,,chambers' ,,edinburgh ,,journal ,,conducted ,,by ,,william ,,and ,,robert ,,chambers1 ,,editors ,,of ',,chambers',s ,,information ,,for ,,the ,,people1' ',,chambers',s ,,educational ,,course1' c4 ,no4 #dee4 ,,new ,,series4 ,,saturday1 ,,september #ah1 #aheb4 ,,price #a-a_/b;d4 ,a ,,glance ,,at ,,continental ,,railways4 ,when lately making a pretty extensive continental excursion1 we were in no small degree gratified with the progress made in the construction and operation of railways4 ,these railways1 from all that could be seen1 were doing much to improve the countries traversed1 and extend a knowledge of ,english comforts2 for it must always be borne in mind that the railway system1 with its locomotives1 carriages1 waiting-rooms1 commodious and cheap transit1 and other matters1 is essentially ,english4 ,hence1 wherever one sees a railway in full operation1 he may be said to see a bit of ,england4 ,and is not this something to be proud of8 ,the railway being your true civiliser1 ,england may be said to have sent out a missionary of improvement1 whom nothing can withstand4 ,the continent1 with all its stupid despotisms1 must improve1 and become enlightened in spite of itself4 ,the newspapers lately described the opening of the line of railway from ,paris to ,strasbourg4 ,those who know what travelling in ,france was a few years ago1 cannot wonder that ,louis ,napoleon should have made this the occasion of a popular demonstration4 ,the opening of this line of railway is an important ,european event2 certainly it is a great thing for both ,france and ,germany4 ,english travellers may also think much of it4 ,a tourist can now journey from ,london to ,paris--,paris to the upper part of the ,rhine at ,strasbourg1 going through a most interesting country by the way--then go down the ,rhine to ,cologne by steamer2 next1 on by railway to ,ostend2 cross by steamer to ,dover2 and1 finally1 reach ,london--thus doing in a few days1 and all by force of steam1 what a short time ago must have been done imperfectly1 and with great toil and expense4 ,still more to ease the journey1 a branch railway from the ,strasbourg line is about being opened from near ,metz1 by ,saarbrck1 to ,manheim2 by which means the ,rhine will be reached by a shorter cut1 and be considerably more accessible4 ,in a month or two1 it will be possible to travel from ,paris to ,frankfort in twenty-five hours4 ,all that is wanted to complete the ,strasbourg line1 is to strike off a branch from ,metz to ,luxembourg and ,treves2 for by reaching this last-mentioned city--a curious1 ancient place1 which we had the pleasure of visiting--the traveller is on the ,moselle at the spot where it becomes navigable1 and he descends with ease by steamer to ,coblenz4 ,and so the ,rhine would be reached from ,paris at three important points4 ,paris1 as a centre1 is pushing out other lines1 with intermediate branches4 ,marseille1 ,bordeaux1 ,nantes1 ,rouen1 ,dieppe1 ,boulogne1 ,calais1 and ,lille1 are the outposts of this series of radiation4 ,the latest move is a line from ,caen to ,cherbourg2 it will start from the ,paris and ,rouen ,railway at ,rosny1 #dj miles from ,paris1 and proceed through ,caen to the great naval station at ,cherbourg--a distance of #aia miles from ,rosny4 ,by the time the great lines in ,france are finished--probably #cejj miles in the whole--it is expected that the total expenditure will amount1 in round numbers1 to a hundred millions sterling4 ,it is gratifying to know1 that the small ,german powers which border on ,france have been most active in providing themselves with railways2 not only for their own accommodation1 but to join the lines of other countries2 so as to make great trunk-thoroughfares through their dominions4 ,there seems to be a cordiality in making these junctions1 for general accommodation1 that cannot but deserve praise4 ,the truth1 however1 is1 that all these petty states are glad to get hold of means for bringing travellers--that is1 money-spenders--to their cities and watering-places1 and for developing their long-hidden resources4 ,for example1 in the district lying between ,saarbrck and ,manheim1 there exist vast beds of coal1 and powerful brine-springs2 but hitherto1 in consequence of being out of the way of traffic1 and there being only wretched cars drawn by cows1 as the means of locomotion1 this great mineral wealth has been locked up1 and next thing to useless4 ,what an outlet will the ,strasbourg and ,manheim ,railway furnish6 ,paris may be as well and as cheaply supplied with coal as ,london4 ,belgium--a kind of little ,england--has for a number of years been well provided with railways2 and you may go by locomotion towards its frontiers in all directions1 except one--namely1 that of ,holland4 ,this odd exception1 of course1 arose from the ill-will that has subsisted for a number of years between the ,belgians and ,dutch2 the latter being not at all pleased with the violent disjunction of the ,netherlands4 ,however1 that coolness is now passing off4 ,the two neighbours begin to find that ill-nature does not pay1 and1 like sensible people1 are negotiating for a physical union by rail1 seeing that a political one is out of the question4 ,in short1 a railway is proposed to be laid down in an easterly direction from the ,antwerp branch1 towards the border of ,holland2 and by means of steam-boat ferries across the ,maas and other mouths of the ,rhine1 the junction will be effected with the ,rotterdam and ,amsterdam series of railways4 ,the north of ,holland is yet a stranger to railways1 nor are the towns of such importance as to lead us to expect any great doings there4 ,but the north ,german region--from the frontiers of ,holland to those of ,russia and ,poland1 a distance of something like #ajjj miles--is rapidly filling up the chasms in its railway net-work4 ,emden and ,osnaburg and ,gottingen in the west1 ,danzig and ,knigsberg and ,memel in the east1 are yet unprovided2 but almost all the other towns of any note in ,prussia and ,north ,germany are now linked together1 and most or all of the above six will be so in a few years4 ,the ,scandinavian countries are more interesting in respect to our present subject1 on account of their railway enterprises being wholly written in the future tense4 ,denmark has so little continuous land1 ,sweden has so many lakes1 and ,norway so many mountains1 that1 irrespective of other circumstances1 railways have not yet reached those countries4 ,they are about to do so1 however4 ,hitherto1 ,denmark has received almost the whole of its foreign commodities vi the two ,hanse towns--,hamburg and ,bremen2 and has exported its cattle and transmitted its mails by the same routes4 ,the ,schleswig-,holstein war has strengthened a wish long felt in ,denmark to shake off this dependence2 but good railways and good steam-ship ports will be necessary for this purpose4 ,when1 in ,april #ahea1 a steamer crossed rapidly from ,lowestoft to ,hjerting1 and brought back a cargo of cattle1 the ,danes felt suddenly independent of the ,hamburghers2 but the route from ,hjerting to ,copenhagen is so bad and tiresome1 that much must yet be done before a commercial transit can really be established4 ,there was at that time only an open basket-wagon on the route2 there has since been established a diligence2 but a railway will be the only effective means of transit4 ,here we must correct a mistake in the last paper3 ,denmark is not quite without railway accommodation2 there is about #ae miles of railway from ,copenhagen to ,roeskilde1 and this is to be continued across the island of ,zealand to ,korsr4 ,the ,lowestoft project has led to important plans2 for a railway has been marked out from ,hamburg1 through the entire length of ,holstein and ,schleswig to the north of ,jtland1 where five hours' steaming will give access to the ,swedish coast2 while an east and west line from ,hjerting to ,copenhagen1 with two breaks at the ,little ,belt and the ,great ,belt1 are also planned4 ,if ,denmark can by degrees raise the requisite capital1 both of these trunk-lines will probably be constructed4 ,norway has just commenced its railway enterprises4 ,it seems strange to find the familiar names of ,stephenson and ,bidder1 ,peto and ,brassey1 connected with first-stone layings1 and health-drinkings1 c41 in remote ,norway2 but this is one among many proofs of the ubiquity of ,english capital and enterprise4 ,the government of ,norway has conceded the line to an ,english company1 by whom it will be finished in #ahed4 ,the railway will be #ej miles in length2 it will extend from ,christiania to ,lake ,misen1 and will connect the capital with an extensive chain of internal navigation4 ,the whole risk seems to have been undertaken by the ,english company2 but the benefits will be mutual for both companies--direct steam-communication from ,christiania to some ,english port being one feature in the comprehensive scheme4 ,in ,russia1 the enterprises are so autocratic1 and ordinary joint-stock operations are so rare1 that our ,stock ,exchange people know very little about them4 ,the great lines of railway in ,russia1 either being constructed or definitely planned1 are from ,warsaw to ,cracow 7about #agj miles72 ,warsaw to ,st ,petersburg 7#fhj miles72 ,moscow to ,st ,petersburg 7#djj miles72 from a point on the ,volga to another point on the ,don 7#aje miles72 and from ,kief to ,odessa1 in ,southern ,russia4 ,the great tie which will bind ,russia to the rest of ,europe1 will be the ,warsaw and ,st ,petersburg ,railway--a vast work1 which nothing but imperial means will accomplish4 ,whether all these lines will be opened by #ahfb1 it is impossible to predict2 ,russia has to feel its way towards civilisation4 ,during the progress of the ,moscow and ,st ,petersburg ,railway1 a curious enterprise was determined on4 ,according to the ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,major ,whistler1 who had the charge of the construction of the railway1 proposed to the emperor that the rolling-stock should be made in ,russia1 instead of imported1 ,messrs ,harrison1 ,winans1 and ,eastwick1 engineers of the ,united ,states1 accepted a contract to effect this4 ,they were to have the use of some machine-works at ,alexandroffsky2 the labour of #ejj serfs belonging to those works at low wages2 and the privilege of importing coal1 iron1 steel1 and other necessary articles1 duty free4 ,in this way a large supply of locomotives and carriages was manufactured1 to the satisfaction of the emperor1 and the profit of the contractors4 ,the managers and foremen were all ,english or ,american2 but the workmen and labourers1 from #bjjj to #cjjj in number1 were nearly all serfs1 who bought their time from their masters for an agreed period1 being induced by the wages offered for their services3 they were found to be excellent imitative workmen1 perfectly docile and obedient4 ,our attention now turns south-westward3 we cross ,poland and ,germany1 and come to the ,alps4 ,to traverse this mountain barrier will be among the great works of the future1 so far as the iron pathway is concerned4 ,in the early part of #ahea1 the ,administration of ,public ,works in ,switzerland drew up a sketch of a complete system of railways for that country4 ,the system includes a line to connect ,ble with the ,rhenish railways2 another to traverse the ,valley of the ,aar1 so as to connect ,lakes ,zurich1 ,constance1 and ,geneva2 a junction of this last-named line with ,lucerne1 in order to connect it with the ,pass of ,st ,gothard2 a line from ,lake ,constance to the ,grisons2 a branch connecting ,berne with the ,aar-,valley line2 and some small isolated lines in the principal trading valleys4 ,the whole net-work of these railways is about #egj ,english miles2 and the cost estimated at about ,l4#d1jjj1jjj sterling4 ,it scarcely needs remark1 that in such a peculiar country as ,switzerland1 many years must elapse before even an approach to such a railway net-work can be made4 ,to drive a railway across the ,alps themselves will probably be first effected by the ,austrians4 ,the railway through the ,austrian dominions to the ,adriatic at ,trieste1 although nearly complete1 is cut in two by a formidable elevation at the point where the line crosses the eastern spur of the great ,alpine system4 ,at present1 travellers have to post the distance of seventy miles from ,laybach to ,trieste1 until the engineers have surmounted the barrier which lies in their way4 ,the trial of locomotives at ,smmering1 noticed in the newspapers a few months ago1 related to the necessity of having powerful engines to carry the trains up the inclines of this line4 ,further west1 the ,alpine projects are hidden in the future4 ,the ,bavarian ,railway1 at present ending at ,munich1 is intended to be carried southward1 traversing the ,tyrol1 through the ,brenner ,pass1 to ,innsprck and ,bautzen1 following the ordinary route to ,trieste1 and finally uniting at ,verona with the ,italian railways4 ,this has not yet been commenced4 ,westward1 again1 there is the ,wrtemberg ,railway1 which ends at ,friedrichshafen on ,lake ,constance4 ,it is proposed to continue this line from the southern shore of the lake1 across the ,alps by the ,pass of the ,splgen1 and so join the ,italian railways at ,como4 ,this1 too1 is in nubibus2 the ,german ,states and ,piedmont are favourable to it2 but the engineering difficulties and the expense will be enormous4 ,other ,piedmontese projects have been talked about1 for crossing the ,alps at different points1 and some one among them will probably be realised in the course of years4 ,meanwhile1 ,piedmont has a heavy task on hand in constructing the railway from ,genoa to ,turin1 which is being superintended by ,mr ,stephenson2 the ,apennines are being crossed by a succession of tunnels1 embankments1 and viaducts1 as stupendous as anything yet executed in ,europe4 ,in ,central ,italy1 a railway convention has been signed1 which1 if carried out1 would be important for that country4 ,it was agreed to in #ahea by the ,papal1 ,austrian1 ,tuscan1 ,parmese1 and ,modenese governments4 ,the object is to construct a net-work of railways1 each state executing and paying for its own4 ,austria is to do the work as far as ,piacenza and ,mantua2 ,tuscany is to finish its lines from ,pistoja to ,florence and ,lucca2 the ,papal government is to connect ,bologna with both the former2 and the small states are to carry out their respective portions4 ,the great difficulty will be1 to cut through the ,apennines1 which at present sever ,tuscany from the other states2 but a greater still will be the moral one1 arising from the disordered state of ,italy4 ,rome has conceded to an ,anglo-,french company the construction of a railway from the capital to ,ancona2 but that1 like all other commercial enterprises in the ,papal dominions1 is lagging sadly4 ,crossing the ,pyrenees to view the works in the ,peninsula1 which ,bradshaw may possibly have to register in #ahfb1 we find that1 amid the financial difficulties of ,spain1 three lines of railway have been marked out--from ,madrid to ,irun2 from ,aranjuez to ,almansa2 and from ,alar to ,santander4 ,the first would be a great line to the vicinity of the ,french frontier1 to cost #fjj millions of reals2 the second would be part of an intended route from ,aranjuez1 near ,madrid1 to the ,mediterranean2 the length to ,almansa1 involving an outlay of #bbj millions4 ,the third line1 from ,santander to ,alar del ,rey1 on the ,biscayan seaboard of ,spain1 is intended to facilitate approach from the interior to the rising port of ,santander2 the outlay is put down at #abj millions4 ,it is difficult to translate these high-sounding sums into ,english equivalents1 for there are three kinds of reals in ,spain1 varying from #b-e_/h;d4 to #e-a_/d;d4 ,english2 but taking even the lowest equivalent1 the sum-total amounts to a capital which ,spain will have some difficulty in raising4 ,the ,santander line1 however1 has attracted ,english capital and engineering towards it2 the first sod was turned by the king-consort in ,may #aheb1 and the works are now in progress4 ,there is also an important line from ,madrid to the ,portuguese frontier near ,badajoz1 marked out on paper2 but the fruition of this as well as other schemes will mainly depend on the readiness with which ,english capital can be obtained4 ,unfortunately1 ',spanish bonds' are not in the best favour in ,england4 ,portugal is a terra incognita to railways4 ,it is on the extremest verge of ,europe towards the ,atlantic2 and ,european civilisation finds entrance there with remarkable slowness4 ,in #ahde1 the government tried to invite offers from capitalists to construct railways2 in #ahdi1 the invitations were renewed2 but the moneyed men were coy1 and would not be wooed4 ,in #ahea1 the government appointed a commission to investigate the whole subject4 ,the commission consisted of five persons2 and their ,report1 dated ,october #bj1 #ahea1 contains a large mass of valuable information4 ,it appeared in an ,english translation in some of the ,london journals towards the close of the year4 ,the commissioners take for granted that ,spain will construct railways from ,madrid to the ,portuguese frontier at ,badajoz on the one side1 and to the ,french frontier1 near ,bayonne1 on the other2 and they then inquire how best to reach ,badajoz from ,lisbon4 ,three routes present themselves--one to ,santarem1 and across the ,tagus to ,badajoz2 another to ,santarem and ,coimbra1 and so on into ,spain by way of ,almeida2 and a third to ,oporto1 and thence by ,bragana into ,spain4 ,the first of these1 being more directly in the route to ,madrid1 is preferred by the commissioners1 who estimate the outlay at a million and a quarter sterling4 ,they discuss the terms on which capitalists might possibly be induced to come to their aid2 and they indulge in a hope that1 ten years hence1 ,lisbon may be united to ,central ,europe by a railway1 of which #bfj kilomtres will cross ,portugal to ,badajoz1 #cgj from ,badajoz to ,madrid1 and about #djj from ,madrid to the ,french frontier1 where the ,paris and ,bayonne ,railway will continue the route4 7,five kilomtres are equal to rather more than three ,english miles47 ,the ,continental ,bradshaw will1 we apprehend1 have to wait long before these peninsular trunk-lines find a place in its pages4 ,leaving altogether the countries of ,europe1 and crossing the ,mediterranean1 we find that even ,africa is becoming a member of the great railway system4 ,after a world of trouble1 financial and diplomatic1 the present ruler of ,egypt has succeeded in giving reality to a scheme for a railway from ,alexandria to the ,nile4 ,a glance at a map of ,egypt will shew us that a canal extends from ,alexandria to the ,nile1 to escape the sanded-up mouths of that famous river4 ,it is mainly to expedite the overland route1 so far as concerns the transit along this canal1 that the railway now in process of construction has been planned2 anything beyond this1 it will be for future ages to develop4 ,the subject of the ,isthmus of ,suez and its transit has been frequently treated in this ,journal1 and we will therefore say nothing more here1 than that our friend ,bradshaw will1 in all probability1 have something to tell us concerning the land of ,egypt before any long time has elapsed4 ,asia will have a spider-line of railway by and by1 when the slow-coach proceedings of the ,east ,india ,company have given something like form to the ,bombay and ,bengal projects2 but at present the progress is miserably slow2 and ,bradshaw need not lay aside a page for the rich ,orient for many years to come4 ,there are a few general considerations respecting the present aspect of the railway system1 interesting not only in themselves1 but as giving a foretaste of what is to come4 ,in the autumn of last year1 a careful statistician calculated that the railways of ,europe and ,america1 as then in operation1 extended in the aggregate to #be1cej miles1 the total cost of which was four hundred and fifty millions of pounds4 ,of this1 the ,united ,kingdom had #gjjj miles1 costing ,l4#bej1jjj1jjj4 ,according to the view here given1 the #gjjj miles of our own railways have been constructed at an expense prodigiously greater than the remaining #ah1cej miles in other parts of the world4 ,it needs no figures to prove that this is the fact4 ,many of the continental and ,american railways are single lines1 and so far they have been got up at a comparatively small cost4 ,but the substantial difference of expense lies in our plan of leaving railway undertakings to private parties--rival speculators and jobbers1 whose aim has too frequently been plunder4 ,and how enormous has been that plunder let enriched engineers and lawyers--let impoverished victims--declare4 ,shame on the ,british legislature1 to have tolerated and legalised the railway villainies of the last ten years2 in comparison with which the enforcements of continental despotisms are angelic innocence6 ,besides being got up in a simple and satisfactory manner1 under government decrees and state responsibility1 the continental railways are evidently more under control than those of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the speed of trains is regulated to a moderate and safe degree2 on all hands there seems to be a superior class of officials in charge2 and as the lines have been made at a small cost1 the fares paid by travellers are for the most part very much lower than in this country4 ,government interference abroad is1 therefore1 not altogether a wrong4 ,annoying as it may sometimes be1 and bad as it avowedly is in principle1 there is in it the spirit of protection against private oppression4 ,and perhaps the ,english may by and by discover that jobbing-companies1 with stupendous capital and a monopoly of conveyance1 are capable of doing as tyrannical things as any continental autocrat6 ,if a section of the ,english public stands disgraced in the eyes of ,europe by its vicious speculation--properly speaking1 gambling--in railway finance1 our country is in some degree redeemed from obloquy by the grandeur of a social melioration which jobbing has not been able to obstruct4 ,the wide spread of railways over the continent1 we have said1 is working a perceptible change in almost all those arrangements which bear on the daily comforts of life4 ,no engine of a merely physical kind has ever wrought so powerfully to secure lasting international peace as the steam-engine4 ,the locomotive is every hour breaking down barriers of separation between races of men4 ,and as wars in future could be conducted only by cutting short the journeys by railway1 arresting trains1 and ruining great commercial undertakings1 we may expect that nations will pause before rushing into them4 ,already1 the ,french railways1 which push across the frontier into the ,german countries1 are visibly relaxing the custom-house and passport systems4 ,stopping a whole train at an imaginary boundary to examine fifteen hundred passports1 is beyond even the ,french capacity for official minuti4 ,a hurried glance1 or no glance at all--a sham inspection at the best--is all that the gentlemen with moustaches and cocked-hats can manage4 ,the very attempt to look at bushels of passports is becoming an absurdity4 ,and what has to be done in the twinkling of an eye1 will1 we have no doubt1 soon not be done at all4 ,thanks to railways for this vast privilege of free locomotion6 ,a ,,new ,,principle ,,in ,,nature4 ,it is pretty well known that researches by ,matteucci1 ,du ,bois-,reymond1 and others1 have made us acquainted with the influence of electricity and galvanism on the muscular system of animals1 and that important physiological effects have been attributed to this influence1 more than perhaps we are warranted in assuming in the present state of our knowledge4 ,that an influence is exerted in some way1 is clear from the difference in our feelings in dry and wet weather3 it has been supposed1 however1 that the effects on the nervous system are not produced by an accumulation of positive or of negative electricity1 but by the combination of the two producing dynamic electricity4 ,while these points are undergoing discussion1 we have an opportunity of bringing before our readers the results of investigations bearing on the general question4 ,most persons are aware of the fact1 that a peculiar taste follows the application of two different metals to the tongue in a popular galvanic experiment4 ,this taste is caused by the azotic acid formed from the oxygen and azote of the atmosphere4 ,an electric discharge1 too1 is accompanied by a smell1 which smell is due to the presence of what is called ozone2 and not long ago ,m4 ,schoenbein1 of ,basel1 the inventor of guncotton1 discovered ozone as a principle in the oxygen of the atmosphere2 and it is considered to be the active principle of that universal constituent4 ,later researches have brought out a striking analogy between the properties of ozone and chlorine1 and have led to conclusions as to the dangerous effect which the former may produce1 in certain cases1 on the organs of respiration4 ,some idea of its energy may be formed from the fact1 that mice perish speedily in air which contains one six-thousandth of ozone4 ,it is always present in the atmosphere in a greater or lesser degree1 in direct relation with the amount of atmospheric electricity1 and appears to obey the same laws in its variations1 finding its maximum in winter and its minimum in summer4 ,ozone1 in scientific language1 is described as 'a compound of oxygen analogous to the peroxide of hydrogen1 or1 that it is oxygen in an allotropic state--that is1 with the capability of immediate and ready action impressed upon it4' ,besides being produced by electrical discharges in the atmosphere1 it can be obtained artificially by the passing of what is called the electrical brush into the air from a moist wooden point1 or by electrolyzed water or phosphorus4 ,the process1 when the latter substance is employed1 is to put a small piece1 clean scraped1 about half an inch long1 into a large bottle which contains just so much of water as to half cover the phosphorus1 and then closing the mouth slightly1 to guard against combustion1 to leave it standing for a time in a temperature of about #fj degrees4 ,ozone soon begins to be formed1 as shewn by the rising of a light column of smoke from the phosphorus1 which1 at the same time1 becomes luminous4 ,in five or six hours1 the quantity will be abundant1 when the bottle is to be emptied of its contents1 washed out1 and closed for use and experiment4 ,whichever way the ozone be produced1 it is always identical in its properties2 and these are described as numerous and remarkable4 ,its odour is peculiar1 resembling that of chlorine1 and1 when diluted1 cannot be distinguished from what is called the electric smell4 ,when largely diffused in atmospheric air1 it causes unpleasant sensations1 makes respiration difficult1 and1 by acting powerfully on the mucous membranes1 produces catarrhal effects2 and as such air will kill small animals1 it shews that pure ozone must be highly injurious to the animal economy4 ,it is insoluble in water1 is powerfully electromotive1 and is most strikingly energetic in numerous chemical agencies1 its action on nearly all metallic bodies being to carry them at once to the state of peroxide1 or to their highest point of oxidation2 it changes sulphurets into sulphates1 instantaneously destroys several gaseous compounds1 and bleaches indigo1 thus shewing its analogy with chlorine4 ,in proceeding to the account of his experiments1 ,m4 ,schoenbein shews1 that gases can be produced by chemical means1 which exercise an oxidizing influence of a powerful nature1 especially in their physiological effects1 even when diffused through the atmosphere in very minute quantities3 also1 that owing to the immense number of organic beings on the earth1 their daily death and decomposition1 an enormous amount of gases is produced similar to those which can be obtained by artificial means2 and besides these1 a quantity of gaseous or volatile products1 'whose chemical nature1' as the author observes1 'is as yet unknown1 but of which we can easily admit that some1 at least1 diffused through the air1 even in very small quantities1 and breathed with it1 exert a most deplorable action on the animal organism4 ,hence it follows1 that the decomposition of organic matters ought to be considered as one of the principal causes of the corruption of the air by miasmatic substances4 ,now1 a continuous cause1 and acting on so vast a scale1 would necessarily diffuse through the atmosphere a considerable mass of miasmatic gases1 and accumulate them till at length it would be completely poisoned1 and rendered incapable of supporting animal life1 if nature had not found the means of destroying these noxious matters in proportion as they are produced4' ,the question then arises3 ,what are the means employed for this object8 ,m4 ,schoenbein believes that he has found it in the action of ozone1 which is continually formed by the electricity of the atmosphere1 and is known to be a most powerful agent of oxidation1 causing serious modifications of organic bodies1 and1 consequently1 of their physiological action4 ',to assure myself1' he pursues1 'that ozone destroys the miasma arising from the decomposition of animal matters1 ,i introduced into a balloon containing about #acj pints of air1 a piece of flesh weighing four ounces1 taken from a human corpse1 and in a very advanced state of putrefaction4 ,i withdrew it after a minute2 the air in the balloon had acquired a strong and very repulsive odour1 shewing that it was charged with an appreciable quantity--at least for the smell--of miasm caused by the putrefaction4 ',to produce ozone1 ,i introduced into the infected balloon a stick of phosphorus an inch long1 with water sufficient to half cover it4 ,at the same time1 for the sake of comparison1 ,i placed a similar quantity of phosphorus and water in another balloon full of pure atmospheric air4 ,after some minutes1 the reaction of ozone in the latter was most evidently manifested1 while no trace of it was yet apparent in the former1 which still gave off an odour of putrefaction4 ,this1 however1 disappeared completely at the end of ten or twelve minutes1 and immediately the reaction of the