,,critical ,,miscellanies by ,,john ,,morley ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,essay #b3 ,turgot ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,new ,york3 ,! ,mac,millan ,company #aije ,,turgot4 ,i4 ,,page ,bir? & family desc5t #da ,8 y\? at ! ,sorbonne #dg ,intellectual tra9+ #eb ,8 college fri5ds3 ,morellet1 & ,lom5ie de ,bri5ne #ed ,turgot refus$ to become an ecclesia/ic #ef ,8 revolt aga9/ dom9ant sophisms ( ! "t #fj ,lett] to ,buffon #fa ,precocity ( 8 intellect #fe ,lett] to ,madame de ,graffigny #fe ,illu/rates ! influ5ce ( ,locke #fi ,views on m>riage #gb ,on ! controv]sy op5$ by ,r\sseau #gb ,turgot's p[] ( grave susp5se #gf ,,ii4 ,fir/ ,disc\rse at ! ,sorbonne #gh ,analysis ( its cont5ts #hj ,criticisms ^u x #hf ,x is "o-sid$ #hg ,& n truly hi/oric #hh ,fails to di/+ui% doctr9e f organisation #hi ,omits ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,ea/ #ij ,& economic conditions #ib ,! contempor>y position ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,europe #ic ,,iii4 ,second ,disc\rse at ! ,sorbonne #if ,its pregnant !sis ( social causation #ig ,comp>$ ) ! !sis ( ,bossuet #ii ,& ( ,montesquieu #ajj ,analysis ( ! ,second ,disc\rse #ajb ,*>act]i/ic ( ,turgot's idea ( ,progress #ajf ,its limitation #ajh ,great m]it ( ! ,disc\rse1 t x recognises ord]$ succession #aaj ,,iv4 ,turgot appo9t$ ,int5dant ( ! ,lim\s9 #aaa ,functions ( an ,int5dant #aab ,acc\nt ( ! ,lim\s9 #aad ,turgot's passion = good gov]nm5t #aah ,he attempts to deal ) ! ,taille #aai ,! road ,corvee #aba ,turgot's endeav\rs to enlight5 op9ion #abf ,milit>y s]vice #abi transport #aca ,! collection ( taxes #acb ,turgot's private b5evol5ce #acc ,introduces ! potato #acd ,f\nds an academy #ace ,enc\rages manufactur+ indu/ry #acf ,enlight5$ views on ,usury #acg ,has to deal ) a sc>city #ach ,8 plans #aci ,in/ructive facts connect$ ) ?is fam9e #adb ,turgot's ,reflections on ! ,=mation & ,di/ribution ( ,weal? #adi ,v4 ,turgot made ,controll]-,g5]al #aej ,8 re=ms #aea ,_! reception #aec ,8 unpopul>ity #aef ,difficulties ) ! k+ #aeg ,8 dismissal #aeh ,8 pursuits 9 retirem5t #aei ,conclusion #afb ,,turgot4 ,i4 ,anne-,rob]t-,jacques ,turgot 0 born 9 ,p>is on ! #aj? ( ,may #agbg4 ,he di$ 9 #agha4 ,8 life cov]$ r m ?an half a c5tury1 ext5d+1 if we may put x a little r\ghly1 ov] ! middle fifty ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?is middle p]iod m>ks ! exact date ( ! decisive & imm$iate prep>ation = ! ,revolution4 ,at its beg9n+ nei!r ! intellectual nor ! social elem5ts ( ! great disruption _h di/9ctly appe>$1 or comm5c$ _! f]m5tation4 ,at its close _! "w 0 complet$1 & we may c\nt ! mon?s !nce until ! ov]?r[ ( e in/itution 9 ,france4 ,x 0 betwe5 #agbg & #agha t ! true revolution took place4 ,! ev5ts f '#hi 7 only f9i%+ /rokes1 ! f9al explosion ( a fabric "u :i* e y>d _h be5 m9$1 by ! long endeav\r = half a c5tury ( an army ( de/roy]s delib]ate & involunt>y1 direct & oblique1 su* z ! _w has nev] at any o!r "t beheld4 ,9 #agbg ,voltaire 0 return+ f 8 exile 9 ,engl&1 to op5 ! long campaign1 ( :i* he 0 f t "t =? to ! close ( 8 days ! brilliant & indomitable capta94 ,he di$ 9 #aggh1 bright1 resolute1 humane1 en]getic1 to ! la/4 ,?us ,turgot's life 0 almo/ exactly contempor>y ) ! pregnant era ( ,voltaire's activity4 ,9 ! same spr+ 9 :i* ,turgot di$1 ,maurepas too came to 8 end1 & ,neck] 0 dismiss$4 ,! la/ ev5t 0 ! signal at :i* ! floods ( ! deluge fairly began to rise1 & ! revolution>y tide to swell4 ,x w be obs]v$1 moreov]1 t ,turgot 0 born half a g5]ation aft] ! fir/ race ( ! speculative revolutioni/s4 ,r\sseau1 ,did]ot1 ,helvetius1 ,condillac1 ,d',alemb]t1 z well z ! =eign ,hume1 s mu* ! greate/ ( ! :ole b& ( innovators1 because p5etrat+ s mu* ne>] to ! dep?s1 all came into ! _w :i* !y 7 to confuse s unspeakably1 9 ! half doz5 ye>s betwe5 #agaa & #agag4 ,turgot 0 ( lat] /ock & comes midway betwe5 ^! fa!rs ( ! new *ur*1 betwe5 ,hume1 ,r\sseau1 ,did]ot1 & ! g5]ation ( its fi]y practical apo/les1 ,condorcet1 ,mirabeau1 ,robespi]re4#a ,! only o!r illu/ri\s ,european ( ?is decade 0 ,adam ,smi?1 :o 0 born 9 #agbc1 & betwe5 ^: lab\rs & "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,turgot's !re 0 s mu* community4 ,we _c tell h[ f> ! gulf betwe5 ,turgot & ! e>li] b& 0 fix$ by ! accid5t t he did n belong to _! g5]ation 9 po9t ( "t4 ,! accid5t is 9 itself only wor? call+ att5tion to1 9 connection ) 8 di/ance f !m 9 o!r & m important po9ts ?an "t4 ,footnote #a3 ,born 9 #agdc1 #agdi1 & #agei respectively4 ,! ye>s ( ,turgot exactly bridge ! int]val betwe5 ! m9i/ry ( ! infam\s ,dubois & ! m9i/ry ( ! +lori\s ,calonne2 betwe5 ! despair & confusion ( ! close ( ! reg5cy1 & ! despair & confusion ( ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! mon>*y4 ,9 #agbg we /& on ! ?re%old ( t f>-res\nd+ fi]y work%op1 :]e a hundr$ h&s wr\ght ! cunn+ implem5ts & ,cyclopean eng9es t 7 to s]ve 9 /orm+ ! hat$ citadels ( sup]/ition & inju/ice4 ,9 #agha we em]ge f ^! subt]ranean realms into ! op5 air1 to f9d ourselves surr\nd$ by all ! s\nds & port5ts ( imm95t ru94 ,?is1 !n1 is ! significance ( ! date ( ,turgot's bir?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,8 /ock 0 ,norman1 & ^? :o amuse !mselves by f9d+ a vital condition ( ! highe/ ability 9 antiquity ( blood1 may quote ! desc5t ( ,turgot 9 support ( _! delusion4 ,8 biograph]s speak ( "o ,togut1 a ,dani% ,pr9ce1 :o walk$ ! e>? "s ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & ( ,sa9t ,turgot 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ! ,prior ( ,durham1 biograph] ( ,b$e1 & fir/ m9i/] ( ,malcolm ,,iii4 ( ,scotl&4 ,we %all d well n to l+] 9 ?is too d>k & frigid air4 ,let u pass ov] ,togut & ,sa9t ,turgot2 & ! f\nd] ( a hospital 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & ! great-great-gr&fa!r :o sat z presid5t ( ! ,norman nobles 9 ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( #afad1 & ! gr&fa!r :o des]t$ arms = ! toga4 ,hi/ory is h>dly conc]n$ 9 ?is solemn m>%all+ ( %ades4 ,ev5 ) ,mi*el-,eti5ne1 ! fa!r ( ,turgot1 we h "h no deal+4 ,let x suffice to say t he held high municipal (fice 9 ,p>is1 & p]=m$ its duties ) exceptional hon\r & _s1 giv+ sumptu\s fetes1 con/ruct+ useful public works1 & on "o occasion jeop>d+ 8 life ) a f9e intrepidity t did n fail 9 8 son1 9 appeas+ a bloody /ruggle betwe5 two bodies ( ,swiss & ,fr5* gu>ds4 ,!re is 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum a folio ( #agdj1 conta9+ elaborate plates & lett]press1 descriptive ( ! fetes celebrat$ by ! city ( ,p>is ) ,mi*el-,eti5ne ,turgot z its *ief (fic]1 on ! occasion ( ! m>riage ( ,l\ise-,elizabe? ( ,france to ,don ,philip ( ,spa9 7,augu/ #agci74 ,z "o contemplates ^! c\rtly sumptuosities1 ,la ,bruy]e's fam\s picture recurs to ! m9d1 ( f> o!r sc5es 9 ! same gay l&4 ',we see c]ta9 wild animals1 male & female1 scatt]$ ov] ! fields1 black1 livid1 all burnt by ! sun1 b\nd to ! e>? t !y dig & "w ) unconqu]able p]t9acity2 !y h a sort ( articulate voice1 & :5 !y rise on _! feet1 !y %[ a human face2 9 fact !y are m54' ,t ^! viol5t & humiliat+ contra/s are et]nal & inevitable1 is ! la/ ^w ( ! dom9ant philosophy ( society2 & "o ( ! reasons :y ,turgot's life is wor? /udy+1 is t he felt 9 s pre-em95t a degree ! urg5cy ( light5+ ! de/9y ( t livid1 wild1 h>dly articulate1 ev]-toil+ multitude4 ,! sum ( ! g5ealogical page is t ,turgot inh]it$ t position :i*1 fall+ to wor?y s\ls1 is ( its nature s invaluable1 a family tradition ( exalt$ c\rage & g5]\s public _s4 ,!re h be5 noble & patriotic m5 :o lack$ ?is inh]itance1 b we may be sure t ev5 ^! w\ld h f\ght ! battle at great] advantage1 if a magnanim\s pref]5ce = ! l>g] int]e/s _h come to !m z a matt] ( in/9ctive prejudice1 in/ead ( be+ acquir$ z a matt] ( reason4 ,! "q ( titul> ari/ocracy is n t\*$ by ?is consid]ation1 = titul> ari/ocracies po/pone ! l>g] int]e/s to ! n>r[ int]e/s ( _! ord]4 ,& ,turgot's family 0 only ( ! second>y noblesse ( ! robe4 ,turgot 0 ! ?ird son ( 8 fa!r4 ,z ! employm5ts :i* p]sons ( respectable family c\ld ent] 7 def9ite & /]eotyp$1 !re 0 little room = debate z to ! call+ = :i* a y\? %\ld prep>e himself4 ,arms1 civil adm9i/ration1 & ! *ur*1 furni%$ ! only ?ree op5+s = a g5tleman4 ,! effects ( ?is rigor\s adh]5ce to artificial & exclusive rules ( ca/e 7 manife/ly injuri\s to society1 z su* ca/e rules always are aft] a society has pass$ beyond a c]ta9 /age4 ,to id5tify ! int]e/s ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ p[]ful class ) ! int]e/s ( ! *ur*1 ( ! army1 & ( a giv5 sy/em ( civil gov]nm5t1 0 inde$ to give to t class ! /ronge/ motives = leav+ ! exi/+ social ord] undi/urb$4 ,x un=tunately w5t too f> 9 ?is direction1 by fo/]+ ! /ronge/ possible motives ( ho/ility to su* modifications 9 ^! gigantic dep>tm5ts z *ang+ circum/ances might make ne$ful1 9 ! brea/s ( ! only m5 :o c\ld produce ^! modifications )\t a viol5t organic revolution4 ,su* a sy/em left too little c\rse to spontaneity1 & its curse is ! curse ( ,fr5* g5ius4 ,"s ( its evil effects 7 obvi\s & on ! surface4 ,! man :o %\ld h be5 a soldi] f\nd himself say+ mass & he>+ confessions4 ,vauv5>gues1 :o 0 born = diplomacy or lit]ature1 pass$ ! fl[] ( 8 days 9 ! organis$ dre>9ess ( g>risons & m>*es4 ,9 our own day communities & m5 :o lead !m h /ill to le>n t no wa/e is s pr(use & immeasurable1 ev5 f ! mat]ial po9t ( view1 z t ( intellectual en]gy1 *eck$1 uncultivat$1 ignor$1 or left )\t its opportunity4 ,9 ,france1 until a v %ort "t be=e ! ,revolution1 we c h>dly po9t to a s+le recognis$ usage :i* did n augm5t ?is wa/e4 ,! elde/ son usually pres]v$ ! rank & /atus ( ! family1 :e!r civil or milit>y4 ,turgot's elde/ bro!r 0 to devote himself to civil adm9i/ration1 ! next to be a soldi]1 & ,turgot himself to be an ecclesia/ic4 ,! second ( ! bro!rs1 :o began by foll[+ arms1 _h z little ta/e = !m z ! future m9i/] _h = ! *ur*4 ,x is r rem>kable t he seems to h _h ! same passion = adm9i/ration1 & he p]suad$ ! gov]nm5t aft] ! loss ( ,canada t ,guiana1 to be call$ ,equ9octial ,france1 w\ld if well gov]n$ become "s sort ( equival5t = ! nor!rn possession4 ,he 0 made ,gov]nor-g5]al1 b he _h =gott5 to take ! climate into acc\nt1 & ! s*eme came to an abortive end1 involv+ him 9 a mass ( confus$ qu>rels :i* la/$ "s ye>s4 ,he _h a m>k$ love = botany1 agriculture1 & ! l2 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,society ( ,agriculture 9 #agfj2 & 0 ! au?or ( v>i\s pieces on po9ts ( natural hi/ory4#b ,footnote #b3 ,among o!rs1 ( a little volume /ill to be met ) 9 libr>ies1 ,sur la mani]e de prep>] les div]ses curiosites d'hi/oire naturelle 7#ageh74 ,turgot w5t z a bo>d] fir/ to ! college ( ,l\is-le-,gr&1 !n to t ( ,plessis2 !nce to ! sem9>y ( ,sa9t ,sulpice1 :]e he took ! degree ( ba*elor 9 !ology2 & f ,sa9t ,sulpice to ! ,sorbonne4 ,8 *ildhood & y\?1 l t ( o!r m5 :o h aft]w>ds won love & admiration1 h _! /ories4 ,! affection ( "o biograph] records h[ ! pocket-money ) :i* ! "y ,turgot 0 furni%$1 us$ always in/antly to disappe>1 no "o knew h[ nor on :at4 ,x 0 discov]$ t he gave x to poor s*oolfell[s to enable !m to buy books4 ,condorcet ju/ly rem>ks on ?is trait1 t 'goodness & ev5 g5]osity are n r>e s5tim5ts 9 *ildhood2 b = ^! s5tim5ts to be guid$ by su* wisdom1 ?is really seems ! presage ( an extraord9>y man1 all ^: s5tim5ts %\ld be virtues1 because !y w\ld always be controll$ by reason4'#c ,x is at any rate c]ta9 t ! union ( pr(\nd b5evol5ce ) judgm5t1 :i* ?is /ory prefigures1 0 ! supreme di/9ction ( ,turgot's "*4 ,x is less pleasant to le>n t ,turgot ?r\gh\t 8 *ildhood 0 always repuls$ by 8 "m1 :o deem$ him sull51 because he fail$ to make 8 b[ ) good grace1 & 0 %y & taciturn4 ,he fl$ f h] visitors1 & w\ld hide himself beh9d s(a or scre52 until dragg$ =? = social inspection4#d ,?is is only wor? record+1 because ! same ext]nal awkw>dness & lack ( grace rema9$ ) ,turgot to ! end1 & _h some?+ to d ) ! unpopul>ity t caus$ 8 fall4 ,p]haps he 0 ?9k+ ( 8 own *ildhood1 :5 he wrote t fa!rs are (t5 indiff]5t1 or incessantly occupi$ ) ! details ( bus9ess1 & t he _h se5 ! v p>5ts :o taught _! *ildr5 t !re is no?+ s noble z to make p happy1 yet repulse ! same *ildr5 :5 urg+ "s "o's claim to *>ity or fav\r1 & intimidate _! "y s5sibility1 in/ead ( enc\rag+ & tra9+ x4#e ,footnote #c3 ,vie de ,turgot1 p4 #h 7ed4 #ahdg74 ,footnote #d3 ,memoires de ,morellet1 i4 #ab 7ed4 #ahbb74 ,footnote #e3 ,lettre a ,madame de ,graffigny4 ,o,euv4 ii4 #gic4 ,morellet1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! little gr\p ( fri5ds & bro!r /ud5ts at ! ,sorbonne1 has record$ o!r au!ntic traits4 ,turgot1 he says1 unit$ ! simplicity ( a *ild to a peculi> dignity t =c$ ! respect ( 8 comrades4 ,8 mode/y & res]ve 7 ^? ( a girl1 & ^? equivocal ref]5ces 9 :i* ! undiscipl9$ animalism ( y\? (t5 has a /eal?y satisfaction1 always call$ ! blood to 8 *eeks & cov]$ him ) emb>rassm5t4 ,= all t1 8 _s 0 full ( a frank gaiety1 & he w\ld indulge 9 long bur/s ( laught] at a pleasantry or frolic t /ruck him4 ,we may be glad to "k ?is1 because )\t express te/imony to ! contr>y1 !re w\ld h be5 "s reason = suspect+ t ,turgot 0 defective 9 t mo/ :olesome & human quality ( a capacity = laught]4 ,! s5sitive purity :i* ,morellet notices1 n )\t slight lift+ ( ! eyebr[1 rema9$ ) ,turgot ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,?is 0 ! m rem>kable f ! prevail+ laxity ( op9ion ^u ?is p>ticul> subject1 p]haps ! wor/ blemi% ^u ! feel+ & intellig5ce ( ! revolution>y s*ools4 ,= x 0 n m]ely lib]t9es1 l ,m>montel1 mak+ a plea = _! own dissolut5ess1 :o habitually spoke ( ^! ?+s ) inconsid]ate levity4 ,grave m5 ( blameless life1 l ,condorcet1 delib]ately argu$ 9 fav\r ( leav+ a loose re9 to ! mutual incl9ations ( m5 & wom51 & laugh$ at ! "t 'wa/$ 9 qu5*+ ! d>ts ( ! fle%4'#f ,x is true t at ,d',holba*'s h\se1 ! headqu>t]s ( ! dogmatic a!ism 9 :i* ! irreligi\s reaction culm9at$1 ?is 0 ! only !me on :i* fre$om ( spee* 0 sometimes curtail$4 ,b ! fact t su* a re/riction %\ld h be5 notic$1 sugge/s t x 0 exceptional4#g ,"o good effect foll[$1 let u admit4 ,! virtu\sness ( cont95ce 0 n treat$ z a sup]/ition by ^? :o v9dicat$ x z ,turgot did1 b discuss$ l any o!r virtue2 & 0 def5d$ n z an intuition ( fai?1 b z a reason$ conclusion ( ! judgm5t4 ,x 0 p]mitt$ to occupy no solit>y & my/]i\s ?rone1 ap>t & away f o!r conditions & p>ts ( human excell5ce & social wellbe+4 ,!re is intr9sically no h>m 9 any virtue be+ accept$ 9 ! firm %ape ( a simple prejudice4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re is a multitude ( practical advantages 9 su* a consolidat$ & spontane\sly work+ ord]4 ,b 9 consid]+ conduct & "*1 & =m+ an op9ion ^u infractions ( a virtue1 we _c be j unless we h analys$ its conditions1 & ?is is :at ! eighte5? c5tury did defectively ) reg>d to t p>ticul> virtue :i* s (t5 usurps ! "n ( all ( ! virtues toge!r4 ,9 ?is respect ,turgot's orig9al purity ( "* )drew him f ! error ( ! "t4 ,footnote #f3 ,lett] to ,turgot1 ,o,euv4 de ,condorcet1 i4 #bbh4 ,see also vi4 #bfd1 & #ebc-ebf4 ,footnote #g3 ,morellet1 i4 #acc4 ,) ! moral quality t we h se51 ,morellet adds t = ! intellectual side ,turgot z a boy _h a prodigi\s memory4 ,he c\ld reta9 z _m z a hundr$ & eighty l9es ( v]se1 aft] he>+ !m twice1 or sometimes ev5 once4 ,he knew by he>t mo/ ( ,voltaire's fugitive pieces1 & long passages 9 8 poems & trag$ies4 ,8 pr$om9ant *>act]i/ics are describ$ z p5etration1 & t o!r valuable faculty to :i* p5etration is an indisp5sable adjunct1 b :i* x by no means inv>iably implies--a _s ( broad & sy/ematic co-ord9ation4 ,! unusual precocity ( 8 intellig5ce 0 p]haps imp]fectly appreciat$ by 8 fell[-/ud5ts1 x l$ him s f> beyond any po9t )9 _! sight4 ,x has be5 ju/ly said ( him t he pass$ at once f infancy to manhood1 & 0 9 ! rank ( sages be=e he _h %ak5 (f ! du/ ( ! playgr\nd4 ,he 0 ( ! type ( ^? :o /rangle s]p5ts :ile yet 9 ! cradle4 ,we "k ! temp]am5t :i* f ! e>lie/ h\r consumes ) eag] desire = k1 & en]gises spontane\sly ) unceas+ & joyful activity 9 t bright & pure morn+ ( intellectual curiosity1 :i* nei!r ! dull tumultu\s ne$s ( life nor ! mi/s ( spiritual misgiv+ h yet come up to make dim4 ,( ?is temp]am5t 0 ,turgot 9 a sup]lative degree1 & its fire nev] abat$ 9 him f college days1 d[n to ! la/ h\rs :ile he lay rack$ ) irrem$iable angui%4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ?is 0 ! glori\s m>k ( all ! be/ m9ds ( ! epo*2 f ,voltaire d[nw>ds1 !y 7 inflam$ by an inext+ui%able & univ]sal curiosity4 ,voltaire h>dly left a s+le corn] ( ! field entirely unexplor$ 9 sci5ce1 poetry1 hi/ory1 philosophy4 ,r\sseau wrote a comic op]a & 0 an ard5t botani/4 ,did]ot wrote1 & wrote well & intellig5tly1 de omni scibili1 & 0 ! au?or alike ( ! ,lett]s on ! ,bl9d & ,jacques le ,fatali/e4 ,no era 0 ev] s little ! era ( ! speciali/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! society ( ! ,sorbonne correspond$ exactly to a college at "o ( our univ]sities1 & w be di/+ui%$ by ! c>eful read] f ! faculty ( !ology 9 ! univ]sity1 :i* 0 usually1 b n always1 compos$ ( docteurs de ,sorbonne4 ,x consi/$ ( a l>ge numb] ( le>n$ m5 9 ! position ( fell[s1 & a small] numb] ( y\ng] /ud5ts1 :o liv$ toge!r j z und]graduates d1 9 sep>ate ap>tm5ts1 b ) common hall1 libr>y1 & g>d54 ,"o ( ,turgot's ma/]s1 ,sigorgne1 0 ! fir/ to tea* 9 ! univ]sity ! ,newtonian pr9ciples ( a/ronomy1 in/ead ( ! ,c>tesian hypo!sis ( vortices4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,c>tesianism _h = v>i\s reasons tak5 a f> deep] root 9 ,france ?an x ev] did "h1 & held its place a good g5]ation aft] ,newtonian ideas 7 accept$ & taught at ,ox=d & ,cambridge4#h ,voltaire's translation ( ! ,pr9cipia1 :i* he 0 prev5t$ by ! ,c>tesian *ancellor1 ,d',aguesseau1 f publi%+ until #agch1 ov]?rew ! reign+ sy/em1 & gave a /rong impulse to sci5tific inquiry4 ,footnote #h3 ,:ewell's ,hi/4 ,induct4 ,sci5ces1 ii4 #adg-aei4 ,turgot ma/]$ ! new doctr9e ) avidity4 ,9 ! acute lett] ( criticism :i*1 :ile /ill at ! ,sorbonne1 he address$ to ,buffon1 he po9t$ly urg$ x z ! fir/ objection to t writ]'s !ory ( ! =mation & movem5ts ( ! planets1 t any attempt at fundam5tal explanations ( ?is k9d 0 a dep>ture f '! simplicity & safe res]ve ( ! philosophy ( ,newton4'#i ,he only1 h[ev]1 made a c]ta9 advance 9 ma!matics4 ,he appe>s to h _h no peculi> or natural aptitude = ?is /udy2 ?\gh he is said to h con/antly blam$ himself = n hav+ gone m deeply into x4 ,x is h>dly to be d5i$ t ma!matical g5ius & philosophic g5ius d n always g toge!r4 ,! precision1 def9it5ess1 & accurate limitations ( ! me?od ( ! "o1 are usually unfri5dly to ! brood+1 t5tative1 uncircumscrib$ m$itation :i* is ! productive hum\r 9 ! o!r4 ,turgot 0 ess5tially ( ! philosophis+ temp]4 ,?\gh ! activity ( 8 intellig5ce 0 incessant1 8 mann] ( "w 0 ! rev]se ( quick4 ',:5 he appli$ to "w1' says ,morellet1 ':5 x 0 a "q ( writ+ or do+1 he 0 sl[ & loit]+4 ,sl[1 because he insi/$ on f9i%+ all he did p]fectly1 accord+ to 8 own conception ( p]fection1 :i* 0 mo/ difficult ( atta9m5t1 ev5 d[n to ! m9ute/ detail2 & because he w\ld n receive assi/ance1 be+ nev] cont5t$ ) :at he _h n done himself4 ,he also loit]$ a great deal1 los+ "t 9 arrang+ 8 desk & cutt+ 8 p5s1 n t he 0 n ?9k+ pr(\ndly ?r\gh all ?is trifl+2 b m]e ?9k+ did n advance 8 "w4'#aj ,we may admit1 p]haps1 t ! "w 0 all ! bett] = ! ?9k+ t prec$$ x1 & t ! "t :i* ,turgot seem$ to wa/e 9 cutt+ 8 p5s & sett+ 8 table 9 ord] 0 m fruitfully sp5t ?an ! busie/ h\rs ( mo/ m54 ,footnote #i3 ,o,euv4 de ,turgot1 ii4 #ghc4 7,edition ( ,messrs4 ,eug5e ,daire & ,h4 ,duss>d1 publi%$ 9 ! ,collection des ,pr9cipaux ,economi/es1 publi%$ by ,guillaum91 #ahdd47 ,footnote #aj3 ,memoires1 i4 #af4 ,we "k ! books :i* ,turgot & 8 fri5ds dev\r$ ) ard\r4 ,locke1 ,bayle1 ,voltaire1 ,buffon1 reliev$ ,cl>ke1 ,leibnitz1 ,sp9osa1 ,cudwor?2 & con/ant discussions among !mselves bo? cle>$ up & enl>g$ :at !y read4#aa ,"o ( ! disputants1 c]ta9ly n ! lea/ amiable1 has pa9t$ 8 own "p 9 ^! discussions3 ',i 0 viol5t 9 discussion1' says ! good ,morellet1 z he 0 pleasantly call$1 'b )\t my antagoni/ be+ able to reproa* me ) a s+le insult2 & sometimes ,i us$ to spit blood1 aft] a debate 9 :i* ,i _h n all[$ a s+le p]sonality to escape me4'#ab ,footnote #aa3 ,ib4 i4 #bj4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ib4 i4 #ai4 ,ano!r memb] ( ! circle 0 ,lom5ie de ,bri5ne1 :o1 9 long ye>s aft]1 0 *ief m9i/] ( ,france = a n>r[ space ?r\gh ! mom5t\s w9t] ( #aghg & ! spr+ ( ! next ye>1 fill+ ! gap betwe5 ,calonne & ,neck] 9 a desp]ate & fatal mann]4 ,lom5ie's ambition dat$ f 8 y\?2 & x 0 always p]sonal & mean4 ,:ile ,turgot1 8 fri5d1 0 e>ne/ly m$itat+ on ! de/9ies ( ! race & ! conditions ( _! developm5t1 ,lom5ie 0 dream+ only ( ! re/oration ( 8 ance/ral *ateau ( ,bri5ne4 ,?