,,! ,/&>d ,oratorios ,,_! ,,/ories1 ,,_! ,,music1 ,,& ,,_! ,,compos]s ,a ,h&book ,,by ,,george ,p4 ,,upton ,,*icago ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,& ,,company #ahic ,copyright ,by ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg & ,co4 ,a4,d4 #ahhf4 ,,preface4 ,! ,/&>d ,oratorios is int5d$ z a companion to ! ,/&>d ,op]as2 & ) ?is purpose 9 view ! compil] has foll[$ z closely z possible ! same me?od 9 ! arrangem5t & pres5tation ( 8 s*eme4 ,! ma9 object has be5 to pres5t to ! read] a compreh5sive sket* ( ! oratorios :i* may be call$ /&>d1 outl9+ ! sacr$ /ories :i* !y tell1 & briefly indicat+ & sket*+ _! pr9cipal numb]s1 accompani$ 9 ea* case ) a %ort biography ( ! compos] & su* hi/orical matt] connect$ ) ! v>i\s works z is ( special int]e/4 ,! compil] has also includ$ 9 8 s*eme a sket* ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! ,oratorio z illu/rat$ 9 its ?ree pr9cipal evolution>y /ages1 toge!r ) descriptions ( sev]al works :i* are n oratorios 9 ! /rict s5se1 b at ! same "t are sacr$ compositions writt5 ^u a l>ge scale & usually p]=m$ by oratorio societies1 su* z ,ba*'s ,passion ,music & ,magnificat1 ,b]lioz's1 ,moz>t's1 & ,v]di's ,requiems1 ,m5delssohn's ,hymn ( ,praise1 ,h&el's ,dett+5 ,te ,deum1 ,s*umann's ,p>adise & ! ,p]i1 & ,rub9/e9's ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,/&>d ,op]as1 ! "w has be5 prep>$ = ! g5]al public r ?an = musicians1 & z f> z practicable1 te*nical t]ms h be5 avoid$4 ,description1 n criticism1 has be5 ! purpose ( ! volume1 & ! v>i\s works are describ$ z fully z ! necess>ily brief space allott$ to ea* w\ld all[4 ,! utmo/ pa9s h be5 tak5 to secure hi/orical & *ronological accuracy1 inasmu* z ^! details are ne>ly always matt]s ( controv]sy4 ,! favor :i* has be5 s g5]\sly accord$ to ! ,/&>d ,op]as leads ! compil] to believe t ! ,/&>d ,oratorios w also be welcom$ by ^? :o enjoy ! sacr$ music ( ! great ma/]s1 & t x w prove a valuable addition to o!r works ( musical ref]5ce4 ,g4 ,p4 ,u4 ,*icago1 ,septemb]1 #ahhf4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface #c ,,! ,,oratorio #i ,,ba* #ca ,*ri/mas ,oratorio #cc ,! ,sa9t ,mat!w ,passion #ci ,! ,magnificat 9 ,d #dh ,,bee?ov5 #ea ,! ,m\nt ( ,olives #ec ,,b5nett #fj ,! ,woman ( ,sam>ia #fb ,,b]lioz #fh ,! ,requiem #gj ,,brahms #gh ,! ,g]man ,requiem #hj ,,co/a #hb ,eli #hd ,,dvorak #ij ,! ,/abat ,mat] #ib ,,g\nod #if ,! ,r$emption #ih ,mors et ,vita #ajf ,,h&el #aad ,israel 9 ,egypt #aag ,saul #abe ,samson #acb ,! ,messiah #adj ,judas ,maccabaeus #adi ,! ,dett+5 ,te ,deum #aee ,,haydn #aei ,! ,creation #afb ,! ,seasons #agj ,,liszt #agg ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,elizabe? #ahj ,*ri/us #ahf ,,macf>r5 #aia ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ #aic ,,mack5zie #aih ,! ,rose ( ,%>on #aii ,,m5delssohn #bjf ,/4 ,paul #bjh ,hymn ( ,praise #bac ,elijah #bah ,*ri/us #bbi ,,moz>t #bcd ,requiem #bcf ,,pa9e #bde ,/4 ,pet] #bdf ,,ross9i #bea ,/abat ,mat] #bec ,,rub9/e9 #beh ,t[] ( ,babel #bfj ,p>adise ,lo/ #bfd ,,sa9t-,,sa5s #bfg ,*ri/mas ,oratorio #bfi ,,s*umann #bga ,p>adise & ! ,p]i #bgc ,,spohr #bhj ,la/ ,judgm5t #bhc ,,sullivan #bij ,! ,prodigal ,son #bib ,! ,light ( ! ,_w #bid ,,v]di #cja ,manzoni ,requiem #cjc ,,sacr$ ,,music ,,9 ,,am]ica #cji ,,app5dix #cbi ,,! ,,/&>d ,,oratorios4 ,,! ,,oratorio4 ,! oratorio 9 its mod]n =m is a musical sett+ ( a sacr$ /ory or text 9 a /yle m or less dramatic4 ,its v>i\s p>ts are assign$ to ! f\r solo voices & to s+le or d\ble *orus1 ) accompanim5t ( full or*e/ra1 sometimes amplifi$ by ! organ4 ,l ! op]a1 x has its recitative1 l9k+ toge!r & lead+ up to ! v>i\s numb]s4 ,! orig9 ( ! ^w is to be f\nd 9 ! oratory1 or place ( pray]1 :]e ^! compositions 7 fir/ p]=m$4 ,crescimb5i1 "o ( ! e>lie/ musical writ]s1 says3 ,! oratorio _h its orig9 f ,san ,filippo ,n]i1#a :o1 9 8 *apel1 aft] s]mons & o!r devotions1 9 ord] to allure "y p to pi\s (fices1 & to deta9 !m f e>?ly pleasures1 _h hymns1 psalms1 & su* l pray]s sung by "o or m voices4 ,9 trac+ its evolution>y /ages1 its root w be f\nd 9 ! moralities1 my/]ies1 & miracle-plays ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 :i* 7 in/itut$ = ! purpose ( impress+ ,biblical ev5ts 9 symbolical =m ^u ! e>ly conv]ts to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,^! repres5tations 7 entirely dramatic 9 "*1 & _! subjects1 ?\gh always sacr$1 7 (t5 grotesquely treat$1 & sometimes v]g$ on buffoon]y4 ,among ! actors1 ,god1 ,*ri/1 ,satan1 ,m>y1 & ! angels ne>ly always appe>$2 lat]1 ! v>i\s virtues & vices 7 p]sonifi$4 ,! repres5tations 7 usually giv5 9 ! /reets or 9 fields1 & sometimes on ! wat]4 ,! highe/ dignit>ies ( ! ,*ur* did n disda9 to act 9 ^! plays1 nor did _! promot]s hesitate at times to r$uce ! exhibition to ! level ( a ,pun*-&-,judy %[ by ! introduction ( puppets clev]ly manipulat$4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! miracle-plays 9 ,engl& 7 p]=m$ by ! v>i\s ,london ,companies4 ,! ,tann]s1 = in/ance1 produc$ ! ,fall ( ,lucif]4 ,! ,drap]s play$ ! ,creation1 9 :i* ,adam & ,eve appe>$ 9 _! orig9al co/ume1--app>5tly )\t giv+ (f5ce4 ,! ,wat]-,draw]s naturally *ose ! ,deluge4 ,9 ! sc5e describ+ ! emb>kation ( ,noah's family1 ! patri>* has a great deal ( tr\ble ) 8 wife1 :o is det]m9$ n to g abo>d4 ,%e decl>es t if h] worldly fri5ds are left beh9d1 %e w /ay & dr[n ) !m1 & he c ,r[e =? away :5 ?\ li/e1 ,& get !e ano!r wif4 ,noah expo/ulates ) h] 9 va91 gr[s furi\sly indignant1 & bids h] ,come 91 wif1 9 tw5ty devill ways1 ,or alles /& !e )\t4 ,h] fri5ds ! gossips entreat h] to rema9 ) !m1 & h a c>\sal ov] a pottel full ( malmsey2 b at la/ ,%em makes a virtue ( necessity & =ces h] into ! ark1 z ! foll[+ sc5e %[s3-- ,9 fai?1 mod]1 9 ye %all1 ,:i!r y w or n\ghte4 ,,noe4 ,well me wif into ?is boate4 ,%e gives him a box on ! e>4 ,haue y t = !e note4 ,,noe4 ,a le ,m>y ?is :ote1 ,a *ildre me?9ks my boate remeues1 ,our t>ry+ "h heughly me grieues4 ,%e is =c$ into ! ark4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! repres5tations1 s f> z has be5 discov]$1 dates back to ! twelf? c5tury1 & is kn[n z ! ,fea/ ( ,asses4 ,9 ^! exhibitions1 ,balaam1 sup]bly habit$ & we>+ an enorm\s pair ( spurs1 rode a wood5 ass1 9 :i* ! speak] 0 conceal$4 ,! ass & ! devil 7 favorite *>act]s4 ,! =m] sometimes appe>$ 9 monki% g>b & bray$ responses to ! intonations ( ! prie/s1 :ile ! latt]1 array$ 9 fanta/ic co/umes1 seems to h be5 ! prototype ( cl[n 9 ! pantomime4 ,z late z #aghc ! buffoon]y ( ?is k9d ( exhibition cont9u$4 ,an ,engli% travell]1 describ+ a my/]y call$ ! ,creation :i* he saw at ,bamb]g 9 t ye>1 says3-- ,"y prie/s _h ! w+s ( geese ti$ on _! %\ld]s to p]sonate angels4 ,adam appe>$ on ! sc5e 9 a big curl$ wig & brocad$ morn+-g[n4 ,among ! animals t pass$ be=e him to receive _! names 7 a well-%od horse1 pigs ) r+s 9 _! noses1 & a ma/iff ) a brass coll>4 ,a c['s rib-bone _h be5 provid$ = ! =mation ( ,eve2 b ! ma/iff spi$ x out1 grabb$ x1 & c>ri$ x (f4 ,! angels tri$ to :i/le him back2 b n succe$+1 !y *as$ him1 gave him a kick+1 & recov]$ ! bone1 :i* !y plac$ "u a trap-door by ! side ( ! sleep+ ,adam1 :5ce !re soon em]g$ a lanky prie/ 9 a loose robe1 to p]sonate ,eve4 ,! buffoon]y & pr(anity ( ! e>ly exhibitions1 h[ev]1 gradually wore away :5 ! ,*ur* assum$ ! monopoly ( !m & =bade secul> p]=mances4 ,among ! e>li] works ,burney cites ! foll[+3-- ,! ',conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul1' p]=m$ at ,rome1 #addj1 z describ$ by ,sulpicius1 has be5 errone\sly call$ ! fir/ op]a1 or musical drama4 ',abram et ,isaac suo ,figliuolo1' a sacr$ drama 7azione sacra71 '%[+ h[ ,abraham 0 comm&$ by ,god to sacrifice 8 son ,isaac on ! m\nta91' 0 p]=m$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5 9 ,flor5ce1 #addi4 ,ano!r on ! same subject1 call$ ',abraham & ,s>ah1' 'conta9+ ! good life ( _! son ,isaac1 & ! bad conduct ( ,i%mael1 ! son ( 8 h&maid1 & h[ !y 7 turn$ out ( ! h\se1' 0 pr9t$ 9 #aeef2 ',abel e ,ca9o1' & ',samson1' #aeed2 ',! ,prodigal ,son1' #aefe2 & ',la ,comm$ia ,spirituale dell' ,anima' 7',! ,spiritual ,com$y ( ! ,s\l'71 pr9t$ at ,si5a1 )\t date1 9 :i* !re are ne> ?irty p]sonifications1 besides ,sa9t ,paul1 ,sa9t ,john ,*ryso/om1 two little boys :o repeat a k9d ( prelude1 & ! ann\nc+ angel1 :o always speaks ! prologue 9 ^! old my/]ies4 ,he is call$ l'angelo *e nunzia1 & 8 figure is almo/ always giv5 9 a wood5 cut on ! title-page ( pr9t$ copies4 ,"h1 among ! int]locutors1 we h ,god ! ,fa!r1 ,mi*ael ! ar*angel1 a *orus ( angels1 ! ,human ,s\l ) h] gu>dian angel1 memory1 intellect1 free-w1 fai?1 hope1 *>ity1 reason1 prud5ce1 temp]ance1 =titude1 ju/ice1 m]cy1 pov]ty1 pati5ce1 & humility2 ) hatr$1 infidelity1 despair1 s5suality1 a *orus ( demons1 & ! devil4 ,none ( ^! my/]ies are totally )\t music1 z !re are *oruses & laudi1 or hymns1 t are sung 9 !m all1 & sometimes !re 0 play+ on in/rum5ts betwe5 ! acts4 ,9 a play writt5 by ,damiano & pr9t$ at ,si5a1 #aeai1 accord+ to ,crescimb5i1 at ! beg9n+ ( e act !re 0 an octave /anza1 :i* 0 sung to ! s\nd ( ! lyra viol by a p]sonage call$ ,orpheus1 :o 0 solely reta9$ = t purpose2 at o!r times a madrigal 0 sung betwe5 ! acts1 aft] ! mann] ( a *orus4 ,x 0 n until ! "t :5 ,san ,filippo ,n]i began 8 dramatization & p]=mance ( ,biblical /ories1 su* z ,! ,good ,sam>itan1 ,! ,prodigal ,son1 & ,tobias & ! ,angels1 accompani$ ) music writt5 by 8 fri5d ,giovanni ,animuccia1 t ! t]m ,oratorio came to be accept$ z ! di/9ctive title ( ^! sacr$ musical dramas4 ,8 productions 7 v crudely & ha/ily arrang$1 8 only purpose hav+ be5 to r5d] 8 s]vice attractive4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 h[ev]1 9 #aeie1 8 "w 0 cont9u$ by ,emilio del ,cavali]e1 a ,roman compos]1 :o produc$ ! fir/ real oratorio :i* _h z yet appe>$4 ,x 0 entitl$ ,la ,rappres5tazione dell' ,anima e del ,corpo 7,! ,s\l & ! ,body71 & 0 fir/ p]=m$ 9 ,febru>y1 #afjj1 9 ! oratory ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,vallicella at ,rome4 ,burney assigns to x ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ sacr$ drama or oratorio 9 :i* recitative 0 us$4 ,! *>act]s 7 ,"t1 ,human ,life1 ! ,_w1 ,pleasure1 ! ,intellect1 ! ,s\l1 ! ,body1 & two y\?s :o 7 to recite ! prologue4 ,! or*e/ra 0 compos$ ( a d\ble lyre1 a h>psi*ord1 a l>ge or d\ble guit>1 & two flutes4 ,! compos] has left "s curi\s in/ructions = ! p]=mance ( 8 "w2 among !m ! foll[+3-- ,pleasure1 an imag9>y "*1 ) two companions1 are to h in/rum5ts 9 _! h&s1 on :i* !y are to play :ile !y s+ & p]=m ! ritornels4 ,il ,corpo1 ! ,body1 :5 ^! words are utt]$1 ',si *e hormai alma mia1' etc41 may ?r[ away "s ( 8 ornam5ts1 z 8 gold coll>1 fea!r f 8 hat1 etc4 ,! ,_w1 & ,human ,life 9 p>ticul>1 are to be gayly & ri*ly dress$2 & :5 !y are dive/$ ( _! trapp+s1 to appe> v poor & wret*$1 & at l5g? dead c>cases4 ,! ballet play$ a prom95t "p 9 all ! e>ly oratorios1 & ! compos] has also left detail$ in/ructions = its guidance4 ,dur+ ! ritornels ! f\r pr9cipal danc]s accompani$ !m 9 a ballet enliv5$ ) cap]s1 & at ! close ( ! p]=mance /anzas 7 sung1 alt]nat+ ) dances to be execut$ s$ately & rev]5tially4 ,emilio del ,cavali]e 0 foll[$ by a long l9e ( ,italian oratorio compos]s :o contribut$ to amplify & enri* ?is =m ( composition4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ^! writ]s 7 ,c>issimi1 ,/radella1 ,sc>latti1 ,mazzoc*i1 ,f$]ici1 ,pi/oc*i1 ,cald>a1 & ,colonna4 ,c>issimi p]fect$ ! recitative & inve/$ ! music ) m importance1 giv+ x some?+ l equal rank ) ! dramatic "* ( ! composition4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 "t t ! p]sonage kn[n z ,hi/oricus 0 introduc$1 :o cont9u$ ! action ) explanatory passages betwe5 ! numb]s1--a mod]n illu/ration ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! ,n>rator1 z us$ by ,g\nod 9 8 ,r$emption4 ,c>issimi employ$ ?is exp$i5t1 & made x v effective4 ,x is also claim$ t he 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! cantata z a =m ( *ur* music1 & ! accompanim5t ( viol9s 9 motet p]=mances4 ,8 mo/ fam\s oratorios are ,jephte1 ,abraham et ,isaac1 ,le ,jugem5t ,d]ni]1 & ,judicium ,salomonis4 ,( ! fir/ nam$1 ,hawk9s says3 ,x consi/s ( recitative1 airs1 & *orus2 & = sweetness ( melody1 artful modulation1 & orig9al h>mony1 is ju/ly e/eem$ "o ( ! f9e/ ef=ts ( musical skill & g5ius t ! _w kn[s (4 ,/radella1 ^: romantic hi/ory is famili> to e "o1 is *iefly rememb]$ by 8 atta*m5t = ,hort5sia1 ! v5geance ( ! ,v5etian lov] :i* foll[$ !m s long1 & ! song :i* sav$ ! compos]'s life f ! assass9s4 ,?is song 0 f 8 own oratorio1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 fir/ p]=m$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an at ,rome4 ,burney1 :o exam9$ ! score1 says3 ,! recitative is 9 g5]al excell5t1 & !re is sc>ce a movem5t among ! airs 9 :i* g5ius1 skill1 & /udy d n appe>4 ,he also obs]ves t ?is oratorio is ! fir/ "w 9 :i* ! prop] %>ps & flats are g5]ally plac$ at ! clef4 ,sc>latti1 born 9 #afei1 0 a compos] ( great orig9ality1 z well z v]satility4 ,he has left1 9 addition to 8 num]\s op]as & cantatas1 sev]al oratorios1 ! mo/ fam\s ( :i* are ,i ,dolori di ,m>ia sempre ,v]g9e1 ,il ,sagrifizio d' ,abramo1 ,il ,m>tirio di ,santa ,teodosia1 & ,la ,concezzione della beata ,v]g9e4 ,he gave to ! oratorio m bread?1 boldness1 & dignity ( /yle1 improv$ ! =m ( ! aria1 made ! accompani$ recitative m dramatic1 & develop$ ! treatm5t ( sev]al in/rum5ts1 among !m ! trumpet1 ^: real beauty & effect he 0 ! fir/ to br+ out4 ,mazzoc*i is *iefly kn[n by 8 oratorio1 ,qu]imonia1 produc$ 9 ,rome 9 #afca1 :i* is said to h drawn te>s f all :o he>d x4 ,f$]ici wrote two oratorios1 ,santa ,cri/9a1 & ,santa ,cat]9a de ,si5na1 9 bo? ( :i* int]/itial accompanim5t is us$ = ! fir/ "t2 t is1 ! viol9s1 in/ead ( accompany+ ! voice1 repeat portions ( ! melody 9 %ort symphonies4 ,pi/oc*i 0 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t /age-s+]s ( 8 "t1 & e/abli%$ a s*ool ( s++ at ,bologna4 ,8 mo/ fam\s oratorio is entitl$ ,m>ia ,v]g9e addol]ata1 & is )\t ov]ture or *orus4 ,burney notes t 9 ! close ( ?is "w degrees ( dim9ution ( s\nd1 su* z piano1 piu piano1 & pianissimo1 are us$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,cald>a wrote a l>ge numb] ( oratorios1 mo/ly adapt$ to ! poetry ( ,z5o & ,meta/asio1 :i* are said to h be5 delightful productions4 ,colonna1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ,/radella1 b n s fam\s1 has left "o oratorio1 ,/4 ,basil1 :i* is highly prais$4 ,bononc9i also1 :o aft]w>ds became a rival ( ,h&el 9 ,engl&1 wrote sev]al oratorios be=e he w5t to t c\ntry1 ! be/ ( :i* is entitl$ ,san ,girolamo della ,c>ita4 ,! conclusion ( ?is p]iod br+s u to ! second /age 9 ! evolution ( ! oratorio2 namely1 ! passion-music1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! e>li] =m z develop$ by ! ,italian compos]s ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & ! oratorio z x appe>$ aft] x _h felt ! mighty influ5ce ( ,h&el4 ,! passion-music 0 ! direct outgr[? ( ! passion-play4 ,x portray$ ! passion ( ,*ri/4 ,its e>lie/ =ms are f\nd 9 ! ,passio secundum ,mat?aeum by ,/ephani1 a ,nuremb]g compos] :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 9 a hymn-book publi%$ 9 #aegc by ,keu*5tal2 & 9 ,sel5ica's hymn-book1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aehg4 ,he9ri* ,s*uetz1 h[ev]1 0 ! fir/ to e/abli% ! passion-music 9 g5u9e oratorio =m4 ,he 0 born 9 #aehe1 & di$ 9 #afgb4 ,! pupil ( an ,italian ma/]1 ! fam\s ,gabrielli ( ,v5ice1 he reta9$ ! ,italian =ms1 b add$ to !m 8 native ,g]man =ce & solidity4 ,8 mo/ prom95t "w1 ,die ,auf]/ehung ,*ri/i1 fir/ p]=m$ at ,dresd5 9 #afbc1 :]e he 0 *apel-ma/] to ! ,elector ,george ,i41 is reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ( ! ,g]man oratorio4 ,! passion-music 0 usually assign$ to ?ree prie/s1 "o ( :om recit$ or inton$ ! "p ( ,jesus1 ! second t ( ! evangeli/1 & ! ?ird ! o!r p>ts1 :ile ! *orus s]v$ = ! turbae1 or p4 ,9 ,s*uetz's music1 h[ev]1 ! n>rative is giv5 to a *orus ( evangeli/s1 ! accompanim5t be+ p]=m$ by f\r viole di gamba & organ4 ,!re is also a wide dep>ture f all 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! entire abs5ce ( dramatic action4 ,8 fir/ "w 0 foll[$ by ano!r1 entitl$ ,die sieb5 ,worte ,*ri/i 7,! ,sev5 ,words ( ,*ri/71--a subject :i* ,haydn subsequ5tly treat$ ) p[]ful effect1--& f\r diff]5t compositions on ! passion ( our ,"l4 ,9 ^! works are to be f\nd ! real g]ms ( ! mod]n oratorio2 !y 7 prep>+ ! way = ,h&el & ,ba*4 ,johann ,seba/iani succe$$ ,s*uetz1 & 9 #afgb publi%$ a passion-music1 9 :i* ! n>rative appe>s 9 recitative =m & solidly h>moniz$ *orales are us$1--) ?is peculi>ity1 t only ! treble 0 sung1 ! o!r voices be+ tak5 by ! /r+s4 ,9 #afgc /ill ano!r passion1 writt5 by ,!ile1 0 produc$ at ,luebeck4 ,f ?is "t until #agjd !re appe>s to be a gap 9 ! sequ5ce ( works ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ! latt] ye>1 h[ev]1 two m 7 produc$1 :i* made a s5sation all ov] ,g]many1 ,! ,ble$+ & ,dy+ ,jesus1 by ,re9h>d ,keis]1 & ! ,passion na* ,cap4 #ai ,s4 ,johannis by ,h&el4 ,9 ! =m]1 cantatas 7 sub/itut$ = ! n>rative & *orales1 "o ( ! numb]s be+ 9 ! nature ( a love-song1--an innovation ^u ! e/abli%$ =ms :i* br\ght d[n ^u ! compos] ! indignation ( ! critics bo? 9 ! pulpit & out ( x4 ,! passion-music ( ,h&el 0 b a weak prelude to ! colossal works :i* 7 to foll[ f 8 p54 ,betwe5 #agje & #agah sev]al o!r passions appe>$1 writt5 by ,keis]1 ,h&el1 ,telemann1 & ,mat!son1 prep>+ ! way = ! two compos]s :o above all o!rs 7 de/9$ to develop ! *orale & make x n only ! f\ndation1 b ! all-p]vad+ idea ( _! passions2 !y 7 ,c>l ,he9ri* ,graun & ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,! =m]'s greate/ "w1 ,d] ,tod ,jesu1 0 produc$ 9 ,b]l9 9 #agee1 & 0 a revelation 9 ! matt] ( *orale treatm5t4 ,no?+ :i* _h prec$$ x c\ld equal x 9 musical skill or arti/ic h&l+4 ,b !re 0 "o com+ great] ?an ,graun1 ! fa!r ( mod]n music1 ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*4 ,if all ! music writt5 s9ce ,ba*'s "t %\ld be lo/1 says ,g\nod1 x c\ld be recon/ruct$ on ! f\ndations :i* he laid4 ,besides 8 ,*ri/mas ,oratorio1 ,ba* wrote five passion oratorios1 two ( :i*1 ! ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,mat!w1 h be5 publi%$ & are /ill p]=m$4 ,( ^! two1 ! ,/4 ,mat!w 0 conceiv$ on ! gr&] scale4 ,9 ?is sublime ma/]piece1 ! e>ly oratorio rea*$ its highe/ =m 9 ,g]many4 ,x conta9s a n>ration deliv]$ by an evangeli/1 solo p>ts = ! pr9cipal *>act]s1 arias1 *oruses1 d\ble *oruses1 & *orales1 ! congregation jo9+ 9 ! latt]1 9 :i* ! compos] n only reveals an a/oni%+ dramatic p[] 9 ! expression ( s5tim5t & ! adaptation ( 8 music to ! feel+ & situation ( ! *>act]s1 b also a dep? & accuracy ( musical skill & inv5tion :i* h be5 ! despair ( compos]s f t "t to ?is4 ,) ,ba*1 ! passion-music accompli%$ its purpose1 & we n[ ent] ^u ! ?ird & la/ /age ( ! evolution ( oratorio4 ,x is a new =m1 & ! *ange leads u to a new c\ntry4 ,we h exam9$ ! sacr$ dramas1 ) _! musical sett+1 9 ,italy1 & ! passion-music 9 ,g]many2 & n[ comes ! oratorio 9 ,engl&1--! oratorio z we "k x & he> x to-day4 ,h&el 0 its great orig9ator4 ,he began 8 ,engli% c>e] z an op]atic writ]2 b he soon tir$ ( sett+ music to ! trivial subjects s common 9 op]a1 :i*1 z he himself decl>$1 7 n suit$ to a compos] advanc+ 9 ye>s4 ,!re 7 o!r inducem5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* l$ him to turn to ! oratorio1 & among !m "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful unque/ionably 0 8 disgu/ ) ! cabals :i* 7 organiz$ aga9/ him by ,italian rivals4 ,e/h] 0 8 fir/ ,engli% oratorio1 & x made a great success4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ,deborah & ,a?alia4 ,8 vigor\s dramatic p[] & close musical s*ol>%ip 7 nev] m app>5t ?an 9 ^! works4 ,!y ar\s$ su* an en?usiasm t f ?is "t =? 7#agcg7 he devot$ himself exclusively to ?is species ( composition4 ,he wrote 9 all sev5te5 ,engli% oratorios4 ,9 #agci he produc$ ,saul1 "o ( ! mo/ dramatic ( 8 sacr$ works1 & ! colossal ,israel 9 ,egypt4 ,9 #agda he began ,! ,messiah1 ! mo/ sublime ( all 8 oratorios & "o ( ! pr(\nde/ works ( human g5ius 9 music4 ,x /ill holds its place ^u ! /age z "o ( ! gr&e/ expressions ( human aspiration & div9e tru?1 & no ,*ri/mas is complete )\t its p]=mance4 ,o!r works foll[$ x1 among !m ,samson1 ,joseph1 ,bel%azz>1 ,judas ,maccabaeus1 ,jo%ua1 & ,!odora1 :i* ,h&el consid]$ 8 be/ "w2 b none ( !m equall$ ,! ,messiah1 9 :i* 8 g5ius rea*$ its climax4 ,( ^? la/ nam$1 only ,samson & ,judas ,maccabaeus /ill hold _! place 9 ! mod]n rep]tory1 ?\gh ! o!r oratorios m5tion$ conta9 _m ( 8 mo/ effective numb]s4 ,:ile ,h&el 0 writ+ 9 ,engl&1 ! oratorio langui%$ 9 ,g]many4 ,hasse1 ,porpora1 & ,fux produc$ sev]al oratorios1 b !y h n left an impression ^u ! _w4 ,h&el di$ 9 #agei4 ,x 0 n until #agih t a successor appe>$ wor?y to we> 8 mantle4 ,t successor 0 ,joseph ,haydn1 ^: greate/ "w1 ,! ,creation1 rivals ,! ,messiah 9 its popul>ity4 ,he 0 9 8 sev5tie? ye> :5 he produc$ x1 z well z 8 delightful "w1 ,! ,seasons2 b ,papa ,haydn1 z 8 c\ntrym5 love to call him1 pres]v$ ! fre%ness ( y\? to ! v la/4 ,! melodies ( 8 old age are z delici\s z ^? ( 8 y\?4 ,bo? ^! oratorios are exquisite pictures ( nature1 z well z ( human & div9e love4 ,!y 7 inspir$ by ,h&el's oratorios 7:i* he he>d = ! fir/ "t :5 he visit$ ,london 9 #agia71 & :5 fir/ p]=m$ ar\s$ z great en?usiasm1 ?\gh !y are n ca/ 9 ! same h]oic m\ld z are ,! ,messiah & ,israel 9 ,egypt4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ r by grace1 sweetness1 & elegance ( =m1 & by pure1 heal?y music4 ,haydn 0 a ma/] ( in/rum5tation1 z he _h %[n ye>s be=e 9 ! /r+ qu>tet1 ( :i* he 0 ! creator1 & 9 8 almo/ innum]able symphonies1--he be+ ! orig9ator ( ! mod]n symphony4 ,he _h _h ! advantage ( a magnific5t or*e/ra :ile 9 s]vice at ,pr9ce ,e/]hazy's1 & ! results are se5 9 ! or*e/ral res\rces :i* he employs 9 8 oratorios4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod sev]al ,italian oratorios by ,sali]i1 ,z+>elli1 & ,cim>osa appe>$1 z well z oratorios 9 ! same /yle by ! ,g]man compos]s ,himmel & ,w9t]4 ,9 #ahjc ,bee?ov5 wrote 8 only oratorio1 ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,?is production has n atta9$ to ! popul>ity ( 8 in/rum5tal works or ( 8 s+le op]a1 ,fidelio1 9 "p because x is n 9 pure oratorio =m1 & 9 "p because ( its wret*$ libretto4 ,s*ub]t1 contempor>y ) ,bee?ov51 also und]took an oratorio on ! subject ( ,laz>us2 b x 0 nev] complet$1 & ! fragm5t ev5 0 n he>d until #ahfc4 ,! fir/ really successful oratorio ( ! pres5t c5tury 0 ,das ju5g/e ,g]i*t 7,! ,la/ ,judgm5t71 by ,spohr1 :i* 0 produc$ "u 8 own sup]vision at ,erfurt 9 #ahab4 ,?is oratorio1 h[ev]1 ! "w ( 8 e>li] ye>s1 0 b ! prelude to 8 ma/]piece1 ,die letzt5 ,d+e 7,! ,la/ ,?+s71 :i* is n[ commonly kn[n z ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & 0 fir/ p]=m$ at ,cassel 9 #ahbf4 ,n9e ye>s lat] he br\ght out ,des ,heil&'s letzte ,/und5 7,! ,savi\r's ,la/ ,h\rs1 n[ kn[n z ,calv>y71 & /ill lat]1 ,! ,fall ( ,babylon1 :i* he produc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,engl& 9 #ahdc2 b nei!r ( ^! are con/ruct$ ^u ! gr& proportions :i* *>act]ize ,die letzt5 ,d+e1 or s well illu/rate ! pr(\nd musical k ( ! great viol9i/4 ,contempor>y ) ,spohr 0 ,s*neid]1 an unusually prolific writ]1 :o produc$ no less ?an sixte5 oratorios 9 a p]iod ( tw5ty-eight ye>s1 9 addition to a l>ge numb] ( op]as4 ,?\gh 8 oratorios 7 v popul> at ! "t1 b "o ( !m has surviv$1 ! ,weltg]i*t1 writt5 9 #ahai4 ,among o!r contempor>ies 7 ,l9dpa9tn]1 ^: ,abraham 0 v successful1--?\gh ?is compos] is n[ rememb]$ only by 8 or*e/ral pieces1--& ,kle91 :o br\ght out two oratorios1 ,jeph?ah 7#ahbh7 & ,david 7#ahcj71 :i* 7 greatly admir$1 ?\gh !y are n[ almo/ unkn[n4 ,spohr _h easily held 8 place 9 ! fir/ rank ( ! oratorio compos]s ( 8 "t1 b 0 eclips$ :5 ,m5delssohn appe>$1 z 7 all 8 contempor>ies4 ,?is gift$ compos] _h /udi$ ,h&el & ,ba* v closely4 ,9 #ahbi he br\ght out ! latt]'s ,/4 ,mat!w passion-music aft] x _h la9 conceal$ = an entire c5tury4 ,he ar\s$ en?usiasm = ! two old ma/]s bo? 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,8 ,/4 ,paul1 fir/ produc$ at ,duesseldorf 9 #ahcf1 0 greet$ ) acclamations ( en?usiasm1 & /ill holds its place 9 ! popul> reg>d4 ,t5 ye>s lat] 8 greate/ "w1 ,elijah1 0 p]=m$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?\gh widely diff]5t 9 =m & treatm5t f ,! ,messiah1 x %>es equally ) t "w 9 ! enjoym5t ( popul> favor4 ,its numb]s are almo/ z famili> z h\sehold words1 ?r\gh con/ant repetition n only ^u ! oratorio /age1 b 9 ! conc]t-room & *oir-l(t4 ,9 ! pres5tation ( ! p]sonalities conc]n$ 9 ! progress ( ! "w1 9 descriptive p[]1 9 ! portrayal ( emotion & passion1 & 9 g5u9e lyrical =ce1 ,elijah has _m ( ! attributes ( op]a1 & "s critics h n hesitat$ to call x a sacr$ op]a4 ,inde$1 !re c be no "q t ) co/ume1 sc5]y1 & ! aids ( g5]al /age-sett+1 its effect w\ld be greatly enhanc$4 ,m5delssohn began /ill a ?ird oratorio1 ,*ri/us1 b did n live to complete x4 ,8 ,lobgesang 7,hymn ( ,praise71 a symphony-cantata1 is usually giv5 z an oratorio1 ?\gh x is n 9 ! g5u9e oratorio =m4 ,contempor>y ) him & s9ce 8 dea? num]\s oratorios h be5 writt51 m or less inspir$ by 8 "w2 b ,elijah & ,/4 ,paul /ill rema9 unsurpass$4 ,rob]t ,s*umann gave ! _w a delightful oratorio ) a secul> subject1 ,p>adise & ! ,p]i4 ,num]\s ,engli% compos]s h produc$ m]itori\s works1 among !m ,/]ndale ,b5nett1 ^: ,woman ( ,sam>ia is ?or\ghly devotional4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,hill]1 ,rhe9?al]1 & o!rs h made successful essays 9 ?is =m ( musical art4 ,9 ,france1 ,mass5et & ,sa9t-,sa5s h writt5 %ort "o-"p oratorios1 & ,g\nod has con/ruct$ two1 ,! ,r$emption & ,mors et ,vita1 ^u ! old classical =m1 s f> z division is conc]n$1 & is n[ at "w ^u a ?ird1 ( :i* ,joan ( ,arc is ! !me4 ,9 ,! ,t[] ( ,babel & ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,rub9/e9 has giv5 u works :i* are c]ta9ly l>g] 9 design ?an ! cantata1 & are entitl$ to be call$ oratorios4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ,pr(essor ,pa9e1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 has writt5 "o oratorio1 ,/4 ,pet]1 :i* comm&s att5tion = its s*ol>ly "w & musical treatm5t4 ,m5delssohn & ,spohr1 h[ev]1 repres5t ! n9ete5? c5tury ( oratorio z ,haydn1 ,h&el1 & ,ba* did ! eighte5?4 ,:o w take ! next /ep =w>d 9 ! tw5tie?1 & give to ?is noble/ =m ( musical art /ill high] expression8 ,be=e clos+ ?is sket*1 x w n be out ( place to ref] briefly to ! ,requiem1 ,te ,deum1 ,/abat ,mat]1 & ,magnificat1 s9ce illu/rations ( ^! musical =ms appe> 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,requiem is ! "n giv5 to ! ,missa pro ,defunctis 7,mass = ! ,dead71 & comes f ! fir/ ^w ( ! ,introit1 ,requiem aet]nam dona eis1 ,dom9e4 ,its musical divisions are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,introit2 7#b7 ! ,kyrie2 7#c7 ! ,gradual & ,tract1--,requiem aet]nam & ,absolve ,dom9e2 7#d7 ! ,sequ5ce or ,prose1--,dies ,irae2 7#e7 ,(f]torium2 7#f7 ,sanctus2 7#g7 ,b5$ictus2 7#h7 ,agnus ,dei2 7#i7 ,communio1--,lux aet]na4 ,! mo/ fam\s requiems are ,pale/r9a's1 writt5 = five voices1 b left incomplete 7#aeie72 ,vittoria's1 = six voices1 writt5 = ! fun]al ( ! ,empress ,m>ie1 wid[ ( ,maximilian ,,ii4 7#afje72 ,colonna's1 = eight voices 7#afhd72 ,moz>t's great ma/]piece 7#agia72 ,*]ub9i's 9 ,c m9or1 writt5 = ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 #agic1 & a second = ?ree male voices 7#ahcf72 ,b]lioz's ,messe des ,morts2 ,v]di's ,manzoni ,requiem1 & ,brahms' ,g]man ,requiem4 ,?