & =m$ ! basis 79 a second edition7 ( ! book ,i 0 ev5tually able to write on ! ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,p]iod ( ! ,republic4 ,at t "t1 too1 9 ! 'eighties1 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon ( ,greek & ,roman ,my?ology began to appe>1 :i* aim$ at summ+ up all t 0 !n kn[n ab\t ! deities ( bo? peoples2 ?is is n ev5 yet complet$1 & _m ( ! e>li] articles seem n[ almo/ antiquat$1 z prop\nd+ !ories :i* h n met ) g5]al acceptance4 ,all ^! e>li] articles are n[ be+ sup]s$$ by ^? 9 ! new edition ( ,pauly's ,real-,encyclopa$ie1 edit$ by ,wiss[a4 ,la/ly1 ,wiss[a himself 9 #aijb publi%$ a l>ge volume entitl$ ,die ,religion und ,kultus d] ,roem]1 :i* w probably be = _m ye>s ! be/ & safe/ guide = all /ud5ts ( our subject4 ,?or\ghly tra9$ 9 ! me?ods ( deal+ ) evid5ce bo? lit]>y & ar*aeological1 ,wiss[a produc$ a "w :i*1 ?\gh x has c]ta9 limitations1 has ! great m]it ( n be+ likely to lead anyone a/ray4 ,m skilfully & successfully ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 he avoid$ ! *ief dang] & difficulty t beset all :o m$dle ) ,roman religi\s antiquities1 & inv>iably lead ! unw>y to _! de/ruction2 he decl9$ to accept z evid5ce :at 9 n9e cases out ( t5 is no true evid5ce at all--! /atem5ts ( anci5t au?ors influ5c$ by ,greek ideas & ,greek fancy4 ,he holds 9 ! ma9 to ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,m>qu>dt1 t we may use1 z evid5ce = _! religi\s ideas1 :at we are told t ! ,romans did 9 practis+ _! wor%ip1 b mu/ reg>d ) suspicion1 & subject to sev]e criticism1 :at ei!r !y !mselves or ! ,greeks wrote ab\t ^? religi\s ideas--t is1 ab\t div9e be+s & _! do+s4 ,x is inde$ true t ! "o great difficulty ( our subject lies 9 ! nature ( ! evid5ce2 & x is "o :i* we c nev] hope entirely to ov]come4 ,we h always to be> 9 m9d t ! ,romans produc$ no lit]ature till ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c42 & ! docum5t>y evid5ce t survives f an e>li] age 9 ! =m ( inscriptions1 or fragm5ts ( hymns or ( anci5t law 7su* z ! cal5d> ( :i* ,i spoke j n[71 is ( ! mo/ meagre "*1 & usually mo/ difficult to int]pret4 ,?us ! ,roman religion /&s alone among ! religions ( anci5t civilisations 9 t we are almo/ entirely )\t surviv+ texts ( its =ms ( pray]1 ( its hymns or its leg5ds2#aa ev5 9 ,greece ! ,hom]ic poems1 ) all ! e>lie/ ,greek lit]ature & art1 make up to "s ext5t = ! want ( t docum5t>y evid5ce :i* ?r[s a flood ( light on ! religions ( ,babylon1 ,egypt1 ! ,h9dus1 & ! ,jewi% p4 ,we "k 9 fact z little ab\t ! religion ( ! old ,italian populations z we d ab\t t ( our own ,teutonic ance/ors1 less p]haps ?an we d ab\t t ( ! ,celtic peoples4 ,! ,romans 7 a rude & w>like folk1 & m$dl$ nei!r ) lit]ature nor philosophy until !y came into imm$iate contact ) ! ,greeks2 ?us x 0 t1 un=tunately = our purposes1 ! lit]>y _s1 :5 at la/ x 0 born 9 ,italy1 0 r ,greek ?an ,roman4 ,:5 t bir? took place ,rome _h spread h] influ5ce ov] ,italy1--p]haps ! greate/ "w %e ev] accompli%$2 & ?us ! late/ hi/orian ( ,lat9 lit]ature c v5ture to write t ! greate/ "t 9 ,roman hi/ory 0 already pa/ :5 real hi/orical evid5ce becomes available4#ab ,we h ?us to face two =midable facts3 7#a7 t ! p]iod cov]$ by my e>li] lectures mu/ 9 hone/y be call$ prehi/oric2 & 7#b7 t :5 ! ,romans !mselves began to write ab\t x !y did s "u ! ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( ,greek culture4 ,) few exceptions1 all t we c le>n ( ! e>ly ,roman religion f ,roman or ,greek writ]s comes to u1 n 9 a pure ,roman =m1 cle>ly conceiv$ z all ?+s truly ,roman 71 b se5 dimly ?r\gh ! mi/ ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,! ,roman gods1 = example1 are made ! sport ( fancy & ! subject ( ,hell5i/ic love-/ories1 by ,greek poets & _! ,roman imitators1#ac or are m s]i\sly treat$ by ,graeco-,roman philosophy aft] a fa%ion :i* w\ld h be5 absolutely incompreh5sible to ! primitive m5 9 ^: m9ds !y fir/ _h _! be+4 ,! process ( dis5tangl+ ! ,roman elem5t f ! ,greek 9 ! lit]>y evid5ce is "o :i* c nev] be satisfactorily accompli%$2 & on ! :ole x is bett]1 ) ,wiss[a & ,m>qu>dt1 to hold fa/ by ! facts ( ! cult1 :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two is usually obvi\s1 ?an to fl\nd] ab\t 9 a sl\gh ( :at ,i c only call pseudo-evid5ce4 ,if all t ,engli% p knew ab\t _! ,anglo-,saxon =efa!rs 7 d]iv$ f ,norman-,fr5* *ronicl]s1 h[ mu* %\ld we really "k ab\t gov]nm5t or religion 9 ! c5turies be=e ! ,conque/6 ,& yet ?is comp>ison gives b a fa9t idea ( ! trea*]\s nature ( ! lit]>y evid5ce ,i am speak+ (4 ,x is true inde$ t 9 ! la/ age ( ! ,republic a few ,romans began to take some?+ l a sci5tific int]e/ 9 _! own religi\s antiquities2 & to ,v>ro1 by f> ! mo/ le>n$ ( ^!1 & to ,v]rius ,flaccus1 :o succe$$ him 9 ! ,augu/an age1 we owe directly or indirectly almo/ all ! solid facts on :i* our k ( ! ,roman wor%ip re/s4 ,b _! works h come d[n to u 9 a mo/ imp]fect & fragm5t>y /ate1 & :at we h ( !m we owe ma9ly to ! erudition ( lat] gramm>ians & comm5tators1 & ! le>n+ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 :o drew ^u !m freely = illu/rations ( ! absurdities ( paganism4 ,& x mu/ be add$ t :5 ,v>ro himself deals ) ! ,roman gods & ! old ideas ab\t !m1 he is by no means free f ! inevitable influ5ce ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,ap>t f ! lit]>y mat]ial & ! few surviv+ fragm5ts ( religi\s law & ritual1 !re are two o!r s\rces ( light ( :i* we c n[ avail ourselves1 ar*aeology & an?ropology2 b x mu/ be confess$ t z yet _! illum9at+ p[] is some:at unc]ta94 ,x rem9ds ! scrupul\s inve/igator ( ^? e>ly days ( ! electric light1 :5 its flick]+ tremul\sness made x (t5 pa9ful to read by1 & :51 too1 x might sudd5ly g out & leave ! read] 9 d>kness4 ,x is well to rememb] t bo? sci5ces are "y1 & h mu* ( ! self-confid5ce ( y\?2 & t ,italian ar*aeology1 n[ fa/ becom+ well organis$ )9 ,italy1 has also to be co-ord9at$ ) ! ar*aeology ( ! :ole ,m$it]ranean bas91 be=e we c expect f x cle> & unmi/akable answ]s to h>d que/ions ab\t race & religion4 ,?is "w1 :i* _c possibly be done by an individual )\t co-op]ation--! secret ( s\nd "w :i* ! ,g]mans h long ago discov]$--is 9 c\rse ( be+ c>ri$ out1 s f> z is at pres5t possible1 by a syndicate ( compet5t inve/igators4#ad ,9 ord] to indicate ! unc]ta9 nature ( ! light :i* = a long "t to come is all we c expect f ,italian ar*aeology1 ,i h only to rem9d y t "o ( ! *ief que/ions we h to ask ( x is ! relation ( ! my/]i\s ,etruscan p to ! o!r ,italian /ocks1 9 respect ( language1 religion1 & art4 ,:e!r ! ,etruscans 7 ! same p :om ! ,greeks call$ ,pelasgians1 z _m inve/igators n[ hold3 :e!r ! e>lie/ ,roman city 0 9 any true s5se an ,etruscan "o3 ^! are que/ions on ! answ]s to :i* x is n z yet safe to build fur!r hypo!ses4 ,9 reg>d to religion1 too1 we are /ill v mu* 9 ! d>k4 ,= example1 !re are _m ,etruscan works ( art 9 :i* ,roman deities are portray$1 z is c]ta9 f ! fact t _! names accompany ! figures2 b x is z yet almo/ impossible to det]m9e h[ f> we c use ^! = ! int]pretation ( ,roman religi\s ideas or leg5ds4 ,_m ye>s ago a mo/ attractive hypo!sis 0 rais$ on ! evid5ce ( c]ta9 ( ^! works ( art1 :]e ,h]cules & ,juno appe> toge!r 9 a mann] :i* /rongly sugge/s t !y are meant to repres5t ! male & female pr9ciples ( human life2 ?is hypo!sis 0 tak5 up by e>ly writ]s 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon1 & rely+ ^u !m ,i adopt$ x 9 my ,roman ,fe/ivals1#ae & fur!r appli$ x to ! int]pretation ( an unsolv$ problem 9 ! f\r? ,eclogue ( ,virgil4#af ,b s9ce !n d\bt has be5 ?r[n on x by ,wiss[a1 :o _h =m]ly accept$ x4 ,z be+ ( ,etruscan orig91 & f\nd 9 places v di/ant f ea* o!r & f ,rome1 we h1 he says1 no good "r to use ^! works ( art z evid5ce = ! ,roman religion4#ag ,! "q rema9s op5 z to ^! & _m o!r works ( art1 b ! fact t ! man ( coole/ judgm5t & mo/ absolute hone/y is d\btful1 sugge/s t we _h be/ wait pati5tly = m c]ta9 light4 ,9 ,rome itself1 :]e ar*aeological /udy is conc5trat$ & admirably /aff$1 great progress has be5 made1 & mu* light ?r[n on ! lat] p]iods ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,b = ! religion ( ! anci5t ,roman /ate1 ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$1 x mu/ be confess$ t v little has be5 glean$4 ,! mo/ fam\s discov]y is t rec5tly made 9 ! ,=um ( an ar*aic inscription :i* almo/ c]ta9ly relates to "s religi\s act2 b z yet no s*ol> has be5 able to int]pret x ) any?+ approa*+ to c]ta9ty4#ah ,m rec5tly excavations on ! fur!r bank ( ! ,tib] ?rew a gl9t ( light on ! nature ( an anci5t deity1 ,furr9a1 ab\t :om till !n we practically knew no?+ at all2 b ! evid5ce ?us obta9$ 0 late & 9 ,greek *>act]s4 ,we mu/ 9 fact ent]ta9 no great hopes ( illum9ation f excavations1 b accept ?ankfully :at little may be v\*saf$ to u4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f ! gradual developm5t ( ,italian ar*aeology z a :ole1 &1 ,i mu/ "h add1 f ! /udy ( ! sev]al old ,italian languages1 mu* may be expect$ 9 ! future4 ,! o!r *ief contributory sci5ce is an?ropology1 i4e4 ! /udy ( ! work+ ( ! m9d ( primitive man1 z x is se5 9 ! ideas & practices ( uncivilis$ peoples at ! pres5t day1 & also z x c be trac$ 9 survivals among m civilis$ races4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! religion ( ! ,roman ,city-/ate its contribution mu/ ( necessity be a limit$ "o2 t is a "p ( ,roman hi/ory 9 g5]al1 & its mat]ial is purely ,roman1 or p]haps ,i %\ld say1 ,graeco-,roman2 & ,wiss[a 9 all 8 "w has consi/5tly decl9$ to admit ! value ( an?ropological rese>*es = ! elucidation ( ,roman problems4 ,p]haps x is = ?is v reason t 8 book is ! safe/ guide we possess = ! /udy ( :at ! ,romans did & ?\ght 9 ! matt] ( religion2 b if we wi% to try & get to ! orig9al significance ( ^? acts & ?\ghts1 x is absolutely impossible 9 ^! days to disp5se ) ! works ( a long s]ies ( an?ropologi/s1 _m ( !m =tunately ,briti%1 :o h gradually be5 collect+ & classify+ ! mat]ial :i* 9 ! long run w fructify 9 def9ite results4 ,if we consid] ! writ+s ( em95t s*ol>s :o wrote ab\t ,greek & ,roman religion & my?ology be=e ! appe>ance ( ,dr4 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture--,klaus51 ,preun]1 ,prell]1 ,kuhn1 & _m o!rs1 :o work$ on ! comp>ative me?od b ) sl5d] mat]ial = ! use ( x--we see at once :at an imm5se advance has be5 effect$ by t monum5tal "w1 & by ! /imulus t x gave to o!rs to foll[ ! same track4 ,n[ we h 9 ?is c\ntry ! works ( ,lang1 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,f>nell1 ,fraz]1 ,h>tl&1 ,jevons1 & o!rs1 :ile a ho/ ( /ud5ts on ! ,cont95t are writ+ 9 all languages on an?ropological subjects4 ,"s ( ^! ,i %all quote incid5tally 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures2 at pres5t ,i w cont5t myself ) mak+ "o or two sugge/ions z to ! c>e ne$$ 9 us+ ! collections & !ories ( an?ropologi/s1 z an aid 9 ,roman religi\s /udies4 ,fir/1 let u be> 9 m9d t an?ropologi/s are apt to h _! fav\rite !ories--conclusions1 t is1 :i* are ! legitimate result ( reason+ inductively on ! class ( facts :i* !y h m p>ticul>ly /udi$4 ,?us ,mannh>dt _h 8 !ory ( ! ,vegetation-_s1 ,rob]tson ,smi? t ( ! sacram5tal meal1 ,us5] t ( ! ,sond]goett]1 ,dr4 ,fraz] t ( div9e ,k+%ip2 all ( :i* are p]fectly s\nd conclusions bas$ on facts :i* no "o disputes4 ,!y h be5 ( ! greate/ value to an?ropological rese>*2 b :5 !y are appli$ to ! explanation ( ,roman practices we %\ld be in/antly on our gu>d1 ready inde$ to welcome any gl9t ( light t we may get f !m1 b mo/ c>efully critical & ev5 suspici\s ( _! application to o!r ph5om5a ?an ^? :i* orig9ally sugge/$ !m4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( man z a rese>*]1 :5 he has f\nd a key1 to ha/5 to apply x to all ! doors he c f9d1 & sometimes1 x mu/ be said1 to use viol5ce 9 ! application2 & ?\gh ! greate/ ma/]s ( ! sci5ce w r>ely try to =ce ! lock1 !y w use s mu* g5tle p]suasion z sometimes to make u fancy t !y h unfa/5$ x4 ,all su* attempts h _! value1 b x behoves u to be cauti\s 9 accept+ !m4 ,! application by ,mannh>dt ( ! !ory ( ! ,vegetation-_s to c]ta9 ,roman problems1 e4g4 to t ( ! ,lup]calia1#ai & ! ,octob] horse1#bj mu/ be all[$1 fasc9at+ z x 01 to h fail$ 9 ! ma94 ,! application by ,dr4 ,fraz] ( ! !ory ( div9e ,k+%ip to ! e>ly religi\s hi/ory ( ,rome1 is /ill sub judice1 & calls = mo/ c>eful & discrim9at+ criticism4#ba ,secondly1 z ,i h already said1 ,roman evid5ce is peculi>ly difficult to h&le1 except 9 s f> z x deals ) ! simple facts ( wor%ip2 :5 we use x = traditions1 my?s1 ideas ab\t ! nature ( div9e be+s1 we ne$ a tra9+ n only 9 ! use ( evid5ce 9 g5]al1 b 9 ! use ( ,roman evid5ce 9 p>ticul>4 ,an?ropologi/s1 z a rule1 h n be5 ?r\gh su* a tra9+1 & !y are apt to h&le ! evid5ce ( ,roman writ]s ) a light he>t & r a r\gh h&4 ,! result is t bits ( evid5ce are put toge!r1 ea* ne$+ consci5ti\s criticism1 to support hypo!ses (t5 ( ! flimsie/ k9d1 :i* aga9 are us$ to support fur!r hypo!ses1 & s on1 until ! sob] inquir] beg9s to feel 8 bra9 reel+ & 8 foot+ giv+ way b5ea? him4 ,i %all h occasion to notice "o or two examples ( ?is uncritical use ( evid5ce lat] on1 & w say no m ( x n[4 ,no "o c feel m grateful ?an ,i d to ! _m lead+ an?ropologi/s :o h t\*$ 9 "o way or ano!r on ,roman evid5ce2 b = myself ,i try nev] to =get ! words ( ,columella1 ) :i* a great ,g]man s*ol> began "o ( 8 mo/ difficult inve/igations3 ,9 univ]sa vita pretiosissimum e/ intelleg]e quemque nescire se quod nesciat4#bb ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,i #a ,momms51 ,hi/4 ( ,rome 7,e4,t471 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc4 #b ,cumont1 ,les ,religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma91 p4 #cf4 ,cp4 ,dill1 ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 p4 #fc4 ,gwatk91 ,! ,k ( ,god1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acc4 #c ,see "s valuable rem>ks 9 ,"l ,crom]'s ,mod]n ,egypt1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ace4 #d ,s9ce ?is lecture 0 writt5 ?is s*ol> has pass$ away1 to ! great grief ( 8 _m fri5ds2 & ,i refra9 f m5tion+ 8 "n4 #e ,ira ,w4 ,h[]?1 9 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 #aijc1 p4 #bje4 ,i owe ! ref]5ce to ,r4 ,k>/51 ,! ,orig9 ( ,wor%ip1 ,wasa1 #aije1 p4 #b1 note4 ,cp4 ,e4 ,caird1 ,gif=d ,lectures 7,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s71 vol4 i4 p4 #cb4 ,t :i* und]lies all =ms ( religion1 f ! highe/ to ! l[e/1 is ! idea ( ,god z an absolute p[] or pr9ciple4 ,to ?is ne$ only be add$ ! desire to be 9 "r relation to x4 ,mr4 ,m>ett's ^w sup]naturalism seems to mean ! same ?+2 ,!re arises 9 ! region ( human ?\ght a p[]ful impulse to objectify1 & ev5 to p]sonify1 ! my/]i\s or sup]natural some?+ felt2 & 9 ! region ( w a correspond+ impulse to r5d] x innocu\s1 or1 bett] /ill1 propiti\s1 by =ce ( con/ra9t 7i4e4 magic71 communion1 or conciliation4 ,see 8 ,?re%old ( ,religion1 p4 #aa4 ,pr(4 ,haddon1 comm5t+ on ?is 7,magic & ,feti%ism1 p4 #ic71 adds t !re are ?us produc$ ! two fundam5tal factors ( religion1 ! belief 9 "s my/]i\s p[]1 & ! desire to ent] into communication ) ! p[] by means ( wor%ip4 ,our succ9ct def9ition seems ?us to be adequate4 #f ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ed4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #fb4 #g ,lib]al ,prote/antism1 p4 #fd4 #h ,= religio z a feel+ ess5tially1 see ,wiss[a1 ,religion und ,kultus d] ,roem]1 p4 #cah 7h5ce=w>d to be cit$ z ,r4,k474 ,= fur!r developm5t ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w 9 ,lat9 lit]ature1 see ! au?or's pap] 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions 7,ox=d1 #aijh71 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi foll4 ,a diff]5t view ( ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w is put =w>d by ,w4 ,otto 9 ,ar*iv fu] ,religionswiss5s*aft1 vol4 xii41 #aiji1 p4 #ecc 7h5ce=w>d to be cit$ z ,ar*iv simply74 ,see also bel[1 p4 #dei foll4 #i ,see1 e4g41 ,fraz] 9 ,an?ropological ,essays pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #aja foll4 #aj ,/aatsv]waltung1 iii4 p4 #b4 ,?is w h5ce=w>d be cit$ z ,m>qu>dt simply4 ,x =ms "p ( ! great ,h&bu* d] roemis*5 ,alt]?uem] ( ,momms5 & ,m>qu>dt1 & is translat$ into ,fr5*1 b un=tunately n into ,engli%4 ,i may add "h t ,i h only rec5tly become acqua9t$ ) :at 01 at ! "t x 0 writt51 a rem>kably good acc\nt ( ! ,roman religion1 full ( insight z well z le>n+1 viz4 ,doell+]'s ,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 ,book ,,vii4 7vol4 ii4 ( ! ,engli% translation1 #aijf74 #aa ,two fragm5ts ( anci5t c>m9a1 i4e4 =mulae :i* are p>tly spells & p>tly hymns1 survive--^? ( ! ,fratres ,arvales & ! ,salii or danc+ prie/s ( ,m>s4 ,= surviv+ =mulae ( pray] see bel[1 p4 #ahe foll4 ,our *ief au?ority on ! ritual ( pray] & sacrifice comes f ,iguvium 9 ,umbria1 & is 9 ! ,umbrian dialect2 x w be ref]r$ to 9 ,bue*el]'s ,umbrica 7#ahhc71 :]e a ,lat9 translation w be f\nd4 ,! ,umbrian text revis$ by ,pr(4 ,conway =ms an important "p ( t em95t s*ol>'s "w on ! ,italian dialects4 #ab ,f4 ,leo1 9 ,die grie*is*e und late9is*e ,lit]atur und ,spra*e1 p4 #cbh4 ,cp4 ,s*anz1 ,ges*i*te d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed foll4 #ac ,among ,roman poets ,ovid is ! wor/ (f5d]1 ,prop]tius & ,tibullus mislead 9 a less degree2 b !y all make up = x to "s ext5t by pres]v+ = u features ( ! wor%ip z x exi/$ 9 _! own day4 ,! confusion t has be5 caus$ 9 ,roman religi\s hi/ory by mix+ up ,greek & ,roman evid5ce is incalculable1 & has rec5tly be5 increas$ by ,pais 7,/oria di ,roma1 & ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory71 & by ,dr4 ,fraz] 9 8 lectures on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,k+%ip--writ]s to :om 9 "s ways we owe valuable h9ts = ! elucidation ( ,roman problems4 ,see also ,soltau1 ,die ,anfa5ge d] roemis*5 ,ges*i*tss*reibung1 #aiji1 p4 #c4 #ad ,mo/ welcome to ,engli% read]s has be5 ,mr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,peet's rec5tly publi%$ volume on ,! ,/one & ,bronze ,ages 9 ,italy1 & /ill m valuable = our purposes w be its sequel1 :5 x appe>s1 on ! ,iron ,age4 #ae ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #adb foll42 h5ce=w>d to be cit$ z ,r4,f4 #af ,see ,virgil's ,messianic ,eclogue1 by ,mayor1 ,f[l]1 & ,conway1 p4 #ge foll4 #ag ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bbg4 #ah ,an acc\nt ( ?is 9 ,engli%1 ) photographs1 w be f\nd 9 ,pais's ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 p4 #ba foll41 & notes4 #ai ,mannh>dt1 ,my?ologis*e ,=s*ung51 p4 #gb foll4 #bj ,ibid41 p4 #aef foll4 #ba ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,k+%ip1 lectures #g-i4 #bb ,n long aft] ^! la/ s5t5ces 7 writt51 a l>ge "w appe>$ by ,dr4 ,b9d]1 a ,g]man pr(essor ( law1 entitl$ ,die ,plebs1 :i* deals freely ) ! olde/ ,roman religion1 & well illu/rates ! difficulties "u :i* we h to "w :ile ar*aeologi/s1 e?nologi/s1 & philologi/s are /ill con/antly 9 disagreem5t z to almo/ e important "q 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,italian culture4 ,dr4 ,b9d]'s ma9 !sis is t ! e>lie/ ,rome 0 compos$ ( two di/9ct communities1 ea* ) its own religion1 i4e4 deities1 prie/s1 & sacra2 ! "o settl$ on ! ,palat9e1 a pa/oral folk ( primitive culture1 & ( pure ,lat9 race2 ! o!r settl$ on ! ,quir9al1 ,sab9e 9 orig9 & language1 & ( m advanc$ developm5t 9 social & religi\s matt]s4 ,s f> ?is s\nds m or less famili> to u1 b :5 ,dr4 ,b9d] goes on to id5tify ! ,lat9 folk ) ! ,plebs & ! ,sab9e settlem5t ) ! ,patricians1 & calls 9 religion to help him ) ! pro( ( ?is1 x is necess>y to look v c>efully into ! religi\s evid5ce he adduces4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 ! limitation ( ! ^w patrician to ! ,quir9al settlem5t is v f> f be+ prov$ by ?is evid5ce 7see ,! ,ye>'s ,"w 9 ,classical ,/udies1 #aiji1 p4 #fi74 ,yet ! hypo!sis is an extremely int]e/+ "o1 & 7 x g5]ally accept$1 w\ld compel u to modify 9 "s important po9ts our ideas ( ,roman religi\s hi/ory1 & also ( ,roman legal hi/ory1 ) :i* ,dr4 ,b9d] is ma9ly conc]n$4 ,,lecture ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,?re%old ,,( ,,religion3 ,,survivals ,my subject prop] is ! religion ( an organis$ ,/ate3 ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( a comp>atively civilis$ p4 ,b ,i wi%1 9 ! fir/ place1 to d :at has nev] yet be5 done by ^? :o h writt5 on ! ,roman religion--,i wi% to take a survey ( ! relics1 surviv+ 9 lat] ,roman practice & belief1 ( e>li] /ages ( rudim5t>y religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,9 ^! days ( an?ropological & sociological rese>*1 x is possible to d ?is )\t great difficulty2 & if ,i left x undone1 our /ory ( ! developm5t ( religion at ,rome w\ld be mutilat$ at ! beg9n+4 ,also we %\ld be at a disadvantage 9 try+ to realise ! wond]ful "w done by ! e>ly au?orities ( ! ,/ate 9 elim9at+ f _! rule ( wor%ip 7ius div9um7 almo/ all t 0 magical1 b>b>\s1 or1 z lat] ,romans w\ld h call$ x1 sup]/iti\s4 ,?is is a po9t on :i* ,i wi% to lay especial /ress 9 ! next few lectures1 & x entails a some:at tiresome acc\nt ( ! ideas & practices ( :i*1 z ,i believe1 !y s\ght to get rid4 ,^!1 ,i may z well say at once1 are to be f\nd = ! mo/ "p surviv+1 z we might expect1 outside ( ! religion ( ! ,/ate2 :]e !y survive )9 its limits1 !y w be f\nd to h almo/ entirely lo/ _! orig9al =ce & mean+4 ,e /ud5t ( religi\s hi/ory kn[s t a religi\s sy/em is a complex gr[?1 f> m complex ?an w\ld appe> at fir/ sight2 t x is sure to conta9 relics ( previ\s eras ( human exp]i5ce1 emb$d$ 9 ! social /rata z lifeless fossils4 ,^! only inde$ survive because human nature is int5sely cons]vative1 especially 9 religi\s matt]s2 & ( ?is cons]vative in/9ct ! ,romans af=d z /rik+ an example z we c readily f9d4 ,!y clung ) extraord9>y t5acity1 all ?r\gh _! hi/ory1 to old =ms2 !y seem to h _h a k9d ( sup]/iti\s feel+ t ^! dead =ms _h /ill a value z su*1 ?\gh all ! life 0 gone out ( !m4 ,x w\ld be easy to illu/rate ?is curi\s feature ( ! ,roman m9d f ! hi/ory ( its religion2 x nev] disappe>$2 & to ?is day ! ,ca?olic *ur* 9 ,italy reta9s 9 a ?9ly-disguis$ =m _m ( ! religi\s practices ( ! ,roman p4 ,/age aft] /age mu/ h be5 pass$ by ! ,lat9s long be=e our /ory rightly beg9s2 h[ _m revolutions ( ?\ght !y und]w5t1 h[ mu* !y le>nt & took ov] f e>li] inhabitants ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y f9ally settl$1 we _c ev5 guess4 ,z ,i said 9 ! la/ lecture1 we h no really anci5t hi/ory ( ! ,romans1 z we h1 = example1 ( ! ,egyptians or ,babylonians2 to u x is all d>kness1 save :]e a little light has be5 ?r[n on ! buri$ /rata by ar*aeology & an?ropology4 ,t little light1 :i* may be expect$ to increase 9 p[]1 %[s survivals "h & !re ( primitive modes ( ?\ght2 & ^! ,i propose to deal ) n[ 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,totemism ,i %all m5tion m]ely to cle> x out ( ! way2 b taboo w take u "s little "t1 & s w magic 9 its v>i\s =ms4 ,ab\t totemism all ,i h to say is ?is4 ,z ,i write1 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s great "w on ?is subject has j appe>$2 x is entirely occupi$ ) totemism among mod]n savages1 true totemic peoples1 ) ! object ( gett+ at ! real pr9ciples ( t curi\s /ratum ( human ?\ght1 & he leaves to o!rs ! discussion ( possible survivals ( x among ,aryans1 ,semites1 & ,egyptians4 ,he himself is sceptical ab\t all ! evid5ce t has be5 adduc$ to prove its exi/5ce 9 classical antiquity 7see vol4 i4 p4 #hf & vol4 iv4 p4 #ac74 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 & see+ t ,dr4 ,fraz] has always be5 ! accept$ expon5t ( totemism 9 ?is c\ntry s9ce ! epo*-mak+ works appe>$ ( ,tylor & ,rob]tson ,smi?1 x is obvi\sly unnecess>y = me ei!r to attempt to expla9 :at x is1 or to exam9e ! attempts to f9d survivals ( x 9 anci5t ,italy4 ,:5 x fir/ became matt] ( int]e/ to an?ropologi/s x 0 only natural t !y %\ld be apt to f9d x ev]y:]e4 ,dr4 ,jevons1 = example1 foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( ,rob]tson ,smi?1 f\nd pl5ty ( totemi/ic survivals bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy 9 writ+ 8 valuable ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion2 b he is n[ aw>e t he w5t too f> 9 ?is direction4 ,q rec5tly !re has be5 a run aft] ! same sc5t 9 ,france2 n long ago a ,fr5* s*ol> publi%$ a book on ! ensigns ( ! ,roman army1#bc :i* orig9ally repres5t$ c]ta9 animals1 & us+ ,dr4 ,fraz]'s e>ly "w on totemism ) a v imp]fect k ( ! subject1 tri$ to prove t ^! 7 orig9ally totem signs4 ,roman names ( families & old ,italian tribe-names are /ill (t5 quot$ z totemi/ic2 b ! ,fabii & ,caepiones1 nam$ aft] cultivat$ plants1 & ! ,pic5tes & ,hirp9i1 aft] woodpeck] & wolf1 ?\gh tempt+ to ! totemi/1 h n p]suad$ ,dr4 ,fraz] to accept !m z totemi/ic1 & may be left out ( acc\nt "h2 !re may be _m reasons = ! adoption ( su* names besides ! totemi/ic "o4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ,congress ( religi\s hi/ory1 a sob] ,fr5* s*ol>1 ,m4 ,t\ta91 made an emphatic prote/ aga9/ ! prevail+ t5d5cy 9 ,france1 ( :i* ! lead+ repres5tative is ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*4#bd ,let u pass on at once to ! second primitive mode ( ?\ght :i* ,i m5tion$ j n[1 & :i* is n ne>ly s remote--speak+ an?ropologically--f classical times z totemism4 ,totemism belongs to a =m ( society1 t ( tribe or clan1 9 :i* family life is unkn[n 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 & x is !re=e :olly remote f ! life ( ! anci5t ,italian /ocks1 9 ^: social organisation ! family 0 a lead+ fact2 b taboo seems r to be a mode ( ?\ght common to primitive peoples up to a comp>atively advanc$ /age ( developm5t1 & has left its traces 9 all sy/ems ( religion1 includ+ ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,by ?is fam\s ^w taboo1 ( ,polynesian orig91 is to be und]/ood a v important "p ( :at ,i h call$ ! protoplasm ( primitive religion1 & "o closely alli$ bo? to magic & feti%ism4 ,= our pres5t purposes we may def9e x z a my/]i\s influ5ce believ$ to exi/ 9 objects bo? animate & inanimate1 :i* makes !m dang]\s1 infecti\s1 unclean1 or holy1 :i* two la/ qualities are (t5 almo/ id5tical 9 primitive ?\ght1 z ,rob]tson ,smi? orig9ally taught u4#be ,:at exactly ! savage or semi-civilis$ m9d ?\ght ab\t ?is influ5ce we h>dly yet "k2 we h ano!r ,polynesian ^w1 mana1 :i* expresses conv5i5tly its positive aspect1 & may 9 "t help u t[>ds a bett] und]/&+ ( x4#bf ,x is 9 orig9 pre-animi/ic1 i4e4 x is n s mu* believ$ to emanate f a _s resid+ 9 ! object1 z f "s occult miasmatic quality4 ,all human be+s 9 contact ) o!r m5 or ?+s possess+ ?is quality are believ$ to suff] 9 "s way1 & to communicate ! infection :i* !y !mselves receive4 ,z ,dr4 ,f>nell says 9 8 *apt] on ! ritual ( purification1#bg ,! s5se-in/9ct t sugge/s all ?is 0 probably "s primeval t]ror or av]sion evok$ by c]ta9 objects1 z we see animals %r9k ) disgu/ at ! sight or smell ( blood4 ,! n]ves ( savage man are /rangely excit$ by c]ta9 /imuli ( t\*1 smell1 ta/e1 sight2 ! specially excit+ object is some?+ t we %\ld call my/]i\s1 weird1 or uncanny4 ,bas$ on ?is notion ( con/ant dang] f infection1 !re arose a code ( unwritt5 cu/om z rigid z t en=c$ by a c>eful physician 9 infecti\s cases at ! pres5t day2 & ?us1 too1 9 c\rse ( "t !re 0 develop$ ! idea ( ! possibility ( dis9fection1 an idea z salut>y z ! discov]y 9 m$ical sci5ce ( effective me?ods = ! dis9fection ( disease4 ,! code ( taboo _h an obvi\s e?ical value1 z ,dr4 ,jevons po9t$ out long ago2#bh l all discipl9e c>ri$ out ) a social end 9 view1 x help$ m5 to realise t !y 7 "u obligations to ! community ( :i* !y 7 a "p1 & t !y w\ld be visit$ by sev]e p5alties if !y neglect$ ^! duties4 ,b x inevitably t5d$ to =ge a set ( fett]s b9d+ & cramp+ ! m9ds ( its captives ) a c\ntless numb] ( t]rors2 life 0 full ( con/ant anxiety1 ( t feel+ express$ by ! lat] ,romans 9 ! ^w religio1#bi :i*1 z we %all see1 probably _h its orig9 9 ?is p]iod ( primitive sup]/ition4 ,! only rem$y is ! discov]y ( ! means ( dis9fection1 or1 z we commonly call x1 ( purification3 a discov]y :i* mu/ h be5 go+ on = ages1 & only f9ds its completion at ,rome 9 ! era ( ! ,city-/ate4 ,we %all return to ?is "p ( ! subject :5 we deal ) ! ritual ( purification2 at pres5t we mu/ att5d to c]ta9 survivals 9 t ritual :i* sugge/ t at "o "t ! ance/ors ( ! ,roman p liv$ "u ?is unwritt5 code ( taboo4 ,let u see1 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ human be+s 7 suppos$ to be affect$ by ?is my/]i\s influ5ce "u c]ta9 circum/ances & at p>ticul> p]iods ( _! exi/5ce4 ,z univ]sally 9 primitive life1 ! new-born infant mu/ orig9ally h be5 taboo2 = e ,roman *ild ne$$ purification or dis9fection1 boys on ! n9?1 girls on ! eigh? day aft] bir?4 ,?is day 0 call$ ! dies lu/ricus1 ! day ( a purificatory rite2 e/ lu/ricus dies1 says ,macrobius1 quo infantes lu/rantur et nom5 accipiunt4#cj ,9 hi/orical times ! nam+ ( ! *ild 0 d\btless ! m practically important "p ( ! c]emony2 ?\gh we may note 9 pass+ t ! my/ic value atta*+ to names1 ( :i* !re are traces 9 ,roman usage1 may h ev5 orig9ally giv5 t "p a great] significance ?an we %\ld naturally attribute to x4#ca ,aga91 :5 ! *ild rea*es ! age ( pub]ty1 x is all ! _w ov] believ$ to be 9 a critical or dang]\s condition1 ne$+ dis9fection2 ( ?is idea1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! lat] ,romans %[ h>dly a trace1 b we may suppose t ! c]emony ( lay+ aside ! toga ( *ildhood1 :i* 0 accompani$ by a sacrifice1 0 a fa9t survival ( "s process ( purification4#cb ,once m1 aft] a dea? ! :ole family _h to be purifi$ ) p>ticul> c>e f ! contagion ( ! corpse1#cc :i* 0 "h z ev]y:]e taboo2 a cypress b\gh 0 /uck ov] ! door ( ! h\se ( a noble family to give w>n+ to any pass+ pontifex t he 0 n to ent] x2#cd & ^? :o foll[$ ! fun]al cortege 7 purifi$ by be+ spr9kl$ ) wat] & by /epp+ ov] fire4#ce ,society _h effectually protect$ itself aga9/ ! miasma 9 all ^! cases by ! discov]y ( ! means ( dis9fection4 ,"o ( ! commone/ =ms ( taboo is t on wom51 :o1 especially at c]ta9 p]iods1 7 app>5tly believ$ to be infecti\s4#cf ,( ?is belief we h v di/9ct survivals 9 ,roman ritual1 :i* ,i mu/ "h be cont5t to m5tion only1 leav+ details to tra9$ an?ropologi/s to expla94 ,we f9d !m bo? 9 sacra privata & sacra publica4 ,cato has pres]v$ ! =mula = ! propitiation ( ,m>s ,silvanus 9 ! private rites ( ! f>m2 x is to take place 9 silva1 & its object is ! protection ( ! cattle1 d\btless ^? :i* h be5 turn$ out to pa/ure 9 ! =e/1 & are !re=e 9 dang] f evil bea/s & evil spirits4 ,n[ ?is res div9a may be p]=m$ ei!r by a free man or a slave1 b no woman may be pres5t1 nor see :at is go+ on4#cg ,9 sacra publica wom5 7 exclud$ f ! cult ( ,h]cules at ! ,ara ,maxima1 & 7 n all[$ to swe> by ! "n ( t god2 facts :i* are usually connect$ ) ! d\btful id5tification ( ,h]cules ) ,g5ius1 or ! male pr9ciple ( life4#ch ,m conclusive evid5ce ( taboo 9 ! case ( wom5 is ! fact t at c]ta9 sacrifices !y 7 ord]$ to )draw1 bo? muli]es & virg9es1 toge!r ) o!r p]sons to be m5tion$ directly4#ci ,un=tunately we are n told :at ^? sacrifices 72 b x seems cle> en\gh t !re _h be5 at "o "t a scruple 7religio7 ab\t admitt+ wom5 ( any age to c]ta9 sacr$ rites4 ,if s1 x is rem>kable h[ ! good s5se ( ! ,roman p ov]came any s]i\s disabilities :i* might h be5 produc$ by su* ideas2 ! ,roman woman ga9$ = h]self a position ( dignity1 & ev5 ( au?ority1 9 h] h\sehold1 :i* _h v important results on ! =mation ( ! "* ( ! p4#dj ,traces ( ! old sup]/ition d\btless cont9u$ to survive 9 folklore2 an example1 int]e/+ because x seems to illu/rate ! positive aspect ( taboo 7mana71 may be f\nd by ! curi\s 9 ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 xxviii4 #gh4 ,ano!r widely-spread example ( ! class ( ideas we are discuss+ is ! belief t /rang]s are dang]\s4 ,dr4 ,fraz] tells u t to gu>d aga9/ ! baneful influ5ce ex]t$ volunt>ily or involunt>ily by /rang]s is an elem5t>y dictate ( savage prud5ce4 ,y h to dis>m !m ( _! magical p[]s1 to c\nt]act ! baneful influ5ce :i* is believ$ to emanate f !m4#da ,( ?is feel+ he has collect$ a great numb] ( conv9c+ illu/rations4 ,we f9d x also surviv+ 9 ,roman ritual4 ,a note1 ref]r$ to above1 :i* has come d[n to u f ! le>n$ ,v]rius ,flaccus1 in=ms u t at c]ta9 sacrifices ! lictor proclaim$ ho/is v9ctus muli] virgo exe/o1 :]e ho/is has its old mean+ ( /rang]4#db ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 m]ely ! old feel+ ( taboo surviv+ 9 ! religi\s ritual ( ! ,city-/ate1 & is also no d\bt connect$ ) ! belief t ! recognis$ deities ( a community c\ld n be approa*$ by any b ! memb]s ( t community2 b its taproot is probably to be f\nd 9 ! ideas describ$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]4 ,we c illu/rate x well f ! ritual ( ano!r ,italian city1 ,iguvium 9 ,umbria1 :i*1 z ,i m5tion$ 9 a note to my la/ lecture1 has come d[n to u 9 a v elaborate =m4 ,9 ! ord9ance = ! lu/ratio populi ( t city ! magi/rate is direct$ to expel all memb]s ( c]ta9 neighb\r+ communities by a ?rice-repeat$ proclamation4#dc ,su* fe> ( /rang]s is n ev5 yet ext9ct 9 ,italy4 ,pr(essor von ,duhn told me t once :5 approa*+ an ,italian village 9 se>* ( inscriptions he 0 tak5 = ! devil1 be+ unluckily m\nt$ on a black horse & dress$ 9 black1 & 0 met by a prie/ ) a crucifix1 :o 0 at la/ p]suad$ to dis9fect him ) holy wat] z a condition ( 8 be+ admitt$ to ! village4 ,b ! ,romans ( hi/orical times1 9 ?is z 9 s _m o!r ways1 discov]$ easy me?ods ( ov]com+ ^! fe>s & scruples3 we f9d a good example ( ?is 9 ! organis$ college ( ,fetiales1 :o1 on ent]+ z envoys a =eign t]ritory1 7 fully protect$ by _! sacr$ h]bs1 c>ri$ by a v]b5>ius1 aga9/ all ho/ile contam9ation4#dd ,a rem>k seems "h necess>y ab\t ! app>5t inconsi/5cy betwe5 ?is feel+ ( anxiety ab\t /rang]s & ! well-kn[n anci5t ,italian practice ( hospitium1 by :i* two communities1 or two individuals1 or an individual & a community1 ent]$ into relations :i* b\nd !m to mutual hospitality & k9dness 9 case ( ne$3#de a practice s widely spread & s highly develop$ t x may be consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ valuable civilis+ ag5ts 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,italy4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no real inconsi/5cy "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! /rang] :o 0 remov$ on ! occasion ( solemn public religi\s rites may be assum$ n to h be5 9 possession ( ! ius hospitii ) ! ,roman /ate1 & 9 any case x mu/ be d\btful :e!r t ius w\ld give him ! "r ( be+ pres5t at all sacrificial rites4 ,secondly1 ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck h rec5tly1 = ! fir/ "t1 made x cle> t bo? ! taboo on /rang]s & ! v widely-spread practice ( hospitality c ultimately be trac$ d[n to ! same root4 ,! /rang] is dang]\s2 b = t v reason x is desirable to secure 8 good-w at once4 ,he may h ! evil eye2 b if s1 x is z well to dis>m him by (f]+ him food & dr9k1 &1 :5 he has p>tak5 ( ^!1 by ent]+ into communion ) him 9 ! act ( p>tak+ also y\rself4 ,exp$i5cy w\ld obvi\sly sugge/ "s su* rem$y = ! dang] ( 8 pres5ce1 & ?is w\ld 9 c\rse ( "t1 9 accordance ) ! in/9ct ( ,romans & ,italians1 gr[ into a set ( rules sanction$ by law z well z cu/om--! ius hospitii4#df ,ho/is v9ctus muli] virgo exe/o4 ,we h notic$ traces ( taboo on wom5 & /rang]s3 :at ( ! v9ctus8 ,?is is1 s f> z ,i "k1 ! only pro( we h t a man 9 *a9s 0 ?\ght to be religi\sly dang]\s4 ,i am n sure h[ 8 expulsion f religi\s rites is to be expla9$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z well to note t crim9als 7 9 primitive societies ?\ght to be uncanny1 probably because ! commone/ ( all crimes1 if n ! only "o affect+ society z a :ole1 0 ! break+ ( taboo1 :i* made ! individual an outca/4#dg ,& we may put ?is toge!r ) ! fact t 9 ! e>ly ,city-/ate su* outca/s 7 probably n kept %ut up 9 a prison1 b all[$ to w&] ab\t secur$ ) *a9s2 ?is seems a fair inf]5ce f ! p[] :i* ! prie/ ( ,jupit] 7,flam5 ,dialis7 possess$ ( releas+ f 8 *a9s any prison] :o ent]$ 8 h\se1 i4e4 :o _h tak5 refuge !re z 9 an asylum4#dh ,?us ! fett]$ crim9al1 :o 0 c]ta9ly n a citiz51 might f9d 8 way to ! place :]e a sacrifice 0 go+ on1 & h to submit to expulsion toge!r ) ! /rang]s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 also possible t ! iron ( ! *a9s1 if !y 7 ( iron1 made him d\bly dang]\s2 =1 z we %all see directly1 iron 0 taboo1 & ! *a9s ( ! prison] :o took refuge ) ! ,flam5 _h to be ?r[n out ( ! h\se1 no d\bt = ?is reason1 by ! impluvium4#di ,turn+ to inanimate objects1 :i* are suppos$ by primitive man to be dang]\s or taboo1 we are met by a fact :i* w a/oni% an?ropologi/s1 & :i* ,i _c satisfactorily expla94 ,blood is ev]y:]e 9 ! savage _w reg>d$ ) suspicion & anxiety2 !re is some?+ my/]i\s ab\t x z conta9+ 7s !y ?\ght7 ! life1 & its col\r & smell are also uncanny2 horses _c endure x1 & !re are /ill /rong m5 :o fa9t at ! sight ( x4 ,yet at ,rome1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 !re 0 9 hi/orical times h>dly a trace left ( ?is anxiety 9 its orig9al =m ( taboo2 ! religi\s law _h effectually elim9at$ ! v>i\s *ances t might ar\se x4 ,no /ud5t ( ,roman religi\s antiquities seems to h notic$ ?is s+ul> fact4 ,no an?ropologi/1 z f> z ,i "k1 has obs]v$ t among ! _m taboos to :i* ! ,flam5 ,dialis 0 subject1 blood does n appe>4 ,! reason no d\bt is t an?ropologi/s are n z a rule ,roman hi/orians2 _! curiosity is n excit$ by a fact :i* mu/ h "s explanation 9 ,roman religi\s hi/ory4 ,f a s+le passage ( ,fe/us 7p4 #aag7 we le>n t soldi]s foll[+ ! triumphal c> c>ri$ laurel ut quasi purgati a ca$e humana intr>5t urbem2 & ?is is ! only di/9ct relic ( ! idea t ,i c f9d4 ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory1 t wond]ful !saurus ( odds & ends1 af=ds no help2 ! my/ic qualities ( blood are h>dly allud$ to !re1 & ! same c be said ( ,s]vius' comm5t>y on ! ,a5eid4 ,! ^w blood is n to be f\nd 9 ! index to ,wiss[a's great "w1 ( :i* ! supreme value is its accurate record ( ! religi\s law & all ! c]emonies ( ! ,/ate4 ,i am con/ra9$ to believe t ! prie/s or prie/-k+s :o develop$ ! ius div9um ( ! ,roman ,city-/ate delib]ately suppress$ ! sup]/ition1 = reasons :i* x is impossible to conjecture ) c]ta9ty4 ,& ?is guess1 :i* ,i put =w>d ) hesitation1 is inde$ 9 keep+ ) c]ta9 o!r facts ( ,roman life4 ,x is d\btful :e!r human sacrifice ev] exi/$ among ?is p2#ej x is c]ta9 t ! execution ( citiz5s 9 civil life by behead+ 0 ab&on$ at a v e>ly p]iod4#ea ,! %$d+ ( blood1 except :5 a victim 0 sacrific$ "u ! rules ( sacr$ law1 0 c>efully avoid$2 ?us ! horror ( blood _h a social & e?ical result ( value1 in/ead ( rema9+ a m]e religio 7taboo74 ,x is true t 9 "o or two rites1 su* z t ( ! ,octob] horse1 ! blood ( a sacrifice seems to h be5 ?\ght to possess peculi> p[]s2#eb b x is at ! same "t noticeable t ?is rite is n includ$ 9 ! old cal5d>1 a fact ( :i* a :olly satisfactory explanation has n yet be5 (f]$4 ,9 ! ,lup]calia !re is a trace ( ! my/ic use ( blood 9 sacrifice1 b a v fa9t "o3 to ?is we %all return lat] on4 ,! two ,lup]ci _h _! =eheads sme>$ ) ! knife bloody f ! slaught] ( ! victims1 b ! blood 0 at once wip$ (f ) wool dipp$ 9 milk4#ec ,?is rite is ( c\rse 9 ! old cal5d>2 x /&s almo/ alone 9 its my/ical "*1 & may h be5 tak5 ov] by ! ,romans f previ\s inhabitants ( ! site ( ,rome4 ,la/ly1 9 ! ,t]m9alia1 or b\nd>y-fe/ival ( arable l& 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 ! b\nd>y-/one 0 spr9kl$ ) ! blood ( ! victims1 %[+ t a _s1 or num51 0 believ$ to reside 9 x2#ed b ,i _c f9d t ?is practice surviv$ 9 ! public sacrifices ( ! city4 ,x is f\nd only 9 ! sacrifices 7,graeco ritu7 sup]vis$ by ! ,,xv viri sacris faciundis 9 t "p ( ! ,ludi ,saecul>es ( ,augu/us :i* 0 conc]n$ ) ,greek *?onic deities 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius4#ee ,yet unque/ionably !re _h be5 a "t :5 _m inanimate objects 7 suppos$ to h a my/ic or dang]\s influ5ce2 ?is is suffici5tly prov$ by ! long li/ ( taboos to :i* ! un=tunate ,flam5 ,dialis 0 ev5 9 hi/orical times subject4 ,he 0 =bidd5 to t\* a goat1 a dog1 raw meat1 beans1 ivy1 :eat1 leav5$ bread2 he might n walk "u a v9e1 & 8 hair & nails might n be cut ) an iron knife2 & he might n h any knot or unbrok5 r+ ab\t 8 p]son4 ,dr4 ,fraz] has ! m]it ( be+ ! fir/ to po9t out ! real mean+ ( ?is /range li/ ( disabilities1 & to expla9 ! my/ic or miasmatic orig9 ( "s ( !m4#ef ,!y ne$ n deta9 u n[1 z !y are survivals only1 & survivals ( ideas :i* mu/ h be5 long ext9ct be=e ,roman hi/ory c be said to beg94 ,almo/ ! only "o among !m ( :i* we h o!r traces is ! taboo on iron1 :i* mu/ h be5 ( comp>atively late date1 z ! use ( iron 9 ,italy seems only to h begun ab\t ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4#eg ,?is is f\nd also 9 ! ritual ( ! ,arval ,bro!rhood1 ! anci5t agricultural prie/hood reviv$ by ,augu/us1 & bett] kn[n to u ?an any o!r ow+ to ! discov]y ( its ,acta 9 ! site ( ! sacr$ grove betwe5 ,rome & ,o/ia4 ,^! ,bre?r5 _h orig9ally suff]$ f ! taboo on iron2 b 9 *>act]i/ic fa%ion !y _h discov]$ t a piacul> or dis9fect+ sacrifice w\ld suffici5tly atone = its use :5ev] x 0 necess>y to take a prun+-hook )9 ! limits ( ! grove4#eh ,we may "h also recall ! fact t no iron might be us$ 9 ! build+ or repair+ ( ! anci5t pons sublicius1 ! olde/ ( all ! bridges ( ! ,tib]4#ei ,e "o :o wi%es to get an idea ( ! nature ( taboo 9 primitive ,rome1 & ( ! way 9 :i* x 0 got rid (1 %\ld /udy ! disabilities ( ! ,flam5 ,dialis1 & satisfy himself ( _! abs5ce1 ) ! exception j m5tion$1 & possibly "o or two m1 9 ! ritual ( hi/orical ,rome4 ,no?+ is m likely to conv9ce him ( ! way 9 :i* ,roman civilisation contriv$ to leave ^! sup]/itions z m]e fossils1 incapable any long] ( do+ mis*ief by cramp+ ! consci5ce & induc+ con/ant anxiety4 ,if he is dispos$ to ask :y su* a l>ge numb] ( ^! fossils %\ld be f\nd atta*$ to ! prie/hood ( ,jupit]1 ,i mu/ ask him to let me po/pone t "q1 :i* w\ld at ?is mom5t lead u too f> afield4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 m5tion "h t ! ,flam9ica ,dialis1 :o 0 n prie/ess ( ,juno z is commonly suppos$1 b assi/$ h] husb& 9 ! cult ( ,jupit]1 0 also subject to c]ta9 taboos4 ,on ?ree occasions 9 ! religi\s ye> %e might n appe> 9 public ) h] hair done up1 viz4 ! mov+ ( ! ancilia 9 ,m>*1 ! fe/ival ( ! ,argei 9 ,m>* & ,may1 & dur+ ! cleans+ ( ! p5us ,ve/ae 9 ,june4 ,also %e might n we> %oes made f ! sk9 ( a bea/ t _h di$ a natural dea?1 b only f t ( a sacrificial victim4 ,!re are traces ( a religio ab\t %oe-lea!r1 ,i may rem>k1 bo? 9 ! ,roman & 9 o!r religi\s sy/ems4 ,v>ro tells u t 9 aliquot sacris et sacellis scriptum habemus1 ,ne quid scorteum adhibeatur3 ideo ne mortic9um quid adsit4 ,lea!r 0 taboo 9 ! wor%ip ( ! almo/ unkn[n deity ,c>m5ta4 ,petronius describes wom5 9 ! cult ( ,jupit] ,elicius walk+ b>efoot2 & we are rem9d$ ( ! well-kn[n rule :i* /ill survives 9 ,mahomm$an mosques4#fj ,! orig9al idea may h be5 t ! sk9 ( an animal n made sacr$ by sacrifice might de/roy ! efficacy ( ! wor%ip contemplat$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sk9 ( a duly sacrific$ animal _h pot5cy ( a useful k9d--a fact or belief s widespread z to ne$ no illu/ration "h2 b we %all come ^u an example ( x 9 my next lecture4 ,c]ta9 places 7 also affect$ by ! idea ( taboo4 ,9 ! lat] religi\s law ( ! ,city-/ate ! sites ( all temples1 i4e4 all places 9 :i* deities _h cons5t$ to take up _! abode1 7 ( c\rse holy2 b ?is is a mu* m mature developm5t1 ?\gh x unque/ionably _h its root 9 ! same idea t we are n[ discuss+4 ,su* sites1 z we %all see 9 a lat] lecture1 7 loca sacra1 & sac] is a ^w ( legal ritual1 mean+ t ! place has be5 made ov] to ! deity by c]ta9 =mulae1 accompani$ ) fav\rable auspices1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate4#fa ,b !re 7 o!r holy places :i* 7 n sacra b religiosa2 & ! ^w religiosum "h might almo/ be translat$ affect$ by taboo4 ,wiss[a provides u ) a li/ ( ^! places1 & ?is & ! quotations he supplies ) x are ( ! utmo/ value = my pres5t subject4#fb ,!y compris$1 ( c\rse1 all holy places :i* ! ,/ate _h n duly consecrat$1 & !re=e "s :i* h>dly conc]n u "h1 su* z %r9es belong+ to families & g5tes1 & temple-sites 9 ! prov9ces ( a lat] age4 ,m to our purpose at ?is mom5t are ! spots :]e ?und]bolts 7 suppos$ to h fall54 ,su* spots 7 encircl$ ) a l[ wall & call$ puteal f _! resemblance to a well1 or bid5tal f ! sacrifice !re ( a lamb z a piaculum2 ! bolt 0 suppos$ to be ?us buri$1 & ! place became religiosum4#fc ,s1 too1 all burial-gr\nds 7 n loca sacra b loca religiosa1 te*nically because !y 7 n ! prop]ty ( ! /ate or consecrat$ by x2 9 reality1 ,i v5ture to say1 because ! place :]e a corpse 0 deposit$ 0 ( necessity taboo4 ,su* places 7 extra comm]cium1 & _! sanctity might n be violat$3 religiosum e/1 wrote ! le>n$ ,roman ,masurius ,sab9us1 quod propt] sanctitatem aliquam remotum et sepositum e/ a nobis4#fd ,s1 too1 ! great lawy] ( ,cic]o's "t1 ,s]vius ,sulpicius1 def9es religio z quae propt] sanctitatem aliquam remota ac seposita a nobis sit1 :]e he is us+ religio 9 ! s5se ( a ?+ or place to :i* a taboo atta*es4#fe ,& aga91 ano!r au?ority1 ,aelius ,gallus1 said t religiosum 0 prop]ly appli$ to an object 9 reg>d to :i* !re 7 ?+s :i* a man might n d3 quod si faciat1 he goes on1 adv]sus deorum voluntatem videatur fac]e4#ff ,^! la/ words are 9 ! language ( ! ,city-/ate2 if we w\ld g beh9d x to t ( an e>li] age1 we %\ld sub/itute words :i* w\ld express ! feel+ or scruple1 ! religio1 )\t ref]5ce to any special deity4 ,virgil has pictur$ admirably ?is feel+ z appli$ to places1 9 describ+ ! visit ( ,a5eas to ! site ( ! future ,rome "u ! guidance ( 8 ho/ ,ev&] 7,a54 viii4 #cdg73-- h9c ad ,t>peiam s$em et ,capitolia ducit1 aurea nunc1 olim silve/ribus horrida dumis4 iam tum religio pavidos t]rebat agre/is dira loci3 iam tum silvam saxumque tremebant4 hoc nemus1 hunc1 inquit1 frondoso v]tice collem1 7quis deus1 inc]tum e/7 habitat deus4 ,?is is a passage on :i* ,i %all h to comm5t aga93 at pres5t ,i w cont5t myself ) not+ h[ accurately ! poet1 :o ( all o!rs be/ und]/ood ! in/9cts ( ! less civilis$ ,italians ( 8 own day1 has us$ 8 k to express ! antique feel+ t !re 7 places :i* man mu/ %r9k f ent]+--a feel+ f> old] ?an ! inv5tion ( legal consecratio by ! au?orities ( a ,city-/ate4 ,la/ly1 ! pr9ciple ( taboo1 or religio1 if we use ! ,lat9 ^w1 affect$ c]ta9 times z well z places4 ,j z "u ! ius div9um ( ! fully-develop$ ,/ate c]ta9 spots 7 made ov] to ! deities = _! habitation & r5d]$ inviolable by consecratio1 s c]ta9 days 7 also appo9t$ z !irs :i* ! human inhabitants might n violate by ! transaction ( pr(ane bus9ess4 ,b ,i h j po9t$ out t ! consecration ( holy places 9 ?is legal fa%ion 0 a late developm5t ( a primitive feel+ or religio2 exactly ! same1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 0 ! case ) reg>d to ! holy days4 ,^! 7 call$ nefa/i1 & belong to ! life ( ! ,/ate2 b !re 7 o!rs1 call$ religiosi1 :i* ,i believe to h be5 taboo$ days long be=e ! ,/ate arose4 ,:5 we come to exam9e ! anci5t religi\s cal5d>1 x w be f\nd t ,i %all n !n be call$ ^u to deal ) dies religiosi1 = ! v good reason t !y are n indicat$ 9 t cal5d>--!re is no m>k = !m z religiosi1 & "s ( !m are n ev5 dies nefa/i1 z we might naturally h expect$4#fg ,:at1 !n1 is ! hi/ory ( !m8 ,we may be able to make a fair guess at ?is by not+ exactly :at ^! days 72 ,dr4 ,wiss[a has put !m toge!r = u 9 a v succ9ct passage4#fh ,he beg9s ! li/ ) ! #ah? ( ,qu9ctilis 7,july71 on :i* two great disa/]s _h happ5$ to ,roman armies1 ! defeats on ! ,crem]a & ! ,allia2 & also ! #af?1 ! day aft] ! ,ides1 because1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 ! ,roman comm&] _h sacrific$ on t day ) a view to ga9+ ! fav\r ( ! gods 9 ! battle4 ,we may reg>d ! /ory ab\t ! #ah? z hi/orical2 b !n we are told t all days foll[+ on ,kal5ds1 ,nones1 & ,ides 7 likewise made religiosi 7or atri1 vitiosi1 :i* h ! same mean+7 z be+ h5ce=w>d deem$ unlucky by pron\ncem5t ( s5ate & pontifices2#fi ?us all dies po/riduani1 z !y 7 call$1 7 put out ( use1 or at any rate decl>$ unlucky1 = _m purposes1 bo? public & private1 e4g4 m>riages1 levies1 battles1 & sacr$ rites1#gj simply because on "o occasion disa/] _h foll[$ ! (f]+ ( a sacrifice on ! #af? ( ,qu9ctilis4 ,x is difficult to believe t ?irty-six days 9 ! ye> 7 ?us taboo$1 by a ,roman s5ate & ,roman magi/rates1 9 a p]iod :5 ! practical wisdom ( ! gov]nm5t 0 beg9n+ to be a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,/ate4 ,"s p1 we are told1 w5t s f> z to treat ! f\r? day be=e ,kal5ds1 ,nones1 & ,ides 9 ! same way2 b ,gellius decl>es t he c\ld f9d no tradition ab\t ?is except a s+le passage ( ,claudius ,quadrig>ius1 9 :i* he said t ! f\r? day be=e ! ,nones ( ,sextilis 0 t on :i* ! battle ( ,cannae 0 f\ght4#ga ,i am /rongly incl9$ to sugge/ t ! traditional explanation ( ! taboo+ ( ^! ?irty-six1 or possibly sev5ty-two days 0 nei!r m nor less ?an an aetiological my?1 l hundr$s ( o!rs :i* 7 inv5t$ to acc\nt = ,roman practices1 religi\s & o!r2 & ?is supposition seems to be confirm$ z we g on ) ! li/ ( dies religiosi z giv5 by ,wiss[a4 ,! ?ree days--,sextilis #bd1 ,octob] #e1 ,novemb] #h--on :i* ! ,manes 7 believ$ to come up f ! und]world ?r\gh ! mundus 7to :i* ,i %all return lat] on7 7 religiosi2#gb s 7 ^? :5 ! temple ( ,ve/a rema9$ op5 7,june #g to #ae71gc ^? on :i* ! ,salii p]=m$ _! dances 9 ,m>* & ,octob]1#gd two days foll[+ ! f]iae ,lat9ae 7a movable fe/ival71#ge & ! days ( ! ,p>5talia 9 ,febru>y & ! ,lemuria 9 ,may1 :i* 7 conc]n$ ) ! cult & ! memory ( ! dead4#gf ,n[ ! religio or taboo on ^! days obvi\sly spr+s ei!r f a feel+ ( anxiety sugge/$ by v primitive notions ( ! dead & ( dep>t$ spirits2 or 9 ! case ( ! temple ( ,ve/a1 by "s my/ical purification or dis9fection prep>atory to ! +a!r+ ( ! crops1 :i* ,i notic$ 9 my ,roman ,fe/ivals 7p4 #aeb foll472 or aga9 9 ! case ( ! ,salii1 by "s dang] to ! crops f evil spirits1 etc41 :i* might be av]t$ by _! peculi> p]=mances4 ,9 fact1 all ^! dies religiosi date z su*1 we may be pretty sure1 f a v primitive p]iod be=e ! g5esis ( ! ,city-/ate1 & 7 n recognis$--= :at reason we w n at pres5t attempt to guess--z religiosi by ! au?orities :o drew up ! ,cal5d>4 ,"s ( !m appe> 9 t cal5d> z dies nefa/i1 b n all2 & ,i am entirely at "o ) ,wiss[a1 ^: k ( ! ,roman religi\s law is unp>allel$ = exactness1 9 believ+ t a religio affect+ a day _h no?+ :atev] to d ) its "* z fa/us or nefa/us4#gg ,if all ^! la/-m5tion$ dies religiosi are su* because anci5t popul> feel+ atta*$ ! religio to !m1 we may inf]1 ,i ?9k1 t ! same 0 really ! case also ) ! dies po/riduani4 ,! fact t ! au?orities ( ! ,/ate _h made "o or two days religiosi z anniv]s>ies ( disa/]s1 suppli$ a h&y explanation = a numb] ( o!r dies religiosi ( :i* ! true explanation _h be5 entirely lo/2 b t !re 0 su* a true explanation1 re/+ on v primitive beliefs1 ,i h v little d\bt4 ,lucky & unlucky days are f\nd 9 ! unwritt5 cal5d>s ( primitive peoples 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,an old pupil1 n[ a civil s]vant 9 ! prov9ce ( ,madras1 has s5t me an elaborate acc\nt ( ! notions ( ?is k9d exi/+ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,tamil-speak+ p ( 8 di/rict ( s\!rn ,india4 ,! ,celtic cal5d> rec5tly discov]$ at ,coligny 9 ,france conta9s a numb] ( my/]i\s m>ks1 "s ( :i* may h _h a mean+ ( ?is k9d4#gh ,dr4 ,jevons has collect$ "s o!r examples f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 e4g4 ,mexico4#gi ,! old ,roman sup]/ition ab\t ! luck9ess ( odd days & ! unluck9ess ( ev5 ones1 :i* appe>s1 z we %all see1 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! cal5d>1 0 probably at "o "t a popul> ,italian notion1 n d]iv$1 z us$ to be ?\ght1 f ,py?agoras & 8 s*ool4 ,i !re=e conclude t we may add times & seasons to ! li/ ( ^? objects1 animate & inanimate1 :i* 7 affect$ by ! practice ( taboo 9 primitive ,rome2 & ,i hold t ! ^w religiosus1 z appli$ bo? to times & places1 exactly expresses ! feel+ on :i* t practice is bas$4 ,! ^w religiosus came to h ano!r mean+ 7?\gh x reta9$ ! old "o z well7 9 hi/orical times1 & ! ,romans c\ld be call$ religiosissimi mortalium 9 ! s5se ( pay+ close att5tion to wor%ip & all its details4 ,b ! orig9al mean+ ( religio & religiosus may aft] all h be5 t n]v\s anxiety :i* is a special *>act]i/ic ( an age ( taboo4#hj ,to discov] ! be/ me?ods ( soo?+ t anxiety1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! me?ods ( dis9fection1 0 ! "w ( ! organis$ religi\s life ( family & ,/ate :i* we are go+ to /udy4 ,b ,i mu/ fir/ devote a lecture to ano!r class ( primitive survivals4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,ii #bc ,r5el1 ,les ,enseignes1 p4 #dc foll4 ,= ! contr>y view1 ,deubn] 9 ,ar*iv1 #aiaj1 p4 #dij4 #bd ,on taboo 9 g5]al1 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 *4 vi42 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #adb foll42 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh 7ed4 #b71 i4 #cdc2 ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 passim4 ,on ! relation ( taboo to magic1 ,m>ett1 ,?re%old ( ,religion1 p4 #he foll4 ,lately ,m4 van ,g5nep 9 8 ,rites de passage has attempt$ to classify & expla9 ! v>i\s rites result+ f taboo4 #be ,see ! ,transactions ( ! ,congress 7,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press71 vol4 i4 p4 #aba foll4 ,m4 ,re9a* _h alleg$ t ! g5s ,fabia 0 orig9ally a totem clan1 ,my!s et cultes1 i4 p4 #dg4 #bf ,m>ett1 ,on ! ,?re%old ( ,religion1 p4 #acg foll4 ,9 taboo ! my/ic ?+ is n to be lightly approa*$ 7negative aspect72 qua mana1 x is in/9ct ) my/ic p[] 7positive aspect73 s ,mr4 ,m>ett /ates ! di/9ction 9 a private lett]4 #bg ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #id4 #bh ,introduction1 *4 viii42 ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,e?ical ,ideas1 i4 #bcc foll4 #bi ,see a pap] by ! au?or 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,congress ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #aijh1 ii4 #afi foll4 #cj ,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #af4 #cf2 ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione nella vita dome/ica1 i4 p4 #afi foll42 ,samt]1 ,famili5fe/e d] ,grie*5 und ,roem]1 p4 #fb foll41 :]e ! dies lu/ricus is comp>$ ) ! ,greek ,greek3 amphidromia4 ,un=tunately ! details ( ! ,roman rite are unkn[n to u1 :i* seems to indicate t ! primitive or magical "* ( x _h disappe>$4 ,van ,g5nep1 op4 cit4 *4 v41 reviews & classifies our pres5t k ( ?is k9d ( rite4 ,see also ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 p4 #dce foll4 #ca ,crawley1 op4 cit4 p4 #dcf2 ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 i4 #djc foll4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,roman names ne$ a clos] exam9ation ?an !y h yet receiv$4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb5 d] ,roem]1 pp4 #aj & #ha1 & ,momms51 ,roem4 ,=s*ung51 i4 #a foll4 ,m>qu>dt mu/ be wrong 9 /at+ 7p4 #aj7 t only ! pra5om5 0 giv5 on ! dies lu/ricus2 *ildr5 dy+ be=e t day usually1 z he says on p4 #hb note1 h no "n 9 inscriptions1 & t c]emony mu/ surely h introduc$ ! *ild to ! g5s ( its p>5ts4 ,c]ta9ly t introduction _h n to wait till ! toga virilis 0 tak52 ?\gh ,t]tull4 de ,idol4 #af looks at fir/ a little l x4 ,! same /atem5t is made 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,antiq41 s4v4 nom54 ,macr4 ,sat4 i4 #af4 #cf1 & ,fe/4 #abj1 simply speak ( nom54 #cb ,f[l]1 ,r4,f4 p4 #ef2 ,de ,m>*i1 op4 cit4 p4 #agf4 ,= ! primitive ideas ab\t pub]ty1 ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 *4 xiii4 ,! idea ( ! ,romans seems to h be5 simply t ! *ild1 :o _h s f> ne$$ special protection f evil influ5ces 7( :at k9d 9 p>ticul> x is impossible to say7 by purple-/rip$ toga & amulet 7see bel[1 p4 #fj71 0 n[ ent]+ a /age :5 ^! 7 no long] ne$$4 ,all notions ( taboo seem to h vani%$4 #cc ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]tuem]1 p4 #ccg foll4 #cd ,s]v4 ,a54 ii4 #gad1 & especially iii4 #fd4 ,o!r ref]5ces 9 ,m>q4 op4 cit4 p4 #cch1 note #e1 & ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione nella vita dome/ica1 p4 #aij4 ,= simil> usages ( prohibition see van ,g5nep1 op4 cit4 *4 ii4 #ce ,fe/us1 p4 #c1 itaque funus prosecuti r$euntes ignem supragradiebantur aqua asp]si1 quod purgationis g5us vocabant suffitionem4 ,= ! possibly magic influ5ce ( ^! elem5ts1 see ,jevons1 op4 cit4 p4 #gj4 #cf ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 i4 #cbe1 iii4 #bbb foll42 ,jevons1 p4 #ei4 #cg ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #hc1 muli] ad eam rem div9am ne adsit neve videat quomodo fiat4 #ch ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #fj4 ,dogs 7 also exclud$ 7ib4 #ij72 ,gellius xi4 #f4 #b2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bbg2 ,f[l]1 ,r4,f4 p4 #aid1 :]e ! private & public taboos are comp>$4 #ci ,fe/us1 s4v4 exe/o4 ,= simil> taboos 9 ,greece1 ,f>nell 9 ,ar*iv = #aijd1 p4 #gf4 #dj ,f[l]1 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #adc foll4 ,cp4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig91 etc41 vol4 i4 *4 xxvi41 especially p4 #feb foll4 #da ,g4,b4 i4 #bih foll4 #db ,fe/us1 s4v4 exe/o4 #dc ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 p4 #id foll4 ,cp4 ,livy v4 #ej1 :]e x is said t1 aft] ! ,gauls _h left ,rome1 all ! temples1 quod ea ho/is poss$isset1 7 to be re/or$1 to h _! b\nds laid d[n afre% 7t]m9>5tur7 & to be dis9fect$ 7expi>5tur74 ,dige/1 xi4 #g4 #cf1 cum loca capta sunt ab ho/ibus1 omnia des9unt religiosa vel sacra esse1 sicut hom9es lib]i 9 s]vitutem p]v5iunt2 quod si ab hac calamitate fu]9t lib]ata1 quasi quodam po/lim9io rev]sa pri/9o /atui re/itu]5tur4 ,cp4 ,plut>*1 ,ari/ides1 #bj4 ,a fri5d rem9ds me t ,bi%op ,b]keley1 :5 9 ,italy1 _h 8 b$room spr9kl$ ) holy wat] by 8 l&lady4 #dd ,see ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #dbj1 notes #e & #f4 ,! v]b5>ius is m5tion$ 9 ,s]v4 ,a54 xii4 #abj1 & ,pl9y ,n4,h4 xxii4 #e4 ,= ! dis9fect+ p[] ( v]b5a 7myrtea v]b5a7 see ,pl9y xv4 #aai1 :]e x is said to h be5 us$ by ,romans & ,sab9es aft] ! rape ( ! ,sab9e virg9s4 #de ,see ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb51 p4 #aib foll41 bas$ on ! fam\s essay ( ,momms5 9 8 ,roemis*e ,=s*ung51 i4 #cai foll4 ,! passages quot$ f ,livy = ! practice 9 e>ly times 7i4 #de1 v4 #ej7 are n1 ( c\rse1 hi/orical evid5ce2 b we may fairly argue back f ! m explicit evid5ce ( lat] times1 e4g4 ! ,s5atusconsultum de ,asclepiade ( #gh ,b4,c4 7,c4,i4 ,graec4 #ehgi74 ,!re is a good example ( ! feel+ 9 mod]n ,italy 9 a book call$ ,9 ! ,abruzzi1 by ,anne ,macdonell1 p4 #bge4 ,i h exp]i5c$ x 9 remote p>ts ( ,s\? ,wales long ago4 ,moritz1 ! ,g]man pa/or :o travell$ on foot 9 ,engl& t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 not$ t ev5 ! innkeep]s 7 con/antly unwill+ to take him 94 ,8 book 0 repr9t$ 9 ,cassell's ,national ,libr>y "s ye>s ago4 #df ,see ! v int]e/+ *apt] 9 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 vol4 i4 p4 #egj foll41 especially p4 #eij foll4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck aptly po9ts out t hospitality is almo/ univ]sal among rude peoples1 & loses its hold z !y become m civilis$4 ,m4 van ,g5nep 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ "w1 ,les ,rites de ,passage1 has attempt$ to classify ! v>i\s rites relat+ to taboo ( /rang]s2 see *4 iii41 especially p4 #ch foll4 #dg ,jevons1 ,introduction1 p4 #gj4 #dh ,gellius x4 #ae4 #h1 v9ctum1 si a$es eius introi]it1 solui necessum e/4 7,9 hot c\ntries *a9s /ill usually1 or 9 "s degree1 take ! place ( bolts & b>s1 e4g4 9 ! ,s\dan1 z ,i am told by an old pupil n[ 9 ! ,s\dan civil s]vice47 ,! regul> ,lat9 phrase = imprisonm5t is 9 v9cula conic]e3 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 s4v4 c>c]4 #di ,gellius1 l4c42 ,s]v4 ,a54 ii4 #eg1 a curi\s passage1 9 :i* ! release ( ,s9on f 8 bonds by ,k+ ,priam is comp>$ ) t ( ! prison] :o ent]s ! flam9ia 7h\se ( ! ,flam5 ,dialis74 ,t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! iron :i* int]f]$ ) ! religi\s efficacy ( ! ,flam5 seems likely2 cp4 ! rule t he might we> no r+ unless x 7 brok51 & h no knot ab\t 8 dress4 ,b ! latt] re/riction sugge/s t b9d+ may h be5 orig9ally ! object ( ! taboo 7cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 v4 #dcb71 & t ! iron taboo came 9 ) ! iron age4 ,appel1 de ,romanorum precationibus1 p4 #hb1 note #b1 seems s to und]/& x4 ,cp4 ,eurip4 ,iph4 ,taur4 #dfh1 :]e ,ore/es & ,pylades are unb\nd be=e ent]+ ! temple4 #ej ,!re has be5 mu* discussion ( ?is "q2 ,i entirely agree ) ,wiss[a 7,r4,k4 p4 #ced1 :]e ref]5ces are giv5 = ! opposite op9ion7 t !re is no evid5ce = human sacrifice 9 ! old ,roman religion or law1 except 9 ! rule t a condemn$ crim9al 0 made ov] to a deity 7sac]71 :i* may h be5 a legal survival ( an orig9al =m ( actual sacrifice4 ,! alleg$ sacrifice by ,julius ,caes> ( two mut9\s soldi]s 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius 7,dio ,cass4 xliii4 #bd7 is ( ! same nature z ! sacrifice ( captives to ,orcus 9 ,a54 xi4 #ha1 i4e4 x is outside ( ! civil life & religi\s law2 ?is is %[n 9 ! latt] case by ! m5tion ( blood 9 ! ritual 7caeso sp>surus sangu9e flammas71 & 9 ! =m] by ! behead+ ( ! mut9e]s4 #ea ,momms51 ,/rafre*t1 p4 #iag foll42 ,livy x4 #i2 ,cic4 de ,rep4 ii4 #ca4 #fe4 ,all o!r me?ods ( execution 7 bloodless4 ,decollatio rema9$ 9 use 9 ! army 7z 9 ! case j m5tion$71 b ! axe disappe>$ f ! fasces 9 ! city ) ! abolition ( k+%ip4 ,z fur!r illu/ration ( ! dislike ( all blood%$1 cp4 ! rule ( ,,xii4 ,tables1 muli]es g5as ne radunto1 i4e4 at fun]als1 ,cic4 de ,legibus1 ii4 #ei1 & ,s]v4 ,a54 iii4 #fg f ,v>ro1 & v4 #gh4 ,! gladiatorial ludi may h be5 a revival ( an old cu/om ak9 to human sacrifice ( captives 9 ! field4 ,see ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #cjd1 note #c4 ,we may also note 9 ?is connection t !re is no di/9ct trace ( ! blood-feud 9 old ,roman law2 see ,zum aelte/5 ,/rafre*t d] ,kulturvoelk]1 p4 #ch 7que/ions ( comp>ative law sugge/$ by ,momms5 & answ]$ by v>i\s speciali/s74 ,d\btless x once exi/$1 b vani%$ at an e>ly date4 #eb ,f[l]1 ,r4,f4 p4 #bdb4 ,! tail ( ! sacrific$ horse 0 c>ri$ to ! ,regia1 :]e ! blood 0 all[$ to drip on ! sacr$ he>? 7p>ticip&ae rei div9ae gratia71 ,fe/us1 p4 #agh4 #ec ,r4,f4 p4 #caa foll41 f ,plut>*1 ,rom4 #ba4 #ed ,= ?is practice 9 _m anci5t religions1 & its sub/itute1 ! sme>+ ( ! /one ) turm]ic or o!r r$ /a91 see ,jevons1 ,introduction1 p4 #aci foll42 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,semites1 p4 #dae4 #ee ,?is is f\nd 9 ,zosimus ii4 #a4 #e2 ,diels1 ,sibyll9is*e ,blaett]1 #acb1 & #gc note4 ,cp4 ,virg4 ,a54 viii4 #ajf2 also a ,greek rite4 #ef ,g4,b4 ed4 #b1 i4 #bda foll4 #eg ,! bronze & iron ages1 ( c\rse1 ov]lap2 see ,helbig1 ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1 p4 #gh foll4 #eh ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 pp4 #bb & #abh foll4 ,o!r examples are collect$ by ,helbig1 op4 cit4 p4 #hj4 #ei ,dion4 ,hal4 iii4 #de2 ,momms5 9 ,c4,i4,l4 i4 p4 #agg4 ,x may be z well to po9t out t iron1 l :eat 9 ! taboos ( ! ,flam51 0 consid]$ dang]\s1 z be+ a novelty4 ,! old ,italian gra9 0 n true :eat b f>1 :i* cont9u$ to be us$ 9 religi\s rites2 ,r4,f4 p4 #cjd1 & ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb5 d] ,roem]1 p4 #cii foll4 #fj ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vii4 #hd2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 i4 #fbi2 ,petronius1 ,sat4 #dd4 ,!re are _m p>allels 9 ,greek ritual4 #fa ,see bel[1 p4 #adf4 ,mr4 ,m>ett sugge/s to me a comp>ison ) ! rongo 7sacr$7 ( ! ,melanesians1 & tapu z us$ ( a place by !m1 i4e4 set ap>t by a human au?ority2 ,codr+ton1 ,melanesians1 p4 #gg4 #fb ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #djh foll42 cp4 #cbc & notes4 #fc ,! fulle/ acc\nt ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #bfb foll4 ,= ! case ( a man kill$ by lightn+1 see note #d on p4 #bfc2 ! body 0 n burnt b buri$1 & ! grave became a bid5tal1 & religiosum4 #fd ,= ! intricate pontifical law ( burial-places see ,wiss[a1 p4 #dji4 ,! quotation f ,masurius is 9 ,gellius iv4 #i4 #h1 ,m4 ,sab9us 9 comm5t>iis quos de indig5is composuit4 ,! ^w sanctitas is "h us$ m]ely by way ( explanation & n 9 a te*nical s5se2 = :i* see ,m>q4 p4 #ade & ref]5ces2 b x seems to h _h a special use 9 ! cult ( ! dead4 7,see bel[1 p4 #dgj47 #fe ,quot$ by ,macrobius1 ,sat4 iii4 #c4 #h4 ,= ,sulpicius see ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #aah foll4 #ff ,fe/us1 p4 #bgh4 ,?is ,aelius liv$ at ! end ( ! ,republican p]iod1 & belong$ to ! s*ool ( ,sulpicius2 ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit4 i4 pt4 #b1 p4 #dhf4 #fg e4g4 ! ?ree days on :i* ! mundus 0 op5 7 all comitiales1 ?\gh at ! same "t religiosi4 #fh ,r4,k4 pp4 #cgf1 #cgg4 #fi ,! au?orities = ! /ory are ,v]rius ,flaccus1 ap4 ,gell4 v4 #ag1 & ,macrobius1 ,sat4 i4 #af4 #ba4 #gj ,= ! ext5t ( ! taboo see ,gell4 iv4 #i4 #e2 ,macr4 i4 #af4 #ah4 #ga ,gell4 v4 #ag4 #c foll4 7annalium qu9to74 #gb ,fe/us1 p4 #bgh4 #gc ,r4,f4 p4 #aea4 #gd ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cgg1 note #f4 #ge ,cic4 ad ,qu4 ,fratr4 ii4 #d4 #b4 #gf ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 pp4 #ahg1 #ahi4 #gg ,r4,k4 p4 #cgg4 ,gell4 iv4 #i4 #e says t ! multitudo imp]itorum confus$ ! dies religiosi & dies nefa/i4 ,! di/9ction is mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ! fact t on dies religiosi ! temples 7 7or ought to be7 %ut1 & res div9as fac]e 0 ill-om5$ 7,gell41 ib471 :ile on dies nefa/i ! latt] 0 regul>1 su* days be+ made ov] to ! gods4 ,no wond] t ,gellius br&s ! popul> ignorance ) su* words z prave & p]p]am4 #gh ,see ,pr(4 ,rhys's pap] read be=e ! ,briti% ,academy1 ,notes on ! ,coligny ,cal5d>1 p4 #cc & else:]e4 #gi ,introduction1 p4 #fe foll4 #hj ,s9ce writ+ ?is s5t5ce ,i h read ! pap] by ,w4 ,otto on ,religio & ,sup]/itio 9 ,ar*iv fu] ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aiji1 p4 #ecc foll42 9 :i* at p4 #edd he h9ts at a connection ( religio ) ! practice ( taboo4 ,) "s ( 8 conclusions1 h[ev]1 ,i _c agree4 ,! same explanation ( ! orig9 ( religio1 i4e4 9 an age ( taboo1 has also be5 sugge/$ s9ce my lecture 0 writt5 by ,maximilianus ,kobb]t1 ,de v]borum religio atque religiosus usu apud ,romanos1 p4 #ca 7,ko5igsb]g1 #aiaj74 ,,lecture ,,iii ,,on ,,! ,,?re%old ,,( ,,religion3 ,,magic ,taboo1 ! traces ( :i* at ,rome we exam9$ 9 ! la/ lecture1 is1 z we saw1 closely alli$ to magic1 ev5 if x be n1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] ?9ks1 magic 9 a negative =m4 ,we h n[ to see :at traces are to be f\nd ( magic 9 ! prop] or usual s5se ( ! ^w--active or positive magic1 z we may call x4 ,by ?is we are to und]/& ! ex]cise ( a my/]i\s me*anical p[] by an individual on man1 _s1 or deity1 to en=ce a c]ta9 result4 ,9 magic !re is no propitiation1 no pray]4 ,he :o p]=ms a purely magical act1 says ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1#ha utilises su* me*anical p[] )\t mak+ any appeal at all to ! w ( a sup]natural be+4 ,religion1 on ! o!r h&1 is an attitude ( reg>d & dep5d5ce2 9 a religi\s /age man feels himself 9 ! h&s ( a sup]natural p[] ) :om he desires to be 9 "r relation4 ,if we accept ?is di/9ction1 z ,i ?9k we may 7?\gh "o s*ool ( an?ropologi/s is h>dly dispos$ to d s71 x is pla9 t magical practices are ( a totally diff]5t k9d f religi\s practices1 z be+ ! result ( a diff]5t m5tal attitude t[>ds ! sup]natural2 !y belong to a rud] & m rudim5t>y idea ( ! relation ( ,man to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,true1 !y h _! orig9 9 ! same k9d ( human exp]i5ce1 9 ! difficulties man meets ) 9 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & 8 desire to ov]come ^!2 b unlike religion1 magic is a :olly inadequate attempt to ov]come !m4 ,?is inadequacy 0 long ago well expla9$ by ,dr4 ,jevons4#hb ,he %[$ t man 9 t e>ly /age ( 8 exp]i5ce did n und]/& ! true relation ( cause & effect2 t1 turn$ loose z x 7 among innum]able possible causes 7( a giv5 effect71 ) no?+ to guide 8 *oice1 ! *ances aga9/ 8 mak+ ! "r *oice 7 consid]able4 ,z a matt] ( fact he usually made ! wrong "o1 & is /ill apt to d s4 ,!re is probably m magic go+ on beh9d ! sc5es ev5 9 civilis$ c\ntries1 & m especially bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy1 ?an ei!r m5 ( sci5ce or m5 ( religion h any idea (4 ,9 its v>i\s =ms z !y are n[ classifi$1#hc e4g4 contagi\s magic1 & homoeopa?ic magic1 ! ex]cise ( ! my/]i\s w-p[]1 real or imag9>y1 is to be f\nd all ! _w ov]1 accompani$ usually ) a spell or incantation :i* is believ$ to en=ce & increase t p[]--a k9d ( telepa?y1 :i* seems to be ! psy*ological basis1 s f> z !re is "o1 ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,9 ^! rites ! virtue resides 9 "s action1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! spell or incantation1 en=ces ! desir$ result by call+ out ! w-p[]1 or mana1 if we adopt ! conv5i5t ,melanesian ^w lately br\ght into use4 ,:atev] p]c5tage ( psy*ological tru? may lie at ! root ( su* p]=mances1 x is obvi\s t !y mu/ 9 ! ma9 be :olly inadequate1 & mu/ con/antly t5d to pass into m]e quack]y & become discr$it$2 & x 0 ! special function ( ! religi\s organisation ( e>ly society to elim9ate & discr$it !m4 ,b x 0 a long /age 9 ! evolution ( society be=e man arriv$ at a bett] k ( 8 relation to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se2 be=e he rea*$ ! idea ( a god or _s realisable & nameable1 & ?us capable ( be+ address$1 placat$1 wor%ipp$4 ,:5 ?is /age is rea*$1 !re sup]v5es almo/ always a /rong t5d5cy to regulate & sy/ematise ! me?ods ( address1 placation1 & wor%ip2 & among "s peoples1 e4g4 ! ,romans1 = reasons :i* x is by no means easy to expla91 ?is t5d5cy is mu* /rong] ?an among o!rs4 ,:]ev] x has be5 /rong1 :]ev] ^! me?ods ( putt+ oneself 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[] h be5 sy/ematis$ by a c5tral au?ority or prie/hood1 & ?us made into religi\s law1 !re1 z we might naturally expect1 ! p]=mances & p]=m]s ( magic h be5 mo/ vigor\sly disc\nt5anc$ & outlaw$4 ,! int]e/s ( religion & its (ficials are :olly antagoni/ic to ^? ( magic & magicians4 ,9 civilis$ communities & 9 hi/orical times magic is 9 ! ma9 individuali/ic1 n social2 magical c]emonies = ! good ( ! community seem to be conf9$ to races 9 a v e>ly /age ( developm5t4 ,! examples on :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] relies = 8 !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! public magician into a k+#hd are ( ?is primitive k9d1 or are m]e survivals ( magic 9 a high] /age ( civilisation--su* survivals z !re w always be among =ms & c]emonies1 ( :i* x is man's nature to be t5aci\s4 ,b religion1 once firmly e/abli%$1 inv>iably seeks to exclude magic2 & ! prie/ does 8 be/ to discr$it ! magician1 z claim+ to ex]cise my/]i\s p[]s outside ! pale ( ! legally recognis$ me?ods ( propitiation & wor%ip4 ,z ,dr4 ,tylor obs]v$ long ago1 ! m civilis$ ! race1 ! m apt x is to associate magic ) m5 ( inf]ior civilisation4#he ,9 ! ,jewi% law1 ?\gh magic 0 well kn[n to ! ,jews & privately practis$1 !re is no recognition ( x2 ! magical books attribut$ to ,solomon 7 suppress$1 accord+ to tradition1 by ! pi\s k+ ,hezekiah4#hf ,s too at ,rome1 :]e ! outw>d =ms ( religion 7 also v highly sy/ematis$1 magic1 z x seems to me1 0 rigor\sly exclud$ f ! ,/ate ritual1 ?\gh x cont9u$ 9 use 9 private life "u c]ta9 precautions tak5 by ! ,/ate2 9 ! few g5u9e examples ( x 9 ! rites belong+ to ! ius div9um 7i4e4 ^? us$ & sanction$ = ! purposes ( ! community71 x is no?+ m ?an a survival ( :i* ! magical mean+ 0 unkn[n to ! writ]s f :om we he> ( x4 ,a good example ( su* survivals is ! curi\s c]emony ( ! aquaelicium1 )\t d\bt a g5u9e case ( magical ra9-mak+--"o ( ! _m inadequate & blund]+ attempts on ! "p ( primitive man to obta9 :at he ne$s4 ,probably x may be class$ "u ! head ( sympa!tic magic1 b ! evid5ce z to :at 0 done 9 ! c]emony is n q explicit en\gh to all[ u to d ?is confid5tly4#hg ,x 01 ( c\rse1 n includ$ 9 ! religi\s cal5d>1 z x w\ld be only occasionally call$ =1 & c\ld n be fix$ to a day2 b !re is cle> evid5ce t x 0 sanction$ by ! ,/ate1 = ! pontifices took "p 9 x1 & ! magi/rates )\t ! toga praetexta1 & ! lictors c>ry+ ! fasces rev]s$4#hh ,a /one1 :i* lay outside ! walls ne> ! ,porta ,cap5a1 0 br\ght into ! city by ! pontifices1 s f> z we c make out ! details1 & x has be5 conjectur$ t x 0 tak5 to an alt> ( ,jupit] ,elicius on ! ,av5t9e h>d by1 ?is cult-title ( ! god ( ! sky hav+ possibly "s relation to ! te*nical "n ( ! c]emony4 ,:at 0 done ) ! /one we unluckily d n "k2 b x has be5 reasonably conjectur$ t x 0 a holl[ "o1 & t x 0 fill$ ) wat] :i* 0 all[$ to run ov] ! edge1 z a means ( induc+ ! ra9-god to suff] ! heav5s to ov]fl[4#hi ,x 0 call$ lapis manalis2 & ! epi!t "h c h no?+ to d ) ! ,manes1 z 9 ! case ( ano!r lapis manalis1 ( :i* ,i %all h a ^w to say lat] on1 b mu/ mean p\r+ or ov]fl[+4 ,"o or two o!r fragm5ts ( evid5ce po9t 9 ! same direction1 & ,i ?9k we may fairly conclude t ! rite 0 orig9ally "o ( sympa!tic magic--t z ! /one ov]fl[$1 s ! sky w\ld p\r d[n ra94 ,9 my ,roman ,fe/ivals ,i h po9t$ out a rem>kable p>allel to ?is 9 ! collections ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh2 9 a ,samoan village a /one repres5t$ ! god ( ra91 & 9 a dr\ght 8 prie/s c>ri$ x 9 procession & dipp$ x 9 a /ream4 ,?is p>allel ,i owe to ,dr4 ,fraz]'s wide k ( all su* practices among savage peoples4 ,b ?is ev] helpful & fri5dly guide1 9 treat+ ( ! ,jupit] ,elicius conc]n$ 9 ?is c]emony1 has gone beyond ! evid5ce1 & attribut$ to ! ,romans ano!r k9d ( magic ( :i* ,i believe !y 7 q innoc5t4 ,he has be5 l$ to ?is by 8 !ory t k+s 7 develop$ out ( successful magicians4 ,9 8 lectures on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip#ij he ma9ta9s t ! ,roman k+s practis$ ! magical art ( br++ d[n lightn+ f heav54 ,! prie/ly k+ ,numa pass$ = an adept 9 ! art ( draw+ d[n lightn+ f ! sky4444 ,tullus ,ho/ilius is report$ to h met ) ! same end 7z ,salmoneus1 k+ ( ,elis7 9 an attempt to draw d[n ,jupit] 9 ! =m ( lightn+ f ! cl\ds4 ,to support ^! /atem5ts ,dr4 ,fraz] quotes ,pl9y1 ,livy1 ,ovid1 ,plut>*1 ,arnobius1 ,aurelius ,victor1 & ,zon>as--truly a =midable li/ ( au?orities2 b )\t any attempt to discov] :]e any ( ^! late writ]s f\nd ! /ories4 ,yet he _h b to read ,au/'s admirable article ,jupit] 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon#ia to assure himself t leg5ds :i* _c be trac$ f>!r back ?an ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 _c s]i\sly be assum$ to be g5u9ely ,roman4 ,pl9y happ5s to m5tion ,calpurnius ,piso z 8 au?ority2 ?is 0 ! man :o is well kn[n 9 ,roman hi/ory z ! au?or ( ! fir/ lex de repetundis ( ! ye> #adi ,b4,c41 a good /atesman1 b z an annali/ mu* giv5 to indulg+ a my?ological fancy4#ib ,we happ5 to "k t he wrote ) happy confid5ce ab\t ! life & habits ( ,romulus1 & a /ory ab\t w9e-dr9k+ :i* he attributes to t k+ is obvi\sly transf]r$ to him f "s m hi/orical p]sonage4 ,romulus w\ld n dr9k w9e "o day because he 0 go+ to be v busy on ! next4 ,!n !y said to him1 ,if we all did s1 ,romulus1 w9e w\ld be *eap4 ,nay1 de>1 he repli$1 if e "o drank z mu* z he wi%$2 & t is exactly :at ,i am do+4#ic ,i quote ! /ory simply z a good example ( ! way 9 :i* ,roman hi/orians c\ld deal ) _! k+s1 & ( ! absolute necessity ( acqua9t+ oneself ) _! me?ods be=e build+ hypo!ses ^u _! /atem5ts4 ,i h>dly ne$ to add t ano!r ( ,dr4 ,fraz]'s au?orities1 ,arnobius1 in=ms u t he took ! /ory f ! second book ( ,val]ius ,antias1 a lat] writ] ?an ,piso1 ^: "n is a byword ev5 ) ! uncritical ,livy = %ameless exagg]ation & mis-/atem5t4#id ,b h[ did ^! writ]s come by su* leg5ds1 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] %[s1 are to be f\nd also 9 ,greece & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w8 ,:y %\ld !y h wi%$ to make ,roman k+s into magicians8 ,ra9-mak+ we c und]/& at ,rome1--x _h a practical end 9 view1 ! procur+ ( ra9 = ! crops1--b :y lightn+ & ?und]1 :i* 7 s mu* dread$ t e bit ( damage done by a ?und]/orm _h to be c>efully expiat$ by a religi\s process8 ,rome is n 9 ! tropics1 :]e ra9 & ?und] s (t5 come toge!r1 & :]e an attempt to produce ra9 by magic might naturally include ?und]1 z 9 "s ( ,dr4 ,fraz]'s examples f tropical l&s4 ,i entirely agree ) ! late/ & mo/ sob] inve/igators ( ,roman ritual t ?is k9d ( magic is q =eign to ,roman ideas & practice2#ie !re is no ve/ige ( x 9 ! ,roman cult2 ^! /ories mu/ h come f outside4 ,& !re is e probability t !y came f ,etruria1 :]e ! lore ( lightn+ _h become a pseudo-sci5ce1 a wa/e ( human +5uity1 = ! orig9 ( :i* we mu/ look1 z we are n[ beg9n+ to und]/&1 to ,babylonia & ! ,ea/]n magic4#if ,! ,jupit] ,elicius ( ! ,av5t9e _h no?+ to d ) lightn+2 he took 8 cult-title f ! rite ( aquaelicium2 b z soon z ! ,romans began to int]e/ !mselves 9 ! ,etruscan lightn+-lore1 ( :i* ?is electrical magic 0 only a "p1#ig !y p]v]t$ ! mean+ ( ! epi!t to suit _! new /udies1 & began to attribute to _! leg5d>y k+s p[]s :i* prop]ly belong$ to ,etruscan or ,ori5tal magicians4 ,! second c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 ,piso wrote 8 ,annals1 is exactly ! p]iod :5 we %\ld naturally expect su* /udies to come into fa%ion1 & ) su* p]v]sions ( hi/ory z _! consequ5ce4#ih ,i g on to note "o or two m examples ( real magic 9 ! ,/ate religion2 b !y are h>d to f9d4 ,pl9y tells t ev5 9 8 day p believ$ t a runaway slave :o _h n escap$ out ( ! city might be arre/$ by a spell utt]$ by ! ,ve/al virg9s4#ii ,i take ?is to mean t any "o :o _h lo/ 8 slave might get ! ,ve/als to use ! spell z a means ( keep+ ! runaway )9 ! city4 ,! ^w = spell is "h precatio1 i4e4 a pray]1 n c>m51 :i* is ! usual ^w = a spell2 & ,pl9y evid5tly ?9ks ( x z address$ to "s god4 ,b no d\bt x 0 orig9ally at lea/ a g5u9e spell1 ( ! same k9d z o!rs us$ 9 private life1 :i* we %all notice directly2 & x implies a belief 9 "s magical p[] inh]5t 9 ! ,ve/als1 ( :om we are told t if !y accid5tally met a crim9al be+ l$ to puni%m5t !y might secure 8 release4#ajj ,z ! spell 9 ?is case seems to be telepa?ic1 i4e4 an ex]cise ( w-p[] project$ f a di/ance1 x may p]haps be p>allel$ ) c]ta9 my/ical p[]s ex]cis$ by wom51 especially :5 _! husb&s are at w>1 among "s savage peoples2#aja b we h no in=mation ab\t x beyond ! passage 9 ,pl9y1 & fur!r guess+ w\ld be useless4 ,?is la/ is a case ( g5u9e magic1 b x is outside ! ritual ( ! ,/ate1 ?\gh ex]cis$ by a ,/ate prie/hood4 ,)9 t ritual !re is "o o!r v curi\s case ( :at mu/ be class$ z a magical process1 & "o t has accid5tally become fam\s4 ,at ! ,lup]calia on ,febru>y #ae1 ! two "y m5 call$ ,lup]ci1 or1 m /rictly1 belong+ respectively z lead]s to ! two collegia ( ,lup]ci1 girt !mselves ) ! sk9s ( ! slaught]$ victims1 :i* 7 goats1 & !n ran r\nd ! base ( ! ,palat9e hill1 /rik+ at all ! wom5 :o came ne> !m or (f]$ !mselves to _! bl[s1 ) /rips ( sk9 cut f ! hides ( ^! same victims4 ,! object 0 to produce f]tility2 on ?is po9t our au?orities are explicit4#ajb ,?us ?is p>ticul> feature ( ! :ole extraord9>y ritual ( ! ,lup]calia is unmi/akably )9 ! region ( magic r ?an ( religion4 ,"s pot5cy 0 believ$ to "w 9 ! act ( /rik+1 ?\gh app>5tly )\t a spok5 spell or c>m51 su* z usually accompanies acts ( ?is k9d2 & ?is "p ( ! rite1 grotesque ?\gh x 01 0 all[$ to survive by ! grave religi\s au?orities :o drew up ! cal5d> ( religi\s fe/ivals4 ,x 0 probably a sup]/ition too deeply root$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! p to admit ( be+ exclud$2 &1 /range to say1 x surviv$1 9 outw>d =m at lea/1 until ,rome _h become cosmopolitan & ev5 ,*ri/ian4 ,! ,lup]calia has always be5 a puzzle to /ud5ts ( e>ly religion1 & z ea* new !ory is advanc$1 ?is /range fe/ival is seiz$ on = fre% int]pretation2#ajc b = our pres5t purposes x mu/ suffice to po9t out t we cle>ly f9d emb$d$ 9 x a piece ( g5u9e magic1 dat+ beyond d\bt f a v primitive /age ( ?\ght4 ,!re is "o o!r v curi\s p]=mance1 occurr+ ea* ye> on ! ides ( ,may1 :i* 9 my view is r magical ?an religi\s1 ?\gh ! anci5ts !mselves look$ ^u x z a k9d ( purification3 ,i mean ! ca/+ into ! ,tib] f ! pons sublicius ( tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-sev5 /raw puppets by ! ,ve/al virg9s1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! magi/rates & pontifices4 ,rec5tly an attempt has be5 made by ,wiss[a to prove t ?is /range c]emony 0 n primitive1 b simply a case ( ! sub/itution ( puppets = real human victims z late z ! age ( ! ,punic w>s4#ajd ,^! puppets 7 call$ ,argei1 :i* ^w naturally sugge/s ,greeks2 & ,wiss[a has contriv$ to p]suade himself n only t a numb] ( ,greeks 7 actually put to dea? by dr[n+ 9 an age :5 ev]y?+ ,greek 0 beg9n+ to be rev]5c$ at ,rome1 b 7/ill m extraord9>y to an an?ropologi/7 t ! primitive device ( sub/itution 0 _h 9 requisition at t late date 9 ord] to c>ry on ! memory ( ! gha/ly de$4 ,& ! _w ( ,g]man le>n+ has sil5tly foll[$ _! lead]1 )\t tak+ ! tr\ble to te/ 8 conclusions by a c>eful & indep5d5t exam9ation ( ! evid5ce4 ,x happ5s t ?is fasc9at+ puzzle ( ! ,argei 0 ! fir/ curiosity t entic$ me into ! /udy ( ! ,roman religion1 & = "s ?irty ye>s ,i h be5 famili> ) e scrap ( evid5ce be>+ on x2 & aft] go+ ov] t evid5ce once m ,i c emphatically /ate my conviction t ,wiss[a's !ory w n hold wat] = a mom5t4 ,i %all return to ! subject 9 a lat] lecture deal+ ) ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! second ,punic w>2 at pres5t ,i m]ely express a belief t1 :atev] be ! hi/ory ( ! accessories ( ! rite1--& !y are v>i\s & puzzl+1--! actual imm]sion ( ! puppets is ! survival ( a primitive piece ( sympa!tic magic1 ! object be+ possibly to procure ra94 ,x is1 9 my op9ion1 q impossible to resi/ ! an?ropological evid5ce = ?is conclusion1 ?\gh we _c really be c]ta9 ab\t ! object2 = ?is evid5ce ,i mu/ ref] y to my ,roman ,fe/ivals1 & to ! ref]5ces !re giv54#aje ,?is rite ( ! ,argei1 !n1 0 a case ( g5u9e magic1 & ex]cis$ by a ,/ate prie/hood1 virg9s to :om c]ta9 magical p[]s 7 suppos$ to be atta*$2 x 01 ,i ?9k1 a popul> p]=mance1 l "o or two o!rs :i* are also outside ! limit ( ! ,fa/i1#ajf & 0 embodi$ 9 a m complicat$ c]emonial long aft] t cal5d> _h be5 drawn up4 ,9 ! ritual au?oris$ by ! ,/ate1 ) public objects 9 view1 i4e4 = ! b5efit ( society z a :ole1 !re is h>dly a trace ( any?+ t we c call g5u9e magic ap>t f ! examples ,i h j be5 expla9+4 ,!re 71 ,i ne$ n say1 _m survivals ( magical processes ( :i* ! true magical int5t _h long be5 lo/--anci5t magical deposits 9 a social /ratum ( religion1 :i* ,i %all notice 9 _! prop] place4 ,?is is n peculi> to ! religion ( ! ,romans2 x is a ph5om5on to be f\nd 9 all religions1 ev5 9 ^? ( ! mo/ highly develop$ type1 & x is "o apt to cause "s confusion z to ! true di/9ction betwe5 magic & religion4#ajg ,x is easy to f9d magical processes ev5 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 if we h ! w to d s2 b if we /eadily be> 9 m9d t ! true te/ ( magic is n ! nature ( an act1 b ! int5t or volition :i* accompanies x1 ! se>* w n be an easy "o4 ,! mod]n ,fr5* s*ool ( sociologi/s1 :i* n[ has to be reckon$ ) 9 inve/igat+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( religion1 claims t magic 0 n orig9ally1 z we n[ see x1 a matt] ( individual skill1 b a sociological fact1 i4e4 x 0 us$ = ! b5efit ( ! community1 z religion came to be 9 a lat] age4 ,if ?is be true1 z x v possibly is1 we see at once h[ ! dead bones ( magical processes might survive1 ) _! orig9al mean+ entirely lo/1 into an age 9 :i* high] & m reasonable ideas _h be5 develop$ ab\t ! relation ( ,man to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,to take a s+le example f ,rome1 div9ation by ! exam9ation ( a victim's entrails 0 orig9ally a magical process1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( mo/ mod]n au?orities2#ajh b x ceases to be magic :5 x is us$ simply to det]m9e 9 ! ,/ate ritual :e!r 9 a religi\s process ! victim is p]fect & agreeable to ! deity4 ,9 fact magical =mulae1 magical in/rum5ts1 unless !y are us$ 9 ! true _s ( magic1 to compel1 n to propitiate a deity1 are no long] magic1 & may be pass$ ov] "h4 ,:5 we come to discuss ! ritual ( sacrifice & pray]1 ( lu/ratio1 ( v[s1 ( div9ation1 we may f9d x necess>y to recall :at has "h be5 said4 ,on ! :ole1 we may conclude t organis$ religi\s cult1 f its v nature & object1 ev]y:]e exclud$ magic 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w2 x implies pray] & propitiation1 bo? ( :i* are absolutely inconsi/5t ) ! object & me?ods ( magic4 ,religion is ! product ( a high] /age ( social developm5t2 x is ! expression ( a real advance ( human ?\ght2 & 9 tell+ ! /ory ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman p we are b indirectly conc]n$ ) ^? m rude & rudim5t>y ideas :i* x displac$4 ,b 9 private life1 outside ( ! organis$ cult ( ! ,/ate & ! family1 magic 0 all ?r\gh ,roman hi/ory abundant1 ev5 ov]-abundant1 & 9 ?is =m ,i _c pass x ov] entirely4 ,?\gh ! ,/ate au?orities seem to h tak5 pa9s to exclude x rigidly f ! public rites1 & ?\gh !re is little trace ( x 9 ! religi\s life ( family & g5s1 yet !re is evid5ce t x 0 deeply root$ 9 ! nature ( ! p1 & t !y mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh an age 9 :i* x 0 an important factor 9 _! social life4 ,?is fact1 tak5 toge!r ) its almo/ complete elim9ation f ! public religion1 ?r[s into relief ! p]si/5t ef=ts ( ! ,/ate au?orities1 f ! fram+ ( ! old religi\s cal5d> to ! "t ( ! ,augu/an revival1 to keep _! relations ) ! ,p[] cle> ( all t !y believ$ to be unwor?y or injuri\s4 ,no bett] example c be f\nd ( ! inh]5t antagonism betwe5 religion & magic4 ,private magic may be divid$ into two k9ds1 accord+ z x 0 us$ to damage ano!r1 or only to b5efit oneself4 ,9 ! =m] case ! ,/ate int]f]$ to protect ! p]son ?reat5$ ) damage1 & treat$ ?is k9d ( magic z a crime4 ,! commone/ =m ( x 0 t ( ! spell1 or c>m51 no d\bt (t5 sung1 & accompani$ by "s action :i* w\ld br+ x "u ! head ( sympa!tic magic2 b ! spell alone is tak5 cognisance ( by ! ,/ate4 ,pl9y has pres]v$ ?ree words f ! ,,xii4 ,tables :i* tell _! own tale3 qui fruges excantassit4#aji ,s]vius1 comm5t+ on ! l9e ( ,virgil's #h? ,eclogue1 atque satas alio vidi traduc]e messes1 writes1 magicis quibusdam artibus hoc fiebat1 unde e/ 9 ,,xii4 ,tabb4 ',neve ali5am segetem pellex]is4' ,^! la/ words1 ) ! v]b 9 ! second p]son1 are probably n quot$ exactly f ! anci5t text1#aaj b !y help to %[ u ! nature ( ?is ho/ile spell4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a belief t ! _s1 or life1 or fructify+ p[] ( y\r neighb\r's crops c\ld be entic$ away & transf]r$ to y\r own4 ,?is is confirm$ by a rem>k ( ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 ! de ,civitate ,dei2#aaa aft] quot+ ! same l9e f ,virgil1 he adds1 eo quod hac pe/if]a scel]ataque doctr9a fructus ali5i 9 alias t]ras transf]ri p]hib5tur1 nonne 9 ,,xii4 ,tabulis1 id e/ ,romanorum antiquissimis legibus1 ,cic]o commemorat esse conscriptum et ei qui hoc fec]it supplicium con/itutum8 ,giv5 ! belief1 ! temptation c be well und]/ood if we reflect t ! arable l& ( ! old ,romans 0 divid$ 9 sections ( a squ>e1 & t ea* man's allotm5t w\ld h t ( a neighb\r on two sides at lea/4#aab ,if "o man's corn 7 f\nd to be m fl\ri%+ ?an t ( 8 neighb\rs1 :at m likely ?an t he %\ld h entic$ away ! _s ( _! crops8 ,! process rem9ds u1 z x rem9d$ ,pl9y1 ( ! evocatio ( ! gods ( =eign communities1 a rite :i* belongs to religion & n to magic1 ?\gh x d\btless _h its orig9 9 ! same class ( ideas z ! excantatio4 ,9 m g5]al t]ms ! old ,roman law 7i4e4 orig9ally ! ius div9um7 =bade ! use ( evil spells1 z we see 9 ano!r fragm5t ( ! ,tables1 qui malum c>m5 incantassit4 ,9 lat] times ?is 0 usually tak5 z ref]r+ to libel & sl&]1 b !re c be no d\bt t ! c>m9a "h allud$ to 7 orig9ally magical1 & became c>m9a famosa 9 ! c\rse ( legal int]pretation4 ,cic]o seems to comb9e ! two mean+s 9 ! de ,rep4 7iv4 #aj4 #b7 :5 he says t ! ,tables made x a capital (f5ce si quis occ5tavisset1 sive c>m5 condidisset quod infamiam fac]et flagitiumve alt]i 7to br+ %ame or crim9al reproa* on ano!r74 ,9 ! lat] s5se ^! c>m9a h a curi\s hi/ory1 into :i* ,i _c ent] n[4#aac ,9 ! e>li] s5se !y exi/$ & fl\ri%$ )\t d\bt1 9 spite ( ! law2 or x may be t1 z ! words ( ! ,tables 7 int]pret$ 9 ! new s5se1 ! old =m ( (f5ce 0 tol]at$ 9 private4 ,we are all afraid1 says ,pl9y1 ( be+ 'nail$' 7defigi7 by spells & curses 7diris precationibus74#aad ,^! dirae1 & all ! v>i\s =ms ( love-*>ms1 defixiones1 accompani$ by ! symbolic actions :i* are f\nd all ! _w ov]1 lie outside my pres5t subject1 & are s famili> to u all 9 ,roman lit]ature t ,i d n ne$ to dwell on !m4#aae ,nor ( ! common h>mless k9d ( magic ne$ ,i say mu* n[4 ,x surviv$1 ( c\rse1 alongside ( ! religion ( ! family & ,/ate1 f ! e>lie/ times to ! late/1 z x survives at ! pres5t day 9 all c\ntries civilis$ & uncivilis$2 & be+ h>mless ! ,/ate took no he$ ( x4 ,"s assortm5t ( *>ms & spells = ! cure ( diseases w be f\nd 9 ,cato's book on agriculture1 & "o or two incid5tally occur 9 t ( ,v>ro4#aaf ,!y p]=m$ ! "w ( insurance aga9/ bo? fire & accid5t1 & ev5 su* a man z ,julius ,caes> 0 n indep5d5t ( su* arts4 ,pl9y tells u t aft] exp]i5c+ a c>riage accid5t he us$ to repeat a c]ta9 spell ?ree times z soon z he _h tak5 8 seat 9 a vehicle1 & adds significantly1 id quod pl]osque nunc fac]e scimus4#aag ,su* c>m9a 7 writt5 on ! walls ( h\ses to insure !m aga9/ fire4#aah ,pl9y has a l>ge collection ( small magical delusions & sup]/itions1 _m ( :i* h an int]e/ = an?ropologi/s1 9 ! #bh? book ( 8 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,ano!r k9d ( h>mless magic1 to :i* ! ,romans1 l all ,italians anci5t & mod]n1 7 peculi>ly addict$1 is ! use ( amulets4 ,"h !re is no spell1 or obvi\s & express$ ex]cise ( w-p[] on ! "p ( ! individual1 b ! pot5t influ5ce1 mana1 or :atev] we *oose to call x1 resides 9 a mat]ial object :i* br+s good luck1 l ! ca/ horse-%oe ( our own times1 or protects aga9/ ho/ile w-p[]1 & especially aga9/ ! evil eye4 ,?is curi\s & widely-spread sup]/ition 0 probably ! raison d'etre ( mo/ ( ! amulets worn or c>ri$ by ,romans4 ,a mod]n ,italian1 ev5 if he be a complete sceptic & mat]iali/1 w probably be f\nd to h "s amulet ab\t him aga9/ ! evil eye1 j to be on ! safe side4#aai ,a li/ ( amulets1 bo? ,greek & ,roman1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,antiquities1 & 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encyclopa$ie1 s4v4 amulet1 & x is n necess>y "h to expla9 ! v>i\s k9ds 9 use 9 ,italy2 b ,i mu/ dwell = a mom5t on "o type1 :i* _h be5 tak5 up into ! life ( ! family1 & 9 "o s5se into t ( ! ,/ate1 viz4 ! bulla worn by *ildr51 bo? boys & girls4 ,! bulla 0 a small object1 enclos$ 9 hi/orical times 9 a capsule1 & susp5d$ r\nd ! *ild's neck4 ,x 0 popul>ly believ$ to h be5 orig9ally an ,etruscan cu/om1#abj & borr[$ by ! ,romans1 l s _m o!r ornam5ts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m probable t ! cu/om 0 old ,italian 7z inde$ ! m$ic9e-bag is _w-wide71 & t ! ,etruscan contribution to x 0 m]ely ! case or capsule1 :i* 0 ( gold :]e ! family c\ld af=d x--gold itself be+ suppos$ to h "s pot5cy z a *>m4#aba ,! object )9 ! case 01 z ,pl9y tells u1 a res turpicula z a rule1#abb & ?is may rem9d u t a fasc9um 0 c>ri$ 9 ! c> ( ! triumphator z m$icus invidiae1 to use ,pl9y's pregnant expression4 ,! triumph+ g5]al ne$$ special protection2 he appe>$ 9 ! guise ( ,jupit] himself1 & 0 = ! mom5t lift$ above ! ord9>y rank ( humanity4 ,"s feel+ ( ! same k9d mu/ h orig9ally sugge/$ simil> means = ! protection ( *ildr5 "u ! age ( pub]ty4 ,!y also wore ! toga praetexta1 :i*1 ?\gh associat$ by u ) secul> magi/rates1 _h und\bt$ly a religi\s orig94 ,!re are di/9ct signs t *ildr5 7 9 "s s5se sacr$1 & at ! same "t t !y ne$$ special protection aga9/ ! all-ab\nd+ evil influ5ces to be met ) 9 daily life4#abc ,?us ?is p>ticul> =m ( amulet became a recognis$ in/itution ( family life1 & 9 due "t little m ?an a m>k ( *ildhood4 ,yet ano!r k9d ( *>m mu/ be m5tion$ "h :i* 0 us$ at c]ta9 fe/ivals1 ?\gh app>5tly n at any ( ^? belong+ to ! au?oris$ cal5d>4 ,at ! ,compitalia1 ,paganalia1 & f]iae ,lat9ae we are told t small images ( ! human figure1 or masks1 or simply r\nd balls 7pilae71 7 hung up on trees or doorways1 & left to sw+ 9 ! w9d4#abd ,at ! ,compitalia ! images _h a special "n1 maniae1 ( :i* ! mean+ is lo/2 b inasmu* z ! *>ms 7 hung up at cross-roads on t occasion1 :]e ! ,l>es compitales ( ! v>i\s prop]ties _h _! %r9e1 x 0 n difficult to manufacture out ( !m a goddess1 ,mania1 "m ( ! ,l>es4#abe ,! common ^w = ^! figures 0 oscilla1 & ! fact ( _! sw++ 9 ! w9d sugge/$ a v]b oscill>e1 :i* survives 9 our own tongue ) ! same mean+4 ,until lately x us$ to be believ$ t !y 7 sub/itutes = orig9al human sacrifices3 a view = :i* !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce1 ?\gh x 0 orig9at$ by ,roman s*ol>s4#abf ,mod]n an?ropology has f\nd ano!r explanation1 :i* is by no means improbable4 ,dr4 ,fraz]1 9 an app5dix to ! #bnd volume ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 has collect$ a numb] ( examples ( ! practice ( sw++ by human be+s z a magical rite2 !y come f _m p>ts ( ! _w1 includ+ anci5t ,a!ns1 & ev5 mod]n ,calabria4 ,he also po9ts out t at ! f]iae ,lat9ae ! sw+]s seem to h be5 human be+s1 if we accept ! evid5ce ( ,fe/us1 s4v4 oscillantes2 ?us we are left ) ! possibility t ! oscilla 7 really imitations ( m5 & wom51 ?\gh n ( human sacrificial victims4 ,dr4 ,fraz] is obvi\sly h>d put to x to expla9 ! orig9al mean+ & object ( ?is curi\s cu/om4 ,9 ! ,paganalia1 z describ$ by ,virgil 9 ! second ,georgic1#abg ! object w\ld seem to be ! prosp]ity ( ! v9e-crop4 coloni v]sibus incomptis ludunt risuque soluto1 oraque corticibus sumunt horr5da cavatis1 et te ,bac*e vocant p] c>m9a laeta1 tibique oscilla ex alta susp5dunt mollia p9u4 h9c omnis l>go pubescit v9ea fetu1 etc4#abh ,b "h we mu/ leave a "q :i* is /ill unsolv$4 ,all we c say is t ! old idea ( sub/itutes = human sacrifice mu/ be f9ally giv5 up1 & t ! oscilla1 :e!r or n !y 7 sub/itutes = human sw+]s1 7 probably *>ms int5d$ to w>d (f evil influ5ces f ! crops4 ,i am n dispos$ to put any confid5ce 9 :at ,s]vius tells u1 t ?is 0 a purification by means ( air1 j z fire & wat] 7 also purify+ ag5ts2 ?is looks l ! +5i\s explanation ( a lat] & a religi\s age4#abi ,s mu*1 !n1 = magical *>ms & spells1 & ! survivals ( !m 9 ! fully develop$ ,roman religion4#acj ,x might seem h>dly wor? :ile to sp5d ev5 s mu* "t on !m z ,i h done1 & ,i _c d5y t ,i am glad n[ to be able to leave !m4 ,my object has simply be5 to %[ h[ little ( ?is k9d ( practice1 :i* meets u on ! ?re%old ( religion1 0 all[$ to survive by ! religi\s au?orities ( ! ,/ate2 9 o!r words1 ,i wi%$ to make cle> t 9 our inquiries into ! nature ( ! ,roman religion x is really religion & n magic t we h to d )4 ,x is really religion2 x is desire1 beg9n+ already to be effective1 to be 9 "r relation to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,! ,romans1 z ,i hope to %[ 9 ! next lecture1 :5 we c beg9 to "k & feel an int]e/ 9 !m1 _h n only begun to recognise ?is ,p[] 9 v>i\s =ms & functions z "o t mu/ be propitiat$1 because !y 7 dep5d5t on x = _! daily ne$s1 b to regulate & make p]man5t ! me?ods ( propitiation4 ,:at 0 ! relation betwe5 ?is simple religion & morality--betwe5 ritual & conduct--is a v difficult "q1 to :i* ,i %all return lat] on4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck has rec5tly come to ! conclusion t ! religion ( primitive man has no true relation to morality1 t x is n apt to give a sanction to good action1 or to develop ! g]ms ( a consci5ce4 ,b s f> z ,i c disc]n1 ! idea ( active duty1 & !re=e ! g]m ( consci5ce1 mu/ h be5 s intimately connect$ ) ! religi\s practice ( ! old ,lat9 family t x is to me impossible to ?9k ( ! "o ap>t f ! o!r4 ,surely x is 9 t life t ! fam\s ^w pius mu/ h orig9at$1 :i* ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory meant ! s5se ( duty t[>ds family1 ,/ate1 & gods1 z e read] ( ! ,a5eid kn[s4 ,t ! =malis$ religion ( lat] times _h become almo/ entirely divorc$ f morality !re is inde$ no d\bt2 b 9 ! e>lie/ times1 9 ! old ,roman family & !n 9 ! budd+ ,/ate1 ! :ole life ( ! ,roman seems to me s inextricably b\nd up ) 8 religion t ,i _c possibly see h[ t religion c h be5 di/+ui%able f 8 simple idea ( duty & discipl9e4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,iii #ha ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 etc4 ( ,moral ,ideas1 ii4 #ehd4 #hb ,jevons1 ,introduction1 p4 #cc4 #hc ,a useful summ>y ( ! :ole subject1 embody+ ! results & t]m9ology ( ,tylor1 ,fraz]1 & o!r an?ropologi/s1 is ,dr4 ,haddon's ,magic & ,feti%ism1 9 ,messrs4 ,con/able's s]ies1 ,religions ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,see also ,m>ett1 ,on ! ,?re%old ( ,religion1 passim4 #hd ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 p4 #hi foll4 ,= an example n m5tion$ 9 ! text 7devotio7 see bel[1 p4 #bjf foll4 ,?is may h be5 orig9ally practis$ by ! ,lat9 k+s4 ,i may "h draw att5tion to ! almo/ dogmatic conclusions ( ! mod]n ,fr5* sociological s*ool ( rese>*2 e4g4 ,m4 ,huvel91 9 ,l',annee sociologique = #aijg1 beg9s by ass]t+ z a fundam5tal law1 prov$ by ,,mm4 ,hub]t et ,mauss1 t magic is j z mu* a social fact z religion3 ,les uns et les autres sont des produits de l'activite collective 7,magie et droit individuel1 p4 #a74 ,b ,m4 ,huvel9's pap] is to "s ext5t a modification ( ?is dogma4 ,he seeks to expla9 ! fact t magic is bo? secret & private1 n public & social1 9 hi/orical times2 & 9 ! doma9 ( law1 ) :i* he is specially conc]n$1 he concludes t a magical rite is only a religi\s rite twi/$ f its prop] social end1 & employ$ to realise ! w or belief ( an individual 7p4 #df74 ,?is is ! only =m 9 :i* we %all f9d magic at ,rome1 except 9 s f> z a few ( its =ms survive 9 ! ritual ( religion ) _! mean+ *ang$4 ,9 e>ly ,roman law1 z a quasi-religi\s body ( rules & practices1 !re are a few magical survivals :i* w be f\nd m5tion$ by ,m4 ,huvel9 9 ?is article2 b !y are ( no importance = our pres5t subject4 #he ,primitive ,culture1 vol4 i4 *4 iv4 ,see also ,jevons1 ,introduction1 p4 #cf foll4 #hf ,see ,s*u]]1 ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,*ri/ 7,eng4 trans471 ,division ,,ii4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aea foll4 #hg ,f[l]1 ,r4,f4 p4 #bcb2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ajf4 ,! mo/ c>eful exam9ation ( ! rite & ! evid5ce = x is t ( ,au/ 9 ,my?ological ,lexicon1 s4v4 ,iuppit]1 p4 #fef foll4 ,see also ,m4,h4 ,morgan 9 vol4 xxxii4 ( ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philological ,association1 p4 #ajd4 #hh ,t]tullian1 de ,jejun4 #af4 ,petronius1 ,sat4 #dd1 adds t ! matrons w5t 9 ! procession ) b>e feet & /ream+ hair 7cp4 ,pl9y xvii4 #bff72 b ?is seems r ,greek ?an ,roman 9 "*1 & ,petronius is pla9ly ?9k+ ( ! t[n 7colonia he calls x7 9 s\!rn ,italy :]e ! sc5e ( ,trimal*io's supp] is laid2 probably a ,greek city by orig91 ,croton or ,cumae4 ,a translation ( ?is passage w be f\nd 9 ,dill's ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius1 p4 #acc4 ,! mo/ useful words 9 x = our purpose are ,jovem aquam exorabant4 #hi ,?is sugge/ion 0 orig9ally made by ,o4 ,gilb]t1 ,roem4 ,topographie1 ii4 #ahd4 #ij p4 #bjd foll4 #ia p4 #feg4 ,! /ory is mix$ up ) ,greek fables1 e4g4 t ( ,proteus1 z ,wiss[a has po9t$ out1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ajf1 note #aj4 #ib ,see ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 vol4 i4 7ed4 #c7 p4 #bgj foll4 #ic ,?is fragm5t ( ,piso is pres]v$ by ,gellius1 xi4 #ad4 #a4 #id ,see1 e4g41 ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajf4 #ie ,wiss[a1 l4c4 ,au/ 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon1 s4v4 ,iuppit]1 p4 #feg4 #if ,cumont1 ,religions ,ori5tales dans le paganisme roma91 *4 #e4 ,i %all return to ?is subject 9 my second c\rse ( lectures4 #ig ,muell]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 *4 vii41 especially p4 #agf foll4 #ih ,cp4 bel[1 ,lecture ,,xv4 #ii ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #ac3 ,ve/ales no/ras hodie cr$imus nondum egressa urbe mancipia fugitiva ret9]e 9 loco precationibus4 #ajj ,plut>*1 ,numa1 #aj4 ,virg9ity w\ld increase ! p[] ( ! spell2 see ,fehrle1 ,die kultis*e ,keus*heit im ,alt]tum1 p4 #ed foll4 #aja ,see1 e4g41 ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 i4 #cfj foll4 #ajb ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #cbj1 notes #f & #g4 #ajc ,)9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s or s ! ,lup]calia has be5 discuss$ 7ap>t f writ]s on classical subjects exclusively7 by ,mannh>dt 9 8 ,my?ologis*e ,/udi51 p4 #gb foll42 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,semites1 p4 #dei2 ,deubn] 9 ,ar*iv1 #aiaj1 p4 #dha foll42 & at ! mom5t ( writ+ by ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&1 ,primitive ,pat]nity1 i4 *4 ii4 ,r4,f4 p4 #caj foll4 ,see ,app5dix ,d4 #ajd ,?is view 0 orig9ally /at$ 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 s4v4 ,argei4 ,i endeav\r$ to confute x 9 ! ,classical ,review1 #aijb1 p4 #aae foll41 & ,wiss[a repli$ 9 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #baa foll4 ,s9ce !n my conviction has become /rong] t ?is great s*ol> is = once wrong4 ,ennius allud$ to ! ,argei z an in/itution ( ,numa1 i4e4 z primitive 7frag4 #aba1 ,vahl51 f ,fe/us p4 #cee1 & ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vii4 #dd71 yet ,ennius 0 a y\? at ! v "t :5 ,wiss[a insi/s t ! rite orig9at$4 ,wiss[a makes no attempt to expla9 ?is4 ,see bel[1 p4 #cba foll4 #aje ,r4,f4 p4 #aaa foll4 #ajf e4g4 ! ,octob] horse1 :i* also occurr$ on ! ,ides2 see ,r4,f4 p4 #bda foll42 & ! fe/ival ( ,anna ,p]5na1 also on ,ides 7,m>* #ae71 ,r4,f4 p4 #ej foll4 ,x is j possible t all ! ?ree fe/ivals 7 orig9ally 9 ! old cal5d>1 & dropp$ out because ! m>k ( ! ,ides _h to be affix$ to ! day 9 ! fir/ place4 ,see ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #afd foll42 ,r4,f4 p4 #bda4 #ajg ,?us ,messrs4 ,hub]t et ,mauss 7,melanges d'hi/oire des religions1 ,preface1 p4 xxiv47 ma9ta9 t !re is no real ant9omy betwe5 les faits du sy/eme magique et les faits du sy/eme religieux4 ,!re is 9 e rite1 !y insi/1 a magical z well z a religi\s elem5t4 ,yet on ! same page we f9d t !y exclude magic f all organis$ cult1 because x is n obligatory1 & _c 7if ,i und]/& !m rightly7 be laid d[n 9 a code1 l religi\s practice4 ,i ?9k x w\ld h be5 simpl] to consid] ! magical elem5t 9 religi\s rites z surviv+1 ) its orig9al mean+ lo/1 f an e>li] /age ( ?\ght4 ,m4 van ,g5nep1 9 8 int]e/+ "w ,les ,rites de passage1 p4 #ag1 goes s f> z to call all religi\s c]emonies magical1 z di/+ui%$ f ! !ories 7e4g4 animism7 :i* con/itute religion4 ,?is seems to me apt to br+ confusion into ! discussion2 = all rites are ! outw>d expression ( ?\ght1 & x is by ! ?\ght 7or1 z he calls x1 !ories7 t we mu/ trace ! sociological developm5t ( mank9d1 ! rites be+ us$ z indexes only4 ,i _c b ?9k t 7z inde$ 9 ^! days is q natural7 ?is ,fr5* s*ool lays too mu* /ress ^u ! outw>d acts1 & t ?is t5d5cy has l$ !m to f9d real liv+ magic :]e x is pres5t only 9 a fossil /ate4 #ajh e4g4 ,tylor1 article ,magic 9 ,encycl4 ,brit41 & ,primitive ,culture1 #a4 *4 iv42 ,m>ett1 ,?re%old ( ,religion1 #hc4 ,see bel[1 p4 #ahj4 #aji ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #ag & #ah4 ,= ! s++ or murmur+ ( spells 9 _m c\ntries1 see ,jevons1 ,an?ropology & ! ,classics1 p4 #ic foll4 #aaj ,bruns1 ,fontes ,iuris ,romani1 note on ?is passage4 #aaa ,civ4 ,dei1 viii4 #ai4 #aab ,see1 e4g41 ,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat91 p4 #ddf1 = an acc\nt ( simple l& measurem5t :i* w suffice to illu/rate ! po9t made "h4 #aac ,! c>m9a famosa sung at a triumph by ! soldi]s _h ! same orig91 b 7 us$ to av]t evil f ! triumphator4 ,! be/ exposition ( ?is is 9 ,h4 ,a4 ,j4 ,munro's ,elucidations ( ,catullus1 p4 #gf foll4 #aad ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #ai4 ,= ! te*nical s5se ( defig]e1 defixio1 see ,jevons 9 ,an?ropology & ! ,classics1 p4 #ajh foll4 #aae ,! mo/ famili> examples are ,virgil's eigh? ,eclogue1 #ie foll42 ,ovid1 ,met4 vii4 #afg1 & else:]e2 ,fa/i1 iv4 #eea2 ,horace1 ,epode v4 #gb2 cp4 article ,magia 9 ,d>emb]g-,saglio2 ,falz1 ,de poet4 ,rom4 doctr9a magica1 ,giess51 #aijc4 ,!re is a collection ( ,roman magical spells 9 ,appel's ,de ,romanorum precationibus1 p4 #dc foll4 ,_m mod]n ,italian examples & survivals w be f\nd 9 ,lel&'s ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s 9 ,popul> ,tradition1 pt4 ii4 #aaf ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #afj2 ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 i4 #c4 #aag ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #ba4 #aah ,ib4 xxviii4 #bj4 ,! foll[+ sections ( ?is book are ! locus classicus = ^! popul> sup]/itions4 #aai ,see1 e4g41 ,italian ,home ,life1 by ,l9a ,duff ,gordon1 p4 #bcj foll4 #abj ,juv5al v4 #afd4 ,! idea probably arose1 z a passage ( ,plut>* sugge/s 7,rom4 #be71 f ! fact t ! triumphator1 ^: g>b 0 no d\bt ( ,etruscan orig91 wore ! bulla4 #aba ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 i4 #cde1 note #b1 :]e we le>n t gold 0 taboo 9 "s ,greek wor%ips1 e4g4 at ! my/]ies ( ,&ania1 :i* suffici5tly proves t x possess$ pot5cy4 ,pl9y1 xxxiii4 #hd1 m5tions cases ( su* pot5cy z m$ic9e1 & among !m its application to *ildr5 :o h be5 poison$4 #abb ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #ci4 #abc ,see an article by ! au?or on ! orig9al mean+ ( ! toga praetexta 9 ,classical ,review1 vol4 x4 7#ahif7 p4 #cag4 #abd ,= ! ,compitalia1 ,macrob4 i4 #g4 #cd2 ,fe/us p4 #bch4 ,= ! ,paganalia1 ,probus1 ad ,georg4 ii4 #che1 assum+ ! f]iae ,sem5t9ae !re m5tion$ to be ! ,paganalia 7see ,r4,f4 p4 #bid74 ,= ! f]iae ,lat9ae1 ,fe/us1 s4v4 oscillantes4 #abe ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #aic1 ) ^: view ,i entirely agree4 ,we le>n ( ! imag9>y goddess f ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 ix4 #fa4 ,pais1 ,i may rem>k 9 pass+1 is c]ta9 t ,acca ,l>5tia 0 ! mat] ,l>um2 see 8 ,lectures on ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 p4 #fj foll4 #abf #df4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ced1 note #e4 #abg ,georg4 ii4 #chj foll4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ,virgil is describ+ ! fe/ival g5]ally kn[n z ,paganalia1 :i* took place e>ly 9 ,janu>y2 b x seems probable f l9e #chb t he is ?9k+ ( "s fe/ival ( ! pagus4 ,! oscilla may h be5 us$ at m ?an "o4 #abh ,note t ,virgil writes ( masks us$ 9 rude play-act+1 z well z ( oscilla hung on trees1 & conjo9s ! two z ?\gh !y _h some?+ 9 common4 ,! evid5ce ( an engrav$ onyx cup 9 ! ,l\vre1 ( :i* a cut is giv5 9 ! article ,oscilla 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 seems to make x probable t masks worn by ru/ics on ^! occasions 7 aft]w>ds hung by !m on trees z oscilla4 ,"s ( ^! masks on ! cup are adorn$ ) horns1 :i* may expla9 an int]e/+ passage ( ,apuleius 7,florida1 i4 #a73 neque enim iu/ius religiosam moram viatori obiec]it aut ara floribus r$imita 444 aut qu]cus cornibus on]ata1 aut fagus pellibus coronata1 etc4 ,see also ,gromatici vet]es1 ii4 #bda4 #abi ,see1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s rem>ks 9 ,g4,b4 ii4 p4 #ded4 ,he ?9ks t ! air might 9 ?is way be purg$ ( vagrant spirits or baleful gho/s1 z ! ,malay m$ic9e man sw+s 9 front ( ! pati5t's h\se 9 ord] to *ase away ! disease4 ,cp4 ,g4,b4 ii4 #cdc1 :]e a r diff]5t explanation is attempt$ ( ! maniae & pilae4 #acj ,magic 9 ! old =ms1 or _m ( !m1 has surviv$ n only into ! old ,roman religion1 b to ! pres5t day1 9 _m p>ts ( ,italy4 ,! peasants h rec\rse to ! prie/s & ! sa9ts on great occasions1 b !y use magic all ! "t = ev]y?+1 0 said by a woman ( ! ,romagna ,toscana to ! late ,c4,g4 ,lel& 7,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s1 ,introduction1 p4 #i74 ,?is ent]pris+ ,am]ican's rem>kable book1 ?\gh deal+ only ) a small region ( nor!rn ,italy1 des]ves m consid]ation ?an x has receiv$4 ,! au?or may h be5 uncritical1 b beyond d\bt he _h ! gift ( extract+ secrets f ! peasantry4 ,he claims to h prov$ t la vec*ia religione conta9s mu* t has come d[n direct f pre-,*ri/ian times2 & ! appe>ance ( ,mr4 ,lawson's rem>kable book on ,mod]n ,greek ,folklore & ,anci5t ,greek ,religion may tempt "s really qualifi$ inve/igator to und]take a simil> "w 9 ,italy be=e x is too late4 ,,lecture ,,iv ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,family ,"s ( ! survivals m5tion$ 9 ! la/ two lectures seem to c>ry u back to a condition ( culture ant]ior to ! family & to ! f9al settlem5t on ! l&4 ,"s attempt has rec5tly be5 made to discov] traces ( desc5t by ! "m 9 e>ly ,latium2#aca if ?is c\ld be prov$1 x w\ld mean t ! ,lat9s 7 already 9 ,latium be=e !y _h fully develop$ ! patri>*al sy/em on :i* ! family is bas$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fir/ real fact t meets u 9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans is ! attitude t[>ds ! sup]natural1 or ! ,p[] t manife/s itself 9 ! ,univ]se1 ( ! family z settl$ d[n ^u ! l&4 ,! /udy ( religion 9 ! family1 z we "k x 9 hi/orical times1 is also t ( ! e>lie/ organisation ( religion1 & ( ! mo/ p]man5t type ( anci5t ,italian religi\s ?\ght4 ,au/1 ^: book on ! ,roman religion is ! mo/ ma/]ly sket* ( ! subject z yet publi%$1 writes ?us ( ?is religion ( ! family3#acb ,"h ! limits ( religion & sup]/ition vani% 444 & 9 va9 we seek "h = ! b\nd>y m>ks ( v>i\s epo*s4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! propositions he means t ! ,/ate has n "h be5 at "w1 fram+ a ius div9um1 includ+ religion & exclud+ magic2 9 ! family1 magic ( all k9ds w\ld be admissible alongside ( ! daily wor%ip ( ! family deities1 & ?us ! family w\ld repres5t a k9d ( half-way h\se betwe5 ! age ( magic & all su* sup]/itions1 & ! age ( ! rigid regulation ( wor%ip by ! law ( a ,city-/ate4 ,by ! second proposition he means t ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! family is f> simpl]1 & !re=e f> less liable to *ange ?an t ( ! ,/ate4 ,greek =ms & ideas ( religion1 = example1 h>dly p5etrat$ into its wor%ip3#acc new deities d n f9d _! way 9--! family exp]i5ce did n call = !m z did t ( ! ,/ate4 ,x may be said )\t go+ beyond ! tru? t ! religion ( ! family rema9$ ! same 9 all ess5tials ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory1 & ! great prie/hoods ( ! ,/ate nev] int]f]$ ) x 9 any su* degree z to affect its vitality4#acd ,b 9 ord] to und]/& ! religion ( ! family1 we mu/ h "s idea ( :at ! family orig9ally 04 ,:5 a /ock or tribe 7populus7 aft] migration took possession ( a di/rict1 x 0 beyond d\bt divid$ into clans1 g5tes1 :i* 7 ! olde/ k9%ip divisions 9 ,italian society4 ,all memb]s ( a clan _h ! same "n1 & 7 believ$ to desc5d f a common ance/or4#ace ,accord+ to ! lat] juri/ic way ( putt+ x1 all w\ld be 9 ! patria pote/as ( t ance/or suppos+ t no dea?s _h ev] occurr$ 9 ! g5s2 &1 inde$1 ! idea t ! g5s is immortal 9 spite ( ! dea?s ( individuals is "o :i* con/itutes x z a p]man5t entity1 & gives x a quasi-religi\s sanction4 ,= primitive religion1 z has be5 well said1 disbelieves 9 dea?2 mo/ ( ! l[] races believe bo? 9 a qualifi$ immortality & 9 ! non-reality or unnaturalness ( dea?4#acf ,9 reg>d to ! k9%ip ( a clan1 dea? at any rate has no effect3 ! bond ( union nev] breaks4 ,n[ a little reflection w %[ t a clan or g5s ( ?is k9d might be ma9ta9$ intact 9 a nomadic /ate1 or dur+ any numb] ( migrations2 x is1 9 fact1 manife/ly appropriate to su* a mobile condition ( society1 & expresses its natural ne$ ( union2 & :5 ! f9al settlem5t occurs1 ?is body ( k9 w hold toge!r 9 ! process1 :e!r or no x has small] divisions )9 x4 ,we may be c]ta9 t ?is 0 ! "o ess5tial k9-division ( ! ,lat9 /ock :5 x settl$ 9 ,latium1 & all ?r\gh ,roman hi/ory x cont9ues s1 a p]man5t entity ?\gh families may die4#acg ,e ,roman lawy] w recognise ?is fact z true1 & ,i ne$ n dwell on x n[4 ,x is :5 ! g5s has settl$ ^u ! l& t ! family beg9s to appe> z a fact ( importance = our purpose4 ,su* op]ations z ! build+ ( a p]man5t h\se1 ! cle>+ & cultivation ( a piece ( l&1 c be/ be c>ri$ out by a small] union ?an ! g5s1 & ?is small] union is ready to h& 9 ! %ape ( a section ( ! g5s compris+ ! liv+ desc5dants ( a liv+ ance/or1 :e!r ( two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r g5]ations4#ach ,?is union1 cle>ly visible to mortal eye1 & realisable 9 e-day "w1 settles toge!r 9 "o h\se1 t5ds its own cattle & %eep1 cultivates its own l& ) ! help ( su* dep5dants z x owns1 slave or o!r1 & is kn[n by ! ^w familia4 ,?is fam\s ^w1 s f> z we "k1 does n conta9 ! idea ( k9%ip1 at any rate z its lead+ connotation2 x is insep>able f ! idea ( l&-settlem5t1#aci & is !re=e ess5tially das ,hauswes51 ! h\se itself1 ) ! p]sons liv+ 9 x1 free or s]vile1 & ) _! l& & o!r prop]ty1 all gov]n$ & adm9i/]$ by ! pat]familias1 ! ma/] ( ! h\sehold1 :o is always ! olde/ liv+ male ance/or4 ,! familia is ?us an economic unit1 develop$ out ( ! g5s1 :i* is a unit ( k9 & little m4 ,& ?us ! religion ( ! familia w be a religion ( practical utility1 ( daily "w1 ( /ruggle ) p]ils to :i* ! %eph]d & ! till] ( ! soil are liable2 x is n ! wor%ip ( an idea ( k9%ip express$ 9 "s dimly conceiv$ common ance/or2 ! familia1 z ,i hope to %[1 _h no common ance/or :o c\ld be ! object ( wor%ip1 except t ( ! g5s f :i* x _h sprung4 ,! life ( ! familia 0 a realisation ( ! pres5t & its ne$s & p]ils1 )\t ! /imulus to take mu* ?\ght ab\t ! pa/1 or inde$ ab\t ! future2 = x1 suffici5t = ! day 0 ! evil !re(2 = :at _h be5 & :at 0 to come x c\ld look to ! g5s to :i* x ow$ its exi/5ce4 ,b 9 practical life ! g5s 0 n ( mu* avail2 & in/ead ( x1 exactly z we might expect1 we f9d an artificial union ( familiae1 a union ( :i* ! ess5tial ?+ is n ! idea ( k91 b t ( ! l& occupi$1 & kn[n all ov] ,italy by ! ^w pagus4#adj ,be=e ,i g on to describe ! religion ( ! family1 x is necess>y to put ! familia into its prop] relation ) ?is t]ritorial union4 ,! pagus is ! e>lie/ ,italian adm9i/rative unit ( :i* we "k any?+2 a t]ritory1 ( :i* ! ess5tial feature 0 ! b\nd>y1 n any c5tral po9t )9 ! b\nd>y4 ,9 all probability x 0 orig9ally ! l& on :i* a g5s _h settl$1 ?\gh settlem5t produces *anges1 & ! l& ( g5s & pagus 0 n id5tical 9 lat] times4 ,b )9 ?is b\nd>y l9e1 ( :i* we %all he> some?+ m pres5tly1 h[ 7 ! compon5t p>ts1 ! familiae ( ! g5s1 settl$ d[n on ! l&8 ,( ! village community s famili> to u 9 ,teutonic c\ntries1 !re is no c]ta9 trace 9 ,latium4 ,vicus1 ! only ^w :i* might sugge/ x1 is id5tical ) ! ,greek ,greek3 oikos1 a h\se2 lat] x is us$ = h\ses /&+ toge!r1 or = a /reet 9 a t[n4 ,b ! vicus 9 ! c\ntry has left no trace ( itself z a di/9ct adm9i/rative union l our village community2 ! vico-magi/ri ( ! ,roman city 7 urban (fic]s2 & :at is m important1 we "k ( no religi\s fe/ivals ( ! vicus1 l ^? ( ! pagus1 ( :i* !re are well-atte/$ records4 ,! probability !n is t ! unit )9 ! pagus 0 n ! village b ! home/ead1 & t ^! /ood at a di/ance f ea* o!r1 z !y d 9 ,celtic c\ntries1 n unit$ toge!r 9 a village1 & ea* h\s+ a family gr\p work+ its own l& & own+ its own cattle4#ada ,! "q ( ! am\nt & ! t5ure ( ! l& ( ?is gr\p is a v difficult "o1 into :i* x is n necess>y to ent] closely "h4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t x possess$ 9 its own "r a small piece ( g>d5 gr\nd 7h]$ium71 & also an allotm5t ( l& 9 ! arable laid out by ! settl]s 9 common--c5turiatus ag]2 :e!r ! own]%ip ( ?is 0 ve/$ 9 ! individual pat]familias or 9 ! g5s z a :ole1 does n greatly matt] = our purposes4#adb ,la/ly1 z x is c]ta9 t ! familia own$ cattle & %eep1 we may be sure t x enjoy$ ! "r ( common pa/ure on ! l& n divid$ up = tillage4 ,we see all ?is ?r\gh a mi/1 & a mi/ t is n likely ev] to lift2 b yet ! outl9es ( ! picture are cle> en\gh to give u ! necess>y basis = a /udy ( ! religion ( ! familia4 ,! religi\s po9ts1 if ,i may use ! expression--^? po9ts1 t is1 :i* are ! object ( special anxiety 7religio7--lie 9 ! b\nd>ies1 bo? ( ! pagus z a :ole1 & ( ! arable l& ( ! familia1 9 ! h\se itself & its free inhabitants1 & 9 ! family bury+-place2 & to ^! ?ree may no d\bt be add$ ! spr+ :i* suppli$ ! h\sehold ) wat]4 ,b\nd>ies1 h\se1 bury+-place1 spr+1--all ^! are 9 a special s5se sacr$1 & ne$ con/ant & regul> religi\s c>e4 ,let u beg9 ) ! h\se1 ! c5tral po9t ( ! economic & religi\s unit4 ,! e>lie/ ,italian h\se 0 little m ?an a wigwam1 m or less r\nd1 con/ruct$ ( upright po/s connect$ ) wattles1 & ) a clos$ ro( ( /raw or bran*es4#adc ,?is w\ld seem to h be5 ! type ( h\se ( ! immigrat+ p :o settl$ on ! tops ( hills & liv$ a pa/oral life2 :5 !y desc5d$ into ! pla9s & became a settl$ agricultural p1 !y adopt$ a m roomy & conv5i5t /yle ( build+1 suitable = /or+ _! gra9 or o!r products1 & = ! ma9t5ance ( a fire = cook+ ^!4 ,:e!r ! rectangul> h\se1 ) :i* alone we are "h conc]n$1 0 develop$ "u ,greek or ,etruscan influ5ce1 or sugge/$ indep5d5tly by motives ( practical conv5i5ce1 is matt] ( dispute1 & mu/ be left to ar*aeologi/s to decide4#add ,?is is ! h\se 9 :i* ! ,lat9 family liv$ ?r\gh\t hi/orical times1 ! h\se :i* we "k z ! sacr$ local habitation ( div9e & human be+s4 ,x consi/$ 9 its simple/ =m1 z we all "k1 ( a s+le room or hall1 ! atrium1 ) a ro( op5 9 ! middle & slop+ inw>ds to let ! ra9 fall into a bas9 7compluvium74 ,"h ! life ( ! family w5t on1 & "h 0 ! he>? 7focus71 ! natural alt> ( ! dwell+-room ( man1#ade & ! seat ( ,ve/a1 ! _s ( ! fire1 ^: aid 9 ! cook+ ( ! food 0 indisp5sable 9 ! daily life ( ! settl]s4 ,?is sacr$ he>? 0 ! c5tre ( ! family wor%ip ( lat] times1 until "u ,greek influ5ce ! arrangem5t ( ! h\se 0 modifi$2#adf & we may be c]ta9 t x 0 s 9 ! simple f>m life ( e>ly ,latium4 ,9 front ( x 0 ! table at :i* ! family took _! meals1 & on ?is 0 plac$ ! salt-cell> 7sal9um71 & ! sacr$ salt-cake1 bak$ ev5 9 hi/orical times 9 primitive fa%ion by ! daught]s ( ! family1 z 9 all p]iods = ! ,/ate by ! ,ve/al virg9s4 ,aft] ! fir/ & *ief c\rse ( ! mid-day meal1 sil5ce 0 enjo9$1 & an (f]+ ( a "p ( ! cake 0 ?r[n on to ! fire f a small sacrificial plate or di% 7patella74#adg ,?is alone is en\gh to prove t ,ve/a1 ! _s ( ! fire1 0 ! c5tral po9t ( ! :ole wor%ip1 ! spiritual embodim5t ( ! physical welf>e ( ! family4 ,beh9d ! he>?1 i4e4 f>!r at ! back ( ! atrium1 0 ! p5us1 or /or+-place ( ! h\sehold4 ,p5us 0 expla9$ by ! le>n$ ,scaevola#adh z mean+ any?+ t c be eat5 or drunk1 b n s mu* t :i* is ea* day set out on ! table1 z t :i* is kept 9 /ore = daily consumption2 x is !re=e 9 orig9 ! food itself1 ?\gh 9 lat] times x became also ! receptacle 9 :i* t food 0 /or$4 ,?is /ore 0 inhabit$ or gu>d$ by spirits1 ! di p5ates1 :o toge!r ) ,ve/a repres5t ! mat]ial vitality ( ! family2 ^! spirits1 always conceiv$ & express$ 9 ! plural1 =m a gr\p 9 a way :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,lat9s1 & _! plurality is p]haps due to ! v>iety & frequ5t *ange ( ! mat]ial ( ! /ore4 ,! religi\s "* ( ! /ore is also well %[n by ! fact1 if su* x be1 t no impure p]son 0 all[$ to m$dle ) x2 ! duty 0 especially t ( ! *ildr5 ( ! family1#adi ^: purity & religi\s capability 0 symbolis$ ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory by ! purple-/rip$ toga :i* !y wore1 & secur$ also by ! amulet1 )9 its capsule ! bulla1 ( :i* ,i spoke 9 ! la/ lecture4 ,ve/a & ! ,p5ates repres5t ! spiritual side ( ! mat]ial ne$s ( ! h\sehold2 b !re 0 ano!r div9e inhabitant ( ! h\se1 ! ,g5ius ( ! pat]familias1 :o 0 m imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! cont9uity ( ! family4 ,analogy ) ! _w-wide belief 9 ! spiritual d\ble ( a man1 8 o!r-s\l1 compels u to ?9k ( ?is ,g5ius1 :o accompani$ ! ,lat9 f ! cradle to ! grave1 z orig9ally a conception ( ?is k9d4 ,! ,lat9s _h inde$1 9 common ) o!r races1 :at we may call ! brea?