,,half-,,hours ,,with ,,the ,,stars   ,a
 ,,plain ,,and ,,easy ,,guide ,,to ,,the
 ,,knowledge ,,of ,,the ,,constellations
  ,,showing1 ,,in ,,twelve ,,maps1 ,,the
 ,,position ,,for ,,the ,,united        
,,states ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,star  
,,groups ,,night ,,after ,,night        
,,throughout ,,the ,,year1 ,,with       
,,introduction ,,and ,a ,,separate      
,,explanation ,,of ,,each ,,map4  ,,true
 ,,for ,,every ,,year  ,,maps ,,and     
,,text ,,specially ,,prepared ,,for     
,,american ,,students   ,,by  ,,richard 
,a4 ,,proctor1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4  ,,author   
,,of ,,half ,,hours ,,with ,,the        
,,telescope1 ,,easy ,,star ,,lessons1 ,a
 ,,larger ,,star ,,atlas1 ,,and ,,the   
,,article ,,on ,,astronomy ,,in ,,the   
,,american ,,cyclop,,dia ,,and ,,the    
,,cyclop,,dia ,,brittanica4 ,,etc41     
,,etc4   ,here ,i may sit and rightly   
spell  ,of every star that ,heav'n doth 
show4--,,milton4  ,the ,heavens declare 
the glory of ,god2 and the ,firmament   
showeth ,his handiwork4--,,psalms xix3  

#a4   ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons  ,,new 
,,york ,,and ,,london  ,the             
,knickerbocker press  #aiaa             
,,introduction ,,on ,,the ,,use ,,of    
,,the ,,maps4  ,it is very easy to gain 
a knowledge of the stars1 if the learner
 sets to work in the proper manner4 ,but
 he commonly meets with a difficulty at 
the outset of his task4 ,he provides    
himself with a set of the ordinary      
star-maps1 and then finds himself at a  
loss how to make use of them4 ,such maps
 tell him nothing of the position of the
 constellations on the sky4 ,if he      
happen to recognize a constellation1    
then indeed his maps1 if properly       
constructed1 will tell him the names of 
the stars forming the constellation1 and
 also he may be able to recognize a few 
of the neighboring constellations4 ,but 
when he has done this he may meet with a
 new difficulty1 even as respects this  
very constellation4 ,for if he look for 
it again some months later1 he will     
neither find it in its former place nor 

will it present the same aspect1--if    
indeed it happen to be above the horizon
 at all4  ,it is clear1 then1 that what 
the learner wants is a set of maps      
specially constructed to show him in    
what part of the sky the constellations 
are to be looked for4 ,he ought on any  
night of the year to be able to turn at 
once to the proper map1 and in that map 
he ought to see at once what to look    
for1 toward what point of the compass   
each visible constellation lies1 and how
 high it is above the horizon4 ,and1 if 
possible 7as the present work shows is  
the case71 one map ought to suffice to  
exhibit the aspect of the whole heavens1
 in order that the beginner may not be  
confused by turning from map to map1 and
 trying to find out how each fits in    
with the others4  ,it is to fulfil these
 requirements that the present maps have
 been constructed4 ,each exhibits the   
aspect of the whole sky at a given day  
and hour4 ,the circumference of the map 
represents the natural horizon1 the     

middle of the map representing the part 
of the sky which lies immediately       
overhead4 ,if the learner hold one of   
these maps over his head1 so as to look 
vertically upwards at it1 the different 
parts of the horizon marked in round the
 circumference being turned towards the 
proper compass points1 he will see the  
same view of the heavens as he would if 
he were to lie on his back and look     
upwards at the sky1 only that the map is
 a planisphere and the sky a hemisphere4
  ,but although this illustration serves
 to indicate the nature of the maps1 the
 actual mode of using them is more      
convenient4  ,let it first be noted that
 properly speaking the maps have neither
 top1 bottom1 nor sides4 ,each map may  
be held with any part of the            
circumference downward3 then the centre 
of the map is to be looked upon as the  
top for that part of the circumference4 
,the portion of the map lying beneath   
the centre represents the portion of the
 sky lying between the point overhead   

and a certain part of the horizon--the  
part in fact corresponding to the       
particular part of the circumference    
which is turned downwards4 ,thus if on  
any night we wish to learn what are the 
stars towards the north1 we look for the
 map corresponding to that night4 ,at   
the hour named the stars toward the     
north will be those shown between the   
centre of the map and the top2 and1 of  
course1 we hold the map upside down so  
as to bring the centre above the        
northern part of the circumference4     
,but this matter will be more clearly   
understood by comparing the account of  
any of the accompanying maps with the   
map itself4  ,again1 it must be noted   
that1 although the maps are necessarily 
arranged in a certain order1 there is in
 reality no first or last in the series4
 ,the map numbered ,i4 follows the map  
numbered ,,xii4 in exactly the same     
manner that the latter follows the map  
numbered ,,xi4 ,the maps form a circular
 series1 in fact4  ,the only reason for 

numbering the maps as at present1 is    
that the map numbered ,i4 ,happens to   
exhibit the aspect of the sky at a      
convenient hour on the night of ,january
 #ast4 ,it will be found that the dates 
follow on with intervals of seven or    
eight days right round the year1 the end
 of the year falling in the left-hand   
column of the table under ,map ,i41     
while the beginning of the year is in   
the right-hand column of the same map499
  ,footnote 993 ,it may be mentioned in 
passing1 that the dates have not been   
thrown in so as to fall regularly round 
the year1 but correspond with the       
variations due to the earth's variable  
motion round the sun4  ,it will be seen 
at once that a map can always be found  
corresponding to a convenient hour on   
any night of the year4 7,in midsummer1  
on a few of the dates mentioned under   
the maps1 night has not begun at the    
hour named47 ,on any date named under a 
map1 the aspect of the sky two hours    
later than that named is that           

represented in the following map4 ,thus 
at eight o'clock in the evening of      
,january #bb;d1 the aspect of the stars 
is as shown in ,map ,i4 ,at ten o'clock 
on the same night the aspect of the sky 
is that shown in ,map ,,ii41 as a date  
under that map shows4 ,applying this    
rule to the few occasions on which the  
hour named is not available for         
observation 7five or six in all out of  
ninety-six dates71 the observer can     
manage as well for those occasions as   
for any others4  ,next1 as to finding   
the north point1 or any point of the    
compass which will enable the observer  
to determine the rest4 ,if he is only   
familiar with the aspect of those seven 
bright stars of the ,great ,bear which  
have been called the ,dipper1 ,charles' 
,wain1 7really ,the ,churl's ,wain17 the
 ,butcher's ,cleaver1 and by other      
names1 he can always determine the north
 point by means of the two stars called 
the ,pointers1 since these seven stars  
never set4 ,in the explanation of each  

map ,i have shown where the ,great ,bear
 is to be looked for on each night1 the 
observer being assumed to have such a   
general knowledge of the direction of   
the compass-points1 as will suffice for 
the purpose of finding so marked a      
collection of stars4 ,thus the pole-star
 is found1 and for the purpose of such  
observations as are here considered1    
this star may be looked upon as marking 
the exact direction of the north4       
,perhaps nothing further is required2   
but if the observer prefer it he can    
determine the north point conveniently  
at noon by setting up a vertical stick  
in the sunlight and noting the direction
 in which the shadow lies4 ,once the    
observation has been made1 he can note  
what objects 7these should be distant7  
lie towards the different points of the 
compass1 and from that time he can use  
the accompanying maps without any       
reference to the ,great ,bear and the   
,pointers4  ,it is worth noticing that  
the stars called the ,guardians of the  