\gh an integral "p ( ! ,roman s]vice1 appo9t$ = a special day 9 commemoration ( ! dead1 ! ,requiem is also employ$ = ! anniv]s>ies ( di/+ui%$ p]sons :o h pass$ away1 z well z = fun]al occasions4 ,! ,/abat ,mat]1 or ,lam5tation ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 ! well-kn[n ,lat9 hymn on ! ,crucifixion1 is "o ( ! mo/ famili> numb]s 9 ! ,roman ,missal4 ,x is appo9t$ to be sung at ,high ,mass on ! ,friday 9 ,passion ,week1 & also on ! ?ird ,sunday 9 ,septemb]4 ,on ,?ursday 9 ,holy ,week x is also sung 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel z an ,(f]torium4 ,! poem 0 writt5 by ! monk ,jacobus de ,b5$ictis 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & is reg>d$ z "o ( ! f9e/ ( m$iaeval sacr$ lyrics4 ,grove says ( x3 ,sev]al read+s are extant2 ! "o mo/ frequ5tly set to music be+ t :i* imm$iately prec$$ its la/ revision 9 ! ,roman ,(fice-,books4 ,!re are also at lea/ f\r di/9ct v]sions ( its pla9-*ant melody1 ap>t f m9or diff]5ces attributable to local usage4 ,x has always be5 a favorite hymn ) ! compos]s4 ,! mo/ fam\s sett+s are ^? ( ,josqu9 des ,pres2 two by ,pale/r9a1--! fir/1 :i* is ! mo/ effective1 = a d\ble *oir ( eight voices1 & ! second = a triple *oir ( twelve voices2 t by ,p]golesi = soprano & contralto2 ,haydn's1 :i* is 9 8 peculi>ly melodi\s /yle2 ,/effani's = six voices2 ^? by ,cl>i1 ,a/orga1 ,w9t]1 ,racimondi1 ,vito1 ,lanza1 ,inz5ga1 & ,neukomm2 ,ross9i's1 :i* is ! be/ kn[n ( all2 & ,dvorak's1 writt5 9 #ahha1 :i* is "o ( ! ,bohemian compos]'s f9e/ ef=ts4 ,few hymns h be5 s v>i\sly treat$1 &1 x may be add$1 few 9 ! ,roman s]vice are m popul>4 ,! ,te ,deum ,laudamus is ano!r famili> hymn4 ,its orig9 is d\btful1 ?\gh x is usually cr$it$ to ,sa9t ,ambrose4 ,l',e/range1 9 8 ,alliance ( ,div9e ,(fices1 says3 ,! ,te ,deum 0 made by a bi%op ( ,tri]s1 nam$ ,nicetius1 or ,nicettus1 ab\t ! ye> #ejj1 :i* 0 almo/ a c5tury aft] ! dea? bo? ( ,sa9t ,ambrose & ,sa9t ,augu/9e4 ,b+ham1 9 8 ,antiquities ( ! ,*ur*1 says3 ,! ,b5$ict9es1 :o publi%$ ! works ( ,sa9t ,ambrose1 judge him n to h be5 ! au?or ( x2 & ,dr4 ,cave1 ?\gh at "o "t he 0 ( a diff]5t judgm5t1 & ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet1 concur 9 ! op9ion t ! ,te ,deum 0 n ! composition ( ,sa9t ,ambrose1 or ( him & ,sa9t ,augu/9e jo9tly4 ,hawk9s also says3 ,! zeal ( ,sa9t ,ambrose to promote psalm-s++ is 9 no?+ m conspicu\s ?an 9 8 endeavors to r$uce x into =m & me?od2 z a pro( :]e(1 x is said t he1 jo9tly ) ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ^u occasion ( ! conv]sion & baptism ( ! latt]1 compos$ ! hymn ,te ,deum ,laudamus1 :i* ev5 n[ makes a "p ( ! liturgy ( our ,*ur*1 & caus$ x to be sung 9 8 *ur* at ,milan4 ,b ?is has be5 discov]$ to be a mi/ake4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91--t he in/itut$ t me?od ( s++ kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,cantus ,ambrosianus1 or ,ambrosian ,*ant1 a "n1 = aught t n[ appe>s1 n applicable to any det]m9$ s]ies ( notes1 b inv5t$ to express 9 g5]al a me?od ( s++ agreeable to "s rule giv5 or taught by him4 ,9 spite ( controv]sy1 h[ev]1 ! ,te ,deum is /ill & w always be kn[n z ! ,ambrosian ,hymn4 ,! orig9al melody is v anci5t1 b n s old z ! hymn itself4 ,x is ?or\ghly famili> 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ?\gh ! numb] ( sett+s = ,*ur* use is almo/ endless4 ,! e>ly compos]s h>moniz$ x 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,x has also borne a conspicu\s "p on fe/ival occasions4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ,te ,deums ( ?is "*1 arrang$ = solos1 *orus1 organ1 & or*e/ra1 are ^? ( ,s>ti1 to commemorate ,pr9ce ,potemk9's victory at ,ot*ak\s2 ( ,graun1 to celebrate ! battle ( ,prague2 ( ,b]lioz1 = two *oirs2 ( ,purcell1 = ,/4 ,cecilia's ,day2 ( ,dr4 ,bl[ & ,dr4 ,cr(t1 ) accompanim5ts ( two viol9s1 two trumpets1 & bass2 & ! magnific5t ,utre*t & ,dett+5 ,te ,deums ( ,h&el4 ,among ^? by contempor>y writ]s are ,macf>r5's1 writt5 9 #ahhd1 & ,sullivan's1 commemorat+ ! recov]y ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,! ,magnificat1 or ,song ( ! ,virg91 is "p ( ! vesp] s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 & has be5 treat$ by all ! old ,*ur* compos]s ( prom95ce bo? 9 pla9 *ant & 9 polyphonic =m4 ,9 ! ,engli% ca!dral s]vice x is (t5 ri*ly h>moniz$1 & ,ba*1 ,moz>t1 ,h&el1 ,m5delssohn & o!rs h set x 9 oratorio /yle ) complete or*e/ral accompanim5t4 #a ,born at ,flor5ce 9 ! ye> #aeae1 & fam\s z ! f\nd] ( ! ,congregation ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,oratory4 ,,ba*4 ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*1 ! mo/ em95t ( ! _w's organ-play]s & contrapunti/s1 0 born at ,eis5a*1 ,m>* #ba1 #afhe1 & 0 ! mo/ illu/ri\s memb] ( a long l9e ( musicians1 ! ,ba* family hav+ be5 fam\s almo/ f "t immemorial = its skill 9 music4 ,he fir/ /udi$ ! piano ) 8 bro!r1 ,johann ,*ri/oph1 & ! organ ) ,re9ecke 9 ,hamburg1 & ,buxtehude 9 ,luebeck4 ,9 #agjc he 0 c\rt musician 9 ,weim>1 & aft]w>ds 0 engag$ z organi/ 9 ,arn/adt & ,muehlhaus54 ,9 #agjh he 0 c\rt organi/1 & 9 #agad conc]t-ma/] 9 ,weim>4 ,9 #agah he 0 *apel-ma/] to ! ,pr9ce von ,koe!n1 & 9 #agbc 0 appo9t$ music-director & cantor at ! ,/4 ,?omas ,s*ool 9 ,leipsic1--a position :i* he held dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,he has left = ! admiration ( po/]ity an almo/ endless li/ ( vocal & in/rum5tal works1 includ+ *orales1 motets1 magnificats1 masses1 fugues1 & fantasies1 especially = organ & piano1 ! ,*ri/mas ,oratorio1 & sev]al sett+s ( ! passion1 ( :i* ! mo/ fam\s are ! ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,mat!w1 ! latt] ( :i* ,m5delssohn introduc$ to ! _w 9 #ahbi1 aft] x _h slumb]$ an entire c5tury4 ,8 mo/ fam\s in/rum5tal "w is ! ,well-temp]$ ,clavi*ord1--a collection ( =ty-eight fugues & preludes1 :i* 0 writt5 = 8 second wife1 ,anna ,magdal5a ,ba*1 to :om also he d$icat$ a l>ge numb] ( piano pieces & songs4 ,8 fir/ wife 0 8 c\s91 ,m>ia ,b>b>a ,ba*1 ! y\nge/ daught] ( ,johann ,mi*ael ,ba*1 a compos] ( no common ability4 ,by ^! two wives he _h tw5ty-"o *ildr51 ( :om ! mo/ celebrat$ 7 ,c>l ,phillipp ,emanuel1 born 9 #agad1 kn[n z ! ,b]l9 ,ba*2 ,johann ,*ri/oph ,fri$ri*1 born 9 #agcb1 ! ,bue*eburg] ,ba*2 & ,johann ,*ri/ian1 born 9 #agce1 :o became fam\s z ! ,london ,ba*4 ,l>ge z ! family 01 x is n[ ext9ct4 ,ba* 0 indu/ri\s1 simple1 hone/1 & ,god-fe>+1 l all 8 family4 ,he 0 an incessant & labori\s writ] f necessity1 z 8 comp5sation 0 h>dly suffici5t to ma9ta9 8 l>ge family1 & ne>ly all 8 music 0 prep>$ = ! s]vice ( ! *ur* by contract4 ,! prom95t *>act]i/ics ( 8 "w are pr(\nd k1 ! cle>e/ /atem5ts ( =m1 /r5g? ( logical sequ5ces1 impos+ bread?1 & deep religi\s s5tim5t4 ,he 0 a favorite ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o ^u "o occasion made all 8 c\rti]s /& on "o side & d homage to ! illu/ri\s compos]4 ,!re is b "o ,ba*1 said ! mon>*4 ,) all ,ba*'s amiable qualities1 x is said t he _h a ha/y temp]4 ,:ile play+ "o day1 ,go]n]1 ! organi/ at ,/4 ,?omas1 /ruck a false *ord2 :]eupon ,ba* flew at him 9 a passion1 tore (f 8 wig & ?rew x at him1 exclaim+3 ,y ought to h be5 a cobbl]1 in/ead ( an organi/6 ,not)/&+ ?is infirmity ( temp]1 he 0 a deeply religi\s man1 & inscrib$ ^u e "o ( 8 pr9cipal compositions ,s4 ,d4 ,g41 to ! glory ( ,god alone4 ,he di$ ,july #bh1 #agej1 & 0 buri$ at ,leipsic2 b no cross or /one m>ks ! spot :]e he lies4 ,8 la/ composition 0 ! beautiful *orale1 ,w5n wir 9 hoe*/5 ,noe!n se91 freely translat$1 ,:5 my la/ h\r is close at h&1 z x 0 writt5 9 8 la/ illness4 ,! only record ( 8 dea? is conta9$ 9 ! (ficial regi/]3 ,a man1 ag$ #fg1 ,m4 ,johann ,seba/ian ,ba*1 musical director & s++-ma/] at ! ,/4 ,?omas ,s*ool1 0 c>ri$ to 8 grave 9 ! he>se1 ,july #cj1 #agej4 ,! ,*ri/mas ,oratorio4 ,! ,*ri/mas ,oratorio 0 writt5 by ,ba* 9 #agcd1 ! subject be+ tak5 f texts 9 ,luke & ,mat!w p]ta9+ to ! nativity4 ,x is n1 z its "n w\ld sugge/1 a "w to be p]=m$ at a s+le he>+1 b a composition divid$ into six p>ts ( div9e s]vice1 arrang$ = ! ?ree days ( ,*ri/mas1 ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 ,new ,ye>'s ,sunday1 & ! ,epiphany1 ea* "p be+ a complete cantata = ea* day1 & all l9k$ toge!r by *orales :i* give x a unity ( subject & design4 ,l ,wagn]'s ,r+ d] ,nibelung51 x 0 giv5 9 in/alm5ts1 ea* "p sep>ate & complete 9 itself1 & yet comb9+ to illu/rate a giv5 subject 9 its entirety4 ,x is n an oratorio 9 ! mod]n s5se2 b ! ju/ification ( its appellation z su* is to be f\nd 9 ,ba*'s own title1 ,oratorium ,tempore ,navitatis ,*ri/i4 ,z ! entire six p>ts are v r>ely giv51 a g5]al review ( _! "* w bett] suit ! read]'s purpose ?an a detail$ review ( ea*4 ,:5 x has be5 p]=m$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 only ! fir/ two p>ts h be5 giv52 :ile 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh x has be5 pres5t$ entire1 ! p]=mance is usually conf9$ to ! fir/ ?ree1 :i* conta9 a complete /ory4 ,! entire vocal score embraces no less ?an sixty-f\r numb]s1--:i* 9 itself con/itutes a suffici5t reason = abridgm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree p>ts ! connect+ n>ratives1 recit$ by ! evangeli/1 are assign$ to t5or & bass1 & decl>e ! ev5ts associat$ ) ! bir? ( our ,"l1--! j\rney to ,be?lehem1 ! bir? 9 ! mang]1 ! joy ( ,m>y1 & ! ?anksgiv+ ov] ! adv5t ( ! ,"l1--! *oral p>ts be+ sung by ! %eph]ds4 ,! f\r? "p1 t = ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 relates ! nam+ ( ,jesus1 & foll[s 8 c>e] 9 a gr& expression ( fai? & hope4 ,! fif? "p illu/rates ! visit ( ! ?ree k+s1 ! anxiety ( ,h]od :5 he he>s ( ! adv5t ( ! ,"l1 & ! assurances giv5 him to allay 8 fe>s4 ,9 ! six? section ! visitors dep>t to fru/rate ,h]od's designs1 & *oruses ( rejoic+ ov] ! f9al triumph ( ! ,"l close ! "w4 ,9 8 volum9\s life ( ,ba*1 ,spitta makes an exhau/ive analysis ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 an abridgm5t ( :i* w be ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 ,! only v>iation f ! p>ticul> "* ( ea* section is to be f\nd 9 ! introduction ( ! fir/ *orale 9 ,"p ,i4 at ! close ( ,"p ,,vi41 9 ! =m ( a brilliant *oral fantasia4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ! ,*ri/mas feel+ prevails mo/ vividly2 ?is is effect$ 9 great measure by ! *orales :i* are int]sp]s$ 9 f> great] numb]s ?an 9 ! la/ ?ree1 & :i* are almo/ all famili> ,*ri/mas hymns4 ,mo/ ( !m are simply set 9 f\r p>ts1 ) highly +5i\s applications ( ! *ur* modes4 ,! fir/ & second p>ts close ) *orales1 b 9 ! ?ird ! op5+ *orus is repeat$ at ! close4 ,"p ,,iv4 has lea/ ( ! "* ( *ur* fe/ival music4 ,! ,biblical matt] consi/s ( a s+le v]se f ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,luke1 ii4 #ba1 :i* relates ! circumcision & nam+ ( ,jesus4 ,n mu* mat]ial c\ld be work$ out ( ?is1 & ,ba* has almo/ entirely set aside all adjuncts f ! liturgy4 ,no ,*ri/mas hymn1 inde$ no true *orale1 is introduc$ 9 x4444 ,?is section1 !re=e1 be>s m /rongly ! /amp m]ely ( a religi\s composition2 x is full ( grace & sweetness1 & c only h d]iv$ its full significance = congregational use f its position 9 context ) ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,p>ts ,v4 & ,,vi41 devot$ to ! hi/ory ( ! ?ree k+s1 are 9 no respect inf]ior to ! fir/ ?ree4 ,! lyrical *oruses are full ( arti/ic beauty & sw+4 ,! cantata "* is m conspicu\s "h ?an 9 ! fir/ ?ree sections1 & ! specially ,*ri/mas feel+ resides m 9 ! g5]al tone ( ! music ?an 9 ! *orales4 ,bitt]1 9 8 life ( ,ba*1 gives ! foll[+ int]e/+ sket* ( ! orig9 ( "s ( ! numb]s conta9$ 9 ! "w3-- ,9 "s p>ts ( ?is music ,ba* borr[$ f =m] compositions ( 8 own1 especially f a ',drama p] ,musica1' d$icat$ to ! ,que5 ( ,pol&1 & a drama entitl$ ',! ,*oice ( ,h]cules1' compos$ 9 #agcc = a ,saxon pr9ce4 ,! old hymn-tune1 ',o ,haupt voll ,blut und ,wund51' compos$ ,a4,d4 #afjj 7by ,hans ,geo4 ,hassl] to a secul> tune71 & us$ by ,ba* five times to diff]5t words 9 ! ',mat?aeus-,passion1' is aga9 us$ 9 ?is oratorio to ! words ( ,paul ,g]h>d's ,adv5t hymn1 ',wie soll i* di* empfang51' & to ! hymn ( triumph1 ',nun seid ihr wohl g]o*51' at ! end ( ! la/ "p4 ,z ?is tune 0 famili> to ! he>]s 9 connection ) a hymn = ,passion ,week1 its adaptation to ,adv5t & ,*ri/mas hymns seems int5d$ to express a pres5tim5t at ! "t ( ,*ri/'s bir? ( 8 future suff]+s4 ,! same tune is n[ us$ 9 ! ,g]man ,*ur* to a numb] ( diff]5t hymns1 especially to ',h]zli* ?ut mi* v]lang5' & ',befiehl du de9e ,wege1' & is 9 "s tune-books call$ by "o or o!r ( ^! names4 ',befiehl du de9e ,wege' is "o ( ! hymns to :i* ,ba* has set x 9 ! ',mat?aeus-,passion4' ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! oratorio we f9d two v]ses ( ,lu!r's ,*ri/mas hymn1 ',gelobet sei/ du ,jesu ,*ri/2' fir/1 ! v]se beg9n+ ',er i/ auf ,erd5 komm5 arm1' to ! tune ,lu!r compos$ = x1 & ! v]se ',a*1 me9 h]zliebes ,jesule91' to ! tune 7also ( ,lu!r's composition71 ',von ,himmel ho* da komm i* h]4' ,?is la/-m5tion$ tune is also us$ twice 9 ! second "p1 to ! words ',s*aut h91 dort liegt im f9/]n ,/alle1' & ',wir s+5 dir 9 de9em ,he]1' arrang$ diff]5tly ea* "t4 ,! *orales1 ',jesus1 ri*te me9 ,beg9n51' 9 ! f\r? "p1 & ',de9 ,glanz all ,f9/]niss v]zehrt1' 9 ! fif? "p1 are probably ,ba*'s own compositions4 ,! fir/ two p>ts ( ! "w are ! only ones :i* ne$ special notice = ! purposes ( ! oratorio-go]4 ,! fir/ "p op5s ) a brilliant prelude1 introduc$ by ! drum1 :i* ,ba*1 l ,bee?ov51 sometimes treat$ z a solo in/rum5t4 ,x preludes ! n>rative bidd+ ,zion prep>e to meet h] ,"l1--a simple1 t\*+ melody1 foll[$ by ! *orale1 ,h[ %all ,i fitly meet ,!e & give ,!e welcome due1 set to ! old passion-hymn1 ,o ,haupt1 voll ,blut und ,wund51--a solemn & ev5 m\rnful melody1 :i* at fir/ appe>s incongru\s 9 ! mid/ ( s mu* jubilation4 ,x is ! same melody :i* ,ba* frequ5tly uses 9 diff]5t h>monic =ms 9 8 ,/4 ,mat!w ,passion4 ,x is introduc$ "h 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,*ri/mas fe/ivity = a special purpose4 ,bitt] gives x ! foll[+ significance3-- ,we see ! ,angel ( ,dea? unveil 8 pale face1 b5d ov] ! cradle ( ! ,"l1 & =etell 8 sorr[s4 ,! ,*ild he>s ! song :i* "o day1 sung to o!r words1 w be 8 dea?-song4 ,! compos]'s evid5t int5tion 0 to impress ! he>] ) ! fact t ! object ( ! div9e adv5t on e>? 0 ! passion ( our ,"l4 ,at ! close ( ! "w ! same *orale appe>s1 b x has ano!r mean+4 ,x is !re an exultant expression ( ,*ri/'s victory ov] s9 & dea?4 ,z ! *orale dies away1 ! n>rative is resum$1 lead+ up to ano!r *orale1 ,= u to e>? he come? poor1 comb9$ ) an or*e/ral symphony & bass recitative4 ,! next numb] is a bass aria ) trumpet accompanim5t1 ,"l ,almighty1 ,k+ all glori\s1 & is foll[$ by a *orale set to ! words ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r's ,*ri/mas hymn1 :i* also occurs 9 o!r p>ts ( ! "w1 diff]5tly h>moniz$ to suit ! nature ( ! situation1 ) :i* ! fir/ "p closes4 ,! second "p op5s ) "o ( ! mo/ delightful in/ances ( ,ba*'s or*e/ration1 a pa/oral symphony1 ) :i* ! ,?omas or*e/ra h made audi5ces famili> 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,l ! symphony ( ! same /yle 9 ,h&el's ,messiah1 x is simple1 graceful1 & idyllic 9 "*1 & pictures ! %eph]ds wat*+ _! flocks by night on ! pla9s ( ,be?lehem4 ,at its conclusion ! evangeli/ resumes 8 n>rative1 foll[$ by ! *orale3 ,break =?1 ,o beaute\s1 heav5ly ,light1 prelud+ ! ann\ncem5t ( ! angel1 ,behold1 ,i br+ y ,good ,tid+s4 ,x is foll[$ by ! bass recitative1 ,:at ,god to ,abraham reveal$1 ,he to ! ,%eph]ds do? accord to see fulfill$1 & a brilliant aria = t5or1 ,ha/e1 ye ,%eph]ds1 ha/e to meet ,him4 ,! evangeli/ gives !m ! sign1 foll[$ by ! *orale :i* clos$ ! fir/ "p1 9 ano!r =m1 ,)9 yon ,gloomy ,mang] lies4 ,! bass recitative1 ,o ha/e ye !n1 preludes ! exquisite cradle-song = alto1 ,sleep1 my ,belov$1 & take ,?y ,repose1--a numb] :i* c h>dly be excell$ 9 ! sweetness & purity ( its melody or 9 ! exquisit5ess ( its in/rum5tation4 ,?is lovely song br+s u to ! close1 :i* is an exultant %\t f ! multitude ( ! heav5ly ho/1 s++1 ,glory to ,god 9 ! highe/4 ,! ,sa9t ,mat!w ,passion4 ,! passion-music ( ,ba*'s "t1 z we h already se51 0 ! complem5t ( ! my/]ies ( ,m$iaeval days4 ,x portrays ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/1 & 0 p]=m$ at *ur* fe/ivals1 ! congregation tak+ "p 9 ! s++ ( ! *orales1 :i* 7 mo/ly famili> religi\s folk-songs4 ,x 0 a revival ( ! sacr$ drama 9 musical =m1 & ! imm$iate precursor ( ! mod]n oratorio4 ,ba* wrote five passions1--! ,/4 ,john1 probably writt5 9 #agbc1 & fir/ p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>2 ano!r1 :i* has be5 lo/1 9 #agbe2 ! ,/4 ,mat!w1 9 #agbi2 ! ,/4 ,m>k1 9 #agca2 & ! ,/4 ,luke1 9 #agcd4 ,( ^! only two are n[ kn[n1--! ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,mat!w2 ( :i* ! latt] is incomp>ably ! greate/4 ,macf>r51 9 8 sket* ( ! ,mat!w ,passion1 says t ! idea ( ?is =m ( composition 0 fir/ sugge/$ to ,ba* by ,solomon ,deyl+1 :o fill$ an important *ur* position 9 ,leipsic :5 ! compos] w5t !re to assume 8 duties z cantor ( ! ,/4 ,?omas ,s*ool1 8 purpose be+ to introduce into ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* a s]vice :i* %\ld be a c\nt] attraction to ! ,mass z p]=m$ 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,x 0 produc$ = ! fir/ "t at ! aft]noon s]vice on ,good ,friday1 #agbi1 b 0 n he>d aga9 until ! "y ,m5delssohn reviv$ x 9 ,b]l91 ,m>* #ab1 #ahbi4 ,x 0 frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ,g]many & ar\s$ extraord9>y en?usiasm1 & /ill keeps its place 9 ! fe/ival oratorio rep]tory1 ! necess>y additional accompanim5ts hav+ be5 furni%$ by ,rob]t ,franz4 ,! passion is writt5 9 two p>ts1 betwe5 :i* ! s]mon int]v5$ 9 old times4 ,x includes portions ( *apt]s xxvi4 & xxvii4 ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,sa9t ,mat!w1 ! rema9d] ( ! text be+ compos$ ( hymns furni%$ to ,ba* by ,*ri/ian ,fri$ri* ,h5rici1 :o wrote "u ! pseudonym ( ,pic&]1 &1 x is said1 0 assi/$ 9 ! compilation by ! compos] himself4 ,! dramatis p]sonae are ,jesus1 ,judas1 ,pet]1 ,pilate1 ! ,apo/les1 & ! ,p1 or ,turbae1 & ! n>rative is int]pret$ by reflections address$ to ,jesus1 =m+ two *oruses1 ,! ,daught] ( ,zion & ,! ,fai?ful1 z ,pic&] calls !m4 ,!y are sometimes giv5 by ! *orus1 & sometimes by s+le voices4 ,! *orales are select$ f ^? :i* 7 9 common use 9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*1 & 7 famili> !re=e to ! congregations :i* sang ! melody1 ! h>mony be+ su/a9$ by ! *orus & in/rum5ts4 ,! ,gospel text is 9 recitative =m ?r\gh\t1 ! "p ( ! evangeli/1 or n>rator1 be+ assign$ to a t5or voice1 :ile ^? ( ! p]sons incid5tally introduc$ are giv5 to o!r s+]s4 ,9 ! dialogue1 :]ev] ! words ( ,jesus occur1 ! accompanim5t is furni%$ by a /r+ qu>tette1 :i* s]ves to di/+ui% !m f ! o!rs1 & inve/s !m ) a peculi> g5tl5ess & grace4 ,! incid5tal *oruses1 sung by ! ,p & ! ,apo/les1 are %ort & vivaci\s 9 "*1 _m ( !m be+ 9 madrigal =m4 ,! *orales1 fifte5 9 numb]1 z has already be5 said1 7 tak5 f ! ,lu!ran s]vice4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* ,ba* also lib]ally us$ 9 8 ,*ri/mas ,oratorio1 beg9n+1 ,ackn[l$ge me1 my ,keep]1 appe>s five times 9 ! progress ( ! "w1 =m+ ! keynote ( ! *ur* s5tim5t1 & diff]5tly h>moniz$ on ea* occasion4 ,ano!r1 ,o ,bless$ ,jesus1 is twice us$1--once :]e ! ,savi\r ann\nces t he w be crucifi$ aft] ! ,fea/ ( ! ,passov]1 :5 ! :ole congregation s+s x1 & aga9 9 ! sc5e at ,ge?semane1 sung by select *oirs4 ,! :ole "w is writt5 = d\ble *orus1 ! two *oruses s++ ! h>mony ( ! *orales1 accompani$ by ! in/rum5ts1 :ile ! congregation s+ ! tune 9 unison4 ,!y display to ! utmo/ ! bread?1 ri*ness1 +5uity1 & p[] ( ,ba* 9 ?is =m ( writ+4 ,! reflective portions ( ! "w1 ! text writt5 by ,pic&]1 are compos$ ( arias introduc$ by recitative1 ) ! fir/ "p repeat$ 9 ! close2 ( arias accompani$ by *orus2 & ( s+le *oruses con/ruct$ 9 ! mo/ massive mann]4 ,speak+ ( ! melodies 9 ^! portions ( ! "w1 ,spitta says1-- ,! grades ( feel+ trav]s$ by ,ba* 9 ! solo songs ( ! ',/4 ,mat!w ,passion' are all ! m impressive because e s5tim5t ( joy 9 its v>i\s %ades is :olly exclud$2 !y are all bas$ on ! emotion ( sorr[4 ,! mo/ f]v5t sympa?y ) ! suff]+s ( ! ,son ( ,man1 ris+ to ! utmo/ angui%1 *ildlike tru/fulness1 manly e>ne/ness1 & t5d]ly long+ devotion to ! ,r$eem]2 rep5tance = ! p]sonal s9s t 8 suff]+ mu/ atone =1 & passionate entreaties = m]cy2 an absorb$ contemplation ( ! example (f]$ by ! suff]+s ( ,jesus1 & solemn v[s pron\nc$ ov] 8 dead body nev] to =sake or =get him1--^! are ! !mes ,ba* _h to treat4 ,& he has solv$ ! difficult problem z if x 7 *ild's play1 ) t inexhau/ible weal? ( res\rce :i* 0 mo/ at 8 comm& precisely :5 he _h to depict ! sadd] emotions4 ,9 no o!r ( 8 works 7unless x be 9 ! ',*ri/mas ,oratorio'7 d we f9d su* a /ore ( lovely & v>i\s solo airs1 nor did ,ba* ev5 ev] write melodies m expressive & p]suasive ?an ^? ( ! arias 9 ! ',/4 ,mat!w ,passion4' ,z we h said1 ! music is arrang$ = d\ble *orus1 & ea* *orus has its own or*e/ra & its own organ accompanim5t4 ,! d\ble or*e/ra is compos$ ( oboes1 flutes1 & /r+$ in/rum5ts4 ,drums & brass in/rum5ts are n us$1 ! s5tim5t ( ! "w1 9 ,ba*'s e/imation1 n be+ fitt$ = !m1 sweetness & expressiv5ess ( tone r ?an p[] be+ requir$4 ,z ,spitta says1 sorr[ is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! "w4 ,x has no *oruses ( rejoic+1 no paeans ( praise1 n ev5 a hallelujah at its close4 ,! fir/ "p op5s ) a reflection sung by d\ble *orus1 ,come1 ye ,daught]s1 weep = ,angui%1 ! fir/ exhort+ believ]s to weep ov] ! s9ful _w1 ! second respond+ ) brief int]rogations1 & at la/ tak+ "p 9 ! sorr[ful /ra9s ( ! fir/4 ,int]wov5 ) ^! is an indep5d5t in/rum5tal melody1 ! :ole cr[n$ ) a magnific5t *orale sung by ! sopranos1 ,o ,lamb ( ,god all blameless6 foll[$ by /ill ano!r1 ,say1 sweete/ ,jesus1 :i* reappe>s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! "w v>i\sly h>moniz$4 ,! d\ble *orus & *orales =m ! introduction1 & are foll[$ by recitative & a *orale1 ,?\ de> ,r$eem]1 & a pa!tic aria = contralto1 ,grief & ,pa91 relat+ ! incid5t ( ! woman ano9t+ ! feet ( ,jesus4 ,! next numb] is an aria = soprano1 ,only ble$1 ,?\ de>e/ ,he>t1 :i* foll[s ! acceptance by ,judas ( ! ?irty pieces ( silv]1 & :i* s]ves to int5sify ! grief 9 ! aria prec$+ x4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,la/ ,supp] ensues1 & to ?is numb] ,ba* has giv5 a "* ( sweetness & g5tl5ess1 ?\gh its color+ is sad4 ,z ! disciples ask1 ,"l1 is x ,i8 ano!r *orale is sung1 ',tis ,i6 my ,s9s betray me4 ,recitative ( v impressive "*1 convey+ ! div9e injunctions1 leads up to a graceful & t5d] aria = soprano1 ,nev] w my ,he>t refuse ,!e1 "o ( ! simple/ & cle>e/1 & yet "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ expressive1 melodies ev] conceiv$4 ,aft] fur!r recitative & ! *orale1 ,i w /ay "h beside ,!e1 we are introduc$ to ! sc5e 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 :i* is *>act]iz$ by a numb] ( extraord9>y beauty & /r5g? 9 its con/ruction4 ,x is introduc$ by a %ort in/rum5tal prelude1 ,zion1 repres5t$ by ! t5or voice1 & ! ,believ]s by ! *orus1 com+ 9 aft] a few b>s & alt]nat+ ) extraord9>y vocal effect4 ,x calls = ! highe/ dramatic p[]1 & 9 its musical developm5t is a web ( wond]ful h>monies su* z we may look = only 9 ! works ( ! mighty ma/] ( c\nt]po9t4 ,x fitly prep>es ! way = ! two great movem5ts :i* close ! fir/ "p1 an aria = soprano & alto1 ,alas6 my ,jesus n[ is tak51 & a d\ble *orus1 ,ye ,lightn+s1 ye ,?und]s6 ,! two solo voices jo9 9 a lam5t ( a mo/ t\*+ nature1 accompani$ by ! *orus exclaim+ 9 %ort1 hurri$ phrases1 ,let ,him g6 ,hold6 ,b9d ,him n6 until at la/ ! d\ble *orus bur/s 9 l a tempe/1 accompani$ ) ! full p[] ( ! in/rum5ts1 express+ ! _w's indignation at ! de$ :i* is to be committ$1 9 ! words3-- ,ye lightn+s1 ye ?und]s1 9 cl\ds are ye vani%$6 ,bur/ op51 ,o fi]ce flam+ cav]ns ( hell6 ,+ulf !m1 de/roy !m 9 wra?fulle/ mood6 ,oh1 bla/ ! betray]1 ! murd]\s brood6 & ! fir/ "p concludes ) a *orale1 ,o ,man1 bewail ?y great ,s96 ,! second "p1 orig9ally sung aft] ! s]mon1 op5s ) an aria = contralto1 full ( ! deepe/ feel+1 ,alas6 n[ is my ,jesus gone1 & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful numb]s 9 ! oratorio1 :]e9 ,zion1 or ! ,*ur*1 m\rns h] great loss4 ,! trial sc5e be=e ,caiaphas & ! ?reefold d5ial ( ,pet] foll[1 lead+ up to ! beautiful aria = alto1 ) viol9 obligato1 ,oh1 p>don me1 my ,god6 ,macf>r51 9 8 admirable analysis1 says ( ?is aria1-- ,! deep1 deep grief ( a torm5t$ consci5ce f9ds "h an utt]ance :i* fulfils ! purport & f> transc5ds ! expression ( ! words4 ,"o might suppose ! p[] ( ! arti/ to h be5 conc5trat$ ^u ?is "o incid5t1 s inf9ite is its beauty1--"o might suppose ,ba* to h reg>d$ ! situation x illu/rates z m significant ?an o!rs ( man's relation to ,deity 9 8 s5se ( s9 & ne$ = m]cy1 & z requir+1 !re=e1 peculi> prom95ce 9 ! total impression ! oratorio %\ld convey4 ,if ?is 0 8 aim1 x is all accompli%$4 ,! p5it5tial feel+ embodi$ 9 ! song is t :i* w longe/ l+] 9 a remembrance ( ! "w4 ,! s(t tone ( ! contralto voice1 & ! ke5ness ( t ( ! viol91 are accessories to ! effect :i* ! ma/] well knew h[ to h&le2 b ^! judici\s means are little to be consid]$ 9 comp>ison ) ! musical idea ( :i* !y are ! adjuncts4 ,! "w n[ rapidly progresses to its beautiful f9ale4 ,! soprano recitative 9 response to ,pilate's "q1 ,he ha? done only good to all1 ! aria = soprano1 ,f love unb\nd$1 ! p[]ful contralto recitative1 ,look d[n1 ,o ,god1 ! *orale1 ,o ,head all bruis$ & w\nd$6 ! contralto aria ) *orus1 ,look :]e ,jesus beckon+ /&s1 & ! peaceful1 soo?