\gh q )\t means1 he plann$ ?is 9 8 visions on a scale ( extreme co/l9ess & magnific5ce4 ,! dreams fell true4 ,money came to ! family1 & ! *ateau 0 built exactly z he _h project$ x1 at a co/ ( two million francs4#ac ,8 c>e] 0 spl5did4 ,he 0 clev]1 indu/ri\s1 & p]sev]+ aft] 8 fa%ion1 a/ute1 lively1 pret5ti\s1 a p]son ev] by well-plann$ h9ts lead+ y to suppose 8 unreveal$ pr(undity to be bottomless2 9 a ^w1 9 all respects an impo/or4#ad ,he esp\s$ t ri*ly d[]$ bride ! ,*ur*1 rose to be ,ar*bi%op ( ,t\l\se1 & w\ld h ris5 to be ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is1 b = ! ,k+'s ov]-scrupul\s conviction t 'an ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is mu/ at lea/ believe 9 ,god4' ,he became an imm5se fav\rite ) ,m>ie ,anto9ette & ! c\rt1 0 made ,m9i/] 'l ,ri*elieu & ,maz>91' & aft] hav+ po/ur$ & play$ tricks 9 face ( ! bur/+ deluge1 & giv5 ! gov]nm5t ! f9al impulse into ! abyss ( bankruptcy1 0 dismiss$ ) ! ri* ar*bi%opric ( ,s5s & a c>d9al's hat = himself1 & good s9ecures = 8 k9sfolk4 ,8 la/ (ficial act 0 to s5d = ! #bj1jjj livres = 8 mon?'s sal>y1 n fully due4 ,8 bro!r1 ! ,c\nt ( ,bri5ne1 rema9$ 9 (fice z ,m9i/] ( ,w>4 ,he 0 a p]son ( no tal5t1 8 fri5ds all[$1 b 'assi/$ by a good *ief cl]k1 he w\ld h made a good m9i/]2 he meant well4' ,?is 0 h>dly a suffici5t reason = lett+ him take #ajj1jjj francs out ( an impov]i%$ treasury = ! furniture ( 8 resid5ce4 ,! h\r1 h[ev]1 0 j /rik+1 & ! knife 0 %>p5$4 ,footnote #ac3 ,morellet's ,memoires1 i4 #ag-ba2 #bfb-bgj2 & ii4 #ae4 ,footnote #ad3 ,m>montel's ,memoires1 bk4 xiii42 ,morellet1 h[ev]1 ) p]sev]+ fri5dl9ess1 d5ies ! tru? ( ,m>montel's picture 7ii4 #dfe74 ,all 8 paltry hon\r & glory ,lom5ie de ,bri5ne enjoy$ = a season1 until ! ,jacob9s laid viol5t h&s ^u him4 ,he poison$ himself 9 8 own palace1 j z a worse ?+ 0 ab\t to befall him4 ,alas1 poetic ju/ice is ! exception 9 hi/ory1 & only once 9 _m g5]ations does ! drama ( ! /ate crim9al rise to an arti/ic fif? act4 ,?is 0 9 #agid4 ,9 #agej a f>ewell d9n] _h be5 giv5 9 ! rooms ( ! ,abbe de ,bri5ne at ! ,sorbonne1 & ! fri5ds made an appo9tm5t = a game ( t5nis beh9d ! *ur* ( ! ,sorbonne 9 ! ye> #ahjj4ae ,! ye> came1 b no ,lom5ie1 nor ,turgot1 & ! ,sorbonne itself _h vani%$4 ,footnote #ae3 ,morellet1 i4 #ba4 ,:5 ! "t arriv$ = 8 f9al acceptance ( an ecclesia/ical de/9ation1 ,turgot felt t hon\rable repugnance1 :i* might h be5 anticipat$ alike f 8 morality & 8 intellig5ce1 to ent] into an engagem5t :i* w\ld irrevocably b9d him = ! re/ ( 8 life1 ei!r always to hold exactly ! same op9ions1 or else to cont9ue to prea* !m publicly aft] he _h ceas$ to hold !m privately4 ,no c]ta9ty ( worldly com=t & advantage c\ld 9 8 eyes c\nt]balance ! possible dang] & %ame ( a position1 :i* might place him betwe5 ! two alt]natives ( /ifl+ 8 intellig5ce & outrag+ 8 consci5ce--! "o by bl9d1 unscrut9is+1 & immovable acceptance ( all ! dogmas & s5tim5ts ( ! ,*ur*2 ! o!r by ! inculcation z tru?s ( :at he believ$ to be false1 & ! proscription z falsehoods ( :at he believ$ to be true4 ,! horror & disgrace ( su* a situation 7 too /rik+ = "o :o us$ 8 m9d & act$ on pr9ciple1 to run any risk ( t situation becom+ 8 own4 ,an ambiti\s times]v] l ,lom5ie1 or a cont5t$ adh]5t ( use & wont l ,morellet1 might well reg>d su* consid]ations z ! products ( a weak & ecc5tric scrupulosity4 ,turgot 0 ( o!r calibre1 hold+ x to be only a degree less unpr9cipl$ ?an ! av[$ selfi%ness ( ! adv5tur]1 to contract s s]i\s an engagem5t on ! /r5g? ( common he>say & curr5t usage1 )\t delib]ate p]sonal reflection & inquiry4 ,at ! close ( 8 c\rse at ! ,sorbonne1 he wrote a lett] to 8 fa!r giv+ ! reasons = ?is resolution to ab&on all idea ( an ecclesia/ical c>e] & ! advancem5t :i* x (f]$ him1 & seek+ 8 cons5t = ! *ange f ,*ur* to law4 ,8 fa!r approv$ ( ! resolution1 & gave ! requir$ cons5t4 ,z ,turgot _h /udi$ law z well z !ology1 no "t 0 lo/1 & he =mally ent]$ ! pr(ession ( ! law z ,deputy-,c\nsellor ( ! ,procureur-,g5]al at ! beg9n+ ( #ageb4 ,8 college fri5ds _h remon/rat$ w>mly at ?is surr5d] ( a brilliant prospect4 ,a little deputation ( "y abbes1 fre% f _! v[s1 wait$ on him at 8 rooms2 9 t hum\r ( bli! & sagaci\s good-w :i* comes s naturally to m5 :o believe !y h j f\nd out ,=tune's trick & yok$ h] fa/ = ev] to ! c>1 !y decl>$ t he 0 ab\t to d some?+ oppos$ to 8 own int]e/ & inconsi/5t ) 8 usual good s5se4 ,he 0 a y\ng] son ( a ,norman h\se1 & !re=e poor2 ! law )\t a compet5cy involv$ no consid]ation1 & he c\ld hope = no advancem5t 9 x3 :]eas 9 ! ,*ur* 8 family1 be+ possess$ ( influ5ce & cr$it1 w\ld h no difficulty 9 procur+ = him excell5t abbeys & 9 good "t a ri* bi%opric2 "h he c\ld realise all 8 f9e dreams ( adm9i/ration1 & )\t ceas+ to be a *ur*man c\ld play ! /atesman to 8 he>t's cont5t4 ,9 "o pr(ession he w\ld wa/e 8 g5ius 9 argu+ trifl+ private affairs1 :ile 9 ! o!r he w\ld be ( ! highe/ usefulness to 8 c\ntry1 & w\ld acquire ! greate/ reputation4 ,turgot1 h[ev]1 insi/$ on plac+ g5ius & reputation bel[ ! necessity ( be+ hone/4 ,! object ( an oa? might be ( ! lea/ important k9d1 b he c\ld nei!r all[ himself to play ) x1 nor believe t a man c\ld abase 8 pr(ession 9 public op9ion1 )\t at ! same "t abas+ himself4 ',y %all d z y w1' he said2 '= my own "p1 x is impossible = me to we> a mask all my life4'#af ,footnote #af3 ,dupont de ,nem\rs4 ,condorcet's ,vie de ,turgot1 pp4 #h-aj4 ,8 cle> intellig5ce revolt$ f ! dom9ant sophisms ( t "t1 by :i* philosoph]s z well z ecclesia/ics br\ght falsehood & hypocrisy )9 ! f\r corn]s ( a dec5t doctr9e ( tru? & morality4 ,! *ur*man manfully argu$ t he c\ld be mo/ useful to ! _w if he 7 well (f & highly plac$4 ,! philosoph] cont5d$ t z ! _w w\ld puni% him if he av[$ :at he _h writt5 or :at he believ$1 he 0 fully w>rant$ 9 ly+ to ! _w z to 8 writ+ & belief2 = is n ! "r to h ! tru? told to y1 a ?+ =feitable by tyranny & oppression8#ag ,tru? is n mock$1 & ^! sophisms bore _! fruit 9 due season4 ,p]haps if !re _h be5 f\nd on ei!r side 9 ,france a hundr$ righte\s m5 l ,turgot1 :o w\ld n fight 9 masks1 ! end might h be5 o!r ?an x 04 ,! lesson rema9s = ^? :o dream t by r$uc+ pret5ce to a nicely graduat$ sy/em1 & by leav+ an exactly measur$ m>g9 betwe5 :at !y really believe & :at !y feign to believe1 !y are s]v+ ! great cause ( ord]4 ,fr5* hi/ory in=ms u :at becomes ( social ord] s s]v$4 ,aft] all1 no man c be sure t x is requir$ ( him to save society2 e man c be sure t he is call$ ^u to keep himself clean f m5dacity & equivoke4 ,su* 0 ,turgot's view4 ,footnote #ag3 ',la necessite de m5tir p\r desav\] un ouvrage e/ une extremite qui repugne egalem5t a la consci5ce et a la noblesse du c>act]e2 mais le crime e/ p\r les hommes inju/es qui r5d5t ce desaveu necessaire a la surete de celui qu'ils y =c5t4 ,si v\s avez erige en crime ce qui n'en e/ pas un1 si v\s avez porte atte9te1 p> des lois absurdes ou p> des lois arbitraires1 au droit naturel qu'ont t\s les hommes1 non seulem5t d'avoir une op9ion1 mais de la r5dre publique1 alors v\s m]itez de p]dre celui qu'a *aque homme d'ent5dre la v]ite de la b\*e d'un autre1 droit qui fonde seule l'obligation rig\reuse de ne pas m5tir4'--,condorcet1 ,vie de ,voltaire 7,o,euv4 iv4 #cc1 #cd74 ,we h said t ,turgot disda9$ to fight "u a mask4 ,!re 0 "o exception1 & only "o4 ,9 #aged !re appe>$ two lett]s1 nom9ally f an ecclesia/ic to a magi/rate1 & entitl$ ,le ,conciliateur4 ,"h x is en\gh to say t !y 7 int5d$ to en=ce ! propriety & duty ( religi\s tol]ation4 ,9 a lett] to a fri5d we f9d ,turgot say+1 ',al?\gh ! ,conciliator is ( my pr9ciples1 & ^? ( our fri5d1 ,i am a/oni%$ at y\r conjectures2 x is nei!r 8 /yle nor m9e4'#ah ,yet ,turgot _h writt5 x4 ,?is is 8 "o public lit]>y equivocation4 ,let u1 at all ev5ts1 all[ t x 0 resort$ to1 n to break ! law ) safety1 nor to cloak a malici\s attack on a p]son1 b to give additional weight by means ( a h>mless prosopopoeia1 to an argum5t = ! noble/ ( pr9ciples4#ai ,footnote #ah3 ,o,euv4 ii4 #fhe4 ,morellet says t x 0 writt5 by ,lom5ie de ,bri5ne1 #ai4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ! note ( ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 ad loc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,be=e ,turgot ent]$ ! great _w1 he _h already a*iev$ an am\nt ( success 9 philosophic speculation1 :i* plac$ him 9 ! front rank ( social ?9k]s4 ,to t passion = /udy & ! acquisition ( k :i* is n uncommon 9 y\?1 z x is "o ( ! mo/ attractive ( y\?'s qualities1 !re 0 add$ 9 him :at is unhappily n common 9 m5 & wom5 ( any age--an active impulse to use 8 own intellig5ce ^u ! in=mation :i* he ga9$ f books & pr(essors4 ,he 0 no conceit$ or fr[>d cavill] at au?ority1 nor born rebel aga9/ e/abli%$ tea*]s & gov]nors4 ,8 und]/&+ s]i\sly crav$ a full & indep5d5t satisfaction1 & c\ld draw ?is only f labori\s m$itation1 :i* %\ld ei!r disclose ! inadequacy ( ! gr\nds = an op9ion1 or else e/abli% x1 ) :at w\ld be to him a new & high] because an indep5d5tly acquir$1 conclusiv5ess4 ,8 lett] to ,buffon1 to :i* we h already ref]r$1 is an illu/ration ( ?is wise1 & nev] capti\s nor ungraci\s1 caution 9 receiv+ ideas4 ,nei!r ,buffon's reputation1 nor ! gl[ ( 8 /yle1 nor ! dazzl+ +5uity & gr&eur ( 8 conceptions--all ( !m s well calculat$1 at "o-&-tw5ty1 to ?r[ ev5 a vigilant intellig5ce (f its gu>d--c\ld div]t ,turgot f ! prime sci5tific duty ( confront+ a !ory ) facts4 ,buffon 0 = expla9+ ! =mation ( ! e>? & ! o!r planets1 & _! lat]al movem5t1 by ! hypo!sis t a comet _h fall5 obliquely on to ! sun1 driv5 (f c]ta9 portions ( its con/itu5t matt] 9 a /ate ( fusion1 & t ^! masses1 made sph]ical by ! mutual attraction ( _! p>ts1 7 c>ri$ to diff]5t di/ances 9 proportion to _! mass & ! =ce orig9ally impress$ on !m4 ,buffon may h be5 actuat$1 bo? "h & 9 8 o!r fam\s hypo!sis ( reproduction1 by a desire1 less to prop\nd a true & durable explanation1 ?an to arre/ by a bold & compreh5sive g5]alisation t att5tion1 :i* is only imp]fectly t\*$ by m]e collections ( p>ticul> facts4 ,! enorm\s impulse :i* ev5 ! mo/ unsci5tific ( ! speculations ( ,desc>tes _h giv5 to ,european ?\ght1 0 a /&+ temptation to philosoph]s1 n to disc>d nor relax pati5t obs]vation1 b to b9d toge!r ! results :i* !y arriv$ at by ?is process1 by means ( "s h>dy hypo!sis4 ,x might be true or n1 b x 0 at any rate sure to /rike ! imag9ation1 :i* ev] craves :oles2 & to /imulate discussion & fur!r discov]y1 by s5d+ assailants & def5d]s alike 9 se>* ( new facts1 to confirm or ov]?r[ ! position4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,see ,condorcet's eloge on ,buffon 7,o,euv4 iii4 #cce72 & a passage f ,b\rdon1 quot$ 9 ,:ewell's ,hi/4 ,induct4 ,sci4 iii4 #cdh4 ,turgot 0 less s5sible ( ^! possible advantages1 ?an he 0 alive to ! c]ta9 dang]s ( su* a me?od4 ,he p]ceiv$ t to hold a !ory o!rwise ?an z an inf]5ce f facts1 is to h a /rong motive = look+ at ! facts 9 a pr$et]m9$ light1 or = ignor+ !m2 an involunt>y pr$isposition mo/ fatal to ! discov]y ( tru?1 :i* is no?+ m ?an ! con=mity ( our conception ( facts to _! adequately obs]v$ ord]4 ,:y1 he asks1 d y replunge u into ! night ( hypo!ses1 ju/ify+ ! ,c>tesians & _! ?ree elem5ts & _! vortices8 ,& :5ce comes y\r comet8 ,0 x )9 ! sph]e ( ! sun's attraction8 ,if n1 h[ c\ld x fall f ! sph]e ( ! o!r bodies1 & fall on ! sun1 :i* 0 n act+ on x8 ,if x 01 x mu/ h fall5 p]p5dicul>ly1 n obliquely2 &1 !re=e1 if x imp>t$ a lat]al movem5t1 ?is direction mu/ h be5 impress$ on x4 ,&1 if s1 :y %\ld n ,god h impress$ ?is movem5t ^u ! planets directly1 z easily z ^u ! comet to communicate x to !m8 ,f9ally1 h[ c\ld ! planets h left ! body ( ! sun )\t fall+ back into x aga98 ,:at curve did !y describe 9 leav+ x1 s z nev] to return8 ,c y suppose t gravitation c\ld cause ! same body to describe a spiral & an ellipse8 ,9 ! same exact _s1 ,turgot br+s kn[n facts to be> on ,buffon's !ory ( ! arrangem5t ( ! t]re/rial & m>9e divisions ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! :ole criticism he s5t to ,buffon anonym\sly1 to assure him t ! writ] _h no o!r motive ?an ! int]e/ he took 9 ! discov]y ( tru? & ! p]fection ( a great "w4#ba ,footnote #ba3 ,octob]1 #agdh4 ,o,euv4 ii4 #ghb-ghd4 ,turgot's is probably ! only case :]e ! biograph] has1 9 em]g+ f ! days ( s*ool & college1 at once to proce$ to exp\nd & criticise ! intellectual productions ( 8 h]o1 & /raightway to pres5t fruit & fl[] ( a "t t usually does no m ?an prep>e ! unse5 roots4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 a wid] & m /imulat+ attraction ( a dramatic k9d 9 ! /udy ( *>act]s :i* pres5t a hi/ory ( active & cont9u\s gr[?2 :i*1 :ile absolutely free f flimsy caprice & disord]$ ecc5tricity1 are ev] surpris+ our att5tion by an unsuspect$ ^w ( calm judgm5t or f]tile en]gy1 a fre% int]e/ or an add$ sympa?y1 by ! disappe>ance ( "s crudity or ! assimilation ( "s new & ri*] quality4 ,( su* gradual rise into full maturity we h "h no?+ to record4 ,z a /ud5t ,turgot _h already =m$ ! li/ ( a numb] ( works :i* he design$ to execute2 poems1 trag$ies1 philosophic romances1 va/ treatises on physics1 hi/ory1 geography1 politics1 morals1 metaphysics1 & language4#bb ,( "s he _h drawn out ! plan1 & ev5 ^! plans & fragm5ts possess a novelty & dep? ( view t belong ev5 to ! integrity ( few works4 ,footnote #bb3 ,condorcet's ,vie de ,turgot1 #ad4 ,be=e pass+ on to ! m sci5tific speculations ( ?is rem>kable intellig5ce1 x is wor? :ile to notice 8 lett] to ,madame de ,graffigny1 bo? = ! intr9sic m]it & scope ( ! ideas x conta9s & = ! pro( x furni%es ( ! int]e/1 at once e>ly & pr(\nd1 :i* he took 9 moral que/ions ly+ at ! v bottom1 z well ( s\nd "*1 z ( a heal?y society4 ,turgot's e>ly passion = lit]ature _h made him seize an occasion ( be+ introduc$ to ev5 s mod]ately r5[n$ a pr(essor ( x z ,madame de ,graffigny4 ,he happ5$ to be intimate ) h] niece1 :o aft]w>ds became ! lively & witty wife ( ,helvetius1 some:at to ! surprise ( ,turgot's fri5ds4 ,= al?\gh he p]suad$ ,mademoiselle de ,ligniville to pres5t him to h] aunt1 & ?\gh he assidu\sly att5d$ ,madame de ,graffigny's lit]>y ga!r+s1 ,turgot w\ld con/antly quit ! circle ( m5 ( lett]s = ! sake ( a game ( battl$ore ) ! comely & attractive niece4 ,h5ce ! a/oni%m5t ( m5 t f su* famili>ity !re grew no /rong] passion1 & t :atev] ! causes ( su* res]ve1 ! only issue 0 a t5d] & la/+ fri5d%ip4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ,morellet1 i4 #adj4 ,madame de ,graffigny _h begg$ ,turgot's op9ion ^u ! manuscript ( a "w compos$1 z s _m o!rs 71 aft] ! patt]n ( ,montesquieu's ,lettres ,p]sanes1--n[ ne>ly ?irty ye>s old1--& be>+ ! accurately imitative title ( ,lettres ,p]uvi5nes4 ,a ,p]uvian comes to ,europe1 & s5ds to a fri5d or mi/ress 9 ,p]u a s]ies ( rem>ks on civilisation4 ,goldsmi?'s delightful ,citiz5 ( ! ,_w is ! be/ kn[n type 9 our own lit]ature ( ?is primitive =m ( social criticism4 ,! effect ^u common op9ion ( criticism ca/ 9 su* a m\ld1 pres5t+ famili> habits1 in/itutions1 & obs]vances1 9 a /rik+ & unusual light1 0 to give a k9d ( ,socratic /imulus to p's ideas ab\t education1 civilisation1 conduct1 & ! o!r topics spr++ f a comp>ison betwe5 ! mann]s ( "o community & ano!r4 ,t "o ( ! two1 :e!r ,p]u1 or ,*9a1 or ,p]sia1 0 a community drawn ma9ly f ! imag9ation1 did n r5d] ! contra/ any ! less effective 9 /irr+ m5's m9ds4 ,by ! middle ( ! c5tury ! air 0 full ( ideas ^u ^! social subjects4 ,! temptation 0 irresi/ible to turn f ! confusion ( squalor1 oppression1 lic5se1 di/ort$ organisation1 p5etrative disord]1 to ideal /ates compris+ a little range ( simple circum/ances1 & a small numb] ( types ( virtu\s & unsophi/icat$ "*4 ,mu* came ( ! relief ?us s\ght & f\nd4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! subv]sive process1 = x taught m5 to look away f ideas ( practical amelioration4 ,! g5ius ( ,r\sseau gave ^! dreams ! %ape :i*1 9 _m respects1 s un=tunately = ,france1 f9ally attract$ ! bulk ( ! national s5tim5t & sympa?y4 ,b ! vivid1 humane1 & inspir+ pages ( ,emile 7 n publi%$ until t5 ye>s aft] ,turgot's lett] to ,madame de ,graffigny3#bd a circum/ance :i* may tea* u t 9 moral z 9 physical discov]ies1 ?\gh "o man may take ! f9al /ep & reap ! fame1 ! conditions h be5 prep>$ be=eh&4 ,x is almo/ disc\rag+ to ?9k t we may reproduce su* passages z ! foll[+1 )\t be+ op5 to ! *>ge ( slay+ ! sla91 ?\gh "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce x 0 writt54 ,footnote #bd3 ,writt5 9 #agea4 ,o,euv4 ii4 #ghe-gid4 ',let ,zilia %[ t our too arbitr>y in/itutions h too (t5 made u =get nature2 t we h be5 ! dupes ( our own h&iwork1 & t ! savage :o does n "k h[ to consult nature kn[s h[ to foll[ h]4 ,let h] criticise our p$antry1 = x is ?is t con/itutes our education ( ! pres5t day4 ,look at ! ,rudim5ts2 !y beg9 by insi/+ on /uff+ into ! heads ( *ildr5 a cr[d ( ! mo/ ab/ract ideas4 ,^? :om nature 9 h] v>iety summons to h] by all h] objects1 we fa/5 up 9 a s+le spot1 we occupy !m on words :i* _c convey any s5se to !m1 because ! s5se ( words c only come ) ideas1 & ideas only come by degrees1 />t+ f s5sible objects4#be ,b1 besides1 we insi/ on _! acquir+ !m )\t ! help t we h _h1 we :om age & exp]i5ce h =m$4 ,we keep _! imag9ation prison]1 we deprive !m ( ! sight ( objects by :i* nature gives to ! savage 8 fir/ notions ( all ?+s1 ( all ! sci5ces ev54 ,we h n ! c\p-d'oeil ( nature4 ,footnote #be3 ',on s]a surpris que je compte l'etude des langues au nombre des inutilites de l'education1' etc4--,emile1 bk4 ii4 ',x is ! same ) morality2 g5]al ideas aga9 spoil all4 ,p take great tr\ble to tell a *ild t he mu/ be j1 temp]ate1 & virtu\s2 & has x ! lea/ idea ( virtue8 ,d n say to y\r son1 ,be virtu\s1 b make him f9d pleasure 9 be+ s2 develop )9 8 he>t ! g]m ( s5tim5ts t nature has plac$ !re4#bf ,!re is (t5 mu* m ne$ = bulw>ks aga9/ education1 ?an aga9/ nature4 ,give him opportunities ( be+ tru?ful1 lib]al1 compassionate2 rely on ! human he>t2 leave ^! preci\s se$s to bloom 9 ! air :i* surr\nds !m2 d n /ifle !m "u a quantity ( frames & network4 ,i am n "o ( ^? :o want to reject g5]al & ab/ract ideas2 !y are necess>y2 b ,i by no means ?9k !m 9 _! place 9 our me?od ( in/ruction4 ,i w\ld h !m come to *ildr5 z !y come to m51 by degrees4 ,footnote #bf3 ,see ,locke1 ,( ,education1 ,sec4,sec4 #ha1 #ahd1 etc4 ',ano!r article ( our education1 :i* /rikes me z bad & ridicul\s1 is our sev]ity t[>ds ^! poor *ildr54 ,!y d some?+ silly2 we take !m up z if x 7 extremely important4 ,!re is a multitude ( ^! follies1 ( :i* !y w cure !mselves by age alone4 ,b p d n c\nt on t2 !y insi/ t ! son %\ld be well br$1 & !y ov]:elm him ) little rules ( civility1 (t5 frivol\s1 :i* c only h>ass him1 z he does n "k ! reason = !m4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be en\gh to h9d] him f be+ tr\blesome to ! p]sons t he sees4#bg ,! re/ w come1 little by little4 ,inspire him ) ! desire ( pleas+2 he w soon "k m ( ! art ?an all ! ma/]s c\ld tea* him4 ,p wi% aga9 t a *ild %\ld be grave2 !y ?9k x wise = x n to run1 & fe> e mom5t t x w fall4 ,:at happ5s8 ,y we>y & enfeeble x4 ,we h especially =gott5 t x is a "p ( education to =m ! body4'#bh ,footnote #bg3 ',la seule lecon de morale qui convi5ne a l'enfance1 et la plus importante a t\t age1 e/ de ne jamais faire de mal a p]sonne1' etc4 ,emile1 bk4 ii4 ',nev] tr\ble y\rself ab\t ^! faults 9 !m1 :i* y "k age w cure4 ,& !re=e want ( well-fa%ion$ civility 9 ! c>riage 444 %\ld be ! p>5ts' lea/ c>e :ile !y are "y4 ,if 8 t5d] m9d be fill$ ) a v5]ation = 8 p>5ts & tea*]s1 :i* consi/s 9 love & e/eem & a fe> to (f5d !m2 & ) respect & good-w to all p2 t respect w ( itself tea* ^! ways ( express+ x1 :i* he obs]ves mo/ acceptable1' etc4--,locke1 ,( ,education1 ,sec4,sec4 #fc1 #fg1 etc4 ,footnote #bh3 ',v\s donnez la sci5ce1 a la bonne heure2 moi je m'occupe de l'in/rum5t propre a l'acqu]ir1' etc4--,emile4 ,! read] :o rememb]s ,locke's ,?