-idea ( ! s\l1 z we see f ! words animus & anima1 & also ! %ad[-idea1 z is prov$ by ! ^w umbra = a dep>t$ _s4 ,b ! ,g5ius 0 "o ( ^? gu>dian spirits1 treat$ by ,pr(essor ,tylor z a diff]5t species ( ! same g5us1 :i* accompany a man all 8 life & help him ?r\gh its _m *anges & *ances2#aej & ! peculi>ity ( ?is ,lat9 gu>dian is t he 0 specially helpful 9 cont9u+ ! life ( ! family4 ,! s\l ( a man is (t5 conceiv$ z ! cause ( life1 b n (t5 z ! procreative p[] itself2 & t ?is latt] 0 ! ,lat9 idea is c]ta91 bo? f ! etymology ( ! ^w & f ! fact t ! m>riage-b$ 0 call$ lectus g5ialis4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is peculi>ity ( ! ,lat9 conception ( ,g5ius 0 ! result ( ! unusually /rong idea t ! ,lat9s mu/ h _h1 ev5 :5 !y fir/ pass$ into ,italy1 ( k9%ip z det]m9$ n by ! "m b by ! fa!r4#aea ,x is possible1 ,i ?9k1 t ! ,g5ius 0 a s\l ( lat] orig9 ?an ^? ,i h j m5tion$1 & develop$ 9 ! p]iod :5 ! g5s arose z ! ma9 gr\p ( k9sm5 real or imag9>y4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t we may see 9 x ! connect+ l9k betwe5 t gr\p & ! individual adult males )9 x2 9 t case ! ,g5ius w\ld be t s\l ( a man :i* enables him to fulfil ! "w ( cont9u+ ! life ( ! g5s4 ,we c easily imag9e h[ x might ev5tually come to be 8 gu>dian _s1 & to acquire all ! o!r s5ses ) :i* we are famili> 9 ,roman lit]ature4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! idea ( individuality1 ! individuality ( a man z ap>t f ! k9 gr\p1 ! idea ( ! individuality ( ! ,g5ius also became emphasis$1 until x became possible to ?9k ( x z ev5 liv+ on aft] ! dea? ( its companion2#aeb 9 ?is way1 9 c\rse ( "t1 ! ,g5ius came to ex]cise a curi\s influ5ce on ! idea ( ! ,manes4 ,! hi/ory ( ! idea ( ,g5ius1 & its application to places1 cities1 etc41 is inde$ a curi\s "o1 & ( no small int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( religion2 b we mu/ return to ! primitive h\se & its div9e inhabitants4 ,!re is "o m ( ^! :o calls = a ^w be=e ,i pass to ! l& & ! b\nd>ies2 we meet him on ! ?re%old z we leave ! dwell+4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n to an?ropologi/s t ! door ( a h\se is a dang]\s po9t1 because evil spirits or ! gho/s ( ! dead may ga9 access to ! h\se ?r\gh x4 ,among ! innum]able cu/oms :i* atte/ ?is belief !re are "o or two ,roman ones1 e4g4 ! practice ( mak+ a man1 :o has return$ home aft] 8 suppos$ dea? 9 a =eign c\ntry1 ent] ! h\se by ! ro( in/ead ( ! door2 = ! door mu/ be kept b>r$ aga9/ gho/s1 & ?is man may be aft] all a gho/1 or at lea/ he may h evil spirits or miasma ab\t him4#aec ,x 0 at ! doorway t a curi\s c]emony took place 7to :i* ,i %all ask y\r att5tion aga97 imm$iately aft] ! bir? ( a *ild1 9 ord] to prev5t ,silvanus1 :o may /& = ! dang]\s spirits ( ! =e/1 f ent]+ 9 & vex+ ! baby4#aed ,aga91 a dead man1 z among s _m o!r peoples1 0 c>ri$ out ( ! doorway ) 8 feet =emo/1 s t he %\ld n f9d 8 way back2 & ! old ,roman practice ( burial by night probably _h ! same object4#aee ,exactly ! same anxiety 7religio7 is se5 9 reg>d to ! gates ( a city2 ! wall 0 9 "s s5se holy 7sanctus71 b ! gates1 ?r\gh :i* 0 de/9$ to pass mu* t might be dang]\s1 c\ld n be ?us sanctifi$4 ,0 !re1 !n1 no protect+ _s ( ^! doors & gates8 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 writ+ ) ,v>ro be=e him1 f9ds no less ?an ?ree spirits ( ! entrance to a h\se3 ,=culus1 ( ! door itself2 ,lim5t9us1 ( ! ?re%old2 & ,c>dea1 ( ! h+es ( ! door2 & ^! ,v>ro seems to h f\nd 9 ! books ( ! pontifices4#aef ,i mu/ po/pone ! "q z to :at ^! pontifical books really repres5t$2 b ! passage w at lea/ s]ve to %[ u ! popul> anxiety ab\t ! po9t ( entrance to a h\se1 & its association ) ! _s _w4 ,( late sob] rese>* has rea*$ ! conclusion t ! orig9al door-_s 0 ,janus1 :om we "k 9 ,roman hi/ory z resid+ 9 ! symbolic gate ( ! ,=um1 & z ! god ( beg9n+s1 ! fir/ deity to be invok$ 9 pray]1 z ,ve/a 0 ! la/4#aeg ,b ,janus is also want$ = f> high] purposes by "s em95t ,cambridge s*ol>s2 !y h _! own reasons = want+ him z a god ( ! sky1 z a d\ble ( ,jupit]1 z ! mate ( ,diana1 & a deity ( ! oak4#aeh ,s1 too1 he 0 want$ by ! philosophical speculators ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 :o tri$ to int]pret _! own humble deities 9 t]ms ( ,greek philosophy & ,greek poly!ism4 ,! poets too1 :o1 z ,augu/9e says1 f\nd ,=culus & 8 companions b5ea? _! notice1 play$ /range tricks ) ?is ho>y old god1 z any "o may read 9 ! fir/ book ( ,ovid's ,fa/i4 ,i myself believe t ! ma9 features ( ! !ology 7if we may use ! ^w7 ( ! e>lie/ ,rome 7 d]iv$ f ! h\se & ! l& z an economic & religi\s unit1 & ,i am /rongly incl9$ to see 9 ,janus bifrons ( ! ,=um a develop$ =m ( ! _s ( ! h\se-door2 b ! "q is a difficult "o1 & ,i %all return to x 9 a lecture on ! deities ( e>ly ,rome4 ,s f> ,i h said no?+ ( ! ,l> famili>is :o has become a h\sehold ^w z a h\sehold deity2 & yet we are on ! po9t ( leav+ ! h\se ( ! old ,lat9 settl] to look = ! spirits :om he wor%ips on 8 l&4 ,! reason is simply t aft] repeat$ exam9ation ( ! evid5ce available1 ,i f9d myself =c$ to believe t at ! p]iod ( :i* ,i am speak+ ! ,l> 0 n "o ( ! div9e inhabitants ( ! h\se4 ,:5 ,fu/el de ,c\langes wrote 8 brilliant book ,la ,cite antique1 :i* popul>is$ ! importance ( ! wor%ip ( ance/ors z a factor 9 ,aryan civilisation1 he f\nd 9 ! ,l>1 :o 9 hi/orical times 0 a famili> figure 9 ! h\se1 ! reput$ f\nd] ( ! family2 & until lately ?is view has be5 undisput$4 ,b if my acc\nt ( ! relation ( ! family to ! g5s is correct1 ! family w\ld /& 9 no ne$ ( a reput$ f\nd]2 t symbol ( ! bond ( k9%ip 0 to be f\nd 9 ! g5s ( :i* ! family 0 an (f%oot1 a cutt+1 z x 71 plant$ on ! l&4 ,/ill m conv9c+ is ! fact t :5 we fir/ meet ) ! ,l> z an object ( wor%ip he is n 9 ! h\se b on ! l&4 ,! olde/ ,l> ( :om we "k any?+ 0 "o ( a *>act]i/ic ,roman gr\p ( :i* ! individuals liv$ 9 ! compita1 i4e4 ! spots :]e ! l& belong+ to v>i\s h\seholds met1 & :]e !re 7 *apels ) z _m faces z !re 7 prop]ties1 ea* face conta9+ an alt> to a ,l>1--! presid+ _s ( t allotm5t1 or r p]haps ( ! :ole ( ! l& ( ! familia1 includ+ t on :i* ! h\se /ood4#aei ,?us ! ,l> fills a place 9 ! private wor%ip :i* w\ld o!rwise be vacant1 t ( ! hold+ & its productive p[]4 ,9 ?is s5se1 too1 we f9d ! ,l>es 9 ! hymn ( ! ,arval ,bre?r51 "o ( ! olde/ fragm5ts ( ,lat9 we possess2 = ! spirits ( ! l& w\ld naturally be invok$ 9 ! lu/ration ( ! ag] ,romanus by ?is anci5t religi\s gild4#afj ,b h[1 x may be ask$1 did ! ,l> f9d 8 way into ! h\se1 to become ! *>act]i/ic deity ( ! lat] ,roman private wor%ip !re8 ,i believe t he ga9$ admittance ?r\gh ! slaves ( ! familia1 :o _h no "p 9 ! wor%ip ( ! dwell+1 b 7 admitt$ to ! ,compitalia1 or ye>ly fe/ival ( :i* ! ,l>es ( ! compita 7 ! c5tral object4 ,cato tells u t ! vilicus1 ! head ( ! familia ( slaves1 might n fac]e rem div9am nisi ,compitalibus 9 compito aut 9 foco2#afa :i* ,i take to mean t he might sacrifice = 8 fell[-slaves to ! ,l> at ! compitum1 or to ! ,l> 9 ! h\se1 if ! ,l> 7 already transf]r$ f ! compitum to ! h\se4 ,9 ! con/ant abs5ce ( ! own]1 ! pat]familias ( ,rome's /irr+ days1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,l> at ! compitum or 9 ! h\se came to be m & m di/9ctly ! "r ( ! vilicus & 8 wife z repres5t+ ! slaves1 & ?us too ! ,l> came to be call$ by ! epi!t famili>is1 :i* pla9ly indicates t 9 8 cult ! slaves 7 includ$4 ,& z x 0 ! old cu/om t ! slaves %\ld sit at ! meals ( ! family on b5*es bel[ ! free memb]s 7subsellia71#afb :at m natural ?an t !y %\ld claim to see !re ! ,l> :om alone ( ! deities ( ! f>m !y 7 p]mitt$ to wor%ip1 & t !y %\ld br+ ! ,l> or 8 d\ble f ! compitum to ! h\se1 9 ! frequ5t abs5ce ( ! ma/]8#afc ,! fe/ival ( ! ,l> 0 celebrat$ at ! compitum1 & kn[n z ,compitalia or ,l>alia2 x took place soon aft] ! w9t] sol/ice1 on a day fix$ by ! pat]familias1 9 conc]t1 no d\bt1 ) ! o!r heads ( families 9 ! pagus4 ,l mo/ rejoic+s at ?is "t ( ye>1 x 0 free & jovial 9 "*1 & ! :ole familia took "p 9 x1 bo? bond & free4 ,ea* familia sacrific$ on its own alt>1 :i* 0 plac$ fifte5 feet 9 front ( ! compitum1 s t ! wor%ipp]s might be on _! own l&2 b if1 z we may suppose1 ! :ole pagus celebrat$ ?is rite on ! same day1 !re 0 9 ?is fe/ival1 z 9 o!rs to be m5tion$ directly1 a social value1 a means ( wid5+ ! outlook ( ! familia & associat+ x ) ! ne$s ( o!rs 9 its religi\s duties4 ,?is is ! religio ,l>ium ( :i* ,cic]o speaks 9 ! second book ( 8 de ,legibus1 :i* 0 posita 9 fundi villaeque conspectu1 & h&$ d[n = ! b5efit bo? ( ma/]s & m5 f remote antiquity4#afd ,!re 7 o!r fe/ivals 9 :i* all ! familiae ( a pagus took "p4 ,( ^! we "k little1 & :at we d "k is almo/ entirely due to ! love ( ! ,augu/an poets = ! c\ntry & its life & cu/oms2 ,=tunatus et ille deos qui novit agre/es1 wrote ,virgil1 contra/+ himself ) ! philosoph] poet :om he rev]$4 ,v>ro1 9 8 li/ ( ,roman fe/ivals1#afe j m5tions a fe/ival call$ ,sem5tivae1 associat$ ) ! s[+ ( ! se$1 & celebrat$ by all pagi1 if we int]pret him rightly2 b ,ovid has giv5 u a *>m+ picture ( :at mu/ be ?is same rite1 & places x cle>ly 9 w9t]1 aft] ! autumn s[+#aff3-- /ate coronati pl5um ad praesaepe iuv5ci3 cum tepido ve/rum v]e r$ibit opus4 ru/icus em]itum palo susp5dit aratrum3 omne re=midat frigida volnus humus4 vilice1 da requiem t]rae1 sem5te p]acta3 da requiem t]ram qui colu]e viris4 pagus agat fe/um3 pagum lu/rate1 coloni1 et date paganis annua liba focis4 plac5tur frugum matres ,tellusque ,c]esque1 f>re suo gravidae visc]ibusque suis4 ,ovid may "h be writ+ ( 8 own home at ,sulmo1 & :at took place !re 9 ! ,augu/an age2 b we may read 8 description into ! life ( old ,latium1 = ru/ic life is t5aci\s ( old cu/om1 especially :]e ! economic conditions rema9 always ! same4 ,we may d ! same ) ano!r beautiful picture left u by ,tibullus1 also a poet ( ! c\ntry1 :i* ,i h rec5tly exam9$ at l5g? 9 ! ,classical ,review4#afg ,! fe/ival he describes has (t5 be5 id5tifi$ ) ,ovid's1 b ,i am r dispos$ to see 9 x a lu/ratio ( ! ag] paganus 9 ! spr+1 ( ! same k9d z ! fam\s "o 9 ,virgil's fir/ ,georgic1 to be m5tion$ directly2 = ,tibullus1 aft] describ+ ! sc5e1 :i* he introduces ) ! words fruges lu/ramus et agros1 puts into p]fect v]se a pray] = ! welf>e ( ! crops & flocks1 & looks =w>d to a "t :5 7if ! pray] succe$s7 ! l& %all be full ( corn1 & ! peasant %all heap wood ^u a bonfire--p]haps "o ( ! midsumm] fires t /ill survive 9 ! ,abruzzi4 ,virgil's l9es are no less picturesque2#afh & ?\gh he does n m5tion ! pagus1 he is cle>ly ?9k+ ( a lu/ratio 9 :i* m ?an "o familia takes "p-- cuncta tibi ,c]]em pubes agre/is adoret4 ,?is is a spr+ fe/ival extremae sub casum hiemis1 iam v]e s]5o2 & ,i %all return to x :5 we come to deal ) ! processional lu/ratio ( ! f>m4 ,l ! descriptions ( ,ovid & ,tibullus1 x is m valuable to u = ! idea x gives u ( ! _s ( old ,italian agricultural religion ?an = exact k ab\t dates & details4 ,!re 01 ( c\rse1 endless v>iety 9 ,italy 9 bo? ^!2 & x is wa/e ( "t to try & make ! descriptions ( ! rural poets fit 9 ) ! fix$ fe/ivals ( ! ,roman city cal5d>4 ,nor is x q safe to argue back f t cal5d> to ! life ( ! familia & ! pagus1 except 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,z we %all see1 ! cal5d> is bas$ on ! life & "w ( an agricultural folk1 & we may by all means guess t its _m agricultural rites exi/$ be=eh& 9 ! e>li] social life2 b into detail we may n v5ture4 ,z ,v>ro1 h[ev]1 has m5tion$ ! ,saturnalia 9 ! same s5t5ce ) ! ,compitalia1 we may guess t t fam\s jovial fe/ival 0 a "p ( ! ru/ic w9t] rejoic+4 ,& "h1 too1 ,i may m5tion ano!r fe/a ( t mon?1 ( :i* a glimpse is giv5 u by ,horace1 ano!r c\ntry-lov+ poet1 :o specially m5tions ! pagus z tak+ "p 9 x4 ,faunus & ,silvanus 7 deities or spirits ( ! woodl& among :i* ^! pagi lay1 & 9 :i* ! f>m]s ran _! cattle 9 ! summ]2#afi by ,horace's "t ,faunus _h be5 m or less t>r$ ) a ,greek bru%1 b 9 ! beautiful little ode ,i am allud+ to he is /ill a deity ( ! ,italian f>m]1#agj :o on ! ,nones ( ,decemb] bes\ght him to be graci\s to ! cattle n[ fe$+ peacefully on ! w9t] pa/ure3-- ludit h]boso pecus omne campo cum tibi ,nonae r$eunt ,decembres3 fe/us 9 pratis vacat otioso cum bove pagus4 ,!re is "o m rite ( familia or pagus1 or bo?1 ( :i* ,i mu/ say a ^w be=e ,i return = a :ile to ! h\se & its inhabitants4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important matt]s = ! pagus1 z = ! l&hold+ h\sehold1 0 ! fix+ ( ! b\nd>ies ( _! l&1 :e!r z aga9/ o!r pagi or h\seholds1 or z sep>at+ t l& f unreclaim$ =e/4 ,?is 0 ( c\rse1 l all ^! o!r op]ations ( ! f>m1 a matt] ( religi\s c>e & anxiety--a matt] 9 :i* ! feel+ ( anxiety & awe 7religio7 br\ght ) x1 to use an expression ( ,cic]o's1 bo? cura & ca]imonia4#aga ,! religio t]m9orum is kn[n to u 9 "s detail1 z x exi/$ 9 hi/orical times1 f ! ,roman writ]s on agrimetatio2 & ) _! help ! :ole subject has be5 made intelligible by ,rudorff 9 ! second volume ( ! ,gromatici4#agb ,we "k t _m diff]5t objects might s]ve z b\nd>y m>ks1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! l&1 especially trees & /ones2 & 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 :i* w\ld be ! usual t]m9i 9 agricultural l& at "s di/ance f =e/1 we h ! religi\s "* ( ! /one & its fix+ mo/ in/ructively br\ght out4 ,fruits ( ! e>?1 & ! bones1 a%es1 & blood ( a victim 7 put into a hole 9 ! gr\nd by ! l&hold]s ^: l&s conv]g$ at ! po9t1 & ! /one 0 ramm$ d[n on ! top & c>efully fix$4#agc ,?is _h ! practical effect--= all ,lat9 religion has a practical side--( enabl+ ! /one to be id5tifi$ 9 ! future4 ,b ,ovid#agd gives u a picture ( ! ye>ly commemorative rite ( ! same nature1 f :i* we see /ill bett] ! =ce ( ! religio t]m9orum4 ,! b\nd>y-/one is g>l&$1 & an alt> is built2 ! fire is c>ri$ f ! he>? ( ! home/ead by a mat]familias1 ! prie/ess ( ! family2 a "y son ( ! family holds a basket full ( fruits ( ! e>?1 & a little daught] %akes ^! into ! fire & (f]s honey-cakes4 ,o!rs /& by ) w9e1 or look on 9 sil5ce1 clo!d 9 :ite4 ,! victims are lamb & suck+-pig1 & ! /one is spr9kl$ ) _! blood1 an act :i* all ! _w ov] %[s t an object is holy & t5ant$ by a _s4#age ,& ! c]emony ends ) a fea/ & hymns 9 hon\r ( holy ,t]m9us1 :o 9 ,ovid's "t 9 ! rural di/ricts1 & long be=e on ! ,capitolium ( ,rome1 _h ris5 f ! _s sanctify+ ! /one to become a deity1 closely connect$ ) ,jupit] himself1 & to give 8 "n to a ye>ly city fe/ival on ,febru>y #bc4 ,^! fe/ivals on ! l& 71 "s ( !m at lea/1 sc5es ( revelry1 accompani$ ) danc+ & s++1 z ! poets describe !m1 ! faces ( ! peasants pa9t$ r$ ) m9ium1#agf accord+ to an old ,italian cu/om :i* surviv$ 9 ! case ( ! triumphator ( ! glori\s days ( ! ,city-/ate4 ,b if we may n[ return = a mom5t to ! home/ead1 !re 7 ev5ts ( great importance to ! family :i* 7 celebrat$ !re 9 m s]i\s & sob] fa%ion1 ) rites t 7 9 "p truly religi\s1 yet n )\t "s features t %[ ! prevail+ anxiety1 root$ 9 ! age ( taboo1 :i* we le>nt to recognise "u ! ^w religio4 ,m>riage 0 a religi\s c]emony1 = we c h>dly d\bt t ! patrician conf>reatio1 9 :i* a cake made ( ! anci5tly us$ gra9 call$ f> 0 (f]$ to ,jupit]1 & p]haps p>tak5 ( sacram5tally by bride & bridegroom1 0 ! olde/ =m ( m>riage1 & _h its orig9 9 an age be=e ! ,/ate came into be+4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! h\se 0 a sacr$ place1 ) religi\s duties c>ri$ on )9 x1 & ! abode ( h\sehold spirits2 & :5 a bride f ano!r family or g5s 0 to be br\ght into x1 x 0 ess5tial t su* introduction %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 a mann] t w\ld n di/urb ! happy relations ( ! human & div9e inhabitants ( ! h\se4 ,x 0 ess5tial1 too1 t ! *ildr5 expect$ ( h] %\ld be su* z %\ld be able to dis*>ge _! duties 9 ! h\sehold )\t hurt+ ! feel+s ( ^! spirits4 ,"s ( ! qua9t cu/oms ( ! d$uctio ( lat] times /rongly sugge/ an orig9al anxiety ab\t matt]s ( su* vital int]e/2 ! tor*1 c>ri$ by a boy ^: p>5ts 7 bo? liv+1 0 ( :ite?orn 7,sp9a alba71 :i* 0 a p[]ful protective aga9/ ho/ile magic1 & ab\t :i* !re 7 curi\s sup]/itions4#agg ,arriv$ at ! h\se1 ! bride sme>$ ! doorpo/s ) wolf's fat & oil1 & w\nd fillets ( wool ar\nd !m--s dang]\s 0 ! mom5t ( entrance1 s sacr$ ! doorway2 & f9ally1 %e 0 c>ri$ ov] ! ?re%old1 & !n1 & !n only1 0 receiv$ by h] husb& into communion ( fire & wat]1 symbolic ( h] acceptance z mat]familias bo? by man & deity4#agh ,:5 ! new mat]familias pres5t$ h] husb& ) a *ild1 !re 0 ano!r p]il\s mom5t2 ! infant1 if accept$ by ! fa!r 7sublatus1 i4e4 rais$ f ! e>? on :i* x _h be5 plac$71#agi did n imm$iately become a memb] ( ! family 9 ! religi\s s5se1 & 0 liable to be vex$ by evil or mis*iev\s spirits f ! wild woodl&1 or1 z !y phras$ x 9 lat] days1 by ,silvanus4 ,i h already allud$ to ! curi\s bit ( mumm]y :i* 0 meant to keep !m (f4 ,?ree m5 at night came to ! ?re%old & /ruck x ) an axe1 a pe/le1 & a besom1 s t by ^! signs ( agriculture ,silvanus might be prev5t$ f ent]+4 ,! ho/ile spirits 7 ?us d5i$ entrance to a dwell+ 9 :i* fri5dly spirits ( h\sehold life & ( settl$ agricultural pursuits _h tak5 up _! abode4 ,no?+ c bett] %[ ! anxiety ( life 9 ^? primitive times1 especially 9 a c\ntry l ,italy1 full ( =e/ & m\nta91 :]e dwelt mis*iev\s ,br[nies :o w\ld tease ! settl] if !y c\ld4 ,b on ! n9? day aft] ! bir? 7or ! eigh? 9 ! case ( a girl7 ! *ild 0 purifi$ & adopt$ into ! family & its sacra1 & into ! g5s to :i* ! family belong$1 & receiv$ its "n--! latt] a matt] ( m importance ?an we c easily realise4#ahj ,f ?is "t till x arriv$ at ! age ( pub]ty x 0 protect$ by amulet & praetexta2 ! t5d] age ( *ildhood be+ !n pass$1 & y\? & maid5 endu$ ) new p[]s1 ! peculi> def5sive arm\r ( *ildhood might be disp5s$ )4#aha ,la/ly1 ! dea? ( a memb] ( ! family 0 an occasion ( extreme anxiety1 :i* might1 h[ev]1 be allay$ by ! exact p]=mance ( c]ta9 rites 7iu/a fac]e74 ,! fun]al c]emonies ( ! ,city-/ate 7 ( a complicat$ "*1 & ! details are n all ( !m easy to int]pret4 ,b ! pr9ciple mu/ h be5 always ! same--t ! dead w\ld walk unless !y _h be5 deposit$ ) due c]emony 9 ! bosom ( ,"m ,e>?1 & t _! natural t5d5cy 9 walk+ 0 to f9d _! way back to ! h\se :i* _h be5 _! home 9 life4 ,:e!r buri$ or burnt1 ! idea 0 ! same3 if burnt1 z seems to h be5 common ,roman practice f v e>ly times1 at lea/ "o bone _h to be buri$ z repres5t+ ! :ole body4 ,we h se5 t c]ta9 precautions 7 tak5 to prev5t ! dead man f f9d+ 8 way back1 su* z c>ry+ him out ( ! h\se feet =emo/2 & if he 7 prop]ly buri$ & ! h\se duly purifi$ aft]w>ds1 ! process ( prev5tion 0 fairly complete4 ,8 gho/1 %ade1 or d\ble !n pass$ b5ea? ! e>? to jo9 ! :ole body ( ,manes 9 ! und]world1#ahb & c\ld only return at c]ta9 fix$ times--su* at lea/ 0 ! idea express$ 9 ! cu/oms ( lat] ages4 ,b if a pat]familias or 8 repres5tative _h omitt$ iu/a fac]e1 or if ! dead man _h nev] be5 buri$ at all1 c>ri$ (f by an enemy or "s wild bea/1 he c\ld nev] h desc5d$ to t und]world1 & 0 roam+ ! e>? disconsolately1 & ) an evil w4 ,! primitive idea ( anxiety is well express$ 9 ! ,roman fe/ival ( ! ,lemuria 9 ,may1 :5 ! head ( a h\sehold c\ld get rid ( ! gho/s by spitt+ out black beans#ahc f 8 m\? & say+1 ,) ^! ,i r$eem me & m9e4 ,n9e times he says ?is )\t look+ r\nd3 !n come ! gho/s beh9d him & ga!r up ! beans unse54 ,aft] o!r qua9t p]=mances he n9e times repeats ! =mula1 ,manes exite pat]ni1 !n at la/ looks r\nd1 & ! gho/s are gone4#ahd ,?is is pla9ly a survival f ! private life ( ! primitive h\sehold1 & well illu/rates its fe>s & anxieties2 b ! ,/ate provid$1 z we %all see1 ano!r & m religi\s c]emony1 put limitations on ! mis*iev\s fre$om ( ! gho/s1 & orda9$ ! means ( expiation = ^? :o _h made a slip 9 ! fun]al c]emonies1 or ^: dead _h be5 buri$ at sea or _h di$ 9 a f> c\ntry4 ,i h ?us tri$ to sket* ! life ( ! e>ly ,lat9 family 9 its relations ) ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! ,p[] 9 ! univ]se4 ,we h se5 en\gh1 ,i ?9k1 to conclude t x _h a /rong desire to be 9 "r relations ) t ,p[]1 & to und]/& its w2 b we may d\bt :e!r t desire _h z yet become v effective4 ,! circum/ances ( ! life ( ! ,lat9 f>m] 7 h>dly su* z to rid him ( mu* ( ! religio t he _h inh]it$ f 8 wild] ance/ors1 or _h f\nd spr++ up afre% )9 him z he cont5d$ ) ! soil1 ! elem5ts1 & ! ho/ile be+s surr\nd+ him1 animal1 human1 & spiritual4 ,he is liv+ 9 an age ( transition2 he is half-way betwe5 ! age ( magic & a new age ( religion & duty4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,iv #aca ,fraz]1 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 lect4 viii4 ,dr4 ,fraz] f9ds traces ( ,mutt]re*t only 9 ! succession to ! k+%ip ( ,alba & ,rome1 ( :i* ! evid5ce is ( c\rse purely leg5d>y4 ,if ! leg5ds repres5t fact 9 any s5se1 !y po9t1 if ,i und]/& him rightly1 to a k+%ip held by a non-,lat9 race1 or1 z he calls x1 plebeian4 ,b9d]1 ,die ,plebs1 p4 #djc foll41 believes t ! orig9al ,lat9 population1 i4e4 ! plebs ( lat] times1 liv$ "u ,mutt]re*t4 #acb ,au/1 ,religion d] ,roem]1 p4 #bab4 #acc ,9 hi/orical times ! h\sehold deities 7 (t5 repres5t$ by images ( ,greek type3 e4g4 ! ,p5ates by ^? ( ! ,dioscuri4 ,wiss[a1 ,rel4 und ,kult4 p4 #adg1 & ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #ie foll41 & #bhi4 ,see also ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione nella vita privata1 i4 p4 #da foll4 & p4 #ij foll4 #acd ,de ,m>*i1 op4 cit4 i4 #ac foll4 ,9 ! ord9>y & regul> religion ( ! family ! ,/ate1 i4e4 ! pontifices1 did n int]f]e2 b !y might d s 9 matt]s su* z ! succession ( sacra1 ! c>e ( graves1 or ! fulfilm5t ( v[s und]tak5 by private p]sons4 ,see ,cic]o1 de ,legibus1 ii4 #ai4 #dg4 #ace ,mucius ,scaevola1 ! great lawy]1 def9$ g5tiles z ^? qui eodem nom9e sunt1 qui ab +5uis oriundi sunt1 quorum maiorum nemo s]vitutem s]vivit1 qui capite non sunt dem9uti1 ,cic4 ,topica1 vi4 #bi4 ,?is is ! practical view ( a lawy] ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 & does n take acc\nt ( ! sacra g5tilicia1 :i* _h by t "t decay$ or pass$ into ! c>e ( sodalitates3 ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #acb foll42 ,de ,m>*i1 ii4 p4 #c foll4 ,! notion ( desc5t f a common ance/or is ( c\rse ideal1 b none ! less a factor 9 ! life ( ! g5s2 x crops up1 e4g41 9 ,virgil1 ,a54 v4 #aag1 #aba1 & ,s]vius ad loc4 #acf ,crawley1 ,! ,tree ( ,life1 p4 #dg4 #acg ,= ! alleg$ ext9ction ( ! g5s ,potitia1 & ! leg5d connect$ ) x1 ,livy i4 #g1 ,fe/us #bcg4 #ach ,see ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatalt]tuem]1 p4 #ef1 & note #f4 #aci ,!re is1 ,i believe1 no d\bt t ! etymological aff9ities ( ! ^w familia po9t to ! idea ( settlem5t & n t ( k92 e4g4 ,oscan ,faama1 a h\se1 & ,sanscrit dha1 to settle4 #adj ,! exact mean+ & orig9 ( ! ^w has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,x is tempt+ to connect x ) pax1 paciscor1 & make x a t]ritory )9 ^: b\nds !re is pax2 see ,rudorff1 ,gromatici vet]es1 ii4 #bci1 & ,niss51 ,italis*e ,l&eskunde1 ii4 #h foll4 #ada ,see ,rudorff1 ,grom4 vet4 ii4 #bcf foll42 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #aaf foll42 ,kornemann 9 ,klio1 vol4 v4 7#aije7 p4 #hj foll42 ,gre5idge1 ,roman ,public ,life1 p4 #a foll4 #adb ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #bb foll42 ,kornemann1 l4c42 ,roby 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 s4v4 ,agrimetatio1 p4 #he4 ,! view t !re 0 freehold g>d5 l& atta*$ to ! home/ead ga9s /r5g? f a /atem5t ( ,pl9y 7,n4,h4 xix4 #ej7 t ! ^w us$ 9 ! ,,xii4 ,tables = villa1 :i* 0 ! ^w 9 classical times = ! home/ead1 0 hortus1 a g>d51 & t ?is 0 h]$ium1 private prop]ty4 ,see ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 #bc4 ,x w\ld inde$ be /range if ! h\se _h no l& imm$iately atta*$ to x2 we "k t 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon village community ! villani1 bord>ii & cotagii1 _h _! g>d5 cr(t atta*$ to _! dwell+s1 ap>t f su* /rips z !y might hold f ! "l ( ! manor 9 ! op5 fields4 ,see ,v9ograd(f1 ,villa9age 9 ,engl&1 p4 #adh4 ,= ! c5turiatus ag]1 ,roby l4c4 ,we h no direct k ( ! sy/em 9 ! e>lie/ times1 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t x 0 old-,italian 9 outl9e1 & n introduc$ by ! ,etruscans1 z /at$1 e4g41 by ,deecke-,muell]1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #abh4 #adc ,= ,latium ?is is prov$ by ! sepul*ral hut-urns f\nd at ,alba & also on ! ,esquil9e4 ,"o ( ^! 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d %[s ! con/ruction well4 ,see article ,domus 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encyclopa$ie2 ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1 p4 #ej foll4 ,lat] !re 0 an op5+ 9 ! ro(4 #add ,von ,duhn 9 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 #ahif1 p4 #abe foll41 & article ,domus 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a4 #ade ,?is is ,au/'s admirable expression1 ,religion d] ,roem]1 p4 #bad4 #adf ,see ! au?or's ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #bdb4 #adg ,s]v4 ,a54 i4 #bgj2 ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #abf4 #adh ,ap4 ,gellium1 iv4 #a4 #ag4 ,= ! sacr$ness ( food & meals1 see bel[ 7,lect4 ,,viii4 p4 #agb74 #adi ,see a pap] by ! au?or 9 ,classical ,rev4 vol4 x4 7#ahif7 p4 #cag1 & ref]5ces !re giv54 ,cp4 ! passage ( ,s]vius quot$ above 7,a54 i4 #gcj71 :]e a boy is describ$ z ann\nc+ at ! daily meal t ! gods 7 propiti\s4 ,= ! purity necess>y ,i may ref] to ,hor4 ,odes1 iii4 #bc ad f941 ,immunis aram si tetigit manus1 etc4 #aej ,primitive ,culture1 i4 #cic4 #aea ,! fem99e c\nt]p>t ( ,g5ius 0 ,juno1 ( :i* m w be said lat] on4 ,ea* woman _h h] ,juno2 b ?is o!r-s\l has little importance z comp>$ ) ,g5ius4 #aeb ,see ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 i4 #dfb foll4 ,= ,g5ius 9 g5]al1 ,birt 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4v42 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #aed foll42 ,/ew>t1 ,my?s ( ,plato1 p4 #dej1 = ! connexion ( s\ls ) ance/ry4 #aec ,see ! fif? ( ,plut>*'s ,quae/iones ,romanae1 & ,dr4 ,jevons' int]e/+ comm5ts 9 8 edition ( ,phil4 ,holl&'s translation1 pp4 xxii4 & xxxv4 foll4 ,cp4 ! ?r[+ ! fett]s ( a crim9al out by ! ro( ( ! ,flam5's h\se4 #aed ,civ4 ,dei1 vi4 #i4 ,^! are deities ( ! ,indigitam5ta2 see bel[1 p4 #hd4 #aee ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione1 etc4 i4 #ahh foll42 ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb5 d] ,roem]1 p4 #ccf1 la porte e/ la limite entre le monde etrang] et le monde dome/ique 7,a4 van ,g5nep1 ,rites de passage1 p4 #bf1 :]e o!r illu/rations are giv574 #aef ,see bel[1 ,lect4 ,,xii4 p4 #bha4 #aeg ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #if2 ,au/1 ,rel4 d] ,roem]1 p4 #aag2 ,ros*] 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4v4 ,janus2 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t]1 ,religion ( ,numa1 p4 #ac4 ,cp4 ,von ,domaszewski 9 ,ar*iv1 #aijg1 p4 #ccg4 #aeh ,fraz]1 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,k+%ip1 p4 #bhf foll42 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook 9 ,classical ,review1 #aijd1 p4 #cfg foll4 #aei ,gromat4 vet4 i4 #cjb1 l9e #bj foll41 describes ! *apels1 b )\t m5tion+ ! ,l>es4 ,v>ro 7,l4,l4 vi4 #be7 supplies ! "n3 ,compitalia dies attributus ,l>ibus ,compitalibus2 ideo ubi viae competunt tum 9 competis sacrificatur4 ,cp4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #adh4 ,b ! nature ( ! l& ?us m>k$ (f is n cle> to me1 nor expla9$ 7= primitive times7 by ,wiss[a 9 ,real-,encycl41 s4vv4 ,compitum & ,compitalia4 #afj ,enos ,lases juvate4 ,see ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #bf foll4 #afa ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #e4 ,cp4 ,dion4 ,hal4 iv4 #ac4 #b4 ,9 ,cato #adc ! vilica is to put a wrea? on ! focus on ,kal5ds1 ,nones & ,ides1 & to pray to ! ,l> famili>is pro copia 7at ! compita874 #afb ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb51 p4 #agb4 #afc ,! controv]sy ab\t ! ,l> may be read 9 ! ,ar*iv fu] ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aijd1 p4 #db foll4 7,wiss[a71 & #aijg1 p4 #cfh foll4 7,samt] 9 reply74 ,de ,m>*i 7,la ,religione1 etc4 i4 #bh foll47 takes ! same view z ,samt]1 :o orig9ally /at$ x 9 8 ,famili5fe/51 p4 #aje foll41 9 criticism ( ,wiss[a's view4 ,see also a note by ! au?or 9 ! ,ar*iv1 #aijf1 p4 #ebi4 #afd ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #adh2 ! details z to ! alt> occur 9 ,gromatici vet4 i4 #cjb4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t maniae & pilae 7 hung on ! h\se & compitum 7pro =ibus1 ,macr4 i4 #g4 #ce72 see above1 p4 #fa4 ,= ! religio ,l>ium1 ,cic4 de ,legg41 ii4 #ai & #bg4 ,t ! ,compitalia 0 an old ,lat9 fe/ival is und\bt$2 b z we are unc]ta9 ab\t ! exact nature ( ! e>lie/ =m ( l&hold+1 we _c be sure ab\t ! nature ( ! compita 9 remote antiquity4 ,! passage f ! ,gromatici 7,dolabella71 quot$ above1 ref]s to ! f9es templ>es ( possessiones1 i4e4 ! b\nd>ies m>k$ by ^! *apels 9 e/ates ( lat] times4 ,see ,rudorff 9 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfc2 ,wiss[a 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 s4v4 ,compitum4 #afe ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vi4 #bf4 ,i h discuss$ ?is passage 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #bid2 x is /ill n cle> to me :e!r ,v>ro is id5tify+ 8 ,paganicae ) ! ,sem5tivae1 b on ! :ole ,i ?9k he uses ! latt] ^w ( a city rite 7dies a pontificibus dictus71 & ! =m] ( ! c\ntry fe/ivals ( ! same k9d4 #aff ,fa/i1 i4 #ffc4 #afg ,cl4 ,rev41 #aijh1 p4 #cf foll4 #afh ,georg4 i4 #cch foll4 #afi ,see my discussion ( ,faunus 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #beh foll4 ,i am /ill unable to agree ) ,wiss[a 9 8 view ( ,faunus 7,r4,k4 p4 #agb foll474 ,i may "h m5tion a passage ( ! gromatic writ] ,dolabella 7,gromatici1 i4 #cjb71 9 :i* he says t !re 7 ?ree ,silvani to ea* possessio or l>ge e/ate ( lat] times3 ,s4 dome/icus1 possessioni consecratus3 alt] agre/is1 pa/oribus consecratus3 t]tius ori5talis1 cui e/ 9 conf9io lucus positus1 a quo int] duo pluresque f9es oriuntur4 ,faunus nev] became dome/icat$1 b he belongs to ! same type z ,silvanus4 ,von ,domaszewski1 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,abh&lung5 zur roem4 ,religion1 p4 #fa1 discr$its ! passage ab\t ! ?ree ,silvani1 foll[+ a pap] ( ,momms54 ,b 8 :ole int]e/+ discussion ( ,silvanus %[s well h[ _m diff]5t =ms t curi\s semi-deity c\ld take4 #agj ,odes1 iii4 #ah4 #aga ,cic4 de ,inv5tione1 ii4 #afa4 #agb pp4 #bcf-bhd4 #agc ,r4,f4 #cbe1 cond5s$ f ,siculus ,flaccus 7,gromatici1 i4 #ada74 #agd ,fa/i1 ii4 #fda foll4 #age ,see1 e4g41 ,jevons1 ,introduction1 etc41 p4 #ach2 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,semites1 p4 #cba4 #agf ,see1 e4g41 ,tibullus ii4 #a4 #ee2 ,virg4 ,ecl4 vi4 #bb1 x4 #bg1 & ,s]vius on bo? ^! passages4 ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxxiii4 #aaa2 & cp4 bel[1 p4 #agg4 ,= primitive ideas ab\t ! col\r r$ see ,jevons1 ,introd4 pp4 #fg & #ach2 ,samt]1 ,famili5fe/e1 p4 #dg foll4 ,cp4 also ! v int]e/+ pap] ( von ,duhn 9 ,ar*iv1 #aijf1 p4 #a foll41 esp4 p4 #bj3 ,es soll eb5 wirkli* pulsi]5des kraftvolles ,leb5 zum ,ausdruck gebra*t w]d54 ,8 conclusions are bas$ on ! widespread cu/om ( us+ r$ 9 fun]als1 c(f9s1 & = col\r+ ! dead man himself3 ! idea be+ to give him a *ance ( new life--:i* is :at he wants--r$ /&+ = blood4 #agg ,i am n sure t ,i am "r 9 call+ ?is :ite?orn4 ,= ! qualities ( ! ,sp9a alba see ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #abi & #afe1 ,sic fatus sp9am1 quae tri/es pell]e posset ,a =ibus nexas1 haec erat alba1 d$it4 ,9 l9e #afe he calls x ,virga ,janalis4 ,see also ,fe/us1 p4 #bhi1 & ,s]v4 ad ,ecl4 viii4 #bi2 ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 p4 #acf4 #agh ,! details are fully set =? 9 ,m>qu>dt1 ,roem4 ,privatalt]tuem]1 p4 #eb foll4 ,! religi\s "* ( conf>reatio & its antiquity are fully recognis$ by ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #dbg4 ,"s int]e/+ p>allels to ! sme>+ ( ! doorpo/s f mod]n ,europe w be f\nd collect$ 9 ,samt]1 ,famili5fe/e1 p4 #ha foll4 ,! au?ority = ! wolf's fat 0 ,masurius ,sab9us1 quot$ by ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #adb 7cp4 #aeg71 :o adds f ! same au?or1 ideo novas nuptas illo p]ung]e po/es solitas1 ne quid mali m$icam5ti inf]retur4 ,! real reason 01 no d\bt1 t x 0 a *>m aga9/ evil spirits1 n aga9/ poison2 b x is wor? :ile to quote "h ano!r passage ( ,pl9y 7xx4 #aja71 :]e he says t a squill hung 9 lim9e ianuae _h ! same p[]1 accord+ to ,py?agoras4 ,"s may see a rem9isc5ce ( totemism 9 ! wolf's fat3 9 any case ! m5tion ( ! animal z obta9able is int]e/+4 #agi ,diet]i*1 ,mutt] ,erde1 p4 #f foll4 ,! idea is t ! *ild comes f "m e>?1 & w ev5tually return to h]4 #ahj ,= ,roman names ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb51 p4 #g foll41 & ,momms51 ,=s*ung51 i4 ,i foll41 are /ill ! mo/ complete au?orities4 ,= ! importance ( ! "n among wild & semi-civilis$ peoples1 ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 i4 #djc foll42 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ii4 #dcj foll4 ,all ^! c]emonies ( bir?1 nam+1 & initiation 7pub]ty7 h rec5tly be5 includ$ by ,m4 van ,g5nep 9 :at he calls ,rites de passage 7see 8 book ) t title1 :i* appe>$ aft] ^! lectures 7 prep>$1 especially *apt]s v4 & vi474 ,9 all ^! c]emonies he traces m or less successfully a sequ5ce ( rites ( sep>ation 7i4e4 f a previ\s condition71 ( m>g91 :]e ! gr\nd is1 s to speak1 neutral1 & ( aggregation1 :5 ! subject is introduc$ to a new /ate or condition ( exi/5ce4 ,if ,i und]/& him rightly1 he looks on ?is z ! prop] & primitive explanation ( all su* rites1 & d5ies t !y ne$ to be acc\nt$ = animi/ically1 i4e4 by assum+ t riddance ( evil spirits1 or purification ( any k9d1 is ! lead+ idea 9 !m4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 quasi-dramatic celebrations ( a process ( go+ ov] f "o /atus to ano!r1 & may be f\nd 9 connection ) all ! exp]i5ces ( man 9 a social /ate4 ,b ! ,roman society1 ( :i* ,i am describ+ ! religi\s aspect1 _h beyond d\bt rea*$ ! animi/ic /age ( ?\ght1 & 0 9 process ( develop+ x into ! !ological /age2 h5ce ^! c]emonies are m>k$ by sacrifices1 z m>riage1 ! dies lu/ricus 7see ,de ,m>*i1 p4 #afi1 & ,t]tull4 de ,idol4 #af7 mo/ probably1 & pub]ty 7,r4,f4 p4 #ef74 ,i d n fully und]/& h[ f> van ,g5nep consid]s sacrifice z m>k+ a lat] /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! ideas ( a society on ^! matt]s 7see 8 note 9 criticism ( ,old5burg1 p4 #gh72 b ,i see no good reason to ab&on ! words purification & lu/ration1 believ+ t ev5 if he is "r 9 8 explanation ( ! orig9al p]=mances1 ^! ideas _h be5 9 c\rse ( "t engraft$ on !m4 #aha ,9 hi/orical times ! toga pura 0 assum$ :5 ! p>5ts ?\ght fit2 e>li] !re may h be5 a fix$ day 7,r4,f4 p4 #ef1 ,lib]alia74 ,9 any case !re 01 ( c\rse1 no necess>y correspond5ce betwe5 social & physical pub]ty2 van ,g5nep1 p4 #ic foll4 #ahb ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #aia2 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 i4 #dfb foll42 ,diet]i*1 ,mutt] ,erde1 p4 #gg4 ,! :ole "q ( ! s-call$ cult ( ! dead at ,rome calls = fre% inve/igation 9 ! light ( e?nological & ar*aeological rese>*4 ,! rec5t "w ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek ,folklore & ,anci5t ,greek ,religion1 seems to ?r[ grave d\bt on "s ( ! mo/ important conclusions ( ,rohde's ,psy*e1 ! "w :i* mo/ writ]s on ! ideas ( ! ,greeks & ,romans h be5 cont5t to foll[4 ,mr4 ,lawson seems to me to h prov$ t ! object ( bo? burial & cremation 7:i* 9 bo? p59sulas are f\nd toge!r7 0 to secure dissolution = ! sub/ance ( ! body1 s t ! s\l might n be able to inhabit ! body aga91 & ! two toge!r return to annoy ! liv+ 7see especially *apt]s v4 & vi474 ,b 8 answ] to ! inevitable "q1 :y 9 t case su/5ance %\ld be (f]$ to ! dead at ! grave1 is less satisfactory 7see pp4 #eca1 #ech71 & ,i d n at pres5t see h[ to co-ord9ate x ) ,roman usage4 ,b ,i f9d h>dly a trace ( ! belief t ! dead _h to be placat$ l ! gods by sacrifice & pray]1 except 9 ,a54 iii4 #fc foll4 & v4 #gc foll4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! passages ,polydorus _h n be5 prop]ly buri$1 z ,s]vius obs]ves ad loc4 to expla9 ! nature ( ! (f]+s2 ! second pres5ts f> m difficulties ?an h z yet be5 fairly fac$4 #ahc ,= rec5t rese>*es ab\t beans z taboo$ by ! ,py?agoreans & believ$ to be ! food ( gho/s1 see ,gruppe1 ,my?ologis*e ,lit]atur1 p4 #cgj 7,samt] & ,wu5s*74 ,cp4 ,r4,f41 p4 #aaj4 #ahd ,ov4 ,fa/i1 v4 #dba foll42 ,r4,f4 p4 #ajg4 ,,lecture ,v ,,! ,,cal5d> ,,( ,,numa ,! religion ( ! h\sehold _h two ma9 *>act]i/ics4 ,fir/1 x 0 a p]fectly natural & organic gr[?1 ! result ( ! ,roman f>m]'s effective desire to put himself & 8 9 "r relations ) ! spiritual p[]s at "w = good or ill ar\nd him4 ,8 conception ( ^! p[]s ,i %all deal ) m fully 9 ! next lecture2 b ,i h said en\gh to prove t x 0 n a degrad+ "o4 ,! spirits ( 8 h\se & 8 l& & 8 own ,g5ius 7 fri5dly p[]s1 all ( !m ( ! greate/ importance = 8 life & 8 "w1 & _! claims 7 att5d$ to ) regul>ity & devotion4 ,f ,ve/a & ! ,p5ates1 ! ,l>1 ! ,g5ius1 ! ,manes1 & ! spirits ( ! doorway & ! spr+1 !re 0 no?+ to fe> if !y 7 c>efully propitiat$2 & z 8 daily life & com=t dep5d$ on ?is propitiation1 !y 7 really div9e memb]s ( ! familia1 & might become1 & p]haps did become1 ! objects ( real affection z well z wor%ip4 ,9 ?is well-regulat$ practical life ( ! e>ly agricultural settl]s1 ) its c>eful att5tion to ! claims ( its div9e protectors1 we may p]haps see ! g]ms ( a real religi\s expression ( human life4 ,secondly1 !re 0 d\btless at ! same "t con/ant cause = anxiety4 ,beyond ! h\se & ! l& !re 7 unreclaim$ spirits ( ! woodl& :i* might =ce an entrance into ! sacr$ limits ( ! h\se2 ! gho/s ( ! dead memb]s 7 con/antly wi%+ to return2 ! crops might be attack$ by /range diseases1 by /orms or dr\ght1 & man himself 0 liable to seasonal disease or sudd5 pe/il5ce4 ,! cattle & %eep might /ray into ! remote =e/ & become ! prey ( evil bea/s1 if n ( evil spirits4 ,h[ 0 ! f>m] to meet all ^! tr\bles1 caus$1 z he suppos$1 by spirits ^: ways he did n und]/&8 ,h[ 7 !y to be propitiat$ z !y !mselves w\ld wi%8 ,h[ 7 ! om5s to be int]pret$ f :i* _! w might be guess$8 ,h[ 7 ! prop] times & seasons = ea* religi\s op]ation to be discov]$8 ,if my imag9ation is n at fault1 ,i seem to see t ! ,lat9 f>m] mu/ h _h to %ift = himself 9 mo/ ( 8 deal+s ) ! sup]natural p[]s ab\t him2 religio1 ! s5se ( awe & ( dep5d5ce1 mu/ h be5 con/antly ) him4 ,b ev5 "h we may see1 ,i ?9k1 a possible g]m ( religi\s developm5t2 = )\t ?is feel+ ( awe religi\s =ms t5d to become mean+less3 lull religio to sleep1 & ! =ms cease to repres5t effectively man's exp]i5ce ( life4 ,we h to see lat] on h[ ?is p>alysis ( ! religi\s in/9ct did actually take place 9 e>ly ,roman hi/ory4 ,= we n[ h to leave ! religion ( ! h\sehold1 & to /udy t ( ! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,city-/ate4 ,we h enjoy$ a gl9t ( light reflect$ f lat] times on ! religion ( ! e>ly ,roman family1 & are ab\t to enjoy ano!r gl9t--nay1 a gleam ( real light1 & n m]ely a reflect$ "o--:i* ! e>lie/ religi\s docum5t we possess ca/s on ! religion ( ! ,city-/ate ( ,rome4 ,betwe5 ! two !re is a long p]iod ( almo/ complete d>kness4 ,we "k h>dly any?+ z yet1 & x is n likely t we %all ev] "k any?+ def9ite1 ab\t ! /ages ( developm5t :i* mu/ h be5 pass$ be=e ,rome became ! s-call$ city ( ! ,f\r ,regions1 :5 h] hi/ory may be said really to beg94 ,! pagus h>dly helps u "h2 x 0 n an ess5tial advance on ! family1 & its religion 0 compreh5sive1 n int5sive4 ,ea* pagus1 h[ev]1 seems to h _h )9 its b\nds an oppidum1 or /ronghold on a hill2 & su* oppida 7 ! sev5 montes ( e>ly ,rome1 :i*1 ) ! pagi belong+ to !m1 surviv$ 9 "n to ! end ( ! ,republic1 ) "s k9d ( a religi\s fe/ival unit+ !m toge!r1 ab\t :i* we h h>dly any k4#ahe ,?is looks l a /age 9 ! process ( *ange f f>m to city1 & x has g5]ally be5 believ$ to m>k "o4 ,un=tunately no?+ to our purpose c be f\nd$ on x4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) ! und\bt$ fact t ab\t ! eigh? or sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! site ( ,rome 0 occupi$ & /r5g!n$ z a bulw>k aga9/ ! ,etruscan p :o 7 press+ d[n f ! nor? ^u ! valley ( ! ,tib]2#ahf we may take x t ! old c5tral =tress ( ,latium1 on ! ,alban hill1 0 n 9 ! "r position = def5ce1 & t x 0 se5 to be absolutely necess>y to make a /ronghold ( ! position (f]$ by ! hills :i* abut on ! riv] tw5ty miles above its m\?--! only real position ( def5ce = ! ,lat9 settlem5ts 9 its re>4 ,"h an urbs 0 made ) murus & pomo]ium1 i4e4 mat]ial & spiritual b\nd>ies1 tak+ 9 a space suffici5t to hold ! ?reat5$ rural population ) _! flocks & h]ds1 ) ! riv] 9 ! front & a common citadel on ! ,capitol9e hill1 & includ+ ! ,palat9e1 ,quir9al1 ,esquil9e1 ,caelian & ,av5t9e hills1 ?\gh ! la/ nam$ rema9$ te*nically outside ! pomo]ium4#ahg ,x is to ?is city t our e>lie/ religi\s docum5t1 ! s-call$ ,cal5d> ( ,numa1 belongs4 ,t cal5d> includes ! cult ( ,quir9us on ! hill :i* /ill be>s 8 "n1 & t hill 0 an integral "p ( ! city z j describ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x tells u no?+ ( ! great cult ( ! trias on ! ,capitol9e--,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,m9]va--:i* by univ]sal tradition 0 in/itut$ mu* lat] by ! second ,t>qu9ius1 i4e4 "u an ,etruscan dyna/y2 nor does ,diana appe> 9 x1 ! goddess :o 0 br\ght f ,latium & settl$ on ! ,av5t9e be=e ! end ( ! k+ly p]iod4 ,we h1 !n1 a t]m9us ex quo = ! date ( ! cal5d> 9 ! inclusion 9 ! city ( ! ,quir9al hill1 & a t]m9us ad quem 9 ! f\ndation ( ! ,diana temple on ! ,av5t9e4#ahh ,we _c date ^! ev5ts precisely2 b x is suffici5t = our purpose if x be tak5 z prov$ t ! ,fa/i belong to ! fully develop$ city1 & yet 7 drawn up be=e t conque/ by ! ,etruscans :i* we may reg>d z a c]ta9ty1 & :i* is m>k$ by ! f\ndations ( ,etruscan masonry :i* s]v$ to support ! great ,capitol9e temple4 ,& ?is is also borne out by ! und\bt$ fact t ! cal5d> itself %[s no trace ( ,etruscan influ5ce4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ g on to expla9 exactly :at ?is cal5d> is4 ,! ,fa/i anni ,romani exi/ *iefly on /one z inscriptions1 & date f ! ,e>ly ,empire1 betwe5 #ca ,b4,c4 & ,a4,d4 #ea4 ,!y give u1 9 fact1 ! cal5d> z revis$ by ,caes>2 b no "o n[ d\bts t ,momms5 0 "r 9 detect+ 9 ^! inscriptions ! skeleton ( ! orig9al cal5d> :i* ! ,romans ascrib$ to ,numa4#ahi ,?is is di/+ui%$ f lat] additions by ! l>ge capital lett]s 9 :i* x is writt5 or inscrib$ 9 all ! fragm5ts we possess2 x gives u ! days ( ! mon? ) _! religi\s *>act]i/ics z affect+ /ate bus9ess1 ! names ( ! religi\s fe/ivals :i* conc]n ! :ole /ate1 & ! ,kal5ds1 ,nones1 & ,ides 9 ea* mon?4 ,exclud+ ^! la/1 we h ! names1 9 a %ort5$ =m1 ( =ty-five fe/ivals2 & ^! fe/ivals1 ?us plac$ by an absolutely c]ta9 record 9 _! "r place 9 ea* mon? & 9 ! ye>1 mu/ be ! f\ndation ( all sci5tific /udy ( ! religi\s practice ( ! ,roman /ate1 tak5 toge!r ) c]ta9 additions 9 small] capitals1 & ) su* in=mation ab\t !m z we c obta9 f lit]>y s\rces4#aij ,! small] capitals give u su* entries z f]iae ,iovi1 f]iae ,saturno1 i4e4 ! "n ( a deity to :om a fe/ival 0 sacr$1 ! f\ndation days ( temples1 g5]ally ) ! "n ( ! deity 9 ! dative & ! position ( ! temple 9 ! city1 & c]ta9 ludi & memorial days1 :i* belong to a mu* lat] age ?an ! orig9al fe/ivals4 ,b ! names ( ^? :i* are inscrib$ 9 l>ge lett]s be> witness beyond all "q to _! own antiquity2 = among !m !re is n "o :i* has any?+ to d1 s f> z we "k1 ) a non-,roman deity1 & we "k t =eign deities began to arrive 9 ,rome be=e ! end ( ! k+ly p]iod4 ,"h1 !n1 we h g5u9e in=mation ab\t ! olde/ religi\s do+s ( ! ,city-/ate1 9 :at inde$ is1 z ,momms5 said1 ! mo/ anci5t s\rce ( our k ab\t ,roman antiquity g5]ally4 ,! fir/ po9t we notice 9 /udy+ ?is cal5d> 7putt+ aside = ! pres5t ! "q z to ! ag5cy by :i* x 0 drawn up7 is ?is3 x exactly reflects a transition f ! life ( a rural population engag$ 9 agriculture1 to ! highly-organis$ political & milit>y life ( a ,city-/ate4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,/ate1 ^: religi\s ne$s & exp]i5ce x reflects1 0 "o ^: economic basis 0 agriculture1 ^: life includ$ legal & political bus9ess1 & ^: activity 9 ! season ( arms 0 w>4 ,?is la/ *>act]i/ic is disc]nible *iefly1 if n entirely1 9 ! mon?s ( ,m>* & ,octob]2 & ! =m] ( ^! be>s ! "n ( ! great deity1 :o1 :atev] may h be5 8 orig9 or ! e>lie/ conception ( him1 0 ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory ! god ( w>4 ,all ?r\gh ,m>* up to ! #bcrd ! ,salii1 ! w>like prie/s ( ,m>s1 7 active1 danc+ & s++ ^? hymns ( :i* an obscure fragm5t has come d[n to u1 & cla%+ & br&i%+ ! sacr$ spe>s & %ields ( ! god 7ancilia74#aia ,on ! #ai? ^! ancilia 7 lu/rat$--a process to :i* ,i %all recur 9 ano!r lecture2 & on ! #bcrd we f9d 9 ! cal5d> ! fe/ival ,tubilu/rium1 :i* sugge/s ! lu/ration ( ! trumpets ( ! ho/ be=e x took ! field4 ,on ! #ad? ( ,m>*1#aib & also on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y1 we f9d ,equirria 9 ! cal5d>1 :i* mu/ be und]/ood z lu/rations ( ! horses ( ! ho/1 accompani$ ) races4 ,if we may take ! ancilia z symbolis+ ! arms ( ! ho/1 we see 9 ! fe/ivals ( ?is mon? a complete religi\s process prep>+ ! mat]ial ( w> = ! p]ils inevitably to be met ) beyond ! ag] ,romanus1 :e!r f human or spiritual enemies2 & t ! w>riors !mselves 7 subject$ to a process ( ! same k9d we "k f ! hi/orical evid5ce ( lat] times4#aic ,n[ 9 ,octob]1 :5 ! season ( arms 0 ov]1 we f9d indications ( a p>allel process1 :i* ,wiss[a 0 ! fir/ to po9t out cle>ly1 b )\t fully recognis+ its religi\s import4#aid ,x 0 n s mu* ?anksgiv+ 7,dankfe/7 aft] a campaign t 0 necess>y on ! return ( ! army1 z purification 7or dis9fection7 f ! ta9t ( blood%$1 & f contact ) /range be+s human & spiritual4#aie ,on ,octob] #ae1 ! ,ides1 !re 0 a horse-race 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 ) a sacrifice ( ! w9n+ horse to ,m>s ) peculi> primitive ritual2 ?is1 h[ev]1 = "s reason :i* ,i %all pres5tly try to discov]1 0 n embodi$ 9 ! cal5d> "u any special "n4 ,on ! #ai?1 h[ev]1 we f9d ! entry ,,armilu/rium1 :i* tells its own tale4 ,! ,salii1 too1 7 active aga9 9 ^! days ( ,octob]1 & on ! day ( ! ,armilu/rium1 z x w\ld seem1 put _! %ields away 7cond]e7 9 _! sacr>ium until ! ,m>* foll[+4 ,z ,wiss[a says1 ! ritual ( ! ,salii is ?us a symbolic copy ( ! proc$ure ( w>4#aif ,f ^! indications 9 ! cal5d>1 help$ out by in=mation drawn f ! lat] entries & f lit]>y evid5ce1 we see q pla9ly t we are deal+ ) ! religion ( a /ate :i* = half ! ye> is liable to be engag$ 9 w>4 ,rome 01 9 fact1 a fronti] =tress on ! ,tib] aga9/ ,etruscan enemies2 %e is de/9$ h5ce=w>d to be cont9ually 9 arms1 & %e has already express$ ?is great fact 9 h] religi\s cal5d>4 ,! legal & political significance ( ! cal5d> consi/s 9 ! division ( ! days ( ! ye> into two great gr\ps1 dies fa/i & nefa/i3 ! =m] are ^? on :i* x is fas1 i4e4 religi\sly p]missible1 to transact civil bus9ess1 ! latt] ^? on :i* x w\ld be nefas to d s1 i4e4 sacrilege1 because !y are giv5 ov] to ! gods4 ,we ne$ n1 inde$1 assume t ^! m>ks ,f & ,n desc5d 9 e case f ! v e>lie/ times into ! pre-,julian cal5d>1 or t ! few days :i* h o!r m>ks /ood orig9ally z we f9d !m2 b ( ! primitive "* ( ! ma9 division we c h no d\bt4 ,9 ! cal5d> z we h x #aji days belong to ! div9e1 #bce to ! human inhabitants ( ! city4 ,all b two ( ! =m] are days ( odd numb]s 9 ! mon?1 & x is reasonable to suppose t ^! two exceptions 7 lat] alt]ations4 ,! belief t odd numb]s are lucky is a v widely-spread sup]/ition1 & we d n ne$ to h rec\rse to ,py?agoras to expla9 x2 9 ?is rule1 z 9 o!rs1 e4g4 _! taboo on eat+ beans1 ! ,py?agoreans 7 only foll[+ a native prejudice ( s\!rn ,italy4 ,! idea ( luck 9 odd numb]s1 says ,mr4 ,crooke1#aig writ+ ( ! ,h9dus1 is univ]sal4 ,?us ! simpl] odd numb]s1 ?ree1 five1 sev51 & n9e1 all recur con/antly 9 folklore2 & ! result is visible 9 ?is cal5d>4 ,:]e a fe/ival occupies m ?an "o day 9 a mon?1 !re is an int]val betwe5 ! two ( "o or ?ree days1 mak+ ! :ole numb] ?ree or five4 ,?us ,c>m5talia occur on #aa? & #ae? ,janu>y1 & ! ,lemuria 9 ,may are on ! #i?1 #aa?1 & #ac?2 ! ,luc>ia 9 ,july on #ai? & #ba/4 ,9 "s mon?s1 too1 e4g4 ,augu/ & ,decemb]1 p]haps also ,july & ,febru>y1 !re seem to be traces ( an arrangem5t by :i* fe/ivals :i* probably _h "s connection ) ea* o!r are ?us arrang$2 e4g4 9 ,augu/ six fe/ivals1 all conc]n$ 9 "s way ) ! fruits ( ! e>? & ! h>ve/1 occur on ! #ag?1 #ai?1 #ba/1 #bcrd1 #be?1 & #bg?4 ,x has rec5tly be5 sugge/$#aih t ^! are arrang$ r\nd "o c5tral fe/ival1 :i* gives a k9d ( col\r+ to ! o!rs1 z ! ,volcanalia 9 ,augu/1 ! ,saturnalia 9 ,decemb]4 ,b ! reasons von ,domaszewski gives = ! arrangem5t1 & ! fur!r speculation t :]e x does n occur we may f9d traces ( an old] sy/em1 z yet unaffect$ by ! s-call$ ,py?agorean prejudice1 d n seem to me satisfactory4 ,we may be cont5t ) ! g5]al pr9ciple z ,i h /at$ x1 & note t :ile religi\s duties mu/ be p]=m$ on days ( odd numb]1 civil duties 7 n s re/rict$3 ! days belong+ to ! gods1 :i* 71 s to speak1 taboo days1 7 m important ?an ^? belong+ to m54 ,!re are1 z ,i h said1 b two days m>k$ 9 ! l>ge lett]s z fe/ivals1 :i* are on days ( ev5 numb]1 #bd? ,febru>y & #ad? ,m>*1 ! ,regifugium & ! second ,equirria2 & ab\t ^! we "k s little t x is almo/ useless to speculate z to ! reason = _! exception f ! rule4 ,two o!rs1 #bd? ,m>* & #bd? ,may1 7 p>tly ! prop]ty ( ! gods & p>tly ( m51 & are m>k$ ,,qrcf 7qu&o rex comitiavit fas72 b ! s5se 9 :i* !y p>tially belong$ to ! gods is n ! same z 9 ! case ( sacrificial fe/ivals4 ,?is cal5d> ?us %[s obvi\s signs ( bo? milit>y & political developm5t2 9 o!r words1 its witness to ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans proves t !y _h successfully adju/$ ! =ms & seasons ( _! wor%ip to ! processes ( gov]nm5t at home & ( milit>y s]vice 9 ! field4 ,b ! mo/ conspicu\s feature 9 x is ! te/imony x be>s to ! agricultural habits ( ! p--to ! fact t agriculture & n trade1 ( :i* !re is h>dly a trace1 0 ! economic basis ( _! life4 ,at ! "t :5 x 0 drawn up1 ! ,romans mu/ h be5 able to subsi/ ^u ! ag] ,romanus1 ?\gh1 z we %all see lat] on1 x 0 probably n long be=e !y began comm]cial relations ) o!r peoples2 = _! food1 :i* 0 almo/ entirely veget>ian1 & _! clo?+1 :i* 0 entirely ( wool & lea!r1#aii !y dep5d$ on _! crops1 flocks1 & h]ds2 & ! p]ils to :i* ^! 7 liable rema9 = ! ,/ate1 z = ! f>m+ h\sehold1 ! ma9 subject ( ! propitiation ( ! gods1 ! ma9 object ( _! endeav\rs to keep !mselves 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[] manife/ 9 ! univ]se4 ,we c trace ! s]ies ( agricultural op]ations 9 ! cal5d> )\t mu* difficulty all ?r\gh ! ye>4 ,! ,roman ye>1 we mu/ rememb]1 began ) ,m>*1 & ,m>*1 z we h se51 _h "u ! milit>y necessities ( ! ,/ate become peculi>ly appropriat$ to ! religi\s prep>ation ( ! burgh] ho/ = w>like activity4 ,b ! fe/ivals ( ,april1 :5 crops 7 gr[+1 cattle br++ =? "y or seek+ summ] pa/ure1 all h direct ref]5ce to ! "w ( agriculture4#bjj ,at ! ,=dicidia1 on ! #ae?1 pregnant c[s 7 sacrific$ to ! ,e>?-goddess1 & _! unborn calves burnt1 app>5tly ) ! object ( procur+ ! f]tility ( ! corn2 & ! ,c]ealia on ! #ai?1 to judge by ! "n1 mu/ h _h an object ( ! same k9d1 ?\gh ! sup]session ( ,c]es by ! ,greek ,demet] _h obscur$ ?is 9 hi/orical times4 ,! ,p>ilia on ! #ai?1 rec5tly illum9at$ by ,dr4 ,fraz]1#bja 0 a lu/ration ( ! cattle & %eep be=e !y left _! w9t] pa/ure to enc\nt] ! dang]s ( wild] hill or woodl&1 & may be comp>$ ) ! lu/ratio ( ! ho/ be=e a campaign4 ,on ! #bcrd ! ,v9alia tells its own tale1 & %[s t ! cultivation ( ! v9e 0 already a "p ( ! agricultural "w4 ,on ! #be? ! _s ( ! r$ mildew1 ,robigus1 0 ! object ( propitiation1 at ! "t :5 ! e> 0 beg9n+ to be =m$ 9 ! corn1 & 0 p>ticul>ly liable to attack f ?is pe/4 ,! religi\s precautions ?us tak5 9 ,april 7 n r5ew$ 9 ,may2 b at ! end ( t mon? ( rip5+ ! :ole ( ! ag] ,romanus 0 lu/rat$ by ! ,fratres ,arvales4 ,?is important rite1 = "s reason :i* we _c be sure (1 0 a movable fea/1 left to ! discretion ( ! bre?r51 & !re=e does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>4 ,9 ,june ! sacr$ "* ( ! new crops1 n[ approa*+ _! h>ve/1 becomes app>5t2 ! p5us ,ve/ae1 ! symbolic receptacle ( ! gra9-/ore ( ! ,/ate1 aft] rema9+ op5 f ! #g? to ! #ae?1 0 clos$ on t day = ! re/ ( ! ye>1 aft] be+ c>efully cleans$3 ! refuse 0 religi\sly deposit$ 9 a p>ticul> spot4 ,?us all 0 made ready = ! reception ( ! new gra91 :i*1 z is n[ well kn[n1 has a sacr$ "* among primitive peoples1 & mu/ be /or$ & eat5 ) precaution4#bjb ,?is 0 ! *ief religi\s "w ( ,june2 9 ,july1 ! mon? :5 ! h>ve/ 0 actually go+ on1 ! fe/ivals are too obscure to delay u2 !y seem to h "s ref]5ce to wat]1 ra91 /orms1 b x is n cle> to me :e!r ! object 0 to av]t /ormy wea!r dur+ ! cutt+ ( ! crops1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 to av]t a dr\ght 9 ! hotte/ "t ( ! ye>4 ,! true h>ve/ fe/ivals beg9 9 ,augu/2 ! ,consualia on #ba/ & ,opiconsiva on #be? bo? seem to sugge/ ! op]ation ( /or+ up 7cond]e7 ! gra91 & betwe5 !m we f9d ! ,volcanalia1 ( :i* ! object 0 p]haps to propitiate ! fire-_s at a "t :5 ! heat ( ! sun might be dang]\s to ! fre%ly-ga!r$ crops4 ,aft] ! crops 7 once h>ve/$1 pl\gh+ & s[+ *iefly occupi$ ! f>m+ community until ,decemb]2 & z ^! op]ations 7 n accompani$ by ! same p]ils :i* beset ! agriculturi/ 9 spr+ & summ]1 !y h left no trace 9 ! cal5d>4 ,special religi\s action 0 n necess>y on _! behalf4 ,x is n till ! autumn s[+ 0 ov]1 & ! work]s c\ld re/ f _! lab\rs1 t we f9d ano!r set ( fe/ivals1 ( :i* ! c5tre-po9t is ! ,saturnalia on ! #ag?1 ,saturnus be+ ! deity1 ,i ?9k1 bo? ( ! op]ation ( s[+ & ( ! s[n se$1 n[ repos+ 9 ! bosom ( "m e>?4#bjc ,a second ,consualia on ! #ae?1 & ! ,opalia on ! #ai?1 l ! correspond+ ,augu/ fe/ivals1 seem to be conc]n$ ) ! h\s$ gra9 h>ve/$ 9 ! previ\s ,augu/2 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t 9 all ?ree we %\ld see n only ! natural rejoic+ aft] ! lab\rs ( ! autumn1 b ! op5+ ( ! gran>ies &1 p]haps1 ! fir/ eat+ ( ! gra94 ,= on ! ,saturnalia !re 0 a sacrifice at ,saturnus' alt>1 foll[$ by a fea/1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds ,graecis$1 b d\btless orig9ally repres5t$ ! primitive fea/+ ( ! f>m1 9 :i* ! :ole familia took "p4 ,?is br+s u practically to ! end ( ! agricultural ye> z repres5t$ 9 ! cal5d>2 = spr+ s[+ 0 exceptional1 ! joyful fea/s ( pagus & compitum are n to be f\nd 9 our docum5t1 & ! mon? ( ,febru>y is specially occupi$ ) ! c>e & cult ( ! dead 7,manes74 ,at ?is po9t ,i wi% to notice "o or two results ( ! adoption ( a religi\s cal5d> su* z ,i h be5 describ+1 :i* are m to ! purpose ( ^! lectures ?an "s ( ! details ,i h _h to po9t out4 ,fir/1 let u rememb] t agricultural op]ations necess>ily v>y 9 date accord+ to ! season1 & t mo/ ( ! rural fe/ivals ( anci5t ,italy 7 n fix$ to a p>ticul> day1 b 7 f]iae conceptivae1 settl$ p]haps accord+ to ! decision ( "s meet+ ( heads ( families or (fic]s ( a pagus4 ,t ?is 0 s we may conjecture f ! fact t ^? :i* surviv$ into hi/orical times1 e4g4 ,compitalia & ,paganalia1 & 7 celebrat$ 9 ! city1 ?\gh n z sacra pro populo1#bjd 7 ( v>y+ date4 ,b all ! fe/ivals ( ! cal5d> 7 necess>ily fix$1 & ! days on :i* !y 7 held 7 made ov] to ! gods4 ,n[ by be+ ?us fix$ !y w\ld soon beg9 to get out ( relation to agricultural life2 j z1 if ! h>ve/ fe/ivals ( our *ur*es 7 fix$ to "o day ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 ! mean+ ( ! religi\s s]vice w\ld soon] or lat] beg9 to lose some?+ ( its =ce4 ,& h[ mu* ! m w\ld ?is be s if ! cal5d> itself1 f ignorance or mismanagem5t1 began to get out ( relation ) ! true season1 z 9 c\rse ( "t 0 frequ5tly ! case8 ,:5 once "u su* circum/ances ! mean+ ( a religi\s rite is lo/1 :]e is its psy*ological efficacy8 ,9 ! life ( ! old ,lat9 f>m]1 z we saw1 8 religion 0 a reality1 an organic gr[?1 co9cid5t at e po9t ) ! p]ils he enc\nt]$ 9 8 daily toil2 "h1 9 ! ,city-/ate1 x mu/ f ! beg9n+ h _h a t5d5cy to become an unreality1 & x end$ by becom+ "o entirely4 ,"s ( ! old rites may h atta*$ new mean+s to !mselves2 x is possible1 = example1 t b5ea? ! milit>y rites ( ,m>* !re 0 an orig9al agricultural significance2 ! ,saturnalia became a m]ry mid-w9t] fe/ival = a t[n population4 ,b a great numb] :olly lo/ mean+1 & 7 s =gott5 or neglect$ 9 c\rse ( "t t ev5 le>n$ m5 l ,v>ro d n seem to h be5 able to expla9 !m4 ,! only practical "q ab\t !m = ! lat] ,romans 0 :e!r _! days 7 dies fa/i or nefa/i or comitiales1--:at "w might or might n be done on !m4 ,ano!r po9t1 closely connect$ ) ! la/1 & t5d+ 9 ! same direction1 is t su* a cal5d> z ?is implies rigidity & r\t9e 9 religi\s duties4 ,a well-ord]$ city life "u a /rong gov]nm5t mu/1 ( c\rse1 be subject to r\t9e2 law1 religi\s or civil1 writt5 or unwritt51 =ces ! individual into c]ta9 /]eotyp$ ways ( life1 subjects him to a c]ta9 am\nt ( :olesome discipl9e4 ,! value ( su* r\t9e to an undiscipl9$ p has be5 well po9t$ out by ,bi%op ,/ubbs1 9 writ+ ( ! effect ( ! rule ( ! ,norman & ,angev9 k+s on ! ,engli% p1#bje :]e x 0 also a religi\s z well z a legal discipl9e t 0 at "w4 ,9 nei!r case 0 x ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s r\t9e ( savage life1 :i* ( late ye>s we h _h to sub/itute = old fancies ab\t ! fre$om ( ! savage2 x is ! will+ ob$i5ce ( civilis$ man = 8 own b5efit4 ,b if x means a r\t9e ( religi\s rites :i* are beg9n+ to lose _! mean+2 if ! relation betwe5 !m & man's life & "w is lo/2 & la/ly1 if1 z 0 probably ! case1 ! ,fa/i 7 n publi%$1 b rema9$ 9 ! h&s ( a prie/hood or an ari/ocracy1#bjf--!n !re is s]i\s loss z well z ga94 ,y beg9 soon] or lat] to cease to feel y\r dep5d5ce on ! div9e be+s ar\nd y = y\r daily bread1 to get out ( "r relation ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,b1 9 ! ?ird place1 we mu/ believe t at fir/1 & inde$ p]haps = ages1 ?is v r\t9e _h an important psy*ological result 9 produc+ increas$ com=t1 conv5i5ce1 & confid5ce 9 ! ,roman's relations ) ! div9e inhabitants ( 8 city4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( deities h tak5 up _! abode )9 ! walls ( ! city1 & are z mu* its inhabitants1 its citiz5s1 z ! human be+s :o live !re2 & all ! relations betwe5 ! div9e & human citiz5s are regulat$ n[ by law1 by a ius div9um1 ( :i* ! cal5d> is a v important "p4 ,religio1 ! old feel+ ( d\bt & scruple1 aris+ f want ( k 9 ! individual1 is /ill !re2 x is1 9 fact1 ! feel+ :i* has giv5 rise to all ?is organisation & r\t9e1 ! cura & ca]imonia1 z ,cic]o phrases x4 ,b x mu/ be already los+ its /r5g?1 its life2 x 01 s to speak1 a con/itutional weakness1 & ! ius div9um is already beg9n+ to act on x z a tonic4 ,d\bt has pass$ into fix$ usage1 tradition has giv5 place to organisation4 ,"t1 place1 proc$ure 9 all religi\s matt]s1 are gu>ante$ by ^? skill$ 9 ! ius div9um2 !y "k :at to d z ! fe/ival ( ea* deity comes r\nd1 & at ! "r "t & place !y d x ) scrupul\s att5tion to e detail4 ,?us ! organisation ( :i* ! cal5d> is our be/ example w\ld h z its fir/ result ! de/ruction ( fe> & d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! ord9>y ,roman2 x w\ld t5d to kill1 or at lea/ to put to sleep1 ! religio :i* 0 ! orig9al motive cause ( ?is v organisation4 ,z ! ,/ate 9 our own day has a t5d5cy to relieve families ( su* duties z ! c>e & education ( *ildr51 s ! ,/ate at ,rome reliev$ ! family ( con/ant anxiety ab\t matt]s 9 :i* !y 7 ev] 9 dang] f ! _s-_w4 ,! ,/ate & its au?orities h tak5 ! :ole responsibility ( adju/+ ! relations ( ! human & div9e citiz5s4#bjg ,entirely 9 keep+ ) ?is psy*ological result ( ! cal5d> is ! fact1 to :i* ,i h already allud$1 t x supplies u ) h>dly any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( magic1 or ( ^? bea/ly devices ( ! hea!n :i* may r\ghly be includ$ "u t ^w2 to use ! language ( ,mr4 ,lang1 we f9d none ( ^? di/ress+ ve/iges ( savag]y & b>b>ism :i* meet u 9 ! society ( anci5t ,greece4 ,x is true en\gh t we d n "k mu* ab\t :at 0 done at ! v>i\s fe/ivals ( ! cal5d>1 b :at we d "k1 ) "o or two exceptions1 sugge/s an idea ( wor%ip z clean & rational z t ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 :i* /&s 9 su* /rik+ contra/ to t reflect$ 9 lat] ,greek lit]ature4#bjh ,:5 we d read ( any k9d ( grossness 9 wor%ip or ! accompany+ fe/ivities1 x is almo/ always 9 ! case ( "s rite :i* is n among ^? 9 ! ,fa/i4 ,su* 0 ! old fe/ival ( ,anna ,p]5na 9 ,m>*1 :]e ! plebs 9 ,ovid's "t sp5t ! day 9 revelry & dr9k+1 & pray$ = z _m ye>s ( life z !y c\ld dr9k cups ( w9e4 ,su* aga9 0 t ( ! ,octob] horse1 :5 aft] a *>iot-race 9 ! ,campus ! ne> horse ( ! w9n+ team 0 sacrific$1 & 8 tail c>ri$ 9 hot ha/e to ! ,regia1 :]e ! blood 0 all[$ to drip on ! sacr$ he>?2 :ile ! head 0 ! object ( a fight betwe5 ! m5 ( ! ,via ,sacra & ^? ( ! ,subura4#bji ,we may p]haps include 9 ! li/ ! ritual ( ! ,argei1 if x 0 inde$1 z ,i believe1 ( great antiquity2#baj on ,may #ae1 z we h se51 tw5ty-sev5 puppets ( re$s or /raw 7 ?r[n into ! ,tib] f ! pons sublicius1 possibly ) ! object ( procur+ ra9 = ! gr[+ crops4 ,let u also note t dies religiosi 7 n m>k$ 9 ! ,fa/i1 i4e4 days on :i* "s uncom=table feel+ prevail$1 su* z ! ?ree days on :i* ! mundus 0 op5 to all[ ! ,manes to come up f _! %ad[y abode bel[ ! e>?2 ) ! "* ( su* days z uncanny ! cal5d> has simply no?+ to d4 ,x is a docum5t ( religi\s law1 n ( sup]/itio1 a ^w :i* 9 ,roman usage almo/ inv>iably means :at is outside t religi\s law1 outside ! ius div9um2 & x is a docum5t ( religio only s f> z x is meant to organise & c>ry out ! cura & ca]imonia1 ! natural results ( t feel+ :i* ! ,romans call$ religio4 ,x /&s on exactly ! same foot+ z ! ,law ( ! ,israelites1 :i* suppli$ !m 9 full detail ) ! cura & ca]imonia1 & rigidly exclud$ all =eign & b>b>\s rites & sup]/itions4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 mean to say t ! ,/ate did n recognise or all[ ! fe/ivals :i* are n m>k$ 9 ! cal5d>2 ! pontifices & ,ve/als 7 pres5t at ! c]emony ( ! ,argei1 & ! ,regia 0 ! sc5e ( a "p ( t ( ! ,octob] horse4 ,b ^? :o drew up ! cal5d> z ! fundam5tal *>t] ( ! ius div9um mu/ h _h _! reasons = ! selection ( =ty-five days z made ov] to ! deities :o 7 specially conc]n$ ) ! ,/ate's welf>e4 ,& on ^! days1 s f> z we "k1 !re 0 a regul> ord]$ r\t9e ( sacrifice & pray]1 ) b little trace ( ! b>b>\s or grotesque4 ,! ritual ( ! ,lup]calia is almo/ a solit>y exception4 ,! ,lup]ci _h _! =eheads sme>$ ) ! blood ( ! victims1 :i* 7 goats1 & !n ?is 0 wip$ (f ) wool dipp$ 9 milk2 aft] ?is !y 7 oblig$ to laugh1 probably z a sign t ! god 7:oev] he 07 0 9 !m1 or t !y 7 id5tifi$ ) him4#baa ,!y !n girt !mselves ) ! sk9s ( ! victims & ran r\nd ! anci5t pomo]ium1 /rik+ at any wom5 !y met ) /rips ( ! same victims 9 ord] to produce f]tility4 ,?is 0 p]haps a rite tak5 ov] f aborig9al settl]s on ! ,palat9e1 & s intimately connect$ ) t hill t x c\ld n be omitt$ f ! cal5d>4 ,! ritual ( ! ?ree days ( ,lemuria 9 ,may1 :5 gho/s 7 expell$ f ! h\se1 z ,ovid describes ! process1 by means ( beans1#bab seems also to h be5 a rem9isc5ce ( ideas ab\t ! dead m primitive ?an ^? :i* took effect 9 ! m *e]ful ,p>5talia ( ,febru>y3 "h aga9 we may p]haps see a concession to ! popul> tradition & prejudice ( a primitive population4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! revelry ( ! ,saturnalia 9 ,decemb]1 ( :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] has made s mu* 9 ! second edition ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#bac is no?+ m ?an ! lic5ce ( ! population ( a great cosmopolitan city1 an out-gr[?1 "u ,greek influ5ce1 f ! rude w9t] rejoic+s ( ! f>m] & 8 familia2 & = 8 conjecture t a human victim 0 sacrific$ on ?is occasion 9 anci5t ,rome !re is simply no evid5ce :atev]4 ,!re is1 inde$1 n a trace ( human sacrifice at ,rome s long z ! ius div9um 0 ! supreme religi\s law ( ! ,/ate2 9 ! :ole ,roman lit]ature ( ! ,republic h>dly any?+ ( ! k9d is allud$ to2#bad x is only :5 we come to an age :5 ! ta/e = blood%$ 0 enc\rag$ by ! %[s ( ! amphi!atre1 & :5 ! blood-lov+ religions ( ! ,ea/ 7 press+ 91 t we he> ( human sacrifice1 & !n only f ,*ri/ian writ]s1 :o w\ld naturally seize on any?+ t came to h& to hold up paganism to d]ision1 )\t inquir+ into ! tru? or ! hi/ory ( ! alleg$ practice4#bae ,?us we may take x z highly probable t ^? :o drew up ! cal5d> _h ! delib]ate int5tion ( exclud+ f ! ,/ate ritual1 z f> z 0 possible1 ev]y?+ 9 ! nature ( b>b>ism & magic4 ,= ! religi\s purposes ( a p occupi$ 9 agriculture & w>1 & already beg9n+ to develop "s idea ( law & ord]1 !re 0 no ne$ ( any religi\s rites except su* z w\ld s]ve1 9 dec5cy & ord]1 to propitiate ! deities conc]n$ ) ! f]tilisation ( man1 bea/1 & crop1 & ) ! safety & efficacy ( ! ho/ 9 its /ruggle ) ! enemies ( ! city4 ,! ,roman p grew up1 9 _! city life z 9 ! life ( ! family1 9 self-re/ra9t1 dignity1 & good ord]1 confid5t 9 ! c\rse ( cura & ca]imonia1 itself dec5t & /ately1 if s\lless1 :i* ! religi\s au?orities _h drawn up = !m4 ,we %\ld naturally l to "k some?+ ab\t ^? au?orities1 :o ?us plac$ ! religion ( ! ,/ate on a comp>atively high level ( rituali/ic dec5cy1 if n ( !ological subtlety4 ,! ,romans !mselves attribut$ ! "w to a prie/-k+1 ,numa ,pompilius1 & probably _! in/9ct 0 a "r "o4 ,names matt] little 9 su* matt]s2 b !re is surely some?+ 9 ! univ]sal ,roman tradition ( a great religi\s legislator1 some?+ too1 x may be1 9 ! tradition t he 0 a ,sab9e1 a repres5tative ( ! community on ! ,quir9al :i* _h be5 embodi$ 9 ! ,roman city be=e ! cal5d> 0 drawn up1 & ( ! /urdy1 s]i\s /ock ( c5tral ,italy1 :i* reta9$ its virtus long] ?an any o!r ,italian p4#baf ,we are q 9 ! d>k z to all ?is1 unless we c put any k9d ( confid5ce 9 ! traditional belief ( ! ,romans !mselves4 ,b !re is "o po9t on :i* ,i %\ld l to make a sugge/ion--a new "o s f> z ,i "k4 ,numa 0 said to h be5 ! fir/ ,flam5 ,dialis2 b t is absolutely impossible1 = ! anci5t taboos on t prie/hood w\ld h made x impossible = him to become supreme legislator4 ,evid5tly ?is ,flam51 :o c\ld h>dly leave 8 own h\se1 might nev] leave ! city1 & 0 at e turn h$g$ 9 by re/rictions on 8 activity1 0 a survival ( ^? magician-k+s :o make ra9 & d o!r useful ?+s1 b w\ld lose _! p[] if !y 7 expos$ to c]ta9 cont+5cies2 ! numb] ( possible cont+5cies increases till ! un=tunate own] ( ! p[]s becomes p[]less by virtue ( ! c>e s pa9fully tak5 ( him4#bag ,! prie/ ( ,jupit] & 8 taboos c>ry u back1 beyond a d\bt1 into ! f>-away dim hi/ory ( primitive ,latium4 ,by ! "t ! et]nal city 0 f\nd$ on ! ,tib]1 he mu/ h be5 already practically obsolete4 ,my sugge/ion is t he is ! repres5tative 9 ! ,roman religi\s sy/em ( ano!r & m primitive sy/em :i* exi/$ 9 ,latium1 probably at ,alba1 :]e ,jupit] 0 wor%ipp$ on ! m\nta9 f "t immemorial4 ,:5 ! /r5g? ( ,latium 0 conc5trat$ at ! be/ /rategical po9t on ! ,tib]1 ! prie/ ( ,jupit] 0 transf]r$ to ! new city1 because he 0 too preci\s to be left beh9d1 ?\gh ev5 !n a relic ( antiquity4 ,!re he became :at he 0 ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory1 a practically useless p]sonage1 ab\t :om c]ta9 sacr$ traditions _h ga!r$1 b plac$ 9 complete subjection to ! new legal & religi\s k+1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,pontifex maximus4#bah ,if !re be any tru? 9 ?is--& ,i believe x to be a legitimate inf]5ce f ! legal position ( ?is ,flam51 & 8 p]man5t /ate ( taboo--!n ,i ?9k we may see a great religi\s *ange 9 ! era ( ! cal5d> ( ,numa4 ,inspir$ ) new ideas ( ! duty & de/9y ( ! new city ( ! f\r regions1 a prie/-k+1 d\btless ) ! help & advice ( a c\ncil1 accord+ to ! true ,roman fa%ion1 put an end = ev] to ! reign ( ! old magician-k+%ip1 b pres]v$ ! magician-k+ z a be+ /ill capable ( wond]-work+ 9 ! eyes ( ! p4 ,z religi\s law displac$ magic 9 ! ,/ate ritual1 s ! new k+s1 ) _! collegia ( legal prie/s1 pontifices & augurs1 neutralis$ & gradually de/roy$ ! pre/ige ( ! effete survivor ( an age ( b>b>ism4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,v4 #ahe ,kornemann1 op4 cit4 p4 #hg2 ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #bcj foll42 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 iii4 p4 #gij1 note #a4 ,= ! fe/ival ( ! ,septimontium1 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vi4 #bd2 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #fi2 ,f[l]1 ,r4,f4 p4 #bfe foll4 ,?is fe/ival does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>1 z n be+ f]iae populi1 s$ montanorum modo 7,v>ro1 l4c474 ,!re are "s int]e/+ rem>ks on ! relation betwe5 agricultural life & ! orig9 ( t[ns 9 von ,jh]+'s ,evolution ( ! ,aryan 7,eng4 trans471 p4 #hf foll41 ) special ref]5ce to ,rome4 #ahf ,von ,duhn 9 ,j4,h4,s4 xvi4 #abf foll4 ,! late/ rese>* 7,korte 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 s4v4 ,etrusk]1 p4 #gdg7 concludes t ! arrival ( ! ,etruscans on ! we/ coa/ ( ,italy _c be safely put e>li] ?an ! eigh? c5tury4 #ahg ,huels5-,jordan1 ,rom4 ,topogr4 iii4 #aec4 ,9 a brief b ma/]ly pap] 9 ! publications ( ! ,am]ican ,s*ool at ,rome1 #aijh1 p4 #agc foll41 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] deals ) ! :ole problem ( ! pomo]ium & ! pre-,s]vian city4 #ahh ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bg4 #ahi ,9 ,c4,i4,l4 i4#b1 p4 #big foll4 ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #ad foll4 #aij ,see ! ,fa/i 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #ba foll42 or 9 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k41 at end ( ! book4 #aia ,r4,f4 p4 #ch foll4 ,m>9d9's article ,salii1 ,dict4 ( ,antiqq41 is v useful & s5sible4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! dress & arm\r ( ! ,salii repres5t$ t ( ! primitive ,lat9 w>rior1 calculat$ to fright5 away evil spirits z well z enemies1 & t _! dances 9 procession _h "s object ( ?is k9d4 ,x is noticeable t !re 7 two gilds or collegia ( !m belong+ to ! ,palat9e & ,quir9al cities respectively2 & !y are also f\nd at ,tibur1 ,alba1 ,lanuvium1 & o!r ,lat9 cities4 #aib ,or #ae? 7,ides71 accord+ to ! conjecture ( ,wiss[a2 see ,r4,f4 p4 #dd & ,r4,k4 p4 #aca4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t ?is %\ld orig9ally h be5 on a day ( ev5 numb]1 contr>y to ! univ]sal rule ( ! ,fa/i4 #aic ,see bel[1 p4 #bab foll41 = fur!r consid]ation ( ?is s-call$ purification4 #aid ,r4,k4 p4 #aca4 #aie ,see bel[1 p4 #bag4 #aif ,r4,k4 p4 #aca4 #aig ,popul> ,religion & ,folklore ( ,india1 ii4 #ea4 ,= ! sacr$ness ( ! numb] ?ree & its multiples1 see ,diels1 ,sibyll9is*e ,blaett]1 p4 #dj foll42 b he limits x too mu* to *?onic religi\s ritual4 ,see also ,h4 ,us5]1 ,dreizahl1 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum1 vol4 #eh1 pp4 #a foll41 #afa foll41 & #cba foll4 ,!re is a summ>y ( ! results ( ^! pap]s 9 ,gruppe's ,my?ologis*e ,lit]atur1 #ahih-aije1 p4 #cfj foll4 ,i may also ref] to my fri5d ,pr(4 ,g\dy's v int]e/+ ,tri*otomy 9 ,roman ,law 7,ox=d1 #aiaj71 p4 #h foll4 #aih ,by von ,domaszewski 9 ,ar*iv = #aijg1 p4 #ccc foll4 ,! le>n$ au?or's reason+ is (t5 bas$ on m]e hypo!ses z to ! mean+ ( ! fe/ivals or ! gods conc]n$ 9 !m1 & 8 ideas z to ! agricultural features ( ! mon?s ,july1 ,augu/1 ,decemb] seem to me d\btful2 b ! pap] is "o t all /ud5ts ( ! cal5d> mu/ reckon )4 #aii ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb51 pp4 #dei & #efi foll4 #bjj ,= ! fe/ivals m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs see ,r4,f41 s4v41 & ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k41 section #fc4 #bja ,/4 ,george & ! ,p>ilia1 9 ,revue des etudes e?nographiques et sociologiques = ,jan4 #aijh4 ,i owe my k ( ?is admirable /udy to ! k9dness ( its au?or4 #bjb ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 ii4 #cah foll4 #bjc ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #fd1 says1 ,ab satu dictus ,saturnus4 ,& 9 ,augu/9e 7,civ4 ,dei1 vi4 #h7 he is quot$ z hold+ ! op9ion quod p]t9eat ,saturnus ad sem9a1 quae 9 t]ram de qua oriuntur it]um recidunt4 ,he 0 probably ! num5 ( ! se$-s[+ 7,saeturnus71 & z 8 fe/ival comes aft] ! end ( s[+1 we may presume t he 0 ! num5 ( ! s[n z well z ( ! uns[n se$4 ,9 ! article ,saturnus 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon1 :i* has appe>$ s9ce ! above note 0 writt51 ,wiss[a provisionally accepts ,v>ro's etymology4 #bjd ,fe/us1 p4 #bde;a1 ,publica sacra quae publico sumptu pro populo fiunt1 quaeque pro montibus1 pagis1 curiis1 sacellis4 ,see article ,sacra 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiqq4 ii4 #egg4 #bje ,r\t9e is ! only safegu>d ( a p "u a p]fect autocracy 7,select ,*>t]s1 ,introduction1 p4 #ai74 #bjf ,! annali/s believ$ t ! publication fir/ took place 9 ! ye> #cjd ,b4,c43 ,livy ix4 #df4 ,momms5 7,*ronologie1 p4 #ca7 ?\ght x possible t x _h already be5 done by ! ,decemvirs 9 "o ( ! two la/ ( ! ,,xii4 ,tables1 b aga9 )drawn4 ,! object ( keep+ ! ,fa/i secret 01 ( c\rse1 to control ! times available = legal & political bus9ess4 #bjg ,?is p>agraph is abridg$ f a passage 9 ! au?or's pap] 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = #aijg1 p4 #hdh4 #bjh ,see ,an?ropology & ! ,classics 7,ox=d1 #aijh71 p4 #dd4 #bji ,r4,f4 p4 #bda foll4 #baj ,wiss[a holds t x dates f ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c43 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl41 s4v4 ,argei4 ,i endeav\r$ to refute ?is view 9 ! ,classical ,review = #aijb1 p4 #aae foll41 & ,dr4 ,wiss[a criticis$ my criticism 9 8 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #bbb4 ,x is dealt ) at l5g? 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #aaa foll4 ,see bel[1 p4 #cba foll4 #baa ,?is is n exactly ! view express$ 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #cae foll41 :]e ,i 0 incl9$ to adopt t ( ,mannh>dt t ! laugh+ symbolis$ ! return to life aft] sacrificial dea?4 ,i am n[ dispos$ to ?9k ( x z p>allel ) ! ec/asy ( ! ,py?oness & o!r inspir$ prie/s1 or ! %iv]+ & convulsive movem5ts :i* d5ote t a human be+ is possess$ by a god or _s4 ,see ,jevons1 ,introduction1 p4 #agd4 ,mannh>dt's view seems1 h[ev]1 to ga9 support f ,pausanias' description ( ! ordeal he und]w5t himself at ! cave ( ,trophonius1 aft] :i* he c\ld laugh aga93 ,paus4 ix4 #ci4 ,see also ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #ehj4 ,deubn] 9 ,ar*iv1 #aiaj1 p4 #eja4 #bab ,r4,f4 p4 #aji2 ,ov4 ,fa/i1 v4 #dba foll4 ,ovid's acc\nt is ( a private rite 9 ! h\se1 z else:]e he tells u ( ?+s done by private p]sons on fe/ival days4 ,we d n "k :e!r !re 0 any public ritual = ^! days4 ,= fur!r discussion ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! two fe/ivals ( ! dead1 see bel[1 ,lect4 ,,xvii4 p4 #cic4 #bac ,g4,b4 iii4 #ach foll4 ,! attempt to connect ! s-call$ ,saturnalia ( ! army ( ! ,danube 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 ) ! e>ly practice ( ,roman ,saturnalia seems to me to fail entirely1 ev5 aft] read+ ,pr(4 ,cumont's pap] 9 ! ,revue de philologie1 #ahig1 p4 #acc foll4 ,i %\ld imag9e t ,cumont w\ld n[ admit t ! ,saturn :o 0 sacrific$ on ! ,danube z describ$ 9 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,dasius mu/ h be5 ( ,ori5tal orig91 & t ! soldi]s conc]n$ 7 9 no s5se ,roman or ,italian4 ,= ! hell5isation ( ! ,saturnalia1 see ,wiss[a 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon1 s4v4 ,saturnus1 p4 #dcb4 ,wiss[a1 ,i may note1 does n believe 9 ! accuracy ( ! acc\nt ( ! ,m>tyrdom4 #bad ,no?+1 t is1 9 ! regul> ritual ( ! ,roman ,/ate--except 9 s f> z ! kill+ ( a crim9al :o 0 sac] to a god c be s reg>d$2 & ! only in/ance ( any k9d t c be quot$ is t ( ! two pairs ( ,gauli% & ,greek m5 & wom5 :o 9 ! /ress ( ! second ,punic w> & aft]w>ds 7 buri$ alive1 z x 0 said1 9 ! ,=um ,bo>ium4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cee & notes4 ,i %all return to ?is 9 ,lecture ,,xiv4 #bae ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! slay+ ( a victim 7be/i>ius7 to ,jupit] is 9 ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,octav4 #bb & #cj1 i4e4 t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 or ev5 lat]4 ,cp4 ,t]tull4 ,apol4 #i1 ,lactantius i4 #ba4 ,i d n g s f> z to say ) ,wiss[a 7p4 #aji1 note #c7 t ?is /ory is ganz gewiss apokryph1 b ,i take x z simply a case ( deg5]acy "u ! influ5ce ( ! amphi!atre & ( ,ori5talism4 #baf ,= ,numa see ,s*wegl]1 ,rom4 ,ges*4 i4 #eea foll4 #bag ,see ,dr4 ,fraz]'s mo/ rec5t acc\nt ( ?is subject1 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 *aps1 iii4-v4 ,pr(4 ,ridgeway's idea t ! ,flam5 ,dialis 0 really a ,numan in/itution is ( c\rse simply impossible1 & ! argum5ts he f\nds on x fall to ! gr\nd4 ,ovid1 probably reflect+ ,v>ro1 speaks ( ! ,flam5 ,dialis z belong+ to ! ,pelasgian religion1 :i* at lea/ means t he 0 aw>e ( ! extreme antiquity ( ! (fice2 ,fa/i1 ii4 #bha4 ,dr4 ,doell+] 7,! ,g5tile & ! ,jew1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gb7 ) 8 usual insight 0 incl9$ to see 9 ?is ,flam5 ! ru9s ( an old] sy/em ( c]emonial ord9ances4 #bah ,he 0 sui iuris 7,gaius i4 #acj71 z soon z he 0 *os5 or tak5 7captus7 by ! ,pontifex maximus2 b he 0 subject to ! au?ority ( ! ,p4,m41 l all ! o!r flam9es & ! ,ve/als4 ,see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dch2 ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #af4 ,,lecture ,,vi ,,! ,,div9e ,,objects ,,( ,,wor%ip ,we mu/ n[ turn our att5tion to :at is ! mo/ difficult "p ( our subject1 ! ideas ( ! e>ly ,romans ab\t ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,9 my fir/ lecture ,i indicat$ 9 outl9e :at ! difficulties are :i* beset u all ?r\gh our /udies2 !y are 9 no "p ( x s insurm\ntable z 9 ?is4 ,mat]ial fails u1 because !re 0 no contempor>y lit]ature2 because ! ,romans 7 n a ?9k+ p1 & probably ?\ght v little ab\t ! div9e be+s :om !y propitiat$2 & aga91 because comp>ative religion1 z x is call$1 is ( scant value 9 su* a /udy4 ,we h to try & get rid ( our own ideas ab\t ,god or gods1 to keep our m9ds free ( ,greek ideas & my?ology1 &1 9 fact1 to ab/a9 f br++ ! ideas ( any o!r peoples to be> ^u ! "q until we are pretty sure t we h "s sort ( und]/&+ ( ^? ,roman ideas ) :i* we are tempt$ to comp>e !m4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! /ud5t ( any sy/em ( religion is to /udy t religion 9 & by itself4 ,z ,m4 ,s4 ,re9a* obs]v$ 9 an address at ! ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions at ,ox=d1 x is "t t we began to att5d to diff]5ces z well z simil>ities2 & ?is c only be done by ! consci5ti\s use ( su* mat]ials z are available = ! /udy ( ea* p>ticul> religion4 ,! only mat]ials available 9 ! case ( ! e>lie/ ,rome are 7#a7 ! cal5d> :i* ,i 0 expla9+ 9 ! la/ lecture1 :i* gives u ! names ( ! fe/ivals ( ! religi\s ye>2 7#b7 ! names ( ! deities conc]n$ 9 ^! fe/ivals1 s f> z we "k !m f lat] additions to ! cal5d>1 f ,roman lit]ature1 & f evid5ce1 *iefly epigraphical1 ( ! names ( deities among k9dr$ ,italian peoples2 7#c7 ! fragm5ts ( in=mation1 n[ mo/ c>efully collect$ & sift$1 ab\t :at ! ,romans did 9 ! wor%ip ( _! deities4 ,! names & ord] ( ! fe/ivals1 ! names ( ! deities !mselves1 ! cult1 or detail ( wor%ip1 includ+ prie/hoods & holy places1--^! are ! only real mat]ials we possess1 & our only safe guides4 ,to tru/ to leg5ds is fatal1 because su* leg5ds z !re 7 9 ,italy 7 nev] writt5 d[n until ! ,greeks turn$ _! att5tion to !m1 col\r+ !m ) _! own fancy & ) rem9isc5ces ( _! own my?ology4 ,= example1 no sane inve/igator w\ld n[ make use ( ! fam\s /ory told by ,ovid & ,plut>* ab\t ,numa's int]view ) ,jupit]1 & ! a/ute way 9 :i* he deceiv$ ! god1 z an illu/ration ( ! ,roman's ideas ( ! div9e2 we "k t x c be trac$ back to ! greate/ li> among all ,roman annali/s1#bai t x 0 9 "p d]iv$ f a ,greek /ory1 & 9 "p inv5t$ to expla9 a c]ta9 piece ( ritual1 ! procuratio fulm9is4 ,ev5 :at 0 done 9 ! cult mu/ be h&l$ ) k & discretion4 ,dr4 ,fraz] has a !ory t ! ,roman k+s p]sonat$ ,jupit]1 & uses z evid5ce ( ?is ! fact t 9 ! triumph ! triumphator 0 dress$ aft] ! fa%ion ( ! /atue ( ! god 9 ! ,capitol9e temple1 ) 8 face r$d5$ ) m9ium3 =gett+ t ! temple1 its cult & its /atue1 all date f ! v end ( ! p]iod ( ! k+%ip1 & 7 ! "w ( an ,etruscan mon>*1 almo/ beyond d\bt4 ,!re may be tru? 9 8 !ory1 b ?is is n ! way to prove x2 ?is is n ! way to arrive at a true und]/&+ ( ,roman religi\s ideas4 ,:at did ! old ,romans "k ab\t ! nature ( ! objects ( _! wor%ip8 ,all religion is 9 its developm5t a process ( ga9+ su* k3 if x makes no progress x is doom$4 ,x is because ! ,jews made su* wond]ful progress 9 ?is pa?1 9 spite ( =malism & backslid+1 t !y 7 *os5 to produce a ,tea*] ^: life & doctr9e reveal$ ! w & ! nature ( ,8 ,fa!r = ! et]nal b5efit ( mank9d4 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is imp]fect k1 x is b ! beg9n+ ( wisdom2 b x c\ld become1 9 a ,jew l ,/4 ,paul1 ! p]fect k ( ,8 w4 ,x may seem absurd to ?9k ( two su* religions z ! ,jewi% & ! ,roman side by side2 b ! absurdity vani%es :5 we beg9 to und]/& ! humble beg9n+s ( ! ,jewi% religion z sci5tific rese>* has already laid x b>e4 ,k ( ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se is op5 to all peoples alike1 & "s few h made mu* progress 9 x beside ! ,jews4 ,! ,romans 7 n among ^!1 at any rate 9 all ! lat] /ages ( _! hi/ory2 b we h to ask h[ f> !y got 9 ! process1 & lat] on aga9 to ask also :y !y c\ld g no f>!r4#bbj ,we h se5 h[ "o great =w>d /ep 9 ! atta9m5t ( ?is k 0 made 9 ! religion ( ! h\sehold1 :5 ! h\se _h become a k9d ( temple1 be+ ! dwell+ ( div9e z well z human be+s1 & :5 ! cultivat$ l& _h be5 sep>at$ by a sacr$ b\nd>y f ! m\nta9 or =e/ beyond1 ) _! wild & unkn[n spiritual inhabitants4 ,we met1 h[ev]1 ) no?+ 9 ! h\se or on ! l& t we c prop]ly call a god1 if we may use t ^w = ! mom5t 9 ! s5se ( a p]sonality z well z a "n1 & a p]sonality p]fectly di/9ct f ! object 9 :i* x resides4 ,ve/a seems to be ! fire1 ,p5ates ! /ore1 or at lea/ spirits undi/+ui%able f ! sub/ance compos+ ! /ore4 ,b inasmu* z ! f>m] knew h[ to s]ve ^! spirits & address !m1 look+ ^u !m z fri5ds & co-habitants ( 8 own dwell+1 we may g s f> z to guess t !y 7 some:at advanc$ 9 _! c>e] z spirits1 & might possibly develop into p[]s ( a m def9ite k9d1 if n into gods1 real dei conceiv$ z p]sons4#bba ,9 o!r words--= x is bett] to keep z f> z we c to ! subjective or psy*ological aspect ( !m--! ,roman might realise ! ,p[] bett] by gett+ to ?9k ( 8 nameless spirits z dei at "w = 8 b5efit if rightly propitiat$4 ,!re are "s signs 9 ! cal5d> & ! o!r s\rces ,i m5tion$ j n[ t su* a process _h be5 go+ on be=e ! ,/ate arose2 & x is c]ta9 t ! :ole field ( div9e op]ation _h be5 greatly wid5$ by t "t1 z we might expect f ! enl>g$ sph]e ( man's exp]i5ce & activity4 ,! deities orig9ally belong+ to ! city ( ! f\r regions1 i4e4 to ! city ( ! cal5d> ( ,numa1 7 kn[n to ,roman antiqu>ians z di indigetes1 9 contra-di/9ction f ! di nov5siles or import$ deities1 ) :i* at pres5t we h no?+ to d4 ,on ! basis ( ! cal5d>1 & ( ! names ( ! mo/ anci5t prie/hoods atta*$ to p>ticul> cults1 ! ,rex & ! ,flam9es1 ,wiss[a 7,r4,k4 p4 #af7 has con/ruct$ a li/ ( ^! di indigetes :i* may be accept$ )\t any fur!r res]vation ?an he himself applies to x4 ,!y are ?irty-?ree 9 numb]1 b 9 two cases we h gr\ps in/ead ( individuals1 viz4 ! ,l>es & ! ,lemures3 ! plurality ( ! ,l>es 7compitales7 we h already expla9$1 & ! ,lemures1 ! gho/s ( dep>t$ ance/ors1 we may also = ! pres5t leave out ( acc\nt4 ,o!rs are too obscure to help u1 e4g4 ,c>na1 ,ang]ona1 ,furr9a1 ,neptunus1 ,volturnus1#bbb except 9 s f> z _! v obscurity1 & ! neglect into :i* !y & _! cults fell 9 lat] times1 is pro( t !y 7 n ?\ght ( z lively p]sonal deities4 ,!n1 aga91 !re are o!rs ^: names are sugge/$ by c]ta9 fe/ivals1 ,t]m9us1 ,fons1 ,robigus1 :o seem to be simply survivals f ! animi/ic p]iod--spirits inh]5t 9 ! b\nd>y-/one1 ! spr+1 or ! mildew1 & incapable ( fur!r developm5t 9 ! new conditions ( city life4 ,faunus1 ! rural semi-deity1 p]haps repres5t+ a gr\p ( su* be+s1 appe>s 9 ! li/ z ! deity ( ! ,lup]calia2 b ?is is a po9t 9 :i* ,i _c agree ) ,wiss[a & ! majority ( mod]n au?orities4#bbc ,we are /ruck1 z we exam9e ! li/ fur!r1 by ! adjectival "* ( _m ( ! names--,neptunus1 ,portunus1 ,quir9us1 ,saturnus1 ,volcanus1 ,volturnus3 ^! are n prop] names1 b cle>ly express "s "* or function ex]cis$ by ! p[] or num5 to :om ! "n is giv54 ,saturnus is ! mo/ famili> example2 ! ^w sugge/s no p]sonality1 b r a sph]e ( op]ations 7:e!r we take ! "n z ref]r+ to s[+ or to se$ matur+ 9 ! soil7 9 :i* a c]ta9 num5 is helpful4 ,saturnus1 ,volcanus1 ,neptunus 7 inde$ id5tifi$ lat] on ) ,greek gods ( a ripe poly!i/ic sy/em1 & h ?us become q famili> to u1 f> too famili> = a "r und]/&+ ( e>ly ,roman ideas4 ,we might naturally expect t ! id5tification ( ,saturnus ) ,kronos1 ( ,neptunus ) ,poseidon1 w\ld give u "s clue to ! orig9al ,roman conception ( ! num5 ?us ,graecis$1 b x is n s4 ,neptunus may h _h "s connection ) wat]1 ra91 or spr+s1 b we h no real pro( ( x1 & x is impossible to say :y ,saturnus became ,kronos4#bbd ,! only c]ta9 result t we c w9 f ! /udy ( ^! adjectival titles is t !y repres5t a transition betwe5 animism & poly!ism1 a transition exactly express$ by ! "o ^w num54 ,num5 is s important a ^w 9 ! ,roman religion t x is necess>y to be p]fectly cle> z to :at 0 meant by x4 ,x mu/ be =m$ f nu]e z flum5 f flu]e1 ) a s5se ( activity inh]5t 9 ! v]b4 ,z flum5 is t :i* actively fl[s1 s num5 is t :i* actively does :atev] we und]/& by ! ^w nu]e2 & s f> z we c det]m9e1 t 0 a manife/ation ( w4 ,adnu]e is to cons5t1 to give y\r good w to "s act propos$ or complet$1 & is (t5 s us$ ( ,jupit] 9 ! ,a5eid4 ,nu]e %\ld !re=e express a simple ex]cise ( w-p[]1 & num5 is ! be+ ex]cis+ x4 ,9 "t x came to be us$ = ! w ( a god z di/9ct f himself1 z 9 ! f\r? ,a5eid 7#bfi7-- ipse deum tibi me cl>o demittit ,olympo regnator1 caelum ac t]ras qui num9e torquet4 ,or 9 ! f\r? ,eclogue 7#dg7-- concordes /abili fatorum num9e ,p>cae1 :]e ,s]vius expla9s x z pote/ate1 div9atione1 ac maie/ate4 ,b beyond d\bt ?is use is a product ( ! lit]>y age1 & ! ^w orig9ally indicat$ ! be+ himself :o ex]cis$ ! w--a s5se famili> to u 9 ! op5+ l9es ( ! ,a5eid 7quo num9e laeso7 & 9 innum]able o!r passages4 ,?us von ,domaszewski 9 8 collect$ pap]s 7p4 #aeg7 is und\bt$ly "r 9 def9+ a num5 z a be+ ) a w--e9 woll5des ,wes52 ?\gh 8 acc\nt ( its evolution1 & ( ! way 9 :i* 9 its turn x may produce a deus1 may be op5 to criticism4 ,! ^w ?us sugge/s t ! ,roman div9e be+s 7 functional spirits ) w-p[]1 _! functions be+ indicat$ by _! adjectival names4 ,prop] names !y _h n z a rule1 b !y are gett+ cult-titles "u ! influ5ce ( a prie/hood1 :i* titles may 9 "t p]haps atta9 to some?+ ( ! def9it5ess ( sub/antival names4 ,?is inde$ c\ld h>dly h be5 s 9 ! m9d ( ! ord9>y ,roman ev5 at a lat] age2 & x is q possible t if an intellig5t ,greek travell] ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 _h giv5 an acc\nt ( ! gods ( ,rome1#bbe he w\ld h said1 z ,/rabo said ( an ,ib]ian p 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 t !y 7 )\t gods1 or wor%ipp$ gods )\t names4 ,b ! "n1 ev5 z a cult-title1 is ( imm5se importance 9 ! developm5t ( a _s into a deity1 & 9 mo/ cases1 at any rate at ,rome1 x 0 ! "w ( (ficials1 ( a /ate prie/hood1 n ( ! p4 ,to address a deity rightly 0 matt] ( no small difficulty3 h[ 7 y to "k h[ he w\ld wi% to be address$8 ,s]vius tells u t ! pontifices address$ ev5 ,jupit] himself ?us3 ,iupit] optime maxime1 sive quo alio nom9e te appell>i volu]is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! same comm5t he tells u t iure pontificio cautum e/1 ne suis nom9ibus di ,romani appell>5tur1 ne exaugur>i poss5t1 i4e4 le/ !y %\ld be entic$ away f ! city by enemies4 ,?is la/ /atem5t seems inde$ to me to be a d\btful "o1#bbf b x w s]ve to illu/rate ! n]v\sness ab\t div9e names1 ( :i* !re is no d\bt :atev]4 ,we "k = c]ta9 t ^? religi\s lawy]s ! pontifices 7 greatly occupi$ ) ! task ( draw+ up li/s ( names by :i* num9a %\ld be invok$1--=mul>is+ ! ritual ( pray]1 z we %all see 9 ano!r lecture2 & ?is mu/ h become at "o "t almo/ a craze ) !m1 to judge by ! li/s ( ,indigitam5ta pres]v$ 9 _! books1 to :i* ,v>ro _h access1 & :i* 7 copi$ f him by ,/4 ,augu/9e4#bbg ,b aft] all x ne$$ ! /imulus giv5 by actual contact ) a poly!i/ic sy/em to turn a ,roman num5 into a full-fl$g$ p]sonal deity3 ! pontifices might c>ry ! process "s way1 b !y nev] c\ld h complet$ x !mselves )\t ! help ( ! ,greeks4 ,"o deity seems to /& alone 9 ! li/--,tellus or ,t]ra ,mat]1 ,"m ,e>?4#bbh ,we are com+ directly to ! great deity ( ! heav51 & we might naturally expect t an agricultural folk w\ld be mu* conc]n$ ) h] :o is 8 c\nt]p>t among s _m peoples4 ,%e does n give h] "n to any ( ! fe/ivals ( ! cal5d>2 b at "o ( !m1 ! ,=dicidia 9 ,april1 at a "t :5 ! e>? is teem+ ) my/]i\s p[]1 & :5 ! fe/ivals are ( a peculi>ly agricultural "*1 %e has h] own special sacrifice--a pregnant c[1 ^: "y are torn f h] womb1 burnt by ! ,virgo ve/alis maxima1 & _! a%es us$ 9 c]ta9 my/ic rites1 e4g4 at ! ,p>ilia :i* foll[$ on ! #ba/4#bbi ,%e seems to h _h h] function 9 human life z well2 b ab\t ?is we are mu* 9 ! d>k 9 spite ( ,diet]i*'s attempts to elucidate x 9 8 ,mutt] ,erde4#bcj ,:e!r %e play$ a "p at ! bir? ( a *ild we _c be sure2 b at m>riage !re is little d\bt t %e 0 orig9ally an object ( wor%ip1 ?\gh 9 lat] days %e gave way be=e ,c]es & ,juno4#bca ,& z at dea? ! body 0 laid 9 h] embrace1 we are n surpris$ to f9d h] prom95t "h also3 %e 0 ! home ( ! dead :e!r buri$ or burnt1 & ( ! :ole mass ( ! ,manes4 ,we %all pres5tly see h[ a ,roman comm&] might devote himself & ! :ole army ( ! enemy to ,tellus & ! ,manes2 & x is int]e/+ to f9d t a simil> =mula ( devotio1 ( lat] date1 comb9es ,tellus ) ,jupit]1 ! speak] t\*+ ! gr\nd :5 he m5tions h] "n1 & hold+ 8 h&s upw>ds to heav5 :5 he names ! god4#bcb ,v curi\s1 too1 is ! rite ( ! porca praecidanea1 :i* 9 hi/orical times 0 (f]$ to ,c]es z well z ,tellus imm$iately be=e h>ve/2 9 case a man _h witt+ly or unwitt+ly omitt$ to pay ! prop] rites 7iu/a fac]e7 to 8 own dead1 x 0 8 duty to make ?is (f]+1 le/ z a result ( ! neglect ! e>?-p[] %\ld n yield him a good h>ve/4#bcc ,orig9ally1 we ne$ h>dly d\bt1 ,tellus 0 alone conc]n$ 9 ?is2 b ,c]es1 :o at all times repres5t$ r ! rip5+ & rip5$ corn ?an ! se$ 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 gradually took h] place beside h]1 & ! idea ga9$ gr\nd t ! (f]+ 0 m imm$iately conc]n$ ) ! h>ve/ ?an ) ! ,manes4#bcd ,:5 ,cato wrote 8 book on agriculture1 he includ$ 9 x ! prop] =mula = ?is sacrifice1 )\t any indication t ,tellus or ! ,manes _h any "p 9 ! bus9ess4#bce ,tellus 0 n a deity ^: life w\ld be vigor\s 9 a busy ,city-/ate de/9$ gradually to lose its agricultural outlook2 !re ! supply ( gra91 f :atev] qu>t] x might come1 0 a f> m important matt] ?an ! process ( produc+ x1 & x 0 natural t ,c]es & h] ,april fe/ival %\ld become m popul> ?an ,tellus & h] ,=dicidia1 & t ! ,c]ealia %\ld ev5tually develop into ludi ( no less ?an eight days' duration4 ,yet ,tellus surviv$ 9 su* =ms z t ( ! devotio2 & ev5 "u ! ,empire we f9d h] z ,t]ra on sepul*ral monum5ts1 e4g4-- ereptam viro et matri mat] me ,t]ra recepit1 or t]ra mat] r]um quod d$it ipsa teget4 ,& !re is a curi\s /ory1 notic$ by ,wiss[a & by ,diet]i* aft] him1 t on ! dea? ( ,tib]ius ! plebs %\t$ n only ,tib]ius 9 ,tib]im1 b ,t]ram matrem deosque ,manes1 9 ord] t 8 lot might be among ! impii b5ea? ! e>?4#bcf ,s f> we h met ) no?+ to sugge/ t ! ,roman idea ( div9ity _h pass$ mu* beyond an advanc$ type ( animism2 we h f\nd little or no trace ( p]sonal deities ( a poly!i/ic ca/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a fact ( importance n[ to be consid]$1 :i* has "s be>+ ^u ?is difficult subject4 ,"s ( ! num9a ( ! cal5d> _h special prie/s atta*$ to _! cults2 e4g4 among ^? ,i h already m5tion$1 ,volcanus1 ,furr9a1 ,portunus1 & ,volturnus1 to :i* we may n[ add ,pales1 ,flora1 ,c>m5ta1 ,pomona1 & a :olly unkn[n deity1 ,falac]4 ,^! n9e all _h flam9es1 a ^w :i* is g5]ally d]iv$ f fl>e1 i4e4 !y 7 ! k9dl]s ( ! sacrificial fire4#bcg ,sacrific+ prie/s !y und\bt$ly always 71 ea* limit$ to ! sacrificial rites ( a p>ticul> cult1 unless au?oris$ by religi\s law to und]take ^? ( "s o!r deity ^: "n he did n be>1 & :o 0 de/itute1 l ,robigus1 ( a prie/ ( 8 own4#bch ,we h no c]ta9 evid5ce t all ^! flam9es 7 ( high antiquity2 b ^? atta*$ to deities ( ! cal5d> 7 probably ( e>li] orig9 ?an t docum5t1 & z we h no record ( ! creation ( a new flam9ium 9 hi/orical times until ! era ( ,caes>-wor%ip1 x is fair to conclude t ! o!rs ,i h m5tion$ 7 n y\ng]4 ,n[ :at be>+ has ?is fact on ! "q z to h[ ! e>ly ,romans conceiv$ ! objects ( _! wor%ip8 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 s-call$ prie/s all ! _w ov]1 ev5 among ! l[e/ feti%i/ic & animi/ic peoples1 :o ex]cise p[] ov] ! v>i\s k9ds ( spirits by pot5t *>ms & spells2 ^! %\ld r be call$ wiz>ds1 m$ic9e-m51 magicians1 & s on4#bci ,b ! flam9es z we "k !m 7 n su*2 !y 7 (ficials ( a ,/ate1 entru/$ ) ! p]=mance ( def9ite rituali/ic duties1 m p>ticul>ly ) sacrifice1 & !re=e1 z we may assume f univ]sal ,roman practice s f> z we "k x1 also ) pray]4 ,if !y did n actually slay ! victims !mselves--& 9 hi/orical times ?is 0 done by an assi/ant--!y sup]9t5d$ ! :ole process & 7 responsible = its correct p]=mance4#bdj ,does ! exi/5ce ( su* prie/s come into relation ) ! developm5t ( ! idea ( a deus out ( a num5 or a _s8 ,:at is ! influ5ce ( ! sacrific+ prie/ on ! div9ity :om he s]ves8 ,?is la/ is a "q to :i* x is n easy to f9d a ready answ]2 ! hi/ory ( prie/hood1 & ( ! moral & intellectual results ( ! in/itution1 has yet to be writt54 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ great "w on ! developm5t ( moral ideas1 has little to say ( x4 ,x is greatly complicat$ by ! und\bt$ fact t among _m peoples1 p]haps to "s ext5t ev5 among ! ,lat9s1 ! e>lie/ real prie/s _h a t5d5cy to p]sonate ! deity !mselves1 to be consid]$ z ! deity1 or 9 "s s5se div9e4#bda ,b 9 reg>d to ,roman prie/s we may1 ,i ?9k1 g at lea/ z f> z ?is4 ,:5 a _s 0 nam$ & localis$ z a fri5dly be+ at a p>ticul> spot )9 ! walls ( ! city1 :i* is made ov] to him1 & :]e he has 8 ara2 :5 ! ritual p]=m$ at ?is spot is laid d[n 9 def9ite detail1 & und]tak5 by an individual appo9t$ = ?is purpose by ! head ( ! community ) solemn c]emony2 !n ! _s1 hi!rto b vaguely conceiv$1 mu/ 9 c\rse ( "t become individualis$4 ,! prie/ly if n ! popul> conception ( him is fix$2 !re is n[ no "q :o he is or h[ he %\ld be call$2 quis deus inc]tum e/#bdb c no long] be said ( him4 ,once provid$ ) a flam5 & an ord]$ cult ( sacrifice & pray]1 ,i conceive t he _h n[ 9 him ! possibility ( turn+ into a deus p]sonally conceiv$1 if he came by ! *ance4#bdc ,a few did get ! *ance2 o!rs did n2 ,volcanus1 = example1 became a god aft] ! model ( ! ,greek ,hephae/us1 :ile ,volturnus rema9$ a num5 & made no fur!r progress1 ?\gh he 0 d\btless ready to take ! ,graecis+ epidemic :5 x came4 ,i d n say t he or any o!r num5 0 ! bett] = ! *ange4 ,b ,i mu/ n n[ pursue ! /ory ( ?is /range d\ble fate ( ! old ,roman deities2 ,i h p]haps said en\gh to %[ t city life1 ) its prie/hoods & its ord]$ ritual1 _h "s appreciable effect on ! deities :o 7 admitt$ to x4 ,among ^! deities !re 7 f\r ( :om ,i h z yet said no?+ at all1 ?\gh !y are ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! div9e inhabitants ( ,rome4 ,i h m5tion$ n9e flam9es2 !re 7 9 all twelve1 & besides ^! !re 0 9 hi/orical times a prie/ kn[n z ! rex sacrorum1 ! republican successor to "s ( ! religi\s functions ( ! civil k+4 ,?is rex1 & ! ?ree flam9es maiores1 s call$ 9 contra-di/9ction to ! o!r n9e1 7 specially atta*$ to ! cults ( ,janus1 ,jupit] 7,flam5 ,dialis71 ,m>s 7,flam5 ,m>tialis71 & ,quir9us 7,flam5 ,quir9alis74 ,i h kept ^! deities ap>t f ! o!rs already m5tion$1 n only because _! prie/s /& ap>t f ! re/1 b because !y !mselves seem f ! fir/ to h be5 m really gods 7dei72 ,quir9us is ! only "o :o has an adjectival "n4 ,two ( !m1 ,jupit] & ,m>s1 rema9$ ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory ( real importance to ! ,/ate1 & 9 ,jupit] !re 7 at lea/ "s g]ms ( possible developm5t into a deity capable ( influ5c+ conduct & en=c+ morality4 ,( ,janus ?is _c possibly be said2 & z he is hi/orically ! lea/ important ( ! f\r1 ,i w beg9 by say+ a few words ab\t him z a puzzle & a curiosity only4 ,janus1 ev] s9ce he ceas$ to be an intelligible deity1 has be5 ! sport ( speculators2 & ?is happ5$ long be=e ! ,roman religion came to an end4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 philosophic writ]s ab\t ! gods got hold ( him1 & ,v>ro tells u t "s made him out to be ! heav51 o!rs ! univ]se 7mundus74#bdd ,ovid amus$ himself ) ?is unc]ta9ty ( ! philosoph]s1 & 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,fa/i int]view$ ! god1 ^: answ]s are unluckily ( little value = u4#bde ,at v>i\s times & 9 diff]5t h&s ,janus has be5 pron\nc$ a sun-god1 a heav5-god1 a ye>-god1 a w9d-god2 & n[ a ,cambridge s*ool ( speculators1 to ^: le>n+ ,i am 9 _m ways indebt$1 has claim$ him z an oak-god1 ! mate ( ,diana1 ! ,jupit] ( aborig9al ,latium1 & s on4#bdf ,we h =tunately long left beh9d u ! age :5 x 0 ?\ght necess>y to resolve ! ,greek & ,roman gods into p]sonifications ( natural ph5om5a1 & to try to expla9 all _! attributes on "o pr9ciple2 b my le>n$ fri5ds at ,cambridge h ( late be5 %[+ a t5d5cy to return to me?ods n less dang]\s2 !y hank]1 = example1 aft] etymological evid5ce1 :i* 9 ! case ( deities is almo/ sure to be mislead+ unless x is absolutely c]ta91 & support$ by ! hi/ory ( ! "n4 ,?is is unluckily n ! case ) ,janus2 8 etymology is matt] ( dispute1#bdg & he is !re=e op51 & always w be s1 to ! inquir] :o is hunt+ a sc5t1 & m conc]n$ to prove a po9t ?an to discov] :at ! e>ly ,romans really ?\ght ab\t a god4 ,9 ?is lecture ,i am b humbly try+ to d ?is la/1 & ,i may !re=e leave etymology1 ) ! my?ology & philosophy ( a lat] age1 & conf9e myself to su* facts ( ! cult ( ,janus z are q undisput$4 ,!y w admit ( be+ put toge!r v %ortly4 ,! fir/ & lead+ fact is t ,janus 0 ! fir/ deity to be address$ 9 all pray]s & invocations2 ( ?is we h abundant evid5ce1 z also ( ! correspond+ fact t ,ve/a came la/4#bdh ,secondly1 we "k t he 0 ! object ( wor%ip on ! ,kal5ds ( ,janu>y1 & probably ( e mon?1 & t ! sacrific+ prie/ 0 9 ?is case ! rex sacrorum4 ,?irdly1 we "k t he _h no temple until ! ye> #bfj ,b4,c41 b t he 0 associat$ ) ! fam\s gateway at ! nor?-ea/ end ( ! ,=um--n a gate 9 ! wall1 b a symbolic entrance to ! he>t ( ! city1 z ! r\nd temple ( ,ve/a at ! opposite end1 ) its et]nal fire1 0 symbolic ( ! common life ( ! community4 ,f\r?ly1 we "k a few cult-titles ( ,janus1 among !m ,clusius 7or ,clusivius71 & ,patulcius1 9 :i* ! connection ) gates is obvi\s2 ,junonius1 :i* may h orig9at$ 9 ! fact t ,juno also 0 wor%ipp$ on ! ,kal5ds2 ,matut9us1 :i* seems to be a late ref]5ce to ! dawn z ! op5+ or gate ( ! day1 & ,quir9us1 :i* la/ is also almo/ c]ta9ly ( late orig94 ,clusius & ,patulcius are g5u9e old titles1 if ! text ( ! ,salian hymn is rightly int]pret$2 s too is ano!r1 ,curiatius1 = x 0 us$ ( ! god only z resid+ 9 an anci5t gateway ne> ! ,subura call$ ! tigillum sororium4#bdi ,^! are all ! mo/ important facts we h to g ^u2 ! d\ble head ( ,janus on ! e>lie/ ,roman z is ( unc]ta9 orig91 & ,wiss[a seems to h conclusively %[n t ?is repres5tation 0 n admitt$ to ! gate call$ ,janus ,gem9us until t[>ds ! close ( ! republican p]iod4#bej ,! connection ( ! god ) ! =tress on ! hill across ! ,tib]1 :i* /ill be>s 8 "n1 admits ( no q satisfactory explanation4 ,n[ if we recall ! fact t ! entrance to ! h\se & ! entrance to a city 7 po9ts ( great mom5t1 & ! cause ( con/ant anxiety to ! e>ly ,italian m9d1 we may naturally inf] t !y w\ld be 9 ! c>e ( "s p>ticul> num51 & t 8 wor%ip w\ld be 9 ! c>e ( ! head ( ! family or community--9 ! case ( ! city1 9 ! c>e ( ! rex1 ^: duties ( ?is k9d 7 aft]w>ds tak5 ov] by ! prie/ call$ rex sacrorum4 ,! fact t ! ^w = an entrance 0 ianus confirms ?is conjecture2 ,janus 0 p]haps ! _s gu>d+ ! entrance to ! real wall ( ! e>lie/ city1 b :5 ! city 0 enl>g$ 9 ! age f :i* ! cal5d> dates1 a symbolic gateway 0 set up :]e y ent]$ ! =um f ! direction ( ,latium1 answ]+ to ! symbolic he>? 9 ! a$es ,ve/ae1 & ?is v naturally took ! "n ( ! deity associat$ ) entrances4 ,two o!r iani probably exi/$ 9 ! =um1 & ! "n 0 lat] on transf]r$ z a sub/antive to simil> objects 9 ,roman colonies1 :ile a fem99e =m1 ianua1 came to be us$ = ord9>y h\se entrances4#bea ,:e!r !re ev] 0 a cult ( ! god at ! real gateway ( a city we d n "k2 !re 0 none at ! symbolic gateway ( ,rome1 :i* 0 9 no s5se a temple4 ,b ! idea ( entrance /uck to ! old _s ( ! doorway long aft] ! recon/ruction ( ! city1 & ! rex n[ sacrifices to him on ! entrance-day ( ea* mon?1 & m p>ticul>ly on ! entrance-day ( ! mon? :i* be>s 8 "n & is ! beg9n+ ( ! natural ye> aft] ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,?is is ! be/ acc\nt to be _h ( ! orig9al ,janus1#beb a deity1 let x be rememb]$1 ( a simple agricultural & w>like p1 )\t lit]ature or philosophy4 ,b x is n difficult to see h[1 :5 philosophy & lit]ature did at la/ come 9 a second-h& =m to ?is p1 !y might well h ov]laid ) cobwebs ( /ory & speculation a deity = :om !y _h no long] any real use1 :o 0 be/ kn[n to !m by ! my/]i\s d\ble-head on ! z & ! gateway1 & = :om !y c\ld f9d no conclusive p>allel among ! gods ( ,greece4 ,next 9 ord] ( invocation to ,janus came ,jupit]1 & 8 prie/1 ! ,flam5 ,dialis1 0 likewise ! second 9 rank1 accord+ to anci5t rule1 aft] ! rex sacrorum4 ,unlike ,janus1 ,jupit] 7to use ! spell+ famili> 9 ,engl&7 0 at all times a great p[] = ! ,roman p1 & "o :o c\ld be all ! m valu$ because he 0 intelligible4 ,no "o d\bt$ !n1 & no "o d\bts n[1 t he 0 ! god ( ! light & ( heav51 ,diovis pat]1 or r p]haps ! heav5 itself#bec ) all its manife/ations ( ra9 & ?und]1 ( bless+ & damage to ! works ( man2 ! common inh]itance ( ! ,italian peoples1 dwell+ & wor%ipp$ 9 _! woods & on _! hills2 &1 z we "k n[1 also ! common inh]itance ( all ,aryan /ocks1 ! ,european ,sky-god1 z ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook has trac$ him ) le>n+ & +5uity f ! ,eux9e to ,brita94#bed ,jupit] mu/ h _h a long & important hi/ory 9 ,latium be=e ! era ( ! ,roman ,city-/ate2 ,dr4 ,fraz] has se5 ?is1 & set x =? 9 8 lectures on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! k+%ip1 ?\gh bas+ 8 conclusions on evid5ce mu* ( :i* w n be> a close exam9ation4#bee ,! "o sub/antial pro( ( x lies 9 ! unique & truly extraord9>y "* ( ! taboos plac$ on 8 flam51 & to "s ext5t on ! flam5's wife1 by ! ,roman ius div9um4 ,ev5 if we suppose t "s ( ^! may h be5 lat] inv5tions ( an ecclesia/ical college l ! pontifices 7& ?is is h>dly probable71 _m ( !m are obvi\sly ( remote antiquity1 & c only h orig9at$ at a "t :5 ! magical p[] ( ! man responsible = ! conduct ( ,jupit] 0 s preci\s t x _h to be safegu>d$ 9 ^! _m curi\s ways4 ,i h already sugge/$ t ! sc5e ( ! e>ly p>am\nt importance ( ,jupit] & 8 flam51 9 t age p]haps a k+ ( "s k9d1 0 ,alba ,longa1 :i* by univ]sal tradition 0 ! lead+ city ( ,latium be=e ,rome rose to importance1 & :]e ! sky-god 0 wor%ipp$ on 8 holy m\nta9 z ! religi\s c5tre ( ,latium f ! e>lie/ times4 ,i h also sugge/$ t :5 ! new w>like city on ! ,tib] took ! place ( ,alba1 ! wor%ip 0 transf]r$ ?i!r1 b lo/ its /r5g? 9 ! process1 & t ! flam5 0 little m ?an a survival ev5 9 ! mo/ primitive p]iod ( :at we may call = ! mom5t ,roman hi/ory4 ,?is c be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! traditions ( primitive ,rome 7 connect$ mu* m closely ) ,m>s ?an ) ,jupit]4 ,n till ,etruscan k+s f\nd$ ! great temple on ! ,capitol1 :i* 0 to endure ?r\gh\t all lat] ages ( ,roman dom9ion1 did ! sky-god become ! supreme gu>dian deity ( 8 p1 "u ! titles ( ,optimus ,maximus1 ! be/ & greate/ ( all h] deities4 ,b ,jupit] 0 !re2 & we "k c]ta9 facts ( 8 cult :i* give u a pretty cle> idea ( :at ! ,romans ( ! pre-,etruscan p]iod ?\ght ab\t him4 ,9 ! cal5d> all ,ides belong$ to him1 7 f]iae ,iovis2#bef he seems to be ! s\rce ( light1 :e!r ( sun or moon1 = nei!r ( :i* ! ,romans _h any special div9ity2 9 ! hymn ( ! ,salii he is address$ z ,lucetius1 ! giv] or s\rce ( light4 ,! fe/ivals ( ! v9tage belong$ to him1 s9ce ! production ( w9e specially ne$$ ! aid ( sun & light1 & 8 flam5 0 employ$ 9 ! cult on ^! occasions4#beg ,:5 ra9 0 sorely ne$$1 ! aid ( ! sky-god 0 s\ght "u ! cult-title ,elicius1 & z ,fulgur or ,summanus#beh he 0 ! ,p[] :o s5t ! lightn+ by day & by night4 ,! ideas ?us reflect$ 9 ! ,roman cult 7 common to all ,italian peoples ( ! same /ock2 ev]y:]e we f9d him wor%ipp$ on ! summits ( hills1 & 9 woods ( oak1 ilex1 or bee*1#bei :]e no?+ b ! trees he lov$ int]v5$ betwe5 ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,8 olde/ cult at ,rome 0 on ! ,capitol9e hill1 b at all times q di/9ct f t :i* became s fam\s aft]w>ds2 he 0 kn[n "h z ,f]etrius1 a cult-title ( :i* ! mean+ is unc]ta91#bfj & "h1 s f> z we c guess1 !re mu/ h be5 an anci5t oak reg>d$ ei!r z ! dwell+ ( ! num5 or z ! num5 himself1 ^u :i* ,romulus is said to h hung ! spolia opima tak5 f ! k+ ( ! ,ca595ses2#bfa "h we may see ! e>lie/ trace ( ! triumphal procession t 0 to be4 ,d\btless an ara 0 "h f ! fir/1 & !n foll[$ a t9y temple1 only fifte5 feet wide z ,dionysius describes x f p]sonal k 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1#bfb :o re/or$ x4 ,!re 0 no image ( ! god1 b 9 ! temple 0 kept a silex1 probably a /one celt believ$ to h be5 a ?und]bolt2#bfc ?is /one ! ,fetiales took ) !m on _! (ficial j\rneys1 & us$ x 9 ! oa?1 p] ,iovem lapidem1 ) :i* !y ratifi$ _! treaties4 ,z ! ,romans ?\ght ( ,jupit]1 n z a p]sonal deity liv+ 9 ! sky l ,zeus1 b r z ! heav5 itself1 s !y c\ld ?9k ( him z imman5t 9 ?is /one1 ,iuppit] lapis4 ,& ! use ( ! fl9t 9 treaty-mak+ sugge/s ano!r aspect ( ! god1 :i* he reta9$ 9 "o way or ano!r ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory2 x is 8 sanction t is call$ 9 to ! aid ( moral & legal obligations1 result+ f treaties1 oa?s1 & contracts su* z t ( m>riage4 ,z ,dius ,fidius he 0 invok$ 9 ! common ,roman oa? m$ius fidius2 z ,f>reus 7if ?is 7 an old cult-title7 he gave 8 sanction to ! solemn contract ent]$ into 9 ! anci5t =m ( m>riage by conf>reatio1 :]e 8 flam5 _h to be pres5t1 & :]e 9 all probability ! cake ( f> 0 eat5 z a k9d ( sacram5t by ! p>ties to ! cov5ant4#bfd ,9 mu* ( ?is x is tempt+ to see1 z we c see n[h]e else 9 ! ,roman religion1 fa9t traces ( a feel+ ab\t ! heav5-god br\ght f a remote pa/oral life "u ! op5 sky1 :]e nei!r =e/ nor m\nta9 int]v5$ to %elt] man f ! great ,pres5ce2#bfe & x is also tempt+ to ?9k t !re 0 "h1 ev5 = ,lat9s :o _h le>nt to wor%ip ,jupit] "u ! =m ( /ocks & /ones 9 ! l& ( _! f9al settlem5t1 "s *ance ( ! developm5t ( a deity mak+ = righte\sness4 ,?ird & f\r? 9 ! ord] ( invocation came ,m>s & ,quir9us1 & ! same ord] held good = _! flam9es4 ,^! two prie/s may h be5 subject to "s ( ! taboos :i* re/rict$ ! ,flam5 ,dialis2#bff !y too1 t is1 may h be5 to "s ext5t preci\s1 & h be5 end[$ 9 a lo/ p]iod ( hi/ory ) magical p[]s2 b if s1 ! memory & importance ( su* disabilities 0 rapidly =gott5 9 ! ,city-/ate1 & !y 7 e>ly all[$ to fill civil (fices1 a privilege :i* ! ,dialis did n atta9 till ! second c5tury ,b4,c4#bfg ,( ! sacrificial duties ( ! ,m>tialis we "k no?+ = c]ta91 & c get no help f him z to ! ideas ( ! e>ly ,romans ab\t _! great deity ,m>s4 ,m>s is 9 "s ways ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! ,roman deities2 b except z ! famili> w>-god ( ,roman hi/ory he rema9s a some:at d\btful conception4 ,l ,jupit] & ,janus he has atta9$ to a real "n2 b ( t "n1 :i* 9 v>i\s =ms is /ill s (t5 on our lips1 no conv9c+ acc\nt has ev] be5 giv54 ,comp>ative my?ology us$ to be mu* occupi$ ) him1 & he has be5 comp>$ ) ,indra1 ,apollo1 ,od91 & o!rs4 ,b z ,m4 ,re9a* said1 x is "t to att5d m closely to diff]5ces2 & ,m>s seems to /& be/ by himself1 z a g5u9e ,italian religi\s conception4 ,8 "n is f\nd all ov] anci5t ,italy 9 v>i\s =ms--,mavors1 ,mam]s1 ,m>mor1 & z ,c]fus ,m>tius at ,iguvium4 ,8 wild & w>like "*1 8 association ) ! wolf & ! spe>1 seem to sugge/ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce t mu/ h gone on among ! tribes t pu%$ d[n into a p59sula ( rugg$ m\nta9 & d5se =e/1 ab\nd+ ) ! wolves :i* are n yet :olly ext9ct !re4 ,:e!r or no 8 antec$5ts are to be f\nd 9 o!r l&s1 we %all n be f> wrong 9 assum+ t ! ,roman ,m>s 0 ! product ( life & exp]i5ce 9 ,italy1 & ,italy only4 ,!re is an excell5t g5]al acc\nt ( him 9 ,ros*]'s article 9 8 ,lexicon1 :i*1 l t on ,janus1 has ! advantage ( be+ ! result ( a second elaborate /udy1 free f ! enticem5ts ( ! comp>ative me?od4 ,:at we "k = c]ta9 ab\t 8 cult at ,rome 9 e>ly times c be v briefly /at$4 ,fir/1 we h ! /rik+ fact t he is conspicu\s1 toge!r ) ! ,l>es1 9 ! c>m5 :i* has come d[n to u z sung by ! ,arval ,bre?r5 9 _! lu/ration ( ! cultivat$ l& ( ! ,roman city3#bfh ,neve lu]ve ,m>mor s9s incurr]e 9 pleores1 satur fu f]e ,m>s6 ,"o is naturally incl9$ to ask h[ ?is wild & w>like _s c h any?+ to d ) cultivation & crops4 ,b !re is no mi/ake2 ! connection is confirm$ by ! fact t he is also ! *ief object ( invocation 9 ! private lu/ratio ( ! f>m1 :i* ,cato has pres]v$ = u4#bfi ,9 ea* case ! victims are ! same1 ! suovetaurilia ( ox1 %eep1 & pig1 ! f>m]'s mo/ valuable prop]ty4 ,aga91 let u rememb] t ! mon? :i* be>s 8 "n is t n only ( ! op5+ ( ! w> season1 b ( ! spr++ up ( vegetation1 & t ! dances & s++ ( ! ,salii at ?is "t may probably h be5 meant1 l simil> p]=mances ( savage peoples1#bgj to fright5 away evil demons f ! preci\s cultivat$ l& & its gr[+ produce1 & to call on ! ,p[] to wake to new life4 ,! clue to ! my/]y is p]haps to be f\nd 9 ! cult-title ,silvanus :i* we f9d 9 ! pray] set d[n by ,cato z prop] = ! protection ( ! cattle :5 !y are on _! summ] pa/ure 79 silva73 ,m>ti ,silvano 9 silva int]dius 9 capita s+ula b\m facito4#bga ,we "k t weal? 9 e>ly ,italy consi/$ *iefly ( %eep & cattle2 we "k t ^! 7 tak5 9 ! w>m mon?s1 z !y /ill are1 into ! =e/ 7saltus7 to fe$2#bgb & f ?is passage ( ,cato we "k t ,m>s 0 !re4 ,x is only go+ "o /ep f>!r if we conjecture t ,m>s1 l ,silvanus1 :o may h be5 an (f%oot ( 8 own be+1 0 = ! e>ly settl] nev] a peaceful inhabitant ( ! f>m or ! dwell+1 b a _s ( ! woodl& ( great importance = ! cattle-own]1 & ( great importance1 too1 9 all circumambulation ( ! b\nd>ies :i* divid$ ! woodl& f ! cultivat$ l&4#bgc ,b ) conjecture ,i deal on pr9ciple b sp>+ly4 ,x is "t to turn to ! ,m>s ( ! ,city-/ate ( ,rome2 & x is at once int]e/+ to f9d t until ! age ( ,augu/us1 :o introduc$ a new =m ( ,m>s-wor%ip1 he _h no temple )9 ! walls1 & ev5 outside only two fana1 "o an alt> 9 8 own field ! ,campus ,m>tius1 ! o!r a temple d$icat$ 9 #chh ,b4,c4 outside ! ,porta ,cap5a4 ,he 0 always wor%ipp$ outside ! city1 says ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] 9 8 ,religion ( ,numa1 z a god :o mu/ be kept at a di/ance4 ,%\ld we n r say t ! god 0 unwill+ to come )9 ^? sacr$ b\nd>ies encircl+ ! works ( man8 ,s /at$1 we may see 9 ?is s+ul> fact a rem9isc5ce ( ! "t :5 ,m>s 0 really ! wild _s ( ! outl&1 :]e wolves & human enemies might be met )2 he 0 p]haps 9 "s s5se a ho/is1 a /rang]1 l ! _m o!r deities orig9ally /range to ,rome :o1 until ! second ,punic w>1 7 nev] all[$ to settle )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts4#bgd ,9 "o s5se1 h[ev]1 ,m>s 0 actually resid5t 9 ! v he>t ( ! city4 ,9 a sacr>ium or *apel ( ! regia1#bge ! anci5t dwell+ ( ! k+1 7 kept ! spe>s & %ields :i* ! ,salii c>ri$ 9 _! processions 9 ,m>* & ,octob]2 & t ! deity 0 believ$ to be !re too mu/ be inf]r$ f ! fact1 if x be correctly /at$ by ,s]vius1 t ! consul :o 0 ab\t to take ! field ent]$ ! *apel & %ook ^! spe>s & %ields toge!r1 say+1 ,m>s vigila4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 r dispos$ to ?9k t ?is practice belongs to a "t :5 ,m>s 0 m di/9ctly recognis$ z a god ( w>1 & :5 ! weapons ( ! ,salii 7 ?\ght ( r z symbols ( 8 activity ?an z objects 9 :i* he 0 imman5t4#bgf ,^! are ! sali5t facts 9 ! olde/ cult ( ,m>s1 & !y are entirely 9 keep+ ) all we "k ( ! e>ly hi/ory & economy ( ! ,roman p--a p economically dep5d5t on agriculture1 & especially on cattle-bre$+1 liv+ 9 settlem5ts 9 ! mid/ ( a wild] c\ntry1 & con/antly liable to ! attacks ( enemies :o might raid _! cattle & de/roy _! crops4 ,i d n see 9 him only a deity ( agriculture1 or only a god ( w>2 9 my view he is a _s ( ! wild] regions1 :]e dwell ! wolf & woodpeck] :i* are connect$ ) him 9 leg5d3 a _s :o dwells on ! outskirts ( civilisation1 & c ) pr(it be propitiat$ bo? = help aga9/ ! enemies beyond1 & = ! protection ( ! crops & cattle )91 ! b\nd>ies ( human activity4 ,f\r? 9 invocations came ,quir9us1 & f\r? 9 ord] ( prec$5ce 0 8 flam54 ,b ( ,quir9us ,i ne$ say little2 !re is1 on ! :ole1 a cons5sus ( op9ion t he 0 a =m ( ,m>s belong+ to ! community settl$ on ! hill t /ill be>s 8 "n4 ,! mo/ conv9c+ pro( ( 8 id5tity ) ,m>s 7?\gh id5tity is d\btless too /rong a ^w7 lies 9 ! well-kn[n fact t !re 7 twelve ,salii ,coll9i1 i4e4 belong+ to ! ,collis ,quir9alis1 occupi$ ) ! cult ( ,quir9us1 answ]+ to ! twelve ,salii ,palat9i ( ! cult ( ,m>s4 ,quid de ancilibus ve/ris1 ,camillus says 9 ,livy's gl[+ rhetoric1 ,m>s ,gradive 7! p>ticul> cult-title ( ! w>like ,m>s71 tuque ,quir9e pat]8#bgg ,n[ ! ,quir9al 01 ( c\rse1 )9 ! walls1 & ! ,romans :o id5tifi$ ! two deities not$ ?is po9t ( contra/ ) ! ,m>s-cult2 = ,s]vius writes1 ,quir9us e/ ,m>s qui praee/ paci et intra civitatem colitur1 nam belli ,m>s extra civitatem templum habet4 ,9 keep+ ) ?is is ! use ( ! ^w ,quirites ( ! ,romans 9 _! civil capacity2 b unluckily we are altoge!r unc]ta9 z to ! etymology & hi/ory ( bo? ,quirites & ,quir9us4#bgh ,& z ,quir9us nev] became1 l ,m>s1 an important prop]ty ( ! ,roman p1 b 0 spe$ily obscur$ & only reviv$ by ! leg5d ( late orig9 :i* id5tifi$ him ) ,romulus1 he is n ( importance = my subject1 & ,i may leave him to etymologi/s & speculators4 ,!re is "o o!r deity ( :om ,i might naturally be expect$ to say some?+2 ,i mean ,juno4 ,b our famili>ity ) ,juno 9 ,roman lit]ature mu/ n be all[$ to lead u into believ+ too ra%ly t %e 0 "o ( ^? great num9a ( ! e>ly ,roman ,/ate ) :om ,i h j be5 deal+4 ,%e _h no special fe/ival 9 ! cal5d>2#bgi h] connection ) ! ,kal5ds %e %>$1 z we h se51 ) ,janus4 ,%e _h no special prie/ ( h] own2 = 9 spite ( all ass]tions t ! flam9ica ,dialis 0 atta*$ to h] cult1 ,i am conv9c$ t ,i 0 "r "s ye>s ago 9 ma9ta9+ t ?is is an error1 ?\gh a natural "o4#bhj ,x _c be prov$ t %e _h any anci5t temple 9 ! city2 = ! olde/ kn[n to u z /rictly indig5\s1 t ( ,juno ,moneta on ! arx1 0 n d$icat$ till #cdd ,b4,c41 & we d n "k t !re 0 an old] alt> on ! same spot4#bha ,assur$ly ,rome 0 n 9 e>ly times a great c5tre ( ! ,juno cult1 z 7 "s ( ! cities 9 h] neighb\rhood1 e4g4 ,lanuvium1 ,fal]ii1 & ,veii2#bhb & ! gradual e/abli%m5t ( h] position z a truly ,roman goddess may be expla9$ by h] appe>ance 9 ! trias ( deities 9 ! ,capitol9e temple at ! end ( ! regal p]iod1 & by ! removal to ,rome ( ,juno ,reg9a ( ,veii /ill lat]1 aft] ! de/ruction ( t city4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ,juno orig9ally to ! ,roman religi\s m9d8 ,!re is no m difficult "q ?an ?is 9 our :ole subject2 z we probe c>efully 9 ^? d>k ages %e baffles u cont9ually4 ,und\bt$ly %e 0 a woman's deity1 & we may aptly say ( h] v>ium et mutabile semp] fem9a4 ,! mo/ s+ul> fact we "k ab\t h] cult is t wom5 us$ to speak ( _! ,juno z m5 spoke ( _! ,g5ius2#bhc & x is n by any means impossible t ?is may be ! clue to ! orig9al ,italian conception ( h]4#bhd ,9 t case we %\ld h to expla9 h] appe>ance z a well-def9$ goddess 9 s _m ,lat9 t[ns1 z ! an?ropomorphis+ result ( t p5etration ( ,greek ideas into ,latium f ! s\?1 ( :i* ,i %all h some?+ to say lat] on4 ,su* ideas1 :5 !y rea*$ ,rome1 may h produc$ ! notion t %e 0 ! consort ( ,jupit]1 = :i* ,i mu/ confess t ,i c f9d no suffici5t evid5ce 9 ! e>ly cult ( ei!r4#bhe ,b ,i mu/ "h leave h]1 = 9 tru? %e does n belong to ?is lecture2 & x w\ld ne$ at lea/ "o :ole lecture to discuss h] adequately 9 all h] lat] aspects4 ,! late/ ,g]man discussion ( h] occupi$ sixty closely pr9t$ pages2 & in/ructive z x 0 9 "s ways1 arriv$ at ! app>5tly impossible conclusion t %e 0 a deity ( ! e>?4 ,la/ 9 ! ord] ( invocation1 ev5 to ! late/ days ( ,rome1 came ,ve/a1 ! only female deity among ! highe/ gods ( ! mo/ anci5t ,/ate1#bhf = ,juno c h>dly be reckon$ among !m1 & ,tellus _h no special cult or prie/hood ( h] own4 ,we h already notic$ ,ve/a z ! religi\s c5tre ( ! h\se1 mak+ x into a home 9 a s5se almo/ m vivid ?an t 9 :i* we use ! sacr$ ^w4 ,?r\gh all /ages ( developm5t f h\se to city ?is religi\s c5tre mu/ h be5 pres]v$1 & 9 ! ,rome ( hi/orical times ,ve/a 0 /ill !re1 inh]5t 9 h] sacr$ he>?-fire1 :i* 0 t5d$ by h] six virg9 prie/esses1 & r5ew$ on ! ,roman ,new ,ye>'s day 7,m>* #a7 by ! primitive me?od ( friction4#bhg ,! ,ve/als beyond d\bt repres5t$ ! unm>ri$ daught]s ( ! primitive ,lat9 family1 & ! p5us ,ve/ae1 a k9d ( ,holy ( ,holies ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 recall$ ! p5us or /ore-closet ( ! agricultural home2 ?is p5us 0 cleans$ on ,june #ae = ! reception ( ! fir/ fruits ( ! h>ve/1 & !n clos$ until ,june #g ( ! foll[+ ye>4#bhh ,^! & o!r simple duties ( ! ,ve/als1 all ( !m traceable to ! old life on ! f>m1 toge!r ) _! own sex & maid5hood1 pres]v$ ?is beautiful cult ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory f all contam9ation4 ,ve/a 9 h] a$es1 a r\nd dwell+ :i* 0 nev] a temple 9 ! te*nical s5se1 0 repres5t$ by no /atue1 & h] title ( ,mat] nev] sugge/$ to ! true ,roman wor%ipp] any?+ b h] mo!rly grace & b5efic5ce4#bhi ,f> m ?an any o!r cult1 t ( ,ve/a repres5ts ! reality & cont9uity ( ,roman religi\s feel+2 & ! rema9s ( h] late/ dwell+1 & ! /atues ( h] prie/esses ) no /atue ( h]self among !m1 may /ill give ! visitor to ! ,=um "s dim idea ( ! _s ( ,roman wor%ip4#bij ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,vi #bai ,arnobius 7v4 #aee7 =tunately m5tions t ?is /ory came f ! second book ( ,val]ius ,antias1 ^: bad reputation is well kn[n4 ,x 0 pla9ly meant to acc\nt = ! cult-title ( ,jupit] ,elicius1 & ! orig9 ( ! procuratio fulm9is1 & 0 inv5t$ by ,greeks or ,graecis+ ,romans at a "t 7#bnd c5tury ,b4,c47 :5 all rev]5ce = ! gods _h vani%$ z completely z 9 ,greece4 ,yet ,dr4 ,fraz] writes ( ,numa z an adept at br++ d[n lightn+ f heav5 7,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,k+%ip1 p4 #bjd74 #bbj ,on ?is subject1 ! evolution ( ! k ( ,god1 ,i may ref] to ,pr(essor ,gwatk9's ,gif=d ,lectures ( #aijd-e1 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh4 #bba ,! mean+ ( deus is well put by ,mr4 ,c4 ,bailey 9 8 sket* ( ,roman ,religion 7,con/able ,co471 p4 #ab4 #bbb ,guesses c be made ab\t ^!1 b little or no?+ is to be le>nt f !m to help u 9 ?is lecture4 #bbc ,i adh]e to :at 0 said 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #cab foll4 ,we d n "k1 & probably nev] %all "k1 ! orig9al deity conc]n$ 9 t fe/ival4 ,! ritual is :olly unlike t ( ! ru/ica ,faunalia 7,r4,f4 p4 #bef foll474 ,i believe t x dates f a "t ant]ior to ! =mation ( real gods--possibly f an aborig9al p :o did n "k any4 7,i am glad to see ?is view tak5 9 ! late/ summ>y ( ,g]man le>n+ on ?is subject1 ,e9leitung 9 die ,alt]tumswiss5s*aft1 by ,ga]cke & ,nord51 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfb47 ,at ! mom5t ( pr9t+ an int]e/+ discussion ( ! ,lup]calia1 by ,pr(4 ,deubn]1 :o treats x z a hi/orical gr[?1 9 :i* are embodi$ ideas & rites ( successive ages1 has appe>$ 9 ,ar*iv 7#aiaj1 p4 #dha foll474 ,see ,app5dix ,b4 #bbd ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 pp4 #agj & #bej foll4 #bbe ,/rabo1 p4 #afd4 ,cp4 ,us5]1 ,goett]nam51 p4 #bgg1 ^: comm5t is1 ,die ,goett] all] dies] ,/aemme w>5 'nam5los1' weil sie ni*t mit ,eig5nam5 sond]n dur* ,eig5s*aftsworte b5annt wurd54 ,fu] e95 grie*is*5 ,reis5d5 vor*ri/li*] ,zeit w>5 sie ni*t fassb>4 ,arnobius iii4 #dc1 ,gellius ii4 #bh4 #b are good passages = ! pr9ciple4 ,! latt] alludes to ! anxiety ( vet]es ,romani on ?is po9t1 ne alium pro alio nom9&o falsa religione populum allig>5t4 ,h5ce ! =mulae si deus si dea1 or sive quo alio nom9e fas e/ nom9>e1 ,s]v4 ,a54 ii4 #cea2 quisquis es1 ,a54 iv4 #egf4 ,see also ,f>nell1 ,evolution ( ,religion1 #ahd foll42 ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie1 p4 #aaj foll4 #bbf ,s]v4 ,a54 ii4 #cea4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k x is only an inf]5ce f ! want ( sub/antival names 9 s _m ,roman deities2 surely1 x w\ld be argu$1 ! pontifices mu/ h _h "s reason = ?is4 ,x is contradict$ by ! fact t 9 su* anci5t =mulae z t ( ! devotio 7,livy viii4 #i7 ! great gods are call$ by _! own names1 ?\gh ! army 0 9 ! field & 9 pres5ce ( ! enemy4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 an old idea t ! "n ( ! special tutel>y god ( ! city 0 nev] divulg$1 le/ he %\ld become captivus1 & t ! true "n ( ! city itself 0 unkn[n2 see ,macrob4 iii4 #i4 #b foll4 ,i believe t ^! ideas 7 enc\rag$ by ! pontifices1 b 7 n f\nd$ on fact4 #bbg ,= ! ,indigitam5ta see bel[1 p4 #aei2 ,r4,f4 p4 #cda2 ,r4 ,pet]'s able article 9 ,my?4 ,lex41 s4v4 ,s*ol>s d n seem to me to h reckon$ suffici5tly ) ! t5d5cy ( a legal prie/hood1 devot$ to ! /rict ma9t5ance ( religi\s m9utiae1 to elaborate & organise ! mat]ial = god-mak+ :i* 0 )9 _! rea*4 ,to judge by ! elaboration ( ! ritual at ,iguvium1 ! same t5d5cy mu/ h exi/$ 9 o!r k9dr$ ,italian communities1 bo? to develop rituali/ic prie/hoods1 & ?r\gh !m to elaborate ! ritual4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ! weak po9t ( ,us5]'s reason+ 9 8 ,goett]nam51 & z appli$ to ,roman deities x is ! weak po9t ( an int]e/+ article by von ,domaszewski1 repr9t$ 9 8 ,abh&lung5 zur roem4 ,religion1 p4 #aee foll4 #bbh ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,tellus is 9 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #aei foll4 #bbi ,r4,f4 p4 #ga2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #fca foll4 ,?is 0 a fe/ival ( ! populus z a :ole1 & also ( ea* ,curia1 l ! ,=nicalia 9 ,febru>y4 ,bo? 7 cle>ly agricultural 9 orig91 ?\gh ! ,curia z we "k x 0 probably an in/itution ( ! city4 ,i mu/ own t ,i am q unc]ta9 z to :at ! ?+ 0 :i* 0 orig9ally meant by ! ^w ,curia2 my fri5d ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] may h some?