+ recitative = bass1 ,at ,ev5tide1 cool ,h\r ( ,re/1 are ! pr9cipal numb]s t occur z we approa* ! la/ sad b beautiful d\ble *orus ( ! ,apo/les1 ,ar\nd ,?y ,tomb "h sit we weep+1--a close z peaceful z ! sett+ ( ! sun2 = ! tomb is b ! c\* on :i* ,jesus is repos+1 & ! music dies away 9 a slumb]-song ( mo/ exalt$ beauty4 ,?is brief sket* c\ld n bett] close ?an ) ! beautiful description :i* ,mr4 ,dwight gives ( ?is sc5e 9 ! notes :i* he prep>$ :5 ! "w 0 p]=m$ at ! ,tri5nial ,fe/ival ( ! ,h&el & ,haydn ,society ( ,bo/on3-- ,h[ full ( grief1 ( t5d]1 spiritual love1 ( fai? & peace1 ( ! he>t's heav5 smil+ ?r\gh te>s1 is ?is tone-elegy6 ,s %\ld ! passion-music close1 & n ) fugue ( praise & triumph l an oratorio4 ,h[ sweetly1 ev5ly1 ! h>mony fl[s on1--a broad1 ri*1 deep1 pellucid riv]1 swoll5 z by c\ntless rills f all ! lov+1 ble$+1 & believ+ he>ts 9 a r$eem$ humanity6 ,h[ full ( a sweet1 secret com=t1 ev5 triumph1 is ?is heav5ly f>ewell3 ,x is '! peace :i* passe? und]/&+4' ',re/ ,!e s(tly' is ! burd5 ( ! song4 ,"o *orus s+s x1 & ! o!r e*oes ',s(tly re/2' !n bo? toge!r swell ! /ra94 ,_m times z ?is recurs1 n only 9 ! voices1 b 9 ! introduction & frequ5t int]ludes ( ! exce$+ly full or*e/ra1 :i* s\nds z human z if x too _h brea? & consci\s feel+1 y /ill crave m ( x2 = x is z if y\r s\l 7 ba!d 9 new life inexhau/ible4 ,no *orus ev] sung is sur] to enli/ ! s+]s' he>ts4 ,! ,magnificat 9 ,d4 ,! ,magnificat 9 ,d--kn[n z ! ,great ,magnificat1 to di/+ui% x f ! small]--is consid]$ "o ( ! gr&e/ illu/rations ( ,ba*'s g5ius4 ,x 0 compos$ = ,*ri/mas ,day1 #agbc4 ,spitta says3-- ,! p]=mance ( ! cantata ',*ri/51 aetzet dies5 ,tag1' ) its att5dant ',sanctus1' took place dur+ ! morn+ s]vice1 & 0 sung by ! fir/ *oir 9 ! ,nikolaikir*e4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! cantata 0 repeat$ by ! same *oir 9 ! ,?omaskir*e2 & aft] ! s]mon ! ,hymn ( ! ,virg9 0 sung1 set 9 its ,lat9 =m1 & 9 an elaborate /yle4 ,= ?is purpose ,ba* wrote 8 great ',magnificat4' ,= ! occasion ( ?is fe/ival he exp&$ ! ,biblical text into f\r vocal numb]s2 b 9 describ+ ! "w x is only necess>y to give x z x is n[ g5]ally sung4 ,! "w is writt5 = a five-"p *orus1 ) organ & or*e/ral accompanim5t4 ,aft] a conc]t$ introduction1 =e%ad[+ ! g5]al "* ( ! music1 x op5s ) ! *orus1 ,magnificat anima mea1 9 fugal =m1 work$ up ) t wond]ful p[] ( con/ruction = :i* ,ba* is s r5[n$ among all compos]s4 ,x is foll[$ by an aria = second soprano 7,et exultavit spiritus meus3 9 ,deo salut>i meo71 :i* is 9 ! same key & has ! same g5]al feel+ z ! op5+ *orus1 t ( ,*ri/mas rejoic+4 ,x 9 turn is foll[$ by an aria = fir/ soprano 7,quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae71 ( :i* ,spitta says3 ,sc>cely ev] has ! idea ( virg9 purity1 simplicity1 & humble happ9ess f\nd m p]fect expression ?an 9 ?is ,g]man picture ( ! ,madonna1 translat$ z x 7 into musical language4 ,x leads directly to ! *orus :i* takes up ! unf9i%$ words ( ! soprano 7,omnes g5]ationes71 ea* "p ov]lay+ ! o!r z x ent]s1 & clos+ 9 canon =m 9 grave & colossal h>mony4 ,its next numb] is an aria = bass 7,quia fecit mihi magna71 ( a simple & joy\s "*4 ,x is foll[$ by a melodi\s duet = alto & t5or 7,et mis]icordia71 ) viol9 & flute accompanim5t1 sett+ =? ! m]cy ( ,god1 9 contra/ ) :i* ! p[]ful & en]getic *orus 7,fecit pot5tiam7 :i* succe$s x1 is v /rik+ 9 its effect4 ,two beautiful arias = t5or 7,deposuit pot5tes de s$e7 & alto 7,esuri5tes implevit bonis7 foll[1 ! latt] be+ exquisitely t5d] 9 its expression1 & lead to ! t]zetto 7,suscepit ,israel pu]um suum3 recordatus mis]icordiae suae71 arrang$ 9 *orale =m1 & v pla9tive & ev5 melan*oly 9 /yle4 ,its m\rn+ is soon lo/1 h[ev]1 9 ! /up5d\s five-"p fugue 7,sicut locutus e/7 :i* foll[s x & :i* leads to ! triumphant ,gloria1 clos+ ! "w1--a *orus ( extraord9>y maje/y & p[]4 ,spitta1 9 8 exhau/ive analysis ( ,ba*'s music1 says ( ?is ,magnificat3-- ,x is emphatically di/9ct f ! re/ ( ,ba*'s gr& *ur* compositions by ! compactness & conc5trat$ p[] ( ! sep>ate numb]s1--p>ticul>ly ( ! *oruses1--by ! lavi% use ( ! means at comm&1 & by its vividly emotional & yet n too agitat+ v>iety4 ,x /&s at ! entrance ( a new pa? & a fre% p]iod ( 8 productivity1 at once full ( significance 9 itself & ( promise = ! future developm5t ( ! p]5nial g5ius :i* c\ld always re-create itself f its own elem5ts4 ,,bee?ov54 ,a g5]al sket* ( ! life & musical accompli%m5ts ( ,bee?ov5 has already appe>$ 9 ! companion to ?is "w1 ,! ,/&>d ,op]as4 ,9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 x seems em95tly fitt+ t "s att5tion %\ld be paid to ! religi\s s5tim5ts ( ! great compos] & ! sacr$ works :i* he produc$4 ,he 0 a =mal memb] ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 b at ! same "t an ard5t admir] ( "s ( ! ,prote/ant doctr9es4 ,8 religi\s obs]vances1 h[ev]1 7 peculi>ly 8 own4 ,8 cre$ _h little 9 common ) any ( ! ord9>y =ms ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a writ] 9 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e "s ye>s ago v cle>ly def9$ 8 religi\s position 9 ! /atem5t t 8 fai? re/$ on a pan!i/ic ab/raction :i* he call$ ,love4 ,he int]pret$ ev]y?+ by ! light ( ?is s5tim5t1 :i* took ! =m ( an endless long+1 sometimes deeply sad1 at o!rs ris+ to ! highe/ exaltation4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is 9 its wide/ s5se may be f\nd 9 ! *oral "p ( ! ,n9? ,symphony4 ,he at times attempt$ to give v]bal expression to ?is ec/atic fai? :i* fill$ him1 & at su* times he rem9ds u ( ! ,my/ics4 ,! foll[+ passages1 :i* he took f ! inscription on ! temple ( ! ,egyptian goddess ,nei? at ,sais1 & call$ 8 cre$1 expla9 ?is3 ,i am t :i* is4 ,i am all t is1 t 01 & t %all be4 ,no mortal man ha? lift$ my veil4 ,he is alone by ,himself1 & to ,him alone d all ?+s owe _! be+4 ,) all ?is my/icism 8 !ology 0 practical1 z is %[n by 8 criticism ( ! words :i* ,mos*eles app5d$ to 8 arrangem5t ( ,fidelio4 ,! latt] wrote at ! close ( 8 "w3 ,f9e1 ) ,god's help4 ,bee?ov5 add$3 ,o man6 help ?yself4 ,t he 0 deeply religi\s by nature1 h[ev]1 is con/antly %[n 9 8 lett]s4 ,w&]+ alone at ev5+ among ! m\nta9s1 he sket*$ a hymn to ! words1 ,god alone is our ,"l4 ,9 ! extraord9>y lett] :i* he wrote to 8 bro!rs1 ,c>l & ,johann1 he says3 ,god looks into my he>t4 ,he se>*es x1 & kn[s t love = man & feel+s ( b5evol5ce h _! abode !re4 ,9 a lett] to ,bett9a von ,arnim1 he writes3 ,if ,i am sp>$ = "s ye>s to come1 ,i w ?ank ! ,omnisci5t1 ! ,omnipot5t1 = ! boon1 z ,i d = all o!r weal & woe4 ,9 ,spohr's album 8 inscription is a musical sett+ ( ! words1 ,%ort is ! pa91 et]nal is ! joy4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,ar*duke ,rudolph1 writt5 9 #ahag1 he gives no unc]ta9 expression to 8 div9e tru/4 ,he says3 ,my confid5ce is plac$ 9 ,provid5ce1 :o w v\*safe to he> my pray]1 & "o day set me free f all my tr\bles2 = ,i h s]v$ him fai?fully f my *ildhood1 & done good :5ev] x 0 9 my p[]4 ,s my tru/ is 9 him alone1 & ,i feel t ! ,almighty w n all[ me to be utt]ly cru%$ by all my manifold trials4 ,ev5 9 a bus9ess lett] he says3 ,i assure y on my honor--:i*1 next to ,god1 is :at ,i prize mo/--t ,i au?oriz$ no "o to accept commissions f me4 ,8 lett]s inde$ ab\nd 9 ref]5ces to 8 con/ant reliance ^u a high] ,p[]4 ,! oratorio1 ,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 six sacr$ songs set to poems ( ,gell]t1 ! ,mass 9 ,c writt5 = ,pr9ce ,e/]hazy1 & ! ,gr& ,mass 9 ,d writt5 = ! ,ar*duke ,rudolph1 "o ( ! gr&e/ & mo/ impressive works 9 ! entire realm ( sacr$ music1 atte/ ! dep? & f]v5cy ( 8 religi\s nature4 ,! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,bee?ov5 wrote b "o oratorio1 ,*ri/us am ,oelb]g 7,*ri/ on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives74 ,t he _h o!rs 9 contemplation1 h[ev]1 at diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life is %[n by 8 lett]s4 ,9 #ahji he wrote to ,freih]r von ,hamm]-,purg/all1 a fam\s ,ori5tal s*ol>1 appo9t+ an int]view = ! discussion ( ! latt]'s poem on ! subject ( ! deluge1 ) ref]5ce to its fitness = treatm5t z an oratorio4 ,aga91 9 #ahbd1 he writes to ,v9c5z ,haus*ka1 ( ,vi5na1 t he has decid$ to write an oratorio on ! text furni%$ by ,b]n>d1 ! subject be+ ,! ,victory ( ! ,cross4 ,?is "w1 h[ev]1 ow+ to 8 extreme physical suff]+s at t p]iod1 0 nev] begun1 & ! _w !reby has suff]$ a great musical loss2 =1 judg+ f 8 great ,mass 9 ,d1 no "o c d\bt h[ maje/ic & impressive ! ,victory ( ! ,cross w\ld h be51 z comp>$ ) ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 writt5 9 8 e>li] p]iod1 & be=e any ( 8 ma/]pieces _h appe>$4 ,! ,m\nt ( ,olives 0 begun 9 #ahjj1 & f9i%$ dur+ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,bee?ov5 nev] rema9$ 9 ,vi5na dur+ ! summ]4 ,! discom=ts ( ! city & 8 int5se love = ,nature urg$ him out into ! pleasantly wood$ suburbs ( ! city1 :]e he c\ld live & "w 9 seclusion4 ,^u ?is occasion he select$ ! little village ( ,hetz5dorf1 adjo9+ ! g>d5s ( ! imp]ial palace ( ,s*o5brunn1 :]e ! ,elector1 8 old patron1 0 liv+ 9 retirem5t4 ,trees 7 8 delight4 ,9 a lett] to ,madame von ,drossdick1 he says3 ,woods1 trees1 & rocks give ! response :i* man requires4 ,e tree seems to say1 ',holy1 ,holy6' ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! delightful surr\nd+s he f\nd 8 favorite tree1 at ^: base he compos$ ! l>g] "p ( ! oratorio1 z well z 8 op]a ,fidelio4 ,s*9dl] says3 ,a circum/ance connect$ ) bo? ^! great works1 & ( :i* ,bee?ov5 _m ye>s aft]w>ds /ill reta9$ a lively recollection1 01 t he compos$ !m 9 ! ?icke/ "p ( ! wood 9 ! p>k ( ,s*o5brunn1 seat$ betwe5 ! two /ems ( an oak1 :i* %ot out f ! ma9 trunk at ! height ( ab\t two feet f ! gr\nd4 ,?is rem>kable tree1 9 t "p ( ! p>k to ! left ( ! ,gloriett1 ,i f\nd ) ,bee?ov5 9 #ahbc1 & ! sight ( x call$ =? int]e/+ rem9isc5ces ( ! =m] p]iod4 ,! words ( ! oratorio 7 by ,hub]1 ! au?or ( ,w9t]'s ,unt]bro*5e ,opf]fe/1 & 7 writt51 ) ,bee?ov5's assi/ance1 9 f\rte5 days4 ,t m "t & att5tion 7 n giv5 to ! text 0 probably regrett$ by bo? poet & compos] _m times aft]w>ds4 ,! fir/ p]=mance ( ! "w 9 its entirety took place at ,vi5na1 ,april #e1 #ahjc1 at ! ,!at] an d] ,wi51 ^u :i* occasion ! programme also includ$ ! ,symphony 9 ,d 7second7 & ! ,piano ,conc]to 9 ,c m9or1 ! latt] execut$ by himself4 ,! oratorio 0 receiv$ ) en?usiasm1 & 0 repeat$ ?ree times dur+ t ye>4 ,! libretto ( ! "w is unque/ionably defective 9 ! mo/ sali5t qualities :i* %\ld *>act]ize ! text ( an oratorio1 ev5 to ! degree ( extravagance & s5sationalism4 ,x fails to reflect ! sorr[ful "* ( ! sc5e x depicts1 & ! dramatic requirem5ts :i* x imposes are (t5 /ra9$1 & sometimes bord] on ! grotesque4 ,! !atrical /yle ( ! n>rative 0 deplor$ by ,bee?ov5 himself at a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,m>x1 "o ( ! ke5e/ ( critics1 says ( ! "w3-- ,! poet _h no o!r aim b t ( mak+ v]ses = a compos]2 ! latt]1 no o!r motive ?an ! ord9>y creative impulse prompt+ him to try 8 p[]s 9 a diff]5t & important sph]e4 ,! result on bo? sides c\ld n !re=e be o!r ?an phrases1 al?\gh ! bett] ( ! two proce$$ f ! compos]1 & t compos] 0 ,bee?ov54 ,to conceal or palliate ?is w\ld be d]ogatory to ! rev]5ce :i* we all owe to ,bee?ov52 he /&s too high to be 9 ne$ ( ext5uation4 ,?is is ,m>x's judgm5t2 & yet x mu/ be said t ! _w = ! mo/ "p has f\nd m 9 ! ,m\nt ( ,olives ?an he has4 ,! oratorio is writt5 = ?ree solo voices 7,jesus1 ,pet]1 & a ,s]aph71 *orus1 & or*e/ra4 ,! n>rative op5s ) ! agony 9 ! g>d51 foll[$ by ! *ant ( a ,s]aph recit+ ! div9e goodness & =etell+ ! salvation ( ! righte\s4 ,9 ! next sc5e ,jesus le>ns 8 fate f ! ,s]aph1 yields himself to approa*+ dea?1 & welcomes x4 ,! ,soldi]s ent] 9 pursuit1 & a tumult ensues z ! ,apo/les f9d !mselves surr\nd$4 ,pet] draws 8 sword & gives v5t to 8 indignation2 b is rebuk$ bo? by ,jesus & ! ,s]aph1 & toge!r !y conjure him to be sil5t & endure :atev] may happ54 ,! ,soldi]s1 discov]+ ,jesus1 ru% ^u him & b9d him4 ,! ,disciples express _! appreh5sion t !y too w suff]2 b ,jesus uncompla9+ly surr5d]s himself1 & a *orus ( rejoic+ completes ! "w4 ,f ?is brief sket* ! artificial & di/ort$ mann] ( treat+ ! solemn subject w be evid5t4 ,! score op5s ) an adagio introduction = in/rum5ts :i* is ( a v dramatic "*1 &1 unlike ne>ly all ( ! sacr$ music ( t "t1 is noticeable = ! abs5ce ( ! fugue4 ,b>b$ette1 ! great ,fr5* critic1 pron\nces x ! *ef-d'oeuvre ( introductions1 & a ma/]piece 9 ! s]i\s /yle4 ,! fir/ numb] is a recitative & aria = t5or1 sung by ,jesus 7,all my ,s\l )9 me %udd]s71 :i*1 not)/&+ ! anomaly ( su* a sc5e 9 su* surr\nd+s1 is simple & t\*+ 9 expression4 ,! ,s]aph foll[s ) a sc5e & aria 7,praise ! ,r$eem]'s ,goodness71 conclud+ ) a brilliant & jubilant obligato ) *orus 7,o triumph1 all ye ,ransom$74 ,! next numb] is an elaborate duet betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,s]aph 7,on me !n fall ,?y heavy ,judgm5t71 :i* is /ill m anomal\s ?an ! sc5e & aria ) :i* ,jesus op5s ! "w4 ,9 a %ort recitative passage1 ,jesus welcomes dea?2 & !n ensues "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful numb]s 9 ! "w1 ! *orus ( ,soldi]s 9 m>* "t 7,we surely "h %all f9d ,him71 int]sp]s$ ) ! cries ( ! ,p dem&+ 8 dea?1 & ! lam5tations ( ! ,apo/les4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! tumult a dialogue ensues betwe5 ,jesus & ,pet] 7,n un*a/is$ %all ?is audaci\s ,b&71 :i* leads up to ! cr[n+ anomaly ( ! "w1 a trio betwe5 ,jesus1 ,pet]1 & ! ,s]aph1 ) *orus 7,o1 ,sons ( ,m51 ) ,gladness74 ,! clos+ numb]1 a *orus ( angels 7,hallelujah1 ,god's ,almighty ,son71 is introduc$ ) a %ort b massive symphony lead+ to a jubilant bur/ ( ,hallelujah1 :i* f9ally resolves itself into a glori\s fugue1 accompani$ ) all t weal? ( in/rum5tation ( :i* ,bee?ov5 0 ! consummate ma/]4 ,9 all sacr$ music x is difficult to f9d a *oral numb] :i* c surpass x 9 maje/y or p[]4 ,! ,engli% v]sions ( ! ,m\nt ( ,olives diff] mat]ially f ! ,g]man 9 ! text4 ,num]\s ef=ts h be5 made to avoid ! incongruity ( ! orig9al n>rative1 b ) poor success4 ,x 0 fir/ produc$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahad by ,sir ,george ,sm>t dur+ ! ,l5t5 oratorios at ,drury ,lane1 ! ,engli% v]sion ( :i* 0 made by ,arnold1 at t "t manag] ( ! ,k+'s ,!atre4 ,/ill lat] x 0 produc$ aga91 & ! adapt] compromis$ by us+ ! ?ird p]son1 z ',jehovah1 ,?\1 ,o ,fa!r1' sai? ! ,"l our ,savi\r4 ,two o!r v]sions 7 made by ,?omas ,oliphant & ,mr4 ,b>?olomew1 b ^! 7 n successful4 ,at la/ ! av]sion to ! p]sonal "p ( ,jesus l$ to an entirely new text1 call$ ,eng$i1 ! words ( :i* 7 writt5 by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,hudson1 ( ,dubl91 & f\nd$ ^u ! p]secution ( ,david by ,saul 9 ! wild]ness1 z describ$ 9 p>ts ( *apt]s xxiii41 xxiv41 & xxvi4 ( ! fir/ book ( ,samuel4 ,! *>act]s introduc$ are ,david1 ,abi%ai1 & ! ,prophetess1 ! latt] correspond+ to ! ,s]aph 9 ! orig9al4 ,! compil] himself 9 8 preface says3-- ,s f> z 0 possible1 ! au?or has avail$ himself ( ,scripture language1 & ,david's words h be5 tak5 7almo/ :olly7 f ! ,psalms g5]ally attribut$ to him1 ?\gh ( c\rse n 9 regul> ord]1 z x has inv>iably ?r\gh\t be5 ! writ]'s fir/ object to select words adapt+ !mselves to ! orig9al music 9 its cont9ually v>y+ expression1 :i* c\ld n h be5 done _h he tak5 any "o psalm z 8 text4 ,h[ f> ! au?or has succe$$1 he mu/ leave to o!rs to det]m9e4 ,! sub/itut$ /ory has n prov$ successful1 pr9cipally because ! music1 :i* 0 writt5 = an entirely diff]5t "o1 is n adapt$ to x4 ,! late/ v]sion is t ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,tr\tbeck1 prep>$ = ! ,le$s fe/ivals1 9 :i* ! ,savi\r is aga9 introduc$4 ,,b5nett4 ,william ,/]ndale ,b5nett1 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ & individual ( ,engli% compos]s1 0 born at ,%effield1 ,april #ac1 #ahaf4 ,8 musical g5ius display$ itself e>ly1 & 9 8 t5? ye> he 0 plac$ 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music1 ( :i* 9 8 lat] ye>s he became pr9cipal4 ,he receiv$ 8 e>ly in/ruction 9 composition f ,lucas & ,dr4 ,crot*1 & /udi$ ! piano ) ,cipriani ,pott]1 :o _h be5 a pupil ( ,moz>t4 ,! fir/ composition :i* ga9$ him di/9ction 0 ! ,conc]to 9 ,d m9or1 writt5 9 #ahcb1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ! ,capriccio 9 ,d m9or4 ,dur+ ! next ?ree ye>s he produc$ ! ov]ture to ,p>is9a1 ! ,f m9or ,conc]to1 & ! ,naiades ov]ture1 ! success ( :i* 0 s great t a prom95t musical h\se 9 ,london (f]$ to s5d him to ,leipsic = a ye>4 ,he w5t !re1 & soon won 8 way to ! fri5d%ip ( ,s*umann & ,m5delssohn4 ,) ! latt] he 0 on v intimate t]ms1 :i* has l$ to ! errone\s /atem5t t he 0 8 pupil4 ,9 #ahdj he made a second visit to ,leipsic1 :]e he compos$ 8 ,caprice 9 ,e1 & ,! ,wood ,nymphs ov]ture4 ,9 #ahdb he return$ to ,engl&1 & = sev]al ye>s 0 busily engag$ ) *amb] conc]ts4 ,9 #ahdi he f\nd$ ! ,ba* ,society1 arrang$ ! ,mat!w ,passion music ( t compos]1 z well z ! ,*ri/mas ,oratorio1 & br\ght out ! =m] "w 9 #ahed4 ,! previ\s ye> he 0 (f]$ ! di/+ui%$ honor ( ! conductor%ip ( ! ,gew&haus conc]ts at ,leipsic1 b did n accept4 ,9 #ahef he 0 appo9t$ conductor ( ! ,philh>monic ,society1 & fill$ ! position = t5 ye>s1 resign+ x to take ! head ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 elect$ musical pr(essor at ,cambridge1 :]e he receiv$ ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,music & o!r honors4 ,9 #aheh 8 beautiful cantata1 ,! ,may ,que51 0 produc$ at ! ,le$s ,fe/ival1 & 9 #ahfb ! ,p>adise & ! ,p]i ov]ture1 writt5 = ! ,philh>monic ,society4 ,9 #ahfg 8 oratorio1 or1 z he mode/ly t]ms x1 sacr$ cantata1 ,! ,woman ( ,sam>ia1 0 produc$ ) great success at ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival4 ,9 #ahgj he 0 honor$ ) a degree by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & a ye> lat] receiv$ ! empty di/9ction ( knigh?ood4 ,8 la/ public appe>ance 0 at a fe/ival 9 ,brighton 9 #ahgd1 :]e he conduct$ 8 ,woman ( ,sam>ia4 ,he di$ ,feb4 #a1 #ahge1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey ) di/+ui%$ honors4 ,8 musical ability 0 z widely recogniz$ 9 ,g]many z 9 ,engl&1--inde$ 8 pr(\nd musical s*ol>%ip & ma/]y ( problems 9 composition 7 m appreciat$ !re4 ,mr4 ,/a?am1 9 an admirable sket*1 pron\nces him a born piani/1 & says t 8 wond]ful k ( ! capabilities ( ! piano1 & 8 love = x1 develop$ into favoritism 9 "s ( 8 conc]t$ music4 ,a fri5d ( ! compos]1 recall+ "s rem9isc5ces ( him 9 ,fras]1 says t 8 music is full ( beauty & expression1 displays a rem>kable fancy1 a ke5 love ( ,nature1 & at times true religi\s devotion1 b t x does n conta9 a s+le note ( passion4 ,8 only sacr$ music is ! %ort oratorio1 ,! ,woman ( ,sam>ia1 & f\r an!ms3 ,n[1 my ,god1 let1 ,i besee* ,!e1 ,rememb] n[ ?y ,creator1 ,o t ,i knew1 & ,! ,fool ha? said 9 8 ,he>t4 ,x has be5 well said ( him3 ,9 8 :ole c>e] he nev] condesc5d$ to write a s+le note = popul> effect1 nor c a b> ( 8 music be quot$ :i* 9 /yle & aim does n belong to :at is highe/ 9 musical art4 ,! ,woman ( ,sam>ia4 ,! ,woman ( ,sam>ia1 a %ort1 "o-"p oratorio1 /yl$ by its compos] a sacr$ cantata1 0 fir/ produc$ at ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival1 ,aug4 #bg1 #ahfg2 ?\gh "o ( 8 biograph]s affirms t z e>ly z #ahdc he 0 %[n a *orus = six voices1 treat$ antiphonally1 :i* ,b5nett himself in=m$ him 0 to be introduc$ 9 an oratorio he 0 !n contemplat+1 & t ?is *orus1 if n id5tical ) ,!re=e !y %all come1 9 ,! ,woman ( ,sam>ia1 is at lea/ ! f\ndation ( x4 ,! "w is writt5 = f\r solo voices1 *orus1 & or*e/ra4 ,! soprano takes ! "p ( ! ,woman ( ,sam>ia1 ! o!r p>ts be+ imp]sonal4 ,! music = ! contralto is ma9ly declamatory4 ,?a t5or has a s+le aria1 :ile ! bass1 ) "o exception1 has ! "p ( ,n>rator1 ! words ( our ,savi\r be+ attribut$ to him & inv>iably introduc$ 9 ! ?ird p]sonal =m1--:i* is a /rik+ pro( ( ! devotional _s ( ! compos]1 z 9 all o!r in/ances1 aft] ! ann\ncem5t by ! ,n>rator1 ! ,woman s+s h] own words4 ,! *orus1 z 9 ! passion-music ( ,ba*1 has ! reflective numb]s & moralizes on ! v>i\s situations z !y occur1 except 9 "o numb]1 ,n[ we believe1 :]e x declaims ! words z a "p ( ! n>rative itself4 ,! text = *orus is select$ f appropriate p>ts ( ! ,scriptures :i* are 9 keep+ ) ! ev5ts =m+ ! gr\ndwork ( its reflections4 ,! /ory is tak5 f ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,sa9t ,john1 & foll[s lit]ally ! n>rative ( ! j\rney ( ! ,savi\r into ,sam>ia1--8 re/ at ,jacob's well1 8 meet+ ) ! woman :o came ?i!r to draw wat]1 & ! conv]sation :i* foll[$2 ! only int]ruptions be+ ! reflections1 n only by ! *orus1 b also by ! contralto & t5or1 ^! episodes be+ tak5 mo/ly f ! ,prophecies & ,psalms4 ,! oratorio op5s ) a brief in/rum5tal introduction & *orale 7,ye ,*ri/ian ,p1 n[ rejoice7 = sopranos alone1 ! melody ( :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,gei/li*e ,li$]1 issu$ at ,witt5b]g 9 #aece4 ,! words are a translation ( ! old hymn1 ,nun freut eu*1 lieb5 ,*ri/5 ,g'me91 to :i* ! tune 0 =m]ly sung 9 ,g]many4 ,! treatm5t ( ?is *orale1 by comb9+ x ) ! in/rum5tal movem5t 9 oppos+ rhy?ms1 %[s ! p[]ful influ5ce :i* ! compos]'s close /udy ( ,ba* _h ^u him4 ,its effect 9 introduc+ ! sc5es :i* foll[ rem9ds "o ( ! grace be=e ! fea/4 ,x dies away 9 sl[ & g5tle numb]s1 & !n foll[s ! op5+ recitative ( ! oratorio prop] 7,!n come? ,jesus to a ,city ( ,sam>ia71 sung by ! contralto1 & lead+ up to an arioso *orus 7,bless$ be ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel71 ! words tak5 f ! ,gospel ( ,sa9t ,luke4 ,! next numb] is a v graceful & arti/ic comb9ation1 op5+ ) recitative = contralto1 bass1 & soprano1 lead+ to an adagio solo = bass 7,if ?\ knewe/ ! ,gift ( ,god71 & end+ ) a closely h>moni\s *orus 9 ! same rhy?m 7,= ) ,!e is ! ,well ( ,life71 ! words f ! ,psalms4 ,! dialogue betwe5 ,jesus & ! ,woman is !n resum$1 lead+ to a solo by ! latt] 7,art ,?\ great] ?an our ,fa!r ,jacob874 ,! "q is sung & repeat$ 9 declamatory tones con/antly increas+ 9 p[] & expressive ( defiance4 ,b5nett 0 a bitt] oppon5t ( ,wagn]2 b 9 ! unvocal & declamatory "* ( ?is solo1 & 9 ! dramatic =ce he has giv5 to x1 to ! sacrifice ( melody1 he c]ta9ly v5tur$ "s di/ance 9 ! ,wagn]ian direction4 ,! next numb]1 ! reply ( ,jesus 7,:osoev] dr9ke?71 sung1 z usual1 by ! bass voice1 is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! "q4 ,in/ead ( full or*e/ra1 x has ! accompanim5t ( ! /r+s & fir/ & second horns only1 rem9d+ "o ( ,ba*'s me?od ( accompany+ ! "p assign$ to ,jesus 9 8 ,/4 ,mat!w ,passion4 ,?is numb] is foll[$ by a spirit$ =tissimo *orus 7,!re=e ) ,joy %all ye draw ,wat]71 sung to ! full /r5g? ( voice & or*e/ra4 ,aft] ! dialogue 9 :i* ,jesus acqua9ts ! ,woman ) ! incid5ts ( h] pa/ life1 ! contralto voice has an exquisite solo 7,o ,"l1 ,?\ ha/ se>*$ me out71 full ( t5d]ness & expression1 9 :i* ! op5+ phrase is repeat$ 9 ! f9ale & ga9s int5sity by a *ange ( h>mony4 ,! dialogue1 9 :i* ! div9e "* ( ,jesus becomes app>5t to ! ,woman1 is resum$1 & leads to a beautifully con/ruct$ *orus 9 six p>ts 7,!re=e !y %all come & s+71 foll[$ by an impressive & deeply devotional qu>tet = ! pr9cipals1 unaccompani$ 7,god is a ,_s71--to :i* an additional int]e/ is l5t f ! fact t x 0 sung 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey ^u ! occasion ( ! compos]'s fun]al4 ,a few b>s ( recitative lead to a *orus 9 close1 solid h>mony 7,:o is ! ,image ( ! ,invisible ,god71 ) organ accompanim5t only1 :i* 9 turn1 aft] a few m b>s ( recitative = contralto & soprano1 is foll[$ by ! *orus 7,come1 ,o ,israel71 sung pianissimo & accompani$ by entire or*e/ra4 ,! next numb]1 z ! oratorio is n[ p]=m$1 is "o :i* has be5 introduc$4 ,x is a soprano aria1 ,i w love ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 :i* 0 f\nd among ! compos]'s manuscripts aft] 8 dea?4 ,! preface to ! revis$ edition ( ! oratorio has ! foll[+ ref]5ce to ?is numb]3-- ,9 ju/ification ( s bold a /ep z ! introduction ( a new numb]1 x is int]e/+ to po9t out t ! compos] felt ! ,woman ( ,sam>ia ought to s+ a song ( conv]sion 9 ! portion ( ! cantata 9 :i* ! new air is plac$4 ,x is cle> f ! orig9al preface#b t he ?\ght ( h] z an impulsive woman :o w\ld naturally be c>ri$ f worldl9ess into ! opposite extreme ( religi\s devotion4 ,! introduction ( ! air also gives m importance to ! soprano "p & relieves ! succession ( *oral movem5ts 9 ! close ( ! "w4 ,! rema9+ numb]s are ! beautiful *orale1 ,abide ) me1 fa/ falls ! ,ev5tide2 ! *orus1 ,n[ we believe1 "o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ 9 ! :ole "w2 a %ort t5or solo 7,8 ,salvation is nigh !m t fe> ,him71--! only "o 9 ! oratorio = t voice2 ! *orus1 ,i w call ^u ! ,"l2 & ! f9al impos+ fugue1 ,bless$ be ! ,"l ,god ( ,israel4 ,! la/ numb] is a fitt+ close to a "w :i* is n only highly descriptive ( its subject ?r\gh\t1 b also full ( feel+ & devotional rev]5ce4 #b ,) reg>d to ! ,woman ( ,sam>ia h]self1 x w be pla9ly se5 t ! compos] has treat$ h] z a secul> & worldly "*1 ?\gh n )\t indications "h & !re ( t /rong intuitive religi\s feel+ :i* has nev] be5 d5i$ to h]4 ,?is feel+ is especially %[n :5 %e says3 ',i "k t ,messias come?2 :5 ,he is come ,he w tell u all ?+s4' ,also1 t[>ds ! end ( ! n>rative1 :]e %e passionately exclaims to ! ,sam>itans3 ',come1 see a man :o told me all ! ?+s t ev] ,i did3 is n ?is ! ,*ri/8'--,orig9al ,preface4 ,,b]lioz4 ,hector ,b]lioz1 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ ( mod]n ,fr5* compos]s1 & an acute critic & skilful conductor z well1 0 born1 ,dec4 #aa1 #ahjc1 at ,la ,cote ,/4 ,&re1 9 ,france4 ,8 fa!r 0 a physician1 & int5d$ him = ! same pr(ession4 ,he reluctantly w5t to ,p>is & began ! /udy ( m$ic9e2 b music became 8 engross+ passion1 & m$ic9e 0 ab&on$4 ,he ent]$ ! ,cons]vatory z a pupil ( ,lesueur1 & soon %[$ himself sup]ior to all 8 ma/]s1 except ,*]ub9i1--:i* ar\s$ a /rong opposition to him & 8 compositions4 ,x 0 only aft] repeat$ trials t he took ! fir/ prize1 ) 8 cantata1 ,s>danapale1 :i* entitl$ him to g to ,italy = ?ree ye>s4 ,on 8 return to ,p>is he enc\nt]$ r5ew$ antipa?y4 ,8 music 0 n well receiv$1 & he 0 oblig$ to support himself by conduct+ at conc]ts & writ+ articles = ! press4 ,z a f9al resort he organiz$ a conc]t t\r ?r\gh ,g]many & ,russia1 ! details ( :i* are conta9$ 9 8 extremely int]e/+ ,autobiography4 ,at ^! conc]ts 8 own music 0 ! /aple ( ! programmes1 & x met ) great success1 ?\gh n always play$ by ! be/ ( or*e/ras1 & n always well by ! be/1 z 8 own te/imony %[s2 = 8 compositions are v exact+1 & call = e res\rce kn[n to ! mod]n or*e/ra4 ,! ,g]mans 7 quick 9 appreciat+ 8 music1 b x 0 n until aft] 8 dea? t 8 ability 0 conc$$ 9 ,france4 ,9 #ahci he 0 appo9t$ libr>ian ( ! ,cons]vatory1 & 9 #ahef 0 made a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,^! 7 ! only honors he receiv$1 ?\gh he long s\ght to obta9 a pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,cons]vatory4 ,a romantic b sad incid5t 9 8 life 0 8 viol5t passion = ,miss ,smi?son1 an ,iri% actress1 :om he saw ^u ! ,p>is /age 9 ! role ( ,ophelia1 at a "t :5 ,victor ,hugo _h reviv$ an admiration = ,%akspe>e among ! ,fr5*4 ,he m>ri$ h]1 b did n live ) h] long1 ow+ to h] bad temp] & ungov]nable jeal\sy2 ?