,,me*anical ,,draw+ ,,self-,,taught3 ,,compris+ ,,in/ructions ,,9 ,,! ,,selection ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,draw+ ,,in/rum5ts1 ,,elem5t>y ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,practical ,,me*anical ,,draw+2 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,examples ,,9 ,,simple ,,geometry ,,& ,,elem5t>y ,,me*anism1 ,,includ+ ,,screw ,,?reads1 ,,ge> ,,:eels1 ,,me*anical ,,motions1 ,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s4 ,,by ,,jo%ua ,,rose1 ,m4,e41 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,complete ,,practical ,,ma*9i/1 ,,! ,,patt]n ,,mak]',s ,,assi/ant1 ,,! ,,slide ,,valve ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,?ree ,,hundr$ ,,& ,,?irty ,,engrav+s4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,h5ry ,,c>ey ,,baird ,,co41 ,,indu/rial ,,publi%]s1 ,,booksell]s ,,& ,,import]s1 #haj ,,walnut ,,/reet4 ,,london3 ,,sampson ,,l[1 ,,m>/on1 ,,se>le ,,riv+ton1 ,,cr[n ,,build+s1 #ahh ,,fleet ,,/reet4 #ahhg4 ,copyright by ,,jo%ua ,,rose4 #ahhc4 ,,philadelphia4 ,,coll9s1 ,,pr9t] ,,preface4 ,! object ( ?is book is to enable ! beg9n] to le>n to make simple me*anical draw+s )\t ! aid ( an in/ructor1 & to create an int]e/ 9 ! subject by giv+ examples su* z ! ma*9i/ meets ) 9 8 e-day work%op practice4 ,! plan ( repres5t+ 9 _m examples ! p5cil l9es1 & numb]+ ! ord] 9 :i* !y are m>k$1 ! au?or believes to possess great advantages = ! le>n]1 s9ce x is ! produc+ ( ! p5cil l9es t really proves ! /udy1 ! ink+ 9 be+ m]ely a curtail$ repetition ( ! p5cill+4 ,simil>ly :5 ! draw+ ( a piece1 su*1 = example1 z a fully develop$ screw ?read1 is %[n fully develop$ f end to end1 ev5 ?\gh ! p5cil l9es 7 all %[n1 yet ! process ( con/ruction w be less cle> ?an if ! process ( developm5t be %[n gradually along ! draw+4 ,?us beg9n+ at an end ( ! example ! fir/ p5cil l9es only may be %[n1 & z ! p5cill+ progresses to ! "r-h&1 ! developm5t may progress s t at ! o!r or left-h& end1 ! f9i%$ ink$ 9 & %ad$ ?read may be %[n1 & betwe5 ^! two ends w be f\nd a "p %[+ ea* /age ( developm5t ( ! ?read1 all ! l9es be+ numb]$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 m>k$4 ,?is prev5ts a confusion ( l9es1 & makes x m easy to foll[ or to copy ! draw+4 ,x is ! num]\s inquiries f work+ ma*9i/s = a book ( ?is k9d t h l$ ! au?or to its production1 :i* he hopes & believes w meet ! want ?us indicat$1 giv+ to ! le>n] a suffici5tly practical k ( me*anical draw+ to enable him to proce$ fur!r by copy+ su* draw+s z he may be able to obta91 or by ! aid ( "s ( ! m exp5sive & elaborate books already publi%$ on ! subject4 ,he believes t 9 le>n+ me*anical draw+ )\t ! aid ( an in/ructor ! *ief difficulty is ov]come :5 ! le>n] has become suffici5tly famili> ) ! in/rum5ts to be enabl$ to use !m )\t hesitation or difficulty1 & x is to atta9 ?is end t ! *apt] on plott+ me*anical motions & ! succe$+ examples h be5 introduc$2 ^! =m+ /udies t are easily foll[$ by ! beg9n]2 :ile suffici5tly int]e/+ to af=d to ! /ud5t pleasure z well z pr(it4 ,,new ,,york1 ,febru>y1 #ahhc4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,draw+ ,,bo>d4 ,! ,t squ>e #ah ,! triangles #ai ,curves #ba ,select+ & te/+ draw+ in/rum5ts #bb ,lead p5cils #bc ,mix+ ,india ink #be ,! draw+ pap] #bf ,trac+ pap] #bi ,! ink #cj ,te/+ & select+ ,india ink #cj ,draftsm5's measur+ rules #cc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,in/rum5ts4 ,prep>+ ! l9+ p5 = use #cd ,! %apes ( ! l9+ p5 po9ts #ce ,oil /on+ p5 po9ts #cf ,prep>+ ! circle p5 = use #ch ,! %ape = circle p5 po9ts #ch ,%ap+ circle p5s = v small circles #ci ,a =m ( p5 po9t rec5tly introduc$2 =m+ ! p5 po9t #ci ,! me?od ( oil-/on+ circle p5 po9ts #dj ,! ne$le po9t & p5 po9t #db ,h[ to use ! circle p5 #dc ,g]man in/rum5t to avoid slipp+ ( a ne$le po9t #dd ,h[ to use ! l9+ p5 #de ,apply+ ! ink to ! b[-p5 #df ,us+ a /raight l9e or l9+ p5 ) a ,t squ>e #dg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,l9es ,,& ,,curves4 ,explanation ( simple geometrical t]ms2 radius2 explanation ( conv5tional dott$ l9es #dh ,a l9e at a "r angle to ano!r2 a po9t2 p>allel l9es #di ,a l9e produc$2 a l9e bisect$2 a l9e b\nd+ a circle2 an arc ( a circle2 segm5ts ( a circle2 ! *ord ( an arc2 a quadrant ( a circle #ej ,a sector ( a circle2 a l9e tang5t to a circle2 a semicircle2 c5tre ( a circle2 axis ( a cyl9d]2 to draw a circle t %all pass ?r\gh ?ree giv5 po9ts #ea ,to f9d ! c5tre f :i* an arc ( a circle has be5 /ruck2 ! degrees ( a circle #eb ,! protractor #ec ,to f9d ! angle ( "o l9e to ano!r #ed ,to f9d ! angles ( ?ree l9es "o to ! o!r #ee ,acute angles & obtuse angles #eg ,triangles2 "r angle triangle2 obtuse angle triangle2 equilat]al triangle2 isosceles triangle #eh ,scal5e triangle2 a quadrangle2 quadrilat]al or tetragon #ei ,rhomboid2 trapezoid2 trapezium #fj ,! con/ruction ( polygons #fa ,! names ( regul> polygons #fb ,! angles ( regul> polygons2 ! ellipse #fc ,=m ( a true ellipse #fi ,! use ( a trammel = draw+ an ellipse #gb ,to draw a p>abola me*anically #gc ,to draw a p>abola by l9es #gd ,to draw a he>t cam #ge ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,%ad[ ,,l9es ,,& ,,l9e-,,%ad+4 ,section l9+ or cross-hat*+ #gg ,to repres5t cyl9drical pieces "o )9 ! o!r2 to repres5t a numb] ( pieces "o )9 ! o!r #gh ,to repres5t pieces put toge!r & hav+ slots or keyways ?r\gh !m4 #gi ,effects ( %ad+ or cross-hat*+ #hj ,l9es 9 sectional %ad+ or cross-hat*+ made to d5ote ! mat]ial ( :i* ! piece is compos$--lead1 wood1 /eel1 brass1 wr\ght iron1 ca/ iron #ha ,l9e-%ad+ #hb ,! %ade l9e to indicate ! %ape ( piece2 repres5tation ( a wa%] #hc ,a key drawn ) a %ade l9e2 %ade l9e appli$ to a nut2 a ,g]man p5 regulat$ to draw l9es ( v>i\s bread?s #hd ,example ( l9e-%ad+ 9 p]spective draw+1 %[n 9 a pipe ?read+ /ock & die #he ,a cyl9drical p9 l9e-%ad$2 two cyl9drical pieces t jo9 ea* o!r2 a la! c5tre2 a piece hav+ a curv$ outl9e #hf ,l9e-%ad+ appli$ to a ball or sph]e2 appli$ to a p9 9 a socket %[n 9 section #hg ,a piece ( tube1 :]e ! ?ickness ( ! tube is %[n2 :]e ! holl[ or hole is se51 ! piece %[n 9 section2 :]e ! body is bell-m\!d & ! holl[ curve %[n by %ad+ #hh ,example ( l9e-%ad+ to d5ote ! relative di/ances ( v>i\s surfaces f ! eye #hi ,l9e-%ad+ to d5ote t ! piece repres5t$ is ( wood2 %ade-l9es be+ regul> or irregul> #ij ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,m>k+ ,,dim5sions4 ,examples 9 m>k+ dim5sions #ia ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,views4 ,! diff]5t views ( a me*anical draw+2 elevation2 plan2 g5]al view2 a figure to repres5t a solid cyl9d] #id ,to repres5t ! diff]5t sides ( a cube2 ! use ( a cross to d5ote a squ>e #ie ,a triangul> piece requires two or ?ree views #if ,to repres5t a r+ hav+ hexagon cross section2 examples2 a rectangul> piece 9 two views #ih ,! position ( ! piece :5 9 its place det]m9es ! "n ( ! view 9 ! draw+ #ajc ,view ( a lev] #aje ,be/ me?od ( project+ "o view f ano!r2 ! two sy/ems ( diff]5t views ( a piece #ajf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,bolts1 ,,nuts ,,& ,,polygons4 ,to repres5t ! ?read ( a small screw #aab ,a bolt ) a hexagon head #aac ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d sizes = =g$ or unf9i%$ bolts & nuts #aaf ,! basis ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute or ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d = bolts & nuts2 hexagonal or hexagon heads ( bolts #aah ,comp>ison ( hexagon & squ>e heads ( bolts2 *amf]s #abj ,)\t *amf]2 be/ plan = view ( bo? squ>e & hexagon heads #abc ,draw+ diff]5t views ( hexagon heads #abe ,to draw a squ>e-head$ bolt2 to draw ! end view ( a hexagon head #abe ,use ( ! triangle to divide circles #abi ,scales giv+ ! l5g? ( ! sides ( polygons #ace ,to f9d :at a squ>e body :i* measures "o in* on ea* side measures across ! corn]s2 to f9d :at diamet] a cyl9drical piece ( wood mu/ be turn$ to :i* is to be squ>$1 & ea* side ( :i* squ>e mu/ measure an in* #acf ,to f9d a radius across corn]s ( a hexagon or a six sid$ figure1 ! l5g? ( a side be+ an in* #ach ,to draw a /ud #adb ,to p5cil 9 a cap nut2 p5cill+ = a l9k hav+ ! hubs on "o side only #ade ,l9k ) hubs on bo? sides2 p5cil l9es = a d\ble eye or a knuckle jo9t #adf ,d\ble eye or knuckle jo9t ) an (fset2 a connect+ rod end #adg ,a rod end ) a r\nd /em #adh ,a bolt ) a squ>e "u ! head #adi ,example 9 :i* ! corn] :]e ! r\nd /em meets ! squ>e "u ! head is %>p2 a c5tre pun* giv+ an example 9 :i* ! flat sides gradually run out ^u a circle1 ! edges =m+ curves #aej ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,screw ,,?reads ,,& ,,spirals4 ,screw ?reads = small bolts ) ! angles ( ! ?read drawn 91 & ! me?od ( do+ ?is #aeb ,a d\ble ?read2 a r\nd top & bottom ?read su* z ! ,:itwor? ?read2 a left h& ?read2 to draw screw ?reads ( a l>ge diamet] #aef ,draw+ ! curves = screw ?reads #aeg ,to draw ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d ?read #afj ,to draw a squ>e ?read #afb ,=m ( template = draw+ ! curves ( ?reads #afe ,to %[ ! ?read dep? 9 a top or end view ( a nut2 to draw a spiral spr+ #aff ,to obta9 an accurate division ( ! l9es t divide ! pit* #afg ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,examples ,,= ,,practice4 ,a locomotive spr+2 a /uff+ box & gl&2 work+ draw+s ( a c\pl+ rod2 dim5sions & directions m>k$2 a connect+ rod drawn & put toge!r z x w\ld be = ! la!1 vise1 or erect+ %op #afi ,draw+s = ! blacksmi? #agb ,a locomotive frame #agd ,r$uc+ scales #age ,mak+ a draw+ to scale #agg ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,projections4 ,a spiral w\nd ar\nd a cyl9d] ^: end is cut (f at an angle #agh ,a cyl9drical body jo9+ ano!r at a "r-angle2 a ,tee = example #ahj ,o!r examples ( ,tees #aha ,example ( a cyl9d] int]sect+ a cone #ahf ,a cyl9drical body ^: top face if view$ f "o po9t w\ld appe> z a /raight l9e1 or f ano!r a circle #ahh ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,draw+ ,,ge> ,,:eels4 ,names ( ! curves & l9es ( ge> tee? #aic ,h[ to draw spur :eel tee? #aid ,pr(essor ,willis' scale ( too? proportions #aie ,! application ( ! scale #aig ,h[ to f9d ! curve = ! too? face #aih ,to trace hypocycloides = ! flanks ( tee? #bjj ,sectional view ( a section ( a :eel = %[+ ! dim5sions ?r\gh ! arms & hub #bjb ,to draw an edge view ( a :eel2 rules = draw+ ! tee? ( :eels2 bevel ge> :eels #bjc ,! con/ruction to f9d ! curves #bjd ,to draw ! arcs = ! tee? #bje ,to draw ! pit* circle ( ! inn] & small end ( ! p9ion tee? #bjf ,"o-half ( a bevel ge> & an edge view project$ f ! same #bjg ,a pair ( bevel :eels %[n 9 section2 draw+ ( a "p ( an ,ames la! fe$ motion2 small bevel ge>s #bjh ,example 9 :i* "p ( ! ge> is %[n ) tee? 91 & ! rema9d] illu/rat$ by circles2 draw+s ( "p ( ! fe$ motion ( a ,niles horizontal tool "w bor+ mill #bji ,?ree bevel ge>s1 "o ( :i* is l9e-%ad$2 ! con/ruction ( oval ge>+2 ,pr(essor ,rank9e's process = rectify+ & subdivid+ circul> arcs #baj ,v>i\s examples ( lay+ out ge> :eels #bad ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,plott+ ,,me*anical ,,motions4 ,to f9d h[ mu* motion an ecc5tric w give to its rod #bbc ,to f9d h[ mu* a giv5 am\nt ( motion ( a long arm w move ! %ort arm ( a lev] #bbd ,example ( ! end ( a lev] act+ directly on a %oe2 a %ort arm hav+ a roll] act+ ^u a l>g] roll] #bbe ,a l9k introduc$ 9 ! place ( ! roll] to f9d ! am\nt ( motion ( ! rod2 a lev] actuat+ a plung] 9 a v]tical l9e1 to f9d h[ mu* a giv5 am\nt ( motion ( ! long arm w actuate ! plung] #bbf ,two lev]s ^u _! axles or %afts1 ! arms connect$ by a l9k & "o arm connect$ to a rod #bbg ,a lev] arm & cam 9 "o piece on a %aft1 a %oe slid+ on ! l9e1 & held aga9/ ! cam face by ! rod1 to f9d ! position ( ! face ( ! %oe aga9/ ! cam #bbh ,to f9d ! am\nt ( motion imp>t$ 9 a /raight l9e to a rod1 atta*$ to an ecc5tric /rap #bbi ,examples 9 draw+ ! cut (f cams employ$ in/ead ( ecc5trics on riv] /eamboats 9 ! ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,diff]5t views ( a pair ( cams #bcb ,! object ( us+ a cam in/ead ( an ecc5tric #bcd ,me?od ( draw+ or m>k+ out a full /roke cam #bcg ,illu/ration ( ! l9es embrac+ cut (f cams ( v>y+ limits ( cut-(f #bdj ,"p play$ by ! /roke ( ! eng9e 9 det]m9+ ! con=mation ( cut-(f cams2 mann] ( f9d+ ess5tial po9ts ( draw+s ( cut(f cams #bda ,a cam design$ to cut (f ! /eam at five-eigh?s ( ! pi/on /roke #bdd ,?ree-f\r?s & sev5-eigh?s cams #bdf ,necess>y imp]fections 9 ! op]ations ( cut-(f cams #bdg ,draw+ repres5t+ ! motion :i* a crank imp>ts to a connect+ rod #bdi ,plott+ out ! motion ( a %ap] l9k quick return #bej ,plott+ out ! ,:itwor? quick return motion employ$ 9 ma*9es #bec ,f9d+ ! curves = m\ld+ cutt]s #beg ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,l9e-,,%ad+ ,,& ,,draw+ ,,= ,,l9e-,,%ad$ ,,engrav+s4 ,arrangem5t ( idle pulleys to guide bolts f "o pulley to ano!r2 repres5tation ( a cutt+ tool = a plan+ ma*9e #bfd ,draw+s = photo-engrav+ #bfg ,draw+ = an engrav] 9 wood2 draw+s = engrav+s by ! wax process #bfh ,engrav+ made by ! wax process f a pr9t f a wood engrav+2 engrav+s ( a boil] drill+ ma*9e #bfi ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,%ad+ ,,& ,,color+ ,,draw+s4 ,color+ ! j\rnals ( %afts2 simple %ad+2 draw+ ca/-iron1 wr\ght iron1 /eel & copp] #bgg ,po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 color+ & %ad+2 color$ draw+s to be glu$ ar\nd _! edges to ! draw+ bo>d2 to ma9ta9 an ev5 %ade ( color2 mix+ colors #bgh ,to graduate ! dep? ( t9t = a cyl9drical surface #bgi ,! size & use ( bru%es2 light 9 %ad+2 example = %ad+ a ,m$>t pulley #bhj ,bru% %ad+ #bha ,to %[ by ! %ad+ t ! surfaces are highly poli%$2 repres5tation ( an oil cup2 repres5tation ( an iron plan+ ma*9e #bhb ,example 9 %ad+ ( ,blake's pat5t direct act+ /eam pump #bhd ,example ( %ad+ an indep5d5t cond5s] #bhh ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,examples ,,( ,,eng9e ,,"w4 ,draw+s ( an automatic high spe$ eng9e2 side & end views ( ! eng9e2 v]tical section ( ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! valve face #bhi ,valve motion2 gov]nor #bib ,pill[ box1 block crank-p91 :eel & ma9 j\rnal #bid ,side & edge view ( ! connect+ rod #bie ,a two hundr$ horse p[] horizontal /eam boil] = a /ation>y eng9e2 cross sectional view ( ! boil] %ell #bif ,side elevation1 end view ( ! boil]1 & sett+ #big ,work+ draw+s ( a "o hundr$ horse p[] eng9e2 plan & side view ( ! b$ plate1 ) ! ma9 be>+ & guide b>s2 cross sections ( ! b$ plate2 side elevation ( ! cyl9d]1 ) end view ( ! same #bii ,/eam *e/ side & horizontal cross section ( ! cyl9d]2 /eam *e/ & ! valves2 cam wri/ plate & cut-(f me*anism2 %aft = ! cam plate2 cross head2 side view & section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric & /rap #cja ,con/ruction ( ! connect+ rod #cjc ,,index #cje ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 ?is text ,t indicates a l>g] capital lett]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,me*anical ,,draw+ ,,self-,,taught4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,draw+ ,,bo>d4 ,a ,draw+ ,bo>d %\ld be ( s(t p9e & free f knots1 s t x w easily receive ! p9s or tacks us$ to fa/5 d[n ! pap]4 ,its surface %\ld be flat & level1 or a little r\nd+1 s t ! pap] %all lie close to its surface1 :i* is "o ( ! fir/ requisites 9 mak+ a good draw+4 ,its edges %\ld be /raight & at a "r angle "o to ! o!r1 & ! ends ( ! batt5s ,b ,b 9 ,figure #a %\ld fall a little %ort ( ! edge ,a ( ! bo>d1 s t if ! latt] %r9ks !y w n protrude4 ,! size ( ! bo>d ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ! size ( ! pap]1 h5ce x is be/ to obta9 a bo>d z small z w answ] = ! size ( pap] x is int5d$ to use4 ,! /ud5t w f9d x mo/ conv5i5t z well z *eape/ to le>n on small draw+s r ?an l>ge ones1 s9ce !y take less "t to make1 & co/ less = pap]2 & al?\gh !y require m skill to make1 yet are pref]able = ! beg9n]1 because he does n require to rea* s f> ov] ! bo>d1 & fur!rmore1 !y tea* him m quickly & effectively4 ,he :o c make a fair draw+ hav+ %ort l9es & small curves c make a bett] "o if x has l>ge curves1 etc41 because x is easi] to draw a l>ge ?an a v small circle or curve4 ,x is unnecess>y to ent] into a description ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( draw+ bo>ds 9 use1 because if ! /ud5t pur*ases "o he w be duly in=m$ ( ! k9ds & _! special features1 :ile if he int5ds to make "o ! sket* 9 ,figure #a w give him all ! in=mation he requires1 save t1 z be=e not$1 ! wood mu/ be s(t p9e1 well season$ & free f knots1 :ile ! batt5s ,b %\ld be dovetail$ 9 & ! face ( ! bo>d tru$ aft] !y are glu$ & driv5 94 ,to true ! edges squ>e1 x is be/ to make ! two longe/ edges p>allel & /raight1 & !n ! ends may be squ>$ f ^? long edges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,! ,t ,,squ>e4 ,draw+ squ>es or ,t squ>es1 z !y are t]m$1 are made ( wood1 ( h>d rubb] & ( /eel4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( ,t squ>es2 9 "o ! blade is solid1 z x is %[n 9 ,figure #e on page #bj2 9 ano!r ! back ( ! squ>e is pivot$1 s t ! blade c be set to draw l9es at an angle z well z across ! bo>d1 :i* is (t5 v conv5i5t1 al?\gh ?is d\ble back prev5ts ! triangles1 :5 us$ 9 "s positions1 f com+ close en\gh to ! left h& side ( ! bo>d4 ,9 an improv$ =m ( /eel squ>e1 ) pivot$ blade1 %[n 9 ,figure #b1 ! back is provid$ ) a half circle divid$ into ! degrees ( a circle1 s t ! blade c be set to any requir$ degree ( angle at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,,! ,,triangles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,two triangles are all t are absolutely necess>y = a beg9n]4 ,! fir/ is t %[n 9 ,figure #c1 :i* is call$ a triangle ( #de degrees1 because its edge ,a is at t angle to edges ,b & ,c4 ,t 9 ,figure #d is call$ a triangle ( #fj degrees1 its edge ,a be+ at #fj degrees to ,b1 & at #cj degrees to ,c4 ,! edges ,p & ,c are at a "r angle or an angle ( #ij degrees 9 bo? figures2 h5ce !y are 9 ?is respect alike4 ,by means ( ^! triangles alone1 a great _m /raight l9e draw+s may be made ) ease )\t ! use ( a draw+ squ>e2 b x is bett] = ! beg9n] to use ! squ>e at fir/4 ,! mann] ( us+ ^! triangles ) ! squ>e is %[n 9 ,figure #e1 9 :i* ! triangle1 ,figure #c1 is %[n 9 ?ree positions m>k$ ,d ,e ,f1 & t %[n 9 ,figure #d is %[n 9 ?ree positions1 m>k$ respectively ,g ,h & ,i4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t by turn+ ,i ov]1 end = end1 ano!r position is atta9$4 ,! usefulness 9 ^! p>ticul> triangles is because 9 ! v>i\s positions %[n !y are capable ( use = draw+ a v l>ge proportion ( ! l9es t occur 9 me*anical draw+4 ,! pr9cipal requirem5t 9 _! use is to hold !m firmly to ! squ>e-blade )\t mov+ x1 & )\t p]mitt+ !m to move ^u x4 ,! le>n] w f9d t ?is is be/ atta9$ by s regulat+ ! height ( ! squ>e-blade t ! l9e to be drawn does n come d[n too ne> ! bottom ( ! triangle or edge ( ! squ>e-blade1 nor too high on ! triangle2 t is to say1 too ne> its upp]mo/ po9t4 ,x is ! left-h& edge ( ! triangle t is us$1 :5ev] x c be done1 to produce ! requir$ l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,,curves4 ,to draw curves t are n =m$ ( arcs or p>ts ( circles1 templates call$ curves are provid$1 examples ( ^! =ms be+ giv5 9 ,figure #f4 ,!y are made 9 wood & 9 h>d rubb]1 ! latt] be+ mo/ durable2 _! uses are s obvi\s z to require no explanation4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! use ( curves gives excell5t practice1 because !y mu/ be adju/$ v accurately to produce good results1 & ! draw+ p5 mu/ be held 9 ! same v]tical plane1 or ! curve drawn w n be true 9 its outl9e4 ,,draw+ ,,in/rum5ts4 ,x is n int5d$ or necess>y to ent] into an elaborate discussion ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( draw+ in/rum5ts1 s9ce ! pur*as] c obta9 a good set ( draw+ in/rum5ts f a reputable deal] by pay+ a proportionate price1 & mu/ p] =ce le>n to use su* z 8 means enable him to pur*ase4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! beg9n] pur*ase z good a set ( in/rum5ts z 8 means w p]mit1 & t if 8 means are limit$ he pur*ase less ?an a full set ( in/rum5ts1 hav+ ! same ( good quality4 ,all ! in/rum5ts t ne$ be us$ 9 ! examples ( ?is book are z foll[s3 ,a small spr+ b[-p5 = circles1 a l9+ p5 or p5 = /raight l9es1 a small spr+ b[-p5cil = circles1 a l>ge b[-p5 ) a removable leg to replace by a divid] leg or a p5cil leg1 & hav+ an ext5sion piece to increase its capacity4 ,! spr+ b[-p5 %\ld h a /iff spr+1 & %\ld be op5$ out to its full capacity to see t ! spr+ acts well :5 s op5$ out1 keep+ ! legs /iff :5 op5$ = ! l>g] diamet]s4 ,! pur*as] %\ld see t ! jo9t = op5+ & clos+ ! legs is an easy b n a loose fit on ! screw1 & t ! legs w n move sideways4 ,to te/ ?is latt]1 :i* is ( great importance 9 ! spr+ b[-p5cil z well z 9 ! p51 x is well to close ! legs ne>ly toge!r & tak+ "o leg 9 "o h& & ! o!r leg 9 ! o!r h& 7betwe5 ! =ef+] & ?umb71 pu%+ & pull+ !m sideways1 any motion 9 t direction be+ suffici5t to condemn ! in/rum5t4 ,x is safe/ & be/ to h ! two legs ( ! b[-p5 & p5cil made f "o piece ( metal1 & n ( two sep>ate pieces screw$ toge!r at ! top1 z ! screw w r>ely hold !m firmly toge!r4 ,! po9ts %\ld be long & f9e1 & z r\nd z possible4 ,9 v small in/rum5ts sep>ate po9ts t are fa/5$ ) a screw are objectionable1 because1 9 v small circles1 !y hide ! po9t & make x difficult to apply ! in/rum5t to ! exact prop] po9t or spot on ! draw+4 ,! jo9ts ( ! l>ge b[ or circle-p5 %\ld also be some:at /iff1 & q free f side motion1 & ! ext5sion piece %\ld be rigidly secur$ :5 held by ! screw4 ,x is a good plan 9 pur*as+ to put 9 ! ext5sion piece1 op5 ! jo9t & ! p5 to _! fulle/1 & draw a circle1 mov+ ! p5 9 "o direction1 & !n r$raw x1 mov+ x 9 ! o!r direction1 & if "o l9e only appe>s & t n ?ick5$ by ! second draw+1 ! p5 is a good "o4 ,! lead p5cil %\ld be ( h>d lead1 & x is recomm5d$ t !y be ( ! ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 ,h1 9 ! ,engli% grades1 :i* corresponds to ! ,v1 ,v1 ,h1 ( ! ,dixon grade4 ,! p5cil l9es %\ld be made z lightly z possible2 fir/1 because ! pres5ce ( ! lead on ! pap] t5ds to prev5t ! ink f pass+ to ! pap]2 &1 secondly1 because 9 rubb+ out ! p5cil l9es ! ink l9es are r$uc$ 9 blackness & ! surface ( ! pap] becomes r\gh5$1 s t x w soil easi] & be h>d] to clean4 ,9 ord] to produce f9e p5cil l9es )\t requir+ a v frequ5t %>p5+ ( ! p5cil x is be/ to %>p5 ! p5cil z 9 ,figures #g & #h1 s t ! edge %all be long 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is mov$1 :i* is d5ot$ by ! arr[ 9 ,figure #g4 ,b :5 v f9e "w is to be done1 z 9 ! case ( ,pat5t ,(fice draw+s1 a long1 r\nd po9t is pref]able1 because ! eye c see pla9] j :]e ! p5cil w beg9 to m>k & leave (f2 h5ce ! p5cil l9es w n be s liable to ov]run4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,9 place ( ! ord9>y wood-cov]$ lead p5cils !re may be obta9$ at ! draw+ mat]ial /ores p5cil hold]s = hold+ ! f9e1 r\nd /icks ( lead1 & ^! are by f> ! be/ = a le>n]4 ,!y are easi] to %>p51 & w slip 9 ! hold]1 giv+ w>n+ :5 ! draftsman is press+ !m too h>d on ! pap]1 z he is apt to d4 ,! be/ me?od ( trimm+ ^! leads1 z also lead p5cils aft] !y h be5 r\ghly %ap$1 is ) a small f9e file1 hold+ ! file /ill & mov+ ! p5cil2 or a good piece ( em]y pap] or s& pap] is good1 mov+ ! p5cil z be=e4 ,all l9es 9 p5cill+ z 9 ink+ 9 %\ld beg9 at ! left h& & be drawn t[>ds ! "r1 or :5 triangles are us$ ! l9es are begun at ! bottom & drawn t[>ds ! top or away f ! op]ator4 ,! rubb] us$ %\ld n be ( a h>% grade1 s9ce t w r\gh5 ! face ( ! pap] & probably cause ! ink to run4 ,! less rubb+ out ! bett] ! le>n] w progress1 & ! m satisfaction he w receive f ! results4 ,if x becomes necess>y to scrat* out x is be/ done ) a p5knife well %>p5$1 & n appli$ too =cibly to ! pap] b some:at lightly1 & mov$ 9 diff]5t & n all 9 "o direction4 ,aft] ! p5knife ! rubb] may sometimes be us$ to advantage1 s9ce x w1 if ( a smoo? grade1 leave ! pap] smoo!r ?an ! knife4 ,f9ally1 be=e ink+ 91 ! surface t has be5 scrap$ %\ld be cond5s$ aga9 by rubb+ "s clean1 h>d sub/ance ov] x :i* w prev5t ! ink f spread+4 ,! end ( a pap]-cutt] or ! end ( a r\nd$ ivory h&l$ draw+ in/rum5t is excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,x is well to use ! rubb] = g5]al purposes 9 su* a way z to fit x = special purposes2 ?us1 9 clean+ ! %eet ( pap]1 ! rubb] may be appli$ fir/1 z 9 ,figure #i1 z at ,a1 & !n z at ,b1 & if x be mov$ sideways at ! same "t x w we> to ! =m %[n 9 ,figure #aj1 :i* w enable x to be appli$ along a l9e t may require to be rubb$ out )\t remov+ o!r & neighbor+ l9es4 ,if ! rubb] is 9 ! =m ( a squ>e /ick "o end may be bevell$1 z 9 ,figure #aa1 :i* is an excell5t =m1 or x may be made to h a po9t1 z 9 ,figure #ab4 ,! object is 9 ea* case to enable ! rubb] action to be conf9$ to ! desir$ location on ! pap]1 s z to de/roy its smoo? surface z little z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #ab4 ,= simple clean+ purposes1 or to efface ! p5cil l9es :5 !y are drawn v lightly1 squ>es ( sponge-rubb] answ] admirably1 ^! be+ furni%$ by ! deal]s 9 draw+ mat]ials4 ,a piece ( bread w answ] a simil> purpose1 b x is less conv5i5t4 ,= glaz$ surface pap]1 z ,bri/ol-bo>d1 ! smoo!/ rubb] mu/ be us$1 ! grade t]m$ velvet rubb] answ]+ well4 ,,! ,,draw+ ,,pap]4 ,:atev] k9d ( draw+ pap] be us$ x %\ld be kept dry1 or ! ink1 h[ev] good x may be1 w be apt to run & make a ?ick l9e t w n h ! %>p1 clean edges necess>y to make l9es look well4 ,draw+ pap] is made 9 v>i\s qualities1 k9ds1 & =ms1 z foll[s3 ,! sizes & names ( pap] made 9 %eets are3 ,cap1 #ac x #af in*es4 ,demy1 #bj x #ae ,m$ium1 #bb x #ag ,royal1 #bd x #ai ,sup] ,royal1 #bg x #ai ,imp]ial1 #cj x #ba ,elephant1 #bh x #bb ,columbi]1 #cd x #bc ,atlas1 #cc x #bf ,!orem1 #cd x #bh ,d\ble ,elephant1 #dj x #bf ,antiqu>ian1 #eb x #ca ,emp]or1 #dj x #fj ,uncle ,sam1 #dh x #abj ! ?ickness ( ! %eets increas+ ) _! size4 ,"s %eets ( pap] are hot press$1 to give a smoo!r surface1 & ?us enable clean]-edg$ l9es to be drawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,= l>ge draw+s pap] is made 9 rolls ( v>i\s wid?s1 b z roll$ pap] is tr\blesome to lay flat ^u ! draw+ bo>d1 x is recomm5d$ to ! le>n] to obta9 ! %eets1 :i* may be laid suffici5tly flat by means ( broad head$ p9s1 su* z %[n 9 ,figure #ac1 :i* are call$ ?umb tacks4 ,^! are =c$ ?r\gh ! pap] into ! bo>d at ea* corn]1 z 9 ,figure #ad at f4 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge diamet] ( ! /ems ( ^! ?umb tacks1 :i* unduly pi]ce & damage ! bo>d1 & on acc\nt also ( _! heads1 by reason ( _! ?ickness1 com+ 9 ! way ( ! squ>e blade1 x w be f\nd pref]able to use ! smalle/ sizes ( ord9>y iron tacks1 ) flat heads1 ^: /ems are mu* f9] & heads mu* ?9n] ?an ?umb tacks4 ,! objection to ord9>y tacks is t !y are m difficult to remove1 b !y are1 z /at$1 m desirable = use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,if ! pap] is ne>ly ! full size ( ! bo>d1 x does n mu* matt] z to its precise location on ! bo>d1 b o!rwise x is be/ to place x z ne> ! left-h& edge ( ! bo>d z conv5i5t1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #ad4 ,! l[] edge1 ,d1 ,figure #ae1 ( ! pap]1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be plac$ too ne> ! edge1 ,a1 ( ! bo>d1 because if ! end ,p ( ! squ>e back comes d[n bel[ ! edge ( ! bo>d1 x is m difficult to keep ! squ>e back true aga9/ ! end ( ! bo>d4 ,! pap] mu/ lie flat ^u & close to ! surface ( ! bo>d1 & a suffici5t numb] ( tacks mu/ be us$ to effect ?is purpose4 ,draw+s t are to be intricate1 or to conta9 a great _m l9es1 z a draw+ ( an eng9e or ( a ma*9e1 are be/ pa/$ or glu$ all ar\nd ! edges ( ! pap]1 :i* %\ld fir/ be damp5$2 b z ! le>n] w sc>cely require to make su* draw+s until he is some:at famili> ) & well practis$ 9 ! use ( ! in/rum5ts1 ?is "p ( ! subject ne$ n be treat$ "h4 ,,trac+ ,,pap]4 ,= tak+ trac+s f draw+s trac+ pap] or trac+ clo? is us$4 ,!y require to be /ret*$ tightly & )\t wr9kles ^u ! draw+4 ,to effect ?is object ! mucilage %\ld be ?ick1 & ! trac+ pap] %\ld be damp5$ ) a sponge aft] x is pa/$4 ,x mu/ be ?or\ghly dry be=e use1 or ! ink w run4 ,trac+ clo? mu/ be fa/5$ by p9s or ?umb tacks1 & n damp5$4 ,! draw+ %\ld be made on ! poli%$ side ( ! clo?1 & any color+ to be done %\ld be on ! o!r side1 & done aft] ! trac+ is remov$ f ! draw+4 ,,! ,,ink4 ,india ink %\ld always be us$ = me*anical draw+3 ,fir/1 because x lies ^u & does n s9k into ! pap]1 & is1 !re=e1 easily eras$2 &1 secondly1 because x does n corrode or injure ! draw+ in/rum5ts4 ,india ink is prep>$ 9 two =ms--9 ! /ick & 9 a liquid =m4 ,! /ick ink is mix$ 9 :at are t]m$ sauc]s1 or cab9et sauc]s1 "o be+ plac$ above ! o!r1 s z to exclude ! du/ f settl+ 9 x1 & also to prev5t ! rapid evaporation to :i* x is subject4 ,! surface ( ! sauc] %\ld be smoo?1 z any r\ghness gr9ds ! ink too co>sely1 :]eas ! f9] x is gr\nd or mix$ ! easi] x w fl[1 ! less liability to clog ! in/rum5ts1 & ! smoo!r & m flat x w lie ^u ! pap]4 ,9 mix+ ! ink only a small quantity ( wat] %\ld be us$1 ! /ick ( ink be+ press$ lightly ^u ! sauc] & mov$ quickly1 ! gr9d+ be+ cont9u$ until ! ink is mix$ q ?ickly4 ,?is w gr9d ! ink f9e z x is mix$1 & m wat] may be add$ to ?9 x4 ,x is be/1 h[ev]1 to let ! ink be some:at ?ick = use1 & to keep x cov]$ :5 n 9 use2 & ?\gh wat] may be add$ if x gets too ?ick1 yet ink t has once dri$ %\ld n be mix$ up aga91 z x w n "w s well aft] hav+ once dri$4 ,( liquid inks ! ,higg9s ink is by f> ! be/1 be+ q equal to & mu* m conv5i5t = use ?an ! be/ /ick ink4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a good & an inf]ior ,india ink lies *iefly 9 ! ext5t to :i* ! lamp-black1 :i* is ! color+ matt]1 =ms ) ! wat] a *emical solution r ?an a me*anical mixture4 ,9 inf]ior ink ! lamp-black is m or less held 9 susp5sion1 & by prolong$ exposure to ! air w sep>ate1 s t on be+ spread ! solid p>ticles w aggregate by !mselves & ! wat] by itself4 ,?is expla9s :y draughtsm5 w1 aft] ! ink has be5 expos$ to ! air = an h\r or two1 add a drop ( mucilage to x2 ! mucilage ?ick5+ ! solution1 add+ weight to ! wat]1 & def]r+ ! sep>ation ( ! lamp-black4 ,a good ,india ink is jet black1 fl[s easily1 lies close to1 does n /& ^u or s9k into ! pap]1 & has an ev5 lu/re1 ! latt] be+ an indication ( f95ess4 ,! m p]fect ! incorporation ( ! lamp-black ) ! wat] ! easi] ! ink w fl[1 ! less liable x is to clog ! in/rum5ts1 ! m ev5 & %>p ! edges ( ! l9es1 & ! f9] ! l9es t may be drawn4 ,usually ,india ink c only be te/$ by actual trial2 b s9ce x is desirable to te/ be=e pur*as+ x1 x may be m5tion$ t "o me?od is to mix a little on ! f+] nail1 & if x has a bronzy gloss x is a good indication4 ,x %\ld also spread out & dry )\t any t5d5cy to sep>ate4 ,! be/ me?od ( te/+ is to mix a v little1 & drop a s+le drop 9 a tumbl] ( cle> wat]4 ,! be/ ink w diffuse itself ov] ! surface1 & if ! wat] is di/urb$ w diffuse itself ?r\gh ! wat]1 leav+ x transluc5t & black1 ) a slight t+e ( bronze color4 ,a co>s] ink w act 9 a simil> mann]1 b make ! wat] some:at opaque1 ) a blue-black1 or dull1 a%y color4 ,a /ill co>s] ink w1 :5 diffus$ ov] ! surface ( ! wat]1 %[ f9e specks1 l black du/1 on ! surface4 ,?is is readily app>5t1 %[+ t ! mixture ( ! ink is n homog5e\s4 ,:5 x is an object to h ! l9es ( a draw+ %[ z black z possible1 z = draw+s t are to be photo-engrav$1 ! ink %\ld be mix$ s ?ickly z to h a t5d5cy to lift :5 a body1 su* z a lead p5cil1 is lift$ out ( x4 ,= ,pat5t ,(fice draw+s "s w mix x s ?ickly t "u ! above te/ x appe>s a little /r+y4 ,! ?ick] ! ink c be us$ ! bett]1 because ! t5d5cy ( ! c>bon to sep>ate is less2 & x is = ?is reason t ! te/ m5tion$ ) a tumbl] ( wat] is s accurate4 ,:5 ink is to be us$ on p>*m5t1 or glossy trac+-pap]1 x w fl[ p]fectly if a few drops ( ox-gall be mix$ ) x2 b on s(t pap]1 or on bri/ol bo>d1 ?is w cause ! ink to spread4 ,= purposes ( measurem5t1 !re are special rules or scales ( /eel & ( pap] manufactur$4 ,! /eel rules are f9ely & accurately divid$1 & "s are ( triangul> =m1 s t :5 laid ^u ! pap] ! l9es divid$ w lie close to ! pap]1 & ! light w fall directly on ! rul$ surface4 ,triangul> rules or scales are !re=e mu* sup]ior to flat ones4 ,! object ( hav+ a pap] rule or scale is1 t ! pap] w exp& & contract "u v>y+ degrees ( atmosph]ic moi/ure1 ! same z ! draw+ pap] does4 ,figure #af repres5ts a triangul> scale1 hav+ ^u x six diff]5t divisions ( ! in*4 ,^! are made 9 diff]5t patt]ns1 hav+ ei!r decimal divisions or ! vulg> fractions4 ,be+ made ( /eel1 & nickel-plat$1 !y are pro( aga9/ ! moi/ure ( ! f+]s1 & are n subject to ! v>iation ( ! wood5 scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,in/rum5ts4 ,! po9ts ( draw+ in/rum5ts require to be v accurately prep>$ & %ap$1 to enable !m to make clean1 cle> l9es4 ,! object is to h ! po9ts z %>p z !y c be made )\t cutt+ ! pap]1 & ! curves z ev5 & regul> z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! l9+ p5 %\ld be =m$ z 9 ,figure #ag1 :i* pres5ts an edge & a front view ( ! po9ts4 ,! inside faces %\ld be flat across1 & slightly curv$ 9 _! l5g?s1 z %[n4 ,if ?is curve is too great1 z %[n exagg]at$ 9 ,figure #ah1 ! body ( ! ink lies too ne> ! po9t & is apt to fl[ too freely1 runn+ ov] ! p5-po9t & mak+ a ?ick1 ragg$ l9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! inside faces1 betwe5 :i* ! ink lies1 are too p>allel & n>r[ ne> ! po9ts1 ! ink dries 9 ! p51 & r5d]s a too frequ5t clean+ necess>y4 ,look+ at ! face ( ! p5 z at ,a 9 ,figure #ag1 its po9t %\ld h an ev5 curve1 z %[n1 ! edge be+ z %>p z x c be made )\t cutt+ ! draw+ pap]4 ,^u ?is quality dep5ds ! f95ess & cleanness ( ! l9es x w make4 ,?is ?9 edge %\ld ext5d ar\nd ! curve z f> z ! dott$ l9e1 s t x w be practicable to slant ! p5 9 ei!r ( ! directions %[n 9 ,figure #ai2 & x is obvi\s t its ?ickness mu/ be equal ar\nd ! arc1 s t ! same ?ickness ( l9e w be drawn :e!r ! p5 be held v]tical or slant$ 9 ei!r direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! outside faces ( ! p5 %\ld be slightly curv$1 s t :5 held v]tically1 z 9 ,figure #bj 7! dott$ l9e repres5t+ ! c5tre ( ! l5g? ( ! in/rum5t71 & aga9/ ! squ>e blade ,s1 ! po9t w meet ! pap] a %ort di/ance f ! l[] edge ( ,s z %[n4 ,by ?is means x is n necess>y to adju/ ! squ>e edge exactly co9cid5t ) ! l9e1 b a little way f x4 ,?is is an advantage = two reasons3 fir/1 ! tr\ble ( sett+ ! squ>e-edge exactly co9cid5t is avoid$1 &1 secondly1 ! liability ( ! ink to adh]e to ! edge ( ! squ>e-blade & fl[ on to ! pap] & make a ?ick1 ragg$ l9e1 is prev5t$4 ,! squ>e be+ set z ne> to ! l9e z desir$1 ! h&le may be held at su* an angle t ! p5-po9t w j meet ! l9e :5 slop$ ei!r z 9 ,figure #ba or #bb4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! slope be too mu* 9 ! direction %[n 9 ,figure #ba1 practice is necess>y to enable ! draw+ ( /raight l9es if !y be long ones1 because any v>iation 9 ! angle ( ! in/rum5t to ! pap] obvi\sly vitiates ! /raightness ( ! l9e4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! squ>e be too close to ! l9e1 & ! p5 !re=e requires to be slop$ z 9 ,figure #bb1 ! ink fl[+ f ! p5-po9t is apt to adh]e to ! squ>e-edge1 & ! result w be a ragg$1 ?ick l9e1 z %[n 9 ,figure #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,ea* ( ! legs %\ld be ( equal ?ickness at ! p5-po9t edge1 s t :5 clos$ toge!r ! po9t w be 9 ! middle ( ! edge4 ,! wid? & curve ( ea* individual po9t %\ld be q equal1 & ! easie/ me?od ( atta9+ ?is end is z foll[s3 ,take a small slip ( ,arkansas oil-/one1 & ) ! p5-po9ts clos$ firmly by ! screw trim ! p5-edges to ! requir$ curve z %[n at ,a1 ,figure #ag1 mak+ ! curve z ev5 z possible4 ,!n /one ! faces until ?is curve is br\ght up to a %>p edge at ! po9t betwe5 ! two p5-legs =m+ ! po9t4 ,next take a piece ( #jjj ,fr5* em]y pap]1 lay x ^u "s flat body l ! blade ( a squ>e1 & smoo? ! curve ( ! edge en\gh to take (f ! f9e1 %>p edge left by ! oil-/one2 !n apply ! outside flat faces ( ! p5 to ! em]y pap] aga91 br++ ! p5-edge up %>p4 ,! em]y pap] w simply h smoo!d & poli%$ ! surfaces1 /ill leav+ !m too %>p1 s %>p z to cut ! pap]1 & to take (f ?is %>p edge 7:i* mu/ fir/ be done on ! inside faces7 op5 ! p5-po9ts z wide z ! screw w p]mit4 ,!n wrap "o ?ickness ( ! em]y pap] ^u a ?9 blade1 z ^u a draw+-triangle1 & pass ! op5 p5-po9ts ov] x1 & move ! in/rum5t endwise1 tak+ c>e to keep ! inside face level ) ! surface ( ! em]y pap]1 s t ! p5-po9ts %all n cut ?r\gh4 ,next close ! p5-po9ts ) ! screw until !y ne>ly1 b n q1 t\*1 & sweep ! edge ( ! p5-po9t along ! em]y pap] "u a slight pressure1 s mov+ ! h&le t at ea* /roke ! :ole l5g? ar\nd ! curv$ end ( ! p5 w meet ! em]y surface4 ,dur+ ?is motion ! inside faces ( ! p5-po9t mu/ be held z ne>ly v]tical z possible1 s z to keep ! two halves ( ! p5-po9t equal4 ,! p5 is n[ ready = use1 & w draw a f9e & clean l9e4 ,x is n usual to employ em]y pap] = ! purpose indicat$1 b x w be f\nd v desirable1 s9ce x leaves a smoo!r surface & edge ?an ! oil-/one alone4 ,circle-p5s are m difficult to put 9 ord] ?an ! /raight-l9e p51 especially ^? = draw+ ! smalle/ circles1 :i* _c be well drawn unless ! p5 is ( ! precise "r %ape & 9 ! be/ condition4 ,a circle-p5 is %[n 9 ,figure #bd1 9 :i* ,a repres5ts ! po9t-leg & ,b ! p5-leg4 ,! po9t-leg mu/ be ! longe/ because x requires to ent] ! draw+ pap] be=e ! p5 meets ! surface4 ,! po9t %\ld be %>p & r\nd1 = any edges or angles on x w cause x to wid5 ! hole 9 ! pap] :5 x is rotat$4 ,to %ape ! po9ts to prev5t ! enl>gem5t ( ! c5tre 9 ! pap] is "o ( ! mo/ important consid]ations 9 ! use ( ?is in/rum5t1 especially :5 sev]al circles require to be drawn f ! same c5tre4 ,to accompli% ?is end ! inside ( ! po9t-leg %\ld be1 z ne> z possible1 p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! in/rum5t 7:i* is d5ot$ 9 ,figure #bd by ! dott$ l9e7 :5 ! legs are clos$1 z 9 ! figure4 ,if ! po9t is at an angle1 z %[n 9 ,figure #be1 x is obvi\s t rotat+ x w enl>ge ! top ( ! c5tre 9 ! draw+ pap]4 ,! po9t %\ld be %>p & smoo? on its circumf]5tial surface1 & s mu* long] ?an ! p5-po9t t x w h suffici5t hold 9 ! pap] :5 ! in/rum5t /&s v]tical & ! p5-po9t meets ! surface ( x1 :i* am\nt is ab\t #a_/fd? ( an in*4 ,we may n[ consid] ! %ape ( ! p5-po9t4 ,its inside surfaces %\ld be flat across & to ! curve %[n 9 ,figure #bd1 n z %[n exagg]at$ 9 ,figure #be1 because 9 ! latt] ! body ( ! ink w be too ne> ! p5-po9t1 & b little c be plac$ 9 x )\t caus+ x sometimes to fl[ ov] ! edges & d[n ! outside ( ! p54 ,a =m ( p5-po9t rec5tly introduc$ is %ap$ z 9 ,figure #bf1 ! object be+ to h a ?9 /ream ( ink ne> ! m>k+ p5-po9t & ! ma9 body ( ! ink ne> at h&1 in/ead ( ext5d+ up ! p51 z w\ld be ! case ) ,figure #bd4 ,! advantage ?us ga9$ is t ! ink lies 9 a m solid body1 & hav+ less area ( surface expos$ to ! air w n dry s quickly 9 ! p52 b ?is is m ?an (fset by ! liability ( ! ink to fl[ ov] ! crook at ,a1 & cause ! p5 to draw a ?ick ragg$ l9e4 ,! p5-po9t mu/ be slightly incl9$ t[>d ! ne$le-po9t1 to ! end t !y may approa* ea* o!r close en\gh = draw+ v small circles1 b x %\ld also /& z ne>ly v]tical z w p]mit t end to be atta9$4 ,z ?is p5 is = draw+ small circles only1 x does n require mu* ink1 & h5ce may be some:at close toge!r1 z 9 ,figure #bd2 ?is has ! advantage t ! po9t is n hidd5 f obs]vation4 ,9 =m+ ! p5-po9t ! greate/ ref9em5t is necess>y to enable ! draw+ ( v small true circles1 say #a_/af? ( an in*1 or less1 9 diamet]4 ,! requirem5ts are t ! p5-po9t %all meet ! surface ( ! pap] :5 ! ne$le-po9t has ent]$ x suffici5tly to give ! necess>y support1 & t ! in/rum5t %all /& v]tical1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e 9 ,figure #bd4 ,also1 t ! p5 %all !n t\* ! pap] at a po9t only1 ?is po9t be+ ! apex ( a f9e curve2 t ?is curve be equal on ea* side ( ! po9t ( contact ) ! pap]2 t bo? halves =m+ ! p5 be ( equal ?ickness & wid? at ! po9t$ curve2 & t ! po9t be z %>p z possible )\t cutt+ ! pap]4 ,! be/ me?od ( atta9+ ^! ends is z foll[s3 ,on ea* side ( ! p5 make1 ) an oil-/one1 a flat place1 z ,c ,d1 ,figure #bg 7:]e ! p5-po9t is %[n magnifi$71 ?us br++ bo? halves to an edge ( exactly equal l5g?1 & leav+ ! po9t flat at ,d4 ,^! flat places mu/ be p>allel to "o ano!r & to ! jo9t betwe5 ! two halves ( ! p54 ,z ! oil-/one may leave a slightly ragg$ edge1 x is a good plan to take a piece ( #jj ,fr5* em]y pap]1 lay x on a flat surface1 & hold+ ! in/rum5t v]tically remove ! f9e edge ,d until x w n cut4 ,!n ) ! oil-/one %ape ! curv$ edge z 9 ,figure #bh1 tak+ c>e t ! curve no m ?an br+s ! flat place ,d up to a true curve & leaves ! edge %>p1 ) only ! v po9t t\*+ ! pap]1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! cut by ! horizontal l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figures #bg4 #bh4 #bi4 #cj4 #ca4 #cb4 ,! po9t mu/ h a %>p edge all ar\nd ! curve1 & ! two halves mu/ be exactly equal 9 wid?1 = if "o half is wid] ?an ! o!r1 z 9 ,figure #bi at a1 or z 9 ,figure #cj at b1 x w be impossible to draw a v small circle true4 ,s1 likewise1 ! two halves ( ! p5 mu/ be ( exactly equal l5g?1 & n "o half long] ?an ! o!r1 z 9 ,figures #ca or #cb1 :i* w\ld t5d to cut ! pap]1 & also r5d] ! draw+ ( true small circles impracticable4 ,:5 ! p5 is clos$ to draw a v small circle ! two halves ( ! p5-leg %\ld h an equal degree ( contact ) ! surface ( ! pap]1 & !n z ! legs are op5$ out to draw l>g] circles ! contact ( ! outside half ( ! p5 w h less contact ) ! pap]4 ,! small] ! circle1 ! m difficult x is to keep ! po9t-leg f slipp+ out ( ! c5tre1 & ! m difficult x is to draw a cle> l9e & true circle2 h5ce ! po9ts %\ld be %ap$ to ! be/ advantage = draw+ ^! small circles1 by oil-/on+ ! p51 z already describ$1 & !n f9i%+ x z foll[s3 ,aft] ! oil-/on+1 op5 ! two valves ( ! p5-leg wide en\gh to admit a piece ( #jjj ,fr5* em]y pap] wrapp$ once ar\nd a v ?9 blade1 & move ! p5 endwise z describ$ = ! /raight-l9e p54 ,?is w smoo? ! inn] surfaces & remove any f9e wire-edge t ! oil-/one may leave4 ,close ! two halves ( ! p5 aga91 & lightly em]y-pap] ! outside faces1 :i* w leave ! edge %>p en\gh to cut ! pap]4 ,! removal ( ! %>p edge /ill left1 to ! exact degree1 requires great c>e4 ,x may be/ be done by clos+ ! p5 until its two halves v ne>ly1 b n q1 t\*1 !n adju/ x to m>k a circle ( ab\t #c_/af in* diamet]1 & /rike a numb] ( circles 9 diff]5t locations ^u ! surface ( a piece ( #jjjj ,fr5* em]y pap]4 ,9 m>k+ ^! circles1 h[ev]1 let ! in/rum5t /& out ( ! p]p5dicul>1 & d v little :ile /&+ v]tically4 ,inde$1 x is well to /rike a numb] ( half-circles1 fir/ f "r to left & !n f left to "r1 & f9ally draw a full circle1 slop+ ! p5 on "o side1 gradually rais+ x v]tically1 & f9ally slop+ x to ! o!r side4 ,?is w insure t ! p5 has contact at its extreme po9t1 & leave t po9t f9e & ke51 b n en\gh s to cut ! pap]4 ,to te/ ! p51 draw small circles ) ! p5 rotat$ fir/ 9 "o direction & !n 9 ! o!r1 clos+ its po9ts s z to m>k a f9e l9e1 :i*1 if ! p5 is prop]ly %ap$1 w be cle> & f9e1 :ile if improp]ly =m$ ! circle drawn ) ! p5 rotat$ 9 "o direction w n co9cide ) t drawn :ile rotat+ x 9 ! o!r4 ,! same circle may be drawn ov] sev]al times to make a ?or\gh te/4 ,if a draw+ in/rum5t w draw a f9e l9e correctly1 x w be f\nd to answ] = ?ick l9es :i* are m easily made4 ,9 ?us prep>+ ! in/rum5ts1 ! op]ator w f9d t if he occasionally holds ! po9ts 9 ! "r position ) reg>d to ! light1 he w be able to see pla9ly if ! "w is proce$+ ev5ly & equally1 = if "o-half ( ! p5 is ?ick] at ! po9t or edge ?an ! o!r1 x w %[ a bright] l9e4 ,?is is especially ! case ) in/rum5ts t h become dull by use1 = 9 t case ! edges w be f\nd q bright1 & any inequality ( ?ickness %[s pla9ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,x foll[s1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! ne$le-po9t & p5-po9t %\ld /& v]tical :5 9 use1 & to effect ?is ! in/rum5ts1 except 9 ! smalle/ sizes1 are provid$ ) jo9ts1 su* z %[n at ,a & ,b 9 ! b[-p5cil or circle-p5cil1 9 ,figure #cc4 ,^! jo9ts %\ld be suffici5tly /iff t !y w n move too easily1 & yet w move r ?an t ! legs %\ld s5sibly spr+ )\t mov+ at ! jo9t4 ,! ne$le-po9t leg %\ld be adju/$ by means ( ! jo9t1 to /& v]tical1 & ! same rem>ks apply equally to ! p5-leg2 b 9 ! case ( ! p5cil-leg x is ! p5cil itself & n ! leg t requires att5tion1 ! jo9t ,b be+ s adju/$ t ! p5cil ei!r /&s v]tical1 or1 :at is p]haps pref]able1 s t x /&s incl9$ slightly t[>ds ! ne$le-po9t4 ,9 %>p5+ ! p5cil ! inn] face ,c may be made concave or at lea/ v]tical & flat1 & ! out] convex or else bevell$ & flat1 produc+ a f9e & long edge r\nd$ 9 its l5g? ( edge4 ,9 us+ ! circle-p5cil & circle-p5 x w be f\nd m conv5i5t to rotate x 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ 9 ,figure #cd4 ,x %\ld be held lightly to ! pap]1 & ! le>n] w f9d t he has a natural t5d5cy to hold x too firmly & press x too heavily1 :i* is especially to be avoid$4 ,if 9 draw+ a small circle ! ne$le-po9t slips out ( ! pap]1 x is because ! p5cil-po9t is too long2 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 ! ne$le-po9t does n protrude f> en\gh out f ! leg4 ,or if ! in/rum5t requires to be lean$ ov] too mu* to make ! p5cil or p5 m>k1 x is because ! p5 or p5cil is n f> en\gh out1 & ?is aga9 may cause ! ne$le-po9t to slip out ( ! pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,9 ,figure #ce is %[n a ,g]man in/rum5t especially design$ to avoid ?is slipp+4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is in/rum5t consi/s 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! c5tre po9t1 :i* rema9s /ation>y :il/ ! p5 or p5cil1 re/+ by its own weight on ! pap]1 is guid$ r\nd by g5tly turn+1 )\t pressure1 ! small knob at ! upp] end ( ! tube4 ,by ?is means ! misplac+ or slid+ ( ! c5tre-po9t & ! cutt+ ( ! pap] by ! p5 are avoid$4 ,by means ( ?is fix$ c5tre-po9t any numb] ( conc5tric circles may be drawn1 )\t mak+ a hole ( v di/+ui%able size on ! pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #cg4 ,9 apply+ ! ink to ! b[-p5 z to all o!r in/rum5ts1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! ink lies betwe5 ! po9ts only & n on ! outside1 = 9 ! latt] case ! ink w fl[ d[n too freely & make a broad1 ragg$ l9e1 p]haps gett+ on ! edge ( ! squ>e blade or triangle1 & caus+ a blot ( ink on ! draw+4 ,9 us+ a /raight l9e or l9+ p5 ) a ,t squ>e x may be us$ z 9 ,figure #cf1 be+ ne>ly v]tical1 z %[n1 & mov$ f left to "r z d5ot$ by ! arr[1 ,s repres5t+ ! squ>e blade4 ,b 9 us+ x1 or a p5cil1 ) a /raight edge or a triangle unsupport$ by ! squ>e blade1 ! latt] %\ld be /eadi$ by lett+ ! f+]s re/ ^u x :ile us+ ! in/rum5t1 ! op]ation be+ %[n 9 ,figure #cg4 ,! position1 ,figure #cf1 is suitable = long l9es1 & t 9 ,figure #cg = small draw+s1 :]e ! p5 requires close adju/m5t to ! l9es4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,l9es ,,& ,,curves4 ,al?