,illustration3 ,seal of ,sir ,,richard ,,de ,,beauchamp1 ,k4,g41 ,fifth ,earl of ,,warwick3 died ,a4,d4 #adci4 ,no4 #ddh4 --,see pages #bjh1 #cba4 ,illustration3 ,seal of ,sir ,,thomas ,,de ,,beauchamp1 ,k4,g41 ,third ,earl of ,,warwick3 died ,a4,d4 #acfi4 ,date of the ,seal1 #acdd4 ,no4 #ddf4 --,see ,no4 #ddg1 page #cbj1 also see page #cba4 ,to describe 444 emblazoned ,shields4 --,,milton ,,the ,,handbook ,,to ,,english ,,heraldry by ,,charles ,,boutell1 ,m4,a4 ,author of ,the ,monumental ,brasses of ,england1 ,editor and ,part ,author of ,arms and ,armour in ,antiquity and ,the ,middle ,ages1 etc4 with ,,nearly ,,five ,,hundred ,,illustrations ,drawn and ,engraved on ,wood by ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,utting and ,others ,,eleventh ,,edition ,thoroughly ,revised with an ,additional ,chapter by ,a4 ,c4 ,,fox-,,davies of ,lincoln's ,inn ,barrister-,at-,law ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,arms 7#acdj-adje7 ,,london3 ,,reeves ,,turner #aiad ,printed by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 at the ,ballantyne ,press1 ,edinburgh ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,eleventh ,,edition ,this standard work of reference has been revised throughout1 and enlarged by the addition of an extra chapter on ,peerage ,dignities4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,fox-,,davies4 ,,lincoln',s ,,inn1 ,november #aiac4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,tenth ,,edition ,in the revision of this well-known work ,i have held my hand1 rather than the contrary1 trying to bear always in mind that it was the hand-book of ,mr4 ,charles ,boutell and not a production of my own4 ,my alterations have been concerned chiefly in bringing the volume up to date1 a necessity imposed by the creation of new orders of knighthood1 and change of ,sovereign4 ,i have certainly omitted a few remarks which ,i have thought might be the cause of leading students of the science astray3 ,i have altered ambiguous wording to emphasise the real1 and ,i have no doubt the originally intended meaning4 ,but in many points which1 being deductions1 are naturally matters of opinion1 ,i have left herein various expressions of ,mr4 ,boutell's opinion1 with which ,i can hardly say ,i personally altogether agree or would myself put forward4 ,i hold that it is no part of an editor's duty to air his own opinions under the protection or repute of another's name1 and herein ,i have inserted nothing for which my own opinion is the only authority4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,fox-,,davies4 ,,lincoln',s ,,inn1 ,june #aijh4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #b4--,st4 ,edward4 ,no4 #a4--,st4 ,george4 ,no4 #c4--,st4 ,edmund4 ,,author',s ,,preface ,this ,volume1 specially prepared for the use of students at an early period of their study of ,english ,heraldry1 commends itself also to those inquirers who may desire to obtain some general information on the same subject1 without having any intention to devote to ,heraldry much either of their time or of their serious regard4 ,the success1 no less extraordinary than gratifying1 of my larger work on ,heraldry1 led me to hope that a not less favourable reception might be extended to a simpler and much shorter essay1 more decidedly elementary in its aim and character1 and yet as far as possible within its limits complete4 ,such a treatise ,i have endeavoured to produce in this ,volume4 ,inseparably associated with the ,history of our ,country1 and more particularly when our national ,history becomes the ,biography of eminent ,englishmen1 ,english ,heraldry has the strongest claims upon the attention not only of all ,historians1 but also of all who desire to become familiar with their writings4 ,in like manner1 ,heraldry may be studied with no less of advantage than of satisfaction by all ,artists1 whether ,architects1 ,sculptors1 ,painters1 or ,engravers4 ,nor is it too much to assert that some knowledge of ,heraldry1 in consequence of its singular and comprehensive utility1 ought to be estimated as a necessary element of a liberal education4 ,in confirmation of my own views1 ,i am tempted to quote the following passage from ,m4 ,,gourdon ,,de ,,genouillac',s introduction to his excellent ,grammaire ,hraldique1 published at ,paris3-- ,le blason1 says ,m4 de ,genouillac1 est une langue qui s'est conserve dans sa puret primitive depuis les sicles1 langue dont la connaissance1 est indispensable aux familles nobles1 qui y trouvent un signe d'alliance ou de reconnaissance1 aux numismates1 aux antiquaires1 aux archologues1 enfin tous les artistes1 gens de lettres1 c42 cependant cette langue est presque inconnue1 et la plupart des personnes qui possedent le droit de porter des armoiries seraient fort en peine de les expliquer selon les termes techniques6 ,heraldry1 indeed1 ,i believe to be a study worthy to be universally regarded with affectionate respect1 as it certainly is eminently qualified to inspire such a sentiment in every class of student4 ,in this spirit ,i have here treated the elements of the ,heraldry of ,england1 confident that1 of those who may accompany me as far as ,i shall lead them1 very many will not be content to stop where ,i shall take leave of them4 ,thus much ,i promise my companions--,i will be to them a faithful guide4 ,they may trust to my accuracy4 ,i have made no statement1 have adduced no example1 nor have ,i exhibited any illustration1 except upon authority4 ,i myself like and admire what is real and true in ,heraldry2 and it is by the attractiveness of truth and reality that ,i desire to win for ,heraldry fresh friends1 and to secure for it firm friendships4 ,it will be understood that from the authority1 the practice1 and the associations of the early ,heraldry of the best and most artistic eras1 ,i seek to derive a ,heraldry which we may rightly consider to be our own1 and which we may transmit with honour to our successors4 ,i do not suggest the adoption1 for present use1 of an obsolete system4 ,but1 while ,i earnestly repudiate the acceptance and the maintenance amongst ourselves of a most degenerate substitute for a noble ,science1 ,i do aspire to aid in restoring ,,heraldry to its becoming rank1 and consequently to its early popularity1 now in our own times4 ,this is to revive the fine old ,heraldry of the past1 to give to it a fresh animation1 and to apply it under existing conditions to existing uses and requirements3 not1 to adjust ourselves to the circumstances of its first development1 and to reproduce as copyists its original expressions4 ,it is not by any means a necessary condition of a consistent revival of early ,heraldry1 that our revived ,heraldry should admit no deviation from original usage or precedent4 ,so long as we are thoroughly animated by the spirit of the early ,heralds1 we may lead our ,heraldry onwards with the advance of time4 ,it is for us1 indeed1 to prepare a ,heraldry for the future1 no less than to revive true ,heraldry in the time now present4 ,we may rightly modify1 therefore1 and adapt many things1 in order to establish a true conformity between our ,heraldry and the circumstances of our own era3 for example1 with advantage as well as propriety we may1 in a great measure1 substitute ,badges for ,crests2 and we shall do well to adopt a style of drawing which will be perfectly heraldic1 without being positively unnatural4 ,the greater number of my ,illustrations have been engraved only in outline1 with the twofold object of my being thus enabled to increase the number of the examples1 and to adapt the engravings themselves to the reception of colour4 ,it will be very desirable for students to blazon the illustrations1 or the majority of them1 in their proper tinctures3 and those who are thoroughly in earnest will not fail to form their own collections of additional examples1 which1 as a matter of course1 they will seek to obtain from original authorities4 ,with the exception of a few examples1 my ,illustrations1 considerably over #djj1 have all been executed expressly for this work2 and they all have been engraved by ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,,utting4 ,the chief exceptions are thirteen admirable woodcuts of ,scottish ,seals1 all of them good illustrations of ,heraldry south of the ,tweed1 originally engraved for ,laing's noble quarto upon ,the ,ancient ,seals of ,scotland1 published in ,edinburgh4 ,scottish ,heraldry1 ,i must add1 as in any particulars of law and practice it may differ from our ,heraldry on this side of the ,tweed1 ,i have left in the able hands of the ,heralds of the ,north3 at the same time1 however1 the ,heraldry of which ,i have been treating has so much that is equally at home on either side of the ,border1 that ,i have never hesitated to look for my examples and authorities to both the fair realms which now form one ,great ,britain4 ,c4 ,b4 ,signature ,,contents ,page ,,preface ,,to ,,present ,,edition vii ,,author',s ,,preface ix ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations xix ,,chapter ,i ,,introductory-- ,early ,popularity of ,heraldry in ,england-- ,origin of ,english ,heraldry2 ,definition2 ,characteristics2 ,development2 ,early ,uses2 ,not connected with ,earlier ,systems-- ,ancient ,heraldry-- ,past and ,present ,treatment of the ,subject #a ,,chapter ,,ii ,,early ,,heraldic ,,authorities-- ,seals2 ,monumental ,effigies1 c42 ,rolls of ,arms1 ,official ,heraldic ,records1 c4-- ,earliest ,heraldic ,shields and ,banners-- ,allusive ,quality of ,early ,armory-- ,attributed ,arms #aj ,,chapter ,,iii ,the ,english ,heraldry that is now in existence-- ,first ,debasement of ,heraldry-- ,later ,debasement-- ,revival of ,english ,heraldry-- ,heraldic ,art #bj ,,chapter ,,iv ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry3 ,section ,i4-- ,language-- ,nomenclature-- ,style and ,forms of ,expression-- ,blazon-- ,the ,shield3 its ,parts1 ,points1 ,divisions1 ,dividing ,lines1 ,varieties of ,form1 and ,heraldic ,treatment #bi ,,chapter ,v ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry3 ,section ,,ii4-- ,tinctures3 ,metals1 ,colours1 ,furs-- ,varied ,fields-- ,law of ,tinctures-- ,counter-changing-- ,diaper-- ,disposition-- ,blazoning-- ,emblazoning in ,tinctures #dj ,,chapter ,,vi ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry3 ,section ,,iii4-- ,the ,ordinaries3-- ,chief3 ,fesse3 ,bar3 ,pale3 ,cross2 its ,heraldic ,varieties3 ,bend3 ,saltire3 ,chevron3 and ,pile #di ,,chapter ,,vii ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry3 ,section ,,iv4-- ,the ,subordinaries3-- ,canton or ,quarter3 ,inescutcheon3 ,oile3 ,tressure3 ,bordure3 ,flanches3 ,lozenge1 ,mascle1 ,rustre3 ,fusil3 ,billet3 ,gyron3 ,frette-- ,the ,roundles #fd ,,chapter ,,viii ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry3 ,section ,v4-- ,miscellaneous ,charges3-- ,human ,beings3 ,animals3 ,birds3 ,fish3 ,reptiles and ,insects3 ,imaginary ,beings3 ,natural ,objects3 ,various ,artificial ,figures and ,devices-- ,appropriate ,descriptive ,epithets #gc ,,chapter ,,ix ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry3 ,section ,,vi4-- ,the ,lion and the ,eagle in ,heraldry #hc ,,chapter ,x ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry3 ,section ,,vii4-- ,glossary of ,titles1 ,names1 and ,terms #ajj ,,chapter ,,xi ,,marshalling3-- ,aggroupment3 ,combination3 ,quartering3 ,dimidiation3 ,impalement3 ,escutcheon of ,pretence3 ,marshalling the ,arms of ,widowers1 ,widows1 and others3 ,official ,arms2 and the ,accessories of ,shields #aeh ,,chapter ,,xii ,,cadency3-- ,marks of ,cadency are temporary1 or permanent3 the ,label3 the ,bordure3 the ,bendlet1 ,barrulet1 and ,canton3 ,change of ,tincture3 ,secondary ,charges3 ,single ,small ,charges3 ,differences of ,illegitimacy3 ,cadency of ,crests1 ,badges1 c43 ,modern ,cadency #agf ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,differencing3-- ,differencing to denote ,feudal ,alliance or ,dependency3 ,differencing without any ,alliance-- ,augmentation-- ,abatement #aid ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,crests #bji ,,chapter ,,xv ,,badges #bbj ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,supporters #bcg ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,flags3-- ,the ,pennon3 the ,banner3 the ,standard3 the ,royal ,standard3 the ,union ,jack3 ,ensigns3 ,military ,standards and ,colours3 ,blazoning3 ,hoisting and ,displaying ,flags #bdf ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,royal ,,heraldry ,,of ,,england ,,and ,,scotland3-- ,shields of ,arms of the ,reigning ,sovereigns of ,england1 of ,scotland1 of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland3 ,crests3 ,supporters3 ,mottoes3 ,crowns3 ,banners3 ,armorial ,insignia of the late ,prince ,consort2 of the ,prince and ,princess of ,wales2 of the other ,princes and ,princesses #beh ,,chapter ,,xix ,,orders ,,of ,,knighthood ,,and ,,insignia ,,of ,,honour3-- ,feudal ,knighthood-- ,orders of ,knighthood3 ,knights of ,st4 ,john3 ,knights ,templars3 the ,order of the ,garter2 of the ,thistle2 of ,st4 ,patrick2 of the ,bath2 of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george2 of the ,star of ,india-- ,the ,order of ,merit-- ,the ,royal ,victorian ,order-- ,the ,imperial ,service ,order-- ,the ,victoria ,cross-- ,the ,albert ,medal-- ,naval and ,military ,medals-- ,foreign ,insignia bestowed on ,british ,subjects #bgc ,,chapter ,,xx ,,precedence ,,genealogies #bie ,,chapter ,,xxi ,the ,,college ,,of ,,arms-- ,the ,,lyon ,,office of ,scotland-- ,grants of ,arms-- ,tax on ,armorial ,bearings1 and on ,arms ,found #cjd ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,miscellaneous3-- ,coins-- ,seals-- ,heraldry in ,architecture1 in ,monuments1 in ,illuminations1 in ,encaustic ,tiles-- ,heraldic ,personal ,ornaments1 and various ,heraldic ,decorations-- ,conclusion #caf ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,peerage ,,dignities3-- ,the ,dignity of ,earl-- ,of ,baron-- ,the ,parliament of #abie-- ,landed ,qualifications-- ,creation of the ,title ,duke of ,cornwall-- ,the ,title of ,marquis-- ,the ,premier ,baron of ,england-- ,the ,peerage of ,scotland-- ,scottish ,remainders-- ,daughter ,inherits in her own ,right-- ,determination of an ,abeyance-- ,the ,right to ,create ,peers of ,ireland-- ,rights and ,privileges of a ,peeress-- ,the ,daughters of ,peers-- ,anomalies of the ,english ,scale of ,precedence #cbg ,,general ,,index #cce ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,no4 ,,page #a4 ,arms of ,st4 ,george #b4 ,arms of ,st4 ,edward ix #c4 ,arms of ,st4 ,edmund #d4 ,arms of ,sir ,walter ,scott1 of ,abbotsford #a #e4 ,lance ,flag1 ,bayeux ,tapestry #f #f4 ,lance ,flag1 ,bayeux ,tapestry #f #g4 ,ancient ,shield1 from a ,greek ,vase #h #h4 ,ancient ,shield1 from a ,greek ,vase #h #i4 ,ancient ,shield1 from a ,greek ,vase #h #aj4 ,ancient ,shield1 from a ,greek ,vase #h #aa4 ,seal of ,walter ,innes #aa #ab4 ,seal of ,william ,innes #aa #ac4 ,banner of ,templars #ad #ad4 ,banner of ,leicester #ad #ae4 ,shield of ,brittany #ad #af4 ,shield of ,waldegrave #ad #ag4 ,shield of ,fitz ,warine #ad #ah4 ,shield of ,whitworth #ad #ai4 ,the ,escarbuncle #ae #bj4 ,shield of ,montacute #ag #bj;,a4 ,shield of ,montacute #gj #ba4 ,the ,planta ,genista #ag #bb4 ,arms assigned to ,william ,i4 #ah1 #bei #bc4 ,arms assigned to the ,saxon ,princes #ah #bd4 ,shield of ,prince ,john of ,eltham #bf #be4 ,badge of ,richard ,,ii41 ,westminster ,hall #bg #bf4 ,badge of ,richard ,,ii41 ,westminster ,hall #bg #bg4 ,the ,points of an ,heraldic ,shield #cc #bh4 ,shield divided per ,pale #cc #bi4 ,shield divided per ,fesse #cc #cj4 ,shield divided ,quarterly #cc #ca4 ,shield divided per ,bend #cc #cb4 ,shield divided per ,bend ,sinister #cc #cc4 ,shield divided per ,saltire #cc #cd4 ,shield divided per ,chevron #cc #ce4 ,shield divided per ,tierce #cc #cf4 ,shield ,quarterly of ,eight #cd #cg4 ,compound ,quartering #cd #ch4 ,border and ,dividing ,lines #ce #ci4 ,bowed ,shield #cf #dj4 ,heraldic ,shield #cf #da4 ,heraldic ,shield #cf #db4 ,heraldic ,shield #cf #dc4 ,heraldic ,shield #cg #dd4 ,heraldic ,shield #cg #de4 ,modern ,shield #cg #df4 ,cartouche #cg #dg4 ,lozenge #cg #dh4 ,arms of ,provence #ch #di4 ,shield ,couch #ch #ej4 ,symbolisation of ,or #dj #ea4 ,symbolisation of ,argent #dj #eb4 ,symbolisation of ,azure #dj #ec4 ,symbolisation of ,gules #dj #ed4 ,symbolisation of ,sable #dj #ee4 ,symbolisation of ,vert #dj #ef4 ,symbolisation of ,purpure #dj #eg1 #eg;,a4 ,ermine #da1 #db #eh4 ,ermines #da #ei4 ,erminois #da #fj4 ,pean #da #fa4 ,vair #da #fb4 ,vair #da #fc4 ,counter ,vair #da #fd4 ,potent #da #fe4 ,counter ,potent #da #ff4 ,compone #dc #fg4 ,counter ,compone #dc #fh4 ,arms of ,earl de ,warrenne #de #fi4 ,arms of ,jerusalem #dd #gj4 ,arms of ,fenwick #dd #ga4 ,a ,chief #ej #gb4 ,arms of ,le ,botiler #ej #gc4 ,arms of ,de ,brus #ej #gd4 ,arms of ,de ,clintone #ej #ge4 ,arms of ,de ,clintone #ej #gf4 ,arms of ,de ,clifford #ej #gg4 ,arms of ,de ,pateshulle #ej #gh4 ,arms of ,le ,vavasour #ej #gi4 ,arms of ,de ,hemenhale #ea #hj4 ,arms of ,de ,dageworthe #ea #ha4 ,arms of ,de ,harecourt #ea #hb4 ,arms of ,wake #ea #hc4 ,arms of ,de ,huntercumbe #eb #hd4 ,arms of ,de la ,mere #eb #he4 ,arms of ,fitzalan of ,bedale #ec #hf4 ,arms of ,de ,valence #ec #hg4 ,arms of ,erskine #ec #hh4 ,arms of ,grandison #ec #hi4 ,cross ,fimbriated #ed #ij4 ,cross ,pointed #ed #ia4 ,greek ,cross #ee #ib4 ,latin ,cross #ee #ic4 ,tau ,cross #ee #id4 ,cross ,quadrate #ee #ie4 ,cross ,patriarchal #ee #if4 ,cross ,lourche #ee #ig4 ,arms of ,de ,molines #ef #ih4 ,arms of ,bishop ,anthony ,bec #ef #ii4 ,arms of ,william de ,vesci #ef #ajj4 ,cross ,fleurie #ef #aja4 ,cross ,fleurette #ef #ajb4 ,cross ,pommee #ef #ajc4 ,cross ,botonee #eg #ajd4 ,cross ,crosslet #eg #aje4 ,cross ,cleche #eg #ajf4 ,cross ,patee #eg #ajg4 ,cross ,maltese #eg #ajh4 ,cross ,potent #eg #aji4 ,cross ,avellane #eg #aaj4 ,cross ,botone ,fitche #eg #aaa4 ,arms of ,le ,scrope #eh #aab4 ,arms of ,de ,radclyffe #eh #aac4 ,arms of ,le ,boteler #eh #aad4 ,arms of ,de ,bohun1 ,earl of ,hereford #ei #aae4 ,arms of ,de ,bohun 7differenced7 #ei #aaf4 ,arms of ,de ,montford #fj #aag4 ,arms of ,de ,bray #fj #aah4 ,paly ,bendy #fj #aai4 ,barry ,bendy #fj #abj4 ,arms of ,st4 ,andrew #fj #aba4 ,arms of ,de ,neville #fj #abb4 ,arms of ,de ,neville #fj #abc4 ,arms of ,de ,stafford #fa #abd4 ,arms of ,de ,clare #fa #abe4 ,early ,shield of ,de ,clare #fb #abf4 ,arms of ,de ,chandos #fb #abg4 ,arms of ,de ,prian #fb #abh4 ,arms of ,de ,passett #fb #abi4 ,arms of ,de ,kyrkeby #fe #acj4 ,arms of ,blundell #fe #aca4 ,arms of ,de ,mortimer #ff #acb4 ,arms of ,darcy #ff #acc4 ,arms of ,de ,wyllers #ff #acd4 ,arms of ,de ,balliol #ff #ace4 ,single ,tressure ,flory #fg #acf4 ,tressure ,flory ,counterflory #fg #acg4 ,double ,tressure ,flory #fg #ach4 ,arms of ,scotland #fg1 #bfj #aci4 ,arms of ,de ,waltone #fh #adj4 ,arms of ,richard1 ,earl of ,cornwall #fh #ada4 ,flanche #fi #adb4 ,flasques #fi #adc4 ,mascle #fi #add4 ,rustre #fi #ade4 ,arms of ,de ,burgh1 ,earl of ,kent #fi #adf4 ,arms of ,deincourt #gj #adg4 ,arms of ,campbell #gj #adh4 ,a ,frette #ga #adi4 ,arms of ,de ,etchingham #ga #aej4 ,trellis ,cloue #ga #aea4 ,bezant #gb #aeb4 ,torteau #gb #aec4 ,fountain #gb #aed4 ,annulet #gb #aee4 ,shield of ,douglas #gd #aef4 ,shield of ,douglas #gd #aeg4 ,shield of ,douglas #gd #aeh4 ,shield of ,isle of ,man #gd #aei4 ,shield of ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey #ge #afj4 ,early ,martlet #gg #afa4 ,martlet #gg #afb4 ,banner of ,de ,barre #gg #afc4 ,dolphin #gh #afd4 ,arms of ,de ,lucy #gh #afe4 ,escallop #gh #aff4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,crescent1 ,increscent1 ,decrescent #hj #afg4 ,at ,gaze #ha #afh4 ,tripping #ha #afi4 ,at ,speed #ha #agj4 ,stag's ,head ,cabossed #he #aga4 ,lion ,rampant #he #agb4 ,lion ,rampant ,guardant #he #agc4 ,lion ,passant #he #agd4 ,lion ,passant ,guardant #he #age4 ,lion ,statant #he #agf4 ,lion ,statant ,guardant #he #agg4 ,lion ,couchant #hf #agh4 ,lion ,sejant #hf #agi4 ,lion ,dormant #hf #ahj4 ,lion ,salient #hf #aha4 ,lion ,double queued #hf #ahb4 ,lion ,coward #hf #ahc4 ,lion's ,head #hg #ahd4 ,lion's ,face #hg #ahe4 ,lion's ,jambe #hg #ahf4 ,demi ,lion ,rampant #hg #ahg4 ,arms of ,england #hg1 #bei #ahh4 ,arms of ,richard ,i4 #hh #ahi4 ,arms of ,prince ,john #hh #aij4 ,arms of ,richard ,i4 #hh #aia4 ,arms of ,le ,strange #hi #aib4 ,arms of ,giffard #hi #aic4 ,arms of ,mowbray #hi #aid4 ,arms of ,de ,lacy #hi #aie4 ,arms of ,de ,segrave #hi #aif4 ,arms of ,de ,percy #ij #aig4 ,arms of ,de ,longespe #ij #aih4 ,crest of ,black ,prince #ia #aii4 ,crest c41 ,richard ,,ii4 #ia #bjj4 ,eagle ,shield in ,westminster ,abbey #ic #bja4 ,imperial ,eagle #ic #bjb4 ,royal ,eagle #ic #bjc4 ,arms of ,earl of ,cornwall #id #bjd4 ,seal of ,euphemia ,leslie #id #bje4 ,shield of ,piers ,gaveston #ie #bjf4 ,arms of ,montacute and ,monthermer #ie #bjg4 ,a ,vol #if #bji4 ,arms of ,de la ,mere #if #baj4 ,shield at ,st4 ,albans #ig #baa4 ,austrian ,eagle #ig #bab4 ,german ,imperial ,eagle #ih #bac4 ,german ,eagle1 wings erect #ih #bad4 ,french ,imperial ,eagle #ii #bae4 ,badge of ,ulster #aja #baf4 ,breys #ajd #bag4 ,baron's ,coronet #ajd #bah4 ,water ,bouget #ajf #bai4 ,bourohier ,knot #ajf #bbj4 ,bowen ,knot #ajg #bba4 ,caltrap #ajg #bbb4 ,castle #ajh #bbc4 ,celestial ,crown #ajh #bbd4 ,chapeau of ,estate #ajh #bbe4 ,arms of ,saxony #ajh #bbf4 ,chess ,rook #aji #bbg4 ,cinquefoil #aji #bbh4 ,clarions #aji #bbi4 ,cockatrice #aaj #bcj4 ,collar of ,york #aaj #bca4 ,collar of ,lancaster #aaj #bcb4 ,crest ,coronet #aac #bcc4 ,crest ,wreaths #aac #bcd4 ,crown of ,h4,m4 ,the ,king #aae1 #bff #bce4 ,dacre ,knot and ,badges #aae #bcf4 ,dragon #aag #bcg4 ,duke's ,coronet #aag #bch4 ,earl's ,coronet #aah #bci4 ,eastern ,crown #aah #bdj4 ,electoral ,bonnet #aai #bda4 ,arms of ,byron #aai #bdb4 ,estoile #abj #bdc4 ,fer-de-,moline #aba #bdd4 ,fermails #aba #bde4 ,fetter lock #abb #bdf4 ,fleur de lys #abb #bdg4 ,arms of ,france ,ancient #abb #bdh4 ,arms of ,france ,modern #abb #bdi4 ,arms of ,edmund1 ,earl of ,lancaster #abc #bej4 ,arms of ,margaret1 ,queen of ,edward ,i4 #abb #bea4 ,seal of ,margaret1 ,queen of ,edward ,i4 #abc #beb4 ,shield of ,edward ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #acdj #abd1 #bfj #bec4 ,shield of ,henry ,,iv41 about #adje #abd1 #bfj #bed1 #bee4 ,fylfots #abe #bef4 ,shield of ,r4 de ,gorges #abg #beg4 ,hawk's ,lure #abh #beh4 ,hawk's ,bells and ,jesses #abh #bei4 ,helm of the ,sovereign #abi #bfj4 ,helm of ,princes and ,nobles #abi #bfa4 ,helm of ,baronets and ,knights #abi #bfb4 ,helm of ,esquires and ,gentlemen #abi #bfc4 ,helm of ,esquires and ,gentlemen #abi #bfd4 ,heneage ,knot #acj #bfe4 ,arms of the ,heralds ,college #acj #bff4 ,arms of ,lyon ,office #aca #bfg4 ,jessant de lys #acc #bfh1 #bfi4 ,heraldic ,keys #acc #bgj4 ,hastings ,badge #acc #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc4 ,labels #acd #bgd4 ,lacy ,knot #acd #bge4 ,lymphad #acf #bgf4 ,arms of ,hastings #acf #bgg4 ,coronet of ,marquess #acg #bgh4 ,mullet #aci #bgi4 ,mullet ,pierced #aci #bhj4 ,mural ,crown #adj #bha4 ,naval ,crown #adj #bhb4 ,pourdon #ada #bhc4 ,panache ,crest of ,edward ,courtenay #adb #bhd4 ,panache ,crest of ,william le ,latimer #adb #bhe4 ,panache ,crest of ,edmund ,mortimer #adb #bhf4 ,pennon of ,d',aubernoun #adc #bhg4 ,pheon #adc #bhh4 ,portcullis #adc #bhi4 ,coronet of ,prince of ,wales #ade #bij4 ,coronet of ,king's ,daughters and ,younger ,sons #ade #bia4 ,coronet of ,king's ,grandchildren #ade #bib4 ,coronet of ,king's ,cousins #ade #bic4 ,quatrefoil #adf #bid4 ,the ,ragged ,staff ,badge #adf #bie4 ,rebus of ,abbot ,kirton #adh #bif4 ,rebus of ,bishop ,peckyngton #adh #big4 ,rebus of ,sir ,john ,peche #adh #bih1 #bii4 ,heraldic ,roses #adi #cjj4 ,rose en ,soleil #adi #cja4 ,crest of ,hamilton #aej #cjb4 ,sixfoil #aeb #cjc4 ,arms of ,shakespeare #aea #cjd4 ,stafford ,knot #aeb #cje4 ,staple ,padge #aeb #cjf4 ,arms of ,city of ,london #aec #cjg4 ,tabard #aed #cjh4 ,badge of ,james ,i4 #aed #cji4 ,trefoil ,slipped #aee #caj4 ,trumpet #aee #caa4 ,viscount's ,coronet #aef #cab4 ,shield at ,st4 ,michael's ,church1 ,st4 ,albans #aeg #cac4 ,wake ,knot #aeg #cad4 ,catherine ,wheel #aeg #cae4 ,wyvern #aeg #caf4 ,seal of ,margaret1 ,queen of ,edward ,i4 #afj #cag4 ,seal of ,margaret ,lady ,de ,ros #afa #cah4 ,seal of ,joan1 ,countess of ,surrey #afb #cai4 ,seal of ,mary1 ,countess of ,pembroke #afd #cbj4 ,seal of ,matilda of ,lancaster #afd #cba4 ,seal of ,oliver de ,bohun #afe #cbb4 ,shield of ,earl ,john de ,dreux #afe #cbc4 ,shield of ,castile and ,leon #aff #cbd4 ,shield of ,henry1 ,earl of ,northumberland #afg #cbe4 ,shield of ,mayor of ,winchelsea #afh #cbf4 ,shield of ,de ,valence and ,claremont ,nesle #afh #cbg4 ,shield of ,camoys and ,mortimer #afi #cbh4 ,shield of ,d',aubigny and ,scotland #agj #cbi4 ,shield of ,earl ,richard ,beauchamp #aga #ccj4 ,four ,diagrams illustrative of ,marshalling #aga-b #cca-cce4 ,diagrams illustrative of ,marshalling #agb #ccf4 ,shield of ,eldest ,sons of ,edward ,i4 and ,,ii4 #agh #ccg4 ,shield of ,black ,prince #agh #cch4 ,label of ,lancaster #agi #cci4 ,label of ,brittany #agi #cdj4 ,label of ,york #agi #cda4 ,label of ,clarence #ahj #cdb4 ,label of ,henry and ,john of ,lancaster #ahj #cdc4 ,label of ,thomas of ,lancaster #ahj #cdd4 ,shield of ,holland1 of ,kent #aha #cde4 ,shield of ,henry of ,lancaster #ahb #cdf4 ,shield of ,beauchamp of ,elmely #ahc #cdg4 ,shield of ,beauchamp at ,carlaverock #ahc #cdh4 ,shield of ,beauchamp of ,warwick #ahd #cdi4 ,shield of ,beauchamp of ,bletshoe #ahd #cej4 ,shield of ,bishop ,grandison #ahe #cea4 ,seal of ,bishop ,le ,despencer #ahe #ceb4 ,shield of ,sir ,fulk ,fitz ,warin #ahf #cec4 ,shield of ,thomas le ,scrope #ahf #ced4 ,crescent1 for ,difference #ahf #cee4 ,mullet1 for ,difference #ahf #cef4 ,shield of ,lord ,latimer #ahg #ceg4 ,shield of ,neville #ahg #ceh4 ,shield of ,sir ,wm4 de ,brewys #ahg #cei4 ,shield of ,henry1 ,earl of ,worcester #ahi #cfj4 ,shield of ,beaufort1 before #acig #ahi #cfa4 ,shield of ,beaufort1 after #acig #ahi #cfb4 ,shield of ,charles1 ,earl of ,worcester #aij #cfc4 ,shield of ,sir ,roger de ,clarendon #aij #cfd4 ,arms of ,radulphus de ,arundel #aij #cfe4 ,seal of ,william ,fraser #aic #cff4 ,shield of ,earl of ,chester #aie #cfg4 ,shield of ,fitz ,ralph #aif #cfh4 ,shield of ,de ,luterell #aig #cfi4 ,shield of ,de ,wadsley #aig #cgj4 ,shield of ,de ,wortley #aih #cga4 ,shield of ,de ,mounteney #aih #cgb4 ,shield of ,de ,mounteney #aih #cgc4 ,shield in ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey #bjc #cgd4 ,shield of ,howard1 after ,flodden #bje #cgd;,a4 ,howard ,augmentation #bje #cge4 ,fan-,crest1 ,richard ,i4 #bji #cgf4 ,fan-,crest1 ,henry de ,perci #bji #cgg4 ,fan-,crest1 ,henry de ,laci #bji #cgh4 ,seal of ,alexander de ,balliol #baj #cgi4 ,helm1 c41 ,thomas1 ,earl of ,lancaster #baa #chj4 ,helm1 c41 ,geoffrey ,luterell #bab #cha4 ,seal1 ,sir ,robert de ,marny #bab #chb4 ,seal1 ,william de ,wyndesor #bad #chc4 ,crest1 ,sir ,r4 ,grey1 ,k4,g4 #bae #chd4 ,helm1 c41 ,richard ,,ii4 #baf #che4 ,helm1 c41 ,sir ,hugh ,hastings #bag #chf4 ,crest-,wreath1 ,sir ,william ,vernon #bag #chg4 ,crest-,wreath1 ,sir ,robert ,harcourt #bag #chh4 ,crest-,wreath1 ,effigy at ,tewkesbury #bag #chi4 ,basinet and ,crest-,wreath1 ,sir ,h4 ,stafford #bah #cij4 ,seal1 ,earl ,robert ,bruce #bbe #cia4 ,seal1 ,sir ,walter ,hungerford #bbe #cib4 ,seal1 ,sir ,robert de ,hungerford #bbf #cic4 ,badge1 ,tau and ,bell #bbg #cid4 ,ostrich ,feather ,badge #bca #cie1 #cif4 ,three ,ostrich ,feathers1 ,peterborough #bca #cig4 ,ostrich ,feather ,badge1 ,ludlow #bcb #cih4 ,ostrich ,feather ,badge1 ,deanery1 ,peterborough #bcb #cii4 ,ostrich ,feather ,badge1 ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey #bcb #djj4 ,ostrich ,feather ,badge1 ,exeter ,cathedral #bcb #dja4 ,shield for ,peace of ,black ,prince #bcd #djb4 ,ostrich ,feather ,badge1 ,seal of ,henry ,,iv4 #bce #djc4 ,ostrich ,feather ,badge1 ,seal of ,thomas1 ,duke of ,gloster #bce #djd4 ,ostrich ,feather ,badge1 ,garter ,plate of ,john ,beaufort #bce #dje4 ,seal of ,devorguilla ,crawford #bci #djf4 ,seal of ,margaret1 ,lady ,hungerford #bdj #djg4 ,seal of ,earl ,edmund de ,mortimer #bdb #djh4 ,seal of ,robert ,graham #bdc #dji4 ,seal of ,sir ,wm4 ,lindsay #bdc #daj4 ,seal of ,sir ,john ,drummond #bdd #daa4 ,pennon #bdg #dab4 ,pennon of ,percy #bdg #dac4 ,banners and ,pennons #bdh #dad4 ,seal of ,earl ,john ,holland #bdi #dae4 ,standard of ,sir ,h4 de ,stafford1 ,k4,g4 #bea #daf4 ,the ,royal ,standard #beb #dag4 ,the ,first ,union ,jack #bec #dah4 ,banner of ,st4 ,george #bec #dai4 ,banner of ,st4 ,andrew #bec #dbj4 ,the ,second ,union ,jack #bed #dba4 ,the ,banner of ,st4 ,patrick #bed #dbb4 ,red ,ensign #bee #dbc4 ,royal ,arms of ,stuart ,sovereigns #bfa #dbd4 ,arms of ,nassau #bfa #dbe4 ,diagram of ,arms of ,william ,,iii4 and ,mary #bfa #dbf4 ,diagram of ,arms of ,william ,,iii4 alone #bfa #dbg4 ,diagram of ,arms of ,anne #bfb #dbh4 ,arms of ,hanover #bfb #dbi1 #dcj4 ,diagrams of ,royal ,arms #bfb1 #bfc #dca4 ,crest of ,england #bfd #dcb4 ,signet ,ring of ,queen ,mary ,stuart #bfe #dcc4 ,insignia of the ,order of the ,garter #bgg #dcd4 ,lesser ,george of the ,garter #bgi #dce4 ,jewel of the ,thistle #bha #dcf4 ,badge of ,st4 ,patrick #bha #dcg4 ,badge of the ,bath1 ,naval and ,military #bhd #dch4 ,badge of the ,bath1 ,diplomatic and ,civil #bhe #dci4 ,badge of the ,star of ,india #bhh #ddj4 ,victoria ,cross #bic #dda4 ,the ,albert ,medal #bic #ddb4 ,seal of ,lord ,bardolf #cah #ddc4 ,seal of ,william ,mure #cai #ddd4 ,seal of ,thomas ,monypeny #cai #dde4 ,seal of ,richard ,stuart #cai #ddf4 ,seal of ,earl ,thomas de ,beauchamp ,frontispiece #ddg4 ,counter-,seal of the same #cbj #ddh4 ,seal of ,earl ,richard de ,beauchamp ,frontispiece #ddi4 ,seal of ,sir ,walter ,scott1 ,a4,d4 #aebi #cbf #dej4 ,insignia of the ,order of the ,thistle #bhj #dea4 ,insignia of the ,order of ,st4 ,patrick #bhb #deb4 ,collar and ,military ,badge1 ,order of the ,bath #bhc #dec4 ,star of ,knight ,grand ,cross 7,civil7 #bhe #ded4 ,star of ,knight ,commander 7,military7 #bhe #dee4 ,order of ,merit #bhf #def4 ,collar and ,insignia of ,exalted ,order of the ,star of ,india #bhg #deg4 ,star and ,collar of the ,order of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george #bhi #deh4 ,eminent ,order of the ,indian ,empire #bij #dei4 ,badge of same #bia #dfj4 ,g4,c4,v4,o4 ,star #bia #dfa4 ,k4,c4,v4,o4 ,star #bia #dfb4 ,g4,c4,v4,o4 ,badge #bia #dfc4 ,k4,c4,v4,o4 ,badge #bia #dfd4 ,distinguished ,service ,older #bib #dfe4 ,imperial ,service ,order #bib ,,note4-- ,several illustrations used herewith in connection with the new ,orders created of recent date are inserted by arrangement with the ,editor of ,debrett's ,peerage4 ,,english ,,heraldry ,,chapter ,i ,,introductory ,early ,popularity of ,heraldry in ,england-- ,origin of ,english ,heraldry2 ,definition2 ,characteristics2 ,developments2 ,early ,uses2 not connected with ,earlier ,systems-- ,ancient ,heraldry-- ,past and ,present ,treatment of the ,subject4 ,what6 ,is it possible8 not know the figures of ,heraldry6 ,of what could your father be thinking8 --,,rob ,,roy4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #d4 ,the sentiment unquestionably was his own which ,sir ,walter ,scott made delightful ,di ,vernon express when1 with indignant surprise1 she asked ,frank ,osbaldistone of what his father could have been thinking1 that he had been permitted to grow up without any knowledge of ,heraldry4 ,sir ,walter was right in his estimate of the high value of ,heraldry as an element of education3 and1 in professing herself a votaress of the ,herald's gentle science1 it was quite right in ,di ,vernon to suggest to other ladies that it would be well for them if ,heraldry should find favour in their eyes also4 ,the age of ,rob ,roy1 however1 was far from being in harmony with heraldic associations3 nor was the author of ,waverley himself permitted to accomplish more1 than to lead the way to that revival of a popular sympathy with every expression of early ,art1 which now forms one of the most remarkable characteristics of our own era4 ,in the olden time1 in ,england1 the love of ,heraldry1 which was prevalent amongst all classes1 was based upon an intelligent appreciation of its worthiness4 ,a part of the feudal system of the ,middle ,ages1 and at once derived from the prevailing form of thought and feeling1 and imparting to it a brilliant colouring peculiar to itself1 ,heraldry exercised a powerful influence upon the manners and habits of the people amongst whom it was in use4 ,by our early ancestors1 accordingly1 as ,mr4 ,montagu has so happily written1 little given to study of any kind1 a knowledge of ,heraldry was considered indispensable3 to them it was the outward sign of the spirit of chivalry1 the index1 also1 to a lengthened chronicle of doughty deeds4 ,and this ,heraldry grew up1 spontaneously and naturally1 out of the circumstances and requirements of those times4 ,it came into existence1 because it was needed for practical use2 it was accepted and cherished1 because it did much more than fulfil its avowed purpose4 ,at first1 simply useful to distinguish particular individuals1 especially in war and at the tournament1 ,english ,heraldry soon became popular2 and then1 with no less rapidity1 it rose to high honour and dignity4 ,from the circumstance that it first found its special use in direct connection with military equipments1 knightly exercises1 and the mle of actual battle1 medival ,heraldry has also been entitled ,,armory4 ,men wore the ensigns of ,heraldry about their persons1 embroidered upon the garments that partially covered their armour1--and so they called them ,coats-of-,arms3 they bore these same ensigns on their shields1--and they called them ,shields-of-,arms3 and in their ,armorial ,banners and ,pennons they again displayed the very same insignia1 floating in the wind high above their heads1 from the shafts of their lances4 ,the ,heraldry or ,armory of ,england1 an honourable and honoured member of the illustrious family of medival ,european ,heraldry1 may be defined as a symbolical and pictorial language1 in which figures1 devices1 and colours are employed instead of letters4 ,each heraldic composition has its own definite and complete significance1 conveyed through its direct connection with some particular individual1 family1 dignity1 or office4 ,every such heraldic composition1 also1 is a true legal possession1 held and maintained by an express right and title3 and it is hereditary1 like other real property1 in accordance with certain laws and precedents of inheritance4 ,but in this respect heraldic insignia are singular and unlike other property1 inasmuch as it is a general rule that they cannot be alienated1 exchanged1 or transferred otherwise than by inheritance or other lawful succession4 ,exceptions to this rule1 when they are observed occasionally to have occurred1 show clearly their own exceptional character1 and consequently they confirm the true authority of the rule itself4 ,it will be understood1 as a necessary quality of its hereditary nature1 that the significance of an heraldic composition1 while definite and complete in itself1 admits of augmentation and expansion through its association with successive generations4 ,thus1 the ,royal ,shield of ,,edward ,,iii4 is complete as the heraldic symbol of that great monarch1 and of the realm under his rule3 and yet this same shield1 equally complete 7with one simple modification7 as the heraldic symbol of each successive ,sovereign till the death of ,,elizabeth1 has its significance infinitely augmented and expanded through its hereditary association with all the ,sovereigns of the ,houses of ,plantagenet and ,tudor4 ,until the concluding quarter of the twelfth century1 the traces of the existence of ,heraldry are faint and few in number4 ,early in the thirteenth century the new science began to establish itself firmly amongst our ancestors of that age2 and it is certain that1 as soon as its character and capabilities were in any degree understood aright1 it grew speedily into favour2 so that in the reign of ,,henry ,,iii4 7,a4,d4 #abaf-abgb7 ,heraldry in ,england had confirmed its own claims to be regarded as a ,science1 by being in possession of a system1 and a classification of its own4 ,the ,crusades1 those extraordinary confederacies without a parallel in the history of civilised nations1 were themselves so thoroughly a matter of religious chivalry1 that it was only an inevitable result of their existence that they should give a powerful impulse to the establishment and development of ,heraldry in its early days4 ,but ,heraldry1 from the time of its first appearance in ,england1 was found to be valuable for other uses besides those which so intimately connected it with both real and imitative warfare1 with the fierce life-and-death conflict of the battle-field1 and with the scarcely less perilous struggle for honour and renown in the lists4 ,very soon after the ,norman ,conquest1 in consequence of their presence being required to give validity to every species of legal document1 ,,seals became instruments of the greatest importance2 and it was soon obvious that heraldic insignia1 with a representation of the knightly shield upon which they were displayed1 were exactly suited to satisfy every requirement of the seal-engraver4 ,by such means ,heraldry became interwoven as well with the peaceful concerns of everyday life1 as with the display of martial splendour and the turmoil of war4 ,many attempts have been made to set aside the opinion that the ,heraldry of the ,middle ,ages in ,england was a fresh creation1 a production of indigenous growth3 and great is the ingenuity that has been brought into action to carry back the ,heraldry of our own country from the commencement of the thirteenth century through the previous elementary stages of its existence1 in order to trace its direct lineal descent from certain decorative and symbolical devices that were in use at much earlier periods4 ,the careful and diligent researches1 however1 of the most learned ,heralds have at present led them almost unanimously to reject all such theories as these1 as speculative and uncertain4 ,at the same time1 it is an indisputable fact that1 in all ages of the world1 and amongst all races of men1 some form of symbolical expression has been both in use and in favour4 ,and it is equally true that this symbolism1 whatever it may have been1 has generally been found in some way associated with a military life and with the act of warfare4 ,soldiers1 and particularly those in high command1 have always delighted to adorn their shields with devices that sometimes were significant of their own condition or exploits1 or sometimes had reference to their country1 or even to their families2 and1 in like manner1 it has been a universal custom to display similar devices and figures in military standards of all kinds4 ,at the time of the ,conquest1 as is shown in the famous ,bayeux ,tapestry of the ,conqueror's ,consort1 the shields and standards of both ,normans and ,anglo-,saxons were painted1 and perhaps the latter were embroidered1 with various figures and devices2 but certainly without any heraldic significance or any personal associations being indicated by these figures and devices1 which bear a general resemblance to the insignia of the ,legions and ,cohorts of ,imperial ,rome4 ,figures ,nos4 #e and #f give representations of the standards that are introduced into the ,bayeux ,tapestry4 ,the same species of decoration1 consisting chiefly of painted patterns1 with discs1 stars1 crescents1 and some other figures1 continued in use in our own country until superseded by a true ,heraldry2 and may also be assumed to have prevailed in ,england in much earlier times4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #e and #f4--,lance ,flags--,bayeux ,tapestry4 ,in still more remote ages a more decided heraldic system was displayed upon signets1 coins1 shields1 and standards4 ,in this ancient ,heraldry1 if so it may be termed1 occasionally the important and characteristic quality of hereditary association in certain devices is apparent4 ,thus1 ,virgil 7neid1 vii4 #feg7 assigns to ,aventinus insigne paternum upon his shield--his hereditary device1 derived by him from his father4 ,but these devices generally appear to have their significance in a greater or a less degree restricted1 amongst the ancients1 to certain particular incidents2 consequently in all these examples there is nothing to show that the man who bore one device at one time1 did not bear another device at another time4#a ,for example1 schylus1 the ,greek tragedian 7,b4,c4 #fjj71 has recorded that ,capaneus1 when attacking the city of ,thebes1 bore on his shield the figure of a warrior carrying a lighted torch1 with the motto1 ,i will fire the city6 ,but1 on another occasion1 we have reason to believe that the same ,capaneus bore quite a different device1 applicable to that other occasion2 and this deprives these ancient devices1 heraldic as they are in their general character1 of that special personal association which true ,heraldry requires and1 indeed1 implies4 ,the beautiful painted vases1 the works of ,greek artists1 that are discovered in such extraordinary numbers and in perfect preservation in some parts of ,italy1 constantly give most striking representations of the shields of ancient ,greek warriors and other personages1 with what appear heraldic devices displayed upon them4 ,these shields illustrate1 in a remarkable manner1 both the appropriate significance of particular devices1 and the usage then prevalent for a variety of devices to be borne on different occasions by the same individual4 ,shields upon vases in the collections in the ,museum of the ,louvre at ,paris1 and in the ,british ,museum1 where they are easy of access1 contain a great variety of devices4 ,the examples1 ,nos4 #g1 #h1 #i1 and #aj1 are from our own ,national ,collections4 ,no4 #g1 the shield black1 the border and the pegasus red2 ,no4 #h1 the shield black1 and the two dolphins white2 ,no4 #i1 the shield black1 with a border adorned with red discs1 the serpent white2 ,no4 #aj1 the shield black1 with purple border1 the three human legs conjoined white4 ,the shields1 ,nos4 #i and #aj1 are both borne by the goddess ,,ath,n 7,minerva72 and the remarkable device displayed on ,no4 #aj is also found on the coins of ancient ,sicily4 ,other similar shields display lions1 horses1 dogs1 wild boars1 fish1 birds1 clusters of leaves1 chariots and chariot-wheels1 votive tripods1 serpents1 scorpions1 with many others1 including occasional examples of human figures4 ,in another collection ,i have seen an anchor and an ,amazon's bow4 ,a device differing from that in ,no4 #aj only in having the conjoined limbs in armour1 will be found in our own ,english ,heraldry to be the armorial ensign of the ,isle of ,man4 ,footnote #a3 ,in his ,hand-book of ,engraved ,gems1 ,mr4 ,king maintains that the devices on the signets of the ancients were both hereditary and unalterable1 like our armorial bearings2 but1 at the same time1 he admits that the armorial bearings1 which appear on the shields of the ,grecian heroes in the most ancient pictures extant1 the ,vase-paintings1 seem to have been assumed at the caprice of the individual1 like the knight's cognisances at tournaments in the days of chivalry1 and not to have been hereditary4 --,hand-book1 page #baf4 ,almost immediately1 however1 ,mr4 ,king adds1 that traditions exist which represent the mythic heroes bearing engraved on their signets the same devices that decorated their shields4 ,it would seem that the argument from such traditions would rather indicate the signet-devices to have been arbitrary1 than the shield-devices to have been unalterable4 ,while ,i readily admit the very interesting devices of antiquity to possess decided heraldic attributes1 ,i cannot consider ,mr4 ,king to have shown that1 as a general rule1 they were held by the ancients themselves to have been either unalterable or hereditary4 ,possibly1 further light may be thrown upon the hereditary quality of ancient ,heraldry3 but1 ,i certainly do not expect to see any evidence adduced1 which would establish a line of descent connecting the ,medival ,heraldry of ,england with any heraldic system of classic antiquity4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #g-aj4--;,ancient ,shields from ,greek ,vases4 ,this ,heraldry of ,antiquity is to be regarded as the predecessor1 and not as the ancestor of the ,heraldry of ,england4 ,there may be much that is common to both2 but1 there is nothing to show the later system to have been a lineal descendant from the earlier4 ,it would seem much more likely that ,heraldry1 when it had been evolved1 adopted ready made the emblems of an older civilisation for its own purpose1 often appropriating at the same time the symbolism attaching to the emblems4 ,the ,heraldry1 therefore1 that has flourished1 declined1 and now is in the act of reviving in our own country in almost the full vigour of its best days1 ,i shall treat as an independent science1 proceeding from a single source1 and from thence flowing onwards with varied fortunes1 side by side with the chequered chronicles of ,england4 ,in the course of its progress from the palmy days of ,,edward ,,iii41 it has had to encounter1 in a degree without precedent or parallel1 that most painful and mischievous of trials--the excessive admiration of injudicious friends4 ,hence1 ,heraldry was brought into disrepute1 and even into contempt1 by the very persons who loved it with a genuine but a most unwise love4 ,in process of time1 no nonsense appeared too extravagant1 and no fable too wild1 to be engrafted upon the grave dignity of the ,herald's early science4 ,better times at length have succeeded4 ,heraldry now has friends and admirers1 zealous as of old1 whose zeal is guided aright by a sound judgment in alliance with a pure taste4 ,very much already has been accomplished to sweep away the amazing mass of absurdities and errors which had overwhelmed our ,english ,heraldry1 by such men as ,nicholas1 ,nichols1 ,courthope1 ,seton1 ,planch1 ,walford1 ,montagu1 and ,lower3 and the good work goes on and prospers1 with the most cheering assurances of complete and triumphant success4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,early ,,heraldic ,,authorities ,seals3 ,monumental ,effigies1 c43 ,rolls of ,arms1 ,official ,heraldic ,records1 c4-- ,earliest ,heraldic ,shields and ,banners-- ,allusive ,quality of ,early ,armory-- ,attributed ,arms4 ,let us begin at the beginning4 --,,pursuivant ,,of ,,arms4 ,at the head of the earliest existing authorities in ,english ,heraldry are ,,seals4 ,to the fortunate circumstance of the legal importance attached to them we are indebted for the preservation of these equally interesting and valuable relics1 in great variety and in very considerable numbers4 ,the heraldic evidence of ,seals is necessarily of the highest order4 ,they are original works1 possessing contemporaneous authority4 ,produced with peculiar care and approved by their first possessors1 their original authenticity is confirmed by their continued use through successive generations4 ,having been in use before the introduction and adoption of ,heraldry in ,england1 ,seals enable us to compare the devices that preceded true ,heraldry with the earliest that are truly heraldic3 and thus they show that1 in many instances1 regular coats-of-arms were derived in their hereditary bearings from similar devices that had been adopted in the same families before the heraldic era4 ,for example3 the ,seal of ,john ,mundegumri1 about ,a4,d4 #aage1 bears a single fleur-de-lys1 not placed upon a shield2 and1 accordingly1 here is seen the origin of the three golden fleurs-de-lys1 borne afterwards upon a blue shield by the descendants of this ,john1 the ,montgomeries1 ,earls of ,eglintoun4 ,again3 the ,seal of ,walter ,innes1 ,a4,d4 #adca1 displays the shield of arms of his house--three blue mullets 7stars generally of five rays7 on a field of silver1 ,no4 #aa2 and these mullets may be traced to the single star1 that appears on the ,seal of ,william ,innes1 or ,de ,ynays1 ,no4 #ab1 appended to his deed of homage to ,edward ,i41 in the year #abie4 ,i have selected these examples from the ,catalogue of ,scottish ,seals1 published by ,mr4 ,laing1 of ,edinburgh1 that ,i may be enabled here to refer in the highest terms of admiring commendation to that most excellent work4 ,it is greatly to be desired that a corresponding publication should treat1 with equal ability1 of the ,seals of ,england which1 from the dawn of ,heraldry1 continue their admirable examples and illustrations throughout its career4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aa4--,seal of ,walter ,innes4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ab4--,seal of ,wm4 ,innes4 ,monumental ,effigies1 ,sepulchral ,memorials1 early ,buildings1 and early ,stained ,glass1 frequently are rich in authoritative examples of the figures of ,heraldry4 ,in addition to the various forms and combinations of heraldic composition1 these works illustrate the early style of drawing in favour with ,heralds during the great eras of medival ,art1 and they have preserved to us most useful and suggestive representations of various devices in their proper heraldic aspect4 ,in many instances the ,heraldry of early ,monuments and ,architecture possesses a peculiar value1 arising from the circumstance of the shields of arms and other insignia having been sculptured in low relief or outlined in incised lines1 and consequently these devices and compositions retain their original forms3 and1 in like manner1 the original colouring of the ,heraldry of ,stained ,glass remains safe from restoration or destruction1 in consequence of the impossibility of re-painting it4 ,the early written ,literature of ,english ,heraldry is calculated to throw but little light upon either its true character or its history4 ,in addition1 however1 to the various and numerous official documents of the ,heralds' ,college1 several examples of one particular class of heraldic record have been preserved1 the value of which cannot be too highly estimated4 ,these are ,,rolls ,,of ,,arms--long1 narrow strips of parchment1 on which are written lists of the names and titles of certain personages1 with full descriptions of their armorial insignia4 ,the circumstances under which these ,rolls were prepared are obviously not identical and for the most part unknown3 but1 the exact accuracy of their statements has been established beyond all question by careful and repeated comparison with ,seals and other ,monuments1 and also with ,documents which give only an indirect and yet not the less conclusive corroboration to the records of the ,rolls of ,arms themselves4 ,the earliest of these ,rolls at present known date about ,a4,d4 #abdj to #abde2 and since in these earliest ,rolls a very decided technical language is uniformly adopted1 and the descriptions are all given in palpable accordance with fixed rules which must then have been well understood1 we infer that by the end of the first half of the thirteenth century there was in existence a system for the regulation of such matters4 ,heraldry was perhaps recognised as a ,science1 with fixed terms and rules for describing heraldic devices and figures1 and established laws to direct the granting1 the assuming1 and the bearing of arms4 ,the most interesting of these early heraldic ,rolls records1 in a metrical form1 and in ,norman-,french1 the siege and capture of the fortress of ,carlaverock1 on the ,scottish border1 by ,,edward ,i41 in the year #acjj4 ,in addition to very curious descriptions of the muster of the ,royal troops at ,carlisle1 their march northwards1 and the incidents of the siege 7which last have a strange resemblance to what ,homer has recorded of incidents that took place during the siege of ,troy71 this ,roll gives some graphic personal sketches of the princes1 nobles1 bannerets1 and knights1 whose banners and shields of arms are set forth in it with minute exactness4 ,this ,roll1 as well as several others1 has been published1 with translations and very valuable notes4 ,in the ,manuscript ,collections of the ,british ,museum also1 and of other ,libraries both public and private1 and in the ,county ,histories1 and other works of a cognate character1 there are many documents which contain various important records and illustrations of early ,english ,heraldry4 ,in any references to authorities1 that it may appear desirable for me to make in the course of this and the following chapters1 ,i must be as concise as possible4 ,a direct reference to ,seals1 ,effigies1 c41 will be necessary in each case3 but1 in referring to ,rolls of ,arms1 it will be sufficient to denote the period of the authority in general terms4 ,accordingly1 ,i shall refer1 not to each particular ,roll1 but collectively to those of each of the following reigns--,,henry ,,iii41 ,,edward ,i41 ,,edward ,,ii41 ,,edward ,,iii41 and ,,richard ,,ii42 and these references will severally be made thus1--7,h4 #c71 7,e4 #a71 7,e4 #b71 7,e4 #c71 and 7,r4 #b74 ,amongst the earliest ,shields and ,banners of ,arms1 all of them remarkable for their simplicity1 many are found to be without any device whatever1 their distinction consisting simply in some peculiarity in the colouring4 ,such examples may be considered to have been derived from pre-heraldic times1 and transmitted1 without any change or addition1 to later periods4 ,the renowned ,banner of the ,knights ,templars1 by them called ,beauseant1 ,no4 #ac1 is black above and white below1 which is said to have denoted that1 while fierce to their foes1 they were gracious to their friends4 ,an ancient ,banner of the ,earl of ,leicester 7,h4 #c7 is white and red1 the division being made by a vertical indented line2 ,no4 #ad4 ,this design1 however1 was not the coat of arms of the earl4 ,the ,shield of the ducal ,house of ,brittany1 closely connected with the ,royal ,family of ,england1 is simply of the fur ermine2 ,no4 #ae4 ,the ,shield of ,waldegrave is silver and red1 as in ,no4 #af3 and that of ,fitz ,warine 7,h4 #c71 also of silver and red1 is treated as in ,no4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ac4--;,banner of ,templars4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ad4--;,banner of ,leicester4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ae4--;,brittany4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #af4--,waldegrave4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ag4--;,fitz ,warine4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ah4--,shield at ,whitworth4 ,some of the earliest of the simple devices of true ,heraldry were evidently adopted from the structural formation 7or from a structural strengthening7 of the ,shields1 on which they were displayed4 ,thus1 a raised border1 and bands of metal variously disposed in order to impart additional strength to a shield1 with distinct colouring1 would produce a series of heraldic compositions4 ,a good example occurs in the shield of an early ,effigy at ,whitworth1 ,durham1 ,no4 #ah1 in which the heads of the rivets or screws employed to fix the border on the shield1 appear to have been made to assume the character of heraldic additions to the simple border and horizontal bands4 ,other primary devices of the same simple order1 which in like manner may have had a structural origin1 ,i shall consider in detail in subsequent chapters4 7,see particularly ,chapter ,,vi47 ,the central boss1 at once an appropriate ornament of an early shield1 and an important addition to its defensive qualities1 when extended in the form of decorative metal-work1 would readily suggest a variety of heraldic figures1 and amongst others several beautiful modifications of a simple cruciform device which it might be made to assume4 ,the figure called an escarbuncle1 ,no4 #ai1 is simply a shield-boss developed into decorative structural metal-work4 ,this figure appears in the ,temple ,church1 ,london1 upon the shield of an ,effigy1 which ,mr4 ,j4 ,gough ,nichols has shown to have been incorrectly attributed to ,geoffrey de ,mandeville1 ,earl of ,essex4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ai4--,the ,escarbuncle4 ,the greater number of the earliest devices that appear in ,english ,heraldry were adopted for the express purpose of their having some allusive association1 through a similarity of sound in their own names or descriptions with the names and titles or the territories of certain persons1 dignities1 and places4 ,in exact accordance with the principles and aim of primitive medival ,heraldry1 and in perfect harmony with the sentiments and requirements of the age in which it grew up into a science1 devices of this kind addressed themselves in very plain and expressive language to the men of their own era4 ,in them they saw the kind of symbolical writing that they could remember1 as well as understand4 ,they also evidently liked the quaint style of suggestiveness that was a characteristic of these allusive devices3 and1 it is more than probable that there frequently lurked in them a humorous significance1 which by no means tended to detract from their popularity4 ,devices of this same order have never ceased to be in favour with ,heralds and lovers of ,heraldry4 ,they were used in the sixteenth century at least as commonly as in the thirteenth2 but1 as would be expected1 in the later period they often became complicated1 far-fetched1 and extravagant4 ,this allusive quality1 distinguished in ,english ,heraldry as canting1 has commonly been misunderstood1 and therefore incorrectly estimated1 by modern writers1 who have supposed it to be a fantastic conceit of the ,heralds of a degenerate age4 ,by writers such as these1 accordingly1 all canting arms 7by ,french ,heralds called armes parlantes7 have been absurdly assigned to a separate class1 in their estimation having an inferior heraldic grade4 ,the prevalence of the allusive quality in early arms may be assumed to have been even more general than is now apparent1 since so many of the original echoes and allusions have become obscured or altogether lost in the lapse of time1 and through the changes that have taken place since the accession of ,,henry ,,iii4 in the ,french language and in our own also4 ,the use of the ,latin language1 again1 in the ,middle ,ages led1 at later periods1 to translations of names2 ,french names1 too1 were translated in the same manner into ,english equivalents3 and1 at other times1 the sound of a ,latin or a ,french 7,anglo-,norman7 name was transferred to an ,english representative having a somewhat similar sound1 without the slightest reference to the original signification4 ,who1 for example1 in the name of ,,montagu now recognises instinctively the original allusion to a mountain with its sharply peaked crests1 and so discerns the probable allusive origin of the sharp triple points of the devices on the old ,montacute shield1 ,no4 #bj8 ,it is easy to see how much must have been unconsciously done1 by such changes in names and their associations1 to obliterate what once was clear1 significant1 and expressive4 ,i must be content here to give1 simply by way of explanatory illustration1 a very few examples of allusive arms2 and1 in so doing1 it may be well for me to observe that the early ,heralds of our country always employed the ,french language as it was spoken in their own times in ,england as well as in ,france4 ,in the time of ,,henry ,,iii41 ,g4 de ,lucy has for his arms three lucies--fish now known as pike3 ,robert ,quency has a quintefueil--a flower of five leaves3 ,thos4 ,corbett has two corbeaux--ravens3 ,a4 de ,swyneburne has trois testes de senglier--three heads of the wild boar1 or swine3 7,e4 #b71 ,sir ,r4 de ,eschales has six escallops--shells3 ,sir ,g4 de ,trompintoun1 of ,trumpington1 near ,cambridge1 has two trompes--trumpets3 ,sir ,j4 ,bordoun has three bourdons--pilgrim's staves3 ,sir ,g4 ,rossel has three roses3 and ,sir ,o4 ,heron has the same number of herons4 ,so also1 for the ,spanish provinces ,castile and ,leon1 a castle and a lion3 for ,falconer1 a falcon3 ,butler1 cups3 ,forester1 bugle-horns3 ,arundel1 hirondelles--swallows3 ,wingfield1 wings3 ,shelley1 shells3 ,pigot1 pick-axes3 ,leveson1 leaves3 and ,martel1 martels--hammers4 ,the ,broom-plant with its seed-pods1 in ,latin ,planta genista1 ,no4 #ba1 gave its name to the ,,plantagenet ,dynasty4 ,i shall hereafter add several other curious examples of devices of this class1 when treating of ,badges1 ,rebuses1 and ,mottoes4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bj4--,shield of ,montacute4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ba4--,planta ,genista4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bb4--,,william ,i4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bc4--,saxon ,princes4 ,there is one class of early arms1 which it is important that students of ,armory should observe with especial care1 lest they be led by them into unexpected errors4 ,these are arms that were invented after ,heraldry had been established1 and then were assigned to personages of historical eminence who had lived and died before the true heraldic era4 ,in the days in which every person of prominence bore heraldic arms1 and when ,heraldry had attained to high renown1 it was natural enough to consider that suitable armorial devices and compositions should be assigned to the men of mark in earlier ages1 both to distinguish them in accordance with the usage then prevalent1 and to treat their memory with becoming honour4 ,such arms were also in a sense necessary to their descendants for the purposes of quartering4 ,no proof can be shown that the arms said to have been borne by ,,william ,,the ,,conqueror are not of this order--made for him1 that is1 and attributed to him in after times1 but of which he himself had no knowledge4 ,these arms1 ,no4 #bb1 differ from the true ,royal ,insignia of ,england only in there being two1 instead of three1 lions displayed upon the shield4 ,the arms of ,,edward ,,the ,,confessor1 ,no4 #b1 were certainly devised long after his death1 and they appear to have been suggested to the heralds of ,,henry ,,iii4 by one of the ,confessor's coins3 the shield is blue1 and the cross and five birds 7martlets7 are gold4 ,in like manner1 the arms attributed to the earlier ,saxon ,sovereigns of ,england1 ,no4 #bc1 a gold cross upon blue1 are really not earlier than the thirteenth century4 ,the arms1 ,no4 #b1 having been assigned to ,,st4 ,,edward1 a patron saint of medival ,england1 were long regarded with peculiar reverence4 ,i have placed them1 drawn from a fine shield of the thirteenth century in ,westminster ,abbey1 to take a part in forming a group at the head of my ,preface1 with the shields of the two other saintly ,patrons of old ,england1 ,,st4 ,,george and ,,st4 ,,edmund1 ,no4 #a and ,no4 #c--;a red cross on a silver shield1 and three golden crowns upon a shield of blue4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,the ,english ,heraldry that is now in existence-- ,first ,debasement of ,heraldry-- ,later ,debasement-- ,revival of ,english ,heraldry-- ,heraldic ,art4 ,sans changer4 --,,motto ,,of ,,stanley4 ,english ,heraldry1 as it exists amongst us in our own times1 is the very same ,heraldry that flourished under the kindly influences of the greatest of the ,plantagenets1 though perhaps modified in some details by changed circumstances4 ,it is not of a new1 but of the old1 ,heraldry of ,england that ,i am setting forth the elements4 ,our ,heraldry has had to pass from good days to bad ones3 and1 having gone through the worst of bad days1 the circle at length has revolved1 so that we are witnessing the happy change of a vigorous heraldic revival4 ,heraldry already enjoys a very great popularity2 and1 without a doubt1 it will become still more popular1 in the degree that it is better and more generally understood4 ,for its complete ultimate success1 the present revival of true ,english ,heraldry must mainly depend upon the manner in which we apply the lessons that may be learned by us1 no less from the warnings of the recent evil days of the science1 than from the example of the brilliant ones that preceded them long ago4 ,nor should we deal faithfully with our revived ,heraldry1 were we not to form a just estimate of whatever was imperfect in the best era of its early history1 in order to apply to present improvement the lessons that thus also may be learned4 ,it must be admitted that the ,heralds and ,heraldic writers of the #agth century1 following the footsteps of some of their immediate predecessors1 led the way towards the thorough debasement of their own science4 ,their example was not without effect upon those who followed them--men quite equal to the perpetration of whatever had not been already done to bring ,heraldry into contempt4 ,this was accomplished first1 by gravely discoursing1 in early heraldic language1 upon the imaginary ,heraldry of the patriarchal and antediluvian worthies3 making a true coat of arms of ,joseph's coat of many colours1 giving armorial ensigns to ,david and ,gideon1 to ,samson and ,joshua1 to that worthy gentilman ,japheth1 to ,jubal and ,tubal-,cain1 and crowning the whole by declaring that our common progenitor1 ,adam1 bore on his own red shield ,eve's shield of silver1 after the medival fashion that would denote his wife to have been an heiress6 ,then there set in a flood of allegorical and fantastic absurdities1 by which the fair domain of ,heraldry was absolutely overwhelmed4 ,wild and strange speculations1 in a truly vain philosophy1 interwoven with distorted images of both the myths and the veritable records of classic antiquity1 were either deduced from armorial blazonry1 or set forth as the sources from whence it was developed4 ,fables and anecdotes1 having reference to less remote eras1 were produced in great variety and in copious abundance4 ,the presence in blazon of animated beings of whatsoever kinds1 whether real or fabulous1 led to rambling disquisitions in the most ludicrously unnatural of imaginary ,natural ,history4 ,from every variety also of inanimate figure and device1 the simplest no less than the more elaborate1 after the same fashion some moral was sought to be extracted4 ,the technical language1 too1 of the early ,heralds1 had its expressive simplicity travestied by a complicated jargon1 replete with marvellous assertions1 absurd doctrines1 covert allusions devoid of consistent significance1 quaint and yet trivial conceits1 and bombastic rhapsodies4 ,even the nomenclature of the ,tinctures was not exempt from a characteristic course of treatment1 two distinctive additional sets of titles for gold1 silver1 blue1 red1 c41 having been devised and substituted for those in general use 7see ,chapter ,v472 of these the one set was derived from the names of the ,planets1 and employed to emblazon the insignia of ,sovereign ,princes2 and the other set1 derived from the names of ,jewels1 was applied to the arms of ,nobles4 ,in the midst of all the rubbish1 however1 which they thus delighted to accumulate1 there may generally be discovered in the works of writers of this class1 here and there1 references to earlier usages and illustrations of original principles which1 in the extreme dearth of genuine early heraldic literature1 are both interesting and of real value4 ,nor are these writings without their value1 estimated from another point of view1 as contemporaneous and unconscious commentaries upon the history of their own times4 ,it must be added that1 in more than a few instances1 beneath the surface there lurks a vein of both political and personal allusion1 of which the point and bearing now are altogether lost1 or at the most are only open to conjecture and surmise4 ,and1 again1 even in their most extravagant and frivolous lucubrations1 the heraldic writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are not without touches of humour2 as when ,gerard ,legh 7,a4,d4 #aefb71 discoursing of beastes1 remarks of the ,ramme that in aucthoritye he is a ,duke1 for hee hath the leadyng of multitudes and flockes of his own kynde2 and of the ass1 ,i could write much of this beaste1 but that it might be thought it were to mine own glorie4 ,the adoption of additional quarterings for the purpose of display1 and the introduction of more complicated compositions in the time of ,,henry ,,viii41 were speedily followed by the substitution of pictorial representations1 often of a most frivolous and inconsistent character1 and many of them altogether unintelligible without written explanations1 instead of the simple1 dignified1 and expressive insignia of true ,heraldry4 ,for example1 in the year #agfj1 a grant of arms was made to a ,lincolnshire family named ,tetlow1 which1 with thirteen other figures1 includes the representation of a book duly clasped and ornamented1 having on it a silver penny2 while above the book rests a dove1 holding in its beak a crow-quill6 ,this was to commemorate one of the family having1 with a crow-quill1 actually achieved the exploit of writing the ,lord's ,prayer within the compass of a silver penny4 ,amongst the most objectionable of the arms of this class are those which were granted to distinguished naval and military officers--arms1 that certainly ought to have conferred fresh honour on illustrious names1 instead of inflicting dishonour upon ,heraldry itself4 ,battles by sea and land1 landscapes and sea views and fortified cities1 flags of all kinds1 with medals and ribbons1 all of them intermixed with devices not quite so unheraldic1 abound in these extravagant compositions4 ,the arms of ,lord ,nelson1 and still more recently those of ,general ,lord ,gough1 may be specified as flagrant examples of this degenerate pictorial ,heraldry4 ,the ,duke of ,wellington happily escaped a similar infliction4 ,it would be but too easy to enumerate other equally inconsistent and unheraldic compositions3 but1 ,i must be content to refer only to the armorial shield granted to the great astronomer1 ,sir ,john ,herschel1 on which is displayed his forty-foot reflecting telescope1 with all its apparatus6 ,these1 and all such violations of heraldic truth and consistency1 though in some instances they are of very recent date1 are now to be assigned to a closed chapter in the history of ,english ,heraldry4 ,but in considering them it must not be forgotten that this kind of grant was not confined to this country1 but flourished to a still greater extent abroad4 ,in our present revival of ,english ,heraldry1 it is essential that we impress upon our minds a correct conception of the twofold character of all ,heraldry--that it is a ,science1 and also that it is an ,art4 ,we have to vindicate the reputation of our ,heraldry1 as well in the one capacity as in the other4 ,of very noble heraldic ,art we happily possess original examples in great numbers1 which have been bequeathed to us1 as a precious inheritance1 from the brave days of old4 ,the style of ,art that we see exemplified in these early authorities we may accept almost unreservedly as our own style2 and we must aspire to sympathise heartily with their genuine heraldic feeling4 ,in our representation1 also1 of almost all inanimate and natural objects in our own armorial compositions1 as a general rule1 we may trust confidently to the same good guidance4 ,the early method of representation1 indeed1 must form the basis of our system of treatment2 and1 we may faithfully adhere to this rule1 and yet occasionally we may find it to be desirable that the form and the accessories of some devices should be adapted to modern associations4 ,in truth1 it is not by merely copying the works of even the greatest of the early heraldic artists1 that we are to become masters in heraldic ,art4 ,when the copies are good1 copying is always valuable1 as a branch of study2 but1 if it be our highest and only aim to reproduce the expressions of other men's thoughts1 then copying is worse than worthless4 ,what we have to do is to express our heraldic ,art in the spirit of the early ,heralds1 to keep it in harmony with what1 in the best of the early days1 they would have accepted as the highest heraldic ,art1 and at the same time to show that our heraldic ,art in very truth is our own4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bd4--,prince ,,john ,,of ,,eltham1 ,a4,d4 #accf4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #be1 #bf4--;,badge of ,,richard ,,ii41 ,westminster ,hall4 ,the treatment of animate creatures in ,heraldry requires a certain kind1 and also a certain degree1 of conventionalism4 ,here1 as before1 in the early ,heralds we have excellent masters2 but1 here we must follow their teaching with more of reserve1 and with cautious steps4 ,we recognise the happy consistency of the conventionalism which they displayed in their representation of animate creatures1 without any purpose to adopt it in the same degree with them4 ,had the early ,heralds been more familiar with the living presence of the various creatures that they summoned to enter into their service1 without a doubt they would have represented them with a much closer conformity to ,nature4 ,we must apply our better knowledge1 as we may feel confident the early ,heralds would have applied a similar knowledge had they been able to have acquired it4 ,heraldic animals of every kind--lions1 eagles1 dolphins1 and all others--must be so far subjected to a conventional treatment1 that they will not exhibit a strictly natural appearance3 and1 on the other hand1 being carefully preserved from all exaggerated conventionalisms1 they must approach as near to ,nature as a definite conventional rendering of natural truth will admit4 ,the lions of the early ,heralds1 spirited beasts always1 generally show a decided disposition to exhibit their heraldic sympathies in excess4 ,they have in them rather too much that is heraldic conventionalism1 and not quite enough that is natural lion4 ,and1 with the first symptoms of decline in heraldic ,art1 the treatment of lions showed signs of a tendency to carry conventionalism to the utmost extravagance4 ,the same remarks are applicable to eagles4 ,it must be added1 however1 that truly admirable examples of heraldic animals occasionally may be found as late even as the commencement of the sixteenth century1 as in the chantry of ,abbot ,ramryge1 in the ,abbey ,church at ,st4 ,alban's1 and in ,king's ,college ,chapel at ,cambridge4 ,it must be our care to blend together the true attributes of the living lion and eagle1 and those also of other living creatures1 with the traditional peculiarities of their heraldic representatives4 ,and we must extend the corresponding application of the same principles of treatment to imaginary beings and heraldic monsters1 as they occur in our ,heraldry4 ,the shield1 ,no4 #bd1 of ,prince ,,john ,,of ,,eltham1 younger brother of ,,edward ,,iii41 finely sculptured with his effigy in alabaster1 in ,westminster ,abbey 7,a4,d4 #accf71 and in perfect preservation1 gives us characteristic examples of lions of the best heraldic era1 their frames1 attenuated as they are1 being perfect types of fierce elasticity4 ,with this shield may be grouped others1 having admirably suggestive examples of heraldic lions of a somewhat later date1 which are preserved upon the monuments of ,,edward ,,iii4 and the ,,black ,,prince1 severally at ,westminster and ,canterbury4 ,i shall refer to these fine shields again1 and to other admirable examples with them1 hereafter 7,chapter ,,ix474 ,the conventionalism in all these examples1 however felicitous the manner in which it is treated in them1 is very decidedly exaggerated4 ,these examples1 and others such as these1 are not the less valuable to us because their teaching includes an illustration of the excesses that we must always be careful to avoid4 ,i may here observe1 that on the subject of armorial ,art ,i leave my examples 7all of them selected from the most characteristic authorities1 and engraved with scrupulous fidelity7 for the most part to convey their own lessons and suggestions3 my own suggestion to students being that1 in such living creatures as they may represent in their compositions1 while they are careful to preserve heraldic consistency and to express heraldic feeling1 they exhibit beauty of form coupled with freedom of action and an appropriate expression4 ,freedom of action ,i intend to imply more than such skilful drawing1 as will impart to any particular creature the idea of free movement of frame and limb3 it refers also to repeated representations of the same creature1 under the same heraldic conditions of motive and attitude4 ,and1 here freedom of action implies those slight1 yet significant1 modifications of minor details which1 without in the least degree affecting armorial truth1 prevent even the semblance of monotonous reiteration4 ,thus1 at ,beverley1 in the ,percy ,shrine in the ,minster1 upon a shield of ,england the three lions are all heraldically the same2 but1 there is nothing of sameness in them nevertheless1 because in each one there is some little variety in the turn of the head1 or in the placing of the paws1 or in the sweep of the tail4 ,and again1 in ,westminster ,hall1 the favourite badge of ,richard ,,ii41 a white hart1 chained1 and in an attitude of rest1 is repeated as many as eighty-three times2 and all are equally consistent with heraldic truth and accuracy1 without any one of them being an exact counterpart of any other4 ,in ,nos4 #be and #bf two examples are shown from this remarkable series of representations of this beautiful badge1 each one different from the other1 and yet both really the same4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry ,,section ,i ,the ,language of ,heraldry-- ,the ,nomenclature-- ,style and ,forms of ,expression-- ,blazon-- ,the ,shield3 its ,parts1 ,points1 ,divisions1 ,dividing ,lines1 ,varieties of ,form1 and ,heraldic ,treatment4 ,the shield hangs down on every breast4 --,,lord ,,of ,,the ,,isles4 ,,the ,,language ,,of ,,heraldry4--,the original language of ,english ,heraldry was the ,norman-,french1 which may also be designated ,anglo-,norman1 habitually spoken at the ,court of ,england in the early heraldic era4 ,after a while1 a mixed language succeeded1 compounded of ,english and the original ,norman-,french2 and this mixed language still continues in use4 ,,nomenclature4--,like its language1 the ,nomenclature of ,english ,heraldry is of a mixed character1 in part technical and peculiar to itself1 and in part the same that is in common use4 ,thus1 many of the figures and devices of ,heraldry have their peculiar heraldic names and titles1 while still more bear their ordinary designations4 ,descriptive terms1 whether expressed in ,english or in ,french 7,anglo-,norman71 are generally employed with a special heraldic intention and significance4 ,in the earliest ,roll of ,arms known to be now in existence1 which was compiled 7as appears from internal evidence7 between the years #abdj and #abde1 the ,nomenclature is the same that is found in ,rolls and other heraldic documents of a later date4 ,this fact of the existence of a definite ,nomenclature at that time1 proves that before the middle of the thirteenth century the ,heraldry of ,england was subject to a systematic course of treatment1 and had become established and recognised as a distinct and independent ,science4 ,,style ,,and ,,forms ,,of ,,expression4--,with the ,nomenclature1 a settled ,style and certain fixed technical ,forms of ,expression were introduced and accepted in the thirteenth century2 and1 since that period1 the ,style and ,forms of ,expression have undergone only such comparatively slight modifications as tended to render them both more complete and more consistent4 ,as it was at the first1 it still is the essence of heraldic language to be concise yet complete1 expressive1 and also abounding in suggestions4 ,not a syllable is expressed that is not absolutely necessary2 not a syllable omitted1 the absence of which might possibly lead to any doubt or uncertainty4 ,in the more matured style1 the repetition of any important word in the same sentence is scrupulously avoided2 and1 where it would be required1 another form of expression is substituted in its stead4 ,much meaning also is left to be implied and understood1 through inference1 either based upon certain accepted rules and established heraldic usages for the arrangement of the words and clauses of a sentence1 or derived from the natural qualities and characteristic conditions of certain figures and devices3 but1 nothing is ever left to be inferred when an uncertain inference might possibly be adopted1 or that can be understood clearly and with certainty only by means of an explicit statement4 ,superfluous words and particles of all kinds are altogether omitted4 ,descriptive epithets follow the nouns to which they refer3 as1 a red cross is styled a cross gules4 ,the general rules1 by which the arrangement of the words in heraldic descriptive sentences is determined1 will be found in the last subdivision of this chapter4 ,examples of heraldic ,language1 ,nomenclature1 ,style and ,forms of ,expression1 will be given in abundance throughout the following chapters and sections of this treatise4 ,with these examples students will do well to familiarise themselves3 then1 let them prepare additional examples for that practice1 which 7as ,parker's ,glossary of ,heraldry says1 p4 #fj7 alone will make perfect1 by writing down correct descriptions of heraldic compositions from the compositions themselves2 after which process they may advantageously reverse the order of their study1 and make drawings of these same 7or1 if they prefer it1 of some other7 heraldic compositions from their own written descriptions of them4 ,when any heraldic description of a figure1 device1 or composition has been completed1 a statement is made to signify the person1 family1 community1 or realm whose armorial ensign it may be4 ,this is done by simply writing the appropriate name1 after the last word of the description2 or1 by prefixing the word for before the name when it is placed in the same position4 ,thus1 a description of the three lions of ,england is to be followed by the word--,,england2 or1 by the formula--for ,,england4 ,if preferred1 with equal consistency the arrangement may be reversed1 and the ,name1 with or without the prefix for1 may precede the description3 thus--,,england1 or ,for ,,england1 three lions1 c4 ,it is to be borne in remembrance1 that armorial ensigns are personal inheritances1 and--with the exception of ,sovereign ,princes--by comparison but very rarely relate to ,titles and ,dignities4 ,,blazon1 ,,blazoning1 ,,blazonry4--,when a knight entered the lists at a tournament1 his presence was announced by sound of trumpet or horn1 after which the officers of arms1 the official ,heralds1 declared his armorial insignia--they blazoned his ,arms4 ,this term1 to blazon1 derived from the ,german word blasen1 signifying to blow a blast on a horn 7or1 as one eminent ,german ,herald prefers1 from the old ,german word blaze or blasse1 a mark or sign71 in ,heraldry really denotes either to describe any armorial figure1 device1 or composition in correct heraldic language2 or to represent such figure1 device1 or composition accurately in form1 position1 arrangement1 and colouring4 ,but1 as a matter of practical usage1 pictorial representation is usually allied to the word emblazon4 ,the word blazon also1 as a noun1 may be employed with a general and comprehensive signification to denote ,heraldry4 ,,the ,,shield3--,,its ,,parts1 ,,points1 ,,and ,,divisions4--,their ,shield1 which the knights of the ,middle ,ages derived from the military usage of antiquity1 and which contributed in so important a degree to their own defensive equipment1 was considered by those armour-clad warriors to be peculiarly qualified to display their heraldic blazonry4 ,and1 in later times1 when armour had ceased to be worn1 and when shields no longer were actually used1 a ,shield continued to be regarded as the most appropriate vehicle for the same display4 ,the ,shield1 then1 which with its armorial devices constitutes a ,shield of ,arms1 always is considered to display its blazonry upon its face or external surface4 ,this blazoned surface of his shield the bearer1 when holding it before his person1 presents 7or would present1 were he so to hold it7 towards those who confront him4 ,the right and the left sides of the person of the bearer of a ,shield1 consequently1 are covered by the right and left 7in heraldic language1 the dexter and sinister7 sides of his shield3 and so1 from this it follows that the dexter and sinister sides of a ,shield of ,arms are severally opposite to the left and the right hands of all observers4 ,the ,parts and ,points of an heraldic ,shield1 which is also entitled an ,escutcheon1 are thus distinguished3-- ,illustration3 ,no4 #bg4 ,no4 #bg4 ,a1 ,the chief3 ,b1 ,the ,base3 ,c1 ,the ,dexter ,side3 ,d1 ,the ,sinister ,side3 ,e1 ,the ,dexter ,chief3 ,f1 ,the ,sinister ,chief3 ,g1 ,the ,middle ,chief3 ,h1 ,the ,dexter ,base3 ,i1 ,the ,sinister ,base3 ,k1 ,the ,middle ,base3#b ,l1 ,the ,honour ,point3 ,m1 ,the ,fesse ,point4 ,footnote #b3 ,this term is very seldom if ever used4 ,in blazoning the ,divisions of a ,shield1 the term ,per1 signifying in the direction of1 is employed sometimes alone1 and sometimes 7having the same signification7 preceded by the word parted or party4 ,the primary ,divisions of a ,shield are indicated in the following diagrams1 ,nos4 #bh-ce3-- ,illustration3 ,nos4 #bh-cj1 #ca-cc1 #cd-ce4 ,no4 #bh4 ,per ,pale1 or ,parted per ,pale1 or ,party per ,pale4 ,no4 #bi4 ,per ,fesse1 or ,parted per ,fesse4 ,no4 #cj4 7,nos4 #bh and #bi together7 ,per ,cross1 or ,quarterly 7the latter is the more usual term74 ,no4 #ca4 ,per ,bend4 ,no4 #cb4 ,per ,bend ,sinister4 ,no4 #cc4 7,nos4 #ca and #cb together7 ,per ,saltire4 ,no4 #cd4 ,per ,chevron4 ,no4 #ce4 ,tierced in pale 7divided into three equal divisions by two vertical lines71 a form seldom met with in ,english ,heraldry4 ,technically this in ,english ,heraldry is simply the representation of a pale4 7,see ,no4 #hg47 ,to these divisions should strictly be added the further division gyronny 7,no4 #adg72 but neither the term per nor parted per is ever employed in this connection4 ,as will be seen1 it is a combination of the forms shown in ,nos4 #cj and #cc4 ,a ,shield may be further divided and subdivided1 thus3-- ,illustration3 ,no4 #cf4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cg4 ,it may be divided into any number of ,quarterings by lines drawn per pale and per fesse1 cutting each other1 as in ,no4 #cf1 which ,shield is quarterly of eight3 in like manner the ,quarterings of any ,shield1 whatever their number 7which need not be an even number71 are blazoned as1 quarterly of twelve1 c4 ,this1 to whatever extent the dividing of the ,shield may be carried1 is simple ,quartering4 ,again3 a quartered ,shield may have one or more of its primary quarters1 or every one of them1 quartered3 this1 which is the subdivision of a part1 the quartering of quarters1 is compound ,quartering3 for example1 in ,no4 #cg1 the ,shield is first divided into the four primary quarters1 severally marked ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d2 then1 so far as the quarters ,a1 ,b1 ,d are concerned1 the simple quartering is subjected to the process of compound quartering1 and quarters ,a1 ,d are quarters quarterly1 and ,b is a quarter quarterly of six1 while ,c remains unaffected by the secondary process4 ,the terms quarterly quartering and quarterly quartered are used to signify such secondary quartering as is exemplified in ,a1 ,b1 ,d of ,no4 #cg4 ,the four primary quarters 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d of ,no4 #cg7 are distinguished as ,grand ,quarters3 consequently1 the quarter ,b of this example is the second grand quarter1 quarterly of six4 ,this term ,grand ,quarter may be employed to distinguish any primary quarter when any quarter in the ,shield is quarterly quartered4 ,,dividing and ,,border ,,lines1 in addition to simple right lines and curves1 assume the forms that are represented in the next diagram1 ,no4 #ch3-- ,illustration3 ,no4 #ch4 ,no4 #ch4 ,a4 ,indented ,b4 ,dancett ,c4 ,wavy or ,unde 7#b varieties7 ,d4 ,engrailed ,e4 ,invected or ,invecked ,f4 ,embattled ,g4 ,raguly ,h4 ,nebuly 7#b varieties7 ,i4 ,dovetailed ,two others1 less frequently met with1 however1 are rayonn and flory-counter-flory4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #da4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #db4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dd4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #de4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dg4 ,,the ,,shield3 ,,its ,,varieties ,,of ,,form4--,the front face of an heraldic ,shield is generally flat2 but sometimes the curved edges are made to appear as if they had been slightly rounded off4 ,some early ,shields are represented as bowed--hollowed1 that is1 in order to cover more closely the person of the bearer1 and consequently having a convex external contour1 as in ,no4 #ci4 ,in early examples of bowed ,shields the whole of the armorial blazonry is sometimes displayed on the face of that portion of the ,shield which is shown4 ,a ridge1 dividing them in pale1 but not necessarily in any way acting as an heraldic dividing line1 appears in many ,shields1 and particularly in those of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries4 ,the large elongated ,shields that have been entitled kite-shaped1 and which were in use in the days of ,,richard ,i4 and amongst the ,barons of ,magna ,charta1 were superseded by the smaller heater-shaped ,shield as early as the reign of ,,henry ,,iii4 ,the most beautiful forms of this ,shield are represented in ,nos4 #dj1 #da1 and #db3 of these1 ,no4 #dj has its curves described about the sides of an inverted equilateral triangle1 and then they are prolonged by vertical lines towards the chief3 in ,nos4 #da1 #db1 the sides curve from the chief to the base4 ,the forms of ,shields admit of various slight modifications1 to adjust them to varying conditions4 ,towards the close of the fourteenth century the form of the ,shield is found to undergo some singular changes3 and1 at later periods1 changes in form of this kind became generally prevalent4 ,nos4 #dc1 #dd1 exemplify such changes as these3 they also show the curved notch that was cut in the dexter chief of the ,shields of the same periods1 to permit the lance to pass through it as the ,shield hung down on the breast3 a ,shield so pierced is said to be bouche4 ,the ,surface of the ,shield1 ,no4 #dc1 which is in the ,episcopal palace at ,exeter1 is wrought into a series of shallow hollows1 which curve gracefully from the central ridge1 some to the dexter1 and others to the sinister4 ,such a ,shield as this may be consistently used in our own ,heraldry3 but1 since now we do not associate lances laid in rest with our heraldic ,shields1 it appears desirable that we should not draw our ,shields bouche4 ,in recent ,heraldry the ,shield has commonly been made to appear such an unsightly and un-heraldic deformity as is represented in ,no4 #de4 ,instead of a true heraldic ,shield also1 a rounded oval with a convex surface1 called a cartouche1 or cartouche shield1 ,no4 #df1 is occasionally used for the display of armorial blazonry2 or a circle is substituted for such an oval4 ,these cartouches probably owe their origin to the usage of placing a ,garter of the ,order about a ,shield 7prevalent in the fifteenth century71 and to a subsequent period1 when we find the omission of the exact outline of the actual ,shield4 ,but their frequent appearance in ,ecclesiastical ,heraldry suggests that perhaps they were deliberately preferred to the purely military shield4 ,a ,lozenge1 ,no4 #dg1 takes the place of a ,shield to bear the arms of ,ladies1 with the exception of the ,sovereign2 this very inconvenient substitute for the heraldic ,shield was introduced early in the fourteenth century4 ,,the ,,shield3 ,,its ,,heraldic ,,treatment4--,when a ,shield is represented as standing erect1 it is not necessary to specify that fact1 since such a position may be assumed for a ,shield unless another be set forth in blazoning4 ,shields are sometimes made to appear suspended by the guige1 or shield-belt 7which was worn by ,knights to sustain and secure their ,shields to their persons72 in some ,seals and generally in architectural compositions1 ,shields-of-,arms appear suspended1 erect1 from their guiges2 at ,westminster some of the earliest ,shields are thus suspended1 with a very happy effect1 from two points of suspension1 the guige passing over sculptured heads1 as in ,no4 #dh1 the ,arms of ,provence1 borne by ,,alianore of ,provence1 ,queen of ,,henry ,,iii4--the shield is gold1 and on it are blazoned four red pallets4 ,in ,seals1 the suspended ,shield is generally represented hanging by the sinister-chief angle1 as in ,no4 #di2 and it hangs thus diagonally from below the helm4 ,a ,shield thus placed is said to be couch4 ,this arrangement is also frequently adopted1 when a ,shield or an ,achievement of arms is not placed upon a ,seal2 but in any case the position has no importance except as a matter of artistic treatment4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dh4--;,arms of ,provence1 ,westminster ,abbey4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #di4--,shield ,couch4 ,the entire surface of every ,shield is termed the ,field4 ,the same term is also applied to every plain surface4 ,a ,shield is said to be borne by the personage to whom it belongs3 and1 in its turn1 the ,shield bears whatever figures and devices may be displayed upon it2 whence1 all these figures and devices are entitled ,bearings or ,armorial ,bearings4 ,all figures and devices are also styled ,charges2 and they are said to be charged upon a ,shield1 ,banner1 or ,surcoat1 or upon one another4 ,in blazoning1 the field of the ,shield is always first noticed and described3 next follow the charges that rest upon the field of the ,shield itself2 then descriptions are given of the secondary bearings that are charged upon others of greater importance4 ,as a general rule1 of several charges which all alike rest immediately upon the field of the ,shield1 the most important is the first to be blazoned2 so that the arrangement of blazoning is determined by the comparative dignity of the bearings1 as well as by the degree in which charges are nearer to the field and further from beholders4 ,in some cases1 however1 a bearing charged upon the field of a ,shield and many times repeated on a small scale1 is blazoned 7for the sake of simplicity and clearness of expression7 next to the field of the ,shield itself3--thus1 if a lion be charged on the field of a ,shield1 and a considerable number of crosses surround the lion1 and1 like him1 are placed on the field of the ,shield also--the field of the ,shield is blazoned first1 the crosses second1 and the lion third2 and1 if a crescent 7or other bearing7 be charged upon the lion's shoulder1 it is the last in the blazon4 ,in quartered ,shields the blazoning commences afresh with each quartering4 ,in blazoning armorial banners and horse-trappings1 the latter often gorgeously enriched with heraldic blazonry1 the dexter side of a flag is always next to the staff1 and the head of a horse is supposed always to be looking towards the dexter4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry ,,section ,,ii ,the ,tinctures' ,metals-- ,colours-- ,furs-- ,varied ,fields-- ,law of ,tinctures-- ,counterchanging-- ,diaper-- ,disposition-- ,blazoning in ,tinctures4 ,all the devices blazoned on the ,shield ,in their own tinct --,,elaine4 ,in ,english ,heraldry the ,,tinctures comprise ,two ,metals1 ,five ,colours1 and ,eight ,furs4 ,they are symbolised or indicated by dots and lines--a very convenient system1 said to have been introduced1 about the year #afcj1 by an ,italian named ,silvestre de ,petrasancta4 ,some such symbolisation1 however1 may occasionally be found in anticipation of ,petrasancta4 ,the system now in use was not generally adopted till the commencement of the eighteenth century4 ,this system is never officially employed in a matter of record1 and is now being discarded by many artists4 ,the ,metals1 ,colours1 and ,furs are named1 their names are abbreviated1 and they are severally indicated1 as follows3-- ,illustration3 ,no4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ea4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ec4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ed4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ee4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ef4 ,,two ,,metals4 ,,titles ,,abbreviations ,,symbolisation4 #a4 ,gold ,or ,or ,no4 #ej4 #b4 ,silver ,argent ,arg4 ,no4 #ea4 ,,five ,,colours ,,titles ,,abbreviations ,,symbolisation4 #a4 ,blue ,azure ,az4 ,no4 #eb4 #b4 ,red ,gules ,gu4 ,no4 #ec4 #c4 ,black ,sable ,sa4 ,no4 #ed4 #d4 ,green ,vert ,vert ,no4 #ee4 #e4 ,purple ,purpure ,purp4 ,no4 #ef 7,in ,french ,heraldry1 ,green is ,sinople47 ,illustration3 ,no4 #eg4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #eh4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ei4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fa4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fc4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fd4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fe4 ,,eight ,,furs 7not abbreviated74 ,,titles #a4 ,ermine1--black spots on white ,no4 #eg4 #b4 ,ermines1--white spots on black ,no4 #eh4 #c4 ,erminois1--black spots on gold ,no4 #ei4 #d4 ,pean1--gold spots on black ,no4 #fj4 #e4 ,vair1--alternate divisions of blue and white1 ,nos4 #fa1 #fb4 #f4 ,counter ,vair 7note difference of arrangement7 ,no4 #fc4 #g4 ,potent 7note different shape of divisions7 ,no4 #fd4 #h4 ,counter ,potent ,no4 #fe4 ,two other ,colours1 or tints of ,colour1 are sometimes heard of--,tenne1 a tawny or orange colour1 indicated by vertical lines crossing those of ,purpure3 and ,murrey or ,sanguine1 a dark crimson red1 indicated by diagonal lines from both dexter and sinister1 crossing each other4 ,these two are sometimes termed stains1 but their real usage was in liveries4 ,the ,furs1 ,nos4 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fc1 #fd1 and #fe1 are of comparatively rare occurrence1 and do not appear in the best ages of ,heraldry4 ,vair and ,ermine are common4 ,a good early form of ,vair is shown in ,no4 #fb3 and in ,no4 #eg;,a1 ,i give a fine example of the treatment of ,ermine1 from the monument of ,,edward ,,iii4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #eg;,a4 ,in order to avoid repeating or referring to the word ,or1 the word ,gold is sometimes used4 ,the ,furs1 ,nos4 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 and #fe1 are always argent and azure1 unless some other metal and colour be named in the blazoning4 ,animated beings and all objects1 that in ,heraldry are represented in their natural aspect and colouring1 are blazoned proper abbreviated ppr4 ,heraldic charges and compositions1 when sketched in outline with pen and ink or with pencil1 and with the colours written thereon1 are said to be tricked1 or in trick4 ,,varied ,,fields4--,it is not necessary that the ,field of a ,shield1 or of any ,bearing1 should be of any one uniform tincture3 but varied surfaces are usually tinctured of some one metal and some one colour alternating2 and the patterns or devices thus produced are generally derived 7the ,furs1 ,nos4 #fa-fe1 which are good examples of varied surfaces1 being the exceptions7 from the forms of the original simple charges that are distinguished as ,ordinaries and ,subordinaries4 ,and these varied surfaces or fields are always flat2 the whole of their devices or patterns are level1 their metal and colour lying in the same plane4 ,it is evident that1 in representing any examples of this class1 no shading is to be introduced to denote relief4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ff4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fg4 ,should the field of any charge be divided into a single row of small squares1 alternately1 e4g4 of a metal and a colour1 as ,no4 #ff1 it is ,compone or ,compony 7sometimes written gobony73 if into two such rows1 as in ,no4 #fg1 it is ,counter ,compony3 but1 if the field of a ,shield1 or the surface of any charge be divided into three1 or more than three1 such rows1 it is ,cheque or ,checky2 thus1 the ,arms of the ,earl de ,,warenne are ,cheque or and az41 ,no4 #fh 7,h4 #c and ,e4 #b74 ,,the ,,law ,,of ,,tinctures4--,every charge is supposed to rest upon the field of a ,shield1 or on the surface of some charge4 ,it is a strict rule1 that a charge of a metal must rest upon a field that is of a colour or fur2 or1 contrariwise1 that a charge of a colour must rest on a field that is of a metal or fur1--that is1 that metal be not on metal1 nor colour on colour4 ,this rule is modified in the case of varied fields1 upon which may be charged a bearing of either a metal or a colour3 also1 a partial relaxation of the rule is conceded when one bearing is charged upon another1 should the conditions of any particular case require such a concession4 ,this rule does not apply to bordures1 nor very stringently to augmentations or crests1 and it is not so rigidly enforced in ,foreign as in ,british ,heraldry4 ,there are1 of course1 a few exceptions1 but they are not numerous1 the one usually instanced as an intentional violation being the silver armorial ,shield of the ,,crusader ,,kings of ,,jerusalem1 ,no4 #fi1 upon which five golden crosses are charged2 the motive in this remarkable exception to an established rule being said to be to cause this ,shield to be unlike that of any other potentate4 ,what may be termed the accessories of a charge are not included in this law of tinctures3 thus1 a silver lion having a red tongue may be charged on a blue shield1 and the red tongue may rest on the blue field of the ,shield4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fi4--;,arms of ,jerusalem4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #gj4--;,arms of ,fenwick4 ,,counterchanging is dividing the field of a ,shield in such a manner that it is1 e4g4 in part of a metal and in part of a colour1 and then arranging the charges in such a manner that they shall be reciprocally of the same colour and metal3 thus1 the shield of ,john ,fenwick1 ,no4 #gj 7,r4 #b7 is1--per-fesse gu4 and arg41 six martlets1 three1 two1 one1 counterchanged2 that is1 the field is red in chief and silver in base1 and the birds or parts of the birds on the red field are silver1 and those on the silver field are red4 ,,diapering4--,this term denotes a system of decorating plain surfaces in various ways1 which was in great favour with the early heraldic artists4 ,in the use of ,diaper1 which is often desirable when artistic reasons suggest its suitability1 care must be taken that the decorative designs and patterns do not in any way admit of their being mistaken for charges4 ,this diaper may be executed in low relief1 subordinated to the relief of the charges2 and it is not required to yield any obedience to the law of tinctures4 ,in the ,shield1 ,no4 #fh 7the original1 a very noble shield1 is at ,castle ,acre ,priory1 ,norfolk71 which is simply cheque1 the ,diapering may be alternately azure and or on the squares that are alternately or and azure2 or the ,diaper may be dark blue1 or sable1 or argent on the azure squares1 and on the golden ones whatever the artist might consider would be most effective2 but the ,diaper1 in this and in all other examples1 must always be subordinate to the area and tincture of the field4 ,the finest known early example of heraldic ,diaper in enamel1 is the ,shield of ,,william ,,de ,,valence1 ,earl of ,,pembroke1 in ,westminster ,abbey1 ,a4,d4 #abif4 ,very beautiful early examples of ,diapering have been preserved in relics of heraldic stained glass4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #fh4--,shield of ,arms of ,earl de ,warrenne1 ,castle ,acre ,priory1 ,norfolk4 ,,disposition3 ,,blazoning4--,by ,disposition is understood the placing and arranging of charges4 ,a single important charge1 which has not a fixed position of its own1 is placed in the centre of any composition3 and minor charges are arranged in their most natural and consistent order and positions1 any deviation from which must be specified4 ,a single charge1 many times repeated1 and small in size1 whether with or without any special orderly disposition1 is said to be ,seme--strewn1 that is1 or scattered over the field1 as seed is sown by the hand2 or1 if the charges are very small or very numerous1 the term poudre or powdered has sometimes been used4 ,the expression--three1 two1 one1 signifies that a charge is repeated six times1 the ,disposition being three in a horizontal row towards the chief of the ,shield1 then two in a similar row in the centre1 and one in base4 ,in the same manner1 the expressions--four1 four1 one1 four1 three1 two1 one1 three and one1 c41 are used as occasion may require4 ,for other dispositions of charges other appropriate terms will present themselves to our notice1 growing out of our subject as it advances4 ,should a ,tincture or a ,number occur a second time in blazoning a single composition1 it must be indicated1 not by repeating the word already used1 but by reference to it4 ,thus1 if the tincture of the field should occur a second time1 reference is made to it in the formula--of the field3 or1 perhaps more frequently--of the first2 or1 if the tincture that is named second in order in the blazoning be repeated1 it is indicated by the expression--of the second2 and so on4 ,again3 should there be three fleurs de lys and also three crescents in one and the same composition1 having specified the three fleurs de lys1 the number of the crescents would be set forth in the words--as many crescents3 providing nothing else has in the wording of the blazon intervened in such a way as to cause uncertainty by the use of the term2 and so1 in like manner1 with any other numbers of these or of any other charges4 ,in descriptive ,blazoning1 ,epithets1 which follow their own ,nouns1 precede the ,tinctures that are associated with those nouns3 thus1 a black rampant lion having golden claws is blazoned1--a lion rampt4 sa41 armed or4 ,in written and printed blazoning1 the arrangement of the words and the placing the stops are alike matters of supreme importance4 ,the sentences are to be short4 ,a comma is to mark the end of each complete minor clause or division of a sentence3 a colon1 each more important clause4 ,a point or period is to follow every abbreviated word1 to mark the fact of the abbreviation1 but without affecting the additional presence of a comma 7as in the blazoning1 a lion rampant sa417 or of a colon1 as the case may be2 but a second period is unnecessary4 ,it is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning with commas which1 instead of aiding to simplify the sentences1 obscure the meaning and perplex the reader4 ,it is always correct to write--three lion's heads1 six pilgrim's staves1 c43 and always incorrect to write--three lions' heads1 six pilgrims' staves1 c42 but it is a point printers have an apparently invincible objection to accept4 ,,emblazoning ,,in ,,tinctures4--,on this head ,i must be content to offer to students only a few brief practical observations4 ,the metal ,gold may be rendered with gold prepared in small saucers1 or 7most advantageously7 in minute slabs2 this preparation is applied1 like a common water-colour1 by moistening the gold with water2 and it is desirable previously to have washed the paper1 card 7or vellum7 with diluted white of egg4 ,gold leaf may also be used1 but the process is tedious1 and requires both skill and experience to ensure complete success4 ,yellow paint1 again1 may be used to represent the metal1 the best colours being cadmium yellow1 or aureolin 7,winsor and ,newton7 mixed with ,chinese white4 ,for shading1 carmine1 or crimson lake1 mixed with gum4 ,for ,silver1 aluminium may be used with excellent effect2 or ,chinese white2 or the paper may be left white3 for shading1 grey 7blue and ,indian ink mixed7 and gum4 ,the ,aluminium is prepared1 like the gold1 in minute slabs3 it may be obtained1 of great excellence1 from ,messrs4 ,winsor ,newton1 by whom also a very pure preparation of gold is sold2 but both the gold and the aluminium slabs are sold by all good artists' colourmen4 ,these ,metals may be diapered1 as well as burnished1 with an agate-burnisher4 ,for ,azure3--,french blue1 freely mixed with ,chinese white and a very little gum1 the colour to be laid on thick3 shade with ,prussian blue mixed with a larger proportion of gum4 ,for ,gules3--,orange vermilion either pure1 or mixed with a very little cadmium yellow or ,chinese white1 and still less gum3 7never use a brilliant but most treacherous preparation known as pure scarlet37 shade with carmine or crimson lake1 and gum4 ,for ,vert3--emerald green1 with ,chinese white and a little gum3 shade with dark green1 made from mixing aureolin 7or gamboge7 with ,prussian blue and gum4 ,for ,purpure3--mix carmine and ,french blue1 with a little gum3 shade with a darker tint of the same4 ,for ,sable3--,very dark grey1 made by mixing a little ,chinese white and gum with black3 shade with black and more gum4 ,when the ,metals are rendered by gold and aluminium1 it is desirable that these tinctures should be applied1 and that the diapering and burnishing of the ,metals should also be completed with the burnisher1 before the adjoining colours are laid on4 ,the burnishing may be executed in two or three hours after the ,metals have been applied to the paper2 and the paper should be placed upon a piece of glass during the processes of burnishing and diapering4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry ,,section ,,iii ,the ,ordinaries3-- ,the ,chief2 ,fesse2 ,bar2 ,pale2 ,cross1 its heraldic varieties2 ,bend2 ,saltire2 ,chevron2 and ,pile4 ,marks of ,hereditary ,honour1 given or authorised by some supreme ,power4 --,,science ,,of ,,heraldry4 ,,the ,,ordinaries4--,the simple ,charges of early ,heraldry1 which always have been held in the highest esteem and which are most familiar1 are3--,the ,chief1 the ,fesse1 the ,bar1 the ,pale1 the ,cross1 the ,bend1 the ,saltire1 the ,chevron1 and the ,pile4 ,they may be considered to have been derived from various means that were adopted to strengthen ,shields for use in combat1 the ,cross always being in great favour from having a definite symbolism of its own4 ,these ,ordinaries may be formed by any of the ,border ,lines1 ,no4 #ch4 ,occasionally they are borne alone2 but more generally they are associated with other bearings1 or they have various figures and devices charged upon themselves4 ,in some cases1 presently to be specified1 more than one ,ordinary may appear in a single composition4 ,the ,bar1 the ,pale1 the ,bend1 and the ,chevron have ,diminutives4 ,the ,cross has many ,varieties4 ,,the ,,chief 7,h4 #c71 bounded by a horizontal line1 contains the uppermost third 7or1 in practice1 somewhat less than the third1 of the field of a ,shield1 as in ,no4 #ga4 ,the ,shield of ,,le ,,botiler1 ,no4 #gb1 is--,or1 a chief indented az4 7,h4 #c74 ,a ,chief may be borne with any other ,ordinary except the ,fesse2 it may also be charged with any other figures or devices3--thus1 for ,sire ,,bernard ,,de ,,brus1 ,no4 #gc1--;,az41 a chief and a saltire or3 for ,sire ,,johan ,,de ,,clintone1 ,no4 #gd1--;,arg41 on a chief az4 two fleurs de lys or3 and for ,sire ,,johan ,,de ,,clintone de ,madestoke1 ,no4 #ge1--;,arg41 on a chief az4 two mullets or 7all ,e4 #b74 ,when any charge is set in the uppermost third of a ,shield1 or when several charges are disposed in a horizontal row across the uppermost part of a ,shield1 they all are said to be in ,chief4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ga4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #gb4--,le ,botiler4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #gc4--;,de ,brus4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #gd4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ge4--;,de ,clintone4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #gf4--;,de ,clifford ,illustration3 ,no4 #gg4--;,de ,pateshulle4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #gh4--,le ,vavasour4 ,,the ,,fesse 7,h4 #c71 which crosses the centre of a ,shield horizontally1 when charged occupies about one-third 7or rather less than one-third7 of the field2 but when without charges1 it is usually drawn somewhat narrower4 ,the ,shield of ,lord ,,clifford is1--,cheque or and az41 a fesse gu41 ,no4 #gf4 ,for ,,robt4 ,,le ,,fitz-,,water1--,or1 a fesse between two chevrons gu43 for ,,john ,,de ,,pateshulle1 ,no4 #gg1--;,arg41 a fesse sa41 between three crescents gu4 7all ,h4#c73 for ,,william ,,le ,,vavasour1 ,no4 #gh1--,or1 a fesse dancette sa43 for ,,de ,,hemenhale1 ,no4 #gi1--,or1 on a fesse between two chevrons gu41 three escallops arg43 and for ,,de ,,dageworthe1 ,no4 #hj1--;,erm41 a fesse gu4 bezante 7all ,e4 #b74 ,when they are disposed in a horizontal row across the centre of a ,shield1 ,charges are in fesse4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #gi4--;,de ,hemenhale4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #hj4--;,de ,dageworthe4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ha4--;,de ,harecourt4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #hb4--,wake4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #hc4--;,de ,huntercumbe4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #hd4--;,de la ,mere4 ,,the ,,bar 7,h4 #c71 which may be placed horizontally in any part of the field except in fesse or at the chief of the ,shield1 is about one-fifth of the field 7or sometimes less7 in depth4 ,a single bar very rarely occurs in blazon4 ,examples3--,or1 two bars gu41--for ,,de ,,harecourt1 ,no4 #ha3 ,az41 two bars dancette or1--for ,,de ,,riveres3 ,or1 two bars gu41 in chief three torteaux1--for ,,wake1 ,no4 #hb4 ,the ,diminutive of the ,bar is the ,barrulet1 one-half of its width4 ,when they are disposed in couples1 ,barrulets are ,bars ,gemelles1 these not being so deep as the barrulet3 thus1 ,no4 #hc1--;for ,,de ,,huntercumbe1--,erm41 two bars gemelles gu4 7,h4 #c74 ,a ,fesse or ,bar1 when placed between two similar figures narrower than barrulets1 is said to be cotised by them2 or1 to be doubly cotised1 when placed between two bars gemelles3 thus1 for ,,de ,,la ,,mere1 ,no4 #hd1--,or1 a fesse doubly cotised 7or1 between two bars gemelles7 az4 7,e4 #b74 ,an even number of bars alternately of a metal 7or a fur7 and a colour form the varied field which is to be blazoned barry1 the number of the bars in every case to be specified--as1 barry of six1 barry of eight1 c4 ,if the number of bars exceeds eight 7some writers say ten71 it is barrule or barruly2 and in this case it is not necessary that the number of the bars should be specified1 the word barrule being used alone1 or the expression barrule sans nombre to denote a considerable number1 but not a fixed number of bars--the number1 however1 always to be even4 ,but this is a modern refinement of blazon to which little if any attention was paid in early days4 ,it is to be observed that while the bars1 whatever their number1 if they are blazoned as bars1 are to be treated as if they were executed in relief upon the field of a ,shield1 a ,shield that is barry or barrule has its field formed by bars which are all in the same plane4 ,examples3--,barry of six or and gu41 for ,,fitz ,,alan of ,bedale1 ,no4 #he3 ,barry of six arg4 and az41 for ,,de ,,grey3 ,barry of eight or and az41--for ,,de ,,penbrugge 7all ,h4 #c73 ,barrule arg4 and az41 an orle of martlets gu41--for ,,de ,,valence1 ,earl of ,,pembroke1 ,no4 #hf2 in this example ten bars are represented1 but in the noble enamelled shield of the first ,de ,valence 7,a4,d4 #abif7 preserved in ,westminster ,abbey1 the bars are twenty-eight in number4 ,charges1 not in fesse or in chief1 that are disposed horizontally across the field are bar-wise4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #he4--;,fitzalan of ,bedale4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #hf4--;,de ,valence4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #hg4--;,erskine4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #hh4--;,grandison4 ,,the ,,pale4--,like the ,fesse1 this ,ordinary occupies rather less than a central third of the field1 but it is vertical in its position instead of horizontal4 ,no4 #hg1 for ,,erskine1 is--,arg41 a pale sa4 ,its ,diminutives1 the ,pallet and the ,endorse1 severally one-half and one-fourth of its width1 may be placed vertically in any part of the field4 ,a ,pale between two ,endorses is endorsed but the term cotised is also employed with this meaning4 ,an even number of ,pallets of a metal 7or a fur7 and a colour set alternately1 form the varied field to be blazoned paly1 the number of the ,pallets 7which lie all in the same plane7 always to be specified3 thus--,paly of six arg4 and az41 on a bend gu4 three eaglets displayed or1 for ,,grandison1 ,no4 #hh 7,h4 #c7 ,charges that are disposed one above another in a vertical row are in pale4 ,this is the arrangement of the three golden lions of ,england4 ,the ,,cross 7,h4 #c71 formed from a combination of a ,fesse with a ,pale1 in its simplest form is set erect in the centre of the field1 and it extends to the border-lines of the ,shield4 ,if at any time it may be necessary or apparently desirable specially to set forth in the blazoning of a ,shield1 that a ,cross charged upon it does thus extend to the border-lines1 such a ,cross is blazoned as a ,cross throughout4 ,no4 #a1 ,arg41 a ,cross gu41 the armorial ensign of ,,st4 ,,george1 the special ,patron ,saint of ,england1 may be blazoned as ,a ,cross of ,st4 ,george4 ,of this ,cross1 the great symbol of the ,christian ,faith1 ,spenser says-- ,and on his brest a bloodie ,cross he bore1 ,the deare remembrance of his dying ,lord4444 ,upon his ,shield the like was also scored4 ,faerie ,queen1 ,i4 i4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #hi4--;,cross fimbriated4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ij4--;,cross pointed4 ,a ,cross having a narrow border lying in the same plane with itself1 is fimbriated1 such a border being a fimbriation3 thus1 ,no4 #hi1 ,az41 a cross gu41 fimbriated arg41 represents the ,cross of ,st4 ,george in our ,national ,union ,jack4 ,a ,cross having its four extremities cut off square1 so that it does not extend in any direction to the border-lines of the shield1 is couped or humette4 ,if the extremities of a ,cross are cut off to points1 it is pointed1 as in ,no4 #ij4 ,if its central area is entirely removed1 so that but little more than its outlines remain1 it is voided1 or 7,h4 #c7 a false ,cross 7faux croix73 when its four limbs are equal in length1 it is a ,greek ,cross1 as ,no4 #ia3 when the limbs are unequal1 the lower limb or shaft being longer than the other three1 as in ,no4 #ib1 it is a ,latin ,cross or a long cross3 but neither of these two last terms are used regarding the plain cross throughout1 notwithstanding that differences in the shape of the shield may materially alter the proportion of the limbs4 ,if a cross be formed of a shaft and two horizontal limbs only 7like the letter ,t71 as in ,no4 #ic1 it is a ,tau ,cross1 or ,cross ,tau3 if it is pierced at the intersection of the limbs1 and the entire central area be voided1 it is said to be pierced quarterly4 ,a ,latin ,cross on steps1 is on ,degrees1 and it is distinguished as a ,calvary ,cross4 ,charges having a cruciform arrangement are in ,cross4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ia4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ib4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ic4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #id4--,quadrate4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ie4--,patriarchal4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #if4--;,fourche4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ig4--;,cross ,moline3 ,arms of ,de ,molines4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ih4--;,cross ,recercele3 ,arms of ,bishop ,anthony ,bec4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ii4--;,cross ,patonce3 ,arms of ,william de ,vesci4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ajj4--;,fleurie4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aja4--;,fleurette4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ajb4--,pomme4 ,the ,,cross3--its ,,heraldic ,,varieties4 ,the ,cross-symbol appears in ,english ,heraldry under very many varieties and modifications of form and condition1 some of them of great beauty4 ,the following engraved representations of the various examples are so explicit1 that descriptions of them are unnecessary4 ,the ,cross ,quadrate1 ,no4 #id4 ,the ,cross ,patriarchal1 ,no4 #ie4 ,the ,cross ,fourche1 ,no4 #if4 ,the ,cross ,moline1 represented charged upon the ,shield attributed to the ,,saxon ,,kings ,,of ,,england1 ,no4 #bc3 this same shield--,az41 a ,cross moline or1 is borne by ,,de ,,molines or ,,molyneux1 ,no4 #ig4 ,the ,cross ,cercele or ,recercele 7,h4 #c71--;,gu41 a ,cross recercele erm41 ,no4 #ih1 for ,,anthony ,,bec1 ,bishop of ,,durham4 ,the ,cross ,patonce 7,h4 #c71--;,gu41 a ,cross patonce arg41 ,no4 #ii1 from the ,seal of ,,wm4 ,,de ,,vesci1 ,a4,d4 #abbj4 ,the ,cross ,fleury1 ,no4 #ajj1 should be compared carefully with ,nos4 #ig and #ii1 the ,crosses ,moline and ,patonce4 ,the ,cross ,fleurette1 ,no4 #aja4 ,the ,cross ,pomme1 ,no4 #ajb4 ,the ,cross ,botone or ,trefle1 ,no4 #ajc4 ,the ,cross ,crosslet1 or ,crosslet crossed1 ,no4 #ajd4 ,the term ,crosslet is strictly applicable to any ,cross on a very small scale3 but it is usually applied to denote a ,cross that is crossed as in ,no4 #ajd4 ,small ,crosses ,botone are occasionally used as these ,crosses-,crosslets1--as at ,warwick in the arms of the ,,beauchamps1 the ,earls of ,,warwick4 ,crosslets are frequently blazoned seme over the field of a ,shield1 in which case the special term crusilly is often used2 and1 in smaller numbers1 they also are favourite ,charges4 ,no4 #aje is the ,cross ,cleche or ,urde4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ajc4--;,botone4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ajd4--;,crosslet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aje4--;,cleche4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ajf4--,pate4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ajg4--,maltese4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ajh4--,potent4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aji4--;,avellane4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aaj4--;,botone ,fitche4 ,the ,cross ,pate or ,forme is represented in ,no4 #ajf4 ,no4 #ajg is the ,cross of eight ,points1 or the ,maltese ,cross3 this example is drawn from the portrait of ,,phillippe ,,de ,,villiers ,,de ,l',,isle-,,adam1 elected forty-third ,grand ,master of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 ,a4,d4 #aeba2 this picture is in the possession of the ,earl of ,clarendon1 ,k4,g4 ,the ,cross ,potent1 ,no4 #ajh4 ,the ,cross ,avellane1 ,no4 #aji4 ,the ,crossed-,crosslet1 and the ,crosses ,pate1 ,botone1 and ,potent1 are also drawn having their shaft elongated and pointed at the base3 in this form they are severally blazoned as a ,crossed-,crosslet ,fitche 7or fitched71 a ,cross ,pate ,fitche1 c41--a ,cross1 that is1 fixable in the ground2 ,no4 #aaj is an example of a ,cross ,botone ,fitche4 ,several of these varieties of the heraldic ,cross occur but rarely2 and there are other somewhat fanciful varieties so little in use1 as to render any description of them unnecessary4 ,the student of medival monumental antiquities will not fail to observe a certain degree of resemblance between some of the ,crosses of ,heraldry1 and those that are incised and sculptured on sepulchral slabs4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aaa4--,le ,scrope4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aab4--;,de ,radclyffe4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aac4--,le ,boteler4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aad4--;,humphrey de ,bohun1 #dth ,earl of ,hereford4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aae4--,sir ,gilbert de ,bohun4 ,the ,,bend 7,h4 #c7 resembles both the ,fesse and the ,pale in every condition1 except that it crosses the field diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base4 ,no4 #aaa1 the ,shield of ,,scrope1 is--,az41 a bend or4 ,a celebrated contest for the right to bear this simple ,shield took place1 ,a4,d4 #ache-acij1 between ,sir ,,richard ,,le ,,scrope and ,sir ,,robert ,,grosvenor1 which was decided in favour of the former4 ,no4 #aab1 for ,,radclyffe1 is--,arg41 a bend engrailed sa4 ,two uncharged ,bends may appear in one composition3 thus1 for ,,le ,,boteler--,arg41 two bends az41 ,no4 #aac2 and for ,,frere--,gu41 two bends or 7both ,h4 #c74 ,the ,diminutives of the ,bend are the ,bendlet and the ,cotise1 the one containing one-half and the other one-fourth of its area4 ,a ,cotise is sometimes borne singly1 when it is a ,riband4 ,a bendlet couped is a baton4 ,a ,bend between two ,cotises is cotised3 thus1 ,no4 #aad1 for ,,de ,,bohun1--,az41 a ,bend arg41 cotised or1 between six lioncels rampt4 gold2 this ,shield is engraved from the ,seal of ,,humphrey ,,de ,,bohun1 fourth ,earl of ,,hereford 7,a4,d4 #abih-acbb72 in it the cotised ,bend is very narrow1 evidently to give more space for the lioncels4 ,charges displayed on a ,bend slope with it--that is1 they would be erect1 were the ,bend to be set vertically and to become a ,pale3 thus1 another ,,de ,,bohun1 ,sir ,gilbert 7,h4 #c71 distinguishes his ,shield by tincturing his ,bend or1 and charging upon it three escallops gules1 as in ,no4 #aae4 ,in ,no4 #hh1 the eaglets also exemplify the disposition of charges upon a ,bend4 ,charges set diagonally on the field of a ,shield1 in the position in which a bend would occupy1 are said to be in bend and are arranged in the same manner3 but it would be quite possible to have three or more charges each disposed bendwise2 but yet1 nevertheless1 when taken together occupying the position of a fesse and therefore described also as in fesse4 ,this distinction between charges bendwise 7or bendways7 and charges in bend should be carefully noted4 ,a field divided into an even number of parts by lines drawn bendwise1 is bendy1 the number of the divisions to be specified3 as a matter of course1 a field thus bendy becomes a varied field1 in which all the divisions lie in the same plane3 thus1 ,no4 #aaf1 for ,,de ,,montford 7,h4 #c and ,e4 #b7--;,bendy of ten or and az4 ,bendlets are in relief1 as in ,no4 #aag1 for ,,de ,,bray--,vaire1 three ,bendlets gu4 ,if a field be divided by lines drawn bendwise1 and also by others drawn either vertically or horizontally1 it is paly bendy1 as ,no4 #aah1 or barry bendy1 as ,no4 #aai4 ,these two forms1 which1 however1 are very rarely met with1 should be carefully distinguished from a field lozengy4 ,a ,bend issuing from the sinister chief is a ,bend ,sinister4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aaf4--;,de ,montford4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aag4--;,de ,bray4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aah4--,paly ,bendy4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aai4--;,barry ,bendy4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abj4--,st4 ,andrew4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abb4--;,de ,neville4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aba4--;,de ,neville4 ,the ,,saltire 7,h4 #c71 a combination of a ,bend with a ,bend ,sinister1 may also be regarded as a ,diagonal ,cross4 ,thus1 the ,crosses of ,st4 ,,andrew of ,,scotland1 and of ,st4 ,,patrick of ,,ireland are ,saltires--the former1 ,no4 #abj--;,az41 a ,saltire arg43 the latter--,arg41 a ,saltire gu4 ,the arms of the great family of ,,neville reverse those of ,st4 ,,patrick1 and are--,gu41 a ,saltire arg41 ,no4 #aba3 so ,drayton has recorded that ,upon his surcoat valiant ,,neville bore ,a silver ,saltire upon martial red4 ,barons' ,war1 i4 #bb4 ,charges set on a ,saltire slope with its limbs 7all1 however1 pointing to the chief71 the central charge being erect2 and the disposition of charges set in saltire is the same3 a single charge set on a ,saltire is blazoned erect on the central point of the ,ordinary1 as in ,no4 #abb1 another ,shield of ,,neville1 in which the ,silver ,saltire is charged with a rose gules4 ,a ,saltire may be borne with a ,chief1 as in ,no4 #gc4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abc4--;,de ,stafford4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abd4--,shield of ,de ,clare4 ,the ,,chevron 7,h4 #c71 in form and proportions is rather more than the lower half of a ,saltire4 ,the ,diminutive is a ,chevronel1 containing half a ,chevron1 or perhaps less3 thus1 for ,,de ,,stafford 7,e4 #b71--,or1 a ,chevron gu41 ,no4 #abc3 for the great family of ,,de ,,clare1 from whom so many other families derived their ,chevrons and ,chevronels--,or1 three ,chevronels gules1 ,no4 #abd 7,h4 #c74 ,two ,chevrons may be borne in one composition3 or they may appear with a ,fesse1 as in ,no4 #gi3 or with a ,chief1 as 7,h4 #c71 for ,,de ,,crombe--,erm41 a ,chevron gu41 and on a ,chief of the last three escallops or2 for ,,st4 ,,quintin 7,h4 #c7--,or1 three ,chevronels gu41 a ,chief vair4 ,a field ,chevrone is of rare occurrence3 the three ,chevronels of ,,de ,,clare1 however1 ,no4 #abd1 appear to have been derived from a field ,chevrone3 certainly1 on his seal1 ,strongbow has the ,chevrone ,shield1 ,no4 #abe1 about ,a4,d4 #aage4 ,charges set on a ,chevron1 or disposed in ,chevron1 are always placed erect4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abe4--;,early shield of ,de ,clare4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abf4--;,de ,chandos4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abg4--;,de ,brian4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abh4--;,de ,bassett4 ,the ,,pile 7,h4 #c71 resembling a wedge in form1 is borne both single and in small groups4 ,unless some other disposition on the field be specified1 this ,ordinary issues from the chief of the ,shield4 ,examples3 ,or1 a ,pile gu41 between six and charged with three estoiles 7or mullets7 counter-changed1--for ,,robert ,,de ,,chandos1 ,no4 #abf3 ,or1 three ,piles az41 ,no4 #abg1--;for ,sir ,,guy ,,de ,,brian2 ,or1 three ,piles gu41 a canton erm41 ,no4 #abh1--;for ,,de ,,bassett 7all ,h4 #c73 and 7,e4 #b71 ,arg41 a ,pile engrailed sa4--for ,sir ,,rob4 ,,de ,,forneus4 ,in early emblazonments three piles appear almost uniformly to be depicted with the points converging4 ,but a distinction is now made1 and when the piles are intended to converge1 as in ,no4 #abh1 they are termed in point4 ,the probable structural origin of these ,ordinaries is sufficiently apparent to render any further comment on that interesting circumstance superfluous4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry ,,section ,,iv ,the ,subordinaries3-- ,the ,canton or ,quarter3 ,the ,inescutcheon3 ,the ,orle3 ,the ,tressure3 ,the ,bordure3 ,flanches3 ,the ,lozenge1 ,mascle1 and ,rustre3 ,the ,fusil3 ,the ,billet3 ,the ,gyron3 ,the ,frette-- ,the ,roundles4 ,the second in a line of stars4 --,,idylls ,,of ,,the ,,king4 ,,the ,,subordinaries4 ,this title has been assigned1 but without any decisive authority1 to another group of devices1 second in rank to the ,ordinaries4 ,very few writers agree as to which are ordinaries and which subordinaries2 nor does there seem any reason why any distinction between them should exist4 ,nor1 indeed1 save that all are exclusively heraldic1 why some of them should be regarded as anything more than ordinary charges4 ,these ,subordinaries are the ,canton1 the ,quarter1 the ,inescutcheon1 the ,orle1 the ,tressure1 the ,bordure1 ,flanches1 the ,lozenge1 ,mascle and ,rustre1 the ,fusil1 the ,billet1 the ,gyron1 and the ,frette4 ,the ,canton1 by the early ,heralds commonly styled the ,quarter1 sometimes has been grouped with the ,ordinaries4 ,and it must here be observed that the ,lozenge1 ,fusil1 ,billet1 ,gyron1 and ,frette were not used as single charges by the early ,heralds2 but by them the fields of ,shields were divided lozengy and gyronny1 or they were seme of ,billets1 or covered over with ,frette-work1 from which the single charges evidently were afterwards obtained4 ,the ,,canton 7,h4 #c71 sometimes blazoned as a ,,quarter1 cut off by two lines1 the one drawn in pale and the other bar-wise1 or in fesse1 is either the first quarter of the field of a ,shield1 or about three-fourths of that quarter1 but smaller if not charged4 ,the confusion between the canton and the quarter is due to the fact that ancient arms in which the charge is now1 and has been for centuries past1 stereotyped as a canton and drawn to occupy one-ninth of the ,shield1 were uniformly drawn and blazoned in early times with the charge as a quarter4 ,but there is a marked distinction now made between the canton and the quarter4 ,a ,canton ermine is of frequent occurrence1 as in ,no4 #abh2 but it is generally borne charged1 and it always overlies the charges of the field of the ,shield1 as ,no4 #abi1 for ,,de ,,kyrkeby 7,r4 #b7--;,arg41 two bars gu42 on a canton of the last a cross moline or2 and1 for ,,blundell 7,h4 #c7--;,az41 billette1 on a canton or a raven ppr41 ,no4 #acj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #abi4--;,de ,kyrkeby4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #acj4--;,blundell4 ,the ,,inescutcheon 7,h4 #c7 is a ,shield borne as a charge1 and superimposed upon another ,shield larger than itself4 ,when one ,inescutcheon is borne1 it is usually placed on the fesse-point2 but several ,inescutcheons may appear in one composition4 ,the well-known ,shield of the ,,mortimers supplies a good example1 ,no4 #aca 7,h4 #c7--;,barry of six or and az41 an inescutcheon arg42 on a chief gold1 gyroned of the second1 two pallets of the same3 for ,,darcy--,arg41 an inescutcheon sa41 within an orle of roses gu41 ,no4 #acb 7,e4 #b73 ,arg41 three inescutcheons gu41 for ,,de ,,wyllers 7,e4 #b71 ,no4 #acc4 ,this is also the well-known ,scottish coat of ,hay4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #acb4--;,darcy4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aca4--;,de ,mortimer4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #acc4--;,de ,wyllers4 ,the ,,orle 7,h4 #c71 blazoned by early ,heralds as a false escutcheon 7faux escocheon71 or as an inescutcheon voided1 is the border of a ,shield or ,escutcheon--a ,shield1 that is1 voided of the central area of its field1 and1 like an ,inescutcheon1 charged on a ,shield4 ,the arms of ,,balliol1 ,no4 #acd1 are--,gu41 an ,orle arg4 7,h4 #c74 ,these arms are blazoned on many ,scottish ,seals of the greatest interest1 and on the ,seals of ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford4 ,small charges are frequently disposed about the border of a ,shield in ,orle1 as in ,nos4 #hf and #acb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #acd4--;,de ,balliol4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ace4--,single ,tressure ,flory4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #acg4--;,double ,tressure flory counterflory4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #acf4--,single ,tressure flory counterflory4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ach4--,scotland4 ,the ,,tressure 7,h4 #c7 may be regarded as a variety of the ,orle2 indeed1 in its simplest form it is a very narrow ,orle1 which is generally set round with fleurs de lys4 ,a ,tressure thus enriched is represented in ,no4 #ace3 in this example all the heads of the fleurs de lys point externally1 and all their stalks internally1 and this accordingly is blazoned as a ,tressure flory4 ,in ,no4 #acf1 which1 like ,no4 #ace1 is a single ,tressure1 the fleurs de lys are so disposed that the heads and stalks of the flowers point alternately in contrary directions3 this is blazoned as a ,tressure flory counterflory4 ,from this last example the ,tressure that is so well known in the blazonry of the ,royal ,shield of ,,scotland differs1 in being double4 ,this1 the double ,tressure of ,scotland1 is a combination of two such single ,tressures as ,no4 #acf1 and it is produced from them in the manner following3--,from one such single ,tressure1 as ,no4 #acf1 all the alternate heads and stalks of the fleurs de lys that point internally are cut away and removed2 then a second similar ,tressure1 of rather smaller size1 is denuded of all its external adornment1 and in that condition it is placed within the former ,tressure1 leaving a narrow interval between the two4 ,each component half of this double ,tressure flory counterflory1 accordingly1 has its own independent series of demi-fleurs de lys1 the stalks and heads of the flowers alternating1 and the one alternate series pointing externally1 while the other points internally4 ,when in combination1 these two series of demi-fleurs de lys must be so arranged that the heads of the flowers in one series correspond with their stalks in the other1 as in ,no4 #acg4 ,i am thus particular in describing the process of producing the ,royal ,tressure1 because it is frequently to be seen incorrectly drawn4 ,no4 #ach1 the ,royal ,shield of ,,scotland1 now displayed in the second quarter of the ,royal ,arms of the ,,united ,,kingdom1 is thus blazoned--,or1 a lion rampt4 within a double ,tressure flory counterflory1 gu4 ,it will be observed that a narrow strip of the golden field of this ,shield intervenes between the two ,tressures4 ,there are many fine examples of this ,shield in ,scottish ,seals2 in the ,garter-plate1 also1 of ,,james ,v4 of ,scotland1 ,k4,g41 at ,windsor2 and on the ,monuments in ,westminster ,abbey to ,,mary ,queen of ,,scots 7,a4,d4 #afjd71 and to the ,countess of ,,lennox1 the mother of ,lord ,,darnley 7,a4,d4 #aegg74 ,mr4 ,seton 7,scottish ,heraldry1 p4 #ddg7 states that the ,tressure may be borne triple2 and1 after specifying the ,scottish families upon whose ,shields the same honourable bearing is blazoned1 he adds3--,in the coat of the ,marquess of ,,huntly1 the ,tressure is flowered with fleurs de lys within1 and adorned with crescents without2 while in that of the ,earl of ,,aberdeen it is flowered and counter-flowered with thistles1 roses1 and fleurs de lys alternately4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aci4--;,de ,waltone4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #adj4--,richard1 ,earl of ,cornwall4 ,the ,,bordure 7,h4 #c71 as its name implies1 forms a border to a ,shield3 it is borne both plain and charged4 ,thus1 for ,,de ,,waltone 7,e4 #b7--;,arg41 a cross pate sa41 within a ,bordure indented gu41 ,no4 #aci3 for ,,richard1 ,earl of ,,cornwall1 second son of ,king ,,john 7,h4 #c71--;,arg41 a lion rampt4 gu41 crowned or1 within a ,bordure sa4 bezante1 ,no4 #adj4 ,the ,bordure1 and its important services in ,heraldry1 will be more fully considered hereafter4 7,see ,chapters ,,xii4 and ,,xiii47 ,,flanches are always borne in pairs2 but they are not of very early date1 nor do they often appear in blazon4 ,flanches are formed by two curved lines issuing from the chief1 one on each side of the ,shield3 they are shown1 shaded for azure1 in ,no4 #ada2 and in ,no4 #adb are their ,diminutives1 ,flasques or ,voiders1 shaded for gules4 ,but these diminutives are hardly ever met with4 ,there is a close resemblance between these charges and a peculiar dress worn by ,ladies of rank in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries2 but it is not easy to determine whether the dress suggested the ,flanches on the ,shield1 or was derived from them4 ,one thing1 however1 is certain--the dress must have possessed very decided good qualities1 since it continued in favour for more than two centuries4 ,it is remarkable that many of the ancient ,greek ,shields have pierced ,flanches4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ada4--;,flanches4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #adb4--;,flasques4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #adc4--,mascle4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #add4--,rustre4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ade4--;,de ,burgh1 ,earl of ,kent4 ,the ,,lozenge 7,e4 #b71 ,,mascle 7,h4 #c71 and ,,rustre4 ,the ,lozenge is a diamond-shaped figure1 or a parallelogram set diagonally4 ,the ,mascle is a ,lozenge voided of the field1 ,no4 #adc2 and the ,rustre1 ,no4 #add1 is a ,lozenge pierced with a circular opening4 ,in the early days of ,heraldry the ,lozenge and the ,mascle were evidently held to be identical4 ,the ,shield of the famous ,,hubert ,,de ,,burgh1 ,earl of ,,kent1 in the early ,rolls is blazoned as mascule3 but his ,seal proves it to have been1 as in ,no4 #ade1 lozengy vair and gu4 ,the ,lozenge1 it will be remembered1 is always set erect upon the field of a ,shield4 ,the ,,fusil is an elongated ,lozenge4 ,the ,arms of ,,montacute or ,,montagu 7see ,no4 #bj7 are--,arg41 three ,fusils conjoined in fesse gu41 ,no4 #bj3 the ,arms of ,,percy are--,az41 five fusils conjoined in fesse or4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bj4--,montacute4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #adf4--;,deincourt4 ,the ,,billet 7,h4 #c7 is a small elongated rectangular figure4 ,thus1 for ,,deincourt1 ,no4 #adf--;,az41 billette1 a fesse dancette or4 ,the early ,heralds blazoned a ,fesse ,dancette as simply a ,dancette or ,danse4 ,see also ,no4 #acj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #adg4--;,campbell4 ,the ,,gyron1 a triangular figure1 not known in ,english blazon as a separate charge 7except perhaps in the one case of the arms of ,mortimer71 gives its title to the gyronny field1 which is more commonly found in the ,heraldry of the ,north than of the ,south4 ,the field gyronny generally1 and more particularly in ,scotland1 is divided into eight pieces3 but the divisions are sometimes six1 ten1 twelve1 or even sixteen in number4 ,a ,roll of the time of ,,henry ,,iii4 has1 for ,,warin ,,de ,,basingborne--,gerony d'or et d'azur4 ,the ,arms of ,,campbell are--,gyronny or and sa41 ,no4 #adg4c ,here1 where there are eight pieces of divisions1 it is not necessary to specify the number2 but if they were either more or less than eight the blazon would be--gyronny of six1 of ten1 c4 ,footnote #c3 ,in the illustration the colours are unfortunately reversed4 ,the ,,frette1 in more recent ,heraldry1 has generally superseded the original field fretty4 ,this interlaced design1 whether borne as a distinct figure1 as ,no4 #adh1 or repeated over the field of a ,shield1 as in ,no4 #adi1 differs from a field lozengy or gyronny1 in being a bearing charged upon the field of a ,shield1 and not a form of varied surface3 ,no4 #adi1 for ,,de ,,etchingham 7,e4 #b71 is--,az41 fretty arg4 ,an early variety or modification of ,frette is the ,trellis or ,treille1 in which the pieces do not interlace1 but all those in bend lie over all those in bend sinister1 and they are fastened at the crossings with nails--cloue1 as in ,no4 #aej4 ,,richard ,,de ,,trussell or ,,tressell 7,h4 #c7 bears--,arg41 a trellis gu41 cloue or4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #adh4--;,a ,frette4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #adi4--;,de ,etchingham4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aej4--,trellis ,cloue4 ,the ,,roundles1 or ,,roundlets4 ,these simple figures1 in constant use in every age of ,heraldry1 are divided into two groups1 which correspond with the division of the ,tinctures into ,metals and ,colours4 ,the first group contains the two ,roundles of the ,metals1 which are flat discs3 #a1 ,the ,bezant1 or golden ,roundle1 ,no4 #aea1 which has apparently derived its name from the ,byzantine coins with which the ,crusaders1 when in the ,east1 would have been familiar4 #b1 ,the ,silver ,roundle1 or ,plate1 is from the ,spanish ,plata--silver4 ,when ,bezants or ,plates appear in considerable numbers1 the field on which they are charged is said to be bezante or plate4 ,see ,no4 #adj4 ,the second group contains the five ,roundles of the ,colours1 which are globular1 and are usually shaded accordingly4 ,the ,torteau1 ,no4 #aeb1 in the plural ,torteaux1 is gules3 the ,hurt is azure3 the ,pellet or ,ogress is sable3 the ,pomme is vert3 and the ,golpe is purpure4 ,these distinctive titles1 which are more calculated to perplex the student than to simplify his study1 are of comparatively recent origin1 the early ,heralds having used the terms ,bezant1 ,plate1 and ,torteau1 with the general designations ,roundle and ,pellet1 adding