,pole form no bad time-piece when used  
with the aid of such maps as the        
present4 ,they revolve round the pole   
once in twenty-four hours 7less about   
four minutes71 in a direction contrary  
to that of a clock's hands4 ,but stars  
near the equator1 whose motions are much
 more rapid1 afford a yet better measure
 of time1 if the direction of the south 
point is well determined4  ,of course1  
the observer who really wishes to become
 an astronomer will not rest satisfied  
by learning only the principal stars    
shown in these maps4 ,by means of the   
regular star-maps1 such as those of my  
,school ,star ,atlas1 he will be able to
 explore the depths of all the          
constellations1 having once learned     
their position and general appearance   
from the accompanying maps4 ,it will be 
well for the student to remember that   
the planets ,venus1 ,mars1 ,jupiter1 and
 ,saturn will at times appear among the 
constellations here shown4 ,venus and   
,jupiter can always be recognized by    

their superior light1 ,mars and ,saturn 
by the steadiness with which they shine4
 ,the almanac will always show when     
these planets and ,mercury 7often very  
bright in the clear skies of ,america7  
are above the horizon1 and where they   
are situate4 ,they never appear except  
among the zodiacal constellations4  ,for
 particulars and pictures of the        
different constellations1 and other     
details associated with the study of the
 star-groupings1 the reader is referred 
to my ,easy ,star ,lessons1 published   
like the present maps by ,messrs4       
,,putnam',s ,,sons4 ,i have to thank the
 proprietors of the ,scientific         
,american for permission to publish     
these maps1 which originally appeared   
7though in a slightly different form7 in
 the pages of that excellent magazine4  
,the ,latin names of the constellations 
included in the maps of this series are 
as follows3    ,,the ,,little ,,bear1   
,,ursa ,,minor 7a1 the ,pole ,star2 b1  
g1 the ,guardians74   ,,the ,,dragon1   

,,draco 7a1 ,thuban74   ,,king          
,,cepheus1 ,,cepheus4   ,,the ,,lady    
,,in ,,the ,,chair1 ,,cassiopeia4       
,,the ,,champion1 ,,perseus 7b1 ,algol1 
remarkable variable74   ,,the           
,,charioteer1 ,,auriga 7a1 ,capella74   
,,the ,,greater ,,bear1 ,,ursa ,,major  
7a1 b1 the ,pointers74   ,,the ,,hunting
 ,,dogs1 ,,canes ,,venatici 7a1 ,cor    
,caroli74   ,,queen ,,berenice',s       
,,hair1 ,,coma ,,berenices4   ,,the     
,,herdsman1 ,,bo,,tes 7a1 ,arcturus74   
,,the ,,northern ,,crown1 ,,corona      
,,borealis4   ,,the ,,serpent1          
,,serpens4   ,,the ,,kneeler1           
,,hercules4   ,,the ,,lyre1 ,,lyra 7a1  
,vega74   ,,the ,,swan1 ,,cygnus 7a1    
,arided2 b1 ,albireo74   ,,the ,,winged 
,,horse1 ,,pegasus4   ,,the ,,chained   
,,lady1 ,,andromeda4   ,,the            
,,triangles1 ,,triangula4   ,,the ,,ram1
 ,,aries4   ,,the ,,bull1 ,,taurus 7a1  
,aldebaran2 ae1 ,alcyone1 the chief     
,pleiad74   ,,the ,,twins1 ,,gemini 7a1 
,castor2 b1 ,pollux74   ,,the ,,crab1   

,,cancer 7the cluster between g and d is
 the ,beehive74   ,,the ,,lion1 ,,leo   
7a1 ,regulus74   ,,the ,,virgin1 ,,virgo
 7a1 ,spica74   ,,the ,,scales1 ,,libra4
   ,,the ,,serpent-,,holder1            
,,ophiuchus4   ,,the ,,eagle1 ,,aquila  
7a1 ,altair74   ,,the ,,dolphin1        
,,delphinus4   ,,the ,,water ,,carrier1 
,,aquarius4   ,,the ,,fishes1 ,,pisces4 
,,the ,,sea ,,monster1 ,,cetus 7o1      
,mira1 remarkable variable7   ,,the     
,,river1 ,,eridanus4   ,,the ,,giant    
,,hunter1 ,,orion 7a1 ,betelgeux2 b1    
,rigel74   ,,the ,,lesser ,,dog1 ,,canis
 ,,minor 7a1 ,procyon74   ,,the ,,sea   
,,serpent1 ,,hydra 7a1 ,alphard74       
,,the ,,cup1 ,,crater 7a1 ,alkes74      
,,the ,,crow1 ,,corvus4   ,,the         
,,scorpion1 ,,scorpio 7a1 ,antares74    
,,the ,,archer1 ,,sagittarius4   ,,the  
,,sea-,,goat1 ,,capricornus4   ,,the    
,,southern ,,fish1 ,,piscis ,,australis 
7a1 ,fomalhaut74   ,,the ,,hare1        
,,lepus4   ,,the ,,dove1 ,,columba4     
,,the ,,greater ,,dog1 ,,canis ,,major1 

7a1 ,sirius74   ,,the ,,ship1 ,,argo4   
,,the ,,centaur1 ,,centaurus4  ,the     
following table exhibits the names of   
all the stars of the first three        
magnitudes to which astronomers have    
given names2 at least1 all those whose  
names are in common use3  a ,andromed1  
,alpheratz b ----1 ,mirach1 ,mizar4 g   
----1 ,almach4 a ,aquarii1 ,sadalmelik b
 ----1 ,sadalsund g ----1 ,skat a       
,aquil1 ,altair b ----1 ,alshain g ----1
 ,tarazed a ,arietis1 ,hamal b ----1    
,sheratan g ----1 ,mesartim a ,aurig1   
,capella b ----1 ,menkalinan a ,botis1  
,arcturus b ----1 ,nekkar e ----1 ,izar1
 ,mizar1 ,mirach ae ----1 ,muphrid a    
,canum ,ven41 ,cor ,caroli a ,canis     
,majoris1 ,sirius b ----1 ,mirzam e     
----1 ,adara a ,canis ,minoris1 ,procyon
 b ----1 ,gomeisa a#b ,capricorni1      
,secunda ,giedi d ----1 ,deneb ,algiedi 
a ,cassiopei1 ,schedar b ----1 ,chaph a 
,cephei1 ,alderamin b ----1 ,alphirk g  
----1 ,errai a ,ceti1 ,menkar b ----1   
,diphda  z ,ceti1 ,baten ,kaitos o ----1

 ,mira a ,columb1 ,phact a ,coron ,bor1 
,alphecca a ,corvi1 ,alchiba d ----1    
,algores a ,crateris1 ,alkes a ,cygni1  
,arided1 ,deneb ,adige b ----1 ,albireo 
a ,draconis1 ,thuban b ----1 ,alwaid g  
----1 ,etanin b ,eridani1 ,cursa g ----1
 ,zaurac a ,geminorum1 ,castor4 b ----1 
,pollux g ----1 ,alhena d ----1 ,wesat e
 ----1 ,mebsuta a ,herculis1 ,ras       
,algethi b ----1 ,korneforos a ,hydr1   
,al ,fard1 ,cor ,hydroe a ,leonis1      
,regulus1 ,cor ,leonis b ----1 ,deneb   
,aleet1 ,denebola1 ,deneb g ----1       
,algeiba d ----1 ,zosma a ,leporis1     
,arneb a ,libr1 ,zuben el ,genubi b     
----1 ,zuben el ,chamali g ----1 ,zuben 
,hakrabi a ,lyr1 ,vega b ----1 ,sheliak 
g ----1 ,salaphat  a ,ophiuchi1 ,ras    
,alhague b ----1 ,cebalrai a ,orionis1  
,betelgeux b ----1 ,rigel g ----1       
,bellatrix d ----1 ,mintaka e ----1     
,alnilam a ,pegasi1 ,markab b ----1     
,scheat g ----1 ,algenib e ----1 ,enif z
 ----1 ,homan a ,persei1 ,mirfak b ----1
 ,algol a ,piscis ,aust41 ,fomalhaut e  

