,,where ,,we ,,live ,a ,,home ,,geography ,,general ,,edition by ,,emilie ,v4 ,,jacobs ,supervising ,principal of the ,richardson ,l4 ,wright ,school1 ,philadelphia ,,philadelphia1 #aiac1 #aiad ,,christopher ,,sower ,,company #abd ,north ,eighteenth ,street ,,contents ,page ,foreword #e ,introduction #g ,,part ,,one ,i4 ,our ,school #aa ,,ii4 ,the ,streets and ,roads #ag ,,iii4 ,the ,buildings #bb ,,iv4 ,the ,town as a ,whole #ca ,v4 ,the ,people #cf ,,vi4 ,industries and ,occupations #db ,,vii4 ,animals and ,plants #df ,,viii4 ,transportation and ,communication #ej ,,ix4 ,physiography of the ,neighborhood #ed ,x4 ,direction #ff ,,part ,,two ,i4 ,the ,earth as a ,whole #gc ,,ii4 ,the ,seasons #gi ,,iii4 ,the ,zones #hb ,,iv4 ,north ,america #ic ,v4 ,countries of ,north ,america #ajj ,,vi4 ,trips #aje ,,maps ,i4 ,the ,western ,hemisphere #gd-ge ,,ii4 ,the ,eastern ,hemisphere #gd-ge ,,iii4 ,the ,world #hb ,,iv4 ,surface ,map of ,north ,america #if ,v4 ,north ,america #ajj ,,foreword ,once upon a time as four blind men sat by the roadside they heard the tramp of an elephant's feet1 and said one to another1 ,here comes an elephant2 now we shall know what he is like4 ,the first blind man put out his hand and touched the elephant's broad side4 ,the second took hold of a leg4 ,the third grasped a tusk1 and the fourth clutched the animal's tail4 ,now do you know what an elephant looks like8 asked a friend4 ,yes1 cried the first4 ,the elephant is broad and flat like a barn door4 ,what6 exclaimed the second4 ,the elephant is big and round like the trunk of a tree4 ,not so6 cried the third4 ,the elephant is hard and smooth like a polished stone4 ,what are you all talking about8 cried the fourth4 ,the elephant is just like a piece of rope4 ,much so-called teaching of geography leads to just such incomplete and fantastic ideas about geographical concepts4 ,very many children have only vague1 incomplete and incorrect conceptions of the things they see4 ,like these physically and mentally blind men we are too often satisfied with mere wordy descriptions of subjects when we might study the subject at first hand if we would4 ,this little book is intended to prevent the giving of information by description1 but to suggest ways of directing attention to those things which lie within reach of the child's senses1 things which he might pass by1 things which are needed now to stimulate an intelligent interest in his surroundings1 things which are needed later for an appreciation and enjoyment of his study of the larger facts and concepts of geography4 ,if the larger geographical concepts are to have accuracy and richness for the child he must have his attention directed to his surroundings4 ,the trite expression from the known to the unknown is good pedagogy1 but there must be a known on which to build4 ,the book is based upon the author's actual experience in the class-room studying the children at their geography tasks4 ,it has been her experience that the efforts of the teachers to build broad geographical concepts were of no avail because the pupils did not have accurate intimate knowledge of the necessary home geography upon which to build4 ,to correct this defect she set about collecting and classifying the necessary material4 ,with the use of this material she not only found that the class teachers had much less difficulty in presenting the study of the earth as a whole1 but that an interest beyond all expectation was apparent in the children4 ,the following pages are valuable more on account of the things they suggest than for any geographical facts which they incidentally present4 ,the book is not a text-book on geography2 it is a compendium of suggestion on the study of the subject4 ,it makes little effort to present facts1 but rather it tells how to gather1 classify and study facts4 ,it is intended to be used with children during the age when they especially delight in the making of collections1 and is intended to turn to a definite use this childish instinct4 ,map study is based entirely upon the child's experiences as he makes plans of his schoolroom1 schoolhouse1 streets and city4 ,the suggestions regarding the study of things foreign to the child are based entirely upon his experience in the study of the types with which he has become familiar in his study of his surroundings4 ,milton ,c4 ,cooper1 ,superintendent of ,district ,nine1 ,philadelphia4 ,,introduction ,geographical knowledge should progress from the known to the unknown1 from the familiar to the unfamiliar4 ,the world is the home of mankind4 ,we can best understand the larger world by a preliminary consideration of our own small intimate home4 ,we therefore begin to study geography with an account of the child's immediate environment4 ,the school stands for the common home of the class4 ,from the school we gradually widen out our teaching to include the immediate neighborhood with its buildings1 and finally the whole town or community4 ,we study the various types of people whom we meet every day1 and the industries in which they engage in their efforts to obtain the three main necessities of human life1--food1 clothing and shelter4 ,the animals and plants sharing the world with man and contributing to his sustenance next focus our attention4 ,the home neighborhood has its physiographical features distinguishing it from other places and influencing the life of its inhabitants4 ,the land and water divisions in the immediate environment are studied as types1 while those not closely related to our home are reserved for consideration as each one occurs in its local geographical place in the course of study4 ,we must know something of direction in order to conveniently locate the streets1 buildings and physiographical features near our home4 ,finally1 we will try to realize the great size of the earth1 of which our home is but a small portion1 by a consideration of the relationship of our community to the rest of the world and to some of this world's great diversities4 ,as geography is a study of cause and effect1 the early lessons should be mainly oral4 ,later1 in order to obtain a broad knowledge of geographical data1 not one but many books should be read4 ,this little book aims to serve as a bridge between the oral lesson and the descriptive text-book4 ,the presentation of many questions leads the pupil to think out cause and effect1 and to connect his present knowledge with the realm of the unknown4 ,special care has been exercised to present facts only when facts are absolutely necessary1 and only after allowing the pupil the opportunity to first exercise his own reasoning faculties in obtaining the information4 ,the excursion is an essential part of every geography course1 and every effort should be made to use this effective means of teaching4 ,four types of valuable exercises may be suggested in the use of this book3 #a4 ,the pupils may read the questions orally and give the answers orally4 #b4 ,they may read the questions silently1 answering them orally4 #c4 ,they may read the questions orally and write the answers4 #d4 ,finally1 they may silently read the questions and write the answers4 ,all definitions have been carefully avoided as tending to hamper the free acquisition of ideas4 ,,part ,i ,,topics #a4 ,our ,school4 #b4 ,the ,streets and ,roads4 #c4 ,the ,buildings4 #d4 ,the ,town as a ,whole4 #e4 ,the ,people4 #f4 ,industries and ,occupations4 #g4 ,animals and ,plants4 #h4 ,transportation and ,communication #i4 ,physiography of the ,neighborhood #aj4 ,direction4 ,,part ,,ii #a4 ,the ,earth as a ,whole4 #b4 ,the ,seasons4 #c4 ,the ,zones4 #d4 ,north ,america4 #e4 ,countries of ,north ,america4 #f4 ,trips4 ,,part ,,one ,illustration3 ,,the ,,capitol ,,at ,,washington4 ,,where ,,we ,,live--,a ,,home ,,geography ,,chapter ,i ,,our ,,school #a ,what is the name of our school8 ,where have you seen this name8 ,illustration3 ,a ,,town ,,school4 ,why was this name given to our school8 ,on what street or road does our school stand8 ,how long have you been attending this school8 ,see how much you have noticed as you came here each day4 ,tell what you can remember of the different parts of the building which can be seen from the street or road4 ,describe each of these parts3 ,walls ,roof ,windows ,chimneys ,doors ,fire-escape #b ,as you look at the school from the outside what materials do you see that the builders have used8 ,where have they needed stone1 slate1 glass1 tin1 iron1 steel1 wood8 ,now let us think of the garden and playground4 ,tell about the different parts and the materials that have been used in making them4 ,what great numbers of workmen were needed before a school like ours could be built6 ,who procured the stone and the slate8 ,whose work was needed to obtain the iron1 the steel and the tin8 ,who made the glass8 ,which workmen shall we thank for the wood8 ,can you think how the bare lot looked before the school was built8 ,many men with shovels and pick-axes dug out the foundation1 and numbers of horses and wagons were needed to carry out the earth4 ,then came the builders4 ,how were so many materials brought here8 #c #a4 ,we will go outdoors together and look at the school building4 #b4 ,we will stand north of the school1 south1 east and west of it4 ,notice the position of the parts1 their number1 shape1 size and color4 #c4 ,as we stand at each side1 see whether there are any parts which you never noticed before or any parts which we forgot to mention yesterday4 #d ,illustration ,look at this drawing of a school building and grounds4 ,it is called a plan4 ,before any school or church or home is built a plan must be drawn4 ,this is to show the workmen what to do4 ,see how much of the ground is used for the building4 ,find the garden4 ,what are in the garden8 ,which is larger1 the garden or the playground8 ,what shape is the playground8 ,how many doors are there to the building8 ,in how many ways can you get into the playground8 ,try to draw a plan of your school building and yard1 showing the gates1 the flagpole1 the drinking fountain or pump1 and any other parts you think of4 ,show which door you use most4 ,note to the ,teacher4--,the pupils should draw the plan upon paper while the teacher draws it upon the blackboard4 ,infinite care should be exercised to invest every line with its full meaning4 ,upon the proper interpretation of this first plan will depend much of the pupil's future ability to correctly read a map as the representation of a reality4 #e ,,the ,,inside ,,of ,,the ,,school ,as you walk from the school door to your room what do you see8 ,tell all that you have noticed in the corridors1 on the staircases1 in the cloak-rooms and the