the tinctures for the others4 ,examples3--,az41 bezante1 for ,,wm4 ,,de ,,la ,,zouche3 ,or1 on a fesse gu4 three plates1 for ,,roger ,,de ,,huntingfield3 ,arg41 ten torteaux1 four1 three1 two1 one1 for ,,alex4 ,,giffard 7all ,h4 #c74 ,see also ,nos4 #hj1 #hb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aea4--;,bezant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aeb4--,torteau4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aec4--;,fountain4 ,a circular figure or ,roundle that is barry wavy arg4 and az41 is blazoned as a ,fountain1 ,no4 #aec4 ,examples3--,arg41 three fountains1 for ,,welles3 ,arg41 a ,chevron sable between three fountains1 borne by a family named ,sykes1 their name being an ancient term signifying a well or fountain4 ,an ,annulet1 or a plain ring1 ,no4 #aed1 was sometimes blazoned as a false ,roundle--a ,roundle1 that is1 pierced1 and having its central area removed4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aed4--;,annulet4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry ,,section ,v ,miscellaneous ,charges3-- ,human ,beings-- ,animals-- ,birds-- ,fish-- ,reptiles and ,insects-- ,imaginary ,beings-- ,natural ,objects-- ,various ,artificial ,figures and ,devices-- ,appropriate ,descriptive ,epithets4 ,the ,formes of pure celestiall bodies mixt with grosse terrestrials2 earthly animals with watery2 sauage beasts with tame2 fowles of prey with home-bred2 these again with riuer fowles2 reptiles with things gressible2 aery insecta with earthly2 also things naturall with artificiall4 --,,guillim',s ,display of ,heraldry1 ,a4,d4 #afaa4 ,thus1 in his own quaint fashion1 the enthusiastic old ,herald of the seventeenth century indicates the number and variety of the ,charges1 which in process of time had been introduced into ,armory even before his era4 ,in earlier days the ,charges of ,heraldry were much less varied1 comparatively few in their numbers1 and generally of a simple character4 ,it will readily be understood1 however1 that fresh figures and devices would continually appear in blazon2 and also that these1 in their turn1 would lead the way for the introduction of further varieties and new modifications4 ,human ,beings are of very rare occurrence1 except as ,supporters4 ,parts of the human frame constantly appear1 but they are more generally borne as ,crests upon helms than as charges on shields4 ,moor's heads or ,saracen's heads appear in some coats1 with arms1 hands and legs3 and a human heart is well known as a charge in the coat of the famous house of ,,douglas1 where it was placed to commemorate the duty entrusted by ,,robert ,,bruce to the good ,sir ,,james ,,douglas1 that he should bear with him the heart of his ,sovereign and friend to the ,holy ,land1 and bury it there4 ,sir ,james fell1 fighting with the ,moors of ,spain1 ,a4,d4 #accj4 ,this ,shield of ,douglas is a characteristic example of the gradual development of armorial composition4 ,about ,a4,d4 #abij1 the ,seal of ,,william1 ,lord ,,douglas1 displays his ,shield1 ,no4 #aee1 bearing--,arg41 on a chief az4 three mullets of the field4 ,next1 upon the field of the ,shield of ,,william1 ,lord ,,douglas1 ,a4,d4 #accc1 there appears1 in addition1 a human heart gules1 as in ,no4 #aef4 ,and1 finally1 the heart is ensigned with a royal crown1 as in ,no4 #aeg1 this form appearing as early as #achg4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aee4--,shield of ,douglas4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aef4--,shield of ,douglas4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aeg4--,shield of ,douglas4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aeh4--;,isle of ,man4 ,the ,shield of the ancient kingdom of the ,,isle ,,of ,,man1 ,no4 #aeh1 still continues to be the heraldic ensign of that island3 it is--,gu41 three human legs in armour ppr41 conjoined in the fesse-point at the upper part of the thighs1 and flexed in triangle4 ,this true curiosity of ,heraldry leads ,mr4 ,planch to remark1 that the arms of ,,man are legs 7,pursuivant of ,arms1 p4 #aab74 ,the ,shield represented in ,no4 #aeh is drawn from an original example of the age of ,,edward ,i4 in the ,heralds' ,college4 ,at later periods1 the armour of the conjoined limbs is represented in conformity with the usages then prevalent1 and golden spurs are added4 ,the ancient symbol of the island of ,sicily1 in which the limbs are without either armour or clothing1 has been represented in ,no4 #aj3 this device also appears in ancient examples with a human head at the junction of the limbs4 ,three human arms1 united in the same manner1 are borne on the shield of the medival family of ,,tremaine4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aei4--,shield of ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey 7partly restored74 ,human figures1 winged and vested1 and designed to represent ,,angels1 are occasionally introduced in ,english ,heraldry1 their office generally being to act as ,supporters to armorial ,shields4 ,fine examples1 in admirable preservation1 may be seen boldly sculptured in the noble timber-roof of ,westminster ,hall2 also in panels over the principal entrance to the ,hall1 and in various parts of the ,abbey of ,westminster4 ,in the grand ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,alban at ,st4 ,alban's1 numerous other examples of great excellence yet remain1 the works of ,abbot ,john de ,wheathamstede1 about ,a4,d4 #addj4 ,in ,no4 #aei ,i give a representation of the ,shield of ,arms of the ,abbey of ,,st4 ,,alban--,az41 a saltire or1 supported by ,angels1 and the ,shield ensigned by the ,mitre of ,abbot ,thomas ,de la ,mere1 as it is represented in his noble ,brass in the ,abbey ,church4 ,the ,shield and the ,angel ,figures are the work of ,abbot ,john4 ,the ,heads of the ,figures1 which are destroyed in the original1 are restored from stained glass of the same period in the ,abbey ,church4 ,figures of ,angels holding ,shields of ,arms--each figure having a shield in front of its breast1 are frequently sculptured as corbels in ,gothic churches4 ,in the earliest ,rolls of ,arms1 the ,lion is the only animal that is found in blazon1 with the sole addition of ,boar's heads4 ,deer1 dogs1 bulls1 calves1 rams1 and a few other animals subsequently appear to share heraldic service and honours with the king of beasts4 ,in modern ,armory1 however1 almost every living creature has been required to discharge such duties as ,heralds have been pleased to assign to them4 ,the ,lion of ,heraldry ,i leave to be considered1 with the ,eagle1 in the next ,chapter4 ,in comparatively early blazon1 the ,bear is borne by ,,fitz ,,urse3 the ,calf1 by ,,calveley and ,,de ,,vele3 the ,ram1 by ,,ramsey and ,,ramryge3 the ,lamb1 by ,,lambert and ,,lambton3 the ,otter 7loutre1 in ,french71 by ,,luttrel3 the ,hedgehog 7,fr41 herrison71 by ,,de ,,heriz1 afterwards ,,harris3 and so also1 in like manner1 some other animals appear as armes parlantes 7see p4 #af74 ,with the lordly ,eagle a few other ,birds are associated in early ,heraldry3 and1 after a while1 others join them1 including the ,falcon1 ,ostrich1 ,swan1 ,peacock or ,pawne1 and the ,pelican borne both as a symbol of sacred significance1 and also by the ,,pelhams from being allusive to their name4 ,cocks1 with the same allusive motive1 were borne by ,,cockayne3 ,parrots1 blazoned as ,popinjays1 appear as early as ,,henry ,,iii43 and in a ,roll of ,,edward ,,ii41 the ,sire ,,mounpynzon has a ,lion charged on the shoulder with a ,chaffinch--in ,french a ,pinson4 ,the favourite bird1 however1 of the early ,heralds is the ,martlet1 the heraldic ,martin1 a near relative of the ,swallow or ,hirondelle4 ,the ,martlet is practically always represented in profile1 at rest1 and with its wings closed4 ,the few exceptions are modern4 ,in some early examples the feet are shown1 as in ,no4 #afj3 but1 in the ,shield of ,earl ,,wm4 ,,de ,,valence in ,westminster ,abbey1 ,a4,d4 #abif1 the ,martlet appears feetless1 as in ,no4 #afa2 and at a later period this mode of representation was generally adopted4 ,french ,heralds deprive their ,martlets of beak as well as feet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afj4--;,early ,martlet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afa4--,martlet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afb4--;,banner of ,de ,barre4 ,as the symbol of a name1 writes ,mr4 ,moule1 almost all ,fish have been used in ,heraldry2 and in many instances ,fish have been assumed in ,arms in reference to the produce of the estate1 giving to the quaint device a twofold interest 7,heraldry of ,fish1 p #ac74 ,the earliest examples are the ,barbel1 the ,dolphin1 the ,luce 7or ,pike71 the ,herring1 and the ,roach4 ,in conjunction with fish we may perhaps consider the ,escallop which1 as a charge1 belongs to the earliest period of ,heraldry4 ,the ,barbel1 so named from the barbs attached to its mouth to assist it in its search for food1 was introduced into ,english ,heraldry by ,,john1 ,count ,,de ,,barre1 whose elder brother married ,,alianore1 eldest daughter of ,,edward ,i4 ,at ,carlaverock he displayed1 as the chronicler has recorded1 a blue banner1 crusilly1 with two ,barbels of gold1 and a red border en-grailed1 ,no4 #afb4 ,the ,dolphin1 borne by ,,giles ,,de ,,fishbourne 7,h4 #c71 and afterwards introduced into several ,english ,shields1 is best known as the armorial ensign of the ,,dauphin1 the eldest son and heir apparent of the ,kings of ,france1 who bore1 marshalled with the arms of ,,france--,or1 a ,dolphin az4 ,this title of ,dauphin was first assumed by ,,charles ,v41 who succeeded to the ,crown of ,france in #acfd4 ,in ,no4 #h ,i have shown after what manner the ,dolphin was represented by an ancient ,greek ,artist3 in the ,middle ,ages the heraldic ,dolphin appeared as in ,no4 #afc4 ,,geffrey ,,de ,,lucy 7,h4 #c7 bears--,gu41 three ,lucies or4 ,on his marriage with the heiress of ,,anthony1 ,lord ,,lucy1 in #acfi1 ,,henry1 fourth ,lord ,,percy of ,alnwick1 quartered these three fish1 with his own lion 7blue on a golden field7 and his fusils 7gold on a blue field71 upon the well-known ,shield of the ,earls of ,,northumberland 7,chapter ,,xi74 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afc4--;,dolphin4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afe4--;,escallop4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afd4--;,de ,lucy4 ,another ,carlaverock ,banneret1 ,,robert ,,de ,,scales1 whom the chronicler declares to have been both handsome and amiable as well as gallant in action1 had six escallops of silver on a red banner4 ,this beautiful charge of the escallop1 happy in its association with the pilgrims of the olden time1 and always held in high esteem by ,heralds1 is generally drawn as in ,no4 #afe4 ,reptiles and ,insects occur but rarely in ,english ,heraldry4 ,bees1 ,flies1 ,butterflies1 and ,snails are sometimes found1 but they have no place in the earliest ,rolls of ,arms4 ,bees1 as might be expected1 appear in the ,arms of ,beeston4 ,azure1 three ,butterflies1 are the ,arms of ,,muschamp1 and they are carved twice in the vaulting of the cloisters at ,canterbury4 ,upon a monumental brass in the ,church of ,wheathampstead1 in ,hertfordshire1 the ,shield of ,,hugo ,,bostock 7about ,a4,d4 #adce7 bears1--,arg41 three ,bats1 their wings displayed1 sa4 ,imaginary and ,fabulous ,beings1 some of them the creations of heraldic fancy when in a strangely eccentric mood1 frequently appear as ,supporters2 and1 in some cases1 they take a part in the blazonry of ,shields1 or they are borne independently as ,badges4 ,a very brief description 7all that is necessary7 of the greater number of these monsters of unnatural history will be given in the ,glossary of heraldic terms1 in ,chapter ,x42 consequently1 it is enough here merely to refer to them as having a place in blazon4 ,the ,griffin or ,gryphon1 the most worthy of the group1 is comparatively common4 ,the ,dragon and the ,wivern or ,wyvern1 both of them winged monsters1 differ in this respect1 that the former has four legs1 while the latter has two only4 ,in early blazon this distinction was not always observed4 ,the ,cockatrice1 always having two legs1 is a ,wyvern with a cock's head4 ,natural ,objects of all kinds are blazoned as ,charges of ,heraldry1 and they will be found described and illustrated in their proper places in ,chapter ,x4 ,they include the ,sun1 the ,moon1 the ,stars2 also such terrestrial objects as ,trees1 ,flowers1 ,fruits1 ,sheaves and ,ears of ,corn1 ,leaves1 ,chaplets1 c4 ,and with these ,charges ,i may group the always beautiful ,fleur de ,lys1 and the ,trefoil1 ,quatrefoil1 ,cinquefoil1 and ,sixfoil4 ,of the various ,artificial ,figures and ,devices that ,heralds have charged upon ,shields of ,arms1 it will be unnecessary for me to give detailed descriptions1 except when either the heraldic name may require explanation1 or some special circumstances connected with any particular figure or device may impart to it peculiar claims for attention4 ,again ,i refer to the ,glossary for notices and examples of all ,charges of this class--,annulets1 ,buckles1 ,castles1 ,crowns1 ,cups1 ,horseshoes1 ,keys1 ,knots1 ,sickles1 ,stirrups1 ,trumpets1 and many others4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aff;,a4--,crescent ,illustration3 ,no4 #aff;,b4--,increscent ,illustration3 ,no4 #aff;,c4--,decrescent ,in blazoning ,charges of various classes1 ,heralds employ appropriate ,epithets and descriptive ,terms1 of which the following are characteristic examples3--,the ,sun is in splendour4 ,the ,moon1 when full1 is in her complement3 she is a ,crescent when she appears in ,no4 #aff1 ,a3 she is ,increscent when as in ,no4 #aff1 ,b3 and she is ,decrescent when as in ,no4 #aff1 ,c4 ,animals and ,birds of prey are said to be armed of their talons1 teeth1 and claws4 ,all horned animals1 also1 except ,stags and ,antelopes1 are armed of their horns2 and a ,cock is armed of his spurs2 whilst ,griffins and birds of prey are armed of their beaks and claws 7i4e4 the part of the leg which is unfeathered74 ,animals are hoofed or unguled of their hoofs2 and langued of their tongues4 ,fierce animals are vorant of their prey1 when represented in the act of devouring it4 ,deer1 when reposing1 are lodged ,nos4 #be and #bf3 when standing1 and looking out from the ,shield1 ,no4 #afg1 at gaze3 when in easy motion1 they are termed trippant1 or sometimes the word tripping is substituted1 ,no4 #afh3 and when in rapid motion1 they are courant1 at speed1 or sometimes described as in full course1 ,no4 #afi4 ,the male ,stag is sometimes termed a ,hart1 and the female a ,hind4 ,there is really a distinction between the ,buck and the ,stag1 but it is very usually disregarded in ,heraldry4 ,the antlers of the ,hart are ,attires1 their branches are ,tynes2 and they are said to be attired of their antlers4 ,a ,stag's head full-faced1 but without the neck1 as ,no4 #agj1 is cabossed or caboshed4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afg4--;,at ,gaze4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afi4--;,at ,speed4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #afh4--,tripping4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #agj4--,stag's ,head ,cabossed4 ,eagles and ,hawks with expanded wings1 as in ,no4 #bjf1 are displayed4 ,expanded wings may be elevated1 or1 if drooping1 inverted or in lure4 ,birds about to take wing are rising2 when in flight1 they are volant2 when at rest1 they are close4 ,a ,bird trusses its prey4 ,a ,peacock having its tail expanded is in its pride2 and this same expression is applied to the ,turkey4 ,a ,pelican1 when feeding its young1 is said to be in her piety1 but may be merely vulning herself if the young are not represented4 ,a ,swan1 when blazoned proper1 is white with red legs and black beak4 ,fish1 represented swimming in fesse1 are naiant2 if they are in pale1 they are hauriant1 ,no4 #afd2 but if their heads are to the base1 the term urinant is said to apply1 but ,i cannot say ,i have so far come across an authenticated instance of the use of this word2 if their bodies are bent1 as the ,dolphin is generally represented1 they are embowed1 ,no4 #afc4 ,fish1 also1 are said to be finned of their fins4 ,insects are volant4 ,reptiles are gliding2 or1 if they are twined into knots1 nowed4 ,trees of mature growth are accrued2 when with leaves1 in foliage 7but these two terms are so seldom used that they may be entirely disregarded72 with fruit or seeds1 fructed or seeded2 if without leaves1 blasted2 and if their roots are exposed1 eradicated4 ,branches or leaves torn off are slipped4 ,the terms which denote the attitudes of ,lions1 all of them described in the next chapter1 are equally applicable to other animals4 ,some other descriptive terms1 not noticed here1 will be found in the ,glossary in ,chapter ,x4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry ,,section ,,vi ,the ,lion and the ,eagle in ,heraldry ,the ,,lion and a ,king of ,beasts4 --,,shakespeare1 ,richard ,,ii4 ,the ,,eagle1 ennobled by ,nature in as high a degree of nobility as the chiefest of the terrestrial animals1 is the most honourable bearing of ,birds4 --,,gwillim 7,edition of #agbd74 ,the regal dignity of the ,,lion amongst the creatures that are quadrupeds1 like himself1 would naturally secure for him a position of corresponding eminence in ,heraldry4 ,from the dawn of the heraldic era1 accordingly1 the ,lion is blazoned on the ,shields of ,sovereigns1 ,princes1 and ,nobles4 ,the tressured ,lion has been already noticed upon the ,royal ,shield of ,,scotland1 ,no4 #ach2 and a crowned ,lion has also appeared in the same attitude1 borne by an ,english ,prince1 ,,richard1 ,earl of ,,cornwall1 ,no4 #adj4 ,from the time that they first possessed any true armorial insignia1 the ,sovereigns of the ,realm of ,,england have borne ,lions upon their ,royal ,shield4 ,a ,lion was the ,ensign of the ,native ,princes of ,,wales1 as he was of the ,kings of ,,leon1 of ,,norway1 and of ,,denmark1 and of the ,counts of ,,holland1 ,,hainault1 ,,eu1 c4 ,and1 in like manner1 the ,lion was in high favour with the most noble and powerful ,barons of ,england--the ,,mowbrays1 ,,bohuns1 ,,longespees1 ,,fitz-,,alans1 ,,lacies1 ,,percies1 ,,segraves1 and such as they4 ,it was a necessary consequence of his great popularity that the ,lion of ,heraldry should be blazoned in various attitudes1 and also variously tinctured1 otherwise it would not be possible duly to distinguish the ,lions of different ,shields4 ,heralds of all countries appear readily to have permitted their ,lions to lay aside their natural tawny hue1 and in its stead to assume the heraldic or1 argent1 azure1 gules1 and sable2 but ,continental ,heralds were not generally disposed to recognise in their ,lions any other attitude than the one which they held to be consistent with their ,lion character1 instincts1 and habits--erect1 that is1 with one hind paw only on the ground1 looking forward towards their prey1 so as to show but one eye1 and evidently in the act of preparing to spring4 ,this undoubtedly most characteristic attitude is rampant1 ,no4 #aga3 and only when he was in this rampant attitude did the early ,heralds consider any ,lion to be a ,lion1 and blazon him by his true name4 ,a ,lion walking and looking about him1 the early ,heralds held to be acting the part of a leopard3 consequently1 when he was in any such attitude1 they blazoned him as a leopard4 ,the animal bearing that name bore it simply as an heraldic title1 which distinguished a ,lion in a particular attitude4 ,these heraldic leopards were drawn in every respect as other heraldic lions1 without spots or any leopardish distinction whatever4 ,this explains the usage1 retained till late in the fourteenth century1 which assigned to the ,lions of the ,royal ,shield of ,england the name of leopards4 ,they were so called1 not by the enemies of ,england for derision and insult1 as some persons1 in their ignorance of early ,heraldry1 have been pleased both to imagine and to assert2 but the ,english ,kings and ,princes1 who well knew their ,lions to be ,lions1 in blazon styled them leopards1 because they also knew that ,lions in the attitude of their ,lions were heraldic leopards4 ,when at length the necessity of varying the attitude of their ,lions was admitted by all ,heralds1 in consequence of the greatly increased numbers of the bearers of ,lions1 some strict adherents to the original distinctive nomenclature blazoned any ,lion that was not rampant by the compound term of a lion-leopard1 or a lion-leopard4 ,but that controversy has long been at rest4 ,the following terms are now in use to denote the various attitudes of the ,lion in ,heraldry3-- ,rampant3 erect1 one hind paw on the ground1 the other three paws elevated1 the animal looking forward and having his tail elevated1 ,no4 #aga4 ,rampant ,guardant3 as before1 but looking out from the ,shield1 ,no4 #agb4 ,rampant ,reguardant3 as before1 but looking backwards4 ,passant3 walking1 three paws on the ground1 the dexter fore-paw being elevated1 looking forward1 the tail displayed over the back1 ,no4 #agc4 ,passant ,guardant3 as before1 but looking out from the ,shield1 ,no4 #agd4 ,passant ,reguardant3 as before1 but looking backwards4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aga4--,rampant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #agb4--,rampant ,guardant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #agc4--,passant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #agd4--,passant ,guardant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #age4--,statant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #agf4--,statant ,guardant4 ,statant3 standing1 his four paws on the ground1 and looking before him1 ,no4 #age4 ,statant ,guardant3 as before1 but looking out from the ,shield1 ,no4 #agf3 in this example the ,lion has his tail extended1 but this would be specified in the blazon1 as it is an unusual position4 ,in like manner1 if the tail of a ,lion in any other attitude be extended1 there must be a statement to that effect4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #agg4--;,couchant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #agh4--,sejant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #agi4--;,dormant4 ,sejant3 sitting down with his head elevated1 ,no4 #agh4 ,if he looks out from the ,shield1 the word ,guardant is to be added4 ,a ,scottish ,lion sejant usually has his fore paws raised in the air1 and in ,english terms of blazon would be described as ,sejant erect or ,sejant rampant4 ,couchant3 is at rest1 the fore legs stretched on the ground1 as ,no4 #agg4 ,dormant3 asleep1 head resting on fore paws1 ,no4 #agi4 ,salient3 in the act of springing1 the hind paws on the ground1 both the fore paws elevated1 ,no4 #ahj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahj4--,salient4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aha4--;,double-queued4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahb4--;,coward4 ,queue fourche3 having a forked tail4 ,double-queued3 two tails1 as ,no4 #aha1 which is a lion rampant double-queued4 ,coward3 passant reguardant1 his tail between his legs1 ,no4 #ahb4 ,two ,lions rampant1 when face to face1 are ,counter rampant1 or ,combatant3 when back to back1 they are ,addorsed3 when passant or salient in contrary directions1 they are ,counter passant or ,counter salient4 ,lions1 whatever their tincture1 except it be red1 or they are charged on a field of that tincture1 are armed and langued gules2 but azure in the case of either of these exceptions1 unless the contrary be specified in the blazon4 ,when several ,lions appear in one composition1 or when they are drawn to a comparatively very small scale1 they are sometimes blazoned as ,lioncels4 ,this term ,lioncel1 it must be added1 when used alone1 denotes a small ,lion rampant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahc4--,lion's ,head4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahd4--,lion's ,face4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahe4--,lion's ,jambe4 ,a ,lion's head is a ,charge3 it may be erased1 as in ,no4 #ahc2 or cut off smooth1 when it is couped4 ,a ,lion's face also is a ,charge1 ,no4 #ahd2 so is his jambe or paw1 ,no4 #ahe4 ,a demi-lion rampant is the upper half of his body and the extremity of his tufted tail1 as in ,no4 #ahf4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahf4--;,demi-,lion ,rampant4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahg4--;,england4 ,the ,,lions ,,of ,,england are golden ,lions leopard1 three in number1 placed one above the other on a red ,shield4 ,they are blazoned--,gu41 three ,lions pass4 guard41 in pale1 or1 ,no4 #ahg4 ,a ,lion in this attitude1 of this tincture1 and on a field gules1 may be blazoned as a ,lion of ,england4 ,these three ,lions first appear upon the second ,great ,seal of ,,richard ,i41 ,a4,d4 #aaid1 on the ,shield of the ,king1 ,no4 #ahh4 ,an earlier ,seal1 used by ,prince ,,john before his brother's accession1 has a ,shield charged with two ,lions only1 and they are passant1 ,no4 #ahi4 ,the first ,great ,seal of the lion-hearted ,king has a ,shield1 bowed in its contour1 and charged with a single ,lion rampant facing to the sinister1 or counter-rampant1 ,no4 #aij2 and it has been conjectured that1 were the whole face of this ,shield visible1 a second ,lion rampant facing to the dexter would appear1 thus charging the ,shield with two ,lions combattant2 this1 however1 is a conjecture which is not supported by the authority of many ,shields of the same form4 ,a red ,shield charged with two golden ,lions passant guardant in pale 7,no4 #bb71 and therefore closely resembling ,no4 #ahi1 as ,i have already shown1 has been assigned to ,,william ,i41 and his two sons and his grandson1 ,,william ,,ii41 ,,henry ,i41 and ,,stephen4 ,the ,shield bearing the three ,lions1 ,no4 #ahg1 has been assigned to ,,henry ,,ii41 but it first makes its appearance on the ,great ,seal of his son4 ,the probability is that up to this period the device was simply a lion1 indeterminate in position or numbers4 ,this same ,shield has continued1 from the time of ,,richard ,i41 to display the ,,royal ,,arms of the ,,realm ,,of ,,england3 how1 in the course of ages1 these ,arms become grouped with other insignia1 ,i shall presently have to show4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahh4--,richard ,i4--#bnd ,gt4 ,seal4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aij4--,richard ,i4--#ast ,gt4 ,seal4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahi4--,prince ,john4--,seal4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aia4--,le ,strange4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aib4--;,giffard4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aic4--,mowbray4 ,the ,lion passant is carefully distinguished in the earliest ,rolls as a different ,charge from the ,lion passant guardant4 ,thus 7,h4 #c71 for ,,hamon ,,le ,,strange--,gu41 two ,lions passant arg41 ,no4 #aia2 and for ,,john ,,giffard--,gu41 three ,lions pass4 arg41 ,no4 #aib3 for ,sir ,,nicholas ,,carew 7,e4 #b71--,or1 three ,lions pass4 sa4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aid4--;,de ,lacy4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aie4--;,de ,segrave4 ,from the numerous early ,shields which bear ,lions rampant1 ,i select the following examples1 associated with names illustrious in ,english ,history4 ,for ,,roger ,,de ,,mowbray 7,h4 #c7--;,gu41 a ,lion rampt4 arg41 ,no4 #aic3 this ,coat is quartered by the present ,lord ,,mowbray1 ,,segrave and ,,stourton4 ,for ,,fitz-,,alan1 ,earl of ,,arundel--,gu41 a ,lion rampt4 or 7,h4 #c71 ,no4 #aic4 ,for ,,de ,,laci1 ,earl of ,,lincoln--,or1 a ,lion rampt4 purpure 7,e4 #b71 ,no4 #aid4 ,for ,sir ,,john ,,de ,,segrave 7,e4 #b7--,sa41 a ,lion rampt4 arg41 crowned or1 ,no4 #aie4 ,for ,,percy1 ,earl of ,,northumberland--,or1 a ,lion rampt4 az41 ,no #aif3 this ,shield is drawn from the fine counter-seal of ,sir ,,henry ,,de ,,percy1 first ,lord of ,alnwick1 who died ,a4,d4 #acae4 ,two ,shields of the ,,de ,,bohuns1 ,nos4 #aad1 #aae1 already described1 exemplify the display of ,lioncels as heraldic charges4 ,an earlier ,shield1 charged with six ,lioncels1 but without any ,ordinary1 was borne by ,,fair ,,rosamond',s son1 ,,william ,,longesp,e1 ,earl of ,,salisbury1 ,a4,d4 #abbf3 it is boldly sculptured with his noble effigy in ,salisbury ,cathedral1 and it also appears upon his ,seal--,az41 six ,lioncels or1 ,no4 #aig4 ,the ,roll of ,edward ,,ii41 confirmed by his ,seal1 gives for ,sir ,,wm4 ,,de ,,leybourne the same composition1 with a difference in the tincturing--,az41 six ,lioncels arg4 ,other members of the same family change these tinctures for gules and or1 gules and argent1 and or and sable 7,e4 #b74 ,examples of ,shields which bear ,lions or ,lioncels with various other charges will be described and illustrated in succeeding chapters4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aif4--;,de ,percy4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aig4--,longespe4 ,lions also fulfil important duties of high honour in ,english ,heraldry as ,crests and ,supporters1 and also as ,badges4 ,from the time of ,,edward ,,iii4 a ,crowned ,lion1 at the first standing on a ,cap of ,estate1 and afterwards upon the ,crown1 has been the ,royal ,crest of ,,england2 a ,lion also has always been the ,royal ,crest of ,,scotland 7see ,chapter ,,xviii474 ,the ,princes of the ,royal ,houses of ,england1 in like manner1 have always borne the ,royal ,lion distinguished by some ,mark of ,cadency 7see ,chapter ,,xii473 ,no4 #aih is the ,lion ,crest of the ,,black ,,prince1 from his ,monument at ,canterbury1 the ,lion differenced with the ,prince's silver label4 ,the ,lion also appears as the ,crest of many noble and distinguished families1 as the ,,de ,,bohuns1 the ,,percies1 and the ,,howards4 ,the ,lion ,crest of ,,richard ,,ii41 sculptured statant guardant upon his helm1 with a chapeau and mantling1 and with the ,badge of two ,ostrich feathers1 in ,westminster ,hall1 is without any crown3 ,no4 #aii4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aih4--;,crest of ,black ,prince4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #aii4--;,crest of ,richard ,,ii4 ,as a ,royal ,supporter of the ,arms of ,england1 the ,lion appears in company with some other creature from the time of ,,henry ,,vi41 ,,edward ,,iv4 sometimes having his ,shield supported by two ,lions4 ,on the accession of ,,james ,i4 of ,great ,britain1 the ,royal ,lion ,supporter formed that alliance with the ,unicorn of ,scotland which still continues1 and will continue1 it is to be hoped1 throughout all time4 ,lions1 as ,i shall point out more in detail in ,chapter ,,xvi41 were frequently introduced into the composition of ,seals before true heraldic ,supporters were in use4 ,in more recent ,heraldry the ,lion is a favourite ,supporter3 he now appears supporting the ,shields of the ,dukes of ,,norfolk1 ,,argyll1 ,,atholl1 ,,bedford1 ,,grafton1 ,,northumberland1 ,,portland1 and ,,wellington2 also1 with many others1 those of the ,marquesses of ,,bath1 ,,exeter1 ,,headfort1 and ,,salisbury2 of the ,earls of ,,albemarle1 ,,brownlow1 ,,carlisle1 ,,carnarvon1 ,,cork1 ,,essex1 and ,,hardwick2 of the ,viscount ,,hardinge2 and of the ,barons ,,arundel1 ,,camoys1 ,,dunboyne1 ,,monson1 ,,mowbray1 ,,petre1 and ,,southampton4 ,as a ,supporter the ,lion is represented rampant1 rampant reguardant1 and sejant rampant4 ,lions also1 and ,demi-,lions1 are frequently borne as modern ,crests4 ,in our own treatment of the ,lions of ,heraldry1 whatever their attitude or tincture1 whatever also the position they may occupy or the heraldic duty they may discharge1 we are always to draw and to blazon them as true heraldic ,lions1 while1 at the same time1 in their expression and general characteristics they are to be genuine ,lions4 ,in becoming fellowship with the ,lion1 the ,,eagle appears in the earliest ,english ,rolls and examples of ,arms4 ,the ,royal bird1 however1 does not occur in ,english blazon so frequently as the ,lion2 and his appearance often denotes an alliance with ,german ,princes4 ,a ,roll of ,arms 7printed in ,archologia1 ,,xxx47 of the year #abge commences with the ,shields of the ,,emperor ,,of ,,germany1 and of the ,,king ,,of ,,germany1 which are severally blazoned as1--,or1 an ,eagle displayed having two heads sa41 and1 ,or1 an ,eagle displayed sable4 ,in ,york ,cathedral1 in stained glass1 there are ,shields with both the double-headed and the single-headed ,eagles1 all of them ,german1 which may be considered to have been executed before the year #acaj4 ,in the north choir-aisle at ,westminster1 the ,shield 7now mutilated7 of the ,emperor ,,frederick ,,ii4 is boldly sculptured by an heraldic artist of the time of our ,,henry ,,iii41 ,no4 #bjj2 here the ,eagle had one head only4 ,the ,german ,emperors naturally adopted the ,eagle for their heraldic ,ensign1 in support of their claim to be successors to the ,roman ,csars2 and the ,russian ,czars1 with the same motive1 have also assumed the same ensign4 ,the ,eagle having two heads1 which severally look to the dexter and the sinister1 as in ,no4 #bja1 typified a rule that claimed to extend over both the ,eastern and the ,western ,empires2 as the ,eagle with a single head1 ,no4 #bjb1 might be considered to have a less comprehensive signification4 ,the ,eagles of the ,princes of ,germany are frequently to be found1 blazoned for them1 in ,england4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bjj4--;,in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bja4--;,imperial ,eagle4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bjb4--,royal ,eagle4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bjc4--;,cornwall4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bjd4--,seal of ,euphemia ,leslie4 ,,richard1 the second son of ,king ,,john1 in the year #abef was elected ,king of ,germany 7he is generally styled ,king of the ,romans71 when he bore the ,eagle of the ,empire3 but the only ,seals of this ,prince that are known to exist in ,england display the ,shield of his ,english ,earldom of ,cornwall1 ,no4 #adj4 ,his ,son ,,edmund1 who succeeded to his father's ,earldom1 on his ,seals has represented an ,eagle bearing in its beak his ,shield of ,cornwall1 as in ,no4 #bjc3 this is a peculiarly interesting example of an heraldic usage of striking significance1 and it also illustrates the early existence of the sentiment which at a later period led to the adoption of ,supporters to ,shields of ,arms4 ,in the early ,heraldry of ,scotland1 a single displayed ,eagle is occasionally found supporting an armorial ,shield2 as in the ,seals of ,,alexander ,,steward1 ,earl of ,,menteith1 ,a4,d4 #abif1 and ,,william1 ,earl of ,,douglas and ,,mar1 ,a4,d4 #acgh 7,seton's ,scottish ,heraldry1 ,plates ,,viii4 and ,,xii473 sometimes also1 as ,mr4 ,seton has observed1 the ,eagle's breast is charged with more than one ,shield1 as in the case of the ,seals of ,,margaret ,,stewart1 ,countess of ,,angus 7#acff71 and ,,euphemia ,,leslie1 ,countess of ,,ross 7#acha71 on both of which three escutcheons make their appearance 7,scottish ,heraldry1 p4 #bfh1 and ,plate ,,xii41 ,no4 #e73 in ,no4 #bjd ,i give a woodcut of this interesting composition2 the ,shields are1 to the dexter1 ,,leslie--,arg41 on a bend az41 three buckles or2 in the centre1 the ,arms of the ,earl of ,,ross--,gu41 three ,lions rampant arg41 within a tressure2 and1 to the sinister1 ,,cummin--,az41 three garbs or4 ,the ,imperial ,eagle is sometimes represented crowned2 the heads also in some examples are encircled with a nimbus or glory1 as in ,no4 #bab4 ,i must add that in the ,heraldry of the ,english ,peerage the ,imperial ,eagle still supports the ,shields of some few ,peers of different ranks2 as1 for example1 that of ,baron ,,methuen4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bje4--,shield of ,piers ,gaveston4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bjf4--,montacute and ,monthermer4 ,,piers ,,gaveston1 who was created ,earl of ,,cornwall by ,,edward ,,ii41 bore--,vert1 six ,eaglets or1 ,no4 #bje1 7,e4 #b and ,york stained glass73 on his ,seal1 however1 the number of the ,eaglets is reduced to three4 ,another early example is the ,shield of that gallant and persevering knight1 ,,ralph ,,de ,,monthermer--,or1 an ,eagle displayed vert1 ,no4 #bjf1 who became ,earl of ,,gloucester in right of his wife1 ,,joan1 daughter of ,,edward ,i41 and widow of ,,gilbert ,,de ,,clare1 the ,red ,earl2 this green ,eagle of ,monthermer long held a place of high distinction in the medival ,heraldry of ,england1 marshalled on the ,shields of the ,earls of ,,salisbury and ,,warwick2 in which1 as in the example1 ,no4 #bjf1 the ,eagle of ,monthermer is quartered with the coat of ,montacute1 ,no4 #bj 7page #ag74 ,the ,eagle of early ,heraldry was sometimes blazoned as an ,erne1#d and sometimes as an ,alerion1 ,,william ,d',,ernford 7,h4 #c7 bears--,sa41 an ,erne displayed arg43 and1 at the same period ,,wm4 ,,de ,,ernfield bears a pair of ,erne's or ,eagle's ,wings1 called a ,vol1 ,no4 #bjg4 ,from ,shields of the fourteenth century which bear ,eagles1 and are blazoned in the ,roll of ,edward ,,ii41 ,i select the following small group as good examples3--,sir ,,wm4 ,,de ,,mongomerie--,or1 an ,eagle displayed az43 ,sir ,,nicholas ,,de ,,etone--,gu41 a ,chevron between three ,eaglets arg43 ,sir ,,john ,,de ,,charlestone--,arg41 on a ,chevron vert three ,eaglets or3 ,sir ,,philip ,,de ,,verley--,or1 a ,bend gu41 between six ,eaglets sa43 ,sir ,,john ,,de ,,la ,,mere--,arg41 on a ,bend az4 three ,eaglets or1 ,no4 #bji3 a ,shield bearing a ,bend charged with three ,eagles1 but with different tinctures1 ,no4 #hh1 ,i have shown to have been the ,arms of the ,grandisons4 ,footnote #d3 ,query if this is not really a herne or heron4--,a4 ,c4 ,f4-,d4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bjg4--;,a ,vol4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bji4--;,de la ,mere4 ,eagles1 under their name of ,alerions 7which early ,heralds represented without feet and beaks71 are blazoned in the same disposition as in ,no4 #bji1 in the ,arms of the ,duchy of ,,lorraine1--,or1 on a ,bend gu4 three alerions arg43 and this device the ,dukes of ,lorraine are said to have borne in commemoration of an exploit of their famous ancestor1 ,,godfrey ,,de ,,bologne1 who is also said1 when shooting against ,david's tower in ,jerusalem1 to have broched upon his arrow three footless birds called alerions4 ,it is impossible1 remarks ,mr4 ,planch upon this legend1 now to ascertain who broached this wonderful story2 but it is perfectly evident that the narrator was the party who drew the long bow1 and not the noble ,,godfrey4 ,mr4 ,planch adds1 that the ,alerions of ,lorraine may indicate an alliance with the ,imperial ,house2 and he directs attention to a similarity in sound between ',alerion' and ',lorraine1' and also to a singular ,anagram produced by the letters ,,alerion and ,,loraine1 which are the same 7,pursuivant of ,arms1 p4 #hg74 ,the ,arms of ,lorraine are still borne by the ,emperor of ,,austria3 and in ,england they were quartered by ,queen ,,margaret of ,anjou4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #baj4--,shield at ,st4 ,albans4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #baa4--,the ,austrian ,eagle4 ,the ,roll of ,edward ,,ii4 gives also for ,sir ,,hugh ,,de ,,bilbesworth these arms--,az41 three ,eagles displayed or4 ,a similar ,shield1 the tinctures changed to--,arg41 three ,eagles displayed gu41 armed or1 was borne by ,,robert ,,de ,,eglesfield1 ,confessor to ,,philippa of ,hainault1 ,queen of ,,edward ,,iii41 who in the year #acdj founded ,queen's ,college1 ,oxford3 this ,shield of the ,founder is borne by the ,college4 ,one of the ,shields in the ,chantry of ,abbot ,,ramryge in ,st4 ,albans ,abbey ,church bears the same charges--three eagles displayed1 ,no4 #baj3 the drawing of the eagle in this ,shield is remarkable1 and the form of the ,shield itself is singularly characteristic of the close of the fifteenth century4 ,another ,shield in the same monument bears a single ,eagle1 drawn in the same manner1 and sculptured with extraordinary spirit4 ,the ,german ,heralds1 and also their brethren of ,france1 delight in exaggerations of what ,i may distinguish as the ,westminster ,eagle1 ,no4 #bjj4 ,the ,austrian ,eagle1 besides having both its heads crowned1 has a large ,imperial ,crown placed between and above the two heads1 as in ,no4 #baa4 ,the ,imperial ,eagle 7,holy ,roman ,empire7 sometimes has a nimbus or glory about each head1 which dignified accessory is represented by a circular line1 as in ,no4 #bab4 ,in some examples of ,eagles1 as well in our own ,heraldry as in that of continental countries1 the wings are represented as erect 7the more usual form in ,england71 and having the tips of all the principal feathers pointing upwards1 as in ,no4 #bac4 ,the ,eagle borne as the ,ensign of ,imperial ,,france was represented grasping a thunderbolt1 in an attitude of vigilance1 having its wings displayed1 but with the tips of the feathers drooping1 as they would be in the living bird2 ,no4 #bad4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bab4--;,imperial ,eagle1 with ,nimbus4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bac4--;,eagle displayed1 with ,wings erect4 ,,edward ,,iii41 as a ,second ,crest1 bore an ,eagle4 ,an ,eagle also was borne for his ,crest1 as the imperial bird was displayed upon his ,shield 7,no4 #bjf71 by ,earl ,,ralph ,,de ,,monthermer4 ,in the more recent ,heraldry of ,england1 the ,eagle is a ,supporter to the ,shields of the ,earls of ,,clarendon1 ,,coventry1 and ,,malmesbury2 the ,viscounts ,,bolingbroke and ,,st4 ,,vincent2 and the ,barons ,,heytesbury1 ,,radstock1 ,,wynford1 and others4 ,eagles also and ,demi-,eagles are borne as ,crests in the ,english ,heraldry of our own day4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bad4--;,french ,imperial ,eagle4 ,in drawing our heraldic ,eagles1 we can scarcely improve upon some of the examples in which early ,english ,heralds expressed their ideas of the king of birds4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,grammar ,,of ,,heraldry ,,section ,,vii ,glossary of ,titles1 ,names1 and ,terms ,the several denominations given to these tokens of honour 444 with the terms of art given to them4 --,,randle ,,home3 ,academy of ,armoury1 ,a4,d4 #afhh4 ,in this ,glossary1 which obviously must be as concise as possible1 ,i shall include no word that is ordinarily well understood1 unless some special signification should be attached to it when it is in use in armorial blazon4 ,abased4 ,said of a charge when placed lower than its customary position4 ,abatement4 ,a supposed sign of degradation4 7,see ,chapter ,,xii47 ,accolle4 ,placed side by side4 ,accosted4 ,side by side4 ,achievement1 or ,achievement of ,arms4 ,any complete heraldic composition4 ,addorsed4 ,back to back4 ,affronte4 ,so placed as to show the full face or front4 ,alerion4 ,a name sometimes given by early ,heralds to the heraldic ,eagle1 which1 when blazoned under this title1 was also sometimes drawn without legs or beak4 7,see p4 #ig47 ,ambulant4 ,in the act of walking4 ,annulet4 ,a plain ring2 sometimes blazoned as a false roundle3 in modern ,english cadency1 the difference of the fifth son or brother3 ,no4 #aed4 ,annulette4 ,ending in ,annulets4 ,antelope4 ,depicted by early ,heralds in a conventional manner1 but now generally rendered more naturally1 the earlier type being termed the heraldic antelope4 ,anthony1 ,st4 ,his cross is in the form of the letter ,t1 ,no4 #ic4 ,antique ,crown4 ,see ,eastern ,crown4 ,appaume4 ,said of a hand1 when open1 erect1 and showing the palm3 ,no4 #bae4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bae4--;,badge of ,ulster4 ,arched4 ,bent1 or bowed4 ,archbishop4 ,a prelate of the highest order in the ,english ,church2 his heraldic insignia are his ,mitre1 ,crozier1 and ,pall4 ,next to the ,royal ,family1 the ,archbishop of ,canterbury is the first subject in the realm2 he is styled ,most ,reverend ,father in ,god1 by ,divine ,providence1 and ,your ,grace4 ,the ,archbishop of ,york is third in rank 7the ,lord ,chancellor being second71 and his style is the same1 except that he is ,archbishop by ,divine permission4 ,archbishops impale their own arms with those of their see1 the latter being marshalled to the dexter4 ,argent4 ,the metal silver4 ,arm4 ,a human arm4 ,when a charge1 crest1 or badge1 it must be blazoned with full particulars as to position1 clothing1 c4 ,if couped between the elbow and the wrist1 it is a cubit arm4 ,armed4 ,a term applied to animals and birds of prey1 to denote their natural weapons of offence and defence3 thus1 a ,lion is said to be armed of his claws and teeth2 a ,bull1 to be armed of his horns2 an ,eagle1 of its beak and talons4 ,armory4 ,heraldry4 ,also1 a ,list of ,names and ,titles1 with their respective ,arms4 ,arms1 ,armorial ,bearings4 ,heraldic compositions1 and the ,figures and ,devices which form them4 7,see ,chapter ,i47 ,arms of ,community4 ,borne by ,corporate and other ,bodies and ,communities1 as cities1 colleges1 c4 ,arms of ,dominion4 ,borne by ,sovereign ,princes1 being also the ,sovereign arms of the realms over which they rule4 ,arms of ,office4 ,borne1 with the personal arms1 to denote official rank4 ,armes ,parlantes4 ,such as are allusive to the ,name1 ,title1 ,office1 or ,property of those who bear them3 thus1 ,leaves for ,leveson1 a ,castle for ,castile1 a ,cup for ,butler1 ,fish for those who derive revenues from ,fisheries1 c4 ,the more usual term is1 however1 canting arms 7,see ,rebus3 also page #ae47 ,arrow4 ,is barbed of its head1 and flighted of its feathers2 a bundle of arrows is a sheaf2 with a blunt head1 it is a bird-bolt4 ,at ,gaze4 ,a term applied to animals of the chase1 to denote their standing still1 and looking straight forward3 ,no4 #afg4 ,attires1 ,attired4 ,the antlers of a ,buck1 ,stag1 or ,hart3 having antlers4 ,a ,reindeer is represented in ,heraldry with double attires1 one pair erect1 and the other drooping forward4 ,augmentation4 ,an honourable addition to a ,coat of ,arms1 specially granted with a peculiar significance3 thus1 the ,union ,device of the ,british ,empire1 blazoned on an inescutcheon1 is the ,augmentation specially granted to the great ,duke of ,,wellington1 to be borne on the honour point of his paternal shield4 ,augmented4 ,having an ,augmentation4 ,avellane4 ,a variety of the heraldic ,cross3 ,no4 #aji4 ,azure4 ,the colour blue 7indicated by horizontal lines73 ,no4 #eb4 ,badge4 ,a figure or device1 distinct from a crest1 and capable of being borne without any background or other accessory4 ,badges are1 however1 often depicted upon a standard or roundle of the livery colour or colours4 ,badges were depicted as a sign of ownership upon property2 were worn by servants and retainers1 who mustered under the standards on which badges were represented4 7,see ,chapter ,,xv47 ,banded4 ,encircled with a band4 ,banner4 ,a flag1 charged with the coat of arms of the owner1 displayed over its entire surface4 7,see ,chapter ,,xvii47 ,banneret4 ,a ,knight who had been advanced by the ,king to that higher military rank which entitled him to display a banner4 ,bar4 ,one of the ,ordinaries3 ,nos4 #ha1 #hb4 ,bars ,gemelles4 ,barrulets borne in pairs3 ,nos4 #hc1 #hd4 ,barbed4 ,pointed1 as an arrow4 ,the term is also applied to the small green leaves between the petals of heraldic roses4 7,see ,rose47 ,barbel4 ,a ,fish borne as an allusive device by the family of ,,de ,,barre3 ,no4 #afb4 ,barded4 ,having horse-trappings4 ,bardings4 ,horse-trappings1 often enriched with armorial blazonry4 ,on the ,great ,seal of ,,edward ,i4 the ,bardings of the ,king's charger for the first time appear adorned with the ,royal arms4 ,on both sides of the horse1 the head is supposed to be to the dexter4 ,an example is represented in the ,seal of ,,alexander ,,de ,,balliol1 in ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,barnacles1 ,breys4 ,an instrument used in breaking horses4 ,a rebus of ,sir ,,reginald ,,bray1 architect of ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 ,windsor1 and repeatedly represented there3 ,no4 #baf4 ,baron4 ,the lowest rank in the ,british ,peerage4 ,a ,baron is ,right ,honourable1 and is styled ,my ,lord4 ,his coronet1 first granted by ,charles ,,ii41 has on a golden circlet six large pearls1 of which four appear in representations1 as in ,no4 #bag4 ,an ,irish ,baron has no coronet4 ,all a ,baron's children are ,honourable4 ,baron4 ,a purely heraldic term signifying a husband1 a wife in ,heraldry being femme4 ,baroness4 ,a lady in whom a ,barony is vested by inheritance in her own right2 also1 the wife of a ,baron4 ,in either case she is ,right ,honourable2 is styled ,my ,lady1 and her coronet is the same as that of a ,baron4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #baf4--;,breys4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bag4--;,circlet of a ,baron's ,coronet4 ,baronet4 ,an hereditary rank1 lower than the peerage1 instituted in #afab by ,,james ,i41 who fixed the precedence of ,baronets before all ,knights1 those of the ,order of the ,garter alone excepted4 ,as originally created1 all ,baronets were of ,ulster1 or of ,nova ,scotia2 afterwards all new creations were of ,great ,britain2 now all are of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,the ,badge of ,ulster1 generally borne as an augmentation upon a canton or small inescutcheon1 is--,arg41 a sinister hand1 couped at the wrist and appaume1 gu41--,no4 #bae4 ,the arms of ,nova ,scotia1 which may be 7but seldom are7 similarly borne on a canton or inescutcheon1 are--,arg41 on a saltire az41 the ,royal arms of ,scotland4 7,see ,no4 #ach47 ,by letters patent of ,,james ,i41 the wives of ,baronets have the titles of ,lady1 ,madam1 or ,dame1 at their pleasure prefixed to their names4 ,barrulet4 ,the diminutive of a ,bar4 ,barrule1 ,barruly4 ,barry of ten or more pieces4 ,barry4 ,divided into an even number of ,bars1 which all lie in the same plane3 ,nos4 #he1 #hf4 ,barry ,bendy4 ,having the field divided by lines drawn bar-wise1 which are crossed by others drawn bend-wise3 ,no4 #aai4 ,bar-wise4 ,disposed after the manner of a ,bar1--crossing the field1 that is1 horizontally4 ,the term fessways is more usually employed4 ,base4 ,the lowest extremity3 ,no4 #bg1 ,b4 ,basilisk4 ,a cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon's head4 ,basinet4 ,a helm fitting close to the head4 ,baton4 ,a diminutive of the bend1 couped at its extremities4 ,battled1 or ,embattled4 ,having battlements1 or bordered1 as ,no4 #ch1 ,f4 ,beacon1 or ,fire ,beacon4 ,an iron case of burning combustibles set on a pole1 against which a ladder is placed4 ,beaked4 ,applied to birds1 not of prey4 ,bearer4 ,an old ,scottish term for a ,supporter4 ,bearing1 ,bearings4 ,armorial insignia1 borne on shields4 ,bell4 ,drawn1 and generally blazoned as a church-bell1 unless specified to be a hawk's-bell4 ,belled4 ,having bells attached4 ,bend4 ,one of the ,ordinaries3 ,nos4 #aaa-aae4 ,bendlet4 ,the diminutive of a bend3 ,no4 #aag4 ,bend-wise1 or ,in ,bend4 ,placed in the position of or arranged in the direction of a bend4 ,bendy4 ,parted bend-wise into an even number of divisions3 ,no4 #aaf4 ,besant4 ,a golden ,roundle or disc1 flat like a coin3 ,no4 #aea1 and ,no4 #adj4 ,billet4 ,an oblong figure of any tincture3 ,billete--strewn with ,billets3 ,nos4 #acj1 #adf4 ,bird4 ,many ,birds appear in blazon1 and they are represented both in heraldic tinctures and proper--in their natural aspect4 7,see ,chapters ,,viii4 and ,,ix47 ,bird-bolt4 ,an arrow with a blunt head4 ,bishop4 ,the ,bishops are by ,divine permission1 and are styled ,right ,reverend ,father in ,god1 and ,my ,lord ,bishop4 ,the ,bishops of ,england and ,wales are not ,peers but are all spiritual lords of ,parliament1 some of the junior ,bishops1 however1 having no seats4 ,the ,suffragan ,bishops are merely assistant ,bishops1 and are not ,lords of ,parliament4 ,the heraldic insignia of ,bishops consist of a mitre and pastoral staff2 they impale their official and personal arms1 as do the ,archbishops2 and1 like them also1 they bear no crests1 but they ensign their shields with a mitre4 ,blasted4 ,leafless1 withered4 ,blazon4 ,heraldry3 ,armorial ,compositions4 ,to blazon is to describe or to represent any armorial ,figure1 ,device1 or ,composition in an heraldic manner4 ,blazoning--,describing in heraldic language3 also1 representing in an heraldic manner4 ,blazonry--the representation of any heraldic ,figure1 ,device1 or ,composition4 ,but the distinction is in practice usually made to employ the word emblazon in cases of representation4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bah4--,water ,bouget4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bai4--;,bourchier ,knot4 ,boar4 ,in ,heraldry occasionally termed ,sanglier4 ,bordure4 ,a ,subordinary3 ,nos4 #aci1 #adj4 ,also1 an important ,difference4 7,see ,chapters ,,xii4 and ,,xiii47 ,botone1 ,botone ,fitche4 ,varieties of the heraldic ,cross3 ,nos4 #ajc1 #aaj4 ,this ,cross is also termed ,trefle4 ,bouget1 or ,water ,bouget4 ,a charge1 representing the vessels used by the ,crusaders for carrying water4 ,the word is an early form of ,bucket4 ,fine early examples occur in the ,temple ,church1 at ,beverley ,minster1 and in a monument at ,blyborough1 ,lincolnshire3 ,no4 #bah4 ,bourchier ,knot4 ,the badge of the ,bourchier family represented in ,no4 #bai4 ,bourdon4 ,a palmer's or pilgrim's staff4 7,see ,pilgrim's ,staff47 ,bow4 ,the archer's weapon1 in all its varieties of form1 is a charge4 ,bowed4 ,having a convex contour4 ,bowen ,knot4 ,no4 #bbj4 ,braced4 ,interlaced4 ,breys4 ,barnacles1 q4v4 ,brisure1 or ,brizure4 ,any difference or mark of cadency4 ,buckle4 ,see ,fermaile4 ,burgonet4 ,a helm worn in the sixteenth century4 ,cabossed1 or ,caboshed4 ,the head of a stag1 or other horned animal1 represented full-faced1 so as to show the face only3 ,no4 #agj4 ,in the case of a lion or leopard when the head is so represented it is termed the face4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbj4--;,bowen ,knot4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bba4--;,caltrap4 ,cadency1 ,marks of4 ,figures and devices1 introduced into armorial compositions1 in order to distinguish the different members and branches of the same family4 7,see ,difference1 and ,chapter ,,xii47 ,cadet4 ,a junior member or branch of a family4 ,caltrap4 ,an implement formerly strewn on the ground in war to maim horses3 ,no4 #bba4 ,canting ,heraldry4 ,refer to ,armes ,parlantes4 ,canton4 ,one of the ,subordinaries3 ,nos4 #abi1 #acj4 ,cantoned4 ,placed in the quarters of a shield4 ,carbuncle4 ,the same as ,escarbuncle4 ,cartouche4 ,no4 #df4 ,castle4 ,generally represented with two or three turrets1 as in the shield of ,queen ,alianore1 of ,castile3 ,no4 #bbb4 ,refer to ,tower4 ,celestial ,crown4 ,no4 #bbc4 ,centaur4 ,also blazoned as a sagittary1 and supposed to have been a badge of ,king ,stephen4 ,cercele1 or ,recercele4 ,a descriptive term to denote a variety of the heraldic ,cross3 ,no4 #ih4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbb4--;,castle4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbc4--;,celestial ,crown4 ,chapeau4 ,also entitled a cap of dignity1 of maintenance1 or of estate4 ,an early symbol of high dignity1 and in ,england of right of ,peerage4 ,in addition it is now more frequently met with supporting certain crests3 ,no4 #bbd4 ,chaplet4 ,a garland or entwined wreath of leaves and flowers1 or of flowers alone4 ,a chaplet of rue1 sometimes called a crancelin1 is blazoned bend-wise in the shield of ,saxony--,barry of ten or and sa41 over all a chaplet of rue vert3 ,no4 #bbe4 7,see ,crancelin47 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbd4--;,chapeau4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbe4--;,arms of ,saxony4 ,charge4 ,any heraldic figure or device4 ,charged--placed on a shield1 banner1 c41 as any heraldic figure or device may be4 ,cheque1 ,chequy1 ,checky4 ,divided into three1 or into more than three1 contiguous rows of small squares1 alternately of a metal 7or fur7 and a colour3 ,no #fh4 ,chess rook4 ,a piece used in the game of ,chess3 borne by ,rokewood and others3 ,no4 #bbf4 ,chevron4 ,one of the ,ordinaries3 ,nos4 #abc1 #abe4 ,chevronel4 ,a diminutive of the ,chevron3 ,no4 #abd4 ,chevrone1 ,chevrony4 ,a field composed of a number of pieces divided and disposed per ,chevron3 ,no4 #abd;,a4 ,chief4 ,one of the ,ordinaries3 ,nos4 #ga-ge4 ,in ,chief--placed in the upper part of the shield1 or arranged in a horizontal row across the upper part of the field4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbf4--;,chess ,rook4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbg4--;,cinque foil4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbh4--;,clarions4 ,cinque-foil4 ,a flower or leaf of five foils3 ,no4 #bbg4 ,civic ,crown4 ,a wreath of oak-leaves and acorns4 ,clarenceux4 ,see ,herald4 ,clarion4 ,an ancient musical instrument1 a badge1 apparently1 of the ,,de ,,clares4 ,by some this charge is supposed to represent a lance-rest1 and is sometimes so blazoned3 ,no4 #bbh1 which shows two varieties of form4 ,cleche4 ,a variety of the heraldic ,cross3 ,no4 #aje4 ,close4 ,with closed wings4 ,closet4 ,a ,diminutive of the ,bar1 one half its width4 ,cloue4 ,fastened with ,nails1 and showing the ,nail-heads3 ,no4 #aej4 ,coat ,armour4 ,true armorial or heraldic bearings1 duly granted or inherited1 and rightly borne3 so entitled1 from having been depicted by warriors of the ,middle ,ages upon their surcoats1 worn by them over their armour4 ,coat of ,arms4 ,a complete armorial composition1 properly what would be charged upon a ,shield or ,banner1 but often used as an alternative for ,achievement1 q4v4 ,cockatrice4 ,a fabulous creature1 represented in ,no4 #bbi4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bbi4--;,cockatrice4 ,collar4 ,one of the insignia of ,orders of ,knighthood1 worn about the neck4 ,also any ornament or distinction worn in the same manner4 ,knights occasionally wore collars charged with their own badge4 ,in addition to their badges of the ,red and ,white ,rose1 examples exist showing that adherents of the rival houses of ,york and ,lancaster sometimes wore collars1 the former formed of alternate ,suns and ,roses1 ,no4 #bcj2 and the latter1 of the letter ,s continually repeated1 ,no4 #bca4 ,no certain origin has been discovered for the ,lancastrian ,collar of ,s41 but it has been suggested that it represents the word ,,soveraygne1 the motto of ,,henry ,,iv4 ,no4 #bcj is from the ,brass to ,,henry ,,bourchier1 ,k4,g41 ,earl of ,essex1 at ,little ,easton1 ,suffolk1 ,a4,d4 #adhc2 and ,no4 #bca from the ,brass to ,lord ,,camoys1 ,k4,g41 at ,trotton1 ,sussex1 ,a4,d4 #adbd4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bcj4--;,a ,collar of ,york4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bca4--;,a ,collar of ,lancaster4 ,college of ,arms1 or ,heralds' ,college4 7,see ,herald47 ,colour4 ,see ,chapter ,v41 page #da4 ,the term ,colours is applied to ,flags1 particularly to those of infantry regiments1 and to such as are displayed at sea4 7,see ,chapter ,,xvii47 ,combatant4 ,two lions1 or other animals of prey1 rampant and face to face4 ,compartment4 ,in ,scottish ,heraldry1 a kind of carved panel1 of no fixed form1 placed below the escutcheon1 bearing the supporters1 and usually inscribed with a motto or the name and designation of the owner4 --,seton4 ,other objects placed below the shield are met with under this description4 ,compone1 ,compony1 or ,gobony4 ,a single row of small squares alternately of two tinctures or furs3 ,no4 #ff4 7,see ,counter ,compone47 ,complement1 ,in her4 ,applied to the moon when full4 ,compound ,quartering4 ,the quartering of a quarter1 or division of a quartered ,coat-of-,arms4 7,see page #cd47 ,compound ,arms4 ,arms formed from the combination of the bearings of two or more distinct coats1 to produce a single compound coat4 ,conjoined in ,lure4 ,two wings united1 their tips in base4 ,contoise4 ,a flowing scarf1 worn attached to the helm before #acej4 ,two examples occur in effigies in ,exeter ,cathedral1 and another in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,contourne4 ,facing to the sinister4 ,cornish ,chough4 ,a bird like a crow1 black1 with red beak and legs4 ,coronet4 ,an ensign of rank worn upon the head1 in use in ,england from about the middle of the fourteenth century1 but without any distinctive tokens of gradations of rank until a later period4 ,in modern times ,english ,coronets have enclosed a velvet cap with a bullion tassel4 ,this cap originated in the cap of estate worn by ,peers4 7,see ,prince1 ,duke1 ,marquess1 ,earl1 ,viscount1 and ,baron47 ,cotise4 ,a diminutive of the ,bend or other ,ordinary1 being one-fourth of their width4 ,cotised4 ,when a ,bend or ,chevron is placed between two ,cotises1 or when a ,fesse or ,bar is placed between two ,barrulets4 ,nos4 #aad1 #aae4 ,couchant4 ,in repose4 ,no4 #agg4 ,couche4 ,said of a ,shield when suspended from the sinister extremity of the chief1 or when placed as if it were so suspended4 ,no4 #di4 ,count1 ,countess4 ,count1 in ,latin ,comes1 the same as ,earl4 ,countess1 the wife of an ,earl3 she is ,right ,honourable1 and styled ,my ,lady3 her coronet is the same as that of an ,earl4 ,counter4 ,reversed or opposite4 ,counter-changing4 ,see page #dd1 and ,nos4 #gj1 #abf4 ,counter ,compone4 ,double ,compone1 or two conjoined rows of alternately tinctured squares4 ,no4 #fg4 ,counter-,embattled4 ,a term in use for a fesse1 bar1 or chevron when embattled on both edges4 ,counter-seal4 ,early seals were generally impressed on both sides2 and the seals thus were produced from two dies or matrices4 ,the two sides were severally called the seal and the counter-seal1 the latter being termed the reverse of the compound composition4 ,every such double impression constituted a single seal4 ,both seal and counter-seal were sometimes used alone2 and the counter-seal was regarded as a private seal1 or secretum4 ,couped4 ,cut off smoothly--the reverse of erased4 ,couple-close4 ,half a chevronel4 ,courant4 ,running4 ,courtesy1 ,titles of4 ,nominal degrees of rank1 conceded to1 and borne by1 the ,eldest ,sons of ,dukes1 ,marquesses1 and ,earls1 and other titles used by their younger children and all children of ,viscounts and ,barons4 ,coward1 ,cowed4 ,a term applied to an animal with its tail between its legs4 ,no4 #ahb4 ,crampet4 ,the decorated end of a sword-scabbard4 ,crancelin4 ,from the ,german kranzlein1 a small garland1 applied to the chaplet that crosses the shield of ,saxony1 ,no4 #bbe3 this charge is also blazoned as a bend trefle vert1 a bend arche coronette1 or a coronet extended in bend3 it is said to be an augmentation conferred1 with the ,dukedom of ,saxony1 on ,,bernhard of ,ascania1 by the ,emperor ,,barbarossa4 ,the ,emperor took from his head his own chaplet of rue1 and threw it across the shield of ,duke ,bernhard4 ,this story is probably untrue4 ,crenellated4 ,embattled4 ,crescent4 ,no4 #aff4 ,in modern ,english cadency1 the difference of the second son1 or house4 ,cresset4 ,a beacon4 ,crest4 ,a figure or device originally worn upon a helm1 and now generally represented above a ,shield of arms4 ,crests at first were ensigns of high honour1 and their use was restricted to a few persons of eminence3 they were attached by a wreath1 or torse1 or by a coronet1 to the helm or basinet2 and sometimes a crest stood upon a cap of estate4 ,crests are still represented standing upon either a wreath1 or a cap1 or issuing from a coronet3 but in our own ,heraldry a crest-coronet must always be carefully distinguished from those coronets that are insignia of princely and noble rank4 ,crests are not borne by ladies1 a reigning ,sovereign only excepted4 7,see ,panache1 ,rebus1 and ,chapter ,,xiv47 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bcb4--;,crest ,coronet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bcc4--;,crest-,wreath4 ,crest-,coronet4 ,a coronet from which issues1 or which supports1 a crest4 ,no4 #bcb4 ,crest-,wreath1 or ,torse4 ,in the ,middle ,ages1 of rich materials and costly workmanship2 now represented as being formed of two rolls of silk of the principal metal and colour in the arms1 which are twisted to show the metal and colour alternately4 ,the earliest examples are about ,a4,d4 #acge4 ,no4 #bcc shows three varieties of representation4 7,see ,chapter ,,xiv47 ,crined4 ,having a mane or hair4 ,cross4 ,one of the ,ordinaries4 ,nos4 #ij-aaj4 ,crown4 ,the ensign of ,royal and ,imperial dignity2 in ,heraldry borne as a charge1 and also used to denote the rank of a ,sovereign ,prince4 ,the ,crown that is generally borne as a charge is represented without arches1 and resembling ,no4 #bcb4 ,certain other crowns1 each distinguished by an appropriate title1 are also sometimes borne on shields1 or introduced as heraldic accessories4 7,see ,celestial1 ,eastern or ,radiated1 ,mural1 ,naval1 and ,vallary ,crowns47 ,the different forms assumed at different periods by the ,royal ,crown of ,england are faithfully exemplified in the seals and the coinage of the successive ,sovereigns1 and several fine examples are preserved in the ,royal effigies4 ,the adornment of the regal circlet was arbitrary before the fifteenth century2 still1 it always was enriched with gems and surmounted by golden foliage4 ,,henry ,v4 first arched his crown2 and by ,,henry ,,vi4 the circlet was first heightened with alternate crosses-pate and fleurs de lys4 ,this arrangement has since been retained1 the subsequent alterations being restricted to changes in the number and in the contour of the arches4 ,the crown of ,his ,majesty the ,,king has the circlet heightened with four crosses and as many fleurs de lys2 from the crosses rise the arches1 which are surmounted by a mound and a cross-pate4 ,no4 #bcd4 ,this1 the heraldic crown1 is not an exact reproduction of the actual crown of the ,king4 ,crozier4 ,strictly1 the cross-staff of an archbishop2 distinguished by its form from the pastoral-staff with a crook-head1 of bishops2 but the term is loosely and very generally applied also to the crook-headed pastoral-staff4 ,crusilee1 ,crusily4 ,having the field seme of crosses-crosslets1 or of other small crosses1 their peculiar form 7when not crosslets7 being specified4 ,cubit arm4 ,a human arm couped between the elbow and the wrist4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bcd4--;,crown of ,h4,m4 ,the ,king4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bce4--;,dacre ,knot and ,badges4 ,cup1 ,covered ,cup4 ,a vessel formed like a chalice1 and having a raised cover2 borne by the ,,botilers1 ,,butlers1 c4 ,cushion1 ,pillow1 ,oreiller4 ,unless described of another form1 square or oblong1 and with a tassel at each corner4 ,dacre ,knot4 ,no4 #bce4 7,see ,knot47 ,dancett4 ,no4 #ch;,b4 ,in early blazon1 a fesse dancett is styled simply a dancette or a danse4 ,nos4 #gh1 #adf2 and ,no4 #bj;,a1 page #gj4 ,debruised4 ,when an ordinary surmounts an animal or another charge4 ,decrescent4 ,a half-moon having its horns to the sinister4 ,no4 #aff;,c4 ,deer4 ,in general practice very little if any differentiation is made between the ,stag1 the ,buck1 and the ,hart2 the female is a ,hind1 and of course is without attires4 7,see ,chapter ,,viii47 ,degrees4 ,a term applied to the steps upon which a ,cross ,calvary is represented4 ,demembered1 ,dismembered4 ,cut into pieces1 but without any alteration in the form of the original figure4 ,demi4 ,the half4 ,the upper1 front1 or dexter half1 unless the contrary be specified4 ,no4 #ahf4 ,depressed4 ,surmounted4 ,dexter4 ,the right side4 ,no4 #bg;,c4 ,diaper1 ,diapering4 ,surface decoration4 ,no4 #fh4 ,difference1 ,differencing4 ,an addition to1 or some change in1 a ,coat-of-,arms1 introduced for the purpose of distinguishing ,coats which in their primary qualities are the same4 7,see ,chapters ,,xii4 and ,,xiii47 ,dimidiated4 ,cut in halves per pale1 and one half removed3 ,no4 #bej4 7,see ,chapter ,,xi47 ,disclosed4 ,with expanded wings1 in the case of birds that are not birds of prey4 ,the contrary to ,close4 ,displayed4 ,birds of prey with expanded wings4 ,no4 #bjj4 ,disposed1 ,disposition4 ,arranged1 arrangement4 ,dividing ,lines4 ,no4 #ch3 also ,nos4 #bg-cg4 ,dolphin4 ,a favourite fish with ,heralds4 ,the heraldic ,dolphin of antiquity is exemplified in ,no4 #h2 that of the ,middle ,ages in ,no4 #afc4 ,dormant4 ,asleep1 as in ,no4 #agi4 ,double-queued4 ,having two tails4 ,no4 #aha4 ,doubling4 ,the lining of a ,mantle or ,mantling4 ,dove-tail4 ,no4 #cha4 ,dragon4 ,a winged monster having four legs4 ,no4 #bcf4 ,duke4 ,the highest rank and title in the ,british ,peerage2 first introduced by ,,edward ,,iii4 in the year #accg1 when he created the ,,black ,,prince the first ,english ,duke 7in ,latin1 ,dux74 ,a ,duke is ,most ,noble2 he is styled ,my ,lord ,duke1 and ,your ,grace2 and all his younger sons are ,lords1 and all his daughters ,ladies1 with the prefix ,right ,honourable4 ,his eldest son bears1 by courtesy1 his father's second title2 and1 accordingly1 he generally bears the title of ,marquess4 ,whatever his title1 however1 the rank of the eldest son of a ,duke is always the same1 and it assigns to him precedence between ,marquesses and ,earls4 ,the ,coronet of a ,duke1 arbitrary in its adornment until the sixteenth century was far advanced1 is now a circlet1 heightened with eight conventional strawberry-leaves1 of which in representations three and two half-leaves are shown2 ,no4 #bcg4 ,it encloses a velvet cap4 ,the present ducal coronet is represented in the portrait of ,,ludovick ,,stuart1 ,k4,g41 ,duke of ,,richmond and ,,lennox1 who died in #afbd2 the picture1 the property of the ,crown1 is at ,hampton ,court4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bcf4--;,dragon4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bcg4--;,circlet of a ,duke's ,coronet4 ,ducal ,coronet4 ,a term commonly1 but not very accurately1 applied to a ,crest ,coronet4 ,no4 #bcb4 ,duchess4 ,the wife of a ,duke4 ,she is ,most ,noble1 and is styled ,your ,grace4 ,her coronet is the same as that of a ,duke4 ,eagle4 ,see ,chapter ,,ix41 page #ib4 ,eaglet4 ,an ,eagle on a small scale4 ,earl4 ,in ,latin1 ,comes2 in ,french1 ,comte or ,count4 ,before #accg1 the highest1 and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the ,british ,peerage4 ,an ,earl is ,right ,honourable2 he is styled ,my ,lord2 his eldest son bears his father's second title1 generally that of ,viscount2 his other sons are styled ,honourable1 but all his daughters are ,ladies4 ,the circlet of an ,earl's ,coronet has eight lofty rays of gold rising from the circlet1 each of which supports a large pearl1 while between each pair of these rays there is a golden strawberry-leaf4 ,in representations five of the rays and pearls are shown2 ,no4 #bch4 ,elevated clusters of pearls appear in an ,earl's coronet--that of ,,thomas ,,fitz ,,alan1 ,earl of ,,arundel--as early as #adde2 but the present form of the coronet may be assigned to the second half of the following century4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bch4--;,circlet of an ,earl's ,coronet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bci4--;,eastern ,crown4 ,eastern1 ,radiated1 or ,antique ,crown4 ,no4 #bci4 ,electoral ,bonnet4 ,a cap of crimson velvet guarded with ermine1 borne1 in the ,royal ,arms1 over the inescutcheon of the arms of ,hanover from #ahja till #ahaf4 ,no4 #bdj4 ,embattled1 and ,counter-,embattled4 ,a term applied to a fess or bar when so depicted both above and below4 ,embowed4 ,bent4 ,an arm embowed has the elbow to the dexter1 unless blazoned to the contrary4 ,embrued4 ,stained with blood4 ,endorse4 ,a diminutive of the pale4 ,enfiled4 ,pierced1 e4g4 with a sword1 or surrounded1 e4g4 with a coronet4 ,engrailed4 ,the border-line1 ,no4 #ch;,d4 ,enhanced4 ,raised towards the chief4 ,thus the arms of ,,byron1 ,no4 #bda1 are--,arg41 three bendlets enhanced gu4 ,ensigned4 ,adorned2 having some ensign of honour placed above--as a coronet above a shield4 ,entire4 ,said of a charge when it is necessary to express that it extends to the border lines of a shield1 coat1 or banner2 also of a shield1 coat1 or banner of arms1 when borne without any difference or mark of cadency4 ,entoire1 ,entoyre4 ,a bordure charged with a series of inanimate figures or devices1 as