,sagittarii1 ,kaus ,australis a         
,scorpionis1 ,antares1 ,cor ,scorpionis 
a ,serpentis1 ,unukalhai a ,tauri1      
,aldebaran b ----1 ,nath ae ----1       
,alcyone 7,pleiad7 a ,urs ,majoris1     
,dubhe b ----1 ,merak g ----1 ,phecda e 
----1 ,alioth z ----1 ,mizar ae ----1   
,alkaid1 ,benetnasch i ----1 ,talitha a 
,ursa ,minoris1 ,polaris b ----1 ,kochab
 a ,virginis1 ,spica ,azimech1 ,spica b 
----1 ,zavijava e ----1 ,vindemiatrix   
,illustration3 ,,map ,i4 ,,night        
,,sky4--,,december ,,and ,,january4  ,at
 #aa o'clock3 ,dec4 #g4                 
,at #i o'clock3 ,jan4 #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b  
o'clock3 ,dec4 #ae4;,at #i-a_/b         
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,jan4 #ad4 
,at #aj o'clock3 ,dec4 #bc4      ,dec4  
#cj4       ,at #h o'clock3 ,jan4 #bb4   
,stars of the first magnitude are       
eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 
four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    

refer to page #d4   ,,night             
,,sky4--,,december ,,and ,,january4     
,the ,great ,bear 7,ursa ,major7 is now 
rising well above the horizon1 in the   
northeast1 the ,pointers about midway   
between north and northeast4 ,a line    
from the ,pole ,star to the ,guardians  
of the ,pole is now in the position of  
the minute hand of a clock about #bh    
minutes past an hour4 ,the ,dragon      
7,draco7 lies due north1 curving round  
under the ,little ,bear1 its head close 
to the horizon4 ,low down in the        
northwest is a part of the ,swan        
7,cygnus74 ,higher up we see ,king      
,cepheus1 his wife ,cassiopeia1 and     
their daughter ,andromeda 7the ,seated  
,lady and ,chained ,lady1 respectively71
 with the ,rescuer 7,perseus7 nearly    
overhead4 ,the ,winged ,horse is        
setting1 his head close by the western  
horizon1 and near the jar of the ,water 
,bearer 7,aquarius74  ,in the southwest 
is the ,whale2 and close by1 the        
constellation ,pisces1 or the ,fishes2  

above them the ,ram 7,aries71 between   
which and ,andromeda the ,triangles can 
be seen4  ,in the south the ,river      
7,eridanus7 makes now its best show4    
,its leading brilliant1 ,achernar1 is1  
however1 never seen in the ,united      
,states4 ,in the southeast the ,great   
,dog1 with the splendid ,sirius 7which  
brightliest shines when laved of ocean's
 wave71 shows resplendently4 ,above is  
,orion now standing upright1 treading on
 the ,hare 7,lepus7 and facing the ,bull
 7,taurus71 now at its highest4 ,the    
,dove 7,columba7 below the ,hare is a   
modern and not very interesting         
constellation4  ,the ,little ,dog       
7,canis ,minor7 is on the east of       
,orion4 ,in the east the ,sea ,serpent  
7,hydra7 is rising1 and due east a      
little higher we find ,cancer1 the      
,crab1 7note the pretty cluster called  
the ,beehive 7,proesepe772 above are the
 twins 7,gemini71 and above them the    
,charioteer 7,auriga71 with the bright  
,capella1 nearly overhead4  ,the ,lion  

is rising in the northeast1 his heart   
star ,regulus 7a7 being low down a      
little north of east4  ,lastly1 due     
north1 high up1 the absurd ,giraffe     
7,camelopardus7 stands proudly on his   
ridiculous head4     ,,night            
,,sky4--,,january ,,and ,,february4     
,the ,great ,bear 7,ursa ,major7 with   
its ,dipper and ,pointers1 occupies the 
northeasterly mid-heaven4 ,a line from  
the ,pole ,star 7a of the ,little ,bear1
 ,ursa ,minor7 to the ,guardians1 b and 
g1 lies in the position of the minute   
hand of a clock #bc minutes after an    
hour4 ,the ,camelopard 7,camelopardus7  
is above4 ,the ,dragon 7,draco71 whose  
head is below the horizon1 curves round 
the ,little ,bear to between the        
,guardians and the ,pointers4 ,in the   
northwest1 fairly high up1 we find      
,cassiopeia1 the ,seated ,lady1 and on  
her right1 lower down1 the inconspicuous
 constellation ,cephius4 ,andromeda1 the
 ,chained ,lady1 is on ,cassiopeia's    
left4 ,the ,great ,nebula will be       

noticed in the map--it is faintly       
visible to the naked eye4 ,above        
,andromeda is ,perseus1 the ,rescuing   
,knight1 and above him the ,charioteer  
7,auriga71 nearly overhead4 ,on the left
 of ,andromeda is ,aries1 the ,ram1 the 
small constellation the ,triangles lying
 between them4  ,toward the southwest1  
the ,whale 7,cetus7 is beginning to set4
 ,the ,river 7,eridanus7 occupies the   
lower part of the southwesterly sky1 and
 extends also to the mid-heavens in that
 direction4 ,the ,dove 7,columba7 is    
nearly due south1 and at its best--which
 is not saying much4 ,above is the ,hare
 7,lepus71 on which ,orion treads4 ,the 
,giant now presents his noblest         
aspect--prince of all the constellations
 as he is4 ,he faces the ,bull          
7,taurus71 known by the ,pleiades and   
the bright ,aldebaran4  ,close by the   
poor ,hare1 on the left1 leaps ,canis   
,major1 the ,greater ,dog1 with the     
bright ,sirius1 which bickers into green
 and emerald4 ,the stern of the ,star   

,ship 7,argo7 is nearing the south4     
,very high in the southeast we find the 
,twins 7,gemini71 with the twin stars1  
,castor and ,pollux 7a and b72 and below
 them the ,little ,dog 7,canis ,minor74 
,the ,sea ,serpent 7,hydra7 is rearing  
its tall neck above the eastern horizon 
7by south71 as if aiming either for the 
,little ,dog or for the ,crab 7,cancer71
 now high up in the east1 with its      
pretty ,beehive cluster showing well in 
clear weather4 ,the ,lion 7,leo7 is due 
east1 the ,sickle 7marked by the stars  
a1 ae1 g1 m1 and e7 being easily        
recognized4  ,queen ,berenice's ,hair   
7,coma ,berenices1 not ,berenicis1 as   
often ignorantly given7 is in the       
northeast4 ,it used to mark the tip of  
the real ,lion's tail1 just as the stars
 of the ,crab marked his head4 ,the     
,hunting ,dogs occupy the space between 
,berenice's ,hair and the ,great ,bear4 
,illustration3 ,,map ,,ii4 ,,night      
,,sky4--,,january ,,and ,,february4  ,at
 #aa o'clock3 ,jan4 #g4                 