class-rooms4 #f ,we will go on a little excursion through the school today1 walking along all of the corridors and upon all of the staircases4 ,look especially to see anything that you never saw before1 and notice anything that you forgot to mention in yesterday's description4 #g ,answer the following questions3 #a4 ,how many stories high is our school8 #b4 ,how many class-rooms are on each floor8 #c4 ,how many other rooms are on each floor8 #d4 ,how many staircases does our school have8 #e4 ,what materials have been used in building the staircases8 #f4 ,what can be seen in the corridor nearest your room8 #g4 ,by how many doorways can the children leave the building8 #h4 ,how is your school heated and ventilated8 #h ,describe everything that you can see in your class-room4 #i ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,school ,,room ,look at this plan of a school-room4 ,see if you can draw a plan of your school-room4 #aj ,make a list of all the materials that have been used in building the inside of your school4 ,remember all of the following parts3 ,floors ,windows ,corridor furnishings ,ceilings ,doors ,class-room furnishings ,walls ,staircases ,now write a list of the kinds of workmen who gathered together these materials4 ,name as many of the kinds of workmen as you can think of who were engaged on the inside work of the building4 #aa ,write a letter to anyone whom you know who has never seen our school4 ,tell all about our building and the good workmen by whom it was planned and built4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,streets ,,and ,,roads #a ,on what street or road does your school stand8 ,on what street or road do you live8 ,what streets or roads do you pass on your way home8 ,what do you think is the finest street or road that you have ever seen anywhere8 ,what makes that so good a street or road8 ,name a poor street or road4 ,what could be done to improve it8 #b ,why do cities and towns have streets and roads8 ,where are there no streets8 ,look at the country picture shown on page #ai4 ,how pretty it is6 ,when would it be pleasant to walk there8 ,when would it not be so pleasant8 ,why8 ,what must be done to a road to make it into a good street8 ,tell what you can of the different ways of paving1 lighting and draining streets and roads1 and of the different kinds of name-signs you have seen4 ,now what can be done to make a street or road beautiful and pleasant in warm weather8 ,how can boys and girls help to keep the streets and roads pleasant8 ,here is a plan of some of the streets in a large city4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,city ,,streets4 #c ,draw the shape of the school lot4 ,now show the street or road that the school stands upon4 ,if you live in a town1 draw the streets next to the school4 ,then draw the next streets1 and keep on until you have drawn the street on which your home stands4 ,place a little cross to show your home4 ,with your pencil start from your house and make a dotted line to show how you come to school4 #d ,on your plan of the neighborhood place a circle to show the grocery store or bakery that you pass on your way to school4 ,make a large dot to show the nearest store to school1 and with a dotted line explain how you would go there from school if your teacher sent you to buy ink4 ,make a circle with a cross in it to show where there is a church1 a bank1 a factory1 or any other important building near your school4 ,if there is a railroad near1 show it upon your plan4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,country ,,home4 #e ,many streets and lanes have names of trees4 ,some have been named after great and good men4 ,there are some streets with only numbers for names4 ,do you know of any streets having names of these different kinds8 ,can you think of any street or road that received its name for some other reason8 ,get as many pictures as you can of the streets of your town or any other town and paste them in your note-book4 ,get some pictures of country roads and paste them also in your note-book4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,city ,,street4 7,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,william ,h4 ,rau1 ,philadelphia47 #f ,in some towns the streets are nearly straight and cross each other like the wires of a window-screen4 ,in other towns the streets run off from the centre of the town like the spokes of a wheel4 ,some streets and roads are very crooked4 ,how are the streets in our town arranged8 ,name some of our best business streets4 ,which streets have the finest homes in which people live8 ,name some streets or roads with trolley lines upon them4 ,are our streets paved8 #g ,perhaps you live in the country where there are very few streets or none at all4 ,how different is your walk to school each day from that of the city boy or girl6 ,in town1 children walk on paved streets and pass many buildings4 ,what kind of roads do the country children walk upon8 ,what buildings do they pass8 ,a country school4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,modern ,,country ,,school4 ,do you take a pleasant road between broad fields8 ,do you walk through the cool shady woods8 ,perhaps you run over a bridge with the clear brook sparkling and babbling beneath4 ,what else do you see or hear in the country which city folks do not know in their built up towns8 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,buildings #a ,what kinds of buildings do you pass on your way to school8 ,write a list of all the kinds that you have ever seen4 ,look at the pictures of buildings in this book and see if you know for what each is used4 ,how can you tell8 #b ,of all the many kinds of buildings in town or country1 the houses are the most important4 ,it is more necessary to have good homes to live in than to have the other buildings large or beautiful4 ,what makes a good residence8 ,there must be enough room for the whole family4 ,it needs plenty of light1 air1 sunshine and water4 ,it must have a good roof to keep it dry in stormy weather4 ,it should be well heated in the cold winter4 ,tell of other things that are needed in our homes to keep the family healthy and happy4 ,how can you help to make your home pleasant8 #c ,good schools1 too1 are very necessary4 ,the school-house must be built to keep the boys and girls comfortable and healthy while at work4 ,name some of the things needed for a good school building4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,street ,,scene ,,in ,,new ,,york4 #d ,the libraries and museums also teach people4 ,a library is like a home where many friendly teachers live4 ,these friends will talk to you and tell you many useful and wonderful things4 ,have you ever visited them at the library8 ,have you ever taken any of them home with you8 ,is there a library near our school8 ,the museums are full of many interesting objects4 ,you may see beautiful pictures and statuary4 ,some have collections of pretty stones and of stuffed animals4 ,curious clothing1 jewelry1 toys and musical instruments used by people in distant lands are shown too4 ,in a museum in ,portland you may see the dear little clothing worn by the poet ,longfellow when he was a tiny baby4 ,many books that ,washington read are kept in a museum near the city of ,washington4 ,have you ever visited a museum in a city8 ,what did you see there8 #e ,no buildings anywhere are more beautiful than the churches4 ,are there any churches in your neighborhood8 ,describe the church which you attend4 #f ,in town and country there are many ill people who cannot be cared for at home4 ,they go to hospitals to be nursed back to health and strength4 ,the good doctors and nurses work day and night to cure the sick people4 ,how can well people help sick people8 ,where is the nearest hospital to your home8 ,what is it named8 ,illustration3 ,,independence ,,hall4 #g ,almost every town has a ,town ,hall4 ,have you ever seen such a building8 ,what is it used for8 ,here the mayor has his office4 ,sometimes the ,town ,hall or ,court ,house has a high tower1 or a fine dome1 or a cupola4 ,if you have ever seen a ,town ,hall tell how it looked4 #h ,think of the stores that you have seen4 ,how many kinds can you name8 ,what does each sell principally8 ,where are these things made8 ,have you ever seen a large factory8 ,what does it manufacture8 ,illustration3 ,,pittsburgh ,,observatory4 ,it would be fine if all of the buildings in which folks work were sunny1 airy and clean4 ,people employed in comfortable stores and factories are happy and feel like working4 ,alas6 there are many miserable places where the workmen are crowded and uncomfortable4 ,the impure air makes them tired and ill4 ,if you have seen a good store or factory tell what helps to keep the workers comfortable and healthy4 #i ,old cities have in them many very old buildings that all ,americans love4 ,the magnificent ,capitol at ,washington was built long ago4 ,it is one of the finest buildings in the world4 ,it is built of white marble4 ,in the first picture in this book notice the beautiful dome and the great high stairs4 ,in ,philadelphia is the dear old ,independence ,hall with the ,liberty ,bell4 ,boston has the old ,faneuil ,hall4 ,here many great ,americans of long ago have spoken to the people4 ,are there any old historic buildings in our neighborhood8 ,illustration3 ,,longfellow',s ,,birthplace1 ,,portland1 ,,maine4 #aj ,suppose some friends travel on the railroad to visit us4 ,at what railroad station would the train arrive8 ,are there any other stations8 ,how are they built8 ,do you think they give a beautiful1 clean1 friendly welcome to strangers8 ,all stations should be pleasant and comfortable to cheer the tired travelers that pass through them day and night4 ,at ,denver1 just outside of the station1 there is a great arch stretching across the street4 ,it says1 ,welcome1 in bright letters at night and in pretty letters in the day4 ,the visitor is glad to see the friendly word after a long trip4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,south ,,church1 ,,boston4 #aa ,when friends come from another town we like to show them the sights4 ,plan a nice trip around the town4 ,write a list of places to which you would take them4 ,you must know where each place is4 ,what could you tell about each place8 #ab ,one day we should visit some park4 ,is there any near our school8 ,are there any interesting buildings or statuary in the park8 ,is there any water near by8 ,when we visit our town park we should remember that it belongs to us1 for a public park belongs to all of the people4 ,do you not like to have the things that belong to you as good1 as useful and as