\ghts conc]n+ ,education 7publi%$ 9 #afij71 & ! p>ticul>ly homely prescriptions ^u ! subjects ( ! infant body ) :i* t treatise op5s1 w recognise ! s\rce ( ,turgot's inspiration4 ,! same may be said ( ! o!r wise passages 9 ?is lett]1 ^u ! "r attitude ( a fa!r t[>ds 8 *ild4 ,x 0 n m]ely ! metaphysics ( ! sage & positive ,locke :i* laid ! revolution>y tra9 9 ,france4 ,?is influ5ce ext5d$ ov] ! :ole field1 & ev5 ,r\sseau confesses ! obligations ( ! imag9>y gov]nor ( ,emile to ! real ,locke4 ,we are aga9 pla9ly 9 ! ,lockian atmosph]e1 :5 ,turgot speaks ( m5 be+ ! dupes ( 'g5]al ideas1 :i* are true because drawn f nature1 b :i* p embrace ) a n>r[ /iffness t makes !m false1 because !y no long] comb9e !m ) circum/ances1 tak+ = absolute :at is only ! expression ( a relation4' ,! m]it ( ?is & ! o!r educational p>ts ( ! piece1 is n _! orig9ality1 b t k9d ( complete & f9i%$ assimilation :i* is all b tantam\nt to indep5d5t ?\ght1 & :i* 9 c]ta9 conditions may be mu* m practically useful4 ,n less important to ! happ9ess ( m5 ?an ! mann] ( _! education1 is _! own cultivation ( a wise _s ( tol]ance 9 conduct4 ',i %\ld l to see expla9$1' ,turgot says1 '! causes ( ali5ation & disgu/ betwe5 p :o love "o ano!r4 ,i believe t aft] liv+ a:ile ) m51 we p]ceive t bick]+s1 ill-hum\rs1 teas+s on trifles1 p]haps cause m tr\bles & divisions among !m ?an s]i\s ?+s4 ,h[ _m bitt]nesses h _! orig9 9 a ^w1 9 =getfulness ( "s slight obs]vances4 ,if p w\ld only weigh 9 an exact balance s _m little wrongs1 if !y w\ld only put !mselves 9 ! place ( ^? :o h to compla9 ( !m1 if !y w\ld only reflect h[ _m times !y h !mselves giv5 way to hum\rs1 h[ _m ?+s !y h =gott56 ,a s+le ^w spok5 9 disp>agem5t ( our intellig5ce is en\gh to make u irreconcilable1 & yet h[ (t5 h we be5 deceiv$ 9 ! v same matt]4 ,h[ _m p]sons ( und]/&+ h we tak5 = fools8 ,:y %\ld n o!rs h ! same privilege z ourselves8444 ,ah1 :at address is ne$$ to live toge!r1 to be compliant )\t cr++1 to expose a fault )\t h>%ness1 to correct )\t imp]i\s air1 to remon/rate )\t ill-temp]6' ,all ?is is wise & good1 b1 alas1 z ,turgot _h occasion by & by to say1 little comes ( giv+ rules in/ead ( bre$+ habits4 ,x is curi\s t ,turgot z e>ly 9 8 c>e] z ?is %\ld h prote/$ aga9/ "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s doctr9es ( ! philosophe s*ool4 ',i h long ?\ght1' he says1 't our nation ne$s to h m>riage & true m>riage prea*$ to x4 ,we contract m>riages ignobly1 f views ( ambition or int]e/2 & z _m ( !m are unhappy 9 consequ5ce1 we may see gr[+ up f day to day a fa%ion ( ?9k+ t is extremely mis*iev\s to ! community1 to mann]s1 to ! /ability ( families1 & to dome/ic happ9ess & virtue4'#bi ,loos5ess ( op9ion z to ! family & ! conditions ( its wellbe+ & /ability1 0 a flaw t ran ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( revolution>y ?\ght4 ,x 0 n surpris+ t ! family %\ld come 9 = its %>e ( de/ructive criticism1 along ) ! o!r elem5ts ( ! e/abli%$ sy/em1 b x is a pro( ( ! solidity ( ,turgot's und]/&+ t he %\ld f ! fir/ h detect$ ! mis*iev\sness ( ?is side ( ! great social attack4 ,nor did subsequ5t discussion ) ! *ampions ( dome/ic lic5se h any effect ^u 8 op9ion4 ,footnote #bi3 ii4 #gij4 ,he makes ! prote/ :i* ! morali/ makes1 & has to make 9 e age1 aga9/ ! practice ( det]m9+ ! exp$i5cy ( a m>riage by consid]ations ( money or rank4 ,!re is a great abuse1 he says1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* m>riages are made )\t ! two p]sons mo/ conc]n$ hav+ any k ( "o ano!r1 & solely "u ! au?ority ( ! p>5ts1 :o are guid$ ei!r by =tune1 or else by /ation1 t w "o day translate itself into =tune4 ',i "k1' he says1 't ev5 m>riages ( incl9ation d n always succe$4 ,s f ! fact t sometimes p make mi/akes 9 _! *oice1 x is conclud$ t we ought nev] to *oose4' ,condorcet1 we may rememb]1 _m ye>s aft]1 insi/$ on ! bani%m5t by public op9ion ( av>ici\s & m]c5>y consid]ations f m>riage1 z "o ( ! mo/ important means ( dim9i%+ ! great inequalities 9 ! accumulation ( weal?4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,o,euv4 de ,condorcet1 vi4 #bde4 ,9 ! same lett] he took sides by anticipation 9 ano!r c>d9al controv]sy ( ! epo*1 by decl>+ a pref]5ce = ! savage ov] ! civilis$ /ate to be a 'ridicul\s declamation4' ,?is /range & fatal debate _h be5 op5$ by ,r\sseau's memorable fir/ ,disc\rse1 :i* 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 #agej4 ,pref]5ce = ! savage /ate 0 ! peculi> =m assum$ by emotional prote/s aga9/ ! exi/+ sy/em ( ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,turgot f fir/ to la/ resi/$ ! :ole _s ( su* prote/s4 ,9 ?is lett]1 :]e he makes 8 fir/ approa* to ! subject1 he insi/s on inequality ( conditions1 z alike necess>y & useful4 ,x is necess>y 'because m5 are n born equal2 because _! /r5g?1 _! intellig5ce1 _! passions1 w\ld be p]petually ov]?r[+ t mom5t\s equilibrium among !m1 :i* ! laws might h e/abli%$4' ',:at w\ld society be )\t ?is inequality ( conditions8 ,ea* individual w\ld be r$uc$ to m]e necess>ies1 or r !re w\ld be v _m to :om m]e necess>ies w\ld be by no means assur$4 ,m5 _c lab\r )\t implem5ts & )\t ! means ( subsi/5ce1 until ! ga!r+ 9 ( ! produce4 ,^? :o h n _h intellig5ce en\gh1 or any opportunity to acquire ^! ?+s1 h no "r to take !m away f "o :o has e>n$ & des]v$ !m by 8 lab\r4 ,if ! idle & ignorant 7 to despoil ! indu/ri\s & ! skilful1 all works w\ld be disc\rag$1 & mis]y w\ld become univ]sal4 ,x is alike m j & m useful t all ^? :o h fall5 beh9d ei!r 9 wit or 9 good =tune1 %\ld l5d _! "r arms to ^? :o "k h[ be/ to employ !m1 :o c pay !m a wage 9 advance1 & gu>antee !m a %>e 9 ! future pr(its4444 ,!re is no inju/ice 9 ?is1 t a man :o has discov]$ a productive k9d ( "w1 & :o has suppli$ 8 assi/ants ) su/5ance & ! necess>y implem5ts1 :o = ?is has only made free contracts ) !m1 %\ld keep back ! l>g] "p1 & t z paym5t = 8 advances he %\ld h less toil & m leisure4 ,x is ?is leisure :i* gives him a bett] *ance ( revolv+ s*emes1 & /ill fur!r increas+ 8 lights2 & :at he c economise f 8 %>e ( ! produce1 :i* is ) entire equity a l>g] %>e1 augm5ts 8 capital1 & adds to 8 p[] ( ent]+ into new und]tak+s4444 ',:at w\ld become ( society1 if ?+s 7 n s1 & if ea* p]son till$ 8 own little plot8 ,he w\ld also h to build 8 own h\se1 & make 8 own clo!s4 ,:at w\ld ! p live ^u1 :o dwell 9 l&s t produce no :eat8 ,:o w\ld transport ! productions ( "o c\ntry to ano!r c\ntry8 ,! humble/ peasant enjoys a multitude ( commodities (t5 got toge!r f remote climes4444 ,?is di/ribution ( pr(essions necess>ily leads to inequality ( conditions4' ,s e>ly 0 ! rational answ] ready = ^? sociali/ic sophisms :i* = s _m ye>s misl$ ! mo/ g5]\s "p ( ,fr5* intellig5ce4 ,we may regret p]haps t 9 demoli%+ ! vision ( p]fect social equality1 ,turgot did n %[ a m lively s5se ( ! ne$ = less5+ & s(t5+ unavoidable inequalities ( condition4 ,h[ev] capable ^! inequalities may be ( sci5tific def5ce1 !y are none ! less on t acc\nt 9 ne$ ( incessant & /r5u\s practical modification2 & x is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s mis=tunes ( society1 & is unhappily long likely to rema9 s1 t s9ce ! absorb+ "q ( ! re=mation ( ! economic conditions ( ! social union has come m & m prom95tly to ! front1 gradually b irresi/ibly ?ru/+ beh9d bo? its religi\s & its political conditions1 zeal = ! amelioration ( ! common lot has 9 s few auspici\s in/ances be5 accord+ to k2 :ile ! pr(essors ( sci5ce h be5 m c>eful to compose n>r[ apologies = individual selfi%ness1 ?an to ext5d z widely z possible ! limits set by demon/rable pr9ciple to ! improvem5t ( ! common life4 ,we may notice too 9 ?is ,lett]1 :at s _m ( ,turgot's allies & fri5ds 7 dispos$ to compla9 (1 b :at w comm5d him to a less newly emancipat$ & !re=e a less fanatical g5]ation4 ,!re is a conspicu\s abs5ce ( t peculi> b\ndlessness ( hope1 t zeal\s impati5ce = ! in/ant realisation & fruition ( all ! inspirations ( philosophic intellig5ce1 :i* c>ri$ o!rs imm$iately ar\nd him s excessively f> 9 ! cre$ ( ,p]fectibility4 ',lib]ty6 ,i answ] ) a sigh1 maybe t m5 are n wor?y ( !e6 ,equality6 ,!y w\ld ye>n aft] !e1 b _c atta96' ,comp>$ ) ! confid5t exultation & illimitable s5se ( ! wor? ( man :i* di/+ui%$ t "t1 !re is some?+ l depression "h1 z 9 _m o!r places 9 ,turgot's writ+s4 ,x is usually less articulate1 & is r convey$ by a runn+ und]tone1 :i* s (t5 reveals m ( a writ]'s true mood & temp] ?an is se5 9 8 words1 giv+ to !m1 by "s unconsci\s & inscrutable process1 liv+ effects ^u ! read]'s s5se l ^? ( eye & voice & accompany+ ge/ure4 ,dejection1 h[ev]1 is p]haps n ! mo/ prop] ^w = ! hum\r ( res]v$ & grave susp5se1 natural 9 ^? r>e spirits :o h recognis$ h[ n>r[ is ! way ( tru? & h[ few !re be t ent] !re91 & :at prolong$ concurr5ce ( fav\r+ haz>ds ) gigantic endeav\r is ne$$ = ea* smalle/ /ep 9 ! halt+ advancem5t ( ! race4 ,) ,turgot ?is 0 n ! result ( m]e s5tim5tal brood+4 ,x _h a delib]ate & reason$ f\ndation 9 hi/orical /udy4 ,he 0 pati5t & n ha/ily sangu9e z to ! spe$y com+ ( ! mill5nial future1 exactly because hi/ory _h taught him to measure ! lagg>d paces ( ! pa/4 ,! secret ( ! int5se hopefulness ( t "t lay 9 ! m\rnfully errone\s conviction t ! "o condition ( progress is pl5te\s increase ( light4 ,turgot saw v e>ly t ?is is n s4 ',x is n error1' he wrote1 9 a say+ t e *ampion ( a new idea %\ld h ev] 9 lett]s ( flame be=e 8 eyes1 ':i* opposes ! progress ( tru?3 x is indol5ce1 ob/9acy1 ! _s ( r\t9e1 ev]y?+ t fav\rs inaction4'#ca ,footnote #ca3 ,o,euv4 ii4 #fgb4 ,! o!rs left ^! pot5t elem5ts ( ob/ruction out ( calculation & acc\nt4 ,) ,turgot !y 7 ! ma9 facts to be consid]$1 & ! ma9 =ces to be c\nt]act$4 ,x is ! m>k ( ! highe/ k9d ( union betwe5 sagaci\s1 firm1 & cle>-sight$ intellig5ce1 & a w>m & /eadfa/ gl[ ( social feel+1 :5 a man has le>nt h[ little ! ef=t ( ! individual c d ei!r to ha/5 or direct ! curr5t ( human de/9y1 & yet f9ds 9 ef=t 8 pure/ pleasure & 8 mo/ con/ant duty4 ,if we owe hon\r to t social endeav\r :i* is /imulat$ & su/a9$ by an en?usia/ic confid5ce 9 spe$y & full fruition1 we surely owe x /ill m to ^?1 :o kn[+ h[ remote & prec>i\s & long beyond _! own days is ! h\r ( fruit1 yet ne$ no o!r spur nor su/5ance ?an b>e hope1 & 9 ?is /rive & endeav\r & /ill endeav\r4 ,"h lies ! true /r5g?1 & x 0 ! possession ( ?is /r5g? & ! con/ant call & /ra9 ^u x1 :i* gave ,turgot 9 mi5 & spee* a gravity t revolt$ ! frivol\s or indiff]5t1 & seem$ cold & timor\s to ! en?usia/ic & urg5t4 ,turgot _h discov]$ t !re 0 a law 9 ! hi/ory ( m51 & he knew h[ ?is law limit$ & condition$ progress4 ,,ii4 ,9 #agej ,turgot1 !n only 9 8 tw5ty-f\r? ye>1 0 appo9t$ to ! honor>y (fice ( ,prior ( ! ,sorbonne1 an elective di/9ction conf]r$ annually1 z x appe>s1 on "s m]itori\s or highly connect$ /ud5t4 ,x 0 held 9 ! foll[+ ye> by ,lom5ie de ,bri5ne4 ,9 ?is capacity ,turgot read two ,lat9 diss]tations1 "o at ! op5+ ( ! session1 & ! o!r at its close4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 ^u ',! ,advantages t ! ,e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity has conf]r$ ^u ! ,human ,race4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,its value1 z might well h be5 expect$ f ! circum/ances ( its production1 is n v high4 ,x is pit*$ 9 a tone ( exaltation t is em95tly unfav\rable to ! p]man5tly pr(itable treatm5t ( su* a subject4 ,!re are 9 x too _m ( ^? eloqu5t & famili> commonplaces ( or?odox hi/ory1 by :i* ! d\bt] tries to w>m himself into belief1 & ! believ] dreams t he is corroborat+ fai? by reason4 ,! assembly = :om 8 disc\rse 0 prep>$1 c\ld h>dly h endur$ ! app>ition 9 ! mid/ ( !m ( :at bo? rigor\s ju/ice & accurate hi/ory requir$ to h tak5 into acc\nt on ! o!r side4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t a "y /ud5t )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,sorbonne %\ld h any eyes = ! evil ) :i* ! =ms ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 l o!r gr[?s ( ! human m9d1 f ! l[e/ =ms ( savage animism upw>ds1 h ev] alloy$ its good4 ,! abs5ce ( all ref]5ce to "o half ( :at ! annals ( ! v>i\s ,*ri/ian *ur*es h to tea* u1 robs ! fir/ ( ,turgot's disc\rses ( t s]i\s & durable quality :i* belongs to all 8 o!r writ+s4 ,x is fair to po9t out t ! same vici\s exclusiv5ess 0 practis$ by ! enemies ( ! ,*ur*1 & t if hi/ory 0 to "o ( ! two cont5d+ factions an exagg]at$ enum]ation ( ! bless+s ( ,*ri/ianity1 x 0 to _! passionate rivals only a monoton\s catalogue ( curses4 ,( ?is temp] we h a curi\s illu/ration 9 ! circum/ance t ,dupont1 ,turgot's intimate fri5d ( lat] ye>s1 :o collect$ & publi%$ 8 works1 actually took ! tr\ble to suppress ! op5+ ( ?is v ,disc\rse1 9 :i* ,turgot _h repli$ to ! reproa* (t5 made aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 ( be+ useful only = a future life4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,o,euv4 ii4 #ehf1 n4 ,9 ! fir/ ,disc\rse1 ,turgot consid]s ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity fir/ ^u human nature1 & secondly on political societies4 ,"o feature at lea/ des]ves rem>k1 & ?is is t 9 spite bo? ( a settl$ p>tiality1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! common =m ( !ology1 yet at bottom & putt+ "s phrases ap>t1 religion is h&l$1 & its work+s trac$1 mu* z !y w\ld h be5 if treat$ z admitt$ly secul> =ces4 ,& ?is 0 some:at4 ,let u proce$ to analyse :at ,turgot says4 #a4 ,be=e ! prea*+ & acceptance ( ! new fai?1 all nations alike 7 plung$ into ! mo/ extravagant sup]/itions4 ,! mo/ frightful dissolut5ess ( mann]s 0 enc\rag$ by ! example ( ! gods !mselves4 ,e passion & ne>ly e vice 0 ! object ( a mon/r\s deification4 ,a h&ful ( philosoph]s exi/$1 :o _h le>nt no bett] lesson f _! reason1 ?an to despise ! multitude ( _! fell[s4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! univ]sal contagion1 ! ,jews alone rema9$ pure4 ,ev5 ! ,jews 7 affect$ ) a n>r[ & /]ile pride1 :i* prov$ h[ little !y appreciat$ ! priceless treasure t 0 entru/$ to _! keep+4 ,:at 7 ! effects ( ! appe>ance ( ,*ri/1 & ! revelation ( ! gospel8 ,x inspir$ m5 ) a t5d] zeal = ! tru?1 & by e/abli%+ ! necessity ( a body ( tea*]s = ! in/ruction ( nations1 made /udi\sness & intellectual application indisp5sable 9 a great numb] ( p]sons4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! obscurity1 inc]titude1 & incongru\sness1 t m>k$ ! ideas ( ! wise/ ( ! anci5ts ^u ! nature ( man & ( ,god1 & ! orig9 ( creation2 ! ,ideas ( ,plato1 = in/ance1 ! ,numb]s ( ,py?agoras1 ! !urgic extravagances ( ,plot9us & ,porphyry & ,iambli*us2 & !n measure ! contributions made by ! s*ola/ic !ologians1 ^: dry me?od has und]gone s mu* sev]e condemnation1 to ! in/rum5ts by :i* k is enl>g$ & made accurate4 ,x 0 ! ,*ur*1 moreov]1 :i* civilis$ ! ,nor!rn b>b>ians1 & s pres]v$ ! ,we/ f ! same b>b>ism & desolation ) :i* ! triumphs ( ,mahometanism replac$ ! k & arts & prosp]ity ( ! ,ea/4 ,x is to ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* t we owe ! p]petuation ( a k ( ! anci5t tongues1 & if ?is k1 & ! possession ( ! ma/]pieces ( ?\ght & feel+ & =m1 ! fl[] ( ! anci5t ,european m9d1 rema9$ s long unproductive1 /ill religi\s organisation des]ves our gratitude equally = keep+ ^! great treasures = happi] times4 ,!y surviv$1 z trees /ripp$ by w9t] ( _! leaves survive ?r\gh fro/ & /orm1 to give new blossoms 9 a new spr+4 ,?is mu* on ! intellectual side2 b h[ c we describe ! moral trans=mation :i* ! new fai? br\ght to pass8 ,m5 :o _h hi!rto only reg>d$ gods z be+s to be entreat$ to av]t ill or be/[ bless+1 n[ le>nt ! nobl] emotion ( dev\t love = a div9ity ( supreme p[] & b5efic5ce4 ,! new fai?1 besides k9dl+ love = ,god1 inflam$ ! k9dr$ s5tim5t ( love = m51 all ( :om x decl>$ to be ! *ildr5 ( ,god1 "o va/ family ) a common fa!r4 ,julian himself bore witness to ! fidelity ) :i* ! ,*ri/ians1 ^: fai? he hat$ or despis$1 t5d$ ! sick & f$ ! poor1 n only ( _! own association1 b ^? also :o 7 )\t ! fold4 ,! horrible practice ( expos+ new-born infants1 :i* outrag$ nature1 & yet did n t\* ! he>t nor ! und]/&+ ( a ,numa1 an ,ari/otle1 a ,confucius1 0 fir/ proscrib$ by ! holy religion ( ,*ri/4 ,if %ame & mis]y /ill sometimes1 9 ! he>ts ( poor outca/ mo!rs1 ov]p[] ! horror :i* ,*ri/ianity fir/ inspir$1 x is /ill ! same religion :i* has op5$ %elt]+ places = ! unhappy victims ( su* a practice1 & provid$ means = re>+ f\ndl+s into useful citiz5s4 ,*ri/ian tea*+1 by reviv+ ! pr9ciples ( s5sibility )9 ! brea/1 may be said 'to h 9 "s sort unveil$ human nature to h]self4' ,if ! cruelty ( old mann]s has abat$1 d we n owe ! improvem5t to su* c\rage\s prie/s z ,ambrose1 :o refus$ admission into ! *ur* to ,!odosius1 because 9 puni%+ a guilty city he _h he>k5$ to ! voice r ( wra? ?an ( ju/ice2 or z t ,pope :o insi/$ t ,lewis ! ,sev5? %\ld expiate by a rigor\s p5ance ! sack & burn+ ( ,vitry4#cc ,x is n to a ,titus1 a ,trajanus1 an ,anton9us1 t we owe ! abolition ( ! bloody gladiatorial games2 x is to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,virtu\s unbeliev]s h n seldom be5 ! apo/les ( b5evol5ce & humanity1 b we r>ely see !m 9 ! asylums ( mis]y4 ,reason speaks1 b x is religion t makes m5 act4 ,h[ mu* de>] to u ?an ! spl5did monum5ts ( antique ta/e1 p[]1 & greatness1 are ^? ,go?ic edifices re>$ = ! poor & ! orphan1 ^? f> nobl] monum5ts ( ! piety ( ,*ri/ian pr9ces & ! p[] ( ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! rud5ess ( _! ar*itecture may w\nd ! delicacy ( our ta/e1 b !y w be ev] belov$ by feel+ he>ts4 ',let o!rs admire 9 ! retreat prep>$ = ^? :o h sacrific$ 9 battle _! lives or _! heal? = ! ,/ate1 all ! ga!r$ ri*es ( ! arts1 display+ 9 ! eyes ( all ! nations ! magnific5ce ( ,lewis ! ,f\rte5?1 & c>ry+ our r5[n to ! level ( t ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,:at ,i w admire is su* a use ( ^? arts2 ! sublime glory ( s]v+ ! weal ( m5 raises !m high] ?an !y _h ev] be5 at ,rome or at ,a!ns4' ,footnote #cc3 ,see ,m>t9's ,hi/4 de la ,france1 iii4 #dbb4 ,or ,morison's ,life ( ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 bk4 iii4 *4 vi4 #b4 ,let u turn f ! action ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? 9 modify+ ! passions ( ! individual1 to its influ5ce ^u societies ( m54 ,h[ has ,*ri/ianity ameliorat$ ! great art ( gov]nm5t1 ) ref]5ce to ! two *>act]i/ic aims ( t art1 ! happ9ess ( communities1 & _! /ability8 ',nature has giv5 all m5 ! "r ( be+ happy1' b ! old lawgiv]s ab&on$ nature's wise economy1 by :i* %e uses ! desires & int]e/s ( individuals to fulfil h] g5]al plans & ensure ! common weal4 ,m5 l ,lycurgus de/roy$ all idea ( prop]ty1 violat$ ! laws ( mode/y1 & annihilat$ ! t5d]e/ ties ( blood4 ,a false & mis*iev\s _s ( sy/em s$uc$ !m away f ! true me?od1 ! feel+ aft] exp]i5ce4#cd ,a g5]al inju/ice reign$ 9 ! laws ( all nations2 among all ( !m :at 0 call$ ! public good 0 conf9$ to a small numb] ( m54 ,love ( c\ntry 0 less ! love ( fell[-citiz5s ?an a common hatr$ t[>ds /rang]s4 ,h5ce ! b>b>ities practis$ by ! anci5ts ^u _! slaves1 h5ce t cu/om ( slav]y once spread ov] ! :ole e>?1 ^? horrible cruelties 9 ! w>s ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 t b>b>\s inequality betwe5 ! two sexes :i* /ill reigns 9 ! ,ea/2 h5ce ! tyranny ( ! great t[>ds ! common p 9 h]$it>y ari/ocracies1 ! pr(\nd degradation ( subject peoples4 ,9 %ort1 ev]y:]e ! /rong] h made ! laws & h cru%$ ! weak2 & if !y h sometimes consult$ ! int]e/s ( a giv5 society1 !y h always =gott5 ^? ( ! human race4 ,to recall "r & ju/ice1 a pr9ciple 0 necess>y t c\ld raise m5 above !mselves & all ar\nd !m1 t c\ld lead !m to survey all nations & all conditions ) an equitable gaze1 & 9 "s sort ) ! eyes ( ,god himself4 ,?is is :at religion has done4 ,:at o!r pr9ciple c\ld h f\ght & vanqui%$ bo? int]e/s & prejudice unit$8 ,footnote #cd3 ,les hommes en t\t ne s'eclair5t que p> le tatonnem5t de l'exp]i5ce4 ,p4 #eic4 ,no?