crosslets1 roundles1 c42 to a similar bordure of living figures the term ,enaluron is applied4 ,these are not terms ordinarily in use4 ,enveloped1 ,environed4 ,surrounded4 ,equipped4 ,fully armed1 caparisoned1 or provided4 ,eradicated4 ,torn up by the roots4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bdj4--;,electoral ,bonnet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bda4--,shield of ,byron4 ,erased4 ,torn off with a ragged edge2 the contrary to ,couped4 ,ermine1 ,ermines1 ,erminois4 ,nos4 #eg-fj and #eg;,a4 ,the animal1 the ermine1 sometimes appears in blazon1 and an ermine spot is borne as a charge4 ,erne4 ,an eagle4 7,see p4 #if47 ,escarbuncle4 ,no4 #ai4 ,escroll4 ,a ribbon charged with a motto2 also a ribbon1 coiled at its extremities1 borne as a charge4 ,escutcheon4 ,an heraldic shield3 ,nos4 #ci-dj3 also ,no4 #bg4 ,an ,escutcheon1 when borne as a charge1 is usually blazoned as an ,inescutcheon3 thus1 the ,arms of ,,hay are1--,arg41 three inescutcheons gu43 see also ,nos4 #aca1 #acc4 ,escutcheon of ,pretence4 ,a shield charged upon the centre of the field of another shield of larger size1 and bearing a distinct ,coat-of-,arms4 ,escallop1 or ,escallop-,shell4 ,a beautiful and favourite charge2 ,no4 #afe4 ,esquire4 ,a rank below that of ,knight4 ,besides those ,esquires who are personal attendants of ,knights of ,orders of ,knighthood at their installations1 this title is held by most attendants on the person of the ,sovereign1 and all persons holding or having held the ,sovereign's commission in which they are so styled4 ,estate4 ,dignity and rank4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bdb4--;,estoile4 ,estoile4 ,a star with wavy rays or points1 which are six1 eight1 or sometimes even more in number3 ,no4 #bdb4 7,see ,mullet47 ,false4 ,said of any charge when its central area is removed--thus1 an ,annulet is a false roundle4 ,fan1 or ,winnowing ,fan1 or ,vane4 ,the well-known implement of husbandry of that name1 borne by the ,kentish ,family of ,de ,sevans or ,septvans--,az41 three fans or 7,e4 #b74 ,this shield appears in the ,brass to ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,sevans1 ,a4,d4 #acje1 at ,chartham1 in ,kent1 and in the cloisters at ,canterbury4 ,fan ,crest4 ,an early form of decoration for the knightly helm1 exemplified in the #bnd ,great ,seal of ,,richard ,i41 and in many other ,seals1 until about ,a4,d4 #acej4 7,see ,chapter ,,xiv47 ,feathers4 ,generally those of the ,ostrich1 sometimes of the swan1 the turkey1 and a few other birds1 borne generally as ,crests and ,badges1 both singly and in plumes or groups4 7,see ,ostrich ,feather1 ,panache1 and ,chapter ,,xiv47 ,femme4 ,the ,wife1 as distinguished from the ,baron1 the ,husband4 ,fer-de-,moline1 or ,mill-rind4 ,the iron affixed to the centre of a mill-stone2 ,no4 #bdc3 a modification of the ,cross-moline2 ,no4 #ig4 ,fermail 7plural ,fermaux74 ,a buckle3 ,no4 #bdd4 ,several varieties of form appear in blazon1 it being usual to specify them as round1 oval1 square1 or lozenge-shaped4 ,they are always blazoned as buckles4 ,fess1 or ,fesse4 ,one of the ,ordinaries3 ,nos4 #gf-hj4 ,fesse-wise1 ,in ,fesse4 ,disposed in a horizontal line1 side by side1 across the centre of the field1 and over the ,fesse-,point of a shield3 ,no4 #bg1 ,m4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bdc4--;,fer-de-,moline4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bdd4--;,fermails4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bde4--;,fetter-lock4 ,fetter-lock4 ,a shackle and padlock--a ,yorkist ,badge3 ,no4 #bde2 is from the ,brass to ,sir ,s4 ,,de ,,felbrigge1 ,k4,g41 at ,felbrigg1 ,norfolk1 ,a4,d4 #adad2 this1 however1 being a very unusual shape4 ,field4 ,the entire surface of a ,shield or ,banner1 or of an ,ordinary4 ,file4 ,a ,label1 from the ,latin filum1 a narrow ribbon4 ,fillet4 ,a diminutive of a ,chief4 ,fimbriated4 ,bordered--the border 7which is narrow7 lying in the same plane with the object bordered3 ,no4 #hi4 ,fish4 ,numerous ,fish appear in blazon1 and generally in their proper tinctures4 ,they are borne as allusive charges1 and also as types of some connection between those persons who bear them and the sea or lakes or rivers4 ,mr4 ,moule has published an admirable volume on the ,heraldry of ,fish1 beautifully illustrated with examples drawn by his daughter4 7,see p4 #gg47 ,fitche4 ,pointed at the base1 as in ,no4 #aaj4 ,flanches1 ,flasques4 ,subordinaries3 ,nos4 #ada1 #adb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bdf4--;,fleur de lys4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bdg4--;,france ,ancient4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bdh4--;,france ,modern4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bdi4--;,edmund1 ,earl of ,lancaster4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bej4--,margaret1 ,queen of ,edward ,i4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bea4--,seal of ,margaret1 second ,queen of ,edward ,i4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #beb4--,shield of ,edward ,,iii41 ,a4,d4 #acdj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bec4--,shield of ,henry ,,iv41 about ,a4,d4 #adje4 ,fleur de lys4 ,the beautiful heraldic device so long identified with the history of ,france3 ,no4 #bdf 7from the monument of ,,edward ,,iii4874 ,the fleur de lys1 derived1 it would seem1 from the flower of a lily resembling the iris1 was adopted by ,,louis ,,vii4 7,a4,d4 #aacg-aahj7 as his royal ensign1 and in due time it was regularly charged upon a true ,shield of ,arms4 ,originally the ,royal ,shield of ,france was--,az41 seme of fleurs de lys1 or2 the fleurs de lys scattered freely over the field1 and the ,shield itself having the appearance of having been cut out of a larger object1 over the whole surface of which the flowers had been seme4 ,this ,shield of ,france is distinguished as ,france ,ancient3 ,no4 #bdg4 ,about ,a4,d4 #acfe1 ,,charles ,v4 of ,france reduced the number of the fleurs de lys to three2 and this ,shield is now known as ,france ,modern3 ,no4 #bdh4 ,in the year #abge1 ,,edmund1 first ,earl of ,lancaster1 the second son of ,,henry ,,iii41 married ,,blanche of ,artois1 when he differenced his shield of ,england with a label of ,france--a blue label charged on each point with three golden fleurs de lys4 ,no4 #bdi1 thus1 for the first time did the armorial insignia of ,england and ,france appear together upon the same ,shield4 ,in #abii ,,edward ,i4 married his second ,queen1 ,,margaret of ,france1 and then this royal lady placed on one of her ,seals a ,shield of ,england and ,france dimidiated3 ,no4 #bej4 ,on another of her ,seals1 a very noble example of the ,seal-engraver's art1 ,queen ,,margaret displayed the ,shield of ,king ,,edward ,i41 her husband1 surrounded1 on the field of the ,seal1 with her father's fleurs de lys3 ,no4 #bea4 ,on the ,seals of ,,isabelle of ,france1 ,queen of ,,edward ,,ii41 the same dimidiated shield1 and another shield quartering the arms of ,england with ,france ,ancient and two other ,french coats 7,navarre and ,champagne7 appear4 ,then ,prince ,,john of ,,eltham charged a bordure of ,france upon his shield1 ,no4 #bd2 thus applying the suggestion of the ,seal of ,queen ,,margaret1 ,no4 #bea1 in such a manner as was consistent with the advanced condition of heraldic art4 ,on his accession in #acbg1 ,,edward ,,iii4 placed a fleur de lys on each side of the ,shield of ,england upon his ,great ,seal3 and in #acdj1 when he claimed the crown of ,france1 ,,edward quartered ,france ,ancient with his lions of ,england3 ,no4 #beb4 ,shortly after his accession1 perhaps in #adje1 in order to conform to the altered blazonry of the ,french sovereigns1 ,,henry ,,iv4 quartered ,france ,modern on his shield3 ,no4 #bec4 ,the position of the three fleurs de lys was more than once changed in the ,royal ,shield of ,england 7as ,i shall hereafter show more particularly7 after the accession of the ,,stuarts2 and they were not finally removed till the first year of the nineteenth century4 ,the fleur de lys is also borne on many ,english ,shields1 disposed in various ways4 ,in modern cadency the fleur de lys is the difference of the sixth son1 or house4 ,fleurette1 ,florette4 ,terminating in1 or bordered with1 fleurs de lys2 also1 seme de lys4 ,fleurie1 or ,fleury4 ,ending as ,no4 #ajj2 also1 seme de lys4 ,flexed4 ,bowed1 bent4 ,flighted4 ,feathered1 as arrows are4 ,fly4 ,the length1 and also the side of a flag farthest from the staff4 ,foliated4 ,crisped1 or formed like a leaf4 ,fountain4 ,no4 #aec4 ,fourche1 ,queue ,fourche4 ,a term applied to a lion with a forked tail4 ,fret1 or ,frette4 ,a subordinary3 ,no4 #adh4 ,frette1 ,fretty3 covered with fretwork3 ,no4 #adi4 ,fructed4 ,bearing fruit or seeds4 ,furs4 ,see p4 #da3 ,nos4 #eg-fe4 ,fusil4 ,an elongated ,lozenge3 ,no4 #bj;,a1 p4 #gj4 ,fusille1 or ,fusilly4 ,a field entirely composed of ,fusils1 all lying in the same plane4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #bed1 #bee4--;,fylfot4 ,fylfot4 ,a peculiar cruciform figure1 supposed to have a mystic signification1 found in military and ecclesiastical decorations in ,england1 and on ,eastern coins1 c43 ,nos4 #bed1 #bee2 the latter example is from the monument of ,bishop ,,bronscombe1 in ,exeter ,cathedral4 ,gad1 ,gadlyng4 ,a spike1 knob1 or other figure1 projecting from the knuckles of gauntlets4 ,galley4 ,an ancient ship4 7,see ,lymphad47 ,garb4 ,a sheaf of wheat2 if of any other grain1 this to be specified4 ,garnished4 ,adorned in a becoming manner4 ,garter1 ,order of the4 ,see ,chapter ,,xix4 ,garter ,king-of-,arms4 ,the chief of the official ,heralds of ,england1 and officer of arms of the ,order of the ,garter4 7,see ,herald47 ,gemelles4 ,see ,bars ,gemelles4 ,gem-,ring4 ,a ring for the finger1 set with a jewel4 ,genet4 ,a spotted animal1 somewhat like a marten3 a badge of ,queen ,,joanna of ,navarre4 ,george1 ,saint4 ,the ,patron ,saint of ,england4 ,the circumstances which led to his association with ,england are unknown4 ,his ,shield of arms1 a red cross on a silver field1 first appears in ,english ,heraldry in the fourteenth century3 ,no4 #a4 ,george1 ,the4 ,a mounted figure of the ,saint in the act of piercing the dragon with his lance1 and worn as a pendant to the collar of the ,order of the ,garter2 added to the insignia of the ,order1 with the ,collar1 by ,,henry ,,vii4 ,the ,lesser ,george has the same group on an enamelled field1 and surrounded by the ,garter of the ,order1 the whole forming a jewel1 generally oval in shape3 it was introduced by ,,henry ,,viii41 and is now worn pendent from the dark-blue ribbon of the ,order1 the ribbon passing over the left shoulder and the jewel hanging on the right side of the wearer4 ,originally1 this ,lesser ,george was worn from either a gold chain or a black ribbon3 by ,queen ,,elizabeth the colour of the ribbon was changed to sky-blue1 and it assumed its present darker hue in the reign of ,,charles ,,ii4 ,gerattyng4 ,differencing by the introduction of small charges4 ,it is an early term1 now obsolete4 ,gimmel-ring4 ,two annulets1 interlaced4 ,girt1 ,girdled4 ,encircled1 or bound round4 ,gonfannon4 ,a long flag1 pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly1 and displayed from a transverse bar attached to a staff4 ,gorged4 ,encircled round the throat4 ,goutte1 ,gutte4 ,sprinkled over with drops either of gold--goutte d'or2 of silver--d'eau2 of blue--de larmes 7tears72 of red--de sang 7blood72 or of black--de poix 7pitch74 ,grand ,quarters4 ,the four primary divisions of a ,shield1 when it is divided quarterly3 ,nos4 #cj1 #cf1 #cg4 ,the term ,grand ,quarter may be used to signify a primary quarter or division of a quartered ,shield or ,coat1 and to distinguish such a quarter when it is quartered4 ,grieces4 ,steps4 ,guardant4 ,looking out from the field3 ,nos4 #agb1 #agd1 #agf1 #ahg4 ,guige4 ,a ,shield-belt1 worn over the right shoulder1 and frequently represented in heraldic compositions as if sustaining a ,shield of arms3 ,nos4 #dh1 #di4 ,gules4 ,red3 ,no4 #ec4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bef4--,shield of ,r4 de ,gorges4 ,gurges1 or ,gorges4 ,a charge formed of a spiral line of blue on a white field1 and supposed to represent a whirlpool3 borne 7,h4 #c7 by ,r4 ,,de ,,gorges3 ,no4 #bef4 ,gyron4 ,a ,subordinary4 ,gyronny4 ,a field divided into ,gyrons3 ,no4 #adg4 7,see page #gj47 ,habited4 ,clothed4 ,hames1 ,heames4 ,parts of horses' harness4 ,hammer1 or ,martel4 ,represented in blazon much in the same shape as the implement in common use 7,h4 #c74 ,harp4 ,a device and badge of ,ireland4 ,the ,irish ,harp of gold with silver strings on a blue field forms the third quarter of the ,royal ,arms4 ,hart4 ,a stag1 with attires2 the female is a ,hind3 page #ha4 ,hastilude4 ,a tournament4 ,hatchment4 ,an achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame1 placed upon the front 7generally over the principal entrance7 of the residence of a person lately deceased4 ,in the case of the decease of an unmarried person1 or of a widower or widow1 the whole of the field of the hatchment is painted black2 but in the case of a married person1 that part only of the field is black which adjoins the side of the achievement occupied by the armorial insignia of the individual deceased4 ,thus1 if a husband be deceased1 the dexter half of the field of the hatchment is black1 and the sinister white2 and so1 in like manner1 if the wife be deceased1 the sinister is black and the dexter white4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #beg4--;,hawk's ,lure4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #beh4--;,hawk's ,bells and ,jesses4 ,hauriant4 ,a fish in pale1 its head in chief4 ,hawk's bells1 jesses1 and lure4 ,a falconer's decoy1 formed of feathers with their tips in base1 and joined by a cord and ring1 ,no4 #beg2 also bells with straps to be attached to hawks1 ,no4 #beh4 ,heightened4 ,raised2 placed above or higher4 ,heights4 ,applied to plumes of feathers which are arranged in rows or sets1 one rising above another4 ,see ,panache4 ,helm1 ,helmet4 ,now placed as an accessory above a ,shield of arms1 and bearing its ,crest after the fashion in which1 in the ,middle ,ages1 both ,helm and ,crest were actually worn in tournaments4 ,a modern usage distinguishes ,helms as follows3--,the ,sovereign--,helm of gold1 with six bars1 set affronte1 ,no4 #bei2 ,noblemen--,helm of silver1 garnished with gold1 set in profile1 and showing five bars1 ,no4 #bfj2 ,baronets and ,knights--of steel with silver ornaments1 without bars1 the vizor raised1 set affronte1 ,no4 #bfa2 ,esquires and ,gentlemen--of steel1 the vizor closed1 and set in profile1 ,nos4 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,the ,helms that appear on early ,seals and in other heraldic compositions till about ,a4,d4 #afjj1 are all set in profile1 and the shield generally hangs from them couche1 as in ,no4 #di4 ,in these early compositions1 the shield is small in proportion to the helm and its accessories4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bei4--;,helm of the ,sovereign4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bfj4--;,helm of ,nobles4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bfa4--;,helm of ,baronets and ,knights4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #bfb1 #bfc4--;,helms of ,esquires and ,gentlemen4 ,hemp-brake1 ,hackle4 ,an instrument having saw-teeth1 used for bruising hemp4 ,heneage ,knot4 ,no4 #bfd4 ,herald4 ,an officer of arms4 ,the ,heralds of ,england were incorporated by ,,richard ,,iii42 and from ,queen ,,mary1 in #aeee1 they received a grant of ,derby ,house1 on the site of which1 between ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral and the ,thames1 stands their present official residence1 ,,heralds' ,,college1 or the ,,college ,,of ,,arms4 ,the college now consists of three ,,kings-,,of-,,arms--,garter1 ,clarenceux1 and ,norroy2 six ,,heralds1 who have precedence by seniority of appointment--,chester1 ,lancaster1 ,richmond1 ,windsor1 ,york1 and ,somerset2 and four ,,pursuivants--,rouge ,dragon1 ,portcullis1 ,rouge ,croix1 and ,bluemantle4 ,the official habit is a ,tabard1 emblazoned with the ,royal ,arms1 and the ,kings and ,heralds wear a ,collar of ,,ss4 ,the ,kings have a ,crown1 formed of a golden circlet1 from which rise sixteen oak-leaves1 nine of which appear in representations2 and the circlet itself is charged with the words1 ,miserere mei ,deus secundum magnam misericordiam tuam 7,have mercy on me1 ,o ,god1 according to thy great loving-kindness74 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bfd4--;,heneage ,knot4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bfe4--;,arms of the ,heralds' ,college4 ,the supreme head of the ,english ,heralds1 under the ,,sovereign1 is the ,,earl ,,marshal1 an office hereditary in the family of the ,,duke ,,of ,,norfolk4 ,the ,arms of the ,college are--,arg41 a cross gu41 between four doves their dexter wings expanded and inverted az43 ,no4 #bfe2 ,crest--,from a crest-coronet or1 a dove rising az42 ,supporters--,two lions ramp4 guard4 arg41 ducally gorged or4 ,each of the ,kings has his own official arms1 which he impales with his paternal coat on the dexter side of the shield4 ,the ,arms of ,garter are--,arg41 a cross gu42 on a chief az41 a ducal coronet encircled with a ,garter of the ,order1 between a lion of ,england and a fleur de lys1 all or4 ,clarenceux and ,norroy have the same shield1 but the former has a lion of ,england only1 crowned1 on a chief gules2 and the latter1 on a chief per pale az4 and gu41 has a similar lion between a fleur de lys and a key1 all of gold4 ,there is also another ,king styled ,bath1 who is specially attached to the ,order of the ,bath2 he is not a member of the ,college4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bff4--;,arms of ,lyon ,office4 ,lyon ,king-of-,arms is the chief ,herald of ,scotland2 and the establishment over which he presides is styled the ,lyon ,office4 ,the ,arms of the ,office are--,arg41 a lion sejant erect and affront gu41 holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert1 and in the sinister an escutcheon of the second2 on a chief az41 a saltire of the first3 ,no4 #bff4 ,ireland is the heraldic province of ,ulster ,king-of-,arms4 ,his official armorial ensigns differ from those of ,garter only in the charges of the chief1 which are a lion of ,england between a golden harp and a portcullis4 ,herison4 ,a hedgehog4 ,hill1 ,hillock4 ,a mound of earth4 ,hirondelle4 ,a swallow4 ,hoist4 ,the depth of a flag from chief to base4 ,see ,fly4 ,honour ,point4 ,no4 #bg1 ,l4 ,humette4 ,cut short at the extremities4 ,hurst4 ,a clump of trees4 ,hurt4 ,a blue roundle4 ,illegitimacy4 ,see ,chapter ,,xii4 ,imbrued1 or ,embrued4 ,stained with blood4 ,impaled4 ,conjoined per pale4 ,impalement4 ,the uniting of two 7or more7 distinct coats per pale1 to form a single achievement4 ,imperially ,crowned4 ,ensigned with the ,crown of ,england4 ,incensed1 ,inflamed4 ,on fire2 having fire issuing forth4 ,increscent4 ,no4 #aff1 ,b4 ,see ,decrescent4 ,indented4 ,no4 #ch1 ,a4 ,inescutcheon4 ,an heraldic ,shield borne as a charge4 ,this term is sometimes used to denote an ,escutcheon of ,pretence4 ,in bend4 ,disposed in the position of a bend2 ,in ,chevron1 ,in ,chief1 ,in ,cross1 ,in ,fesse1 c4 ,disposed after the manner of a chevron1 or in the chief of the shield1 or in the form of a cross1 c4 ,in ,foliage4 ,bearing leaves4 ,in ,lure4 ,wings conjoined in the form of a hawk's lure4 ,in her piety4 ,a term applied to a pelican feeding her young4 ,in ,pretence4 ,a term applied to a single inescutcheon placed upon and in the centre of a larger escutcheon4 ,in ,pride4 ,having the tail displayed1 as a peacock's4 ,in ,quadrangle4 ,when four charges are so disposed that one is in each quarter of the shield4 ,in ,splendour4 ,the sun irradiated4 ,irradiated4 ,surrounded by rays of light4 ,issuant4 ,proceeding from1 or out of4 ,jambe1 ,gambe4 ,the leg of a lion1 or other beast of prey3 ,no4 #ahe4 ,jelloped4 ,having wattles and a comb1 as a cock4 ,jesses4 ,straps for hawk's bells4 ,jessant4 ,shooting forth4 ,jessant de lys4--,a combination of a leopard's face and a fleur-de-lys3 ,no4 #bfg4 ,joust4 ,a tournament4 ,jupon4 ,a short1 sleeveless surcoat1 worn over armour from about #acdj to about #adje4 ,it is often charged with armorial insignia1 and thus is a true coat of arms4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bfg4--;,jessant de lys4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #bfh1 #bfi4--;,heraldic ,keys4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bgj4--;,hastings ,badge4 ,key4 ,when represented in early blazon1 ,keys have always elegant forms4 ,no4 #bfh is from ,peterborough ,cathedral1 and ,no4 #bfi from ,exeter4 ,king-of-,arms4 ,see ,herald4 ,knighthood1 ,orders of3 ,knights4 ,see ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,knot4 ,an intertwined cord1 borne as a badge4 ,the varieties of this device are--,the ,bourchier1 ,no4 #bai2 the ,bowen1 ,no4 #bbj2 the ,harington 7the same as a ,frette71 ,no4 #adh2 the ,heneage1 ,no4 #bfd2 the ,lacy1 ,no4 #bgd2 the ,stafford1 ,no4 #cjd2 and the ,wake and ,ormond1 ,no4 #cac4 ,cords were sometimes intertwined about other figures and devices1 and so formed what may be regarded as ,compound ,badges1 which significantly declared the union of two houses3 thus1 the knot of ,,edward ,lord ,,hastings unites the ,hungerford sickle with the ,peverel garbe3 ,no4 #bgj2 and the ,dacre knot is entwined about the ,dacre escallop and the famous ragged staff of ,beauchamp and ,neville3 ,no4 #bce4 ,label1 or ,file4 ,a narrow ribbon placed across the field of a shield near the chief1 and having three1 five1 or sometimes other numbers of points depending from it1 its object being to mark ,cadency4 ,in the early ,labels the number of the points was arbitrary1 the usual numbers being five and three2 and1 subsequently1 three points were almost universally used2 the object always was to render the ,label conspicuous4 ,in blazon a ,label is supposed to have three points2 but1 if more1 the number is to be specified2 thus1 ,no4 #bga is simply a ,label1 but ,no4 #bgb is a ,label of five points4 ,labels appear early in the thirteenth century1 and in the next century they are in constant use4 ,various charges may be placed on the points of ,labels to extend their capacity for differencing4 ,since the time of ,,edward the ,,black ,,prince the ,label of the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales has been plain silver4 ,the ,label is almost exclusively 7now without any exception7 used in ,royal ,cadency2 but1 in modern ,heraldry1 in the case of all other persons it is the peculiar mark of the eldest son4 ,the ,label is also found as a charge4 ,it has become a usage in the degenerate days of ,heraldry to represent the ,label as in ,no4 #bgc1 instead of the earlier and far preferable forms of ,nos4 #bga1 #bgb4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #bga-bgc4--,labels4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bgd4--,lacy ,knot4 ,lacy ,knot4 ,no4 #bgd4 ,lambrequin4 ,a mantling4 ,langued4 ,a term which refers to the tincture of an animal's tongue4 ,leaves4 ,their peculiarities are to be blazoned1 as laurel leaves1 oak leaves1 c4 ,leopard1 ,leopard4 ,see page #hd4 ,letters of the ,alphabet sometimes are ,charges4 ,thus1 the ,arms of the ,deanery of ,canterbury are--,az41 on a cross arg41 the letter x surmounted by the letter i sable3 the x is on the cross at the intersection of its limbs1 and the i is above it4 ,line1 or ,border ,line4 ,no4 #ch4 ,lined4 ,having a cord attached3 also1 having a lining4 ,lion4 ,see page #hc4 ,lioncel4 ,a lion drawn to a small scale1 and generally rampant1 ,nos4 #aad1 #aae1 #aig4 ,livery ,colours4 ,of the ,,plantagenets1 as one family1 white and scarlet2 of the house of ,,york1 blue and murrey2 of the house of ,,lancaster1 white and blue2 of the house of ,,tudor1 white and green4 ,the present ,royal ,livery is scarlet and gold4 ,in the ,middle ,ages1 all great families had their own livery colours1 which had no necessary relation to the tinctures of the shield4 ,lodged4 ,a term denoting animals of the chase when at rest or in repose1 ,nos4 #be1 #bf4 ,lozenge4 ,a square figure set diagonally1 ,no4 #dg 7also see page #fi74 ,the armorial insignia of unmarried ladies and widows1 with the sole exception of a ,sovereign1 are blazoned on a ,lozenge instead of an ,escutcheon4 ,lozengy4 ,a field divided lozengewise3 ,no4 #ade4 ,luce1 or ,lucy4 ,the fish now called pike4 ,see page #gg and ,no4 #afd4 ,lure4 ,see ,in ,lure4 ,lymphad4 ,an ancient galley1 ,no4 #bge4 ,it was the feudal ensign of the ,scottish lordship of ,,lorn1 and as such quartered by the ,duke of ,,argyll4 ,maintenance1 ,cap of4 ,see ,chapeau4 ,manche1 ,maunche4 ,a lady's sleeve with a long pendent lappet1 worn in the time of ,,henry ,i41 and borne as an armorial charge by the families of ,,hastings1 ,,conyers1 and some others4 ,,hastings 7,h4 #c7--,or1 a manche gu43 ,no4 #bgf4 ,mantle4 ,a flowing robe worn over the armour1 or over their ordinary costume1 by personages of distinction of both sexes3 the mantles of ladies were commonly decorated with armorial blazonry4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bge4--,lymphad4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bgf4--;,arms of ,hastings4 ,mantling1 or ,lambrequin4 ,a small mantle of some rich materials1 attached to the knightly basinet or helm1 and worn hanging down4 ,it is usually represented with jagged edges1 to represent the cuts to which it would be exposed in actual battle3 ,no4 #aii4 7,see ,panache47 ,mantlings blazoned with achievements of arms are sometimes adjusted in folds to form a background to the composition1 and they are also occasionally differenced with various charges4 ,marquess1 ,marquis4 ,the second order of the ,british ,peerage1 in rank next to that of ,duke4 ,this rank and title were introduced into ,england in #achg1 by ,,richard ,,ii41 who then created his favourite1 ,,robert ,,de ,,vere1 ,marquess of ,,dublin4 ,the next creation was by ,,henry ,,vi4 ,a ,marquess is ,most ,honourable2 he is styled ,my ,lord ,marquess3 all his younger sons are ,lords1 and his daughters ,ladies2 his eldest son bears his father's second title4 ,the ,coronet1 apparently contemporary in its present form with that of ,dukes1 has its golden circlet heightened with four strawberry leaves and as many pearls1 arranged alternately3 in representations two of the pearls1 and one leaf and two half-leaves are shown1 ,no4 #bgg4 ,the wife of a ,marquess is a ,marchioness2 her style corresponds with that of her husband1 and her coronet is the same4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bgg4--;,circlet of the ,coronet of a ,marquess4 ,marshalling4 ,the disposition of more than one distinct coat of arms upon a shield1 so forming a single composition2 or the aggroupment of two or more distinct shields1 so as to form a single composition2 also the association of such accessories as the helm1 mantling1 crest1 c41 and of knightly and other insignia with a shield of arms1 thus again forming a single heraldic composition4 ,see ,chapter ,,xi4 ,martel4 ,a hammer4 ,martlet4 ,the heraldic ,martin1 usually represented without feet3 ,nos4 #afj1 #afa1 and #gj and #hf4 ,mascle4 ,lozenge voided3 ,no4 #adc4 ,mascule4 ,a field divided mascle-wise4 ,masoned4 ,representing brickwork4 ,membered4 ,to denote the legs of a bird4 ,merchant's mark4 ,a device1 adopted as early as #adjj by merchants1 as a substitute for heraldic ensigns which were not conceded to them4 ,such marks are the predecessors of the ,trade-brands and ,marks of after times4 ,mermaid1 ,merman1 or ,triton4 ,the well-known fabulous creatures of the sea1 borne occasionally as charges1 but more frequently as supporters1 badges1 or crests4 ,a mermaid was the device of ,sir ,,william ,,de ,,brivere1 who died in #abbf1 and it is the badge of the ,,berkeleys4 ,metal4 ,the ,tinctures ,or and ,argent3 ,nos4 #ej1 #ea4 ,mill-rind4 ,see ,fer-de-,moline4 ,mitre4 ,the ensign of archiepiscopal and episcopal rank1 placed above the arms of prelates of the ,church of ,england1 sometimes borne as a charge1 and adopted by the ,,berkeleys as their crest4 ,the contour of the mitre has varied considerably at different periods1 the early examples being low and concave in their sides1 the later lofty and convex4 ,see ,no4 #aei4 ,moline4 ,a cross terminating like a ,fer-de-moline1 ,no4 #ig4 ,in modern cadency it is the difference of the eighth son4 ,moon4 ,no4 #aff1 page #hj4 ,motto4 ,a word1 or very short sentence1 placed generally below a shield but sometimes above a crest1 an idea perhaps derived from the war-cries of early times4 ,a motto may be emblematical1 or it may have some allusion to the person bearing it1 or to his name and armorial insignia2 or it may be the epigrammatic expression of some sentiment in special favour with the bearer of it4 ,as a matter of course1 allusive mottoes1 like allusive arms1 afford curious examples of medival puns4 ,i give a few characteristic examples3--,vero nil verius 7nothing truer than truth1 or1 no greater verity than in ,vere7--,,vere2 ,fare1 fac 7,speak--act2 that is1 a word and blow7--,,fairfax2 ,cave 7beware7--,,cave2 ,cavendo tutus 7safe1 by caution1 or by ,cavendish7--,,cavendish2 ,set on1 says ,,seton2 ,fight on1 quoth ,,fitton2 ,festina lente 7,on slow--push forward1 but be cautious1 that is71 adds ,,onslow4 ,again3 ,,jefferay says1 ,je feray ce que je diray 7,i shall be true to my word72 ,,scudamore--,scutum amoris divini 7the shield of ,divine love72 says ,,james--,j'aime jamais 7,i love ever72 says ,,estwick--,est hic 7he is here72 and ,,pole--,pollet virtus 7valour prevails72 and ,,tev--,tais en temps 7be silent in time74 ,the crest of ,,charteris1 an arm with the hand grasping a sword1 has over it--,this our charter is4 ,in his arms the ,marquess ,,cholmondeley bears two helmets1 and his motto is--,cassis tutissima virtus 7valour is the safest helm72 the crest of the ,,martins of ,dorsetshire was an ape1 with the significant motto--,he who looks at ,martin's ape1 ,martin's ape shall look at him6 ,the motto of ,,perceval is--,perse valens 7strong in himself72 but1 ,do no yll1 quoth ,,doyle4 ,some lippes1 as ,camden remarks1 have a taste for this kind of lettuce4 ,mound4 ,a globe1 encircled and arched over with rich bands1 and surmounted by a cross-pate1 the whole an ensign of the royal estate4 ,a mound or orb forms part of the regalia1 and the same form appears upon the intersecting arches of the crown of the ,,sovereign2 and it also surmounts the single arch of the coronet of the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales3 ,nos4 #bcd1 #bhi4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bgh4--,mullet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bgi4--,mullet1 pierced4 ,mount4 ,a green hill4 ,mullet4 ,a star1 generally of five1 but sometimes of six or more points 7if more than five the number to be specified71 always formed by right lines1 as ,no4 #bgh4 ,a mullet is sometimes pierced1 as in ,no4 #bgi1 when the tincture of the field is generally apparent through the circular aperture4 ,in modern cadency an unpierced mullet is the difference of the third son4 ,see ,estoile4 ,mural ,crown4 ,represents masonry1 and is embattled3 ,no4 #bhj4 ,naiant4 ,swimming in fesse4 ,see ,hauriant4 ,naissant4 ,equivalent to ,issuant1 but applied only to living creatures4 ,naval ,crown4 ,has its circlet heightened with figures of the stern and the hoisted sail of a ship alternating3 ,no4 #bha4 ,nebule1 or ,nebuly4 ,no4 #ch1 ,h4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bhj4--,mural ,crown4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bha4--,naval ,crown4 ,nimbus4 ,a glory about the head of a figure of a sainted personage3 sometimes used to denote sanctity in a symbolical device4 ,norroy4 ,see ,herald4 ,nova ,scotia1 ,badge of4 ,see ,baronet4 ,nowed4 ,coiled in a knot1 as a snake4 ,ogress4 ,a ,pellet1 or black roundle4 ,opinicus4 ,a fabulous heraldic monster1 a dragon before1 and a lion behind with a camel's tail4 ,oppressed4 ,an alternative for ,debruised4 ,or4 ,the metal gold3 ,no4 #ej4 ,ordinary4 ,an early principal charge of a simple character4 ,see ,chapter ,,vi41 and ,nos4 #ga-abh3 see also page #ad4 ,ordinary of arms4 ,a list of armorial bearings1 classified or arranged alphabetically1 with the names of the bearers4 ,see ,armory4 ,oreiller4 ,a cushion or pillow1 generally with tassels4 ,orle4 ,a ,subordinary formed of a border of a ,shield1 which is charged upon another and a larger shield1 as in ,no4 #acd4 ,in ,orle4 ,arranged after the manner of an ,orle1 forming a border to a ,shield1 as in ,no4 #hf4 ,ostrich feathers4 ,a ,royal ,badge3 also a ,device in a few instances charged by ,royal and some other personages on an ,armorial ,shield4 ,see ,chapter ,,xv4 ,over all1 or ,sur tout4 ,to denote some one charge being placed over all others4 ,overt4 ,with expanded wings4 ,pale4 ,one of the ,ordinaries3 ,no4 #hg4 ,pale-wise1 or ,in ,pale4 ,disposed after the manner of a ,pale--that is1 set vertically1 or arranged vertically one above another1 as are the ,lions of ,england in ,no4 #ahg1 page #hg4 ,pall1 ,pallium4 ,a vestment peculiar to ,archbishops of the ,roman ,church3 in ,heraldry1 as a charge1 half only of the pall is shown1 when it resembles the letter ,y2 it is borne in the arms of the ,sees of ,,canterbury1 ,,armagh1 and ,,dublin4 ,pallet4 ,half a ,pale4 ,palmer's ,staff1 ,pilgrim's staff1 or ,bourdon4 ,no4 #bhb4 ,,john ,,bourdon 7,h4 #c7 bears--,arg41 three palmer's staves gu4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bhb4--;,bourdon4 ,paly4 ,divided per pale into an even number of parts1 which all lie in the same plane1 as in ,no4 #hh4 ,paly ,bendy4 ,divided evenly pale-wise1 and also bend-wise1 ,no4 #aah4 ,panache4 ,a plume of feathers1 generally of the ostrich1 set upright and born as a crest4 ,a panache sometimes consists of a single row of feathers2 but more generally it has two or more rows or heights of feathers1 rising one above the other4 ,in the greater number of examples the tips of the feathers are erect2 in others they wave1 or slightly bend over4 ,a panache may be charged with some device or figure1 for difference1 as by the ,,tyndalls1 with an ermine circlet1 a martlet1 and a fleur de lys4 ,in ,nos4 #bhc1 #bhe1 from the seals of ,,edward ,,courtenay1 and ,,edmund ,,mortimer 7,a4,d4 #adjj and #acgb7 the heights both expand and rise in a curved pyramidal form4 ,no4 #bhd1 from the seal of ,,william ,,le ,,latimer 7,a4,d4 #acgb71 shows a remarkable variety of both panache and mantling4 ,waving plumes formed of distinct feathers first appear near the end of the fifteenth century1 and are prevalent during the sixteenth century4 ,party1 ,parted4 ,divided4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bhc4--,,panache ,,crest3 ,edward ,courtenay4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bhd4--,,panache ,,crests3 ,william le ,latimer4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bhe4--,,panache ,,crests3 ,edmund ,mortimer4 ,passant4 ,walking and looking forward3 ,no4 #agc4 ,passant ,guardant4 ,walking and looking out from the shield1 ,no4 #agd4 ,passant ,reguardant4 ,walking and looking back4 ,passant ,repassant1 or ,passant and ,counter ,passant4 ,walking in opposite directions4 ,pastoral ,staff4 ,the official staff of a bishop or abbot1 having a crooked head1 and so distinguished from an archbishop's crozier4 ,pate1 or ,forme4 ,patonce4 ,varieties of the heraldic ,cross1 ,nos4 ,patriarchal4 #ajf1 #ii1 and #ie4 ,pean4 ,the ,fur1 ,no4 #fj4 ,peer4 ,that general title1 expressing their equality as members of a distinct order in the realm1 which is applied to ,dukes1 ,marquesses1 ,earls1 ,viscounts1 and ,barons of ,england1 ,scotland1 ,great ,britain1 ,ireland1 and the ,united ,kingdom4 ,peerage4 ,the hereditament of a ,peer3 also rank of a ,peer2 a list of the ,peers4 ,pegasus4 ,a horse with wings--a classic as well as an heraldic imaginary creature4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bhh4--;,a ,portcullis4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bhf4--;,a ,pennon4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bhg4--;,a ,pheon4 ,pelican4 ,blazoned in her piety1 when feeding her young with her own blood4 ,pellet4 ,a black roundle4 ,pendent4 ,hanging4 ,pennon4 ,an armorial lance flag1 pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly4 ,no4 #bhf is from the ,brass to ,sir ,,john ,d',,aubernoun1 ,a4,d4 #abgi2 the arms are--,az41 a chevron or4 ,per4 ,by means of1 or after the manner of4 ,pheon4 ,a pointed arrow-head1 borne with the point in base1 unless the contrary is specified1 ,no4 #bhg4 ,phoenix4 ,a fabulous eagle1 always represented as issuant from flames4 ,pile4 ,one of the ,ordinaries1 in form like a wedge1 ,nos4 #abf1 #abg1 #abh4 ,in ,pile4 ,arranged after the form of a pile4 ,planta ,genista4 ,the broom plant badge of the ,plantagenets1 ,no4 #ba4 ,plate4 ,a silver roundle4 ,plenitude4 ,the moon when full4 ,see ,no4 #aff4 ,plume4 ,see ,panache4 ,points of ,shield4 ,no4 #bg4 ,in ,point is the same as ,in ,pile4 ,pomme4 ,a green roundle4 ,popinjay4 ,a parrot 7,h4 #c74 ,port4 ,a gateway1 as the entrance to a castle3 ,no4 #bbb4 ,portcullis4 ,a defence for a gateway1 ,no4 #bhh3 the badge of the ,houses of ,,beaufort and ,,tudor1 borne by the former with the significant motto1 ,altera securitas 7additional security74 ,potent4 ,a variety of the heraldic cross1 ,no4 #ajh2 also a ,fur1 ,no4 #fd4 ,powdered1 ,poudre4 ,the same as ,seme4 ,preying4 ,when an animal devours its prey4 ,see ,trussing4 ,prince1 ,princess4 ,in this country the rank and title of the members of the ,royal ,family4 ,their style is ,your ,royal ,highness4 ,the ,coronet of the ,prince of ,wales differs from the crown of the ,king1 only in having a single arch instead of two intersecting arches3 ,no4 #bhi4 ,the coronets of the ,princes and ,princesses1 the sons and daughters of the ,king1 are the same as the coronet of the ,prince of ,wales1 but without any arch3 ,no4 #bij4 ,the coronets of the ,princes and ,princesses1 the grandchildren of the ,sovereign1 differ in having the circlet heightened with two crosses pate1 as many strawberry leaves1 and four fleurs-de-lys1 ,no4 #bia4 ,other ,royal coronets have the circlet heightened with four crosses pate1 and as many strawberry leaves4 ,no4 #bib4 ,for the arms of their ,royal ,highnesses1 see ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,purfled4 ,lined and bordered or garnished4 ,purpure4 ,a colour3 ,no4 #ef4 ,pursuivant4 ,a ,herald of the lowest rank4 ,in the ,middle ,ages1 these officers were attached to the households of personages of high rank1 and bore titles generally taken from the armorial insignia of their lords4 ,quadrate4 ,a form of cross3 ,no4 #id4 ,quarter4 ,the first 7from the dexter chief7 of the divisions of a shield that is parted per cross1 as in ,no4 #cj2 also any other division of a shield1 to be specified in blazoning4 ,see ,no4 #cf1 and ,canton4 ,quartering4 ,marshalling two or more coats of arms in the different quarters of the same shield4 ,when two coats are thus quartered1 the one in the first quarter is repeated in the fourth1 and the one in the second in the third2 when three are quartered1 the first quartering is repeated in the fourth quarter4 ,any required number of coats may be quartered on the same principle4 ,this same term is also applied to denote the dividing a shield quarterly1 as in ,no4 #cj1 or into more than four divisions1 as in ,no4 #cf4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #bhi-bib4--;,,circlets ,,of ,,royal ,,coronets ,no4 #bhi4 ,prince of ,wales4 ,no4 #bij4 ,king's ,daughters and ,younger ,sons4 ,no4 #bia4 ,king's ,grandchildren4 ,no4 #bib4 ,royal ,dukes4 ,quarterly4 ,a shield divided into four divisions1 as in ,no4 #cj3 each division to contain a complete coat of arms1 or a distinct heraldic device or composition4 ,should the shield be divided into more than four sections1 the number is to be specified3 thus1 ,no4 #cf is quarterly of eight1 c4 ,see ,nos4 #beb1 #bec4 ,quarterly ,quartering and ,quartered4 ,the quartering of a quarter of a shield that is divided quarterly2 also distinguished as ,compound ,quartering4 ,see page #cd4 ,quatrefoil4 ,a flower or figure having four foils or conjoined leaves1 ,no4 #bic4 ,in modern cadency a ,double ,quatrefoil is the difference of the ninth son4 ,queue ,fourche4 ,having a forked tail2 ,no4 #aha4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bic4--,quatrefoil4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bid4--,the ,ragged ,staff ,badge4 ,quilled4 ,used to blazon the quills of feathers3 thus1 a blue feather having its quill golden is blazoned--,a feather az41 quilled or4 ,radiant4 ,encircled with rays4 ,rayone4 ,formed of ,rays4 ,ragule1 ,raguly4 ,serrated1 as ,no4 #ch1 ,g4 ,a ragged staff1 ,no4 #bid1 is a part of a stem from which the branches have been cut off roughly4 ,this ragged staff1 or staff ragule1 is the famous badge of the ,,beauchamps1 and1 derived from them1 of the ,,nevilles4 ,no4 #bid is from the monument of the great ,earl1 ,,richard ,,de ,,beauchamp1 ,k4,g41 who died in #adci1 at ,warwick4 ,rampant1 ,rampant ,guardant and ,reguardant4 ,nos4 #aga1 #agb2 when reguardant1 the animal looks backward4 ,rebus4 ,an allusive charge or device4 ,a cask1 or tun1 to represent the final syllable ton of many surnames1 is frequently found4 ,i give a few examples of several varieties of ,rebus3--,,john ,,oxney1 ,canterbury--,an eagle 7the emblem of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist1 to denote ,john7 standing on an ox1 charged on its side with the letters ,n ,e4 ,,john ,,wheathamstede1 ,st4 ,albans--,an eagle and an ,agnus ,dei 7the emblems of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist and ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 to denote ,john71 and clusters of ears of wheat4 ,,john ,,ramryge1 ,st4 ,albans--,a ram1 gorged with a collar inscribed with the letters ,r ,y ,g ,e4 ,,woodstock--,the stump or stock of a tree4 ,abbot ,,islip1 ,westminster--,a man falling from a tree1 exclaiming1 ,i slip6 and a human eye1 and a slip 7small branch of a tree74 ,,walter ,,lyhart1 ,norwich--,a hart 7stag7 lying down in water4 ,an owl1 with the letters ,d ,o ,m on a scroll in its beak1 for ,,bishop ,,oldham1 at ,exeter4 ,a church 7kirk7 on a tun1 with a pastoral staff and the initial ,r1 for ,abbot ,,robert ,,kirton1 ,no4 #bie2 and a bird on a tun1 and a tree growing out of a tun1 for ,,burton and ,,ashton1 all at ,peterborough4 ,at ,wells1 with an initial ,t1 a fire-beacon planted in a tun1 for ,bishop ,,thomas ,,beckyngton1 ,no4 #bif2 and at ,lullinstone1 ,kent1 in stained glass1 the shield of ,sir ,,john ,,pech1 ,a4,d4 #aebb--;,az41 a lion rampt4 queue fourche erm41 crowned or--is encircled by peach-branches fructed and in foliage1 each peach being charged with the letter 1 ,no4 #big2 the crest-wreath also is formed of a similar peach-branch4 ,recercele4 ,a variety of the heraldic cross3 ,no4 #ih4 ,reflexed1 ,reflected4 ,curved and carried backwards4 ,reguardant4 ,looking backwards3 see ,no4 #ahb4 ,rein-deer4 ,heraldically drawn with double antlers1 one pair erect1 the other drooping4 ,respecting4 ,face to face--applied to creatures not of a fierce nature4 ,rest4 ,see ,clarion1 ,no4 #bbh4 ,ribbon1 ,riband4 ,a diminutive of a ,bend4 ,rising1 ,roussant4 ,about to fly4 ,rompu4 ,broken4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bie4--,rebus of ,abbot ,kirton4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bif4--,rebus of ,bishop ,beckyngton4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #big4--;,arms and ,rebus of ,sir ,john ,pech4 ,rose4 ,represented in blazon as in ,nos4 #bih1 #bii1 and without leaves4 ,the five small projecting leaves of the calyx1 that radiate about the flower itself1 are styled barbs1 and when they are blazoned proper these barbs are green1 as the seeds in the centre of the flower are golden4 ,both the red rose of ,,lancaster and the white rose of ,,york1 but more especially the latter1 are at times surrounded with rays1 and each is termed a rose-en-soleil1 ,no4 #cjj4 ,the rose1 the emblem of ,,england1 is generally drawn like the natural flower2 or with natural stem1 branches1 leaves1 and buds1 but with heraldic rose-flowers4 ,in modern cadency the heraldic rose is the difference of the seventh son4 ,roundle4 ,see page #gb4 ,rustre4 ,a mascle pierced with a circular opening3 ,no4 #add4 ,sable4 ,the colour black3 ,no4 #ed4 ,sagittary4 ,the fabulous centaur1 half man and half horse4 ,illustration3 ,nos4 #bih1 #bii4--;,heraldic ,roses4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cjj4--,rose en ,soleil4 ,salamander4 ,an imaginary being1 supposed to live in flames of fire2 it is represented sometimes as a kind of lizard1 and at other times 7as in the crest of ,earl ,,douglas1 ,a4,d4 #adhc7 as a quadruped somewhat like a dog1 breathing flames4 ,salient4 ,leaping or bounding4 ,saltire4 ,an ordinary1 in form a diagonal cross3 ,nos4 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4 ,saltire-wise1 or in saltire4 ,arranged after the form of a saltire4 ,sanglier4 ,a wild boar4 ,sans4 ,without4 ,sans nombre1 without any number fixed or specified4 ,savage-man1 or ,wood-man4 ,a wild man1 naked except large wreaths of leaves about his head and loins1 and carrying a club4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cja4--;,crest of ,hamilton4 ,saw1 or ,frame-saw4 ,borne as the crest of ,,hamilton1 ,duke of ,,hamilton1 which is thus blazoned--,out of a ducal crest-coronet or1 an oak-tree fructed and penetrated transversely in the main stem by a frame-saw ppr41 the frame gold2 above the crest the motto1 ,,through6 ,this device is said to commemorate the escape into ,scotland1 in #acbc1 of ,sir ,,gilbert ,,hamilton1 a reputed ancestor of the present ducal house4 ,at the court of ,,edward ,,ii4 ,sir ,gilbert had unadvisedly expressed admiration for ,,robert ,,bruce1 on which ,,john ,,le ,,despencer struck him4 ,despencer fell in single combat the next day1 and ,hamilton fled1 hotly pursued1 northward4 ,near the border the fugitive and a faithful esquire joined some wood-cutters1 assumed their dress1 and commenced working with them on an oak1 when the pursuers passed by4 ,hamilton1 saw in hand1 observed his esquire anxiously watching their enemies as they passed1 and at once recalled his attention to his woodman's duties by the word1 ,through6--thus1 at the same time1 appearing to consider the cutting down the oak to be far more important than the presence of the strangers4 ,so they passed by1 and ,hamilton followed in safety4 ,this crest does not appear in the ,hamilton seals till long after the days of ,bruce and his admirer1 ,sir ,gilbert3 ,no4 #cja4 ,scarpe1 ,escarpe4 ,a diminutive of a ,bend sinister4 ,scintillant4 ,emitting sparks4 ,seax4 ,a ,saxon sword4 ,seeded4 ,having seeds or seed-vessels1 as in the centre of an heraldic rose4 ,see ,nos4 #bih-cjj4 ,segreant4 ,a term applied to a griffin when rampant4 ,sejant4 ,sitting4 ,seme4 ,sown broadcast or scattered1 without any fixed number1 over the field2 parts of the charge thus seme appearing at the border-lines of the composition4 ,see ,nos4 #bdg1 #bej1 #beb4 ,shake-fork4 ,resembles the letter ,y1 but does not extend to the margin of the shield1 and is pointed at its extremities4 ,shamrock4 ,a trefoil plant or leaf1 the badge of ,,ireland4 ,shield1 or ,escutcheon4 ,the ,shield of ,heraldry is fully described at page #cb4 ,see also ,nos4 #bg1 #ci-di4 ,ship4 ,sometimes blazoned as a modern vessel1 but sometimes also as an ancient galley4 ,see ,lymphad4 ,shoveller4 ,a species of duck4 ,simple ,quartering4 ,dividing a shield quarterly1 with the quartering of any of the quarters4 ,see ,quartering4 ,sinister4 ,the left side4 ,no4 #bg4 ,sinople4 ,the colour vert in ,french ,heraldry4 ,sixfoil4 ,a flower of six leaves3 ,no4 #cjb4 ,slipped4 ,having a stalk1 as a leaf or branch3 ,no4 #cji4 ,spear4 ,the spear or lance is not of common occurrence in blazon2 but it appears1 with heraldic propriety1 in the arms granted in #aeif to the father of the great poet1 who bore--,or1 on a bend sa4 a spear gold1 the head arg4--the arms of ,,shakespeare1 ,no4 #cjc4 7,in the woodcut the bend is accidentally shaded for gules1 instead of sable47 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cjc4--;,arms of ,shakespeare4 ,spur4 ,not common as an heraldic charge4 ,before about #acbj the spur had a single point1 and was known as the pryck-spur2 about that time appeared a rouelle-spur of simple form2 in the middle of the fifteenth century spurs of extravagant length were introduced4 ,,ss41 ,collar of4 ,see ,collar1 and ,no4 #bca4 ,stafford-knot4 ,no4 #cjd4 ,stall-plate4 ,a plate bearing the arms of a knight and placed in his stall4 ,the stall-plates of the ,knights of the ,,garter and the ,,bath are severally placed in the ,chapels of ,,st4 ,,george and of ,,henry ,,vii41 at ,windsor and ,westminster4 ,the earliest plates now in existence at ,windsor1 though many of them bear arms of an earlier date1 were executed about #adcj4 ,standard4 ,a long narrow flag1 introduced for the purpose of heraldic display1 in the time of ,,edward ,,iii41 but not in general use till a later period4 ,standards generally had the ,cross of ,,st4 ,,george next the staff1 to which succeeded the badge or badges and the motto of the owner4 ,see ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cjb4--,sixfoil4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cjd4--,stafford ,knot4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cje4--,stapleton ,badge4 ,staple4 ,borne by ,,stapleton3 ,no4 #cje represents a badge formed of two staples4 ,statant4 ,standing4 ,star4 ,see ,estoile and ,mullet2 also a knightly decoration4 ,stirrup4 ,borne1 with appropriate straps and buckles1 by ,,scudamore1 ,,giffard1 and a few others4 ,stock4 ,the stump of a tree4 ,stringed4 ,as a harp or a bugle-horn2 or1 suspended by1 or fastened with1 a string4 ,sun4 ,when represented shining and surrounded with rays1 he has a representation of a human face upon his disc1 and is blazoned ,in splendour4 ,sunbeams1 or ,rays1 are borne in blazon1 and form an early charge4 ,see ,collar4 ,supporter4 ,a figure of whatsoever kind that stands by a ,shield of arms1 as if supporting or guarding it4 ,single ,supporters occasionally appear1 but the general usage is to have a pair of ,supporters--one on each side of the supported ,shield4 ,they came gradually into use in the course of the fourteenth century1 but were not regularly established as accessories of ,shields till about #adbe1 or rather later4 ,at first they were generally alike1 being then duplicate representations of the badge1 but subsequently the more prevalent custom was that the two ,supporters should differ1 as in the case of the ,royal ,supporters1 the ,lion and the ,unicorn1 famous in ,history as in ,heraldry4 ,see ,bearer1 ,tenant1 and also ,chapter ,,xvi4 ,surcoat4 ,any garment worn over armour2 but especially the long flowing garment worn by knights over their armour until about #acbe1 when its form was modified by cutting it short in front1 and it was distinguished as a ,cyclas4 ,see ,jupon4 ,surmounted4 ,placed over another4 ,swan4 ,when blazoned proper1 white with black beak and red legs4 ,it is the badge of the ,,bohuns1 and of their descendants the ,,lancastrian ,,plantagenets1 the ,,staffords1 and some others4 ,this ,swan has his neck encircled with a coronet1 from which a chain generally passes over his back4 ,by ,,henry ,v41 the ,swan badge of his mother1 ,,mary ,,de ,,bohun1 was borne with the wings expanded4 ,sword4 ,when borne as a charge1 straight in the blade1 pointed1 and with a cross-guard4 ,all the appointments of the weapon are to be blazoned4 ,it appears1 as a spiritual emblem1 in several episcopal coats of arms2 in the arms of the ,,city ,,of ,,london1 ,no4 #cjf1 the first quarter of a ,shield of ,,st4 ,,george 7arg41 a cross gu47 is charged with a sword erect gules1 the emblem of ,,st4 ,,paul1 the special patron of the ,english metropolitan city4 ,the sword is also borne in blazon in its military capacity4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cjf4--;,arms of ,city of ,london4 ,tabard4 ,a short garment with sleeves1 worn in the ,tudor era4 ,it has the arms blazoned on the sleeves as well as on the front and back3 ,no4 #cjg1 the ,tabard of ,,william ,,fynderne1 ,esquire1 from his brass1 ,a4,d4 #addd1 at ,childrey in ,berkshire3 the arms are--,arg41 a chevron between three crosses pate sable1 the ordinary being charged with an annulet of the field for ,difference4 ,a similar garment is the official habit of heralds4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cjg4--,tabard2 ,a4,d4 #addd4 ,tau1 ,tau-,cross4 ,a cross formed like the letter ,t1 so called in ,greek1 ,no4 #ic2 borne as a charge in the arms of ,,drury1 ,,tawke1 and some others3 this charge is also called the ,cross of ,,st4 ,,anthony3 it is sometimes borne on a badge1 as in the ,bishop's ,palace at ,exeter4 ,see ,chapter ,,xv4 ,templars1 ,knights4 ,see ,chapter ,,xix4 ,tenent1 ,tenant4 ,used by ,french ,heralds to distinguish human figures from animals1 as supporters4 ,tenne1 or ,tawney4 ,a deep orange-colour2 in use in the ,middle ,ages as a livery-colour4 ,thistle4 ,the national ,badge of ,,scotland1 represented after its national aspect1 and tinctured proper4 ,,james ,i4 of ,great ,britain1 to symbolise the union of the two realms of ,england and ,scotland1 compounded a ,badge from the ,rose of one realm1 and the ,thistle of the other1 united by impalement under a single crown3 ,no4 #cjh4 ,the impaled rose and thistle is borne by the ,earl of ,,kinnoull1 repeated eight times upon a bordure4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cjh4--;,badge of ,james ,i4 ,timbre4 ,in the early ,heraldry of ,england1 this term denotes the true heraldic crest3 but1 in the modern ,heraldry of ,france1 the timbre is the ,helm in an armorial achievement4 ,timbred4 ,ensigned with a ,helm2 or1 if referring to an early ,english achievement1 with a ,crest4 ,it is a term very seldom met with in use4 ,tierce4 ,in tierce1 ,per tierce4 ,divided into three equal parts4 ,tinctures4 ,the two metals and the five colours of ,heraldry3 ,nos4 #ej-ef4 ,see page #dj4 ,it was one of the puerile extravagancies of the ,heralds of degenerate days to distinguish the ,tinctures by the names of the ,planets in blazoning the arms of ,sovereign ,princes1 and by the names of ,gems in blazoning the arms of ,nobles4 ,torse4 ,a crest-wreath4 ,torteau1 plural torteaux4 ,a red spherical ,roundle3 ,no4 #aeb4 ,tower1 ,turret4 ,a small castle4 ,towered4 ,surmounted by towers1 as ,no4 #bbb1 which is a ,castle triple towered4 ,transposed4 ,reversed4 ,trefoil4 ,a leaf of three conjoined foils1 generally borne slipped1 as in ,no4 #cji4 ,trefle1 or ,botone4 ,a variety of the cross3 ,no4 #ajc4 ,trefle also implies seme of trefoils4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cji4--,trefoil ,slipped4 ,treille1 ,trellis4 ,see page #ga1 and ,no4 #aej4 ,tressure4 ,a subordinary4 ,see pages #ff1 #fg2 and ,nos4 #ace-h4 ,tricked4 ,sketched in outline4 ,trippant1 or ,tripping4 ,in easy motion1 as a stag4 ,see page #ha2 and ,no4 #afh4 ,triton4 ,see ,mermaid4 ,trivet4 ,a circular or triangular iron frame1 with three feet1 borne by the family of ,,tryvett4 ,trogodice4 ,an animal like a reindeer4 ,trumpet4 ,in blazon usually a long straight tube1 expanding at its extremity3 ,no4 #caj1 from the brass to ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,trumpington1 at ,trumpingdon1 near ,cambridge2 ,a4,d4 #abgb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #caj4--,trumpet4 ,trussed4 ,with closed wings4 ,trussing4 ,devouring--applied to birds of prey4 ,tudor ,rose4 ,an heraldic rose1 quarterly gu4 and arg42 or a white heraldic rose1 charged upon a red one4 ,tun4 ,a cask2 the rebus of the final syllable ,,ton in many surnames4 ,see ,rebus4 ,tynes4 ,branches of a stag's antlers4 ,see ,attires4 ,ulster4 ,see ,baronet and ,herald4 ,undy1 ,unde4 ,wavy3 ,no4 #ch1 ,c4 ,unguled4 ,hoofed4 ,unicorn4 ,a well-known fabulous animal1 famous as the sinister supporter of the ,royal ,shield of ,england4 ,union ,jack4 ,the ,national ,ensign of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 fully described in ,chapter ,,xvii4 ,it is borne on an inescutcheon upon the arms of the ,duke of ,,wellington as an augmentation4 ,uriant4 ,a term said to be applied to a fish when it swims in a vertical position1 head downwards4 ,the reverse of ,hauriant1 q4v4 ,vair4 ,a ,fur3 ,nos4 #fa1 #fb1 #fc4 ,vane4 ,see ,fan4 ,vert4 ,in ,french ,heraldry1 ,sinople4 ,the colour green3 ,no4 #ee4 ,vervels1 ,varvals4 ,small rings4 ,vested4 ,clothed4 ,viscount4 ,the fourth degree of rank and dignity in the ,british ,peerage1 in ,latin ,vice-,comes1 introduced by ,,henry ,,vi41 ,a4,d4 #addj4 ,vice-comes is also the ,latin word for the office of ,sheriff4 ,a ,viscount is ,right ,honourable1 and is styled ,my ,lord4 ,all his sons and daughters are ,honourable4 ,his ,coronet1 granted by ,,james ,i41 has a row of sixteen pearls1 of comparatively small size set on the circlet2 in representations nine are shown3 ,no4 #caa4 ,the wife of a ,viscount is a ,viscountess1 who has the same rank1 style1 and coronet as her husband4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #caa4--;,circlet of a ,viscount's ,coronet4 ,vivre4 ,an early term1 fallen into general disuse2 but apparently denoting a ,barrulet or ,cotise ,dancette2 as in ,no4 #cab1 at ,st4 ,michael's ,church1 ,st4 ,albans4 ,voided4 ,having the central area removed4 ,voiders4 ,diminutives of ,flanches4 ,volant4 ,flying4 ,vorant4 ,devouring4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cab4--,shield at ,st4 ,michael's ,church1 ,st4 ,alban's4 ,vol4 ,two bird's wings conjoined1 having the appearance of an eagle displayed without its body3 ,no4 #bjg4 ,vulned4 ,wounded4 ,wake ,knot4 ,no4 #cac4 ,walled4 ,made to represent brick or stone-work4 ,the term masoned is1 however1 usually employed4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cac4--,wake ,knot4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cae4--,wyvern4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cad4--;,catherine ,wheel4 ,water ,bouget4 ,no4 #bah4 ,wattled4 ,having a comb and gills1 as a cock4 ,wavy1 ,unde4 ,no4 #ch1 ,c4 ,wheat-sheaf4 ,see ,garb4 ,wheel1 ,catherine ,wheel4 ,has curved spikes projecting from its rim3 ,no4 #cad3 from a shield upon a boss1 about ,a4,d4 #adjj1 in the south choir-aisle of the church of ,great ,yarmouth4 ,wreath1 ,crest-,wreath4 ,see ,crest-,wreath1 and ,no4 #bcc2 also ,chapter ,,xiv4 ,wreathed4 ,adorned with a wreath1 chaplet1 or garland2 or twisted into the form of a wreath1 c4 ,wyvern1 ,wivern4 ,a fabulous creature1 being a species of dragon with two legs3 ,no4 #cae4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,marshalling ,aggroupment-- ,combination-- ,quartering-- ,dimidiation-- ,impalement-- ,escutcheon of ,pretence-- ,marshalling the ,arms of ,widowers1 ,widows1 and others2 ,official ,arms2 and1 the ,accessories of ,shields4 ,marshalling is a conjoining of diverse ,coats in one ,shield4 --,,guillim4 ,upon this concise definition1 ,guillim1 in another part of his work1 adds the following comment3--,marshalling is an orderly disposing of sundry ,coat ,armours pertaining to distinct ,families1 and their contingent ornaments1 with their parts and appurtenances1 in their proper places4 ,hence it is apparent that this term1 ,marshalling1 implies-- #a4 ,first1 the bringing together and the disposition of two or more distinct ,coats in one ,shield3 #b4 ,secondly1 the aggroupment of two or more distinct ,coats to form a single heraldic composition1 the ,shields being still kept distinct from one another3 and1 #c4 ,thirdly1 the association of certain insignia with a ,shield of arms1 so as to produce a complete heraldic achievement4 ,the association of ,arms with ,names1 ,dignities1 and ,estates would necessarily require1 at an early period in the history of ,heraldry1 the establishment of some regular and recognised system for the combination and aggroupment of various distinct coats and insignia1 whenever a single individual became the representative of more than one family1 or was the hereditary possessor of several dignities and properties4 ,again3 it would be equally necessary that this system should extend to the becoming heraldic declaration and record of ,alliances of every kind1 including 7a matter of no little importance in the ,middle ,ages7 feudal dependence4 ,in another1 and a secondary sense1 this same term1 ,marshalling1 is used by ,heralds to denote the general arrangement and disposition of heraldic charges and insignia in blazon upon the field of a ,shield4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #caf4--,seal of ,margaret1 ,queen of ,edward ,i4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cag4--,seal of ,margaret1 ,lady de ,ros4 7,laing47 ,in its simplest form1 ,,marshalling is effected by ,aggroupment without ,combination--by placing two or more ,shields of arms1 that is1 in such positions as to form a connected group of distinct ,shields1 either with or without various accessories4 ,seals afford excellent examples of ,marshalling of this order4 ,these ,seals may be classified in two groups1--one1 in which an effigy appears2 and a second1 in which the composition does not include any effigy4 ,here ,i may observe that the same armorial blazonry that was displayed upon their military surcoats by ,princes1 ,nobles1 and ,knights1 was adopted by ,ecclesiastics for the decoration of their official vestments1 and also 7towards the close of the thirteenth century7 by ,ladies of rank1 as an appropriate style of ornamentation for their own costume3 and many examples of the effigies of ,ladies1 with a few of ,ecclesiatics1 adorned in this manner with heraldic insignia1 exist in ,seals and in ,monumental ,memorials4 ,in ,beverley ,minster there is a noble effigy of a priest1 a member of the great family of ,,percy 7about ,a4,d4 #accj71 the embroideries of whose vestments are elaborately enriched with numerous allied shields of arms4 ,upon his episcopal seal1 ,,lewis ,,beaumont1 ,bishop of ,durham from #acag to #accc1 has his effigy standing between two ,shields of ,arms 7to the dexter1 ,england2 to the sinister1 a cross potent between four groups of small crosses pates1 three crosses in each group71 while his chasuble is seme de lys and also charged with a lion rampant--the arms of the house of ,beaumont4 ,the obverse of the ,seal of ,,margaret1 daughter of ,,philip the ,hardy1 ,king of ,france1 the second ,queen of our ,,edward ,i41 illustrates this usage in the instance of ladies3 ,no4 #caf4 ,upon her tunic the ,queen has emblazoned the three lions of her royal husband2 on her right side is a shield of ,france1 the arms of her royal father2 and on the left side a corresponding shield is charged with a lion rampant4 ,i have already shown the reverse of this fine ,seal 7,no4 #bea71 which in the original is one inch more in depth than it appears in these woodcuts4#e ,other characteristic examples are the ,seals of ,,agnes ,,de ,,percy1 whose effigy1 having the arms of ,louvaine upon the tunic1 holds two armorial shields1 one in each hand3 and of ,,margaret1 ,countess of ,,lincoln and ,,pembroke 7about #abda71 who blazons the old arms of ,,de ,,laci--quarterly or and gu41 a bend sa41 over all a label vert--upon the tunic of her effigy1 and has the same arms on a ,shield to the dexter1 while another ,shield to the sinister is charged with the lion rampant1 borne by the ,,de ,,lacies as ,earls of ,,lincoln4 ,the effigies of illustrious ,ladies1 which appear on ,seals with allied ,shields of arms1 are not always represented in heraldic costume3 good examples are the ,seals of ,,isabelle ,,of ,,france1 ,queen of ,,edward ,,ii41 and of ,,elizabeth1 daughter of ,,edward ,i41 who was ,countess1 first of ,,holland1 and afterwards of ,,hereford3 both are engraved in ,sandford's ,genealogical ,history of ,england1 page #aba4 ,the ,seal of ,,margaret ,,bruce1 of ,skelton1 ,lady ,,de ,,ros1 attached to a deed1 dated #ahbj1 has the effigy of the noble lady1 wearing her ermine mantle1 and supporting two ,shields of arms--the ,shield of ,,de ,,ros1 gu41 three water-bougets arg41 to the dexter1 and a ,shield of ,,bruce1 a lion rampant3 ,no4 #cag4 ,i am indebted1 for the use of the excellent woodcut of this very interesting seal1 to ,mr4 ,laing of ,edinburgh1 the talented author of the two noble volumes on the ,early ,seals of ,scotland1 which occupy a foremost position amongst the most valuable as well as the most beautiful heraldic works that have ever been published in ,great ,britain4 7,see page #aa47 ,in the ,monumental ,brasses and also in the ,sculptured ,monumental ,effigies of ,ladies of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries1 heraldic costume is frequently represented1 and the figures are constantly associated with groups of ,shields of arms4 ,as most characteristic examples ,i may specify the effigy of a ,lady1 about ,a4,d4 #acbe1 at ,selby in ,yorkshire2 and the ,brass in ,westminster ,abbey1 ,a4,d4 #acii1 to ,,alianore ,,de ,,bohun1 ,duchess of ,,gloucester4 ,footnote #e3 ,in ,no4 #bea the initial ,a of the word ,,aqvitannie has been omitted4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cah4--,seal of ,joan1 ,countess of ,surrey4 ,the aggroupment of various armorial ensigns upon a ,seal1 without the presence of any effigy1 is exemplified in the characteristic ,seal of ,,joan1 daughter of ,,henry ,count ,,de ,,barre1 and of ,,alianore1 daughter of ,,edward ,i41 the widow of ,,john ,,de ,,warrenne1 ,earl of ,,surrey1 ,a4,d4 #acdg4 ,in this remarkable composition1 ,no4 #cah1 the arms1 blazoned on lozenges1 are1 in the centre1 ,warrenne2 in chief and base1 ,england2 and to the dexter and sinister1 ,de ,barre 7,no4 #afb73 also1 at the four angles of the group1 the lion and castle of ,leon and ,castile1 in direct allusion to the descent of the ,countess from ,,alianore1 first ,queen of ,,edward ,i4 ,in the original1 this elaborate composition is only one and a half inches in diameter4 ,still smaller1 measuring no more than one and a quarter inches in diameter1 and yet no less rich in either its ,heraldry or its ,gothic traceries1 is the beautiful little ,counter-seal of ,,mary ,,de ,,saint ,,paul1 wife of ,,aymer ,,de ,,valence1 ,earl of ,,pembroke1 which is faithfully shown on an enlarged scale1 in order to render the details more effectively1 in ,no4 #cai4 ,this illustrious lady1 who founded ,pembroke ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,a4,d4 #acgc1 was the daughter of ,,guy ,,de ,,chastillon1 ,count of ,,st4 ,,paul1 by his wife ,,mary1 daughter of ,,john ,,de ,,dreux1 ,duke of ,,brittany1 and of ,,beatrice1 sister of ,,edward ,i4 ,on her ,seal1 accordingly1 the ,countess of ,brittany marshals1 in the centre1 the arms of her husband 7,de ,valence3 ,no4 #hf71 and those of her father 7,de ,chastillon--gu41 three pallets vair1 on a chief or a label of three points az471 united upon a single shield by ,dimidiation--a process presently to be described3 to the dexter1 the arms of her ,royal relatives of ,england are blazoned in a circular compartment3 to the sinister1 in a similar compartment1 are the fleurs de lys of ,france ,ancient1 ,no4 #bdg1 at that time so closely allied with the ,english lions3 and1 finally1 in a third roundle1 in the base of the composition1 are the arms of ,de ,dreux 7cheque or and az41 within a bordure gu42#f over all a canton of ,brittany1 ,no4 #ae1 borne by the maternal grandfather of the ,countess3 the legend is1 ,s 4 ,,marie 4 ,,de 4 ,,seyn 4 ,,povl 4 ,,comitisse 4 ,,pemprochie4 ,the original impression of this ,seal1 from which the woodcut1 ,no4 #cai1 was drawn1 is appended to a charter1 dated #acdg1 which is preserved amongst the muniments of ,pembroke ,college4 ,a very good example of the aggroupment of ,shields upon a ,seal1 under conditions differing from those that now have been illustrated1 ,i have already given in ,no4 #bjd4 ,another beautiful and most interesting example1 now unfortunately partially mutilated1 is the ,seal of ,,matilda of ,,lancaster1 the wife1 first1 of ,,william ,,de ,,burgh1 ,earl of ,,ulster 7and by him mother of ,,elizabeth1 the wife of ,prince ,,lionel ,,of ,,clarence71 and1 secondly1 of ,sir ,,ralph ,,de ,,ufford4 ,this seal1 of circular form1 ,no4 #cbj1 displays to the dexter a shield of ,de ,burgh--or1 a cross gu42 to the sinister1 a shield of ,ufford--or1 a cross engrailed sa41 in the first quarter a fleur de lys1 for difference3 in base there is a lozenge of ,de ,chaworth 7the mother of the ,countess was ,,matilda ,,de ,,chaworth7--barrule arg4 and gu41 an orle of martlets sa42 and in chief there remains part of another lozenge of ,lancaster1 to complete this remarkable heraldic group4 ,of the legend there remains only 4 4 ,,illv ,,matild' 4 4 4 4 ,,se 4 4 4 ,the introduction of ,badges1 with a ,shield or ,shields of arms1 in the composition of a ,seal1 is another variety of this same system of ,marshalling4 ,no4 #cba1 the ,seal of ,,oliver ,,de ,,bohun1 exemplifies this usage1 having the white swan ,badge of the noble house of ,,bohun thrice repeated about the ,shield4 ,see ,no4 #aad4 ,also see1 in the frontispiece1 the ,seal of ,earl ,,richard ,,de ,,beauchamp1 ,no4 #ddi1 which is described in ,section ,,ii4 of ,chapter ,,xxii4 ,footnote #f3 ,in ,no4 #cai the bordure of ,de ,dreux in the roundle in base is charged with ,lions of ,england1 as borne by ,,john ,,de ,,dreux2 but the presence of these in the ,seal of the ,countess is uncertain4 ,see ,no4 #cbb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cai4--,seal of ,mary1 ,countess of ,pembroke4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbj4--,seal of ,matilda of ,lancaster4 ,marshalling by ,aggroupment was practised under another form by placing ,shields of arms in the different panels of the same architectural monument4 ,,marshalling by ,combination is effected by actually forming1 for the blazonry of a single ,shield1 a composition which includes the principal charges of two or more allied ,shields4 ,the composition of the ,shield borne by the house of ,,de ,,dreux1 to which ,i have just referred in describing the ,seal of the ,countess of ,pembroke1 ,no4 #cai1 is a most striking example of this variety of ,marshalling3 and this ,shield was borne by ,,john ,,de ,,dreux1 created ,earl of ,,richmond by his uncle ,king ,,edward ,i41 who lived and died in ,england1 as it is represented in ,no4 #cbb--the field1 cheque or and azure1 being for ,de ,dreux2 the canton ermine for ,brittany2 and the bordure1 gules charged with golden lions of ,england1 representing the royal ,shield of ,england1 and showing the close connection existing between the ,earl of ,richmond and his ,sovereign4 ,the shield of ,prince ,,john of ,,eltham 7,no4 #bd71 ,england within a bordure of ,france1 is another characteristic example of this ,marshalling by ,combination4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cba4--,seal of ,oliver de ,bohun4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbb4--,shield of ,earl ,john de ,dreux4 ,for many reasons1 except in particular instances1 these methods of ,marshalling were not considered to be altogether satisfactory4 ,accordingly1 a fresh arrangement was devised which would preserve intact the original integrity of each coat of arms1 would imply a definite systematic method of arrangement1 and would admit into a single composition any required number of distinct coats4 ,this ,,marshalling by ,quartering1 naturally suggested by such simple bearings as ,nos4 #af and #ag1 consists in dividing the ,shield1 as in ,no4 #cj1 into four parts1 and placing in each of these divisions or quarters one of the coats to be marshalled on a single ,shield4 ,if two coats only are thus to be quartered1 the most important of the two occupies the first quarter1 and is repeated in the fourth2 and1 the other coat is placed in the second quarter1 and repeated in the third4 ,the earliest example known in ,england is the quartered ,shield of ,castile and ,leon--quarterly3 first and fourth1 gules1 a castle triple-towered or2 second and third1 argent1 a lion rampant gu41 ,no4 #cbc4 ,this shield is sculptured upon the monument in ,westminster ,abbey to ,,alianore1 daughter of ,,ferdinand ,,iii41 ,king of ,,castile and ,,leon1 and ,queen of ,,edward ,i43 