beautiful as possible8 ,do you want your home to look sweet and clean and comfortable1 or dirty1 careless and unpleasant8 ,do you want your clothing to be strong1 neat and pretty1 or torn and dirty8 ,we should all take pride in having the things we own just as good as possible4 ,when you are in the street1 the school1 any public building1 or in a park1 say to yourself1 ,this is mine4 ,then look around and see whether you like the way it looks4 ,think how you can help to keep it looking well or make it look even better4 ,illustration3 ,,winter ,,scene ,,in ,,fairmount ,,park4 ,how can boys and girls help keep the grass1 the paths1 the flower-beds1 the trees and the buildings beautiful8 ,where does the money come from to pay the caretakers of the park8 ,some people visit the park only in spring1 summer or autumn4 ,we all love the park in those seasons4 ,many do not know how beautiful the bare trees look in winter with their gray or brown branches4 ,there is no more exquisite sight in the world than to see these trees coated with glistening ice out to the tiniest twig1 or to see them ridged with pearly white snow4 ,it is a merry sight to see the jolly coasters and skaters4 #ac ,copy the list of buildings given below and mark each kind that you have seen4 ,tell where you saw it1 of what it was built1 or for what it was used4 ,residence ,school ,museum ,store ,church ,car-barn ,bank ,hospital ,library ,factory ,railroad station ,office ,stable ,government building ,garage ,dairy ,barn ,ice ,house ,what building is shown on the cover of this book8 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,town ,,as ,a ,,whole #a ,think of the times when you have walked or ridden about our town4 ,what rivers did you see8 ,illustration3 ,,capitol ,,at ,,harrisburg4 ,which buildings did you think were very beautiful8 ,what was each used for8 ,what buildings have we that are very helpful to the people8 ,what interesting places have you visited in your neighborhood8 ,what other places would you like to visit8 #b ,,preparation ,,for ,a ,,trip ,,to ,,some ,,hilltop1 ,,observatory1 ,,tower ,,or ,,roof-,,garden ,,from ,,which ,,an ,,extensive ,,view ,,can ,,be ,,had ,what place shall we visit8 ,why8 ,draw a plan to include the school and the place to be visited4 ,how far must we go8 ,shall we ride or walk8 ,in what direction shall we go8 ,when we are up high we can look over the whole neighborhood4 ,first1 try to find our school4 ,in what direction shall we need to face8 ,then let us notice what lies between us and our school4 ,see if you can find any park or large building which you know4 ,try to find the street or road upon which your home stands4 ,then look beyond our school for any other familiar building or park1 and look for your home if you did not see it before4 ,notice how far the town stretches and try to see what cuts it off or bounds it4 ,next we shall turn and look in the opposite direction4 ,what direction will that be8 ,find any familiar places4 ,how can you know which are homes1 schools1 churches or factories8 ,see how far the town extends and what cuts off or bounds it on this side4 ,in what other directions shall we look8 ,again we shall notice the familiar and unfamiliar places and the town boundaries4 #c ,,the ,,trip #d ,was the neighborhood view like you expected8 ,what surprised you8 ,what did we see most of8 ,make a list of all the places you remember seeing4 ,think of each view separately2 north1 south1 east and west4 ,tell of anything you saw as you looked in each direction4 ,why could we see so much8 ,how could we see even farther8 #e ,do we live in a large city1 a small town or in the country8 ,what is the name of our town or the nearest town8 ,who first settled in the place which has grown to be a town8 ,it is hard for us to believe that two hundred and fifty years ago there were no houses1 churches1 schools1 streets or roads where we now live4 ,all this land was wild country1 mostly woods4 ,the early settlers were strong and brave men4 ,they had to cut down the forests and build their first homes of rough logs4 ,then they planted fields with corn1 wheat and vegetables4 ,they killed the wild animals for food1 using the skins for clothing4 ,as soon as possible the settlers tried to build a small plain church and a school-house4 ,illustration3 ,,christopher ,,columbus4 ,from a ,thistle ,print4 7,copyright1 ,detroit ,publishing ,co47 ,illustration3 ,,columbus',s ,,ship4 ,now we have our fine towns which have grown from the early work of these first sturdy settlers4 ,all of the people should love our dear home town and try to make it beautiful1 healthful and comfortable4 ,we should love our neighbors and treat them all like brothers and sisters4 ,if we are true to our village or our dear town we will be kind and fair to all1 rich and poor1 ,americans and foreigners1 white and colored people4 ,that is one way of showing our thankfulness for our comfortable homes4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,people #a ,think of the many buildings which you see as you look over the landscape4 ,there are people living in nearly all of those houses4 ,just think of the many1 many people who live here4 ,how many are there8 ,how many schools have we in the town8 ,how many people go to your school8 ,most of these people look much alike1 but some are very different in appearance4 ,name some of the different kinds of people whom you have seen4 ,how do you distinguish a negro and ,chinaman or ,mongolian from a white person or ,caucasian8 ,tell about their hair1 skin or any other peculiar features4 ,each kind of people is called a race4 ,the pictures show some of the races we often see--,caucasian1 ,mongolian and negro4 ,the ,chinese and ,japanese are called ,mongolians4 #b ,,the ,,indians ,the ,indians lived at this place which is now our home long before there were any white people here or any towns at all4 ,where these many buildings now stand there was wild country1 fields and woods4 ,under the trees stood the ,indian wigwams made of skins and branches4 ,the early settlers came to this country from far across the ocean4 ,after ,william ,penn landed with his companions he began at once to make friends with the ,indians4 ,as the red men were living upon the land1 ,penn thought that it was only fair and honest to buy from them the land that the ,english people wanted for their homes4 ,the ,indians could not use money1 so he gave them blankets and other presents which pleased them very much4 ,the ,indians promised ,william ,penn to live in peace with the white men and they kept their promise for many years4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,indian ,,family4 ,most of the white people who came in those early days to other parts of our land did not act in this noble way4 ,when they wanted land on which to build their homes they drove the ,indians away1 killing many of them4 ,thus these unjustly treated ,indians became the enemies of the white men1 and often treated them very cruelly in return4 ,let us remember that the ,indians were the first owners of this land of ours and that they should be treated as ,william ,penn showed us1 with kindness and justice4 ,illustration3 ,,indian ,,chief4 ,those wild ,indians of long ago had many noble traits4 ,they were strong and brave and fearless4 ,read in some of your school books about ,indians and their homes4 #c ,,the ,,negroes ,there were no negroes in this country till many years after ,columbus and the other white men began to settle here4 ,some white men went far across the sea to ,africa4 ,they stole the negroes away from their homes1 carried them to their ships and sailed back to this country4 ,then these white men sold the negroes to other men for money4 ,the poor colored men had to work terribly hard as slaves and received no pay for their work4 ,at last they were freed by ,abraham ,lincoln and others who helped him4 ,illustration3 ,,negro4 ,the negroes have much that is fine in their character4 ,even when they were slaves they often grew to love their masters so dearly that they would do anything in the world1 even give up their lives1 for their masters4 ,we should always remember that ,god made the negro as well as the white man4 ,fair-minded people will try to be honest1 kind and just to everyone4 #d ,,the ,,chinese ,illustration3 ,,chinese ,,mandarin ,,and ,,servant4 ,many ,chinamen have come to our country from their distant homes in ,china4 ,their country is so crowded1 and it is so hard to earn a living there1 that most of the people are very poor4 ,the ,chinese living in our country are peaceful and quiet4 ,they work very hard in their laundries and other places of business2 yet there are many white people so cruel and thoughtless as to ridicule a ,chinaman whenever they see one4 ,these white people should remember that ,god made the ,chinaman and that he is a stranger here in our country4 ,is it not even worse to ill-treat a stranger than one who is at home8 ,the color of our skin and hair is not very important4 ,it matters far more whether we are honest1 loving1 industrious and fair-minded4 ,not all of the white people living around us were born in this country4 ,where did your parents and grandparents live when they were children8 ,do you know any people who came from distant lands8 ,where were their first homes8 ,find out how many of the parents of your schoolmates came a long journey over the water to reach our land4 ,yes1 we have people from many foreign countries4 ,some are ,english1 ,irish1 ,scotch or ,french4 ,then there are the ,germans1 ,italians1 ,russians and others4 ,from what country did each of these people come8 ,here they are all living together1 people from all over the great wide world4 ,our homes stand side by side4 ,we work and play together4 ,truly we are brothers and sisters1 for we are all children in the great human family4 ,it matters not from what distant land our people may have come1 we should all be bound together like one family by human love and kindness4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,industries ,,and ,,occupations #a ,which members of your family work8 ,why do they work8 ,for what is the money they earn spent8 ,think which of these things are absolutely necessary to keep us alive4 ,we all need food4 ,we all need clothing4 ,we all need homes or shelter4 ,without these provisions we should die4 ,how do we get our food1 our clothing and our homes8 ,how did people get them when there were no stores and no money8 ,do you know of any people who were compelled to get things in this way8 ,in a school reader1 read about how primitive people lived4 #b ,,the ,,soil ,we have two kinds of food1 vegetable food1 