+ b ! ,*ri/ian religion c\ld h work$ t g5]al revolution 9 m5's m9ds1 :i* br\ght ! rights ( humanity out into full day1 & reconcil$ an affectionate pref]5ce = ! community ( :i* "o makes a "p1 ) a g5]al love = mank9d4 ,ev5 ! horrors ( w> 7 s(t5$1 & humanity began to be sp>$ su* frightful sequels ( triumph1 z t[ns burnt to a%es1 populations put to ! sword1 ! w\nd$ massacr$ 9 cold blood1 or res]v$ to give a gha/ly decoration to triumph4 ,slav]y1 :]e x 0 n aboli%$1 0 con/antly & effectively mitigat$ by ,*ri/ian s5tim5t1 & ! fact t ! ,*ur* did n p]emptorily insi/ on its univ]sal abolition 0 due to a wise reluctance to expose ! con/itution ( society to s sudd5 & viol5t a %ock4 ,*ri/ianity )\t =mal precepts1 m]ely by inspir+ a love ( ju/ice & m]cy 9 m5's he>ts1 prev5t$ ! laws f becom+ an in/rum5t ( oppression1 & held a balance betwe5 ! /rong & ! feeble4 ,if ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t republics %[s t !y h>dly knew ! diff]5ce betwe5 lib]ty & an>*y1 & if ev5 ! pr(\nd ,ari/otle seem$ unable to reconcile mon>*y ) a mild gov]nm5t1 is n ! reason to be f\nd 9 ! fact t be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts ( ! _w only pres5t$ ei!r an ambition )\t b\nd or limit1 or else a bl9d passion = indep5d5ce8 a p]petual balance betwe5 oppression on ! "o side1 & revolt on ! o!r8 ,9 va9 did lawgiv]s attempt to arre/ ?is incessant /ruggle ( conflict+ passions by laws :i* 7 too weak = ! purpose1 because !y 7 9 too imp]fect an accord ) op9ions & mann]s4 ,religion1 by plac+ man "u ! eyes ( an all-see+ ,god1 impos$ on human passions ! only re9 capable ( effectually bridl+ !m4 ,x gave m5 int]nal laws1 t 7 /rong] ?an all ! ext]nal bonds ( ! civil laws4 ,by means ( ?is int]nal *ange1 x has ev]y:]e _h ! effect ( weak5+ despotism1 s t ! limits ( ,*ri/ianity seem to m>k also ! limits ( mild gov]nm5t & public felicity4 ,k+s saw ! supreme tribunal ( a ,god :o %\ld judge !m & ! cause ( _! p4 ,?us ! di/ance betwe5 !m & _! subjects became z no?+ 9 ! inf9ite di/ance betwe5 k+s & subjects alike1 & ! div9ity t 0 equally elevat$ above ei!r4 ,!y 7 bo? 9 "s sort equalis$ by a common abasem5t4 ',ye nations1 be subject to au?ority1' cri$ ! voice ( religion to ! "o2 & to ! o!r x cri$1 ',ye k+s1 :o judge ! e>?1 le>n t ,god has only entru/$ y ) ! image ( p[] = ! happ9ess ( y\r peoples4' ,an eloqu5t description ( ! efficacy ( ,*ri/ianity 9 rais+ human nature1 & impress+ on k+s ! obligation ( pursu+ above all ?+s ! wellbe+ ( _! subjects1 closes ) a c\rtly (ficial salutation ( ! virtues ( t ,v ,*ri/ian ,k+1 ,lewis ! ,fifte5?4 99 99 99 99 99 ',x is ill reason+ aga9/ religion1' an illu/ri\s contempor>y ( ,turgot's _h said1 9 a deprecatory s5t5ce t s]ves to m>k ! _s ( ! "t2 'to compile a long li/ ( ! evils :i* x has inflict$1 )\t do+ ! same = ! bless+s :i* x has be/[$4'#ce ,conv]sely we may well ?9k x unphilosophical & unconv9c+ to enum]ate all ! bless+s )\t any ( ! evils2 to tell u h[ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e enl>g$ ! human _s1 )\t obs]v+ :at n>r[+ limitations x impos$2 to dwell on all ! mitigat+ influ5ces ) :i* ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es h be5 associat$1 :ile =gett+ all ! f]ocities :i* !y h inspir$4 ,! hi/ory ( ,european belief (f]s a d\ble record s9ce ! decay ( poly!ism1 & if = a c]ta9 numb] ( c5turies ?is record %[s ! civilisation ( m5's in/9cts by ,*ri/ianity1 x reveals to u 9 ! c5turies subsequ5t1 ! rev]se process ( ! civilisation ( ,*ri/ianity by m5's in/9cts4 ,turgot's piece treats half ! subject z if x 7 ! :ole4 ,he ext5ds d[n to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury a numb] ( propositions & impli$ inf]5ces1 :i* are only true up to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5?4 ,footnote #ce3 ,esprit des ,lois1 bk4 xxiv4 *4 ii4 ,ev5 )9 ?is limitation !re are _m que/ions t no /ud5t ( ,turgot's capacity w\ld n[ ov]look1 yet ( :i* he & ! mo/ reasonable spirits ( 8 age took no cognisance4 ,! m5 ( nei!r side 9 ! eighte5? c5tury knew :at ! hi/ory ( op9ion meant4 ,all alike conc]n$ !mselves ) its tru? or falsehood1 ) :at !y c\nt$ to be its ab/ract fitness or unfitness4 ,a p]fect me?od places a man :]e he c comm& "o po9t ( view z well z ! o!r1 & c disc]n n only h[ f> an idea is true & conv5i5t1 b also h[1 :e!r true & conv5i5t or o!rwise1 x came into its place 9 m5's m9ds4 ,we ought to be able to sep>ate 9 ?\ght ! "q ( ! gr\nds & evid5ce = a giv5 dogma be+ true1 f ! di/9ct & purely hi/oric "q ( ! social & intellectual conditions :i* made m5 accept x = true4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 !re 0 any "q ( ! two religions ^: docum5t & /&>ds are pr(ess$ly drawn f ! ,bible1 !re ! ,fr5*m5 ( t "t assum$ n a hi/oric attitude1 b "o exclusively dogmatic4 ,ev]ybody 0 s anxi\s to prove1 t he _h nei!r fre$om nor hum\r to obs]ve4 ,! controv]sy z to ! exact measure ( ! sup]natural =ce 9 ,judaism & its ,*ri/ian developm5t 0 s ov]:elm+ly absorb+1 z to leave )\t light or explanation ! wide & indep5d5t region ( _! place z simply natural =ces4 ,x may be said1 & p]haps x is true1 t p nev] all[ ! latt] side ( ! inquiry to become prom95t 9 _! m9ds until !y h settl$ ! =m]1 & settl$ x 9 "o way3 !y mu/ be indiff]5t to ! details ( ! natural op]ations ( a religion1 until !y are conv9c$ t !re are none ( any o!r k9d4 ,be ?is z x may1 we h to record ! facts4 ,& x is difficult to imag9e a ,fr5*man ( ! era ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ask+ himself ! sort ( que/ions :i* n[ pres5t !mselves to ! /ud5t 9 su* abundance4 ,= in/ance1 has "o effect ( ,*ri/ianity be5 to exalt a reg>d = ! ,sympa!tic ov] ! ,a,esthetic side ( action & "*8 ,& if s1 to :at elem5ts 9 ! =ms ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ & practice is ?is due8 ,& is su* a transf] ( ! highe/ place f ! beauty to ! lovabl5ess ( conduct to be acc\nt$ a ga91 :5 contra/$ ) ! relative position ( ! two sides among ! ,greeks & ,romans8 ,aga91 we h to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian idea & ! outw>d ,*ri/ian organisation1 & betwe5 ! consequ5ces to human nature & society :i* fl[$ f ! fir/1 & ! advantages :i* may be trac$ to ! second4 ,!re 0 on ! "o h& a doctr9e1 /irr+ dormant spiritual in/9cts1 & satisfy+ active spiritual ne$s2 on ! o!r an ext]nal in/itution1 pres]v+1 int]pret+1 develop+1 & apply+ ! doctr9e4 ,ea* ( ! two has its own orig91 its own hi/ory1 its own de/9y 9 ! memories ( ! race4 ,we may attempt to e/imate ! functions ( ! "o1 )\t pron\nc+ on ! exact value ( ! o!r4 ,if ! idea 0 ! direct gift ( heav51 ! policy 0 due to ! sagacity & "m-wit ( ! great ecclesia/ical /atesm54 ,if ! doctr9e 0 a sup]natural boon1 at lea/ ! =ms 9 :i* x came gradually to ov]spread ,europe 7 to be expla9$ on rational & natural gr\nds4 ,& if hi/orical inve/igation ( ^! =ms & _! influ5ces %\ld prove t !y are ! recognisable roots ( mo/ ( ! b5ign gr[?s :i* are vaguely /yl$ results ( ,*ri/ianity1 !n su* a conclusion w\ld s]i\sly att5uate ! m]its ( ! sup]natural ,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 fav\r ( ! human ,*ri/ian policy4 ,if !re _h be5 9 ! ,*ri/ian idea ! my/]i\s self-s[+ quality s con/antly claim$ = x1 h[ came x t 9 ! ,ea/]n "p ( ! ,empire x 0 z p[]less = spiritual or moral reg5]ation z x 0 = political heal? & vitality1 :ile 9 ! ,we/]n "p x became ! organ ( ! mo/ important ( all ! pa/ trans=mations ( ! civilis$ _w8 ,is n ! diff]5ce to be expla9$ by ! diff]5ce 9 ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 & :at is ! effect ( su* an explanation ^u ! sup]natural claims ( ! ,*ri/ian idea8 ,does su* an explanation r$uce t idea to ! rank ( "o ( ! hi/oric =ces1 :i* arise & op]ate & exp& !mselves 9 accordance ) /rictly natural conditions8 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,ea/ 0 probably z degrad$ a =m ( belief1 z l[]+ = human "*1 & z mis*iev\s to social wellbe+1 z has ev] be5 held by civilis$ peoples4 ,yet ! ,ea/1 /rangely en\gh1 0 ! great home & nurs]y ( all t is mo/ di/9ctive 9 ! con/itu5t ideas ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,:y1 9 m$itat+ on ,*ri/ianity1 are we to %ut our eyes to ! depravation t ov]took x :5 plac$ amid unfav\rable social conditions1 & to conf9e our gaze to ! bright] qualities :i* x develop$ 9 ! heal?i] atmosph]e ( ! ,we/8 ,fur!r1 ,turgot might h ask$ ) mu* pr(it to ! cause ( hi/oric tru?1 & p]haps 9 m emancipat$ ye>s he did ask1 :e!r economic circum/ances h n _h m to d ) ! dissolution ( slav]y ?an ,*ri/ian doctr9es3--:e!r ! rise ( r5t f free t5ants ov] ! pr(its to be drawn f slave-lab\r by ! l&[n]1 has n be5 a m p[]ful /imulant to emancipation1 ?an ! moral maxim t we ought to love "o ano!r1 or ! ,*ri/ian proposition t we are all equals be=e ! div9e ?rone & co-heirs ( salvation3--:e!r a /eady & p]man5t fall 9 ! price ( slave-rais$ productions _h n z mu* to d ) ! decay ( slav]y 9 ,europe1 z ! love ( ,god or ! doctr9e ( human bro!rhood4#cf ,t ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 s f> z x w5t1 &1 s f> z x 0 a real p[]1 t5d$ bo? to aboli% slav]y1 &1 :]e x 0 too feeble to press 9 ?is direction1 at any rate t5d$ to mitigate ! h>%ness ( its usages1 is h>dly to be d5i$ by any fair-m9d$ p]son4 ,! true issue is :at ?is influ5ce am\nt$ to4 ,! or?odox hi/orian treats x z s+le & omnipot5t4 ,8 het]odox bro!r--9 ! eighte5? c5tury !y bo? usually belong$ to "o family--leaves x out4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see on ?is subject ,f9lay's ,m$iaeval ,greece & ,trebizond1 p4 #aig2 & also1 on ! o!r h&1 p4 #ef4 ,! cr[d$ annals ( human misology1 z well z ! m t]rible *ronicle ( ! consequ5ces :5 misology has impati5tly betak5 itself to ! cruel arm ( fle%1 %[ ! decisive importance ( ! precise way 9 :i* a great subject ( debate is put4 ,n[ ! :ole "q ( religion 0 9 ^? days put ) radical incomplet5ess1 & ,turgot's diss]tation 0 only 9 a h>mony t might h be5 expect$ ) ! prevail+ error4 ,! *ampions ( au?ority1 l ! lead]s ( ! revolt1 insi/$ on inquir+ absolutely1 n relatively2 on judg+ religion ) ref]5ce to human nature 9 ! ab/ract1 in/ead ( ) ref]5ce to ! *ang+ v>ieties ( social in/itution & circum/ance4 ,we ought to place ourselves :]e we c see bo? l9es ( inquiry to be possible4 ,we ought to place ourselves :]e we c ask :at ! t5d5cies ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce h be51 )\t mix+ up ) t "q ! fur!r & di/9ct inquiry :at ^! t5d5cies are n[1 or are likely to be4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has hi!rto lean$ to ! hi/orical & relative aspect ( ! great controv]sy4 ,! eighte5? 0 *>act]i/ically dogmatic1 & ! de/roy]s ( ! fai? 7 n any less dogmatic 9 _! own way1 ?an ^? :o pr(ess$ to be its apologi/s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,probably x 0 n long aft] ! composition ( ?is apologetic !sis1 be=e ,turgot became alive to ! precise position ( a cre$ :i* _h come to dem& apologetic !ses4 ,?is 01 inde$1 "o ( ! m>k$ & critical mom5ts 9 ! great trans=mation ( religi\s feel+ & ecclesia/ical ord] 9 ,europe1 ( :i* our own age1 f\r g5]ations lat]1 is wat*+ a v decisive1 if n a f9al /age4 ,turgot's demon/ration ( ! b5efic5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 0 deliv]$ 9 ,july #agej--;almo/ ! exact middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! dea? ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ! ,six?1 t5 ye>s be=e1 _h giv5 ! signal = ! break-up ( ! ,european sy/em4 ,! iron army ( ,prussia made its fir/ /ride out ( ! n>r[ nor!rn bord]s1 into ! broad ar5a ( ! ,we/1 & e new illu/ration ( ! =titude & dep? & f>-rea*+ p[] ( ,prussia has be5 a new bl[ to ! old ,ca?olic organisation4 ,! fir/ act ( ?is prodigi\s drama clos$ :ile ,turgot 0 a pupil at ! ,sorbonne4 ,! c\rt ( ,france _h blund]$ into alliances aga9/ ! retrograde & ,ca?olic h\se ( ,au/ria1 :ile ,engl&1 ) equal bl9dness1 _h /umbl$ into fri5d%ip ) x4 ,be=e ! op5+ ( ! second act or true climax--t is1 be=e ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w> began--int]e/s & =ces became m naturally adju/$4 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,au/ria1 ,b\rbons & ,hapsburgs1 ! great pill>s ( ! ,*ur*1 7 rang$ aga9/ ,engl& & ,prussia1 ! half-consci\s repres5tatives ( ^? indu/rial & individuali/ pr9ciples :i* replac$1 :e!r = a "t or p]man5tly1 ! decay+ sy/em ( ari/ocratic ca/e 9 temporal ?+s1 & an ungr[+ ,ca?olicism 9 ?+s spiritual4 ,9 #agej ecclesia/ical f>-sight$ness1 c\rt intrigue1 & family ambitions1 7 actively prep>+ ! way = ! ,au/rian alliance 9 ! mephitic air ( ,v]sailles4 ,! issue at /ake 0 ! ma9t5ance ( ! supremacy ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! anci5t ,*ri/ian organisation ( ,france & ( ,europe4 ,we n[ "k h[ ?is long battle has gone4 ,! ,jesuit ,*ur*m5 lo/ _! lead1 & 7 ?r[n back out ( ! civil & political sph]e4 ,we "k1 too1 :at effect ^! bl[s to ! ,ca?olic organisation h _h ^u ! activity ( ! ,ca?olic idea4 ,) ! decl9e & ext]m9ation ( ! pr$om9ance ( ,*ur*m5 9 civil affairs1 !re began a t5d5cy1 :i* has s9ce become deep] & /rong]1 9 ! ,*ur* to )draw h]self & h] sons f a sph]e :]e %e c\ld no long] be sov]eign & que54 ,religion1 s9ce ! ,revolution1 isolates ! mo/ dev\t ,ca?olics f political action & political int]e/s4 ,?is great *ange1 h[ev]1 ?is return ( ! lead]s ( ! ,*ri/ian society ^u ! orig9al conceptions ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 did n come to pass 9 ,turgot's "t4 ,he wat*$ ! /ruggle ( ! ,*ur* = ! ma9t5ance ( its temporal privilege & hon\r1 & = ! cont9u$ protection by secul> p[] ( its spiritual supremacy4 ,! outcome ( ! /ruggle 0 lat]4 ,we may say1 9 f9e1 t if ?is fir/ public composition ( ,turgot's is extremely imp]fect1 x 0 bett] to exagg]ate ! s]vices ( ,*ri/ianity1 alike z an int]nal fai? & z a peculi> =m ( social organisation1 ?an to describe ,gregory ! ,great & ,innoc5t1 ,hildebr& & ,b]n>d1 z artful & vulg> tyrants1 & ,aqu9as & ,rog] ,bacon z ! products ( a purely b>b>\s1 /ation>y1 & d>k age4 ,!re is at fir/ sight some?+ surpris+ 9 ! respect :i* ,turgot's able/ contempor>ies paid to ! contributions made to progress by ,greece & ,rome1 comp>$ ) _! angry disp>agem5t ( ! d>k ages4 ,! reason ( ?is contra/ we soon discov] to be t ! passions ( pres5t conte/s gave _! own col\r to m5's int]pretation ( ! circum/ances ( ! remote middle "t1 betwe5 ! ,roman ,empire & ! comm5cem5t ( ! revolution>y p]iod4 ,turgot escap$ ^! passions m completely ?an any man ( 8 "t :o 0 noble en\gh to be end[$ ) ! capacity = passion4 ,he nev] =got t x is z wise & j to confess ! obligations ( mank9d to ! ,ca?olic mono!ism ( ! ,we/1 z x is %all[ & unju/ 9 pr(essors ( ,*ri/ianity to despise or hate ! l[] !ological sy/ems :i* guide ! humbl] families ( mank9d4 ,let u obs]ve t only ?ree ye>s aft] ?is academic disc\rse 9 praise ( ! religion ( ! "t1 ,turgot 0 decl>+ t '! greate/ ( ! s]vices ( ,*ri/ianity to ! _w 0 t x _h bo? enlight5$ & propagat$ natural religion4'#cg ,footnote #cg3 ,lettres sur la ,tol]ance1 ,,ii4 vol4 ii4 #fhg4 ,,iii4 ,turgot's inquiry into ! ext5t & quality ( ! debt ( ,european civilisation to ,*ri/ianity 0 m>k$ by a c]ta9 bread? & l>g5ess1 9 spite ( ! bonds ( circum/ance & subject--= :o1 aft] all1 c consid] ,*ri/ianity to any purpose1 ap>t f o!r conditions ( g5]al progress1 or )\t free comp>ison ) o!r dogmatic sy/ems8 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d ! same valuable gifts ( vision com+ into play ) a ?\s& times great] lib]ty & p[]1 :5 ! !me 0 wid5$ s z to compreh5d ! successive /eps ( ! advancem5t ( ! human m9d 9 all its aspects4 ,! ,second & m fam\s ( ! two ,disc\rses at ! ,sorbonne 0 read 9 ,decemb] #agej1 & pr(esses to treat ! ,successive ,advances ( ! ,human ,m9d4#ch ,! op5+ l9es are among ! mo/ pregnant1 z !y 7 among ! mo/ orig9al1 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 & reveal 9 an outl9e1 /&+ cle> aga9/ ! light1 a ?\ght :i* revolutionis$ old me?ods ( view+ & describ+ ! c\rse ( human affairs1 & conta9$ ! g]ms ( a new & mo/ fruitful philosophy ( society4 ,footnote #ch3 ,sur les progres successifs de l'esprit huma94 ,o,euv4 ii4 #eig-faa4 ',! ph5om5a ( nature1 subject$ z !y are to con/ant laws1 are enclos$ 9 a circle ( revolutions t rema9 ! same = ev]4 ,all comes to life aga91 all p]i%es aga92 & 9 ^! successive g5]ations1 by :i* vegetables & animals reproduce !mselves1 "t does no m ?an br+ back at ea* mom5t ! image ( :at x has j dismiss$4 ',! succession ( m51 on ! contr>y1 (f]s f age to age a spectacle ( cont9ual v>iations4 ,reason1 fre$om1 ! passions1 are incessantly produc+ new ev5ts4 ,all epo*s are fa/5$ toge!r by a sequ5ce ( causes & effects1 l9k+ ! condition ( ! _w to all ! conditions t h gone be=e x4 ,! gradually multipli$ signs ( spee* & writ+1 giv+ m5 an in/rum5t = mak+ sure ( ! cont9u$ possession ( _! ideas1 z well z ( imp>t+ !m to o!rs1 h =m$ out ( ! k ( ea* individual a common treasure1 :i* g5]ation transmits to g5]ation1 z an inh]itance con/antly augm5t$ by ! discov]ies ( ea* age2 & ! human race1 obs]v$ f its fir/ beg9n+1 seems 9 ! eyes ( ! philosoph] to be "o va/ :ole1 :i*1 l ea* individual 9 x1 has its infancy & its gr[?4' ,?is 0 n a m]e casual reflection 9 ,turgot's m9d1 tak+ a solit>y & sep>ate position among ^? v>i\s & unord]$ ideas1 :i* spr+ up & g on exi/+ )\t visible fruit 9 e active intellig5ce4 ,x 0 "o ( ! sy/ematic conceptions :i* %ape & rule _m gr\ps ( facts1 fix+ a new & high place ( _! own = !m among ! great divisions ( k4 ,9 a ^w1 x belong$ to ! r>e ord] ( truly creative ideas1 & 0 ! root or g]m ( a :ole body ( vigor\s & connect$ ?\ght4 ,?is quality m>ks ! di/9ction1 9 respect ( ! treatm5t ( hi/ory1 betwe5 ,turgot1 & bo? ,bossuet & ! great writ]s ( hi/ory 9 ,france & ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,_m ( ! say+s to :i* we are ref]r$ = ! orig9 ( ! mod]n idea ( hi/ory1 su* z ,pascal's = in/ance1 are ! =tuit\s glimpses ( m5 ( g5ius into a va/ sea1 ^: ext5t !y h n be5 l$ to suspect1 & :i* only make a pass+ & mom5t>y m>k4 ,bossuet's talk ( univ]sal hi/ory1 :i* has be5 s con/antly prais$1 0 fundam5tally1 & 9 sub/ance1 no m ?an a bit ( !ological commonplace spl5didly decorat$4 ,he did inde$ speak ( '! concat5ation ( human affairs1' b only 9 ! same s5t5ce ) '! sequ5ce ( ! c\nsels ( ,god4' ,! gorge\s rhetorician ( ! ,*ur* 0 n likely to rise philosophically into ! l>g] air ( univ]sal hi/ory1 prop]ly s call$4 ,8 fam\s ,disc\rse is a v9dication ( div9e =esight1 by means ( an int5sely n>r[ survey ( su* sets ( facts z might be ?\ght n inconsi/5t ) ! deity's fix$ purpose to make "o f9al & decisive revelation to m54 ,no "o :o looks ^u ! va/ assemblage ( /up5d\s human circum/ances1 f ! fir/ orig9 ( man ^u ! e>?1 z m]ely ! orda9$ antec$5t ( :at1 se5 f ! long procession ( all ! ages1 figures 9 s dim9utive a consummation z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is likely to obta9 a v effective hold ( t broad sequ5ce & _m-l9k$ *a9 ( ev5ts1 to :i* ,bossuet gave a "r "n1 b ^: real mean+ he nev] 0 ev5 ne> seiz+4 ,8 m]it is t he did 9 a small & rhetorical way :at ,montesquieu & ,voltaire aft]w>ds did 9 a truly compreh5sive & philosophical way2 he press$ =w>d g5]al ideas 9 connection ) ! record$ movem5ts ( ! *ief races ( mank9d4 ,= a tea*] ( hi/ory to leave ! b>e *ronicl]'s road s f> z to decl>e1 = example1 ! g5]al pr9ciple1 inadequate & ov]-/at$ z x is1 t 'religion & civil gov]nm5t are ! two po9ts on :i* human ?+s revolve1'--ev5 ?is 0 a cle> /ep 9 advance4 ,! dismissal ( ! long s]ies ( emp]ors f ,augu/us to ,alex&] ,sev]us 9 two or ?ree pages 0 to %[ a ripe s5se ( l>ge hi/oric proportion4 ,aga91 ,bossuet's expressions ( '! concat5ation ( ! univ]se1' ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! p>ts ( s va/ a :ole1 ( !re com+ no great *ange )\t hav+ its causes 9 =ego+ c5turies1 & ( ! true object ( hi/ory be+ to obs]ve1 9 connection ) ea* epo*1 ^? secret dispositions ( ev5ts :i* prep>$ ! way = great *anges1 z well z ! mom5t\s conjunctures :i* m imm$iately br\ght !m to pass#ci--;all ^! phrases seem to po9t to a true & philosophic survey4 ,b !y end 9 !mselves1 & lead n[hi!r4 ,! *a9 is an arbitr>y & "o-sid$ collection ( facts4 ,! writ] does n cauti\sly foll[ & feel aft] ! successive l9ks1 b =ges & *ooses & arrays !m aft] a patt]n ( 8 own1 :i* 0 fix$ indep5d5tly ( !m4 ,a sci5tific t]m or two is n en\gh to disguise ! purely !ological ess5ce ( ! treatise4 ,footnote #ci3 ,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire ,univ]selle1 "p iii4 *4 ii4 ,montesquieu & ,voltaire 7 bo? f> en\gh remov$ f ,bossuet's po9t ( view1 & ! ,_s ( ,laws ( ! "o1 & ! ,essay on ! ,mann]s & ,"* ( ,nations ( ! o!r1 m>k a v diff]5t way ( consid]+ hi/ory f ! l(ty & confid5t me?od ( ! or?odox rhetorician4 ,! ,_s ( ,laws 0 publi%$ 9 #agdh1 t is to say a c\ple ( ye>s be=e ,turgot's ,disc\rse at ! ,sorbonne4 ,voltaire's ,essay on ,mann]s did n come out until #ageg1 or sev5 ye>s lat] ?an ! ,disc\rse2 b ,voltaire himself has told u t its composition dates f #agdj1 :5 he prep>$ ?is new pres5tation ( ,european hi/ory = ! s]vice ( ,madame du ,*atelet4#dj ,we may h5ce fairly consid] ! c>d9al "w ( ,montesquieu1 & ! c>d9al hi/orical "w ( ,voltaire1 z virtually belong+ to ! same "t4 ,& !y possess a lead+ "* 9 common1 :i* sep>ates !m bo? f ,turgot1 & places !m relatively to 8 idea 9 a second>y rank4 ,9 a ^w1 ,montesquieu & ,voltaire1 if we h to se>* _! mo/ di/9ctive quality1 introduc$ into hi/ory sy/ematically1 & ) full & decisive effect1 a broad g5]ality ( treatm5t4 ,!y gr\p$ ! facts ( hi/ory2 & !y did n gr\p !m locally or 9 accordance ) m]e geographical or *ronological division1 b collect$ ! facts 9 social classes & ord]s f _m c\ntries & times4 ,_! "w 0 a "w ( classification4 ,x %[$ ! possibility ( arrang+ ! manifold & complex facts ( society1 & ( ! movem5ts ( communities1 "u heads & ) ref]5ce to def9ite g5]al conditions4 ,footnote #dj3 ,preface to ,essai sur les ,moeurs1 ,o,euv4 xx4 ,!re is no ne$ "h to ent] into any criticism ( ,montesquieu's great "w1 h[ f> ! m]its ( its execution equall$ ! m]it ( its design1 h[ f> 8 vici\s confusion ( ! s5ses ( ! ^w 'law' impair$ ! wor? ( 8 book1 z a contribution to inductive or comp>ative hi/ory4 ,we h only to seek ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! philosophic conception ( ,montesquieu & ! philosophic conception ( ,turgot4 ,! latt] may be consid]$ a m lib]al completion ( ! =m]4 ,turgot n only sees ! op]ation ( law 9 ! movem5ts & in/itutions ( society1 b he int]prets ?is law 9 a positive & sci5tific s5se1 z an asc]ta9able succession ( social /ates1 ea* ( !m be+ ! cause & effect ( o!r social /ates4 ,turgot gives its des]v$ prom95ce to ! f]tile idea ( !re be+ an ord]$ movem5t ( gr[? or advance among societies2 9 o!r words1 ( ! civilisation ( any giv5 portion ( mank9d hav+ fix$ conditions analog\s to ^? ( a physical organism4 ,f9ally1 he does n limit 8 ?