\gh aft] ! sep>ation he honorably contribut$ to h] support out ( ! pittance he 0 e>n+4 ,among 8 great works are ! op]a1 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i2 ! symphony ) *orus1 ,romeo & ,juliet2 ,beatrice & ,b5$ict2 ,les ,troy5s1 ! text f ,virgil's ,a,eneid2 ! symphony1 ,h>old 9 ,italy2 ! symphony1 ,funebre et ,triomphale2 ! ,damnation ( ,fau/2 a d\ble *orus$ ,te ,deum2 ! ,symphony ,fanta/ique2 ! ,requiem2 & ! sacr$ trilogy1 ,l',enfance du ,*ri/4 ,b]lioz /&s among all o!r compos]s z ! =emo/ repres5tative ( programme music1 & has left explicit & v detail$ explanations ( ! mean+ ( 8 works1 s t ! he>] may li/5 intellig5tly by see+ ! ext]nal objects 8 music is int5d$ to picture4 ,9 ! k ( individual in/rum5ts & ! gr\p+ ( !m = effect1 9 w>m? ( imag9ation & brilliancy ( color1 & 9 8 d>+ comb9ations & fanta/ic moods1 :i* are sometimes c>ri$ to ! v v]ge ( ecc5tricity1 he is a colossus among mod]n musicians4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is1 ,m>* #h1 #ahfi4 ,! ,requiem4 ,f]d9& ,hill] writes 9 8 ,ku5/l]leb53 ,hector ,b]lioz does n belong to our musical sol> sy/em2 he does n belong to ! planets1 nei!r to ! l>ge nor to ! small4 ,he 0 a comet1 %9+ f>1 some:at e]ie to look at1 soon aga9 disappe>+2 b 8 appe>ance w rema9 un=gott54 ,! ,requiem 7,messe des ,morts7 exemplifies ,hill]'s words4 ,x is colossal1 ph5om5al1 & altoge!r unique4 ,x is n sacr$1 = x nev] came f ! he>t4 ,x is n solemn1 ?\gh x is a drama ( dea?4 ,x is a comb9ation ( ! picturesque1 fanta/ic1 & sublime1 9 a tone-poem d$icat$ to ! dead4 ,9 #ahcf ,b]lioz 0 reque/$ by ,m4 de ,gasp>91 ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 to write a requiem commemorat+ ! victims ( ! ,july ,revolution2 b ! "w 0 n giv5 to ! public until #ahcg1 :5 x 0 sung at ! ,invalides 9 memory ( ,g5]al ,damremont & ! soldi]s kill$ at ! siege ( ,con/ant9a4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly ass]t$ by ,b]lioz t ,*]ub9i _h conspir$ ) o!rs 9 ! ,cons]vatory to prev5t its p]=mance & to secure t ( 8 own1 by virtue ( ! prec$5ce :i* 8 position gave him4 ,! *>ge1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 a m]e fancy on 8 "p1 z he _h already writt5 a lett] to ,*]ub9i1 say+3-- ,i am deeply t\*$ by ! noble abnegation :i* leads y to refuse y\r admirable ,requiem = ! c]emony ( ! ,invalides4 ,be conv9c$ ( my he>tie/ gratitude4 ,! "w embrac$ t5 numb]s3 ,i4 ,requiem & ,kyrie 7,requiem aet]nam dona eis72 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi41 includ+ diff]5t motives tak5 f ! hymn1 ,dies ,irae2 ,,vii4 ,(f]torium2 ,,viii4 ,ho/ias et ,preces2 ,,ix4 ,sanctus2 ,x4 ,agnus ,dei4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! compos] has n foll[$ ! =mal sequ5ces ( ! ,mass1 & t he has n only omitt$ "s ( ! p>ts1 b has also frequ5tly tak5 lic5se ) ^? :i* he uses4 ,?is may be acc\nt$ = 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 he 0 n ( a religi\s nature4 ,hill]1 9 ! "w already quot$1 says ( him3 ,( 8 ,ca?olic education e trace _h disappe>$4 ,d\bts ( all sorts _h possession ( him1 & ! contempt ( :at he call$ 'prejudice' bord]$ on ! mon/r\s4 ,b]lioz believ$ nei!r 9 a ,god nor 9 ,ba*4 ,second1 x is evid5t f ! con/ruction ( ! "w ?r\gh\t t x 0 8 purpose simply to give free re9 to 8 fancy & to express1 ev5 at ! risk ( be+ !atrical1 ! emotions ( sublimity1 t]ror1 & awe call$ up by ! associations ( ! subject4 ,?is he c\ld n h done ) a free h& _h he be5 b\nd d[n to ! set =ms ( ! ,mass4 ,aft] a brief b maje/ic in/rum5tal introduction1 ! voices ent] ^u ! ,requiem1--a beautiful & solemn /ra94 ,! movem5t is built ^u ?ree melodies set to ! words1 ,requiem aet]nam1 ,tu decet ,hymnus1 & ! ,kyrie1 ! accompanim5t ( :i* is v descriptive & *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,kyrie is specially impressive1 ! *ant ( ! sopranos be+ answ]$ by ! t5ors & basses 9 unison1 & ! :ole clos+ ) a dirge-l movem5t by ! or*e/ra4 ,! ,dies ,irae is ! mo/ spirit$ z well z impressive numb] ( ! "w4 ,x is int5sely dramatic 9 its effects1 inde$ x might be call$ !atrical4 ,b]lioz seems to h fairly exhau/$ ! res\rces ( in/rum5ts to produce ! feel+ ( awful sublimity & ov]:elm+ p[]1 ev5 to ! v]ge ( ! mo/ d>+ ecc5tricity &1 z "o prom95t critic express$ x1 t]rible cataclysms4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! ,dies ,irae w always be rem>kable = ! or*e/ral arrangem5t4 ,aft] ! climax ( ! motive1 ,quantus tremor e/ futurus1 !re is a pause :i* is significant by its v sil5ce2 x is ! hu% be=e ! /orm4 ,sudd5ly f ei!r angle ( ! /age or hall1 9 addition to ! pr9cipal or*e/ra 9 front1 f\r small] b&s ( trombones1 trumpets1 & tubas cra% 9 ) ov]:elm+ p[] 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! t]rors ( ! day ( judgm5t4 ,! effect is l t ( peal ^u peal ( ?und]4 ,at its culm9ation ! bass voices ent] 9 unison ^u ! words1 ,tuba mirum1 9 ! mid/ ( ano!r or*e/ral /orm1 :i* is /ill fur!r height5$ by an unusual numb] ( kettl$rums4 ,f ! beg9n+ to ! close1 ?is "p ( ! ,dies ,irae is simply cyclopean2 words _c describe its ov]:elm+ p[]4 ,x is a relief :5 ! /orm has pass$ ov]1 & we come to ! next v]se 7,quid sum mis]71 = ! basses & t5ors1 ?\gh mo/ly = ! fir/ t5ors4 ,x is a brea?+ spell ( quiet delight4 ,x is giv5 9 ! s(te/ ( tone1 & is m>k$ 9 ! score to be sung ) an expression ( humility & awe4 ,x leads to ! &ante numb] 7,rex trem5dae maje/atis71 :i* is sung =tissimo ?r\gh\t1 & accompani$ ) ano!r trem5d\s outbur/ ( h>moni\s ?und] 9 cra%+ *ords1 :i* cont9ues up to ! la/ eight b>s1 :5 ! voices drop sudd5ly f ! furi\s =tissimo to an almo/ inaudible pianissimo on ! words ,salve me4 ,! next v]se 7,qua]5s me7 is an unaccompani$ six-"p *orus 9 imitative /yle1 ( v close h>mony4 ,! ,dies ,irae ends ) ! ,la*rymosa1 ! longe/ & mo/ int]e/+ numb] 9 ! "w4 ,x is ?or\ghly melodic1 & is peculi>ly /r5g!n$ by a pa!tic & s5tim5tal accompanim5t1 :i*1 tak5 9 connection ) ! *oral "p aga9/ :i* x is set1 pres5ts an almo/ inexhau/ible v>iety ( rhy?ms & an orig9ality ( te*nical effects :i* are a/oni%+4 ,its g5]al "* is broad & solemn1 & x closes ) a return to ! ,dies ,irae1 ) full *orus & all ! or*e/ras4 ,?is f9i%es ! ,dies ,irae section ( ! "w4 ,! next numb] is ! ,(f]torium1 9 :i* ! voices are limit$ to a simple phrase ( two notes1 ,a alt]nat+ ) ,b flat1 :i* is nev] v>i$ ?r\gh\t ! some:at long movem5t4 ,x nev] becomes monoton\s1 h[ev]1 s ri* & v>i$ is ! in/rum5tation4 ,! ,ho/ias et ,preces1--su/a9$ by ! t5ors & basses1 a v solemn & maje/ic movem5t1--displays ano!r ( ,b]lioz's ecc5tricities1 ! accompanim5t at ! close ( ! fir/ phrase be+ furni%$ by ?ree flutes & eight t5or trombones1 :i* "o enemy ( ! compos] says repres5ts ! di/ance f ! sublime to ! ridicul\s4 ,! ,sanctus1 a t5or solo ) responses by ! sopranos & altos1 is full ( poetical1 almo/ s5su\s beauty1 & is ! mo/ popul> numb] 9 ! "w4 ,x closes ) a fugue on ! words ,hosanna 9 ,excelsis4 ,! f9al numb] is ! ,agnus ,dei1 a *orus = male voices1 9 :i* ! compos] once m employs ! peculi> comb9ation ( flutes & t5or trombones4 ,9 ?is numb] he also returns to ! music ( ! op5+ numb]1 ,requiem aet]nam1 & closes x ) an ,am5 s(tly dy+ away4 ,?us ends ! ,requiem1--a "w :i* w always be ! subject ( critical dispute1 ow+ to its num]\s innovations on exi/+ musical =ms & ! d>+ mann] 9 :i* ! compos] has treat$ x4 ,! foll[+ sket* ( ! fir/ p]=mance ( ! ,requiem1 tak5 f ,b]lioz's ,autobiography1 w be f\nd int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 ,x is necess>y to preface x ) ! /atem5t t ! director ( ! ,beaux-,arts _h insi/$ t ,hab5eck %\ld conduct ! "w4 ,z ,b]lioz _h qu>rell$ ) ! old conductor1 & _h n be5 on speak+ t]ms ) him = ?ree ye>s1 he at fir/ refus$2 b subsequ5tly cons5t$1 on condition t he %\ld conduct at "o full rehe>sal4 ,b]lioz says3-- ,! day ( ! p]=mance arriv$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,invalides1 be=e all ! pr9ces1 pe]s1 & deputies1 ! ,fr5* press1 ! correspond5ts ( =eign pap]s1 & an imm5se cr[d4 ,x 0 absolutely ess5tial = me to h a great success2 a mod]ate "o w\ld h be5 fatal1 & a failure w\ld h annihilat$ me altoge!r4 ,n[1 li/5 att5tively4 ,! v>i\s gr\ps ( in/rum5ts 9 ! or*e/ra 7 tol]ably widely sep>at$1 especially ! f\r brass b&s introduc$ 9 ! ',tuba mirum1' ea* ( :i* occupi$ a corn] ( ! entire or*e/ra4 ,!re is no pause betwe5 ! ',dies ,irae' & ',tuba mirum1' b ! pace ( ! latt] movem5t is r$uc$ to half :at x 0 be=e4 ,at ?is po9t ! :ole ( ! brass ent]s1 fir/ altoge!r1 & !n 9 passages1 answ]+ & int]rupt+1 ea* a ?ird high] ?an ! la/4 ,x is obvi\s t x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! f\r beats ( ! new tempo %\ld be di/9ctly m>k$1 or else ! t]rible explosion :i* ,i _h s c>efully prep>$1 ) comb9ations & proportions nev] attempt$ be=e or s9ce1 & :i*1 rightly p]=m$1 gives su* a picture ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t z ,i believe is de/9$ to live1 w\ld be a m]e enorm\s & hide\s confusion4 ,) my habitual mi/ru/1 ,i _h /ation$ myself beh9d ,hab5eck1 &1 turn+ my back on him1 ov]look$ ! gr\p ( kettl$rums1 :i* he c\ld n see1 :5 ! mom5t approa*$ = !m to take "p 9 ! g5]al melee4 ,!re are p]haps "o ?\s& b>s 9 my ,requiem4 ,precisely 9 t ( :i* ,i h j be5 speak+1 :5 ! movem5t is ret>d$ & ! w9d in/rum5ts bur/ 9 ) _! t]rible fl\ri% ( trumpets2 9 fact1 j 9 ! "o b> :]e ! conductor's motion is absolutely indisp5sable1--,hab5eck puts d[n 8 baton1 quietly takes out 8 snuffbox1 & proce$s to take a p9* ( snuff4 ,i always _h my eye 9 8 direction1 & in/antly turn$ rapidly on "o heel1 &1 spr++ be=e him1 ,i /ret*$ out my arm & m>k$ ! f\r great beats ( ! new movem5t4 ,! or*e/ras foll[$ me ea* 9 ord]4 ,i conduct$ ! piece to ! end1 & ! effect :i* ,i _h long$ = 0 produc$4 ,:51 at ! la/ words ( ! *orus1 ,hab5eck saw t ! ',tuba ,mirum' 0 sav$1 he said3 ',:at a cold p]spiration ,i h be5 96 ,)\t y we %\ld h be5 lo/4' ',yes1 ,i "k1' ,i answ]$1 look+ fix$ly at him4 ,i did n add ano!r ^w4444 ,_h he done x on purpose8444 ,c\ld x be possible t ?is man _h d>$ to jo9 my enemy1 ! director1 & ,*]ub9i's fri5ds1 9 plott+ & attempt+ su* rascality8 ,i don't wi% to believe x 444 b ,i _c d\bt x4 ,god =give me if ,i am do+ ! man inju/ice6 ,! success ( ! ',requiem' 0 complete1 9 spite ( all ! conspiracies--c[>dly1 atroci\s1 (fici\s1 & (ficial--:i* w\ld fa9 h h9d]$ x4 ,,brahms4 ,johannes ,brahms1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( liv+ ,g]man compos]s1 0 born at ,hamburg1 ,may #g1 #ahcc4 ,8 fa!r 0 a d\ble-bass play] 9 ! or*e/ra 9 t city1 & devot$ 8 son at a v e>ly age to 8 own pr(ession4 ,8 fir/ piano tea*] 0 ,cossell2 b to ,edu>d ,m>xs51 ! ,royal ,music ,director1 he owes 8 real success z a compos]4 ,brahms rema9$ 9 ,hamburg until #ahec1 :5 he w5t ^u a conc]t-t\r ) ,rem5yi1 ! ecc5tric & some:at s5sational ,hung>ian1 :o has be5 a famili> figure ^u ! ,am]ican conc]t-/age4 ,he rema9$ ) him1 h[ev]1 b a v %ort "t1 = 9 ,octob] ( t ye> !y p>t$ company4 ,brahms _h attract$ ! notice ( ,liszt & ,joa*im2 & x may h be5 ?r\gh _! advice t ! musical p>tn]%ip 0 dissolv$4 ,9 any ev5t1 soon aft] leav+ ,rem5yi he w5t to ,duesseldorf & visit$ ,s*umann4 ,x 0 ! latt] :o ann\nc$ him to ! _w 9 su* /rong words z ^!3-- ,9 foll[+ ) ! greate/ int]e/ ! pa?s ( ^! elect ,joa*im1 ,naumann1 ,norman1 ,b>giel1 ,kir*n]1 ,s*aeff]1 ,dietri*1 & ,wils+1 ,i ?\ght t aft] su* =]unn]s !re w\ld1 & mu/ at la/1 all on a sudd5 appe> "o ^: mission x w\ld be to utt] ! highe/ expression ( 8 "t 9 an ideal mann]1--"o :o w\ld atta9 ma/]y1 n by degrees1 b1 l ,m9]va1 w\ld at once spr+ completely arm$ f ! head ( ,cronion4444 ,may ! highe/ g5ius give him /r5g? = t ( :i* !re is hope1 z 9 him dwells also ano!r g5ius1 t ( mode/y6 ,we bid him welcome z a /rong *ampion4 ,! next ye> 7#ahed7 appe>$ 8 fir/ works1--?ree sonatas1 a trio1 s*]zo = piano1 & ?ree books ( songs4 ,aft] a visit to ,liszt at ,weim>1 he settl$ d[n z *orus-conductor & music-tea*] at ! c\rt ( ,lippe-,detmold1 :]e he rema9$ a few ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod he devot$ himself assidu\sly to composition4 ,aft] leav+ ,detmold1 he successively resid$ 9 ,hamburg1 ,zu]i*1 & ,bad5-,bad51 ?\gh mo/ ( 8 "t has be5 sp5t 9 ,vi5na1 :]e he has direct$ ! ,s+akademie & ! conc]ts ( ! ,gesells*aft d] ,musikfreunde4 ,s*umann's prophecy has be5 made good2 ,brahms is to-day "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( liv+ musicians4 ,among 8 mo/ fam\s compositions are a ,fun]al ,hymn = *orus & w9d-b&2 ! ,g]man ,requiem2 ,triumphli$1 = d\ble-*orus & or*e/ra2 ,s*icksalli$1 = *orus & or*e/ra2 five symphonies2 v>iations on a !me ( ,haydn1 = or*e/ra2 ! ,tragic & ,academic ov]tures2 & sev]al trios1 qu>tets1 qu9tets1 sextets1 conc]tos1 & sonatas4 ,! ,g]man ,requiem4 ,! ,g]man ,requiem1 s call$1 is n a requiem 9 its s5tim5t1 nor 9 any s5se a religi\s s]vice4 ,! poem is full ( consolation = ! m\rn]1 ( assurances ( joy h]eaft]1 ( w>n+s aga9/ ! pomps & vanities ( ! _w1 & closes ) ! victory ( ! sa9ts ov] dea? & ! grave4 ,x might ) m propriety be call$ a sacr$ cantata4 ,! "w has sev5 numb]s1--two b>itone solos & *orus1 soprano solo & *orus1 & f\r sep>ate *oruses4 ,x 0 fir/ p]=m$ at ,brem5 on ,good ,friday1 #ahfh1 & 9 #ahgc 0 fir/ he>d 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 also giv5 at ! ,c9c9nati fe/ival ( #ahhd1 "u ,mr4 ,?omas's direction4 ,! op5+ *orus 7,bless$ are !y t g m\rn+7 is beautifully writt51 & is p>ticul>ly noticeable = ! ri*ness ( its accompanim5t4 ,9 ! ,fun]al ,m>*1 :i* foll[s1 a v graphic resemblance to ! measur$ tread ( ! cortege is accompli%$ by ! use ( triple "t4 ,9 ?is1 z well z 9 num]\s o!r in/ances1 ! compos] cuts loose f ord9>y me?ods1 & 9 pure classical =m & by ! use ( legitimate musical processes a*ieves :at o!rs seek to effect by s5su\s or purely imitative music4 ,! ?ird numb] 7,"l1 make me to "k ! ,measure ( my ,days on ,e>?7 op5s ) a b>itone solo1 foll[$ by two *oral fugues1 :i* are solidly con/ruct$1 ?\gh !y are extremely difficult to s+1 & call = a *orus ( unusual discipl9e & intellig5ce4 ,! f\r?1 = *orus 7,h[ lovely is ,?y ,dwell+-place1 ,o ,"l ( ,ho/s71 is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) its pr$ecessor1 be+ a sl[ movem5t1 & v melodi\s 9 /yle4 ,! fif? 7,ye n[ are sorr[ful1 grieve n71 = soprano solo & *orus1 %[s ! compos]'s unusual p[] z a song-writ]1 z well z 8 melodi\s attractiv5ess :5 melody answ]s 8 purpose4 ,9 ! next numb]1 set = *orus ) b>itone solo responses 7,"h on ,e>? we h no cont9u+ ,place1 we seek n[ a heav5ly "o71 ! "* ( ! music *anges aga91 & ! resurrection ( ! dead is pictur$ 9 fugal passages ( trem5d\s p[] & difficulty4 ,aft] ! /orm comes ! calm aga9 9 ! f9ale 7,bless$ are ! ,fai?ful :o 9 ! ,"l are sleep+71 :i* conta9s a rem9isc5ce ( ! op5+ numb]1 & closes ! "w 9 a g5tle1 b deeply s]i\s /ra94 ,x 0 ! ,g]man ,requiem :i* fir/ made ,brahms fam\s2 x confirm$ all t ,s*umann _h said ( him4 ,its great difficulties require an extraord9>y *orus & or*e/ra2 b :5 ^! c be _h1 ! p[] & beauty ( ! "w w always be conc$$4 ,,co/a4 ,mi*ael ,co/a1 ! em95t conductor & compos]1 0 born at ,naples1 ,feb4 #d1 #ahaj4 ,hav+ display$ musical aptitude at a v e>ly age1 he 0 plac$ 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music4 ,be=e 8 tw5ty-fir/ ye> he _h compos$ sev]al works1 among !m a mass = f\r voices1 a ,dixit ,dom9us1 ?ree symphonies1 an oratorio1 ,la ,passione1 ! ballet music to ,k5ilwor?1 & ! op]as1 ,il ,delitto punito1 ,il ,sospetto fune/o1 ,il c>c]e d' ,ildegonda1 & ,malv9a1--! la/ = ! ,san ,c>lo at ,naples4 ,9 #ahbi he 0 s5t to ,engl& by 8 ma/] ,z+>elli to conduct "o ( ! latt]'s compositions at ,birm+ham2 & t c\ntry !reaft] became 8 home4 ,! next ye> he 0 engag$ at ! ,k+'s ,!atre1 n[ kn[n z ,h] ,maje/y's1 z piano-ma/]1 & two ye>s lat] became ! musical director4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to br+ ! b& to its prop] place1 ?\gh he _h to make a h>d fight aga9/ ! ballet1 :i* at t "t ?reat5$ to absorb bo? s+]s & or*e/ra1 & to sweep ! musical drama f ! /age4 ,he succe$$1 h[ev]1 & did mu* also to improve ! composition ( ! or*e/ra4 ,:ile hold+ ?is position he wrote ! ballets1 ,une heure a ,naples & ,sir ,huon = ,taglioni1 & ,alma = ,c]ito1 ! beautiful qu>tet1 ,ecco quel fi]o i/ante1 & ! op]as ,malek ,adhel = ,p>is 9 #ahcg1 & ,don ,c>los = ,london 9 #ahdd4 ,he rema9$ at ,h] ,maje/y's ,!atre = fifte5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he did a great "w = s+]s & b&1 & r$uc$ ! ballet to its prop] rank4 ,9 #ahdf he left 8 position & w5t to ! new ,italian op]a at ,cov5t ,g>d51 :]e he rema9$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 absolute 9 8 musical supremacy & free to deal ) all works z he pleas$1 among !m ^? ( ,mey]be]1 at t "t ! mo/ prom95t compos] 9 ! op]atic _w2 = ,wagn] z yet 0 sc>cely kn[n4 ,x is to ,co/a t ,mey]be] owes 8 ,engli% reputation4 ,9 ! same ye> 7#ahdf7 he took ! direction ( ! ,philh>monic or*e/ra1 & two ye>s lat] t ( ! ,sacr$ ,h>monic ,society1 :i* he held until 8 dea?1 & z conductor ( :i* he also direct$ ! ,h&el fe/ivals4 ,9 #ahdi he 0 engag$ = ! ,birm+ham fe/ivals1 & also conduct$ !m until 8 dea?4 ,9 #ahed he resign$ 8 position ) ! ,philh>monic1 & 8 successor1 = a brief "t only1 0 ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,8 oratorio1 ,eli1 0 compos$ = ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival ( #ahee1 & 8 second oratorio1 ,naaman1 = ! same fe/ival 9 #ahfd4 ,9 #ahfi he 0 knight$1 & %ortly aft]w>ds1 :5 8 ,eli 0 produc$ at ,/uttg>t1 x won = him ! royal ord] ( ,fr$]ick f ! ,k+ ( ,wu]temb]g4 ,he also _h decorations f ! sov]eigns ( ,g]many1 ,turkey1 ,italy1 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 recognition ( 8 musical accompli%m5ts4 ,9 #ahga he return$ aga9 to ,h] ,maje/y's ,op]a 9 ! capacity ( director ( ! music1 compos]1 & conductor2 b a few ye>s ago he aga9 dissolv$ 8 connection ) x1 & devot$ himself entirely to ! private managem5t & public direction ( ! ,sacr$ ,h>monic ,society1 ) :i* he 0 id5tifi$ = ov] ?irty ye>s4 ,he di$ 9 ,april1 #ahhd4 ,eli4 ,! oratorio ( ,eli1 ! text tak5 f ! fir/ book ( ,samuel1 & adapt$ by ,william ,b>?olomew1 0 fir/ p]=m$ at ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival1 ,aug4 #bi1 #ahee1 "u ,co/a's own direction1 ) ,mesdames ,vi>dot & ,novello & ,messrs4 ,sims ,reeves & ,c>l ,=mes 9 ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,! *>act]s are ,eli1 ,elkanah1 ,hannah1 ,samuel1 ! ,man ( ,god1 ,saph ! ,phili/9e w>rior1 ,hophni & ,ph9ehas ! sons ( ,eli1 & ! ,prie/s & ,phili/9es z *orus4 ,! /ory is n v consi/5t 9 its outl9es1 & is fragm5t>y )al1 ! n>rative ( ! *ild ,samuel be+ ! c5tral !me1 ar\nd :i* are gr\p$ ! tribulations ( ,elkanah & ,hannah1 ! s]vice ( ,eli ! prie/1 ! revels ( 8 pr(ligate sons1 & ! m>tial de$s ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,! ov]ture op5s ) a pianissimo prelude = organ 9 *orale =m1 foll[$ by an or*e/ral fugue well work$ up1 b v quiet 9 "*4 ,inde$1 ! :ole ov]ture is mo/ly pianissimo4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ foll[s ! op5+ recitative = bass 7,bl[ ye ! ,trumpet71 :i* is ! signal = ^? in/rum5ts1 & introduces ! fir/ *orus 7,let u g to pray be=e ! ,"l71 beg9n+ ) a s(t /accato :i* gradually works up to a jubilant climax on ! words ,make a joyful ,noise4 ,a t5or solo = ,elkanah is int]wov5 ) ! *orus1 :i* closes ) broad1 fl[+ h>mony4 ,! next numb]1 a bass air ) *orus 7,let ! ,p praise ,!e71 is some:at peculi> 9 its con/ruction4 ,x beg9s ) ! air1 :i* is sl[ & t5d]1 & at ! close ! *orus takes x 9 canon =m4 ,!n ,eli intones b5$ictions 9 *orale /yle1 & ! *orus responds ) ,am5s 9 full h>mony at ! end ( ea*1 mak+ a v impressive effect4 ,x is foll[$ by a v elaborate *orus 7,bless$ be ! ,"l71 clos+ ) a fugue on ! ^w ,am51 :i* is v cle> & well work$ up4 ,! next numb] is ! sorr[ful pray] ( ! b>r5 & griev+ ,hannah 7,turn ,!e unto me71 :i* is v expressive 9 its m\rnful supplication1 & spl5didly contra/$ ) h] joy\s song aft] ! bir? ( ,samuel1 ( :i* m5tion w be made 9 its prop] connection4 ,eli rebukes h]1 & a dialogue ensues1 int]rupt$ by ! t5d] *orus1 ,! ,"l is good4 ,! dialogue =m is aga9 r5ew$1 ?is "t by ,elkanah & ,hannah1 lead+ to a beautiful duet betwe5 !m 7,:]e=e is ?y ,s\l ca/ d[n874 ,! "* ( ! music n[ *anges z we ent] ^u a long dr9k+-*orus1 ) solos by ! two revell]s1 ,hophni & ,ph9ehas 7,= ev]y?+ !re is a ,season74 ,! *ange f ! s]i\sness ( ! prec$+ numb]s is v abrupt1 & ! music ( ! *orus is decid$ly ( ! conv5tional ,italian dr9k+-song "*4 ,eli appe>s & rebukes !m1 & aft] a cantabile aria 7,?\ %\ld/ m>k ,iniquities71 a %ort *orus ( ,levites1 = t5ors & basses1 ensues1 introduc+ a simple1 b well-su/a9$ *orale = full *orus 7,h[ mighty is ,?y ,"n74 ,at ?is po9t ! ,man ( ,god appe>s1 rebuk+ ! ,levites = _! pollut$ (f]+s4 ,8 d5unciations are declaim$ 9 /rong1 spirit$ phrases1 accompani$ by ! *orus ( ! p 7,!y h pr(an$ x71 beg9n+ 9 unison4 ,! sc5e n[ *anges to ! camp ( ! ,phili/9es1 :]e ,saph1 _! man ( w>1 %\ts out 8 angry & boi/]\s defiance 9 8 solo 7,phili/9es1 h>k1 ! ,trumpet s\nd+74 ,x is foll[$ by a *oral response f ! ,phili/9es 7,spe$ u on to fight71 :i* is 9 ! same robu/ & /irr+ /yle1 ?\gh ! g5]al effect is !atrical & some:at commonplace4 ,comb9$ ) x is a *oral response by ! prie/s ( ,dagon1 ( an ,ori5tal "*4 ,aft] ?is cla% ( s\nd foll[s an air ( a sombre /yle by ,eli 7,he> my ,pray]1 ,o ,"l71 ! introduction & accompanim5t ( :i* are v /rik+4 ,! ,man ( ,god once m appe>s1 ann\nc+ ! approa*+ dea? ( ,eli's sons to a weird1 sepul*ral accompanim5t ( ! re$s & trombones1 & lead+ up to a v effective duet betwe5 !m 7,"l1 cause ,?y ,face to %9e ^u ,?y ,s]vant74 ,ano!r *orale ensues 7,o make a joyful ,noise71 & aft] a brief recitative ,hannah has a mo/ exultant song1 ov]fl[+ ) love & gratitude at ! bir? ( ,samuel 7,i w extol ,!e1 ,o ,"l74 ,! fir/ "p closes ) a brief recitative betwe5 ,hannah & ,eli1 prelud+ a fugu$ *orus 7,hosanna 9 ! highe/71 built up on two motives & "o ( ! mo/ elaborate numb]s 9 ! oratorio4 ,! second "p op5s ) a *a/e & lovely melody1 ! morn+ pray] ( ! *ild ,samuel 7,"l1 f my ,b$ aga9 ,i rise71 foll[$ ) "s pretty recitative betwe5 ! *ild & 8 p>5ts1 & an unaccompani$ qu>tet1 set to ! same *oral !me t 0 he>d 9 ! organ prelude to ! ov]ture4 ,! next numb] is ! long & %[y in/rum5tal m>* ( ! ,israelites1 foll[$ by two v /rik+ *oruses1--! fir/ 7,hold n ,?y ,peace & be n /ill1 ,o ,god7 ( :i* appeals = div9e help aga9/ ! enemy1 & ! second1 an allegro 7,o ,god1 make !m l a ,:eel71 leads into a fugue 7,s p]secute !m71 :i* is v en]getic 9 "*1 & closes ) ! m>tial hymn1 ,god & ,k+ ( ,jacob's ,nation1 sung to ! melody ( ! prec$+ m>*4 ,! oratorio ab\nds 9 contra/s1 & "h occurs ano!r1 ! ev5+ pray] ( ,samuel 7,?is ,night ,i lift my ,he>t to ,!e71--a pure1 quiet melody1 gradually dy+ away z he drops asleep1 & foll[$ by an angel *orus = female voices ) h>p accompanim5t 7,no ,evil %all befall !e71 ! effect ( :i* is v beautiful1 especially 9 ! decresc5do at ! close4 ,a mess5g] sudd5ly arrives1 ann\nc+ ! defeat ( ,israel by ! ,phili/9es1 ^u :i* ! *orus bur/s out ) "o ( ! mo/ tell+ numb]s1 bo? 9 ! voice p>ts & ! descriptiv5ess ( ! accompanim5t 7,woe unto u1 we are spoil$674 ,"s v dramatic recitative betwe5 ,samuel & ,eli foll[s1 aft] :i* ! ,levites jo9 9 ! *orus1 ,bless ye ! ,"l1 op5+ ) ! t5ors & clos+ 9 f\r p>ts1 ) ! call ( ,eli int]v5+ 7,wat*m51 :at ( ! ,night874 ,a long recitative by ,samuel 7,! ,"l said71 =e%ad[+ ! disa/]s to ! h\se ( ,eli2 an air by ,eli 7,al?\gh my ,h\se be n ) ,god72 a fun]al *orus by ! ,israelites 7,lam5t ) a doleful ,lam5tation72 fur!r phrases ( recitative ann\nc+ m defeats ( ,israel1 ! capture ( ! ark1 ! dea? ( ,eli & 8 sons1 & an appeal by ,samuel to bl[ ! trumpet1 call+ a solemn assembly to implore ! pity ( ! ,"l1--prep>e ! way = ! f9al *orus 7,bless$ be ! ,"l71 clos+ ) a fugue on ! ^w ,hallelujah4 ,! oratorio 0 fir/ giv5 9 ?is c\ntry by ! ,bo/on ,h&el & ,haydn ,society1 ,feb4 #ae1 #aheg1 "u ! direction ( ,c>l ,z]rahn1 ) ,mr4 ,?omas ,ball z ,eli & also z ,saph1 ,mr4 ,wilde z ! ,man ( ,god1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,adams z ,elkanah1 ,mrs4 ,long z ,hannah1 & ,miss ,hawley 9 ! contralto "p ( ,samuel4 ,writ+ ( t p]=mance1 ,mr4 ,dwight1 ! c>eful & discrim9at+ critic1 summ$ up ! "w z foll[s3 ,z a :ole1 ',eli' is a noble & impressive oratorio4 ,! composition is le>n$ & musician-l1 & g5]ally appropriate1 ta/eful1 dignifi$1 (t5 beautiful1 & occasionally gr&4 ,x is by no means a "w ( g5ius1 b x is a "w ( high musical culture1 & indicates a m9d imbu$ ) ! be/ traditions & famili> ) ! be/ ma/]s ( ! art1 & a ma/]ly comm& ( all ! mod]n musical res\rces1 except ! 'faculty div9e1'--:i*1 we may be p]mitt$ to say1 is n includ$ 9 mod]n musical res\rces4 ,! *>act]ization ( ! oratorio1 h[ev]1 is ?or\ghly p]t95t & complete4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t a "w s excell5t & hav+ s _m elem5ts ( popul>ity %\ld n be giv5 m frequ5tly 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,anton ,,dvorak4 ,anton ,dvorak1 ! ,bohemian compos] :o has ris5 s sudd5ly into prom95ce1 0 born at ,muelhaus51 ne> ,prague1 ,sept4 #h1 #ahda4 ,8 fa!r comb9$ ! bus9esses ( tav]n-keep] & but*]1 & "y ,dvorak assi/$ him 9 wait+ ^u cu/om]s1 z well z 9 ! slaught]+ bus9ess4 ,z ! laws ( ,bohemia /ipulate t music %all be a "p ( common-s*ool education1 ,dvorak le>n$ ! rudim5ts 9 ! village s*ool1 & also receiv$ viol9 in/ruction4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 he w5t to "w = an uncle :o resid$ 9 a village :]e ! s*oolma/] 0 a pr(ici5t musician4 ,! latt]1 recogniz+ 8 ability1 gave him lessons on ! organ1 & all[$ him to copy music4 ,piano-lessons foll[$1 & he _h soon gr\nd$ himself q ?or\ghly 9 c\nt]po9t4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 he 0 admitt$ to ! organ-s*ool at ,prague1 ( :i* ,joseph ,pits* 0 ! pr9cipal4 ,pits* di$ %ortly aft]1 & 0 succe$$ by ,kreyci1 :o made ,dvorak acqua9t$ ) ! music ( ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & ,m5delssohn4 ,! fir/ or*e/ral "w :i* he he>d 0 ,bee?ov5's ,n9? ,symphony1 dur+ its rehe>sal "u ,spohr's direction4 ,9 #ahfj1 be+ !n 9 8 n9ete5? ye>1 he obta9$ an engagem5t1 ) ! meagre sal>y ( #abe a ye>1 z viol9i/ 9 a b& t play$ at cafes & dances4 ,two ye>s lat] he secur$ a position 9 ! ,bohemian ,op]a-,h\se at ,prague1 !n "u ! direction ( ,may]1 :]e he rema9$ until #ahga1 9 :i* ye> he left ! !atre & devot$ himself to tea*+1 ) ! prospect ( e>n+ #bej a ye>4 ,^! 7 h>d days = ! "y musician2 b :ile he 0 ?us /ruggl+ = a b>e subsi/5ce he cont9u$ writ+ compositions1 ?