which grows from the ground1 and animal food4 ,name some foods of each kind4 ,all plants grow out of the earth or soil4 ,the soil is necessary to produce our animal food also4 ,the meat we eat comes from sheep1 cows1 chickens and other animals4 ,these animals all live on vegetable food4 ,without good soil there would be no grass nor hay4 ,no grass would mean no food for cows and sheep4 ,so we see that all of our food really comes from the soil4 ,our clothing1 too1 is dependent upon the soil4 ,the cotton plant grows up out of the ground4 ,the wool comes from the sheep1 which eats grass which grows from the ground4 ,even our homes could not be built without products from the earth or soil4 ,think how much wood is used in the construction of a house4 ,the trees which grow in the soil give us all the wood4 ,much iron1 steel1 copper1 brass and nickel are used in our homes4 ,stones and bricks form part of many houses4 ,all of these things come out of the earth4 ,what a wonderful thing is the soil6 ,out of it come our food1 our clothing and our shelter6 ,in one of your books read the wonderful story of how we obtain a loaf of bread4 #c ,write a list of all the kinds of work you can think of which people do4 ,copy this list of industries and place a cross beside the ones at which any persons you know work3 ,mining ,printing and bookmaking ,weaving ,iron and steel work ,shipbuilding ,glass-blowing ,lumbering ,pottery making ,brickmaking ,meat packing ,farming ,dairying ,manufacturing foods ,manufacturing clothing ,ice cutting ,manufacturing furniture ,which are town industries8 ,which are country industries8 #d ,would you like to go to-morrow to visit a factory in which some food or clothing is manufactured8 ,look at the map of the town4 ,find your school4 ,find the factory4 ,how far must we go and in what direction8 ,what is the name of the place we will visit8 ,notice all of the things made there4 ,try to remember all of the materials needed at the factory1 and find out where these materials come from4 ,try to remember just how the articles are made4 ,find out what will be done with the things that are manufactured4 ,notice the number and kinds of machines used4 ,see how many workmen are employed4 #e ,,after ,,the ,,trip ,write a letter to a friend in another class telling all about your visit4 ,mention these points3 #a4 ,where you went4 #b4 ,what was made4 #c4 ,how it was made4 #d4 ,the materials used4 #e4 ,the machinery4 #f4 ,the workmen4 #g4 ,the usefulness of the factory4 #h4 ,the care and skill of the workmen4 #i4 ,anything else interesting about the trip4 #f ,every town and every village is a workshop4 ,there are many workmen here that do good1 careful work4 ,some of the goods of our town may be sent thousands of miles away to other people who need them4 ,the country people1 too1 do much useful work4 ,name some of the things which our workmen do for other people living at a distance from us4 ,read about the manufacture of the articles which you saw being made at the factory4 #g ,there are many workers in the world who do not make things with their hands4 ,most of their work is done with their minds1 though1 of course1 their hands help too4 ,name some of these4 ,what kind of work does each of the following do8 ,teacher ,lawyer ,minister ,doctor ,author ,banker ,,chapter ,,vii ,,animals ,,and ,,plants #a ,there are many other living creatures in the world besides people4 ,write a list of all the kinds of animals that you have ever seen4 ,illustration3 ,,american ,,buffalo4 ,some of these animals live near the homes of men4 ,they are tame4 ,men take care of them and see that they get food4 ,many of these animals are very useful to us4 ,write a list of these tame animals4 ,at the top of the list write ,domestic ,animals4 ,of what use is each of the following animals when alive8 ,which are useful after they are killed8 ,of what use to man is each one8 ,horse ,pig ,chicken ,cow ,dog ,duck ,sheep ,cat ,pigeon4 ,read about how our meat is supplied to us4 #b ,write a list of all the wild animals you remember ever having seen4 ,where did you see them8 ,how were they prevented from harming people8 ,where was the natural home of these animals8 ,how did they get their food8 ,how do they now get their food8 ,illustration3 ,,raccoon4 ,some of these animals so closely resemble the domestic animals that they are said to belong to the same family4 ,read the names of the animals belonging to the same family and tell in what way they resemble each other4 ,tell which are domestic and which are wild4 ,,the ,,cat ,,family ,cat ,lion ,tiger ,leopard ,illustration3 ,,tiger4 ,,the ,,dog ,,family ,dog ,fox ,wolf ,,the ,,horse ,,family ,horse ,zebra ,,the ,,cow ,,family ,cow ,buffalo ,describe some of these wild animals3 ,elephant ,fox ,squirrel ,wolf ,bear ,deer ,there are also many fish1 birds and insects4 ,paste in your notebook any pictures of animals4 #c ,take a trip to the ,zoological ,gardens and see these animals4 ,illustration3 ,,leopard4 #d ,which domestic or wild animals are useful to us in obtaining food1 clothing and shelter8 #e ,,plants ,we cannot live without food1 clothing and shelter4 ,let us see how plants help us to obtain these three great necessities4 ,write a list of all the plants that you can name4 ,draw a line under each that is useful for food4 ,draw two lines under each that is useful for clothing4 ,draw three lines under each that is useful in making or furnishing our homes or shelter4 ,illustration3 ,,elk4 ,of what use are the plants that are not underlined8 ,are they beautiful8 ,how dull the world would be without flowers6 ,we have3 #a4 ,food plants4 #b4 ,clothing plants4 #c4 ,shelter plants4 #d4 ,ornamental plants4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,transportation ,,and ,,communication #a ,think of the foods that you had on your dinner table yesterday4 ,where did each come from8 ,how did it get here8 ,was there anything which came from our own neighborhood1 and which did not have to take a long journey either to the factory where it was manufactured or to the store where it was sold8 ,examine the clothing you are wearing4 ,of what material is each article made8 ,where did the materials come from8 ,where were they manufactured8 ,which had to come a long journey before it reached your home8 ,look around the school-room and name the materials which had to travel a long distance before we could have them for our use4 ,imagine trying to get our food1 our clothing and our shelter materials right near our school4 ,how much could we be sure of having8 #b ,perhaps you have seen products being brought into the city4 ,you may have seen the milk trains unloading their many shining cans4 ,surely you have seen the freight cars with their signs painted on the outside telling that they are refrigerator cars1 or coal cars1 or other kinds of cars4 ,what do they carry8 ,most of the things we need are brought here on trains4 ,where is there in our neighborhood a freight railroad station8 ,is it near our school8 ,some products are taken from the country to the town in wagons4 ,you have seen the big hay wagons which go a long way from some farm to take food for the city horses4 ,illustration3 ,,chinese ,,transportation4 ,how else are products carried8 ,coffee1 rubber1 pepper1 chocolate and much silk are brought here from distant lands in ships4 ,if you go to the harbor of a large city you can see hundreds of busy men unloading the big steamers4 #c ,ships and railroads carry not only foods but people too4 ,there are many ways of carrying people and products4 ,these are some of the ways3 #a4 ,on the backs of animals1 as horses1 camels1 elephants4 #b4 ,in wheelbarrows4 #c4 ,in wagons4 #d4 ,in automobiles4 #e4 ,in trolley cars4 #f4 ,in railroad trains4 #g4 ,on boats1 or ships4 #h4 ,in sleighs4 #i4 ,on bicycles4 #aj4 ,in airships4 ,illustration3 ,,transportation ,,in ,,arabia4 ,in which of these ways have you traveled8 ,can you tell what power is used in each case8 ,in order to travel safely and quickly we need more than something in which to carry the people and products4 ,we must have good wagon roads1 well built railroads1 tunnels through the mountains1 and bridges over the rivers4 ,lighthouses are necessary to warn the vessels of the rocks at night or in the storms4 #d ,when people need things from a distance they cannot always go all the way to the place and bring back the products or articles4 ,it is quicker and easier to send messages asking for what is needed4 ,how would your mother send an order to the butcher for meat if she did not wish to go for it8 ,how could a farmer send a message to the city ordering new milk cans and strawberry boxes8 ,how do messages come to your house8 ,in olden days the persons had to carry all of their messages for themselves or send them by other persons4 ,the messenger would often run for miles without resting so as to deliver the letters as soon as possible4 ,at last the people decided to give all of their letters to a postman who would ride on horseback from place to place with the mail4 ,stagecoaches were next used4 ,it took a week for a coach to go as far as a train can go now in a few hours4 ,our mail is now carried from one place to another by trains or vessels1 and then the letter carriers deliver it at our city houses or to our town post office or rural mail-box4 ,the quickest way to send a message is by cable1 telegraph1 telephone or wireless message4 ,over the electric wires or through the air the words are flashed for miles in a few minutes4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,familiar ,,surface ,,features #a4 ,hill and plain4 #c4 ,river #b4 ,mountain and valley4 #d4 ,ocean #e4 ,island and peninsula4 ,note to the ,teacher4--,consider at this time only such familiar features as belong to the children's immediate environment in or very near their neighborhood4 ,defer the study of the other land and water forms until later1 as suggested in the ,introduction4 ,for further details of these features1 see ,chapters ,i and ,,iv in ,part ,,ii4 #a ,,hill ,,and ,,plain ,some streets and roads are flat and level4 ,others slope like hills4 ,can you name a street which is level1 and one that slants or slopes8 ,which road is easier to walk on8 ,why8 ,do you prefer the level or the sloping street when roller-skating8 ,why8 ,which is the best when you are coasting8 ,you may have noticed that some of the fields in the park or in the country are nearly flat4 ,other fields lie on slopes or hills4 ,we call the flat part of the land a plain1 whether it is in the city or in the country4 ,the sloping part of the land forms a hill4 ,have we mostly hills or plains in the streets of our