the date is #abij4 ,this form of ,marshalling began gradually to be adopted during the first half of the fourteenth century1 and in the second half of that century it became generally adopted4 ,other examples of quartered shields ,i have already given in ,nos4 #beb and #bec4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbc4--,shield of ,castile and ,leon4 ,should there be three ,coats to be quartered1 they would severally occupy the first1 second1 and third quarters of the ,shield1 in due order1 and the first quarter would be repeated in the fourth4 ,in quartering four coats1 no repetition would be necessary4 ,if more than four coats would require to be quartered1 the ,shield would be divided into whatever number of sections might be necessary1 as in ,no4 #cf1 and the required arrangement would be made2 should any repetition be necessary1 the first quarter is to be repeated in the fourth4 ,this process1 whatever the number of the coats thus marshalled 7and their number sometimes is very great71 is always entitled quartering2 and each of these divisions of a ,shield1 for the purpose of ,marshalling1 is distinguished as a ,quarter4 ,occasionally a quartered coat would have to be marshalled with others4 ,in the grand quartering which then takes place1 the quartered coat is treated precisely as any other member of the group4 ,see ,no4 #cg4 ,for example1 the ,shield1 ,no4 #cbd 7,r4 #b71 of ,,henry1 first ,earl of ,,northumberland1 is--,i4 and ,,iv4 ,grand ,quarters1--first and fourth1 or1 a lion rampt4 az41 for ,louvaine1 or ,percy modern3 second and third1 gu41 three lucies haurient arg4 7,no4 #afd7 for ,lucy3 ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 ,grand ,quarters1--az41 five fusils conjoined in fesse or1 for ,percy ancient4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbd4--,shield of ,henry1 ,earl of ,northumberland4 ,when a ,shield to be quartered has a very numerous array of ,quarterings1 ,grand ,quartering is seldom adopted2 but1 in its stead1 the new quarterings are marshalled in their proper succession1 with the original quarterings of the ,shield4 ,in this ,marshalling the first quarter is occupied by the most important quartering1 which is determined 7without any fixed rule7 by the original grant or licence3 the other quarterings follow1 in the order in which they may have been brought in to the composition4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbe4--,shield of ,mayor of ,winchelsea4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbf4--;,de ,valence1 dimidiating ,claremont ,nesle4 ,to denote and record ,,alliance ,,by ,,marriage1 two distinct ,coats were first marshalled upon a single ,shield by ,dimidiation4 ,this process is accomplished in the following manner4 ,the ,shield to be charged with the two ,coats in union is divided per pale1 as in ,no4 #bh3 on the dexter half the corresponding half1 or generally somewhat more than that half1 of the arms of the husband is marshalled3 then1 in like manner1 the sinister half is charged with the corresponding portion of the arms of the wife4 ,in the ,shield1 ,no4 #bej1 from another ,seal of ,queen ,,margaret1 ,england dimidiates ,france ancient1 ,nos4 #ahg and #bdg4 ,this ,dimidiation in most cases produces a singular effect2 as in ,no4 #cbe1 a ,shield from the ,seal of the ,mayor of ,winchelsea1 one of the famous ,sussex ,cinque ,ports1 which bears ,england dimidiating azure1 three hulls of ships1 in pale1 or3 here the dimidiated lions and ships appear to unite for the purpose of forming the most extravagant of compound monsters4 ,the ,seal of the ,borough of ,great ,yarmouth substitutes three herrings1 in allusion to the staple fishery of the port1 for the ships1 and dimidiates them with the national lions4 ,in the central ,shield of the ,seal1 ,no4 #cai1 ,i have shown ,de ,valence dimidiating ,de ,chastillon4 ,in ,no4 #cbf1 from the monument of ,,william ,,de ,,valence1 ,de ,valence appears dimidiating the ,french ,coat of ,claremont ,nesle--gu41 seme of trefoils1 two barbels haurient addorsed or3 the ,dimidiation here cuts off and removes one-half of the ,de ,valence martlets and also one of the two barbels of ,claremont4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbg4--;,camoys1 impaling ,mortimer4 ,the characteristic features of one or of both of the united ,coats1 as ,i have just shown1 being commonly rendered indistinct and uncertain by ,dimidiation1 that form of marshalling was generally superseded by ,,impalement in the course of the third quarter of the fourteenth century4 ,this process1 at once simple and effectual1 marshals the whole of the husband's arms on the dexter half of a ,shield divided per pale1 as ,no4 #bh2 and the whole of the arms of the wife on the sinister half of it4 ,such an impaled ,shield is borne by a husband and wife during their conjoint lives2 and should the wife become a widow1 by her the impaled arms are borne during her widowhood charged upon a lozenge4 ,the dexter half only--the husband's arms--of an impaled ,shield is hereditary4 ,fine examples of ,shields that are both impaled and quartered1 are preserved in the monuments of ,,edward ,,iii4 and his ,queen ,,philippa1 in the ,brass to ,,alianore ,,de ,,bohun1 and in the monument to ,,margaret ,,beaufort1 all in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,other fine examples occur on the monument of ,earl ,,richard ,,beauchamp1 at ,warwick4 ,no4 #cbg1 from the ,brass to ,,thomas1 ,,lord ,,camoys1 ,k4,g41 and his wife1 ,,elizabeth ,,mortimer 7the widow of ,,henry ,,hotspur71 at ,trotton1 in ,sussex1 ,a4,d4 #adaj1 marshals ,camoys--arg41 on a chief gu4 three plates1 impaling ,mortimer1 ,no4 #aca4 ,again1 at ,warwick1 the ,brass to ,earl ,,thomas ,,de ,,beauchamp and his ,countess1 ,,margaret ,,ferrers of ,groby1 ,a4,d4 #adjf1 has a ,shield of ,beauchamp--gu41 a fesse between six crosslets or1 impaling ,ferrers--gu41 seven mascles1 three three and one1 or4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbh4--;,d',aubigny1 impaling ,scotland4 ,it is to be observed that ,bordures and ,tressures1 which are not affected by ,quartering1 are dimidiated by ,impalement1--that is1 that side of both a ,bordure and a ,tressure which adjoins the line of ,impalement is generally removed3 thus1 one of the small ,shields sculptured upon the canopy of the monument of ,queen ,,mary ,,stuart1 at ,westminster1 is charged with ,d',aubigny impaling ,scotland1--that is1 az41 three fleurs de lys or1 within a bordure gu4 charged with eight buckles gold1 impaling ,no4 #ach4 ,this ,shield1 represented in ,no4 #cbh1 has both the bordure on its dexter half1 and the tressure on its sinister half1 dimidiated by the impalement4 ,there are other excellent examples of this partial dimidiating in the monuments of ,,margaret ,,tudor and ,,margaret ,,beaufort1 in the same chapel of ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the husband of an ,heiress or a ,co-heiress1 instead of impaling the arms of his wife1 marshals them upon his ,shield charged as an ,escutcheon of ,pretence4 ,the son of an heiress1 as heir to his maternal grandfather through his mother1 as well as to his own father1 quarters on his ,shield1 and transmits to his descendants1 the arms of both his parents1 his father's arms generally being in the first quarter4 ,the ,shield of ,,richard ,,beauchamp1 ,k4,g41 ,earl of ,,warwick 7died in #adci71 is a good example of the use of an ,escutcheon of ,pretence2 it is represented in ,no4 #cbi1 drawn from the garter-plate of the ,earl1 in ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 ,windsor4 ,the ,earl himself1 as his hereditary coat1 quarters ,beauchamp with ,newburgh--cheque or and az41 a chevron erm43 upon this1 for his ,countess1 ,,isabelle1 daughter and heiress of ,,thomas ,,le ,,despencer1 ,earl of ,,gloucester1 he marshals an ,escutcheon of ,pretence charged with ,de ,clare1 ,no4 #abd1 quartering ,le ,despencer--quarterly arg4 and gu41 in the second and third quarters a frette or1 over all a bend sa4 ,in the monument of this great ,earl1 at ,warwick1 upon the ,escutcheon of ,pretence the arms of ,bohun are quartered with those of ,clare and ,despencer4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cbi4--,shield of ,earl ,richard ,beauchamp4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ccj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cca4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ccb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ccc4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ccd4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cce4 ,a few very simple diagrams will clearly elucidate the principle of ,marshalling the arms of ,husband and ,wife4 ,suppose ,b 7,baron7 to represent the ,husband1 and ,f 7,femme7 the ,wife3 then1 ,no4 #ccj ,b may represent the arms of the ,husband1 and ,no4 #ccj ,f the arms of the ,wife4 ,if ,f be not an heiress1 the arms of ,b and ,f1 as husband and wife1 are borne impaled1 as in ,no4 #ccj ,b ,f2 and their son bears ,no4 #ccj ,b only4 ,if ,f be an heiress1 the arms of ,b and ,f1 as husband and wife1 are borne as in ,no4 #cca--the arms of the wife on an ,escutcheon of ,pretence2 and1 in this case1 the son of ,b and ,f quarters the arms of both his parents1 as ,no4 #ccb4 ,now1 suppose this son1 whose arms are ,no4 #ccb1 to marry a lady1 not an heiress1 whose arms are ,no4 #ccj ,f ,f1 he would simply impale the arms of his wife1 as in ,no4 #ccc1 and his son would bear ,no4 #ccb only1 as his father bore that quartered shield before his marriage4 ,but if the wife of the bearer of ,no4 #ccb were to be an heiress1 he would charge the arms of his wife in pretence upon his own hereditary paternal ,shield1 as in ,no4 #ccd2 and his son1 by this heiress1 as before1 would quarter the arms of both his parents1 as in ,no4 #cce4 ,it is obvious that ,marshalling on this system 7of which ,i here give the general outline7 admits of a widely-extended application4 ,younger sons in all cases place over all the quarterings of their ,shield their own distinctive ,mark of ,cadency1 until they inherit some different quartering from those to which the head of their house is entitled1 and the quartering itself then forms sufficient difference4 ,a ,widower who marries again places the arms of both his wives upon any permanent record1 but for ordinary purposes of use1 e4g4 on a seal or carriage1 bears only the arms of his living wife4 ,an ,unmarried ,lady bears her paternal arms on a lozenge1 without any ,helmet1 ,crest1 or ,motto4 ,a ,widow bears on a lozenge the arms borne by her husband and herself4 ,should she marry again1 a ,widow ceases to bear the arms of her former husband4 ,a ,peeress in her own right1 if married to a ,peer1 has both her own arms and those of her husband fully blazoned1 and the lozenge and the ,shield1 with all their accessories1 are marshalled to form a single united group1 the achievement of the husband having precedence to the dexter4 ,if married to a ,commoner1 a ,peeress in her own right bears her own arms on a lozenge as before1 and her husband marshals her arms ensigned with her coronet in pretence on his ,shield3 and this lozenge and ,shield are grouped together1 the lozenge yielding precedence4 ,prelates bear the arms of their see impaling their own paternal and hereditary arms1 the insignia of the see occupying the dexter half of the ,shield1 this ,shield being ensigned with a mitre only4 ,a married ,prelate bears also a second ,shield1 placed to the sinister of the other1 on which are marshalled1 in accordance with ordinary usage1 his own personal arms with those of his wife4 ,the mitre then is placed over the conjoined shields4 ,the ,kings of ,arms1 in like manner1 bear two ,shields1 disposed to form a single group3 on the dexter ,shield their official arms impale their personal2 and on the sinister ,shield their personal arms are marshalled with the arms of their wives4 ,again1 the same usage obtains in marshalling the arms of ,knights of ,orders of ,knighthood who1 when married1 bear two ,shields grouped together4 ,on the dexter ,shield are blazoned the arms of the ,knight himself alone2 and around this ,shield are displayed the insignia of his ,order1 or ,orders1 of ,knighthood3 and on the sinister ,shield the arms of the ,knight and of his wife are marshalled1 but without the knightly insignia4 ,this second ,shield is generally environed with decorative foliage4 ,this usage1 prevalent in ,england1 is not accepted or adopted by foreign ,heralds3 nor does it appear to be required by true heraldic principle1 or to be strictly in accordance with it4 ,the wife of a ,knight shares his knightly title1 and takes precedence from her husband's knightly rank2 and a knight1 with perfect heraldic consistency1 might marshal his own knightly insignia about the ,shield which is charged with his own arms and those of his wife1 whether united by impalement1 or when the latter are borne in pretence3 and thus a single ,shield would be borne1 and there would cease to exist any motive for endeavouring to impart to a second ,shield some general resemblance to its companion by wreaths or other unmeaning accessories4 ,there are ancient precedents for the use of a single shield4 ,official ,arms are not hereditary4 ,royal ,personages1 when married1 bear their own arms on a separate ,shield2 and a second ,shield bears the arms of the husband and wife conjoined4 ,the circumstances of every case must exercise a considerable influence in determining the ,marshalling of the ,accessories of any ,shield1 ,lozenge1 or ,group4 ,as a general rule1 however1 the ,helm always rests on the chief of the ,shield3 ,commoners1 ,knights1 ,baronets1 and ,peers place their ,crest upon the ,helm3 ,peers and ,princes place their ,helm upon the ,coronet1 and their ,crest is placed upon the ,helmet4 ,the ,,sovereign places the ,crest upon the ,royal ,crown1 which is a part of the ,royal ,crest1 and it is unusual to duplicate the ,crown by repeating it below the ,helmet4 ,the ,mantling is displayed from the back of the ,helm3 it is most effective when simple in its form and adjustment1 and when it droops behind the ,shield4 ,the ,motto is usually placed below the ,shield2 but if it has special reference to the ,crest1 above the ,crest4 ,a ,scottish motto always goes over the ,crest4 ,supporters are usually placed erect1 as if in the act of really supporting the ,shield3 they ought to stand either on an appropriate ground1 or on a ,gothic basement to the entire ,achievement4 ,badges1 with all ,official and ,knightly ,insignia1 and all other ,honourable ,insignia of every kind1 are rightly marshalled in an ,achievement of ,arms4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,cadency ,marks of ,cadency are temporary or permanent-- ,the ,label-- ,the ,bordure-- ,the ,bendlet1 ,barrulet1 and ,canton-- ,change of ,tincture-- ,secondary ,charges-- ,single ,small ,charges-- ,differences of ,illegitimacy-- ,cadency of ,crests1 ,badges1 c4-- ,modern ,cadency4 ,merke ye wele theys questionys here1 now folowying6 --,,boke ,,of ,,st4 ,,albans1 ,a4,d4 #adhf4 ,amongst his comrades in arms1 or in the midst of a hostile array1 the last object that a medival ,knight would expect or desire to observe1 on the morning of a battle or a joust1 would be an exact counterpart of himself4 ,occasions1 indeed1 might sometimes arise1 when it might be highly desirable that five or six counterfeit ,richmonds should accompany one real one to the field2 or1 when a wild boar of ,ardennes might prefer to encounter the hunters1 having about him the choice of his own boar's brood1 garnished at all points exactly after his own fashion4 ,these1 however1 are rare and strictly exceptional cases4 ,and the ,knight1 to whom distinction was as the breath of his nostrils1 as he closed his vizor trusted confidently to his heraldic insignia to distinguish him1 while1 in the fore-front of the fray1 with sword and lance and axe he would strive manfully to distinguish himself4 ,this implies that ,heraldry1 besides assigning to different families their own distinct insignia1 should possess the faculty of distinguishing the several members1 and also the various branches of the same family1 the one from the other4 ,a faculty such as this ,heraldry does possess1 in its marks of ,,cadency4 ,in marking ,cadency--that is1 in distinguishing the armorial insignia of kinsmen1 who are members of the very same family1 or of some one of its various branches1 it is a necessary condition of every system of ,differencing that1 while in itself clear and definite and significant1 it should be secondary to the leading characteristics of the original ,coat of ,arms which denotes the senior branch of the ,family1 and also declares from what fountain-head all the kinsmen of all the branches have derived their common descent4 ,various methods for thus marking ,cadency were adopted1 and accepted as satisfactory1 in the early days of ,heraldry4 ,of these ,i now shall describe and illustrate such as are most emphatic in themselves1 and in their character most decidedly heraldic1--such also as most advantageously may be retained in use in our own ,heraldry of the present time4 ,it will be seen that the ,differences which mark ,cadency necessarily resolve themselves into two groups or classes3 one1 in which the ,difference is temporary only in its significance and use1--as1 when an eldest son1 on the death of his father1 succeeds to the position in the family which his father had held1 he removes his ,mark of ,cadency as eldest son from his ,shield1 assumes the unmarked ,shield as his father had borne it before him1 and transfers to his own son the mark that previously had distinguished his ,shield from that of his father4 ,in the other group1 the ,marks of ,cadency are more permanent1 and consequently may become integral elements of the heraldic composition in which they appear3 thus1 the mark of ,cadency which distinguishes any particular branch of a family1 is borne alike by all the members of that branch1 and in that branch it is transmitted from generation to generation4 ,more than one ,mark of ,cadency may be introduced into the same ,coat of ,arms2 and1 for the purpose of some form of secondary distinction1 it is quite correct ,heraldry to mark ,marks of ,cadency--to charge one variety of mark1 that is1 upon another4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ccf4--;,eldest ,sons of ,edward ,i4 and ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ccg4--;,black ,prince4 ,the ,,label1 ,nos4 #bga1 #bgb1 is blazoned as a ,mark of ,cadency in the earliest ,rolls of ,arms1 and it appears discharging this duty in the earliest examples4 ,the ,label is generally borne with three points1 as in ,no4 #bga2 frequently with five1 as in ,no4 #bgb2 and occasionally with four or with more than five points4 ,it is quite certain that no significance was formerly attached to the number of the points1 the object in all cases being to make the ,label distinctly visible1 and to adjust the points to the general composition of the ,shield4 ,labels are of various tinctures4 ,,edward ,i41 ,,edward ,,ii41 and ,,edward ,,iii41 each one during the lifetime of his father1 bore the ,shield of ,england1 ,no4 #ahg1 differenced with an azure label1 sometimes of three points1 as in ,no4 #ccf1 and sometimes having five points4 ,,edward the ,,black ,,prince marked the ,royal ,shield of ,,edward ,,iii4 with a label argent1 as in ,no4 #ccg2 and a plain silver label has since been the ,mark of ,cadency of every succeeding heir-apparent to the ,english throne4 ,the ,label has been used in this manner by personages of all ranks who have borne arms1 from the time of ,,henry ,,iii42 and examples abound in all the early ,rolls of ,arms1 in ,monuments1 and upon ,seals4 ,the ,label1 borne as a ,mark of ,cadency1 was sometimes1 particularly in the cases of junior members of the ,royal ,family1 charged with other figures and devices1 as differences of a secondary rank4 ,or1 when it is thus charged1 the charges upon a ,label may be considered to be elements of the ,label itself1 in its capacity of a ,mark of ,cadency4 ,,edmond1 the first ,earl of ,,lancaster1 as ,i have already shown1 ,no4 #bdi1 differenced his father's ,arms of ,england with a ,label of ,france1 ,no4 #cch--;an azure label1 that is1 charged with golden fleurs de lys1 to denote his ,french alliance2 and thus by the same process he was ,marshalling and ,marking ,cadency4 ,,john ,,of ,,ghent1 ,duke of ,,lancaster1 differenced with an ermine ,label1 ,no4 #cci1 derived from the ermine shield of ,brittany 7,no4 #ae73 and the ,plantagenet ,dukes of ,,york charged each point of their silver ,label with three torteaux1 ,no4 #cdj1 which may be considered to have been derived from the shield of ,wake 7,no4 #hb74 ,in order to show them on a larger scale1 the ,labels in ,nos4 #cch-cdc are represented without the ,shields on which they were charged4 ,all these ,shields would be repetitions of the same blazonry of ,france and ,england quarterly3 ,nos4 #beb and #bec4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cch4--,lancaster4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cci4--;,brittany4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cdj4--,york4 ,the ,label1 with various ,differences1 has generally been the ,royal ,mark of ,cadency2 and now differenced silver ,labels are borne1 to mark ,cadency1 by every member of our ,royal ,family4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cda4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cdb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cdc4 ,like the points of ,labels1 the ,charges blazoned on those points had no fixed or determinate numbers4 ,that both the ,labels and their ,charges should be distinct and conspicuous1 was the special object with which they were blazoned4 ,accordingly1 in different examples of the same ,label the number of the repetitions of the ,charges sometimes is found to differ4 ,at the same time1 in the earliest examples of charged ,labels1 the repetitions of the ,charges1 while devoid of any special differencing aim or meaning1 may be considered to have been suggested by the sources from which the ,charges themselves were derived4 ,for example3 the ,label of ,lancaster1 ,no4 #cch1 of ,earl ,,edmond1 derived directly from the ,shield of ,france ancient1 ,no4 #bdg1 with its field seme de lys1 has three fleurs de lys upon each point1 so that this ,label has the appearance of being also seme de lys4 ,had it been derived from the ,shield of ,france modern1 ,no4 #bdh1 charged with three fleurs de lys only1 a single fleur de lys in all probability would have been blazoned on each of the three points of this same ,label4 ,upon this principle the ,label of ,prince ,,lionel1 ,,duke of ,,clarence1 second son of ,,edward ,,iii41 which is differenced with cantons gules1 has a single canton on each point1 as in ,no4 #cda1 evidently because only a single canton can be blazoned on a ,shield4 ,the figures and devices that are charged for secondary difference upon ,labels vary widely in their character2 but1 however difficult it now may be in very many instances to trace these differencing charges to their sources1 and so to determine the motive which led to their adoption1 there can be no doubt that originally they were chosen and adopted for the express purpose of denoting and recording some alliance or dependency4 ,some early ,labels are of a compound character2 that is1 they are charged with two distinct groups of devices1 which are at once divided and conjoined by impalement4 ,such a ,label was borne by ,prince ,,henry1 son of ,,john of ,,ghent1 between the time of his father's death and his own accession as ,,henry ,,iv4 7,feb4 #c to ,sept4 #cj1 #acii73 it was a ,label of five points per pale of ,brittany and ,lancaster1 ,no4 #cdb1 being his father's ,label impaling that of his mother's father4 ,the second son of this ,prince1 ,,thomas ,duke of ,,clarence1 instead of adopting impalement1 charged a red canton upon each point of an ermine ,label1 as in ,no4 #cdc3 while his brother1 ,,john ,duke of ,,bedford1 bore their father's ,label1 ,no4 #cdb4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cdd4--;,holland1 of ,kent4 ,the ,,bordure1 both plain and charged1 is a ,mark of ,cadency borne by ,princes and by personages of various ranks4 ,,edmond1 youngest son of ,,edward ,i41 differenced ,england with a plain silver bordure1 as in ,no4 #cdd3 the ,,hollands1 ,earls of ,,kent1 did the same3 and the same silver bordure also was borne by ,,thomas1 youngest son of ,,edward ,,iii41 about the quartered shield of ,france ancient and ,england2 and about the quartered shield of ,france modern and ,england by ,,humphrey1 youngest son of ,,henry ,,iv4 ,prince ,,john of ,,eltham1 as ,i have already shown1 and after him the ,,hollands1 ,dukes of ,,exeter1 differenced ,england with a ,bordure of ,france3 ,no4 #bd4 ,though not so numerous as ,labels1 ,bordures employed to mark ,cadency exist in very many early examples1 and a variety of devices appear charged upon them for secondary ,difference4 ,see ,no4 #adj4 ,in the ,royal ,heraldry of our own times the ,bordure is not used as a ,royal ,difference2 but its use is retained in ,scotland for differencing ,shields of less exalted rank4 ,in some few early ,examples a ,,bendlet is charged upon the paternal shield as a mark of ,cadency3 and a ,,barrulet is found to have been also used for the same purpose4 ,thus1 ,,henry1 second son of ,,edmond the first ,earl of ,,lancaster1 during the lifetime of his elder brother1 differenced ,england with an azure ,bendlet1 as in ,no4 #cde3 and1 in the ,seal of ,,henry ,,de ,,percy1 son and heir of ,,henry third ,baron1 the lion is debruised1 for ,difference1 by a ,barrulet which crosses the ,shield in the honour-point4 ,possibly1 this ,barrulet may be a ,label without points4 ,a ,,canton1 plain1 or more frequently charged1 and in many examples of ermine1 is also added to ,shields to mark ,cadency1 but more frequently nowadays its use denotes absence of blood descent4 ,see ,nos4 #abh1 #abi1 #acj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cde4--;,henry of ,lancaster4 ,to mark ,cadency by a change of ,tinctures was a simple expedient1 and such a one as would naturally be practised at an early period4 ,it was effected1 first1 in the case of the ,field3 thus 7,h4 #c7 the brothers ,,de ,,la ,,zouche severally bear--,gu41 bezante1 and1 ,az41 bezante2 and the brothers ,,furnival 7,h4 #c7 bear--,arg41 a bend between six martlets gu41 and1 ,or1 a bend between six martlets gu4 ,secondly1 the change is effected in the ,charges3 thus1 two ,william ,,bardolfs 7,h4 #c and ,e4 #b7 severally bear--,az41 three cinquefoils or1 and1 ,az41 three cinquefoils arg4 ,thirdly1 the tinctures are reversed3 for example1 for two ,sir ,,john ,,harcourts 7,e4 #b7--;,gu41 two bars or1 and1 ,or1 two bars gu4 ,fourthly1 there is a complete change in all the tinctures3 and so1 while ,sir ,,andrew ,,loterel 7,e4 #b7 bears--,or1 a bend between six martlets sa41 ,sir ,,geffrey ,,loterel 7,e4 #b7 bears--,az41 a bend between six martlets argent4 ,finally1 this system of marking ,cadency admits various modifications of the changes already described3 thus1 in the ,arms of ,mortimer1 ,no4 #aca1 gules is substituted for azure2 and1 again1 in the same ,shield an inescutcheon ermine takes the place of the inescutcheon argent4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cdf4--;,beauchamp of ,elmely4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cdg4--;,beauchamp at ,carlaverock4 ,another and a favourite method of marking ,cadency1 calculated to exercise a great and decided influence in the development of heraldic blazon1 is the addition of secondary ,charges of small size 7not on a ,label or a ,bordure but7 seme over the field of a ,shield1 or charged upon an ,ordinary1 or disposed in orle4 ,in a large number of examples1 these small charges are found to have been gradually reduced to six or three1 in order to admit of their being blazoned on a somewhat larger scale1 and consequently made more distinct4 ,again3 while the number and the tinctures of the secondary differencing charges remain the same1 in order to carry out the ,cadency still farther the secondary charges themselves are varied3 and1 once more1 in other cases the identity of the original secondary charges is retained1 but their number is increased or diminished4 ,i must be content to illustrate these various forms of ,cadency with a few examples only4 ,first1 a group of shields of the ,,beauchamps3--,beauchamp of ,elmely 7,h4 #c7--;,gu41 a fesse or1 ,no4 #cdf3 ,beauchamp at ,carlaverock--,gu41 crusile and a fesse or1 ,no4 #cdg3 ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick--,gu41 a fesse between six crosses crosslets or1 ,no4 #cdh3 and ,beauchamp of ,bletshoe--,gu41 a fesse between six martlets or1 ,no4 #cdi4 ,second1 a corresponding group of shields of the ,,berkeleys3--,maurice de ,barkele 7or ,berkeley7--,gu41 a chevron arg4 7,h4 #c73 and then for other ,berkeleys--,gu41 a chevron between ten crosses pattes1 six and four1 arg42 and the same ,ordinary1 with either ten cinquefoils of silver1 or the same number of white roses4 ,three ,,corbets bear severally 7,e4 #b7--,or1 a raven sa42 ,or1 two ravens sa42 and1 ,or1 three ravens sa4 ,and1 once more1 their original ,shield--,gu41 a chevron or1 is differenced by the ,,cobhams by charging the ,ordinary with three lioncels1 three eaglets1 three crosslets1 three mullets1 three estoiles1 three crescents1 or three fleurs de lys1 all of them sable4 ,the particular devices and figures selected thus to mark ,cadency1 like those charged upon ,labels or ,bordures1 must be considered to have a special significance of their own1 though this significance may frequently fail to be discerned in consequence of our being no longer able to trace out their association with the sources from which they were obtained4 ,the alliances and the incidents that give these various ,marks of ,cadency1 when it is possible to ascertain what they may have been1 illustrate in a striking manner the motives by which the early ,heralds were influenced when they differenced the ,arms of ,kinsmen4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cdh4--;,beauchamp of ,warwick4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cdi4--;,beauchamp of ,bletshoe4 ,official ,insignia sometimes become ,marks of ,cadency4 ,thus1 ,,john ,,de ,,grandison1 ,bishop of ,exeter 7,a4,d4 #acbg-acfi71 on the bend in his paternal arms1 ,no4 #hi1 substitutes a golden mitre for the central eaglet1 as in ,no4 #cej4 ,,william ,,courtenay1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury 7,a4,d4 #acha-acif71 adopts a different course1 and charges three golden mitres upon each point of the ,label of ,courtenay--,or1 three torteaux1 over all a label of three points az4 charged on each point with as many mitres gold4 ,and again1 ,,henry ,,le ,,despencer1 ,bishop of ,norwich 7,a4,d4 #acgj-adjf71 places about his paternal shield an azure bordure charged with eight golden mitres 7see the largest shield in ,no4 #cea74 ,on his official seal the canopied effigy of the ,bishop stands between this1 his personal ,shield1 and the ,shield of his see--az41 three mitres or3 but his ,secretum1 or private seal1 is much more interesting1 as an heraldic image of the man himself4 ,haughty1 fierce1 cruel1 and pugnacious1 his career not less inglorious as a military commander than as a churchman1 this ,,henry ,,le ,,despencer1 a grandson of the unhappy favourite of the no less hapless ,,edward ,,ii41 was one of the war-loving prelates who occasionally appear sustaining a strange1 and yet as it would seem a characteristic1 part in the romantic drama of medival history4 ,his ,secretum1 ,no4 #cea1 displays his ,shield of ,despencer1 differenced with his bordure of mitres1 couch from a large mantled helm1 surmounted by a mitre1 in place of a crest-coronet1 which supports the ,despencer crest1 a silver griffin's head of ample size2 on either side are the ,shields of the see of ,norwich1 and of ,ferrers 7the ,bishop's mother was ,anne1 daughter of ,,william ,lord ,,ferrers of ,groby7--,or1 seven mascles1 three three and one1 gu42 the legend is1 ,s 4 ,,henrici 4 ,,despencer 4 ,,norwicensis 4 ,,episcopi4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cej4--;,bishop ,grandison4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cea4--,secretum of ,bishop le ,despencer4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ceb4--,sir ,fulk ,fitz ,warin4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cec4--,thomas le ,scrope4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ced4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cee4 ,at an early period1 ,cadency was marked by adding a single small charge to the blazon of a ,shield1 or by charging some secondary device or figure upon any accessory of a ,shield of arms4 ,such a ,mark of ,cadency as this1 obtained from some allied ,shield1 and charged upon an ordinary or principal bearing1 or occupying a conspicuous position in the general composition1 was in high favour with the ,heralds of both the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries4 ,from the early examples1 which exist in great numbers and in as great variety1 it will be sufficient for me to adduce only a few specimens--a single example1 indeed1 illustrates the system4 ,the ,shield of ,ufford1 in the ,seal of ,,matilda of ,,lancaster1 which ,i have already described 7,no4 #cbj71 is thus differenced with a single fleur de lys in the first quarter4 ,precisely in the same manner ,sir ,,fulk ,,fitz ,,warin differences the ,shield of the head of his house1 ,no4 #ag1 by charging a mullet sable upon the first quarter1 as in ,no4 #ceb4 ,,thomas ,,le ,,scrope1 on the other hand1 for ,cadency marks the golden bend upon his azure ,shield1 ,no4 #aaa1 with an annulet sable1 as in ,no4 #cec4 ,two members of the family of ,beauchamp charge their golden fesse 7see ,nos4 #cdf-cdi71 the one with a crescent sable1 and the other with a pierced mullet of the same tincture3 ,nos4 #ced1 #cee4 ,in like manner1 in addition to various labels1 the ,,nevilles charge no less than eight different small figures upon their silver saltire1 ,no4 #aba1 to distinguish different members and branches of their powerful race3 ,i give one of these ,shields in ,no4 #cef1 which was borne by ,,george ,,neville1 ,lord ,,latimer1 from the monument to ,earl ,,richard ,,de ,,beauchamp at ,warwick--,gu41 on a saltire arg4 a gimmel-ring az43 another differenced shield of ,neville1 ,no4 #ceg1 has a cinquefoil charged on the saltire3 a third example from this group ,i have already given1 ,no4 #abb1 differenced with a rose3 this shield1 ,no4 #abb1 is now borne by the ,earl of ,,abergavenny4 ,once more3 ,sir ,,william ,,de ,,brewys 7,e4 #b7 bears--,az41 crusile and a lion rampt4 or1 ,no4 #ceh1 which coat another ,sir ,,william ,,de ,,brewys differences1 to distinguish himself from his kinsman1 while at the same time declaring their near relationship1 by simply charging a red fleur de lys upon his lion's shoulder4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cef4--,lord ,latimer4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ceg4--,neville4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ceh4--,sir ,william de ,brewys4 ,differences of ,illegitimacy1 which rightly and indeed necessarily are included under the general head of ,cadency1 do not appear at any time to have assumed a definite or decided character1 and yet they bring before the student of ,heraldry much curious matter for inquiry and investigation4 ,early in the true heraldic era illegitimate sons are found to have differenced their paternal arms1 as other sons lawfully born might have done3 and it does not appear that any peculiar methods of differencing were adopted1 palpably for the purpose of denoting illegitimacy of birth1 before the fourteenth century had drawn near to its close4 ,and even then1 if any express heraldic rule on this point ever was framed1 which is very doubtful1 it certainly was never observed with any care or regularity4 ,the earliest known example of the arms of a man of illegitimate birth is the fine ,shield of ,,william ,,longesp,e1 ,earl of ,,salisbury1 son of ,,henry ,,ii4 and ,,fair ,,rosamond1 ,no4 #aig4 ,this ,shield is supposed to have been assumed and borne by the ,earl on his marriage with the daughter and heiress of ,d',,evreux1 when in right of his wife he succeeded to the ,earldom of ,salisbury3 but this theory does not rest upon any solid foundation1 since it would be very difficult to show that the ,shield with the six lioncels was certainly borne1 on his armorial ensign1 by the father-in-law of ,earl ,william4 ,also1 if a ,shield charged with an escarbuncle and many lioncels1 which has been assigned to ,,geoffrey ,count of ,,anjou1 was really borne by the ,founder of the ,house of ,,plantagenet1 ,earl ,,william ,,longesp,e may have derived his own ,shield from his paternal grandfather4 ,upon his ,counterseal the ,earl displays his own long sword as his proper device4 ,in like manner1 certain other personages1 also illegitimate1 appear to have borne arms which were either expressly assigned to themselves by the ,sovereign1 or such as they assumed in right of their mothers or wives4 ,in all such cases as these1 the ,arms were not the paternal coat in any way differenced1 but what now would be designated fresh grants4 ,towards the beginning of the fifteenth century1 however1 a peculiar kind of ,differencing for ,illegitimacy gradually prevailed throughout ,europe3 thus1 illegitimate children either altered the position of the charges in their paternal ,shield2 or they marshalled the entire paternal arms upon a bend or a fesse2 or they composed for themselves a fresh ,shield1 either using their father's badges and the actual charges of his ,shield1 or adopting devices evidently derived from the paternal bearings2 or they bore the paternal ,shield differenced in a peculiarly conspicuous manner with certain marks by which they might be readily and certainly distinguished4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cei4--;,henry1 ,earl of ,worcester4 ,when the composition of the paternal ,shield would admit of such an arrangement1 the field not being argent1 an illegitimate son sometimes bore his father's arms marshalled fesse-wise1 so as to leave both the chief and the base of his ,shield plain white4 ,,henry1 ,earl of ,,worcester1 whose father was an illegitimate son of ,,henry ,,beaufort1 third ,duke of ,,somerset1 bore the arms of ,beaufort couped in this manner in chief and in base1 as if they were charged upon a very broad fesse on the field3 ,no4 #cei4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfj4--;,beaufort before #acig4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfa4--;,beaufort after #acig4 ,,john ,,de ,,beaufort 7great-grandfather of ,,henry1 ,earl of ,,worcester71 eldest illegitimate son of ,prince ,,john of ,,ghent1 before the ,act for his legitimation was passed in the year #acig1 bore his father's hereditary arms of ,lancaster--,england with a label of ,france1 ,no4 #bdi--on a broad bend1 the field being per pale arg4 and az41 the ,lancastrian livery colours3 ,no4 #cfj4 ,after their legitimation act had become a law1 this same ,,john ,,de ,,beaufort1 with his brothers1 sons1 and grandsons1 bore the ,royal quartered shield of ,france and ,england1 ,no4 #cfa1 differenced1 not with labels1 but with a bordure compone arg4 and az4 7the ,lancastrian colours73 the different members of the ,beaufort family slightly varied the bordure1 but by the head of their house it was borne as in ,no4 #cfa4 ,it will be seen that this is the coat that ,,henry1 ,earl of ,,worcester 7himself the legitimate son of an illegitimate son71 bore fesse-wise1 as in ,no4 #cei4 ,the father of this ,earl ,,henry1 ,,charles ,,somerset1 ,earl of ,,worcester 7illegitimate son of the third ,duke of ,,somerset71 differenced ,beaufort1 ,no4 #cfa1 with a silver bendlet sinister1 as in ,no4 #cfb1 the bendlet covering the quarterings1 but being included within the bordure4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfb4--;,charles1 ,earl of ,worcester4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfc4--,sir ,roger de ,clarendon4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfd4--,radolphus de ,arundel4 ,since the fifteenth century1 in ,english ,heraldry1 a narrow bendlet or baton sinister1 couped at its extremities1 either plain or charged1 has usually been the mark employed as difference by the illegitimate descendants of the ,royal ,family4 ,it was borne by ,,arthur ,,plantagenet1 ,viscount ,,lisle1 son of ,,edward ,,iv43 by ,,henry ,,fitz ,,roy1 ,duke of ,,richmond1 son of ,,henry ,,viii41 and1 variously differenced1 by illegitimate descendants of ,,charles ,,ii4--that is1 it is borne at the present day1 argent1 by the ,duke of ,,buccleuch2 ermine1 by the ,duke of ,,cleveland2 compone arg4 and az41 by the ,duke of ,,grafton2 and1 gules charged with three white roses1 by the ,duke of ,,st4 ,,albans4 ,sir ,,roger ,,de ,,clarendon1 illegitimate son of the ,,black ,,prince1 bore on a sable bend the three ,ostrich ,feathers of his illustrious father's ,shield of ,peace1 the field of his ,shield being golden1 as in ,no4 #cfc4 ,here the ,difference for ,illegitimacy is very emphatically marked in a singularly felicitous and beautiful ,shield4 ,the paternal arms of illegitimate children have also sometimes been carried by them charged on a canton1 either dexter or sinister1 the rest of the ,shield being left blank1 or perhaps in some cases displaying the maternal arms2 of this usage ,i am not able to give any good example1 in ,english ,heraldry1 of certain authority3 one other variety of these singular ,shields1 however1 ,i must add to my small group of examples1 which was first noticed by ,mr4 ,,montagu 7,guide to the ,study of ,heraldry1 p4 #dd74 ,this is the ,shield1 ,no4 #cfd1 of ,,radolphus ,,de ,,arundel2 and it bears the quartered arms of the ,earls of ,,arundel--,fitz ,alan and ,warrenne 7gu4 a lion rampt4 or1 and ,no4 #fh71 flanched1--that is1 blazoned only upon the flanches 7see ,no4 #ada7 of the ,shield1 the central area being blank4 ,for a lengthy period the use of the bend1 bendlet1 and baton sinister was usual for the purpose of denoting illegitimacy1 but this has now given way to the use1 in ,england1 of a bordure wavy2 in ,scotland1 of a bordure compony2 whilst in ,ireland both these bordures are used1 more usually1 however1 the bordure wavy being employed4 ,by a curious divergence the bordure wavy is not a mark of illegitimacy in ,scotland1 but a mark of perfectly legitimate cadency4 ,the use of the bendlet sinister for the debruising of crests still exists in ,england and ,ireland1 but crests are not usually differenced for any reason in ,scotland4 ,in treating of this subject1 some writers have maintained that the bordure compone is1 in its heraldic nature1 the most decided and unquestionable ,difference for ,illegitimacy3 and this opinion these writers have derived from the singularly contradictory fact1 that the ,,beauforts differenced with a bordure compone when they became legally legitimate4 ,a bordure compone may1 indeed1 be used with such an intention1 as it is used by the ,duke of ,,richmond1 who bears the arms of ,,charles ,,ii4 within a bordure compone arg4 and gu41 charged with eight roses of the last2 but by the ,,beauforts it was used with an intention exactly the reverse of this4 ,the bordure1 however1 whatever its aspect or modification of treatment1 remains still1 as it was of old1 an honourable ,difference1 until some abatement of honour has been associated with its presence under special circumstances4 ,but the stereotyped use of the bordure wavy in ,england with a set meaning1 gives to the wavy variety a lack of desirability4 ,marks of illegitimacy are intended to remain upon a shield for all time1 although in a few historic cases their use has been discarded4 ,and precisely the same words may be applied to any other charge that has been employed1 or may be required to mark ,cadency4 ,marks of ,cadency1 as they are borne on ,shields of ,arms1 may also be charged on ,badges1 ,crests1 and ,supporters4 ,as a matter of course1 they appear on ,armorial ,banners and ,standards under the same conditions that they are blazoned upon ,shields and ,surcoats4 ,such examples as may be necessary to illustrate heraldic usage in these cases1 ,i propose to describe in the following ,chapters4 ,it cannot be necessary for me to adduce any arguments in order to impress upon ,students of ,heraldry the importance of investigating early ,cadency1 or to assure them that a special interest is inseparable from this inquiry3 ,i may suggest1 however1 that it is most desirable that ,students should arrange groups of allied ,shields1 and should carefully blazon them with their various ,marks of ,cadency1 being careful also to record their authorities for every example4 ,,modern ,,cadency is marked by the ,label and by single small ,charges1 which take precedence in the following order3-- #a4 ,the ,label1 ,no4 #bga4 #b4 ,the ,crescent1 ,no4 #aff1 ,a4 #c4 ,the ,mullet1 ,no4 #bgh4 #d4 ,the ,martlet1 ,no4 #afa4 #e4 ,the ,annulet1 ,no4 #aed4 #f4 ,the ,fleur de lys1 ,no4 #bdf4 #g4 ,the ,rose1 ,no4 #bih4 #h4 ,the ,cross ,moline1 ,no4 #ii4 #i4 ,the ,octofoil1 or ,double ,quatrefoil4 ,when they are adopted1 ,marks of ,cadency now are generally placed upon the ,honour ,point of the ,shield1 or in some other conspicuous position3 one of these ,marks also may be charged upon another1 if desired1--as a ,martlet may be charged upon a ,crescent to denote the fourth son of a second son2 and so in other cases4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfe4--,seal of ,william ,fraser3 appended to ,homage ,deed1 ,a4,d4 #abie1 preserved in ,h4,m4 ,record ,office4 ,the ,seal of ,,william ,,fraser1 ,no4 #cfe1 from ,mr4 ,laing's ,collection1 exemplifies in a singular and interesting manner the early use of a differenced ,label4 ,here the ,label appears1 without any ,shield1 borne as if it were a ,badge3 and it is charged1 on each of its three points1 with two devices that have the appearance of mullets of six points1 but which really may be fraises--strawberry-leaves1 the rebus-device of ,fraser4 7,see pp4 #ahb-ahe47 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,differencing ,differencing to denote ,feudal ,alliance or ,dependency3 ,differencing without any ,alliance-- ,augmentation-- ,abatement4 ,differencing1 which comprises in truth the growth and ramification of ,coat-,armour1 and the whole system of its early development1 has been strangely lost sight of in the numerous treatises on ,armory that have satisfied recent generations of ,englishmen4 --,,herald ,,and ,,genealogist1 ,,ii4 #cb4 ,,differencing1 using the term here as distinct from1 or perhaps as not identical with1 the subject of ,,cadency1 includes not only the treatment of ,coats of ,arms and other armorial insignia1 that denote and are based upon ,feudal ,alliance or ,dependency1 but without blood-relationship2 but also implies a comprehensive system of distinguishing similar ,arms1 when they are borne by individuals or families between whom no kind of alliance is known to have existed4 ,it is evident1 on the one hand1 that a feudal influence would naturally lead to some degree of assimilation to the ,coat-,armour of the feudal ,chief1 in the ,arms of all allies and dependants3 and1 on the other hand1 it will readily be understood that1 even in the early days of its career1 ,heraldry would see the necessity for providing for the constantly increasing demands upon its resources2 and1 consequently1 that it would organise a system which would enable the same ,ordinaries and the same principal ,charges to appear in distinct ,shields1 without either confusion or misapprehension4 ,it is highly probable1 and indeed it may be assumed to be certain1 that what ,i have called a feudal influence1 in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in no slight degree affected the general composition of ,coats of ,arms4 ,in very many instances the working of this influence is still palpable2 and it is always interesting to the student of ,heraldry1 as it must always be eminently useful to the student of ,history1 to detect its presence and to explore its method of action4 ,like ,cadency1 feudal ,differencing is expressed by various means1 all of them indicating1 in a greater or a less degree1 the motive which suggested their adoption4 ,i proceed at once to examples1 which illustrate and explain the system so clearly and so fully1 that prolonged introductory remarks are altogether superfluous4 ,upon his ,seal1 ,,ranulph ,,de ,,blondeville1 ,earl of ,,chester 7died in #abcb7 bears three garbs or wheat-sheaves2 and ,rolls of ,arms of the time of ,,henry ,,iii4 blazon the ,shield of the ,earl of ,,chester as--,az41 three garbs or1 ,no4 #cff4 ,this ,shield has been assigned to the ,earls of ,,chester to this day3 and1 in token of feudal alliance1 from the middle of the thirteenth century1 one or more garbs1 in the words of ,mr4 ,,planch1 are seen in the majority of ,coats belonging to the nobility and gentry of the ,county ,palatine of ,chester4 ,thus1 since the year #acij1 the arms of ,,grosvenor have been--,az41 a garb or4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cff4--;,earl of ,chester4 ,a cinquefoil1 said to have been borne by him on a red ,shield1 was the device of ,,robert ,,fitz-,,pernel1 ,earl of ,,leicester1 who died in #abjd4 ,accordingly1 the cinquefoil1 derived from him1 as early as the thirteenth century1 appears in token of feudal connection on the ,shields of many families of ,leicestershire4 ,as ,i have already shown1 7page #ahc7 a ,,berkeley1 who was of ,leicestershire1 substituted ten cinquefoils for the ten crosses pate of the ,berkeley ,shield2 and thus he combined feudal ,differencing with ,cadency4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfg4--;,fitz ,ralph4 ,many a red chevron or chevronel1 with other devices1 charged upon a golden field1 or a gold chevron on a red field1 is a sign of feudal alliance with the great house of ,,de ,,clare1 whose ,shield was--,or1 three chevronels gu41 ,no4 #abd4 ,for example1 the ,,fitz-,,ralphs1 near neighbours of the ,de ,clares at ,clare in ,suffolk1 differenced the ,shield of the ,earls by charging silver fleurs de lys on each chevronel1 as in ,no4 #cfg 7,e4 #b72 and1 for secondary difference1 they sometimes added a bordure azure1 as in the fine early ,brass at ,pebmarsh1 near ,clare4 ,again3 by a change of tinctures1 without affecting the charges of the ,shield1 the ,arms of ,l',,ercedeckne 7now ,archdeacon7 are--,arg41 three chevronels sa4 ,at ,carlaverock1 ,,edmund ,,de ,,hastings1 brother of the ,earl1 bore--,or1 a maunche gu41 with a label of five points sa41 the ,earl himself bearing simply--,or1 a maunche gu41 ,no4 #bgf4 ,and1 close by the side of ,,edmond ,,de ,,hastings was his friend and companion1 the feudal ally1 without doubt1 of his house1 ,,john ,,paignel1 a very proper comrade1 as the chronicler testifies-- ,un bacheler jolif et comt1 who differenced ,hastings by change of tinctures1 and bore--,vert1 a maunche or4 ,the ,shield of the noble house of ,,de ,,luterell1 or ,,loterel1 ,i have blazoned with changed tinctures for two near kinsmen bearing that name 7page #ahb71 thus showing in what manner they marked their ,cadency4 ,this same shield1 ,no4 #cfh--,or1 a bend between six martlets sa41 was also differenced by other families to mark their feudal alliance with the house of ,luterell4 ,thus1 the ,,de ,,furnivals1 themselves a powerful and distinguished family1 who held their lands by feudal tenure under the ,luterells1 in token of this alliance bore the ,shield of ,de ,luterell with a fresh change of tinctures2 and1 accordingly1 the arms of the ,de ,furnivals are well known as--,arg41 a bend between six martlets gu4 ,then1 while the ,,furnivals1 for ,cadency1 differenced these arms amongst themselves1 their feudal allies and dependants1 the ,,ecclesalls or ,,ekeleshales1 the ,,mounteneys1 the ,,wadesles or ,,wadsleys1 and the ,,worteles or ,,wortleys1 all united in declaring their connection with their chief by assuming arms founded upon the ,furnival ,coat4 ,these very interesting and characteristic examples of feudal ,differencing are well blazoned1 as follows1 in the ,roll of ,,edward ,,ii4 ,for ,,de ,,ecclesall--,sa41 a bend between six martlets or3 for ,,de ,,mounteney--,gu41 a bend between six martlets or3 for ,,de ,,wadsley--,arg41 on a bend between six martlets gu41 three escallops or1 ,no4 #cfi3 and for ,,de ,,wortley--,arg41 on a bend between six martlets gu41 three bezants1 ,no4 #cgj4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfh4--;,de ,luterell4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cfi4--;,de ,wadsley4 ,the ,,mounteneys further difference their common arms1 for ,cadency1 after this manner4 ,instead of gules1 ,sir ,,ernauf ,,de ,,mounteney has the field of his shield azure1 his bend and martlets being golden3 ,sir ,,john bears these same arms1 but charges his bend with a mullet gules1 ,no4 #cga3 ,sir ,t4 ,,de ,,mounteney bears ,sir ,john's arms1 but with a field gules3 and another ,sir ,,john cotises his bend thus--,gu41 a bend cotised between six martlets or1 ,no4 #cgb4 ,north of the ,tweed1 also1 the same principle is found to be exemplified in ,scottish ,heraldry4 ,in ,annandale1 writes ,mr4 ,,seton1 the chief and saltire of the ,bruces are carried 7of different tinctures and with additional figures7 by the ,jardines1 ,kirkpatricks1 ,johnstons1 and other families4 ,the arms of ,,bruce are--,or1 a saltire and a chief gu41 ,no4 #gc3 those of ,,jardine are--,arg41 a saltire and a chief gu41 the latter charged with three mullets of the field1 pierced of the second3 and the arms of ,,kirkpatrick are--,arg41 a saltire and chief az41 the latter charged with three cushions or4 ,this coat of ,kirkpatrick is also borne by the ,,johnstons1 the tinctures differenced thus--,arg41 a saltire sa41 and on a chief gu4 three cushions or4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgj4--;,de ,wortley4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cga4--,sir ,john de ,mounteney4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgb4--,sir ,john de ,mounteney4 ,once more1 returning to the southern side of the ,scottish border1 of ,,richard ,,de ,,neville1 the renowned ,king-maker1 we find it to be recorded that1 so great was his popularity at ,calais1 of which city he was governor1 that his ,badges were universally adopted1--no man esteeming himself gallant whose head was not adorned with his silver ragged staff 7,no4 #bid72 nor was any door frequented1 that had not his white cross 7silver saltire1 ,no4 #aba7 painted thereon4 ,this was an extravagant application of the earlier usage in denoting feudal alliance1 such as was in keeping with the heraldic sentiment of the second half of the fourteenth century4 ,those good citizens of ,calais1 however1 who were ,neville-worshippers four hundred years ago1 were not singular in exhibiting an armorial ensign at the entrance to their houses4 ,numerous1 indeed1 are the doorways in various parts of ,england1 and particularly in the counties of ,surrey1 ,sussex1 and ,norfolk1 which in the sign of the chequers still display the insignia 7cheque or and az41 ,no4 #fh7 of the once mighty ,earls of ,,warrenne and ,,surrey2 and thus show that relics of the old feudal influence are endowed with a tenacious vitality1 which prolongs their existence for ages after the feudal system itself has passed away4 ,but no doubt some cases must be referred to the less romantic explanation of the reckoning board of the ,steward4 ,differencing adopted1 so far as now is apparent1 simply for the sake of distinction1 lays open before the student of ,heraldry a wide and a diversified field of inquiry4 ,all the miscellaneous charges that are associated in blazon with the ,ordinaries1 and also with the ,subordinaries1 thus are brought under consideration2 and1 without a doubt1 it was for the express purpose of ,differencing that many of these charges were introduced into ,english ,heraldry4 ,how far some remote degree of relationship1 or some subordinate feudal motive now lost to sight and forgotten1 may originally have affected the choice of ,charges for difference1 it is not possible now to determine2 nor can we always follow the rebus-loving search for a ,difference1 that might speak through that allusive quality which is a primary element of the ,herald's science4 ,we do know that the act of bearing the same arms by different families1 without some heraldic ,difference1 was of very rare occurrence2 and that1 when it did occur1 it was regarded with marked surprise1 and on more than one occasion led to a memorable controversy3 and1 further1 we find great numbers of early differenced ,shields1 which illustrate in a very effective manner the growth and development of ,english ,heraldry4 ,shields of this order have strong claims on our attention4 ,the examples that ,i am able here to place before students are to be regarded simply as specimens1 few in number1 and yet sufficient to show some of the varied forms under which early ,differencing was effected4 ,the proceedings in the ,high ,court of ,chivalry in the suit between ,sir ,,richard ,,le ,,scrope and ,sir ,,robert ,,grosvenor1 relative to the right to the ,arms--,azure1 a bend or1 ,no4 #aaa--;commenced on the #agth of ,august #ache1 and the final judgment of the ,king himself upon the appeal of the defendant against the finding of the ,court was not pronounced till the #bgth of ,may #acij4 ,on the #aeth of ,may #achi the judgment of the ,court assigned the arms--,azure1 a bend or--to ,sir ,,richard ,,le ,,scrope2 and to ,sir ,,robert ,,grosvenor1 these arms--,az41 a bend or1 within a plain bordure argent4 ,thus the ,court confirmed to ,sir ,richard le ,scrope the right to bear the ,ordinary in its severe simplicity1 without any other charge and without any ,difference3 and1 at the same time1 it was decided that these arms of ,scrope should be differenced1 in order that they might become the arms of ,grosvenor1 and the ,difference was to be a plain silver bordure4 ,the whole of the proceedings in this remarkable case are preserved1 and have been published2 and they derive a peculiar interest from the circumstance1 that amongst the witnesses who gave evidence was the father of ,english ,poetry1 ,,geoffrey ,,chaucer4 ,appeal having been made to the ,sovereign1 ,,richard ,,ii4 determined that a plain bordure argent was a ,mark of ,cadency1 good and right1 and perfectly sufficient as a ,difference between ,cousin and ,cousin in blood2 but that it was not a sufficient ,difference in ,arms between two strangers in blood in one kingdom4 ,the ,king1 therefore1 cancelled and annulled the sentence of the ,court of ,chivalry2 and in so doing he gave a very clear definition of the distinction to be observed in ,heraldry between kinsmen and strangers in blood4 ,then it was that the ,shield1 ,azure1 a garb or1 was adopted as the arms of ,grosvenor4 ,we may assume1 that the judgment of the ,court would have been confirmed by the ,king1 had ,sir ,robert ,grosvenor been commanded to blazon his golden bend between two garbs1 or charged with one or more garbs1 or with three garbs on a chief1 or with any other decided ,difference which would be palpably distinct from a ,mark of ,cadency4 ,the examples of ,differenced ,shields which follow ,i have selected from the ,roll of ,,edward ,,ii4 ,it will be seen that in each small group of these examples some primary feature of the composition is common to every ,shield1 so that the distinction between the ,shields in each group is effected either by a simple change of tinctures1 or by the introduction of various secondary charges4 ,,chiefs4--,sir ,,john ,,de ,,arderne--,gu41 crusile and a chief or4 ,sir ,,thomas ,,le ,,rous--,erm41 on a chief indented gu4 two escallops arg4 ,sir ,,john ,,de ,,clintone--,arg41 on a chief az4 two fleurs de lys or1 ,no4 #gd4 ,sir ,,john ,,de ,,clintone1 of ,maxtoke--,arg41 on a chief az4 two mullets or1 ,no4 #ge3 here the ,difference denotes ,cadency as well as a distinct individuality4 ,,bends4--,sir ,,robert ,,poutrel4--,or1 on a bend az4 three fleurs de lys arg4 ,sir ,,walter ,,de ,,bermyngham--,arg41 on a bend gu41 cotised az41 three esallops or4 ,,oliver ,,de ,,bohun--,az41 on a bend1 cotised and between six lioncels or1 three escallops gu41 ,no4 #cba4 ,,fesses ,,and ,,bars4--,sir ,,john ,,de ,,dageworth--,erm41 a fesse gu4 bezante1 ,no4 #hj4 ,sir ,g4 ,,de ,,wachesham--,arg41 a fesse and in chief three crescents gu4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,coleville--,or1 a fesse gu41 and in chief three torteaux4 ,sir ,j4 ,,de ,,geytone--,arg41 a fesse between six fleurs de lys gu4 ,sir ,g4 ,,de ,,ousflet--,arg41 on a fesse az4 three fleurs de lys or4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,lomelye 7,lumley7--,gu41 on a fesse between three popinjays arg41 as many mullets sa4 ,sir ,b4 ,,badlesmere--,arg41 a fesse between bars gemelles gu4 ,sir ,g4 ,,de ,,la ,,mere--,or1 a fesse between bars gemelles az41 ,no4 #hd4 ,sir ,j4 ,,de ,,preieres--,gu41 a fesse between bars gemelles arg4 ,sir ,j4 ,,wake--,or1 two bars gu41 in chief three torteaux1 ,no4 #hb4 ,sir ,b4 ,,pycot--,az41 two bars or1 in chief three bezants4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,wedone--,arg41 two bars gu41 in chief three martlets sa4 ,sir ,r4 ,,bordet--,az41 two bars or1 on the uppermost three martlets gu4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,royinge--,arg41 three bars and an orle of martlets gu4 ,sir ,n4 ,,de ,,estoteville--,barry arg4 and gu41 three lioncels sa4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,yngelfeld--,barrule arg4 and gu41 on a chief or a lion pass4 az4 ,sir ,w4 ,,de ,,monecastre--,barrule arg4 and gu41 on a bend sa4 three escallops or4 ,sir ,t4 ,,de ,,poninge--,barry or and vert1 on a bend gu4 three mullets arg4 ,,crosses4--,sir ,n4 ,,de ,,weylande--,arg41 on a cross gu4 five escallops or4 ,sir ,r4 ,,bygod--,or1 on a cross gu4 five escallops arg4 ,sir ,,wm4 ,,kirketot--,az41 on a cross arg4 five escallops gu4 ,sir ,,wm4 ,,de ,,berham--,sa41 a cross between four crescents arg4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,bannebury--,arg41 a cross pate between four mullets gu4 ,sir ,j4 ,,randolf--,gu41 on a cross arg4 five mullets sa4 ,sir ,g4 ,,de ,,durem--,arg41 on a cross gu4 five fleurs de lys or4 ,sir ,p4 ,,de ,,geytone--,arg41 crusile and three fleurs de lys az4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,hoftot--,az41 a cross pate erm4 between four roses erm4 ,,chevrons4--,sir ,g4 ,,rossel--,or1 a chevron az41 between three roses gu4 ,sir ,j4 ,,de ,,cretinge--,arg41 a chevron between three mullets gu4 ,sir ,r4 ,,malet--,sa41 a chevron between three buckles arg4 ,sir ,t4 ,,de ,,anvers--,gu41 a chevron between three mullets or4 ,sir ,,wm4 ,,de ,,berkeroles--,az41 a chevron between three crescents or4 ,sir ,w4 ,,bluet--,or1 a chevron between three eagles vert4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,caple--,arg41 a chevron gu4 between three torteaux4 ,sir ,t4 ,,malet--,sa41 a chevron between three buckles arg4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,peyvre--,arg41 on a chevron az4 three fleurs de lys or1 ,no4 #abe4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,boterels--,cheque or and gu41 on a chevron az4 three horseshoes arg4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgc4--;,at ,st4 ,albans4 ,,lions4--,the ,earl of ,,lincoln--,or1 a lion rampt4 purp41 ,no4 #aid4 ,the ,earl of ,,arundel--,gu41 a lion rampt4 or4 ,sir ,,henry ,,de ,,percy--,or1 a lion rampt4 az41 ,no4 #aif4 ,sir ,,john ,,mowbray--,gu41 a lion rampt4 arg41 ,no4 #aic4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,sottone 7,sutton7--,or1 a lion rampt4 vert4 ,sir ,j4 ,,de ,,nortone--,vert1 a lion rampt4 or4 ,sir ,w4 ,,fauconberg--,arg41 a lion rampt4 az4 ,sir ,g4 ,,de ,,hautville--,sa41 crusile1 a lion rampt4 arg4 ,sir ---- ,,de ,,mountfort--,arg41 crusile gu41 a lion rampt4 az4 ,sir ,,wm4 ,,maufee--,arg41 seme of escallops gu41 a lion rampt4 sa4 ,sir ,j4 ,,de ,,creppinge--,gu41 billete or1 a lion rampt4 arg4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,asscheby--,arg41 a lion rampt4 sa4 billete or4 ,sir ,j4 ,,de ,,deyville--,gu41 seme de lys1 a lion rampt4 arg4 ,arg41 within a bordure gu4 bezante1 a lion rampt4 sa41 for ,sir ,t4 ,,de ,,pickering2 and1 ,arg41 within an orle of roses gu41 a lion rampt4 sa41 for ,sir ,r4 ,,pierpound1 both apparently founded on the shield of the ,earl of ,,cornwall1 ,no4 #adj1 which also is blazoned in this ,roll4 ,sir ,j4 ,,le ,,strange--,gu41 two lions pass4 arg41 ,no4 #aia4 ,sir ,j4 ,,de ,,someri--,or1 two lions pass4 az4 ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,st4 ,,waly--,or1 two lions pass4 gu4 ,sir ,n4 ,,carru 7,carew7--,or1 three lions pass4 sa4 ,sir ,j4 ,,giffard--,gu41 three lions pass4 arg41 ,no4 #aib4 ,sir ,r4 ,,le ,,fitz ,,payn--,gu41 three lions pass4 arg41 over all a bendlet az4 ,sir ,g4 ,,de ,,canvyle--,az41 three lions pass arg4 ,in the beautiful chantry of ,abbot ,,thomas ,,ramryge1 at ,st4 ,albans1 one of the large sculptured ,shields is charged with a lion rampant within what may be considered to be an orle of roses--the arms1 as ,i have just shown1 assigned in the ,roll of ,,edward ,,ii4 to ,sir ,r4 ,,pierpound4 ,this ,shield1 carefully drawn by the engraver himself from the original in the ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,alban1 is represented in ,no4 #cgc4 ,,augmentation1 or ,,augmentation ,,of ,,honour1 is a term employed to denote an addition to a ,shield of arms1 specially granted by the ,sovereign to commemorate some worthy or illustrious deed1 and forming an integral element of the ,shield as an hereditary bearing4 ,such additions will be found marshalled in the forms of ,chiefs and ,inescutcheons as ,cantons1 or as ,quarterings2 or they may assume the character of additional charges4 ,also1 this same term denotes similar additions of ,crests1 ,badges1 or any other accessories of ,shields4 ,the ,augmentation displayed upon the ,ducal ,shield of ,,wellington1 a most honourable exception to the prevailing degenerate heraldic feeling of the period in which it was granted to the ,great ,duke1 in characteristic and expressive qualities is second to no other example of its own class and order4 ,this true ,augmentation of ,honour is the ,national ,device of the ,british ,empire1 as it is blazoned in the ,union ,jack1 charged upon an inescutcheon1 and displayed upon the honour point of the ,duke's paternal ,shield4 ,an equally significant ,augmentation of an earlier date is borne in the ,arms of ,,howard4 ,these ,arms before the battle of ,flodden were--,gu41 a bend between six crosses crosslets fitche arg4 ,to commemorate the great victory won by him at ,flodden ,field1 ,sept4 #i1 #aeac1 when ,,james ,,iv4 of ,scotland was defeated and slain1 ,,henry ,,viii4 granted to ,,thomas ,,howard1 ,duke of ,norfolk1 and to his descendants1 as an ,augmentation of ,honour1 the ,royal ,shield of ,scotland 7,no4 #ach71 but having a demi-lion only1 which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow1 to be borne in the middle of the bend of his proper arms4 ,this ,shield is represented in ,no4 #cgd2 and in ,no4 #cgd;,a the augmentation is shown on a larger scale4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgd4--;,howard1 after ,flodden4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgd;,a4--,the ,howard ,augmentation4 ,a small group of additional examples will be sufficient to illustrate this most interesting class of historical ,arms1 and at the same time will not fail to excite in students a desire very considerably to extend the series through their own inquiries and researches4 ,in memory of the devoted courage and all-important services of ,,jane ,,lane1 after the disastrous battle of ,worcester1 ,,charles ,,ii4 granted as an ,augmentation a ,canton of ,england 7,no4 #ahg marshalled on a canton71 to be added to the hereditary ,coat of ,lane1 which is--,per fesse or and az41 a chevron gu4 between three mullets counterchanged4 ,the ,crest of the family of ,,de ,,la ,,bere is said to have been conferred by the ,,black ,,prince upon ,,sir ,,richard ,,de ,,la ,,bere1 as a memorial of the good service rendered by that gallant knight on the memorable field of ,cressi4 ,this ,crest is--,out of a crest-coronet a plume of five ostrich feathers per pale arg4 and az41 the ,plantagenet colours--the device 7as ,mr4 ,,lower observes7 being evidently derived from the ,prince's own ,badge1 and also forming a variety of the panache1 the ,crest then held in such high estimation4 ,the heart charged upon the shield of ,,douglas 7see ,nos4 #aef1 #aeg1 p4 #gd7 is another remarkable ,augmentation4 ,so also is the adoption of the armorial insignia of the ,,confessor1 ,no4 #b1 by ,,richard ,,ii41 and his marshalling it upon his own ,royal ,shield1 impaled to the dexter with the quartered arms of ,france and ,england4 ,english ,heraldry has been required to recognise another and a perfectly distinct class of ,augmentations1 which consist of additions to the blazonry of a ,shield or of additional quarterings or accessories1 granted as tokens of ,royal favour1 for heraldic display1 but without any particular merit in the receiver1 or any special historical significance in themselves4 ,augmentations of this order may be considered to have been first introduced by ,,richard ,,ii41 when he granted1 out of his mere grace1 to his favourite ,,robert ,,de ,,vere1 ,earl of ,,oxford1 ,marquess of ,,dublin and ,duke of ,,ireland1 a differenced ,coat of ,,st4 ,,edmund 7,no4 #c7--;,az41 three crowns or1 within a bordure argent1 to be quartered with the ,,de ,,vere arms as the arms of ,,ireland4 ,in the same spirit1 ,,richard ,,ii4 granted1 as similar ,augmentations1 the arms of the ,,confessor to be marshalled1 with ,differences1 on their ,shields by ,,thomas and ,,john ,,holland1 ,dukes of ,,surrey and ,,exeter1 and by ,,thomas ,,mowbray1 ,duke of ,,norfolk4 ,it will be remembered that it was one of the capital charges against the then ,earl of ,,surrey1 a lineal descendant of this ,,thomas ,,mowbray1 the ,duke of ,,norfolk1 in #aedf1 that he had assumed1 without the special licence of ,,henry ,,viii41 the same arms of the ,,confessor as an augmentation4 ,by ,,edward ,,iv4 similar augmentations1 by grace and not for merit1 were granted2 and by ,,henry ,,viii4 the system was carried to excess in the grants made to augment the armorial blazonry of ,,anne ,,boleyn1 and of his ,english consorts1 her successors4 ,,abatement is a term which was unknown until it made its appearance in certain heraldic writings of the sixteenth century1 when it was used to denote such marks or devices as1 by the writers in question1 were held to be the reverse of honourable ,augmentation--,augmentations of dishonour indeed1 and tokens of degradation4 ,true ,heraldry refuses to recognise all such pretended abatements1 for the simple reason that they never did exist1 and if they could exist at all1 they would be in direct antagonism to its nature1 its principles1 and its entire course of action4 ,honourable itself1 ,heraldry can give expression only to what conveys honour1 and it records and commemorates only what is to be honoured and held in esteem4 ,the very idea of an heraldic ,abatement implies1 if not a complete ignorance1 certainly a thorough misconception of the character and the office of ,heraldry4 ,even if ,heraldry were to attempt to stigmatise what is1 and what ought to be esteemed1 dishonourable1 who would voluntarily accept insignia of disgrace1 and charge and display them upon his ,shield1 and transmit them to his descendants8 ,and the believers in ,abatement must hold that ,heraldry can exert a compulsory legislative power1 which might command a man to blazon his own disgrace1 and force him to exhibit and to retain1 and also to bequeath1 any such blazonry4 ,a belief in heraldic ,abatement1 however1 is by no means singular or rare4 ,a curious example of its existence was recently brought under my notice1 in connection with one of the most renowned of the historical devices of ,english ,heraldry4 ,the bear1 the badge of the ,,beauchamps1 ,earls of ,,warwick1 which appears at the feet of the effigy of ,earl ,,richard in the ,beauchamp chapel at ,warwick1 in