\gh ! beg9n] w f9d t a /udy ( geometry is n ess5tial to ! production ( su* elem5t>y examples ( me*anical draw+ z are giv5 9 ?is book1 yet z m difficult examples are essay$ he w f9d su* a /udy to be ( great advantage & assi/ance4 ,meantime ! foll[+ explanation ( simple geometrical t]ms is all t is necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! examples giv54 ,! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts is t]m$ ! radius2 &1 9 ! case ( a circle1 means ! di/ance f ! c5tre to ! p]imet] measur$ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,dott$ l9es1 ?us1 -----1 mean ! direction & ! po9ts at :i* a dim5sion is tak5 or m>k$4 ,dott$ l9es1 ?us1-----1 simply connect ! same p>ts or l9es 9 diff]5t views ( ! object4 ,?us 9 ,figure #ch are a side & an end view ( a rivet1 & ! dott$ l9es %[ t ! circles on ! end view correspond to ! circle ( ! diamet]s ( ! head & ( ! /em1 & !re=e repres5t _! diamet]s :ile %[+ t bo? are r\nd4 ,a /raight l9e is 9 geometry t]m$ a "r l9e4 ,a l9e at a "r angle to ano!r is said to be p]p5dicul> to x2 ?us1 9 ,figures #ci1 #dj1 & #da1 l9es ,a are 9 ea* case p]p5dicul> to l9e ,b1 or l9e ,b is 9 ea* case p]p5dicul> to l9e ,a4 ,a po9t is a position or location suppos$ to h no size1 & 9 cases :]e necess>y is indicat$ by a dot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,p>allel l9es are ^? equidi/ant "o f ! o!r ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 z 9 ,figure #db4 ,l9es maybe p>allel ?\gh n /raight2 ?us1 9 ,figure #dc1 ! l9es are p>allel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,a l9e is said to be produc$ :5 x is ext5d$ beyond its natural limits3 ?us1 9 ,figure #dd1 l9es ,a & ,b are produc$ 9 ! po9t ,c4 ,a l9e is bisect$ :5 ! c5tre ( its l5g? is m>k$3 ?us1 l9e ,a 9 ,figure #de is bisect$1 at or 91 z x is t]m$1 e4 ,! l9e b\nd+ a circle is t]m$ its circumf]5ce or p]iph]y & sometimes ! p]imet]4 ,a "p ( ?is circumf]5ce is t]m$ an arc ( a circle or an arc2 ?us ,figure #df repres5ts an arc4 ,:5 ?is arc has bread? x is t]m$ a segm5t2 ?us ,figures #dg & #dh are segm5ts ( a circle4 ,a /raight l9e cutt+ (f an arc is t]m$ ! *ord ( ! arc2 ?us1 9 ,figure #dh1 l9e ,a is ! *ord ( ! arc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a quadrant ( a circle is "o qu>t] ( ! same1 be+ b\nd$ on two ( its sides by two radial l9es1 z 9 ,figure #di4 ,:5 ! area ( a circle t is enclos$ )9 two radial l9es is ei!r less or m ?an "o qu>t] ( ! :ole area ( ! circle ! figure is t]m$ a sector2 ?us1 9 ,figure #ej1 ,a & ,b are bo? sectors ( a circle4 ,a /raight l9e t\*+ ! p]imet] ( a circle is said to be tang5t to t circle1 & ! po9t at :i* x t\*es is t to :i* x is tang5t2 ?us1 9 ,figure #ea1 l9e ,a is tang5t to ! circle at po9t ,b4 ,! half ( a circle is t]m$ a semicircle2 ?us1 9 ,figure #eb1 ,a ,b & ,c are ea* a semicircle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,! po9t f :i* a circle or arc ( a circle is drawn is t]m$ its c5tre4 ,! l9e repres5t+ ! c5tre ( a cyl9d] is t]m$ its axis2 ?us1 9 ,figure #ec1 dot d repres5ts ! c5tre ( ! circle1 & l9e b b ! axial l9e ( ! cyl9d]4 ,to draw a circle t %all pass ?r\gh any ?ree giv5 po9ts3 ,let ,a ,b & ,c 9 ,figure #ed be ! po9ts ?r\gh :i* ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is to pass4 ,draw l9e ,d connect+ ,a to ,c1 & l9e ,e connect+ ,b to ,c4 ,bisect ,d 9 ,f & ,e 9 ,g4 ,f ,f z a c5tre draw ! semicircle ,o1 & f ,g z a c5tre draw ! semicircle ,p2 ^! two semicircles meet+ ! two ends ( ! respective l9es ,d ,e4 ,f ,b z a c5tre draw arc ,h1 & f ,c ! arc ,i1 bisect+ ,p 9 ,j4 ,f ,a z a c5tre draw arc ,k1 & f ,c ! arc ,l1 bisect+ ! semicircle ,o 9 ,m4 ,draw a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ,m & ,f1 & a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ,j & ,q1 & :]e ^! two l9es int]sect1 z at ,q1 is ! c5tre ( a circle ,r t w pass ?r\gh all ?ree ( ! po9ts ,a ,b & ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,to f9d ! c5tre f :i* an arc ( a circle has be5 /ruck3 ,let ,a ,a 9 ,figure #ee be ! arc ^: c5tre is to be f\nd4 ,f ! extreme ends ( ! arc bisect x 9 ,b4 ,f end ,a draw ! arc ,c1 & f ,b ! arc ,d4 ,!n f ! end ,a draw arc ,g1 & f ,b ! arc ,f4 ,draw l9e ,h pass+ ?r\gh ! two po9ts ( int]sections ( arcs ,c ,d1 & l9e ,i pass+ ?r\gh ! two po9ts ( int]section ( ,f ,g1 & :]e ,h & ,i meet1 z at ,j1 is ! c5tre f :i* ! arc 0 drawn4 ,a degree ( a circle is ! #a_/cfj "p ( its circumf]5ce4 ,! :ole circumf]5ce is suppos$ to be divid$ into #cfj equal divisions1 :i* are call$ ! degrees ( a circle2 b1 z "o-half ( ! circle is simply a repetition ( ! o!r half1 x is n necess>y = me*anical purposes to deal ) m ?an "o-half1 z is done 9 ,figure #ef4 ,z ! :ole circle conta9s #cfj degrees1 half ( x w conta9 "o-half ( t numb]1 or #ahj2 a qu>t] w conta9 #ij1 & an eigh? w conta9 #de degrees4 ,9 ! protractors 7z ! in/rum5ts hav+ ! degrees ( a circle m>k$ on !m are t]m$7 made = sale ! edges ( ! half-circle are m>k$ (f into degrees & half-degrees2 b x is suffici5t = ! purpose ( ?is explanation to divide (f "o qu>t] by l9es #aj degrees ap>t1 & ! o!r by l9es #e degrees ap>t4 ,! diamet] ( ! circle obvi\sly makes no diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( decrees conta9$ 9 any portion ( x4 ,?us1 9 ! qu>t] f #j to #ij1 !re are #ij degrees1 z m>k$2 b suppose ! diamet] ( ! circle 7 t ( inn] circle d1 & "o-qu>t] ( x w\ld /ill conta9 #ij degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,s1 likewise1 ! degrees ( "o l9e to ano!r are n always tak5 f "o po9t1 z f ! po9t ,o1 b f any "o l9e to ano!r4 ,?us ! l9e m>k$ #abj is #fj degrees f l9e #ahj1 or l9e #ij is #fj degrees f l9e #aej4 ,simil>ly 9 ! o!r qu>t] ( ! circle #fj degrees are m>k$4 ,?is may be expla9$ fur!r by /at+ t ! po9t ,o or z]o may be situat$ at ! po9t f :i* ! degrees ( angle are to be tak54 ,"h x may be rem>k$ t1 to save writ+ ! ^w degrees1 x is usual to place on ! "r & above ! figures a small deg41 z is done 9 ,figure #ef1 ! #fj deg4 mean+ sixty degrees1 ! deg41 ( c\rse1 /&+ = degrees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,suppose1 !n1 we are giv5 two l9es1 z a & b 9 ,figure #eg1 & are requir$ to f9d _! angle "o to ! o!r4 ,!n1 if we h a protractor1 we may apply x to ! l9es & see h[ _m degrees ( angle !y conta94 ,?is ^w conta9 means h[ _m degrees ( angle !re are betwe5 ! l9es1 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( a protractor1 we may f9d by prolong+ ! l9es until !y meet 9 a po9t z at c4 ,f ?is po9t z a c5tre we draw a circle ,d1 pass+ ?r\gh bo? l9es a1 b4 ,all we n[ h to d is to f9d :at "p1 or h[ mu* ( ! circumf]5ce1 ( ! circle is enclos$ )9 ! two l9es4 ,9 ! example we f9d x is ! "o-twelf? "p2 h5ce ! l9es are #cj degrees ap>t1 =1 z ! :ole circle conta9s #cfj1 !n "o-twelf? mu/ conta9 #cj1 because #cfj_/ab #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,if we h ?ree l9es1 z l9es ,a ,b & ,c 9 ,figure #eh1 we may f9d _! angles "o to ! o!r by project+ or prolong+ ! l9es until !y meet z at po9ts ,d1 ,e1 & ,f1 & use ^! po9ts z ! c5tres :]efrom to m>k circles z ,g1 ,h1 & ,i4 ,!n1 f circle ,h1 we may1 by divid+ x1 obta9 ! angle ( ,a to ,b or ( ,b to ,a4 ,by divid+ circle ,i we may obta9 ! angle ( ,a to ,c or ( ,c to ,a1 & by divid+ circle ,g we may obta9 ! angle ( ,b to ,c or ( ,c to ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,x may happ51 &1 inde$1 g5]ally w d s1 t ! fir/ attempt w n succe$1 because ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es measur$1 or ! arc ( ! circle1 w n divide ! circle )\t hav+ ! la/ division ei!r too long or too %ort1 9 :i* case ! circle may be divid$ z foll[s3 ,! compasses set to its radius1 or half its diamet]1 w divide ! circle into #f equal divisions1 & ea* ( ^! divisions w conta9 #fj degrees ( angle1 because #cfj 7! numb] ( degrees 9 ! :ole circle7 _/#f 7! numb] ( divisions7 #fj1 ! numb] ( degrees 9 ea* division4 ,we may1 !re=e1 subdivide z _m ( ! divisions z are necess>y = ! two l9es ^: degrees ( angle are to be f\nd4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #ei1 are two l9es1 ,c1 ,d1 & x is requir$ to f9d _! angle "o to ! o!r4 ,! circle is divid$ into six divisions1 m>k$ respectively f #a to #f1 ! division be+ made f ! int]section ( l9e ,c ) ! circle4 ,z bo? l9es fall )9 less ?an a division1 we subdivide t division z by arcs a1 b1 :i* divide x into ?ree equal divisions1 ( :i* ! l9es occupy "o division4 ,h5ce1 x is cle> t !y are at an angle ( #bj degrees1 because tw5ty is "o-?ird ( sixty4 ,:5 ! numb] ( degrees ( angle betwe5 two l9es is less ?an #ij1 ! l9es are said to =m an acute angle "o to ! o!r1 b :5 !y are at m ?an #ij degrees ( angle !y are said to =m an obtuse angle4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #fj1 ,a & ,c are at an acute angle1 :ile ,b & ,c are at an obtuse angle4 ,f & ,g =m an acute angle "o to ! o!r1 z also d ,g & ,b1 :ile ,h & ,a are at an obtuse angle4 ,betwe5 ,i & ,j !re are #ij degrees ( angle2 h5ce !y =m nei!r an acute nor an obtuse angle1 b :at is t]m$ a "r-angle1 or an angle ( #ij degrees4 ,e & ,b are at an obtuse angle4 ,?us x w be p]ceiv$ t x is ! am\nt ( incl9ation ( "o l9e to ano!r t det]m9es its angle1 irrespective ( ! positions ( ! l9es1 ) respect to ! circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,triangles4 ,a "r-angl$ triangle is "o 9 :i* two ( ! sides are at a "r angle "o to ! o!r4 ,figure #fa repres5ts a "r-angl$ triangle1 ,a & ,b =m+ a "r angle4 ,! side opposite1 z ,c1 is call$ ! hypo!nuse4 ,! o!r sides1 ,a & ,b1 are call$ respectively ! base & ! p]p5dicul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,an acute-angl$ triangle has all its angles acute1 z 9 ,figure #fc4 ,an obtuse-angl$ triangle has "o obtuse angle1 z ,a1 ,figure #fb4 ,:5 all ! sides ( a triangle are equal 9 l5g? & ! angles are all equal1 z 9 ,figure #fc1 x is t]m$ an equilat]al triangle1 & ei!r ( its sides may be call$ ! base4 ,:5 two only ( ! sides & two only ( ! angles are equal1 z 9 ,figure #fd1 x is t]m$ an isosceles triangle1 & ! side t is unequal1 z ,a 9 ! figure1 is t]m$ ! base4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,:5 all ! sides & angles are unequal1 z 9 ,figure #fe1 x is t]m$ a scal5e triangle1 & ei!r ( its sides may be call$ ! base4 ,! angle opposite ! base ( a triangle is call$ ! v]tex4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,a figure t is b\nd$ by f\r /raight l9es is t]m$ a quadrangle1 quadrilat]al or tetragon4 ,:5 opposite sides ( ! figure are p>allel to ea* o!r x is t]m$ a p>allelogram1 no matt] :at ! angle ( ! adjo9+ l9es 9 ! figure may be4 ,:5 all ! angles are "r angles1 z 9 ,figure #ff1 ! figure is call$ a rectangle4 ,if ! sides ( a rectangle are ( equal l5g?1 z 9 ,figure #fg1 ! figure is call$ a squ>e4 ,if two ( ! p>allel sides ( a rectangle are long] ?an ! o!r two sides1 z 9 ,figure #ff1 x is call$ an oblong4 ,if ! l5g? ( ! sides ( a p>allelogram are all equal & ! angles are n "r angles1 z 9 ,figure #fh1 x is call$ a rhomb1 rhombus or diamond4 ,if two ( ! p>allel sides ( a p>allelogram are long] ?an ! o!r two1 & ! angles are n "r angles1 z 9 ,figure #fi1 x is call$ a rhomboid4 ,if two ( ! p>allel sides ( a quadrilat]al are ( unequal l5g?s & ! angles ( ! o!r two sides are n equal1 z 9 ,figure #gj1 x is t]m$ a trapezoid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,if none ( ! sides ( a quadrangle are p>allel1 z 9 ,figure #ga1 x is t]m$ a trapezium4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,polygons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga;a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,! t]m polygon is appli$ to figures hav+ flat sides equidi/ant f a common c5tre4 ,f ?is c5tre a circle may be /ruck t w t\* all ! corn]s ( ! sides ( ! polygon1 or ! po9t ( ea* side t is c5tral 9 ! l5g? ( ! side4 ,9 draw+ a polygon1 "o ( ^! circles is us$ ^u :i* to divide ! figure into ! requisite numb] ( divisions = ! sides4 ,:5 ! dim5sion ( ! polygon across its corn]s is giv51 ! circle drawn to t dim5sion circumscribes ! polygon1 because ! circle is )\t or outside ( ! polygon & t\*es x at its corn]s only4 ,:5 ! dim5sion across ! flats ( ! polygon is giv51 or :5 ! dim5sion giv5 is t ( a circle t c be inscrib$ or m>k$ )9 ! polygon1 t\*+ its sides b n pass+ ?r\gh !m1 !n ! polygon circumscribes or envelops ! circle1 & ! circle is inscrib$ or m>k$ )9 ! polygon4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #ga a1 ! circle is inscrib$ )9 ! polygon1 :ile 9 ,figure #gb ! polygon is circumscrib$ by ! circle2 ! fir/ is !re=e a circumscrib$ & ! second an inscrib$ polygon4 ,a regul> polygon is "o ! sides ( :i* are all ( an equal l5g?4 ,,names ,,( ,,regul> ,,polygons4 ,a figure ( #c sides is call$ a ,trigon4 #d ,tetragon4 polygon #e ,p5tagon4 #f ,hexagon4 #g ,heptagon4 #h ,octagon4 #i ,enneagon or ,nonagon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,! angles ( regul> polygons are designat$ by _! degrees ( angle1 at ! c5tre & at ! circumf]5ce4 ,by ! angle at ! c5tre is meant ! angle ( a side to a radial l9e2 ?us 9 ,figure #gc is a hexagon1 & at ,c is a radial l9e2 ?us ! angle ( ! side ,d to ,c is #fj degrees4 ,or if at ! two ends ( a side1 z ,a1 two radial l9es be drawn1 z ,b1 ,c1 !n ! angles ( ^! two l9es1 "o to ! o!r1 w be ! angle at ! c5tre4 ,! angle at ! circumf]5ce is ! angle ( "o side to its next neighbor2 ?us ! angle at ! circumf]5ce 9 a hexagon is #abj degrees1 z %[n 9 ! figure = ! sides ,e1 ,f4 ,x is obvi\s t z all ! sides are ( equal l5g?1 !y are all at ! same angle bo? to ! c5tre & to "o ano!r4 ,9 ,figure #gd is a trigon1 ! angles at its c5tre be+ #abj1 & ! angle at ! circumf]5ce be+ #fj1 z m>k$4 ,! angles ( regul> polygons3 ,trigon1 at ! c5tre1 #abj deg41 at ! circumf]5ce1 #fj deg44 ,tetragon1 #ij deg41 #ij deg44 ,p5tagon1 #gb deg41 #ajh deg44 ,hexagon1 #fj deg41 #abj deg44 ,octagon1 #de deg41 #ace deg44 ,enneagon1 #dj deg41 #adj deg44 ,decagon1 #cf deg41 #add deg44 ,dodecagon1 #cj deg41 #aej deg44 ,,! ,,ellipse4 ,an ellipse is a figure b\nd$ by a cont9u\s curve1 ^: nature w be %[n pres5tly4 ,! dim5sions ( an ellipse are tak5 at its extreme l5g? & n>r[e/ wid?1 & !y are designat$ 9 ?ree ways1 z by ! l5g? & bread?1 by ! major & m9or axis 7! major axis mean+ ! l5g?1 & ! m9or ! bread? ( ! figure71 & ! conjugate & transv]se diamet]s1 ! transv]se mean+ ! %orte/1 & ! conjugate ! longe/ diamet] ( ! figure4 ,9 ?is book ! t]ms major & m9or axis w be us$ to designate ! dim5sions4 ,! m9or & major axes are at a "r angle "o to ! o!r1 & _! po9t ( int]section is t]m$ ! axis ( ! ellipse4 ,9 an ellipse !re are two po9ts situat$ ^u ! l9e repres5t+ ! major axis1 & :i* are t]m$ ! foci :5 bo? are spok5 (1 & a focus :5 "o only is ref]r$ to1 foci simply be+ ! plural ( focus4 ,^! foci are equidi/ant f ! c5tre ( ! ellipse1 :i* is =m$ z foll[s3 ,two p9s are driv5 9 on ! major axis to repres5t ! foci ,a & ,b1 ,figure #ge1 & ar\nd ^! p9s a loop ( f9e tw9e is pass$2 a p5cil po9t1 ,c1 is !n plac$ 9 ! loop & pull$ outw>ds1 to take up ! slack ( ! tw9e4 ,! p5cil is held v]tical & mov$ ar\nd1 trac+ an ellipse z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,n[ x is obvi\s1 f ?is me?od ( con/ruction1 t !re w be at e po9t 9 ! p5cil's pa? a l5g? ( tw9e f ! f9al po9t to ea* ( ! foci1 & a l5g? f "o foci to ! o!r1 & ! l5g? ( tw9e 9 ! loop rema9+ con/ant1 x is demon/rat$ t if 9 a true ellipse we take any numb] ( po9ts 9 its curve1 & = ea* po9t add toge!r its di/ance to ea* focus1 & to ?is add ! di/ance ap>t ( ! foci1 ! total sum obta9$ w be ! same = ea* po9t tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,9 ,figures #gf & #gg are a s]ies ( ellipses m>k$ ) p9s & a piece ( tw9e1 z already describ$4 ,! correspond+ ellipses1 z ,a 9 bo? figures1 7 m>k$ ) ! same loop1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! two =ms be+ due to ! diff]5ce 9 di/ance ap>t ( ! foci4 ,aga91 ! same loop 0 us$ = ellipses ,b 9 bo? figures1 z also = ,c & ,d4 ,f ^! figures we p]ceive t-- #a/4 ,) a giv5 wid? or di/ance ap>t ( foci1 ! l>g] ! dim5sions are ! ne>] ! =m ( ! figure w approa* to t ( a circle4 #b;d4 ,! ne>] ! foci are toge!r 9 an ellipse1 hav+ any giv5 dim5sions1 ! ne>] ! =m ( ! figure w approa* t ( a circle4 #c;d4 ,t ! proportion ( l5g? to wid? 9 an ellipse is det]m9$ by ! di/ance ap>t ( ! foci4 #d?4 ,t ! area enclos$ )9 an ellipse ( a giv5 circumf]5ce is great] 9 proportion z ! di/ance ap>t ( ! foci is dim9i%$2 &1 #e?4 ,t an ellipse may be giv5 any requir$ proportion ( wid? to l5g? by locat+ ! foci at ! requisite di/ance ap>t4 ,! =m ( a true ellipse may be v ne>ly approa*$ by means ( ! arcs ( circles1 if ! c5tres f :i* ^? arcs are /ruck are locat$ 9 ! mo/ desirable positions = ! =m ( ellipse to be drawn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,?us 9 ,figure #gh are ?ree ellipses ^: =ms 7 p5cill$ 9 by means ( p9s & a loop ( tw9e1 z already describ$1 b :i* 7 ink$ 9 by f9d+ f\r arcs ( circles ( a radius t w\ld mo/ closely approa* ! p5cill$ l9e2 a b are ! foci ( all ?ree ellipses ,a1 ,b1 & ,c2 ! c5tre = ! end curves ( a are at c & d1 & ^? = its side arcs are at e & f4 ,= ,b ! end c5tres are at g & h1 & ! side c5tres at i & j4 ,= ,c ! end c5tres are at k1 l1 & ! side c5tres at m & n4 ,x w be not$ t1 fir/1 all ! c5tres = ! end curves fall on ! l9e ( ! l5g? or major axis1 :ile all ^? = ! sides fall on ! l9e ( wid? or ! m9or axis2 &1 second1 t z ! dim5sions ( ! ellipses increase1 ! c5tres = ! arcs fall ne>] to ! axis ( ! ellipse4 ,n[ 9 proportion z a great] numb] ( arcs ( circles are employ$ to =m ! figure1 ! ne>] x w approa* ! =m ( a true ellipse2 b 9 practice x is n usual to employ m ?an eight1 :ile x is obvi\s t n less ?an f\r c be us$4 ,:5 f\r are us$ !y w always fall some:]e on ! l9es on ! major & m9or axis2 b if eight are us$1 two w fall on ! l9e ( ! major axis1 two on ! l9e ( ! m9or axis1 & ! rema9+ f\r else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,9 ,figure #gi is a con/ruction :]e9 f\r arcs are us$4 ,draw ! l9e a b1 ! major axis1 & at a "r angle to x ! l9e c d1 ! m9or axis ( ! figure4 ,n[ f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? ( half ! two axes z %[n bel[ ! figure1 ! l5g? ( l9e f 7f g to i7 repres5t+ half ! l5g? ( ! figure 7z f a to e71 & ! l5g? or radius f g to h equall+ t f e to d2 h5ce f h to i is ! diff]5ce betwe5 half ! major & half ! m9or axis4 ,) ! radius 7h i71 m>k f e z a c5tre ! arcs j k1 & jo9 j k by l9e l4 ,take half ! l5g? ( l9e l & f j z a c5tre m>k a l9e on a to ! arc m4 ,n[ ! radius ( m f e w be ! radius ( all ! c5tres f :i* to draw ! figure2 h5ce we may draw 9 ! circle m & draw l9e s1 cutt+ ! circle4 ,!n draw l9e o1 pass+ ?r\gh m1 & giv+ ! c5tre p4 ,f p we draw ! l9e q1 cutt+ ! int]section ( ! circle ) l9e a & giv+ ! c5tre r4 ,f r we draw l9e s1 meet+ ! circle & ! l9e c1 d1 giv+ u ! c5tre t4 ,f t we draw l9e u1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre m4 ,^! f\r l9es o1 q1 s1 u are prolong$ pa/ ! c5tres1 because !y def9e :at "p ( ! curve is to be drawn f ea* c5tre3 ?us f c5tre m ! curve f v to w is drawn1 f c5tre t ! curve f w to x is drawn4 ,f c5tre r ! curve f x to y is drawn1 & f c5tre p ! curve f y to v is drawn4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t aft] ! po9t m is f\nd1 ! rema9+ l9es may be drawn v quickly1 because ! l9e o f m to p may be drawn ) ! triangle ( #de degrees re/+ on ! squ>e blade4 ,! triangle may be turn$ ov]1 set to po9t p & l9e q drawn1 & by turn+ ! triangle aga9 ! l9e s may be drawn f po9t r2 f9ally ! triangle may be aga9 turn$ ov] & l9e u drawn1 :i* r5d]s ! draw+ ( ! circle m unnecess>y4 ,to draw an elliptical figure ^: proportion ( wid? to bread? %all rema9 ! same1 :atev] ! l5g? ( ! major axis may be3 ,take any squ>e figure & bisect x by ! l9e ,a 9 ,figure #hj4 ,draw1 9 ea* half ( ! squ>e1 ! diagonals ,e ,f1 ,g ,h4 ,f ,p z a c5tre ) ! radius ,p ,r draw ! arc ,s ,e ,r4 ,) ! same radius draw f ,o z a c5tre ! arc ,t ,d ,v4 ,) radius ,l ,c draw arc ,r ,c ,v1 & f ,k z a c5tre draw arc ,s ,b ,t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,a v ne> approa* to ! true =m ( a true ellipse may be drawn by ! con/ruction giv5 9 ,figure #ha1 9 :i* ,a ,a & ,b ,b are c5tre l9es pass+ ?r\gh ! major & m9or axis ( ! ellipse1 ( :i* a is ! axis or c5tre1 b c is ! major axis1 & a e half ! m9or axis4 ,draw ! rectangle b f g c1 & !n ! diagonal l9e b e2 at a "r angle to b e draw l9e f h1 cutt+ ,b ,b at i4 ,) radius a e & f a z a c5tre draw ! dott$ arc e j1 giv+ ! po9t j on l9e ,b ,b4 ,f c5tre k1 :i* is on ! l9e ,b ,b & c5tral betwe5 b & j1 draw ! semicircle b m j1 cutt+ ,a ,a at l4 ,draw ! radius ( ! semicircle b m j1 cutt+ x at m1 & cutt+ f g at n4 ,) ! radius m n m>k on ,a ,a at & f a z a c5tre ! po9t o4 ,) radius h o & f c5tre h draw ! arc p o q4 ,) radius a l & f b & c z c5tres1 draw arcs cutt+ p o q at ! po9ts p q4 ,draw ! l9es h p r & h q s & also ! l9es p i t & q v w4 ,f h z a c5tre draw t "p ( ! ellipse ly+ betwe5 r & s1 ) radius p r2 f p z a c5tre draw t "p ( ! ellipse ly+ betwe5 r & t1 ) radius q s1 & f q z a c5tre draw ! ellipse f s to w1 ) radius i t2 & f i z a c5tre draw ! ellipse f t to b & ) radius v w1 & f v z a c5tre draw ! ellipse f w to c1 & "o-half ( ! ellipse w be drawn4 ,x w be se5 t ! :ole con/ruction has be5 p]=m$ to f9d ! c5tres h1 p1 q1 i & v1 & t :ile v & i may be us$ to c>ry ! curve ar\nd on ! o!r side ( ! ellipse1 new c5tres mu/ be provid$ = h p & q1 ^! new c5tres correspond+ 9 position to h p q4 ,dive/+ ! draw+ ( all ! l9es except ^? det]m9+ its dim5sions & ! c5tres f :i* ! ellipse is /ruck1 we h 9 ,figure #hb ! same ellipse drawn half z l>ge4 ,! c5tres v1 p1 q1 h correspond to ! same c5tres 9 ,figure #ha1 :ile v'1 p'1 q'1 h' are 9 correspond+ positions to draw 9 ! o!r half ( ! ellipse4 ,! l5g? ( curve drawn f ea* c5tre is d5ot$ by ! dott$ l9es radiat+ f t c5tre2 ?us1 f h ! "p f r to s is drawn2 f h' t "p f r' to s'4 ,at ! ends ! respective c5tres v are us$ = ! p>ts f w to w' & f t to t' respectively4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! mo/ correct me?od ( draw+ an ellipse is by means ( an in/rum5t t]m$ a trammel1 :i* is %[n 9 ,figure #hc4 ,x consi/s ( a cross frame 9 :i* are two grooves1 repres5t$ by ! broad black l9es1 "o ( :i* is at a "r angle to ! o!r4 ,9 ^! grooves are closely fitt$ two slid+ blocks1 c>ry+ pivots ,e ,f1 :i* may be fa/5$ to ! slid+ blocks1 :ile leav+ !m free to slide 9 ! grooves at any adju/$ di/ance ap>t4 ,^! blocks c>ry an arm or rod hav+ a trac+ po9t 7z p5 or p5cil7 at ,g4 ,:5 ?is arm is swept ar\nd by ! op]ator1 ! blocks slide 9 ! grooves & ! p5-po9t describes an ellipse ^: proportion ( wid? to l5g? is det]m9$ by ! di/ance ap>t ( ! slid+ blocks1 & ^: dim5sions are det]m9$ by ! di/ance ( ! p5-po9t f ! slid+ block4 ,to set ! in/rum5t1 draw l9es repres5t+ ! major & m9or axes ( ! requir$ ellipse1 & set (f on ^! l9es 7equidi/ant f _! int]section71 to m>k ! requir$ l5g? & wid? ( ellipse4 ,place ! trammel s t ! c5tre ( its slots is directly ov] ! po9t or c5tre f :i* ! axes are m>k$ 7:i* may be done by sett+ ! c5tres ( ! slots true to ! l9es pass+ ?r\gh ! axis7 & set ! pivots z foll[s3 ,place ! p5cil-po9t ,g s t x co9cides ) "o ( ! po9ts z ,c1 & place ! pivot ,e s t x comes directly at ! po9t ( int]section ( ! two slots1 & fa/5 x !re4 ,!n turn ! arm s t ! p5cil-po9t ,g co9cides ) "o ( ! po9ts ( ! m9or axis z ,d1 ! arm ly+ p>allel to ,b ,d1 & place ! pivot ,f ov] ! c5tre ( ! trammel & fa/5 x !re1 & ! sett+ is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,to draw a p>abola me*anically3 ,9 ,figure #hd ,c ,d is ! wid? & ,h ,j ! height ( ! curve4 ,bisect ,h ,d 9 ,k4 ,draw ! diagonal l9e ,j ,k & draw ,k ,e1 cutt+ ,k at a "r angle to ,j ,k1 & produce x 9 ,e4 ,) ! radius ,h ,e1 & f ,j z a c5tre1 m>k po9t ,f1 :i* w be ! focus ( ! curve4 ,at any conv5i5t di/ance above ,j fa/5 a /raight-edge ,a ,b1 sett+ x p>allel to ! base ,c ,d ( ! p>abola4 ,place a squ>e ,s ) its back aga9/ ! /raight-edge1 sett+ ! edge ,o ,n co9cid5t ) ! l9e ,j ,h4 ,place a p9 9 ! focus ,f1 & tie to x "o end ( a piece ( tw9e4 ,place a trac+-po9t at ,j1 pass ! tw9e ar\nd ! trac+-po9t1 br++ d[n along ! squ>e-blade & fa/5 x at ,n1 ) ! trac+-po9t kept aga9/ ! edge ( ! squ>e & ! tw9e kept taut2 slide ! squ>e along ! /raight-edge1 & ! trac+-po9t w m>k ! half ,j ,c ( ! p>abola4 ,turn ! squ>e ov] & repeat ! op]ation to trace ! o!r half ,j ,d4 ,?is me?od corresponds to ! me?od ( draw+ an ellipse by ! tw9e & p9s1 z already describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,to draw a p>abola by l9es3 ,bisect ! wid? ,a ,b 9 ,figure #he1 & divide ea* half into any conv5i5t numb] ( equal divisions2 & ?r\gh ^! po9ts ( division draw v]tical l9es1 z #a1 #b1 #c1 etc4 79 ea* half74 ,divide ! height ,a ,d at "o end & ,b ,e at ! o!r into z _m equal divisions z ! half ( ,a ,b is divid$ into4 ,f ! po9ts ( divisions #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 on l9es ,a ,d & ,b ,e1 draw l9es po9t+ to ,c1 & :]e ^! l9es int]sect ! correspond+ v]tical l9es are po9ts ?r\gh :i* ! curve may be drawn4 ,?us on ! side ,a ,d ( ! curve1 ! int]section ( ! two l9es m>k$ #a is a po9t 9 ! curve2 ! int]section ( ! two l9es m>k$ #b is ano!r po9t 9 ! curve1 & s on4 ,,to ,,draw ,a ,,he>t ,,cam4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,draw ! l9e ,a ,b1 ,figure #hf1 equal to ! l5g? ( /roke requir$4 ,divide x into any numb] ( equal p>ts1 & f ,c z a c5tre draw circles ?r\gh ! po9ts ( division4 ,draw ! out] circle & divide its circumf]5ce into twice z _m equal divisions z ! l9e ,a ,b 0 divid$ into4 ,draw radial l9es f ea* po9t ( division on ! circle1 & ! po9ts ( int]section ( ! radial l9es ) ! circles are po9ts = ! outl9e ( ! cam1 & ?r\gh ^! po9ts a curv$ l9e may be drawn giv+ ! %ape ( ! cam4 ,x is obvi\s t ! great] ! numb] ( divisions on ,a ,b1 ! m po9ts & ! m p]fect ! curve may be drawn4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,%ad[ ,,l9es ,,& ,,l9e ,,%ad+4 ,,section ,,l9+ ,,or ,,cross-,,hat*+4 ,:5 ! int]ior ( a piece is to be %[n z a piece cut 9 half1 or :5 a piece is brok5 away1 z is done to make m ( ! p>ts %[1 or %[ m cle>ly1 ! surface s brok5 away or cut (f is section-l9$ or cross-hat*$2 t is to say1 diagonal l9es are drawn across x1 & to di/+ui% "o piece f ano!r ^! l9es are drawn at v>y+ angles & ( v>y+ wid?s ap>t4 ,9 ,figure #hg is giv5 a view ( ?ree cyl9drical pieces4 ,x may be kn[n to be a sectional view by ! cross-hat*+ or section l9es4 ,x w\ld be a difficult matt] to repres5t ! ?ree pieces put toge!r )\t %[+ !m 9 section1 because1 9 an outl9e view1 ! coll>s & recesses w\ld n appe>4 ,ea* piece c\ld ( c\rse be drawn sep>ately1 b ?is w\ld n %[ h[ !y 7 plac$ :5 put toge!r4 ,!y c\ld be %[n 9 "o view if !y 7 %ad$ by l9es & a piece %[n brok5 out :]e ! coll>s &1 recesses are1 b l9e %ad+ is too t$i\s = detail draw+s1 beside involv+ too mu* labor 9 _! production4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,figure #hh repres5ts a case 9 :i* !re are ?ree cyl9drical pieces "o )9 ! o!r1 ! two inn] ones be+ fa/5$ toge!r by a screw :i* is %[n dott$ 9 9 ! end view1 & ^: position along ! pieces is %[n 9 ! side view4 ,! edges ( ! fracture 9 ! out] piece are 9 ?is case cross-hat*$1 to %[ ! l9e ( fracture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,9 cross-hat*+ x is bett] t ! diagonal l9es d n q meet ! edges ( ! piece1 ?an t !y %\ld 9 ! lea/ ov]run1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #hi1 :]e 9 ! top half ! diagonals slightly ov]run1 :ile 9 ! l[] half !y d n q meet ! outl9es ( ! piece4 ,9 ,figure #ij are %[n 9 section a numb] ( pieces "o )9 ! o!r1 ! c5tral bore be+ fill$ ) %ort plugs4 ,all ! cross-hat*+ 0 done ) ! triangle ( #fj degrees & t ( #ij degrees4 ,x is "h %[n t ) ^! two triangles only1 & a judici\s arrangem5t ( ! diagonals1 an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( pieces may be %[n 9 cross section )\t any liability ( mi/ak+ "o = ! o!r1 or any d\bt z to ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! pieces2 =1 beside ! diff]5ce 9 spac+ 9 ! cross-hat*+1 !re are no two adjo9+ pieces ) ! diagonals runn+ 9 ! same direction4 ,x w be se5 t ! n>r[ pieces are mo/ cle>ly def9$ by a close spac+ ( ! cross-hat*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,9 ,figure #ia are %[n ?ree pieces put toge!r & hav+ slots or keyways ?r\gh !m4 ,! out] %ell is %[n to be 9 "o piece f end to end1 because ! cross-hat*+ is n only equally spac$1 b ! diagonals are 9 ! same direction2 h5ce x w\ld be kn[n t ,d1 ,f1 ,h1 & ,e 7 slots or recesses ?r\gh ! piece4 ,! same rem>ks apply to piece ,b1 :]e9 ,g1 ,j1 ,k are recesses or slots4 ,piece ,c is %[n to h 9 its bore a recess at ,l4 ,9 ! case ( ,b1 z ( ,a1 !re w\ld be no "q z to ! piece be+ all "o f end to end1 not)/&+ t ! two ends are completely sev]$ :]e ! slots ,g1 ,i1 come1 because ! spac+ & direction ( ! cross-hat*+ are equal on ea* side ( ! slots1 :i* !y w\ld n be if !y 7 sep>ate pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,section %ad+ or cross-hat*+ may sometimes cause ! l9es ( ! draw+ to appe> crook$ to ! eye4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #ib1 ! key edge on ! "r appe>s curv$ inw>ds1 :ile on ! left ! key edge appe>s curv$ outw>ds1 al?\gh su* is n actually ! case4 ,! same effect is produc$ 9 ,figure #ic on ! "r-h& edge ( ! key1 b n on ! left-h& edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is k9d is %[n 9 ,figure #id1 :5 ! v]tical l9es appe> to ! eye to be at a consid]able angle "o to ! o!r1 al?\gh !y are p>allel4 ,! l9es 9 sectional %ad+ or cross-hat*+ may be made to d5ote ! mat]ial ( :i* ! piece is to be compos$4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,unw9 has propos$ ! sy/em %[n 9 ! ,figures #ie & #if4 ,?is may be ( s]vice 9 "s cases1 b x w\ld involve v mu* m labor ?an x is wor? 9 ord9>y ma*9e %op draw+s1 except 9 ! case ( ca/ iron & wood1 ^! two be+ %[n 9 ! simple/ & ! usual mann]4 ,x is mu* bett] to write ! "n ( ! mat]ial b5ea? ! piece 9 a detail draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,,l9e ,,%ad+4 ,me*anical draw+s are made to look bett] & to %[ m di/9ctly by be+ l9e %ad$ or %ad$ by l9es4 ,! simple/ =m ( l9e %ad+ is by ! use ( ! %ade or %ad[ l9e4 ,9 a me*anical draw+ ! light is suppos$1 = ! purposes ( l9e %ad+ or ( color+1 to come 9 f ! upp] left-h& corn] ( ! draw+ pap]2 h5ce x falls directly ^u ! upp] & left-h& l9es ( ea* piece1 :i* are !re=e repres5t$ by f9e l9es1 :ile ! "r h& & l[] edges ( ! piece be+ on ! %ad[ side may !re=e1 ) propriety1 be repres5t$ by broad] l9es1 :i* are call$ %ad[ or %ade l9es4 ,^! l9es w (t5 s]ve to indicate ! %ape ( "s "p ( ! piece repres5t$1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ examples4 ,9 ,figure #ig is a piece t conta9s a hole1 ! fact be+ %[n by ! circle be+ ?ick5$ at ,a4 ,if ! circle 7 ?ick5$ on ! o!r side z at ,b1 9 ,figure #ih1 x w\ld %[ t x repres5t$ a cyl9drical /em in/ead ( a hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,9 ,figure #ii is repres5t$ a wa%]1 ! surfaces t are 9 ! %ad[ side be+ %[n 9 a %ade l9e or %ad[ l9e1 z x is (t5 call$4 ,9 ,figure #ajj is a key drawn ) a %ade l9e1 :ile 9 ,figure #aja ! %ade l9e is %[n appli$ to a nut4 ,! %ade l9e may be produc$ 9 /raight l9es by draw+ ! l9e twice ov]1 & slightly incl9+ ! p51 or by op5+ ! p5 po9ts a little4 ,= circles1 h[ev]1 x may be produc$ ei!r by slightly mov+ ! c5tre f :i* ! circle is drawn1 or by go+ ov] ! %ade "p twice1 & slightly press+ ! in/rum5t z x moves1 s z to gradually spr+ ! legs f>!r ap>t1 ! latt] plan be+ g5]ally pref]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,figure #ajb %[s a ,g]man p51 t c be regulat$ to draw l9es ( v>i\s bread?s4 ,! head ( ! adju/+ screw is made r l>g] ?an usual1 & is divid$ at ! "u side into tw5ty divisional not*es1 ea* alt]nate not* be+ m>k$ by a figure on ! face4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a uni=m ?ickness ( l9e may be ma9ta9$ aft] fill+ or cle>+ ! p51 & any desir$ ?ickness may be repeat$1 )\t any loss ( "t 9 trial ( ?ickness on ! pap]4 ,a small spr+ automatically holds ! divid$ screw-head 9 any place4 ,) v little practice ! click ( ! spr+ 9 ! not*es becomes a suffici5t guide = adju/m5t1 )\t ref]5ce to ! figures on ! screw-head4 ,ano!r m]itori\s feature ( ?is p5 is t x is arm$ ) sapphire po9ts1 :i* reta9 _! %>pness v long1 & ?us save ! "t & labor requir$ to keep ord9>y in/rum5ts 9 ord] = ! p]=mance ( f9e "w4 ,an example ( l9e %ad+ 9 p]spective draw+ is %[n 9 ! draw+ ( a pipe ?read+ /ock & die 9 ,figure #ajc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,%ad+ by means ( l9es may be us$ ) excell5t effect 9 me*anical draw+1 n only to di/+ui% r\nd f flat surfaces1 b also to d5ote to ! eye ! relative di/ances ( surfaces4 ,figure #ajd repres5ts a cyl9drical p9 l9e %ad$4 ,z ! light is suppos$ to come 9 f ! upp] left-h& corn]1 x w evid5tly fall m ^u ! left-h& half ( ! /em1 & ( ! coll> or bead1 h5ce ^? p>ts are %ad$ ) light] or f9] l9es ?an ! "r-h& sides are4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,two cyl9drical pieces t jo9 ea* o!r may be l9e %ad$ at :atev] angle !y may jo94 ,figure #aje repres5ts two su* pieces1 "o at a "r angle to ! o!r1 bo? be+ ( equal diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,figure #ajf repres5ts a draw+ ( a la! c5tre %ad$ by l9es1 ! l9es on ! tap] p>ts meet+ ^? on ! p>allel "p ,a1 & becom+ m ne>ly p>allel to ! axis ( ! piece z ! c5tre ( ! piece is approa*$4 ,! same is ! case :]e a piece hav+ a curv$ outl9e is drawn1 :i* is %[n 9 ,figure #ajg1 :]e ! set ( ! b[-p5 is gradually increas$ = draw+ ! %ade l9es ( ! curves4 ,! c5tres ( ! %ade curves fall 9 ea* case ^u a l9e at a "r angle to ! axis ( ! piece1 z ^u ! l9es ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ! dott$ l9es %[+ ! radius = ea* curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! l9es are made f9] by clos+ ! p5 po9ts by means ( ! screw provid$ = t purpose4 ,! p5 requires = ?is purpose to be clean$ ( ! ink t is apt to dry 9 x4 ,9 ,figure #ajh l9e %ad+ is %[n appli$ to a ball or sph]e1 :ile 9 ,figure #aji x is %[n appli$ to a p9 9 a socket :i* is %[n 9 section4 ,by %[+ ! holl[ 9 connection ) ! r\nd piece1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is q cle>ly se51 ! light fall+ mo/ ^u ! upp] half ( ! p9 & ! l[] half ( ! hole4 ,?is p]haps is m cle>ly %[n 9 ! piece ( tube 9 ,figure #aaj1 :]e ! ?ickness ( ! tube %[+ is a great aid to ! eye4 ,s1 likewise1 ! holl[ or hole is m cle>ly se5 :]e ! piece is %[n 9 section1 z 9 ,figure #aaa1 :i* is ! case ev5 ?\gh ! piece be tap] z 9 ! figure4 ,if ! body be bell-m\!d1 z 9 ,figure #aab1 ! holl[ curve is readily %[n by ! %ad+2 b to l9e %ade a holl[ curve )\t any ( ^! aids to ! eye1 z say1 to %[ a half ( a t9 tube1 is a v difficult matt] if ! piece is to look natural2 & all t c be done is to %ade ! top d>kly & let ! light fall mo/ly at & ne> ! bottom4 ,an example ( l9e %ad+ to d5ote ! relative di/ances f ! eye ( v>i\s surfaces is giv5 9 ,figure #aac1 :]e ! surfaces mo/ di/ant are ! mo/ %ad$4 ,! flat surfaces are l9$ ) l9es ( equal bread?1 ! degrees ( %ad+ be+ gov]n$ by ! wid? ap>t ( ! l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,l9e %ad+ is (t5 us$ to d5ote t ! piece repres5t$ is to be ( wood1 ! %ade l9es be+ 9 "s cases regul> 9 comb9ation ) regul> ones1 or entirely irregul>1 z 9 ,figure #aad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,m>k+ ,,dim5sions4 ,! dim5sions ( me*anical draw+s are be/ m>k$ 9 r$ ink s t !y w %[ pla9ly1 & t ! l9es d5ot+ ! po9ts at :i* ! dim5sion is giv5 %all n be conf\nd$ ) ! l9es ( ! draw+4 ,! dim5sion figures %\ld be z l>ge z ! draw+ w conv5i5tly admit2 & %\ld be m>k$ at e po9t at :i* a %\ld] or *ange ( =m or dim5sion occurs1 except 9 ! case ( /raight tap]s :i* h _! dim5sions m>k$ at ea* end ( ! tap]4 ,9 ! case ( a s+le piece /&+ by itself ! dim5sion figures may be m>k$ all /&+ "o way1 s z to be read )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! op]ator or requir+ to turn ! draw+ ar\nd4 ,?is is done 9 ,figure #aae1 :i* repres5ts ! draw+ ( a key4 ,! figures are "h plac$ outside ! draw+ 9 all cases :]e x c be done1 :i*1 9 ! case ( a small draw+1 leaves ! same cle>]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,9 ,figure #aaf ! dim5sions are m>k$1 runn+ p>allel to ! dim5sion = :i* !y are giv51 s t all measures ( l5g? /& l5g?wise1 & ^? ( bread? across ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,figure #aag repres5ts a key ) a %>p-corn]$ /ep 9 x4 ,"h ! two dim5sions =m+ ! /eps _c bo? be co9cid5t ) x2 h5ce !y are m>k$ z ne> to x z conv5i5t1 x be+ und]/ood t !y apply to ! /ep1 & n to "o side ( x4 ,:5 ! /ep has a r\nd in/ead ( a %>p corn]1 ! radius ( ! arc ( ! corn] may be m>k$1 z %[n 9 ,figure #aah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,figure #aai repres5ts a key drawn 9 p]spective1 s t all ! dim5sions may be m>k$ on "o view4 ,p]spective sket*es may be us$ = s+le pieces1 z !y d5ote ! %ape ( ! piece m cle>ly to ! eye4 ,on acc\nt ( ! skill requir$ 9 _! production1 !y are n1 h[ev]1 us$ 9 me*anical draw+1 except z 9 ! case ( ,pat5t-,(fice or simil> draw+s1 :]e ! =m & con/ruction r ?an ! dim5sion is ! in=mation s\ght to be convey$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,views4 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,views ,,( ,a ,,me*anical ,,draw+4 ,! ^w elevation1 z appli$ to me*anical draw+1 means simply a view2 h5ce a side elevation is a side view1 or an end elevation is an end view4 ,! ^w plan is employ$ 9 place ( ! ^w top2 h5ce a plan view is a top view1 or a view look+ d[n ^u ! top ( ! piece4 ,a g5]al view means a view %[+ ! ma*9e put toge!r or assembl$1 :ile a detail draw+ is "o conta9+ a detail1 z a "p ( ! ma*9e or a s+le piece disconnect$ f ! o!r p>ts ( ! :ole ma*9e4 ,x is obvi\sly desirable 9 a me*anical draw+ to pres5t ! piece ( "w 9 z few views z possible1 b 9 all cases !re mu/ be a suffici5t numb] to p]mit ( ! dim5sions 9 e necess>y direction to be m>k$ on ! draw+4 ,suppose1 !n1 t 9 ,figure #abj we h to repres5t a solid cyl9d]1 ^: l5g? equals its diamet]1 & x is obvi\s t bo? ! diamet] & l5g? may be m>k$ 9 ! "o view giv52 h5ce1 a second view1 su* z %[n by ! circle 9 ,figure #aba1 is unnecess>y1 except x be to di/+ui% ! body f a cube1 9 :i* ! "o view w\ld also be suffici5t :]eon to m>k all ! dim5sions necess>y to enable ! piece to be made4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 t a cube & a cyl9d] are ! only two figures ^u :i* all ! dim5sions c be m>k$ on "o view ( ! piece1 & z cyl9drical pieces are mu* m common 9 ma*9e "w ?an cubes are1 x is tak5 = grant$ t1 :]e ! pieces are cyl9drical1 b "o view %all be us$1 & t :]e !y are cubes ei!r two views %all be giv51 or :]e !y are squ>e a cross %all be m>k$ ^u ! p>ts t are squ>e2 ?us1 9 ,figure #abb1 is %[n a cross =m$ by ! l9es ,a ,b across ! face ( ! draw+1 :i* saves mak+ a second view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,x w\ld appe> t "u "s conditions ?is might lead to error2 z1 = example1 take ! piece 9 ,figure #abc1 & !re is no?+ to d5ote :i* is ! l5g? & :i* is ! diamet] ( ! piece1 b !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( cu/om 9 su* cases ?an w usually det]m9e ?is po9t2 ?us1 ! piece w be giv5 a "n1 z p9 or disk1 ! "o d5ot+ t its diamet] is less ?an its l5g?1 & ! o!r t its diamet] is great] ?an its l5g?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any su* "n1 x w\ld be 9 practice assum$ t x 0 a p9 & n a disk2 because1 if x 7 a disk1 x w\ld ei!r be nam$ or %ad$1 or a second view giv5 to %[ its unusual =m1 ! disk be+ a m unusual =m ?an ! p9-=m 9 me*anical /ructures4 ,z an example ( ! use ( ! cross to d5ote a squ>e1 we h ,figure #abd1 :i* repres5ts a piece hav+ a hexagon head1 section a1 a'1 t is rectangul>1 a coll> b1 a squ>e "p c1 & a r\nd /em d4 ,"h x w be not$ t x is ! rectangul> "p a1 a'1 t r5d]s necess>y two views1 & t 9 ! abs5ce ( ! cross1 yet ano!r view w\ld be necess>y to %[ t "p c is squ>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,a rectangul> piece always requires two views & sometimes ?ree4 ,9 ,figure #abe1 = example1 is a piece t w\ld require a side view to %[ ! l5g? & bread?1 & an edge view to %[ ! ?ickness4 ,suppose ! piece to be w$ge-%ap$ 9 any direction2 !n ano!r view w be necess>y1 z is %[n 9 ,figs4 #abf & #abg4 ,9 ! =m] ! w$ge or tap] is 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 :ile 9 ! latt] x is 9 ! direction ( its ?ickness4 ,outl9e views1 h[ev]1 w n 9 "s cases %[ ! =m ( ! figure1 h[ev] _m views be pres5t$4 ,an example ( ?is is giv5 9 ,figure #abh1 :i* repres5ts a r+ hav+ a hexagon cross section4 ,a sectional edge view is "h necess>y 9 ord] to %[ ! hexagonal =m4 ,ano!r example ( ?is k9d1 :i* occurs m frequ5tly 9 practice1 is a cupp$ r+ su* z %[n 9 ,figure #abi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,,examples4 ,let x be requir$ to draw a rectangul> piece su* z is %[n 9 two views 9 ,figure #acj1 & ! process = ! p5cil l9es is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,) ! b[-p5cil set to half ! requir$ l5g? & bread? ( ! squ>e ! arcs #a1 #b1 #c & #d1 9 ,figure #aca1 are m>k$1 & !n ! l9es #e & #f1 lett+ !m run pa/ ! wid? ( ! arcs #c & #d4 ,!re is no ne$ to p5cil 9 l9es #g & #h1 s9ce !y c be ink$ 9 )\t p5cill+1 because x is kn[n t !y mu/ meet ! arcs #c & #d & t]m9ate at ! l9es #e & #f4 ,! top & bottom l9es ( ! edge view are m]ely prolongations ( l9es #e & #f2 h5ce ! l9es #i & #aj are drawn ! requisite di/ance ap>t = ! ?ickness & to meet ! top & bottom l9es4 ,! l9es are !n ink$ 91 ! p5cil l9es rubb$ out1 & ! draw+ w appe> z 9 ,figure #acj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! piece has a /ep 9 x1 z 9 ,figure #acb1 & ! p5cill+ w be z 9 ,figure #acc4 ,f ! c5tre1 ! arcs #a1 #b1 #c & #d = ! out]1 & arcs #e1 #f1 #g & #h = ! inn] squ>e are m>k$2 l9es #i & #aj1 & _! prolongations1 #aa & #ab1 = ! edge view1 are !n p5cill$2 l9es #ac & #ad1 & _! prolongations1 #ae & #af1 are !n p5cill$1 & dots to %[ ! locations = l9es #ba & #bb maybe m>k$ & ! p5cill+ is complete4 ,l9es #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 & #bc may !n be ink$ 91 9 ! ord] nam$1 & !n l9es #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae & #af1 :5 ! ink+ 9 w be complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,9 ink+ 9 horizontal l9es beg9 at ! top & m>k 9 ea* l9e z ! squ>e comes to x2 & 9 ink+ ! v]tical ones beg9 always at ! left h& l9e & m>k ! l9es z !y are come to1 mov+ ! squ>e or ! triangle to ! "r1 & great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to let ! l9es cross :]e !y meet1 z at ! corn]s1 s9ce ?is w\ld greatly impair ! appe>ance ( ! draw+4 ,^! figures h be5 drawn )\t ! aid ( a c5tre l9e1 because f _! %apes x 0 easy to disp5se ) x1 b 9 mo/ cases a c5tre l9e is necess>y2 ?us 9 ,figure #acd we h a body hav+ a numb] ( /eps4 ,! diamet]s ( ^! /eps are m>k$ by arcs1 z 9 ! previ\s examples1 & _! l5g?s may be m>k$ by apply+ ! measur+ rule direct to ! draw+ pap] & mak+ ! necess>y p5cil m>k4 ,b x w\ld be t$i\s to m>k ! successive /eps true "o ) ! o!r by measur+ ea* /ep1 because "o /ep w\ld require to be p5cill$ 9 be=e ! next c\ld be m>k$4 ,to avoid ?is ! c5tre l9e #a1 ,figure #acd1 is fir/ m>k$1 & ! arcs = ! /eps are !n m>k$ z %[n4 ,c5tre l9es are also necess>y to %[ ! alignm5t ( "o "p to ano!r2 ?us 9 ,figure #ace is a cube ) a hole pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,! dott$ l9es 9 ! side view %[ t ! hole passes cle> ?r\gh ! piece & is a p>allel "o1 :ile ! c5tre l9e1 be+ c5tral to ! outl9e ?r\gh\t ! piece1 %[s t ! hole is equidi/ant1 all ?r\gh1 f ! walls ( ! piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,! p5cil l9es = ?is piece w\ld be m>k$ z 9 ,figure #acf1 l9e #a repres5t+ ! c5tre l9e f :i* all ! arcs are m>k$4 ,x w be not$ t ! l5g? ( ! piece is m>k$ by arcs :i* occur1 because be+ a cube ! set ( ! compasses = arcs #b1 #c1 #d & #e w answ] )\t alt]+ to m>k arcs #f & #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,if ! hole 9 ! piece 7 a tap] or conical "o1 x w\ld be d5ot$ by ! dott$ l9es1 z 9 ,figure #acg1 & t ! tap] is c5tral to ! body is %[n by ^! dott$ l9es be+ equidi/ant f ! c5tre l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,suppose "o ( ! sides to be tap]$1 z is ! side ,a1 9 ,figure #ach1 & t ! hole is n c5tral1 & bo? facts w be %[n by ! c5tre l9es #a & #b 9 ! figure4 ,! measurem5t ( face ,a w\ld be m>k$ f ,a to l9e ,b at ea* end1 b ! di/ance ! hole 0 out ( ! c5tre w\ld be m>k$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre l9e #b & ! edge ,c ( ! piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,if ! hole did n pass entirely ?r\gh ! piece1 ! dott$ l9es w\ld %[ x1 z 9 ,figure #aci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,! designations ( ! views ( a piece ( "w dep5d ^u ! position 9 :i* ! piece /&s1 :5 9 place ^u ! ma*9e ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,?us 9 ,figure #adj is a lev]1 & if its %aft /ood horizontal :5 ! piece is 9 place 9 ! ma*9e1 ! view giv5 is an end "o1 b suppose t ! %aft /ood v]tical1 & ! same view becomes a plan or top view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,9 ,figure #adb is a view ( a lev] :i* is a side view if ! lev] /&s horizontal1 & lev] ,b hangs d[n1 or a plan view if ! %aft /&s horizontal1 b lev] ,b /&s also horizontal4 ,we may take ! same draw+ & turn x ar\nd on ! pap] z 9 ,figure #adc1 & x becomes a side view if ! %aft /&s v]tical1 & a plan view if ! %aft /&s horizontal & arm ,d v]tical above x4 ,9 a side or an end view1 ! piece t projects highe/ 9 ! draw+ is highe/ :5 ^u ! ma*9e2 also 9 a side elevation ! piece t is at ! highe/ po9t 9 ! draw+ ext5ds f>!