\ght by fix+ x ^u ! laws & con/itutions only ( c\ntries1 b ref]s hi/orical philosophy to its v]itable & wide/ object & conc]n1 ! /eps & conditions ( ! progression ( ! human m9d4 ,h[1 he inquires1 c we seize ! ?read ( ! progress ( ! human m9d8 ,h[ trace ! road1 n[ ov]gr[n & half-hidd51 along :i* ! race has travell$8 ,two ideas sugge/ !mselves1 :i* lay f\ndations = ?is inquiry4 ,= "o ?+1 ! res\rces ( nature & ! fruitful g]m ( all sorts ( k are to be f\nd :]ev] m5 are to be f\nd4 ',! sublime/ atta9m5ts are n1 & _c be1 o!r ?an ! fir/ ideas ( s5se develop$ or comb9$1 j z ! edifice ^: height mo/ amazes ! eye1 ( necessity reposes on ! v e>? t we tread2 & ! same s5ses1 ! same organs1 ! spectacle ( ! same univ]se1 h ev]y:]e giv5 m5 ! same ideas1 z ! same ne$s & ! same dispositions h ev]y:]e taught !m ! same arts4' ,or x might be put 9 o!r words4 ,!re is id5tity 9 human nature1 & repetition 9 surr\nd+ circum/ance means ! reproduction ( social consequ5ces4 ,= ano!r ?+1 '! actual /ate ( ! univ]se1 by pres5t+ at ! same mom5t on ! e>? all ! %ades ( b>b>ism & civilisation1 discloses to u z 9 a s+le glance ! monum5ts1 ! footpr9ts ( all ! /eps ( ! human m9d1 ! measure ( ! :ole track along :i* x has pass$1 ! hi/ory ( all ! ages4' ,! progress ( ! human m9d means to ,turgot ! progress ( k4 ,its hi/ory is ! hi/ory ( ! gr[? & spread ( sci5ce & ! arts4 ,its advance is increas$ enlight5m5t ( ! und]/&+4 ,f ,adam & ,eve d[n to ,lewis ! ,f\rte5?1 ! record ( progress is ! *ronicle ( ! ev]-increas+ additions to ! sum ( :at m5 "k1 & ! accuracy & fulness ) :i* !y "k4 ,! *ief in/rum5t 9 ?is enlight5m5t is ! ris+ up f "t to "t ( "s l(ty & sup]ior intellig5ce2 = ?\gh human "* conta9s ev]y:]e ! same pr9ciple1 yet c]ta9 m9ds are end[$ ) a peculi> abundance ( tal5t t is refus$ to o!rs4 ',circum/ances develop ^! sup]ior tal5ts1 or leave !m buri$ 9 obscurity2 & f ! inf9ite v>iety ( ^! circum/ances spr+s ! inequality among nations4' ,! agricultural /age goes imm$iately be=e a decisively poli%$ /ate1 because x is !n fir/ t !re is t surplus ( means ( subsi/5ce1 :i* all[s m5 ( high] capacity ! leisure = us+ x 9 ! acquisition ( k1 prop]ly s call$4 ,"o ( ! greate/ /eps 0 ! preci\s inv5tion ( writ+1 & "o ( ! mo/ rapid 0 ! con/itution ( ma!matical k4 ,! sci5ces t came next matur$ m sl[ly1 because 9 ma!matics ! explor] has only to comp>e ideas among "o ano!r1 :ile 9 ! o!rs he has to te/ ! con=mity ( ideas to objective facts4 ,ma!matical tru?s1 becom+ m num]\s e day1 & increas+ly fruitful 9 proportion1 lead to ! developm5t ( hypo!ses at once m ext5sive & m exact1 & po9t to new exp]im5ts1 :i* 9 _! turn furni% new problems to solve4 ',s necessity p]fects ! in/rum5t2 s ma!matics f9ds support 9 physics1 to :i* x l5ds its lamp2 s all k is b\nd toge!r2 s1 not)/&+ ! div]sity ( _! advance1 all ! sci5ces l5d "o ano!r mutual aid2 & s1 by =ce ( feel+ a way1 ( multiply+ sy/ems1 ( exhau/+ errors1 s to speak1 ! _w at l5g? arrives at ! k ( a va/ numb] ( tru?s4' ,x might seem z if a prodigi\s confusion1 z ( tongues1 w\ld arise f s enorm\s an advance along s _m l9es4 ',! diff]5t sci5ces1 orig9ally conf9$ )9 a few simple notions common to all1 c n[1 aft] _! advance into m ext5sive & difficult ideas1 only be survey$ ap>t4 ,b an advance1 great] /ill1 br+s !m toge!r aga91 because t mutual dep5d5ce ( all tru?s is discov]$1 :i*1 :ile x l9ks !m "o to ano!r1 ?r[s light on "o by ano!r4' ,alas1 ! hi/ory ( op9ion is1 9 "o ( its mo/ ext5sive bran*es1 ! hi/ory ( error4 ,! s5ses are ! s+le s\rce ( our ideas1 & furni% its models to ! imag9ation4 ,h5ce t ne>ly incorrigible disposition to judge :at we are ignorant ( by :at we "k2 h5ce ^? deceptive analogies to :i* ! primitive rud5ess ( m5 surr5d]s itself4 ',z !y wat*$ nature1 z _! eyes w&]$ to ! surface ( a pr(\nd ocean1 in/ead ( ! f>-(f b$ hidd5 "u ! wat]s1 !y saw no?+ b _! own lik5ess4 ,e object 9 nature _h its god1 & ?is god =m$ aft] ! patt]n ( m51 _h m5's attributes & m5's vices4'#da ,"h1 9 an?ropomorphism1 or ! transf] ( human quality to ?+s n human1 & ! inv5tion ( spiritual exi/5ces to be ! recipi5ts ( ?is quality1 ,turgot ju/ly t\*$ ! root ( mo/ ( ! wrong ?9k+ t has be5 z a manacle to sci5ce4 ,footnote #da3 ,p4 #fja4 ,8 admiration = ^? epo*s 9 :i* new tru?s 7 mo/ successfully discov]$1 & old fallacies mo/ signally r\t$1 did n prev5t ,turgot f appreciat+ ! ages ( criticism & _! s]vices to k4 ,he does full ju/ice to ,alex&ria1 n only = its a/ronomy & geometry1 b = t peculi> /udi\sness ':i* ex]cises itself less on ?+s ?an on books2 ^: /r5g? lies less 9 produc+ & discov]+1 ?an 9 collect+ & comp>+ & e/imat+ :at has be5 produc$ & discov]$2 :i* does n press =w>d1 b gazes backw>d along ! road t has already be5 trav]s$4 ,! /udies t require mo/ g5ius1 are n always ^? :i* imply mo/ progress 9 ! mass ( m54 ,!re are m9ds to :i* nature has giv5 a memory capable ( comp>+ tru?s1 ( sugge/+ an arrangem5t t places ^! tru?s 9 ! fulle/ light2 b to :i*1 at ! same "t1 %e has refus$ t ard\r ( g5ius :i* insi/s on inv5t+ & op5+ out = itself new l9es ( discov]y4 ,made to unite =m] discov]ies "u a s+le po9t ( view1 to surr\nd !m ) light1 & to exhibit !m 9 entire p]fection1 if !y are n lum9>ies t burn & sp>kle ( !mselves1 at lea/ !y are l diamonds t reflect ) dazzl+ brilliance a borr[$ light4' ,?us ,turgot's conception ( progress reg>ds x ma9ly1 if n entirely1 z a gradual dawn & diffusion ( light1 ! spread+ abroad ( ! rays ( k4 ,he does n ass]t1 z "s mod]ns h crudely ass]t$1 t morality is ( ! nature ( a fix$ quantity2 /ill he h9ts some?+ ( ! k9d4 ',morality1' he says1 speak+ ( ,greece 9 ! "t ( its e>ly physical speculation1 '?\gh /ill imp]fect1 /ill kept few] relics ( ! infancy ( reason4 ,^? ev]spr++ necessities :i* s incessantly recall man to society1 & =ce him to b5d to its laws1 t in/9ct1 t s5tim5t ( :at is good & "r1 :i* ,provid5ce has engrav$ 9 all he>ts1 & :i* prec$es reason1 all lead ! ?9k]s ( e "t back to ! same fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( morals4' ,we meet ) ?is limitation ( ! idea ( progress 9 e memb] ( ! s*ool to :i*1 m ?an to any o!r1 ,turgot belong$4 ,ev5 9 ! v9dication ( ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity to ! gratitude ( mank9d1 he _h =borne f lay+ /ress on any orig9al contribution1 suppos$ to be made by t religion to ! preci\s /ock ( e?ical ideas4 ,he dwells ^u ! 't5d] zeal = ! progress ( tru? t ! ,*ri/ian religion inspir$1' & rec\nts ! v>i\s circum/ances 9 :i* x spread & promot$ ! social & political conditions mo/ fav\rable to intellectual or sci5tific activity4 ,:atev] may be ! tru? or ! value ( ,*ri/ianity z a dogmatic sy/em1 !re c be little d\bt t its weight z a hi/oric =ce is to be look$ =1 n s mu* 9 ! enc\ragem5t x gave to sci5ce & le>n+1 9 respect ( :i* ,we/]n ,europe probably owes m to ,mahometanism1 z 9 ! high & g5]\s types ( "* :i* x inspir$4 ,a man ( r>e moral dep?1 w>m?1 or delicacy1 may be a m important elem5t 9 ! advance ( civilisation1 ?an ! newe/ & true/ d$uction f :at ,turgot calls '! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( morals4' ,! lead+ ( s\ls to d :at is "r & humane1 is always m urg5t ?an m]e in/ruction ( ! intellig5ce z to :at exactly is ! "r & ! humane4 ,! sa9t aft] all has a place 9 positive hi/ory2 b ! m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury passionately ?rew him out f _! cal5d>1 z ! m]e wood5 idol ( sup]/ition4 ,!y eag]ly recognis$ ! g5ius ( sci5tific discov]y2 b !y _h no eyes = ! g5ius ( moral hol9ess4 ,turgot1 f> z he 0 f _m ( ! n>r[nesses ( 8 "t1 yet did n entirely transc5d ?is1 ! wor/ ( !m all4 ,& because he c\ld n p]ceive !re to be any new gr[?s 9 moral sci5ce1 he left out f a front place among ! =ces t h giv5 /r5g? & rip5ess to ! human m9d1 ! sup]ior capacity ( "s m5 = k9dl+1 by ^w & example1 ! gl[+ love & dev\t practice ( morality 9 ! brea/s ( _m g5]ations ( _! fell[s4 ,! me*anical arts1 ,turgot says1 7 pres]v$ 9 ! d>k ages by ! necessities ( exi/5ce1 & because 'x is impossible b t out ( ! cr[d ( artisans practis+ !m1 !re %\ld arise f "t to "t "o ( ^? m5 ( g5ius :o are f\nd m+l$ ) o!r m51 z gold is f\nd m+l$ ) ! e>? ( a m9e4' ,surely 9 ! same way holy m5 arose1 ) ke5] feel+ = ! spiritual necessities ( ! "t1 & f9] k to tra9 & fit ! capacities ( human nature to meet ^! ne$s1 & make _! satisfaction ! basis = yet l(ti] /&>ds & holi] aspirations & nobl] & m c>eful practice4 ,! "w ( all su* m5 des]v$ a place 9 an outl9e ( ! progressive =ces ( ! human m9d1 z mu* z ! "w ( ^? :o inv5t$ bills ( ex*ange1 ! art ( musical notation1 w9dmills1 clocks1 gunp[d]1 & all ! o!r mat]ial in/rum5ts = multiply+ ! p[]s ( man & ! conv5i5ces ( life4 ,ev5 if we give ,turgot ! b5efit ( ! d\bt :e!r he int5d$ to describe m ?an ! progress ( ! human intellig5ce1 or ! kn[+ "p ( ! m9d1 ! omission ( ! :ole moral side is /ill a defect4 ,= z he int]prets k to be ! con=mity ( our ideas to facts1 has !re n be5 a cle>ly recognisable progress 9 ! improv$ con=mity ( our ideas to ! mo/ mom5t\s facts ( all1 ! v>i\s circum/ances ( human action1 its motives & consequ5ces8 ,no factor among ! con/itu5ts ( a progressive civilisation des]ves m c>efully to be tak5 into acc\nt1 ?an ! degree 9 :i* ! curr5t op9ion & usage ( a society recognise ! compreh5siv5ess ( moral obligation4 ,m ?an ^u any?+ else1 does progress dep5d on ! k9ds ( conduct :i* a community classifies z moral or immoral1 & ^u ! wid] or n>r[] inclusiv5ess )9 rigid e?ical b\nd>ies ( :at ought or ought n to be left op5 & indiff]5t4 ,! conditions :i* create & modify ^! e?ical regulations1--_! law 9 a ^w1--=m a dep>tm5t ( ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 :i* c be almo/ less readily disp5s$ ) ?an any o!r4 ,:at sort ( a hi/ory ( ,europe w\ld t be1 :i* %\ld omit1 = example1 to consid] ! influ5ce ( ! moral rig\r ( ,calv9ism ^u ! gr[? ( ! nations affect$ by x8 ,moreov]1 ,turgot expressly admits ! ev]-pres5t wants ( society to be ! /imulat+ ag5ts1 z well z ! guides1 ( sci5tific en]gy4 ,he expressly admits1 too1 t !y are con/antly pluck+ m5 by ! skirt1 & =c+ !m back to social rules ( conduct4 ,x is c]ta91 !re=e1 t z ! necessities ( society increase 9 numb] & complexity1 morality w be develop$ to correspond ) !m1 & ! way 9 :i* new applications ( e?ical s5tim5ts to ! dem&s ( ! common weal are made1 is z int]e/+ & z des]v+ ( a place 9 any sci5tific inquiry into social progress1 z ! new applications ( physical tru?s to satisfy mat]ial ne$s & to fur!r mat]ial conv5i5ce4 ,turgot ju/ly po9ts to ! p]fect+ ( language z "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! _m processes t g to ! g5]al advancem5t ( ! race4#db ,n less1 b m1 important is ! analog\s "w ( p]fect+ our ideas ( virtue & duty4 ,surely ?is *amb]1 too1 9 ! great laboratory des]ves t ! hi/orian %\ld unseal its door & explore its recesses4 ,footnote #db3 ,p4 #fjc4 ,! *>act]i/ic m]its ( ! second ( ! two disc\rses at ! ,sorbonne may be briefly describ$ 9 ?is way4 ,x recognises ! idea ( ord]$ succession 9 connection ) ! facts ( society4 ,x consid]s ?is succession z "o1 n ( sup]ficial ev5ts1 b ( work+ =ces4 ,?us ,bol+broke1 writ+ fifte5 ye>s be=e1 _h said t 'z to ev5ts t /& record$ 9 hi/ory1 we see !m all1 we see !m z !y foll[$ "o ano!r1 or z !y produc$ "o ano!r1 causes or effects1 imm$iate or remote4'#dc ,b x is v evid5t f 8 illu/rations t by all ?is he und]/ood no m ?an ! imm$iate connection betwe5 "o transaction & ano!r4 ,he ?\ght1 = example1 ( ! ,revolution ( #afhh be+ a consequ5ce ( ! bad gov]nm5t ( ,james ! ,second2 ( ?is bad gov]nm5t spr++ f ! k+'s atta*m5t to pop]y2 ?is 9 turn be+ caus$ by ! exile ( ! royal family2 ?is exile hav+ its s\rce 9 ,cromwell's usurpation2 & s =?1 "o may suppose1 d[n to ! ,noa*ian flood1 or ! era :5 ! e>? 0 =mless & void4 ,x is m]e futility to talk ( cause & effect 9 connection ) a /r+ ( arbitr>ily *os5 incid5ts ( ?is sort4 ,cause & effect1 9 ,turgot's s5se ( hi/ory1 describe a relation betwe5 c]ta9 sets or gr\ps ( circum/ances1 t are ( a peculi>ly decisive k9d1 because ! surface ( ev5ts con=ms itself to _! inn] work+4 ,8 acc\nt ( ^! decid+ circum/ances 0 n :at we %\ld be likely to accept n[1 because he limit$ !m too closely to purely intellectual acquisitions1 z we h j se51 & because he fail$ to see ! necessity ( trac+ ! root ( ! :ole gr[? to c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 ! m5tal con/itution ( mank9d4 ,b1 at all ev5ts1 8 conception ( hi/ory rose above m]ely individual conc]ns1 embrac$ ! successive movem5ts ( societies & _! relations to "o ano!r1 & s\ght ! spr+ ( revolutions 9 ! affairs ( a community 9 long tra9s ( prep>+ conditions1 int]nal & ext]nal4 ,above all1 hi/ory 0 a :ole4 ,! =tunes & a*ievem5ts ( ea* nation 7 scrut9is$ = _! effect on ! gr[? ( all mank9d4 ,footnote #dc3 ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 ,lett] ii4 ,,iv4 ,9 ! ye> #agfa1 ,turgot1 !n 9 8 ?irty-f\r? ye>1 0 appo9t$ to ! (fice ( ,int5dant 9 ! ,g5]ality ( ,limoges4 ,!re 7 ?ree diff]5t divisions ( ,france 9 ! eighte5? c5tury3 fir/ & olde/1 ! diocese or ecclesia/ical circumscription2 second1 ! prov9ce or milit>y gov]nm5t2 & ?ird1 ! ,g5]ality1 or a di/rict def9$ = fiscal & adm9i/rative purposes4 ,! ,int5dant 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! la/ c5tury 0 v mu* :at ! ,prefect is 9 ! gov]nm5t ( our own "t4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 we und]/& ,turgot's position 9 ,lim\s9 be/1 by comp>+ x to t ( ! ,*ief ,commission] ( "s great di/rict 9 our ,indian ,empire4 ,= example1 ! fir/ task :i* ,turgot _h to p]=m 0 to execute a new l&-assessm5t = purposes ( imp]ial rev5ue4 ,he _h to con/ruct roads1 to build b>racks1 to adm9i/] ju/ice1 to deal ) a fam9e1 j z ! ,engli% civilian has to d 9 ,orissa or ,beh>4 ,mu* ( 8 "t 0 tak5 up 9 elaborate memorials to ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 & ! desk ( ! controll]-g5]al at ,v]sailles 0 load$ ) m9utes & reports exactly l ! volum9\s pap]s :i* fill ! mahogany boxes ( ! ,memb]s ( ,c\ncil & ! ,home ,secret>y at ,calcutta4 ,! fundam5tal conditions ( ! two sy/ems ( gov]nm5t 7 mu* alike2 absolute political au?ority1 & an elaborately c5tralis$ civil adm9i/ration = keep+ ord] & rais+ a rev5ue4 ,! direct au?ority ( an ,int5dant 0 n consid]able4 ,8 *ief functions 7 ! settlem5t ( detail 9 execut+ ! g5]al ord]s t he receiv$ f ! m9i/]2 a provisional decision on c]ta9 k9ds ( m9or affairs2 & a p[] ( judg+ "s civil suits1 subject to appeal to ! ,c\ncil4 ,b ?\gh ! ,int5dant 0 s /rictly a subord9ate1 yet he 0 ! man ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ?or\ghly 9 its confid5ce4 ,! gov]nm5t only saw ) 8 eyes1 & only act$ on ! fai? ( 8 reports1 memorials1 & requisitions2 & ?is 9 a c\ntry :]e ! gov]nm5t unit$ 9 itself all =ms ( p[]1 & 0 oblig$ to be incessantly active & to make itself felt at e po9t4 ,( all ! ?irty-two great di/ricts 9 :i* ! au?ority ( ! ,int5dant /ood betwe5 ! common p & ! au?ority ( ! m9i/] at ,v]sailles1 ! ,g5]ality ( ,limoges 0 ! poore/1 ! rude/1 ! mo/ backw>d1 & ! mo/ mis]able4 ,to ! eye ( ! travell] ) a m9d = ! picturesque1 !re 7 p>ts ( ?is c5tral region ( ,france ^: smil+ undulations1 delici\s wat]-sc5es1 deep gl5s ext5d+ into amphi!atres1 & slopes hung ) woods ( *e/nut1 all seem$ to make a loveli] picture ?an ! *e]ful beauty ( prosp]\s ,norm&y1 or ! olive-groves & orange-g>d5s ( ,prov5ce4 ,ar?ur ,"y ?\ght ! ,lim\s9 ! mo/ beautiful "p ( ,france4 ,unhappily = ! cultivator1 ^! graci\s con=mations belong$ to a h>% & *urli% soil4 ,= him ! roll ( ! *alk & ! mass+ ( ! granite w\ld h be5 well ex*ang$ = ! fat loams ( level ,pic>dy4 ,! soil ( ! ,lim\s9 0 decl>$ by its inhabitants to be ! mo/ ungrateful 9 ! :ole k+dom1 return+ no m ?an f\r net = "o ( se$ s[n1 :ile !re 0 l& 9 ! vale ( ! ,g>onne t return$ ?irty-fold4 ,! two conditions = rais+ tol]able crops 7 abundance ( lab\r & abundance ( manure4 ,b mis]y drove ! m5 away1 & ! /ock 7 sold to pay ! taxes4 ,s ! l& lack$ bo? ! arms ( ! till]1 & ! dress+ ^: g5]\s *emi/ry w\ld h transmut$ ! dull e>? into fruitfulness & pl5ty4 ,! ext5t ( ! di/rict 0 e/imat$ at a million & a half ( hect>es1 equival5t to ne>ly f\r millions ( ,engli% acres3 yet ! population ( ?is va/ tract 0 only five hundr$ ?\s& s\ls4 ,ev5 to-day x is n m ?an eight hundr$ ?\s&4 ,! common food ( ! p 0 ! *e/nut1 & to ! great majority ( !m ev5 ! co>se/ rye-bread 0 a luxury t !y _h nev] ta/$4 ,maise & buck:eat 7 _! *ief c]eals1 & ^!1 toge!r ) a co>se radi%1 took up hundr$s ( acres t might "u a happi] sy/em h produc$ f9e :eat & n\ri%$ fruit-trees4 ,!re _h once be5 a c]ta9 export ( cattle1 b t _h n[ come to an end1 p>tly because ! g5]al decl9e ( ! di/rict _h impair$ ! quality ( ! bea/s1 & p>tly because ! ,p>isian but*]s1 :o 7 by mu* ! greate/ cu/om]s1 _h f\nd ! m>kets ( ,norm&y m conv5i5t4 ,! m ! trade w5t d[n1 ! heavi] 0 ! burd5 ( ! cattle-tax on ! /ock t rema9$4 ,! /ock-deal] 0 ?us ru9$ f bo? sides at once4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ,lim\s9 horses1 ^: bre$ _h be5 fam\s all ov] ,france1 _h ceas$ to be an object ( comm]ce1 & ! progressive increase ( taxation _h gradually ext+ui%$ ! trade4 ,ang\mois1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! ,g5]ality ( ,limoges1 _h previ\sly boa/$ ( produc+ ! be/ & f9e/ pap] 9 ! _w1 & x _h f\nd a m>ket n only ?r\gh\t ,france1 b all ov] ,europe4 ,!re _h be5 a "t :5 ?is manufacture support$ sixty mills2 at ! dea? ( ,lewis ,,xiv4 _! numb] _h fall5 f sixty to sixte54 ,an excise duty at ! mill1 a duty on exportation at ! prov9cial fronti]1 a duty on ! importation ( rags ov] ! prov9cial fronti]1--all ^! vexations _h succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! trade ) ,holl&1 "o ( ,france's be/ cu/om]s1 to "o-f\r? ( its previ\s dim5sions4 ,nor 7 pap] & cattle ! only bran*es ( trade t _h be5 blight$ by fiscal p]v]sity4 ,! same burd5 arre/$ ! transport ( saffron across ! bord]s ( ! prov9ce1 on its way to ,hung>y & ,prussia & ! o!r cold l&s :]e saffron 0 a fav\rite condim5t4 ,salt :i* came up ! ,*>5te f ! m>%es by ! coa/1 0 /ripp$ ( all its pr(it1 fir/ by ! duty paid on cross+ f ! ,lim\s9 to ,p]igord & ,auv]gne1 & next by ! "r possess$ by c]ta9 ( ! great lords on ! banks ( ! ,*>5te to help !mselves at "o po9t & ano!r to portions ( ! c>go4 ,iron 0 subject to a h>ass+ excise 9 all ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry t 7 beyond ! jurisdiction ( ! p>lem5t ( ,bordeaux4 ,! effect ( su* positive h9drances z ^! to ! transit ( goods 0 fur!r aid$1 to ! de/ruction ( trade1 by ! abs5ce ( roads4 ,!re 7 f\r roads 9 ! prov9ce1 b all ( !m s bad t ! travell] knew n :e!r to curse m lu/ily ! rocks or ! swamps t int]rupt$ 8 j\rney alt]nately4 ,!re 7 two riv]s1 ! ,vi5ne & ! ,vez]e1 & ^! might seem to an en?usia/ = ! fam\s argum5t f ,design1 z if ,nature _h int5d$ !m = ! transport ( timb] f ! imm5se =e/s t cr[n$ ! ,lim\s9 hills4 ,unluckily1 _! b$s 7 s ?ickly be/rewn ) rock t nei!r ( !m 0 navigable = any consid]able "p ( its long c\rse ?r\gh ! ill-/>r$ prov9ce4 ,! inhabitants 7 z *e]less z ! l& on :i* !y liv$4 ,!y _h none ( ! fi]y en]gy1 ! eloqu5ce1 ! mobility ( ! p ( ! s\?4 ,/ill less 7 !y end[$ ) ! apt intellig5ce1 ! ease1 ! social amiability1 ! op5ness1 ( _! neighb\rs on ! nor?4 ',! dwell]s 9 ,upp] ,lim\s91' said "o :o knew !m1 'are co>se & heavy1 jeal\s1 di/ru/ful1 av>ici\s4' ,! dwell]s 9 ,l[] ,lim\s9 _h a less repulsive address1 b !y 7 at lea/ z n>r[ly self-int]e/$ at he>t1 & !y add$ a capacity = t5aci\s & v9dictive hatr$4 ,! ,lim\s9s _h ! sup]/iti\s doctr9es ( o!r semi-b>b>\s populations1 & !y _h _! vices4 ,!y pass$ abruptly & )\t remorse f a p5it5tial procession to ! tav]n & ! bro!l4 ,_! ,*ri/ianity 0 z sup]ficial z t ( ! peasant ( ! ,eifel 9 our own day1 or ( ! ,f9ni% conv]ts ( :om we are told t !y are ev5 n[ n beyond sacrific+ a foal 9 hon\r ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,sa9t ,m>tial & ,sa9t ,leon>d 7 ! patron sa9ts ( ! c\ntry1 & 7 ! objects ( an adoration 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! o!r sa9ts1 & ev5 ,god himself1 7 ?ru/ into a second>y place4 ,9 %ort1 ! p ( ! ,g5]ality ( ,limoges repres5t$ ! mo/ unattractive type ( peasantry4 ,!y 7 deeply sup]/iti\s1 viol5t 9 _! prejudices1 ob/9ate )/&]s ( all novelty1 rude1 dull1 /upid1 p]v]se1 & h>dly r$eem+ a n>r[ & bl9d+ covet\sness by a /ubborn & me*anical indu/ry4 ,_! c\ntry has be5 fix$ ^u z ! cradle ( ,celtic nationality 9 ,france1 & !re are "s :o believe t "h ! old ,gauli% blood kept itself pur] f ext]nal admixture ?an 0 ! case any:]e else 9 ! l&4 ,9 our own day1 :5 an orator has occasion to pay a complim5t to ! t[nsm5 ( ,limoges1 he says t ! g5ius ( ! p ( ! di/rict has ev] be5 fai?ful to its s\rce2 x has ev] held ! balance true betwe5 ! ,frank tradition ( ! nor?1 & ! ,roman tradition ( ! s\?4 ,?is makes an excell5t p]iod = a rhetorician1 b ! fact :i* x conveys made ,lim\s9 all ! sev]] a task = an adm9i/rator4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] 8 appo9tm5t1 ,turgot _h ! *ance ( be+ remov$ to ,r\51 & aft] t to ,lyons4 ,ei!r ( ^! promotions w\ld h _h ! advantages ( a consid]able increase ( income1 less labori\s duties1 & a mu* m agreeable resid5ce4 ,turgot1 ) a high s5se ( duty t probably seem$ quixotic en\gh to ! ,controll]-,g5]al1 decl9$ ! pref]m5t1 on ! v gr\nd ( ! difficulty & importance ( ! task t he _h already und]tak54 ',poor peasants1 poor k+dom6' _h be5 ,quesnay's con/ant exclamation1 & x _h sunk deep into ! _s ( 8 disciple4 ,he c\ld h little ?