city8 #b ,some plains and some hills are covered with trees4 ,if you were in the woods1 surrounded by trees1 how would you know whether you were on a plain or on a hill8 ,illustration3 ,,hills ,,and ,,valleys4 ,some hills look very different from others4 ,some slope very gradually1 while some are very steep4 ,some hills have city streets on them4 ,others have great fields of grass for cows to graze upon4 ,still others are planted with corn1 wheat1 rye or vegetables4 ,there are wooded hills covered with trees4 ,how do we know that all of these very different forms are hills8 ,in the same way plains vary greatly4 ,while some have been made into city streets1 others are large1 flat1 grassy fields1 with streams sometimes flowing through them4 ,some plains are covered with forests4 ,others are planted with grain and vegetables4 ,how can you know when you see a plain if there are so many different kinds8 #c ,look through the pictures in this book and decide which show hills and which show plains4 ,which is easier for a farmer to plow1 a hill or a plain8 ,why8 ,if you were sent upon an errand1 would you choose to go by way of a hilly road or by a level one8 ,which is the pleasantest place for a summer home1 upon a hill or upon a plain8 ,how must a driver help his horses when they are pulling a heavy load up or down a hill8 #d ,,mountains ,,and ,,valleys ,some hills are so very1 very high that they have been called mountains4 ,what are our neighboring mountains named8 ,have you ever been to the top of one of these mountains8 ,describe the beautiful view from the summit4 ,did you see any wild creatures along the way8 ,tell about any trees and other plants that you noticed4 ,when people build homes in mountain regions they generally place them in the low land between the high mountains4 ,why8 ,this lower land is called a valley4 ,the people in the valley town can often look beyond the fields and see the mountains rising high and steep beyond4 ,some mountains are covered with trees4 ,at places you may see great bare1 rough rocks on the mountain side4 ,the scenery is very beautiful4 ,there are often streams and broad rivers down in the valley4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,upper ,,delaware4 ,many lumbermen work on the mountains4 ,why do they cut down the trees8 ,the mountains give the miners work too4 ,the men go far into the mines to bring out the useful minerals4 ,are there any mines in the mountains near our home8 ,what do the miners take from these mines8 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,ocean ,,steamship4 7,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,william ,h4 ,rau1 ,philadelphia47 #e ,,rivers ,what river flows near our home8 ,have you ever seen it8 ,where were you when you saw it8 ,how did it look8 ,what did you notice along its banks8 ,what was on the river8 ,was there any way of crossing over to the opposite bank8 ,did you see where the boats land8 ,men have built many wharves on the banks of the rivers4 ,if you stand on the wharf1 you may see great ferry-boats crowded with people4 ,back and forth these boats go1 carrying the people from one side of the river to the other4 ,sometimes great steamers come up the river4 ,they have carried people1 food and clothing on a long journey4 ,some boats are loaded with coal or lumber4 ,there are many pretty sailboats and rowboats too4 ,in some you will see fishermen4 ,they bring the fish back for the city people to eat4 ,before the city was built there was beautiful country all along the banks4 ,if you travel up the river1 leaving the city far behind1 you will see some fine scenery4 ,perhaps you will pass beautiful woods4 ,some of the trees bend over the river as if they were looking at their reflections in the clear water4 ,at places there are broad fields where the cows come down to drink the cool water4 ,farther up there are hills or mountains rising far above the banks4 ,you will notice that the river is growing narrower and narrower until it is but a small stream4 ,if you go down the river again1 you will see that it gradually widens as it flows on to the mouth4 #f ,most cities get their water supply from a nearby river4 ,do you know where the water in your bath-room comes from8 ,when you take a drink in our school-yard what water are you swallowing8 ,how does this water get to our home and school8 ,pipes run under the streets from the river to all the buildings of the town4 ,there are big pumping stations on the river bank to pump the water out of the river through pipes to the houses4 ,millions of gallons of water are pumped each day into the homes1 schools1 mills and factories4 ,for what is this water used8 ,illustration3 ,,public ,,library1 ,,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 #g ,plants need more than good soil to make them grow4 ,they will wither and die unless they have plenty of rain to keep the earth soft and moist4 ,there are many places in the world where no trees1 nor grass1 nor plants of any kind can grow4 ,this is because there is no water to wet the earth4 ,we all know that clouds bring the rain2 but how do the clouds get the water8 ,whenever there is water on the earth1 as in the rivers1 the air is continually drawing up the moisture in tiny invisible drops4 ,this moisture rises in the air and forms clouds4 ,when the clouds get very heavy1 down comes the water which we call rain4 ,in cold weather it is changed into snow4 ,illustration3 ,,elephant ,,in ,,the ,,zoo4 ,where there is no moisture there can be no rain1 for the air cannot draw up moisture to form clouds4 ,where there are many rivers there has been much rain1 and the soil is kept fertile4 ,plants will grow in it4 ,do you see how our food1 our clothing and our shelter are dependent upon rainfall8 ,do you see how we are kept alive by rivers8 #h ,think of the many1 many uses of rivers4 ,there are thousands of useful rivers in the world4 ,what are the three great necessities of human life8 ,how do rivers help us to get food and clothing and to build our homes and make them comfortable8 ,,some ,,uses ,,of ,,rivers #a4 ,water supply2 washing and drinking4 #b4 ,water power2 flour1 textile and planing mills4 #c4 ,commerce2 transportation4 #d4 ,life2 fish1 plants4 #e4 ,fertility of soil1 rainfall4 #f4 ,beauty of scenery4 #i ,look at the map of our neighborhood4 ,see the lines that represent the river4 ,notice how it bends4 ,does it show where bridges cross it8 #aj ,,the ,,ocean ,have you ever stood on the beach and watched the big waves roll in8 ,the great ocean stretches away as far as you can see4 ,it seems to meet the sky4 ,the weaves roll and break1 and roll and break from morning till night forever4 ,where there are rocks along the shore the ocean dashes against them4 ,the sparkling snowy spray then leaps high into the air with a boom and a swish6 ,note to the ,teacher4--,see the details for studying about the oceans in ,part ,,ii1 ,chapter ,i4 #aa ,,islands ,,and ,,peninsulas ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ocean4 ,as you sail up the river you may see large portions of land lying right out in the water4 ,there are pieces of land lying out in the ocean too4 ,the water lies around them on all sides4 ,we call such portions of land islands4 ,if you were standing on the shore how could you go to an island which you saw out in the water8 ,how could you get there if you had no boat8 ,some islands are joined to the shores by bridges4 ,many islands are no larger than this room4 ,others are so large that it would take days to travel around them4 ,whether they are large or small they have water entirely around them4 ,illustration3 ,,part ,,of ,a ,,rocky ,,island4 ,some of us have been to a large island that has been built up into a city4 ,when the ,new ,york boys and girls want to leave their city they must either go in a boat1 or over a bridge1 or through a tunnel far under a river4 ,why8 ,when you visit ,atlantic ,city your train goes over a bridge into the city4 ,why8 #ab ,look at some pictures of islands and notice how many kinds there are4 ,some are all wooded4 ,others are covered with fields4 ,notice one that is rocky and steep1 and another that is level and built into a city4 ,some islands are so large as to have many cities built upon them1 and there are many farms and dense woods besides upon the same islands4 ,some have many rivers flowing through them4 ,if you were on a large island1 how could you prove that it was an island8 ,if you wanted to leave it1 how could you do so8 ,notice on the map of our neighborhood whether a river with islands in it is shown4 #ac ,sometimes a piece of land has water flowing only part way around it4 ,if you take a boat and try to go all around it1 you will come to a place where the boat cannot go because there is land there4 ,this land that is nearly an island1 but does not have the water completely around it1 is called a peninsula4 ,where have you seen a peninsula8 ,,chapter ,x ,,direction ,a ,,lesson ,,in ,,the ,,school ,,yard ,,at ,,noon ,,time ,face the sun4 ,we are facing the south4 ,does the sun always lie south of us8 ,where was it early this morning when it arose8 ,that was east4 ,where will it be at sunset8 ,that is west4 ,move your hand to show the sun's daily journey from east to south to west4 ,the sun is south of us only at noon time4 ,illustration ,face your shadow4 ,now the sun is behind you4 ,what direction is back of you8 ,you are facing north4 ,look at the shadows of the school1 of the fence1 of the pole1 and of all the other children4 ,they are all falling to the north4 ,can you make your shadow fall east or west or south8 ,why not8 ,when only will shadows fall north8 ,can you think of any time when the shadows would fall east or west8 ,could they ever fall south8 ,why not8 #b ,draw this diagram on the yard pavement1 and mark the parts that are north1 south1 east and west4 ,stand at the middle of the cross4 ,face north4 ,what is behind you8 ,what direction is at your right side and which is at your left side8 ,learn these words3 ,when ,i face the north the south is behind me2 the east is at my right hand and the west is at my left hand4 ,if you pass a weather vane on your way home1 see if you can read the letters on it and find out what they mean4 #c ,with soft chalk draw a line on your desk with one end toward the north and one end toward the south4 ,mark ,n for north and ,s for south4 ,draw a line across the middle of it1 and mark ,e for east and ,w for west4 ,what is north of you1 south of you1 east of you and west of you8 ,in what direction from you is your teacher's desk8 ,on what side of you are the blackboards8 ,on which side are the windows8 ,walk toward the