,at #i o'clock3 ,feb4 #f4 ,at #aj-a_/b  
o'clock3 ,jan4 #ad4;,at #i-a_/b         
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,feb4 #ad4 
,at #aj o'clock3 ,jan4 #bb4      ,jan4  
#bi4       ,at #h o'clock3 ,jan4 #ba4   
,stars of the first magnitude are       
eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 
four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    
refer to page #d4     ,illustration3    
,,map ,,iii4 ,,night ,,sky4--,,february 
,,and ,,march4  ,at #aa o'clock3 ,feb4  
#f4                      ,at #i o'clock3
 ,mar4 #h4 ,at #aj-a_/b o'clock3 ,feb4  
#ad4;,at #i-a_/b o'clock3,at #h-a_/b    
o'clock3 ,mar4 #af4 ,at #aj o'clock3    
,feb4 #ba4      ,mar4 #a4        ,at #h 
o'clock3 ,mar4 #bc4  ,stars of the first
 magnitude are eight-pointed2 second    
magnitude1 six-pointed2 third magnitude1
 five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71
 four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very    
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    

refer to page #d4   ,,night             
,,sky4--,,february ,,and ,,march4  ,the 
,great ,bear 7,ursa ,major71 with its   
,dipper and ,pointers1 is now high up in
 the northeastern sky4 ,the ,pointers   
direct us to the ,pole ,star1 7a of the 
,little ,bear ,ursa ,minor74 ,a line    
from the ,pole ,star to the ,guardians  
of the ,pole 7b and g7 lies in the      
position of the minute hand of a clock  
#ah minutes after an hour4 ,the ,dragon 
7,draco7 extends from between the ,bears
 to the horizon--east of north--where   
its head with its two bright eyes can be
 seen4  ,cepheus is low down1 somewhat  
to the west of north2 his ,queen        
7,cassiopeia7 the ,seated ,lady1 beside 
him 7a and b mark the top rail of her   
chair's back72 while above her lies the 
poor constellation ,camelopardus1 the   
,giraffe4  ,andromeda1 the ,chained     
,lady1 is in the northwest1 low down--in
 fact1 partly set2 the ,triangles and   
the ,ram 7,aries7 beside her1 toward the
 west4 ,above them is ,perseus1 the     

,rescuing ,knight2 and above him1       
somewhat to the west1 the ,charioteer   
7,auriga74 ,the ,bull 7,taurus71 with   
the ,pleiades and the bright ,aldebaran1
 is in the mid-heaven1 due west2        
,gemini1 the ,twins1 higher1 and toward 
the southwest4 ,orion1 below them1 is   
already slanting toward his grave1 low  
down in the west2 beneath him the ,hare1
 and in the southwest a part of the     
,river 7,eridanus74  ,due south is a    
part of the ,star ,ship 7,argo71 beside 
which1 low down1 is the foolish ,dove   
7,columba71 while above leaps the ,great
 ,dog 7,canis ,major71 with the splendid
 ,sirius1 chief of all the stars in the 
sky1 marking his mouth4  ,high up1 a    
little west of north1 is the ,little    
,dog 7,canis ,minor72 and higher1 a     
little east of north1 the ,crab         
7,cancer71 the dark constellation1 as it
 was called of old1 with the pretty     
cluster ,proesepe1 or the ,beehive4     
,the ,sea ,serpent 7,hydra7 is rearing  
his long neck high above the horizon1   

bearing on his back1 absurdly enough1   
,noah's ,cup 7,crater7 and ,noah's      
,raven or ,crow 7,corvus74  ,nearly due 
east1 the ,virgin 7,virgo7 has risen1   
,spica shining brightly just above the  
horizon4 ,the ,lion 7,leo7 occupies the 
mid-space above2 the ,sickle in the     
,lion--its handle marked by ae and a1   
its curved blade by g1 m1 and e--will at
 once be recognized4 ,the ,hair of      
,queen ,berenice 7,coma ,berenices7 is  
nearly due east1 and fairly high4       
,between this small but remarkable group
 and the ,great ,bear1 lies ,hevelius's 
foolish constellation1 the ,hunting     
,dogs 7,canes ,venatici74 ,lastly1 in   
the northeast1 the ,herdsman 7,botes71  
with the orange-yellow brilliant1       
,arcturus1 is rising1 though at present1
 paradoxical as it may seem1 he lies on 
his back4     ,,night ,,sky4--,,march   
,,and ,,april4  ,the ,great ,bear 7,ursa
 ,major7 is now nearing the point       
overhead1 the ,pointers 7a and b7 aiming
 almost directly downward toward the    

,pole ,star4 ,the line from this star 7a
 of the ,little ,bear1 ,ursa ,minor7 to 
the ,guardians 7b and g7 is now in the  
position of the minute hand of a clock  
about #ac minutes after an hour4        
,cepheus lies north1 low down1          
,cassiopeia on his left1 the ,camelopard
 above her1 ,andromeda just setting1    
almost due northwest1 on the left4      
,perseus is due northwest1 rather low1  
the ,charioteer 7,auriga7 on his left1  
but higher4 ,setting between west and   
northwest we see the ,bull 7,taurus71   
with the ,pleiades and the ruddy        
,aldebaran4 ,orion is almost prone in   
his descent toward his western grave4   
,the ,twins 7,gemini7 are due west1 in  
the mid-heavens2 the ,little ,dog       
7,canis ,minor7 beside them on their    
left1 the ,crab 7,cancer7 above1 the    
,greater ,dog 7,canis ,major7 below1    
chasing the ,hare 7,lepus7 below the    
horizon4 ,just behind the ,dog the poop 
of the ,great ,ship 7,argo7 is also     
setting4  ,the ,sea ,serpent 7,hydra7   

now shows his full length1 rearing his  
head high in the south4 ,observe the    
darkness of the region around his heart1
 marked by the star a1 ,alfard1 the     
,solitary ,one4 ,the ,cup 7,crater7 and 
,crow 7,corvus7 stand on his back4  ,the
 ,sickle in the ,lion 7,leo7 now stands 
with handle upright1 due south4 ,below  
the tail stars of the ,lion we see the  
,virgin 7,virgo71 with the bright ,spica
 ,azimech4 ,the set of five third       
magnitude stars1 above1 was called by   
the ,arabs1 for reasons not explained1  
the ,retreat of the ,howling ,she ,dog4 
,behind the ,lion1 due east and high up1
 we see ,coma ,berenices1 the hair of   
,queen ,berenice1 between which and the 
tail of the ,great ,bear we see in the  
chart one star only of the ,hunting     
,dogs 7,canes ,venatici74  ,the         
,herdsman 7,botes71 still on his back1  
pursues in that striking and effective  
position the ,great ,bear4 ,below the   
shoulder stars of the ,herdsman we see  
the ,crown 7,corona ,borealis71 near    

which1 on the right1 low down and due   
east1 the head of the ,serpent          
7,serpens7 is rising4 ,hercules is also 
rising1 but in the northeast4  ,lastly1 
the stars of the ,dragon 7,draco7 can be
 seen curving from between the ,pointers
 and the ,pole1 round the ,little ,bear1
 then back toward ,hercules1 the head of
 the ,dragon1 with the bright eyes1 b   
and g1 being rather low down1 and       
somewhat north of northeast4            
,illustration3 ,,map ,,iv4 ,,night      
,,sky4--,,march ,,and ,,april4  ,at #aa 
o'clock3 ,mar4 #h4                      
,at #i o'clock3 ,apr4 #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b  
o'clock3 ,mar4 #af4;,at #i-a_/b         
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,apr4 #ad4 
,at #aj o'clock3 ,mar4 #bc4      ,mar4  
#cj4       ,at #h o'clock3 ,apr4 #bb4   
,stars of the first magnitude are       
eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 
four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    