\gh he _h no prospect ( sell+ !m or ( hav+ !m play$4 ,"o writ] rem>ks on ?is po9t3 ,x is f> f difficult to comp>e him 9 ?is respect ) t m>vell\s embodim5t ( pati5ce & en?usiasm1 ,franz ,s*ub]t2 only1 m =tunate ?an ! ,vi5nese ma/]1 ! ,bohemian has liv$ to receive 8 rew>d4 ,betwe5 ^! two m5 ano!r po9t ( resemblance appe>s4 ,nei!r c be *>g$ ) pu%+ or intrigu+ himself into prom95ce4 ,s*ub]t _h pl5ty ( arti/ic ambition1 b ( p]sonal ambition none2 :ile ! quality he s entirely lack$ _c be accr$it$ to ,dvorak1 :o sp5t ! be/ "p ( 8 life 9 ! enjoym5t ( m]ely local fame4 ,ab\t ?is "t he wrote 8 ,patriotic ,hymn & ! op]a ,ko5ig und ,koehl]4 ,! latt] 0 reject$ aft] an or*e/ral trial2 b he cont9u$ 8 "w1 undaunt$ by failure4 ,%ortly aft] ?is he receiv$ ! appo9tm5t ( organi/ at ! ,adelb]t ,*ur*1 ,prague1 & =tune began to smile ^u him4 ,8 symphony 9 ,f 0 laid be=e ! ,m9i/] ( ,in/ruction 9 ,vi5na1 & ^u ! recomm5dation ( ,h]beck secur$ him a grant ( #bjj4 ,:5 ,brahms replac$ ,h]beck on ! committee :i* report$ ^u arti/s' /ip5ds1 he fully recogniz$ ,dvorak's ability1 & n only enc\rag$ him1 b also br\ght him be=e ! _w by secur+ him a publi%] & comm5d+ him to ,joa*im1 :o /ill fur!r advanc$ 8 int]e/s by secur+ p]=mances ( 8 works 9 ,g]many & ,engl&4 ,s9ce t "t he has ris5 rapidly1 & is n[ recogniz$ z "o ( ! mo/ promis+ ( liv+ compos]s4 ,among 8 works :i* h be5 produc$ dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s are ! ,/abat ,mat]1 ! cantata ,! ,spectre ,bride1 ?ree op]as 9 ! ,cze*i/ dialect1 ?ree or*e/ral symphonies1 sev]al ,slavonic rhapsodies1 ov]tures1 viol9 & piano conc]tos1 an exce$+ly beautiful sextet1 & num]\s songs4 ,! ,/abat ,mat]4 ,dvorak's ,/abat ,mat] 0 writt5 9 #ahge4 ,x 0 s5t to ! ,au/rian ,m9i/] ( ,in/ruction1 b 0 n deem$ wor?y ( ! grant ( #bjj :i* ! compos] _h expect$4 ,its m]it 0 subsequ5tly recogniz$ by ,brahms & ,joa*im1 & ! latt] secur$ a he>+ ( x 9 ,london 9 #ahhc4 ,x imm$iately made its compos] fam\s4 ,! ,philh>monic ,society invit$ him to ,london1 & ! "w 0 giv5 ) great success at ! ,alb]t ,hall1 & lat] at ! ,worce/] & ,h]e=d fe/ivals4 ,x 0 9 ,engl& inde$ t 8 celebrity 0 e/abli%$1 & = t c\ntry all 8 new works are n[ writt54 ,! ,/abat ,mat] is writt5 = soli1 *orus1 & or*e/ra1 & comprises t5 numb]s4 ,! fir/ is ! qu>tet & *orus1 ,/abat ,mat] dolorosa1 & c>ries ! old ,lat9 hymn z f> z ! ,quis e/ homo4 ,aft] an or*e/ral introduction :i* gives out ! pr9cipal motives on :i* ! numb] is bas$1 ! vocal qu>tet beg9s4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$ are v simple1 b !y are work$ up ) great te*nical skill4 ,! g5]al effect is tragic r ?an pa!tic1 z if ! compos] 7 contemplat+ n s mu* ! grief ( ! ,virg9 ,"m at ! foot ( ! ,cross z ! awful nature ( ! trag$y itself & its f>-rea*+ consequ5ces4 ,! second numb] is ! qu>tet ,quis e/ homo4 ,aft] a %ort introduction1 ! !me is tak5 by ! alto1 foll[$ by ! t5or & bass1 & la/ly by ! soprano1 ! g5]al /ructure gr[+ m elaborate at ea* entrance4 ,aft] ! second subject is introduc$ a spl5did climax is rea*$1 & 9 ! coda ! voices :isp] ! words vidit suum to an accompanim5t ( w9d in/rum5ts 9 su/a9$ & impressive *ords4 ,! ?ird numb]1 ,eia ,mat]1 is built up on an exce$+ly brief motive1 :i* is augm5t$ ) surpris+ p[] 9 *oral =m4 ,x is a "w ( s*ol>ly skill1 & yet is full ( *>m & grace1 & w always comm5d itself ev5 to ! untutor$ he>] by its t5d]ness & pa!tic beauty4 ,! f\r? numb]1 ,fac ut ardeat cor meum1 = bass solo & *orus1 l ! ?ird is mo/ skilfully con/ruct$ out ( small mat]ials1 & has a f9e contra/ betwe5 ! solo & ! *orus1 :i* at its entrance is assign$ to ! female voices only1 ) organ accompanim5t4 ,! fif? numb] is ! *orus ,tui nati vuln]ati1 :i* is rem>kable = ! smoo? & fl[+ mann] 9 :i* its two subjects are treat$4 ,! six? numb]1 ,fac me v]e tecum fl]e1 = t5or solo & *orus1 is v elaborate 9 its con/ruction4 ,a /ately !me is giv5 out by ! t5or1 repeat$ 9 ?ree-"p h>mony by male voices1 ! accompanim5t be+ indep5d5t 9 =m2 ! subject !n returns1 fir/ = solo1 & !n = male voices1 9 v>y+ h>monies4 ,aft] a brief vocal episode ! subject reappe>s 9 /ill diff]5t =m1 &1 foll[$ by ! episode work$ up at l5g? 9 a coda1 br+s ! numb] to its close4 ,! sev5? numb]1 ,virgo1 virgonum praecl>a1 = full *orus1 is m>k$ by great simplicity & t5d]ness1 & w always be "o ( ! mo/ popul> sections ( ! "w4 ,! eigh? numb]1 ,fac ut portem1 is a duet = soprano & t5or1 responsive 9 "*1 & con/ruct$ on v simple phrases pres5t$ 9 v>y+ =ms bo? by ! voices & or*e/ra4 ,! n9? numb]1 ,inflammatus et acc5sus1 is "o ( ! mo/ ma/]ly 9 ! :ole "w4 ,x is an alto solo compos$ ( two subjects1 ! fir/ v maje/ic1 & ! second pa!tic 9 "*1 =m+ a contra/ ( great p[] & beauty4 ,! t5? & clos+ numb]1 ,qu&o corpus morietur1 = qu>tet & *orus1 is con/ruct$ sub/antially ^u ! same !mes :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,/abat ,mat]1 & closes ) an ,am5 ( a massive "*1 exhibit+ a/oni%+ contrapuntal skill4 ,"o ( ! be/ ,engli% critics says ( ! :ole "w3-- ,! ',/abat ,mat]' approa*es z ne> to greatness z possible1 if x be n actually de/9$ to rank among _w-r5[n$ ma/]pieces4 ,x is fre% & new1 :ile 9 h>mony ) ! e/abli%$ canons ( art2 & ?\gh app>5tly labor$ & ov]-develop$ 9 places1 speaks ) ! =ce & directness ( g5ius4 ,,g\nod4 ,*>les ,francois ,g\nod 0 born 9 ,p>is1 ,june #ag1 #ahah4 ,8 fame has be5 made _w-wide by ! extraord9>y success ( 8 op]a ,fau/1 & yet m ?an almo/ any o!r op]atic compos] ( mod]n times he has devot$ himself to sacr$ music4 ,8 e>li] /udies 7 pursu$ 9 ,p>is at ! ,cons]vatory1 "u ! tuition ( ,pa] & ,lesueur1 & 9 #ahci ! receipt ( ! ,gr& ,prix gave him ! covet$ opportunity to g to ,italy4 ,9 ! atmosph]e ( ,rome religi\s influ5ces made a /rong impression ^u him4 ,he devot$ himself assidu\sly to ! /udy ( ,pale/r9a1 & among 8 fir/ important compositions 7 a mass p]=m$ at ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,luigi dei ,francesi 9 #ahda1 & a second1 writt5 )\t accompanim5t1 :i* 0 giv5 9 ,vi5na two ye>s lat]4 ,on 8 return to ,p>is1 religi\s ideas /ill reta9$ _! sway ov] him1 & he became organi/ & conductor at ! ,missions etrang]es4 ,he ev5 contemplat$ tak+ ord]s1 & att5d$ a !ological c\rse = two ye>s4 ,9 #ahdf he became a pupil at ! ,sem9aire2 b at la/ he gave up 8 prie/ly int5tions & devot$ himself :olly to musical composition1 ?\gh he has be51 if n a devotee1 a religi\s en?usia/ all 8 life1 & t too 9 ! mid/ ( a peculi>ly worldly c>e]4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is p]iod t he wrote 8 ,messe ,sol5elle 9 ,g1--! fir/ ( 8 compositions t 0 ev] produc$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 cordially receiv$1 & he 0 univ]sally recogniz$ z a promis+ musician4 ,= _m ye>s succe$+ ?is ev5t he devot$ himself ma9ly to secul> music1 & op]a aft] op]a rapidly came f 8 p51--,sappho 7#ahea72 ,nonne ,sanglante 7#ahed72 ,le ,m$ec9 malgre lui 7#aheh72 ,fau/1 8 greate/ "w1 & "o ( ! mo/ successful ( mod]n op]as 7#ahei72 ,philemon et ,baucis 7#ahfj72 ,re9e de ,saba 7#ahfb72 ,mireille 7#ahfd72 ,la ,colombe 7#ahff72 ,romeo et ,juliette 7#ahfg72 ,c9q ,m>s 7#ahgg71 & ,polyeucte 7#ahgh74 ,not)/&+ ! att5tion he gave to op]a & to mu* o!r secul> music1 he f\nd ample "t = ! composition ( sacr$ works4 ,9 #aheb1 :ile 9 ,p>is1 he became conductor ( ! ,orpheon1 & = ! pupils ( t in/itution he compos$ two masses4 ,he has also writt5 a great numb] ( pieces = *oir use :i* are v popul>1 & des]v$ly s1 p>ticul>ly ! beautiful song ,naz>e?4 ,among 8 l>g] works are a ,/abat ,mat]1 ) or*e/ral accompanim5t2 ! oratorio ,tobie2 a ,de ,pr(undis & an ,ave ,v]um2 & ! two oratorios1 ,! ,r$emption1 p]=m$ at ,birm+ham 9 #ahhb1 & ,mors et ,vita1 br\ght out at ! same place 9 #ahhe4 ,! compos] is n[ engag$ ^u ! s*eme ( a new oratorio1 ! c>e] ( ,joan ( ,arc be+ its subject4 ,x may be said 9 clos+ ?is sket*1 :i* has be5 ma9ly conf9$ to a consid]ation ( 8 sacr$ compositions1 z 8 op]atic c>e] has be5 fully treat$ 9 ,/&>d ,op]as1 t 9 #ahgc he wrote ! incid5tal music to ,jules ,b>bi]'s trag$y1 ,jeanne d',arc1 :i* may h inspir$ 8 det]m9ation to write an oratorio on ! same subject4 ,! ,r$emption4 ,! ,r$emption1 a ,sacr$ ,trilogy1 is ! title :i* ,g\nod gave to ?is "w1 & on its op5+ page he wrote3 ,! "w ( my life4 ,9 a note app5d$ to 8 description ( its cont5ts he says3-- ,x 0 dur+ ! autumn ( ! ye> #ahfg t ,i fir/ ?\ght ( compos+ a musical "w on ! ,r$emption4 ,i wrote ! words at ,rome1 :]e ,i pass$ two mon?s ( ! w9t] #ahfg-fh ) my fri5d ,heb]t1 ! celebrat$ pa9t]1 at t "t director ( ! ,academy ( ,france4 ,( ! music ,i !n compos$ only two fragm5ts3 fir/1 ',! ,m>* to ,calv>y' 9 its entirety2 second1 ! op5+ ( ! fir/ division ( ! ?ird "p1 ',! ,p5teco/4' ,twelve ye>s aft]w>ds ,i f9i%$ ! "w1 :i* _h s long be5 int]rupt$1 ) a view to its be+ p]=m$ at ! fe/ival at ,birm+ham 9 #ahhb4 ,x 0 br\ght out1 z he contemplat$1 9 ,augu/ ( t ye>1 & ! production 0 a memorable "o4 ,x 0 fir/ he>d 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! w9t] ( #ahhc-hd "u ,mr4 ,!odore ,?omas's direction1 & 0 "o ( ! prom95t works 9 8 s]ies ( fe/ivals 9 ! latt] ye>4 ,g\nod himself has prefac$ ! music ) an admirably concise description ( ! text & its v>i\s subjects4 ,( its g5]al cont5ts he says3 ,?is "w is a lyrical sett+ =? ( ! ?ree great facts on :i* dep5ds ! exi/5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,^! facts are1--fir/1 ! passion & ! dea? ( ! ,savi\r2 second1 8 glori\s life on e>? f 8 resurrection to 8 asc5sion2 ?ird1 ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! _w ?r\gh ! mission ( ! ,apo/les4 ,^! ?ree p>ts ( ! pres5t trilogy are prec$$ by a prologue on ! creation1 ! fall ( our fir/ p>5ts1 & ! promise ( a r$eem]4 ,! divisions ( ! "w are z foll[s3-- ,prologue4--,! ,creation4 ,"p ,i4--,calv>y4 ,"p ,,ii4--,f ! ,resurrection to ! ,asc5sion4 ,"p ,,iii4--,! ,p5teco/4 ,! prologue comprises ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation & fall ( man1 involv+ ! necessity ( div9e m$iation1 ! promise ( r$emption1 & ! annunciation ( ! my/]y ( ! inc>nation ( ! ,holy ,virg94 ,aft] a brief in/rum5tal introduction1 descriptive ( *aos1 ! t5or ,n>rator ann\nces ! completion ( creation 9 recitative1 foll[$ by a simil> declamation f ! bass ,n>rator ann\nc+ ! fall ( man1 ! t5or ,n>rator answ]+ ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,r$eem]'s adv5t 7,b ( ! ,spotless ,lamb71 9 :i* we h = ! fir/ "t a g5u9e ,wagn]ian leit motif1 :i* runs ?r\gh ! music ( ! oratorio :5ev] allusion is made to ! div9e atonem5t4 ,?is typical melody is he>d n9e times1--?ree times 9 ! prologue1 twice 9 ! sc5e ( ! crucifixion1 once 9 our ,savi\r's promise to ! ?ieves on ! cross1 once 9 8 appe>ance to ! holy wom51 & twice 9 ! asc5sion4 ,x is fir/ giv5 out z a viol9 solo1 & at ! close ( ! t5or recitative is repeat$ by all ! /r+s1 lead+ to ! my/ic *orale1 ,! ,e>? is my ,possession1 to be sung by a cele/ial *oir ( tw5ty-eight voices4 ,at its close ! typical melody is introduc$ 9 responsive =m betwe5 flute & cl>9et4 ,to ! fir/1 ! angelic message ( ! annunciation1 ,g\nod has affix$ ! title1 ,ave1 gratia pl5a2 & to ! second1 ! reply ( ,m>y1 ,fiat mihi secundum v]bum tuum4 ,! fir/ "p includes ! m>* to ,calv>y1 :i* is divid$ into six sep>ate numb]s1 yet s connect$ z to make a s+le musical s]ies1--! crucifixion1 ,m>y at ! foot ( ! cross1 ! dy+ ?ieves1 ! dea? ( ,jesus1 & ! confession ( 8 div9ity by ! c5turion4 ,x op5s ) ! /ory ( ! condemnation ( ! ,man ( ,sorr[s by ,pilate1 told by ! bass ,n>rator1 ! words ( ,jesus himself1 h[ev]1 be+ us$ inv>iably 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & sung by ! b>itone voice1 z :5 he says1 ,if my ,de$s h be5 evil1 imm$iately foll[+ ! bass recitative4 ,aft] ano!r monologue by ! ,n>rator1 ensues ! m>* to ! cross1--an in/rum5tal numb] :i* is brilliant 9 its color effects & some:at b>b>ic 9 tone4 ,)\t any break1 ! sopranos ent] ) ! words1 ,=? ! ,royal ,bann]s g1 set to a melody f ! ,roman ,ca?olic liturgy2 aft] :i* ! m>* is resum$4 ,! bass ,n>rator tells ! /ory ( ! wom5 :o foll[$ lam5t+1 int]rupt$ by a semi-*orus ( sopranos s++ ! lam5t1 & by ! words ( ,jesus1 ,ye ,daught]s ( ,israel1 weep n = me4 ,aga9 ! m>* is he>d1 & ! sopranos resume 7,=? ! ,royal ,bann]s g74 ,! t5or ,n>rator recites ! prep>ation = ! crucifixion1 accompani$ by v descriptive music1 & foll[$ by a /ormy *orus ( ! ,p 7,ha6 ?\ t did/ decl>e71 & ! mock+ cries ( ! prie/s 7,c he n[ save himself871 sung by a male *orus4 ,9 a pa!tic monologue ,jesus appeals = _! p>don1 :i* leads to an elaborate conc]t$ numb] = *orus or qu>tet1 call$ ,! ,reproa*es4 ,a conv]sation ensues betwe5 ,jesus & ,m>y1 foll[$ by ! qu>tet1 ,beside ! ,cross rema9+1 9 canon =m1 prelud+ ! *orale1 ,:ile my ,wat* ,i am keep+1 at fir/ sung by ,m>y1 & !n tak5 up by ! full *orus1 accompani$ by organ1 trombones1 & trumpets4 ,! next sc5e is t betwe5 ,jesus & ! two ,?ieves1 :i* also leads to a *orale 7,"l ,jesus1 ?\ to all br+e/ ,light & ,salvation74 ,?is numb] conta9s ! la/ t\* ( brightness 9 ! fir/ "p4 ,imm$iately ! bass ,n>rator ann\nces ! approa* ( ! awful trag$y4 ,! ga!r+ d>kness is pictur$ by a vivid passage = /r+s & cl>9et1 succe$$ by ! agoniz+ cries ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! bass ,n>rator decl>es ! consummation ( ! trag$y1 & !n ) ! t5or ,n>rator describes ! ?roes ( ,nature 7,& !n ! ,air 0 fill$ ) a ,murmur unwont$71 ! r5d+ ( ! veil ( ! ,temple1 ! break+ ( ! rocks1 ! e>?quake1 & ! visions ( ! sa9tly app>itions4 ,! la/ numb] is ! conviction ( ! c5turion1 foll[$ by a %ort *orale 7,= u ! ,*ri/ is made a ,victim avail+74 ,! second "p includes ! ann\ncem5t ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection by ! my/ic *orus1 ! appe>ance ( ! ,angel to ! ,holy ,wom5 at ! sepul*re1 t ( ,jesus to !m :ile on ! way to ,galilee1 ! con/]nation ( ! ,sanh$rim :5 x is le>n$ t ! tomb is empty1 ! meet+ ( ! ,holy ,wom5 & ! ,apo/les1 ! appe>ance ( ,jesus to ! latt]1 & 8 f9al asc5sion4 ,x op5s ) a *orus = ! my/ic *oir 7,savi\r ( ,m571 foll[$ by a %ort pa/orale ) mut$ /r+s & lead+ to a trio = ! ?ree ,wom5 7,h[ %all we by ourselves h ,/r5g? to roll away ! ,/one874 ,_! appreh5sions are remov$ by ! t5or ,n>rator & ! message ( ! ,angel int]wov5 ) ! h>p & convey$ 9 ! beautiful aria1 ,:y seek ye ! ,liv+ among ! ,dead8 ,jesus at la/ reveals himself to ! ,wom5 ) ! words1 ,all hail6 ,bless$ are ye ,wom51 accompani$ by ! typical melody1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,! ?ree ,wom5 disappe> on ! way to convey 8 message to ! ,disciples1 & ! sc5e *anges to ! ,sanh$rim1 :]e1 9 a tumultu\s & agitat$ *orus = male voices 7,*ri/ is ris5 aga971 ! /ory ( ! empty tomb is told by ! ,wat*]s4 ,! bass ,n>rator relates ! amazem5t ( ! prie/s & eld]s1 & _! plot to bribe ! gu>d1 lead+ to ! *orus = male voices 7,say ye t 9 ! ,night 8 ,disciples h come & /ol5 him away71 at ! close ( :i* ensues a full1 massive *orus 7,n[1 behold ye ! ,gu>d1 ?is1 y\r ,sleep-vanqui%$ ,gu>d71 clos+ ) ! d5unciation 9 unison 7,= ,ages on y\r ,heads %all ,contempt be outp\r$74 ,! t5or & bass ,n>rators 9 duet tell ( ! sorr[ ( ! ,disciples1 :i* prep>es ! way = a lovely trio = fir/ & second soprano & alto 7,! ,"l he has ris5 aga974 ,! next numb] is "o ( ! mo/ effective 9 ! :ole "w1--a soprano obligato solo1 accompani$ by ! full /r5g? ( *orus & or*e/ra1 to ! words3 ,f ?y love z a ,fa!r1 ,o ,"l1 tea* u to ga!r ,t life w conqu] dea?4 ,!y :o seek ?+s et]nal ,%all rise to light sup]nal ,on w+s ( lovely fai?4 ,9 ! close ! effect is sublime1 ! climax rea*+ to ,c 9 alt ) ! full p[] ( ! accompany+ =ces4 ,!n foll[s a dialogue betwe5 ! ,savi\r & 8 ,apo/les1 9 :i* he gives !m _! mission to ! _w4 ,! f9ale !n beg9s ) a massive *orus 7,unfold1 ye ,portals ev]la/+74 ,! cele/ial *orus above1 accompani$ by h>ps & trumpets1 inquire1 ,b :o is he1 ! ,k+ ( ,glory8 ,! answ] comes 9 a /ately unison by ! t]re/rial *orus1 ,he :o ,dea? ov]came4 ,aga9 ! "q is ask$1 & aga9 x is answ]$2 :]eupon ! two *oirs are mass$ 9 ! jubilant *orus1 ,unfold6 = lo ! ,k+ comes nigh6 ! full or*e/ra & organ s\nd+ ! ,r$emption melody1 & ! :ole clos+ ) a fanf>e ( trumpets4 ,! ?ird "p includes ! prophecy ( ! mill5nium1 ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to ! ,apo/les1 ! ,p5teco/al manife/ations1 & ! ,hymn ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! latt] is s important t ! compos]'s own analysis is app5d$3-- ,?is division ( ! ?ird "p ( ! "w1 ! la/ & "o ( ! mo/ highly develop$ ( ! trilogy1 comprises sev5 numb]s1 & gives a summ>y ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 #a4 ,! ,apo/les fir/ proclaim ! ?ree great doctr9es ( ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,^w1 8 et]nal g5]ation1 & 8 cont9ual pres5ce ) 8 ,*ur*4 ,?is fir/ numb] is writt5 9 a /yle :i* is int5d$ to recall ! =m & rhy?m ( ! *ants call$ ',proses' 9 ! ,ca?olic liturgy4 #b4 ,qu>tet & ,*orus4 ',by fai? salvation comes1 & by peace consolation4' #c4 ,*orus4 ,8 p[] manife/$ by miracles4 #d4 ,qu>tet4 ',o come to me1 all ye t are sad & t weep4' #e4 ,semi-,*orus4 ,! ,beatitudes4 #f4 ,repetition ( ! !me ( ,no4 #a1 ) ! :ole *oir1 ! or*e/ra1 & ! great organ4 #g4 ,f9al ,coda4 ,glorification ( ! ,mo/ ,holy ,tr9ity ?r\gh\t all ages4 ,?is "p ( ! oratorio1 aft] a %ort in/rum5tal prelude1 op5s ) a brief *orus 7,lovely appe> ov] ! ,m\nta9s71 foll[$ by a soprano solo1 ! only di/9ct numb] ( t k9d 9 ! "w1 set to ! words1 ,ov] ! b>r5 ,wa/es %all ,fl[]s h possession1 at its close ! *orus resum+ 9 unison1 ,lovely appe> ov] ! ,m\nta9s4 ,! next numb] is ,! ,apo/les 9 ,pray]1 an in/rum5tal sket*1 foll[$ by ! ,n>rators relat+ ! desc5t ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,)\t break1 ! ,apo/les' ,hymn beg9s1 t5ors & basses 9 unison 7,! ,^w is ,fle% become7 lead+ into ! qu>tet ( solo voices 7,by ,fai? ,salvation comes1 & by ,peace1 ,consolation74 ,! *orus responds antiphonally1 & aga9 ! solo voices are he>d 9 a lovely qu>tet 7,he has said to all ! ,unhappy71 foll[$ by a small *oir ( ?irty voices 7,bless$ are ! poor 9 ,_s71 at ! end ( :i* all ! voices are mass$ on ! ,apo/les' ,hymn1 :i* closes 9 fugal =m on ! words1 ,he l ! ,holy ,gho/ is "o ) ! ,fa!r1 an ev]la/+ ,tr9ity1 ! :ole end+ 9 massive *ords4 ,mors et ,vita4 ,! oratorio ,mors et ,vita 7,dea? & ,life7 is ! cont9uation ( ,! ,r$emption1 &1 l t "w also1 is a trilogy4 ,x 0 fir/ p]=m$ at ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival1 ,aug4 #bf1 #ahhe1 "u ! direction ( ,h]r ,hans ,ri*t]1 ! pr9cipal p>ts be+ sung by ,mesdames ,albani & ,patey & ,messrs4 ,santley & ,lloyd4 ,its companion oratorio1 ,! ,r$emption1 0 d$icat$ to ,que5 ,victoria1 & itself to ,8 ,hol9ess ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 ,9 8 preface to ! "w1 ,g\nod says3-- ,x w p]haps be ask$ :y1 9 ! title1 ,i h plac$ dea? be=e life1 al?\gh 9 ! ord] ( temporal ?+s life prec$es dea?4 ,dea? is only ! end ( t exi/5ce :i* dies ea* day2 x is only ! end ( a cont9ual 'dy+4' ,b x is ! fir/ mom5t1 &1 z x 71 ! bir? ( t :i* dies no m4 ,i _c "h ent] into a detail$ analysis ( ! diff]5t musical =ms :i* express ! mean+ & idea ( ?is "w4 ,i d n wi% to expose myself to ! reproa* ei!r ( pret5sion or subtlety4 ,i %all !re=e conf9e myself to po9t+ out ! ess5tial features ( ! ideas ,i h wi%$ to express1--t is to say1 ! te>s :i* dea? causes u to %$ "h bel[2 ! hope ( a bett] life2 ! solemn dread ( un]r+ ju/ice2 ! t5d] & filial tru/ 9 et]nal love4 ,! compos] fur!r calls att5tion 9 8 preface to ! use ( repres5tative !mes1 an illu/ration ( :i* 0 also not$ 9 ,! ,r$emption4 ,! fir/ "o1 consi/+ ( f\r notes1 pres5t+ a sequ5ce ( ?ree major seconds1 is int5d$ to express ! t]ror inspir$ by ! s5se ( ! inflexibility ( ju/ice &1 9 consequ5ce1 by t ( ! angui% ( puni%m5t4 ,its /]nness gives expression bo? to ! s5t5ces ( div9e ju/ice & ! suff]+s ( ! condemn$1 & is f\nd 9 comb9ation ?r\gh\t ! :ole "w1 ) melodic =ms :i* express s5tim5ts altoge!r diff]5t1 z 9 ! ',sanctus' & ! ',pie ,jesu' 9 ! ',requiem1' :i* =ms ! fir/ "p4 ,x is fir/ he>d 9 ! op5+ *orus1 & = ! la/ "t 9 ! qu>tet ( ! ?ird "p4 ,! second melodic =m1 expressive ( sorr[ & te>s1 by ! *ange ( a s+le note & ! use ( ! major key is made to express consolation & joy4 ,! ?ird1 says ,g\nod1 by means ( ?reefold sup]position1 results 9 ! int]val ( an augm5t$ fif?1 & ann\nces ! awak5+ ( ! dead at ! t]rify+ call ( ! angelic trumpets1 ( :i* ,sa9t ,paul speaks 9 "o ( 8 epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,! oratorio is divid$ into a prologue & ?ree p>ts1 ! ,lat9 text be+ us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,! fir/ "p is entitl$ ,mors1 & op5s ) ! prologue1 :i* is brief1 foll[$ by ! ,requiem1 int]sp]s$ ) texts ( a reflective "* comm5t+ ^u ! s5tim5t4 ,! second "p is entitl$ ,judicium 7,judgm5t71 & includes 7#a7 ,! ,sleep ( ! ,dead2 7#b7 ,! ,trumpets at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t2 7#c7 ,! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead2 7#d7 ,! ,judge2 7#e7 ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,elect2 7#f7 ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,reject$4 ,! ?ird "p is entitl$ ,vita1 & includes ! vision ( ,sa9t ,john1 ! text be+ tak5 f ! ,apocalypse2 ! "w clos+ ) an ,hosanna 9 ,excelsis1 exult+ 9 ! glori\s vision ( ! heav5ly ,j]usalem4 ,! prologue1 :i* is su/a9$ by ! *orus & b>itone solo1 decl>es ! t]rors ( dea? & ! judgm5t4 ,! *orus intones ! words1 ,x is a ,fe>ful ,?+ to fall into ! ,h&s ( ! ,liv+ ,god1 & 9 ?is phrase is he>d ! *ief motive1 heavily acc5t$ by ! p]cussion in/rum5ts1--! motive :i* typifies dea? bo? ( ! body & ( ! unr$eem$ s\l4 ,imm$iately aft] foll[s ! b>itone voice1 t ( ,jesus1 9 ! famili> words1 ,i am ! ,resurrection & ! ,life4 ,! *orus repeats ! decl>ation1 & ! ,requiem ,mass !n beg9s1 divid$ into v>i\s sections1 ( :i* ! ,dies ,irae is ! mo/ important2 ?is 9 turn subdivid$ 9 ! conv5tional =m4 ,aft] an adagio prelude & ! intonation ( ! ,requiem aet]nam1 an int]polat$ text occurs 7,f ! ,morn+ ,wat* till ! ,ev5+71 set z a d\ble *orus )\t accompanim5t1 9 ! g5u9e ,*ur* /yle ( ! old ma/]s4 ,x leads directly to ! ,dies ,irae1 9 :i* ! dea? motive already ref]r$ to frequ5tly occurs4 ,x is laid out 9 duets1 qu>tets1 & arias1 ) & )\t *orus1 v mu* 9 ! same tempo & ( ! same "* ( melody4 ,! v]se1 ,ah6 :at %all we !n be plead+8 = qu>tet & *orus1 is rem>kable = its attractive melody4 ,x is foll[$ by a soprano solo & *orus 7,happy are we1 ) su* a ,savi\r7 ( a reflective "*1 :i* gives out /ill ano!r v tuneful melody4 ,! hymn is !n resum$ ) ! v]se1 ,fa9t & worn1 ?\ yet ha/ s\ght u1 = duet & *orus1 :i* is ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,! next v]se1 ,"l1 = ,angui% he> u moan+1 = qu>tet & *orus1 is v effective & elaborate 9 its con/ruction1 p>ticul>ly z comp>$ ) t imm$iately foll[+ 7,) ! ,fai?ful deign to place u71 a t5or solo ( a qua9t & pa/oral "*4 ,! next numb] = *orus 7,:ile ! wick$ are conf\nd$7 af=ds /ill ano!r /rik+ contra/1 be+ 9 ! gr&iose /yle & v dramatic1 clos+ ) phrases = ! solo voices expressive ( submission & contrition4 ,up to ?is po9t ! ,dies ,irae has be5 monoton\s 9 its sam5ess ( g5]al /yle2 b ! next v]se 7,day ( ,weep+1 ,day ( ,m\rn+7 is a beautiful & ?or\ghly orig9al numb] ( v /rik+ effect4 ,x leads directly to ! (f]tory 7,o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,k+ ( ,glory71 :i* is compos$ ( a *orus = eight p>ts1 a soprano solo 7,b1 ,"l1 d ?\ br+ !m ev]more71 a *orus 7,:i* once to ,abraham71 & a second *orus 7,sacrifice ( ,pray] & ,praise74 ,! soprano solo is a delightful melody1 sung to a delicate accompanim5t ( ! /r+s1 ) occasional *ords on ! h>p1 & bas$ ^u ! beautiful second typical motive1 :i* ! compos] /yles ,! ,motive ( ,happ9ess4 ,! *orus1 ,:i* once to ,abraham1 is set 9 fugue =m1 :i* is ! conv5tional /yle among compos]s ) ?is numb]2 b1 z 9 ,! ,r$emption1 :5ev] ,g\nod employs ! fugue =m1 he drops x z soon z ! f\r voices h fairly laun*$ !mselves4 ,! next numb] is ! ,sanctus1--a beautiful t5or aria ) *orus1 full ( t sweetness :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,g\nod4 ,x is foll[$ by ! qu>tet1 ,mighty ,savi\r1 ,jesus ble/1 :i* is deeply religi\s 9 "*2 ! lovely soprano solo & *orus1 ,agnus ,dei2 & ! *orus1 ,"l1 =ev] let ,light ,et]nal4 ,! fir/ "p is r\nd$ (f ) an epilogue1 an int]lude = full or*e/ra & organ1 bas$ ^u ! fir/ & second typical melodies1 =m+ a consi/5t & /ately f9ale to ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,! second "p is peculi> = ! prom95ce :i* ! compos] assigns to ! or*e/ra4 ,x op5s ) a well-su/a9$1 g5tle adagio movem5t1 entitl$ ,! ,sleep ( ! ,dead1 :i* at times is some:at h>%ly int]rupt$ by ! ?ird typical melody1 ann\nc+ ! awak5+ ( ! dead at ! t]rify+ call ( ! angelic trumpets4 ,?is is specially noticeable 9 t "p ( ! prelude call$ ,! ,trumpet ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 9 :i* ! trombones1 trumpets1 & tubas are employ$ ) extraord9>y effect4 ,/ill a ?ird phrase ( ! prelude occurs1--,! ,resurrection ( ! ,dead1--:i* is smoo? & fl[+ 9 its /yle1 & peculi>ly ri* 9 h>mony4 ,a brief recitative by b>itone 7,b :5 ! ,son ( ,man7 int]v5es1 imm$iately foll[$ by ano!r in/rum5tal numb]1 entitl$ ,judex 7,! ,judge71--"o ( ! mo/ effective pieces ( or*e/ration 9 ! oratorio1 bas$ ^u ! motive :i* indicates ! temp]+ ( ju/ice ) m]cy1 giv5 out by ! /r+s 9 unison4 ,x preludes a %ort *orus 7,sitt+ ^u ! ,?rone71 ! previ\s melody /ill cont9u+ 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,elect foll[s1 pron\nc$ by ! b>itone voice 9 recitative1 & lead+ directly to ! soprano solo1 ,! ,righte\s %all ent] into ,glory et]nal1--! mo/ exquisite solo numb] 9 ! "w1--foll[$ by an effective *orale 7,9 ,remembrance ev]la/+74 ,!n foll[s ,! ,judgm5t ( ! ,reject$1 consi/+ ( b>itone solos & *orus1 clos+ ! second "p4 ,! ?ird "p celebrates ! delights ( ! cele/ial city z pictur$ 9 ! apocalyptic vision ( ,sa9t ,john1 & is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! gloom & sombr5ess ( ! ,requiem music1 z well z ! t]rors ( ! ,judgm5t4 ,x is bright1 jubilant1 & exultant ?r\gh\t4 ,! title ( ! prelude is ,new ,heav51 ,new ,e>?4 ,! b>itone intones ! recitative 7,& ,i saw ! ,new ,heav571 :i* is foll[$ by ano!r delightful sket* = ! or*e/ra 7,cele/ial ,j]usalem71--a mo/ vivid & graphic picture ( ! subject x describes4 ,! rema9+ prom95t numb]s are ! ,sanctus *orus1 ! cele/ial *orus 7,i am ,alpha & ,omega71 & ! f9al *orus 7,hosanna 9 ,excelsis71 :i* closes ?is rem>kable "w4 ,! weake/ "p ( ! oratorio is ! ,requiem1 :i* suff]s f ! monotony ( its divisions1 especially :5 comp>$ ) ! treatm5t ( requiems by ! great compos]s :o h made !m a special /udy4 ,z comp>$ ) ! ,r$emption1 h[ev]1 x is m int]e/+1 because x is m melodi\s & less cumb]$ ) recitative4 ,x is also peculi>ly noticeable = ! free mann] 9 :i* ! compos] uses ! or*e/ra1 & ! skill ) :i* ! typical melodies are employ$1 z comp>$ ) :i* ! solit>y ,r$emption motive seems weak & ?94 ,bo? works are full ( g5u9e religi\s s5tim5t1 & tak5 toge!r cov] almo/ ! entire scope ( human aspiration s f> z x relates to ! o!r _w4 ,no compos] has conceiv$ a broad] s*eme = oratorio4 ,?\gh ,g\nod does n always rea* ! sublime & maje/ic heights ( ! old ma/]s 9 sacr$ music1 yet ! feel+ manife/$ 9 ^! works is nev] any?