+ to say on ! subject 9 8 book on ! ,roman religion 9 ! ,ja/r[ s]ies4 #bcj ,diet]i*1 ,mutt] ,erde1 pp4 #aa & #gc foll4 #bca ,virg4 ,a54 iv4 #aff1 prima et ,tellus et pronuba ,iuno ,dant signum2 comm5t+ on :i* ,s]vius wrote1 quidam sane etiam ,tellurem praeesse nuptiis tradunt2 nam et 9 auspiciis nupti>um invocatur3 cui etiam virg9es1 vel cum ire ad domum m>iti coep]9t1 vel iam ibi positae1 div]sis nom9ibus vel ritu sacrificant4 ,!re is little d\bt t ,tellus is frequ5tly conceal$ "u ! names ( ,c]es1 ,dea ,dia1 etc4 ,= ,c]es & ,juno 9 m>riage rites1 see ,m>qu>dt1 ,privatleb51 p4 #di4 #bcb ,see bel[1 p4 #bjf foll42 ,macrob4 iii4 #i4 #aa2 ,deubn] 9 ,ar*iv1 #aije1 p4 #ff foll4 #bcc ,see ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione1 etc41 i4 p4 #ahh & reff4 7,! ref]5ce to ,gellius %\ld be iv4 #f4 #g1 n iv4 #fg47 ,l "s o!r op]ations ( ! ,roman religion1 ?is became a =m1 & 0 us$ z a k9d ( insurance1 :e!r or no !re _h be5 any omission2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #afj4 #bcd ,t ,c]es repres5t$ ! fructus is %[n by ! fact t 9 ! ,,xii4 ,tables ! man :o raid$ a field ( /&+ corn at night 0 made sac] to h]2 ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xviii4 #ab4 #bce ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #acd4 ,de ,m>*i1 op4 cit4 p4 #ace4 ,janus1 ,jupit]1 & ,juno are conc]n$ 9 ?is rite1 ,c]es com+ la/4 ,v>ro has pres]v$ ! "p ( ,tellus = u3 quod humatus non sit1 h]$i porca praecidanea suscipi5da ,telluri et ,c]]i1 alit] familia non pura e/ 7ap4 ,nonium1 p4 #afc74 #bcf ,! v]ses are quot$ by ,diet]i*1 ,mutt] ,erde1 p4 #ge1 among o!rs f ,bue*el]'s ,an?ology ( ,roman ,epitaphs1 ,nos4 #aedd & #adgf4 ,! /ory is told 9 ,suetonius' ,life ( ,tib4 c4 #ge1 & aga9 ( ,galli5us by ,aurelius ,victor 7,caes4 c4 #cc74 #bcg ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #cbf1 :o notes t ! ,romans !mselves d]iv$ ! ^w f filum1 a fillet2 e4g4 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #hd1 quod 9 ,latio capite velato erant semp]1 ac caput c9ctum habebant filo4 ,mod]n etymologi/s equate ! ^w ) ,brahman4 #bch ,?us ! ,flam5 ,quir9alis sacrific$ at ! ,robigalia1 ,r4,f4 p4 #hi1 & ) ! ,pontifices & ,ve/als took "p 9 ! ,consualia1 ,m>q4 #cce4 #bci ,we may note "h t ! mo/ g5]al ,lat9 "n = a prie/ 0 sac]dos1 :i* seems to h exclud$ all magic1 etc42 x means an (fice sanction$ by ! ,/ate4 ,on ! g5]al "q ( ! orig9 ( prie/hood see ,jevons1 ,introduction1 etc41 *4 xx41 ) ^: explanations1 h[ev]1 ,i _c entirely agree4 ,i %\ld pref] to keep ! ^w prie/ = an (ficial :o sacrifices & prays to 8 god4 ,9 ?is view ,i am at "o ) ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]tums1 i4#b p4 #aba foll4 ,god & prie/ g toge!r z p]man5t1 regul> 9 function1 & entru/$ by a community ) c]ta9 duties4 #bdj ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #ahj2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dbg4 ,! popa or victim>ius is se5 9 _m arti/ic repres5tations ( sacrifice1 e4g4 ,s*reib]1 ,atlas ( ,classical ,antiquities1 plate xvii4 figs4 #a & #c4 #bda ,jevons1 *4 xx42 ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 i4 #bde foll41 & ,lectures on ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,k+%ip1 ,lectures ii4 & v4 #bdb ,virg4 ,a54 viii4 #ceb4 #bdc ,9 a valuable pap] 9 8 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung5 7p4 #bhd7 ,wiss[a says t p]sonal conception ( deity is absolutely /range to ! old ,roman religion ( ! di indigetes4 ,i believe ?is to be ess5tially true2 b my po9t is t localisation & ritual prep>$ ! way = ! reception ( ,greek ideas ( p]sonality4 ,! process _h already begun 9 ! religion ( ! h\se2 b x 0 n likely !re to come 9 contact ) =eign g]ms4 ,:5 ,janus & ,ve/a1 :o 7 9 e h\se 7,wiss[a1 p4 #bhe71 7 localis$ 9 c]ta9 po9ts 9 a city1 !y w\ld be f> m likely to acquire p]sonality1 if su* an idea came 9 _! way1 ?an 9 ! wor%ip ( ! family4 #bdd ,aug4 ,civ4 ,dei1 vii4 #bh1 quem alii caelum1 alii dix]unt esse mundum4 ,dr4 ,fraz]1 cit+ ?is passage 7,k+%ip1 p4 #bhf7 9 support ( 8 view t ,janus 0 a duplicate ( ,jupit]1 has omitt$ to notice t "s !oris]s fanci$ he 0 ! univ]se1 :i* by itself is en\gh to betray ! delusive nature ( ?is k9d ( !ological speculation4 ,v>ro else:]e gives u a clue to ! liability ( ,janus to be exalt$ 9 ?is unnatural fa%ion1 ,l4,l4 vii4 #bg1 divum deo 79 ! ,salian hymn71 if ?is be tak5 z ref]r+ to ,janus1 z x may be1 comp>+ ,macrob4 i4 #i4 #ad4 ,b ?is is easily expla9$ by ! position ( ,janus 9 pray]s2 cp4 ,cic4 ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #bg4 #fg1 cum 9 omnibus rebus vim hab]5t maximam prima et extrema1 pr9cipem 9 sacrific&o ,ianum esse volu]unt4 ,! phrase ,deorum or ,divum deus is inde$ rem>kable1 & unp>allel$ 9 ,roman wor%ip2 b no "o acqua9t$ ) ,roman or ,italian ritual w = a mom5t suspect x ( mean+ ,god ( gods 9 ei!r a ,*ri/ian or metaphysical s5se4 ,i %all h occasion to notice ! peculi> use ( ! g5itive case & ( g5itival adjectives 9 wor%ip lat] on4 ,see bel[1 p4 #aec foll4 #bde ,fa/i1 i4 #hi foll42 ,r4,f4 p4 #bha foll4 #bdf ,fraz]1 l4c4 7a page ( :i* e l9e appe>s to me to be writt5 "u a complete misappreh5sion ( ! "r me?ods ( rese>* into ! nature ( ,roman gods72 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 ,classical ,review1 vol4 xviii4 #cfg foll42 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway1 ,:o 7 ! ,romans8 p4 #ab1 :]e1 among o!r rem>kable /atem5ts1 ,janus is confid5tly said to h be5 introduc$ at ,rome by ! ,sab9e ,numa1 & !re=e to h be5 a ,sab9e deity1 an assumption q irreconcilable ) ^? ( ,dr4 ,fraz] & ,mr4 ,cook4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ ) su* speculations is a s5sible pap] on ,janus 9 ,m4 ,t\ta9's ,etudes de my?ologie et d'hi/oire1 p4 #aie foll4 7,p>is1 #aiji74 #bdg ,dr4 ,fraz] is aw>e ( ?is2 see 8 ,k+%ip1 p4 #bhe1 note #a4 ,see also ,ros*] 9 ,my?4 ,lex41 s4v4 ,janus1 p4 #de foll4 #bdh ,= ! evid5ce = ?is & ! foll[+ facts1 see ,ros*]'s article j cit$1 or ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ia foll42 cp4 ,r4,f4 p4 #bhj foll4 ,! cult epi!ts ( ,janus are ?us expla9$ by von ,domaszewski1 ,abh&lung51 p4 #bbc1 note #a1 ,bei ,ianus tritt regelmaessig d] ,begriff des ,wes5s h9zu1 dess5 ,wirkung er von ,anfang an be/immt1 s ,i4 ,consevius d] ,anfang d] 9 ,consus wirk5d5 ,kraft1 und 9 d]selbe ,weise ,i4 ,iunonius1 ,matut9us1 etc4 ,?is is reasonable1 b x does n suit ) ,i4 ,patulcius-,clusius1 & ,i _c accept x ) confid5ce at pres5t4 #bdi ,ros*]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cd4 #bej ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #bhd foll4 #bea ,fe/us1 p4 #ahe4 #beb ,x is due to ! good s5se & le>n+ ( ,dr4 ,ros*]2 he _h previ\sly1 :5 work+ on ! old me?ods1 tri$ to prove t ,janus 0 a w9d-god 7,h]mes d] ,w9dgott1 ,leipzig1 #ahgh72 b a m se>*+ inquiry into ! ,roman evid5ce1 :5 ! prepossessions _h left him :i* ! comp>ative me?od is s likely to produce1 br\ght him to ! view ,i h expla9$ 9 outl9e1 :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 ! ma9 by ,wiss[a1 ,au/1 & ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t]1 z well z by myself 9 ,r4,f4 ,! la/ ^w ab\t s puzzl+ a deity c ( c\rse nev] be said2 b if we indulge 9 speculations ab\t him we mu/ use ! ,roman evid5ce ) adequate k ( ! criticism x ne$s4 #bec ,?is diff]5ce betwe5 ,zeus & ,jupit] has be5 po9t$ out by ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ajj2 ,jupit] /&s = ! heav5 ev5 9 classical ,lat9 lit]ature1 z we all "k4 #bed ,see 8 pap]s 9 ! ,classical ,review1 vol4 xvii4 #bgj & xviii4 #cfe foll41 & 9 ,folklore1 vol4 xv4 #cja2 xvi4 #bfj foll4 #bee ,k+%ip1 p4 #aif foll4 #bef ,macrobius i4 #ae4 #ad4 ,9 hi/orical times a :ite victim1 ovis idulis1 0 tak5 to ! ,capitol by ! via sacra 9 procession 7,ov4 ,fa/i1 i4 #ef4 #ehh74 ,fe/us says t "s d]iv$ ! t]m via sacra f ?is procession 7p4 #bij72 & to ?is ,horace may be allud+ 9 ,ode iii4 #cj4 #h1 dum ,capitolium ,sc&et cum tacita virg9e pontifex4 #beg ,r4,f4 pp4 #hf1 #bjd4 #beh ,r4,f4 p4 #afj4 #bei ,no d\bt ,jupit] 0 specially connect$ ) ! oak1 z ,mr4 ,cook has %[n ) great le>n+ 9 ! pap] cit$ above1 note #cf2 b at ,rome he _h an anci5t %r9e among bee*es1 & 0 kn[n z ,i4 ,fagutalis3 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #aeb2 ,paulus #hg4 ,= ,i4 ,vim9alis1 see ,r4,f4 p4 #bbi4 #bfj ,see ,au/'s article ,jupit] 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 p4 #fgc4 #bfa ,au/ gives a cut ( a co9 ( ! consul ,claudius ,m>cellus 7#bbc ,b4,c47 d$icat+ spolia opima 9 ?is little temple1 accord+ to ! anci5t fa%ion1 suppos$ to be initiat$ by ,romulus1 ,livy i4 #aj4 #bfb ,dionys4 ,hal4 ii4 #cd4 #bfc ,r4,f4 p4 #bcj4 #bfd ,see ,de ,m>*i's c>eful inve/igation1 ,la ,religione1 etc41 i4 p4 #aef foll42 ,gaius i4 #aab4 ,! cult-title %\ld indicate t ! god 0 believ$ to be imman5t 9 ! cake ( f>1 r ?an t x 0 (f]$ to him 7s ,i %\ld also take ,i4 ,dapalis1 ?\gh 9 lat] times ! idea _h pass$ into t ( sacrifice1 ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #acb71 & if s1 ! use ( ! cake 0 sacram5tal2 cp4 ! rite at ! ,lat9 fe/ival1 ,r4,f4 p4 #if4 #bfe ,!re are di/9ct traces ( a practice ( tak+ oa?s 9 ! op5 air1 i4e4 "u ! sky2 ( ,dius ,fidius1 unque/ionably a =m ( ,jupit]1 ,v>ro says 7,l4,l4 v4 #ff71 quidam negant sub tecto p] hunc deiur>e oport]e4 ,cp4 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #bh2 ,r4,f4 p4 #ach4 ,= ! conception ( a s+le great deity z primitive1 see ,lang1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion1 *4 xii42 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,religion ( ,egypt 79 ,con/able's %ill+ s]ies71 *4 i42 ,ross1 ,! ,orig9al ,religion ( ,*9a1 p4 #abh foll42 ,w>neck1 ,die ,leb5skraefte des ,evangeliums1 p4 #bj 7( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago74 ,! la/ ref]5ce ,i owe to ,pr(essor ,pat]son1 ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 #bff ,s]v4 ,a54 viii4 #eeb1 m enim vet]i sacrorum neque ,m>tialis flam5 neque ,quir9alis omnibus ca]imoniis t5ebantur quibus flam5 ,dialis1 neque diurnis sacrificiis di/9ebatur4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t "u ! ^w ca]imonia ,s]vius is n "h includ+ taboos1 b active duties only4 #bfg ,see my pap]1 ,! ,/range ,hi/ory ( a ,flam5 ,dialis1 9 ,classical ,review1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aic4 #bfh ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #bf4 #bfi ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #ada2 ,h5z51 op4 cit4 p4 #dh4 #bgj ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 iii4 #abc1 note #c2 ,r4,f4 p4 #dj1 = fur!r examples4 ,x may be wor? :ile to po9t out "h t ! c\pl+ ( all f>m animals except goats took place 9 spr+ or e>ly summ]2 ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 ii4 #b foll4 ,isidorus 7,orig4 v4 #cc71 :o embodies ,v>ro & ,v]rius to "s ext5t1 d]iv$ ! "n ,m>s f m>es1 because 9 ! mon? ( ,m>* cuncta animalia ad m>es aguntur4 #bga ,i pref]1 ) ,de ,m>*i1 to take ,silvanus "h z a cult-title1 ?\gh we d n meet ) x else:]e2 see ,la ,religione1 etc41 p4 #acj note2 b ,wiss[a1 :o has a prejudice aga9/ ! view t ,m>s 0 connect$ ) agriculture1 insi/s on tak+ ,m>ti ,silvano z a case ( asyndeton1 i4e4 z two deities4 #bgb ,see1 e4g41 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #cf1 quos agros non colebant propt] silvas aut id g5us1 ubi pecus possit pasci1 et possidebant1 ab usu salvo saltus nom9>unt4 #bgc ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #ada4 ,m>s is !re invok$ z able to keep (f 7av]runc>e7 evil influ5ces & to make ! crops gr[1 etc42 he has become 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 a p[]ful deity 9 ! actual processes ( husb&ry1 j z he became 9 ! city a p[]ful deity ( w>4 ,b z he 0 n localis$ ei!r on ! f>m or 9 ! city1 ,i pref] to ?9k t he 0 orig9ally conceiv$ z a ,p[] outside ! b\nd>y 9 ea* case1 b = t v reason all ! m to be propitiat$ by ! settl]s )9 x4 #bgd ,see bel[1 p4 #bce4 #bge ,s ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #aca4 ,cp4 ,r4,f4 p4 #ci1 note #d4 ,deubn] 9 ,ar*iv1 #aije1 p4 #ge4 #bgf ,s]vius1 comm5t+ on l9e #c ( ,a54 viii4 7utque impulit arma7 writes3 nam is qui belli suscep]at curam1 sacr>ium ,m>tis +ressus1 primo ancilia commovebat1 po/ ha/am simulacri ipsius1 dic5s1 ,m>s vigila4 ,! m5tion ( a /atue %[s t ?is acc\nt belongs to a late p]iod4 ,b ,v>ro seems to h /at$ t !re 0 orig9ally only a spe>2 see a passage ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! ,ant4 r]4 div41 ,agahd1 p4 #baj1 to :i* ,deubn] 7l4c47 adds ,arnobius vi4 #aa4 ,deubn] calls ?is spe> a feti%1 :i* is n ! "r ^w if ! deity 7 imman5t 9 x 9 ! s5se sugge/$ by ,m>s vigila4 ,see above1 p4 #aaf4 ,if ,s]vius correctly reports ! practice1 x mu/ be comp>$ ) ! cla%+ ( %ields & spe>s by ! ,salii1 :i* may ?us h _h a positive z well z negative object4 #bgg ,livy v4 #eb4 #bgh ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook 7,classical ,review1 #aijd1 p4 #cfh7 has tri$ to connect bo? names ) ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 pr9os1 & ,pr(essor ,conway1 quot$ by him1 is incl9$ to l5d ! weight ( 8 great au?ority to ! conjecture4 ,?us ,quir9us w\ld be an oak-god1 & ,quirites oak-spe>m54 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t ,mr4 ,cook is1 s to speak1 on an oak sc5t1 & 8 ke5ness z a hunt] leads him sometimes a/ray4 ,"o is a little p]plex$ to und]/& :y ,jupit]1 ,janus1 ,m>s1 & ,quir9us %\ld all be oak-gods 7& all 9 orig9 id5tical z su*674 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is fair to note t ! orig9al spe> 0 probably ( wood1 ) ! po9t h>d5$ 9 ! fire1 l ! ha/a praeu/a ( ! ,fetiales3 ,fe/us1 p4 #aja4 ,if quiris has really any?+ to d ) oaks1 x w\ld be m natural to expla9 ! two words z spr++ f an old place-"n1 ,quirium1 z ,niebuhr did long ago1 & to d]ive t aga9 f ! oaks among :i* x may h /ood4 ,b ,i am cont5t to take quiris z simply a spe>1 z ,bue*el] did2 see ,deubn]1 op4 cit4 p4 #gf4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt51 ! article ,quir9us by ,wiss[a 9 ! ,my?4 ,lex4 has appe>$4 ,naturally x does n add any?+ to our k2 b ,wiss[a holds to ! op9ion t ! mo/ probable d]ivation ( ! "n ,quir9us is f ,quirium1 possibly ! "n ( ! settlem5t on ! ,quir9al2 & comp>es ,q4 pat] 7e4g4 ,livy v4 #eb4 #g7 ) ! ,reat9us pat] ( ,c4,i4,l4 ix4 #dfgf4 #bgi ,! ,nonae ,caprot9ae 7,july #g71 ! day :5 wom5 sacrific$ to ,juno ,caprot9a "u a wild fig-tree 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 is n kn[n to u except f ,v>ro4 ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #agh1 :]e 7note #h7 is a sugge/ion t ! fe/ival _h to d ) ! caprificatio1 or me?od ( rip5+ ! figs1 :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] has exp&$ 9 8 ,lectures on ,k+%ip1 p4 #bgj1 believ+ ! process to be t ( f]tilisation4 #bhj ,classical ,review1 vol4 ix4 p4 #dgd foll4 ,! same view has rec5tly be5 tak5 indep5d5tly by ,w4 ,otto 9 ,philologus1 #aije1 pp4 #bae foll41 #bba4 ,x is p]fectly cle> t ! mon?ly sacrifice to ,juno 0 ! duty ( ! wife ( ! rex sacrorum2 a pontifex m9or is also m5tion$ 7,macrob4 i4 #ae4 #ai74 #bha ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #aaf4 #bhb ,ib4 p4 #aad4 #bhc ,see ,ihm's article ,iunones 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 vol4 ii4 #fae2 ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 ii4 #af4 #bhd ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] tells me t he has ab&on$ ?is explanation ( ! evolution ( ,juno4 ,on ! o!r h&1 von ,domaszewski seems 9 "s measure to accept x 7,abh&lung51 p4 #afi foll471 :5 he says t simil> functions1 :5 ex]cis$ by diff]5t num9a1 c ev5tually produce a god4 ,auf diese ,weise i/ ,iuno geword54 ,he means t ! creative p[] is call$ ,juno 9 a woman1 or 9 a p 7,iuno ,populonia71 or 9 ! curiae 7,iuno ,curitis71 & t an indep5d5t deity1 ,juno p> excell5ce1 em]ges f all ^!4 ,b s f> ,i _c foll[ him4 #bhe ,!re is no real evid5ce f purely ,roman s\rces ( ?is fanci$ conjugal or o!r relation1 if we exclude t ( ! alleg$ cult ( ,juno by ! ,flam9ica ,dialis4 ,?is has be5 well se5 & express$ by ,w4 ,otto1 l4c4 p4 #bae foll42 see also ,classical ,review z quot$ above4 ,z we %all see 9 ! next lecture1 ,dr4 ,fraz] is mu* conc]n$ to %[ t ,jupit] & ,juno are actually a m>ri$ pair1 & consequ5tly he w h no?+ to d ) my op9ion on ?is po9t3 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,k+%ip1 p4 #bad foll41 & ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 ed4 #b1 p4 #daj1 note #a4 #bhf ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ada4 #bhg ,fe/us1 p4 #ajf2 ,macrob4 i4 #ab4 #f4 #bhh ,i h discuss$ ! ,ve/alia & ! nature ( ,ve/a & h] cult 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #ade foll4 ,see also ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #ccf foll41 & ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ada foll4 #bhi ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #bif1 says t he _h be5 /upid en\gh to believe t !re 0 a /atue 9 ! a$es ,ve/ae1 b f\nd out 8 mi/ake3-- esse diu /ultus ,ve/ae simulacra putavi2 mox didici curvo nulla subesse ?olo4 ,! passage is int]e/+ z %[+ h[ natural x 0 = a ,roman ( ! ,graeco-,roman p]iod to suppose t 8 deities mu/ be capable ( tak+ iconic =m4 ,= an?ropomorphic repres5tations ( ,ve/a 9 o!r places & at ,pompeii1 see ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #fg foll4 #bij ,see ,lanciani1 ,ru9s & ,excavations ( ,anci5t ,rome1 p4 #bbc foll4 ,! /atues ( ! virg9es ve/ales maximae1 discov]$ 9 ! ,atrium ,ve/ae1 all belong to ! p]iod ( ! ,empire4 ,!y are n[ 9 ! museum ( ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian4 ,,lecture ,,vii ,,! ,,deities ,,( ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,religion3 ,,g5]al ,,*>act]i/ics ,9 ! la/ lecture we int]rogat$ ! cal5d> z to ! deities ^: fe/ivals are record$ 9 x1 ) ! aid ( :at we "k ( ! mo/ anci5t prie/hoods atta*$ to p>ticul> cults4 ,! result may be /at$ ?us3 we f\nd a numb] ( imp]sonal num9a1 ) names ( adjectival =m1 su* z ,saturnus1 ,v]tumnus1 & s on2 o!rs ) sub/antival names1 ,tellus1 ,robigus1 ,t]m9us2 ! =m] app>5tly functional deities1 conc]n$ 9 ! op]ations ( nature or man1 & ! latt] spirits imman5t 9 objects--,"m ,e>? h]self1 a /one1 ! mildew1 or 7l ,janus & ,ve/a7 ! entrance & ! he>?-fire ( human dwell+s or cities4 ,la/ly1 we f\nd f ! evid5ce1 *iefly ( ! prie/hoods1 t c]ta9 m important div9ities /& out f ! cr[d ( spirits1 ,janus1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,quir9us1 & ,ve/a2 & we f\nd "s reason to ?9k t ^!1 & possibly a few ( ! o!rs1 by becom+ ! objects ( prie/ly cura & ca]imonia at p>ticul> spots 9 ! city1 7 n unlikely to become also 9 "s s5se p]sonal deities1 to acquire a quasi-human p]sonality1 if !y came by ! *ance4 ,9 ! pres5t lecture ,i mu/ g r m closely into su* evid5ce z we possess be>+ on ! m5tal conception :i* ^! e>ly ,romans _h =m$ ( ! div9e be+s :om !y _h admitt$ )9 _! city4 ,&1 fir/1 we mu/ be q cle> t 9 ^? e>ly ages !re 0 no?+ 9 ,rome :i* we c call a temple1 z we und]/& ! ^w2 nor 0 !re any su* repres5tation ( a deity z we c call an image or eidolon4 ,! deities 7 settl$ 9 p>ticul> spots ( gr\nd1 :i* 7 made loca sacra1 i4e4 h&$ ov] to ! deity by ! process ( consecratio au?oris$ by ! ius div9um4#bia ,x 0 matt] ( no mom5t :at might be erect$ on ?is bit ( gr\nd2 !re might be a rude h\se l t ( ,ve/a1 r\nd 9 %ape l ! olde/ ,italian huts2 !re might be a gateway l t ( ,janus2 or ! spot might be a grove1 or a cle>+ )9 x 7lucus71 z 9 ! case ( ,robigus or ! ,dea ,dia ( ! ,arval ,bre?r54 ,all su* places might be call$ by ! g5]al "n fanum2 & z a rule no d\bt ea* fanum conta9$ a sacellum1 i4e4 a small enclosure )\t a ro(1 conta9+ a little alt> 7ara74 ,^! alt>s may at fir/ h be5 no?+ m ?an tempor>y erections ( turf & sods2 p]man5t /one alt>s 7 probably a lat] developm5t4 ,s]vius tells u t 9 lat] times x 0 ! cu/om to place a sod 7caespes7 on ! top ( su* a /one alt>1 :i* mu/ be "o ( ! _m survivals 9 cult ( ! usages ( a simpl] age4#bib ,) su* spots z ^! we _c associate any?+ 9 ! nature ( an image ( ! deity e/abli%$ !re2 & we h e reason to believe t no su* ?+ 0 kn[n at ,rome until ! ,etruscan temple ( ! ,capitol9e trias 0 built ne> ! end ( ! regal p]iod4 ,v>ro expressly decl>$ t ! ,romans rema9$ = m ?an #agj ye>s )\t any images ( _! gods1 & add$ t ^? :o fir/ introduc$ su* images civitatibus suis et metum dempsisse et errorem addidisse4#bic ,:at he _h 9 8 m9d is cle>2 he _h inde$ no direct k ( ^? e>ly times1 b he is ?9k+ ( a def9ite traditional date 9 ! k+ly p]iod--! la/ ye> ( ! reign ( ,t>qu9ius ,priscus1 :o1 accord+ to ,v>ro's own acc\nt1 built ! temple on ! ,capitol & plac$ 9 x a /atue ( ,jupit]4#bid ,t 0 ! olde/ image ( :i* he knew any?+2 &1 z ,wiss[a has rem>k$1 8 belief is entirely corroborat$ by ! fact t 9 e s+le case 9 :i* ! image ( a god has any "p 9 8 cult1 x is always ei!r ?is ,capitol9e ,jupit] or "s deity ( lat] introduction & non-,roman orig94 ,x is also borne out by ano!r significant & int]e/+ fact--t ! next image to be introduc$1 t ( ,diana 9 ! temple on ! ,av5t9e1 0 a copy ( ! ,greek3 xoanon ( ,artemis at ,massilia1 itself a copy ( ! fam\s "o at ,ephesus4#bie ,let u note t ^! two e>lie/ /atues 7 plac$ 9 ro($ temples :i* 7 ! dwell+-places ( gods 9 an entirely new s5se2 s f> no ,roman deity ( ! city _h be5 s h\s$1 because he c\ld n be ?\ght ( 9 t]ms ( human life1 z visible 9 human =m & ne$+ %elt]4 ,b ?is lat] & =eign notion ( div9ity s completely took possession ( ! m9ds ( ! ,romans ( ! cosmopolitan city t ,v>ro is ! only writ] :o has pres]v$ ! tradition ( ! old] way ( ?9k+4 ,9 ! religion ( ! family ,ovid inde$ has *>m+ly express$ x1 p]haps on ! au?ority ( "s lo/ passage ( ,v>ro#bif3-- ante focos olim scamnis consid]e longis mos erat1 et m5sae cr$]e adesse deos4 ,tibullus 9 "o passage has m5tion$ :at seems to be "s rude attempt to give outw>d %ape & =m to an anci5t pa/oral deity#big3-- lacte mad5s illic sub]at ,pan ilicis umbrae et facta agre/i lignea falce ,pales4 ,& ,prop]tius h9ts at a l repres5tation ( ,v]tumnus1 ! g>d5 deity4 ,b )\t "s corroborative evid5ce x is h>dly safe to take ^! z g5u9e examples ( e>ly iconic wor%ip4 ,?us we may take x z c]ta9 t ev5 ! great] deities ( ! cal5d>1 ,janus1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,quir9us1 & ,ve/a1 7 n ?\ght ( z exi/+ 9 any s5se 9 human =m1 nor z p]sonal be+s hav+ any human *>act]i/ics4 ,! e>ly ,romans 7 de/itute ( my?ological fancy1 & z !y _h nev] _h _! deities pres5t$ to !m 9 visible =m1 c\ld h>dly h inv5t$ su* /ories ab\t !m z sprang up 9 a mo/ abundant crop :5 ,greek lit]ature & ,greek art _h *ang$ _! m5tal view ( div9ity4 ,roman leg5ds 7 occupi$ ) practical matt]s1 ) k+s & ! f\ndation ( cities2 & ev5 among ^! x is h>dly possible to detect ^? :i* may be really ,roman1 = !y are hidd5 away1 l rude anci5t frescoes1 "u ! elaborate decorations ( ! ,greek arti/s1 :o seiz$ ^u ev]y?+ t came to h&1 includ+ ! old deities !mselves1 to amuse !mselves & w9 ! admiration ( _! dull pupils at ,rome4 ,he :o w\ld appreciate ! difficulty ( gett+ at ! orig9al rude draw+s mu/ be well acqua9t$ ) ! decorative activity ( ! ,alex&rian age4 ,?us we might well presume a priori t ! old ,roman gods 7 n conceiv$ z m>ri$ pairs1 nor z hav+ *ildr52 & ?is is inde$ ! conclusion at :i* we h arriv$ aft] half a c5tury or m ( mo/ c>eful & consci5ti\s inve/igation by a s]ies ( ,g]man s*ol>s4 ,b q rec5tly 9 ?is c\ntry ! contr>y view has be5 put =w>d by an au?or ( no less weight ?an ,dr4 ,fraz]2 & ano!r em95t ,cambridge s*ol>1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 evid5tly incl9es to ! same view4 ,i %\ld 9 any case be reluctant to engage 9 controv]sy ) two valu$ p]sonal fri5ds2 b x is j possible t 9 :at foll[s ,i may be able to ?r[ "s fa9t light on ! evolution ( ! idea ( m>riage among div9e be+s2 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is ,i am cont5t = ! mom5t to be controv]sial4 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s argum5ts1 ) /rictures on my op9ions1 w be f\nd 9 an app5dix to 8 book on ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 #bnd edition4 ,9 pure animism ! spirits are nameless2 :5 _! resid5ce & functions are m cle>ly recognis$ !y acquire names1 & ^! names are naturally mascul9e or fem99e among peoples ^: language is n g5d]less1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,sum]ians ( ,babylonia4#bih ,?is w\ld seem to be ! fir/ /ep on ! pa? to a p]sonal conception ( div9ity4 ,b !re are signs t ! ,romans _h n got v f> on ?is pa? :5 we beg9 to "k any?+ ab\t _! religion4 ,i h already allud$ to ! =mula ,sive deus sive dea1 :i* occurs 9 ! ritual ( ! ,fratres ,arvales1 9 ! =mula giv5 by ,cato = mak+ a new cle>+1 & else:]e2#bii & inde$ !re seems to h be5 always "s unc]ta9ty ab\t ! sex ( "o or two well-kn[n deities1 su* z ,pales & ,pomonus or ,pomona4#cjj ,x is n1 !re=e1 a priori probable t ! process ( p]sonalisation 7if ,i may co9 ! ^w7 %\ld h proce$$1 at ! p]iod we are treat+ (1 s f> z to ascribe to ^! nam$ deities ( bo? sexes ! *>act]i/ics ( human be+s 9 social life & int]c\rse4 ,yet ,v>ro1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] po9ts out1 is quot$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e z say+ t 8 ance/ors 7t is1 z ,augu/9e adds71 vet]es ,romanos1 believ$ 9 ! m>riage ( gods & 9 _! procreative p[]4#cja ,if ,v>ro wrote maiores meos1 z he seems to h done1 ( :om 0 he really ?9k+8 ,0 ,augu/9e's comm5t bas$ on ! re/ ( ,v>ro's text1 or 0 he jump+ to a conclusion :i* w\ld naturally s]ve 8 own purpose8 ,v>ro1 ( c\rse1 0 n a ,roman1 b f ,reate 9 ! ,sab9e c\ntry4 ,b ev5 if he 7 ?9k+ ( ,rome1 h[ f> back w\ld 8 k ext5d8 ,! ,romans _h kn[n ,greek m>ri$ gods = ?ree or f\r c5turies be=e 8 "t1 & he may q well be ?9k+ ( ^!4 ,( ! di indigetes ( an e>li] p]iod he c\ld h>dly "k m ?an we d ourselves2 8 only s\rces ( in=mation 7 ! facts ( ! cult & ! books ( ! pontifices4 ,! facts ( ! cult1 s f> z he & o!rs h record$ !m1 sugge/ no pair+ ( deities1 no sacr$ m>riage4#cjb ,! pontifical books1 :i* conta9$ rules & =mulae = ! prop] invocation ( deities by _! "r names1 d inde$ seem to h sugge/$ a c]ta9 conjunction ( male & female div9e names2 & x is j possible t ?is is :at ,v>ro _h 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote ! passage seiz$ ^u by ,augu/9e4 ,i w proce$ at once to exam9e ?is evid5ce1 z x is incid5tally ( great int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian religion2 & ,dr4 ,fraz] w probably all[ t 8 conclusion mu/ /& or fall by x4 ,! evid5ce to :i* ,i allude is pres]v$ 9 ! #ac? book ( ! ,noctes ,atticae ( ,aulus ,gellius 7*4 xxiii471 & extract$ f libri sac]dotum populi ,romani1 z comprecationes deorum immortalium2 ^! also occur1 he says1 9 pl]isque antiquis orationibus1 i4e4 9 ! invocations to ! gods made by ! orator at ! beg9n+ or end ( 8 spee*4#cjc ,among ^! ,gellius f\nd ! foll[+ conjunctions ( div9e names3 ,lua ,saturni1 ,salacia ,neptuni1 ,hora ,quir9i1 ,virites ,quir9i1 ,maia ,volcani1 ,h]ie ,iunonis1 ,moles ,m>tis1 & ,n]i5e ,m>tis1 or ,n]io ,m>tis4 ,n[ among ^! conjunctions !re are ?ree :i* obvi\sly d n express pairs ( deities1 m>ri$ or o!r1 viz4 ,virites ,quir9i1 ,moles ,m>tis1 & ,h]ie ,iunonis2 ! fir/ two ( :i* pla9ly mean ! /r5g? or =ce ( ,quir9us & ,m>s1 & ! ?ird conjo9s two female names4 ,! "q is :e!r ! o!rs are to be und]/ood z giv+ u ! names ( ! wives ( ,saturnus1 ,neptunus1 ,quir9us1 ,volcanus1 & ,m>s4 ,! fact t ^! are associat$ ) o!rs :i* _c mean any?+ ( ! k9d is itself aga9/ ?is conclusion2 b ,i h c>efully exam9$ ea* pair by ! light ( su* /ray in=mation ab\t !m z we possess1 & h fail$ to f9d any?+ to sugge/ ,dr4 ,fraz]'s emphatic conclusion t ^! are m>ri$ pairs4 ,i %\ld be t$i\s if ,i 7 to g ?r\gh ! evid5ce 9 detail 9 a lecture l ?is2 b ,i w take ! pair :i* ,gellius himself discusses1 & on :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] *iefly relies1 ,n]i5e or ,n]io ,m>tis3 x is ! pair ab\t :i* we "k mo/1 & 9 e way is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! set4#cjd ,aft] giv+ ! li/ ( names1 ,gellius goes on to express 8 own op9ion t ,n]io ,m>tis means 7l ,moles ,m>tis7 ! virtus or =titudo ( ,m>s1 ,n]io be+ a ,sab9e ^w mean+ /r5g? or c\rage2#cje & a little fur!r he sums up 8 view ?us3 ,n]io igitur ,m>tis vis et pot5tia et maie/as qua$am esse ,m>tis demon/ratur4 ,?is seems to fit 9 v com=tably ) :at c be guess$ ( ! mean+ ( two ( ! o!r pairs1 ,virites ,quir9i & ,maia ,volcani3 ,maia 0 expla9$ by ano!r ,roman s*ol> z equival5t to ,maie/as4#cjf ,b ,gellius goes on to quote ?ree passages f old ,lat9 au?ors 9 :i* ,n]io 7or ,n]ia7 appe>s positively z ! wife ( ,m>s2 & aga9 concludes t !re 0 also a tradition t ^! two 7 coniuges4 ,( ^! passages we luckily h ! context ( "o1 = x occurs 9 ! ,trucul5tus ( ,plautus3 turn+ ?is out 7l9e #eae7 we f9d t a r\gh soldi]1 arriv+ at ,a!ns1 salutes 8 swee!>t ) ! words ,m>s p]egre adv5i5s salutat ,n]i55 uxorem suam--words :i* ,plautus mu/ h adapt$ f 8 ,greek orig9al 9 su* a way z to make !m intelligible to a ,roman audi5ce4 ,gellius says t he _h (t5 he>d a le>n$ fri5d blame ,plautus = ?us putt+ a false notion ab\t ,m>s 7t he _h a wife7 into ! m\? ( 8 soldi]--nimis comice--m]ely to produce a comic effect4 ,b1 he adds1 !re 0 "s ju/ification = x2 = if y read ! ?ird book ( ! annals ( ,gellius 7a namesake :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c47 y w f9d t he puts into ! m\? ( ,h]silia1 plead+ = peace be=e ,ti4 ,tatius1 words :i* actually make ,n]io ! wife ( ,m>s3 ,de tui1 inquit1 coniugis consilio1 ,m>tem scilicet significans4 ,little1 ,i fe>1 c be said to ! cr$it ( ?is ,gellius2#cjg he liv$ 9 an age :5 annali/s 7 _m & inv5tive1 & long aft] ! ,romans _h gr[n accu/om$ to ,greek ideas ( ! gods2 b we may take ?is passage z evid5ce ( :at may h be5 9 8 day a popul> idea ( ,m>s & 8 consort4 ,la/ly1 ,aulus ,gellius quotes a brace ( l9es f "o ,lic9ius ,imbrex1 an old comic writ] ( ! same c5tury1 :o1 9 a fabula palliata call$ ,nea]a1 wrote3-- nolo ego ,nea]am te voc5t1 aut ,n]i5em1 cum quidem ,m>ti es 9 connubium data4 ,! real "q is :e!r ^! passages f comic writ]s & an annali/ ( no reputation comb9e to prove t !re 0 an anci5t popul> idea ( ,m>s z a m>ri$ god2 z to ! prie/ly view ( ! matt] !y c1 ( c\rse1 prove no?+4 ,x seems to me t ,dr4 ,fraz] is entitl$ to argue t 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 su* a popul> idea exi/$1#cjh :i* ! ,roman /ate religion did n recognise1 & :i* ,aulus ,gellius1 z we h se51 c\ld n agree )4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 ?9k him entitl$ to g f>!r1 & to inf] t ?is 0 an idea ( div9ity native to ,italy or ( v old /&+4 ,is x n mu* simpl] to suppose1 ) a cool-head$ s*ol> :om ,dr4 ,fraz] is will+ to foll[ :5 x suits 8 turn1 t pairs or conjunctions ( ?is k9d1 ! true mean+ ( :i* ,i hope to expla9 directly1 7 easily mi/ak5 by ! vulg> m9d = m>ri$ god & goddess8#cji ,9 ^? deg5]ate days ( ! ,roman religion1 aft] ! w> ) ,hannibal1 to :i* ^! writ]s belong--& all are lat] ?an ,ennius1 ! fir/ to make mis*ief by ridicul+ ! gods--no?+ c\ld be easi] ?an to take advantage ( :at look$ l m>ri$ life to inv5t comic passages to please a ,roman audi5ce1 n[ consi/+ l>gely ( semi-educat$ m5 :o _h lo/ fai? 9 _! own religion1 & ( a cr[d ( small] p ( mix$ desc5t & nationality4 ,su* passages1 9 fact1 _c safely be us$ z evid5ce ( religi\s ideas1 ap>t f ! t5d5cies ( ! age 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,_h !re really be5 religi\s beliefs1 root$ 9 ! old ,roman m9d1 ab\t ! w$d$ life ( gods & goddesses1 x w\ld ev5 !n h be5 dang]\s to use !m mock+ly 9 com$y4 ,& once m1 _h !re be5 su* g5u9ely ,roman ideas1 :y1 9 an age t made = an?ropomorphism1 did !y n f9d _! way into ! ,roman ,pan!on1--:y did !y survive only 9 lit]>y allusions1 to ! bewild]m5t ( s*ol>s l ,aulus ,gellius8 ,! real explanation ( ^! curi\s conjunctions ( mascul9e & fem99e names is1 ,i ?9k1 n v h>d to come by4 ,let u rememb]1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !y 7 f\nd 9 ! books ( ! prie/s1 & t !y belong$ to =ms ( pray]--comprecationes deorum immortalium2 9 o!r words1 !y d n repres5t popul> ideas ( ! deities1 b rituali/ic =ms ( invocation4 ,z su* !y may inde$ no d\bt be reg>d$ z express+1 or z gr[+ out (1 a popul> way ( ?9k+ ( ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se2 b !y are !mselves none ! less1 l ^? /range li/s ( div9e names call$ ,indigitam5ta1 ) :i* ,i %all deal directly1 ! creations ( an active pr(essional prie/hood1 work+ ^u ! pr9ciple t e deity mu/ be address$ 9 precisely ! correct way & no o!r1 & acc\nt+ ! "n ( ! deity1 z indicat+ 8 or h] exact function1 ! mo/ vitally important ?+ 9 ! :ole invocation4 ,i h already po9t$ out h[ difficult ! e>ly ,lat9 mu/ h f\nd x to discov] h[ to address ! num9a at "w ar\nd him1 & ,i %all return to ! subject 9 ano!r lecture2 at pres5t all ,i want to insi/ ^u is t ! prie/s ( ! ,city-/ate reliev$ him ( ?is anxiety1 & inde$ mu/ h c>ri$ ! "w s f> z to develop a k9d ( sci5ce ( div9e nom5clature4 ,e "o :o has /udi$ ! hi/ory ( religions kn[s well h[ /rong ! t5d5cy is1 :5 once invocation has become ritualis$1 = ! names & titles ( ! objects ( wor%ip to ab\nd & multiply4 ,! ,roman ,*ur* ( to-day /ill %[s ?is t5d5cy 9 its elaborate invocation ( ! ,virg94 ,) ! old ,romans ! common me?od ( elaboration lay 9 ! inv5tion ( cult-titles1 ( :i* ! diff]5t k9ds h be5 di/+ui%$ & expla9$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] 9 8 treatise de ,deorum ,romanorum cognom9ibus4#caj ,mo/ ( !m are sugge/ive ( function or "*1 z1 e4g41 ,janus ,patulcius ,clusivius1 or ,jupit] ,lucetius1 ,ops ,opif]a2 sometimes !y d\bl$ ! idea1 z 9 ,aius ,locutius1 or ,anna ,p]5na1 or ,=s ,=tuna2 & 9 "o or two cases !y seem to h comb9$ two deities toge!r 9 r puzzl+ conjunctions1 :i* usually1 h[ev]1 admit ( "s possible explanation1 z ,janus ,junonius1 or ,ops ,consiva 7i4e4 ,ops belong+ to ,consus74#caa ,9 ! ,iguvian ritual1 :i* is ! highly-elaborat$ "w ( a prie/hood z active z ! ,roman1 we f9d comb9ations ( n less ?an f\r names3#cab ,c]fe ,m>tie1 ,prae/ita ,c]fia ,c]fi ,m>tii1 ,tursa ,c]fia ,c]fi ,m>tii1 :i* may p]haps be r5d]$ ,_s ( ,m>s1 protect+ 7female7 _s ( ! 7male7 _s ( ,m>s1 fe>-inspir+ 7female7 _s ( ! 7male7 _s ( ,m>s4 ,su* /range multiple comb9ations z ^! sugge/ t expressions l ,moles ,m>tis or ,virites ,quir9i are only ano!r =m ( ! usual cult-title1 express+ adoration ( ! p[] ( ! deity address$2 & x is only reasonable to expla9 ! o!rs ( ! same gr\p on ! same pr9ciple4 ,z we h se51 ,roman s*ol>s !mselves expla9$ ,n]io ,m>tis z equival5t to ,virtus ,m>tis2 ,h]ie ,iunonis probably means some?+ ( ! same k9d2 ! o!rs are n s easily expla9$1 & guesswork ab\t !m is unpr(itable4 ,b ,i hope ,i h said en\gh to %[ t !re is absolutely no good gr\nd = suppos+ t ^! comb9ations ( names 9 nom9ative & g5itive indicate a relation%ip ( any k9d except a qualitative "o4 ,ab/ract qualities1 let u note1 are usually fem99e 9 ,lat91 & ,i ?9k x is n improbable t ab/ractions su* z ,fides & ,salus1 :i* 7 deifi$ at a v e>ly p]iod at ,rome1 may h rea*$ div9ity by atta*m5t to "s god f :om !y subsequ5tly became aga9 sep>at$4#cac ,& la/ly1 we c trace ! same t5d5cy to comb9e names & ideas toge!r f> d[n ! c\rse ( ,roman hi/ory2 witness ! comb9ation ( ,g5ius ) cities1 legions1 gods1 etc41 z well z ) ! individual man1 & aga9 su* expressions z ,pietas ,legionis1 by analogy ) :i* von ,domaszewski1 wrongly z ,i ?9k1 w\ld expla9 ^? we h be5 discuss+4#cad ,be=e leav+ ?is complicat$ & cl\dy sy/em ( div9e nom5clature1 x is z well to ask ! "q once m1 ev5 if we _c answ] x1 :e!r if left to itself x might h develop$ into a poly!i/ic sy/em ( p]sonal deities4 ,i w give my own op9ion = :at x is wor?4 ,i d n ?9k t su* a result c\ld h be5 rea*$ )\t ! magic t\* ( ! ,greek poet & arti/1 or ! arrival ( ,greek deities & _! images 9 ,latium4 ,pr(essor ,sayce1 9 8 ,gif=d lectures on ! religion ( ,babylonia1 has %[n h[ ! non-,semitic ,sum]ians knew only ( spirits & demons until ! ,semite arriv$ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf ) 8 p]sonal gods ( bo? sexes2#cae & ,i ga!r t he does n suppose t )\t su* immigration ! ,sum]ian ideas ( div9ity c\ld h become p]sonalis$4 ,! "q is n exactly ! same at ,rome2 = !re ! _s _w _h pass$ into ! h&s ( an organis$ prie/hood occupi$ ) ritual1 & especially ) its t]m9ological aspect2 & ! *ance ( p]sonalisation1 if x 7 !re at all1 lay 9 ! importance ( ! functional "n4 ,b ! "q is aft] all beside ! m>k2 we %all see :at happ5$ :5 ! ,greeks arriv$4 ,we may be cont5t at pres5t to note ! fact t !y f\nd ! functional t]m9ology suffici5tly advanc$ to take advantage ( x1 & to revolutionise ! :ole ,roman conception ( ! div9e4 ,dr4 ,fraz] gives me an opportunity ( adv]t+ to ano!r po9t be>+ on ! "q we are discuss+1--! way 9 :i* ! old ,roman ?\ght ( 8 deities4 ,x is difficult1 he says1#caf to d5y t ! epi!ts ,pat] & ,mat]1 :i* ! ,romans be/[ on s _m ( _! gods1 d really imply pat]nity & mat]nity2 if ?is implication be admitt$1 ! inf]5ce appe>s to be inevitable t ^! div9e be+s 7 suppos$ to ex]cise sexual functions1 etc4 ,9 a footnote he adds a numb] ( =midable-look+ ref]5ces1 meant1 ,i suppose1 to prove ?is po9t4 ,i h closely exam9$ ^! passages2 :at !y d prove is simply t _m deities 7 call$ ,pat] & ,mat]4 ,n "o ev5 sugge/s t pat]nity & mat]nity 7 9 su* cases to be und]/ood lit]ally &1 s to speak1 physically4 ,! two t come ne>e/ to :at he is look+ = are ^? f ,v>ro & ,lactantius4 ,v>ro says#cag t ,ops 0 call$ ,mat] because %e 0 id5tical ) ,t]ra1 :o 01 ( c\rse1 ,t]ra ,mat]3 ,haec enim-- 't]ris g5tes omnes pep]it et resumit d5uo1 quae dat cib>ia1' ut ait ,ennius4#cah ,x is cle>1 !n1 t nei!r ,v>ro nor ,ennius und]/ood ?is title ( ,ops & ,t]ra 9 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s s5se ( ! ^w4 ,! quotation f ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!r ,lactantius1 :i* conta9s ?ree well-kn[n l9es ( ,lucilius1 might possibly deceive ^? :o neglect to turn x out & read ! context2 !re we f9d at once t n ev5 ,lactantius c\ld attribute to ^! epi!ts ! mean+ :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] wi%es to put on !m4 ,he w\ld h be5 z glad to d s z ,dr4 ,fraz] himself1 ?\gh = a v diff]5t reason2 b :at he actually wrote is ?is3-- ,omnem ,deum qui ab hom9e colitur1 necesse e/ int] sol5nes ritus et precationes patrem nuncup>i1 non tantum honoris gratia1 v]um etiam rationis2 quod et antiquior e/ hom9e1 et quod vitam1 salutem1 victum prae/at1 ut pat]4 ,itaque ut ,iuppit] a precantibus pat] vocatur1 etc4#cai ,dr4 ,fraz]'s quotation beg9s ) ?is la/ s5t5ce2 x is a pity t he did n read ! context4 ,if he _h read x1 8 c&\r w\ld h compell$ him to confess t n ev5 a ,*ri/ian fa!r1 ) a ke5 s5se ( :at 0 ridicul\s or degrad+ 9 ! pagan religion1 und]/ood ! fa!rhood ( ! gods z he wi%es to und]/& x4 ,b ,i am wa/+ "t 9 press+ ?is po9t4 ,dr4 ,fraz] w\ld h>dly h us$ su* an argum5t if he _h n be5 h>d put to x4 ,! figurative use ( human relation%ips is surely a common practice1 :5 address+ _! deities1 ( all peoples :o h rea*$ ! /age ( family life4 ,z ano!r di/+ui%$ an?ropologi/ says3 ,! v want ( an object t5ds to supply an object ?r\gh ! imag9ation2 & ?is w be ei!r ! vital en]gy inh]5t 9 ?+s1 or ! reflex ( ! human fa!r1 :o once satisfi$ 8 ne$s 7i4e4 ( ! wor%ipp]74 ,s1 9 ,aryan religions1 ! supreme god is fa!r1 ,greek3 ,zeus pat]1 ,diespit]1 ,m>spit]4 ,ahura-,mazda is a fa!r4444 ,ano!r analogy %[s ! relation%ip ( bro!r & fri5d1 z 9 ! case ( ,mi?ra4#cbj ,! ,romans !mselves 7 famili> f ! fir/ ) su* figurative use ( relation%ip1 z 0 natural to a p 9 :om ! family in/9ct 0 s /rong2 we h b to ?9k ( ! pat] patratus ( ! ,fetiales1#cba ( ! ,fratres ,arvales1 or ! ,fratres ,atti$ii ( ,iguvium4 ,:at exactly !y und]/ood by ,pat] & ,mat] :5 appli$ to deities is n s easy to det]m9e3 we h n ! necess>y data4 ,!y 7 nev] appli$1 ,i believe1 to import$ deities1 di nov5siles2 always to di indigetes1 ^? on :om ! orig9al ,roman /ock look$ z _! fell[-citiz5s & gu>dians4 ,& we %all n be f> wrong if we conclude t 9 g5]al !y imply ! dep5d5ce ( ! human citiz5 ^u 8 div9e protector1 & ?us br+ ! usage into l9e ) t ( o!r ,aryan peoples4 ,beh9d ?is feel+ ( dep5d5ce !re may h be5 ! idea1 h&$ d[n f remote ages1 t ,fa!r ,sky & ,"m ,e>? 7 9 a s5se ! p>5ts ( all liv+ ?+s2 b !re is no?+ 9 ! ,roman religion to sugge/ t ! two 7 ?\ght ( z p]sonally unit+ 9 m>riage or a sexual act4 ,i w sum up ?is "p ( ! discussion by translat+ an admirable passage 9 ,au/'s book on ! ,roman religion1 ) :i* ,i am 9 cordial agreem5t#cbb3-- ,! deities ( ,rome 7 deities ( ! cult only4 ,!y _h no human =m2 !y _h n ! human he>t ) its virtues & vices4 ,!y _h no int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 & no common or p]man5t resid5ce2 !y enjoy$ no nect> & ambrosia 444 !y _h no *ildr51 no p>5tal relation4 ,!y 7 inde$ bo? male & female1 & a male & female deity are (t5 9 close relations ) ea* o!r2 b ?is is n a relation ( m>riage1 & re/s only on a simil>ity 9 ! sph]e ( _! op]ations4444 ,^! deities nev] become indep5d5t exi/5ces2 !y rema9 cold1 col\rless conceptions1 num9a z ! ,romans call$ !m1 t is1 sup]natural be+s ^: exi/5ce only betrays itself 9 ! ex]cise ( c]ta9 p[]s4 ,!y 71 inde$1 cold & col\rless conceptions z comp>$ ) ! ,greek gods ( ,olympus1 ^: w>m? & col\r is really t ( human life1 ( human passions2 b ! "o rem>kable & int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ^! ,roman & ,italian num9a is ! life & =ce = good or evil :i* is ! v ess5ce ( _! be+4 ,! puzzl+ comb9ations we h j be5 /udy+ are q en\gh to illu/rate ?is "*4 ,moles1 ,virites1 ,n]io1 & p]haps o!rs too1 seem to mean ! /r5g? or =ce inh]5t 9 ! num52 ,c]fius1 or ,c]us1 z ! ,lat9s call$ x1 ,lib]1 ,g5ius1 all are be/ int]pret$ z mean+ a functional or creative =ce4 ,jupit] is ! sky or heav5 itself1 ) all its manife/ations ( activity2 ,tellus is ,"m ,e>?1 full ( active productive p[]4 ,at ! bottom ( ^! cold & col\rless conceptions !re is ?us a real idea ( p[]1 n sup]natural b r natural p[]1 :i* may bo? hurt & b5efit man1 & :i* he mu/ attempt to enli/ on 8 side4 ,?is enli/m5t 0 ! task ( ! ,roman prie/hood & ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 & s effectually 0 x c>ri$ out t ! div9e be+s lo/ _! vitality 9 ! process4 ,we %all be bett] able to foll[ out ?is curi\s fate ( ! ,roman deities 9 lat] lectures2 "h ,i wi% to note "o o!r aspect ( ! ,roman idea ( div9ity1 :i* w help to expla9 :at ,i h j be5 say+ ab\t ! life & =ce inh]5t 9 ^! num9a4 ,9 mo/ cursory acc\nts ( ! ,roman religion x has be5 ! practice to lay p>ticul> /ress ^u an imm5se numb] ( gods1 z !y us$ to be call$1 ea* ( :i* is suppos$ to h presid$ ov] "s p>ticul> act or suff]+ ( ! ,roman f ! cradle to ! grave--f ,cun9a1 ! goddess ( 8 cradle1 to ,libit9a :o look$ aft] 8 int]m5t4 ,i h z yet said no?+ ab\t all ^!4 ,i w n[ briefly expla9 :y ,i h n done s1 & :y ,i hesitate to include !m1 at any rate 9 ! uncompromis+ =m 9 :i* !y are usually pres5t$1 among ! g5u9e religi\s conceptions ( ! e>lie/ p]iod4 ,lat] on ,i %all h fur!r opportunity ( discuss+ !m2 at ! end ( ?is lecture ,i c only sum up ! results ( rec5t rese>* into ?is curi\s cl\d ( s-call$ deities4 ,we "k ( !m ma9ly1 b n entirely1 f ,t]tullian1 & ! de ,civitate ,dei ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4#cbc ,^! s*ol>ly !ologians1 wi%+ to %[ up ! absurdity ( ! hea!n religions1 f\nd a m9e ( mat]ial 9 ! great "w ( ,v>ro on ! ,roman religi\s antiquities2 & ?\gh !y f\nd him by no means s elegant a writ] z ,cic]o1 !y /udi$ him ) pa9s1 & h incid5tally add$ imm5sely to our k bo? ( ,v>ro himself & ( ! ,roman religion4 ,/4 ,augu/9e tells u t x 0 9 ! la/ ?ree books ( 8 "w t ,v>ro treat$ ( ! ,roman deities1 & t he divid$ !m "u ! heads ( di c]ti1 di inc]ti1 & di selecti4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! he dealt *iefly ) ^? ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$3 !y 7 c]ti because _! names express$ _! suppos$ activity q cle>ly4#cbd ,we "k = c]ta9 t ,v>ro f\nd ^! names 9 ! books ( ! pontifices1 & t !y 7 !re call$ ,indigitam5ta3#cbe a ^w :i* has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$1 & has be5 ! subject ( mu* le>n$ disputation4 ,i believe ) ,wiss[a t x means =ms ( invocation1 i4e4 ! correct names by :i* gods %\ld be address$4 ,?us ^! li/s ( names come d[n to u at ?ird h&3 ,v>ro took !m f ! pontifical books1 & ! ,*ri/ian fa!rs took !m f ,v>ro4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is be+ ! case !y ne$ v c>eful critical exam9ation2 & till rec5tly !y 7 accept$ 9 full )\t hesitation1 & )\t reflection on su* que/ions z1 e4g41 :e!r !y are psy*ologically probable1 or :e!r !y c be p>allel$ f ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( o!r peoples4 ,"s prelim9>y critical attempts 7 made ab\t fifty ye>s ago 9 ?is direction1#cbf b ! fir/ ?or\ghgo+ exam9ation ( ! subject 0 publi%$ by ,r4 ,pet] 9 ! article ,indigitam5ta 9 ,ros*]'s ,my?ological ,lexicon4 ,?is mo/ indu/ri\s s*ol>1 ?\gh 8 int]pretation ( ! ^w ,indigitam5ta is probably errone\s1#cbg 0 ! fir/ to rea* ! def9ite conclusion t ! li/s are n really primitive1 & d n1 z we h !m1 repres5t primitive religi\s ?\ght4 ,x 0 aft] a v c>eful /udy ( ?is article1 :i* is long en\gh to fill a small volume1 t ,i wrote 9 my ,roman ,fe/ivals ( ! ,indigitam5ta z bas$ on--n actually repres5t+1 ,i might h add$--old ideas ( div9e ag5cy1 n[ sy/ematis$ by some?+ l sci5tific t]m9ology & ord]$ classification by skill$ legal !ologians2 & z an artificial prie/ly exagg]ation ( a primitive t5d5cy to see a _w ( nameless spirits surr\nd+ & influ5c+ all human life4#cbh ,i 0 n !n specially conc]n$ ) ! ,indigitam5ta1 & only allud$ to !m 9 pass+4 ,b be=e my book 0 publi%$ !re _h already appe>$ a mo/ int]e/+ "w on ! names ( deities 7,goett]nam57 by ,h4 ,us5]1 a brilliant inve/igator1 :i* drew fre% att5tion to ! subject4 ,us5] f\nd 9 m$iaeval records ( ! religion ( ! hea!n ,li?uanians :at seem$ to be a rem>kable p>allel ) ?is old ,roman !ology1 & he also comp>$ ^! records ) c]ta9 facts 9 :at we may call ! pre-,olympian religi\s ideas ( ! ,greeks4 ,! conclusion :i* he draws1 writes ,dr4 ,f>nell#cbi--;& ,i _c /ate x bett]--is t ! ,indo-,g]manic peoples1 on ! way to ! high] poly!ism1 pass$ ?r\gh an e>li] /age :5 ! objects ( cult 7 be+s :om he designat$ by ! newly-co9$ words ',aug5blickgoett]' & ',sond]goett]' 7gods ( mom5t>y or limit$ function74 ,he w5t fur!r ?an ?is1 & claim$ t ! an?ropomorphic gods ( ,greece & ,italy1 ( ! ,indo-,iranians1 ,p]sians1 & ,slavs1 7 develop$ out ( ^! spirits presid+ ov] special functions & p>ticul> mom5ts ( human life2 b ) ?is latt] "p ( 8 !ory ,i am n n[ conc]n$4 ,:at we want to "k n[ is :e!r 9 writ+ ?us ( ! ,roman ,indigitam5ta ,us5] 0 us+ a record :i* really repres5ts an e>ly /age ( religi\s ?\ght 9 ,italy2 & ,i may add t we %\ld be glad to "k :e!r 8 ,li?uanian records are also to be unhesitat+ly reli$ on4#ccj ,z reg>ds ,greece1 ,dr4 ,f>nell has criticis$ 8 !ories ) consid]able effect4 ,! mo/ rec5t contribution to ! discussion ( ! ,roman "p ( ! subject is t ( ,wiss[a1 :o 9 #aijd publi%$ a pap] on ,true & ,false ,sond]goett] at ,rome2#cca ?is is a piece ( mo/ valuable & weighty criticism1 b extremely difficult to foll[ & dige/4 ,i "h give only ! ma9 results ( x4 ,wiss[a takes two g5u9e examples ( ,sond]goett] :i* h come d[n to u f o!r s\rces1 & m directly ?an ^? m5tion$ above3 ! fir/ f ,fabius ,pictor1 ! olde/ ,roman hi/orian1#ccb & ! o!r f ! ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium4#ccc ,fabius said t ! flam5 7,c]ealis871 :5 sacrific+ to ,tellus & ,c]es1 also invok$ ! foll[+ deities3 ,v]vactor1 = ! fir/ pl\gh+1 z ,wiss[a int]prets x2 ,r$>ator1 = ! second pl\gh+2 ,imporcitor1 = ! h>r[+2 ,insitor1 = ! s[+2 ,ob]ator1 = ! top-dress+2 ,occator1 ,s>ritor1 ,subr9cator1 ,messor1 ,convector1 ,conditor1 ,promitor1 = subsequ5t op]ations up to ! h>ve/ & actual di/ribution ( ! corn = food4 ,secondly1 9 ! ,acta ( ! ,arval ,bre?r5 we f9d1 on ! occasion ( a piaculum caus$ by ! gr[? ( a fig-tree on ! ro( ( ! temple ( ,dea ,dia1 at ! end ( a long li/ ( deities invok$1 & be=e ! names ( ! divi ( ! ,imp]ial families1 ! names ( ?ree ,sond]goett]1 ,adol5da ,commol5da ,def]unda1 & on ano!r occasion1 ,adol5da & ,co9qu5da2 ^! seem beyond d\bt to ref] to ! process ( gett+ ! obnoxi\s tree d[n f ! ro(1 ( break+ x up1 & burn+ x4 ,9 bo? ^! examples1 :i* h come d[n to u m directly ?an ! li/s 9 ! ,fa!rs1 ,wiss[a sees assi/ant or subord9ate deities 7if su* !y c be call$7 gr\p$ ar\nd a c5tral idea1 t ( ! ma9 object ( sacrifice 9 ea* case2#ccd ^! are ! result ( ! cura & ca]imonia sup]vis$ & ov]-elaborat$ by pontifical law & ritual4 ,x is1 ,i may add on my own acc\nt1 mo/ unlikely1 & psy*ologically almo/ impossible1 t any individual f>m] %\ld h tr\bl$ himself to rememb] & enum]ate by "n twelve deities repres5t+ ! v>i\s /ages ( an agricultural process2 & ,cato1 9 fact1 says no?+ ( su* ritual4 ,x 0 ! flam5 ( ! ,city-/ate1 :o1 :5 sacrific+ to ,tellus & ,c]es be=e h>ve/1#cce pictur$1 or recall$ to m9d1 ! v>i\s processes ( a ye> ( :at we may call high f>m+ r ?an primitive1 "u ! names ( deities pla9ly inv5t$ out ( ! words :i* express ^? processes--words :i* !mselves are c]ta9ly n all antique4 ,& 9 ! second example1 :i* dates f ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 we see t ! process ( de/roy+ ! intrud+ fig-tree is repres5t$ 9 ritual 9 exactly ! same curi\s way3 ! names ( ! deities1 ,def]unda & ! re/1 be+ inv5t$ = ! occasion out ( ! words :i* express ! sev]al acts ( ! process ( de/ruction4 ,^! ,arval ,bre?r5 ( ! second c5tury inh]it$ ! traditions ( _! pr$ecessors ( an e>li] age1 & c>ri$ out ! "w ( amplification 9 _! invocations by p$antically imitat+ ! pontifices ( five or six c5turies e>li]4 ,!y held1 9 a way :i* to u is ludicr\s1 to ! old notion t y %\ld try & cov] z mu* gr\nd z possible 9 wor%ip1 & to cov] x 9 detail1 s t no *ance might be miss$ ( secur+ ! object = :i* y 7 tak+ s mu* tr\ble4 ,n[ to return to ,v>ro & 8 li/s ( names4 ,:at is ,dr4 ,wiss[a's conclusion ab\t ^!1 aft] exam9+ ! two examples ( ,sond]goett] :i* h n come d[n to u ?r\gh s mu* book-le>n+ z ! re/8 ,v>ro's di c]ti1 he says#ccf--;& ,i ?9k !re is no d\bt t he is "r--includ$ ! "n ( e deity1 great or small1 ( :i* he c\ld feel sure t he knew some?+1 z he f\nd x 9 ! books ( ! pontifices2 & ! "p ( ^? books 9 :i* he f\nd ^! names1 kn[n z ,indigitam5ta1 probably conta9$ =mulae ( invocation1 precationum c>m9a1#ccg ( ! same k9d z ! comprecationes deorum immortalium f :i* ,gellius quot$ ! pairs ( male & female deities :i* we discuss$ above4 ,v>ro arrang$ all ^! names 9 gr\ps ( pr9cipal & subord9ate or assi/ant deities1 ! latt] amplify+ 9 detail ! mean+ & scope ( ! =m]1 z we h j se52 & ( ?is gr\p+ "s traces are /ill visible 9 ! acc\nts ( ,augu/9e & ,t]tullian4 ,b ! good ,fa!rs tumbl$ ! :ole collection ab\t sadly 9 _! se>* = mat]ial = _! mock]y1 hav+ no hi/orical or sci5tific object 9 view2 ) ! result t x n[ resembles ! bits ( glass 9 a kaleidoscope1 & c no long] be re-arrang$ on ! orig9al ,v>ronian plan4 ,! difficulty is increas$ by ! etymologies & explanations :i* !y (f] ( ! div9e names1 :i*1 z a rule1 are ev5 m absurd ?an ! div9ities !mselves4#cch ,b1 9 ! la/ place1 ! "q mu/ be ask$ :e!r ^! ,sond]goett] ( ! real k9d1 su*1 = example1 z ^? twelve agricultural ones invok$ by ! flam5 at ! ,c]eale sacrum1 _h _! orig9 9 any s5se 9 popul> usage or belief4 ,at ! end ( 8 pap] ,wiss[a emphatically says t he does n believe x4 ,= myself1 ,i w\ld only modify ?is conclusion s f> z ?is3 !y mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 ! !ological1 or p]haps r ! rituali/ic outcome1 ( a psy*ological t5d5cy root$ 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,i h already notic$ t curi\s bit ( folklore 9 :i* ?ree spirits ( cultivation 7 invok$ ) a k9d ( act$ p>able at ! bir? ( a *ild2#cci & ,i _c reg>d ?is cu/om z a piece ( pontifical ritualism1 ?\gh ! names may h be5 inv5t$ by ! prie/s to suit ! practice4 ,! old ,roman seems to h _h a t5d5cy to ascribe :at = want ( a bett] ^w we may call div9ity1 n only to animate & inanimate objects1 b to actions & ab/ractions2 ?is1 ,i take x1 is an advanc$ /age ( animism1 peculi>1 x w\ld seem1 to a highly practical agricultural p1 & x is ?is /age :i* is reflect$ 9 ! rituali/ic "w ( ! prie/s4 ,!y turn$ dim & nameless p[]s into def9ite & preh5sible deities ) names1 & arrang$ !m 9 gr\ps s z to fall 9 ) ! life ( ! city z well z ! f>m4 ,:at 0 ! result ( all ?is +5uity1 or :e!r x _h any popul> result at all1 is a "q h>dly admitt+ ( solution4 ,:at is really int]e/+ 9 ! matt]1 if my view is ! "r "o1 is ! curi\s way 9 :i* ! e>ly ,roman seems to h look$ ^u all life & =ce & action1 human or o!r1 z 9 "s s5se associat$ )1 & ! result (1 div9e or spiritual ag5cy4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,vii #bia ,= loca sacra & consecratio see ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #adh foll42 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #djj4 #bib ,s]v4 ad ,a54 xii4 #aai1 ,romani moris fu]at cespitem arae sup] impon]e1 et ita sacrific>e4 ,cp4 "s valuable rem>ks ( ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #bc4 ,! alt> ( ! ,fratres 0 9 front ( _! grove2 !y us$ also a movable "o 7foculus7 ( silv]1 b cespiti ornatus 7ib4 p4 #ba73 ?is 0 = ! prelim9>y (f]+ ( w9e & inc5se 7,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cea74 #bic ,9 ,aug4 ,civ4 ,dei1 iv4 #ca2 ,agahd's edition ( ! fragm5ts ( ,v>ro's ,ant4 r]4 div4 p4 #afd4 #bid ,aug4 ,civ4 ,dei1 iv4 #bc2 ,agahd1 p4 #aei4 ,see ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #bhj foll4 #bie ,/rabo iv4 #ahj4 #bif ,fa/i1 vi4 #cje4 #big ,tibull4 ii4 #e4 #bg4 ,! l9es ( ,prop]tius are iv4 7v47 #b4 #ei1 ,/ipes ac]nus eram1 prop]anti falce dolatus1 ,ante ,numam grata paup] 9 urbe deus4 ,! "q is :e!r ^! are g5u9e examples ( ! natural evolution ( a /ock or /one into some?+ 9 ! nature ( an an?ropomorphic image ( a deity1 or :e!r !y are ! result ( ! introduction ( ,greek /atues act+ on ! popul> m9d 9 ru/ic p>ts ( ,italy4 ,! passages1 s f> z ,i "k1 /& alone1 & we h no means ( decid+ :e!r ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cy 0 native or =eign4 ,vortumnus 01 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly ( ,etruscan orig92 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bcc4 ,! subject ( iconic developm5t ( ?is k9d is well summ>is$ 9 ,e4 ,g>dn]'s little volume on ,religion & ,art 9 ,anci5t ,greece1 *4 i4 #bih ,see ,sayce1 ,gif=d ,lectures on ! ,religions ( ,egypt & ,babylonia1 p4 #cjb4 ,an int]e/+ pap] on ! evolution ( dei at ,rome out ( functional num9a w be f\nd 9 von ,domaszewski's ,abh&lung5 zur roem4 ,religion1 p4 #aee foll41 bas$ on ,us5]'s !ory ( ,sond]goett]4 ,x is +5i\s & imag9ative1 b 9 my view does n squ>e ) ! facts z f> z we "k !m4 ,8 /ages are3 7#a7 mom5t>y function ( num9a1 e4g4 lightn+2 7#b7 elevation ( ?is into a p]man5t p[] or function2 7#c7 consequ5t limitation ( ! num5 to a special well-m>k$ function2 7#d7 elevation ( ! num5 to a deus1 conceiv$ 9 ! lik5ess ( man1 & male or female1 because man _c ?9k ( p[] o!rwise ?an on ! analogy ( male or female creative en]gy4 ,la/ly1 :5 ! deus is complete1 ! functions ( ! =m] num5 become attributes or qualities1 traces ( :i* we f9d 9 ! pairs ( deities 9 ,gellius1 xiii4 #bc1 :i* are discuss$ lat] on 9 ?is lecture4 ,"s ( ^!1 ( c\rse1 ev5tually became sep>ate deities--,salacia1 ,maia1 ,lua4 ,z ,i _c accept ! view t ! e>lie/ ,roman idea ( ! sup]natural is to be f\nd 9 comprecationes ( a comp>atively late p]iod1 i4e4 9 ! s-call$ ,indigitam5ta1 ?is *>m+ly symmetrical acc\nt has no *>m = me beyond its symmetry4 #bii ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 pp4 #add1 #adf2 ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #aci2 ,c4,i4,l4 vi4 #aaj & #aaa4 ,o!r ref]5ces are giv5 by ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cc1 note #b4 #cjj ,= ,pales1 ,r4,f4 p4 #hj note2 = ,pomona1 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #afe4 #cja ,! passage runs ?us 7,aug4 ,c4,d4 iv4 #cb73 ,dicit enim 7,v>ro7 de g5]ationibus deorum magis ad poetas quam ad physicos fuisse populos incl9atos1 et ideo et sexum et g5]ationes deorum maiores suos 7id e/ vet]es cr$idisse ,romanos7 et eorum con/ituisse coniugia4 ,!re is an amus+ passage 9 ,lactantius1 i4 #ag 7de ,falsa ,religione71 :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] might read ) advantage4 ,x beg9s1 ,si duo sunt sexus deorum1 sequitur concubitus4 ,!n he goes on mock+ly to argue t ! gods mu/ h h\ses1 cities1 l&s :i* !y pl\gh & s[1 :i* proves !m mortal4 ,f9ally he takes ! :ole s]ies ( inf]5ces backw>ds1 f9i%+ ) si domibus c>5t1 ergo et concubitu4 ,si concubitus ab 8 abe/1 et sexus igitur foem9eus1 etc4 ,all ?is1 he means1 c be inf]r$ f ! fact t gods are ( bo? sexes2 b t !y h concubitus c no m be inf]r$ f 8 argum5t ?an t !y pl\gh & s[4 #cjb ,dr4 ,fraz] conjectures a sacr$ m>riage ( ,jupit] & ,juno "u ! =ms ( ,janus & ,diana1 9 ,k+%ip1 p4 #bad2 b he is well aw>e t x is pure guesswork4 ,!re 01 inde$1 at ,fal]ii su* a m>riage ( ,juno ) an unkn[n deity 7,ovid1 ,amores1 iii4 #ac71 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 we d n "k ! hi/ory4 ,fal]ii 0 "o ( ^? cities1 l ,pra5e/e1 :]e ,etruscan1 ,greek1 & ,lat9 influ5ces met4 ,! ,orci nuptiae on :i* ,fraz] lays /ress 0 simply ! ,greek m>riage ( ,pluto & ,pros]p9e3 ,orci coniux ,pros]p9a1 ,aug4 ,c4,d4 vii4 #bc & #bh1 ,agahd1 p4 #aeb4 ,wiss[a %[s ?is conclusively1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bdf4 ,orcus 0 ,graecis$ z ,plutus1 b 0 himself totally )\t p]sonality4 #cjc ,dr4 ,fraz] wrongly translates ?is z anci5t pray]s 7p4 #daa71 add+ ! highe/ possible au?ority on ! subject4 ,oratio is nev] us$ 9 ?is s5se until ,*ri/ian times3 ! ^w is always precatio4 ,all s*ol>s are agre$ t :at is meant is invocations to deities 9 old spee*es1 su* z occur once or twice 9 ,cic]o 7e4g4 at ! end ( ! ,v]r9es72 cp4 ,livy xxix4 #ae4 ,z ! record+ ( spee*es _c be assum$ to h begun be=e ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 ?is does n c>ry u v f> back4 ,t c5tury is also ! age 9 :i* ! pontifices 7 probably mo/ active 9 draw+ up comprecationes2 see bel[1 p4 #bhe foll4 #cjd ,see ,app5dix ,b at end ( volume4 #cje ,cp4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #hej1 =ti sacrific>e deae4 ,9 ,r4,f4 p4 #fj foll41 ,i h criticis$ ! attempts1 anci5t & mod]n1 to make ?is ,n]io ! subject ( my?s4 #cjf ,macrob4 i4 #ab4 #ah4 ,?is ^w ,maie/as %[s ! d\btful nature ( ^! fem99e names1 & probably betrays ! real mean+ ( ,maia4 ,i may m5tion "h t ,bellona in/ead ( ,n]io is ascrib$ z wife to ,m>s by ,s5eca ap4 ,aug4 ,c4,d4 vi4 #aj2 also ,v5us to ,volcanus in/ead ( ,maia4 ,nei!r h any connection1 s f> z we "k1 ) ! gods to :om ,s5eca ascribes !m z wives3 ,v5us-,vulcan is1 ( c\rse1 ,greek4 ,bo? ,augu/9e & ,dr4 ,fraz] might ) advantage h ab/a9$ f cit+ ,s5eca on su* a po9t3 z a ,spani>d by bir? he 0 n likely to "k mu* ab\t te*nical que/ions ( ,roman ritual4 #cjg ,see ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 i4 #bgd4 #cjh ,9 ! ,graeco-,roman age ,m>s seems to h be5 r a fav\rite subject ( my?-mak+2 see ,us5]'s article on ,italian my?s 9 ,rhe94 ,mus4 vol4 xxx42 ,ros*] 9 ,my?4 ,lex4 = works ( ,graeco-,etruscan art 9 :i* he appe>s 9 c]ta9 my?ical sc5es4 #cji ,h4 ,jordan1 quot$ 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #fa note4 ,i relegate to an app5dix :at ne$s to be said ab\t ! o!r pairs ( deities m5tion$ by ,gellius4 #caj ,leipzig1 #ahih1 p4 #g foll4 #caa ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #afh4 ,c>t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ba4 #cab ,see ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 pp4 #bb & #ih4 #cac ,s ,fides is usually expla9$1 z orig9ally belong+ to ,jupit] 7,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ajc foll472 b a diff]5t view is tak5 by ,h>old ,l4 ,axtell 9 8 "w on ! ,deification ( ,ab/ract ,ideas at ,rome 7,*icago1 #aijg71 p4 #bj4 #cad ,9 ! ,fe/s*rift f4 ,o4 ,hirs*feld1 p4 #bdc foll4 #cae ,religion ( ! ,babylonians1 introductory *apt]4 #caf ,op4 cit4 p4 #dab4 #cag ,l4,l4 v4 #fd4 #cah ,?is fragm5t is ,no4 #ejc 9 ,baehr5s1 ,fragm4 ,poet4 ,rom4 #cai ,lactantius1 ,div4 in/4 iv4 #c4 #cbj ,crawley1 ,! ,tree ( ,life1 p4 #bef2 ,f>nell1 ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #ahj2 von ,domaszewski1 ,abh&lung51 p4 #aff1 ,man ruft sie an im ,gebete als pat] und mat] zum ,zei*5 d] ,unt]w]fung unt] ihr5 ,will51 wie d] ,sohn dem ,gebote des pat]familias si* fuegt4 ,d] sittli* /r5ge ,gehorsam1 d] das ,famili5leb5 d] ,roem] beh]rs*t1 die pietas1 i/ d] ,s9n d] roemis*5 religio4 ,cp4 also ,appel1 de ,rom4 precationibus1 pp4 #ajb-c1 :o ?9ks t !y reg>d$ ! gods velut patri>*as sive patres familias4 ,he quotes ,prell]-,jordan i4 #ee & ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?rasliturgie1 p4 #adb sq4 ,s too ) mat]--velut mat] familias4 #cba ,! expression seems to mean a fa!r made = ! purpose ( ! embassy4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dgg1 note #c4 #cbb p4 #ai4 ,?is 0 writt51 x may be not$1 sev]al ye>s aft] ,au/ _h ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! cult ( ,jupit] = 8 article 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon2 9 :i* cult1 if any:]e1 "o may be tempt$ to see evid5ce ( a p]sonal conception ( deities4 ,z ,dr4 ,fraz] has ref]r$ to ! cult ( ,jupit] at ,pra5e/e1 to :i* ,i ref]r$ him z evid5ce ( a possibly p]sonal conception ( ! god 9 t ,lat9 city1 ,i may say "h t ,i adh]e to :at ,i said ab\t ?is 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #bbf foll42 no piece ( antique cult has occupi$ my att5tion m ?an ?is1 & ,i h tri$ to lay op5 e s\rce ( confirmation or criticism4 ,wiss[a has express$ himself 9 almo/ exactly ! same t]ms 9 ,r4,k4 p4 #bji3 we arriv$ at our conclusions indep5d5tly4 #cbc ,t]tullian1 ad ,nationes #aa1 & de ,anima1 #cg foll42 ,aug4 de ,civ4 ,dei1 iv4 passim1 & especially *4 xi42 ,r4 ,pet] compil$ a complete li/ 7,my?4 ,lex41 s4v4 ,indigitam5ta1 p4 #adc7 f ^! & o!r s\rces4 #cbd ,aug4 ,c4,d4 vii4 #ag4 ,t ?is 0 :at ,v>ro meant by di c]ti 0 fir/ affirm$ by ,wiss[a 9 a note to 8 edition ( ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #i2 x has be5 g5]ally accept$ z ! true acc\nt4 ,a full discussion w be f\nd 9 ,agahd's edition ( ! fragm5ts ( ,v>ro's "w1 p4 #abf foll42 cf4 ,pet]'s article quot$ above1 & ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 pp4 #fa & #fe4 ,a some:at diff]5t view is giv5 9 ,domaszewski's article 9 ,ar*iv = #aijg1 p4 #a foll41 sugge/$ by ,us5]'s ,goett]nam54 #cbe ,! evid5ce = ?is w be f\nd 9 ,m>qu>dt's note #d on p4 #i4 ,i h no d\bt t ,wiss[a is "r 9 expla9+ ,indigitam5ta z ,gebets=meln1 =mulae ( invocation2 9 :i* ! mo/ important matt]1 we may add1 w\ld be ! "n ( ! deity4 ,see 8 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #agg foll4 ,! ,indigitam5ta conta9$1 z "o section1 ! invocations ( di c]ti4 #cbf ,*iefly by ,ambros* 9 8 ,religionsbue*] d] ,roem]4 ,pet]'s article conta9s a useful acc\nt ( ! :ole progress ( rese>* on ?is subject4 #cbg ,lex4 p4 #acg2 x 0 t ( 8 ma/] ,reiff]s*eid4 ,cp4 ,wiss[a1 op4 cit4 7,ges4 ,abh&l4 p4 #cjf foll474 #cbh ,r4,f4 pp4 #aia1 #cda4 #cbi ,! place ( ! ,sond]goett] 9 ,greek ,poly!ism1 pr9t$ 9 ,an?ropological ,essays address$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #ha4 ,us5]'s discussion ( ! ,roman & ,li?uanian ,sond]goett] is 9 8 ,goett]nam51 p4 #gc foll4 #ccj ,wiss[a writes 7,ges4 ,abh&l4 p4 #cbj note7 t he has reason to believe t a great numb] ( ! ,li?uanian ,sond]goett] only became su* ?r\gh ! treatm5t ( ! subject by ! m$iaeval writ]s on :om ,us5] reli$6 #cca ,ges4 ,abh&l4 p4 #cjd foll4 #ccb ,s]vius 7,int]pol47 ad ,georg4 i4 #ba4 #ccc ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #adg2 ,c4,i4,l4 vi4 #bjii & #bajg4 #ccd ,op4 cit4 p4 #cbc foll42 = famuli & anculi divi1 ,h5z51 op4 cit4 p4 #ade4 #cce ,see above1 p4 #aba4 #ccf p4 #cab2 cp4 #cbj1 :]e he fur!r ass]ts 8 belief t ,v>ro is responsible himself = ! creation ( a great numb] ( ^! ,sond]goett]1 ow+ to 8 extreme desire to fix & def9e ! function ( e deity 9 relation to human life2 j z ! m$iaeval writ]s ,lask[ski & ,pretorius may h creat$ _m ,li?uanian ,sond]goett]4 ,z ,i am n q cle> on ?is po9t1 ,i h n m5tion$ x 9 ! text4 #ccg ,op4 cit4 p4 #cad1 note #a4 ,see above1 note #cc4 #cch e4g4 ,vaticanus1 qui infantum vagitibus praesidet2 ,rus9a f rus2 ,consus f consilium1 etc4 #cci ,see above1 p4 #hd4 ,,lecture ,,viii ,,ritual ,,( ,,! ,,ius ,,div9um ,i h already frequ5tly m5tion$ ! ius div9um1 ! law gov]n+ ! relations betwe5 ! div9e & human inhabitants ( ! city1 z ! ius civile gov]n$ ! relations betwe5 citiz5 & citiz54#cdj ,:5 we exam9$ ! cal5d> ( ,numa1 we 7 9 fact exam9+ a "p ( ?is law2 we began ) ?is our /udies ( ! religion ( ! ,roman city-/ate1 because x is ! e>lie/ docum5t we possess :i* illum9ates ! d>k ages ( city life1 s f> z religion is conc]n$4 ,! /udy ( ! cal5d> naturally l$ u on to consid] ! evid5ce x yields1 tak5 toge!r ) o!r s\rces ( in=mation1 z to ! nature ( ! deities = ^: wor%ip x fixes times & seasons1 or1 m accurately1 ! am\nt ( k to :i* ! ,romans _h atta9$ ab\t _! div9e be+s4 ,b we mu/ n[ return to ! ius div9um1 & /udy x 9 ano!r aspect1 = :i* ! cal5d> itself does n suffice z evid5ce4 ,p]haps ! simple/ way ( expla9+ ?is ius is to describe x z lay+ d[n ! rules = ! ma9t5ance ( "r relations betwe5 ! citiz5s & _! deities2 z orda9+ :at ?+s are to be done or avoid$ 9 ord] to keep up a cont9ual pax1 or quasi-legal cov5ant1 betwe5 ^! two p>ties4 ,! two words ius & pax1 we may note1 are cont9ually meet+ u 9 ,roman religi\s docum5ts4 ,9 a pray] sanction$ by ! pontifices = use at ! mak+ ( a new cle>+1 we read3 ,si deus1 si dea sit cuius illud sacrum e/1 ut tibi ius siet porco piaculo fac]e illiusce sacri co]c5di ergo1#cda i4e4 ,o unkn[n deity1 :e!r god or goddess1 ^: prop]ty ?is wood is1 let x be legally prop] to sacrifice to !e ?is pig z an expiatory (f]+1 = ! sake ( cutt+ d[n trees 9 ?is wood ( ?9e4 ,pacem deorum exposc]e 7or pet]e7 is a /&+ =mula1 z all read]s ( ,virgil "k2#cdb & x occurs 9 _m o!r au?ors & religi\s docum5ts4 ,:5 ,livy wants to express ! horror ( ! old patrician families at ! idea ( plebeians be+ consuls--m5 :o _h no k ( ! ius div9um & no "r to h any--he makes ,appius ,claudius exclaim1 ,nunc nos1 tanquam iam nihil pace deorum opus sit1 omnes ca]imonias polluimus4#cdc ,h[ c we ma9ta9 our "r relations ) ! gods1 if plebeians h ! c>e ( !m8 ,?us x is n go+ too f> to describe ! :ole ,roman religion ( ! city-/ate z a ,re*tsv]kehr1#cdd a legal process go+ on cont9ually4 ,:5 a colonia 0 f\nd$1 i4e4 a milit>y outpo/ :i* 0 to be a copy 9 all respects ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 x 0 absolutely ess5tial t its ius div9um %\ld be laid d[n2 x mu/ h a religi\s *>t] z well z a civil "o4 ,ev5 at ! v end ( ! life ( ! ,republic1 :5 ,caes> f\nd$ a colony 9 ,spa91 he orda9$ t1 )9 t5 days ( its fir/ magi/rates tak+ (fice1 !y %\ld consult ! ,s5ate quos et quot dies fe/os esse et quae sacra fi]i publice placeat et quos ea sacra fac]e placeat1 i4e4 z to ! cal5d>1 ! ritual1 & ! prie/hood4#cde ,! ,romans1 ( c\rse1 assum$ t ,numa1 _! prie/-k+1 _h done ! same ?+ = ,rome2 ,livy describes him z orda9+ a pontifex to :om he entru/$ ! c>e ( all ^! matt]s1 ) writt5 rules to foll[4#cdf ,?is 0 ! imag9>y religi\s *>t] ( ! ,roman ,/ate4 ,)\t x ! citiz51 or r 8 (ficial repres5tative1 w\ld n "k ) ! necess>y accuracy ! details ( ! cura & ca]imonia2 )\t x1 too1 ! deities c\ld n be expect$ to p]=m _! "p ( advanc+ ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate1 & inde$1 z ,i ?9k we %all f9d1 c\ld n be expect$ to reta9 ! /r5g? & vitality :i* !y ne$$ = ! "w4 ,support 0 ne$$ on ea* side2 ! ,/ate ne$$ ! help ( ! gods1 & ! gods ne$$ ! help ( ! ,/ate's c>e & wor%ip4 ,! ways & means t[>ds ! ma9t5ance ( ?is pax 7 z foll[s4 ,fir/1 ! deities mu/ be duly placat$1 & _! p[]s kept 9 full vig\r1 by ! ritual ( sacrifice & pray]1 p]=m$ at ! prop] times & places by au?oris$ p]sons skill$ 9 ! k ( t ritual4 ,secondly1 !re mu/ be an exact fulfilm5t ( all v[s or solemn promises made to ! deities by ! ,/ate or its magi/rates1 or by su* private p]sons z might h made simil> engagem5ts4 ,?irdly1 ! city1 its l& & its p1 mu/ be pres]v$ f all evil or ho/ile influ5ces1 :e!r spiritual or mat]ial or bo?1 by ! process broadly kn[n z lu/ratio1 :i* we commonly translate purification4 ,la/ly1 /rict att5tion mu/ be paid to all outw>d signs ( ! w ( ! gods1 z %[n by om5s & port5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,?is la/ me?od ( secur+ ! pax became specially prom95t mu* lat] 9 ,roman hi/ory1 & ,i pref] to po/pone detail$ discussion ( x = ! pres5t2 b ! o!r ?ree we w n[ exam9e1 ) ! help ( evid5ce ma9ly d]iv$ f facts ( cult1 n f ! fancies ( my?ologi/s4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,i take sacrifice1 deal+ only ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( sacrificial rites1 s f> z we c disc]n !m 9 ! num]\s details :i* h come d[n to u4 ,! ^w sacrificium1 let u note1 9 its wide/ s5se1 may cov] any religi\s act 9 :i* some?+ is made sacrum1 i4e4 79 its legal s5se7 ! prop]ty ( a deity2#cdg ,i am n n[ conc]n$ to conjecture :at exactly may h be5 ! mean+ ( ?is immortal ^w be=e x 0 embodi$ 9 ! ius div9um4 ,sacrificium is limit$ 9 practical use by ! ,romans !mselves to (f]+s1 animal or c]eal1 made on ! spot :]e ! deity _h tak5 up 8 resid5ce1 or at "s place on ! b\nd>y ( l& or city 7e4g4 ! gate7 :i* 0 "u 8 protection1 or 79 lat] times at lea/7 at a tempor>y alt> erect$ dur+ a campaign4 ,?us x 0 z mu* a sacrificium :5 ! pat]familias ?rew at ea* meal a portion ( ! food into ! fire1 ! resid5ce ( ,ve/a1 z :5 ! consul (f]$ a victim to ,m>s on ! eve ( a battle4 ,sacrifices h g5]ally be5 divid$ into ! ?ree classes ( 7#a7 honorific1 :]e ! (f]+ is believ$ to be 9 "s s5se a gift to ! deity2 7#b7 piacul>1 or s9-(f]+s1 :]e ! victim 0 usually burnt :ole1 no "p be+ reta9$ = eat+ 7?\gh ?is 0 n ! case at ,rome72 7#c7 sacram5tal sacrifices1 :]e ! wor%ipp]s ent] into communion ) ! deity by p>tak+ ( ! sacr$ (f]+ toge!r ) him4#cdh ,! two =m] are con/ant & typical 9 ! ,roman religion2 b traces ( ! sacram5tal type1 :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? believ$ to be ! olde/1 are also f\nd1 & x w cle> ! gr\nd if ,i ref] to !m at once4 ,by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ example is t ( ! ,lat9 fe/ival on ! ,alban m\nt1 :]e ! fle% ( ! victim1 a :ite heif] t _h nev] felt ! yoke1 0 p>tak5 ( by ! deputies ( all ! cities ( ! ,lat9 league1 great importance be+ atta*$ to ! due di/ribution4#cdi ,"h ! ,lat9 race ye>ly ackn[l$ges its common k9%ip ( blood1 & seals x by p>tak+ 9 ! common meal ( a sacr$ victim1 ?us ent]+ into communion ) ,jupit]1 ! anci5t god ( ! race1 & ) ea* o!r1 by p>ticipation 9 ! fle% ( ! sacr$ animal4 ,?is common meal is p]haps a survival f ! age :5 cattle 7 sacr$ animals1 & 7 nev] sla9 or eat5 except on ! solemn annual occasions :5 ! clan or race r5ew$ its k9%ip & its mutual obligations by a solemn sacram5t4 ,x is tempt+ to comp>e ) ?is great sacram5t ! epulum ,iovis on ! ,ides ( ,septemb]1 ! d$ication-day ( ! ,capitol9e temple ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va1 :i* ?ree deities seem to h be5 pres5t 9 visible =m to %>e ! meal ) ! magi/rates & s5ate4#cej ,b we h n yet arriv$ at ! age :5 ?is temple 0 built1 & we h no evid5ce enabl+ u to c>ry ! rite back 9 any =m to ! pre-,etruscan p]iod4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 fa9t indications t ! old ,italians believ$ ! deities to be 9 "s s5se pres5t at _! meals1 ?\gh n 9 visible =m2 & at "o fe/ival1 ! ,=nacalia1 :i* 0 a conc]n n ( ! ,/ate z a :ole1 b ( ! ?irty curiae into :i* x 0 divid$1#cea !re seems to be no d\bt t a common meal took place 9 :i* ! gods 7 believ$ to h a "p1 or at any rate to be pres5t ?\gh invisible4 ,yet ! ius div9um ( ! ,roman ,/ate assur$ly did n enc\rage ?is k9d ( sacram5t2 = 9 ! regul> r\nd ( ,/ate fe/ivals1 9 :i* we _c include ev5 ! f]iae ,lat9ae1 ! sacrifices1 s f> z we are in=m$1 7 all honorific or piacul>4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! idea ( p>ticipation by ! p 9 solemn sacr$ rites 0 disc\rag$ by ! ,roman prie/hood2 9 ! ius div9um ! l9e drawn betwe5 sacrum & pr(anum 0 cle>2 sc5es ( gluttony or revelry1 l ! ,greek hecatombs1 7 elim9at$ f ! sacra publica1 z ,i h already po9t$ out4 ,n till ! adv5t ( ! ,sibyll9e books & ! ,graecus ritus did ! p take an active "p 9 ! ,/ate religion2 _! duty 0 m]ely to ab/a9 f di/urbance dur+ ! p]=mance ( sacr$ rites4 ,f]iis iurgia amov5to is ! only ref]5ce 9 ,cic]o's imag9>y sket* ( ! ius div9um to ! conduct ( ! citiz5 on fe/ival days4#ceb ,)9 ! family1 ! curia1 ! g5s1 !re might be direct & active p>ticipation 9 daily or ye>ly c]emonies1 b x 0 an ess5tial pr9ciple ( ! life ( ! city-/ate t its bus9ess1 religi\s z well z civil1 %\ld be c>ri$ out = ! citiz5s by (ficials specially appo9t$4 ,9 ! typical & organis$ wor%ip ( ! ,/ate1 i4e4 sacrifice honorific & piacul>1 sanction$ by ! ius div9um1 ! utmo/ c>e 0 tak5 t ! :ole proc$ure %\ld be 9 e s5se acceptable to ! deity2 t no?+ pr(anum %\ld cross ! ?re%old ( ! div9e2 h5ce x 0 quiet1 ord]ly1 dignifi$4 ,! feel+ t communication ) ! deity invok$ 0 impossible save "u su* conditions 0 v /rong 9 ! ,roman m9d1 /rong] p]haps ?an ) any o!r p ^: religi\s practice is kn[n to u2 & ! s5se ( obligation & duty1 pietas1 z !y call$ x1 0 ?us v e>ly develop$1 & ( inf9ite value to ! ,/ate 9 its y\?4 ,?is is entirely 9 keep+ ) :at we h le>nt 9 ! la/ two lectures ( ! ideas ( ! ,romans ab\t ! nature ( _! deities1 & ?r[s additional light on ^? ideas4 ,!y did n z yet "k too mu* ab\t ! div9e be+s & _! p[]s & wi%es2 famili>ity _h n yet br$ contempt2 religio1 z we saw1 0 /ill /rong among !m--! feel+ ( awe t is likely to dim9i% or disappe> :5 y h y\r god be=e y 9 ! =m ( an idol4 ,x is a pr9ciple ( human nature t :]e k is imp]fect1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to be on ! safe side2 ?is is true ( all practical und]tak+s1 & z ! religion ( ! ,romans 0 t ( a practical p ) a practical end 9 view1 x 0 p>ticul>ly true ( !m4 ,fir/ !n1 9 ord] t ! wor%ip might be entirely acceptable to ! deity invok$1 x 0 ess5tial t ! p]son :o conduct$ x %\ld be also acceptable4 ,at ! head ( ! :ole sy/em 0 ! rex1 :o 0 prie/ z well z k+4 ,we d n "k1 ( c\rse1 exactly h[ ! rex 0 appo9t$2 b 9 ! case ( ! typical prie/-k+ ,numa1 ,livy has describ$ 8 inauguratio 9 t]ms ( ! ius div9um ( lat] times = ! appo9tm5t ( prie/s1 & we may take x z fairly c]ta9 t ! same pr9ciple held good f ! e>lie/ times4#cec ,aft] be+ summon$ 7s ! /ory ran7 f ! ,sab9e city ( ,cures by ! ,s5ate1 he consult$ ! gods ab\t 8 own fitness4 ,he 0 !n conduct$ by ! augur to ! arx on ! ,capitol1 & sat d[n on a /one fac+ ! s\?4 ,! augur took 8 seat on 8 left h& 7! lucky side7 ) veil$ head1 hold+ ! lituus#ced ( 8 (fice 9 8 "r h&1 ) :i*1 aft] a pray]1 he m>k$ out ! regiones f ea/ to we/1 ! nor? be+ to ! left1 ! s\? to ! "r1 & sil5tly not$ "s object 9 ! extreme di/ance ( ! ag] ,romanus1 z ! f>!/ po9t :]e ! appe>ance ( an om5 might be accept$4 ,!n1 pass+ ! lituus to 8 left h&1 he laid 8 "r on ! head ( ,numa1 & utt]$ ?is pray]3 ,fa!r ,jupit]1 if x be ?y w 7fas7 t ?is ,numa ,pompilius1 on ^: head my h& is laid1 be k+ ( ,rome1 ,i pray !e give u cle> tok5 )9 ! limits :i* ,i h m>k$ out4 ,!n he said al\d :at auspicia he s\ght = 7i4e4 :e!r ( birds1 lightn+1 or :at72 & :5 !y appe>$1 ,numa desc5d$ z rex f ! citadel4 ,?is process 0 call$ inauguratio2 x is atte/$ = ! confirmation ( ! election ( ! ?ree flam9es maiores1 ! rex1 & ! augurs1 9 hi/orical times1#cee :atev] 0 ! me?od ( t election1 & )\t x ! prie/ 0 n believ$ to be acceptable to ! gods4 ,x is n m5tion$ by ,roman writ]s 9 connection ) ! ,pontifices or ! ,ve/als2 if ?is be n m]ely f de>? ( evid5ce1 x is n easy to acc\nt =1 unless ! reason 7 t nei!r body 0 specially conc]n$ ) sacrifice4 ,b ! pr9ciple is p]fectly cle>--t ! p]son :o is to repres5t ! community 9 wor%ip mu/ be "o ( :om ! num9a op5ly express approval4 ,a prie/1 sac]dos1 is ?us a p]son set ap>t by special ritual = ! s]vice ( ! sacra populi ,romani4 ,! rex no d\bt himself made ! selection & sup]vis$ ! inauguratio ( ! o!r prie/s at ^: head he 04 ,:5 ! k+%ip came to an end1 8 p[]s ( ?is k9d pass$ to ! pontifex maximus2 & x may be z well to add at once t 8 sacrificial p[]s1 ?\gh !y 7 9 a special s5se inh]it$ by a prie/ :o took 8 title1 ! rex sacrorum1 pass$ ) ! civil p[] to all magi/rates cum imp]io1 :o wore ! toga praetexta symbolic ( prie/ly function1 & _h ! "r ( presid+ at sacrificial rites bo? at home & 9 ! field4 ,?us magi/rate & prie/1 ?\gh q di/9ct "u ! ,republic f ! po9t ( view ( public law1 h c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 common z d]iv+ f a common s\rce 9 ! p[]s ( ! rex4#cef ,b to return to ! p]iod ( ,numa & ! cal5d>3 x 0 n only necess>y t ! prie/ %\ld be acceptable to ! gods1 b t he %\ld be m>k$ (f f ! re/ ( ! community z be+ d$icat$ to _! s]vice4 ,z ,dr4 ,jevons says1#ceg 9 all e>ly religions prie/s are m>k$ (f f o!r wor%ipp]s1 p>tly by :at !y d1 & p>tly by :at !y may n d2 & :at he means is 7#a7 t ! prie/ orig9ally 0 ! p]son :o alone c\ld slay a victim2 7#b7 t 9 consequ5ce ( 8 sacr$ness he 0 subject to a great numb] ( re/rictions4 ,i h already spok5 ( ^! re/rictions or prie/ly taboos 9 my second lecture2 & z ,i believe t 9 ! p]iod we are n[ deal+ ) !y 7 little m ?an a survival1 ,i %all n return to !m n[4 ,b ( ! outw>d insignia1 :i* m>k$ (f ! prie/ z alone entitl$ to p]=m ! ess5tial act ( wor%ip1 ! sacrifice1 & :i* br+ him out ( ! region ( ! pr(anum into t ( sacrum1 ,i mu/ say a few words be=e go+ f>!r4 ,9 hi/orical times ! actual slay+ ( ! victim 0 done by subord9ates1 popae1 victim>ii1 etc42 b !re is no d\bt :atev] t x 0 orig9ally ! "w ( ! prie/1 = he seems at all times to h us$ "o ge/ure :i* is cle>ly symbolic ( x1#ceh & !re are traces also ( a practice ( we>+ ! toga 9 su* a way z to leave ! "r arm free = ! act4#cei ,t toga1 or any o!r special robe worn by ! prie/1 0 always 9 :ole or "p r$ or purple4 ,! purple-edg$ toga praetexta 0 worn bo? by prie/s & magi/rates1 & by *ildr5 "u age2 & ,i ?9k !re is good reason to believe t 9 all ^! cases ! orig9al idea 0 ! same--t !y took "p1 directly or indirectly1 z prim>y or second>y ag5ts 9 sacrificial acts4 ,! ,salii & ! augurs wore ! trabea1 :i* 0 ( purple or r$1 or bo?2 ! flam9es _h a special robe ab\t ! col\r ( :i* we are n in=m$1 b ! ,flam9ica ,dialis wore a purple g>m5t call$ rica1 & a r$ veil call$ flammeum1 :i* 0 also worn by ! bride 9 ! religi\s c]emony ( m>riage4 ,:e!r we are to see 9 ?is preval5ce ( r$ or purple any symbolism ( ! %$d+ ( blood 9 sacrifice ,i _c be sure1 b ! inf]5ce is a tempt+ "o1 & has be5 put =w>d ) confid5ce by "s rec5t inve/igators4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! ,ve/als1 :o did n sacrifice animals1 wore :ite only4#cfj ,if ! r$ col\r has any?+ to d ) blood-%$d+1 x is probably m ?an m]ely symbolic2 x may mean t ! sacrific+ prie/ p>takes ( t life & /r5g? :i* he passes on to ! god ?r\gh ! blood1 t is ! life1 ( ! victim4#cfa ,! ,roman prie/s _h also o!r insignia1 ( :i* ! orig9al mean+ is less evid5t4 ,! ,flam5 ,dialis1 & probably all ! flam9es1 wore a cap ) an olive-twig fa/5$ to ! top ( x2 ?is is well %[n 9 ! sculptures ( ! ,ara ,pacis ( ,augu/us4#cfb ,! flam9icae _h a head-dress call$ tutulus1 :i* consi/$ 9 "p1 at lea/1 ( a purple fillet or ribbon4 ,! flam9es1 :5 actually sacrific+1 wore a gal]us1 or hood ( "s k9d made ( ! sk9 ( a victim1 & ! ,flam5 ,dialis 9 p>ticul> wore "o made ( ! sk9 ( a :ite heif] sacrific$ to ,jupit]4#cfc ,9 ^! v>i\s ways all prie/s 7 outw>dly %[n to be holy m51 sac]dotes1 m>k$ (f f ! pr(anum vulgus4 ,only = ! pontifices we h no in=mation z to a special dress1 j z we also h none z to _! inauguratio4#cfd ,?us !re is no "q t ! prie/s 7 *os5 & sep>at$ f ! p 9 su* a way z to meet ) ! approval ( ! gods2 & ev5 ! acolytes1 camilli & camillae1 boys & girls :o frequ5tly appe> 9 sacrificial sc5es on monum5ts1 wore ! toga praetexta1 &1 9 ord] to be acceptable1 mu/ be ! *ildr5 ( liv+ p>5ts4#cfe ,?is rule has lately be5 ! subject ( a discussion by ,dr4 ,fraz]1 on :i* he has br\ght to be>1 z usual1 a great range ( le>n+4 ,he reg>ds ! re/riction n s mu* z a matt] ( good om51 i4e4 ( fre$om f contam9ation by ! dea? ( a p>5t1 b z po9t+ to a notion t !y 7 full] ( life & !re=e lucki] ?an orphans4#cff ,:e!r or no ?is explanation is ! "r "o1 x is q consi/5t1 z we %all see directly1 ) ! g5]al idea ( sacrifice at ,rome1 & ! le>n+ by :i* x is support$ is 9 any case ( int]e/ & value4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce f hi/orical times t all wor%ipp]s1 & !re=e a =tiori all prie/s1 :5 sacrific+1 _h to be p]sonally clean & free f e k9d ( ta9t2 a rule :i* also held good = ! ut5sils us$ 9 ! wor%ip1 :i* 9 _m cases at lea/ 7 ( primitive make & mat]ial1 n su* z 7 9 common use4#cfg ,! ne$ ( p]sonal purity is well express$ by ,tibullus 9 8 description ( a rural fe/ival#cfh3-- vos quoque abesse procul iubeo1 disc$at ab aris cui tulit he/]na gaudia nocte ,v5us4 ca/a plac5t sup]is3 pura cum ve/e v5ite et manibus puris sumite fontis aquam4 ,^! l9es indicate an approa* at lea/ to ! idea ( m5tal z well z mat]ial purity2 & ,cic]o 9 8 ius div9um 9 ! de ,legibus#cfi actually rea*es t idea3 ca/e iubet lex adire ad deos1 animo videlicet1 9 quo sunt omnia3 nec tollit ca/imoniam corporis1 etc4 ,b ?is is ! language ( a lat] age1 & does n reflect ! notions ( ! old ,roman1 b r ^? ( ! religi\s philosophy ( ! ,greek4 ,! p]sonal purity :i* ! ,roman rule requir$ 0 a survival f a set ( primitive ideas1 closely connect$ ) taboo1 :i* we are only n[ beg9n+ to und]/& fully4 ,!y are common to all or almo/ all peoples :o h made any progress 9 sy/ematis+ _! sacrificial wor%ip4 ,z ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck has rec5tly express$ x1#cgj !y spr+ f ! idea t ! contact ( a pollut+ sub/ance ) any?+ holy is foll[$ by injuri\s consequ5ces4 ,x is suppos$ to deprive a deity or holy be+ ( its hol9ess4444 ,s also a sacr$ act is believ$ to lose its sacr$ness by be+ p]=m$ by an unclean individual4 ,& 9 ! next s5t5ce he goes /ill f>!r back 9 ! hi/ory ( ! belief1 po9t+ out t a pollut+ sub/ance is itself held to conta9 my/]i\s en]gy ( a baneful k9d4 ,b ,i mu/ leave ?is int]e/+ subject n[2 ! /ory ( ! evolution ( ! habit ( cleanl9ess f ^! anci5t ideas w be f\nd 9 ! ?irty-n9? *apt] ( 8 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas4 ,com+ next to ! act ( sacrifice itself1 x is ne$less to say t ! victim mu/ be z exactly fitt$ to please ! deity--if t be ! "r way to express ! obligation--z ! prie/ :o sacrific$ x4 ,x mu/ be ( ! "r k9d1 sex1 age1 col\r2 x mu/ g will+ly to ! slaught]1 adorn$ ) fillets & ribbons 7infulae1 vittae71 9 ord] to m>k x (f f o!r animals z holy2 9 ! case ( ox51 we he> also ( ! gild+ ( ! horns1 b ?is mu/ h be5 co/ly & unusual4#cga ,all ^! details 7 d\btless laid d[n 9 ! ius div9um1 & 9 lat] times1 :5 ! deities dwelt 9 ro($ temples1 !y 7 embodi$ 9 ! lex or *>t] ( ea* temple4#cgb ,i d n ne$ to g into !m "h m9utely2 = my pres5t purpose1 ! elucidation ( ! mean+ :i* ! ,romans atta*$ to sacrificial wor%ip1 x w be suffici5t to po9t out t all victims1 s f> z we "k1 7 dome/ic animals1 & 9 almo/ all cases !y 7 valuable prop]ty 7pecunia71 su* z belong$ to ! /ock ( ! ,lat9 f>m]1 ox1 %eep1 pig1 v>y+ accord+ to age & sex4 ,goats 7 us$ at ! ,lup]calia1 & a horse 0 sacrific$ to ,m>s1 z we h se51 on ,octob] #ae1 & at ! ,robigalia 9 ,april a r$ dog 0 (f]$ to ! _s ( ! mildew4 ,b ?\gh "t =bids me to expla9 all ^! rules1 a c>eful /udy ( ! evid5ce = !m is mo/ useful = any "o :o wi%es to und]/& ! influ5ce ( ! ius div9um on ! m9d ( ! e>ly ,roman4 ,9 ! family :at rules 7 ne$$ 7 matt] ( tradition2 deities 7 few1 & (f]+s limit$4 ,b 9 ! city-/ate x 0 v diff]5t2 "h ev5 ! di indigetes 7 _m1 ) div]se wi%es & lik+s z well z functions3 h[ 7 ^! to be asc]ta9$ & rememb]$ at ! "r mom5t8 ,"h1 z 9 all me?ods ( secur+ ! pax deorum1 a c5tral sup]vis+ au?ority 0 ne$$1 9 ^: k & wisdom ! :ole community _h confid5ce2 & he 0 f\nd 9 ! rex1 z is cle>ly %[n 9 ! :ole traditional acc\nt ( ! prie/-k+ ,numa4 ,v naturally tradition also ascrib$ to ,numa ! in/itution ( ! pontifices1 :om ! hi/orical ,romans knew z succe$+ ! rex 9 ! sup]vision ( religi\s law4#cgc ,if all w5t well1 ! victim go+ will+ly & no ill om5 sup]v5+1 ! actual slaught] foll[$ at ! alt>4 ,dur+ ! :ole op]ation sil5ce 0 enjo9$2 ! prie/s' heads 7 veil$ ) ! folds ( ! toga2#cgd pip]s 7tibic9es7 cont9u$ to play1 9 ord] t no unlucky s\nd or ^w might be he>d :i* w\ld make x necess>y to />t afre% ) ano!r victim 7in/auratio74 ,imm$iately be=e ! slaught] ! victim 0 made holi] ?an ev] by spr9kl+ ^u x fragm5ts ( sacr$ cake made ( f> 7immolatio71 & by p\r+ on x libations ( w9e f a foculus or movable alt> conta9+ ?is holy condim5t1 toge!r ) inc5se if t 7 us$ 9 ! rite4 ,z soon z x 0 dead1 ! int]nal organs 7 exam9$ to make sure t !re 0 no physical defect or abnormal gr[?1 = x 01 ( c\rse1 q z necess>y t ! animal %\ld be purus )9 z )\t2 ?is 0 ! only object ( ! exam9ation1 until ! ,etruscan art ( extipic9a made its way to ,rome4 ,:at became ( ! blood we are n told2 ,i h already rem>k$ t blood has curi\sly little "p 9 ,roman ritual & cu/om4#cge ,b ! exta1 i4e4 int]nal organs ( life1 7 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! c>case1 & c>efully cook$ 9 holy vessels1 be=e be+ laid ^u ! alt> 7porrectio71 toge!r ) c]ta9 slices ( fle% call$ magm5ta1 or increase-(f]+s1 :ile ! re/ ( ! fle%1 :i* _h n[ lo/ its hol9ess1 0 reta9$ = ! use ( ! prie/s4#cgf ,! "t occupi$ 9 ! actual slaught] & inspection ( ! organs 0 n long2 b ! cook+ ( ^! mu/ h be5 (t5 a l5g?y process4 ,ovid tells u h[ on ,april #be he met ! ,flam5 ,quir9alis c>ry+ out ! exta ( a dog & a %eep1 :i* _h be5 sacrific$ at ,rome to ,robigus t morn+1 9 ord] to lay !m on ! alt> ( t deity at ! fif? mile/one on ! ,via ,claudia4#cgg ,c]ta9 days 9 ! cal5d>1 call$ endot]cisi1 :i* 7 nefa/i 9 morn+ & ev5+1 7 fa/i 9 ! middle ( ! day1 betwe5 ! slay+ ( a victim & ! plac+ ( its exta on ! alt> 7int] ho/iam caesam et exta porrecta74#cgh ,i h s f> purposely omitt$ "o important detail--! pray] :i*1 s f> z we "k1 inv>iably accompani$ ! sacrifice4 ,x is n absolutely c]ta9 at :at mom5t ( ! rite x 0 said at ,rome2 9 ! ritual ( ,iguvium we f9d x occurr+ imm$iately be=e ! plac+ ( ! exta on ! alt>2#cgi b z t ritual is a processional "o1 conc]n$ ) sacrifices at sev]al spots1 ! two *ief p>ts ( ! rite1 ! slaught] & ! porrectio1 probably foll[$ closely on "o ano!r4 ,we may p]haps guess t :]e ^! two p>ts 7 sep>at$ by a consid]able int]val1 z 9 ! majority ( ,roman fe/ivals1 ! pray] 0 said by ! prie/ also at ! mom5t ( porrectio4 ,! pray] is s important a detail z to ne$ sep>ate h&l+--important because x helps u to int]pret ! ideas ( ! ,romans ab\t _! sacrifices1 & ! attitude 9 :i* !y conceiv$ !mselves z /&+ t[>ds ! deities :om !y ?us approa*$4 ,i propose to occupy ! re/ ( ?is lecture 9 consid]+ ?is mo/ int]e/+ topic4 ,i wi% fir/ to draw att5tion to a p>ticul> feature1 or r expression1 :i* occurs 9 ! au!ntic word+ ( c]ta9 pray]s :i* we are lucky en\gh to possess1 because ,i ?9k x ?r[s "s light on ! mean+ :i* ! ,romans atta*$ to ! sacrifice x accompani$2 & secondly1 to consid] ! "* ( ,roman pray]s g5]ally1 9 view ( a "q n[ be+ l>gely discuss$1 i4e4 :e!r pray] is a developm5t f spell or *>m1 belong+ 9 its orig9 to ! region ( magic4 ,we h v>i\s =ms ( pray] surviv+ 9 ,roman lit]ature3 "s ( !m are v]sifi$ by ! poets1 & !re=e give u a g5]al impression ( ! cont5ts )\t ! actual & g5u9e word+2 we h also two fragm5ts ( anci5t c>m9a :i* h ! =m ( pray]s1 ^? ( ! ,salii & ! ,fratres ,arvales2 & we h c]ta9 =ms us$ on special occasions1 su* z ! evocatio ( ! gods ( a ho/ile community1 or ! =mulae ( v[s 7vota7 :i* ,i mu/ po/pone to ! next lecture4 ,b ! only unque/ionably g5u9e old ,roman pray]s us$ at sacrifice1 tak5 f ! books ( ! pontifices & pres]v$ ^w = ^w1 are ^? :i* ,cato embodi$ 9 8 treatise on agriculture 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 z prop] to be us$ ) sacrifice on c]ta9 occasions 9 ! agricultural ye>4#chj ,x is "h t we meet ) ! phrase1 famili> 9 ano!r =m to all ,lat9 s*ol>s1 on :i* ,i wi% to lay /ress n[4 ,x occurs 9 all ! f\r =ms ( pray] :i* ,cato copi$ d[n4 ,! fir/ is at ! "t ( ! fl[]+ ( ! pe>-trees1 on behalf ( ! ox53 ,iuppit] dapalis1 quod tibi fi]i oportet 9 domo familia mea culignam v9i dapi eius rei#cha ergo1 macte hac illace dape poluc5da e/o4 ,& aga91 :5 ! w9e is (f]$3 ,iuppit] dapalis1 macte i/ace dape poluc5da e/o4 ,macte v9o inf]io e/o4 ,s 9 ! piacul> sacrifice :5 a cle>+ is made1 ! unkn[n deity is address$ 9 ! la/ words ( ! pray] ?us3 h>um r]um ergo macte hoc porco piaculo immol&o e/o4 ,we f9d ?is macte e/o aga9 9 ! pray] = ! c]emony ( lu/ratio1 at ! end ( ! =mula3 macte hisce suovetaurilibus lact5tibus immol&is e/o4 ,9 ! rite ( ! porca praecidanea1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 ! in/ruction = ! invocation ( ,jupit] runs3 ,f]tum 7i4e4 a k9d ( cake7 ,iovi obmoveto et mactato sic1 ,iuppit]1 te hoc f]to obmov5do bonas preces precor1 uti sies vol5s propitius mihi lib]isque meis domo familiaeque meae mactus hoc f]to4 ,janus gets ano!r k9d ( cake 7/rues7 & a w9e-(f]+1 & is address$ 9 ! same way4 ,!n we read1 ,iovi f]tum obmoveto mactatoque item1 ut prius fec]is4 ,:at is ! real mean+ ( ?is phrase macte e/o1 :i* mu/ surely h be5 9 univ]sal use at sacrifices1 n only at private rites l ^? ( ,cato1 s9ce x came to be us$ 9 common spee* ( congratulation or felicitation1 e4g4 macte virtute e/o8#chb ,s]vius 9 comm5t+ on ,virgil has made x suffici5tly cle>4 ,he expla9s x z magis aucte1 & connects x ) magm5tum1 increase-(f]+1 quasi magis augm5tum1 & adds t :5 ! victims _h be5 sla9 & _! exta plac$ on ! alt>1 !y 7 said to be mactatae4 ,s1 too1 9 ano!r comm5t he seems to connect ! ^w ) ! victim r ?an ) ! deity4 ,b he is q cle> z to ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 z signify+ an increase or addition ( "s k9d2 & ?\gh 8 etymology is wrong1 we may be sure t he 0 "r 9 ?is respect1 = x is beyond d\bt built on a base1 mac or mag1 :i* produc$ magnus1 maius1 maie/as1 & s on4 ,macte nova virtute pu] means ,be ?\ increas$1 /r5g!n$ 9 virtus2 a fragm5t ( ,lucilius 7quot$ by ,s]vius7 br+s ?is out well1 ,macte inquam virtute simulque 8 viribus e/o1 & ano!r f ,ennius1 ,livius inde r$it magno mactatus triumpho4#chc ,we might almo/ translate x 9 ^! passages by glorifi$2 b x mo/ c]ta9ly includes ! mean+ ( /r5g!n$ or increas$ 9 might4 ,n[ 9 ! =mulae ( ,cato we h se5 t x is appli$ to ! deity & n to ! victim2 ?is naturally did n occur to ,s]vius1 ^: m9d 0 occupi$ r ) ,virgil & ! lit]>y use ( ! ^w ?an ) ! orig9al use & mean+ ( ! language ( pray]4 ,und\bt$ly he has made a mi/ake "h1 :i* ,cato's piety has enabl$ u to detect4 ,x 01 9 fact1 ! deity ^: /r5g? 0 to be increas$ by ! (f]+s2 s mu* at lea/ seems to me to be beyond d\bt4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no c]ta9 trace 9 ! ritual1 or 9 ,roman lit]ature1 t ! gods 7 suppos$ to consume ! exta1 or ! cakes & w9e (f]$ !m2 t primitive notion mu/ h be5 exclud$ f ! ius div9um4 ,b in/ead ( x we f9d ! m spiritual idea t by plac+ on ! alt> ! organs ( ! life ( ! victim1 ) anci5t =ms ( sacr$ cake & (f]+s ( w9e1 ! vitality ( ! deity1 8 p[] to help 8 wor%ipp]s1 to make ! corn gr[ & ! cattle br+ =? "y1 to aid ! ,/ate aga9/ enemies1 or :at n1 0 really increas$ 9 ?is semi-my/ic way4 ,let u rememb] t ! ,roman num9a 7 p[]s con/antly at "w 9 _! own sph]e2 !y are ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! "o ,p[] z conceiv$ 9 imm$iate relation to man & 8 wants2 !y are sometimes address$ 9 pray]1 z we h se51 by additional titles :i* sugge/ _! /r5g? & vitality3 ,virites ,quir9i1 ,n]io ,m>tis1 ,moles ,m>tis1 ,maia or ,maie/as ,volcani4 ,:at1 !n1 c\ld be m natural ?an t ! ,roman %\ld call ^u 8 div9e fell[-citiz5 to accept t :i*1 accord+ to anci5t tradition & practice1 w keep up 8 /r5g?1 & at ! same "t increase 8 glory & 8 goodwill t[>ds 8 wor%ipp]s8 ,?is is1 !n1 ! idea :i* ,i believe to h be5 at ! root ( ,roman sacrificial ritual1 & x seems to confirm ! dynamic !ory ( sacrifice rec5tly prop\nd$ by "s ,fr5* an?ropologi/s1 i4e4 t a my/ic curr5t ( religi\s =ce pass$ ?r\gh ! victim1 f prie/ to deity1 & p]haps back aga94#chd ,i believe t we h "h a transitional idea ( ! virtue ( sacrifice--an idea t bridges ov] ! gulf betwe5 ! crude notion t ! gods actually p>take ( ! (f]+1 & ! lat] m spiritual view t ! (f]+ is an honor>y gift to ! glory ( ,god4 ,x seems also to be f\nd 9 ! ,v$ic religion4 ,dr4 ,f>nell writes3 ,9 ! ,v$ic ritual we f9d a pure & spiritual =m ( pray]2 yet a c]ta9 spell-p[] may atta* ev5 to ! highe/ types1 = we f9d n infrequ5tly ! conception t n only ! p[] ( ! wor%ipp]1 b ! p[] ( ! deity also is n\ri%$ & /r5g!n$ by pray]1 & ! pray] itself is usually accompani$ by a pot5t act 7su* z t ( sacrifice74 ,may our pray]s increase ,agni3 ,! pray]s fill !e ) p[] & /r5g!n !e1 l great riv]s ! ,s9dhu4#che ,i mu/ n[ turn to ! =m & mann] ( ,roman pray]s1 9 ord] to ga9 fur!r light on ! "q z to ! m5tal attitude ( ! wor%ipp] t[>ds ! deity invok$4 ,( late ye>s !re has be5 a /rong t5d5cy to f9d ! orig9 ( pray] 9 spell2 or1 9 o!r words1 to discov] a bridge betwe5 t m5tal attitude :i* believes t a deity c be =c$ into a c]ta9 c\rse ( action by magical =mulae1 & ! humble attitude ( ! petition] 9 pray]1 :i* assumes t ! p[] ( ! deity altoge!r transc5ds t ( 8 wor%ipp]4 ,! evid5ce ( ,roman pray]s is1 ,i ?9k1 ( consid]able value 9 deal+ ) ?is "q2 b x ne$s to be c>efully /udi$ & h&l$4 ,! g5]al impression convey$ by ^? :o h writt5 on ! subject is t ,roman pray]s 7 dull1 dry =mulae1 :i* 7 believ$ to h a con/ra9+ influ5ce on ! deity simply z =mulae1 if !y 7 repeat$ ) p]fect precision ! "r numb] ( times4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1 = example1 has no %ad[ ( a d\bt ab\t ?is2 quot+ ,r5an1 he says t 9 ! ,roman1 z 9 ! majority ( ! old ,italian cults1 pray] is a magic =mula1 produc+ its effect by its own inh]5t quality4 ,& aga91 he writes t ! ,romans 7 mu* m addict$ to magic ?an to religion2 !y want$ to compel ! gods r ?an to be compell$ by !m4 ,_! religio 0 probably ne> ak9 to ! ,greek ,greek3 katadesmos1 :i* meant n only an ord9>y tie1 b also a magic tie or knot or a bewit*+ !reby4#chf ,i ne$ n /op to po9t out ! misconception ( ! ^w religio :i* sugge/$ ! :ole ( ?is passage2 ! suppos$ d]ivation f lig>e 0 q en\gh to sugge/ magic to ^? :o are on ! trail ( x4#chg ,let u g on to exam9e ! pray]s !mselves2 ,i ?9k we %all f9d t ?\gh !re is mu* tru? 9 ! common view ( !m1 x is n q ! :ole tru?4 ,! olde/ ,roman pray]s we possess are usually call$ hymns1 because ! ,lat9 ^w = !m 0 c>m51 viz4 ! ,c>m5 ,sali>e1 :i* is too obscure & fragm5t>y to be ( use to u1 & ! ,c>m5 ( ! ,arval ,bre?r51 :i* is pres]v$ on /one & is q intelligible4#chh ,! ^w c>m51 let u notice1 0 us$ by ! old ,romans = any k9d ( metrical =mula1 :e!r hymn1 pray]1 or spell4 ,pl9y1 :5 writ+ ( magic & incantations1 pla9ly includes pray] among !m2#chi & ,dr4 ,jevons has rec5tly po9t$ out t s++1 & especially s++ 9 a l[ voice or mutt]$ tones1 is a *>act]i/ic ( magic n only 9 ,greece & ,rome1 b 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w at ! pres5t day4#cij ,! evid5ce ( ! ^w is ?us /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! view t ^! anci5t c>m9a ( ,roman wor%ip 7 really spells2 & ! ,c>m5 ,arvalium itself does n contradict x4 ,aft] an elaborate sacrificial c]emonial ! prie/s1 us+ a writt5 copy ( ! c>m5 7libellis acceptis71 danc$ 9 triple rhy?m 7tripodav]unt7 :ile !y sang x2 x consi/$ ( six clauses1 ea* repeat$ ?ree times4 ,enos ,lases iuvate6 ,neve lu]ve ,m>m> s9s incurr]e 9 pleores6 ,satur fu f]e ,m>s1 lim5 sali1 /a b]b]6 ,semunes alt]nei advocapit cunctos6 ,enos ,m>m> iuvato6 ,triumpe6 ,) ! precise int]pretation ( ^! words ,i am n n[ conc]n$2 b !y obvi\sly conta9 invocations to ! ,l>es & ,m>s1 :i* may be ei!r petitions or comm&s1 & :i* p]haps are really on ! bord]l& betwe5 ! two2 & z ?rice repeat$1 & accompani$ ) danc+ & ge/iculation1 !y seem c]ta9ly to belong r to ! region ( magic ?an ( religion prop]4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ?is c>m5 ! pray]s ( ! guild ( bre?r5 7,atti$ii7 at ,iguvium2 ^! are ! be/ pres]v$ ( all old ,italian pray]s1 & ?\gh n ,roman1 are ! product ( ! same race4 ,9 ! lu/ratio ( ! arx 7,ocris ,fisius7 ( ,iguvium we f9d ?ree sev]al deities invok$1 ) elaborate sacrificial ritual1 at ?ree gates1 & a long pray] address$ to ea* deity1 ?rice repeat$1 z 9 ! ,c>m5 ,arvale4 ,x is to be said "u ! brea? 7tacitus precator totum1 vi4 ,a4 #ee71 :i* 0 a common practice also at ,rome1 & is believ$ to be *>act]i/ic ( ! magical spell2#cia & except 9 ! case ( ! fir/ pray]1 :i* is address$ to ! *ief deity ,jupit] ,grabovius1 x is accompani$ by "s k9d ( danc+ or rhy?mical movem5t 7tripodatio74#cib ,?us 9 outw>d =m ?is ritual seems to %[ b little advance on ! ,roman pray] ( ! ,arvales1 & inde$ x may 9 sub/ance g back to a "t z remote z t 9 :i* ! latt] _h its orig94 ,b :5 we exam9e ! matt] ( ! pray]1 we f9d t x is ca/ 9 ! language ( petition beyond all d\bt--if x be rightly int]pret$1 z we may believe x is3-- ,te invocavi invoco divum ,grabovium pro arce ,fisia1 pro urbe ,iguv9a1 pro arcis nom9e1 pro urbis nom9e3 vol5s sis1 propitius sis arci ,fisiae1 urbi ,iguv9ae1 arcis nom9i1 urbis nom9i4 ,sancte1 te invocavi invoco divum ,grabovium4 ,sancti fiducia te invocavi invoco divum ,grabovium4 ,dive ,grabovie te hoc bove opimo piaculo pro arce ,fisia1 etc4 ,dive ,grabovi1 illius anni quiquomque 9 arce ,fisia ignis ortus e/1 9 urbe ,iguv9a ritus debiti omissi sunt1 pro nihilo ducito4 ,dive ,grabovi1 quicquid tui sacrificii vitiatum e/1 peccatum e/1 p]emptum e/1 fraudatum e/1 demptum e/1 tui sacrificii visum invisum vitium e/1 dive ,grabovi1 quicquid ius sit1 hoc bove opimo piaculo pi&o4444 ,dive ,grabovi1 piato arcem ,fisiam1 piato urbem ,iguv9am4 ,dive ,grabovi1 piato arcis ,fisiae1 urbis ,iguv9ae1 nom51 magi/ratus1 ritus1 viros1 pecora1 fundos1 fruges3 piato1 e/o vol5s propitius pace tua arci ,fisiae1 etc4 ,dive ,grabovi1 salvam s]vato arcem ,fisiam salvam s]vato urbem ,iguv9am 4444 ,dive ,grabovi1 te hoc bove opimo piaculo pro arce ,fisia1 pro urbe ,iguv9a1 pro arcis nom9e1 pro urbis nom9e1 ,dive ,grabovi1 te invocavi4#cic ,t 9 ?is pray]1 & ! o!rs :i* accompany x1 exactness ( word+ 0 believ$ to be ess5tial1 z 9 ! ritual :i* prec$$ x exactness ( p]=mance1 !re is no d\bt2 = at ! end ( ! :ole docum5t 7vi4 ,b4 #dh7 we f9d t if !re _h be5 any slip 9 ! ritual1 ! ,bre?r5 _h to g back to ! fir/ gate & beg9 all ov] aga94 ,!re is pla9ly pres5t ! idea1 surviv+ f an age ( magic1 t ! deities _h /rong feel+s ab\t ! "r way ( invocation1 & w\ld n respond to ! p]=mance unless ^? feel+s 7 und]/ood & appeal$ to2 t !y w\ld miss some?+ & decl9e to d _! "p4 ,yet are we ju/ifi$ 9 go+ on to assume t !y 7 b\nd1 z by a solemn contract1 to p]=m _! "p1 if !re 7 no slip 9 ! ritual8 ,i confess x is difficult = me to take ?is fur!r /ep1 9 view ( ! language ( ! pray]s1 :i* is s cle>ly t ( petition1 nay1 ( humble petition4 ,we are n deal+ "h ) vota1 to :i* ,i %all come 9 ! next lecture1 & 9 :i* !re is a k9d ( legal contract betwe5 ! man & ! god--! =m] und]tak+ to d some?+ pleas+ to ! deity1 if ! latt] %all h fai?fully p]=m$ :at is ask$ ( him4 ,^! vota1 s abundant 9 hi/orical times1 are really responsible = ! idea t ,roman pray] is simply a b9d+ =mula--a magical spell1 let u say1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( a city prie/hood has become a quasi-legal =mula4 ,b ^! pray]s are n vota2 !y d n conta9 any language :i* betrays ! notion ( b9d+ ! deity4 ,!y seem to me to m>k a process ( transition betwe5 ! age ( spell & magic & ! age ( pray] & religion2 !y reta9 "s ( ! outw>d *>act]i/ics ( spell1 b int]nally1 i4e4 9 ! _s 9 :i* !y 7 int5d$1 !y h ! real *>act]i/ics ( pray]4#cid ,! num9a to :om !y 7 address$ 7 p[]ful spirits1 unkn[n1 unfamili>1 until _! wi%es 7 discov]$ by ! organis$ prie/hood :i* h&$ d[n ^! =ms ( petition4 ,to return to ,rome1 & to ! pray]s 9 ,cato's book1 to :i* ,i ref]r$ j n[ :5 discuss+ ! ^w macte4 ,attempts h be5 made to prove t ^! 7 orig9ally writt5 9 metre2#cie & ?is is q possible4 ,if s1 x only means t !y reta9$ ! outw>d =m ( ! primitive spell2 x mu/ n lead u on to fancy t ! sacrifice :i* accompani$ ! pray] 0 a magical act1 or t ! :ole process 0 believ$ to compel ! deity4 ,no d\bt !re 0 believ$ to be efficacy 9 ! exact repetition1 z is %[n by ! directions = piacul> sacrifices 9 case ( error ( any k9d4#cif ,b ! language is ! language ( pray]1 n ( compulsion1 nor ev5 ( b>ga9+3 ,eius rei ergo te hoc porco piaculo immol&o bonas preces precor1 ut sies vol5s propitius mihi1 domo familiaeque meis4#cig ,m>s pat]1 te precor quaesoque uti sies vol5s propitius mihi1 domo1 etc4#cih ,no am\nt ( va9 repetition or scruple c deprive ?is language ( its natural mean+4 ,! god is p[]ful 9 8 own sph]e ( action1 & man has no control ov] him2 man is fully recognis$ z liable to mis=tune unless ! god helps him2 b he c wor%ip 9 full assurance ( fai? t 8 pray] w be answ]$1 if x be su* z ! au?orities ( ! ,/ate h laid d[n z ! "r word+1 & if ! ritual accompany+ x is equally 9 ord]4 ,! fai? is1 inde$1 ?us f\nd$ ^u man's devices r ?an ! god's good-w z su*2 x is a belief 9 ! ,/ate & its au?orities & ius div9um1 :i* is conceiv$1 n inde$ z con/ra9+ ! deity1 b z call+ ^u him 7invoc>e7 to p]=m 8 "p1 9 =mulae :i* he _c well neglect1 simply because x w\ld be unreasonable to d s1 contr>y to 8 nature z a deity ( ! ,roman ,/ate & its ag]4 ,x is obvi\s 9 all ?is sacrificial ritual t ! (ficiat+ p]son or p]sons 7 expect$ to obs]ve ! traditional =ms ) ! utmo/ c>e & exactness4 ,any slip or omission 01 9 fact1 a piaculum1 or sacrum commissum--t]ms ( ! ius div9um :i* seem to sugge/1 if ,i may use ! expression1 ! obv]se side ( hol9ess4 ,x is n[ well kn[n t cleanness & uncleanness1 hol9ess & its opposite1 c be express$ 9 religi\s vocabul>y by ! same t]ms1 = 9 bo? cases !re is some?+ beyond ! ord9>y1 some?+ dang]\s1 uncanny2 ?us we are n surpris$ to f9d t su* words z ,i h j m5tion$ c be us$ to express "s k9d ( impurity caus$ by a brea* ( ritual z well z t ritual itself4 ,if we accept ! late/ !ory ( sacrifice1 i4e4 ! dynamic !ory1 z x is call$1 we expla9 ?is int5se n]v\sness ab\t a rituali/ic flaw z occasion$ by ! consci\sness ( a brea* 9 ! curr5t ( religi\s =ce 7! expression is t ( ,messrs4 ,hub]t & ,mauss#cii71 :i* mu/ pass 9 regul> sequ5ce f ! sacrific] ?r\gh ! victim to ! deity1 or vice v]sa4 ,if ?is is ! true explanation--& at pres5t x may be said to hold ! field--!n ! extreme exactness ( ! ,roman ritual 0 a survival f an age :5 ?is /range feel+ 0 a reality2 b no m ?an a survival1 =1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 ! ,roman idea 0 r t ! deity to :om ! ritual 0 address$ 0 9 "s way (f5d$ by ! omission4#djj ,! dynamic notion is lo/1 if x ev] 7 !re1 & its place has be5 tak5 by "o t we may p]haps call !ological4 ,b h[ev] t may be1 ! culprit 0 reg>d$ z 9 a /ate ( s9 or impurity1 un etre sacre1 & _h to get rid ( ?is s9 or impurity by ano!r sacrifice be=e ! :ole ritual c\ld be />t$ afre% 7in/aur>e74 ,accord+ to ! dynamic !ory ( sacrifice1 we might naturally expect t ! victim1 z be+ de/9$ to c>ry away ! unhol9ess 7or :atev] we *oose to call x7 ( ! culprit1 w\ld be burnt :ole1 n (f]$ to ! deity 9 ! =m ( exta1 or eat5 by ! sacrific]s4#dja ,b ?is does n seem to h be5 ! case 9 ! ,roman practice2 9 all ! examples ( piacula ( :i* we h details1 ! exta are laid on ! alt> z 9 ! typical sacrifice4#djb ,! inf]5ce seems to be t ! !ological idea ( sacrifice _h e/abli%$ itself completely ev] s9ce ! =mation ( ! ius div9um2 ! victim is n a scapegoat 9 any s5se1 b really an expiatory (f]+2 & n only does ! sacrific] yield up some?+ ( value1 b he (f]s x to increase ! /r5g? ( ! deity z well z to appease 8 ang]4 ,a curi\s po9t may be notic$ 9 ! la/ place4 ,! practical ,roman m9d seems to h inv5t$ a k9d ( sacrificial insurance1 by :i* a piacul> sacrifice might be (f]$ be=eh& to atone = any omission 9 ! ritual :i* 0 to foll[4 ,?us ! ,fratres ,arvales1 if !y _h to take an iron implem5t into _! sacr$ grove1 (f]$ a piaculum be=e z well z aft] ?is brea* ( religi\s rule4#djc ,aga91 ! porca praecidanea1 :i* ,i h already m5tion$ z (f]$ be=e h>ve/1 0 an example ( ! same sy/em ( insurance2 = ! fir/ cutt+ ( ! corn 0 a sacr$ rite1 & "o 9 :i* x 0 easy to take a false /ep4 ,writ+ ( ?is1 ,gellius says 9 g5]al t]ms t ho/iae praecidaneae are ^? :i* are (f]$ ! day be=e sacrificia sol5nia4#djd ,! t]m piacul> sacrifice 7piaculum7 _h a wide range ( mean+1 ap>t f ! examples "h giv54 ,) "o important =m ( x ,i %all deal 9 ! next lecture3#dje o!rs we %all come across lat] on4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,viii #cdj ,see ,app5dix ,c4 #cda ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #aci1 :]e ! language sugge/s t z ! deity 0 unkn[n1 ! ius ( ! religi\s act 0 also unc]ta91 i4e4 ! ritual 0 n laid d[n4 ,de ,m>*i translates 7,la ,religione nella vita dome/ica1 i4 #acb7 sia a te fatto il debito sacrificio1 etc41 :i* suffici5tly expresses ! anxiety ( ! situation4 ,keil reads "h ut tibi ius e/1 & gives no v>iant 9 8 critical note2 b ! words j bel[1 uti id recte factum siet1 seem to me to sugge/ ! subjunctive4 ,9 any case !re is no d\bt ab\t ius4 ,9 ,tab4 ,iguv4 vi4 ,a4 #bh 7,umbrica1 p4 #eh7 ,bue*el] translates ! ,umbrian p]sei m]sei by quicquid ius sit1 & comp>es ?is passage ( ,cato1 toge!r ) ,gellius i4 #ab4 #ad1 :]e ! phrase is us$ ( ! duties ( a ,ve/al "u ! ius div9um 9 ! =mula us$ by ! ,pontifex ,maximus1 cum virg9em capiat3 ,sac]dotem ,ve/alem1 quae sacra faciat1 quae ius siet sac]dotem ,ve/alem fac]e pro pop4 ,rom4 etc4 #cdb e4g4 ,a54 iv4 #ef1 x4 #ca 7si s9e pace tua atque invito num9e1 etc474 ,cp4 ,tab4 ,iguv4 vi4 #cj1 #cc1 etc4 7,umbrica1 p4 #ei71 e/o vol5s propitiusque pace tua arci ,fisiae4 #cdc ,livy vi4 #da ad f94 #cdd ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cah1 & p4 #cai = ! illu/rations t foll[4 ,cp4 ,cic]o1 ,"p4 ,or4 xxii4 #gh1 :]e religio is expla9$ z iu/itia erga deos4 #cde ,lex ,coloniae ,g5etivae1 cap4 #fd2 ,c4,i4,l4 ii41 supplem5t ,no4 #edci4 #cdf ,livy i4 #bj4 #e4 #cdg ,?is foll[s f ! def9ition 9 ,fe/us1 p4 #cba1 & 9 ,macrobius iii4 #c4 #b4 ,?is la/ is quot$ f ,trebatius de religionibus3 sacrum e/ quicquid e/ quod deorum habetur4 ,9 common use sacrificium seems to be res]v$ = animal sacrifice1 b ! v]b sacrific>e is n s limit$4 ,fe/us1 p4 #cai3 mu/um quod ,lib]o sacrificabant pro v9eis 444 sicut praemetium de spicis1 quas primum messuiss5t1 sacrificabant ,c]]i4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,m>ett t ! t]m9ation ( ! ^w sacrificium may h ref]5ce to ! use ( fac]e = animal sacrifice1 z 9 ,greek ,greek3 rheze91 erde91 dran2 b on ! :ole ,i d\bt ?is4 ,fac]e & fi]i are 9 t s5se1 ,i ?9k1 euphemisms1 occasion$ by ! my/ic "* ( ! act 7examples are collect$ 9 ,brissonius de =mulis1 p4 #i74 ,rem div9am fac]e seems to be ! g5]al expression1 z 9 ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #hc2 or ! p>ticul> victim is 9 ! ablative1 e4g4 agna ,iovi facit 7,flam5 ,dialis7 9 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vi4 #af2 cp4 ,virg4 ,ecl4 iii4 #gg4 #cdh ,?is classification1 orig9ally due to ,r4 ,smi?1 article ,sacrifice 9 ,encycl4 ,brit41 ed4 #aj1 has lately be5 criticis$ by ,hub]t et ,mauss1 9 ,melanges d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 #i foll42 b x is suffici5tly complete = our purposes4 ,at ! same "t x is well to be aw>e t no classification ( ! v>i\s =ms ( sacrifice c be complete at pres5t2 t :i* ^! au?ors pref]1 i4e4 con/ant & occasional sacrifices1 is1 h[ev]1 a useful "o4 #cdi ,r4,f4 p4 #ie foll4 ,cp4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,rel4 ( ,semites1 ,lect4 ,,viii4 #cej ,r4,f4 p4 #bag foll4 #cea ,r4,f4 p4 #cjb foll4 ,meals 9 connection ) sacrifice are also f\nd at ! ,p>ilia 7,r4,f4 p4 #ha1 & ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #gdc foll47 & ,t]m9alia 7,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #feg72 b 9 bo? cases ,ovid seems to be describ+ ru/ic rites2 nor is x c]ta9 t ! meal 0 really sacram5tal4 ,:at does seem prov$ is t ! old ,lat9s & o!r ,italians believ$ ! deities ( ! h\se to be pres5t at _! meals-- ante focos olim scamnis consid]e longis mos erat et m5sae cr$]e adesse deos 7,fa/i1 vi4 #cjg71 & ?us ! idea 0 ma9ta9$ t 9 "s s5se all meals _h a sacr$ "*1 i4e4 all 9 :i* ! memb]s ( a familia 7see above1 p4 #gh71 or ( g5s or curia1 met toge!r4 ,cp4 ,r4 ,smi?1 op4 cit4 p4 #bfa foll4 ,we may rememb] t ! ,p5ates 7 ! spirits ( ! food itself1 n m]ely ( ! place 9 :i* x 0 /or$2 x _h !re=e a sacr$ "*1 :i* is also %[n by ! sanctification ( ! fir/fruits 7,r4,f4 pp4 #aea1 #aie74 7,! c5ae collegiorum1 d9n]s ( collegia ( prie/s1 7 9 no s5se sacrificial meals2 see ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #bca1 note #g2 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 pp4 #ac1 #ci1 #dj47 #ceb ,cic4 de ,legibus1 ii4 #h4 #ai4 #cec ,livy i4 #ah4 ,= con/itutional difficulties 9 ?is passage1 see1 e4g41 ,gre5idge1 ,roman ,public ,life1 p4 #ej4 #ced ,= ?is & ! augurs g5]ally1 see ,lecture ,,xii4 #cee ,! passages are collect$ by ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dbj1 note #c4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! inauguratio ( ! ?ree great flam9es & ! rex sacrorum1 :o 7 all specially conc]n$ ) sacrifice1 & ( ! augurs1 :o w\ld obvi\sly ne$ x 9 ord] to p]=m ! same c]emony = o!rs--z a bi%op ne$s consecration = ! same reason4 ,z reg>ds ! pontifices1 ,dionysius 7ii4 #gc4 #c7 cle>ly ?\ght x 0 ne$$ = !m1 & we might a priori assume t "o :o might become a pontifex maximus w\ld ne$ x2 b ,wiss[a disc\nts ,dionysius' op9ion1 & ,i am unwill+ to diff] f him on a po9t ( ! ius div9um1 ( :i* he is our be/ expon5t4 ,if he is "r1 x may be t ! ?ree flam9es maiores1 :o 7 reckon$ 9 /rict religi\s s5se z above ! pontifices1 includ+ _! head 7,fe/us1 p4 #ahe71 ne$$ hol9ess m ?an any pontifex1 & s ) ! augurs4 ,! insignia ( ! pontifices1 z well z _m hi/orical facts1 %[ t ! pontifices 7 compet5t to p]=m sacrifice 9 a g5]al s5se 7,m>q4 p4 #bdh foll472 b x is possible t !y nev] _h ! "r1 l ! flam9es1 actually to slay ! victim4 ,i d n feel sure t ! securis 0 really "o ( _! symbols1 ?\gh ,horace seems to say s 9 ,ode iii4 #bc4 #ab4 ,! :ole "q ne$s fur!r inve/igation4 ,x may be f\nd t ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! pontifices & magi/rates cum imp]io on ! "o h&1 & ! flam9es on ! o!r1 is to be s\ght 9 ! ideas ( hol9ess connect$ ) ! %$d+ ( blood 9 sacrifice4 ,! flam5 is p]man5tly holy1 hav+ *>ge ( con/ant sacrifices2 e4g4 ! ,dialis _h duties e day4 ,he is ! duly sanctifi$ guide = all rites )9 8 own religi\s range4 #cef ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 pp4 #cci1 #daj foll4 #ceg ,! :ole subject ( ! prep>ation ( ! sacrific] = 8 "w1 & ( ! /eps by :i* he becomes sep>at$ f ! pr(ane1 is well treat$ by ,hub]t et ,mauss1 ,melanges d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 #bc foll4 ,! ref]5ce to ,dr4 ,jevons is ,introduction1 *4 xx4 p4 #bgj foll4 #ceh ,s]v4 ,a54 xii4 #agc2 ,virgil wrote dant fruges manibus salsas1 et tempora f]ro ,summa notant pecudum2 to :i* ,s]vius adds t ! symbolic movem5t 0 a 7pret5d$7 cut f head to tail ( ! victim4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ceb4 #cei ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl41 s4v4 c9ctus ,gab9us4 #cfj ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #cdj4 ,! ,ve/als 7 nev]1 s f> z we "k1 directly conc]n$ 9 animal sacrifice4 #cfa ,see bel[1 p4 #aij4 ,= ! col\r ( ! g>m5ts1 & ! explanation ref]r$ to1 see ,samt]1 ,famili5fe/e1 p4 #dj foll42 ,diels1 ,sibyll9is*e ,blaett]1 p4 #gj2 & cp4 von ,duhn's pap]1 ,rot und ,tot 9 ,ar*iv1 #aijf1 p4 #a foll4 ,t r$ col\r+ 0 us$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 sacr$ & quasi-sacr$ rites !re is no d\bt 7see above1 p4 #hi1 note #df72 b :e!r x c be always connect$ ) blood%$ is by no means s c]ta9 7,rohde1 ,psy*e1 i4 #bbf74 ,9 ! case ( wom5 x is at lea/ h>d to und]/&4 ,! idea ( consecration ?r\gh blood1 :i* is v r>e 9 ,roman lit]ature1 comes out curi\sly 9 ! words :i* ,livy puts into ! m\? ( ,virg9ius aft] ! slaught] ( 8 daught] 7iii4 #dh73 ,te ,appi tuumque caput sangu9e hoc consecro 7i4e4 to a deity n m5tion$74 ,! s5t5ce to :i* ?is note ref]s 0 writt5 be=e ! appe>ance ( ,messrs4 ,hub]t et ,mauss' essay on sacrifice 7,melanges d'hi/oire des religions1 pp4 #a-abb74 ,! !ory !re develop$1 t ! victim is ! int]m$i>y 9 all cases betwe5 ! sacrific] & ! deity1 & t ! =ce religieuse passes f "o to ! o!r 9 "o direction or ano!r1 does n ess5tially diff] f ! words 9 ! text2 b ! ,fr5* savants w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 pref] to look on ! insignia 9 a g5]al s5se z br++ ! p]son we>+ !m )9 ! region ( ! sacrum1 ! =ce ( :i* w\ld react on him /ill m /rongly aft] ! de/ruction ( ! victim 7see p4 #bh foll474 #cfb ,see1 e4g41 ,roman ,sculpture by ,mrs4 ,/rong1 ,plates xi4 & xv4 #cfc ,= ?is & o!r insignia see ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #bbb foll4 ,! "q is "u discussion :e!r "s ( ^! insignia are n old ,italian =ms ( dress 7see ,gruppe1 ,my?ologis*e ,lit]atur1 #ahih-aije1 p4 #cdc74 ,= ! we>+ ( ! sk9 ( a victim1 :i* meets u also at ! ,lup]calia 7,r4,f4 p4 #caa71 see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,semites1 p4 #daf foll42 ,jevons1 ,introduction1 p4 #beb foll42 ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 iii4 #acf foll4 #cfd ,!y1 ( c\rse1 wore ! praetexta :5 p]=m+ religi\s acts4 ,cp4 ! ,fratres ,arvales1 :o laid aside ! praetexta aft] sacrific+4 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fr4 ,arv4 pp4 #aa1 #ba1 & #bh4 #cfe ,s]v4 ,a54 xi4 #edc4 ,! camillae assi/$ ! flam9icae1 ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #bbg4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful features ( ! /ately ,roman ritual1 & has be5 h&$ on to ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 d]iv$ f ! wor%ip ( ! h\sehold 7see above1 p4 #gd74 #cff ,adonis1 ,attis1 ,osiris1 p4 #dac foll4 ,dr4 ,fraz] is criticis+ ,dr4 ,f>nell1 :o _h t\*$ on ! subject 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = #aijg1 p4 #fhi1 & _h tak5 ! m obvi\s view t dea? 9 a family disqualifi$ = actions requir+ extreme hol9ess4 #cfg ,! passages are collect$ 9 ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #agd foll42 we may notice 9 p>ticul> ,livy xlv4 #e4 #d1 :]e1 ?\gh only ! wa%+ ( h&s is ref]r$ to1 we h ! important /atem5t t omnis praefatio sacrorum1 i4e4 ! prelim9>y exhortation ( ! prie/1 enjo9$ purae manus4 ,livy mu/ be us+ ! language ( ,roman ritual1 ?\gh he is n speak+ "h ( a ,roman rite4 ,= ! mat]ial ( sacr$ ut5sils see ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #cj4 #cfh ,tibullus ii4 #a4 #aa4 #cfi ,cic4 de ,legibus1 ii4 #aj4 #bd4 #cgj ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ii4 #ceb foll42 consult ! index = fur!r allusions to ! subject4 ,cp4 ,f>nell1 ,evolution ( ,religion1 ,lecture ,,iii4 ,fehrle1 ,die kultis*e ,keus*heit im ,alt]tum 7,giess51 #aiaj71 has rea*$ me too late = use 9 ?is *apt]4 #cga ,full details1 ) ! mo/ important ref]5ces quot$ 9 full1 are 9 ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #agb foll42 b "s ( ! latt] are applicable only to ! ,graeco-,roman p]iod4 #cgb ,s we may ga!r f ! ,lex ,furf5sis ( #eh ,b4,c4 7,c4,i4,l4 ix4 #ceac71 & t ( ! ,ara ,augu/i at ,n>bo ( ,a4,d4 #ab 7,c4,i4,l4 xii4 #dccc74 #cgc ,! real orig9 ( ! pontifices & _! "n is unkn[n to u4 ,if !y took _! "n f ! bridg+ ( ! ,tib]1 z ,v>ro held 7,l4,l4 v4 #hc7 & z ! majority ( s*ol>s believe 7see ,o4 ,gilb]t1 ,rom4 ,topographie1 ii4 #bbj1 note71 ! difficulty rema9s t !y are f\nd 9 su* a city z ,pra5e/e1 :]e !re 0 no riv] to be bridg$1 & :]e !y c\ld n well h be5 m]ely an (f%oot f ! ,roman college2 see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dcb1 note4 ,nor c we expla9 h[ !y came to be set 9 *>ge ( ! ius div9um2 & :]e !re are no data conjecture is useless4 #cgd ,! cov]+ ( ! head 7op]to capite1 z oppos$ to ap]to capite ( ! ,graecus ritus7 is usually expla9$ z meant to %ut out all s\nds belong+ to ! _w ( ! pr(anum2 & ! play+ ( ! tibic9es is int]pret$ 9 ! same way4 ,hub]t et ,mauss expla9 ! cov]$ head diff]5tly3 le rituel roma9 prescrivit g5]alem5t l'usage du voile1 signe de sep>ation et p>tant de consecration 7p4 #bh74 ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #ebb1 also holds t x is ! outw>d sign ( consecration2 cp4 ,s4 ,re9a*1 ,cultes1 my!s1 et religions1 i4 #cjj foll4 ,! fact1 not$ by ,miss ,h>rison1 t 9 ,fe/us's acc\nt ( ! v] sacrum 7p4 #cgi1 ed4 ,muell]7 ! *ildr5 expell$ 7 veil$1 seems to po9t to ! idea ( d$ication--unless1 inde$1 velabant "h means t !y bl9dfold$ !m4 #cge ,! w9e 0 p\r$ ov] ! alt> z well z on ! victim1 :i* sugge/s a sub/itution = blood2 ,arnobius vii4 #bi & #cj2 ,dion4 ,hal4 vii4 #gb4 ,i _c f9d t any "o ( ! _m ut5sils us$ 9 sacrifice 7 = p\r+ out blood4 ,blood 01 h[ev]1 p\r$ on ! /one at ! ,t]m9alia 7,r4,f4 pp4 #cbe-cbf72 b ! rite "h describ$ by ,ovid seems to be a rural "o1 outside ! ius div9um4 ,9 ! sacrifice ( victims to ,hecate 9 ,virg4 ,a54 vi4 #bdc foll41 :i* _c be ritus ,romanus1 ! w>m blood is collect$ 9 pat]ae2 b no?+ is said ( :at 0 done ) x1 nor does ,s]vius help4 ,cp4 ,a54 viii4 #ajf4 ,9 ,lucretius v4 #abjb1 aras sangu9e multo sp>g]e quadrup$um1 ! context %[s t ! ritual allud$ to is n old ,roman4 ,9 ,livy's description ( ! occulti p>atus sacri ( ! ,samnites 7ix4 #da71 we f9d resp]sae f&o nef&oque sangu9e arae1 et dira exsecratio ac furiale c>m54 ,livy seems to ?9k ( ?is blood-spr9kl+1 :e!r ! blood be human or animal1 z unusual & horrible4 ,anci5t1 no d\bt1 is ! practice1 record$ 9 ! ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 7see ,h5z51 pp4 #ba & #bc71 ( us+ ! blood 9 a religi\s fea/1 9 ! process ( cook+3 porcilias piacul>es epulati sunt et sanguem4 7,!re is a m5tion ( ! p\r+ ( blood 9 an inscription f ,lusitania 9 ,c4,i4,l4 ii4 #bcie47 ,= ! use ( w9e z a sub/itute = blood1 see ! rec5tly publi%$ "w ( ,k>l ,kir*]1 ,die sakrale ,b$eut+ des ,we9es1 9 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,v]su*e1 etc41 p4 #hb foll41 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! subject is n work$ out4 #cgf ,accord+ to ,luebb]t 7,comm5t>ii pontificales1 p4 #aba foll47 magm5tum is ! same z augm5tum1 :i* ^w is also f\nd 7,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #aab74 ,fe/us1 p4 #abf1 magm5tum magis augm5tum2 ,s]v4 ,a54 iv4 #eg1 to :i* passage ,i %all return4 ,= ! equival5t 9 ! ,v$ic ritual ( ! cook+ & (f]+ ( ! exta1 see ,hub]t et ,mauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #fj foll4 #cgg ,r4,f4 p4 #hi4 #cgh ib4 p4 #aj4 #cgi ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 pp4 #fj1 #fi1 etc4 ,( c\rse ! pray] might be said :ile o!r op]ations 7 go+ on4 ,= ! con/ant connection ( pray] & sacrifice1 see ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #aj1 quippe victimam ca$i s9e precatione non videtur ref]re aut deos rite consuli4 ,if ,macrobius is "r 7iii4 #b4 #g foll47 9 ass]t+ t ! pray] mu/ be said :ile ! prie/'s h& t\*es ! alt>1 "o may guess t ?is 0 done at ! same "t t ! exta 7 laid on x4 ,ovid saw ! prie/ at ! ,robigalia (f] ! exta & say ! pray] at ! same "t 7,fa/i1 iv4 #ije foll471 b does n m5tion ! h& t\*+ ! alt>4 ,= ?is see ,s]v4 ,a54 vi4 #abd2 ,horace1 ,ode iii4 #bc4 #ag1 & ,dr4 ,po/gate on ?is passage 9 ,classical ,review = ,m>* #aiaj4 #chj ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #acb1 #acd1 #aci1 & #ada4 ,t ^! =mulae 7 tak5 f ! books ( ! pontifices is almo/ c]ta91 n only f ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! pray]s !mselves1 b because ,s]vius 7,int]pol47 on ,a54 ix4 #fda quotes ! words3 macte hoc v9o inf]io e/o1 :i* occur 9 #acb1 introduc+ !m ?us3 et 9 pontificalibus sacrificantes dicebant deo4444 #cha ,! v]b is omitt$ "h = "s rituali/ic reason1 z 9 ! ,iguvian pray]s 7,umbrica1 p4 #ee74 #chb ,virg4 ,a54 ix4 #fda1 macte nova virtute pu]1 sic itur ad a/ra1 etc41 & _m o!r passages4 ,! v]b mact>e acquir$ a g5]al s5se ( sacrificial slay+1 z did also immol>e1 ?