\ght ( high sal>y or p]sonal ease1 :5 he disc]n$ an opportunity ( improv+ ! h>d lot ( ! peasant1 & s(t5+ ! mis=tunes ( ! realm4 ,turgot 0 "o ( ! m5 to :om good gov]nm5t is a religion4 ,x might be said to be ! religion ( all ! be/ m5 ( t c5tury1 & x 0 natural t x %\ld be s4 ,! decay ( a !ology t places our deepe/ solicitudes 9 a sph]e beyond ?is1 is naturally accompani$ by a transf] ( ^! high solicitudes to a ne>] sc5e4 ,b ?\gh ! desire = good gov]nm5t1 & a "r s5se ( its c>d9al importance1 7 common ideas ( ! "t 9 all ! be/ heads f ,voltaire d[nw>ds1 yet ,turgot _h a pati5ce :i* 9 !m 0 univ]sally want+4 ,!re are two sorts ( mi/ak5 p 9 ! _w3 ^? :o always ?9k t some?+ c\ld & ought to h be5 done to prev5t disa/]1 & ^? :o always ?9k t no?+ c\ld h be5 done4 ,turgot 0 v f> remov$ inde$ f ! latt] class1 b1 on ! o!r side1 he 0 too sagaci\s n to "k t !re are "s evils ( :i* we d well to be> a "p1 z ! be/ means ( mitigat+ ! o!r "p4 ,?\gh he respect$ ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau & confess$ 8 obligations to !m1 ,turgot abhorr$ declamation4 ,he _h no hope ( cle>+ society ( ! intellectual & moral debris ( ages at a /roke4 ,nor _h he ab/ract /&>ds ( human bliss4 ,! keyword to 8 political !ory 0 n ,pity nor ,b5evol5ce1 b ,ju/ice4 ',we are sure to g wrong1' he said once1 :5 press$ to conf] "s advantage on ! poor at ! co/ ( ! ri*1 '! mom5t we =get t ju/ice alone c keep ! balance true among all rights & all int]e/s4' ,let u proce$ to wat* ?is pr9ciple actively appli$ 9 a field :]e x 0 griev\sly ne$$4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 ! great fiscal grievance ( old ,france 0 ! taille1 a tax rais$ on prop]ty & income1 b only on ! prop]ty & income ( ! unprivileg$ classes4 ,9 ! ,lim\s9 ,turgot's pr$ecessor tri$ to sub/itute = ! arbitr>y taille1 a tax sy/ematically assess$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( ! p]son's prop]ty4 ,su* a design involv$ a complete re-measurem5t & re-valuation ( all ! l& ( ! ,g5]ality1 & ?is 0 a task ( imm5se magnitude & difficulty4 ,x 0 v imp]fectly p]=m$1 & ,turgot f\nd ! prov9ce groan+ "u a mass ( fiscal anomalies & disord]s4 ,assessm5t1 collection1 exemption1 7 all alike conduct$ )\t def9ite pr9ciples or uni=m sy/em4 ,besides ^! abuses1 ! total sum dem&$ f ! ,g5]ality by ! royal gov]nm5t 0 greatly 9 excess ( ! local res\rces4 ,! di/rict 0 heavily ov]*>g$1 relatively to o!r di/ricts ar\nd x4 ,no d$uction _h be5 made f ! sum exact$ by ! treasury1 ?\gh ! fall+ (f 9 prosp]ity 0 great & notori\s4 ,turgot comput$ t '! k+'s %>e' 0 z l>ge z t ( ! proprietors2 9 o!r words1 taxation absorb$ "o half ( ! net products ( ! l&4 ,! gov]nm5t li/5$ to ^! repres5tations1 & conc$$ to ! ,g5]ality ab\t half ( ! remissions t ,turgot _h solicit$4 ,a great] op]ation 0 ! re-adju/m5t ( ! burd51 ?us light5$1 )9 ! prov9ce4 ,! p 7 s irritat$ by ! disord]s :i* _h be5 introduc$ by ! imp]fect op]ation ( ! proportional taille1 t ) ! *>act]i/ic impati5ce ( a rude & un9tellig5t population1 !y 7 he$lessly cry+ out = a return to ! m famili>1 & !re=e m com=table1 disord]s ( ! arbitr>y taille4 ,turgot1 z 0 natural1 resi/$ ?is slov5ly reaction1 & appli$ himself ) zeal\s indu/ry to ! imm5se & complex "w ( effect+ a complete revision & settlem5t ( ! regulations = assessm5t1 &1 :at 0 a m gigantic ent]prise1 ( c>ry+ out a new survey & new valuation ( l&s & prop]ty1 to s]ve z a true base = ! application ( an equitable assessm5t4 ,at ! end ( ?irte5 ye>s ( indomitable toil ! "w 0 /ill unf9i%$1 *iefly ow+ to want ( money = its execution4 ,! c\rt wa/$ m 9 a =tnight 9 ! easy follies ( ,v]sailles1 ?an w\ld h giv5 to ! ,lim\s9 ! in/rum5t ( a f9i%$ s*eme ( fiscal ord]4 ,turgot's lab\r 0 n :olly ?r[n away4 ,! wor/ abuses 7 correct$1 & ! mo/ cry+ iniquities swept away1 save t iniquity ( ! exemption ( ! privileg$ ord]s1 :i* ,turgot c\ld n yet v5ture to t\*4 ,let u proce$ to ano!r ( ! ma/] abuses ( ! old sy/em4 ,! introduction ( ! ,corvee1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we h to speak ( x1 dates no fur!r back ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 an encroa*m5t & an innovation on ! "p ( ! bureaucracy1 & ! odd circum/ance has be5 rem>k$ t ! fir/ m5tion ( ! road corvees 9 any royal ,act is ! fam\s edict ( #aggf1 :i* suppress$ !m4 ,until ! ,reg5cy ?is fam\s ^w _h describ$ only ! s]vices ow$ by dep5d5ts to _! lords4 ,x meant s _m days' lab\r on ! "l's l&s1 & s _m (fices ( dome/ic duty4 ,:51 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 ! advantages ( a good sy/em ( high-roads began to be p]ceiv$ by ! gov]nm5t1 ! conv5i5t idea came into ! heads ( ! m +5i\s among ! ,int5dants ( impos+1 = ! con/ruction ( ! roads1 a royal or public corvee analog\s to t ( private feudalism4 ,few m mis*iev\s impo/s c\ld h be5 devis$4 ,t undy+ class :o are cont5t$ ) ! %all[ presumptions ( a priori reason+ 9 economic matt]s1 did1 x is true1 f9d speci\s pleas ev5 = ! road corvee4 ,!re has nev] be5 an abuse 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 = :i* some?+ good c\ld n be said4 ,if m5 e>n$ money by lab\r & ! use ( _! "t1 :y n require f !m "t & lab\r in/ead ( money8 ,by ! latt] device1 are we n assur$ aga9/ malv]sation ( ! funds8 ,^? :o sub/itute words = ?+s1 & v]bal plausibilities = ! obs]vation ( exp]i5ce1 c\ld prolong ^! argum5ts indef9itely4 ,! evils ( ! road corvee1 mean:ile rema9$ pat5t & indisputable4 ,9 ,engl& at ! same p]iod1 x is true1 ! c\ntry p 7 oblig$ to give six days 9 ! ye> to ! repair ( ! highways1 "u ! managem5t ( ! ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,& 9 ,engl& ! bus9ess 0 p]=m$ )\t oppression4 ,b !n ?is only illu/rates ! unwisdom ( argu+ ab\t economic arrangem5ts 9 ! ab/ract4 ,all dep5ds on ! conditions by :i* ! giv5 arrangem5t is surr\nd$1 & a practice t 9 ,engl& 0 m]ely clumsy1 0 9 ,france n only clumsy b a gross cruelty4 ,!re ! burd5 unit$ almo/ all ! follies & iniquities ) :i* a public s]vice c\ld be load$4 ,! ,fr5* peasant _h to give1 n six1 b twelve or fifte5 days ( lab\r e ye> = ! con/ruction & repair ( ! roads ( 8 neighb\rhood4 ,if he _h a horse & c>t1 !y too 7 press$ into ! s]vice4 ,he c\ld n *oose ! "t1 & he 0 con/antly c>ri$ away at ! mom5t :5 8 own poor h>ve/ ne$$ 8 "r arm & 8 sup]vision4 ,he receiv$ no pay1 & 8 days on ! roads 7 days ( hung] to himself & 8 family4 ,he _h ! bitt]ness ( kn[+ t ! advantage ( ! high-road 0 slight1 indirect1 & sometimes null to himself1 :ile x 0 direct & great to ! t[n m]*ants & ! c\ntry g5tlem51 :o contribut$ n an h\r nor a s\ to ! "w4 ,x 0 exactly ! mo/ indig5t ^u ^: backs ?is slavi% load 0 plac$4 ,!re 7 a hundr$ abuses ( spite or p>tiality1 ( fav\ritism or v5geance1 9 ! allotm5t ( ! "w4 ,! wret* 0 s5t to ! "p ( ! road mo/ di/ant f 8 own h\se2 or he 0 =c$ to "w = a long] "t ?an fell fairly to 8 %>e2 or he saw a neighb\r all[$ to escape on paym5t ( a sum ( money4 ,& at ! end ( all ! roads 7 vile4 ,! lab\r]s1 hav+ little he>t 9 "w = :i* !y _h no wage1 & weak5$ by want ( food1 did badly :at !y _h to d4 ,!re 0 no sci5tific sup]9t5d5ce1 no skill$ direction1 no sy/em 9 ! con/ruction1 no wat*fulness z to ! ma9t5ance4 ,! ra9s ( w9t] & ! /orms ( summ] did damage t "o man c\ld h repair$ by c>eful indu/ry f day to day1 & t = lack ( ?is "o man w5t on increas+1 until ! road fell into holes1 ! dit*es got fill$ up1 & deep pools ( wat] /ood p]man5tly 9 ! middle ( ! highway4 ,! ri* disda9$ to put a h& to ! "w2 ! poor1 aw>e t !y w\ld be =c$ to ! hat$ task 9 ! foll[+ autumn or spr+1 naturally att5d$ to _! own fields1 & left ! roads to fall to ru94 ,x ne$ n be said t ?is b>b>\s slov5l9ess & disord] meant an incr$ible wa/e ( res\rces4 ,x 0 calculat$ t a contractor w\ld h provid$ & ma9ta9$ f9e roads = little m ?an "o-?ird ( ! co/ at :i* ! corvee furni%$ roads t 7 execrable4 ,condorcet 0 "r 9 comp>+ ! gov]nm5t 9 ?is matt] to a s5seless fell[1 :o indulges 9 all ! m lavi% riot1 because by pay+ = no?+1 & gett+ ev]y?+ at a high] price on cr$it1 he is nev] fright5$ into s5se by be+ confront$ ) a budget ( 8 prodigalities4 ,x takes few] words to describe ,turgot's way ( deal+ ) ?is ori5tal mixture ( extravagance1 inju/ice1 & squalor4 ,! ,int5dant ( ,ca5 _h already propos$ to ! inhabitants ( t di/rict ! alt]native plan ( commut+ ! corvee into a money paym5t4 ,turgot adopt$ & p]fect$ ?is great trans=mation4 ,he sub/itut$ = p]sonal s]vice on ! roads a ye>ly rate1 proportional 9 am\nt to ! taille4 ,he in/itut$ a sy/ematic survey & direction ( ! roads1 exi/+ or requir$ 9 ! ,g5]ality1 & he committ$ ! execution ( ! approv$ plans to contractors on exact & bus9ess-l pr9ciples4 ,! result ( ?is *ange 0 n m]ely an imm5se relief to ! un=tunate m5 :o _h be5 e ye> h>ass$ to dea? & half-ru9$ by ! old me?od ( =c$ lab\r1 b s rem>kable an improvem5t bo? 9 ! goodness & ext5sion ( ! roads1 t :5 ,ar?ur ,"y w5t ov] !m five & tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 he pron\nc$ !m by f> ! noble/ public ways to be f\nd any:]e 9 ,france4 ,two v in/ructive facts may be m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! suppression ( ! corvees 9 ! ,lim\s94 ,! fir/ is t ! c5tral gov]nm5t ass5t$ to ! *anges propos$ by ! "y ,int5dant1 z promptly z if x _h be5 a committee ( ! ,conv5tion1 in/ead ( be+ ! nom9ee ( an absolute k+4 ,! o!r is t ! p 9 ! c\ntry1 :5 ,turgot _h 8 plans laid be=e !m 9 _! p>i% meet+s held aft] mass on ,sundays1 li/5$ ) ! ke5e/ di/ru/ & suspicion to :at !y insi/$ on reg>d+ z a s9i/] design = exact+ m money f !m4 ,well might ,condorcet say t v (t5 x ne$s little c\rage to d m5 h>m1 = !y con/antly suff] h>m tranquilly en\gh2 b :5 y take x into y\r head to d !m "s s]vice1 !n !y revolt & accuse y ( be+ an innovator4 ,x is fair1 h[ev]1 to rememb] h[ _m good gr\nds ! ,fr5* c\ntryman _h = di/ru/+ ! pr(essions ( any ag5t ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,= ev5 9 ! case ( ?is v re=m1 ?\gh ,turgot 0 able to make an addition to ! taille 9 commutation ( ! "w on ! roads1 he 0 n able to =ce a contribution1 ei!r to ! taille or any o!r impo/1 f ! privileg$ classes1 ! v p]sons :o 7 be/ able to pay4 ,?is is only an illu/ration ( :at is n[ a well-kn[n fact1 t revolution 0 made necess>y less by despotism ?an by privilege on ! "o side1 & by int5se political di/ru/ on ! o!r side4 ,turgot 0 ?or\ghly awake to ! necessity ( p5etrat+ public op9ion4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! s*ool ( ,economi/s 0 an 'enlight5$ p4' ,no?+ 0 to be done by !m2 ev]y?+ 0 to be done = !m4 ,b !y 7 to be tra9$ to und]/& ! gr\nds ( ! measures :i* a c5tral au?ority conceiv$1 %ap$1 & c>ri$ into practice4 ,r\sseau 0 ! only writ] ( ! revolution>y s*ool :o _h ! mod]n democratic fai? 9 ! virtue & wisdom ( ! common p4 ,voltaire habitually spoke ( _! bigotry & prejudice ) ! natural bitt]ness ( a cultivat$ man t[>ds ! incurable vices ( ignorance4 ,! ,economi/s admitt$ ,voltaire's view z true ( an exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 b !y look$ to education1 mean+ by t some?+ m ?an prim>y in/ruction1 to lead gradually to ! developm5t ( s\nd political intellig5ce4 ,h5ce :5 ,turgot come into full p[] z ! m9i/] ( ,lewis ,,xvi41 twelve ye>s aft] he fir/ w5t to 8 obscure duties 9 ! ,lim\s91 he introduc$ ! me?od ( prefac+ 8 edicts by an elaborate /atem5t ( ! reasons on :i* _! policy re/$4 ,& on ! same pr9ciple he n[ adopt$ ! only means at 8 disposal = in/ruct+ & direct+ op9ion4 ,! book-press 0 at t mom5t do+ trem5d\s "w among ! classes ) education & leisure4 ,b ! newspap] press h>dly exi/$1 & ev5 if x _h exi/$1 h[ev] _m (ficial j\rnals ,turgot might h _h "u 8 inspiration1 ! p ^: m9ds he wi%$ to affect 7 unable to read4 ,!re 0 only "o way ( rea*+ !m1 & t 0 ?r\gh ! prie/s4 ,religi\s life among ! ,lim\s9s 01 z we h se51 n v pure1 b x is a significant law ( human nature t ! less pure a religion is1 ! m important 9 x is ! place ( ! prie/ & 8 (fice4 ,turgot press$ ! cures into fri5dly s]vice4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 n )\t a p>allel 9 o!r p>ts ( mod]n hi/ory1 t ( ! two great cons]vative corporations ( society1 ! lawy]s did all !y c\ld to ?w>t 8 projects1 & ! prie/s did all !y c\ld to advance !m4 ,9 tru? ! prie/s are usually m or less sympa!tic t[>ds any =m ( c5tralis$ au?ority2 x is only :5 ! p take _! own gov]nm5t into _! own h&s t ! cl]gy are sure to turn cold or antipa!tic t[>ds improvem5t4 ,!re is "o o!r res]vation1 z ,turgot f\nd out 9 #agge1 :5 he _h be5 transf]r$ to a great] po/1 & ! cl]gy _h jo9$ 8 bitt]e/ enemies4 ,!n he t\*$ ! corporate _s1 & p]ceiv$ t = au?ority to lay a h& on ecclesia/ical privilege is to metamorphose goodwill into ! mo/ rancor\s malignity4 ,mean:ile1 ! lett]s 9 :i* ,turgot expla9$ 8 views & wi%es to ! cures1 by !m to be imp>t$ to _! p>i%es1 are ma/]pieces ( ! c>e1 ! pati5ce1 ! int]e/1 ( a good rul]4 ,^? impetu\s & p]emptory spirits :o see 9 ,fr$]ick or ,napoleon ! only born rul]s ( m51 might f9d 9 ^! lett]s1 & 9 ! acts to :i* !y ref]1 ! memorials ( a f> m admirable & b5efic5t type4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! corvee1 vexati\s z x 01 yet excit$ less viol5t heats & inflict$ less mis]y ?an ! abuses ( milit>y s]vice4 ,!re _h be5 a militia 9 ! c\ntry z f> back z ! "t ( ! ,m]ov+ians1 b ! militia-s]vice ) :i* ,turgot _h to deal only dat$ f #agbf4 ,ea* p>i% 0 b\nd to supply its quota ( m5 to ?is s]vice1 & ! obligation 0 p]haps ! mo/ odi\s grievance1 ?\gh n ! mo/ really mis*iev\s1 ( all t !n afflict$ ! realm4 ,! hatr$ :i* x rais$ 0 due to no failure ( ! milit>y _s 9 ! p4 ,f ,fr$]ick ! ,great d[nw>ds1 ev]ybody 0 well aw>e t ! disa/]s to ,france :i* _h begun ) ! %ameful defeat ( ,rossba* & end$ ) ! loss ( ,canada 9 ! we/ & ! ,indies 9 ! ea/ 7#ageg-agfc71 7 due to no want ( val\r 9 ! common soldi]4 ,x 0 ! g5]als1 z ,napoleon said fifty ye>s aft]w>ds1 :o 7 incapable & inept4 ,& x 0 ! ineptitude ( ! adm9i/rative *iefs t made ! militia at once ineffective & abhorr$4 ,fir/1 !y all[$ a great numb] ( classifi$ exemptions f ! ballot4 ,! noble1 ! tonsur$ cl]k1 ! c\nsellor1 ! dome/ic ( noble1 tonsur$ cl]k1 & c\nsellor1 ! elde/ son ( ! lawy] & ! f>m]1 ! tax collector1 ! s*oolma/]1 7 all exempt4 ,h5ce ! curse ( s]vice 0 embitt]$ by a s5se ( inju/ice4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! _m spr+s 9 ! old regime t f$ ! swell+ & vehem5t /ream ( passion = social equality1 until at l5g? :5 ! day came1 x made su* %ort & furi\s "w ) ! /ructure ( envi\s p>tition betwe5 citiz5 & citiz54 ,aga91 by a curi\s p]v]sity ( (ficial p$antry1 ! gov]nm5t insi/$ on ea* man :o drew ! black ticket 9 ! abhorr$ lott]y1 p]=m+ 8 s]vice 9 p]son4 ,x =bade sub/itution4 ,"u a mod]n sy/em ( univ]sal milit>y s]vice1 ?is is p]fectly intelligible & j4 ,b1 z we h se51 milit>y s]vice 0 only made obligatory on ^? :o 7 already gr\nd d[n by h>d%ips4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is prohibition1 ^? :o 7 liable to be drawn liv$ 9 despair1 & z no worse ?+ ?an ! black ticket c\ld possibly befall !m1 !y _h e inducem5t to run away f _! own homes & villages4 ,at ! approa* ( ! commiss>y ( ! gov]nm5t1 !y fl$ into ! woods & m>%es1 z if !y _h be5 pursu$ by ! plague4 ,?is 0 a signal = a civil w> on a small scale4 ,^? :o 7 left beh9d1 & ^: *ance ( be+ drawn 0 ?us increas$1 ha/5$ to pursue ! fugitives ) su* weapons z came to _! h&s4 ,9 ! ,lim\s9 ! c\ntry 0 con/antly ! sc5e ( murd]\s disord]s ( ?is k9d4 ,:at 0 worse1 0 n only t ! l& 0 infe/$ by vagabonds & bad *>act]s1 b t villages became half depopulat$1 & ! soil lo/ its cultivators4 ,f9ally1 z is uni=mly ! case 9 ! hi/ory ( bad gov]nm5t1 an unju/ me?od produc$ a wor?less ma*9e4 ,! milice suppli$ z bad troops z ! corvee suppli$ bad roads4 ,! =ce 0 recruit$ f ! l[e/ class ( ! population1 & z soon z its memb]s _h le>n$ a little drill1 !y 7 dis*>g$ & _! places tak5 by raw bat*es provid$ at r&om by bl9d lot4 ,turgot propos$ t a "* bo? ( p]man5ce & locality %\ld be giv5 to ! prov9cial =ce2 t ea* p>i% or union ( p>i%es %\ld be requir$ to raise a numb] ( m52 t ^! m5 %\ld be left at home & 9 _! own di/ricts1 & only call$ out = ex]cise = a c]ta9 "t ea* ye>2 & t !y %\ld be reta9$ z a res]ve =ce by a small paym5t4 ,9 ?is way1 he argu$ t ! gov]nm5t w\ld secure a compet5t =ce1 & by /imulat+ local pride & po9t ( hon\r w\ld make s]vice popul> in/ead ( hateful4 ,z ! gov]nm5t 0 too weak & di/ract$ to take up s important a s*eme z ?is1 ,turgot 0 oblig$ to cont5t himself ) evad+ ! exi/+ regulations2 & x is a curi\s illu/ration ( ! pliancy ( ,v]sailles1 t he %\ld h be5 all[$ to d s op5ly & )\t (ficial remon/rance4 ,he p]mitt$ ! victim ( ! ballot to provide a volunt>y sub/itute1 & he p]mitt$ ! p>i% to tempt sub/itutes by paym5t ( a sum ( money on enrolm5t4 ,?is may seem a v obvi\s c\rse to foll[2 b no "o :o has tri$ to realise ! /r5g? & ob/9acy ( r\t9e1 w measure ! s]vice ( a re=m] by ! orig9ality ( 8 ideas4 ,9 affairs ( gov]nm5t1 ! priceless qualities are n m]ely orig9ality ( res\rce1 b a s5se = ?