+ b religi\s2 ! he>] is always surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e ( devotion4 ,,h&el4 ,george ,fr$]ick ,h&el 0 born at ,halle1 9 ,l[] ,saxony1 ,feb4 #bc1 #afhe1 &1 l _m ano!r compos]1 reveal$ 8 musical promise at a v e>ly age1 only to enc\nt] p>5tal opposition4 ,8 fa!r int5d$ him to be a lawy]2 b ,nature _h h] way1 & 9 spite ( dome/ic antagonism triumph$4 ,! ,duke ( ,saxe-,weiss5fels recogniz$ 8 ability & ov]came ! fa!r's det]m9ation4 ,h&el began 8 /udies ) ,za*au1 organi/ ( ! ,halle ca!dral4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 fa!r1 9 #afig1 he w5t to ,hamburg1 & = a "t play$ 9 ! or*e/ra ( ! ,g]man op]a4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 t city t he wrote 8 fir/ op]a1 ,almira 7#agje74 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he w5t to ,italy1 :]e he rema9$ sev]al mon?s "u ! patronage ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,flor5ce4 ,dur+ ! next two ye>s he visit$ ,v5ice1 ,rome1 & ,naples1 & wrote sev]al op]as & m9or oratorios4 ,9 #agji he return$ to ,g]many1 & ! ,elector ( ,hanov]1 subsequ5tly ,george ,i4 ( ,engl&1 (f]$ him ! position ( ,capellmei/]1 :i* he accept$ ^u ! condition t he might visit ,engl&1 hav+ receiv$ _m invitations f t c\ntry4 ,! next ye> he arriv$ 9 ,london & br\ght out 8 op]a ( ,r9aldo1 :i* prov$ a great success4 ,at ! end ( six mon?s he 0 oblig$ to return to 8 position 9 ,hanov]2 b 8 ,engli% success made him impati5t ( ! dulness ( ! c\rt4 ,9 #agab he 0 9 ,london aga91 little dream+ t ! ,elector w\ld soon foll[ him z k+4 ,inc5s$ ) him = leav+ ,hanov]1 ! ,k+ at fir/ refus$ to receive him2 b "s music :i* ,h&el compos$ = an aquatic fete 9 8 honor br\ght ab\t ! royal reconciliation4 ,9 #agah he accept$ ! position ( *apel-ma/] to ! ,duke ( ,*&os1 = :om he wrote ! fam\s ,*&os ,te ,deum & ,an!ms1 ! s]5ata ,acis & ,galatea1 & ,e/h]1 8 fir/ ,engli% oratorio4 ,9 #agbj he 0 engag$ z director ( ,italian op]a by ! society ( noblem5 kn[n z ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music1 & f t "t until #agdj 8 c>e] 0 entirely ( an op]atic "*4 ,op]a aft] op]a came f 8 p54 ,"s 7 successful1 o!rs fail$4 ,at fir/ compos]1 !n director1 he f9ally became impres>io1 only to f9d himself confront$ ) bitt] rivalry1 especially at ! h&s ( ,buononc9i & ,porpora4 ,cabals 7 in/itut$ aga9/ him4 ,unable to cont5d ) !m alone1 he =m$ a p>tn]%ip ) ,heidegg]1 proprietor ( ! ,k+'s ,!atre1 9 #agbi4 ,x 0 brok5 9 #agcd1 & he took ! managem5t ( ,cov5t ,g>d54 ,! ,italian conspiracies aga9/ him broke out afre%4 ,he fail$ 9 8 und]tak+1 & became a bankrupt4 ,9 eight ye>s he _h lo/ #ea1jjj 9 ,italian op]a4 ,sl&]s ( all sorts 7 circulat$ aga9/ him1 & 8 works 7 no long] well receiv$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 adv]sity sickness ov]took him1 end+ ) a p>tial /roke ( p>alysis4 ,:5 suffici5tly recov]$1 he w5t to ! ,cont95t1 :]e he rema9$ = a few mon?s4 ,on 8 return to ,london he br\ght out "s new works1 b !y 7 n favorably receiv$4 ,a few fri5ds :o _h rema9$ fai?ful to him p]suad$ him to give a b5efit conc]t1 :i* 0 a great success4 ,x inspir$ him ) fre% c\rage2 b he did n aga9 return to ! op]atic _w4 ,!nce=w>d he devot$ himself to oratorio1 9 :i* he made 8 "n fam\s = all "t4 ,he himself said3 ,sacr$ music is be/ suit$ to a man desc5d+ 9 ! vale ( ye>s4 ,saul & ! colossal ,israel 9 ,egypt1 writt5 9 #agdj1 head ! li/ ( 8 wond]ful oratorios4 ,9 #agda he 0 invit$ to visit ,irel&4 ,he w5t !re 9 ,novemb]1 & _m ( 8 works 7 produc$ dur+ ! w9t] & receiv$ ) great en?usiasm4 ,9 ,april1 #agdb1 8 immortal ,messiah 0 br\ght out at ,dubl94 ,x 0 foll[$ by ,samson1 ,joseph1 ,semele1 ,bel%azz>1 & ,h]cules1 :i* 7 also successful2 b ev5 9 ! mid/ ( 8 oratorio "w 8 rivals did n cease _! conspiracies aga9/ him1 & 9 #agdd he 0 once m a bankrupt4 ,= ov] a ye> 8 p5 0 idle4 ,9 #agdf ! ,occasional ,oratorio & ,judas ,maccabaeus appe>$1 & ^! 7 spe$ily foll[$ by ,jo%ua1 ,solomon1 ,susanna1 ,!odora1 & ,jeph?a4 ,x 0 dur+ ! composition ( ! la/-nam$ "w t he 0 attack$ ) ! illness :i* f9ally prov$ fatal4 ,he di$ ,april #ad1 #agei1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,dur+ ! la/ few days ( 8 life he 0 he>d to express ! wi% t he might brea! 8 la/ on ,good ,friday1 9 hopes ( meet+ 8 good ,god1 8 sweet ,"l & ,savi\r1 on ! day ( 8 resurrection4 ,! wi% 0 grant$ him2 = x 0 on ,good ,friday t he pass$ away1 leav+ beh9d him a "n & fame t w be *]i%$ s long z music reta9s its p[] ov] ! human he>t4 ,israel 9 ,egypt4 ,israel 9 ,egypt1 ! fif? ( ! n9ete5 oratorios :i* ,h&el compos$ 9 ,engl&1 0 writt5 9 #agch4 ,! ,exodus1 :i* is n[ ! second "p1 0 writt5 betwe5 ! #a/ & ! #aa? ( ,octob]1 & 0 sup]scrib$1 ,moses' ,song1 ,exodus1 ,*ap4 xv41 begun ,oct4 #a1 #agch2 & at ! close 0 writt51 ,f9e1 ,oct4 #aa1 #agch4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t ! "w 0 at fir/ writt5 z a cantata1 b t ,h&el on reflection decid$ t ! plagues ( ,egypt w\ld n only be a good subject1 b w\ld also prove a logical hi/orical introduction to ! second "p4 ,f\r days lat] he began ! fir/ "p1 & f9i%$ x on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1--! composition ( ! :ole ( ?is colossal "w ?us occupy+ b tw5ty-sev5 days4 ,x 0 fir/ p]=m$ z ,israel 9 ,egypt1 ,april #d1 #agci1 at ! ,k+'s ,!atre1 ( :i* ,h&el 0 !n manag]4 ,x 0 giv5 ! second "t ,april #aa1 ) alt]ations & additions1 ! alt]ations hav+ be5 made 9 ord] to admit ( ! introduction ( songs4 ,! ?ird p]=mance took place ,april #ag1 ^u :i* occasion ! ,fun]al ,an!m1 :i* he _h writt5 = ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 0 us$ z a fir/ "p & entitl$1 ,lam5tations ( ! ,israelites = ! ,dea? ( ,joseph4 ,dur+ ! lifetime ( ,h&el ! oratorio 0 only p]=m$ n9e times1 = 9 spite ( its excell5ce1 x 0 a failure4 ,= _m ye>s aft] 8 dea? x 0 produc$ 9 mutilat$ =m2 b 9 #ahdi ! ,sacr$ ,h>monic ,society ( ,london gave x z x 0 orig9ally writt5 & z we "k x n[1 )\t ! ,fun]al ,an!m or any ( ! songs :i* _h be5 introduc$4 ,! text ( ! oratorio is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,h&el himself1 ?\gh ! words are tak5 lit]ally f ! ,bible4 ,s*oel*] says3 ,! manuscript does n conta9 any ( ! names ( ! p]sonages4 ,nev]!less1 ! h&book1 :i* includes ! extracts f ,solomon = ! fir/ p>ts1 has 9 ?is "p ! names ( p]sonages 7,high ,prie/1 ,joseph1 ,israelite woman1 ,israelite man71 z if ! compos] wi%$ to ?r[ x into a dramatic =m4 ,! words 9 _! ,biblical simplicity =m a poem em95tly dramatic4 ,! fir/ "p op5s ) ! wail ( ! ,israelites ov] ! burd5s impos$ ^u !m by _! ,egyptian taskma/]s1 & !n 9 rapid succession foll[ ! plagues1--! wat] ( ! ,nile turn$ to blood1 ! reptiles sw>m+ ev5 into ! k+'s *amb]s1 ! pe/il5ce sc\rg+ man & bea/1 ! insect-cl\d h]ald+ ! locu/s1 ! pelt+ hail & ! fire runn+ along ! gr\nd1 ! ?ick d>kness1 & ! smit+ ( ! fir/-born4 ,!n come ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! escape f bondage1 clos+ ! fir/ "p4 ,! second "p op5s ) ! triumphant song ( ,moses & ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel rejoic+ ov] ! de/ruction ( ,ph>aoh's ho/1 & closes ) ! exultant /ra9 ( ,miriam ! prophetess1 ,s+ ye to ! ,"l1 = ,he ha? triumph$ glori\sly2 ! ,horse & 8 ,rid] ha? ,he ?r[n into ! ,sea4 ,israel 9 ,egypt is ess5tially a *oral oratorio4 ,x comprises no less ?an tw5ty-eight massive d\ble *oruses1 l9k$ toge!r by a few b>s ( recitative1 ) five arias & ?ree duets int]sp]s$ among !m4 ,unlike ,h&el's o!r oratorios1 !re is no ov]ture or ev5 prelude to ! "w4 ,six b>s ( recitative = t5or 7,n[ !re arose a new ,k+ ov] ,egypt :i* knew n ,joseph7 suffice to introduce x1 & lead directly to ! fir/ d\ble *orus 7,& ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel sigh$71 ! !me ( :i* is fir/ giv5 out by ! altos ( "o *oir ) impressive pa?os4 ,! *orus works up to a climax ( great =ce on ! phrase1 ,& _! ,cry came up unto ,god1 ! two *oruses develop+ ) consummate p[] ! two pr9cipal subjects1--fir/1 ! cry = relief1 & second1 ! burd5 ( oppression2 & clos+ ) ! phrase above m5tion$1 ^u :i* !y unite 9 simple b maje/ic h>mony4 ,!n foll[ eight m b>s ( recitative = t5or1 & ! long s]ies ( descriptive *oruses beg9s1 9 :i* ,h&el employs ! imitative p[] ( music 9 ! bolde/ mann]4 ,! fir/ is ! plague ( ! wat] turn$ to blood1 ,!y loa!d to dr9k ( ! ,riv]1--a s+le *orus 9 fugue =m1 bas$ ^u a !me :i* is closely sugge/ive ( ! sick5+ s5sations ( ! ,egyptians1 & increases 9 loa?som5ess to ! close1 z ! !me is v>i\sly treat$4 ,! next numb] is an aria = mezzo soprano voice 7,_! ,l& br\ght =? ,frogs71 ! air itself s]i\s & dignifi$1 b ! accompanim5t imitative ?r\gh\t ( ! hopp+ ( ^! lively animals4 ,x is foll[$ by ! plague ( insects1 ^: afflictions are describ$ by ! d\ble *orus4 ,! t5ors & basses 9 p[]ful unison decl>e1 ,he spake ! ,^w1 & ! reply comes at once f ! sopranos & altos1 ,& !re came all ,mann] ( ,flies1 set to a %rill1 buzz+1 :irr+ accompanim5t1 :i* increases 9 volume & en]gy z ! locu/s appe>1 b b\nd toge!r solidly ) ! phrase ( ! t5ors & basses frequ5tly repeat$1 & pres5t+ a sonor\s backgr\nd to ?is fancy ( ! compos] 9 insect imitation4 ,f ?is rem>kable *orus we pass to ano!r /ill m rem>kable1 ! famili> ,hail/one ,*orus 7,he gave !m ,hail/ones = ,ra971 :i*1 l ! =m]1 is closely imitative4 ,be=e ! two *oirs beg91 ! or*e/ra prep>es ! way = ! on-com+ /orm4 ,drop by drop1 spatt]+1 da%+1 & at la/ cra%+1 comes ! /orm1 ! ga!r+ gloom r5t ) ! lightn+1 ! fire t ran along ^u ! gr\nd1 & ! music fairly quiv]+ & crackl+ ) ! wra? ( ! elem5ts4 ,b ! /orm passes1 ! gloom deep5s1 & we are lo/ 9 t vague1 unc]ta9 comb9ation ( tones :]e voices & in/rum5ts seem to be grop+ ab\t1 compris$ 9 ! m>vell\sly expressive *orus1 ,he s5t a ,?ick ,d>kness ov] all ! ,l&4 ,f ! oppression ( ?is *oral gloom we em]ge1 only to enc\nt] a *orus ( savage1 unrel5t+ retribution 7,he smote all ! ,fir/-born ( ,egypt74 ,*orley admirably describes ! motive ( ?is great fugue3-- ,x is fi]cely ,jewi%4 ,!re is a t\* ( ,judi?1 ( ,jael1 ( ,deborah 9 x1--no qu>t]1 no delay1 no m]cy = ! enemies ( ! ,mo/ ,high2 ',he smote4' ,& :5 = v>iety's sake ! scimit>-phrase is transf]r$ f or*e/ra to voices1 x is admirable to see h[ ! same "* ( ! fal*ion--( hip-&-?igh w>f>e1 ( victory pr$om9ant--is su/a9$ 9 ! music till ! la/ b>4 ,if we h f ,h&el a scorn-*orus 9 ! ',messiah1' & "h a disgu/-*orus1 ref]r$ to a little :ile s9ce1#c ?is is ! execution1 or rev5ge *orus1--! *orus ( ! unfl9*+1 inflexible1 commission$ ,angels ( ! ,sword4 ,aft] _! savage mission is accompli%$1 we come to a *orus 9 pa/oral /yle 7,b z = ,8 ,p1 ,he l$ !m =? l ,%eep71 sl[1 t5d]1 s]5e1 & lovely 9 its movem5t1 & grateful to ! e> bo? 9 its quiet op5+ & animat$1 happy close1 aft] ! t]rors :i* h prec$$ x4 ,! foll[+ *orus 7,egypt 0 glad71 usually omitt$ 9 p]=mance1 is a fugue1 bo? /range & intricate1 :i* x is claim$ ,h&el appropriat$ f an ,italian canzonet by ,k]l4 ,! next two numb]s are really "o4 ,! two *oruses intone ! words1 ,he rebuk$ ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 a maje/ic mann]1 accompani$ by a few massive *ords1 & !n pass to ! glori\s m>* ( ! ,israelites1 ,he l$ !m ?r\gh ! ,deep1--a v elaborate & complicat$ numb]1 b /rong1 =cible1 & h>moni\s ?r\gh\t1 & held toge!r by ! /ately op5+ !me ) :i* ! basses asc5d4 ,x is succe$$ by ano!r graphic *orus 7,b ! ,wat]s ov]:elm$ _! ,enemies71 9 :i* ! roll & da% ( ! bill[s clos+ ov] ,ph>aoh's ho/s are closely imitat$ by ! in/rum5ts1 & ?r\gh :i* 9 ! close is he>d ! victori\s %\t ( ! ,israelites1 ,!re 0 n "o ( !m left4 ,two m %ort *oruses1--! fir/1 ,& ,israel saw t ,great ,"w1 :i* by _m critics is n believ$ to be a pure ,h&el numb]1 & its cont9uation1 ,& believ$ ! ,"l1 writt5 9 *ur* /yle1 close ?is extraord9>y *a9 ( *oral pictures4 ,! second "p1 ,! ,song ( ,moses1--:i*1 x w be rememb]$1 0 writt5 fir/1--op5s ) a brief b =cible or*e/ral prelude1 lead+ directly to ! decl>ation by ! *orus1 ,moses & ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel sang ?is ,song1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r ) ! in/rum5tal prelude1 s]ves z a /ately introduction to ! /up5d\s fugu$ *orus :i* foll[s 7,i w s+ unto ! ,"l1 = ,he ha? triumph$ glori\sly2 ! ,horse & 8 ,rid] ha? ,he ?r[n into ! ,sea74 ,x is foll[$ by a duet = two sopranos 7,! ,"l is my ,/r5g? & my ,song7 9 ! m9or key1--an intricate b melodi\s numb]1 usually omitt$4 ,once m ! *orus resumes ) a brief ann\ncem5t1 ,he is my ,god1 foll[$ by a fugu$ movem5t 9 ! old *ur* /yle 7,& ,i w exalt ,him74 ,next foll[s ! great duet = two basses1 ,! ,"l is a ,man ( ,w>1--a piece ( sup]b declamatory effect1 full ( vigor & /ately ass]tion4 ,! triumphant ann\ncem5t 9 its clos+ measures1 ,8 *os5 ,capta9s also are dr[n$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 is answ]$ by a brief *orus1 ,! ,dep?s h cov]$ !m1 :i* is foll[$ by f\r *oruses ( triumph1--,?y ,"r ,h&1 ,o ,"l1 an elaborate & brilliant numb]2 ,& 9 ! ,greatness ( ,?9e ,excell5cy1 a brief b p[]ful bit2 ,?\ s5de/ =? ,?y ,wra?2 & ! s+le *orus1 ,& ) ! ,bla/ ( ,?y ,no/rils1 9 ! la/ two ( :i* ,h&el aga9 returns to ! imitative /yle ) wond]ful effect1 especially 9 ! decl>ation ( ! basses1 ,! ,floods /ood upright z an ,heap1 & ! ,dep?s 7 congeal$4 ,! only t5or aria 9 ! oratorio foll[s ^! *oruses1 a bravura song1 ,! ,enemy said1 ,i w pursue1 & ?is is foll[$ by ! only soprano aria1 ,?\ did/ bl[ ) ! ,w9d4 ,two %ort d\ble *oruses 7,:o is l unto ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 & ,! ,e>? swall[$ !m7 lead to ! duet = contralto & t5or1 ,?\ 9 ,?y ,m]cy1 :i* is 9 ! m9or1 & v pa!tic 9 "*4 ,x is foll[$ by ! massive & extremely difficult *orus1 ,! ,p %all he> & be afraid4 ,once m1 aft] ?is maje/ic display1 comes ! solo voice1 ?is "t ! contralto1 9 a simple1 lovely song1 ,?\ %alt br+ !m 94 ,a %ort d\ble *orus 7,! ,"l %all reign = ev] & ev]71 a few b>s ( recitative ref]r+ to ! escape ( ,israel1 ! *oral outbur/ once m repeat$1 & !n ! solo voice decl>+1 ,miriam ! prophetess took a timbrel 9 h] h&1 & all ! wom5 w5t out aft] h] ) timbrels & ) dances2 & ,miriam answ]$ !m1 lead to ! f9al song ( triumph1--t gr&1 jubilant1 ov]p[]+ expression ( victory :i*1 beg9n+ ) ! exultant /ra9 ( ,miriam1 ,s+ ye to ! ,"l1 = ,he ha? triumph$ glori\sly1 is amplifi$ by voice ^u voice 9 ! great eight-"p *oir1 & by in/rum5t ^u in/rum5t1 until x becomes a tempe/ ( h>mony1 int]wov5 ) ! triumph ( ,miriam's cry & ! exultation ( ! great ho/ ov] ! enemy's discomfiture1 & clos+ ) ! comb9$ p[] ( voices & in/rum5ts 9 h>moni\s accord z !y once m repeat ,miriam's words1 ,! ,horse & 8 ,rid] ha? ,he ?r[n into ! ,sea4 #c ,! second *orus1 ,! ,plague ( ! ,wat] turn$ to ,blood1 & ! loa?+ ( ! ,egyptians4 ,saul4 ,! oratorio ( ,saul 0 writt5 by ,h&el 9 #agch4 ,he began x1 says ,s*oel*]1 on ! #c;d ( ,july1 & f9i%$ x on ! #bg? ( ,septemb]2 ?us occupy+ eighty-six days4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is evid5tly an error1 z ,rock/ro says3 ,! score1 writt5 9 a ?ick qu>to volume1 on pap] q diff]5t f t us$ = ! op]as1 is dat$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ *orus1 ,july #bc1 #agch4 ,! next date is ,augu/ #bh1 at ! end ( ! second "p1 & ! la/1 at ! end ( ! "w1 ,septemb] #bg1--:i* w\ld give two mon?s & f\r days z ! "t 9 :i* x 0 writt54 ,b ev5 ?is p]iod1 %ort z x is1 seems brief :5 comp>$ ) t devot$ to ! composition ( ,israel 9 ,egypt1 :i* ,h&el began f\r days aft] ,saul 0 complet$1 & f9i%$ 9 tw5ty-sev5 days4 ,x has already be5 said1 9 ! analysis ( ! la/ nam$-"w1 t 9 ,janu>y1 #agci1 ,h&el took ! ,k+'s ,!atre 9 ! ,haym>ket1 8 purpose be+ to give oratorios twice a week4 ,saul 0 ! fir/ ( ! s]ies2 & 9 ?is connection ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t1 :i* ,s*oel*] repr9ts f ! ,london ,daily ,po/ ( ,jan4 #c1 #agci1 w be ( int]e/3-- ,we he> t on ,tuesday se'en night ! ,k+'s ,!atre w be op5$ ) a new oratorio compos$ by ,mr4 ,h&el1 call$ ',saul4' ,! pit & boxes w be put toge!r1 ! tickets deliv]$ on ,monday ! #ae? & ,tuesday #af? 7! day ( p]=mance71 at half a gu9ea ea*4 ,gall]y #es4 ,! gall]y w be op5$ at #d2 ! pit & boxes at #e4 ,to beg9 at #f4 ,! fir/ p]=mance took place z ann\nc$1 & ! second on ! #bc;d1 ) sev]al new conc]tos on ! organ1--:i* in/rum5t also plays a conspicu\s "p 9 ! oratorio itself1 n only 9 amplify+ ! accompanim5t1 b also 9 solo "w4 ,9 #agdj x 0 p]=m$ by ! ,academy ( ,anci5t ,music 9 ,london1 & 9 #agdb 9 ,dubl94 ,selections 7 also giv5 f x 9 ! great ,h&el ,commemoration at ,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 #aghd1 & 9 #ahdj x 0 reviv$ by ! ,sacr$ ,h>monic ,society ( ,london1 s9ce :i* "t x has occupi$ an important place 9 ! oratorio rep]tory4 ,! /ory closely foll[s ! ,biblical n>rative ( ! relations betwe5 ,david & ,saul4 ,! words h be5 attribut$ bo? to ,j5n5s & ,m>ell2 b ! balance ( evid5ce favors ! =m]1--a poet :o liv$ at ,gopsall4 ,! ov]ture1 m>k$ ,symfonie 9 ! orig9al manuscript1 is ! longe/ ( all ! ,h&el introductions4 ,x is 9 f\r movem5ts1 ! fir/ an allegro1 ! second a l>go 79 :i* ! organ is us$ z a solo in/rum5t71 ! ?ird an allegro1 & ! f\r? a m9uetto4 ,x is an exce$+ly graceful & delicate prelude1 & makes a fitt+ introduction to ! dramatic /ory :i* foll[s4 ,! *>act]s introduc$ are ,saul1 k+ ( ,israel2 ,jona?an1 8 son2 ,abn]1 capta9 ( ! ho/2 ,david2 ! app>ition ( ,samuel2 ,doeg1 a mess5g]2 an ,amalekite2 ,abia?>1 ,m]ab1 & ,mi*al1 daught]s ( ,saul2 ! ,wit* ( ,endor2 & ! ,israelites4 ,! v dramatic "* ( ! n>rative admirably adapts x to its division into acts & sc5es4 ,! fir/ act is triumphant 9 its tone & expressive ( ! exultation ( ! ,israelites at _! victory ov] ! ,phili/9es4 ,! second gives a /ory ( ! passions1--,saul's jeal\sy ( ,david1 ! love ( ,mi*al1 & ! ard5t fri5d%ip betwe5 ,david & ,jona?an4 ,! la/ act is sombre 9 its "*1 op5+ ) ! weird incantations ( ! ,wit*1 & clos+ ) ,david's grief ov] ,saul & ,jona?an4 ,! fir/ sc5e op5s 9 ! ,israeliti% camp by ! valley ( ,elah1 :]e ! p jo9 9 an ,ep9icion1 or ,song ( ,triumph1 ov] ,goliah & ! ,phili/9es4 ,x is made up ( a *orus 7,h[ excell5t ,?y ,"n1 ,o ,"l71 :i* is a /irr+ tribute ( praise2 an aria 7,an ,infant rais$ by ,?y ,comm&71 describ+ ! meet+ ( ,david & ,goliah2 a trio1 9 :i* ! ,giant is pictur$ z ! mon/] a!i/1 /rid+ along to ! vigor\s & expressive music2 & ?ree clos+ *oruses 7,! ,y\? inspir$ by ,!e1 ,h[ excell5t ,?y ,"n1 & a jubilant ,hallelujah71 end+ 9 pla9 b massive h>mony4 ,! second sc5e is 9 ,saul's t5t4 ,two b>s ( recitative prelude an aria by ,mi*al1 ,saul's daught]1 :o reveals h] love = ,david 7,o godlike ,y\?674 ,abn] pres5ts ,david to ,saul1 & a dialogue ensues betwe5 !m1 9 :i* ! conqu]or ann\nces 8 orig9 & ,saul pleads ) him to rema91 (f]+ ! h& ( 8 daught] ,m]ab z an inducem5t4 ,david 7^: "p is sung by a contralto7 replies 9 a beautiful aria1 9 :i* he attributes 8 success to ! help ( ! ,"l alone4 ,9 ! next f\r numb]s ! fri5d%ip ( ,jona?an & ,david is cem5t$1 :i* is foll[$ by a ?ree-v]se hymn 7,:ile yet ?y ,tide ( ,blood runs high71 ( a v /ately "*1 sung by ! ,high ,prie/4 ,9 a few b>s ( recitative ,saul betro?s 8 daught] ,m]ab to ,david2 b ! girl replies 9 a v p[]ful aria 7,my ,s\l rejects ! ,?\ght ) ,scorn71 9 :i* %e decl>es h] int5tion ( fru/rat+ ! s*eme to unite a plebeian ) ! royal l9e4 ,x is foll[$ by a pla9tive b vigor\s aria 7,see ) :at a scornful ,air71 sung by ,mi*al1 :o aga9 gives expression to h] love = ,david4 ,! next sc5e is entitl$ ,be=e an ,israeliti% ,city1 & is prefac$ ) a %ort symphony ( a jubilant "*4 ,a brief recitative introduces ! maid5s ( ! l& s++ & danc+ 9 praise ( ! victor1 lead+ up to "o ( ,h&el's f9e/ *oruses1 ,welcome1 welcome1 ,mighty ,k+1--a fre%1 vigor\s semi-*orus accompani$ by ! c>illons1 9 :i* ,saul's jeal\sy is ar\s$ by ! sup]iority ( pr[ess attribut$ to ,david4 ,x is foll[$ by a furi\s aria1 ,) ,rage ,i %all bur/1 8 ,praises to he>4 ,jona?an lam5ts ! imprud5ce ( ! wom5 9 mak+ comp>isons1 & ,mi*al sugge/s to ,david t x is an old malady :i* may be assuag$ by music1 & 9 ! aria1 ,fell ,rage & black ,despair passe/1 expresses h] belief t ! mon>* c be cur$ by ,david's p]suasive lyre4 ,! next sc5e is 9 ! ,k+'s h\se4 ,david s+s an aria 7,o ,"l1 ^: ,m]cies numb]less71 foll[$ by a h>p solo2 b x is 9 va94 ,jona?an is 9 despair1 & ,saul1 9 an aria 7,a ,s]p5t 9 my ,bosom w>m$71 gives v5t to 8 fury & hurls 8 javel9 at ,david4 ,! latt] escapes2 & 9 furi\s recitative ,saul *>ges 8 son to de/roy him4 ,! next numb] is an aria = ,m]ab 7,caprici\s ,man1 9 ,humor lo/71 lam5t+ ,saul's temp]2 & ,jona?an foll[s ) a v dramatic recitative & aria1 9 :i* he refuses to obey 8 fa!r's behe/4 ,! ,high ,prie/ appeals to ,heav5 7,o ,"l1 ^: ,provid5ce7 to protect ,david1 & ! fir/ "p closes ) a p[]ful *orus1 ,pres]ve him = ! ,glory ( ,?y ,"n4 ,! second act is laid 9 ! palace1 & op5s ) a p[]fully descriptive *orus 7,envy1 ,elde/-born ( ,hell674 ,9 a noble song 7,b soon] ,jordan's ,/ream1 ,i swe>7 ,jona?an assures ,david he w nev] injure him4 ,9 a colloquy betwe5 !m1 ,david is in=m$ t ,saul has be/[$ ! h& ( ! haughty ,m]ab on ,adriel1 & ,jona?an pleads ! cause ( ! lovely ,mi*al4 ,saul approa*es1 & ,david retires4 ,saul inquires ( ,jona?an :e!r he has obey$ 8 comm&s1 & 9 a simple1 sweet1 & fl[+ melody 7,s9 n1 ,o ,k+1 aga9/ ! ,y\?7 he seems to ov]come ! wra? ( ! mon>*1 :o dissembles & welcomes ,david1 bidd+ him to repel ! insults ( ! ,phili/9es1 & (f]+ him 8 daught] ,mi*al z a pro( ( 8 s9c]ity4 ,9 ! second sc5e ,mi*al decl>es h] love = ,david1 & !y jo9 9 a raptur\s duet 7,o faire/ ( t5 ?\s& fair71 :i* is foll[$ by a *orus 9 simple h>mony 7,is !re a ,man :o all 8 ,ways74 ,a long symphony foll[s1 prep>+ ! way = ! attempt on ,david's life4 ,aft] an agitat$ duet ) ,mi*al 7,at ,p]secution ,i c laugh71 ,david makes 8 escape j z ,doeg1 ! mess5g]1 ent]s ) in/ructions to br+ ,david to ! ,k+'s *amb]4 ,he is %[n ! image 9 ,david's b$1 :i* he says w only enrage ! ,k+ /ill m4 ,mi*al s+s an exultant aria1 ,no1 let ! ,guilty tremble1 & ev5 ,m]ab1 won ov] by ,david's qualities1 pleads = him 9 a beautiful aria1 ,au?or ( peace4 ,ano!r symphony int]v5es1 prelud+ ! celebration ( ! fea/ ( ! new moon 9 ! palace1 to :i* ,david has be5 invit$4 ,jona?an aga9 int]poses ) an ef=t to save ,david's life1 :]eupon ,saul1 9 a fre% outbur/ ( indignation1 hurls 8 javel9 at 8 son1 & ! *orus bur/s out 9 horror1 ,oh1 fatal ,consequ5ce ( ,rage4 ,! ?ird act op5s ) ! int5sely dramatic sc5e ) ! ,wit* ( ,endor1 ! int]view be+ prelud$ by ! p[]ful recitative1 ,wret* t ,i am6 ,! second sc5e is laid 9 ! ,wit*'s abode1 :]e ! incantation is practis$ t br+s up ! ,app>ition ( ,samuel4 ,! :ole sc5e is v dramatic1 & ! in/rum5tation p[]ful1 al?\gh ! effect1 vigor\s z x is1 is made simply by oboes1 bassoons1 & /r+s1 in/ead ( by ! brass in/rum5ts :i* o!r compos]s employ s vigor\sly 9 simil> sc5es4 ,?is sc5e closes ) an elegy =ebod+ ! com+ trag$y4 ,! ?ird sc5e op5s ) ! int]view betwe5 ,david & ! ,amalekite :o br+s ! tid+s ( ! dea? ( ,saul & ,jona?an4 ,x is foll[$ by t magnific5t dirge1 ! ,dead ,m>*1 ^: simple yet solemn & maje/ic /ra9s are famili> to e "o4 ,! trumpets & trombones ) _! sonor\s pomp & ! wail+ oboes & cl>9ets make an in/rum5tal pageant :i* is ! v apo!osis ( grief4 ,! effect ( ! m>* is all ! m rem>kable :5 x is consid]$ t1 9 contradi/9ction to all o!r dirges1 x is writt5 9 ! major key4 ,! *orus1 ,m\rn1 ,israel1 m\rn ?y ,beauty lo/1 & ! ?ree arias ( lam5t sung by ,david1 :i* foll[1 are all *>act]iz$ by feel+s ( ! deepe/ gloom4 ,a %ort *orus 7,eagles 7 n s swift z !y7 foll[s1 & !n ,david gives voice to 8 lam5t ov] ,jona?an 9 an aria ( exquisite t5d]ness 7,9 sweete/ ,h>mony !y liv$71 at ! close ( :i* he jo9s ) ! *orus 9 an obligato ( sorr[ful gr&eur 7,o fatal ,day1 h[ l[ ! ,mighty lie674 ,9 an exultant /ra9 ,abn] bids ! ,m5 ( ,judah weep no m1 & ! animat$ m>tial *orus1 ,gird on ?y ,sword1 ?\ ,man ( ,might1 closes ?is great dramatic oratorio4 ,samson4 ,! oratorio ( ,samson 0 writt5 9 #agda1 & begun imm$iately aft] ! completion ( ,! ,messiah1 :i* 0 f9i%$ ,septemb] #ad ( t ye>4 ,! la/ *orus 0 dat$ ,octob] #bi2 b 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,h&el add$ to x ,let ! bright ,s]aphim & ! *orus1 ,let _! cele/ial ,conc]ts4 ,! text 0 compil$ by ,newburgh ,hamilton f ,milton's ,samson ,agoni/es1 ,hymn on ! ,nativity1 & ,l9es on a ,solemn ,musick4 ,! oratorio 0 fir/ sung at ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,feb4 #ah1 #agdc1 ! pr9cipal p>ts be+ assign$ z foll[s3 ,samson1 ,mr4 ,be>d2#d ,manoah1 ,mr4 ,savage2 ,micah1 ,mrs4 ,cibb]2 ,delilah1 ,mrs4 ,clive4 ,! aria1 ,let ! bright ,s]aphim1 0 sung by ,signora ,avolio1 = :om x 0 writt51 & ! trumpet obligato 0 play$ by ,val5t9e ,sn[1 a virtuoso ( t p]iod4 ,! p]=mance ( ,samson 0 ?us ann\nc$ 9 ! ,london ,daily ,adv]tis] ( ,feb4 #ag1 #agdc3-- ,by subscription4 ,at ! ,!atre ,royal 9 ,cov5t ,g>d51 to-morr[1 ! #ah? in/41 w be p]=m$ a new oratorio1 call$ ,sampson4 ,tickets w be deliv]$ to subscrib]s 7on pay+ _! subscription money7 at ,mr4 ,h&el's h\se 9 ,brooke ,/reet1 ,hanov] ,squ>e4 ,att5dance w be giv5 f n9e o'clock 9 ! morn+ till ?ree 9 ! aft]noon4 ,pit & boxes to be put toge!r1 & no p]son to be admitt$ )\t tickets1 :i* w be deliv]$ t day at ! (fice 9 ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre at half a gu9ea ea*2 fir/ gall]y #es42 upp] gall]y1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,! repres5tation 0 greet$ ) extraord9>y en?usiasm1 & ,samson soon became s popul> t _m _h to be turn$ away2 not)/&+ :i*1 ! ill-natur$ ,horace ,walpole c\ld write1 9 a lett] dat$ ,feb4 #bd1 #agdc3-- ,h&el has set up an oratorio aga9/ ! op]a1 & succe$s4 ,he has hir$ all ! goddesses f ! f>ces1 & ! s+]s ( roa/ beef f betwe5 ! acts at bo? !atres1 ) a man ) "o note 9 8 voice1 & a girl )\t ev] an "o2 & s !y s+ & make brave hallelujahs1 & ! good company encore ! recitative if x happ5s to h any cad5ce l :at !y call a tune4 ,! text1 z we h said1 0 adapt$ f ,milton by ,hamilton1 :o says 9 8 preface to ! h&book1 or libretto3-- ,t poem inde$ 0 nev] divid$ by ,milton into acts or sc5es1 nor design$ = ! /age1 b giv5 only z ! plan ( a trag$y ) *oruses1 aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5ts4 ,b z ,mr4 ,h&el _h s happily introduc$ "h oratorios1 a musical drama1 ^: subject mu/ be scriptural1 & 9 :i* ! solemnity ( *ur* music is agreeably unit$ ) ! mo/ pleas+ airs ( ! /age1 x w\ld h be5 an irretrievable loss to h neglect$ ! opportunity ( t great ma/]'s do+ ju/ice to ?is "w2 he hav+ already add$ new life & _s to "s ( ! f9e/ ?+s 9 ! ,engli% language1 p>ticul>ly t inimitable ode#e ( ,dryd5's :i* no age nor nation ev] excell$4 ,! *>act]s introduc$ are ,samson2 ,micah1 8 fri5d2 ,manoah1 8 fa!r2 ,delilah1 8 wife2 ,h>apha1 a giant ( ,ga?2 ,israeliti% woman2 prie/s ( ,dagon2 virg9s att5dant ^u ,delilah2 ,israelites1 fri5ds ( ,samson2 ,israeliti% virg9s2 & ,phili/9es4 ,aft] a brilliant ov]ture1 clos+1 l t to ,saul1 ) a m9uet movem5t1 ! sc5e op5s be=e ! prison 9 ,gaza1 ) ,samson bl9d & 9 *a9s4 ,8 op5+ recitative1 sett+ =? 