\gh nei!r _h orig9ally any direct ref]5ce to slaught]4 ,! be/ acc\nt ,i f9d ( ! ^w is 9 ,h4 ,nettle%ip's ,contributions to ,lat9 ,lexicography1 p4 #ebj4 ,he takes mactus z ! p>ticiple ( a lo/ v]b maco or mago1 to make great1 increase1 equival5t to augeo1 :i* is also a ^w ( semi-religi\s mean+1 z ,augu/us knew4 ,nettle%ip quotes ,cic]o 9 ,vat9ium1 #ad1 pu]orum extis deos manes mact>e4 #chc ,baehr5s1 ,fragm4 ,poet4 ,lat4 #ahj2 ,lusilius fragm4 #adc2 ,nonius1 #cda1 #bh has v]sibus4 #chd ,x may possibly be object$ t "s ( ! deities 7 p[]ful = evil z well z good1 e4g4 ,robigus1 ! _s ( ! r$ mildew1 & t ! p[] ( su* a deity 0 n to be enc\rag$ or increas$4 ,b all su* deities 7& ,i _c m5tion ano!r besides ,robigus7 7 ( c\rse conceiv$ z able to re/ra9 _! own h>mful function2 !y 7 n invok$ to g away & leave ! ag] ,romanus 9 peace1 b to limit _! activity 9 ! l& :]e !y _h be5 settl$ = wor%ip4 ,we h no pray] to ,robigus 7or ,robigo1 fem99e1 z ,ovid has x7 except t :i* ,ovid some:at fancifully v]sifi$ aft] he>+ ! ,flam5 ,quir9alis say x 7,fa/i1 iv4 #iaa foll471 9 :i* ( c\rse ! ^w macte does n occur4 ,z ! victim 0 a dog1 an uneatable "o1 x is possible t ! ritual 0 n q ! usual "o4 ,b ! language ( ! pray] is int]e/+ & br+s out my po9t3 asp]a ,robigo1 p>cas ,c]ialibus h]bis4 vis tua non levis e/2444 p>ce precor1 scabrasque manus a messibus auf] neve noce cultis3 posse noc]e sat e/4 ,x concludes by pray+ ,robigo to direct h] /r5g? & att5tion to o!r objects1 gladios et tela noc5tia2 b ?is is ! poet's fancy4 #che ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #bab1 quot+ ,v$ic ,hymns1 pt4 ii4 pp4 #bei & #cia4 #chf ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ehe foll42 cp4 #feg4 ,see also ,f>nell1 ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #aie4 #chg ,see above1 p4 #i4 ,religio 9 ! s5se ( an obligation to p]=m c]ta9 rituali/ic acts is 9 my view a second>y & lat] use ( ! ^w4 ,see ,transactions ( ! ,congress ( ,hi/orical ,religion = #aijh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi foll4 #chh ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #bf foll42 ,c4,i4,l4 vi4 #bajd1 #cb foll42 ,bue*el] und ,riese1 ,c>m9a ,lat41 epigr4 p>s ii41 no4 #a4 ,all surviv+ ,roman pray]s are collect$ 9 ,appel's ,de ,romanorum precationibus1 ,giess51 #aiji4 #chi ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #aj foll4 #cij ,9 ,an?ropology & ! ,classics1 p4 #id4 #cia ,cp4 ,tibullus ii4 #a4 #hd1 vos celebrem cantate deum pecorique vocate1 ,voce palam pecori1 clam sibi quisque vocet4 ,?is murmur+ 0 c]ta9ly *>act]i/ic ( ,roman magic2 see ,jevons1 p4 #ii1 & especially ! ref]5ce to a ,lex ,cornelia1 :i* condemn$ ^? qui susurris magicis hom9es occid]unt 7,ju/9ian1 ,in/4 iv4 #ah4 #e74 #cib ,on ! nature ( ?is tripodatio see ,h5z51 op4 cit4 p4 #cc4 ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 p4 #fi1 gives ! ,umbrian v]b a diff]5t mean+1 ?\gh he translates x tripodato4 #cic ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 pp4 #ac & #eb4 #cid ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k41 #ccc1 incl9es to ! belief t pray] _h a legal b9d+ =ce ^u ! deity2 b he does n cite any text :i* confirms ?is view1 & is argu+ on g5]al gr\nds4 ,i ga!r f ! language ( ,au/ 7,religion d] ,roem]1 p4 #cj7 t he ?9ks !re 0 a g]m :i* might h develop$ into a m truly religi\s attitude t[>ds ! gods1 if x _h n be5 kill$ by prie/ly r\t9e & quasi-legal =mulae4 ,) ?is op9ion ,i am /rongly incl9$ to agree4 ,cp4 ! /ory ( ,scipio ,aemilianus audaci\sly alt]+ & elevat+ ! =mula dictat$ by ! prie/ 9 ! c5sor's lu/ratio 7,val4 ,max4 iv4 #a4 #aj71 to :i* ,i %all return 9 ! prop] place4 #cie ,we/phal1 quot$ by ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione1 etc41 i4 p4 #acc1 note4 #cif ,see1 e4g41 *4 #ada ad f94 ,! pray] 9 ! ,acta ( ! ,ludi ,saecul>es to ! ,moirae is an imitation ( old pray]s4 ,see bel[1 p4 #ddb4 #cig ib4 *4 #aci4 #cih ib4 *4 #ada4 #cii ,hub]t et ,mauss1 ,melanges d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 #gd4 #djj ,s ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #ada1 si m9us 9 omnes litabit1 sic v]ba concipito2 ,m>s pat]1 quod tibi illuc porco neque satisfactum e/1 te hoc porco piaculo4 7,! ^w = ! slaught] is "h euphemi/ically omitt$2 ,de ,m>*i1 p4 #acd47 #dja ,hub]t et ,mauss1 op4 cit4 p4 #ee foll42 ,leviticus vi4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! !ory ( ! le>n$ au?ors w hold good g5]ally on ?is po9t4 #djb ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #ahe1 ass]t$ ! contr>y1 b cit$ no evid5ce except ,s]v4 ,a54 vi4 #bec1 :i* does n prove ! practice ( ! holocau/ to be really ,roman4 ,wiss[a's exactness is well illu/rat$ 9 8 detection ( ?is error2 see ,r4 ,k4 p4 #ceb1 note #f4 ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #ace1 leaves no d\bt on ! "q possible4 #djc ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #aca4 ,see above1 p4 #ce4 ,fe/us1 p4 #bah4 #djd ,gellius iv4 #f4 #g4 #dje i4e4 lu/ratio4 ,t ?is 0 a =m ( piaculum is cle> f ! use ( ! ^w pihaklu ( ! victim 9 ! lu/ratio ( ! arx ( ,iguvium1 e4g4 ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 index1 #e1 v4 ,,lecture ,,ix ,,ritual--cont9u$ ,9 ! la/ lecture we f\nd t ! magical elem5t 9 ! ,roman ritual is exagg]at$ by rec5t writ]s4 ,b x has also long be5 ! practice to describe t ritual z a sy/em ( b>ga9+ ) ! gods3 z p>tak+ ( ! nature ( a legal contract4 ,! old ,roman wor%ip 0 bus9esslike & utilit>ian4 ,! gods 7 p>tn]s 9 a contract ) _! wor%ipp]s1 & ! ritual 0 *>act]is$ by ! h>d =malism ( ! legal sy/em ( ,rome4 ,! wor%ipp] p]=m$ 8 "p to ! lett] ) ! scrupul\s exactness requir$ 9 plead+s be=e ! praetor4#djf ,?is is an excell5t /atem5t ( a view v g5]ally held1 especially s9ce ,momms51 ^: tra9+ 9 ,roman law made him apt to dwell on ! legal aspects ( ,roman life1 wrote ! fam\s *apt] 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 hi/ory4 ,i n[ wi% to exam9e ?is view briefly4 ,no d\bt x 0 sugge/$ by ! necess>y famili>ity ( ! ,roman hi/orian ) vota publica1 ! v[s s frequ5tly made on behalf ( ! ,/ate by its magi/rates1 9 t]ms suppli$ by ! pontifices1 & dictat$ by !m to ! magi/rate und]tak+ ! duty4 ,"s few ( ^! =mulae h surviv$1 & x may c]ta9ly be said ( !m t !y are analog\s to legal =mulae1 & express ! quasi-contractual nature ( ! process4 ,su* legalis$ religi\s contracts seem to be peculi> to ,rome2 !y are curi\sly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman g5ius = =mul>isation1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t _h mo/ important effects 9 ! doma9 ( civil law4 ,b ! v[ z su* is1 ( c\rse1 by no means peculi> to ,rome2 x is famili> 9 ,greek hi/ory1 & is f\nd 9 an elem5t>y =m among savages at ! pres5t day4#djg ,b at ,rome bo? 9 public & private life x is f> m frequ5t & /rik+ ?an else:]e4 ,?is is a ph5om5on t calls = c>eful /udy2 & we mu/ bew>e t we are n misl$ by quasi-legal developm5ts into miss+ ! real significance ( x f ! po9t ( view ( morality & religion4 ,! vota privata1 :i* include v[s & (f]+s made to deities by private individuals1 _h nev] be5 adequately exam9$ till ,de ,m>*i wrote 8 book on ! private religion ( ! ,romans2 nor c\ld !y h be5 s exam9$ until ! ,corpus ,inscriptionum 0 fairly well advanc$4 ,!re ! mat]ial is extraord9>ily abundant1 b x is1 ( c\rse1 almo/ entirely ( comp>atively late date1 & ! great majority ( votive inscriptions belong to ! p]iod ( ! ,empire4 ,yet x is q legitimate to argue f ?is to an orig9 ( ?is =m ( wor%ip 9 ! e>lie/ times1 & we h en\gh e>ly evid5ce to ju/ify ! inf]5ce4 ,among ! olde/ ,lat9 inscriptions are "s f\nd on objects su* z cups or vases1 %[+ t ! latt] 7 votive (f]+s to a deity3 ?us we h ,saeturni poculum1 ,k]ri poculum1 & o!r simil> ones :i* w be f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,corpus4#djh ,!y give only ! "n ( ! deity z a rule1 & d n tell u :y ! object 0 (f]$ to him2 b !y mu/ h be5 ?ank-(f]+s = "s suppos$ bless+4 ,9 "o case1 n inde$ at ,rome1 b n f> away at ,pra5e/e1 we h pro( ( ?is2 = a "m makes a d$ication to ,=tuna nationu cratia1 :i* pla9ly expresses gratitude = good luck 9 *ildbir?2#dji & ?is inscription is "o ( ! olde/ we possess4 ,nor d !y tell u :e!r !re 0 a previ\s v[ or promise ( :i* ! (f]+ is ! fulfilm5t4 ,b 9 ! majority ( inscriptions ( late date ! famili> lett]s ,v4,s4,l4,m4 7votum solvit lub5s m]ito7 betray ! nature ( ! transaction1 & x is n unreasonable to guess t !re 0 usually a previ\s und]tak+ ( "s k9d1 to be c>ri$ out if ! deity 7 graci\s4 ,b ^! private vota 7 n1 /rictly speak+1 legal transactions1 suppos$ to b9d bo? p>ties 9 a contract1 z we %all see 0 to "s ext5t ! case ) ! vota publica4 ,!y c\ld n h ne$$ ! aid ( a pontifex1 or a solemn voti nuncupatio1 i4e4 /atem5t ( ! promise2 !y 7 r1 z ,de ,m>*i ass]ts1#daj spontane\s expressions ( :at we may call religi\s feel+2 & x may be t he is "r 9 ma9ta9+ t ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory !y rema9$ z expressions ( ! religi\s s5se & ( ! bett] feel+ ( ! l[] classes4 ,! practice implies ?ree conceptions3 7#a7 ( ! deity z really p[]ful = good & evil2 7#b7 ( ! gift1 a "w ( sup]]ogation1 z likely to please him2 7#c7 ( ! grateful act & feel+ z good 9 !mselves4 ,surely !re mu/ h be5 9 ?is practice a g]m ( moral developm5t2 ,i am surpris$ t ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck has n m5tion$ 9 8 *apt] on gratitude ! extraord9>y abundance ( ,roman votive (f]+s & inscriptions4 ,d\btless !re lies at ! root ( x ! idea ( ,d ut des1 or r ( ,dabo ut des2 d\btless also x c\ld be turn$ to evil purposes 9 ! =m ( devotio1 :5 promises 7 made to a deity on condition t he kill$ or injur$ an enemy2 b 9 ! ord9>y & common example x is impossible to d5y t ! f9al act1 ! p]=mance ( ! v[1 mu/ h be5 accompani$ by a feel+ ( gratitude4 ,! m]e/ recognition ( a suppos$ bless+ is ( value 9 moral developm5t4 ,b x is 9 ! vota publica t we und\bt$ly f9d some?+ 9 ! nature ( a b>ga9--cov5ant w\ld be a m graceful ^w--) a deity 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! impression is r produc$ by ! use ( legal t]ms & ! =mul>isation ( ! process1 ?an by any assum$ attitude ( contempt t[>ds1 or ev5 ( equality )1 ! deity conc]n$4 ,!re is no trace 9 e>ly ,roman religi\s hi/ory ( any t5d5cy to abuse or degrade ! div9e be+s if !y did n p]=m _! "p1 su* z is well kn[n 9 ,*9a1#daa or ev51 /range to say1 occasionally met ) 9 ! s\!rn ,italy ( to-day2 ! attitude t[>ds ! deity 9 cult 7?\gh n inv>iably 9 ! lat] ,graeco-,roman lit]ature7 0 ev] respectful1 z x 0 t[>ds ! magi/rates ( ! ,/ate4 ,! f>!/ ! ,romans ev] w5t 9 condemn+ _! gods 0 :5 mis=tune p]suad$ !m t !y 7 become indiff]5t or useless2 !n !y began to neglect !m1 & to turn to o!r gods1 z we %all see 9 subsequ5t lectures4 ,! public vota 7 ( two k9ds3 ! ord9>y1 or regul>ly recurr+1 & ! extraord9>y1 :i* 7 occasion$ by "s p>ticul> ev5t4 ,( ! ord9>y1 ! mo/ famili> is t und]tak5 by ! consul1 & no d\bt 9 "s =m by ! ,rex 9 ! days ( ! k+%ip1 = ! b5efit ( ! ,/ate on ! fir/ day ( ! (ficial ye>4 ,accompani$ by ! ,s5ate & a cr[d ( p1 ! consuls w5t up to ! ,capitol9e temple1 & p]=m$ ! sacrifice :i* _h be5 v[$ by _! pr$ecessors ( a ye> be=e2 aft] :i* !y und]took a new votum1 pro reipublicae salute4#dab ,we h n ! =mula ( ?is v[1 & _c tell :at resemblance x bore to a b>ga92 b ! c]emony itself mu/ h be5 mo/ impressive1 & calculat$ to rem9d all :o 7 pres5t ( ! greatness & goodwill ( ! supreme deity :o wat*$ ov] ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate4 ,s too at ! lu/rum ( ! c5sors1 :i* took place 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius e five ye>s1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! votum ( ! pr$ecessors 9 (fice 0 fulfill$ by a sacrifice1 & a new "o und]tak54 ,"h aga9 we are )\t ! =mula1 b t !re 0 "o we "k f a v int]e/+ passage ( ,val]ius ,maximus4 ,he tells u t ,scipio ,aemilianus1 :5 z c5sor he 0 conduct+ ?is sacrifice1 & ! scriba 7on behalf ( ! pontifex87 0 dictat+ to him ! solemne precationis c>m5 ex publicis tabulis1 9 :i* ! immortal gods 7 bes\ght to make ! prosp]ity ( ! ,roman ,/ate bett] & great]1 _h ! audacity to int]rupt him1 say+ t ! condition ( ! ,/ate 0 suffici5tly good & great3 itaque precor ut eas 7res7 p]petuo incolumes s]v5t4 ,?is *ange1 ,val]ius says1 0 accept$1 & ! =mula alt]$ accord+ly 9 ! tabulae4#dac ,?is /ory1 :i* is probably g5u9e & is q *>act]i/ic ( ,scipio1 mu/ conv9ce an imp>tial m9d t 9 ?is votive c]emony !re 0 en\gh tru? & dignity to sugge/ a real advance 9 religi\s ?\ght1 s f> at lea/ z ! ,/ate 0 conc]n$4 ,! extraord9>y vota 7 innum]able4 ,!y 7 occasion$ by dang]s or mis=tunes ( v>i\s k9ds1 ! magi/rate und]tak+ to d$icate some?+ to ! god conc]n$ if ! ,/ate %\ld h come safely ?r\gh ! p]il4 ,_m temples _h _! orig9 9 ?is practice2#dad we meet also ) ludi1 special sacrifices1 or a ti! ( ! booty tak5 9 w>4 ,9 two or ?ree cases ,livy has copi$ ! =mula f ! tabulae ( ! pontifices2 ?us be=e ! w> ) ,antio*us 9 #aia ,b4,c41 ! consul recit$ ! foll[+ words aft] ! pontifex maximus3 ,si duellum quod cum ,antio*o rege sumi populus iussit1 id ex s5t5tia s5atus populique ,romani confectum erit2 tum tibi ,iuppit] populus ,romanus ludos magnos dies decem cont9uos faciet 444 quisquis magi/ratus eos ludos qu&o ubique faxit1 hi ludi recte facti1 donaque data recte sunto4#dae ,?is docum5t dates f ! days ( ! decay ( ! ,roman religion1 & is1 ( c\rse1 mod]nis$ by ,livy2 b x may give an idea ( :at is meant by writ]s :o speak ( an elem5t ( b>ga9 or cov5ant 9 ^! vota4 ,/ill m elaborate1 & probably m antique1 is ! fam\s =mula ( ! v[ ( ! v] sacrum 9 ! d>ke/ h\r ( ! w> ) ,hannibal4#daf ,?is v curi\s rite1 :i* proves beyond "q ! devotion ( ! ,italian /ocks to ! pr9ciple ( ! votum1 consi/$ ( a promise to d$icate to ,m>s or ,jupit] all ! valuable products ( a s+le spr+1 includ+ ! male *ildr5 born at t "t2 to ?is ! ,romans _h rec\rse = ! la/ "t 9 #bag ,b4,c41 & ,livy has =tunately pres]v$ ! words ( ! v[4 ,^!1 ) ! exception ( ! d$ication ( ! *ildr51 :i* is judici\sly omitt$1 probably /& mu* z !y _h come d[n f a remote antiquity4 ,! votum is put 9 ! =m ( a rogatio to ! p1 )\t ^: sanction x c\ld n be put 9 =ce2 are !y will+ to d$icate to ,jupit] all ! "y ( ox51 %eep1 or pigs born 9 ! spr+ five ye>s aft] date1 if ! ,/ate %all h be5 pres]v$ dur+ ^? ye>s f all its enemies8 ,! curi\s feature ( ! docum5t is1 n t x b9ds ! deity to any c\rse ( action1 b t x secures ! individual ,roman aga9/ 8 ang] 9 case ( any *ance slip 9 8 "p ( ! process1 & ! p aga9/ any evil consequ5ces aris+ f su* a slip or f misdo+ on ! "p ( an individual4 ,si quis clepsit1 ne populo scelus e/o neve cui cleptum erit3 si atro die faxit insci5s1 probe factum e/o4#dag ,( ?is =mula a rec5t writ] ( great le>n+ & ability has writt5 ?us3 ,! well-kn[n liturgical ar*ive conta9+ ,rome's address to ,jupit] 9 ! critical days ( ! ,hannibalic w> is a w>y & clev]ly drawn legal docum5t1 int5d$ to b9d ! god z well z ! ,/ate4#dah ,he is no exception to ! rule t ^? :o h n habitually occupi$ !mselves ) ! ,roman religion are liable to mis9t]pret its details4 ,?is is n an address to ,jupit]1 nor is !re any sign 9 x t ! god 0 consid]$ z b\nd to p]=m 8 "p z 9 a contract2 ! cov5ant is a "o-sid$ "o1 ! p und]tak+ an act ( self-r5unciation if ! god be graci\s to !m1 & !reby go+ f> to assure !mselves t he w s be graci\s4 ,& ! legal ca/ ( ! language1 :i* seems s apt to mislead ! unw>y1#dai is only to be f\nd 9 ! clauses :i* gu>antee ! p aga9/ ! cont+5cy ( ! :ole v[ be+ ru9$ by ! inadv]t5ce or ! rascality ( an individual2 surely a v natural & inevitable caveat1 :]e = once ! :ole p1 & n only _! prie/s or magi/rates1 7 conc]n$ 9 ! transaction4 ,a curi\s =m ( ! votum1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i c only m5tion 9 pass+1 is t address$ to ! gods ( a ho/ile city1 ) a view to induce !m to des]t _! temples & take up _! abode at ,rome2 ?is is ! process call$ evocatio1 :i* 0 successfully appli$ at ! siege ( ,veii1 :5 ,juno ,reg9a cons5t$ to betray h] city4#dbj ,macrobius1 comm5t+ on ,virgil's l9es 7,a54 ii4 #cea71 excess]e omnes adytis arisque relictis di quibus imp]ium hoc /et]at1 has pres]v$ ! c>m5 us$ at ! siege ( ,c>?age4#dba ,x is ca/ 9 ! language ( pray]3 ,si deus si dea e/ cui populus civitasque ,c>?ag9i5sis e/ 9 tutela 444 precor v5]orque v5iamque a vobis peto ut vos populum civitatemque ,c>?ag9i5sem des]atis1 etc42 b x ends ) a v[ to build temples & e/abli% ludi 9 hon\r ( ^! deities if !y %\ld comply ) ! petition4 ,x is wor? not+ "h t x 01 ( c\rse1 impossible to make a b>ga9 ) /range or ho/ile gods1 or 9 any way to =ce _! h&2 ! promise is entirely "o-sid$2 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t 9 deal+ ) 8 own gods ! m5tal attitude ( ! ,roman 0 mu* ! same1 ?\gh 8 fai? 9 !m 0 und\bt$ly great]4 ,?is is ! prop] place to m5tion ano!r v curi\s rite1 closely alli$ to ! votum1 b diff]+ f x 9 "o or two important po9ts1 :i* is almo/ peculi> to ! ,romans & mo/ *>act]i/ic ( !m2 ,i mean ! devotio ( himself on ! field ( battle by a magi/rate cum imp]io4#dbb ,! fam\s example1 famili> to u all1 is t ( ,decius ,mus at ! battle ( ,vesuvius 9 ! great ,lat9 w>#dbc 7#cdj ,b4,c473 ! same /ory is told ( 8 son 9 a w> ) ,gauls & ,samnites1 & ( 8 gr&son 9 ! w> ) ,pyrrhus4#dbd ,! hi/orical difficulties ( ^! acc\nts d n conc]n u n[2 by common cons5t ( s*ol>s ! me?od & =mula ( ! devotio are au!ntic1 & ! rite mu/ h _h its orig9 9 remote antiquity4 ,! /ory runs#dbe t ,decius1 at ^: prelim9>y sacrifice be=e ! battle ) ! ,lat9s ! liv] ( ! victim _h be5 f\nd imp]fect1 :ile t ( 8 colleague 0 normal1 p]ceiv$ t 8 w+ ( ! army 0 giv+ way4 ,he !re=e resolv$ to sacrifice himself by devotio1 & call$ on ! pontifex maximus1 :o 0 pres5t1 to dictate = him ! correct =mula4 ,he 0 direct$ to put on ! toga praetexta1 to we> x ) ! c9ctus ,gab9us1 to veil 8 head ) x1 to t\* 8 *9 ) 8 h& "u ! folds ( ! robe1 & to /& ^u a spe>4 ,he !n repeat$ aft] ! pontifex ! foll[+ =mula3 ,iane1 ,iuppit]1 ,m>s pat]1 ,quir9e1 ,bellona1 ,l>es1 divi ,nov5siles1 di ,indigetes1 divi quorum e/ pote/as no/rorum ho/iumque1 diique ,manes1 vos precor1 v5]or1 v5iam peto f]oque1 uti populo ,romano ,quiritium vim victoriamque prosp]etis1 ho/esque populi ,romani ,quiritium t]rore =mid9e morteque adficiatis4 ,sicut v]bis nuncupavi1 ita pro re publica ,quiritium1 ex]citu legionibus auxiliis populi ,romani ,quiritium1 legiones auxiliaque ho/ium mecum deis ,manibus ,tellurique devoveo 7,livy ix4 #i74 ,he !n m\nt$ 8 horse & rode into ! mid/ ( ! enemy to meet 8 dea?4 ,! ,lat9s 7 seiz$ ) panic & ! ,romans 7 victori\s4 ,"h ! v[ is made & fulfill$ almo/ at ! same mom5t1--! fulfilm5t takes place be=e ! gods h done _! "p4 ,"h too ! (f]+ made is ! life ( a human be+ :i* br+s ! act )9 ! doma9 ( sacrifice4 ,its sacrificial nature is obvi\s 9 all ! details4#dbf ,! dress is t ( ! sacrific+ prie/ or magi/rate2#dbg ,decius 0 !re=e prie/ & victim at ! same "t1 & ! two *>act]s seem to be comb9$ 9 ! symbolic t\*+ ( ! *91 :i* has be5 rightly expla9$1#dbh ,i ?9k1 z analog\s to ! lay+ on ( h&s 9 ! consecratio ( ! ,rex1 z we saw x 9 ! case ( ,numa1 & p]haps to ! immolatio ( a victim by spr9kl+ ! mola salsa on its head2 :]e ! object ( consecration is made holy by contact ) holy ?+s4#dbi ,! /&+ on ! spe> is difficult to expla92 x may h be5 a symbolic d$ication to ,m>s1 ^: spe> or spe>s1 z we h se51 7 kept 9 ! ,regia4#dcj ,! =mula conta9s c]ta9 po9ts ( great int]e/4 ,fir/ly1 x is n only ! ,roman gods ( all sorts & conditions :o are invok$1 b ^? ( ! enemy also1 or1 9 vague language1 ^? :o h p[] ov] bo? ,romans & ,lat9s4#dca ,secondly1 x beg9s ) a pray] comb9$ ) a curse ^u ! enemy3 9 :i* respect x resembles ! pray] at ! lu/ratio populi at ,iguvium#dcb 7:i* ,i %all m5tion aga9 directly7 & to a lat] type ( devotio us$ at ! siege ( ,c>?age & pres]v$ by ,macrobius4#dcc ,?irdly1 9 spite ( ?is religi\s aspect ( ! =mula1 x ends ) :at c only be call$ a magical spell4 ,by ! act ( self-sacrifice1 :i* is ! pot5t elem5t 9 ! spell1 ,decius ex]cises magical p[] ov] ! legions ( ! enemy1 & devotes !m ) himself to dea?1--to ! ,manes & ,"m ,e>?4#dcd ,! /ory sugge/s to me t ! rite _h be5 at "o "t well kn[n2 ! pontifex maximus 0 ready ) ! in/ructions & =mula4 ,x 0 a survival f an age ( magic1 b ! prie/s h giv5 x a religi\s turn1 & ! language ( ! fir/ "p is q z mu* t ( pray] z is ! language ( ! collect to be said 9 "t ( w> :i* /ill disfigures ! ,anglican pray]-book4#dce ,:at is /ill m rem>kable is t x has n only a religi\s b an e?ical "*4 ,! idea ( s]vice to ! ,/ate is "h se5 at its highe/ po9t4 ,! sacrifice is a vic>i\s "o4#dcf ,livy significantly adds t a private soldi] might be *os5 by ! comm&] to repres5t him1 & t if ?is man 7 n kill$ by ! enemy an image sev5 feet long mu/ be buri$ 9 ! e>? & a piacul> sacrifice (f]$4#dcg ,lat] on x w\ld seem t in/ead ( sacrific+ himself1 ! consul might implore ! gods to accept ! ho/ile army or city z 8 sub/itutes3 eos vic>ios pro me fide magi/ratuque meo pro populi ,romani ex]citibus d devoveo1 ut me ex]citumque no/rum 444 b5e salvos siritis esse4#dch ,! idea "h1 & inde$ 9 ! devotio ( ,decius1 be>s "s analogy to t :i* lies at ! root ( ! old ,roman practice1 ( mak+ a crim9al sac] to ! deity *iefly conc]n$ 9 8 crime2 :5 ?is 0 done1 any man might kill him1 & he 0 practically a victim (f]$ z vic>ius = ! ,roman p1 :o _h be5 contam9at$ by 8 de$4#dci ,b ,i mu/ n[ pass on ! la/ k9d ( ritual to be expla9$ 9 ^! lectures1 & f> ! mo/ impressive ( all1 t ( lu/ratio1 or ! purification1 z x is commonly call$1 ( l&1 city1 human be+s1 or ev5 inanimate objects1 by means ( a solemn procession accompani$ ) sacrifice4 ,s important a "p did ^! processional rites play 9 ! public life ( ! ,roman p1--s *>act]i/ic are !y too ( ! old ,roman habit ( ?\ght & action1 t !y h giv5 a wond]ful ^w to ! ,lat9 language4 ,lu/r>e has _m mean+s2 b ! "o :i* is imm$iately d]iv$ f ! rites ,i speak (1 t ( sl[ processional movem5t1 is ! mo/ beautiful & impressive ( !m all4 ,:5 ,a5eas fir/ sees ,dido 9 all h] /ately beauty1 he says3#ddj 9 freta dum fluvii curr5t1 dum montibus umbrae lu/rabunt convexa1 polus dum sid]a pascet1 semp] honos nom5que tuum laudesque manebunt1 quae me cunque vocant t]rae4 ,s long z ! cl\d-%ad[s move sl[ly ov] ! holl[s ( ! hills4 ,"h 9 ,scotl& y mu/ h all se5 ?is procession ( ! %ad[s1 z ,i h wat*$ x :5 fi%+ 9 ,wales2 let u always associate x ) ! magic ( a poet ( nature z well z ) ! religi\s processions ( 8 p4 ,lu/r>e1 lu/ratio1 are words :i*1 z ,i ?9k1 belong to an age ( religion1 t is1 accord+ to our =mula1 ( effective desire to be 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,9 o!r processes :i* are usually call$ purificatory1 magic seems to survive3 ! ^w februum1 f :i* comes ! "n ( our second mon?1 meant an object ) magical pot5cy1 su* z wat]1 fire1 sulphur1 laurel1 wool1 or ! /rips ( ! victims sacrific$ at ! ,lup]calia1 & ! v]b febru>e meant to get rid ( c]ta9 un:olesome or miasmatic influ5ces by means ( ^! objects4#dda ,:at 0 ! really primitive idea atta*$ to ^! words ne$ n conc]n u n[2 b ,v>ro1 & ,ovid foll[+ him1 explicitly expla9 !m z mean+ purify+ ag5ts & processes1#ddb f :i* we may inf] t !y _h a magical p[] to produce c]ta9 desir$ conditions1 or to protect f evil influ5ces1 l *>ms & amulets4 ,b lu/r>e & lu/ratio seem to belong to an age :5 ! ?+ to be driv5 or kept away is r spiritual mis*ief1 & :5 ! means us$ are sacrifices & pray]s1 ) processional movem5t4 ,:at is ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w lu/r>e8 ,x seems to be a /rong =m ( lu]e2 & lu]e is expla9$ by ,v>ro z equival5t to solv]e4#ddc ,! ^w lu/rum1 he says1 i4e4 ! solemn five-ye>ly c]emony 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 is d]iv$ f lu]e 9 ! s5se ( solv]e1 to pay2 because e fif? ye> ! contract-moneys = ! collection ( taxes & = public und]tak+s 7 paid into ! treasury ?r\gh ! c5sors4 ,s]vius1#ddd d\btless foll[+ him1 expla9s su* expressions z peccata lu]e1 supplicium lu]e1 on ! same pr9ciple--9 ! s5se ( paym5t1 j z we speak ( pay+ ! p5alty4 ,we might ?us be tempt$ to fancy t ! root-idea ( lu/r>e is to p]=m a duty & s get rid ( x1 z we d 9 pay+ = any?+ we buy2 b ?is w\ld be to misappreh5d ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w z completely z ,v>ro did :5 he expla9$ lu]e by ref]5ce to ! paym5ts ( contractors4 ,v>ro & ,s]vius d1 h[ev]1 sugge/ ! "r clue2 !y see t ! idea lurk+ 9 ! ^w is t ( gett+ rid ( some?+1 b !y und]/& t some?+ 9 ! light1 n ( primitive man's intellig5ce1 b ( ! duty ( man 9 a civilis$ ,/ate4 ,:at exactly x 0 t 0 to be got rid ( is a m difficult "q2 b all t we h s f> le>nt ab\t ! e>ly religi\s ideas ( ! ,romans /rongly sugge/s t !y 7 9 :at we may call an advanc$ animi/ic /age ( religi\s ideas1 & t :atev] may h be5 ! notion ( _! primitive ance/ors1 !y !mselves1 9 ^! rites z we "k !m1 saw ! means ( gett+ rid ( & s keep+ away ho/ile spirits4 ,a ,fr5* sociologi/1 ,m4 van ,g5nep1 ^: book ,les ,rites de passage ,i h read ) great int]e/1 has k9dly writt5 me a long lett] 9 :i* he insi/s t ?is animi/ic int]pretation ( lu/ratio is really sup]flu\s1 & t ! idea ( sep>ation alone1 i4e4 ( sep>ation betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane1 )\t any ref]5ce to spirits or dei1 is a fully suffici5t explanation4 ,s no d\bt x may be among _m savage peoples2 b he w\ld probably all[ t z a p advances f "o /age ( sup]/ition to ano!r1 :ile x reta9s 9 outl9e ! s*eme ( its rites1 x w apply new mean+s to !m 9 keep+ ) ! *anges 9 its m5tal attitude4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ processes ) :i* mod]n rese>* has be5 occupi$2 we are n[ famili> ) ! adoption ( pre-,*ri/ian c]emonies1 ) a complete *ange ( mean+1 9 ! ritual ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,^! v processions ( lu/ratio1 :i* _h already be5 once metamorphos$ 9 an animi/ic p]iod1 7 seiz$ ^u by ! ,roman ,*ur* ) *>act]i/ic adroitness1 adapt$ to its ritual1 & giv5 a new mean+2 & ! ,ca?olic prie/ /ill leads 8 flock r\nd ! fields ) ! pray]s ( ! ,litania maior 9 ,rogation week1 begg+ a bless+ on ! flocks & h]ds1 & deprecat+ ! ang] ( ! ,almighty4#dde ,b let u n[ pass briefly 9 review ! m important ( ^! rites ( lu/ration & comp>e !m ) ea* o!r2 we %all f9d ! ess5tial features ! same 9 all ( !m4 ,! fir/ p]man5t difficulty ( new settl]s 9 ,latium 0 to m>k (f _! cultivat$ l& f ! =e/ or wa/e l& beyond x1 & s1 z ,m4 van ,g5nep w\ld phrase x1#ddf to make a m>g9 ( sep>ation betwe5 ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane1 )9 :i* ! sacr$ processes ( dome/ic life & husb&ry might g =w>d1 undi/urb$ by dang]s--human1 spiritual1 or :at n--com+ f ! pr(ane _w )\t4 ,! b\nd>y 0 m>k$ out 9 "s mat]ial way1 p]haps by /ones 7cippi7 or po/s1 plac$ at int]vals2#ddg & ?us a fix$ piece ( gr\nd is appropriat$ by a p>ticul> social gr\p1 s t if any /rang] p5etrat$ x he w\ld be committ+ a sacrilege z complete z he w\ld if he trespass$ 9 a sacr$ grove or a temple4 ,?is b\nd>y-l9e 0 made sacr$ itself by ! passage r\nd x 7lu/ratio7 at "s fix$ "t ( ! ye>1 usually 9 ,may1 :5 crops 7 rip5+ & especially liable to be attack$ by ho/ile influ5ces1 ( a procession occupi$ ) sacrifice & pray]4 ,! two ma9 features ( ! rite1 z =mulat$ by ,cato 9 8 treatise on agriculture1 are--#a1 ! procession ( ! victims1 ox1 %eep1 & pig 7suovetaurilia71 ! f>m]'s mo/ valuable prop]ty2 #b1 ! pray] to ,m>s pat]1 aft] libations to ,janus & ,jupit]1 ask+ = 8 k9dly protection ( ! :ole familia ( ! f>m1 toge!r ) ! crops ( all k9ds & ! cattle )9 ! b\nd>y-l9e4#ddh ,we are n expressly told t ?is procession foll[$ ! b\nd>y ?r\gh\t1 b ! analogy ( o!r lu/rations =bids u to d\bt x2 & ?us ! rite s]v$ ! practical purpose ( keep+ x cle> 9 ! memory1--a matt] ( ! utmo/ importance1 especially = ! practical ,roman4 ,9 ,cato's =mula ! f>m]'s object is to w>d (f disease1 calamity1 de>?1 & inf]tility2 & x is ,m>s :o is invok$1 i4e4 a great god :o has long ago em]g$ f ! cr[d ( imp]sonal spirits2 b we may safely believe t ! primitive f>m] us$ o!r language1 address+ ! spirits ( disease & de>? !mselves2 & we may guess1 if we w1 t aga9 be=e t !re 0 no invocation or sacrifice at all1 b t ! object 0 only to m>k ! b\nd>y betwe5 l& civilis$ & sacr$ & l& uncivilis$ & pr(ane4 ,z we h se51 ! f>ms & home/eads ( ! e>ly ,lat9s 7 gr\p$ toge!r 9 associations call$ pagi2 & we c h>dly d\bt t ^! 7 subject$ to ! same process ( lu/ratio z ! f>ms !mselves4 ,we h no explicit acc\nt ( a circumambulation 9 ?is case1 b we h 9 ! lat] poets sev]al *>m+ allusions to a lu/ratio pagi1 & x is ( a rite ( ?is k9d t ,virgil mu/ h be5 ?9k+ :5 he wrote ! beautiful passage 9 ! fir/ ,georgic beg9n+ ,9 primis v5]>e deos2#ddi & ! l9es t]que novas circum felix eat ho/ia fruges1 omnis quam *orus et socii comit5tur ovantes1 etc41 cle>ly imply a procession ) ! object ( keep+ away h>mful influ5ces f ! crops at a critical "t4 ,& :5 ! city-/ate came into be+ we may be equally sure t its ag]1 s long at lea/ z x 0 small en\gh to admit ( su* a processional ritual1 0 lu/rat$ 9 ! same way4 ,9 hi/orical times ?is ag] _h become too ext5sive1 & !re is no procession to be f\nd among ! duties ( ! ,fratres ,arvales z we "k !m :5 !y 7 reviv$ by ,augu/us2 b we h n1 ( c\rse1 ! :ole ( ! acta ( ! ,bre?r51 & ev5 if we _h1 x w\ld n be likely t we %\ld f9d any trace ( a practice :i* mu/ h be5 dropp$ 9 c\rse ( "t z ! ,roman t]ritory increas$4 ,let u g on to ! beg9n+s ( ! city1 :]e we %all f9d ! same pr9ciple & practice appli$ 9 /rik+ fa%ion4 ,z x 0 necess>y to protect ! home/ead & its l& by a sacr$ b\nd>y1 s ! city _h to be cle>ly m>k$ (f f all t 0 outside ( x4 ,its walls 7 sacr$1 or1 /rictly speak+1 a c]ta9 imag9>y l9e outside ( !m call$ ! pomo]ium 0 sacr$4 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! traditional me?od ( f\nd+ a city ev5 9 hi/orical times1 e4g4 a colonia1 z describ$ by ,v>ro1 ,s]vius1 & ,plut>*4#dej ,a :ite ox & a :ite c[ 7 h>ness$ to a pl\gh1 ( :i* ! %>e mu/ be made ( bronze--a rule :i* %[s at once ! antiquity & ! religi\s "* ( ! rite1 = iron1 z we saw1 0 taboo 9 mo/ religi\s c]emonies4 ,a rectangul> furr[ 0 drawn :]e ! walls ( ! city 7 to be2 ! e>? 0 turn$ inw>ds to m>k ! future l9e ( ! wall1 & ! furr[ repres5t$ ! future pomo]ium4 ,:5 ! pl\gh came to ! place :]e !re 0 to be a gate1 x 0 lift$ ov] x1 & ! pl\gh+ resum$ beyond x4 ,?is probably meant1 z ,plut>* express$ x1 t ! walls 7or r ! pomo]ium71 7 sacr$ :ile ! gates 7 pr(ane2 _h ! gates be5 holy1 scruple w\ld necess>ily h be5 felt ab\t ! passage 9 & out ( !m ( ?+s pr(ane4 ,?us ! pomo]ium 0 a b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane1 l t ( ! f>m2 b 9 hi/orical times x acquir$ a m def9ite religi\s mean+1 = )9 x !re c\ld only dwell ^? deities :o belong$ to ! city & its inhabitants1 i4e4 ! di indigetes1 & :o 7 recognis$ z its div9e inhabitants4#dea ,& only )9 its limits c\ld ! auspicia ( ! city be tak54 ,we %\ld naturally expect t ?is sacr$ b\nd>y w\ld h its hol9ess secur$ or reviv$ by an annual lu/ratio l t ( ! f>m & pagus2 & s no d\bt x 04 ,b ! memory ( ?is survives only 9 ! ^w amburbium1 :i*1 on ! analogy ( amb>valia1 mu/ mean a rite ( ?is processional k9d4 ,luckily we h def9ite k ( ! real lu/ratio ( a city 9 ^? rituali/ic inscriptions ( ,iguvium :i* ,i h m ?an once ref]r$ to4#deb ,x is ! lu/ratio ( ! arx1 ! citadel ( ,iguvium1 :i* we may guess to h be5 ! orig9al oppidum or g]m ( ! hi/orical city4 ,! details are complex1 & %[ cle> traces ( prie/ly organisation2 b ! ma9 features /& out unmi/akably4 ,a procession goes r\nd ! arx 7ocris ,fisia71 ) ! suovetaurilia--ox1 %eep1 & pig--z 9 ! ,lat9 lu/ratio2 at ea* gate x /ops1 :ile sacrifice & pray] are (f]$ on behalf ( ! citadel1 ! city1 & ! :ole p ( ,iguvium4 ,!re 7 ?ree gates1 & ea* ( !m is ! sc5e ( sacrifice & pray]1 because !y are ! weak po9ts 9 ! wall1 & !y ne$ to be /r5g!n$ by annual religi\s op]ations2 su* at lea/ is ! mo/ obvi\s explanation4 ,:e!r ! ,fratres ,atti$ii w\ld h be5 able to expla9 x ?us we may d\bt2 nei!r 9 ! sacrificial ritual nor 9 ! pray]s1 z record$ 9 ! inscription1 d we f9d any cle> trace ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane1 or ( ! idea ( a ho/ile spiritual _w outside ! sacr$ b\nd>y4 ,s f> z we c judge f ! pray]s1 ! object is really a religi\s "o1 to implore ! deities ( ! city to pres]ve x & all )9 x4 ,! language ( ^! pray]s h>dly diff]s f t 9 :i* a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( to-day asks = a bless+ on a community4#dec ,s f> ,i h be5 speak+ ( ! p]man5t sep>ation ( l& or city by a sacr$ b\nd>y l9e f ! pr(ane _w )\t4 ,b human be+s en masse might be subject$ to ! same process--an army1 = example1 at ! op5+ ( ! season ( w>2 & s1 too1 might its appurt5ances--horses1 arms1 & trumpets4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ! c5sus & lu/rum 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius giv5 by ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 :o pass$ "s ye>s 9 ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 we f9d ! suovetaurilia driv5 ?ree times r\nd ! assembl$ ho/ & sacrific$ to ,m>s4 ,?is 0 d\btless ! e>ly =m ( ! political c5sus1 :i* _h a milit>y mean+ & orig94 ,b we h a m exact & reliable acc\nt ( a simil> rite 9 ! ,iguvian docum5ts1 :i* conta9 in/ructions = ! lu/ratio ( ! p app>5tly be=e a campaign4#ded ,s f> z we c ga!r f ! ,umbrian text1 ! male population 0 assembl$ 9 a p>ticul> spot 9 its milit>y divisions1 & r\nd ?is ho/ a procession w5t ?ree times2 at ! end ( ea* circuit !re 0 sacrifice & pray] to ,m>s & two female associates ( 8 p[]1 ! object ( :i*1 z we c read 9 ! words ( ! pray]1 0 to bless ! p ( ,iguvium & to curse its enemies1 :o 7 to be conf\nd$ & fright5$ & p>alys$4 ,"h religion ( a rude sort has be5 sup]impos$ on ! orig9ally magical c]emonial4 ,= ! idea mu/ h be5 t by draw+ a magic circle ar\nd ! ho/1 :i* might h to m>* aga9/ enemies liv+ f> beyond ! pale ( ! ag] ,romanus 7or ,iguv9us71 :]e ho/ile magical influ5ces might be br\ght to be> aga9/ !m1 !y 7 9 "s my/]i\s way m>k$ (f1 r5d]$ holy1 & s protect$ aga9/ ! wiles ( ! enemy4 ,a lat] & animi/ic age w\ld ?9k ( !m z ne$+ protection aga9/ ho/ile spirits1 ( ^: ways & freaks !y 7 ( c\rse entirely ignorant4 ,( ^! primitive ideas ab\t ! dang] ( ent]+ ho/ile t]ritory & ( leav+ y\r own1 ,dr4 ,fraz] has collect$ "s examples 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh 7i4 #cjd foll471 bo? f savage tribes & f ,greek usage4 ,a s+le p>allel f ! p5 ( a ,roman hi/orian1 :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] has n m5tion$1 may suffice u "h4 ,livy tells u t ! me?od 9 ,mac$onia 0 to m>* ! :ole ho/ 9 spr+ betwe5 ! sev]$ limbs ( a dog3#dee ! pr9ciple is "h ! same z 9 ,italy1 b ! me?od diff]s slightly4 ,9 ea* case "s my/]i\s influ5ce is br\ght to be> on ! :ole army )\t exception2 b 9 ! "o case a l9e is drawn r\nd x1 9 ! o!r x passes ?r\gh ! p>ts ( an object :i* mu/ h be5 suppos$ to be end[$ ) magical p[]4 ,& once m1 9 spr+ be=e ! season ( arms1 all ! belong+s ( ! ho/ 7 subject$ to "s process ( ! same k9d4 ,i h allud$ to ?is 9 my lecture on ! cal5d>1 & ne$ n n[ reproduce ! evid5ce ( ! ,equirria at ! end ( ,febru>y & on ,m>* #ad1 or ( ! ,qu9quatrus on ,m>* #ai1 :5 ! lu/ratio took place ( ! %ields 7ancilia7 ( ! ,salii1 ! w>-prie/s ( ,m>s1 & ! ,tubilu/rium on ,m>* #bc1 :i* tells its own tale4#def ,b ,i may recall ! fact t ! cal5d> supplies u also ) evid5ce t on ! return ( ! ho/ to _! own t]ritory all ^! lu/rations _h to be repeat$ 9 ord] to rid m51 horses1 arms1 & trumpets ( su* evil contagion z !y might h contract$ dur+ _! abs5ce4 ,x may be t "o special object ( lu/ration aft] ! return ( an army 0 to rid x1 ) all belong+ to x1 ( ! ta9t ( blood%$1 j z ! ,jewi% w>riors & _! captives 7 purifi$ be=e re-ent]+ ! camp4#deg ,b 9 ! ,roman pontifical law ?is idea is h>dly disc]nible1 & ! only trace ,i c f9d ( x is a /atem5t ( ,fe/us t ! soldi]s :o foll[$ ! g5]al's c> 9 a triumph wore laurel wrea?s ut quasi purgati a ca$e humana intr>5t urbem4#deh ,i may add "h t ! passage ( a triumph+ army ?r\gh ! ,porta triumphalis1 :i* 0 probably an isolat$ ar* 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius j outside ! city wall1#dei mo/ likely _h z its orig9al mean+ ! sep>ation ( ! ho/ f ! pr(ane _w 9 :i* x _h be5 mov+2 & ! triumphal ar*es ( lat] times1 :i* 7 )9 ! city1 7 ?us develop$ ar*itecturally f an orig9 :i* belongs to ! region ( magic4#dfj ,to ! same class ( ideas1 if ,i am n mu* mi/ak51 belongs ! famili> ,italian practice ( compell+ a surr5d]$ army to pass "u ! yoke4 ,z ,livy expla9s ?is :5 he fir/ m5tions x1 x 0 symbolical ( subjection3 ut exprimatur confessio subactam domitamque esse g5tem2#dfa & ?is 0 no d\bt ! idea 9 ! m9ds ( ! hi/orical ,romans4 ,b x may well h be5 t x _h its root 9 a process :i* 0 suppos$ to deprive ! conqu]$ enemy ( all dang]\s contagion--to sep>ate !m f _! own l& & p be=e !y came into peaceful contact ) _! conqu]ors4 ,a la/ ^w be=e ,i leave ?is "p ( my subject4 ,?\gh x is int]e/+ to try to get at ! root-idea ( ^! processes ( lu/ratio1 we mu/ rememb] t 9 ! ,rome ( hi/ory !y _h lo/ n only su* magical mean+ z !y ev] _h1 b also mu* ( ! religi\s mean+ :i* 9 c\rse ( "t 0 sup]impos$ ^u x4 ,! sacrifices & ! pray]s rema9$1 b ! latt] 7 mutt]$ & unhe>d by ! p4 ,& except 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts ^! c]emonies 7 m & m absorb$1 z "t w5t on1 into ! social1 milit>y1 & political life ( ! community1 z e4g4 ! lu/ration ( ! ho/ became a political c5sus2 or !y t5d$ to disappe> altoge!r1 l ! amb>valia & p]haps ! amburbium4 ,!y grew up 9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans1 beg9n+ ) its v e>lie/ & quasi-magical =ms2 b !y came at la/ to repres5t t exp]i5ce no long]1 & :5 we meet ) !m 9 hi/orical times x is impossible to ascribe to !m any real influ5ce on life & conduct4 ,lu/ratio nev] 9 pagan ,italy develop$ an e?ical mean+ z ca?>sis did 9 ,greece4#dfb ,b mean+less z !y 71 ! /ately processions rema9$1 & c\ld be wat*$ ) pride by ! patriotic ,roman all ?r\gh ! p]iod ( ! ,empire1 until ! ,roman ,*ur* adapt$ !m to its own ritual & gave !m1 z we saw1 a new mean+4 ,z ! cl\d-%ad[s /ill move sl[ly ov] ! holl[s ( ! ,ap5n9es1 s does ! procession ( ! patron sa9t pass /ill ?r\gh ! /reets ( _m an ,italian city4#dfc ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,ix #djf ,dill1 ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 p4 #fc4 #djg ,see ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ii4 #fae foll4 #djh ,c4,i4,l4 i4 ,nos4 #dc foll4 #dji ,c4,i4,l4 xiv4 #bhfc4 ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #bbd1 & ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bji4 #daj ,op4 cit4 vol4 i4 p4 #beb2 cp4 #bga4 #daa ,see ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall's ,asiatic ,/udies1 ,s]ies ,i4 *4 vi4 ,no "o w\ld call ! v[ ( ,a5eas1 9 ,a54 vi4 #fi1 a b>ga9 ) ,apollo & ! ,sibyl4 #dab ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #bff2 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 i4#b #eid foll4 ,! c]emony is be/ describ$ by ,ovid1 ,ex ,ponto1 iv4 #i4 #e foll4 ,he is address+ ! consul ( ! ye> f 8 place ( exile3 at cum ,t>peias esses d$uctus 9 arces1 dum cad]et iussu victima sacra tuo1 me quoque secreto grates sibi magnus ag5tem audisset m$ia qui s$et a$e deus4 7,,ii4 #bh foll47 #dac ,val]ius ,maximus iv4 #a4 #aj4 #dad ,a li/ ( ^! is giv5 9 ,au/1 ,de a$ibus sacris populi ,romani 7,m>purg1 #ahhi74 ,a valuable "w1 :i* w be ( s]vice to u lat] on4 #dae ,livy xxxvi4 #b4 #c4 #daf ,ib4 xxii4 #aj4 #dag ,ib4 sec4 #f4 ,! mean+ is t if any "o has /ol5 an animal :i* 0 int5d$ to be d$icat$1 no blame atta*es to ! p]son s robb$2 & t if a man p]=ms 8 d$ication on a day ( ill om5 unwitt+ly1 x w hold good none ! less4 #dah ,f>nell1 ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #aie4 #dai ,! fact t words l reus & damnatus 7 appli$ respectively to p]sons :o _h made a v[ & to ^? :o _h p]=m$ x1 i4e4 z be+ liable l a def5dant1 & !n releas$ f t position by a v]dict or s5t5ce 7see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cbj71 is ( c\rse significant ( ! idea ( ! transaction 9 ! m9d ( ! ,roman1 :o1 z ,macrobius says 7iii4 #b4 #f7 se num9ibus obligat1 z an accus$ p]son is obligatus to ! au?orities ( ! ,/ate 7,momms51 ,/rafre*t1 #ahi foll474 ,x is ! natural t5d5cy ( ! ,roman m9d to give all transactions a legal sanction2 b x does n !nce foll[ t ! orig9al idea 0 really ?\ght ( z a contract1 & we h only to reflect t ! f9al act 0 a ?ank-(f]+ to see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! civil & ! religi\s process4 #dbj ,livy v4 #ba4 #dba ,macr4 iii4 #i1 #f4 ,he says t he f\nd x 9 ! fif? book ( ,res reconditae by "o ,sammonicus ,s]5us1 & t ! latt] _h himself f\nd x 9 cuiusdam ,furii vetu/issimo libro4 #dbb ,on ?is subject see article ,devotio 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a4 #dbc ,livy viii4 #aj1 lic]e consuli dictatori praetori4444 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,nat4 deorum1 ii4 #aj1 at v]o apud maiores tanta religionis vis fuit1 ut quidam imp]atores etiam se ipsos dis immortalibus capite velato c]tis v]bis pro republica devov]5t4 #dbd ,see ,mu5z]'s article ,decii 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl42 ,soltau1 ,die ,anfa5ge d] roem4 ,ges*i*ts*reibung1 p4 #dh foll4 #dbe ,livy viii4 #i foll42 ,dio ,cassius1 fragm5t1 xxxv4 #f2 ,ennius1 ,ann4 vi4 #adg1 ,baehr5s4 ,! latt] fragm5t is ! olde/ ref]5ce to ! ev5t :i* we possess1 & j suffici5t to confirm ,livy's acc\nt3 ,divi hoc audite p>ump]1 ut pro ,romano populo progn>it] armis c]t&o prud5s animum de corpore mitto4 #dbf ,x is wor? rem>k+ t ! sacrificial aspect /ruck ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,9 ,civ4 ,dei1 v4 #ah1 he writes3 ,si se occid5dos c]tis v]bis quodam modo consecrantes ,decii devov]unt1 ut illis cad5tibus et iram deorum sangu9e suo placantibus ,romanus lib]>etur ex]citus1 & goes on to comp>e ! ,decii ) ,*ri/ian m>tyrs4 ,i am indebt$ = ?is ref]5ce to ,mayor's note on ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 deor4 ii4 #c4 #aj4 #dbg ,see above1 p4 #agf2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ceb1 note #a4 #dbh ,by ,deubn] 9 ,ar*iv1 #aije1 p4 #fi foll4 ,?is t\*+ ( ! *9 seems to be an example ( t p]sonal contact :i* makes a man or ?+ holy2 see1 e4g41 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit4 i4 #ehf4 ,decius makes himself holy = ! sacrifice 7z victim7 by t\*+ 7z prie/7 ! only "p ( 8 p]son :i* 0 expos$4 ,= ! magic t\* ( ! h& see ,o4 ,we9ri*1 ,antike ,heiligungswu5d]1 p4 #fc foll41 & ,macrobius iii4 #b4 #g1 = ! t\*+ ( ! alt> by a sacrific+ prie/4 #dbi ,see above1 p4 #ahj4 #dcj ,?is is ,deubn]'s explanation1 :i* he elaborates at l5g? by examples ( ! wor%ip ( ! spe> or sword among v>i\s peoples4 #dca ,?is is peculi> to ! =mula 9 ,livy viii4 #i4 ,is x possible t x may h "s ref]5ce to ! fact t ! ,romans 7 fight+ _! own k91 ! ,lat9s8 #dcb ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 pp4 #bb & #ajb3 ha/atos inha/atos completo timore tremore1 fuga =mid9e1 nive nimbo1 fragore furore1 s5io s]vitio1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! translator f ! ,umbrian is assi/$ by ! ,lat9 =mulae we are discuss+4 #dcc ,macrobius iii4 #i4 #aj1 ex]citum quem ego me s5tio dic]e fuga =mid9e t]rore compleatis1 etc4 ,?is is ( comp>atively late orig91 z x is address$ to ,dis pat]1 :o only became a ,roman deity 9 #bdi ,b4,c4 7,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #beg74 ,! int]e/+ feature 9 ?is devotio1 us$ at ! siege at ,c>?age1 is t x is n himself :om ! comm&] devotes--! common s5se ( ! ,romans _h got beyond t--b ! enemy z sub/itutes = himself4 ,eos vic>ios pro me fide magi/ratuque meo pro populo ,romano ex]citibus d devoveo1 ut me meamque fidem imp]iumque legiones ex]citumque no/rum b5e salvos siritis esse4 ,?us ! enemy is made ! victim1 & ?is is :y ! only gods invok$ are ! ,di ,inf]i1 ,dis pat]1 ,veiovis1 ,manes1 :ile 9 ! old] =mula x is ! gods ( ,romans & ,lat9s4 ,pacuvius 9 a praetextata call$ ,decius wrote3 ,lue patrium ho/ili fusum sangu5 sangu9e 7,ribbeck1 p4 #bhj74 ,?is is ! language ,ennius us$ be=e him ( ! sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia3 ut ho/ium eliciatur sanguis sangu9e1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! ^w eliciatur %[s t x is magic4 ,! curi\s ?+ 9 ?is la/ passage is t ! p>allel passage 9 ! ,euripidean ,iph4 9 ,aul4 7#adhf7 does n sugge/ magic4 ,is ! idea ,italian8 ,! curse 7= su* x really is7 is to be witness$ by ,tellus & ,iuppit]1 & ! celebrant po9ts d[n & up respectively 9 invok+ !m1 z also 9 ! devotio ( ,curtis 9 ! ,=um 7,livy vii4 #f71 :i* 0 an abnormal procuratio prodigii4 #dcd ,cp4 ! language us$ by ,livy ( ! second ,decius 7x4 #bi73 prae se ag]e =mid9em ac fugam 444 contacturum funebribus diris signa tela arma ho/ium4 ,= spells or curses ( ?is k9d see ,we/]m>ck i4 #efc3 a curse is conveyable by spee*1 especially if spok5 by a magi/rate or prie/4 ,among ! ,maoris ! ana!ma ( ! prie/ is reg>d$ z a ?und]bolt t an enemy _c escape4 ,see also ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,semites1 p4 #dcd1 = ! ,jewi% ban1 by :i* impi\s s9n]s1 or enemies ( ! city & its ,god1 7 devot$ to de/ruction4 ,he rem>ks t ! ,hebrew v]b to ban is sometimes r5d]$ consecrate3 ,micah iv4 #ac2 ,deut4 xiii4 #af2 & ,jo%ua vi4 #bf 7,j]i*o71 :i* exactly answ]s to ! consecratio ( ,c>?age4 ,= curses conveyable by sacrifices1 z 9 all ! cases ,i h m5tion$1 see ,we/]m>ck ii4 #fah foll4 #fbd1 & ! same au?or's pap] on conditional curses 9 ,morocco1 9 ,an?ropological ,essays1 address$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 p4 #cfj4 #dce ,abate _! pride1 assuage _! malice1 & conf\nd _! devices4 ,i well rememb] he>+ ?is read 9 *ur* ?r\gh\t ! ,crimean w>4 #dcf ,pro republica ,quiritium1 9 ! =mula quot$ above4 #dcg ,livy viii4 #aj ad f94 #dch ,see above1 note #bh4 #dci ,see ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #bgf & notes2 ,momms51 ,/rafre*t1 #ijj foll4 ,! subject has g5]ally be5 treat$ f ! legal po9t ( view r ?an ! religi\s2 b f ! religi\s po9t ( view x has g5]ally be5 assum$ t ! sacrifice 0 to appease ! god4 ,s no d\bt x 02 b ,i v5ture also to conjecture t ! victim 0 vic>ius = ! contam9ation ( ! community4 ,on ! subject g5]ally ,we/]m>ck's two *apt]s on human sacrifice & blood-rev5ge 7xix4 & xx4 9 vol4 i47 are extremely well wor? read+4 #ddj ,a54 i4 #fjg foll4 ,cp4 ,a54 iii4 #dbi-- prae/at ,tr9acrii metas lu/r>e ,pa*yni cessantem1 longos et circumflect]e cursus1 :]e ! sl[ movem5t & circuit\s c\rse ( a lu/ratio mu/ h be5 9 ,virgil's m9d4 ,! movem5t r\nd an object = lu/ral purposes is se5 9 ,a54 vi4 #bbi1 idem t] socios pura circumtulit unda1 :]e ,s]vius expla9s circumtulit by purgavit4 ,z e>ly z ,livius ,&ronicus 7second c5tury ,b4,c47 we f9d classem lu/ratur ( fi%es swimm+ r\nd a fleet 7,ribb4 ,trag4 ,fragm5ta1 p4 #a74 #dda ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #cbd1 = ! februa ( ! ,lup]ci1 ,r4,f4 p4 #cbj foll41 & ! explanations !re giv54 ,m w be f\nd allud$ to 9 ,van ,g5nep1 ,les ,rites de passage1 p4 #bdi4 ,to my m9d none are q conv9c+4 ,! ,romans believ$ t bl[s ) ^! februa 7/rips ( ! victim's sk97 made wom5 f]tile2 !y 7 !re=e cle>ly magical implem5ts1 b beyond ?is we d n seem to get4 7,see also ,deubn] 9 ,ar*iv1 #aiaj1 p4 #die foll47 #ddb ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vi4 #ac1 ,februum ,sab9i purgam5tum1 et id 9 sacris no/ris v]bum4 ,cp4 ,v>ro1 ap4 ,nonium1 p4 #aad2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 ii4 #ai foll41 :]e he calls februa piam9a1 purgam5ta1 9 ! language ( ! ius div9um4 #ddc ,l4,l4 vi4 #aa4 #ddd ,s]vius1 ad ,a54 x4 #cb2 xi4 #hdb2 cp4 i4 #acf4 #dde ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #abg1 = ! same rite 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 7,br&1 ,popul> ,antiquities1 p4 #bib74 #ddf ,les ,rites de passage1 *4 ii4 #ddg ,= b\nd>y m>ks 9 hi/orical times see ,gromatici auctores1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bej foll4 7,rudorff74 #ddh ,if ! cattle 7 9 ! woodl& beyond ! settlem5t1 z !y w\ld be 9 summ]1 !y c\ld n be protect$ 9 ?is way3 l an army go+ into ! c\ntry ( ho/es 7see above1 p4 #baf7 !y 7 treat$ 9 ano!r way1 :i* we may connect ) ! ritual ( ! ,p>ilia1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] has beautifully %[n 9 8 pap] on ,/4 ,george & ! ,p>ilia 7,revue des etudes e?nographiques et sociologiques1 #aijh1 p4 #a foll474 #ddi ,georg4 i4 #cch foll4 #dej ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #adc2 ,s]vius1 ,a54 v4 #gee 7f ,cato72 ,plut>*1 ,romulus1 xi4 #dea ,see above1 p4 #aag4 #deb ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 pp4 #ab foll4 & #db foll4 #dec ,! deities ( ! city 7 invok$ to pres]ve ! "n1 ! magi/rates1 rites1 m51 cattle1 l&1 & crops3 a li/ 9 :i* ! "n is ! only item t c>ries u back to pre-,*ri/ian times4 #ded ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 pp4 #ba & #hd foll4 #dee ,livy xl4 #f init4 #def ,see above1 p4 #if4 #deg ,numb]s xxxi4 #ai4 #deh ,fe/us1 p4 #aag4 #dei ,see ,huels5-,jordan1 ,roem4 ,topographie1 vol4 iii4 p4 #die2 ,von ,domaszewski1 ,abh&lung51 p4 #bag foll4 #dfj ,sugge/$ by ,van ,g5nep1 ,les ,rites de passage1 p4 #bh4 #dfa ,livy iii4 #bh4 #aa4 #dfb ,f>nell1 ,evolution ( ,religion1 p4 #acb foll4 #dfc ,! acc\nt ( lu/ratio giv5 9 ?is lecture is adapt$ f ! au?or's *apt] on ! same subject 9 ,an?ropology & ! ,classics1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aijh4 ,,lecture ,x ,,! ,,fir/ ,,arrival ,,( ,,new ,,cults ,,9 ,,rome ,i said 9 my fir/ lecture t ! :ole /ory ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce falls into two p>ts3 fir/1 t ( ! =mul>isation ( rules & me?ods = gett+ effectively into "r relations ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se2 secondly1 t ( ! gradual discov]y ( ! inadequacy ( ^!1 & ( ! engraft+ on ! ,/ate religion ( ,rome ( an ev]-increas+ numb] ( =eign rites & deities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! /ories has be5 occupy+ u s f>1 & be=e ,i leave x = :at w be practically an introduction to succe$+ lectures1 x w be z well = me to sum up ! results at :i* we h already arriv$4 ,i began ) :at ,i call$ ! protoplasm ( religion1 ! primitive ideas & practices :i* =m ! psy*ological basis ( ! :ole gr[?4 ,! feel+ ( awe & anxiety ab\t t :i* is my/]i\s & unkn[n1 ! feel+ :i* ! ,romans call$ religio1 seems to h manife/$ itself 9 ,italy1 z else:]e1 9 ^? v>i\s ways :i* ,i discuss$ 9 my second & ?ird lectures1 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( magic1 negative & positive4 ,we f9d unmi/akable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? /rict rules ( conduct call$ taboos1 :i* fett] ! m9d & body ( primitive man1 :i* probably arise f an ineffective desire to put himself 9 "r relations ) =ces he does n und]/&1 & :i* h _! value z a social discipl9e4 ,aga91 we f9d surviv+ 9 hi/orical ,rome num]\s =ms ( active or positive magic1 by :i* x 0 ?\ght possible to compel or ov]come ^? p[]s1 s z to use !m = y\r own b5efit & aga9/ y\r enemies4 ,b ,i 0 c>eful to po9t out t on ! :ole little ( all ?is evid5ce ( ! e>ly exi/5ce ( magic at ,rome is to be f\nd 9 ! public religion ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 & t ! natural inf]5ce f ?is is t at "o "t or ano!r !re mu/ h be5 a v p[]ful influ5ce at "w 9 cutt+ away ^! obsolete root-leaves ( ! plant t 0 to be1 & 9 mak+ ( t plant a neat1 well-def9$ gr[?4 ,i w5t on to deal ) ! fir/ /age 9 ! work+ ( ?is influ5ce1 :i* we f\nd reflect$ 9 ! religion ( ! family z we "k x 9 hi/orical times4 ,! family1 settl$ on ! l&1 ) its home/ead & its regul> r\t9e ( agricultural process1 develop$ a m effective desire to get into "r relation ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,anxiety is greatly less5$ bo? 9 ! h\se & on ! l&1 because )9 ^? limits !re is a peace 7or cov5ant7 betwe5 ! div9e & human inhabitants :o h tak5 up _! resid5ce !re4 ,! sup]natural p[]s1 conceiv$ n[ 7:atev] !y may h be5 be=e7 z spirits1 are fri5dly if rightly propitiat$1 & mu* advance has be5 made 9 ! me?ods ( propitiation2 magic & religion are /ill d\btless mix$ up toge!r 9 ^!1 b ! t5d5cy seems to be to get gradually rid ( ! m inadequate & blund]+ me?ods4 ,9 fact1 man's k ( ! ,div9e has greatly advanc$2 spirits h "s slight t5d5cy to become deities1 & magic is 9 "p at lea/ sup]s$$ by an ord]ly r\nd ( sacrifice & pray]1 :i* is p]=m$ daily )9 ! h\se1 & )9 ! b\nd>y ( ! l& at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,?is /age ( settlem5t & r\t9e 0 ! fir/ great revolution 9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans1 & suppli$ ! basis ( _! national "*4 ,! second revolution :i* we c cle>ly disc]n1 & f> ! mo/ important z a factor 9 ,roman hi/ory1 is t ( ! organisation ( ! religion ( ! city-/ate ( ,rome4 ,d\btless !re 7 /ages int]m$iate betwe5 ! two1 b !y are entirely lo/ to u4 ,we _h to conc5trate our att5tion on ! city ( ! f\r regions--! fir/ city we really "k--& to exam9e ! "o docum5t :i* has surviv$ f x1 ! s-call$ cal5d> ( ,numa4 ,9 my fif? lecture ,i expla9$ ! nature ( t cal5d>1 & not$ h[ x reflects ! life ( a p at once agricultural & milit>y1 & h[ x mu/ presuppose ! exi/5ce ( a highly organis$ legal prie/hood1 or ( "s p[]ful g5ius = political z well z religi\s legislation4 ,! tradition ( a great prie/-k+ is n :olly to be despis$1 = x expresses ! feel+ ( ! ,romans t religi\s law & ord] 7 indisp5sable p>ts ( _! :ole political & social life4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ^! lectures ,i h be5 try+ to int]rogate ?is religi\s cal5d>1 ) su* help z c\ld be ga9$ f any o!r s\rces1 on two po9ts3 7#a7 ! conception1 or1 if we c v5ture to use ! ^w1 ! k1 :i* ! ,romans ( t e>ly city-/ate _h ( ! ,div9e2 7#b7 ! *ief =ms & me?ods ( _! wor%ip4 ,we saw t !y did n ?9k ( ! div9e be+s z exi/+ 9 human =m ) human weaknesses1 b z invisible & intangible functional p[]s1 num9a4 ,ea* _h its special limit$ sph]e ( action2 & "s 7 n[ localis$ )9 ! pomo]ium1 or j outside x )9 ! ag] ,romanus1 & wor%ipp$ "u a p>ticul> "n4 ,i sugge/$ t ?is v settlem5t _h probably "s influ5ce 9 prep>+ !m = assum+ a m def9ite & p]sonal "*1 %\ld ! *ance be giv5 !m4 ,9 reg>d to ! =ms ( cult ) :i* !y 7 propitiat$1 ,i f\nd 9 ! ritual ( sacrifice & pray] a g5u9e advance t[>ds a really religi\s attitude to ! deity1 ! sacrifices be+ meant to increase 8 p[] to b5efit ! community1 & ! pray]s to dim9i% su* incl9ation z he might h to damage x2 b t !re are 9 ^! c]ta9 survivals ( ! age ( magic1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 only =mal1 & h lo/ _! orig9al significance4 ,i f\nd "s curi\s examples ( su* survivals 9 ! rite ( devotio1 & 9 v[s g5]ally a some:at l[] type ( me?od 9 deal+ ) ! sup]natural4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =ms ( lu/ratio1 at ! bottom ( :i* seems to lie ! idea ( gett+ rid ( evil spirits & influ5ces1 pres5t v beautiful examples ( :at we may really call religi\s c]emony4 ,!re 01 !n1 9 ?is highly-organis$ religion ( ! city-/ate1 9 "s ways at lea/1 a great advance4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is ga91 x _h s]i\s drawbacks4 ,mo/ prom95t among ^! 0 ! fact t x 0 ! religion ( ! ,/ate z a :ole1 & n ( ! individual or ! family4 ,religion1 ,i ?9k we may safely say1 _h plac$ a c]ta9 consecration ^u ! simple life ( ! family1 :i* 01 9 fact1 ! life ( ! individual2 = ! ess5ce ( religion 9 all /ages ( civilisation lies 9 ! feel+ ( ! individual t 8 own life1 8 bodily & m5tal welf>e1 is dep5d5t on ! ,div9e z he & 8 reg>d x4 ,b to :at ext5t c x be said t religion s consecrat$ ! life ( ! ,/ate z to enable ea* individual 9 8 family gr\p to feel t consecration m vividly8 ,t w\ld h con/itut$ a real advance 9 religi\s developm5t2 t 0 ! result1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ( ! religion ( ! ,jewi% ,/ate1 :i* ) all ! =ce ( a p[]ful hi]>*ical au?ority address$ its precepts to ! m9d & w ( ! individual4 ,b at ,rome1 ?\gh ! e>lie/ traces & traditions ( law %[ a c]ta9 consecration ( morality1 inasmu* z ! crim9al is made ov] z a k9d ( propitiatory sacrifice to ! deity :om he has (f5d$1 yet 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( life1 s f> z ,i c disc]n1 ! individual 0 left v mu* :]e he 01 be=e ! ,/ate arose1 9 8 relation to ! ,div9e4 ,9 no o!r anci5t ,/ate t we "k ( did ! citiz5 s entirely resign ! regulation ( all 8 deal+s ) ! ,/ate's gods to ! con/itut$ au?orities set ov] him4 ,8 obligatory "p 9 ! religi\s ritual ( ! ,/ate 0 simply nil1 & all 8 religi\s duty on days ( religi\s importance 0 to ab/a9 f civil bus9ess1 to make no di/urbance4 ,)9 ! h\sehold he us$ 8 own simple ritual1 ! morn+ pray]1 ! libation to ! h\sehold deities at meals2 & x is exactly "h t we see a pietas1 a s5se ( duty consecrat$ by religion1 :i* seems to h _h a real e?ical value1 & rem9ds u ( mod]n piety4 ,b 9 all 8 relations ) ! gods qua citiz51 he resign$ himself to ! tra9$ & tru/$ prie/hoods1 :o knew ! secrets ( ritual & all t 0 compris$ 9 ! ius div9um2 & by passive ob$i5ce to ^! au?orities he gradually began to dead5 ! s5se ( religio t 0 9 him4 ,& ?is t5d5cy 0 increas$ by ! m]e fact ( life 9 a city1 :i* z "t w5t on became m & m ! rule2 =1 z ,i po9t$ out1 ! r\nd ( religi\s fe/ivals no long] exactly express$ ! ne$s & ! "w ( t agricultural life 9 :i* x _h its orig94 ,x w\ld be an int]e/+ inquiry1 if ! mat]ial = an answ] 7 available1 to try & discov] h[ ?is gradual absorption ( religion 7or r religi\s duties7 by ! ,/ate & its au?orities affect$ ! morality ( ! individual ,roman4 ,x has (t5 be5 ma9ta9$ ( late t religion & morality h no?+ 9 common2 & ev5 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck1#dfd :o1 unlike mo/ an?ropologi/s1 treats ! :ole subject f a psy*ological po9t ( view1 seems incl9$ to come to ?is conclusion4 ,= myself1 ,i am r dispos$ to agree ) ano!r em95t an?ropologi/1#dfe t religion & morality are really elem5tal in/9cts ( human nature1 prim>ily undi/+ui%able f ea* o!r2 & if t be s1 !n ! ov]-elaboration ( ei!r ! moral or religi\s law1 or ( ! two comb9$1 w t5d to weak5 ! b9d+ =ce ( bo?4 ,if1 z at ,rome1 ! citiz5 is made p]fectly com=table 9 8 relations ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se1 ow+ to ! complete ma/]y ( ! ius div9um by ! ,/ate & its (ficials1 !re w assur$ly be a t5d5cy to p>alyse ! elem5tal religi\s impulse1 & ) x1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! elem5tal s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,= 9 ! life ( a /ate ) su* a legalis$ religi\s sy/em z ?is1 s long at lea/ z x ?rives & escapes s]i\s disa/]1 !re w be few or none ( ^? mom5ts ( p]il & anxiety 9 :i* man is br\ght face to face ) ! et]nal realities ( exi/5ce1#dff & :5 he becomes awak5$ to a new s5se ( religion & duty4 ,9 ! life ( ! family1 ! critical mom5ts ( bir?1 pub]ty1 m>riage1 & dea? regul>ly recur1 & keep up ! in/9ct1 because man is !n br\ght face to face ) ^! et]nal facts2 !re is no ne$ ( extraord9>y p]ils1 su* z tempe/s or pe/il5ces1 to keep ! in/9ct alive4 ,b 9 ! life ( ! ,/ate z su* !re 7 no su* cont9ually recurr+ rem9d]s2 ev5 ! old agricultural p]ils 7 out ( sight ( ! ord9>y citiz54 ,?us ! f>!/ we c g 9 ascrib+ a moral influ5ce to ! ,/ate religion is 9 giv+ x cr$it = help+ to ma9ta9 t s5se ( law & ord] :i* s]v$ to keep ! life ( ! family s\nd & :olesome4 ,t x did to "s ext5t p]=m ?is s]vice ,i h already po9t$ out2#dfg & x is a rem>kable fact t ! decay ( ! ,/ate religion 0 co9cid5t1 9 ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c41 ) ! decay ( ! family life & virtues4 ,b on ! :ole1 z we %all see1 ! ius div9um _h r ! effect ( hypnotis+ ! religi\s & moral in/9ct ?an ( keep+ x awake4 ,x ne$$ new p]ils = ! ,/ate z a :ole to re-create t feel+ :i* is ! root ( ! gr[? ( consci5ce2 & :5 ! crav+ did at la/ come ^u ! ,roman1 :i* 9 times ( d\bt & p]il has come ^u individuals & communities 9 all ages1 = support & com=t f ! ,unse51 x _h to be satisfi$ by giv+ him new gods to wor%ip 9 new ways--ali5s ) :om he _h no?+ 9 common1 :o _h no home 9 8 patriotic feel+1 no place 9 8 religi\s exp]i5ce4#dfh ,i wi% to conclude ?is fir/ "p ( my subject by giv+ "s acc\nt ( ! fir/ beg9n+ ( ?is introduction ( new deities1 di nov5siles z !y 7 call$1#dfi into ! old ,roman religi\s _w4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 ( :om ,i %all speak "h 7 n introduc$ z ! result ( disa/] or di/ress1 b 7 simply ! inevitable consequ5ce ( ! gr[+ importance ( ! city on ! ,tib]--( ! beg9n+s ( h] comm]cial & political relations ) h] neighb\rs1 & also ( h] own developm5t 9 ! arts ( civilisation4 ,! religi\s sy/em ) :i* ,i h s f> be5 deal+ 0 ! exclusive prop]ty1 we mu/ rememb]1 ( ^? g5tes1 ) ! families compos+ !m1 :i* =m$ ! orig9al human mat]ial ( ! ,/ate1 & 7 kn[n z patrician4 ,if we _h no o!r reason = be+ sure ( ?is1 ! fact t all ,/ate prie/hoods 7 orig9ally limit$ to patrician families w\ld be suffici5t to prove x2#dgj ev5 d[n to ! late/ times ! rex sacrorum1 ! ?ree flam9es maiores1 & ! ,salii 7 necess>ily ( patrician bir?--a fact :i* _h mu* to d ) _! t5d5cy to disappe> 9 ! la/ age ( ! ,republic4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! p]iod )9 :i* ! ,numan cal5d> 0 drawn up1 ?is community ( patrician burgh]s began to suff] c]ta9 *anges4 ,a population ( outsid]s1 z 9 s _m ,greek cities1 _h ga9$ admittance to ! site ( ,rome1 ?\gh n into its political & religi\s organism4#dga ,s solid a city1 9 su* an important position1 0 sure to attract su* settl]s1 :e!r f ! ,lat9s dwell+ ab\t x1 or f ! ,etruscans on ! nor?1 or ! ,greek cities along ! coa/ s\?w>ds & 9 ,sicily4 ,! ,lat9s 71 ( c\rse1 ( ! same /ock z ! ,romans1 & already 9 "s loose political relation to !m2 & z ea* ,lat9 city 0 op51 l ,rome1 to ,greek & ,etruscan influ5ces1 we %\ld probably see 9 ,latium an indirect *annel ( communication betwe5 ^? peoples & ,rome1 to be reckon$ 9 addition to ! direct & obvi\s "o4 ,z ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] has well said1#dgb ! ,lat9s1 becom+ rapidly inf]ior to ,rome1 7 enabl$ to d h] at lea/ ?is s]vice1 t ( absorb+ ! =eign influ5ces :i* came1 & 9 c]ta9 cases ( ,lat9is+ !m1 & ?us transmitt+ !m to ,rome 9 a m or less assimilat$ condition4 ,z ,dr4 ,c>t] has be5 ! fir/ to expla9 ! arrival ( ^! new religi\s influ5ces to ,engli% read]s1 ,i %all 9 :at foll[s closely foll[ 8 foot/eps4 ,!y indicate & also reflect a *ange f agricultural economy & habits to a society int]e/$ 9 trade & travel3 ,i say int]e/$1 because we _c be q sure h[ f> ! old ,romans engag$ 9 su* pursuits !mselves1 z well z admitt+ f outside ^? :o did1 ) _! wor%ips4 ,!y indicate also ! gr[? ( an indu/rial population1 organis$ 9 gilds1 z 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 "h beyond d\bt ! work]s 7 ma9ly ( native bir?4 ,la/ly1 !y indicate an advance 9 milit>y effici5cy &1 z a result ( ?is milit>y progress1 "s *ange 9 ! relation ( ,rome to h] fell[-communities ( ,latium4 ,p]haps ! fir/ ( ^! new deities to arrive 0 ! fam\s ,h]cules ,victor or ,invictus ( ! ara maxima 9 ! ,=um ,bo>ium1 :o cont9u$ = c5turies to accept ! ti!s ( ! booty ( g5]als & ! pr(its ( successful m]*ants4 ,virgil 9 ! eigh? ,a5eid#dgc makes ,ev&] %[ 8 gue/ ?is alt> & ! celebration ( its fe/ival1 & tell him ! tale ( ,cacus & ! ox5 & ! cave on ! ,av5t9e h>d by2 ! poet1 l e "o else until ! la/ few ye>s1 believ$ ! cult to be primeval & ,roman4 ,b "o ( ! _m ga9s = ! hi/ory ( ,roman religion :i* h rec5tly be5 secur$--ev5 s9ce ! publication ( my ,roman ,fe/ivals--is ! c]ta9ty t ! ,italian ,h]cules is really ! ,greek ,h]acles acclimatis$ 9 ! si/] p59sula1 & t ! cult ( ! ara maxima1 ?\gh t alt> 0 inside ! sacr$ b\nd>y ( ! pomo]ium1 0 n native 9 ,rome4#dgd ,x seems1 h[ev]1 almo/ c]ta9 t x did n come direct f any "p ( ,hellas1 ?\gh its position1 close to ! ,tib] & its l&+-place1 might naturally lead u to ?9k s4 ,x is almo/ impossible to believe t ,h]acles w\ld h be5 all[$ inside ! pomo]ium1 _h he be5 introduc$ by =eign]s 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,no d\bt mu* has yet to be le>nt ab\t ,h]cules 9 ,italy2 b rec5t pa9/ak+ rese>*es h made x possible = u to acquiesce 9 ! belief t ?is ,h]cules ( ! ara came f a ,lat9 city1--f t ,tibur :i* by tradition 0 ( ,greek orig9--,tibur ,argeo positum colono1--& :i*1 l its neighb\r ,pra5e/e1 0 curi\sly receptive ( =eign influ5ce4#dge ,x is believ$ t ! ,greek trad]s f ,campania & ,magna ,graecia made _! way nor?w>ds ?r\gh ,latium1 & ?us ev5tually rea*$ ,rome ) ! deity :om !y seem to h always c>ri$ ) !m4 ,he 01 9 ! words ( ,dr4 ,c>t]1#dgf a deity ( :om1 by ! contagion ( comm]ce1 ! ,romans already felt a great ne$1 a god ( great p[] f :om came success 9 ! practical und]tak+s ( life2 & x 0 q natural t 8 %r9e %\ld be 9 ! busy cattle-m>ket ( ! city1 if we rememb] t ! weal? ( ! e>ly ,romans1 pecunia z !y call$ x1 ma9ly consi/$ 9 %eep & ox54 ,z ,h]acles 9 v>i\s =ms 0 to be met ) all ov] ! ,m$it]ranean coa/s1 x w\ld inde$ be /range if he 7 n f\nd 9 ! gr[+ city comm&+ ! c5tral wat]-way ( ,italy2 & 8 appe>ance !re may be said to h put ,rome 9 t\* ) ! ,m$it]ranean bus9ess ( t day4 ,!re he 0 de/9$ to rema91 ) all ! hon\r ( an olde/ cult1 ?\gh o!r cults ( ! same god came 9 lat]1 & 7 e/abli%$ q close to him2 & ?\gh nev] a ,/ate deity ( mu* importance1 he ex]cis$ a :olesome influ5ce 9 matt]s ( trade1 z ! god :o sanction$ y\r oa?1 & :o accept$ ! ti! ( y\r ga9 :i* y _h v[$ at ! outset ( an ent]prise4#dgg ,9 ! same p]iod1 ?\gh ! traditional date ( _! temple is lat]1 came ! ,tw9 ,bre?r51 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & f\nd _! way1 l ,h]cules1 into ! city )9 ! pomo]ium4 ,! fam\s temple ( ,ca/or 7be=e :om 8 bro!r gradually gave way7 0 at ! end ( ! ,=um "u ! ,palat9e1 close to ! f\nta9 ( ,juturna1 :]e ! ,tw9s wat]$ _! horses aft] ! battle ( ,lake ,regillus2 & !re ! beautiful rema9s ( ! late/ recon/ruction ( x /ill /&4#dgh ,?is position alone %\ld make u feel confid5t t ! cult did n come direct f ,greek s\rces2 & x _h its orig91 p]haps1 9 ! p]iod :5 ,rome 0 9 close relation ) ,lat9 cities1 :i* !mselves _h be5 gradually absorb+ ! cults & products ( ! ,greeks ( ,campania4 ,!re is a /rong probability t x came f ,tusculum1 ) :i* ! leg5d ( ! ,regillus battle is closely connect$1 & :]e ! cult _h beyond d\bt tak5 /rong root4#dgi ,l ! ,h]cules ( ! ara maxima1 ! ,tw9s 7 no d\bt br\ght by ! c\rse ( trade1 :i* 0 cont9ually pu%+ up f ! s\?2 = !y too 7 fav\rites ( ! m]*ant adv5tur]1 & ?r\gh\t ,hellas 7 ! special protectors ( ! seaf>]4 ,_! connection ) horses is well kn[n1 & n z yet satisfactorily expla9$ 9 its ,roman aspect2 b ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] ?9ks t !y fir/ became prom95t 9 ,greece :5 ! ,hom]ic use ( *>iots 0 ab&on$ = a primitive k9d ( cavalry1 & t ! ,ca/or-cult mov$ /eadily nor?w>d 7f ,magna ,graecia71 c>ri$1 z x 71 on horseback1 & t :5 x rea*$ ,rome x became connect$ ) ! reorganisation ( ! cavalry4 ,?is seems to be almo/ pure guess-"w1 &1 attractive z x is1 ,i fe> we _c put mu* fai? 9 x4#dhj ,! position 9 ! ,=um1 & ! well-kn[n connection ( bo? tw9s ) oa?s1#dha seem to me r to sugge/ a m natural orig9 9 trade4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! equ9e "* ( ! cult 9 ,latium 0 second>y1 & t ! connection ( ! temple & cult ) ! ,roman cavalry 0 a natural result1 b n a prim>y feature1 ( its introduction4 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to look on x z com+ 9 ) ! build+ ( ! temple1 :i* 0 probably ( lat] orig9 ?an ! orig9al introduction ( ! cult4 ,"s "t aft] ! cal5d> 0 drawn up1 a deity 0 e/abli%$ on ! ,av5t9e1 i4e4 n )9 ! pomo]ium1 ^: arrival m>ks a developm5t 9 ! organisation ( h&icraft4 ,we _c inde$ prove t ! settlem5t ( ,m9]va on ! ,av5t9e took place s e>ly1 b we h /rong gr\nds = ! conclusion4#dhb ,?is temple 0 9 hi/orical times ! religi\s c5tre ( trade-gilds2 & ^! gilds 7 by univ]sal ,roman tradition ascrib$ to ,numa z f\nd]1 :i* simply means t !y 7 among ! olde/ in/itutions ( ! ,city-/ate4 ,z ,m9]va does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>1 _h no flam51 & !re=e mu/ h be5 altoge!r outside ! orig9al patrician religi\s sy/em1 ! natural inf]5ce is t ! temple 0 f\nd$1 l ! %r9es ( ,h]cules & ! ,tw9 ,bre?r51 t[>ds ! end ( ! p]iod we are deal+ )1 & 0 f ! fir/ ! c5tre ( ! gilds4 ,( ^? m5tion$ by ,plut>* 9 8 life ( ,numa 7*4 #ag71 we "k t ! foll[+ gilds belong$ to ,m9]va3 tibic9es1 fabri 7c>p5t]s871 fullones1 sutores2 & x is a reasonable guess t ! o!rs1 cori>ii1 fabri a]>ii1 & aurifices1 7 also "u h] protection4 ,^! trades1 z ,waltz+ rem>ks 9 8 great "w on ,roman gilds1#dhc are all 9 keep+ ) ! rudim5t>y civilisation ( primitive ,rome2 !y are ^? :i* 7 fir/ c>ri$ on outside ( ! family4 ,work]s 9 iron are n among !m2 bronze is /ill ! common metal4 ,n[ ( c\rse we mu/ n g s f> z to assume t none ( ^! trades exi/$ be=e ! cult ( ,m9]va came to ,rome2 b f h] close association ) !m all ?r\gh ,roman hi/ory1 & f ! fact t ! ,romans 7 orig9ally an agricultural folk1 z ! cal5d> %[s1 ) a simple economy & simple ne$s1 x is legitimate to connect ! arrival ( ! goddess ) ! gr[? ( t[n life & ! dem& = articles once made 9 rude fa%ion *iefly on ! f>ms1 & ) a p]iod ( improvem5t 9 manufacture1 & ! use ( bett] mat]ials & bett] me?ods4 ,:5ce1 !n1 did ^! improvem5ts come8 ,?is is only ano!r way ( ask+ ! "q1 ,:5ce did ,m9]va come8 ,by ! common cons5t ( inve/igators %e came f ! semi-,lat9 t[n ( ,fal]ii 9 s\!rn ,etruria1 :]e ^! arts 7 practis$ by ,etruscans1 or ^? :o _h le>nt ( ,etruscans4#dhd ,h] "n is ,italian1 n ,etruscan2#dhe %e 0 an old ,italian deity tak5 ov] by ! invad+ ,etruscans f ! peoples ^: l& !y occupi$4 ,b :ile 9 ! h&s ( ,etruscans %e _h adopt$ ,greek *>act]i/ics1 especially ^? ( ,a!ne1 ! patroness ( arts & crafts4 ,%e soon1 inde$1 appe>$ ) "s ( ! "* ( ,a!ne ,polias1 z we %all see at ! end ( ?is lecture2 b h] real importance1 f> d[n into ! p]iod ( ! ,empire1 0 9 ! temple on ! ,av5t9e1 & 9 connection ) ! crafts4 ,! d$ication day ( ! temple 0 ,m>* #ai1 :i* 0 kn[n1 z we le>n on ! be/ au?ority1 also z artificum dies4#dhf ,!re 0 ano!r fam\s temple on ! ,av5t9e :i* by univ]sal cons5t is attribut$ to ! same p]iod z t ( ,m9]va4 ,diana does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>1 & _h no flam52 ,roman tradition ascrib$ h] arrival to ,s]vius ,tullius1 & we %all n be f> wrong if we place x at or t[>ds ! end ( ! age ( ! k+%ip4 ,! temple 0 celebrat$ z conta9+ an anci5t /atue ( ,diana1 ! olde/ or almo/ ! olde/ repres5tation ( a deity 9 human =m kn[n at ,rome1 :i* 0 a copy ( a rude image ( ,artemis at ,massilia1 ( ! type ( ! fam\s ,greek3 xoanon ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis4#dhg ,x also conta9$ a lex templi 9 ,greek *>act]s1 & a treaty or *>t] ( a f$]ation ( ,lat9 cities ) ,rome z _! head1 :i* 0 se5 by ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus :5 9 ,rome 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4#dhh ,! explanation ( ! arrival ( ,diana is simple4 ,! dies natalis ( ! temple is ! same z t ( ! fam\s %r9e ( ! same goddess at ,aricia--! ,ides ( ,augu/4#dhi ,aricia 0 at ?is "t ! c5tre ( a league ( cities includ+ ,tusculum & ,tibur1 ) bo? ( :i*1 z we h j se51 ,rome 0 closely connect$ at ?is "t2 a league :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to h sup]s$$ t ( ,alba1 m>k+ "s revolution 9 ,latium consequ5t on ! fall ( ,alba4#dij ,diana 0 a wood-_s1 a tree-_s1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] has taught u1 ) "s relation to ! moon & to ! life ( wom52 ( late %e has become famili> to e "o1 n z %e 0 kn[n lat]1 9 ! disguise ( ,artemis1 b z ! deity ( t %r9e--p+uis et placabilis ara ,dianae--( :i* ! prie/ 0 ! ,rex ,nemor5sis3 he :o slew ! slay] & %all himself be sla94#dia ,b 9 ^? days x 0 only ! fact t %e 0 ! *ief local deity ( ,aricia1 ! lead+ city ( ! new league1 :i* br\ght h] sudd5ly into notice4 ,:5 ! /rategic position ( ,rome gave h] 9 turn ! lead 9 ,latium1 ,diana pass$ on f ,aricia to ! ,tib]1 ent]$ on a new life1 & ev5tually took ov] ! attributes ( ,artemis1 ) :om %e _h mu* 9 common4 ,! ,diana :om we "k 9 ,roman lit]ature is really ,artemis2 b ,diana ( ! ,av5t9e1 :5 %e fir/ arriv$ !re1 0 ! wood-_s ( ,aricia1 & h] temple 0 an outw>d sign ( ,rome's new position 9 ,latium3 x 0 built by ! *iefs ( ! ,lat9 cities 9 conjunction ) ,rome1 & is describ$ by ,v>ro z commune ,lat9orum ,dianae templum4#dib ,x 0 appropriately plac$ on ! only ,roman hill :i* 0 !n /ill cov]$ ) wood1 & 0 outside ! pomo]ium4 ,!re 0 "o o!r goddess1 a ,lat9 "o1 :o 0 traditionally associat$ ) ?is p]iod1 & especially ) k+ ,s]vius ,tullius--,=tuna1 or ,=s ,=tuna2 %e does n appe> 9 ! cal5d>1 _h no flam51 & mu/ h be5 introduc$ f outside4 ,b x 0 long be=e ,=tuna became ( any real importance 9 ,rome1 & ,i %all leave h] out ( acc\nt "h4 ,%e _h two homes ( r5[n 9 ,latium1 at ,antium & ,pra5e/e1 & 0 9 ea* connect$ ) a k9d ( oracle1 :i* seems to h be5 specially resort$ to by wom5 be=e & aft] *ildbir?4 ,%e 0 also v probably a deity ( o!r k9ds ( f]tility2 & 9 c\rse ( "t %e took on ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,greek ,ty*e1 & became a fav\rite deity ( good luck4#dic ,let u pause = "o mom5t to reflect on ! "* ( ^! new deities ( :om ,i h be5 speak+3 ,h]cules1 ,ca/or1 ,m9]va1 ,diana4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t1 z comp>$ ) ! great deities ( ! cal5d>1 !y are un9t]e/+2 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ,h]cules1 !y d n seem to h any real religi\s significance4 ,!y are local deities br\ght 9 f outside1 & h no root 9 ! m9d ( ! ,roman p z we h s f> be5 /udy+ x4 ,!y seem to indicate ! gr[? ( a population 9 :i* ! true old ,roman religi\s in/9ct 0 abs5t2 !y repres5t comm]ce1 bus9ess1 h&icraft1 or politics1 pursuits 9 :i* ! old ,roman & ,lat9 f>m]s 7 n directly int]e/$2 !y 7 suff]$ to be 9 ,rome because ! new population & ! new int]e/s mu/ ( necessity h _! own wor%ips1 b !y 7 n tak5 into ! he>t & m9d ( ! p4 ,s at lea/ x seems to u1 aft] we h be5 exam9+ ! developm5t ( ! native religi\s plant f its root upw>ds4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ( t new population1 its life & its ne$s1 we "k h>dly any?+1 & x w\ld n be safe to assume t ! conception ( ,m9]va _h no influ5ce on ! consci5ce ( ! artisan1 or t ( ,h]cules no p[] ( b9d+ ! trad] to hone/ deal+ & respect = 8 oa?4 ,z = ,diana1 ?\gh1 z ,dr4 ,c>t] says1 %e _h be5 introduc$ z "p ( a diplomatic game1 n because ,rome felt any religi\s ne$ ( h]1 ! fact t ! ,lat9 treaty 0 kept 9 h] temple has a c]ta9 moral z well z political significance :i* ought n to be ov]look$4 ,x is impossible to put ourselves m5tally 9 ! position ( ! m5 :o br\ght ^! cults to ,rome1 or ( ! ,romans :o grant$ !m admittance2 b we %all be on ! safe side if we imag9e ! =m] at lea/ to h _h a conviction t _! deal+s at ,rome w\ld n prosp] unless !y 7 c>ri$ out ) ! bless+ ( _! own gods4 ,b we n[ come1 9 ! la/ place1 to ! f\ndation ( a cult ( a v diff]5t k9d f ^!1 & ( f> great] import ?an any ( !m 9 ! hi/ory ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,we h se5 t ! temple ( ,diana on ! ,av5t9e meant ! transf]5ce ( ! head%ip ( ! ,lat9 league f ,aricia to ,rome4 ,:5 ,rome took ov] ?is head%ip1 & by remov+ its religi\s c5tre to ,rome--or1 p]haps m accurately1 by (f]+ ,diana ( ,aricia a new home by ! ,tib]--remov$ also any dang] ( a new p[] gr[+ up 9 ,latium outside h] own influ5ce1 %e seems to h tak5 ano!r important /ep 9 ! same direction4 ,ar*aeological evid5ce confirms ! tradition t at ?is "t ! temple ( ,jupit] ,lati>is1 ! real & orig9al god ( ! league1 on ! ,alban hill1 0 rebuilt2#did & z ! rema9s ( its f\ndation are ( ,etruscan workman%ip1 we may believe t ! "w 0 und]tak5 at t p]iod ( an ,etruscan dom9ion 9 ,rome :i* no "o n[ s]i\sly d\bts1 & :i* is m>k$ by ! ,etruscan "n ,t>qu9ius1 & by ! old tradition t ,s]vius ,tullius 0 really an ,etruscan be>+ ! ,etruscan "n ,ma/>na4#die ,n[ ^? 9 p[] at ,rome at ?is "t1 :oev] !y 71 n cont5t ) rebuild+ ! anci5t temple ( ,jupit] on ! ,alban hill1 conceiv$ ! idea ( also build+ a great temple at ,rome1 on ! /eep rock ov]look+ ! ,=um1 to ! same deity ( ! heav5 :o _h long presid$ ov] ! ,lat9 league4 ,! tradition 0 t ?is temple 0 v[$ by ! fir/ ,t>qu9ius1 begun by ! second1 & f9ally d$icat$ by ! fir/ consul ,horatius 9 ! ye> #eji4dif ,x is q possible t ?is tradition indicates ! tru? 9 outl9e--t x 0 an ,etruscan :o conceiv$ ! idea ( ! great "w1 & t ! =eign dom9ation gave way to a ,roman reaction be=e ! temple 0 ready = d$ication4 ,we _c "k :at exactly 0 ! ,etruscan int5tion z to ! cult2 b we "k t ! temple 0 built 9 ! ,etruscan /yle1 t its f\ndations 7 ( ,etruscan masonry1#dig & t ! deities inhabit+ x 7 ?ree--a trias--a feature q =eign to ! native ,roman religion4#dih ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va _h ea* a sep>ate dwell+ 7cella7 )9 ! walls ( ! temple1 :i*1 9 ord] to meet ?is innovation1 0 almo/ z broad z x 0 long4 ,:e!r ?is trias 0 ! "o orig9ally int5d$ by ! ,etruscan k+ or k+s x is impossible to say2 b ,i h great d\bts ( x4 ,i confess t ,i h no gr\nd b probability to g on :5 ,i conjecture t a long p]iod elaps$ betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ?is great und]tak+ & ! f9al completion1 & t 9 ! meantime _m ?+s _h happ5$ ( :i* we h no record2 t :5 ! temple 0 f9i%$ x 0 9 ,roman h&s1 ?\gh reta9+ its ,etruscan *>act]i/ics1 & especially ! comb9ation ( ?ree deities2 & t ^? ?ree deities 7 ess5tially ,roman 9 conception4 ,roman1 too1 0 ! idea t "o ( ! ?ree %\ld be p>am\nt2 ! two goddesses nev] atta9$ to any special significance1 & ! temple always rema9$ ess5tially ! dwell+ ( ! great ,jupit]1 ! ,fa!r ( heav54#dii ,! cult-titles ( ?is ,jupit]1 ,optimus ,maximus1 ! be/ & greate/1 seem to raise him to a position n only f> above 8 colleagues 9 ! temple1 b above all o!r ,jupit]s 9 ,latium or else:]e1 & presumably above all o!r deities4 ,!y ?us sugge/ a delib]ate attempt to place him 9 a high] position ?an ev5 ! ,jupit] ,lati>is ( ! ,mons ,albanus1 ^: temple _h be5 rebuilt 9 ! same p]iod4 ,! v novelty ( su* cult-titles betrays bo? p[] & g5ius 9 _! orig9ator2 !y are :olly unlike any we h met ) s f>2 !y d n sugge/ a function or a locality or a connection ) "s o!r deity2 !y /& absolutely alone 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman religion till f> on 9 ! ,empire4#ejj ,"h is no num5 ne$$ at a p>ticul> season to bless "s agricultural op]ation2 ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus seems h>dly to be limit$ by space or season1 & is to be always !re look+ d[n on 8 p f 8 seat on ! hill :i* 0 h5ce=w>d to be call$ ,capitol9us1 because ! space :i* _h be5 prep>$ !re = 8 reception bore ! "n ( ,capitolium1 ! place ( head%ip4#eja ,^! titles1 ,be/ & ,greate/1 call = reflection1 = m ?\ght ?an we are apt to give !m2 "o wond]s :e!r !y c be z old z tradition claim$1 & 9 fact at lea/ "o rec5t writ] has be5 tempt$1 )\t suffici5t reason1 to date ! :ole f\ndation two c5turies lat] ?an ! ,t>qu9ii4#ejb ,to me !y r sugge/ ! hypo!sis t ! break-up ( ! ,etruscan dom9ation 9 ,rome 0 ! "w ( a man or m5 inspir$ by a new national feel+ :i* ascrib$ ! revolution to ! great god ( ! race1 to ^: %r9e on ! same hill ! k+s _h be5 us$ to br+ ! spoils ( _! enemies#ejc2 & t !y took advantage ( ! uncomplet$ ,etruscan temple1 ) its huge f\ndations & und]gr\nd favissae1 to settle !re a new ,jupit]1 bett] & great] ?an any o!r1 to :om 8 p w\ld be = ev] grateful1 & 9 :om !y w\ld = ev] put _! tru/4 ,all old] associations ) cults ( ! ,heav5-god 7 to be bani%$ f ! ,capitolium1 j z all o!r deities 7 believ$ to h fl$ f ! spot1 save only ,t]m9us2 ! anci5t prie/ ( ,jupit]1 ! ,flam5 ,dialis1 _h no special connection ) ?is temple & its cult1 :i* 7 "u ! imm$iate *>ge ( an a$ituus only4#ejd ,"h 0 ! c5tre ( ! public wor%ip ( ! ,/ate z a :ole1 n only ( ! old patrician ,/ate2 & no su* anci5t curiosity z ! ,flam5 ,dialis1 :o1 z ,i h sugge/$1 0 a survival f "s old] era ( ,lat9 religi\s hi/ory1 0 to be supreme !re4 ,"h ! ,consul ( ! free ,republic 0 to (f]1 on ent]+ (fice1 ! victim--! :ite heif] ( ! ,alban cult--:i* 8 pr$ecessor _h v[$1 & himself to b9d 8 successor to a l sacrifice2 & ?is he did on behalf ( patrician & plebeian alike4 ,"h ! victori\s g5]al 0 to deposit 8 spoils1 rea*+ ! temple 9 ! solemn procession ( ! triumphus1 & we>+ ! ornam5ta ( ! deity himself2 = "h1 contr>y to all prec$5t 9 ! wor%ip ( ,romans1 !re 0 an image ( ! god wr\ght 9 t]ra cotta & br\ght f ,etruria4#eje ,x is 9 connection ) su* solemn ev5ts z ^! t we may f9d ! orig9 ( ^? impos+ processions :i* = c5turies 7 to impress ! m9ds ( ! ,roman p1 & inde$ ( _! enemies also1 ) ! might & magnific5ce ( _! ,empire2 = ap>t f ! triumphal processions ) :i* we are all famili>1 ! sc5e at ! entrance ( new consuls on _! (fice mu/ h be5 mo/ impressive4 ,!y 7 accompani$ by ! o!r magi/rates1 ! ,s5ate1 ! prie/s 9 _! robes ( (fice1 & by an imm5se cr[d ( citiz5s4 ,aft] ! c]emony ! ,s5ate met 9 ! temple to transact ! fir/ religi\s bus9ess ( ! ye>4 ,"h too ! tribal assembly met = ! purpose ( enroll+ ! new levies be=e ea* season ( w>1 9 ord] t ! y\?s :o 7 to fight ! battles ( ,rome might realise ! pres5ce ( ,rome's great protect+ deity4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ deg5]ate days ( ! ,roman religion1 ?\gh ,jupit] _h suff]$ f ! ridicule ( playwrights or ! speculations ( philosoph]s1 an orator's appeal to ! ,be/ & ,greate/ look+ d[n on ! ,=um f 8 seat above x1 c\ld n fail to move ! he>]s2 ,ille1 ille ,iuppit] re/itit1 cri$ ,cic]o 9 ! p]il ( ! ,catil9>ian conspiracy1 ille ,capitolium1 ille haec templa1 ille cunctam urbem1 ille vos omnes salvos esse voluit4#ejf ,nor 0 x only ! ,/ate z repres5t$ by its (ficials t c\ld & did address itself to ! wor%ip ( ?is great god4 ,x seems probable t ! new idea ( a s+le gu>dian deity1 ) 8 two att5dant goddesses1 = :i* ! ,romans 7 indebt$ to ! g5ius 7:oev] he may h be57 :o releas$ !m f ! yoke ( ! ,etruscan1 op5$ ! cult to ! individual 9 a way :i* mu/ h be5 a novelty 9 ! religi\s life ( ! p4#ejg ,! mo/ memorable example ( ?is is 9 ! fam\s /ory told ( ,scipio1 ! conqu]or ( ,hannibal1 :i* is n likely to be an inv5tion ( ! annali/s4 ,z ,gellius records x1 x /&s ?us3 ,scipio 0 wont to asc5d to ! temple j be=e daylight1 to ord] ! cella ,iovis to be op5$ = him1 & !re to rema9 alone = a long "t1 z if tak+ c\nsel ) ! god ab\t ! affairs ( ! ,/ate4 ,! dogs1 x 0 said1 :i* gu>d$ ! entrance1 a/oni%$ ! temple-keep]s by treat+ him always ) respect1 :ile !y w\ld attack or b>k at o!rs4#ejh ,! read] may rem>k1 t dur+ ! la/ few m9utes ,i h w&]$ q away f ! ,roman religion :i* we h s f> be5 try+ to und]/&1 & he w be "r4 ,i h b j t\*$ on ?is great cult1 :i* prop]ly belongs to ,rome ( ! ,republic1 9 ord] to %[ h[ great a *ange mu/ h tak5 place1 h[ great a revolution mu/ h be5 consummat$1 :5 ?is temple arose on its ,etruscan sub/ructures4 ,we h m>k$ two =w>d /eps 9 ! social & political exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans3 ! settlem5t ( ! family on ! l& & ! organisation ( ! ,city-/ate ) its cal5d>4 ,"h is a ?ird1 ! lib]ation ( t ,/ate f a =eign dom9ion1 & ! developm5t1 9 matt]s bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 :i* subjection & lib]ation alike br\ght ) !m4 ,9 reg>d to religi\s exp]i5ce1 ! fir/ produc$ ! ord]$ wor%ip ( ! h\sehold1 :i* _h a la/+ effect on ! ,roman "*2 ! second produc$ ! ius div9um1 ! prie/hoods & ! ritual = ! s]vice ( ! v>i\s num9a :i* _h cons5t$ to take up _! abode 9 ! city & its prec9cts4 ,^! two tak5 toge!r *ang$ d\bt & anxiety into confid5ce1 /ill$ ! religio natural to uncivilis$ man1 & develop$ ! ma*9]y ( magic into =ms & c]emonies :i* 7 m truly religi\s4 ,n[ we note a ?ird great social /ep =w>d1 :i* br+s ) x a new conception & expression ( ! religi\s unity ( ! ,/ate2 h5ce=w>d1 alongside ( a multiplicity ( cults & ( prie/s atta*$ to !m1 we h "o c5tral wor%ip to :i* all free citiz5s may resort1 & a tr9ity ( gu>dian deities1 ( :om "o1 ,jupit] ,be/ & ,greate/1 is ! "o presid+ g5ius ( ! :ole ,/ate4 ,la/ly1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ?is new cult m>ks a m ext5sive communication ) neighb\r+ peoples ?an ! ,/ate _h z yet exp]i5c$ or enc\rag$4 ,etruria1 ,latium1 & ,greece1 all seem to h _h a h& 9 x4 ,( its relation to ! ,lat9s & ,etruscans ,i h already spok54 ,x only rema9s = me to note ! fact t x 0 "h1 9 ?is ,capitol9e temple1 accord+ to unanim\s tradition1 t ^? leg5d>y ,sibyll9e books 7 deposit$ :i* came f a ,greek s\rce1 & accord+ to ! /ory1 f ,cumae4#eji ,^! my/]i\s books 7 de/9$ to *ange ! :ole "* ( ! religion ( ! ,romans dur+ ! next two c5turies2 & ?is is :y ! d$ication ( ! great temple is a conv5i5t halt+-place on our j\rney4 ,i propose to beg9 ! second "p ( my subject by exam9+ ! nature ( ?is *ange1 & !n to pass on to o!rs1 until we h rea*$ ! end ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! g5u9e ,roman p4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,x4 #dfd ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 *apt]s l4-lii43 ,gods z gu>dians ( morality4 #dfe ,crawley1 ,! ,tree ( ,life1 9 a rem>kable *apt] on ! function ( religion 7*4 ix471 especially p4 #bhg foll4 ,morality1 says ,mr4 ,crawley1 is "o ( ! results ( ! religi\s impulse4 ,:at he means "h by morality is n t elaborat$ by ab/ract ?9k]s1 b ! morality ( elem5tal human nature4 ,elem5tal morality may be a some:at obscure t]m2 b ,i ?9k x is highly probable t ,mr4 ,crawley is1 9 "p at lea/1 "r 9 ascrib+ ! orig9 ( morality to ! religi\s impulse4 #dff ,crawley1 op4 cit41 p4 #bfe4 #dfg ,above1 pp4 #ajg-h4 #dfh ,see ! au?or's article 9 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,july #aijg1 p4 #hid4 #dfi ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ae foll4 #dgj ,ib4 p4 #dba3 ,au/1 ,religion d] ,roem]1 p4 #dg4 #dga ,i am1 ( c\rse1 well aw>e t q rec5tly attempts h be5 made to expla9 ! plebs z ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,latium1 & ! ,romans z conqu]+ invad]s2 e4g4 by ,pr(4 ,ridgeway 9 8 pap]1 ,:o 7 ! ,romans1 read to ! ,briti% ,academy1 & by ,b9d] 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ volume ,die ,plebs4 ,! !ory is a natural "o1 & n out ( h>mony ) ! facts z kn[n2 b x has yet to be fur!r develop$ & te/$1 & z ^? :o hold x are n z yet 9 agreem5t ) ea* o!r1 & z ! evid5ce :i* alone c prove x is ( a v special "*1 ar*aeological & l+ui/ic1 ,i h express$ myself 9 t]ms ( ! old] view4 #dgb ,! ,religion ( ,numa1 p4 #cj4 #dgc ,a54 viii4 #ahd foll42 ! description ( ! fe/ival is 9 #bhj foll42 :]e ! int]e/+ po9ts are ! prie/s ( ! g5tes appo9t$ to look aft] ! cult 7! ,potitii only are "h m5tion$7 pellibus 9 morem c9cti1 & ! ,salii populeis ev9cti tempora ramis4 #dgd ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bai foll42 ,c>t]1 ,religion ( ,numa1 p4 #ca foll4 ,! gr\nd _h be5 prep>$ = ! new view by ! elaborate articles 9 ,ros*]'s ,my?ological ,lexicon1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bbec foll4 & #bija foll4 ,( late a pa9/ak+ discussion by ,j4 ,g4 ,w9t] has appe>$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan ,/udies = #aiaj1 p4 #aga foll42 he ma9ly confirms ,wiss[a's conclusions1 b provisionally accepts a sugge/ion ( m9e 7,r4,f4 #aig7 t ! ti! practice ( ! ara maxima may possibly h be5 ( ,pho5ician orig91 & po9ts out t ,e4 ,curtius made ! same sugge/ion z long ago z #ahde4 ,on p4 #bfi he also dwells1 v prop]ly1 ,i ?9k1 on ! "p :i* ! ,etruscans may h _h 9 ! dissem9ation ( ! my? & cult ( ! ,greek ,h]acles4 ,wiss[a1 h[ev]1 /\tly ma9ta9s t ^! are simply ,greek & ( comm]cial orig94 ,x has be5 ,wiss[a's special & valuable function to elucidate ! ,greek orig9 ( _m ,roman cults & leg5ds2 b ,i d\bt if he has adequately consid]$ ! influ5ce ( o!r peoples1 & 9 p>ticul> ( ,pho5icians & ,etruscans4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,h]cules "q is n f9ally settl$ by 8 ma/]ly analysis ( x 9 ,r4,k4 p4 #bbj foll4 ,b mo/ ( :at ,i said 9 ,r4,f4 ab\t ! ,h]cules ( ! ara maxima may n[ be consid]$ obsolete2 & ,i may add t my rem>ks on ! suppos$ connection ( ,h]cules ) ,g5ius1 ,dius ,fidius1 & ,jupit] 9 ! same "w1 p4 #adc foll41 h lo/ mu* /r5g? s9ce ,wiss[a's book appe>$4 ,yet ,i am n prep>$ to accept ! view :i* w\ld d5y to ,h]cules on ,italian soil all contam9ation ) ,italian ideas2 z ,willam[itz-,moell5dorf puts x 7,h]akles1 ed4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #be71 ,die ,italik] hab5 dem ,ko]p]1 d5 sie ueb]nahm51 d5 ,odem ihr] eig55 ,seele e+eblas53 ab] wie d] ,"n i/ d] ,ge/alt des ,h]cules hell5is*] ,import4 ,!re are po9ts 9 connection ) ! ,roman ,h]cules1 e4g4 ! nodus h]culaneus ( ! bride's girdle1 :i* ,wiss[a does n expla91 & :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 c only be expla9$ by assum+ t1 z might h be5 expect$1 ! ,greek ,h]cules became to "s ext5t entangl$ 9 ! web ( ,italian ?\ght4 #dge ,! cult 0 ,greek 9 detail2 ,graeco ritu1 accord+ to ,v>ro z quot$ by ,macrobius iii4 #f4 #ag2 see also ref]5ces 9 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #bbb1 note #b4 ,foll[+ ,r4 ,pet] 9 ! articles 9 ,ros*]1 ,i assum$1 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #aid1 t ?is might be a lat] recon/ruction ( an orig9ally ,italian cult2 b = ! pres5t x is saf] to look on ! ,graecus ritus z primitive1 & on ! pres5ce ( ,salii1 a g5u9e ,italian in/itution1 z br\ght f ,tibur by ! g5s ,p9>ia1 ( :i* !re is a trace 9 t city 7,c4,i4,l4 xiv4 #ceda74 ,!re also ,salii 7 engag$ 9 ! cult ( ,h]cules ,victor1 to :om ti!s 7 also (f]$ 7,c4,i4,l4 xiv4 #ceda74 ,! evid5ce = ! !ory t ! cult came to ,rome f ,tibur is summ>is$ by ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bbj4 #dgf ,op4 cit41 p4 #cg4 #dgg ,= ! connection ( ! cult ) trade1 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #bbe2 & ! /ory told 9 ,macrobius iii4 #f4 #aa1 f ,masurius ,sab9us1 ( a tibic5 :o became a m]*ant & _h an int]view ) ! god 9 a dream4 ,= ! connection ) oa?s1 ,r4,f4 p4 #ach4 ,i may say be=e leav+ ,h]cules t ?\gh ,i accept ! late/ hypo!ses provisionally1 ,i am f> f believ+ t ! la/ ^w has be5 said on ! subject4 #dgh ,see1 e4g41 ,lanciani1 ,ru9s & ,excavations ( ,anci5t ,rome1 p4 #bga foll4 ,! date ( ! temple is #dhb ,b4,c41 b x 0 v[$ 9 #dif aft] ! ,regillus battle4 ,! ?ree columns /ill /&+ date f #g ,b4,c4 #dgi ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bag1 :o po9ts out t ! ,dioscuri nev] appe> 9 lecti/]nia at ,rome1 z !y d at ,tusculum1 :i* %[s t ! latt] cult 0 m directly ,greek ?an t at ,rome1 & t ! ,roman au?orities admitt$ x z a ,lat9 cult )\t ! ,greek details4 #dhj ,c>t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ch4 ,!re seem$ to be difficulties 9 ! way ( 8 conclusion2 ! ,dioscuri 7 v /rong 9 ! ,peloponnese1 yet ! ,sp>tans neglect$ ! use ( cavalry4 ,at any rate ! !ory ne$s c>eful hi/orical te/+4 ,see article ,dioscuri 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl4 ,x w\ld seem natural t :5 once ! cult _h be5 introduc$ by trad]s x might become specially atta*$ to ! cavalry1 ow+ to ! anci5t connection ( ! ,tw9s ) horses4 #dha ,eca/or & ,edepol1 :i* 7 oa?s us$ especially by wom51 :o 7 n all[$ to swe> by ,h]cules1 ,gell4 xi4 #f4 #dhb ,! reason+ w be f\nd 9 full 9 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bjc foll41 & 9 8 article ,m9]va 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon4 ,see also ,c>t]1 ,religion ( ,numa1 p4 #de foll4 ,= ! position ( ?is temple & t ( ,diana on ! ,av5t9e1 a suburb :i* _c be prov$ to h be5 !n )9 any city wall1 see ,c>t] 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society = #aiji1 p4 #acf foll4 #dhc ,waltz+1 ,etude hi/orique sur les corporations roma9es1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fc & #aii4 ,! relation betwe5 t[n life & trades is /at$ ) 8 usual insight by von ,jh]+1 ,evolution ( ! ,aryan1 p4 #ic foll4 #dhd ,see ,muell]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #dg2 ,deecke1 ,falisk]1 p4 #hi foll4 #dhe ,m9]va or ,m5rva is assur$ly n ,etruscan1 ?\gh frequ5tly f\nd on ,etruscan monum5ts2 see ,deecke1 l4c4 p4 #hi foll4 #dhf ,fa/i ,pra5e/9i 9 ,c4,i4,l4 i4#b ,m>* #ai4 ,artificum dies 7quod ,m9]vae7 a$is 9 ,av5t9o eo die e/ 7d$icata74 ,?is is "o ( ^? additional notes 9 ! ,fa/4 ,pra541 :i* are believ$ to h be5 ! "w ( ,v]rius ,flaccus3 see ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #ab4 #dhg ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #bhh4 ,we "k ! fact f ,/rabo's acc\nt ( ,massilia1 ,bk4 iv4 p4 #ahj4 #dhh ,dion4 ,hal4 iv4 #bf4 ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #aih4 #dhi ,/atius1 ,silvae iii4 #a4 #fj4 ,see ,wiss[a's article ,diana 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl4 #dij ,wiss[a1 l4c4 p4 #ccb4 #dia ,gold5 ,b\gh1 i4 p4 #a foll42 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip1 ,lecture ,i4 #dib ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 #e4 #dc2 ,c>t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ee4 #dic ,see on ,=tuna ! exhau/ive article by ,r4 ,pet] 9 ! ,my?ological ,lexicon2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #bjf foll42 ,r4,f4 p4 #afa foll41 & #bbc foll42 ,c>t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ej foll4 ,dr4 ,c>t] seems to me to be too c]ta9 ( ! abs5ce ( any idea ( luck or *ance 9 ! orig9al conception ( ,=tuna3 ! ^w =s1 s f> z we "k1 nev] _h any o!r mean+1 & ! deity ,=s mu/ be a p]sonification ( an ab/raction1 l ,ops1 ,fides1 & ,salus4 ,see ,axtell1 ,deification ( ab/ract idea 9 ,roman lit]ature1 p4 #i1 ) :om ,i agree 9 reject+ ! notion ( ,m>qu>dt & ,wiss[a t %e 0 a deity ( horticulture4 ,he rightly po9ts out t %e is n includ$ 9 ! li/ ( agricultural deities 9 ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 i4 #a4 #f4 #did ,see ,au/ 9 8 article ,jupit] 9 ! ,my?4 ,lex4 p4 #fhi1 :]e ! evid5ce = ! contemporane\s orig9 ( ! temple on ! ,alban hill & t on ! ,capitol is fully /at$4 ,9 ?is case excavations h confirm$ ! ,roman tradition1 :i* ascrib$ ! =m] temple to "o or o!r ( ! ,t>qu9ii4 ,jordan1 ,roem4 ,top4 i4 pt4 #b4 p4 #i4 #die ,see ! spee* ( ,claudius ! emp]or1 ,c4,i4,l4 xiii4 #affh1 pr9t$ 9 ,furneaux' ,tacitus' ,annals1 vol4 ii4 ,g>d?aus51 ,ma/>na1 p4 #dj2 ,muell]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 i4 #aaa4 ,= ! ,etruscan "n ,ma/>na1 see ,d5nis1 ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria#c1 ii4 #ejf foll43 ,g>d?aus5 gives a cut ( ! pa9t+ f\nd 9 a tomb at ,vulci 9 :i* he appe>s ) ! "n atta*$4 ,ev5 ! ultra-sceptical ,pais does n d\bt ! fact ( an ,etruscan dom9ation 9 ,rome2 b he does n believe ! ,t>qu9ii & ,ma/>na to h be5 hi/orical p]sonages1 & w n date ! temples attribut$ to ?is age e>li] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,see 8 ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 *4 vii42 ,/oria di ,roma1 i4 #caj foll4 ,b ! names ( ^! k+s d n conc]n u1 except s f> z !y connect ,etruria ) ,roman hi/ory 9 ! six? c5tury4 #dif ,cic4 ,rep4 ii4 #bd4 #dd2 ,livy i4 #ch4 & #ee2 ,dionys4 iii4 #fi2 iv4 #ei4 #fa4 ,! :ole evid5ce w be f\nd collect$ 9 ,jordan1 ,topogr4 i4 pt4 ii4 p4 #i foll41 & 9 ,au/1 ,my?4 ,lex41 s4v4 ,jupit]1 p4 #gjf foll4 ,if ! date #eji 7 s]i\sly impugn$ ,roman *ronology w\ld be 9 confusion1 = ?is is believ$ to be ! e>lie/ date on :i* we c rely1 & on x ! subsequ5t *ronology hangs3 ,momms51 ,roem4 ,*ronologie1 ed4 #b1 p4 #aih4 #dig ,au/1 p4 #gjg foll42 ,jordan1 op4 cit41 p4 #i4 #dih i4e4 ! admission ( m ?an "o deity into a s+le build+4 ,! ^w trias is sometimes us$ ( ! ?ree old ,roman deities1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,quir9us 7e4g4 by ,wiss[a1 ,my?4 ,lex4 s4v4 ,quir9us71 b ?is is 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,on ! idea ( a trias g5]ally1 see ,kuhfeldt1 de ,capitoliis imp]ii ,romani1 p4 #hb foll42 ,cumont1 ,religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma91 p4 #bij1 note #ea4 #dii ,! te*nical "n ( ! temple 0 a$es ,iovis ,opt4 ,max43 = o!r indications ( ,jupit]'s supremacy see ,au/1 p4 #gbj4 #ejj ,on ,ori5tal developm5ts ( ,jupit] ,opt4 ,max4 see an int]e/+ pap] by ,cumont 9 ,ar*iv = #aijf1 p4 #cbc foll4 7,iuppit] summus exsup]antissimus74 ,a relief 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum has a d$ication ,i4,o4,m4 summo exsup]antissimo2 b ,pr(4 ,cumont believes ! deity to h be5 really ,ori5tal1 introduc$ by ,greek philosophical !ologians 9 ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 b probably ,*aldaean 9 orig94 #eja ,jordan1 op4 cit4 p4 #g & note4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! :ole hill _h any e>li] "n4 ,! ,mons ,saturnius ( ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #db1 ) ! leg5d ( an oppidum ,saturnia1 & ! ,mons ,t>peius 7,rhet4 ad ,h]5n41 iv4 #cb4 #dc2 ,pais1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds1 *s4 v4 & vi47 ne$ n be tak5 into acc\nt4 #ejb ,pais1 ,anci5t ,leg5ds ( ,roman ,hi/ory1 *4 v4 #ejc ,see above1 p4 #acj4 #ejd ,?is is an inf]5ce f ! fact t ?is ,flam5 is n[h]e m5tion$ z connect$ ) ! ,capitol9e cult4 ,macrob4 i4 #ae1 #af1 speaks ( ! ovis ,idulis z sacrific$ on e ides a flam9e1 & ?is1 x is true1 took place on ! ,capitolium 7,au/1 9 ,lex4 s4v4 ,jupit]1 #fee71 b 7#a7 ,fe/us1 #bij1 m5tions sac]dotes1 ,ovid1 ,fa/i i4 #ehh1 ca/us sac]dos only2 & 7#b7 ?is sacrifice may well1 z ,o4 ,gilb]t conjectur$1 h orig9ally tak5 place 9 ! ,regia 7,ges*4 und ,topogr4 ,roms1 i4 #bcf74 ,9 any case ! ,flam5 0 n 9 any special s5se prie/ ( ,iup4 ,opt4 ,max4 #eje ,! locus classicus = ?is is ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxxv4 #aeg4 ,! arti/ 0 said to h be5 "o ,volcas ( ,veii4 ,ovid1 ,fa/i i4 #bja1 says t ! god _h 9 8 h& a fictile fulm54 ,v>ro believ$ ?is to be ! olde/ /atue ( a god 9 ,rome2 see above1 p4 #adf1 & ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #bhj1 accepts 8 /atem5t z probably correct4 #ejf ,cic4 ,catil4 iii4 #i4 #ba4 #ejg ,jordan1 ,topogr4 i4 #b4 pp4 #ci & #fb1 notes4 ,! mo/ conv9c+ passages quot$ by him are ,suet4 ,aug4 #ei1 & ,s]v4 ,ecl4 iv4 #ej 7( boys tak+ toga virilis :o ad ,capitolium eunt72 b 0 n ?is to sacrifice to ,lib] or ,iuv5tas8 ,r4,f4 p4 #ef4 #ejh ,gellius vi4 #a4 #f1 f ,c4 ,oppius et ,iulius ,hyg9us4 ,9 8 fam\s "* ( ,scipio 7xxvi4 #ai7 ,livy seems to ?9k t ,scipio did ?is to make p ?9k him sup]human or ( div9e desc5t4 #eji ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #aeh4 #beg2 ,virg4 ,ecl4 iv4 #d1 ,a54 vi4 #db2 ,m>qu>dt1 #ceb1 note #g1 = evid5ce t ! books came to ,cumae f ,ery?rae4 ,see also ,diels1 ,sibyll9is*e ,blaett]1 p4 #hj foll4 ,,lecture ,,xi99 ,,contact ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,9 ,,religion ,i said at ! beg9n+ ( my fir/ lecture t ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce c be summ$ up 9 two /ories4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ! /ory ( ! way 9 :i* a /rong primitive religi\s in/9ct1 ! desire to put y\rself 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se1 religio z ! ,romans call$ x1 0 gradually soo!d & satisfi$ "u ! =malis+ influ5ce ( ! settl$ life ( ! agricultural family1 & /ill m s "u ! organis+ g5ius ( ! e>ly religi\s rul]s ( ! ,city-/ate4 ,?is /ory ,i tri$ to tell 9 ! la/ few lectures4 ,! second /ory 0 to be t ( ! gradual discov]y ( ! inadequacy ( ?is e>ly =malis$ & organis$ religion to cope ) :at we may call new religi\s exp]i5ce2 t is1 ) ! difficulties & p]ils met ) by ! ,roman p 9 _! extraord9>y advance 9 ! _w1 & ) ! new ideas ( religion & morals :i* broke 9 on !m 9 ! c\rse ( _! contact ) o!r peoples4 ,?is /ory ,i wi% to tell 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( lectures4 ,x is a long & complicat$ "o1 includ+ ! introduction ( new rites & ideas ( ! div9e1 ! anxi\s attempts ( ! religi\s au?orities to put (f ! evil day by /ret*+ to ! utt]mo/ ! capacity ( ! old =ms1 & ! f9al victory ( ! new ideas z ,roman life & ?\ght became gradually hell5is$4 99 ,?is ,lecture 0 ! fir/ ( a second & sep>ate c\rse4 ,i propose to divide ! /ory ?us4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ?is fir/ lecture ,i w deal ) ! fir/ introduction ( ,greek rites into ! ,/ate wor%ip "u ! directions ( ! s-call$ ,sibyll9e books4 ,!n ,i w turn to ! ef=ts ( ! lay prie/hoods1 pontifices & augurs1 to meet ! calls ( new exp]i5ce by =malis+ ! old religion /ill m completely 9 ! "n ( ! ,/ate1 until x became a m]e skeleton ( dry bones1 )\t life & p[]4 ,t w br+ u to ! great turn+-po9t 9 ,roman hi/ory1 ! w> ) ,hannibal1 to ! religi\s hi/ory ( :i* ,i %all devote my f\r? lecture2 & ! fif? w pursue ! subject into ! c5tury t foll[$4 ,9 ! next lecture ,i hope to sket* ! influ5ce on ,roman religi\s ideas ( ! ,/oic s*ool ( philosophy1 & 9 ! sev5? to discuss1 s f> z ,i may be able1 ! t5d5cy t[>ds my/icism preval5t 9 ! la/ p]iod ( ! life ( ! ,republic4 ,my eigh? lecture ,i int5d to devote to ! noble attempt ( ,virgil to comb9e religion1 leg5d1 philosophy1 & consummate art 9 a spl5did appeal to ! consci5ce ( ! ,roman ( t day4 ,!n ,i turn to ! m practical attempt ( ,augu/us to revive ! dy+ emb]s ( ! old religion2 & 9 my la/ lecture ,i %all try to e/imate ! contribution1 su* z x 01 ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce we h be5 discuss+1 to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,we %all %ortly he> s mu* ( petrifaction & dis9tegration1 t x may be z well1 be=e ,i actually beg9 my /ory1 to conv9ce ourselves t ! old religion 0 9 its peculi> way a real expression ( religi\s feel+1 & n m]ely a set ( mean+less conv5tions & =mulae4 ,x 0 ! positive belief ( ! lat] ,romans t bo? !y & _! ance/ors 7 religiosissimi mortales1#eaj full to ! brim1 t is1 ( religi\s in/9ct1 & mo/ scrupul\s 9 fulfill+ its claims ^u !m2 = ! ^w religio _h come1 by ! "t 7& probably long be=e ! "t7 :5 x 0 us$ by m5 ( lett]s1 to mean ! fulfilm5t ( rituali/ic obligation q z mu* z ! anxi\s feel+ :i* _h orig9ally sugge/$ x4#eaa ,cic]o1 writ+ 9 no rhetorical mood1 decl>$ t1 z comp>$ ) o!r peoples1 ! ,romans 7 f> sup]ior 9 religione1 id e/ cultu4#eab ,?is is 9 8 "w on ! nature ( ! gods2 9 an oration he naturally puts x m /rongly3 ,we h ov]come all ! nations ( ! _w1 because we h realis$ t ! _w is direct$ & gov]n$ by ! w ( ! gods4#eac ,sallu/1 ,livy1 & o!r ,roman prose writ]s h said mu* ! same ?+#ead2 ! ,a5eid z a :ole might be adduc$ z evid5ce1 & 9 a less degree all ! poets ( ! ,augu/an age4 ,=eign]s1 too1 7 /ruck ) ! /range ph5om5on1 9 an age ( philosophic d\bt4 ,polybius 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 decl>$ 8 op9ion t :at 0 reckon$ among o!r peoples z a ?+ to be blam$1 deisidaimonia1 bo? 9 public & private life1 0 really :at 0 hold+ toge!r ! ,roman /ate4#eae ,ev5 9 ! wild c5tury t foll[$1 ,posidonius c\ld repeat ! ass]tion ( ,polybius1 & 9 ! age ( ,augu/us1 ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 !n resid5t at ,rome1 look+ back on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome1 /at$ 8 conviction t "o ne$$ to "k ! pietas ( ! ,romans 9 ord] to und]/& _! wond]ful c>e] ( conque/4#eaf ,aulus ,gellius1 9 a curi\s passage 9 :i* he notes t ! ,romans _h no deity to ^: activity !y c\ld ) c]ta9ty ascribe e>?quakes1 describes !m z 9 con/itu5dis religionibus atque 9 dis immortalibus animadv]t5dis ca/issimi cautissimique1--a rhetorical b happy conjunction ( epi!ts4 ,he means t !y w\ld ord] religi\s rites1 ?\gh ignorant ( ! num5 to :om !y 7 due4#eag ,x might be argu$ t ^! lat] writ]s knew really little or no?+ ab\t ! primitive ,romans1 & t ^! passages only prove t ?is p _h an extraord9>y scrupulosity ab\t =ms & c]emonies 9 ?is z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( action4 ,b ! argum5t w n hold2 ! survival ( all ?is =malism into an age ( dis9tegration really proves beyond a d\bt t !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 ^! =ms really express$ anxieties1 fe>s1 convictions1 ! e>lie/ g]ms ( consci5ce4 ,may we n take ! con/ant occurr5ce 9 lit]ature ( su* phrases z dis fav5tibus1 dis iuvantibus or vol5tibus1 z evid5ce ( an idea deeply root$ at "o "t 9 ! ,roman m9d1 t no?+ %\ld be und]tak5 until ! w ( ! deities conc]n$ _h be5 asc]ta9$ & t e>ly =m ( consci5ce satisfi$8 ,let u rememb] t ! :ole /ory ( ! ,a5eid is "o ( ! b5d+ ( ! w ( ! h]o1 z a type ( ! ideal ,roman1 to ! asc]ta9able w ( ! p[]s 9 ! univ]se4 ,& we h abundant evid5ce t z a matt] ( fact ! good-w ( ! div9e inhabitants ( h\se & city 0 ask$ = :5ev] any k9d ( "w 0 und]tak51--ev5 ! ord9>y r\t9e "w ( ! f>m or ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! h\sehold e morn+ "s (f]+ ) pray] 0 made to ! ,l> famili>is 9 hi/orical times1 & aga9 be=e ! c5a1 ! *ief meal ( ! day4#eah ,on ,kal5ds1 ,nones1 ,ides1 & on all dies fe/i a corona 0 plac$ on ! he>?1 & pray] 0 made to ! ,l>2 we "k t ?is 0 s 9 ! old ,roman home1 because 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,cato in/ructs ! vilicus to dis*>ge ^! duties on behalf ( ! abs5t or non-resid5t own]4#eai ,be=e ! flocks 7 tak5 out to summ] pa/ure1 & d\btless :5 !y return$1 "s religi\s s]vice 7s we %\ld call x7 0 held1#ebj j z 9 ! ,ca?olic cantons ( ,switz]l& ! bless+ ( ,god is ask$ :5 ! c[s fir/ asc5d to ! alp9e pa/ures1 & aga9 :5 !y leave !m = ! valleys4 ,be=e a j\rney ! lat] ,romans pray$ = good =tune2#eba 9 ! old times travell+ 0 ( c\rse unusual1 & :5 x did occur ! travell] 0 surr\nd$ by s _m spiritual z well z mat]ial dang]s t special religi\s measures mu/ h be5 tak51 z by fetials or armies on ent]+ =eign t]ritory4 ,! survival ( ! same k9d ( belief & practice is also se5 9 private life 9 ! religi\s comm5dations ( "s au?ors at ! outset ( _! lit]>y "w2 ,v>ro1 = example1 at ! beg9n+ ( 8 "w on agriculture1 calls on all ! agr>ian deities 7iis deis ad v5]ationem advocatis7 be=e he goes on to m5tion ev5 ! bibliography ( 8 subject4#ebb ,livy 9 ! la/ s5t5ce ( 8 preface w\ld fa9 imitate ! poets 9 call+ on ! gods to bless & fav\r 8 und]tak+4 ,& 9 all "t ( _! tribulation1 ev5 if n 9 all "t ( _! weal?1 ! pi\s ,romans s\ght help f ! deities f :om help might be expect$2 if1 at lea/1 ! _m in/ances occurr+ 9 ,roman poetry may po9t to a practice ( ! ord9>y individual & family4#ebc ,s too1 if we may judge by _m passages 9 ! plays ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1#ebd--;if "h we h g5u9e ,roman usage1 z is probable1--! feel+ ( dep5d5ce on a ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! affairs ( daily life is %[n also 9 ! expression ( ?ankfulness :i* foll[$ success or escape f p]il4 ,gratitude 0 n a prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman1 b ,i h already rem>k$ on ! pres5ce ( x 9 ! practice ( ! votum1 & !re is at lea/ "s evid5ce t x 0 recognis$ z due to b5ignant deities z well z human be+s4#ebe ,9 public life1 ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory1 ! =ms ( religi\s rites 7 ma9ta9$ on all important occasions4 ,:5 ,v>ro wrote a little manual ( ,s5atorial proc$ure = ! b5efit ( ! inexp]i5c$ ,pompeius :5 consul 9 #gj ,b4,c41 he 0 c>eful to m5tion ! prelim9>y sacrifice & auspicatio1 p]=m$ by ! presid+ magi/rate1 :o also _h to see t ! bus9ess de rebus div9is came fir/ on ! pap] ( ag5da4#ebf ,at "o "t e speak] invok$ ! gods at ! beg9n+ ( 8 oration1 z well inde$ he might 9 a situation s unusual & try+ = a ,roman be=e ! days ( ,greek education2 & ! e>lie/ spee*es pres]v$ 9 ! lit]>y age1 e4g4 ^? ( ,cato & ! ,grac*i1 reta9$ ! religi\s exordium4#ebg ,we h a trace ( ! ,grac*an practice 9 a fam\s passage at ! end ( ! "w call$ ,rhetorica ad ,h]5nium ( circ4 #hb ,b4,c41 :]e ! dea? ( ,ti4 ,grac*us is graphically describ$4#ebh ,b !re is no ne$ to multiply examples ( public religi\s =malism on occasions ( all k9ds1 on ent]+ on an (fice1 f\nd+ a colony1 leav+ ,rome = a prov9cia1 & s on2 "s ( !m ,i h already m5tion$1 o!rs are famili> to all classical /ud5ts4 ,s let u n hesitate = a mom5t to give ?is p cr$it = _! religi\sness4 ,true1 _! neighb\rs1 ,greeks l ,polybius1 approv$ ( x only ) an ironical smile on _! lips1 z we may smile at ! devot$ =malism ( extreme ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 :ile we secretly--if we h "s sympa?y ) /rangely v>y+ human nature--admire ! confid5ce & regul>ity t we _c ourselves claim4 ,at ! mom5t :]e ,i h ?us paus$ be=e beg9n+ my second /ory1 at ! end1 t is1 ( ! regal p]iod1 ,i believe t ?is religi\s sy/em1 ?\gh p]haps beg9n+ to h>d51 /ill meant a pr(\nd belief 9 ! ,p[] ?us manife/$ 9 _m =ms1 & an ard5t & effective desire to be 9 "r relation to x4 ,i believe t x conta9$ ! g]m ( a liv+ & fruitful gr[?2 b t gr[? 0 at ?is v mom5t arre/$ by ! beg9n+ ( a process ( :i* ,i %all h mu* to say 9 ! next two or ?ree lectures4 ,b x is h>d to realise ?is bett] side ( ! religion ( a h>d & practical p1 & all ! m s s9ce x is ! worse side t is almo/ always pres5t$ to u 9 mod]n books4 ,x is h>d to realise t x 0 n m]ely a sy/em ( insurance1 s to speak1 aga9/ all k9ds ( mat]ial evils1--& "h aga9 all ! m s because !re is a t5d5cy j n[ to r$uce bo? religion & law to an orig9 9 magic1 leav+ ! religi\s in/9ct1 ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 ! prog5itor ( consci5ce1 q out ( acc\nt4 ,"o mu/ inde$ be ?or\ghly famili> ) ,roman lit]ature & antiquities to ov]come ^! difficulties1 to discov] ! spiritual residuum 9 ! ,roman "* b5ea? all its h>dness & utilit>ianism4 ,be=e we pass on to ! task be=e u1 let me make two sugge/ions = ! help ( ^? :o w\ld endeav\r to f9d ?is spiritual residuum4 ,! fir/ is t !y %\ld consid] ! hi/ory & true mean+ ( ?ree great words :i* ,lat9 language has bequea!d to mod]n spee*1--religio1 ! feel+ ( awe1 tak+ practical %ape 9 ! p]=mance ( au?oris$ c]emonies2 sacrum1 t :i* by au?oritative usage is made ov] )\t res]ve to ! div9e inhabitants ( ! city2 & la/ b n lea/1 pietas1 ! s5se ( duty to god & man alike1 to all div9e & human be+s hav+ an au?oris$ claim ^u y4 ,& ?is ^w pietas %all introduce my second sugge/ion--t !re is no bett] way ( gett+ to und]/& ! _s ( ! ,roman religion ?an by cont9ual /udy ( ! ,a5eid1 :]e ! h]o is ! ideal ,roman1 pius 9 ! be/ & wide/ s5se4 ,:at makes ! ,a5eid s helpful 9 ?is way is ! poet's intimate & sympa!tic k ( ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,italians1 9 :i* we may see reflect$ ^? ( ! ,roman ( ! age we are n[ deal+ )3 8 love too ( antiquity & ( all anci5t rites & leg5ds2 & 8 conviction t ! great "w ( ,rome 9 ! _w _h be5 a*iev$ n only by virtus b by pietas4 ,:at has be5 won by virtus mu/ be pres]v$ by pietas1 by ! s5se ( duty 9 family & ,/ate1--t is ! moral ( ! ,a5eid4 ,9 no o!r "w ( ,roman g5ius is ?is idea f\nd 9 any?+ l ! same degree ( prom95ce & consi/5cy2 & :5 a /ud5t has /eep$ 8 m9d well 9 ! details ( ! ,roman wor%ip1 & beg9s to we>y ( :at mu/ seem its s\lless ,ph>isaism1 let him take up ! ,a5eid & read x "r ?r\gh = ! /ory & ! *>act]s4 ,i w v5ture to say t he w ?9k bett] bo? ( ! ,romans & _! poet ?an he ev] did be=e4 ,b ( ! ,a5eid ,i %all h m to say lat] on2 at pres5t let u turn to ! less inspir+ topics :i* mu/ occupy u = ! next few lectures4 ,! la/ fact ( ,roman religi\s hi/ory :i* ,i m5tion$ la/ ye> 0 ! build+ ( ! great ,capitol9e temple ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va1 & ,i !n expla9$ :y ?is con/itut$ a religi\s revolution4 ,! next temple ( :i* tradition tells u 0 de/9$ = ano!r trias1 ,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a2 ! traditional date 0 #dic ,b4,c41 ! cause a fam9e1 & ! site 0 at ! foot ( ! ,av5t9e1 ! plebeian qu>t] outside ! pomo]ium1 close to ! riv] :]e corn-%ips might be moor$4#ebi ,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a are pla9ly nei!r m nor less ?an ! ?ree ,greek corn deities1 ,demet]1 ,dionysus1 & ,p]sephone1 9 a ,lat9 =m1#ecj ^: wor%ip 0 prom95t 9 ,s\? ,italy & ,sicily2 & unless we ?r[ tradition ov]bo>d entirely1 z inde$ has (t5 be5 done1 ! inf]5ce is obvi\s t ?is trias came f ! ,greeks ( ! s\? ) an importation ( corn to relieve a fam9e :i* press$ especially on ! plebs4 ,x is a fact t ! temple & its cult rema9$ always closely connect$ ) ! plebs2 !y 7 "u ! *>ge ( ! plebeian a$iles1 :o also 9 hi/orical times _h ! c>e ( ! corn-supply necess>y = ! city population4#eca ,?us1 ?\gh we ne$ n accept 9 full ,livy's /atem5t t ! v next ye> corn 0 import$ f ,etruria1 ,cumae1 & ,sicily1 x _c be d5i$ t !re is a /rong cons5sus 9 ! v>i\s traditions ab\t ! temple1 :i* tak5 toge!r sugge/ a ,greek1 non-patrician1 & e>ly orig94 ,t ! cult _h at all times a ,greek "* is undisput$ fact4 ,b ,i am n s mu* conc]n$ ) ! temple itself z ) ! date & ! mann] ( its f\ndation4 ,x 0 said to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! ye> #dif1 & d$icat$ 9 #dic1 9 ob$i5ce to directions f\nd 9 ! ,sibyll9e books1 :i* books1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n tradition1 _h be5 acquir$ by ! la/ ,t>qu91 aft] "s haggl+1 f an old woman1 & plac$ 9 ! *>ge ( duoviri sacris faciundis4 ,! /ory itself is wor?less 9 detail2 b ! "q = u is :e!r x c be tak5 z %[+ t ! ,sibyll9e influ5ce !n p]vad+ ! ,greek _w ga9$ a foot+ at ,rome 9 any =m s e>ly z ?is4 ,0 ! temple really f\nd$ 9 #dif1 or at "s "t !reab\t8 ,& 0 x f\nd$ 9 ob$i5ce to "s ,sibyll9e direction8 ,^! que/ions are ( real importance1 = ^u our answ] to !m dep5ds ! date ( ! beg9n+ ( a gradual metamorphosis ( ! ,roman religi\s practice4 ,! s-call$ ,sibyll9e books & _! keep]s 7 responsible1 z we %all see directly1 = ! introduction at ,rome ( :at 0 kn[n z ! ,graecus ritus1--= ! f\ndation ( temples to deities ( ,greek orig91 & = o!r rites :i* initiat$ an entirely new type ( religi\s feel+4 ,we ne$ to be sure :5 all ?is began4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 s f> z ,i c judge1 x is almo/ impossible to dissociate ! orig9 ( ! temple f ,sibyll9e influ5ce4 ,z we h se51 ! cult 0 ,greek1 & all su* ,greek cults ( lat] times 7 introduc$ by ! keep]s ( ! ,sibyll9e books2 & fur!r1 ! records ( temple f\ndations 7 among ! mo/ c>efully pres]v$ facts 9 ,roman annals4#ecb ,i ?9k x is h>dly possible to suppose t a cult :i* came1 n f ,latium or s\!rn ,etruria1 l ^? ( ,diana1 ,m9]va1 & ! ,capitol9e deities1 b f "s ,greek region to ! s\?1 & probably f ,sicily1 c\ld h be5 introduc$ by ,roman au?orities unaid$ by ,greek influ5ce4 ,if t be s1 & if we c %[ t ! temple really belongs to ?is e>ly age1 !n we h a /rong probability t ! ,sibyll9e influ5ce ga9$ a foot+ at ,rome at ! v beg9n+ ( ! republican p]iod4#ecc ,!re is "o curi\s fact 9 connection ) ! temple t 9 my op9ion goes f> to prove t ! traditional date is n f> out4 ,pl9y tells u explicitly t ! two ,greek arti/s :o decorat$ ! temple1 ,damophilus & ,gorgasus1 inscrib$ _! names on ! walls1 & he add$ t ! "w ( ! =m] w\ld be f\nd on ! "r & t ( ! latt] on ! left4#ecd ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t !m2 b ,i am assur$ t ! fact t !y sign$ _! names & add$ ^! /atem5ts suits ! "* ( ,greek art 9 ! ar*aic age #ehj to #dej ,b4,c4 ,no signatures ( arti/s are kn[n e>li] ?an ab\t #ehj2 !n comes a p]iod :5 signatures are f\nd1 sometimes ) /atem5ts su* z ^!4 ,& la/ly1 ab\t #dej1 we beg9 to f9d simple signatures )\t any o!r words4#ece ,?us ! presumption is a /rong "o t ! temple belongs to a "t e>li] ?an #dej2 & if t be s1 !n ,i ?9k ! inf]5ce holds good t ! ,sibyl fir/ ga9$ a foot+ at ,rome ab\t ! same "t4 ,!re are inde$ "s reasons :y we %\ld n put ?is ev5t 9 ! p]iod ( ! k+s2#ecf b if we accept ! traditional date ( ! temple we may put x any "t betwe5 #eji & #dif4 ,i h purposely us$ vague t]ms1 su* z ,sibyll9e influ5ce1 in/ead ( speak+ 9 ! old mann] ( ,sibyll9e books or oracles1 because x is almo/ incr$ible t at s e>ly a date x c\ld h be5 possible to divulge any cont5ts ( a /ore ( writ+s su* z mu/ h be5 mo/ c>efully treasur$ & conceal$4 ,?is has be5 %[n conclusively to be out ( ! "q 9 ,diels' n[ fam\s little book ,sibyll9e ,leaves4 ,b we may also foll[ ,diels 9 assum+ t ab\t ! end ( ! six? c5tury "s k9d ( ,greek oracle or oracul> say+ did actually arrive at ,rome1 purport+ to be an utt]ance ( ! fam\s ,sibyl ( ,cumae4#ecg ,b :at 0 ?is ,sibyll9e influ5ce :i* ?us p5etrat$ to ,rome1 if ,i am "r1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury8 ,x is no "p ( my design to discuss ! hi/ory ( ,greek my/icism1 ?\gh we %all he> some?+ m ( x 9 a lat] lecture4 ,x w be en\gh to rem9d y t 9 ! six? c5tury ,greece 0 n only full ( ,orphism & ,py?agoreanism1 b ( float+ oracul> dicta believ$ to emanate f a my/ic female figure1 a weird figure ( :om x is h>d to say h[ f> %e 0 human or div9e2 & ( ^: orig9 we "k no?+1 except t h] orig9al home 01 z we might expect1 ,asia ,m9or4 ,%e 0 inspir$ by ,apollo1#ech x 0 said1 l ! ,py?ia1 & l h] too became ,greek3 en!os 7possess$7 :5 utt]+ h] prophecies2 ?is is ! e>lie/ fact we "k ab\t h]1 = a fam\s fragm5t ( ,h]acleitus repres5ts h] z utt]+ say+s ) fr5zi$ lips1#eci--;a tradition ( :i* ,virgil has made good use 9 ! six? ,a5eid3 non vultus1 non color unus1 non comptae mans]e comae2 s$ pectus anhelum1 et rabie f]a corda tum5t4 ,b m to our purpose is ! sob] judgm5t ( ,plato a c5tury aft] ! fir/ ,roman exp]i5ce ( h]1 :o 9 ! ,pha$rus classes h] among ^? :o h wr\ght mu* good by _! inspir$ utt]ances4#edj ,?is passage may help u to und]/& h[ ready m5 7 at t "t to turn = aid 9 tribulation to :at !y believ$ to be div9e help1 to an inspir$ wisdom beyond ! range ( ! local deities ( _! own city-/ates4 ,?is ,sibyl became gradually localis$ 9 c]ta9 ,greek cities1 & !reby broke up1 z x 71 into sev]al ,sibyls4 ,"o ( ^! ,sibyll9e homes 0 at ,cumae 9 ,campania1 ! olde/ ,greek city 9 ,italy1 & ?is enables u to expla9 easily h[ ! "n & fame ( ! ,sibyl rea*$ ,rome4 ,dim z is all e>ly ,roman hi/ory1 ! "o cle> fact ( ! six? c5tury is1 z we h se51 ! rapid advance ( ! ,etruscans1 _! occupation ( ,rome1 ,pra5e/e1 & o!r ,lat9 cities1 & _! conque/ ( ,campania1 :i* is n[ ascrib$ to t same age4#eda ,leg5d told 9 lat] days h[ ! la/ ,etruscan k+ _h tak5 refuge at ,cumae aft] 8 expulsion f ,rome1 & x is j possible t x may "h be f\nd+ ^u "s dim recollection ( a fact4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is pla9 t x 0 ?r\gh ! great ,etruscan di/urbance ( t p]iod t ,rome came to make trial ( ,sibyll9e utt]ances4 ,9 a mom5t ( di/ress--! fam9e ( :i* ,i spoke j n[1 & :i* ,i take to be hi/orical because ! rem$y1 ! temple "u ! ,av5t9e1 0 s closely connect$ ) ! corn-supply--%e s5t = or admitt$ an utt]ance ( ! ,sibyl ( ,cumae1 ) :om %e _h come into "s k9d ( contact ?r\gh h] ,etruscan k+s4 ,let u consid] t ?is =eign dyna/y mu/ h br\ght a new population to ! city on ! ,tib]1 ! *ief /rategic po9t ( middle ,italy1--a new elem5t ( plebs1 :atev] ! old "o may h be54#edb ,we h se5 signs1 ev5 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ?is age1 t comm]ce & indu/ry 7 increas+1 & t _! increase 0 due to a movem5t f )\t1 r ?an to ! old patrician g5tes4 ,:5 ! ,etruscan dyna/y fell & ! old patrician influ5ce 0 re/or$1 ! gov]nm5t mu/ h be5 face to face ) new difficulties1 & among !m ! supply ( corn = an increas+ population 9 ye>s ( bad h>ve/4 ,) a fre% s\rce ( supply f ! s\? came ! cult ( ! ,greek corn-deities at ! bidd+ ( a ,sibyll9e utt]ance2 & h5ce=w>d t rem$y 0 available = o!r tr\bles4 ,b ! patrician rul]s ( ,rome 7 true1 x w\ld seem1 z f> z 0 possible1 to ! old ways1 & = a long "t !y us$ ?is =eign rem$y v sp>+ly4 ,at :at date ! utt]ances 7 collect$ 9 books & deposit$ 9 ! ,capitol9e temple we d n "k1 nor h we any c]ta9 k ( _! orig9al nature or =m4 ,tradition said t ! collection dat$ f ! la/ k+'s reign1 & t x 0 plac$ 9 ! c>e ( duoviri sacris faciundis1 z we h se51 :o 9 #cfg ,b4,c4 gave way to decemviri1 five ( :om might be memb]s ( ! plebs4 ,i am myself incl9$ to conjecture t ?is comp>atively late date may be ! real date ( ! orig9 ( a p]man5t collection & a p]man5t college ( keep]s1 & t ! e>li] duoviri 7 only tempor>y religi\s (fic]s1 sacris faciundis1 i4e4 = ! c>ry+ out ( ! directions ( ,sibyll9e utt]ances specially s\ght = at ,cumae4 ,!y w\ld ?us be ( ! same class z o!r special commissions appo9t$ by ! ,s5ate = adm9i/rative purposes2#edc :ile ! decemviri1 ?\gh reta9+ ! old title1 7 p]man5t religi\s (fic]s appo9t$ to collect & take *>ge ( a new & important set ( regulations = ! b5efit ( ! community1 & "o :i* conc]n$ ! plebs at lea/ z mu* z ! patricians4 ,b ,i mu/ turn to ! m important "q h[ f>1 d[n to ! w> ) ,hannibal1 :5 ,i %all take up ! subject afre%1 ! ,roman religion 0 affect$ = good or h>m by ^! utt]ances & _! keep]s4 ,!y took effect 9 two ways3 ei!r by introduc+ new deities & settl+ !m 9 new temples1 or by ord]+ & organis+ new c]emonies su* z ,rome _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,! introduction ( a new deity n[ & aga9 0 n ( great acc\nt f ! po9t ( view ( religion1 except 9 s f> z x enc\rag$ ! new c]emonies2 ! ,romans _h nev] tak5 mu* p]sonal int]e/ 9 _! deities1 & ! arrival 7outside ! pomo]ium 9 ea* case7 ( ,h]mes "u ! "n ( ,m]curius1 or ,poseidon be>+ ! "n ( ! old ,roman wat] num5 ,neptunus1 or ev5 ( ,asclepios ) a ,romanis$ "n ,aesculapius1 w\ld n be likely to affect greatly _! ideas ( ! div9e4 ,^! facts h r a hi/orical ?an a religi\s significance2 ,h]mes ,empolaios1 = example1 sugge/s trade ) ,greek cities1 p]haps 9 gra91#edd & belongs !re=e to ! same class z ,c]es1 ,lib]1 ,lib]a1 ( :om ,i h already spok54 ,! arrival ( ,poseidon-,neptune may mean1 z ,dr4 ,c>t] has sugge/$1 a k9d ( m>9e insurance = ! vessels c>ry+ ! gra9 f ,greek ports4#ede ,! settl+ ( ,aesculapius 9 ! ,tib] isl& 9 #bic1 z ! result ( a t]rible pe/il5ce1 is int]e/+ z be+ ! fir/ fact kn[n to u 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e at ,rome2 ! temple became a k9d ( hospital on ! model ( ,epidaurus1 :]e ! god _h be5 br\ght 9 ! =m ( a snake by an embassy s5t = ! purpose1 & ! prie/s :o s]v$ x 7 probably ,greeks skill$ 9 ! heal+ art4#edf ,?is la/ case is a curi\s example ( new ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce1 b x c h>dly be said to h any deep significance 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,( ! oblit]ation ( ! old num5 ,neptunus by ! ,greek god :o took 8 "n we "k no?