ozone was detected4' ,the conclusion drawn from this experiment is1 that the ozone destroyed the miasm by oxidation1 and could only make its presence evident after the complete destruction of the noxious volatile substances4 ,this effect is more strikingly shewn by another experiment4 ,a balloon of similar capacity to the one above mentioned was charged as strongly as possible with ozone1 and afterwards washed with water4 ,the same piece of flesh was suspended within it2 and the opening being carefully closed1 it was left inside for nine hours before the air of the balloon presented the least odour of putrefaction4 ,the air was tested every thirty minutes by an ozonometer1 and the proportion of ozone found to be gradually diminishing2 but as long as the paper of the instrument exhibited the slightest trace of blue1 there was no smell1 which only came on as the last signs of ozone disappeared4 ,thus1 all the miasm given off by the piece of flesh during nine hours was completely neutralised by the ozone with which the balloon had been impregnated1 so small in quantity as to be but the #fjjjth part of a gramme4 ,one balloon filled with ozonified air1 would suffice to disinfect #edj balloons filled with miasmatic air4 ',these considerations1' says ,m4 ,schoenbein1 'shew us how little the miasma of the air are to be appreciated by weight1 even when they exist therein in a quantity very sensible to the smell1 and how small is the proportion of ozone necessary to destroy the miasm produced by the putrefaction of organic substances1 and diffused through the atmosphere4' ,the presence of ozone in any vessel or in the atmosphere1 may be detected by a test-paper which has been moistened with a solution composed of #a part of pure iodide of potassium1 #aj parts of starch1 and #ajj parts of water1 boiled together for a few moments4 ,paper so prepared turns immediately blue when exposed to the action of ozone1 the tint being lighter or darker according to the quantity4 ,schoenbein's ozonometer consists of #gej slips of dry bibulous paper prepared in the manner described2 and with a scale of tints and instructions1 sufficient to make observations on the ozone of the atmosphere twice a day for a year4 ,after exposure to the ozone1 they require to be moistened to bring out the colour4 ,m4 ,schoenbein continues3 ',we must admit that the electric discharges which take place incessantly in different parts of the atmosphere1 and causing therein a formation of ozone1 purify the air by this means of organic1 or1 more generally1 oxidizable miasma2 and that they have thus the important office of maintaining it in a state of purity suitable to animal life4 ,by means of atmospheric electricity1 and1 indirectly1 nature thus attains on a great scale the object that we sometimes seek to accomplish in a limited space by fumigations with chlorine4 ',here1 as in many other cases1 we see nature effecting two different objects at one stroke4 ,for if the oxidizable miasma are destroyed by atmospheric ozone1 they1 in turn1 cause the latter to disappear1 and we have seen that it is itself a miasm4 ,this is doubtless the reason why ozone does not accumulate in the atmosphere in greater proportion than the oxidizable miasma1 notwithstanding the constant formation of one and the other4 ',in all times1 the idea has been held1 that storms purify the air1 and ,i do not think that this opinion is ill-founded4 ,we know1 in fact1 that storms give rise to a more abundant production of ozone4 ,it is possible1 and even probable1 that sometimes1 in particular localities1 there may not be a just relation between the ozone and the oxidizable miasma in the air1 and that the latter cannot be completely destroyed4 ,hence1 in accordance with the chemical nature and physiological influence of these miasma1 they would exert a marked action on the animal economy1 and cause diseases among the greater number of those who breathe the infected air4 ,but numerous experiments prove that1 as a rule1 the air contains free ozone1 though in very variable proportions2 from which we may conclude that no oxidizable miasm--sulphuretted hydrogen1 for example--can exist in such an atmosphere1 any more than it could exist in air containing but a trace of chlorine4 ',i do not know if it be true1 as has been advanced by ,mr ,hunt and other persons1 that ozone is deficient in the atmospheric air when some wide-spread malady1 such as cholera1 is raging4 ,in any case1 it would be easy1 by means of the prepared paper1 to determine the truth or fallacy of this opinion4 ',there is one fact which should particularly engage the attention of physicians and physiologists1 which is1 that1 of all seasons1 the winter is distinguished by the greatest proportion of ozone2 whence it follows1 that during that season the air contains least of oxidizable miasma4 ,we can say1 therefore1 with respect to this class of miasma1 that the air is purer in winter than in summer4 ',all my observations agree in shewing1 that the proportion of ozone in the air increases with the height2 if this fact be general1 as ,i am disposed to believe1 we must consider the upper regions of the atmosphere as purer1 with regard to oxidizable miasma1 than the lower4 ',the appearance of certain maladies--intermittent fever1 for example--appears to be connected with certain seasons and particular geographical conditions4 ,it would be worth while to ascertain1 by ozonometric observations1 whether these physiological phenomena have any relation whatever with the proportion of ozone contained in the air in which they occur4 ',considering the obscurity which prevails as to the cause of the greater part of diseases1 and the great probability that many among them owe their origin to the presence of chemical agents dispersed in the atmosphere1 it becomes the duty of medical men and physiologists1 who interest themselves in the progress of their science1 to seize earnestly all the means by which they may hope to arrive at more exact notions upon the relations which exist between abnormal physiological phenomena and external circumstances4' ,such is a summary of ,m4 ,schoenbein's views as communicated to the ,medical ,society of ,basel2 and we the more readily accord them the publicity of our columns1 as1 apart from the intrinsic value of the subject1 it is one which has for some time excited the interest of scientific inquirers in this country4 ,during the late visitation of cholera1 reports were frequently spread that the atmosphere was deficient in ozone4 ,,english ,,sisters ,,of ,,charity4 ,how much real good could yet be done in this old1 full1 struggling world of ours1 where so many among us have need of help1 if each in his or her small circle could manage just not to leave undone some of the things that should be done4 ,little more is wanting to effect this than the will1 or perhaps the mere suggestion4 ,a high influence may at a time confer a considerable benefit2 but very humble means1 systematically exerted1 even during a comparatively short season1 will certainly relieve a load of misery4 ,in a small village towards the west of ,england1 there dwelt1 some years ago1 two maiden gentlewomen1 sisters1 the daughters of the deceased rector of the parish4 ,their father had early in life entered upon his duties in this retired locality1 contentedly abiding there where fate had placed him1 each passing year increasing his interest in the charge which engrossed all his energies4 ,his moderate stipend1 assisted by a small private fortune1 sufficed for his quiet tastes1 and for the few charities required by his flock2 it also enabled him to rear a large family respectably1 and to start them creditably on their working way4 ,there was no railway near this village--even the ,queen's highway was at some distance4 ,fields1 meadows1 a shady lane1 a brook1 and the ,welsh mountains for a background1 formed the picture of beauty that attracted the stranger4 ,there was hardly what could be called a street4 ,the cottages were clustered upon the side of the wooded bank above the stream1 shrouded in gardens of apple-trees2 but there was space near the foot of the hill for a green of rather handsome size1 with a plane-tree in the middle of it1 and a few small shops along one side4 ,opposite the shops was the inn1 the doctor's house1 the market-house1 and a public reading-room2 and a bylane led from the green up towards the church--an old1 low-walled1 steep-roofed building1 with a square1 dumpy tower1 in which hung a peal of bells1 and where was placed a large1 round1 clumsy window4 ,a clump of hardwood trees enclosed the upper end of the church-yard1 and extended to the back of the rector's garden1 quite concealing his many-gabled dwelling4 ,in a still1 summer evening1 the brook could be heard from the parlour windows of the rectory1 dancing merrily along to its own music2 and at those less pleasant seasons when the foliage was scanty1 it could be seen here and there between the boles of the trees1 sparkling in the sunshine as it rippled on1 while glimpses of the rich plain beyond added to the harmony of the prospect4 ,the society of the village and its immediate neighbourhood was of a humble kind--neither the rich nor the great were members of it2 yet there were wisdom1 and prudence1 and talent1 and good faith to be found in this little community1 where all inclined to live as brethren1 kindly together4 ,it was not a bad school this for the young to grow up in4 ,the rector's family had here been trained2 and when they grew to rise beyond it1 and then passed out upon the wider world1 those of them that were again heard of in their birthplace1 did no discredit to its name3 and all passed out1 all but two--our two sisters4 ,it is said adversity must at some time reach us all3 it had been late in visiting them1 for they had passed a happy youth in that quiet parsonage4 ,at last1 sorrow came1 and they were left alone1 the two extremes of the chain which had bound the little household together--all the intermediate links had broken2 and when1 upon their father's death1 they had to quit their long-loved home1 they found themselves verging upon old age1 in circumstances that natures less strictly disciplined would have felt to have been at the least dreary4 ,the younger sister was slightly deformed1 and very delicate2 the elder1 though still an active woman1 was quite beyond the middle of life2 the income of the two1 just ,l4#cj--no great elements these of either usefulness or happiness4 ,let us see1 then1 what was made of them4 ,some relations pressed the sisters to share their distant home1 but they would not leave the village4 ,they felt as if their work lay there4 ,the friends they knew best were all around them2 the occupations they had been used to still remained to them2 the memory of all they had loved there clung to them1 in the old haunts so doubly dear to the bereaved who bear affliction patiently4 ,so they moved only to a cottage a little higher up the hill1 yet within view of the church1 and of the dear old house1 with its garden1 sheltering wood1 and pleasant rivulet2 and there they lived in comfort1 with enough to use and much to spare1 their cruse never failing them when wanted4 ,it was a real cottage1 which a labourer had left3 there was no ornament about it till they added some4 ,rude and unfashioned did this low-thatched cabin pass to them2 it was their own hands1 with very little help from their light purse1 which made of a mere hovel the prettiest of rural dwellings--her own hands1 indeed2 for ,sister ,anne alone was the working-bee4 ,sister ,catherine helped by hints and smiles1 and by her nimble needle2 but for out-of-doors labour she had not strength4 ,sister ,anne nailed up the trellised porch1 over which gay creepers were in time to grow4 ,sister ,anne laid out the beds of flowers1 protected by a low paling from the sheep which pastured on the downs4 ,she planned the tidy bit of garden on one side1 and the little yard behind1 where pig and poultry throve2 but ,sister ,catherine watched the bee-hives near the hawthorn hedge1 and plied her busy fingers by the hour to decorate the inside of their pretty cottage4 ,they almost acted man and wife in the division of their employments1 and with the best effect4 ,it would have astonished any one unaccustomed to the few wants of simple tastes1 and to the many small gains from various trifling produce which careful industry alone can accumulate1 to see the plenty consequent on skill1 order1 and neatness4 ,the happiness was a joy apart1 only to be felt by the sort of poetic mind of the truly benevolent1 for it depended not on luxury1 or even comfort1 or any purely selfish feeling4 ,it sprang from warm hearts directed by clear heads1 invigorated by religious feelings1 and nourished by country tastes1 softened and elevated by the trials of life1 till devotion to their kind became the one intention of their being2 for it is as ,sisters of ,charity we introduce our heroines to our readers1 one of a wide class in our reformed church1 who1 unshackled by vows1 under no bondage of conventual forms1 with small means1 and by their own exertions and self-sacrifices1 do more good in their generation than can be easily reckoned--treading in the footsteps of their ,master1 bearing healing as they move4 ,every frugal meal was shared with some one less favoured4 ,no fragments were too small for use in ,sister ,anne's most skilful cookery2 not a crumb1 nor a dreg1 nor a drop was wasted4 ,many a cup of comfort fed the sick or the weary1 made from what1 in richer households1 unthrifty servants would have thrown away4 ,there were always roots to spare from the small garden1 herbs for medicines1 eggs for sale1 salves1 and lotions1 and conserves of fruit or honey4 ,all the poor infants in the parish were neatly clothed in baby-linen made out of old garments4 ,there were always bundles of patches to give away1 so useful to poor mothers2 strips of rag for hurts2 old flannel1 and often new2 a little collection of rubbish now and then for the bagman1 though very rarely1 the breakage being small where there were so few hands used1 and they so careful4 ,they gave their time1 too2 for they were the nurses of all the sick1 the comforters of all the sorrowful1 the advisers of all in difficulty--without parade4 ,they were applied to as of course--it seemed natural4 ,and they were sociable3 they had their little tea-parties with their acquaintance2 they made their little presents at ,christmas-time2 they sweetened life throughout their limited sphere2 and all so quietly1 that no one guessed the amount of their influence till it ceased4 ,they preached 'the word' practically1 producing all the charity it taught1 inculcating the 'peace on earth1 good-will towards men' which disposes even rude natures to the gentler feelings1 and soothes the chafed murmurer by the tender influence of that love which is so kind4 ,they were unwearied in their walk of mercy1 though they met with disappointment even among the simple natures reared in this secluded spot4 ,they bore it meekly2 and when cross or trial came to those around1 then could our good sisters carry comfort to afflicted friends1 never pleading quite in vain for the exercise of