8 release f toil on acc\nt ( ! fea/ to ,dagon1 introduces a brilliant & effective *orus by ! prie/s ) trumpets 7,awake ! ,trumpet's l(ty ,s\nd71 aft] :i* a ,phili/9e woman 9 a bright1 playful melody invites ! m5 ( ,gaza to br+ ,! m]ry ,pipe & pleas+ ,/r+2 :]eupon ! trumpet *orus is repeat$4 ,aft] ! t5or aria 7,l\d is ! ,?und]'s awful ,voice71 ! *orus recurs aga91 %[+ ,h&el's evid5t p>tiality = x4 ,! ,phili/9e ,woman has ano!r solo 7,!n free f ,sorr[71 :]eupon 9 a pa!tic song 7,torm5ts1 alas67 ,samson bewails 8 pite\s condition4 ,8 fri5d ,micah appe>s1 & 9 ! aria1 ,o ,mirror ( our fickle ,/ate1 condoles ) him4 ,9 answ] to 8 "q1 ,:i* %all we fir/ bewail1 ?y ,bondage1 or lo/ ,sight8 ,samson replies 9 a %ort1 b exquisitely t5d] aria1 ,total ,eclipse3 no ,sun1 no ,moon1 all d>k amid/ ! ,blaze ( ,noon1--a song :i* br\ght te>s to ! eyes ( ! bl9d ,h&el himself :5 he li/5$ to x long aft]w>ds4 ,! next *orus 7,o fir/-creat$ ,beam7 is ( m ?an ord9>y int]e/1 z x treats ! same subject :i* ,haydn aft]w>ds us$ 9 ,! ,creation4 ,x beg9s 9 a s(t & quiet mann]1 9 ord9>y "t1 develops into a /rong allegro on ! words1 ,let !re be ,light1 & closes ) a spirit$ fugue on ! words1 ,to ,?y d>k ,s]vant ,life by ,light af=d4 ,a dialogue foll[s betwe5 ,manoah & ,micah1 lead+ up to an intricate bravura aria = bass 7,?y glori\s ,de$s inspir$ my ,tongue71 clos+ ) an exquisite sl[ movem5t 9 broad contra/ to its fir/ "p4 ,?\gh com=t$ by 8 fri5ds1 ,samson breaks out 9 furi\s d5unciation ( 8 enemies 9 ! p[]fully dramatic aria1 ,:y does ! ,god ( ,israel sleep8 ,x is foll[$ up 9 ! same _s by ! *orus1 ,!n %all !y "k1--a fugue on two vigor\s subjects1 ! fir/ giv5 out by ! altos1 & ! second by ! t5ors4 ,samson's wra? subsides 9 ! recitative1 ,my g5ial ,spirits droop1 & ! fir/ act closes ) ! beautifully con/ruct$ *orus1 ,!n r\nd ab\t ! />ry ,?rone1 9 :i* 8 fri5ds console him ) ! joys he w f9d 9 ano!r life4 ,! second act1 aft] a brief recitative1 op5s ) an aria by ,manoah 7,j are ! ,ways ( ,god to ,man71 9 :i* he conjures ,samson to repose 8 tru/ 9 ,god4 ,x is foll[$ by ! beautiful pray] ( ,micah 7,return1 return1 ,o ,god ( ,ho/s71 emphasiz$ by ! *orus to :i* x leads 7,to ,du/ 8 ,glory !y w\ld tread71 ) :i* ! pray] is int]wov5 9 obligato =m4 ,f ?is po9t1 z ,delilah appe>s1 ! music is full ( bright color1 & loses x sombre tone4 ,9 a %ort recitative1 %e excuses h] misde$1 & !n breaks out 9 an aria ( s5su\s sweetness1 ,) pla9tive ,notes & am'r\s ,moan1 ?us coos ! ,turtle left alone4 ,its bewit*+ grace1 h[ev]1 makes little impression ^u ,samson1 :o replies ) ! aria1 ,y\r ,*>ms to ,ru9 l$ ! ,way4 ,9 ano!r entic+ melody1 ,my ,fai? & ,tru?1 ,o ,samson1 prove1 %e seeks to induce 8 return to h] h\se1 & a *orus ( ,virg9s add _! entreaties4 ,a la/ ef=t is made 9 ! ta/eful & elegant aria1 ,to fleet+ ,pleasures make y\r ,c\rt2 b :5 t also fails1 ,delilah reveals h] true self4 ,samson rebukes h] w>bl+ *>ms1 h] tra9s & wiles1 & c\nts ?is prison-h\se ! h\se ( lib]ty to ?9e2 :]eupon a highly *>act]i/ic duet ensues 7,traitor to ,love74 ,an aria = ,micah foll[s 7,x is nor ,virtue1 ,valor1 ,wit71 lead+ up to a p[]ful diss]tation on mascul9e supremacy 9 a fugu$ *orus :i* is treat$ 9 a spirit$ mann]1 & 9 :i* we may well fancy t ! woman-hat+ compos] gave free re9 to 8 spite3-- ,to man ,god's univ]sal law ,gave p[] to keep 8 wife 9 awe4 ,?us %all 8 life be ne'er dismay$1 ,by female usurpation sway$4 ,! giant ,h>apha n[ appe>s1 & mocks ,samson ) ! taunt t _h he met him be=e he 0 bl9d1 he w\ld h left him dead on ! field ( dea?1 :]e ?\ wr\ght'/ wond]s ) an ass' jaw4 ,8 fir/ numb] 7,honor & ,arms scorn su* a ,foe7 is "o ( ! mo/ spirit$ & da%+ bass solos ev] writt54 ,samson replies ) ! maje/ic aria1 ,my ,/r5g? is f ! liv+ ,god4 ,! two solos rea* _! climax 9 ! en]getic duet betwe5 ! giants1 ,g1 baffl$ ,c[>d1 g4 ,micah !n sugge/s to ,h>apha t he %all call ^u ,dagon to dissolve ^? magic spells t gave our h]o /r5g?1 z a te/ ( 8 p[]4 ,! recitative is foll[$ by an impressive six-"p *orus 7,he>1 ,jacob's ,god7 9 ! true *ur* /yle4 ,its smoo?1 quiet fl[ ( h>mony is refre%+ z comp>$ ) ! tumult ( ! giants' music :i* prec$es1 & ! s5su\sness ( ! *orus 7,to ,song & ,dance we give ! ,day7 :i* foll[s x4 ,! act closes ) ! massive d\ble *orus 7,fix$ 9 ,8 ev]la/+ ,seat7 9 :i* ! ,israelites & ,phili/9es celebrate ! attributes ( _! respective deities & invoke _! protection1 & 9 :i* also ! compos] br+s out ) ov]:elm+ effect ! maje/y & gr&eur ( ,god z comp>$ ) ! no?+ness ( ,dagon4 ,! ?ird act op5s ) a dialogue 9 :i* ,h>apha br+s ! message to ,samson t he mu/ repair to ! fea/ ( ,dagon to delight ! ,phili/9es ) "s ( 8 feats ( /r5g?4 ,^u ,samson's refusal1 ,h>apha s+s ! ?reat5+ aria1 ,presum+ ,slave6 ,! ,israelites invoke ! protection ( ,god 9 ! spirit$ *orus1 ,) ,?und] arm$1 clos+ ) a pray] :i* *anges to wild & supplicat+ entreaty4 ,samson at la/ yields 9 a t5d]1 pa!tic aria 7,?us :5 ! ,sun71 :i* seems to anticipate 8 fate4 ,9 a song ( solemn p>t+ 7,! ,holy ,"o ( ,israel be ?y ,guide71 accompani$ by ! *orus 7,to ,fame immortal g71 8 fri5ds bid him f>ewell4 ,! fe/ivities beg91 & 9 an exultant *orus 7,great ,dagon has subdu$ our ,foe7 ! ,phili/9es are he>d exult+ ov] ,samson's discomfiture4 ,micah & ,manoah1 he>+ ! s\nds1 are fill$ ) anxiety1 & ! latt] expresses 8 solicitude 9 ! t5d] aria1 ,h[ will+ my pat]nal ,love4 ,b ! sc5e sudd5ly *anges4 ,9 a %ort1 cra%+ pre/o ! com+ de/ruction is anticipat$4 ,! trembl+ ,israelites express _! al>m 9 ! *orus1 ,he> u1 our ,god1 & appeal to ,heav5 = protection4 ,a ,mess5g] ru%es ^u ! sc5e & ann\nces t ,samson is dead & has involv$ ! de/ruction ( 8 enemies 9 ! g5]al calamity4 ,micah gives expression to 8 grief 9 ! t\*+ aria1 ,ye ,sons ( ,israel1 n[ lam5t1 foll[$ by ! ,israelites 9 a sorr[ful wail1 ,weep1 ,israel1 weep4 ,a fun]al m>*1 9 ! major key1 int]v5es1 full ( t5d] expression ( sorr[1--= :i*1 aft] ! fir/ two repres5tations ,h&el sub/itut$ ! ,dead ,m>* f ,saul2 & bo? m>*es are n[ pr9t$ 9 ! scores = g5]al use4 ,z at fir/ writt51 ! oratorio clos$ ) ! effective *orus & solo1 ,br+ ! ,laurels2 b1 z has be5 already said1 a ye> aft]w>ds ,h&el made a diff]5t end+4 ,manoah calls ^u ! p to cease _! lam5tation1 & ! fun]al pageant is foll[$ by ! magnific5t trumpet aria1 ,let ! bright ,s]aphim1--a song wor?y only ( ! greate/ arti/s1 bo? ) voice & in/rum5t1--& ! equally magnific5t *orus1 ,let _! cele/ial ,conc]ts1 :i* closes ! great oratorio ) triumphant exultation4 #d ,john ,be>d1 a quondam *ori/] ( ! ,*apel ,royal1 "u ,b]n>d ,gates1 & aft]w>ds ! greate/ ,engli% t5or s+] ( 8 day1 a*iev$ "o ( 8 brighte/ triumphs 9 ! "p ( ,samson4 ,8 hi/ory 0 romantic4 ,9 #agcb he m>ri$ ! ,lady ,h5rietta1 daught] ( ,james1 ,e>l ( ,waldegrave1 & wid[ ( ,"l ,edw>d ,h]b]t1 second son ( ! ,m>quis ( ,p[is4 ,9 #agei he took z 8 second wife ,*>lotte1 daught] ( ,john ,ri*1 ! h>lequ94--,rock/ro4 #e ,alex&]'s ,fea/2 or1 ! ,p[] ( ,music4 ,! ,messiah4 ,! ,messiah repres5ts ! rip5$ product ( ,h&el's g5ius1 & reflects ! noble/ aspirations & mo/ exalt$ devotion ( mank9d4 ,among all 8 oratorios x reta9s its orig9al fre%ness1 vigor1 & beauty 9 ! highe/ degree1 9 t x appeals to ! l(tie/ s5tim5t & to univ]sal religi\s devotion1 & is bas$ ^u ! mo/ h>moni\s1 symmetrical1 & endur+ =ms ( ! art4 ,x 0 begun on ! #bb;d day ( ,augu/1 #agda4 ,! fir/ "p 0 conclud$ ,augu/ #bh1 ! second1 ,septemb] #f1 ! ?ird1 ,septemb] #ab1 & ! in/rum5tation1 ,septemb] #ad4 ,x is an illu/ration ( ,h&el's almo/ sup]human capacity = "w1 t at ! age ( fifty-six he %\ld h writt5 8 ma/]piece 9 tw5ty-?ree days4 ,! text 0 tak5 f ! lit]al words ( ,scripture1 & ! libretto arrang$ by ,*>les ,j5n5s1 :o1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 0 n satisfi$ ) ! music :i* has satisfi$ ! _w4 ,9 a lett] writt5 at t "t1 he says3-- ,i %all %[ y a collection ,i gave ,h&el1 call$ ',messiah1' :i* ,i value highly4 ,he has made a f9e ent]ta9m5t ( x1 ?\gh n ne> s good z he might & ought to h done4 ,i h ) great difficulty made him correct "s ( ! grosse/ faults 9 ! composition2 b he reta9$ 8 ov]ture ob/9ately1 9 :i* !re are "s passages f> unwor?y ( ,h&el1 b mu* m unwor?y ( ! ',messiah4' ,= two or ?ree ye>s prior to ! appe>ance ( ! ,messiah1 ,h&el _h be5 h>ass$ by cabals set on foot by rival op]a-manag]s 9 ,london1 :o1 by import+ ,italian s+]s1 drew (f ! patronage ( ! nobility1 & ultimately succe$$ 9 r$uc+ him to ! condition ( an insolv5t debtor4 ,:ile 9 ?is wret*$ plight an invitation came to him f ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire1 !n ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel&1 to visit ,dubl94 ,he eag]ly accept$ x1 & 9 ! correspond5ce :i* pass$ betwe5 !m promis$ to contribute a portion ( :atev] might accrue f 8 music to *>itable in/itutions1 & also agre$ to give an oratorio = ! b5efit & enl>gem5t ( poor di/ress$ prison]s = debt 9 ! sev]al m>%alseas ( ! city ( ,dubl94 ,he left ,london e>ly 9 ,novemb]1 arriv+ 9 t city1 aft] _m delays1 on ! #ah?4 ,on ! #bc;d ( ,decemb] he began a s]ies ( six musical ent]ta9m5ts1 :i* 0 complet$ ,febru>y #aj4 ,8 success 0 s great t he 0 induc$ to beg9 a second s]ies ,febru>y #ag1 a =tnight be=e ! close ( :i* appe>$ ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t3-- ,= ! ,relief ( ! ,prison]s 9 ! sev]al ,gaols1 & = ! ,support ( ,m]c]'s ,hospital1 9 ,/eph5's ,/reet1 & ( ! ,*>itable ,infirm>y on ! ,inn's ,quay1 on ,monday1 ! #ab? ( ,april1 w be p]=m$ at ! ,musick ,hall 9 ,fi%amble-/reet1 ,mr4 ,h&el's new ,gr& ,oratorio1 call$ ! ,messiah1 9 :i* ! ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,*oirs ( bo? ,ca!drals w assi/1 ) "s ,conc]tos on ! ,organ by ,mr4 ,h&el4 ,! fir/ rehe>sal took place on ! #h? ( ,april1 9 ! pres5ce ( a mo/ ,gr&1 ,polite1 & ,cr[d$ ,audi5ce1 z we are in=m$ by ,faulkn]'s ,j\rnal4 ,! same pap]1 ref]r+ to ! fir/ public p]=mance1 :i* took place on ,tuesday1 ,april #ac1 #agdb1 says3-- ,at ! desire ( sev]al p]sons ( di/9ction1 ! above p]=mance is put (f to ,tuesday next4 ,! doors w be op5$ at elev51 & ! p]=mance beg9s at twelve4 ,_m ladies & g5tlem5 :o are well-wi%]s to ?is noble & gr& *>ity1 = :i* ?is oratorio 0 compos$1 reque/ x z a favor t ! ladies :o honor ?is p]=mance ) _! pres5ce w\ld be pleas$ to come )\t hoops1 z x w\ld greatly increase ! *>ity by mak+ room = m company4 ,g5tlem5 7 also reque/$ to come )\t _! swords4 ,9 ?is way1 x is said1 ! /ew>ds 7 able to seat sev5 hundr$ p]sons 9 ! room in/ead ( six hundr$4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts 9 ! p]=mance 7 assign$ to ,signora ,avolio1 ,mrs4 ,cibb]1 & ,messrs4 ,*ur* & ,ralph ,rose+rane2 & ,mrs4 ,cibb]'s deliv]y ( ! aria ,he 0 despis$ is said to h be5 s t\*+ t ,dr4 ,delany1 ! companion ( ,swift1 exclaim$1 z %e clos$3 ,woman1 = ?is be all ?y s9s =giv54 ,! ,messiah 0 p]=m$ ?irty-f\r times dur+ ! compos]'s life1 b nev] ^u a scale comm5surate ) its m]its until ! ,h&el ,commemoration at ,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 #aghd1 :5 ! l>ge/ *oir & b& t _h ev] assembl$ be=e1 ) ! r5[n$ ,madame ,m>a at ! head ( ! soloi/s1 fir/ gave ! ,messiah to ! _w 9 accordance ) ! gr& ideal ( ! compos]4 ,! or*e/ra 0 compos$ z foll[s3 ,fir/ viol9s1 #dj2 second viol9s1 #dg2 t5ors1 #bf2 fir/ oboes1 #ac2 second oboes1 #ac2 flutes1 #f2 violoncellos1 #ba2 d\ble-basses1 #ae2 bassoons1 #bf2 d\ble-bassoon1 #a2 trumpets1 #ab2 trombones1 #f2 horns1 #ab2 kettl$rums1 #c2 d\ble-kettl$rum1 #a3 total1 #bdb4 ,! *oir 0 made up z foll[s3 ,sopranos1 #fj1 ( :om #de 7 *oir-boys2 c\nt]-t5ors 7altos71 #dj2 t5ors1 #hc2 basses1 #hd3 mak+ ! entire numb] ( s+]s #bfg4 ,( ! p]=mance ( ! b& ^u ?is occasion1 ,burney qua9tly says3-- ,dante 9 8 ,p>adiso imag9es n9e circles1 or *oirs1 ( *]ubs1 s]aphs1 patri>*s1 prophets1 m>tyrs1 sa9ts1 angels1 & ar*angels1 :o ) h& & voice are et]nally prais+ & glorify+ ! ,supreme ,be+1 :om he places 9 ! c5tre1 tak+ ! idea f ,te ,deum laudamus1 :]e x is said3 ',to ,!e ,*]ubim & ,s]aphim cont9ually d cry1' etc4 ,n[1 z ! or*e/ra 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey seem$ to asc5d into ! cl\ds & unite ) ! sa9ts & m>tyrs repres5t$ on ! pa9t$ glass 9 ! we/ w9d[1 :i* _h all ! appe>ance ( a cont9uation ( ! ,or*e/ra1 ,i c\ld h>dly refra91 dur+ ! p]=mance ( ! ,allelujah1 to imag9e t ?is ,or*e/ra1 s admirably con/ruct$1 fill$1 & employ$1 0 a po9t or segm5t ( "o ( ^! cele/ial circles4 ,& p]haps no b& ( mortal musicians ev] exhibit$ a m respectable appe>ance to ! eye1 or af=d$ a m ec/atic & affect+ s\nd to ! e>1 ?an ?is4 ,he is equally en?usia/ic ov] ! *orus2 & ( ,madame ,m>a's s++ ( ! aria1 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1 he says3-- ,h] p[] ov] ! s5sibility ( ! audi5ce seem$ equal to t ( ,mrs4 ,siddons4 ,!re 0 no eye )9 my view :i* did n 'sil5tly a g5tle te> let fall1' nor1 ?\gh long hackney$ 9 music1 did ,i f9d myself made ( /rong] e>? ?an o!rs4 ,! oratorio is divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ illu/rates ! long+ ( ! _w = ! ,messiah1 prophesies 8 com+1 & ann\nces 8 bir?2 ! second "p is devot$ to ! suff]+s1 dea?1 & exaltation ( ,*ri/1 & develops ! spread & ultimate triumph ( ! ,gospel2 :ile ! ?ird is occupi$ ) ! decl>ation ( ! highe/ tru?s ( doctr9e1--fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! surety ( immortal life1 ! resurrection1 & ! atta9m5t ( an et]nity ( happ9ess4 ,! fir/ "p op5s ) an ov]ture1 or r or*e/ral prelude1 ( maje/ic *ords1 lead+ to a %ort fugue1 develop$ ) sev]e simplicity & prep>+ ! way = ! accompani$ recitative1 ,com=t ye ,my ,p1 & ! aria = t5or1 ,e ,valley %all be exalt$1 :i* 9 turn leads to ! full1 /rong *orus1 ,& ! ,glory ( ! ,"l %all be reveal$1--! ?ree numb]s 9 reality =m+ "o4 ,! prophecy is ann\nc$1 only to be foll[$ by ! human appreh5sion 9 ! great aria = bass 7,b :o may abide ! ,day ( ,8 com+71 writt5 9 ! ,sicilian pa/oral /yle1--a =m ( :i*1 ,burney affirms1 ,h&el 0 v fond4 ,! aria leads to ! exquisitely con/ruct$ numb]1 ,& ,he %all purify1 a fugu$ *orus clos+ 9 simple h>mony4 ,once m ! prophet ann\nces1 ,behold1 a ,virg9 %all conceive1 foll[$ by ! alto solo1 ,o ,?\ t telle/1 :i* preludes a *orus 9 ! same tempo4 ,! next aria 7,! ,p t walk$ 9 ,d>kness71 ) its curi\s b *>act]i/ic modulations1 leads to "o ( ! mo/ graphic fugu$ *oruses 9 ! :ole "w 7,= unto u a ,*ild is born71 elegantly int]wov5 ) ! viol9 p>ts1 & emphasiz$ ) sublime ann\ncem5ts ( ! names ( ! ,messiah 9 full h>mony & ) ! /ronge/ *oral p[]4 ,! gr& bur/ ( s\nd dies away1 !re is a significant pause1 & !n foll[s a %ort b exquisite ,pa/oral ,symphony = ! /r+s1 :i* ) ! f\r succe$+ bits ( recitative tells ! message ( ! ,angels to ! ,%eph]ds on ! pla9s ( ,be?lehem4 ,sudd5ly foll[s ! *orus ( ! heav5ly ho/s 7,glory to ,god71 :i* is rem>kably expressive1 & af=ds %>p contra/s 9 ! successive cle> responses to ! fugue4 ,! difficult b v brilliant aria = soprano1 ,rejoice greatly1 ! lovely aria1 ,he %all fe$ ,8 ,flock1 orig9ally writt5 entire = soprano1 9 :i* ,h&el returns aga9 to ! pa/oral /yle1 & a %ort *orus 7,8 ,yoke is easy71 close ! fir/ "p4 ,! second "p is ! mo/ impressive portion ( ! "w4 ,x beg9s ) a maje/ic & solemn *orus 7,behold ! ,lamb ( ,god71 :i* is foll[$ by ! aria = alto1 ,he 0 despis$1--"o ( ! mo/ pa!tic & deeply expressive songs ev] writt51 9 :i* ! v key-note ( sorr[ is /ruck4 ,two *oruses--,surely ,he ha? borne our ,griefs1 r intricate 9 h>mony1 & ,) ,8 ,/ripes we are heal$1 a fugu$ *orus writt5 a capella ^u an admirable subject--lead to ! spirit$ & ?or\ghly int]e/+ *orus1 ,all we l ,%eep h gone a/ray1 clos+ ) an adagio ( great beauty 7,& ! ,"l ha? laid on ,him ! ,iniquity ( u all74 ,?is is foll[$ by sev]al %ort numb]s1--a *oral fugue 7,he tru/$ 9 ,god71 ! accompani$ recitative 7,?y ,rebuke ha? brok5 ,8 ,he>t71 a %ort b v pa!tic aria = t5or 7,behold & see if !re be any ,sorr[71 & an aria = soprano 7,b ,?\ did/ n leave ,8 ,s\l 9 ,hell71--all ( :i* are rem>kable in/ances ( ! musical expression ( sorr[ & pity4 ,^! numb]s lead to a triumphal %\t 9 ! *orus & semi-*oruses1 ,lift up y\r ,heads1 ,o ye ,gates1 :i* rea* a climax ( magnific5t p[] & /rongly contra/$ effects4 ,aft] ! *orus1 ,let all ! ,angels ( ,god wor%ip ,him1 a fugue con/ruct$ ^u two subjects1 ! aria1 ,?\ art gone up on high1 & ! *orus1 ,! ,"l gave ! ,^w1 we rea* ano!r pa/oral aria ( great beauty1 ,h[ beautiful are ! ,feet4 ,?is is foll[$ by a p[]fully descriptive *orus 7,_! ,s\nd is gone out into all ,l&s71 a massive aria = bass 7,:y d ! ,nations71 ! *orus1 ,let u break _! ,bonds asund]1 & ! aria1 ,?\ %alt break !m1 lead+ directly to ! great ,hallelujah ,*orus1 :i* is ! triumph ( ! "w & its real climax4 ,x op5s ) exultant %\ts ( ,hallelujah4 ,!n ensue ?ree simple phrases1 ! middle "o 9 pla9 c\nt]po9t1 :i* =m ! gr\ndwork = ! ,hallelujah4 ,^! phrases1 seem+ly gr[+ out ( ea* o!r1 & reit]at$ ) con/antly increas+ p[]1 int]weav+ ) & su/a9+ ! ,hallelujah ) wond]ful h>monic effects1 make up a *orus t has nev] be5 excell$1 n only 9 musical skill1 b also 9 gr&eur & sublimity4 ,aft] li/5+ to its p]=mance1 "o c und]/& ,h&el's words3 ,i did ?9k ,i did see all heav5 be=e me1 & ! great ,god himself4 ,?is numb] closes ! second "p4 ,x is wor?y ( note 9 ?is connection t :5 ! oratorio 0 fir/ p]=m$ at ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london1 9 #agdc1 ! :ole audi5ce1 ) ! ,k+ at its head1 arose dur+ ! s++ ( ! ,hallelujah & rema9$ /&+ until x 0 f9i%$1--a cu/om :i* is /ill obs]v$1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b also 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,if ! oratorio _h clos$ at ?is po9t x w\ld n h di/urb$ ! unities2 b ,h&el c>ri$ x into a ?ird "p ) undim9i%$ int]e/1 op5+ x ) t sublime confession ( fai?1 ,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?1--an aria :i* w nev] be lo/4 ,x is foll[$ by two qu>tets 9 pla9 c\nt]po9t ) *oral responses1 ,s9ce by ,man came ,dea?1 & ,= z 9 ,adam all die1 9 :i* ! effects ( contra/ are v =cibly br\ght out4 ,! la/ important aria 9 ! "w 7,! ,trumpet %all s\nd71 = bass ) trumpet obligato1 w always be admir$ = its beauty & /irr+ effect4 ,! oratorio closes ) ?ree *oruses1 all 9 ! same key & ( ! same g5]al s5tim5t1--,wor?y is ! ,lamb1 a piece ( smoo?1 fl[+ h>mony2 ,bless+ & ,honor1 a fugue l$ (f by ! t5ors & bassos 9 unison1 & repeat$ by ! sopranos & altos on ! octave1 clos+ ) full h>mony on ! words = ev] & ev] sev]al times reit]at$2 & ! f9al1 ,am5 *orus1 :i* is treat$ 9 ! sev]e/ /yle1 & 9 :i* ! compos] evid5tly gave free re9 to 8 g5ius1 n be+ hamp]$ ) ! trammels ( words4 ,o!r oratorios may be comp>$ "o ) ano!r2 ! ,messiah /&s alone1 a maje/ic monum5t to ! memory ( ! compos]1 an imp]i%able record ( ! noble/ s5tim5ts ( human nature & ! highe/ aspirations ( man4 ,judas ,maccabaeus4 ,! oratorio ( ,judas ,maccabaeus 0 writt5 9 ?irty-two days1 betwe5 ,july #i & ,aug4 #aa1 #agdf1 ^u ! commission ( ,fr$]ic1 ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 to celebrate ! return ( ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l& f ,scotl& aft] ! decisive victory ( ,cullod51 ,april #af1 #agdf4 ,! words 7 writt5 by ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,morell1 ,d4,d41 a le>n$ ,greek s*ol> ( t "t1 ! plot be+ tak5 f ! n>rative ( ! exploits ( ! ,jewi% deliv]] conta9$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ,maccabees & 9 ! twelf? book ( ,josephus' ,antiquities ( ! ,jews4 ,9 8 d$ication1 ,dr4 ,morell says3-- ,to ,8 ,royal ,highness ,pr9ce ,william1 ,duke ( ,cumb]l&1 ?is fa9t portraiture ( a truly wise1 valiant1 & virtu\s comm&] z ! possessor ( ! l noble qualities is1 ) ! mo/ pr(\nd respect & v5]ation1 inscrib$ by ,8 ,royal ,highness' mo/ ob$i5t & mo/ devot$ s]vant ! au?or4 ,to :at extremes ( adulation ev5 a doctor ( div9ity may g1 is well %[n 9 ,s*oel*]'s pi?y comm5t3 ,?is is address$ to a man :o pitilessly murd]$ z _m prison]s aft] ! battle z 8 c\rage _h sla9 enemies dur+ ! combat4 ,x is b j to ! compos]1 h[ev]1 to say t ! great success ( ?is oratorio _h little to d ) ! political causes :i* l$ to its composition4 ,x 0 fir/ p]=m$ at ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,april #a1 #agdg1 & 0 repeat$ six times t ye>4 ,h&el himself conduct$ x ?irty-eight times ) ev] gr[+ popul>ity1 to :i* ! ,jews contribut$ greatly1 z x glorifi$ an episode 9 _! national hi/ory4 ,! *>act]s repres5t$ are ,judas ,maccabaeus2 ,simon1 8 bro!r2 an ,israeliti% ,mess5g]2 & ,israeliti% ,m5 & ,wom54 ,! /ory may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ summ>y ( ! plot z prep>$ = ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival ( #ahfa3-- ,"p ,i4--,lam5tations = ! dea? ( ,matta?ias 7! fa!r ( ,judas ,maccabaeus & ,simon71 by :om ! ,jewi% p _h be5 r\s$ to resi/ ! cruelties & oppressions ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 ! ,syrian k+1 9 8 attempt to suppress _! religion & lib]ties4--,! div9e favor invok$4--,judas recogniz$ z lead]4--,appeal to ! patriotism ( ! p1 & _! response4--,! value ( lib]ty4--,prep>ations = w>4--,pi\s tru/ 9 ,god1 & h]oic resolve to conqu] or die4 ,"p ,,ii4--,celebration ( ! victories ga9$ ov] ! armies ( ,apollonius1 ! gov]nor ( ,sam>ia & ,s]on1 ! ,deputy ,gov]nor ( ,coelesyria1 & ! valor ( ,judas4--,r5ewal ( w> by a division ( ! ,syrian array f ,egypt1 "u ,gorgias1 & ! despond5cy x occasions among ! ,israelites4--,judas aga9 ar\ses ! fail+ c\rage ( ! p1 & !y set out to meet ! enemy4--,^? :o rema9 beh9d utt] _! dete/ation ( ! hea!n idolatries1 by :i* ! sanctu>y at ,j]usalem _h be5 desecrat$1 & _! det]m9ation only to wor%ip ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,"p ,,iii4--,fea/ ( ! d$ication at ,j]usalem1 aft] ,judas & 8 foll[]s _h recov]$ & re/or$ ! sanctu>y1 & re-e/abli%$ ! lib]ties ( 8 c\ntry4--,return ( ,judas f 8 f9al victory ov] ,nicanor & 8 conf$]ates4--,celebration ( peace1 & national ?anksgiv+4 ,! fir/ sc5e introduces ! ,israeliti% ,m5 & ,wom5 lam5t+ ! dea? ( ! fa!r ( ,judas 9 ! sorr[ful *orus1 ,m\rn1 ye afflict$ ,*ildr51 :i*1 aft] a duet = soprano & t5or1 is foll[$ by /ill ano!r *orus 9 a simil> /ra9 7,= ,zion ,lam5tation make71 b mu* m impressive1 & ris+ to a m p[]ful climax4 ,aft] a brief & simple soprano solo 7,pi\s ,orgies71 ! *orus s+s ! pray]1 ,o ,fa!r1 ^: ,almighty ,p[]1 clos+ ) a *>act]i/ic fugue on ! words1 ,& grant a ,lead]4 ,aft] a %ort recitative1 ,simon 7bass7 breaks out 9 ! h]oic & sonor\s aria1 ,arm1 arm1 ye brave1 :i* has always reta9$ its popul>ity1 not)/&+ its antique bravura4 ,x is foll[$ by ! *orus 9 ! brief1 b /irr+ numb]1 ,we come 9 bright array4 ,five arias1 a duet1 & two *oruses1 ne>ly all ( :i* are n[ omitt$ 9 p]=mances1 be+ ( ! same g5]al "*1 & ma9ly apo/rophes to lib]ty1 lead to ! great *orus clos+ ! fir/ "p1 ,he> u1 ,o ,"l4 ,x is intricate 9 its con/ruction1 b :5 prop]ly sung resolves itself into "o ( ! mo/ vigor\s & impressive *oruses ,h&el has writt54 ,! second "p op5s ) ! ,israelites celebrat+ ! return ( ,judas f ! victories ov] ,apollonius & ,s]on4 ,an in/rum5tal prelude1 pictur+ ! sc5es ( battle1 leads directly to ! great *orus1 ! be/ 9 ! "w1 ,fall5 is ! ,foe4 ,! triumphant decl>ation is made ov] & ov] ) con/antly increas+ en]gy1 f9ally lead+ to a brilliant fugue on ! words1 ,:]e w>like ,judas wields 8 righte\s ,sword2 b int]wov5 ) x are /ill he>d ^? notes ( victory1 ,fall5 is ! ,foe1 & ! response1 ,s fall ,?y ,foes4 ,! ,israeliti% ,man s+s a vigor\s tribute to ,judas 7,s rapid ?y ,c\rse is74 ,! triumphant /ra91 ,zion n[ h] ,head %all raise1 is tak5 by two voices1 clos+ ) ! soprano alone2 b be=e h] "p ends1 ! :ole *orus takes x & jo9s 9 ! paean1 ,tune y\r ,h>ps1 & ! d\ble numb] ends 9 broad1 fl[+ h>mony4 ,9 a florid numb] 7,f mighty ,k+s he took ! ,spoil7 ! ,israeliti% ,woman once m s+s ,judas's praise4 ,! two voices unite 9 a welcome 7,hail ,judaea1 happy ,l&71 & f9ally ! :ole *orus jo9 9 a simple b jubilant acclaim to ! same words4 ,! rejoic+s soon *ange to expressions ( al>m & appreh5sion z a ,mess5g] ent]s & ann\nces t ,gorgias has be5 s5t by ,antio*us to attack ! ,israelites1 & is already ne> at h&4 ,!y jo9 9 a *orus expressive ( deep despond5cy 7,oh1 wret*$ ,israel72 b ,simon1 9 a spirit$ aria 7,! ,"l worke? ,wond]s71 bids !m put _! tru/ 9 ,heav51 & ,judas r\ses _! c\rage ) ! m>tial trumpet song1 ,s\nd an ,al>m1 :i*1 ?\gh v brief1 is full ( vigor & fire4 ,aft] ! dep>ture ( ,judas to meet ! foe1 ,simon1 ! ,israeliti% ,man1 & ! ,israeliti% ,woman foll[ ea* o!r 9 d5unciation ( ! idolatries :i* h be5 practis$ by ! hea!n among !m1 & close ) ! spl5did *orus1 ,we nev] w b[ d[n to ! rude ,/ock or sculptur$ ,/one1 9 :i* vigor\s repetitions ( ! op5+ phrase lead to a *orale 9 broad1 impressive h>mony1 ) :i* is int]wov5 equally vigor\s repetitions ( ! phrase1 ,we wor%ip ,god alone4 ,! ?ird "p op5s ) ! impressive pray]1 ,fa!r ( ,heav51 f ,?y et]nal ,?rone1 sung by ! ,prie/4 ,z ! fire asc5ds f ! alt>1 ! sanctu>y hav+ be5 purifi$ ( its hea!n defilem5t1 ! ,israelites look ^u x z an om5 ( victory & take c\rage4 ,a ,mess5g] ent]s ) tid+s ( ,judas's triumph ov] all _! enemies4 ,! ,israeliti% ,maid5s & ,y\?s g out to meet him1 s++ ! exultant m>* *orus1 ,see ! ,conqu]+ ,h]o comes1 :i* is famili> to e "o by its common use on all occasions1 f ,h&el's "t to ?is1 :]e tribute has be5 paid to m>tial success & h]oes h be5 welcom$4 ,x is ! univ]sal accompanim5t ( victory1 z ! ,dead ,m>* 9 ,saul is ( ! pageantry ( dea?4 ,x is v simple 9 its con/ruction1 l _m o!rs ( ,h&el's mo/ effective numb]s4 ,x is fir/ sung z a ?ree-"p *orus1 !n z a duet or *orus ( ,virg9s1 aga9 by ! full p[] ( all ! voices1 & gradually dies away 9 ! =m ( an in/rum5tal m>*4 ,! *orus did n orig9ally belong to ,judas ,maccabaeus1 b to ,jo%ua1 9 :i* oratorio x is address$ to ,o?niel :5 he returns f ! capture ( ,debir4 ,h&el frequ5tly made transf]s ( t k9d1 & ?is 0 a p]man5t "o2 = ! celebrat$ *orus is n[ unalt]ably id5tifi$ ) ! "w 9 :i* he plac$ x1 & 9 :i* also ! sett+ is /ill m impos+4 ,a v elaborate *orus 7,s+ unto ,god71 a florid aria ) trumpet solo = ,judas 7,) ,honor let ,des]t be cr[n$71 ! *orus1 ,to our ,great ,god1 a pa/oral duet ) exquisite accompanim5t 7,o ,lovely ,peace71 & a ,hallelujah 9 ! compos]'s cu/om>y exultant /yle1 close ?is v brilliant & dramatic oratorio4 ,! ,dett+5 ,te ,deum4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,june1 #agdc1 ! ,briti% army & its allies1 "u ! comm& ( ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 & ,"l ,/air1 won a victory at ,dett+51 9 ,bav>ia1 ov] ! ,fr5* army1 comm&$ by ! ,m>e*al de ,noailles & ! ,duc de ,grammont4 ,x 0 a victory pluck$ f an expect$ defeat1 & ar\s$ great en?usiasm 9 ,engl&4 ,on ! ,k+'s return1 a day ( public ?anksgiv+ 0 appo9t$1 & ,h&el1 :o 0 at t "t ,compos] ( ,musick to ! ,*apel ,royal1 0 commission$ to write a ,te ,deum & an an!m = ! occasion4 ,! orig9al score1 a l>ge folio volume 9 ! ,royal ,collection1 is head$ ,angefang5 ,juli #ag1 #agdc4 ,!re is no date at ! end2 b z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,dett+5 ,an!m is dat$ ,july #cj1 x is probable t ! ,te ,deum 0 f9i%$ betwe5 ! #ag? & #cj?4 ,bo? works 7 publicly rehe>s$ at ! ,*apel ,royal1 ,:itehall1 on ! #ah? & #be? ( ! ensu+ ,novemb]1 & =m$ "p ( ! ?anksgiv+ s]vices on ! #bg? at ! ,*apel ,royal ( ,/4 ,james1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,k+ & royal family4 ,! ,dett+5 ,te ,deum has be5 univ]sally consid]$ z "o ( ! ma/]pieces among ,h&el's lat] works4 ,nev] 0 a victory m en?usia/ically commemorat$ 9 music4 ,x is n a ,te ,deum 9 ! /rict s5se1 b a gr& m>tial panegyric1 &1 z ,rock/ro says3-- ,x ne$s no great /ret* ( ! imag9ation to picture e drum & trumpet 9 ! realm tak+ "p 9 ! gorge\s fanf>e ( its op5+ *orus1 :ile ! :ole army1 ) ! ,k+ at its head1 jo9s ! assembl$ nation 9 a %\t ( praise = ! escape :i* 0 s unexpect$ly *ang$ into a memorable victory4 ,s*oel*]1 9 8 ref]5ce to ?is "w1 notes t ,h&el set ! hymn ( ,/4 ,ambrose to music five diff]5t times 9 ?irty ye>s1 & always ) new beauty & fre% color1 ?