refer to page #d4     ,illustration3    
,,map ,v4 ,,night ,,sky4--,,april ,,and 
,,may4  ,at #aa o'clock3 ,apr4 #g4      
,at #i o'clock3 ,may #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b   
o'clock3 ,apr4 #ad4;,at #i-a_/b         
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,may #ae4  
,at #aj o'clock3 ,apr4 #bb4      ,apr4  
#cj4       ,at #h o'clock3 ,may4 #bb4   
,stars of the first magnitude are       
eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 
four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    
refer to page #d4   ,,night             
,,sky4--,,april ,,and ,,may4  ,the      
,great ,bear 7,ursa ,major7 is now at   
its highest and nearly overhead1 the    
pointers aiming downward from high up1  
slightly west of due north4 ,a line from
 the ,pole ,star1 7a of the ,little     
,bear1 ,ursa ,minor7 to the ,guardians  
of the ,pole1 7b and g7 is now in the   
position of the minute hand of a clock  
#h minutes after an hour4  ,below the   

,little ,bear we find ,cepheus low down 
to the east of north1 and ,cassiopeia   
low down to the west of north4 ,perseus1
 the ,rescuer1 is setting in the        
northwest2 the ,camelopard is above1    
trying to get on his feet4  ,the        
,charioteer 7,auriga71 with the bright  
,capella1 is nearing the northwestern   
horizon1 followed by the ,twins         
7,gemini71 in the west4 ,further west   
and higher we find the ,crab 7,cancer71 
below which is the ,little ,dog 7,canis 
,minor74  ,the southwestern sky is very 
barren of bright stars4 ,alfard1 the    
heart of the ,sea ,serpent1 ,hydra1     
shines here alone in a great blank      
space4 ,above the ,sea ,serpent's head  
we see the ,sickle in the ,lion1 ,leo   
himself stretching his tail to due      
south1 very high up4 ,coma ,berenices is
 close by1 and the ,hunting ,dogs       
7,canes ,venatici7 between ,coma and the
 ,great ,bear4  ,in the south1 lower    
down1 we find the ,crow 7,corvus71 and  
the ,cup 7,crater71 on the ,serpent's   

back2 the ,virgin 7,virgo71 extending in
 the mid-heavens from southeast to      
south1 between the ,lion's tail and the 
,crow4 ,in the same direction1 but low  
down1 we find the head and body of the  
,centaur 7,centaurus71 supposed to have 
typified the patriarchal ,noah4  ,in the
 southeast the ,scorpion's heart has    
just risen1 and between the head of     
,scorpio and the ,virgin's robes we see 
the stars of the ,scales 7,libra74  ,due
 east1 low down1 is the ,serpent-,holder
 7,ophiuchus71 on his back--it is the   
customary attitude of heavenly bodies   
when rising4 ,the ,serpent 7,serpens7   
held by him is seen curving upward      
toward the ,crown 7,corona ,borealis74  
,the ,serpent's head is due west1 and   
above it we see the bright ,arcturus1   
chief brilliant of the ,herdsman        
7,botes74  ,in the northeast is         
,hercules1 his head close to the head of
 the ,serpent-,holder4 ,beneath his feet
 is the ,lyre 7,lyra7 with the brilliant
 ,vega2 and the ,swan 7,cygnus7 has     

already half risen above the            
northeastern horizon4  ,lastly1 the     
,dragon 7,draco7 curves from between the
 ,pointers and the ,pole1 round the     
,guardians toward ,cepheus1 and then    
retorts its head1 with gleaming eyes 7b 
and g71 toward the heel of ,hercules4   
,,night ,,sky4--,,may ,,and ,,june4     
,the ,great ,bear 7,ursa ,major7        
occupies all the upper sky from the west
 to north1 except a small space occupied
 by the ,hunting ,dogs 7,canes          
,venatici74 ,the ,pointers are in the   
northwest1 almost horizontal4 ,a line   
from the ,pole ,star 7a of the ,little  
,bear--,ursa ,minor7 to the ,guardians  
of the ,pole 7b and g7 now occupies the 
position of the minute hand of a clock  
#c minutes past an hour4  ,due north1   
low down1 lies ,cassiopeia1 while above1
 somewhat toward the east1 we find the  
inconspicuous constellation ,cepheus4   
,the ,camelopard is in the west of      
north1 and getting upright4  ,low down  
in the northwest lie the ,charioteer    

7,auriga71 and the head stars of the    
,twins 7,gemini7 further west4 ,the     
,crab 7,cancer7 is nearly due west1 the 
,sea ,serpent 7,hydra7 holding his head 
almost exactly to the west point4 ,above
 is the ,sickle in the ,lion1 its blade 
curved downward1 and the tail of the    
,lion 7,leo7 lies above1 toward the     
south of west4  ,on the ,serpent's back 
we find the ,cup 7,crater7 and the ,crow
 7,corvus71 in the southwest and to the 
south of southwest respectively4 ,above 
these constellations1 and extending     
beyond the south toward the east1 the   
,virgin 7,virgo7 occupies the           
mid-heavens4  ,above the ,virgin we see 
the ,herdsman 7,botes71 his head and    
shoulders nearly overhead4 ,low down in 
the south is the ,centaur 7,centaurus71 
bearing on his spear the ,wolf 7,lupus7 
as an offering for the ,altar 7,ara71   
which1 however1 is invisible in these   
latitudes4 ,above the ,wolf we see the  
,scales 7,libra71 while the ,scorpion   
7,scorpio71 one of the few              

constellations which can at once be     
recognized by its shape1 is rising      
balefully in the southeast4  ,the       
,serpent ,bearer 7,ophiuchus7 bears the 
,serpent 7,serpens7 in the mid-heavens  
toward the southeast1 the ,crown        
7,corona ,borealis7 being high up in the
 east1 close by the ,serpent's head4    
,low down in the east is the ,eagle     
7,aquila71 with the fine steel-blue star
 ,altair1 the ,swan on the left about   
northeast1 and above it the ,lyre       
7,lyra71 with the still more brilliant  
steel-blue star ,vega4 ,hercules        
occupies the space between the ,lyre on 
the one side and the ,crown and the     
,serpent's head on the other4 ,he is    
high up1 due east4  ,lastly1 the ,dragon
 winds from between the ,pointers and   
the ,pole round the ,little ,bear1      
toward ,cepheus1 and then eastward      
toward the feet of ,hercules1 close by  
which we see his head and gleaming eyes 
7b and g74   ,illustration3 ,,map ,,vi4 
,,night ,,sky4--,,may ,,and ,,june4  ,at