accordance with a special provision to that effect1 is muzzled2 and1 wearing a muzzle has this bear been borne1 as their ,badge1 by the successors of the ,,beauchamps in the ,warwick ,earldom1 the ,earls of the houses of ,,neville1 ,,dudley1 ,,rich1 and ,,greville4 ,but1 it would seem that a legend has found credence at ,warwick ,castle itself1 which would associate the muzzle of the bear with some dishonourable action of an ,earl of the olden time2 and1 consequently1 it was proposed that at length this ,abatement should be removed from the bears still at ,warwick6 ,earl ,,richard ,,de ,,beauchamp was not exactly the man to have displayed upon his bear any ensign of dishonour2 nor were his son-in-law1 the ,king-maker1 and ,queen ,,elizabeth',s ,,robert ,,dudley1 at all more probable subjects for any similar display2 still1 it is quite certain that they bore the muzzled bear1 as he appears on the seal of the great ,earl1 ,no4 #ddh4g ,that muzzle1 doubtless1 has its becoming heraldic significance1 without in the slightest degree partaking in the assumed character of an ,abatement4 ,i hope eventually to be able to trace out conclusively what the muzzle may really imply1 and ,i commend the research to other inquirers3 meanwhile1 neither at ,warwick nor elsewhere is there any such thing as ,abatement in ,english ,heraldry4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,frontispiece4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,crests ,on high their glittering crests they toss4 --,,lord ,,of ,,the ,,isles4 ,then he bound ,her token on his helmet4 --,,elaine4 ,the idea of a ,,crest1 of some accessory specially designed to form its crowning adornment1 appears inseparable from the existence and use of a ,helm4 ,the ,warriors and ,warrior ,divinities of classic antiquity are represented to us1 wearing head-pieces richly crested3 and1 in the ,middle ,ages1 had no other ,heraldry ever been devised1 assuredly ornaments of some kind would have been placed on helms and basinets1 and these insignia would have been held in high esteem and honour4 ,accordingly1 about the time that ,coat-,armour became hereditary1 having been reduced to a system and accepted as an independent science1 heraldic ,crests began to be worn as honourable distinctions of the most exalted dignity by the medival chivalry4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cge4--,richard ,i4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgf4--;,henry de ,perci4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgg4--;,henry de ,laci4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgh4--,seal of ,alexander de ,balliol1 ,a4,d4 #abib4 ,upon the ,second ,great ,seal of ,,richard ,i4 the cylindrical helm of the ,king appears surmounted by a kind of cap or fan charged with a lion passant1 the whole being arched over by a radiated ornament somewhat resembling a displayed fan1 as in ,no4 #cge4 ,similar ,crests1 somewhat modified in their details1 are represented in other seals of the same era1 and with them the flowing ,contoise or ,scarf is sometimes associated1 as in ,no4 #cgf1 from the seal of ,baron ,,henry ,,de ,,perci1 ,a4,d4 #acjj4 ,similar ornaments were also placed by the knights of those ages upon the heads of their chargers4 ,the seal of ,,henry ,,de ,,laci1 ,earl of ,,lincoln1 ,a4,d4 #abgb1 shows the ,fan-,crest both upon the helm of the ,earl1 ,no4 #cgg1 and the head of his war-horse4 ,another equally characteristic example is the ,seal of ,,alexander ,,de ,,balliol1 ,no4 #cgh1 appended to the ,general ,release given by ,,john ,,balliol to ,,edward ,i41 #bnd ,january1 #abib3 it will be observed that this knight displays the arms of his house1 ,no4 #acd1 upon his ,shield1 and also1 in addition to the ,fan-,crest1 upon the barding of his charger4 ,again ,i am indebted to the kindness and liberality of ,mr4 ,laing for the use of his admirable woodcut of this fine and interesting seal4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cgi4--;,helm of ,thomas1 second ,earl of ,lancaster4 ,the flowing ,contoise continued to be attached to helms till about the middle of the fourteenth century2 unless1 indeed1 some veritable lady's favour were worn in its stead by knights favoured as was ,sir ,,launcelot1 who1 on a memorable day1-- ,wore1 against his wont1 upon his helm ,a sleeve of scarlet1 broidered with great pearls1 ,some gentle maiden's gift4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #chj4--;,helm and ,crest of ,sir ,geoffrey ,luterell3 ,a4,d4 #acde4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cha4--,seal of ,sir ,robert de ,marny1 ,a4,d4 #acff4 ,the seal of ,,thomas1 second ,earl of ,,lancaster1 about ,a4,d4 #acbj1 gives an excellent example both of such figures as were beginning at that early time to supersede the ,fan-,crests1 and also of the ,contoise2 ,no4 #cgi4 ,about this same period the fashion was introduced of fixing two tall spikes1 one on each side of the ,crest1 upon the helm1 probably intended in the first instance to display the contoise4 ,these singular spikes may have been derived by the ,english ,heralds from their brethren of ,germany1 who delighted1 as they still delight1 in placing upon helms as ,crests1 or as the accessories of ,crests1 small banners displayed from staves set erect and surmounted by spear-heads4 ,in ,german ,heraldry also ,crests are very frequently placed between tall upright horns or trumpets3 and1 sometimes1 upon a ,german helm the ,crest stands between horns shaped like two elephant's trunks 7for which they have often been mistaken by ,english ,heralds71 placed in the same erect position1 and1 like the trumpets1 so adjusted as to have the general aspect of the curved outline of a classic lyre4 ,the helm of ,sir ,,geoffrey ,,luterell1 ,a4,d4 #acde1 ,no4 #chj1 drawn from a celebrated illumination1 between the tall spikes has a late example of the ,fan-,crest2 and it exemplifies the practice sometimes adopted of charging armorial insignia upon ,crests of this fan form4 ,the ,arms of ,luterell--,or1 a bend and six martlets sa4--were borne by ,sir ,,geoffrey thus differenced 7,e4 #b7--;,az41 a bend and six martlets arg4 ,a pair of lofty upright wings were held in much esteem in the ,heraldry of both ,england and ,scotland1 to form the accessories of ,crests4 ,the ,seal of ,sir ,,robert ,,de ,,marny1 ,a4,d4 #acff1 ,no4 #cha1 shows his armorial shield--,gu41 a lion rampant arg41 suspended from a tree1 between two crested helms1 the crest in both cases being a winged chapeau1 having the wings very tall and very slender4 ,from the earliest times1 ,crests have occasionally been identical with the principal charge in the ,shield of ,arms1 or they have repeated the principal charge with some slight modification of attitude or accessory3 but1 more generally1 ,crests have been altogether distinct4 ,the ,dragon and the ,wyvern1 the latter well exemplified in ,no4 #cae1 are amongst the earliest figures that were borne as ,crests in ,england4 ,other early ,figure-,crests are the ,lion1 crowned and assumed for the first time by an ,english ,sovereign by ,,edward ,,iii42 and the ,eagle1 borne by the same ,prince4 ,various devices and figures are found gradually to have been added to these earliest ,crests4 ,the graceful and peculiarly appropriate ,panache soon joined them1 with the heads of various animals and other creatures3 and1 as the fourteenth century advances1 the ,crest-,coronet1 ,no4 #bcb1 the ,crest-,wreath1 ,no4 #bcc1 and the ,chapeau1 ,no4 #bbd1 assume their places in connection with ,crests2 and the ,mantling falls in rich folds from them1 covering the back of the ,helm4 ,in the succeeding century1 with ,helms less dignified in form1 but more elaborately enriched1 and with strangely fantastic ,mantlings1 ,crests become considerably larger in their proportions2 and they often are extravagant in their character1 devices constantly being assumed and borne as ,crests1 which are no less inconsistent with true heraldic feeling1 than with the peculiar conditions and the proper qualities of true heraldic ,crests4 ,the ,crest of the ,duke of ,,hamilton1 ,no4 #cja1 is far from being one of the most inconsistent devices that were intended to be worn upon helms4 ,and1 as it is scarcely necessary for me to add1 every really consistent ,crest should be such a figure or device as might be actually worn upon his helm1 by a medival knight1 with dignity and with a happy effect4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #chb4--,seal of ,william de ,wyndesor4 ,early examples of ,panache-,crests exist in considerable numbers1 and they show much variety of treatment4 ,no4 #bhe1 already given at page #adb1 shows a ,panache of several heights of feathers1 the general outline having an oval contour4 ,in ,no4 #bhc1 from the ,seal of ,,edward ,,de ,,courtenay1 ,earl of ,,devon1 ,a4,d4 #acgb1 there are three heights of feathers1 and the outline has a square form4 ,again1 the ,seal of ,,william ,,le ,,latimer1 ,a4,d4 #adae1 gives the peculiar ,panache1 with the no less peculiar variety of mantling1 shown in ,no4 #bhd4 ,a ,panache of ample proportions1 and of exceedingly graceful form1 is represented in the ,seal of ,,william ,,de ,,wyndesor1 ,a4,d4 #acha4 ,the comparatively small size of the armorial ,shield1 as it generally appears when introduced into the composition of ,seals in the fourteenth century1 is shown in a striking manner in this same example1 ,no4 #chb1 which in the woodcut is slightly enlarged1 in order to show the device more clearly3 the arms are--,gu41 a saltire or4 ,other fine examples of ,panache-,crests may be seen in the effigies of ,sir ,,richard ,,de ,,pembridge1 ,k4,g41 ,a4,d4 #acge1 in ,hereford ,cathedral2 of ,sir ,,robert ,,de ,,marmion1 ,a4,d4 #adjj1 at ,tanfield1 ,yorkshire2 and of ,sir ,,thomas ,,arderne1 about the same date1 at ,elford1 in ,staffordshire4 ,the very fine effigy of ,sir ,,edward ,,de ,,thorpe1 ,a4,d4 #adah1 at ,ashwelthorpe1 in ,norfolk1 has a helm of rare beauty of form1 with a rich mantling1 and a most graceful ,panache of peacock's feathers2 and peacock's feathers also form the ,panache of ,lord ,,ferrers of ,,chartley1 in his ,brass1 ,a4,d4 #adbe1 at ,merevale1 in ,warwickshire4 ,and1 once more1 upon the ,seal of ,,thomas ,,de ,,hatfield1 ,bishop of ,durham1 ,a4,d4 #acde1 the ,panache rises from the episcopal mitre1 after the same manner as it does in ,no4 #chc from a ,coronet4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #chc4--;,crest of ,sir ,richard ,grey1 ,k4,g41 ,a4,d4 #adbj4 ,another episcopal ,seal1 that of ,bishop ,,henry ,,le ,,despencer1 ,no4 #cea1 shows a ,shield of small size when compared with the helm and crest1 the latter being the favourite device of a gryphon's head between two tall upright wings4 ,the ,seals of the ,,fitzalans1 ,earls of ,arundel1 and the ,seal of ,,john ,,tiptoft1 ,earl of ,worcester1 may be specified as displaying fine examples of the same ,crest4 ,with them may be grouped the ,crest of ,sir ,,richard ,,grey1 ,k4,g41 ,lord ,grey of ,codnor1 ,a4,d4 #adbj--;,a peacock's head and neck1 between two wings erect1 the feathers az41 and their pens 7quills7 arg41 ,no4 #chc1 from the ,garter-plate at ,windsor4 ,this ,crest rises from such a ,crest-,coronet as was borne on their helms by noblemen in the time of ,,henry ,v4 ,the use of the ,chapeau1 or ,cap of ,estate1 instead of a ,crest-,coronet1 to support a ,crest upon a helm1 ,i have already illustrated with ,nos4 #aih and #aii1 severally the ,lion-,crests of the ,,black ,,prince and of his son ,,richard ,,ii4 ,like ,no4 #aii1 ,no4 #chd is from one of the unrivalled series of helms sculptured in ,westminster ,hall1 with the ,crest and ,ostrich-feather ,badge of ,king ,,richard ,,ii4 ,in both of these examples the adjustment of the ,mantling is shown4 ,two famous ,lion-,crests are those borne by the great families of ,,howard and ,,percy1 severally ,dukes of ,norfolk and ,northumberland4 ,the ,,howard lion1 originally granted by ,,richard ,,ii4 to ,,thomas ,,mowbray1 ,earl ,marshal1 and now borne by the ,duke of ,,norfolk1 is a lion statant guardant1 his tail extended or1 and ducally gorged arg43 the ,,percy lion is statant1 his tail extended or3 each lion stands upon a chapeau4 ,the ,lion-,crest of the ,,black ,,prince1 being charged with the silver ,label 7which he may be said to wear after the fashion of a collar71 exemplifies the prevailing practice of differencing ,crests with marks of ,cadency4 ,crests admit every variety of ,difference3 and ,mantlings also are frequently differenced with small charges1 or with badges2 as in the ,garter-plate of ,sir ,,john ,,beaumont1 ,k4,g41 and in the ,brass at ,little ,easton1 ,essex1 to ,sir ,,henry ,,bourchier1 ,k4,g41 ,earl of ,,essex4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #chd4--;,helm1 ,crest1 ,mantling1 and ,badge of ,richard ,,ii41 from ,westminster ,hall4 ,the ,crest-,wreath first appears about the middle of the fourteenth century4 ,the earliest example to which ,i can refer is represented in the ,brass to ,sir ,,hugh ,,hastings1 at ,elsyng1 in ,norfolk1 ,a4,d4 #acdg4 ,in this most remarkable engraven memorial1 the finial of the principal canopy is surmounted by a helm with mantling1 wreath1 and the crest of ,,hastings--a bull's head sable2 ,no4 #che4 ,in the effigy of ,sir ,r4 ,,de ,,pembridge1 ,k4,g41 already noticed1 the date of which is #acge1 the crest is united to the great helm that supports the head of the knight by a wreath formed of a band of four-leaved flowers4 ,a little later1 ,a4,d4 #achd1 at ,southacre1 in ,norfolk1 the ,brass of ,sir ,,john ,,harsyck has a ,crest-,wreath formed of two rolls1 probably of silk1 twisted as in ,no4 #chf4 ,in the second half of the next century1 amongst many good examples of ,crest-,wreaths ,i select as typical specimens those which appear in the ,brasses to ,sir ,,william ,,vernon1 ,a4,d4 #adfg1 at ,tong1 in ,shropshire1 ,no4 #chf2 and to ,sir ,,robert ,,harcourt1 ,k4,g41 ,no4 #chg1 at ,staunton ,harcourt1 ,oxfordshire4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #che4--;,crested ,helm of ,sir ,hugh ,hastings2 ,a4,d4 #acdg4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #chf1 #chg1 and #chh4--;,crest-,wreaths4 ,the ,crest-,wreath in the form shown in the last examples1 and now almost universally used in representations of such ,crests as are without the ,crest-,coronet and the ,chapeau1 may fairly be considered to have been derived from the rich ornamentation1 generally1 as it would seem1 formed of costly textile fabrics1 if not executed in jewelled or enamelled goldsmith's work1 that was frequently wreathed about knightly basinets4 ,these wreath-like ornaments are represented in numerous effigies both sculptured and engraven2 and they are shown to have been worn either flat1 as in ,no4 #chh1 or wrought to high relief1 as in ,no4 #chi4 ,these two examples are severally from the effigies of a knight in ,tewkesbury ,abbey ,church1 about ,a4,d4 #acfe1 and of ,sir ,,humphrey ,,stafford1 ,a4,d4 #adej1 at ,bromsgrove1 in ,worcestershire4 ,the enamelled effigy of ,earl ,,william ,,de ,,valanece1 ,a4,d4 #abif1 at ,westminster1 has a wreath of delicate workmanship in relief1 which once was set with real or imitative jewels4 ,for many years after their first appearance1 heraldic ,crests were regarded as insignia of great dignity and exalted estate2 and it was not till a considerably later period that the right to bear a ,crest came to be regarded as an adjunct of the right to bear arms4 ,still later1 when they were granted with ,coat-,armour to corporate bodies1 communities1 and institutions1 ,crests altogether lost their original significance2 and they became1 in their use1 ,badges in everything except the habit of placing them1 with their accessories of ,wreath or ,crest-,coronet1 of ,chapeau and ,mantling1 upon representations of helms4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #chi4--;,basinet with ,crest-,wreath1 ,effigy of ,sir ,humphrey ,stafford1 ,a4,d4 #adej4 ,when they were actually worn1 ,crests were undoubtedly constructed of some very light materials4 ,it is probable that cuir bouilli 7boiled leather71 the decorative capabilities of which were so well understood by medival artists1 was generally employed4 ,it has been sometimes held that ,crests are personal bearings only2 and1 therefore1 not hereditary1 though capable of being bequeathed or granted by their possessors4 ,this theory is not sustained by early or general usage2 and1 accordingly1 ,crests must be pronounced to be hereditary1 as is ,coat-,armour4 ,it is evident that as one person may inherit1 and therefore may quarter1 two or more ,coats of ,arms1 so the same person might claim to bear two or more ,crests by a similar right of inheritance4 ,this in early times resulted in selection because no early ,british precedent exists for the simultaneous display of two ,crests4 ,but it was soon recognised that as no woman could bear a ,crest1 she ought not to transmit one1 and the idea of the inheritance of the ,crest with a quartering from a female ancestress ceased4 ,at the present day1 several ,crests1 each with its own helm and mantling1 are occasionally represented above a ,shield of arms3 but1 in ,england1 by strict heraldic rule1 two 7or more than two7 ,crests can be borne by one individual1 only when he has obtained the ,royal licence to bear and use the ,surname and ,arms of another family in addition to those of his own family1 or1 by a special grant from the ,crown4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,badges ,might ,i but know thee by thy household ,badge6 --,,shakespeare1 ,henry ,,vi41 ,part #b4 ,a ,,badge1 like a ,coat of ,arms1 is an armorial ensign that is complete in itself1 and possesses a definite signification of its own4 ,in use with a decided heraldic significance long before the adoption of systematic ,heraldry1 ,badges have always held a conspicuous position in the estimation of ,heralds4 ,a ,badge resembles any single charge in ,heraldry1 in being a figure or device that is assumed as the distinctive cognisance of a particular individual or family3 but1 unlike a charge1 it may be borne by itself1 without any ,shield1 and also without any accompanying accessory1 with the exception1 in some instances1 of a ,motto 7,see ,motto1 p4 #ach74 ,badges1 however1 are found depicted on roundels of the livery1 and upon ,standards1 and for decorative purposes are often depicted upon mantlings4 ,it will be evident that a ,badge may be the very same figure or device as a ,crest2 but1 it must be remembered that a ,badge always differs from a ,crest1 in usually being altogether without crest-wreath or coronet1 in consequence of having no connection whatever with the knightly helm4 ,there was1 however1 a period in which the ,badge was much confused with the ,crest1 which has resulted in many devices which are really ,crests being officially recorded as ,badges4 ,after the establishment of a true ,heraldry1 ,badges were generally used to commemorate remarkable exploits1 or in reference either to some family or feudal alliance1 or to indicate some territorial rights or pretensions4 ,very many ,badges are allusive1 and consequently they are ,rebuses 7see ,rebus1 p4 #adf74 ,some are taken from the charges of the bearer's ,shield1 or they have a more or less direct reference to those charges4 ,some trace of ,marshalling or of feudal ,difference may constantly be observed in ,badges2 and even where the motive for the selection of certain devices has not been discovered1 it may fairly be assumed that a good heraldic motive still exists1 although it has become obscured or been forgotten4 ,it was not uncommon for the same personage or family to use more than one ,badge2 and1 on the other hand1 two or more ,badges were often borne in combination1 to form a single compound device1 as in ,nos4 #bce and #bgj4 ,the ragged staff1 in like manner1 ,no4 #bid1 and the bear1 both of them ,badges of the ,,beauchamps1 ,earls of ,,warwick1 were sometimes united to form a single ,badge1 and by the successors of that great family the bear and ragged staff were generally borne as a single device4 7,see ,no4 #ddh1 and p4 #cai47 ,two distinct classes of ,badges were in general use in the fourteenth1 fifteenth1 and sixteenth centuries4 ,those of the first class1 well known as the insignia of certain eminent personages and powerful houses1 were borne by all the followers1 retainers1 dependants1 and partisans of those personages and houses3 and they were so borne by them1 and they were used by their owners for every variety of decorative purpose1 because they were known and understood2 and1 consequently1 because the presence of these ,badges would cause all persons and objects bearing them to be readily and certainly distinguished4 ,by means of these most useful devices a wide and comprehensive range was given to the action and the influence of true ,heraldry1 without infringing in the slightest degree upon the lofty and almost sacred exclusiveness of the ,coat-,armour of a noble or a gentle house4 ,in the words which ,,shakespeare teaches ,,clifford to address to ,,warwick1 ,might ,i but know thee by thy household ,badge6 it is implied that all the followers of ,warwick were well known by his household ,badge1 which was displayed by them all1 while some other insignia were worn by the great ,earl upon his own person4 ,mr4 ,lower has remarked 7,curiosities of ,heraldry1 p4 #ade7 that something analogous to the fashion of embroidering the household ,badges of their lords upon the sleeves or breasts of the dependants of great families in the olden times1 is retained in the ,crest which adorns the buttons of our domestic servants4 ,the accomplished writer might have added that1 in thus employing ,crests to discharge ,badge-duties1 we are content to indulge a love for heraldic display without observing becoming heraldic distinctions4 ,crested livery buttons are heraldic anomalies under all circumstances--even the head of a house himself1 if he were a ,herald1 would not display his ,crest1 as a ,crest1 upon buttons to be used exclusively by himself4 ,crests are to be borne on helms1 or represented as being borne on helms3 ,badges are decorative insignia1 and fulfil with consistent significance their own distinct and appropriate functions4 ,badges of the second class were devices that were borne exclusively by the exalted personages who were pleased to assume them1 often for temporary use only1 and generally with some subtle or latent significance1 which had been studiously rendered difficult to be detected1 and dubious in its application4 ,these ,badges1 thus displayed rather to effect disguise or to excite curiosity than to secure recognition1 must be regarded for the most part as the expressions of heraldic revelry--as the fantasies and eccentricities of an age1 which loved to combine quaint conceits and symbolical allusions with the display of gorgeous magnificence4 ,accordingly1 ,badges of this order are found generally to have been assumed on the occasion of the jousts or ,hastiludes1 the masques1 and other pageants that in feudal times were celebrated with so much of elaborate and brilliant splendour4 ,the adoption of ,badges of this peculiar character is exactly in keeping with the sentiment which prompted men of exalted rank and eminent distinction to appear in public1 on occasions of high festivity1 bearing the arms of some friend1 kinsman1 or ally1 instead of their own4 ,a mark of especial favour and of peculiar distinction would be conferred1 when a ,sovereign or a ,prince thus would display upon his own person the armory of some honoured subject or comrade4 ,,edward ,,iii4 delighted thus to honour the most distinguished cavaliers of his chivalrous ,court4 ,for example1 in or about the year #acdg1 royal ,hastiludes were celebrated at ,lichfield with great splendour1 the jousters consisting of the ,,king and seventeen ,knights1 and the ,earl of ,,lancaster and thirteen ,knights4 ,a conspicuous part was taken in these festivities by the ,king's daughter ,,isabelle1 afterwards ,countess of ,,bedford1 and by six ,ladies of high rank1 with twenty-one other ,ladies1 who all wore blue dresses and white hoods of the same materials as well as the same colours as the robes of the ,knights1 together with various masks or vizors4 ,on this occasion1 the ,,king himself over his armour wore a surcoat with the ,arms of ,sir ,,thomas ,,de ,,bradestone4 ,these ,arms in a ,roll of ,,edward ,,iii4 are blazoned as--,arg41 on a canton gu4 a rose or 7see ,archologia1 xxxi41 pp4 #dj and #aah74 ,on another occasion1 during ,hastiludes at ,canterbury1 ,,edward ,,iii4 is said to have given eight harnesses1 worked with the arms of ,sir ,,stephen ,,de ,,cosynton 7az41 three roses arg471 to the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales1 the ,earl of ,,lancaster1 and six other ,knights4 ,in the same spirit1 ,,richard ,,de ,,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,,warwick1 at a great festival of arms held at ,calais under his presidency1 on the first day entered the lists decorated with the arms of his ancestor the ,lord ,,toney3 on the second day1 he wore the arms of ,hanslap3 and1 on the third day1 he appeared as the ,earl of ,,warwick1 quartering ,beauchamp1 ,guy1 ,hanslap1 and ,toney1 on his trappings2 his vizor open1 and the chaplet on his helm enriched with pearls and precious stones4 ,in such times1 ,badges of curious device and occult signification could not fail to enjoy a popularity1 not the less decided because of the restricted use and exclusive character of the ,badges themselves4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cij4--,secretum of ,robert ,bruce1 ,earl of ,carrick2 ,a4,d4 #abif4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cia4--,seal of ,sir ,walter de ,hungerford1 ,k4,g42 ,a4,d4 #adbe4 ,,examples ,,of ,,badges1 such as are distinctive1 and consequently of the class that ,i have first described4 ,the ,badges of ,,percy are a silver crescent and a double manacle3 of ,,howard1 a white lion3 ,,pelham1 a buckle3 ,,douglas1 a red heart3 ,,scrope1 a ,cornish chough3 ,,clinton1 a golden mullet3 ,,talbot1 a hound3 ,,bohun1 a white swan3 ,,hungerford1 a sickle3 ,,peverel1 a garb3 ,,stourton1 a golden drag or sledge4 ,the various ,knots1 described and illustrated in ,chapter ,x41 ,nos4 #bai1 #bce1 #bfc1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #cjd1 and #cac1 are ,badges4 ,the bear and ragged staff of the ,,beauchamps1 and1 after them1 of the ,,nevilles and ,,dudleys1 ,i have already noticed4 ,seals frequently have ,badges introduced upon them1 in very early times1 by themselves1 the ,badge in each case constituting the device of the ,seal 7see p4 #aic74 ,the ,secretum or private ,seal of ,,robert ,,bruce1 ,earl of ,,carrick1 the father of the ,king1 appended to the homage-deed extorted by ,,edward ,i4 from the ,scottish nobles1 is a good example1 ,no4 #cij3 this is another of ,mr4 ,laing's beautiful woodcuts4 ,badges also constantly appear upon ,seals in association with ,shields of arms4 ,thus1 a ,seal of one of the ,,berkeleys1 ,a4,d4 #adcj1 has a mermaid on each side of an armorial shield4 ,two other examples of this kind ,i have already given3 ,no4 #cah1 the ,seal of ,,joan ,,de ,,barre1 which is charged with the castle and lion of ,castile and ,leon1 as ,badges3 and ,no4 #cba1 the ,seal of ,,oliver ,,de ,,bohun1 charged1 about the ,shield1 with the ,bohun ,swan4 ,on his ,seal1 ,no4 #cia1 ,sir ,,walter ,,de ,,hungerford1 ,k4,g41 ,lord of ,,heytesbury and ,,homet 7the latter a ,norman barony71 displays his own ,badge1 the sickle1 in happy alliance with the garb of ,peverel 7borne by him in right of his wife1 ,,catherine1 daughter and co-heir of ,,thomas ,,peverel71 to form his ,crest4 ,the ,crest1 it will be observed1 in ,no4 #cia1 is a garb between two sickles4 ,the ,shield of ,hungerford only--sa4 two bars arg41 and in chief three plates1 is also placed between two sickles4 ,two banners1 denoting important alliances1 complete the ,heraldry of this remarkable composition3 the banner to the dexter1 for ,heytesbury1 bears--per pale indented gu4 and vert41 a chevron or2 and that to the sinister1 for ,hussy--barry of six erm4 and gu4 ,lord ,,hungerford died in #addi1 and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son1 ,sir ,,robert ,,de ,,hungerford4 ,the ,seal of this ,sir ,robert1 used by him during the lifetime of his father1 precisely the same in its heraldic composition as his father's ,seal1 is remarkable from having each of its four sickles differenced with an ermine-spot upon the blade1 to mark ,cadency2 and also1 with the same motive1 it shows that a label of three points was charged upon the ,shield1 and upon each of the two banners2 ,no4 #cib4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cib4--,seal of ,sir ,robert de ,hungerford3 before ,a4,d4 #addi4 ,through an alliance with the ,hungerfords1 sickles were borne1 as one of their ,badges1 by the great family of ,,courtenay4 ,they appear1 with a dolphin1 a tau cross1 and this same tau-cross having a bell attached to it1 as in ,no4 #cic1 sculptured on the fine heraldic chimney-piece1 the work of ,bishop ,,peter ,,de ,,courtenay 7died in #adib71 now in the hall of the ,episcopal ,palace at ,exeter4 ,the ,,badges of our early ,heraldry are comparatively but little understood4 ,they invite the particular attention of students1 both from their own special interest1 and the light they are qualified to throw upon the personal history of the ,english people1 and also from their peculiar applicability for use by ourselves at the present day4 ,indeed1 at this time1 when the revival of true ,heraldry is in the act of being accomplished with complete success1 it appears to be peculiarly desirable that ,badges should be brought into general use4 ,it is not enough for us to revive our old ,english ,heraldry as once in the olden time it flourished in ,england1 and to rest content with such a revival3 but we must go on to adapt our revived ,heraldry1 in its own spirit and in full sympathy with its genuine feeling1 to conditions of our age and of the state of things now in existence4 ,and very much may be done to effect this by the adoption of ,badges1 as our favourite and most expressive heraldic insignia1 both in connection with ,coat-,armour and for independent display4 ,unlike ,crests1 which must necessarily be associated with helms and the wearers of helms1 and consequently have both a military and a medival character1 ,badges are equally appropriate for use by ,ladies1 as well as by men of every profession1 and they belong alike to every age and period4 ,this has been recognised officially1 to the extent that the officers of arms have now reverted to the ancient practice of granting and confirming badges and ,standards4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cic4--;,a ,courtenay ,badge1 at ,exeter4 ,,royal ,,badges4--,i conclude this chapter with a concise list of the more important of the ,badges that have been borne by the ,sovereigns and ,princes of ,england2 and with some general remarks upon the famous ,badge of the ,ostrich ,feathers1 now considered to be exclusively the ,ensign of the ,,princes ,,of ,,wales1 not as such1 but as the heirs-apparent to the ,throne4 ,the ,planta-genista1 or ,broom-plant1 ,no4 #ba1 is well known as an ,english ,royal ,badge1 from the surname derived from it for one of the most remarkable of the ,royal ,houses that ever have flourished in ,europe4 ,as well known are the ,rose1 ,thistle1 and ,shamrock1 severally the ,badges of the three realms of the ,united ,kingdom of ,,england1 ,,scotland1 and ,,ireland4 ,a golden ,rose stalked proper was a badge of ,,edward ,i43 and from it apparently were derived1 but by what process it is unknown1 the ,white ,rose of ,,york1 the ,red ,rose of ,,lancaster1 and the ,white and ,red ,rose of the ,house of ,,tudor4 ,,william ,,rufus3 ,a ,flower of five foils4 ,,henry ,i43 ,a ,flower of eight foils4 ,,stephen3 ,a ,flower of seven foils3 a ,sagittarius4 ,,henry ,,ii43 ,the ,planta-genista3 an ,escarbuncle3 a ,sword and ,olive-,branch4 ,,richard ,i43 ,a ,star of thirteen rays and a ,crescent3 a ,star issuing from a ,crescent3 a ,mailed ,arm grasping a broken ,lance1 with the ,motto--,christo ,duce4 ,,john and ,,henry ,,iii43 ,a ,star issuing from a ,crescent4 ,,edward ,i43 ,an heraldic ,rose or1 stalked ppr4 ,,edward ,,ii43 ,a ,castle of ,castile4 ,,edward ,,iii43 ,a ,fleur de lys3 a ,sword3 a ,falcon3 a ,gryphon3 the ,stock of a ,tree3 ,rays issuing from a ,cloud4 ,,richard ,,ii43 ,a ,white ,hart lodged3 the ,stock of a ,tree3 ,a ,white ,falcon3 the ,sun in splendour3 the ,sun clouded4 ,,henry ,,iv43 ,the ,cypher ,,ss3 a crowned ,eagle3 an ,eagle displayed3 a ,white ,swan3 ,a ,red ,rose3 a ,columbine ,flower3 ,a ,fox's ,tail3 a crowned ,panther3 the ,stock of a ,tree3 a ,crescent4 ,his ,,queen1 ,,joan ,,of ,,navarre3 ,an ,ermine1 or ,gennet4 ,,henry ,v43 ,a ,fire-beacon3 a ,white ,swan gorged and chained3 a chained ,antelope4 ,,henry ,,vi43 ,two ,ostrich ,feathers in ,saltire3 a chained ,antelope3 a ,panther4 ,,edward ,,iv43 ,a ,white ,rose en ,soleil3 a ,white ,wolf and ,white ,lion3 a ,white ,hart3 a ,black ,dragon and ,black ,bull3 a ,falcon and ,fetter-lock3 the ,sun in splendour4 ,,henry ,,vii43 ,a ,rose of ,york and ,lancaster1 a ,portcullis and a ,fleur de lys1 all of them crowned3 a ,red ,dragon3 a ,white ,greyhound3 a ,hawthorn ,bush and ,crown1 with the cypher ,h4,r4 ,,henry ,,viii43 ,the same1 without the ,hawthorn ,bush1 and with a ,white ,cock4 ,his ,,queens3 ,,catherine ,,of ,,aragon--,a ,rose1 ,pomegranate1 and ,sheaf of ,arrows4 ,,anne ,,boleyn--,a ,crowned ,falcon1 holding a ,sceptre4 ,,jane ,,seymour--,a ,phoenix rising from a ,castle1 between ,two ,tudor ,roses4 ,,catherine ,,parr--,a ,maiden's ,head crowned1 rising from a large ,tudor ,rose4 ,,edward ,,vi43 ,a ,tudor ,rose3 the ,sun in splendour4 ,,mary3 ,a ,tudor ,rose impaling a ,pomegranate--also impaling a ,sheaf of ,arrows1 ensigned with a ,crown1 and surrounded with rays3 a ,pomegranate4 ,,elizabeth3 ,a ,tudor ,rose with the motto1 ,rosa sine ,spin 7a ,rose without a ,thorn73 a ,crowned ,falcon and ,sceptre4 ,she used as her own motto--,semper ,eadem 7,always the same74 ,,james ,i43 ,a ,thistle3 a ,thistle and ,rose dimidiated and crowned1 ,no4 #cjh1 with the motto--,beati ,pacifici 7,blessed are the peacemakers74 ,,charles ,i41 ,,charles ,,ii41 ,,james ,,ii43 ,the same ,badge as ,,james ,i41 without his motto4 ,,anne3 ,a ,rose-,branch and a ,thistle growing from one branch4 ,from this time distinctive personal ,badges ceased to be borne by ,english ,sovereigns4 ,but various badges have become stereotyped and now form a constituent part of the ,royal ,arms1 and will be found recited later in ,chapter ,,xviii4 ,the ,ostrich ,feather ,badge4 ,the popular tradition1 that the famous ,badge of the ,ostrich ,feathers was won from the blind ,,king ,,of ,,bohemia at ,cressi by the ,,black ,,prince1 and by him afterwards borne as an heraldic trophy1 is not supported by any contemporary authority4 ,the earliest writer by whom the tradition itself is recorded is ,,camden 7,a4,d4 #afad71 and his statement is confirmed by no known historical evidence of a date earlier than his own work4 ,as ,sir ,n4 ,,harris ,,nicholas has shown in a most able paper in the ,archologia 7vol4 xxxi4 pp4 #cej-chd71 the first time the ,feathers are mentioned in any record is in a document1 the date of which must have been after #acfi1 and which contains lists of plate belonging to the ,king himself1 and also to ,queen ,,phillipa4 ,it is particularly to be observed1 that all the pieces of plate specified in this roll as the personal property of the ,queen1 if marked with any device at all1 are marked with her own initial1 or with some heraldic insignia that have a direct reference to herself4 ,one of these pieces of plate is described as a large dish for the alms of the ,queen1 of silver gilt1 and enamelled at the bottom with a black escutcheon with ,ostrich ,feathers--eym in fund vno scuch nigro cum pennis de ostrich4 ,and these ,ostrich ,feathers1 thus blazoned on a sable field upon the silver alms-dish of ,queen ,,philippa1 ,sir ,n4 ,h4 ,nicholas believed to have been borne by the ,queen as a daughter of the ,house of ,,hainault2 and he suggested that these same ,ostrich ,feathers might possibly have been assumed by the ,counts of the ,province of ,hainault from the ,comt of ,ostrevant1 which formed the appanage of their eldest sons4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cid4--;,at ,worcester ,cathedral4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cie4--;,at ,peterborough ,cathedral4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cif4--;,at ,peterborough ,cathedral4 ,at the first1 either a single ,feather was borne1 the quill generally transfixing an escroll1 as in ,no4 #cid1 from the monument of ,prince ,,arthur ,,tudor1 in ,worcester ,cathedral2 or1 two ,feathers were placed side by side1 as they also appear upon the same monument4 ,in ,seals1 or when marshalled with a ,shield of ,arms1 two ,feathers are seen to have been placed after the manner of ,supporters1 one on each side of the composition3 in such examples the tips of the ,feathers droop severally to the dexter and sinister3 in all the early examples also the ,feathers droop in the same manner1 or they incline slightly towards the spectator4 ,three ,feathers were first grouped together by ,,arthur ,,tudor1 ,,prince ,,of ,,wales1 eldest son of ,,henry ,,vii41 as in ,nos4 #cie and #cif1 from ,peterborough ,cathedral2 or with an escroll1 as in ,no4 #cig1 from a miserere in the fine and interesting church at ,ludlow4 ,the plume of three ,feathers appears to have been encircled with a coronet1 for the first time1 by ,prince ,,edward1 afterwards ,,edward ,,vi41 but who never was ,,prince ,,of ,,wales3 ,no4 #cih1 carved very boldly over the entrance gateway to the ,deanery at ,peterborough1 is a good early example4 ,in ,no4 #cii ,i give a representation of another early plume of three ,ostrich ,feathers1 as they are carved1 with an escroll in place of a coronet1 upon the ,chantry of ,abbot ,,ramryge in the ,abbey ,church at ,st4 ,albans3 and again1 in ,no4 #djj1 from the head of a window near the east end of the choir1 on the south side1 in ,exeter ,cathedral1 the three ,feathers are charged upon a ,shield per pale azure and gules1 and this ,shield is on a roundle4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cig4--;,in ,ludlow ,church4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cih4--,the ,deanery1 ,peterborough4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #cii4--;,in the ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,alban4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djj4--;,in ,exeter ,cathedral4 ,the ,ostrich ,feathers were borne1 as a ,badge with his ,shield of ,arms1 upon one ,seal of ,,edward ,,iii4 himself3 they were used1 as an heraldic device1 about the year #acgj1 by ,,philippa1 his ,queen3 they appear on some1 but not on all1 the ,seals of the ,,black ,,prince1 and they are omitted from some of his ,seals after the battle of ,cressi 7,a4,d4 #acdf73 and they were also borne1 generally with some slight difference1 marking ,cadency1 in all probability by all the other sons of ,,edward ,,iii4--certainly by ,,john ,,of ,,ghent1 ,duke of ,,lancaster1 and by ,,thomas ,,of ,,woodstock1 ,duke of ,,gloucester4 ,they were adopted by ,,richard ,,ii41 and placed on either side of his crested ,helm in the heraldic sculpture of ,westminster ,hall1 as appears in two of these beautiful examples1 ,nos4 #aii and #chd3 by this ,prince the ,ostrich ,feathers were placed on his first ,royal ,seal1 and they were habitually used for decoration and heraldic display2 and they also were formally granted by him1 as a mark of especial favour1 to be borne as an ,augmentation of the highest honour1 to his cousin ,,thomas ,,mowbray1 ,duke of ,,norfolk4 ,the ,ostrich ,feathers were borne1 in like manner1 by the succeeding ,princes1 both ,,lancastrian and ,,yorkist3 by at least two of the ,,beauforts3 by the ,princes of the ,house of ,,tudor3 and by their successors the ,,stuarts4 ,thus1 it is certain that the ,ostrich ,feathers were held to be a ,royal ,badge1 from the time of their first appearance in the ,heraldry of ,england about the middle of the fourteenth century2 and that in that character they were adopted and borne by the successive ,sovereigns1 and by the ,princes1 sometimes also by the ,princesses 7as in the instance of a ,seal of ,,margaret ,,beaufort1 the mother of ,,henry ,,vii471 of the ,royal ,houses1 without any other distinction than some slight mark of ,cadency1 and without the slightest trace of any peculiar association with any one member of the ,royal ,family4 ,from the time of the accession of the ,house of ,stuart to the ,crown of the ,united ,kingdom1 however1 the coroneted plume of three ,ostrich ,feathers appears to have been regarded1 as it is at this present day1 as the special ,badge of the ,heir to the ,throne4 ,in accordance with the express provision of his will1 two armorial ,shields are displayed upon the monument of the ,,black ,,prince in ,canterbury ,cathedral1 which ,shields the ,prince himself distinguishes as his ,shields for ,war and for ,peace2 the former charged with his quartered arms of ,france and ,england differenced with his silver ,label1 ,no4 #ccg2 and the latter1 sable1 charged with three ,ostrich ,feathers argent1 their quills passing through scrolls bearing the ,motto1 ,ich ,diene ,no4 #dja4 ,the same motto is placed over each of the ,shields that are charged with the ,feathers1 as in ,no4 #dja3 and over each ,shield charged with the quartered arms 7there are on each side of the tomb six ,shields1 three of the ,arms1 and three of the ,feathers1 alternately7 is the other motto of the ,prince1 ,houmout4 ,in his will1 the ,,black ,,prince also desired that a black ,pennon with ,ostrich ,feathers should be displayed at his ,funeral2 and he further appointed that his ,chapel in ,canterbury ,cathedral should be adorned in various places with his ,arms1 and likewise with our ,badge of ,ostrich ,feathers--noz bages dez plumes d'ostruce4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dja4--,shield for ,peace of the ,black ,prince4 ,the will of the ,,black ,,prince proves the ,feathers to have been a ,badge1 and not either a ,crest or the ensign of a ,shield of ,arms1 since twice he expressly calls them our ,badge3 and it also is directly opposed to the traditional warlike origin and military character of the ,feathers1 as a ,badge of the ,,black ,,prince1 for it particularly specifies the peaceful significance of this ,badge1 and distinguishes it from the insignia that were worn and displayed by the ,prince when he was equipped for war4 ,the ,mottoes ,ich ,diene and ,houmout are old ,german1 and they signify1 ,i serve1 and magnanimous4 ,it has been suggested by ,mr4 ,planch1 that ,houmout is ,flemish1 and that the three words really form a single ,motto1 signifying1 ,magnanimous1 ,i serve1 that is1 ,i obey the dictates of magnanimity 7,archologia1 xxxii4 #fi74 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djb4--;,from the ,seal of ,king ,henry ,,iv4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djc4--;,from the ,seal of ,thomas1 ,duke of ,gloucester4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djd4--;,from the ,garter-,plate of ,john ,beaufort1 ,k4,g4 ,upon a very remarkable ,seal1 used by ,,henry ,,iv4 a short time before his accession1 the shield with helm and crest are placed between two tall ,feathers1 about each of which is entwined a ,garter charged with his favourite and significant ,motto--the word ,,sovereygne1 as in ,no4 #djb4 ,his father1 ,prince ,,john ,,of ,,ghent1 placed a chain upon the quills of his ,feathers1 as in the very curious boss in the cloisters at ,canterbury4 ,the uncle of ,,henry ,,iv41 ,,thomas1 ,duke of ,,gloucester1 on one of his ,seals1 differenced his two ,feathers with ,garters 7probably of the ,order7 displayed along their quills1 as in ,no4 #djc4 ,and1 about ,a4,d4 #addj1 ,,john ,,beaufort1 ,k4,g41 ,duke of ,,somerset1 on his ,garter-plate placed two ,ostrich ,feathers erect1 their quills compone argent and azure1 and fixed in golden escrolls2 ,no4 #djd4 ,in the ,harleian ,,ms4 #cjd1 f4 #ab1 it is stated that the ,ostrich ,feather of silver1 the pen thus compone argent and azure1 is the ,duke of ,somerset's3 also that the ,feather silver1 with the pen gold1 is the ,king's3 the ,ostrich ,feather1 pen and all silver1 is the ,prince's3 and the ,ostrich ,feather gold1 the pen ermine1 is the ,duke of ,lancaster's4 ,the ,shield charged with three ,ostrich ,feathers1 ,no4 #dja1 was borne by ,prince ,,john ,,of ,,ghent2 and it appears on the splendid ,great ,seal of ,,henry ,,iv41 between the ,shields of the ,duchy of ,,cornwall and the ,earldom of ,,chester4 ,,humphrey1 ,duke of ,,gloucester1 is also recorded to have borne this same ,feather ,shield4 ,in the ,vaulting of the ceiling over the steps leading to the ,hall at ,christchurch1 ,oxford1 the ,ostrich ,plume ,badge is carved within a ,garter of the ,order3 and1 again1 the ,badge is represented after the same manner1 environed with the ,garter1 in the beautiful binding of a copy of the ,bible which is reputed to have been used by ,,charles ,i4 in his last moments4 ,the ,ostrich ,feathers are repeatedly mentioned in early documents2 and they are shown to have been constantly used for various decorative purposes1 always evidently with an heraldic motive and feeling1 by the same ,royal personages who blazoned them on their ,seals1 and displayed them elsewhere as their armorial insignia4 ,a well-known example of a diaper of ,white ,ostrich ,feathers on a field per pale argent and vert1 is preserved in the stained glass now in the great north window of the transept of ,canterbury ,cathedral4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,supporters ,standing by the ,shield ,in silence4 --,,idylls ,,of ,,the ,,king4 ,a ,,supporter is a figure1 sometimes of an angel1 frequently of a human being1 but more generally of some animal1 bird1 or imaginary creature1 so placed in connection with a ,shield of ,arms as to appear to be protecting and supporting it4 ,in ,english ,heraldry a single ,supporter is of comparatively rare occurrence1 but a number of examples are to be found in the ,heraldry of ,scotland4 ,in early examples1 when two ,supporters appear1 they are in most cases alike3 but1 more recently 7except in the ,heraldry of ,france71 the two figures are generally quite distinct the one from the other1 the earlier usage of having the two ,supporters alike being less frequent4 ,the modern prevailing practice in ,england is happily exemplified in the well-known instance of the present ,royal ,supporters1 the ,lion and the ,unicorn4 ,supporters are considered to have been introduced into the ,heraldry of ,england during the reign of ,,edward ,,iii42 but they may with greater accuracy be assigned to the middle of the fifteenth century1 than to the second half of the fourteenth4 ,as armorial insignia of a very high rank1 ,supporters are granted in ,england only by the express command of the ,sovereign1 except to ,peers and ,knights ,grand ,cross and ,knights ,grand ,commanders4 ,in ,scotland1 where they occur more frequently than in the ,heraldry of the ,south of the ,tweed1 the ,lord ,lyon has power to grant ,supporters4 ,originally by the ,scottish ,heralds these accessories of ,shields were entitled ,bearers4 ,supporters are now granted1 on payment of fees1 to all ,peers of the ,realm to descend to the holders of a specified ,peerage1 and to ,knights of the ,garter1 ,thistle1 and ,st4 ,patrick1 and to ,knights ,grand ,cross and ,knights ,grand ,commanders of all other orders of knighthood to be borne for life4 ,most ,nova ,scotia ,baronets and ,chiefs of ,scottish ,clans have supporters registered with their arms4 ,supporters probably owe their origin rather to several concurrent circumstances1 than to any one particular circumstance4 ,the mere fact of a ,knight carrying his own armorial ,shield1 or his ,esquire bearing it beside him1 might suggest the general idea of some supporting figure in connection with a representation of that ,shield4 ,the act of carrying a ,banner of ,arms1 in like manner1 might suggest a representation of a ,supporter for a ,shield of ,arms4 ,to early ,seals1 however1 ,heraldry is in an especial degree indebted for the development of the idea of ,supporters1 and for bringing it into a definite form4 ,again1 the prevalent use of ,badges in the fourteenth century1 and in the fifteenth also1 would necessarily exercise a powerful influence in the same direction2 and would lead ,heralds to associate with ,shields of ,arms certain other figures which1 while in themselves distinct and independent1 were closely allied with certain ,shields of ,arms4 ,the prototypes of true ,supporters1 indeed1 as they appear on ,seals1 are ,badges4 ,in fact1 it is often difficult to determine whether specified figures on the ,seals of a certain period are heraldic supporters or merely representations of ,badges4 ,an ,effigy represented upon a ,seal1 as in ,no4 #dje1 the ,seal of ,,devorguilla ,,crawford1 about ,a4,d4 #abij1 from ,,laing',s ,volume3 or in ,nos4 #caf1 #cag1 would be even more than a suggestion of a ,supporter4 ,the same may be said1 when some figure1 almost certainly a ,badge1 was introduced into the composition of a ,seal1 holding or supporting a ,shield by its guige1 as in ,no4 #bjc2 or when a ,shield1 or two or more ,shields1 were charged upon some figure1 as in ,no4 #bjd3 both of these examples1 indeed1 might be regarded as illustrations of the origin or first adoption of single ,supporters4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dje4--,seal of ,devorguilla ,crawford1 about #abij4 ,the introduction of angelic figures1 which might have the appearance of acting as ,guardian ,angels1 in their care of ,shields of ,arms1 was in accordance with the feeling of the early days of ,english ,heraldry2 and1 while it took a part in leading the way to the systematic use of regular ,supporters1 it served to show the high esteem and honour in which armorial insignia were held by our ancestors of those ages4 ,in ,no4 #aei ,i have already shown an example of a sculptured ,shield thus supported by ,angels1 from ,st4 ,albans4 ,in the same noble church there are other examples of the same character in stained glass4 ,angel ,supporters1 the figures treated in various ways1 occur in very many ,gothic edifices2 particularly1 sculptured as corbels1 bosses or pater1 or introduced in panels1 and employed for the decoration of open timber roofs1 as in ,westminster ,hall4 ,they appear also on ,seals2 as on the ,seal of ,,henry ,,of ,,lancaster1 about ,a4,d4 #acej1 which has the figure of an ,angel above the ,shield1 and a lion on each side of it4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djf4--,part of ,seal of ,margaret1 ,lady ,hungerford4 ,the representation of armorial ,banners upon ,seals would lead to at least the occasional introduction of some figure to hold1 or support1 the ,banner2 and here1 again1 we discern the presence of some of the immediate predecessors of ,supporters1 properly so called4 ,in the ,seals1 ,nos4 #cia1 #cib1 the ,banners are not supported1 and yet they are indirectly suggestive of giving support to the ,shield which is marshalled with them in the same composition4 ,another ,hungerford ,seal1 that of ,,margaret ,,botreaux1 widow of the second ,baron ,,hungerford 7who died in #adgg71 in the centre of the composition has a kneeling figure of the noble lady1 and on each side a banner of arms is held 7supported7 erect1 so that the two banners form a kind of canopy over her head1 by a lion and a gryphon4 ,in ,no4 #djf ,i give a part only of this elaborate ,seal1 sufficient to show how its general composition bears upon the adoption of ,supporters4 ,the ,monument in ,westminster ,abbey of ,sir ,,ludovic ,,robsart1 ,k4,g41 ,lord ,,bourchier1 ,standard-,bearer to ,,henry ,v4 at ,agincourt1 has two banners sculptured in the stone work of the canopy1 which are placed precisely in the same manner as the banners in ,no4 #djf2 and1 like them1 they are held by ,badges acting as ,supporters4 ,two well-known seals of the ,,percies are charged with banners1 and in each case the banner-staff is held by a single ,supporter3 one of these figures is a man-at-arms1 ,a4,d4 #achf2 the other is a lion1 ,a4,d4 #addf4 ,at the same period1 two lions appear on another ,percy ,seal4 ,another1 of the same date1 has the shield supported by an armed man1 without any banner1 but having a lance with a long pennon charged with the ,crescent badge of ,,percy1 ,no4 #dab1 p4 #bdg4 ,other ,percy ,seals1 again1 of the fourteenth century1 on either side of the ,shield have two lions or two birds4 ,numerous examples of great interest illustrate the early introduction of ,badges into the composition of ,seals1 as accessories of ,shields4 ,a ,seal of ,prince ,,john ,,of ,,ghent1 which has two falcons and padlocks1 is one of the most beautiful and suggestive works of its class3 in this ,seal the two birds are addorsed1 and consequently they also have their backs turned towards the central achievement4 ,this position of the figures on early ,seals is not uncommon2 but it is an illustration that the use of ,badges in the form from which they developed into supporters was an artistic necessity1 arising from the form of the spaces to be occupied by the figures upon the ,seal4 ,another most characteristic example of that marshalling of ,badges upon ,seals1 which certainly led the way to true ,supporters1 is the ,seal of ,sir ,,maurice ,,de ,,berkeley1 ,a4,d4 #adcj1 upon which a mermaid--the ,berkeley badge--is blazoned on each side of the ,shield4 ,the two figures are drawn with much skill and elegance4 ,the ,shield itself quarters ,berkeley within a bordure1 and a differenced coat of ,bottetourt3 it hangs from a large helm1 which1 in its turn1 is ensigned by as large a mitre--the singular ,crest of the ,berkeleys4 ,the two figures1 generally animals1 which fill up the spaces to the dexter and sinister of the central achievement on ,seals1 in the fifteenth century are almost invariably drawn of a comparatively large size2 and1 for the most part1 they really act as ,supporters to the ,crested ,helm1 being themselves supported by the ,shield4 ,the composition of the ,seal of ,,edmund ,,de ,,mortimer1 ,earl of ,,march1 ,a4,d4 #adjj1 though now mutilated1 exhibits in a most satisfactory manner this very effective arrangement1 from which true ,supporters to a ,shield of ,arms might obviously be derived4 ,in this ,seal1 ,no4 #djg1 the ,shield quarters ,mortimer1 ,no4 #aca1 and--or1 a cross gu41 for ,ulster4 ,the ,seal of ,,wm4 ,,de ,,wyndesor1 ,no4 #chb1 illustrates with no less happy effect the occasional use of birds instead of beasts1 as ,supporting ,badges4 ,other examples exist in great numbers1 and in abundant variety3 the two that ,i add from ,mr4 ,laing's ,volume1 ,nos4 #djh and #dji1 are in every respect most characteristic2 they are severally the ,seals of ,,robert ,,graham1 of ,kinpont1 and of ,sir ,,william ,,lindsay1 of the ,byres4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djg4--,seal of ,earl ,edmund de ,mortimer2 ,a4,d4 #adjj4 ,it is scarcely necessary for me to point out to students that ,supporters always have a decided heraldic significance4 ,in supporting a ,shield of ,arms1 they discharge an heraldic duty3 but1 in themselves1 ,supporters are armorial symbols of a high rank2 and1 with peculiar emphasis1 they record descent1 inheritance1 and alliance1 and they blazon illustrious deeds4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #djh4--,seal of ,robert ,graham1 of ,kinpont1 ,a4,d4 #adcc4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dji4--,seal of ,sir ,wm4 ,lindsay1 of the ,byres1 ,a4,d4 #acij4 ,supporters should always be represented in an erect position4 ,in whatever direction also they actually may be looking1 they always ought to appear to fulfil their own proper office of giving vigilant and deferential support to the ,shield4 ,it would be well1 in our blazoning of supported ,achievements1 not only for us to regard a becoming position and attitude for ,supporters to be matters determined by positive heraldic law1 but also that some satisfactory arrangement should be made and recognised for general adoption1 by which an equally becoming support would be provided for ,supporters4 ,an unsatisfactory custom has been either to place the ,supporters1 whatever they may be1 upon some very slight renaissance scroll work that is neither graceful nor consistent1 or1 to constrain the ,motto scroll to provide a foundation or standing-place for them4 ,in the latter case1 an energetic lion1 or a massive elephant1 and1 in a certain class of achievements of comparatively recent date1 a mounted trooper1 or a stalwart man-of-war's man1 probably with a twenty-four pounder at his feet1 are made to stand on the edge of the ribbon that is inscribed with the ,motto4 ,mr4 ,laing has enabled me to give an excellent example of ,supporters--two lions standing upon a motto-scroll or ribbon--in ,no4 #daj1 the ,seal of ,,john ,,drummond1 created ,earl of ,,melfort and ,viscount ,,forth in the year #afhf3 the ,shield is ,scotland1 within a bordure compone2 the ,supporters are gorged with collars charged with thistles2 and the ,crest is the ,crest of ,scotland issuing from a celestial ,crown4 ,as says the ,motto of ,sir ,,william ,,mahon1 ,moniti1 meliora sequamur--now that we have been told of it1 let us produce something better than this support for our ,supporters4 ,happily the best heraldic artists of the moment seem very generally to have reverted to the older and more preferable form4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #daj4--,seal of ,john ,drummond1 ,earl of ,melfort1 ,a4,d4 #afhf4 ,the ,heralds of ,france still restrict the term ,supporters--,les ,supports--to animals2 whilst to human beings1 to figures of angels1 and to mythological personages or other figures in human form1 when supporting a ,shield1 they apply the term ,les ,tenants4 ,when trees or other inanimate objects are placed beside any armorial shield1 and so discharge the duty of ,supporters in ,french achievements1 they are distinguished as ,les ,soutiens4 ,an old ,french writer on ,heraldry1 ,,palliot1 however1 says that in his time 7,a4,d4 #affj71 ,tenant is used in the singular number1 and denotes any kind of single ,supporter1 while ,supports is used when there are two4 ,in the ,french ,heraldry of the present time1 a single ,tenant or ,support is of rare occurrence2 and when two ,tenants or ,supports appear in blazon1 they are generally1 though not always1 alike4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,flags ,the ,pennon-- ,the ,banner-- ,the ,standard-- ,the ,royal ,standard-- ,the ,union ,jack-- ,ensigns-- ,military ,standards and ,colours-- ,blazoning-- ,hoisting and ,displaying ,flags4 ,many a beautiful ,pennon fixed to a lance1 ,and many a ,banner displayed4 --,,siege ,,of ,,carlaverock1 ,a4,d4 #acjj4 ,prosper our ,colours6 --,,shakespeare1 ,henry ,,vi41 ,part #c4 ,admirably adapted for all purposes of heraldic display1 rich in glowing colours1 and peculiarly graceful in their free movement in the wind1 ,,flags are inseparably associated with spirit-stirring memories1 and in all ages and with every people they enjoy an enthusiastic popularity peculiar to themselves4 ,in the ,middle ,ages1 in ,england1 three distinct classes of heraldic ,flags appear to have been in general use1 each class having a distinct and well-defined signification4 #a4 ,first1 the ,,pennon1 small in size1 of elongated form1 and either pointed or swallow-tailed at the extremity1 is charged with the ,badge or some other armorial ensign of the owner1 and by him displayed upon his own lance1 as his personal ensign4 ,the ,pennon of ,sir ,,john ,d',,abernoun1 ,no4 #bhf1 fringed and pointed1 ,a4,d4 #abgg1 bears his arms--,az41 a chevron or3 and ,no4 #daa1 another example of the pointed form of ,pennon1 is from the ,painted ,chamber1 ,westminster1 about ,a4,d4 #abge4 ,no4 #dab1 a long swallow-tailed ,pennon1 charged with the ,percy crescent ,badge1 is from the ,seal of ,,henry ,,de ,,perci1 first ,earl of ,,northumberland4 ,before the true heraldic era1 ,lance-,flags with various decorative devices1 but without any blazonry having a definite signification1 were in use3 ,see ,nos4 #e1 #f4 ,the ,pennoncelle was a modification of the ,pennon4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #daa4--,pennon1 from the ,painted ,chamber4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dab4--,pennon of ,percy2 ,a4,d4 #adjj4 #b4 ,second1 the ,,banner1 square or oblong in form1 and of a larger size than the ,pennon1 bears the entire ,coat of ,arms of the owner blazoned over its whole surface1 precisely as the same composition is blazoned upon a ,shield3 ,no4 #afb4 ,the ,banner has been described as the ensign of the ,sovereign1 or of a ,prince1 a ,noble1 or a ,knight who had been advanced to the higher rank or degree of a ,banneret2 but it would seem almost certain that the display of ,arms upon a ,banner was never confined to a ,banneret4 ,two ,banners are represented in each of the ,hungerford ,seals1 ,nos4 #cia1 #cib4 ,a small group of oblong ,banners1 with two pointed ,pennons1 is represented in ,no4 #dac1 from the ,painted ,chamber4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dac4--,oblong ,banners and ,pointed ,pennons1 from the ,painted ,chamber4 ,in the olden time1 when a ,knight had distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry1 it was the custom to mark his meritorious conduct by prompt advancement on the very field of battle4 ,in such a case1 the point or points of the good ,knight's ,pennon were rent off1 and thus the small ,flag was reduced to the square form of the ,banner1 by which thenceforth he was to be distinguished4 ,,froissart1 in his own graphic manner1 has described the ceremonial which attended the first display of the ,banner of a newly-created ,banneret on the field of battle4 ,sir ,,john ,,chandos1 one of the ,knights ,founders of the ,garter1 appeared with his maiden ,banner on the field1 on the morning of the battle of ,naveret1 in ,castile1 ,april #crd1 #acfg3--;,he brought his banner in his hands1 says the chronicler1 rolled up 7rolled round the staff71 and said to the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales--it was the ,,black ,,prince1--',my ,lord1 behold1 here is my ,banner3 ,i deliver it to you in this way1--still rolled round the staff1 that is--'that it may please you to display it1 and that this day ,i may raise it2 for1 thank ,god1 ,i have land and heritage sufficient to support the rank as it ought to be6' ,then the ,prince and the ,king--,don ,,petro1 ,king of ,castile--took the ,banner1 which was of silver with a sharp pile gules1 between their hands by the staff1 and displayed it1 and returned it to him1 the ,prince saying--',sir ,john1 behold your ,banner2 may ,god grant you may do your duty6' ,then ,sir ,,john ,,chandos bore his ,banner 7displayed7 to his own ,company1 and said--',gentlemen1 see here my ,banner and yours2 preserve it as your own6' ,we see that1 like another hero of a later period1 the ,,black ,,prince held the maxim--,england expects every man to do his duty4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dad4--,seal of ,earl ,john ,holland1 ,admiral of ,england1 c41 ,a4,d4 #adcf4 ,quarterings1 ,marks of ,cadency1 and ,differences 7but not impalements7 are blazoned on ,banners under the very same conditions that they appear on ,shields of ,arms4 ,for example1 the ,banners1 as well as the ,shield1 on the seal of ,sir ,robert de ,hungerford1 ,no4 #cib1 are ,differenced with a label for ,cadency1 and thus are distinguished from the corresponding ,banners and ,shield on the ,seal of ,sir ,robert's father1 ,no4 #cia4 ,crests1 ,badges1 ,supporters1 and other external accessories and ornaments of ,armorial ,shields have no place on ,banners1 a ,banner representing a ,shield1 and being charged as a ,shield4 ,in the seventeenth century1 however1 ,english ,banners sometimes were charged with ,achievements of ,arms1 including all the accessories and ornaments of ,shields4 ,in early times ,banners appear in use at sea1 as well as on land2 and the same ,banners were used both on shore and afloat4 ,the sails of our early shipping1 also1 are constantly represented as covered with armorial blazonry1 and they thus were enabled to act as ,ship-,flags4 ,many curious and interesting representations of the strange1 unwieldy1 unship-shape looking craft that were the ancestors of the ,british ,navy1 are introduced with their heraldic sails and their ,banners into the compositions of ,seals4 ,a fine example of its order is the ,seal of ,,john ,,holland1 ,earl of ,,huntingdon1 ,a4,d4 #adcf1 ,admiral of ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,aquitaine1 ,no4 #dad4 ,the ship is really a noble-looking vessel1 with her solitary sail blazoned with the ,lord ,admiral's ,arms--,england1 within a bordure of ,france1--the same arms that were borne by ,prince ,,john ,,of ,,eltham1 ,no4 #bd4 ,in this example the crew are not represented3 but in other ,seals of early shipping figures are commonly introduced1 and almost always they are drawn of ludicrously disproportionate size4 ,this ship does not display any ,banner from a banner-staff1 but has a nautical ,pennon of ample size flying at the mast-head3 when ,banners are displayed on board ships upon early ,seals1 they are generally narrow in proportion to their height1 a form of ,banner adopted on land as well as at sea1 in consequence of the greater inconvenience attending the display of broad or really square ,banners4 ,at a later period1 however1 ,ship-,flags of very large size came into favour4 #c4 ,the ,,standard1 the third variety of early heraldic ,flags1 which first appears about the middle of the fourteenth century1 and was in general use by personages of high rank in the two following centuries1 appears to have been adopted for the special purpose of displaying the ,badge4 ,the ,badge was worn on his livery by a servant as retainer1 and consequently the ,standard by which he mustered in camp was of the livery colours1 and bore the ,badge1 with both of which the retainer was familiar4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dae4--,standard of ,sir ,henry de ,stafford1 ,k4,g43 about ,a4,d4 #adge4 ,this ,flag is of ample proportions1 and great length2 but its size varies with the owner's rank4 ,next to the ,staff was usually to be found the red cross on a silver field of ,,st4 ,,george4 ,the rest of the field is generally divided per fesse into two tinctures1 in most cases the livery colours of the owner1 or the prevailing tinctures of his ,coat of ,arms1 which in such cases may almost be assumed to have been his livery4 ,with some principal figure or device occupying a prominent position1 various ,badges are displayed over the whole field1 a ,motto1 which is placed bend-wise1 having divided the ,standard into compartments4 ,the edges are fringed throughout1 and the extremity is sometimes swallow-tailed1 and sometimes rounded4 ,the ,standard of ,sir ,,henry ,,de ,,stafford1 ,k4,g41 second son of ,,henry1 second ,duke of ,,buckingham 7executed in #adhc71 is represented in ,no4 #dae1 from a drawing in the ,heralds' ,college4 ,it is charged1 first1 with a cross of ,st4 ,george3 then1 on a field per fesse sable and gules 7the colours of the ,duke's livery71 the ,white ,swan of the ,de ,bohuns1 with the silver ,stafford-knot 7,no4 #cjd71 differenced with a ,crescent gules for ,cadency2 the ,motto is ,,hvmble 3 ,,et3 ,,loyal2 and the fringe1 of the same colours as the field1 is compone sa4 and gu4 ,in other examples a greater variety of ,badges is introduced4 ,the student will not fail to take notice of the systematic display of the ensign of ,st4 ,george in these ,standards1 as the national armorial device of ,england4 ,the use and heraldic display of these standards had practically lapsed1 but the ,college of ,arms has now reverted to its ancient practice of recording them in cases of the grant or confirmation of a ,badge4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #daf4--,the ,royal ,standard1 or ,banner4 ,the ,,royal ,,standard 7to give it its popular name7 is not really a ,standard at all1 but is the ,king's ,banner of his arms4 ,it stands at the head of our ,english ,flags of the present day1 and bears the full blazonry of the ,royal ,arms of ,his ,majesty ,,the ,,king1 as they are marshalled on the ,royal ,shield3 ,no4 #daf4 ,it is personal to the ,king1 and its use by other people is not permitted4 ,this splendid ,flag1 so truly heraldic in its character1 and charged with ,coat-,armour and not with ,badges1 ought to be styled the ,,royal ,,banner4 ,the same ,standard is duly differenced with their own ,marks of ,cadency and their ,shields of ,pretence for the different members of the ,royal ,family4 ,for use at sea1 whilst the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales has his own ,flag or ,banner of his arms1 all other members of the ,royal ,family use a flag showing the ,royal ,arms within a bordure ermine4 ,,queen ,,mary and ,,queen ,,alexandra fly flags of their impaled arms4 ,the ,,union ,,jack1 which is regarded as the national ,british ,flag1 as we now display it1 is the second of its race4 ,strictly speaking1 it is as much the property of the ,sovereign as the ,royal ,banner1 but objection to its use and display is not officially made4 ,the ,first ,union ,jack1 ,no4 #dag1 was produced in obedience to a ,royal ,proclamation of ,,james ,i4 in the year #afjf4 ,its object was to provide a single ,national ,flag for both ,england and ,scotland as a single kingdom1 which might put an end to certain serious disputes concerning the precedence of their respective ,banners of ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,andrew1 ,nos4 #dah1 #dai1 between the natives of ,england and ,scotland--of ,south and ,north ,britain4 ,this ,union ,flag combined the blazonry of the two rival ensigns1 not marshalling them by quartering after the early heraldic usage1 but by reviving a still earlier process1 and by blending the cross and the saltire of ,nos4 #dah and #dai in a single composition4 ,this was effected1 accordingly1 by charging the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 with a narrow border or fimbriation of white to represent its white field1 upon the ,banner of ,st4 ,andrew1 the result being the ,flag shown in ,no4 #dag4 ,on the final ,union between ,england and ,scotland in #agjg1 this device was formally declared to be the ,ensign armorial of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dah4--,st4 ,george4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dag4--,the ,first ,union ,jack4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dai4--,st4 ,andrew4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbj4--,the ,second ,union ,jack4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dba4--,st4 ,patrick4 ,upon the first day of ,january1 #ahja1 the ,second ,union ,jack1 the ,union ,jack of to-day1 ,no4 #dbj1 superseded the ,flag of ,king ,,james and ,queen ,,anne4 ,the ,union with ,ireland rendered a change necessary in the ,union ,jack1 in order to incorporate with its blazonry the ,banner of ,,st4 ,,patrick1 ,no4 #dba1 arg41 a saltire gu4 ,there seems good reason to believe that the so-called ,cross of ,st4 ,patrick had little1 if indeed any1 separate or prior existence4 ,the process that had been adopted before was again brought into action1 but now a single compound device had to be formed by the combination of a cross and two saltires1 ,nos4 #dah1 #dai1 and #dba4 ,as before1 in this new ,flag the blue field of ,,st4 ,,andrew forms the field3 then the two ,saltires1 the one white and the other red1 are formed into a single compound ,saltire counter-changed of the two tinctures alternating1 the white having precedence2 a narrow edging of white is next added to each red side of this new figure1 to represent the white field of ,st4 ,patrick1 as the narrow edging of white about the red cross represented the white field of ,,st4 ,,george in ,no4 #dah2 and1 finally1 the red cross of ,st4 ,george fimbriated with white1 as in the ,first ,jack1 is charged over all4 ,such is the ,second ,union ,jack1 ,no4 #dbj4 ,in this compound device it will be observed that