/ upw>d :5 ! piece is on ! ma*9e4 ,b 9 a plan or top view ! height ( v]tical pieces is n %[n1 z appe>s 9 ! case ( arm ,d 9 ,figure #adc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,9 ei!r ( ! lev]s1 ,figures #adb or #adc1 all ! dim5sions c\ld be m>k$ if an additional view 7 giv51 b ?is w n be ! case if an eye h a slot 9 x1 z at ,e1 9 ,figure #add1 or a jaw h a tongue 9 x1 z at ,f3 h5ce1 end views ( ! eye & ! jaw mu/ be giv51 :i* may be mo/ conv5i5tly done by %[+ !m project$ f ! ends ( ^? p>ts z 9 ! figure4 ,?is naturally br+s u to a consid]ation z to ! be/ me?od ( project+ "o view f ano!r4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! side elevation or side view is ! mo/ important1 because x %[s m ( ! p>ts & details ( ! "w2 h5ce x %\ld be drawn fir/1 because x af=ds m assi/ance 9 draw+ ! o!r views4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,!re are two sy/ems ( plac+ ! diff]5t views ( a piece4 ,9 ! fir/ ! views are pres5t$ z ! piece w\ld pres5t itself if x 7 laid ^u ! pap] = ! side view1 & !n turn$ or roll$ ^u ! pap] = ! o!r views1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ade1 9 :i* ! piece consi/s ( five sections or memb]s1 m>k$ respectively ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 & ,e4 ,n[ if ! piece 7 turn$ or roll$ s t ! end face ( ,b 7 upp]mo/1 & ! memb] ,e 0 b5ea?1 x w1 by ! op]ation ( turn+ x1 h assum$ ! position 9 ! l[] view m>k$ position #b2 :ile if x 7 turn$ ov] ^u ! pap] 9 ! opposite direction x w\ld assume ! position m>k$ #c4 ,?is gives to ! m9d a cle> idea ( ! v>i\s views & positions2 b x possesses "s disadvantages3 ?us1 if position #a is a side elevation or view ( ! piece1 z x /&s :5 9 place ( ! ma*9e1 !n ,e is naturally ! bottom memb]2 b x is %[n 9 ! top view ( ! draw+1 h5ce :at is actually ! bottom view ( ! piece 7position #c7 becomes ! top view 9 ! draw+4 ,a second disadvantage is t if we desire to put 9 dott$ l9es1 to %[ h[ "o view is d]iv$ f ! o!r1 & d5ote correspond+ p>ts1 !n ^! dott$ l9es mu/ be drawn across ! face ( ! draw+1 mak+ x less di/9ct2 ?us ! dott$ l9es connect+ /em ,e 9 position #a to ,e 9 position #c1 pass across ! faces ( bo? ,a & ,b ( position #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,9 a l>ge draw+1 or "o compos$ ( _m memb]s or p>ts1 x w\ld1 !re=e1 be out ( ! "q to m>k 9 ! dott$ l9es4 ,a fur!r disadvantage 9 a l>ge draw+ is t x is necess>y to g f "o side ( ! draw+ to ! o!r to see ! con/ruction ( ! same "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,to obviate ^! difficulties1 a mod]n me?od is to suppose ! piece1 in/ead ( roll+ ^u ! pap]1 to be lift$ f x1 turn$ ar\nd to pres5t ! requir$ view1 & !n mov$ upw>ds on ! pap] = a top view1 sideways = a side view1 & bel[ = a bottom view4 ,?us ! ?ree views ( ! piece 9 ,figure #ade w\ld be z 9 ,figure #adf1 :]e position #b is obta9$ by suppos+ ! piece to be lift$ f position #a1 ! bottom face turn$ upp]mo/1 & ! piece mov$ d[n ! pap] to position #b1 :i* is a bottom view ( ! piece1 & ! bottom view 9 ! draw+4 ,simil>ly1 if ! piece be lift$ f position #a1 & ! top face 9 t figure is turn$ upp]mo/1 & ! piece is !n slid upw>ds on ! pap]1 view #c is obta9$1 be+ a top view ( ! piece z x lies 9 position #a1 & ! top view 9 ! draw+4 ,n[ suppose we require to f9d ! %ape ( memb] ,b1 !n 9 ,figure #ade we require to look at ! top ( position #a1 & !n d[n bel[ to position #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,b 9 ,figure #adf we h ! side view & end view bo? toge!r1 :ile ! dott$ l9es d n require to cross ! face ( ! side view4 ,n[ suppose we take a simil> piece1 & suppose its end faces1 z ,f1 ,g1 to h holes 9 !m1 :i* require to be %[n 9 bo? views1 & "u ! "o sy/em ! draw+ w\ld1 if ! dott$ l9es 7 drawn across1 appe> z 9 ,figure #adg1 :]eas "u ! o!r sy/em ! draw+ w\ld appe> z 9 ,figure #adh4 ,& x foll[s t 9 cases :]e x is necess>y to draw dott$ l9es f "o view to ! o!r1 x is be/ to adopt ! new sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,bolts1 ,,nuts1 ,,& ,,polygons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,let x be requir$ to draw a ma*9e screw1 & x is n necess>y1 & !re=e n usual 9 small screws to draw ! full outl9e ( ! ?read1 b to repres5t x by ?ick & ?9 l9es runn+ diagonally across ! bolt1 z 9 ,figure #adi1 ! ?ick ones repres5t+ ! bottom1 & ! ?9 ones ! top ( ! ?read4 ,! p5cil l9es w\ld be drawn 9 ! ord] %[n 9 ,figure #aej4 ,l9e #a is ! c5tre l9e1 & l9e #b a l9e to repres5t ! l[] side ( ! head2 f ! int]section ( ^! two l9es z a c5tre 7z at ,a7 %ort arcs #c & #f1 %[+ ! diamet] ( ! ?read1 are m>k$1 & ! arcs #e & #f1 repres5t+ ! dep? ( ! ?read1 are m>k$4 ,! arc #g1 repres5t+ ! head1 is !n m>k$4 ,! v]tical l9es #h1 #i1 #aj1 & #aa are !n m>k$1 & ! outl9e ( ! screw is complete4 ,! ?ick l9es repres5t+ ! bottom ( ! ?read are next m>k$ 91 z 9 ,figure #aea1 ext5d+ f l9e #i to l9e #aj4 ,midway betwe5 ^! l9es f9e ones are made = ! tops ( ! ?read4 ,all ! l9es be+ p5cill$ 91 !y may be ink$ 9 ) ! draw+ in/rum5ts1 tak+ c>e t !y d n ov]run "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! p5cil l9es are rubb$ out1 ! sket* w appe> z 9 ,figure #adi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,= a bolt ) a hexagon head ! l9es w\ld be drawn 9 ! ord] %[n 9 ,figure #aeb4 ,at a "r-angle to c5tre l9e #a1 l9e two is drawn4 ,! p5cil-compasses are !n set to half ! diamet] ( ! bolt1 & f po9t ,a arcs #c & #f are p5cill$1 ?us %[+ ! wid? ( ! front flat ( ! head1 z well z ! diamet] ( ! /em4 ,f ! po9t :]e ^! arcs meet l9e #b1 & ) ! same radius1 arcs #e & #f are m>k$1 %[+ ! wid?s ( ! o!r two flats ( ! head4 ,! ?ickness ( ! head & ! l5g? ( ! bolt head may !n be m>k$ ei!r by plac+ a rule on l9e #a & m>k+ ! %ort l9es 7su* z l9e #g7 a cross l9e #a1 or ! p5cil-compasses may be set to ! rule & ! l5g?s m>k$ f po9t ,a4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d = bolt heads & nuts ! ?ickness ( ! head is made equal to ! diamet] ( ! bolt4 ,) ! compasses set = ! arcs #c & #d1 we may 9 two /eps1 f ,a along ! c5tre l9e1 m>k (f ! ?ickness ( ! head )\t us+ ! rule4 ,b z ! rule has to be appli$ along l9e #a to m>k l9e #g = ! l5g? ( ! bolt1 x is j z easy to m>k ! head ?ickness at ! same "t4 ,! l9e #h %[+ ! l5g? ( ! ?read may be m>k$ at ! same "t z ! o!r l5g?s are m>k$1 & ! outl9es #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac may be drawn 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,we h n[ to m>k ! arcs at ! top ( ! flats ( ! head to %[ ! *amf]1 & to expla9 h[ ^! arcs are obta9$ we h 9 ,figure #aec an enl>g$ view ( ! head4 ,x is evid5t t ! smalle/ diamet] ( ! *amf] is repres5t$ by ! circle ,a1 & !re=e ! l5g? ( ! l9e ,b mu/ equal ,a4 ,x is also evid5t t ! out] edge ( ! *amf] w meet ! corn]s at an equal dep? 7f ! face ( ! nut71 z repres5t$ by ! l9e ,c ,c1 & x is obvi\s t ! curves t repres5t ! outl9e ( ! *amf] on ea* side ( ! head or nut w approa* ! face ( ! head or nut at an equal di/ance1 z d5ot$ by ! l9e ,d ,d4 ,x foll[s t ! curve mu/ 9 ea* case be su* z w1 at ea* ( its ends1 meet ! l9e ,c1 & at its c5tre meet ! l9e ,d ,d1 ! c5tres ( ! respective curves be+ m>k$ 9 ! figure by ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,x is suffici5tly accurate1 !re=e1 = all practical purposes to set ! p5cil on ! c5tre-l9e at ! po9t ,a 9 ,figure #aeb & m>k ! curve #ad1 & to !n set ! compasses by trial to m>k ! o!r two curves ( ! *amf]1 s t !y %all be an equal di/ance ) arc #ad f l9e #i1 & jo9 l9es #aj & #ac at ! same di/ance f l9e #i t #ad jo9s l9es #c & #d1 s t z 9 ,figure #aec all ?ree ( ! arcs w\ld t\* a l9e z ,c1 & ano!r l9e z ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d sizes = =g$ or unf9i%$ bolts & nuts are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 ,figure #aed %[+ ! dim5sions ref]r$ to 9 ! table4 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,/&>d ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,bolts ,,& ,,nuts4 ,,key3 ,a3 ,nom9al4 ,d4 ,b3 ,effective499 ,c3 ,/&>d ,numb] ( ?reads p] in*4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,bolt4 ,,bolt ,,head ,,& ,,nut4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,diamet]4 ,long diamet]1 ,%ort ------------- ,i1 or diamet] diamet] across corn]s4 ( ---------------- hexagon ,a ,b ,c ,hexa- ,squ>e4 & gon4 squ>e1 ,dep? ( ,dep? ( or wid? nut1 bolt across ,j4 ,h4 head1 ,k4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #a_/d 4#ahe #bj #i_/af #bc_/cb #a_/b #a_/d #a_/d #e_/af 4#bdj #ah #aa_/af #bg_/cb #ai_/cb #e_/af #ai_/fd #c_/h 4#bid #af #be_/cb #ca_/cb #aa_/af #c_/h #aa_/cb #g_/af 4#cde #ad #bi_/cb #a-c_/cb #be_/cb #g_/af #be_/fd #a_/b 4#djj #ac #a #a-a_/d #g_/h #a_/b #g_/af #i_/af 4#ded #ab #a-a_/h #a-c_/h #ca_/cb #i_/af #ca_/fd #e_/h 4#ejg #aa #a-g_/cb #a-a_/b #a-a_/af #e_/h #ag_/cb #c_/d 4#fbj #aj #a-g_/af #a-c_/d #a-a_/d #c_/d #e_/h #g_/h 4#gca #i #a-ba_/cb #b-a_/cb #a-g_/af #g_/h #bc_/cb #a 4#hcg #h #a-g_/h #b-e_/af #a-e_/h #a #ac_/af #a-a_/h 4#idj #g #b-c_/cb #b-i_/af #a-ac_/af #a-a_/h #bi_/cb #a-a_/d #a4jfe #g #b-e_/af #b-bg_/cb #b #a-a_/d #a #a-c_/h #a4afj #f #b-ag_/cb #c-c_/cb #b-c_/af #a-c_/h #a-c_/cb #a-a_/b #a4bhd #f #b-c_/d #c-aa_/cb #b-c_/h #a-a_/b #a-c_/af #a-e_/h #a4chi #e-a_/b #b-ca_/cb #c-e_/h #b-i_/af #a-e_/h #a-i_/cb #a-c_/d #a4dia #e #c-c_/af #c-g_/h #b-c_/d #a-c_/d #a-c_/h #a-g_/h #a4faf #e #c-ac_/cb #d-e_/cb #b-ae_/af #a-g_/h #a-ae_/cb #b #a4gab #d-a_/b #c-ai_/cb #d-ac_/cb #c-a_/h #b #a-i_/af #b-a_/d #a4ifb #d-a_/b #d-a_/cb #d-ae_/af #c-a_/b #b-a_/d #a-c_/d #b-a_/b #b4agf #d #d-ae_/cb #e-ae_/cb #c-g_/h #b-a_/b #a-ae_/af #b-c_/d #b4dbf #d #d-bi_/cb #f #d-a_/d #b-c_/d #b-a_/h #c #b4fbi #c-a_/b #e-aa_/cb #f-ag_/cb #d-e_/h #c #b-e_/af #c-a_/d #b4hgi #c-a_/b #e-be_/cb #g-a_/af #e #c-a_/d #b-a_/b #c-a_/b #c4ajj #c-a_/d #f-g_/cb #g-ai_/cb #e-c_/h #c-a_/b #b-aa_/af #c-c_/d #c4cag #c #f-e_/h #h-a_/h #e-c_/d #c-c_/d #b-g_/h 444 #c4efg #c #g-a_/af #h-ba_/cb #f-a_/h #d #c-a_/af #d-a_/d #c4gih #b-g_/h #g-a_/b #i-c_/af #f-a_/b #d-a_/d #c-a_/d #d-a_/b #d4jbh #b-c_/d #g-ae_/af #i-bc_/cb #f-g_/h #d-a_/b #c-g_/af #d-c_/d #d4bef #b-e_/h #h-c_/h #aj-a_/d #g-a_/d #d-c_/d #c-e_/h #e #d4dhj #b-a_/b #h-ac_/afaj-be_/cb #g-e_/h #e #c-ac_/af #e-a_/d #d4gcj #b-a_/b #i-a_/d #aa-e_/af #h #e-a_/d #d #e-a_/b #d4iec #b-c_/h #i-aa_/afaa-bg_/cb #h-c_/h #e-a_/b #d-c_/af #e-c_/d #e4bjc #b-c_/h #aj-c_/cb #ab-c_/h #h-c_/d #e-c_/d #d-c_/h #f #e4dbc #b-a_/d #aj-ag_/cbab-bi_/cb #i-a_/h #f #d-i_/af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- 99 ,diamet] at ! root ( ! ?read4 ,! basis ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute or ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d = ! heads ( bolts & = nuts is z foll[s3 ,! %ort diamet] or wid? across ! flats is equal to "o & "o-half times ! diamet] plus #a_/h in* = r\gh or unf9i%$ bolts & nuts1 & "o & "o-half times ! bolt diamet] plus1 #a_/af in* = f9i%$ heads & nuts4 ,! ?ickness is1 = r\gh heads & nuts1 equal to ! diamet] ( ! bolt1 & = f9i%$ heads & nuts #a_/af in* less4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,! hexagonal or hexagon 7z !y are t]m$ 9 ! %op7 heads ( bolts may be pres5t$ 9 two ways1 z is %[n 9 ,figures #aee & #aef4 ,! latt] is pref]able1 inasmu* z x %[s ! wid? across ! flats1 :i* is ! dim5sion t is work$ to1 because x is :]e ! wr5* fits1 & !re=e ( mo/ importance2 :]eas ! latt] gives ! l5g? ( a flat1 :i* is n work$ to1 except incid5tally1 z x 74 ,!re is ! objection to ! view ( ! head1 giv5 9 ,figure #aef1 h[ev]1 t unless x is accompani$ by an end view x some:at resembles a simil> view ( a squ>e head = a bolt4 ,x may be di/+ui%$ !refrom1 h[ev]1 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,if ! am\nt ( *amf] is su* z to leave ! *amf] circle 7z circle ,a1 9 ,figure #aec7 ( small] diamet] ?an ! wid? across ! flats ( ! bolt-head1 ! outl9e ( ! sides ( ! head w pass above ! arcs at ! top ( ! flats1 & !re w be two small flat places1 z ,a & ,b1 9 ,figure #aef 7repres5t+ ! angle ( ! *amf]71 :i* w n meet ! arcs at ! top ( ! flats1 b w jo9 ! sides above ^? arcs1 z 9 ! figure2 :i* is also ! case 9 a simil> view ( a squ>e-head$ bolt4 ,x may be di/+ui%$ !refrom1 h[ev]1 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,if ! am\nt ( *amf] is su* z to leave ! *amf] circle 7,a1 ,figure #aec7 ( small] diamet] ?an ! wid? across ! flats ( ! bolt-head1 ! outl9e ( ! sides w pass above ! arc on ! flats1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #aeg1 9 :i* ! *amf] ,a meets ! side ( ! head at ,b1 & does n1 !re=e1 meet ! arc ,c4 ,! l5g? ( side ly+ betwe5 ,b & ,d 9 ! side view corresponds ) ! "p ly+ betwe5 ,e & ,f 9 ! end view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,if we comp>e ?is head ) simil> views ( a squ>e head ,g1 bo? be+ ( equal wid?s1 & hav+ _! *amf] circles at an equal di/ance f ! sides ( ! flats1 & at ! same angle1 we p]ceive at once t ! am\nt ( *amf] necess>y to give ! same di/ance betwe5 ! *amf] circle & ! side ( ! bolt 7t is1 ! di/ance f ,j to ,k1 be+ equal to t f ,l to ,m71 ! l5g? ( ! *amf] ,n = ! squ>e head s greatly exce$s ! l5g? ,a = ! hexagon head t ! eye detects ! diff]5ce at once1 & is in/9ctively in=m$ t ,g mu/ be squ>e1 indep5d5tly ( ! fact t 9 ! case ( ! squ>e head1 ,n meets ! arc ,o1 :ile 9 ! hexagon head1 ,a1 :i* corresponds to ,n1 does n meet ! arc ,c1 :i* corresponds to ,o4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! *amf] is drawn1 b j suffici5t to meet ! flats1 z 9 ! case ( ! hexagon ,h1 & ! squ>e ,i1 9 ,figure #aeg1 ! *amf] l9e passes f ! *amf] circle to ! side ( ! head1 & ! di/9ction is great]1 z w be se5 by comp>+ head ,h ) head ,i1 bo? be+ ( equal wid?1 hav+ ! same angle ( *amf]1 & an am\nt j suffici5t to meet ! sides ( ! flats4 ,"h x w be se5 t 9 ! hexagon ,h1 ea* side ( ! head1 z ,p1 meets ! *amf] circle ,a4 ,:]eas1 9 ! squ>e head ^! two l9es are jo9$ by ! *amf] l9e ,q1 ! figures be+ q dissimil>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,x is obvi\s t :atev] ! degree or angle ( ! *amf] may be1 ! diamet] ( ! *amf] circle w be ! same 9 any view 9 :i* ! head may be pres5t$4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #aeh1 ! l9e ,g 9 ! side view is 9 l5g? equal to ! diamet] ( circle ,g1 9 ! end view1 & s long z ! angle ( ! *amf] is =ty-five degrees1 z 9 all ! views hi!rto giv51 ! wid? ( ! *amf] w be equal at correspond+ po9ts 9 ! diff]5t views2 ?us 9 ! figure ! wid?s ,a & ,b 9 ! two views are equal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,if ! o!r view %[+ a corn] ( ! head 9 front ( ! head be giv51 ! same fact holds good1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #aei4 ,t ! two outside flats %\ld appe> 9 ! draw+ to be half ! wid? ( ! middle flat is also %[n 9 ,figure #aeh1 :]e ,d & ,e are ea* half ! wid? ( ,c4 ,let u n[ suppose1 t ! *amf] be giv5 "s o!r angle ?an t ( #de degrees1 & we %all f9d t ! effect is to alt] ! curves ( ! *amf] arcs on ! flats1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #afj1 :]e ^! arcs ,e1 ,c1 ,d are %[n less curv$1 because ! *amf] ,b has m angle to ! flats4 ,z a result1 ! wid? or di/ance betwe5 ! arcs & l9e ,g is diff]5t 9 ! two views4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is bett] to draw ! *amf] at #de degrees1 z correct results may be obta9$ ) ! lea/ tr\ble4 ,if no *amf] at all is to be giv51 a hexagon head may /ill be di/+ui%$ f a squ>e "o1 provid+ t ! view giv+ ?ree sides ( ! head1 z 9 ,figure #aeh1 is %[n1 because ! two sides ,d & ,e be+ half ! wid? ( ! middle "o ,c1 imp>ts ! in=mation t x is a hexagon head4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! view %[+ b two ( ! sides & a corn] 9 front is giv51 & no *amf] is us$1 x c\ld n be kn[n :e!r ! head 0 to be hexagon or squ>e1 unless an end view be giv51 z 9 ,figure #afa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,if ! view %[+ a full side ( ! head ( a squ>e-head$ bolt is giv51 !n ei!r an end view mu/ be giv51 z 9 ,figure #afb1 or else a s+le view ) a cross on its head1 z 9 ,figure #afc1 may be giv54 ,x is ! bett] plan1 bo? 9 squ>e & hexagon heads1 to give ! view 9 :i* ! full face ( a flat is pres5t$1 t is1 z 9 ,figures #aee & #afc2 because1 9 ! case ( ! squ>e1 ! l5g? ( a side & ! wid? across ! head are bo? giv5 9 t view2 :]eas if two sides are %[n1 z 9 ,figure #afa1 ! wid? across flats is n giv51 & ?is is ! dim5sion t is want$ to "w to1 & n ! wid? across corn]s4 ,9 ! case ( a hexagon ! middle ( ! ?ree flats is equal 9 wid? to ! diamet] ( ! bolt1 & ! o!r two are "o-half its wid?2 all ?ree1 !re=e1 be+ m>k$ ) ! same set ( compasses z gives ! diamet] ( ! body ( ! bolt1 7 z %[n 9 ,figure #aeb4 ,= ! wid? across flats !re is an accept$ /&>d2 h5ce !re is no ne$ to m>k x ^u ! draw+1 unless 9 cases :]e ! /&>d is to be dep>t$ f1 9 :i* ev5t an end view may be add$1 or ! view %[+ two sides may be giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #afa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,to draw a squ>e-head$ bolt1 ! p5cil l9es are m>k$ 9 ! ord] %[n by figures 9 ,figure #afd4 ,! ink+ 9 is done 9 ! ord] ( ! lett]s a1 b1 c1 etc4 ,x w be obs]v$ t p5cil l9es #b1 #i1 & #aj are n drawn to cross1 b only to meet ! l9es at _! ends1 a po9t t1 z be=e /at$1 %\ld always be c>efully att5d$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afe ,to draw ! end view ( a hexagon head1 fir/ draw a circle ( ! diamet] across ! flats1 & !n re/ ! triangle ( #fj degrees on ! blade s ( ! squ>e1 z at ,t #a1 9 ,figure #afe1 & m>k ! l9es a & b4 ,rev]se ! triangle1 z at ,t #b1 & draw l9es c & d4 ,!n place ! triangle z 9 ,figure #aff1 & draw ! l9es e & f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aff4 ,if ! o!r view ( ! head is to be drawn1 !n fir/ draw ! l9es a & b 9 ,figure #afg ) ! squ>e1 !n ) ! #fj degree triangle1 plac$ on ! squ>e ,s1 z at ,t #a1 draw ! l9es c1 d1 & turn+ ! squ>e ov]1 z at ,t #b1 m>k l9es e & f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,if ! diamet] across corn]s ( a squ>e head is giv51 & x be requir$ to draw ! head1 ! process is z foll[s3 ,= a view %[+ "o corn] 9 front1 z 9 ,figure #afh1 a circle ( ! giv5 diamet] across corn]s is p5cill$1 & ! horizontal c5tre-l9e a is m>k$1 & ! triangle ( #de degrees is re/$ aga9/ ! squ>e blade ,s1 z 9 position ,t #a1 & l9es b & c m>k$1 b be+ m>k$ fir/2 & ! triangle is !n slid along ! squ>e blade to position ,t #a1 :5 l9e c is m>k$1 ^! two l9es j meet+ ! horizontal l9e a1 :]e x meets ! circle4 ,! triangle is !n mov$ to ! left1 & l9e d1 jo9+ ! ends ( b & c1 is m>k$1 & by mov+ x /ill f>!r to ! left to position ,t #b1 l9e e is m>k$4 ,l9es b1 c1 d1 & e are1 ( c\rse1 ! only ones ink$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,if ! flats are to lie 9 ! o!r direction1 ! p5cill+ w be done z 9 ,figure #afi4 ,! circle is m>k$ z be=e1 & ) ! triangle plac$ z %[n at ,t #a1 l9e a1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! circle1 is drawn4 ,by mov+ ! triangle to ! "r its edge ,b w be br\ght into position to m>k l9e b1 also pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,all t rema9s is to jo9 ! ends ( ^! two l9es1 us+ ! squ>e blade = l9es c1 d1 & ! triangle = e & f1 its position on ! squ>e blade be+ d5ot$ at ,t #c2 l9es c1 d1 e1 f1 are ! ones ink$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,= a hexagon head we h ! processes1 ,figures #agj & #aga4 ,! circle is /ruck1 & across x l9e a1 ,figure #agj1 pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre1 ! triangle ( sixty degrees w m>k ! sides b1 c1 & d1 e1 z %[n1 & ! squ>e blade is us$ = f1 g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,! *amf] circles are left out ( ^! figures to r$uce ! numb] ( l9es & s keep ! engrav+ cle>4 ,figure #aga %[s ! me?od ( draw+ a hexagon head :5 ! diamet] across corn]s is giv51 ! l9es be+ drawn 9 ! alphabetical ord] m>k$1 & ! triangle us$ z w n[ be und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,x may n[ be po9t$ out t ! triangle may be us$ to divide circles mu* m quickly ?an !y c\ld be divid$ by /epp+ ar\nd !m ) compasses4 ,suppose1 = example1 t we require to divide a circle into eight equal p>ts1 & we may d s z 9 ,figure #agb1 l9e a be+ m>k$ f ! squ>e1 & l9es b1 c & d f ! triangle ( =ty-five degrees2 ! l9es to be ink$ 9 to =m an octagon ne$ n be p5cill$1 z _! location is cle>ly def9$1 be+ l9es jo9+ ! ends ( ! l9es cross+ ! circle1 z = example1 l9es e1 f4 ,let x be requir$ to draw a polygon hav+ twelve equal sides1 & ! triangle ( sixty is us$1 m>k+ all ! l9es )9 ! circle 9 ,figure #agc1 except a1 = :i* ! squ>e blade is us$2 ! only l9es to be ink$ 9 are su* z b1 c4 ,9 ?is example !re is a corn] at ! top & bottom1 b suppose x 7 requir$ t a flat %\ld fall !re in/ead ( a corn]2 !n all we h to d is to set ! squ>e blade ,s at ! requir$ angle1 z 9 ,figure #agd1 & !n proce$ z be=e1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! po9t ( ! circle ne>e/ to ! squ>e blade1 /raight-edge1 or :atev] ! triangle is re/$ on1 is always a corn] ( a polygon hav+ twelve sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,9 bo? ( ^! examples we h assum$ t ! diamet] across corn]s ( ! polygon 0 giv51 b suppose ! diamet] across ! flats 7 giv51 & ! con/ruction is a little m complicat$4 ,circle a1 a1 9 ,figure #age1 is drawn ( ! requir$ diamet] across ! flats1 & ! l9es ( division are drawn across ) ! triangle ( #fj z be=e2 ! triangle ( #de is !n us$ to draw ! f\r l9es1 b1 c1 d1 e1 jo9+ ! ends ( l9es i1 j1 k1 l1 & t\*+ ! inn] circle1 a1 a4 ,! out] circle is !n p5cill$ 91 t\*+ ! l9es ( division :]e !y meet ! l9es b1 c1 d1 e1 & ! re/ ( ! l9es = ! sides ( ! polygon may !n be drawn )9 ! out] circle1 z at g1 h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,x is obvi\s1 also1 t ! triangle may be us$ to draw slots radiat+ f a c5tre1 z 9 ,figure #agf1 :]e x is desir$ to draw a *uck-plate hav+ #f slots4 ,! triangle ( #fj is us$ to draw ! c5tre l9es1 a1 b1 c1 etc41 = ! slots4 ,f ! c5tre1 ! arcs e1 f1 g1 h1 etc41 are m>k$1 %[+ :]e ! c5tres w fall = describ+ ! half circles =m+ ! ends ( ! slots4 ,!n half circles1 i1 j1 k1 l1 etc41 be+ drawn1 ! sides ( ! slots may be drawn 9 ) ! triangle1 & ! out] circle & ! slots ink$ 94 ,if ! slots are n to radiate f ! c5tre ( ! circle ! process is z foll[s3 ,! out] circle a1 ,figure #agg1 be+ drawn1 an inn] "o b is drawn1 its radius equall+ ! am\nt2 ! c5tres ( ! slots are to po9t to "o side ( ! c5tre ( circle a4 ,! triangle is !n us$ to divide ! circle into ! requisite numb] ( divisions c = ! slots1 & arcs i1 j1 are !n drawn = ! l5g?s ( ! slots4 ,! c5tre l9es e are !n drawn1 pass+ ?r\gh ! l9es c1 & ! arcs i1 j1 etc41 & t\*+ ! p]imet] ( ! inn] circle b2 arcs f1 g1 are !n m>k$ 91 & _! sides jo9$ ) ! triangle adju/$ by h&4 ,all t w\ld be ink$ 9 black are ! out] circle & ! slots1 b ! inn] circle b & a c5tre l9e ( "o ( ! slots %\ld be m>k$ 9 r$ ink to %[ h[ ! incl9ation ( ! slot 0 obta9$1 & !re=e its am\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,= a five-sid$ figure x is be/ to /ep ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ) ! compasses1 b = a ?ree-sid$ "o1 or trigon1 ! con/ruction is z foll[s3 ,x w be f\nd t ! compasses set to ! radius ( a circle w accurately divide x into six equal divisions1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #agh2 h5ce e o!r "o ( ^! divisions w be ! location = a corn] ( a trigon4 ,! circle be+ drawn1 a l9e ,a1 #agi1 is drawn ?r\gh its c5tre1 & f its int]section ) ! circle z at b1 "h a /ep on ea* side is m>k$ z c1 d1 !n l9es c to d1 & c & d to e1 :]e ,a meets1 ! circle w describe a trigon4 ,if ! figure is to /& v]tical1 all t is necess>y is to draw ! l9e a v]tical1 z 9 ,figure #ahj4 ,a ready me?od ( gett+ ! dim5sion across corn]s1 across ! flats1 or ! l5g? ( a side ( a giv5 polygon1 is by means ( diagrams1 su* z %[n 9 ! foll[+ figures1 :i* =m excell5t examples = practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,draw ! l9e ,o ,p1 ,figure #aha1 & at a "r angle to x ! l9e ,o ,b2 divide ^! two l9es into p>ts ( "o in*1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 :i* is divid$ into in*es & qu>t] in*es1 & f ^! po9ts ( division draw l9es cross+ ea* o!r z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,f ! po9t ,o1 draw diagonal l9es1 at suitable angles to ! l9e ,o ,p4 ,z %[n 9 ! cut1 ^! diagonal l9es are m>k$3 #dj degrees = #e sid$ figures4 #de #f #di #g #eb-a_/b #h #ee-a_/b #i ,b /ill o!rs c\ld be add$ = figures hav+ a great] numb] ( sides4 #a4 ,n[ x w be f\nd z foll[s3 ,half ! diamet]1 or ! radius ( a piece ( cyl9drical "w be+ giv51 & ! numb] ( sides x is to h be+ /at$1 ! l5g? ( "o side w be ! di/ance measur$ horizontally f ! l9e ,o ,b to ! diagonal l9e = t p>ticul> numb] ( sides4 ,,example4--,a piece ( "w is #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 & is requir$ to h #i sides3 :at w be ! l5g? ( ! sides or flats8 ,n[ ! half diamet] or radius ( #b-a_/b in*es is #a-a_/d in*es4 ,!n look along ! l9e ,o ,b = #a-a_/d1 :i* is d5ot$ 9 ! cut by figures & ! arr[ ,a2 set "o po9t ( ! compasses at ,a1 & ! o!r at ! po9t ( cross+ ( ! diagonal l9e ) ! #a-a_/d horizontal l9e1 z %[n 9 ! figure at a1 & f ,a to a is ! l5g? ( "o side4 ,aga93 ,a piece ( "w1 #d in*es 9 diamet]1 is to h #i sides3 h[ long w ea* side be8 ,n[ half ( #d is #b1 h5ce f ,b to b is ! l5g? ( ea* side4 ,b suppose t f ! l5g? ( ea* side1 & ! numb] ( sides1 x is requir$ to f9d ! diamet] to :i* to turn ! piece2 t is1 its diamet] across corn]s1 & we simply rev]se ! process ?us3 ,a body has #i sides1 ea* side measures #bg_/cb3 :at is its diamet] across corn]s8 ,take a rule1 apply x horizontally on ! figure1 & pass x along till ! di/ance f ! l9e ,o ,b to ! diagonal l9e m>k$ #i sides measures #bg_/cb1 :i* is f #a-a_/d on ,o ,b to a1 & ! #a-a_/d is ! radius1 :i*1 multipli$ by #b1 gives #b-a_/b in*es1 :i* is ! requir$ diamet] across corn]s4 ,= any o!r numb] ( sides ! process is j ! same4 ,?us3 ,a body is #c-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 & is to h #e sides3 :at w be ! l5g? ( ea* side8 ,n[ half ( #c-a_/b is #a-c_/d2 h5ce f #a-c_/d on ! l9e ,o ,b to ! po9t ,c1 :]e ! diagonal l9e crosses ! #a-c_/d l9e1 is ! l5g? ( ea* ( ! sides4 #b4 ,x w be f\nd t ! l5g? ( a side ( a squ>e be+ giv51 ! size ( ! squ>e1 measur$ across corn]s1 w be ! l5g? ( ! diagonal l9e m>k$ #de degrees1 f ! po9t ,o to ! figures indicat+1 on ! l9e ,o ,b or on ! l9e ,o ,p1 ! l5g? ( "o side4 ,,example4--,a squ>e body measures #a in* on ea* side3 :at does x measure across ! corn]s8 ,answ]3 ,f ! po9t ,o1 along diagonal l9e m>k$ #de degrees1 to ! po9t :]e x crosses ! l9es #a 7z d5ot$ 9 ! figure by a dot74 ,aga93 ,a cyl9drical piece ( wood requires to be squ>$1 & ea* side ( ! squ>e mu/ measure an in*3 :at diamet] mu/ ! piece be turn$ to8 ,n[ ! diagonal l9e m>k$ #de degrees passes ?r\gh ! #a-;in* l9e on ,o ,b1 & ! in* l9e on ,o ,p1 at ! po9t :]e ^! l9es meet2 h5ce all we h to d is to run ! eye along ei!r ( ! l9es m>k$ in*1 & f its po9t ( meet+ ! #de degrees l9e1 to ! po9t ,o1 is ! diamet] to turn ! piece to4 ,!re is ano!r way1 h[ev]1 ( gett+ ?is same measurem5t1 :i* is to set a pair ( compasses f ! l9e #a on ,o ,b1 to l9e #a on ,o ,p1 z %[n by ! l9e ,d1 :i* is ! full diamet] across corn]s4 ,?is is app>5t1 because f po9t ,o1 along l9e ,o ,b1 to #a1 !nce to ! dot1 !nce d[n to l9e #a on ,o ,p1 & along t to ,o1 encloses a squ>e1 ( :i* ei!r f ,o to ! dot1 or ! l5g? ( ! l9e ,d1 is ! measurem5t across corn]s1 :ile ! l5g? ( ea* side1 or diamet] across ! flats1 is f po9t ,o to ei!r ( ! po9ts #a1 or f ei!r ( ! po9ts #a to ! dot4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,aft] graphically demon/rat+ ! correctness ( ! scale we may simplify x consid]ably4 ,9 ,figure #ahb1 !re=e1 we h applications %[n4 ,a is a hexagon1 & if "o ( its sides be measur$1 x w be f\nd t x measures ! same z along l9e #a f ,o ,b to ! diagonal l9e #de degrees1 :i* di/ance is %[n by a ?ick5$ l9e4 ,at #a-a_/b is %[n a sev5-sid$ figure1 ^: diamet] is #c in*es1 & radius #a-a_/b in*es1 & if f ! po9t at #a-a_/b 7along ! ?ick5$ horizontal l9e71 to ! diagonal m>k$ #di degrees1 be measur$1 x w be f\nd exactly equal to ! l5g? ( a side on ! polygon4 ,at ,c is %[n "p ( a n9e-sid$ polygon1 ( #b-;in* radius1 & ! l5g? ( "o ( its sides w be f\nd to equal ! di/ance f ! diagonal l9e m>k$ #eb-a_/b degrees1 & ! l9e ,o ,b at #b4 ,let x n[ be not$ t if f ! po9t ,o1 z a c5tre1 we describe arcs ( circles f ! po9ts ( division on ,o ,b to ,o ,p1 "o end ( ea* arc w meet ! same figure on ,o ,p z x />t$ f at ,o ,b1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #aha1 & x becomes app>5t t 9 ! l5g? ( diagonal l9e betwe5 ,o & ! requir$ arc we h ! radius ( ! polygon4 ,,example4--,:at is ! radius across corn]s ( a hexagon or six-sid$ figure1 ! l5g? ( a side be+ an in*8 ,turn+ to our scale we f9d t ! place :]e !re is a horizontal di/ance ( an in* betwe5 ! diagonal #de degrees1 answ]+ to six-sid$ figures1 is along l9e #a 7,figure #ahb71 & ! radius ( ! circle enclos+ ! six-sid$ body is1 !re=e1 an in*1 z w be se5 on ref]r+ to circle ,a4 ,b x w be not$ t ! l5g? ( diagonal l9e #de degrees1 enclos$ betwe5 ! po9t ,o & ! arc ( circle f #a on ,o ,b to "o on ,o ,p1 measures also an in*4 ,h5ce we may measure ! radius along ! diagonal l9es if we *oose4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 simply s]ves to demon/rate ! correctness ( ! scale1 :i*1 be+ und]/ood1 we may disp5se ) mo/ ( ! l9es1 arriv+ at a scale su* z %[n 9 ,figure #ahc1 9 :i* ! l5g? ( ! side ( ! polygon is ! di/ance f ! l9e ,o ,b1 measur$ horizontally to ! diagonal1 correspond+ to ! numb] ( sides ( ! polygon4 ,! radius across corn]s ( ! polygon is t ( ! di/ance f ,o along ,o ,b to ! horizontal l9e1 giv+ ! l5g? ( ! side ( ! polygon1 & ! wid? across corn]s = a giv5 l5g? ( "o side ( ! squ>e1 is measur$ by ! l5g? ( ! l9es ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc4 ,?us1 dott$ l9e #b %[s ! l5g? ( ! side ( a n9e-sid$ figure1 ( #b-;in* radius1 ! radius across corn]s ( ! figure be+ #b in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,! dott$ l9e #b-a_/b %[s ! l5g? ( ! side ( a n9e-sid$ polygon1 hav+ a radius across corn]s ( #b-a_/b in*es4 ,! dott$ l9e #a %[s ! diamet]1 across corn]s1 ( a squ>e ^: sides measure an in*1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,?is scale lacks1 h[ev]1 "o elem5t1 9 t ! diamet] across ! flats ( a regul> polygon be+ giv51 x w n give ! diamet] across ! corn]s4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we may obta9 by a some:at simil> con/ruction4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #ahd1 draw ! l9e ,o ,b1 & divide x into in*es & p>ts ( an in*4 ,f ^! po9ts ( division draw horizontal l9es2 f ! po9t ,o draw ! foll[+ l9es & at ! foll[+ angles f ! horizontal l9e ,o ,p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,a l9e at #ge deg4 = polygons hav+ #ab sides4 #gb deg4 #aj #fg-a_/b deg4 #h #fj deg4 #f ,f ! po9t ,o to ! num]als d5ot+ ! radius ( ! polygon is ! radius across ! flats1 :ile f po9t ,o to ! horizontal l9e drawn f ^? num]als is ! radius across corn]s ( ! polygon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,a hexagon measures two in*es across ! flats3 :at is its diamet] measur$ across ! corn]s8 ,n[ f po9t ,o to ! horizontal l9e m>k$ #a in*1 measur$ along ! l9e ( #fj degrees1 is #a #e-cbnds in*es3 h5ce ! hexagon measures twice t1 or #b #e-af?s in*es across corn]s4 ,! pro( ( ! con/ruction is %[n 9 ! figure1 ! hexagon & o!r polygons be+ m>k$ simply = cle>ness ( illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,let x be requir$ to draw ! /ud %[n 9 ,figure #ahe1 & ! con/ruction w\ld be1 = ! p5cil l9es1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ahf2 l9e #a is ! c5tre l9e1 arcs1 #b & #c give ! l>ge1 & arcs #d & #e ! small diamet]1 to t\* :i* l9es #f1 #g1 #h1 & #i may be drawn4 ,l9es #aj1 #aa1 & #ab are !n drawn = ! l5g?s1 & x rema9s to draw ! curves 94 ,9 draw+ ^! curves great exactitude is requir$ to prop]ly f9d _! c5tres2 no?+ looks worse 9 a draw+ ?an an unfair or unev5 junction betwe5 curves & /raight l9es4 ,to f9d ! location = ^! c5tres1 set ! compasses to ! requir$ radius = ! curve1 & f ! po9t or corn] ,a draw ! arcs b & c1 f c m>k ! arc e1 & f b ! arc d1 & :]e d & e cross is ! c5tre = ! curve f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,simil>ly = ! curve h1 set ! compasses on i & m>k ! arc g1 & f ! po9t :]e x crosses l9e #f1 draw ! curve h4 ,9 ink+ 9 x is be/ to draw 9 all curves or arcs ( circles fir/1 & ! /raight l9es t jo9 !m aft]w>d1 because1 if ! /raight l9es are drawn fir/1 x is a difficult matt] to alt] ! c5tres ( ! curves to make !m fall true1 :]eas1 aft] ! curves are drawn x is an easy matt]1 if x %\ld be necess>y1 to v>y ! l9e a trifle1 s z to make x jo9 ! curves correctly & fair4 ,9 ink+ 9 ^! curves also1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to draw !m too %ort or too long1 z ?is w\ld impair ! appe>ance v mu*1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #ahg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,to draw ! piece %[n 9 ,figure #ahh1 ! l9es are drawn 9 ! ord] indicat$ by ! lett]s 9 ,figure #ahi1 ! example be+ giv5 = practice4 ,x is well = ! beg9n] to draw examples ( common objects1 su* z ! h& hamm] 9 ,figure #aij1 or ! *uck plate 9 ,figure #aia1 :i* af=d good examples 9 ! draw+ ( arcs & circles4 ,9 ,figure #aia a is a cap nut1 & ! ord] 9 :i* ! same w\ld be p5cill$ 9 is indicat$ by ! respective num]als4 ,! circles #c & #d repres5t ! ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aia a4 ,9 ,figure #aib is %[n ! p5cill+ = a l9k hav+ ! hubs on "o side only1 s t a c5tre l9e is unnecess>y on ! edge view1 z all ! l5g?s are d]iv$ f ! top view1 :ile ! ?ickness ( ! /em & height ( ! hubs may be measur$ f ! l9e ,a4 ,9 ,figure #aic !re are hubs 7on bo? sides ( ! l9k7 ( unequal height1 h5ce a c5tre l9e is necess>y 9 bo? views1 & f ?is l9e all measurem5ts %\ld be m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,9 ,figure #aid are repres5t$ ! p5cil l9es = a d\ble eye or knuckle jo9t1 z x is sometimes t]m$1 an example t x is desirable = ! /ud5t to draw 9 v>i\s sizes1 z x is repres5tative ( a l>ge class ( "w4 ,^! eyes (t5 h an (fset1 & an example ( ?is is giv5 9 ,figure #aie1 9 :i* ,a is ! c5tre l9e = ! /em di/ant f ! c5tre l9e ,b ( ! eyes to ! am\nt ( (fset requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,9 ,figure #aif is an example ( a connect+ rod end4 ,f a po9t1 z ,a1 we draw arcs1 z ,b ,c = ! wid?1 & ,e ,d = ! l5g? ( ! block1 & ?r\gh ,a we draw ! c5tre l9e4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t we may draw ! c5tre l9e fir/1 & apply ! measur+ rule direct to ! pap]1 & m>k l9es 9 place ( ! arcs ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,f1 ,g1 :i* are = ! /em4 ,z ! block jo9s ! /em 9 a /raight l9e1 ! latt] is evid5tly rectangul>1 z w be se5 by ref]r+ to ,figure #aig1 :i* repres5ts a rod end ) a r\nd /em1 ! fact t ! /em is r\nd be+ cle>ly %[n by ! curves ,a ,b4 ,! radius ( ^! curves is obta9$ z foll[s3 ,x is obvi\s t !y w jo9 ! rod /em at ! same po9t z ! %\ld] curves d1 z d5ot$ by ! dott$ v]tical l9e4 ,s likewise !y jo9 ! curves ,e ,f at ! same po9t 9 ! rod l5g? z ! %\ld] curves1 bo? curves 9 fact be+ =m$ by ! same r\nd corn] or %\ld]4 ,! c5tre ( ! radius ( ,a or ,b mu/ !re=e be ! same di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! rod z is ! c5tre f :i* ! %\ld] curve is /ruck1 & at ! same "t at su* a di/ance f ! corn] 7z ,e or ,f7 t ! curve w meet ! c5tre l9e ( ! rod at ! same po9t 9 its l5g? z ! %\ld] curves d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,figure #aih gives an example1 9 :i* ! simil> curv$ l9es %[ t a "p is squ>e4 ,! figure repres5ts a bolt ) a squ>e "u ! head4 ,z b "o view is giv51 t fact alone tells u t x mu/ be r\nd or squ>e4 ,n[ we might m>k a cross on ! squ>e "p1 to d5ote t x is squ>e2 b ?is is unnecess>y1 because ! curves ,f ,g %[ su* to be ! case4 ,^! curves are m>k$ z foll[s3 ,) ! compasses set to ! radius ,e1 "o po9t is re/$ at ,a1 & arc ,b is drawn2 !n "o po9t ( ! compass is re/$ at ,c1 & arc ,d is drawn2 giv+ ! c5tre = ! curve ,f by a simil> process on ! o!r side ( ! figure1 curve ,g is drawn4 ,po9t ,c is obta9$ by draw+ ! dott$ l9e across :]e ! outl9e curve meets ! /em4 ,suppose t ! corn] :]e ! r\nd /em meets ! squ>e "u ! head 0 a %>p "o in/ead ( a curve1 !n ! traditional cross w\ld require to be put on ! squ>e1 z 9 ,figure #aii2 or ! cross w be necess>y if ! corn] be a r\nd "o1 if ! /em is r$uc$ 9 diamet]1 z 9 ,figure #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,figure #bja repres5ts a c5tre pun*1 giv+ an example1 9 :i* ! flat sides gradually run out ^u a circle1 ! edges =m+ curves1 z at ,a1 ,b1 etc4 ,! l5g? ( ^! curves is det]m9$ z foll[s3 ,!y mu/ beg9 :]e ! tap] ( ! pun* jo9s ! p>allel1 or at ,c1 ,c1 & !y mu/ end on t "p ( ! tap] /em :]e ! diamet] is equal to ! diamet] across ! flats ( ! octagon4 ,all t is to be done !n is to f9d ! diamet] across ! flats on ! end view1 & m>k x on ! tap] /em1 z at ,d1 ,d1 :i* w %[ :]e ! flats t]m9ate on ! tap] /em4 ,& ! curv$ l9es1 z ,a1 ,b1 may be drawn 9 by a curve t mu/ meet at ! l9e ,c1 & also 9 a r\nd$ po9t at l9e ,d4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,screw ,,?reads ,,& ,,spirals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,! screw ?read = small bolts is repres5t$ by ?ick & ?9 l9es1 su* z 0 %[n 9 ,figure #aeb1 b 9 l>g] sizes2 ! angles ( ! ?read also are drawn 91 z 9 ,figure #bjb1 & ! me?od ( do+ ?is is %[n 9 ,figure #bjc4 ,! c5tre l9e #a & l9es #b & #c = ! full diamet] ( ! ?read be+ drawn1 set ! compasses to ! requir$ pit* ( ! ?read1 & /epp+ along l9e #b1 m>k ! arcs #d1 #e1 #f1 etc41 = ! full l5g? ! ?read is to be m>k$4 ,) ! triangle re/+ aga9/ ! ,t-squ>e1 ! l9es #g1 #h1 #i1 etc4 7= ! full l5g? ( ! ?read71 are drawn f ! po9ts #d1 #e1 #f1 on l9e #b4 ,^! give "o side ( ! ?read4 ,rev]s+ ! draw+ triangle1 angles #aj1 #aa1 etc41 are !n drawn1 :i* w complete ! outl9e ( ! ?read at ! top ( ! bolt4 ,we may n[ m>k ! dep? ( ! ?read by draw+ l9e #ab1 & ) ! compasses set on ! c5tre l9e transf] ?is dep? to ! o!r side ( ! bolt1 z d5ot$ by ! arcs #ac & #ad4 ,t\*+ arc #ad we m>k l9e #ae = ! ?read dep? on t side4 ,we h n[ to get ! slant ( ! ?read across ! bolt4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 pass+ once ar\nd ! bolt ! ?read advances to ! am\nt ( ! pit* z f a to b2 h5ce1 9 pass+ half way ar\nd1 x w advance f a to c2 we !re=e draw l9e #af at a "r-angle to ! c5tre l9e1 & a l9e t t\*es ! top ( ! ?reads at a1 :]e x meets l9e #b1 & also meets l9e #af1 :]e x t\*es l9e #c1 is ! angle or slope = ! tops ( ! ?reads1 :i* may be drawn across by l9es1 z #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 etc4 ,f ^! l9es ! sides ( ! ?read may be drawn at ! bottom ( ! bolt1 m>k+ fir/ ! angle on "o side1 z by l9es #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 etc41 & !n ! angles on ! o!r1 z by l9es #bd1 #be1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjd4 ,!re n[ rema9 ! bottoms ( ! ?read to draw1 & ?is is done by draw+ l9es f ! bottom ( ! ?read on "o side ( ! bolt to ! bottom on ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ! cut by a dott$ l9e2 h5ce1 we may set a squ>e blade to t angle1 & m>k 9 ^! l9es1 z #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 etc41 & ! ?read is p5cill$ 9 complete4 ,if ! /ud5t w foll[ out ?is example ^u pap]1 x w appe> to him t aft] ! ?read _h be5 m>k$ out on "o side ( ! bolt1 ! angle ( ! ?read might be obta9$1 z %[n by l9es #af & #ag1 & t ! bottoms ( ! ?read z well z ! tops might be c>ri$ across ! bolt to ! o!r side4 ,figure #bjd repres5ts a case 9 :i* ?is has be5 done1 & x w be obs]v$ t ! l9es d5ot+ ! bottom ( ! ?read d n meet ! bottoms ( ! ?read1 :i* occurs = ! reason t ! angle = ! bottom is n ! same z t = ! top ( ! ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,9 ink+ 9 ! ?read1 x enhances ! appe>ance to give ! bottom ( ! ?read & ! "r-h& side ( ! same1 heavy %ade l9es1 z 9 ,figure #bjb1 a plan t is usually adopt$ = ?reads ( l>ge diamet] & co>se pit*4 ,a d\ble ?read1 su* z 9 ,figure #bje1 is drawn 9 ! same way1 except t ! slant ( ! ?read is d\bl$1 & ! squ>e is to be set = ! ?read-pit* ,a1 ,a1 bo? = ! tops & bottoms ( ! ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #bjg4 ,a r\nd top & bottom ?read1 z ! ,:itwor? ?read1 is drawn by s+le l9es1 z 9 ,figure #bjf4 ,a left-h& ?read1 ,figure #bjg1 is obvi\sly drawn by ! same process z a "r-h& "o1 except t ! slant ( ! ?read is giv5 9 ! opposite direction4 ,= screw ?reads ( a l>ge diamet] x is n uncommon to draw 9 ! ?read curves z !y appe> to ! eye1 & ! me?od ( do+ ?is is %[n 9 ,figure #bjh4 ,! ?read is fir/ m>k$ on bo? sides ( ! bolt1 z expla9$1 & in/ead ( draw+1 /raight across ! bolt1 l9es to repres5t ! tops & bottoms ( ! ?read1 a template to draw ! curves by is requir$4 ,to get ^! curves1 two half-circles1 "o equal 9 diamet] to ! top1 & "o equal to ! bottom ( ! ?read1 are drawn1 z 9 ,figure #bjh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,^! half-circles are divid$ into any conv5i5t numb] ( equal divisions3 ?us 9 ,figure #bjh1 ea* has eight divisions1 z a1 b1 c1 etc41 = ! out]1 & i1 j1 k1 etc41 = ! inn] "o4 ,! pit* ( ! ?read is !n divid$ (f by v]tical l9es into z _m equal divisions z ! half-circles are divid$ into1 z by ! l9es a1 b1 c1 etc41 to o4 ,( ^!1 ! sev5 f a1 to h1 correspond to ! sev5 f a' to g'1 & are = ! top ( ! ?read1 & ! sev5 f i to o correspond to ! sev5 on ! inn] half-circle1 z i1 j1 k1 etc4 ,horizontal l9es are !n drawn f ! po9ts ( ! division to meet ! v]tical l9es ( division2 ?us ! horizontal dott$ l9e f a' meets ! v]tical l9e a1 & :]e !y meet1 z at ,a1 a dot is made4 ,:]e ! dott$ l9e f b' meets v]tical l9e b1 ano!r dot is made1 z at ,b1 & s on until ! po9t ,g is f\nd4 ,a curve drawn to pass f ! top ( ! ?read on "o side ( ! bolt to ! top ( ! o!r side1 & pass+ ?r\gh ^! po9ts1 z f ,a to ,g1 w be ! curve = ! top ( ! ?read1 & f ?is curve a template may be made to m>k all ! o!r ?read-tops f1 because manife/ly all ! tops ( ! ?read on ! bolt w be alike4 ,= ! bottoms ( ! ?read1 l9es are simil>ly drawn1 z f i' to meet i1 :]e dot ,i is m>k$4 ,j is got f j' & j1 :ile ,k is got f ! int]section ( k' ) k1 & s on1 ! dots f ,i to ,o be+ ^? ?r\gh :i* a curve is drawn = ! bottom ( ! ?read1 & f ?is curve a template also may be made to m>k all ! ?read bottoms4 ,we h 9 our example us$ eight po9ts ( division 9 ea* half-circle1 b ei!r m or less po9ts maybe us$1 ! only requisite be+ t ! pit* ( ! ?read mu/ be divid$ into z _m divisions z ! two half-circles are4 ,b x is n absolutely necess>y t bo? half-circles be divid$ into ! same numb] ( equal divisions4 ,?us1 suppose ! l>ge half-circle 7 divid$ into t5 divisions1 !n in/ead ( ! fir/ half ( ! pit* be+ divid$ into eight 7z f a to h7 x w\ld require to h t5 l9es4 ,b ! inn] half-circle may h eight only1 z 9 our example4 ,x is m conv5i5t1 h[ev]1 to use ! same numb] ( divisions = bo? circles1 s t !y may bo? be divid$ toge!r by l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre4 ,! m ! po9ts ( division1 ! great] numb] ( po9ts to draw ! curves ?r\gh2 h5ce x is desirable to h z _m z possible1 :i* is gov]n$ by ! pit* ( ! ?read1 x be+ obvi\s t ! f9] ! pit* ! less ! numb] ( di/9ct & cle> divisions x is practicable to divide x into4 ,9 our example ! angles ( ! ?read are spread out to cause ^! l9es to be ?r[n fur!r ap>t ?an !y w\ld be 9 a bolt ( t diamet]2 h5ce x w be se5 t 9 ?reads ( b two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet] ! l9es w\ld fall v close toge!r1 & w\ld require to be drawn f9ely & ) c>e to keep !m di/9ct4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bjh a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,! curves = a ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d =m ( ?read are obta9$ 9 ! same mann] z f ! ,v ?read 9 ,figure #bjh1 b ! ?read itself is m difficult to draw4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is ?read is %[n 9 ,figure #bjh1 x hav+ a flat place at ! top & at ! bottom ( ! ?read4 ,a common ,v ?read has its sides at an angle ( #fj degrees1 "o to ! o!r1 ! top & bottom meet+ 9 a po9t4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d is obta9$ f draw+ a common ,v ?read & divid+ its dep? into eight equal divisions1 z at x1 9 ,figure #bjh a1 & cutt+ (f "o ( ^! divisions at ! top & fill+ 9 "o at ! bottom to =m flat places1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,b ! ?read _c be sket*$ on a bolt by ?is means unless tempor>y l9es are us$ to get ! ?read f1 ^! tempor>y l9es be+ drawn to repres5t a bolt "o-f\r? ! dep? ( ! ?read too l>ge 9 diamet]4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #bjh a1 x is se5 t cutt+ (f "o-eigh? ! dep? ( ! ?read r$uces ! diamet] ( ! ?read4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 to draw ! flat place on top ( ! ?read fir/1 ! ord] ( proc$ure be+ %[n 9 ,figure #bji4 ,! l9es = ! full diamet] ( ! ?read be+ drawn1 ! pit* is /epp$ (f by arcs1 z #a1 #b1 #c1 etc42 & f ^!1 arcs1 z #d1 #e1 #f1 etc41 are m>k$ = ! wid? ( ! flat places at ! tops ( ! ?reads4 ,!n "o side ( ! ?read is m>k$ (f by l9es1 z #g1 :i* meet ! arcs #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 z at a1 c1 etc4 ,simil> l9es1 z #h & #i1 are m>k$ = ! o!r side ( ! ?read1 ^! l9es1 #g1 #h & #i1 project+ until !y cross ea* o!r4 ,l9e #aj is !n drawn1 mak+ a flat place at ! bottom ( ! ?read equal 9 wid? to t at ! top4 ,l9e #ab is !n drawn squ>e across ! bolt1 />t+ f ! bottom ( ! ?read1 & l9e #ac is drawn />t+ f ! corn] f on "o side ( ! ?read & meet+ l9e #ab on ! o!r side ( ! ?read1 :i* gives ! angle = ! tops ( ! ?read4 ,! dep? ( ! ?read may !n be m>k$ on ! o!r side ( ! bolt by ! arcs d & e1 & ! l9e #ad4 ,! tops ( all ! ?reads may !n be drawn 91 z by l9es #ae1 #af1 #ag & #ah1 & by l9es1 z #ai1 etc41 ! ?read sides may be drawn on ! o!r side ( ! bolt4 ,all t rema9s is to jo9 ! bottoms ( ! ?reads by l9es across ! bolt1 & ! p5cil l9es w be complete1 ready to ink 94 ,if ! ?read is to be %[n curv$ in/ead ( drawn /raight across1 ! curve may be obta9$ by ! con/ruction 9 ,figure #bjh1 :i* is simil> to t 9 ,figure #bjg1 except t :ile ! pit* is divid$ (f into #af divisions1 ! :ole ( ^! #af divisions are n us$ to get ! curves1 "s ( !m be+ us$ twice ov]2 ?us = ! bottom ! eight divisions f b to i are us$1 :ile = ! tops ! eight f g to o are us$4 ,h5ce g1 h & i are us$ = gett+ bo? curves1 ! divisions f a to b & f o to p be+ tak5 up by ! flat top & bottom ( ! ?read4 ,x w be not$ t 9 ,figure #bjg1 ! top ( ! ?read is drawn fir/1 :ile 9 ,figure #bjh ! bottom is drawn fir/1 & t 9 ! latt] 7= ! ,u4,s4 /&>d7 ! pit* is m>k$ f c5tre to c5tre ( ! flats ( ! ?read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,to draw a squ>e ?read ! p5cil l9es are m>k$ 9 ! ord] %[n 9 ,figure #baj1 9 :i* #a repres5ts ! c5tre l9e & #b1 #c1 #d & #e1 ! diamet] & dep? ( ! ?read4 ,! pit* ( ! ?read is m>k$ (f by arcs1 z #f1 #g1 etc41 or by lay+ a rule directly on ! c5tre l9e & m>k+ ) a lead p5cil4 ,to obta9 ! slant ( ! ?read1 l9es #h & #i are drawn1 & f ^! l9e #aj1 t\*+ #h & #i :]e !y meet l9es #b & #e2 ! ?reads may !n be drawn 9 f ! arcs z #f1 #g1 etc4 ,! side ( ! ?read w %[ at ! top & ! bottom z at ,a ,b1 because ( ! co>se pit* & ! ?read on ! o!r or unse5 side ( ! bolt slants1 z d5ot$ by ! l9es #ab1 #ac2 & h5ce to draw ! sides ,a ,b1 ! triangle mu/ be set f "o ?read to ! next on ! opposite side ( ! bolt1 z d5ot$ by ! dott$ l9es #ab & #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,if ! curves ( ! ?read are to be drawn 91 !y may be obta9$ z 9 ,figure #baa1 :i* is sub/antially ! same z describ$ = a ,v ?read4 ,! curves f1 repres5t+ ! sides ( ! ?read1 t]m9ate at ! c5tre l9e g1 & ! curves e are equidi/ant ) ! curves c f ! v]tical l9es d4 ,z ! curves f above ! l9e are ! same z f bel[ ! l9e1 ! template = f ne$ n be made to ext5d ! :ole di/ance across1 b "o-half only2 z is %[n by ! dott$ curve g1 9 ! con/ruction = f9d+ ! curve = squ>e-?read$ nuts 9 ,figure #bab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,a specim5 ( ! =m ( template = draw+ ^! curves is %[n 9 ,figure #bac2 g g1 is ! c5tre l9e p>allel to ! edges ,r1 ,s2 l9es m1 n1 repres5t ! diamet] ( ! ?read at ! top1 & o1 p1 t at ! bottom or root2 edge a is =m$ to ! po9ts 7f\nd by ! con/ructions 9 ! figures z already expla9$7 = ! tops ( ! ?read1 & edge f is s =m$ = ! curve at ! ?read bottoms4 ,! edge1 z ,s or ,r1 is laid aga9/ ! squ>e-blade to /eady x :ile draw+ 9 ! curves4 ,x may be not$1 h[ev]1 t s9ce ! curve is ! same bel[ ! c5tre l9e z x is above1 ! template may be made to s]ve = "o-half ! ?read diamet]1 z at f1 :]e x is made f o to g1 only be+ turn$ upside d[n to draw ! o!r half ( ! curve2 ! not*es cut out at x1 x1 are m]ely to let ! p5cil-l9es 9 ! draw+ %[ pla9ly :5 sett+ ! template4 ,:5 ! ?read ( a nut is %[n 9 section1 x slants 9 ! opposite direction to t :i* appe>s on ! bolt-?read1 because x %[s ! ?read t fits to ! opposite side ( ! bolt1 :i*1 !re=e1 slants 9 ! opposite direction1 z %[n by ! l9es #ab & #ac 9 ,figure #baj4 ,9 a top or end view ( a nut ! ?read dep? is usually %[n by a simple circle1 z 9 ,figure #bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,to draw a spiral spr+1 draw ! c5tre l9e ,a1 & l9es ,b1 ,c1 ,figure #bae1 di/ant ap>t ! diamet] ! spr+ is to be less ! diamet] ( ! wire ( :i* x is to be made4 ,on ! c5tre l9e ,a m>k two l9es a b1 c d1 repres5t+ ! pit* ( ! spr+4 ,divide ! di/ance betwe5 a & b into f\r equal divisions1 z by l9es #a1 #b1 #c1 lett+ l9e #c meet l9e ,b4 ,l9e e meet+ ! c5tre l9e at l9e a1 & ! l9e ,b at its int]section ) l9e #c1 is ! angle ( ! coil on "o side ( ! spr+2 h5ce x may be m>k$ 9 at all ! locations1 z at e f1 etc4 ,^! l9es give at _! int]sections ) ! l9es ,c & ,b ! c5tres = ! half circles g1 :i* be+ drawn1 ! sides h1 i1 j1 k1 etc41 ( ! spr+1 may all be m>k$ 94 ,by ! l9es m1 n1 o1 p1 ! o!r sides ( ! spr+ may be m>k$ 94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,! end ( ! spr+ is usually m>k$ /raight across1 z at ,l4 ,if x is requir$ to draw ! coils curv$ in/ead ( /raight across1 a template mu/ be made1 ! curve be+ obta9$ z already describ$ = ?reads4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t to obta9 z accurate a division z possible ( ! l9es t divide ! pit*1 ! pit* may be divid$ ^u a diagonal l9e1 z ,f1 ,figure #baf1 :i* w greatly facilitate ! op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,be=e go+ into projections x may be z well to give "s examples = practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 7,page #afi47 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,examples ,,= ,,practice4 ,figure #bag repres5ts a simple example = practice1 :i* ! /ud5t may draw ! size ( ! engrav+1 or he may draw x twice ! size4 ,x is a locomotive spr+1 compos$ ( leaves or plates1 held toge!r by a c5tral b&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,figure #bah is an example ( a /uff+ box & gl&1 suppos$ to /& v]tical1 h5ce ! gl& has an oil cup or receptacle4 ,9 ,figure #bai are work+ draw+s ( a c\pl+ rod1 ) ! dim5sions & directions m>k$ 94 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! draw+s ( a work%op are1 :]e l>ge quantities ( ! same k9d ( "w is done1 v>i$ 9 "* to suit "s special dep>tm5ts--t is to say1 special extra draw+s are made = ^! dep>tm5ts4 ,9 ,figures #bbj & #bba is a draw+ ( a connect+ rod drawn1 put toge!r z x w\ld be = ! la!1 vise or erect+ %op4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,to ! two views %[n !re w\ld be necess>y detail sket*es ( ! set screws1 gibbs1 & keys1 all ! re/ be+ %[n2 ! necess>y dim5sions be+1 ( c\rse1 m>k$ on ! g5]al draw+ & on ! details4 ,9 s simple a ?+ z a connect+ rod1 h[ev]1 !re w\ld be no "q z to h[ ! p>ts g toge!r2 h5ce detail draw+s ( ea* sep>ate piece w\ld answ] = ! la! or vise b&s4 ,b 9 _m cases ?is w\ld n be ! case1 & ! draw+ w\ld require to %[ ! p>ts put toge!r1 & be accompani$ ) su* detail sket*es z might be necess>y to %[ p>ts t c\ld n be cle>ly def9$ 9 ! g5]al views4 ,! blacksmi?1 = example1 is only conc]n$ ) ! mak+ ( ! sep>ate pieces1 & has no conc]n z to h[ ! p>ts g toge!r4 ,fur!rmore1 !re are p>ts & dim5sions 9 ! g5]al draw+ ) :i* ! blacksmi? has no?+ to d4 ,?us ! location & dim5sions ( ! keyways1 ! dim5sions ( ! brasses1 & ! location ( ! bolt holes1 are matt]s t h no ref]5ce to ! blacksmi?'s "w1 because ! keyways1 bolt holes1 & set-screw holes w\ld be cut out ( ! solid 9 ! ma*9e %op4 ,x is cu/om>y1 !re=e1 to s5d to ! blacksmi? %op draw+s conta9+ sep>ate views ( ea* piece drawn to ! %ape x is to be =g$2 & drawn full size1 or else on a scale suffici5tly l>ge to make ea* "p %[ cle>ly )\t close inspection1 m>k+ !reon ! full sizes1 & /at+ b5ea? ! numb] ( pieces ( ea* detail4 7,z 9 ,figure #bbb1 :i* repres5ts ! iron "w ( ! connect+ rod 9 ,figure #bbj74 ,9 "s cases ! f9i%$ sizes are m>k$1 & x is left to ! blacksmi?'s judgm5t h[ mu* to leave = ! f9i%+4 ,?is is undesirable1 because ei!r ! blacksmi? is left to judge :at p>ts are to be f9i%$1 or else !re mu/ be on ! draw+ in/ructions on ?is po9t1 or else signs or symbols t are und]/ood to convey ! in=mation4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to make = ! blacksmi? a special sket*1 & m>k !reon ! full-=g$ sizes1 /at+ on ! draw+ t su* is ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbb ,z to ! mat]ial ( :i* ! pieces are to be made1 ! great] "p ( blacksmi? "w is made ( wr\ght iron1 & x is1 !re=e1 unnecess>y to write wr\ght iron b5ea? ea* piece4 ,:5 ! pieces are to be ( /eel1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be m>k$ on ! draw+ & b5ea? ! piece4 ,9 special cases1 z :]e ! great] "p ( ! "w ( ! %op is ( /eel1 ! rule may1 ( c\rse1 be rev]s$1 & ! p>ts made ( iron may be ! ones m>k$1 :]eas :5 p>ts are sometimes ( iron1 & at o!rs ( /eel1 ea* piece %\ld be m>k$4 ,z a g5]al rule ! blacksmi? kn[s1 f ! cu/om ( ! %op or ! nature ( ! "w1 :at ! quality or k9d ( iron is to be1 & x is1 !re=e1 only 9 exceptional cases t !y ne$ to be m5tion$ on ! draw+4 ,?us 9 a c>riage manufactory1 ,norway or ,sw$e iron w be f\nd1 z well z ! bett] grades ( ref9$ iron1 b ! blacksmi? w "k :at iron to use1 = c]ta9 p>ts1 or ! %op may be s regulat$ t ! selection ( ! iron is n left to him4 ,9 m>k+ ! numb] ( pieces requir$1 x is bett] to use ! ^w ?us ?an ! words ( ?is1 or (f ?is1 because x is %ort] & m correct1 = ! =g+ is n tak5 (f ! draw+1 nor is x ( ! same2 ! draw+ gives ! %ape & ! size1 & ! ^w ?us conveys t idea bett] ?an (1 (f1 or l ?is4 ,9 %ops :]e !re are _m ( ! same pieces =g$1 ! blacksmi? is furni%$ ) %eet-iron templates t he c lay directly ^u ! =g+ & te/ its dim5sions at once1 :i* is an excell5t plan 9 l>ge "w4 ,su* templates are1 ( c\rse1 made f ! draw+s1 & x becomes a "q z to :e!r _! dim5sions %\ld be ! =g$ or ! f9i%$ ones4 ,if !y are ! =g$1 !y may cause tr\ble1 because a =g+ may h a scant place t x is difficult = ! blacksmi? to br+ up to ! size ( ! template1 & he is 9 d\bt :e!r !re is en\gh metal 9 ! scant place to all[ ! job to clean up4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to make !m to f9i%$ sizes1 s t he c see at once if ! "w w clean up1 not)/&+ ! scant place4 ,?is w lead to no errors 9 l>ge "w1 because su* "w is m>k$ out by l9es1 & ! scant "p w !re=e be discov]$ by ! ma*9i/1 :o w l9e out ! piece accord+ly4 ,figure #bbc is a draw+ ( a locomotive frame1 :i* ! /ud5t may z well draw ?ree or f\r times z l>ge z ! engrav+1 :i* br+s u to ! subject ( enl>g+ or r$uc+ scales4 ,,r$uc+ ,,scales4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to r$uce a draw+ to a small] scale1 or to f9d a m9ute fraction ( a giv5 dim5sion1 su* fraction n be+ m>k$ on ! l9eal measur+ rules at h&4 ,figure #bbd repres5ts a scale = f9d+ m9ute fractions4 ,draw sev5 l9es p>allel to ea* o!r1 & equidi/ant draw v]tical l9es divid+ ! scale into half-in*es1 z at a1 b1 c1 etc4 ,divide ! fir/ space e d into equal halves1 draw diagonal l9es1 & numb] !m z 9 ! figure4 ,! di/ance ( po9t #a1 :i* is at ! int]section ( diagonal ) ! second horizontal l9e1 w be #a_/bd in* f v]tical l9e e4 ,po9t #b w be #b_/bd in* f l9e e1 & s on4 ,= t5?s ( in*es !re w\ld require to be b six horizontal l9es1 ! diagonals be+ drawn z be=e4 ,a simil> scale is %[n 9 ,figure #bbe4 ,draw ! l9es ,a ,b1 ,b ,d1 ,d ,c1 ,c ,a1 enclos+ a squ>e in*4 ,divide ea* ( ^! l9es into t5 equal divisions1 & numb] & lett] !m z %[n4 ,draw also ! diagonal l9es ,a #a1 a #b1 ,b #c1 & s on2 !n ! di/ances f ! l9e ,a ,c to ! po9ts ( int]section ( ! diagonals ) ! horizontal l9es repres5t hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,suppose1 = example1 we trace "o diagonal l9e 9 its pa? across ! figure1 tak+ t :i* />ts f ,a & ends at #a on ! top horizontal l9e2 !n :]e ! diagonal int]sects horizontal l9e #a1 is #ii_/ajj f ! l9e ,b ,d1 & #a_/ajj f ! l9e ,a ,c1 :ile :]e x int]sects horizontal l9e #b1 is #ih_/ajj f l9e ,b ,d1 & #b_/ajj f l9e ,a ,c1 & s on4 ,if we require to set ! compasses to #fg_/ajj in*1 we set !m to ! radius ( n1 & ! figure #c on l9e ,b ,d1 because f t #c to ! v]tical l9e d #d is #f_/aj or #fj_/ajj in*1 & f t v]tical l9e to ! diagonal at n is sev5 divisions f ! l9e ,c ,d ( ! figure4 ,9 mak+ a draw+ to scale1 h[ev]1 x is an excell5t plan to draw a l9e & divide x (f to suit ! requir$ scale4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! giv5 scale is "o-qu>t] size1 or ?ree in*es p] foot2 !n a l9e ?ree in*es long may be divid$ into twelve equal divisions1 repres5t+ twelve in*es1 & ^! may be subdivid$ into half or qu>t] in*es & s on4 ,x is recomm5d$ to ! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 to sp5d all 8 "t mak+ simple draw+s1 )\t mak+ !m to scale1 9 ord] to become s famili> ) ! use ( ! in/rum5ts z to feel at home ) !m1 avoid+ ! complication ( e>ly /udies t w\ld accompany draw+ to scale4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,projections4 ,9 project+1 ! l9es 9 "o view are us$ to m>k ^? 9 o!r views1 & to f9d _! %apes or curvature z !y w appe> 9 o!r views4 ,?us1 9 ,figure #bbe;a we h a spiral1 w\nd ar\nd a cyl9d] ^: end is cut (f at an angle4 ,! pit* ( ! spiral is ! di/ance ,a ,b1 & we may del9eate ! curve ( ! spiral look+ at ! cyl9d] f two positions 7"o at a "r-angle to ! o!r1 z is %[n 9 ! figure71 by means ( a circle hav+ a circumf]5ce equal to t ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ?is circle we divide into any numb] ( equidi/ant divisions1 z f #a to #bd4 ,! pit* ,a ,b ( ! spiral or ?read is !n divid$ (f also into #bd equidi/ant divisions1 z m>k$ on ! left h& ( ! figure2 v]tical l9es are !n drawn f ! po9ts ( division on ! circle to ! po9ts correspond+ly numb]$ on ! l9es divid+ ! pit*2 & :]e l9e #a on ! circle int]sects l9e #a on ! pit* is "o po9t 9 ! curve4 ,simil>ly1 :]e po9t #b on ! circle int]sects l9e #b on ! pit* is ano!r po9t 9 ! curve1 & s on = ! :ole #bd divisions on ! circle & on ! pit*4 ,9 ?is view1 h[ev]1 ! pa? ( ! spiral f l9e #g to l9e #ai lies on ! o!r side ( ! cyl9d]1 & is m>k$ 9 dott$ l9es1 because x is hidd5 by ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! "r-h& view1 h[ev]1 a diff]5t portion ( ! spiral or ?read is hidd51 namely f l9es #a to #ac inclusive1 be+ an equal proportion to t hidd5 9 ! left-h& view4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbe a4 ,! top ( ! cyl9d] is %[n 9 ! left-h& view to be cut (f at an angle to ! axis1 & w !re=e appe> elliptical2 9 ! "r-h& view1 to del9eate ?is oval1 ! same v]tical l9es f ! circle may be c>ri$ up z %[n on ! "r h&1 & horizontal l9es may be drawn f ! incl9$ face 9 "o view across ! end ( ! o!r view1 z at ,p2 ! divisions on ! circle may be c>ri$ up on ! "r-h& view by means ( /raight l9es1 z ,q1 & arcs ( circle1 z at ,r1 & v]tical l9es drawn f ^! arcs1 z l9e ,s1 & :]e ^! v]tical l9es ,s int]sect ! horizontal l9es z ,p1 are po9ts 9 ! ellipse4 ,let x be requir$ to draw a cyl9drical body jo9+ ano!r at a "r-angle2 z = example1 a ,tee1 su* z 9 ,figure #bbf1 & ! outl9e c all be %[n 9 "o view1 b x is requir$ to f9d ! l9e ( junction ( "o piece1 ,a1 ) ! o!r1 ,b2 t is1 f9d or m>k ! l9es ( junction ,c4 ,n[ :5 ! diamet]s ( ,a & ,b are equal1 ! l9e ( junction ,c is a /raight l9e1 b x becomes a curv$ "o :5 ! diamet] ( ,a is less ?an t ( ,b1 or vice v]sa2 h5ce x may be z well to project x 9 bo? cases4 ,= ?is purpose ! ?ree views are necess>y4 ,"o-qu>t] ( ! circle ( ,b1 9 ! end view1 is divid$ (f into any numb] ( equal divisions2 ?us we h *os5 ! divisions m>k$ a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 etc42 a qu>t] ( ! top view is simil>ly divid$ (f1 z at f1 g1 h1 i1 j2 f ^! po9ts ( division l9es are project$ on to ! side view1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es k1 l1 m1 n1 o1 p1 etc41 & :]e ^! l9es meet1 z d5ot$ by ! dots1 is 9 ea* case a po9t 9 ! l9e ( junction ( ! two cyl9d]s ,a1 ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,figure #bbg repres5ts a ,tee1 9 :i* ,b is less 9 diamet] ?an ,a2 h5ce ! two jo9 9 a curve1 :i* is f\nd 9 a simil> mann]1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #bbg4 ,suppose t ! end & top views are drawn1 & t ! side view is drawn 9 outl9e1 b t ! curve ( junction or int]section is to be f\nd4 ,n[ x is evid5t t s9ce ! c5tre l9e #a passes ?r\gh ! side & end views1 t ! face a1 9 ! end view1 w be ev5 ) ! face a' 9 ! side view1 bo? be+ ! same face1 & z ! full l5g? ( ! side ( ,b 9 ! end view is m>k$ by l9e b1 !re=e l9e c project$ d[n f b w at its junction ) l9e b'1 :i* corresponds to l9e b1 give ! extreme dep? to :i* b' ext5ds into ! body ,a1 & !re=e1 ! apex ( ! curve ( int]section ( ,b ) ,a4 ,to obta9 o!r po9ts1 we divide "o-qu>t] ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ,b 9 ! top view into f\r equal divisions1 z by l9es d1 e1 f1 & f ! po9ts ( division we draw l9es j1 i1 g1 to ! c5tre l9e m>k$ #b1 ^! l9es be+ ?ick5$ 9 ! cut = cle>ness ( illu/ration4 ,! compasses are !n set to ! l5g? ( ?ick5$ l9e g1 & f po9t h1 9 ! end view1 z a c5tre1 ! arc g' is m>k$4 ,) ! compasses set to ! l5g? ( ?ick5$ l9e i1 & f h z a c5tre1 arc i' is m>k$1 & ) ! l5g? ( ?ick5$ l9e j z a radius & f h z a c5tre arc j' is m>k$2 f ^! arcs l9es k1 l1 m are drawn1 & f ! int]section ( k1 l1 m1 ) ! circle ( ,a1 l9es n1 o1 p are let fall4 ,f ! l9es ( division1 d1 e1 f1 ! l9es q1 r1 s are drawn1 & :]e l9es n1 o1 p jo9 l9es q1 r1 s1 are po9ts 9 ! curve1 z %[n by ! dots1 & by draw+ a l9e to int]sect ^! dots ! curve is obta9$ on "o-half ( ,b4 ,s9ce ! axis ( ,b is 9 ! same plane z t ( ,a1 ! l[] half ( ! curve is ( ! same curvature z ! upp]1 z is %[n by ! dott$ curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbh4 ,9 ,figure #bbh ! axis ( piece ,b is n 9 ! same plane z t ( ,d1 b to "o side ( x to ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tre l9es ,c1 ,d1 :i* is mo/ cle>ly se5 9 ! top view4 ,9 ?is case ! process is ! same except 9 ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,9 ! side view ! l9e w1 correspond+ to ! l9e w 9 ! end view1 passes )9 ! l9e x be=e ! curve ( int]section beg9s1 & 9 transf]r+ ! l5g?s ( ! full l9es b1 c1 d1 e1 f to ! end view1 & m>k+ ! arcs b'1 c'1 d'1 e'1 f'1 !y are m>k$ f ! po9t w 7! po9t :]e ! c5tre l9e ( ,b int]sects ! outl9e ( ,a71 in/ead ( f ! po9t x4 ,9 all o!r respects ! con/ruction is ! same z t 9 ,figure #bbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbi4 ,9 ^! examples ! axis ( ,b /&s at a "r-angle to t ( ,a4 ,b 9 ,figure #bbi is %[n ! con/ruction :]e ! axis ( ,b is n at a "r-angle to ,a4 ,9 ?is case !re is project$ f ,b1 9 ! side view1 an end view ( ,b z at ,b'1 & across ?is end at a "r-angle to ! c5tre l9e ( ,b is m>k$ a c5tre l9e ,c ,c ( ,b'1 :i* is divid$ z be=e by l9es d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 _! respective l5g?s be+ transf]r$ f ,w z a c5tre1 & m>k$ by ! arcs d'1 e'1 f'1 :i* are m>k$ on a v]tical l9e & c>ri$ by horizontal l9es1 to ! arc ( ,a z at i1 j1 k4 ,f ^! po9ts1 i1 j1 k1 ! p]p5dicul> l9es l1 m1 n1 o1 are dropp$1 & :]e ^! l9es meet l9es p1 q1 r1 s1 t1 are po9ts 9 ! curve ( int]section ( ,b ) ,a4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ea* ( ! l9es m1 n1 o1 s]ves = two ( ! po9ts 9 ! curve2 ?us1 m meets q & s1 :ile n meets p & t1 & o meets ! outl9e on ea* side ( ,b1 9 ! side view1 & z i1 j1 k are obta9$ f d & e1 ! l9es g & h might h be5 omitt$1 be+ ins]t$ m]ely = ! sake ( illu/ration4 ,9 ,figure #bcj is an example 9 :i* a cyl9d] int]sects a cone1 ! axes be+ p>allel4 ,to obta9 ! curve ( int]section 9 ?is case1 ! side view is divid$ by any conv5i5t numb] ( l9es1 z a1 b1 c1 etc41 drawn at a "r-angle to its axis ,a ,a1 & f "o end ( ^! l9es are let fall ! p]p5dicul>s f1 g1 h1 i1 j2 f ! ends ( ^! 7:]e !y meet ! c5tre l9e ( ,a 9 ! top view71 half-circles k1 l1 m1 n1 o1 are drawn to meet ! circle ( ,b 9 ! top view1 & f _! po9ts ( int]section ) ,b1 l9es p1 q1 r1 s1 t1 are drawn1 & :]e ^! meet l9es a1 b1 c1 d & e1 :i* is at u1 v1 w1 x1 y1 are po9ts 9 ! curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,x w be obs]v$1 on ref]r+ aga9 to ,figure #bbi1 t ! bran* or cyl9d] ,b appe>s to be ( elliptical section on its end face1 :i* occurs because x is se5 at an angle to its end surface2 n[ ! me?od ( f9d+ ! ellipse = any giv5 degree ( angle is z 9 ,figure #bca1 9 :i* ,b repres5ts a cyl9drical body ^: top face w\ld1 if view$ f po9t ,i1 appe> z a /raight l9e1 :ile if view$ f po9t ,j x w\ld appe> 9 outl9e a circle4 ,n[ if view$ f po9t ,e its app>5t dim5sion 9 "o direction w obvi\sly be def9$ by ! l9es ,s1 ,z4 ,s t if on a l9e ,g ,g at a "r angle to ! l9e ( vision ,e1 we m>k po9ts t\*+ l9es ,s1 ,z1 we get po9ts #a & #b1 repres5t+ ! app>5t dim5sion 9 t direction :i* is ! wid? ( ! ellipse4 ,! l5g? ( ! ellipse w obvi\sly be ! full diamet] ( ! cyl9d] ,b2 h5ce f ,e z a c5tre we m>k po9ts #c & #d1 & ( ! rema9+ po9ts we w speak pres5tly4 ,suppose n[ ! angle ! top face ( ,b is view$ f is d5ot$ by ! l9e ,l1 & l9es ,s'1 ,z1 p>allel to ,l1 w be ! wid? = ! ellipse ^: l5g? is m>k$ by dots1 equidi/ant on ea* side ( c5tre l9e ,g' ,g'1 :i* equal 9 _! wid?s "o f ! o!r ! full diamet] ( ,b4 ,9 ?is con/ruction ! ellipse w be drawn away f ! cyl9d] ,b1 & ! ellipse1 aft] be+ f\nd1 w\ld h to be transf]r$ to ! end ( ,b4 ,b s9ce c5tre l9e ,g ,g is obvi\sly at ! same angle to ,a ,a t ,a ,a is to ,g ,g1 we may />t f ! c5tre l9e ( ! body ^: elliptical appe>ance is to be drawn1 & draw a c5tre l9e ,a ,a at ! same angle to ,g ,g z ! end ( ,b is suppos$ to be view$ f4 ,?is is done 9 ,figure #bca a1 9 :i* ! end face ( ,b is to be drawn view$ f a po9t on ! l9e ,g ,g1 b at an angle ( #de degrees2 h5ce l9e ,a ,a is drawn at an angle ( #de degrees to c5tre l9e ,g ,g1 & c5tre l9e ,e is drawn f ! c5tre ( ! end ( ,b at a "r angle to ,g ,g1 & f :]e x cuts ,a ,a1 z at ,f1 a side view ( ,b is drawn1 or a s+le l9e ( a l5g? equal to ! diamet] ( ,b may be drawn at a "r angle to ,a ,a & equidi/ant on ea* side ( ,f4 ,a l9e1 ,d ,d1 at a "r angle to ,a ,a1 & at any conv5i5t di/ance above ,f1 is !n drawn1 & f its int]section ) ,a ,a z a c5tre1 a circle ,c equal to ! diamet] ( ,b is drawn2 "o-half ( ! circumf]5ce ( ,c is divid$ (f into any numb] ( equal divisions z by arcs a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f4 ,f ^! po9ts ( division1 l9es g1 h1 i1 j1 k1 l are drawn1 & also l9es m1 n1 o1 p1 q1 r4 ,f ! int]section ( ^! la/ l9es ) ! face 9 ! side view1 l9es s1 t1 u1 t1 w1 x1 y1 z are drawn1 & f po9t ,f l9e ,e is drawn4 ,n[ x is cle> t ! wid? ( ! end face ( ! cyl9d] w appe> ! same f any po9t ( view x may be look$ at1 h5ce ! sides ,h ,h are made to equal ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] ,b & m>k$ up to c5tre l9e ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bca a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,x is obvi\s also t ! l9es s1 z1 drawn f ! extremes ( ! face to be project$ w def9e ! wid? ( ! ellipse1 h5ce we h f\r ( ! po9ts 7m>k$ respectively #a1 #b1 #c1 #d7 9 ! ellipse4 ,to obta9 ! rema9+ po9ts1 l9es t1 u1 v1 w1 x1 y 7:i* />t f ! po9t on ! face ,f :]e ! l9es m1 n1 o1 p1 q1 r1 respectively meet x7 are drawn across ! face ( ,b z %[n4 ,! compasses are !n set to ! radius g2 t is1 f c5tre l9e ,d to division a on ! circle1 & ?is radius is transf]r$ to ! face to be project$ ! compass-po9t be+ re/$ at ! int]section ( c5tre l9e ,g & l9e t1 & two arcs z #e & #f drawn1 giv+ two m po9ts 9 ! curve ( ! ellipse4 ,! compasses are !n set to ! l5g? ( l9e h 7t is1 f c5tre l9e ,d to po9t ( division b71 & ?is di/ance is transf]r$1 sett+ ! compasses on c5tre l9e ,g :]e x is int]sect$ by l9e u1 & arcs #g1 #h are m>k$1 giv+ two m po9ts 9 ! ellipse4 ,9 l mann] po9ts #i & #aj are obta9$ f ! l5g? ( l9e i1 #aa & #ab f t ( j2 po9ts #ac & #ad f ! l5g? ( k1 & #ae & #af f l1 & ! ellipse may be drawn 9 f ^! po9ts4 ,x may be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t s9ce po9ts #e & #f are ! same di/ance f ,g t po9ts #ae & #af are1 & s9ce po9ts #g & #h are ! same di/ance f ,g t po9ts #ac & #ad are1 :ile po9ts #i & #aj are ! same di/ance f ,g t #aa & #ab are1 ! l9es1 j1 k1 l are unnecess>y1 s9ce l & g are ( equal l5g?1 z are also h & k & i & j4 ,9 ,figure #bcb ! cyl9d]s are l9e %ad$ to make !m %[ pla9] to ! eye1 & b ?ree l9es 7a1 b1 c7 are us$ to get ! radius :]efrom to m>k ! arcs :]e ! po9ts 9 ! ellipse %all fall2 ?us1 radius a gives po9ts #a1 #b1 #c & #d2 radius b gives po9ts #e1 #f1 #g & #h1 & radius c gives #i1 #aj1 #aa & #ab1 ! extreme diamet] be+ obta9$ f l9es ,s1 ,z1 & ,h1 ,h4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,draw+ ,,ge> ,,:eels4 ,! names giv5 to ! v>i\s l9es ( a too? on a ge>-:eel are z foll[s3 ,9 ,figure #bcc1 ,a is ! face & ,b ! flank ( a too?1 :ile ,c is ! po9t1 & ,d ! root ( ! too?2 ,e is ! height or dep?1 & ,f ! bread?4 ,p ,p is ! pit* circle1 & ! space betwe5 ! two tee?1 z ,h1 is t]m$ a space4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,x is obvi\s t ! po9ts ( ! tee? & ! bottoms ( ! spaces1 z well z ! pit* circle1 are conc5tric to ! axis ( ! :eel bore4 ,& to p5cil 9 ! tee? ^! circles mu/ be fully drawn1 z 9 ,figure #bcd1 9 :i* ,p ,p is ! pit* circle4 ,?is circle is divid$ into z _m equal divisions z ! :eel is to h tee?1 ^! divisions be+ d5ot$ by ! radial l9es1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc4 ,:]e ^! divisions int]sect ! pit* circle are ! c5tres f :i* all ! tee? curves may be drawn4 ,! compasses are set to a radius equal to ! pit*1 less "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! too?1 & f a c5tre1 z ,r1 two face curves1 z ,f ,g1 may be m>k$2 f ! next c5tre1 z at ,s1 ! curves ,d ,e may be m>k$1 & s on = all ! faces2 t is1 ! too? curves ly+ betwe5 ! out] circle ,x & ! pit* circle ,p4 ,= ! flank curves1 t is1 ! curve f ,p to ,y1 ! compasses are set to a radius equal to ! pit*2 & f ! sides ( ! tee? ! flank curves are drawn4 ,?us f ,j1 z a c5tre flank1 ,k is drawn2 f ,v1 z a c5tre flank1 ,h is drawn1 & s on4 ,! proportions ( ! tee? = ca/ ge>s g5]ally accept$ 9 ?is c\ntry are ^? giv5 by ,pr(essor ,willis1 z av]age practice1 & are z foll[s3 ,dep? to pit* l9e1 #c_/aj ( ! pit*4 ,work+ dep?1 #f_/aj ,:ole dep?1 #g_/aj ,?ickness ( too?1 #e_/aa ,bread? ( space1 #f_/aa ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( calculat+ ! dim5sions ^! proportions give = any p>ticul> pit*1 a diagram or scale may be made f :i* !y may be tak5 = any pit* by a direct application ( ! compasses4 ,a scale ( ?is k9d is giv5 9 ,figure #bce1 9 :i* ! l9e ,a ,b is divid$ into in*es & p>ts to repres5t ! pit*es2 its total l5g? repres5t+ ! co>se/ pit* )9 ! capacity ( ! scale2 &1 ! l9e ,b ,c 7at a "r-angle to ,a ,b7 ! :ole dep? ( ! too? = ! co>se/ pit*1 be+ #g_/aj ( ! l5g? ( ,a ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,! o!r diagonal l9es are = ! proportion ( ! dim5sions m>k$ on ! figure4 ,?us ! dep? ( face1 or di/ance f ! pit* l9e to ! extremity or too? po9t = a #d in* pit*1 w\ld be measur$ along ! l9e ,b ,c1 f ! v]tical l9e ,b to ! fir/ diagonal4 ,! ?ickness ( ! too? w\ld be = a #d in* pit* along l9e ,b ,c f ,b to ! second diagonal1 & s on4 ,= a #c in* pit* ! measurem5t w\ld be tak5 along ! horizontal l9e1 />t+ f ! #c on ! l9e ,a ,b1 & s on4 ,on ! left ( ! diagram or scale is m>k$ ! lbs4 /ra9 ea* pit* w safely transmit p] in* wid? ( :eel face1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,m>ks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,! application ( ! scale z foll[s3 ,! pit* circles ,p ,p & ,p' ,p'1 ,figure #bcf1 = ! respective :eels1 are drawn1 & ! height ( ! tee? is obta9$ f ! scale & m>k$ beyond ! pit* circles1 :5 circles ,q & ,q' may be drawn4 ,simil>ly1 ! dep?s ( ! tee? )9 ! pit* circles are obta9$ f ! scale or diagram & m>k$ )9 ! respective pit* circles1 & circles ,r & ,r' are m>k$ 94 ,! pit* circles are divid$ (f into z _m po9ts ( equal division1 z at a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 etc41 z ! respective :eels are to h tee?1 & ! ?ickness ( too? hav+ be5 obta9$ f ! scale1 ?is ?ickness is m>k$ f ! po9ts ( division on ! pit* circles1 z at f 9 ! figure1 & ! too? curves may !n be drawn 94 ,x may be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! too? ?icknesses w n be /rictly correct1 because ! scale gives ! same *ord pit* = ! tee? on bo? :eels :i* w give diff]5t arc pit*es to ! tee? on ! two :eels2 :]eas1 x is ! arc pit*es1 & n ! *ord pit*es1 t %\ld be correct4 ,?is error obvi\sly increases z !re is a great] am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two :eels4 ,! curves giv5 to ! tee? 9 ,figure #bcd are n ! prop] ones to transmit uni=m motion1 b are curves m]ely us$ by draughtsm5 to save ! tr\ble ( f9d+ ! true curves1 :i* if x be requir$1 may be drawn ) a v ne> approa* to accuracy1 z foll[s1 :i* is a con/ruction giv5 by ,rank9e3 ,draw ! roll+ circle ,d1 ,figure #bcg1 & draw ,a ,d1 ! l9e ( c5tres4 ,f ! po9t ( contact at ,c1 m>k on ,d1 a po9t di/ant f ,c "o-half ! am\nt ( ! pit*1 z at ,p1 & draw ! l9e ,p ,c ( indef9ite l5g? beyond ,c4 ,draw ! l9e ,p ,e pass+ ?r\gh ! l9e ( c5tres at ,e1 :i* is equidi/ant betwe5 ,c & ,a4 ,!n increase ! l5g? ( l9e ,p ,f to ! "r ( ,c by an am\nt equal to ! radius ,a ,c1 & !n dim9i% x to an am\nt equal to ! radius ,e ,d1 ?us obta9+ ! po9t ,f & ! latt] w be ! location ( c5tre = compasses to /rike ! face curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,ano!r me?od ( f9d+ ! face curve1 ) compasses1 is z foll[s3 ,9 ,figure #bch let ,p ,p repres5t ! pit* circle ( ! :eel to be m>k$1 & ,b ,c ! pa? ( ! c5tre ( ! g5]at+ or describ+ circle z x rolls outside ( ,p ,p4 ,let ! po9t ,b repres5t ! c5tre ( ! g5]at+ circle :5 x is 9 contact ) ! pit* circle at ,a4 ,!n f ,b m>k (f1 on ,b ,c1 any numb] ( equidi/ant po9ts1 z ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 & f ,a m>k on ! pit* circle1 ) ! same radius1 an equal numb] ( po9ts ( division1 z #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,) ! compasses set to ! radius ( ! g5]at+ circle1 t is1 ,a ,b1 f ,b1 z a c5tre1 m>k ! arc ,i1 f ,d1 ! arc ,j1 f ,e1 ! arc ,k1 f ,f1 & s on1 m>k+ z _m arcs z !re are po9ts ( division on ,b ,c4 ,) ! compasses set to ! radius ( divisions #a1 #b1 etc41 /ep (f on arc ,m ! five divisions1 ,n1 ,o1 ,s1 ,t1 ,v1 & at ,v w be a po9t on ! epicycloidal curve4 ,f po9t ( division #d1 /ep (f on ,l f\r po9ts ( division1 z a1 b1 c1 d2 & d w be ano!r po9t on ! epicycloidal curve4 ,f po9t #c1 set (f ?ree divisions1 & s on1 & ?r\gh ! po9ts s obta9$ draw by h&1 or ) a scroll1 ! curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,hypocycloids = ! flanks ( ! tee? maybe trac$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,?us 9 ,figure #bci1 ,p ,p is ! pit* circle1 & ,b ,c ! l9e ( motion ( ! c5tre ( ! g5]at+ circle to be roll$ )9 ,p ,p4 ,f #a to #f are po9ts ( equal division on ! pit* circle1 & ,d to ,i are arc locations = ! c5tre ( ! g5]at+ circle4 ,/>t+ f ,a1 :i* repres5ts ! location = ! c5tre ( ! g5]at+ circle1 ! po9t ( contact betwe5 ! g5]at+ & base circles w be at ,b4 ,!n f #a to #f are po9ts ( equal division on ! pit* circle1 & f ,d to ,i are ! correspond+ locations = ! c5tres ( ! g5]at+ circle4 ,f ^! c5tres ! arcs ,j1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 are /ruck4 ,! six divisions on ,o1 f a to f1 give at f a po9t 9 ! curve4 ,five divisions on ,n1 f\r on ,m1 & s on1 give1 respectively1 po9ts 9 ! curve4 ,!re is ?is1 h[ev]1 to be not$ conc]n+ ! con/ruction ( ! la/ two figures4 ,s9ce ! circle describ$ by ! c5tre ( ! g5]at+ circle is ( a diff]5t arc or curve to t ( ! pit* circle1 ! l5g? ( an arc hav+ an equal radius on ea* w be diff]5t4 ,! am\nt is s small z to be practically correct4 ,! direction ( ! error is to give to ! curves a less curvature1 z ?\gh !y _h be5 produc$ by a g5]at+ circle ( l>g] diamet]4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! arc a1 b1 & its *ord is 4#a1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! arc #d1 #e1 & its *ord is 4#ja1 !n ! error 9 "o /ep is 4#ji1 &1 z ! po9t f is =m$ 9 five /eps1 x w conta9 ?is error multipli$ five times4 ,po9t d w\ld conta9 x multipli$ ?ree times1 because x has ?ree /eps1 & s on4 ,! error w increase 9 proportion z ! diamet] ( ! g5]at+ is less ?an t ( ! pit* circle1 & ?\gh 9 l>ge :eels1 work+ ) l>ge :eels1 s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! radius ( ! g5]at+ circle & t ( ! smalle/ :eel is n excessive1 x is s small z to be practically inappreciable1 yet 9 small :eels1 work+ ) l>ge ones1 x may =m a s5sible error4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,= %[+ ! dim5sions ?r\gh ! arms & hub1 a sectional view ( a section ( ! :eel may be giv51 z 9 ,figure #bdj1 :i* repres5ts a section ( a :eel1 & a p9ion1 & on ^! two views all ! necess>y dim5sions may be m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdj a4 7,page #bjc47 ,if x is desir$ to draw an edge view ( a :eel 7:i* ! /ud5t w f9d excell5t practice71 ! l9es = ! tee? may be project$ f ! tee? 9 ! side view1 z 9 ,figure #bdj a4 ,?us too? ,e is project$ by draw+ l9es f ! corn]s ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 9 ! side view across ! face 9 ! edge view1 z at ,a1 ,b1 ,c 9 ! latt] view1 & simil> l9es may be obta9$ 9 ! same way = all ! tee?4 ,:5 ! tee? ( :eels are to be cut to =m 9 a ge>-cutt+ ma*9e1 ! ?ickness ( ! tee? is ne>ly equal to ! ?ickness ( ! spaces1 !re be+ j suffici5t diff]5ce to prev5t ! tee? ( "o :eel f becom+ lock$ 9 ! spaces ( ! o!r2 b :5 ! tee? are to be ca/ ^u ! :eel1 ! too? ?ickness is made less ?an ! wid? ( ! space to an am\nt t is usually a c]ta9 proportion ( ! pit*1 & is t]m$ ! side cle>ance4 ,9 all :eels1 :e!r ) cut or ca/ tee?1 !re is giv5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( top & bottom cle>ance2 t is to say1 ! po9ts ( ! tee? ( "o :eel d n rea* to ! bottom ( ! spaces 9 ! o!r4 ,?us 9 ! ,pratt & ,:itney sy/em ! top & bottom cle>ance is "o-eigh? ( ! pit*1 :ile 9 ! ,br[n & ,%>pe sy/em = involute tee? ! cle>ance is equal to "o-t5? ! ?ickness ( ! too?4 ,9 draw+ bevil ge> :eels1 ! pit* l9e ( ea* too? on ea* :eel1 & ! surfaces ( ! po9ts1 z well z ^? at ! bottom ( ! spaces1 mu/ all po9t to a c5tre1 z ,e 9 ,figure #bda1 :i* c5tre is :]e ! axes ( ! %afts w\ld meet4 ,x is unnecess>y to m>k 9 ! correct curves = ! tee?1 = reasons already /at$1 ) ref]5ce to ! curves = a spur :eel4 ,b if x is requir$ to d s1 ! con/ruction to f9d ! curves is z %[n 9 ,figure #bdb1 9 :i* let ,a ,a repres5t ! axis ( "o %aft1 & ,b t ( ! o!r ( ! pair ( bevil :eels t are to "w toge!r1 _! axes meet+ at ,w2 draw ! l9e ,e at a "r angle to ,a ,a1 & repres5t+ ! pit* circle diamet] ( "o :eel1 & draw ,f at a "r angle to ,b1 & repres5t+ ! pit* circle ( ! o!r :eel2 draw ! l9e ,g ,g1 pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ,w & ! po9t ,t1 :]e ! pit* circles or l9es ,e ,f meet1 & ,g ,g w be ! l9e ( contact ( ! too? ( "o :eel ^u ! too? ( ! o!r :eel2 or 9 o!r words1 ! pit* l9e ( ! too?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,draw l9es1 z ,h & ,i1 repres5t+ ! too? bread?4 ,f ,w1 z a c5tre1 draw on ea* side ( ,g ,g dott$ l9es1 z ,p1 repres5t+ ! height ( ! too? above & bel[ ! pit* l9e ,g ,g4 ,at a "r angle to ,g ,g draw ! l9e ,j ,k2 & f :]e ?is l9e meets ,b1 z at ,q1 m>k ! arc a1 :i* w repres5t ! pit* circle = ! l>ge diamet] ( ! p9ion ,d4 ,! smalle/ :eel ( a pair ( ge>s is t]m$ ! p9ion4 ,draw ! arc b = ! height1 & circle c = ! dep? ( ! tee?1 ?us def9+ ! height ( ! too? at t end4 ,simil>ly f ,p1 z a c5tre m>k 7= ! l>ge diamet] ( :eel ,c17 arcs g1 h1 & i1 arc g repres5t+ ! pit* circle1 i ! height1 & h ! dep? ( ! too?4 ,on ^! arcs draw ! prop] too? curves 9 ! same mann] z = spur :eels2 t is1 obta9 ! curves by ! con/ruction %[n 9 ,figures #bcg1 or by ^? 9 ,figures #bch & #bci4 ,to obta9 ! arcs = ! o!r end ( ! too?1 draw l9e ,m ,m p>allel to l9e ,j ,k2 set ! compasses to ! radius ,r ,l1 & f ,p1 z a c5tre1 draw ! pit* circle k4 ,= ! dep? ( ! too? draw ! dott$ l9e p1 meet+ ! circle h & ! po9t ,w4 ,a simil> l9e1 f i to ,w1 w give ! height ( ! too? at its inn] end4 ,!n ! too? curves may be drawn on ^! ?ree arcs1 k1 l1 m1 9 ! same z if !y 7 = a spur :eel4 ,simil>ly = ! pit* circle ( ! inn] & small end ( ! p9ion tee?1 set ! compasses to radius ,s ,l1 & f ,q z a c5tre m>k ! pit* circle d4 ,outside ( d m>k e = ! height above pit* l9es ( ! too?1 & inside ( d m>k ! arc f = ! dep? bel[ pit* l9e ( ! too? at t end4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! dott$ l9es z p1 repres5ts ! full height ( ! too?2 h5ce h meets p1 :i* is ! root ( ! too? on ! l>ge :eel4 ,to give cle>ance & prev5t ! tops ( ! tee? on "o :eel f be>+ aga9/ ! bottoms ( ! spaces 9 ! o!r :eel1 ! po9t ( ! p9ion tee? is m>k$ bel[2 ?us arc b does n meet h or p1 b is %ort to ! am\nt ( cle>ance4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! arcs d1 e1 f1 ! curves may be m>k$ !reon z = a spur :eel4 ,a too? ?us m>k$ is %[n at x1 & f its curves betwe5 b & c1 a template may be made = ! l>ge diamet] or out] end ( ! p9ion tee?4 ,simil>ly = ! :eel ,c ! out] end curves are m>k$ on ! arcs g1 h1 i1 & ^? = ! o!r end ( ! too? are m>k$ betwe5 ! arcs l1 m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdc4 7,page #bjg47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,figure #bdc repres5ts a draw+ ( "o-half ( a bevil ge>1 & an edge view project$ f ! same4 ,! po9t ,e corresponds to po9t ,e 9 ,figure #bda1 or ,w 9 #bdb4 ,! l9e ,f %[s t ! top surface ( ! tee? po9ts to ,e4 ,l9e ,g %[s t ! pit* l9e ( ea* too? po9ts to ,e1 & l9es ,h %[ t ! bottom ( ! surface ( a space also po9ts to ,e4 ,l9e #a %[s t ! sides ( ea* too? po9t to ,e4 ,& x foll[s t ! out] end ( a too? is bo? high] or deep] & also ?ick] ?an its inn] end2 ?us ,j is ?ick] & deep] ?an end ,k ( ! too?4 ,l9es ,f ,g1 repres5t+ ! top & bottom ( a too? 9 ,figure #bdc1 obvi\sly correspond to dott$ l9es p 9 ,figure #bdb4 ,! out] & inn] ends ( ! tee? 9 ! edge view are project$ f ! out] & inn] ends 9 ! face view1 z is %[n by ! dott$ l9es c>ri$ f too? ,l 9 ! face view1 to too? ,l 9 ! edge view1 & x is obvi\s f :at has be5 said t 9 draw+ ! l9es = ! too? 9 ! edge view !y w po9t to ! c5tre ,e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,to save "w 9 draw+ bevil ge> :eels1 !y are sometimes drawn 9 section or 9 outl9e only2 ?us 9 ,figure #bdd is %[n a pair ( bevil :eels %[n 9 section1 & 9 ,figure #bde is a draw+ ( a "p ( an ,ames la! fe$ motion4 ,b ,c ,d & ,e are spur ge>s1 :ile ,g ,h & ,i are bevil ge>s1 ! cone surface on :i* ! tee? lie be+ left blank1 save at ! edges :]e a too? is 9 ea* case drawn 94 ,:eel ,d is %[n 9 section s z to %[ ! means by :i* x may be mov$ out ( ge> ) ,c & ,e4 ,small bevil ge>s may also be repres5t$ by simple l9e %ad+2 ?us 9 ,figure #bdg ! two bodies ,a & ,c w\ld readily be und]/ood to be a bevil ge> & p9ion4 ,simil>ly small spur :eels may be repres5t$ by simple circles 9 a side view & by l9e %ad+ 9 an edge view2 ?us x w\ld answ] e practical purpose if su* small :eels z 9 ,figures #bdf & #bdg at ,d1 ,f1 ,g1 ,k1 ,p1 ,h1 ,i & ,j1 7 drawn z %[n4 ,! pit* circles1 h[ev]1 are usually drawn 9 r$ ink to di/+ui% !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bea4 7,page #bji47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,9 ,figure #bdh is an example 9 :i* "p ( ! ge> is %[n ) tee? 91 & ! rema9d] is illu/rat$ by circles4 ,9 ,figure #bej is a draw+ ( "p ( ! fe$ motions ( a ,niles ,tool ,works horizontal bor+ mill1 ,figure #bea be+ an end view ( ! same1 f is a friction disk1 & g a friction p9ion1 g' is a rack1 ,f is a fe$-screw1 p is a bevil p9ion1 & q a bevil :eel2 i1 m1 o1 are ge> :eels1 & ,j a worm op]at+ a worm-p9ion & ! ge>s %[n4 ,figure #bdi repres5ts ?ree bevil ge>s1 ! upp] ( :i* is l9e %ad$1 =m+ an excell5t example = ! /ud5t to copy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,! con/ruction ( oval ge>+ is %[n 9 ,figures #beb1 #bec1 #bed1 #bee1 & #bef4 ,! pit*-circle is drawn by ! con/ruction = draw+ an ellipse t 0 giv5 ) ref]5ce to ,figure #ha1 b z t con/ruction is by means ( arcs ( circles1 & !re=e n /rictly correct1 ,pr(essor ,mc,cord1 9 an article on elliptical ge>+1 says1 conc]n+ x & ! con/ruction ( oval ge>+ g5]ally1 z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 7,page #baj47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,b ^! circul> arcs may be rectifi$ & subdivid$ ) great facility & accuracy by a v simple process1 :i* we take f ,pr(4 ,rank9e's ,ma*9]y & ,mill ,"w1 & is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #beb4 ,let ,o ,b be tang5t at ,o to ! arc ,o ,d1 ( :i* ,c is ! c5tre4 ,draw ! *ord ,d ,o1 bisect x 9 ,e1 & produce x to ,a1 mak+ ,o ,a,o ,e2 ) c5tre ,a & radius ,a ,d describe an arc cutt+ ! tang5t 9 ,b2 !n ,o ,b w be v ne>ly equal 9 l5g? to ! arc ,o ,d1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld n exce$ ab\t #fj degrees2 if x be #fj degrees1 ! error is !oretically ab\t #a_/ijj ( ! l5g? ( ! arc1 ,o ,b be+ s mu* too %ort2 b ?is error v>ies ) ! f\r? p[] ( ! angle subt5d$ by ! arc1 s t = #cj degrees x is r$uc$ to #a_/af ( t am\nt1 t is1 to #a_/addjj4 ,conv]sely1 let ,o ,b be a tang5t ( giv5 l5g?2 make ,o ,f#a_/d ,o ,b2 !n ) c5tre ,f & radius ,f ,b describe an arc cutt+ ! circle ,o ,d ,g 7tang5t to ,o ,b at ,o7 9 ! po9t ,d2 !n ,o ,d w be approximately equal to ,o ,b1 ! error be+ ! same z 9 ! o!r con/ruction & foll[+ ! same law4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bec4 ,! extreme simplicity ( ^! two con/ructions & ! facility ) :i* !y may be made ) ord9>y draw+ in/rum5ts make !m exce$+ly conv5i5t1 & !y %\ld be m widely kn[n ?an !y are4 ,_! application to ! pres5t problem is %[n 9 ,figure #bec1 :i* repres5ts a quadrant ( an ellipse1 ! approximate arcs ,c ,d1 ,e1 ,e ,f1 ,f ,a hav+ be5 det]m9$ by trial & error4 ,9 ord] to space ?is (f1 = ! positions ( ! tee?1 a tang5t is drawn at ,d1 ^u :i* is con/ruct$ ! rectification ( ,d ,c1 :i* is ,d ,g1 & also t ( ,d ,e 9 ! opposite direction1 t is1 ,d ,h1 by ! process j expla9$4 ,!n1 draw+ ! tang5t at ,f1 we set (f 9 ! same mann] ,f ,i ,f ,e1 & ,f ,k ,f ,a1 & !n measur+ ,h ,l ,i ,k1 we h f9ally ,g ,l1 equal to ! :ole quadrant ( ! ellipse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,let x n[ be requir$ to lay out tw5ty-f\r tee? ^u ?is ellipse2 t is1 six 9 ea* quadrant2 & = symmetry's sake we w suppose t ! c5tre ( "o too? is to be at ,a1 & t ( ano!r at ,c1 ,figure #bec4 ,we1 !re=e1 divide ,l ,g into six equal p>ts at ! po9ts #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 :i* w be ! c5tres ( ! tee? ^u ! rectifi$ ellipse4 ,x is practically necess>y to make ! spaces a little great] ?an ! tee?2 b if ! greate/ atta9able exactness 9 ! op]ation ( ! :eels is aim$ at1 x is important to obs]ve t backla%1 9 elliptical ge>+1 has an effect q diff]5t f t result+ 9 ! case ( circul> :eels4 ,:5 ! pit*-curves are circles1 !y are always 9 contact2 & we may1 if we *oose1 make ! too? only half ! bread? ( ! space1 s long z its outl9e is correct4 ,:5 ! motion ( ! driv] is rev]s$1 ! foll[] w /& /ill until ! backla% is tak5 up1 :5 ! motion w g on ) a p]fectly con/ant velocity ratio z be=e4 ,b 9 ! case ( two elliptical :eels1 if ! foll[] /& /ill :ile ! driv] moves1 :i* mu/ happ5 :5 ! motion is rev]s$ if backla% exi/s1 ! pit*-curves are ?r[n out ( contact1 &1 al?