north1 toward the east1 toward the south1 toward the west4 ,which boy or girl is north of you8 ,which pupil is west of you8 ,what is south of your room8 ,what is east of it8 ,on what side of your room is the corridor8 ,on which side is the street8 ,on which side is the school yard8 ,what is north of your teacher's desk8 ,what is south of your teacher's chair8 ,what is west of the table8 ,what is east of the windows8 #d ,illustration3 ,,points ,,of ,,the ,,compass4 ,draw a plan of your desk4 ,mark north1 south1 east and west upon it4 ,hang it up with north at the top4 ,draw a plan of your schoolroom4 ,mark the north1 south1 east and west4 ,hang up the plan with north at the top4 ,look at the plan of the town4 ,we call it a map4 ,north is at the top4 ,find the rivers4 ,at which side of the city are they8 ,look at a plan of the entire school floor with all of the rooms and the corridor4 ,how shall we hang it8 #e ,men have made plans of the city1 the country1 and the whole world4 ,these plans which show the land and water are called maps4 ,on all maps north is usually at the top4 ,look at the map of the whole world4 ,how can you tell which part means land and which means water8 ,what direction is at the top of the map1 at the bottom1 at the right side1 and at the left side8 #f ,see where we find the north-east1 south-east1 south-west and north-west4 ,,part ,,two ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,earth ,,as ,a ,,whole #a ,illustration ,long ago wise men found out that the great earth on which we live is not flat1 but round like a ball4 ,it is so very large1 and we see so small a part of it at one time1 that it looks flat to us4 ,take a piece of paper and tear out a small hole4 ,hold the hole over your globe so that a small part of the surface shows through4 ,does the small piece of the globe look very curved8 ,these men noticed ships sailing away across the water4 ,when the ships were far away the lower part of the boat could not be seen4 ,more and more disappeared till only the tops of the masts could be seen2 and at last they were gone too4 ,if you make a little paper boat and let it sail flat across your desk and then try it over the globe1 you can see how this proves that the earth is not flat4 ,did you ever see an eclipse of the moon8 ,the big curved shadow was the earth's shadow4 ,why was the shadow round8 ,a globe shows the shape of the earth4 #b ,look at all of the globes and maps in the room4 ,find how the land and the water are shown4 ,can you see any islands1 any peninsulas8 ,a tiny dot may mean the whole city with hundreds of homes1 factories and other buildings4 ,do you remember how we looked down on our town from a great height and saw the many houses8 ,just think of a tiny dot meaning all of our town4 ,illustration3 ,,western ,,hemisphere ,illustration3 ,,eastern ,,hemisphere #c ,how are the rivers drawn8 ,think of the great wide flowing river with its wharves and its boats4 ,it flows on for miles and miles4 ,some day all of its water will reach the ocean4 ,this little black line means all of that great broad river4 ,why do we have such tiny things to represent such great things8 ,see this land called ,north ,america4 ,it would take five days and nights in a fast express train to travel straight across it4 #d ,we can cut the globe in half and make a flat picture of the two parts as they look when placed side by side4 ,another name for the globe is sphere4 ,hemi means half1 so each half of the globe is called a hemisphere4 ,one half is called the ,eastern ,hemisphere and the other half the ,western ,hemisphere4 ,in the ,western ,hemisphere we have the ,western ,continent1 which is ,america4 ,this ,western ,continent is made of two grand divisions1 ,north ,america and ,south ,america4 ,why are they so named8 ,we live in ,north ,america4 ,find our city and the river nearest to it4 ,north ,america was joined to ,south ,america by a narrow strip of land called the ,isthmus of ,panama4 ,look at the map and think why millions of dollars have been spent through many years to cut through this isthmus4 ,now vessels can pass through this ,panama ,canal4 ,look at the map of the ,western ,hemisphere and notice what it contains besides the ,western ,continent of ,america4 ,there is more water than land4 ,this water forms the great oceans4 ,perhaps you have been to ,atlantic ,city or some other seashore place and have seen the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,do you remember the big waves which rolled in on the sandy beach and the pretty white-caps far out8 ,did you see the big nets drawn in full of hundreds of fish8 ,perhaps you bathed in the ocean and got your mouth full of water4 ,it did not taste like the water we drink1 for it was salty4 ,all of the water of the ocean is salt water1 but the water of rivers is fresh4 ,the oceans are very large4 ,it would take us five or six days and nights on a great steamer to cross to the other side of the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,in what direction should we go8 #e ,on the western side of ,america there is another great ocean1 the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,it has salt water like the ,atlantic ,ocean1 and it also is constantly in motion with great waves4 ,north of ,north ,america1 in the intensely cold region1 is the ,arctic ,ocean4 ,great masses of ice called icebergs and ice floes are floating through this ocean4 ,far south of ,south ,america is the ,antarctic ,ocean4 ,it does not touch ,south ,america4 ,it too is in a cold part of the world4 #f ,do you know of any people who came here from ,england1 ,ireland1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy or ,russia8 ,their homes were in the ,eastern ,hemisphere4 ,the ,eastern ,hemisphere has a great mass of land called the ,eastern ,continent4 ,the ,eastern ,continent is composed of three grand divisions1 ,europe1 ,asia and ,africa4 ,find the great island named ,australia4 ,that is sometimes called the ,australian ,continent because it is so large4 #g ,the same oceans which are in the ,western ,hemisphere extend into the ,eastern ,hemisphere4 ,can you name them8 ,the ,eastern ,hemisphere also contains the ,indian ,ocean1 which is not in the ,western ,hemisphere4 #h #a4 ,how can people go from ,north ,america to ,europe8 #b4 ,how do the ,chinese1 whose home is in ,asia1 come to ,america8 #c4 ,nearly all of the rubber which we use for automobile tires1 overshoes1 erasers1 and hundreds of other articles comes from ,south ,america4 ,over what ocean does it come8 #d4 ,on what ocean did ,peary sail on his journey to the ,north ,pole8 #e4 ,when ,amundsen searched for the ,south ,pole1 he started from an island near ,australia4 ,on what oceans did he sail8 #f4 ,when the first negroes were brought here from ,africa over what ocean did they come8 #g4 ,what ocean trip is shortest from ,africa to ,asia8 #h4 ,of what use is the ocean8 #i4 ,which ocean can we reach most quickly from our home8 ,how long would it take us to get to this ocean8 #aj4 ,how long would it take us to reach the ,pacific ,ocean8 ,behold the sea1 444 splendid and strong1 yet beautiful as the rose or the rainbow2 full of food1 nourisher of man1 purger of the world1 creating a sweet climate4--,emerson4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,seasons #a ,what kind of weather are we having now8 ,what kind will we have in ,july1 in ,december1 in ,april1 in ,october8 ,what do we call the warm season8 ,what is the cold season8 ,what are the mild seasons8 ,how many seasons have we8 #b ,what kind of clothing do we need in winter8 ,what work in your home is different in winter from what is done in summer8 ,what season gives the school janitor most work8 ,why8 ,if you live in the country you have seen how different it looks in winter time and in summer time4 ,tell how4 ,in what ways do the town streets and country roads differ in winter and in summer8 ,name some winter and some summer sports and games4 ,there are certain kinds of industries which can be engaged in only in summer and some only in winter4 ,decide which of the following are summer and which are winter industries1 and which require work in more than one season3 ,ice cutting ,building ,farming ,preserving ,lumbering ,fishing #c ,what season do we have when the warm summer is over1 and before the cold winter has set in8 ,how do the city streets look then8 ,how do you think the farm looks then8 ,autumn or fall is a busy time on the farm4 ,the last of the vegetables must be taken in and stored away for the winter4 ,the ripe apples and nuts must be gathered too4 ,the corn is brought in from the fields and stored in the barns for the winter food of the farm animals4 #d ,after the long cold winter is over the days grow gradually milder and warmer until spring has come4 ,are you glad when spring comes8 ,why8 ,in your schoolroom you can tell when spring is here4 ,how pleasant the air feels as it blows in through the window6 ,it seems to kiss us with its warm breath4 ,you can hear the birds chirping as if they were happy4 ,perhaps a bee will buzz into the room4 ,many of the children will bring to school the dainty little spring flowers1 anemones1 blood root1 hepatica1 violets and buttercups4 ,out in the country all nature is busy4 ,the tree buds are swelling and bursting4 ,the grass and flowers are springing up4 ,the birds are building their nests4 ,the farmer is ploughing and planting his fields4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,zones #a ,all parts of the earth do not have seasons such as we have4 ,if we should travel north we should find the climate growing colder and colder4 ,after a long time we should come to a region of intense cold4 ,the ground would be covered with ice and snow all the year through1 both winter and summer4 ,this most northern part of the earth is called the ,north ,pole4 ,the region around it is the ,north ,frigid ,zone4 ,there is a ,south ,pole and a ,south ,frigid ,zone as cold as the northern one4 ,you can see where they are on the diagram4 ,if we start from here and take a trip south we find it constantly growing warmer4 ,at last we come to a place where it is extremely warm in both summer and winter4 ,that region is called the ,torrid ,zone because torrid means hot4 ,this hot zone extends right around the middle part of the earth4 ,the very hottest part through the middle is the ,equator4 ,notice on the drawing that we live in a zone between the very cold region1 or ,frigid ,zone1 and the very warm region1 or ,torrid ,zone4 ,our zone is called the ,north ,temperate ,zone4 ,we have here spring1 summer1 autumn and winter4 ,our weather is seldom so cold as in the ,frigid ,zones1 nor so warm as in the ,torrid ,zone4 ,our spring and autumn are mild or temperate4 ,illustration3 ,world map ,illustration3 ,,the ,,zones4 ,find the ,south ,temperate ,zone4 ,its climate is just like ours4 ,what seasons do they have there8 ,what zone lies north of it and which south of it8 ,copy the diagram of the zones in your note-book4 #b ,,the ,,temperate ,,zone--,,our ,,zone ,most of the people of the world live in one of the ,temperate ,zones1 and most of the great cities are in these zones4 ,people can work better here where we do not have either intensely hot or intensely cold weather all of the time4 ,there are two ,temperate ,zones1 the ,north ,temperate ,zone and the ,south ,temperate ,zone4 ,in which do we live8 ,some plants grow best in the ,temperate ,zones1 while others live best in the ,torrid ,zone4 ,scarcely any grow in the ,frigid ,zones4 ,name all the plants you can think of that live in our zone4 ,these plants grow during the summer and rest or die when winter comes4 ,,some ,,plants ,,of ,,the ,,temperate ,,zones ,poplar ,fruit trees ,maple ,wheat ,chestnut ,corn ,oak ,cotton ,walnut ,farm vegetables ,pine ,familiar garden plants ,none of these plants can grow well in either the intense cold of the ,frigid ,zones or the great heat of the ,torrid ,zone4 #c ,many animals live better in our zone than in any other zone4 ,they need temperate climate4 ,,some ,,animals ,,of ,,the ,,temperate ,,zones ,horse ,squirrel ,cow ,bear ,sheep ,wolf ,pig ,rabbit ,cat ,fox ,dog ,deer ,zebra ,buffalo ,giraffe ,goat ,which are domestic and which are wild animals8 ,describe each and tell how it is useful to man4 ,illustration3 ,,zebra4 #d ,,the ,,hot ,,zone ,if we take a long trip to the south we find it growing warmer and warmer until at last we have reached a land where it is warm all the year through4 ,this is the ,torrid ,zone4 ,the plants do not rest nor die in winter there1 for there is no cold weather4 ,these plants keep right on growing through the year4 ,many of the trees grow very1 very high and have tremendous leaves4 ,in some cities there are large greenhouses where the ,torrid ,zone plants are raised4 ,the temperature must be kept as warm there as in the ,torrid ,zone4 ,these are some of the ,torrid or ,hot ,zone plants3 ,palm ,rubber ,giant ferns ,coffee ,bamboo ,banana ,illustration3 ,,in ,,the ,,torrid ,,zone4 ,in the forests of the ,hot ,zone the trees grow very close together4 ,the sunlight cannot shine through4 ,it is impossible to walk through these forests without first chopping out a pathway with a hatchet4 #e ,in these forests live many of the fierce animals which you have seen in cages in the ,zoological ,gardens or at the circus4 ,,some ,,animals ,,of ,,the ,,torrid ,,zone ,monkey ,elephant ,camel ,snake ,lion ,parrot ,tiger ,rhinoceros ,leopard ,wild ,cat ,describe these and tell of what use they are4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,tropical ,,jungle4 ,why are some of the buildings in the ,zoological ,gardens so warm8 #f ,the ,torrid ,zone was the first home of the negroes before they were brought to ,america4 ,there are many negroes and ,indians living in the ,hot ,zone now4 ,many are but half-civilized4 ,some are savage4 ,as they do not need large warm homes like ours1 some live in small huts made of the branches of trees1 earth and straw4 ,a few of these homes together make a village4 ,these people get their food by hunting in the forest and fishing in the rivers and ocean4 ,they also eat the fruits that grow wild in the forests4 ,there are some cities in the ,torrid ,zone1 but none of them are very large4 ,these towns have been built mostly by the civilized white people4 ,the streets are often shaded with beautiful palm trees4 ,the buildings are generally small1 as the people live and work out of doors as much as possible4 #g ,,what ,,the ,,temperate ,,and ,,torrid ,,zones ,,do ,,for ,,each ,,other ,the people living in the ,torrid ,zone send to us ,temperate ,zone people many useful things that do not grow here4 ,these are some of them3 ,cocoanuts ,chocolate ,bananas ,pepper ,coffee ,palm leaves ,rubber ,mahogany ,in return the ,temperate ,zone people send to the ,torrid ,zone inhabitants things that they do not have4 ,in the ,hot ,zone there are no large factories in which to manufacture goods1 so we send there3 ,farm tools ,guns ,woven goods ,knives ,books ,clothing #h ,,the ,,cold ,,zones ,illustration3 ,,an ,,eskimo ,,family4 ,at the most northern part of the earth and at the most southern part are regions of intense cold4 ,the earth is entirely covered with ice and snow all of the year4 ,the water is filled with masses of floating ice and snow4 ,our coldest winter days are not nearly so cold as the climate of the ,north and ,south ,frigid ,zones4 ,it is even hard to tell which is land and which is water4 ,of course no trees1 nor grass1 nor plants1 nor animals1 nor people of any kind can live in that intense cold4 ,at the parts near the ,temperate ,zones1 where it is slightly warmer1 there are some very small dwarfed trees not more than a foot or two high1 and perhaps a little moss4 ,it is here that the ,eskimos live2 but most of the ,north ,frigid ,zone and the ,south ,frigid ,zone is a stretch of frozen whiteness on all sides1 with no living thing of any kind4 ,during the summer the sun never sets1 so that there is twilight all night4 ,in winter the sun never rises above the horizon1 so there are months of darkness4 ,illustration3 ,,eskimo ,,boy4 ,these frozen lands are the regions through which so many brave explorers have traveled trying to find the most northern part called the ,north ,pole1 and the most southern part1 the ,south ,pole4 ,many of these fearless men have never returned from the ,frigid ,zones4 ,they have starved or been frozen to death4 ,at last1 after trying for twenty-seven years1 ,robert ,e4 ,peary1 an ,american1 reached the ,north ,pole on ,april #f1 #aiji4 ,all ,americans are very proud of this brave1 determined1 fearless man1 who would not stop until he had done what he set out to do4 ,roald ,amundsen1 a brave ,norwegian1 reached the ,south ,pole on ,december #ad1 #aiaa1 after suffering many hardships4 #i ,peary has written a book in which he tells about his travels4 ,up in the north he met the ,eskimos1 who belong to the ,indian family4 ,they live in snow houses in the winter4 ,in summer1 which is also very cold1 they live in skin tents4 ,these ,eskimos dress in warm furs4 ,they have no schools nor churches1 but they are a kind and peaceful people4 ,they are very good to the white explorers in the north4 ,the ,eskimo travels mostly on foot1 but carries loads on sledges drawn by dogs4 ,the ,eskimo's dogs are his best friends4 ,without them he could not manage to carry home the animals he kills for food and clothing4 ,he also uses boats which he makes of skins4 ,many of the ,frigid ,zone animals are covered with heavy fur4 ,why8 ,,some ,,frigid ,,zone ,,animals ,dog ,polar ,bear ,seal ,reindeer ,whale ,penguin #aj ,,what ,,the ,,frigid ,,and ,,temperate ,,zones ,,do ,,for ,,each ,,other ,men go to the ,frigid ,zones and catch seals and other animals and bring back the skins for the ,temperate ,zone people4 ,the whale1 which lives in the ocean of the ,frigid ,zone1 is also very useful4 ,from it we get the whalebone1 oil and also a fertilizer to help our farm crops to grow4 ,great quantities of whale meat are eaten by some people of the ,temperate ,zones4 ,the ,eskimos of the ,frigid ,zone are glad to have from the ,temperate ,zones manufactured articles like pans1 knives and guns4 #aa #a4 ,what different kinds of people have you ever seen8 #b4 ,why are the ,temperate ,zone people more civilized than the ,frigid ,zone people8 #c4 ,name some animals of each zone4 #d4 ,in which zones is it best to live8 ,why8 #e4 ,as you sit at your desk point toward the ,north ,pole1 toward the ,south ,frigid ,zone1 the ,north ,frigid ,zone1 the ,south ,temperate ,zone1 the ,equator1 the ,south ,pole1 the ,torrid ,zone4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,north ,,america #a ,find where we live on the map of ,north ,america4 ,locate our home on all of our maps and globes4 ,north ,america is a very large portion of land4 ,you could sail along its shores for thousands of miles4 ,at its widest part you could not cross it in a fast express train in less than five days and nights4 ,there are thousands of cities in this great grand division1 for there are millions of people here4 ,most of them are white or ,caucasian4 ,there are also many ,indians1 negroes1 ,eskimos and ,mongolians4 ,much of the land is dense forest1 and much is fertile farm land4 ,a small part has so few rivers and such a scarcity of rainfall that the land is dry and arid4 ,little grows upon it but coarse grass and cactus4 ,this region is called a desert4 #b ,north ,america stretches far up north into the ,north ,frigid ,zone and far south into the ,torrid ,zone1 but most of it lies in the ,north ,temperate ,zone4 ,what plants and animals live in ,north ,america8 ,it is separated from ,asia by a narrow strip of water called ,behring ,strait4 ,how did ,north ,america used to be connected with ,south ,america8 ,why is the separation called a canal and not an isthmus8 #c ,illustration3 ,,barnegat ,,lighthouse4 ,three great oceans wash the shores of ,north ,america4 ,name them4 ,the coast line is very irregular4 ,notice on the map that at places part of the ocean extends far into the land1 forming gulfs and bays4 ,hudson ,bay1 ,gulf of ,mexico and ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence are all parts of which ocean8 ,the waves are not so high in the bays and gulfs as in the open ocean4 ,the land keeps off some of the wind4 ,vessels that are waiting to be laden with cargo lie in these sheltered gulfs and bays4 ,why8 ,at many places along the shore the land juts out into the ocean in capes4 ,many of these points of land have special names4 ,look on the map for them4 ,there are light houses built on most of these capes to warn the ships in the dark and in the storms to keep away from the dangerous rocks and shore4 ,a cape is often a pleasant place for a summer home4 ,there is so much water around it that the sea breezes sweep across it and make it delightfully cool4 #d ,do you remember how we spoke of the river with its many boats and steamers8 ,there are hundreds of rivers in ,north ,america flowing for miles until at last they reach the ocean4 #e ,there are many high hills1 some so very high as to be called mountains4 ,there is a chain of these mountains called the ,eastern ,highlands along the eastern part of ,north ,america4 ,they extend for many miles north and