that patience which lightens suffering4 ,they were as mothers to the young1 as daughters to the old1 of all degree2 for they did not ostentatiously devote themselves to the poor and ignorant alone--the so-called poor3 the poor in spirit1 of whatever rank1 were as much their care as were the poor in purse2 their charge was all who needed help--a help they gave simply1 lovingly1 not as meddlers1 but as sisters bound to a larger family by the breaking of the ties which had united them to their own peculiar household4 ,there was no scenic effect visible along the humble walk of their pure benevolence1 no harsh outlines to mark the course they went1 or shew them to the world as devoted to particular excellence all throughout a lifetime of painful mortifications4 ,very noiseless was their quiet way4 ,in a spirit of thankfulness they accepted their lot1 turning its very bitterness into joy1 by gratefully receiving the many pleasures still vouchsafed them2 for it is a happy world1 in spite of all its trials1 to those who look aright for happiness4 ,our sisters found it and bestowed it4 ,how many blessed their name6 ,how many have had reason to love the memory of these two unobtrusive women1 who1 without name1 or station1 or show1 or peculiarity1 or distinction of any kind1 were the types of a class the circle of which even this humble memorial1 by its truth and suggestiveness1 may aid in extending--of the true1 simple1 earnest1 brave1 holy ,sisters of ,charity of our country6 ,,bribery ,,and ,,corruption4 ,i am not sure about bribery and corruption4 ,it may be a bad thing1 but many seem to think otherwise4 ,much may be said on both sides of the question4 ,oh6 don't tell me of a worm selling his birthright for a mess of pottage3 ,i never read of such worms in ,buffon1 or even in ,pliny4 ,but if they do exist in the human form1 the baseness consists in the sale1 not in the quid pro quo4 ,a mess of pottage in itself is a very good thing--,i should say1 a very respectable thing2 and no exchange can take away from it that character4 ,still1 if what we give for it is an heirloom1 coming from our ancestors and belonging to our posterity1 the transaction is shabby1 and not only shabby1 but dishonest4 ,if that is proved1 ,i don't defend the worm4 ,trample on him by all means--jump on him4 ,but beware of insulting the mess of pottage1 which is as respectable as when newly out of the pot4 ,fancy the sale to have been effected by means of some other equivalent3 and that1 by the way1 is just what puzzles me4 ,there are numerous other equivalents1 not a whit more respectable in themselves--many far less so--which not only escape all objurgation1 but serve to lift the identical transaction out of the category of basenesses4 ,this confuses a brain like mine1 even to the length of doubting whether there is any harm in the thing at all4 ,let us turn the question over patiently4 ,i confess ,i am slow2 but 'slow and sure1' you know4 ,bribery and corruption is a universal element in civilised society2 but let us talk in the meantime of political bribery and corruption4 ,it is the theory of the law--if the law really has a theory--that in the matter of a parliamentary canvass1 every man1 as a celebrated ,irish minister expressed it1 should stand upon his own bottom4 ,by this poetical figure1 ,lord ,londonderry meant that the man should depend upon himself1 upon his own merits and character1 without having recourse to any extrinsic means of working upon the judgment of others4 ,it is likewise the theory of the law1 that a man who suffers his judgment to be indirectly biassed is as bad as the other--and worse3 that he is1 in fact1 a ,worm1 unfit to possess his birthright1 of which he should be forthwith deprived4 ,well1 this being premised3 here is the ,honourable ,tom ,snuffleton1 who wants to represent our borough1 but having neither merit nor character of any convertible kind1 offers money and gin instead4 ,the substitute is accepted2 and ,honourable ,tom1 slapping his waistcoat several times1 congratulates the free and independent electors on having that day set a glorious example to the world1 by thus exercising their birthright and upholding their palladium2 and the affair is finished amid cheers and hiccups4 ,when ,i say1 however1 that the substitute is accepted1 ,i do not mean that it is accepted by1 or can be offered to the whole constituency4 ,that would be a libel4 ,there are many of the electors who have a soul above sovereigns1 and who1 if they could accomplish it1 would never drink anything less than claret4 ,these persons are ambitious of being noticed by the family of ,honourable ,tom4 ,they are not hungry1 but they take delight in a dinner in that quarter4 ,they also feel intensely gratified by having their wives and daughters bowed to from the family carriage4 ,a thousand considerations like these blind them to the absence of merit and character on the part of the candidate1 and lay them open to that extrinsic influence which1 according to the meaning of the law1 is bribery and corruption4 ,as for the man who takes his bribe1 for the sake of convenience1 in the direct1 portable1 and exchangeable form of a sovereign1 he lays it out in any pleasure or distinction he1 on his part1 has a fancy for4 ,if he is a dissolute person1 he spends it in the public-house2 if he is a proper-behaved husband1 he gives his wife a new gown2 if he is a respectable1 serious individual1 he devotes it to the conversion of the ,wid-a-wak tribe in ,central ,africa1 and gloats upon the name of ,john ,higgins in the subscription-list4 ,in whichever way1 however1 he may seek to gratify himself1 he is neither better nor worse1 so far as ,i can see1 than the voter of more elegant aspirations3 they have both been bribed2 they are both corrupt2 they have both sold their birthright4 ,this is a homely way of viewing the question1 but it suffices4 ,if we inquire into the motives of a hundred electors1 we shall not find ten of them free from some alloy of self-interest1 direct or indirect4 ,in cases where the candidates are all equally good1 equally bad1 or equally indifferent1 there may be no practical harm in this2 but it is not a political but a moral question that is before us4 ,the question is as to the bribe4 ,if we are to be excused because of the nature of the solatium we accept1 then should a thief successfully plead that it was not money he stole1 but a masterpiece of ,raphael4 ,what ,i doubt is1 whether they who have not been solely influenced by patriotic motives1 have any right to cast stones at the free and independent elector who has sold his vote for a sovereign4 ,if the common saying be true1 that 'every man has his price1' then are we all open to bribery and corruption2 and the only difficulty lies in ascertaining the weak side of our nature4 ,the distinction in this case is not between vice and virtue1 but between the various positions in which we are placed4 ,money will do with some men2 others1 who would be shocked at the idea of taking money1 will accept of something it has bought2 others1 again1 who would spurn at both these1 will have no objection to a snug little place for themselves or their dependents4 ,the ,english1 as a practical1 straightforward people1 take money--five to ten pounds being considered a fair thing for a vote1 and no shame about it4 ,the ,scotch1 as more calculating1 like a situation2 anything to put sons into1 will do--a cadetship in ,india1 a tide-waitership1 a place in the ,post-office1 or a commission in the army4 ,from a small ,scotch country town1 which we have in our eye1 as many as fourteen lads in one year received appointments in the ,excise2 everybody knew what for3 an election was in expectation4 ,no money1 however1 being passed from hand to hand1 the fathers of these said lads would look with horror on such cases of bribery as have given renown and infamy to ,sudbury and ,st ,alban's4 ,all men think all men sinners but themselves4 ,happy this consciousness of innocence6 ,how fortunate that we should be such a virtuous and discreet people6 ,and thus does one's very notions of what is right become a marketable article4 ,where neither money nor place is wanted1 a gracious look and an invitation to dinner may have quite a telling effect4 ,in fact1 the more refined men have become1 through the action of circumstances1 such as education and position1 the more abstracted and attenuated is the equivalent they demand for their virtue2 till we reach the highest grade of all1 whose noble natures1 as they are called1 can be seduced only by affection and gratitude4 ,now observe3 in all these cases the thing is the same1 whether it be crime we have been tempted to commit1 or mere illegality2 the only distinction lies in the value of the quid pro quo4 ,but is there a distinction even in that8 ,i doubt the fact4 ,i don't say there is none1 but ,i doubt it4 ,value is entirely arbitrary4 ,one man1 at the lower end of the scale1 sins for the sake of a pound2 and another1 at the higher end1 does the same thing for the sake of a kindness4 ,the two men place the same value on their several equivalents1 and each finds his own irresistible4 ,are they not both equally guilty8 ,that a refined man is better than a coarse one1 ,i admit4 ,he is pleasanter1 and not only so1 but safer4 ,we know his virtue to be secure from a thousand temptations before which meaner natures fall2 and to a large extent1 therefore1 we feel him to be worthy of our trust4 ,he will not betray us for a pound1 or a dinner1 or a place1 or a coaxing word1 or a condescending bow3 but we must not go too far with him for all that4 ,he has his price as surely as the meanest of his fellows2 and let him only come in the way of a temptation he values as highly as the other values his miserable pound1 and down he goes6 ,refined natures1 therefore1 are only comparatively trustworthy2 and1 however estimable or admirable they may be under other circumstances1 when they do fail they are as guilty as the rest4 ,it is a bad thing altogether1 bribery and corruption is2 and ,i don't object to your putting it down when it takes that material form of money you can so readily get hold of4 ,but what ,i hate is the cant that is canted about it by those who have not even the virtue to take their equivalent on the sly4 ,for it is a remarkable thing1 that when this does not come in a material shape1 such as you can count or handle1 it is looked upon by the bribee as no bribe at all6 ,nay1 in some cases he will glory in his crime1 as if it were a virtue2 and in all cases he will turn round upon his fellow-criminal--him of the vulgar sort--call him a worm1 and throw that mess of pottage at him6 ,this refined evil-doer may be as energetic as he pleases in his actions1 but it would be well if he were a little more quiet in his words4 ,if he looks within1 he will find that the distinction on which he prides himself is wholly superficial2 and that such language is very unbecoming the lips of one who might more truly1 as well as more politely1 say to corruption1 thou art my father1 and to the worm1 thou art my mother and my sister4 ,the main cause of such anomalies ,i take to be1 that there is among us a general want of earnestness4 ,we do not believe in ourselves1 or our duties1 or our destinies4 ,our life has no theory1 and we care only for outward forms and symbols4 ,our taste is shocked by the grossness of vice1 but we have no quarrel with the thing itself2 and if the people around us will only preserve a polished1 or at least inoffensive exterior1 that is all we demand4 ,why should we look below the surface in their case1 when we do no such thing in our own8 ,we feel amiable1 genteel1 and refined2 we detest the appearance of low impropriety1 and would take a good deal of trouble to put it down2 we look very kindly on the world in general1 if the low people who are in it would only become as decorous as ourselves4 ,in the old republics1 the case was different4 ,there men had a theory1 even if a bad one1 and they stuck to it through good report and through bad report4 ,the theory was the spirit of the community1 and its members sacrificed to it their whole individuality4 ,no wonder that such little political unities held together as if their component parts had been welded1 and that they continued to do so till they came into collision1 and1 from their hardness and toughness1 rubbed one another out4 ,put down bribery and corruption3 that is fair4 ,and more especially put down open1 shameless1 and brutal bribery and corruption1 for its very coarseness is1 in itself1 an additional crime4 ,but no reform is efficacious that does not come from within2 and when refined men wage war against vulgar vices1 let them look sharply to their own4 ,i do not say1 that by taking thought they will be able to do entirely away with the seductive influence of a bow1 or a dinner1 or a kind action2 and that1 in spite of these1 they will do their duty with the stern resolve of an ancient ,spartan4 ,but they will be less likely to yield to temptation1 and the price of their virtue will at least mount higher and higher1 which is as much as we can expect of human nature4 ,the grand benefit1 however1 they will derive from the inquisition1 is the lesson of tolerance it will teach4 ,they will refrain1 for shame's sake1 from casting stones and calling names4 ,they will see that the only part of the offence they can notice is vulgarity and ignorance1 and they will quietly try to refine the one and enlighten the other4 ,,the ,,egyptian ,,museum1 ,,liverpool4 ,in a cross street named ,colquitt ,street1 near a fashionable promenade of ,liverpool1 will be found the rich1 valuable1 and interesting museum which we are about briefly to describe4 ,it is the property of ,mr ,joseph ,mayer1 ,f4,s4,a41 a townsman of ,liverpool1 esteemed as much for his private worth as for his refined classical taste4 ,this gentleman has been long known as a collector2 and by the purchase of an entire gallery of antiquities1 formed by one who travelled long in ,egypt and ,nubia1 and visited the remains of ancient ,carthage1 he became possessed of a museum so extensive that his private residence could not contain them1 and so rare1 that the public desired to know more about them4 ,with the view1 therefore1 of keeping them together1 and gratifying the many who longed to acquaint themselves with these interesting relics of an interesting race1 this house in ,colquitt ,street has been appropriated4 ,for the purpose of meeting the current expenses of the exhibition1 and enabling the proprietor to add to its contents1 a very trifling charge is made for admission1 and a book is kept for the autographs of the visitors4 ,the first room entered displays a large collection of ,egyptian stel and other monuments1 while the outer cases and sarcophagi of several mummies are placed in another apartment4 ,the word stela means merely a memorial pillar or tombstone2 and in this room the reflective mind will find much food for meditation4 ,we have here the first elements of all religion brought visibly before us in the carvings--the recognition of a deity1 and the belief in immortality4 ,more than one of these stel has upon it the royal cartouch2 one of them has