\gh ! cont9uity ( ! motion w n be int]rupt$1 ! velocity ratio w be affect$4 ,if ! motion is nev] to be rev]s$1 ! p]fect law ( ! velocity ratio due to ! elliptical pit*-curve may be pres]v$ by r$uc+ ! ?ickness ( ! too?1 n equally on ea* side1 z is done 9 circul> :eels1 b :olly on ! side n 9 action4 ,b if ! ma*9e mu/ be capable ( act+ indiff]5tly 9 bo? directions1 ! r$uction mu/ be made on bo? sides ( ! too?3 evid5tly ! action w be slightly impair$1 = :i* reason ! backla% %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,precisely :at is ! m9imum is n s easy to say1 z x evid5tly dep5ds mu* ^u ! excell5ce ( ! tools & ! skill ( ! workman4 ,9 _m treatises on con/ructive me*anism x is v>i\sly /at$ t ! backla% %\ld be f "o-fifte5? to "o-elev5? ( ! pit*1 :i* w\ld seem to be an ample all[ance 9 reasonably good ca/+s n int5d$ to be f9i%$1 & q excessive if ! tee? are to be cut2 nor is x v obvi\s t its am\nt %\ld dep5d ^u ! pit* any m ?an ^u ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,on pap]1 at any rate1 we may r$uce x to z]o1 & make ! tee? & spaces equal 9 bread?1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 ! tee? be+ indicat$ by ! d\ble l9es4 ,^? ^u ! portion ,l ,h are !n laid (f ^u ,k ,i1 aft] :i* ^! divisions are transf]r$ to ! ellipse by ! second ( ,pr(4 ,rank9e's con/ructions1 & we are !n ready to draw ! tee?4 ,! outl9es ( ^!1 z ( any o!r tee? ^u pit*-curves :i* roll toge!r 9 ! same plane1 dep5d ^u ! g5]al law t !y mu/ be su* z c be m>k$ out ^u ! planes ( ! curves1 z !y roll by a trac+-po9t1 :i* is rigidly connect$ ) & c>ri$ by a ?ird l9e1 mov+ 9 roll+ contact ) bo? ! pit*-curves4 ,& s9ce "u t condition ! motion ( ?is ?ird l9e1 relatively to ea* ( ! o!rs1 is ! same z ?\gh x roll$ along ea* ( !m sep>ately :ile !y rema9$ fix$1 ! process ( con/ruct+ ! g5]at$ curves becomes comp>atively simple4 ,= ! describ+ l9e we naturally select a circle1 :i*1 9 ord] to fulfil ! condition1 mu/ be small en\gh to roll )9 ! pit* ellipse2 its diamet] is det]m9$ by ! consid]ation t if x be equal to ,a ,p1 ! radius ( ! arc ,a ,f1 ! flanks ( ! tee? 9 t region w be radial4 ,we h1 !re=e1 *os5 a circle ^: diamet]1 ,a ,b1 is ?ree-f\r?s ( ,a ,p1 z %[n1 s t ! tee?1 ev5 at ! ends ( ! :eels1 w be broad] at ! base ?an on ! pit* l9e4 ,?is circle ought /rictly to roll ^u ! true elliptical curve2 & assum+1 z usual1 ! trac+-po9t ^u ! circumf]5ce1 ! g5]at$ curves w\ld v>y slightly f true epicycloids1 & no two ( ^? us$ 9 ! same quadrant ( ! ellipse w\ld be exactly alike4 ,7 x possible to divide ! ellipse accurately1 !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 lay+ out ^! curves2 b hav+ sub/itut$ ! circul> arcs1 we mu/ n[ roll ! g5]at+ circle ^u ^! z bases1 ?us =m+ true epicycloidal tee?1 ( :i* ^? ly+ ^u ! same approximat+ arc w be exactly alike4 ,%\ld ! junction ( two ( ^! arcs fall )9 ! bread? ( a too?1 z at ,d1 evid5tly bo? ! face & ! flank on "o side ( t too? w be diff]5t f ^? on ! o!r side2 %\ld ! junction co9cide ) ! edge ( a too?1 :i* is v ne>ly ! case at ,f1 !n ! face on t side w be ! epicycloid belong+ to "o ( ! arcs1 its flank a hypocycloid belong+ to ! o!r2 & x is possible t ei!r ! face or ! flank on "o side %\ld be g5]at$ by ! roll+ ( ! describ+ circle p>tly on "o arc1 p>tly on ! "o adjac5t1 :i*1 ^u a l>ge scale1 & :]e ! be/ results are aim$ at1 may make a s5sible *ange 9 ! =m ( ! curve4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ! con/ructions giv5 9 ,figure #beb is n[h]e m app>5t ?an 9 ! draw+ ( ! epicycloids1 :51 z 9 ! case 9 h& ! base & g5]at+ circles may be ( incomm5surable diamet]s2 = :i* reason we h1 9 ,figure #bed1 %[n its application 9 connection ) ! mo/ rapid & accurate mode yet kn[n ( describ+ ^? curves4 ,let ,c be ! c5tre ( ! base circle2 ,b1 t ( ! roll+ "o2 ,a1 ! po9t ( contact4 ,divide ! semi-circumf]5ce ( ,b into six equal p>ts at #a1 #b1 #c1 etc42 draw ! common tang5t at ,a1 ^u :i* rectify ! arc ,a #b by process ,no4 #a2 !n by process ,no4 #b set out an equal arc ,a #b on ! base circle1 & /epp+ x (f ?ree times to ! "r & left1 bisect ^! spaces1 ?us mak+ subdivisions on ! base circle equal 9 l5g? to ^? on ! roll+ "o4 ,take 9 succession z radii ! *ords ,a #a1 ,a #b1 ,a #c1 etc41 ( ! describ+ circle1 & ) c5tres #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 on ! base circle1 /rike arcs ei!r ext]nally or int]nally1 z %[n respectively on ! "r & left2 ! curve tang5t to ! ext]nal arcs is ! epicycloid1 t tang5t to ! int]nal ones ! hypocycloid1 =m+ ! face & flank ( a too? = ! base circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,9 ! diagram1 ,figure #bec1 we h %[n a "p ( an ellipse ^: l5g? is t5 in*es1 & bread? six1 ! figure be+ half size4 ,9 ord] to give an idea ( ! actual appe>ance ( ! comb9ation :5 complete1 we %[ 9 ,figure #bee ! pair 9 ge>1 on a scale ( ?ree in*es to ! foot4 ,! excessive ecc5tricity 0 select$ m]ely = ! purpose ( illu/ration4 ,figure #bee w s]ve also to call att5tion to ano!r s]i\s circum/ance1 :i* is1 t al?\gh ! ellipses are alike1 ! :eels are n2 nor c !y be made s if !re be an ev5 numb] ( tee?1 = ! obvi\s reason t a too? ^u "o :eel mu/ fit into a space on ! o!r2 & s9ce 9 ! fir/ :eel1 ,figure #bee1 we *ose to place a too? at ! extremity ( ea* axis1 we mu/ 9 ! second "o place !re a space in/ead2 because at "o "t ! major axes mu/ co9cide2 at ano!r1 ! m9or axes1 z 9 ,figure #bee4 ,if1 !n1 we use ev5 numb]s1 ! di/ribution1 & ev5 ! =ms ( ! tee?1 are n ! same 9 ! two :eels ( ! pair4 ,b ?is complication may be avoid$ by us+ an odd numb] ( tee?1 s9ce1 plac+ a too? at "o extremity ( ! major axes1 a space w come at ! o!r4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 always necess>y to cut tee? all r\nd ^! :eels1 z w be se5 by an exam9ation ( ,figure #bef1 ,c & ,d be+ ! fix$ c5tres ( ! two ellipses 9 contact at ,p4 ,n[ ,p mu/ be on ! l9e ,c ,d1 :5ce1 consid]+ ! free foci1 we see t ,p ,b is equal to ,p ,c1 & ,p ,a to ,p ,d2 & ! common tang5t at ,p makes equal angles ) ,c ,p & ,p ,a1 z is also ) ,p ,b & ,p ,d2 !re=e1 ,c ,d be+ a /raight l9e1 ,a ,b is also a /raight l9e & equal to ,c ,d4 ,if !n ! :eels be ov]hung1 t is1 fix$ on ! ends ( ! %afts outside ! be>+s1 leav+ ! out] faces free1 ! mov+ foci may be connect$ by a rigid l9k ,a ,b1 z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bef4 ,?is l9k w !n communicate ! same motion t w\ld result f ! use ( ! complete elliptical :eels1 & we may !re=e disp5se ) ! mo/ ( ! tee?1 reta9+ only ^? ne> ! extremities ( ! major axes1 :i* are necess>y 9 ord] to assi/ & control ! motion ( ! l9k at & ne> ! dead-po9ts4 ,! arc ( ! pit*-curves ?r\gh :i* ! tee? mu/ ext5d w v>y ) _! ecc5tricity2 b 9 _m cases x w\ld n be great] ?an t :i* 9 ! approximation may be /ruck ab\t "o c5tre2 s t1 9 fact1 x w\ld n be necess>y to g ?r\gh ! process ( rectify+ & subdivid+ ! qu>t] ( ! ellipse at all1 z 9 ?is case x c make no possible diff]5ce :e!r ! spac+ adopt$ = ! tee? to be cut w\ld come out ev5 or n1 if c>ri$ ar\nd ! curve4 ,by ?is exp$i5t1 !n1 we may save n only ! tr\ble ( draw+1 b a great deal ( labor 9 mak+1 ! tee? r\nd ! :ole ellipse4 ,we might ev5 omit ! int]m$iate portions ( ! pit* ellipses !mselves2 b z !y move 9 roll+ contact _! ret5tion c d no h>m1 & 9 "o "p ( ! movem5t w be b5eficial1 z !y w d "p ( ! "w2 = if1 :5 turn+1 z %[n by ! arr[s1 we consid] ! :eel ^: axis is ,d z ! driv]1 x w be not$ t its radius ( contact1 ,c ,p1 is on ! increase2 & s long z ?is is ! case ! o!r :eel w be compell$ to move by contact ( ! pit* l9es1 al?\gh ! l9k be omitt$4 ,& ev5 if tee? be cut all r\nd ! :eels1 ?is l9k is a comp>atively inexp5sive & a useful addition to ! comb9ation1 especially if ! ecc5tricity be consid]able4 ,( c\rse ! :eels %[n 9 ,figure #bee might also h be5 made alike1 by plac+ a too? at "o end ( ! major axis & a space at ! o!r1 z above sugge/$4 ,9 reg>d to ! v>iation 9 ! velocity ratio1 x w be se51 by ref]5ce to ,figure #bef1 t if ,d be ! axis ( ! driv]1 ! foll[] w 9 ! position !re %[n move fa/]1 ! ratio ( ! angul> velocities be+ ,p x ,d_/,p x ,b2 if ! driv] turn uni=mly1 ! velocity ( ! foll[] w dim9i%1 until at ! end ( half a revolution1 ! velocity ratio w be ,p x ,b_/,p x ,d2 9 ! o!r half ( ! revolution ^! *anges w occur 9 a rev]se ord]4 ,b ,p ,d ,l ,b2 if !n ! c5tres ,b ,d are giv5 9 position1 we "k ,l ,p1 ! major axis2 & 9 ord] to produce any assum$ maximum or m9imum velocity ratio1 we h only to divide ,l ,p into segm5ts ^: ratio is equal to t assum$ value1 :i* w give ! foci ( ! ellipse1 :5ce ! m9or axis may be f\nd & ! curve describ$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,figure #bee ! velocity ratio be+ n9e to "o at ! maximum1 ! major axis is divid$ into two p>ts1 ( :i* "o is n9e times z long z ! o!r2 9 ,figure #bef ! ratio is z "o to ?ree1 s t ! major axis be+ divid$ into f\r p>ts1 ! di/ance ,a ,c betwe5 ! foci is equal to two ( !m1 & ! di/ance ( ei!r focus f ! ne>e/ extremity ( ! major axis is equal to "o1 & f ! m remote extremity is equal to ?ree ( ^! p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,plott+ ,,me*anical ,,motions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,let x be requir$ to f9d h[ mu* motion an ecc5tric w give to its rod1 ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( its bore to ! c5tre ( ! circumf]5ce1 :i* is call$ ! ?r[1 be+ ! di/ance f ,a to ,b 9 ,figure #beg4 ,n[ z ! ecc5tric is mov$ ar\nd by ! %aft1 x is evid5t t ! axis ( its motion w be ! axis ,a ( ! %aft4 ,!n f ,a z a c5tre1 & ) radius f ,a to ,c1 we draw ! dott$ circle ,d1 & f ,e to ,f w be ! am\nt ( motion ( ! rod 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,?is becomes obvi\s if we suppose a lead p5cil to be plac$ aga9/ ! ecc5tric at ,e1 & suppose ! ecc5tric to make half a revolution1 :]eupon ! p5cil w be pu%$ out to ,f4 ,if n[ we measure ! di/ance f ,e to ,f1 we %all f9d x is j twice t f ,a to ,b4 ,we may f9d ! am\nt ( motion1 h[ev]1 9 ano!r way1 z by /rik+ ! dott$ half circle ,g1 %[+ ! pa? ( motion ( ,b1 ! diamet] ( ?is pa? ( motion be+ ! am\nt ( lat]al motion giv5 to ! rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,9 ,figure #beh is a two arm lev] fa/ ^u ! same axis or %aft1 & x is requir$ to f9d h[ mu* a giv5 am\nt ( motion ( ! long arm w move ! %ort "o4 ,suppose ! di/ance ! long arm moves is to ,a4 ,!n draw ! l9e ,b f ,a to ! axis ( ! %aft1 & ! l9e ,c ! c5tre l9e ( ! long arm4 ,f ! axis ( ! %aft z a c5tre1 draw ! circle ,d1 pass+ ?r\gh ! eye or c5tre ,e ( ! %ort arm4 ,take ! radius f ,f to ,g1 & f ,e z a c5tre m>k x on ,d z at ,h1 & ,h is :]e ,e w be :5 ! long arm moves to ,a4 ,we h "h simply decreas$ ! motion 9 ! same proportion z "o arm is %ort] ?an ! o!r4 ,! pr9ciple involv$ is to take ! motion ( bo? arms at an equal di/ance f _! axis ( motion1 :i* is ! axis ( ! %aft ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,9 ,figure #bei we h a case 9 :i* ! end ( a lev] acts directly ^u a %oe4 ,n[ let x be requir$ to f9d h[ mu* a giv5 motion ( ! lev] w cause ! %oe to slide along ! l9e x2 ! po9t ,h is "h f\nd precisely z be=e1 & f x z a c5tre1 ! dott$ circle equal 9 diamet] to ! small circle at ,e is drawn f ! p]imet] ( ! dott$ circle1 a dott$ l9e is c>ri$ up & ano!r is c>ri$ up f ! face ( ! %oe4 ,! di/ance ,k betwe5 ^! dott$ l9es is ! am\nt ( motion ( ! %oe4 ,9 ,figure #bfj we h ! same conditions z 9 ,figure #bei1 b ! %ort arm has a roll] act+ aga9/ a l>g] roll] ,r4 ,! po9t ,h is f\nd z be=e4 ,! am\nt ( motion ( ,r is ! di/ance ( ,k f ,j2 h5ce we may transf] ?is di/ance f ! c5tre ( ,r1 produc+ ! po9t ,p1 f :i* ! new position may be m>k$ by a dott$ circle z %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,9 ,figure #bfa a l9k is introduc$ 9 place ( ! roll]1 & x is requir$ to f9d ! am\nt ( motion ( rod ,r4 ,! po9t ,h is f\nd z be=e1 & !n ! l5g? f c5tre to c5tre ( l9k ,l is f\nd1 & ) ?is radius & f ,h z a c5tre ! arc ,p is drawn1 & :]e ,p int]sects ! c5tre l9e ,j ( ,r is ! new position = ! eye or c5tre ,q ( ,r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,9 ,figure #bfb we h a case ( a simil> lev] actuat+ a plung] 9 a v]tical l9e1 x be+ requir$ to f9d h[ mu* a giv5 am\nt ( motion ( ! long arm w actuate ! plung]4 ,suppose ! long arm to move to ,a1 !n draw ! l9es ,b ,c & ! circle ,d4 ,take ! radius or di/ance ,f1 ,g1 & f ,e m>k on ,d ! arc ,h4 ,m>k ! c5tre l9e ,j ( ! rod4 ,n[ take ! l5g? f ,e to ,i ( ! l9k1 & f ,h z a c5tre m>k arc ,k1 & at ! int]section ( ,k ) ,j is :]e ! eye ,i w be :5 ! long arm has mov$ to ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,9 ,figure #bfc are two lev]s ^u _! axles or %afts ,s & ,s'2 arm ,a is connect$ by a l9k to arm ,b1 & arm ,c is connect$ direct to a rod ,r4 ,x is requir$ to f9d ! position ( c5tre ,g ( ! rod eye :5 ,d is 9 position ,e1 & :5 x is also 9 position ,f4 ,n[ ! po9ts ,e & ,f are1 ( c\rse1 on an arc /ruck f ! axis ,s1 & x is obvi\s t 9 :atev] position ! c5tre ,h may be x w be some:]e on ! arc ,i1 ,i1 :i* is /ruck f ! c5tre ,s'4 ,n[ suppose t ,d moves to ,e1 & if we take ! radius ,d1 ,h1 & f ,e m>k x ^u ! arc ,i z at ,v1 !n ,h w obvi\sly be ! new position ( ,h4 ,to f9d ! new position ( ,g we fir/ /rike ! arc ,j1 ,j1 because 9 e position ( ,g x w be some:]e on ! arc ,j1 ,j4 ,to f9d :]e t w be :5 ,h is at ,v1 take ! radius ,h1 ,g1 & f ,v z a c5tre m>k x on ,j1 ,j1 z at ,k1 :i* is ! position ( ,g :5 ,d is at ,e & ,h is at ,v4 ,= ! positions :5 ,d is at ,f we repeat ! process1 tak+ ! radius ,d1 ,h1 & f ,f m>k+ ,p1 & ) ! radius ,h1 ,g1 & f ,p z a c5tre m>k+ ,q2 !n ,p is ! new position = ,h1 & ,q is t = ,g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,9 ,figure #bfd a lev] arm ,a & cam ,c are 9 "o piece on a %aft4 ,s is a %oe slid+ on ! l9e x1 & held aga9/ ! cam face by ! rod ,r2 x is requir$ to f9d ! position ( ! face ( ! %oe aga9/ ! cam :5 ! end ( ! arm is at ,d4 ,draw l9e ,e f ,d to ! axis ( ! %aft & l9e ,f4 ,f ! %aft axis z a c5tre draw circle ,w2 draw l9e ,j p>allel to x4 ,take ! radius ,g ,h1 & f ,k z a c5tre m>k po9t ,p on ,w2 draw l9e ,q f ! %aft axis ?r\gh ,p1 & m>k po9t ,t4 ,f ! %aft axis z a c5tre draw f ,t an arc1 cutt+ ,j at ,v1 & ,v is ! po9t :]e ! face ( ! %oe & ! face ( ! cam w t\* :5 ! arm /&s at ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,let x be requir$ to f9d ! am\nt ( motion imp>t$ 9 a /raight l9e to a rod atta*$ to an ecc5tric /rap1 & ! foll[+ con/ruction may be us$4 ,9 ,figure #bfe let ,a repres5t ! c5tre ( ! %aft1 &1 !re=e1 ! axis ab\t :i* ! ecc5tric revolves4 ,let ,b repres5t ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric1 & let x be requir$ to f9d 9 :at position on ! l9e ( motion x1 ! c5tre ,c ( ! rod eye w be :5 ! c5tre ,b ( ! ecc5tric has mov$ to ,e4 ,n[ s9ce ,a is ! axis1 ! c5tre ,b ( ! ecc5tric mu/ rotate ab\t x z d5ot$ by ! circle ,d1 & all t is necess>y to f9d ! position ( ,c = any position ( ecc5tric is to m>k ! position ( ,b on circle ,d1 z at ,e1 & f t position1 z f ,e1 z a c5tre1 & ) ! l5g? ( ! rod z a radius1 m>k ! new position ( ,c on ! l9e x ( its motion4 ,) ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric at ,b1 ! l9e ,q1 repres5t+ ! faces ( ! /raps1 w /& at a "r angle to ! l9e ( motion1 & ! l5g? ( ! rod is f ,b to ,c2 :5 ! ecc5tric c5tre moves to ,e1 ! c5tre l9e ( ! rod w be mov$ to position ,p1 ! l9e ,q w h assum$ position ,r1 & po9t ,c w h mov$ f its position 9 ! draw+ to ,g on l9e x4 ,if ! ecc5tric c5tre be suppos$ to move on to ,f1 ! po9t ,c w move to ,h1 ! radii ,b ,c1 ,e ,g1 & ,f ,h all be+ equal 9 l5g?4 ,n[ :5 ! ecc5tric c5tre is at ,e x w h mov$ "o-qu>t] ( a revolution1 & yet ! po9t ,c w only h mov$ to ,g1 :i* is n c5tral betwe5 ,c & ,h1 z is d5ot$ by ! dott$ half circle ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile ! ecc5tric c5tre is mov+ f ,e to ,f1 :i* is b "o-qu>t] ( a revolution1 ! rod end w move f ,g to ,h4 ,?is occurs because ! rod n only moves endwise1 b ! end connect$ to ! ecc5tric /rap moves t[>ds & away f ! l9e x4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! figure1 ! rod c5tre l9e be+ m>k$ 9 full l9e f ,b to x4 ,& :5 ,b has mov$ to ,e1 ! rod c5tre l9e is m>k$ by dott$ l9e ,e1 s t x has mov$ away f ! l9e ( motion ,b x4 ,9 ,figure #bff ! ecc5tric c5tre is %[n to /& at an angle ( #de degrees f l9e q1 :i* is at a "r angle to ! l9e ( motion x x1 & ! position ( ! rod end is %[n at ,c1 ,j & ,h repres5t+ ! extremes ( motion1 & ,g ! c5tre ( ! motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bff4 ,if n[ we suppose ! ecc5tric c5tre to /& at ,t1 :i* is also an angle ( #de degrees to q1 !n ! rod end w /& at ,k1 :i* is fur!r away f ,g ?an ,c is2 h5ce we f9d t on acc\nt ( ! movem5t ( ! rod out ( ! /raight end motion1 ! motion ( ! rod end becomes irregul> 9 proportion to t ( ! ecc5tric1 ^: action 9 mov+ ! eye ,c ( ! rod 9 a /raight l9e is increas$ 7by ! rod7 :ile x is mov+ ?r\gh ! half rotation d5ot$ by ,v 9 figure1 & dim9i%$ dur+ ! o!r half rotation4 ,9 _m cases1 z1 = example1 on ! riv] /eamboats 9 ! ,we/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates1 cams are employ$ in/ead ( ecc5trics1 & ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 draw+ or m>k+ out su* cams are giv5 9 ! foll[+ rem>ks1 :i* conta9 ! sub/ance ( a pap] read by ,lewis ,johnson be=e ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,9 ,figure #bfg is a side view ( a pair ( cams2 "o1 ,c1 be+ a full /roke cam = op]at+ ! valve t admits /eam to ! eng9e cyl9d]2 & ! o!r1 ,d1 be+ a cam to cut (f ! /eam supply at ! requir$ po9t 9 ! eng9e /roke4 ,! positions ( ^! cams ) relation to ! position ( ! crank-p9 ne$ n be comm5t$ ^u "h1 m ?an to rem>k t obvi\sly ! cam ,c mu/ op]ate to op5 ! /eam inlet valve 9 advance ( cam ,d1 :i* op]ates to close x & cause ! /eam to act expansively 9 ! cyl9d]1 & t ! angle ( ! ?r[ l9e ( ! cut-(f valve ,d to ! o!r cam or to ! crank-p9 v>ies accord+ z x is requir$ to cut (f ! /eam ei!r e>li] or lat] 9 ! /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,! cam yoke is compos$ ( two halves1 ,y & ,y'1 bolt$ toge!r by bolts ,b1 :i* h a coll> at "o end & two nuts at ! o!r end1 ! inn] nuts ,n ,n enabl+ ! lett+ toge!r ( ! two halves ( ! yoke to take up ! we>4 ,x is obvi\s t z ! %aft revolves & c>ries ! cam ) x1 x w1 by reason ( its %ape1 move ! yoke back & =?2 ?us1 9 ! position ( ! p>ts %[n 9 ,figure #bfg1 ! direction ( rotation be+ d5ot$ by ! arr[1 cam ,c w1 z x rotates1 move ! yoke to ! left1 & ?is motion w occur f ! "t corn] a ( ! cam meets ! face ( ,y' until corn] b has pass$ ! c5tre l9e d4 ,n[ s9ce t "p ( ! circumf]5ce ly+ betwe5 po9ts a & b ( ! cam is an arc ( a circle1 ( :i* ! axis ( ! %aft is ! c5tre1 ! yoke w rema9 at re/ until su* "t z b has pass$ l9e d & corn] a meets ! jaw ,y ( ! yoke2 h5ce ! p]iod ( re/ is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( circumf]5ce t is made conc5tric to ! %aft2 or1 9 o!r words1 is det]m9$ by ! di/ance betwe5 a & b4 ,! object ( us+ a cam in/ead ( an ecc5tric is to enable ! op5+ ( ! valves abruptly at ! beg9n+ ( ! pi/on /roke1 ma9ta9+ a uni=m /eam-port op5+ dur+ ne>ly ! entire l5g? ( /roke1 & z abruptly clos+ ! valves at ! t]m9ation ( ! /roke4 ,figure #bfh is a top view ( ! me*anism 9 ,figure #bfg2 & ,figure #bfi %[s an end view ( ! yoke4 ,at ,b1 9 ,figure #bfh1 is %[n a guide ?r\gh :i* ! yoke-/em passes s z to be guid$ to move 9 a /raight l9e1 !re be+ a guide ( ?is k9d on ea* side ( ! yoke4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,! two cams are bolt$ to a coll> t is secur$ to ! crank-%aft1 & are made 9 halves1 z %[n 9 ! figures & also 9 ,figures #bgj & #bga1 :i* repres5t cams remov$ f ! o!r me*anism4 ,to enable a c]ta9 am\nt ( adju/m5t ( ! cams ^u ! coll>1 ! bolts :i* hold !m to ! coll> fit closely 9 ! holes 9 ! coll>1 b ! cams are provid$ ) oblong bolt holes z %[n1 s t ! position ( ei!r cam1 ei!r ) relation to ! o!r cam or ) relation to ! crank-p91 c be adju/$ to ! ext5t p]mitt$ by ! l5g? ( ! oblong holes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,! crank is assum$ 9 ! figures to be on its dead c5tre ne>e/ to ! eng9e cyl9d]1 & to revolve 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s4 ,! cams are s arrang$ t _! pla9 unflang$ surfaces bolt aga9/ ! coll>4 ,! me?od ( draw+ or m>k+ out a full /roke cam1 su* z ,c 9 ,figure #bfg1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #bgb1 9 :i* ! dim5sions are assum$ to be z foll[s3 ,diamet] ( crank %aft1 #g-a_/b in*es2 travel ( cam1 #c in*es2 wid? ( yoke1 #ah in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! cam is compos$ ( f\r curv$ l9es1 ,p1 ,p'1 ,k #a1 & ,k #b4 ,! position ( ! c5tre ( ! crank %aft 9 ?is irregul>ly curv$ body is at ,x4 ,! arcs ,k #a & ,k #b diff] 9 radius1 b are drawn f ! same po9t1 ,x1 & h5ce are conc5tric ) ! crank %aft4 ,! arcs ,p1 ,p'1 are ( l radius1 b are drawn f ! opposite po9ts ,s1 ,s'1 %[n at ! int]section ( ! arcs ,p1 ,p'1 ) ! arc ,k #a4 ,?us arcs ,p1 ,p'1 are ecc5tric to ! crank %aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,to draw ! cam place "o po9t ( ! divid]s at ,x1 :i* is ! c5tre ( ! crank %aft1 & draw ! circle ,e equal to wid? ( yoke1 #ah in*es4 ,?r\gh ?is c5tre ,x1 draw ! two "r l9es ,a & ,b4 ,on ! l9e ,b1 at ! int]section ( ! curv$ l9e ,e1 draw ! two v]tical l9es ,a #a1 ,a #a4 ,) a radius ( #aj-a_/b in*es1 & ) "o po9t ( ! divid]s at ,x1 draw ! arc ,k #a4 ,) a radius ( #g-a_/b in*es1 & "o po9t ( ! divid]s at ,x1 draw ! arc ,k #b4 ,) a radius ( #ah in*es1 & "o po9t ( ! divid]s at ! int]section ( ! arc ,e1 ) ! v]tical l9e ,a #a at ,s1 draw ! arc ,p opposite to ,s1 & let x m]ge or lose itself 9 ! curv$ l9e ,k #b4 ,draw ! o!r curv$ l9e ,p' f ! o!r po9t ,s1 & we h a full /roke cam ( ! dim5sions requir$1 & :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #bgc1 remov$ f ! l9es us$ 9 con/ruct+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,! engrav+s f & includ+ ,figure #bgd illu/rate ! l9es embrac+ cut-(f cams ( v>y+ limits ( cut-(f1 b all ( l travel & dim5sions1 :i* are ! same z ^? giv5 = ! full /roke cam 9 ,figure #bgb4 ,9 draw+ cut-(f cams1 ! /roke ( ! eng9e plays a "p 9 det]m9+ _! con=mation1 & 9 ! examples %[n ?is is assum$ to be #d feet4 ,figure #bgd illu/rates ! mann] ( f9d+ ess5tial po9ts 9 draw+ or m>k+ out cut-(f cams4 ,) ,x z a c5tre1 & a radius ( #b feet1 draw ! circle ,e #a1 %[+ ! pa? ( ! crank-p9 9 mak+ a revolution4 ,?is circle has a diamet] ( #d feet1 equal to ! /roke ( ! eng9e4 ,draw ! horizontal l9e ,b1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( circle ,e #a4 ,)9 ! limits ( circle ,e #a1 subdivide l9e ,b into eight equal p>ts1 z at #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc4 ,draw ! v]tical l9es1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 until !y ea* int]sect ! circle ,e #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bge4 ,) ,x z a c5tre1 draw ! circle ,e1 hav+ a diamet] ( #ah in*es1 equal to ! space 9 ! yoke embrac+ ! cam4 ,f ! c5tre ,x draw ! s]ies ( radial l9es ?r\gh ! po9ts ( int]section ( ! v]tical l9es #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 f ! circle ,e #a1 & t]m9at+ at ,x4 ,we w n[ proce$ to utilize ! scale af=d$ by ,figure #bgd1 9 lay+ (f ! cut-(f cam %[n 9 ,figure #bgf1 ( half /roke limit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,) ,x z a c5tre1 draw ! circle ,e1 ,figure #bge1 hav+ a diamet] ( #ah in*es4 ,bisect ?is circle ) ! /raight l9es ,a & ,b1 :i* be> ! same relation to _! enclos+ circle t ! l9es ,a1 ,b1 d to ! circle ,e 9 ,figure #bgd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,x w be obs]v$1 9 ,figure #bgd1 t ! v]tical l9e ,a is 7at ! top half7 also ,no4 #d1 repres5t+ #d_/h1 or half ( ! /roke4 ,) a radius ( #ah in*es1 & "o po9t ( ! divid]s plac$ at ,v1 :i* is at ! int]section ( ! circle ,e ) ! horizontal l9e ,b 9 ,figure #bge1 draw ! arc ,p4 ,) ! same radius & ) "o compass po9t re/$ at ,v'1 draw ! arc ,p'2 !n two arcs1 ,p & ,p'1 int]sect+ at ! po9t ,s4 ,) ! same radius & "o po9t ( ! compasses at ,s1 draw ! arc ,h ,h4 ,! arcs ,k #a & ,k #b are drawn f ! c5tre ,x1 ) a radius ( #aj-a_/b = ,k #a & #g-a_/b in*es = ,k #b1 & only s]ve 9 a half /roke cam to int]sect ! curv$ l9es already drawn1 z %[n 9 ,figure #bge4 ,9 practice1 ! %>p corn] at ,s w\ld be objectionable1 ow+ to rapid we> at ?is po9t2 & h5ce a modification ( ! dim5sions = ?is half /roke cam w\ld be requir$ to obta9 a l>g] we>+ surface at ! po9t ,s1 b ! cam ( ?is limit 7#a_/b /roke7 is correctly drawn by ! process describ$ ) ref]5ce to ,figure #bge1 ! outl9e ( ! cam s con/ruct$ be+ %[n 9 ,figure #bgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,9 ,figure #bgh is %[n a cam design$ to cut (f ! /eam at five-eigh?s ( ! pi/on /roke1 ! con/ruction l9es be+ giv5 9 ,figure #bgg1 = :i* draw circle ,e & /raight l9es ,a & ,b1 z 9 ! prec$+ example4 ,by ref]5ce to ,figure #bgd x w be obs]v$ t ! diagonal l9e drawn ?r\gh circle ,e at #e is drawn f ! /raight l9e m>k$ #e1 :i* int]sects circle ,e #a1 & z ?is /raight l9e #e repres5ts five-eigh?s ( ! /roke laid (f on l9e ,b1 x det]m9es ! limit ( cut-(f on ! five-eigh?s cam 9 ,figure #bgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,turn+ !n to ,figure #bgd1 take on circle ,e ! radius f radial l9e #d to radial l9e #e1 & m>k x 9 ,figure #bgg f ! v]tical l9e produc+ ,v'4 ,n[1 ) a radius ( #ah in*es1 & "o po9t ( ! divid]s fix$ at po9t ,v1 =m+ ! int]section ( ! circle ,e ) ! horizontal l9e ,b1 draw ! arc ,p4 ,) ! same radius1 & "o po9t ( ! divid]s fix$ at po9t ,v'1 draw ! opposite arc ,p'4 ,) a radius ( #aj-a_/b in*es f ! c5tre ,x1 draw ! arc ,k #a1 int]sect+ l9es ,p ,p'1 at ,s ,s4 ,) a radius ( #g-a_/b in*es1 draw ! curv$ l9e ,k #b1 opposite to curv$ l9e ,k #a4 ,n[1 ) a radius ( #ah in*es1 & "o po9t ( ! divid]s fix$ alt]nately at ,s ,s1 draw ! arcs ,h1 ,h1 f _! int]section ) ! circle ,e1 until !y m]ge into ! curv$ l9e ,k #b4 ,^! curv$ l9es embrace a cut-(f cam ( five-eigh?s limit1 %[n complete 9 ,figure #bgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,f ! in/ructions already giv5 x %\ld be easy to und]/& t ! ?ree-f\r?s & sev5-eigh?s cams1 %[n 9 ,figures #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha & #bhb1 are drawn by tak+ ! po9ts ( _! cut-(f f ! same scale %[n 9 ,figure #bgd1 at ! diagonal po9ts #f & #g1 int]sect+ circle ,e 9 t figure2 & cut-(f cams ( int]m$iate limit ( cut-(f c be drawn by fur!r subdivid+ ! /roke l9e ,b1 9 ,figure #bgd1 into ! requir$ limits4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,cut-(f cams ( any limit are necess>ily imp]fect 9 _! op]ations z to uni=mity ( cut-(f f opposite ends ( ! slides1 n f any defect 9 ! rule = lay+ !m (f1 b f ! well-kn[n fact ( ! crank p9 travell+ a great] di/ance1 :ile driv5 by ! pi/on f ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 ?r\gh its curv$ pa? f ! cyl9d]1 ov] its c5tre1 & back to ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 ?an 9 accompli%+ ! rema9+ di/ance ( its pa? 9 mak+ a complete revolution2 &1 al?\gh ! subdivisions ( eigh?s ( ! /roke l9e ,b1 9 ,figure #bgd1 does n truly repres5t a l division ( ! pi/on /roke1 ow+ to deviation1 caus$ by incl9ation ( ! connect+ rod 9 trav]s+ f ! c5tres to half /roke1 /ill x w be f\nd t lay+ (f a cut-(f cam by ?is rule is m ne>ly correct ?an if ! divisions on /roke l9e ,b 7 made to correspond exactly ) a subdivision ( pi/on /roke into eigh?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,! cut-(f 9 cams laid (f by ! rules h]e9 describ$ is great] 9 travell+ f "o side ( ! slides ?an 9 travell+ f ! opposite end1 "o cut-(f be+ m ?an ! actual cut-(f ( pi/on /roke1 & ! o!r less2 & 9 practical use1 ow+ to play or lo/ motion 9 ! connections f cam to valve1 ! actual cut-(f is less ?an ! !oretical2 h5ce cut-(f cams are usually laid (f to comp5sate = lo/ motion2 t is1 laid (f ) m limit2 = in/ance1 a five-eigh?s cam w\ld be laid (f to cut-(f at elev5-sixte5?s in/ead ( five-eigh?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,figure #bhc repres5ts ! motion a crank1 ,c1 imp>ts to a connect+ rod1 repres5t$ by ! ?ick l9e ,r1 ^: end1 ,b1 is suppos$ to be guid$ to move 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! circle ,h repres5ts ! pa? ( ! crank-p91 & dots #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 are #bd diff]5t crank-p9 positions equidi/ant on ! circle ( crank-p9 revolution4 ,suppose ! crank-p9 to h mov$ to position #a1 & ) ! compasses set to ! l5g? ( ! rod ,r1 we set "o po9t on ! c5tre ( position #a1 & m>k on ! l9e ( motion m ! l9e a1 :i* w be ! position rod end ,b w h mov$ to4 ,suppose next t ! crank-p9 has mov$ into position #b1 & ) ! compass po9t on ! c5tre ( #b we m>k l9e #b1 %[+ t :ile ! crank-p9 mov$ f #a to #b1 ! rod end mov$ f a to b2 by cont9u+ ?is process we are enabl$ to disc]n ! motion = ! :ole ( ! /roke4 ,! backw>d /roke w be ! same1 = correspond+ crank-p9 positions1 = bo? /rokes2 ?us1 :5 ! rod end is at #g ! crank-p9 may be at #g or at #ag4 ,?is fact enables u to f9d ! positions = ! positions lat] ?an #f1 on ! o!r side ( ! circle1 z at #ag1 #af1 #ae1 etc41 :i* keeps ! engrav+ cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,9 ,figure #bhd a p9ion1 ,p1 drives a ge>-:eel1 ,d1 on :i* !re is a p9 driv+ ! slid+ die ,a 9 ! l9k ,l1 :i* is pivot$ at ,c1 & connect$ at its upp] end to a rod1 ,r1 :i* is connect$ to a bolt1 ,b1 fa/ to a slide1 ,s4 ,x is requir$ to f9d ! motion ( ,s1 x mov+ 9 a /raight l9e1 dott$ circle ,h' repres5t+ ! pa? ( ! p9 9 ! slid+ die ,a1 arc ,h repres5t+ ! l9e ( motion ( ! upp] end ( l9k ,l1 & l9es ,n1 ,o1 its c5tre l9e at ! extreme ends ( its vibrat+ motion4 ,9 ,figure #bhe ! lett]s ( ref]5ce ref] to ! same p>ts z ^? 9 ,figure #bhd4 ,we divide ! circle ,h' ( p9 motion into #bd equidi/ant p>ts m>k$ by dots1 & ?r\gh ^! we draw l9es radiat+ f c5tre1 ,c1 & cutt+ arc ,h1 obta9+ on ! arc ,h ! v>i\s positions = end ,z ( rod ,r1 ^! positions be+ m>k$ respectively #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc41 up to #bd4 ,) a pair ( compasses set to ! l5g? ( rod ,r f #a on ,h1 z a c5tre1 we m>k on ! l9e ( motion ( ! slide1 l9e a1 :i* %[s :]e ! o!r end ( rod ,r w be 7or 9 o!r words1 x %[s ! position ( bolt ,b 9 ,figure #bhd71 :5 ! c5tre ( ,a1 ,figure #bhd1 is 9 position #a1 ,figure #bhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,f #b on arc ,h1 we m>k ) ! compasses l9e b on l9e ,m1 %[+ t :ile ! p9 mov$ f #a to #b1 ! rod ,r w\ld move slide ,s1 ,figure #bhd1 f a to b1 9 ,figure #bhe4 ,f #c we m>k c1 & s on1 all ^! m>ks be+ above ! horizontal l9e ,m1 repres5t+ ! l9e ( motion1 & be+ = ! =w>d /roke4 ,= ! backw>d /roke we draw ! dott$ l9e f position #ag up to arc ,h1 & ) ! compasses at #ag m>k a l9e b5ea? ! l9e ,m ( motion1 pursu+ ! same c\rse = all ! o!r p9 motions1 z #ah1 #ai1 etc41 until ! p9 arrives aga9 at position #bd1 & ! l9k at ,o1 & has made a full revolution1 & we %all h ! motion ( ! =w>d /roke above & t ( ! backw>d "o bel[ ! l9e ( motion ( ! slide1 & may comp>e ! two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bhi4 ,figures #bhf & #bhg repres5t ! ,:itwor? quick return motion t is employ$ 9 _m ma*9es4 ,f repres5ts a frame support+ a fix$ j\rnal1 ,b1 on :i* revolves a ge>-:eel1 ,g1 op]at$ by a p9ion1 ,p4 ,at ,a is an arm hav+ j\rnal be>+ 9 ,b at ,c4 ,?is arm is driv5 by a p91 ,d1 fa/ 9 ! ge>1 ,g2 h5ce z ! ge> revolves1 p9 ,d moves ,a ar\nd on ,c z a c5tre ( motion4 ,a is provid$ ) a slot c>ry+ a p91 ,x1 on :i* is pivot$ ! rod1 ,r4 ,! motion ( end ,n ( ! rod ,r be+ 9 a /raight l9e1 ,m1 x is requir$ to f9d ! positions ( ,n dur+ tw5ty-f\r p]iods 9 "o revolution ( ,g4 ,9 ,figure #bhh let ,h' repres5t ! pa? ( motion ( ! driv+ p9 ,d1 ab\t ! c5tre ( ,b1 & ,h ! pa? ( motion ( ,x ab\t ! c5tre ,c2 ^! two c5tres correspond+ to ! c5tres ( ,b & ,c respectively1 9 ,figure #bhg4 ,let ! l9e ,m correspond to ! l9e ( motion ,m 9 ,figure #bhf4 ,n[ s9ce x is ! p9 ,d1 ,figure #bhg1 t drives1 & s9ce its spe$ ( revolution is uni=m1 we divide its circle ( motion ,h' into tw5ty-f\r equal divisions1 & by draw+ l9es radiat+ f c5tre ,c1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! l9es ( division on ,h' we get on circle ,h tw5ty-f\r positions = ! p9 ,x 9 ,figure #bhf4 ,!n sett+ ! compasses to ! l5g? ( ! rod 7,r1 ,figure #bhf71 we m>k f position #a on circle ,h z a c5tre l9e1 a2 f position #b on ,h we m>k l9e b1 & s on = ! :ole tw5ty-f\r positions on circle ,h1 obta9+ f a to n = ! =w>d1 & f n to y = ! motion dur+ ! backw>d /roke4 ,suppose n[ t ! me*anism rema9+ precisely ! same z be=e1 ! l9e ,m ( motion be 9 a l9e ) ! c5tres ,c1 ,b1 in/ead ( at a "r angle to x1 z x is 9 ,figure #bhf1 & ! motion "u ?is new condition w be z 9 ,figure #bhi2 ! process = f9d+ ! am\nt ( motion along ,m f ! motion ar\nd ,h be+ precisely z be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bij4 ,9 ,figure #bij is %[n a cutt]-head = a wood m\ld+ ma*9e1 & x is requir$ to f9d :at %ape ! cutt+ edge ( ! cutt] mu/ be to =m a m\ld+ su* z is %[n 9 ! end view ( ! m\ld+ 9 ! figure4 ,n[ ! l9e ,a ,a be+ at a "r angle to ! l9e ( motion ( ! m\ld+ z x is pass$ b5ea? ! revolv+ cutt]1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 at a "r angle to ! face ( ! table on :i* ! m\ld+ is mov$1 x is obvi\s t ! highe/ po9t ,c ( ! m\ld+ w be cut to %ape by ! po9t ,c ( ! cutt]2 & t s9ce ! l9e ( motion ( ! end ( ! cutt] is ! arc ,d1 ! l[e/ "p ( ! cutt] action ^u ! m\ld+ w be at po9t ,e4 ,x w also be obvi\s t z ! cutt] edge passes1 at ea* po9t1 its l5g? across ! l9e ,a ,a1 x =ms ! m\ld+ to %ape1 :ile all ! cutt+ action t occurs on ei!r side ( t l9e is s]v+ simply to remove mat]ial4 ,all t we h to consid]1 !re=e1 is ! action on l9e ,a ,a4 ,x may be obs]v$ also t ! highe/ po9t ,c ( ! cutt] edge mu/ n be less ?an #a_/d in* f ! corn] ( ! cutt] head1 :i* gives room = ! nut ,n 7t holds ! cutt] to ! head7 to pass ov] ! top ( ! m\ld+ 9 a #b-a_/b in* head4 ,9 proportion z ! heads are made l>g]1 h[ev]1 less cle>ance is necess>y = ! nut1 z is %[n 9 ,figure #bia1 ! cutt] edge ext5d+ to ,c1 & !re=e ne>ly up to ! corn] ( ! head4 ,its pa? ( motion at ,c is %[n by dott$ arc ,b1 :i* x w be obs]v$ amply cle>s ! nut ,n4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 po9t ,c is n 9 any size ( cutt]-head plac$ ne>] ?an #a_/d in* f corn] ,x ( ! cutt]-head4 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( ! cutt] edge necess>y to produce a giv5 dep? ( m\ld+1 we may draw a circle i1 ,figure #bib1 equal 9 diamet] to ! size ( ! cutt] head to be us$1 & l9e ,a ,a4 ,! highe/ po9t ( cutt+ edge be+ at e1 & ! l[e/ at g1 !n circles d & f repres5t ! l9e ( motion ( ^! two po9ts2 & if we m>k ! cutt] 91 ! necess>y l5g? ( cutt+ edge on ! cutt] is obvi\sly f a to b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,n[ ! necess>y dep? ( cutt] edge be+ f\nd = any giv5 m\ld+1 or "p ( a m\ld+1 ! curves = ! edge may be f\nd z foll[s3 ,suppose ! m\ld+ is to be half r\nd1 z 9 ! end view 9 ,figure #bij4 ,! wid? ( ! cutt] mu/ ( c\rse equal ! wid? ( ! m\ld+1 & ! l5g? or dep? ( cutt+ edge requir$ may be f\nd f ! con/ruction %[n 9 ,figure #bib2 h5ce all t rema9s is to f9d ! curve = ! cutt+ edge4 ,9 ,figure #bic1 let ,a ,a repres5t ! c5tre ( ! cutt] wid?1 its sides be+ ,f ,f'1 & its end ,b ,b4 ,f c5tre ,c draw circle ,d1 ! upp] half ( :i* w s]ve to repres5t ! m\ld+4 ,m>k on ,a ! l5g? or dep? ! cutt+ edge requires to be1 asc]ta9+ ! same f ! con/ruction %[n 9 ,figure #bib1 & m>k x z f ,c to ,k'4 ,!n draw l9e ,e ,e1 pass+ ?r\gh po9t ,k4 ,draw l9e ,g1 /&+ at ! same angle to ,a ,a z ! face h b1 ,figure #bib1 ( ! cutt] does to ! l9e ,a ,a1 & draw l9e ,h ,h1 p>allel to ,g4 ,f any po9t on ,g1 z at ,i1 ) radius ,j1 draw a qu>t] ( a circle1 z ,k4 ,m>k (f ?is qu>t] circle into equal po9ts ( division1 z by #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 & f ^! po9ts ( division draw l9es1 z a1 b1 c1 etc42 & f ^! l9es draw horizontal l9es d1 e1 f1 etc4 ,n[ divide ! l[] half ( circle ,d into twice z _m equal divisions z qu>t] circle ,k is divid$ into1 & f ^! po9ts ( division draw p]p5dicul>s g1 h1 i1 etc4 ,& :]e ^! p]p5dicul>s cross ! horizontal l9es1 z d1 w be po9ts ?r\gh :i* ! curve may be drawn1 ?ree ( su* po9ts be+ m>k$ by dots at p1 q1 r4 ,if ! /ud5t w1 aft] hav+ drawn ! curve by ?is con/ruction1 draw x by ! con/ruction t 0 expla9$ 9 connection ) ,figure #gi1 he w f9d ! two me?ods give s ne>ly id5tical curves1 t ! latt] & m simple me?od may be us$ )\t s5sible error4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bid4 ,:5 ! curves ( ! m\ld+ are n arcs ( circles !y may be m>k$ z foll[s3 ,take ! draw+ ( ! m\ld+ & divide ea* memb] or /ep ( x by equidi/ant l9es1 z a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 9 ,figure #bid2 above ! m\ld+ draw l9es repres5t+ ! cutt]1 & hav+ f\nd ! dep? ( cutt+ edge = ea* memb] by ! con/ruction %[n 9 ,figure #bib1 f9d+ a sep>ate l9e1 a b1 = ea* memb] ( ! m\ld+1 transf] ! dep?s s f\nd to ! face ( ! cutt]2 divide ! dep? ( ea* memb] ( ! cutt] into z _m equal divisions z ! correspond+ memb] ( ! m\ld+ is divid$ into1 z by l9es h1 i1 j1 k1 l1 m1 n4 ,!n draw v]tical l9es1 z o1 p1 q1 r1 etc42 & :]e ^! l9es meet ! respective l9es h1 i1 j1 etc41 are po9ts 9 ! curve1 su* po9ts be+ m>k$ on ! cutt] by dots4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,l9e-,,%ad+ ,,& ,,draw+s ,,= ,,l9e-,,%ad$ ,,engrav+s4 ,al?\gh 9 work%op draw+s1 l9e-%ad+ is r>ely employ$1 yet :]e a design r ?an ! p>ticul> details ( con/ruction is to be %[n1 l9e-%ad+ is a valuable accessory4 ,figure #bie1 = example1 is int5d$ to %[ an arrangem5t ( idle pulleys to guide belts f "o pulley to ano!r2 ! pr9ciple be+ t s long z ! belt passes to a pulley mov+ 9 l9e ) ! l9e ( rotation ( ! pulley1 ! belt w run correctly1 al?\gh x may leave ! pulley at consid]able angle4 ,:5 a belt envelops two pulleys t are at a "r angle to ea* o!r1 two guide pulleys are ne$$ 9 ord] t ! belt may1 9 pass+ to ea* pulley1 move 9 ! same plane z ! pulley rotates 91 & ! belt is 9 ?is case giv5 :at is t]m$ a qu>t] twi/4 ,x w be obs]v$ t by ! l9e-%ad+ ev5 ! twi/ ( ! belt is mu* m cle>ly %[n ?an x w\ld be if left un%ad$4 ,an excell5t example ( %ad+ is giv5 9 ,figure #bif1 :i* is extract$ f ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/1 & repres5ts a cutt+ tool = a plan+ ma*9e4 ,! figure is f a wood engrav+1 b ! effect may be produc$ by l9es1 ! black p>ts be+ consid]$ z simply broad black l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,! draw+s f :i* engrav+s are made are drawn to con=m to ! process by :i* ! engrav+ is to be produc$4 ,draw+s t are %ad$ by pla9 l9es may be engrav$ by ?ree me?ods4 ,fir/1 ! draw+ may be photo-engrav$1 9 :i* process ! draw+ is photograph$ on ! metal1 & e l9e appe>s 9 ! engrav+ precisely z x appe>s 9 ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,= ?is k9d ( engrav+ ! draw+ may be made ( any conv5i5t size t is l>g] ?an ! size ( engrav+ to be produc$1 ! r$uction ( size be+ produc$ 9 ! photograph+ process4 ,draw+s = photo-engrav+ require to h ! l9es jet black1 & x is to be rememb]$ t if r$ c5trel9es are m>k$ on ! draw+1 !y w be produc$ z ord9>y black l9es 9 ! engrav+4 ,! %ad+ on a draw+ to be photo-engrav$ mu/ be produc$ by l9es1 & n by t9ts1 = t9ts1 :e!r ( black or ( colors1 w n photo-engrave prop]ly4 ,x is g5]ally pref]r$ to make ! draw+ = a photo-engrav+ l>g] ?an ! engrav+ t is to be made f x1 a good proportion be+ to make ! draw+ twice ! l5g? ! engrav+ is to be4 ,?is s]ves to r$uce ! magnitude ( any r\ghness 9 ! l9es ( ! draw+1 &1 !re=e1 to make ! engrav+ bett] ?an ! draw+4 ,! ?ickness ( ! l9es 9 ! draw+ %\ld be made to suit ! am\nt ( r$uction to be made1 because ! l9es are r$uc$ 9 ?ickness 9 ! same proportion z ! engrav+ is r$uc$ f ! draw+4 ,?us ! l9es on an engrav+ r$uc$ to "o-half ! dim5sions ( ! draw+ w\ld be "o-half z ?ick z ! l9es on ! draw+4 ,draw+s = photo-engrav+ %\ld be made on smoo?-fac$ pap]2 z1 = example1 on ,bri/ol bo>d2 & to make ! l9es clean & cle>1 ! draw+ in/rum5ts %\ld be 9 ! be/ ( condition1 & ! pap] or ,bri/ol bo>d q dry4 ,! ,india rubb] %\ld be us$ z little z possible on draw+s to be photo-engrav$1 because1 if us$ be=e ! l9es are ink$ 91 x r\gh5s ! surface ( ! pap]1 & ! ink+ l9es w be less smoo? & ev5 at _! edges2 & = ?is reason x is bett] n to rub out any l9es until all ! l9es h be5 ink$ 94 ,if us$ to excess aft] ! l9es h be5 ink$ 9 x s]ves to r$uce ! blackness ( ! l9es1 & may s pale !m t !y w n prop]ly photo-engrave4 ,to make a draw+ = an engrav] 9 wood x w\ld be drawn directly on ! face ( ! box-wood block1 on :i* x is to be engrav$4 ,! surface ( ! block is fir/ :it5$ by a :ite wat] color1 z ,*9ese :ite4 ,if ! draw+ t is to be us$ z a copy is on suffici5tly ?9 pap]1 its outl9e may be trac$ ov] by p5cil l9es1 & ! copy may !n be laid face d[n on ! wood block & its edges held to ! block by wax1 ! p5cill$ l9es be+ face to ! block4 ,! outl9e may !n be aga9 trac$ ov] ) a p5cil or po9t$ in/rum5t1 caus+ ! impr9t ( ! lead p5cil l9es to be left on ! :it5$ surface ( ! block4 ,if ! copy is on pap] too ?ick to be ?us employ$1 a trac+ may be made & us$ z above2 x be+ borne 9 m9d t ! trac+ mu/ be laid ) ! p5cill$ l9es on ! block1 because :at is ! "r h& ( ! draw+ on ! block is ! left h& 9 ! pr9t x gives4 ,! %ad+ on wood blocks is giv5 by t9ts ( ,india ink aid$ by p5cill$ l9es1 or ( c\rse p5cill$ l9es only may = less arti/ic "w be us$4 ,ano!r me?od is to photograph ! draw+ direct ^u ! surface ( ! wood block2 x is unnecess>y1 h[ev]1 to ent] into ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,! ?ird me?od ( produc+ an engrav+ f a draw+ is by means ( :at is kn[n z ! wax process4 ,draw+s = ?is process %\ld be made on ?9 pap]1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,! process consi/s1 briefly /at$1 9 coat+ a copp] plate ) a lay] ( wax ab\t #a_/cb in* deep1 & 9 draw+ ^u ! wax ! l9es to compose ! engrav+1 :i* l9es are produc$ by means ( tools t remove ! wax d[n to ! surface ( ! copp]4 ,! plate & wax are !n plac$ 9 a batt]y & a deposit ( copp] fills 9 ! l9es & surface ( ! wax1 ?us =m+ ! engrav+4 ,n[ if ! draw+ is made on ?9 pap]1 ! engrav] coats ! surface ( ! draw+ ) a dry r$ pigm5t1 & ) a po9t$ in/rum5t traces ov] ! l9es ( ! draw+1 :i* causes !m to leave a r$ impr9t on ! surface ( ! wax1 & aft] ! draw+ is remov$ ! engrav] cuts ^! impr9t$ l9es 9 ! wax4 ,if ! draw+ is on ?ick pap]1 ?is me?od ( transf]r+ ! draw+ to ! wax _c be us$1 & ! engrav] may take a trac+ f ! draw+ & transf] f ! trac+ to ! wax4 ,x is obvi\s1 also1 t = wax engrav+s ! draw+ %\ld be made ( ! same size t ! engrav+ is requir$ to be1 or o!rwise ! trac+ process describ$ _c be us$4 ,figure #big repres5ts an engrav+ made by ! wax process f a pr9t f a wood engrav+1 & x is obvi\s t s9ce all ! l9es drawn on ! wax s9k d[n to ! surface ( ! copp] plate1 ! %ad+ is virtually compos$ ( l9es1 ! black surfaces be+ :]e ! l9es h be5 suffici5tly close toge!r & broad to remove all ! wax enclos$ )9 ^? surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,! wax process is1 h[ev]1 m suitable = engrav+s 9 pla9 outl9e only1 & is especially excell5t :5 ! p>ts are small & ! l9es fall close toge!r2 z1 = example1 9 ,figures #bih & #bii1 :i* are engrav+s ( a boil] drill+ ma*9e1 & 7 produc$ = ! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/ by trac+ ov] a wood engrav+ f ,london1 ,eng9e]+ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! f95ess & cleanness ( ! l9es 9 ! wax process is "h well illu/rat$1 ! disposition ( ! p>ts be+ easily se5 f ! engrav+1 & easily foll[$ 9 connection ) ! foll[+ description3 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( two horizontal b$-plates ,a #a & ,a #b1 made ) ,v slides on top1 & plac$ at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,^u ea* ( ! b$-plates is fitt$ a v]tical arm ,b #a & ,b #b1 ea* ( :i* c>ries two saddles1 ,c #a & ,c #b1 ^! be+ ea* adju/able v]tically on its respective arm by means ( rack & p9ion & h& :eels ,d #a & ,d #b4 ,! saddles are balanc$ s t ! lea/ possible ex]tion is suffici5t to adju/ !m4 ,! v]tical arms1 ,b #a & ,b #b1 are ca/ ea* ) a r\nd foot by :i* ! arms are atta*$ to ! squ>e boxes ,e #a & ,e #b1 :i* are fitt$ to ! ,v slides on ! horizontal b$s ,a #a & ,a #b1 & are adju/able !reon by means ( screw & rat*et motion ,f #a & ,f #b4 ,ea* ( ! squ>e boxes has ca/ on x a small arm ,g #a & ,g #b1 c>ry+ /uds ^u :i* run p9ions ge>+ into ! circul> racks at ! foot ( ! v]tical arms4 ,! squ>e boxes h ea* a circul> groove turn$ 9 ! top to receive ! bolts by :i* ! v]tical arms are connect$ to !m1 & ?us ! v]tical arms1 & ) !m ! drill sp9dles ,n #a & ,n #b1 are adju/able radially ) ! boil]--! adju/m5t be+ effect$ by means ( ! p9ions & circul> racks4 ,! p9ions are arrang$ s t !y c be work$ ) ! same screw key t is us$ = ! bolts 9 ! circul> grooves4 ,! %ell to be drill$ is plac$ ^u ! circul> table ,h1 :i* is c>ri$ by suitable framework adju/able by means ( screw on a ,v slide ,i1 plac$ at an angle ( #de deg4 ) ! horizontal b$-plates4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 :5 ! table is mov$ along ,i1 x w approa* to or rec$e f all ! drills equally4 ,j #a & ,j #b are gird]s =m+ additional be>+s = ! framework ( ! table4 ,! b$-plates & slides = ! table are bolt$ & brac$ toge!r1 mak+ ! :ole ma*9e v firm & rigid4 ,p[] is appli$ to ! ma*9e ?r\gh ! cones ,k #a & ,k #b1 work+ ! horizontal & v]tical %afts ,l #a & ,l #b1 etc4 ,on ! v]tical %afts are fitt$ co>se pit* worms slid+ on fea!r keys1 & c>ri$ ) ! saddles ,c #a & ,c #b1 etc4 ,! worms ge>+ ) ! worm :eels ,m #a & ,m #b are fitt$ on ! sleeves ( ! /eel sp9dles ,n #a & ,n #b4 ,! sp9dles are fitt$ ) self-act+ motions ,o #a & ,o #b1 :i* are easily ?r[n 9 & out ( ge>4 ,! ma*9e is also us$ = turn+ ! edge ( ! flanges :i* "s mak]s pref] to h on ! end plates ( m>9e boil]s4 ,! plates are v readily fix$ to ! circul> table ,h1 & ! edge ( ! flange tru$ up mu* quick] ?an by ! ord9>y means ( *ipp+4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is us$ = ?is purpose1 ! cross beam ,p1 :i* is removable1 is fa/5$ to ! two upright brackets ,r #a & ,r #b4 ,! cross beam is ca/ ) ,v slides at "o side = a little m ?an half its l5g? f "o end1 & on ! opposite side = ! same l5g?1 b f ! opposite end4 ,! ,v slides are ea* fitt$ ) a tool box ,s #a & ,s #b1 hav+ a screw adju/m5t = sett+ ! tool to ! dep? ( cut1 & adju/able on ! ,v slides ( ! cross beam to ! diamet] ( ! plate to be turn$4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! ma*9e is also us$ = cutt+ out ! furnace m\?s 9 ! boil] ends4 ,! plate is fa/5$ to ! circul> table1 ! c5tre ( ! hole to be cut out be+ plac$ ov] ! c5tre ( table2 "o or bo? ( ! tool boxes may be us$4 ,!re is suffici5t space betwe5 ! upright brackets ,r #a & ,r #b1 to all[ t section ( a boil] end :i* conta9s ! furnace m\?s to revolve :ile ! holes are be+ cut out2 ! plate belong+ to ! end ( a boil] ( ! l>ge/ diamet] t ! ma*9e w take 9 = drill+4 ,! holes cut out w be f #b feet #c in*es 9 diamet] & upw>ds4 ,p[] = us+ ! turntable is appli$ ?r\gh ! cone ,t4 ,! bevel :eels1 worms1 worm :eels1 & p9ions = driv+ ! tables are ( ca/ /eel1 :i* is necess>y = ! r\gh "w ( turn+ ! flanges4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bii4 7,page #bge47 ,z to ! practical results ( us+ ! ma*9e1 ! drills are driv5 at a spe$ ( #cdj feet p] m9ute at ! cutt+ edges4 ,a jet ( soapsuds plays on ea* drill f an orifice #a_/cb 94 9 diamet]1 & at a pressure ( #fj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,a jo9t compos$ ( two #a-;in* plates1 & hav+ holes #a & "o-eigh? 94 9 diamet]1 c be drill$ 9 ab\t #b-a_/b m9utes1 & all[+ ab\t half a m9ute = adju/+ ! drill1 ea* drill w d ab\t #bj holes p] h\r4 ,! ma*9e is design$ to /& any am\nt ( "w t ! drills w be>4 ,! "t requir$ = putt+ on ! end ( a boil] & turn+ ! flange !reon 7say #ad feet diamet]7 is ab\t #b-a_/b h\rs2 mu*1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on ! /ate ( ! flanges1 z sometimes !y are v r\gh1 :ile at o!rs v little is necess>y to true !m up4 ,! "t requir$ = putt+ on ! plate conta9+ ! furnace m\?s & cutt+ out ?ree holes #b feet #f 94 9 diamet]1 ! plate be+ #a & "o-eigh? 94 ?ick1 is ?ree h\rs4 ,( c\rse1 if sev]al boil]s ( "o size are be+ made at ! same "t1 ! holes 9 two or m ( ^! plates c be cut out at once4 ,! ma*9e is ( su* design t x c be plac$ ) "o ( ! horizontal b$-plates 7say ,a #a71 p>allel & close up to a wall ( ! boil] %op2 & :5 ! turn+ app>atus is be+ us$1 ! v]tical arm ,b #b c be swivel$ half way r\nd on its squ>e box ,e #b1 & us$ = drill+ & tapp+ ! /ay holes 9 m>9e boil] ends aft] !y are put toge!r2 ( c\rse suffici5t room mu/ be left betwe5 b$-plate ,a #b1 & ! wall ( boil] %op p>allel ) x1 to all[ = reception ( ! boil] to be op]at$ ^u4 ,x w\ld obvi\sly be q difficult to draw su* draw+s z 9 ,figures #bih & #bii on ?9 pap]1 s z to enable ! draw+ to be trac$ on ! wax direct by ! process be=e describ$1 unless inde$ ! draftsman _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 f9e "w2 h5ce1 x is n uncommon to make ! draw+ l>ge1 & on ord9>y draw+ pap]4 ,! engrav] !n has ! draw+ photograph$ on ! surface ( ! wax1 & works to ! photograph4 ,! lett]s ( ref]5ce 9 wax engrav+s are put 9 by impress+ type 9 ! wax1 & 9 ?is connection x may be rem>k$ t ! lett]s ,i & ,o %\ld n be us$ on draw+s to be engrav$ by ! wax process1 unless !y are situat$ outside ! outl9es ( ! draw+1 because ! ,i looks s mu* l "p ( a dott$ l9e t x is (t5 indi/+ui%able !refrom1 :ile ! ,o looks l a circle or an ellipse4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,%ad+ ,,& ,,color+ ,,draw+s4 ,! %ad+ or color+ ( draw+s by t9ts is m employ$ 9 l>ge draw+s ?an 9 small ones1 & 9 ,europe ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 :ile on ! o!r h& t9t+ by means ( l9e-%ad+ is m employ$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ,europe1 & m on small draw+s ?an on l>ge ones4 ,_m draftsm5 adopt ! plan ( color+ ! j\rnals ( %afts1 etc41 ) a light t9t1 giv+ !m ! deepe/ t9t at ! circumf]5ce to give !m a cyl9drical appe>ance4 ,?is makes ! draw+ mu* cle>] & takes b little "t to d1 & is especially advantage\s :]e ! p>ts are small or on a small scale1 s t ! l9es are comp>atively close toge!r4 ,= simple %ad+ purposes black t9ts ( v>i\s degrees ( d>kness may be employ$1 b x is usual to t9t brass "w ) yell[4 ,ca/ iron ) ,india ink1 wr\ght iron ) ,prussian blue1 /eel ) z light purple t9t produc$ by mix+ ,india ink1 ,prussian blue & a t+e ( crimson lake4 ,copp] is t9t$ r$4 ,on plane surfaces an ev5 t9t ( color is laid1 b if ! surfaces are cyl9drical !y are usually color$ deep] at & ne> ! circumf]5ce1 & are t9t$ ov] ! colors ) light t9ts ( ,india ink to %[ _! cyl9drical =m4 ,if a draw+ is to be color$ or %ad$ ) ,india ink ! pap] %\ld be glu$ all ar\nd its edges to ! draw+ bo>d1 & !n damp5$ ev5ly all ov] ) a sponge1 :i* w cause ! pap] to %r9k & lay close to ! surface ( ! draw+ bo>d4 ,if1 9 apply+ a color or a t9t1 ! color dries be=e ! :ole surface is color$1 ! color w n be ( an equal %ade2 h5ce x is necess>y be=e apply+ ! color to damp5 ! surface1 if x is a l>ge "o1 s t ! color at "o "p %all n get dry be=e !re has be5 "t to g ov] ! :ole surface2 a m ev5 dep? ( color is atta9$ by ! application ( sev]al coats ( a light t9t1 ?an ) "o coat1 giv+ ! full dep? ( color4 ,b if ! pap] is n all[$ to dry suffici5tly betwe5 ! coats1 or if x has be5 made too wet previ\s to ! application ( ! colors1 x w run 9 places1 leav+ o!r holl[s into :i* ! color w fl[1 mak+ d>k]-color$ spots4 ,to avoid ?is ! pap] may be dri$ some:at by ! application ( clean blott+ pap]4 ,to ma9ta9 an ev5 %ade ( color1 x is necess>y to slightly /ir up ! color ea* "t ! bru% is dipp$ into ! color sauc] or palette1 especially :5 ! color+ is compos$ ( mix$ colors1 because ! color+ matt] is apt to sep>ate f ! wat] & s9k to ! bottom4 ,s1 also1 9 mix+ colors x is be/ to apply ! end ( ! color to ! surface ( ! palette & n to apply ! bru% direct to ! cake ( color1 because ! color is m completely mix$ by contact ) ! palette ?an x c be by ! bru%1 :i* may reta9 a speck ( color t w1 unless wa%$ out1 make a /reak ^u ! draw+4 ,to graduate ! dep? ( t9t = a cyl9drical surface1 x is be/ to mix sev]al1 z1 say ?ree dep?s or degrees ( t9t1 & to fir/ use ! d>ke/1 apply+ x 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! piece is to be %ad$ d>ke/4 ,! wid? ?is d>k application %\ld be is obvi\sly det]m9$ by ! diamet] ( ! piece4 ,! next op]ation is to light5 or draw ! "p1 l9e or /reak ?us d>k color$1 caus+ x to get pal] & pal] z x approa*es ! axial l9e ( ! piece or cyl9d]4 ,?is light5+ is accompli%$ z foll[s3 ,! d>k /reak is appli$ along su* a l5g? ( ! piece t x w n dry be=e !re has be5 "t to draw x out or light5 x on ! side t[>ds ! axis4 ,a sep>ate bru% may !n be wett$ & drawn along ! edge ( ! d>k /reak 9 %ort /rokes1 caus+ ! color to run outw>ds & become light] z x approa*es ! axis4 ,x w be f\nd t dur+ ?is process ! bru% w occasionally require wa%+ 9 wat]1 because f cont9u\s contact ) ! d>k /reak ! t9t x conta9s w d>k54 ,:5 ! fir/ coat has be5 laid & spread or drawn out f end to end ( ! piece1 ! process may be repeat$ two or ?ree times1 ! mo/ ev5 results be+ obta9$ by mak+ ! fir/ d>k /reak n too d>k1 & go+ ov] ! draw+ sev]al times1 b all[+ ! pap] to get v ne>ly dry betwe5 ea* coat4 ,9 small cyl9drical bodies1 z1 say #a_/d in* 9 diamet]1 ! d>ke/ l9e ( %ad[ may be locat$ at ! l9es repres5t+ ! diamet] ( ! piece1 b 9 pieces ( l>g] diamet] ! d>ke/ l9e may be locat$ at a %ort di/ance f ! l9e t d5otes ! diamet] or p]imet] on ! %ad[ or "r-h& side ( ! piece1 z is %[n 9 _m ( ! engrav+s t foll[4 ,x is obvi\s t if a draw+ is to h dim5sions m>k$ on x1 ! color+ or t9t+ %\ld n be deep en\gh to make x difficult to see ! dim5sion figures4 ,! size ( ! bru% to be us$ dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! size ( ! piece to be %ad$ or color$1 & x is be/ to keep "o bru% = ! d>k t9t & to nev] let ! bru% dry ) ! t9t 9 x1 z ?is makes x h>%4 ,9 a good bru% ! hairs are f9e1 lie close toge!r :5 moi/5$1 are smoo? & yet suffici5tly /iff or ela/ic to b5d back slightly :5 ! pressure is remov$4 ,if1 :5 "u pressure & ne>ly dry1 ! hairs w sep>ate or ! bru% has no ela/icity 9 x1 good results _c be obta9$4 ,all bru%es %\ld be well dri$ aft] use4 ,! light 9 %ad+ is suppos$ to come 9 at ! left-h& corn] ( ! draw+1 z 0 expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! %ade l9e4 ,excell5t examples to copy & %ade ) ! bru% are giv5 z foll[s3 ,figure #cjj repres5ts a ,m$>t pulley1 con/ruct$ by ! ,h>t=d ,/eam ,eng9e]+ ,company2 ! arms & hub are ca/ 9 "o piece1 & ! rim is a wr\ght iron b& rivet$ to ! arms1 ^: ends are turn$ or gr\nd true ) ! hub bore4 ,! figure is obvi\sly a wood engrav+1 b x pres5ts ! v>y+ degrees ( %ade or %ad[ ) suffici5t accuracy to =m a good example to copy & bru% %ade ) ,india ink4 ,figure #cja repres5ts a simil> pulley ) a d\ble set ( arms1 =m+ an excell5t example 9 p]spective draw+1 z well z = bru%-%ad+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,9 bru%-%ad+ z ) l9e-%ad+1 ! difficulties increase ) an increase 9 ! size ( ! piece1 & ! le>n] w f9d t aft] he has succe$$ tol]ably well 9 %ad+ ^! small pulleys1 x w be q difficult1 b excell5t practice to %ade ! l>ge pulley 9 ,figure #cjb4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal consid]ations is to n let ! color dry at ! edges 9 "o "p :ile cont9u+ ! %ad+ 9 ano!r "p ( ! same surface1 h5ce x is be/ to beg9 at ! edge or outl9e ( ! draw+ & c>ry ! "w =w>d z quickly z possible1 occasionally slightly wett+ ) wat] edges t require to be left :ile ! %ad+ is proce$+ 9 ano!r direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cja4 ,:5 x is requir$ to %[ by ! %ad+ t ! surfaces are highly poli%$1 ! light] p>ts ( ! %ad+ are made to conta9 :at may be t]m$ spla%es ( light] & d>k] %ad[1 z 9 ,figure #cjc1 :i* repres5ts an oil cup1 hav+ a brass cas+ enclos+ a glass cyl9d]1 :i* appe>s ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! brass %ell4 ,figure #cjd repres5ts an iron plan+ ma*9e ^: l9e-%ad+ is s ev5ly effect$ t x af=ds an excell5t example ( %ad+4 ,its p>ts are simil> to ^? %[n 9 ! iron plan] 9 ,figure #big1 save t x c>ries two slid+ heads1 s z to enable ! use1 simultane\sly1 ( two cutt+ tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjd4 7,page #bhb47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,a sup]ior example 9 %ad+ is %[n 9 ,figures #cje & #cjf1 :i* repres5t a plan & a sectional view ( ! /eam-cyl9d] ( a ,blake's pat5t direct-act+ /eam-pump4 ,! con/ruction ( ! p>ts is z foll[s3 ,a is ! /eam-pi/on1 ,h #a & ,h are ! cyl9d] /eam-passages2 ,m is ! cyl9d] exhau/ port4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cje4 ,! ma9 valve1 ^: movem5t alt]nately op5s ! ports = ! admission ( /eam to1 & ! escape ( /eam f1 ! ma9 cyl9d]1 is divid$ into two p>ts1 "o ( :i*1 ,c1 slides ^u a seat on ! ma9 cyl9d]1 & at ! same "t af=ds a seat = ! o!r "p1 ,d1 :i* slides ^u ! upp] face ( ,c4 ,z %[n 9 ! engrav+s1 ,d is at ! left-h& end ( its /roke1 & ,c at ! opposite or "r-h& end ( its /roke4 ,/eam f ! /eam-*e/1 ,j1 is !re=e ent]+ ! "r-h& end ( ! ma9 cyl9d] ?r\gh ! ports ,e & ,h1 & ! exhau/ is escap+ ?r\gh ! ports ,h #a1 ,e #a1 ,k & ,m1 :i* causes ! ma9 pi/on ,a to move f "r to left4 ,:5 ?is pi/on has ne>ly rea*$ ! left-h& end ( its cyl9d]1 ! tappet arm1 ,t1 atta*$ to ! pi/on-rod1 comes 9 contact )1 & moves ! valve rod coll> ,o #a & valve rod ,p1 & ?us causes ,c1 toge!r ) ! supplem5tal valves ,r & ,s ,s #a1 :i* =m1 ) ,c1 "o ca/+1 to be mov$ f "r to left4 ,?is movem5t causes /eam to be admitt$ to ! left-h& end ( ! supplem5tal cyl9d]1 :]eby its pi/on ,b w be =c$ t[>ds ! "r1 c>ry+ ,d to ! opposite or "r-h& end ( its /roke2 = ! movem5t ( ,s closes ,n 7! /eam-port lead+ to ! "r-h& end71 & ! movem5t ( ,s #a op5s ,n #a 7! /eam-port lead+ to ! opposite or left-h& end71 at ! same "t ! movem5t ( ,v op5s ! "r-h& end ( ?is cyl9d] to ! exhau/1 ?r\gh ! exhau/ ports ,x & ,z4 ,! p>ts ,c & ,d n[ h positions opposite to ^? %[n 9 ! engrav+s1 & /eam is !re=e ent]+ ! ma9 cyl9d] ?r\gh ! ports ,e #a & ,h #a1 & escap+ ?r\gh ! ports ,h1 ,e1 ,k & ,m1 :i* causes ! ma9 pi/on ,a to move 9 ! opposite direction1 or f left to "r1 & op]ations simil> to ^? already describ$ w foll[1 :5 ! pi/on approa*es ! "r-h& end ( its cyl9d]4 ,by ?is simple arrangem5t ! pump is r5d]$ positive 9 its action2 t is1 x w in/antly />t & cont9ue work+ ! mom5t /eam is admitt$ to ! /eam-*e/1 :ile at ! same "t ! pi/on is enabl$ to move z sl[ly z ! nature ( ! duty may require4 ,x w be not$ t 9 ,figure #cje1 ! ports ( ,c are %[n ?r\gh ,d1 ^: location is m>k$ by d>k %ad+4 ,?is obvi\sly is n correct1 because ,d be+ above ,c %\ld be %ad$ light] ?an ,c1 & aga9 ! ports ,e #a & ,k c\ld n %[ d>k ?r\gh ! port ,d4 ,!y might1 ( c\rse1 be %[n by dott$ outl9es1 b !y w\ld n appe> to su* advantage1 & on ?is acc\nt x is p]missible :]e arti/ic effect is s\ght1 ! object be+ to subs]ve ! %ad+ to mak+ ! me*anism & its op]ation cle>ly & readily und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,figure #cjg af=ds ano!r excell5t example = %ad+4 ,x consi/s ( an indep5d5t cond5s]1 ^: /eam-cyl9d] & valve me*anism is ! same z t describ$ ) ref]5ce to ,figures #cje & #cjf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjg4 7,page #bhh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cjh4 7,page #bhi47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cji4 7,page #bhi47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caj--,,section ,,( ,,cyl9d] ,,& ,,/eam ,,*e/4 7,page #bhi47 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,examples ,,9 ,,eng9e ,,"w4 ,9 ! figures f #cjh to #cbh inclusive are giv5 ?ree examples 9 eng9e "w1 all ^! draw+s be+ f ,! ,am]ican ,ma*9i/4 ,figures #cjh to #cad repres5t draw+s ( an automatic high spe$ eng9e design$ & made by ,pr(essor ,john ,e4 & ,william ,a4 ,sweet1 ( ,syracuse1 ,new ,york4 ,figure #cjh is a side & #cji an end view ( ! eng9e4 ,^u a b$-plate is bolt$ two /raight frames1 betwe5 :i*1 at _! upp] ends1 ! cyl9d] is secur$ by bolts4 ,! guides = ! cross-head are bolt$ to ! frame1 :i* enables !m to be readily remov$ to be replan$ :5 necess>y4 ,! h& :eel & rod to ! "r are to op]ate ! /op-cock = turn+ on & (f ! /eam to ! /eam-*e/4 ,! objects ( ! design are z foll[s3 ,figure #caj is a v]tical section ( ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! valve face1 also %[+ ! valve 9 section1 & x w be se5 t ! l[] /eam passage ent]s ! cyl9d] its full dep? bel[ ! inside bottom1 & t ! :ole inside bottom surface ( ! cyl9d] slopes or incl9es t[>ds ! entrance ( ?is passage4 ,! object ( ?is is to ov]come ! difficulty exp]i5c$ f ! accumulation ( wat] 9 ! cyl9d]1 :i*1 9 ! v]tical eng9e1 is usually a s\rce ( consid]able annoyance & frequ5tly ! cause ( accid5t4 ,any wat] t may be pres5t 9 ! bottom f9ds its way by gravity to ! port /eam entrance1 & is =c$ out by & ) ! exhau/ /eam at or be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! return /roke4 ,to assi/ 9 ! escape ( wat] f ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 ! pi/on is made q cr[n+ at t end1 ! effect ( :i* is to collect ! wat] 9 a n>r[ b&1 in/ead ( spread+ x ov] a l>ge surface4 ,?is mat]ially assi/s 9 its escape1 & at ! same "t pres5ts a l>ge surface = ! di/ribution ( any wat] t may n f9d its way out 9 advance ( ! pi/on4 ,! pi/on is a s+le ca/+ unusually long & light1 & is pack$ ) f\r spr+ r+s ( #c_/h in* squ>e brass wire4 ,! valve is a simple rectangul> plate1 work+ betwe5 ! valve face & a cov] plate1 ! cov] plate be+ held 9 its prop] position1 relative to ! back ( ! valve1 by /eam pressure aga9/ its out] surface1 & by re/+ aga9/ loose di/ance pieces betwe5 its inn] surface & ! valve seat4 ,?is con/ruction admits ( ! valve leav+ ! seat1 if necess>y1 to relieve ! cyl9d] f wat]1 z 9 ! in/ance ( prim+1 & also1 by ! r$uction ( ^! pieces1 admits ( ready adju/m5t to contact1 %\ld x become necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caa--,,valve ,,motion4 ,! cov] plate is provid$ ) recesses on its inn] surface :i* exactly correspond ) ! ports 9 ! valve face1 & ! correspond+ ports & recesses are kept 9 communication ) ea* o!r by means ( relief passages 9 ! valve4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! valve is subject$ to equal & balanc$ pressure on ea* ( its sides1 & h5ce1 is 9 equilibrium4 ,! valve is op]at$ ?r\gh ! valve motion1 %[n 9 ,figure #caa1 ! ecc5tric rod ( :i* hooks on a slightly tap]$ block t turns on ! p9 ( ! rock arm1 l an ord9>y j\rnal box4 ,! expansion1 or cut-(f1 is automatically regulat$ by ! op]ation ( ! gov]nor 9 sw++ ! slott$ ecc5tric 9 a mann] sub/antially equival5t to mov+ x across ! %aft1 b is h[ev] favorably modifi$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! rock arm1 :i*1 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r motions1 neutralizes ! unfavorable op]ation ( ! usual %ift+ ecc5tric1 & :i*1 9 connection ) ! l>ge d\ble port op5+1 provides = a good use ( /eam f #j to #c_/d /roke4 ,! gov]nor %[n 9 ,figure #cab is ( ! disc & s+le ball type1 ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! ball be+ c\nt]act$ by a p[]ful spr+4 ,friction is r$uc$ to a m9imum 9 ! gov]nor connection1 by introduc+ /eel roll]s & h>d5$ /eel plates 9 su* a mann] z to provide roll+ in/ead ( slid+ motion4 ,9 ord] t a gov]nor %all correctly p]=m its functions1 x is unque/ionably necess>y t x h p[] l>gely 9 excess ( ! "w requir$ ( x1 & also t ! friction %all repres5t a v l[ p]c5tage ( t p[]4 ,9 respect to ?is1 especial means h be5 employ$ to r$uce ! friction2 ! valve be+ balanc$1 requires b little p[] to move x1 :ile ! gov]nor ball be+ made heavy = ! purpose ( c\nt]balanc+ ! weight ( ! ecc5tric & /rap1 its c5trifugal =ce :5 ! eng9e is at full spe$ is enorm\s1 ! spr+ to c\nt]act x hav+ to su/a9 f two to ?ree ?\s& p\nds4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 z might be expect$1 ! regulation is rem>kably good4 ,?is is a v important consid]ation 9 an eng9e work+ "u ! conditions ( a roll-tra9 eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cab--;,,gov]nor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cac--,,section ,,( ,,pill[ ,,block4 ,figure #cac repres5ts a section ( ! pill[ block box1 crank-p9 & :eel1 toge!r ) ! ma9 j\rnal4 ,x w be se5 t ! end ( ! box next ! crank :eel has a circul> groove ar\nd its outside1 & t a correspond+ groove 9 ! crank :eel projects ov] ?is groove4 ,f ?is latt] groove an oil hole ( lib]al size ext5ds1 z %[n1 to ! surface ( ! crank-p94 ,any oil plac$ at ! upp] "p ( ! groove on ! box f9ds its way by gravity into ! groove 9 ! crank :eel1 & is c>ri$ by c5trifugal =ce to ! outside surface ( ! crank-p92 s t :atev] o!r means ( lubrication may be employ$1 ?is "o w always be positive 9 its action4 ,?is cut also %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ! box ov]laps ! ma9 j\rnal & =ms ! oil res]voir4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cad--;,,connect+ ,,rod4 7,page #bie47 ,ano!r feature 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is box is ! means by :i* x is made to adju/ itself 9 l9e ) ! %aft4 ,x w be obs]v$ t x re/s on ! bottom ( ! jaws ( ! frame on two incl9$ surfaces1 :i* =m equal angles ) ! axis ( ! %aft :5 9 its normal position1 & t by mov+ longitud9ally 9 ei!r direction1 z may be necess>y1 ! box w accommodate itself to a *ange 9 ! alignm5t ( ! %aft4 ,9 ord] t x may be free to move = ?is purpose x is n fitt$ ) ! usual =e & aft flanges4 ,by ?is means any slight d]angem5t1 z 9 ei!r ! outbo>d or inbo>d be>+ we>+ d[n ! fa/e/1 is tak5 c>e (1 ! movem5t ( ! box on ! incl9$ surfaces be+ = ?is purpose equival5t to ! op]ation ( a ball & socket be>+4 ,figure #cad gives a side & an edge view ( ! connect+ rod1 ! rod be+ 9 section 9 ! edge view1 & ! brasses 9 section l9$ 9 bo? views4 ,! cross-head p91 x w be obs]v$1 is tap]$1 & is drawn home 9 ! cross-head by a bolt2 ! sides ( ! p9 are flatt5$ some:at :]e ! j\rnal is1 s t ! p9 may n we> oval1 z x is apt to d1 because ( ! pull & ?ru/ /ra9 ( ! rod brasses fall+ ma9ly ^u ! top & bottom ( ! j\rnal1 :]e ! mo/ we> !re=e takes place4 ,! brasses at ! cross$ end are set up by a w$ge adju/able by means ( ! screw bolts %[n4 ,! cross-head wri/ p9 be+ removable f ! cross-head enables ! upp] end ( ! rod to h a solid end1 s9ce x c be pass$ into place 9 ! cross$ & ! wri/ p9 ins]t$ ?r\gh ! two4 ,! l[] ends ( ! connect+-rod & ! crank-p9 possess a peculi> feature1 inasmu* z by enl>g+ ! diamet] ( ! crank-p91 ! ends ( ! brasses ov]lap1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! ends ( ! j\rnal1 ?us hold+ ! oil & af=d+ increas$ lubrication4 ,! segm5ts t p>tly envelop ! cross-head p9 & crank-p91 & are section l9$ 9 two directions1 produc+ cross+ section l9es1 or small squ>es1 %[ t ! brasses are l9$ ) babbitt metal1 :i* is repres5t$ by ?is k9d ( cross-hat*+4 ,^! draw+s are suffici5tly op5 & cle> to =m v good examples to copy & to trace on trac+ pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #caf4 7,page #bif47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cag4 ,figures #cae1 #caf & #cag repres5t1 9 place ^u its sett+1 a #bjj horse-p[] horizontal /eam-boil] = a /ation>y eng9e1 & are ! design ( ,william ,h4 ,h(fman4 ,! cross-sectional view ( ! boil] %ell 9 ,figure #cae %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! tubes1 :i*1 hav+ cle> or unob/ruct$ passages betwe5 ! v]tical r[s ( tubes1 p]mits ! /eam to rise freely & assi/s ! circulation ( ! wat]4 ,! dry pipe 7:i* is also %[n 9 ,figure #caf7 is a p]=at$ pipe ?r\gh :i* ! /eam passes to ! eng9e cyl9d]1 its object be+ to c>ry (f ! /eam z dry z possible2 t is to say1 )\t its c>ry+ away ) ! /eam any entra9$ wat] t may be held 9 susp5sion4 ,figure #caf is a side elevation ) ! sett+ %[n 9 section1 & ,figure #cag is an end view ( ! boil] & sett+ at ! furnace end4 ,! boil] is support$ on ea* side by *annel iron columns1 ^! be+ rivet$ to ! boil] %ell angle pieces :i* re/ ^u ! columns4 ,! heat & products ( combu/ion pass f ! furnace along ! bottom ( ! boil]1 & at ! end pass into & ?r\gh ! tubes & !nce ov] ! top ( ! boil] to ! *imney flue4 ,!re is %[n 9 ! bridge wall an op5+1 & its s]vice is to admit air to ! gases aft] !y h pass$ ! bridge wall1 & ?us complete ! combu/ion ( su* gases z may h rema9$ unconsum$ 9 ! furnace4 ,! cleans+ door at "o end & t l9$ ) asbe/os at ! o!r1 are to admit ! passage ( ! tube clean]s4 ,! asbe/os at ! top ( ! boil] %ell is to protect x f any undue rise 9 temp]ature1 /eam be+ a poor] conductor ( heat ?an wat]1 & x be+ obvi\s t if "o side ( ! boil] is hott] ?an ! o!r x exp&s m f ! heat & becomes long]1 caus+ ! boil] to b5d1 :i* /ra9s & weak5s x4 ,! sides ( ! sett+ are compos$ ( a d\ble r[ ( brick walls ) an air space ( ?ree in*es betwe5 !m1 ! object be+ to prev5t z f> z possible ! radiation ( heat f ! walls4 ,! brick-/aves are simply /ays to hold ! brick "w toge!r & prev5t its crack+1 z x is apt1 9 ! abs5ce ( /ay+1 to d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cah4 7,page #bii47 ,figures f #cah to #ccj are work+ draw+s ( a #ajj-;horse eng9e1 design$ also by ,william ,h4 ,h(fman4 ,figure #cah repres5ts a plan & a side view ( ! b$-plate ) ! ma9 be>+ & ! guide b>s 9 place4 ,! cyl9d] is bolt$ at ! /uff+ box end to ! b$-plate1 & is support$ at ! out] end by an expansion l9k pivot$ to ! b$-plate4 ,! ma9 be>+ is provid$ ) a screw = adju/+ ! height ( ! bottom piece ( ! be>+1 & ?us tak+ up ! we>4 ,! guide b>s are held to ! b$ 9 ! middle z well z at ea* end4 ,figures #cai & #cbj repres5t cross sections ( ! b$-plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cai--;,,cross ,,section ,,( ,,b$ ,,plate ,,ne> ,,junction ,,) ,,cyl9d]4 7,page #bii47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cba--ajj ,h4,p4 ,,horizontal ,,/eam-,,eng9e--,,elevation ,,( ,,cyl9d]--,,scale #a-a_/b #a ,,foot4 7,page #bii47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbb--ajj ,h4,p4 ,,horizontal ,,/eam-,,eng9e--,,end ,,view ,,( ,,cyl9d]--,,scale #a-a_/b #a ,,foot4 7,page #bii47 ,figure #cba repres5ts a side elevation ( ! cyl9d]1 & ,figure #cbb an end view ( ! same1 ! expansion support be+ = ! purpose ( p]mitt+ ! cyl9d] to exp& & contract "u v>iations ( temp]ature )\t act+ to b5d ! b$-plate1 :ile at ! same "t ! cyl9d] is support$ at bo? ends4 ,! cyl9d] & cyl9d] cov]s are jackett$ ) live /eam 9 ! /eam-spaces %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbc--ajj ,h4,p4 ,,eng9e--,,outside ,,view ,,( ,,cyl9d] ,,& ,,/eam-,,*e/4 7,page #cja47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbd--,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,,cyl9d] ,,& ,,valves--,,scale #a-a_/b ,,in*es #a ,,foot4 7,page #cja47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbe--,,plan ,,( ,,cut-,,(f ,,device4 7,page #cja47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbf--,,work+ ,,draw+ ,,( #ajj ,h4,p4 ,,eng9e--,,details ,,( ,,ma9 ,,valve ,,motion--,,scale #c #a ,,foot4 7,page #cja47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbh--ajj ,h4,p4 ,,horizontal ,,/eam-,,eng9e--,,cross ,,head4 7,page #cja47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbi4 ,fig4 #cbi a4 ,work+ ,draw+s ( #ajj ,h4,p4 ,/eam ,eng9e--,ecc5tric & ,ecc5tric ,/rap--,scale3 #c #a ,foot4 7,page #cja47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ccj--ajj ,h4,p4 ,,horizontal ,,/eam-,,eng9e--,,connect+ ,,rod4 7,page #cjc47 ,a view ( ! /eam-*e/ side ( ! cyl9d] is giv5 9 ,figure #cbc1 & a horizontal cross section ( ! cyl9d]1 ! /eam-*e/ & ! valves1 is %[n 9 ,figure #cbd4 ,! ma9 valves are connect$ by a "r & left h& screw1 to enable _! adju/m5t1 z are also ! cut-(f valves4 ,figures #cbe & #cbf %[ ! cam wri/ plate & ! cut-(f me*anism4 ,! cam wri/ plate1 :i* is ( c\rse vibrat$ by ! ecc5tric rod1 has an incl9$ groove1 ^: walls are protect$ f we> by /eel %oes4 ,9 ?is groove is a /eel roll] ^u a p9 atta*$ to ! bell crank op]at+ ! ma9 valve /em4 ,! op]ation ( ! groove is to accel]ate ! motion imp>t$ f ! ecc5tric to ! valve at "o "p ( ! latt]'s travel1 & ret>d x at ano!r1 ! accel]at$ portion be+ dur+ ! op5+ ( ! port = /eam admission1 & dur+ its closure = cutt+ (f1 :i* enables ! employm5t ( a small] /eam-port ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,! %aft = ! cam plate is c>ri$ 9 a be>+ at "o end1 & fits 9 a socket at ! o!r1 ! socket & be>+ be+ ^u a base plate t is bolt$ to ! b$-plate ( ! eng9e2 a side view ( ! con/ruction be+ %[n 9 ,figure #cbg4 ,figure #cbh repres5ts ! cross-head1 ^: wri/ p9 is let into ! cross-head *eeks1 s t x may be remov$ to be turn$ up true4 ,! clip is to prev5t ! pi/on rod nut f loos5+ back ( itself4 ,figure #cbi repres5ts a side view2 & ,figure #cbi a a section ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! ecc5tric & /rap4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cbg--,,work+ ,,draw+ ,,( #ajj ,h4,p4 ,,/eam-,,eng9e4--,,wri/ ,,plate4--#c #a ,,foot4 ,! ecc5tric is let into ! /rap & is provid$ ) an eye to receive a circul> nut by means ( :i* ! l5g? ( ! ecc5tric rod may be adju/$1 a hexagon nut be+ ^u ! o!r or out] end ( ! eye4 ,figure #ccj %[s ! con/ruction ( ! connect+ rod1 ! brasses ( :i* are adju/able to take up ! we> & to ma9ta9 !m to correct l5g?1 not)/&+ ! we>1 by means ( a key on ea* side ( ea* pair ( brasses1 ! keys be+ set up by nuts & secur$ by *eck nuts4 ,,index4 ,ames' la! fe$ motion1 draw+ a "p (1 #bjh4 ,angle ( ?ree l9es1 "o to ! o!r1 to f9d1 #ee1 #ef4 ( two l9es1 "o to ! o!r1 to f9d1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef4 ,angles1 acute & obtuse1 #eg4 ,arc ( a circle1 an1 #ej4 ,arcs1 con/ruction ) f\r1 #fg1 #fh4 ,arcs = ! tee? ( :eels1 to draw1 #bje4 ,arrangem5t ( diff]5t views1 #id-aaa4 ,automatic high spe$ eng9e1 draw+s (1 #bhi4 ,axis ( a cyl9d]1 #ea4 ( an ellipse1 #fc4 ,ball or sph]e1 repres5tation ( by l9e-%ad+1 #hg1 #hh4 ,b$-plate1 cross section (1 #bii4 plan & side view (1 ) ma9 be>+ & guide b>s1 #bii4 ,bell-m\!d body1 repres5tation ( by l9e-%ad+1 #hh1 #hi4 ,bevell$ ge>1 "o-half (1 & an edge view project$ f ! same1 #bjg4 "o ( :i* is l9e-%ad$1 #baj4 :eels1 #bjc4 ,bevell$ ge>s1 small1 #bjh4 ,bevell$ :eels1 a pair (1 9 section1 #bjh4 ,bisect$ l9e1 #ej4 ,black l9es ( a draw+1 h[ to produce1 #cb4 ,blacksmi?1 draw+s = !1 #agb4 ,blake's pat5t direct act+ /eam pump1 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,boil] drill+ ma*9e1 a1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,boil]1 end view (1 #big4 %ell1 sectional view (1 #bif4 ,bolt heads & nuts1 ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d1 #aad1 #aah4 to draw a squ>e-head$1 #abe4 ) a hexagon head1 to draw4 #aac1 #aad4 ) a squ>e "u ! head1 #adi4 ,bolts & nuts1 dim5sions ( ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d1 #aag4 ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d1 =g$ or unf9i%$1 #aaf4 ,bolts1 nuts & polygons1 examples 91 #aab-aea4 ,b[ p51 apply+ ! ink to1 #df4 l>ge1 ) a removable leg1 #bb4 ,brass1 repres5tation (1 by cross-hat*+1 #hb4 ,bread = rubb+ out1 #bf4 ,bri/ol bo>d1 use ( rubb] on1 #bf4 ,bru%-%ad+1 #bha4 ,bru%es1 size & use (1 #bhj4 ,cam1 a1 & a lev] arm 9 "o piece on a %aft1 a %oe slid+ on ! l9e1 & held aga9/ ! cam face by ! rod1 to f9d ! position ( ! face ( ! %oe aga9/ ! cam1 #bbh4 a full /roke1 me?od ( draw+ or m>k+ out1 #bcg-bda4 design$ to cut (f /eam at five-eigh?s ( ! pi/on /roke1 #bdd-bdf4 he>t1 to draw1 #ge1 #gf4 object ( us+1 in/ead ( ecc5tric1 #bcd4 ,cam wri/ plate1 & cut-(f me*anism1 #cja4 ,cams1 cut-(f1 employ$ in/ead ( ecc5trics on /eamboats1 examples 9 draw+1 #bcb4 f9d+ ! ess5tial po9ts ( draw+s (1 #bda-bdd4 necess>y imp]fections 9 ! op]ations (1 #bdg-bdi4 "p play$ by ! /roke ( ! eng9e 9 det]m9+ ! con=mation (1 #bda4 ?ree-f\r?s & sev5-eigh?s1 #bdf1 #bdg4 ,cap nut1 to p5cil 9 a1 #adc4 ,ca/ iron1 repres5tation (1 #bgg4 repres5tation ( by cross-hat*+1 #hb4 ,c5tre f :i* an arc ( a circle has be5 /ruck1 to f9d1 #eb4 ,c5tre ( a circle1 #ea4 ,c5tre pun* 9 :i* ! flat sides run out ^u a circle1 ! edges =m+ curves1 #aej4 ,*amf] circles ( bolt heads1 #abj-abc4 ( ,frankl9 ,in/itute bolt head1 #aai4 ,*ord ( an arc1 #ej4 ,*uck plate ) six slots1 to draw1 #aca4 ,circle1 degrees ( a1 #eb-ee4 p5cil & circle p51 use (1 #dc1 #dd4 p5s1 #cg1 #ch4 t %all pass ?r\gh any ?ree giv5 po9ts1 to draw1 #ea4 to divide into six divisions1 #ef1 #eg4 ,circles1 to divide ) ! triangle1 #abi4 = bolt heads1 to draw1 #abh4 ,g]man in/rum5t = draw+1 #dd1 #de4 use ( ! in/rum5t 9 =m+1 #db-de4 ,circul> arcs1 ,rank9e's process = rectify+ & subdivid+1 #baj4 ,circumf]5ce1 #ej4 ,coll>1 a repres5tation (1 #if4 ,color+ & %ad+1 po9ts to be obs]v$ 91 #bgh4 ,color1 to ma9ta9 an ev5 %ade (1 #bgh4 ,colors1 mix+1 #bgh4 ,cond5s]1 indep5d5t1 #bhh4 ,cone1 cyl9d] int]sect+ a1 #ahf4 ,connect+ rod1 #afi1 #bie1 #cjc4 draw+ repres5t+ ! motion :i* a crank imp>ts to a1 #bdi1 #bej4 end1 #adg4 ,copp]1 repres5tation (1 #bgg4 ,corn] :]e ! r\nd /em meets ! squ>e "u ! head1 #aej4 ,c\pl+ rod1 work+ draw+s ( a1 #afi4 ,crank1 draw+ repres5t+ ! motion :i* x imp>ts to a connect+ rod1 #bdi4 p9 & :eel1 #bid4 ,cross-hat*+ or section l9+1 #gg-hb4 made to d5ote mat]ial ( :i* ! piece is compos$1 #ha1 #hb4 may sometimes cause ! l9es ( ! draw+ to appe> crook$ to ! eye1 #hj1 #ha4 repres5tation by1 ( a section ( a numb] ( pieces "o )9 ! o!r1 ! c5tral bore be+ fill$ ) %ort plugs1 #gh1 #gi4 repres5tation by1 ( ?ree pieces put toge!r1 hav+ slots or keyways ?r\gh !m1 #gi1 #hj4 ! diagonal l9es 91 %\ld n meet ! edges ( ! piece1 #gh4 ,cross-head1 #cja4 ,cross1 use (1 to designate a squ>e1 #ie1 #if4 ,cube1 ) a hole pass+ ?r\gh x1 to draw1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,cupp$ r+1 repres5tation (1 #ih4 ,curv$ outl9e1 repres5tation (1 #hf1 #hg4 ,curve = too? face1 h[ to f9d1 #aih4 repres5tation ( ! radius =1 #hg4 ,curves & l9es1 #dh-gf4 ( ge> tee?1 names (1 #aic4 ,curves = m\ld+ cutt]1 to f9d !1 #beg-bfc4 ( ?read1 template = draw+1 #afe4 ( :eels1 con/ruction1 to f9d1 #bjd4 screw ?reads1 draw+1 #aei4 templates call$1 #ba4 use (1 9 practice1 #ba4 ,cut-(f cams1 employ$ in/ead ( ecc5trics on /eamboats1 examples 9 draw+1 #bcb4 mann] ( f9d+ ess5tial po9ts ( draw+s (1 #bda-bdd4 necess>y imp]fections 9 ! op]ations (1 #bdg-bdi4 "p play$ by ! /roke ( ! eng9e 9 det]m9+ ! con=mation (1 #bda4 ,cut-(f me*anism1 #cja4 ,cutt+ tool = a plan+ ma*9e1 repres5tation (1 #bfd-bff4 ,cyl9d]1 #bii4 a solid1 repres5tation (1 #id1 #ie4 int]sect+ a cone1 #ahf ( an eng9e1 #bii-cja4 ( an eng9e1 draw+ (1 #bhi4 ,cyl9drical body jo9+ ano!r at a "r angle1 a1 #ahj4 body ^: top face1 if view$ f "o po9t1 w\ld appe> z a /raight l9e1 or if f ano!r z a circle1 #ahh4 piece ( wood1 :i* is to be squ>$1 & ea* side ( :i* squ>e mu/ be an in*1 to f9d ! diamet]1 #acf4 pieces & cubes1 repres5tation (1 #ie4 pieces1 repres5tation (1 by cross-hat*+1 #gg1 #gh4 ,cyl9drical pieces1 repres5tation ( ?ree1 "o )9 ! o!r1 by cross-hat*+1 #gh4 pieces t jo9 ea* o!r1 repres5tation (1 #hf4 p9 l9e-%ad$1 repres5tation (1 #hf4 ,decagon1 a1 #fc4 ,degrees ( a circle1 #eb-ee4 ,diamet] ( a cyl9drical piece ( wood1 :i* is to be squ>$1 & ea* side ( :i* squ>e mu/ measure an in*1 to f9d1 #acf4 ,diamond1 a1 #ei1 #fj4 ,diff]5t views1 arrangem5t (1 #id-aaa4 ,dim5sion figures 9 me*anical draw+1 #ia4 ,dim5sions1 m>k+1 #ia-ic4 ,di/ances1 relative f ! eye1 repres5tation (1 by l9e-%ad+1 #hi4 ,dodecagon1 a1 #fc4 ,dott$ l9es1 use (1 #dh4 ,d\ble eye1 or knuckle-jo9t1 p5cil l9es =1 #adf4 or knuckle-jo9t1 ) an (fset1 #adg4 ,d\ble ?read1 #aef4 ,draw+ bo>d1 #ag1 #ah4 fa/5+ ! draw+ to1 #bgh4 size (1 #ah4 small1 advantage (1 to /ud5t1 #ah4 ,draw+ = engrav] on wood1 #bfh4 ge> :eels1 #aic-bbb4 ,draw+ in/rum5ts1 #bb-bf4 p>ts (1 #cd4 select+ & te/+1 #bb4 ,draw+ pap]1 #bf-bi4 diff]5t qualities1 k9ds & =ms1 #bf1 #bg4 location ( on ! draw+ bo>d1 #bh1 #bi4 ,draw+ ! curves = screw ?reads1 #aei4 to scale1 mak+ a1 #agg4 ,draw+s = engrav+1 necessity ( con=m+ to ! p>ticul> process (1 #bff4 = engrav+s by ! wax process1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,draw+s = photo-engrav+1 #bff4 = ! blacksmi?1 #agb4 %ad+ & color+1 #bgg-bhh4 ,drill+ ma*9e1 a boil]1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,ecc5tric & /rap1 #cja4 to f9d h[ mu* motion x w give to its rod1 #bbc4 ,edge view ( a :eel1 to draw1 #bjc4 ,elevation1 #id4 ,ellipse1 dim5sions (1 h[ tak5 & designat$1 #fc4 =m ( a true1 #ff4 mo/ correct me?od ( draw+1 #gb4 !1 #fc-ge4 ,elliptical figure1 ^: proportion ( wid? to bread? %all rema9 ! same1 :atev] ! l5g? ( ! major axis1 #fi4 ,em]y pap]1 use ( on ! l9+ p51 #cg4 ,ennagon1 a1 #fb1 #fc4 ,eng9e "w1 examples (1 #bhi-cjc4 ,eng9e1 work+ draw+s ( a #ajj horse-p[]1 #bii4 ,engrav+s by ! wax process1 draw+s =1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,examples = practice1 #afi-agg 9 bolts1 nuts & polygons1 #aab-aea4 ( eng9e "w1 #bhi-cjc4 ( "w ) n9e sides1 #ace4 ,fe$ motion ( a ,niles horizontal tool "w bor+ mill1 #bji4 ,five-sid$ figure1 to draw1 #acb1 #acc4 ,flanks ( tee? to trace hypocycloides1 =1 #bjj4 ,foci ( an ellipse1 #fd4 ,frankl9 ,in/itute or ,unit$ ,/ates ,/&>d = heads ( bolts & ( nuts1 basis (1 #aah4 ,full /roke cam1 me?od ( draw+ or m>k+ out a1 #bcg-bda4 ,ge>1 "p (1 %[+ ! tee? 91 ! rema9d] illu/rat$ by circles1 #bji4 ,ge> tee?1 names ( ! curves & l9es (1 #aic4 ,ge> :eels1 draw+1 #aic-bbb4 v>i\s examples = lay+ out1 #bad-bbb4 ,ge>+ oval1 con/ruction (1 #baj4 ,g5]al view1 #id4 ,geometrical t]ms1 simple explanation (1 #dh4 ,geometry1 advantage ( to ! draughtsman1 #dh4 ,gov]nor ( an eng9e1 #bib1 #bic4 ,guide bolts f "o pulley to ano!r1 arrangem5t ( idle pulleys to1 #bfd4 ,he>t cam1 to draw1 #ge1 #gf4 ,hexagon1 a1 #fb1 #fc4 head1 repres5tation ( a piece )1 #if4 head1 to draw ! end view (1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg4 head$ screw1 to draw1 #aac1 #aad4 radius across corn]s1 #ach4 ,hexagonal =m1 repres5tation (1 #ih4 or hexagon heads ( bolts1 #aah1 #aai4 ,hole1 repres5tation ( by %ade or %ad[ l9e1 #hc4 ,holl[s 9 connection ) r\nd pieces1 repres5tations (1 #hg-hi4 ,hypocycloides = ! flanks ( tee?1 to trace1 #bjj4 ,indep5d5t cond5s]1 #bhh4 ,india ink1 advantages ( 9 draw+1 #cj4 diff]5ce betwe5 good & inf]ior1 #ca4 good1 *>act]i/ics (1 #ca4 ,india ink1 ,higg9s'1 #cj4 mix+1 #be4 te/+1 #ca1 #cb4 ! two =ms (1 #cj4 to be us$ ?ick1 #cb4 use (1 #cj4 use ( on p>*m5t1 #cb4 ,ink1 apply+1 to ! b[ p51 #df4 = draw+1 #cj-cc4 ,in/rum5ts1 prep>ation & use (1 #cd-dg4 ,iron plan+ ma*9e1 repres5tation (1 #bhb4 ,iron1 wr\ght & ca/1 repres5tation ( by cross-hat*+1 #hb4 ,j\rnal1 #bid4 ,j\rnals ( %afts1 #bgg4 ,key1 a1 drawn 9 p]spective1 #ib1 #ic4 draw+ ( a1 #ia4 m>k+ ! dim5sions ( on a draw+1 #ib4 repres5tation ( ) a %ade l9e1 #hd4 ,knuckle-jo9t1 p5cil eye =1 #adf4 ) an (fset1 #adg4 ,l>ge b[ or circle p51 jo9ts (1 #bc4 ,la! c5tre1 repres5tation (1 #hf4 ,la! fe$ motion1 draw+ ( a "p ( a1 #bjh4 ,lead p5cils = draw+1 #bc4 ,lead1 repres5tation ( by cross-hat*+1 #hb4 ,left-h& ?read1 #aef4 ,lev]1 a1 actuat+ a plung] 9 a v]tical l9e1 to f9d h[ mu* a giv5 am\nt ( motion ( ! long arm w actuate ! plung]1 #bbf4 & %aft1 draw+1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje4 arm & cam1 9 "o piece on a %aft1 a %oe slid+ on ! l9e1 & held aga9/ ! cam face by ! rod1 to f9d ! position ( ! face ( ! %oe aga9/ ! cam1 #bbh4 example ( ! end ( a1 act+ directly on a %oe1 #bbe4 to f9d h[ mu* a giv5 am\nt ( motion ( a long arm w move ! %ort arm ( a lev]1 #bbd4 ,lev]s1 two1 ^u _! axles or %afts1 ! arms connect$ by a l9k1 & "o arm connect$ to a rod1 #bbg4 ,light 9 %ad+1 #bhj4 managem5t (1 9 me*anical draw+1 #hb1 #hc4 ,l9e-%ad$ engrav+s1 draw+ =1 #bfd-bgf4 ,l9e-%ad+1 #gg-ij4 & draw+ = l9e-%ad$ engrav+s1 #bfd-bgf4 9 p]spective draw+ ( a pipe-?read+ /ock & die1 #he4 me*anical draw+ made to look bett] & %[ m di/9ctly by1 #hb4 simple/ =m (1 #hb4 ,l9es & curves1 #dh-gf4 ,l9es 9 p5cill+1 :]e to beg91 #bd1 #be4 ,l9+ p51 #bb4 ,l9+ p51 =m (1 #cd-cg4 ,l9+ p51 use ( ) a ,t squ>e1 #de1 #dg4 ,l9k introduc$ 9 ! place ( a roll]1 to f9d ! am\nt ( motion ( ! rod1 #bbf4 quick return1 plott+ out ! motion ( a %ap]1 #bej-bec4 ,l9ks1 p5cill+ =1 #ade1 #adf4 ,locomotive frame1 #agd4 spr+1 #afi4 ,ma*9e screw1 to draw1 #aab1 #aac4 ,ma9 j\rnal1 #bid4 ,m>k+ dim5sions1 #ia-ic4 ,measur+ rules1 draughtsman's1 #cc4 ,me*anical motions1 plott+1 #bbc-bfc4 ,motion an ecc5tric w give to its rod1 to f9d1 #bbc4 a %ap] l9k1 quick return1 plott+ out1 #bej-bec4 imp>t$ 9 a /raight l9e to a rod1 atta*$ to an ecc5tric /rap1 to f9d ! am\nt (1 #bbi-bca4 :i* a crank imp>ts to a connect+ rod1 #bdi1 #bej4 ,motions1 plott+ me*anical1 #bbc-bfc4 ,m\ld+ cutt]1 f9d+ ! curves =1 #beg-bfc4 ,niles' horizontal tool "w bor+ mill1 fe$ motion ( a1 #bji4 ,nonagon1 a1 #fb4 ,nut1 a repres5tation ( ! %ade l9e on1 #hd4 cap1 to p5cil 9 a1 #ade4 to %[ ! ?read dep? 9 ! top or end view ( a1 #aff4 ,nuts' & bolts1 dim5sions ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,/&>d1 #aag4 ,nuts & polygons1 examples 91 #aab-aea4 ,octagon1 a1 #fb1 #fc4 ,oil cup1 repres5tation (1 #bhb1 #bhd4 ,outl9e views1 #ig1 #ih4 ,oval ge>+1 con/ruction (1 #baj4 ,pap] cutt]1 ! =m ( ! end (1 #be4 rules or scales1 #cb4 ,p>abola1 to draw by l9es1 #gd1 #ge4 to draw me*anically1 #gc1 #gd4 ,p>allel l9es1 #di4 ,p>allelogram1 #ei1 #fj4 ,p>*m5t1 use ( ,india ink on1 #cb4 ,p51 ,g]man1 regulat$ to draw l9es ( v>i\s bread?s1 #hd1 #he4 l9+1 =m (1 #cd-cg4 ,p5 po9t1 =m+ !1 #ci1 #dj4 =m ( rec5tly introduc$1 #ci4 ,p5 po9ts1 oil-/on+1 #cf4 ,p51 ) sapphire po9ts1 #he4 ,p5s1 circle1 #cg1 #ch4 us$ 9 draw+1 #bb4 ,p5cil hold]s = /icks ( lead1 #bd4 l9es 9 draw+1 #bc4 %>p5+ = f9e "w1 #bd4 ,p5cill+ = a l9k1 hav+ ! hubs on "o side only1 #ade4 9 a cap nut1 #ade4 ,p5knife & rubb] scrat*+ out1 #be4 ,p5tagon1 a1 #fb1 #fc4 ,p]imet]1 !1 #ej4 ,p]iph]y1 #ej4 ,p]p5dicul> l9e1 #di4 ,p]spective sket*es to d5ote ! %ape ( ! piece1 #ic4 ,photo-engrav+1 draw+s =1 #bff1 #bfg4 ,piece ( "w %\ld1 9 me*anical draw+1 be pres5t$ 9 z few views z possible1 #id4 ,pill[ block box1 #bid4 ,p91 9 a socket1 9 section1 repres5tation (1 #hg1 #hh4 ,p9ion tee?1 to draw to ! pit* ( ! inn] & small end (1 #bjf4 ,p9s & discs1 discrim9ation (1 9 me*anical draw+1 #if4 ,pipe ?read+ /ock & die1 draw+ (1 #he4 ,pit* circle ( ! inn] & small end (1 to draw1 #bjf4 to obta9 a division ( ! l9es t divide1 #afg4 ,plan1 #id4 ,plan+ ma*9e1 a cutt+ tool =1 #bfd-bff4 ,plott+ me*anical motions1 #bbc-bfc4 out ! motion ( a %ap] l9k quick return1 #bej-bec4 ,po9t1 a1 #di4 ,po9ts ( draw+ in/rum5ts1 #cd4 ,poli%$ surfaces1 to %[ by %ad+1 #bhb4 ,polygon ( twelve equal sides1 to draw1 #abi1 #acj4 ,polygons1 bolts & nuts1 examples (1 #aab-aea4 con/ruction (1 #fa4 designation ( ! angles (1 #fb4 names ( regul>1 #fb1 #fc4 scales giv+ ! l5g?s ( ! sides (1 #ace4 ,prep>ation & use ( ! in/rum5ts1 #cd-dg4 ,produc$ l9e1 #ej4 ,project+ "o view f ano!r1 #ajf4 ,projections1 #agh-aib4 ,protractors1 #ec4 ,pulley1 ,m$>t1 %ad+ a1 #bhj4 ,pulleys1 arrangem5t ( idle1 to guide bolts f "o pulley to ano!r1 #bfd4 ,quadrangle1 quadrilat]al or tetragon1 #ei4 ,quadrant ( a circle1 #ej4 ,quick return motion1 ,:itwor?1 plott+ out1 #bec-bef4 ,radius across corn]s ( a hexagon1 #ach4 ,rank9e's process = rectify+ & subdivid+ circul> arcs1 #baj4 ,r$uc+ scales1 #age4 ,rectangle1 a1 #ei1 #fj4 ,rectangul> piece1 a1 to draw 9 two views1 #ih1 #ii4 requires two or ?ree views1 #if1 #ig4 repres5tation (1 #if4 ,r$ ink1 m>k+ dim5sions ( me*anical draw+s 91 #ia4 ,rhomboid1 a1 #fj4 ,rhomb1 rhombus or diamond1 #ed1 #fj4 ,"r l9e1 a1 #di4 ,r+ ) a hexagon cross section1 #ih4 ,rivet1 side & end views (1 #di4 ,roll]1 example ( a %ort arm hav+ a1 act+ ^u a l>g] roll]1 #bbe4 ,rod1 atta*$ to an ecc5tric /rap1 to f9d ! am\nt ( motion imp>t$ 9 a /raight l9e to a1 #bbi-bca4 end ) a r\nd /em1 #adh4 ,r\nd /em1 a repres5tation (1 #if4 top & bottom ?read1 #aef4 ,rubb]1 #be4 =m (1 #bf4 prop] uses (1 #be4 sponge1 #bf4 ! use (1 #be4 to be us$ on ,bri/ol bo>d1 #bf4 velvet1 #bf4 ,rule1 /eel1 #cb4 ,sapphire po9ts1 p5 )1 #he4 ,scale = diamet] ( a regul> polygon1 #adj4 ( too? proportions1 #aie4 triangul>1 #cc4 ,scales1 = measurem5t & draw+1 #cb4 r$uc+1 #age4 ,scrat*+ out1 #be4 ,screw ma*9e1 to draw1 #aab1 #aac4 ?read1 ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d1 to draw1 #aei-afj4 ?reads & spirals1 #aeb-afh4 ?reads1 draw+ ! curves =1 #aei4 ?reads = small bolts1 ) ! angles ( ! ?reads drawn 91 #aeb-aee4 ?reads ( a l>ge diamet]1 #aef4 ,section l9+ or cross-hat*+1 #gg-hb4 ,sectional view ( a section ( a :eel1 = %[+ dim5sions ?r\gh arms & hub1 #bjb4 ,sector ( a circle1 #ea4 ,segm5t ( a circle1 #ej4 ,semicircle1 #ea4 ,%ade curve1 repres5tation (1 #hg4 l9e produc$ = circles1 #hd4 ,%ade l9e1 produc$ 9 /raight l9es1 #hd4 or %ad[ l9e1 #hb4 ,%ad+ a ,m$>t pulley1 #bhj4 & color+1 po9ts to be obs]v$ 91 #bgh4 bru%1 #bha4 by means ( l9es to di/+ui% r\nd f flat surfaces1 & d5ote relative di/ances ( surfaces1 #he4 example 91 ( a ,blake's pat5t direct act+ /eam pump1 #bhd1 #bhe4 example (1 9 an indep5d5t cond5s]1 #bhh4 light 91 #bhj4 simple1 #bgg4 to %[ by1 t ! surfaces are highly poli%$1 #bhb4 ,%ad[ l9e1 #hb4 l9es & l9e %ad+1 #gg-ij4 ,%aft = cam plate1 #cja4 ,%ap] l9k1 quick return1 plott+ out ! motion ( a1 #bej-bec4 ,%oe aga9/ a cam1 to f9d ! position ( ! face (1 #bbh4 ,side elevation1 draw+ a1 #ajf4 ,sides or flats ( "w1 to f9d ! l5g?s (1 #ace1 #acf4 ,slots n radiat+ f a c5tre1 to draw1 #aca1 #acb4 radiat+ f a c5tre1 #aca4 ,spiral spr+1 to draw1 #aff4 ,spiral w\nd r\nd a cyl9d]1 ^: end is cut (f at an angle1 #agh4 ,spirals & screw ?reads1 #aeb-afh4 ,sponge1 rubb]1 #bf4 ,spr+ b[ p5cil1 = circles1 #bb4 p51 = circles1 #bb1 #bc4 ,spr+1 spiral1 to draw1 #aff4 ,spur :eel tee?1 h[ to draw1 #aid4 ,squ>e1 a1 #ei1 #fj4 body1 :i* measures "o in* on ea* side1 to f9d :at x measures across ! corn]s1 #acf4 ,squ>e "p1 a repres5tation (1 #if4 p>ts1 use ( a cross to designate1 #ie1 #if4 ?read1 to draw a1 #afb-afd4 ,/eam boil]1 horizontal1 = /ation>y eng9e1 #bif4 *e/ & valves1 #cja4 *e/ side1 & horizontal cross section ( cyl9d]1 #cja4 pump1 ,blake's pat5t direct act+1 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,/eel1 repres5tation (1 #bgg4 repres5tation ( by cross-hat*+1 #hb4 squ>e1 improv$1 ) pivot$ blade1 #ai4 ,/eps1 to draw a piece conta9+1 #ii-aja4 ,/ock & die1 pipe-?read+1 draw+ (1 #he4 ,/raight l9e 9 geometry t]m$ a "r l9e1 #di4 or l9+ p51 use ( ) a ,t squ>e1 #de1 #dg4 ,/ud1 to draw a1 #adb4 ,/uff+-box & gl&1 #afi4 ,surface ( ! pap]1 cond5s+ aft] rubb+ out1 #be4 ,surfaces1 highly poli%$1 to %[ by %ad+1 #bhb4 ,tacks = draw+ pap]1 #bg1 #bh4 ,tang5t1 #ea4 ,tap] or conical hole1 to d5ote 9 draw+1 #ajb4 sides 9 a draw+1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,tees1 #ahj4 ,tee? ( :eels1 rules = draw+1 #bjc4 p9ion1 to draw ! pit* ( ! inn] & small end (1 #bjf4 spur :eel1 h[ to draw1 #aid4 to trace hypocycloides = ! flanks (1 #bjj4 ,template = draw+ ! curves ( ?read1 #afe4 ,templates call$ curves1 #ba4 ,t squ>e1 #ah1 #ai4 ,t squ>es1 diff]5t k9ds (1 #ai4 ,tetragon1 a1 #ei1 #fb1 #fc4 ,?read1 a d\ble1 #aef4 a r\nd top & bottom1 #aef4 dep? 9 ! top or end view ( a nut1 to %[1 #aff4 left h&1 #aef4 squ>e1 to draw a1 #afb-afd4 ,:itwor?1 #aef4 ,?reads ( a l>ge diamet]1 #aef4 ,?umb tacks = draw+ pap]1 #bg4 ,t9t1 to graduate ! dep? (1 = a cyl9drical surface1 #bgi4 ,too? face1 h[ to f9d ! curve =1 #aih4 proportions1 ,willis' scale (1 #aie4 ,trac+ clo?1 #bi4 pap]1 #bi4 ,trammel1 use ( 9 draw+ an ellipse1 #gb4 ,trapezium1 #fj4 ,trapezoid1 a1 #fj4 ,triangle1 equilat]al1 #eh1 #ei4 