+s t are go+ wrong1 & a suffici5tly vigor\s w to set !m "r4 ,"o g5]al expression s]ves to describe ?is mo/ important gr\p ( ,turgot's und]tak+s4 ,! read] has probably already obs]v$ t :at ,turgot 0 do+1 0 to take t /ep :i* is "o ( ! mo/ decisive 9 ! advance ( a society to a highly organis$ indu/rial /age4 ,he displac$ impo/s 9 k9d1 t rude/ & mo/ wa/eful =m ( contribution to ! public s]vice1 & e/abli%$ 9 _! /ead a sy/em ( money paym5ts1 & ( hav+ ! "w ( ! gov]nm5t done on comm]cial pr9ciples4 ,?us1 z if x 7 n en\gh to te> ! peasant away f ! soil to s]ve 9 ! militia1 z if x 7 n en\gh to drag away ! f>m] & 8 cattle to ! public highways1 ! reign+ sy/em /ruck a ?ird bl[ at agriculture by requir+ ! p ( ! localities t happ5$ to be trav]s$ by a regim5t on ! m>*1 to supply _! waggons & horses & ox5 = ! purposes ( milit>y transport4 ,9 ?is case1 x is true1 a c]ta9 comp5sation 9 money 0 all[$1 b h[ inadequate 0 ?is insignificant all[ance1 we may easily und]/&4 ,! paym5t 0 only = "o day1 b ! day's m>* 0 (t5 ( _m miles1 & ! ox51 :i* 9 ! ,lim\s9 mo/ly did ! "w ( horses1 7 con/antly se5 to drop d[n dead 9 ! roads4 ,!re 0 n only ! "o day's "w4 ,(t5 two1 ?ree1 or five days 7 ne$$ to rea* ! place ( appo9tm5t1 & = ^! days n ev5 ! paltry tw5ty s\s 7 grant$4 ,nor c\ld any paym5t ( ?is k9d recomp5se ! peasant = ! abs5ce ( 8 bea/s ( burd5 on ! great days :5 he want$ to pl\gh 8 fields1 to c>ry ! gra9 to ! b>ns1 or to take 8 produce to m>ket4 ,! obvi\s rem$y "h1 z 9 ! corvees 0 to h ! transport effect$ by a contractor1 & to pay him out ( a rate levi$ on ! p]sons liable4 ,?is 0 :at ,turgot ord]$ to be done4 ,( "o o!r burd5 ( ! same species he reliev$ ! cultivator4 ,?is un=tunate be+ 0 liable to be call$ ^u to collect1 z well z to pay1 ! taxes4 ,once nom9at$1 he became responsible = ! am\nt at :i* 8 commune 0 assess$4 ,if he did n produce ! sum1 he lo/ 8 lib]ty4 ,if he advanc$ x f 8 own pocket1 he lo/ at lea/ ! int]e/ on ! money4 ,9 collect+ ! money f 8 fell[ taxpay]s1 he n only incurr$ bitt] & incessant animosities1 b1 :at 0 h>d] to be>1 he lo/ ! priceless "t ( :i* 8 own l& 0 only too sorely 9 ne$4 ,9 ! ,lim\s9 ! luckless creature _h a special disadvantage1 = "h ! collector ( ! taille _h also to collect ! tw5tie?s1 & ! tw5tie?s 7 a tax = :i* ev5 ! privileg$ classes 7 liable4 ,!y1 z might be suppos$1 cavill$1 disput$1 & appeal$4 ,! appeal lay to a sort ( c\nty bo>d1 :i* 0 compos$ ( p ( _! own k9d1 & be=e :i* !y too easily made out a plausible case aga9/ a clumsy collector1 :o m (t5 ?an n knew nei!r h[ to read nor to write4 ,turgot's re=m ( a sy/em :i* 0 always h>ass+ & (t5 ru9\s to an innoc5t individual1 consi/$ 9 ! creation ( ! task ( collection into a di/9ct & p]man5t (fice1 ex]cis$ ov] di/ricts suffici5tly l>ge to make ! p\ndage1 out ( :i* ! collectors 7 paid1 an inducem5t to p]sons ( intellig5ce & _s to und]take ! (fice z a pr(ession4 ,h[ev] mod]ate & easy ea* ( ^! re=ms may seem by itself1 yet any "o may see h[ ! sum ( !m add$ to ! prosp]ity ( ! l&1 increas$ ! effici5cy ( ! public s]vice1 & t5d$ to less5 ! gr9d+ s5se ( inju/ice among ! common p4 ,ap>t f ^!1 ! greate/ & mo/ difficult ( all ,turgot's adm9i/rative re=ms1 we may notice 9 pass+ 8 assiduity 9 wat*+ = ! small] opportunities ( mak+ life easi] to ! p ( 8 prov9ce4 ,8 private b5evol5ce 0 incessant & m>k$4 ,"o case ( its ex]cise c>ries our m9ds at a ^w into ! v mid/ ( ! /orm ( fire :i* purifi$ ,france ( ! evil & sordid elem5ts1 t n[ & = 8 life lay l a m\nta9 ( lead on all ,turgot's aims & ef=ts4 ,a c]ta9 =eign contractor at ,limoges 0 ru9$ by ! fam9e ( #aggj4 ,he _h a clev] son1 :om ,turgot *>itably s5t to s*ool1 & aft]w>ds to college 9 ,p>is4 ,! y\? grew up to be ! mo/ eloqu5t & dazzl+ ( ! ,girond9s1 ! high-s\l$ ,v]gniaud4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 9 good works ( m]ely private de/9ation t ,turgot mo/ly ex]cis$ himself4 ,9 #agfg ! di/rict 0 infe/$ by wolves4 ,! ,int5dant impos$ a small tax = ! purpose ( provid+ rew>ds = ! de/ruction ( ^! torm5tors1 & 9 read+ ! m9utes on ! subject we are rem9d$ ( ! fact1 :i* 0 n )\t its significance :5 ! peasants rose 9 v5geance on _! lords two & tw5ty ye>s lat]1 t ! disp]sion ( ! hamlets & ! solitude ( ! f>ms _h made x cu/om>y = ! p to g ab\t ) fire-arms4 ,besides enc\rag+ ! de/ruction ( noxi\s bea/s1 ,turgot did some?+ = ! pres]vation ( bea/s n noxi\s4 ,! fir/ vet]9>y s*ool 9 ,france _h be5 f\nd$ at ,lyons 9 #agfb4 ,to ?is he s5t pupils f 8 prov9ce1 & ev5tually he f\nd$ a simil> s*ool at ,limoges4 ,he suppress$ a tax on cattle1 :i* act$ prejudicially on bre$+ & graz+2 & he introduc$ clov] into ! grass-l&s4 ,! potato _h be5 unkn[n 9 ,lim\s94 ,x 0 n common 9 any "p ( ,france2 & p]haps ?is is n a/oni%+ :5 we rememb] t ! fir/ field crop ev5 9 agricultural ,scotl& is suppos$ only to h be5 s[n 9 ! f\r? decade ( t c5tury4 ,p w\ld n t\* x1 ?\gh ! exp]im5t ( p]suad+ !m to cultivate ?is root _h be5 frequ5tly tri$4 ,9 ! ,lim\s9 ! p 7 ev5 m ob/9ate 9 _! prejudice ?an else:]e4 ,b ,turgot p]sev]$1 kn[+ h[ useful potatoes w\ld be 9 a l& :]e sc>city ( gra9 0 s common4 ,! ord9>y view 0 t !y 7 h>dly fit = pigs1 & t 9 human be+s !y w\ld c]ta9ly bre$ leprosy4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% ,puritans w\ld n eat potatoes because !y are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible1 & t is p]haps no bett] a reason ?an ! o!r4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x 0 se5 t ! ,int5dant _h ! hat$ vegetable s]v$ e day at 8 own table1 ! opposition grew m fa9t2 m5 7 at la/ br\ght to cons5t to use potatoes = _! cattle1 & aft] a "t ev5 = !mselves4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t among ,turgot's ef=ts = agricultural improvem5t1 0 ! f\ndation ( an agricultural society4 ,?is 0 ! "t :5 ! passion = prov9cial academies ( all sorts 0 at its height4 ,:5 we consid] t ,turgot's society 0 n practical b delib]ative1 & :at !mes he propos$ = discussion by x1 we may believe t x 0 "o ( ! less useful ( 8 works4 ,:at ! f>m]s ne$$ 0 some?+ mu* m directly in/ructive 9 ! me?ods ( _! bus9ess1 ?an c\ld come ( discussions z to ! effects ( indirect taxation on ! rev5ues ( l&[n]s1 or ! "r mann] ( valu+ ! income ( l& 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( cultivation4 ',9 t mo/ unlucky pa? ( ,fr5* ex]tion1' says ,ar?ur ,"y1 '?is di/+ui%$ patriot 0 able to d no?+4 ,?is society does l o!r societies2 !y meet1 conv]se1 (f] premiums1 & publi% nons5se4 ,?is is n ( mu* consequ5ce1 = ! p in/ead ( read+ _! memoirs are n able to read at all4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 see1 & if a f>m 0 e/abli%$ 9 t good cultivation :i* !y ought to copy1 some?+ w\ld be pres5t$ f :i* !y might le>n4 ,i ask$ p>ticul>ly if ! memb]s ( ?is society _h l& 9 _! own h&s1 & 0 assur$ t !y _h2 b ! conv]sation pres5tly expla9$ x4 ,!y _h metay]s r\nd _! c\ntry seats1 & ?is 0 consid]$ z f>m+ _! own l&s1 s t !y assume some?+ ( a m]it f ! id5tical circum/ance1 :i* is ! curse & ru9 ( ! :ole c\ntry4' ,! record ( :at ,turgot did = manufactur+ indu/ry & comm]ce is naturally %ort] ?an t ( 8 ef=ts = ! relief ( ! l& & its cultivators4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! mod]n economi/1 ) 8 horror ( gov]nm5t enc\ragem5t to indu/ry1 no matt] 9 :at "t1 place1 or circum/ance1 "s ( ,turgot's actions w seem ( d\btful wisdom4 ,at ,brives1 = example1 ) all ! au?ority ( an ,int5dant1 he urg$ ! citiz5s to provide build+s = c>ry+ on a c]ta9 manufacture :i* he & o!rs ?\ght w\ld be pr(itable to ! t[n2 &1 z ! money = ! build+s did n come 9 v readily1 he levi$ a rate bo? on ! t[n & on ! inhabitants ( ! suburbs4 ,8 argum5t 0 t ! new works w\ld prove indirectly b5eficial to ! :ole neighb\rhood4 ,he 0 n long1 h[ev]1 9 f9d+ out1 z ! au?ors ( su* a policy g5]ally f9d out1 h[ difficult x is to reconcile ! int]e/s ( aid$ manufactures ) ^? ( ! taxpay]s4 ,x is *>act]i/ic1 we may rem>k1 ( ! want ( public _s 9 ! great nobles1 t "o ( ,turgot's fir/ difficulties 9 ! affair 0 to defeat an unju/ claim made by no less a p]sonage ?an ! ,m>%al de ,noailles1 to a piece ( public l& on :i* ! propos$ works 7 to be built4 ,a m important indu/ry 9 ! hi/ory ( ,limoges sprang f ! discov]y1 dur+ ,turgot's t5ure ( (fice1 ( ! *9a clay :i* has n[ made ! porcela9 ( ,limoges only second among ! ,fr5* pott]ies to t ( ,sevres itself4 ,! mod]n pott]y has be5 develop$ s9ce ! close ( ! ,revolution1 :i* *eck$ ! e/abli%m5ts & processes t _h be5 direct$1 enc\rag$1 & sup]vis$ by ,turgot4 ,to 8 sup]ior enlight5m5t 9 ano!r "p ( ! comm]cial field we owe "o ( ! mo/ excell5t ( ,turgot's pieces1 8 ,memorial on ,loans ( ,money4 ,?is plea = free trade 9 money has all ! s5se & lib]ality ( ! brighte/ side ( ! eighte5? c5tury illum9ation4 ,x 0 sugge/$ by ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,at ,ang\leme f\r or five rogues associat$ toge!r1 & drew bills on "o ano!r4 ,on ^! bills !y borr[$ money1 ! av]age rate ( int]e/ be+ f eight to t5 p] c5t4 ,:5 ! bills fell due1 in/ead ( pay+ !m1 !y laid in=mations aga9/ ! l5d]s = tak+ m ?an ! legal rate ( int]e/4 ,! l5d]s 7 ru9$1 p]sons :o _h money 7 afraid to make advances1 bills 7 prote/$1 comm]cial cr$it 0 brok51 & ! trade ( ! di/rict 0 p>alys$4 ,turgot prevail$ ^u ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate to )draw ! cases f ! local jurisdiction2 ! proce$+s aga9/ ! l5d]s 7 annull$1 & ! in/itution ( simil> proce$+s =bidd54 ,?is 0 a *>act]i/ic c\rse4 ,! royal gov]nm5t 0 g5]ally will+ 9 ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury to r$ress a giv5 case ( abuse1 b x nev] felt itself /rong en\gh1 or _h leisure en\gh1 to deal ) ! g5]al s\rce f :i* ! p>ticul> grievance sprang4 ,turgot's ,memorial is z cog5t an exposure ( ! mis*ief ( ,usury ,laws to ! public prosp]ity1 z ! m r5[n$ pages ei!r ( ,b5?am or ,j4 ,b4 ,say on ! same subject1 & x has ! m]it ( conta9+ an explanation at once s+ul>ly pati5t & s+ul>ly intellig5t1 ( ! orig9 ( ! popul> feel+ ab\t usury & its adoption by ! legislator4 ,aft] he _h be5 eight ye>s at 8 po/1 ,turgot 0 call$ ^u to deal ) ! h>ass+ problems ( a sc>city ( food4 ,9 #aggj ev5 ! maize & black gra91 & ! *e/nuts on :i* ! p support$ life1 fail$ almo/ completely1 & ! failure ext5d$ ov] two ye>s4 ,! sc>city v spe$ily ?reat5$ to become a fam9e1 & all its conditions 7 exasp]at$ by ! unwisdom ( ! au?orities1 & ! selfi% rapacity ( ! l&lords4 ,x ne$$ all ! firmness & all ! circumspection ( :i* ,turgot 0 capable1 to ov]come ! difficulties :i* ! /rong =ces ( ignorance1 prejudice1 & gre$9ess rais$ up aga9/ him4 ,8 fir/ battle 0 on an issue :i* is pa9fully famili> to our own ,indian adm9i/rators at ! pres5t "t4 ,9 #agfd1 an edict _h be5 promulgat$ decree+ free trade 9 gra91 n ) =eign c\ntries1 b among ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ! k+dom4 ,?is edict _h n made mu* way 9 ! m9ds ei!r ( ! local (ficials or ( ! p at l>ge1 & ! pres5ce ( fam9e made ! free & unregulat$ export ( food seem no bett] ?an a cruel & outrage\s p>adox4 ,! p>lem5t ( ,bordeaux at once susp5d$ ! edict ( #agfd4 ,!y ord]$ t all deal]s 9 gra91 f>m]s ( l&1 own]s ( l&1 ( :atev] rank1 quality1 or condition1 %\ld =?) convey to ! m>kets ( _! di/rict 'a suffici5t quantity' ( gra9 to provision ! said m>kets4 ,! same p]sons 7 =bidd5 to sell ei!r by :olesale or retail any portion ( ! said gra9 at _! own gran>ies4 ,turgot at once procur$ f ! ,c\ncil at ,v]sailles ! prop] in/rum5t = *eck+ ?is impolitic int]f]5ce ) ! free circulation ( gra91 & he contriv$ ?is in/rum5t 9 su* conciliatory t]ms z to avoid any brea* ) ! p>lem5t1 ^: motives1 = t matt]1 7 respectable en\gh4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! action ( ! gov]nm5t1 popul> feel+ ran high aga9/ free m>kets4 ,tumultu\s ga!r+s ( fami%+ m5 & wom5 m5ac$ ! un=tunate gra9-deal]s4 ,waggon]s engag$ 9 c>ry+ gra9 away f a place :]e x 0 *eap]1 to ano!r place :]e x 0 de>]1 7 viol5tly arre/$ 9 _! bus9ess1 & t]rifi$ f proce$+4 ,hung] prev5t$ p f disc]n+ ! unansw]able =ce ( ! argum5t t if ! gra9 comm&$ a high] price some:]e else1 t 0 a sure sign ( ! ne$ !re be+ m dire4 ,! local (ficials 7 z ho/ile z _! humbl] neighb\rs4 ,at ! t[n ( ,tur5ne1 !y =bade gra9 to be tak5 away1 & =c$ ! own]s ( x to sell x on ! spot at ! m>ket rate4 ,at ! t[n ( ,ang\leme ! lieut5ant ( police took ^u himself to ord] t all ! gra9 de/9$ = ! ,lim\s9 %\ld be unload$ & /or$ at ,ang\leme4 ,turgot br\ght a heavy h& to be> on ^! break]s ( adm9i/rative discipl9e1 & readily procur$ su* sanction z 8 au?ority ne$$ f ! ,c\ncil4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! measures to :i* ,turgot resort$ 9 meet+ ! de/itution ( ! c\ntry1 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*>itable ,work%ops4 ,"s ( ! advocates ( ! fam\s ,national ,work%ops ( #ahdh h appeal$ to ?is example ( ! sev]e patriot1 = a sanction to _! own economic policy4 ,x is n cle> t ! logic ( ! ,sociali/ is "h m remorseless ?an usual4 ,if ! ,/ate may set up work%ops to aid p :o are %ort ( food because ! h>ve/ has fail$1 :y %\ld x n d ! same :5 p are %ort ( food because trade is bad1 "w sc>ce1 & wages intol]ably l[8 ,( c\rse ,turgot's answ] w\ld h be5 t remorseless logic is ! mo/ improp] in/rum5t 9 ! _w = a bus9ess ( r\gh exp$i5ts1 su* z gov]nm5t is4 ,!re is a vital diff]5ce 9 practice betwe5 op5+ a public work%op 9 ! exceptional em]g5cy ( a fam9e1 & keep+ public work%ops op5 z a normal int]f]5ce ) ! free c\rse ( indu/rial activity4 ,= ! mom5t ! pr9ciple may appe> to be ! same1 b 9 reality ! application ( ! pr9ciple means 9 ! latt] case ! total disorganisation ( indu/ry2 9 ! =m] x means no m ?an a tempor>y brea* ( ! exi/+ pr9ciples ( organisation1 ) a view to its spe$i] revival4 ,to invoke ,turgot z a dabbl] 9 ,socialism because he op5$ ateli]s de *>ite1 is z unreasonable z x w\ld be to make an ,engli% m9i/] :o %\ld susp5d ! ,bank ,*>t] ,act 9 a crisis1 into ! *ampion ( an inconv]tible pap] curr5cy4 ,turgot always reg>d$ ! sums paid 9 8 works1 n z wages1 b z alms4 ,all t he urg$ 0 t '! be/ & mo/ useful k9d ( alms consi/s 9 provid+ means = e>n+ !m4' ,to prev5t ! work]s f e>n+ aid ) z little tr\ble to !mselves z possible1 he recomm5d$ paym5t by ! piece & n by ! day4 ,to *eck work]s f flock+ 9 f _! regul> employm5ts1 he insi/$ on ! wages be+ kept bel[ ! ord9>y rate1 & he urg$ ! propriety ( driv+ z %>p b>ga9s z possible 9 fix+ ! price ( ! piece ( "w4 ,to prev5t ! dissipation ( e>n+s at ! tav]n1 he paid n 9 money1 b 9 lea!rn tok5s1 t 7 only curr5t 9 ex*ange = provisions4 ,all ^! regulations m>k a wide gulf betwe5 ! ,economi/ ( #aggj & ! ,sociali/ ( #ahdh4 ,nobody 0 /]n] ?an ,turgot aga9/ begg>s1 ! inevitable sc\rge ( e c\ntry :]e ! evils ( vici\s economic arrangem5ts are aggravat$ by ! mis*iev\s views ( ! ,ca?olic cl]gy1 fir/1 z to ! duties ( promiscu\s almsgiv+1 & second1 z to ! virtue ( improvid5t m>riages4 ,9 #afad ! ,/ates ,g5]al _h be5 = hang+ all m5dicants1 & ,colb]t _h s5t !m to ! galleys4 ,turgot 0 less rigor\s ?an t1 b he w\ld n suff] 8 ef=ts = ! economic re/oration ( 8 prov9ce to be ?w>t$ by ! influx ( ^! dev\r+ p>asites1 & he s5t e begg> on :om h&s c\ld be laid to prison4 ,! /ory ( ! fam9e 9 ! ,lim\s9 br+s to light "s in/ructive facts z to ! temp] ( ! lords & ri* proprietors on ! eve ( ! *anges t 7 to de/roy !m4 ,turgot _h be5 specially anxi\s t z mu* z possible ( :at 0 necess>y = ! relief ( di/ress %\ld be done by private p]sons4 ,he knew ! /raits ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he knew h[ h>d x w\ld be to extract f x ! means ( repair+ a deficit 9 8 own f9ances4 ,accord+ly he invit$ ! l&[n]s1 n m]ely to contribute sums ( money 9 return = ! public works c>ri$ on 9 _! neighb\rhood1 b also1 by way ( provid+ employm5t to _! indig5t neighb\rs1 to und]take su* works z !y %\ld f9d conv5i5t on _! own e/ates4 ,! response 0 disappo9t+4 ',! di/ricts1' he wrote 9 #aggb1 ':]e ,i h works on foot1 d n give me reason to hope = mu* help on ! side ( ! g5]osity ( ! nobles & ! ri* l&[n]s4 ,! ,pr9ce de ,s\bise is s f> ! only p]son :o has giv5 any?+ = ! works t h be5 execut$ 9 8 du*y4' ,nor 0 ab/95ce f g5]osity ! wor/ "p ( ?is failure 9 public _s4 ,! same nobles & l&[n]s :o refus$ to give1 did n refuse to take away4 ,mo/ ( !m proce$$ at once to dismiss _! metay]s1 ! p :o f>m$ _! l&s 9 consid]ation ( a fix$ proportion ( ! produce4 ,turgot1 9 an ord9ance ( admirable gravity1 remon/rat$ aga9/ ?is h>% & impolitic proce$+4 ,he po9t$ out t ! un=tunate wret*es1 ?us /ripp$ ( e res\rce1 w\ld h to leave ! di/rict1 ab&on+ _! wives & *ildr5 to ! *>ity ( villages t 7 already ov]burd5$ ) ! *>ge ( _! own p4 ,to ca/ ?is additional load on ! villages 0 all ! m unju/1 because ! own]s ( l& _h be5 exempt$ f "o-half ( ! taxes levi$ on ! own]s ( o!r prop]ty1 exactly because ! =m] 7 expect$ to provide = _! own peasants4 ,x 0 a claim less ( humanity ?an ( b>e ju/ice1 t ! l&[n]s %\ld d some?+ = m5 ) :om _! relations _h be5 s close z to be almo/ dome/ic1 & to ^: h>d toil _! ma/]s ow$ all t !y possess$4 ,z a m]e matt] ( self-int]e/1 moreov]1 ap>t alike f bo? ju/ice & humanity1 ! dea? or flight ( ! lab\r]s w\ld leave ! proprietors helpless :5 ! next good season came1 & = want ( h&s ! l& w\ld be doom$ to b>r5ness = ye>s to come1 to ! griev\s detrim5t no less ( ! l&[n]s ?an ( ! :ole p ( ! realm4 ,accord+ly1 ,turgot ord]$ all ^? :o _h dismiss$ _! metay]s to take !m back aga91 & he enact$ g5]ally t all proprietors1 ( :atev] quality or condition1 & :e!r privileg$ or n1 %\ld be b\nd to keep & support until ! next h>ve/ all ! lab\r]s :o _h be5 on _! l& 9 ! previ\s ,octob]1 z well wom5 & *ildr5 z m54 ,turgot's policy 9 ?is matt] is m in/ructive z to ! social /ate ( ,france1 ?an x may at fir/ sight appe>4 ,at fir/ sight we are a/oni%$ to f9d ! au/]e economi/ travell+ s f> f ! or?odox pa? ( free contract z to ord] a l&[n] to furni% at 8 own co/ subsi/5ce = 8 impov]i%$ t5ants4 ,b ! tru? is t ! metay] 0 n a free t5ant 9 ! s5se :i* we atta* to ! ^w4 ',9 ,lim\s91' says ,ar?ur ,"y1 '! metay]s are consid]$ z little bett] ?an m5ial s]vants4' ,& x is n go+ beyond ! evid5ce to say t !y 7 ev5 some?+ l[] ?an m5ial s]vants2 !y 7 really a k9d ( s]f-ca/e4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! l[e/ mis]y4 ,m ?an half ( !m 7 comput$ to be deeply 9 debt to ! proprietors4 ,9 _m cases !y 7 ev5 r$uc$ e ye> to borr[ f _! l&lord1 be=e ! h>ve/ came r\nd1 su* co>se bread ( mix$ rye & b>ley z he might *oose to l5d !m4 ,:at ,turgot !re=e _h 9 8 m9d 0 no relation ( free contract1 ?\gh x 0 t legally1 b a relation :i* p>tly resembl$ t ( a feudal "l to 8 reta9]1 & p>tly--z ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e has h9t$--t ( a plant] to 8 negroes4 ,x is less surpris+1 !n1 t ,turgot %\ld h en=c$ "s ( ! responsibilities ( ! "l & ! plant]4 ,! nobles _h resort to a /ill m indef5sible measure ?an ! expulsion ( _! metay]s4 ,mo/ ( ! l&s 9 ! ,g5]ality ( ,limoges 7 *>g$ ) dues 9 k9d payable to ! lords4 ,z ! cultivators _h = ! mo/ "p no gra9 ev5 = _! own bread1 !y naturally _h no gra9 = ! "l's dues4 ,! lords !n insi/$ on paym5t 9 ca%1 & !y insi/$ on e/imat+ ?is paym5t at ! fam9e price ( ! gra94 ,mo/ ( !m 7 really z ne$y z !y 7 idle & pr\d1 & no?+ is s inord9ately grasp+ z ! indig5ce ( class-pride4 ,! effect ( _! proce$+s n[ 0 to increase _! rev5ue f\rfold & fivefold out ( public calamity & univ]sal mis]y4 ,& un=tunately ! liability ( ! cultivators 9 a giv5 manor 0 solidaire2 !y 7 jo9tly & sev]ally responsible1 & ! effect ( ?is 0 t ev5 ^? :o 7 9 circum/ances to pay ! quadrupl$ dues1 7 ru9$ & de/roy$ )\t m]cy 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ also to pay ! quadrupl$ dues ( _! begg>$ neighb\rs4 ,turgot arre/$ ?is odi\s process by means ( an old & =gott5 decree1 :i* he prevail$ ^u ! p>lem5t ( ,bordeaux to revive 9 good & due =m1 to ! effect t ! arre>s ( dues 9 k9d = #agfi %\ld be paid at ! m>ket price ( gra9 :5 ! dues 7 payable2 t is1 be=e ! sc>city _h decl>$ itself4 ,:5 we consid] ! gr9d+ & extortionate _s ?us %[n 9 face ( a common calamity1 we may cease to wond] at ! f]ocity ) :i*1 :5 ! h\r /ruck1 ! p tore away privilege1 di/9ction1 & prop]ty itself f classes t _h us$ all ?ree only to ru9 ! l& & cru% its inhabitants into ! du/4 ,& ! mom5t t ! "l _h ?us trans=m$ himself into a m]e cr$itor1 & a cr$itor = goods deliv]$ c5turies ago1 & long s9ce consum$ & =gott51 !n x 0 c]ta9 t1 if political circum/ances fav\r$ ! gr[+ economic s5tim5t1 !re w\ld be he>d aga9 ! old cry ( ! ,roman plebs = an agr>ian law & novae tabulae4 ,nay1 some?+ 0 he>d t is amaz+ly l ! cry ( ! mod]n ,iri% peasant4 ,9 #aggf two notewor?y incid5ts happ5$4 ,a c]ta9 ,m>quis de ,vibraye ?rew into prison a peasant :o refus$ to pay ! droit de c5s4 ,imm$iately betwe5 ?irty & =ty peasants came to ! rescue1 arm$ !mselves1 besieg$ ! *ateau1 took x & sack$ x1 & drove ! ,m>quis de ,vibraye away 9 t]ror4 ,/ill m significant is ! second incid5t1 :i* happ5$ %ortly aft]4 ,a relative ( ! ,duke ( ,mortem>t1 %oot+ on 8 prop]ty1 0 attack$ by peasants :o insi/$ t he %\ld cease 8 sport4 ,!y treat$ him ) mu* brutality1 & ev5 ?reat5$ to fire on him & 8 att5dants1 'claim+ to be free ma/]s ( _! l&s4' ,"h 0 ! ma9 root ( ! great ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,a fair consid]ation ( ! details ( su* an und]tak+ z ,turgot's adm9i/ration ( ! ,lim\s9 helps u to und]/& two ?