the broad diagonal white members represent the silver saltire of ,st4 ,andrew1 ,no4 #dai3 that the red diagonal members represent the saltire gules of ,st4 ,patrick1 ,no4 #dba1 and that the narrow diagonal white lines are added in order to place this saltire gules on a field argent3 that the diagonal red and the broad diagonal white members represent the two ,saltires of ,st4 ,andrew and ,st4 ,patrick in combination3 and that the fimbriated red cross in the front of the goodly alliance declares the presence of the symbol of ,st4 ,george4 ,sir ,,harris ,,nicholas has suggested that this flag may have acquired its name of ,jack 7,union is obvious enough7 from the original author of the ,first ,union ,flag1 ,king ,,james1 who1 in the ,heralds' ,french language1 would be styled ,jacques3 and so the ,flag would be called ,jacques' ,union1 which would easily settle down into ,jack's ,union1 and finally would as easily become ,union ,jack4 ,the ,second ,union ,flag is always to be hoisted as it is represented in ,no4 #dbj1 the diagonal white having precedence in the first canton4 ,to reverse the proper display of the ,flag implies distress or danger2 or such a procedure 7very often1 as ,i am aware1 unconsciously adopted1 through ignorance of the real meaning of the ,flag itself7 subjects the ,union ,jack to degradation4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbb4--,the ,red ,ensign4 ,by a recent warrant ,lords ,lieutenant fly the ,union ,jack charged with a sword fesseways4 ,the ,,ensigns now in use are3-- #a4 ,the ,red ,ensign1 a plain red ,flag cantoning a ,union ,jack--having a ,jack in the dexter chief angle next to the point of suspension3 ,no4 #dbb4 ,this ,ensign shares with the ,union ,jack the honour of being the ,ensign of ,england--the ,ensign1 that is1 of the ,british ,empire4 ,when displayed at sea1 it now distinguishes all vessels that do not belong to the ,royal ,navy3 but1 before the year #ahfd1 it was the distinguishing ensign of the red squadron of the ,navy1 and of the ,admirals of the ,red--the ,admirals of the highest rank4 #b4 ,the ,white or ,st4 ,george's ,ensign is the old banner of ,st4 ,george1 ,no4 #dah1 with a ,jack cantoned in the first quarter4 ,it now is the ,ensign of the ,royal ,navy3 but1 before #ahfd1 it distinguished the white squadron of the ,navy1 and the ,admirals--second in rank--of that ,squadron4 #c4 ,the ,blue ,ensign differs from the ,red only in the field being plain blue instead of red4 ,it now is the ,ensign of the ,naval ,reserve3 before #ahfd it was the ,ensign of ,admirals of the ,blue1 third in rank1 and of their ,squadron of the ,royal ,navy4 ,a ,red ,ensign is often charged with a ,crown1 or with some appropriate device1 to denote some particular department of the public service4 ,with the ,ensigns may be grouped the ,flag of the ,admiralty1 which displays a yellow anchor and cable set fesse-wise on a red field4 ,the ,ensigns are always to be hoisted so as to have the ,jack next to the point of suspension1 as in ,no4 #dbb4 ,,military ,,flags4 #a4 ,cavalry ,standards1 being lineal descendants of the knightly ,banners of medival chivalry1 are small square ,flags1 the colour of the field the same as the regimental facings2 and each ,standard bears the ,number1 ,motto1 and specific ,title of its own ,regiment1 with whatever heraldic ,badge or ,device may be associated with it4 ,upon these ,standards also are blazoned the regimental ,honours--such words as ,,waterloo1 ,,alma1 ,,lucknow1 and others1 which briefly and with most emphatic significance declare the services of the corps4 ,the ,household ,cavalry1 the ,life ,guards and ,blues1 have all their ,standards of ,crimson1 and they are blazoned with the ,royal ,insignia and their own ,honours and ,devices4 #b4 ,infantry ,colours4 ,in the first instance1 each ,regiment of ,infantry had one ,colour3 subsequently1 two others were added3 and1 finally1 in the reign of ,queen ,anne1 it was decided that every ,infantry ,regiment or ,battalion of the ,line 7the ,rifles of the ,line excepted1 who have no ,colours7 should have its own ,pair of ,colours4 ,of this ,pair1 one is the ,king's ,colour--a ,union ,jack charged with some regimental ,devices3 the other1 the ,regimental ,colour is of the tincture of the facings1 on which the ,honours and ,devices of the ,regiment are charged1 and in the dexter chief angle a small ,jack is cantoned3 in fact1 the ,regimental ,colour is the same as the ,red or ,blue ,ensign 7,no4 #dbb71 the ,colour of the field varying with the regimental facings1 and the field itself being charged with the various ,devices4 ,in their ,colours1 the ,guards reverse the arrangement that obtains with the ,regiments of the ,line4 ,with them1 the ,kings ,colour is always crimson1 with or without a ,jack1 but charged with the ,royal ,cypher and the regimental ,devices3 the ,regimental ,colour of the ,guards is the ,union ,jack4 #c4 ,the ,royal ,artillery have no ,colours or ,standards4 ,military ,flags are not now used in actual warfare by ,british troops4 ,i conclude this ,chapter1 which treats briefly of the ,heraldry of the most important ,english ,flags1 with four still more brief general remarks3-- #a4 ,first3 by all ,english people who are disposed to exclaim1 making ,,shakespeare',s words their own1 ,prosper our ,colours6 it ought to be understood that their ,national ,flags are endowed with heraldic1 that is1 with historical significance1 recorded after an heraldic fashion4 #b4 ,second3 this significance of their ,flags ought also to be understood1 that it may be appreciated1 by all true ,english people4 #c4 ,third3 our ,flags ought always to be made and represented correctly4 ,and #d4 ,lastly3 our ,flags1 and all other ,flags also1 ought always to be hoisted and displayed rightly and properly4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,royal ,,heraldry ,,of ,,england ,,and ,,scotland ,shields of ,arms of the ,reigning ,sovereigns of ,england2 of ,scotland2 of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland-- ,crests-- ,supporters-- ,mottoes-- ,crowns-- ,banners-- ,armorial ,insignia of the late ,prince ,consort2 of the ,prince and ,princess of ,wales2 of the other ,princes and ,princesses4 ,on his ,banner were three ,leopards1 courant1 of fine gold1 set on red3 fierce were they1 haughty and cruel1 to signify that1 like them1 the ,,king is dreadful to his enemies2 for his bite is slight to none who inflame his anger3 and yet1 towards such as seek his friendship or submit to his power his kindness is soon rekindled4 --,,roll ,,of ,,carlaverock4 ,with ,scotland's ,arms1 ,device and ,crest ,embroidered round and round4 --,,marmion4 ,how the three ,leopards courant of the shrewd chronicler of ,carlaverock are identical with the three ,lions passant guardant of the ,royal ,shield of ,england ,i have already shown 7see page #hd74 ,to the ,norman ,sovereigns of ,england1 ,,william ,i41 ,,william ,,ii41 ,,henry ,i41 and ,,stephen 7,a4,d4 #ajff-aaed71 the same ,shield of ,arms has been assigned--,gu41 two lions pass4 guard41 in pale1 or1 ,no4 #bb4 ,it must be distinctly understood1 however1 that there exists no certain authority for these ,arms4 ,in like manner1 ,,stephen is also said to have borne on a red ,shield three golden ,sagittaries1 or ,centaurs1 with bows and arrows4 ,and1 again1 ,,henry ,,ii4 is considered to have added a third lion to the two on the ,shield of his father1 a single golden lion passant guardant on red being 7also considered to be7 the armorial ensign of the province of ,aquitaine1 acquired by ,,henry in right of his ,consort1 ,,alianore4 ,as early as the reign of ,,henry ,,iii41 a ,shield of ,arms1 ,no4 #bc1 was assigned to the ,anglo-,saxon ,kings3 another ,shield1 ,no4 #b1 was assigned to ,,edward ,,the ,,confessor3 and a third ,shield1 ,no4 #c1 to another sainted ,anglo-,saxon ,prince1 ,,edmund4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bb4--,royal ,arms1 supposed to have been borne before ,a4,d4 #aahi4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ahg4--,royal ,arms1 from ,a4,d4 #aahi to #acdj4 ,from the appearance of the ,second ,great ,seal of ,,richard ,i41 about ,a4,d4 #aaie1 all uncertainty concerning the ,royal ,arms of ,england is at an end1 and they are borne as follows by the successive ,english ,sovereigns3-- ,,richard ,i43 ,,john3 ,,henry ,,iii43 ,,edward ,i43 ,,edward ,,ii43 and ,,edward ,,iii41 till the thirteenth year of his reign1 ,a4,d4 #acdj3--;,gu41 three lions passant guardant in pale or1--,no4 #ahg4 ,,edward ,,iii41 from the thirteenth year of his reign1 when he claimed to be ,king of ,france as well as of ,england1 and so styled himself3 ,,richard ,,ii43 and ,,henry ,,iv41 till about the fifth year of his reign3--,france ,ancient and ,england quarterly1--,no4 #beb4 ,,richard ,,ii4 sometimes bore the ,arms of the ,,confessor1 ,no4 #b1 with his own1 on a separate shield1 as at ,westminster ,hall2 and sometimes he impaled the ,confessor's ,arms with his own quartered ,shield1 the arms of the ,confessor having the precedence4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #beb4--,royal ,arms from ,a4,d4 #acdj to about #adje4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bec4--,royal ,arms from about ,a4,d4 #adje to #afjc4 ,,henry ,,iv4 from about #adje3 ,,henry ,v43 ,,henry ,,vi43 ,,edward ,,iv43 ,,edward ,v43 ,,richard ,,iii43 ,,henry ,,vii43 ,,henry ,,viii43 ,,edward ,,vi43 ,,mary3 and ,,elizabeth1 to ,a4,d4 #afjc3--;,france ,modern and ,england ,quarterly1 ,no4 #bec4 ,the ,royal ,shield of ,,scotland1 ,no4 #ach1 first appears upon the ,seal of ,,alexander ,,ii4 about ,a4,d4 #abce2 and1 as ,mr4 ,seton well observes1 the origin of its bearings is veiled by the mists of ,antiquity4 ,the same ,shield1 without any modification or change1 was borne by all the ,sovereigns of ,scotland4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ach4--,royal ,arms of ,scotland4 ,,james ,i43 ,,charles ,i43 ,,charles ,,ii43 ,,james ,,ii43 ,,william ,,iii4 and ,,mary3 and ,,anne1 till ,may #a1 #agjg3 ,quarterly3 #a and #d1 ,grand ,quarters1 ,france ,modern and ,england 7,no4 #bec73 #b1 ,grand ,quarter1 ,scotland 7,no4 #ach73 #c1 ,grand ,quarter--,az41 a harp or1 stringed arg41 for ,ireland3 ,no4 #dbc4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbc4--,royal ,arms of the ,stuart ,sovereigns4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbe4--;,diagram of ,shield of ,william ,,iii4 and ,mary4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbd4--;,arms of ,nassau4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbf4--;,diagram of ,shield of ,william ,,iii4 alone4 ,,william ,,iii41 as an elected ,sovereign1 charged his paternal shield of ,,nassau1 ,no4 #dbd--;,az41 billette1 a lion rampt4 or1--in pretence upon the ,royal ,shield3 also1 during the life of his ,consort1 till ,dec4 #bh1 #afid1 he bore the ,stuart shield with ,nassau in pretence on the dexter half of his ,shield1 and thus impaled in the sinister half of his ,shield the same ,stuart arms1 as in the ,diagram1 ,no4 #dbe1 to denote their joint ,sovereignty3 the ,shield represented in this ,diagram1 ,no4 #dbe1 bears the whole of ,no4 #dbc on its dexter half1 with ,no4 #dbd in pretence2 and on its sinister half it also bears the whole of ,no4 #dbc4 ,when he reigned alone1 ,,william ,,iii4 bore his own dexter half of the impaled ,shield alone1 as in the ,diagram1 ,no4 #dbf3 the ,shield represented in this ,diagram being the dexter half of ,no4 #dbe4 ,queen ,,anne1 from ,may #a1 #agjg1 till #agad1 bore the ,royal ,arms marshalled as in the ,diagram1 ,no4 #dbg3--a and #b1 ,england impaling ,scotland2 #c1 ,france ,modern 7,no4 #bec72 #d1 ,ireland 7the ,harp1 as in the third quarter of ,no4 #dbc74 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbg4--;,diagram of the ,second ,royal ,shield of ,queen ,anne4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbh4--;,arms of ,hanover4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dbi4--;,diagram of the ,royal ,shield from ,a4,d4 #agad to #ahja4 ,the ,arms of ,,hanover1 on the accession of ,,george ,i41 ,august #a1 #agad1 were added to the ,shield of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,this was accomplished by removing the charges 7,england and ,scotland impaled7 from the fourth quarter of the ,shield1 ,no4 #dbg1 and charging that quarter with the arms of ,hanover as they appear on the ,shield1 ,no4 #dbh3--,per pale and per chevron1 #a1 ,gu41 two lions passant guardant or1 for ,brunswick3 #b1 ,or1 ,seme of hearts1 a lion rampt4 az41 for ,lunenburgh3 #c1 ,gu41 a horse courant arg41 for ,westphalia3 #d1 ,over all1 on an inescutcheon gules1 the golden crown of ,charlemagne4 ,this marshalling is shown in the ,diagram1 ,no4 #dbi1 which represents a ,shield bearing1--#a and #b1 ,england impaling ,scotland2 #c1 ,france ,modern2 #d1 ,ireland2 #e1 ,hanover 7as in ,no4 #dbh1 without the ,crown74 ,on ,january #a1 #ahja1 the ,fleurs de ,lys of ,france were removed from the ,royal ,shield of ,great ,britain1 which then was marshalled as in the diagram1 ,no4 #dcj1 quarterly1 #a and #d1 ,england2 #b1 ,scotland2 #c1 ,ireland2 #e1 ,hanover--the shield of ,hanover being ensigned with the ,electoral ,bonnet1 ,no4 #bdj1 till #ahaf1 but1 after ,hanover became a kingdom1 with a ,royal ,crown in place of the ,electoral ,bonnet from #ahaf till #ahcg1 as it appears in ,no4 #dbh4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dcj4--;,diagram of the ,royal ,shield from ,a4,d4 #ahja to #ahcg4 ,,george ,i43 ,,george ,,ii43 ,,george ,,iii41 till ,jan4 #a1 #ahja3--,the arms indicated in the diagram1 ,no4 #dbi4 ,,george ,,iii41 till #ahaf3--,the arms indicated in the diagram1 ,no4 #dcj1 the inescutcheon ensigned with an electoral bonnet4 ,,george ,,iii41 after #ahaf3 ,,george ,,iv43 ,,william ,,iv43--,the same arms as ,no4 #dcj1 but the inescutcheon ensigned with a ,royal ,crown4 ,,queen ,,victoria1 ,,king ,,edward ,,vii41 and ,,king ,,george ,v43--,the same as ,no4 #dcj1 but without the inescutcheon1 the four quarters being marshalled as on the ,royal ,standard1 ,no4 #daf4 ,,royal ,,crests4 ,for ,,england3--,a golden lion statant guardant1 imperially crowned2 assumed by ,,edward ,,iii41 and by him borne on his ,helm standing upon a ,cap of ,estate2 retained from his time1 and now borne standing on an ,imperial ,crown4 ,no4 #dca4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dca4--,royal ,crest of ,england4 ,for ,,scotland3--,first ,crest4 ,a lion statant guardant gu41 assumed by ,,robert ,,ii41 about ,a4,d4 #ache2 retained1 and with some modifications used by his successors1 till about ,a4,d4 #aeej4 ,second ,crest4 ,on an ,imperial ,crown1 a lion sejant affront erect gu42 imperially crowned1 holding in the dexter paw a sword1 and in the sinister paw a sceptre1 both erect and ppr42 with the motto--,,in3 ,,defense2 assumed by ,,james ,v42 borne by ,,mary1 and shown in her signet-ring1 ,no4 #dcb1 about #aefd2 retained1 and now in use4 ,,royal ,,supporters4 ,for ,,england4 ,of uncertain authority before ,,henry ,,vi41 who bore two white antelopes3 also1 a lion and a panther1 or antelope4 ,,edward ,,iv43--,a lion or1 or argent1 and a bull sable3 or1 two lions argent3 or1 a lion and a hart argent4 ,,richard ,,iii43--,a lion or and a boar arg43 or1 two boars arg4 ,,henry ,,vii43--,a dragon gu41 and a greyhound arg43 or1 two greyhounds arg43 or1 a lion or and a dragon gu4 ,,henry ,,viii43--,a lion or and a dragon gu43 or1 a dragon gu41 and either a bull sable1 a greyhound argent1 or a cock arg4 ,,edward ,,vi43--,a lion or1 and a dragon gu4 ,,mary and ,,elizabeth3--,a lion or1 and a greyhound arg41 or a dragon gu4 ,for ,,scotland4--,first ,supporters3--,two lions rampt4 guard42 first seen on a ,seal of ,,james ,i41 ,a4,d4 #adbi4 ,second ,supporters3 ,two silver unicorns1 crowned with imperial and gorged with open crowns and chained or2 assumed by ,,james ,,iv41 and retained in use4 ,on the signet of ,queen ,,mary ,,stuart1 ,no4 #dcb3 for this beautiful cut once more ,i am indebted to ,mr4 ,laing4 ,for the ,,united ,,kingdom4 ,dexter ,supporter3 ,a lion rampt4 guard41 royally crowned1 or4 ,sinister ,supporter3 ,a unicorn rampt4 arg41 armed1 crined and gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patte and fleurs de lis1 and chained or4 ,assumed by ,,james ,i4 of ,great ,britain3 retained1 and still in use4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dcb4--,the ,signet of ,queen ,mary ,stuart1 considerably enlarged4 ,,royal ,,mottoes4 ,the ancient ,english war-cry--,,dieu 4 ,,et 4 ,,mon 4 ,,droit6--,god and my ,right6 assumed as a regular ,motto by ,,henry ,,vi41 has been retained in use since his time4 ,queens ,,elizabeth and ,,anne also used--,,semper 4 ,,eadem--,always the ,same4 ,,james ,i4 used--,,beati 4 ,,pacifici--,blessed are the ,peace-makers4 ,mottoes of ,scotland3 ,,nemo 4 ,,me 4 ,,impune 4 ,,lacessit--,no man with impunity attacks me3 and1 above the ,crest--,,in 4 ,,defense4 ,the former is really the ,motto of the ,order of the ,thistle4 ,,the ,,crown ,till the time of ,,henry ,,iv41 the ,crown1 the symbol of the ,sovereignty of ,england1 was a golden circlet richly jewelled1 and heightened with conventional strawberry-leaves3 fine examples are represented in the effigies of ,,henry ,,iii41 ,,john1 and ,,edward ,,ii4 ,,henry ,,iv41 as shown by his splendid effigy at ,canterbury1 introduced fleurs de lys1 alternating with the leaves4 ,from the time of ,,henry ,v41 the circlet has been heightened by crosses pattes and fleurs de lys alternating1 four of each1 and without any leaves4 ,,henry ,v4 also first arched the circlet with jewelled bands1 which at their intersection he surmounted with a mound and cross4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #bcd4--;,crown of ,h4,m41 ,the ,king4 ,the arched ,crown of ,,henry ,v4 has four half-arches1--that is1 it is arched over twice3 ,,henry ,,vi4 and ,,charles ,i4 arched their crown three times3 all the other ,sovereigns have had two complete arches only1 and the ,crown still retains these two arches intersecting at right angles1 as in ,no4 #bcd4 ,at different periods1 while the design of the ,crown has remained unchanged1 the contour of the arches1 and the artistic treatment of the ornamentation have undergone various modifications4 ,the ,,royal ,,banners1 or ,,standards1 are charged with the bearings of the ,royal ,shield of ,arms for the time being4 ,the ,armorial ,insignia of ,h4,r4,h4 the late ,,prince ,,consort4 ,the ,,shield was--,quarterly1 #a and #d1--,the ,royal ,arms of the late ,queen1 as in ,no4 #daf1 but differenced with a silver label of three points charged on the central point with a cross of ,st4 ,george3 #b and #c1--,saxony1 ,no4 #bbe4 ,this ,shield was encircled with the ,garter of the ,order1 and ensigned with the ,prince's own ,coronet1 shown in ,no4 #dda4 ,the ,,crest was the ,royal ,crest of ,england1 ,no4 #dca1 the lion having the same label that differences the ,shield adjusted about his neck as a collar1 and being crowned with the coronet1 vide ,no4 #dda1 in place of the ,imperial ,crown4 ,the ,,supporters were those of the ,royal ,arms1 the golden lion and silver unicorn1 both of them differenced with the same label1 and the lion crowned with the same coronet4 ,the ,motto4--,,treu 4 ,,und 4 ,,fest--,true and ,faithful4 ,to the dexter of this ,achievement1 the complete ,royal ,achievement of ,,queen ,,victoria4 ,the ,arms of ,,king ,,edward ,,vii4 were and those of ,,king ,,george ,v4 are practically the same as those of ,,queen ,,victoria4 ,as ,,princes ,,of ,,wales1 these ,arms were differenced by a plain label of three points argent1 and an inescutcheon of ,,saxony was superimposed4 ,in each case upon accession to the throne1 the inescutcheon of ,saxony was removed1 and consequently there has been no change whatsoever in the ,royal ,arms1 those of ,,king ,,edward and ,,king ,,george being the same as those of ,,queen ,,victoria1 save1 of course1 the necessary change in the ,royal ,cyphers--the full blazon of the ,royal ,arms for the present reign being3-- ,,arms4-- ,quarterly1 #a and #d1 gules1 three lions passant guardant in pale or 7,,england72 #b1 or1 a lion rampant within a double tressure flory and counterflory gules 7,,scotland72 #c1 azure1 a harp or1 stringed argent 7,,ireland74 ,,helmet--of gold1 affront and with grylles4 ,,mantling1 cloth of gold lined with ermine4 ,,crests upon the ,imperial ,crown1 a lion statant guardant1 crowned or 7,,england74 ,upon the ,crown of ,scotland1 a lion sejant erect affront gules2 crowned or1 holding in the dexter paw a sword1 and in the sinister a sceptre1 both proper 7,,scotland74 ,on a ,wreath1 or and azure1 a tower triple-towered of the first1 from the portal a hart springing argent1 attired and unguled gold 7,,ireland74 ,,supporters 7dexter71 a lion guardant or1 crowned as the crest2 7sinister71 a unicorn argent1 armed1 crined and unguled or1 gorged with a coronet composed of crosses pate and fleurs de lis1 a chain affixed thereto1 passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the last4 ,,badges4-- #a4 ,the ,red and ,white ,rose1 united and crowned 7,,england74 #b4 ,the ,thistle1 crowned 7,,scotland74 #c4 ,a ,harp or1 stringed argent1 crowned 7,,ireland74 #d4 ,a ,trefoil slipped vert1 crowned 7,,ireland74 #e4 ,the ,rose1 ,thistle and ,shamrock united on one stem and crowned 7,,united ,,kingdom74 #f4 ,a ,shield1 crowned and bearing the device of the ,union ,jack 7,,united ,,kingdom74 #g4 ,upon a mount vert1 a dragon passant with wings elevated gules 7,,wales74 ,n4,b4--,this badge is not crowned4 ,,motto4--,,dieu 4 ,,et 4 ,,mon 4 ,,droit in the compartment below the ,shield1 with the ,union1 ,rose1 ,shamrock1 and ,thistle engrafted on the same stem4 ,the ,shield is encircled by the ,garter of that ,order4 ,the ,arms of ,h4,m4 ,,queen ,,alexandra1 early in the reign of ,,king ,,edward1 were declared by ,royal ,warrant4 ,within the ,garter are impaled 7dexter7 the ,arms of ,,king ,,edward ,,vii4 and 7sinister7 the undifferenced ,arms of ,,denmark as under3-- ,the ,,royal ,,arms ,,of ,,denmark4 ,the ,shield divided into four quarters by the national white cross1 having a border of red to represent the red field of the ,danish ,ensign4 ,first ,quarter3--,,denmark--,or1 seme of hearts gu41 three lions pass4 guard4 in pale az4 ,second ,quarter3--,,sleswick--,or1 two lions pass4 in pale az4 ,third ,quarter3--,per fesse1 in chief1 ,,sweden--,az41 three crowns or2 in base1 ,,iceland--,gu41 a stock-fish arg41 crowned or2 impaling1 for ,,faroe ,,islands--,az41 a buck pass4 arg42 and1 for ,,greenland--a polar bear rampt4 arg4 ,fourth ,quarter3--,per fesse1 in chief1 for ,,jutland--,or1 ten hearts1 four1 three1 two1 one1 gu41 and in chief a lion pass4 az42 in base1 for ,,vandalia--,gu41 a wyvern1 its tail nowed and wings expanded1 or4 ,on an ,inescutcheon1 quarterly3 ,first1 for ,,holstein--,gu41 an inescutcheon per fesse arg4 and of the first1 in every point thereof a nail in triangle1 between as many holly-leaves1 all ppr4 ,second1 for ,,stormerk--,gu41 a swan arg41 gorged with a coronet or4 ,third1 for ,,ditzmers--,az41 an armed knight ppr41 brandishing his sword1 his charger arg4 ,fourth1 for ,,lauenburgh--,gu41 a horse's head couped arg4 ,over all1 in pretence upon a second ,inescutcheon1 ,,oldenburgh--,or1 two bars gu42 impaling--,az41 a cross pate fitche or1 for ,,dalmenhurst4 ,the above-mentioned warrant for ,her ,majesty declares the arms to be surmounted by the ,royal ,crown1 and supported 7dexter7 by a lion guardant1 and imperially crowned or1 and 7sinister7 by a savage wreathed about the temples and loins with oak and supporting in his exterior hand a club all proper4 ,the ,arms of ,h4,m4 ,,queen ,,mary1 as declared by ,royal ,warrant1 are3--,within the ,garter ensigned with the ,royal ,crown the ,arms of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland impaling quarterly 7for ,cambridge7 the ,royal ,arms as borne by ,,george ,,iii4 differenced by a label of three points arg41 the centre point charged with the ,st4 ,george's ,cross1 and each of the other points with two hearts in pale gu41 #bnd and #crd 7for ,teck7 or1 three stags' attires fesseways in pale1 the point of each attire to the sinister sa41 impaling or1 three lions passant in pale sa41 langued gu41 the dexter fore paws of the last1 over all an inescutcheon paly bendy sinister sa4 and or4 ,supporters 7dexter7 a lion guardant or1 crowned with the ,royal ,crown ppr42 7sinister7 a stag ppr4 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales bears a ,shield--,quarterly1 #a and #d1 ,,england2 #b1 ,,scotland2 #c1 ,,ireland1 differenced by a plain label of three points argent4 ,in pretence over these ,arms he bears an ,inescutcheon of the ,arms of ,,wales1 viz4 quarterly or and gu41 four lions passant guardant counter-changed1 the ,inescutcheon surmounted by the ,coronet of the ,heir-,apparent4 ,his ,crest is the ,crest of ,england1 and his ,supporters are also the same1 but the ,crest and each of the ,supporters are differenced by a similar label1 and for the ,imperial ,crown in the ,crest and dexter supporter the coronet of the ,prince of ,,wales is substituted4 ,the ,badges of the ,prince of ,,wales are two3--viz4 #a1 ,a plume of three ostrich feathers arg41 quilled or1 enfiled by a coronet composed of crosses pate and fleurs de lys1 with the ,,motto1 ,,ich ,,dien3 #b1 on a mount vert1 a dragon passant with wings elevated gu41 differenced with a label of three points arg4 ,below the ,,shield the ,,motto ,,ich ,,dien is repeated1 and the ,shield is surrounded by the ,garter4 ,the other ,,princes and ,,princesses1 younger children of the late ,,queen ,,victoria1 all bore the ,royal ,arms of the ,sovereign1 the ,princes on ,shields1 the ,princesses on ,lozenges4 ,all their ,royal ,highnesses bore the ,royal ,supporters2 all have a ,shield of ,saxony1 in pretence on their own ,shield or ,lozenge2 all ensign their ,shield or ,lozenge with their own ,coronet1 ,no4 #bij2 and the ,princes bear the ,royal ,crest4 ,in every case1 the dexter ,supporter is crowned and the sinister ,supporter is gorged1 and the ,crest stands upon and is ensigned with the same ,coronet which appears above the ,shield as their particular coronet of rank3 all the ,shields1 ,lozenges1 ,crests1 and ,supporters1 are differenced with a silver label of three points1 the labels being differenced as follows3-- ,h4,r4,h4 the late ,duke of ,,edinburgh1 c43--,on the central point a red cross2 on each of the other two points a red anchor 7when the ,duke succeeded to the throne of ,saxe-,coburg and ,gotha1 a radical change in his ,arms was made74 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,duke of ,,connaught3--,red cross1 and two blue fleurs de lys4 ,h4,r4,h4 the late ,duke of ,,albany3--,red cross1 and two red hearts4 ,h4,i4,m4 the late ,,german ,,empress1 ,,princess ,,royal ,,of ,,england1 on the central point of her label had a red rose1 and on each of the other two points a red cross4 ,h4,r4,h4 the late ,princess ,,alice ,,of ,,hesse had on her label a red rose1 between two ermine spots4 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,,helena1 ,princess ,,christian1 has on her label a red cross between two red roses4 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,,louise 7,duchess of ,,argyll73--,red rose1 and two red cantons4 ,h4,r4,h4 the ,princess ,,beatrice3--,red heart1 and two red roses4 ,the ,warrants for the three daughters of ,king ,,edward were issued in the lifetime of ,queen ,,victoria when they were grandchildren of the ,sovereign1 and no change has since been made4 ,consequently the labels are of five points instead of three4 ,the ,charges upon the label of ,h4,r4,h4 the ,duchess of ,,fife 7,princess ,,royal ,,of ,,england7 are3 ,three red crosses1 and two thistles slipped alternately4 ,h4,r4,h4 ,princess ,,victoria has a label of five points argent1 charged with three roses and two crosses gules2 and ,h4,m4 the ,queen of ,,norway a similar label1 charged with three hearts and two crosses gules4 ,the label of ,h4,r4,h4 the first ,duke of ,,cambridge was silver1 of three points1 and the points differenced with a red cross in the centre1 and on each of the two side points two red hearts in pale4 ,the second and late ,duke bore the same label as his father1 and below it a second label of three points gules4 ,the label of ,h4,r4,h4 the first ,duke of ,,cumberland 7son of ,,king ,,george ,,iii47 was of silver1 and of three points charged with a fleur de lys between two crosses gules4 ,the second ,duke bore an additional label of three points gules1 the centre point charged with the white horse of ,hanover4 ,these ,dukes bore the ,royal ,arms as used in the reign of ,,george ,,iii4 and not as altered for ,queen ,,victoria1 differencing the accessories as well as the ,shield with their labels4 ,in #aijd a warrant was issued for ,h4,r4,h4 ,prince ,,arthur ,,of ,,connaught4 ,the label was of five points charged with three red crosses and two blue fleurs de lys alternately4 ,the coronet assigned to him was of crosses pate and strawberry leaves alternately4 ,an interesting warrant was issued for the ,princess ,,victoria ,,eugenie ,,of ,,battenberg1 now ,queen of ,,spain1 in view of her then approaching marriage4 ,this assigned to her the arms of her father within a bordure of ,england1 and each of the supporters had a banner of the ,royal ,arms of the ,united ,kingdom placed in his paws4 ,even more interesting was the warrant issued in #aiac to ,h4,h4 ,princess ,,alexandra1 ,duchess of ,,fife4 ,this assigned to her upon a lozenge the ,royal ,arms1 differenced by the same label as that of her mother the ,princess ,royal1 and upon an inescutcheon the quarterly coat of ,duff1 the inescutcheon being surmounted by the coronet of a ,duchess of the ,united ,kingdom1 and the lozenge itself being surmounted by the coronet of a ,princess of the rank of ,highness4 ,the dexter supporter is the ,royal ,lion of ,england crowned with the last-mentioned coronet and charged with the label as in the arms4 ,the sinister supporter is a savage taken from the supporters of the late ,duke of ,fife4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,orders ,,of ,,knighthood ,,and ,,insignia ,,of ,,honour ,feudal ,knighthood-- ,orders of ,knighthood3 ,knights of ,st4 ,john2 ,knights ,templars2 ,the ,order of the ,garter2 of the ,thistle2 of ,st4 ,patrick2 of the ,bath2 of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george2 of ,the ,star of ,india-- ,order of ,merit-- ,royal ,victorian ,order-- ,imperial ,service ,order-- ,the ,victoria ,cross-- ,the ,albert ,medal-- ,naval and ,military ,medals-- ,foreign ,insignia bestowed on ,british ,subjects4 ,the same ,king would make an ,order of ,,knights of himself and his ,sons1 and of the bravest of his land4 --,,froissart4 ,i will say as ,i have said1-- ,thou art a noble ,,knight4 --,,lord ,,of ,,the ,,isles4 ,,knighthood1 as that term is generally understood in its comprehensive acceptation1 has been well defined to be a distinction of rank amongst freemen1 depending not upon birth or property1 but simply upon the admission of the person so distinguished1 by the girding of a sword or other similar solemnity1 into an order of men having by law or usage certain social or political privileges1 and also a certain appropriate title4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 from this definition that ,knighthood implies the existence of these two conditions3 the one1 that the man to be admitted to the rank of ,knighthood should possess such qualifications as may entitle him to that distinction2 and the other1 that ,knighthood should be conferred by a personage endowed with a competent power and authority4 ,in feudal times the qualifications for ,knighthood were military exploits of a distinguished character1 and eminent services1 of whatever kind1 rendered to the ,king and the realm3 also1 the holding a certain property in land 7in the time of ,,edward ,i41 land then of the yearly value of #bj1 or upwards71 whether directly from the ,king1 or under some ,noble1 by the feudal tenure of personal military service to be rendered under certain established conditions2 but it has been disputed whether there was any necessary connection between ,knighthood1 as such1 and the ,knight ,service of ,feudal ,tenure4 ,during the first two centuries after the ,conquest1 ,knighthood was conferred by the great ,barons and by the ,spiritual ,peers1 as well as by the ,king himself1 or by his appointed representative3 but1 after the accession of ,,henry ,,iii41 the prevailing rule appears to have been that in ,england no persons should be created ,knights except by the ,king1 or the ,prince ,royal acting for his ,father1 or by the ,king's ,general-in-,chief1 or other personal representative4 ,the knightly rank1 as it gave an increase of dignity1 implied also the maintenance of a becoming state1 and the discharge of certain civil duties3 and1 more particularly1 all ,knights were required to make such a provision for rendering military service as was held to be consistent with their position and their property2 and it was expected from them that they should take a dignified part in the chivalrous exercises and celebrations of their times4 ,it followed1 that feudal ,knighthood was a distinction which1 if not conferred for the sake of honour1 became obligatory2 and fines1 accordingly1 were imposed upon men qualified for ,knighthood who1 notwithstanding1 were found not to be ,knights4 ,in the course of time1 as the rigour of the feudal system abated1 the numbers of the military tenants of small tenures greatly increased3 and1 since many of these persons had no inclination for the profession of arms1 they gladly accepted the alternative of paying a fine1 which enabled them to evade an honour unsuited as well to their means as to their personal tastes and their peaceful avocations4 ,a fruitful source of revenue thus was secured for the ,crown1 while the military character of ,knighthood was maintained1 and at the same time a new and important class of the community gradually became established4 ,the ,knights of ,norman ,england1 who at first were soldiers of the highest order1 derived their designation from their warlike predecessors of ,anglo-,saxon times1 the word cniht1 in the late ,anglo-,saxon tongue1 signifying a military attendant4 ,when they had established themselves in the position and in the possession of the lands of the ,anglo-,saxons1 the ,anglo-,norman ,knights retained their own original title4 ,the ,latin equivalent for that title of ,knight is ,miles1 and the ,norman-,french is ,chevalier4 ,these ,knights may be grouped in two classes4 ,the first class contains all persons who had been admitted into the comprehensive ,order of ,chivalry--who were ,knights by reason of their common ,knighthood4 ,the second class is formed of ,knights who1 in addition to their ,knightly rank1 were members of some special and distinct ,fraternity1 ,companionship1 or ,order of ,knighthood4 ,every ,society of this kind has always possessed ,laws1 ,institutions1 ,titles1 and ,insignia peculiar to itself4 ,the peculiar character and object of the ,crusades led to the formation of two ,orders of ,priest-,knights--,orders not belonging to any particular nation1 but numbering amongst their members men of all nations4 ,these are the ,orders of the ,,knights ,,of ,,st4 ,,john ,,of ,,jerusalem1 or ,,hospitallers1 and of the ,,knights ,,templars4 ,the ,,hospitallers1 instituted about ,a4,d4 #ajib1 were introduced into ,england about #aajj4 ,in the year #acaj they were established at ,rhodes1 and in #aecj at ,malta1 under their forty-third ,grand ,master1 ,,philippe ,,de ,,villiers ,,de ,l',,isle-,,adam4 ,their device is a silver cross of eight points1 ,no4 #ajg1 charged upon a black field1 or worn upon a black surcoat or mantle4 ,the ,order was finally suppressed in ,england in #aeei4 ,the ,,templars1 instituted about ,a4,d4 #aaah1 were introduced into ,england about #aadj4 ,in the year #acji they were suppressed1 and in #acab their ,order was finally abolished4 ,they wore a ,cross of the same form as ,no4 #ajg1 but of a red colour upon a white field4 ,this red cross they charged upon a white banner3 and they bore another banner1 ,no4 #ac1 of black and white1 entitled ,beau ,seant4 ,the same words1 ,beau ,seant6 were their war-cry4 ,the ,badges of the ,templars were the ,agnus ,dei--the ,holy ,lamb1 holding a red-cross banner2 and a device representing two ,knights mounted on a single horse1 intended to denote the original poverty of the ,order4#h ,footnote #h3 ,the ,arms of the ,inner ,temple of the present day are--,azure1 a pegasus 7or winged horse7 argent1 or sometimes or4 ,this ,coat is derived from the early ,badge1 the two horsemen having been mistaken in later times for wings4 ,the ,arms of the ,middle ,temple are--,argent1 on a cross gules1 the ,agnus ,dei4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dcc4--;,insignia of the ,order of the ,garter4 ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,garter1 a military ,fraternity under the special patronage of ,,st4 ,,george1 the good ,knight1 was instituted at ,windsor by ,king ,,edward ,,iii4 in1 or about1 the year #acej--very probably in the summer of #acdh1 but the exact time is not positively known4 ,it may safely be assumed1 that the occasion which led to the institution of this most noble and renowned ,order1 was a ,tournament or ,hastilude of unusual importance held at his ,castle of ,windsor by ,,edward ,,iii4 at the most brilliant period of his reign3 and it is highly probable that the ,order suggested itself to the mind of the ,king1 as a natural result of his own chivalrous revival of a knightly ,round ,table1 such as flourished in the days of ,king ,arthur4 ,how much of historical fact there may be in the popular legend1 which professes to derive from a certain romantic incident the ,title certainly borne by ,king ,,edward',s ,order from the time of its original institution1 it is not possible to determine3 but the legend itself is not in any way inconsistent with the spirit of those times2 nor would the ,knights ,founders of the ,garter regard their ,order as the less honourable1 because its ,title might remind them of the happy gallantry1 with which the casual misadventure of a noble ,lady had been turned to so good an account by a most princely ,monarch4 ,the ,statutes of the ,order have been continually modified and altered1 and the original military character of the ,institution has long ceased to exist3 still1 no changes in the ,order of the ,garter have affected the pre-eminence of its dignity and reputation4 ,illustrious now as ever1 and foremost in rank and honour in our own country1 the ,,garter is second to no knightly ,order in the world4 ,the ,,most ,,noble ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,garter consists of the ,,sovereign and ,twenty-five ,,knights ,,companions1 of whom the ,,prince ,,of ,,wales always is one4 ,by a ,statute of the year #ahje1 the ,order includes such lineal descendants of ,,george ,,iii4 as may be elected3 and still more recent statutes have provided for the admission of foreign ,sovereigns1 and also of certain ,extra ,knights1 who are elected ,companions as vacancies occur4 ,the ,,officers of the ,order are--,the ,prelate1 the ,bishop of ,winchester3 the ,chancellor1 the ,bishop of ,oxford3 the ,registrar1 the ,dean of ,windsor3 the ,herald1 ,garter ,king of ,arms3 and1 the ,usher of the ,black ,rod4 ,knights of the ,garter place the initials ,k4,g4 after their names2 and these letters take precedence of all other titles1 those of ,royalty alone excepted4 ,the ,stalls of the ,knights are in the choir of ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 ,windsor ,castle1 where their ,garter-plates are fixed1 and their ,banners are displayed4 ,the ,,insignia of the ,order of the ,garter are--,the ,garter itself1 of a light blue originally1 now of a dark blue1 with border1 buckle1 and pendant of gold4 ,on it1 in golden letters1 the ,motto--,,honi 4 ,,soit 4 ,,qvi 4 ,,mal 4 ,y 4 ,,pense--,dishonour to him who thinks ill of it2 and not1 as it is commonly rendered1 ,evil to him that evil thinks4 ,the ,badge of the ,order is circular1 and formed of a buckled ,garter enclosing a ,shield of ,st4 ,george1 the whole blazoned in the proper tinctures3 it is worn on the left shoulder of the blue velvet ,mantle4 ,when irradiated with eight rays of silver or diamonds1 a device resembling the ,badge in every respect1 except that the cross of ,st4 ,george is enclosed within the ,garter without being charged on a ,shield1 forms the ,star of the ,order4 ,the ,collar1 of gold enamelled1 is formed of twelve buckled ,garters1 each encircling a ,tudor ,rose1 and as many knots of intertwined cords4 ,attached to this ,collar is the ,george--a mounted figure of the ,saint in the act of trampling down the dragon and piercing him with his lance4 ,the ,collar and ,george were added to the ,insignia by ,,henry ,,vii4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dcd4--,the ,lesser ,george1 of the ,garter4 ,the ,lesser ,george1 or ,jewel1 added by ,,henry ,,viii41 has the same device placed on an enamelled field1 and forming a jewel generally oval in form2 it is encircled by a buckled ,garter of the ,order1 and represented in ,no4 #dcd4 ,it was this ,lesser ,george that ,,charles ,i41 immediately before he suffered1 delivered to ,archbishop ,,juxon1 with the word1 ,remember4 ,as a matter of course1 the figure of ,,st4 ,,george ought always to be represented as a ,knight1 armed and equipped as one of the ,christian chivalry of the ,middle ,ages--not as a pagan horseman of antiquity1 and more particularly not in the guise of such a nude champion as appears on some of our modern coins4 ,the ,lesser ,george1 often incorrectly called the ,badge1 at first was sometimes worn from a gold chain1 and sometimes from a black ,ribbon4 ,the ,colour of the ribbon was changed to sky blue by ,queen ,,elizabeth2 and it has since been again changed to the dark blue of the broad ,ribbon now worn4 ,this ,ribbon of the ,order crosses the figure of the wearer1 passing over the left shoulder1 and the ,lesser ,george hangs from it under the right arm4 ,since the time of ,,charles ,,ii4 it has been customary for the nearest representatives of a deceased ,k4,g4 to return his ,insignia to the ,sovereign4 ,each ,officer of the ,order1 except the ,usher1 has his own proper ,badge4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dej4--;,insignia of the ,order of the ,thistle4 ,the ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,thistle1 ,,of ,,scotland1 styled ,most ,noble and ,most ,ancient1 and indicated by the ,initials ,k4,t41 was originally instituted long before the accession of a ,scottish ,sovereign to the ,crown of ,england2 but it is now governed by statutes framed by ,,james ,,ii4 of ,great ,britain1 ,,anne1 and ,,george ,,iv4 ,the ,order consists of the ,,sovereign and sixteen ,,knights4 ,its ,,officers are--,the ,dean2 the ,lord ,lyon ,king of ,arms2 and the ,gentleman ,usher of the ,green ,rod4 ,the ,,insignia are--,the ,badge of gold enamelled1 being a figure of ,st4 ,andrew standing upon a mount holding his silver ,saltire and surrounded by rays in the form of a glory4 ,this ,badge is worn from the ,collar of the ,order1 formed of sixteen ,thistles alternating with as many bunches of rue-sprigs2 or1 from a broad dark green ,ribbon1 which crosses the left shoulder4 ,there are fine examples of these ,insignia sculptured upon the ,monument of ,,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,the jewel is shown in ,no4 #dce4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dce4--;,jewel of the ,thistle4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dcf4--;,badge of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,the ,star of this ,order1 of silver or diamonds1 is in the form of a ,st4 ,andrew's ,saltire1 having its four limbs alternating with the four points of a lozenge3 in the centre1 surrounded by the ,motto 7,,nemo ,,me ,,impune ,,lacessit71 is a ,thistle proper4 ,the ,most ,illustrious ,order of ,,st4 ,,patrick1 ,,of ,,ireland1 indicated by the ,initials1 ,k4,p41 and instituted in #aghc by ,,george ,,iii41 consists of the ,,sovereign1 the ,,grand ,,master1 and twenty-two ,,knights4 ,the ,,officers are the ,grand ,master1 the ,chancellor1 the ,secretary1 ,ulster ,king of ,arms and ,registrar1 two ,heralds1 and one ,pursuivant1 the ,genealogist1 and the ,usher of the ,black ,rod4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dea4--;,insignia of the ,order of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,the ,,insignia are--,the ,badge or ,jewel1 of gold enamelled1 and oval in form4 ,it has a ,shamrock 7or ,trefoil slipped7 having on each leaf a ,royal ,crown1 charged on the ,saltire of ,st4 ,patrick1 the field being surrounded by the ,motto--,,qvis 4 ,,separabit 4 7,who will sever87 ,,mdcclxxxiii41 on a blue band1 which in its turn is encircled with a wreath of ,shamrocks on gold4 ,this ,badge1 ,no4 #dcf1 is worn from the ,collar1 composed of ,roses and ,harps1 alternating with each other and with knotted cords1 a ,crown surmounting a ,harp being in the centre2 or1 the ,badge is worn from a broad sky-blue ,ribbon1 crossing the right shoulder4 ,the ,star resembles the ,badge1 except that its centre is circular instead of oval2 and that it has eight rays of silver or diamonds1 in place of the wreath of ,shamrocks4 ,the ,most ,honourable ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,bath is an early ,institution which1 after having long been in abeyance1 has been revived and remodelled1 and has received fresh statutes in the years #agbe1 #ahae1 #ahdg1 and #ahei4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #deb4--;,collar and ,military ,badge4 ,insignia of the ,order of the ,bath4 ,the ,order1 now numbering about a thousand members1 consists of several distinct ,groups or ,classes1 which include1 with the ,,sovereign1 the ,royal ,princes1 and some few distinguished ,foreigners1 ,officers of our own ,navy and ,army1 and also ,diplomatic and ,civil ,servants of the ,crown4 ,the ,three ,classes of the ,order alike include members of the ,three ,services1 and each class is divided into two divisions1 viz4 ,military and ,civil4 ,the ,first ,class1 of ,,knights ,,grand ,,cross ,,of ,,the ,,bath--,g4,c4,b4--has #ee ,military and #bg ,civil ,knights4 ,the ,second ,class numbers 7with power to increase these numbers7 #ade ,military and #ajh ,civil ,,knights ,,commanders ,,of ,,the ,,bath--,k4,c4,b4 ,the ,third ,class1 not of ,knights1 but of ,,companions ,,of ,,the ,,bath--,c4,b4--has #gje ,military and #bih ,civil ,members1 who take rank between ,knights and ,esquires4 ,the ,,military ,,insignia are--,the ,,badge1 a complicated combination of devices1 characteristic of the debased period which produced it4 ,it is represented in ,no4 #dcg4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dcg4--;,badge of the ,bath 7,military ,division74 ,the ,cross is white2 the circle with the ,motto1 red2 and the small scroll in base1 blue2 all the rest being enamelled proper4 ,this ,badge is worn by the ,g4,c4,b4 attached to a ,collar1 formed of nine ,crowns and eight clusters of the ,rose1 ,thistle1 and ,shamrock issuing from a ,sceptre1 alternating with seventeen ,knots enamelled argent3 or1 this ,badge is suspended by the ,g4,c4,b4 from a broad red ,ribbon1 crossing the left shoulder4 ,by the ,k4,c4,b4 the ,badge is worn from a narrower red ,ribbon about the neck1 or a still narrower at the button-hole4 ,also1 by the ,c4,b4 it is attached to a narrow red ,ribbon at the button-hole4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dec4--,star of ,knight ,grand ,cross 7,civil74 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ded4--,star of ,knight ,commander 7,military74 ,the ,star of the ,g4,c4,b4 is similar to the ,badge without ,the ,cross and the lions1 surrounded by silver rays having a lozenge-shaped outline4 ,the ,star of the ,k4,c4,b41 which is in the form of a ,maltese ,cross1 omits the ,cross of the ,badge4 ,the ,c4,b4 have no ,star4 ,the ,diplomatic and ,civil ,,insignia are--,the ,badge1 ,no4 #dch1 worn with the same distinctions as the ,naval and ,military ,badge2 but the ,c4,b4 ,badge is of smaller size than the ,badges of the two higher ,classes4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dch4--;,badge of the ,bath 7,civil ,division74 ,the ,star of the ,g4,c4,b4 has eight silver rays encircling their ,badge in a circular form4 ,the ,star of the ,k4,c4,b4 is the same as that of the ,naval and ,military ,k4,c4,b41 omitting the laurel-wreath and the small scroll and motto4 ,the ,motto of the ,order--,,tria 4 ,,juncta 4 ,,in 4 ,,uno--,three united in one1 refers to the ,union of the three ,realms of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 in the ,order4 ,the ,stalls of the ,knights of the ,bath1 before the ,order was divided into classes1 and those of their ,esquires1 are in ,henry the ,seventh's ,chapel1 ,westminster ,abbey2 but no installation has taken place since #ahae1 when the ,order was reorganised1 and no new plates or banners have been set up4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dee4--,order of ,merit4 ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,merit 7,o4,m47 instituted in the year #aijb1 although it gives to its members neither style nor precedence1 ranks next to the ,order of the ,bath1 and is divided into two classes1 ,military and ,civil4 ,the only ,insignia are the ,badge and the ,ribbon parti-coloured of red and blue4 ,the ,badge is a cross pate of four arms1 the outline of the cross being circular4 ,the cross is of blue enamel and superimposed thereupon a smaller cross of the same design of red4 ,the centre is blue1 bearing the words1 ,,for ,,merit1 in gold letters within a laurel wreath4 ,the cross is surmounted by the ,royal ,crown4 ,the reverse of the ,badge shows the ,royal and ,imperial ,cypher4 ,to the ,badge two swords saltirewise in the angles of the cross are added in the case of members of the ,military ,division4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #def4--;,collar and ,insignia of the ,exalted ,order of the ,star of ,india4 ,the ,most ,exalted ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,star ,,of ,,india1 instituted by ,queen ,victoria in #ahfa1 to render especial honour to high merit and loyalty in the ,indian ,empire1 was enlarged on the #bdth of ,may #ahff1 and ordained to consist of the ,,sovereign1 a ,,grand ,,master1 and #bia ,ordinary ,,companions or ,,members2 together with such extra and ,honorary ,members as the ,sovereign at any time may be pleased to appoint4 ,the ,,viceroy ,,and ,,governor-,,general ,,of ,,india for the time being is always the ,,grand ,,master4 ,the ,ordinary ,members are divided into ,three ,classes3--,the ,first ,class comprises #cf ,,knights ,,grand ,,commanders3 ,g4,c4,s4,i4 ,in the ,second ,class there are #he ,,knights ,,commanders3 ,k4,s4,i4 ,and1 the ,third ,class numbers #agj ,,companions3 ,c4,s4,i4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dci4--;,badge of the ,star of ,india4 ,the ,,insignia are--,the ,badge1 ,no4 #dci1 formed of diamonds1 having the ,motto on a field of light blue enamel1 and the bust of the late ,queen executed as an onyx cameo4 ,this ,badge is attached by a mullet to the ,collar1 composed of heraldic roses and lotus flowers alternating with palm-branches1 a crown being in the ,centre3 or1 the ,badge is worn from a ,ribbon of pale blue with white borders crossing the left shoulder4 ,the ,star1 of diamonds1 has a mullet upon an irradiated field in its centre1 within the ,motto--,,heaven',s 4 ,,light 4 ,,our 4 ,,guide1 the whole being environed with wavy rays having a circular outline4 ,the ,most ,distinguished ,,order ,,of ,,st4 ,,michael ,,and ,,st4 ,,george1 originally instituted in #ahah for use in ,malta and the ,ionian ,islands1 has been extended and enlarged in #ahfh1 #ahgg1 and #aijb1 and now is awarded for ,colonial and for ,foreign ,services4 ,it consists of #ajj ,,knights ,,grand ,,cross 7,g4,c4,m4,g471 #cjj ,,knights ,,commanders 7,k4,c4,m4,g471 and #fjj ,,companions 7,c4,m4,g471 in addition to ,honorary ,members4 ,the numbers are not adhered to4 ,the ,star is of seven long rays1 smaller rays intervening4 ,this is charged with the ,cross of ,st4 ,george1 and in the centre is a representation of ,st4 ,michael encountering ,satan within a blue circle1 bearing the ,motto of the ,order1 ,,auspicium ,,melioris ,,vi4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #deg4--,star and ,collar of the ,order of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george4 ,the ,collar is composed alternately of lions of ,england1 ,maltese ,crosses1 and ,cyphers1 ,s4 ,m4 and ,s4 ,g4 ,in the centre is the ,crown over two winged lions passant guardant1 each holding a book and seven arrows4 ,the ,badge is a gold cross of fourteen points of white enamel1 and has in the centre1 within the ,motto of the ,order 7on the one side71 ,st4 ,michael encountering ,satan 7and on the other side71 ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon4 ,the ,badge is surmounted by the ,crown4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #deh4--;,eminent ,order of the ,indian ,empire4 ,the ,most ,eminent ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,indian ,,empire1 instituted in #ahgh and subsequently enlarged1 is the second ,indian ,order1 and consists of three classes1 ,,knights ,,grand ,,commanders 7,g4,c4,i4,e471 ,,knights ,,commanders 7,k4,c4,i4,e471 and ,,companions 7,c4,i4,e474 ,the ,star is of five rays of silver1 alternated with as many rays of gold4 ,in the centre1 within a purple circle1 inscribed with the ,motto1 ,,imperatricis ,,auspiciis1 and surmounted by the ,crown1 is an effigy of ,queen ,,victoria4 ,the ,collar is composed of elephants1 lotus-flowers1 peacocks in their pride1 and ,indian roses1 all connected by gold chains4 ,the ,badge is a red enamelled rose1 in the centre of which is the effigy within the ,motto as on the ,star4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dei4--,the ,badge4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dfj4--;,g4,c4,v4,o4 ,star4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dfa4--,k4,c4,v4,o4 ,star4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dfb4--;,g4,c4,v4,o4 ,badge4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dfc4--,k4,c4,v4,o4 ,badge4 ,the ,,royal ,,victorian ,,order was instituted in #ahif as the personal ,order of the ,british ,sovereign1 and is divided into five classes--,,knights ,,grand ,,cross 7,g4,c4,v4,o471 ,,knights ,,commanders 7,k4,c4,v4,o471 ,,commanders 7,c4,v4,o471 and ,members of the ,fourth and ,fifth ,classes 7both ,m4,v4,o474 ,the ,star is of eight points1 and of chipped silver1 having in the centre a representation of the ,badge4 ,the ,,badge is a white ,maltese ,cross4 ,it has an oval enamelled centre of crimson with the monogram ,v4 ,r4 ,i41 within a blue enamelled circle1 carrying the ,motto of the ,order ,,victoria1 the circle surmounted by the ,crown4 ,there is no collar for the order1 but the ,king occasionally bestows1 as an extreme mark of favour1 ,the ,royal ,victorian ,chain1 a decoration not governed by express ,statute4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dfd4--;,distinguished ,service ,order4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dfe4--;,imperial ,service ,order4 ,the ,,distinguished ,,service ,,order is a ,military ,decoration instituted in #ahhf1 but which does not carry the style of ,knighthood4 ,the ,badge is a gold cross enamelled white and of a circular outline4 ,in the centre 7on the one side7 is the ,crown on a red enamel ground within a wreath of laurel1 7and on the other side7 the ,royal ,cypher takes the place of the ,crown4 ,the ,,imperial ,,service ,,order1 a purely ,civil ,decoration instituted in #aijb1 is confined to the ,administrative ,services of the ,empire4 ,the ,badge is an eight-rayed star bearing 7on one side7 the ,royal ,cypher and 7on the other side7 ,for faithful service1 surrounded by a wreath of laurel and surmounted by the ,crown4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ddj4--,the ,victoria ,cross4 ,the ,,victoria ,,cross1 of bronze1 was instituted by her late ,majesty ,queen ,,victoria in #ahef1 to render honour to conspicuous bravery in actual conflict1 by sea or land4 ,this ,cross1 ,no4 #ddj1 is worn on the left breast1 attached to a blue ribbon for the ,navy1 and to a red ribbon for the ,army4 ,a ,bar is attached to the ribbon for every additional such act of bravery as would have won the ,cross4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dda4--,the ,albert ,medal4 ,the ,,albert ,,medal1 ,no4 #dda1 which was instituted also by ,queen ,,victoria1 dates from ,march #ac1 #ahff1 and is to distinguish those who save1 or who at the peril of their own lives endeavour to save1 life or perform other meritorious acts of bravery4 ,the ,coronet is that of ,h4,r4,h4 the late ,,prince ,,consort2 and the ,monogram consists of the ,initials ,v4 ,a41 with an anchor4 ,this ,medal is executed in ,silver and ,bronze for two classes of recipients4 ,the anchor in the ,badge is omitted when awarded for land services4 ,other ,decorations are ,the ,royal ,order of ,victoria and ,albert 7of four classes7 and the ,imperial ,order of the ,crown of ,india 7of one class71 both confined to ladies1 the ,kaisar-i-,hind ,medal1 the ,volunteer ,officers' ,decoration1 the ,territorial ,decoration1 the ,edward ,medal1 the ,king's ,police ,medal1 the ,royal ,red ,cross1 and the ,order of ,mercy2 whilst the ,order of the ,hospital of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem in ,england receives official recognition4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,precedence4 ,,genealogies ,orders and ,degrees ,jar not with ,liberty1 but well consist4 --,paradise ,lost1 ,book ,v4 ,the use of ,arms was closely connected with the ,study of ,genealogy4 --,,dallaway1 ,science of ,heraldry 7,a4,d4 #agic74 ,when ,,james ,i4 succeeded to the ,crown of ,england while he was actually the ,king regnant of ,scotland1 and accordingly became ,sovereign of the two ,realms1 he found it necessary to produce a ,union ,flag for the whole of ,great ,britain1 in consequence of the serious disputes for ,precedence that arose between the natives of ,south and ,north ,britain4 ,before the time of the peace-loving son of ,mary ,stuart1 a ,sovereign of another mould1 ,,henry ,,viii41 had felt the necessity of framing and establishing some definite system of ,precedence amongst the various degrees1 orders1 and ranks of his subjects3 and1 in #aeci1 a statute to that effect was enacted4 ,other statutes afterwards were added2 and1 from time to time1 ,royal ,letters ,patent on the same subject have been issued2 and thus the ,precedence now recognised and in use amongst us has been established4 ,the ,general ,scale of ,precedence follows1 but there are ,special scales for use in 7a7 ,scotland1 7b7 ,ireland1 7c7 ,india1 7d7 ,canada1 7e7 ,colonies1 7f7 ,army and ,navy1 7g7 ,diplomatic ,service4 ,,the ,,general ,,order ,,of ,,precedence4 ,the ,,sovereign4 ,the ,prince of ,wales4 ,the ,younger ,sons of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,grandsons of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,brothers of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,uncles of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,nephews of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,the ,lord ,chancellor4 ,the ,archbishop of ,york4 ,the ,premier4 ,the ,lord ,high ,treasurer4 ,the ,lord ,president of the ,council4 ,the ,lord ,privy ,seal4 ,the following ,,great ,,officers ,,of ,,state precede all ,peers of their own ,degree--that is1 if ,dukes1 they precede all other ,dukes2 if ,earls1 all other ,earls2 c43-- ,the ,lord ,great ,chamberlain4 ,the ,lord ,high ,constable4 ,the ,earl ,marshal4 ,the ,lord ,high ,admiral4 ,the ,lord ,steward of the ,royal ,household4 ,the ,lord ,chamberlain of the ,royal ,household4 ,the ,master of the ,horse4 ,the ,peers of each ,degree take ,precedence in their own ,degree1 according to their ,patents of ,creation4 ,dukes 7a7 of ,england1 7b7 of ,scotland1 7c7 of ,great ,britain1 7d7 of ,ireland1 7e7 of the ,united ,kingdom and1 if created since the ,union1 of ,ireland4 ,marquesses 7vide ,dukes74 ,eldest ,sons of ,dukes4 ,earls 7vide ,dukes74 ,eldest ,sons of ,marquesses4 ,younger ,sons of ,dukes4 ,viscounts 7vide ,dukes74 ,eldest ,sons of ,earls4 ,younger ,sons of ,marquesses4 ,bishops of 7a7 ,london1 7b7 ,durham1 and 7c7 ,winchester4 ,bishops1 according to ,seniority of ,consecration4 ,barons 7vide ,dukes74 ,the ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons4 ,commissioners of ,great ,seal4 ,the 7a7 ,treasurer and the 7b7 ,comptroller of the ,royal ,household4 ,vice-,chamberlain of the ,household4 ,the ,secretaries of ,state1 when not ,peers4 ,eldest ,sons of ,viscounts4 ,younger ,sons of ,earls4 ,eldest ,sons of ,barons4 ,knights of the ,garter1 ,thistle1 and ,st4 ,patrick1 not being ,peers4 ,privy ,councillors4 ,the ,chancellor of the ,exchequer4 ,the ,chancellor of the ,duchy of ,lancaster4 ,the ,lord ,chief ,justice4 ,the ,master of the ,rolls4 ,lord ,justices of ,appeal and ,pres4 of ,probate ,court4 ,judges of ,high ,court4 ,younger ,sons of ,viscounts4 ,younger ,sons of ,barons4 ,sons of ,lords of ,appeal in ,ordinary 7,life ,peers74 ,baronets4 ,knights ,grand ,cross of the ,bath4 ,knights ,grand ,commanders of the ,star of ,india4 ,knights ,grand ,cross of ,st4 ,michael and ,st4 ,george4 ,knights ,grand ,commanders of ,indian ,empire4 ,knights ,grand ,cross of ,victorian ,order4 ,knights ,commanders of the various ,orders 7in the same order of progression74 ,knights ,bachelors4 ,commanders of ,victorian ,order4 ,county ,court ,judges4 ,serjeants-at-,law4 ,masters in ,lunacy4 ,companions of the various ,orders4 ,members of ,fourth ,class of ,victorian ,order4 ,companions of ,distinguished ,service ,order4 ,eldest ,sons of the ,younger ,sons of ,peers4 ,eldest ,sons of ,baronets4 ,eldest ,sons of ,knights4 ,members of ,fifth ,class of ,victorian ,order4 ,baronets' ,younger ,sons4 ,knights' ,younger ,sons4 ,esquires3--,including the ,eldest ,sons of the ,sons of ,viscounts and ,barons1 the eldest ,sons of all the younger ,sons of ,peers1 and their eldest ,sons in perpetual ,succession3 the younger ,sons of ,baronets3 the ,sons of ,knights1 the eldest ,son of the eldest ,son of a ,knight in perpetual ,succession3 persons holding the ,king's ,commission1 or who may be styled ,esquire by the ,king in any ,official ,document4 ,gentlemen4 ,,the ,,precedence ,,of ,,women is determined1 before marriage1 by the ,rank and ,dignity1 but not by the ,office1 of their ,father4 ,all the unmarried ,sisters in any family have the same ,degree1 which is the ,degree that their eldest ,brother holds 7or would hold7 amongst men4 ,thus3--,of the ,sons of an ,earl the eldest alone has an honorary ,title of ,nobility and is styled ,my ,lord1 while all the ,daughters of an ,earl have a similar honorary ,title1 and are styled ,my ,lady4 ,by ,marriage ,women share the ,dignities and ,precedence of their ,husbands3 but1 the strictly ,official ,dignity of a ,husband is not imparted to a wife 7except in ,india71 in the case of the ,archbishops and ,bishops or holders of other offices4 ,the ,dignities which ,ladies have by ,birth or by right of ,inheritance1 are not imparted by ,marriage to their ,husbands3 nor does ,marriage with an inferior in ,dignity in any way affect the ,precedence that a ,lady may enjoy by ,birth1 ,inheritance1 or ,creation--both her own ,precedence and that of her ,husband remain as before their ,marriage1 unless the ,husband be a ,peer4 ,in the ,,royal ,,family the following ,precedence takes effect3-- ,the ,queen4 ,the ,queen ,dowager4 ,the ,princess of ,wales4 ,the ,daughters of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,wives of the ,younger ,sons of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,granddaughters of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,wives of the ,grandsons of the ,sovereign4 ,the ,sovereign's ,sisters4 ,wives of the ,sovereign's ,brothers4 ,the ,sovereign's ,aunts4 ,wives of the ,sovereign's ,uncles4 ,the ,sovereign's ,nieces4 ,wives of the ,sovereign's ,nephews 7,brothers' and ,sisters' ,daughters74 ,granddaughters of the ,sovereign not bearing the style of ,royal ,highness4 ,to whatever ,precedence she may be entitled by ,birth1 the ,wife of a ,peer always takes her rank1 and therefore takes her actual ,precedence1 from her ,husband4 ,the ,widow of a ,peer1 so long as she remains a ,widow1 retains the rank she enjoyed whilst married3 but1 should she contract a second ,marriage1 her ,precedence then is determined either by the rank of her second ,husband1 or by the rank that was her own by ,birth and which she enjoyed before her first ,marriage4 ,the ,wife of the ,eldest ,son of any degree precedes all her ,husband's ,sisters1 and also all other ,ladies having the same degree of rank with them4 ,thus3--the ,wife of the ,eldest ,son of an ,earl takes ,precedence of all ,daughters of ,earls4 ,in actual practice1 however1 by a principle of ,precedence that is accepted and adopted in all families of the same degree amongst themselves1 the ,sisters in every case have their place immediately after the ,wife of their own ,eldest ,brother4 ,,genealogies4 ,,genealogies1 the ,records of the ,descents and ,alliances of ,families1 are necessarily associated with the ,armorial ,ensigns borne by those ,families1 and by the several ,members and ,branches of them4 ,still1 it does not apparently follow1 in the same manner1 as a matter of necessity1 that the study and investigation of ,genealogies should be interesting and even attractive1 because interest and attractiveness are inseparable from ,heraldry4 ,and yet1 ,i do not hesitate to claim for genealogical researches the favourable regard of students of ,armory1 on the very ground of the interest which they are certain to feel in such researches2 and also in confident reliance on that inherent power of attraction1 inseparable from the subject itself1 that will not fail both to win their favourable regard1 and to lead them on from one inquiry to another4 ,the very act of tracing up some eminent and illustrious personage1 from generation to generation of his forefathers1 noting down the alliances that have interwoven one thread of a brilliant line with others not less lustrous2 or1 the reverse of this process1 the following the lineage of some worthy of the olden time onward down the stream1 observing both the tributaries that flow into the main channel and the streamlets that issue from it--all this1 when once it has been systematically undertaken1 leads the student through the most picturesque regions of historical romance4 ,the popular idea of ,genealogy may be1 that it consists in placing in a formal order of arrangement a series of dry names1 connected with dates that 7if it be possible7 are even more dry4 ,it is not uncommon to dispose of many things precisely in the same way1 when an opinion is formed without even the slightest attempt to judge of a question by its true merits--it is so easy to decline the trouble and to avoid the effort attendant on inquiry and investigation1 and so pleasant to become the possessor of an opinion and views1 without any outlay in acquiring them4 ,a ,map has no value in the estimation of those who ignore ,geography3 the claims of ,archology are disregarded by all who are content to remain in ignorance even of what it implies3 and ,history itself becomes and continues to be a dead letter1 so long as an acquaintance is formed only with the exterior of its volumes4 ,and1 in like manner1 ,genealogy appears under a very different aspect to those who know it only by name1 and to lovers of ,biography and ,history who are familiar with its lucid and yet ever suggestive guidance4 ,without written ,genealogies1 who can clearly understand the political and historical position of the rival ,princes of the red and white ,roses2 or of ,,henry ,,vii4 and the last of the ,plantagenets2 or of ,queens ,,elizabeth ,,tudor1 ,,mary ,,stuart1 and ,,jane ,,grey8 ,or who1 without similar aid1 will follow out the fortunes of the ,houses of ,,beauchamp and ,,neville and ,,dudley1 and connect them with the existing noble lord of ,warwick ,castle2 or1 when reading of the ,,de ,,clares1 the ,,bohuns1 or the ,,percies1 will see at a glance the connection between ,,strongbow and the red ,earl ,,gilbert1 or will understand the significance of the white swan ,badge of the ,,staffords1 or will read at sight the quartered ,shield of the ,duke of ,,northumberland1 of to-day1 and will discern the line that connects the living ,earl ,,percy with the ,,hotspur whose fame was two centuries old when ,,shakespeare wrote of him8 ,and further1 who1 that is unable to accomplish such things as these1 can appreciate ,history1 can enjoy it and apply its lessons aright8 ,in arranging a ,genealogy the utmost conciseness is essential1 all details being left for full description elsewhere4 ,all the members of the same family are placed side by side1 on the same level1 in their order of seniority2 and all are connected by lines with one another and with their parents4 ,successive generations also1 throughout all the branches of any family1 or in allied families1 have their places on the same levels2 and the connecting and distinguishing lines are continued throughout4 ,examples of ,genealogies treated in the most scientific and yet simple manner1 easy to be understood1 and perfect as models for students1 may be obtained in any ,part of the ,herald and ,genealogist1 formerly edited by the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,nichols1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,parliament ,street1 ,westminster4 ,i refer to this excellent ,periodical1 because it is not possible for me here in the space at my disposal to set forth a really useful example of a ,genealogy3 and1 ,i must add1 because it is most desirable that students of ,heraldry should form such an acquaintance with ,mr4 ,nichols1 as may be acquired through his works4 ,miscellanea ,genealogica et ,heraldica1 now edited by ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,bannerman1 is another ,periodical1 which ought to be in the hands of all ,genealogists4 ,in ,genealogies1 this mark denotes alliance by marriage1 and it is placed between the names of a husband and wife3 and the lines that proceed from this mark1 thus1 _/ _/ point out their issue4 ,the initials ,s4 ,p4 7of the ,latin words ,sine ,prole1 without issue7 show where a line or a branch ceases4 ,other abbreviations and signs in general use will suggest their own signification4 ,as ,i began this ,chapter with quotations1 so with a quotation ,i conclude it4 ,there are some persons1 writes ,mr4 ,,lower1 in his ,curiosities of ,heraldry 7p4 #bib71 who cannot discriminate between the taste for pedigree 7or genealogy7 and the pride of ancestry4 ,now these two feelings1 though they often combine in one individual1 have no necessary connection with each other4 ,man is said to be a hunting animal4 ,some hunt foxes2 others for fame or fortune4 ,others hunt in the intellectual field2 some for the arcana of ,nature and of mind2 some for the roots of words1 or the origin of things4 ,i am fond of hunting out a pedigree4 ,and1 gentle reader1 when you have joined the chase genealogical1 ,i promise you1 so also will you be4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,the ,college of ,arms-- ,the ,lyon ,office of ,scotland-- ,grants of ,arms-- ,tax on ,armorial ,bearings1 and on ,arms ,found ,they were conspicuous for judgment1 experience1 learning1 and elegance2 they gained honour wherever they were employed4 --,,noble1 ,history of the ,college of ,arms4 ,what is your ,crest and ,motto8--,send name and county to ----'s ,heraldic ,office4 ,for plain ,sketch1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,in heraldic colours1 #fs4 --,morning ,newspapers4 ,i4 ,the ,,heralds ,,of ,,england1 who before had been attached to the ,household either of the ,sovereign or of some ,personage of exalted rank1 were incorporated as a ,fraternity by ,,richard ,,iii41 a ,prince whose historical reputation is by no means in harmony with that early act of his reign1 which has done such good service to ,english ,history--the ,foundation and ,establishment of the ,,college ,,of ,,arms1 or1 as it is commonly