south4 ,the scenery in this region is very beautiful4 ,the mountains are covered mostly with forests of pine1 spruce1 oak1 maple1 chestnut and other trees4 ,these are cut down for lumber4 ,in the wilder parts of these forests live squirrels1 rabbits1 bears and snakes4 ,at places the trees have been cut down to make room for fields of grain4 ,illustration3 ,,surface ,,map ,,of ,,north ,,america4 ,the mountains are full of useful minerals4 ,great quantities of coal and iron are mined in the ,eastern ,highlands4 #f ,the highest mountains in ,north ,america are the ,western ,highlands in the western part4 ,one great chain or range extends the entire length of ,north ,america from the ,arctic ,ocean down into ,south ,america4 ,great forests grow on these mountains4 ,in many places are huge masses of rock on which nothing grows1 so this range has been called the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it is always bitter cold at the top of some of these mountains because they reach so high4 ,even in summer they are capped with snow4 ,nowhere in the world can more magnificent scenery be found4 ,west of the ,rocky ,mountains is the ,pacific ,mountain ,system4 ,gold and silver are mined in the ,western ,highlands4 ,in the wild parts of the forests1 where no people live1 deer1 wolves and bears may be found4 #g ,the low land between the mountains we call plains or valleys4 ,there is a ,great ,central ,plain which reaches from the ,eastern ,highlands to the ,western ,highlands4 ,there are many rivers in this valley4 ,the ,mississippi and the ,missouri ,rivers are the largest4 #h ,you remember how rivers make rainfall and fertile soil4 ,the ,great ,central ,plain has some of the best farm land in the world4 ,in the northern cold part hardly anything grows1 but in the central part great quantities of corn1 grain1 fruits and vegetables are raised4 ,in the south the plantations or farms raise sugar cane1 cotton1 tobacco1 rice and coffee4 ,illustration3 ,,sheep ,,on ,,the ,,plains4 ,on the western plains great herds of thousands of sheep and cattle are raised4 ,in the ,great ,central ,plain are hundreds of cities where the farm products are sold4 ,here1 too1 the farmers buy the farm tools and machinery which they need4 ,in the city mills the wheat is ground into flour and the logs from the forests are sawed into planks or made into furniture4 ,the cattle and sheep are killed and the meat prepared for our use4 #i ,east of the central part of the ,great ,central ,plain are five of the largest lakes in the world4 ,when you are in a boat in the middle of any one of them you cannot see the land on any side4 ,they are called the ,great ,lakes4 ,their names are ,superior1 ,michigan1 ,huron1 ,erie and ,ontario4 ,they are all joined together1 and from the last a large river runs into the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,it has the same name as the gulf4 ,there are many other smaller lakes in ,north ,america where the land is low and the water from the rivers and streams fills up the hollows4 ,nearly all have fresh water like the rivers4 ,a very few1 like ,great ,salt ,lake1 contain salt water4 ,,chapter ,v ,,countries ,,of ,,north ,,america #a ,north ,america contains several different countries4 ,each is under a separate government4 ,these countries are ,united ,states1 ,british ,america1 ,danish ,america1 ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,each country has its own ruler and its own laws4 ,each has a special flag and its own kind of money and postage stamps4 #b ,,the ,,united ,,states ,we live in the best one of these countries1 for we have the best ways of obtaining our food1 our clothing and our shelter4 ,our climate is good1 for we are in the ,north ,temperate ,zone4 ,our soil is very fertile4 ,the ,great ,central ,plain of ,north ,america passes through the central part of the ,united ,states4 ,we raise fruits1 vegetables1 corn1 wheat1 rice and sugar for food4 ,we have immense ranches for raising cows and sheep too4 ,our clothing is supplied by the thousands of sheep we raise and from the cotton we grow here4 ,the ,western and ,eastern ,highlands pass through our country4 ,illustration3 ,north ,america ,we have a great quantity of lumber1 stone1 coal and iron for making our comfortable homes4 ,in what part of the country is each of these products obtained8 ,why8 ,right in our own ,united ,states is found nearly everything that is necessary to make us comfortable and happy4 ,illustration3 ,,cotton ,,field4 ,we have hundreds of towns with homes1 factories1 schools1 hospitals and churches4 ,over every public building floats our beautiful flag1 the ,stars and ,stripes4 ,our laws are made in the capital1 which is named ,washington1 after ,george ,washington1 our first president4 ,find ,washington on the map4 ,how long would it take to go to ,washington from our home8 ,it is a beautiful city4 ,the ,capitol building is one of the finest in the world4 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states lives in the ,white ,house4 ,alaska1 in the north-west1 and the island of ,porto ,rico1 in the south-east1 belong to the ,united ,states4 ,we own other islands in other parts of the world4 #c ,british ,america is our next neighbor on the north4 ,it includes all of the ,dominion of ,canada and the ,island of ,newfoundland4 ,it belongs to ,england or ,great ,britain in ,europe4 ,illustration3 ,,mountain ,,goat4 ,the ,great ,central ,plain and the ,western ,highlands pass through it1 and yet it is not a rich country with many people like the ,united ,states4 ,can you tell why8 ,there are large crops of fruit and grain in the southern part only of ,british ,america4 ,in this part only are there any large cities4 ,the few people in the northern part go there to hunt the animals for furs and to find gold4 ,many whales live in the cold waters of the ,atlantic ,ocean and ,hudson ,bay4 ,are they of use to man8 #d ,danish ,america is the name given to the two islands ,greenland and ,iceland1 because they belong to ,denmark1 a country of ,europe4 ,greenland lies in which zones8 ,what kind of climate has it8 ,a few white people and some ,eskimos live in the southern part4 ,the northern part has no life at all4 ,what do you know of the people1 the plants and the animals of this region8 ,in what zone is ,iceland8 ,why is the climate very cold8 ,many fish are caught in the ocean around ,iceland4 ,the people on the island are able to raise little but grass to feed their sheep and cattle4 ,there are many mountains in ,iceland4 ,some of them send out steam and melted rock and are called volcanoes4 #e ,mexico is our southern neighbor4 ,this country has a president and a government somewhat like ours4 ,both ,indians and white people live in ,mexico4 ,the climate is so warm in the valleys that the people living there cannot work so hard as they do in the ,united ,states4 ,so they do not have large factories and many fine schools1 hospitals and libraries as we have4 ,why do they not build these on the mountains where the climate is pleasant8 ,they have large plantations where they raise rubber1 sugar1 cotton1 coffee1 tobacco and fruit and many cattle4 ,the great ,western ,highlands extend down through ,mexico1 and silver1 copper and coal are mined in them4 ,some of these mountains are volcanoes4 ,what does this mean8 #f ,central ,america is still warmer than ,mexico4 ,it is entirely in what zone8 ,the plants and animals are much like those of ,mexico4 #g ,the ,west ,indies consist of many islands4 ,the largest are ,cuba1 ,haiti1 ,jamaica and ,porto ,rico4 ,which belongs to the ,united ,states8 ,these islands have a warm climate4 ,what do you think is raised on the plantations by the white people and negroes8 ,the ,west ,indies separate a part of the ocean from the main ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,this smaller part is called the ,caribbean ,sea4 ,notice what countries it touches4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,trips #a ,suppose you were to sail from ,new ,york ,city to ,iceland4 #a4 ,what would you take with you that the people would be glad to get8 #b4 ,what kind of clothing would you need for the trip8 #c4 ,over what water would you sail8 #d4 ,in what direction would you go8 #e4 ,what countries would you pass8 #f4 ,how could you tell when you were getting near ,iceland8 #g4 ,what would you see in ,iceland8 #h4 ,could you bring back to the people at home anything useful8 #b ,let us go to visit the ,panama ,canal1 keeping our vessel close to the shore all the way4 #a4 ,what clothing shall we need8 ,why8 #b4 ,what countries shall we pass8 ,what islands1 peninsulas and capes8 #c4 ,on what water shall we sail8 #d4 ,what would the people be glad to have from our country8 #e4 ,where could we stop to get some coffee1 rubber and bananas to bring back8 #c ,plan a trip along the ,pacific ,ocean4 #a4 ,where will you start8 #b4 ,where will you go8 #c4 ,what will you see at the place from which you start and at the end of the trip8 #d4 ,what interesting places will you pass8 #d ,let us cross our country by train from the ,atlantic ,coast to the ,pacific ,coast4 #a4 ,how long shall we be on the train8 #b4 ,describe the scenery as we go west4 #c4 ,what rivers shall we cross8 #d4 ,what kinds of industries could we visit on the way across8 #e ,how far can a boat sail if it starts in the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence to go as far west as possible8 #f ,a trip up the ,mississippi ,river4 #a4 ,how would the climate change8 #b4 ,what name is given to this part of the land through which the river flows8 #c4 ,what scenes could we expect to see on the shores of the river8 #d4 ,what products would the boats we pass be carrying8 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,transcriber's notes ,obvious spelling_/typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources4 ,inconsistent hyphenations have been retained3 school-room_/schoolroom1 school-house_/schoolhouse1 note-book_/notebook4 ,on page #ai in ,chapter ,,ii an apparent printing error interchanging the section heading #e and the first line of the following text has been corrected4 ,re the question at the end of ,chapter ,,iii3 the cover of the #aiac edition shows a statue of a man1 possibly ,william ,penn1 surrounded by silhouettes of the six continents4 ,the cover of the #aiad general edition shows the dome of the ,capitol at ,washington 7cf the frontispiece7 in place of the statue4 ,the original book was published at ,philadelphia by the ,christopher ,sower ,company1 #abd ,north ,eighteenth ,street4 ,the copyright date was #aiac and #aiad4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------