+ = good or ill2 we are ignorant ( ! real mean+ ( ! old num51 & _c tell :e!r ! loss ( him 0 comp5sat$ by ! usefulness ( 8 "n 9 ,roman lit]ature to repres5t ! ,greek god ( ! sea4 ,let u turn to ! mu* m important subject ( ! new c]emonies ord]$ by ! ,sibyll9e books4 ,! fir/ au!ntic case ( su* innovation occurr$ 9 #cii ,b4,c41 dur+ ! long & tr\blesome siege ( ! dang]\s neighb\r city ,veii2 ,i call x au!ntic because all ! be/ mod]n au?orities s reckon x1 ?\gh x occurr$ be=e ! de/ruction ( old records dur+ ! capture ( ! city by ! ,gauls4 ,! circum/ances 7 su* z to fix !mselves 9 ! memory ( ! p1 & 9 "o way or ano!r !y f\nd _! way into ! e>lie/ annals1 probably ^? ( ,fabius ,pictor1 compos$ dur+ ! ,second ,punic ,w>4#edg ,! previ\s w9t]1 ,livy tells u1#edh 0 "o ( extraord9>y sev]ity2 ! roads 7 block$ ) sn[1 & navigation on ! ,tib] /opp$ by ! ice4 ,?is mis]able w9t] 0 foll[$ too sudd5ly by a hot season1 9 :i* a plague broke out :i* consum$ bo? man & bea/1 & cont9u$ s p]si/5tly t ! ,s5ate ord]$ ! ,sibyll9e books to be consult$4 ,?is p]si/5ce is ! fir/ po9t we %\ld notice2 ,cuius insanabili p]nicie qu&o nec causa nec f9is inv5iebatur1--s wrote ,livy1 evid5tly mean+ to express an extremity ( tr\ble :i* w\ld n give way to ord9>y religi\s rem$ies4 ,we may comp>e 8 acc\nt ( ! next record$ consultation ( ! books 7,livy vii4 #b71 :5 nei!r ! old rites nor ev5 ! new ones 7 suffici5t to secure ! pax deorum & abate ano!r pe/il5ce1 & rec\rse 0 _h to yet ano!r rem$y 9 ! =m ( ludi sc5ici4 ,! times 7 out ( jo9t1--! peace ( ! gods 0 brok51 & ?us ! community 0 no long] 9 "r relation to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,! result 0 a revival ( religio1 ( ! feel+ ( al>m & anxiety out ( :i* ! :ole religi\s sy/em _h gr[n4 ,! old deities might seem to be =sak+ _! functions1 s9ce ! old rites _h ceas$ to appeal to !m4 ,my/]i\s & p]si/5t pe/il5ce is a great tam] ( human c\rage2 x is a new exp]i5ce t man kn[s n h[ to meet1 & 9 anci5t life x 0 also a new religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! rem$y 0 z new z ! pe/il5ce1 & almo/ z p]nici\s4 ,dur+ eight days ,rome saw ?ree pairs ( deities recl9+ 9 ! =m ( images on c\*es1 be=e :i* 7 spread tables cov]$ ) food & dr9k4 ,:e!r 9 ?is fir/ case !y 7 tak5 out ( ! temples & expos$ to view 9 c]ta9 places1 e4g4 ! =um1 is n cle>2 lat] on1 9 ! days ( supplicationes1 ( :i* m w be said pres5tly1 !y 7 visit$ 9 procession4 ,! ?ree pairs 7 ,apollo & ,latona1 ,diana & ,h]cules1 ,m]curius & ,neptunus2 all ( !m ,greek1 or1 z 9 ! case ( ,diana1 ,m]curius1 & ,neptunus1 ,roman deities 9 _! new ,greek =m4 ,we _c trace ! special applicability ( all ( !m to ! tr\ble !y 7 ?us invok$ to appease1--ano!r po9t t sugge/s a complete revolution 9 ! ,roman ways ( contemplat+ div9e be+s4 ,^! are n functional num9a1 b =eign]s ^: ways 7 only kn[n to ! manipulators ( ! ,sibyll9e utt]ances4 ,!y seem l quack rem$ies1 ( :i* ! action is unkn[n to ! consum]4 ,new also1 b bett] 9 its effect1 0 ! publicity ( ^! proce$+s1 & ! "p tak5 9 !m by ! :ole population1 patrician & plebeian1 m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,if we c tru/ ,livy's fur!r /atem5ts1 e "o left 8 door op5 & kept op5 h\se1 invit+ all to come 91 :e!r kn[n or unkn[n2 all old qu>rels 7 made up1 & no new ones suff]$ to beg92 prison]s 7 fre$ f _! *a9s1 & univ]sal good-w prevail$4 ,^! eight days 7 9 fact kept z holidays1 & d\btless by ! novelty ( ! :ole sc5e ! a/ute au?orities hop$ to inspire fre% hope & confid5ce1 & to div]t att5tion f ! prevail+ mis]y1 j z our soldi]s 9 ,india are induc$ to =get ! pres5ce ( *ol]a 9 a /ation by con/ant games & amusem5ts4 ,t ?is 0 really "o lead+ object ( ! :ole %[ is n g5]ally recognis$ by hi/orians2 b x seems fully expla9$ by ! fact ,i m5tion$ j n[1 t 9 ! simil> tr\ble ( #cdi ,b4,c4 rec\rse 0 _h = ! fir/ "t to ludi sc5ici 9 ord] to amuse ! p4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,hannibalic w> we %all h pl5ty ( opportunity ( not+ ?is k9d ( exp$i5t4 ,! ,roman p1 we mu/ rememb]1 7 gett+ m & m to be inhabitants ( a l>ge city1 &1 z su*1 to seek = ent]ta9m5t1 l all citiz5s 9 all ages4 ,! religi\s rites ( ! old cal5d> 7 p]haps by ?is "t gett+ too famili>1 los+ _! orig9al mean+2 :e!r !y _h ev] be5 v ent]ta9+ to a city population may be d\bt$4 ,some?+ m %[y 0 ne$$2 processions _h always be5 to ! ta/e ( ! ,roman1 & banquets1 su* z ! epulum ,iovis1 :i* ,i h already notic$1 (t5 accompani$ ! processions4 ,n[1 ?is love ( %[ & novelty1 ( :i* we h abundant evid5ce lat] on z a ,roman *>act]i/ic1 tak5 toge!r ) ! anxiety & al>m--! new religio--aris+ f ! pe/il5ce1 w suffici5tly expla9 ! lecti/]nia1 z ^! %[s 7 call$4 ,we h "h 9 fact ! fir/ appe>ance1 con/antly recurr+ 9 lat] ,roman hi/ory1 ( a t5d5cy to seek n only = novelty1 b = a m emotional expression ( religi\s feel+ ?an 0 af=d$ by ! old =ms ( sacrifice & pray]1 conduct$ z !y 7 by ! prie/ on behalf ( ! community )\t its active p>ticipation4 ,^? old =ms might d = ! old patrician community ( f>m]s & w>riors1 b n s well = ! new & ev]-increas+ population ( artisans & o!r workm51 :e!r ( ,roman or =eign desc5t4 ,x w\ld seem1 inde$1 z if ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! human fibre ( a primitive community increases ) its increas+ complexity1 & ) ! great] v>iety ( exp]i5ce to :i* x is expos$2 & 9 ! case ( ,rome1 z if ! simple anci5t me?ods ( deal+ ) ! div9e inhabitants ( ! city 7 no long] adequate to ! ne$s ( a ,/ate :i* 0 /e]+ its way to empire among s _m difficulties & p]ils4 ,x is n inde$ c]ta9 t ! new rites1 or "s po9ts 9 !m1 may n h _h _! prototypes 9 old ,italian usage1 ?\gh ! lecti/]nia1 ! actual display ( gods 9 human =m & 9 ne$ ( food l human be+s1 are almo/ c]ta9ly ,greek 9 orig94#edi ,b s f> z we c guess1 ! emotional elem5t 0 :olly new4 ,true1 ,livy tells u 9 two passages ( 8 ?ird book ( occasions :5 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 flock$ to all ! %r9es 7omnia delubra7 seek+ = ! pax deorum at ! invitation ( ! s5ate2 b ! e>ly date1 ! great improbability ( ! s5ate tak+ any su* /ep1 & ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( ! prie/hoods1 makes x difficult to believe t ^! ass]tions are bas$ on any g5u9e record4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to m>k ! fir/ lecti/]nia 9 #cii z ! e>lie/ au!ntic example ( ! emotional t5d5cy ( ! ,roman plebs4#eej ,if we c judge ( ?is p]iod ( ,roman religi\s hi/ory by ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! policy ( ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 we may see "h a delib]ate attempt to include ! new population 9 wor%ip ( a k9d t w\ld calm its fe>s1 engage its att5tion1 & satisfy its emotion1 :ile leav+ uncontam9at$ ! old ritual t _h s]v$ ! ,/ate s long4 ,if ?is conclusion be a "r "o1 !n we mu/ all[ t ! new c]emonial _h its use4 ,dr4 ,fraz] has lately told u 9 8 eloqu5t & p]suasive way1 ( h[ mu* value sup]/ition has be5 9 build+ up moral habits & ! in/9ct ( submission to civil ord]4 ,8 !sis might be illu/rat$ adequately f ! hi/ory ( ,rome alone4 ,b f a purely religi\s po9t ( view ! /ory ( ! lecti/]nia is a sad "o4 ,! old ,roman invisible num51 work+ ) =ce 9 a p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( human life & its environm5t1 0 a f> nobl] m5tal conception1 & f> m likely to gr[ into a p[] = good1 ?an ! mis]able images ( ,graeco-,roman full-bl[n gods & goddesses recl9+ on _! c\*es & appe>+ to p>take ( d9n] l a human citiz54 ,su* ideas ( ! div9e mu/ h =c$ m5's religi\s ideas clean away f ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se1 & mu/ h dragg$ d[n ! ,roman num9a ) !m 9 _! corrupt+ degradation4 ,accord+ to our def9ition ( x1 religion 0 n[ 9 a fair way to disappe> altoge!r2 :at 0 de/9$ to take its place 0 n really religion at all4 ,nor did x 9 any way assi/ ! gr[? ( an individual consci5ce1 z p]haps did "s ( ! lat] religi\s =ms introduc$ f )\t4 ,x 0 ( value = ! mom5t to ! ,/ate1 9 satisfy+ a population greatly di/urb$ by unt[>d ev5ts2 & t 0 all4 ,closely connect$ ) ! lecti/]nia1 & foll[+ close ^u !m 9 *ronological ord]1 7 ! processional c]emonies call$ supplicationes4 ,! hi/orical relation betwe5 ! two is by no means cle>2 b if we conclude1 z ,i am fairly sure we may1 t ! lecti/]nia 7 %[s ( a joyful "*1 accompani$1 z ,livy describes ! fir/ "o1 ) private ent]ta9m5ts1 & meant to keep up ! spirits ( ! plebeian population1 & if we !n turn to ! e>ly supplicationes1 9 :i* m51 wom51 & *ildr51 coronati1 & c>ry+ laurel bran*es1 w5t 9 procession to ! temples1 & !re pro/rat$ !mselves aft] ! ,greek fa%ion1 ! wom5 cr9ibus passis aras v]r5tes1 we %all be dispos$ to look on !m z1 9 orig9 at lea/1 di/9ct f ea* o!r4#eea ,we may conjecture t ! appe>ance ( ! gods 9 human =m at ! doors ( _! temples sugge/$ to ! plebeian wom5 a k9d ( emotional wor%ip :i* 0 ali5 to ! old ,roman feel+1 b famili> en\gh to ^? 7& !y mu/ h be5 _m7 :o knew ! life ( ! ,greek cities ( ,italy4 ,x may be t !y _h tri$ x ev5 9 e>li] times2 b anyh[1 9 ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies ,b4,c4 advantage 0 tak5 ( ! pulv9>ia to use !m z /opp+-places 9 ! procession ( a supplicatio1 & ! phrase becomes a common "o 9 ! annals1 supplicatio ad omnia pulv9>ia indicta4 ,! lecti/]nia 7 ord]$ five times 9 ! f\r? c5tury2#eeb by t "t1 x w\ld seem likely1 ! supplicationes _h become an au?oris$ in/itution1 & _h p]haps embodi$ ! practice ( lecti/]nia 9 ! way sugge/$ above4 ,we %all meet ) !m aga9 :5 we come to ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! w> ) ,hannibal4 ,"o ^w m be=e ,i leave ?is subject = ! pres5t4 ,9 all ?is innovation we mu/ n =get to note ! gr[? ( individual feel+ z di/+ui%$ f ! old wor%ip ( civic gr\p+1 9 :i* ! individual1 z su*1 0 ( little or no acc\nt4 ,i po9t$ out ! fir/ signs ( ?is individualism :5 speak+ ( ! temple ( ! ,capitol9e ,jupit]1 & we %all h reason to m>k its rapid gr[? fur!r4 ,we are n[1 9 fact1 & mu/ realise t we are1 9 a p]iod 9 :i*1 ?r\gh\t ! ,graeco-,roman _w1 ! ne$ 0 beg9n+ to be felt ( "s new rule ( individuali/ic morality4 ,! ,roman population1 n[ recruit$ f _m s\rces1 0 b reflect+ ?is ne$ unconsci\sly :5 x insi/$ on new emotional rites & expiations4 ,! ,roman au?orities 7 =c$ to satisfy ! dem&2 b 9 do+ s !y made no real contribution to ! hi/ory ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 impossible t !y %\ld d s2 !y repres5t$ ! old civic =m ( religion1 b\nd up ) ! life ( a society1 & unable to contemplate ! individual except z a memb] ( x4#eec ,! new =ms ( wor%ip1 ! supplicatio & lecti/]nium1 c\ld n be1 z ! old =ms _h 9 "s s5se be51 ! consecration ( civic & national life4 ,!y 7 to ! ,romans z ! wor%ip ( ,baal to ! ,jews ( ! "t ( ! ,k+s2 &1 unlike t poison\s cult1 !y c\ld nev] be root$ out4#eedeee ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xi #eaj ,?is is ! expression ( ,sallu/1 ,catil4 #ab4 #c4 #eaa ,see my pap] on ! ,lat9 hi/ory ( ! ^w religio1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #aiji1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agb4 ,w4 ,otto 9 ,ar*iv1 #aiji1 p4 #ecc foll4 #eab ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deorum1 ii4 #h4 #eac ,cic4 ,h>usp4 resp4 #ai4 #ead ,livy xliv4 #a4 #aa2 ,sallu/1 l4c42 ,gellius1 ,noct4 ,att4 ii4 #bh4 #b4 #eae ,polyb4 vi4 #ef4 #eaf ,posidonius ap4 ,a!naeum vi4 #bgd ,a2 ,dion4 ,hal4 ii4 #bg4 #c4 #eag ,gell4 ii4 #bh4 #eah ,m>qu>dt1 iii4 #abf4 #eai ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #adb4 #ebj ,calpurnius1 ,eclogue1 v4 #bd4 ,i h describ$ a simil> sc5e 9 ! ,alps 9 ,a ,ye> ) ! ,birds1 ed4 #b1 p4 #abf4 #eba ,petronius1 ,sat4 #aag3 ,8 ita ord9atis1 quod b5e felicit]que ev5iret precati deos1 viam +r$imur4 ,i owe ?is ref]5ce1 z o!rs 9 ?is context1 to ,appel's treatise de ,romanorum precationibus1 p4 #ef foll4 #ebb ,v>ro1 ,r4,r4 i4 #a4 #ebc e4g4 ,virg4 ,a54 v4 #fhe 7,a5eas dur+ ! burn+ ( ! fleet72 ,a54 xii4 #ggf 7,turnus 9 extremity74 ,cp4 ,tibull4 iii4 #e4 #f 79 sickness74 #ebd ,a good example is ,captivi1 #ibb3 ,iovi disque ago gratias m]ito magnas quom te r$ducem tuo patri r$did]unt1 etc4 #ebe ,= gratitude to human be+s see ,val]ius ,maximus v4 #b4 ,a good example ( gratitude to a deity is 9 ,gell4 ,n4,a4 iv4 #ah2 b x is told ( ,scipio ! eld]1 :o 0 ecc5tric = a ,roman4 ,:5 accus$ by a tribune ( peculation 9 ,asia he said1 ,non igitur simus adv]sum deos +rati et1 c5seo1 rel9quamus nebulonem hunc1 eamus h9c prot9us ,iovi ,optimo ,maximo gratulatum4 ,public gratitude to ! gods is frequ5t 9 lat] supplicationes1 e4g4 ,livy xxx4 #ag4 #f4 #ebf ,gellius1 ,n4,a4 xiv4 #g4 #i4 #ebg ,s]vius ad ,a54 xi4 #cja 7praefatus divos solio rex infit ab alto74 #ebh ,?is 0 9 a contio3 ,cum ,grac*us deos incip]et prec>i4 ,see above1 ,lecture ,,vii4 note #ac4 #ebi ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #gd foll42 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bdc4 ,= ! relation ( ! pomo]ium to ! wall1 see above1 p4 #id4 #ecj ,! process is amus+ly expla9$ by ,c>t] 9 ,! ,religion ( ,numa1 p4 #gb foll4 #eca ,r4,f4 p4 #ge4 #ecb ,see ,au/1 ,de a$ibus sacris ,p4,r41 passim4 #ecc ,lately ?is has be5 d5i$ by ,pais1 ,/oria di ,roma1 i4 #cci4 #ecd ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 #ce1 #aed4 #ece ,i owe ! in=mation to my fri5d ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,g>dn]4 #ecf ,see ,c>t]1 op4 cit4 p4 #ff2 b ,i am n sure t 8 reasons are conclusive4 #ecg ,diels1 ,sibyll9is*e ,blaett]1 p4 #f foll41 & cp4 #gi4 #ech ,x %\ld be not$ t ! cult ( ,apollo 9 ,rome 0 old] ?an ! introduction ( ,sibyll9e influ5ce2 s at lea/ x is g5]ally assum$4 ,wiss[a1 h[ev] 7,r4,k4 p4 #bci71 puts x z glei*zeitig4 ,! date ( ! ,apoll9> 9 pratis ,flam9iis1 ! olde/ ,apoll9e fanum 9 ,rome 7outside pomo]ium71 is unkn[n2 t ( ! temple on ! same site 0 #dca 7,livy iv4 #be & #bi74 ,!re is little d\bt t ! ,apollo-cult spread f ,cumae nor?w>ds1 & 0 by ?is "t well e/abli%$ 9 ,italy4 7,! f\ndation ( ! temple ( #dca1 consi/+ ( opus quadratum1 /ill 9 "p survives3 ,huels5-,jordan1 ,rom4 ,topographie1 iii4 #ece74 #eci ,h]acleitus1 fragm4 xii41 ed4 ,bywat]4 #edj ,pha$rus1 p4 #bdd4 #eda ,s ,korte 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl41 s4v4 ,etrusk]4 #edb ,! pres5t t5d5cy is to take ! plebs z repres5t+ an old] population ( ,latium be=e ! arrival ( ! patricians2 see1 e4g41 ,b9d]1 ,die ,plebs1 p4 #ceh foll4 ,b ! plebs ( lat] days is n to be expla9$ on "o hypo!sis only4 #edc e4g4 9 religi\s matt]s ! duoviri a$i d$ic&ae2 ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 ii4 #fja foll4 #edd ,c>t]1 ,religion ( ,numa1 p4 #gg foll4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 a ,roman ,m]curius ( e>li] orig91 or :e!r ! "n ,m]curius 7i4e4 conc]n$ 9 trade7 0 a new inv5tion to avoid us+ ! ,greek "n1 z 9 ! case ( ! trias ,c]es1 ,lib]1 ,lib]a4 #ede ,c>t]1 op4 cit4 #ha4 ,! connection ( ?is ,poseidon-,neptunus & ,h]mes-,m]curius is confirm$ by ! fact t ! two 7 pair$ 9 ! fir/ lecti/]nium1 #cii ,b4,c4 ,livy v4 #ac4 #edf ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #bed4 #edg ,see ,diels1 ,sib4 ,blaett]1 p4 #ab1 note #a4 #edh ,livy v4 #ac4 #edi ,i h discuss$ ! possibility ( ! epulum ,iovis be+ an old ,italian rite 9 ,r4,f4 p4 #bae foll4 ,= ! ,greek orig9 ( ^! %[s see ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 ed4 #b1 s4v4 lecti/]nia4 #eej ,livy iii4 #e4 #ad1 & #g4 #g4 #eea ,! plebeian t5d5cies ( ! "t are sugge/$1 e4g41 by ! fact t imm$iately be=e ! fir/ lecti/]nium a plebeian 0 elect$ milit>y tribune 7,livy v4 #ac74 ,! f\r? c5tury is ( c\rse ! p]iod ( plebeian advance 9 all dep>tm5ts1 & ends ) ! op5+ ( ! prie/hoods to ! plebs by ! lex ,ogulnia1 & ! publication ( ! ,fa/i4 ,plebeian too1 ,i suspect1 0 ! keep+ op5 h\se & promiscu\s hospitality :i* is record$ by ,livy ( ! fir/ lecti/]nia2 ?is 0 ! practice ( ! plebs on ! ,c]ealia 7,april #ai71 & 0 p]haps an old cu/om connect$ ) ! supply ( corn & ! temple ( ,c]es 7see above1 p4 #bee74 ,x 0 n imitat$ by ! patrician society1 ) its res]ve & exclusiv5ess1 till ! in/itution ( ! ,megalesia 9 #bjd ,b4,c4 ,see ,gellius xviii4 #b4 #aa4 #eeb ,! expression cr9ibus demissis is f\nd 9 a lex regia 7,fe/us1 s4v4 pellices72 ! h>lot :o t\*es ,juno's alt> has to (f] a lamb to ,juno cr9ibus demissis4 ,?is is !re=e ,roman practice4 #eec ,= ! supplicationes see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #ceg foll42 ,m>q4 #dh & #ahh2 & ! au?or's article 9 ,dict4 ( ,antiquities4 ,! passages already ref]r$ to z d\btful evid5ce 7,livy iii4 #e4 #ad1 #g4 #g7 describe all ! features ( ! supplicatio z e>ly z ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,a li/ ( lat] passages 9 ,livy w be f\nd 9 ,m>q4 #di1 note #d4 ,on ! :ole ,i d\bt if mu* 0 made ( ^! rites be=e ! ?ird c5tury & ! ,punic w>s4 #eed ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #cef1 note #g4 #eee ,caird1 ,gif=d ,lectures1 vol4 ii4 p4 #df4 ,,lecture ,,xii ,,! ,,pontifices ,,& ,,! ,,secul>isation ,,( ,,religion ,9 ! la/ lecture we saw h[ ! new exp]i5ces ( ! ,roman p1 dur+ ! p]iod f ! abolition ( ! k+%ip to ! w> ) ,hannibal1 l$ to ! introduction ( =eign deities & %[y c]emonies ( a "* q /range to ! old religion4 ,b !re 0 ano!r process go+ on at ! same "t4 ,! au?orities ( t old religion 7 full ( vig\r 9 ?is same p]iod2 x may ev5 be said1 t z f> z we c trace _! activity 9 ! dim light ( ^? e>ly days1 !y made !mselves almo/ supreme 9 ! ,/ate4 ,& ! result 01 9 brief1 t religion became m & m a matt] ( ,/ate adm9i/ration1 & !reby lo/ its *ance ( develop+ ! consci5ce ( ! individual4 ,x is inde$ q possible1 z has rec5tly be5 ma9ta9$1#eef t x /ood actively 9 ! way ( su* developm5t4 ,i h no d\bt t !re 0 a g]m ( consci5ce1 ( moral feel+1 9 ! religio ( old days--! feel+ ( anxiety & d\bt :i* orig9ally sugge/$ ! cura & ca]imonia ( ! ,/ate2 b ! ef=ts ( ! au?orities 9 ?is p]iod 7 sp5t 9 gradually de/roy+ t g]m4 ,true1 !y did n int]f]e ) ! simple religion ( ! family1 :i* _h its value all ?r\gh ,roman hi/ory2 b ! attitude ( ! individual t[>ds public wor%ip w react on 8 attitude t[>ds private wor%ip1 :i* may also h lo/ "s "p ( its vitality 9 ?is p]iod4 ,! religi\s au?orities ( :i* ,i speak are ( c\rse ! two great colleges ( pontifices & augurs4 ,( ! latt]1 & ( ! sy/em ( div9ation ( :i* !y held ! secrets1 ,i w speak 9 ! next lecture4 ,"h we h to d ) ! pontifices & _! "w 9 ?is p]iod1 a ?orny & some:at te*nical subject1 b a mo/ important "o = ! hi/ory ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,i h s f> assum$ t ?is college exi/$ 9 ! age ( ! k+s1 & assi/$ ! ,rex 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ius div9um4 ,x is legitimate to d ?is1 b z a matt] ( fact we d n "k = c]ta9 :at 0 ! orig9 ( ! college itself1 or ( its my/]i\s "n4 ,9 ! p]iod we h n[ rea*$ we come1 h[ev]1 ^u a /rik+ fact1 :i* is luckily easy to int]pret2 ! k+'s h\se1 ! ,regia1 has become ! (fice ( ! head ( ! college1 ! pontifex maximus1 & also ! meet+-place ( ! college = bus9ess4#eeg ,obvi\sly ?is head1 :e!r or no he exi/$ dur+ ! k+ly p]iod1 has /epp$ into ! place ( ! ,rex 9 ! control ( ! ius div9um4 ,aga91 we "k t 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 writt5 hi/ory beg9s1 ! pontifices & _! head _h rea*$ a v high level ( p[]1 z we %all pres5tly see m 9 detail2 ! process ( ! gr[? ( ?is p[] mu/ !re=e lie 9 ! two prec$+ c5turies1 dur+ :i* ,rome 0 sl[ly atta9+ t p>am\nt position 9 ,italy 9 :i* we f9d h] at ! "t ( ! ,punic w>s4 ,?irdly1 we "k t 9 t ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ! college 0 laid op5 to plebeians z well z to memb]s ( ! old patrician g5tes1 & t "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( all its _m di/+ui%$ heads 0 n only n a patrician1 b a ,lat9 f ,cam]ia1 ,ti4 ,coruncanius4 ,putt+ ^! ?ree facts toge!r we c div9e 9 outl9e ! hi/ory ( ! pontifices dur+ ^! two c5turies4 ,) ! in/9ct = ord] & organisation t nev] fail$ !m1 ! ,romans h con/ruct$ a p]man5t p[] to take *>ge ( _! ius div9um1 i4e4 all _! relations to ! deities ) :om !y mu/ ma9ta9 a pax2 ! circum/ances ( _! c>e] dur+ two c5turies h exalt$ ?is p[] to an extraord9>y degree ( influ5ce1 direct & indirect1 int]nal & ext]nal2 &1 la/ly1 9 a p]iod :i* saw ! gradual amalgamation into a unifi$ :ole ( privileg$ & unprivileg$1 patres & plebs1 !y h ) wond]ful wisdom ?r[n op5 to all citiz5s ! adm9i/ration ( t ius :i* 0 ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! unit$ community4 ,^! are indisputable facts2 & !y are ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! practical wisdom ( ! ,roman p 9 t e>ly age4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ! pontifices atta9$ _! great position1 ! "o ?+ ne$ful is to exam9e ! nature ( _! "w4 ,?is ,i propose to d next1 & !n to attempt to sum up ! result ( _! activity on ! ,roman religi\s sy/em4 ,x is impossible to exagg]ate ! importance ( ! college 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,roman law2 & = u 9 p>ticul> t importance lies 9 ! fact t !y 7 ! sole deposit>ies ( ! religi\s law 9 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! civil law 0 be+ sl[ly dis5tangl$ f x4 ,if we look at ! s-call$ leges regiae1 :i* are probably ! olde/ rules ( law t h come d[n to u 7?\gh !y may h be5 made into a collection z late z ! v end ( ! ,republic71#eeh we see at once t !y belong to ! ius div9um2 & !re is little d\bt t !y 7 extract$ f ^? books ( ! pontifices :i* ,i %all h to expla9 lat] on4#eei ,9 o!r words1 x is ! ma9t5ance ( ! pax deorum t !y are *iefly conc]n$ )2 ! crime ( ! citiz5 is a violation ( t pax1 & ! deity mo/ conc]n$ w puni% ! community unless "s expiatory /ep is tak5 to re-e/abli% ! "r relation betwe5 ! human & div9e inhabitants ( ! city4 ,pellex aram ,iunonis ne tangito2 si tanget1 ,iunoni cr9ibus demissis agnum fem9am ca$ito4 ,si p>5tem pu] v]b]it1 a/ olle plorassit1 pu] divis p>5tum sac] e/o4#efj ,! h>lot :o t\*es ! alt> ( ,juno1 ! deity ( m>ri$ wom51 breaks ! pax ) t deity1 & %e mu/ (f] a piacul> sacrifice to r5ew x2 ! son :o /rikes a p>5t is made ov] z ! prop]ty ( ! divi p>5tum1 i4e4 ^? ( ! :ole community1#efa ! peaceful relation ) :om 8 act has imp]ill$4 ,) su* rules z ^! ! civil magi/rate ( ! republic c h _h no?+ to d2 !y belong to an old] p]iod ( ?\ght & ( gov]nm5t1 & surviv$ 9 ! books ( ! college :i* "u ! republic cont9u$ to adm9i/] ! ius div9um2 = ^! rules d\btless cont9u$ to exi/ side by side ) ! civil law z x gradually develop$ itself1 & ! necess>y modes ( expiation 7 kn[n to ! pontifices only4 ,roman society 0 inde$ s deeply p5etrat$ = _m ages ) ! idea ( religio--! dread ( violat+ ! pax deorum1--t ! idea ( law z a matt] ( ! relation ( man to man1 z ! int]f]5ce ( ! ,/ate 9 ! passions & int]e/s ( humanity only1 mu/ h ga9$ gr\nd by v sl[ degrees4 ,?is primitive religi\s law !n1 i4e4 ! regulation ( ! prop] /eps to be tak5 to avoid a brea* ( ! pax deorum1 0 entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! religi\s au?orities1 ! ,rex at fir/ & !n ! pontifices1 z ! only exp]ts :o c\ld "k ! secrets ( ! ius div9um2 & f _! decisions & prescriptions !re c\ld be no appeal1 simply because !re 0 no individual or body 9 ! ,/ate to :om an appeal 0 conceivable4 ,b aft] ! rule ( ! ,etruscan k+s1 ) all its di/urb+ influ5ces1 & aft] ! revolution :i* got rid ( !m1 !re mu/ h be5 an age ( new ideas & increas$ m5tal activity1 & also ( increas+ social complexity1 ! signs ( :i* 9 ! way ( trade & indu/ry we h already f\nd 9 c]ta9 facts ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,9 ! doma9 ( law ?is meant new problems1 new difficulties2 & ^! 7 met 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 if ! receiv$ *ronology is to be accept$1#efb by ! publication ( ! ,,xii4 ,tables4 ,9 ord] to get "s idea ( ! "w ( ! pontifices at ?is "t1 let u consid] "o or two ( ^! difficulties & problems4 ,)9 ! family e act1 e relation1 0 matt] ( religion2 ! num9a _h to be consid]$ 9 reg>d to x4 ,! end & aim1 !n z ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory1 0 ! ma9t5ance ( ! sacra ( ! family1 )\t :i* x c\ld n be conceiv$ z exi/+--! due wor%ip ( its deities1 & ! religi\s c>e ( its dead4 ,take m>riage z an example3 ! entry ( a bride into ! h\sehold--( "o :o z yet _h no lot 9 ! family life--meant "s /ra9+ ( ! relation betwe5 ! div9e & human memb]s1#efc & ! human "p ( ! family mu/ be assur$ t ! div9e "p is will+ to accept h] be=e ! /ep c be reg>d$ z complete4 ,%e has to ent] ! family 9 su* a way z to %>e 9 its sacra2 & if conf>reatio 0 7z we may believe7 ! olde/ =m ( patrician m>riage1#efd ! bride 0 subject$ to a c]emony :i* 0 pla9ly ( a sacram5tal "*--! sacr$ cake ( f> be+ p>tak5 ( by bo? bride & bridegroom 9 ! pres5ce ( ! highe/ religi\s au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! simple/ =m ( society !re w\ld be no call = fur!r prie/ly int]f]5ce 9 m>riage2 b 9 a society gr[+ m num]\s & complex1 exceptions1 abnormal conditions beg9 to %[ !mselves1 & new problems arise1 :i* mu/ be solv$ by new exp$i5ts1 prescriptions1 p]missions1 devices1 or fictions4 ,= ^! ! religi\s au?orities are solely responsible2 = :at is a matt] ( religi\s int]e/ to ! family is also matt] ( religi\s int]e/ to ! ,/ate1 simply because ! ,/ate is compos$ ( families 9 ! same s5se z ! human body is compos$ ( cellul> tissue4 ,all ?is1 we believe1 0 once ! "w ( ! ,rex1 p]haps ) ! college ( pontifices to help him2 :5 ! k+%ip disappe>$ x became ! "w ( t college solely1 ) ! pontifex maximus z ! *ief au?ority4 ,s1 too1 9 all o!r que/ions :i* conc]n$ ! ma9t5ance ( ! family1 & especially 9 reg>d to ! devolution ( prop]ty4 ,i am "h only illu/rat+ ! way 9 :i* ! pontifical college acquir$ _! p>am\nt influ5ce by hav+ a quantity ( new & difficult "w =c$ ^u !m1 & x is n "p ( my plan to expla9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( adoptions & wills2 b ,i may give a s+le concrete illu/ration = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are n v]s$ 9 ,roman law4 ,x mu/ con/antly h happ5$1 9 t di/urb$ p]iod :i* br\ght ! k+%ip to an end1 t by dea? or capture 9 w> a family 0 left )\t male heirs4 ,daught]s c\ld n take _! place1 because ! sacra ( a family c\ld n be ma9ta9$ by daught]s1 :o w\ld1 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s1 be soon] or lat] m>ri$ & s become memb]s ( o!r families4 ,h5ce ! exp$i5t 0 adopt$ ( mak+ a filius familias ( ano!r family a memb] ( y\r own2 & ?is1 l m>riage1 involv$ a /ra9+ ( ! relations betwe5 ! human & div9e memb]s ( y\r family1 & 0 ?us a matt] = ! religi\s au?orities to contrive 9 su* a mann] z to pres]ve ! pax betwe5 !m4 ,! difficulty 0 ov]come by ! practical wisdom ( ! pontifical college1 :i* held a solemn inquiry into ! case be=e submitt+ x to ! p 9 specially summon$ assembly 7comitia calata72#efe & ?us ! new filius familias 0 enabl$ n only to r5\nce 8 own sacra 7dete/atio sacrorum71 b to pass into ! gu>dian%ip ( ano!r set ( sacra1 )\t incurr+ ! ang] ( ! num9a conc]n$ ) ! welf>e ( ei!r4 ,su* difficult matt]s z ^!1 & _m m connect$ directly or indirectly ) ! devolution ( prop]ty1 su* z ! gu>dian%ip ( wom5 & ( ! incapable1 ! p[] to dispose ( prop]ty o!rwise ?an by ! orig9al rules ( succession1 ! law ( burial & ! c>e ( ! dead1--all ^!1 at ! "t ( :i* ,i am speak+1 mu/ h be5 among ! secrets ( ! pontifices2 & we c also suspect1 ?\gh )\t be+ sure ( our facts1 t ! great increase ( ! importance ( ! plebs "u ! ,etruscan dyna/y (f]$ fur!r opportunities = ! gr[? alike ( ! "w & influ5ce ( ! college4#eff ,above all1 we mu/ rememb] t ?is "w 0 done 9 secret1 t ! my/]ies ( adju/m5t 7 unkn[n to ! p :5 once !y _h pass$ out ( ! k5 ( family & g5s1 & t !re c\ld h be5 no appeal f ! pontifices to any o!r body4 ,nay1 m1 we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t ?is body ( religi\s exp]ts 0 self-elect+4 ,until ! lex ,domitia ( #ajd ,b4,c4 bo? pontifices & augurs fill$ up _! own colleges ) p]sons :om !y believ$ qualifi$ bo? by k & disposition4 ,?us x w\ld seem t !re 0 e *ance t 9 t e>ly ,rome1 :]e nei!r 9 family nor ,/ate c\ld any?+ be und]tak5 )\t "s ref]5ce to ! religi\s au?ority1 :]e ! pax deorum 0 ! "o ess5tial object ( public & private life1 a p[] might be develop$ apt "o day n only to petrify religion & /ultify its wor%ipp]s1 b !reby also to cramp ! en]gies ( ! community1 act+ z an ob/acle to its developm5t )9 its walls & )\t4 ,_h ,roman law rema9$ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ?is self-elect+ college1 "o ( two ?+s mu/ h happ5$3 ei!r t college w\ld h become purely secul> 9 "*1 or ! wond]ful legal sy/em t we /ill enjoy w\ld nev] h _h space to gr[ up4 ,b ?is 0 n to be2 ) ! publication ( ! ,,xii4 ,tables a new era op5s4 ,if we reject1 z we consci5ti\sly may1 ! late/ attempts ( criticism to po/-date ! draw+ up ( ! ,tables1#efg & 9 fact to de/roy _! hi/orical value = u1 :at is _! significance = our pres5t purpose8 ,x is simply t 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! pontifices lo/ a monopoly--ceas$ to be ! sole deposit>ies ( ! rules ( law affect+ ! pax deorum1 & t new rules are be+ set d[n 9 writ+1 on ! basis ( old cu/om1 :i* m especially affect ! relations betwe5 ! human citiz5s4 ,= bo? ! ius div9um & ! ius civile are to be f\nd 9 ?is collection1 b ! latt] is beg9n+ to ass]t its indep5d5ce4 ,i ?9k we may say1 )\t mu* hesitation1 t ?is ev5t1 h[ev] d\btful its traditional details1 did actually save ,rome f ei!r ( ! two consequ5ces to :i* ,i allud$ j n[4 ,! con/itution develop$ itself on lay & n on ecclesia/ical l9es1 leav+ ! pontifices o!r "w to d1 & ,roman civil law 0 ev5tually able to free itself f ! trammels ( ! ius div9um4 ,b = ano!r c5tury ! college /ill f\nd abundant legal "w to d1 = x 0 n likely t at ,rome1 ! mo/ cons]vative ( all city-/ates1 x c\ld be quickly set aside1 or t ! old ideas ( law c\ld s spe$ily disappe>4 ,:at !n 0 ?is "w8 ,:5 rules ( civil law 7 writt5 d[n1 x 0 /ill necess>y to deal ) !m 9 two ways :i* 7 op5 to ! pontifices1 & inde$ at ?is e>ly "t to no "o else4 ,fir/1 x 0 necess>y to make _! provisions effectual by prescrib+ 9 ea* case ! prop] me?od ( proc$ure 7actio74 ,n[ x is mo/ important to grasp ! fact t proc$ure 9 ! ius civile 0 orig9ally ( precisely ! same nature z proc$ure 9 ! ius div9um1 & t precisely ! same rigid exactness is indisp5sable 9 bo?4 ,action & =mula 9 civil law belong to ! same class ( practices z sacrifice & pray] 9 religi\s law1 & spr+ f ! same m5tal soil4 ,?us1 = example1 ! mo/ famili> case ( action & =mula 9 civil law1 ! sacram5tum1 01 z ! "n proves1 a piece ( religi\s proc$ure1 i4e4 ! deposition 9 a sacr$ spot ( a sum ( money :i* ! suitor 9 ! case w\ld =feit if he lo/ x1 toge!r ) ! utt]ance ( a c]ta9 =mula ( words :i* mu/ be correctly spok54 ,if we *oose to g back s f>1 we may ev5 see 9 ?is comb9ation ( =mul>is$ act & spee* a survival ( magical or quasi-magical belief2#efh b ?is is matt] r = ! an?ropologi/ ?an ! hi/orian ( religion4 ,! po9t = u at ?is mom5t is t ^! acts & =mulae 7legis actiones1 z !y are kn[n 9 ,roman law7 c\ld n sudd5ly or rapidly pass out ( ! h&s ( t body ( skill$ exp]ts :i* _h s long be5 9 sole possession ( !m2 ! publication ( old & new rules ( law 9 ! ,,xii4 ,tables made no imm$iate diff]5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,! consuls1 ! new civil executive1 7 /ill 9 no s5se necess>ily skill$ 9 su* matt]s1 & 7 )\t ! pre/ige ( ! =m] executive1 ! ,rex2 !y 7 also d\btless busy ) o!r "w1 especially 9 ! field4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t ! pontifices %\ld cont9ue to provide ! proc$ure = ! n[ writt5 law1 j z !y _h =m]ly suppli$ x = ! unwritt54#efi ,s1 too1 ) ! int]pretation ( ! ,tables2 ?is 0 ! second "p ( ! "w t /ill rema9$ to !m4 ,writ+ 0 9 t age a my/]y to ! mass ( ! population1 & d\btless ! idea 0 /ill 9 _! m9ds t !re 0 some?+ sup]natural ab\t x4 ,writ+1 9 fact1 z well z =mul>is$ action & spee*1 may h _h ! flav\r ( magic ab\t x4 ,h[ev] t may be1 !re c be no d\bt t ! int]pretation ( a legal docum5t 0 9 ^? days a mu* m s]i\s1 if a less ardu\s bus9ess1 ?an x is n[4 ,"h aga91 !n1 x seems p]fectly natural t !re %\ld be no rapid or viol5t *ange 9 ! p]sonnel ( ^? deem$ capable ( su* int]pretation2 !re 0 no o!r body ( exp]ts capable ( ! "w2 ! pontifices rema9$ iuris-consulti1 i4e4 int]pret]s & advis]s1 & 9 ! c\rse ( two & a half c5turies accumulat$ an am\nt ( mat]ial t =m$ a basis = ! fir/ publi%$ sy/em ( ,roman law1 ! ius ,aelianum or trip>tita ( #bjj ,b4,c4 ,x is mo/ useful to rememb]1 z pro( ( ?is1 t "o memb] ( ! college 0 select$ e ye> = ! special purpose ( help+ ! p ) advice 9 matt]s ( civil law1 bo? 9 reg>d to int]pretation & ! *oice ( legis actiones2 s we are expressly told by ,pomponius1 :o adds t ?is practice cont9u$ = ab\t a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,tables1 i4e4 till ! election ( ! fir/ praetor 9 #cff4egj ,aft] t date ! ius civile em]ges m di/9ctly f ! old body ( law1 :i* includ$ also ! ius div9um1 & its int]pretation 0 no long] a matt] purely = religi\s exp]ts4 ,9 #ccg we he> ( ! fir/ plebeian praetor--truly a mom5t\s ev5t1 %[+ t ! old pr(\nd belief is dy+ out1 :i* dem&$ a religi\s & patrician qualification = all legal "w4 ,& at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury comes ! publication1 n only ( ! legis actiones1 b ( ! ,fa/i1 i4e4 ev5 ( t mo/ vital "p ( ! ius div9um1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! times & seasons belong+ to ! num9a f ^? belong+ to ! human citiz5s4#ega ,"o might well suppose t ! p[] ( ! pontifices 0 on ! wane1 = !y _h lo/ ano!r monopoly4 ,& inde$ 9 "o s5se ?is 0 s4 ,x mu/ h be5 s1 = z ! range ( ! ,/ate's activity increas$1 ! sph]e ( religi\s influ5ce became relatively less4 ,m>riage1 = example1 ?\gh x /ill ne$$ a religi\s c]emony 9 common op9ion1 ceas$ to ne$ x 9 ! eye ( ! law--a *ange :i* is famili> to u 9 our own age4 ,! pontifex 0 no long] indisp5sable to ! suitor at law1 nor to ! citiz5 :o wi%$ to "k on :at day he might proce$ ) 8 suit4 ,! college und\bt$ly ceas$ to be ! p[]ful secretly-act+ body 9 ^: h&s 0 ! entire religio ( ! citiz51 i4e4 ! decision ( all po9ts on :i* he might feel ! old anxi\s n]v\sness ab\t ! good-w ( ! gods4 ,b n[ we m>k a *ange :i* gave ! old in/itution new life & new "w4 ,at ! end ( ?is f\r? c5tury 7#cjj ,b4,c47 x 0 ?r[n op5 to plebeians by ! lex ,ogulnia2 &1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 )9 a few ye>s we come ^u a plebeian pontifex maximus1 :o 0 n ev5 a ,roman by bir?1 yet "o ( ! mo/ fam\s 9 ! :ole s]ies ( ! hold]s ( t great (fice4 ,mo/ probably1 too1 ! numb]s ( ! memb]s h already be5 increas$ f five to n9e1 ( :om five mu/ be plebeian4 ,^! memb]s beg9 to be f\nd hold+ also civil magi/racies1 & ! pontifex maximus 0 (t5 a consul ( ! ye>4 ,x is q pla9 !n t ?is prie/ly (fice is becom+ m & m secul>is$2 x exp&s ) ! new ord] ( ?+s in/ead ( %r9k+ into itself4 ,x leaves religion1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 f> beh9d4 ,! sacrific+ prie/s1 ! flam9es1 etc41 :o 7 ! humbl] memb]s 9 a te*nical s5se ( ! same college1 g on ) _! prop] & /rictly religi\s "w "u ! sup]vision ( ! pontifex maximus1#egb b !y /eadily become ( less importance z ! great] memb]s become secul>is$ 9 _! functions & _! ambitions4 ,& ^! great] memb]s1 in/ead ( becom+ /r&$ on a b>r5 %ore ( antique religion1 boldly v5ture into a new sph]e ( human life1 & add def9ite secul> "w to _! old religi\s functions4 ,! ev5ts ( ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 culm9at+ 9 ! publication ( ! ,fa/i & ! legis actiones1 probably meant mu* m = ! ,romans ?an we c div9e by ! unc]ta9 light ( hi/orical imag9ation4 ,x is ! age ( expansion1 int]nal & ext]nal2 ! old patrician exclusive rule 0 gone beyond recall2 ! plebeians _h =c$ _! way into e dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t1 includ+ at la/ ev5 ! great religi\s collegia2 ! old ,lat9 league _h be5 brok5 up1 & ! ,lat9 cities organis$ 9 v>i\s new relations to ,rome1 ea* "o be+ connect$ ) ! suz]a9 city by a sep>ate treaty1 seal$ ) religi\s sanctions4 ,aft] ! ,samnite w>s & ! /ruggle ) ,pyrrhus1 fur!r organisation 0 necess>y1 & !re arose by degrees a loose sy/em ( union :i* we are accu/om$ to call ! ,italian conf$]ation4 ,! adaptation ( all ^! new conditions to ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s at ,rome 0 ! "w ( ! s5ate & magi/rates s f> z x conc]n$ human be+s only2 b s f> z x affect$ ! relations ( ! div9e inhabitants ( ! v>i\s communities x mu/ h be5 ! "w ( ! pontifices4 ,t "w is inde$ almo/ entirely hidd5 f u1 = ,livy's books ( ?is p]iod are lo/1 & ,livy is ! only hi/orian :o has pres]v$ = u 9 any sub/ance ! religi\s side ( ,rome's public life4 ,b :at we h le>nt 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures w h made x pla9 t no political *anges c\ld take place )\t involv+ religi\s adaptation1 & also t ! only body qualifi$ to und]take su* adaptation 0 ! pontifical college4 ,we may ?us be q c]ta91 t ?\gh !y _h lo/ _! old monopoly ( religi\s k1 ! pontifices f\nd pl5ty ( fre% "w to d 9 ?is p]iod4 ,x is my belief t !y n[ became m active ?an !y ev] _h be54 ,f ?is "t1 = example1 we may almo/ c]ta9ly date _! lit]>y or quasi-lit]>y activity2 ,i mean ! practice ( record+ ! lead+ ev5ts ( ea* ye>1 :i* may h _h its orig9 a c5tury e>li]1 ) ! eclipse ( ! sun 9 or ab\t #djd ,b4,c4#egc ,i %\ld guess t aft] ! admission ( ! plebeians to ! college 9 #cjj ,b4,c41 ! new memb]s put fre% life & vig\r into ! old "w1 & develop$ x 9 v>i\s directions4 ,x is 9 ?is p]iod t ,i am incl9$ to attribute to ! college t zeal = compil+ & p]haps inv5t+ religi\s =mulae ( all k9ds1 :i* took %ape 9 ! libri or comm5t>ii pontificum1 & embodi$ t /range manual ( ! me?ods ( address+ deities1 :i* we "k z ,indigitam5ta4 ,& aga91 9 ! skill$ "w ( ! admission ( new deities & ! d$ication ( _! temples1 occasion$ by ! new organisation & condition ( ,italy1 & la/ly1 9 ! sup]vision ( ! prop] me?ods ( expiat+ prodigia1 :i* 7?\gh ! habit is d\btless an old "o7 began h5ce=w>d to be report$ to ! ,s5ate f all p>ts ( ! ag] ,romanus & ev5 beyond1 _! meet+s 9 ! ,regia mu/ h be5 fully occupi$4 ,our loss is great inde$ 9 ! total want ( detail ab\t ! life & "* ( ! great plebeian pontifex maximus ( ! fir/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 t ,titus ,coruncanius :om ,i h already m5tion$ z be+ a ,lat9 by bir?2 = ,cic]o decl>es t ! comm5t>ii ( ! college %[$ him z a man ( ! greate/ ability1#egd ^: reputation rema9$ = ages z "o :o 0 ready ) wise c\nsel 9 matt]s bo? public & private4 ,c\pl+ him ) two o!r memorable hold]s ( ! (fice1 he says t et 9 s5atu et apud populum et 9 causis amicorum et domi et militiae consilium suum fidemque prae/abant4#ege ,?is passage %\ld be rememb]$ z a valuable illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! college & its head 7 becom+ m & m occupi$ ) secul> bus9ess2 x is wor? not+1 too1 t ?is great man 0 himself consul 9 ! ye> #bhj1 & took a useful "p 9 ! fir/ campaign aga9/ ,pyrrhus4#egf ,yet ,cic]o makes x pla9 t he look$ on him also z a great figure 9 religi\s matt]s--nay1 ev5 z a man :om ! gods lov$4#egg ,i w f9i% ?is lecture by illu/rat+ briefly ?is r5ew$ & ext5d$ activity ( ! pontifices1 s f> z we c dimly trace x 9 ?is ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,mo/ ( x is connect$ m or less directly ) ! ,/ate religion1 yet ) a t5d5cy to become m & m secul> & p]functory2 ! ^w cura w\ld express x bett] ?an ca]imonia1 & ca]imonia bett] ?an religio4 ,! c>e ( ! cal5d>1 = example 7a te*nical matt] :i* lies outside my prov9ce 9 ^! lectures71 0 orig9ally ( religi\s importance1 because ! olde/ religi\s fe/ivals m>k$ op]ations ( husb&ry1 & ^!1 :5 fix$ 9 ! cal5d>1 mu/ occur at ! "r seasons4#egh ,x 0 ! duty ( ! pontifices s to adju/ ! necess>y int]calations z to effect ?is object--a duty to :i* !y 71 z x turn$ out1 q unequal4 ,b cont9u$ city life broke ! connection betwe5 ! fe/ivals & ! agricultural "w to :i* !y orig9ally correspond$1 & :at 0 once a cura ( religi\s import became a secul> matt] ( :i* ! value 0 n appreciat$4 ,s too ) ano!r duty1 = :i* bo? ! ,romans & ourselves h m reason to be grateful to !m--! record+ ( ! lead+ ev5ts ( national hi/ory4 ,x is unc]ta9 :at prompt$ ! college1 or r its head1 to beg9 mak+ ^! records1 ?\gh !re is no d\bt ab\t ! fact4 ,b x w\ld be natural en\gh t ^? :o _h *>ge ( ! cal5d>1 :i* w\ld necessitate "s record ( ye>s = purposes ( int]calation1 %\ld g on to m>k ! names ( ! consuls & su* /rik+ ev5ts z w\ld make a ye> memorable4 ,9 any case ?is 0 :at actually happ5$4 ,! pontifex maximus1 we are told ) precision1 kept a tabula1 or :it$ bo>d1 on :i* ^! ev5ts 7 not$ d[n1 ) ! consuls' names atta*$ to !m1 or possibly a k9d ( almanac1 made out = ! :ole ye>1 on :i* !y c\ld app5d _! notes to p>ticul> days4#egi ,?is ye>ly tabula 0 no d\bt at fir/ kept secret1 l all ! pontifical docum5ts1 b soon] or lat]1 p]haps at ! same "t z ! publication ( ! fa/i & legis actiones1 x 0 expos$ to public view 9 or at ! ,regia4#ehj ,?is w5t on = at lea/ two c5turies1 & ! records1 :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s mu/ h gr[n 9 l5g? & detail z ev5ts became m />tl+ & num]\s1 7 edit$ 9 eighty books by ! pontifex maximus ,p4 ,mucius ,scaevola 9 #abc ,b4,c4--! ye> ( ! fir/ tribunate ( ,c4 ,grac*us4 ,! l>ge numb] ( ^! books has long be5 a /umbl+-block to ! le>n$1 = we are expressly told t ! annales maximi1 z ! records 7 call$1 7 79 spite ( _! "n7 ( a v meagre "*2 & _m conjectures h q rec5tly be5 made to expla9 x4#eha ,b guess+ is almo/ useless1 see+ t !re are no data = x4 ,! editor may h add$ matt] ( 8 own1 amplify+ & adorn+ aft] ! mann] ( writ]s ( 8 day2 or he may h work$ 9 ! cont5ts ( o!r pontifical books1 libri or comm5t>ii pontificales4 ,! po9t = u is simply ! cont9u$ activity ( ! pontifex maximus 9 ?is "w1 :i* mu/ h become almo/ entirely secul> 9 "*4 ,! notes may h be5 jejune1 b !y 7 probably accurate1 & free f ! p]v]sions ( family vanity or su* l5g?y rhetorical ornam5tation z became ! univ]sal fa%ion among private writ]s ( annali/ic hi/ory4 ,!y 71 we may suppose1 exactly :at our mod]n hi/orical consci5ce dem&s4 ,b all t is left ( !m1 or almo/ all1 is ! li/ ( consuls 7fa/i consul>es7 & ( triumphs 7fa/i triumphales7 :i* 9 _! pres5t =m mu/1 or at lea/ may1 h be5 extract$ f !m4#ehb ,on ! :ole1 we may reckon !m z ! mo/ valuable "w ( ! college2 & !y may be tak5 z m>k+ a gr[+ s5se ( ! importance ( ,rome & h] hi/ory1 ! commemoration ( :i* is ?us committ$ to an (ficial :o1 z an individual1 _h inv>iably s]v$ ! ,/ate well1 & 9 :om all classes _h p]fect confid5ce4#ehc ,"o important "p ( ! "w ( ! college 9 ?is c5tury mu/ h be5 ! adju/m5t ( ! civic religion ( ! ,italian communities to t ( ,rome4 ,:at deities 7 to be made citiz5s ( ,rome8 ,:i* 7 to be left 9 _! old homes undi/urb$8 ,no d\bt _m o!r que/ions mu/ h call$ = att5tion 9 religi\s matt]s aft] ! conque/ ( ,italy1 b ?is is ! "o ( :i* we "k mo/4 ,! temple f\ndations ( ?is p]iod h all be5 c>efully put toge!r 7*iefly f ,livy's invaluable records7 by ,au/1#ehd & %[ t !re 0 a c]ta9 t5d5cy to br+ 9 deities f outside1 n s mu* because !y repres5t$ "s special ne$ ( ! ,romans1 corn or art or indu/ry1 z two c5turies e>li]1 b simply because !y 7 deities ( ! conqu]$ :om x might be prud5t to adopt4 ,! great ,juno ,reg9a ( ,veii 0 long ago induc$ by evocatio to migrate to ,rome2 ,=s ,=tuna f ,etruria1 ,juturna f ,lav9ium1 ,m9]va ,capta f ,fal]ii1 ,f]onia1 a fam\s ,lat9 goddess f ,cap5a1 ,vortumnus f ,vols9ii1#ehe all atte/ ! same lib]al tone 9 religi\s matt]s :i* on ! :ole m>ks ! secul> ,italian policy ( ! ,s5ate 9 ?is p]iod4 ,if we _h b m in=mation ab\t ! =m]1 we %\ld be able to und]/& ! latt] f> bett]4 ,we %\ld l to "k :y 9 "s cases ! *ief deity ( a community came to ,rome1 :ile 9 o!rs !re is n trace ( migration4 ,! fam\s ,vacuna ( ,reate1 = example1 nev] left h] home 9 ! ,ap5n9es1 possibly because %e 0 a k9d ( ,ve/a1 :o c\ld n be sp>$ f ,reate1 & 0 n want$ at ,rome4#ehf ,! li/ ( f\ndations also po9ts to o!r t5d5cies & exp]i5ces ( ! "t4 ,we might guess t !re 0 "s attempt1 ) ! aid ( pontifical skill1 to enc\rage agriculture or give x a fre% />t aft] ! invasion ( ,pyrrhus2 = betwe5 #bgb & #bfd1 ! ye>s ( ! pacification ( ,italy1 we f9d temples built to f\r agricultural deities1 ?ree indig5\s ,roman ones1 ,consus1 ,tellus1 ,pales1 & "o ,etruscan g>d5 god1 ,v]tumnus4#ehg ,!n we h a gr\p ( f\ndations 9 hon\r ( deities connect$ ) wat]--,juturna1 ,fons1 ,tempe/ates1 :i* seem to h "s ref]5ce to ! naval activity ( ! fir/ ,punic w>2 !y all fall betwe5 #bei & #bda ,b4,c4#ehh ,la/ly1 we notice a fre% accession ( deifi$ ab/ractions1--,salus 7an old deity 9 a new =m71 ,spes1 ,honos et ,virtus1 ,concordia1 & ,m5s4#ehi ,i am glad to f9d t ! late/ inve/igator ( ^! religi\s ab/ractions is at "o ) me 9 believ+ t !y simply m>k a develop$ /age 9 ! religi\s b5t ( ! e>lie/ ,roman4 ,if ! old ,romans _h ! habit ( spiritualis+ a great v>iety ( mat]ial objects1 9 o!r words1 if !y 7 9 an advanc$ animi/ic /age1 !re seems to be no reason :y !y %\ld n h begun to spiritualise m5tal concepts also 7= :i* !y _h words1 z = ! mat]ial objects71 ev5 at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! :ole psy*ological aspect ( su* ab/ractions is mo/ int]e/+1 b ,i mu/ pass x ov] "h1 m]ely sugge/+ t ea* ( ^! ab/ractions 0 d\btless deifi$ = "s p>ticul> reason1 "u ! direction1 or ) ! sanction1 ( ! pontifices4#eij ,b we h n z yet rea*$ :at is1 aft] all1 = our purposes ! mo/ in/ructive "p ( ! "w ( ! pontifices--,i mean ! ar*ives or memor&a 7libri or comm5t>ii7 :i* !y kept1 & f :i*1 indirectly1 mu* ( :at ,i h _h to say ab\t ! ius div9um has be5 drawn4 ,x is "h t we see ! policy ( ma9ta9+ ! pax deorum c>ri$ to its highe/ po9t4 ,^! books conta9$ a va/ collection ( =mulae = e k9d ( process 9 :i* ! deities 7 9 any way conc]n$2 "h 0 ! complete ph>macopoeia ( ! ius div9um4#eia ,we mu/ rememb] t ! pontifex maximus & 8 assessors _h to be ready at any mom5t ) ! correct =mula = all religi\s acts1 :e!r extraord9>y1 l ! devotio ( ,decius or ! expiation ( "s />tl+ prodigium1 or belong+ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( city life1 su* z pray]s 9 sacrificial ritual1 vota bo? public & private1 *>t]s 7leges7 ( newly f\nd$ temples1 & s on4 ,! idea t ! spok5 =mula 7ultimately1 z we saw1 d]iv$ f an age ( magic7 0 effici5t only if no slip 7 made1 seems to h ga9$ 9 /r5g? in/ead ( dim9i%+1 z we might h expect$ x to d ) advanc+ civilisation2 & ! pontifices n only respond$ to its importunity1 b actually /imulat$ x4 ,vires acquirit eundo are words :i* apply well 9 all ages to ! passion = organisation & precision4 ,?\gh we _c prove x1 ,i myself h little d\bt t ! memb]s ( ! college1 or "s ( !m1 collect$ & inv5t$ =mulae simply = ! pleasure ( do+ x1 & t ! "w became z cong5ial to !m z ! sy/ematisation ( ! law to ,jewi% scribes aft] ! captivity1 or z casui/ry to ! confessors ( ! middle ages4 ,:5 ! art ( writ+ became famili> to exp]ts1 ! natural & primitive desire ( ! ,roman to h exactness 9 ! spok5 ^w affect$ him also 9 8 relations ) ! ^w z writt54 ,! scribe & ! ,ph>isee f\nd _! opportunity4 ,! :ole public religion ( ! ,/ate1 & to "s ext5t also ! private religion ( ! family1 became a mass ( =ms & =mulae1 & nev] succe$$ 9 free+ itself f ^! fett]s4 ,we c be/ illu/rate ?is sup]fluity ( prie/ly zeal 9 t /range li/ ( =ms ( invocation call$ ,indigitam5ta1 :i* ,i h already expla9$ ) ! help ( ,wiss[a4#eib ,work+ ^u ! old ,roman animism1 & ! popul> fondness = =mulae1 ! pontifices drew up ^? li/s 9 ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies ,b4,c41 :i* h s s]i\sly misl$ s*ol>s z to ! g5u9e primitive religi\s ideas ( ! ,romans4 ,!y are 9 ! ma9 prie/ly inv5tions1 ! "w ( +5i\s =mulators4 ,we may ev5 be tempt$ to look on !m z an attempt to rivet ! yoke ( prie/ly =malism on ! life ( ! individual z well z on ! life ( ! ,/ate z a :ole4 ,b if ev] ?is 0 ! int5tion1 x 0 too late4 ,a p t 0 beg9n+ to get into t\* ) ! civilisation ( ,hellas c\ld n possibly be> su* a yoke4 ,9 ! la/ lecture we h already se5 a t5d5cy t[>ds emotional religion indep5d5t ( ! old ,/ate wor%ip2 ! philosophy ( individualism 0 to complete ! "w ( emancipation 9 ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c4 ,! old ,/ate religion rema9$1 b 9 /unt$ =m & ) p>alys$ vitality2 ,rome 0 ! sc5e ( an arre/$ religi\s developm5t4 ,! feel+1 ! religi\s in/9ct 7religio7 0 inde$ !re1 ?\gh lat5t2 ! ,romans 7 human be+s1 l ! re/ ( u4 ,b z we g on ) ! /ory we %all f9d t1 :5 tr\ble or disa/] br\ght x out ( its hid+-place1 x 0 no long] possible to soo! x on ,roman pr9ciples or by ,roman me?ods4 ,^! me?ods--9 o!r words1 ! ius div9um z =mulat$ by ! au?orities--_h be5 meant to soo! x1 & _h inde$ s effectually lull$ x to sleep1 t :5 at la/ x awoke aga9 !y _h lo/ ! p[] ( deal+ ) x4 ,:5 ! crav+ did come ^u ! ,roman1 :i* 9 "t ( p]il or d\bt has come ^u individuals & communities 9 all ages1 = support & com=t f ! ,unse51 x _h to be satisfi$ by giv+ him new gods to wor%ip 9 new ways1 gods f ,greece & ! ,ea/1 "s ( !m conceal$ "u ,lat9 names1 b /ill ali5s1 n citiz5s ( 8 own ,/ate1 ali5s ) :om he _h little or no?+ 9 common1 :o _h no home 9 8 patriotic feel+1 no place 9 8 religi\s exp]i5ce4#eic ,z ,i said at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ lecture1 we mu/ n und]rate ! religi\sness ( ! ,roman "*1 :i* 0 nev] entirely lo/2 b ! secret ( its comp>ative uselessness lies 9 ?is--t ! natural desire to be "r ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se1 & to "k m ( t ,p[]1 became weak5$ & de/roy$ by an ov]-scrupul\s att5tion to ! means tak5 to realise x1 & by ! introduction ( =eign me?ods :i* _h no root 9 ! m5tal fibre ( ! p1 & reflect$ no "p ( its exp]i5ce4 ,religion 0 effectually divorc$ f life & morality4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xii #eef ,see ,muld]1 ,de notione consci5tiae1 quae et qualis fu]it ,romanis1 ,leyd51 #aijh1 cap4 #b4 ,on p4 #ef he quotes ,lu?>d 7,die antike ,e?ik1 p4 #aca71 :o says ( ! ,roman religion t x 0 ev5 m an affair ( ! ,/ate ?an ) any o!r p2 h5ce its peculi> legal "*4 ,?\gh ,muld] ov]works 8 po9t1 8 *apt] 7especially p4 #fa foll47 is full ( int]e/4 #eeg ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dca4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,ambros*'s ,/udi5 und ,&eutung51 9 :i* ! nature & hi/ory ( ! ,regia 0 fir/ really inve/igat$1 is /ill valuable4 ,an excell5t %ort acc\nt is giv5 by ,mr4 ,m>9d9 9 8 article 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 ed4 #b4 ,x is n[ g5]ally ma9ta9$ t ! ,regia 9 hi/orical times 0 r a build+ = sacr$ purposes ?an a resid5ce = a man & 8 family1 & ?is ,i hold to be correct2 b x may = all t h orig9ally be5 ! resid5ce ( ! ,rex & ( ! ,pont4 ,max4 :5 ! ,rex _h disappe>$4 #eeh ,see ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 i4 #dc1 :]e a succ9ct acc\nt is giv5 ( mod]n op9ion z to ! s-call$ ius ,papirianum4 ,! ma9 argum5t = ! late date ( ! collection is t ,cic]o does n seem to h kn[n ( x :5 he wrote ! lett] ad ,fam4 ix4 #ba 9 #df ,b4,c4 ,?is ( c\rse 9 no way affects ! primitive "* ( ! rules !mselves4 #eei ,! inf]5ce t ! rules 7 f\nd 9 ! ,libri pontificum is inevitable 9 any case1 b seems prov$ by ! fact t "o ( !m1 t relat+ to ! spolia opima1 is /at$ by ,fe/us1 p4 #ahi 7s4v4 opima71 to h be5 extract$ f ^? books4 #efj ,fe/us1 s4v4 pellices & s4v4 plor>e1 :i* latt] ^w is int]pret$ z inclam>e4 #efa ,! divi p>5tum are "h g5]ally tak5 z ^? ( ! p>ticul> family1 & ?is may h be5 s2 b cf4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #aib4 #efb ,= ! attempts ( ,pais 9 ,italy & ,lamb]t 9 ,france to date ! ,tables at ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury or lat]1 see ,s*anz1 op4 cit4 i4 #da4 ,9 ,g]many op9ion is univ]sally 9 fav\r ( ! traditional date4 #efc ,see ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #ace4 #efd ,on ! religi\s "* ( conf>reatio see ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione nella vita privata1 i4 p4 #ade foll4 #efe ,cic4 de ,domo1 #ab4 #ad2 ,gellius1 v4 #ai4 #eff ,see1 e4g4 ,launspa*1 ,/ate & ,family 9 ,e>ly ,rome1 p4 #bef foll4 ,! la/ ?ree *apt]s ( ?is little book1 on ,patria pote/as1 ,m>riage1 & ,succession1 w be f\nd useful by ^? :o _c ent] into ! _m disputes & difficulties :i* h aris5 out ( ! attempts ( writ]s on ,roman law to adju/ legal ideas to ! dim e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,b9d]1 9 8 "w ,die ,plebs1 />ts f ! improbable hypo!sis t ! plebs 0 ! population ( ! ,lat9 "p ( ! city z di/9ct f t ,sab9e "p on ! ,quir9al1 :i* he believes to h be5 ! only patrician body2 & he fur!r believes t ! plebs liv$ orig9ally "u ,mutt]re*t1 ! patres "u ,vat]re*t4 ,su* a condition ( society w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h greatly add$ to ! pontifical "w ( religi\s adju/m5t2 x w\ld h be5 m ?an ev5 ! pontifices c\ld h successfully a*iev$4 #efg ,see above1 note #g4 ,b9d]1 ,die ,plebs1 p4 #dhh foll41 discusses1 & 9 ! ma9 rejects1 ! argum5ts ( ,pais & ,lamb]t4 #efh ,s ,huvel91 9 a pap] 9 ,l',annee sociologique1 #aije-f1 p4 #a foll41 criticis$ by ,hub]t et ,mauss1 ,melanges d'hi/oire des religions1 p4 xxiii4 foll4 #efi ,f ! religi\s po9t ( view ! legis actiones are be/ expla9$ 9 ,m>qu>dt1 #cah foll4 ,cp4 ,muirhead1 ,roman ,law1 ed4 #ahii1 pp4 #bdf-g2 ,gre5idge1 ,roman ,public ,life1 index s4v4 legis actio1 & especially p4 #hg4 #egj ,! fam\s passage ( ,pomponius is 9 ! ,dige/1 i4 #b4 #b1 sec4 #f 7= ! "w ( ,aelius1 see ,dig4 i4 #b4 #b1 #ch7 ex 8 legibus 444 actiones compositae sunt1 quibus int] se hom9es discept>5t3 quas actiones ne populus pr\t vellet in/itu]et1 c]tas sollemnesque esse volu]unt4444 ,omnium tam5 h>um et int]pret&i sci5tia et actiones apud collegium pontificum erant1 ex quibus con/ituebatur1 quis quoquo anno praeesset privatis4 #ega ,livy ix4 #df civile ius1 repositum 9 p5etralibus pontificum1 evulgavit 7,cn4 ,flavius71 fa/osque circa =um 9 albo proponit1 ut qu&o lege agi posset sciretur4 ,cp4 ,val4 ,max4 ii4 #e4 #b4 ,civile ius is "h usually tak5 z mean+ ! proc$ure2 b ?is is a passage :i* may give "s c\nt5ance to ^? :o w\ld put ! publication ( ! ,,xii4 ,tables lat] ?an ! traditional date4 #egb ,= ! relation ( ! ,flam9es1 ,ve/als1 & ,rex sacrorum to ! pontifex maximus1 see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #dcb foll4 #egc ,see above1 p4 #bhc4 ,= ! eclipse1 ,cic4 ,rep4 i4 #af4 #be2 & = ! v>i\s sci5tific det]m9ations ( its exact date1 ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit4 vol4 i4 7ed4 #b7 p4 #cg4 ,ex hoc die1 writes ,cic]o1 quem apud ,ennium et 9 maximis annalibus consignatum videmus1 sup]iores solis defectiones reputatae sunt4 #egd ,cic4 ,brutus1 #ee longe plurimum +5io valuisse4 #ege ,de ,orat4 iii4 #cc4 #acd4 #egf ,see ,dict4 ( ,classical ,biography1 s4v4 ,coruncanius4 #egg ,nat4 deor4 ii4 #afe4 ,coruncanius is m5tion$ z "o ( ^? :om ! gods love1 if inde$ !y take an int]e/ 9 human affairs4 #egh ,see above1 p4 #ajj foll42 & ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #c4 #egi ,our k ( ?is tabula *iefly dep5ds on a passage 9 ! ,danielian s*olia/ on ,virg4 ,a54 i4 #cgc3 ita enim annales conficiebantur4 ,tabulam dealbatam quotannis pontifex maximus habuit1 9 qua praescriptis consulum nom9ibus et aliorum magi/ratum1 digna memoratu not>e consuev]at domi militiaeque t]ra m>ique ge/a p] s+ulos dies4 ,cuius dilig5tiae annuos comm5t>ios 9 octog9ta libros vet]es retul]unt1 eosque a pontificibus maximis1 a quibus fiebant1 annales maximos appell>unt4 ,! explanation ( ! "n is no d\bt wrong2 b all ! re/ ( ?is passage c be reli$ on2 cp4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #ab4 #eb2 ,dion4 ,hal4 i4 #gc1 #gd2 ,gell4 ii4 #bh4 #f2 ,cic4 ,legg4 i4 #b4 #f4 ,= ! idea ( ! almanac1 see ,ci*orius 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl41 s4v4 annales maximi4 #ehj ,proponebat tabulam domi1 ,cic4 de ,orat4 ii4 #ab4 #eb4 ,?is mu/ ref] to ! (ficial resid5ce ( ! ,pont4 ,max42 see above1 p4 #bga4 #eha ,^! attempt$ solutions ( an insoluble problem may be f\nd 9 brief 9 ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit4 i4 #cg4 ,p]haps ! bolde/ is t ( ,cantorelli1 t ! annales 7 con/ruct$ n out ( ! tabula b out ( ! comm5t>ii2 b ?is is 9 conflict ) ! passage 9 ! s*olia/ on ,virgil4 ,to me ! difficulty does n seem ov]:elm+2 ev5ts occurr+ domi militiaeque1 t]ra m>ique1 may h fill$ consid]able space1 & yet h be5 meagre 9 ! eyes ( ! rhetoricians ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 #ehb ,s*anz1 op4 cit4 p4 #ce4 #ehc ,! great au?ority ( ! ,pont4 ,max4 is well %[n 9 ! /ory ( ,tremellius ! praetor1 :o 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 0 f9$ 7by a tribune87 quod cum ,m4 ,aemilio pontifice maximo iniuriose cont5d]at1 sacrorumque quam magi/ratuum ius pot5tius fuit4 ,livy1 ,epit4 #dg4 #ehd ,de a$ibus sacris populi ,romani1 p4 #aj foll4 #ehe ,au/1 op4 cit4 p4 #ad foll4 ,see also ,r4,f4 p4 #cdj foll4 #ehf ,= ,vacuna1 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 pp4 #dd & #abh4 ,%e 0 lat]1 b probably )\t good reason1 id5tifi$ ) ,victoria4 ,! conjecture t %e 0 a he>? deity re/s on ! l9es ( ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 vi4 #cje1 :i* ,i h be=e ref]r$ to 9 ano!r context3 ante focos olim scamnis consid]e longis mos erat et m5sae cr$]e adesse deos4 nunc quoque cum fiunt antiquae sacra ,vacunae1 ante ,vacunales /antque s$5tque focos4 #ehg ,au/1 p4 #ad4 ,= ,v]tumnus ! locus classicus is ,prop]t4 v4 #b4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! connection ) g>d5s 0 primitive4 #ehh ,r4,f4 p4 #cda4 #ehi ,r4,f4 p4 #cda4 #eij ,see ,axtell1 ,! ,deification ( ,ab/ract ,ideas 9 ,roman ,lit]ature & ,inscriptions 7,*icago1 #aijg71 p4 #ei foll41 :]e ! views ( ,momms51 ,boissi]1 ,m>qu>dt1 & ,wiss[a are discuss$4 ,axtell's own conclusion is giv5 on p4 #fb foll4 ,9 ! ma9 x seems to agree ) t haz>d$ 9 my ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #aij4 #eia ,= ! evid5ce z to ! cont5ts ( ! comm5t>ii1 :i* are n[ g5]ally id5tifi$ ) ! libri1 see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #cb & #dda2 ,s*anz1 op4 cit4 i4 #cb2 & ! article ,comm5t>ii 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl4 ,z ,wiss[a rem>ks 7p4 #dda1 note #f71 we are greatly 9 ne$ ( a complete collection ( all fragm5ts ( ^! ar*ives4 #eib ,see above1 p4 #aei foll4 ,! conviction t ^! li/s are ( comp>atively late & prie/ly orig91 :i* has long be5 gr[+ on me1 0 orig9ally sugge/$ by ! le>n$ article ,indigitam5ta by ,r4 ,pet] 9 ,ros*]'s ,lexicon1 vol4 ii4 p4 #age foll4 #eic ,i h "h adopt$ "s s5t5ces f my article 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = #aijg1 p4 #hed4 ,,lecture ,,xiii ,,! ,,augurs ,,& ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,div9ation ,! "o great corruption to :i* all religion is expos$ is its sep>ation f morality4 ,! v /r5g? ( ! religi\s motive has a t5d5cy to exclude1 or disp>age1 all o!r t5d5cies ( ! human m9d1 ev5 ! noble/ & be/4 ,x is aga9/ ?is corruption t ! prophetic ord] f fir/ to la/ con/antly prote/$4444 ,m]cy & ju/ice1 judgm5t & tru?1 rep5tance & goodness--n sacrifice1 n fa/+1 n ablutions1--is ! burd5 ( ! :ole prophetic tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4#eid ,! ov]-=malis+1 or ritualis+1 ( any religion is sure to br+ ab\t t result aga9/ :i* ! ,jewi% prophets prote/$4 ,we saw at ! end ( ! la/ lecture h[ ! pontifices contribut$ to su* a result4 ,we are n[ to /udy ! contribution ( ! o!r great college1 ! augurs4 ,= in/ead ( develop+1 z did ! wise man or se] ( ,israel1 into ! m\?piece ( ,god 9 ,8 dem& = ! righte\sness ( man1 ! ,roman div9] m]ely assi/$ ! pontifex 9 8 "w ( robb+ religion ( ! idea ( righte\sness4 ,div9ation seems to be a univ]sal in/9ct ( human nature1 a p]fectly natural in/9ct1 aris+ out ( man's daily ne$s1 hopes1 fe>s2 b ?\gh x may h _h ! *ance1 ev5 at ,rome1 x nev] has be5 able1 except among ! ,jews1 to em]ge f its cramp+ *rysalis ( magic & become a really valuable /imulant ( morality4 ,by div9ation ,i mean ! v>i\s ways & me?ods by :i*1 9 all /ages ( 8 developm5t1 man has p]suad$ himself t :at he is go+ to d or suff] w turn out well or ill = him4 ,x is probably judici\s1 ) ,dr4 ,tylor & ) ! majority ( rec5t an?ropologi/s1 to consid] x z belong+ to ! region ( magic2#eie & x is obvi\s t x af=ds excell5t examples ( t inadequacy :i* *>act]ises magical attempts to ov]come ! difficulties man meets ) 9 8 /ruggle = exi/5ce4#eif ,x belongs1 l o!r =ms ( magic1 to a /age 9 :i* man's idea ( 8 relation to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se is bo? rude & rudim5t>y4 ,b x %>es ) magic ! p[] or prop]ty ( surviv+1 9 =m at lea/1 ?r\gh ! animi/ic /age into t ( religion1 & x is l>gely practis$ at ! pres5t day ev5 among highly civilis$ peoples4 ,b ,i mu/ obs]ve1 be=e ,i g on1 t div9ation z an object ( an?ropological inquiry /ill /&s 9 ne$ ( a ?or\gh sci5tific exam9ation4 ,at pres5t x seems to puzzle an?ropologi/s2#eig & ! reason probably is t ! mat]ial = /udy+ x inductively has n z yet be5 collect$ & sift$4 ,/range to say1 x does n appe> 9 ! index to ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck's great "w1 :i* ,i h s (t5 quot$3 x is h>dly to be f\nd ev5 9 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh3 nor c ,i f9d a ?or\ghgo+ treatm5t ( x 9 any o!r books ab\t ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,& any sort ( guesswork "u ^! circum/ances only increases our difficulties4 ,"s ye>s ago ! great ,g]man philosophical lawy]1 von ,jh]+1 9 an int]e/+ "w call$ ! ,evolution ( ! ,aryan1 made "s mo/ +5i\s attempts to expla9 ! orig9 ( ,roman div9ation4 ,he fanci$ t ! practice ( exam9+ ! entrails ( a victim1 = example1 began 9 ! c\rse ( ,aryan migration1 because :5 y encamp$ 9 a new region y w\ld cat* & kill "s ( ! native cattle 9 ord] to see :e!r !y 7 :olesome en\gh to tempt y to /ay4#eih ,aga91 ! /udy ( ! flight ( birds 0 prompt$ by ! desire to get in=mation ab\t ! m\nta9 passes & ! c\rse ( great riv]s2 & ?is /udy grew into an elaborate art z ! lead] ( ! ho/1 ! prototype ( ! ,roman augur1 ga9$ exp]i5ce by con/ant obs]vation f elevat$ gr\nd4#eii ,su* a !ory z ?is la/ might be wor? some?+ if x 7 bas$ ^u kn[n facts2 z x is1 x is only mo/ +5i\s guesswork4 ,?is great legal writ] did n "k1 z we d n[1 t div9ation by bo? ^! me?ods is f\nd all ov] ! _w1 & _c be expla9$ by any suppos$ ne$s ( migrat+ ,aryans4 ,:atev] be ! orig9 ( ! sev]al =ms ( div9ation1 ! object ( ! practice 9 anci5t ,italy & ,greece is beyond d\bt--to f9d out :e!r ! ,p[] ) :om y wi% to be 9 "r relation is fav\rable to c]ta9 human op]ations1 or will+ to aid 9 remov+ c]ta9 =ms ( human suff]+4 ,accord+ to our def9ition1 x 0 a "p ( religion1 :e!r or no x belong$ orig9ally to magic4 ,x 0 a practical expression ( t d\bt or anxiety to :i* ,i believe ! ,romans atta*$ ! ^w religio4 ,9 ! agricultural p]iod x mu/ h be5 specially useful & ev5 inevitable1#fjj because ! till] ( ! soil is always 9 ne$ ( k z to ! be/ times & seasons = 8 op]ations1 & 8 out-(-door life gives him con/ant opportunity ( obs]v+ natural ph5om5a1 diosemeia1 signs f heav51 & ! utt]ances & movem5ts ( birds & o!r animals4 ,x is int]e/+ to reflect t ^! la/ may (t5 be ( real s]vice 9 =etell+ ! wea!r1 :i* is s important to ! f>m]4 ,z ,i write ?is on a ,decemb] day ,i recall ! fact t ,i h myself )9 ! la/ week successfully =etold a spell ( cold aft] obs]v+ a great arrival ( w9t] ?ru%es f ! nor?4 ,?is p>ticul> bran* ( augury is1 9 fact1 nei!r s inadequate nor s absurd z mo/ o!rs4 ,von ,jh]+ may turn out to be "r 9 8 notion t at lea/ "s =ms ( div9ation h _! orig9 9 practical ne$s & 9 ! skill ( uncivilis$ man 9 disc]n+ ! signs ( ! wea!r--a skill :i* x is well to rememb] f> exce$s t ( ! h\se-dwell] ( mod]n civilisation4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( ! ,city-/ate & ! habits ( life 9 a t[n1 ^! e>ly in/9cts & me?ods ( ! agriculturi/ came to be caught up into a sy/em ( religi\s practice1 adapt$ to ! conditions ( civil & political exi/5ce2 ?us !y gradually lo/ _! orig9al mean+ & su* real value z !y ev] possess$4 ,i h po9t$ out t ! ,roman fe/ivals & ! ritual ( ! olde/ cal5d> gradually got out ( relation ) ! agricultural life 9 :i* !y = ! mo/ "p orig9at$3#fja s x 0 ) div9ation1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate au?orities became =malis$ into a set ( rules = asc]ta9+ ! good-w ( ! gods1 & obta9+ _! sanction = ! op]ations ( ! community1 :i* _h no sci5tific basis :atev]1 no relation to tru? & fact4 ,( all ! me?ods = putt+ y\rself 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[]1 ?is 0 ! lea/ valuable1 & inde$ ! mo/ h>mful2 x came 9 c\rse ( "t to be a positive ob/acle to effici5cy & fre$om ( action1 x wa/$ valuable "t1 & x (t5 s]v$ z ! means ( promot+ private ends to ! detrim5t ( ! public int]e/4 ,be=e ,i g on to consid] ! developm5t ( ! highly =malis$ sy/em ( public div9ation1 let me cle> ! gr\nd by a few rem>ks ab\t su* =ms ( ! practice z 7 n sanction$ by ! ,/ate4 ,t ^! exi/$ ?r\gh\t ,roman hi/ory !re is no d\bt1 z !y exi/$ 9 ,greece1 among ! ,jews1 & else:]e 9 ! ,ea/1 alongside ( ! advanc$ & organis$ me?ods ( (ficial & au?oris$ exp]ts4 ,our in=mation ab\t private div9ation is scatt]$ ab\t 9 ,roman lit]ature1 & ev5 :5 br\ght toge!r !re is n a great deal ( x4 ,:at is prom95t bo? 9 ,roman lit]ature & ,roman hi/ory is ! div9ation au?oris$ by ! ,/ate & sy/ematis$ by its au?orities2 ev5 9 ,cic]o's treatise de ,div9atione1 ?\gh ! subject-matt] is ( a g5]al k9d1 drawn f ,greece z well z ,rome1 x is1 ,i ?9k1 ap>t f philosophical que/ions1 *iefly ! art ( augurs & h>uspices t int]e/s ! writ]1 :o 0 himself an augur :5 he wrote x4 ,9 ,greek lit]ature exactly ! opposite is ! case2 !re we he> little ( ,/ate-au?oris$ div9ation1 & a great deal ( w&]+ soo?say]s1 soo?say+ families1 & oracles :i* 7except at ,delphi7 7 n "u ! direct control ( a ,city-/ate4#fjb ,! me?ods ( div9ation are mu* ! same 9 bo? p59sulas1 & inde$ v>y little all ! _w ov]2 ! diff]5ce lies simply 9 ?is1--t at ,rome ! adoption & sy/ematisation by ! ,/ate ( c]ta9 me?ods1 especially ^? :i* dealt ) birds & lightn+1 _h ! effect ( discr$it+1 if n exclud+1 an imm5se am\nt ( private practice ( ?is k9d4 ,i mean t if ! ,/ate /rongly sanctions "s =ms ( div9ation1 work+ !m by its own (ficials1 x ca/s a %ad[ ( discr$it ov] ! re/4 ,z ! ius div9um t5d$ to exclude magic & ! b>b>\s 9 ritual1 s did ! ius augurale1 :i* 0 a "p ( x1 exclude ! quack 9 div9ation4 ,& 9 ?is p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( human delusion ! result may be said to h be5 happy2 = ?\gh div9ation belongs to religion z hav+ surviv$ f an e>li] /age into a religi\s "o1 yet x is ! lea/ valuable1 ! lea/ fruitful1 "p ( x4#fjc ,true1 ! augural sy/ematisation1 z we %all see1 _h a s9i/] effect on political progress2 b ev5 !re ! v empt9ess & absurdity ( ! :ole bus9ess help$ to br+ contempt on x1 &1 z ,cic]o tells u 9 a well-kn[n passage1 ev5 old ,cato decl>$ t he c\ld n imag9e :y a h>uspex did n laugh :5 he met a bro!r ( ! craft4#fjd ,9 ,greece1 on ! contr>y1 x might1 ,i believe1 be %[n t ! abs5ce ( sy/ematisation by ! ,/ate only s]v$ to prolong ! cr$it & influ5ce ( ! pr(essional quack4 ,greece 0 at all p]iods full ( ^! quacks2 did ! %am prophet exi/ at ,rome 9 ! p]iod we h n[ "u review8 ,lat] on ! ,ori5tal soo?say] f\nd 8 way !re2 ( ^! ,*aldaei & ma!matici ,i %all h a ^w to say 9 ano!r lecture1 & we %all see h[ ! ,/ate au?orities made occasional attempts to exclude !m4 ,( ! frantic type ( div9]1 ! ,greek3 en!os1 s common 9 ,greece1 we he> no?+ 9 ! sob] ,roman annals2 ! idea ( a human be+ possess$ by a _s ( div9ation seems =eign to ! ,roman "*4#fje ,! only soo?say]1 s f> z ,i "k1 :o appe>s 9 ,roman leg5d 9 a private capacity is t ,attus ,navius :o gave ,t>qu9ius ,priscus ! b5efit ( 8 k2 & he is repres5t$ z a respectable ,sab9e1 & 8 art z an augural "o le>nt f ! ,etruscans4#fjf ,!re are1 inde$1 anci5t traces ( a prophetic art at ,rome1 b1 z ! hi/orian ( div9ation has well obs]v$1 !y are all connect$ n ) human be+s1 b ) div9ities1 a fact :i* expla9s ! ,lat9 ^w div9atio4#fjg ,to take :at is p]haps ! be/ example1 ! anci5t deity ,c>m5ta1 :o _h a flam5 & a d\ble fe/ival 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 may v probably repres5t "s dim tradition ( a num5 at ^: %r9e wom5 might ga9 "s k z to _! =tunes 9 *ildbir?1 j z outside ,rome1 at ,pra5e/e & ,antium1 ,=tuna seems to h _h ?is gift 9 hi/orical times4#fjh ,s ,/4 ,augu/9e int]pret$ ,c>m5ta1#fji probably foll[+ ,v>ro2 & to ,virgil %e 0 ! vates fatidica1 cec9it quae prima futuros ,a5eadas magnos et nobile ,pallanteum4 ,b ,c>m5ta1 ,picus1 ,faunus1 are dim my?ical figures :i* = u c h no be>+ on ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce2 x w\ld be m to ! po9t to ask :at 0 ! orig9al mean+ & hi/ory ( ! ^w vates1 if ! "q 7 answ]able 9 ! abs5ce ( an e>ly ,roman lit]ature4 ,all we c say ab\t ?is is t ?is ^w _h1 z a rule1 a c]ta9 dignity ab\t x1 :i* enabl$ x ev5tually to /& = a poet1 & t x r>ely has a s9i/] s5se1 unless accompani$ by "s adjective specially us$ 9 ord] to give x4#faj ,! real ^w = a quack is h>iolus1 & ! fact t x is comp>atively r>e sugge/s t ! "* x expresses 0 n a common "o4 ,x occurs "h & !re 9 fragm5ts ( old plays1 :]e1 unluckily1 we _c be q sure :e!r x repres5ts a ,greek or a ,lat9 idea4 ,! foll[+ l9es f ! ,telamo ( ,ennius %[s u ! h>iolus1 z well z ! ^w vates ) a discr$itable adjective atta*$3 s$ sup]/itiosi vates impud5tesque h>ioli aut in]tes1 aut insani1 aut quibus ege/as imp]at1 qui sibi semitam non sapiunt1 alt]i mon/rant viam1 quibu' divitias pollic5tur1 ab iis dra*mam ipsi petunt4#faa ,a m satisfactory bit ( evid5ce z to ! exi/5ce ( ! quack 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 ,greece & ! ,ea/ 7 beg9n+ to p\r _! unau?oris$ religioni/s into ,italy1 is ! int]e/+ passage 9 old ,cato's book on agriculture1 9 :i* he urges t ! bailiff ( an e/ate %\ld n be p]mitt$ to consult ei!r a h>uspex1 augur1 h>iolus1 or ,*aldaeus4#fab ,b on ! :ole1 su* little evid5ce z we possess seems to confirm ! view ,i haz>d$ j n[1 t ! ov]:elm+ pre/ige ( ,/ate au?ority at ,rome disc\rag$ & discr$it$ ! quack div9] bo? 9 public & private life4 ,8 "w 9 private life 0 l>gely t ( =tune-tell+1 ( =etell+ ! future 9 "o s5se or ano!r2 & ?is 0 exactly :at ! ,/ate au?orities nev] did & nev] c\nt5anc$1 at any rate until ! /ress ( ! ,hannibalic w>1 & !n only 9 a v limit$ s5se4 ,_! object 0 a /rictly religi\s "o1 to get ! sanction ( ! div9e memb]s ( ! community = ! und]tak+s ( ! human ones4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ ,sibyll9e oracles1 z we saw1 7 n prophecies2 & ! augural art nev] provid$ an answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is go+ to happ58 b only to t mu* m religi\s "o1 ,are ! deities will+ t we %\ld d ?is or t8#fac ,b be=e ,i leave ! subject ( private div9ation1 ,i mu/ note t !re 0 a dep>tm5t ( x :i* may be call$ legitimate1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( ! quack4 ,i mean ! auspicia ( ! family religion1 & also ! comp>atively h>mless folklore ab\t om5s ( all sorts & k9ds4 ,naturally we h little in=mation ab\t legitimate auspicia 9 ! life ( ! family2 b we h se5 t ! religi\s in/9ct ( ! ,roman =bade him to face any important und]tak+ or crisis )\t mak+ sure ( ! sanction ( ! num9a conc]n$1 & among ! me?ods ( insurance 7if ,i may use a conv5i5t ^w7 ! auspicia mu/ h _h a place f ! e>lie/ times4 ,no important ?+ 0 done1 says ,cic]o 9 ! de ,div9atione1 nisi auspicato1 ne privatim quidem4#fad ,val]ius ,maximus says ! same 9 s _m words1 & "s o!r evid5ce has be5 collect$ by ,de ,m>*i 9 8 "w on ! private religion ( ! ,romans4#fae ,b only 9 ! case ( m>riage d we he> ( auspicia 9 hi/orical times1 & ev5 !re !y seem to h deg5]at$ into a m]e =m4 ,auspices nupti>um1 re omissa1 nom5 tantum t55t--s ,cic]o wrote ( 8 own "t2#faf he seems to be ?9k+ ( augury by means ( birds1 = he adds1 nam ut nunc extis sic tunc avibus magnae res impetr>i solebant4 ,z we h already se51 ! object ( ! exam9ation ( a victim's entrails 0 simply to asc]ta9 its fitness to be (f]$2 b by ,cic]o's "t ! ,etruscan art ( div9ation by ?is me?od mu/ h p5etrat$ into private life4 ,i ?9k we may conjecture t 9 ! life ( ! family on ! l& ! auspicia1 z ! ^w itself implies1 7 work$ *iefly by obs]vation ( birds4 ,nigidius ,figulus1 ! le>n$ my/ic ( ,cic]o's "t1 wrote a book1 de ,augurio ,privato1 ( :i* "o fragm5t survives :i* has to d ) ?is k9d ( div9ation1 & ) ! di/9ction betwe5 om5s f birds se5 on ! "r or left1 & f high or l[ fly]s4#fag ,9 ! famili> ode ( ,horace beg9n+1 ,impios p>rae rec95tis om51#fah ! corvus & cornix are m5tion$ besides ! p>ra1 & 9 t :olesome old out-(-door life ( ! f>m1 z ,i said j n[1 !re 0 a c]ta9 basis ( tru? & fact 9 ! obs]vation ( su* presages4 ,b ,horace m5tions o!r animals1 wolf1 fox1 & snake1 & "s at lea/ ( ! folklore ab\t om5s :i* is to be f\nd 9 ,pl9y's descriptions ( animals may help u to appreciate ! nature ( ! old ,roman ideas on ?is subject4 ,! till] ( ! l& & ! %eph]d on ! upl&s us$ _! eyes & e>s1 n :olly )\t advantage to !mselves2 b 9 ! life ( ! city su* obs]vation became gradually =mal & mean+less1 & deg5]at$ into ! sup]/ition reflect$ 9 ,horace's ode4 ,i mu/ p>5!tically confess to a p]sonal feel+ ( regret t ?is p1 :o 9 _! e>ly days _h good opportunities1 made little or no contribution to ! k ( animals & _! habits4#fai ,b ,i mu/ pass on to ! m important subject ( div9ation z develop$ & =malis$ by ! au?orities ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 expla9+ ! ritual ( ! ius div9um ,i laid /ress on ! fact t its ma9 object 0 to ma9ta9 ! pax deorum1 ! "r relation betwe5 ! div9e & human citiz5s4#fbj ,to make ?is pax secure1 x 0 necess>y t 9 e public act ! good-w ( ! gods %\ld be asc]ta9$ by obta9+ fav\rable auspices--x mu/ be done auspicato4 ,to take ! fir/ illu/ration t occurs1 ,livy describes a dictator ab\t to fight a battle z leav+ 8 camp auspicato1 aft] sacrific+ to obta9 ! pax deorum4#fba ,x is = ?is reason t ! auspicia h a lead+ place 9 ! f\ndation leg5ds ( ! city4 ,we are all famili> ) ! /ory ( ! auspicia ( ,romulus & ,remus1 :i* goes back at lea/ z f> z ,ennius2#fbb & we f9d !m also 9 ! f\ndation ( coloniae 9 hi/orical times4#fbc ,i d n "k t ,i c bett] express ! place :i* ! auspicia occupi$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,roman ?an by quot+ ! words :i* ,livy puts into ! m\? ( ,appius ,claudius 9 #cfg ,b4,c41 :5 suppos$ to be inveigh+ aga9/ ! op5+ ( ! consul%ip to plebeians3 ,auspiciis hanc urbem conditam esse1 auspiciis bello ac pace1 domi militiaeque1 omnia g]i1 quis e/ qui ignoret8 ,he goes on to argue t ^! auspicia belong to patricians only1 t no plebeian magi/rate is creat$ auspicato1 t ! man :o wants to all[ plebeians to become curule magi/rates1 tollit ex civitate auspicia4 ,nunc nos1 tanquam iam nihil pace deorum opus sit1 omnes ca]imonias polluimus4#fbd ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only ,livy's rhetoric1 b x repres5ts ! fundam5tal ,roman idea ( ! public auspicia4 ,! passage is also useful because x alludes to ! fact t ! "r ( tak+ ! auspicia belong$ ultimately to ! :ole patrician body ( fully qualifi$ citiz5s4#fbe ,b s f> z we c disc]n 9 ! dim light ( ! e>lie/ p]iod1 ?is body entru/$ ! "r & duty to its *ief magi/rate1 ! ,rex1 exactly z x entru/$ him ) ! imp]ium1 ! supreme p[] ( comm& 9 civil matt]s4 ,?us ! auspicia & ! imp]ium 7 indissolubly connect$2 z ,dr4 ,gre5idge says1#fbf !y are ! div9e & human side ( ! same p[]1 & may be f\nd toge!r 9 a ?\s& passages 9 ,roman lit]ature & inscriptions4 ,b at ! side ( ! ,rex we f9d1 accord+ to tradition1 two help]s or advis]s call$ augures1 ! ?ree toge!r p]haps =m+ a collegium4#fbg ,n[ !re 0 c]ta9ly an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,rex & ! augurs2 ! latt] 7 aid]s & int]pret]s1 b ! ,rex only 0 said hab]e auspicia1 j z ! :ole patrician body _h ?is "r1 ?\gh !y delegat$ x to ! ,rex dur+ 8 lifetime1 & on 8 dea? receiv$ x aga94 ,! man :o habet auspicia has ! "r ( spectio1 i4e4 ( tak+ ! auspices 9 a p>ticul> case1#fbh ( wat*+ ! sky or ! conduct ( ! sacr$ f[ls 9 eat+2 ?is "r ! augurs nev] _h4 ,_! p[] 0 limit$ to guidance & int]pretation4 ,?is foll[s necess>ily f ! fundam5tal pr9ciple t ! auspicia & ! imp]ium 7 indissolubly connect$2 = ! augur1 ( c\rse1 nev] possess$ ! imp]ium by virtue ( 8 (fice4 ,x is true t ( ! augur 9 ! regal p]iod we "k almo/ no?+2 8 art1 z we %all see directly1 0 kept /rictly secret1 & he 0 b\nd by oa? n to reveal x4#fbi ,b we may safely argue back 9 g5]al t]ms f ! relation ( magi/rate & augur "u ! lat] ,republic to ! relation ( augur & ,rex1 f :om desc5d$ ! magi/rate's imp]ium4 ,! "o ess5tial ?+ to rememb] is t x 0 9 all p]iods ! magi/rate :o 0 responsible1 "u ! sanction & advice ( 8 assi/ants ! pontifices & augurs1 = ! ma9t5ance ( ! pax deorum4 ,! lay elem5t 9 ! actual work+ ( ! con/itution nev] lo/ ?is pr]ogative4 ,rome 0 nev] hi]>*ically gov]n$4 ,x w\ld be go+ beyond ! scope ( ^! lectures if ,i 7 to plunge at ?is po9t into ! ?orny "q ( ! exact relation betwe5 magi/rate & augur 9 respect ( details4 ,nor d ,i propose to g into ! m9utiae ( augural lore1 :i* are n in/ructive1 l ^? ( sacrifice1 = our survey ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x w be suffici5t to /ate 9 outl9e :at ,i believe to be necess>y = our purpose4#fcj ,! p]son :o _h ! auspicia1 i4e4 orig9ally ! ,rex1 l ! lat] magi/rate1 _h to wat* = signs f heav52 9 ord] to d s he m>k$ out a templum1 a rectangul> space1 by not+ c]ta9 objects1 trees or :at n1 beyond :i*1 :e!r he look$ at e>? or sky1 he ne$ take no notice ( :at he saw4 ,! spot :]e he took up 8 position = ?is purpose 0 itself a rectangul> space1#fca m>k$ out on a simil> pr9ciple2 9 ea* case ! space 0 lib]atus effatus1 i4e4 fre$ f previ\s associations by a =m ( words1 & ready1 if ne$ 7 7z 9 ! case ( loca sacra7 to be fur!r h&$ ov] to ! deities z _! prop]ty2 ?is consecration1 h[ev]1 did n1 ( c\rse1 foll[ 9 ! ord9>y proc$ure ( ! auspicia4 ,9 ! urbana auspicia all loca effata mu/ be )9 ! sacr$ b\nd>y ( ! pomo]ium4 ,)9 ?is ! magi/rate wat*$ 9 sil5ce at ! dead ( night = su* signs z he especially ask$ = 7auspicia impetrativa72 ^? :i* (f]$ !mselves )\t su* specification 7oblativa7 he 0 n b\nd to take cognisance ( unless "s "o claim$ 8 att5tion = !m4 ,! signs 7 orig9ally 9 ! regal p]iod1 if we may guess f ! ^w auspicium1 only su* z birds suppli$1 & ! space 9 :i* !y 7 wat*$ = 0 n complicat$ by ! divisions ( ! lat] augural art4#fcb ,! bus9ess ( ! augur 01 we may suppose1 to see t ! details 7 c>ri$ out correctly1 & to int]pret ! signs2 b ^? signs 7 n s5t to him1 = he 0 n ! actual repres5tative ( ! ,/ate 9 ?is ritual4 ,if ! con/itutional position & duty ( ! augurs h n[ be5 made suffici5tly cle>1 ,i may g on to expla9 briefly1 z 9 ! case ( ! pontifices1 h[ ! (fice became gradually secul>is$1 & ! duty =malis$1 s t if !re ev] _h be5 any?+ ( a really religi\s "* 9 ?is art1 any g5u9e belief 9 ! manife/ation by ! ,p[] ( 8 w 9 matt]s ( ,/ate life1 su* "*1 su* belief1 _h become by ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 entirely p>alys$ & de/roy$4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! augurate is mu* m difficult to foll[ ?an t ( ! pontificate4 ,! "w ( ! pontifices t\*$ ! life ( e day1 public & private1 at _m po9ts1 ) ! result t _! secrets ceas$ to be secrets by ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! "w ( ! augurs 0 occasional1 & m te*nical ?an t ( ! o!r college2 x c h>dly be said to h affect$ ! religion ( family life1 nor did x cont9ually be> ^u public life1 z did ! pontifical k ( ! ius div9um & ! cal5d>4 ,h5ce ! augural lore 0 nev] publi%$1 "u pressure ( public op9ion1 & nei!r anci5t nor mod]n s*ol>s h _h to wa/e _! "t 9 inve/igat+ x4 ,books 7 inde$ writt5 ab\t x 9 lat] times by "o or two curi\s /ud5ts1 b 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o1 :o 0 himself an augur1 ! neglect ( x 0 g5]al1 ev5 by memb]s ( ! college4#fcc ,?is my/]i\s augural lore 0 pres]v$ 9 books1 l t ( ! pontifices2 & 9 all probability ^! books 7 put toge!r 9 ! same p]iod z ! latt]1 viz41 ! two c5turies imm$iately foll[+ ! abolition ( ! k+%ip4#fcd ,i ?9k !re is a /rong probability t ! augurate em]g$ f ! age ( ,etruscan rule :i* m>ks ! latt] "p ( ! k+ly p]iod1 ) increas$ importance & fre% activity1 ! result ( imm$iate contact ) ,etruscan me?ods ( div9ation4#fce ,x is likely t !y began 9 ?is way to cultivate ! art ( div9ation by lightn+1 :i* 0 peculi>ly ,etruscan1 & to divide _! templum into regiones1 :i*1 z ,i said j n[1 7 n app>5tly ne$$ = ! obs]vation ( om5s f birds4 ,h[ f> !y c>ri$ ?is art we _c tell1 ow+ to ! loss ( _! books & ! comm5t>ies ^u !m2 b ab\t ! ,etruscan discipl9e we d "k some?+4 ,^? :o wi% to h a glimpse ( x may consult ! fir/ *apt] ( ! f\r? volume ( ,b\*e-,lecl]cq's ,hi/ory ( ,div9ation1 z a m intelligible acc\nt ?an any kn[n to me4#fcf ,b all ,i ne$ to insi/ on n[ is ! likelihood t ! augurs began ! ,republican p]iod ) a p[] ( int]pretation :i* 0 ! m important because ! art 0 *ang$2 x is n[ ! depository n only ( ! old bird lore1 b ( ! new lightn+ lore4 ,& z ?is la/ became ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! art ( public div9ation1 & z ! augurs 71 l ! pontifices1 a close self-elect+ corporation until #ajd ,b4,c4 & a close self-elect+ patrician body until ! lex ,ogulnia ( #cjj ,b4,c41 hold+ secret meet+s e mon? on ! arx1#fcg & record+ _! lore 9 books :i* 7 nev] made public1 !y might well h gr[n into a p[]ful hi]>*y1 if !y _h only be5 possess$ ( ! "r ( spectio4 ,:at sav$ ,rome f ?is fate 0 simply ! fact t ! college 0 a body ( int]pret]s only1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! pr9ciple t ! auspicia belong$ exclusively to ! magi/rate4 ,! auspicia 7 9 fact a matt] ( public law1 n ( religion1 prop]ly speak+2 ! idea on :i* !y 7 bas$1 t ! sanction ( ! deities 0 ne$$ = e public action1 v e>ly lo/ its true significance1 & ! process ( tak+ !m became a m]e =m1 ! religi\s "* ( :i* 0 almo/ entirely =gott54 ,!y ceas$ to be matt] ( religion j z ! amulet or any o!r =m ( prev5tive magic fails to be reckon$ z )9 ! sph]e ( religion2 ! feel+ 0 !re t !y mu/ be att5d$ to 7?\gh ev5 t feel+ lo/ its /r5g? 9 c\rse ( "t71 b only z a matt] ( cu/om1 n because ! ,p[] 0 really believ$ to sanction an act 9 ?is way4 ,?us x seems t ! importance ( ! augurs belongs to ,roman public law1 & n to ! hi/ory ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x w be f\nd fully expla9$1 9 t connection1 9 ,momms5's ,/aatsre*t1 or 9 ,dr4 ,gre5idge's volume on ,roman ,public ,life4#fch ,all we h to note "h is ! complete secul>isation ( :at 0 once really a "p ( ! ,roman religion2 ! augurs !mselves 7 public m5 & c\ld hold magi/racies1 & _! art ( int]pretation came to be us$ = secul> & political purposes only4 ,!y c\ld decl>e a magi/rate vitio creatus1 :e!r !y _h be5 pres5t at ! tak+ ( ! auspices or n2 !y c\ld also on appeal /op ! proce$+s at a public assembly1 :e!r = election or legislation2 x may be said ( !m t 9 "o way or ano!r !y _h a veto on e public transaction4#fci ,z ,cic]o expresses x 9 8 ius div9um1 9 ! second book ( 8 "w on ! con/itution3 ,quae augur iniu/a nefa/a vitiosa dira defix]it inrita infectaque sunto1 quique non p>u]it1 capital e/o4#fdj ,b 9 spite ( ! f9e words iniu/a nefa/a vitiosa1 !re 0 no religi\s pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is solemn injunction4 ,:5 ,bibulus 9 #ei ,b4,c4 s\ght z consul to /op ,caes>'s proce$+s by us+ 8 "r ( spectio1 all he _h to d 0 to ann\nce t he 0 go+ to look = lightn+ 7obnunti>e72 & if !re _h be5 ! smalle/ remnant ( religi\s belief left 9 ! ,roman m9d ab\t su* transactions1 x w\ld quietly h acquiesc$1 9 ! conviction t ,jupit] w\ld s5d lightn+ to ! ,roman magi/rate :o ask$ = x2 z x 01 ,caes> took no notice1 & ! ,roman p only laugh$4 ,caes> 0 at ! "t1 let u note1 ! head ( ! ,roman religion1 pontifex maximus4 ,s ) ! augurs z ! int]pret]s ( ! magi/]ial spectio2 pr\d z ,cic]o 0 ( becom+ an augur1 ) all ! old surviv+ elective ritual1#fda he nev]1 we may be sure1 believ$ = a mom5t t he _h ! p[] ( int]pret+ ! w ( ! gods4 ,a c5tury be=e 8 augur%ip ! :ole bus9ess ( public div9ation _h be5 regulat$ by /atute1 l any o!r secul> matt]2 & 9 8 own day x 0 an op5 "q ) m5 ( education :e!r !re 7 su* a ?+ z div9ation at all4#fdb ,true1 z we %all see1 ! illegitimate =ms ( div9ation 7 at ?is v "t ga9+ gr\nd1 z ! curr5t ( sup]/ition increas$ 9 /r5g? :i* m>ks ?is la/ p]iod ( ! republic2 b ! augur's art & ! spectio ( ! magi/rate 7 /ill surviv+ z m]e con/itutional fossils1 & 7 n de/9$ to %>e l>gely 9 ,augu/us' h]oic attempt to put fre% life into ! ius div9um4 ,vile damnum1 z ,tacitus said ( ! =eign quacks bani%$ to ,s>d9ia by ,tib]ius2 = nei!r 9 ! sph]e ( religion nor lat] 9 t ( politics c ! art ( div9ation be said to h _h any la/+ value4 ,i h n dealt at any l5g? ) ! augurs & ! ,/ate sy/em ( div9ation1 b ,i hope ,i h said en\gh to %[ t1 z ,i h9t$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lecture1 x af=ds an excell5t illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* ! religi\s in/9ct1 ! desire to be 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se1 0 fir/ soo!d & satisfi$1 !n hypnotis$ & p>alys$1 by ! =malisation & gradual secul>isation ( religi\s processes4 ,! desire to obta9 ! sanction ( ! ,p[] by seek+ = fav\rable signs or om5s seems to be a univ]sal in/9ct ( human nature1 ?\gh a p]v]se "o2 if left to itself x w app>5tly pass into ! region ( h>mless folklore1 :]e x does n s]i\sly int]f]e ) human progress1 ei!r secul> or religi\s2 b :]e1 z at ,rome1 x is tak5 up into ! ritual ( a religi\s sy/em1 & is fur!r all[$ to express itself me*anically 9 ! region ( public law1 x exhau/s itself rapidly1 loses all its orig9al significance1 & becomes a clog on human progress4 ,9 anci5t ,italy ?is in/9ct = div9ation 0 n[h]e s /rongly & s p]v]sely develop$ into a me*anical sy/em z 9 ,etruria1 & x is highly probable t ?is developm5t contribut$ l>gely to ! rapid political & moral decay ( ! ,etruscan p4 ,! n>r[ ari/ocratic con/itution ( ! ,etruscan cities1 work$ by a k9d ( prie/ly nobility1 seems to h af=d$ great opportunities = ! cultivation ( ! p]v]se art :i* 7z we are n[ beg9n+ to recognise7 ?is p _h br\ght ) !m f ! ,ea/4#fdc ,i h already sugge/$ t an ,etruscan dom9ion at ,rome _h v probably un=tunate results 9 develop+ & =malis+ ! art ( ! augurs4 ,b ! age ( ! ,t>qu9ii 0 n ! only "o 9 :i* ! s9i/] influ5ce ( ?is /range p 0 br\ght to be> on ,roman religi\s in/itutions2 & be=e ,i close ?is lecture ,i mu/ say a v few words ab\t a second invasion ( ,etruscan p]v]sity1 :i* began "s two c5turies & a half lat]4 ,?is 0 ! result ( t r5ew$ religio1 t feel+ ( anxiety & sometimes ( despair *>act]i/ic ( ! la/ half ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 ! p]il\s era ( ! ,punic w>s1 ) :i* ,i %all deal m p>ticul>ly 9 ! next lecture4 ,! /ate religion c\ld n soo! x2 nei!r pontifices nor augurs _h any suffici5t native rem$y = x1 & z ! ritual ( wor%ip 0 re9=c$ f ,greece & ! ,ea/1 s ! ritual ( div9ation 0 re9=c$ f ,etruria4 ,! ,etruscans seem to h educat$ _! div9]s ) c>e & sy/em4 ,we d n "k ! details ( su* education1 b x seems likely t !re 7 s*ools ( ^! prophets1 by means ( :i* ! art 0 h&$ d[n & develop$4#fdd ,! ^w = ! p]son ?us tra9$ 0 h>uspex 9 its ,italian =m z kn[n to u1 ?\gh x _h an ,etruscan orig9al4#fde ,! art acquir$ 0 ( ?ree k9ds--! int]pretation ( lightn+2 ! explanation & int]pretation ( ! entrails ( victims1 & especially ( ! liv]2 &1 ?irdly1 ! explanation & expiation ( port5ts & prodigia4#fdf ,all ?ree dep>tm5ts seem to h be5 c>ri$ to an extreme degree ( p]v]se developm5t4 ,to give an idea ( x ,i ne$ b ref] to rec5t discussions ( ! relation betwe5 ! divisions m>k$ on a bronze model ( a victim's liv] 7f\nd 9 #ahgg at ,piac5za71 9 :i* are writt5 ! ,etruscan names ( a great numb] ( deities1 & ! some:at simil> divisions ( ! templum ( ! heav5s z giv5 by ,m>tianus ,capella 9 explanation ( ! cele/ial dwell+s ( ! ,italian deities4 ,a /udy ( ?is unpr(itable subject1 ( :i* ! only int]e/ lies 9 ! illu/ration x (f]s ( ! pro/itution ( human +5uity1 w be f\nd 9 a little "w by ,c>l ,?ul91 publi%$ 9 ! s]ies call$ ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,v]su*e und ,vor>beit54#fdg ,j z ! ,roman au?orities _h rec\rse f "t to "t to ! ,sibyll9e books1 s also !y occasionally1 ?\gh n app>5tly be=e ! ,punic w>s1 s\ght ! help ( ! tra9$ ,etruscan div9]s4 ,we %all come across in/ances ( ?is 9 ! next two lectures1 & ,i ne$ n specify !m n[4 ,!y seem to h us$ _! art 9 all its dep>tm5ts2 & 9 ! mo/ degrad$ ( ^!1 ! exam9ation ( entrails1 x 0 f\nd s conv5i5t to h _! s]vices 9 a campaign t 9 c\rse ( "t "o at lea/ seems to h accompani$ e ,roman army4#fdh ,! complicat$ art ( augury might 9 fact be disp5s$ ) if y _h a h>uspex ready & will+ at a mom5t's notice to give y a good report ( ! victim's liv]4 ,to keep up ! supply ( exp]ts1 ! s5ate1 probably 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 det]m9$ to select & tra9 t5 boys ( noble family 9 ea* ,etruscan city4 ,?is 0 ! la/ s]vice t ! deg5]ate ,etruscan p r5d]$ to its conqu]ors1 & a m degrad+ "o x is impossible to imag9e4 ,^! =eign div9]s 7 nev] admitt$ to ! dignity ( a collegium2#fdi !y r play$ ! "p ( ! dome/ic *apla9 kept to say grace be=e meat4 ,= a mom5t !y attract our att5tion 9 connection ) ! p]secution ( ,cic]o by 8 political enemies1 & ! consecratio aft] 8 exile ( ! site ( 8 h\se on ! ,palat9e hill4#fej ,= a mom5t aga9 we meet ) !m 9 ! reign ( ,claudius1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 ! ,etruscans & wrote a "w ab\t !m1 & once rais$ ! "q 9 ! s5ate ( ! revival ( ! h>uspices & _! art--su* "p ( x1 at lea/1 z might seem wor? pres]v+--ne vetu/issima ,italiae discipl9a p] desidium exolesc]et4#fea ,& /range to say1 ?\gh 9 fact no "p ( ?is anci5t ,italian discipl9e 0 9 ! lea/ wor? pres]v+1 x surviv$ 9 outw>d =m into ! f\r? c5tury ( ! empire4#feb ,we read ) a/oni%m5t 9 ! code ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]or ,!odosius1 t if ! imp]ial palace or o!r public build+s are /ruck by lightn+ ! h>uspices are to be consult$1 accord+ to anci5t cu/om1 z to ! mean+ ( ! port5t4#fec ,?irte5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,!odosius1 9 #djh1 ,etruscan exp]ts (f]$ _! s]vices to ,pompeianus1 prefect ( ,rome1 to save ! city f ! ,go?s4 ,pompeianus 0 tempt$1 b consult$ ,innoc5t1 ! ,bi%op ( ,rome1 :o did n see fit to oppose 8 own op9ion to ! wi%es ( ! p at su* a crisis1 b /ipulat$ t ! magic rites %\ld be p]=m$ secretly4 ,:at foll[$ is unc]ta94 ,! ,*ri/ian hi/orian says t ! rites 7 p]=m$1 b 7 unavail+2 ! pagan ,zosimus affirms t ! aid ( ! ,tuscans 0 decl9$4#fed ,s h>d di$ ! futile arts ( ! mo/ unfruitful ( all ,italian races4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xiii #eid ,/anley's ,jewi% ,*ur* 7ed4 #aijf71 vol4 i4 p4 #cih foll4 #eie ,hi/4 de div9ation dans l'antiquite1 vol4 i4 p4 #g foll42 div9ation is contemplative1 magic active4 ,b ?is le>n$ au?or did n deal ) div9ation except z x exi/$ 9 ,greece & ,italy2 & 9 view ( our pres5t ext5d$ k ?is diff]5tia is n in/ructive4 #eif ,see ,tylor's article 9 ! la/ edition ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 & 8 ,gif=d ,lectures1 ,pt4 ii4 *4 iv42 ,haddon1 ,magic & ,feti%ism1 p4 #dj4 ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de div9ation dans l'antiquite1 vol4 i4 p4 #g1 di/+ui%es div9ation f magic2 b 8 k ( ! subject 0 limit$ to civilis$ races4 #eig ,mr4 ,m>ett seems d\btful ab\t x3 see 8 ,?re%old ( ,religion1 pp4 #db & #hc4 ,9 ! latt] passage he says t x may or may n be treat$ z a bran* ( magic1 & may be orig9ally due to "s dim sort ( !oris+ ab\t causes1 ! !ory eng5d]+ ! practice r ?an ! practice ! !ory4 ,i %\ld d\bt :e!r1 :5 ! facts h be5 fully collect$1 ?is w be ! conclusion to :i* !y po9t4 #eih ,evolution ( ! ,aryan1 ,druck]'s translation1 p4 #cfi4 #eii ,ib4 pp4 #cfd1 #cgd4 #fjj ,a curi\s survival ( div9ation f ! agricultural p]iod1 :i* 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,/ate1 b n fix$ to a day 9 ! cal5d>1 is ! augurium can>ium4 ,! exta ( r$ puppies :i* _h be5 sacrific$ 7 consult$1 app>5tly ) a view to asc]ta9 ! probability ( ! corn rip5+ well 7,fe/us1 p4 #bhe1 quot+ ,ateius ,capito74 ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #ij1 & ! ref]5ces !re giv52 also ,cic4 de ,legibus1 ii4 #bj2 ,fe/4 #cgi2 & ,wiss[a 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 p4 #bcbh4 #fja ,see above1 p4 #ajb4 #fjb ,see ,dr4 ,jevons' acc\nt 9 ,g>dn] & ,jevons1 ,manual ( ,greek ,antiquities1 *4 vii4 #fjc ,b\*e-,lecl]cq 9 ! introduction to 8 fir/ volume 7p4 #c7 expresses a diff]5t op9ion4 ,he ?9ks t ! b5efit conf]r$ by div9ation 9 ! conduct ( life 0 ! mo/ valuable "p ( religion4 ,) ?is ,i entirely disagree4 #fjd ,cic4 de ,div9atione1 ii4 #ea4 #fje ,see ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 iv4 #aai foll4 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ essay1 ,de antiquorum daemonismo1 by ,j4 ,tamburn9o 7,giess51 #aiji71 ! only g5u9e ,roman evid5ce adduc$ ( possession is ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,octavius1 *4 #bg1 i4e4 x belongs to ! late second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,9 ! s-call$ ,italian oracles !re is no "q ( x3 e4g4 ! lots at ,pra5e/e 7 work$ by a boy 7,cic4 de ,div4 ii4 #hf74 #fjf ,livy i4 #cf2 ,cic4 de ,div4 i4 #ag4 ,x is ,dion4 ,hal4 iii4 #gj :o says t 8 art 0 ,etruscan4 #fjg ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 iv4 #abj4 #fjh ,= ,c>m5ta see ,r4,f4 #afg & #bia foll4 ,= ,=tuna1 ib4 #bbc foll42 cp4 #agj foll4 #fji ,aug4 de ,civ4 ,dei1 iv4 #aa2 he uses ! plural ,c>m5tes2 see ,r4,f4 z above4 ,virgil1 ,a54 viii4 #ccf4 #faj ,z sup]/itiosi vates 9 ! passage ( ,ennius quot$ bel[4 ,9 8 imag9>y ius div9um ,cic]o uses ! ^w = fatidici au?oris$ by ! ,/ate 7de ,legg4 ii4 #bj74 ,he is p]haps ?9k+ ( ! h>uspices4 #faa ,ribbeck1 ,fragm4 tragicorum ,romanorum1 p4 #ee4 ,= h>iolus outside ! play-writ]s1 ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #bj4 #ee1 :]e x is comb9$ ) h>uspices1 augures1 vates1 & coniectores 7int]pret]s ( dreams74 ,ad ,att4 viii4 #aa4 #c4 #fab ,cato1 ,r4,r4 *4 #ed2 cp4 ,columella1 i4 #h & xi4 #a4 #fac ,see ,p4 ,regell1 ,de augurum publicorum libris1 p4 #f ,omnia illa auguria quae futur>um r]um aliquid pr$icunt 444 augurum publicorum discipl9ae abrog&a sunt3 aut privati sunt augurii1 aut ,tuscorum discipl9ae4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,h>4 ,resp4 #i4 #ah4 #fad ,cic4 de ,div4 i4 #af4 #bh2 ,val4 ,max4 ii4 #a4 #a4 #fae ,la ,religione nella vita dome/ica1 i4 #aec foll42 #bcb foll4 #faf ,cic4 de ,div4 i4 #af1 #bh4 #fag ,?is fragm5t is pres]v$ 9 ,gellius vii4 #f4 #aj4 ,nigidius may be responsible = _m ( ,pl9y's om5s4 ,regell1 op4 cit4 p4 #h4 #fah ,hor4 ,odes1 iii4 #bg4 #a foll4 #fai ,exactly ! same mis=tune occurr$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,! monks _h abundant opportunity ( obs]vation1 b 7 occupi$ ) o!r matt]s1 & h left beh9d !m no works on natural hi/ory4 #fbj ,see above1 p4 #afi foll4 #fba ,livy vi4 #ab4 #fbb ,see ! fragm5t ( ,ennius' ,annales 9 ,cic4 de ,div4 i4 #ajg4 #fbc ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dej2 ,lex coloniae ,g5etivae1 #ff & #fg4 #fbd ,livy vi4 #da4 #fbe ,see a good acc\nt 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,antiquities1 vol4 i4 #beb & #bee2 & ,wiss[a 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 s4v4 auspicia4 #fbf ,roman ,public ,life1 p4 #afb4 #fbg ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #dea1 note #b2 ,m>q4 #bda4 #fbh ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 i4 #hf4 #fbi ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #dea1 note #g2 ,plut4 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #ii2 ,pl9y1 ,ep4 #d4 #h4 ,plut>* asks :y an augur c nev] be depriv$ ( 8 (fice1 & answ]s t ! secrecy ( 8 art made x impossible4 ,cp4 ,paulus1 #af4 #fcj ,! late/ au?oritative acc\nt ( ! auspicia is 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 s4v41 :]e ! necess>y lit]ature & mat]ial w be f\nd = a /udy ( an extremely complicat$ subject4 #fca ,! te*nical t]m 0 templum m9us1 9 contradi/9ction to ! templum maius1 i4e4 ! space 9 :i* he 0 to look = signs4 ,see ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 iv4 #aig2 ,fe/4 #aeg4 ,! usual place 0 ! arx1 :]e 0 ! auguraculum1 on :i* ! magi/rate tak+ ! auspices pit*$ 8 t5t 7tab]naculum71 look+ to ! ea/1 ) ! nor? z 8 left or lucky side4 ,von ,jh]+1 op4 cit4 p4 #cfd1 makes "s +5i\s use ( ?is proc$ure to support 8 !ory t ! orig9 ( su* in/itutions is to be f\nd 9 ! p]iod ( migration4 #fcb ,t ! division ( ! templum into regiones 0 necess>y only = ! auguria caele/ia1 & n = ! obs]vation ( birds1 is ! conclusion drawn by ,wiss[a 7,r4,k4 #deg1 note #b7 f ! words ( ,cic]o 7de ,legibus1 ii4 #ba7 9 8 ius div9um3 caelique fulgura regionibus ratis temp]anto 7i4e4 ! magi/rates74 #fcc ,cic]o expressly says t ev5 old ,cato compla9$ ( ! neglect ( ! auspicia by ! college3 de ,div4 i4 #ae4 #bh2 above1 9 sec4 #be1 he _h said ! same ?+ ( ! augurs ( 8 own day1 i4e4 includ+ himself4 ,we "k ( a "w on ! auspicia by ,m4 ,messalla1 an augur1 f :i* ,gellius1 xiii4 #ae1 quotes a l5g?y extract 7cp4 *4 #ad74 ,?is man 0 consul 9 #ec ,b4,c42 ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit41 ii4 #dib4 ,j at ! same "t ,appius ,claudius1 ,cic]o's pr$ecessor z gov]nor ( ,cilicia1 wrote libri augurales1 to :i* ,cic]o m ?an once alludes 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,appius3 ad ,fam4 iii4 #i4 #c & #aa4 #d4 ,x is pla9 t ! old augural lore is n[ treat$ only z a curiosity1 ( :i* ! secrecy ne$ no long] be respect$4 #fcd ,p4 ,regell1 ,de augurum publicorum libris1 ^: excell5t little "w has nev] be5 sup]s$$1 ?9ks 7p4 #ai7 t ! libri 7 ! result ( ! neglect ( ! art1 i4e4 t x 0 necess>y to put x 9 writ+1 because o!rwise x w\ld be =gott54 ,tota eius vita1 he says1 l5ta e/ mors4 ,! lore 0 complete ab\t ! "t ( ! decemvirate1 b decreta mu/ h be5 cont9ually add$ 7p4 #bc74 ,! nucleus may be repres5t$ 9 ,cic]o1 de ,legibus1 ii4 #bj4 #ba1 & p]haps exi/$ 9 ,saturnian v]se 7,fe/us1 #bij74 ,! additions 9 ! way ( decree or comm5t w\ld probably range ov] ! f\r? & ?ird c5turies ,b4,c4 l ^? ( ! pontifices4 ,no d\bt ! ,hannibalic w> _h ! effect ( dim9i%+ ! importance ( ! lore1 z ! next lecture %\ld %[4 ,on ! :ole we may put ! great p]iod ( ! college betwe5 ! decemvirate & ! w> ) ,hannibal4 #fce ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 op4 cit4 vol4 iv4 p4 #bje foll42 cp4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #deg4 ,cic]o calls ! augurs int]pretes ,iovis ,optimi maximi 7de ,legibus1 ii4 #bj71 & h]e9 c\ld h>dly h made a mi/ake1 z he 0 himself an augur4 ,z ! great deity 0 ( ,etruscan orig9 9 ?is =m1 ,i %\ld conjecture t ! college took new gr\nd & ga9$ new influ5ce "u ! ,etruscan dyna/y4 #fcf ,cp4 also ,muell]-,deecke1 ,die ,etrusk]1 ii4 #afe foll4 ,our k comes *iefly f ! le>n$ b obscure writ] ,m>tianus ,capella 7ed4 ,eyss5h>dt71 :o wrote "u ! lat] ,empire4 #fcg ,= ^! meet+s see ,cic4 de ,div4 i4 #da4 #ij2 ,regell1 p4 #bc4 ,!y 7 obsolete 9 ,cic]o's "t1 b seem to h /ill exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,scipio ,aemilianus3 ,cic4 ,lael4 #b4 #g4 #fch ,/aatsre*t1 i4 #gc foll42 ,gre5idge1 ,roman ,public ,life1 p4 #agb foll4 #fci ,! be/ acc\nt ( ! con/itutional p[] ( ! augurs is 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encyclopa$ie1 s4v4 augur1 vol4 i4 p4 #bccd foll42 cp4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #deg-h4 #fdj ,de ,legibus1 ii4 #ba4 #fda ,! outw>d =m ( co-optatio 0 /ill pres]v$1 l our election ( a bi%op by a *apt]4 ,cic]o 0 co-opt$ by ,hort5sius aft] nom9ation by two o!r augurs4 ,see 8 int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is 9 8 ,brutus1 *4 i4 ,! survival may be tak5 z ?r[+ light on ! orig9al secrecy & clos5ess ( ! collegium4 #fdb ,= ! leges ,aelia et ,fufia1 cf4 ,gre5idge1 op4 cit4 p4 #agc4 ,! ,/oics ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 7 divid$ on ?is po9t4 ,see bel[1 p4 #cii4 ,9 ! second book ( 8 de ,div9atione1 foll[+ ! ,academic or agno/ic s*ool1 he himself confutes 8 bro!r ,qu9tus' argum5t = div9ation conta9$ 9 ,bk4 ,i4 #fdc ,?is is ! view ( ,?ul91 ,die ,goett] des ,m>tianus ,capella und d] ,bronzeleb] von ,piac5za 7,giess51 #aijf71 p4 #g foll41 & x seems at pres5t to hold ! field3 see ,gruppe1 ,die my?ologis*e ,lit]atur aus d5 ,jahr5 #ahih-aije1 p4 #ccf4 #fdd ,muell]-,deecke1 vol4 ii4 p4 #g foll4 #fde ,see ,deecke's note on p4 #ab ( ,muell]-,deecke1 vol4 ii4 ,x is possibly connect$ ) h>iolus4 #fdf ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dgj1 & ,muell]-,deecke1 vol4 ii4 #afe foll4 #fdg ,see above1 note #ej4 #fdh ,ref]5ces to ,livy w be f\nd 9 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dgc1 note #aa4 ,"o ( ^!1 to ,livy xxvii4 #af4 #ad1 is wor? quot+ z sugge/+ t a h>uspex might give useful advice 9 spite ( 8 art3 ,ho/ia quoque caesa consul5ti 7,fabio7 deos h>uspex1 cav5dum a fraude ho/ili et ab insidiis1 pra$ixit4 #fdi ,!y 7 n sac]dotes publici ,romani1 nor is a collegium m5tion$ till ! reign ( ,claudius3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xi4 #ae4 ,! prop] t]m seems to h be5 ordo1 :i* occurs 9 inscriptions ( ! ,empire3 ,m>q4 p4 #dae4 #fej typo fix$3 #ed3 ,see ! oration ,de h>uspicum responsis 7especially #e4 #i71 ! g5u95ess ( :i* is n[ g5]ally ackn[l$g$4 ,asconius quotes x z ,cic]o's 7ed4 ,cl>k1 p4 #gj73 s also ,qu9tilian1 v4 #aa4 #db4 #fea ,tac4 ,ann4 #aa4 #ae4 #feb ,! h>uspices m5tion$ 9 inscriptions 7above1 note #ef7 7 n ! g5u9e article2 !y 7 ,romans & equites4 ,probably ?is 0 only "o ( ! _m ways ( f9d+ dignity or employm5t = p]sons ( good bir? "u ! ,empire4 #fec ,cod4 ,!od4 xvi4 #aj4 #a 7( ! ye> #cba ,a4,d471 quot$ by ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dge1 note #a4 ,9 ix4 #af4 #c4 #e1 h[ev]1 ! practice ( consult+ su* exp]ts is /rictly prohibit$4 #fed ,! /ory is told 9 ,pr(4 ,dill's ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 ed4 #a1 p4 #da4 ,,lecture ,,xiv ,,! ,,hannibalic ,,w> ,we h notic$ two diff]5t1 if n oppos+1 t5d5cies 9 ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce s9ce ! disappe>ance ( ! k+%ip4 ,fir/1 !re 0 a t5d5cy t[>ds ! reception ( new & m emotional =ms ( wor%ip1 "u ! direction ( ! ,sibyll9e books & _! keep]s2 secondly1 we h se5 h[1 9 ! h&s ( pontifices & augurs1 religi\s practice became gradually s highly =mul>is$ & secul>is$ t ! real religi\s in/9ct is h>dly disc]nible 9 x1 except inde$ 9 ! degrad$ =m ( scruple z to ! exact p]=mance ( ! ritual laid d[n4 ,!re 0 also1 t[>ds ! end ( t p]iod1 a ?ird t5d5cy beg9n+ to %[ itself1 :i* 0 ev5tually to complete ! p>alysis ( ! old religion--a t5d5cy to neglect & despise ! old religi\s =ms4 ,?is ne$ n surprise u1 if we keep 9 m9d two facts3 7#a7 t ,rome is n[ cont9ually 9 close contact ) ,greece & h] life & ?\ght2 7#b7 t x seems to be inevitable 9 we/]n civilisation t a h>d & fa/ sy/em ( religi\s rule %\ld ev5tually ar\se rebellion 9 c]ta9 m9ds4 ,already !re are a few signs t ! regulations ( ! ius div9um are n inv>iably treat$ ) respect4 ,z long ago z #bic ,b4,c4 & ! la/ /ruggle ) ! ,samnites1 we f9d a trace ( ?is neglect or c>elessness4 ,"o ( ! *ick5-keep]s 7pull>ii7 report$ falsely to ! consul ,papirius t ! sacr$ *ick5s _h giv5 good om5 9 _! eat+3 ?is 0 discov]$ by a "y nephew ( ,papirius1 iuv5is ante doctr9am deos sp]n5tem natus1 z ,livy calls him1 & came to ! consul's e>s4 ,papirius' reception ( ! news 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! way 9 :i* a ,roman c\ld comb9e practical common-s5se ) ! =mal respect claim$ by 8 ius div9um2 he decl>$ t ! om5 _h be5 report$ to him z good1 & !re=e populo ,romano ex]cituique egregium auspicium e/4 ,! umpire _h decid$ fav\rably = him1 & !re 0 an end ( ! matt]1 except inde$ t t umpire 0 plac$ 9 ! =efront ( ! battle t ! gods might puni% him !mselves1 & !re ( c\rse he di$4#fee ,a g5]ation lat] we h a case ( f> m pron\nc$ contempt 9 ! famili> /ory ( ,p4 ,claudius ,pul*] & 8 colleague ,junius1 ea* ( :om lo/ a ,roman fleet aft] neglect+ ! w>n+ ( ! pull>ius3 ( ,claudius x is told t he _h ! sacr$ *ick5s ?r[n into ! sea4#fef ,ano!r well-kn[n /ory is t ( ,flam9ius1 ! democrat consul :o1 z we %all le>n directly1 0 defeat$ & kill$ at ,trasim5e aft] leav+ ,rome ) none ( 8 religi\s duties p]=m$4#feg ,! fam\s ,m>cellus ( ?is second ,punic w>1 ?\gh himself an augur optimus1 accord+ to ,cic]o1 decl9$ to act ^u an auspicium ex acum9ibus--electric sp>ks se5 at ! end ( ! soldi]s' spe>s--& 0 accu/om$ to ride 9 8 litt] ) bl9ds drawn1 s t he %\ld n see any evil om54#feh ,assur$ly ! transition f sup]/ition to reason _h its ludicr\s side ev5 9 public life4 ,b x is n ! gradual approa* ( rationalism t is ! subject ( ?is lecture4 ,= ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,flam9ius we h no trace ( x3 t 0 no "t = speculat+1 & x w\ld h be5 dang]\s4 ,! religi\s hi/ory ( ! "t1 z record$ by ,livy1 %[s on ! contr>y t religio 9 ! old s5se ( ! ^w is once m occupy+ ! ,roman m9d--! s5se ( awe 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,unkn[n1 ! s5se ( s9 or ( duties omitt$1 or m]ely a vague s5se ( t]ror t sugge/$ rec\rse to ! sup]natural4 ,no wond]3 = ?\gh ,italy _h be5 invad$ )9 ! memory ( liv+ man1 x 0 n !n invad$ by "o :o _h sworn to 8 fa!r 9 infancy to de/roy ! enemy root & bran*4 ,in/9ctively bo? ,romans & loyal ,italians knew t !y 7 face to face ) a /ruggle = life & dea?4 ,x is h>d = u to realise ! t]ror ( ! situation z x mu/ h be5 9 ^? days ( sl[ communication & d\btful news4 ,x is to ,livy's cr$it t he recognis$ x fully1 & all :o look on hi/ory z some?+ m ?an w>s & battles mu/ be et]nally grateful to him = se>*+ ! records ( ! pontifices = evid5ce ( a p's emotion & ! means tak5 to soo! x4 ,polybius has no?+ to tell u ( ?is b a few g5]alisations1 drawn f 8 own exp]i5ce a c5tury lat]4#fei ,9 all ess5tial attributes ( a ,roman hi/orian ,livy is f> ! bett] ( ! two4 ,i propose to foll[ 8 guidance 9 try+ to ga9 "s k ( ! reviv$ religio ( ! age & ! way 9 :i* x 0 dealt ) by ! au?orities4 ,x is 9 ! w9t] ( #bah-ag1 :5 ,hannibal 0 w9t]+ 9 nor? ,italy aft] 8 victory at ! ,trebbia1 t ,livy fir/ br+s ! matt] be=e u4#ffj ,he uses ! ^w ,i h j n[ & s (t5 us$3 m5's m9ds 7 moti 9 religionem1 & !y report$ _m prodigia :i* 7 uncritically accept$ by ! vulg>4 ,he beg9s ) ,rome1 & "h x is wor? not+ t ^! port5ts issue f ! cr[d$ haunts ( ! m>kets1 ! =um olitorium1 & ! =um bo>ium1 bo? close to ! riv] & ! quays4 ,9 ! latt] place1 = example1 an ox 0 said to h climb$ to ! ?ird /ory ( a h\se1 :5ce x ?rew itself d[n1 t]rifi$ by ! panic ( ! inhabitants--a /ory :i* incid5tally ?r[s light on ! h\s+ ( ! l[] population at ! "t4#ffa ,o!r wond]s 7 ann\nc$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ,italy1#ffb & ! decemviri 7 direct$ to h rec\rse to ! ,sibyll9e books1 except = ! procuratio ( "o miracle1 common 9 a volcanic c\ntry1 ! fall ( pebble-ra94#ffc ,?is _h a procuratio to itself by settl$ cu/om1 ! nov5diale sacrum1#ffd an expiation p>allel ) t :i*1 9 ! religion ( ! family1 foll[$ a bir? or a dea?4 ,= ! re/1 ! :ole city 0 subject$ to lu/ratio1#ffe &1 9 fact1 ! :ole population 0 busy ) ! "w4 ,a lecti/]nium 0 ord]$ = ,iuv5tas1#fff ! deity ( ! "y recruits1 a supplicatio = ,h]cules at "o ( 8 temples1 & five special victims 7 ord]$ = ,g5ius--directions :i* h be5 v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k ( !m z ref]r+ to ! capacity ( ! ,/ate to increase its male population 9 ! face ( milit>y p]il4 ,t ! au?orities 7 look+ ahead is cle> f ! fact next /at$1 t "o ( ! praetors _h to und]take a special v[ if ! ,/ate %\ld survive = t5 ye>s4 ,^! measures1 ord]$ by ! books1 magna ex p>te levav]ant religione animos4 ,un=tunately1 ! wayw>d consul ,flam9ius spoilt _! endeav\rs by wilfully neglect+ 8 religi\s duties at ! ,capitol1 & also at ! ,alban m\nt1 :]e he %\ld h presid$ at ! ,lat9 fe/ival1 & hurry+ secretly to ! seat ( w>1 le/ 8 comm& %\ld be int]f]$ ) by ! ari/ocrats4 ,spr+ came on1 & ) ! imm$iate prospect ( a crisis ! religio broke out afre%4#ffg ,m>vels 7 report$ f ,sicily & ,s>d9ia1 z well z ,italy & ,rome4 ,we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves ) !m1 except s f> z to note t "o1 at lea/1 0 pure inv5tion2 at ,fal]ii1 :]e !re 0 an oracle by lots1#ffh "o tablet fell out ( ! bundle ) ! words writt5 on x1 ,mavors telum suum concutit4 ,! m5tal explanation ( all ?is is lo/ to u2#ffi x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ ! reports really orig9at$ & 7 convey$ to ,rome4 ,t a widely spread religio is really indicat$ we c h>dly d\bt4 ,! /eps tak5 to soo! x1 ! religi\s prescriptions1 are ( m value to u4 ,! ,s5ate receiv$ ! reports1 & ! consul !n introduc$ ! "q ( procuration4 ,besides decree+1 no d\bt ) ! sanction ( ! pontifices1 c]ta9 ord9>y measures1 ! ,s5ate ref]r$ ! matt] to ! decemviri & ! ,sibyll9e books4 ,a fulm51 weigh+ fifty p\nds1 0 aw>d$ to ,jupit]1 & gifts ( silv] to 8 consorts 9 ! ,capitol9e temple4 ,!n foll[ directions :i* %[ t ! religio ( wom5 0 to be p>ticul>ly c>$ =4 ,juno ,reg9a ( ! ,av5t9e 0 to h a tribute collect$ by matrons1 & %e & ! fam\s ,juno ,sospita ( ,lanuvium 7 to h special sacrifices2 & x is probable t ano!r ,juno ,reg9a1 %e ( ,ardea1 0 ! object ( a sacrifice1 :i* ! decemviri !mselves und]took 9 ! =um ( t city4#fgj ,?is prom95ce ( ,juno may be a c\nt]p>t1 ,i ?9k1 to ! special att5tion %[n to ,h]cules & ,g5ius 9 ! previ\s w9t]4#fga ,& x is int]e/+ to notice t ! lib]t9ae 7 direct$ to collect money = _! own goddess ,f]onia4#fgb ,x is evid5t t ,livy1 9 detail+ ^! directions f ! books ( ! pontifices1#fgc took !m 9 ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* !y 7 to be c>ri$ out2 = ! day sacr$ to ,juno ,reg9a ( ! ,av5t9e is ,septemb] #a1 t ( ,f]onia ,novemb] #ac1 & ! la/ in/ruction he m5tions is 9 ,decemb]1 :5 ,saturnus 0 to h a sacrifice & lecti/]nium at 8 own temple 9 ! =um 7prep>$ by s5ators71 & a convivium publicum4 ,?is meant1 we note ) int]e/1 ! ,graecis+ ( ?is old ,roman cult1 :i* n[ took ! =m :i* is s famili> to u ( public rejoic+ by all classes1 includ+ slaves4#fgd ,b long be=e ^! dates ! t]rible disa/] ( ,trasim5e _h =c$ ! ,s5ate1 at ! urg5t p]suasion ( ! dictator ,fabius1 to h rec\rse to ! sacr$ books aga94#fge ,nev] be=e _h !y be5 s frequ5tly consult$2 ! ord9>y piacula ( ! pontifices 7 n ?\ght (2 a consul _h griev\sly brok5 ! pax deorum1 & :at rem$y 0 possible no ,roman au?ority c\ld tell4 ,! prescriptions ( ! books 7 _m & v>i\s2 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( !m is ! fam\s v] sacrum1 an old ,italian cu/om1 already ref]r$ to1 b "h prescrib$ by a ,greek au?ority4 ,?is 0 submitt$ to ! p 9 ,comitia1 & c>ri$ ) qua9t provisions suit$ to protect !m aga9/ any unconsci\s mi/ake 9 c>ry+ out ! v[1 su* z might produce fur!r religio4 ,we w only notice t ?\gh1 accord+ to ! old tradition1 x 0 to ,m>s t ! ,italian /ocks 7 wont 9 "t ( fam9e & di/ress to d$icate ! :ole agricultural produce ( ! ye>1 toge!r ) ! male *ildr5 born t spr+1#fgf 9 ?is crisis x is to ,jupit] t ! v[ is made4 ,x is ! ,roman p only :o "h make ! v[1 & !y make x1 ,i d\bt n1 to t great ,jupit] ( ! ,capitol :o = #cjj ye>s has be5 _! gu>dian1 & 9 ^: temple are kept ! sacr$ books t ord]$ x4#fgg ,b ! au?orities 7 det]m9$ to make n[ a supreme ef=t to /ill ! al>m1 & to re/ore ! p to *e]fulness4 ,!y w5t on to v[ ludi magni1 i4e4 extra games beside ! usual ye>ly ludi ,romani1 at a co/ ( #ccc1ccc & "o-?ird asses1 ?ree be+ ! sacr$ numb]4 ,!n a supplicatio 0 decre$1 :i* 0 att5d$ n only by ! urban population1 b by cr[ds f ! c\ntry1 & = ?ree days ! decemviri sup]9t5d$ a lecti/]nium on a gr& scale1 su* z _h nev] be5 se5 9 ,rome be=e1 9 :i* twelve deities 9 pairs1 ,roman & ,greek indi/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 7 se5 recl9+ on cu%ions4 ,if ,wiss[a int]prets ?is rightly1#fgh z ,i ?9k he does1 x m>ks a turn+-po9t 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,! old di/9ction betwe5 di indigetes & di nov5siles n[ vani%es = good2 ! %[y ,greek ritual is appli$ alike to ,roman & to ,greek deities2 ! ,sibyll9e books h conqu]$ ! ius div9um1 & ! decemviri 9 religi\s matt]s are m tru/$ physicians ?an ! pontifices4 ,! old ,roman ,/ate religion1 :i* we h be5 s long exam9+1 may be said h5ce=w>d to exi/ only 9 ! =m ( dead bones1 :i* ev5 ,augu/us w h>dly be able to make live4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 all _h be5 ord]ly & dignifi$4 ,b aft] ,cannae we beg9 to div9e t ! /ress ( disa/] is tell+ m sev]ely on ! n]v\s fibre ( ! p4 ,two ,ve/als 7 f\nd guilty ( adult]y always a suspici\s ev5t2 9 su* times a wick$ rum\r once spread w\ld h its own way4 ,"o kill$ h]self2 ! o!r 0 buri$ alive at ! ,coll9e gate4 ,a scriba pontificis1 :o _h s$uc$ "o ( !m1 0 beat5 to dea? by ! pontifex maximus4 ,su* a violation ( ! pax deorum 0 itself a prodigium1 & aga9 ! books 7 consult$1 & an embassy 0 s5t to ,delphi ) ,fabius ,pictor z lead]4#fgi ,greece is loom+ ev] l>g] 9 ! eyes ( ! fright5$ ,roman4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is h>dly a/oni%+ to read ( a new 7or almo/ new7 & horrible rite1 9 :i* a ,greek man & woman & a ,gallic man & woman 7slaves1 no d\bt7 7 buri$ alive 9 ! =um bo>ium 9 a hole clos$ by a big /one1 :i* _h already1 says ,livy1 be5 us$ = human victims--m9ime ,romano sacro4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,ve/als1 blood-%$d+ is avoid$1 b ! dea? is all ! m horrible4 ,:at are we to make ( su* b>b>ism8 ,te*nically1 x mu/ h be5 a sacrifice to ,tellus & ! ,manes1 l ! devotio ( ,decius1 & l t also1 x probably _h 9 x a sub/ratum ( magic4#fhj ,z reg>ds ! *oice ( victims x baffles u1 = if we c und]/& ! selection ( a ,gallic pair at a "t :5 ! ,gauls ( ,nor? ,italy 7 tak+ ,hannibal's side1 x is n s easy to see :y ! ,greeks 7 j n[ ! objects ( public animosity4 ,diels has sugge/$ t ,gelo1 son ( ,hi]o ( ,syracuse1 des]t$ ,rome = ,c>?age aft] ,cannae1#fha & want+ a bett] explanation we may accept ?is1 & imag9e1 if we c1 t ! cruel dea? ( a pair ( ,greek slaves ne$ n be tak5 z express+ any g5]al feel+ ( antagonism or hatr$ = ?+s ,greek4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! mo/ a/oni%+ fact 9 ! :ole /ory is ?is--t ! abom9able practice la/$ into ! ,empire2 ,pl9y1 at lea/1 emphatically /ates t 8 own age _h se5 x1 & he>d ! solemn =m ( pray] :i* ! magi/] ( ! qu9decemviri us$ to dictate ov] ! victims4#fhb ,pl9y1 we may note1 also speaks ( ! =um bo>ium z ! sc5e ( ! sacrifice1 :]e also ! fir/ gladiatorial games 7 exhibit$4#fhc ,rome 0 already accu/om$ to see horrors !re4 ,z we h n[ rea*$ ! climax ( ! religi\s panic ( ^! ye>s1 ,i may pause "h = a mom5t to ref] to an int]e/+ matt] :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 my ?ird lecture4 ,at ?is v "t1 if we accept ,wiss[a's conjecture1 ! tw5ty-sev5 puppets ( /raw kn[n z ,argei1 :i* 7 ?r[n ov] ! pons sublicius by ! ,ve/als on ! ides ( ,may1 7 be+ sub/itut$ z surrogates = ! sacrifice by dr[n+ ( ! same numb] ( ,greeks 7,argei72 an atrocity :i* he fancies actually took place some:]e 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! fir/ & second ,punic w>s1 "u ord]s f\nd 9 ! ,sibyll9e books4#fhd ,all s*ol>s "k t !re 7 9 ! f\r regions ( ! old city tw5ty-sev5 7or tw5ty-f\r7 *apels1 sacella1 :i* 7 also call$ ,argei1 & h caus$ great tr\ble to topograph]s & ar*aeologi/s4#fhe ,to complete 8 hypo!sis1 ,wiss[a conjectures t ^! too date f ?is same age1 & 7 di/ribut$ ov] ! city 9 ord] to take away ! miasma caus$ by "s great pe/il5ce or o!r tr\ble1 ( :i*1 ow+ to ! loss ( ,livy's second decade1 we h no in=mation4 ,b nei!r h we a scrap ( in=mation ab\t ! build+ ( ! *apels1 or ! dr[n+ ( ! tw5ty-sev5 ,greeks1 an atrocity s abom9able t ! only way 9 :i* we might conceivably acc\nt = its disappe>ance 9 ! records w\ld be ! hypo!sis ( a conspiracy ( sil5ce1 an impossible ?+ at ,rome4 ,! loss ( ,livy's second decade _c ( itself be an explanation2 su* an ev5t is j :at an epitomator w\ld h seiz$ on1 yet !re is no trace ( x 9 ! surviv+ epitomes1 nor 9 any o!r au?or :o may h _h ,livy be=e him4 ,v>ro knew no?+ ( x1 s f> z we c tell2 :]e he ref]s to ! ,argei he makes no m5tion ( su* an a/oni%+ orig9 ei!r ( puppets or *apels4 ,if !re _h be5 a record 9 ! books ( ! pontifices1 x is impossible to imag9e t he 0 n aw>e ( x4 ,on ! contr>y1 he quotes no (ficial record1 b a l9e ( ,ennius :i* attributes ! orig9 ( ! ,argei to ,numa3#fhf libaque fictores ,argeos et tutulatos4 ,n[ ,ennius 0 born 9 #bcifhg ,b4,c41 & 01 !re=e1 liv+ :5 ! :ole a/oni%+ bus9ess began4 ,h[ does he come to ascribe to ,numa in/itutions :i* 7 to himself exactly z ! build+ ( ! ,=? ,bridge might be to an ,ed9burgh man ( middle age8 ,:y1 too1 if ^! in/itutions 7 ( su* rec5t date1 did ! ,romans ( ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c4 inv5t all sorts ( wild explanations ( !m1 at :i* ,wiss[a v prop]ly sc(fs8 ,x is = him to expla9 :y ^! explanations 7 ne$$4 ,x is inconceivable t 9 a l>ge city1 ) colleges ( prie/s pres]v+ religi\s traditions & =mulae1 all memory ( ! rem>kable orig9 ( sacella & puppets %\ld h s completely vani%$ z to leave room = ! gr[? ( su* a crop ( explanations4 ,^! w be f\nd 9 my ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #aab1 & :oev] reads !m w conclude at once1 ,i am sure1 t ! ,romans knew no?+ at all ab\t ! true hi/ory ( ! ,argei4 ,we may /ill class ?is curi\s c]emony ) "s ( ! primitive magical or quasi-magical rites ( ! anci5t settlem5t4 ,we are n entitl$ to cite x z an example ( ! gr[+ savag]y ( ?is try+ p]iod2 & if x be argu$ t x is an example r ( humanity1 because = ! orig9al victims /raw puppets 7 sub/itut$1 ! answ] is t ev5 if we 7 to grant ! human sacrifice1 ! surrogation ( puppets is a mo/ unlikely ?+ to h happ5$4#fhh ,x is a r>e practice2 ,wiss[a himself judici\sly rejects x z an explanation ( su* objects z oscilla & maniae4 ,y _c adopt x :5 y *oose1 to expla9 a difficulty1 & !n reject x :5 y *oose4 ,:y1 "o may ask1 0 ?is humane me?od n appli$ also to ! two pairs ( ,gauls & ,greeks j m5tion$8 ,b ,i ne$ n pursue ! subject fur!r2 we may be satisfi$ to reflect t f an an?ropological po9t ( view ! ,argei ne$ nev] h be5 any?+ m ?an puppets4#fhi ,b to return to ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! w>4 ,x w\ld seem t ! extraord9>y s]ies ( p]=mances ord]$ dur+ ! depression & despair t foll[$ ,cannae _h succe$$ = ! "t 9 quiet+ ! religio4 ,fabius ,pictor too _h return$ f ,delphi1#fij & br\ght home 9 :at seems to be hexamet] v]se in/ructions z to ! wor%ip ( c]ta9 deities1 ) injunctions to ! ,romans to s5d gifts to ! ,py?ian ,apollo if prosp]ity %\ld return to !m1 & end+ ) ! significant words1 lasciviam 7disord]ly excitem5t7 a vobis prohibete1 :i* may be int]pret$ z keep quiet1 & d n get into a religi\s panic4 ,! hexamet]s 7 ,greek1 b 7 translat$ = ! b5efit ( ! p2 & ,fabius publicly told h[ he _h himself obey$ ! voice ( ! oracle by sacrific+ to ! deities x nam$1 & _h worn ! wrea?1 ! sign t he 0 accompli%+ religi\s "w1 dur+ ! :ole ( 8 j\rney home4 ,?is wrea? he n[ deposit$ on ! alt> ( ,apollo4 ,?is 0 9 #baf1 & x is rem>kable t we he> ( no new outbreak ( prodigia1 ! normal symptom ( religio1 till ! next ye>4 ,!n we h a li/2 z ,livy says1#fia simplices et religiosi hom9es 7 ready ) !m at any "t4 ,a panic arose 9 ,rome1 n /rictly ( a religi\s k9d1 :i* %[s ! n]v\sness ( ! population2 a rum\r w5t ab\t t an army _h be5 se5 on ! ,janiculum1 b m5 :o 7 on ! spot refut$ x4 ,9 ?is case ! ,sibyll9e books 7 n consult$1 b ,etruscan h>uspices 7 call$ 91 :o simply ord]$ a supplicatio ( ! new k9d1 at ! pulv9>ia4 ,?is is ! fir/1 or almo/ ! fir/ in/ance ( ^! exp]ts be+ consult$2 e>li] /atem5ts ( ! k9d are probably apocryphal1 z ,i po9t$ out 9 ! la/ lecture4 ,x is n cle> :y ! au?orities _h rec\rse to !m at ?is mom5t2 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! old rem$ies ev5 ( ! ,sibyll9e books & _! keep]s 7 gett+ /ale1 & t :ile x 0 ?\ght undesirable to excite ! p by new rites1 x 0 felt t ! famili> ones might ga9 "s new pre/ige by be+ recomm5d$ by new exp]ts4 ,! old prescription1 giv5 by a new physician1 may ga9 9 au?ority4 ,! next ye> aga91 #bac1 br\ght ano!r crop ( prodigia1 b ,livy dismisses !m ) ! simple words1 ,8 procuratis ex decreto pontificum4#fib ,x is reasonable to suppose t a reaction 0 tak+ place 9 ! m9ds ( ! s5ators & pontifices1 & t !y 7 det]m9$ to take z little notice z possible ( di/urb+ symptoms1 rely+ on ! pre/ige ( ! ,delphic oracle1 & act+ on its advice to suppress lascivia4 ,b 9 ?is same ye> ! lascivia broke out aga9 ) unprec$5t$ =ce4 ,! cause 0 n only1 z ,livy expla9s x1 ! dre>y cont9uance ( ! w> ) v>y+ success2 if we read betwe5 ! l9es we may guess t ! break-up ( family life occasion$ by ! dea?s ( s _m heads ( h\ses & _! sons1 _h op5$ ! way = fem99e excitem5t & = ! introduction ( ext]nal rites su* z an old ,roman pat]familias w\ld no m h tol]at$ ?an ! pontifices !mselves4 ,tanta religio1 says ,livy1#fic et ea magna ex p>te ext]na1 civitatem incessit1 ut aut hom9es1 aut dii rep5te alii vid]5tur facti2 x seem$ z if ! old religi\s sy/em1 9 spite ( all its highly =malis$ app>atus ( expiation1 0 be+ delib]ately set aside4 ,nec iam 9 secreto modo atque intra p>ietes abolebantur ,romani ritus3 s$ 9 publico etiam ac =o ,capitolioque 7?is is ! h>de/ cut ( all7 muli]um turba erat1 nec sacrificantium nec precantium deos patrio m4 ,to und]/& su* an amaz+ religi\s rebellion aga9/ ! ius div9um we mu/ rememb] t #hj1jjj m5 _h fall5 at ,cannae1 besides great numb]s 9 ! two previ\s ye>s1 & t !re=e ! real effective human support ( t ius _h 9 great "p giv5 way4 ,private prie/s & prophets1 v]m9 to be f\nd all ov] ! ,graeco-,roman _w1 _h captur$ = ga9 ! m9ds ( helpless wom51 & ( ! ru9$ & despair+ population ( ! c\ntry n[ flock+ into ,rome4 ,! a$iles & triumviri capitales1 responsible = ! ord] ( ! city1 c\ld d no?