 #aa o'clock3 ,may #g4                  
,at #i o'clock3 ,june #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b  
o'clock3 ,may #ae4;,at #i-a_/b o'clock3 
,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,june #ad4 ,at #aj 
o'clock3 ,may #bb4      ,may #cj4       
,at #h o'clock3 ,june #bb4  ,stars of   
the first magnitude are eight-pointed2  
second magnitude1 six-pointed2 third    
magnitude1 five-pointed2 fourth         
magnitude 7a few71 four-pointed2 fifth  
magnitude 7very few71 three-pointed4    
,for star names refer to page #d4       
,illustration3 ,,map ,,vii4 ,,night     
,,sky4--,,june ,,and ,,july4  ,at #aa   
o'clock3 ,june #g4                      
,at #i o'clock3 ,july #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b  
o'clock3 ,june #ad4;,at #i-a_/b         
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,july #ad4 
,at #aj o'clock3 ,june #bb4      ,june  
#cj4       ,at #h o'clock3 ,july #bb4   
,stars of the first magnitude are       
eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 
four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     

few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    
refer to page #d4   ,,night             
,,sky4--,,june ,,and ,,july4  ,the      
,great ,bear 7,ursa ,major7 is in the   
mid-heavens toward the northwest1 the   
,pointers not far from the horizontal   
position4 ,they direct us to the ,pole  
,star 7a of the ,little ,bear1 ,ursa    
,minor74 ,the line from this star to the
 ,guardians of the ,pole1 b and g1 is in
 about the position of the minute hand  
of a clock #b minutes before an hour4   
,the ,dragon 7,draco7 curls over the    
,little ,bear1 curving upward on the    
east1 to where its head1 high up in the 
northeast1 is marked by the gleaming    
eyes1 b and g4 ,under the ,little ,bear1
 the ,camelopard has at last come       
upright4  ,low down in the west the     
,lion 7,leo7 is setting4 ,the point of  
the ,sickle in the ,lion is turned      
toward the horizon2 the handle 7marked  
by a and ae7 is nearly horizontal4      
,above the ,lion's tail is ,berenice's  
,hair 7,coma ,berenices72 and between   

that and the ,great ,bear's tail our    
chart shows a solitary star of the      
,hunting ,dogs 7,canes ,venatici74 ,the 
,crow 7,corvus7 is low down in the      
southwest1 the ,cup 7,crater7 beside it1
 partly set1 on the right4 ,above is    
,virgo1 the ,virgin4 ,still higher in   
the southwest--in fact1 with head close 
to the point overhead--is the ,herdsman 
7,botes71 the ,crown 7,corona ,borealis7
 near his southern shoulder marking what
 was once the ,herdsman's uplifted arm4 
,low down between the south and         
southwest we find the head and shoulders
 of the ,centaur 7,centaurus71 who holds
 the ,wolf 7,lupus7 due south4 ,above   
the ,wolf are the ,scales 7,libra71 and 
above these the ,serpent 7,serpens71 his
 head in the south1 stretching toward   
the ,crown4 ,in the mid-sky1 toward the 
southeast1 we find the ,serpent ,bearer 
7,ophiuchus--one star of the ,serpent   
lies east of him74 ,below the ,serpent  
,bearer we find the ,scorpion           
7,scorpio71 now fully risen1 and showing

 truly scorpionic form4 ,beside the     
,scorpion is the ,archer 7,sagittarius71
 low down in the southeast4 ,to his left
 we see1 low down1 two stars marking the
 head of the ,sea ,goat 7,capricornus71 
and one belonging to the ,water ,bearer 
7,aquarius74 ,above the ,sea ,goat flies
 the ,eagle 7,aquila71 with the bright  
star ,altair2 and above1 near the point 
overhead1 is the kneeling ,hercules4    
,due east1 we see part of the ,winged   
,horse 7,pegasus72 above that1 the      
little ,dolphin 7,delphinus71 and       
higher1 the ,swan 7,cygnus7 and the     
,lyre 7,lyra71 with the beautiful       
bluish-white star ,vega4  ,lastly1 low  
down1 between north and northeast1 we   
find the ,seated ,lady 7,cassiopeia72   
and above1 somewhat eastwardly1 the     
inconspicuous constellation ,cepheus1   
,cassiopeia's royal husband4     ,,night
 ,,sky4--,,july ,,and ,,august4  ,the   
,great ,bear 7,ursa ,major7 is now in   
the northwest1 his paws near the        
horizon4 ,the ,pointers 7a and b7 direct

 us to the ,pole ,star1 7a of the       
,little ,bear1 ,ursa ,minor74 ,a line   
from the ,pole ,star to the ,guardians  
of the ,pole is in the position of the  
minute hand of a clock about #g minutes 
before an hour4 ,below the ,little ,bear
 we see the ,camelopard1 a little to the
 east of due north4 ,the ,dragon        
7,draco7 curves round from between the  
,pointers and the ,pole1 above the      
,little ,bear toward the east1 then     
upward to near the point overhead1 its  
head1 with the bright stars b and g1    
being highest4 ,low down in the west we 
see ,berenice's ,hair 7,coma            
,berenices71 and one star of the        
,hunting ,dogs 7,canes ,venatici7 is    
seen in the chart between ,coma and the 
,great ,bear4 ,the ,herdsman ,botes7    
occupies the mid-heaven in the west1 the
 ,crown 7,corona ,borealis7 higher up1  
and due west1 ,hercules1 between the    
,crown and the point overhead4  ,low    
down1 extending from the west to near   
the southwest1 we find the ,virgin      

7,virgo71 the bright ,spica near its    
setting place4 ,in the southwest are the
 ,scales 7,libra71 and farther to the   
left1 extending from the ,scales to low 
down near the south1 we find the        
,scorpion 7,scorpio71 one of the finest 
of the constellations1 ,antares1 the    
rival of ,mars 7as the name means71     
marking its heart4 ,above the ,scorpion 
and the ,scales are the ,serpent ,bearer
 7,serpentarius or ,ophiuchus7 and the  
,serpent 7,serpens71 extending right    
across him to near the ,crown1 after    
which the ,serpent seems reaching4  ,a  
little east due south1 low down1 we find
 the ,archer 7,sagittarius72 in the     
southeast1 low down1 the ,sea ,goat     
7,capricornus72 and farther east1 and   
lower down1 the ,water ,bearer          
7,aquarius74 ,above the ,sea ,goat is   
the ,eagle 7,aquila71 with the bright   
bluish-white star ,altair2 on its left  
the pretty little ,dolphin 7,delphinus71
 and above the ,dolphin1 nearly         
overhead1 the ,lyre 7,lyra71 with the   

bluish-white star ,vega 7even brighter  
than ,altair7 nearly overhead4  ,below  
the ,lyre we see the ,swan 7,cygnus71   
due east2 and below the ,swan the       
,winged ,horse 7,pegasus71 upside down1 
as usual4  ,in the northeast1           
,andromeda1 the ,chained ,lady1 is      
rising1 her head marked by the star a   
7which was also called d of ,pegasus74  
7,the ,square of ,pegasus is formed by a
 of ,andromeda and a1 b1 and g of       
,pegasus47  ,between the north and      
northeast is ,cassiopeia1 the ,seated   
,lady1 and above her1 her husband1 ,king
 ,cepheus4 ,and lastly ,perseus is just 
rising1 between the north and northeast4
   ,illustration3 ,,map ,,viii4 ,,night 
,,sky4--,,july ,,and ,,august4  ,at #aa 
o'clock3 ,july #g4                      
,at #i o'clock3 ,aug4 #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b  
o'clock3 ,july #ad4;,at #i-a_/b         
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,aug4 #ad4 
,at #aj o'clock3 ,july #bb4      ,july  
#cj4       ,at #h o'clock3 ,aug4 #bb4   
,stars of the first magnitude are       

eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 
four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    
refer to page #d4     ,illustration3    
,,map ,,ix4 ,,night ,,sky4--,,august    
,,and ,,september4  ,at #aa o'clock3    
,aug4 #g4                      ,at #i   
o'clock3 ,sept4 #f4 ,at #aj-a_/b        
o'clock3 ,aug4 #ad4;,at #i-a_/b         
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,sept4 #ad4
 ,at #aj o'clock3 ,aug4 #bb4     ,aug4  
#bi4        ,at #h o'clock3 ,sept4 #ba4 
,stars of the first magnitude are       
eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 
four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    
refer to page #d4   ,,night             
,,sky4--,,august ,,and ,,september4     
,the ,great ,bear 7,ursa ,major7 is low 
down1 between northwest and north1 the  
,pointers 7a and b7 directed slantingly 