isosceles1 #eh1 #ei4 obtuse1 #eh4 "r angle1 #eh4 scal5e1 #ei4 use ( 9 divid+ circles1 #abi4 use ( 9 draw+ polygons1 #abi1 #acj4 use ( to draw slots radiat+ f a c5tre1 #aca4 ,triangles1 #ai-ba1 #eh-fj4 requirem5ts 9 use (1 #bj1 #ba4 to draw1 #acc4 us+ ) ! squ>e1 #bj4 ,triangul> scale1 #cc4 ,trigon1 a1 #fb1 #fc4 ,true ellipse1 a ne> approa* to ! =m (1 #fi-gb4 ,unit$ ,/ates /&>d bolts & nuts1 #aad-aah4 /&>d ?read1 to draw1 #aei1 #afj4 ,valve ( an eng9e1 #bij-bib4 ,valves1 #cja4 ,v]tex1 !1 #ei4 ,views1 diff]5t arrangem5t (1 #id-aaa4 ( a piece ( "w1 designations (1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ( a piece1 two sy/ems ( plac+1 #ajf-aaa4 ,wa%]1 a1 repres5tation ( ! %ad[ side (1 #hc4 ,wax process1 draw+s = engrav+s by1 #bfh1 #bfi4 engrav+ f a pr9t f a wood engrav+1 #bfi4 ,w$ge-%ap$ piece1 repres5tation ( a1 #ig4 ,:eel1 edge view ( a1 to draw1 #bjc4 sectional view ( a section ( a1 #bjb4 ,:eels1 con/ruction1 to f9d ! curves (1 #bjd4 to draw ! arcs = ! tee? (1 #bje4 ,:itwor? ?read1 #aef4 quick return motion1 plott+ out1 #bec-bef4 ,willis' scale ( too? proportions1 #aie4 application (1 #aig4 ,wood engrav+1 draw+ =1 #bfh4 ,wood1 repres5tation ( by cross-hat*+1 #hb4 repres5tation (1 regul> & irregul> %ade l9es 91 #ij4 ,wr\ght iron1 repres5tation (1 #bgg4 repres5tation ( by cross-hat*+1 #hb4 ,,catalogue ,,( ,practical & ,sci5tific ,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,,c>ey ,,baird ,,co4 ,,indu/rial ,,publi%]s1 ,,booksell]s ,,& ,,import]s1 #haj ,walnut ,/reet1 ,philadelphia4 ,illu/ration3 ,po9t+ ,f+] ,any ( ! ,books compris$ 9 ?is ,catalogue w be s5t by mail1 free ( po/age1 to any address 9 ! _w1 at ! publication prices4 ,illu/ration3 ,po9t+ ,f+] ,a ,descriptive ,catalogue1 #if pages1 #hvo41 w be s5t free & free ( po/age1 to any "o 9 any "p ( ! _w1 :o w furni% 8 address4 ,illu/ration3 ,po9t+ ,f+] ,:]e n o!rwise /at$1 all ( ! ,books 9 ?is ,catalogue are b\nd 9 musl94 ,,amateur ,,me*anics' ,,work%op3 ,a treatise conta9+ pla9 & concise directions = ! manipulation ( ,wood & ,metals1 includ+ ,ca/+1 ,=g+1 ,braz+1 ,sold]+ & ,c>p5try4 ,by ! au?or ( ! ,la! & ,its ,uses4 ,?ird edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,&res4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,fabrication ( ,volatile & ,fat ,v>ni%es1 ,lacqu]s1 ,siccatives & ,seal+ ,waxes4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,,erw9 ,,&res1 ,manufactur] ( ,v>ni%es & ,lacqu]s4 ,) additions on ! ,manufacture & ,application ( ,v>ni%es1 ,/a9s = ,wood1 ,horn1 ,ivory1 ,bone & ,lea!r4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,,dr4 ,,emil ,,w9ckl] & ,,l\is ,e4 ,,&es4 ,! :ole translat$ & edit$ by ,,william ,t4 ,,brannt4 ,) #aa illu/rations4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,arlot4--,a ,complete ,guide = ,coa* ,pa9t]s3 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,,arlot1 ,coa* ,pa9t]2 = elev5 ye>s ,=eman ( ,pa9t+ to ,m4 ,eh]l]1 ,coa* ,mak]1 ,p>is4 ,by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,to :i* is add$ an ,app5dix1 conta9+ ,in=mation respect+ ! ,mat]ials & ! ,practice ( ,coa* & ,c> ,pa9t+ & ,v>ni%+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,great ,brita94 #abmo4 #a4be ,,arm5gaud1 ,,amor\x1 ,,& ,,johnson4--,! ,practical ,draughtsman's ,book ( ,indu/rial ,design1 & ,ma*9i/'s & ,eng9e]'s ,draw+ ,companion3 ,=m+ a ,complete ,c\rse ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+ & ,ar*itectural ,draw+4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,arm5gaud ! eld]1 ,pr(4 ( ,design 9 ! ,cons]vatoire ( ,arts & ,indu/ry1 ,p>is1 & ,,mm4 ,arm5gaud ! y\ng]1 & ,amor\x1 ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,rewritt5 & arrang$ ) additional matt] & plates1 selections f & examples ( ! mo/ useful & g5]ally employ$ me*anism ( ! day4 ,by ,,william ,,johnson1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$ by fifty folio /eel plates1 & fifty wood-cuts4 ,a new edition1 #dto41 half morocco #aj4jj ,,arm/rong4--,! ,con/ruction & ,managem5t ( ,/eam ,boil]s3 ,by ,r4 ,,arm/rong1 ,) an ,app5dix by ,,rob]t ,,mallet1 ,c4,f41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 #a vol4 #abmo4 #ge4jj ,,arr[smi?4--,pap]-,hang]'s ,companion3 ,a ,treatise 9 :i* ! ,practical ,op]ations ( ! ,trade are ,sy/ematically laid d[n3 ) ,copi\s ,directions ,prep>atory to ,pap]+2 ,prev5tives aga9/ ! ,effect ( ,damp on ,walls2 ! v>i\s ,cem5ts & ,pa/es ,adapt$ to ! ,sev]al ,purposes ( ! ,trade2 ,obs]vations & ,directions = ! ,panell+ & ,ornam5t+ ( ,rooms1 etc4 ,by ,,james ,,arr[smi?4 #abmo41 clo? #a4be ,,a%ton4--,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ! ,art ( ,design+ ,fancy ,cotton & ,wooll5 ,clo?s f ,sample3 ,giv+ full in/ructions = r$uc+ drafts1 z well z ! me?ods ( spool+ & mak+ out h>ness = cross drafts & f9d+ any requir$ re$2 ) calculations & tables ( y>n4 ,by ,,fr$]ic ,t4 ,,a%ton1 ,design]1 ,we/ ,pittsfield1 ,mass4 ,) fifty-two illu/rations4 ,"o vol4 folio #aj4jj ,,au]ba*--,,crookes4--,an?rac53 ,its ,con/itution1 ,prop]ties1 ,manufacture & ,d]ivatives1 includ+ ,artificial ,aliz>91 ,an?rapurpur91 etc41 ) _! applications 9 ,dye+ & ,pr9t+4 ,by ,g4 ,,au]ba*4 ,translat$ & edit$ f ! revis$ manuscript ( ! ,au?or1 by ,,wm4 ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4 ,s41 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,*emical ,society4 #hvo4 #e4jj ,,baird4--,miscellane\s ,pap]s on ,economic ,que/ions4 ,by ,h5ry ,c>ey ,baird4 7,9 prep>ation47 ,,baird4--,! ,am]ican ,cotton ,sp9n]1 & ,manag]'s & ,c>d]'s ,guide3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,cotton ,sp9n+2 giv+ ! ,dim5sions & ,spe$ ( ,ma*9]y1 ,draught & ,twi/ ,calculations1 etc42 ) notices ( rec5t ,improvem5ts3 toge!r ) ,rules & ,examples = mak+ *anges 9 ! sizes & numb]s ( ,rov+ & ,y>n4 ,compil$ f ! pap]s ( ! late ,,rob]t ,h4 ,,baird4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,baird4--,/&>d ,wages ,comput+ ,tables3 ,an ,improvem5t 9 all =m] ,me?ods ( ,computation1 s arrang$ t wages = days1 h\rs1 or fractions ( h\rs1 at a specifi$ rate p] day or h\r1 may be asc]ta9$ at a glance4 ,by ,t4 ,,spangl] ,,baird4 ,oblong folio #e4jj ,,bak]4--,long-,span ,railway ,bridges3 ,compos+ ,inve/igations ( ! ,comp>ative ,!oretical & ,practical ,advantages ( ! v>i\s ,adopt$ or ,propos$ ,type ,sy/ems ( ,con/ruction2 ) num]\s ,=mulae & ,tables4 ,by ,b4 ,,bak]4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,bak]4--,! ,ma!matical ,!ory ( ! ,/eam-,eng9e3 ,) ,rules at l5g?1 & ,examples work$ out = ! use ( ,practical ,m54 ,by ,t4 ,,bak]1 ,c4,e41 ) num]\s ,diagrams4 ,six? ,edition1 ,revis$ by ,pr(4 ,j4,r4 ,,"y4 #abmo4 #ge4jj ,,b>l[4--,! ,hi/ory & ,pr9ciples ( ,weav+1 by ,h& & by ,p[]3 ,repr9t$1 ) ,consid]able ,additions1 f ,eng9e]+1 ) a *apt] on ,lace-mak+ ,ma*9]y1 repr9t$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,b>l[4 ,) sev]al hundr$ illu/rations4 #hvo41 #ddc pages #aj4jj ,,b>r4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,combu/ion ( ,coal3 ,includ+ descriptions ( v>i\s me*anical devices = ! ,economic ,g5]ation ( ,heat by ! ,combu/ion ( ,fuel1 :e!r solid1 liquid or gase\s4 #hvo4 #b4ej ,,b>r4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,high ,pressure ,/eam ,boil]s3 ,includ+ ,results ( ,rec5t ,exp]im5tal ,te/s ( ,boil] ,mat]ials1 toge!r ) a ,description ( ,approv$ ,safety ,app>atus1 ,/eam ,pumps1 ,injectors & ,economiz]s 9 actual use4 ,by ,,wm4 ,m4 ,,b>r4 #bjd ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,bau]man4--,a ,treatise on ! ,metallurgy ( ,iron3 ,conta9+ ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,iron ,manufacture1 ,me?ods ( ,assay1 & ,analysis ( ,iron ,ores1 ,processes ( ,manufacture ( ,iron & ,/eel1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,h4 ,,bau]man1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,associate ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,wood ,engrav+s f ,draw+s by ,j4,b4 ,,jordan4 #abmo4 #b4jj ,,bayles4--,h\se ,dra9age & ,wat] ,s]vice3 ,9 ,cities1 ,villages & ,rural ,neighborhoods4 ,) ,incid5tal ,consid]ation ( ,c]ta9 ,causes ,affect+ ! ,heal?fulness ( ,dwell+s4 ,by ,,james ,c4 ,,bayles1 ,editor ( ,! ,iron ,age & ,! ,metal ,work]4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 #hvo4 clo?1 #c4jj ,,beans4--,a ,treatise on ,railway ,curves & ,location ( ,railroads3 ,by ,e4,w4 ,,beans1 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,tucks #a4ej ,,beckett4--,a ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on ,clocks1 & ,wat*es & ,bells3 ,by ,sir ,,edmund ,,beckett1 ,b>t41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,q4,c4,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 ,sev5? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #abmo4 #b4be ,,bell4--,c>p5try ,made ,easy3 ,or1 ,! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,fram+ on a ,new & ,improv$ ,sy/em ,) ,specific ,in/ructions = ,build+ ,balloon ,frames1 ,b>n ,frames1 ,mill2 ,frames1 ,w>eh\ses1 ,*ur* ,spires1 etc4 ,compris+ also a ,sy/em ( ,bridge ,build+1 ) ,bills1 ,e/imates ( ,co/1 & valuable ,tables4 ,illu/rat$ by =ty f\r plates1 compris+ ne>ly #bjj figures4 ,by ,,william ,e4 ,,bell1 ,ar*itect & ,practical ,build]4 #hvo4 #e4jj ,,bemrose4--,fret-,cutt+ & ,p]=at$ ,c>v+4 ,) fifty ?ree practical illu/rations ,by ,w4 ,,bemrose1 ,,jr4 #a vol4 qu>to4 #c4jj ,,bemrose4--,manual ( ,buhl-"w & ,m>quetry4 ,) ,practical ,in/ructions = ,le>n]s1 & n9ety color$ designs ,by ,w4 ,,bemrose1 ,,jr4 #a vol4 qu>to4 #c4jj ,,bemrose4--,manual ( ,wood ,c>v+4 ,) ,practical ,illu/rations = ,le>n]s ( ! ,art1 & ,orig9al & ,select$ ,designs4 ,by ,,william ,,bemrose1 ,,jr4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,llewellyn ,,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a41 etc4 ,) #abh illu/rations1 #dto4 #c4jj ,,bill+s4--,tobacco ,its ,hi/ory1 ,v>iety1 ,culture1 ,manufacture1 ,comm]ce1 & ,v>i\s ,modes ( ,use4 ,by ,e4,r4 ,,bill+s4 ,illu/rat$ by ne>ly #bjj engrav+s4 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,bird4--,! ,am]ican ,practical ,dy]s' ,companion4 ,compris+ a ,description ( ! ,pr9cipal ,dye ,/uffs & ,*emicals us$ 9 ,dye+1 _! ,natures & ,uses1 ,mordants1 & ,h[ ,made1 ) ! be/ ,am]ican1 ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man processes = ,blea*+ & ,dye+ ,silk1 ,wool1 ,cotton1 ,l951 ,flannel1 ,felt1 ,dress ,goods1 ,mix$ & ,hosi]y ,y>ns1 ,fea!rs1 ,grass1 ,felt1 ,fur1 ,wool1 & ,/raw ,hats1 ,jute ,y>n1 ,vegetable ,ivory1 ,mats1 ,sk9s1 ,furs1 ,lea!r1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,wood1 ,anil9e1 & o!r ,processes1 toge!r ) ,rem>ks on ,f9i%+ ,ag5ts1 & ,in/ructions 9 ! ,f9i%+ ( ,fabrics1 ,sub/itutes = ,indigo1 ,wat] ,pro(+ ( ,mat]ials1 ,te/s & ,purification ( ,wat]1 ,manufacture ( ,anil9e & o!r ,new ,dye ,w>es1 ,h>moniz+ ,colors1 etc41 etc41 embrac+ 9 all ov] #hjj ,receipts = ,colors & ,%ades1 accompani$ by #agj ,dy$ ,samples ( ,raw ,mat]ials & ,fabrics ,by ,f4,j4 ,,bird1 ,practical ,dy]1 ,au?or ( ,! ,dy]s' ,h& ,book4 #hvo4 #aj4jj ,,bl9n4--,a ,practical ,work%op ,companion = ,t91 ,%eet-,iron1 & ,copp]-plate ,work]s4 ,conta9+ ,rules = describ+ v>i\s k9ds ( ,patt]ns us$ by ,t91 ,%eet ,iron1 & ,copp] plate ,work]s1 ,practical ,geometry2 ,m5suration ( ,surfaces & ,solids1 ,tables ( ! ,weights ( ,metals1 ,lead pipe1 etc41 ,tables ( ,areas & ,circumf]5ces ( ,circles1 ,japan1 ,v>ni%es1 ,lack]s1 ,cem5ts1 ,compositions1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,l]oy ,j4 ,,bl9n1 ,ma/] ,me*anic4 ,) ov] ,"o ,hundr$ ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,boo?4--,m>ble ,work]'s ,manual4 ,conta9+ ,practical ,in=mation respect+ ,m>bles 9 g5]al1 _! ,cutt+1 ,work+ & ,poli%+1 ,v5e]+ ( ,m>ble1 ,mosaics1 ,composition & ,use ( ,artificial ,m>ble1 ,/uccos1 ,cem5ts1 ,receipts4 ,secrets1 etc41 etc4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,m4,l4 ,,boo?4 ,) an ,app5dix conc]n+ ,am]ican ,m>bles4 #abmo1 clo? #a4ej ,,boo? & ,,morfit4--,! ,encyclopa$ia ( ,*emi/ry1 ,practical & ,!oretical4 ,embrac+ its application to ! ,arts1 ,metallurgy1 ,m9]alogy1 ,geology1 ,m$ic9e & ,ph>macy4 ,by ,,james ,c4 ,,boo?1 ,melt] & ,ref9] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9t1 ,pr(essor ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 etc41 assi/$ by ,,campbell ,,morfit1 au?or ( ,*emical ,manipulations1 etc4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,complete 9 "o volume4 royal #hvo41 #igh pages1 ) num]\s wood cuts & o!r illu/rations4 #e4jj ,,bramwell4--,! ,wool ,c>d]'s ,vade-,mecum4 ,a ,complete ,manual ( ! ,art ( ,c>d+ ,textile ,fabrics4 ,by ,w4,c4 ,,bramwell4 ,?ird ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$ pp4 #djj4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,brannt4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,raw ,mat]ials & ! ,di/illation & ,rectification ( ,alcohol1 & ! ,prep>ation ( ,alcoholic ,liquors1 ,liqueurs1 ,cordials1 ,bitt]s1 etc43 ,edit$ *iefly f ! ,g]man ( ,dr4 ,k4 ,/amm]1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,elsn]1 & ,e4 ,s*ub]t4 ,by ,,wm ,t4 ,,brannt4 ,illu/rat$ by ?irty "o engrav+s4 #abmo4 #b4 #ej ,,brannt--,,wahl4--,! ,te*no-,*emical ,receipt ,book4 ,conta9+ sev]al ?\s& ,receipts cov]+ ! late/1 mo/ important1 & mo/ useful discov]ies 9 ,*emical ,te*nology1 & _! ,practical ,application 9 ! ,arts1 & ! ,indu/ries4 ,edit$ *iefly f ! ,g]man ( ,drs4 ,w9ckl]1 ,elsn]1 ,he9tze1 ,mi]z9ski1 ,jacobs51 ,koll] & ,he9z]l+ ) additions by ,,wm4,t4 ,,brannt & ,,wm4,h4 ,,wahl1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,illu/rat$ by #gh engrav+s4 #abmo4 #die pages4 #b4jj ,,br[n4--,five ,hundr$ & ,sev5 ,me*anical ,movem5ts4 ,embrac+ all ^? :i* are mo/ important 9 ,dynamics1 ,hydraulics1 ,hydro/atics1 ,pneumatics1 ,/eam ,eng9es1 ,mill & o!r ,ge>+1 ,presses1 ,horology & ,miscellane\s ,ma*9]y1 & includ+ _m movem5ts nev] be=e publi%$1 & sev]al ( :i* h only rec5tly come into use4 ,by ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,br[n4 #abmo4 #a4jj ,,buckma/]4--,! ,elem5ts ( ,me*anical ,physics4 ,by ,j4,c4 ,,buckma/]4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s engrav+s4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,bullock4--,! ,am]ican ,cottage ,build]4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,designs1 ,plans & ,specifications1 f #bjj to #bj1jjj1 = ,homes = ! ,p1 toge!r ) ,w>m+1 ,v5tilation1 ,dra9age1 ,pa9t+ & ,l&scape ,g>d5+4 ,by ,,john ,,bullock1 ,ar*itect & ,editor ( ,! ,rudim5ts ( ,ar*itecture & ,build+1 etc41 etc4 ,illu/rat$ by #ge engrav+s4 #hvo4 #c4ej ,,bullock4--,! ,rudim5ts ( ,ar*itecture & ,build+4 ,= ! use ( ,ar*itects1 ,build]s1 ,draughtsm51 ,ma*9i/s1 ,eng9e]s & ,me*anics4 ,edit$ by ,,john ,,bullock au?or ( ,! ,am]ican ,cottage ,build]4 ,illu/rat$ by #bej ,engrav+s4 #hvo4 #c4ej ,,burgh4--,practical ,rules = ! ,proportions ( ,mod]n ,eng9es & ,boil]s = ,l& & ,m>9e ,purposes4 ,by ,n4,p4 ,,burgh1 ,eng9e]4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,burns4--,! ,am]ican ,wool5 ,manufactur]3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,wool5s1 9 two p>ts4 ,"p ,fir/ gives full & explicit in/ructions ^u ,draft+1 ,cross-,draw+1 ,comb9+ ,weaves1 & ! correct arrangem5t ( ,weights1 ,colors & ,sizes ( ,y>ns to produce any desir$ fabric4 ,illu/rat$ ) diagrams ( v>i\s weav+s1 & twelve samples ( clo? = explanation & practice4 ,"p ,second is fully suppli$ ) ext5d$ ,tables1 ,rules1 ,examples1 ,explanations1 etc42 gives full & practical in=mation1 9 detail$ ord]1 f ! /ock dep>tm5t to ! m>ket1 ( ! prop] selection & use ( ! v>i\s grades & /aples ( wool1 ) ! admixture ( wa/e1 cotton & %oddy2 & ! prop] application & economical use ( ! v>i\s oils1 drugs1 dye /uffs1 soaps1 belt+1 etc4 ,also1 ! mo/ approv$ me?od = ,calculat+ & ,e/imat+ ! ,co/ ( ,goods1 = all ,wool1 ,wool ,wa/e & ,cotton & ,cotton ,w>ps4 ,) ,examples & ,calculations on ! ,circul> motions ( ,:eels1 ,p9ions1 ,drums1 ,pulleys & ,ge>s1 h[ to spe$ !m1 etc4 ,! two p>ts comb9$ =m a :ole "w on ! ,am]ican way ( manufactur+ m complete ?an any yet issu$4 ,by ,,george ,c4 ,,burns4 #hvo4 ,,byles4--,sophisms ( ,free ,trade & ,popul> ,political ,economy ,exam9$4 ,by a ,,b>ri/] 7,,sir ,,john ,,b>n>d ,,byles1 ,judge ( ,common ,pleas74 ,f ! ,n9? ,engli% ,edition1 z publi%$ by ! ,man*e/] ,reciprocity ,association4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,b[man4--,! ,/ructure ( ! ,wool ,fibre 9 its ,relation to ! ,use ( ,wool = ,te*nical ,purposes3 ,be+ ! sub/ance1 ) additions1 ( ,five ,lectures1 deliv]$ at ! reque/ ( ! ,c\ncil1 to ! memb]s ( ! ,brad=d ,te*nical ,college1 & ! ,society ( ,dy]s & ,colori/s4 ,by ,f4,h4 ,,b[man1 ,d4 ,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,illu/rat$ by #cb engrav+s4 #hvo4 #f4ej ,,byrn4--,! ,complete ,practical ,di/ill]3 ,compris+ ! mo/ p]fect & exact ,!oretical & ,practical ,description ( ! ,art ( ,di/illation & ,rectification2 includ+ all ( ! mo/ rec5t improvem5ts 9 di/ill+ app>atus2 in/ructions = prep>+ spirits f ! num]\s vegetables1 fruits1 etc2 directions = ! di/illation & prep>ation ( all k9ds ( br&ies & o!r spirits1 spiritu\s & o!r comp\nds1 etc4 ,by ,m4 ,,la ,,fayette ,,byrn1 ,m4,d4 ,eigh? ,edition4 ,to :i* are add$ ,practical ,directions = ,di/ill+1 f ! ,fr5* ( ,?4 ,fl+1 ,brew] & ,di/ill]4 #abmo4 ,,byrne4--,h&-,book = ! ,artisan1 ,me*anic1 & ,eng9e]3 ,compris+ ! ,gr9d+ & ,%>p5+ ( ,cutt+ ,tools1 ,abrasive ,processes1 ,lapid>y ,"w1 ,gem & ,glass ,engrav+1 ,v>ni%+ & ,lack]+1 ,app>atus1 ,mat]ials & ,processes = ,gr9d+ & ,poli%+1 etc4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,byrne4 ,illu/rat$ by #ahe wood engrav+s4 #hvo4 #e4jj ,,byrne4--,pocket-,book = ,railroad & ,civil ,eng9e]s3 ,conta9+ ,new1 ,exact & ,concise ,me?ods = ,lay+ out ,railroad ,curves1 ,swit*es1 ,frog ,angles & ,cross+s2 ! ,/ak+ out ( "w2 ,levell+2 ! ,calculation ( ,cutt+s2 ,embankm5ts2 ,e>?work1 etc4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,byrne4 #ahmo41 full b\nd1 pocket-book =m4 #a4ge ,,byrne4--,! ,practical ,metal-,work]'s ,assi/ant3 ,compris+ ,metallurgic ,*emi/ry2 ! ,arts ( ,work+ all ,metals & ,alloys2 ,=g+ ( ,iron & ,/eel2 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+2 ,melt+ & ,mix+2 ,ca/+ & ,f\nd+2 ,works 9 ,%eet ,metal2 ! ,processes ,dep5d5t on ! ,ductility ( ! ,metals2 ,sold]+2 & ! mo/ ,improv$ ,processes & ,tools employ$ by ,metal-,work]s4 ,) ! ,application ( ! ,art ( ,electro-,metallurgy to ,manufactur+ ,processes2 collect$ f ,orig9al ,s\rces1 & f ! works ( ,holtzapffel1 ,b]g]on1 ,leupold1 ,plumi]1 ,napi]1 ,sc(f]n1 ,clay1 ,fairbairn & o!rs4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,byrne4 ,a new1 revis$ & improv$ edition1 to :i* is add$ an ,app5dix1 conta9+ ,! ,manufacture ( ,russian ,%eet-,iron4 ,by ,,john ,,p]cy1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,malleable ,iron ,ca/+s1 & ,improvem5ts 9 ,bessem] ,/eel4 ,by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,) ov] ,six ,hundr$ ,engrav+s1 ,illu/rat+ e ,bran* ( ! ,subject4 #hvo4 #g4jj ,,byrne4--,! ,practical ,model ,calculator3 ,= ! ,eng9e]1 ,me*anic1 ,manufactur] ( ,eng9e ,"w1 ,naval ,ar*itect1 ,m9] & ,millwright4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,byrne4 #hvo41 ne>ly #fjj pages4 #d4ej ,,cab9et ,,mak]',s ,,album ,,( ,,furniture3 ,compris+ a ,collection ( ,designs = v>i\s ,/yles ( ,furniture4 ,illu/rat$ by ,=ty-eight ,l>ge & ,beautifully ,engrav$ ,plates4 ,oblong1 #hvo4 #c4ej ,,call+ham4--,sign ,writ+ & ,glass ,emboss+3 ,a ,complete ,practical ,illu/rat$ ,manual ( ! ,art4 ,by ,,james ,,call+ham4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,camp94--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,me*anical ,eng9e]+3 ,compris+ ,metallurgy1 ,m\ld+1 ,ca/+1 ,=g+1 ,tools1 ,work%op ,ma*9]y1 ,me*anical ,manipulation1 ,manufacture ( ,/eam-,eng9es1 etc4 ,) an ,app5dix on ! ,analysis ( ,iron & ,iron ,ores4 ,by ,,francis ,,camp91 ,c4,e4 ,to :i* are add$1 ,obs]vations on ! ,con/ruction ( ,/eam ,boil]s1 & ,rem>ks ^u ,furnaces us$ = ,smoke ,prev5tion2 ) a ,*apt] on ,explosions4 ,by ,r4 ,,arm/rong1 ,c4,e41 & ,,john ,,b\rne4 ,rules = ,calculat+ ! ,*ange ,:eels = ,screws on a ,turn+ ,la!1 & = a ,:eel-cutt+ ,ma*9e4 ,by ,j4 ,,la ,,nicca4 ,managem5t ( ,/eel1 ,includ+ ,=g+1 ,h>d5+1 ,temp]+1 ,anneal+1 ,%r9k+ & ,expansion2 & ! ,case-h>d5+ ( ,iron4 ,by ,g4 ,,ede4 #hvo4 ,illu/rat$ ) tw5ty-n9e plates & #ajj wood engrav+s4 #e4jj ,,c>ey4--,a ,memoir ( ,h5ry ,c4 ,c>ey4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,wm4 ,,eld]4 ,) a portrait4 #hvo41 clo? 4#ge ,,c>ey4--,! ,works ( ,h5ry ,c4 ,c>ey3 ,h>mony ( ,int]e/s3 ,agricultural1 ,manufactur+ & ,comm]cial4 #hvo4 #a4ej ,manual ( ,social ,sci5ce4 ,cond5s$ f ,c>ey's ,pr9ciples ( ,social ,sci5ce4 ,by ,,kate ,,mckean4 #a vol4 #abmo4 #b4be ,miscellane\s ,works4 ,) a ,portrait4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #f4jj ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future4 #hvo4 #b4ej ,pr9ciples ( ,social ,sci5ce4 #c volumes1 #hvo4 #aj4jj ,! ,slave-,trade1 ,dome/ic & ,=eign2 ,:y x ,exi/s1 & ,h[ x may be ,ext+ui%$ 7#ahec74 #hvo4 #b4jj ,! ,unity ( ,law3 ,z ,exhibit$ 9 ! ,relations ( ,physical1 ,social1 ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce 7#ahgb74 #hvo4 #c4ej ,,cl>k4--,tramways1 _! ,con/ruction & ,work+3 ,embrac+ a ,compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ! ,sy/em4 ,) an exhau/ive analysis ( ! v>i\s modes ( traction1 includ+ horse-p[]1 /eam1 heat$ wat] & compress$ air2 a description ( ! v>ieties ( ,roll+ /ock1 & ample details ( co/ & work+ exp5ses4 ,by ,d4 ,,k9ne> ,,cl>k4 ,illu/rat$ by ov] #bjj wood engrav+s1 & ?irte5 fold+ plates4 #b vols4 #hvo4 #ab4ej ,,colburn4--,! ,locomotive ,eng9e3 ,includ+ a ,description ( its ,/ructure1 ,rules = ,e/imat+ its ,capabilities1 & ,practical ,obs]vations on its ,con/ruction & ,managem5t4 ,by ,,z]ah ,,colburn4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 #a4jj ,,coll5s4--,! ,ed5 ( ,labor2 or1 ! ,*ri/ian ,utopia4 ,by ,t4 ,,:>ton ,,coll5s1 au?or ( ,humanics1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*>ity1 etc4 #abmo4 ,pap] cov]1 #a4jj2 ,clo? #a4be ,,cooley4--,a ,complete ,practical ,treatise on ,p]fum]y3 ,be+ a ,h&-book ( ,p]fumes1 ,cosmetics & o!r ,toilet ,articles4 ,) a ,compreh5sive ,collection ( ,=mulae4 ,by ,,arnold ,j4 ,,cooley4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,coop]4--,a ,treatise on ! use ( ,belt+ = ! ,transmission ( ,p[]4 ,) num]\s illu/rations ( approv$ & actual me?ods ( arrang+ ,ma9 ,driv+ & ,qu>t] ,twi/ ,belts1 & ( ,belt ,fa/5+s4 ,examples & ,rules 9 great numb] = exhibit+ & calculat+ ! size & driv+ p[] ( ,belts4 ,pla91 ,p>ticul> & ,practical ,directions = ! ,treatm5t1 ,c>e & ,managem5t ( ,belts4 ,descriptions ( _m v>ieties ( ,belt+s1 toge!r ) *apt]s on ! ,transmission ( ,p[] by ,ropes2 by ,iron & ,wood ,frictional ,ge>+2 on ! ,/r5g? ( ,belt+ ,lea!r2 & on ! ,exp]im5tal ,inve/igations ( ,mor91 ,briggs1 & o!rs4 ,by ,,john ,h4 ,,coop]1 ,m4,e4 #hvo4 #c4ej ,,craik4--,! ,practical ,am]ican ,millwright & ,mill]4 ,by ,,david ,,craik1 ,millwright4 ,illu/rat$ by num]\s wood engrav+s & two fold+ plates4 #hvo4 #e4jj ,,cri/iani4--,a ,te*nical ,treatise on ,soap & ,c&les3 ,) a ,glance at ! ,indu/ry ( ,fats & ,oils4 ,by ,r4,s4 ,,cri/iani1 ,*emi/4 ,au?or ( ,p]fum]y & ,k9dr$ ,arts4 ,illu/rat$ by #agf engrav+s4 #eha pages1 #hvo4 #g4ej ,,cri/iani4--,p]fum]y & ,k9dr$ ,arts3 ,a ,compreh5sive ,treatise on ,p]fum]y1 conta9+ a ,hi/ory ( ,p]fumes f ! remote/ ages to ! pres5t "t4 ,a complete detail$ description ( ! v>i\s ,mat]ials & ,app>atus us$ 9 ! ,p]fum]'s ,art1 ) ?or\gh ,practical ,in/ruction & c>eful ,=mulae1 & advice = ! fabrication ( all kn[n prep>ations ( ! day1 includ+ ,ess5ces1 ,t9ctures1 ,extracts1 ,spirits1 ,wat]s1 ,v9eg>s1 ,pomades1 ,p[d]s1 ,pa9ts1 ,oils1 ,emulsions1 ,cosmetics1 ,infusions1 ,pa/illes1 ,too? ,p[d]s & ,wa%es1 ,ca*\s1 ,hair ,dyes1 ,sa*ets1 ,ess5tial ,oils1 ,flavor+ ,extracts1 etc42 & full details = mak+ & manipulat+ ,fancy ,toilet ,soaps1 ,%av+ ,creams1 etc41 by new & improv$ me?ods4 ,) an ,app5dix giv+ h9ts & advice = mak+ & f]m5t+ ,dome/ic ,w9es1 ,cordials1 ,liquors1 ,c&ies1 ,jellies1 ,syrups1 ,colors1 etc41 & = ,p]fum+ & ,flavor+ ,seg>s1 ,snuff & ,tobacco1 & ,miscellane\s ,receipts = v>i\s useful ,analog\s ,articles4 ,by ,r4,s4 ,,cri/iani1 ,consult+ ,*emi/ & ,p]fum]1 ,philadelphia4 #hvo4 #e4jj ,,cupp]4--,! ,univ]sal ,/air-,build]3 ,be+ a new ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction ( ,/air-,cases & ,h&-,rails2 %[+ ,plans ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ,/airs1 me?od ( ,plac+ ! ,ris]s 9 ! ,cyl9d]s1 g5]al me?od ( describ+ ! ,face ,m\lds = a ,h&-,rail1 & an exp$iti\s me?od ( ,squ>+ ! ,rail4 ,useful also to ,/onemasons con/ruct+ ,/one ,/airs & ,h&-,rails2 ) a new me?od ( ,saw+ ! ,twi/ ,"p ( any ,h&-,rail squ>e f ! face ( ! plank1 & to a p>allel wid?4 ,also1 a new me?od ( =m+ ! ,eas+s ( ! ,rail by a gauge2 prec$$ by "s necess>y ,problems 9 ,practical ,geometry1 ) ! ,sections ( ,prismatic ,solids4 ,illu/rat$ by #bi plates4 ,by ,r4,a4 ,,cupp]1 ,ar*itect1 au?or ( ,! ,practical ,/air-,build]'s ,guide4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,l>ge #dto4 ,,davidson4--,a ,practical ,manual ( ,h\se ,pa9t+1 ,gra9+1 ,m>bl+1 & ,sign-,writ+3 ,conta9+ full in=mation on ! processes ( ,h\se ,pa9t+ 9 ,oil & ,di/emp]1 ! ,=mation ( ,lett]s & ,practice ( ,sign-,writ+1 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,decorative ,art1 a ,c\rse ( ,elem5t>y ,draw+ = ,h\se ,pa9t]s1 ,writ]s1 etc41 & a ,collection ( ,useful ,receipts4 ,) n9e color$ illu/rations ( ,woods & ,m>bles1 & num]\s wood engrav+s4 ,by ,,ellis ,a4 ,,davidson4 #abmo4 #c4jj ,,davies4--,a ,treatise on ,e>?y & ,o!r ,m9]als & ,m9+3 ,by ,d4,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m9+ ,eng9e]1 etc4 ,illu/rat$ by #gf ,engrav+s4 #abmo4 #e4jj ,,davies4--,a ,treatise on ,metallif]\s ,m9]als & ,m9+3 ,by ,d4,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m9+ ,eng9e]1 ,exam9] ( ,m9es1 ,qu>ries & ,colli]ies4 ,illu/rat$ by #adh engrav+s ( ,geological ,=mations1 ,m9+ ,op]ations & ,ma*9]y1 drawn f ! practice ( all p>ts ( ! _w4 #b;d ,edition1 #abmo41 #dej pages4 #e4jj ,,davies4--,a ,treatise on ,slate & ,slate ,qu>ry+3 ,sci5tific1 ,practical & ,comm]cial4 ,by ,d4,c4 ,,davies1 ,f4,g4,s41 ,m9+ ,eng9e]1 etc4 ,) num]\s illu/rations & fold+ plates4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,davis4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,bricks1 ,tiles1 ,t]ra-,cotta1 etc43 ,includ+ ,common1 ,press$1 ,ornam5tally ,%ap$1 & ,enamell$ ,bricks1 ,dra9-,tiles1 ,/raight & ,curv$ ,sew]-,pipes1 ,fire-,clays1 ,fire-,bricks1 ,t]ra-,cotta1 ,ro(+-,tiles1 ,floor+-,tiles1 ,art-,tiles1 ,mosaic ,plates1 & ,imitation ( ,int>sia or ,inlaid ,surfaces2 compris+ e important ,product ( ,clay employ$ 9 ,ar*itecture1 ,eng9e]+1 ! ,bla/-,furnace1 = ,retorts1 etc41 ) a ,hi/ory & ! ,actual ,processes 9 ,h&l+1 ,dis9tegrat+1 ,temp]+1 & ,m\ld+ ! ,clay into ,%ape1 ,dry+ ,naturally & ,artificially1 ,sett+ & ,burn+1 ,enamell+ 9 ,poly*rome ,colors1 ,composition & ,application ( ,glazes1 etc42 includ+ ,full ,detail$ ,descriptions ( ! mo/ mod]n ,ma*9es1 ,tools1 ,kilns1 & ,kiln-,ro(s us$4 ,by ,,*>les ,,?omas ,,davis4 ,illu/rat$ by #bbh ,engrav+s & #f ,plates4 #hvo41 #dgb pages #e4jj ,,davis4--,! ,manufacture ( ,lea!r3 ,be+ a description ( all ( ! ,processes = ! ,tann+1 ,taw+1 ,curry+1 ,f9i%+ & ,dye+ ( e k9d ( ,lea!r2 includ+ ! v>i\s ,raw ,mat]ials & ! ,me?ods = ,det]m9+ _! ,values2 ! ,tools1 ,ma*9es1 & all ,details ( ,importance connect$ ) an ,intellig5t & ,pr(itable ,prosecution ( ! ,art1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,be/ ,am]ican ,practice4 ,to :i* are add$ ,complete ,li/s ( all ,am]ican ,pat5ts = ,mat]ials1 ,processes1 ,tools1 & ,ma*9es = ,tann+1 ,curry+1 etc4 ,by ,,*>les ,,?omas ,,davis4 ,illu/rat$ by #cjb engrav+s & #ab ,samples ( ,dy$ ,lea!rs4 ,"o vol41 #hvo41 #hbd pages #aj4jj ,,dawid[sky--,,brannt4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,raw ,mat]ials & ,fabrication ( ,glue1 ,gelat9e1 ,gelat9e ,v5e]s & ,foils1 ,is+lass1 ,cem5ts1 ,pa/es1 ,mucilages1 etc43 ,bas$ ^u ,actual ,exp]i5ce4 ,by ,f4 ,,dawid[sky1 ,te*nical ,*emi/4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man1 ) ext5sive additions1 includ+ a description ( ! mo/ ,rec5t ,am]ican ,processes1 by ,,william ,t4 ,,brannt1 ,graduate ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college ( ,eld5a1 ,prussia4 #ce ,engrav+s4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,de ,,graff4--,! ,geometrical ,/air-,build]s' ,guide3 ,be+ a ,pla9 ,practical ,sy/em ( ,h&-,rail+1 embrac+ all its necess>y ,details1 & ,geometrically ,illu/rat$ by tw5ty-two ,/eel ,engrav+s2 toge!r ) ! use ( ! mo/ approv$ pr9ciples ( ,practical ,geometry4 ,by ,,simon ,,de ,,graff1 ,ar*itect4 #dto4 #b4ej ,,de ,,kon9ck--,,dietz4--,a ,practical ,manual ( ,*emical ,analysis & ,assay+3 ,z appli$ to ! ,manufacture ( ,iron f its ,ores1 & to ,ca/ ,iron1 ,wr\ght ,iron1 & ,/eel1 z f\nd 9 ,comm]ce4 ,by ,l4,l4 ,,de ,,kon9ck1 ,dr4 ,sc1 & ,e4 ,,dietz1 ,eng9e]4 ,edit$ ) ,notes1 by ,,rob]t ,,mallet1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,s4,g41 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 etc4 ,am]ican ,edition1 ,edit$ ) ,notes & an ,app5dix on ,iron ,ores1 by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,duncan4--,practical ,surveyor's ,guide3 ,conta9+ ! necess>y in=mation to make any p]son ( common capacity1 a f9i%$ l& surveyor )\t ! aid ( a tea*]4 ,by ,,&rew ,,duncan4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,duplais--,a ,treatise on ! ,manufacture & ,di/illation ( ,alcoholic ,liquors3 ,compris+ ,accurate & ,complete ,details 9 ,reg>d to ,alcohol f ,w9e1 ,molasses1 ,beets1 ,gra91 ,rice1 ,potatoes1 ,sorghum1 ,asphodel1 ,fruits1 etc42 ) ! ,di/illation & ,rectification ( ,br&y1 ,:iskey1 ,rum1 ,g91 ,swiss ,abs9!1 etc41 ! ,prep>ation ( ,aromatic ,wat]s4 ,volatile ,oils or ,ess5ces1 ,sug>s1 ,syrups1 ,aromatic ,t9ctures1 ,liqueurs1 ,cordial ,w9es1 ,eff]vesc+ ,w9es1 etc41 ! ,age+ ( ,br&y & ! improvem5t ( ,spirits1 ) ,copi\s ,directions & ,tables = ,te/+ & ,r$uc+ ,spiritu\s ,liquors1 etc41 etc4 ,translat$ & ,edit$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,mm4 ,,duplais1 ,a9e et ,jeune4 ,by ,m4 ,,mck5nie1 ,m4,d4 ,to :i* are add$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,int]nal ,rev5ue ,regulations = ! ,assessm5t & ,collection ( ,taxes on ,di/ill$ ,spirits4 ,illu/rat$ by f\rte5 fold+ plates & sev]al wood engrav+s4 #gdc pp4 #hvo4 #aj4jj ,,dussauce4--,a ,g5]al ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,v9eg>3 ,!oretical & ,practical4 ,compris+ ! v>i\s ,me?ods1 by ! ,sl[ & ! ,quick ,processes1 ) ,alcohol1 ,w9e1 ,gra91 ,malt1 ,cid]1 ,molasses1 & ,beets2 z well z ! ,fabrication ( ,wood ,v9eg>1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,,dussauce4 #hvo4 #e4jj ,,dussauce4--,practical ,treatise on ! ,fabrication ( ,mat*es1 ,gun ,cotton1 & ,fulm9at+ ,p[d]4 ,by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,,dussauce4 #abmo4 #c4jj ,,dy] ,,& ,,color-,,mak]',s ,,companion3 ,conta9+ upw>ds ( two hundr$ ,receipts = mak+ ,colors1 on ! mo/ approv$ pr9ciples1 = all ! v>i\s /yles & fabrics n[ 9 exi/5ce2 ) ! ,sc\r+ ,process1 & pla9 ,directions = ,prep>+1 ,wa%+-(f1 & ,f9i%+ ! ,goods4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,edw>ds4--,a ,cate*ism ( ! ,m>9e ,/eam-,eng9e1 ,= ! use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,firem51 & ,me*anics4 ,a ,practical ,"w = ,practical ,m54 ,by ,,emory ,,edw>ds1 ,me*anical ,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$ by sixty-?ree ,engrav+s1 includ+ examples ( ! mo/ mod]n ,eng9es4 ,?ird edition1 ?or\ghly revis$1 ) mu* additional matt]4 #abmo4 #dad pages #b4jj ,,edw>ds4--,mod]n ,am]ican ,locomotive ,eng9es1 ,_! ,design1 ,con/ruction & ,managem5t4 ,by ,,emory ,,edw>ds4 ,illu/rat$ #abmo4 #b4jj ,,edw>ds4--,mod]n ,am]ican ,m>9e ,eng9es1 ,boil]s1 & ,screw ,propell]s1 ,_! ,design & ,con/ruction4 ,%[+ ! ,pres5t ,practice ( ! mo/ ,em95t ,eng9e]s & ,m>9e ,eng9e ,build]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/rat$ by #cj l>ge & elaborate plates4 #dto4 #e4jj ,,edw>ds4--,! ,practical ,/eam ,eng9e]'s ,guide ,9 ! ,design1 ,con/ruction1 & ,managem5t ( ,am]ican ,/ation>y1 ,portable1 & ,/eam ,fire ,eng9es1 ,/eam ,pumps1 ,boil]s1 ,injectors1 ,gov]nors1 ,indicators1 ,pi/ons & ,r+s1 ,safety ,valves & ,/eam ,gauges4 ,= ! use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,firem51 & ,/eam ,us]s4 ,by ,,emory ,,edw>ds4 ,illu/rat$ by #aai engrav+s4 #dbj pages4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,eld]4--,conv]sations on ! ,pr9cipal ,subjects ( ,political ,economy4 ,by ,dr4 ,,william ,,eld]4 #hvo4 #b4ej ,,eld]4--,que/ions ( ! ,day1 ,economic & ,social4 ,by ,dr4 ,,william ,,eld]4 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,eld]4--,memoir ( ,h5ry ,c4 ,c>ey4 ,by ,dr4 ,,william ,,eld]4 #hvo4 clo?4 4#ge ,,erni4--,m9]alogy ,simplifi$4 ,easy ,me?ods ( ,det]m9+ & ,classify+ ,m9]als1 includ+ ,ores1 by means ( ! ,bl[pipe1 & by ,humid ,*emical ,analysis1 bas$ on ,pr(essor von ,kobell's ,tables = ! ,det]m9ation ( ,m9]als1 ) an ,introduction to ,mod]n ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,erni1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry4 ,second ,edition1 rewritt51 enl>g$ & improv$4 #abmo4 #c4jj ,,fairbairn4--,! ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism & ,ma*9]y ( ,transmission ,compris+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anism1 ,:eels1 & ,pulleys1 ,/r5g? & ,proportions ( ,%afts1 ,c\pl+ ( ,%afts1 & ,engag+ & ,dis5gag+ ,ge>4 ,by ,,sir ,,william ,,fairbairn1 ,bait4 ,c4,e4 ,beautifully illu/rat$ by ov] #aej wood-cuts4 ,9 "o volume1 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,fit*4--,bessem] ,/eel1 ,ores & ,me?ods1 ,new ,facts & ,/ati/ics ,relat+ to ! ,types ( ,ma*9]y 9 ,use1 ! ,me?ods 9 ,vogue1 ,co/ & ,class ( ,labor employ$1 & ! ,"* & ,availability ( ! ,ores utiliz$ 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,bessem] ,/eel 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 toge!r ) op9ions & exc]pts f v>i\s accept$ au?orities4 ,compil$ & arrang$ by ,,?omas ,w4 ,,fit*4 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,flem+4--,n>r[ ,gauge ,railways 9 ,am]ica4 ,a ,sket* ( _! ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,success4 ,valuable ,/ati/ics z to ,grades1 ,curves1 ,weight ( ,rail1 ,locomotives1 ,c>s1 etc4 ,by ,,h[>d ,,flem+4 ,illu/rat$1 #hvo4 #a4ej ,,=sy?4--,book ( ,designs = ,head/ones1 ,mural1 & o!r ,monum5ts3 ,conta9+ #gh ,designs4 ,by ,,james ,,=sy?4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,*>les ,,b\tell1 ,m4,a4 #d to41 clo? #e4jj ,,frankel--,,hutt]4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,/>*1 ,glucose1 ,/>*-,sug>1 & ,dextr9e3 ,bas$ on ! ,g]man ( ,,ladislaus ,,von ,,wagn]1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,te*nical ,high ,s*ool1 ,buda-,pe/1 ,hung>y1 & o!r au?orities4 ,by ,,julius ,,frankel1 ,graduate ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool ( ,hanov]4 ,edit$ by ,,rob]t ,,hutt]1 ,*emi/1 ,practical ,manufactur] ( ,/>*-,sug>4 ,illu/rat$ by #eh engrav+s1 cov]+ e bran* ( ! subject1 includ+ examples ( ! mo/ ,rec5t & ,be/ ,am]ican ,ma*9]y4 #hvo41 #cdd pp4 #c4ej ,,gee4--,! ,goldsmi?'s ,h&book3 ,conta9+ full in/ructions = ! ,alloy+ & ,work+ ( ,gold1 includ+ ! ,art ( ,alloy+1 ,melt+1 ,r$uc+1 ,color+1 ,collect+1 & ,ref9+2 ! ,processes ( ,manipulation1 ,recov]y ( ,wa/e2 ,*emical & ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,gold2 ) a ,new ,sy/em ( ,mix+ its ,alloys2 ,sold]s1 ,enamels1 & o!r ,useful ,rules & ,recipes4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee4 #abmo4 #a4ge ,,gee4--,! ,silv]smi?'s ,h&book3 ,conta9+ full in/ructions = ! ,alloy+ & ,work+ ( ,silv]1 includ+ ! diff]5t modes ( ,ref9+ & ,melt+ ! ,metal2 its ,sold]s2 ! ,prep>ation ( ,imitation ,alloys2 ,me?ods ( ,manipulation2 ,prev5tion ( ,wa/e2 ,in/ructions = ,improv+ & ,f9i%+ ! ,surface ( ! ,"w2 toge!r ) o!r ,useful ,in=mation & ,memor&a4 ,by ,,george ,e4 ,,gee1 ,jewell]4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 #a4ge ,,go?ic ,,album ,,= ,,cab9et-,,mak]s3 ,designs = ,go?ic ,furniture4 ,tw5ty-?ree plates4 ,oblong #b4jj ,,gre5wood4--,/eel & ,iron3 ,compris+ ! ,practice & ,!ory ( ! ,sev]al ,me?ods ,pursu$ 9 _! ,manufacture1 & ( _! ,treatm5t 9 ! ,roll+-,mills1 ! ,=ge1 & ! ,f\ndry4 ,by ,,william ,,h5ry ,,gre5wood1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,asso4 ,m4,i4,c4,e41 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 ,associate ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,) #ig ,diagrams1 #ecf pages4 #abmo4 #b4jj ,,gregory4--,ma!matics = ,practical ,m53 ,adapt$ to ! ,pursuits ( ,surveyors1 ,ar*itects1 ,me*anics1 & ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,ol9?us ,,gregory4 #hvo41 plates4 #c4jj ,,gri]4--,rural ,hydraulics3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,rural ,h\sehold ,wat] ,supply4 ,giv+ a full description ( ,spr+s & ,wells1 ( ,pumps & ,hydraulic ,ram1 ) ,in/ructions 9 ,ci/]n ,build+1 ,lay+ ( ,pipes1 etc4 ,by ,w4,w4 ,,gri]4 ,illu/rat$ #hvo4 4#ge ,,grim%aw4--,mod]n ,mill+3 ,be+ ! sub/ance ( two addresses deliv]$ by reque/1 at ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 ,janu>y #ai?2 & ,janu>y #bg?1 #ahha4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,grim%aw1 ,ph4 ,d4 ,edit$ f ! ,phonographic ,reports4 ,) #bh ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #a4jj ,,grim%aw4--,saws3 ,! ,hi/ory1 ,developm5t1 ,action1 ,classification1 & ,comp>ison ( ,saws ( all k9ds4 ,) ,copi\s ,app5dices4 ,giv+ ! details ( ,manufacture1 ,fil+4 ,sett+1 ,gumm+1 etc4 ,c>e & ,use ( ,saws2 ,tables ( ,gauges2 ,capacities ( ,saw-,mills2 ,li/ ( ,saw-,pat5ts1 & o!r valuable in=mation4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,grim%aw4 ,second & greatly enl>g$ edition1 ) ,supplem5t1 & #ced ,illu/rations4 ,qu>to #d4jj ,,grim%aw4--,a ,supplem5t to ,grim%aw on ,saws3 ,conta9+ additional practical matt]1 m especially relat+ to ! ,=ms ( ,saw-,tee?1 = special mat]ial & conditions1 & to ! ,behavior ( ,saws "u p>ticul> conditions4 #abj ,illu/rations4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,grim%aw4 ,qu>to4 #b4jj ,,griswold4--,railroad ,eng9e]'s ,pocket ,companion = ! ,field3 ,compris+ ,rules = ,calculat+ ,deflection ,di/ances & ,angles1 ,tang5tial ,di/ances & ,angles1 & all ,necess>y ,tables = ,eng9e]s2 also ! ,art ( ,levell+ f ,prelim9>y ,survey to ! ,con/ruction ( ,railroads1 int5d$ ,expressly = ! ,"y ,eng9e]1 toge!r ) ,num]\s ,valuable ,rules & ,examples4 ,by ,w4 ,,griswold4 #ab mo41 tucks #a4ge ,,grun]4--,/udies ( ,bla/ ,furnace ,ph5om5a3 ,by ,m4,l4 ,,grun]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,m9es ( ,france1 & lately ,pr(essor ( ,metallurgy at ! ,ecole des ,m9es4 ,translat$1 ) ! au?or's sanction1 ) an ,app5dix1 by ,l4,d4 ,b4 ,,gordon1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 #hvo4 #b4ej ,,guetti]4--,metallic ,alloys3 ,be+ a ,practical ,guide to _! ,*emical & ,physical ,prop]ties1 _! ,prep>ation1 ,composition1 & ,uses4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,a4 ,,guetti]1 ,eng9e] & ,director ( ,f\nd]ies1 au?or ( ,la ,f\d]ie en ,france1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 #abmo4 #c4jj ,,has]ick4--,! ,secrets ( ! ,art ( ,dye+ ,wool1 ,cotton1 & ,l951 ,includ+ ,blea*+ & ,color+ ,wool & ,cotton ,hosi]y & ,r&om ,y>ns4 ,a ,treatise bas$ on ,economy & ,practice4 ,by ,e4,c4 ,,has]ick4 ,illu/rat$ by #cbc ,dy$ ,patt]ns ( ! ,y>ns or ,fabrics4 #hvo4 #be4jj ,,hats ,,& ,,felt+3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on _! ,manufacture4 ,by a ,practical ,hatt]4 ,illu/rat$ by ,draw+s ( ,ma*9]y1 etc4 #hvo4 #a4be ,,h5ry4--,! ,e>ly & ,lat] ,hi/ory ( ,petroleum3 ,) ,au!ntic ,facts 9 reg>d to its ,developm5t 9 ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania4 ,) ,sket*es ( ! ,pione] & ,prom95t ,op]ators1 toge!r ) ! ,ref9+ ,capacity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,j4,t4 ,,h5ry4 ,illu/rat$ #hvo4 ,,h(f]4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,ca\t*\c & ,gutta ,p]*a1 ,compris+ ! ,prop]ties ( ! ,raw ,mat]ials1 & ! mann] ( ,mix+ & ,work+ !m2 ) ! ,fabrication ( ,vulcaniz$ & ,h>d ,rubb]s1 ,ca\t*\c & ,gutta ,p]*a ,compositions1 ,wat]-pro( ,sub/ances1 ,ela/ic ,tissues1 ! ,utilization ( ,wa/e1 etc41 etc4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,,raimund ,,h(f]4 ,by ,w4,t4 ,,brannt4 ,illu/rat$ #abmo4 #b4ej ,,h(mann4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,pap] 9 all its ,bran*es3 ,by ,,c>l ,,h(mann1 ,late ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,pap]-,mills 9 ,g]many & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 rec5tly ,manag] ( ! ,public ,l$g] ,pap] ,mills1 ne> ,elkton1 ,m>yl&4 ,illu/rat$ by #aaj wood engrav+s1 & five l>ge ,fold+ ,plates4 #dto41 clo?2 ab\t #djj pages4 #ej4jj ,,hughes4--,am]ican ,mill] & ,millwright's ,assi/ant3 ,by ,,william ,,c>t] ,,hughes4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,hulme4--,work$ ,exam9ation ,que/ions 9 ,plane ,geometrical ,draw+3 ,= ! ,use ( ,c&idates = ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 ,woolwi*2 ! ,royal ,milit>y ,college1 ,s&hur/2 ! ,indian ,civil ,eng9e]+ ,college1 ,coop]'s ,hill2 ,indian ,public ,works & ,telegraph ,dep>tm5ts2 ,royal ,m>9e ,light ,infantry2 ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,local ,exam9ations1 etc4 ,by ,f4 ,,edw>d ,,hulme1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,art-,ma/] ,m>lbor\gh ,college4 ,illu/rat$ by #cjj examples4 ,small qu>to4 #c4ge ,,j]vis4--,railroad ,prop]ty3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,con/ruction & ,managem5t ( ,railways2 design$ to af=d useful k1 9 ! popul> /yle1 to ! hold]s ( ?is class ( prop]ty2 z well z ,railway ,manag]s1 ,(fic]s1 & ,ag5ts4 ,by ,,john ,b4 ,,j]vis1 late ,civil ,eng9e] ( ! ,hudson ,riv] ,railroad1 ,croton ,aqu$uct1 etc4 #abmo41 clo? #b4jj ,,ke5e4--,a ,h&-,book ( ,practical ,gaug+3 ,= ! ,use ( ,beg9n]s1 to :i* is add$ a ,*apt] on ,di/illation1 describ+ ! process 9 op]ation at ! ,cu/om-,h\se = asc]ta9+ ! ,/r5g? ( ,w9es4 ,by ,,james ,b4 ,,ke5e1 ( ,h4,m4 ,cu/oms4 #hvo4 #a4be ,,kelley4--,spee*es1 ,addresses1 & ,lett]s on ,indu/rial & ,f9ancial ,que/ions3 ,by ,,hon4 ,,william ,d4 ,,kelley1 ,m4,c4 #edd pages1 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,kellogg4--,a ,new ,monet>y ,sy/em3 ,! only means ( ,secur+ ! respective ,rights ( ,labor & ,prop]ty1 & ( ,protect+ ! ,public f ,f9ancial ,revulsions4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,kellogg4 ,revis$ f 8 "w on ,labor & o!r ,capital4 ,) num]\s additions f 8 manuscript4 ,edit$ by ,,m>y ,,kellogg ,,putnam4 ,fif? edition4 ,to :i* is add$ a ,biographical ,sket* ( ! ,au?or4 ,"o volume1 #abmo4 ,pap] cov]4 #a4jj ,b\nd 9 clo?4 #a4ej ,,kemlo4--,wat*-,repair]'s ,h&-,book3 ,be+ a ,complete ,guide to ! ,"y ,beg9n]1 9 ,tak+ ,ap>t1 ,putt+ ,toge!r1 & ,?or\ghly ,clean+ ! ,engli% ,lev] & o!r ,=eign ,wat*es1 & all ,am]ican ,wat*es4 ,by ,f4 ,,kemlo1 ,practical ,wat*mak]4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,k5ti%4--,a ,treatise on a ,box ( ,in/rum5ts1 ,& ! ,slide ,rule2 ) ! ,!ory ( ,trigonometry & ,log>i?ms1 includ+ ,practical ,geometry1 ,survey+1 ,measur+ ( ,timb]1 ,cask & ,malt ,gaug+1 ,heights1 & ,di/ances4 ,by ,,?omas ,,k5ti%4 ,9 "o volume1 #abmo4 #a4be ,,k]l4--,! ,assay]'s ,manual3 ,an ,abridg$ ,treatise on ! ,docima/ic ,exam9ation ( ,ores1 & ,furnace & o!r ,artificial ,products4 ,by ,,bruno ,,k]l1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es2 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,te*nical ,commission = ! ,indu/ries1 & ( ! ,imp]ial ,pat5t-,(fice1 ,b]l94 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,,william ,t4 ,,brannt1 ,graduate ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college ( ,eld5a1 ,prussia4 ,edit$ by ,,william ,h4 ,,wahl1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,secret>y ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia4 ,illu/rat$ by sixty-five engrav+s4 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,k+zett4--,! ,hi/ory1 ,products1 & ,processes ( ! ,alkali ,trade3 ,includ+ ! mo/ ,rec5t ,improvem5ts4 ,by ,,*>les ,,?omas ,,k+zett1 ,consult+ ,*emi/4 ,) #bc illu/rations4 #hvo4 #b4ej ,,k9sley4--,self-,in/ructor on ,lumb] ,survey+3 ,= ! ,use ( ,lumb] ,manufactur]s1 ,surveyors1 & ,tea*]s4 ,by ,,*>les ,,k9sley1 ,practical ,surveyor & ,tea*] ( ,survey+4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,kirk4--,! ,f\nd+ ( ,metals3 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,melt+ ( ,iron1 ) a ,description ( ! ,f\nd+ ( ,alloys2 also1 ( all ! ,metals & ,m9]al ,sub/ances us$ 9 ! ,art ( ,f\nd+4 ,collect$ f orig9al s\rces4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,kirk1 ,practical ,f\ndryman & ,*emi/4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?ird edition4 #hvo4 #b4ej ,,kittr$ge4--,! ,comp5dium ( ,ar*itectural ,%eet-,metal ,"w3 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,embrac+ ,rules & ,directions = ,e/imates1 ,items ( ,co/1 ,nom5clature1 ,tables ( ,brackets1 ,modillions1 ,d5tals1 ,trusses1 ,/op-,blocks1 ,frieze ,pieces1 etc4 ,ar*itect's ,specification1 ,tables ( ,t9-,ro(+1 ,galvaniz$ ,iron1 etc41 etc4 ,to :i* is add$ ! ,exempl> ( ,ar*itectural ,%eet-,metal ,"w1 conta9+ details ( ! ,c5t5nial ,build+s1 & o!r important ,%eet-,metal ,"w1 ,designs & ,prices ( ,ar*itectural ,ornam5ts1 z manufactur$ = ! ,trade by ! ,kittr$ge ,cornice & ,ornam5t ,company1 & a ,catalogue ( ,cornices1 ,w9d[-,caps1 ,m\ld+s1 etc41 z manufactur$ by ! ,kittr$ge ,cornice & ,ornam5t ,company4 ,! :ole supplem5t$ by a full ,index & ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,by ,a4,o4 ,,kittr$ge4 #hvo41 #efe pages4 ,,l&r94--,a ,treatise on ,/eel3 ,compris+ its ,!ory1 ,metallurgy1 ,prop]ties1 ,practical ,work+1 & ,use4 ,by ,m4,h4,c4 ,,l&r91 ,jr41 ,civil ,eng9e]4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 ) ,notes1 by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,) an ,app5dix on ! ,bessem] & ! ,m>t9 ,processes = ,manufactur+ ,/eel1 f ! ,report ( ,abram ,s4 ,hewitt1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] to ! ,univ]sal ,exposition1 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 #abmo4 #c4jj ,,l>d54--,a ,s*ool ,c\rse on ,heat3 ,by ,w4 ,,l>d51 ,m4,a4 #cba pp4 #abmo4 #b4jj ,,l>dn]4--,! ,/eam-,eng9e3 ,= ! ,use ( ,beg9n]s4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,l>dn]4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 4#ge ,,l>k94--,! ,practical ,brass & ,iron ,f\nd]'s ,guide3 ,a ,concise ,treatise on ,brass ,f\nd+1 ,m\ld+1 ! ,metals & _! ,alloys1 etc42 to :i* are add$ ,rec5t ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,iron1 ,/eel by ! ,bessem] ,process1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,james ,,l>k91 late ,conductor ( ! ,brass ,f\ndry ,dep>tm5t 9 ,reany1 ,neafie ,co4's ,p5n ,works1 ,philadelphia4 ,fif? edition1 revis$1 ) ext5sive additions4 #abmo4 #b4be ,,l]\x4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,wor/$s & ,c>d$ ,y>ns3 ,compris+ ,practical ,me*anics1 ) ,rules & ,calculations appli$ to ,sp9n+2 ,sort+1 ,clean+1 & ,sc\r+ ,wools2 ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ,me?ods ( ,comb+1 ,draw+1 & ,sp9n+ ,wor/$s1 & ,manufactur+ ,c>d$ ,y>ns4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,*>les ,,l]\x1 ,me*anical ,eng9e] & ,sup]9t5d5t ( a ,sp9n+ ,mill1 by ,,horatio ,,pa9e1 ,m4,d41 & ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$ by twelve l>ge ,plates4 ,to :i* is add$ an ,app5dix1 conta9+ ,extracts f ! ,reports ( ! ,int]national ,jury1 & ( ! ,artisans select$ by ! ,committee appo9t$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,london1 on ,wool5 & ,wor/$ ,ma*9]y & ,fabrics1 z exhibit$ 9 ! ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exposition1 #ahfg4 #hvo4 #e4jj ,,leffel4--,! ,con/ruction ( ,mill-,dams3 ,compris+ also ! ,build+ ( ,race & ,res]voir ,embankm5ts & ,head-,gates1 ! ,measurem5t ( ,/reams1 ,gaug+ ( ,wat] ,supply1 etc4 ,by ,,james ,,leffel ,,co4 ,illu/rat$ by #eh engrav+s4 #hvo4 #b4ej ,,leslie4--,complete ,cook]y3 ,directions = ,cook]y 9 its ,v>i\s ,bran*es4 ,by ,,miss ,,leslie4 ,sixtie? ?\s&4 ,?or\ghly revis$1 ) ! addition ( ,new ,receipts4 ,9 #abmo41 clo? #a4ej ,,lieb]4--,assay]'s ,guide3 ,or1 ,practical ,directions to ,assay]s1 ,m9]s1 & ,smelt]s1 = ! ,te/s & ,assays1 by ,heat & by ,wet ,processes1 = ! ,ores ( all ! pr9cipal ,metals1 ( ,gold & ,silv] ,co9s & ,alloys1 & ( ,coal1 etc4 ,by ,,osc> ,m4 ,,lieb]4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,love4--,! ,art ( ,dye+1 ,clean+1 ,sc\r+1 & ,f9i%+1 on ! ,mo/ ,approv$ ,engli% & ,fr5* ,me?ods3 ,be+ ,practical ,in/ructions 9 ,dye+ ,silks1 ,wool5s1 & ,cottons1 ,fea!rs1 ,*ips1 ,/raw1 etc4 ,sc\r+ & ,clean+ ,b$ & ,w9d[ ,curta9s1 ,c>pets1 ,rugs1 etc4 ,fr5* & ,engli% ,clean+1 any ,color or ,fabric ( ,silk1 ,sat91 or ,damask4 ,by ,,?omas ,,love1 a ,work+ ,dy] & ,sc\r]4 ,second ,am]ican ,edition1 to :i* are add$ ,g5]al ,in/ructions = ! use ( ,anil9e ,colors4 #hvo4 #cdc pages #e4jj ,,luk94--,among/ ,ma*9es3 ,embrac+ ,descriptions ( ! v>i\s ,me*anical ,appliances us$ 9 ! ,manufacture ( ,wood1 ,metal1 & o!r ,sub/ances4 #abmo4 #a4ge ,,luk94--,! ,boy ,eng9e]s3 ,:at ,!y ,did1 & ,h[ ,!y ,did ,x4 ,) #cj plates4 #ahmo4 #a4ge ,,luk94--,! ,"y ,me*anic3 ,practical ,c>p5try4 ,conta9+ ,directions = ! ,use ( all k9ds ( ,tools1 & = ,con/ruction ( ,/eam-,eng9es & ,me*anical ,models1 includ+ ! ,art ( ,turn+ 9 ,wood & ,metal4 ,by ,,john ,,luk91 ,au?or ( ,! ,la! & ,its ,uses1 etc4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo #a4ge ,,ma9 & ,,br[n4--,que/ions on ,subjects ,connect$ ) ! ,m>9e ,/eam-,eng9e3 ,& ,exam9ation ,pap]s2 ) ,h9ts = _! ,solution4 ,by ,,?omas ,j4 ,,ma91 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics1 ,royal ,naval ,college1 & ,,?omas ,,br[n1 ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,r4,n4 #abmo41 clo?4 #a4ej ,,ma9 & ,,br[n4--,! ,indicator & ,dynamomet]3 ,) _! ,practical ,applications to ! ,/eam-,eng9e4 ,by ,,?omas ,j4 ,,ma91 ,m4,a4,f4,r41 ,ass't ,s4 ,pr(essor ,royal ,naval ,college1 ,portsm\?1 & ,,?omas ,,br[n1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,*ief ,eng9e] ,r4,n41 atta*$ to ! ,r4,n4 ,college4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 #a4ej ,,ma9 & ,,br[n4--,! ,m>9e ,/eam-,eng9e4 ,by ,,?omas ,j4 ,,ma91 ,f4,r4 ,ass't ,s4 ,ma!matical ,pr(essor at ! ,royal ,naval ,college1 ,portsm\?1 & ,,?omas ,,br[n1 ,assoc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 ,*ief ,eng9e] ,r4,n4 ,atta*$ to ! ,royal ,naval ,college4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 #hvo4 #e4jj ,,m>t94--,screw-,cutt+ ,tables1 = ! ,use ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s3 ,%[+ ! ,prop] ,arrangem5t ( ,:eels = ,cutt+ ! ,?reads ( ,screws ( any ,requir$ ,pit*2 ) a ,table = ,mak+ ! ,univ]sal ,gas-,pipe ,?read & ,taps4 ,by ,w4,a4 ,,m>t91 ,eng9e]4 #hvo4 4#ej ,,mi*ell4--,m9e ,dra9age3 ,be+ a ,complete & ,practical ,treatise on ,direct-,act+ ,und]gr\nd ,/eam ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 ,) a ,description ( a l>ge numb] ( ! be/ kn[n ,eng9es1 _! ,g5]al ,utility & ! ,special ,sph]e ( _! ,action1 ! ,mode ( _! ,application1 & _! ,m]its comp>$ ) o!r ,pump+ ,ma*9]y4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,mi*ell4 ,illu/rat$ by #acg engrav+s4 #hvo41 #bgg pages4 #f4jj ,,moleswor?4--,pocket-,book ( ,useful ,=mulae & ,memor&a = ,civil & ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,guil=d ,l4 ,,moleswor?1 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,*ief ,resid5t ,eng9e] ( ! ,ceylon ,railway4 ,full-b\nd 9 ,pocket-book =m #a4jj ,,moore4--,! ,univ]sal ,assi/ant & ! ,complete ,me*anic3 ,conta9+ ov] "o million ,indu/rial ,facts1 ,calculations1 ,receipts1 ,processes1 ,trades ,secrets1 ,rules1 ,bus9ess ,=ms1 ,legal ,items1 ,etc41 9 e occupation1 f ! ,h\sehold to ! ,manufactory4 ,by ,r4 ,,moore4 ,illu/rat$ by #ejj ,engrav+s4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,morris4--,easy ,rules = ! ,measurem5t ( ,e>?works3 ,by means ( ! ,prismoidal ,=mula4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,num]\s ,wood-,cuts1 ,problems1 & ,examples1 & conclud$ by an ,ext5sive ,table = f9d+ ! ,solidity 9 cubic y>ds f ,mean ,areas4 ,! :ole be+ adapt$ = conv5i5t use by ,eng9e]s1 ,surveyors1 ,contractors1 & o!rs ne$+ ,correct ,measurem5ts ( ,e>?work4 ,by ,,elwood ,,morris1 ,c4,e4 #hvo4 #a4ej ,,morton4--,! ,sy/em ( ,calculat+ ,diamet]1 ,circumf]5ce1 ,area1 & ,squ>+ ! ,circle3 ,toge!r ) ,int]e/ & ,miscellane\s ,tables1 & o!r in=mation4 ,by ,,james ,,morton4 ,second ,edition1 enl>g$1 ) ! ,metric ,sy/em4 #abmo4 #a4jj ,,napi]4--,manual ( ,electro-,metallurgy3 ,includ+ ! ,application ( ! ,art to ,manufactur+ ,processes4 ,by ,,james ,,napi]4 ,f\r? ,am]ican1 f ! ,f\r? ,london edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$ by engrav+s4 #hvo4 #a4ej ,,napi]4--,a ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry ,appli$ to ,dye+4 ,by ,,james ,,napi]1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,a ,new & ,?or\ghly ,revis$ ,edition4 ,completely br\ght up to ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,sci5ce1 includ+ ! ,*emi/ry ( ,coal ,t> ,colors1 by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,) an ,app5dix on ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1 z %[n at ! ,univ]sal ,exposition1 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 #dbb pages #e4jj ,,neville4--,hydraulic ,tables1 ,coeffici5ts1 & ,=mulae1 = f9d+ ! ,dis*>ge ( ,wat] f ,orifices1 ,not*es1 ,weirs1 ,pipes1 & ,riv]s3 ,?ird ,edition1 ) ,additions1 consi/+ ( ,new ,=mulae = ! ,dis*>ge f ,tidal & ,flood ,sluices & ,siphons2 g5]al in=mation on ,ra9fall1 ,cat*m5t-,bas9s1 ,dra9age1 ,sew]age1 ,wat] ,supply = ,t[ns & ,mill ,p[]4 ,by ,,john ,,neville1 ,c4,e4,m4,r4 ,i4,a42 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,geological ,society ( ,irel&4 ,?ick #abmo4 #c4ej ,,newb]y4--,glean+s f ,ornam5tal ,art ( e /yle3 ,drawn f ,examples 9 ! ,briti%1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,indian1 ,cry/al ,palace1 & o!r ,museums1 ! ,exhibitions ( #ahea & #ahfb1 & ! be/ ,engli% & ,=eign works4 ,9 a s]ies ( #ajj exquisitely drawn ,plates1 conta9+ _m hundr$ examples4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,newb]y4 #dto4 #ab4ej ,,ni*olls4--,! ,!oretical & ,practical ,boil]-,mak] & ,eng9e]'s ,ref]5ce ,book3 ,conta9+ a v>iety ( ,useful ,in=mation = ,employ]s ( ,labor1 ,=em5 & ,work+ ,boil]-,mak]s1 ,iron1 ,copp]1 & ,t9smi?s1 ,draughtsm51 ,eng9e]s1 ! ,g5]al ,/eam-us+ ,public1 & = ! ,use ( ,sci5ce ,s*ools & ,classes4 ,by ,,samuel ,,ni*olls4 ,illu/rat$ by sixte5 plates1 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,ni*olson4--,a ,manual ( ! ,art ( ,bookb9d+3 ,conta9+ full in/ructions 9 ! diff]5t ,bran*es ( ,=w>d+1 ,gild+1 & ,f9i%+4 ,also1 ! ,art ( ,m>bl+ ,book-edges & ,pap]4 ,by ,,james ,b4 ,,ni*olson4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo41 clo? #b4be ,,nicolls4--,! ,railway ,build]3 ,a ,h&-,book = ,e/imat+ ! ,probable ,co/ ( ,am]ican ,railway ,con/ruction & ,equipm5t4 ,by ,,william ,j4 ,,nicolls1 ,civil ,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$1 full b\nd1 pocket-book =m4 #b4jj ,,norm&y4--,! ,comm]cial ,h&book ( ,*emical ,analysis3 ,or ,practical ,in/ructions = ! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,intr9sic or ,comm]cial ,value ( ,sub/ances us$ 9 ,manufactures1 9 ,trades1 & 9 ! ,arts4 ,by ,a4 ,,norm&y4 ,new ,edition1 ,enl>g$1 & to a great ext5t rewritt54 ,by ,,h5ry ,m4 ,,noad1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ?ick #abmo4 #e4jj ,,norris4--,a ,h&book = ,locomotive ,eng9e]s & ,ma*9i/s3 ,compris+ ! ,proportions & ,calculations = ,con/ruct+ ,locomotives2 ,mann] ( ,sett+ ,valves2 ,tables ( ,squ>es1 ,cubes1 ,areas1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,septimus ,,norris1 ,m4,e4 ,new edition4 ,illu/rat$1 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,nor?4--,! ,practical ,assay]3 ,conta9+ ,easy ,me?ods = ! ,assay ( ! ,pr9cipal ,metals & ,alloys4 ,pr9cipally design$ = explor]s & ^? int]e/$ 9 ,m9es4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,nor?4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,,ny/rom4--,a ,new ,treatise on ,elem5ts ( ,me*anics3 ,e/abli%+ ,/rict ,precision 9 ! ,mean+ ( ,dynamical ,t]ms3 accompani$ ) an ,app5dix on ,duod5al ,ari?metic & ,metrology4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,ny/rom1 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 #b4jj ,,ny/rom4--,on ,te*nological ,education & ! ,con/ruction ( ,%ips & ,screw ,propell]s3 ,= ,naval & ,m>9e ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,john ,w4 ,,ny/rom1 late ,act+ ,*ief ,eng9e]1 ,u4,s4,n4 ,second edition1 revis$1 ) additional matt]4 ,illu/rat$ by sev5 engrav+s4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,o',,neill4--,a ,diction>y ( ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+3 ,conta9+ a brief acc\nt ( all ! ,sub/ances & ,processes 9 use 9 ! ,art ( ,dye+ & ,pr9t+ ,textile ,fabrics2 ) ,practical ,receipts & ,sci5tific ,in=mation4 ,by ,,*>les ,o',,neill1 ,analytical ,*emi/4 ,to :i* is add$ an ,essay on ,coal ,t> ,colors & _! application to ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+4 ,by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,) an app5dix on ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1 z %[n at ! ,univ]sal ,exposition1 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 #hvo41 #dia pages4 #e4jj ,,orton4--,und]gr\nd ,treasures3 ,h[ & ,:]e to ,f9d ,!m4 ,a ,key = ! ,ready ,det]m9ation ( all ! ,useful ,m9]als )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,,james ,,orton1 ,a4,m41 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,vass> ,college1 ,n4,y42 ,cor4 ,mem4 ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 & ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york2 au?or ( ! ,&es & ! ,amazon1 etc4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,additions4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ej ,,osborn4--,! ,metallurgy ( ,iron & ,/eel3 ,!oretical & ,practical 9 all its ,bran*es2 ) special ref]5ce to ,am]ican ,mat]ials & ,processes4 ,by ,h4,s4 ,,osborn1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,m9+ & ,metallurgy 9 ,lafayette ,college1 ,ea/on1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,illu/rat$ by num]\s l>ge fold+ plates & wood-engrav+s4 #hvo4 #be4jj ,,ov]man4--,! ,manufacture ( ,/eel3 ,conta9+ ! ,practice & ,pr9ciples ( ,work+ & ,mak+ ,/eel4 ,a ,h&book = ,blacksmi?s & ,work]s 9 ,/eel & ,iron1 ,wagon ,mak]s1 ,die ,s9k]s1 ,cutl]s1 & ,manufactur]s ( ,files & ,h>dw>e1 ( ,/eel & ,iron1 & = ,m5 ( ,sci5ce & ,art4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,ov]man1 ,m9+ ,eng9e]1 ,au?or ( ! ,manufacture ( ,iron1 etc4 ,a new1 enl>g$1 & revis$ ,edition4 ,by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,ov]man4--,! ,m\ld]'s & ,f\nd]'s ,pocket ,guide3 ,a ,treatise on ,m\ld+ & ,f\nd+ 9 ,gre5-s&1 ,dry-s&1 ,loam1 & ,cem5t2 ! ,m\ld+ ( ,ma*9e ,frames1 ,mill-ge>1 ,holl[-w>e1 ,ornam5ts1 ,tr9kets1 ,bells1 & ,/atues2 ,description ( ,m\lds = ,iron1 ,bronze1 ,brass1 & o!r ,metals2 ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 ,sulphur1 ,wax1 etc42 ! ,con/ruction ( ,melt+ ,furnaces1 ! ,melt+ & ,f\nd+ ( ,metals2 ! ,composition ( ,alloys & _! ,nature1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,ov]man1 ,m4,e4 ,a new ,edition1 to :i* is add$ a ,supplem5t on ,/atu>y & ,ornam5tal ,m\ld+1 ,ordnance1 ,malleable ,iron ,ca/+s1 etc4 ,by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$ by #dd engrav+s4 #abmo4 #b4jj ,,pa9t]1 ,,gild]1 ,,& ,,v>ni%]',s ,,companion3 ,conta9+ ,rules & ,regulations 9 ev]y?+ relat+ to ! ,arts ( ,pa9t+1 ,gild+1 ,v>ni%+1 ,glass-,/a9+1 ,gra9+1 ,m>bl+1 ,sign-,writ+1 ,gild+ on ,glass1 & ,coa* ,pa9t+ & ,v>ni%+2 ,te/s = ! ,detection ( ,adult]ations 9 ,oils1 ,colors1 etc42 & a ,/atem5t ( ! ,diseases to :i* ,pa9t]s are peculi>ly liable1 ) ! ,simple/ & ,be/ ,rem$ies4 ,sixte5? ,edition4 ,revis$1 ) an ,app5dix4 ,conta9+ ,colors & ,color+--,!oretical & ,practical4 ,compris+ descriptions ( a great v>iety ( ,additional ,pigm5ts1 _! ,qualities & ,uses1 to :i* are add$1 ,dry]s1 & ,modes & ,op]ations ( ,pa9t+1 etc4 ,toge!r ) ,*evreul's ,pr9ciples ( ,h>mony & ,contra/ ( ,colors4 #abmo4 ,clo? #a4ej ,,pallett4--,! ,mill]'s1 ,millwright's1 & ,eng9e]'s ,guide4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,pallett4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 #c4jj ,,pe>se4--,a ,concise ,hi/ory ( ! ,iron ,manufacture ( ! ,am]ican ,colonies up to ! ,revolution1 & ( ,p5nsylvania until ! pres5t "t4 ,by ,,john ,b4 ,,pe>se4 ,illu/rat$ #abmo4 #b4jj ,,p]cy4--,! ,manufacture ( ,russian ,%eet-,iron4 ,by ,,john ,,p]cy1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,lectur] on ,metallurgy at ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 & to ,! ,advance ,class ( ,artill]y ,(fic]s at ! ,royal ,artill]y ,in/itution1 ,woolwi*2 ,au?or ( ,metallurgy4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo41 pap] #ej cts4 ,,p]k9s4--,gas & ,v5tilation3 ,practical ,treatise on ,gas & ,v5tilation4 ,) ,special ,relation to ,illum9at+1 ,heat+1 & ,cook+ by ,gas4 ,includ+ ,sci5tific ,helps to ,eng9e]-/ud5ts & o!rs4 ,) ,illu/rat$ ,diagrams4 ,by ,e4,e4 ,,p]k9s4 #abmo41 clo? #a4be ,,p]k9s ,,& ,,/[e4--,a ,new ,guide to ! ,%eet-iron & ,boil] ,plate ,roll]3 ,conta9+ a ,s]ies ( ,tables %[+ ! ,weight ( ,slabs & ,piles to ,produce ,boil] ,plates1 & ( ! ,weight ( ,piles & ! ,sizes ( ,b>s to produce ,%eet-iron2 ! ,?ickness ( ! ,b> ,gauge 9 decimals2 ! ,weight p] foot1 & ! ,?ickness on ! ,b> or ,wire ,gauge ( ! fractional p>ts ( an in*2 ! ,weight p] %eet1 & ! ,?ickness on ! ,wire ,gauge ( ,%eet-iron ( v>i\s dim5sions to weigh #aab lbs4 p] bundle2 & ! conv]sion ( ,%ort ,weight into ,long ,weight1 & ,long ,weight into ,%ort4 ,e/imat$ & collect$ by ,g4,h4 ,,p]k9s & ,j4,g4 ,,/[e4 #b4ej ,,p[ell--,,*ance--,,h>ris4--,! ,pr9ciples ( ,glass ,mak+4 ,by ,,h>ry ,j4 ,,p[ell1 ,b4,a4 ,toge!r ) ,treatises on ,cr[n & ,%eet ,glass2 by ,,h5ry ,,*ance1 ,m4,a4 ,& ,plate ,glass1 by ,h4,g4 ,,h>ris1 ,asso4 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$ #ahmo4 #a4ej ,,proteaux4--,practical ,guide = ! ,manufacture ( ,pap] & ,bo>ds4 ,by ,a4 ,,proteaux4 ,f ! ,fr5*1 by ,,horatio ,,pa9e1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,d4 ,to :i* is add$ ! ,manufacture ( ,pap] f ,wood1 by ,,h5ry ,t4 ,,br[n4 ,illu/rat$ by six plates4 #hvo4 ,,proctor4--,a ,pocket-,book ( ,useful ,tables & ,=mulae = ,m>9e ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,frank ,,proctor4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,full b\nd pocket-book =m4 #a4ej ,,regnault4--,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,m4,v4 ,,regnault4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,t4 ,,=re/ ,,betton1 ,m4,d41 & edit$1 ) ,notes1 by ,,james ,c4 ,,boo?1 ,melt] & ,ref9] ,u4,s4 ,m9t1 & ,,william ,l4 ,,fab]1 ,metallurgi/ & ,m9+ ,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$ by ne>ly #gjj wood engrav+s4 ,compris+ ne>ly #a1ejj pages4 ,9 two volumes1 #hvo41 clo? #g4ej ,,riffault1 ,,v]gnaud1 & ,,t\ssa9t4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,colors = ,pa9t+3 ,compris+ ! ,orig91 ,def9ition1 & ,classification ( ,colors2 ! ,treatm5t ( ! ,raw ,mat]ials2 ! be/ ,=mulae & ! ,newe/ ,processes = ! ,prep>ation ( e description ( ,pigm5t1 & ! ,necess>y ,app>atus & ,directions = its ,use2 ,dry]s2 ! ,te/+1 ,application1 & ,qualities ( ,pa9ts1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,mm4 ,,riffault1 ,,v]gnaud1 & ,,t\ssa9t4 ,revis$ & ,edit$ by ,m4,f4 ,,malepeyre4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5*1 by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$ by ,eighty engrav+s4 ,9 "o vol41 #hvo41 #fei pages4 #g4ej ,,rop]4--,a ,cate*ism ( ,high-,pressure1 or ,non-,cond5s+ ,/eam-,eng9es3 ,includ+ ! ,modell+1 ,con/ruct+1 & ,managem5t ( ,/eam-,eng9es & ,/eam ,boil]s4 ,) valuable illu/rations4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]1 ,eng9e]4 ,sixte5? edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #ahmo41 tucks1 gilt edge4 #b4jj ,,rop]4--,eng9e]'s ,h&y-,book3 ,conta9+ a full ,explanation ( ! ,/eam-,eng9e ,indicator1 & its ,use & ,advantages to ,eng9e]s & ,/eam ,us]s4 ,) ,=mulae = ,e/imat+ ! ,p[] ( all ,classes ( ,/eam-,eng9es2 also1 ,facts1 ,figures1 ,que/ions1 & ,tables = ,eng9e]s :o wi% to qualify !mselves = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 ! ,rev5ue ,s]vice1 ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e1 or to take *>ge ( ! ,bett] ,class ( ,/ation>y ,/eam-,eng9es4 ,six? edition4 #afmo41 #fij pages1 tucks1 gilt edge4 #c4ej ,,rop]4--,h&-,book ( ,l& & ,m>9e ,eng9es3 ,includ+ ! ,modell+1 ,con/ruction1 ,runn+1 & ,managem5t ( ,l& & ,m>9e ,eng9es & ,boil]s4 ,) illu/rations4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]1 ,eng9e]4 ,six? edition4 #abmo41 tucks1 gilt edge4 #c4ej ,,rop]4--,h&-,book ( ! ,locomotive3 ,includ+ ! ,con/ruction ( ,eng9es & ,boil]s1 & ! ,con/ruction1 ,managem5t1 & ,runn+ ( ,locomotives4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]4 ,elev5? edition4 #ahmo41 tucks1 gilt edge4 #b4ej ,,rop]4--,h&-,book ( ,mod]n ,/eam ,fire-,eng9es4 ,) illu/rations4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]1 ,eng9e]4 ,f\r? edition1 #abmo41 tucks1 gilt edge4 #c4ej ,,rop]4--,que/ions & ,answ]s = ,eng9e]s4 ,?is little book conta9s all ! ,que/ions t ,eng9e]s w be ask$ :5 und]go+ an ,exam9ation = ! purpose ( procur+ ,lic5ses1 & !y are s pla9 t any ,eng9e] or ,fireman ( ord9>y intellig5ce may commit !m to memory 9 a %ort "t4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]1 ,eng9e]4 ,?ird edition4 #c4jj ,,rop]4--,use & ,abuse ( ! ,/eam ,boil]4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]1 ,eng9e]4 ,eigh? edition1 ) illu/rations4 #ahmo41 tucks1 gilt edge4 #b4jj ,,rose4--,! ,complete ,practical ,ma*9i/3 ,embrac+ ,la! ,"w1 ,vise ,"w1 ,drills & ,drill+1 ,taps & ,dies1 ,h>d5+ & ,temp]+1 ! ,mak+ & ,use ( ,tools1 ,tool ,gr9d+1 ,m>k+ out ,"w1 etc4 ,by ,,jo%ua ,,rose4 ,illu/rat$ by #cef engrav+s4 ,?irte5? edition1 ?or\ghly revis$ & 9 great "p rewritt54 ,9 "o vol41 #abmo41 #dci pages4 #b4ej ,,rose4--,me*anical ,draw+ ,self-,taught3 ,compris+ ,in/ructions 9 ! ,selection & ,prep>ation ( ,draw+ ,in/rum5ts1 ,elem5t>y ,in/ruction 9 ,practical ,me*anical ,draw+1 toge!r ) ,examples 9 ,simple ,geometry & ,elem5t>y ,me*anism1 includ+ ,screw ,?reads1 ,ge> ,:eels1 ,me*anical ,motions1 ,eng9es & ,boil]s4 ,by ,,jo%ua ,,rose1 ,m4,e41 ,au?or ( ,! ,complete ,practical ,ma*9i/1 ,! ,patt]n-mak]'s ,assi/ant1 ,! ,slide-valve4 ,illu/rat$ by #ccj engrav+s4 #hvo41 #cac pages4 #d4jj ,,rose4--,! ,slide-,valve ,practically ,expla9$3 ,embrac+ simple & complete ,practical ,demon/rations ( ! op]ation ( ea* elem5t 9 a ,slide-valve ,movem5t1 & illu/rat+ ! effects ( ,v>iations 9 _! ,proportions by examples c>efully select$ f ! mo/ rec5t & successful practice4 ,by ,,jo%ua ,,rose1 ,m4,e41 ,au?or ( ,! ,complete ,practical ,ma*9i/1 ,! ,patt]n-mak]'s ,assi/ant1 etc4 ,illu/rat$ by #ce engrav+s4 #a4jj ,,ross4--,! ,bl[pipe 9 ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy & ,geology3 ,conta9+ all ,kn[n ,me?ods ( ,anhydr\s ,analysis1 _m ,work+ ,examples1 & ,in/ructions = ,mak+ ,app>atus4 ,by ,,lieut4-,,colonel ,w4,a4 ,,ross1 ,r4,a4,f41 ,g4,s4 ,) #abj ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,%aw4--,civil ,ar*itecture3 ,be+ a ,complete ,!oretical & ,practical ,sy/em ( ,build+1 conta9+ ! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ! ,art4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,%aw1 ,ar*itect4 ,to :i* is add$ a ,treatise on ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 etc4 ,by ,,?omas ,w4 ,,sill[ay & ,,george ,m4 ,,h>d+1 ,ar*itects4 ,! :ole illu/rat$ by #ajb qu>to plates f9ely engrav$ on copp]4 ,elev5? edition4 #dto4 #aj4jj ,,%unk4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,railway ,curves & ,location1 = ,"y ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,william ,f4 ,,%unk1 ,civil ,eng9e]4 #abmo4 ,full b\nd pocket-book =m4 #b4jj ,,slat]4--,! ,manual ( ,colors & ,dye ,w>es4 ,by ,j4,w4 ,,slat]4 #abmo4 #c4ge ,,sloan4--,am]ican ,h\ses3 ,a v>iety ( ,orig9al ,designs = ,rural ,build+s4 ,illu/rat$ by tw5ty-six color$ ,engrav+s1 ) ,descriptive ,ref]5ces4 ,by ,,samuel ,,sloan1 ,ar*itect1 au?or ( ! ,model ,ar*itect1 etc4 etc4 #hvo4 #a4ej ,,sloan4--,home/ead ,ar*itecture3 ,conta9+ ,=ty ,designs = ,villas1 ,cottages1 & ,f>m-h\ses1 ) ,essays on ,/yle1 ,con/ruction1 ,l&scape ,g>d5+1 ,furniture1 etc41 etc4 ,illu/rat$ by upw>ds ( #bjj engrav+s4 ,by ,,samuel ,,sloan1 ,ar*itect4 #hvo4 #c4ej ,,smeaton4--,build]'s ,pocket-,companion3 ,conta9+ ! ,elem5ts ( ,build+1 ,survey+1 & ,ar*itecture2 ) ,practical ,rules & ,in/ructions connect$ ) ! subject4 ,by ,a4,c4 ,,smeaton1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 etc4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,smi?4--,a ,manual ( ,political ,economy4 ,by ,e4 ,,pe%9e ,,smi?4 ,a new ,edition1 to :i* is add$ a full ,index4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,smi?4--,p>ks & ,pleasure-,gr\nds3 ,or ,practical ,notes on ,c\ntry ,resid5ces1 ,villas1 ,public ,p>ks1 & ,g>d5s4 ,by ,,*>les ,h4,j4 ,,smi?1 ,l&scape ,g>d5] & ,g>d5 ,ar*itect1 etc41 etc4 #abmo4 #b4jj ,,smi?4--,! ,dy]'s ,in/ructor3 ,compris+ ,practical ,in/ructions 9 ! ,art ( ,dye+ ,silk1 ,cotton1 ,wool1 & ,wor/$1 & ,wool5 ,goods2 conta9+ ne>ly #hjj ,receipts4 ,to :i* is add$ a ,treatise on ! ,art ( ,padd+2 & ! ,pr9t+ ( ,silk ,w>ps1 ,ske9s1 & ,h&k]*iefs1 & ! v>i\s ,mordants & ,colors = ! diff]5t /yles ( su* "w4 ,by ,,david ,,smi?1 ,patt]n ,dy]4 #abmo4 #c4jj ,,smy?4--,a ,rudim5t>y ,treatise on ,coal & ,coal-,m9+4 ,by ,,w>r+ton ,w4 ,,smy?1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g41 ,presid5t ,r4,g4,s4 ( ,cornwall4 ,fif? edition1 revis$ & correct$4 ,) num]\s illu/rations4 #abmo4 #a4ge ,,snively4--,a ,treatise on ! ,manufacture ( ,p]fumes & ,k9dr$ ,toilet ,articles4 ,by ,,john ,h4 ,,snively1 ,phr4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,analytical ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,t5nessee ,college ( ,ph>macy4 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,snively4--,tables = ,sy/ematic ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,by ,,john ,h4 ,,snively1 ,phr4 ,d4 #hvo4 #a4jj ,,snively4--,! ,elem5ts ( ,sy/ematic ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis3 ,a ,h&-book = ,beg9n]s4 ,by ,,john ,h4 ,,snively1 ,phr4 ,d4 #afmo4 #b4jj ,,/ew>t4--,! ,am]ican ,sy/em3 ,spee*es on ! ,t>iff ,"q1 & on ,int]nal ,improvem5ts1 pr9cipally deliv]$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by ,,&rew ,,/ew>t1 late ,m4,c4 f ,p5nsylvania4 ,) a ,portrait1 & a ,biographical ,sket*4 #hvo4 #c4jj ,,/okes4--,! ,cab9et-,mak] & ,uphol/]]'s ,companion3 ,compris+ ! ,art ( ,draw+1 z applicable to ,cab9et ,"w2 ,v5e]+1 ,inlay+1 & ,buhl-,"w2 ! ,art ( ,dye+ & ,/a9+ ,wood1 ,ivory1 ,bone1 ,tortoise-,%ell1 etc4 ,directions = ,lack]+1 ,japann+1 & ,v>ni%+2 to make ,fr5* ,poli%1 ,glues1 ,cem5ts1 & ,compositions2 ) num]\s ,receipts1 useful to workm5 g5]ally4 ,by ,j4 ,,/okes4 ,illu/rat$4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) an ,app5dix ^u ,fr5* ,poli%+1 ,/a9+1 ,imitat+1 ,v>ni%+1 etc41 etc4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,/r5g? ,,& ,,o!r ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,metals3 ,reports ( ,exp]im5ts on ! ,/r5g? & o!r ,prop]ties ( ,metals = ,cannon4 ,) a ,description ( ! ,ma*9es = ,te/+ ,metals1 & ( ! ,classification ( ,cannon 9 s]vice4 ,by ,(fic]s ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,u4,s4 ,army4 ,by au?ority ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>4 ,illu/rat$ by #be l>ge /eel plates4 ,qu>to4 #aj4jj ,,sullivan4--,protection to ,native ,indu/ry4 ,by ,sir ,,edw>d ,,sullivan1 ,b>onet1 au?or ( ,t5 ,*apt]s on ,social ,re=ms4 #hvo4 #a4ej ,,syme4--,outl9es ( an ,indu/rial ,sci5ce4 ,by ,,david ,,syme4 #abmo4 #b4jj ,,tables ,,%[+ ,,! ,,weight ,,( ,,r\nd1 ,,squ>e1 ,,& ,,flat ,,b> ,,iron1 ,,/eel1 ,,etc41 ,by ,measurem5t4 ,clo?4 #fc ,,taylor4--,/ati/ics ( ,coal3 ,includ+ ,m9]al ,bitum9\s ,sub/ances employ$ 9 ,arts & ,manufactures2 ) _! ,geographical1 ,geological1 & ,comm]cial ,di/ribution & ,am\nt ( ,production & ,consumption on ! ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,) ,incid5tal ,/ati/ics ( ! ,iron ,manufacture4 ,by ,r4,c4 ,,taylor4 ,second edition1 revis$ by ,s4,s4 ,,haldeman4 ,illu/rat$ by five ,maps & _m wood engrav+s4 #hvo41 clo?4 #aj4jj ,,templeton4--,! ,practical ,exam9ator on ,/eam & ! ,/eam--,eng9e3 ,) ,in/ructive ,ref]5ces relative !reto1 arrang$ = ! ,use ( ,eng9e]s1 ,/ud5ts1 & o!rs4 ,by ,,william ,,templeton1 ,eng9e]4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,?aus+4--,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ! ,prep>ation ( ,malt & ! ,fabrication ( ,be]3 ,) especial ref]5ce to ! ,vi5na ,process ( ,brew+4 ,elaborat$ f p]sonal exp]i5ce by ,,julius ,e4 ,,?aus+1 ,pr(essor at ! ,s*ool = ,brew]s1 & at ! ,agricultural ,in/itute1 ,mo$l+1 ne> ,vi5na4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,,william ,t4 ,,brannt4 ,?or\ghly & elaborately edit$1 ) mu* ,am]ican matt]1 & accord+ to ! late/ & mo/ ,sci5tific ,practice1 by ,a4 ,,s*w>z & ,,dr4 ,a4,h4 ,,bau]4 ,illu/rat$ by #adj ,engrav+s4 #hvo41 #hae pages4 #aj4jj ,,?omas4--,! ,mod]n ,practice ( ,photography3 ,by ,r4,w4 ,,?omas1 ,f4,c4,s4 #hvo4 4#ge ,,?ompson4--,political ,economy4 ,) ,especial ,ref]5ce to ! ,indu/rial ,hi/ory ( ,nations3 ,by ,,rob]t ,e4 ,,?ompson1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,social ,sci5ce 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,?omson4--,freight ,*>ges ,calculator3 ,by ,,&rew ,,?omson1 ,freight ,ag5t4 #bdmo4 #a4be ,,turn]',s 7,,!7 ,,companion3 ,conta9+ ,in/ructions 9 ,conc5tric1 ,elliptic1 & ,ecc5tric ,turn+2 also v>i\s ,plates ( ,*ucks1 ,tools1 & ,in/rum5ts2 & ,directions = us+ ! ,ecc5tric ,cutt]1 ,drill1 ,v]tical ,cutt]1 & ,circul> ,re/2 ) ,patt]ns & ,in/ructions = work+ !m4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,turn+3 ,specim5s ( ,fancy ,turn+ ,execut$ on ! ,h& or ,foot-,la!3 ,) ,geometric1 ,oval1 & ,ecc5tric ,*ucks1 & ,elliptical ,cutt+ ,frame4 ,by an ,amateur4 ,illu/rat$ by #cj exquisite ,photographs4 #dto4 #c4jj ,,urb9--,,brull4--,a ,practical ,guide = ,puddl+ ,iron & ,/eel4 ,by ,,ed4 ,,urb91 ,eng9e] ( ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,a ,prize ,essay1 read be=e ! ,association ( ,eng9e]s1 ,graduate ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ( ,liege1 ,belgium1 at ! ,meet+ ( #ahfe-f4 ,to :i* is add$ ,a ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,! ,,resi/+ ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel4 ,by ,a4 ,,brull4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 #hvo4 #a4jj ,,vaile4--,galvaniz$-,iron ,cornice-,work]'s ,manual3 ,conta9+ ,in/ructions 9 ,lay+ out ! ,diff]5t4 ,mitres1 & ,mak+ ,patt]ns = all k9ds ( ,pla9 & ,circul> ,"w4 ,also1 ,tables ( ,weights1 ,areas & ,circumf]5ces ( ,circles1 & o!r ,matt] calculat$ to ,b5efit ! ,trade4 ,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,vaile4 ,illu/rat$ by tw5ty-"o plates4 #dto4 #e4jj ,,ville4--,on ,artificial ,manures3 ,_! ,*emical ,selection & ,sci5tific ,application to ,agriculture4 ,a s]ies ( ,lectures giv5 at ! ,exp]im5tal ,f>m at ,v9c5nes1 dur+ #ahfg & #ahgd-ge4 ,by ,m4 ,,georges ,,ville4 ,translat$ & ,edit$ by ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$ by ?irty-"o engrav+s4 #hvo41 #dej pages4 #f4jj ,,ville4--,! ,s*ool ( ,*emical ,manures3 ,or1 ,elem5t>y ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,use ( ,f]tiliz+ ,ag5ts4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,m4 ,,geo4 ,,ville1 by ,a4,a4 ,,fesquet1 ,*emi/ & ,eng9e]4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 #a4be ,,vogdes4--,! ,ar*itect's & ,build]'s ,pocket-,companion & ,price-,book3 ,consi/+ ( a ,%ort b ,compreh5sive ,epitome ( ,decimals1 ,duodecimals1 ,geometry & ,m5suration2 ) ,tables ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,measures1 ,sizes1 ,weights1 ,/r5g?s1 etc41 ( ,iron1 ,wood1 ,/one1 ,brick1 ,cem5t & ,concretes1 ,quantities ( ,mat]ials 9 giv5 ,sizes & ,dim5sions ( ,wood1 ,brick & ,/one2 & full & complete ,bills ( ,prices = ,c>p5t]'s ,"w & ,pa9t+2 also1 ,rules = ,comput+ & ,valu+ ,brick & ,brick ,"w1 ,/one ,"w1 ,pa9t+1 ,pla/]+1 ) a ,vocabul>y ( ,te*nical ,t]ms1 etc4 ,by ,,frank ,w4 ,,vogdes1 ,ar*itect1 ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 ,enl>g$1 revis$1 & correct$4 ,9 "o volume1 #cfh pages1 full-b\nd1 pocket-book =m1 gilt edges4 #b4jj ,clo? #a4ej ,,wahl4--,galvanopla/ic ,manipulations3 ,a ,practical ,guide = ! ,gold & ,silv] ,electroplat] & ! ,galvanopla/ic ,op]ator4 ,compris+ ! ,electro-,deposition ( all ,metals by means ( ! ,batt]y & ! ,dynamo-,electric ,ma*9e1 z well z ! mo/ approv$ ,processes ( ,deposition by ,simple ,imm]sion1 ) ,descriptions ( ,app>atus1 ,*emical ,products employ$ 9 ! ,art1 etc4 ,bas$ l>gely on ! ,manipulations ,hydropla/iques ( ,,alfr$ ,,roseleur4 ,by ,,william ,h4 ,,wahl1 ,ph4 ,d4 7,heid71 ,secret>y ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,illu/rat$ by #ahi engrav+s4 #hvo41 #fef pages4 #g4ej ,,walton4--,coal-,m9+ ,describ$ & ,illu/rat$3 ,by ,,?omas ,h4 ,,walton1 ,m9+ ,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$ by #bd l>ge & elaborate ,plates1 aft] ,actual ,work+s & ,app>atus4 #e4jj ,,w>e4--,! ,sug> ,beet4 ,includ+ a ,hi/ory ( ! ,beet ,sug> ,indu/ry 9 ,europe1 ,v>ieties ( ! ,sug> ,beet1 ,exam9ation1 ,soils1 ,tillage1 ,se$s & ,s[+1 ,yield & ,co/ ( ,cultivation1 ,h>ve/+1 ,transportation1 ,cons]vation1 ,fe$+ ,qualities ( ! ,beet & ( ! ,pulp1 etc4 ,by ,,lewis ,s4 ,,w>e1 ,c4,e41 ,m4,e4 ,illu/rat$ by n9ety engrav+s4 #hvo4 #d4jj ,,w>n4--,! ,%eet-,metal ,work]'s ,in/ructor3 ,= ,z9c1 ,%eet-,iron1 ,copp]1 & ,t9-,plate ,work]s1 etc4 ,conta9+ a selection ( ,geometrical ,problems2 also1 ,practical & ,simple ,rules = ,describ+ ! v>i\s ,patt]ns requir$ 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! above ,trades4 ,by ,,reub5 ,h4 ,,w>n1 ,practical ,t9-,plate ,work]4 ,to :i* is add$ an ,app5dix1 conta9+ ,in/ructions = ,boil]-,mak+1 ,m5suration ( ,surfaces & ,solids1 ,rules = ,calculat+ ! ,weights ( diff]5t ,figures ( ,iron & ,/eel1 ,tables ( ! ,weights ( ,iron1 ,/eel1 etc4 ,illu/rat$ by ?irty-two ,plates & ?irty-sev5 ,wood ,engrav+s4 #hvo4 #c4jj4 ,,w>n]4--,new ,!orems1 ,tables1 & ,diagrams1 = ! ,computation ( ,e>?-"w3 ,design$ = ! use ( ,eng9e]s 9 ,prelim9>y & ,f9al ,e/imates1 ( ,/ud5ts 9 ,eng9e]+1 & ( ,contractors & o!r non-pr(essional ,comput]s4 ,9 two p>ts1 ) an ,app5dix4 ,"p ,i4 ,a ,practical ,treatise2 ,"p ,,ii4 ,a ,!oretical ,treatise1 & ! ,app5dix4 ,conta9+ ,notes to ! ,rules & ,examples ( ,"p ,i42 ,explanations ( ! ,con/ruction ( ,scales1 ,tables1 & ,diagrams1 & a ,treatise ^u ,equival5t ,squ>e ,bases & ,equival5t ,level ,heights4 ,! :ole illu/rat$ by num]\s orig9al engrav+s1 compris+ explanatory cuts = ,def9itions & ,problems1 ,/]eometric ,scales & ,diagrams1 & a s]ies ( ,li?ographic ,draw+s f ,models3 ,%[+ all ! ,comb9ations ( ,solid ,=ms :i* occur 9 ,railroad ,excavations & ,embankm5ts4 ,by ,,john ,,w>n]1 ,a4,m41 ,m9+ & ,me*anical ,eng9e]4 ,illu/rat$ by #ad ,plates4 ,a new1 revis$ & improv$ edition4 #hvo4 #d4jj ,,watson4--,a ,manual ( ! ,h&-,la!3 ,compris+ ,concise ,directions = ,work+ ,metals ( all k9ds1 ,ivory1 ,bone & ,preci\s ,woods2 ,dye+1 ,color+1 & ,fr5* ,poli%+2 ,inlay+ by ,v5e]s1 & v>i\s me?ods practis$ to produce ,elaborate "w ) ,dispat*1 & at ,small ,exp5se4 ,by ,,egb]t ,p4 ,,watson1 ,au?or ( ,! ,mod]n ,practice ( ,am]ican ,ma*9i/s & ,eng9e]s4 ,illu/rat$ by #gh engrav+s4 #a4ej ,,watson4--,! ,mod]n ,practice ( ,am]ican ,ma*9i/s & ,eng9e]s3 ,includ+ ! ,con/ruction1 ,application1 & ,use ( ,drills1 ,la! ,tools1 ,cutt]s = ,bor+ ,cyl9d]s1 & ,holl[-"w g5]ally1 ) ! mo/ ,economical ,spe$ = ! same2 ! ,results v]ifi$ by ,actual ,practice at ! ,la!1 ! ,vise1 & on ! ,floor4 ,toge!r ) ,work%op ,managem5t1 ,economy ( ,manufacture1 ! ,/eam-,eng9e1 ,boil]s1 ,ge>s1 ,belt+1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,,egb]t ,p4 ,,watson4 ,illu/rat$ by eighty-six engrav+s4 #abmo4 #b4ej ,,watson4--,! ,!ory & ,practice ( ! ,art ( ,weav+ by ,h& & ,p[]3 ,) ,calculations & ,tables = ! ,use ( ^? connect$ ) ! ,trade4 ,by ,,john ,,watson1 ,manufactur] & ,practical ,ma*9e-,mak]4 ,illu/rat$ by l>ge ,draw+s ( ! be/ ,p[] ,looms4 #hvo4 #g4ej ,,watt4--,! ,art ( ,soap ,mak+3 ,a ,practical ,h&-book ( ! ,manufacture ( ,h>d & ,s(t ,soaps1 ,toilet ,soaps1 etc41 includ+ _m ,new ,processes1 & a ,*apt] on ! ,recov]y ( ,glyc]9e f ,wa/e ,leys4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,watt4 ,ill4 #abmo4 #c4jj ,,wea!rly4--,treatise on ! ,art ( ,boil+ ,sug>1 ,cry/alliz+1 ,loz5ge-mak+1 ,comfits1 ,gum ,goods1 ,& o!r processes = ,confection]y1 etc41 9 :i* are expla9$1 9 an easy & famili> mann]1 ! v>i\s ,me?ods ( ,manufactur+ e ,description ( ,raw & ,ref9$ ,sug> ,goods1 z sold by ,confection]s & o!rs4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,w$d+4--,elem5ts ( ! ,metallurgy ( ,iron4 ,by ,dr4 ,,h]mann ,,w$d+1 ,royal ,privy ,c\nsellor ( ,m9es1 ,b]l91 ,prussia4 ,translat$ f ! second revis$ & rewritt5 ,g]man edition4 ,by ,,william ,t4 ,,brannt1 ,graduate ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college at ,eld5a1 ,prussia4 ,edit$ by ,,william ,h4 ,,wahl1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,secret>y ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia4 ,illu/rat$ by ab\t #bej engrav+s4 #hvo41 ab\t #ejj pages 7,9 prep>ation47 ,,we9hold4--,introduction to ,exp]im5tal ,physics1 ,!oretical & ,practical4 ,includ+ directions = ,con/ruct+ ,physical ,app>atus & = ,mak+ ,exp]im5ts4 ,by ,,adolf ,f4 ,,we9hold1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,te*nical ,s*ool at ,*emnitz4 ,translat$ & edit$1 ) ! au?or's sanction1 by ,,b5jam9 ,,loewy1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ) a preface1 by ,g4,c4 ,,fo/]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$ by ?ree color$ plates & #djd wood-cuts4 #hvo41 #hdh pages #f4jj ,,wightwick4--,h9ts to ,"y ,ar*itects3 ,compris+ ,advice to ^? :o1 :ile yet at s*ool1 are de/9$ to ! ,pr(ession2 to su* z1 hav+ pass$ _! pupilage1 are ab\t to travel2 & to ^? :o1 hav+ complet$ _! education1 are ab\t to practise4 ,toge!r ) a ,model ,specification involv+ a great v>iety ( in/ructive & sugge/ive matt]4 ,by ,,george ,,wightwick1 ,ar*itect4 ,a new edition1 revis$ & consid]ably enl>g$2 compris+ ,treatises on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,con/ruction & ,design4 ,by ,g4 ,,huskisson ,,guillaume1 ,ar*itect4 ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,"o vol4 #abmo4 #b4jj ,,w4--,tables ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,) an ,introductory ,*apt] on ! ,c\rse ( ,analysis4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,he9ri* ,,w1 ( ,giess51 ,g]many4 ,?ird ,am]ican1 f ! elev5? ,g]man edition4 ,edit$ by ,,*>les ,f4 ,,himes4 ,ph4 ,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 ,dick9son ,college1 ,c>lisle1 ,pa4 #hvo4 #a4ej ,,williams4--,on ,heat & ,/eam3 ,embrac+ ,new ,views ( ,vaporization1 ,cond5sation1 & ,explosion4 ,by ,,*>les ,,wye ,,williams1 ,a4,i4,c4,e4 ,illu/rat$ #hvo4 #c4ej ,,wilson4--,a ,treatise on ,/eam ,boil]s3 ,_! ,/r5g?1 ,con/ruction1 & ,economical ,work+4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,wilson4 ,illu/rat$ #abmo4 #b4ej ,,wilson4--,cotton ,c>d]'s ,companion3 ,9 :i* is giv5 a description ( ! mann] ( ,pick+1 ,bal+1 ,m>ket+1 ,op5+1 & ,c>d+ ,cotton2 to :i* is add$ a li/ ( valuable ,tables1 ,rules1 & ,receipts1 by ,,fo/] ,,wilson4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,wilson4--,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy3 ,) ,ref]5ce to ,/atesman%ip & ! ,progress ( ,civilization4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4,d4 ,,wilson1 ( ! ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,a new & revis$ edition4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,w,oe,h,l,e,r4--,a ,h&-book ( ,m9]al ,analysis4 ,by ,f4 ,w,oe,h,l,e,r1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,goett+54 ,edit$ by ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,nason1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,r5ssala] ,polyte*nic ,in/itute1 ,troy1 ,new ,york4 ,illu/rat$ #abmo4 #c4jj ,,worssam4--,on ,me*anical ,saws3 ,f ! ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,eng9e]s1 #ahfi4 ,by ,s4,w4 ,,worssam1 ,,jr4 ,illu/rat$ by eighte5 l>ge plates4 #hvo4 #b4ej 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,additions4 ,,&]son--,! ,prospector's ,h&-,book3 ,a ,guide = ! ,prospector & ,travel] 9 ,se>* ( ,metal ,be>+ or o!r ,valuable ,m9]als4 ,by ,j4,w4 ,,&]son4 #eb ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 #a4ej ,,bilgram4--,slide-,valve ,ge>s3 ,a new1 graphical me?od = ,analyz+ ! ,action ( ,slide-,valves1 mov$ by ,ecc5trics1 ,l9k ,motions1 & ,cut-(f ,ge>s1 (f]+ easy means = prop]ly design+ ,valves & ,valve-,ge>s1 & = e/abli%+ ! comp>ative m]its ( _! v>i\s con/ructions4 ,by ,,hugo ,,bilgram1 ,m4,e4 ,illu/rat$4 #afmo4 #a4jj ,,crew4--,a ,practical ,treatise on ,petroleum3 ,compris+ its ,geographical ,di/ribution1 its ,geology1 ,*emi/ry1 ,m9+1 ,ref9+1 ,prep>ation1 & ,uses4 ,toge!r ) a ,description ( ,gas ,wells & ! ,application ( ,gas z ,fuel1 etc4 ,by ,,b5jam9 ,j4 ,,crew4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 7,9 prep>ation47 ,,crookes4--,select ,me?ods 9 ,*emical ,analysis 7,*iefly ,inorganic73 ,by ,,william ,,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,v4,p4,c4,s4 #b;d edition1 re-writt5 & greatly enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$ by #cg wood-cuts4 #gbe pp4 #hvo4 #i4ej ,,davis4--,a ,treatise on ,/eam-,boil] ,incru/ation & ,me?ods = ,prev5t+ ,corrosion & ! ,=mation ( ,scale3 ,by ,,*>les ,t4 ,,davis4 ,illu/rat$ by #fe engrav+s4 #hvo4 #b4jj ,,davis4--,! ,manufacture ( ,pap]3 ,be+ a ,description ( ! v>i\s ,processes = ! ,fabrication1 ,color+ & ,f9i%+ ( e k9d ( ,pap]1 ,includ+ ! ,diff]5t ,raw ,mat]ials & ! ,me?ods = ,det]m9+ _! ,values1 ! ,tools1 ,ma*9es & ,practical ,details connect$ ) an intellig5t & a pr(itable prosecution ( ! art1 ) special ref]5ce to ! be/ ,am]ican ,practice4 ,to :i* are add$ a ,hi/ory ( ,pap]1 complete ,li/s ( ,pap]-,mak+ ,mat]ials1 ,li/ ( ,am]ican ,ma*9es1 ,tools & ,processes us$ 9 treat+ ! ,raw ,mat]ials1 & 9 ,mak+1 ,color+ & ,f9i%+ ,pap]4 ,by ,,*>les ,t4 ,,davis4 ,illu/rat$ by #aef engrav+s4 #ejj pages1 #hvo4 #f4jj ,h&-,book ( ,useful ,tables = ! ,lumb]man1 ,f>m] & ,me*anic3 ,conta9+ ,accurate ,tables ( ,logs ,r$uc$ to ,in* ,bo>d ,measure1 ,plank1 ,scantl+ & ,timb] ,measure2 ,wages & ,r5t1 by ,week or ,mon?2 ,capacity ( ,gran>ies1 ,b9s & ,ci/]ns2 ,l& ,measure1 ,int]e/ ,tables1 ) ,directions = ,f9d+ ! ,int]e/ on any sum at #d1 #e1 #f1 #g & #h p] c5t41 & _m o!r ,useful ,tables4 #cb mo41 bo>ds4 #ahf pages 4#be ,,mak9s4--,a ,manual ( ,metallurgy3 ,by ,,george ,,hog>? ,,mak9s1 ,m4,r4,c4,s4,s4,c4,s4 ,illu/rat$ by #ajj engrav+s4 ,second edition rewritt5 & mu* enl>g$4 #hvo41 #eib pages4 #c4jj ,,rop]4--,in/ructions & ,sugge/ions = ,eng9e]s & ,firem53 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]1 ,eng9e] #b4jj ,,rop]4--,! ,/eam ,boil]3 ,its ,c>e & ,managem5t3 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]1 ,eng9e]4 #abmo41 tuck1 gilt edges4 #b4jj ,,rop]4--,! ,"y ,eng9e]'s ,own ,book3 ,conta9+ an ,explanation ( ! ,pr9ciple & ,!ories on :i* ! ,/eam ,eng9e z a ,prime ,mov] is ,bas$4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,rop]1 ,eng9e]4 #afj illu/rations1 #cfc pages4 #ahmo41 tuck #c4jj ,,rose4--,mod]n ,/eam-,eng9es3 ,an ,elem5t>y ,treatise ^u ! ,/eam-,eng9e1 writt5 9 ,pla9 language2 = ,use 9 ! ,work%op z well z 9 ! ,draw+ ,(fice4 ,giv+ ,full ,explanations ( ! ,con/ruction ( ,mod]n ,/eam-,eng9es3 ,includ+ ,diagrams %[+ _! ,actual op]ation4 ,toge!r ) ,complete b ,simple ,explanations ( ! op]ations ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds ( ,valves1 ,valve ,motions1 & ,l9k ,motions1 etc41 !reby ,enabl+ ! ,ord9>y ,eng9e] to ,cle>ly ,und]/& ! ,pr9ciples ,involv$ 9 _! ,con/ruction & ,use1 & to ,plot out _! ,movem5ts ^u ! ,draw+ ,bo>d4 ,by ,,jo%ua ,,rose1 ,m4,e41 ,au?or ( ,! ,complete ,practical ,ma*9i/1 ,! ,patt]n ,mak]'s ,assi/ant1 ,! ,slide ,valve & ,me*anical ,draw+ ,self-,taught4 ,illu/rat$ by ov] #djj engrav+s4 ,9 "o volume1 #dto1 #cbj pages4 #f4jj ,a ,great ,repository ( ,practical & ,sci5tific ,in=mation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! ,fulle/1 ,fre%e/ & ,mo/ ,valuable ,h&-books ( ! ,age4 ,indisp5sable to ,e ,practical ,man4 ,,j ,,ready4 ,,price1 #b4jj ,,free ,,( ,,po/age ,,to ,,any ,,address ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,,! ,,te*no-,,*emical ,,receipt ,,book3 ,,conta9+ ,sev]al ,?\s& ,receipts1 cov]+ ! ,late/1 ,mo/ ,important & ,mo/ ,useful ,discov]ies 9 ,*emical ,te*nology1 & _! ,practical ,application 9 ! ,arts & ! ,indu/ries4 ,edit$ *iefly f ! ,g]man ( ,drs4 ,w9ckl]1 ,eisn]1 ,he9tze1 ,mi]z9ski1 ,jacobs51 ,koll]1 & ,he9z]l+1 ,,) ,,additions ,,by ,,william ,t4 ,,brannt1 ,graduate ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,college ( ,eld5a1 ,prussia1 ,,& ,,william ,h4 ,,wahl1 ,,ph4 ,d4 7,heid471 ,secret>y ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia2 au?or ( ,galvanopla/ic ,manipulations4 ,illu/rat$ by ,sev5ty-eight ,engrav+s4 ,9 "o volume1 xxxii1 #die pages1 #abmo41 closely pr9t$1 conta9+ an imm5se am\nt & a great v>iety ( matt]4 ,price #b4jj1 free ( po/age to any address 9 ! _w4 ,! above or any ( our books s5t by mail1 free ( po/age1 at ! publication price1 to any address 9 ! _w4 ,our ,new & ,enl>g$ ,catalogue ( ,practical & ,sci5tific ,books1 #if pages1 #hvo41 & our o!r ,catalogues1 ! :ole cov]+ e bran* ( ,sci5ce appli$ to ! ,arts1 s5t free & free ( po/age to any "o1 9 any "p ( ! _w1 :o w furni% 8 address4 ,,h5ry ,,c>ey ,,baird ,,co41 ,indu/rial ,publi%]s1 ,booksell]s & ,import]s1 #haj ,walnut ,/reet1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,op5+ quote on folio page #baj 0 elim9at$ due to ambiguity ( ! ext5t ( ! quote3 ,quote3 ,b ^! circul> arcs4444 ,conv5tional text emphasis cod+ 444 us$ = bold$ text4