+2 ! ,s5ate _h to commission ! praetor urbanus to rid ! p ( ^! religiones4 ,:5 9 ^? days ! ,s5ate & magi/rates took su* a matt] 9 h&1 fur!r rebellion 0 impossible4 ,all we are told is t ! praetor issu$ an edict ord]+ t all :o possess$ private =ms ( prophecy or pray]1 or rules ( sacrifice1 %\ld br+ !m to him be=e ! kal5ds ( ,april next2 & t no "o %\ld sacrifice 9 public ) any /range or =eign rite4 ,i d n "k t ! wond]ful good s5se ( ?is decree has ev] be5 comm5t$ on4 ,to take viol5t or cruel measures w\ld h be5 dang]\s 9 ! extreme at su* a psy*ological mom5t4 ,livy tells ?is /ory at ! v end ( ! ye> #bac1 & ! kal5ds ( ,april ref]r$ to mu/ be ^? ( ! next ye>2 !re 01 !re=e1 pl5ty ( "t to obey ! ord]1 & 9 ! meantime ! excitem5t might subside ( itself4 ,! mis*ief 0 n absolutely & sudd5ly /opp$2 9 private h\ses ! new rites 7 all[$ to g on1--a policy adh]$ to 9 "t to come1--b ! ius div9um ( ! ,roman ,/ate1 ! public wor%ip ( ! ,roman deities1 mu/ n be tamp]$ )4 ,?is wise policy seems to h succe$$ = ! "t2 = ev5 aft] ! capture ( ,t>5tum by ,hannibal1 & ! prospect ( an attack 9 t direction f ,mac$onia1 we d n he> ( any r5ew$ outbreak4 ,prodigia are report$ z usual1 b ! rem$y ?\ght suffici5t is only a s+le day's supplicatio & a sacrum nov5diale4 ,! consuls1 h[ev]1 9 ! true ,roman _s1 devot$ !mselves = sev]al days to religi\s duties be=e leav+ ,rome = _! comm&s4 ,?is 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #bab4 ,b aft] ! ,lat9 fe/ival at ! end ( ,april we he> ( a new religio1 & a v curi\s "o4#fid ,x looks z ?\gh c]ta9 ,lat9 oracles1 writt5 9 ,saturnian v]se1 & attribut$ to an apocryphal vates ( ! suspici\s "n ( ,m>cius1 _h got abroad 9 ! panic ( ! previ\s ye>1 & _h be5 confiscat$ by ! praetor urbanus *>g$1 z we saw1 ) ! suppression ( religi\s mis*ief4 ,he _h h&$ !m on to ! new praetor urbanus ( #bab4 ,"o ( !m prophesi$ ! disa/] ( ,cannae :i* _h already happ5$2 ! o!r gave directions = in/itut+ games 9 hon\r ( ,apollo1 includ+ "o :i* plac$ ! religi\s "p ( ^! ludi 9 ! h&s ( ! decemviri4 ,i /rongly suspect t ! :ole transaction 0 a plan on ! "p ( ! ,s5ate & ! religi\s colleges1 9 ord] to quiet ! m9ds ( ! p by a new religi\s fe/ival 9 hon\r ( a great deity ( ^: pre/ige e "o _h he>d1 = he _h be5 long e/abli%$ 9 ,rome2 he is n[ to take a m wor?y place !re1 to be incorporat$ 9 ! ius div9um 9 a new s5se1 9 gratitude p]haps = 8 rec5t advice giv5 to ,fabius ,pictor at ,delphi4 ,possibly also he is to be reg>d$ "h z ! ,greek deity ( heal+1 ?\gh we d n he> ( any pe/il5ce at ! "t2 b f\r ye>s lat] x 0 9 consequ5ce ( an epidemic t ^! ludi 7 r5ew$ & made p]man5t4 ,! ma9 object ( ! mom5t 0 no d\bt to amuse ! p & occupy _! m9ds4 ,! :ole population took "p 9 ! games1 we>+ wrea?s z p>tak]s 9 a sacr$ rite2 ! matrons 7 n left out2 & e "o kept 8 h\se door op5 & fea/$ be=e ! eyes ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4#fie ,if x be ask$ :y ^! games 9 hon\r ( a ,greek god %\ld h be5 sugge/$ by a ,lat9 oracle1 ! answ] is1 ,i ?9k1 t ! latt] 0 us$ r z a pretext = a pre-conceiv$ plan2 if x be true t ! ,m>cian v]ses _h won "s pre/ige among ! vulg>1 x 0 an adroit /roke to inv5t "o t might be us$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is is ! only way 9 :i* we c satisfactorily acc\nt = ! direction to ! decemviri to und]take ! necess>y sacrifices4 ,! gov]nm5t seizes a *ance ( tak+ ! mat]ial ( religio out ( ! h&s ( ! vulg> & utilis+ x = its own purposes4 ,x 0 clev] too to give ! alleg$ ,lat9 oracles ! sanction ( ! ,graecus ritus2 decemviri ,graeco ritu ho/iis sacra faciant1 says ! oracle4 ,! keep]s consult$ ! sacr$ books z to ! project$ ludi1 & h5ce=w>d1 z x w\ld seem1 ^! ,lat9 oracles 7 plac$ 9 _! keep+ to be add$ to ! ,sibyll9e books 9 ! collection on ! ,capitol4 ,! amalgamation ( ,roman & ,greek religion is complete4 ,if !re 7 any d\bt ( x aft] ! lecti/]nia to ! twelve gods :i* we notic$ j n[1 all su* d\bt is remov$ by ! religi\s ev5ts ( ?is ye> #bab--t fam\s ye> 9 :i* ,hannibal came )9 sight ( ,rome1 & fell away aga91 nev] to return4 ,! /ud5t ( ,roman religi\s hi/ory1 & ( all religi\s psy*ology1 z he foll[s c>efully ! extracts f ! prie/ly records :i* ,livy has embodi$ 9 8 /ory ( ! la/ ye>s ( ! great /ruggle1 w f9d mu* to int]e/ him4 ,ev5 little ?+s h "h _! significance4 ,he w /ill f9d relics ( ! scruple ab\t ! m9utiae ( ! ius div9um to :i* ! ,romans _h become habituat$ "u prie/ly rule--religio 9 t s5se 9 :i* x is lea/ really religi\s4 ,he w f9d a ,flam5 ,dialis resign+ 8 prie/hood because he _h made a blund] 9 putt+ ! exta ( a victim on ! alt>2#fif only too ready1 x may h be51 to take an opportunity ( gett+ free ( ^? num]\s taboos :i* depriv$ ! prie/ ( ,jupit] ( all possibility ( active life4 ,su* a conjecture f9ds support 9 ! curi\s fact t 8 successor 0 a y\? ( su* bad "* t 8 relations induc$ ! pontifex maximus to select him = ! sacr$ po/1 9 hopes t ! re/rictive discipl9e he w\ld h to und]go might improve 8 morals & make him a bett] citiz54#fig ,ab\t ! lat] hi/ory ( ?is y\? ,i may h some?+ to say 9 ! next lecture4 ,aga91 we f9d religio ( ! scrupul\s k9d sadly worry+ ! /\t old w>rior ,m>cellus %ortly be=e 8 dea?#fih3 ,aliae atque aliae obiectae animo religiones t5ebant4 ,"o ( ^! religiones 0 a curi\s "o2 he _h v[$ a temple ( ,honos & ,virtus--two deities toge!r2 & ! pontifices made difficulties1 insi/+ t two deities c\ld n inhabit ! same cella1 = if x %\ld be /ruck by lightn+1 h[ 7 y to tell1 9 conduct+ ! procuratio1 to :i* ( !m to sacrifice8 ,! difficulty 0 solv$ by build+ two temples4 ,su* qua9tnesses ( ! old type ( religi\s idea are ?us /ill f\nd1 b !y are becom+ m]e survivals4 ,! prodigia cont9ue1 & occasionally1 z a new crisis 9 ! w> 0 kn[n to be approa*+1 became exac]bat$4 ,9 #bjh1 j be=e ! old consul ,m>cellus left ! city to meet 8 dea?1 he & 8 colleague 7 t]ribly pe/]$ ) !m1 & c\ld n succe$ 9 _! sacrific+ 7lit>e74 ,= _m days !y fail$ to secure ! pax deorum4#fii ,:5 x 0 kn[n t ,hasdrubal 0 on 8 way f ,spa91 & t ! greate/ p]il ( ! w> 0 approa*+1 special /eps 7 tak5 to make sure ( t pax4#gjj ,! pontifices ord]$ t tw5ty-sev5 maid5s--a numb] ( magical significance bo? 9 ,greece & ,italy#gja--%\ld *ant a c>m5 compos$ by ! poet ,livius ,&ronicus2 & 9 ! elaborate ritual t foll[$1 z ! result ( ! /rik+ ( ! temple ( ,juno on ! ,av5t9e by lightn+1 ! decemviri & h>uspices f ,etruria also _h a %>e4 ,! procession ( ! maid5s1 s++ & danc+ ?r\gh ! city till !y rea*$ ! temple ( ,juno by ! ,clivus ,publicius1 0 a new feature 9 ritual1 & mu/ h be5 a /rik+ "o4 ,d\btless x 0 all a "p ( a delib]ate policy to keep ! wom5 ( ! city 9 good hum\r1 & 9 t\* ) ! religion ( ! ,/ate1 in/ead ( go+ aft] o!r gods1 z !y _h already gone & 7 aga9 to g ) amaz+ & p]il\s f]v\r4 ,= ,juno ,reg9a ( ! ,av5t9e 0 _! special deity2 & 9 ?is case !y 7 au?oris$--all matronae liv+ )9 t5 miles ( ! city--to contribute 9 money to a noble gift to ! temple4 ,hasdrubal 0 defeat$ & kill$ 7#bjg71 & ! dang] pass$ away4 ,!n1 :5 ! news rea*$ ,rome 7if ,livy's acc\nt may be reli$ on71 !re foll[$ su* an outbur/ ( gratitude to ! deities z we h nev] yet met )1 & %all n meet ) aga9 9 ,roman hi/ory4#gjb ,x 0 n only t ! ,/ate ord]$ a supplicatio ( ?ree days ?anksgiv+2 m5 & wom5 alike took advantage ( x to press 9 cr[ds to ! temples1 ! mat]familias ) h] *ildr51 & 9 h] f9e/ robes3 cum omni solutae metu1 p]9de ac si debellatum =et1 deis immortalibus grates ag]5t4 ,i w\ld draw att5tion to ! fact t "h is no m]e fulfilm5t ( a v[1 ( a b>ga91 z "s w h x2 9 ?is mom5t ( real religi\s emotion ! fir/ ?\ght is "o ( ?ankfulness t ! pax deorum is re/or$1 & t ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se1 ?\gh 9 ! humble =m ( ^! dwell]s 9 ,roman temples1 w\ld p]mit ! long-suff]+ p once m to feel !mselves 9 "r relation to him4 ,z we g on ) our /udies 9 ! two c5turies t foll[1 let u be> ?is mom5t 9 m9d2 x w rem9d u t ! religi\s in/9ct nev] entirely dies out 9 ! he>t ( any p4 ,i w\ld fa9 /op at ?is po9t1 & h done ) ! w> & its religi\s tr\bles2 b !re is "o m ev5t :i* _c be omitt$1--! solemn adv5t ( a new deity1 ?is "t nei!r ,greek nor ,italian4 ,aft] ! ,metaurus battle1 ! dread$ ,hannibal yet rema9$ 9 ,italy1 & s long z he 0 !re ! ,romans c\ld "k no security4 ,s f> z religion c\ld help !m e possible means _h be5 us$2 !re seem$ no exp$i5t left4 ,9 #bje a pretext = inspect+ ! ,sibyll9e books 0 f\nd 9 an unusual bur/ ( pebble-ra92 & !re1 z x 0 giv5 out1 an oracle 0 deciph]$1 :i* =etold t ,hannibal w\ld h to leave ,italy if ! ,magna ,mat] ( ,pess9us 7 br\ght to ,rome4#gjc ,9 ^: bra9 ?is idea orig9at$ we d n "k1 b x 0 a brilliant "o4 ,! ea/]n cult 0 :olly unkn[n at ,rome1 0 some?+ entirely new & /range1 a fre% & hopeful prescription = an exhau/$ pati5t4 ,! project 0 seiz$ on ) avidity1 & support$ by ! influ5ce ( ,delphi & ( t /range soldi] my/ic ! great ,scipio4#gjd ,! be/ man 9 ! ,/ate 0 to receive ! goddess1 & :51 aft] _m mon?s1 %e came to ,italy 9 ! =m ( a black /one1 x 0 ,scipio :o 0 *os5 = ! duty4 ,= ,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 _h cons5t$ to let h] g f h] ,phrygian home2 & :5 %e arriv$ at ,o/ia1 ,scipio ) all ! ,roman matrons w5t ?i!r by l&2 alone he bo>d$ ! %ip1 receiv$ ! goddess f h] prie/s1 & c>ri$ h] to l&1 :]e ! noble/ wom5 ( ! ,/ate receiv$ h]1--receiv$ ! black /one1 t is1--& c>ri$ x 9 _! arms 9 turns1 :ile all ,rome p\r$ out to meet h]1 & burn$ inc5se at _! doors z %e pass$ by4 ,& pray+ t %e might ent] will+ly & propiti\sly into ! city1 !y c>ri$ h] into ! temple ( ,victory on ! ,palat9e on ! #d? ( ,april1 h5ce=w>d to be a fe/al day1 ! popul> ,megalesia4 ,?is ,magna ,mat] 0 ! fir/ ,ori5tal deity introduc$ into ,rome1 & ! la/ deity introduc$ by ! ,sibyll9e books4 ,x is probable t no ,roman !n knew mu* ab\t ! real nature ( h] cult & its noisy orgia/ic "* & o!r degrad+ features2 x 0 suffici5t to h f\nd a new prescription1 & once m to h giv5 ! p1 & especially ! wom51 a happy mom5t ( hope & confid5ce4 ,b ! tru? came out soon en\gh2 & ?\gh ! goddess mu/ h h] own prie/s1 x 0 ord]$ by a ,s5atusconsultum t no ,roman %\ld take "p 9 h] s]vice4#gje ,?\gh e/abli%$ 9 ! he>t ( ! city1 & ere long to h h] own temple1 %e 0 to cont9ue a =eign deity outside ! ius div9um4 ,z su* %e belongs to ^? wor%ips ) :i* ,i am n call$ ^u by ! plan ( ^! lectures to deal4 ,hannibal )drew at la/ f ,italy1 & 9 #bjb ! w> came to an end4 ,look+ at ! div9e inhabitants ( ! city 9 t ye>1 we may see 9 !m almo/ z mu* a colluvies nationum z 9 ! human population itself4 ,"u su* circum/ances nei!r ! old ,city-/ate nor its religion c\ld any long] cont9ue to exi/4 ,! decay ( ! "o reflects t ( ! o!r2 ! failure to tru/ ! di indigetes1 ! con/ant desire to try new & =eign manife/ations ( div9e p[]1 7 sure signs t ! ,/ate 0 pass+ into a new phase4 ,9 ! next two c5turies ,rome ga9$ ! _w & lo/ h] own s\l4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xiv #fee ,! /ory is told 9 ,livy x4 #dj & #da1 & mu/ h be5 tak5 by him f ! records ( ! pontifices1 :i* _h almo/ c]ta9ly begun by ?is date 7see above1 p4 #bhc74 ,:ile on ^! *apt]s ! read] may also note ! curi\s v[ ( ?is ,papirius to ,jupit] ,victor at ! end ( *4 xlii42 & ! description ( ! religi\s horrors ( ! ,samnites witness$ by ! army1 & especially ! words resp]sae f&o inf&oque sangu9e arae 7see above1 p4 #aif71 :i* cle>ly indicate a practice abhorr5t to ,romans4 #fef ,val4 ,max4 i4 #e4 #c & #d2 ,cic4 de ,div4 i4 #af4 #bi2 ,livy1 ,epit4 xix4 #feg ,! locus classicus is ,livy xxi4 #fc4 #feh ,cic4 de ,div4 ii4 #cf4 #gg4 ,i f9d an illu/ration ( ?is effect ( lightn+ 9 ,major ,bruce's ,tw5ty ,ye>s 9 ! ,himalaya1 p4 #acj3 ,directly ! ice-axes beg9 to hum 79 a /orm7 !y %\ld be put away4 #fei ,he notices x 9 connection ) ! w> only 9 iii4 #aab4 #f1 aft] ! battle ( ,cannae3 a /rik+ passage1 b ca/ 9 g5]al language4 #ffj ,livy xxi4 #fb foll4 ,wiss[a comm5ts on ?is passage 9 ,r4,k4 p4 #bbc4 #ffa ,see ! au?or's ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #bh foll4 #ffb ,! rule seems to h be5 t no prodigia 7 accept$1 & procurata by ! au?orities1 :i* 7 ann\nc$ f beyond ! ag] ,romanus4 ,see ,momms5 9 ,o4 ,jahn's edition ( ! ,p]io*ae ( ,livy's books1 & ( ,iulius ,obsequ5s1 preface1 p4 xviii4 ,b ?is does n appe> f ! records ( ?is w>2 &1 at any rate1 ! religi\s panic 0 ,italian z well z ,roman4 #ffc ,r$ s& /ill occasionally falls 9 ,italy1 br\ght by a sirocco f ! ,sah>a1 & ?is acc\nts = ! prodigium1 pluit sangu9e1 :i* is (t5 met )4 ,i h a record ( x 9 ! ,daily ,mail ( ,m>* #aa1 #aija4 ,b ! lapides 7 probably ( volcanic orig94 #ffd ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cbh4 #ffe ,?is mu/ h be5 a special p]=mance ( ! ye>ly ,amburbium1 ( :i* unluckily we kn[n h>dly any?+ 7,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #acj74 #fff ,r4,f4 p4 #ef1 :]e un=tunately ! ^w is mispr9t$ ,pub]tas4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #abf1 ?9ks ( ,hebe 9 a ,lat9 =m2 9 8 view x mu/ be a ,greek deity1 be+ br\ght 9 by ! decemviri & ! books4 ,b we %all f9d t ^! beg9 n[ to int]f]e ) ,roman cults1 & 9 su* a crisis we ne$ n wond] at x4 ,wiss[a all[s t we d n "k :]e ?is ,hebe c h come f1 nor1 ,i may add1 :y %e %\ld h come4 ,t !re 0 "s special mean+ 9 ! comb9ation ,juv5tas1 ,h]cules1 ,g5ius ,i feel sure1 & ,i conjecture t x may be f\nd 9 ! urg5t ne$ ( a supply ( iuv5es4 ,h]cules & ,g5ius seem bo? to repres5t ! male pr9ciple ( life 7,r4,f4 #adb foll474 ,juv5tas speaks = h]self1 b we may rememb] t ! tirones sacrific$ to h] on ! day ( ! ,lib]alia 7#ag? ,m>*71 & t ,lib] is almo/ c]ta9ly ano!r =m ( ,g5ius 7,r4,f4 #ee74 #ffg ,livy xxii4 #a4 #ffh ,x is only f ?is passage t we "k ( ! oracle4 ,see ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de div9ation1 iv4 #adf4 ,t ( ,ca]e is m5tion$ 9 ,livy xxi4 #fb4 ,bo? cities 7 ma9ly ,etruscan4 #ffi ,livy xxvii4 #cg betrays "s k ( ! infecti\s nature ( prodigy-report+3 ,sub unius prodigii1 ut fit1 m5tionem1 alia quoque nuntiata4 #fgj ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxxv4 #aae1 :]e ! v]ses are quot$ z inscrib$ on ! pa9t+s 9 h] temple at ,ardea4 ,note t ,juno is "h call$ ! wife ( ,jupit] by a ,greek arti/ f ,asia4 #fga ,= ,juno z ! woman's deity & gu>dian _s1 see above1 p4 #ace4 ,to ref] ?is prom95ce ( ! goddess to h] connection ) ,c>?age & my?ical enmity to ! ,romans1 z we see x 9 ! ,a5eid1 is premature2 we mu/ suppose t ea* ,juno 0 /ill a local deity1 & no g5]al conception 9 ! lat] ,greek s5se is z yet possible4 #fgb ,= ,f]onia1 see ,r4,f4 #beb foll4 #fgc ,! procurationes ord]$ 7 d\btless record$ 9 ! annales maximi4 ,! books ( ! decemviri1 we mu/ suppose1 7 burnt ) ! oracles 9 #ch ,b4,c4 7,diels1 ,sib4 ,blaett]1 p4 #f note74 #fgd ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #agj2 ,m>q4 #ehf foll4 #fge ,livy xxii4 #i-aj4 #fgf ,see above1 p4 #bjd foll42 ,/rabo1 p4 #bej2 ,fe/us1 p4 #ajf4 #fgg ,if x be ask$ :y ,jupit] is "h )\t 8 titles ,optimus ,maximus1 ! answ] is t j bel[1 :]e ludi magni are v[$ to him1 z all su* ludi 71 he is also simply ,jupit]4 #fgh ,r4,k4 #cef4 ,9 8 view ! new amalgam ( twelve gods 0 kn[n z di ,cons5tes1 an expression ( ,v>ro's :i* has be5 mu* discuss$4 ,see ,muell]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #hc2 ,c4,i4,l4 vi4 #ajb2 ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 #aij foll4 ,9 de ,re ,ru/4 i4 #a1 ,v>ro speaks ( twelve dei cons5tes1 urbani1 ^: gild$ /atues /ood 9 ! =um4 #fgi ,livy xxii4 #eg4 #fhj ,see above1 p4 #bjg4 ,orosius' acc\nt ( ?is is wor? read+2 he calls x obligam5tum hoc magicum 7iv4 #ac74 ,he m5tions a ,gallic pair & a ,greek woman1 & dates x 9 #bbf 7#bbg accord+ to ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #bbg74 ,cp4 ,plut4 ,m>cell4 #c4 ,livy's words1 iam ante ho/iis humanis1 m9ime ,romano sacro1 imbutum1 agree ) ?is4 ,!re mu/ h be5 an outbreak ( feel+ & rec\rse to ! ,sibyll9e books 9 ! /ress ( ! ,gallic w>4 #fha ,sib4 ,blaett]1 p4 #hf4 #fhb ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #ab & #ac4 ,plut>*1 l4c41 confirms him4 ,pl9y1 x may be notic$1 is "h writ+ ( spells1 etc41 among :i* he classes ! precatio ( ?is rite4 #fhc ,! fir/ gladiatorial %[ 0 9 #bfd ,b4,c4 7,val4 ,max4 ii4 #d4 #g74 #fhd ,! argum5ts are /at$ fully 9 8 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 #baa foll4 #fhe ,! be/ acc\nt ( ^!1 or r ( ! ,argean it9]>y1 ( :i* fragm5ts are pres]v$ 9 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #de foll41 is /ill t ( ,jordan 9 8 ,roemis*e ,topographie1 ii4 #fjc foll4 ,! extracts seem to be f a record ( directions = ! passage ( a procession r\nd ! sacella 7or sacr>ia1 ,v>ro v4 #dh74 ,?\gh quot+ ^!1 ,v>ro has no?+ to say ( _! orig91 :i* w\ld be /range inde$ if !y 7 ( su* comp>atively late date4 #fhf ,9 ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vii4 #dd4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! l9e is f ,ennius2 x is also quot$ z 8 9 ,fe/us1 p4 #cee4 #fhg ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 vol4 i4 ed4 #c1 p4 #aaj4 #fhh ,"s examples ( sub/itution w be f\nd 9 ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 i4 #dfi4 ,x is ( c\rse a well-kn[n ph5om5on1 b is n[ g5]ally reject$ z an explanation ( oscilla1 maniae1 etc4 7see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cee1 & ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 ii4 #cdd74 ,i "k ( no case ( x on good evid5ce at ,rome1 unless x be "o 9 ! devotio1 ( an effigy = ! soldi]1 7ni moritur1 ,livy viii4 #aj74 #fhi ,see ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #aag1 ) ref]5ces to ,mannh>dt2 ,fraz]1 ,g4,b4 ii4 #bef2 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 v4 #aha4 #fij ,livy xxiii4 #aa4 ,see also ,diels1 ,sib4 ,blaett]1 pp4 #aa & #ib4 #fia ,livy xxiv4 #aj4 #fib ,ib4 xxiv4 #dd4 #fic ,ib4 xxv4 #a4 #fid ,ib4 xxv4 #ab4 ,on ! ,m>cian oracles & _! metre1 see ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de div9ation1 iv4 #abh foll42 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #dfc note #b2 ,diels1 op4 cit4 p4 #g foll4 #fie ,see above1 ,lect4 xi4 p4 #bfb4 ,= ! ,apoll9e games1 ,r4,f4 p4 #agi foll4 #fif ,livy xxvi4 #bc4 #fig ,ib4 xxvii4 #h4 #fih ,ib4 xxvii4 #be2 ,plut4 ,m>cellus1 p4 #bh4 #fii ,ib4 xxvii4 #bc4 #gjj ,ib4 xxvii4 #cg4 #gja ,! idea t ?is numb] 0 *?onic & a monopoly ( ! ,sibyll9e utt]ances 0 />t$ by ,diels1 ,sib4 ,blaett]1 p4 #db foll41 ) imp]fect an?ropological k1 & has l$ ,wiss[a & o!rs into wrong conclusions1 e4g4 z to ! ,argei4 ,see an article criticis+ ,wiss[a 9 ,classical ,rev4 #aijb1 p4 #baa4 ,on ! :ole subject ( ! numb] ?ree & its multiples1 see ,us5]1 ,dreizahl1 9 ,rhe9is*es ,museum = #aijc1 & ,g\dy1 ,tri*otomy 9 ,roman ,law 7,ox=d1 #aiaj71 p4 #e foll4 #gjb ,livy xxvii4 #ea4 ,= gratitude among ,romans1 see above1 p4 #bjb4 ,a gift ( ?anksgiv+ 0 s5t to ,delphi 7,livy xxviii4 #de74 #gjc ,ib4 xxix4 #aj foll4 ,= o!r ref]5ces see ,r4,f4 p4 #fi foll4 #gjd ,ib4 xxix4 #aj4 #gje ,dion4 ,hal4 ii4 #ai2 ,r4,f4 p4 #gj4 ,,lecture ,,xv ,,aft] ,,! ,,hannibalic ,,w> ,! long & deadly /ruggle ) ,hannibal end$ 9 #bja ,b4,c41 & no soon] 0 peace conclud$ ?an ! ,s5ate det]m9$ on w> ) ,mac$on4 ,?is decision is a critical mom5t 9 ,roman hi/ory1 = x initiat$ n only a long p]iod ( advance & ! ev5tual supremacy ( ,rome 9 ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 b also an age ( n>r[ ari/ocratic rule :i* rema9$ unque/ion$ till revolution broke out ) ,tib]ius ,grac*us4 ,b we _c safely d5y t x 0 a j decision4 ,hannibal 0 alive1 & 8 late ally1 ,philip ( ,mac$on1 n[ 9 s9i/] coalition ) ,antio*us ( ,syria1 might be capable ( invad+ exhau/$ ,italy4 ,to h an enemy once m 9 ! p59sula w\ld probably be fatal to ,rome & ,italy1 & "o m ef=t 0 necess>y 9 ord] to av]t su* a calamity2 an ef=t t mu/ be made at once1 :ile ,c>?age lay pro/rate4 ,x is necess>y to grasp fully ! dang] ( ! mom5t if we are to und]/& ! "p play$ by religion 7if ,i may use ! ^w7 9 br++ ab\t ! desir$ result4 ,x 0 mo/ difficult to p]suade a p worn out by "o w> t x 0 ess5tial = _! safety t !y %\ld at once face ano!r4 ,hi/orians naturally look on ! success ( ! ,s5ate 9 ?is task z due to its own pre/ige1 & to ! skilful oratory ( ! ,consul 9 ! spee* to ! p :i* ,livy has reproduc$ 9 8 own admirable rhetoric4 ,b a clos] exam9ation ( ! *apt]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/orian's ?irty-fir/ book w %[ t religion too 0 us$1 9 accordance ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! late w>1 to put pressure on ! vot]s & to inspire _! confid5ce4 ,z we saw 9 ! la/ lecture1 !y _h be5 con/antly *e]$ & brac$ by religi\s exp$i5ts1--_! (t5-recurr+ religio _h be5 soo!d & satisfi$2 n[ ! same means 7 to be us$ positively r ?an negatively1 to help 9 urg+ !m to a def9ite c\rse ( action4 ,"s sixty ye>s lat] ,polybius1 writ+ ( ! extreme religi\sness ( ! ,romans1 express$ 8 conviction t religion 0 inv5t$ = political objects1 & only s]ves z ! means ( bridl+ ! fickle & unreason+ ,demos2 = if x 7 possible to h a ,/ate consi/+ ( wise m5 only1 no su* in/itution w\ld be necess>y4#gjf ,! philosophic hi/orian is "h ?9k+ ma9ly ( ! way 9 :i* religion 0 turn$ to acc\nt by ! ,roman au?orities 9 8 own lifetime4 ,we _c h a bett] illu/ration ( ?is ?an ! ev5ts ( ! ye> #bjj ,b4,c4 ,already1 9 ! autumn ( ! previ\s ye>1 ! gr\nd _h be5 prep>$4 ,to ! plebeian games 9 ,novemb] !re _h be5 add$ a fea/ ( ,jupit] 7,iovis epulum71 z _h be5 done m ?an once dur+ ! late w>4#gjg ,jupit]1 9 ! =m ( 8 image 9 ! ,capitol9e temple1 lay on 8 c\* at ! fea/ ( ! outgo+ plebeian magi/rates1 ) 8 face r$d5$ ) m9ium z at a triumph1 & ,juno & ,m9]va sat ea* on h] sella on ei!r side ( him2 & to give practical po9t to ?is %[1 corn f ,africa 0 di/ribut$ at f\r asses ! modius1 or at mo/ "o qu>t] ( ! normal price4 ,:5 ! new consuls ent]$ on (fice on ! ides ( ! foll[+ ,m>*1 fur!r religi\s /eps 7 at once tak52 ! political atmosph]e 0 *>g$ ) religiosity4 ,on ! fir/ day ( _! (fice ! consuls 7 direct$ by ! ,s5ate1 d\btless ) ! sanction ( ! pontifices1 to sacrifice to su* deities z !y might select1 ) a special pray] = ! success ( ! new w> :i* ,s5ate & p 7! latt] by a clev] anticipation7 are contemplat+4 ,h>uspices f ,etruria _h be5 adroitly procur$1 & no d\bt prim$1 :o report$ t ! gods _h accept$ ?is pray]1 & t ! exam9ation ( ! victims port5d$ ext5sion ( ! ,roman fronti]1 victory1 & triumph4#gjh ,yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 ! p 7 n yet will+2 9 almo/ all ! c5turies1 :5 ! vot+ = ! w> took place1 !y reject$ ! proposal ( ! ,s5ate4 ,!n ! consul ,sulpicius 0 put up to address !m1 & at ! end ( ,livy's v]sion ( 8 spee* we f9d him cl9*+ 8 political argum5ts ) religi\s ones4 ,ite 9 suffragium1 b5e iuvantibus dis1 et quae ,patres c5su]unt1 vos iubete4 ,huius vobis s5t5tiae non consul modo auctor e/1 s$ etiam di immortales2 qui mihi sacrificanti 444 laeta omnia prosp]aque port5d]e4 ,?us adjur$1 ! p yield$2 & z a rew>d1 & to /ifle any religio t might be tr\bl+ !m1 !y are treat$ to a supplicatio ( ?ree days1 includ+ an obsecratio circa omnia pulv9>ia = ! happy result ( ! w>2 & once m1 aft] ! levy 0 ov]1--a heavy tax on ! pati5ce ( ! p1--! consul made v[s ( ludi & a special gift to ,jupit]1 9 case ! ,/ate %\ld be intact & prosp]+ five ye>s f t day4#gji ,exactly ! same religi\s ma*9]y 0 us$ a few ye>s lat] to ga9 ! cons5t ( ! p = a w> ( f> less obvi\s necessity1--t ) ,antio*us ( ,syria4 ,x 0 at once successful4 ,! h>uspices 7 aga9 on ! spot & gave ! same report2 & !n1 solutis religione animis1 ! c5turies sanction$ ! w>4 ,! v[ t foll[$1 ( :i* ,livy gives a mod]nis$ word+1 0 = ludi to la/ t5 cont9u\s days1 & = gifts ( money at all ! pulv9>ia1 :]e n[1 z we ga!r f ^! same *apt]s1 ! images ( ! gods 7 display$ on _! c\*es dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4#gaj ,we may realise 9 acc\nts l ^! h[ f> we h left beh9d u ! old ,roman religion we discuss$ 9 e>li] lectures4 ,t religion did n any long] supply ! mat]ial ne$$2 x 0 n suit$ to be ! h&maid ( a political or milit>y policy2 x 0 a real religion1 n inv5t$ = political purposes1 to use ,polybius' language1 b itself a "p ( ! life ( ! ,/ate1 :e!r active 9 w>1 or law1 or politics4 ,9 ! c]emonies ,i h j be5 describ+ almo/ all ! features are =eign1--! pulv9>ia1 ! h>uspices1 p]haps ev5 ! ,iovis epulum2 & we feel t ?\gh ! religio 9 ! m9ds ( ! p is d\btless a g5u9e ?+1 yet ! means tak5 to soo! x are f> f g5u9e1--!y are mala m$icam5ta1 quack rem$ies4 ,su* is ! me?od by :i* a %rewd1 ma/]ly gov]nm5t compels ! ob$i5ce ( a populus religiosus4 ,aft] long exp]i5ce ( su* me?ods1 c we wond] t ,polybius c\ld =mulate 8 fam\s view ( religion1 or t a great & good ,roman lawy]1 himself pontifex maximus1 c\ld decl>e t political religion /&s q ap>t f ! religion ( ! poets1 or t ( ! philosoph]s1 & mu/ be act$ on1 :e!r true or false8#gaa ,! report+ ( prodigia goes on ) a/oni%+ vig\r 9 ?is p]iod1 & seems to h become endemic4 ,i only m5tion x "h 7= we h _h q en\gh ( x already7 because ! "q arises :e!r x is n[ us$ ma9ly = political purposes1 or to annoy a p]sonal rival or enemy4 ,?is does n appe> cle>ly f ,livy's acc\nts1 b 9 an age ( p]sonal & political rivalries1 z ?is und\bt$ly 01 x c h>dly h be5 o!rwise4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! int]e/s ( ! ,/ate 7 griev\sly int]f]$ ) 9 ?is way4 ,! consuls at ?is "t1 & until #aec ,b4,c41 did n ent] on (fice until ,m>* #ae1 & !y %\ld h be5 ready to />t = _! milit>y duties z soon z ! levies _h be5 complet$2 in/ead ( :i*1 !y 7 con/antly delay$ by ! duty ( expiat+ ^! m>vels4 ,9 #aii ,flam99us1 ^: appo9tm5t to ! comm& 9 ,mac$onia _h ( c\rse annoy$ ! fri5ds ( ! man he 0 sup]s$+1 0 delay$ 9 ?is way = ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 & yet he is said to h left ,italy at an e>li] date ?an mo/ consuls4#gab ,?us ! *ange to ,janu>y #a = ! beg9n+ ( ! consul> ye>1 :i* took place 9 #aec ,b4,c41 0 an unavoidable political necessity4 ,ev5 ! ,sibyll9e books came to be us$ = p]sonal & political purposes4 ,9 ! ye> #add ! praetor ,m>cius ,rex 0 commission$ to repair ! ,appian & ,ani5sian aqu$ucts & to con/ruct a new "o4 ,! decemviri sacris faciundis1 consult+ ! books1 z x 0 said1 = o!r reasons1 f\nd an oracle =bidd+ ! wat] to be convey$ to ! ,capitol9e hill1 & seem on ?is absurd gr\nd to h be5 able to delay ! necess>y "w4 ,our in=mation is mu* mutilat$1 b ! real explanation seems to be t !re 0 "s p]sonal spite aga9/ ,m>cius1 :o1 h[ev]1 ev5tually complet$ ! "w4#gac ,ne>ly a c5tury lat] a ,sibyll9e oracle1 beyond d\bt inv5t$ = ! purpose1 0 us$ to prev5t ,pompeius f tak+ an army to ,egypt to re/ore ,ptolemy ,auletes to 8 ?rone4 ,b all /ud5ts ( ,roman hi/ory 9 ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c4 are famili> ) su* cases ( ! pro/itution ( religion or religi\s processes1 & ,i h already said en\gh ab\t x 9 ! lecture on div9ation4#gad ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 mean to ass]t t p]sonal & political motives acc\nt = all or ! great] numb] ( prodigia report$4 ,!re is pl5ty ( evid5ce t ! g5u9e old religio c\ld be /irr$ up by real m>vels1 :i* ! gov]nm5t 7 b\nd to expiate 9 ord] to satisfy public feel+4 ,?us 9 #aic ,b4,c4 e>?quakes 7 s frequ5t t ! ,s5ate c\ld n meet1 nor c\ld any public bus9ess be done1 s busy 7 ! consuls ) ! "w ( expiation4 ,at la/ ! ,sibyll9e books 7 consult$ & ! usual religi\s rem$ies appli$2 b ! _s ( ! age is app>5t 9 ! edict ( ! consuls1 prompt$ by ! ,s5ate1 t if f]iae _h be5 decre$ to take place on a c]ta9 day = ! expiation ( an e>?quake1 no fre% e>?quake 0 to be report$ on t same day4#gae ,?is delici\s edict1 unp>allel$ 9 ,roman hi/ory1 caus$ ! grave ,livy to decl>e t ! p mu/ h gr[n tir$1 n only ( ! e>?quakes1 b ( ! f]iae appo9t$ to expiate !m4 ,let u turn to ano!r & m int]e/+ feature ( ?is age1 :i* is pla9ly visible 9 ! sph]e ( religion1 z 9 o!r aspects bo? ( private & public life3 ,i mean ! gr[? ( individualism4 ,m51 & inde$ wom5 also1 z we %all see1 are beg9n+ to feel & to ass]t _! individual importance1 z aga9/ ! /rict rules & traditions1 civil or religi\s1 ( ! life ( ! family & ! ,/ate4 ,?is is a t5d5cy t _h long be5 at "w 9 ,greece1 & is especially m>k$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ! two great e?ical s*ools ( ! po/-,alex&rian p]iod1 ! ,epicureans & ,/oics4 ,! influ5ce ( ,greece on ! ,romans 0 already /rong en\gh to h s[n ! se$s ( individualism 9 ,italy2 b ! t5d5cy 0 at ! same "t a natural result ( enl>g$ exp]i5ce & exp&+ intellig5ce among ! upp] classes4 ,! second c5tury ,b4,c4 %[s u _m prom95t m5 ( /rong individual "*1 :o ass]t !mselves 9 ways to :i* we h n be5 accu/om$ 9 ,roman hi/ory1 e4g4 ,scipio ! eld]1 ,flam99us1 ,cato1 ,aemilius ,paulus & 8 son1 ,scipio ,aemilianus2 & among less] & less hon\rable m5 we see ! t5d5cy 9 ! passionate desire = p]sonal di/9ction 9 ! way ( milit>y comm&s1 triumphs1 & ! giv+ ( exp5sive games4 ,?is is ! age 9 :i* we fir/ he> ( /atues & portrait bu/s ( em95t m52 & magi/rates beg9 to put _! names or types connect$ ) _! families on ! co9s :i* !y issue4#gaf ,9 religion ?is t5d5cy is se5 ma9ly 9 ! attempts ( ! individual1 (t5 successful1 to %ake himself free ( ! re/rictions ( ! old ius div9um4 ,i po9t$ out long ago t x 0 a weak po9t 9 ! old ,roman religion t x did little or no?+ to enc\rage & develop ! individual religi\s in/9ct2 x 0 =malis$ z a religion ( family & ,/ate1 & made no appeal1 z did t ( ! ,jews1 to ! individual's s5se ( "r & wrong4#gag ,! s5se ( s9 0 only pres5t to ! ,roman individual m9d 9 ! =m ( scruple ab\t omissions or mi/akes 9 ! p]=mance ( religi\s duties4 ,?us religion lo/ h] *ance at ,rome z an ag5t 9 ! developm5t ( ! bett] side ( human nature4 ,z an illu/ration ( :at ,i mean ,i may recall :at ,i said 9 an e>ly lecture1 t ! _s ( a dead ,roman 0 n ?\ght ( z def9itely individualis$2 x jo9$ ! :ole mass ( ! ,manes 9 "s dimly conceiv$ abode b5ea? ! e>?2 !re is no s+ul> ( ! ^w ,manes4 ,x is only 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 t we fir/ meet ) memorial tomb/ones to individuals1 l ^? ( ! ,scipios1 & n till ! end ( ! ,republican p]iod t we f9d ! words ,di ,manes repres5t+ 9 any s5se ! _s ( ! individual dep>t$4#gah ,9 practical life ! qu>rel ( ! individual ) ! ius div9um takes ! =m ( prote/ aga9/ ! re/rictions plac$ on ! old sacrific+ prie/hoods1 ^! ( ! ,flam9es & ! ,rex sacrorum1 :o1 unlike ! pontifices & augurs1 7 disqualifi$ f hold+ a secul> magi/racy4#gai ,^! prie/hoods mu/ be fill$ up1 & :5 a vacancy occurr$1 ! pontifex maximus1 :o reta9$ ! p[] ( ! ,rex 9 ?is sph]e1 z a k9d ( pat]familias ( ! :ole ,/ate1 select$ ! p]sons1 & c\ld compel !m to s]ve ev5 if !y 7 unwill+4 ,b ! int]e/s ( public life are n[ f> m attractive ?an ! duties ( ! cults1--! individual wi%es to ass]t himself :]e 8 self-ass]tion w be not$ & appreciat$4 ,^! attempts at emancipation f ! ius div9um 7 n at fir/ successful4 ,9 #bdb a flam5 ( ,m>s 0 elect$ consul2 he hop$ to be 9 jo9t comm& ) 8 colleague ,lutatius ( ! naval campaign aga9/ ,c>?age4 ,b ! ius div9um =bade him to leave ,italy1 & ! pontifex maximus inexorably en=c$ x4#gbj ,( ?is qu>rel we h no details2 b 9 #aij a simil> case is record$ 9 full4 ,a flam5 ,quir9alis1 elect$ praetor1 :o _h ,s>d9ia assign$ him z 8 prov9ce1 0 /opp$ by ! ius div9um adm9i/]$ by ano!r inexorable pontifex maximus2 & x 0 only aft] a long /ruggle1 9 :i* ,s5ate1 tribunes1 & p all took "p1 t he 0 =c$ to submit4 ,s great 0 8 wra? t he 0 ) difficulty p]suad$ n to resign 8 praetor%ip4#gba ,naturally x became difficult to fill ^! prie/hoods1 = x 0 invidi\s to compel "y m5 ( any promise to commit :at 0 practically political suicide4 ,! (fice ( rex sacrorum 0 vacant = two ye>s betwe5 #baj & #bjh2gbb & 9 #ahj ,cornelius ,dolabella1 a duumvir navalis1 on be+ select$ = ?is prie/hood1 absolutely refus$ to obey ! pontifex maximus :5 ord]$ to resign 8 secul> comm&4 ,he 0 f9$ = disob$i5ce1 & appeal$ to ! p2 at ! mom5t :5 x became obvi\s t ! appeal w\ld fail1 he contriv$ to escape by gett+ up an unlucky om54 ,religio inde fuit pontificibus inaugur&i ,dolabellae2 & "h we h ! /range spectacle ( ! ius div9um be+ us$ to defeat its own ends4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s ne$s no comm5t4#gbc ,b ! mo/ extraord9>y /ory ( ?is k9d is t ( a flam5 ( ,jupit]1--a /ory :i* _m ye>s ago ,i told 9 detail 9 ! ,classical ,review4 ,"h ,i may j be all[$ to reproduce x 9 outl9e4 ,9 ! ye> #bji a "y ,c4 ,val]ius ,flaccus1 ! black %eep ( a great family1 0 inaugurat$ aga9/ 8 w z ,flam5 ,dialis by ! pontifex maximus ,p4 ,lic9ius4#gbd ,x 0 )9 ! p[] ( ! head ( ! ,roman religion to use su* compulsion1 b x mu/ h be5 difficult & unusual to d s )\t ! cons5t ( ! victim's relations4 ,9 ?is case1 z ,livy expressly tells u1 x 0 us$ because ! lad 0 ( bad "*1--ob adolesc5tiam neglig5tem luxuriosamque2 & x is pretty pla9 t ! /ep 0 sugge/$ by 8 eld] bro!r & o!r relations1 9 ord] to keep him out ( mis*ief4 ,=1 z we h se51 ! taboos on ?is anci5t prie/hood 7 num]\s & /rict1 & among ! re/rictions laid on its hold] 0 "o :i* =bade him to leave 8 h\se = a s+le night4 ,?us we le>n n only t ?is prie/hood 0 n mu* acc\nt$ ( 9 ^? days1 b also t = ! cura & ca]imonia ( religion a pure m9d 0 no long] ne$$4 ,b x might be utilis$ z a k9d ( p5al settlem5t = a lib]t9e noble2 & x is n impossible t a c5tury & a qu>t] lat] ! attempt to put ! boy ,julius ,caes> into ! same prie/hood1 ?\gh o!rwise repres5t$ by ! hi/orians1 may h _h ! same object4#gbe ,b ! /range ?+ 9 ! case ( ,flaccus is t ?is v cura & ca]imonia1 if ,livy's acc\nt is to be tru/$1 _h su* a :olesome discipl9>y effect1 t ! lib]t9e became a model y\?1 ! admiration ( 8 own & o!r families4 ,rely+ on 8 excell5t "* he ev5 ass]t$ ! anci5t "r ( ?is flam5 to take 8 seat 9 ! ,s5ate1 a "r :i* _h long be5 9 abeyance ob indignitatem flam9um priorum2 & he ev5tually ga9$ 8 po9t1 9 spite ( ob/9ate opposition on ! "p ( a praetor4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 9 #bjj1 ?is same man 0 elect$ curule a$ile4#gbf ,?is 0 cle>ly ! fir/ example ( an attempt to comb9e ! prie/hood ) a magi/racy1 = a difficulty at once arose & 0 solv$ 9 a way = :i* no prec$5t is quot$4 ,among ! taboos on ?is prie/ !re 0 "o =bidd+ him to take an oa?2 yet ! law dem&$ t a magi/rate mu/ take ! usual oa? )9 five days ( ent]+ on (fice4#gbg ,flaccus insi/$ on ass]t+ 8 individuality 9 spite ( ! ius div9um1 & ! ,s5ate & p bo? back$ him up4 ,! ,s5ate decre$ t if he c\ld f9d "s "o to take ! oa? = him1 ! consuls might1 if !y *ose1 approa* ! tribune ) a view to gett+ a reliev+ plebiscitum2 ?is 0 duly obta9$1 & he took ! oa? by proxy4 ,9 8 ye> ( (fice z a$ile we f9d him giv+ exp5sive ludi ,romani2 & 9 #ahd he only miss$ ! praetor%ip by an unlucky accid5t4#gbh ,9 ?is /ory we f9d ! self-ass]tion ( an individual support$ by ,s5ate1 consuls1 & p 9 break+ loose f ! antiquat$ re/rictions ( a bygone age1 & we _c b sympa?ise ) x4 ,b ,roman hi/ory is full ( surprises1 & among ^! ,i "k none m amaz+ ?an ! successful attempt ( ,augu/us two c5turies lat] to revive ?is prie/hood ) all its absurdities4#gbi ,! self-ass]tion ( memb]s ( ! great families aga9/ ! ius div9um 0 inevitable1 & 9 ! in/ances j notic$ ! attitude ( compromise tak5 up by ! gov]nm5t 0 only :at 0 to be expect$ 9 an age ( /ress & *ange & new ideas4 ,b 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ! peace ) ,c>?age ?is gov]nm5t f\nd itself sudd5ly face to face ) :at may be call$ a religi\s rebellion *iefly among ! l[] ord]s1 includ+ wom52 & ! au?orities unhesitat+ly rev]t$ to ! position ( consci5ti\s gu>dians ( ! religi\s sy/em ( ! ,city-/ate4 ,!y began to realise t !y _h be5 hold+ a wolf by ! e>s ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,hannibalic w>2 t !y _h a population to deal ) :i* 0 no long] pure ,roman or ev5 pure ,italian1 & t ev5 ! g5u9e ,romans !mselves 7 liable to be mov$ by new curr5ts ( religi\s feel+4 ,dur+ ! w> !y _h done all t 0 possible to meet ! m5tal z well z ! mat]ial tr\bles ( ?is population1 ev5 to ! l5g? ( introduc+ ! wor%ip1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 ( ! great ,phrygian ,"m ( ! gods4 ,b n[1 9 #ahf1 ! sudd5 outbreak ( ,dionysiac orgies 9 ,italy %[$ !m t all _! rem$ies 7 /ale & insuffici5t1 & t ! wolf 0 gett+ loose 9 _! h&s4 ,dionysus _h long be5 h\s$ at ,rome1 "u ! "n ( ,lib]1 9 t temple ( ,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a :i* 0 discuss$ 9 detail 9 my elev5? lecture4#gcj ,b x is n likely t _m ,romans recognis$ ! id5tity ( ,lib] & ,dionysus1 & x is q c]ta9 t ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,dionysiac ritual 7 entirely unkn[n at ,rome = ?ree c5turies aft] ! f\ndation ( ! temple4 ,t ritual1 z x exi/$ 9 ,greece f ! e>lie/ times1 reta9+ ! ess5tial features :i* x bore 9 its orig9al ,?racian home1#gca has lately be5 ?or\ghly exam9$ & cle>ly exp\nd$ by ,dr4 ,f>nell 9 ! fif? volume ( 8 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 & ! /ud5t ( ! ,roman religi\s hi/ory ( ?is p]iod w\ld d well to /udy c>efully 8 fif? *apt]4 ,9 mo/ ,greek /ates1 z at ,a!ns1 9 spite ( occasional outbreaks1 ! wild] aspects ( ! cult _h n be5 enc\rag$1 b at ,delphi & at ,!bes1 i4e4 on ,p>nassus & ,ci?a]on1 ! m /rik+ ph5om5a ( ! g5u9e ritual are f\nd d[n to a late p]iod4 ,dr4 ,f>nell has summ$ ^! up "u ?ree heads at ! beg9n+ ( 8 acc\nt3 ,! wild & ec/atic en?usiasm t x inspir$1 ! self-ab&onm5t & communion ) ! deity a*iev$ ?r\gh orgia/ic rites & a savage sacram5tal act1 & ! prom95ce ( wom5 9 ! ritual1 :i* 9 accordance ) a c]ta9 psy*ic law made a special appeal to _! temp]am5t4#gcb ,x meant 9 fact exactly t =m ( religi\s ec/asy :i* 0 peculi>ly abhorr5t to ! m9ds ( ! old ,romans1 :o _h built up ! ius div9um ) its sob] ritual & its practical ideas ( ! sup]natural p[]s ar\nd !m4 ,we f\nd no?+ 9 our /udies ( ?is religion to lead u to suppose = an in/ant t x _h any m5tal effect su* z ! transc5d+ ( ! limits ( ! ord9>y consci\sness & ! feel+ ( communion ) ! div9e nature4#gcc ,! ,lat9 language inde$ _h no native words = ! expression ( su* emotions4#gcd ,b x w\ld be a great mi/ake to suppose t !re 0 no soil 9 ,italy1 or ev5 at ,rome1 :]e su* emotional rites might take root4 ,we may believe t ! dignity & sobriety ( ! ,roman "* 0 9 "p at lea/ ! result ( ! discipl9e ( ord]$ religion 9 family & /ate2 b ?is is n to say t ! ,romans 7 nev] capable ( religi\s indiscipl9e1--f> f x4 ,! ,italian rural fe/ival1 !n z n[1 0 lively & indecor\s1 s f> z we c guess f ! few glimpses we get ( x2 & at ,rome ! anci5t fe/ival ( ,anna ,p]5na1 9 :i* wom5 took "p1 0 a sc5e ( revelry z ,ovid describes x1#gce--( danc+1 s++1 & intoxication1 & we ne$ n wond] t x f\nd no place 9 ! anci5t cal5d> ( ! ius div9um4 ,& we h lately _h occasion to notice1 9 ! new ritual in/itut$ "u ! direction ( ! ,sibyll9e books1 & m especially dur+ ! great w>1 cle> indications t ! natural emotions ( wom51 ev5 ( ,roman wom51 _h to be satisfi$ by %[s & processions 9 :i* !y c\ld %>e1 & t ! ideal dignity ( ! ,roman matron _h (t5 giv5 way "u ! t]rible /ress ( public & dome/ic anxiety & p]il4 ,no wond] !n t :5 ,roman armies _h be5 = ye>s 9 ,greece1 & ,greeks 7 flock+ into ,rome 9 l>g] numb]s e ye>1 ! ,dionysiac rites %\ld f9d _! way into ,italy1 & no wond] too t !y %\ld in/antly f9d a cong5ial soil1 exotics ?\gh !y 74 ,! /ory ( ! ,bac*analia is told by ,livy 9 8 be/ mann]1 & :e!r or no x be lit]ally true 9 e p>ticul>1 is full ( life & int]e/4 ,x is ! fa%ion n[ to reject z false :atev] is surpris+2 & ! late/ hi/orian ( ,rome dismisses ,livy's acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ! mis*ief z an int]e/+ romance4#gcf ,=tunately we are n n[ conc]n$ ) ?is romance1 if su* x be2 ,i only propose to dwell on "o or two po9ts m ne>ly conc]n$ ) our subject4 ,fir/1 let u note t ! se$s ( ?is evil crop 7 s[n 9 ,etruria1 ! mo/ dang]\s neighb\r ( ! ,romans f a religi\s po9t ( view2 = x is h>dly too mu* to say t all ,greek influ5ces t filt]$ ?r\gh ,etruria on _! way to ,rome 7 contam9at$ 9 ! process4 ,accord+ to ! /ory1#gcg a common ,greek religi\s quack 7sacrificulus et vates1 z ,livy calls him71 ( ! type held up to scorn by ,plato 9 ! ,republic1#gch came to ,etruria & began to initiate 9 ! rites2 drunk5ness 0 ! result1 & ) dr9k+ came crime & immorality ( all k9ds4 ,f ,etruria ! mis*ief spread to ,rome1 & 0 !re discov]$ accid5tally4 ,accord+ to ! evid5ce giv51 x began ) a small association ( wom51 :o met op5ly 9 ! daytime only ?ree times a ye>4 ,!n x fell "u ! direction ( a prie/ess f ,campania1--,rome's o!r mo/ dang]\s neighb\r 9 reg>d to religion & morals1--:o gave x a s9i/] turn4 ,! meet+s 7 held at night1 & 7 accompani$ n only by ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! old ,?racian ritual1 b1 z 9 ,etruria1 by ! mo/ abom9able wick$ness4 ,x 0 said to h infect$ a l>ge "p ( ! population1 includ+ "y memb]s ( noble families2 = ) ! true mission>y in/9ct1 "y p only 7 admitt$ by ! hi]ophants4 ,we ne$ n necess>ily believe all ?is2 b x is c]ta91 f ! /eps tak5 by ! gov]nm5t1 ab\t :i* !re is no d\bt1 t x is 9 ! ma9 a true acc\nt4 ,! /orm & /ress ( ! long w> ) ,hannibal w\ld be en\gh to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a1 ev5 if !y 7 n 9 keep+ ) well-kn[n psy*ical facts4 ,let u n[ turn = a mom5t to ! attitude ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ?is extraord9>y episode ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! dang] is dealt ) entirely by ! ,s5ate & ! magi/rates2 ! au?orities ( ! ius div9um z su* h no?+ to d ) x4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! age t x is n dealt ) z a matt] ( religion m]ely1 b z a conspiracy--coniuratio4#gci ,?is is ! ^w us$ by ,livy1 & we f9d x also 9 ! docum5t call$ ,s5atusconsultum de ,bac*analibus1 "p ( :i* has mo/ =tunately come d[n to u4 ,?is is ! ^w also us$1 we may note1 ( ! conspiracy ( ,catil9e 9 ! c5tury foll[+1 & x always conveys ! idea ( rebellion aga9/ ! ord] & welf>e ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ?is case x 0 rebellion aga9/ ! :ole body ( ! mos maiorum1 ! ,greek3 e?os ( ! ,city-/ate ( ,rome4 ,= x 0 an attempt to sup]s$e ! anci5t religi\s life ( t ,/ate by ext]na sup]/itio1 prava religio--prava1 because deorum num5 praet5ditur scel]ibus2 & h5ce1 z ,livy expresses x 9 ! admirable spee* put into ! m\? ( ! consul1 ! ,roman gods !mselves felt _! num5 to be contam9at$4#gdj ,all ! spee*es 9 ,livy1 except p]haps ! milit>y ones1 are wor? c>eful /udy by ^? :o w\ld ent] into ! ,roman _s z conceiv$ by an ,augu/an writ]2 & ?is is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( !m4 ,la/ly1 let u note ! /eps tak5 by ! gov]nm5t 9 ?is em]g5cy4 ,x is treat$ z a matt] ( police1 bo? 9 ,rome & ,italy2 ! guilty are s\ght out & puni%$ z conspirators aga9/ ! ,/ate1 & a prec$5t ( trem5d\s =ce is h]eby e/abli%$ = all future deal+s ) ext]na sup]/itio1 :i* held good ev5 to ! la/ /ruggle ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,:]e =eign rites are believ$ to be dang]\s to ! ,/ate or to morality1 !y mu/ be rigidly suppress$ 9 ! ,roman _w2 :5 !y are h>mless !y may be tol]at$1 or ev51 l ! cult ( ! ,magna ,mat]1 receiv$ into ! sacr$ circle ( ,roman wor%ips4#gda ,b !re is yet ano!r lesson to be le>nt f ! conduct ( ! gov]nm5t at ?is crisis4 ,:o w\ld h suspect$1 :ile read+ ! horrible /ory1 & not+ ! almo/ arbitr>y en]gy ) :i* ! coniuratio 0 /amp$ out1 t ! ,dionysiac rites w\ld ev5 n[ be tol]at$ "u c]ta9 conditions8 ,t ?is 0 s is a fact atte/$ n only by ,livy1 b by ! ,s5atusconsultum itself4#gdb ,! gov]nm5t 0 n[ =c$ to recognise ! fact t !re 7 ,romans = :om ! ius div9um no long] suffic$1 & :o ne$$ a m emotional =m ( religion4 ,if any "o 7s ran 9 effect ! ,s5atusconsultum7 felt consci5ti\sly t he c\ld n :olly r5\nce ! new religion1 he might apply 9 p]son to ! praetor urbanus2 & ! praetor w\ld lay ! matt] be=e a meet+ ( ! ,s5ate1 at :i* n less ?an a hundr$ mu/ be pres5t4 ,! ,s5ate may give leave = ! wor%ip1 provid$ t no m ?an five p]sons be pres5t at x2 & t !re be no common fund = its support1 nor any p]man5t prie/ to preside at x4 ,^! clauses1 says ,au/1#gdc are a concession to ! /rong spiritual curr5t ( feel+ :i* s\ght = some?+ fre%] & bett] to take ! place ( ! old religion ( =ms2 & on ! :ole we may agree ) him4 ,all religi\s revivals are liable to be accompani$ by moral evil1 b !y all express unmi/akably a natural & hon\rable ye>n+ ( ! human _s4 ,n long aft] ?is1 9 #aha1 ! gov]nm5t put its foot d[n firmly on :at seems to h be5 ano!r attempt1 ?\gh 9 ?is case a ludicr\s "o1 to introduce /range religi\s ideas at ,rome4 ,we h ! /ory ( ?is on ! au?ority n only ( ,livy1 b ( ! olde/ ,roman annali/1 ,cassius ,hem9a1 f ^: "w ,pl9y has pres]v$ a fragm5t relat+ to ?is matt]4#gdd ,cassius mu/ almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 alive 9 #aha1 & w\ld rememb] ! ev5t2#gde & ?\gh 8 acc\nt & ,livy's diff] 9 details1 we may take ! /ory z 9 ! ma9 true4 ,a secret>y 7scriba71 :o _h l& on ! ,janiculan hill1 dug up !re a /one c(f9 ) an inscription /at+ t ! k+ ,numa 0 buri$ 9 x4 ,no rema9s ( a body 7 f\nd1 b 9 a squ>e /one casket inside ! c(f9 7 f\nd books writt5 on pap] 7*>ta7 & suppos$ to be writ+s ( ,numa ab\t ! ,py?agorean philosophy4 ,^! writ+s 7 read by _m p1 & ev5tually by a praetor1 :o at once pron\nc$ !m to be subv]sive ( religion4 ,t any?+ suppos$ to emanate f ,numa %\ld h ?is "* 0 ( c\rse impossible2 & x is pla9 t ! writ+s 7 believ$ ev5 at ! "t to be absurd =g]ies1 drawn up ) ! idea ( inve/+ /range doctr9es ) ! au?ority ( ,numa's "n2 = ! leg5d ( a religi\s connection betwe5 ,numa & ,py?agoras mu/ h be5 kn[n at ! "t4 ,! discov]] appeal$ to ! tribunes1 :o ref]r$ ! matt] to ! s5ate2 & ! s5ate au?oris$ ! praetor to burn ! books 9 ! ,comitium1 :i* 0 done 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge assembly4 ,9 a lat] lecture ,i %all h some?+ to say ( ! revival ( ,py?agoreanism 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o1 & ,i ne$ n n[ attempt to expla9 :at su* a revival might mean4 ,all we ne$ to note is t some?+ subv]sive ( ! ,roman religion 0 believ$ to be circulat+ 9 #aha 9 ,roman society "u ! assum$ au?ority ( ,numa's "n1 & t ! s5ate1 w>n$ by rec5t exp]i5ce1 det]m9$ to /amp x out at once4 ,!y seem to h sudd5ly become alive to ! fact t ,greece1 & 9 ?is in/ance ma9ly ,magna ,graecia1 0 s5d+ clev] ag5ts to ,rome = ! propagation ( ideas :i* might make ! p less tractable to au?ority4 ,9 ! /ress ( ! great w>1 inde$ = ye>s aft]w>ds1 !y _h probably nev] _h leisure to reflect on ! inevitable result ( ! writ+s ( a man l ,ennius1 :o 0 n improbably responsible = ! propagation ( ^! v ,py?agorean notions4#gdf ,n[ a reaction seems to set 9 aga9/ ! fl[+ tide ( admiration = ev]y?+ ,greek2#gdg b x 0 too late to arre/ ! flood4 ,all t c\ld be hop$ = 0 t 9 ! lives & m9ds ( ! wis] ,romans ! new ,greek civilisation might s leav5 ! old ,roman ignorance t no p]man5t h>m %\ld be done to ! in/9cts ( virtus & pietas3 & to "s ext5t ?is hope 0 realis$4 ,b = ! masses !re 0 no su* hope4 ,:at ,greek tea*+ rea*$ _! m9ds 0 almo/ :olly t ( ! ludi sc5ici2 & ,i mu/ n[ say a ^w 9 conclusion ab\t ?is un:olesome influ5ce--un:olesome1 t is1 s f> z x affect$ ! old religi\s ideas4 ,i _h occasion1 :5 deal+ ) ,dr4 ,fraz]'s notion t ! ,roman religion admitt$ su* ideas z ! m>riage ( ! gods ) all its natural consequ5ces1#gdh to po9t out t 8 evid5ce 0 almo/ :olly d]iv$ f ! play-writ]s ( ! v p]iod on :i* we are n[ engag$4 ,i said t he seems to be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t !re 0 a popul> idea ( su* a k9d1 :i* ! ,/ate religion did n recognise2 b t x c v easily be expla9$ z ! natural effect ( a deg5]ate ,greek my?ology1 popul>is$ by ,greek dramas adapt$ to ! ,roman /age1 ^u c]ta9 peculi>ities ( ! ,roman !ology1 & especially ! functional comb9ation ( male & female div9e names 9 ,italian invocations ( ! deities4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t playwrights %\ld take advantage ( su* comb9ations to inv5t or translate comic passages to please a ,roman audi5ce1 n[ l>gely consi/+ ( semi-educat$ m5 :o _h lo/ fai? 9 _! own religion1 & a ho/ ( small] p ( mix$ desc5t & nationality4 ,we d n "k en\gh ( ! old] com$ies to be at all sure h[ f> !y _h gone 9 ?is direction1 ?\gh we are c]ta91 to use ! words ( ,zell]1#gdi t x 0 impossible to transplant ,greek poetry to ,roman soil )\t br++ ,greek my?ology ) x2 or1 z ,i %\ld put x1 )\t subord9at+ ! old reasonable idea ( ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se to ! ,greek fancy = clo?+ t ,p[] 9 ! human =m & end[+ x ) human faults & frailties4 ,b ( ! two great lit]>y figures ( ! age we h n[ rea*$1 ,ennius & ,plautus1 we "k beyond all d\bt t !y taught ! ignorant ,roman ( _! day n only to be indiff]5t to 8 deities1 b to laugh at !m4 ,j at ! v "t :5 ! =g$ books ( ,numa 7 be+ burnt 9 ! ,comitium1 ,ennius' fam\s translation ( ! ,sacr$ ,hi/ory ( ,euhem]us 0 becom+ kn[n at ,rome1 9 :i* 0 taught ! doctr9e ( ! human orig9 ( all deities2 & ?\gh we h h>dly a fragm5t left ( ! com$ies ( ,ennius1 we may presume t he w\ld n h hesitat$ = a mom5t to make ! gods ridicul\s on ! /age4 ,x 0 he :o wrote ! celebrat$ l9es 9 8 trag$y ( ,telamo3#gej ego deum g5us esse semp] dixi et dicam caelitum1 s$ eos non cur>e op9or quid agat humanum g5us1 :i* 7z ,i h said else:]e7#gea /rike a direct bl[ at ! efficacy ( sacrifice & pray] by op5ly decl>+ t ! gods did n int]e/ !mselves 9 mank9d4 ,?is is ! same ,epicurean doctr9e aft]w>ds prea*$ by ,lucretius1 & ,i mu/ return to x 9 ! next lecture4 ,at pres5t let u select a c\ple ( specim5s ( ! m explicit evid5ce ( ! extant plays ( ,plautus1 :i* began to be exhibit$ at ,rome j ab\t ! end ( ! w> ) ,hannibal4 ,"h is an example ( ! way 9 :i* ! family relation%ips ( ,greek gods c\ld be made amus+ "u ,roman names4 ,alcesim>*us 9 ! ,ci/ell>ia wi%es to make a /rong assev]ation1 & beg9s3#geb at ita me di deaeque1 sup]i et inf]i et m$ioxumi1 b imm$iately goes on to specify ^! deities m p>ticul>ly by _! names & relation%ips--& gets ! latt] wrong4 ,mela5is corrects him 9 a way :i* 7z ,au/ notes7#gec c\ld only h seem$ comical to a ,roman audi5ce if !y _h already "s acqua9tance ) ! div9e family gossip4 itaque me ,iuno reg9a et ,iovi' supremi filia itaque me ,saturnus eiius patruos--,,me4 eca/or1 pat]4 ,,al4 itaque me ,ops opul5ta1 illius avia--,,me4 immo mat] quidem4 ,p]haps x 0 ! fancy ( ! age = div9e g5ealogy t is "h be+ made fun ( r ?an ! gods !mselves2 b 9 any case ! passage %[s h[ irrecov]ably lo/ 0 ! real imp]sonal "* ( ! old ,roman num51 & h[ impossible x mu/ h be5 9 su* an age to believe t any?+ 0 really to be ga9$ by ! once solemn rites ( ! ius div9um4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable evid5ce is 9 ! ,amphitruo1#ged :]e ,jupit] & ,m]curius are among ! dramatis p]sonae4 ,?is com$y is extremely amus+1 & 0 q capable ( ent]ta9+ ! ,p>isians 9 ! =m giv5 x by ,moli]e2 b = !m x c\ld h>dly h be5 s funny z = ! ,greeks 9 ! age ( ! ,new ,com$y & _! disciples ! ,romans ( ,plautus' day1 :o saw ,zeus & ,h]mes1 ,jupit] & ,m]curius1 br\ght by _! own misdo+s into absurd & degrad+ situations4 ,jupit] p]sonates ,amphitruo1 & s ga9s admission to 8 wife1 ,alkm5e6 ,comm5t is ne$less1 unless we take ! la/ l9e ( ! play z a comm5t3-- ,nunc1 spectatores1 ,iovi' summi causa cl>e plaudite6 ,i d n propose to foll[ fur!r ! d[nfall ( ! old ,roman ideas ab\t ! objects ( wor%ip1 or ! neglect & decay ( ! ius div9um4 ,!y d n fall )9 ! scope ( my subject--! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman p4 ,s long z !re 0 any life 9 ^! ideas & 9 ! cult :i* 0 ! practical expression ( !m1 !y =m$ "p ( t exp]i5ce4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i h suffici5tly prov$ t ! life has gone out ( ! ideas1 & t ! wor%ip has consequ5tly become mean+less4 ,ideas ab\t ! div9e may be discuss$ by philosoph]s z ! ,romans beg9 to read & 9 "s degree to ?9k2 & ! outw>d =ms ( ! cult may be ma9ta9$ 9 su* p>ticul>s z mo/ closely conc]n ! public life ( ! community2 b z a religi\s sy/em express+ human exp]i5ce we h done ) ^! ?+s4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xv #gjf ,polybius vi4 #ef4 #gjg ,livy xxxi4 #d ad f941 cp4 xxv4 #b1 xxvii4 #cf1 etc4 ,= ! ,iovis epulum see ,r4,f4 #baf foll4 & ! ref]5ces !re giv54 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 foll4 #aaa4 #che foll4 ,i am n sure t ,i am "r 9 limit+ ! human p>tak]s ( ! epulum ( ,nov4 #ac to ! plebeian magi/rates4 #gjh ,livy xxxi4 #e4 ,! importance ( ! words prolationem f9ium does n seem to h be5 notic$ by hi/orians4 ,if !y are g5u9e !y indicate an und\bt$ly aggressive attitude4 #gji ,livy xxxi4 #g & #h4 #gaj ,livy xxxvi4 #a4 #gaa ,augu/9e1 ,civ4 ,dei1 iv4 #bg3 ,relatum e/ 9 litt]as doctissimum pontificem ,scaevolam disputasse tria g5]a tradita deorum3 unum a poetis1 alt]um a philosophis1 t]tium a pr9cipibus civitatis4 ,primum g5us nugatorium dicit esse1 quod multa de diis f+antur indigna1 etc4 ,exp$ire igitur falli 9 religione civitates4 #gab ,livy xxxii4 #i1 cp4 #bh4 ,9 connection ) ^! prodigia x may be wor? not+ t 9 xxxii4 #cj we are told t a consul v[$ a temple to ,juno ,sospita1 :o _h 9 h] fam\s seat at ,lanuvium be5 a con/ant c5tre ( m>vel-mong]+4 ,livy xxxiv4 #ec places ! build+ ( ?is temple 9 =o olitorio ?ree ye>s lat]1 if we may read !re ,sospitae in/ead ( ! ,matutae ( ! ,,mss4 ) ,sigonius3 7cp4 ,au/1 de ,a$ibus1 p4 #ba1 & ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #aag74 ,?is int]e/+ deity _h be5 tak5 into ! ,roman wor%ip 9 #cch ,b4,c41 b n mov$ f ,lanuvium1 :i* _h peculi> religi\s relations ) ,rome4 ,see ,my?4 ,lex4 vol4 ii4 p4 #fjh1 :]e ! attributes ( ?is ,juno 9 art are describ$ by ,vogel4 ,! date ( ! temple at ,rome 0 #aid4 ,:e!r ! object ( x 0 to dim9i% ! port5ts at ,lanuvium x is impossible to say1 b judg+ f ! records ( prodigia 9 ,julius ,obsequ5s x _h t effect4 ,i f9d only f\r prodigia report$ f ,lanuvium aft] ?is date4 #gac ,see ! passage 9 ,front9us1 de ,aqu$uctibus1 i4 #g 7,c4 ,h]s*el's edition gives ! read+ ( ! be/ ,,ms471 & ! mutilat$ passage 9 ! new epitomes ( ,livy f\nd by ,gr5fell & ,hunt 9 ,egypt 7,oxyrrhyncus ,papyri1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #aja & #aac74 ,! g5]al be>+ ( ! two passages tak5 toge!r seems to me to be t giv5 9 ! text4 #gad ,cic4 ad ,fam4 i4 #a & #b4 ,a some:at simil> case 9 #aij ,b4,c4 w be f\nd 9 ,livy xxxviii4 #de1 :]e ! oracle =bade a ,roman army to cross ! ,taurus range4 #gae ,livy xxxiv4 #ee4 #gaf ,livy xxxviii4 #ef1 m5tions /atues :i* 7 believ$ to be ^? ( ,scipio ! eld]1 8 bro!r ,lucius1 & ,ennius1 9 ,scipionum monum5to outside ! ,porta ,cap5a1 & ano!r ( ,scipio at ,lit]num1 :]e he _h a villa2 ?is "o ,livy says t he saw himself bl[n d[n by a /orm4 ,on /atues & bu/s at ,rome1 see ,pl9y xxxiv4 #bh foll42 ,mrs4 ,/rong1 ,roman ,sculpture1 p4 #bh foll42 ,cambridge ,companion to ,lat9 ,/udies1 p4 #eej foll42 & = co9s1 p4 #def4 #gag ,see above1 p4 #bdj1 = ! rem>kable exception 9 ! case ( ! eld] ,scipio1 ^: practice :5 9 ,rome 0 to g up to ! ,capitol9e temple be=e daybreak & contemplate ! /atue ( ,jupit]2 ! dogs nev] b>k$ at him1 & ! a$ituus op5$ ! cella ,iovis at 8 summons4 ,i see no good gr\nd = reject+ ?is /ory1 :i* is n likely to h be5 inv5t$4 ,x c be trac$ back to two writ]s1 ,oppius1 ! fri5d ( ,caes>1 & ,julius ,hyg9us1 ! libr>ian ( ,augu/us 7,gell4 vi4 #a4 #a71 & 0 probably bas$ on tradition4 ,livy m5tions x 9 xxvi4 #ai1 & sugge/s t ?is & o!r ways ( ,scipio 7 assum$ to impress ! multitude4 ,! ,roman m9d 0 naturally av]se f su* individualism 9 religion2 b ,scipio 0 beyond d\bt m famili> ?an 8 contempor>ies ) ,greek ideas4 ,9 a *apt] on ,idealism 9 8 little book on ,religion & ,art 9 ,anci5t ,greece1 ,pr(essor ,erne/ ,g>dn] writes3 ,! /atue 7( ,a!ne7 by ,phidias )9 ! ,p>!non (f]$ n m]ely t =m 9 :i* %e w\ld *oose to appe> if %e %[$ h]self to mortal eyes1 b actually %[$ h] =m z if %e _h reveal$ x to ! sculptor4 ,to look ^u su* an image help$ ! wor%ipp] z mu* z--p]haps m ?an--any s]vice or ritual1 to br+ himself into communion ) ! goddess1 & to fit himself1 z a citiz5 ( h] *os5 city1 to c>ry out h] w 9 contribut+ 8 be/ ef=ts to its supremacy 9 politics1 9 lit]ature1 & 9 art4 ,t ,scipio _h "s feel+ ( ?is k9d ne$ n be d\bt$1 ?\gh ! /atue 0 n a great "w ( art l t ( ,phidias4 ,cp4 ,lucretius1 vi4 #ge foll4 #gah ,see bel[1 p4 #chf4 #gai ,m>qu>dt1 #ccb1 & ,momms51 ,/aatsre*t1 i4 ed4 #b1 p4 #dfc foll4 #gbj ,livy1 ,epit4 xix4 #gba ,livy xxxvii4 #ea3 ,religio ad po/remum vicit1 ut dicto audi5s esset flam5 pontifici4 ,"h religio is us$ 9 ! s5se ( obligation to ! ius div9um4 #gbb ,livy xxvii4 #f2 cp4 #cf4 #gbc ,?is /ory is told 9 ,livy xl4 #db4 #gbd ,livy xxvii4 #h4 ,= ! compell+ p[] 7cap]e7 ( ! ,pont4 ,max41 see ,m>q4 #cad4 ,! /ory may h come f ! annals ( ! ,val]ii ,flacci1 & also f ^? ( ! pontifices2 x 0 app>5tly well kn[n1 z ,val]ius ,maximus knew x 7vi4 #i4 #b74 #gbe ,velleius ii4 #dc4 #gbf ,livy xxxi4 #ej4 #gbg ,= ! oa? see ,lex inc]ta rep]ta ,bantiae1 l9es #af & #ag1 9 ,bruns1 ,fontes ,iuris ,romani4 ,! oa? taboo is m5tion$ by ,gellius #aj4 #ae4 #c42 ,fe/us #ajd1 & ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 ,rom4 #aac4 #gbh ,livy xxxii4 #g2 xxxix4 #ci4 #gbi ,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #af4 #gcj ,see above1 p4 #bee4 #gca ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 v4 p4 #he foll4 ,v int]e/+ is ! mod]n survival ( ,dionysiac rites rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,?race by ,mr4 ,dawk9s 7,hell5ic ,j\rnal1 #aijf1 p4 #aia74 #gcb ,f>nell1 op4 cit4 vol4 v4 p4 #aej4 #gcc ,quot$ by ,f>nell1 p4 #aea1 f ,rohde's ,psy*e4 #gcd ,x is possible t sup]/itio may orig9ally h _h "s su* mean+2 see ,w4 ,otto 9 ,ar*iv fu] ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aiji1 p4 #edh foll42 ,mayor's edition ( ,cic4 de ,nat4 ,deorum1 note on ii4 #gb foll4 #gce ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iii4 #ebc foll4 ,see also ,roman ,society 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #bhi4 #gcf ,see ,mr4 ,heitl&'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,roman ,republic1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbi note1 & cp4 ,wiss[a 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a1 ,real-,encycl4 s4v4 ,bac*analia4 #gcg ,livy xxxix4 #h foll4 #gch ,plato1 de ,rep4 #cfd ,b2 cp4 ,laws1 #icc ,d4 #gci ,quae/io de cl&e/9is coniurationibus decreta e/1 ,livy xxxix4 #h2 s also 9 *s4 #ad & #ag4 ,cp4 ,sctm4 de ,bac*analibus1 l9e #ac1 coni\ra 7se74 ,?is docum5t is1 /rictly speak+1 a lett] to ! magi/rates 9 agro ,teurano 9 ,bruttium embody+ ! ord]s ( ! ,s5atus consultum4 ,x w be f\nd 9 ,bruns1 ,fontes ,iuris ,romani1 or 9 ,wordswor?1 ,fragm5ts & ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,lat94 #gdj ,livy xxxix4 #af3 ,omnia1 dis propitiis vol5tibusque1 faciemus1 qui quia suum num5 scel]ibus libid9ibusque contam9>i indigne f]ebant1 etc4 #gda ,momms51 ,/rafre*t1 p4 #efg foll4 #gdb ,livy xxxix4 #ah ad f94 ,sctm4 de ,bac*4 l9es #c foll4 #gdc ,religion d] ,roem]1 p4 #gh4 #gdd ,livy xl4 #bi seems to h put 8 acc\nt toge!r f ,cassius ,hem9a & o!r annali/s1 s f> z we c judge f ! ref]5ce to !m 9 ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xiii4 #hd2 ,val]ius ,antias1 :o simply /at$ t ! writ+s 7 ,py?agorean z well z ,numan1 ,livy rejects z ignorant ( ! *ronological impossibility ( mak+ ! k+ contempor>y ) ! philosoph]4 ,! fragm5t ( ,cassius ,hem9a is quot$ 9 ,pl9y1 sec4 #hf2 ,val4 ,max4 i4 #a1 & ,plut>*1 ,numa #bb1 add no?+ to our k ( ! incid5t4 #gde ,see ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 i4 #bfh2 ,pl9y1 loc4 cit41 calls him vetu/issimus auctor annalium1 b 8 "w 0 lat] ?an ! ,annals or ,orig9es ( ,cato4 #gdf ,ennius came f ,s\? ,italy 7,rudiae 9 ,messapia71 ! home ( ,py?agoreanism4 ,= traces ( x 9 8 works1 see ,reid on ,cic]o1 ,academica priora1 ii4 #ea4 #gdg ,?is is ! view tak5 by ,col91 ,rome et la ,grece1 #bjj-adf ,b4,c41 p4 #bfi foll4 ,?is reaction 0 probably only a "p ( ! g5]al rev]sion to cons]vatism :i* we h be5 notic+ 9 ! action ( ! gov]nm5t 9 religi\s matt]s4 #gdh ,see above1 p4 #adi foll4 #gdi ,quot$ by ,au/1 ,religion d] ,roem]1 p4 #fd4 ,! passage is 9 ,zell]'s ,religion und ,philosophie bei d5 ,roem]n1 a %ort treatise repr9t$ 9 8 ,vortraege und ,abh&lung51 ii4 #ic foll4 #gej ,ribbeck1 ,fragm5ta ,tragicorum ,lat9orum1 p4 #ed4 #gea ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #ccd4 #geb ,ci/ell>ia1 ii4 #a4 #de foll4 #gec ,au/1 op4 cit4 p4 #ff4 #ged ,see ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 vol4 i4 p4 #ge4 ,,lecture ,,xvi ,,greek ,,philosophy ,,& ,,roman ,,religion ,i said at ! end ( ! la/ lecture t ideas ab\t ! ,div9e might be discuss$ at ,rome by philosoph]s1 z ! ,romans began to read & 9 "s degree to ?9k4 ,at ! era we h n[ rea*$1 ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 ?is process actually began1 & ,i propose 9 ?is lecture to deal ) x briefly4 ,b my subject is ! ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce1 & ,i c only f9d room = philosophy s f> z ! philosophy introduc$ at ,rome _h a really religi\s side4 ,ano!r reason =bidd+ me to give mu* space to x is t x 0 at ,rome entirely exotic1 did n spr+ f an indig5\s root 9 ,roman life & ?\ght1 & nev] s]i\sly affect$ ! m9ds ( ! l[] & less educat$ population4 ,& ,i mu/ add t ! types ( ,greek philosophy :i* conc]n u at all h be5 fully & ably dealt )1 ! "o 9 vol4 ii4 ( ,dr4 ,caird's lectures on ?is f\ndation on ,! ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 a "w f :i* ,i h le>nt mu*1 & ! o!r by ,dr4 ,masson 9 8 mo/ in/ructive "w on ! great ,epicurean poet ,lucretius4 ,we h se5 9 ! two la/ lectures t 9 t second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,roman 0 fa/ becom+ religi\sly de/itute--a ca/away )\t consolation1 & )\t ! s5se t he ne$$ x4 ,he 0 de/itute1 fir/1 9 reg>d to 8 idea ( ,god & ( 8 relation to ,god2 = if we take our old def9ition ( religion1 :i* seems to me to be cont9ually useful1 we c h>dly say ( t age t x %[$ any effective desire to be 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,! old idea ( ! manife/ation ( ! ,p[] 9 ! v>i\s num9a _h no long] any relation to ,roman life2 ! k9d ( life 9 :i* x g]m9at$ & grew1 ! life ( agriculture & w>like self-def5ce1 _h pass$ away ) ! gr[? ( ! great city1 ! decay ( ! small f>m]1 & ! ext5sion ( ! empire2 & no new in=m+ & inspir+ pr9ciple _h tak5 its place4 ,secondly1 he 0 de/itute 9 reg>d to 8 s5se ( duty1 :i* _h be5 l>gely dep5d5t on religion1 bo? 9 ! family & 9 ! ,/ate4 ,no new =ce _h come 9 to create & ma9ta9 consci5ce4 ,9 public life1 inde$1 ! religi\s oa? 0 /ill p[]ful1 & cont9u$ to be s1 ?\gh !re are "s signs t its b9d+ =ce 0 less /rong ?an ( yore1 especially 9 ! army4#gee ,b 9 a society s complex z t ( ,rome 9 ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c4 mu* m 0 want$ ?an a bond sanction$ by civil & religi\s law2 !re 0 ne$$ a s5se ( duty to ! family1 ! slave1 ! prov9cials1 ! poor & un=tunate4 ,!re 0 no spr+ ( moral action1 no religi\s consecration ( morality1 no /imulus to moral endeav\r4 ,! individual 0 rapidly develop+1 emancipat+ himself f ! ,/ate & ! gr\p-sy/em ( society2 b he 0 develop+ 9 a wrong direction4 ,! importance ( self1 :5 realis$ 9 high & l[ alike1 0 becom+ self-seek+1 indiff]5ce to all b self4 ,we h n[ to see :e!r philosophy c\ld d any?+ to relieve ?is de/itution ( ! ,romans 9 reg>d bo? to ,god & duty4 ,! fir/ sy/em ( philosophy actually to make its appe>ance at ,rome 0 t ( ,epicurus#gef2 b x spe$ily disappe>$ = ! "t1 & only became popul> 9 ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 & !n 9 its mo/ repulsive =m4 ,x 0 inde$ de/9$ to inspire ! noble/ m9d among all ,roman ?9k]s ) "s ( ! greate/ poetry ev] writt52 b ,i ne$ say little ( x1 = x 0 nev] really a "p ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,?\gh capable ( do+ m5 mu* good 9 a turbul5t & individuali/ic age1 x did n & c\ld n d ?is by e/abli%+ a religi\s sanction = conduct4 ,! ,epicurean gods 7 altoge!r out ( rea* ( ! consci5ce ( ! individual4 ,!y 7 sup]flu\s ev5 = ! atomic !ory on :i* ! :ole sy/em 0 pivot$2#geg & :at ,epicurus himself und]/ood by !m1 or any ( 8 foll[]s d[n to ,lucretius1 is matt] ( subtle & p]plex+ disputation4#geh ,"o po9t is cle>1 t !y _h no int]e/ 9 human be+s2#gei & ! natural inf]5ce w\ld be t human be+s _h no call to wor%ip !m2 yet1 /range to say1 ,epicurus himself took "p 9 wor%ip1 & 9 ! wor%ip ( ! national religion ( 8 native city4 ,philodemus1 ! contempor>y ( ,lucretius1 expressly ass]ts ?is1#gfj & ev5 insi/s t ,epicurism gave a religi\s sanction to morality :i* 0 abs5t 9 ,/oicism4#gfa ,lucretius himself cle>ly ?\ght t wor%ip 0 natural & possible4 ,if y d n cle> y\r m9d ( false notions1 he says1 nec delubra deum placido cum pectore adibis4#gfb ,man might g on ) 8 ance/ral wor%ip1 b entirely )\t fe>1 & z ) placid m9d he took "p 9 ! rites ( 8 fa!rs1 a my/]i\s div9e influ5ce might ent] 8 m9d2 ! images ( a ,zeus1 a ,h]acles1 an ,a!ne1 might pass 9 & impress on him ! aspect & "* ( ea* deity1 & c>ry ) !m sugge/ions ( virtue1 ( c\rage1 ( wise c\nsel 9 difficulty4#gfc ,evid5tly bo? ,epicurus & 8 foll[]s _h felt ! difficulty & ! p]il ( break+ entirely ) ! religi\s habits ( ! mass ( ! p1 & _h consci5ti\sly done _! be/ to reconcile _! own belief ) popul> practice--an attempt :i* has its p>allel 9 ! religi\s speculation ( ! pres5t day4 ,b = ! ,roman foll[] ( ,epicurus1 :olly unus$ to su* subtle ideas z ! passage ( div9e influ5ce into ! m9d by means ( religi\s contemplation1 ?is lame attempt to br+ apa!tic gods into relation ) human life mu/ h be5 q mean+less4 ,cic]o well expresses ! common s5se ( a ,roman at ! v beg9n+ ( 8 treatise on ! ,nature ( ! ,gods4#gfd ,if !y are "r :o d5y t ! gods h any int]e/ 9 human affairs1 :]e is !re room = pietas1 = sanctitas1 = religio8 ,:at1 he adds1 is ! use ( wor%ip1 ( hon\r1 ( pray]8 ,if ^! are simply make-believes1 pietas _c exi/1 & ) x we may almo/ assume t fides & iu/itia1 & ! social virtues g5]ally1 :i* hold society toge!r1 mu/ vani% too4 ,su* criticism is *>act]i/ically ,roman1 & we may take x z repres5t+ accurately ! feel+ ( ! old-fa%ion$ ,roman ( ,cic]o's day1 z well z ( ! ,/oic or ,academic critic ( ,epicurism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! believ+ ,epicurean at ,rome 0 n m likely to accept ! compromise2 he _h done ) 8 own gods & _! wor%ip1 & su* a ficta simulatio 0 n likely to attract him4 ,ev5 ,lucretius1 ^: m9d 0 9 a s5se really religi\s1 does no m 9 ! passage ,i quot$ j n[ ?an allude to actual wor%ip ( ! gods1 & he makes x q cle> t ! tranquillity & happ9ess com+ f contemplation1 & ! puni%m5t t foll[s misdo+1 are bo? purely subjective2 ! gods are n active 9 influ5c+ man's life1 b man influ5ces t life himself by op5+ 8 m9d to ! contemplation ( ! gods4 ,?is passage ( ,lucretius 7vi4 #fh foll47 is1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! ne>e/ approa* to real religion t we f9d 9 ! hi/ory ( ,roman ,epicurism2 yet s f> z we "k x bore no fruit4 ,x seems to me to express a g5u9e feel+1 a religio1 b ! expression is blurr$ by a consci\sness ( inconsi/5cy4 ,! fact is t 9 ! sy/em ( ,epicurus ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se is n a div9e ,p[]1 b a me*anical "o2 ! gods h no?+ to d ) x1 !y _c be active1 _! p]fection is f\nd 9 repose2 !y are an adjunct1 an aft]-?\ght 9 ! sy/em4 ,?us all attempts to reconcile ! ,p[] ) ! popul> religion mu/ inevitably be failures1 & m especially s 9 ! ,roman _w4 ,at be/ ! ,epicurean gods c\ld b set an example ( quietism :i* c\ld n possibly be a =ce = good 9 t active _w ( bus9ess & gov]nm5t4#gfe ,! real =ce ( ,epicurism1 = ! ,roman at lea/1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 0 analog\s to a religi\s =ce1 ?\gh f> inde$ f be+ "o 9 reality--,i mean ! pr(\nd & t\*+ belief 9 ! ,f\nd] himself z a savi\r1 :i* is s famili> to all read]s ( ,lucretius4#gff ,& ! real legacy ( ,lucretius himself to ,roman religion is only indirectly a religi\s "o--,i mean ! :olesome contempt = sup]/itio & all ! bas] side ( religi\s belief & practice1 old & new4#gfg ,if 8 devotion to ! ,ma/] _h be5 root$ m 9 ! love ( goodness & less 9 ! admiration = 8 speculations1 & if 8 contempt = sup]/itio _h be5 less h>%ly dogmatic1 _h he be5 m sympa!tic & g5]\s 9 8 attitude to ! ,italian ideas ( ! div9e--! p[] ( ,lucretius might possibly h be5 /rong & p]man5t4 ,?us = ! ,roman's de/itution 9 reg>d to ,god ,epicurism c\ld f9d no rem$y1 & z a consequ5ce x c\ld provide no religi\s sanction = 8 conduct 9 life4 ,:at p[] x _h ^u conduct z a sy/em ( e?ics is a "q outside ! range ( my subject4 ,no d\bt a c]ta9 type ( m9d1 naturally pure & good1 & apt to retire ^u itself1 might f9d 9 ,epicurism n only no h>m b ev5 positive help2 p]haps ! be/ way to appreciate ?is fact1 too (t5 ov]look$1 is to read ! def5ce ( ! ,epicurean e?ics put into ! m\? ( ,torquatus1 9 ! fir/ book ( ! de ,f9ibus1#gfh by "o :o 0 f> f be+ 9 sympa?y ) ! cre$4 ,b = ! ,roman ( t age1 :5 ideas ( duty & discipl9e 7 los+ /r5g?1 ?is entic+ fai?1 ) pleasure z its summum bonum1 & ) quietism z its ideal ( human life1#gfi c\ld h>dly be a real /imulus to active virtue2 ! ,roman ne$$ brac+1 & ?is 0 n a tonic1 b a s$ative4 ,f> m valuable 9 e way1 & f> bett] suit$ to ! be/ in/9cts ( ! ,roman "*1 0 ! rival cre$ ( ,/oicism1 & ,i mu/ devote ! re/ ( ?is lecture to ! consid]ation ( its religi\s aspect4 ,x 0 mo/ =tunate = ,rome t h] be/ & able/ m5 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 fell into ! h&s1 n ( ,epicureans1 b ( ,/oics--into ! h&s1 too1 ( a s+le ,/oic ( high /&+1 f9e "*1 & good s5se4 ,= de/itute z ! ,roman 0 bo? 9 reg>d to ,god & to ,duty1 he f\nd 9 ,/oicism an explanation ( man's place 9 ! univ]se1--an explanation relat+ him directly to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself !re91 & d]iv+ f t relation a b9d+ pr9ciple ( conduct & duty4 ,?is %\ld make ! religi\s "* ( ,/oicism at once app>5t4 ,x is p]fectly true1 z ! late ,mr4 ,lecky said long ago1#ggj t ,/oicism1 taught by ,panaetius ( ,rhodes1 & soon aft] by ! ,syrian ,posidonius1 became ! true religion ( ! educat$ classes4 ,x furni%$ ! pr9ciples ( virtue1 col\r$ ! noble/ lit]ature ( ! "t1 & guid$ all ! developm5ts ( moral en?usiasm4 ,to ?is ,i only ne$ to add t x woke 9 ! m9d an entirely new idea ( ,deity1 f> transc5d+ t ( ,roman num9a & ( ,greek poly!ism1 & yet n incapable ( be+ reconcil$ ) ^!2 s t x might be tak5 z an inp\r+ ( sudd5 light ^u old conceptions ( ! ,p[]1 glorify+ & transfigur+ !m1 r ?an1 l ! ,epicurean fai?1 a bitt] & contemptu\s negation ( man's inh]it$ religi\s in/9cts4 ,b be=e we g on to consid] ?is illum9ation m closely1 let me say a few words ab\t ,panaetius ! ,/oic mission>y1 & ,scipio ,aemilianus1 8 mo/ fam\s disciple4 ,scipio1 born #ahd1 0 a happy comb9ation ( ! be/ ,roman ari/ocratic "* & ! receptive intellig5ce :i* = a ,roman 0 ! *ief result ( a ,greek lib]al education4 ,he _h be5 educat$ by 8 fam\s fa!r1 ,aemilius ,paulus1 9 a ?or\ghly heal?y way2 he 0 no m]e book-/ud5t1 b a practical c\rage\s ,roman1 ) a solid m5tal f\ndation ( moral rectitude 7pietas7 fix$ firmly 9 ! traditions & in/9cts ( 8 own family4 ,on ?is f\ndation1 z has be5 well said1#gga a sup]/ructure ( intellectual culture might be built securely )\t de/roy+ x1 & ?is 0 exactly :at did take place1 bo? = ,scipio & = t circle ( fri5ds ( 8 :i* has become s fam\s 9 ,roman hi/ory4 ,9 v e>ly life he became ! intimate fri5d ( ,polybius1 ^: acc\nt ( _! fir/ unres]v$ int]c\rse is "o ( ! mo/ delightful passages 9 all anci5t lit]ature2#ggb & f ,polybius he d\btless le>nt to ?9k4 ,he mu/ h le>nt to und]/& ! real nature ( ! ,roman empire1 to appreciate ! =ces :i* _h call$ x into be+1#ggc ! qualities :i* _h pres]v$ x ?r\gh ! fe>ful /ruggle ) ,hannibal1 & ! duty ( a noble ,roman 9 reg>d to x4 ,f ,polybius1 inde$1 x is n likely t he ga9$ mu* light on matt]s ei!r ( religion or morality2 b t /atesman & hi/orian mu/ inevitably h accu/om$ him1 9 ! c\rse ( _! long int]c\rse1 to ?9k m deeply ?an ,roman _h ev] yet ?\ght1 ab\t ! _w 9 :i* he liv$ & 0 to act = _m ye>s ! lead+ "p4 ,?us he 0 well prep>$ = ! fri5d%ip ( a m spiritual guide4 ,panaetius1 :o 0 probably ab\t ! same age z ,scipio1 _h ! advantage1 z a visitor at ,rome1 ( be+ a ,rhodian1 i4e4 a citiz5 ( ! "o ,greek ,/ate :i* _h be5 almo/ cont9u\sly on good t]ms ) ,rome1 & ( great value to h]4 ,he 0 also a scion ( an old & hon\r$ family 9 t city1 & 0 ?us 9 e way a fit fri5d & companion = a great ,roman noble4 ,:5 _! fri5d%ip began we d n "k = c]ta92 b x is a fact t he liv$ = "s two ye>s1 toge!r ) ,polybius1 9 ! h\se ( ,scipio1 & ^! ye>s 7 probably betwe5 #add & #ada ,b4,c41 aft] ,scipio's return f ! conque/ ( ,c>?age4#ggd ,:5 ,scipio 9 #ada 0 commission$ by ! ,s5ate to g & set ?+s 9 ord] 9 ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 he took ,panaetius ) him1#gge & br\ght him home to live ) him aga9 z a gue/1 p]haps until he left = ! ,numant9e w> 9 #acd1 aft] :i* x is n likely t !y met aga9 be=e ,scipio's sudd5 dea? 9 #abi4 ,i am p>ticul> ab\t ! ext5t ( _! intimacy1 because ,i wi% to make x cle> t ?is 0 no ord9>y or fleet+ fri5d%ip betwe5 a commonplace ,greek philosoph] & an av]age ,roman /atesman4 ,bo? /atesman & philosoph] 7 f> above ! usual level ( _! k9d1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ?is long intimacy mu/ h _h full opportunity ( le>n+ f ea* o!r4 ,f ,scipio ,panaetius w\ld le>n ! secrets ( ! ,roman temp]am5t1 & div9e ! "r me?ods ( deal+ ) x1 & ! result ( ?is 0 a happy modification ( ! old rigidity ( ! ,/oic pr9ciples--an adaptation ( !m to ! ,roman "* :i* _h f>-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,f ,panaetius ,scipio & 8 fri5ds w\ld le>n a new & illum9at+ conception ( man's place 9 ! univ]se1 & ( 8 relation to ! ,p[] manife/$ 9 x4 ,to und]/& ! p[] ( ,/oicism on ! m9d ( ^! ,romans & _! intellectual successors1 x is necess>y to h a cle> idea ( ?is illum9ation4 ,hi!rto !re _h be5 no?+ 9 ! religion ( ,rome1 or ( any o!r city-/ate1 to make x inevitable1 reasonable1 t man %\ld wor%ip ! ,p[]1 except tradition & self-int]e/1 involv$ 9 ! tradition & self-int]e/ ( ! family & ! city4 ,! gods belong$1 z we saw1 to family or city z div9e inhabitants1 & if y neglect$ !m !y w\ld %[ _! ang] aga9/ y4 ,orig9ally x 0 religio1 ! feel+ ( awe = some?+ di/9ct f man & unkn[n to him1 :i* =c$ him to propitiate t :i* he might fe>1 b _h no reason1 except ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 to rev]5ce2 & lat] on1 z he came to "k 8 num9a bett]1 to make !m1 s to speak1 8 own1 & to =mulate ! me?ods ( propitiat+ !m1 he gradually came also to take !m = grant$1 & to wor%ip !m z a matt] ( traditional duty4 ,! idea ( con=m+ 8 life to ! w ( any ( ^! num9a w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be absolutely /range to him--! expression w\ld h no mean+ :atev] = him4 ,! help :i* he s\ght f !m 0 n moral help1 b mat]ial4#ggf ,b n[1 :5 ! religio has be5 hypnotis$ & soo!d away1 & :5 ! tradition ( c]emonial obs]vance 0 gr[+ dim & weak1 :5 he is left alone ) 8 fell[-m51 & )\t any b9d+ reason = "r conduct t[>ds !m1 he may le>n f ,/oicism t !re is a ,p[] above & beyond all 8 num9a1 yet involv+ & embrac+ !m all1 to :i*1 & by ! help ( :i*1 z a man end[$ ) reason1 he mu/ con=m 8 life4 ,! !ology held & taught by ,panaetius1 9 common ) all ,/oics at all p]iods1 0 bas$ ^u two lead+ ?\ghts1 9 ! correlation ( :i* lay ! k]nel ( ! ,/oic e?ical sy/em4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?\ghts is ?is3 ! :ole univ]se1 9 all its =ms & manife/ations1 %[s unmi/akably ! "w ( ,reason1 ( ,m9d2 )\t m9d1 reason1 spiritus1 z ,cic]o calls x1#ggg ! univ]se c\ld n exi/4 ,i ne$ n g "h into ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ?is ?\ght2 :at is important = u is to make cle> ! !ological consequ5ces ( x4 ,obvi\sly x 0 natural t ! ,/oic %\ld be l$ on to ! conviction t ?is univ]se end[$ ) ,reason--) a ,reason f> transc5d+ all human capacity--mu/ itself be ,god4 ,! ,/oic argum5ts 9 support ( ?is fur!r /ep are inde$ lame1 z !y inevitably mu/ be2 !y are well set =? at ! beg9n+ ( ,book ii4 ( ,cic]o's "w de ,natura ,deorum 7bas$ ^u "o by ,posidonius1 ! successor & disciple ( ,panaetius71 :]e !y seem to u r cold & =mal4 ,t /ep is inde$ incapable ( be+ made conv9c+ by any syllogism2 x is only :5 we try to ?9k ) ! m9ds ( ^? old ?9k]s1 liv+ 9 a _w ( unmean+ wor%ip1 t we beg9 to realise ! nobility ( a conviction :i* !y tri$ 9 va9 to r$uce to a syllogism4 ,sapi5s a pr9cipio mundus1 et deus hab5dus e/2#ggh ^! words1 :i* s\nd l an article ( a cre$1 suffice = u )\t ! labori\s argum5ts ( ,clean!s & ,*rysippus :i* we may read 9 ! fif? & six? *apt]s ( ,cic]o's book4 ,cic]o has add$ to ^! a *>act]i/ic illu/ration f city life1 :i* ,i may quote z m useful = u4 ,if a man ent]s a h\se or a gymnasium or a =um1 & sees reason1 me?od1 & discipl9e reign+ !re1 he _c suppose t ^! came ab\t )\t a cause1 b p]ceives t !re is someone !re :o rules & is obey$3 h[ mu* m1 :5 he contemplates ! motions & revolutions to be se5 9 ! univ]se 7e4g41 9 ! heav5ly bodies71 mu/ he conclude t !y are all gov]n$ by a consci\s ,m9d6 ,& ?is ,m9d c be no?+ else b ,god4 ,?is s\nds l ! ,deism ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & might be describ$ z natural religion2 b ! ,/oics took yet ano!r /ep1 & develop$ _! ?\ght into ,pan!ism4 ,! idea ( a p]sonal ,deity1 di/9ct f ! univ]se & its ,creator1 0 obnoxi\s to !m2 x w\ld h committ$ !m to a dualism ( ,m9d & ,matt] :i*1 f ! v outset ( _! hi/ory1 !y emphatically repudiat$2 _! conviction 0 ( a ,unity 9 all ?+s1 & to ?is !y consi/5tly held 9 spite ( con/ant & damag+ criticism4 ,! !ological result ( ?is conviction has lately be5 well express$ by ,dr4 ,bussell4#ggi ,he is speak+ ( ,s5eca 9 p>ticul>1 b :at he says applies to all ,/oics equally well3 ,?\gh he ye>ns to see ,god 9 '! moral ord] ( ! ,univ]se1' he is =c$ 9 ! int]e/s ( ,unity to id5tify ,him ) e o!r kn[n =ce4 ,z ,he is ev]y?+1 s any "n w suit ,him4 ,he is ! sum ( exi/5ce3 or ! secret & ab/ract law :i* guides x3 ,he is ,nature or ,fate4 ,! p>tial names ( special deities are all ,81 & toge!r !y make up ! fulness ( ! div9e title2 b !y disappe> 9 ! imm5se no?+ness1 r ?an col\r or qualify x4 ,?is is a po9t ( imm5se importance = ! /udy ( ,/oicism at ,rome2 x 0 fully develop$ by ,posidonius1 & copi$ f him bo? by ,cic]o & ,v>ro4 ,god1 says ,cic]o 9 ! book ,i h be5 quot+1 p]vad+ all nature 7p]t95s p] naturam cuiusque rei71 c be und]/ood z ,c]es on ! l&1 z ,neptune on ! sea1 & s on1 & may be & %\ld be wor%ipp$ 9 all ^! diff]5t =ms2 n 9 sup]/iti\s fe> & grovell+ _s--! m5tal attitude :i* ,lucretius _h condemn$ ye>s be=e ?is treatise 0 writt5--b ) pure he>t & m9d1 foll[+ ! "o & true ,god 9 all 8 v>i\s manife/ations4#ghj ,?us ! ,/oic ,pan!ism1 9 spite ( its weak po9ts1 c\ld f9d room = ! deities ( ! city-/ate1 & put new illum9at+ life into !m4 ,to u x may seem1 z x seems to ,dr4 ,bussell1 t !y w\ld disappe> 9 an imm5se no?+ness2 b to ! ,roman m9d ( ,scipio's age1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 !y might1 on ! contr>y1 save ! great ,pan!i/ic idea f s itself disappe>+4 ,i _c b ?9k t ! ,roman's idea ( div9ity1 ! =ce or w-p[] :i* he call$ num51#gha w\ld f9d "h a means ( reviv+ its =m] hold on ! ,roman m9d1 & enabl+ x to grasp z a concrete fact1 & n m]ely z an ab/ract idea1 ! deus p]t95s p] naturam cuiusque rei4 ,9 p>ticul> ! ,roman conception ( ! great ,jupit]1 ! fa!r ( heav51 might ga9 new life = ! p :o _h s long be5 us$ to call him ! ,be/ & ,greate/4 ,almo/ f ! v beg9n+ ( ,/oicism ! s*ool _h seiz$ ^u ,zeus to convey1 "u ! guise ( a p]sonality & a "n1 "s idea ( ! ,reason 9 ! univ]se2#ghb & ! same use might j z well1 p]haps ev5 bett]1 be made ( ! great deity ( ! ,capitol9e temple1 :om 8 p recognis$ z ! op5 heav5 ) all its manife/ations1 ! cele/ial repres5tative ( good fai? & righte\s deal+1 & ! special protector ( ! de/9ies ( ,rome & h] empire4 ,! second ?\ght :i* lies at ! base ( ! religion or !ology ( ,/oicism1 is ?is3 t ,man himself1 alone 9 all ! ,univ]se1 %>es ) ,god ! full possession ( ,reason4 ,9 o!r words1 ,man alone1 besides ,god1 is /rictly individual1 self-consci\s1 capable ( realis+ an end & ( work+ t[>ds x2 he is s utt]ly diff]5t f ! animals1 s f> above !m 7or if we call him an animal1 he is1 9 ,cic]o's language1#ghc animal providum1 sagax1 multiplex1 acutum1 memor1 pl5um rationis et consilii71 t he mu/ surely be ( ! same nature z ,god4 ,& ?is is :at1 9 /rict con=mity ) all ,/oic tea*+1 ,cic]o 9 ?is same passage expressly says--man is g5]atus a deo4 ,s too 9 ! fam\s hymn ( ,clean!s1#ghd quot$ by ,/4 ,paul at ,a!ns 7,= we are also 8 (fspr+173-- ,*iefe/ glory ( dea?less ,gods1 ,almighty = ev]1 ,sov]eign ( ,nature t rule/ by law1 :at "n %all we give !e8 ,bless$ be ,?\1 = on ,!e %\ld call all ?+s t are mortal4 ,= t we are ,?y (fspr+3 nay1 all t 9 myriad motion ,lives = its day on ! e>? be>s "o impress1 ,?y lik5ess1 ^u x2 ,:]e=e my song is ( ,!e1 & ,i hymn ,?y p[] = ev]4 ,9 ^! spl5did l9es x is pla9 t n ,man only is ?\ght (1 b all liv+ ?+s1 animals includ$ ) ,man2 & ?is is 9 accordance ) ! true ,/oic ,pan!ism4 ,b none ! less on ?is acc\nt did ! ,/oics believe ,man to be ! "o liv+ ?+ 9 ! univ]se comp>able ) ,god1 & capable ( communion ) him by virtue ( ! possession ( ,reason4 ,z ,cic]o says1 a few l9es f>!r on 9 ! "w ,i am quot+1 virtus eadem 9 hom9e ac deo e/1 neque ullo alio +5io praet]ea4 ,& s9ce e creature seeks to ma9ta9 & augm5t its own be+1 to br+ x to p]fection1 to express x fully1 by an innate law ( its nature1 ,man be+ end[$ ) ,reason above all o!r creatures1 /rives1 or %\ld /rive1 to br+ himself to a p]fect expression1 by id5tify+ himself ) ! div9e pr9ciple :i* he %>es ) ,god4 ,z ,dr4 ,caird puts x1#ghe ! rul+ p[] ( ,reason s dom9ates 8 nature t he _c be describ$ z any?+ b a self-consci\s ego 7i4e4 9 contra/ ) o!r animals72 & j because ( ?is1 all 8 impulses become conc5trat$ 9 "o great ef=t aft] self-realisation4 ,b ! self t he tries to realise mu/ be 8 true self1 n 8 irrational impulses3 ! self :i* is a "p ( ! div9e pr9ciple4 ,he mu/ desire to realise himself z hav+ ,reason1 & s to come into close communion ) ,god1 ! ,reason ( ! univ]se4 ,^? :o are at all famili> ) ! lat] ,roman ,/oics1 ,s5eca & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & ,epictetus1 if we may include him among !m1 w recognise 9 ?is inspir+ ?\ght1 vague & impalpable z x may seem1 ! g]m ( _m beautiful expressions ( ! relation ( ,man to ,god1 :i* seem to br+ ,/oicism into clos] spiritual connection ) ,*ri/ianity ?an any o!r doctr9e ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! "w ( ,cic]o f :i* ,i h be5 quot+1 ! fir/ book ( 8 treatise on ! ,laws1 i4e4 ! ,roman con/itution1 is v probably bas$ on "o by ,panaetius himself1#ghf ( :om we are expressly told t he us$ to discuss t con/itution toge!r ) ,polybius & ,scipio 9 ! days ( _! happy intimacy at ,rome4#ghg ,9 any case we may f9d x helpful1 tak5 toge!r ) ! e>li] fragm5t>y "w de ,republica1 9 try+ to =m "s idea ( ! effect ( ?is second lead+ ,/oic ?\ght on ! be/ ,roman m9ds ( ! la/ ages ( ! ,republic4 ,we f9d1 z we might expect1 t x is n on ,man simply z individual t /ress is "h laid4 ,man is n ?\ght ( z hop+ to realise 8 own ,reason 9 isolation2 ! ,/oics1 ?\gh1 l _! rivals1 !y repres5t a reaction ( ! individual aga9/ ! ,/ate1 7 all along p]fectly cle> t man 9 isolation w\ld be helpless1 & t 8 own reason bade him realise himself 9 association ) 8 fell[-m54#ghh ,x is ! position ( ,man1 z associat$1 #a1 ) ,god1 #b1 ) o!r m51 t is "h made prom95t2 & ! bond ( connection is 9 ea* case ,law1 :i* is inde$ only "o "n = ! ,supreme ,reason & ! highe/ ,good4 ,i mu/ say a ^w ab\t ^! two aspects ( ,man's position 9 ! _w1 9 ord] to expla9 :at ,i believe to h be5 ! effect ( ?is tea*+ on ! ,roman m9d4 #a4 ,9 expla9+ ! relation ( ,man to ,god ,cic]o uses an expression :i* "s ye>s be=e he _h develop$ 9 a f9e passage 9 ! ,republic3 true law1 he says1 is "r reason4#ghi ,9 ! ,laws he takes x up aga91 & argues t z bo? ,god & ,man h reason1 !re mu/ be a direct relation betwe5 !m4#gij ,& z ,law & "r reason are id5tical1 we may say t ,law is ! b9d+ =ce ( t relation4 ,& aga91 ?is means t ! univ]se may be look$ on z "o great ,/ate 7civitas71 ( :i* bo? ,god & ,man 7or gods & m57 are citiz5s1 or 9 ano!r way z a ,/ate ( :i* ! con/itution is itself ! ,reason1 or ,god's law1 :i* all reasonable be+s mu/ obey4 ,su* ob$i5ce is itself ! ef=t by :i* ,man realises 8 own reason3 he is a "p ( a reasonable univ]se1 & he _c rebel aga9/ its law )\t violat+ 8 own highe/ in/9ct4 ,x is n h>d to see h[ ?is way ( express+ ! ,/oic !ological pr9ciple w\ld appeal to ! ,roman m9d4 ,t m9d 0 :olly incapable ( metaphysical ?9k+2 b x c\ld )\t ef=t und]/&1 ) ! help ( its social & political pr9ciples & exp]i5ce1 ! idea ( supreme intellig5t rule--a supreme imp]ium1 z x 71 to rebel aga9/ :i* w\ld be a moral p]duellio1 high treason aga9/ a supreme ,law1 unwritt5 l 8 own1 & re/+1 z he ?\ght ( 8 own z re/+1 on ! be/ in/9cts1 tradition1 reason1 ( 8 community2 f 8 own con/itution & laws he c\ld lift 8 m9d )\t mu* difficulty to ! con/itution & law ( ! communis deorum et hom9um civitas4 ,! idea ( ,god 9 any su* s5se z ?is 0 inde$ new to him2 b he c\ld grasp x "u ! expression univ]sal law ( "r reason :5 he w\ld h utt]ly fail$1 = example1 to conceive ( x z ! ,absolute4 ,he c feel himself ! citiz5 ( a ,/ate ^: mak] & rul] is ,god1 & ^: law is ! inevitable =ce ( ,reason2 he c realise 8 relation%ip to ,god z a "p ( ! same ,/ate1 gift$ ) ! same p[] ( disc]n+ its legal basis1 nay1 ev5 help+ to adm9i/] its law by rational ob$i5ce4 #b4 ,reason z ?us rul+ ! univ]se c also provide a basis = ,man's reasonable association ) 8 fell[-m51 & a religi\s basis if conceiv$ z ,god2 = ,man's recognition ( ! div9e law1 ! recta ratio1 z b9d+ on him1 is foll[$ q naturally by 8 recognition ( ! application ( t law to ! _w he lives 94 ,human law comes into exi/5ce1 says ,zell]1 expla9+ ?is po9t1#gia :5 man becomes aw>e ( ! div9e law1 & recognises its claim on him4 ,"h1 aga91 x is easy to see h[ illum9at+ w\ld be ?is conception ( law = ! ,roman ( ,scipio's "t4 ,s f> ! ,roman idea & /udy ( law 7z ,i h else:]e express$ x7#gib _h be5 ( a crabb$1 practical "*1 want+ 9 bread? ( treatm5t1 de/itute ( any philosophical conception ( ! moral pr9ciples :i* lie beh9d all law & gov]nm5t4 ,! new doctr9e call$ up life 9 ^! dry bones1 & />t$ ,roman lawy]s1 _m ( :om 7 ,/oics m or less pron\nc$1 on a c>e] ( enlight5$ legal /udy :i* has left "o ( ! mo/ valuable legacies inh]it$ by ! mod]n _w f anci5t civilisation4 ,9 ano!r way too x _h1 ,i ?9k1 an imm$iate effect on ,scipio himself & 8 circle1 & on _! m5tal desc5dants1 ( :om ,cic]o 0 ! mo/ brilliant3 x made !m look on ! law & con/itution ( _! ,/ate z em95tly reasonable1 & on rebellion aga9/ x z unreason1 or z ! ,romans call x1 lascivia1 wanton disreg>d ( pr9ciple4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no great ,roman lawy] 0 ev] a revolution>y l ,catil9e or ,clodius1 nor yet an ob/9ate cons]vative l ,cato1 ^: ,/oicism 0 ( ! old] & less ,romanis$ type2 ! two ( :om we "k mo/ 9 ! c5tury foll[+ ! arrival ( ,panaetius 7 bo? wise1 j1 & mod]ate m51 ,mucius ,scaevola & ,s]vius ,sulpicius1 ( :om x may be truly said !y contribut$ z mu* to civilisation z ! great milit>y & political lead]s ( ! same p]iod4#gic ,!re n[ rema9s ! "q :e!r ?is noble ,/oic religion1 z we may fairly call x1 ) its ideas ( ! relation ( ,man to ,god & to 8 fell[-m51 _h1 aft] all1 suffici5t def9it5ess = a ,roman to act z a grip on 8 consci5ce & 8 conduct 9 8 daily deal+s ) o!rs4 ,x c\ld d$uce ! exi/5ce & beauty ( ! social virtues f its own pr9ciples2 if ,man p>takes ( ! et]nal ,reason1 or1 z !y o!rwise put x1 if he is ?r\gh 8 ,reason a "p ( ,god himself 9 ! highe/ s5se1 & if ,god & ,reason are 9 ! highe/ s5se good1 !n 9 realis+ 8 own ,reason1 9 obey+ ! voice ( ! ,god )9 him1#gid he mu/ be himself good by ! natural in/9ct ( 8 own be+4 ,accord+ly1 ^! social virtues1 duties1 (ficia1 z ! ,romans call$ !m1 7 set =? by ,panaetius 9 two books1 :i* 9 a ,lat9is$ =m we /ill =tunately possess1--! fir/ two ( ,cic]o's "w de ,(ficiis1--& )\t ! uncompromis+ rigidity :i* *>act]is$ ! orig9al ,/oic e?ical doctr9e inh]it$ f ! ,cynics4#gie ,9 ! fir/ book he treat$ ( ! good simply 7hone/um71 9 ! second ( ! useful 7utile71 & 9 a ?ird1 :i* x 0 left = ,cic]o to execute1 ( ! cases ( conflict betwe5 ^! two4 ,9 ?is *>m+ "w !re is mu* to admire1 & ev5 mu* to le>n3 ! social virtues--b5evol5ce1 ju/ice1 lib]ality1 self-re/ra9t1 & s on1 are enl>g$ ^u & illu/rat$ by hi/orical examples#gif 9 p]fect ,lat9 by ,cic]o2 & z we read x we _c b feel t ! influ5ce ( ,panaetius ^u 8 educat$ ,roman pupils mu/ h be5 em95tly :olesome4 ,b at ! same "t we inevitably feel t !re is some?+ want+4 ,:at p[] c\ld su* a discussion really h to con/ra9 an ord9>y man to "r action8 ,! con/ra9t1 su* z x is1 seems purely an intellectual process1 & ?is is inde$ noticeable 9 ! ,/oic e?ics ( all p]iods4 ,no ,/oic br\ght 8 doctr9e ne>] to a religi\s sy/em ?an ,epictetus2 yet ?is is h[ ,epictetus puts ! matt]3#gig ,if a man c\ld be ?or\ghly p5etrat$1 z he ought to be1 ) ?is ?\ght1 t we are all 9 an especial mann] sprung f ,god1 & t ,god is ! ,fa!r ( m5 z well z gods1 full sure he w\ld nev] conceive aught ignoble or base ( himself4444 ,^? few :o hold t !y are born = fidelity1 mode/y1 & un]r+ rightness 9 deal+ ) ! ?+s ( s5se1 nev] conceive aught base or ignoble ( !mselves4 ,he means t1 = ! real ,/oic1 self-respect is ! necess>y consequ5ce ( 8 intellectual conception ( 8 place 9 ! univ]se1 & t self-respect mu/ z inevitably result 9 virtue4 ,c ?is intellectual attitude really act z a con/ra9+ =ce on ! w ( ! av]age man8 ,?is is f> too complicat$ a "q = me to ent] ^u "h1 & ,i c b sugge/ ! /udy ( x = anyone :o w\ld wi% to te/ ! actual life-giv+ moral p[] ( ?is philosophy4 ,suffice x to say t _! idea ( ! univ]se z ,reason & ,god naturally l$ ! ,/oics into a k9d ( ,fatalism1 a de/9$ ord] 9 ! _w :i* no?+ c\ld effectually oppose2#gih & !y 7 naturally 9 "s difficulty 9 reconcil+ ?is ) ! fre$om ( ,man's w4 ,t fre$om !y con/antly & consi/5tly ass]t$2 b x comes aft] all to ?is1 t ,man is free to br+ 8 w into con=mity1 ?r\gh k1 ) ! ,p[] & ! univ]sal ,reason2 or1 z ,dr4 ,caird puts x1#gii ,man has ! *oice :e!r he w be a will+ or an unwill+ s]vant 7( ! univ]sal ,reason73 unwill+1 if he makes x 8 aim to satisfy 8 p>ticul> self1 an aim :i* he c only atta9 s f> z ! g5]al sy/em ( ?+s all[s him2 will+1 if he id5tifies himself ) ! div9e reason :i* is manife/$ 9 t sy/em4 ,b t id5tification ( himself ) ! div9e ,reason is aga9 an intellectual process2 x c only be realis$ by m9ds highly tra9$ 9 ?9k+2 x c\ld n h ! smalle/ grip on ! conduct ( ! ord9>y ignorant man1 or on ! m9ds ( wom5 & *ildr54 ,& "h we come ^u ano!r weak po9t 9 ,/oicism z pres5t$ to ! ,roman _w 9 ?is la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x 0 an age 9 :i* g5tl5ess1 t5d]ness1 pity1 & ! philan?ropic _s 7 mo/ sadly ne$$1 & x _c be said ( ,/oicism t x _h any mission to enc\rage _! gr[?4 ,! ,/oics look$ on ! mass ( m5 z ignorant & wick$1#hjj & x nev] occurr$ to !m t x 0 a duty ( ! ,good ,man to tea* & r$eem !m1--to sacrifice 8 life1 if ne$ be1 9 ! "w ( enlight5m5t4 ,!y seem to h ?\ght ev5 ( wom5 & *ildr5 z h>dly p>tak+ ( ,reason2 _! ideally good man 0 virtu\s 9 a /rictly virile way1#hja & x nev] occurr$ to !m t tra9+ 9 goodness mu/ beg9 f ! e>lie/ ye>s1 & be gradually develop$ ) inf9ite sympa?y & t5d]ness4 ,if a man is to le>n t !re is some?+ )9 him :i* p>takes ( ,god1 & :i* %\ld naturally lead him to "r conduct1 he mu/ beg9 to le>n ?is tru? 9 8 infancy4#hjb ,b ! abs5ce ( a place = emotion & sympa?y 9 ! ,/oic sy/em1 result+ f ! purely intellectual nature ( _! c5tral doctr9e ( ,reason1 meant also ! abs5ce ( any _s ( en?usia/ic propag&a4 ,_! notion t emotion or passion is a movem5t ( m9d contr>y to reason & nature1#hjc lam$ _! :ole sy/em z a progressive =ce 9 ! _w ( t day4 ,su* religi\s p[] z x c\ld ex]cise work$ simply ?r\gh ! radiat+ influ5ce ( a few wise & good m51 by nature pure & unselfi%1 :o gradually famili>is$ ! educat$ "p ( society ) a nobl] idea ( ,god ?an ! old religion _h ev] be5 able to supply1 & ) t o!r inspir+ idea ( ! ne> relation ( ,man to ,god z p>tak+ ( ,8 nature4 ,b ! active en?usiasm ( a real religion--! effective desire to be 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[]--0 /range to ,/oicism4 ,9 "o way or ano!r x _h _m excell5t results2 x cle>$ ! gr\nd1 = example1 = a new & univ]sal religion by putt+ into ! %ade1 if n altoge!r out ( ! way1 ! old local cults ) _! n>r[ & limit$ civic =ce3 x glorifi$ ! idea ( law & ord] 9 an age :5 ! ,roman _w seem$ to be =gett+ :at ^! sacr$ words meant2 b a real active en?usiasm ( humanity 0 want+ 9 x4 ,h5ce !re is a c]ta9 hopelessness ab\t ,/oicism1 :i* increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ z ! _w w5t on1 & su* z is se5 9 a k9d ( sad gr&eur 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ! ,/oic emp]or4 ,( him x may be said1 bo? z emp]or & philosoph]1 z has be5 said ( ! ,/oic 9 g5]al1 t he 0 ess5tially a soldi] left to hold a =t surr\nd$ by ov]p[]+ ho/s ( ! enemy4 ,he c\ld n conqu] or drive !m away1 b he c\ld hold out to ! la/ & die at 8 po/4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xvi4 #gee ,see1 e4g4 ,livy iii4 #bj3 ,s$ nondum haec1 quae nunc t5et saeculum1 negleg5tia deum v5]at2 nec int]pret&o sibi quisque iusiur&um et leges aptas faciebat1 s$ suos potius mores ad ea accommodabat4 ,cp4 ,cic4 de ,(f4 iii4 #aaa4 #gef ,two ,epicureans 7 expell$ f ,rome 9 #agc 7probably71 ,a!naeus1 p4 #edg4 ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 iv4 #c1 #g1 gives "s idea ( ! lat] popul>ity ( ! s*ool 9 ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 #geg ,s ,masson1 ,lucretius1 i4 #bfc1 #bga4 #geh ,see ,masson i4 *4 xii4 & ii4 p4 #ada foll42 ,mayor's ,cic]o de ,nat4 ,deor4 vol4 i4 xlviii4 & #ach foll42 ,guyau1 ,la ,morale d',epicure 7ed4 #d71 p4 #aga foll4 #gei ,cic4 ,n4,d4 i4 #ai1 #di foll41 & _m o!r passages2 ,diog4 ,la]t4 x4 #ee2 ,zell]1 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics1 p4 #dda foll42 ,masson i4 #bib1 :o aptly quotes ,cotta ! academic critic 9 ,cic]o's dialogue3 ,:5 ,epicurus takes away f ! gods ! p[] ( help+ & do+ good1 he extirpates ! v roots ( religion f ! m9ds ( m5 7,cic4 ,n4,d4 i4 #de4 #aba74 ,"o may add ) ,dr4 ,masson 7i4 #daf foll47 t a ma*9e _c comm& wor%ip2 ! ,natura ( ,lucretius1 i4e41 0 really a ma*9e4 #gfj ,masson i4 p4 #bhd1 & citations ( ,philodemus !re giv54 #gfa ,mayor's ,cic4 ,n4,d4 vol4 i4 p4 xlix4 #gfb ,lucr4 vi4 #fh foll4 #gfc ,masson i4 p4 #bhe4 #gfd ,cic4 ,n4,d4 i4 #b4 #c4 #gfe ,cic4 ,n4,d4 i4 #cg4 #ajb2 to believe ! gods idle etiam hom9es in]tes efficit4 #gff ,= ?is pr(\nd rev]5ce = ,epicurus see also ,cic4 ,n4,d4 i4 #h4 #ah4 ,x am\nt$ to a fai?4 ,9 ?is passage ! ,epicurean is describ$ z nihil tam v]5s quam ne dubit>e aliqua de re vid]etur1 tanquam modo ex deorum concilio et ex ,epicuri int]mundiis desc5disset4 ,see also sec4 #dc & ,mayor's note2 ,cic4 de ,f9ibus1 i4 #e4 #ad2 ,masson i4 #ced-e1 :o quotes ! mo/ /rik+ passages f ,lucretius1 e4g4 v4 #h-aj3 deus ille fuit1 deus1 inclyte ,memmi1 qui pr9ceps vitae rationem inv5it eam quae nunc appellatur sapi5tia1 etc4 ,9 a pap] entitl$ ,die ,bekehrung 7conv]sion7 im klassis*5 ,alt]tum1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,heidel 7,zeits*rift fu] ,religionspsy*ologie1 vol4 iii4 ,heft #b71 ! au?or1 an ,am]ican disciple ( ,w4 ,james1 argues t ! exordium ( ,bk4 iii4 indicates a psy*ological conv]sion ( ,lucretius4 #gfg ,see ,masson's *apt] 7p4 #cii foll47 on ! tea*+ & p]sonality ( ,lucretius4 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #cbg foll41 & ref]5ces !re giv54 ,i may note "h t ! p[] ( ,epicurism z a fai? dep5d$ also l>gely on ! directness1 d[nrightness1 & audacity ( its sy/em1 work+ on m9ds we>y ( philosoph]s' disputations & political qu>rels4 #gfh ,cic4 de ,f9ibus1 i4 viii4 to end 7translation by ,j4 ,s4 ,reid1 ,camb4 ,univ4 ,press74 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce 9 *4 #ah1 sec4 #eg1 puts ! ,epicurean e?ics 9 a nut%ell3 ,clamat ,epicurus1 is quem vos nimis voluptatibus esse d$itum dicitis1 non posse iucunde vivi nisi sapi5t]1 hone/e1 iu/eque vivatur1 nec sapi5t]1 hone/e1 iu/e1 nisi iucunde4 #gfi ,:at ?is quietism might mean = a ,roman may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ passage 9 ,cic4 de ,f9ibus1 i4 #ac4 #dc1 9 :i* sapi5tia is practical wisdom1 ! ,ari/otelian ,greek3 phronesis or ! ars viv5di1 z ,cic]o has expla9$ x j be=e3 ,sapi5tia e/ adhib5da1 quae1 et t]roribus cupiditatibusque detractis et omnium fals>um op9ionum tem]itate d]epta1 c]tissimam se ducem praebeat ad voluptatem4 ,sapi5tia enim e/ una1 quae mae/itiam pellat ex animis1 quae nos exhorresc]e metu non s9at2 qua praeceptrice 9 tranquillitate vivi pote/1 omnium cupiditatum ardore re/9cto4 ,cupiditates enim sunt insatiabiles1 quae non modo s+ulos hom9es1 s$ univ]sas familias ev]tunt1 totam etiam labefactant saepe rempublicam4 ,ex cupiditatibus odia discidia discordiae s$itiones bella nascuntur4 ,& s on to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,! message ( ,lucretius to ! ,roman 0 practically ! same4 ,! rem$y 0 ! wrong "o 9 t age2 ?\gh x does n necess>ily entail )drawal f public life ) all its enticem5ts & risks1 x mu/ inevitably h a /rong t5d5cy to sugge/ x2 & su* )drawal _h1 z a matt] ( fact1 be5 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,epicurean life4 ,see ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 *4 xx42 ,guyau1 ,la ,morale d',epicure1 p4 #ada foll4 #ggj ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals 7#ahii71 vol4 i4 p4 #bbe4 ,! treatm5t ( ,/oicism 9 ?is "w1 ?\gh n1 /rictly speak+1 philosophical1 is 9 _m ways mo/ in/ructive4 #gga ,f4 ,leo1 ,die grie*is*e und late9is*e ,lit]atur1 p4 #ccg4 ,see ! au?or's ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #aje4 #ggb ,polybius xxxii4 #i-af4 #ggc ,see a discussion by ! au?or ( ! mean+ ( ,greek3 ty*e 9 ,polybius1 ,classical ,review1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #dde1 & ! passages !re quot$ relat+ to ! gr[? ( ! ,roman dom9ion4 #ggd ,see ,s*mekel1 ,die mittl]e ,/oa1 p4 #c foll4 #gge ,ib4 p4 #f1 note #c4 #ggf ,see above1 p4 #bea4 #ggg ,cic4 ,n4,d4 ii41 end ( sec4 #ai4 ,he is translat+ ! ,greek ,greek3 pneuma1 :i* 9 ,/oicism is n a spiritual conception1 b a mat]ial "o1 9 h>mony ) _! !ory ( ! univ]se z be+ itself mat]ial1 includ+ reason & ! s\l4 ,?is is "o ( ! weak po9ts ( ! ,/oic idea ( ,unity4 ,= ! mean+ ( spiritus see ,mayor's note on ! passage2 x is ! e!r or w>m air :i* p5etrates & gives life to all ?+s1 & connects !m toge!r 9 "o organic :ole4 #ggh ,cic4 ,n4,d4 ii4 xiii4 #cf ad f94 ,on all ?is dep>tm5t ( ! ,/oic tea*+ see ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #ace foll42 ,caird1 ,gif=d ,lectures1 vol4 ii41 ,lectures #af & #ag4 #ggi ,m>cus ,aurelius & ! ,lat] ,/oics1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,bussell p4 #db4 #ghj ,cic4 ,n4,d4 ii4 *4 #bh 7secs4 #gj-gb71 ) ,mayor's comm5t>y2 ,zell]1 op4 cit4 p4 #cbg foll42 ,mayor1 introduction to vol4 ii4 ( 8 edition ( ,cic4 ,n4,d4 xi4 foll42 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #ccd foll4 ,x is important to note ! di/9ction drawn by ,cic]o betwe5 religion & sup]/ition2 :at ,lucretius call$ religio z a :ole ,cic]o 7& ,v>ro too1 cf4 ,aug4 ,civ4 ,dei1 vi4 #i7 ?us divid$4 ,see ,mayor's valuable note1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahc4 ,"s int]e/+ rem>ks on ! ,/oic way ( deal+ ) popul> my?ology w be f\nd 9 ,oakesmi?'s ,religion ( ,plut>*1 p4 #fh foll4 #gha ,see above1 p4 #aah foll4 #ghb ,see ,mayor's note on ,cic4 ,n4,d4 ii4 #ae4 #ci 7vol4 i4 p4 #acj71 ) quotation f ,philodemus4 ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #ccg foll4 #ghc ,cic4 de ,legibus1 i4 #g4 #bb4 #ghd ,fragm5ta ,philosophorum ,graecorum1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,i h borr[$ ! beautiful translation ( my fri5d ,ha/+s ,crossley1 pr9t$ p4 #ahc foll4 ( 8 ,gold5 ,say+s ( ,epictetus1 9 ,macmillan's ,gold5 ,treasury ,s]ies4 #ghe ,gif=d ,lectures1 ii4 p4 #id4 #ghf ,s ,s*mekel1 ,die mittl]e ,/oa1 p4 #fa foll4 ,! evid5ce is n conclusive1 & ! process ( argum5t is "o ( elim9ation2 b x raises a fairly /rong probability4 #ghg ,cic4 de ,rep4 i4 #ba4 #cd4 #ghh ,see ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #bid foll4 #ghi ,cic4 de ,rep4 iii4 #bb4 #cc4 #gij ,cic4 de ,legibus1 i4 #g4 #bb foll43 ,e/ igitur1 quoniam nihil e/ ratione melius1 eaque 9 hom9e et 9 deo1 prima hom9i cum deo rationis societas4 ,int] quos autem ratio1 int] eosdem etiam recta ratio communis e/1 etc4 #gia ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #bbf foll4 #gib ,social ,life at ,rome1 p4 #aag4 #gic ,ib4 p4 #aah foll4 #gid ,i may take ?is opportunity ( not+ t a ,roman might bett] und]/& ?is notion ( 8 ,reason z ! voice ( ,god )9 him1 or consci5ce1 f 8 own idea ( 8 o!r s\l1 or g5ius2 see above1 p4 #ge4 ,b we d n "k = c]ta9 t x 0 pres5t$ to him 9 ?is way by ,panaetius1 ?\gh ,posidonius 7ap4 ,gal5um1 #dfi7 us$ ! ^w ,greek3 daimon 9 ?is s5se1 z did ! lat] ,/oics2 see ,muld]1 de ,consci5tiae notione1 p4 #ga4 ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #da4 #b1 uses ! ^w spiritus3 ,sac] intra nos spiritus s$et 444 9 unoquoque virorum bonorum1 quis deus inc]tum e/1 habitat deus 7f ,virg4 ,a54 viii4 #ceb74 ,cp4 ,m>cus ,aurelius iii4 #c4 ,s5eca uses ! ^w g5ius cle>ly 9 ?is s5se 9 ,ep4 #aaj foll4 ,on ! ,/oic daemon consult ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #ccb foll42 ,oakesmi?1 ,religion ( ,plut>*1 *4 vi4 #gie ,see1 e4g41 ,zell]1 p4 #bfh4 #gif ,?is habit ( illu/rat+ by hi/orical examples _h an educational value ( its own1 b s]ves well to %[ h[ comp>atively feeble 0 ! appeal ( ,/oicism to ! consci5ce4 ,x may be se5 well 9 ,val]ius ,maximus1 ^: "w1 compil$ ( fact & fiction = educational purposes1 is f> inde$ f be+ an inspir+ "o4 ,see ,social ,life at ,rome1 p4 #ahi4 #gig ,arrian1 ,disc\rses1 i4 #c4 #a-f 7,gold5 ,say+s ( ,epictetus1 ,no4 #i74 #gih ,s*mekel1 ,die mittl]e ,/oa1 p4 #aij foll4 7,panaetius71 & #bdd foll4 7,posidonius71 ,zell] #afj foll4 ,?is is ! ,fate or ,provid5ce on :i* ! moral lesson ( ! ,a5eid is bas$2 see bel[1 p4 #dji foll4 ,a5eas is ! s]vant ( ,de/9y4 ,if he _h p]si/$ 9 rebell+ aga9/ x by rema9+ at ,c>?age ) ,dido1 t w\ld n h *ang$ ! inevitable c\rse ( ?+s1 b x w\ld h ru9$ him4 #gii ,gif=d ,lectures1 ii4 #if4 #hjj ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #bee4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 did n dim9i% ! duty ( g5]al b5evol5ce1 ib4 p4 #caj & ref]5ces1 :]e f9e passages ( ,cic]o & ,s5eca are quot$ ab\t duties to "o's inf]iors4 ,b an en?usiasm ( humanity 0 none ! less want+ 9 ,/oicism1 & ?is 0 l>gely ow+ no d\bt to _! h>d & fa/ di/9ction betwe5 virtue & vice1 & _! want ( p]ception ( a gr[? or evolution 9 society4 ,see ,caird1 op4 cit4 ii4 #ii2 ,lecky1 ,hi/4 ( ,european ,morals1 i4 #aib foll42 ,zell] #bea foll4 #hja ,see "s excell5t rem>ks 9 ,lecky1 op4 cit4 i4 p4 #bdb foll4 #hjb ,see above1 note #dj4 #hjc ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #bbi4 ,cic4 de ,f9ibus1 iii1 #aj1 #ce2 ,tusc4 ,disp4 iv4 #bh1 #fj4 ,,lecture ,,xvii ,,my/icism--,,ideas ,,( ,a ,,future ,,life ,we h n[ rea*$ ! end ( ! p]iod ( ! ,republic2 b be=e ,i g on to ! age ( ,augu/us1 ) :i* ,i mu/ br+ ^! lectures to an end1 ,i mu/ ask att5tion to a movem5t :i* c be/ be describ$ by ! some:at vague t]m ,my/icism1 b is g5]ally kn[n to hi/orians ( philosophy z ,neo-py?agoreanism4 ,! fact is t su* t5d5cy z !re ev] 0 at ,rome t[>ds ,my/icism--:i* 0 nev] inde$ a /rong "o till ,rome _h almo/ ceas$ to be ,roman#hjd--seems to h tak5 ! =m ( ?9k+ kn[n z ,py?agorean4 ,! ideas at ! root ( ! ,py?agorean doctr9e1 ! belief 9 a future life1 ! conception ( ?is life z only prep>atory to ano!r1 ! conviction ( ! ne$ ( purgation 9 ano!r life & ( ! prep>atory discipl9e & asceticism to be practis$ :ile we are "h1--^! are truly religi\s ideas2 & ev5 among ,romans ! religi\s in/9ct1 ?\gh x might be hypnotis$1 c\ld nev] be entirely de/roy$4 ,:5 x awoke f "t to "t 9 ! m9ds ( ?9k+ m5 x 0 apt to express itself 9 ,py?agorean tones4 ,) ! ignorant & vulg> x might f9d a bas] expression 9 sup]/ition pure & simple1--9 ! f9d+ ( port5ts1 9 a/rology1 9 ,dionysiac orgies2 b ) ^! ,py?agoreanism mu/ n be reckon$4 ,^!1 z !y appe>$ on ! soil ( ,italy1 7 ! ba/>d *ildr5 ( quasi-religi\s ?\ght4 ,b ! movem5t ( :i* ,i speak m>ks a reaction1 among m5 :o c\ld bo? feel & ?9k1 aga9/ ! :ole t5d5cy ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce z we h be5 trac+ x2 aga9/ ! extreme =malism1 n[ mean+less1 ( ! ,roman ,/ate religion2 aga9/ ! extreme scepticism & indiff]5ce s obvi\s 9 ! la/ c5tury & a half ( ! republican era2 aga9/ ! purely intellectual appeal ( ! e?ical sy/ems ( :i* ,i h be5 rec5tly speak+4 ,/oicism inde$1 z we %all see1 held out a h& to ! new movem5t1 simply because ,/oicism _h a religi\s side :i* 0 want+ 9 ,epicurism4 ,b ! ?\ght t our s5ses & our reason are n aft] all ! sole f\nta9s ( our k1 a ?\ght :i* is ! ess5ce ( my/icism1 0 really =eign to ,/oicism2 & :5 ?is ?\ght did f9d a soil 9 ! m9d ( a ?9k+ ,roman ( ?is age1 x 0 likely to spr+ up 9 a transc5d5tal =m :i* we may call ,py?agoreanism4 ,s\? ,italy 0 inde$ ! true home ( ! ,py?agorean tea*+4 ,!re its f\nd] _h e/abli%$ x1 & !re1 mix$ up ) m popul> ,orphic doctr9e & practice1 x mu/ h rema9$ lat5t = c5turies4#hje ,t5uit magnam illam ,graeciam1 says ,cic]o ( ,py?agoras1 cum honore discipl9ae1 tum etiam auctoritate2 multaque saecula po/ sic viguit ,py?agoreorum nom51 ut nulli alii docti vid]5tur4#hjf ,to ,s\? ,italy ,plato is said to h travell$ to /udy ?is philosophy1 & to le>n ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l2 & ! /ory is g5]ally accept$ z true4#hjg ,b ( any mission>y attempt ( ,py?agoreanism on ,rome we "k no?+--& probably !re 0 no?+ to tell--till t my/]i\s plot to introduce x aft] ! ,hannibalic w> :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 a rec5t lecture4#hjh ,t w> br\ght ,rome into close contact ) ,t>5tum & s\!rn ,italy1 & x is likely en\gh t ! attempt to connect ,k+ ,numa ) ! philosoph]1 bo? 9 ! famili> leg5d & 9 ! alleg$ discov]y ( ! /one c(f9 ) its =g$ manuscripts1 _h its orig9 9 ?is contact4 ,! ,s5ate c\ld n object to ! leg5d1 b x promptly /amp$ out ?is grotesque attempt at propag&ism4 ,!n we he> no m ( ! doctr9e = a c5tury at lea/2 b 9 ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c4 we "k t !re appe>$ a numb] ( ,py?agorean writ+s1 falsely attribut$ to ! f\nd] himself or 8 disciples1#hji--;a me?od ( propag&ism :i*1 l t ( ! previ\s c5tury1 may p]haps be tak5 z m>k+ ! religi\s nature ( ! doctr9e1 :i* ne$$ ! ipse dixit ( ! f\nd] or some?+ z ne> x z possible4#haj ,b ( ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ^! writ+s we "k no?+4 ,! p]son really responsible = ! t5d5cy to ?is k9d ( my/icism 0 und\bt$ly ! great ,posidonius1 philosoph]1 hi/orian1 travell]1 :o m ?an any o!r man dom9at$ ! ,roman _w ( ?\ght 9 ! fir/ half ( ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 & ^: writ+s1 n[ surviv+ 9 a few fragm5ts only1 lie at ! back ( ne>ly all ! s]i\s ,roman lit]ature ( 8 own & inde$ ( ! foll[+ age4#haa ,panaetius1 !re c be little d\bt1 _h done some?+ to leav5 ,/oicism ) ,platonic-,ari/otelian psy*ology1#hab ! g5]al t5d5cy ( :i* 0 t[>ds a dualism ( ,s\l & ,body4 ,! ,/oics1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! "n1 c\ld n be cont5t ) any philosophy :i* divid$ heav5 f e>?1 ! spiritual f ! mat]ial4 ,!y rebell$ aga9/ ! idea ( a transc5d5t ,god & a transc5d5t ideal _w1 z mod]n ?\ght has rebell$ aga9/ ! sup]naturalism ( m$iaeval religion & philosophy4#hac ,9 _! passion = unity !y w\ld n sep>ate s\l & body4 ,b :5 once ,panaetius _h h9t$ at a rev]sion to ! old] mode ( ?\ght1 x 0 natural & easy to foll[ 8 lead 9 a society :i* _h long ago ab&on$ burial = cremation1 & bidd5 f>ewell to ! primitive notion t ! body liv$ on "u ! e>?3 9 a society1 too1 :i* _h always believ$ 9 t o!r s\l1 ! ,g5ius ( a man1 z di/9ct f 8 bodily self ( ?is e>?ly life4#had ,n[ z soon z ?is dualism ( body & s\l 0 sugge/$1 x 0 tak5 up by ,posidonius into :at we may call 8 neo-,/oic sy/em1 & at once gave my/icism1--or transc5d5talism1 if we *oose s to call x--its *ance4 ,= 9 su* a duali/ic psy*ology x is ! s\l t ga9s 9 value1 ! body t loses4 ,life becomes an imprisonm5t ( ! s\l 9 ! body2 ! s\l seeks to escape1 dea? is b ! beg9n+ ( a new life1 & ! imag9ation is set to "w to fa?om ! my/]ies ( ,man's future exi/5ce1 nay1 9 "s m fanciful m9ds1 ^? ( 8 pre-exi/5ce z well4 ,?is k9d ( speculation1 half philosophic1 half poetical1 is ! transc5d5tal side ( ! ,platonic psy*ology1 & 9 ! la/ age ( ! ,republic 0 able to connect ,platonism & ,py?agoreanism )\t des]t+ ,/oicism4#hae ,we c see x reflect$ f ,posidonius 9 ! ,dream ( ,scipio1 ! beautiful my?1 imitat$ f ^? ( ,plato1 ) :i* ,cic]o conclud$ 8 treatise on ! ,/ate1 writt5 9 ! ye> #ed ,b4,c41 aft] 8 retirem5t f political life4 ,9 ?is1 & aga9 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,tusculan ,disputations1 compos$ ne>ly t5 ye>s lat]1 ,cic]o is beyond d\bt on ! tracks ( ,posidonius1 & !re=e also ( ,py?agoreanism4#haf ,li/5 to ! words put into ! m\? ( ! eld] ,scipio & address$ to 8 y\ng] namesake3 ,tu v]o enit]e et sic habeto1 non esse te mortalem1 s$ corpus hoc2 non enim tu es1 quem =ma i/a decl>at2 s$ m5s cuiusque is e/ quisque1 non ea figura quae digito demon/r>i pote/4#hag ,"h is ! body pla9ly los+1 ! s\l ga9+ importance4 ,b he goes /ill fur!r3 deum igitur te scito esse3 si quidem deus e/ qui viget qui s5tit qui mem9it3 qui providet1 qui tam regit et mod]atur et movet id corpus cui propositus e/1 quam hunc mundum ille pr9ceps deus1 et ut mundum ex quadam p>te mortalem ipse deus aet]nus1 sic fragile corpus animus sempit]nus movet4#hah ,) su* a view ( ! s\l 9 relation to ! body1 we c und]/& h[ 9 ?is my? x is describ$ z fly+ upw>ds1 releas$ f corporeal bondage1 & asc5d+ ?r\gh heav5ly /ations to pure ae!r1 if at lea/ 7& "h we may note ! *>act]i/ic ,roman t\*7 its abode on e>? has be5 ! body ( a good citiz54#hai ,all t is ( e>? e>?y1 all old ideas ( burial1 all notions ( a gloomy abode bel[ ! e>?1 are "h fairly left beh9d4 ,s too 9 ! fir/ book ( ! ,tusculans1 writt5 aft] ! dea? ( 8 belov$ daught]1 ,cic]o w\ld p]suade himself & o!rs t dea? _c be an evil if we once all[ ! s\l to be immortal3 = f its v nature x mu/ rise into ae!real realms1 _c s9k l ! body into ! e>?4#hbj ,into its exp]i5ces 9 ! ae!r ,i d n ne$ to g "h4 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t1 z x 71 ! heav5s 7 op5$1 & ) ! psy*ological sep>ation ( s\l f body ! imag9ative faculty 0 releas$ also2 n inde$ t any ,roman1 or ev5 ,posidonius himself1 c\ld revel 9 cosmological dreams z did ,plato1 b !y f\nd 9 him all !y ne$$1 & x w\ld seem t !y made mu* use ( x4 ,plato's ,timaeus 0 made by ,posidonius ! subject ( a comm5t>y1#hba & by ,cic]o himself x 0 9 "p at lea/ translat$1 ab\t ! "t :5 he 0 writ+ ! ,tusculans1 & /ill deeply mov$ by 8 rec5t loss4 ,( ?is translation a fragm5t survives2 & 9 ! introductory s5t5ces he indicates a second /imulus to 8 ,py?agorean t5d5cies1 besides ,posidonius4 ,he tells h[ he _h met at ,ephesus1 :5 on 8 way to 8 prov9ce ( ,cilicia1 ! fam\s ,py?agorean ,nigidius ,figulus1 & _h enjoy$ conv]sation ) him4#hbb ,nigidius 0 an old fri5d1 :o _h help$ ,cic]o 9 8 consul%ip2 he 0 "o ( ^? polyhi/ores :o are *>act]i/ic ( ! age1 l ,posidonius & ,v>ro1 & wrote works on all k9ds ( subjects ( :i* b few fragm5ts rema94 ,b 8 reputation z a ,py?agorean surviv$ = c5turies2#hbc & ?is m5tion ( him by ,cic]o is only ano!r pro( ( ! direction ! ?\ghts ( ! latt] 7 tak+ 9 ^! la/ two ye>s ( 8 life4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ,cic]o 9 8 philosophical writ+s ( ^! ye>s 0 affect$ by ! curr5t ( my/icism t 0 !n runn+4 ,b to me x is /ill m int]e/+ to f9d x mov+ him 9 a practical matt] ( :i* he has himself left ! tru? on record2 = ,cic]o is a real human be+ = :om all :o are famili> ) 8 lett]s mu/ h some?+ 9 ! nature ( affection1 & ) :om1 too1 we feel g5u9e sympa?y 9 ! calamity :i* n[ fell ^u him4 ,x 0 e>ly 9 #de ,b4,c4 t he lo/ 8 only & de>ly lov$ daught]1 & ! bl[ to 8 s5sitive temp]am5t1 already h>dly tri$ by political anxiety1 0 sev]e4 ,we /ill h ! private lett]s :i* he wrote to ,atticus aft] h] dea? f 8 solitude at ,a/ura on ! edge ( ! melan*oly ,pompt9e m>%es2#hbd & "h1 if our m9ds are suffici5tly dive/$ ( mod]n ideas & tra9$ to look on dea? ) ,roman eyes1 we may be />tl$ to f9d him ?9k+ ( h] z /ill 9 "s s5se surviv+1 & z div9e r ?an human3 z a deity or _s to :om a fanum c\ld be erect$4 ,he makes x cle> to ,atticus1 :o is act+ z 8 bus9ess ag5t at ,rome1 t he does n want a m]e tomb 7sepulcrum71 b a fanum1 :i* z we h se5 0 ! g5]al ^w = a spot ( gr\nd sacr$ to a deity4 ,i wi% to h a fanum built1 & t wi% _c be root$ out ( my he>t4 ,i am anxi\s to avoid any lik5ess to a tomb1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! p5alty ( ! law1 z 9 ord] to atta9 z ne>ly z possible to an apo!osis4 ,?is ,i c\ld d if ,i built x 9 ! villa itself1 b 444 ,i dread ! *anges ( own]s4 ,:]ev] ,i con/ruct x on ! l&1 ,i ?9k t ,i c\ld secure t po/]ity %\ld respect its sanctity4#hbe ,! ^w "h translat$ sanctity is religio2 we may rememb] t all burial places 7 loca religiosa1 n consecrat$ by ! ,/ate1 yet hall[$ by ! feel+ ( awe or scruple 9 approa*+ !m2 b ,cic]o is probably "h us+ ! ^w r 9 t wid] s5se 9 :i* x s (t5 expresses ! pres5ce ( a deity 9 "s p>ticul> spot4#hbf ,atticus 0 a man ( ! _w & probably an ,epicurean1 & 8 fri5d 9 two successive lett]s half apologises = ?is /rong desire4 ,i %\ld n l x to be kn[n by any o!r "n b fanum1--unreasonably1 y w p]haps say4 ,& aga91 y mu/ be> ) ^! silly wi%es 7ineptiae7 ( m9e4#hbg ,b ?is only makes ! int5sity ( 8 feel+ ab\t x ! m pla9 & significant2 he really seems to want ,tullia to be ?\ght ( z hav+ pass$ into ! sph]e ( div9ity1 h[ev] vaguely he may h conceiv$ ( x4 ,p]haps he rememb]$ 8 own words 9 ,scipio's dream1 ,deum te esse scito4 ,! a%es ( ,tullia re/$ 9 ! family tomb1 b ! godlike ?+ imprison$ 9 h] mortal body 0 to be hon\r$ at ?is fanum1 :i*1 /range z x may seem to u1 h] fa!r wi%$ to erect 9 a public & frequ5t$ place4 ,%e does n fade away into ! common h]d ( ,manes1 b rema9s1 ?\gh z a _s1 ! same individual ,tullia :om h] fa!r _h lov$ s de>ly4 ,i long ago expla9$ ! old ,roman idea ( ,manes1#hbh a vague conception ( %ades ( ! dead dwell+ bel[ ! e>?1 & h>dly1 if at all1 individualis$4 ,b 9 ,tullia's case we meet ) a cle> conception ( an individual _s2 & ?is alone w\ld lead u to suspect a ,py?agorean influ5ce at "w1 su* z t "u :i* ,virgil wrote ! fam\s words ,quisque suos patimur ,manes1 :i* simply mean ,ea* individual ( u mu/ endure 8 own individual gho/hood4#hbi ,?is process ( individualisation mu/ h be5 gradually com+ on1 b ! /eps are lo/ to u2 we only "k t ! e>lie/ sepul*ral inscription :i* speaks to x1 9 ! vague plural ,di ,manes s famili> 9 lat] times1 is dateable some:]e ab\t ?is v "t4#hcj ,my fri5d ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t] w\ld expla9 x1 9 "p at lea/1 by ! ,roman conception ( ,g5ius to :i* ,i allud$ j n[1 & d\btless ?is mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,= myself ,i w\ld r ?9k ( x z ! natural result ( ! gr[? ( individualism 9 ! liv+ human be+ dur+ ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c4 ,surely x 0 impossible = p]sonality to gr[ z x did 9 t p]iod )\t a correspond+ gr[? ( ! idea ( individual immortality 9 ! m9ds ( all :o believ$ 9 a future life ( any k9d at all4 ,! ,epicureans did n s believe2 b ,roman ,/oics in/ruct$ by ,panaetius & ,posidonius might n only believe 9 immortality b 9 an immortality ( ! individual4 ,let me take ?is opportunity ( not+ t !re 01 ( c\rse1 no sort ( re/riction on a man's belief ab\t ?is or any o!r religi\s "q4 ,x 0 p]fectly op5 to e "o to hold :at view be/ pleas$ him ab\t ! /ate ( ! dead3 all t ! ,/ate requir$ ( him 0 t he %\ld fulfil 8 obligations at ! tombs ( 8 own k94 ,no dogma reign$ 9 ! necropolis1 only duty1 pietas1--& t pietas impli$ no conviction4 ,! ,p>5talia 9 ,febru>y 7 orig9ally1 s f> z we c disc]n1 only a ye>ly r5ewal ( ! rite ( burial on its anniv]s>y2#hca ?is implies civilisation & "s k9d ( cal5d>1 b n a cre$4 ,lat] on1 9 ! ,fa/i ( ! ,city-/ate1 ! day 0 fix$ = all citiz5s )\t reg>d ( anniv]s>ies2 & "h ! rites become a matt] ( ius1 ! ius ,manium1 to ! obs]vance ( :i* ! ,manes are entitl$4 ,/ill !re is no cre$1 ?\gh ,cic]o speaks ( ?is ius z bas$ on ! idea ( a future life4#hcb ,z a fact ^! rites are a survival f an age 9 :i* ! dead man 0 believ$ to g on liv+ 9 ! grave1 b t primitive idea 0 no long] held by ! educat$4 ,ea* man 0 free 9 all p]iods to believe :at he pleas$ ab\t ! dead1 & z ! ,romans began to ?9k1 ?is fre$om becomes easy to illu/rate4 ,cic]o himself is usually agno/ic1 z is 9 keep+ ) 8 ,academic t5d5cy 9 philosophy2 ev5 9 "o ( ^! v lett]s he seems to speak ( 8 own non-exi/5ce aft] dea?4#hcc ,s1 too1 ! excell5t ,s]vius ,sulpicius1 9 ! fam\s lett] ( condol5ce writt5 to ,cic]o at ?is "t f ,a!ns1 seems to be unc]ta94#hcd ,we all "k ! words ( ,caes> 7report$ by ,sallu/71 :i* are (t5 quot$ ) a k9d ( holy horror1 z ?\gh a pontifex maximus might n hold any op9ion he pleas$ ab\t dea?1 & z ?\gh 8 d\bt 7 n ! common d\bt ( innum]able ?9k+ m5 ( ! age4#hce ,catullus wrote ( dea? z nox p]petua dormi5da2 ,lucretius1 ( c\rse1 glori$ 9 ! ?\ght t !re is no life beyond4 ,9 ! foll[+ c5tury ! le>n$ ,pl9y c\ld write ( dea? z ! relaps+ into ! same no?+ness z be=e we 7 born1 & c\ld sc(f at ! absurdities ( ! cult ( ! dead4#hcf ,b :5 a man l ,cic]o 0 deeply t\*$ by grief1 8 emotional nature ab&on$ its neutral attitude1 & turn$ = consolation to my/icism4 ,z ,i h said1 he 0 p]suad+ himself t ,tullia 0 /ill liv+1--a glorifi$ _s4 ,we c ga9 j a mom5t>y glimpse ( :at 0 9 8 m9d by turn+ to ! fragm5ts ( ! ,consolatio :i* he 0 n[ writ+ at ,a/ura4 ,?is 0 a ,consolatio ( ! k9d :i* 0 a recognis$ lit]>y =m ( ?is & lat] times1#hcg ?\gh 9 ?is case x 0 address$ by ! writ] to himself2 to write 0 = ,cic]o second nature1 & he 0 sure to take up 8 p5 :5 he _h feel+s t ne$$ expression4 ,x is un=tunately lo/1 all b "o fragm5t1 :i* he quotes himself 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,tusculans1 & "o or two m pres]v$ by ! ,*ri/ian writ] ,lactantius1 a great admir] ( ,cic]o1 :o came ne> to cat*+ ! beauty ( 8 /yle4 ,! passage quot$ by himself is preci\s4#hch ,x insi/s on ! spiritual nature ( ! s\l1 :i* c h no?+ 9 common ) e>? or matt] ( any k9d1 see+ t x ?9ks1 rememb]s1 =esees3 ita quicquid e/ illud1 quod s5tit1 quod sapit1 quod vivit1 quod viget1 caele/e et div9um1 ob eamque rem aet]num sit necesse e/4 ,& 9 ! conclud+ words he h9ts /rongly at ! div9ity ( ! s\l1 :i* is ( ! same make z ,god himself1--( ! same immat]ial nature z ! only ,deity ( :om we mortals c conceive4 ,8 daught]1 !re=e1 is n only /ill liv+ 9 a spiritual life1 b %e is 9 "s vague s5se div9e2 t ^w apo!osis1 :i* he twice uses 9 ! lett]s1 has a real mean+ = him at ?is mom5t2 & 9 a fragm5t ( ! ,consolatio quot$ by ,lactantius he makes ?is q pla92 ,te omnium optimam doctissimamque1 approbantibus dis immortalibus ipsis1 9 eorum coetu locatam1 ad op9ionem omnium mortalium consecrabo4#hci ,und\bt$ly ,cic]o is "h "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,py?agoreans z well z ( 8 own emotion4 ,9 ano!r *apt] ,lactantius seems to make ?is c]ta92#hdj he beg9s by comb9+ ,/oics & ,py?agoreans z bo? believ+ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 goes on to deal ) ! ,py?agorean doctr9e 7or "o =m ( x7 t 9 ?is life we are expiat+ ! s9s ( ano!r1 & ends by quot+ ,cic]o's ,consolatio to t effect3 ,quid ,cic]oni faciemus8 qui cum 9 pr9cipio ,consolationis suae dixit1 lu5dorum scel]um causa nasci hom9es1 it]avit id ipsum po/ea1 quasi obiurgans eum qui vitam po5am non esse putet4 ,ano!r lo/ book1 ! ,hort5sius1 :i* 0 writt5 imm$iately aft] ! ,consolatio1 ,m>* to ,may #de1hda %[s 9 "o or two surviv+ fragm5ts exactly ! same t5d5cy ( ?