upward toward the ,pole4 ,a line from   
the ,pole ,star 7a of the ,little ,bear1
 ,ursa ,minor7 to the ,guardians of the 
,pole 7b and g71 is in the position of  
the minute hand of a clock #ab minutes  
before an hour4 ,between the ,great     
,bear and the ,little ,bear run the     
stars of the ,dragon 7,draco71 round the
 ,little ,bear toward the north1 thence 
toward the northwest1 where we see the  
head of the ,dragon high up1 its two    
bright eyes1 b and g1 directed toward   
,hercules1 which occupies the western   
mid-heaven4 ,above ,hercules is ,lyra1  
the ,lyre1 with the bright steel-blue   
star ,vega high up toward the point     
overhead4 ,right overhead is the ,swan  
7,cygnus74  ,low down in the northwest  
we see in the chart one star of the     
,hunting ,dogs 7,canes ,venatici74      
,nearer the west stands the ,herdsman1  
rather slanting forward1 however1 with  
the ,crown 7,corona ,borealis7 on his   
left1 almost due west4 ,the long winding
 ,serpent 7,serpens7 runs from near the 

,crown 7where we see its head due west7 
to farther south than southwest1 high up
 on the western side of the ,serpent    
,holder 7,serpentarius or ,ophiuchus71  
now standing upright in the southwest4  
,low down creeps the ,scorpion          
7,scorpio71 its heart ,antares1 rival of
 ,mars1 in the southwest1 the end of its
 tail between south and southwest4      
,above and south of the ,scorpion's tail
 we see the ,archer 7,sagittarius74     
,due south1 and high up1 is the ,eagle  
7,aquila71 its tail at z and e1 its head
 at th1 the bright steel-blue ,altair   
marking its body4 ,on the left1 or east1
 of the ,eagle lies the neat little     
,dolphin 7,delphinus74 ,midway between  
the ,dolphin and the horizon is the tip 
of the tail of the ,sea ,goat           
7,capricornus71 whose head lies nearly  
due south4  ,on the southern horizon is 
the head of the ,indian 7,indus72 on its
 left a part of the ,crane 7,grus71 and 
low down in the southeast lies          
,fomalhaut1 the chief brilliant of the  

,southern ,fish 7,piscis ,australis74   
,above lies the ,water ,bearer          
7,aquarius71 in the southwestern        
mid-heaven4  ,due east1 fairly high1 is 
the ,square of ,pegasus1 the head of the
 ,winged ,horse1 ,pegasus lying close by
 the ,water ,pitcher of ,aquarius       
7marked by the stars z1 g1 and a74  ,the
 ,fishes 7,pisces7 are low down in the  
east4 ,a few stars of the ,whale        
7,cetus7 are seen on their right1 very  
low down4 ,on the left of ,pisces we see
 the ,ram 7,aries71 low down2 above it  
the ,triangle2 and above that the       
,chained ,lady 7,andromeda74  ,low down 
in the northeast is the ,rescuing       
,knight 7,perseus72 above whom is       
,cassiopeia1 and on her left1 higher up1
 the inconspicuous constellation        
,cepheus4  ,lastly1 immediately below   
,cepheus1 we find the ,camelopard1 below
 which1 very low down1 between north and
 northeast1 is the ,charioteer          
7,auriga71 the brilliant ,capella being 
just above the horizon4     ,,night     

,,sky4--,,september ,,and ,,october4    
,low down1 between north and northwest1 
we find the seven stars of the ,dipper1 
the ,pointers on the right nearly due   
north4 ,they direct us to the ,pole     
,star4 ,the ,guardians of the ,pole 7b  
and g of the ,little ,bear1 ,ursa       
,minor7 lie in a direction from the     
,pole ,star corresponding to that of the
 minute hand of a clock about #ag       
minutes before an hour4 ,between the    
,pointers and the ,pole ,star we find   
the tip of the ,dragon's tail3 then     
passing round the ,little ,bear with the
 ,dragon's long train of third magnitude
 stars1 we come1 after a bend1 to the   
,dragon's head1 with the two bright     
eyes1 a and b--7part of the ,dragon's   
nose has been borrowed by ,hercules74   
,these two stars are almost exactly     
midway between the horizon and the point
 overhead1 and nearly northwest4 ,king  
,cepheus--not a very conspicuous        
constellation--lies between the point   
overhead and the ,little ,bear4  ,low   

down in the northwest we find the head  
of the ,herdsman 7,botes74 ,the ,crown  
7,corona ,borealis71 which no one can   
mistake1 lies on his left2 and close by 
is the setting head of the ,serpent4    
,above these three groups we see        
,hercules--the ,kneeler--his head at a1 
his upraised club by g4 ,above the head 
of ,hercules we find the ,lyre1 with the
 bright star ,vega2 and above that the  
,swan4  ,passing southward1 we see the  
,serpent-,holder 7,serpentarius or      
,ophiuchus71 beyond whom lies the       
,serpent's tail2 a most inconvenient    
arrangement1 as the ,serpent is divided 
into two parts4 ,almost exactly         
southeast1 and low down1 are the stars  
of the ,archer 7,sagittarius72 while    
above1 in the mid-sky1 we see the ,eagle
 7,aquila71 with the bright ,altair4    
,note the neat little constellation the 
,dolphin 7,delphinus71 close by4  ,due  
south is the ,crane 7,grus72 above it   
the ,southern ,fish1 with the bright    
star ,fomalhaut4 ,above that the ,sea   

,goat 7,capricornus71 and on the left of
 this the ,water ,bearer 7,aquarius72   
one can recognize his water pitcher1    
marked by the stars b1 g1 and a4        
,toward the west1 high up1 is the       
,winged ,horse 7,pegasus72 he is upside 
down just now4 ,below lies the ,whale   
7,cetus71 or rather the ,sea ,monster4  
,i have my own notion about ,cetus1     
regarding him as an icthyosaurus3 but   
that is neither here nor there4 ,the    
star o of this constellation is called  
,mira2 it is a wonderful variable star4 
,the ,fishes 7,pisces7 may be seen      
between the ,whale and ,pegasus4 ,few   
constellations have suffered more than  
,pisces by the breaking up of star      
groups4 ,the ,fishes themselves are now 
lost in ,andromeda and ,pegasus4  ,note 
how on the left of ,pisces the ,ram     
7,aries7 bears aloft ,andromeda1 the    
,chained ,lady 7whose head lies at a71  
as ,milton set ,aries doing long since4 
,the ,triangles serve only as a saddle4 
,between ,andromeda and her father1     