called1 the ,,heralds' ,,college4 ,the ,letters ,patent1 issued for this purpose by ,,richard ,,iii41 bear date ,march the #bnd1 #adhc1 the first year of his reign4 ,very important privileges and immunities1 with high powers and authority1 were granted to the incorporated ,heralds3 and the right fair and stately house1 called ,pulteney's ,inn1 situate in the metropolitan parish of ,all ,saints1 was assigned to them as their permanent official residence4 ,the ,charter granted to the ,heralds by the last ,plantagenet ,sovereign was confirmed by his successors4 ,the buildings of the ,college were destroyed by the great fire of #afff2 but all the records and documents fortunately escaped1 having been removed to ,whitehall2 and the edifice was subsequently rebuilt1 chiefly at the cost of the ,heralds themselves1 where it now stands between ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral and the ,thames4 ,there1 in the ,college of ,arms1 are still carefully preserved all that the early ,heralds recorded and transmitted to our times4 ,there1 not the least valuable of the contents of the ,college1 an unique ,library is in the keeping of ,guardians1 who understand its true uses1 as they appreciate its preciousness4 ,and there also the ,headquarters of ,english ,heraldry are as duly established1 as those of the ,british ,army are at the ,horse ,guards in ,whitehall4 ,the great change that has come upon ,london since the ,heralds rebuilt their official home1 has already caused some structural alteration in the building1 and has resulted in the ,college of ,arms now appearing out of place in its original position in the ,city4 ,other changes1 which follow in such rapid succession in that busy neighbourhood1 render it by no means improbable that the site of their ,college may be required for some great ,city improvement2 and so the ,heralds may be constrained to establish themselves in the more congenial regions of the metropolitan far west4 ,this1 as ,i am disposed to consider1 is one of those consummations that are devoutly to be desired4 ,the times have been in which ,heraldry could not number amongst its true friends the official ,heralds of the ,college of ,arms3 but1 happily1 a very different1 and in many most important respects a thoroughly satisfactory condition of things now obtains at the ,college4 ,so far as the ,heralds are concerned1 as a body of learned1 accomplished1 and courteous gentlemen1 ,heraldry now is admirably represented amongst us1 and faithfully supported4 ,what still is deficient in the existing constitution of the ,college of ,arms1 as a ,national ,institution1 is adaptation to existing circumstances1 sentiments1 and requirements4 ,it is but a truism to assert that1 as a ,national ,institution1 the ,college of ,arms does not fill its proper position3 and1 to all who are familiar with the facts of the case1 it is equally obvious that this is simply because the ,college does not vindicate its indisputable title to that position which really is its own4 ,heraldry is decidedly popular4 ,this popularity also is assuming a more practical1 and at the same time a more enduring form1 through gradually becoming the result of a correct appreciation of the true character of ,heraldry1 and of its intrinsic value4 ,at a time in which people are beginning to feel and to admit that they ought to know something about ,heraldry1 the ,college of ,arms ought to take the lead in making ,heraldry still better understood1 still more justly appreciated1 still more popular4 ,the time1 also1 is indeed come in which it is the bounden duty of the ,college of ,arms to impress upon the community at large1 that the sole source and fountain-head of authority in all matters armorial1 under the ,sovereign1 centres in itself4 ,this is to be accomplished by the same process1 and only by the same process1 by which the ,college of ,arms may win for itself thorough popularity and universal confidence4 ,if the ,college requires fresh or increased powers1 application to that effect should be made to the ,legislature4 ,the ,heraldry of ,scotland has been dealt with by ,parliament3 and it would be equally easy to obtain such a statute as would enable ,english ,heraldry to do justice to itself1 while fulfilling its own proper duties4 ,without abating or compromising in the slightest degree its own dignity or the dignity of ,heraldry1 the ,college of ,arms requires to be transmuted from an exclusive into a popular ,institution4 ,it requires1 not indeed to have its object and aim and system of action changed1 but to have them expanded1 and expanded so widely as to comprehend all the heraldic requirements of the age4 ,this is a subject of too urgent importance not to be noticed here2 but still1 it is not possible to do more than to notice it in very general terms4 ,upon one specific point1 however1 a few plain words may be spoken without hesitation1 and may be left by themselves without comment4 ,the ,fees and ,charges of all kinds for granting1 matriculating1 confirming1 and recording the rightful possession of armorial ,insignia must be arranged upon a perfectly fresh system1 with such provisions and modifications as may adapt them to every variety of circumstance and of requirement4 ,this is a question which can be regarded only from one point of view by every true lover of ,heraldry1 and consequently by every true friend of the ,college of ,arms4 ,,ii4 ,the ,national ,heraldic body in ,scotland1 entitled the ,,lyon ,,office1 is under the presidency of the ,lyon ,king of ,arms4 ,the ,chief of the ,scottish official ,heralds from ,may #agif to a recent period had been a ,peer of that realm2 and the duties of the office1 accordingly1 had been discharged for seventy years by a ,lyon ,depute4 ,but1 on the death of the ,earl of ,,kinnoul1 in ,february #ahff1 it was determined to remodel in some respects the arrangements of the ,lyon ,office2 and ,mr4 ,,george ,,burnett1 who had long been ,lyon ,depute1 was appointed by ,her ,majesty to be ,lyon ,king4 ,he has been succeeded by ,sir ,j4 ,,balfour ,,paul4 ,the ,arms of the ,lyon ,office ,i have already given1 ,no4 #bff4 ,the action of the ,scottish ,lyon ,king of ,arms1 and of the ,institution over which he presides1 after having degenerated from the worthy standard of earlier days1 has revived under far happier conditions1 and with prospects that are eminently gratifying4 ,it may be fairly expected1 indeed1 that the most salutary results will be produced by the very decided tendency that for some time has existed1 to cultivate the rules and principles of that earlier age1 to which--writes ,mr4 ,seton--we are indebted for a system of ,scottish ,heraldry1 whose purity certainly has not been surpassed in any other corner of ,christendom4 ,these words occur in a highly interesting memoir of the ,lyon ,office1 in the fourth chapter of the work entitled ,the ,law and ,practice of ,heraldry in ,scotland1 an able and admirable volume1 published in #ahfc in ,edinburgh1 which shows the growing popularity of a true ,heraldry north of the ,tweed1 and proves that in the author1 ,mr4 ,seton1 ,scottish ,heraldry possesses an advocate no less powerful than zealous and judicious4 ,,iii4 ,arms and ,armorial ,insignia are granted only through the ,college of ,arms in ,england1 and through the ,lyon ,office in ,scotland1 in both realms with the direct sanction of the ,crown expressed in ,england by the ,earl ,marshal4 ,in ,ireland all ,grants are made by ,ulster ,king of ,arms with the same sanction4 ,it is to be observed and kept in remembrance that the sole right to ,arms is a ,grant from the ,college or the ,crown1 or ,inheritance by lineal descent from an ancestor to whom a ,grant was made or in whom a right to bear ,arms has been officially recognised and registered by the ,crown4 ,all ,grants and ,confirmations of ,arms 7,confirmations1 that is1 of the ,claims of certain individuals to bear certain ,arms1 by some uncertain right and title duly set forth and approved and thereafter legalised by the ,crown7 are formally and regularly recorded1 with a full blazon of the insignia1 at the ,college or ,offices of ,arms4 ,it is very greatly to be desired that1 in addition to this time-honoured usage of the ,heralds in making these records1 some simple plan could be adopted for the periodical registration at the ,college of ,arms of all armorial insignia that are borne by right4 ,almost equally desirable1 also1 it would be to make a corresponding registration1 as far as might be possible1 of whatever insignia are borne without any right4 ,the contents of both registers would form unquestionably useful publications of a periodical character4 ,in connection with any such project as ,i have just suggested1 it appears to me that good service might be rendered to the cause of true ,heraldry amongst us1 if ,badges and ,mottoes 7without any other insignia whatever7 were formally granted by the ,college1 under certain conditions1 and at the cost of a small ,fee4#i ,footnote #i3 ,i leave this sentence as it has hitherto stood in the book4 ,badges are now granted and recorded1 but a prior right to arms is required4 --,a4 ,c4 ,f4-,d4 #aijh4 ,in new ,grants of ,arms1 as in so many formal documents1 something of the early form of ,expression1 with some traces of its piquant quaintness1 are still retained4 ,very quaint indeed1 and very extravagant also1 is the style that was generally adopted by the ,heralds of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 and yet characteristic of both the men and their times4 ,as an example of one of these old documents1 an example of no common interest in itself1 ,i now give the ,grant of ,arms to ,,john ,,shakespere1 the ,poet's father1 in the year #aeif4 ,two draft copies of the original ,grant are preserved in the ,college of ,arms2 the following transcript is printed from the later of the two copies1 the earlier having been used to supply any word or passage that now is wanting in the other4 ,the insertions thus obtained are printed in brackets4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,all brackets except footnote references are in the original4 ,letters in braces 7curly brackets7 were printed as superscripts4 ,,grant ,,of ,,arms ,,to ,,john ,,shakespere1 ,a4,d4 #aeif4 ,to all and singuler ,noble and ,gentelmen of what estate or degree bearing arms to whom these presentes shall come1 ,william ,dethick alias ,garter principall ,king of ,armes sendethe greetinges4 ,know yee that1 whereas by the authoritie and auncyent pryveleges perteyning to my office from the ,quenes most excellent ,mate and by her highnesse most noble and victorious progenitors1 ,i am to take generall notice and record and to make declaration and testemonie for all causes of arms and matters of ,gentrie thoroughe out all her ,majestes ,kingdoms1 ,domynions1 ,principalites1 ,isles1 and ,provinces1 ,to th' end that1 as manie gentelmen1 by theyre auncyent names of families1 kyndredes and descentes1 have and enjoye certeyne enseignes and cotes of arms1 ,so it is verie expedient in all ages that some men for theyr valeant factes1 magnanimite1 vertu1 dignites1 and desertes1 may use and beare suche tokens of honour and worthinesse1 whereby theyre name and good fame may be the better knowen and divulged1 and theyre children and posterite in all vertu 7to the service of theyre ,prynce and ,contrie7 encouraged4 ,wherefore being solicited and by credible report informed that ,john ,shakespeare of ,stratford uppon ,avon in the counte of ,warwik1 whose parentes and late antecessors#aj were for theyre faithefull and valeant service advaunced and rewarded by the most prudent prince ,king ,henry the ,seventh of famous memorie1 sythence which tyme they have continewed at those partes1 being of good reputacion and credit2 and that the said ,john hathe maryed ,mary1 daughter and one of the heyrs of ,robert ,arden1 of ,wilmcote1 in the said counte1 esquire4#aa ,in consideration whereof1 and for the encouragement of his posterite1 to whom such ,blazon or ,atchevement by the auncyent custome of the lawes of armes maie descend1 ,i the said ,garter ,king of ,armes have assigned1 graunted and by these presentes confirmed this shield or cote of arms1 viz4 ,gould1 on a bend sables a speare of the first1 steeled argent2 and for his crest or cognizance a falcon1 his winges displayed1 argent1 standing on a wrethe of his coullors1 supporting a speare gould1 steeled as aforesaid1 sett upon a helmett with mantelles and tasselles as hath ben accustomed and dothe more playnely appeare depicted on this margent4 ,signefieng hereby1 and by the authorite of my office aforesaid ratifieng1 that it shalbe lawfull for the sayd ,john ,shakespeare gent4 and for his cheldren1 yssue and posterite 7at all tymes and places convenient7 to bear and make demonstracion of the said ,blazon or ,atchevement uppon theyre ,shieldes1 ,targets1 ,escucheons1 ,cotes of arms1 ,pennons1 ,guydons1 ,ringes1 ,edefices1 ,buyldinges1 ,utensiles1 ,lyveries1 ,tombes or ,monumentes1 or otherwise1 for all lawfull warrlyke factes or civile use and exercises1 according to the lawes of armes1 without let or interruption of any other person or persons for use or bearing the same4 ,in witnesse and perpetuall remembrance hereof ,i have hereunto subscribed my name1 and fastened the seale of my office endorzed with the signett of my armes1 ,at the ,office of ,armes1 ,london1 the xx4 daye of ,october1 the xxxviij4 yeare of the reigne of our ,soveraigne ,lady ,elizabeth1 by the grace of ,god ,quene of ,england1 ,france1 and ,ireland1 ,defender of the ,faythe1 etc4 #aeif4 ,footnote #aj3 ,above the word antecessors is written ,grandfather4 ,footnote #aa3 ,gent4 was first written1 and it is altered to esquire4 ,like other documents of its class1 in this ,grant the language is framed after certain regular forms2 so that it is to be read without that exact observance of particular expressions1 which is rightly bestowed upon legal and historical records4 ,the interest inseparable from this ,grant is enhanced in no slight degree by the strong probability that ,john ,shakespere made his application to the ,college of ,arms by the advice and in consequence of the request of his son4 ,had the worthy ,garter been able to divine the dignities and desertes of the son1 he might possibly have employed formal language of a still more complimentary character1 when drawing up a ,grant of ,arms for the father4 ,a much more curious specimen of the heraldic style and form of expression 7and also of the spelling7 of the earlier days of the ,queen ,,elizabeth era1 is a ,grant of ,augmentation and ,crest1 by ,,lawrence ,,dalton1 ,norroy ,king of ,arms1 to ,,john ,,bennett1 of ,newcastle-on-,tyne1 ,gentleman1 ,a4,d4 #aefj4 ,the ,preamble to this ,grant1 which is printed in full in ,miscellanea ,genealogica et ,heraldica 7p4 #dh71 is thus written3-- ,to ,all and ,singuler as well nobles and gentles as kings herauldes and officers of ,armes as others wch thes presentes shall see ,reade or heare ,lawrence ,dalton ,esquire ,al's ,norrey ,kinge of ,armes of thest and west p'tyes of ,englande fro the ,ryver of trent northwarde ,sendythe ,due and humble comendacons and greatinge fforasmuche as awncyentlye fro the begynnynge and not wthowt great ,delyberacon ,equitie and ,reason hyt hathe byn by the moste noble and famous princes ,constytutyd and ordeynyd that men of wysdom knoledge vertue and of noble lyefe and ,coorage haue byn notoryowslye commendyd to the ,woorlde wth ,sonndrye monumentes and ,remembrances wth tokens of honnor for ,a testamonye of theyre good ,desertes ,as ,amonge the ,romayns ye ,erecc'on of ,statues and ,images wth tytles and ,appellac'ons of honnour ,and of more latre ,dayes wth the moste p'te of nac'ons bearinge of ,signes and tokens in ,shyldes callyd ,armes wch be the ,demonstrac'ons and ,evidences of noblenes vertue and woorthynes that to eu'ry man accordinge to theyre ,desertes be ,dyu'slye ,dystrybutyd ,wherby such signes and tokens of the woorthye and cooragyous might appeare before the cowarde vnwoorthye and ,ignorant ,even so yt ys yet obs'vyd that suche wch have merytyd or donne com'endable s'vice to theyre prince or countrye or by theyre woorthye and ,lawdable lyefe ,do ,daylye encrease in vertue wysdom and knowledge shulde not be forgoten and so put in oblyvyon but rewardyd wth som token of honnor for the same the ,rather to move and styrre other to the ,imytac'on of lyke noblenes vertue and woorthynes ffor wch purpose hyt was not therefor wthowt great provydence ordeynyd and yet ys that there ,shulde be officers and herauldes of ,armes to whose office hyt shulde be appropryate to kepe in ,regestre tharmes pedegrees and ,descentes of nobles and gentles wth theyre woorthye and valyant actes and to have power and awethorytye to allowe and ,ratefye vnto the woorthye ,som awgmentac'on token or ,remembrance of noblenes for theyre seyde woorthynes ,and now beinge ,desyryd-- ,and so forth1 worthy ,mr4 ,norroy having forgotten such signes and tokens as stops1 while carefully showing what style and form it is not desirable for us to adopt1 however excellent may be his system of building up honourable insignia upon a foundation of nobleness1 virtue1 and worthiness4 ,i add one other early document of another kind1 which is an excellent model for present use by the ,heralds of our own days1 the orthography having by them been duly corrected4 ,,example ,,of ,a ,,confirmation ,,or ,,record ,,of ,,arms3-- ,theis are the anncient ,armes and ,creast1 belonging to the name and famely of ,,leechforde in the ,county of ,surrey1 descended from the ,,leechfords in ,buckinghamsheire4 ,which at the request of ,s,r ,,richard ,,leechforde of ,shelwood in the ,county of ,surrey ,knight1 ,i ,,will',m ,,segar ,garter1 ,principall ,king of ,armes have blasoned1 and sett forth in coullors1 according as they are here depicted in the margent4 ,viz4 7here follows a written blazon74444 ,testifying hereby the saide armoryes to belong vnto the saide ,s,r ,,richard ,,leechford and to his yssue1 to vse1 beare1 and shewe forth at all tymes1 and in all places1 at their free lib'ty and pleasure4 ,in ,witnes wherof4444 c4 c41 with ,seal and ,signature1 and the ,date #crd of ,,james ,i4 ,i presume that an argument in support of the abolition of all ,taxation of ,armorial ,bearings1 on the plea of the utter absurdity of a tax upon an honourable distinction1 would be met with the reply that ,armorial ,bearings are taxed purely as luxuries1 and without the slightest reference to their intrinsic character4 ,if the validity of this plea must be admitted1 still this tax might be levied with what may be styled a becoming heraldic discrimination4 ,for example3--,arms distinguished by ,augmentations of ,honour might be altogether exempted2 a higher rate might be fixed in the case of ,arms that are ensigned with ,coronets1 and that display ,supporters4 ,arms borne by unquestionable right1 and which are duly recorded at the ,college1 might be rated at a comparatively low charge1 certainly not to exceed five shillings a year4 ,on the other hand1 all ,arms or armorial insignia borne with a very questionable right1 or without even the pretence of any right whatever1 might be subjected to the ordinary tax for ,armorial ,bearings of their class multiplied 7according to circumstances7 by four1 six1 or ten4 ,the tax estimated by the aid of the multiplication-table1 that has just been suggested1 would extend1 under a special schedule possessing a high multiplying power1 to any self-constituted ,establishment or ,office1 which1 powerless to grant ,arms1 undertakes--in consideration of a very trifling fee--to find1 and either to sketch or to colour them4 ,exceedingly simple is the process1 by means of which this undertaking is accomplished4 ,it consists in consulting a printed ,armory2 and1 when the desired ,arms have been found in its well-stored columns1 they then at once are assigned to the applicant1 in conformity with the comprehensive and beautifully simple theory1 that all persons having the same surname and who also live 7or were born7 in the same county are equally entitled to bear the same ,arms4 ,probably it does not occur to the patrons of advertising ,heraldry-dealers1 that upon precisely the same principle every person who has the same name and county with any officer who may be found in the ,navy or the ,army ,list1 might assert a right to whatever rank and title such an officer may enjoy by virtue of his commission4 ,the almost universal desire to possess some kind of armorial insignia1 implies a corresponding recognition of the necessity to obtain them from some ,institution or ,personage1 supposed to be competent and authorised both to determine what they should be1 and to impart a right to accept and to assume and bear them4 ,it rests with the ,heralds of the ,college of ,arms to take the initiative in a course of action1 which would direct all aspirants for heraldic distinctions1 as a matter of course1 to their own doors4 ,the ,heralds1 who really are ,heralds1 and who alone are real ,heralds1 may rely on the support of ,public ,opinion4 ,if a fictitious ,heraldry is not only prevalent1 but in some sense actually in the ascendant1 it is not because the counterfeit is preferred to the genuine1 but because it is unconsciously mistaken for it4 ,in very many instances1 indeed1 a determination to obtain ,arms is coupled with an ignorance of ,heraldry so complete1 as to ignore the existence of any such thing as a ,heraldry that is fictitious4 ,a popular ,college of ,arms1 without any serious difficulty1 might establish its own authority with all classes of the community2 and1 at the same time1 it would not fail to impress upon the public mind the very decided difference that exists between the heraldic and the non-heraldic acceptation of the expression--an escutcheon of pretence4 ,much real good would certainly result from the rude shock that would be given to many a complacent display of armorial insignia1 by showing the proud blazonry to be abated with the baton sinister of heraldic untruth and unwarrantable assumption4 ,and better still it would be to show to all who possess1 or who desire to possess and to bear ,arms1 that the ,pride of ,heraldry is a worthy and a noble pride1 because it is the ,pride of ,truth and ,right4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,miscellaneous3-- ,coins-- ,seals-- ,heraldry in ,architecture2 in ,monuments2 in ,illuminations2 in ,encaustic ,tiles-- ,heraldic ,personal ,ornaments1 and various ,heraldic ,decorations-- ,conclusion4 ,the ,spandrels over the ,wall-arcading are exquisitely beautiful444 ,those in the western arm contained ,shields of a large number of the great men of the day 444 the few which remain are nobly executed4 --,,gleanings ,,from ,,westminster ,,abbey1 by ,g4 ,g4 ,scott1 ,r4,a43 #bnd ,edition1 p4 #cc4 ,i4 ,the ,,heraldry ,,of ,,the ,,coinage1 in addition to the ,shields of ,arms of successive ,sovereigns1 exemplifies the changes that have taken place in the form and adornment of the ,crown1 and it also is rich in various ,badges and ,devices having an historical significance4 ,in ,coins the ,royal ,shield is sometimes quartered by a cross charged upon it1 as in the silver penny of ,,edward ,,vi4 ,a medival ship1 having a sail covered with heraldic blazonry1 appears on the ,noble--a coin worthy of its name4 ,a figure of the ,king in armour 7not particularly well proportioned to the size of the vessel71 his sword in one hand1 and his ,shield of arms in the other1 is also represented in these fine examples of medival numismatic art4 ,a ship without any sail1 but in its stead charged with the ,royal ,shield heightened by a ,cross1 forms the reverse of another excellent coin1 the ,angel1 the obverse bearing a figure of ,,st4 ,,michael with his lance thrusting down the dragon4 ,the ,angel of ,,edward ,,iv4 on either side of the ,cross has the initial ,e and the white rose of ,york2 and the legend is-- ,,per 3 ,,crvcem 3 ,,tva 3 ,,salva 3 ,,nos 3 ,,xte 3 ,,redempt 3 7,by thy ,cross save us1 ,o ,redeemer ,christ674 ,a ,crowned ,rose1 with a ,royal ,cypher1 is another favourite device2 as in the ,shilling of ,henry ,,viii41 with the legend-- ,,posvi 3 ,,dev 3 ,,adivtorem 3 ,,mevm 3 7,i have placed ,god 7before me as7 my helper74 ,such are a few examples of the early ,heraldry of ,english ,coins4 ,more recently1 and particularly in our own ,coinage1 ,heraldry and ,art have declined together1 so that feeble designs1 but too commonly executed with lamentable consistency1 are associated with heraldic inaccuracies which continue uncorrected to this day--witness the tressure of ,scotland often incorrectly blazoned on the ,royal ,shield2 and poor ,,britannia1 in her old position1 sitting forlorn on the copper and bronze coinage1 as if conscious of being constrained to display on her oval ,shield an obsolete blazonry1 that placed the reign of ,queen ,,victoria in the eighteenth century6#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,the specimens of the existing ,coinage of ,europe1 displayed at the ,universal ,exposition1 at ,paris1 showed that if the art of the ,english ,mint is now at a low ebb1 the prevailing standard of numismatic art is not a single degree higher1 the coins of ,france alone being in many respects an honourable exception to the general rule4 ,,ii4 ,to what has been already said on the value of heraldic ,,seals ,i desire here to add a few words1 in the hope of inducing all students of ,heraldry to study them with the most diligent care4 ,casts of fine impressions are not difficult to obtain4 ,almost every accessible fine ,seal has been copied by ,mr4 ,ready1 of the ,british ,museum1 who supplies admirable casts at a very moderate cost4 ,the ,scottish ,seals of the late ,mr4 ,h4 ,laing1 of ,edinburgh1 were purchased on his decease by the authorities of the ,british ,museum4 ,the most satisfactory casts are made in gutta-percha1 which may be gilt by simply rubbing a gold powder with a soft brush upon them1 after slightly warming their surfaces4 ,moulds for reproducing casts or impressions may be made in gutta-percha2 and from these moulds casts1 also in gutta-percha1 may be obtained4 ,the process is very simple3 the gutta-percha1 softened by immersion in hot water1 is pressed upon an impression in relief1 until a perfect intaglio is formed4 ,when this mould is cold and hard1 it will stamp an impression upon gutta-percha softened in the same manner4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ddb4--,seal of ,lord ,bardolf4 ,i add to the examples of fine heraldic ,seals that ,i have already given1 the richly traceried ,seal bearing the armorial ,shield of ,,john1 ,lord ,,bardolf1 of ,wormegay in ,norfolk1 about ,a4,d4 #acej2 ,no4 #ddb4 ,this most beautiful ,seal1 which in the original in diameter is only one and one-sixth inches1 has been somewhat enlarged in the engraving1 in order to show the design more plainly4 ,the arms of ,,bardolf are--,az41 three cinquefoils or4 ,the liberality and kindness of ,mr4 ,laing enable me to associate with the ,seal of ,lord ,,bardolf a small group of additional examples of ,scottish ,seals3 two of them are good illustrations as well of ,english as of ,scottish ,heraldry1 and they exemplify the usage of introducing ,gothic traceries into the composition of ,seals with ,shields of ,arms3 in both these examples1 however1 the leading outlines only of the traceries remain1 and the rich cusping 7which is so perfect in the ,seal of ,lord ,,bardolf7 is lost4 ,no4 #ddc1 the ,seal of ,,william ,,mure1 ,a4,d4 #acig1 has a ,shield bearing--,arg41 on a fesse az4 three mullets of the field4 ,no4 #ddd1 the ,seal of ,,thomas ,,monypeny1 ,a4,d4 #adae1 has the ,shield couche charged with ,az41 a chevron between three crosses crosslets fitche issuing from as many crescents arg43 the ,crest1 on a helm1 is a bird1 probably a popinjay or parrot4 ,the ,seal of ,,richard ,,stuart1 ,no4 #dde1 probably about #acej1 may be compared with ,no4 #dad1 p4 #bdi3 in the smaller and earlier example1 the solitary individual who represents the crew may be assumed to be ,richard ,stuart himself2 his vessel displays two banners which are evidently affected by contrary currents of air1 and a pennon4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ddc4--,seal of ,william ,mure4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ddd4--,seal of ,thomas ,monypeny4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #dde4--,seal of ,richard ,stuart4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ddg4--;,counter ,seal of ,earl ,thomas de ,beauchamp1 ,a4,d4 #acdd ,the noble ,seal1 ,no4 #ddf 7see ,frontispiece71 engraved from a most perfect impression recently discovered appended to a document in the guardianship of the ,dean and ,chapter of ,westminster1 represents its illustrious owner1 ,,thomas ,,de ,,beauchamp1 ,k4,g41 third ,earl of ,,warwick1 in armour1 with his shield and jupon charged with the armorial insignia of ,beauchamp 7gu41 a fesse between six crosses crosslets or71 and with the same insignia repeated upon the bardings of the charger upon which the ,earl is mounted4 ,the engraving of the ,seal itself appears on the ,frontispiece to this ,volume3 and the ,counter-,seal1 one of the most beautiful and most perfect examples in existence of the early seal-engraver's art1 is here represented in ,no4 #ddg4 ,the ,shield displayed on this ,counter-,seal is charged only with the ,arms of the ,,newburghs 7cheque or and az41 a chevron erm471 from whom the ,earldom of ,warwick passed by inheritance to the ,house of ,beauchamp4 ,the inscription is commenced on the ,seal1 ,no4 #ddf1 and continued on the ,counter-,seal1 ,no4 #ddg1 and is as follows3-- ,s 3 ,,thoe 3 ,,comitis 3 ,,warrwychie 3 ,,anno 3 ,,regni 3 ,,regis 3 ,e 3 ,t',,cii 3 ,,post 3 ,c,,qvest,vm 3 ,,anglie 3 ,,septio 3 ,,decio 3 ,,et 3 ,,regni 3 ,,svi 3 ,,francie 3 ,,qvarto-- ,the ,seal of ,thomas1 ,earl of ,warwick1 in the seventeenth year of the reign of ,king ,edward ,,iii4 7of that name7 after the ,conquest of ,england1 and the fourth of his reign over ,france4 ,thus1 the date of the execution of this fine ,seal is the year #acdd4 ,the ,earl himself died in #acfi4 ,a second ,beauchamp ,seal is also represented in the ,frontispiece4 ,this is the ,seal of ,,richard ,,de ,,beauchamp1 ,k4,g41 fifth ,earl of ,,warwick1 who died in the year #adci4 ,the ,heraldry in this example is particularly interesting4 ,the ,shield1 charged with ,newburgh and ,beauchamp quarterly1 is couche from the helm of the ,earl which is ensigned with his coronet and crest2 and on either side is a bear with a ragged staff1 the famous ,badges of the ,,beauchamps3 ,no4 #ddh 7see ,frontispiece74 ,the ,inscription is-- ,,sigill 3 ,,ric 3 ,,de 3 ,,bello 3 ,,campo 3 ,,comit 3 ,,warwich-- ,the ,seal of ,richard de ,beauchamp1 ,earl of ,warwick 7see pages #bbc and #bbd74 ,,iii4 ,in ,,gothic ,,architecture ,heraldry is always a consistent1 beautiful1 and most effective accessory4 ,indeed1 so thoroughly is the spirit of ,heraldry in harmony with the great ,architecture which grew up in the ,middle ,ages1 that ,heraldry must be considered rather as an element of its nature than as an allied ,art4 ,gothic ,architecture is essentially heraldic2 and hence1 as well as from its elastic nature and its equally consistent and happy applicability to every use and requirement1 it is peculiarly appropriate as our own national style4 ,from the earliest years of its existence as a definite ,science1 ,heraldry is found to be most intimately associated with the ,gothic ,architecture of ,england3 and happy it was for the early ,heralds1 that in their days the ,english ,gothic was at work in the full strength of its first maturity4 ,and this alliance was never interrupted1 or permitted to decline from its original cordiality4 ,as long as the ,gothic flourished1 ,heraldry held its own place in ,architecture4 ,and in the finest works that exist amongst us1 relics of the grand ,gothic ,ages of ,english ,architecture1 ,heraldry is ever present to adorn them with its graphic records4 ,in the spandrels of arcades1 in panels1 upon bosses in vaulting1 in stained glass1 in encaustic floor-tiles1 and indeed in almost every position in which such ornamentation could be admissible1 the early ,herald is found to have been the fellow-worker with the early ,gothic architect4 ,gothic ,architecture1 accordingly1 has preserved for us very noble collections and specimens of the most valuable illustrations of our national ,heraldry4 ,canterbury and ,york ,cathedrals1 and the ,abbey ,churches of ,westminster and ,st4 ,alban's1 with the ,chapel of ,king's ,college1 ,cambridge1 are especially rich in heraldic treasures3 and ,westminster ,hall and the northern ,castles of ,alnwick and ,warkworth may be specified as noble examples of secular ,architecture1 which retain their heraldic enrichments4 ,,iv4 ,gothic ,,monuments1 and in common with them their successors of the ,renaissance era1 abound in every variety of armorial blazonry4 ,and fine examples of heraldic ,monuments are no less abundant1 than are the ,shields and other insignia that appear on particular memorials4 ,the principles which directed the selection of ,shields to be introduced into the composition of early ,monuments are worthy of careful consideration3 and the same remark is no less applicable in the case of ,architecture4 ,i must be content to specify a very small group of heraldic ,monuments of especial interest and value4 ,in ,westminster ,abbey3 the ,monuments of ,queens ,,alianore of ,castile1 ,,philippa of ,hainault1 ,,elizabeth ,,tudor1 and ,,mary ,,stuart2 the ,monuments of ,king ,,edward ,,iii4 and ,king ,,henry ,,vii42 and those of ,,alianore ,,de ,,bohun1 ,duchess of ,,gloucester1 the ,countess of ,,lennox1 the ,countess of ,,derby1 the two ,,de ,,valences1 ,earls of ,pembroke1 ,,edmund1 ,earl of ,lancaster1 ,lord ,,bourchier1 and ,sir ,,giles ,,daubeney1 ,k4,g4 ,in ,canterbury ,cathedral3 the ,monuments of the ,,black ,,prince1 and of ,,henry ,,iv4 and ,,joanna of ,navarre4 ,in ,salisbury ,cathedral3 the ,monument of ,earl ,,william ,,longesp,e4 ,in ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey ,church3 the ,monuments of ,,humphrey1 ,duke of ,,gloucester1 and of the ,abbots ,,wheathamstede and ,,ramryge4 ,also1 other fine ,monuments in the ,churches at ,elsyng in ,norfolk1 ,ewelme and ,northleigh in ,oxfordshire1 ,king's ,langley in ,hertfordshire1 and ,cobham in ,kent2 in ,beverley ,minster1 and in the ,beauchamp ,chapel at ,warwick4 ,v4 ,in the ,,illuminations of the ,middle ,ages ,heraldry has a place of honour3 and in the revival of that early ,art1 which is held in such high estimation at the present day1 ,heraldry ought to occupy a position of corresponding prominence4 ,this implies in the ,illuminators of to-day some knowledge of ,heraldry1 and at least some degree of familiarity with good early examples4 ,i venture to suggest1 therefore1 to students of ,illumination the study both of the ,herald's ,art and his ,science1 as no unimportant part of their preparation for the practice of the ,art of ,illumination on the principle of the sagacious maxim of a great modern painter1 quoted by ,mr4 ,,ruskin in his ,seven ,lamps of ,architecture--,know what you have to do1 and then do it4 ,,vi4 ,in the ornamentation of early ,,encaustic or ,,inlaid ,,pavement ,,tiles1 ,shields of ,arms and various heraldic devices frequently occur3 and in many examples the ,shields of ,arms are arranged with much skill and in excellent taste1 to form decorative compositions in combination with foliage and traceries4 ,numerous heraldic ,tiles of a very interesting character remain in the ,cathedrals of ,worcester1 ,gloucester1 and ,exeter2 and in the ,churches of ,great ,malvern1 ,king's ,langley1 the ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,alban1 and many others4 ,the student will observe that the devices upon these ,tiles are frequently reversed1 evidently the result of the neglect to reverse the designs upon the original dies or stamps4 ,,vii4 ,heraldic blazonry was highly esteemed in the ,middle ,ages as a becoming decoration for ,,personal ,,costume4 ,the ,knights wore their ,coats of ,arms1 and they carried and used their ,shields of ,arms1 and their armorial insignia were displayed upon their weapons and upon the various accessories of their personal equipment4 ,the ,ladies adapted this usage to their own ,costume1 and they also wore ,mantles and ,dresses of ,arms2 and many of their personal ornaments were strictly heraldic4 ,without even suggesting now to our ,ladies any revival of heraldic costume1 properly so called--such as dresses1 mantles1 or shawls emblazoned with the bearings of armorial shields--,i certainly do desire to see ,heraldry exercising a powerful influence in all designs for personal ornaments1 the works of the goldsmith and the jeweller more especially4 ,badges also may supply the motive for designing many patterns that are to adorn fabrics used for costume3 and1 in like manner also1 the designs woven into carpets1 curtains1 and various other fabrics may be derived with the greatest advantage from the same source4 ,the loom is employed in blazoning heraldic insignia in white damask3 why should it not work1 under judicious and cautious guidance1 in silk and velvet1 in satin and every woollen fabric8#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,i have lately seen a design for the embroidery of a dress for a young lady of the ,clan ,,campbell2 its characteristic features are the ,scottish ,thistle and the ,myrtle1 the latter the ,badge of the ,campbells4 ,i may express my approval of the motive of this design3 others1 as ,i have reason to believe1 have approved the treatment of it4 ,it must be understood1 however1 that heraldic ornaments and devices1 unless they be of such a character that they are universally applicable1 must have a reference to the wearer1 or they degenerate at once into heraldic parodies4 ,personal ornaments1 costume1 furniture1 if heraldic1 must display devices that have a significance as well as a beauty3 such costume and ornaments must be1 not becoming only to the wearer1 but 7in the heraldic acceptation of that term7 belonging also4 ,and so in every instance4 ,for purposes of universal decoration and adornment1 ,heraldry is no less applicable now than when ,,edward ,,iii4 or ,,henry ,,iv4 reigned in ,england4 ,happily1 a taste for furniture and all the appliances of every-day life in the ,gothic style is gradually becoming prevalent2 and this is inseparable from the use of ,heraldry for the purposes of ornamentation4 ,i presume that the fallacy of regarding the ,gothic style of ,art as exclusively ecclesiastical in its associations and uses1 or as no less necessarily inseparable from medival sentiments and general usages1 is beginning to give way to more correct views1 as the true nature of the ,gothic and its original universal employment are better understood4 ,i consider it to be unnecessary for me1 therefore1 to enter here1 in support of my own sentiments1 into any detailed explanations to show that the revival of a ,style of ,art which flourished in bygone ages1 and with it the revival of ,heraldry as it was invented and grew into its early dignity and popularity1 are in no way or degree whatever connected with an implied return to the mode of life of four1 five1 or six centuries ago4 ,we have used ,roman and even what we intended to be ,greek ,architecture in nineteenth-century ,england2 we are still in the habitual use of ,roman and ,greek designs for every variety of decoration2 and of late we have added ,egyptian and ,scandinavian works of ,art to the deservedly prized collections of models1 that we have formed for the express purpose of imitating them3 and yet we do not consider that we thus in any way bind ourselves to adopt ,roman1 or ,greek1 or ,egyptian1 or ,scandinavian costumes or customs2 nor in our use of the ,arts of ,antiquity do we perceive any demonstration of retrogression in ourselves4 ,it is the same with ,medival ,heraldry and ,gothic ,art4 ,we may apply to our own times1 our own uses1 our own delight1 what the old ,heralds and the ,gothic ,artists have taught us1 without even dreaming of wearing armour or re-establishing the feudal system4 ,true ,heraldry 7for it is with ,heraldry that ,i am now more especially concerned7 is a ,science1 and it also is an ,art1 for all time--for our times1 and for future times1 as well as for the times that are past4 ,if we understand and appreciate it1 we shall not fail to use and to apply it aright4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ddi4--,seal of ,sir ,,walter ,,scott1 of ,branxholm and ,kirkurd1 ,a4,d4 #aebi4 7,laing74 ,from the initial-letter of my first ,chapter ,i suspended the ,shield borne by that ,sir ,,walter ,,scott1 of ,abbotsford1 whose name will ever be a household word with every lover of what is chivalrous and knightly4 ,here ,i place the ,seal1 ,no4 #ddi1 of an earlier ,sir ,,walter ,,scott1 of ,branxholm and ,kirkurd--a ,knight of another branch of the same distinguished ,house1 who differenced the ,shield of ,scott so as to bear--,or1 on a bend azure a mullet and two crescents gold4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,peerage ,,dignities ,the ,dignity of ,earl-- ,of ,baron-- ,the ,parliament of #abie-- ,landed ,qualifications-- ,creation of the ,title ,duke of ,cornwall-- ,the ,title of ,marquis-- ,the ,premier ,baron of ,england-- ,the ,peerage of ,scotland-- ,scottish remainders-- ,daughter ,inherits in her own right-- ,determination of an ,abeyance-- ,the ,right to ,create ,peers of ,ireland-- ,rights and ,privileges of a ,peeress-- ,the ,daughters of ,peers-- ,anomalies of the ,english ,scale of ,precedence4 ,although the name of the dignity of ,earl is derived from a ,saxon word1 the dignity itself1 like all others1 is more ,norman than ,saxon in its character4 ,at the period of the ,conquest1 and whilst the ,norman dynasty was on the throne1 there were a number of people who bore this title4 ,at that time and for long afterwards1 certainly well into the ,plantagenet period1 an ,earl within his earldom was little short of a petty sovereign4 ,issues of justice and many other rights of regality were in his hands1 and he occupied a position very much akin to a viceroy for the ,king1 seeing that what he did he did in his own name and as ,earl1 or comes1 of the ,county4 ,the ,high ,sheriff was the vice-comes4 ,some of the earldoms had more extensive rights of regality than others1 some were actual palatinates1 and all earldoms originally were honours in fee heritable by the heir-general4 ,earldoms had a territorial nature1 and the ,earl took his third penny in the issues of the ,courts in his earldom4 ,the only other dignity at that period was that of ,baron1 and just as the ,earls of to-day have little in common save dignity and title with the ,earls of the past1 so the ,barons originally were very unlike the latest creations of modern ,prime ,ministers in the name of the ,king4 ,at the ,norman ,conquest1 and for long afterwards1 the ,barons1 an indeterminate number1 were those who held their land in barony4 ,it is a matter of much uncertainty at what date ,parliament came into being4 ,the word goes back to a much earlier period1 and is used concerning a variety of meetings which are now generally regarded as meetings of different ,councils and not of ,parliament1 but historians are agreed that whether or not any earlier meetings can be properly described as ,parliaments1 the ,parliament of #abie was properly and fully constituted in all its elements4 ,to this ,parliament all those who were personally summoned by the ,king in their own names and were not nominated or elected by other people are ,peers1 and of these ,peers those who are not described as ,earls are ,barons4 ,it should1 however1 be noted that ,bishops and ,abbots were summoned by right of the offices they held1 and there are certain other officials who were summoned also because of their offices and could be distinguished from the ,barons and ,earls4 ,there is no shadow of doubt that the reason for the summoning of the ,barons was the fact that they were great subjects and important because of their ownership of land4 ,it was landowners who had to provide the military services for the country1 and ,parliament was chiefly concerned1 not in law-making1 but in authorising and consulting as to military expeditions1 or in providing the subsidies necessary for these expeditions1 and the other services of the ,crown4 ,in addition to this ,peers exercised some of the judicial functions of the ,crown4 ,but law-making was done by the ,king and his ,council until a later period4 ,the landed qualifications which justified the summoning of a man to ,parliament as a ,baron usually descended to his heir and similarly justified the summoning of that heir2 and in that way1 but without any intention to that end1 the right of summons and the right of peerage became hereditary4 ,originally it had been arbitrary and at the discretion of the ,crown4 ,it was not until the reign of ,edward ,,iv4 that the hereditary peerage character of a barony was fully recognised1 and with that recognition came the divorce of the territorial idea from the right of peerage4 ,like ancient earldoms1 ancient baronies were honours in fee heritable by the heirs general4 ,save that ,william the ,conqueror was ,sovereign ,lord of the ,duchy of ,normandy and as such ,duke1 the dignity of duke did not exist in ,england until #accg1 when ,edward the ,black ,prince was created ,duke of ,cornwall with remainder to his heirs the eldest sons of the ,kings of ,england4 ,that was the creation of the title now enjoyed by the ,prince of ,wales1 but this ,duchy of ,cornwall and the ,duchy of ,lancaster are really ,duchies as distinguished from the ,dukedoms enjoyed by other people having the designation of ,duke4 ,the title of ,marquis dates from #achf1 when ,richard ,,ii4 created ,robert de ,vere ,marquis of ,dublin2 and the title of ,viscount from #addj1 when the ,viscounty of ,beaumont was created4 ,the first ,barony by ,letters ,patent was created in #achg1 but the oldest surviving barony by patent now in existence dates from #addh1 when ,sir ,john ,stourton was created ,baron and ,lord ,stourton of ,stourton1 co4 ,wilts4 ,the present ,lord ,mowbray1 ,segrave and ,stourton1 who has inherited the barony of ,stourton1 also claims1 as ,lord ,mowbray1 to be the premier baron of ,england although the barony of ,mowbray is placed on the roll of precedence after the baronies of ,le ,despenser and ,de ,ros4 ,although earldoms were granted by charters from the earliest period1 because1 attached to the earldom1 were also material rights which needed to be conveyed1 patents did not come into use for baronies until it was desired to limit the succession of the peerage to the heirs male of the body of the grantee1 which is a limitation and a less heirship than is comprised in the enjoyment of an honour in fee simple4 ,privilege of peerage with all it entails has been a slow growth of accretion2 and save for place and precedence and the right of any peer or peeress to be tried in the ,house of ,lords1 and the now limited and threatened right of peers to legislate1 little of privilege of peerage remains4 ,the peerage of ,scotland is very similar to that of ,england1 and1 before the ,union1 the principal difference between the two countries was the persistency with which the ,scottish peerage remained attached to the land4 ,until a late date a patent creating a ,scottish peerage erected certain lands into a barony or earldom as the case might be1 and entailed those lands with the dignity4 ,the difference arising from this form of procedure was more than counterbalanced by the recognised and constantly-adopted procedure of resigning a ,scottish inheritance into the hands of the ,crown1 and then obtaining what is known as a ,novodamus1 with either the same or different limitations4 ,the many ,scottish remainders1 which are quite unknown to ,english peerage law1 are all a consequence of this territorial nature of a ,scottish peerage4 ,one of the chief differences at the present time between an ,english and a ,scottish peerage is to be found in those which are heritable by females4 ,unless governed by special remainder contained in the instrument of creation1 a ,scottish peerage1 which in the event of failure of a male heir devolves upon a female heir1 differs from an ,english one in its manner of descent4 ,in ,scotland the elder daughter inherits as of right1 standing in the line of heirship next after her youngest brother and before any uncle or a younger sister4 ,on the other hand1 such an inheritance is only known by virtue of a special remainder in ,england4 ,all ,baronies by writ are ,baronies in fee in ,england1 and heritable by the heir general1 which means that they can if necessary devolve upon females4 ,if the only child of a peer having such a peerage be a daughter she inherits in her own right1 but if his issue is two daughters1 then the peerage falls into abeyance between them1 because under the law of ,england there is no seniority amongst daughters1 and as both of them cannot enjoy one single peerage1 neither of them has it1 and it remains in abeyance until the ,crown interferes or until by the natural course of events one line becomes extinguished by the extinction of all issue of the one daughter1 when the peerage then at once devolves upon the heir of the other4 ,sometimes an abeyance will last several hundred years1 sometimes it may end with the lapse of one or two2 but at any time during the continuance of an abeyance the ,crown may1 at its entire pleasure1 signify that any co-heir shall enjoy the peerage4 ,this is what is termed the determination of an abeyance1 and this is effected by the issue of a writ of summons to ,parliament if the co-heir be a male or by the issue of letters patent in the case of a lady4 ,the co-heir in whose favour the abeyance is determined then at once enjoys the peerage with the same designation and precedence as those who have held it hitherto1 and his or her heir succeeds in due course4 ,although there is one judgment to the contrary1 it is now pretty universally admitted that there is no such thing as an ,irish ,barony by writ4 ,with the union of ,england and ,scotland1 no further peerages of either country were created1 and subsequent peerages were either of ,great ,britain or of ,ireland2 and it has been already judicially decided by the ,house of ,lords that the power to create a ,scottish peerage does not now exist in the ,crown4 ,there is no similar judgment in relation to a peerage of ,england1 but the fact is that no attempt has since been made to create one1 and though the point up to the present time still has to be decided1 it is certainly a matter for argument whether or not such a right remains4 ,since the union of ,great ,britain with ,ireland no further peerages of ,great ,britain or of ,england have been created1 but the right to create peers of ,ireland was specifically retained under certain conditions and has been constantly taken advantage of4 ,other peerages since created have1 however1 been of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,whether or not we shall ever have peerages of the ,empire remains a matter for the future4 ,since the latter part of the seventeenth century it has been the custom for peers and peeresses in their own right to sign simply by the designation of their peerage4 ,the peeress by marriage prefixes her ,christian name or initials to her husband's title4 ,it is statute law in ,scotland1 but not in ,england1 that no person may sign his surname without prefixing a ,christian name or initials4 ,a peeress by marriage who is also a peeress in her own right signs first her husband's title1 adding her own afterwards2 for instance1 the signature of the ,countess of ,yarborough is ,marcia ,yarborough1 ,fauconberg and ,conyers4 ,one cannot call to mind in recent times any instances in which the peeress in her own right has married a peer of lower rank than her own1 and until such a case occurs it is difficult to forecast what the signature should be4 ,a peeress by marriage after re-marriage loses all privilege of peerage and precedence1 and all right which she acquired by marriage1 but as a matter of courtesy she usually retains her peerage designation if her subsequent marriage is to a commoner4 ,the daughter of a peer if married to another peer takes the precedence of her husband and relinquishes her own1 but she retains it if she marries a commoner2 and one of the anomalies of the ,english scale of precedence is to be found in the following circumstances4 ,if the two elder daughters of a ,duke were to marry an ,earl and a ,baron respectively1 whilst the youngest daughter were to run away with the footman1 she would1 nevertheless1 rank as the daughter of a ,duke above her sisters ranking as wives of an ,earl and a ,baron4 ,,index ,abated1 ,abatement1 #ajj1 #bjg ,abbotsford1 #a1 #cbf ,abased1 #ajj ,aberdeen1 ,earl of3 ,arms1 #fh ,abergavenny1 ,earl of3 ,arms1 #ahg ,abeyance1 #ccj1 #cca ,accolle1 #ajj ,accosted1 #ajj ,accrued1 #hb ,achievement1 ,achievement of ,arms1 #ajj ,addorsed1 #hf1 #ajj ,admirals1 #bef2 ,admiral of ,england1 #bej ,admiralty1 ,flag of1 #bef schylus1 #f ,affronte1 #ajj ,aggroupment of ,arms1 #aeh1 #afc ,agnes de ,percy3 ,seal1 #afj ,agnus ,dei1 as a ,badge1 #adg1 #bgf ,alant1 ,aland1 #ajj ,albany1 ,duke of1 #bga ,albemarle1 ,earl of3 ,supporters1 #ib ,albert1 ,h4,r4,h41 the late ,prince4 ,see ,prince ,consort ,albert ,medal1 #bic ,alerion1 #if1 #ajj ,alianore de ,bohun4 ,see ,bohun ,alianore of ,aquitaine3 ,arms1 #bei ,alianore of ,castile and ,leon3 ,arms1 #afb1 #aff2 ,monument1 #cbb ,alianore1 ,daughter of ,edward ,i41 #gg ,alice of ,hesse1 ,h4,r4,h41 the ,princess1 #bga ,alliance1 ,heraldic ,record of1 #aei1 #afd2 ,feudal1 #aid ,allusive ,heraldry1 #ae ,alnwick ,castle1 #cbb ,alphabet1 the ,letters of the1 in ,heraldry1 #ace ,aluminium1 #dg ,ambulant1 #ajj ,angels1 ,heraldic figures of1 #ge2 as ,supporters1 #ge1 #bdg ,anglo-,saxon ,shields and ,standards1 #e1 #ee ,anglo-,saxon ,sovereigns1 ,arms attributed to the1 #ah1 #bei ,anjou1 ,geoffrey1 ,count of1 #ahh ,anjou1 ,queen ,margaret of1 #ig ,annandale1 ,arms in1 #aih ,anne ,boleyn1 ,queen1 #bbi ,anne ,stuart1 ,queen1 #bec2 ,arms1 #bfj1 #bfb2 ,badge1 #bbi2 ,motto1 #bfe ,annulet1 ,annulett1 #gb1 #ajj1 #aja1 #abj2 in ,modern ,cadency1 #aic ,antelope1 #hj1 #aja ,anthony1 ,saint2 his ,cross1 #aja1 #aed ,antique ,crown1 #aja ,anvers1 ,sir ,t4 de3 ,arms1 #bjb ,appaume1 #aja ,aquitaine3 ,arms1 #bei ,archbishop1 #aja2 ,marshalling his ,arms1 #agc ,archdeacon1 ,l',ercedeckne3 ,arms1 #aif ,arched1 ,archy1 #aja ,arderne1 ,sir ,j43 ,arms1 #bja ,argent1 #dj1 #aja ,argyll1 ,duke of3 ,supporters1 #ia2 ,duchess of1 #bga ,arm1 ,armed1 #hj1 #aja1 #ajb ,armagh1 ,see of3 ,arms1 #ada ,armes ,parlantes1 #af1 #gf1 #ajb ,armorial ,bearings1 #ci1 #aja2 ,tax on1 #cac ,armory1 #b1 #aja ,arms1 ,shields and ,coats of1 #b2 ,aggroupment of1 #aeh2 ,attributed1 #ah2 ,combination of1 #aeh2 of ,community1 #ajb2 of ,dominion1 #ajb2 of ,heiress and ,co-heiress1 #agj1 #agb2 of ,herald ,kings1 #agc2 of ,husband and ,wife1 #afg1 #aga2 of ,knight1 #agd2 of ,office1 #ajb2 ,official1 #agd2 of ,parlante1 #ajb2 of ,peeress in her own right1 #agc2 of ,prelate1 #agc2 of ,royal ,personages1 #agd1 #beh2 of ,unmarried ,lady1 #agc2 of ,widow and ,widower1 #agc ,arms1 ,grants and ,confirmations of1 #cjh ,arms found1 #cac ,arms1 right to bear1 #cjh ,arragon1 ,queen ,catherine of3 ,arms1 #bbi ,arrow1 #ajb ,art1 ,heraldic1 #bd1 #bg1 #cbf ,art1 ,gothic1 #cbe ,artificial ,figures and ,devices in ,heraldry1 #gh ,arthur ,plantagenet1 #aij ,arthur ,tudor1 ,the ,prince3 ,badge1 #bca ,arundel3 ,arms1 #ag1 #bjc ,arundel1 ,fitz ,alans1 ,earls of1 #hi1 #aia1 #bae ,arundel1 ,thomas ,fitz ,alan1 ,earl of1 #aah ,arundel1 ,radulphus de3 ,arms #aia ,arundel1 the ,baron3 ,supporters1 #ib ,ascania1 ,bernhard of1 #aac ,ashton3 ,badge1 #adg ,ashwelthorpe3 ,monument1 #bae ,asscheby 7,ashby71 ,sir ,r4 de3 ,arms1 #bjc ,at gaze1 #hj1 #ha1 #ajb2 ,at speed1 #ha ,athole1 ,duke of3 ,supporters1 #ia ,attires1 ,attired1 #ha1 #ajb ,attributed ,arms1 #ah ,aubernoun1 ,sir ,j4 d'3 ,pennon and ,arms1 #adc1 #bdf ,augmentation1 ,augmented1 #ajb ,augmentations of ,honour1 #bjd2 by ,royal ,favour1 #bjf ,austria1 ,the ,emperor of1 #ig ,avellane1 #eg1 #ajb ,aventinus1 #f ,azure1 #da1 #dg1 #ajb ,badge1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #age1 #bbj2 ,varieties of1 #bba1 #bbb2 ,examples of1 #bbd1 #bda2 marked for ,cadency1 #aib1 #bbf2 in ,seals1 #afd1 #bbe2 peculiarly appropriate for present use1 #bbg2 to supersede ,crests1 #bah1 #bbg2 borne by ,ladies1 #bgg2 ,royal1 #bbj2 in ,modern ,heraldry1 #cji ,badge1 of ,ostrich ,feathers1 #bcj2 of ,garter1 #bgh2 of ,thistle1 #bhj2 of ,st4 ,patrick1 #bha2 of ,bath1 #bhc1 #bhd1 #bhe2 of ,star of ,india1 #bhh ,badge1 ,yorkist1 #aba ,badges1 granted and recorded1 #cji ,badges1 worn by1 #bea ,badlesmere1 ,sir ,b4 de3 ,arms1 #bjb ,balliol3 ,arms1 #ff2 ,sir ,alexander de1 ,seal1 #ajc1 #baj ,balliol ,college1 ,oxford1 #ff ,bannebury1 ,sir ,r4 de1 #bjb ,branded #ajc ,banner1 ,armorial1 #c1 #ajc1 #bdg2 blazoning of1 #ci2 made on field of ,battle1 #bdh2 ,royal1 #bff2 marked for ,cadency1 #aib1 #beb2 on ,seals1 #bci2 at ,sea1 #bej2 of ,leicester1 #ad2 of ,templars1 #ac1 #bgf ,banneret1 #ajc2 creation of1 #bdh ,bannerman1 ,w4 ,bruce1 #cjb ,bar1 #ea1 #ajc2 examples of1 #bja ,barbarossa1 ,the ,emperor1 #aac ,barbed1 #ajc ,barbel1 #gg1 #ajc ,barded1 ,bardings1 #ajc ,bardoff3 ,arms1 #ahb2 ,john ,lord1 #cah ,barkele4 ,see ,berkeley ,barnacles1 ,breys1 #ajc ,baron1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #cbh2 ,baroness1 #ajd ,baronet1 #ajd ,barre1 de3 ,arms1 #ajc1 #afb2 ,joan de1 #afb1 #bbd2 ,henry de1 #afb2 ,john de1 #gg ,barrule1 ,barruly1 #eb1 #ajd ,barrulet1 #ea1 #ajf1 #ahb ,barry1 #eb1 #ajd ,barry ,bendy1 #fj1 #ajd ,bars ,gemelles1 #eb1 #ajc1 #abf ,bar-wise1 #ec1 #ajd ,base1 #cc1 #aje ,basilisk1 #aje ,basinet1 #aje1 #bah ,basingborne1 ,wm4 de3 ,arms1 #gj ,bassett3 ,arms1 #fb ,bat in ,heraldry1 #gi ,bath ,herald1 #aca ,bath1 ,order of the1 #bhc2 ,knights of1 #bhd2 ,companions of1 #bhd2 ,insignia of1 #bhd2 ,stalls of ,knights1 #bhf ,bath1 ,marquess of1 #ib ,baton1 #aje2 ,sinister1 #aij1 #aia ,battled1 or ,embattled1 #aje ,bayeux ,tapestry1 #e ,beacon1 ,fire ,beacon1 #aje ,beaked1 #aje ,bear1 in ,heraldry1 #gf2 ,bear and ,ragged ,staff1 #bba1 #cba ,bearer1 #aje ,bearings1 ,armorial ,bearings1 #ci1 #aje4 ,see ,arms ,beasts1 in ,heraldry1 #gf ,beatrice1 ,h4,r4,h41 ,the ,princess1 #bga ,beauchamp1 ,earl ,richard de1 #afd1 #aga1 #bjh1 #cai2 his ,badges1 #bba2 at ,jousts at ,calais1 #bbc ,beauchamp1 ,earl ,thomas de1 #afi1 #cai1 #cbj ,beauchamp1 ,k4,g41 ,earl ,richard1 #adf ,beauchamp1 of ,warwick3 ,arms1 #afi1 #aga1 #ahc2 ,badges1 #adf ,beauchamp1 of ,bletshoe3 ,arms1 #ahc ,beauchamp1 of ,elmley3 ,arms #ahc ,beauchamp1 at ,carlaverock3 ,arms1 #ahc ,beauchamp3 ,differences1 #ahg ,beauchamp ,chapel1 the1 at ,warwick1 #afi1 #ahg1 #cbb ,beaufort3 ,arms and ,differences1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aib2 ,badge1 #adj1 #bcc ,beaufort1 ,margaret de1 #afi1 #agj1 #bcc ,beaufort1 ,john de1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bcf ,beaufort1 ,henry de1 #ahi ,beaumont1 ,bishop ,lewis de3 ,effigy and ,arms1 #aei ,beaumont1 ,sir ,j43 ,crest1 #baf ,beaumont1 ,viscount1 #cbi ,beausseant1 #ac1 #bgf ,bec1 ,bishop ,anthony1 #ef ,beckyngton1 ,bishop3 ,rebus1 #adg ,bedford1 ,isabelle1 ,countess of1 #bbc ,bedford1 ,john1 ,duke of1 #aha ,bedford1 the ,duke of3 ,supporters1 #ia ,bees1 in ,heraldry1 #gi ,beeston1 ,arms1 #gi ,bell1 #aje ,belled1 #aje ,bend1 #eh1 #aje1 #aia2 ,examples1 #bja2 ,sinister1 #fj ,bendlet1 #eh1 #aje1 #aia2 in ,cadency1 #ahb2 ,sinister1 #aia ,bendwise1 or ,bendways1 distinction between1 #ei ,bend-wise1 ,in ,bend1 #ei1 #aje ,bendy1 #ei1 #aje ,bennett1 ,john3 ,grant of ,arms to1 #caa ,bere1 ,sir de la3 ,crest1 #bjf ,berham1 ,sir ,wm4 de1 #bjb ,berkeley3 ,arms1 #ahc1 #aif1 #bda2 ,badge1 #ach1 #bbd1 #bda2 ,crest1 #ach1 #bda ,berkeroles1 ,sir ,wm4 de3 ,arms1 #bjb ,bermyngham1 ,sir ,wm4 de3 ,arms1 #bja ,bernhard1 of ,ascania1 #aac ,beverley ,minster1 #bg1 #ajf1 #aei ,bezant1 #ga1 #aje2 ,bezantee1 #gb ,bilbesworth1 ,sir ,h4 de3 ,arms1 #ig ,billet1 ,billette1 #fd1 #gj1 #aje ,birds1 in ,heraldry1 #gf1 #aje ,birds of prey1 #hj ,bird-bolt1 #ajb1 #aje ,bishop1 #aje1 #agc ,bishops1 ,suffragan1 #ajf ,black ,prince1 ,see ,edward ,blasted1 #hb1 #ajf ,blazon1 #ca1 #ajf2 ,epithets and ,terms in1 #hj1 #ajf2 modern refinement of1 #eb ,blazoning1 #ca1 #ci1 #de1 #ajf2 ,descriptive1 #df1 #ajf2 in ,tinctures1 #dg ,blazonry1 #ca1 #ajf ,blondeville1 ,ranulph de3 ,arms1 #aie ,blue ,ensign1 #bef ,bluemantle1 #acj ,bluet1 ,sir ,wm43 ,arms1 #bjb ,blundell3 ,arms1 #fe ,blyborough1 ,monument at1 #ajf ,boar1 in ,heraldry1 #ajf2 ,boar's ,head1 #gf ,bohemia1 the ,king of1 #bcj ,bohun1 ,de1 ,earl of ,hereford3 ,arms1 #ei1 #hi2 ,crest1 #ia2 ,badge1 #aee1 #afd1 #bea ,bohun1 ,alianore de1 #afb1 #afi1 #cbc ,bohun1 ,mary de1 #aec ,bohun1 ,earl ,humphrey de1 #ei1 #hc ,bohun1 ,sir ,gilbert de1 #ei ,bohun1 ,oliver de1 #bja1 #bbe ,boleyn1 ,queen ,anne3 ,arms1 #bjg1 #bbi ,bolingbroke1 the ,viscount3 ,supporters1 #ii ,bologne1 ,godfrey de1 #if ,bordet1 ,sir ,r43 ,arms1 #bjb ,bordoun1 ,sir ,j43 ,arms1 #ag1 #ajf1 #ada ,bordure1 #dc1 #fh1 #ajf2 ,examples1 #bf1 #aha2 ,quartered and ,impaled1 #afi2 ,compone1 #aib2 ,wavy1 #aib2 of ,france1 #abd ,bostock1 ,hugo3 ,arms1 #ig ,boterels1 ,sir ,r4 de3 ,arms1 #bjc ,botiler1 ,le3 ,arms1 #ej1 #eh1 #aae4 ,see ,butler ,botone1 ,botone ,fitche1 #ef1 #ajf ,bottetourt3 ,arms1 #bda ,bottreaux1 ,margaret3 ,seal1 #bdj ,bouget1 ,water ,bouget1 #ajf ,bourchier1 ,lord3 ,arms1 #bda1 #cbc ,bourchier1 ,sir ,h4 de3 ,arms1 #aaj1 #baf ,bourchier ,knot1 #ajf1 #acc ,bourdon1 #ag1 #ajf ,bow1 ,bowed1 #ajg ,bowen ,knot1 #ajg1 #acc ,braced1 #ajg ,bradestone1 ,sir ,t4 de3 ,arms1 #bbc ,brewys1 ,sir ,wm4 de1 #ahg ,brey1 ,sir ,reginald de3 ,badge1 #fj1 #ajd ,breys1 #ajg ,brian1 ,bryan1 ,sir ,guy de3 ,arms1 #fb ,brittany3 ,arms1 #ad1 #afe ,brittany1 ,john1 ,duke of1 #afc ,brivere1 ,sir ,w4 de3 ,badge1 #ace1 #ach ,brisure1 ,brizure1 #ajg ,bromesgrove1 #bag ,bronscombe1 ,bishop1 #abe ,broom-plant1 #ag ,brownlow1 the ,earl3 ,supporters1 #ib ,bruce1 de3 ,arms1 #afa1 #aih ,bruce1 ,margaret1 ,lady de ,ros3 ,seal1 #afd ,bruce1 ,king ,robert de1 #aej ,bruce1 ,robert de1 ,earl of ,carrick3 ,seal1 #bbd ,brunswick3 ,arms1 #bfb ,brus1 ,sir ,bernard de3 ,arms1 #ej ,buccleuch1 ,duke of3 ,difference1 #aia ,buck1 #aaf ,buckle4 ,see ,fermail ,burgh1 de3 ,arms1 #afd ,burgh1 ,elizabeth de3 ,arms1 #afd ,burgh1 ,hubert de3 ,arms1 #fi ,burgh1 ,william de3 ,arms1 #afc ,burgonet1 #ajg ,burke1 ,sir ,b43 his ,peerage1 #ih ,burnett1 ,george1 ,esquire1 ,lord ,lyon1 #cjg ,burton1 ,abbot3 ,rebus1 #adg ,butterflies1 in ,heraldry1 #gi ,buttons1 ,heraldic1 #bbb ,bygod1 ,sir ,r41 #bjb ,byron3 ,arms1 #aai ,cabossed1 or ,caboshed1 #ha1 #ajg ,cadency1 #ajg1 #agh2 ,marked1 #agi2 ,marks of1 #ajg1 #agi2 by ,label1 #agi2 by ,bordure1 #aha1 #aib2 by ,bendlet1 #aha1 #ahi2 by ,canton1 #ahb1 #aia2 by ,change of ,tinctures1 #ahb2 by ,change of ,charges1 #ahb2 by ,small ,charges1 #ahb2 by ,official ,insignia1 #ahd2 by ,single ,small ,charge1 #ahf2 of ,illegitimacy1 #ahg1 #aib2 ,marked on ,badges1 ,banners1 ,crests1 ,mantlings1 ,standards1 and ,supporters1 #aib1 #bb1 #bdi2 ,modern1 #aic ,cadency1 ,king ,richard ,,ii4 on1 #bjj ,cadency1 unpierced mullet1 #aci ,cadet1 #ajg ,calais1 ,citizens of1 #aih ,calf1 #gf ,caltrap1 #ajg ,calvary ,cross1 #ee ,calveley3 ,arms1 #gf ,cambridge1 ,h4,r4,h41 the ,duke of1 #bgj ,camden1 #aci1 #bcj ,camoys1 ,eliz41 ,lady1 #afi ,camoys1 ,thos41 ,lord de1 #aaj1 #afi ,camoys1 the ,baron3 ,supporters1 #ib ,campbell3 ,arms1 #ga2 ,badge1 #cbd ,canterbury3 ,arms of ,see1 #ada2 ,arms of ,deanery1 #ace2 ,archbishop of1 #aja2 ,heraldry of the ,cathedral1 #bcf1 #cbb ,canterbury1 ,wm4 de ,courtenay1 ,archbishop of1 #ahd ,canting ,heraldry1 #af1 #ajg ,canton1 ,cantoned1 #fd1 #ajg2 in ,cadency1 #ahj1 #aij ,canton and ,quarter distinction1 #fe ,cantons1 ,chiefs and ,inescutcheons of1 #bjd ,canvyle1 ,sir ,g4 de3 ,arms1 #bjd ,caple1 ,sir ,r4 de3 ,arms1 #bjb ,carbuncle4 ,see ,escarbuncle ,carew1 ,sir ,nicholas3 ,arms1 #hi ,carlaverock1 ,roll of1 #ab1 #beh ,carlisle1 #ac ,carlisle1 ,earl of3 ,supporters1 #ib ,carnarvon1 ,earl of3 ,supporters1 #ib ,carrick1 ,earl o1 #bbd ,carru1 ,sir ,n41 #bjd ,cartouche1 #cg1 #ajg ,castile and ,leon3 ,arms1 #ag1 #ajb1 #aff ,castile and ,leon1 ,queen ,alianore of1 #aff ,castile and ,leon1 ,ferdinand ,,iii41 ,king of1 #aff2 ,pedro1 ,king of1 #bdh ,castle1 #ajb1 #ajg ,castle-acre ,priory1 #dd ,catherine1 ,queen1 of ,arragon1 #bbi ,catherine ,parr1 ,queen1 #bbi ,cavalry ,standards1 #bef ,cave3 ,motto1 #ach ,cavendish3 ,motto1 #ach ,celestial ,crown1 #ajg ,centaur1 ,sagittarius1 #ajh1 #beh ,cercele1 ,recercele1 #ef1 #ajh ,chaffinch1 #gf ,champagne3 ,arms1 #abd ,chandos1 ,sir ,p4 de1 #fb2 ,sir ,john1 #bdh ,chapeau1 #ajh1 #bac1 #bae ,chaplet1 #ajh ,charge1 #ch1 #ajh2 ,miscellaneous1 #gj2 ,secondary1 #ahc2 ,single ,small1 #ahf ,charlemagne3 his ,crown1 #bfb ,charles ,i41 #aia1 #bgi2 ,arms1 #bfj2 ,badge1 #bbi2 ,crown1 #bff ,charles ,,ii41 #ajc1 #aib1 #bje1 #bgi2 ,arms1 #bfj2 ,badge1 #bbi ,charles ,v41 of ,france1 #gh1 #abb ,charlestone1 ,sir4 ,j43 ,arms1 #if ,charteris1 #aci ,chartham1 #abj ,chastillon3 ,arms1 #afc1 #afh2 ,guy de1 #afc ,chaucer1 ,geoffrey1 #bjj ,chaworth1 ,de3 ,arms1 #afd2 ,matilda de1 ,seal1 #afd ,cheque1 ,chequy1 ,checky1 #dc1 #ajh ,chess-rook1 #aji ,chester1 ,county ,palatine of1 #aie2 ,arms1 #aie1 #bfg2 ,ranulph1 ,earl of1 #aie ,chester1 ,earls of1 #aie ,chester ,herald1 #acj ,chevron1 ,chevronel1 ,chevronne1 ,chevrony1 #fa1 #aji2 ,examples1 #bjc ,chief1 #cc1 #di1 #aji2 ,examples1 #bja ,childrey1 ,brass at1 #aed ,chivalry1 ,high ,court of1 #bjj1 #bja2 ,order of1 #bge ,cholmondeley3 ,motto1 #aci ,christchurch1 ,oxford1 #bcf ,church-,bell4 ,see ,bell ,cinquefoil1 #aji ,cinque ,ports3 ,arms1 #afh ,civic ,crown1 #aji ,clare1 ,de3 ,arms1 #fa1 #aif2 ,badge #aji ,clare1 ,gilbert de1 the ,red ,earl1 #ie ,clare1 in ,suffolk1 #aif ,claremont ,nesle3 ,arms1 #afi ,clarence1 ,lionel1 ,duke of1 #afd1 #ahj ,clarence1 ,thomas1 ,duke of1 #aha ,clarenceux1 #aji1 #acj1 #aca2 ,arms1 #aca ,clarendon1 ,k4,g41 ,earl of1 #eg ,clarendon1 ,sir ,roger de3 ,arms1 #aia ,clarendon1 the ,earl of1 ,supporters1 #ii ,clarion1 #aji ,clasps1 #bij ,clechee1 #eg1 #aji ,cleveland1 ,duke of3 ,difference1 #aia ,clifford1 ,lord1 #ej1 #ea ,clintone1 ,clinton1 ,sir ,j4 de1 #ej1 #bja2 of ,maxtoke1 #bja2 ,badge1 #bbd ,close1 #aji1 #aaf ,closed1 #ha ,closet1 #aji ,cloue1 #ga1 #aji ,coat of ,arms1 #c1 #aji1 #cbd ,coat ,armour1 #aji ,cobham ,monuments1 #cbc ,cockatrice1 #gi1 #aaj ,cockayne3 ,arms1 #gf ,co-,heiress3 ,arms1 #agj ,coinage1 ,heraldry of the1 #caf ,coleville1 ,sir ,r4 de3 ,arms1 #bja ,collar1 #aaj1 #acj2 of the ,garter1 #bgh2 of the ,thistle1 #bjj2 of ,st4 ,patrick1 #bha2 of the ,bath1 #bhc2 of the ,star of ,india1 #bhg ,college of ,arms or ,heralds' ,college4 ,see ,herald ,college of ,arms1 ,arms of1 #aca ,colour1 #dj1 #da1 #dg1 #aaj ,colours1 #aaj1 #bfe ,combattant1 #hf1 #aaj ,combination of ,arms1 #aeh1 #afe ,compartment1 #aaj ,complement1 #aaa ,compone1 ,compony1 or ,gobony1 #dc1 #aaa2 ,bordure1 #aia ,compound ,badges1 #acc ,compound ,quartering1 #cd1 #aaa ,compounded ,arms1 #aaa1 #aeh1 #afd ,confessor1 the1 #bjf4 ,see ,st4 ,edward ,confirmation of ,arms1 #cjh2 ,example1 #cab ,conjoined in ,eure1 #aaa ,connaught1 ,h4,r4,h4 ,duke of1 #bga ,consort1 ,h4,r4,h41 the late ,prince3 ,arms1 #bff2 ,difference1 #bff2 ,coronet1 #bfg1 #bid2 ,crest1 #bfg2 ,supporters1 #bfg2 ,motto1 #bfg ,contoise1 #aaa1 #baa ,contourne1 #aaa ,controversy1 the ,scrope and ,grosvenor1 #bjj ,corbet3 ,arms1 #ag ,cork1 ,earl of3 ,supporters1 #ib ,cornish ,chough1 #aaa ,cornwall1 ,edmund1 ,earl of1 #id2 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,sir ,g4 de3 ,arms1 #bja ,wadesles1 ,wadsley1 ,de3 ,arms1 #adg ,wake3 ,arms1 #ea1 #agi2 ,sir ,j41 #bjb ,wake ,knot1 #acc1 #aeg ,waldegrave3 ,arms1 #ad ,wales1 ,native ,princes of1 #hc ,wales1 the ,princes of1 always ,k4,g41 #bgh2 also ,earls of ,chester1 #aie ,wales1 ,h4,r4,h4 ,the ,prince of3 his ,armorial ,insignia1 #bfi1 #bgj2 his ,label1 #acd1 #agh2 his ,coronet1 #aci2 his ,badge1 #bca2 his eldest son's ,label1 #bgj ,wales1 ,princess of1 #bgj ,walford1 ,mr41 #i ,walled1 #aeg ,waltone1 ,de3 ,arms1 #fh ,warkworth1 #cbb ,warrenne1 ,de1 the ,earls3 ,arms1 #dc1 #de1 #aii ,warwick1 the ,earls of1 #ef2 ,arms and ,seals1 #ie1 #afi1 #aga1 #ahc1 #cai ,water ,bouget1 #aeg ,wattled1 #aeg ,wavy1 ,unde1 #ce1 #aeg ,wedone1 ,sir ,r4 de3 ,arms1 #bjb ,welles3 ,arms1 #gb ,wellington1 the ,duke of3 ,arms1 #bc2 ,supporters1 #ia2 ,augmentation1 #ajb1 #aef1 #bjd ,westminster ,abbey1 ,heraldry of1 #ai1 #bf1 #ec1 #fh1 #ib1 #aaa1 #afi1 #bhf1 #cbb ,westminster ,hall1 ,heraldry of1 #bg1 #ia1 #bae1 #bei ,westphalia3 ,arms1 #bfb ,weylande1 ,sir ,n4 de1 #bjb ,wheathamstede1 ,john de1 ,abbot of ,st4 ,albans1 #ge1 #adg1 #cbc ,wheathampstead ,church1 ,brass at1 #gi ,wheat-,sheaf4 ,see ,garbe ,wheel1 ,catherine ,wheel1 #aeg ,white ,ensign1 #bef ,whitworth1 ,shield at1 #ad ,widow1 ,widower3 ,arms1 #agc ,wife and ,husband1 ,marshalling their ,arms1 #aga ,william ,i41 #cbi2 ,arms1 #ah1 #hh1 #beh ,william ,,ii43 ,arms1 #hh1 #beh2 ,badge1 #bbg ,william ,,iii4 and ,mary3 ,arms1 #bfj ,william ,,iii43 ,arms1 #bfb ,william ,,iv43 ,arms1 #bfc ,winchelsea3 ,seal of the ,mayor of1 #afh ,windsor ,herald1 #acj ,windsor1 ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 #aga ,wingfield3 ,arms1 #ag ,winnowing ,fan4 ,see ,fan ,wings in ,crests1 #bab ,woodstock1 ,duke ,thomas of1 #aha1 #bcb2 ,badge1 #adi ,worcester1 ,charles1 ,earl of1 #aij2 ,henry1 ,earl of1 #ahi1 #aij2 ,john1 ,earl of1 #bae ,worcester ,cathedral1 #bcj1 #cbc ,wortele1 ,worteley1 ,de3 ,arms1 #aig ,wreath1 ,orle1 ,crest-,wreath1 ,wreathed1 #aeg ,wyllers1 ,de3 ,arms1 #ff ,wyndesor1 ,wm4 de3 ,seal1 #bad1 #bdb ,wynford1 the ,baron3 ,supporters1 #ii ,wyvern1 ,wivern1 #gb1 #aeg ,yarborough1 ,countess of1 #cca ,yarmouth1 ,great3 ,arms1 #afh ,yngelfeld1 ,sir ,r4 de3 ,arms1 #bjb ,york1 ,dukes of1 #agi ,york1 ,archbishop of3 ,arms1 #aja ,york1 ,rose of1 #adi1 #bbh2 ,collar of1 #aaj2 ,livery ,colours of1 #ace ,york ,cathedral1 ,heraldic ,glass at1 #ib ,york ,herald1 #acj ,zouche1 de ,la3 ,arms1 #gb2 ,differenced ,arms1 #ahf 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,errata ,punctuation in the ,index and in ,figure captions has been silently regularized1 and invisible periods 7full stops7 have been supplied4 ,inconsistent hyphenization is as in the original4 ,author of ,the ,monumental ,brasses of ,england1 ,england1' ,contents ,earliest ,heraldic ,shields and ,banners ,earlies ,heraldic with invisible t a fine shield of the thirteenth century in ,westminster ,abbey ,westminister #g4 ,potent 7note different shape of divisions7 ,potent7 note thus1 the ,arms of the ,earl de ,,warenne are ,cheque or and az4 elsewhere spelled ,warrenne armes parlantes 7see p4 #af7 p4 #ae ,it is a very common error to overload heraldic blazoning with commas commas here means inverted commas1 i4e4 apostrophes for ,,de ,,hemenhale1 ,no4 #gi1-- ,no1 #gi ,az41 billette1 on a canton or a raven ppr4 ,here and in a few other passages1 a term is used before it has been defined4 ,arg41 a lion rampt4 gu41 crowned or gu4 crowned ,glossary ,buckle4 ,see ,fermaile4 elsewhere spelled fermail ,saltire4 ,an ordinary1 in form a diagonal cross3 ,nos4 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4 ,nos4 #abj1 #aba4 #abb4 famous as the sinister supporter of the ,royal ,shield of ,england4 of ,england1 extend to the becoming heraldic declaration and record text unchanged3 error for becoming the4448 ,illustration3 ,no4 #ccj4 ,four consecutive illustrations are captioned ,no4 #ccj4 7,see text47 ,a bordure compone may1 indeed1 be used compone ,sir ,,wm4 ,,kirketot-- ,sir4 impaled in the sinister half of his ,shield sinster ,the ,arms of the ,lyon ,office ,i have already given1 ,no4 #bff4 printed #bfe corrected by unknown hand ,index3 ,heraldry ,canting1 #af2 ,cantin 1 #af with invisible g ,illustrations ,fig7s74 in text has been regularized to ,no7s74 in the following3 ,no4 #ce4 444 7,see ,no4 #hg47 7,see ,fig4 #hg47 gyronny 7,no4 #adg7 444 ,nos4 #cj and #cc 7,fig4 #adg7 and ,figs4 when the piles are intended to converge1 as in ,no4 #abh ,eagles and ,hawks with expanded wings1 as in ,no4 #bjf ,the ,,crest 444 vide ,no4 #dda ,the ,,insignia 444 shown in ,no4 #dce4