no fewer than four of these elliptical rings with inscriptions1 and two more from which the hieroglyphics have been erased4 ,this tells a tale1 for in the age commemorated1 it was a mark of disgrace to have the name obliterated4 ,another stela contains the jackal1 or genius of the departed1 with propitiatory offerings from his friends4 ,the curious will learn with interest1 that another of these monuments dates back to the time of ,joseph4 ,it has twice engraved upon it the name ,osortosen--perhaps the ,pharaoh 'who gave him to wife ,asenath1 the daughter of ,potiphorah1 priest of ,on1' and raised the obelisk at ,heliopolis1 towns thought to be the same4 ,near to this is another stela of great beauty1 engraved in low relief and cavo-relievo1 coloured4 ,it belongs to ,manetho's sixth dynasty1 and is consequently very ancient4 ,one still more so is in the same collection3 it is of the fourth dynasty of that historian--consequently1 of the time when the ,pyramids were built4 ,it is beautifully executed in intaglio and relievo1 with the surface polished4 ,these stel1 of which the collection is very rich1 are composed of various rocks--such as granite1 syenite1 limestone1 the travertino of the ,italians1 and sandstone4 ,while the tombs of ,egypt have furnished these monuments1 ,karnac is represented by a portion of its great obelisk1 and ,rome has supplied a cinerary urn with cremated bones1 several sepulchral tablets1 and an altar4 ,in another room on the same floor1 we find an extensive collection of pottery from the tombs of ancient ,etruria1 and other parts of ,italy2 ,roman pottery found in ,britain2 ,samian ware1 and articles of that kind1 from ,pompeii1 ,carthage1 and ,south ,america4 ,the central case is overflowing with riches1 containing as it does nearly six hundred ,etruscan vases in terra cotta4 ,it is a subject of doubt among the learned1 whether these painted vessels1 so called1 are not in reality ,grecian4 ,bossi1 in his great work on ,italy1 claims the first manufacture for the ,tuscans2 but there is a strong argument in favour of their ,grecian origin in the negative evidence obtained from ,roman ,italy1 where they are not found1 and the positive evidence from the ,grecian subjects depicted on the pottery2 besides which1 the tombs of the ,greek islands of the ,archipelago contain them4 ,their not being met with in the ,asiatic colonies of the ,greeks may go merely to shew1 that although the objects might be ,grecian1 the trade was ,etruscan4 ,it is well known1 too1 that at ,athens the art of making pottery had arrived at great perfection4 ,that the ,tuscans used these as funereal vessels at a remote period1 is fully established2 but the custom of depositing them in sepulchres is not supposed to have originated with that people1 but to have been brought by colonists from ,greece ,proper4 ,in this apartment1 there are sepulchral lamps in the same material as the ,etruscan vases1 and idols not a few4 ,besides these1 there are numerous ,roman fibul 7a sort of brooch7 and bracelets1 found at ,treves1 and others dug up in ,england4 ,there are likewise many ,roman antiquities1 which have been recently met with at ,hoy ,lake1 near ,liverpool4 ,but we must not attempt to enter into details2 let us mount to the floor above1 and notice the contents of the apartments there4 ,the first room on the second storey is the ,mummy ,room2 and there rest1 side by side1 royal personages and humble individuals1 male and female1 who1 about four thousand years ago1 breathed the air of ,egypt4 ,except by their cerements1 and the inscriptions on the cases1 who could tell which had been the greater8 ,the plan adopted for the display of these human mummies--for the ,museum contains the preserved remains of the ibis and hawk1 the cat1 and even the dog1 a rare subject for the embalmer1 besides the bodies of other inferior animals--is to remove the outer case and covering1 then to place the inner case upon the floor2 above it1 resting on supports1 the body2 and above that again1 the lid1 enclosing all within plates of glass1 so that the spectator may go round the mummy1 examining it in all directions1 and likewise the case1 within and without1 on which the hieroglyphics are inscribed4 ,before we describe the mummies so laid out1 let us explain briefly the process of embalming4 ,herodotus is a great authority on this matter1 and we cannot do better than follow him4 ,in the first place1 the embalmer was a medical practitioner1 and legally pursued his craft4 ,the deceased was taken to his room1 and there the process of preservation was conducted2 not1 however1 till the agreement had been made between the relatives and the embalmer as to the style and cost2 for there were three methods of embalming1 suitable to different ranks4 ,this having been determined1 the operator began1 the relatives having previously retired4 ,in the most expensive kind of embalming1 the brain was extracted without disfiguring the head1 and the intestines were removed by an incision in the side3 these were separated and preserved4 ,the body was now filled with spices--myrrh cassia1 and other perfumes1 frankincense excepted2 and the opening was firmly closed4 ,it was now covered with natron for seventy days2 and at the expiration of that time1 it was washed and swathed in linen cloth1 dipped in gums and resinous substances1 when it was delivered to the relatives1 and by them placed in the mummy case and sarcophagus4 ,it was finally placed perpendicularly in the apartment set apart for the dead2 so that the ,egyptian could view his ancestors as figured on their coffins2 and with the thought that not only were their portraits there1 but their bodies also--for the ,egyptian was a firm believer in immortality1 and piously preserved the body in a fitter state1 as he thought1 for reunion with the soul1 than if allowed to perish by decay4 ,according to the second mode of embalming1 no incisions were made upon the body1 but absorbing injections were employed4 ,the natron was used as before2 and after the customary days were passed1 the injected fluid was withdrawn1 and with it came the entrails4 ,the body was now enfolded in the cloth1 and returned to the friends4 ,this process cost twenty min1 the other was a talent4 ,in the third style1 that adopted by the poor1 the natron application was almost the only one used2 the body lay for seventy days in this alkaline solution1 and was then accounted fit for preservation4 ,sometimes the body1 enveloped in the cloth1 was covered with bitumen4 ,the most interesting mummy in this collection is that of a royal personage1 ,amenophis ,i41 the most ancient of the ,pharaohs whose name has yet been found4 ,the case is richly decorated1 and the name appears in three different places--that in the interior being in very large characters1 in a royal cartouch4 ,the spectator seems to hang over this mummy as if spell-bound4 ,can this in reality be one of the ,pharaohs8 ,such is the question2 and the inscription1 thrice repeated--',amenophis ,i4'--is the answer6 ,this monarch reigned in ,egypt about half a century after the exodus of the ,israelites1 and #cdjj years ago1 according to the chronology of ,dr ,hales2 but others give a remoter period--even in the days of ,joseph4 ,another mummy has the face covered with gold1 and the body is inscribed with the gods of the ,amenti1 on those regions over which they were the genii4 ,thus ,amset1 with a human head1 presided over the stomach and large intestines1 and was the judge of ,hades2 ,hape1 with the head of a baboon1 presided over the small intestines2 ,soumautf1 the third genius1 with a jackal's head1 was placed over the region of the thorax1 presiding over the heart and lungs2 and the last1 ,kebhsnauf1 with the head of a hawk1 presided over the gall-bladder and liver4 ,besides these1 there are other mummies exhibiting the style of swathing peculiarly ,egyptian1 in contradistinction to the ,grco-,egyptian1 which differs from the former in having the limbs separately bandaged1 instead of being placed together and enveloped in one form4 ,there are also fragments of the human body mummied1 one of which contains between the arm and shoulder a papyrus-roll4 ,and while we are now among the mummies1 we must not forget the vases called canopuses1 in which the entrails and other internal organs were deposited2 each bearing upon it the emblem of the genius presiding over the separately embalmed viscera4 ,on each of these canopuses1 four of which compose a set1 an inscription may be seen4 ,thus3 ,amset--',i am thy son1 a god1 loving thee2 ,i have come to be beside thee1 causing to germinate thy head1 to fabricate thee with the words of ,phtah1 like the brilliancy of the sun for ever4' ,hape--',i have come to manifest myself beside thee1 to raise thy head and arms1 to reduce thy enemies1 to give thee all germination for ever4' ,soumautf--',i am thy son1 a god1 loving thee2 ,i have come to support my father4' ,kebhsnauf--',i have come to be beside thee1 to subdue thy form1 to submit thy limbs for thee1 to lead thy heart to thee1 to give it to thee in the tribunal of thy race1 to germinate thy house with all the other living4' ,in this apartment there are many statues1 some in wood1 some in stone4 ,in one of wood there is a recess behind intended for a papyrus manuscript4 ,there are also specimens of ,egyptian ,mosaic pavement1 and a monumental tablet1 interesting from its having a ,greek inscription1 while its style and figure are ,egyptian--proving the continuance of the ancient manner down to the ,ptolemaic dynasty4 ,the adjoining room contains infinitely more than we can enumerate1 and1 like the others1 many articles not ,egyptian1 yet deeply interesting in themselves4 ,the centre cases will demand our first attention2 and here we have idolets and amulets innumerable2 coins of the ,ptolemies1 ,cleopatra1 and others2 and jewellery of all descriptions1 from the golden diadem and the royal signet down to the pottery rings and glass beads worn by the poor4 ,as might be expected in an ,egyptian collection1 the scarabus1 or sacred beetle1 frequently meets the eye4 ,here are scarabi in gold1 cornelion1 chalcedony1 heliotrope1 torquoise1 lapis-lazuli1 porphyry1 terra cotta1 and other materials2 many of them having royal names and inscriptions engraved4 ,two objects claim our first attention1 on account not only of their value1 but their associations4 ,they are placed together in a glass-case1 marked ,no4 #c4 ,one of them is perhaps the most ancient ring in existence1 and is a magnificent signet of pure solid gold4 ,it bears in a cartouch the royal name of ,amenophis ,i41 and has an inscription on either side4 ,the signet is hung upon a swivel1 and has hieroglyphics on what may be called the reverse4 ,it is a large1 heavy ring1 weighing #a ounce1 #f pennyweights1 #ab grains1 was worn on the thumb1 and taken from the mummy at ,memphis4 ,it was purchased by ,mr ,sams at the sale of ,mr ,salt's collection in the year #ahce1 for upwards of ,l4#ej1 and is highly prized by the present proprietor4 ,some doubt still rests upon ,egyptian chronology4 ,by certain antiquaries1 this ring is supposed to have been worn by the ,pharaoh who ruled over the land while ,joseph was prime-minister2 but others1 as has been mentioned1 place the reign of ,amenophis ,i4 after the departure of the ,israelites4 ,the other is a diadem of pure gold1 about seven inches in diameter1 taken from the head of a mummy4 ,in the centre1 a pyramid rises with a double cartouch on one side and a single one on the other4 ,towards this twelve scarabi are approaching1 six on either side1 emblematic of the increase and decrease of the days in the twelve months2 and between these is a procession of boats1 in which are deities and figures4 ,in the inner side of this diadem the signs of the zodiac are represented4 ,in close proximity to these remarkable objects is another of no less interest--namely1 a pair of earrings of gold1 weighing each half a shekel--',and it came to pass1 as the camels had done drinking1 that the man took a golden earring of half a shekel weight1 and two bracelets for her hands of ten shekels weight of gold2 and said1 ,whose daughter art thou8' ,such was the present to ,rebekah2 and here1 before us1 are ornaments similar probably in shape 7zone-like71 and exactly similar in weight6 ,among the jewellery in this collection we find several valuable necklaces in gold1 coral1 and precious stones4 ,besides the ,egyptian1 there are some of ,etruscan origin1 taken from the tombs of this ancient people4 ,we cannot leave this subject without noticing the beauty and perfection of the filigree-work1 executed about #bdjj years ago1 and equal to modern workmanship4 ,some exquisite specimens from ,pompeii are preserved here4 ,turning now to the walls of this apartment1 we find glass-cases filled with vases in terra cotta and eastern alabaster4 ,on some of these are royal names1 gilt and coloured2 that of ,cheops1 the builder of the great ,pyramid1 occurs on one4 ,another of these vessels1 or the neck part of one1 is covered with cement1 and sealed with three cartouches1 besides having four others painted on it4 ,this1 it is thought1 may have contained the precious ,theban wine1 sealed with the royal signet4 ,there are many other things taken from the tombs which our space forbids us to dwell upon2 such as idols and figures1 papyri and phylacteries1 paint-pots and colours1 workman's tools1 stone and wooden pillows or head-rests1 and sandals2 a patera with pomegranates1 another with barley1 the seven-eared wheat of ,scripture1 bread and grapes1 besides other fruits and dainties which were supplied to the dead when deposited in the ,theban tombs4 ,on a tablet here we find the name of that ,amenophis or ,phamenoph1 who is celebrated as the ,memnon of the ,greeks4 ,we also find bricks as made by the ,israelites1 and stamped probably in accordance with the regulations of the revenue department of old ,egypt4 ,there are preserved in this and the adjoining apartments some beautiful ancient manuscripts1 and an exceedingly valuable collection of books on antiquities1 to which the visitor has access4 ,we now ascend to the upper rooms1 where in one is a collection of armour1 and in the other1 the ',majolica' ,room1 specimens of pottery1 as revived in ,europe in the fifteenth century by ,luca ,della ,rubbia1 who was born in #achh4 ,he discovered the art of glazing earthenware4 ,in the former of these rooms1 all sorts of weapons and defensive apparatus are met with--modern1 medival1 and antique2 some are highly finished1 others very rude4 ,in the ,majolica ,room1 there is much matter for study1 and those will fail to appreciate the value of the collection who have not learned something of the history of the ware4 ,here is exhibited a ,madonna and ,child1 of about the year #adbj1 by ,rubbia himself4 ,it was given to ,mr ,mayer by the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 when the medal of ,roscoe was struck and presented4 ,there are five plates1 made after the patterns of the ,moors1 about the middle of that century1 at ,pessaro1 near the ,po2 and four with portraits1 marked ',majolica ,amatorii4' ,we find several other specimens1 shewing