\ght & read+4#hdb ,our conclusion !n mu/ be t ,cic]o1 always impressionable1 & 9 8 way also religi\s1 _h 9 ?is ye> #de a real religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,he 0 br\ght face to face ) "o ( ! my/]i\s facts ( life1 & ) "o ( ! great my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 & ! religi\s in/9ct awoke )9 him4 ,h[ _m o!rs1 ev5 9 t sordid & mat]iali/ic age1 may h _h ! l exp]i5ce1 ) or )\t a my/ical philosophy to guide _! ?\ghts8 ,9 ! la/ words ( ! fam\s ,laudatio ,turiae1 ( :i* ,i h writt5 at l5g? 9 my ,social ,life 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1#hdc we may p]haps cat* an e*o ( a simil> religi\s feel+3 ,te di ,manes tui ut quietam patiantur atque ita tueantur opto 7,i pray t ?y div9e ,manes may keep !e 9 peace & wat* ov] !e74 ,^! words1 express+ ! hope ( a practical man1 n ( a philosoph]1 are v difficult to expla91 except z ! unau?oris$ utt]ances ( an individual4 ,!y h>dly f9d a p>allel ei!r 9 lit]ature or inscriptions4 ,we mu/ n press !m1 yet !y help u to div9e t !re 0 9 ?is la/ half-c5tury ,b4,c4 "s my/ical ye>n+ to realise ! condition ( ! lov$ ones gone be=e1 & ! relation ( _! life to t ( ! liv+4 ,?is religi\s in/9ct1 let u note once = all1 is n id5tical ) ! old "o :i* we express$ by ! =mula ab\t ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,! religi\s in/9ct ( ! primitive ,roman 0 conc]n$ only ) ?is life & its p]ils & my/]ies2 ! religi\s in/9ct ( ,cic]o's "t 0 n t ( simple m5 /ruggl+ ) agricultural p]ils1 b t ( educat$ m5 ^: m9ds c\ld pass 9 emotional mom5ts f> beyond ! tr\bles ( ?is pres5t _w1 to speculate on ! great que/ions1 :y we are "h1 :at we are1 & :at becomes ( u aft] dea?4 ,b :at ( ! ord9>y ,roman ( ?is age--:at ( ! man :o 0 n tra9$ to ?9k1 & _h no leisure or desire to read8 ,:at did he believe ab\t a future life1 or did he believe any?+8 ,?is br+s u to a curi\s "q ab\t :i* ,i mu/ say a v few words--did ?is ord9>y ,roman1 z ,lucretius seems to insi/1 believe 9 ,hades & its torm5ts8 ,n 9 "o passage only does ,lucretius insi/ on ?is4 ,t fe> ( ,hell 7s ,dr4 ,masson translates him7 mu/ be driv5 out headlong1 :i* tr\bles ! life ( man f its inmo/ dep?1 & ov]spreads ev]y?+ ) ! blackness ( dea?1 & p]mits no pleasure to be pure & unalloy$4#hdd ,i ne$ n multiply quotations2 evid5tly ! poet believ$ :at he said1 ?\gh he may be us+ ! exagg]ation ( poetical diction4 ,& to a c]ta9 ext5t he is borne out by ! lit]ature ( 8 "t4 ,9 fact ,polybius1 writ+ ne>ly a c5tury e>li] ( ! ,romans & _! religion1 implies t su* notions 7 common1 & t !y 7 inv5t$ by ! anci5ts to fright5 ! p into submission4#hde ,cic]o1 ?\gh he ( c\rse ?9ks ( !m z m]ely ! fables ( poets1 seems to sugge/ t ! ord9>y man did believe 9 !m2 ?9k+ ( 8 own rec5t loss1 he says t our mis]y w\ld be unbe>able :5 we lose ^? we love1 if we really ?\ght ( !m z 9 iis malis quibus vulgo op9antur4#hdf ,( c\rse all ^! fables 7 ,greek1 n ,roman4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ! old ,romans imag9$ _! own dead exp]i5c+ any mis]ies 9 ,orcus--! old "n1 z x w\ld seem1 = ! dimly imag9$ abode ( ! ,manes1 aft]w>ds p]sonifi$ aft] ! mann] ( ,plutus4#hdg ,no d\bt !y believ$ t ! dead 7 gho/s1 desir+ to get back to _! old homes1 :o1 9 ! well-ord]$ religion ( ! ,city-/ate1 7 limit$ 9 ?is /rong desire to c]ta9 days 9 ! civic ye>4#hdh ,b _! fir/ acqua9tance ) ,hades & its tortures may probably be dat$ e>ly1 i4e4 :5 !y fir/ became acqua9t$ ) ,etruscan works ( art1 !mselves ! result ( a k ( ,greek art & my?4#hdi ,e>ly 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,plautus 9 ! ,captivi allud$ to ^! pa9t+s z famili>2#hej & we mu/ n =get t ! ,etruscans habitually *ose ! mo/ gruesome & cruel ( ! ,greek fables = illu/ration1 & especially delight$ 9 t ( ,*>on1 "o likely en\gh to /rike ! popul> imag9ation4 ,! play-writ]s !mselves 7 responsible = inculcat+ ! belief1 z ,boissi] rem>k$ 9 8 "w on ! ,roman religion ( ! e>ly empire4#hea ,9 ! !atre1 ) wom5 & *ildr5 pres5t1 ,cic]o says 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,tusculans1 ! cr[d$ auditorium is mov$ z x li/5s to su* a gr&e c>m5 z t sung by a gho/ describ+ 8 t]rible j\rney f ! realms ( ,a*]on2 & 9 ano!r passage ( ! same book he m5tions bo? pa9t]s & poets z responsible = a delusion :i* philosoph]s h to refute4#heb ,i ne$ n say t ! ,roman poets too cont9ually use ! imag]y ( ,t>t>us2 b !y use x z lit]>y tradition1 & 9 ! six? ,a5eid x is us$ also to en=ce ! idea ( duty to ! ,/ate :i* is ! real !me ( ! poem4 ,z ,dr4 ,masson truly obs]ves1 we h ! lit]ature b we h n ! folklore ( ! age ( ,cic]o & ,virgil2 & x mu/ be confess$ t )\t ! folklore su* scanty lit]>y evid5ce z ,i h j m5tion$ does n come to mu*4 ,dr4 ,masson inde$ concludes on ?is evid5ce t ! fe> ( future torm5ts play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! religi\s notions bo? ( ! common p & possibly ( "s ( ! educat$4 ,i ?9k x may h be5 s1 b on o!r gr\nds1 :i* ,i mu/ briefly expla94 ,f all t ,i h said 9 ^! lectures ab\t ! religi\s ideas repres5t$ 9 ! e>lie/ cal5d>1 i4e4 ^? ( ! gov]n+ ,romans ( ! e>lie/ ,city-/ate1 x w be pla9 t a gruesome es*atology 0 an impossibility = !m4 ,j ! same may be said ( ! ,greek ideas repres5t$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems2 = ) ! exception ( ! ,nekuia ( ! ,odyssey1 :i* almo/ all s*ol>s agree 9 attribut+ to a lat] age ?an ! bulk ( ! two ,hom]ic epics1 9 ?is poetry il se fait gr& j\r4#hec ,?is is n ! fir/ "t t ,i h comp>$ ! religion ( ! ,roman patricians to t ( ,hom]2#hed & !re is a gr[+ conviction among exp]ts t we h 9 ea* case ! ideas ( a comp>atively civilis$ immigrant population1 ^: religion1 ?\gh x has develop$ 9 v diff]5t ways1 has ! common *>act]i/ic ( cleanness & brightness4 ,9 ,italy x is practical1 9 ,hom] imag9ative2 b 9 bo? x is free f ! brutal & ! grotesque4 ,ev5 ! es*atology ( ! elev5? ,odyssey is n cruel1 x is comp>atively col\rless2 &1 z ,i said j n[1 ?is also may be said ( ! ,roman ideas ( ,orcus & ! ,manes4 ,9 ea* case x is life1 n dea?1 t is ( int]e/ to ! liv+2 dea? is r a negation ?an any?+ di/9ctly realis$4 ,! /ate ( ! dead 9 ,hom] is %ad[y & tri/e1 a /ate n to be desir$1 z ,a*illes s pa9fully expresses x 9 a fam\s passage2 b ! life ( ! ,a*aean 9 ! poems is vivid--nay1 su* a vivid realisation ( life c alone acc\nt = ! production ( su* poems4 ,s1 too1 ! immigrant population at ,rome1 to :om is due ! regulation ( ! religion z we "k x1 & ! inspir+ =ce t made = ord]$ gov]nm5t & w>like ent]prise1 0 too full ( practical if n ( imag9ative vitality to be apt to dwell ^u ! possibilities ( exi/5ce aft] dea?1 to conceive ( su* exi/5ce z ei!r happy or mis]able1 ! rew>d or ! puni%m5t = ?+s done 9 ?is _w4 ,b 9 ea* p59sula ?is immigrant race 0 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( a f> m primitive population2 & x is p]haps to ?is population t we mu/ look = ! orig9 ( ! m detail$ & imag9ative notions ( ! life ( ! dead4 ,( ! ,greeks 9 ?is matt] ,i h n space "h to speak1 nor am ,i compet5t to d s4 ,b ! conviction is /eadily ga9+ gr\nd t 9 e>ly ,rome we h to recognise ! exi/5ce ( two races2 :e!r ! old] ( ^! 0 ,ligurian1 z ,pr(4 ,ridgeway ?9ks1 or primitive ,lat91 i4e4 old ,italic1 z ,b9d] believes1 does n matt] = our pres5t purpose2#hee nor are ! argum5ts drawn f religion :i* ^! writ]s h us$ at all conv9c+ to my intellig5ce4 ,b !y h n notic$ :at is to me a really valid argum5t1 viz4 ! d\ble fe/ival ( ! dead 9 ! cal5d> ( ,numa4 ,9 ,febru>y we f9d ! *e]ful & ord]ly fe/ival ( ! ,p>5talia1 ! ye>ly r5ewal ( ! seemly rite ( burial2 9 ,may1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /ud5t ( ! cal5d> is a/oni%$ to f9d ?ree sev]al days call$ ,lemuria1 ! rites belong+ to :i* are nev] m5tion$1 except :]e ,ovid treats u to a grotesque acc\nt ( ! driv+ out ( ance/ral spirits f ! h\se4#hef ,no "o d\bts1 ,i ?9k1 t ! ,lemuria repres5ts an old] /ratum ( ?\ght ab\t ! dead ?an ! o!r fe/ival1#heg b no "o1 s f> z ,i "k1 has v5tur$ to claim ! ,lemures & _! ?ree days z belong+ to ! religion ( ! m primitive race4 ,if ,i make ?is sugge/ion n[1 x mu/ be tak5 z a hypo!sis only1 b z a hypo!sis x c at lea/ d no h>m4 ,if ,i am ask$ :y ,lemuria %\ld h be5 admitt$ into ! patrician cal5d>1 ,i answ] t ,i h long held t a few ( ! non-patrician religi\s cu/oms 7 absorb$ into ! religion ( ! city ( ! f\r regions1 ! ,lup]calia1 = example2#heh & no?+ c\ld be m likely ?an t ! old b>b>\s ideas ab\t ! dead %\ld w9 ?is am\nt ( respect1 see+ t by ! limitation to ?ree days 9 ! ye> ord] & dec5cy might be br\ght into _! s]vice4 ,i may repeat1 ) a slight addition1 :at ,i wrote t5 ye>s ago ab\t ^! two ,roman fe/ivals ( ! dead3 ,if we comp>e ,ovid's acc\nt ( ! grotesque dome/ic rites ( ! ,lemuria ) ^? ( ,febru>y1 :i* 7 ( a sy/ematic1 *e]ful1 & ev5 beautiful "*1 we may feel fairly sure t ! latt] repres5t ! organis$ life ( a ,city-/ate1 ! =m] ! ideas ( an age :5 life 0 wild] & less secure1 & ! fe> ( ! dead1 ( gho/s & demons1 0 a p[]ful factor 9 ! m9ds ( ! p4 ,if we may argue f ,ovid's acc\nt1 x is n impossible t ! ,lemuria may h be5 "o ( ^? p]iodical expulsions ( demons ( :i* we he> s mu* 9 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 & :i* are p]=m$ on behalf ( ! community z well z 9 ! dome/ic circle among savage peoples4 ,x is noticeable t ! (f]+ ( food to ! demons is a feature common to ^! practices1 & t x also appe>s 9 ^? describ$ by ,ovid4#hei ,to ?is ,i %\ld n[ add ! sugge/ion above made1 t ! ,lemuria repres5ts ! ideas ( ! old] race t occupi$ ! site ( ,rome1 :ile ! ,p>5talia is orig9ally ! fe/ival ( ! patrician immigrants4 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) ! es*atology :i* ,lucretius attributes to ! common p at ,rome 9 8 own day8 ,simply ?is1 t ! ideas at ! root ( ! ,lemuria may well h provid$ ! raw mat]ial = su* an es*atology1 :ile ^? at ! root ( ! ,p>5talia c\ld n h done ?is4 ,dr4 ,we/]m>ck has rec5tly %[n t primitive religions d spontane\sly g5]ate ! idea ( moral retribution aft] dea?1 e4g4 ! notion t ! s\ls ( bad p may reappe> z evil spirits or obnoxi\s animals4#hfj ,we h no pro( :atev] ( ! exi/5ce ( su* notions at ,rome2 b ,i cont5d t ! p]man5ce ( ?is type ( belief ab\t ! dead :i* is repres5t$ by ! ,lemuria--a p]man5ce :i* is atte/$ by ,ovid's description--raises a presumption t ! l[] /ratum ( ! ,roman population1 if ! *ance 7 giv5 x1 w\ld ! m readily und]/& ! pictures ( ,etruscan arti/s & ! allusions ( ,greek playwrights1 & ! m easily become ! prey ( ! es*atological horrors :i* ,lucretius describes z t]rify+ !m4 ,! mat]ial 0 !re f ! e>lie/ times1 & all t 0 ne$$ 0 = ,greeks & ,etruscans to "w ^u x4 ,be=e leav+ ?is po9t x may be wor? :ile to rememb] t ?\gh ! well-to-d & educat$ classes cremat$ _! dead1 ! poor ( ! cr[d$ city population ( ! p]iod ,i am n[ deal+ ) enjoy$ no su* ord]ly & cleanly fun]al rites4 ,! lit]>y evid5ce is explicit on ?is po9t1 & has be5 confirm$ by mod]n excavation on ! ,esquil9e1 :]e we "k f ,v>ro & ,horace t ! poor & ! slaves 7 ?r[n en masse into puticuli1 i4e4 holes :]e x 0 impossible t any memorial c]emonies c\ld be kept up4#hfa ,horace's l9es are famili> 7,sat4 #h4 #h73 huc prius angu/is eiecta cadav]a cellis cons]vus vili port&a locabat 9 arca4 hoc mis]ae plebi /abat commune sepulcrum1 etc4 ,x is dang]\s to be too confid5t ab\t ! effect on ! religi\s imag9ation ( diff]5t ways ( deal+ ) ! dead2 b x is at lea/ n improbable t any inh]it$ t5d5cy to believe 9 a mis]able future = ! s\l w\ld be confirm$ & ma9ta9$ by s mis]able a fate = ! body4 ,! mass ( ! population _h little *ance ( ridd+ itself ( es*atological sup]/ition4 ,?us ,i am incl9$ to come to ,dr4 ,masson's conclusion1 ?\gh on some:at diff]5t gr\nds4 ,i ?9k x q possible t ! un$ucat$ 9 ! age ( ! poet may h really be5 inoculat$ ) ^! ideas ( cruel retribution1 & t 9 _m cases ?is may h result$ 9 despair or at lea/ discom=t4 ,only we mu/ rememb] t 9 a great city l ,rome1 z 9 ,p>is or ,london to-day1 bo? ! mis]ies & ! enjoym5ts ( life w\ld t5d to accu/om ! m9ds ( ! l[] /rata to consid] ! pres5t r ?an ! future2 ! necessities & pleasures ( ! mom5t are ) !m ! only mat]ial ( ?\ght4 ,nei!r com=t nor remon/rance c\ld rea* !m f pulpit or f mission]2 nei!r fe> nor hope c\ld l>gely ent] into _! lives4 ,9 fact ,i half suspect t mo/ ( !m 71 aft] all1 s long z !y 7 heal?y & active1 mu* :at ,lucretius w\ld h !m be--free f all religi\s scruple2 b1 alas1 utt]ly de/itute ( ! intellectual support :i* he claim$ f ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,we c well und]/& h[ x 0 among ! l[] population ( ! great cities t e>ly ,*ri/ianity f\nd its *ance4 ,!y _h no education or philosophy to /& betwe5 !m & ! gospel ( r$emption4 ,i mu/ say "o ^w ab\t ano!r k9d ( transc5d5talism :i* 0 pu%+ its way into fav\r 9 ,roman society at ?is "t--,i mean a/rology4 ,"o may call x transc5d5tal because x 0 bas$1 9 its orig9al home 9 ! ,ea/1 on a my/ical notion ( sympa?y betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( ! />ry heav5s & ! ph5om5a ( human life2#hfb & t ?is notion 0 c>efully inculcat$ by ^? :o taught ! sci5ce at ,rome is %[n by ! long & we>isome poem on a/rology writt5 by ,manilius 9 ! succe$+ age4 ,b x is n likely t ?is =m ( my/icism _h become really popul> be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,empire1 & 9 any case x c h>dly be call$ a "p ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,i only m5tion x "h z help+ to illu/rate ! way 9 :i* m5's m9ds 7 n[ beg9n+ to turn ) int]e/ to speculations altoge!r beyond ! range ( t practical e?ical philosophy :i* 0 natural & cong5ial to ! ,roman1 altoge!r beyond ! horizon ( man's daily prospect 9 ?is _w4 ,! gr[+ int]e/ 9 ,=tuna1 bo? z natural =ce & deity1 :i* became int5se "u ! ,empire1 is ano!r indication ( ! same t5d5cy4#hfc ,z soon z ,rome _h come into close contact ) ,greece1 :i* _h long be=e be5 ov]run by ! ea/]n a/rology--by ! ,*aldaeans or ma!matici1 z !y are s (t5 call$--^! exp]ts began to appe> also 9 ,italy4 ,we fir/ he> ( !m f old ,cato1 :o advises t ! /ew>d ( an e/ate %\ld be /rictly =bidd5 to consult ,*aldaei1 h>ioli1 h>uspices1 & su* g5try4#hfd ,9 #aci ,b4,c4--a ye> 9 :i* !re happ5$ to be 9 ,rome an embassy f ,simon ,maccabaeus--,*aldaeans 7 ord]$ to leave ,rome & ,italy )9 t5 days2 b ,i ?9k !re is "s evid5ce t ^! 7 really ,jews :o 7 try+ to propagate _! own religion4#hfe ,= "s "t we he> no?+ m ( ^! intrud]s2 b !y probably ga9$ gr\nd aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,mi?ridatic w>s1 :i* 7 responsible = ! introduction ( mu* ,ori5tal religion into ,italy4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 #hg1 toge!r ) ,greek3 ?ytai & ,sibylli/ae1 z p]suad+ ! ill-fat$ ,octavius to rema9 9 ,rome to meet 8 dea?1 z x turn$ out1 at ! h&s ( ! ,m>ians4#hff ,b no ,roman seems to h tak5 up a/rology z a quasi-sci5tific /udy till t ,nigidius1 ( :om ,i h already said a ^w1 0 p]suad$ ?us to wa/e 8 "t & bra9s4 ,he is said to h =etold ! greatness ( ,augu/us at 8 bir? 9 #fc ,b4,c42#hfg & f ?is "t =w>d ! tak+ ( horoscopes or g5e?liaca became a fav\rite pursuit at ,rome--un=tunately = ! p ( ,europe1 :o caught ! infection & kept x endemic = at lea/ fifte5 c5turies4 ,a/rology is 9 no s5se religion1 & ,i mu/ leave x ) ^! few rem>ks4 ,x repres5ts ! individual & 8 p]sonal int]e/s1 n ev5 ! advantage ( ! community1 & x 0 = ?is reason t ! ,*aldaei 7 dislik$ by ! ,roman gov]nm5t4 ,! individual is n satisfi$ ) legitimate ,roman means ( div9ation2 he is employ+ illegitimate ways :5 he entru/s himself to ^! ,ori5tals1 :o1 mo/ ( !m d\btless1 well des]v$ ! sca?+ contempt :i* ,tacitus has contriv$ to put into six words3 ,g5us hom9um pot5tibus infidum1 sp]antibus fallax1 add+1 ) no less contempt = ! ,roman au?orities :o _h to deal ) !m1 t !y w always be =bidd51 & always w be f\nd at ,rome4#hfh ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xvii #hjd ,= ! ,py?agoreanism ( ! ,neo-platonic movem5t 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 consult ,bussell1 ,m>cus ,aurelius & ! ,lat] ,/oics 7,ed94 #aiaj71 p4 #cj foll41 :o expla9s ! reaction f ,/oicism to ,neo-,platonism4 ,see also ,caird1 ,gif=d ,lectures1 ii4 #afb foll4 #hje ,s*mekel1 ,die mittl]e ,/oa1 p4 #djc1 says t x _h ceas$ to exi/ = c5turies z a philosophy1 b cauti\sly adds 9 a note t ! k ( x 0 n ext9ct4 ,! fam\s ,orphic tablets f ,s\? ,italy are tak5 z dat+ f ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies ,b4,c41 & if n actually ,py?agorean1 !y are next door to be+ s4 ,see ,miss ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 p4 #ffj4 #hjf ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #ch4 #hjg ,see1 e4g41 ,pr(4 ,taylor's little book on ,plato 7,con/able71 p4 #aa4 #hjh ,see above1 p4 #cdi4 #hji ,sextus ,empiricus1 adv4 ,physicos1 ii4 #bha foll4 #haj ,= ! devotion ( ! believ]s to ! f\nd] & 8 ipse dixit1 see ,cic]o1 ,nat4 ,deor4 i4 #e4 #aj4 #haa ,! relation ( ,posidonius to ,roman lit]ature has be5 mu* discuss$ ( late4 ,see1 e4g41 ,nord51 ,virgil1 ,a54 vi41 index1 s4v4 ,/oa2 ,s*mekel1 ,die mittl]e ,/oa1 #he foll41 #bch foll4 #hab ,= ,panaetius' en?usiasm = ,plato & 8 tea*+1 see ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #cb4 #gi2 ! :ole passage indicates1 ?\gh x does n exactly prove1 an approa* to ! ,platonic psy*ology4 #hac ,caird1 ,gif=d ,lectures1 vol4 ii4 p4 #he4 #had ,see above1 p4 #ge4 ,! idea t ! practice ( cremation influ5c$ ! ideas ( ! ,roman ab\t ! s\l 0 fir/1 ,i ?9k1 sugge/$ by ,boissi]1 ,religion roma9e1 i4 #caj4 ,cic]o himself h9ts at ?is conclusion 9 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #af4 #cf3 ,9 t]ram enim cad5tibus corporibus1 hisque humo tectis1 e quo dictum e/ hum>i1 sub t]ra c5sebant reliquam vitam agi mortuorum4 ,quam eorum op9ionem magni errores consecuti sunt2 quos aux]unt poetae4 #hae ,?is po9t is well put by ,dill1 p4 #dic ( ,roman ,society f ,n]o to ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,see also ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?ras-,liturgie1 p4 #bjj fol42 ,/ew>t1 ,my?s ( ,plato1 #ceb-ec4 #haf ,s*mekel1 ,die mittl]e ,/oa1 p4 #djj foll4 #hag ,de ,rep4 vi4 #bf4 #hah ,ib4 ,! ^w providet rem9ds u t ?is transc5d5tal philosophy suppli$ ! lat] ,/oics ) an explanation ( div9ation4 ,see ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 ,hi/4 de div9ation1 i4 #fh2 ,dill1 op4 cit4 p4 #dci2 ,s5eca1 ,nat4 ,quae/4 ii4 #eb1 fully accept$ div9ation4 ,cp4 ,cic4 ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #cg4 #ff1 :]e he quotes 8 own ,consolatio2 see above1 p4 #chh4 ,panaetius1 h[ev]1 _h c\rage\sly d5i$ div9ation3 ,cic4 ,div4 i4 #c4 #f2 ,zell]1 ,/oics1 etc41 p4 #ceb4 #hai ,de ,rep4 vi4 #ae1 #bf1 & #bi4 #hbj ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #af4 #cf foll4 ,on ! :ole subject ( ! rise ( ! s\l aft] dea? see ,diet]i*1 ,e9e ,mi?ras-,liturgie1 p4 #agi foll4 #hba ,s*mekel1 op4 cit4 p4 #dch2 ,/ew>t1 ,my?s ( ,plato1 p4 #cjj4 #hbb ,= ,nigidius1 see ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur 7ed4 #b71 vol4 ii4 p4 #dai foll4 #hbc ,nigidius ,figulus ,py?agoreus et magus 9 exilio moritur is ! notice ( him 9 ,/4 ,j]ome's ,*ronicle = ! ye> #de ,b4,c4 #hbd ,^! lett]s are 9 ! #ab? book ( ^? to ,atticus1 ,nos4 #ab-dj4 #hbe ,ad ,att4 xii4 #cf4 ,! translation is ,%uckburgh's4 #hbf ,a good example is ,virg4 ,a54 viii4 #cdi1 b x is ne$less to multiply in/ances ( ! religio loci4 ,s]v4 ad ,a54 i4 #cad def9es lucus z arborum multitudo cum religione4 #hbg ,ad ,att4 xii4 #cf2 cp4 #ce4 ,he uses ! ,greek ^w ,greek3 apo!osis 9 #ce4 #a1 :i* seems to h come into use 9 8 own "t2 see ,liddell ,scott1 s4v4 #hbh ,see above1 p4 #eh4 #hbi ,a54 vi4 #gdc4 ,! mean+ ( ^! words seems to be q pla91 ?\gh comm5tators h worri$ !mselves ov] !m f ,s]vius d[nw>ds4 ,! mi/ake has be5 9 n suffici5tly consid]+ ! =ce ( quisque1 & puzzl+ too mu* ov] ! vague ^w ,manes4 ,h5ry disc]n$ ! true mean+ 9 our own "t4 ,see 8 ,a5eidea1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cig4 ,cp4 ! words quot$ above f ,somn4 ,scip43 m5s cuiusque is e/ quisque4 ,m4 ,s4 ,re9a* 7,cultes1 etc4 ii4 #ace foll47 is n f> out3 ,n\s s\ffrons *acun suivant le degre de s\illure de nos ames4 #hcj ,c4,i4,l4 i4 #fci1 ) ,momms5's note4 #hca ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #cjh4 #hcb ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #ab4 #bg4 ,= ! ius ,manium1 de ,legibus1 ii4 #bb & #ed foll4 #hcc ,ad ,att4 xii4 #ah3 ,longum illud tempus cum non ero magis me movet quam hoc exiguum1 etc4 ,cp4 ,tusc4 i4 ad f94 #hcd ,ad ,fam4 iv4 #e4 #f3 ,quod si quis apud inf]os s5sus e/1 qui illius 9 te amor fuit pietasque 9 omnes suos1 hoc c]te illa te fac]e nonvult4 #hce ,sall4 ,cat4 *4 #ea3 ,mortem cuncta mortalium dissolv]e1 ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse4 ,?is is ! ,epicurean doctr9e1 :i* ,caes> 0 said to hold4 #hcf ,catull4 #e4 #f2 ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 vii4 #ahh4 ,! :ole passage is wor? quot+3 ,po/ sepulturam vanae ,manium ambages4 ,omnibus a supremo die eadem quae ante primum1 nec magis a morte s5sus ullus aut corpori aut animae quam ante natalem4 ,eadem enim vanitas 9 futurum etiam se propagat et 9 mortis quoque tempora sibi vitam m5titur1 alias immortalitatem animae1 alias transfigurationem1 alias s5sum inf]is d&o et ,manes col5do deumque faci5do qui iam etiam homo esse desi]it1 ceu v]o ullo modo spir&i ratio cet]is animalibus prae/et1 aut non diuturniora 9 vita multa rep]iantur quibus nemo similem div9at immortalitatem1 etc4 #hcg ,!re is an essay on ?is =m ( lit]ature 9 ! ,etudes morales sur l'antiquite ( ,con/ant ,m>?a1 p4 #ace foll4 #hch ,tusc4 ,disp4 i4 #bg4 #ff4 #hci ,lact4 ,in/4 i4 #ae4 #bj4 #hdj ,lact4 iii4 #ah4 #hda ,see ,s*anz1 ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit]atur1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgf4 #hdb ,fragm5ts #ed & #ee4 #hdc ,p4 #aeh foll4 #hdd ,lucr4 vi4 #gfd foll4 ,cp4 iii4 #iff foll42 ,masson1 ,lucretius1 i4 p4 #djb4 ,mr4 ,cyril ,bailey also rem9ds me ( ,lucr4 iii4 #ca-ic1 & #ajec to end2 & adds a decid$ op9ion t ! poet is n "h ?9k+ ( ! common ,roman1 b ( ! educat$ ,roman br\ght up on ,greek & ,graeco-,roman poetry & philosophy4 #hde ,polyb4 vi4 #ef4 #hdf ,tusc4 i4 #df4 #aaa4 #hdg ,see ,ros*]'s ,my?4 ,lex4 s4v4 ,orcus2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #aib4 #hdh ,see above1 p4 #ajg4 #hdi ,muell]-,deecke1 ,etrusk]1 ii4 #ajh foll4 ,illu/rations c be se5 9 ,d5nis1 ,cities & ,cemet]ies ( ,etruria1 ed4 #b4 #hej ,captivi1 v4 #d4 #a4 #hea ,la ,religion roma9e d',augu/e aux ,anton9s1 vol4 i4 p4 #caj4 #heb ,cic4 ,tusc4 i4 #af4 #cg4 ,= ! es*atology ( ! six? ,a5eid1 a curi\s melange ( religion1 philosophy1 & folklore1 see ,nord5's "w on ,virgil1 ,a5eid1 vi4 7index1 p4 #dfh74 ,nord5 believes1 ,i may note1 t ! philosophical & religi\s elem5ts 9 x are ma9ly d]iv$ f ,posidonius4 ,cp4 also ,glov]1 ,/udies 9 ,virgil1 *4 x4 7,hades74 ,= popul> beliefs 9 ,hades1 etc41 "u ! ,empire1 see ,fri$la5d]'s ,sitt5ges*i*te1 vol4 iii4 la/ *apt]4 #hec ,weil1 ,etudes sur l'antiquite grecque1 p4 #ab1 quot$ by ,glov]1 p4 #bah4 #hed ,see above1 p4 #aje4 #hee ,s9ce ?is lecture 0 writt5 a mo/ int]e/+ discussion ( ,greek ideas1 ,a*aean & ,pelasgic1 ab\t ! relation ( s\l & body aft] dea?1 has appe>$ 9 ,mr4 ,lawson's ,mod]n ,greek ,folklore & ,anci5t ,greek ,religion1 especially 9 *apt]s v4 & vi41 confirm+ me1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 9 ! conjecture ,i _h "h haz>d$4 ,! work+ ( ! imag9ation 9 reg>d to a future /ate is 9 ,greece1 9 8 view1 peculi> to ! old] or ,pelasgic population2 & if ! ,etruscans 7 ( ,pelasgic /ock1 z is n[ believ$ by _m1 _! imag9ative grotesqu5ess1 a degrad$ =m p]haps ( ! orig9al *>act]i/ic1 act+ on ! ideas ( a /ill m primitive population ( :i* ! ,lemuria is a survival1 might expla9 ! lat] preval5ce ( a gruesome es*atology at ,rome4 ,b :oev] /udies ,mr4 ,lawson's *apt]s closely w f9d s]i\s difficulties 9 ! way ev5 ( su* a hypo!sis z ?is4 #hef ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 v4 #dcj foll42 ,r4,f4 p4 #aji4 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #aib1 attributes ! ideas ( l>vae 7gho/s7 & ( ,orcus1 n to religion1 b to popul> sup]/ition4 ,if he "h means by religion ! ,/ate religion & ! ,p>5talia 9 p>ticul>1 ,i c agree ) him4 #heg ,dr4 ,c>t] all[s ?is 9 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 vol4 i4 7,roman section ( article ,ance/or ,wor%ip47 #heh ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #ccd4 #hei ,r4,f4 p4 #ajg4 #hfj ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ii4 #fic foll4 #hfa ,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 v4 #be2 ,paulus p4 #baf2 ,huels5-,jordan1 ,roem4 ,topogr4 iii4 p4 #bfh foll4 ,! rema9s ( ^! puticuli 7 unluckily v imp]fectly report$1 & h be5 lo/ 9 ! build+ ( ! ,rome ( to-day4 ,on ! "q ( ! religi\s aspect ( ! two ways ( dispos+ ( ! dead1 burial & cremation1 x is z well to rememb] ,diet]i*'s w>n+ 9 ,mutt] ,erde1 p4 #ff1 note3 d5 ,v]su*1 aus d] ,v]breitung und dem ,we*sel d] ,sitte des ,v]br5n5s und ,begrab5s fu] me9e ,unt]su*ung ,s*luesse zu gew9n51 habe i* voellig aufgegeb51 als i* angesi*ts d] ungeheu]5 ,mat]ial5 me9es ,kolleg5 von ,duhn die ,unmoegli*eit sol*] ,s*luesse e9seh5 mus/e4 ,9 ,mr4 ,lawson's book quot$ above x seems to me to be prov$ t ! object ( bo? me?ods is ! same1 viz4 to de/roy ! body z quickly z possible 9 ord] to prev5t ! s\l f re-ent]+ x & annoy+ ! survivors4 #hfb ,?is is well expla9$ by ,cumont 9 8 ,religions ori5tales dans le paganisme roma91 p4 #aif foll41 foll[+ ,b\*e-,lecl]cq's "w on a/rology 9 ,greece4 ,cumont ?9ks t a/rology took ov] ! bus9ess ( ! augurs & h>uspices1 :i* 0 n[ dropp$1 & ?is is true 9 ! ma9 z reg>ds ! individual1 b n z reg>ds ! ,/ate2 see above1 p4 #cjh foll4 #hfc ,= ,=tuna 9 ! writ+s ( ,caes>1 etc41 see ,classical ,review1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #aec4 ,! locus classicus = ,=tuna z a deity "u ! e>ly empire is ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 ii4 #bb4 #hfd ,cato1 ,r4,r4 *4 v4 #d4 #hfe ,val4 ,max4 i4 #c4 #b1 :o no d\bt 0 foll[+ ,livy2 = 9 ! ,epitomes ( "s lo/ books ( ,livy discov]$ at ,oxyrrhyncus by ,gr5fell & ,hunt 7,oxyrrh4 ,papyri1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aja71 ! same fact is allud$ to4 ,= ! embassy1 ,maccab4 i4 #ad4 #bd2 xv4 #ae-bd4 ,two extracts f ! text ( ,val]ius1 :i* is "h lo/1 bo? /ate t proselytis+ ,jews 7 at ?is "t driv5 f ,rome2 ! ,jupit] ,sabazius1 ^: cult !y 7 propagat+1 c h>dly be o!r ?an t ( ,jehovah2 see ,s*u]]1 ,jewi% ,p 9 ! ,"t ( ,*ri/1 pt4 ii4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcc ( ! ,engli% translation4 ,! expulsion ( ,*aldaei may1 h[ev]1 h be5 a sep>ate measure ( ! praetor ,hispalus4 #hff ,plut>*1 ,m>ius1 #db4 #hfg ,suet4 ,aug4 #a4 ,i h se5 a le>n$ "w ab\t a c5tury old1 n[ entirely =gott51 9 :i* x is ma9ta9$ t ,virgil's f\r? ,eclogue is simply a g5e?liacon ( ,augu/us2 ! argum5ts1 :i* are +5i\s b futile1 are drawn f ! poem ( ,manilius4 #hfh ,tacitus1 ,hi/4 i4 #bb4 ,,lecture ,,xviii ,,religi\s ,,feel+ ,,9 ,,! ,,poems ,,( ,,virgil ,my ju/ification = devot+ a :ole lecture to ,virgil mu/ be t ?is great poet1 m w>mly & sympa!tically ?an any o!r ,lat9 au?or1 gives expression to ! be/ religi\s feel+ ( ! ,roman m9d4 ,& ?is is s n only 9 reg>d to ! t5d5cies ( religion 9 8 own day2 he /&s ap>t f all 8 lit]>y contempor>ies 9 t he sums up ! pa/ ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce1 reflects t ( 8 own "t1 & also looks =w>d into ! future4 ,no o!r poet1 no hi/orian1 n ev5 ,livy1 :o sprang f ! same region & 9 8 tone & _s 9 "s ways resembles ,virgil1 has ! same broad outlook1 ! same t5d] int]e/ 9 religi\s antiquity1 ! same all-embrac+ sympa?y = ! ,roman _w he knew1 & ! same confid5t & *e]ful hope = its future4 ,ea* ( ! ,augu/an poets--,horace1 ,ovid1 ,prop]tius1 ,tibullus--has 8 own peculi> gift & *>m2 b ^? :o "k ,virgil ?r\gh & ?r\gh w at once ackn[l$ge ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! & ! man possess$ ( spiritual insight4 ,!y are helpful 9 v>i\s ways to ! /ud5t ( ,roman religion1 & ,tibullus especially has a simple rev]5ce = ! old religion :i* has inspir$ a few exquisite descriptions ( ?is aspect ( ,italian life4 ,b1 if ,i may use ! ^w1 !y _h no mission2 !y 7 true poets1 yet n poets ( ! prophetic ord]2 !y _h n ?\ght deeply & rea*$ conviction1 l ,lucretius & ,virgil4 ,a few words f ! conclusion ( an ,ed9burgh pr(essor's admirable "w on ,virgil w suffici5tly express :at ,i mean4 ,8 religi\s belief1 says ,sell>1 l 8 o!r speculative convictions1 0 composite & undef9$2 yet x embrac$ :at 0 pure/ & mo/ vital 9 ! religions ( antiquity1 & 9 its deepe/ intuitions x seems to look =w>d to ! belief :i* became dom9ant 9 ,rome f\r c5turies lat]4#hfi ,9 fact1 ,virgil ga!rs up :at 0 valuable 9 ! pa/ ( ,rome & adds to x a new elem5t1 a new s\rce ( life & hope4 ,x 0 ?is t made x possible = a great ,fr5* critic to ass]t t = ^? :o h read ,virgil !re is no?+ a/oni%+ 9 ,*ri/ianity4#hgj ,let u try & realise :at ^! writ]s mean4 ,! ,scotsman is sob] & e>ne/1 ! ,fr5*man epigrammatically exagg]at+2 b ! feel+ t und]lies bo? utt]ances is a true "o4 ,we h trac$ ! gradual p>alysis ( ! secul>is$ ,/ate religion4 ,we h glanc$ at ! two types ( philosophical ?\ght :i* took ! place ( t religion 9 ! m9ds ( ! cultivat$ section ( ,roman society1 nei!r ( :i* c\ld adequately supply ! ,roman & ,italian m9d ) an expression ( its own natural feel+1 nev] :olly ext9ct1 ( its relation to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,/oicism came ne> to do+ :at 0 ne$$1 by rehabilitat+ itself on ,italian soil & indulg+ ,roman preconceptions ( ! div9e2 b x c\ld n greatly affect ! mass ( m51 & its appeal 0 n to feel+1 b to reason4 ,epicurism1 ?\gh p]haps m popul>1 0 9 reality m 9 conflict ) :at 0 be/ 9 ! ,italian nature1 & ! passionate appeal ( ,lucretius to look = com=t to a sci5tific k ( ! r]um natura _h no endur+ p[] to *e]4 ,la/ly1 we h exam9$ ! t5d5cy ( ! same age t[>ds my/icism & ,cic]o's d\bt+ & emb>rass$ expression ( x1 & we f\nd t ?is t5d5cy r illu/rates a s5se ( some?+ want+ ?an hopefully satisfies x4 ,we may well feel ourselves1 n[ we h arriv$ at ! close ( ! ,republican era1 j z ! be/ m5 ( t day felt1 t !re is some?+ want+4 ,9 _! m9ds ?is feel+ almo/ am\nt$ to despair2 9 ours1 z we read ! /ory ( ! tr\bl\s "t aft] ! dea? ( ,caes>1 x is pity & wond]4 ,!re 01 9 fact1 m ?an a s5se ( we>9ess & discom=t1 moral & mat]ial1 9 ! ,roman m9d ( t g5]ation--!re 0 also :at we may almo/ call a s5se ( s91 su* a feel+1 ?\gh d\btless less real & int5se1 z t :i* _! prophets1 f "t to "t1 awoke 9 ! ,jewi% p1 & "o n unkn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hellas4 ,x 0 ess5tially a feel+ ( neglect$ duty--( neglect$ duty to ! ,p[] & ( goodwill want+ t[>ds m54 ,lucretius _h be5 unconsci\sly a p[]ful witness to ?is feel+1 b _h n f\nd ! rem$y4 ,9 ! e>ly ,augu/an age x is aga9 express$ by ,horace1 by ,sallu/1 & m deeply & truly 9 ! beautiful preface to ,livy's ,hi/ory4#hga ,livy !re says t he devot$ himself to ! e>ly annals ( ,rome t he might %ut 8 eyes to ! evils ( 8 own "t--tempora quibus nec vitia no/ra nec rem$ia pati possumus4 ,?is some?+ want+ 0 !n a feel+1 a religio1 if we c v5ture to use ! old ^w once m 9 ! s5se :i* ,i h s (t5 attribut$ to x4 ,n an unreasonable or ungov]nable feel+1 n a sup]/itio1 b a feel+ ( happy dep5d5ce on a high] ,p[]1 & a desire to con=m to ,8 w 9 all ! relations ( human life4 ,?is is ! k9d ( feel+ t _h always la9 at ! root ( ! ,roman pietas1 ! s5se ( duty to family & ,/ate1 & to ! deities :o protect$ !m4 ,9 ! j>r+ ( factions1 ! cruelty & blood%$ ( tyrants1 & ! luxuri\s self-indulg5ce ( ! la/ two g5]ations1 ! voice ( pietas _h be5 sil5c$1 ! bett] in/9cts ( humanity _h gone d[n4 ,we h to see :at 0 done by our poet to awake t voice aga9 & to put fre% life into ^? in/9cts4 ,only let u rememb] t m p]man5t good is done 9 ?is _w by a beautiful nature giv+ itself its natural expression1 ?an by precept or d5unciation2 & bew>e ( attribut+ to ,virgil m direct consci\sness ( 8 mission ?an he really felt4 ,x is ! nature ( ! man t is ( value to u 9 our /udies1 z x 0 to ! ,romans 9 _! despair1 a nature rul$ by sweet1 calm feel+1 full ( sympa?y & full ( hope4 ,! some?+ want+ 9 o!rs :i* we f9d 9 ,virgil only1 or 9 him m conv9c+ly felt & m resonantly express$1 is a k9dly & hopeful outlook on ! _w1 ) a deep & real sympa?y = all sorr[ & pa94 ,x is n ! result ( any def9ite religi\s conviction2 x is 9 ! nature ( ! man1 & is ( ! v fibre ( 8 be+2 b x made him a bett] religi\s tea*] ?an ! re/1 j because real religion is n a matt] ( reason only1 or ( conv5tion1 or ( art1 b ( feel+4 ,?is 0 ! true antidote to despair or depression--a sympa?y ) man 9 all he does or suff]s1 n an indignant cry ( remon/rance l t ( ,lucretius4 ,virgil's sympa!tic outlook includes n only ,man1 b ! animal _w1 & !re c be no bett] pro( t 8 feel+ 0 g5u9e4 ,! night+ale robb$ ( h] "y1#hgb quem durus arator obs]vans nido implumes detraxit3 at illa flet noctem1 ramoque s$5s mis]abile c>m5 integrat et mae/is late loca que/ibus implet2 ! cattle smitt5 by ! plague1#hgc ! migrat+ birds com+ 9 f ! sea1#hgd & _m ano!r t5d] t\*1 all %[ u ! feel+ ( :i* ,i am speak+2 = he :o c\ld s feel t[>ds animals mu/ ne$s h a s\l ( pity = man4 ,s1 too1 ) ! inanimate nature ( ,italy2 ! l& 9 :i* ,virgil's %eph]ds & husb&m5 live & "w is "o full ( su* detail$ lovel9ess z might sugge/ a b5efic5t ,p[] presid+ ov] x all1 invit+ man to lift up 8 he>t 9 gratitude or pray]4 ,z ,sell> has well rem>k$1#hge ! s5se ( natural beauty is 9 ! ,georgics int]tw9$ ) ! toil ( man1 rais+1 z x 71 ! toil] to a high] level ( humanity z he lifts 8 eyes f 8 "w4 ,& ?is natural beauty is made real = ! read] by ! life & =ce t ev]y:]e p]vades x2 all nature is alive & full ( feel+2 ! fruit trees1 = example1 9 ! second ,georgic seem in/9ct ) an almo/ human life4#hgf ,! mom5t ?is comes home to u we see h[ x h>monises ) all we h le>nt ( ! old ,italian conception ( ! div9e1 ( ! =ceful num9a work+ = man's b5efit if prop]ly propitiat$4 ,& ev5 :5 ,virgil is us+ ! language ( ! ,/oics to expla9 ! life ( nature1 we feel t beh9d ! philosophical !ory !re lies ?is feel+ ( ! ,italian3 deum namque ire p] omnes t]rasque tractusque m>is caelumque pr(undum3 h9c pecudes1 arm5ta1 viros1 g5us omne f]>um4#hgg ,?is is ! religi\s _s ( ! ,georgics2 ! div9e =ces are ev]y:]e1 & a man mu/ submit himself to !m & seek _! aid4 ,he f9ds 8 true res\rce r 9 pray] ?an 9 philosophy1 8 "p 9 ! _w is labor>e et or>e4 ,! h>d lot ( ! ,hesiodic lab\r] is n t ( ! agricola ( ! ,georgics1 :o c>ries on 8 campaign ( toil ) a *e]ful he>t & a cle> consci5ce1 = he is 9 "r relation ) ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! life ar\nd him4 ,?is1 !n1 s f> z ,i c describe x )\t go+ too f> into detail1 is ! feel+1 ! religio1 :i* 0 ne$$ 9 ! ,italy ( t day4 ,we may1 p]haps1 v5ture to comp>e its revival 9 ! "w ( ,virgil ) ! return to nature 9 ! ,engli% poetry ( a c5tury ago1 :i* also br\ght ) x a revival ( religi\s f]v5cy4 ,?\gh ,virgil & ,wordswor? are 9 _m ways z unlike z two poets c be1 !y are alike 9 ! possession ( t g5tle & tru/ful outlook on ! _w ( nature :i* /imulates ! m9d to ?9k ( itself 9 its relation to ! ,p[]4 ,we d n ne$ to analyse ! process or to put x into any logical %ape2 we may re/ cont5t ) x z a fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,virgil's case1 z 9 ,wordswor?'s1 ?is feel+ _h ! effect ( reconcil+ ! poet's m9d to ! old =ms ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,reconcile is1 p]haps1 h>dly ! "r ^w2 we may d\bt :e!r he _h ev] qu>rell$ ) !m4 ,z he believ$ 9 ! ,p[] & its manife/ations1 s too he believ$ 9 ! traditional modes ( propitiat+ x1 n ask+ himself ! raison d'etre ( ?is or t c]emony1 /ill less look+ on !m ) pity & contempt1 l ,lucretius1 b accept+ !m 9 8 broad humanity z "p ( ! life & ?\ght ( man 9 ,italy4 =tunatus et ille ,deos qui novit agre/es4#hgh ,let u m>k ! ^w novit4 ,! husb&man has come to recognise ^! emanations ( ! ,p[] & to "k !m z fri5ds2 ! ^w c\ld n h be5 us$ ( malignant spirits4 ,z ,i said 9 an e>ly lecture1 man advances 9 8 k ( ! ,p[] z he advances 9 civilisation4 ,s ! rural rites h a claim on 8 sympa?y no less ?an ! m5 :o p]=m$ !m2 he knew !m 9 _! detail1 & he knew !m 9 ! _s :i* animat$ !m4 ,he mu/ h /udi$ !m 9 detail1 & n only ! rural cults1 b ^? ( ! city too2 e ge/ure 9 wor%ip has an int]e/ = him1 & s great is our respect = 8 accuracy t we accept :at he tells u ev5 if we _c expla9 x4#hgi ,8 c>eful le>n+ 9 all ^! details has be5 ! means ( pres]v+ = u l>ge s\rces ( k2 = ,s]vius1 ,macrobius1 & o!r comm5tators accumulat$ /ores ( x 9 endeav\r+ to int]pret him4 ,n[1 ?is is n m]e antiqu>ianism 9 ,virgil1 any m ?an is ! detail ( old life :i* ab\nds 9 ,scott's poems & novels4 ,^! two m5 _h ! same wide1 sympa!tic outlook on ! _w4 ,scott 0 int]e/$ 9 ev]y?+ & ev]ybody1 :e!r liv+ or dead long ago1 & 9 all !y did2 & ,i ?9k we may say ! same ( ,virgil1 ?\gh he is said to h be5 r res]v$ & %y ?an g5ial & talkative l ,scott4 ,virgil's m9d 0 n s mu* curi\s1 ,i ?9k1 z sympa!tic1 & 8 delight 9 ^! religi\s details arises f 8 love ( ,italy & all t man did 9 x4 ,he caught ! _s ( ! old ,italian wor%ip1 :i*1 z we saw1 dem&$ t ea* act %\ld be p]=m$ accurately accord+ to rules laid d[n4 ,he recognises ! necessity1 & ) true ,italian in/9ct he acts ^u x z he writes4 ,he kn[s t ^! acts ( cult are "o outw>d expression ( t quality :i* _h made ,rome great--pietas1 ! s5se ( duty to family1 ,/ate1 & ,deity4 ,s f> ,i h be5 consid]+ :at ,i may call ! psy*ological basis ( ,virgil's religion--! man's sympa!tic nature & wide outlook1 :i* includ$ 9 its love ( ,italy ev5 ! old practical wor%ip ( ,italians4 ,i h n[ to g on to ! poet's greate/ "w1 9 :i* ! idea ( duty 0 n m]ely recognis$ 9 religi\s acts b exemplifi$ 9 an ideal ,roman4 ,x is ma9ly 9 ! ,a5eid t we see him look+ =w>d z well z backw>d1 = x is !re t we h ! *>t ( ! ,roman's duty drawn to ! scale ( 8 pa/ hi/ory1 & meant to guide him 9 ! future 9 /ill m glori\s travel4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* we may contemplate ! ,a5eid z a :ole & ! tea*+ x (f]$ ! ,roman ( t day4 ,we may ?9k ( x 7if ,i may = a mom5t use musical language7 z a great fugue1 ( :i* ! lead+ subject is ! mission ( ,rome 9 ! _w4 ,provid5ce1 ,div9e w1 ! ,reason ( ! ,/oics1 or1 9 ! poetical sett+ ( ! poem1 ,jupit]1 ! great protect+ ,roman deity1 ) ! ,fates beh9d him some:at vaguely conceiv$1#hhj _h guid$ ! ,/ate to greatness & empire f its infancy onw>ds1 & ! citiz5s ( t ,/ate mu/ be wor?y ( t de/9y if !y 7 to c>ry out ! great "w4 ,?is mighty !me p]vades ! :ole poem &1 l ! subject ( a fugue1 ent]s & re-ent]s f "t to "t 9 ?rill+ tones4 ,x is giv5 out 9 ! prophecy put into ! m\? ( ,jupit] himself at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ book2 x is he>d 9 /ill m magnific5t music f ! %ade ( old ,an*ises 9 ! la/ mom5ts ( ! h]o's visit to ,hades 9 ! six? book1 & aga9 9 ! description ( ! %ield :i* ,v5us gives h] son4#hha ,?\gh ! poem is unequal & "s p>ts ( x are left )\t ! f9al t\*es1 yet :5ev] ! poet comes ^u ?is great !me ! tone is t ( a full organ4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ap>t f ^? exquisite beauties ( detail :i* are = ^? only :o h be5 initiat$ 9 ! ,virgilian my/]ies1 :at *iefly moves ! mod]n read] ( ,virgil4 ,!re are drawbacks :i*1 = u mod]ns at lea/1 detract f ! g5]al effect3 ! int]v5tion ( gods & goddesses aft] ! ,hom]ic mann]1 b )\t ! *>m ( ,hom]2 ! seem+ want ( w>m human blood 9 ! h]o2 ! /]n decrees ( ,fate ov]rul+ human passions & int]e/s2 b he :o keeps ! great !me ev] 9 m9d1 wat*+ = x z he reads1 z "o wat*es = ! new entry ( a great fugue-subject1 w nev] fail to see 9 ! ,a5eid "o ( ! noble/ ef=ts ( human art--to und]/& :at makes x ! _w's second great epic4 ,b ?is great de/9y ( ,rome has be5 accompli%$ by ! s]vice ( man2 by 8 loyalty1 self-sacrifice1 & s5se ( duty2 by t quality kn[n to ! ,romans z pietas2 & ! second lesson or rem9d] ( ! ,a5eid lies 9 ! exemplification ( ?is tru? 9 ! p]son & "* ( ! h]o4 ,we mod]ns f9d x h>d to int]e/ ourselves 9 ! "* ( ,a5eas4 ,b z ,pr(4 ,nettle%ip rem>k$ long ago1#hhb a ,roman read] w\ld n h ?\ght him dull or un9t]e/+2 if t _h be5 s1 ! poem c\ld h>dly h become popul> f ! mom5t ( its publication4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! developm5t ( ! "* ( ,a5eas "u /ress ( p]ils1 moral & mat]ial1 0 mu* m obvi\s to ! ,roman ?an x is to u1 & mu* m ke5ly appreciat$4 ,= him x 0 ! *ief lesson ( ! poem1 :i* makes x z x 7 a :ole duty ( ! ,roman2 & z ?is lesson is really a "p ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce ,i am go+ to occupy ! re/ ( ?is lecture ) x4 ,! developm5t ( ! "* ( ,a5eas1 "u ! influ5ce ( p]ils & temptations ?r\gh :i* he is guid$ by ,jupit] & ! ,fates1 is n a subject :i* has receiv$ mu* att5tion f mod]n criticism4#hhc ,yet to me1 at lea/1 x w\ld be surpris+ if ! lead+ "* ( ! poem 71 s to speak1 a /atue once & = all conceiv$ & execut$ by ! arti/1 in/ead ( a human be+ subject$ to v>i\s exp]i5ces :i* "w ^u 8 "* z well z 8 c>e]4 ,!re 7 circum/ances 9 ,virgil's "t :i* made x natural t a poet ( a s]i\s & philosophical turn ( m9d %\ld be int]e/$ 9 ! developm5t ( "* & make x "p ( 8 great subject4 ,we h m ?an once _h occasion to notice ! gr[? ( individualism 9 ! la/ two c5turies ,b4,c4 ,beyond d\bt p]sonal "* _h a great int]e/ at ?is "t = ?9k+ m51 ap>t f its developm5t2 ! _w 0 rul$ by individuals1 & at no "t has s mu* dep5d$ on ! disposition ( individuals4 ,m5 _h long begun to take !mselves v s]i\sly1 & to write _! own biographies4 ,s entirely _h ! individual emancipat$ himself f ! ,/ate1 t he _h almo/ =gott5 t ! ,/ate exi/$ & claim$ 8 pietas2 he work$ & play$ = 8 own ends4#hhd ,ev5 ! armies ( t melan*oly age 7 kn[n & ?\ght (1 n z ! s]vants ( ! ,/ate1 b z ,sullani1 ,pompeiani1 & s on4 ,?is almo/ arrogant self-ass]tion ( ! individual 0 a fact ( ! "t1 & c\ld n be suppress$ entirely2 x 0 h5ce=w>d impossible to return to ! old times :5 ! ,/ate 0 all 9 all & ! individual c\nt$ = little4 ,b 9 ! ,a5eid1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 !re is an almo/ p]fect balance betwe5 ! two conflict+ int]e/s4 ,! ,/ate is ! pivot on :i* turns all t is be/ 9 individual human "*2 9 o!r words1 ,a5eas is n play+ 8 own game1 b fulfill+ ! ord] ( de/9y :i* 0 to br+ ! _w "u ,roman dom9ion4 ,individualism ( ! wrong type1 t ( ,dido1 ,turnus1 ,mez5tius1 has to be escap$ or ov]come by ! h]o1 = :om ! call ( duty is t ( ! ,/ate to be2 b1 all ! same1 ! h]o is an individual1 & "o conceiv$ n m]ely z a type or a =ce4 ,true1 he is typical ( ,roman pietas1 & be>s 8 con/ant epi!t accord+ly2 b if we look at him c>efully we %all see t 8 pietas is at fir/ imp]fect1 & t 8 individualism has to be tam$ & br\ght into ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate ) ! help ( ! ,/ate's deities4 ,?is is :at makes ! ,a5eid a religi\s poem2 ! "* ( ,a5eas is pivot$ on religion2 religion is ! "o sanction ( 8 conduct4 ,!re is no appeal 9 ! ,a5eid to k1 or reason1 or pleasure1--always to ! w ( ,god4 ,pietas is ,virgil's ^w = religion1 z x _h be5 ,cic]o's 9 8 m exalt$ mom5ts4 ,9 ! ,dream ( ,scipio we read t piis omnibus ret95dus e/ animus 9 cu/odia corporis3 nec iniussu eius a quo ille e/ vobis datus1 ex hom9um vita migr&um e/1 ne munus humanum adsignatum a deo defugisse videam9i4#hhe ,9 ^! words1 z is %[n by ^? t foll[1 ! munus hom9um is exactly :at x is 9 ! ,a5eid1 duty to ,man & ! ,/ate1 & z x is laid d[n = man by ,god1 x is also duty to ,him4 ,! ,/ate f9ds its p]fection 9 ! individual s long z he ?us fulfills ! w ( ,god4#hhf ,let u n[ g on to wat* ,a5eas z he gradually develops ?is p]fect balance ( motive4 ,a5eas is m>k$ at ! v outset ( ! poem z insignem pietate virum2 ! key-note ( 8 "* is s\nd$ "h at once ) skill1 & ! key ?us sugge/$ 7to use musical metaphor once m7 is ma9ta9$ /eadily ?r\gh\t x4 ,! quality dem&$ by ! gods f e true ,roman :o w\ld take 8 "p 9 c>ry+ out ! div9e mission ( ,rome mu/ be emphasis$ 9 ! ideal ,roman4 ,yet1 z we read on1 we soon discov] t ,a5eas 0 by no means z yet a p]fect "*4 ,x c h>dly be by accid5t t ! poet has describ$ him z yield+ to despair & bewail+ 8 fate on ! fir/ approa* ( dang]--=gett+ ! mission be=e him & ! de/9y driv+ him on1 & wi%+ t he 7 ly+ dead ) ,hector "u ! walls ( ,troy 7i4 #ib foll474 ,x w\ld h be5 easy en\gh = ,virgil to h tak5 up at once ! h]oic ve9 9 ! man1 z x 0 left him by ,hom]1#hhg & to h made him urge 8 m5 to be/ir !mselves or to yield bravely to fate4 ,& ?is is precisely :at ,a5eas does :5 ! /orm is ov] & ! dang] pa/ 7#aih foll472 yet ev5 !n he is n :ole-he>t$ ab\t x3 talia voce ref]t1 curisque +5tibus aeg] spem voltu simulat1 premit alto corde dolorem4 ,at ! v mom5t1 t is1 :5 he expresses 8 belief 9 8 de/9y & ! duty ( mak+ = ,italy1 he /ill has misgiv+s1 ?\gh he d>e n express !m4 ,he9ze has rem>k$#hhh t be=e ?is1 at ! sack ( ,troy1 he _h %[n a want ( self-control1 & yield$ to a mad passion ( desp]ate fight+ t is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,a5eas ( ! la/ six books 7ii4 #cad foll473 arma am5s capio nec sat rationis 9 armis4 ,furor & ira drive him headlong2 we are rem9d$ ( ! mad fury ( ,mez5tius or ,turnus4 ,aga91 aft] ! dea? ( ,priam ,v5us has to rem9d him ( 8 duty to 8 fa!r1 wife1 & son 7ii4 #eid foll471 reproa*+ him = 8 loss ( sanity & self-control3 nate1 quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras8 quid furis1 aut quonam no/ri tibi cura recessit8 non prius aspicies ubi fessum aetate p>5tem liqu]is ,an*is51 sup]et coniunxne ,creusa ,ascaniusque pu]8#hhi ,dur+ ! w&]+s n>rat$ 9 ! ?ird book x is ,an*ises :o leads1 & :o receives & int]prets ! div9e w>n+s2 he seems to be ! gu>dian & guide ( 8 son3 to t son he is omnis curae casusque levam5 7iii4 #gji71 & he is felix nati pietate 7iii4 #dhj74 ,he is1 9 fact1 ! typical ,roman fa!r1 :o1 unlike ,hom]'s ,la]tes1 ma9ta9s 8 activity & au?ority to ! end ( 8 life1 & to :om ev5 ! gr[n-up son1 himself a fa!r1 owes rev]5ce & ob$i5ce4 ,z ,boissi] has po9t$ out1#hij ! dea? ( ,an*ises is po/pon$ 9 ! /ory z long z possible1 & x is only aft] 8 dea? t ,a5eas is expos$ to a really dang]\s temptation2 x is imm$iately aft] ?is ev5t t1 z we saw1 he loses he>t at ! fir/ /orm1 & !n1 on l&+ 9 ,africa1 falls a victim = ! mom5t to ! que5ly *>ms ( ,dido4 ,we may notice t up to ?is po9t 8 pietas has be5 a limit$ "o1 h>dly call$ ^u = ex]cise beyond ! b\nds ( family life & duty2 :5 he is himself at ! head1 n only ( ! family1 b1 s to speak1 ( ! ,/ate1 x has to take a wid] range1 & to be put to a sev]e te/4 ,to all t has at diff]5t times be5 writt5 ab\t ,virgil's treatm5t ( ! ,dido leg5d ,i mu/ v5ture "h to add ano!r ^w4 ,he9ze has %[n#hia t no c]ta9 orig9 c be discov]$ = ! =m ( ! /ory z ,virgil tells x2 x may h be5 ,naevius :o fir/ took ,a5eas to ,sicily1 b we d n "k :e!r he or any successor ( 8 inv5t$ ! ess5tial po9t ( ,virgil's /ory1--! suicide ( ,dido z a consequ5ce ( h] des]tion by ,a5eas4#hib ,9 any case ! "q arises1 :y our poet %\ld h delib]ately ab&on$ ! curr5t & popul> v]sion1 & expos$ 8 h]o to su* imm95t dang] ( des]t+ ! pa? :i* ,jupit] & ! ,fates _h m>k$ out = him1--( sacrific+ 8 great mission to ! passion ( a magnific5t woman1 & to ! prospect ( illicit ease & unsanction$ dom9ion4 ,he9ze is ( op9ion t ,virgil's motive 0 "h a purely arti/ic "o2 he want$ an opportunity to introduce ! pa!tic elem5t into 8 epic4 ,!re 0 no lack ( models2 ! late/ bloom ( ,greek poetry _h be5 9 no?+ m inv5tive ?an 9 deal+ ) all ! ph5om5a ( ! passion ( love1--its agony1 %ame1 & despair1 & ! self-immolation ( its victims4#hic ,he en=ces ?is view ) great le>n+1 & all he writes ab\t x is ( value2 b ,i mu/ confess t he has n conv9c$ me t ?is 0 ,virgil's *ief motive4 ,he seems to me to leave out ( acc\nt two important consid]ations3 fir/1 t ?\gh ! poet drew freely on e available s\rce1 ,greek & ,roman1 = ! enri*m5t ( 8 subject & its treatm5t1 yet ! :ole design & purpose ( ! ,a5eid is ,roman & n ,greek1 & ! introduction ( a love-/ory z su* w\ld h be5 =eign to t design1 & also to ! aims & hopes ( ,augu/us & ! be/ m5 ( ! age4 ,secondly1 ,he9ze seems to =get1 l s _m o!rs :o h writt5 ab\t ! ,dido episode1 t ,virgil _h be=e 8 v eyes facts suffici5tly /rik+1 a romance q suffici5tly appall+1 to sugge/ ! adoption ( ! =m ( ! /ory z we h x 9 ! f\r? book4 ,twice 9 8 own lifetime did a s+le =midable woman "w a baleful spell ^u ! de/9ies ( ! ,roman empire4 ,9 nei!r case did ! spell take fatal effect2 ,julius escap$ 9 "t f ! wiles & ! spl5d\r ( ,cleopatra2 ,antony fail$ inde$ to escape1 b br\ght himself & h] to =tunate ru94 ,x is to me inexplicable1 consid]+ h[ all ,virgil's poems ab\nd ) allusions to ! ev5ts ( 8 "t1 & ) side-glances at ! *ief ag5ts 9 !m1 t nei!r ,he9ze nor ,nord5 %\ld h ev5 t\*$ on ! possibility t ,cleopatra 0 9 ! poet's m9d :5 he wrote ! f\r? book4 ,x is p]haps difficult = "o :o puts ! poem on ! dissect+-bo>d1 & ^: att5tion is cont9ually absorb$ 9 ! inve/igation ( m9ute po9ts 9 ! fibre ( x1 to be> 9 m9d ! extraord9>y ev5ts ( ! poet's lifetime1--! civil w>1 ! murd] ( ,julius1 ! division ( ! ,roman _w1 ! di/raction ( ,italy1 ! attempt ( ,antony1 or r1 inde$1 ( 8 enslav]1 to set up a rival ,ori5tal dom9ion1 & ! rescue ( ,romanism & civilisation by ,augu/us4 ,_h ,lucretius himself liv$ 9 t g5]ation1 he c\ld h>dly h escap$ ! influ5ce ( ^! appall+ facts4 ,:oev] w turn to ! late ,pr(4 ,nettle%ip's essay on ! poetry ( ,virgil1 app5d$ to 8 ,anci5t ,roman ,lives ( ,virgil1#hid c h>dly fail to be conv9c$ t on ! lat] poet's m9d !y _h produc$ a pr(\nd impression1 ! effects ( :i* are traceable ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass ( 8 "w4 ,8 ,roman read]s1 ^: /ate & empire _h be5 br\ght to ! v]ge ( ru9 by ! exaltation ( individual passions & ambitions1 w\ld look = ^! con/ant allusions & und]/& !m f> bett] ?an we c4 ,i ma9ta91 !n1 t ! poet adopt$ 8 v]sion ( ! /ory ( ,dido n simply z an affect+ & pa!tic episode1 b 79 keep+ ) 8 :ole design7 to emphasise ! great lesson ( ! poem by %[+ t ! gr[? & glory ( ! ,roman dom9ion are due1 "u provid5ce1 to ,roman virtus & pietas--t s5se ( duty to family1 ,/ate1 & gods1 :i* rises1 9 spite ( trial & dang]1 sup]ior to ! enticem5ts ( individual passion & selfi% ease4 ,a5eas is sorely tri$1 b he escapes f ,dido to p]=m ! w ( ! gods2 x is ,jupit]1 rul] ( ! ,fates & ! ,roman de/9ies1 :o rescues him1 & ?us ! div9e c>e = ,rome1 an idea ( :i* ,augu/us wi%$ to make ! mo/1 is c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! tale4 ,if = u ! "* ( ,a5eas suff]s by 8 des]tion ( ,dido1 t is simply because ! poet1 seiz$ ) int5se pity = ! injur$ que51 seems = once1 l 8 own h]o1 to h =gott5 8 mission 9 ! poem1 & at ! v mom5t :5 he means to %[ ,a5eas p]=m+ ! noble/ act ( self-sacrifice1 r5\nc+ 8 individual passion & li/5+ to ! /]n call ( duty1 human nature gets ! bett] ( him1 & :at he meant to pa9t z a noble act has come out on 8 canvas z a mean "o4 ,9 ,virgil's /ory1 !n1 we h 9 contra/ & conflict ! oppos+ pr9ciples ( duty & pleasure1 ( patriotism & selfi%ness1 & ! victory ( ! latt] 9 ! p]son ( ,a5eas by ! help ( ! great god :o 0 ! gu>dian ( ! de/9ies ( ,rome1 & ( ! goddess :o 0 ! "m ( ! h]o & ! reput$ prog5itor ( ! ,julian family4 ,:5 once ?is great trial is ov]1 ! way is cle> = ! accompli%m5t ( ,a5eas' mission1 ?\gh he /ill has trials to face1 & z yet is n fully equipp$ = meet+ !m4 ,:oev]1 aft] read+ ! /ormy sc5es ( ! f\r? book1 w g /raight on to ! fif?1 _c b be /ruck ) a *ange ( tone :i* w\ld h be5 d\bly welcome to a man ( t true ,roman feel+ :i* ,virgil 0 c\nt+ on z well z inculcat+ ?r\gh\t 8 "w--d\bly welcome1 because he w\ld f9d x n only 9 ! incid5ts1 b 9 ! "* ( ,a5eas4 ,we "h leave self & passion beh9d1 & are introduc$ to sc5es :]e ! c>eful p]=mance ( religi\s & family duties seems to produce ease ( m9d & ! tranquillity t comes ( a soo!d consci5ce4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! poem we meet ) a *>act]i/ic ( t be/ ,roman life :i* 0 de> to ! he>t ( ,augu/us1 & ) :i* we may be q c]ta9 t ! poet himself 0 entirely 9 sympa?y4 ,/range1 inde$1 x is t ?is %\ld be ! case 9 a book s :olly bas$ = its ext]nals on ,greek poetical traditions2 b x is none ! less true1 & x is a /rik+ example ( ,virgil's wond]ful g5ius = trans=m+ old ?+s ) new light & mean+4#hie ,x is n only !n1 or ev5 ma9ly1 ! traditional necessity ( describ+ games 9 an epic poem1 t is ! raison d'etre ( ! fif? book2 ! object 0 r1 z ,i und]/& x1 to ga9 ! ne$ful contra/ to ! /ormy passion ( ! f\r?1 & a relief = ! m9d ( ! ,roman read] be=e he approa*$ ! awful sc5]y & exp]i5ces ( ! six?1 :ile at ! same "t !re c\ld be indicat$--& = a ,roman read] m ?an indicat$--! fir/ beg9n+ ( a *ange 9 ! "* ( ! h]o4 ,all ?is is effect$ ) wond]ful skill by mak+ ,a5eas p]=m ) detail$ c>efulness ! ,roman ritual ( ! ,p>5talia z x 0 kn[n to ! ,romans ( ! ,augu/an age4 ,! ,p>5talia1 z ,i h said else:]e1#hif 7 n days ( t]ror or ill-om51 b r days on :i* ! p]=mance ( duty 0 ! lead+ idea 9 m5's m9ds2 t duty 0 a pleasant & *e]ful "o1 = ! dead 7 /ill memb]s ( ! family1 & !re 0 no?+ to fe> f !m s long z ! liv+ p]=m$ _! duties t[>ds !m "u ! due regulations ( ! ius div9um4 ,! ritual indicates ! idea ( ! ye>ly r5ewal ( ! rite ( burial1 ) ! propitiation ( ! dep>t$ :i* 0 necess>y = ! welf>e ( ! family2 & :5 ! liturgical n9e days 7 ov]1 ! liv+ memb]s met toge!r 9 ! ,c>i/ia1 a k9d ( love fea/ ( ! family1 at :i* all qu>rels 7 to be =gott51 & f :i* all guilty memb]s 7 exclud$4 ,9 families ( weal? & di/9ction 9 ,virgil's "t ! days ( m\rn+ might be foll[$ by games 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t$4 ,?us a ,roman w\ld at once recognise ! fact t ,a5eas is "h pres5t$ to u = ! fir/ "t z a ,roman fa!r ( a family1 dis*>g+ ! duties ess5tial to ! cont9uance & prosp]ity ( t family ) *e]fulness z well z ) gravitas2 & t 8 pietas "h takes a def9ite1 practical1 & truly ,roman =m1 ?\gh x is n z yet ext5d$ to its full connotation z ! p]=mance ( duty t[>ds ! ,/ate & its gods4 ,all ?is is q 9 keep+ ) ! little t\*es ( *>act]isation :i* we c also notice 9 ?is book4 ,9 ! second l9e ,a5eas pursues 8 way c]tus1 ev5 :ile he gazes at ! flames ( ,dido's fun]al pyre1 n kn[+ :at !y meant4 ,he presides at ! games ) ! dignity ( a ,roman magi/rate1 & reproa*+ly consoles ! beat5 ,d>es ) words :i* seem to reflect 8 late exp]i5ce at ,c>?age 7v4 #dfe73 infelix1 quae tanta animum dem5tia cepit8 non vires alias conv]saque num9a s5tis8 c$e deo4 ,:5 ! %ips are burnt he does n give way to despair1 z 9 ! /orm ( ! fir/ book1 b prays = help to ! omnipot5t ,jupit]1 9 ^: h& 7 ! de/9ies ( 8 desc5dants 7v4 #fhg foll474 ,b he is n yet p]fect 9 8 s5se ( duty2 he feels ! bl[ sev]ely1 & = a mom5t wav]s 7v4 #gjj foll473 444 casu concussus ac]bo nunc huc +5tis1 nunc illuc pectore curas mutabat v]sans1 ,siculisne resid]et arvis oblitus fatorum1 ,italasne capess]et oras4 ,x ne$s ! *e]+ advice ( old ,nautes 7quicquid erit1 sup]&a omnis =tuna f]5do e/71 & ! appe>ance ( ! %ade ( ,an*ises1 to confirm 8 wav]+ w ) r5ew$ s5se ( 8 mission4 ,?is appe>ance ( 8 fa!r1 omnis curae casusque levam51 ) ! summons to meet him 9 ,hades1 is1 z ,he9ze has se51#hig a turn+-po9t 9 ! =tunes & ! "* ( ,a5eas1 & prep>es u = ! f9al ordeal & initiation :i* he und]goes 9 ! foll[+ book4 ,i "h use ! ^w initiation because ,i h no d\bt t ,virgil _h 9 8 m9d :5 writ+ x ! ,greek idea ( initiation into my/]ies prep>atory to a new life4 ,an actual initiation 01 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q2 on ! o!r h& a catabasis1 a desc5t into ,hades1 0 "p ( ! epic inh]itance he d]iv$ f ,hom]1 & ?is1 l ! fun]al games 9 ! fif? book1 he might use ) an e>ne/ness ( purpose want+ 9 ,hom]1 to "w 9 ) ! great !me ( 8 poem1 n m]ely z an arti/ic ef=t4 ,! purpose "h 0 to make ( ,a5eas a new man1 to reg5]ate him2 to prep>e him by my/ic enlight5m5t = ! toil1 p]il1 & triumph t await him 9 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 div9e mission4 ,we mu/ n look too closely into ! process2 x is a /range melange ( popul> & philosophic ideas & sc5]y1 made at once intelligible & magnific5t by ! wond]ful res\rces ( ! poet2 b we may be sure t x has ! same g5]al mean+ z ! visions ( ,dante long aft]w>ds4 ,z ,mr4 ,toz] has said1 ,dante's conv]sion & ultimate salvation 7 ! prim>y object ( 8 j\rney ?r\gh ! ?ree realms ( ! spiritual _w4#hih ,9 ?is s5se x c be call$ an initiation1 an ordeal1 a sacram5t4 ,s mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ?is wond]ful book t ,i d n ne$ to dwell ^u x "h4 ,i w cont5t myself ) po9t+ out v briefly a fact :i* /ruck me :5 ,i la/ read x4 ,! ordeal ( prep>ation is n complete till ! v end ( ! book1 :5 ! %ade ( ,an*ises has %[n 8 son all ! great ?+s to come1 ! due accompli%m5t ( :i* dep5ds on 8 s5se ( duty1 8 pietas4 ,up to t mom5t ,a5eas is always ?9k+ & speak+ ( ! pa/1 :ile 9 ! la/ six books he is always look+ ahead1 absorb$ 9 ! "w ea* h\r plac$ be=e him1 & 9 ! prospect ( ! glory ( ,rome & ,italy4 ,! poet _h contriv$ t 8 h]o %\ld himself n>rate ! /ory ( ! sack ( ,troy & 8 subsequ5t w&]+s1 & n>rate !m to ! v p]son :o w\ld h made x impossible = him ev] aga9 to look =w>d on ! pa? ( duty4 ,surely ?is is significant ( a moral z well z an arti/ic purpose2 ! passionate love ( ! que5 urges h] to keep 8 m9d fix$ on ! pa/1 to engage him 9 ! /ory ( ev5ts t conc]n$ himself & n 8 mission 7i4 #gdh73 necnon et v>io noctem s]mone trahebat infelix ,dido1 longumque bibebat amorem multa sup] ,priamo rogitans1 sup] ,hectore multa1 etc4 ,aft] ! %ade ( ,creusa _h told him ( 8 de/9y1 :i* %e 0 n to %>e1 ! pa/ 0 /ill 9 8 m9d1 & he seems to h =gott5 ! w>n+2 he calls himself an exile 7iii4 #aj73 litora cum patriae lacrimans portusque rel9quo et campos ubi ,troia fuit4 ,f]or exsul 9 altum-- ,i f9d an exception aft] ! meet+ ) ,&roma*e1 :5 he ?9ks ( ! future = a mom5t1 b ev5 !n half-he>t$ly z x seems to me1 ) a v di/9ct reluctance to face ! dang]s to come1 & ) a t\*+ envy ( ^? :o c\ld /ay at home at ease 7iii4 #dic foll474 ,8 want ( fai? 9 ! future is aga9 %[n 9 ,book v41 9 ! passage quot$ j n[2 & ev5 9 ,book vi4 he is at fir/ purposely depict$ z slack1 z hav+ 8 att5tion caught by :at is = ! mom5t be=e him1 or ) ! figures ( old fri5ds & enemies :om he meets1 until ! la/ awak5+ revelation ( ,an*ises4 ,?us no soon] has he l&$ 9 ,italy ?an he is attract$ by ! pictures 9 ! temple ( ,apollo & incurs a rebuke f ! prie/ess 7vi4 #cg foll473 non hoc i/a sibi tempus spectacula poscit2 nunc grege de intacto septem mact>e iuv5cos prae/it]it1 etc42 s also a little f>!r on %e has to w>n him aga9 7#ej foll47 at ! entrance to ! cave3 cessas 9 vota precesque1 ,tros ait ,a5ea1 cessas8 ,x may be fancy 9 me to see ev5 9 8 pray] :i* foll[s a lean+ to ?9k ( ,troy & 8 pa/ tr\bles 7#ef foll474 ,b ,i _c b believe t 9 ?is book he is meant to take a la/ f>ewell ( all :o h %>$ 8 pa/ =tunes1 h help$ him or injur$ him2 he meets ,pal9urus1 ,dido1 ,tydeus1 ,deiphobus1 & ! re/1 & :ile m$itat+ ov] ^! he has once m to be hurri$ by 8 guide 7#ech73 s$ comes admonuit brevit]que adfata ,sibylla e/3 nox ruit1 ,a5ea1 nos fl5do ducimus horas4 ,:5 ,an*ises appe>s ! :ole tone *anges1 & 8 fam\s words seem to me to %[ conclusively t hesitation & want ( fix$1 undeviat+ purpose _h be5 s f> 8 son's *ief fail+ 7#hjf73 et dubitamus adhuc virtutem ext5d]e factis1 aut metus ,ausonia prohibet consi/]e t]ra8 ,! fa!r's vision & prophecy are ( ! future & ! great de$s ( m5 to come1 & h5ce=w>d ,a5eas makes no allusion to ! pa/ & ! figures t peopl$ x1 ab&ons talk & lam5tations1 virtutem ext5dit factis4 ,at ! outset ( ,book vii4 we feel ! %ip mov+ at once2 ?ree l9es suffice = ! fre% />t2 ,circe is pass$ unhe$$4 ,maior r]um mihi nascitur ordo1 says ! poet 9 l9e #dc2 maius opus moveo2 = ! real subject ( ! poem is at la/ rea*$1 & a h]oic "* by h]oic de$s is to lay ! f\ndation ( ! et]nal dom9ion ( ,rome4 ,a v few words %all suffice ab\t ! ,a5eas ( ! lat] books4 ,let u freely all[ t he is n /rongly *>act]is$2 t = u mod]ns ! int]e/ c5tres r 9 ,turnus1 :o is h]oic z an individual1 b n z a pione] ( civilisation div9ely l$2 t !re is no real h]o9e1 = fem99e passion w\ld be "h out ( place & un-,roman1 & ! c\rt%ip ( ,lav9ia is und]tak51 s to speak1 = political reasons4 ,! role ( ,a5eas1 z ! ag5t ( ,jupit] 9 conque/ & civilisation1 w\ld appeal to a ,roman r ?an to a mod]n1 & x 0 res]v$ = ! mod]n critic to compla9 ( a lack ( individual int]e/ 9 him4 ,s1 too1 x is 9 ,jewi% hi/ory2 we feel ) ,esau m ?an ) ,jacob1 & ) ,david m ?an ) ,moses1 :o is none ! less ! gr&e/ typical ,israelite 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,&1 inde$1 ,virgil's !me "h is less ! developm5t ( a "* or ! portraiture ( a h]o ?an ! idealisation ( ! p ( ! ,italy :i* he lov$ s well1 :o ne$$ only a div9ely guid$ lead] & civilis] to ent] ^u ! glori\s c>e] t 0 9 /ore = !m4 ,i _c escape ! belief1 z ,i read aga9 ?r\gh ^! books1 t ,virgil did int5d to depict 9 ,a5eas 8 ideal ( t ,roman "* to :i* ! lead+ writ]s ( 8 day ascrib$ ! greatness ( _! race4 ,8 pietas is n[ confirm$ & enl>g$1 x has become a s5se ( duty to ! w ( ! gods z well z to 8 fa!r1 8 son1 & 8 p1 & ?is s5se ( duty nev] leaves him1 ei!r 9 8 g5]al c\rse ( action or 9 ! detail ( sacrifice & propitiation4 ,8 c\rage & /eadfa/ness nev] fail him2 he looks ev] =w>d1 confid5t 9 div9e protection2 ! %ield he c>ries is adorn$--a wond]ful /roke ( poetic g5ius--) sc5es ( ! future1 & n ( ! pa/ 7viii4 #gbi foll473 talia p] clipeum ,volcani1 dona p>5tis1 miratur r]umque ign>us imag9e gaudet attoll5s um]o famamque et fata nepotum4 ,he is nev] 9 ^! books to be f\nd want+ 9 swiftness & vigilance2 :5 he *e]s 8 comrades x is no long] 9 a half-he>t$ way1 b z at ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? book1 ) ! utmo/ vig\r & confid5ce1 ,arma p>ate1 animis et spe praesumite bellum 7xi4 #ah74 ,8 humanitas aga9 is "h m obvi\s ?an 9 8 e>li] c>e]1 & x is pla9ly meant to be contra/$ ) ! h]oic savag]y ( ,mez5tius & ,turnus4 ,s ke5ly did ! poet feel ?is developm5t 9 8 h]o's "*1 t 9 8 descriptions ( ! dea? ( ,lausus & ! burial ( ,pallas--noble & beautiful y\?s :om he lov$ 9 imag9ation z he lov$ 9 reality all "y ?+s--8 t5d]ness is s t\*+ t ev5 n[ we c h>dly read !m )\t te>s4 ,& n only is ! h]o h]oic & humane1 b he is a j man & keeps fai?2 :51 9 ! twelf? book1 ! ,rutulians break ! treaty1 & 8 own m5 h jo9$ 9 ! unju/ combat 7xii4 #caa73 at pius ,a5eas dextram t5debat in]mem nudato capite atque suos clamore vocabat3 quo ruitis8 quove i/a rep5s discordia surgit8 o cohibete iras2 ictum iam fo$us et omnes compositae leges3 mihi ius concurr]e soli4 ,he claims = himself alone1 "u ! guid+ h& ( provid5ce1 ! "r to deal ) ,turnus1 ! enemy ( humanity & righte\sness4 ,& we may note t :5 x came to t la/ /ruggle1 ?\gh conqu]+ by div9e aid1 he 0 ready to sp>e ! life ( ! conqu]$ till he saw ! spoils ( ! "y ,pallas ^u him4 ,! "* ( ,a5eas1 !n1 ?\gh n pa9t$ 9 su* /rong light z we mod]ns might expect or desire1 is int5tionally develop$ into a h]oic type 9 ! c\rse ( ! /ory--a type :i* e ,roman w\ld recognise z 8 own natural ideal4 ,& ?is gr[? is ! direct result ( religi\s influ5ce4 ,x is p>tly ! result ( ! h]o's own natural pietas1 innate )9 him f ! fir/1 z x 0 9 ! brea/ ( e noble ,roman2 p>tly ! result ( a gradually enl>g$ recognition ( ! w ( ,god1 & p>tly ( ! /r5g!n+ & almo/ sacram5tal process ( ! j\rney to ,hades1 ( ! revelation !re made ( ! my/]ies ( life & dea?1 & ( ! great future :i* ,jupit] & ! ,fates h res]v$ = ! ,roman p4 ,9 ^! ?ree influ5ces ,virgil has summ$ up all ! be/ religi\s factors ( 8 day3 ! in/9ct ( ! ,roman = religi\s obs]vance1 ) all its natural effect on conduct2 ! elevat+ ,/oic doctr9e :i* br\ght man into imm$iate relation ) ! univ]sal2 &1 la/ly1 ! t5d5cy to my/icism1 ,orphic or ,py?agorean1 :i* tells ( a ye>n+ 9 ! s\l ( man to hope = a life beyond ?is1 & to make ( ?is life a meet prep>ation = t o!r4 ,only "o ^w m4 ,we c h>dly d\bt ! tru? ( ! /ory t ! poet di$ e>ne/ly entreat+ t ?is greate/ "w ( 8 life %\ld p]i% ) him1 & ?is may aptly rem9d u t ?\gh ,i h be5 treat+ ! ,a5eid z a poem ( religion & morals1 yet1 aft] all1 ,virgil 0 a poet r ?an a prea*]1 & ?\ght ( 8 ,a5eid1 n z a s]mon1 b z a "w ( art4 ,_h he ?\ght ( x z a s]mon he c\ld h>dly h wi%$ to deprive ! ,roman _w ( x4 ,! true poet is nev] a prea*] except 9 s f> z he is a poet4 ,if ! ,greeks ?\ght ( _! poets z tea*]s1 says ! late ,pr(4 ,jebb1 ?is 0 simply a recognition ( poetry z ! highe/ influ5ce1 intellectual & spiritual1 t !y knew4 ,x 0 n m]ely a recreation ( _! leisure1 b a p[] p]vad+ & m\ld+ _! :ole exi/5ce4 ,surely ?is is also true ( ,virgil1 & ( ! be/ at lea/ ( 8 ,roman read]s4 ,no "o c read ! six? ,a5eid1 ! greate/ ef=t ( 8 g5ius1 )\t feel+ t poetry 0 all 9 all to him2 t le>n+1 leg5d1 philosophy1 religion1 :atev] 9 ! :ole range ( human ?\ght & fancy ent]$ 8 m9d1 em]g$ f x z poetry & poetry only4#hii ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xviii #hfi ,sell>1 ,virgil1 p4 #cga4 #hgj ,sa9te-,beuve1 ,etude sur ,virgile1 p4 #fh4 #hga ,horace1 ,epode #af1 :]e1 h[ev]1 he is n q s mu* 9 e>ne/ z 9 ,odes iii4 #f4 ,sallu/1 prefaces to ,jugur?a & ,catil9e3 ^! d n r+ q true4 #hgb ,georg4 iv4 #eaa foll4 #hgc ,georg4 iii4 #ddj foll4 ,! fam\s l9es 7#dih foll47 ab\t ! horse smitt5 ) pe/il5ce w occur to e "o4 #hgd ,a54 vi4 #cji4 #hge ,op4 cit4 p4 #bca4 ,he cites ,georg4 i4 #ajg & #ahg foll4 #hgf ,sell>1 ,virgil1 p4 #bcb4 #hgg ,georg4 iv4 #bba foll4 #hgh ,georg4 ii4 #dic4 #hgi ,pr(4 ,h>die rec5tly ask$ me an explanation ( ! d\ble alt> t we meet ) m ?an once 9 ,virgil 9 connection ) fun]al rites3 e4g41 ,ecl4 #e4 #ff2 ,a54 iii4 #cje2 v4 #gg foll4 ,s]vius tries to expla9 ?is1 b cle>ly did n und]/& x4 ,( c\rse ,i c\ld (f] no satisfactory solution4 ,yet we are bo? c]ta9 t !re is a satisfactory "o if we c\ld only get at x4 #hhj ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! "p ( ! ,fates 9 ! ,a5eid & _! relation to ,jupit]4 ,see ,he9ze1 ,v]gils epis*e ,te*nik1 p4 #bhf foll42 ,glov]1 ,/udies 9 ,virgil1 #bjb & #bgg foll4 ,i may be all[$ to ref] also to my ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #cdb foll4 #hha ,a54 i4 #beg foll41 vi4 #gef foll41 viii4 #fae foll4 #hhb ,sugge/ions prelim9>y to a ,/udy ( ! ,a5eid1 p4 #cf4 #hhc ,x is n likely to /rike u unless we read ! :ole ,a5eid ?r\gh1 )\t di/ract+ our m9ds ) o!r read+1 & ?is few ( u d4 ,i did x "s t5 ye>s ago2 be=e t ! developm5t ( "* _h n dawn$ on me fully4 ,i lat] on f\nd x %ortly b cle>ly set =? 9 ,he9ze's ,v]gils epis*e ,te*nik1 p4 #bff foll42 & ?is caus$ me to read ! poem ?r\gh once m1 ) ! result t ,i became confirm$ 9 my view1 & read a pap] on ! subject to ! ,ox=d ,philological ,society1 :i* ,i h 9 "p embodi$ 9 ?is lecture4 #hhd ,?is is dwelt on 9 ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #abd foll4 #hhe ,de ,republica1 vi4 #ae4 #hhf ,x may be z well to note "h t ! actual repres5tation ( ,god 9 ! ,a5eid is its weake/ po9t4 ,x 0 an epic poem1 & c\ld n disp5se ) ! ,hom]ic ma*9]y3 h5ce ,jupit] is practically ! repres5tative ( ! ,/oic all-p]vad+ deity1 ) ! ,fates beh9d him4 ,b x is n unlikely t ,virgil may ?us h actually help$ to make ! way cle> = a nobl] mono!i/ic idea by damag+ ,jupit] 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatm5t2 see ,social ,life at ,rome 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #cda foll4 #hhg ,on ! ,hom]ic ,a5eas !re are "s good rem>ks 9 ,boissi]'s ,n\velles ,prom5ades ar*aeologiques 7,horace et ,virgile71 p4 #acj foll4 ,( all ! ,hom]ic h]oes he seems to come ne>e/1 ?\gh b slightly sket*$1 to ! ,roman ideal ( h]oism4 #hhh ,he9ze1 ,v]gils epis*e ,te*nik1 p4 #ag4 #hhi ,i %\ld be dispos$ to consid] ?is passage z decisive ( ! po9t1 b t x imm$iately foll[s ^u ! d\btful l9es #efg-ehh1 9 :i* ,a5eas is tempt$ 9 8 mad fury to slay ,hel52 & if ^? l9es are n ,virgil's1 we h n suffici5t explanation ( ! rebuke :i* ,v5us "h adm9i/]s to h] son4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y 7 really ,virgil's1 & omitt$ 7z ,s]vius decl>es7 by ! orig9al editors ,tucca & ,v>ius1 we %\ld h a conv9c+ pro( t ! poet meant 8 h]o1 9 ^! t]rible sc5es1 to come s %ort ( ! true ,roman h]oic type z to be capable ( slay+ a woman 9 cold blood1 & :ile a suppliant at an alt> ( ! gods4 ,into ?is mu*-disput$ "q ,i mu/ n g f>!r1 except to note t :ile ,he9ze is absolutely confid5t t ,virgil nev] wrote ^! l9es1 ! editor ( ! new ,ox=d text ( ,virgil is equally c]ta9 t he did4 ,my op9ion is ( no value on su* a po9t2 b ,i am dispos$ to agree ) ,mr4 ,hirtzel t v]sus valde ,v]gilianos1 ab optimis codicibus omissos1 iniuria oblev]unt ,tucca et ,v>ius4 ,!y are c]ta9ly 9 keep+ ) ! picture ( ,a5eas' impot5tia :i* is g5]ally sugge/$ 9 ,book ii4 ,if x %\ld be argu$ t ?is impot5tia1 i4e4 want ( self-control1 is only put into ! m\? ( ,a5eas 9 ord] to height5 ! effect ( 8 /irr+ n>rative1 x w be well to rememb] ! remon/rances ( ,v5us1 :i* make su* a hypo!sis impossible4 #hij ,op4 cit4 p4 #bca4 #hia ,v]gils epis*e ,te*nik1 p4 #aac foll4 #hib ,! orig9al /ory 01 t unable to escape f an en=c$ m>riage ) ,i>bas1 %e kill$ h]self to m>k h] unfl9*+ fai?fulness to h] fir/ husb& ,si*>bas4 ,s]vius quotes ,v>ro z /at+ t x 0 n ,dido1 b ,anna :o committ$ suicide = love ( ,a5eas 7on ,a54 iv4 #fhb72 & z ,v>ro di$ be=e ! ,a5eid 0 begun1 ?is may be tak5 z prov+ t ,virgil's v]sion ( ! love-/ory 0 n 8 own inv5tion4 ,b x is q possible t ,s]vius "h only means t ,v>ro's v]sion diff]$ 9 ?is po9t f t :i* ! poet soon aft]w>ds adopt$2 x may be t ! /ory 9 ! poem is ?us practically 8 own4 #hic ,op4 cit4 p4 #aaf4 #hid ,anci5t ,lives ( ,v]gil1 ,cl>5don ,press1 #ahgi4 #hie ,! critics h1 ,i ?9k1 be5 weak] 9 deal+ ) ! fif? book ?an ) any ( ! o!rs4 ,pr(4 ,tyrrell is too viol5t 9 8 contempt = x to admit ( quotation "h4 ,he9ze has "s good & acute rem>ks on ,virgil's motive 9 plac+ ! book :]e x is1 b seems to me to miss ! real importance ( x 7op4 cit4 #adj foll474 ,ev5 ,boissi]1 ^: delightful acc\nt ( ! sc5]y ( ,eryx %\ld be read by e "o :o w\ld appreciate ?is book 7op4 cit4 p4 #bcb71 goes s f> z to say t x is ! "o book ) :i* we feel we might easily disp5se s f> z ! /ory is conc]n$4 #hif ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #cjg4 #hig ,op4 cit4 p4 #bgj4 #hih ,comm5t>y on ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia1 pp4 #fae foll4 ,i am indebt$ = ?is ref]5ce to ,/ew>t's ,my?s ( ,plato1 p4 #cfg4 #hii ,nettle%ip rem>k$ mo/ truly t !re is no bett] way ( appreciat+ ! h]oic ,a5eas ( ^! la/ books ?an by /udy+ c>efully ! e>ly "p ( ! elev5?4 ,,lecture ,,xix ,,! ,,augu/an ,,revival ,x is a long desc5t f ! inspir+ idealism ( ,virgil to ! cool1 tactical attempt ( ,augu/us to revive ! outw>d =ms ( ! old religion4 ,x seems /range t two m5 s diff]5t 9 "* & upbr++ %\ld h be5 work+ 9 ! same ye>s 9 ! same direction1 yet on planes s f> ap>t4 ,h[ f> ! two 7 directly connect$ 9 _! "w we _c "k = c]ta94 ,x is said t ! subject ( ! ,a5eid 0 sugge/$ to ,virgil by ,augu/us1 & x is q possible t ?is may be true2 b x by no means foll[s f ?is t ! inspiration ( ! poem came f any o!r s\rce b ,virgil's own ?\ght & feel+4 ,we also "k t ,augu/us f ! fir/ appreciat$ ! ,a5eid1 & t he sav$ x = all "t2 b x is by no means cle> t x inspir$ him 9 8 ef=ts t[>ds moral & religi\s reg5]ation4 ,p]haps ! tru? is t bo? 7 mov$ by ! wave ( m+l$ depression & hope t swept ov] ,italy = "s ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,julius1 & t ea* us$ 8 exp]i5ce 9 8 own way & accord+ to 8 opportunities4 ,!y _h at lea/ ?is 9 common1 t !y utilis$ ! pa/ to enc\rage ! pres5t age1 & t by fill+ old =ms & names ) new mean+ !y set m5's m9ds ^u ?9k+ ( ! future4#ijj ,yet ! revival ( ! ,/ate religion by ,augu/us is at once ! mo/ rem>kable ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman religion1 & "o almo/ unique 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,i h repeat$ly spok5 ( t ,/ate religion z hypnotis$ or p>alys$1 mean+ t ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( ! old cults _h pass$ away among ! educat$ classes1 t ! mongrel city populace _h long be5 accu/om$ to sc(f at ! old deities1 & t ! outw>d practice ( religion _h be5 all[$ to decay4 ,to u1 !n1 x may seem almo/ impossible t ! practice1 & to "s ext5t also ! belief1 %\ld be capable ( resuscitation at ! w ( a s+le individual1 ev5 if t individual repres5t$ ! be/ int]e/s & ! collective wisdom ( ! ,/ate4 ,= x is impossible to d5y t ?is resuscitation 0 real2 t bo? pax deorum & ius div9um became once m t]ms ( =ce & mean+4 ,beset z x 0 by at lea/ ?ree =midable enemies1 :i* t5d$ to de/roy x ev5 :ile !y f$ on x1 l p>asites 9 ! animal or vegetable _w fe$+ on _! ho/s1--! rationalis+ philosophy ( syncretism1 ! wor%ip ( ! ,caes>s1 & ! new ,ori5tal cults1--! old religion cont9u$ to exi/ = at lea/ ?ree c5turies 9 outw>d =m1 & to "s ext5t 9 popul> belief4 ,we mu/ rememb] ! t5aci\s cons]vatism ( ! ,roman m9d3 ! emotional /imulus ( ! age ( depression & despair :i* prec$$ ?is revival3 & ! consci5ti\s c>e ) :i* ! successors ( ,augu/us1 ,tib]ius 9 p>ticul>1 c>ri$ out 8 religi\s policy4#ija ,!n z we become m famili> ) ! ,corpus ( inscriptions & ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs1 we beg9 to appreciate ! fact t ! natural & inh]it$ religion ( a p _c altoge!r die1 & t to describe ?is old ,roman religion z dead is to use too /rong a ^w4 ,! votive inscriptions ( ! ,empire %[ u ov]:elm+ pro( ( surviv+ belief 9 ! great deities ( ! old5 "t1 & ( ! c>e tak5 ( _! temples4 ,anton9us ,pius is hon\r$ ob insignem erga ca]imonias publicas curam et religionem4#ijb ,m>cus ,aurelius himself did n hesitate 9 times ( public di/ress to put 9 action ! :ole app>atus ( ! old religion4#ijc ,con/antius 9 ,a4,d4 #cbi 0 %[n r\nd ! temples :5 he visit$ ,rome = ! fir/ "t1 & 9 spite ( 8 ,*ri/ianity took a curi\s int]e/ 9 !m4#ijd ,t ! private wor%ip1 too1 w5t on into ! f\r? c5tury we "k f ! ,!odosian code1 :]e 9 ! int]e/ ( ,*ri/ianity ! wor%ip ( ,l>es ,p5ates & ,g5ius is /rictly =bidd54#ije ,aga91 ! con/ant ridicule ) :i* ! ,*ri/ian writ]s speak ( ! m9utiae ( ! hea!n wor%ip makes x q pla9 t !y knew x z actually exi/+1 & n m]ely f books l ^? ( ,v>ro4 ,!y d n s mu* attack ! ,ori5tal religions ( _! "t z ! g5u9e old ,roman cults2 m especially is ?is ! case ) ,/4 ,augu/9e1 f ^: de ,civitate ,dei we h le>nt s mu* ab\t ! latt]4 ,! v necessity "u :i* ! lead]s ( ,*ri/ianity f\nd !mselves ( suit+ _! own religi\s "*1 & 9 "s ways ev5 _! own c]emonies1 to ! habits & prejudices ( ! pagans1 tells ! same /ory4 ,b ! "q h[ f> ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 0 indebt$ to ! religion ( ! ,romans mu/ be po/pon$ to my la/ lecture2 ,i h said en\gh to indicate 9 :i* direction we mu/ g = evid5ce t ! "w ( ,augu/us 0 n 9 va91 t x gave fre% /imulus to a plant t /ill _h "s life 9 x4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,augu/an revival 0 n a m]e %am1 b _h its measure ( real success1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ?is8 ,i ?9k ! explanation is n really difficult1 if we br+ to be> ^u ! problem :at we h le>nt f ! beg9n+ ab\t ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans4 ,let u note t ,augu/us tr\bl$ himself little ab\t ! lat] political developm5ts ( religion1 :i* we h lately be5 exam9+1--ab\t pontifices1 augurs1 & ,sibyll9e books2 ^! in/itutions1 :i* _h be5 s mu* us$ 9 ! republican p]iod = political & p>ty purposes1 x 0 r 8 int]e/ to keep 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,b 9 "o way or ano!r he mu/ h grasp$ ! fundam5tal idea ( ! old ,roman wor%ip1 t ! prosp]ity & ! f]tility ( man1 & ( 8 flocks & h]ds & crops on ! f>m1 & ! prosp]ity & f]tility ( ! citiz5 )9 ! city itself1 equally dep5d$ on ! dutiful att5tion 7pietas7 paid to ! div9e be+s :o _h tak5 up _! abode 9 f>m or city4#ijf ,! be/ expression ( ?is idea 9 words is pax deorum1--! "r relation betwe5 man & ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! ,p[]1--& ! ma*9]y by :i* x 0 secur$ 0 ! ius div9um4#ijg ,we %all n be f> wrong if we say t x 0 ,augu/us' aim to re-e/abli% ! pax by means ( ! ius2 b if we wi%$ to expla9 ! matt] to "s "o :o has n be5 tra9$ 9 ^! te*nical t]ms1 x w\ld be bett] to say t he appeal$ to a deeply-root$ idea 9 ! popul> m9d1--! idea t unless ! div9e inhabitants 7 prop]ly & cont9ually propitiat$1 !y w\ld n d _! "p 9 support+ ! human inhabitants 9 all _! do+s & int]e/s4 ,?is popul> conviction he delib]ately det]m9$ to use z 8 *ief political lev]4 ,?is has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 insuffici5tly emphasis$ by hi/orians1 :o contemplate ! "w ( ?is %rewd /atesman too entirely f ! political po9t ( view4 ,i am sure t he _h le>nt f 8 pr$ecessors 9 p[] t re=m on political l9es only 0 )\t any elem5t ( /ability1 & t he knew t x 0 f> m important to t\* a spr+ 9 ! feel+ ( ! p1 ?an to occupy himself1 l ,sulla1 9 m5d+ old ma*9]y or inv5t+ new4 ,if he c\ld b induce !m to believe 9 him z ! re/or] ( ! pax deorum1 he knew t 8 "w 0 accompli%$4 ,& ,i believe t we h :at is practically 8 own ^w = ?is conviction2 n 9 8 ,res ,ge/ae1 ! ,monum5tum ,ancyranum1 :i* is a record ( facts & ( de$s only1 b 9 ! fam\s hymn :i* ,horace wrote at 8 in/ance & to give expression to 8 ideas1 = use 9 ! ,secul> ,games ( #ag ,b4,c41 to :i* ,i am com+ pres5tly4 ,f]r]o has lately describ$ t hymn z a magnific5t poem1#ijh an op9ion :i* to me is incompreh5sible4 ,x is neat1 & embodies ! necess>y ideas adequately1 b x is f> too flat to be ! g5u9e (fspr+ ( su* a poet z ,horace4 ,to me x reads z ?\gh ,augu/us _h writt5 x 9 prose & !n ord]$ 8 poet to put x into metre2 & assur$ly x expresses exactly :at we %\ld h expect$ ,augu/us to wi% to be sung by 8 y\?ful *oirs4 ,i %all ref] to x aga9 %ortly to illu/rate ano!r po9t2 all ,i ne$ say n[ is t he :o reads x c>efully & ?9ks ab\t x w f9d !re ! conviction ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+1 t prosp]ity & f]tility1 :e!r ( man1 bea/1 or crop1 dep5d on ! ,roman's attitude t[>d 8 deities2 religion1 morality1 f]tility1 & public concord are ! po9ts :i* ! a/ute rul] wi%$ to be emphasis$4#iji ,t ?is hymn 0 a really important "p ( ! c]emony is c]ta9 f ! fact t x 0 giv5 to ! be/ liv+ poet to write1 & t 8 "n is m5tion$ z its au?or 9 ! inscription1 discov]$ n _m ye>s ago1 :i* commemorat$ ! :ole p]=mance3 ,,c>m5 ,,composuit ,q4 ,,horatius ,,flaccus4#iaj ,if1 !n1 ,i am "r1 ?is /range movem5t 0 n m]ely a revival ( religi\s c]emonies1 b an appeal ?r\gh !m to ! consci5ce ( ! p4 ,a revival ( religi\s life x1 ( c\rse1 0 n1 = :at we und]/& by t t]m _h nev] exi/$ at ,rome2 b x 0 an attempt to give expression1 9 a religi\s =m & "u ,/ate au?orisation1 to c]ta9 feel+s & ideas n f> remov$ 9 k9d f ^? :i* 9 our own day we describe z our religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,:e!r ,augu/us himself %>$ 9 ^! feel+s & ideas x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to conjecture4 ,b z a man's religi\s convictions are l>gely ! result ( 8 own exp]i5ce & ( t ( ! society 9 :i* he lives1 & z ,augu/us' own exp]i5ce = ! tw5ty ye>s be=e he took ?is "w 9 h& _h be5 full ( trial & temptation1 ,i am dispos$ to guess t he 0 r express+ a popul> conviction :i* he %>$ himself ?an m]ely /&+ ap>t & adm9i/]+ a rem$y4 ,& ?is view seems to me to be on ! :ole confirm$ by ! tone & _s ( ! great lit]>y works ( ! age4 ,augu/us did n become pontifex maximus till ! ye> #ab ,b4,c41 n9ete5 ye>s aft] he _h cru%$ ,antony at ,actium2 he wait$ ) scrupul\s pati5ce until ! head%ip ( ! ,roman religion became vacant by ! dea? ( ,lepidus4#iaa ,b ?is did n prev5t him f pursu+ 8 religi\s policy ) great e>ne/ness be=e t date1 = he _h long be5 a memb] ( ! pontifical college1 z well z augur & qu9decemvir4 ,no soon] _h he return$ to ,rome f ,egypt ?an ! "w ( temple re/oration began1 ! outw>d & visible sign to all t ! pax deorum 0 to be firmly re-e/abli%$4 ,! fact ( ! re/oration he has told u 9 half a doz5 words 9 8 own ,res ,ge/ae3#iab ,duo et octag9ta templa deum 9 urbe ex decreto s5atus refeci1 add+ t n "o 0 neglect$ t ne$$ repair4 ,among !m 0 t olde/ & smalle/ temple ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius on ! ,capitol to :i* ,i ref]r$ 9 a =m] lecture2#iac & 8 p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! "w is atte/$ by ,livy1 :o says t he himself he>d ,augu/us tell h[ he _h f\nd an inscription1 relat+ to ! second spolia opima d$icat$ !re1 :5 he w5t into ! temple b5t on ! "w ( re/oration4#iad ,x ne$s b a little hi/orical imag9ation to appreciate ! psy*ological importance ( all ?is "w4 ,we h to ?9k n only ( ! by/&]s :o wat*$1 b ( ! v workm5 !mselves1 rejoic+ at once 9 new employm5t & 9 ! revival ( an old s5se ( religi\s duty4 ,little m ?an tw5ty ye>s e>li]1 no workman c\ld be f\nd to lay a h& ^u ! newly-built temple ( ,isis1 :5 ! consul ,aemilius ,paulus gave ord]s = its de/ruction z a c5tre ( sup]/itio2#iae n[ abundant "w 0 provid$ :i* e man's consci5ce w\ld approve4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! ,rome ( t ye> #bh1 ) all its fre% hope & confid5ce tak+ visible %ape 9 ?is way1 ev5 ,horace's fam\s l9es seem cold to me 7,od4 ii4 #f4 #a73 delicta maiorum imm]itus lues ,romane1 donec templa refec]is a$esque lab5tis deorum et fo$a nigro simulacra fumo4 ,! re/oration ( ! temple build+s implies also a revival ( ! old ritual1 ! cura et ca]imonia4 ,z to ?is we are v imp]fectly in=m$1--we h no correspond5ce ( ?is age1 z ( ! la/1 & ! details ( life 9 ! ,augu/an city are n pres]v$ 9 abundance4 ,b ,ovid comes to ! rescue "h1 z 9 secul> matt]s1 & on ! :ole ! evid5ce 9 8 ,fa/i sugge/s t ! old sacrific+ prie/hoods1 ! ,rex & ! flam9es1 7 set to _! "w aga94 ,he tells u1 = example1 h[ he himself1 z he 0 return+ to ,rome f ,nom5tum1#iaf _h se5 ! flam5 ,quir9alis c>ry+ out ! exta ( a dog & a %eep :i* _h be5 sacrific$ 9 ! morn+ 9 ! city1 to be laid on ! alt> 9 ! grove ( ,robigus4 ,9 spite ( all its disabl+ re/rictions1 x 0 possible once m to fill ! anci5t prie/hood ( ,jupit]2 & ( ! ,rex sacrorum & ! o!r flam9es we he> 9 ! e>ly ,empire4#iag ,!y 7 9 ! pote/as ( ! pontifex maximus1 & z aft] #ab ,b4,c4 t position 0 always held by ! ,pr9ceps himself1 x 0 n likely t !y w\ld be all[$ to neglect _! duties4 ,o!r anci5t colleges 7 also reviv$ or confirm$ by ! inclusion ( ! ,emp]or himself among _! memb]s 7a fact :i* ,augu/us 0 c>eful to record 9 8 own words71 e4g4 ! ,fetiales1 ( :om he _h made use :5 decl>+ w> ) ,antony & ,cleopatra2#iah ! ,sodales ,titi5ses1 an in/itution ( :i* we h lo/ ! orig9 & mean+2 ! ,salii1 ,lup]ci1 & above all ! ,fratres ,arvales1 ! bro!rhood ^: duty x _h once be5 to lead a procession r\nd ! crops 9 ,may1 & s to ensure ! pax deorum = ! mo/ vital mat]ial ( human subsi/5ce4 ,! corn-supply n[ came almo/ entirely f ,africa & ,egypt2 ! inn] mean+ ( ?is old ritual c\ld n be reviv$1 & we mu/ own t all ?is re/oration ( ! old ca]imonia mu/ h appeal$ r to ! eye ?an ! m9d ( ! behold]4 ,x 0 necess>y to put "s new elem5t into x to give x life4 ,"h we come ^u a mo/ important fact 9 ! "w ( ,augu/us1 :i* w become app>5t if we take a rapid glance at ! "w & hi/ory ( ! ,fratres1 & !n g on to f9d fur!r illu/ration ( ! curi\s mixture ( old & new :i* ! ,roman religion 0 h5ce=w>d to be4 ,! =tunate survival ( l>ge fragm5ts ( ! records ( ! ,bro!rhood1 dat+ f %ortly aft] ! battle ( ,actium1 %[ t x cont9u$ to "w & to fl\ri% d[n to ! reign ( ,gordian 7,a4,d4 #bda71 & f o!r s\rces we "k t x 0 /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! f\r? c5tury4#iai ,^! records h be5 f\nd on ! site ( ! sacr$ grove1 at ! fif? mile/one on ! via ,campana betwe5 ,rome & ,o/ia1 :i* f ! "t ( ?is revival onw>ds 0 ! c5tre ( ! activity ( ! ,fratres4 ,! bre?r5 7 twelve 9 numb]1 ) a magi/] at _! head & a flam5 to assi/ him2 !y 7 *os5 f di/+ui%$ families by co-optation1 ! reign+ ,emp]or be+ always a memb]4#ibj ,_! duties fell into two divisions1 :i* mo/ aptly illu/rate respectively ! old & ! new +r$i5ts 9 ! religi\s prescriptions ( ,augu/us1 z !y 7 c>ri$ out by 8 successors4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! p]=mance ( ! ye>ly rites 9 hon\r ( ! ,dea ,dia1 ! goddess or num5 )\t a sub/antival "n 7a =m p]haps ( ,c]es & ,tellus71 ^: home 0 9 ! sacr$ grove1 & :o 0 ! special object ( ?is v5]able cult4 ,secondly1 ! c>e ( v[s1 pray]s1 & sacrifices = ! ,emp]ors & o!r memb]s ( ! imp]ial h\se4 ,i mu/ say a few words ab\t ea* ( ^! divisions ( duty4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,dea ,dia took place 9 ,may on ?ree days1 ) an int]val always ( "o day betwe5 ! fir/ & second1 accord+ to ! old cu/om ( ! cal5d>4#iba ,on ! fir/1 prelim9>y rites 7 p]=m$ at ,rome1 9 ! h\se ( ! magi/]2 on ! second 0 ! mo/ important "p ( ! :ole c]emony1 :i* took place at ! sacr$ grove4 ,^! rites w give a good idea ( ! old ,roman wor%ip1 & ( ! exactness ) :i* ,augu/us s\ght to re/ore x4 ,at dawn ! magi/] sacrific$ two porcae piacul>es to ! ,dea1 & !n a vacca honor>ia1 aft] :i* he laid aside ! toga praetexta or sacrificial ve/m5t1 & re/$ till noon1 :5 all ! bre?r5 p>took ( a common meal1 ( :i* ! porcae =m$ ! *ief "p4 ,!n resum+ ! praetexta1 & cr[n$ ) wrea?s ( corn-e>s1 !y proce$$ to ! alt> 9 ! grove1 :]e !y sacrific$ ! agna opima1 :i* 0 ! pr9cipal victim 9 ! :ole c]emonial4#ibb ,o!r rites foll[$1 e4g4 ! pass+ r\nd1 f "o to ano!r ( ! bre?r51 fruits ga!r$ & consecrat$ on ! previ\s day1 ea* bro!r receiv+ !m 9 8 left1 i4e4 lucky h&1 & pass+ !m on ) 8 "r2 & ! s++ ( ! fam\s ,arval hymn to ,m>s & ! ,l>es to a rhy?mic dance-tune4 ,!n aft] ano!r meal & *>iot-rac+ 9 ! neighb\r+ circus1 !y return$ to ,rome & f9i%$ ! day ) fur!r fea/+4#ibc ,a cynical read] ( ^! ,acta might sugge/ t ! appetites ( ! good bre?r5 7 made m ( ?an _! pietas2 b ! fea/+ may be j z mu* a "p ( ! anci5t practice z any ( ! o!r curiosities ( ritual4 ,! ut5sils employ$ 7 ( ! primitive sun-bak$ clay 7ollae71 & seem to h be5 reg>d$ ) a v5]ation almo/ am\nt+ to wor%ip4#ibd ,long ago ,i _h occasion to note h[ ! old =m ( piacul> sacrifice 0 us$ & record$ :5ev] iron 0 tak5 into ! grove1 or any damage done to ! trees by lightn+ or o!r accid5t4 ,once1 :5 a t9y fig-tree spr\t$ on ! ro( ( ! temple1 piacula ( all suitable k9ds _h to be (f]$ to ,m>s1 ,dea ,dia1 ,janus1 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,virg9es divae1 ,famuli divi1 ,l>es1 ,mat] ,l>um1 sive deus sive dea 9 cuius tutela hic lucus locusque e/1 ,fons1 ,hora1 ,ve/a ,mat]1 ,ve/a deorum de>umque1 ,adol5da ,commol5da ,def]unda1--& sixte5 divi ( ! imp]ial families6#ibe ,z ! date ( ?is extraord9>y p]=mance is ,a4,d4 #ahc1 no?+ c bett] %[ ! ext5t to :i* ! revival ( elaborate ritual _h be5 c>ri$ by ,augu/us1 & ! amaz+ t5acity ) :i* x held its gr\nd4 ,! second "p ( ! activity ( ! bre?r5 well illu/rates ! new elem5t :i* ,augu/us adroitly ins9uat$ into ! old religi\s =ms3 b ,i %all n dwell ^u x1 = ! wor%ip ( ! ,caes>s 9 its develop$ =m is n ( ei!r ,roman or ,italian orig91 any m ?an ! o!r k9ds ( cult :i* 7 n[ press+ 9 f ! ,ea/2 & x ?us lies outside ! range ( my subject4 ,! revival ( ?is old prie/hood1 & d\btless ( o!rs1 ! ,salii = example1 0 turn$ to acc\nt to m>k ! sacr$ "* & political & social pr$om9ance ( ! imp]ial family4 ,all ev5ts ( importance 9 ! life ( ! ,emp]or himself & 8 family 7 ! occasion ( v[s1 pray]s1 or ?anksgiv+s on ! "p ( ! ,fratres2 bir?s1 m>riages1 successions to ! ?rone1 j\rneys & safe return1 & ! assumption ( ! consul%ip & o!r (fices or prie/hoods4 ,^! rites all took place at v>i\s temples or alt>s 9 ,rome1 or at ! ,ara ,pacis1 rec5tly excavat$1 :i* ,augu/us _h built 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius4 ,"h1 by way ( example ( !m1 is a votum susceptum pro salute novi pr9cipis1 on 8 accession4#ibf ,imp]atore ,m4 ,o?one ,caes>e ,augu/o1 ,l4 ,salvio ,o?one ,titiano it]um consulibus1 ,,iii kal5das ,febru>ias magi/ro ,imp]atore ,m4 ,o?one ,caes>e ,augu/o1 promagi/ro ,l4 ,salvio ,o?one ,titiano3 collegi fratrum ,arvalium nom9e immolavit 9 ,capitolio ob vota nuncupata pro salute imp]atoris ,m4 ,o?onis ,caes>is ,augu/i 9 annum proximum 9 ,,iii nonas ,ianu>ias ,iovi bovem m>em1 ,iunoni vaccam3 ,m9]vae vaccam3 ,saluti publicae populi ,romani vaccam3 divo ,augu/o bovem m>em1 divae ,augu/ae vaccam3 divo ,claudio bovem m>em3 9 collegio adfu]unt1 etc4 ,?is record1 :i* belongs to ! ye> #fi & ! accession ( ,o?o1 %[s ! divi1 i4e4 ! deifi$ emp]ors ,augu/us & ,claudius1 toge!r ) ! deifi$ ,livia1 associat$ ) ! trias ( ! ,capitol9e temple & ! ,salus publica 9 ! sacrificial rites4 ,b "u ! ,flavian dyna/y :i* foll[$ ?is association 0 judici\sly dropp$4#ibg ,x may s]ve = ! mom5t to illu/rate :at 0 to come ( ?is new elem5t s subtly introduc$ into ! old wor%ip2 h[ x l$ to practices :i* are utt]ly repulsive to u1 & repulsive too to an hone/ man ev5 9 t day4 ,! noble words ( ,tib]ius1 decl9+ to h temples erect$ to him 9 ,spa91 h be5 pres]v$ by ,tacitus f ! s5atorial records3#ibh ,ego me1 patres conscripti1 mortalem esse fateor2 & he add$ t 8 only claim to immortality lay 9 ! due p]=mance ( duty4 ,tib]ius1 :atev] else he may h be51 0 beyond d\bt an hone/ man2 & s too 0 ,s5eca1 ! au?or ( ! fam\s skit on ! deification ( ,claudius4 ,b ! extravagances ( ,caes>-wor%ip are n to be met ) 9 ,augu/us' "t2 = him ! new elem5t may be def9$1 z 9 ,rome 7& 9 ,italy too1 s f> z 8 own wi% c\ld limit x7 no?+ m ?an ! enc\ragem5t ( ! belief 9 him1 & loyalty to him z ! re/or] ( ! pax deorum4 ,to ?is end he s\ght to magnify 8 own a*ievem5ts z av5g] ( ! crime ( ! murd] ( ,julius1 by :i* ! pax _h be5 griev\sly di/urb$4 ,i propose to f9i% ?is lecture by giv+ "s acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* he atta9$ ?is object4 ,let u briefly exam9e ! fam\s ritual ( ! ,ludi saecul>es1 ( :i* we h m detail$ k ?an ( any o!r ,roman rite ( any p]iod2 x m>ks ! z5i? ( 8 prosp]ity & religi\s activity1 & belongs to ! ye> #ag ,b4,c41 two ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,virgil1--a date :i* may be said to divide ! long p[] ( ,augu/us into two ne>ly equal halves4 ,?is fam\s celebration is an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman religion1 if n 9 ! hi/ory ( ,rome h]self4 ,x /&s on ! v v]ge ( an old & a new regime4 ,x 0 ! outw>d or rituali/ic expression ( ! idea1 already sugge/$ by ,virgil 9 ! f\r? ,eclogue & ! ,a5eid1 t a reg5]ation is at h& ( ,rome & ,italy1 9 religion1 morals1 agriculture1 gov]nm5t2 old ?+s are put away1 new sap is to run 9 ! half-)]$ trunk & bran*es ( a noble tree4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 z ) ,a5eas aft] ! desc5t into ,hades1 is to lead to new ef=t & a new type ( "*1 ( :i* pietas 9 its broade/ s5se is ! inspir+ motive4 ,h5ce=w>d ! ,roman is to look ahead ( him 9 hope & confid5ce1 virtutem ext5d]e factis4 ,augu/us1 ! ,a5eas ( ! actual ,/ate1 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 a pre/ige :i* ext5d$ beyond ,italy ev5 to ! f> ,ea/2 8 fai?ful & capable coadjutor ,agrippa 0 by 8 side to take 8 "p 9 ! ritual1 & no cl\d 9 t ye> #ag seem$ to be visible on ! horizon4 ,! ,ludi saecul>es are also unique 9 respect ( ! records we h ( !m4 ,by wond]ful good =tune we c con/ruct an almo/ complete picture ( :at 0 done 9 t ye> on ! la/ days ( ,may & ! fir/ ?ree ( ,june4 ,we h ! text ( ! ,sibyll9e oracle1--h[ manufactur$ we d n "k1 nor does x mu* matt]1--:i* prescrib$ ! ritual1 pres]v$ by ,zosimus1 a ,greek hi/orian ( ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d41 toge!r ) 8 own acc\nt4#ibi ,?us ! outl9e ( ! ritual has be5 kn[n all along1 toge!r ) _m details2 & to help x out we h also ! p]fect text ( ! hymn writt5 by ,horace = ! occasion1 & sung by two *oirs ( boys & girls respectively4 ,b great 0 ! delight ( ! le>n$ _w :51 9 ,septemb] #ahij1 workm5 employ$ on ! ,tib] embankm5t1 close1 z x turn$ out1 to ! spot :]e ! nightly rites ( ! ludi took place1 came ^u a m$iaeval wall p>tly made ( anci5t mat]ial1 9 :i* "s m>bles 7 f\nd cov]$ ) inscriptions relat+ to ?is same celebration4#icj ,?is treasure 0 badly mutilat$1 b ! inscription 0 easily deciph]able2 x conta9s a lett] f ,augu/us giv+ in/ructions1 two decrees ( ! ,s5ate1 & a s]ies ( records ( ! ,qu9decemviri1 :o 7 ( c\rse 9 *>ge ( a ritual :i* _h be5 ord]$ by a ,sibyll9e oracle4 ,"s few po9ts 7 at fir/ puzzl+1 b h be5 cle>$ up s9ce ! discov]y4 ,momms51 ( c\rse1 took ! "w 9 h&1 & 8 exposition is /ill1 & always w be1 ! />t+-po9t = /ud5ts4 ,wiss[a has an excell5t popul> acc\nt ( x1 & rec5tly1 9 ! fif? volume ( 8 ,greatness & ,decl9e ( ,rome1 ,f]r]o has utilis$ x to give an animat$ acc\nt ( ! :ole c]emony4#ica ,! ,ludi saecul>es take _! "n f ! ^w saeculum2 & ! old ,italian idea ( a saeculum seems to h be5 a p]iod /ret*+ f any giv5 mom5t to ! dea? ( ! olde/ p]son born at t mom5t1--a hundr$ ye>s be+ ! natural p]iod s conceiv$4#icb ,?us a new saeculum might beg9 at any "t1 & might be end[$ ) special religi\s significance by c]ta9 solemn c]emonies2 9 ?is way ! p might be p]suad$ t a new leaf1 s to speak1 _h be5 turn$ ov] 9 _! hi/ory3 t all pa/ evil1 mat]ial or moral1 _h be5 put away & done ) 7saeculum cond]e71 & a new p]iod ent]$ on ( innoc5ce & prosp]ity4 ,!re are fa9t traces ( ?ree e>ly celebrations ( ?is k9d1 beg9n+ 9 #dfc ,b4,c41 traditionally a disa/r\s ye>1 & r5ew$ 9 #cfc & #bfc4 ,b 9 #bdi1 ano!r ye> ( di/ress & p]il1 a new saeculum 0 ent]$ on ) a new & a ,greek ritual1 ord]$ by a ,sibyll9e oracle4 ,a subt]ranean alt> 9 a spot by ! ,tib]1 ne> ! pres5t ,ponte ,/4 ,angelo1 & call$ ,t>5tum 7possibly to m>k ! orig9al home ( ! rite71 0 d$icat$ to ,dis & ,pros]p9a1 ,greek deities ( ! ne!r _w2 & "h = ?ree successive nights black victims 7 (f]$ to !m4 ,! subt]ranean alt> & ! use ( ! ^w cond]e 7to put away71 might sugge/ t ?is rite may h _h some?+ 9 common ) ^? well-kn[n quasi-dramatic ones 9 :i* objects are buri$ or ?r[n into ! wat]1 to repres5t ! cessation ( "o p]iod ( vegetation & ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4#icc ,or we may look on x 9 ! light ( "o ( ^? rites de passage 9 :i* a transition is made f "o /ate ( ?+s to ano!r1 )\t any def9ite religi\s idea be+ atta*$ to x4 ,!re is no d\bt "s my/ical elem5t 9 ! primitive idea ( ! beg9n+ & end+ ( p]iods ( "t1 :i* has n z yet be5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$4#icd ,n[ x is easy to see h[ exactly a rite ( ?is k9d1 ) suitable modifications1 w\ld fit 9 ) ,augu/us' purposes z we h expla9$ !m4 ,=tunately too ,v>ro _h 9 #db ,b4,c4 publi%$ a book 9 :i* ! my/ic or ,py?agorean doctr9e 0 set =? ( ! pal+5esis ( ,all ,s\ls aft] f\r saecula ( #aaj ye>s ea*2 ! f\r? ,eclogue ( ,virgil may h be5 influ5c$ by ?is1 among o!r my/ical ideas1 z x 0 writt5 only ?ree ye>s lat]2 & 9 any case ! doctr9e 0 well kn[n4#ice ,b ,augu/us _h to wait a :ile1 until peace & confid5ce 7 re/or$4 ,:y ev5tually he *ose ! ye> #ag is q unc]ta92 x does n exactly fit 9 ) any calculation ( f\r saecula ( #aaj ye>s />t+ f any kn[n date4 ,b a saeculum1 z we h se51 might beg9 at any mom5t2 & 9 any case x 0 easy to manufacture a calculation1 :i* 0 n[ duly accompli%$ by tru/y p]sons1 *ief among !m be+ ! great lawy]1 ,ateius ,capito1 an ard5t adh]5t ( ,augu/us & 8 projects4#icf ,probably too x 0 necess>y to take advantage ( ! popul> feel+ ( ! mom5t1 t a bett] "t _h come1 & t x %\ld be />t$ on its way 9 "s fitt+ outw>d =m4 ,s an elaborate programme 0 drawn up1 ! ma9 features ( :i* ,i mu/ n[ expla94 ,on #bf? ,may & ! two foll[+ days 7= ! my/ic numb]s ?ree1 n9e1 & tw5ty-sev5 are noticeable ?r\gh\t ! ritual7#icg ! means ( purification 7suffim5ta7--tor*es1 sulphur1 bitum5#ich--7 di/ribut$ by ! prie/s to all free p]sons1 :e!r citiz5s or n2 = ?is once1 all 9 ,rome at ! "t1 ) ! exception ( slaves1 7 to give an imp]ial mean+ to ! c]emony by _! %>e 9 x4 ,ev5 ba*elors1 ?\gh =bidd5 to att5d public %[s "u a rec5t law de m>it&is ord9ibus1 7 all[$ to d s on ?is occasion4 ,no d\bt ! idea 0 t ! :ole p 7 to be purifi$ f all pollution ( ! pa/2 x is :at ,m4 van ,g5nep calls a rite de sep>ation1 ! fir/ /ep 9 a rite de passage4 ,! next ?ree days all ! p came to ! ,qu9decemviri at c]ta9 /at$ places1 & made (f]+s ( fruges1 ! products ( ! e>?1 z we d at our h>ve/ fe/ivals2 ^! 7 ! fir/fruits ( ! com+ h>ve/4#ici ,x may be wor? :ile to recall ! facts t x 0 on ^! same days t ! procession ( ! ,amb>valia us$ to g r\nd ! rip5+ crops1 & t 9 ! e>ly days ( ,june ! symbolic p5us ( ,ve/a 0 be+ cleans$ to receive ! new gra94#idj ,t ,augu/us wi%$ to emphasise ! importance ( ,italian agriculture is beyond d\bt1 & is app>5t also 9 ! hymn ( ,horace1 ,f]tilis frugum pecorisque ,tellus spicea donet ,c]]em corona1 etc4 ,:5 ! suffim5ta _h be5 di/ribut$ & ! (f]+s made1 all 0 ready = ! putt+ away or bury+ ( ! old saeculum4 ,on ! night be=e #a/ ,june ,augu/us himself1 toge!r ) ,agrippa1 sacrific$ to ! ,greek ,moirae1 ! ,p>cae ( ,horace's hymn1 p]haps 9 "s s5se ! ,fata ( ! ,a5eid2 on ! second night to ,eili?yia1 ! ,greek deity ( *ildbir?2 & on ! ?ird to ,"m ,tellus4 ,! =m ( pray] accompany+ ! sacrifice is pres]v$ 9 ! inscription2 x is ,lat9 9 language & =m1 z dry & concise z any we exam9$ 9 my lectures on ritual1 & conta9s ! macte e/o :i* ,i 0 !n at pa9s to expla94 ,augu/us pray$ = ! safety & prosp]ity ( ! ,/ate 9 e way1 & also = himself1 8 h\se1 & 8 familia4#ida ,! sc5e on ! bank ( ! ,tib]1 illum9at$ by tor*es1 mu/ h be5 mo/ impressive4 ,^! 7 ! nightly c]emonies4 ,b ea* day also _h its ritual1 9 :i* ! ,roman deities ( ! heav5 7 ! objects ( wor%ip1 n1 z by ! ,tib] bank1 ,greek deities ( ! e>? & ! ne!r _w4 ,on ! fir/ two days ,augu/us & ,agrippa (f]$ ! prop] victims to ,jupit] & ,juno respectively on ! ,capitol2 ,m9]va is omitt$1 & probably ! o!r two are reckon$ 9 ,greek fa%ion z a m>ri$ pair4 ,! =m ( pray] 0 ! same z t us$ by night1 ) ! necess>y modifications4 ,?us ! great ,capitol9e temple & its deities h a full %>e ( att5tion1 & !y g too f> :o ?9k t ,augu/us 0 s want+ 9 tact z to put !m 9 ! %ade4#idb ,b on ! ?ird & la/ day ! sc5e *anges f ! ,capitol to ! ,palat9e1 ! resid5ce ( ,augu/us1 :]e he _h built 8 great temple ( ,apollo2 "h = ! fir/ "t 9 ! c]emony ,horace's hymn 0 sung4 ,on all ! days & nights !re _h be5 %[s & amusem5ts1 & a hundr$ & t5 *os5 matrons _h tak5 solemn "p 9 ! s]vices4#idc ,b ,i mu/ pass ^! ov] & turn 9 ! la/ place to ! "q1 z int]e/+ z x is old & difficult1 z to h[ & :]e ,horace's hymn 0 sung1 & h[ we are to und]/& x4 ,! in/ructions giv5 to ! poet by ,augu/us are obvi\s z we read ! ,c>m5 9 ! light ( ! c]emonial ( :i* x 0 to m>k ! conclusion4 ,he 0 to br+ into x1 z we h already se51 ! ideas :i* 7 to be reviv$ & made resonant1 ( religion1 morality1 & ! f]tility ( man1 bea/1 & crop2 & !y are all !re4 ,he 0 also to include all ! deities :o _h be5 address$ 9 pray] bo? by day & night1 by ,tib] bank & on ! ,capitol1 & to give ! mo/ prom95t place to ^? :o on ?is la/ day 7 wor%ipp$ on ! ,palat9e2 to ,apollo1 = :om ,augu/us _h built a great temple close to 8 own h\se 79 privato solo#idd71 z 8 own specially protect+ deity s9ce ,actium1 & ,diana1 :o z equival5t to ,artemis1 c\ld n b be associat$ ) ,apollo4 ,?us ! deities ( ! hymn are bo? ,lat9 & ,greek1#ide & ?is expresses ! und\bt$ fact t ! religion ( ! ,romans 0 h5ce=w>d to be ev5 9 outw>d expression a cosmopolitan or ,romano-,hell5ic "o1 9 keep+ ) ! fact t all free m5 ( e race might take "p 9 ?is great fe/ival4 ,b x _c fail to /rike e c>eful read] t ! great trias ( ! ,capitol is h>dly visible 9 ! poem1 ?\gh ,jupit] & ,juno _h be5 ! *ief objects ( wor%ip on ! two previ\s days4 ,jupit] is twice incid5tally nam$1 b 9 no connection ) ! ,capitol2#idf & x is only :5 we read betwe5 ! l9es ( ! f\rte5? /anza t we discov] ,jupit] & ,juno z ! recipi5ts ( ! :ite ox5 :i* _h be5 sacrific$ to !m !re4 ,i h already said t we mu/ n make too mu* ( ! neglect ( ,jupit] & ,juno by ,augu/us2 b x is pla9 t he direct$ ,horace n to make !m too prom95t 9 ?is hymn1 & ,i ?9k x is q possible t ,horace a little ov]did 8 ob$i5ce4 ,! result ( all ?is is t ! hymn1 9 spite ( its neatness & adequacy1 is want+ 9 spontaneity1 & pres5ts ! casual read] ) an app>5tly unmean+ jumble ( ,greek & ,roman gods & goddesses4 ,! only way to cle> x up is by tak+ x 9 imm$iate relation ) :at we "k ab\t ! places 9 :i* x 0 sung4 ,to me at la/ x has become cle> en\gh 9 all its ma9 po9ts2 & ,i w give "h my own results1 :i* d n altoge!r co9cide ) ^? ( o!r rec5t inquir]s4 ,be=e ! discov]y ( ! great inscription we knew t ?is hymn 0 sung be=e ! new temple ( ,apollo on ! ,palat9e2 we n[ "k t x 0 also sung on ! ,capitol1#idg ?us unit+ 9 "o p]=mance ! old religion ( republican ,rome ) ! new imp]ial cult ( ,apollo4 ,b ?is new fact has1 9 my op9ion1 l$ to misappreh5sions bo? ( ! mann] ( s++ & ! ord] ( subjects 9 ! hymn4 ,momms5 ?\ght t ! fir/ "p 0 sung on ! ,palat9e1 ! middle "p on ! ,capitol1 & ! la/ aga9 on ! ,palat9e1 & he is foll[$ by ,wiss[a2 & bo? seem to ?9k x possible t !re may h be5 s++ too dur+ ! procession f ! "o hill to ! o!r4#idh ,i ?9k we ne$ n tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! latt] po9t1 = ! ,via ,sacra1 by :i* ! procession mu/ h gone1 0 f> too n>r[ & irregul> to all[ fifty-f\r s+]s1 ) ! tibic9es :o mu/ h be5 accompany+ !m1 to walk & p]=m at ! same "t4#idi ,! inscription1 too1 says pla9ly t ! hymn 0 sung on ! ,palat9e & !n on ! ,capitol1 & by t pla9 /atem5t ( fact we _h bett] abide4 ,n[ let u note t ^! two /ations on ! two hills 7 ! be/ possible positions = ,augu/us' purpose1 n only because ( _! religi\s importance1 b because !y af=d$ ! mo/ spaci\s views ( ! city1 n[ ev]y:]e adorn$ ) new or re/or$ build+s4 ,! temple ( ,apollo 0 built ^u a l>ge & l(ty area at ! nor?-ea/ end ( ! ,palat9e4#iej ,rec5t excavations h %[n x to be "s hundr$ y>ds broad by a hundr$ & fifty 9 l5g?1 & ,ovid1 9 a passage ( 8 ,tri/ia#iea gives u an idea ( its height3 inde t5ore p>i gradibus sublimia celsis ducor ad intonsi c&ida templa dei4 ,on ?is area ! *oirs ( boys & girls took _! /ation1 fac+ ! m>ble temple1 on ! fa/igium ( :i* 0 repres5t$ ! ,sun driv+ 8 f\r-horse *>iot4#ieb ,aft] s++1 probably toge!r1 ! fir/ two /anzas or exordium ( ! hymn1 !y address$ ?is ,sol3 alme ,sol1 curru nitido diem qui promis et celas1 aliusque et idem nasc]is1 possis nihil urbe ,roma vis]e maius4 ,z !y sang ^! la/ words1 !y w\ld turn t[>ds ! city t lay beh9d !m1 & look ov] x to ! ,tib] & ! sc5e ( ! nightly sacrifices ( ! ,t>5tum2 & ) ! deities ( ^! rites1 :o mu/ ( c\rse be tak5 be=e ^? ( day & light1 z 9 ! ord] ( ! fe/ival1 ! next five /anzas are occupi$3#iec ,eili?yia1 ! ,moirae 7,p>cae71 & ,tellus or ,c]es4 ,:5 t duty is ov] !y turn once m to ! temple1 & ! ,greek deities ( ! ,t>5tum are m5tion$ no m4 ,?ree /anzas are devot$ to ,apollo & ,diana 7,luna71 ) a happy allusion to ! ,a5eid1 & !n once m ! *oirs turn1 & ?is "t !y face ! ,capitol2 ! hymn is long1 & ^! *anges ( movem5t w\ld be at once a relief to ! s+]s & a pleasant sight to ! spectators4 ,!y address ! deities ( ! ,capitol 9 appropriate language3 di probos mores docili iuv5tae1 di1 s5ectuti placidae quietem1 ,romulae g5ti date remque prolemque et decus omne4 ,! allusion to ,jupit] & ,juno is ?us veil$3 quaeque vos bobus v5]atur albis cl>us ,an*isae ,v5]isque sanguis1 impetret1 bellante prior1 iac5tem l5is 9 ho/em4 ,horace has clev]ly made ,augu/us himself ! lead+ figure 9 ?is & ! foll[+ /anza1 & ! li/5]s =get ! ,capitol9e gods z !y note ! allusion to ,v5us1 ! ance/ress ( ! ,julii1 ! pre/ige ( ,augu/us t has br\ght envoys to him f ,scy?ia1 ,m$ia1 & ,india1 & 9 ! next /anza ! public virtues1 pres5t$ "h z deities--,fides1 ,pax1 ,honos1 ,pudor1 ,virtus--on ^: aid & wor%ip ! new regime is bas$4#ied ,at ! sixte5? /anza ! *oirs aga9 face ab\t to ! temple ( ,apollo1 & ) him & ,diana aga9 ! next two /anzas h to d4 ,only "o rema9s1 9 :i* z an exodos we may be sure ! two *oirs ( boys & girls jo9$2 x sums up ! :ole body ( deities1 b ) ,apollo & ,diana z ! special objects ( ! day's wor%ip3 haec ,iovem s5tire deosque cunctos spem bonam c]tamque domum reporto1 doctus et ,phoebi *orus et ,dianae dic]e laudes4 ,! p]=mance on ! ,palat9e 0 n[ ov]1 & ! procession /ream$ d[n ! hill to jo9 ! ,via ,sacra ne> ! ,regia & ! ,ve/a temple1 & s to make its way up to ! ,capitol1 :]e ! p]=mance 0 repeat$4#iee ,tak+ /ation at ?is noble po9t ( view1 he :o w c aga9 foll[ its movem5t ) ! hymn 9 8 h&4 ,! area 9 front ( ! ,capitol9e temple look$ across to ! ,palat9e1 & ! image ( ,sol & 8 quadriga mu/ h be5 9 full view2 ?us ! exordium & ! next /anza 7alme ,sol7 w\ld be sung look+ 9 t direction4 ,equally well 9 view1 if !y turn$ to ! "r1 w\ld be ! sc5e ( ! midnight sacrifices across ! ,campus ,m>tius2 & s on ?r\gh\t ! s++ ! *anges ( position w\ld be easy & graceful1 "h z on ! ,palat9e4 ,"h ,i pref] to make an end ( ! p]=mance1 foll[+ ! text ( ! inscription1 :i* tells u no?+ ( a return to ! ,palat9e4 ,x w\ld be f> m 9 keep+ ) ,roman practice t ! ,capitol %\ld be ! sc5e ( ! conclusion ( ! processional c]emony1 ev5 on a day :5 ,apollo 01 ) ,augu/us himself1 ! pr9cipal figure4 ,f ! musical po9t ( view1 too1 a ?ird p]=mance is improbable1 = ! s+]s 7 "y & t5d]4 ,& "h1 too1 ) ?is impressive sc5e1 :i* c h>dly fail to move ! imag9ation ( any "o :o has /ood on ,palat9e & ,capitol1 ,i w close my acc\nt ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,romans4 ,a few rem>ks only rema9 = me to make ab\t its contribution1 su* z x 01 to ! ,lat9 =m ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xix #ijj ,a summ>y ( ! relations betwe5 ,virgil & ,augu/us may be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,glov]'s ,/udies 9 ,virgil1 p4 #add foll4 #ija ,tib]ius add$ to 8 ,augu/an inh]itance a curi\s & possibly morbid anxiety ab\t religi\s matt]s & details ( cult1 ( :i* examples may be f\nd 9 ,tac4 ,ann4 iii4 #eh1 vi4 #ab1 among o!r passages4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ int]e/+ is t connect$ ) ! fam\s /ory ( ! ,great ,pan is dead1 told by ,plut>* 9 ! de ,defectu ,oraculorum1 *4 xvii4 ,! news ( ?is /range /ory rea*$ ! e>s ( ,tib]ius1 :o at once set ! le>n$ m5 ab\t him to inquire into x2 & !y came to ! no less /range conclusion t ?is 0 ! ,pan :o 0 born ( ,h]mes & ,p5elope4 ,s4 ,re9a* has rec5tly (f]$ an explanation ( ?is /ory1 :i* is at lea/ bett] ?an previ\s ones1 9 ,cultes1 my!s1 et religions1 vol4 iii4 p4 #a foll4 #ijb ,c4,i4,l4 vi4 #ajja4 #ijc ,jul4 ,capitol9us1 #ac4 #ijd ,symma*us1 ,rel4 #c4 #ije ,cod4 ,!od4 xvi4 #aj4 #b4 ,on ?is subject g5]ally consult ,dill's ,roman ,society 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 bk4 i4 *s4 i4 & iv4 #ijf ,?is idea is exactly express$ by ,horace 9 ,odes iii4 #bc1 p]haps address$ to ! vilica ( 8 own f>m4 ,cp4 ,cato1 ,r4,r4 #adc1 :]e ! vilica is to pray to ! ,l> famili>is pro copia4 ,horace m5tions only ! ,kal5ds = ?is rite2 ,cato adds ,nones & ,ides4 ,cp4 ,tibull4 i4 #c4 #cd2 i4 #aj4 #ae foll4 #ijg ,see above1 ,lectures iv4 & v4 #ijh ,greatness & ,decl9e ( ,rome 7,e4,t471 v4 #ic4 #iji ,see especially l9es #de foll4 & #ef foll4 #iaj ,c4,i4,l4 vi4 #cb1cbc1 or ,dessau1 ,inscriptiones selectae1 vol4 ii4 "p i4 p4 #bhd4 #iaa ,= ?is reason ! veil$ figure 9 "o ( ! f9e sculptures on ! ,ara ,pacis frieze1 :i* us$ to be tak5 z ,augu/us ,pont4 ,max41 _c be s id5tifi$ 7see ,domaszewski1 ,abh&lung5 zur roemis*5 ,religion1 p4 #ij foll471 = ! date ( ! ,ara ,pacis is #ac ,b4,c41 ! ye> be=e ,lepidus di$4 ,! figure c be mo/ conv5i5tly se5 by ,engli% /ud5ts 9 ,mrs4 ,/rong's ,roman ,sculpture1 plate xi4 p4 #df4 ,x may be ,agrippa act+ z ,pont4 ,max4 = ,lepidus4 #iab ,monum5tum ,ancyranum1 ed4 ,momms5 7,lat471 iv4 #ag4 #iac ,see above1 p4 #abi4 #iad ,livy iv4 #bj4 #g4 #iae ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,epit4 #c1 #d4 #iaf ,ovid1 ,fa/i1 iv4 #ija foll4 #iag ,see ,m>qu>dt1 #cbf foll4 #iah ,dio ,cassius1 l4 #d1 #e4 #iai ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium1 p4 xxv4 ( ! exordium4 #ibj ,h5z51 p4 #aed4 #iba ,see above1 p4 #ih4 #ibb ,h5z51 pp4 #bd1 #bh4 #ibc ,= ! hymn1 ,h5z51 p4 #bf2 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 select4 ii4 pt4 i4 p4 #bgf4 ,see also above1 p4 #ahf4 #ibd ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dhg1 note #e4 #ibe ,h5z51 #adb foll42 ,dessau1 p4 #bgi2 see above1 p4 #afb4 #ibf ,h5z51 p4 #aje4 #ibg ,ib4 p4 #ajg4 #ibh ,tac4 ,ann4 iii4 #ici ,zosimus1 ii4 #e & #f4 ,! oracle & ! extract f ,zosimus are pr9t$ 9 ,dr4 ,wickham's introduction to ! ,c>m5 saecul>e1 & 9 ,diels1 ,sibyll9is*e ,blaett]1 p4 #aca foll4 #icj ,c4,i4,l4 vi4 #cb1cbc4 ,ephem]is epigraphica1 viii4 #bee foll41 conta9s ! text & ,momms5's exposition4 ,dessau1 ,inscr4 selectae1 ii4 pt4 i4 #bhb1 does n give ! :ole docum5t4 #ica ,wiss[a1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #aib foll42 ,f]r]o1 vol4 v4 #he foll4 #icb ,! ^w 0 fir/ expla9$ by ,momms51 ,roem4 ,*ronologie1 ed4 #b1 p4 #agb4 #icc ,see1 e4g41 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ed4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gj foll4 #icd ,! religi\s or my/ical conception ( "t is ! subject ( an int]e/+ discussion by ,hub]t et ,mauss1 ,melanges d'hi/oire et de religion1 p4 #ahi foll42 b ! saeculum does n seem to h attract$ _! att5tion4 #ice ,! actual words ( ,v>ro1 f 8 "w de g5te ,populi ,romani1 are quot$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 de ,civ4 ,dei1 xxii4 #bh3 ,g5e?liaci quidam scrips]unt esse 9 r5asc5dis hom9ibus quam appellant ,greek3 pal+5esian ,graeci2 hac scrips]unt confici 9 annis num]o quadr+5tis quadrag9ta1 ut idem corpus et eadem anima1 quae fu]9t coniuncta 9 hom9e aliqu&o1 eadem rursus r$eant 9 coniunctionem4 ,! passage well illu/rates ! my/ical t5d5cy ( :i* ,i 0 speak+ 9 ! la/ lecture4 #icf ,= attempts to expla9 ! difficulty see ,wiss[a1 op4 cit4 p4 #bjd4 #icg ,! cakes (f]$ to ,eili?yia1 & aga9 to ,apollo1 are n9e 9 numb]2 see ! inscription l9es #aag & #adc4 ,! *oirs ( boys & girls 7 ea* tw5ty-sev54 #ich ,! suffim5ta are describ$ by ,zosimus1 l4c4 ,!re is a co9 ( ,domitian1 :o also celebrat$ ,ludi saecul>es1 9 :i* he appe>s seat$ & di/ribut+ ! suffim5ta1 z ! inscription %[s4 #ici ,s ,zosimus1 :o says !y consi/$ ( :eat1 b>ley1 & beans4 #idj ,r4,f4 p4 #adh foll4 #ida ,see ! inscription1 l9e #ib foll4 ,f]r]o assumes t ^! words 7 to be tak5 z repres5t+ ! families ( all wor%ipp]s pres5t1 :o w\ld repeat ! words mihi domo familiae4 ,b ?is is arbitr>y2 ! pray] foll[s ! old =m z we h x1 e4g41 9 ,cato1 ,r4,r4 7see above1 p4 #ahb71 & z ,cato or any l&[n] w\ld repres5t ! re/ ( ! human be+s on ! e/ate1 s did ,augu/us repres5t ! :ole community4 #idb ,s ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t]1 ,religion ( ,numa1 p4 #afj4 #idc ,! matrons1 equal 9 numb] to ! ye>s ( ! saeculum1 fir/ appe> on #bnd ,june 9 ! wor%ip ( ,juno4 #idd ,mon4 ,ancyr4 7,lat471 iv4 #ba4 #ide ,zosimus1 l4c41 says t hymns 7 sung 9 ,greek z well z ,lat92 b ?is is n borne out by any o!r au?ority4 #idf ,l9e #ca 7et ,iovis aurae71 :]e ,jupit] simply /&s = ! heav5 & its influ5ce on ! e>?2 & l9e #gc 7haec ,iovem s5tire1 etc471 :]e he is introduc$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al way z head ( all deities4 #idg ,l9e #adg ( ! inscription3 ,sacrificioque p]fecto pu]i ,x ,,xvii quibus d5untiatum erat patrimi et matrimi et puellae totidem c>m5 cec9]unt3 eodemque modo 9 ,capitolio4 ,c>m5 composuit ,q4 ,horatius ,flaccus4 #idh ,eph4 epigr4 viii4 #bef4 ,wiss[a1 ,gesamm4 ,abh&l4 p4 #bjf1 note1 :o ref]s to ,vahl5 & ,*ri/ z diff]+ f ,momms51 9 pap]s :i* ,i h n se54 ,wiss[a says t ! ?reefold division ( ! hymn spr+t 9 die ,aug52 b ?is has nev] be5 my exp]i5ce4 #idi ,ap>t f ! awkw>dness = s+]s ( ! desc5t f ! ,palat9e & ! /eep asc5t to ! ,capitol1 we may rememb] t !y w\ld h to pass "u ! =nix ,fabianus1 :i* 0 n mu* m ?an n9e feet broad 7,lanciani1 ,ru9s & ,excavations1 p4 #bag74 #iej ,see ,huels5-,jordan1 ,topographie1 iii4 #gb & note4 ,see also map at ! end ( ! volume1 ,no4 #a ( ! s]ies4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s d\bt z to :e!r ! site 0 n on ! side ( ! ,palat9e look+ t[>ds ! ,tib] ov] ! ,circus maximus4 ,see my pap] 9 ! ,classical ,qu>t]ly1 #aiaj1 p4 #ade foll4 ,if s1 my explanation ( ! p]=mance ( ! hymn seems r to be confirm$ ?an weak5$4 #iea ,ovid1 ,tri/ia1 iii4 #a4 #ei foll4 #ieb ,prop]tius1 iii4 #bh 7#ca73 ,9 quo ,solis erat supra fa/igia currus4 ,no "o seems to h notic$ ! connection betwe5 ?is & ,horace's allusion to ,sol1 :i* is o!rwise n easy to expla94 #iec ,i w n ent] on ! insoluble "q z to :at /anzas or p>ts ( /anzas 7 sung by ! boys & girls respectively4 ,t ! hymn 0 s sung 9 d\ble *orus is intr9sically probable1 & /at$ 9 ! oracle1 l9es #bj1 #ba4 ,"s ( ! s*emes :i* h be5 prop\nd$ are giv5 9 ,wickham's ,horace4 ,i imag9e t ! /anzas may h be5 sung alt]nately except 9 ! case ( ! fir/ two & ! la/1 b ! n9? looks z ?\gh x might h be5 divid$ betwe5 ! two *oirs4 ,f]r]o has a s*eme ( 8 own1 p4 #ia foll42 & if he _h tak5 a little m pa9s might h work$ out ! :ole problem satisfactorily4 #ied ,( ^! quasi-deities ,fides is ! olde/1 & 0 associat$ ) ,jupit] on ! ,capitol2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 #ajc foll4 ,?us we may f9d a callida iunctura betwe5 ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? /anzas1 = ,fides & ,pax w\ld fit 9 well ) ! responsa petunt ( ! f\rte5?4 ,:e!r ,pax 0 recognis$ z a deity at ?is "t is n q c]ta92 b a few ye>s lat]1 9 #i ,b4,c41 an alt> ( ,pax ,augu/a 0 d$icat$4 ,! ,ara ,pacis 0 begun 9 #ac ,b4,c4 ,see ,axtell1 ,deification ( ,ab/ract ,ideas 7,*icago1 #aijg71 p4 #cg1 :o may also be consult$ = ! o!r deities "h m5tion$4 ,see also above1 p4 #bhe4 ,9 ,tibull4 i4 #aj4 #de foll41 ,pax seems to be on ! v]ge ( deification1 b n to h atta9$ x except 9 ! poet's fancy4 #iee ,! r\te may be foll[$ 9 ! map ( ! ,via ,sacra 9 ,lanciani's ,ru9s & ,excavations1 & 9 8 *apt] entitl$1 ,a ,walk ?r\gh ! ,sacra ,via1 or m %ortly 9 my ,social ,life 9 ! ,age ( ,cic]o1 p4 #ah foll4 ,note4--,! :ole "q ( ! s++ ( ! ,c>m5 saecul>e 9 its relation to ! two pr9cipal sites & to ! topography ( ! fe/ival g5]ally1 is fully discuss$ by ! au?or 9 ,classical ,review = #aiaj1 p4 #ade foll4 ,,lecture ,,xx ,,conclusion ,a "t ( spiritual awak5+1 ( a call+ to high] de/9ies1 came ^u ! _w1 ! civilis$ _w :i* lay ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 at ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,! call+ 0 conc5trat$ 9 ! life & dea? ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4#ief ,! writ] ( ^! words goes on to po9t out t ! beg9n+ ( our era 0 a "t ( g5]al /irr+ 9 all ! high] fields ( human activity1 & t all su* /irr+1 all t br+s high] ideals be=e ! m9ds ( m5 ( action1 ( imag9ation1 or ( reflection1 if n itself religion1 is 9 "s s5se religi\s1 & 9 t age mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt z hav+ "s be>+ on ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! greate/ ( all religi\s movem5ts4 ,& inasmu* z ! new _s ( ! age seems to h put new life into ! old religi\s sy/ems1 ) ! help ( philosophy & poetry1 z well z ( a pur] & m effective conception ( ,man's relation to ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se1 he f9ds x useful & legitimate to %[ h[ ! ideas & *>act]i/ics ( ! lead+ types ( religion 9 ! civilis$ _w ( :i* he speaks 7 absorb$ or baptiz$ into ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 o!r words1 we may ask :at 0 ! contribution ( ea* ( ^! religi\s types to ! =mation ( ! ,*ri/ian type ( religion2 = h[ev] new 0 ! inspiration :i* 0 ! ess5tial liv+ g]m ( our religion1 yet t g]m 0 ( necessity plant$ 9 soil full ( o!r religi\s +r$i5ts1 :i* f\nd _! way into ! sap ( ! plant z x grew t[>ds maturity4 ,i h all along wi%$ to br+ our subject1 ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman p1 into t\* ) ,*ri/ianity1 :e!r by m>k+ po9ts ( contact1 or ( contra/1 or bo?4 ,9 ! la/ few lectures ,i h laid /ress on c]ta9 po9ts likely to be useful to u 9 ?is la/ /age ( our /udies1 & ^! w1 ,i hope1 furni% u ) "s am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,b ,i confess t ,i h approa*$ ?is subject ) great hesitation4 ,:at ,i %all h to say w be t5tative & sugge/ive only2 b ,i hope t ! acc\nt t ,i h giv5 9 ^! lectures ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce may be ( use 9 help+ a bett] qualifi$ /ud5t to c>ry on ! "w m adequately4 ,let u glance back = a mom5t at ! results ( ! la/ f\r lectures1 9 :i* ,i h be5 deal+ ) ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce aft] ! p>alysis or hypnotism ( ! old religion ( ! ,/ate4 ,we saw1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! educat$ "p ( ,roman society _h be5 br\ght to ! v ?re%old ( a new & m elevat+ type ( religion1 by ,greek philosophy transplant$ to ,roman soil1 & *iefly by ,/oicism4 ,true1 "o great ,epicurean g5ius _h _h 8 %>e 9 ?is process1 by d5\nc+ ! weakness & wick$ness ( ! ,roman society1 & ! futility ( all ! religi\s =ms & fancies ) :i* !y /ill dalli$2 b ,lucretius _h no?+ to (f] 9 ! place ( ^! =ms & fancies--no?+1 t is1 :i* c\ld grip ! consci5ce & act z a real =ce ^u conduct4 ,! ,roman 0 9 a religi\s s5se de/itute1 bo? ( a real s5se ( duty to 8 fell[-m5 ( all grades1 & 9 reg>d to ,god2 & = ?is de/itution ,lucretius' rem$y1 ! accurate k ( a philosophical !ory ( ! univ]se1 0 :olly inadequate4 ,! fir/ real appeal to ! consci5ce ( ! ,roman came f ,/oicism1 ! reasonable & less au/]e type ( ,/oicism :i* ,panaetius prea*$ to ! ,scipionic circle4 ,f ?is ! ,roman le>nt t z a "p ( ! div9e univ]se ,man himself is div9e3 t z end[$ ) a portion ( t ,reason :i* itself is ,god1 he has a sacr$ duty to p]=m 9 us+ x4 ,?us1 z ! ,univ]sal 0 reveal$1 s ! ,individual 0 ennobl$2 & ! only ?+ want+ to make ( ?is a real religion 0 a bond t might unite ! two m effectually 9 conduct z well z 9 ?\ght4 ,?\gh a lat] developm5t ( ,/oicism did inde$ all b a*ieve ?is union1 t ( ! lat] ,republic fail$ to d s1 because x inh]it$ ! old ,/oic neglect ( ! emotional side ( man's nature1 & c\ld take little advantage f a /rong curr5t ( my/ical feel+ t 0 runn+ side by side ) x4 ,! ,/oic +r$i5t 9 ! soil :i* 0 be+ prep>$ = ,*ri/ianity 0 ri* & valuable1 b 9 ?is "o respect x 0 poor4 ,x 0 intellectually beautiful1 b x /irr$ z yet no en?usiasm ( humanity4#ieg ,ano!r +r$i5t 9 ! soil 0 t imag9ative transc5d5talism :i* we discuss$ "u ! "n ( ,my/icism1 9 :i* ! s\l becomes ( great] int]e/ ?an ! body1 & a /range ye>n+ possesses ! m9d to speculate on ! nature ( ! s\l1 its exi/5ce be=e ?is life1 & its lot 9 ano!r _w4 ,^! imag9ative ye>n+s 7 n native to ! ,roman1 :o _h nev] _h any v def9ite idea ( a future life1 nor _h ev] tr\bl$ himself ab\t a previ\s "o2 !y filt]$ ?r\gh ! ,py?agorean & ,platonic philosophy into t type ( lat] ,/oicism :i* attract$ him4 ,!y 7 h>dly treat$ 9 ,roman society ) real religi\s e>ne/ness1 except p]haps 9 "s few mom5ts ( sorr[ & emotion su* z ,i dwelt on 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,cic]o4 ,b ! m]e fact t !y 7 9 ! air at ,rome is ( importance = u4 ,!y /imulat$ ! imag9ative faculty 9 religi\s ?\ght2 !y kept alive 9 ! m9ds at lea/ ( "s m5 ! que/ions :y we are "h1 :at we are1 & :at becomes ( u aft] dea?4 ,!y prep>$ ! ,roman m9d = ,*ri/ian es*atology2 & ?is1 ?\gh nev] s important 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* z 9 ! ,greek1 0 yet an important "p ( ! tea*+ ( ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,/4 ,paul exactly expresses ! ye>n+ ?us dimly =e%ad[$ 9 ! my/ical movem5t ( :i* ,i am speak+3 ,we t are 9 ?is tab]nacle d groan1 be+ burd5$2 n = t we w\ld be unclo!d1 b t we w\ld be clo!d ^u1 t :at is mortal may be swall[$ up ( life 7#b ,cor4 v4 #d74 ,x 0 ess5tial t ! ,roman %\ld be able to und]/& words l ^!1 & to associate !m ) a religion :i*1 ?\gh 9 its mo/ vital po9ts "o ma9ly affect+ ?is life1 0 also1 l ^? ( ,isis & ,mi?ras1 /rongly t+$ ) my/icism4 ,all religions ( t "t1 x has lately be5 said1 7 religions ( hope4 ,/ress 0 laid on ! future3 ! pres5t "t 0 b = prep>ation4 ,s 9 ! my/]i\s cults ( ,hell5ism1 ^: highe/ aim is to (f] gu>antees = o!r worldly happ9ess2 s too 9 ,judaism1 ^: legacy has b ! aim ( furni%+ ! happy life 9 ! k+dom ( ! future4 ,b ,*ri/ianity is a religion ( fai?1 ! gospel n only giv+ gu>antees = ! future life1 b br++ confid5ce1 peace1 joy1 salvation1 =giv5ess1 righte\sness--:atev] man's he>t ye>ns aft]4#ieh ,yet ano!r +r$i5t 0 t k9dly1 *>itable1 sympa!tic outlook on ! _w :i* we f\nd 9 ! poems ( ,virgil1 & :i* is associat$ ?r\gh\t !m ) ! idea ( duty & hon\rable s]vice4 ,! husb&man toil+ *e]fully & do+ 8 simple acts ( wor%ip1 among ! pati5t animals t he loves1 & ! sc5es ( natural beauty t inspire him ) pure & t5d] ?\ghts2 & !n aga9 9 ! ,a5eid ! w>rior kept true to 8 goal by a s5se ( duty /imulat$ by sup]natural influ5ce3 bo? ^! sides ( ! ,virgilian _s %[ well h[ ! soil is be+ prep>$ = ano!r & a ri*] crop4 ,love & ,duty are ! ess5tials ( ,*ri/ian e?ics2 !y are bo? to be f\nd 9 ?is poet1 & ?r\gh him made _! way into ! ideas ( ! bett] ,romans ( ! next g5]ation1 & s into ! philosophy ( ,s5eca & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,to m9ds t\*$ ) ! same s5se ( life's problems :i* p]vades ! poetry ( ,virgil1 ! ideas t came f ,galilee br\ght ! re/ & peace :i* !y c\ld n f9d else:]e4#iei ,! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s lov$ ! vates ,g5tilium1 & ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 p>ticul> is = ev] quot+ him2 b ,i %\ld be go+ beyond ! limits ( my subject if ,i 7 to foll[ 8 g5tle influ5ce f>!r d[n ! /ream ( "t4 ,9 my la/ lecture we discuss$ ! revival ( ! old religi\s =ms by ,augu/us1 & ! consummation ( ?is "w ( 8 9 ! spl5did ritual ( ! ,ludi saecul>es4 ,c x be said t su* an a/ute & worldly policy z ?is _h any value 9 ! way ( prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity8 ,only1 ,i ?9k1 9 "o way2 x r5ew$ ! idea ( ! connection betwe5 religion & ! ,/ate1 & ( ! religi\s duties ( ! individual citiz5 t[>ds ! ,/ate4 ,x pres]v$ ! outw>d features ( ! old ,/ate religion1 su* z ! cal5d>1 ! ritual1 & ! t]m9ology or vocabul>y1 & h&$ ^! d[n to a "t :5 !y c\ld be ( s]vice to a ,lat9 ,*ri/ian *ur*4#ifj ,_h ! old =ms be5 all[$ to g utt]ly to rack & ru91 z !y _h be5 already do+ = ! la/ two c5turies1 ! ,roman ,/ate w\ld h be5 z su* )\t religion1 or ! wor%ip ( ! ,caes>s w\ld h become disa/r\sly p[]ful & prom95t1 or maybe ! ,/ate w\ld h adopt$ ! religion ( ,isis or ,mi?ras or "s o!r ,ori5tal cult & belief1 be=e ,*ri/ianity c\ld lay a firm grasp on x4 ,i ?9k x might be %[n t ! cont9uity ( ! old religion 9 its connection ) ! ,/ate 0 really ( value 9 keep+ ^! gr[?s f occupy+ too mu* gr\nd3 ( value 9 *eck+ too rapid a gr[? ( individualism3#ifa ( value too 9 *]i%+ c]ta9 really preci\s religi\s *>act]i/ics1 ord]l9ess & dec5cy 9 ritual1 = example1 :i*1 z we h se51 7 v e>ly develop$ 9 ! ,roman religi\s sy/em1 & :i* ow$ _! cont9u$ vitality to ! ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( ! ,roman ,/ate ov] all h] citiz5s & _! ideas4 ,?us :5 at la/1 aft] a p]iod ( anxi\s conflict betwe5 rival religions1 ! ,/ate proclaim$ itself ,*ri/ian1 & h5ce=w>d = good or ill ext5d$ its protection to ! ,*ur*1 its religi\s tradition 0 /ill "o ( dec5cy & ord]1 /ill free f almo/ all t ! old ,roman ,/ate knew & dread$ z sup]/itio4 ,!re 01 9 fact1 a legacy1 n inde$ a spiritual "o1 b yet "o ( "s small value1 left by ! old ,roman religion to ! ,lat9 ,*ur*3 & ?is ,i w turn = a few m9utes to exam9e4 ,z an example ( ! ord]ly1 sane1 & dec5t "* :i* ! ,*ur* inh]it$ f ! ,roman religion1 ,i might recall :at ,i said 9 ,lecture ,,ix4 ab\t lu/ratio1 t sl[ & ord]ly processional movem5t 9 :i* ! old ,romans delight$1 & :i* is famili> /ill to all travell]s 9 ,italy4#ifb ,ano!r is ! t5d] & rev]5tial c>e = ! re/+-places ( dep>t$ relatives4 ,i am n sure t ,pr(4 ,g>dn] is "r 9 ass]t+ t ! pray]s = ! dead ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* took ! place ( ! wor%ip ( ! dead 9 ! ,roman family2#ifc = x is n easy to say h[ f> x is true t ! dead 7 ev] really wor%ipp$ at ,rome1 & ! idea ( pray] = ! dead1 if x c be trac$ to ,roman s\rces at all1 may be r due to ^? t5d5cies :i* we discuss$ "u ,my/icism1 ?an to any?+ inh]5t 9 ! old ,roman attitude to ! dep>t$4 ,none ! less !re is 9 ! sacra privata ( ! ,p>5talia1 & especially ( ! ,c>i/ia :i* conclud$ x--a k9d ( love-fea/ ( all memb]s ( ! family1 :]e all qu>rels & diff]5ces 7 to be laid aside1#ifd--some?+ t sugge/s ! ,*ri/ian attitude t[>ds ! dead1 & 9 "s dim way too ! doctr9e ( ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts4 ,& we may also notice h[ closely 9 reg>d to ext]nals ! great ev5ts ( family life1--^? critical mom5ts :5 ! aid ( ! num9a 0 mo/ ne$$--! fir/ days ( infancy1 ! eras ( pub]ty & ( m>riage1 pass$ on 9 _! sob] & ord]ly ritual into ! baptism1 confirmation1 & sacram5tal w$d+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 su* ways ! private religion ( ! ,roman family _h d\btless a real cont9uity 9 ! new era1 ?\gh ! l9e ( connection is difficult to trace4 ,?is1 & _m o!r examples ( survival1 ! wor%ip ( local sa9ts :i* took ! place ( t ( local deities1 ! use ( holy wat] & ( inc5se z symbolic elem5ts 9 wor%ip1 & ! g5]al resemblance ( ! arrangem5t ( fe/ivals 9 ! ,cal5d>s1 ,roman & ,*ri/ian1 might be int]e/+ matt] = a complete c\rse ( lectures1 b mu/ be omitt$ "h4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/1 :i* might also be widely exp&$1 is ! influ5ce ( ! ,roman religi\s _s1 z di/9ct f ! outw>d =m1 on ,*ri/ian ?\ght & lit]ature 9 ! ,we/]n half ( ! ,empire4 ,! subtle transc5d5talism ( ! ,greek fa!rs 0 =eign to ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity2 ! *>act]i/ics ( ,roman life z reflect$ 9 ,roman wor%ip are pla9ly visible 9 ! ,lat9 fa!rs4 ,f ,m9ucius ,felix onw>ds1 ! ,*ri/ians :o wrote 9 ,lat91 s f> f be+ imag9ative & dreamy1 are "o & all matt]-(-fact2 hi/orical1 ab\nd+ 9 illu/ration ( life & conduct2 e?ical r ?an speculative2 legal 9 _! ca/ ( ?\ght r ?an philosophical2 rhetorical 9 _! mann] ( expression r ?an f]v5t or poetical4 ,!y 7 well v]s$ 9 ! great lit]ature ( ,rome1 b mo/ ( !m1 & especially ! ,african s*ool 7:i* c>ri$ ,roman t5d5cies to an extreme71 knew comp>atively little ( ,greek4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 = example1 c\ld n br+ himself to "w at ,greek ) ard\r1 nor c\ld he expla9 :y ?is 0 s4#ife ,( ,augu/9e1 z ! type ( ! lit]ature ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 ,bi%op ,we/cott wrote ) some?+ ( an exagg]at$ criticism1 lam5t+ t he _h n ! ,greek :i* _h s l>ge a place 9 ! ,bi%op's own tra9+4 ,he look$ 7m p>ticul>ly 9 ! de ,civitate ,dei7 at ev]y?+ f ! side ( law & n ( fre$om3 f ! side ( ,god1 z an irresponsible sov]eign1 & n ( man1 z a lov+ s]vant4 ,9 spite ( 8 admiration = ,plato1 he 0 driv5 by a passion = sy/em 7h[ ?is rem9ds u ( ! old ,roman religi\s lawy]s67 to fix1 to ext]nalise1 to freeze e idea into a rigid %ape4 ,9 spite ( 8 g5ius he c\ld n %ake (f ! influ5ce ( a legal & rhetorical tra9+1 :i* controv]sy call$ into active ex]cise4#iff ,! lecture f :i* ,i am quot+ is an int]e/+ "o1 on ! "w & "* ( ,orig51 ! great ,alex&rian ( ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 ) :om ,augu/9e is contra/$1 z 9 an e>li] age we might contra/ ,s5eca ) ,philo2 ! ,lat9 writ]s rhetorical1 practical1 reali/ic2 ! ,greek au?ors ideali/ic & f]v5t1 apt to see deep moral significance 9 all human life4 ,& ?is is really ! mann] & m5tal attitude ( all ! fam\s ,lat9 fa!rs3 ( ,lactantius1 ! cle>1 precise ,cic]onian1 ^: e page %[s ! p]5nial value ( ! ,lat9 tongue2 ( ,t]tullian1 ! subtle & acute rhetorician1 m gift$ ) imag9ation ?an 8 fell[s2 ( ,arnobius1 ano!r ,roman ,african1 ! reput$ tea*] ( ,lactantius4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ^! ,lat9 fa!rs is _! fondness = us+ ! fam\s words ( ! old ,roman religion1 b 9 new s5ses4 ,!y inh]it t ,roman love = a /rong te*nical ^w ( pregnant mean+ :i* has left u s _m imp]i%able legacies 9 t]m9ology4 ,municipium1 colonia1 imp]ium1 collegium1 rise 9 "o's m9d ! mom5t ! subject is m5tion$2 & a few m9utes' ?\ght w reveal ano!r score ( words :i* 9 v>i\s =ms p]vade all our mod]n ,european t]m9ology4 ,s1 too1 ) ! language ( religion4 ,^! ,lat9 advocates ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e took ! old words :i* we h s (t5 dwelt on 9 ! c\rse ( ^! lectures1 & gave !m new b almo/ equally cle> & pregnant mean+s4 ,let u glance at ?ree or f\r ( ^!2 = su* a legacy z ?is is no mean prop]ty ( ! ,*ri/ian religion ( ! ,we/4 ,let u take1 to beg9 )1 ! greate/ ( all ^! words--religio4 ,i h ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ^! lectures t ! orig9al s5se ( ?is ^w 0 ! natural feel+ ( man 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sup]natural2 & ?\gh ?is has actually be5 que/ion$ s9ce ,i began !m1#ifg ,i see no good reason to alt] my conviction4 ,b 9 ! age ( ,cic]o & ,lucretius ! ^w beg9s to take on a diff]5t mean+1 ( great importance = ! future4 ,?\gh ,cic]o z a "y man _h def9$ religio z ! feel+ ( ! pres5ce ( a high] or div9e nature1 :i* prompts man to wor%ip1--to cura et ca]imonia1#ifh yet lat] on 9 life he uses x ) mu* fre$om ( t cura et ca]imonia ap>t f ! feel+4 ,to take a s+le example among _m3 9 a passage 9 8 de ,legibus he says t to wor%ip private or /range or =eign gods1 confusionem habet religionum2#ifi & aga9 he calls 8 own imag9>y ius div9um 9 t treatise a con/itutio religionum1 a sy/em ( religi\s duties4#igj ,9 _m o!r passages1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d bo? ! feel+ :i* prompts & ! cult-acts :i* foll[ on x equally connot$ by ! ^w2 = example1 ! phrase religio sepulcrorum sugge/s q z mu* ! feel+ z ! ritual4 ,s x w\ld seem t religio is already beg9n+ to pass into ! s5se 9 :i* we /ill use x--i4e41 ! feel+ :i* sugge/s wor%ip1 & ! =ms "u :i* we p]=m t wor%ip4 ,9 ?is broad s5se x is also us$ by ,lucretius1 :o includ$ "u x all t 0 = him ! _w's evil & folly1 bo? ! feel+ ( awe :i* he believ$ to be degrad+1 & ! organis$ wor%ip ( ! family & ! ,/ate1 :i* he no less firmly believ$ to be futile4 ,tantum religio potuit suad]e malorum4#iga ,! fact is t 9 t age1 :5 ! old local "* ( ! cults 0 disappe>+1 & :5 m5 l ,posidonius1 ,v>ro1 & ,cic]o 7 ?9k+ & writ+ ab\t ! nature ( ! gods & k9dr$ subjects1 a ^w 0 want$ to ga!r up & express all ?is religi\s side ( human life & exp]i5ce3 x mu/ be a ^w )\t a def9ite te*nical mean+1 & su* a ^w 0 religio4 ,?us :ile religio cont9ues to express ! feel+ only or ! cult only1 if call$ on to d s1 x ga9s 9 ! age ( ,cic]o a m compreh5sive connotation1 z ! result ( ! contemplation ( religion by philosophy z a ?+ ap>t f itself2 & ?is enabl$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s1 :o knew _! ,cic]o well1 to give x a mean+ 9 :i* x is /ill 9 use among all ,european nations4 ,b !re 0 yet to be a real *ange 9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 "o t 0 inevitable1 z ! contra/ betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & o!r religions call$ = emphasis4 ,! second c5tury ,a4,d4 0 t 9 :i* ! competition 0 ke5e/ betwe5 v>i\s religi\s cre$s & =ms1 ea* ) its own vitality1 & ea* cle>ly m>k$ (f f ! o!rs4 ,x is no long] a "q ( religion z a :ole1 contemplat$ by a critical or a sympa!tic philosophy2 ! "q is1 :i* cre$ or =m is to be ! true & ! victori\s religion4 ,our wond]ful ^w aga9 adapts itself to ! situation4 ,ea* sep>ate religi\s sy/em c n[ be call$ a religio4 ,! old poly!i/ic sy/em c n[ be call$ religio ,deorum by ! ,*ri/ian1 :ile 8 own cre$ is religio ,dei4 ,9 ! ,octavius ( ,m9ucius ,felix1 writt5 ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ! ^w is already us$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,no/ra religio1 v]a religio1#igb is = him ! :ole ,*ri/ian fai? & practice z x /ood !n--! dep? ( feel+ & ! acts :i* gave x outw>d =m4 ,! "o true religion c ?us be n[ express$ by ! ^w4 ,9 ,lactantius1 ,arnobius1 ,t]tullian1 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 ?is new s5se is to be f\nd on almo/ e page1 b a s+le noble passage ( ,lactantius mu/ suffice to illu/rate x4 ,! hea!n sacrifice1 he says1 & leave all _! religion 9 ! temple2 ?us x is t su* religiones _c make m5 good or firm 9 _! fai?4 ,b 'no/ra religio eo firma e/ et solida et immutabilis1 quia m5tem ipsam pro sacrificio habet1 quia tota 9 animo col5tis e/4'#igc ,"h at la/ we come ^u a =ce ( mean+ :i* ! ^w _h nev] be=e atta9$4 ,religio "h is n awe only or cult only1 b a m5tal devotion capable ( build+ up "*4 ,! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y4 ,surely ?is is a valuable legacy to ! ,*ri/ian fai? f our h>d1 dry1 old ,roman religion4 ,ano!r legacy 9 words is t ( pius4 ,our ,engli% ^w pi\s has suff]$ "s damage f ! sanctimoni\sness ( a c]ta9 type ( ,puritanism2 b piety /ill rema9s sweet & :olesome1 &1 l its ,lat9 orig9al 9 ! middle ages x seems to express "o beautiful aspect ( ! ,*ri/ian life bett] ?an any o!r ^w4 ,9 ! old ,roman religion pius meant ! man :o /rictly con=ms 8 life to ! ius div9um2 ?is we "k f ! v def9ite anci5t explanations ( its contr>y1 impius4 ,! impius is ! man :o wilfully breaks ! ius div9um & ! pax deorum2 = him no piaculum 0 ( avail4#igd ,su* a crime is ! ne>e/ approa* 9 ,roman antiquity to our idea ( s94 ,pius is !re=e1 z we saw 9 discuss+ ,a5eas1 ! man :o kn[s ! w ( ! gods1 & s f> z 9 him lies adju/s 8 conduct !reto1 :e!r 9 ! life ( ! family or z a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate4 ,z appli$ to ?+s1 to a w> = example1 ! ^w pium is almo/ equival5t to iu/um or purum1 i4e41 pium bellum is a w> decl>$ & conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ius div9um4#ige ,pietas is !re=e a virtue1 t ( ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god z %[n 9 private & public life1 & x h]e9 diff]s f religio1 :i* is n a virtue1 b a feel+4 ,b we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d t 9 ,lactantius pietas c be us$ to expla9 religio2 = religio is no long] a feel+ only or a cult only1 b1 z we saw j n[1 a m5tal devotion capable ( build+ up "*4 ,9 "o passage he says t x is no true philosophy :i* v]am religionem1 id e/ summam pietatem1 non habet4#igf ,9 ano!r int]e/+ *apt] he %[s pla9ly en\gh t he uses pietas j z he uses religio1 to express ! :ole ,*ri/ian m5tal furniture4#igg ,he beg9s by scornfully po9t+ to ,a5eas z ! typical pius1 & ask+ :at we are to ?9k ( ! pietas ( a man :o c\ld b9d ! h&s ( prison]s 9 ord] to slaught] !m z a sacrifice to ! %ade ( ,pallas#igh 7little dream+1 inde$1 t ,*ri/ian piety %\ld ev] be guilty ( su* slaught] 9 ! cause ( ! fai?72 & ends by ask+1 ,:at1 !n1 is pietas8 ,surely x is ) ^? :o "k n w>2 :o keep at peace ) all m52 :o love _! enemies & c\nt all m5 _! bre?r52 :o c control _! ang] & curb all m5tal wilfulness4 ,& once aga91 pietas is ! ma9 +r$i5t 9 iu/itia1 t is1 9 ,*ri/ian righte\sness1 = pietas nihil aliud e/ quam ,dei notio4 ,ev5 "h x is n s f> remov$ f its old mean+2 b 9 a ,*ri/ian writ] x c mean con=mity to ! w ( ,god1 bas$ on a real k ( ,him1 9 a s5se :i* %[s u by a sudd5 illum9at+ fla% ! deep gulf set betwe5 ! old religion & ! new4 ,ano!r ^w1 bequea!d 9 ?is case r by ! ,lat9 language ?an ! ,roman religion1 9 :i* x held no /rictly te*nical mean+1 is sanctus1 :i* has play$ s l>ge a "p 9 ! t]m9ology ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & pass$ !nce into ! language ( ,puritanism = ! liv+ ,*ri/ian1 z 9 ,baxt]'s fam\s book1 ,! ,sa9ts' ,re/4 ,! exact mean+ ( sanctus is extremely difficult to fix1 & ?is may be :y x 0 f\nd to be a conv5i5t ^w = a type ( "* negative r ?an positive4 ,! lawy]s def9$ x z mean+ :at is sancitum by ! ,/ate1#igi )\t trac+ x back to a "t :5 ! ,/ate 0 a religi\s z well z a civil entity4 ,b !re 0 beyond d\bt a religi\s flav\r 9 x f ! beg9n+1 z 9 o!r old ,italian words connect$ ) x2 & ?us x seems to be able to express a c]ta9 conjunction ( religi\s & moral purity :i* f9ally br\ght x into ! h&s ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,a s+le v]se ( ,virgil w s]ve to expla9 :at ,i mean4 ,turnus1 be=e he ru%es =? to meet 8 dea? at ,a5eas' h&1 & kn[+ t he is to meet x1 asks ! ,manes to be good to him1 quoniam sup]is av]sa voluntas1 =-- sancta ad vos anima atque i/ius nescia culpae desc5dam magnorum haud unquam indignus avorum4#ihj ,he goes to ! %ades ) a consci5ce cle> ( guilt or ( impietas2 z ! anci5t s*olia/ int]prets ! ^w1 x is equival5t to incorrupta4#iha ,9 ?is s5se x became "o ( ! fav\rite sup]latives to describe 9 sepul*ral inscriptions1 pagan or ,*ri/ian1 ! purity ( dep>t$ wom5 & *ildr54#ihb ,la/ly1 we h ! great ^w sac]1 ) its comp\nds sacrificium & sacram5tum4 ,! adjective itself has no new or special significance1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! language ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & 9 our ,teutonic languages ! ,roman s5se ( x1 t :i* is made ov] to ,god1 is express$ by ! ^w holy1 sacr$ be+ reta9$ 9 a g5]al s5se = t :i* is n common4 ,b sacrificium1 ! act ( mak+ a ?+1 animate or inanimate1 or y\rself1 z 9 devotio1 ov] to ! gods1 is inde$ a great legacy on :i* ,i d n ne$ to dwell4 ,sacram5tum1 on ! o!r h&1 ne$s a ^w ( explanation4 ,sacram5tum 9 ,roman public law meant 7#a7 a legal =mula 7legis actio71 "u :i* a sum ( money 0 deposit$1 orig9ally 9 a temple1#ihc to be =feit$ by ! los] 9 a suit4 ,! deposition 9 loco sacro gives ! ^w to ! process1 & helps u to see t x mu/ mean "s act :i* has a religi\s sanction4 ,s ) 7#b7 its o!r mean+1 i4e4 ! oa? ( ob$i5ce tak5 by ! soldi]1 :o 0 iuratus 9 v]ba1 t is1 sworn "u a =mula ) a religi\s sanction atta*$4#ihd ,x is tempt+ to suppose t x is ?r\gh ?is *annel t x f\nd its way into ! ,*ri/ian vocabul>y--! soldi] ( ,*ri/ affirm+ 8 allegiance 9 ! solemn rites ( baptism1 m>riage1 or ! ,eu*>i/4 ,x is a curi\s fact t x seems to be us$ 9 ?is way 9 ! religion ( ,mi?ras1#ihe :i* 0 especially p[]ful among ! ,roman legions ( ! ,empire1 & 9 :i* !re 0 a grade ( ! fai?ful ) ! title ( milites4 ,sacram5tum 0 "h ! ^w = ! initiatory rites ( a grade4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ,lat9 x usually means a my/]y2 ?us ,arnobius writes ( ! ,*ri/ian religion z reveal+ ! v]itatis absconditae sacram5ta2#ihf b 9 ano!r passage ! idea 9 8 m9d seems to be t ( milit>y s]vice4 ,x is bett]1 he says1 = ,*ri/ians to break _! worldly contracts1 ev5 ( m>riage1 ?an to break ! fides ,*ri/iana1 et salut>is militiae sacram5ta depon]e2#ihg & ,t]tullian m ?an once atta*es ! same milit>y mean+ to x3 ,vocati sumus ad militiam ,dei vivi iam tunc cum 9 v]ba sacram5ti spopondimus4#ihh ,p]haps we may take x t ! ^w1 ?\gh ( g5]al significance = a religi\sly b9d+ =ce produc$ by c]ta9 my/]i\s rites1 _h a special attraction = writ]s ( ! pa9ful ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 z reflect+ into ! ,*ri/ian life f old ,roman times some?+ ( ! _s ( ! duty & self-sacrifice ( ! loyal legion>y4 ,9 any case we h once m a v]bal legacy ( priceless value4#ihi ,to sum up :at ,i h be5 say+1 !re 7 c]ta9 +r$i5ts 9 ! ,roman soil1 deposits ( ! ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce1 :i* 7 9 _! sev]al ways fav\rable to ! gr[? ( a new plant4 ,!re 7 also c]ta9 direct legacies f ! old ,roman religion1 ( :i* ,*ri/ianity c\ld dispose ) pr(it1 9 ! %ape ( =ms ( ritual1 &1 :at 0 ev5 ( great] value1 words ( real significance 9 ! old religion1 :i* 7 de/9$ to become ( p]man5t & priceless value 9 ! ,*ri/ian spee* ( ! we/]n nations4 ,!re 7 also o!r po9ts 9 ! society & organisation ( ! ,roman ,empire :i* 7 ( great importance = ! gr[? ( ! new cre$2 b ^! lie outside my prop] subject1 & h be5 dealt ) by ,pr(essor ,g>dn] 9 ! lecture to :i* ,i allud$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lecture1 & mo/ in/ructively by ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay 9 m ?an "o ( 8 books1 & especially 9 ,/4 ,paul1 ! ,travell] & ,roman ,citiz54 ,& yet1 all ?is tak5 toge!r1 s f> f expla9+ ,*ri/ianity1 does n help u mu* 9 gett+ to und]/& ev5 ! conditions "u :i* x grew into m5's m9ds z a new p[] 9 ! life ( ! _w4 ,! plant1 ?\gh gr[n 9 soil :i* _h borne o!r crops1 0 :olly new 9 /ructure & vital pr9ciple4 ,i say ?is delib]ately1 aft] sp5d+ s _m ye>s on ! /udy ( ! religion ( ! ,romans1 & mak+ myself acqua9t$ 9 "s measure ) ! religions ( o!r peoples4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce1 z x appe>s to me z a /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( religion1 is ?is1 t :]eas ! connection betwe5 religion & morality has s f> be5 a loose "o1--at ,rome1 inde$1 s loose1 t _m h refus$ to believe 9 its exi/5ce1--! new religion 0 itself morality1#iij b morality consecrat$ & rais$ to a high] p[] ?an x _h ev] yet rea*$4 ,x becomes active in/ead ( passive2 m]e good nature is replac$ by a doctr9e ( univ]sal love2 pietas1 ! s5se ( duty 9 outw>d ?+s1 becomes an en?usiasm embrac+ all humanity1 consecrat$ by su* an appeal to ! consci5ce z !re nev] _h be5 9 ! _w be=e--! appeal to ! life & dea? ( ! div9e ,ma/]4 ,?is is :at is meant1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 by ! great contra/ s (t5 & s vividly drawn by ,/4 ,paul betwe5 ! _s & ! fle%1 betwe5 ! *ildr5 ( light & ! *ildr5 ( d>kness1 betwe5 ! sleep or ! dea? ( ! _w & ! wak+ to life 9 ,*ri/1 betwe5 ! blameless & ! h>mless sons ( ,god & ! crook$ & p]v]se g5]ation among :om !y %9e z lights 9 ! _w4 ,i confess t ,i nev] realis$ ?is contra/ fully or intellig5tly until ,i read ?r\gh ! ,paul9e ,epi/les f beg9n+ to end ) a special hi/orical object 9 view4 ,x is useful to be famili> ) ! life & lit]ature ( ! two prec$+ c5turies1 if only to be able ! bett] to realise1 9 pass+ to ,/4 ,paul1 a ,roman citiz51 a man ( education & exp]i5ce1 ! great gulf fix$ betwe5 ! old & ! new z he himself saw x4 ,b hi/orical k1 k ( ! ,roman society ( ! day1 /udy ( ! ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce1 _c d m ?an give u a little help2 !y _c reveal ! secret4 ,hi/ory c expla9 ! progress ( morality1 b x _c expla9 its consecration4 ,) ,/4 ,paul ! contra/ is n m]ely "o ( good & bad1 b ( ! _s & ! fle%1 ( life & dea?4 ,no m]e contemplation ( ! _w ar\nd him c\ld h k9dl$ ! f]v5cy ( _s ) :i* ?is contra/ is by him conceiv$ & express$4 ,absolute devotion to ! life & dea? ( ! ,ma/]1 ap>t ev5 f ,8 "w & tea*+ 7( :i*1 inde$1 ,/4 ,paul says little71 ?is alone c expla9 x4 ,! love ( ,*ri/ is ! entirely new p[] t has come into ! _w2#iia n m]ely z a new type ( morality1 b z a ,div9e influ5ce transfigur+ human nature 9 a univ]sal love4 ,! passion ( ,/4 ,paul's appeal lies 9 ! consecration ( e detail ( x by ref]5ce to ! life & dea? ( 8 ,ma/]2 & ! great contra/ is = him n z ) ! ,/oics1 betwe5 ! univ]sal law ( ,nature & ^? :o rebel aga9/ x2 n z ) ,lucretius1 betwe5 ! bl9d victims ( religio & ! indefatigable /ud5t ( ! r]um natura2 n1 z 9 ! ,a5eid1 betwe5 ! man :o b[s to ! decrees ( fate1 de/9y1 ,god1 or :atev] we *oose to call x1 & ! wilful rebel1 victim ( 8 own passions2 n1 z 9 ! ,roman ,/ate & family1 betwe5 ! man :o p]=ms religi\s duties & ! man :o wilfully neglects !m--betwe5 pius & impius2 b betwe5 ! univ]sal law ( love1 focuss$ & conc5trat$ 9 ! love ( ,*ri/1 & ! sleep1 ! d>kness1 ! dea? ( a _w t w n recognise x4 ,i w conclude ^! lectures ) "o practical illu/ration ( ?is great contra/1 :i* w c>ry u back = a mom5t to ! ritual ( ! old ,roman ius div9um4 ,t ritual1 we saw1 consi/$ ma9ly ( sacrifice & pray]1 ! two app>5tly insep>able f ea* o!r4 ,i po9t$ out t ?\gh ! efficacy ( ! :ole process 0 believ$ to dep5d on ! /ricte/ adh]5ce to prescrib$ =ms1 :e!r ( actions or words1 ! pray]s1 :5 we fir/ meet ) !m1 h got beyond ! region ( *>m or spell1 & are ca/ 9 ! language ( petition2 !y %[ cle>ly a s5se ( ! dep5d5ce ( man on ! ,p[] manife/+ itself 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re 0 "h1 p]haps1 a g]m ( religi\s developm5t2 b x 0 arre/$ 9 its gr[? by ! =malisation ( ! :ole ,roman religi\s sy/em1 & no sub/itute 0 to be f\nd = x ei!r 9 ! import$ ,greek ritual1 or 9 ! m enlight5+ doctr9es ( exotic ,greek philosophy4 ,! pray]s us$ 9 ! ritual ( ,augu/us' great fe/ival1 :i* 0 almo/ z mu* ,greek z ,roman 9 "*1 seem to u z h>d & =mal z ! mo/ anci5t ,roman pray]s t h come d[n to u4 ,9 ! mo/ emotional mom5ts ( ! life ( a ,roman ( enlight5m5t l ,cic]o1 :5 we c truly say ( him t he 0 t\*$ by true religi\s feel+1 z well z by ! spiritual aspirations ( ! nobl] ,greek philosoph]s1 pray]s f9d no place at all4 ,b = ,/4 ,paul & ! memb]s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian bro!rhood ! :ole ( life 0 a cont9u\s wor%ip1 & ! "o great feature ( t wor%ip 0 pray]4 ,x has be5 said by a great ,*ri/ian writ] ( rec5t times t :5 ! att5tion ( a ?9k+ hea!n 0 direct$ to ! new religion spread+ 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ! fir/ ?+ to /rike him z extraord9>y w\ld be t a religion ( pray] 0 sup]s$+ ! religion ( c]emonies & invocation ( gods2 t x enc\rag$ all1 ev5 ! mo/ un$ucat$1 to pray1 or1 9 o!r words1 to m$itate & ex]cise ! m9d 9 self-scrut9y & contemplation ( ,god4#iib ,&1 z ! same writ] says1 pray] ?us became a motive p[] ( moral r5ewal & inw>d civilisation1 to :i* no?+ else c\ld be comp>$ = efficacy4 ,& m ?an ?is1 x 0 ! *ief inw>d & spiritual means ( ma9ta9+ t univ]sal law ( love1 :i*1 s f> z ?is life 0 conc]n$1 0 ! great secret ( ! new religion4 ,,notes ,,to ,,lecture ,,xx #ief ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,! ,gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity1 #aijg1 p4 #b4 ,cp4 "s rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,conway 9 ,virgil's ,messianic ,eclogue1 p4 #ci foll4 #ieg ,! phrase en?usiasm ( humanity is1 ( c\rse1 t ( ! au?or ( ,ecce ,homo1 a mo/ inspir+ book = all /ud5ts ( religi\s hi/ory1 z inde$ = all o!r read]s4 #ieh ,dobs*uetz on ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,es*atology1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 vol4 ii4 7,ox=d1 #aijh71 p4 #cbj4 #iei ,! words are ^? ( ,mr4 ,glov] 9 ! la/ page ( 8 ,/udies 9 ,virgil4 #ifj ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ^! legacies1 ) ! exception ( ! la/ 7! vocabul>y71 7 only tak5 up by ! ,*ur* aft] ! fir/ two c5turies ( its exi/5ce4 ,& ev5 ! vocabul>y ( ! e>ly ,roman ,*ur* 0 ma9ly ,greek 7,gwatk91 ,e>ly ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ii4 #bac71 & x 0 n till ! rise ( ! ,african s*ool ( writ]s 7,t]tullian1 ,arnobius1 ,augu/9e7 t ! ,lat9 vocabul>y really e/abli%$ itself4 ,any real assimilation ( ,*ri/ian & pagan =ms ( wor%ip 0 n possible until ! latt] 7 gr[+ mean+less2 !n ! assimilation ( ,*ri/ianity to hea!nism f ! ?ird c5tury is matt] ( hi/ory 7,gwatk91 i4 #bfi74 #ifa ,caird1 ,gif=d ,lectures1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cec1 has "s int]e/+ rem>ks on ?is po9t4 #ifb ,see above1 p4 #baa4 #ifc ,gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #add4 #ifd ,see ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #cjh4 #ife ,confessions1 i4 #ad4 #iff ,we/cott1 ,religi\s ,?\ght 9 ! ,we/1 p4 #bdf4 ,gwatk9 writes 7vol4 ii4 #bcf7 t all ,augu/9e's conceptions are %ap$ by law & ,/oicism4 ,cp4 p4 #bcg4 ,s1 too1 ( ,t]tullian4 #ifg ,by ,w4 ,otto1 9 ! ,ar*iv fu] ,religionswiss5s*aft1 vol4 xii4 7#aiji7 p4 #ecc foll4 #ifh ,de ,inv5tione1 ii4 #afa4 #ifi ,de ,legibus1 ii4 #aj4 #be4 #igj ,ib4 #aj4 #bc4 #iga ,lucretius i4 #aja4 #igb ,e4g4 ,octavius #ch4 #b2 & aga9 at ! end ( t *apt]4 #igc ,lactantius1 bk4 v4 7de ,iu/itia7 *4 #ai4 ,i may note "h t ! p>agraph 9 ! text :]e ?is is quot$ 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions 7,ox=d1 #aijh71 vol4 ii4 p4 #agd4 ,i may also add t ! re/rict$ s5se ( ! ^w religio z mean+ ! mona/ic life is1 ( c\rse1 comp>atively late4 ,?is re/rictive use ( hea!n words1 f ! ?ird c5tury onw>ds1 is ! subject ( "s valuable rem>ks by ,pr(4 ,gwatk9 9 8 ,e>ly ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfh foll4 #igd ,see ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #bii1 & ! ref]5ces !re giv54 #ige ,livy i4 #cb1 ix4 #h4 #f2 ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #dgf2 ,gre5idge1 ,roman ,public ,life1 p4 #ef4 #igf ,lactantius iv4 #c 7de v]a sapi5tia74 #igg ,ib4 v4 7de ,iu/itia7 *4 #aj4 #igh ,a54 xi4 #ha4 #igi ,m>qu>dt1 #ade1 note #e4 #ihj ,a54 xii4 #fdh4 #iha ,s]vius1 ad ,a54 xii4 #fdh4 #ihb ,! orig9al mean+ ( sanctus z appli$ to ?+s1 e4g4 walls & tombs1 0 probably inviolable2 ,nettle%ip1 ,contributions to ,lat9 ,lexicography1 s4v4 sanctus1 :o also sugge/s a connection betwe5 ! ^w & ! attitude ( ! ,roman t[>ds 8 dead3 ?us ,cic]o 9 ,topica #ij writes ( aequitas z consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts1--pietas1 sanctitas1 & iu/itia1--mean+ man's relation to ! gods1 ! ,manes1 & 8 fell[-m54 ,nettle%ip also quotes ,a54 v4 #hj 7salve sancte p>5s71 ,tibull4 ii4 #b4 #f1 & o!r passages1 :i* %[ t ! ^w 0 specially us$ ( ! dead & _! belong+s4 ,b :5 us$ ( p]sons liv+1 z frequ5tly 9 ! la/ c5tury ,b4,c41 x expresses a c]ta9 purity ( life1 n )\t a religi\s t9cture1 :i* c\ld n s well be express$ by any o!r ^w1 ow+ to ! orig9al mean+ be+ t ( religi\s inviolability4 ,?us ,cic]o uses x 9 ! #i? ,philippic ( 8 old fri5d ,sulpicius1 "o ( ! be/ & pure/ m5 ( 8 "t2 & long be=e ,cic]o1 ,cato _h us$ x ( an obligation at once e?ical & religi\s3 ,maiores sanctius habu]e def5di pupillos quam cli5tem non fall]e4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t x 0 us$ lat] on ( ,mi?ras & o!r ori5tal deities 7,cumont1 ,mon4 my/4 ,mi?ra1 i4 p4 #ecc2 ,les ,religions ori5tales1 p4 #bhi1 note #de72 9 ! case ( ,mi?ras1 at lea/1 ?is meant t 8 life 0 pure1 & t he wi%$ 8 wor%ipp]s to be pure also4 #ihc ,m>qu>dt1 p4 #cah1 note #d2 ,momms51 ,/rafre*t1 pp4 #ijb1 #ajbf4 ,see also ,gre5idge1 ,roman ,public ,life1 p4 #ef2 ,fe/us1 p4 #cdg4 #ihd ,gre5idge1 op4 cit4 p4 #aed4 #ihe ,cumont1 ,my/]i5 von ,mi?ras1 p4 #aaf ( ! ,g]man edition4 ,see also ,de ,m>*i1 ,la ,religione nella vita privata1 vol4 ii4 #aad4 ,x may be wor? not+ t ! idea ( life z ! s]vice ( a soldi] b\nd to ob$i5ce by 8 oa? is f\nd also 9 ,/oicism2 see ,epictetus 7,arrian71 ,disc\rses1 i4 #ad1 iii4 #bd1 #ii-aja1 ii4 #bf1 #bh-cj2 7,crossley's ,gold5 ,say+s ( ,epictetus1 ,nos4 #cg1 #abe1 #acb1 #acd74 #ihf ,arnobius1 adv4 ,nationes1 i4 #c4 #ihg ,ib4 ii4 #f4 #ihh ,t]tull41 ad ,m>tyr4 c4 #c4 ,cp4 de ,corona ,militiae1 c4 #aa4 #ihi ,x is curi\s t ! ^w sac]dos did n f9d its way into ! ,*ri/ian vocabul>y4 ,app>5tly x _h its *ance2 = ,t]tullian uses x 9 sev]al ways1 e4g41 summus sac]dos = a bi%op 7de ,bapt4 #ag2 discipl9a sac]dotalis1 de ,monog4 #g4 #ab2 & = o!r examples see ,h>nack1 ,ent/ehung und ,entwickelung d] ,kir*5v]fassung und des ,kir*5re*ts 9 d5 zwei er/5 ,jahrhund]t51 #aiaj1 p4 #he74 ,b ! words f9ally adopt$ = ! grades ( ! prie/hood 7 ,greek3 bi%op1 prie/1 & deacon4 ,nev]!less1 ! g5]al ^w = ! prie/hood1 z di/+ui%$ f ! laity1 is ,lat9 7ordo72 h5ce ord9ation & holy ord]s4 ,x is n ( religi\s orig91 b tak5 f ! language ( municipal life1 ordo et plebs be+ contra/$ j z !y 7 contra/$ 9 municipia z s5ate 7decuriones7 & all non-(ficial p]sons4 ,see ,h>nack1 op4 cit4 p4 #hb4 #iij ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 9 "o light1 ! legitimate developm5t ( ! union ( religion & morality 9 ! ,hebrew m9d4 ,= ! ,israelite morality1 righte\sness1 is simply do+ ! w ( ,god1 :i* f ! e>lie/ age is assum$ to be asc]ta9able1 & inde$ asc]ta9$4 ,! ,law 9 its simple/ =m 0 at once ! rule ( morality & ! reveal$ w ( ,god4 ,! c5tral feature ( ,o4,t4 morality is its religi\s "* 7,alex&]1 ,e?ics ( ,/4 ,paul1 p4 #cd74 ,9 ! religi\s sy/em we h be5 occupi$ )1 religion c only be reckon$ z "o ( ! factors 9 ! gr[? ( morality2 x suppli$ ! sanction = "s acts ( righte\sness1 b 79 hi/orical times at lea/7 by no means = all4 ,pr(4 ,gwatk91 9 8 ,e>ly ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4 p4 #ed1 /ates ! relation ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity to morality ?us3 ,*ri/'s p]son1 n ,8 tea*+1 is ! message ( ! ,gospel4 ,if we "k any?+ = c]ta9 ab\t ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 x is t ,he /eadily claim$ to be ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,r$eem] ( mank9d1 & ! rul] ( ! _w to come1 & by t claim ! ,gospel /&s or falls4 ,!re=e1 ! ,"l's disciples w5t n =? z prea*]s ( morality1 b z witnesses ( 8 life1 & ( ! hi/oric resurrection :i* prov$ 8 mightie/ claims4 ,_! morality is always an inf]5ce f ^!1 nev] ! =efront ( _! tea*+4 ,!y seem to ?9k t if !y c only fill m5 ) true ?ankfulness = ! gift ( life 9 ,*ri/1 morality w take c>e ( itself4 ,i _c b ?9k t ?is is express$ too /rongly1 or baldly2 b x is 9 ! ma9 9 keep+ ) ! impression left on my m9d by a /udy ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! ,paul9e _s is n exactly t ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al3 see ,gwatk91 vol4 i4 p4 #ih4 ,9 ! ,dida*e1 e4g41 !re is no trace ( ,/4 ,paul's influ5ce 7#ajd74 #iia ,9 a book :i* _h j be5 publi%$ :5 ,i 0 deliv]+ ^! lectures at ,ed9burgh 7,! ,e?ics ( ,/4 ,paul1 by ,ar*ibald ,alex&]71 ,i f\nd a v int]e/+ *apt] on ,! ,dynamic ( ! ,new ,life1 p4 #abf foll4 ,! ^w :i* = ! au?or be/ expresses t dynamic is fai?1 :i* is ! spr+ ( all endeav\r1 ! inspiration ( all h]oism 7p4 #aej74 ,x br+s ! :ole life into ! doma9 ( spiritual fre$om1 & is ! animat+ & en]gis+ pr9ciple ( all moral purpose4 ,:at exactly is "h und]/ood by fai? is expla9$ on p4 #aea to ! end ( ! *apt]1 ( :i* ,i may quote ! conclud+ words3 ,fai? 9 ,*ri/ means life 9 ,*ri/4 ,& ?is complete yield+ ( self & vital union ) ! ,savi\r1 ?is dy+ & ris+ aga91 is at once man's supreme ideal & ! s\rce ( all moral greatness4 #iib ,doell+]1 ,! ,fir/ ,age ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur* 7,ox5ham's translation71 p4 #cdd foll4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,on ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,huts ,,or ,,boo?s ,,9 ,,religi\s ,,ritual ,?is may be tak5 z an add5dum to ,lecture ,,ii4 on taboo at ,rome2 b ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty ( ! explanation giv5 9 x1 ,i res]v$ x = an ,app5dix4 ,! cu/om "h dealt ) is f\nd bo? 9 ! public & private wor%ip ( ! ,romans1 & also 9 ,greece & else:]e1 b has nev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 inve/igat$ by an?ropologi/s4 ,on ! ,ides ( ,m>*1 at ! fe/ival ( ,anna ,p]5na1 a deity expla9$ z repres5t+ ! r+ ( ! ye>1 ^: cult is n recognis$ 9 ! anci5t religi\s cal5d>1 ! l[] population came out ( ! city1 & lay ab\t all day 9 ! ,campus ,m>tius1 ne> ! ,tib]4 ,ovid1 =tunately1 took ! tr\ble to describe ! sc5e 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,fa/i1 z he _h witness$ x himself4 ,"s ( !m1 he says1 lay 9 ! op51 "s con/ruct$ t5ts1 & "s made rude huts ( /akes & bran*es1 /ret*+ _! togas ov] !m to make a %elt]4 plebs v5it ac virides passim disiecta p] h]bas potat1 et accumbit cum p>e quisque sua4 sub ,iove p>s durat1 pauci t5toria ponunt1 sunt quibus e ramis frondea facta casa e/1 p>s1 ubi pro rigidis calamos /atu]e columnis1 desup] ext5tas imposu]e togas4 sole tam5 v9oque cal5t1 annosque precantur1 quot sumant cya?os1 ad num]umque bibunt4#iic ,x appe>s also f ,ovid's acc\nt t !re 0 mu* drunk5ness & obsc5e language2 ?is 01 9 fact1 a fe/a v diff]5t 9 "* f ^? ( ! ,numan cal5d>2 & t !re 0 a magical elem5t 9 ! cult ( ! deity seems prov$ by ! my/]i\s allusion to virg9eus cruor 9 connection ) h] grove n f> f ?is sc5e ( revelry1 9 ,m>tial iv4 #fd4 #ag 7cp4 ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #gh1 & ,columella x4 #eeh74 ,tibullus describes some?+ ( ! same k9d at a ru/ic fe/ival1#iid ?\gh he does n make x cle> :at "t ( ye> he is speak+ (2 a few l9es be=e he _h m5tion$ ! dr9k+ & leap+ ov] ! fire at ! ,p>ilia1 ! %eph]d's fe/ival 9 ,april1 ?\gh ,i _c feel sure t ! foll[+ l9es are also meant to ref] to x3-- tunc op]ata deo pubes discumbet 9 h]ba1 arboris antiquae qua levis umbra cadit1 aut e ve/e sua t5d5t umbracula s]tis v9cta1 coronatus /abit et ipse calix4 ,"h x is too mu* to suppose t ! umbracula 7 contriv$ to make up = ! want ( %ade 9 a c\ntry s cov]$ ) woodl& z ,italy 0 !n2 & ! words s]tis v9cta %[ t !re 0 "s special mean+ 9 ! practice4 ,i ?9k we may guess t 9 bo? in/ances ! extemporis$ huts _h "s =gott5 religi\s mean+4 ,yet ano!r passage ( ,tibullus1 :i* also describes a rural fe/ival1 alludes to a simil> cu/om4#iie ,i h giv5 reasons 9 ! ,classical ,review = ?9k+ t ?is 0 a summ] fe/ival1 accompani$ z x 01 l _m midsumm] rites all ov] ,europe1 by bonfires & revelry1 ?\gh ! usual int]pretation ascribes x to ! w9t]4#iif tunc nitidus pl5is confisus ru/icus agris +]et ard5ti gr&ia ligna foco1 turbaque v]n>um1 saturi bona signa coloni1 ludet et ex virgis ex/ruet ante casas4 ,! slaves c "h h>dly be play+ at build+ h\ses ( twigs1 l ! *ildr5 9 ,horace's ,satire1#iig unless we are to suppose t ,tibullus is ?9k+ ( slave *ildr5 only1 :i* is inde$ possible2 b ev5 if t 7 s1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ! popul>ity ( ?is curi\s =m ( sport8 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 at ,rome a public summ] fe/ival1 includ$ 9 ! cal5d>1 9 :i* we f9d ?is same cu/om4 ,at ! ,neptunalia1 on ,july #bc1 huts or boo?s 7 erect$1 made ( ! foliage ( trees4 ,umbrae vocantur ,neptunalibus casae frondeae pro tab]naculis1 says ,fe/us#iih 7foll[+ ,v]rius ,flaccus71 :]e ! la/ ^w is "o 9 regul> use = milit>y t5ts4 ,?is is ! only ?+ t is told u ab\t ?is fe/ival1 & we may assume t ev5 ?is w\ld n h come d[n to u if x _h n be5 a survival rigidly adh]$ to1 i4e4 ! con/ruction ( %elt]s f ! foliage ( trees1 in/ead ( us+ t5ts1 :i* c\ld easily h be5 procur$ 9 ! city4 ,z ! fe/ival 0 9 ! hot mon? ( ,july1 we might suppose t %elt] f ! sun 0 ! real object "h2 b we d n he> ( x at o!r summ] fe/ivals1 & ! p>allel practices ,i %all n[ m5tion make ! rationalis+ explanation v d\btful4 ,x is unlucky t we "k h>dly any?+ ab\t ! old] & un-,graecis$ ,neptunus1 & no?+ ab\t 8 fe/ival except ?is "o fact2 ! comp>ative me?od is "h our only hope4 ,! ,jewi% fea/ ( tab]nacles w1 ( c\rse1 occur at once to e "o2 ?is 0 9 ! heat ( ! summ]1 & ! boo?s 7 "h1 z at ! ,neptunalia1 made ( ! bran*es ( trees2#iii ! explanation giv5 to ! ,israelites 0 n t !y 7 ?us to %elt] !mselves f ! heat1 b to be rem9d$ ( _! homeless w&]+s 9 ! wild]ness1 pla9ly an aetiological acc\nt1 z 9 ! case ( ! passov]4 ,!re are di/9ct examples 9 ,greece ( ! same practice1 e4g4 ! ,greek3 skiades at ! ,sp>tan ,c>neia1#ajjj & t5ts 7,greek3 sk5ai7 9 sev]al cases1 z at ! my/]ies ( ,&ania1 :]e ! peculi> regulations = ! con/ruction ( ! t5ts po9ts to a rituali/ic orig9 almo/ unmi/akably4#ajja ,b p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ p>allel is to be f\nd 9 ! fam\s lett] ( ,gregory ! ,great1 pres]v$ by ,b$e1 ab\t ! ,briti% conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 :o 7 to be all[$ to use _! hea!n temples z *ur*es3 ,et quia boves sol5t 9 sacrificio daemonum multos occid]e1 debet iis etiam hac 9 re aliqua solemnitas immut>i3 ut die d$icationis1 vel natalicii sanctorum m>tyrum quorum illic reliquiae ponuntur1 tab]nacula sibi circa easdem ecclesias quae ex fanis commutatae sunt1 de ramis arborum faciant1 et religiosis conviviis sollemnitatem celebr5t3 nec diabolo iam animalia immol5t1 et ad laudem ,dei 9 esu suo animalia occid5t1 etc4#ajjb ,:y %\ld ,gregory "h take ! tr\ble to describe ! mat]ial out ( :i* ^! huts 7 to be made8 ,surely because ! cu/om 0 "o :i* _h be5 describ$ to him by ,augu/9e or ,mellitus z "p ( ! hea!n practice1 & "o :i* he 0 will+ to condone z h>mless 7possibly ) a recollection ( ! ,jewi% fea/71 s9ce ! ,britons set great /ore by x4 ,if ^! examples f ,europe & ,pale/9e are suffici5t to sugge/ t !re 0 orig9ally a religi\s or my/ic mean+ 9 ! cu/om1 we mu/ look = its explanation 9 an?ropological rese>*4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 01#ajjc ,i ?9k1 ! fir/ to sugge/ a possible explanation ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 by comp>+ ) x ! rule1 /at$ 9 ,numb]s xxxi4 #ai1 t m5 might n ent] _! h\ses aft] blood%$3 ,d ye abide )\t ! camp sev5 days3 :osoev] ha? kill$ any p]son1 & :osoev] ha? t\*$ any sla91 purify bo? y\rselves & y\r captives on ! ?ird day & on ! sev5? day4 ,he also po9t$ out t pilgrims are subject to ! same rule1 or taboo1 9 ,syria & else:]e4 ,s9ce !n an imm5se mass ( evid5ce has be5 collect$ %[+ t all ! _w ov] p]sons 9 a holy or unclean /ate are plac$ "u ?is or "s simil> re/riction2#ajjd & if ?is be ! case ) pilgrims & w>riors aft] a battle1 x may also h be5 s ) wor%ipp]s at "s p>ticul> fe/ival1 ev5 if we are q unable to recov] ! special "* ( ! wor%ip :i* produc$ ! re/riction4#ajje ,9 ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 :i* 0 a h>ve/ fe/ival1 ! cause seems to h be5 ! great sanctity ( ! fir/-fruits1 :i* are reg>d$ ) extreme v5]ation 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! n[ fam\s fe/ival ( ! fir/-fruits among ! ,nat*ez ,indians ( ,l\isiana1 ( :i* ! details h be5 record$ ) s+ul> c>e & obvi\s accuracy1#ajjf we f9d t ! *ief1 ! ,great ,sun1 & all ! celebrators1 h to live 9 huts two miles f _! village1 :ile ! corn1 gr[n = ! purpose 9 a p>ticul> spot1 is sacram5tally eat54 ,x is q impossible1 )\t fur!r evid5ce1 :i* is n likely ev] to be =?com+1 to expla9 ei!r ! ,greek1 ,roman1 or ,briti% cu/oms 9 ?is way2 we mu/ be cont5t ) ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! hol9ess ( human be+s at p>ticul> times is liable to c>ry ) x ! practice ( r5\nc+ y\r own dwell+ & liv+ 9 an extemporis$ hut or boo?4 ,! t5ts t we he> ( 9 ! ,greek rites ,i look ^u z late developm5ts ( ?is primitive practice4 ,! inscription ( ,&ania1 :i* is ! be/ ,greek evid5ce we possess1 dates only f #ia ,b4,c42 & by t "t !re w\ld h be5 e opportunity = ! rude huts to become civilis$ t5ts4 ,! casae made by ! v]nae 9 ,tibullus' poem 71 ,i w\ld sugge/1 a k9d ( unconsci\s survival ( ! same feel+ & practice1 ! real religi\s mean+ be+ almo/ entirely lo/4 ,la/ly1 ,i w v5ture to sugge/ t ! casae ( ! ,roman cu/om1 made ( bran*es at ! ,neptunalia & ! fea/ ( ,anna ,p]5na1 & ( virgae by ! slaves on ! f>m1 are a rem9isc5ce ( ! e>lie/ =m ( ,italian dwell+1 :i* surviv$ to hi/orical times 9 ! r\nd temple ( ,ve/a1 & ( :i* we h examples 9 ! hut-urns discov]$ 9 ! necropolis at ,alba4#ajjg ,! e>lie/ =m ( all 0 probably a r\nd /ructure made ( bran*es ( trees /uck into ! gr\nd1 b5t inw>ds at ! top & ti$ toge!r4#ajjh ,j z bronze in/rum5ts surviv$ f an e>li] /age ( culture 9 "s religi\s rites at ,rome1 s1 ,i imag9e1 did ?is anci5t =m ( dwell+1 :i* really belongs to an age previ\s to t ( p]man5t settlem5t & agricultural r\t9e4 ,! hut circles ( ! neoli?ic age1 su* z are abundant on ,d>tmoor1 7 probably ro($ ) bran*es support$ by a c5tral pole4#ajji #iic ,fa/i1 iii4 #ebe foll4 ,see ,r4,f4 p4 #ej foll4 #iid ,tibull4 ii4 #e4 #hi foll4 ,mr4 ,mackail has po9t$ out to me a passage 9 ! ,p]vigilium ,v5]is1 l9e #e1 :i* seems to conta9 a h9t ( ! same practice 7cp4 l9e #dc74 #iie ,tibull4 ii4 #a4 #a-bd4 #iif ,classical ,review1 #aijh1 p4 #cf foll4 ,my conclusions 7 criticis$ by ,dr4 ,po/gate 9 ! ,classical ,qu>t]ly = #aiji1 p4 #abg4 #iig ,hor4 ,sat4 ii4 #c4 #bdg4 #iih ,fe/us1 ed4 ,muell]1 p4 #cgg4 #iii ,leviticus xxiii4 #dj-db4 ,cp4 ,plut>*1 ,quae/4 conviv4 #d4 #b4 ,?is 0 a fea/ ( h>ve/ & fir/-fruits 7,exodus xxiii4 #af74 ,nehemiah viii4 #ac foll4 gives a graphic acc\nt ( ! revival ( ?is fe/ival aft] ! captivity4 #ajjj ,a!naeus iv4 #da4 #h ,f4 ,cp4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bfj4 #ajja ,ditt5b]g]1 ,sylloge inscript4 7ed4 #b71 #fec1 l9es #cd foll4 ,cp4 p4 #bjj 7,teos74 #ajjb ,ba$a1 ,hi/4 eccl4 i4 #cj 7ed4 ,plumm]74 ,!re is a curi\s case ( isolation 9 a hut 9 a process by :i* ! sacrific] ( ! soma 9 ! ,v$ic religion becomes div9e1 quot$ by ,hub]t et ,mauss1 ,melanges1 p4 #cd4 ,?is may possibly af=d a clue to ! my/]y4 #ajjc ,religion ( ! ,semites1 notes ,k & ,n at ! end ( ! volume4 #ajjd ,see e4g4 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b4 ed4 #b1 index1 s4v4 ,seclusion4 #ajje ,x has occurr$ to me t ! %$d+ ( blood 9 animal sacrifice may possibly be ! reason 9 "s ( ^! rites4 ,! la/ words ( ! passage quot$ above f ,ba$a sugge/ ?is explanation 9 ! case ( ! ,britons4 ,9 ! fir/-fruits fe/ivals ! kill+ ( ! corn may be a p>allel cause ( taboo4 ,see ,g4 ,b4 i4 #cgb4 #ajjf ,du ,pratz1 translat$ 9 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 #ccb foll4 #ajjg ,see e4g4 ,helbig1 ,die ,italik] 9 d] ,poeb5e1 p4 #ej foll4 ,lanciani1 ,ru9s & ,excavations ( ,anci5t ,rome1 p4 #acb4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 a passage quot$ by ,helbig1 ,plut>* 7,numa #h7 uses = "s ( ! mo/ anci5t ,roman attempts at temple build+ ! same ^w by :i* he describes ! boo?s at ! fea/ ( tab]nacles 7,greek3 kaliades74 #ajjh ,:e!r !re 0 9 lat] days any special religi\s signification 9 ! use ( gre5 foliage & bran*es ,i w n und]take to say1 b ,i h be5 /ruck by ! con/ant use ( !m 9 cases ( religi\s seclusion1 ev5 :]e ! p]son is seclud$ 9 "s "p ( ! h\se1 & n outside x4 ,see e4g4 ,g4 ,b4 ii4 pp4 #bje-bad4 #ajji ,pr(4 ,anwyl1 ,celtic ,religion 7,con/able's s]ies71 p4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld told ,mr4 ,anwyl t he _h se5 9 "s ( ! ,d>tmoor circles c5tral holes :i* seem$ meant = ! fix+ ( ?is pole4 ,i w add "h t x has occurr$ to me t ^! huts mu/1 9 "o s5se at lea/1 be a survival 7l o!r po9ts ( ritual71 f ! days ( pa/oral life1 & ( ! migration ( ! ,aryans4 ,tempor>y huts are *>act]i/ic ( pa/oral z contra/$ ) agricultural life1 & mu/ h be5 us$ dur+ ! w&]+s1 z by ! ,israelites4 ,see ,s*rad]1 ,prehi/oric ,antiquities ( ! ,aryan ,peoples 7,eng4 ,trans41 ,london1 #ahij71 p4 #djd4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,pr(4 ,,deubn]',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,lup]calia 7,see pp4 #cd & #ajf7 ,9 ! ,ar*iv fu] ,religionswiss5s*aft1 #aiaj1 p4 #dha foll41 ,pr(4 ,deubn] has publi%$ an int]e/+ /udy ( ?is puzzl+ fe/ival1 to :i* ,i wi% to invite att5tion1 ?\gh x has rea*$ me too late = use 9 my e>li] lectures4 ,x has long be5 cle> to me t any attempt to expla9 ! details ( ! ,lup]calia on a s+le hypo!sis mu/ be a failure4 ,if all ! details belong to ! same age & ! same orig9al fe/ival1 we _c recov] ! key to ! :ole c]emonial1 ?\gh we may succe$ 9 int]pret+ c]ta9 features ( x ) "s success4 ,is x1 h[ev]1 possible t ^! details belong to diff]5t p]iods1--t ! :ole rite1 z we "k x1 ) all ! details put toge!r f diff]5t s\rces ( k1 0 ! result ( an accretion ( v>i\s features ^u an orig9al simple basis ( c]emonial8 ,pr(4 ,deubn] answ]s ?is "q 9 ! affirmative1 & works out 8 answ] ) mu* skill & le>n+4 ,he beg9s by expla9+ ! ^w lup]cus z d]iv$ f lupus & arceo1 & mean+ a keep] (f ( wolves4 ,! lup]ci 7 orig9ally m5 *os5 f two g5tes or families to keep ! wolves f ! %eepfolds1 9 ! days :5 ! ,palat9e 0 a %eph]d's settlem5t1 & !y did x by runn+ r\nd ! base ( ! hill 9 a magical circle 7if ,i und]/& him rightly74 ,if t be s1 we ne$ n assume a deity ,lup]cus1 nor 9 fact any deity at all1 nor ne$ we see 9 ! runn]s a quasi-dramatic repres5tation ( wolves z vegetation-spirits1 z ,mannh>dt propos$ 7see my ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #caf foll474 ,?is view has ! advantage ( mak+ ! rite a simple & practical "o1 su* z w\ld be natural to primitive ,lat9s2 & ! etymology is app>5tly unexceptionable1 ?\gh x w d\btless be criticis$1 z 9 fact x has be5 long ago4 ,b 9 c\rse ( "t1 ,pr(4 ,deubn] goes on1 !re came to be engraft$ on ?is simple rite ( circumambulation )\t ref]5ce to a deity1 a fe/ival ( ! ru/ic god ,faunus2 & n[ !re 0 add$ a sacrifice ( goats1 :i* seem to h be5 8 fav\rite victims 7kids 9 ,hor4 ,odes1 iii4 #ah74 ,! lup]ci1 :o _h =m]ly run r\nd ! hill q nak$1 z 9 _m rites ( ! k9d 7see p4 #dia71 n[ girt !mselves ) ! sk9s ( ! goats1 9 ord] to increase _! religi\s =ce 9 keep+ away ! wolves1 ) /r5g? d]iv$ f ! victims4 ,b ! lup]ci also c>ri$ 9 _! h&s1 9 ! fe/ival z we "k x1 /rips ( ! sk9s ( ! victims1 ) :i* !y /ruck at wom5 :o (f]$ !mselves to ! bl[s1 9 ord] to make !m f]tile4 ,?is1 ,pr(4 ,deubn] ?9ks1 0 a /ill lat] accretion4 ,life 9 a city _h oblit]at$ ! orig9al mean+ ( ! rite--! keep+ (f wolves2 b a new mean+ becomes atta*$ to x1 presumably gr[+ out ( ! use ( ! sk9s z magical in/rum5ts ( additional =ce4 ,"h1 too1 ,juno fir/ appe>s on ! sc5e z ! deity ( wom51 = ! /rips 7 kn[n z amicula ,iunonis 7,r4,f4 #cba & note74 ,! /rips may h be5 sub/itut$ = some?+ c>ri$ 9 ! h& to drive away ! wolves2 ! goat1 x %\ld be not$1 is prom95t 9 ! cult ( ,juno1 e4g4 at ,lanuvium4 ,! my/ical mean+ ( /rik+ or flogg+ has be5 suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ?is in/ance by ,mannh>dt 7,r4,f4 p4 #cbj71 & is n[ famili> to an?ropologi/s 9 o!r contexts4 ,9 ! p]iod :5 ! f]tilisation ( wom5 became ! lead+ feature ( ! rite1 ! ,/ate took up ! popul> fe/ival1 & x ga9$ admittance to ! religi\s cal5d>1 :i* 0 drawn up = ! city ( ! f\r regions 7see above1 ,lect4 ,,iv41 p4 #ajf74 ,! ,/ate 0 repres5t$1 z we le>n f ,ovid1 by ! ,flam5 ,dialis 7,fa/i1 ii4 #bhb74 ,b we /ill h to acc\nt = "s /range detail1 :i* has nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$ 9 connection ) ! re/ ( ! c]emony4 ,! runn]s _h _! =eheads sme>$ ) ! blood ( ! victims1 :i* 0 !n wip$ (f ) wool dipp$ 9 milk2 aft] :i*1 says ,plut>* 7,romulus1 #ba71 !y 7 oblig$ to laugh4 ,^! details1 z ,pr(4 ,deubn] rem>ks1 seem v un-,roman2 we h no p>allel to !m 9 ,roman ritual1 & ,i h rem>k$ m ?an once 9 ^! lectures on ! abs5ce ( ! use ( blood 9 ,roman c]emonial4 ,i h sugge/$ t !y 7 all[$ to survive 9 ! religion ( ! city-/ate1 ?\gh actually belong+ to t ( a primitive population liv+ on ! site ( ,rome4 ,pr(4 ,deubn]'s explanation is v diff]5t1 & at fir/ sight />tl+4 ,^!1 he ?9ks1 are ,greek ca?>tic details add$ by ,augu/us :5 he re-organis$ ! ,lup]calia1 z we may guess t he did f ,suet4 ,aug4 #ca4 ,!y c all be p>allel$ f ,greek religion4 ,we "k ( !m only f ,plut>*1 :o quotes a c]ta9 ,butas z writ+ ,greek elegiacs 9 :i* !y 7 m5tion$2 b ( ! date ( ?is poet we "k no?+4 ,ovid does n m5tion ^! details1 nor h9t at !m 9 ! /ories he tells ab\t ! fe/ival4 7,x is c]ta9ly possible t ,augu/us's revision may h be5 made aft] ,ovid wrote ! second book ( ! ,fa/i2 x c\ld n h be5 done until he became ,pont4 ,max4 9 #ab ,b4,c41 & p]haps n till long aft] t1 & ! ,fa/i 0 writt5 "s "t be=e ,ovid's bani%m5t 9 ,a4,d4 #i47 ,t ,augu/us %\ld ins]t ,greek ca?>tic details 9 ! old ,roman fe/ival is c]ta9ly surpris+1 b n impossible4 ,we "k t 9 ! ludi saecul>es he took great pa9s to comb9e ,greek ) ,roman ritual4 ,! above is a m]e outl9e ( ,pr(4 ,deubn]'s article1 b en\gh1 ,i hope1 to attract ! att5tion ( ,engli% s*ol>s to x4 ,:e!r or no x be accept$ 9 :ole or "p by le>n$ op9ion1 x w at lea/ h ! cr$it ( sugge/+ a way 9 :i* n only ! ,lup]calia1 b possibly o!r obscure rites1 may be compell$ ultimately to yield up _! secrets4 ,,app5dix ,,iii ,,! ,,pairs ,,( ,,deities ,,9 ,,gellius xiii4 #bc 7see page #aej7 ,! fir/ pair$ deity m5tion$ by ,gellius is ,lua ,saturni1 also kn[n z ,lua ,mat]1 ( :om ,dr4 ,fraz] writes 7p4 #dab71 ,9 reg>d to ,lua we "k t %e 0 spok5 ( z a "m1 :i* makes x n improbable t %e 0 also a wife4 ,we are n surpris$ to f9d him claim+ t because ,ve/a is address$ z ,mat] 9 ! ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 7,h5z51 p4 #adg71 t virg9 deity 0 also m>ri$4 ,?is he does 9 8 lectures on ,k+%ip 7p4 #bbb71 quot+ ,ennius & ,lactantius z mak+ ,ve/a "m ( ,saturnus & ,titan4 ,no comm5t on ?is is ne$$ = any "o conv]sant ) ,graeco-,roman religion & lit]ature f ,ennius onw>d4 ,! title ,mat] "h means simply t ,ve/a 0 to h] wor%ipp]s 9 a mat]nal position3 quamvis virg9em1 indole tam5 quadam mat]na pra$itam fuisse nup] exposuit ,preun]us1 says ,h5z51 quot+ ,preun]'s ,he/ia-,ve/a1 an old book b a good "o 7p4 #ccc74 ,b to return to ,lua3 ,i freely confess t ,i _c expla9 :y %e 0 /yl$ ,mat]4 ,we only "k ( h]1 ap>t f ! li/ 9 ,gellius & "o passage ( ,s]vius1 f ! two passages ( ,livy quot$ )\t comm5t by ,dr4 ,fraz]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 7viii4 #a71 :i* may be tak5 f ! pontifical books1 seems to let 9 a ray ( light on h] nature & function4 ,9 #cch ,b4,c4 ! ,volscians _h be5 beat51 & armorum magna vis 0 f\nd 9 _! camp4 ,ea ,luae ,matri se d>e consul dixit1 f9esque ho/ium usque ad m>itimam oram depopulatus e/4 ,t is1 z ,i und]/& ! words1 he d$icat$ ! enemy's spoils to ! num5 :o 0 ! enemy ( 8 own crops4#ajaj ,= if ,lua be connect$ etymologically ) lues1 %e may be ! hurtful aspect ( ,saturnus1 l ,tursa ,c]fia ,c]fii ,m>tii z ,bue*el] expla9s x 7,umbrica1 p4 #ih74 ,a curi\s passage ( ,s]vius may be quot$ 9 support ( ?is view1 9 :i* ,luae is an almo/ c]ta9 correction = ,lunae 7see ,jordan's edition ( ,prell]'s ,rom4 ,my?ol4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bb74 ,comm5t+ on ,virgil's ,arboribusque satisque lues 7,a54 iii4 #aci71 he writes3 quidam dicunt1 div]sis num9ibus vel b5e vel male faci5di pote/atem dicatam1 ut ,v5]i coniugia1 ,c]]i divortia1 ,iunoni procreationem lib]orum3 /]ilitatem horum tam ,saturno quam ,luae1 hanc enim sicut ,saturnum orb&i pote/atem hab]e4 ,:atev] ,lua may orig9ally h be51 %e seems to h be5 reg>d$ z a p[] capable ( work+ = evil 9 ! crops & 9 wom52 if y c\ld get h] to "w on y\r enemy's crops 7cp4 ! excantatio1 above p4 #eh71 s mu* ! bett]1 & ! bett] w\ld h] claim be to ! title ( ,mat] 7b ,dr4 ,fraz] supplies u ) examples ( a ho/ile _s be+ call$ by a family "n1 e4g41 ,gr&fa!r ,smallpox1 ,g4,b4 iii4 p4 #ih74 ,:5 ! consul _h d$icat$ ! spoils to h] he proce$$ to assi/ h] 9 h] functions by ravag+ ! crops ( ! enemy2 ?us %e became lat] on a deity ( spoils4 ,9 ! ,mac$onian triumph ( ,b4,c4 #afg we f9d h] 9 company ) ,m>s & ,m9]va z "o ( ! deities to :om spolia ho/ium dic>e ius fasque e/ 7,livy xlv4 #cc74 ,i may add "h t ,dr4 ,fraz] has ano!r arr[ 9 8 quiv] to prove t ,saturnus 0 m>ri$3 if ,lua 0 n 8 wife 7:i* no ,roman ass]ts7 c]ta9ly 7he says7 ,ops 04 ,he quotes a few words f ,macrobius 7i4 #ac4 #ai7 9 :i* ^! two are m5tion$ z husb& & wife4 ,if he _h quot$ ! :ole passage1 8 read] w\ld h be5 bett] able to judge ( ! value ( ! writ]s ( :om ,macrobius says t !y cr$id]unt t ,ops 0 wife ( ,saturn4 ,= x appe>s t "s ( !m fanci$ t ,saturnus 0 a satu dictus cuius causa de caelo e/--7a desp]ate attempt to make ! old _s ( ! se$ into a heav5-god71 :ile ,ops1 ^: "n speaks = itself1 0 ! e>?4 ,b ! real companion deity to ,ops 0 n ,saturnus1 b ,consus4 ,?is has be5 plac$ beyond all reasonable d\bt by ,wiss[a 9 8 de ,f]iis 7repr9t$ 9 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 p4 #aed foll474 ,see also my ,r4,f4 p4 #bab4 ,! names ,ops & ,consus obvi\sly ref] to /or$ corn1 & ev]y?+ 9 _! cult po9ts ! same way4 ,saturnus' connection ) ,ops is a late & a mi/ak5 "o1 d]iv$ f ! ,graecis+ t5d5cy1 :i* br\ght ,cronos & ,rhea to be> on !m4 ,next a ^w ab\t ,hora ,quir9i4 ,z ?is c\pl+ ( names is foll[$ by ,virites ,quir9i1 9 ! *>act]i/ic me?od expla9$ 9 ! text 7cp4 ,cic4 ,nat4 ,deor4 ii4 #bg ( ,ve/a1 vis eius ad aras et focos p]t9et71 x is h>dly necess>y to comm5t on x4 ,hora is p]haps connect$ ) ,umbrian ,h]is 7cp4 ,bue*el]1 ,umbrica1 index71 :i* ) k9dr$ =ms means w1 will+ness4 ,?us 9 ,n]i5em ,mavortis et ,h]em 7,ennius1 fragm4 #gj1 9 ,baehr5s1 ,fragm4 ,poet4 ,lat47 we may see ! /r5g? & ! w ( ,m>s 7cp4 ,h]ie ,iunonis74 ,hora is also connect$ 9 leg5d ) ,h]silia 7,ov4 ,met4 #ad4 #hbi71 & ?is helps to %[ h[ ! ,alex&rian erotic leg5d-mak+ faculty got hold ( h]4 ,b1 says ,dr4 ,fraz]1 ,ennius reg>d$ h] z wife ( ,quir9us3 ,teque ,quir9e pat] v5]or1 ,horamque ,quir9i 7fragm4 #ga ( ! ,annales74 ,?is is ,dr4 ,fraz]'s int]pretation ( ! words1 b ,ennius says no?+ ( conjugal relations2 & ev5 if he _h1 8 evid5ce z to anci5t ,roman conceptions w\ld be wor?less4 ,ennius 0 n a ,roman2 he came f ,magna ,graecia2 & if ,dr4 ,fraz] w read all t is said ab\t him1 e4g4 9 ,s*anz's hi/ory ( ,roman lit]ature1 he w all[ t e /atem5t ( su* a man ab\t old ,roman ideas ( ! div9e mu/ be reg>d$ ) suspicion & subject$ to c>eful criticism4 ,next we come to ,salacia ,neptuni4 ,( ?is c\ple ,dr4 ,fraz] says t ,v>ro pla9ly implies t !y 7 husb& & wife1 & t ?is is affirm$ by ,augu/9e1 ,s5eca1 & ,s]vius4 ,! accumulation ( evid5ce seems /rong2 b ,v>ro implies no?+ ( ! k9d 7,l4,l4 v4 #gb74 ,he is indulg+ 9 fancy etymologies1 & d]ives ,neptunus f nub]e1 quod m>e t]ras obnubit ut nubes caelum1 ab nuptu id e/ op]tione ut antiqui1 a quo nuptiae1 nuptus dictus4 ,if he _h meant to make ,salacia wife ( ,neptunus1 ?is la/ s5t5ce w\ld surely h sugge/$ x2 b he goes on aft] a full /op1 ,salacia ,neptuni a salo4 ,x is only ! lat] writ]s1 ignorant ( ! real nature ( ,roman religi\s ideas1 :o make ,salacia into a wife4 ,x is wor? not+ t ,v>ro adds ano!r fem99e deity 9 8 next s5t5ce1 ,v5ilia1 :om ,virgil makes ! "m ( ,turnus 7,a54 x4 #gf72 & ,s]vius1 comm5t+ on ?is l9e1 goes "o bett]1 & says %e 0 id5tical ) ,salacia4 ,p]haps bo? 7 sea or wat] spirits1 connect$ ) ,neptunus z famulae or anculae 7see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #ai71 b !y are lo/ to u1 & speculation is useless4 ,9 ,r4,f4 p4 #ahf1 ,i sugge/$ an explanation ( ,salacia :i* ,i am dispos$ to )draw4 ,b = anyone wi%+ to /udy ! treatm5t ( old ,roman num9a by ! my?ologi/s & philosoph]s ( ! ,graeco-,roman p]iod1 ,i w\ld recomm5d an att5tive read+ ( ! :ole *apt] ( ,augu/9e f :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] quotes a few words 7,c4,d4 vii4 #bb72 & fur!r a c>eful /udy ( ! ,graeco-,roman me?ods ( fabricat+ my?s ab\t ,roman div9e names1 = :i* he w d well to read ! passages ref]r$ to by ,wiss[a 9 ,r4,k4 pp4 #bej & #bea1 & notes4 ,la/ly1 comes ,maia ,volcani4 ,"h = once we get a fact ( cult1 :i* is a relief1 aft] ! loose & reckless /atem5ts ( non-,roman & ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,! flam5 ,volcanalis sacrific$ to ,maia on ,may #a/1 :i* proves t !re 0 a real & n a fanci$ connection betwe5 ,volcanus & ,maia1 b c]ta9ly n t !y 7 husb& & wife4 ,dr4 ,fraz]1 h[ev]1 quotes ,c9cius on ! ,fa/i z 7ap4 ,macrob4 i4 #ab4 #ah7 /at+ ?is1 & ref]s u to ,s*anz's ,ges*4 d] roem4 ,lit4 = in=mation ab\t him4 ,9 ! second edition ( t "w he w f9d a discussion ( ! v d\btful "q z to :e!r ! ,c9cius he quotes is ! p]son :om he ass]ts him to be1 viz41 ! annali/ ( ! second ,punic ,w>4 ,! writ] ( ! article ,c9cius 9 ,pauly-,wiss[a ,real-,encycl4 is v confid5t t ! "o :o wrote on ! ,fa/i liv$ z late z ! age ( ,augu/us4 ,b putt+ t aside1 :at are we to make ( ! fact t ano!r annali/1 ,l4 ,calpurnius ,piso 7fam\s z ! au?or ( ! fir/ lex de repetundis1 #adi ,b4,c471 said t ! wife ( ,volcanus 0 n ,maia1 b ,maie/as8 ,piso 0 n a good au?ority 7see above1 p4 #ea71 b he seems "h to br+ ! consort ( ! fire-god into l9e ) su* expressions ( activity z ,moles1 ,virites1 & s on2 & x seems t z e>ly z ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 sport & speculation ) ^! names 7 beg9n+4 ,i h quot$ ! :ole p$antic passage f ,macrobius 9 my ,roman ,fe/ivals1 p4 #ih1 :]e ! read] may enjoy x at leisure4 ,i %all n be surpris$ if he comes to ! conclusion t nei!r ,macrobius nor 8 le>n$ in=m]s knew any?+ ab\t ,maia4 ,:5 he reads t %e 0 ! "m ( ,m]curius1 he w recollect t ,m]curius 0 n a ,roman deity ( ! e>lie/ p]iod1 & did n belong to ! di indigetes2 & :5 he f9ds t %e is id5tifi$ ) ,bona ,dea1 he mu/ n =get t t deity1 z s*ol>s are n[ pretty well agre$1 0 introduc$ at ,rome f ,t>5tum 9 ! age ( ! ,punic ,w>s4 ,! "o fact we "k is ! sacrifice by ! flam5 ,volcanalis on ,may #a4 ,someone w5t to "w to expla9 ?is & ano!r1 viz4 t ! ,ides ( ! mon? 0 ! d$ication day ( ! fir/ temple ( ,m]curius 7,b4,c4 #die71 & also ! fact t ! temple ( ! ,bona ,dea on ! ,av5t9e 0 d$icat$ on ! ,kal5ds4 ,! result 0 an extraord9>y jumble ( fancy & my?1 :i* has be5 recognis$ z su* by ^? :o h /udi$ closely ! me?ods ( ,graeco-,roman s*ol>%ip4 ,! unw>y1 ( c\rse1 are tak5 94 ,a /ud5t ( ^! me?ods might d well to take z an ex]cise 9 criticism ! ?ree specim5s ( ,roman my?ology :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] says 7p4 #dac7 h surviv$ ! wreck ( antiquity--! loves ( ,v]tumnus & ,pomona1 ( ,jupit] & ,juturna1 ( ,janus & ,c>dea4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! especially he w f9d "o ( ! mo/ audaci\s pieces ( *>m+ & wilful inv5tion t a ,lat9 poet c\ld p]petrate1 9 imitation ( ,hell5i/ic love tales1 & to suit ! ta/e ( a public ^: education 0 ma9ly ,greek4 ,! above l5g?y note 0 writt5 be=e ,i _h se5 von ,domaszewski's pap] on ?is subject 7,fe/s*rift fu] ,o4 ,hirs*feld7 repr9t$ 9 ,abh&lung5 zur roem4 ,religion1 p4 #ajd foll4 cp4 p4 #afb47 ,8 explanations are diff]5t 9 detail f m9e1 b re/ on ! same g5]al pr9ciple t ! names ,salacia1 etc41 indicate functions or attributes ( ! male deity to :om !y are atta*$4 #ajaj ,= ! taboo on su* spoils1 & _! de/ruction1 see ,m4 ,s4 ,re9a*'s int]e/+ pap] ,t>peia1 9 ,cultes1 my!s1 et religions1 iii4 #bba foll4 ,,app5dix ,,iv 7,,lecture ,,viii41 ,,page #afi ,,foll47 ,,ius ,,& ,,fas ,9 hi/orical times ! two k9ds ( ius1 div9um & humanum1 7 /rongly di/+ui%$ 7see ,wiss[a1 ,r4,k4 p4 #cah1 :o quotes ,gaius ii4 #b3 summa itaque r]um divisio 9 duos articulos diducitur1 nam aliae sunt div9i iuris1 aliae humani74 ,b x is almo/ c]ta9 t !re 0 orig9ally no su* cle> di/9ction4 ,! g5]al op9ion ( hi/orians ( ,roman law is ?us express$ by ,cuq 7,in/itutions juridiques des ,roma9s1 p4 #ed73 ,le droit civil n'a eu d'abord qu'une portee =t re/re9te4 ,peu a peu il a gagne du t]ra91 il a entrepris de reglem5t] des rapports qui autrefois etai5t du doma9e de la religion4 ,p5dant longtemps a ,rome le droit !ocratique a coexi/e avec le droit civil4 7,see also ,muirhead1 ,introduction to ,roman ,law1 ed4 ,g\dy1 p4 #ae47 ,possibly ! =mation ( an organis$ cal5d>1 m>k+ (f ! days belong+ to ! deities f ^? :i* 7 n s made ov] to !m1 fir/ gave ! opportunity = ! gradual realisation ( ! ?\ght t ! set ( rules "u :i* ! citiz5 0 responsible to ! div9e be+s 0 n exactly ! same z t "u :i* he 0 responsible to ! civil au?orities4 ,! di/9ction took _m ages to realise 9 all its aspects1 & is n complete ev5 "u ! ,,xii4 ,tables or lat]1 because ! sanction = civil (f5ces rema9$ 9 great "p a div9e "o2 on ?is po9t ,jh]+ is c]ta9ly wrong 7,gei/ des roem4 ,re*ts1 i4 #bfg foll474 ,z ,cuq rem>ks 7p4 #ed1 note #a71 "o in/itution ( ! ius div9um kept its =ce aft] ! complete secul>isation ( law1 & reta9s x to ?is day1 viz4 ! oa?4 ,if !re 0 orig9ally no di/9ction betwe5 religi\s & civil rules ( law1 x foll[s t !re 7 orig9ally no two di/+ui%+ t]ms = !m4 ,! e>lie/ passage 9 :i* !y are di/+ui%$ z ius div9um & humanum 7s f> z ,i "k7 is ,cic]o's spee* = ,se/ius 7,b4,c4 #ef71 sec4 #ia1 quot$ by ,wiss[a1 p4 #cai3 domicilia coniuncta quas urbes dicimus1 inv5to et div9o iure et humano1 mo5ibus c9x]unt4 ,b by all ,briti% writ]s on ,roman law1 & by _m =eign ones1 ! ^w fas is us$ z equival5t to ! ius div9um1 & %>ply di/+ui%$ f ius4 ,?us ! late ,dr4 ,gre5idge1 9 8 useful "w on ,roman public life 7p4 #eb & else:]e71 makes ?is di/9ction2 he writes ( ! rex z ! *ief exp\nd] ( ! div9e law 7fas71 & ( ! control ex]cis$ by fas ov] ! citiz5's life4 ,cp4 ,muirhead1 ed4 ,g\dy1 p4 #ae foll41 :]e ,momms5 is quot$ ?us3 ,momms5 is probably ne> ! m>k :5 he describes ! leges regiae z mo/ly rules ( ! fas4 ,b ,momms51 l ,wiss[a 9 8 ,religion und ,kultus1 does n use ! ^w fas1 b speaks ( ,sakralre*t4 ,sohm1 on ! o!r h& 7,roman ,law1 trans4 ,l$lie1 p4 #ae1 note71 comp>es fas ) ,sanscrit dh>ma & ,greek !mis1 z mean+ unwritt5 rules ( div9e orig91 :i* ev5tually gave way be=e ius1 z 9 ,greece be=e ,greek3 dikaion4 7,cp4 ,b9d]1 ,die ,plebs1 p4 #eja47 ,b x is saf] 9 ?is case to leave etymology alone1 & to try to discov] :at ! ,romans !mselves und]/ood by fas1 :i* is inde$ a peculi> & puzzl+ ^w4 7,= its possible connection ) f>i1 eff>i 7ag] effatus71 fanum1 & pr(anum1 etc41 see ,h4 ,nettle%ip's ,contributions to ,lat9 ,lexicography1 s4v4 ,fas47 ,fas 0 at all times indecl9able1 & is r>ely f\nd ev5 z an accusative1 z 9 ,virg4 ,a54 ix4 #if3 mortal9e manu factae immortale c>9ae fas habeant8 ,9 ! olde/ examples ( its use1 i4e4 9 ! anci5t cal5d> ,,qrcf1 on ,m>* #bd & ,may #bd1 i4e4 qu&o rex comitiavit fas 7,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vi4 #ca71 & ,q,st,d,f on ,june #ae1 i4e4 ,qu&o /]cus delatum fas 7,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vi4 #cb71 x is h>d to say :e!r x is a sub/antive at all1 & n r an adv]b l satis4 ,s1 too1 9 ! antique language ( ! lex templi ( ,furfo 7#eh ,b4,c47 we read1 ,utii tang]e s>cire teg]e deveh]e defig]e m&>e f]ro oeti promov]e ref]re fasque e/o 7liceat %\ld probably be ins]t$ be=e fasque e/o74 ,see ,,cil4 i4 #fjc1 l9e #g2 ,dessau1 ,inscript4 ,lat4 selectae1 ii4 #a4 #dijf1 p4 #bdf4 ,9 ^! examples fas simply means t y may d c]ta9 acts )\t break+ religi\s law2 x does n /& = ! religi\s law itself4 ,to me x looks l a te*nical ^w ( ! ius div9um1 mean+ t :i* x is lawful to d "u x2 ?us a dies fa/us is "o on :i* x is lawful "u t ius to p]=m c]ta9 acts ( civil gov]nm5t1 s9e piaculo 7,v>ro1 ,l4,l4 vi4 #bi74 ,nefas is1 !re=e1 9 ! same way a ^w :i* conveys a prohibition "u ! div9e law4 ,by con/ant juxtaposition ) ius1 fas came 9 c\rse ( "t to take on ! "* ( a sub/antive1 & s too did its opposite nefas4 ,! diction>ies supply _m examples ( its use z a sub/antive & z p>allel$ ) ius1 b ! only "o ,i c f9d t is e>li] ?an ,cic]o is ,t]5ce1 ,hecyra1 iii4 #c4 #bg1 i4e4 9 ! "w ( a non-,roman4 ,i _c f9d t x is s us$ by ,v>ro1 :]e we might naturally h expect$ x4 ,cic]o does n call 8 imag9>y ius div9um a fas1 b iura religionum1 con/itutio religionum 7de ,legibus ii4 #aj-bc1 #ag-cb74 ,ius is ! ^w always us$ te*nically ( p>ticul> dep>tm5ts ( ! religi\s law1 e4g4 ius pontificium1 ius augurale1 & ius fetiale 7,,cil4 i4 p4 #bjb1 is preimus ius fetiale p>avit74 ,! notion t fas c\ld mean a k9d ( code ( religi\s law is probably due to ,virgil's use ( ! ^w 9 ,quippe etiam fe/is qua$dam ex]c]e diebus ,fas et iura s9unt1 ,georg4 i4 #bfi1 & to ! comm5t ( ,s]vius1 id e/1 div9a humanaque iura p]mittunt3 nam ad religionem fas1 ad hom9es iura p]t95t4 ,x is /range to f9d x p]sonifi$ z a k9d ( deity 9 ! =mula ( ! fetiales1 us$ :5 !y ann\nc$ ! ,roman dem&s at an enemy's fronti] 7,livy i4 #cb73 ,audi ,iuppit]1 inquit1 audite ,f9es 7cuiuscunque g5tis sunt nom9at71 audiat ,fas4 ,:5ce did ,livy get ?is =mula8 ,we h no record ( a book ( ! fetiales2 if ?is came f ^? ( ! pontifices1 z is probable1 ! =mula ne$ n be ( anci5t date1 & ! p]sonification ( ,f9es also sugge/s a d\bt z to ! g5u95ess ( ! :ole =mula4 ,,app5dix ,v ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,sacr$ ,,ut5sils 7page #dcf7 ,!re c be no d\bt t "s k9d ( wor%ip 0 paid by ! ,arval ,bre?r5 to c]ta9 ollae1 or primitive vessels ( sun-bak$ clay us$ 9 _! mo/ anci5t rites4 ,?is is atte/$ by two inscriptions ( diff]5t ages :i* are pr9t$ on pp4 #bf & #bg ( ,h5z5's ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium4 ,aft] leav+ _! grove & ent]+ ! temple 9 m5sa sacrum fec]unt ollis2 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 9 a$em intrav]unt et ollas precati sunt4 ,!n1 to our a/oni%m5t1 we read t ! door ( ! temple 0 op5$1 & ! ollae ?r[n d[n ! slope 9 front ( x4 ,?is la/ act seems inexplicable2 b ! wor%ip f9ds a s+ul> p>allel 9 ! dairy ritual ( ! ,todas ( ! ,nilghiri hills4 ,dr4 ,riv]s1 9 8 "w on ! ,todas 7,macmillan1 #aijf1 p4 #dec71 9 summ+ up 8 impressions ( _! wor%ip1 obs]ves t ! attitude ( wor%ip :i* is und\bt$ly pres5t 9 ! ,toda m9d is becom+ transf]r$ f ! gods !mselves to ! mat]ial objects us$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! gods4 ,! religi\s attitude ( wor%ip is be+ transf]r$ f ! gods !mselves to ! objects r\nd :i* c5tres ! ritual ( ! dairy4 ,^! objects are ma9ly ! bells ( ! buffaloes & ! dairy vessels2 & an explicit acc\nt ( !m1 ! rev]5ce 9 :i* !y are held1 & ! pray]s 9 :i* !y are m5tion$1 w be f\nd 9 ! fif?1 six?1 & eigh? *apt]s ( ,dr4 ,riv]s' "w1 :i*1 z an acc\nt ( :at seems to be a religion atrophi$ by ov]-developm5t ( ritual1 is 9 _m ways ( great int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ,roman religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce w appeal to ! read]s ( ^! ,lectures3-- ,! ,todas seem to %[ u h[ ! ov]-developm5t ( ! ritual aspect ( religion may lead to atrophy ( ^? ideas & beliefs ?r\gh :i* ! religion has be5 built up2 & !n h[1 9 its turn1 ! ritual may suff]1 & acts :i* are p]=m$ me*anically1 ) no liv+ ideas beh9d !m1 may come to be p]=m$ c>elessly & incompletely1 :ile religi\s obs]vances :i* involve tr\ble & discom=t may be evad$ or completely neglect$4 ,:e!r ! wor%ip ( ! ollae 0 a "p ( ! orig9al ritual ( ! ,bre?r51 or grew up aft] its revival by ,augu/us1 x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,b if we c all[ ! dairy ritual ( ! ,todas to help u 9 ! matt]1 we may conclude t 9 any case x 0 n really primitive1 & t x 0 a result ( t process ( ov]-ritualisation to :i* mu/ also be ascrib$ ! piacula caus$ by ! gr[? ( a fig-tree on ! ro( ( ! temple1 & ! ?ree ,sond]goett] ,adol5da ,commol5da ,def]unda4 7,see above p4 #afa foll41 & ,h5z51 ,acta ,fratr4 ,arv4 p4 #adg47 ,,index ,acca ,l>5tia1 #fg ,acolytes1 #agg ,adol5da1 #afb ,add5da ,commol5da ,def]unda1 #afb1 #dij ,a$es ,ve/ae3 see ,ve/a ,a$iles1 plebeian1 #bee ,aemilius ,paulus1 #cdj1 #cfb1 #dcc ,a5eid1 !1 #aai1 #bjf1 #bcj1 #bej1 #bea2 z a means ( und]/&+ ! _s ( ! ,roman religion1 #bed2 a poem ( religion & morals1 #dji-dbe ,aesculapius1 #bfj ,ag] paganus3 lu/ration1 #hj1 #bac ,romanus3 lu/ration1 #gh1 #ajj ,agriculture1 ! economic basis ( ,roman life1 #ii2 fe/ivals1 see ,fe/ivals ,agrippa1 #ddb1 #ddc ,alba ,longa1 #aji1 #abh ,alban ,m\nt3 ,lat9 fe/ival1 #agb2 temple ( ,jupit] ,lati>is1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bde ,alex&]1 ,ar*ibald1 on fai?1 #dgb ,amb>valia1 procession ( !1 #bad1 #bah1 #ddb ,amburbium1 #bad1 #bah1 #ccb ,amulets1 #db1 #ei1 #fj1 #gd1 #hd ,ancilia1 #ig2 lu/ration1 #if1 #bag2 mov+1 #cf ,ang]ona1 #aag ,animism1 #fe1 #abb1 #adh1 #afd1 #bhg ,anna ,p]5na3 fe/ival1 #fe1 #aje1 #cdf2 ,ovid's acc\nt (1 #dgc ,anton9us ,pius1 #dbi ,apollo1 #beg1 #ddi2 cult (1 #bfh2 associat$ ) ,diana1 #ddc1 #ddf2 ) ,latona1 #bfb2 ! ,py?ian1 #cbc2 temple1 #ddc-dde2 in/itution ( ,apoll9e games1 #cbf ,appius ,claudius1 #cjj ,aquaelicium1 c]emony ( !1 #ej1 #eb ,ara1 mean+ (1 #adf ,ara ,maxima 9 ! ,=um ,bo>ium #bi1 #bcj ,ara ,pacis ( ,augu/us1 #agg1 #dcg1 #ddh ,argei3 fe/ival1 #cf1 #fe2 puppets ?r[n into ! ,tib]1 #ed1 #aje1 #cba1 #cbb2 *apels call$1 #cba1 #cbb ,armilu/rium1 #ig ,army3 lu/ration (1 #if1 #ajj1 #bae1 #bag ,arnobius1 #ea1 #eb1 #dei1 #dfa1 #dfe ,artemis1 #bce1 #ddc ,arval ,bre?r53 see ,fratres ,arvales ,asclepios1 #bfj ,a/rology1 #cif-cih1 #dja ,ateius ,capito1 #dda ,a!ne ,polias1 #bcd ,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamus1 #ccj ,atticus1 ,cic]o's lett]s to1 #che ,attus ,navius1 soo?say]1 #big ,augurium can>ium1 #caj ,augurs1 #agd-agf1 #aic1 #bga1 #bgf2 & ! art ( div9ation1 #bib-cji2 9 relation to ! ,rex1 #cja2 art /rictly secret1 #cja2 comp>$ ) pontifices1 #cjc lore pres]v$ 9 books1 #cjc2 political importance1 #cje ,augu/us1 #ce1 #acc1 #bac1 #cdd2 revival ( religion1 #dbh-ddg2 8 connection ) ,virgil1 #dbh2 pontifex maximus1 #dcc2 re/oration ( temples1 #dcc-dcd2 revival ( anci5t ritual1 #dcd-dcf2 re/or] ( ! pax deorum1 #dch ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 #def ,auspicia1 #age1 #bad2 9 life ( family1 #bii2 9 ,/ate op]ations1 #cjj2 indissolubly connect$ ) imp]uim1 #cja ,au/1 on religion ( ! family1 #fh2 on ,roman deities1 #aeg2 on pray]1 #aih2 on reaction aga9/ ! ius div9um1 #cdi ,av5t9e3 plebeian qu>t]1 #bee2 temples1 #ie1 #adg1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bdd1 #dhd ,axtell1 ,h>old ,l41 on ,=tuna1 #bde ,bac*ic rites1 introduction (1 #cdd-cdh ,bailey1 ,cyril1 cit$1 #djj ,beans1 us$ to get rid ( gho/s1 #he1 #ajg2 taboo on eat+1 #ia1 #ih ,bellona1 connection ) ,m>s1 #aff ,bibulus1 #cje ,b9d]1 ,dr41 on ! plebs1 #bc1 #hf1 #bdb1 #bhi1 #cic ,birds1 us$ 9 augury1 #bic1 #bif1 #bii1 #cjb ,bir?1 spirits invok$ at1 #hc1 #hd1 #afd ,blood3 taboo on1 #cc2 my/ic use (1 #cc1 #cd1 #hb2 n prom95t 9 ,roman ritual1 #ahj-aha2 consecration ?r\gh1 #aid2 w9e z sub/itute =1 #aif ,boissi]1 ,g41 #cia2 on ! ,a5eid1 #dad1 #dbg ,bona ,dea1 #dhd ,b\*e-,lecl]cq1 ,m41 on div9ation1 #caj ,b\nd>y fe/ivals3 see ,t]m9alia ,b\nd>y /ones1 #ha-hb1 #bab2 spr9kl$ ) blood ( victims1 #cd1 #hb1 #aif ,bulla worn by *ildr51 #fj1 #gd ,burial places loca religiosa1 #cg1 #che ,bussell1 ,f4 ,w41 cit$1 #cff1 #cfg ,caes>1 ,julius3 belief 9 spells1 #ei2 cal5d>1 #ie2 pontifex maximus1 #cje2 & ! prie/hood1 #cdc ,caes>-wor%ip1 #dcg1 #dch1 #def ,caird1 ,pr(essor1 #ceg2 on ,reason 9 man1 #cfh1 #cgc ,cakes3 honey1 #hb2 sacr$1 #hc1 #acj1 #ada1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bgd1 #ddi2 see also ,salt-cake ,cal5d>1 ! anci5t religi\s1 #ab1 #ad1 #cd1 #ch1 #ee1 #fe1 #bag1 #bbe2 describ$1 #id-aji2 9 relation to agricultural life1 #ajj-ajb1 #bhb1 #bie2 fe/ivals necess>ily fix$1 #ajb2 a matt] ( r\t9e1 #ajc2 its psy*ological result1 #ajd-aje2 a docum5t ( religi\s law1 #ajf2 exclusion ( ! b>b>\s & grotesque1 #ajg2 attribut$ to ,numa ,pompilius1 #ajh ,julian1 #ie ,calpurnius ,piso1 ,l43 see ,piso ,camilli & camillae1 #agg1 #aie ,campus ,m>tius1 #cd1 #ddg2 lu/rum ( c5sors1 #bjc1 #baj1 #bae1 #bai ,cannae1 religi\s panic aft] ! battle (1 #cai ,cantorelli1 on ! annales maximi1 #bij ,capitolium1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdf1 #cci2 ,c>m5 saecul>e sung1 #ddd-dde2 temples1 #ie1 #aae1 #adf1 #bjc1 #bci1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bed1 #bff1 #dcc1 #ddc1 #ddg ,caprot9ae1 ,nonae1 #adc ,c>dea1 #gf2 connection ) ,janus1 #dhe ,c>i/ia1 #dah1 #deg ,c>m51 mean+ (1 #ahf2 us$ at siege ( ,c>?age1 #bjf1 #bai ,arvale1 #gh1 #acb1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #dcf us$ by ,atti$ii1 #ahg saecul>e1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dci1 #ddc-ddg1 #dej1 #dea ,sali>e1 #ahf ,c>m5ta1 #cf1 #abb1 #big ,c>m5talia1 #ih ,c>na1 #aag ,c>t]1 ,j4 ,b41 on cult-titles1 #aec2 on ! ,lat9s1 #bbi-bcj2 on ,ca/or-cult1 #bcb1 #bdd2 on ,diana1 #bcf2 on ,=tuna1 #bde2 on ,h]cules1 #bca2 on ,janus1 #ada2 on ,juno1 #add2 on ! ,manes1 #chf2 on ,m>s1 #acc2 on ,poseidon-,neptune1 #bfj ,cassius ,hem9a1 #cdi1 #cef ,ca/or & ,pollux1 #bca1 #bdd2 temple1 #bca1 #bdd ,cato1 ! ,c5sor1 #aba1 #acb1 #ahb-ahd1 #bea1 #bif1 #bih1 #cdj ,catullus1 on dea?1 #chg ,c5sors1 lu/rum ( !1 #bjc1 #baj1 #bae1 #bai ,c5sus1 #bae1 #bah ,c]ealia1 #ajj1 #aba1 #bfi ,c]es1 #ajj1 #aba1 #aci1 #afa1 #afb1 #bfj1 #dce1 #ddf2 temple1 #bee1 #bfi ,c]fius1 or ,c]us1 #aeh ,*aldeans1 #bif2 expell$ f ,rome1 #cig1 #djb ,*>ms1 #ei-fb2 see also ,amulets ,*ick5s1 sacr$1 z om5s1 #cad1 #cae ,*ildr53 purificatory rites1 #bh2 nam+ (1 #bh-bi1 #db2 amulets & bulla worn by1 #db1 #fj1 #gd1 #hd2 d$ication (1 #bjd-bje ,*ri/ianity1 e>ly3 contributions f ! ,roman religion1 #deb-dfg2 ! ,greek & ,lat9 fa!rs comp>$1 #deh-dei2 its relation to morality1 #dga ,cic]o1 #eh1 #agh1 #bif1 #cji2 on religi\sness ( ! ,romans1 #bdi-bej2 on ,titus ,coruncanius1 #bha-bhb2 on div9ation1 #bii1 #cab2 on int]e/ ( ! gods 9 human affairs1 #cfj2 on ,/oicism1 #cfe-cfh1 #cgg2 on relation ( man to ,god1 #cgj2 affect$ by revival ( ,py?agoreanism1 #cha1 #chc1 #chi2 turns to my/icism1 #chd1 #chh2 8 lett]s to ,atticus1 #che2 8 ,somnium ,scipionis1 #chc1 #chf1 #dab2 belief 9 a future life1 #chi2 def9ition ( religio1 #dfj ,claudius1 ,emp]or1 #cji1 #dch ,claudius ,pul*]1 ,p41 #cae ,quadrig>ius1 #ci ,clean!s1 hymn (1 #cfh1 #cgg ,clusius 7or ,clusivius71 cult-title ( ,janus1 #abf ,co9qu5da1 #afb ,colonia1 religi\s rites at f\nd+ (1 #agj ,compitalia1 #fa1 #gh1 #ha1 #hh1 #ajb ,concordia1 #bhe ,conditor1 #afa ,conf>reatio1 m>riage by1 #hc1 #acj1 #bgd ,coniuratio1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cef ,consolatio1 #chh ,con/antius1 #dcj ,consualia1 #aja1 #aci ,consuls1 annual c]emony at ! ,capitol9e temple1 #bjc1 #bai1 #bci-bdj ,consus1 #bhe2 connection ) ,ops1 #dhb ,convector1 #afa ,conway1 ,pr(essor1 on ,quir9us & ,quirites1 #adc ,cook1 ,a4 ,b41 on ,jupit]1 #abh1 #ada2 on ,janus1 #adj2 on ,quir9us & ,quirites1 #adc ,corn deities1 ,greek1 #bee1 #bei ,corpus ,inscriptionum1 #ac1 #bja ,coruncanius1 ,titus1 #bga1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bij ,c\langes1 ,fu/el de1 on ! ,l>1 #gg ,crawley1 ,mr41 on ! fa!rhood ( gods1 #aeg2 on religion & morality1 #bbg1 #bdb ,cremation1 #chb1 #cie1 #cih1 #dja ,crooke1 ,mr41 on luck 9 odd numb]s1 #ih ,cult-titles1 inv5tion (1 #aec ,cumont1 ,pr(essor1 on ! religion ( ! ,romans1 #b2 on ,jupit]1 #bdf ,cun9a1 #aei ,cuq1 on civil & religi\s law1 #dhf ,cura et ca]imonia1 ,cic]o's expression1 #ha1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #ade1 #afb1 #agj1 #bgj1 #bhb1 #cdc1 #dcd1 #dfj ,curia1 #ach ,curiatius1 #abf ,cynics1 !1 #cgb ,days1 lucky & unlucky1 #ch-da2 see also ,dies ,de ,m>*i1 on votive (f]+s1 #bja1 #bjb ,dea ,dia1 #adf2 description ( rites1 #dce-dcf2 v5]ation = ut5sils us$1 #dcf2 temple1 #afa1 #dcf ,dead3 disposal ( !1 #de1 #hd1 #aba1 #cie1 #dja2 cult1 #ia1 #ajb1 #deg1 #dgj2 fe/ivals1 #dj1 #aab1 #dah2 contra/ betwe5 ,lemuria & ,p>5talia1 #ajg1 #cic-cie ,decemviri1 #bei1 #cag1 #cah1 #cbf ,decius ,mus1 self-sacrifice (1 #bjf-bjg1 #bbj1 #bhf1 #cbj ,deities1 ,roman3 see also ,num5 & ,spirits2 s\rces ( our k (1 #aad-aae2 m5tal conception ( ! ,romans reg>d+1 #aae-aag1 #abb-abc1 #aci-adj1 #ade1 #adg1 #aeg1 #bbd-bbe2 di indigetes1 #aag1 #aci1 #adi1 #ahj1 #bad2 functional spirits ) w-p[]1 #aai2 ! f\r great gods1 #abd-acd2 epi!ts ( ,pat] & ,mat] appli$ to1 #acg1 #aee-aeg2 ! "q ( m>riage1 #adh-aeb1 #aff1 #cej1 #dha-dhe2 fluctuation betwe5 male & female1 #adh-adi2 nom5clature1 #aah1 #adi-aef1 #afc2 comp>$ ) ,greek gods1 #aeh2 pres5ce (1 at meals1 #agb-agc1 #aic2 introduction ( new1 #if1 #bbi-bdb1 #bee-bfb2 wom5's1 see ,wom5 ,delphic oracle consult$ dur+ ,hannibalic w>1 #cbc-cbd1 #cbf ,demet]1 #bee2 sup]session ( ,c]es by1 #ajj ,deubn]1 ,pr(essor1 8 !ory ( ! ,lup]calia1 #ach1 #dgh-dhj ,devotio1 #bjf-bji1 #bai-bba2 =mula1 #bjg-bjh1 #bbj2 sacrificial nature1 #bjg1 #bbj ,di ,manes3 see ,manes ,di ,p5ates3 see ,p5ates ,diana3 associat$ ) ,janus1 #gf1 #abe1 #aff2 connection ) ,artemis1 #bce1 #ddc2 ) ,apollo1 #ddc1 #ddf2 ) ,h]cules1 #bfb2 functions1 #bcd-bcf2 temples1 #ie1 #adg1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bdd ,dies comitiales1 #ajc endot]cisi1 #aha fa/i1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aha lu/ricus1 #bh1 #db1 #ij nefa/i1 #ch1 #dj1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aha po/riduani1 #ci1 #dj religiosi1 #ch-dj1 #aje ,diet]i*1 on disposal ( ! dead1 #dja ,dill1 ,pr(essor1 on ,roman wor%ip1 #bjj ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 #acj1 #aic1 #bae1 #bcd1 #bej ,dionysus3 id5tifi$ ) ,lib]1 #bee1 #cdd2 ritual1 9 ,greece1 #cdd-cde2 outbreak ( ,dionysiac orgies 9 ,italy1 #cdd ,dis1 black victims sacrific$ to1 #ddj ,dius ,fidius1 connection ) ,jupit]1 #acj1 #adb ,div9ation1 #ef1 #ahj2 a univ]sal in/9ct ( human nature1 #bib1 #cjf2 connection ) magic1 #bic1 #caj2 views on ! orig9 (1 #bic2 =malis$ by ,/ate au?orities1 #bie1 #cjj2 private1 #bie2 quack div9]s1 #bif-bih2 auspicia ( family religion1 #bih-cjj2 public1 #cja2 duties ( ! ,rex1 #cjb2 lore pres]v$ 9 books1 #cjc2 div9ation by lightn+1 #ea1 #eb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cji2 no la/+ value 9 sph]e ( religion1 #cjf2 a clog on progress1 #cjg2 s9i/] influ5ce ( ,etruscan div9ation on ,rome1 #cjg ,dobs*uetz1 on ,*ri/ianity1 #dee ,dogs3 sacrifices3 see ,sacrifices ,dolabella1 ,cornelius1 #cdb ,doell+]1 ,dr41 on ! ,flam5 ,dialis1 #aab2 on pray]1 #dfh ,domaszewski1 von1 cit$1 #ii1 #aaj1 #aed1 #afg2 def9ition ( num51 #aai2 on ! cult epi!ts ( ,janus1 #adj2 on ,juno1 #add2 on evolution ( dei out ( functional num9a1 #afe ,duhn1 ,pr(essor von1 cit$1 #ca1 #hi ,dynamic !ory ( sacrifice1 #agg1 #ahd1 #aij1 #aid ,e>?quakes1 expiation (1 #cci ,eili?yia1 ,greek deity ( *ildbir?1 #ddb1 #ddf1 #ddi ,ennius1 cit$1 #fe1 #aeb1 #ahc1 #bih1 #cbb1 #cej1 #cea1 #cef ,epictetus1 #cfi1 #cgb ,epicurism1 #ceb1 #ceh1 #cfj1 #cfa1 #cge1 #cgf1 #cha1 #djd1 #dec ,epicurus1 #cei ,epulum ,iovis3 see ,jupit] ,equirria1 #if1 #ii1 #bag ,es*atology1 ,*ri/ian3 prep>ation ( ! ,roman m9d =1 #ded ,esquil9e1 #hg1 #cie ,etruscans1 #ag2 dom9ation 9 ,rome1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bde1 #beh2 art ( div9ation1 #bii1 #cjd2 s9i/] influ5ce on ,rome1 #cjg1 #cdf1 #cdg1 #cia ,evil spirits1 #aa1 #bi1 #ge1 #gf1 #hd1 #ic2 wolf's fat z a *>m aga9/1 #ij ,evocatio1 #eh1 #bjf ,excantatio1 #eh1 #dhb ,extipic9a1 ,etruscan rite (1 #ahj ,fabius ,pictor1 #afa1 #bfa1 #cah1 #cbj1 #cbc1 #cbf ,falac]1 #abb ,family 7familia73 orig9 & mean+ (1 #gj1 #hf2 religion 9 !1 #fh1 #gj1 #gc1 #ib1 #aaf1 #bbd1 #bbf-bbh1 #bea1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bih-cjj2 description ( ! h\se1 #gb-gc1 #hg2 its holy places1 #gc2 spirits ( ! h\sehold3 see ,spirits2 ! ,l> famili>is1 #gg2 position ( slaves1 #gh2 religio t]m9orum1 #hb2 m>riage1 #hc2 *ildbir?1 #hc2 burial ( ! dead1 #gc1 #ib2 ma9t5ance ( ! sacra1 #bgd-bge ,fanum1 mean+ (1 #adf ,f>1 sacr$ cakes (1 #de1 #hc1 #acj1 #ada1 #ahj1 #bgd ,f>nell1 ,dr41 cit$1 #ai1 #bg1 #afj1 #afa1 #bje2 on ! v[ ( ! v] sacrum1 #bai2 on ,dionysiac ritual1 #cde1 #cee ,f>reus1 connection ) ,jupit]1 #acj ,fas1 e>ly usage (1 #dhg-dhh ,fa/i3 see ,cal5d> ,faunalia1 #acg ,faunus1 #ha1 #hi1 #big1 #dgi2 connection ) ,lup]calia1 #aag ,februum1 mean+ (1 #baj1 #bbb ,f]etrius1 cult-title ( ,jupit]3 see ,jupit] ,f]iae ,iovis1 #abi ,lat9ae1 #dj1 #fa1 #agb ,f]onia1 #bhd1 #cah ,f]r]o1 on ! ,c>m5 saecul>e1 #dca1 #dej2 on ! ludi saecul>es1 #ddj ,f]tility1 cu/oms to produce1 #ajj1 #ajf1 #adc1 #baj1 #bbb1 #dgi ,fe/ivals1 #gh-ha1 #ig1 #aje2 agricultural1 #cd1 #hb1 #ih1 #ajj1 #abj2 h>ve/1 #ih1 #aja1 #aba2 v9tage1 #ajj1 #abi2 ( ! dead3 see ,dead2 ,lat9 fe/ival on ,alban m\nt1 #agb2 9 cal5d>1 necess>ily fix$1 #ie1 #ii1 #ajb2 wom5's3 see ,wom5 ,fe/us1 #cc1 #fa1 #ada1 #bag ,fetiales1 #ca1 #acj1 #adc1 #aeg1 #bea1 #dcd1 #dhh ,fides1 #aed1 #ddf1 #dej2 connection ) ,jupit]1 #afg ,fig-tree3 spr\t+ (1 on ro( ( temple1 #afb2 piacula (f]$ to v>i\s deities1 #dcf1 #dij ,flam5 ,c]ealis1 #afa1 #afc ,dialis1 #cb1 #aab1 #abd1 #abi1 #aic1 #bci1 #bdf1 #cbg1 #cdb1 #dgi2 insignia1 #agg2 taboos on1 #cc-ce1 #dd1 #de1 #ajh1 #aji1 #cbg1 #cdb1 #cdc ,m>tialis1 #abd1 #aca1 #adb1 #cda ,quir9alis1 #abd1 #aca1 #acd1 #aci1 #adb1 #aha1 #aig1 #cdb1 #dcd ,volcanalis1 #dhd ,flam9es1 #aac1 #abb1 #abc1 #age1 #aic1 #bhj1 #cda1 #dcd2 insignia1 #agg2 p]sonal purity ess5tial1 #agh1 #aie ,flam9ica ,dialis1 #ace1 #add2 insignia1 #agg2 taboos on1 #ce-cf ,flam9ius1 #cae1 #cag1 #cch1 #cdj ,flora1 #abb ,fons1 #aag1 #bhe ,=culus1 ! door _s1 #gf ,=dicidia1 #ajj1 #abj1 #aba ,=nacalia1 #agc ,=tuna 7,=s ,=tuna71 #bja1 #bce1 #bde1 #bhd1 #big1 #cif1 #dja ,=um ,bo>ium1 human sacrifices1 #aab1 #cbj ,fratres ,arvales3 ,acta ,fratrum ,arvalium1 #afa1 #bac1 #dce2 alt>1 #afd2 c>m51 #gh1 #acb1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #dcf2 ritual (1 #ce1 #ajj1 #adf1 #adi1 #aeg1 #afb1 #ahb1 #aia1 #aie1 #bac2 reviv$ by ,augu/us1 #dcd2 duties ( ! ,bre?r51 #dce2 wor%ip ( sacr$ ut5sils1 #dhi-dij ,atti$ii1 #aeg1 #ahg1 #bae ,fraz]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g41 8 def9ition ( religion1 #h2 8 !ory ( div9e k+%ip1 #ai1 #bj1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #aae1 #abh1 #adj2 on totemism1 #be1 #bf2 on taboo1 #cj1 #cd1 #dg2 on oscilla1 #fa1 #fb1 #fg2 on ! ,p>ilia1 #ajj1 #bbb2 on m>riage ( gods1 #add1 #adi1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aef1 #afe1 #cej1 #dha-dhe2 on cult ( ,jupit]1 #afg2 on appo9tm5t ( camillae1 #agg1 #aie2 on ,diana1 #bce2 on sup]/ition1 #bfd ,fulgur1 cult-title ( ,jupit]1 #abi ,furr9a1 #ah1 #aag1 #abb ,gallus1 ,aelius1 on religiosum1 #cg ,games in/itut$ to div]t att5tion 9 times ( tr\ble1 #bfb-bfc2 ,apoll9e1 #cbf2 see also ,ludi ,g>dn]1 ,pr(essor ,e41 cit$1 #cee ,g>dn]1 ,pr(essor ,p41 on ,*ri/ianity1 #deb2 on pray]s = ! dead1 #deg2 cit$1 #dfe ,gellius1 ,aulus1 on ! conjunction ( div9e names1 #aej-aeb2 /ory ( ,scipio1 #bdj2 on religi\sness ( ! ,romans1 #bej ,g5ius3 ! male pr9ciple ( life1 #cj1 #ib1 #aed1 #cag1 #ccb2 ( ! pat]familias1 #cj2 d\btful id5tification ( ,h]cules )1 #cj2 9 comb9ation ) ,h]cules & ,juv5tas1 #ccb2 ,juno ! fem99e c\nt]p>t (1 #hg ,g5nep1 ,m4 van1 on taboo1 #db1 #dd2 on religi\s c]emonies1 #fe1 #ij1 #ddb2 on lu/rations1 #baa1 #bab ,g5tes1 #fi1 #bei ,georgics1 ! religi\s _s ( !1 #djg ,gho/s1 #ge1 #he1 #ia1 #ib1 #ajg ,gilds1 trade1 #bcj ,glov]1 ,mr41 on ,*ri/ianity1 #def ,god1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,a5eid1 #dbf ,gods3 see ,deities ,gratitude1 n a prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ! ,roman1 #beb1 #bfg ,greek com$y1 influ5ce on ,roman religion1 #cea-cec gods1 comp>$ ) ,roman1 #aeh2 introduc$ into ,rome1 #bcj-bdb lit]ature1 #bif philosophy1 influ5ce on ,roman religion1 #ceg-cge ,gre5idge1 ,dr41 on ! auspicia & ! imp]ium1 #cja ,gregory ! ,great1 #dge ,gwatk91 ,pr(essor1 on ,augu/9e1 #dfi2 on ! relation ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity to morality1 #dga ,haddon1 ,pr(essor1 on sup]naturalism1 #ba ,hades1 #cij1 #cia ,hannibalic ,w>3 revival ( religio1 #cae1 #cag2 ,sibyll9e books consult$1 #caf-cai1 #cbi2 sacrifices & (f]+s made to deities1 #cah2 religi\s panic aft] battle ( ,cannae1 #cai2 human sacrifices1 #cbj2 ,delphic oracle consult$1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cbf2 outbreak ( lascivia1 #cbd2 in/itutio#a #b ,apoll9e games1 #cbf2 religi\s hi/ory ( la/ ye>s1 #cbg-cbi2 gratitude to deities1 #cbi2 ! ,magna ,mat] ( ,pess9us br\ght to ,rome1 #ccj ,h>die1 ,pr(essor1 & ! d\ble alt> 9 connection ) fun]al rites1 #dbe ,h>iolus1 #big1 #bih1 #caa ,h>rison1 ,miss1 on cov]+ ! head at sacrifices1 #aie ,h>uspices1 #bif1 #cac1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cig2 hi/ory ( !1 #cjg-cji ,hebe1 #ccb ,he9ze1 on ! ,a5eid1 #dac-dae1 #dai1 #dbf1 #dbg ,heitl&1 ,mr41 on ,bac*analia1 #cdf1 #cef ,h]acleitus1 #beg ,h]cules3 associat$ ) ,diana1 #bfb2 ) ,juno1 #ag2 9 comb9ation ) ,juv5tas & ,g5ius1 #cag1 #ccb2 d\btful id5tification ) ,g5ius1 #cj2 id5tifi$ ) ! ,greek ,h]acles1 #bcj1 #bdc2 ,victor or ,invictus1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcf1 #bdc1 #bdd2 cult (1 #bca1 #bdd2 fe/ival1 #bdc2 wor%ip conf9$ to m51 #bi ,h]mes1 #bfj ,hirtzel1 ,mr41 cit$1 #dbf ,hom]1 religion (1 comp>$ ) t ( ,roman patricians1 #cib ,honey cakes1 #hb ,honos et ,virtus1 #bhe1 #ddf2 temple1 #cbh ,horace1 #ha1 #bii1 #djc1 #dje2 ,c>m5 saecul>e1 #dca-dcb1 #dci1 #ddc-ddg1 #dej1 #dea ,hora ,quir9i1 #dhb-dhc ,horses3 lu/rations1 #if1 #bae2 races1 #ig2 sacrifice (1 see ,sacrifices ,h[]?1 ,ira ,w41 8 def9ition ( religion1 #h ,hub]t et ,mauss1 on magic1 #fd1 #fe2 on sacrifice1 #aij1 #aid1 #aie1 #aih ,human sacrifice1 #cc1 #dd1 #ajg1 #aab1 #bbf1 #cbj1 #ddj ,hut-urns1 sepul*ral1 #hg1 #dgg ,huts or boo?s1 use (1 9 religi\s ritual1 #dgc-dgg ,huvel91 ,m41 on magic1 #fd ,ides1 #ci1 #fe1 #ie1 #bea1 #dhd2 sacr$ to ,jupit]1 #abi ,iguvium3 ritual1 #bb1 #ach1 #aha1 #aig2 lu/ration ( ! arx1 #ahg1 #bad1 #bae2 ( ! p1 #ca1 #bjh1 #bae-baf ,images & /atues ( gods1 #adf1 #adg1 #afe1 #bci1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #ccf1 #ccg2 /atue ( ,a!ne1 #cee ,immortality1 belief 91 #fi1 #chf-chg1 #chi1 #dbd ,imporcitor1 #afa ,inauguratio ( ! prie/-k+ ,numa1 #agd-age1 #aic ,inc5se1 #afd1 #ahj1 #ccj1 #deh ,indigetes1 di1 #aag1 #aci1 #adi1 #ahj1 #bad ,indigitam5ta1 #gf1 #hd1 #hh1 #acj1 #ach1 #aec1 #aei-afa1 #afc1 #afe1 #afh1 #bha1 #bhf1 #bia ,individualism1 gr[? (1 #bdj1 #bff1 #bhg1 #cdj1 #ceh1 #daa1 #def ,innoc5t1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 #cji ,iron1 taboo$ 9 religi\s c]emonies1 #cb1 #ce1 #de1 #bad ,isis3 religion1 #dee1 #def2 temple1 #dcc ,ius1 e>ly usage (1 #dhf-dhg augurale1 #bif civile1 #e1 #afi2 & ! ius div9um1 #eh1 #bgf-bgi div9um1 #ac1 #bd1 #cc1 #ch1 #di1 #fh1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #abh1 #adf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bda1 #bga-bgc1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bif1 #cde2 & ! ius civile1 #eh1 #bgf-bgi2 ritual1 #afi-aia1 #dfg2 ! pontifical books ! ph>macopoeia (1 #bhf2 decay & neglect1 #bjc1 #cad1 #cbg1 #ceb1 #cec2 reaction aga9/1 #cbd1 #cdj-cdd1 #cdh2 ,augu/an revival1 #dbi hospitii1 #ca1 #cb ,manium1 #chg ,janus3 ! door _s1 #gf1 #abg1 #adf2 bifrons ( ! ,=um1 #gg2 speculations reg>d+1 #abe1 #adj1 #ada2 cult-titles1 #abf2 wor%ip1 #ahc1 #bab2 connection ) ,c>dea1 #dhe2 ) ,diana1 #gf1 #abe1 #aff2 ) ,juno1 #abf1 #ace2 ) ,ve/a1 #adj1 #ade2 temple1 #abf ,jebb1 ,pr(essor1 on poetry ( ! ,greeks1 #dbd ,jevons1 ,dr41 #ai2 on totemism1 #bf2 on taboo1 #bh1 #da2 on magic1 #dh1 #ahf2 on prie/s1 #agf ,jews1 proselytis+1 expell$ f ,rome1 #aci ,b4,c41 #cig1 #djb ,jh]+1 von1 on orig9 ( ,roman div9ation1 #bic1 #bid1 #caa ,jordan1 ,h41 #ac2 on pair+ ( deities1 #aeb ,junius1 #cae ,juno1 #aba1 #dgi2 ,caprot9a1 #adc2 ,curitis1 #add2 ,moneta1 #ace2 ,populonia1 #add2 ,reg9a1 7( ,ardea7 #cah1 7( ! ,av5t9e7 #cah1 #cbi1 7( ,veii7 #ace1 #bjf1 #bhd2 ,sospita1 #cah1 #ced2 connection ) ,h]cules1 #ag2 ) ,janus1 #abf1 #ace2 ) ,jupit]1 #acf1 #add1 #aff1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #ddf2 "o ( ! ,etruscan trias1 #id1 #bcg2 repres5tative ( female pr9ciple1 #ag1 #hg1 #ace1 #add2 temples1 #ace1 #agb1 #bcg1 #cbh1 #cbi1 #ced ,junonius1 cult-title ( ,janus1 #abf ,jupit]1 #aae1 #aah1 #abd1 #abg1 #abh1 #ada1 #adc1 #adg1 #aei1 #ahc1 #bab2 diff]5ce betwe5 ,jupit] & ,zeus1 #ada2 connection ) ,diana1 #gf2 ) ,dius ,fidius1 #acj1 #adb1 #afg1 #dej2 ) ,juno1 #acf1 #add1 #aff1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #ddf2 ) ,juturna1 #dhe2 ) ,tellus1 #aba2 ) ,t]m9us1 #hb2 ,capitol9us1 #abj1 #abi1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bda1 #cah1 #cai1 #ccc1 #cfg2 ,dapalis1 #ada2 ,elicius1 #cf1 #ej-eb1 #abi1 #acg2 ,fagutalis1 #ada2 ,f>reus1 #acj2 ,f]etrius1 #abi1 #dcc2 ,fulgur1 #abi2 ,grabovius1 #ahg2 ,lati>is1 #bcg1 #bch2 ,lucetius1 #abi2 ,sabazius1 #djb2 ,summanus1 #abi2 "o ( ! ,etruscan trias1 #id1 #agb1 #bcg1 #ccf2 cult at ,pra5e/e1 #afg2 cult-titles ,optimus ,maximus1 #abi1 #bch2 ,ides sacr$ to1 #abi2 wor%ipp$ on ,alban ,m\nt1 #aji1 #abh1 #agb2 epulum ,iovis1 #agb1 #bfc1 #bfh1 #ccf1 #cch1 #cec2 temples1 #ie1 #aae1 #abi1 #adf1 #agb1 #bcg-bch1 #bda1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bed1 #bff1 #dcc1 #ddc ,juturna1 #bhd1 #bhe2 connection ) ,jupit]1 #dhe ,juv5tas1 9 comb9ation ) ,g5ius & ,h]cules1 #cag1 #ccb ,kal5ds1 #ci1 #ie1 #abf1 #ace1 #bea1 #dhd ,kobb]t1 ,maximilianus1 on religio1 #df ,kronos1 id5tifi$ ) ,saturnus1 #aah ,lactantius1 #aef1 #afe1 #chh1 #dei1 #dfa1 #dfb1 #dfi ,lang1 ,mr41 #ai2 cit$ 9 connection ) ! cal5d> ( ,numa1 #aje ,lapis3 see ,/ones ,l>alia3 see ,compitalia ,l>5tia1 ,acca1 #fg ,l> famili>is1 #gg1 #gh1 #ib1 #bea ,l>es compitales1 #fa1 #aag1 #acb1 #ahf ,lat9 ,fe/ival3 see ,f]iae ,lat9ae ,lat9s1 !1 #aj1 #bc1 #be1 #hf1 #abc1 #acj1 #agb1 #aic1 #bbi ,latona1 associat$ ) ,apollo1 #bfb ,laugh+1 9 ritual ( ,lup]calia1 #ajf1 #aaa ,laurel bran*es c>ri$ 9 procession1 #bfe ,lawson1 ,j4 ,c41 on burial & cremation1 #ia1 #djj1 #dja ,lea!r1 taboo$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,c>m5ta1 #cf ,lecky1 ,mr41 on ,/oicism1 #cfb1 #cgg ,lecti/]nium1 #bfc-bff1 #bfh1 #cag-cai1 #cbg ,leges regiae1 connection ) ! ius div9um1 #bgb ,lel&1 ,c4 ,g41 #fg ,lemuria1 #dj1 #he1 #ih1 #ajg1 #dja2 comp>$ ) ! ,p>5talia1 #cic-cie ,lepidus1 pontifex maximus1 #dcc1 #dch ,lib]1 #aeh1 #bfj1 #ccb2 id5tifi$ ) ,dionysus1 #bee1 #cdd2 temple1 #bee ,lib]a1 #bfj2 id5tifi$ ) ,p]sephone1 #bee ,lib]alia1 #ccb ,libit9a1 #aei ,lic9ius ,imbrex1 #aea ,lic9ius1 ,p41 pontifex maximus1 #cdb ,lightn+1 div9ation by1 #ea1 #eb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cji ,lim5t9us1 _s ( ! ?re%old1 #gf ,livius ,&ronicus1 #cbh ,livy1 cit$1 #agj1 #agd1 #bjd1 #bje1 #baf1 #bag1 #beb1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bfi1 #bhj1 #cjj1 #caf1 #cbd1 #dje2 on ,bac*analia1 #cdf-cdh ,lua1 #afe1 #dha1 #dhb ,luc>ia1 #ih ,lucetius1 cult-title ( ,jupit]1 #abi ,lucilius1 #aef1 #ahc ,lucretius1 cit$1 #ceb1 #cei1 #cfj1 #cgf1 #chg1 #cid1 #cif1 #djc-djf1 #dec2 8 contempt = sup]/itio1 #cfa1 #cfg2 on ,roman belief 9 ,hades1 #cij2 8 use ( religio1 #dfj ,lucus1 mean+ (1 #adf ,ludi1 #dd1 #ie1 #abb1 #bjd3 see also ,games magni1 v[$ to ,jupit] dur+ ,hannibalic w>1 #cai1 #ccc saecul>es1 #cd1 #dca1 #dhj2 pray]s us$ 91 #aih1 #dfh2 ritual describ$1 #dch-ddg2 discov]y ( inscriptions1 #dci sc5ici1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #cej ,lup]calia1 #bj1 #cd1 #ec1 #fe1 #ajf1 #aah1 #agi1 #aid1 #baj1 #cic2 :ipp+ to produce f]tility1 #ed1 #dgi2 ,pr(4 ,deubn]'s !ory1 #acg1 #dgh-dhj ,lup]ci1 #cd1 #ed1 #ajf1 #dcd1 #dgi ,lup]cus1 #dgh ,lu/rations3 mean+ ( lu/r>e1 #bji-baj2 lu/ration ( ! ag] paganus1 #hj1 #bac2 ( ! ag] ,romanus1 #gh1 #ajj2 ( ancilia1 #if1 #bag2 ( ! army1 #if1 #ajj1 #bae1 #bag2 ( ! arx ( ,iguvium1 #ahg1 #aii2 ( cattle & %eep1 #ajj2 ( ! city1 #bad1 #cag2 ( ! f>m1 #acb1 #bab2 ( horses1 #if1 #bae2 ( p1 #ca1 #baf2 ( trumpets1 #if1 #bae2 animi/ic conception (1 #baa2 ultimately adapt$ by ,roman ,*ur* to its own ritual1 #baa1 #bah1 #deg ,lu?>d1 on ,roman religion1 #bhh ,macrobius1 cit$1 #bh1 #aif1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #bai1 #bbj1 #dhd ,macte e/o1 mean+ ( ! phrase1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aig1 #ddb ,magic3 alli$ to taboo1 #bg1 #dg2 contagi\s & homoeopa?ic1 #dh2 & div9ation1 #bic1 #cji2 h>mless1 #ei2 pray]s & incantations1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aih2 private1 #eg1 #fh2 9 purificatory processes1 #baj2 & religion1 #dg-di1 #ef1 #bbd1 #bec2 rigor\sly exclud$ f ,/ate ritual1 #di1 #eg1 #aje1 #ajg1 #bbd2 sympa!tic1 #ej1 #ee ,magna ,mat] ( ,pess9us1 br\ght to ,rome1 #ccj1 #cdd1 #cdh ,maia1 #afe1 #aff2 connection ) ,volcanus1 #aea1 #dhd ,maie/as1 #aea1 #dhd ,mana1 ! positive aspect ( taboo1 #bg1 #cj1 #db1 #dh1 #fj ,manes1 #ci1 #ej1 #ge1 #he1 #ib1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aba1 #bjh1 #cbj1 #cda1 #cia1 #cib2 individualisation (1 #chf2 ,di ,manes1 #cda1 #chf ,mania1 "m ( ! ,l>es1 #fa ,manilius1 8 poem on a/rology1 #cif ,mannh>dt1 8 !ory ( ! ,vegetation-_s1 #ai-bj1 #dgh2 on laugh+ 9 ritual ( ! ,lup]calia1 #aaa-aab ,m>cellus1 #cae1 #cbh ,m>cius1 ,lat9 oracles suppos$ to be writt5 by1 #cbf ,m>cius ,rex1 praetor1 #cci ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #cfi1 #dbi ,m>ett1 ,mr41 on taboo1 #db1 #de2 on sacrificium1 #aib2 on div9ation1 #caj ,m>qu>dt1 on ,roman religion1 #ac1 #af2 on nam+ ( *ildr51 #db ,m>riage3 a religi\s c]emony1 #hc1 #agg1 #bgd1 #bgi2 ,tellus an object ( wor%ip at1 #aba2 among deities1 #adh-aeb1 #aff1 #cej1 #dha-dhe ,m>s1 #abd1 #abi1 #adg1 #bjd1 #bjh1 #bae1 #bdf1 #cai2 v>i\s =ms ( 8 "n1 #aca2 z a m>ri$ god1 #aej-aeb1 #aff2 invocations to1 #ahf1 #bab2 connection ) ,bellona1 #aff2 ) ,n]io1 #aej-aea1 #aff2 ) ,quir9us1 #acd1 #aej2 pat]1 #bab2 ,silvanus1 #bi1 #acb1 #adb2 cult (1 #acb-acd2 fe/ival1 #if-ig2 temple1 #acc ,m>tianus ,capella1 #cjh ,masson1 ,dr41 #ceg1 #cie2 on ,roman fe> ( future torm5ts1 #cia ,ma/>na1 ,etruscan "n ( ,s]vius ,tullus1 #bcg1 #bdf ,masurius ,sab9us1 #ij ,matut9us1 cult-title ( ,janus1 #abf ,meals1 sacrificial1 #agb1 #agc1 #aic1 #dcf2 epulum ,iovis3 see "u ,jupit] ,megalesia1 #ccj ,m5s1 #bhe ,m]curius 7,h]mes71 #bfj1 #bfb1 #bfh1 #dhd ,messor1 #afa ,mildew1 _s ( !3 see ,robigus ,m9]va1 "o ( ! ,etruscan trias1 #id1 #bcg2 "n ,italian1 n ,etruscan1 #bcd1 #bde2 associat$ ) trade gilds1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bcf2 ,capta1 #bhd2 temples1 #agb1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdd ,m9ium1 faces pa9t$ )1 #hb1 #aae1 #ccf ,m9ucius ,felix1 #dfa ,mi?ras1 religion (1 #dee1 #def1 #dfd ,moirae 7,p>cae71 #ddb1 #ddf ,mola salsa3 see ,salt-cake ,moles1 #aej1 #aed1 #aeh ,momms51 cit$1 #bjj1 #ddj2 & ! religion ( ! ,romans1 #b2 on ! ,fa/i anni ,romani1 #ie1 #if1 #aaa2 on ,c>m5 saecul>e1 #ddd ,mucius ,scaevola3 see ,scaevola ,murus1 #id ,my/icism1 #chj-cih1 #djd2 9 ! =m ( a/rology1 #cif1 #dja2 n native to ! ,roman1 #ded ,neo-,py?agoreanism3 see ,my/icism ,neptunalia1 #dgd ,neptunus1 #aag2 id5tifi$ ) ,poseidon1 #aah1 #bfj2 connection ) ,salacia1 #aej1 #dhc2 ) ,m]curius1 #bfb ,n]io3 connection ) ,m>s1 #aej-aea1 #aff2 mean+ ( ,n]io ,m>tis1 #aej1 #aed ,nettle%ip1 ,pr(essor1 on ! phrase macte e/o1 #aig2 on ! "* ( ,a5eas1 #daj1 #dbg2 on sanctus1 #dgj ,nigidius ,figulus1 #bii1 #chd1 #cig ,nones1 #ci1 #ie1 #bea2 ,nonae ,caprot9ae1 #adc ,numa ,pompilius1 prie/-k+3 ,livy's acc\nt ( 8 inauguratio1 #agd-age2 leg5ds1 #ajh1 #aae1 #agj1 #ahj1 #bcc1 #cbb2 ,cal5d> describ$1 #ib-aji2 spuri\s books f\nd 9 /one c(f91 #cdi1 #cha ,numb]s1 my/ic1 #ih1 #cbh1 #ccd1 #dda1 #ddi ,num51 #cd1 #aaa1 #bej1 #bfd1 #cfd1 #cfe1 #cfg1 #djg2 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #aah2 von ,domaszewski's def9ition (1 #aai2 evolution ( dei out ( functional num9a1 #afe2 see also ,spirits & ,deities ,oak-gods1 #abe1 #abi1 #ada1 #adc ,oa?s3 connection ( ,ca/or & ,pollux )1 #bcb2 ( ,h]cules1 #bca2 ( ,jupit]1 #acj2 tak5 9 op5 air1 #ada-adb2 ! religi\s1 9 public life1 #ceh1 #cge2 us$ by wom51 #bdd2 taboo on1 #cdc1 #cee ,ob]ator1 #afa ,octob] horse1 #bj1 #cd1 #fe1 #ajf2 sacrifice (1 #de1 #aje1 #agi ,odd numb]s1 luck 91 #ih ,ollae1 wor%ip (1 #dhi-dij ,opalia1 #aja ,opiconsiva1 #aja ,ops1 #aef2 connection ) ,consus1 #dhb2 ) ,saturnus1 #dhb ,oracles1 #cci1 #ced2 see also ,delphic oracle ,orcus1 #aff2 ! old "n = ! abode ( ! ,manes1 #cia1 #cib2 sacrifice ( captives to1 #dd ,orosius1 #ccc ,orphic doctr9e1 #cha2 tablets1 #cih ,oscilla1 #fa1 #fg2 ,dr4 ,fraz]'s !ory1 #fa2 see also ,puppets ,otto1 ,w41 on connection ( religio ) practice ( taboo1 #df ,ovid1 on ,roman gods1 #bb2 8 picture ( ! ,sem5tivae1 #gi1 #hj2 rite ( pagus1 #hb2 on ! ,lemuria1 #ajg1 #aab1 #cid2 on ,janus1 #abe2 on images ( gods1 #adg2 on ! ,robigalia1 #aha1 #aif1 #aig1 #dcd2 on meals at sacrifices1 #aic2 on ! ^w februum1 #baj2 on annual c]emony by consuls1 #bai2 on ! fe/ival ( ,anna ,p]5na1 #cdf1 #dgc ,paganalia1 #fa1 #fb1 #fg1 #ajb ,pagus3 ! familia 9 relation to1 #ga2 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #hg2 fe/ival ( ! ,l>1 #gh2 o!r fe/ivals1 #gi2 ! religio t]m9orum1 #ha-hb2 lu/rations ( !1 #bac1 #bad ,pais1 on ,acca ,l>5tia1 #fg2 on ! ,t>qu9ii & ,ma/>na1 #bde ,palat9e3 ,c>m5 saecul>e sung on !1 #ddc-ddg1 #dej2 temple ( ,apollo1 #ddc-dde ,pales1 #abb1 #adi ,panaetius3 & ! ,scipionic circle1 #cfc-cfd1 #dec2 8 !ology1 #cfe2 & ,platonic psy*ology1 #chb1 #cih ,pan!ism1 ,/oic1 #cff-cfh ,papirius1 ! consul1 #cad1 #cae1 #cca ,p>5talia1 #dj1 #ajg1 #chg1 #dja1 #dah1 #deg2 comp>$ ) ! ,lemuria1 #cic-cie ,p>ilia1 #ajj1 #abj1 #aic1 #bbb1 #dgd ,pat] & ,mat]1 z appli$ to deities1 #aee-aeg ,patricians1 #bei1 #cjd2 religi\s sy/em a monopoly (1 #bbi ,patulcius1 cult-title ( ,janus1 #abf ,pax 7deity71 #ddf1 #dea ,pax deorum1 #afi1 #bbd1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bgb1 #bgf1 #bhf1 #cjb1 #cbh1 #cbi2 means t[>ds ma9t5ance (1 #aga1 #ahj1 #bgc1 #cjj2 violation (1 #cbj2 re-e/abli%$ by ,augu/us1 #dbi1 #dca1 #dcc ,pebble-ra91 #caf1 #cbi1 #ccb ,p5ates1 #gc1 #gd1 #hf1 #ib1 #aaf1 #aic ,p]sephone1 #bee ,pet]1 ,r41 on ,indigitam5ta1 #afj ,petronius1 on c]emony ( ! aquaelicium1 #fd ,philodemus1 #cei1 #cge ,picus1 #big ,pietas1 #agd1 #bbg1 #bej1 #bed1 #chg1 #dje1 #dji-dab1 #dff2 mean+ (1 #dfb-dfc2 ,virgil's ^w = religion1 #dab ,piso1 ,l4 ,calpurnius1 #ea-ec1 #dhd ,pius1 #fc1 #dfb2 see ,pietas ,plague1 ,sibyll9e books consult$ at outbreak (1 #bfa ,plato1 #beh1 #cha ,plautus1 #aea1 #cea-ceb ,playwrights1 _! influ5ce on ,roman religion1 #bdj1 #cea1 #cec ,plebeians1 #aje1 #agj2 a$iles1 #bee2 ! ,plebs z ! orig9al inhabitants ( ,latium1 #bdb1 #bei1 #bfh1 #bhi2 emotional t5d5cy (1 #bfc-bfd2 op5+ ( prie/hoods to1 #bfh1 #bga1 #bgi2 increase ( importance "u ! ,etruscan dyna/y1 #bge2 fir/ plebeian praetor1 #bgi2 pontifex maximus3 see ,coruncanius1 ,titus ,pl9y1 #ea1 #bef2 on spells & *>ms1 #ec1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #fe1 #ff1 #ij1 #ahf2 on human sacrifice1 #cbj2 on dea?1 #chh1 #djj ,polybius1 cit$1 #bej1 #bec1 #caf1 #cfc1 #cfi1 #cij2 on religion1 #ccf ,pomo]ium1 #id1 #bad1 #bbe1 #bcj1 #bca ,pomona 7or ,pomunus71 #abb1 #adi2 connection ) ,v]tumnus1 #dhe ,pompeianus1 prefect ( ,rome1 #cji ,pomponius1 #bgh1 #bhi ,pons sublicius3 no iron us$ 9 build+1 #ce2 ,argei ?r[n f1 #ed1 #aje1 #cba ,pontifex ,maximus1 #age1 #bga1 #bhj1 #cda2 tabula kept by1 #bhc2 compell+ p[] (1 #cdb1 #cee ,pontifices1 #abj1 #agg1 #bjj1 #cda2 %>e 9 fe/ivals1 #ajf1 #aci2 ! "q ( _! orig91 #ahj1 #aie1 #bga2 insignia (1 #aic2 ,college (1 #bga2 op5 to plebeians1 #bfh1 #bga1 #bgi2 legal side ( _! "w1 #bgb-bgf2 ! ,,xii4 ,tables1 #eh1 #bgf-bgh1 #bhi2 self-elect$1 #bgf2 abolition ( legal monopoly1 #bgi2 "w (1 9 ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 #bhb2 admission ( new deities1 #bhd2 compilation ( annals1 #bhe2 collection ( religi\s =mulae1 #bhg2 ! ,pontifical books1 #gf1 #aei1 #ahb1 #aig1 #bhc1 #bhe-bhf ,porca praecidanea1 rite ( !1 #aba1 #ahc1 #aia ,portunus1 #aah1 #abb ,poseidon1 id5tifi$ ) ,neptunus1 #aah ,posidonius1 #bej1 #cfe1 #cfg1 #chb-chd1 #cih ,pray]s1 #gf1 #ajf1 #abf1 #aec1 #bae1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bea2 at ! inauguratio ( ! prie/-k+ ,numa1 #age2 at mak+ ( new cle>+1 #afi1 #ahb2 at sacrifices1 #aha-aia2 at fl[]+ ( ! pe>-trees1 #ahb2 :5 w9e is (f]$1 #ahb2 = ! c]emony ( lu/ration1 #ahc2 =m & mann] ( ,roman1 #ahe1 #ahi1 #aif2 magical survivals 91 #ahh-ahi2 9 ritual ( ,ludi saecul>es1 #ddb1 #ddi1 #dfh ,precatio1 #ec1 #aff ,prie/s3 see ,pontifices ,processions3 ( lu/ratio1 adapt$ to ! ritual ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 #baa1 #bah1 #deg2 ( ! triumphus1 #bag1 #bci-bdj2 ,roman fondness =1 #bfc2 see also ,lu/rations ,procuratio1 #caf1 #cbh2 fulm9is1 #aae ,prodigia1 #bha1 #caf1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cch1 #cci1 #ced ,promitor1 #afa ,prop]tius1 #bb1 #adg1 #djc ,pros]p9a1 black victims sacrific$ to1 #ddj ,pudor1 #ddf ,pulv9>ia1 #ccg1 #cch ,punic ,w>3 see ,hannibalic ,w> ,puppets3 ,argei ?r[n into ,tib]1 #ed1 #aje1 #cba2 oscilla1 #fa1 #fg ,purification3 see ,lu/rations ,puticuli1 #cie1 #dja ,py?agoras1 leg5d ( a religi\s connection betwe5 ,numa &1 #cdi1 #cha ,py?agoreanism1 #cdi1 #chj-cha ,py?agoreans1 #ih ,qu9decemviri1 #ddj1 #ddb ,qu9quatrus1 #bag ,quir9al1 #acd ,quir9us1 #id1 #aah1 #abd1 #adc1 #adg1 #bdf2 id5tifi$ ) ,m>s1 #acd2 ) ,romulus1 #ace ,quirites1 #acd1 #adc ,ra9-mak+3 see ,aquaelicium ,ramsay1 ,sir ,w4 ,m41 #dfe ,r$ col\r+ 9 sacr$ rites & its connection ) blood1 #hi1 #agg1 #aid ,r$>ator1 #afa ,regia1 #de1 #aje1 #ajf1 #bga1 #bhh2 sacr>ium ,m>tis 91 #acc1 #bjh ,regifugium1 #ii ,re9a*1 ,m4 ,salomon1 cit$1 #bf1 #db1 #aad1 #aca1 #dha ,religio1 #i1 #bh1 #cj1 #cf1 #ch1 #gb1 #gf1 #hc1 #he1 #ic1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #agd1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bda1 #bdh1 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #bgj1 #bgc1 #bhb1 #bhg1 #bid1 #cfd1 #dje1 #djg2 mean+s & uses ( ! ^w1 #ba1 #cg1 #da1 #ahf1 #aib1 #aih1 #bdi1 #bed1 #che1 #dfb1 #dgj2 ,cic]o's def9ition (1 #dfj2 & taboo1 #cd1 #cf1 #dj1 #df2 revival (1 dur+ ,hannibalic w>1 #cae1 #cag1 #ccf-cci ,religio ,l>ium1 #gi t]m9orum1 #ha1 #hb ,religion1 def9itions (1 #g-i2 & magic1 #dg-di1 #ef1 #bbd1 #bec2 & morality1 #bbg1 #bdb1 #bib1 #dff1 #dga2 primitive1 #be-bh1 #fc1 #fi2 real1 a matt] ( feel+1 #djf ,roman3 a highly =malis$ sy/em1 #c1 #fc1 #ajc-ajd1 #bjj1 #bbf1 #bdh-bdi1 #cdj2 comp>$ ) ,roman law1 #e2 a te*nical subject1 #f2 its difficulties1 #ac2 aid f ar*aeology & an?ropology1 #af-bj1 #be2 primitive survivals 91 #bd1 #cj2 examples ( real magic 91 #ej1 #ec-ed2 a reality1 #fb-fc1 #ajc1 #bdi2 9 ! family1 see ,family2 ( ! ,/ate1 #ic1 #aje1 #bbf-bbh1 #bgj2 ! ,cal5d> ( ,numa ! basis ( our k (1 #id-aji2 moral influ5ce ma9ly discipl9>y1 #ajh1 #bbh2 ,greek influ5ce1 #abj1 #bee-bfb1 #cdf1 #cej-cec2 ,roman ideas ( div9ity1 #aae-aag1 #abb-abc1 #ade-afd2 ritual ( ! ius div9um1 #afi-bbb2 p]sonal purity ess5tial 9 all wor%ipp]s1 #agh2 disc\rag$ individual developm5t1 #bbf2 introduction ( new deities1 #if1 #bbi-bdb1 #bee-bfb2 prie/hoods limit$ to patrician families1 #bbi2 religi\s in/9ct ( ! ,romans1 #bdi2 neglect & decay1 #bfc-bfe1 #bhg1 #cad1 #dbi2 gr[? ( individualism1 #bdj1 #bff1 #bhg1 #cdj1 #ceh1 #daa1 #def2 ,sibyll9e influ5ce1 #bdb1 #bee-bfb2 secul>isation (1 #bgj-bia2 s9i/] influ5ce ( ,etruscan div9ation1 #cjg-cji1 #cdf2 see ,div9ation2 us$ = political purposes1 #ccf2 attempt to propagate ,py?agoreanism1 #cdi-cej1 #cha2 de/itution ( ,romans 9 reg>d to idea ( ,god & s5se ( duty1 #ceg-ceh2 no rem$y 9 ,epicurism1 #cfa2 arrival ( ,/oicism3 see ,/oicism & ,my/icism2 belief 9 future torm5ts1 #cij2 religion comp>$ ) t ( ,hom]1 #cib2 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 #cif2 religi\s feel+ 9 ,virgil's poems1 #djc-dbg2 ,augu/an revival1 #dbh-dea2 contributions to ! ,lat9 =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 #deb-dgb2 see also ,pray] & ,sacrifice ,r5an1 cit$1 #ahe ,r5el1 ,m41 cit$1 #bf ,reville1 ,m4 ,jean1 on ! =malism ( ! ,roman religion1 #c2 8 def9ition ( religion1 #h ,rex ,nemoreusis1 #bce sacrorum1 #abh1 #agd1 #age1 #ahj1 #aic1 #bjg1 #bbi1 #bga1 #bgc1 #cda1 #dcd2 relation ( ! ,rex to ! augurs1 #cja-cjb ,ridgeway1 ,pr(essor1 on ! ,flam5 ,dialis1 #aab2 on ,janus1 #adj2 on orig9al inhabitants ( ,latium1 #bdb1 #cic ,riv]s1 ,dr41 on ! ritual aspect ( religion among ! ,todas1 #dhi-dij ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,pr(essor1 #ai1 #bf1 #bg1 #agb1 #bba2 on ! ,fea/ ( ! ,tab]nacles1 #dgf ,robigalia1 #aci1 #aif ,robigus1 #ajj1 #aag1 #abb1 #adf1 #agi1 #dcd2 ,ovid's v]sion ( pray] to1 #aig ,roman ,*ur*1 survival ( old religi\s practices 9 !1 #be1 #baa1 #bah1 #def-deh1 #dfi ,romulus1 #ea1 #acj1 #ace ,ros*]1 ,dr41 #ada ,sacellum1 mean+ (1 #adf ,sac] & sacram5tum1 #cf1 #bgg1 #dfd ,sacr$ ut5sils1 wor%ip (1 #dcf1 #dhi-dij ,sacrifices1 #bi1 #ij1 #bbd1 #bbe2 description ( ! act1 #agi-aha2 honorific1 #agb1 #agc2 piacul>1 #ce1 #agb1 #agc1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #aia1 #bjh1 #bgc1 #dcf2 sacram5tal1 #ada1 #agb2 vic>i\s1 #bjh2 dynamic !ory (1 #agg1 #ahd1 #aij1 #aid2 meals 9 connection )1 #agb1 #agc1 #aic1 #dcf2 my/ic use ( blood1 #cd1 #hb2 victim mu/ be acceptable to ! deity1 #agi2 wom5 & /rang]s exclud$ f rites1 #bi-ca2 pray]s at1 #aha-aia2 sacrifice ( cakes1 #hb1 #hc1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahd2 c[1 #ajj1 #abj1 #dcf2 dog1 #aha1 #aig1 #baf1 #dcd2 goat1 #ed1 #ajf1 #agi1 #dgi2 horse1 #cd1 #ig1 #aje1 #agi2 lamb1 #cg1 #hb1 #dcf2 ox1 #acb1 #agi1 #bab1 #bae1 #ddd2 pig1 #hb1 #acb1 #agj1 #agi1 #bab1 #bae1 #dcf2 r$ dog1 #agi1 #caj2 salt-cake1 #gc1 #bjg2 %eep1 #acb1 #agi1 #aha1 #bab1 #bae1 #dcd2 s[1 #aba1 #ahc2 :ite heif]1 #agb1 #agg1 #bci2 w9e1 #hb1 #ahj1 #ahb-ahd1 #aif2 see also ,human sacrifice ,sacrificium1 mean+ (1 #aga1 #dfd ,sacrum1 #aga1 #bed ,saeculum1 ! old ,italian idea ( a1 #ddj ,/4 ,augu/9e1 cit$1 #eh1 #gf1 #abj1 #adi1 #aei1 #afc1 #big1 #dcj1 #deh2 on ,decius1 #bbj ,sa9te ,beuve1 on ,virgil1 #djd ,/4 ,paul1 #dee1 #dff-dfh ,salacia1 #afe2 connection ) ,neptunus1 #dhc ,salii1 #dj1 #if1 #aaj1 #acb1 #acc1 #adc1 #agf1 #ahb1 #bag1 #bbi1 #dcd2 ritual1 #ig ,coll9i1 #acd ,palat9i1 #acd ,sallu/1 #dje ,salt-cake1 #gc1 #bjg ,salus1 #aed1 #bhe ,sanctus1 mean+ (1 #dfc-dfd1 #dgj ,s>ritor1 #afa ,saturnalia1 #ha1 #ii1 #aja-ajc1 #ajg1 #aab ,saturnus1 #aja1 #aaa1 #aah1 #cah2 id5tifi$ ) ,kronos1 #aah2 connection ) ,consus1 #dhb2 ) ,ops1 #dhb ,sayce1 ,pr(essor1 #aee ,scaevola1 ,p4 ,mucius1 #bhc ,q4 ,mucius1 #gc1 #hf1 #cch1 #cec1 #cga ,scipio1 ! eld]1 #bdj1 #bdg1 #bfg1 #cdj1 #ced2 receives ! ,magna ,mat] at ,rome1 #ccj ,aemilianus1 #aih1 #bjc-bjd1 #cdj2 8 fri5d%ip ) ,polybius & ,panaetius1 #cfb-cfd1 #cfi1 #cga ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 comp>$ ) ,virgil1 #djh ,sell>1 ,pr(essor1 on ,virgil1 #djd1 #djf ,sem5tivae1 fe/ival1 #gi1 #hi ,s5atusconsultum de ,bac*analibus1 #cdg1 #cdh1 #cef ,s5eca1 #cfi1 #cgh1 #dch1 #dee ,septimontium1 #aaj ,s]vius1 cit$1 #eh1 #fb1 #aai1 #abj1 #acd1 #ach1 #adb1 #adc1 #adf1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #aid1 #baj ,sulpicius1 #cga1 #chg ,tullius1 #bce2 8 ,etruscan "n ,ma/>na1 #bcg ,sibyl ( ,cumae1 #beg-beh ,sibyll9e books1 #agc1 #bdb1 #bee-beg1 #bfa1 #cbc2 consult$ dur+ ! ,hannibalic w>1 #caf-cai1 #cbi2 us$ = p]sonal & political purposes1 #cci ,silvanus1 #gf1 #ha1 #hi1 #acb1 #adb ,slaves1 #ec1 #gh1 #cie1 #dja1 #dgd2 ,greek1 buri$ alive 9 ! ,=um bo>ium1 #aab1 #cbj ,sodales ,titi5ses1 #dcd ,sol1 image (1 on ! ,palat9e1 #dde1 #ddg1 #dej ,sond]goett]1 ,us5]'s !ory (1 #afa-afd1 #afh ,spells1 #dh1 #ec1 #eg-ei1 #bjh1 #bba2 orig9 ( pray] 91 #ahe1 #ahi ,spes1 #bhe ,spirits1 #cd1 #eh2 agricultural1 #afa1 #bea1 #bhe2 dead1 see ,gho/s2 ( ! doorway1 #ge-gf1 #ib1 #abg2 evil1 see ,evil spirits2 h\sehold1 #aa1 #fh1 #gc1 #gd1 #gg1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #ib1 #ajd1 #aic2 spr+1 #ib2 wat]1 #bhe2 woodl&1 #gf1 #ha1 #hc1 #ib1 #acb2 developm5t into dei1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #abj1 #abc-abd1 #afa1 #afe2 see also ,deities & ,num5 ,spolia opima1 #ach1 #ada1 #bhh2 d$icat$ at temple ( ,jupit] ,f]etrius1 #acj1 #dcc ,/anley1 on religion & morality1 #bib ,/atues & bu/s at ,rome1 fir/ m5tion (1 #cdj1 #ced2 see also ,images ,/oicism1 #cei1 #cgg1 #cha-chc2 introduc$ into ,rome1 #cfb2 its influ5ce on ! ,roman m9d1 #cgj-cgb1 #djd1 #dec2 weak po9ts 9 ,roman1 #cgb-cgd2 fail$ to r\se an en?usiasm ( humanity1 #cge1 #ded ,/ones3 lapis manalis1 #ej2 silex1 #acj2 /one repres5t+ ,magna ,mat]1 #ccj2 see also ,b\nd>y /ones ,/rang]s1 fe> (1 #cj-cb ,/ubbs1 ,bi%op1 #ajc ,subr9cator1 #afa ,subt]ranean alt>1 black victims (f]$ at1 #ddj1 #dde ,suffim5ta1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddi ,sulpicius1 consul #baa ,b4,c41 #ccg ,summanus1 cult-title ( ,jupit]1 #abi ,suovetaurilia1 #acb1 #bab1 #bae ,sup]/itio1 #ajf1 #cee1 #cfa1 #dje2 temple ( ,isis condemn$ z a c5tre (1 #dcc ,supplicatio1 #bfb1 #bfe1 #bfi1 #ccg2 ord]$ dur+ ,hannibalic w>1 #cag1 #cai1 #cbc1 #cbe1 #cbi ,tab]nacles1 ,fea/ ( !1 #dge1 #dgf ,taboo1 #be1 #hc1 #bbc2 def9ition (1 #bg2 its e?ical value1 #bh2 on *ildr51 #bh2 on wom51 #bi2 on /rang]s1 #cj-cb2 on crim9als1 #cb2 on inanimate objects1 #cb2 on places1 #cf2 on times & seasons1 #ch-da2 on iron1 #ce1 #dd1 #bad2 on lea!r1 #cf2 on ! ,flam5 ,dialis1 #cc-ce1 #dd1 #de1 #ajh1 #aji1 #cbg1 #cdb1 #cdc2 on ! ,flam9ica ,dialis1 #ce ,tacitus1 #cih ,t>5tum1 sacrifices on subt]ranean alt>1 #ddj1 #dde ,t>qu9ii1 !1 #adf1 #bcg1 #bde ,tellus 7,t]ra ,mat]71 #ajj1 #abj1 #abb1 #acf1 #ach1 #aci1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afa1 #afb1 #cbj1 #dce1 #ddb1 #ddf2 an object ( wor%ip at m>riage1 #aba2 connection ) ,jupit]1 #aba2 temple1 #bhe ,tempe/ates1 #bhe ,temples3 abs5ce (1 9 e>lie/ ,rome1 #adf2 re/or$ by ,augu/us1 #cdc2 ,aesculapius1 #bfj2 ,apollo1 on ! ,palat9e1 #ddc-dde2 ,bona ,dea on ! ,av5t9e1 #dhd2 ,ca/or1 #bca1 #bdd2 ,c]es1 ,lib]1 & ,lib]a1 #bee-beg1 #bfi1 #cdd2 ,consus1 #bhe2 ,dea ,dia1 #afa2 ,diana1 on ! ,av5t9e1 #ie1 #adg1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bdd2 ,isis1 #dcc2 ,janus1 #abf2 ,juno ,moneta1 #ace1 #cbh-cbi2 ,juno ,sospita1 #ced2 ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,m9]va1 #adf1 #agb1 #bcg-bch1 #bdf1 #bed1 #ddc2 ,jupit] ,f]etrius1 on ! ,capitol1 #ie1 #aae1 #abi-acj1 #adf1 #adg1 #bjc1 #bde1 #bff1 #dcc2 ,jupit] ,lati>is1 on ! ,alban ,hill1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bde2 ,m>s1 #acc2 ,m9]va1 on ! ,av5t9e1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdd2 ,pales1 #bhe2 ,tellus1 #bhe2 ,v]tumnus1 #bhe2 ,ve/a1 see ,ve/a3 a$es ,t]m9alia1 #cd1 #aic1 #aif ,t]m9us1 #hb1 #aag1 #bci ,t]ra ,mat]1 see ,tellus ,t]tullian1 cit$1 #aei1 #afc1 #dei1 #dfa1 #dfe ,!odosian code1 #dcj ,tib]ius1 #dbi1 #dch1 #ddg ,tibic9es1 #ahj1 #aie1 #bcc1 #dde ,tibullus1 cit$1 #bb1 #hj1 #adg1 #agh1 #djc2 on use ( huts at rural fe/ivals1 #dgd ,"t1 religi\s or my/ical conception (1 #ddj-dda1 #ddi ,toga praetexta1 worn by prie/s & *ildr51 #bi1 #db1 #ej1 #fa1 #gd1 #hd1 #age-agg1 #aid-aie1 #dcf virilis1 #db ,tomb/ones1 memorial1 fir/ m5tion (1 #cda ,totemism1 #be-bg ,t\ta91 ,m41 #bf ,toz]1 ,mr41 on ,dante1 #dai ,trade3 deities br\ght to ,rome by1 #bcj2 connection ( ,h]cules )1 #bca2 gilds1 #bcc ,trasim5e1 outbreak ( religio aft] ! battle (1 #cah ,treaties1 ,jupit]'s connection )1 #acj ,tripodatio1 #ahg1 #aih ,tubilu/rium1 #if1 #bag ,turiae1 ,laudatio1 cit$1 #chi ,turnus1 #dhc ,tylor1 ,dr41 #bf1 #di1 #gd1 #bic ,us5]1 ,h41 #ai1 #ach1 #afj2 8 !ory ( ! ,sond]goett]1 #afa-afd1 #afh ,vacuna ( ,reate1 #bhd1 #bij ,val]ius ,antias1 #eb1 #aae1 #acg ,flaccus1 ,c41 #cdb-cdc1 #cee ,maximus1 #bjc-bjd1 #bii1 #cgh ,v>ro1 cit$1 #af1 #ei1 #gf1 #gi1 #ha1 #hi1 #ajc1 #abj1 #abe1 #adb1 #adc1 #adi1 #aef1 #aei1 #afh1 #baj1 #bbb1 #bce1 #bea1 #cba ,vates1 mean+ (1 #big-bih ,v$ic ritual1 #ahe ,vegetation-_s1 ,mannh>dt's !ory1 #ai1 #bj1 #dgh ,v5ilia1 #dhc ,v5us1 connection ) ,volcanus1 #aff ,v] sacrum1 #aif1 #bjd-bje1 #cah ,v]b5>ius1 #ca1 #dc ,v]rius ,flaccus1 #af1 #cj ,v]tumnus1 #adg1 #bia2 connection ) ,pomona1 #dhe2 temple1 #bhe ,v]vactor1 #afa ,ve/a1 #gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #ib1 #aaf1 #abf1 #acf1 #acg1 #adj1 #adg1 #dha2 a$es1 #ci1 #dj1 #abf1 #acf1 #adf1 #dgg2 p5us ,ve/ae1 #cf1 #gc1 #aja1 #acf1 #ddb ,ve/al virg9s1 #ec1 #aac1 #abj1 #aci1 #age1 #agg1 #aid1 #cbj2 at ! c]emony ( ! ,argei1 #ed1 #ee1 #ajf1 #cba2 salt-cake bak$ by1 #gc2 repres5tative ( daught]s ( ! family1 #acf2 /atues (1 #add ,vicus1 #ga ,vilicus1 #gh ,v9alia1 #ajj ,virgil1 on religio1 #cg2 on ! ,paganalia1 #fb1 #fg2 on lu/ratio1 #hj1 #bac1 #bba2 on ! ,manes1 #chf1 #cii2 religi\s feel+ 9 8 poems1 #djc-dbg1 #dee2 comp>$ ) ,wordswor?1 #djg-djh2 ) ,scott1 #djh2 8 idea ( pietas1 #dji2 8 connection ) ,augu/us1 #dbh2 see also ,a5eid ,virites1 #aej1 #aeh ,virtus1 #ddf ,volcanalia1 #ih1 #aja ,volcanus1 #aah1 #abb1 #abd2 connection ) ,maia1 #aea1 #dhd2 ) ,v5us1 #aff ,volturnus1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb1 #abd ,vortumnus1 #afe1 #bhd ,v[s1 #ahh1 #bbf1 #bhf2 private1 #bja-bjb2 public1 #bjj1 #bjb-bjd2 extraord9>y1 #bjd-bjh2 see also ,devotio & ,evocatio ,waltz+1 on ,roman trades1 #bcc ,we/cott1 ,bi%op1 on ,augu/9e1 #deh ,we/]m>ck1 ,dr41 cit$1 #ca1 #dd1 #abc1 #agi2 on magic1 #dg2 on religion ( primitive man1 #fc1 #cid2 on ,roman pray]s1 #ahe2 on religion & morality1 #bbg ,william[itz-,moell5dorf1 on ,h]cules1 #bdc ,w9e1 us$ at sacrifices1 #hb1 #ahj1 #ahb-ahd2 z a sub/itute = blood1 #aif ,w9t]1 ,j4 ,g41 cit$1 #bdc ,wiss[a1 ,georg1 cit$1 #ac1 #ad1 #af-ah1 #cc1 #cf1 #aab1 #abb1 #adf1 #aic1 #aii1 #cai1 #ddj2 on dies religiosi1 #ch-dj2 on ! ,argei1 #ed1 #ee1 #fe1 #aaa1 #cba1 #cbb2 on ! ritual ( ! ,salii1 #ig2 8 li/ ( di indigetes1 #aag1 #aci2 on ,faunus1 #aah2 on ,janus1 #abf1 #ada2 on ,m>s1 #adb2 on ! ,indigitam5ta1 #aei1 #afa-afc1 #afh2 on cult ( ,jupit]1 #afg2 on pray]1 #aih2 on ,h]cules1 #bdc2 on ,hebe1 #ccb2 on ,c>m5 saecul>e1 #ddd1 #dej ,wolf's fat1 us$ z a *>m aga9/ evil spirits1 #hc1 #ij ,wom51 #bfd1 #bfe2 taboo on1 #bi2 exclud$ f c]ta9 sacrificial rites1 #bi-cj2 at ! c]emony ( ! aquaelicium1 #fd2 rites to produce f]tility1 #ed1 #ajf1 #adc1 #dgi2 oa?s us$ by1 #bdd2 excitem5t among1 dur+ ,hannibalic w>1 #cbd2 rebellion aga9/ ! ius div9um1 #cdd2 fe/ivals1 #adc1 #cdf1 #ddc1 #dej2 deities1 #ace1 #bce1 #bgb1 #big1 #cah1 #ccb1 #dgi ,wordswor?1 comp>$ ) ,virgil1 #djg ,zell]1 cit$1 #cea1 #cef2 on human law & div9e law1 #cga ,zeus1 #cfg ,zosimus1 cit$1 #cji1 #dci1 #ddi1 #dej ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,works ,,on ,,roman ,,hi/ory ,,roman ,,society ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,c5tury ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,! ,,we/4 ,by ,sir ,,samuel ,,dill1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,roman ,,society ,,f ,,n]o ,,to ,,m>cus ,,aurelius4 ,by ,sir ,,samuel ,,dill1 ,m4,a4 ,second ,edition4 #hvo4 #aes4 net4 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,_w ,,( ,,n]o ,,& ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,by ,pr(4 ,t4 ,g4 ,,tuck]1 ,litt4,d4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,amaz+ ,,emp]or ,,heliogabalus4 ,by ,j4 ,,/u>t ,,hay1 ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,) ,introduction by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,bury1 ,litt4,d4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,!odor ,,momms54 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome1 ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,its ,,decl9e4 ,translat$ by ,,william ,,purdie ,,dickson1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,a ,new] & ,*eap] ,edition1 ,revis$1 & embody+ all ! mo/ rec5t alt]ations & additions made by ,dr4 ,,momms54 ,9 ,five vols4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,abridg$ ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,above = ! use ( ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,by ,c4 ,,bryans & ,f4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,h5dy4 ,"o vol4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,prov9ces ,,( ,,! ,,roman ,,empire ,,f ,,caes> ,,to ,,diocletian4 ,translat$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,,dickson4 ,second ,impression4 ,revis$ by ,pr(4 ,b4 ,f4 ,,hav]field4 ,two vols4 #hvo4 #bas4 net4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london ,,works ,,on ,,roman ,,hi/ory ,,roman ,,public ,,life4 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,j4 ,,gre5idge1 ,m4,a4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,roman ,,assemblies ,,f ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,to ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,republic4 ,by ,,george ,,willis ,,bots=d1 ,ph4,d4 #hvo4 #ags4 net4 ,,civil ,,w> ,,& ,,rebellion ,,9 ,,! ,,roman ,,empire1 ,a4,d4 #fi-gj4 ,by ,,b]n>d ,w4 ,,h5d]son1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,religion ,,( ,,numa1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,anci5t ,,rome4 ,by ,,jesse ,,b5$ict ,,c>t]4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,weal? ,,9 ,,imp]ial ,,rome4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,s4 ,davis4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,romans ,,on ,,! ,,rivi]a ,,& ,,! ,,rhone4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,bullock ,hall1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 #fs4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rome ,,to ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,actium4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,%uckburgh1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,by ,w4 ,,w>de ,,f[l]1 ,m4,a4 #hvo4 #ajs4 net4 ,,social ,,life ,,at ,,rome ,,9 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,cic]o ,,times4--,9 a s]ies ( int]e/+ & n ov]cr[d$ *apt]s x pres5ts ?is age 9 its =m & habit1 z x liv$ & mov$1 its social & intellectual atmosph]e & ! mat]ial conditions :i* surr\nd$ x4444 ,!re is n a dull page 9 ! book4 ,,ox=d ,,magaz9e4--,a book :i* w be ( ! highe/ value to all :o wi% to ga9 an insight into ! reality ( life & "* 9 ! ,rome ( ,cic]o's day4 ,,a!naeum4--,a v readable z well z le>n$ monograph on an attractive subject4444 ,we h f\nd ! book excell5t read+4 ,,daily ,,news4--,a "w ( brilliant s*ol>%ip & an admirable piece ( writ+4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,roman ,,fe/ivals ,,( ,,! ,,p]iod ,,( ,,! ,,republic ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,romans ,,spectator4--,?is "w is int5d$ z an introduction to ! /udy ( ! religion ( ! ,romans1 & a v fai?ful & accurate piece ( "w x is1 z inde$ might be expect$ by ^? :o "k ,mr4 ,f[l]'s previ\s /udies ( anci5t life4 ,,gu>dian4--,a delightful volume :i* w attract & int]e/ any educat$ & ?\ghtful read]4 ,,academy4--,a book ) :i* e /ud5t ( ,roman religion w h to make 8 acc\nt4444 ,alike z a /oreh\se ( critically-sift$ facts & z a t5tative essay t[>ds ! syn!tic arrangem5t ( ^! facts1 ,mr4 ,f[l]'s book seems to u to m>k a v di/9ct advance ^u any?+ t has yet be5 done4 ,by ,w4 ,,w>de ,,f[l]1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,! ,,city-,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,,& ,,romans ,a ,,survey ,,introductory ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,times4--,! purpose is excell5t1 & ,mr4 ,w>de ,f[l] executes x 9 a v skilful & s*ol>ly fa%ion4 ,,classical ,,review4--,?is little book is excell5t bo? 9 design & 9 execution1 & x supplies a want :i* has be5 mu* felt by ^? engag$ 9 tea*+ anci5t hi/ory4444 ,a book :i* w h a mo/ /imulat+ effect on ! tea*+ ( anci5t hi/ory1 & :i* ought to become famili> to e s*oolboy & und]graduate4 ,,we/m9/] ,,gazette4--,x is impossible )9 any available limits to give an adequate acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,f[l]'s treatm5t ( 8 subject4 ,we c b comm5d 8 treatise to our read]s2 & ?is we c d )\t res]ve4 ,,ox=d ,,magaz9e4--,"o ( ^? *>m+ books :i* by _! excell5ce are able to comm5d !mselves to entirely diff]5t p]sons4444 ,! man beg9n+ "w = ',greats' w always be told t he mu/ read ?is2 & if he d s1 w be rew>d$ by hav+ ! relations ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 read+ m>k$ out ) ma/]ly cle>ness2 & ! /ud5t :o has be5 ov] mo/ ( ! gr\nd himself 9 orig9al au?orities1 w f9d ) pleasure fre% light ?r[n on _m po9ts by ,mr4 ,f[l]'s grace ( /yle & p[] ( illu/ration4444 ,we cordially recomm5d x z at once *>m+ly writt51 & accurate1 useful & /imulat+4 ,,tales ,,( ,,! ,,birds4 ,illu/rat$4 ,uni=m ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,prize ,editions4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,extra gilt1 gilt edges4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,s*ool ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,m ,,tales ,,( ,,! ,,birds4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,ye> ,,) ,,! ,,birds4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,prize ,editions4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,extra gilt1 gilt edges4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,summ] ,,/udies ,,( ,,birds ,,& ,,books ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,ltd41 ,,london4