,cepheus1 we find her mother1           
,cassiopeia1 or rather ,cassiopeia's    
,chair4 7,of course b1 a1 and g mark the
 chair's back47 ,perseus1 the ,rescuer1 
lies below2 b is the famous variable    
,algol4 ,below him lies the ,bull       
7,taurus71 with the ,pleiades and the   
bright ,aldebaran4 ,low down to the left
 of the ,bull1 we find the ,charioteer  
7,auriga71 with the bright ,capella4    
,and lastly1 anyone who likes may admire
 the ,camelopard 7,camelopardalis71     
between the ,great ,bear1 ,cepheus1 and 
the ,charioteer4   ,illustration3 ,,map 
,x4 ,,night ,,sky4--,,september ,,and   
,,october4  ,at #aa o'clock3 ,sept4 #g4 
,at #i o'clock3 ,oct4 #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b  
o'clock3 ,sept4 #ad4;,at #i-a_/b        
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,oct4 #ae4 
,at #aj o'clock3 ,sept4 #ba4      ,sept4
 #cj4      ,at #h o'clock3 ,oct4 #bb4   
,stars of the first magnitude are       
eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 

four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    
refer to page #d4     ,illustration3    
,,map ,,xi4 ,,night ,,sky4--,,october   
,,and ,,november4  ,at #aa o'clock3     
,oct4 #g4                      ,at #i   
o'clock3 ,nov4 #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b o'clock3
 ,oct4 #ae4;,at #i-a_/b o'clock3,at     
#h-a_/b o'clock3 ,nov4 #ad4 ,at #aj     
o'clock3 ,oct4 #bb4      ,oct4 #cj4     
,at #h o'clock3 ,nov4 #bb4  ,stars of   
the first magnitude are eight-pointed2  
second magnitude1 six-pointed2 third    
magnitude1 five-pointed2 fourth         
magnitude 7a few71 four-pointed2 fifth  
magnitude 7very few71 three-pointed4    
,for star names refer to page #d4       
,,night ,,sky4--,,october ,,and         
,,november4  ,the ,dipper lies low1 the 
,pointers a little east of north4 ,they 
direct to the ,pole ,star4 ,the         
,guardians of the ,pole 7b and g of the 
,little ,bear1 ,ursa ,minor7 lie in a   
direction from the pole star            
corresponding to that of the minute hand

 of a clock about #bb minutes before an 
hour4 ,between the ,pointers and ,pole  
,star lies the tip of the ,dragon's     
,tail4 ,sweeping around the ,little     
,bear 7,ursa ,minor7 we find the stars  
of the ,dragon 7,draco7 curving back by 
the star d to the ,dragon's ,head1 with 
the two bright eyes1 g and b4 ,above is 
the inconspicuous constellation         
,cepheus2 and somewhat higher1 the stars
 of ,cassiopeia1 a and b1 marking the   
top rail of the ,seated ,lady's ,chair4 
,low down in the northwest ,hercules is 
setting4 ,above is the ,lyre1 with the  
bright steel-blue ,vega2 and above that 
the stars of the ,swan 7,cygnus71 which 
has sometimes been called the ,northern 
,cross4  ,nearly due west we find the   
,eagle 7,aquila71 z and e marking its   
tail1 th the head4 ,above the ,eagle is 
the pretty little constellation         
,delphinus1 the ,dolphin4  ,in the      
southwest1 rather low1 is the ,sea ,goat
 7,capricornus72 above and to the south 
of him the ,water ,bearer 7,aquarius71  

with his pitcher1 marked by the stars1  
a1 g1 and z4 ,the head of the ,winged   
,horse1 ,pegasus1 now upside down 7in   
fact1 he is seldom otherwise71 is just  
above this group4 ,the ,square of       
,pegasus will be noticed high up1 due   
south4 ,the star a of ,andromeda1 one of
 the corners of this square1 used to be 
also called d of ,pegasus4  ,much       
attention need not be directed to the   
,phoenix1 low in the southern horizon4  
,the ,river ,eridanus is coming well    
into view2 and the great ,sea ,monster  
7,cetus7 now shows finely1 his head at a
 and g1 his paddles at z and t4 ,the    
,fishes 7,pisces7 are above2 the ,ram   
7,aries7 above them and eastward1 lying 
toward the southeast2 then the ,triangle
 7,triangula1 or the ,triangles1        
according to modern maps71 and the      
,chained ,lady 7,andromeda7 too nearly  
overhead to be very pleasantly observed4
 ,the great nebula in which the new star
 recently appeared is near the point    
overhead4  ,the grand giant ,orion is   

rising in the east2 above him the ,bull 
7,taurus7 with the ,pleiades4 ,low down 
in the northeast the ,twins 7,gemini7   
are rising2 above is the ,charioteer    
7,auriga71 and above him the ,rescuing  
,knight 7,perseus71 of fair-haired      
,danae born4 ,the ,camelopard is hardly 
worth noticing1 except as marking a     
barren region of the heavens4           
,,night ,,sky4--,,november ,,and        
,,december4  ,the ,great ,bear 7,ursa   
,major7 is beginning to rise above the  
northeast 7by north7 horizon4 ,the end  
of the ,dipper's handle is hidden4 ,a   
line from the ,pole ,star 7toward which 
the ,pointers direct the observer7 to   
the ,guardians of the pole 7b and g of  
the ,little ,bear1 ,ursa ,minor71 is now
 in the position of the minute hand of a
 clock #bg minutes before an hour4 ,the 
stars of the ,dragon wind round below   
the ,little ,bear toward the west1 the  
head of the ,dragon with the gleaming   
eyes 7oblique retorted that askant cast 
gleaming fire7 being low down1 a little 

north of northwest4 ,above is ,king     
,cepheus1 and above him his queen1 the  
,seated ,lady 7,cassiopeia72 their      
daughter1 the ,chained ,lady            
7,andromeda7 being nearly overhead4     
,low down in the northwest we see the   
,lyre 7,lyra71 with the bright ,vega2   
and close by toward the west the ,swan  
7,cygnus71 or ,northern ,cross4 ,the    
,eagle is setting in the west1 and the  
,little ,dolphin nears the western      
horizon4  ,toward the southwest 7by     
west7 we see the ,water ,bearer         
7,aquarius71 with his pitcher 7b1 g1 a71
 close by which is the head of the      
,winged ,horse 7,pegasus74 ,in the      
south1 low down1 is the absurd ,phoenix2
 above1 the ,sea ,monster1 or ,whale    
7,cetus72 above him1 the ,fishes        
7,pisces72 above them1 the ,ram         
7,aries72 while nearly overhead lies the
 ,triangle1 in reality the ,triangles   
7,triangula74  ,the ,river 7,eridanus7  
occupies the southeasterly sky4 ,the    
,dove and ,great ,dog 7,columba and     

,canis ,major7 are rising in the        
southeast4 ,the glorious ,orion has now 
come well into view1 though not yet so  
upright as we could wish a knightly     
hunter to be4 ,he treads on the ,hare   
7,lepus71 and faces the ,bull 7,taurus7 
above4  ,due east we find the ,crab     
7,cancer71 and ,little ,dog 7,canis     
,minor7 low down2 the ,twins 7,gemini7  
higher2 above them the ,charioteer      
7,auriga71 with the bright ,capella1 and
 ,perseus the ,rescuer nearing the point
 overhead4 ,in the mid-space between    
,perseus1 ,auriga1 and the two ,bears1  
we find the ridiculous constellation    
,camelopardus1 or the ,giraffe4         
,illustration3 ,,map ,,xii4 ,,night     
,,sky4--,,november ,,and ,,december4    
,at #aa o'clock3 ,nov4 #g4              
,at #i o'clock3 ,dec4 #g4 ,at #aj-a_/b  
o'clock3 ,nov4 #ad4;,at #i-a_/b         
o'clock3,at #h-a_/b o'clock3 ,dec4 #ae4 
,at #aj o'clock3 ,nov4 #bb4      ,nov4  
#cj4       ,at #h o'clock3 ,dec4 #bc4   
,stars of the first magnitude are       

eight-pointed2 second magnitude1        
six-pointed2 third magnitude1           
five-pointed2 fourth magnitude 7a few71 
four-pointed2 fifth magnitude 7very     
few71 three-pointed4 ,for star names    
refer to page #d4