the most curious anachronisms and blunders in design4 ,the ',temptation1' for example1 is represented as a plate1 with the drawing of a town and a ,dutch church4 ',jacob's ,dream1' ',joseph and his ,brethren1' ',alexander and ,darius1' ',acton and ,diana1' and such scenes1 seem to have been favourites4 ,the specimens of ',mezza ,majolica1' with raised centres1 scroll-work borders1 and embossed figures1 are very curious4 ,there are two dishes1 each eighteen inches in diameter1 of ,raffaelle ware1 on one of which is ',christ healing the ,sick1' and on the other1 ',christ driving out the ,money-changers4' ,another1 of ,calabrian ware1 is very curious3 it is of brown clay1 glazed1 with four handles1 and inside are the figures of two priests officiating at an altar2 behind1 are female figures overlooking1 but concealed by latticed-work4 ,there is one object here of local interest1 and with it we bring this description to a close4 ,it is an earthenware map of ,crosby1 to the north of ,liverpool1 made in #agaf1 at pottery works in ,shaws-brow4 ,,uncle ,,tom',s ,,cabin4 ,,story ,,of ,,uncle ,,tom4 ,a former paper on ,mrs ,stowe's remarkable book1 presented a little episode1 the heroine of which was ,eliza1 a female slave on the estate of a ,mr ,shelby in ,kentucky4 ,we now turn to the story of ,tom himself1 whose transfers from hand to hand afford the authoress an opportunity of describing the private life and feelings of slave-owners1 and the unwholesome and dangerous condition of society in the south4 ,tom1 we have hinted1 was jet black in colour1 trustworthy and valued by his master1 who was compelled by necessity to part with him to ,haley1 a slave-trader4 ,the separation of this honest fellow from his wife ,chloe1 and his children1 was a sad affair2 but as ,tom was of a hopeful temperament1 and under strong religious impressions1 he did not repine at the fate he was about to encounter1 dreaded as that usually is by persons in his situation4 ',in order to appreciate the sufferings of the negroes sold south1 it must be remembered that all the instinctive affections of that race are peculiarly strong4 ,their local attachments are very abiding4 ,they are not naturally daring and enterprising1 but home-loving and affectionate4 ,add to this all the terrors with which ignorance invests the unknown1 and add to this1 again1 that selling to the south is set before the negro from childhood as the last severity of punishment4 ,the threat that terrifies more than whipping or torture of any kind1 is the threat of being sent down river4 ',a missionary among the fugitives in ,canada told us1 that many of the fugitives confessed themselves to have escaped from comparatively kind masters1 and that they were induced to brave the perils of escape1 in almost every case1 by the desperate horror with which they regarded being sold south--a doom which was hanging either over themselves or their husbands1 their wives or children4 ,this nerves the ,african1 naturally patient1 timid1 and unenterprising1 with heroic courage1 and leads him to suffer hunger1 cold1 pain1 the perils of the wilderness1 and the more dread penalties of recapture4' ,after a simple repast in his rude cabin1 ,tom prepared to start4 ,chloe shut and corded his trunk1 and getting up1 looked gruffly on the trader who was robbing her of her husband2 her tears seemingly turned to sparks of fire4 ,tom rose up meekly to follow his new master1 and raised the box on his shoulder4 ,his wife took the baby in her arms1 to go with him as far as the wagon1 and the children1 crying1 trailed on behind4 ',a crowd of all the old and young hands in the place stood gathered around it1 to bid farewell to their old associate4 ,tom had been looked up to1 both as a head-servant and a ,christian teacher1 by all the place1 and there was much honest sympathy and grief about him1 particularly among the women4 ,haley whipped up the horse1 and with a steady1 mournful look1 fixed to the last on the old place1 ,tom was whirled away4 ,mr ,shelby at this time was not at home4 ,he had sold ,tom under the spur of a driving necessity1 to get out of the power of a man he dreaded2 and his first feeling1 after the consummation of the bargain1 had been that of relief4 ,but his wife's expostulations awoke his half-slumbering regrets2 and ,tom's disinterestedness increased the unpleasantness of his feelings4 ,it was in vain that he said to himself1 that he had a right to do it1 that everybody did it1 and that some did it without even the excuse of necessity3 he could not satisfy his own feelings2 and that he might not witness the unpleasant scenes of the consummation1 he had gone on a short business tour up the country1 hoping that all would be over before he returned4' ,haley1 with his property1 reaches the ,mississippi2 and on that magnificent river1 a steam-boat1 piled high with bales of cotton from many a plantation1 receives the party4 ',partly from confidence inspired by ,mr ,shelby's representations1 and partly from the remarkably inoffensive and quiet character of the man1 ,tom had insensibly won his way far into the confidence even of such a man as ,haley4 ,at first1 he had watched him narrowly through the day1 and never allowed him to sleep at night unfettered2 but the uncomplaining patience and apparent contentment of ,tom's manner1 led him gradually to discontinue these restraints2 and for some time ,tom had enjoyed a sort of parole of honour1 being permitted to come and go freely where he pleased on the boat4 ,ever quiet and obliging1 and more than ready to lend a hand in every emergency which occurred among the workmen below1 he had won the good opinion of all the hands1 and spent many hours in helping them with as hearty a good-will as ever he worked on a ,kentucky farm4 ,when there seemed to be nothing for him to do1 he would climb to a nook among the cotton-bales of the upper deck1 and busy himself in studying over his ,bible--and it is there we see him now4 ,for a hundred or more miles above ,new ,orleans1 the river is higher than the surrounding country1 and rolls its tremendous volume between massive levees twenty feet in height4 ,the traveller from the deck of the steamer1 as from some floating castle-top1 overlooks the whole country for miles and miles around4 ,tom1 therefore1 had spread out full before him1 in plantation after plantation1 a map of the life to which he was approaching4 ,he saw the distant slaves at their toil2 he saw afar their villages of huts gleaming out in long rows on many a plantation1 distant from the stately mansions and pleasure-grounds of the master2 and as the moving picture passed on1 his poor foolish heart would be turning backward to the ,kentucky farm1 with its old shadowy beeches1 to the master's house1 with its wide1 cool halls1 and near by the little cabin1 overgrown with the multiflora and bignonia4 ,there he seemed to see familiar faces of comrades who had grown up with him from infancy3 he saw his busy wife1 bustling in her preparations for his evening meals2 he heard the merry laugh of his boys at their play1 and the chirrup of the baby at his knee1 and then1 with a start1 all faded2 and he saw again the cane-brakes and cypresses of gliding plantations1 and heard again the creaking and groaning of the machinery1 all telling him too plainly that all that phase of life had gone by for ever4' ,an unlooked-for incident raises up a friend4 ',among the passengers on the boat was a young gentleman of fortune and family1 resident in ,new ,orleans1 who bore the name of ,st ,clare4 ,he had with him a daughter between five and six years of age1 together with a lady who seemed to claim relationship to both1 and to have the little one especially under her charge4 ,tom had often caught glimpses of this little girl1 for she was one of those busy1 tripping creatures1 that can be no more contained in one place than a sunbeam or a summer breeze2 nor was she one that1 once seen1 could be easily forgotten4 ,her form was the perfection of childish beauty1 without its usual chubbiness and squareness of outline4' ,this angelic little creature was attracted by ,tom's appearance2 and speaking kindly to him1 expressed a hope of serving him1 by inducing her papa to become his purchaser4 ,tom had just thanked the little lady for her intentions1 when the boat stopped at a landing-place4 ,at its moving on again1 ,eva1 who leaned imprudently on the railings1 fell overboard4 ,tom was fortunately standing under her as she fell4 ',he saw her strike the water and sink1 and was after her in a moment4 ,a broad-chested1 strong-armed fellow1 it was nothing for him to keep afloat in the water till1 in a moment or two1 the child rose to the surface1 and he caught her in his arms1 and1 swimming with her to the boat-side1 handed her up1 all dripping1 to the grasp of hundreds of hands1 which1 as if they had all belonged to one man1 were stretched eagerly out to receive her4 ,a few moments more1 and her father bore her1 dripping and senseless1 to the ladies' cabin1 where1 as is usual in cases of the kind1 there ensued a very well-meaning and kind-hearted strife among the female occupants generally as to who should do the most things to make a disturbance1 and to hinder her recovery in every way possible4' ,next day1 as the vessel approached ,new ,orleans1 ,tom sat on the lower deck1 with his arms folded1 anxiously from time to time turning his eyes towards a group on the other side of the boat4 ',there stood the fair ,evangeline1 a little paler than the day before1 but otherwise exhibiting no traces of the accident which had befallen her4 ,a graceful1 elegantly-formed young man stood by her1 carelessly leaning one elbow on a bale of cotton1 while a large pocket-book lay open before him4 ,it was quite evident1 at a glance1 that the gentleman was ,eva's father4 ,there was the same noble cast of head1 the same large blue eyes1 the same golden-brown hair2 yet the expression was wholly different4 ,in the large1 clear blue eyes1 though in form and colour exactly similar1 there was wanting that misty1 dreamy depth of expression2 all was clear1 bold1 and bright1 but with a light wholly of this world3 the beautifully cut mouth had a proud and somewhat sarcastic expression1 while an air of free-and-easy superiority sat not ungracefully in every turn and movement of his fine form4 ,he was listening with a good-humoured1 negligent air1 half comic1 half contemptuous1 to ,haley1 who was very volubly expatiating on the quality of the article for which they were bargaining4 ,all the moral and ,christian virtues bound in black morocco1 complete6 he said1 when ,haley had finished4 ,well1 now1 my good fellow1 what's the damage1 as they say in ,kentucky2 in short1 what's to be paid out for this business8 ,how much are you going to cheat me1 now8 ,out with it6 ,wal1 said ,haley1 if ,i should say thirteen hundred dollars for that ar fellow1 ,i shouldn't but just save myself--,i shouldn't1 now1 raily4 ,papa1 do buy him6 it's no matter what you pay1 whispered ,eva softly1 getting up on a package1 and putting her arm around her father's neck4 ,you have money enough1 ,i know4 ,i want him4' ,tom was purchased1 and paid for4 ',come1 ,eva1' said ,st ,clare1 as he stepped across the boat to his newly-acquired property4 ',look up1 ,tom1 and see how you like your new master4 ,tom looked up4 ,it was not in nature to look into that gay1 young1 handsome face without a feeling of pleasure2 and ,tom felt the tears start in his eyes as he said1 heartily3 ,god bless you1 mas'r6 ,well1 ,i hope he will4 ,what's your name8 ,tom8 ,quite as likely to do it for your asking as mine1 from all accounts4 ,can you drive horses1 ,tom8 ,i've been allays used to horses1 said ,tom4 ,well1 ,i think ,i shall put you in coachy1 on condition that you won't be drunk more than once a week1 unless in cases of emergency1 ,tom4 ',tom looked surprised1 and rather hurt1 and said3 ,i never drink1 mas'r4 ,i've heard that story before1 ,tom2 but then we'll see4 ,it will be a special accommodation to all concerned if you don't4 ,never mind1 my boy1 he added good-humouredly1 seeing ,tom still looked grave2 ,i don't doubt you mean to do well4 ,i sartin do1 mas'r1 said ,tom4 ,and you shall have good times1 said ,eva4 ,papa is very good to everybody1 only he always will laugh at them4 ,papa is much obliged to you for his recommendation1 said ,st ,clare laughing1 as he turned on his heel and walked away4' ,augustine ,st ,clare was a wealthy citizen of ,new ,orleans1 and possessed a domestic establishment of great extent and elegance1 with a body of servants in the condition of slaves1 to whom he was an indulgent master4 ,the description of this splendid mansion1 with its lounging and wasteful attendants1 its indolent1 pretty1 and capricious lady-mistress1 and the account of ,ophelia1 a shrewd ,new-,england cousin1 who managed the household affairs1 must be considered the best1 or at least the most amusing portion of the work4 ,the authoress also dwells with fondness on the character of the gentle ,eva1 a child of uncommon talents1 but so delicate in health1 so ethereal1 that while still on earth1 she seems already an angel of paradise leading and beckoning to ,heaven4 ,eva was kind to everybody--kind even to ,topsy1 a negro girl whom ,st ,clare had one day bought out of mere charity1 on seeing her cruelly lashed by her former master and mistress4 ,topsy is a fine picture of a brutalised young negro1 who never speaks the truth even by chance1 and steals because she cannot help it4 ,every one gives up ,topsy as utterly irreclaimable--all except the gentle ,eva4 ,caught in a fresh act of theft1 ,topsy is led away by ,eva4 ',there was a little glass-room at the corner of the veranda1 which ,st ,clare used as a sort of reading-room2 and ,eva and ,topsy disappeared into this place4 ,what's ,eva going about now8 said ,st ,clare2 ,i mean to see4 ,and advancing on tiptoe1 he lifted up a curtain that covered the glass-door1 and looked in4 ,in a moment1 laying his finger on his lips1 he made a silent gesture to ,miss ,ophelia to come and look4 ,there sat the two children on the floor1 with their side-faces towards them1 ,topsy with her usual air of careless drollery and unconcern2 but1 opposite to her1 ,eva1 her whole face fervent with feeling1 and tears in her large eyes4 ,what does make you so bad1 ,topsy8 ,why won't you try and be good8 ,don't you love anybody1 ,topsy8 ,donno nothing 'bout love4 ,i loves candy and sich--that's all1 said ,topsy4 ,but you love your father and mother8 ,never had none1 ye know4 ,i telled ye that1 ,miss ,eva4 ,oh1 ,i know1 said ,eva sadly2 but hadn't you any brother1 or sister1 or aunt1 or---- ,no1 none on 'm--never had nothing nor nobody4 ,but1 ,topsy1 if you'd only try to be good1 you might---- ,couldn't never be nothin' but a nigger1 if ,i was ever so good1 said ,topsy4 ,if ,i could be skinned1 and come white1 ,i'd try then4 ,but people can love you1 if you are black1 ,topsy4 ,miss ,ophelia would love you if you were good4 ',topsy gave the short1 blunt laugh that was her common mode of expressing incredulity4 ,don't you think so8 said ,eva4 ,no2 she can't bar me1 'cause ,i'm a nigger6--she'd's soon have a toad touch her4 ,there can't