+s3 fir/1 t all ! ideas necess>y = ! pacific trans=mation ( ,fr5* society 7 !re 9 ! mid/ ( x2 second1 t ! sy/em ( privilege _h fo/]$ su* a _s 9 "o class1 & ! reaction aga9/ ! inconsid]ate manife/ation ( t _s 0 s viol5t 9 ! o!r class1 t good political ideas 7 va9 & inapplicable4 ,x is curi\s to f9d t1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 b5efic5t adm9i/ration1 ,turgot 0 rat+ practical "w v l[ 9 comp>ison ) ! a*ievem5ts ( ! /ud5t & ! ?9k]4 ',y are v =tunate1' ,condorcet said to him1 '9 hav+ a passion = ! public good1 & 9 be+ able to satisfy x2 x is a great consolation1 & ( a v sup]ior ord] to ! consolation ( m]e /udy4' ',nay1' repli$ ,turgot1 9 8 next lett]1 ':atev] y may say1 ,i believe t ! satisfaction d]iv$ f /udy is sup]ior to any o!r k9d ( satisfaction4 ,i am p]fectly conv9c$ t "o may be1 ?r\gh /udy1 a ?\s& times m useful to m5 ?an 9 any ( our subord9ate po/s4 ,!re we torm5t ourselves1 & (t5 )\t any comp5sat+ success1 to secure "s small b5efits1 :ile we are ! involunt>y in/rum5t ( evils t are by no means small4 ,all our small b5efits are transitory1 :ile ! light t a man ( lett]s is able to diffuse mu/1 soon] or lat]1 de/roy all ! artificial evils ( ! human race1 & place x 9 a position to enjoy all ! goods t nature (f]s4' ,x is cle> t we c only accept ,turgot's pref]5ce1 on condition t ! man ( lett]s is engag$ on "w t s]i\sly advances social int]e/s & adds some?+ to human /ature4 ,mo/ lit]ature1 ne>ly all lit]ature1 is di/9ctly subord9ate & second>y2 x only s]ves to pass ! "t ( ! le>n$ or cultur$ class1 )\t mak+ any def9ite m>k ei!r on ! m5tal habits ( m5 & wom51 or on ! in/itutions "u :i* !y live4 ,comp>$ ) su* lit]ature z ?is1 ! "w ( an adm9i/rator :o makes life mat]ially easi] & m hopeful to ! half-million ( p]sons liv+ 9 ! ,g5]ality ( ,limoges or else:]e1 mu/ be pron\nc$ emphatically ! wor?i] & m ju/ly satisfactory4#dd ,footnote #dd3 ,see vol4 i4 p4 #bij4 ,turgot himself1 h[ev]1 f\nd "t1 9 8 indu/ry at ,limoges1 to make a contribution to a k9d ( lit]ature :i* has s]i\sly modifi$ ! practical arrangem5ts & social relations ( ! we/]n _w4 ,9 #agff he publi%$ 8 ,essay on ! ,=mation & ,di/ribution ( ,weal?--a %ort b mo/ pi?y treatise1 9 :i* he anticipat$ "s ( ! lead+ economic pr9ciples ( t great] "w by ,adam ,smi?1 :i* 0 giv5 to ! _w t5 ye>s lat]4 ,turgot's ,essay has none ( ! bread? ( hi/oric outlook1 & none ( ! amplitude ( concrete illu/rations f real affairs1 :i* make ! ,weal? ( ,nations s deeply f]tile1 s p]suasive1 s int]e/+1 s ?or\ghly alive1 s g5u9ely enri*+ to ! und]/&+ ( ! judici\s read]4 ,b ! comp>ative dryness ( ,turgot's too concise =m does n bl9d ! hi/orian ( political economy to ! m]it ( ! sub/ance ( 8 propositions4 ,x 0 no small pro( ( orig9ality & enlight5m5t to prec$e ,adam ,smi? by t5 ye>s 9 ! doctr9es ( free trade1 ( free indu/ry1 ( loans on int]e/1 ( ! con/itutive elem5ts ( price1 ( ! effects ( ! division ( lab\r1 ( ! processes ( ! =mation ( capital4 ,! passage on int]e/ w be> reproduc+ once m3--',we may reg>d ! rate ( int]e/ z a k9d ( level1 bel[ :i* all lab\r1 all cultivation1 all indu/ry1 all comm]ce ceases4 ,x is l a sea spread+ out ov] a va/ di/rict2 ! tops ( ! m\nta9s rise above ! wat]s & =m f]tile & cultivat$ isl&s4 ,if ! sea by any *ance f9ds an outlet1 !n 9 proportion z x goes d[n1 fir/ ! slopes1 next ! pla9s & valleys1 appe> & clo! !mselves ) productions ( e k9d4 ,x is en\gh t ! sea rises or falls by a foot1 to inundate va/ %ores1 or to re/ore !m to cultivation & pl5ty4' ,!re are n _m illu/rations at once s apt & s picturesque z ?is1 b mo/ ( ! hundr$ p>agraphs t make up ! ,reflections are1 not)/&+ "o or two ( ! *>act]i/ic crot*ets ( ,quesnai's s*ool1 bo? accurate & lum9\s4 ,v4 ,9 ,may #aggd ,lewis ,,xv4 di$4 ,8 successor 0 only tw5ty ye>s old2 he 0 sluggi% 9 m9d1 vacillat+ 9 temp]1 & inexp]i5c$ 9 affairs4 ,maurepas 0 recall$1 to become ! new k+'s *ief advis]2 & ,maurepas1 at ! sugge/ion ( "o ( ,turgot's college fri5ds1 summon$ ! ,int5dant f ,limoges1 & plac$ him at ! head ( ! dep>tm5t ( m>9e4 ,?is po/ ,turgot only held = a c\ple ( mon?s2 he 0 !n pref]r$ to ! great (fice ( ,controll]-,g5]al4 ,! condition ( ! national f9ance made its adm9i/ration ! mo/ important ( all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,turgot's policy 9 ?is high sph]e belongs to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ,france1 & !re is no occasion = u to reproduce its details "h4 ,x 0 ma9ly an attempt to ext5d ov] ! :ole realm ! k9d ( re=ms :i* _h be5 tri$ on a small scale 9 ! ,lim\s94 ,he suppress$ ! corvees1 & he tack$ ! money paym5t :i* 0 sub/itut$ = t burd5 on to ! ,tw5tie?s1 an impo/ f :i* ! privileg$ class 0 n exempt4 ',! weight ( ?is *>ge1' he made ! k+ say 9 ! edict ( suppression1 'n[ falls & mu/ fall only on ! poore/ classes ( our subjects4' ,?is tru? only add$ to ! exasp]ation ( ! ri*1 & p]haps might well h be5 omitt$4 ,along ) ! corvees 7 suppress$ ! jur&es1 or exclusive indu/rial corporations or trade-guilds1 ^: monopolies & re/rictions 7 s mis*iev\s an imp$im5t to ! wellbe+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! preamble to ?is edict we seem to be brea?+ ! air1 n ( ,v]sailles 9 #agge1 b ( ! ,conv5tion 9 #agic3--';,god1 :5 he made man ) wants1 & r5d]$ lab\r an indisp5sable res\rce1 made ! "r ( "w ! prop]ty ( e individual 9 ! _w1 & ?is prop]ty is ! fir/1 ! mo/ sacr$1 & ! mo/ imprescriptible ( all k9ds ( prop]ty4 ,we reg>d x z "o ( ! fir/ duties ( our ju/ice1 & z "o ( ! acts mo/ ( all wor?y ( our b5evol5ce1 to free our subjects f e infraction ( t inali5able "r ( humanity4' ,aga91 ,turgot remov$ a tax f c]ta9 =ms ( lease1 ) a view to promote ! sub/itution ( a sy/em ( f>m+ = ! sy/em ( metay]s4 ,he aboli%$ an ob/ructive privilege by :i* ! ,hotel ,dieu _h ! exclusive "r ( sell+ meat dur+ ,l5t4 ,! :ole ( ! old incoh]5t & vexati\s police ( ! corn-m>kets 0 swept away4 ,f9ally1 he inspir$ ! publication ( a %ort b mo/ important writ+1 ,bonc]f's ,inconv5i5ts des ,droits ,feodaux1 9 :i*1 )\t criticis+ ! orig9 ( ! privileges ( ! nobles1 ! au?or %[$ h[ mu* x w\ld be to ! advantage ( ! lords to accept a commutation ( _! feudal dues4 ,:at 0 /ill m exasp]at+ bo? to nobles & lawy]s1 0 ! au?or's h>dy ass]tion t if ! lords refus$ ! (f] ( _! vassals1 ! k+ _h ! p[] to settle ! "q = !m by 8 own legislative au?ority4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ important & decisive ( ! pre-revolution>y tracts4 ,equally viol5t prejudices & m s5sitive int]e/s 7 t\*$ by two o!r sets ( proposals4 ,! m9i/] began to talk ( a new t]ritorial contribution1 & a great survey & re-assessm5t ( ! l&4 ,!n foll[$ an edict re/or+ 9 good e>ne/ ! free circulation ( corn )9 ! k+dom4 ,turgot 0 a p>tisan ( free trade 9 its mo/ entire application2 b = ! mom5t he cont5t$ himself ) ! free importation ( gra9 & its free circulation at home1 )\t sanction+ its exportation abroad4 ,ap>t f *anges ?us organically affect+ ! indu/ry ( ! c\ntry1 ,turgot dealt /]nly ) c]ta9 corruptions t _h crept into ! sy/em ( tax-f>m+1 z well z ) ! mon/r\s abuses ( ! sy/em ( c\rt-p5sions4 ,! measures we h enum]at$ 7 all excell5t 9 !mselves1 & ! /ate ( ! k+dom 0 su* z urg5tly to call = !m4 ,!y 7 /eps t[>ds ! con/ruction ( a fabric ( fre$om & ju/ice4 ,b !y provok$ a ho/ ( bitt] & irreconcilable enemies1 :ile !y rais$ up no correspond+ ho/ ( en]getic support]s4 ,! reason ( ! fir/ ( ^! circum/ances is pla9 en\gh1 b ! second dem&s a mom5t's consid]ation4 ,t ! c\ntry cl]gy %\ld d5\nce ! ,philosoph]1 z !y call$ him1 f ! pulpit & ! /eps ( ! alt>1 0 natural en\gh4 ,_m ev5 ( 8 old colleagues ( ! ,encyclopa$ia _h jo9$ ,neck] aga9/ ! m9i/]4 ,! greate/ ( !m all1 x is true1 /ood by ,turgot ) unfail+ /aun*ness2 a %[] ( odes1 diatribes1 dialogues1 allegories1 diss]tations1 came f ! ,patri>* ( ,f]ney to conf\nd & scatt] ! enemies ( ! new re=ms4 ,b ! p 7 unmov$4 ,if ,turgot publi%$ an explanation ( ! high price ( gra91 !y p]v]sely took explanation = gratulation1 & ?\ght ! ,controll] pref]r$ to h bread de>4 ,if he put d[n s$iti\s ris+s ) a /rong h&1 !y insi/$ t he 0 9 nef>i\s league ) ! corn-m]*ants & ! bak]s4 ,h[ 0 x t ! p did n recognise ! h& ( a b5efactor8 ,! answ] is t !y suspect$ ! s\rce ( ! new re=ms too virul5tly to judge !m calmly4 ,= half a c5tury1 z ,condorcet says pregnantly1 !y _h be5 und]go+ ! evils ( an>*y1 :ile !y suppos$ t !y 7 feel+ ^? ( despotism4 ,! error 0 grave1 b x 0 natural1 & "o effect ( x 0 to make e measure t proce$$ f ! c\rt odi\s4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! p>lem5ts took up _! judicial arms 9 def5ce ( abuses & aga9/ re=ms1 ! common p took sides ) !m1 = no bett] reason ?an t ?is 0 to take sides aga9/ ! k+'s gov]nm5t4 ,male%]bes 9 ^? days1 & good writ]s s9ce1 held t ! only safe plan 0 to convoke ! ,/ates-,g5]al4 ,!y w\ld at lea/ h %>$ ! responsibility ) ! cr[n4 ,turgot reject$ ?is op9ion4 ,by doctr9e1 no less ?an by temp]am5t1 he dislik$ ! control ( a gov]nm5t by popul> bodies4 ,ev]y?+ = ! p1 no?+ by ! p3 ?is 0 ! maxim ( ! ,economi/s1 & ,turgot held x 9 all its rig\r4 ,! royal au?ority 0 ! only in/rum5t t he c\ld br+ himself to use4 ,ev5 if he c\ld h c\nt$ on a ,fr$]ick or a ,napoleon1 ! in/rum5t w\ld h>dly h s]v$ 8 purposes2 z ?+s 71 x 0 a brok5 re$1 n a f9e sword1 t he _h to 8 h&4 ,! ,national ,assembly & ! ,conv5tion w5t to "w exactly 9 ! same /iff & absolute _s z ,turgot4 ,!y 7 j z little dispos$ to gradual1 mod]ate1 & compromis+ ways z he4 ,b ) !m ! absolute au?ority on :i* !y lean$ 0 real & mo/ pot5t2 ) him x 0 a %ad[4 ,we owe x to ,turgot t ! exp]im5t 0 complete3 he prov$ t ! mon>*y ( div9e "r 0 incapable ( re=m4#de ,z x has be5 s5t5ti\sly express$1 ',! "p ( ! sages 0 n[ play$ out2 room 0 n[ = ! m5 ( de/9y4' ,footnote #de3 ,fonc9's ,m9i/]e de ,turgot1 p4 #egd4 ,if ! repudiation ( a popul> assembly 0 ! c>d9al error 9 ,turgot's s*eme ( policy1 !re 7 o!r errors add$4 ,! publication ( ,bonc]f's attack on ! feudal dues1 ) ! undisguis$ sanction ( ! m9i/]1 has be5 ju/ly condemn$ z a grave imprud5ce1 & z involv+ a =getfulness ( ! true pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration1 t w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 committ$ ei!r by ,colb]t1 9 :om ,turgot pr(ess$ to seek 8 model1 nor by ,g\rnai1 :o _h be5 8 ma/]4 ,x 0 a broad promise ( re=ms :i* ,turgot 0 by no means sure ( be+ able to p]suade ! k+ & 8 c\ncil to adopt4 ,by prematurely divulg+ 8 projects1 x augm5t$ ! numb] ( 8 adv]s>ies1 )\t be+ def9ite en\gh to br+ new fri5ds4#df ,aga91 ,turgot did no?+ to r$eem x by p]sonal conciliator9ess 9 c>ry+ out ! designs ( a b5evol5t absolutism4 ,! ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce1 aft]w>ds ,lewis ,,xviii41 wrote a satire on ! gov]nm5t dur+ ,turgot's m9i/ry1 & 9 x !re is a picture ( ! great re=m] z he appe>$ to 8 enemies3 ',!re 0 !n 9 ,france an awkw>d1 heavy1 clumsy creature2 born ) m rud5ess ?an "*1 m ob/9acy ?an firmness1 m impetuosity ?an tact2 a *>latan 9 adm9i/ration no less ?an 9 virtue1 exactly =m$ to get ! "o decri$ & to disgu/ ! _w ) ! o!r2 made h>% & di/ant by 8 self-love1 & timid by 8 pride2 z mu* a /rang] to m51 :om he _h nev] kn[n1 z to ! public weal1 :i* he _h nev] se5 aright2 ?is man 0 call$ ,turgot4' ,footnote #df3 ,see ,maugu9's ,etudes ,hi/oriques sur l',adm9i/ration de l',agriculture1 i4 #cec4 ,x is a mi/ake to take ! ^w ( political adv]s>ies = a man's "*1 b adv]s>ies sometimes only say out al\d :at is already suspect$ by fri5ds4 ,! co>se acc\nt giv5 by ! ,c\nt ( ,prov5ce %[s u :]e ,turgot's weakness z a rul] may h la94 ,he 0 di/ant & /iff 9 mann]1 & enc\rag$ no "o to approa* him4 ,ev5 8 heal? w5t aga9/ him1 = at a critical "t 9 8 %ort m9i/ry he 0 conf9$ to b$ by g\t = f\r mon?s1 & he c\ld see nobody save cl]ks & secret>ies4 ,! v au/]ity1 l(t9ess1 & purity1 :i* make him s rev]5d & inspir+ a figure 9 ! pages ( ! noble-he>t$ ,condorcet1 may well h be5 imp$im5ts 9 deal+ ) a society t1 9 ! fatal words ( ! ,roman hi/orian1 c\ld be> nei!r its disord]s nor _! rem$ies4 ,! k+ _h once said pa!tically3 ',x is only ,m4 ,turgot & ,i :o love ! p4' ,b ev5 ) ! k+1 !re 7 po9ts at :i* ! m9i/]'s philosophic sev]ity /ra9$ _! concord4 ,turgot 0 ! fri5d ( ,voltaire & ,condorcet2 he c\nt$ ,*ri/ianity a =m ( sup]/ition2 & he1 :o z a y\? _h refus$ to g ?r\gh life we>+ ! mask ( ! infidel abbe1 _h too mu* self-respect 9 8 manhood to practise ! rites & uses ( a sy/em :i* he consid]$ a degradation ( ! und]/&+4 ,"o day ! k+ said to ,maurepas3 ',y h giv5 me a ,controll]-g5]al :o nev] goes to mass4' ',sire1' repli$ t ready worldl+1 '! ,abbe ,t]ray always w5t'--& ,t]ray _h br\ght ! gov]nm5t to bankruptcy4 ,b ,turgot hurt ! k+'s consci5ce m directly ?an by /ay+ away f mass & confession4 ,fai?ful to ! long tradition ( 8 ance/ors1 ,lewis ,,xvi4 wi%$ ! c]emony ( 8 coronation to take place at ,rheims4 ,turgot urg$ t x %\ld be p]=m$ at ,p>is1 & z *eaply z possible4 ,& he advanc$ on to /ill m delicate gr\nd4 ,9 ! rite ( consecration1 ! usage 0 t ! k+ %\ld take an oa? to pursue all h]etics4 ,turgot dem&$ ! suppression ( ?is decl>ation ( intol]ance4 ,x 0 po9t$ out to him t x 0 only a =mality4 ,b ,turgot 0 "o ( ^? sev]e & scrupul\s s\ls1 to :om a wick$ promise does n cease to be degrad+ by becom+ hypocritical4 ,& he 0 p]fectly ju/ifi$4 ,x 0 only by ! gradual ext9ction ( ! ve/iges ( h] anci5t b>b>isms1 z occasion (f]$1 t ! ,*ur* c\ld h escap$ ! cra% ( ! ,revolution4 ,mean:ile1 ! k+ & ! prie/s _h _! own way3 ! k+ 0 cr[n$ at ,rheims1 & ! prie/s exact$ f him an oa? to be unju/1 oppressive1 & cruel t[>ds a portion ( 8 subjects4 ,turgot c\ld only remon/rate2 b ! philosophic memorial 9 :i* he prote/$ 9 fav\r ( religi\s fre$om & equality1 gave ! k+ a s]i\s %ock4 ,we h no space1 nor w\ld x be wor? :ile1 to describe ! intrigues :i* end$ 9 ! m9i/]'s fall4 ,already 9 ! previ\s volume1 we h ref]r$ to ! imm$iate & decisive %>e :i*1 ! que5 _h 9 8 disgrace4#dg ,he 0 dismiss$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may #aggf1 hav+ be5 9 p[] little m ?an tw5ty mon?s4 ',y are too hurri$1' ,male%]bes _h said to him4 ',y ?9k y h ! love ( ! public good2 n at all2 y h a rage = x1 = a man mu/ be no?+ %ort ( enrag$ to insi/ on =c+ ! h& ( ! :ole _w4' ,turgot repli$1 m pa!tically p]haps ?an reasonably1 ',:at1 y accuse me ( ha/e1 & y "k t 9 my family we die ( g\t at fifty6' ,footnote #dg3 ,see vol4 i4 p4 #ca4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ tragic 9 ! joy ) :i* ,turgot's dismissal 0 receiv$ on all sides4 ',i seem1' said ,m>montel1 'to be look+ at a b& ( brig&s 9 ! =e/ ( ,bondy1 :o h j he>d t ! provo/-m>%al has be5 dis*>g$4' ,voltaire & ,condorcet 7 n m dismay$ by ! fall ( ! m9i/]1 ?an by ! ins5sate delight :i* greet$ ! cata/rophe4 ',?is ev5t1' wrote ,condorcet1 'has *ang$ all nature 9 my eyes4 ,i h no long] ! same pleasure 9 look+ at ^? fair l&scapes ov] :i* he w\ld h %$ happ9ess & cont5tm5t4 ,! sight ( ! gaiety ( ! p wr+s my he>t4 ,!y dance & sport1 z if !y _h lo/ no?+4 ,ah1 we h _h a delici\s dream1 b x has be5 all too %ort4' ,voltaire 0 equally inconsolable1 & /ill m viol5t 9 ! expression ( 8 grief4 ,:5 he _h become some:at calm]1 he compos$ ^? admirable v]ses1--,to a ,man3 ,philosophe indulg5t1 m9i/re citoy51 ,qui ne *]*as le vrai que p\r faire le bi51 ,qui d'un peuple leg] et trop +rat peut-etre ,prep>ais le bonheur et celui de son maitre1 ,ce qu'on nomme disgrace a paye tes bi5faits4 ,le vrai prix de travail n'e/ que de vivre en paix4 ,turgot at fir/ %[$ "s j & natural res5tm5t at ! levity ) :i* he _h be5 bani%$ f p[]1 & he put on no airs ( !atrical philosophy4 ,he w\ld h be5 untrue to ! s9c]ity ( 8 "*1 if he _h affect$ indiff]5ce or satisfaction at see+ 8 b5efic5t hopes = ev] de/roy$4 ,b *agr9 did n numb 8 indu/ry or 8 wide int]e/s4 ,condorcet w5t to visit him "s mon?s aft] 8 fall4 ,he describes ,turgot z read+ ,ario/o1 z mak+ exp]im5ts 9 physics1 & z hav+ =gott5 all t _h pass$ )9 ! la/ two ye>s1 save :5 ! sight ( evils t he w\ld h mitigat$ or remov$1 happ5$ to rem9d him ( x4 ,he occupi$ himself busily ) *emi/ry & optics1 ) a/ronomy & me*anics1 & above all ) meteorology1 :i* 0 a new sci5ce 9 ^? days1 & ! value ( :i* to ! /udy ( ! conditions ( human heal?1 ( ! productions ( ! e>?1 ( navigation1 excit$ 8 mo/ ard5t anticipations4 ,turgot also 0 s mov$ by ! necessity = a new syn!sis ( life & k z to frame a plan = a great "w 'on ! human s\l1 ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 ! ,supreme ,be+1 ! pr9ciples ( societies1 ! rights ( m51 political con/itutions1 legislation1 adm9i/ration1 physical education1 ! means ( p]fect+ ! human race relatively to ! progressive advance & employm5t ( _! =ces1 to ! happ9ess ( :i* !y are susceptible1 to ! ext5t ( ! k to :i* !y may atta91 to ! c]ta9ty1 cle>ness1 & simplicity ( ! pr9ciples ( conduct1 to ! purity ( ! feel+s t spr+ up 9 m5's s\ls4' ,:ile 8 m9d 0 mov+ ?r\gh ^! imm5se spaces ( ?\ght1 he did n =get ! ?+s ( ! h\r4 ,he inv5t$ a ma*9e = s]v+ %ip's cables4 ,he wrote a plea = all[+ ,capta9 ,cook's vessel to rema9 unmole/$ dur+ ! ,am]ican w>4 ,) ,adam ,smi?1 ) ,dr4 ,price1 ) ,frankl91 ) ,hume1 he kept up a grave & wor?y correspond5ce4 ,( 8 own c\ntrym51 ,condorcet 0 8 mo/ fai?ful fri5d & disciple1 & x is mu* to ,condorcet's cr$it t ?is 0 s1 = ,turgot nev] gave way to ! passionate impulses ( ! philosophic s*ool aga9/ :at ,voltaire call$ ! ,infam\s1 t is to say1 aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 h] doctr9es1 h] morality1 h] hi/ory4 ,we h already said t ! keyword to ,turgot's political aims & social !ory 0 n ,pity nor ,b5evol5ce1 b ,ju/ice4 ,x 0 ,ju/ice also1 n tempor>y ,prejudice nor ,passion1 t guid$ 8 judgm5t ?r\gh ! heat$ issues ( ! "t4 ,?is ju/ice & exact reasonabl5ess x 0 impossible to surprise or ?r[ (f its gu>d4 ,8 sublime intellectual probity nev] suff]$ itself to be tempt$4 ,he prote/$ aga9/ ! doctr9es ( ,helvetius's book1 de l',esprit1 & ( ,d',holba*'s ,sy/eme de la ,nature1 at a mom5t :5 "s ( 8 be/ fri5ds 7 en?usia/ic 9 admiration1 = no bett] reason ?an t ! doctr9es ( ! two books 7 hateful to ! ecclesia/ics & de/ructive ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a discussion1 ,condorcet _h ma9ta9$ t 9 g5]al scrupul\s p]sons are n fit = great ?+s3 a ,*ri/ian1 he said1 w wa/e 9 subdu+ ! d>ts ( ! fle% "t t he might h employ$ ^u ?+s t w\ld h be5 useful to humanity2 he w nev] v5ture to rise aga9/ tyrants1 = fe> ( hav+ =m$ a ha/y judgm5t1 & s =? 9 o!r cases4 ',no virtue1' replies ,turgot1 '9 :atev] s5se y take ! ^w1 c disp5se ) ju/ice2 & ,i ?9k no bett] ( ! p :o d y\r great ?+s at ! co/ ( ju/ice1 ?an ,i d ( poets :o fancy t !y c produce great wond]s ( imag9ation )\t ord] & regul>ity4 ,i "k t excessive precision t5ds to dead5 ! fire alike ( action & ( composition2 b !re is a m$ium 9 ev]y?+4 ,!re has nev] be5 any "q 9 our controv]sy ( a capu*9 wa/+ 8 "t 9 qu5*+ ! d>ts ( ! fle%1 ?\gh1 by ! way1 9 ! :ole sum ( "t wa/$1 ! t]m express+ ! "t lo/ 9 satisfy+ ! appetites ( ! fle% w\ld probably be f\nd to be decid$ly ! great] ( ! two4' ,?is p>5!sis is "o ( a hundr$ illu/rations ( ,turgot's habitual refusal to be c>ri$ out ( ! n>r[ pa? ( exact rationality1 or to take = grant$ a s+le ^w ( ! common =m ( ! dialect ev5 ( 8 be/ fri5ds & close/ associates4 ,& ! read9ess ) :i* m5 fall into common =m1 ! levity ) :i* !y settle ! mo/ complex & difficult issues1 /irr$ 9 ,turgot :at ,mi*elet calls f]ocite1 & ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold calls soeva indignatio4 ',turgot 0 fill$ ) an a/oni%$1 awful1 oppressive s5se ( ! immoral ?\ghtlessness ( m52 ( ! he$less1 haz>d\s way 9 :i* !y deal ) ?+s ( ! greate/ mom5t to !m2 ( ! imm5se1 incalculable mis]y :i* is due to ?is cause' 7,m4 ,arnold74 ,turgot di$ on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #agha1 leav+ to po/]ity ! memory ( a "* :i* 0 m p]fect & impos+ ?an 8 p]=mances4 ,condorcet saw 9 ?is h>moni\s union & f9e balance ( qualities ! secret ( 8 unpopul>ity4 ',envy1' he says1 'seems m closely to att5d a "* t approa*es p]fection1 ?an "o t1 :ile a/oni%+ m5 by its greatness1 yet by exhibit+ a mixture ( defects & vices1 (f]s a consolation t envy seeks4' ,transcrib]s' ,notes3 ,m9or pr9t] errors 7omitt$ or incorrect punctuation7 h be5 am5d$ )\t note4 ,m9or inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation h be5 resolv$ :]e possible1 or reta9$ :]e !re 0 no way to det]m9e :i* 0 correct1 aga9 )\t note4 ,o!r errors h be5 am5d$1 & are li/$ bel[4 ,,oe_/oe ligatures h n be5 reta9$ 9 ?is v]sion4 ,li/ ( ,am5dm5ts3 ,page #ej--sup]/itution am5d$ to sup]/ition--444 treat$ z sup]/ition by ^? 444 ,page #abf--;devolopm5t am5d$ to developm5t--444 lead gradually to ! developm5t ( s\nd 444