nobody love niggers1 and niggers can't do nothin'4 ,i don't care1 said ,topsy1 beginning to whistle4 ,o ,topsy1 poor child1 ,i love you1 said ,eva1 with a sudden burst of feeling1 and laying her little thin white hand on ,topsy's shoulder--,i love you because you haven't had any father1 or mother1 or friends--because you've been a poor1 abused child6 ,i love you1 and ,i want you to be good4 ,i am very unwell1 ,topsy1 and ,i think ,i shan't live a great while2 and it really grieves me to have you be so naughty4 ,i wish you would try to be good1 for my sake2 it's only a little while ,i shall be with you4 ',the round1 keen eyes of the black child were overcast with tears2 large bright drops rolled heavily down1 one by one1 and fell on the little white hand4 ,yes1 in that moment a ray of real belief1 a ray of heavenly love1 had penetrated the darkness of her heathen soul4 ,she laid her head down between her knees1 and wept and sobbed2 while the beautiful child1 bending over her1 looked like the picture of some bright angel stooping to reclaim a sinner4 ,poor ,topsy6 said ,eva1 don't you know that ,jesus loves all alike8 ,he is just as willing to love you as me4 ,he loves you just as ,i do1 only more1 because he is better4 ,he will help you to be good1 and you can go to heaven at last1 and be an angel for ever1 just as much as if you were white4 ,only think of it1 ,topsy2 you can be one of those spirits bright ,uncle ,tom sings about4 ,o dear ,miss ,eva6--dear ,miss ,eva6 said the child1 ,i will try--,i will try6 ,i never did care nothin' about it before4' ,by such persuasions1 ,eva had the happiness to see the beginning of improvement in ,topsy1 who finally assumed an entirely new character1 and attained a respectable position in society4 ,eva1 after this1 declined rapidly4 ,uncle ,tom was much in her room4 ',the child suffered much from nervous restlessness1 and it was a relief to her to be carried2 and it was ,tom's greatest delight to carry her little frail form in his arms1 resting on a pillow1 now up and down her room1 now out into the veranda2 and when the fresh sea-breezes blew from the lake1 and the child felt freshest in the morning1 he would sometimes walk with her under the orange-trees in the garden1 or1 sitting down in some of their old seats1 sing to her their favourite old hymns4 ,the desire to do something was not confined to ,tom4 ,every servant in the establishment shewed the same feeling1 and in their way did what they could4' ,at length1 the moment of departure of this highly-prized being arrives4 ',it is midnight--strange1 mystic hour1 when the veil between the frail present and the eternal future grows thin--then came the messenger6' ,st ,clare was called1 and was up in her room in an instant4 ',what was it he saw that made his heart stand still8 ,why was no word spoken between the two8 ,thou canst say1 who hast seen that same expression on the face dearest to thee--that look1 indescribable1 hopeless1 unmistakable1 that says to thee that thy beloved is no longer thine4 ',on the face of the child1 however1 there was no ghastly imprint--only a high and almost sublime expression--the overshadowing presence of spiritual natures1 the dawning of immortal life in that childish soul4 ',they stood there so still1 gazing upon her1 that even the ticking of the watch seemed too loud4' ,tom arrived with the doctor4 ,the house was aroused--'lights were seen1 footsteps heard1 anxious faces thronged the veranda1 and looked tearfully through the glass doors2 but ,st ,clare heard and said nothing2 he saw only that look on the face of the little sleeper4 ,oh1 if she would only wake1 and speak once more6 he said2 and1 stooping over her1 lie spoke in her ear3 ,eva1 darling6 ',the large blue eyes unclosed--a smile passed over her face2 she tried to raise her head1 and to speak4 ,do you know me1 ,eva8 ,dear papa1 said the child with a last effort1 throwing her arms about his neck4 ,in a moment1 they dropped again2 and as ,st ,clare raised his head1 he saw a spasm of mortal agony pass over the face3 she struggled for breath1 and threw up her little hands4 ,o ,god1 this is dreadful6 he said1 turning away in agony1 and wringing ,tom's hand1 scarce conscious what he was doing4 ,o ,tom1 my boy1 it is killing me6 ',the child lay panting on her pillows1 as one exhausted2 the large clear eyes rolled up and fixed4 ,ah1 what said those eyes that spoke so much of heaven8 ,earth was passed1 and earthly pain2 but so solemn1 so mysterious1 was the triumphant brightness of that face1 that it checked even the sobs of sorrow4 ,they pressed around her in breathless stillness4 ,eva6 said ,st ,clare gently4 ,she did not hear4 ,o ,eva1 tell us what you see6 ,what is it8 said her father4 ',a bright1 a glorious smile passed over her face1 and she said1 brokenly3 ,o love--joy--peace6 gave one sigh1 and passed from death unto life6' ,previous to the death of the dear ,eva1 she had induced her father to promise to emancipate ,tom1 and he was taking steps to give this faithful servant his liberty1 when a terrible catastrophe occurred4 ,st ,clare was suddenly killed in attempting to appease a quarrel in one of the coffee-rooms of ,new ,orleans4 ,his family were plunged into grief and consternation2 and by his trustees the whole of the servants in the establishment1 ,uncle ,tom included1 were brought to sale in the open market4 ',beneath a splendid dome were men of all nations1 moving to and fro over the marble pav4 ,on every side of the circular area were little tribunes1 or stations1 for the use of speakers and auctioneers4 ,two of these1 on opposite sides of the area1 were now occupied by brilliant and talented gentlemen1 enthusiastically forcing up1 in ,english and ,french commingled1 the bids of connoisseurs in their various wares4 ,a third one1 on the other side1 still unoccupied1 was surrounded by a group waiting the moment of sale to begin4 ,and here we may recognise the ,st ,clare servants1 awaiting their turn with anxious and dejected faces4 ',tom had been standing wistfully examining the multitude of faces thronging around him for one whom he would wish to call master2 and1 if you should ever be under the necessity1 sir1 of selecting out of two hundred men one who was to become your absolute owner and disposer1 you would perhaps realise1 just as ,tom did1 how few there were that you would feel at all comfortable in being made over to4 ,tom saw abundance of men1 great1 burly1 gruff men2 little1 chirping1 dried men2 long-favoured1 lank1 hard men2 and every variety of stubbed-looking1 common-place men1 who pick up their fellow-men as one picks up chips1 putting them into the fire or a basket with equal unconcern1 according to their convenience2 but he saw no ,st ,clare4 ',a little before the sale commenced1 a short1 broad1 muscular man1 in a checked shirt1 considerably open at the bosom1 and pantaloons much the worse for dirt and wear1 elbowed his way through the crowd1 like one who is going actively into a business2 and1 coming up to the group1 began to examine them systematically4 ,from the moment that ,tom saw him approaching1 he felt an immediate and revolting horror at him1 that increased as he came near4 ,he was evidently1 though short1 of gigantic strength4 ,his round1 bullet head1 large1 light-gray eyes1 with their shaggy1 sandy eyebrows1 and stiff1 wiry1 sun-burned hair1 were rather unprepossessing items1 it is to be confessed2 his large1 coarse mouth was distended with tobacco1 the juice of which1 from time to time1 he ejected from him with great decision and explosive force2 his hands were immensely large1 hairy1 sun-burned1 freckled1 and very dirty1 and garnished with long nails1 in a very foul condition4 ,this man proceeded to a very free personal examination of the lot4 ,he seized ,tom by the jaw1 and pulled open his mouth to inspect his teeth2 made him strip up his sleeve to shew his muscle2 turned him round1 made him jump and spring1 to shew his paces4' ,almost immediately1 ,tom was ordered to mount the block4 ',tom stepped upon the block1 gave a few anxious looks round2 all seemed mingled in a common1 indistinct noise--the clatter of the salesman crying off his qualifications in ,french and ,english1 the quick fire of ,french and ,english bids2 and almost in a moment came the final thump of the hammer1 and the clear ring on the last syllable of the word dollars1 as the auctioneer announced his price1 and ,tom was made over4--,he had a master6 ',he was pushed from the block2 the short1 bullet-headed man1 seizing him roughly by the shoulder1 pushed him to one side1 saying1 in a harsh voice3 ,stand there1 you6' ,by his new and rude master1 ,tom was forthwith marched off2 put on board a vessel for a distant cotton-plantation on ,red ,river2 stripped of his decent apparel by his savage owner1 and dressed in the meanest habiliments4 ,the treatment of the poor negro was now most revolting4 ,he was wrought hard under a burning sun2 half-starved2 scourged2 loaded with the grossest abuse4 ,all this ends in a rapid decline of health2 and his story terminates with an account of his death1 his last moments being dignified by a strong sentiment of piety1 and of forgiveness towards his inhuman taskmaster4 ,we have now presented a sufficiently ample abstract of ,uncle ,tom's ,cabin1 a work which will undoubtedly be perused at length by all who feel deeply on the subject of negro slavery4 ,of the authoress1 ,mrs ,h4 ,b4 ,stowe1 it may be said1 that her chief merit consists in close observation of character1 with a forcible and truth-like power of delineation4 ,in plot1 supposing her to aim at such a thing1 she decidedly fails1 and the winding-up of her dramatis person is hurried and imperfect4 ,notwithstanding these defects1 however1 she has succeeded in rivetting universal attention1 while her aims are in the highest degree praiseworthy4 ,,handel ,,in ,,dublin4 ,if biographers will occasionally make assertions at random1 and pass lightly over important events1 because their records are not at hand1 while they give ample development to others1 just because the materials for doing so are more abundant1 it is well that there is to be found here and there an industrious littrateur1 who will leave no leaf unturned1 and no corner unexplored1 if he suspects that any error has been committed1 or any passage of interest slighted1 in the memoirs of a favourite author4 ,mr ,mainwaring1 the earliest biographer of ,handel1 and1 on his authority1 a host of subsequent writers1 took upon them to assert1 without any apparent foundation1 that the oratorio of the ,messiah was performed in ,london in the year #agda1 previously to ,handel's visit to ,ireland2 but that it met with a cold reception1 and this was one cause of his leaving ,england4 ,dr ,burney1 when composing his ,history of ,music1 examined all the ,london newspapers where public amusements were advertised during #agda and for several previous years1 but found no mention whatever of this oratorio4 ,he remembered1 too1 being a school-boy at ,chester when ,handel spent a week there1 waiting for fair winds to carry him across the ,channel1 and taking advantage of the delay 'to prove some books that had been hastily transcribed1 by trying the choruses which he intended to perform in ,ireland4' ,an amateur band was mustered for him1 and the manuscript choruses thus verified were those of the ,messiah4 ,in the absence1 therefore1 of stronger evidence to the contrary1 ,dr ,burney believed that ,dublin had the honour of its first performance4 ,an ,irish barrister has now proved this1 we think1 beyond dispute4#a ,his evidence has been drawn from the newspaper tomes of #agda1 preserved in the public libraries of ,dublin1 confirmed by the records of the cathedrals and some of the charitable institutions1 and yet more emphatically from some original letters of this date4 ,he has thus succeeded in doing 'justice to ,ireland1' by securing for it1 in all time to come1 the distinguished place which it is entitled to occupy in the history of this great man4 ,perhaps we should rather say1 he has done justice to ,england1 by clearing it of the imputation of having 'coldly received' a musical production to which immortal fame has since been decreed4 ,while the musical world will thank our author for several new facts particularly interesting to them1 the main attraction for general readers will probably be found in the glimpses which this volume affords of a beau monde which has passed away4 ,in #agbj1 a royal academy for the promotion of ,italian operas was founded in ,london by some of the nobility and gentry under royal auspices4 ,handel1 ,bononcini1 and ,areosti1 were engaged as a triumvirate of composers2 and to ,handel was committed the charge of engaging the singers4 ,but the rivalry between him and ,bononcini rose to strife2 the aristocratic patrons took nearly equal sides2 and a furious controversy on their respective merits was carried on for years4 ,hence the epigram of ,dean ,swift-- ,some say that ,signor ,bononcini1 ,compared to ,handel1 is a ninny2 ,others aver that to him ,handel ,is scarcely fit to hold the candle4 ,strange that such difference should be ',twixt tweedledum and tweedledee6 ,when the withdrawal of both his rivals left ,handel in sole possession of the field1 he quarrelled with some of his principal performers1 and thereupon ensued new scenes of discord4 ,ladies of the highest rank entered with enthusiasm into the strife2 and while some flourished their fans aloft on the side of ,faustina1 whom ,handel had introduced in order to supersede ,cuzzoni1 another party1 headed by the ,countess of ,pembroke1 espoused the cause of the depressed songstress1 and made her take an oath on the ,holy ,gospels1 that she would never submit to accept a lower salary than her rival4 ,the humorous poets of the day took up the theme1 ,pope introduced it into his ,dunciad1 and ,arbuthnot published two witty brochures1 entitled ,harmony in an ,uproar1 and ,the ,devil to ,pay at ,st ,james's4 ,the result of these and other contests1 in which ,handel gradually lost ground1 was the establishment of a rival ,opera at ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields4 ,it was patronised by the ,prince of ,wales and most of the nobles2 and not even the presence of the king and queen1 who continued the steady friends of ,handel1 could attract for him an audience at the ,haymarket4 ,it became quite fashionable to decry his compositions as beneath the notice of musical connoisseurs4 ,politics1 it is said1 came to mingle in the controversy2 and those who held by the king's ,opera were as certainly ,tories1 as those who went to the nobility's were ,whigs4 ,of course all this was very foolish1 and very wrong2 yet in our days of stately conventionality1 when perfect impassibility is deemed the highest style of breeding1 there is something refreshing in reading of such animated scenes in high life4 ,the crowning act of hostility to ,handel1 was when the ,earl of ,middlesex himself assumed the profession of manager of ,italian operas1 and engaged the king's theatre1 with a new composer1 and a new company4 ,handel had1 for some time1 been meditating a withdrawal from the ,opera1 in order to devote himself exclusively to the composition of sacred music1 of which he had already produced several fine specimens4 ,he was wont to say1 that this was an occupation 'better suited to the circumstances of a man advancing in years1 than that of adapting music to such vain and trivial words as the musical drama generally consists of4' ,the truth was1 he had discovered his forte4 ,but the tide of fashionable feeling ran so strongly against him1 that even the performance of the oratorios of ,saul and ,israel in ,egypt scarcely paid expenses4 ,unwilling to submit his forthcoming ,messiah also to the caprices of fashion1 and the malignity of party1 he wisely embraced an opportunity which was opened to him of bringing out this great work in ,dublin1 under singularly favourable auspices1 and crossed the ,channel in ,november #agda4 ,those who are acquainted with the ,irish metropolis--not merely with the handsome streets and squares eastward1 which are now the abodes of gentility1 but with the dirty thoroughfares about the cathedrals--have observed the large houses which some of them contain1 now let in single rooms to a wretched population1 and need scarcely be told that they were once the abodes of wealth and luxury4 ,fishamble ,street1 in this quarter of the town1 is one of the oldest streets in ,dublin4 ',under the eastern gable of the ancient cathedral of ,christ's ,church1 separated and hidden from it by a row of houses1 it winds its crooked course down the hill from ,castle ,street to the ,liffey1 as forlorn and neglected as other old streets in its vicinity4 ,a number of trunkmakers' shops give it an aspect somewhat peculiar2 miserable alleys open from it on the right and left2 a barber's pole or two overhang the footway2 and huxters' shops are frequent1 with their wonted array of articles more useful than ornamental4 ,one would never guess1 looking at this old street1 that it was once the festive resort of the wealthy and refined4 ,it needs an effort of imagination to conceive of it as having witnessed the gay throng of fashion and aristocracy2 the vice-regal cortge2 ladies1 in hoops and feathers2 and white-gloved beaux1 in bag1 and sword1 and chapeau2 with scores of liveried footmen and pages2 and the press of coaches1 and chariots1 and sedan-chairs4 ,yet such was the scene often presented here in the eighteenth century4' ,for see1 in an oblique angle of the street1 and somewhat retired from the other houses1 is a mean1 neglected old building1 with a wooden porch1 still known by name as the ,fishamble ,street ,theatre4 ,this is the remaining part of what was originally 'the great music-hall1' built by a charitable musical society1 'finished in the most elegant manner1 under the direction of ,captain ,castell1' and opened to the public on the #b;d ,october #agda4 ,it was within these walls that the notes of the ,messiah first sounded in the ears of an enraptured audience1 and here that its author entered on a new career of fame4 ,to prepare for the reception of this1 his master-work1 ,handel first gave a series of musical entertainments1 consisting of some of his earlier oratorios1 and other kindred compositions4 ,they commanded a most distinguished auditory1 including the ,lord-,lieutenant and his family1 and were crowned with success in a pecuniary point of view1 answering1 and indeed exceeding1 the composer's highest expectations4 ,in a letter written at this time to ,mr ,c4 ,jennens1 who had selected the words of the ,messiah1 and composed those of a cantata which had been much admired1 he describes1 in glowing colours1 his happy position1 and informs him that he had set the ,messiah to music before he left ,england--thus inferentially affording additional evidence that it had not been performed there4 ,moreover1 the advertisements call it ,handel's new oratorio1 and boast that it was composed expressly for the charitable purpose to which the proceeds of its first performance were consecrated4 ,this is confirmed by reference to the minutes of one at least of these institutions1 in which it appears that ,handel was in correspondence with them before he had completed his composition4 ,the people of ,dublin are passionately fond of music1 and charitable musical societies form a peculiar and interesting feature of its society during the last century4 ,these were academies or clubs1 each of which was attached in the way of patronage to some particular charity1 to which its revenues were consecrated4 ,whitelaw1 in his ,history of ,dublin 7#ageh71 mentions a very aristocratic musical academy1 which held its meetings in the ,fishamble ,street ,hall1 under the presidency of the ,earl of ,mornington--the ,duke of ,wellington's father4 ,his lordship was himself the leader of the band2 among the violoncellos were ,lord ,bellamont1 ,sir ,john ,dillon1 and ,dean ,burke2 among the flutes1 ,lord ,lucan2 at the harpsichord1 ,lady ,freke2 and so on4 ,their meetings1 we are told1 were private1 except once a year1 when they performed in public for a charitable purpose1 and admitted all who chose to buy tickets4 ,it does not appear1 however1 that this academy was identical with the association that built the hall1 and whose concerts seem to have been much more frequent1 as well as its benevolent designs more extensive4 ,it was called1 par eminence1 ,the ,charitable ,musical ,society2 the others having distinctive designations besides4 ,the objects of its benevolence were the prisoners of the ,marshalseas1 who were in circumstances similar to those which1 many years afterwards1 elicited the benevolent labours of ,john ,howard3 confined often for trifling debts1 pining in hopeless misery1 and without food1 save that received from the casual hand of charity4 ,this society made a daily distribution of bread among some of these1 while others were released through their humane exertions4 ,on the #agth of ,march #agda1 they report1 that 'the ,committee of the ,charitable ,musical ,society appointed for this year to visit the ,marshalseas in this city1 and release the prisoners confined therein for debt1 have already released #ahh miserable persons of both sexes4 ,they offered a reasonable composition to the creditors1 and many of the creditors being in circumstances almost equally miserable with their debtors1 due regard was paid by the committee to this circumstance4' ,their funds must have improved considerably after the erection of their ,music ,hall1 which seems to have been the largest room of the kind in ,dublin1 and in frequent requisition for public concerts1 balls1 and other reunions where it was desirable to assemble a numerous company1 or employ a large orchestra4 ,the hire of the hall on such occasions would form a handsome addition to the proceeds of their own concerts4 ,it was to these funds that the proceeds of the first performance of the ,messiah were devoted1 in connection with those of ,mercer's ,hospital1 an old and still eminent school of surgery--and the ,royal ,infirmary1 which still exists in ,jervis ,street as a place for the immediate reception of persons meeting with sudden accidents4 ,the performance was duly advertised in ,faulkner's ,journal1 with the additional announcement1 that 'many ladies and gentlemen who are well-wishers to this noble and grand charity1 for which this oratorio was composed1 request it as a favour that the ladies who honour this performance with their presence would be pleased to come without hoops1 as it will greatly increase the charity by making room for more company4' ,in another advertisement it is added1 that 'the gentlemen are desired to come without their swords4' ,on the ensuing ,saturday1 the following account was given of this memorable festival3 ',on ,tuesday last 7,april #ac1 #agdb71 ,mr ,handel's sacred grand oratorio1 the ,messiah1 was performed in the ,new ,musick ,hall in ,fishamble ,street2 the best judges allowed it to be the most finished piece of musick4 ,words are wanting to express the exquisite delight it afforded to the admiring1 crowded audience4 ,the sublime1 the grand1 and the tender1 adapted to the most elevated1 majestick1 and moving words1 conspired to transport and charm the ravished heart and ear4 ,it is but just to ,mr ,handel1 that the world should know he generously gave the money arising from this grand performance to be equally shared by the ,society for ,relieving ,prisoners1 the ,charitable ,infirmary1 and ,mercer's ,hospital1 for which they will ever gratefully remember his name2 and that the gentlemen of the two choirs1 ,mr ,dubourg1 ,mrs ,avolio1 and ,mrs ,cibber1 who all performed their parts to admiration1 acted also on the same disinterested principle1 satisfied with the deserved applause of the publick1 and the conscious pleasure of promoting such useful and extensive charity4 ,there were above #gjj people in the room1 and the sum collected for that noble and pious charity amounted to about ,l4#djj1 out of which ,l4#abg goes to each of the three great and pious charities4' ,handel remained five months longer in the ,irish metropolis1 during which period it is recorded that 'he diverted the thoughts of the people from every other pursuit4' ,on his return to ,london in ,august #agdb1 he was warmly received by his former friends2 his enemies1 too1 were greatly conciliated4 ,his having relinquished all concern with operatic affairs1 and opened for himself a new and undisputed sphere1 removed the old grounds of hostility2 while the enthusiastic reception which he had met in ,dublin1 had served as an effectual reproach to those whose malignity had forced him to seek for justice there4 ,notwithstanding some difficulties at the outset of his new career at home1 he lived to realise an income of above ,l4#bjjj a year1 and never found it necessary or convenient to revisit ,ireland2 but the custom of performing his oratorios and cantatas for the benefit of medical charities was maintained for many years2 and it is believed that the works of no other composer have so largely contributed to the relief of human suffering4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,an ,account of the ,visit of ,handel to ,dublin4 ,by ,horatio ,townsend1 ,esq4 ,london3 ,orr ,co4 ,,royal ,,gardening4 ,gardening has frequently been one of the most exhilarating recreations of royalty4 ,when ,lysander1 the ,lacedemonian general1 brought magnificent presents to ,cyrus1 the younger son of ,darius1 who piqued himself more on his integrity and politeness than on his rank and birth1 the prince conducted his illustrious guest through his gardens1 and pointed out to him their varied beauties4 ,lysander1 struck with so fine a prospect1 praised the manner in which the grounds were laid out1 the neatness of the walks1 the abundance of fruits planted with an art which knew how to combine the useful with the agreeable2 the beauty of the parterres1 and the glowing variety of flowers exhaling odours universally throughout the delightful scene4 ',everything charms and transports me in this place1' said ,lysander to ,cyrus2 'but what strikes me most is the exquisite taste and elegant industry of the person who drew the plan of these gardens1 and gave it the fine order1 wonderful disposition1 and happiness of arrangement which ,i cannot sufficiently admire4' ,cyrus replied3 ',it was ,i that drew the plan1 and entirely marked it out2 and many of the trees which you see were planted by my own hands4' ',what6' exclaimed ,lysander with surprise1 and viewing ,cyrus from head to foot--'is it possible1 that with those purple robes and splendid vestments1 those strings of jewels and bracelets of gold1 those buskins so richly embroidered2 is it possible that you could play the gardener1 and employ your royal hands in planting trees8' ',does that surprise you8' said ,cyrus4 ',i assure you1 that when my health permits1 ,i never sit down to table without having fatigued myself1 either in military exercise1 rural labour1 or some other toilsome employment1 to which ,i apply myself with pleasure4' ,lysander1 still more amazed1 pressed ,cyrus by the hand1 and said3 ',you are truly happy1 and deserve your high fortune1 since you unite it with virtue4' ,,under ,,the ,,palms4 ,,by ,,calder ,,campbell4 ,under the palm-trees on ,india's shore ,ne'er shall ,i wander at morning or eve2 ,hearts there have withered1 but still in the core ,of mine springs the memory of feelings that give ,green thoughts in sunshine and bright hopes in gloom2 ,friendship1 which love's loud emotions becalms3 ,oh1 happy was ,i1 in those bowers of perfume1 ,under the palms6 ,go forth1 little children2 the wood's insect-hum ,invites ye2 expand there1 like buds in the sun2 ,leave schools and their studies for days that will come1 ,and let thy first lessons from nature be won6 ,teachings hath nature most sage and most sweet-- ,the music that swells in the tree-linnet's psalms2 ,so taught1 my young heart learned to prize that retreat ,under the palms6 ,the odour of jasmines afloat on the breeze1 ,that woke in the dawning the birds on each bough2 ,the frolicsome squirrels1 that scampered at case ',mid lithe leaves and soft moss that smiled down below3 ,heaps piled up of mangoes1 all fragrant and rich2 ,guavas pink-cored1 such a wealth of sweet alms ,presented by bright maids1 whose sweet songs bewitch ,under the palms6 ,pale1 yellow bananas1 with satiny pulp ,that tastes like some dainty of sugar and cream2 ,blithe-kernelled pomegranates1 just gathered to help ,a feast fit to serve in the bowers of a dream6 ,milk1 foaming and snowy2 rice1 swelling and sweet2 ,iced sherbet that cools1 and spiced ginger that warms3 ,oh1 simple our banquet in that dear retreat ,under the palms6 ,a tinkling of lutes and a toning of voices-- ,of young maiden voices just fresh from the bath2 ,a sprinkling of rosewater cool1 that rejoices ,the scented grass screening our bower from the path2 ,trim baskets of melons1 new gathered1 beside ,fair bunches of blossoms that heal all sick qualms2 ,and books1 when to reading our fancies subside1 ,under the palms6 ,or silence at eve when the sun hath gone down1 ,or the sound of one cithern makes melody near2 ,while a beautiful boy1 that hath ne'er known a frown1 ,softly murmurs a tale of the ,east in the ear2 ,of peris1 that cluster round flower-stalks like fruit-- ,of genii1 that breathe amid blossoms and balms-- ,of gazelle-eyed houris1 that play on sweet lutes ,under the palms6 ,of roses1 that nightly unfold their flower-leaves ,to welcome the lays of the loved nightingale-- ,of spirits1 that home in an ,eden of ,eves ,where the sun never scorches1 the strength never fails6 ,so singing1 so playing1 ,sleep steals on us all1 ,enclasping us gently within her soft arms2-- ,let me dream that the moonbeams still over me fall ,under the palms6 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed and ,published by ,w4 and ,r4 ,,chambers1 ,high ,street1 ,edinburgh4 ,also sold by ,w4 ,s4 ,,orr1 ,amen ,corner1 ,london2 ,d4 ,n4 ,,chambers1 #ee ,west ,nile ,street1 ,glasgow2 and ,j4 ,m',,glashan1 #ej ,upper ,sackville ,street1 ,dublin4--,advertisements for ,monthly ,parts are requested to be sent to ,,maxwell ,,co41 #ca ,nicholas ,lane1 ,lombard ,street1 ,london1 to whom all applications respecting their insertion must be made4