\gh x is some:at rem>kable t he gave ea* "t a pla9tive "* to ! v]se1 ,to ,!e all angels cry al\d1--a fact also obs]v$ by ,burney1 :o says3-- ,!re is "s reason to suspect t ,h&el1 9 sett+ 8 gr& ,te ,deum = ! peace ( ,utre*t1 z well z 9 ?is1 conf9$ ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'cry' to a sorr[ful s5se1 z bo? ! movem5ts to ! words ',to ,!e all angels cry al\d' are n only 9 a m9or key1 b sl[ & pla9tive4 ,burney fur!r says1 speak+ ( its p]=mance at ! great ,h&el ,commemoration 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey 9 #aghd3-- ,z x 0 compos$ = a milit>y triumph1 ! f\rte5 trumpets1 two pairs ( common kettl$rums1 two pairs ( d\ble drums f ! ,t[]1 & a pair ( d\ble-bass drums made expressly = ?is occasion1 7 introduc$ ) great propriety2 inde$1 ^! la/ drums1 except ! de/ruction1 _h all ! effect ( ! mo/ p[]ful artill]y4 ,! ,te ,deum conta9s eighte5 %ort solos & *oruses1 mo/ly ( a brilliant1 m>tial "*1 ! solos be+ divid$ betwe5 ! alto1 b>itone1 & bass4 ,aft] a brief in/rum5tal prelude1 ! "w op5s ) ! triumphant1 jubilant *orus ) trumpets & drums1 ,we praise ,!e1 ,o ,god1 writt5 = five p>ts1 ! sopranos be+ divid$ into fir/s & seconds1 conta9+ also a %ort alto solo lead+ to a clos+ fugue4 ,! second numb] 7,all ! ,e>? do? wor%ip ,!e7 is also an alto solo ) five-"p *orus ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,x is foll[$ by a semi-*orus 9 ?ree p>ts 7,to ,!e all ,angels cry al\d71 pla9tive 9 /yle1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 & lead+ to ! full *orus 7,to ,!e ,*]ubim & ,s]aphim71 :i* is maje/ic 9 its movem5t & ri* 9 h>mony4 ,! fif? numb] is a qu>tet & *orus 7,! glori\s ,company ( ! ,apo/les praise ,!e71 dom9at$ by ! bass1 ) responses f ! o!r p>ts1 & foll[$ by a %ort full *orus 7,?9e adorable1 true1 & only ,son74 ,! sev5? numb] is a /irr+ bass solo ) trumpets 7,?\ art ! ,k+ ( ,glory71 lead+ )\t break into a /ately *oral enunciation ( ! same words4 ,! eigh? is a sl[ & pla9tive bass solo1 usually sung by a t5or 7,:5 ,?\ tooke/ ^u ,!e to deliv] ,man71 foll[$ by a grave & impressive *orus 7,:5 ,?\ had/ ov]come ! ,%>pness ( ,dea?74 ,! next numb] is a trio = alto1 t5or1 & bass 7,?\ sitte/ at ! ,"r ,h& ( ,god71 clos+ ) a beautiful adagio effect4 ,a fanf>e ( trumpets introduces ! next f\r numb]s1 all *oruses1 set to f\r v]ses ( ! hymn3-- ,we !re=e pray ,!e1 help ,?y s]vants3 ,:om ,?\ ha/ r$eem$ ) ,?y preci\s blood4 ,make !m to be numb]$ ) ,?y ,sa9ts3 9 glory ev]la/+4 ,o ,"l1 save ,?y p3 & bless ,?9e h]itage4 ,gov]n !m3 & lift !m up =ev]4 ,day by day3 we magnify ,!e3 ,& we wor%ip ,?y ,"n6 ev]1 _w )\t end4 ,9 ?is gr\p ( *oruses ! art ( fugue & c\nt]po9t is spl5didly illu/rat$1 b nev] to ! sacrifice ( brilliant effect1 :i* is also height5$ by ! trumpets 9 ! accompanim5ts4 ,an impressive bass solo 7,v\*safe1 ,o ,"l7 int]v5es1 & !n ! trumpets s\nd ! /ately symphony to ! f9al *orus1 ,o ,"l1 9 ,!e h ,i tru/$4 ,x beg9s ) a long alto solo ) delicate oboe accompanim5t t makes ! effect v impressive :5 voices & in/rum5ts take up ! phrase 9 a magnific5t outbur/ ( p[] & ri* h>mony1 & c>ry x to ! close4 ,,haydn4 ,joseph ,haydn1 ! creator ( ! symphony & ! /r+$ qu>tet1 0 born at ,rohrau1 a little ,au/rian village on ! riv] ,lei?a1 ,m>* #ca1 #agcb4 ,8 fa!r 0 a :eelwright & 8 "m a cook1 9 s]vice ) ,c\nt ,h>ra*4 ,bo? ! p>5ts 7 fond ( music1 & bo? sang1 ! fa!r accompany+ himself ^u ! h>p1 :i* he play$ by e>4 ,! *ild display$ a voice s beautiful t 9 8 six? ye> he 0 all[$ to /udy music1 & 0 also giv5 a place 9 ! village *ur*-*oir4 ,reutt]1 ! capellmei/] ( ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,vi5na1 hav+ he>d him1 0 s impress$ ) ! beauty ( 8 voice t he (f]$ him a position z *ori/]4 ,haydn eag]ly accept$ x1 z x gave him opportunities = /udy4 ,:ile 9 ! s]vice ( ,/4 ,/eph5's he _h lessons on ! viol9 & piano1 z well z 9 composition4 ,:5 8 voice broke1 & 8 s++ 0 ( no fur!r value1 he 0 ?r[n ^u ! t5d] m]cies ( ! _w4 ,=tune favor$ him1 h[ev]4 ,he obta9$ a few pupils1 & gave himself up to composition4 ,he made ! acqua9tance ( ,meta/asio1 ,porpora1 & ,gluck4 ,8 trios began to attract att5tion1 & he soon f\nd himself ris+ into prom95ce4 ,9 #agei1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( a weal?y fri5d & amateur1 he 0 appo9t$ to ! po/ ( musical director & compos] 9 ! s]vice ( ,c\nt ,morz91 & ab\t ?is "t wrote 8 fir/ symphony4 ,:5 ! ,c\nt dismiss$ 8 b&1 ,pr9ce ,paul ,anton ,e/]hazy receiv$ him z 8 second capellmei/]1 "u ,w]n]4 ,:5 ! latt] di$1 9 #agff1 ,haydn took 8 place z sole director4 ,8 patron1 mean:ile1 _h di$1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,nicolaus1 betwe5 :om & ,haydn !re 0 ! utmo/ good feel+4 ,up to ?is "t ,haydn _h writt5 ?irty symphonies1 a l>ge numb] ( trios1 qu>tets1 & sev]al vocal pieces4 ,8 connection ) ! ,pr9ce la/$ until #agij1 & 0 only t]m9at$ by ! latt]'s dea?4 ,b dur+ ?is p]iod ( tw5ty-eight ye>s 8 musical activity 0 unceas+2 & z he _h an or*e/ra ( 8 own1 & 8 patron 0 ard5tly devot$ to music1 ! inc5tive to composition 0 nev] lack+4 ,anton succe$$ ,nicolaus1 & 0 g5]\s en\gh to increase ,haydn's p5sion2 b he dismiss$ ! entire *apel1 & ! compos] took up 8 abode 9 ,vi5na4 ,he 0 h>dly e/abli%$ be=e he receiv$ a flatt]+ proposition f ,salomon1 ! manag]1 to g to ,engl&4 ,he _h already _h _m press+ invitations f o!rs1 b c\ld n accept !m1 ow+ to 8 engagem5t at ,e/]hazy4 ,n[ t he 0 free1 he decid$ to make ! j\rney4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s ,day1 #agia1 he arriv$ 9 ,london4 ,success greet$ him at once4 ,he became univ]sally popul>4 ,musicians & musical societies paid him devot$ att5tion4 ,he gave a s]ies ( symphony conc]ts :i* ar\s$ ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,he 0 treat$ ) di/+ui%$ c\rtesy by ! royal family4 ,ox=d gave him ! honor>y degree ( ,doctor ( ,music4 ,! nobility ent]ta9$ him sumptu\sly4 ,aft] a ye> ( cont9u\s fetes1 he return$ to ,g]many1 :]e he rema9$ two ye>s1 dur+ a portion ( :i* "t ,bee?ov5 0 8 pupil4 ,9 #agid he made 8 second j\rney to ,engl&1 :]e 8 =m] successes 7 repeat$1 & fre% honors 7 %[]$ ^u him4 ,9 #ahjd he 0 notifi$ by ,pr9ce ,e/]hazy t he 0 ab\t to reorganize 8 *apel1 & wi%$ him = its conductor aga94 ,haydn accord+ly return$ to 8 old position1 :]e he rema9$ dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,he 0 already an old man1 b x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t 8 mo/ rem>kable works 7 produc$1 among !m ! ,au/rian ,national ,hymn 7,gott erhalte ,franz d5 ,kais]71 ! ,sev5 ,words1 ! ,creation1 ! ,seasons1 & _m ( 8 be/ trios & qu>tets4 ,he di$ ,may #ca1 #ahji1 a few days aft] ! occupation ( ,vi5na by ! ,fr5*1 & among ! m\rn]s at 8 fun]al 7 _m ,fr5* (fic]s4 ,fun]al s]vices 7 held 9 all ! pr9cipal ,european cities4 ,honor$ & respect$ all ov] ,europe1 he 0 mo/ deeply lov$ by 8 own c\ntrym51 :o /ill affectionately speak ( him z ,papa ,haydn4 ,! ,creation4 ,haydn 0 sixty-five ye>s ( age :5 he und]took ! great "w ( 8 life4 ,x 0 begun 9 #agif1 & f9i%$ 9 #agih4 ,:5 urg$ to br+ x to a conclusion m rapidly1 he repli$1 ,i sp5d mu* "t ov] x1 because ,i int5d x to la/ a long "t4 ,%ortly be=e 8 f9al dep>ture f ,london1 ,salomon1 8 manag]1 br\ght him a poem = music :i* _h be5 compil$ by ,lydley f ,milton's ,p>adise ,lo/1 = use by ,h&el1 ?\gh ! latt] _h n avail$ himself ( x4 ,haydn took x ) him to ,vi5na1 & submitt$ x to ! ,b>on van ,swiet51 ! ,emp]or's libr>ian1 :o 0 n only a v le>n$ s*ol>1 b also some?+ ( a musician & compos]4 ,! ,b>on sugge/$ t he %\ld make an oratorio ( x1 & to enc\rage him1 n only translat$ ! text into ,g]man1 b add$ a numb] ( arias1 duets1 & *oruses1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! descriptive k9d4 ,sev]al ( ! nobility also gu>ante$ ! exp5ses ( prep>ation & p]=mance4 ,8 fri5d ,gries+] writes3-- ,haydn wrote ',! ,creation' 9 8 sixty-fif? ye> ) all ! _s t usually dwells 9 ! brea/ ( y\?4 ,i _h ! good =tune to be a witness ( ! deep emotions & joy\s en?usiasm :i* sev]al p]=mances ( x "u ,haydn's own direction ar\s$ 9 all li/5]s4 ,haydn also confess$ to me t x 0 n possible = him to describe ! emotions ) :i* he 0 fill$ z ! p]=mance met 8 entire expectation1 & 8 audi5ce li/5$ to e note4 ',"o mom5t ,i 0 z cold z ice1 & ! next ,i seem$ on fire1 & m ?an once ,i fe>$ ,i %\ld h a /roke4' ,on ano!r occasion ,haydn rem>k$3 ,nev] 0 ,i s pi\s z :5 compos+ ',! ,creation4' ,i knelt d[n e day & pray$ ,god to /r5g!n me = ! "w4 ,t he s\ght ?is inspiration 9 8 old age m ?an once1 we may inf] f ano!r rem>k to ,gries+]3 ,:5 composition does n get on well1 ,i g to my *amb]1 & ) ros>y 9 h& say a few aves1 & !n ! ideas return4 ,x 0 fir/ p]=m$ 9 private at ! ,s*w>tz5b]g ,palace1 ,april #bi1 #agih2 & ,bombet1 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* critic1 :o 0 pres5t1 says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s3 ,:o c describe ! applause1 ! delight1 ! en?usiasm ( ?is society8 ,i 0 pres5t1 & ,i c assure y ,i nev] witness$ su* a sc5e4 ,! fl[] ( ! lit]>y & musical society ( ,vi5na 7 assembl$ 9 ! room1 :i* 0 well adapt$ to ! purpose1 & ,haydn himself direct$ ! or*e/ra4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd sil5ce1 ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion1 a s5tim5t1 ,i might almo/ say1 ( religi\s respect1 7 ! dispositions :i* prevail$ :5 ! fir/ /roke ( ! b[ 0 giv54 ,! g5]al expectation 0 n disappo9t$4 ,a long tra9 ( beauties1 to t mom5t unkn[n1 unfold$ !mselves be=e u2 our m9ds1 ov]come ) pleasure & admiration1 exp]i5c$ dur+ two successive h\rs :at !y _h r>ely felt1--a happy exi/5ce1 produc$ by desires1 ev] lively1 ev] r5ew$1 & nev] disappo9t$4 ,! fir/ public p]=mance 0 giv5 at ! ,national ,!atre1 ,m>* #ai1 #agii1 ,haydn's "n-day1 & ! next by ! ,tonku5/l] ,societaet4 ,on ! #i? ( ,m>* he conduct$ x at ! palace ( ,(5 be=e ! ,ar*duke ,palat9e ,joseph ( ,hung>y4 ,its success 0 imm$iate1 & rivall$ t ( ,! ,messiah4 ,x 0 p]=m$ all ov] ,europe1 & societies 7 organiz$ = ! express purpose ( produc+ x4 ,9 ,london rival p]=mances ( x 7 giv5 at ,cov5t ,g>d5 & ! ,k+'s ,!atre dur+ ! ye> #ahjj4 ,! oratorio op5s ) an ov]ture repres5t+ *aos4 ,its effect is at fir/ dull & indef9ite1 its utt]ances in>ticulate1 & its notes de/itute ( p]ceptible melody4 ,x is ,nature 9 h] *aotic /ate1 /ruggl+ into def9ite =m4 ,gradually in/rum5t aft] in/rum5t makes an ef=t to extricate itself1 & z ! cl>9ets & flutes /ruggle out ( ! confusion1 ! feel+ ( ord] beg9s to make itself app>5t4 ,! resolutions indicate h>mony4 ,at la/ ! wond]ful discordances settle1 leav+ a mi/y effect t vividly illu/rates ! ,_s ( ,god mov+ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,!n1 at ! fiat ( ! ,creator1 ,let !re be ,light1 ! :ole or*e/ra & *orus bur/ =? 9 ! sonor\s response1 ,& !re 0 ,light4 ,a brief passage by ,uriel 7t5or7 describes ! division ( light f d>kness1 & ! end ( *aos1 introduc+ a fugu$ *orus1 9 :i* ! rage ( ,satan & 8 helli% spirits1 z !y are precipitat$ into ! abyss1 is describ$ ) trem5d\s discords & /range modulations2 b be=e x closes1 ! music relates ! beauties ( ! newly creat$ e>? spr++ up at ,god's comm&4 ,raphael describes ! mak+ ( ! firmam5t1 ! rag+ ( ! /orms1 ! fla%+ lightn+ & roll+ ?und]s1 ! %[]s ( ra9 & hail1 & ! g5tly fall+ sn[1 to an accompanim5t :i* is closely imitative 9 "*4 ,! "w ( ! second day =ms ! !me ( ,! ,m>vell\s ,"w1 = soprano obligato ) *orus1--a numb] *>act]iz$ by great joy\sness & _s4 ,?is leads to ! numb]1 ,roll+ 9 foam+ ,bill[s1 9 :i* ! music is employ$ to repres5t ! effect ( wat]1 f ! ro>+ bill[s ( ! boi/]\s seas1 & ! riv]s fl[+ 9 s]p5t error1 to ! limpid brook1 ^: murmur+ ripple is set to "o ( ! sweete/ & mo/ delici\s ( melodies4 ,?is leads ! way to ! well-kn[n aria1 ,) ,v]dure clad1 ( :i* ,haydn himself 0 v fond1 & :i* he reca/ ?ree times be=e he 0 satisfi$ ) x4 ,x is foll[$ by a fugu$ *orus 7,awake ! ,h>p71 9 :i* ! ,angels praise ! ,creator4 ,we next pass to ! creation ( ! planets4 ,! in/rum5tal prelude is a wond]ful bit ( con/antly develop+ color1 :i* increases 9 spl5dor bright1 until ! sun appe>s4 ,x is foll[$ by ! ris+ ( ! moon1 to an accompanim5t z t5d] z its own radiance2 & z ! />s appe>1 ! ,sons ( ,god ann\nce ! f\r? day1 & ! fir/ "p closes ) ! great *orus1 ,! ,heav5s are tell+1 9 :i* ! entire =ce ( b& & s+]s is employ$ 9 full1 broad h>mony & sonor\s *ords1 lead+ to a cad5ce ( magnific5t p[]4 ,! second "p op5s ) ! aria1 ,on mighty ,p5s1 describ+ 9 a maje/ic mann] ! flight ( ! eagle1 & !n bli!ly passes to ! gayety ( ! l>k1 ! t5d]ness ( ! coo+ doves1 & ! pla9tiv5ess ( ! night+ale1 9 :i* ! s++ ( ! birds is imitat$ z closely z ! res\rces ( music w all[4 ,a beautiful t]zetto describes ) inimitable grace ! g5tly slop+ hills cov]$ ) _! v]dure1 ! leap+ ( ! f\nta9 into ! light1 & ! flights ( birds1 & a bass solo 9 sonor\s mann] takes up ! swimm+ fi%1 clos+ ) ! upheaval ( ,levia?an f ! deep1 :o disports himself among ! d\ble-basses4 ,?is leads to a p[]ful *orus1 ,! ,"l is great4 ,! next numb] describes ! creation ( v>i\s animals2 & p]haps no?+ t art conta9s c vie ) x 9 v>i$ & vivid description4 ,x beg9s ) ! lion1 ^: deep ro> is he>d among ! w9d-in/rum5ts4 ,! al]tness ( ! flexible tig] is %[n 9 rapid flights by ! /r+s4 ,a pre/o +5i\sly repres5ts ! quick movem5ts ( ! /ag4 ,! horse is accompani$ by music :i* prances & neighs4 ,a quiet pa/oral movem5t1 9 /rong contra/ ) ! prec$+ abrupt transitions1 pictures ! cattle seek+ _! food on fields & mead[s gre54 ,a flutt] ( s\nds describes ! sw>ms ( insects 9 ! air1 & f ?is we pass to a long1 undulat+ ?read ( h>mony1 repres5t+ ! s9u\s trace ( ! worm4 ,?is ma/]piece ( imitative music is conta9$ 9 a s+le recitative4 ,a p[]ful & dignifi$ aria1 sung by ,raphael 7,n[ ,heav5 9 fulle/ ,glory %one71 introduces ! creation ( man1 :i* is complet$ 9 an exquisitely beautiful aria 7,9 ,native ,wor? 7 by ,uriel1 ! second "p ( :i* is full ( t5d] beauty 9 its description ( ! creation ( ,eve1 & closes ) a picture ( ! happ9ess ( ! newly creat$ pair4 ,a brief recitative 7,& ,god saw ev]y?+ t ,he _h made7 leads to ! *orus1 ,a*iev$ is ! glori\s ,"w1--a fugue ( great p[]1 sup]bly accompani$4 ,x is int]rupt$ by a trio 7,on ,!e ea* liv+ ,s\l awaits71 b soon returns ) /ill great] p[] & gr&eur1 clos+ ) a ,gloria & ,hallelujah ( magnific5t proportions4 ,! ?ird "p op5s ) a symphonic introduction descriptive ( ! fir/ morn+ ( creation1 9 :i* ! flutes & horns1 comb9$ ) ! /r+s1 are us$ ) exquisite effect4 ,9 a brief recitative 7,9 rosy ,mantle appe>s7 ,uriel pictures ! joy ( ,adam & ,eve1 & bids !m s+ ! praise ( ,god ) ! angelic *oir1 :i* =ms ! !me ( ! succe$+ duet & *orus 7,by ,!e ) ,bliss72 to :i* ! answ]+ *oir replies ) a g5tle & di/ant effect1 z if f ! cele/ial heights1 ,=ev] bless$ be ,8 ,p[]4 ,aga9 ,adam & ,eve 9 successive solos1 f9ally unit+1 jo9 ) ! *oir 9 extoll+ ! goodness ( ,god2 & z !y close1 all take up ! beautiful & maje/ic paean1 ,hail1 b\nte\s ,"l6 ,almighty1 hail6 ,z ! angelic %\t dies away1 a t5d]1 lov+ dialogue ensues betwe5 ,adam & ,eve1 lead+ to ! beautiful duet1 ,graceful ,consort1 :i* is n only ! mo/ delightful numb] 9 ! "w1 b 9 fre%ness1 sweetness1 & t5d]ness /&s almo/ unsurpass$ among compositions ( its k9d4 ,aft] a %ort bit ( recitative by ,uriel 7,o happy ,pair71 ! *orus ent]s ^u ! clos+ numb] 7,s+ ! ,"l1 ye ,voices all71 beg9n+ sl[ly & maje/ically1 !n develop+ into a ma/]ly fugue 7,jehovah's ,praise =ev] %all endure71 & clos+ ) a ,laudamus ( mat*less beauty1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal voices 9 solo p>ts are set (f aga9/ ! *oral & or*e/ral masses ) p[]ful effect4 ,haydn's la/ appe>ance 9 public 0 at a p]=mance ( ! ,creation1 :i* took place 9 #ahjh1 :5 x 0 giv5 9 ,italian "u ! direction ( ,sali]i4 ,dies says ( ?is rem>kable sc5e3-- ,on alight+ f ! ,pr9ce's c>riage1 he 0 receiv$ by di/+ui%$ p]sonages ( ! nobility & by 8 s*ol>1 ,bee?ov54 ,! cr[d 0 s great t ! milit>y _h to keep ord]4 ,he 0 c>ri$1 sitt+ 9 8 arm-*air1 into ! hall1 & 0 greet$ ^u 8 entrance ) a fl\ri% ( trumpets & joy\s %\ts ( ',long live ,haydn6' ,he occupi$ a seat next 8 ,pr9cess1 ! ,pr9ce be+ at c\rt t day2 & on ! o!r side sat 8 favorite s*ol>1 ,fraeule9 ,kurzbeck4 ,! highe/ p ( rank 9 ,vi5na select$ seats 9 8 vic9ity4 ,! ,fr5* ambassador notic$ t he wore ! m$al ( ! ,p>is ,conc]t des ,amateurs4 ',n only ?is1 b all ! m$als :i* h be5 aw>d$ 9 ,france1 y ought to h receiv$1' said he4 ,haydn ?\ght he felt a little draught2 ! ,pr9cess ?rew h] %awl ab\t him1 _m ladies foll[+ h] example1 & 9 a few mom5ts he 0 completely wrapp$ 9 %awls4 ,poems by ,coll9 & ,c>pani1 ! adapt] ( ! text1 7 pres5t$ to him4 ,he c\ld no long] conceal 8 feel+s4 ,8 ov]burd5$ he>t s\ght & f\nd relief 9 te>s4 ,:5 ! passage1 ',& !re 0 ,light1' came1 & ! audi5ce broke out into tumultu\s applause1 he made a motion ( 8 h&s t[>ds heav51 & said1 ',x came f !nce4' ,he rema9$ 9 su* an agitat$ condition t he 0 oblig$ to take 8 leave at ! close ( ! fir/ "p4 ,z he w5t out1 ! audi5ce ?rong$ ab\t him to take leave ( him1 & ,bee?ov5 kiss$ 8 h& & =ehead dev\tly4 ,8 dep>ture completely ov]came him4 ,he c\ld n address ! audi5ce1 & c\ld only give expression to 8 he>tfelt gratitude ) brok51 feeble utt]ances & bless+s4 ,^u e c\nt5ance !re 0 deep pity1 & te>ful eyes foll[$ him z he 0 tak5 to 8 c>riage4 ,he liv$ b a %ort "t long]1 b long en\gh to witness ! success ( 8 s*ol>1 ,bee?ov51 9 ! same ye>4 ,! ,seasons4 ,! ,seasons1 writt5 two ye>s aft] ,! ,creation1 0 ,haydn's la/ oratorio4 ,! music 0 compos$ betwe5 ,april1 #agih1 & ,april1 #ahja4 ,x is n an oratorio 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m1 z x p>takes ( ! =m & qualities1 n only ( ! oratorio1 b also ( ! op]a & cantata4 ,! words 7 compil$ by ,b>on van ,swiet5 f ,?omson's well-kn[n poem ( ,! ,seasons1 b x 0 a long "t be=e he c\ld p]suade ,haydn to und]take ! task ( compos+ an oratorio on ! subject4 ,8 old age & infirmities made him av]se to ! "w4 ,he 0 greatly annoy$ by ! text1 & /ill m s by its compil]1 :o insi/$ ^u *anges 9 ! music :i* ,haydn te/ily decl9$ to make4 ,he 0 frequ5tly irritat$ ov] ! _m imitative passages1 & x 0 to relieve 8 own feel+s & v>y ! monotony ( ! s5tim5t t he introduc$ ! rollick+ bac*anal *orus 9 ! ?ird "p4 ,he express$ 8 feel+s to a fri5d 9 ! rem>k3 ,my head 0 s full ( ! nons5sical /uff t x all w5t topsy-turvy1 & ,i !re=e call$ ! clos+ fugue ! 'drunk5 fugue4' ,not)/&+ 8 _m objections1 :5 once he />t$1 he work$ h>d1--s h>d1 inde$1 t ?is cont9u\s labor induc$ bra9-fev] & int5se suff]+1 & he nev] entirely ralli$ f its effects4 ,a weakness foll[$1 :i* con/antly increas$4 ,to "o fri5d he rem>k$3 ,! ',seasons' h br\ght ?is tr\ble ^u me4 ,i ought n to h writt5 x4 ,i h ov]done2 & to ano!r3 ,i h done2 my head is no long] :at x 04 ,=m]ly ideas came to me uns\ght3 ,i am n[ oblig$ to seek = !m2 & = ?is ,i feel ,i am n =m$4 ,x is a sad picture1 t ( ! old compos] sitt+ d[n to "w 9 8 sev5tie? ye>1 di/ru/ful ( 8 own p[]s1 ) an uncong5ial text be=e him2 b no indications ( age or weakness are to be f\nd 9 ?is music1 :i* f its fir/ note to ! la/ is fre%1 orig9al1 bright1 & graceful1--a treasure-h\se ( ideas to :i* subsequ5t compos]s h gone "t aft] "t :5 !y w\ld write ( ,nature or attempt to picture h] moods4 ,! ,seasons 0 fir/ p]=m$ at ! ,s*w>tz5b]g ,palace1 ,vi5na1 ,april #bd1 #ahja1 & 0 repeat$ on ! #bg? & on ! #a/ ( ,may4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,may ,haydn himself conduct$ x 9 public at ! ,r$\t5saal1 = 8 own b5efit4 ,?\gh "s ( ! critics disp>ag$ x1 & ,bee?ov5 0 n ov]pleas$ ) x1 x met ) a great popul> success1 & ,haydn himself 0 delight$ ) ! "w t _h co/ him s mu* tr\ble4 ,bombet1 ! ,fr5* critic1 :o 0 pres5t at ! fir/ p]=mance1 says ( x3-- ,! be/ critique t has be5 giv5 ( ! "w is t :i* ,haydn himself address$ to me :5 ,i w5t to give him an acc\nt ( ! p]=mance ( x 9 ! ,palace ,s*w>tz5b]g4 ,! applause _h be5 univ]sal1 & ,i ha/5$ out to congratulate ! au?or4 ,sc>cely _h ,i op5$ my lips :5 ! hone/ compos] /opp$ me3 ',i am happy to f9d t my music pleases ! public2 b ,i c receive no complim5t on ?is "w f y4 ,i am conv9c$ t y feel y\rself t x is n ! ,creation2 & ! reason is ?is3 9 ! ,creation ! actors are angels2 "h !y are peasants4' ,! "w is divid$ into f\r p>ts1--,spr+1 ,summ]1 ,autumn1 & ,w9t]1--& ! *>act]s introduc$ are ,simon1 a f>m]2 ,jane1 8 daught]2 ,lucas1 a "y c\ntryman & %eph]d2 & a *orus ( ,c\ntry ,p & ,hunt]s4 ,a vivaci\s ov]ture1 express+ ! passage f w9t] to spr+1 & recitatives by ,simon1 ,lucas1 & ,jane1 :o 9 turn express _! delight at ! close ( ! "o season & ! approa* ( ! o!r1 lead to ! op5+ *orus 7,come1 g5tle ,spr+1 e!real ,mildness1 come71--a fre% & animat$ numb]1 :i* is famili> to e "o4 ,simon trolls out a pa/oral aria 7,) ,joy ! impati5t ,husb&man71 full ( ! v _s ( quiet1 peace1 & happ9ess1--a qua9t melody :i* w inevitably recall to op]a-go]s ! ,zitti1 ,zitti f ,ross9i's ,b>b] ( ,seville1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two pieces be+ t 9 ! latt] ! "t is greatly accel]at$4 ,?is aria is foll[$ by a trio & *orus 7,be propiti\s1 b\nte\s ,heav571 a free fugue1 9 :i* all besee* a bless+ ^u ! s[+ ( ! se$4 ,! next numb] is a duet = ,jane & ,lucas1 ) *orus 7,spr+ h] lovely ,*>ms unfold+71 :i* is fairly p]meat$ ) ! delicate sugge/ions ( op5+ buds & ! delights ( ! balmy air & "y v]dure ( spr+4 ,z its /ra9s die away1 all jo9 9 ! *e]ful fugu$ *orus1 ,god ( ,light1 :i* closes ! fir/ "p4 ,aft] a brief adagio prelude1 ! second "p1 ,summ]1 op5s ) a *>m+ aria by ,simon 7,f out ! ,fold ! ,%eph]d drives71 :i* gives u a delightful picture ( ! %eph]d driv+ 8 flock along ! v]dant hillside1 !n lean+ ^u 8 /aff to wat* ! ris+ sun4 ,z x appe>s1 x is welcom$ by trio & *orus ) ! exultant %\t1 ,hail1 ,o glori\s ,sun6 ,z noon approa*es1 ! music fairly becomes radiant4 ,a s]ies ( recitatives & arias foll[1 br++ out 9 a vivid & picturesque mann] ! oppressive1 exhau/ive heat & ! long+ = re/ & %ade1 lead+ at la/ to an om9\s sil5ce z ! cl\ds beg9 to ga!r & ! sky d>k5s4 ,a %ort recitative prep>es ! way4 ,a cra% ( ?und] is he>d ^u ! drums3 x is ! prelude to ! /orm-*orus 7,h>k6 ! deep trem5d\s ,voice71 :i* has be5 ! model = ne>ly all ! /orm-descriptions writt5 s9ce ,haydn's "t4 ,x is work$ up to a trem5d\s climax ( tumult & t]ror1 ( p\r+ ra91 fla%+ lightn+1 & peal+ ?und]4 ,at la/ ! tempe/ dies away1 & 9 ! trio & *orus1 ,n[ cease ! ,conflicts1 night comes on1 ) its song ( ! quail1--:i* ,bee?ov5 subsequ5tly utiliz$ 9 8 ,pa/oral ,symphony1--! *irp ( ! crickets1 ! croak+ ( ! frogs1 ! di/ant *ime ( ! ev5+ bells1 & ! invocation to sleep4 ,( ! frog episode1 ,nohl says3-- ,he p>ticul>ly dislik$ ! croak+ ( ! frogs1 & realiz$ h[ mu* x l[]$ 8 art4 ,swiet5 %[$ him an old piece ( ,gretry's 9 :i* ! croak 0 imitat$ ) /rik+ effect4 ,haydn cont5d$ t x w\ld be bett] if ! entire croak 7 omitt$1 ?\gh he yield$ to ,swiet5's importunities4 ,he decl>$ aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 t ! frog passage 0 n 8 own4 ',x 0 urg$ ^u me1' he said1 'to write ?is ,fr5* croak4 ,9 ! or*e/ral sett+ x is v brief1 & x _c be done on ! piano4 ,i tru/ ! critics w n treat me ) sev]ity = x4 ,i am an old man1 & liable to make mi/akes4' ,aft] a qua9tly melodi\s prelude ! ?ird "p op5s ) a t]zetto & *orus 7,?us ,nature ev] k9d rew>ds71 an invocation to virtue & indu/ry1 & a qua9tly s5tim5tal duet 7,ye gay & pa9t$ ,fair74 ,! next numb]1 an aria by ,simon 7,behold along ! dewy ,grass71--:i* gives u a picture ( ! hunt] & 8 dog pursu+ a bird1--prep>es ! way = ! great hunt+ *orus 7,h>k6 ! ,m\nta9s res\nd71 "o ( ! mo/ graphic & /irr+ *oruses ( ?is description ev] writt54 ,! :ole sc5e1--! vales & =e/s res\nd+ ) ! music ( ! horns1 ! f9d+ ( ! qu>ry1 ! fly+ /ag out/ripp+ ! w9d1 ! pack at fault1 b />t+ 9 aga9 z !y f9d ! sc5t1 ! tally-ho ( ! hunt]s1 ! noble animal at bay1 8 dea?1 & ! %\ts ( ! cr[d1--are all pictur$ ) a fre%ness & g5u9e out-door feel+ :i* seem almo/ incr$ible consid]+ ,haydn's age4 ,?is rem>kable numb] is sep>at$ f its natural companion1 ! bac*analian *orus1 by a recitative extoll+ ! weal? ( ! v9tage4 ,?is *orus 7,joyful ! ,liquor fl[s7 is 9 two p>ts1--fir/ a hymn 9 praise ( w9e1 sung by ! tippl+ revell]s1 & second1 a dance tempo1 full ( life & beauty1 ) imitations ( ! bagpipe & ru/ic fiddles1 ! melody be+ a favorite ,au/rian dance-air4 ,) ?is rollick+ comb9ation1 = ! two movem5ts are int]wov51 ! ?ird "p closes4 ,a sl[ or*e/ral prelude1 express+ ! ?ick fogs at ! approa* ( w9t]1 introduces ! clos+ "p4 ,9 recitative ,simon describes ! on-com+ ( ! dre>y season1 & ,jane reit]ates ! s5tim5t 9 ! cavat9a1 ,light & ,life deject$ langui%4 ,9 ,lucas's recitative we see ! sn[ cov]+ ! fields1 & 9 8 foll[+ aria1 ,! ,travell] /&s p]plex$1 a graphic tone-picture ( ! w&]] lo/ 9 ! sn[ is pres5t$4 ,at la/ he espies ! fri5dly light 9 ! cottage4 ,melodi\s voices greet 8 e>s1 & z he ent]s he beholds ! fri5dly circle1 ! old fa!r tell+ ov] 8 /ories ( ! pa/1 ! "m ply+ ! di/aff1 ! girls sp9n+1 & ! "y p mak+ ! night m]ry ) je/ & sport4 ,at la/ !y jo9 9 a *>act]i/ic imitative *orus 7,let ! ,:eel move gayly74 ,aft] ! sp9n+ !y ga!r ab\t ! fire1 & ,jane s+s a *>m+ love-/ory 7,a weal?y ,"l :o long _h lov$71 accompani$ by *orus4 ,simon improves ! occasion to moralize on ! s5tim5t ( ! seasons 9 ! aria1 ,9 ?is1 ,o va91 misguid$ ,man1 impress+ ^u u ! lesson t ,n\ght b ,tru? rema9s2 & ) a g5]al appeal to ,heav5 = guidance ?r\gh life1 ?is qua9t & peaceful pa/oral poem 9 music draws to its close4 ,x 0 ! la/ important "w ( ! ag$ ,haydn1 b x has all ! *>m & fre%ness ( y\?4 ,,liszt4 ,franz ,liszt1 ! mo/ em95t piani/ ( 8 "t1 :o also obta9$ _w-wide celebrity z a compos] & or*e/ral conductor1 0 born at ,raid+1 ,hung>y1 ,oct4 #bb1 #ahaa4 ,8 fa!r 0 an accompli%$ amateur1 & play$ ! piano & violoncello ) m ?an ord9>y skill4 ,he 0 ,9 8 n9? ye> ,liszt play$ = ! fir/ noblem5 enc\rag$ him to cont9ue 8 /udies1 & gu>ante$ him suffici5t to defray ! exp5ses ( six ye>s' tuition4 ,he w5t to ,vi5na at once & /udi$ ! piano ) ,cz]ny1 besides tak+ lessons 9 composition f ,sali]i & ,r&h>t+]4 ,x 0 :ile 9 t city t 8 fir/ composition1 a v>iation on a waltz ( ,diabelli1 appe>$4 ,9 #ahbc he w5t to ,p>is1 hop+ to secure admission to ! ,cons]vatory2 b ,*]ub9i refus$ x on acc\nt ( 8 =eign orig91 ?\gh ,*]ub9i himself 0 a =eign]4 ,no?+ daunt$1 "y ,liszt cont9u$ 8 /udies ) ,rei*a & ,pa]1 & two ye>s aft]w>ds br\ght out a "o-act op]a entitl$ ,don ,san*o1 :i* met ) a v cordial reception4 ,! slight he _h receiv$ f ,*]ub9i ar\s$ popul> sympa?y = him4 ,8 wond]ful play+ attract$ univ]sal att5tion & ga9$ him admission into ! mo/ brilliant ,p>isian salons4 ,he soon became kn[n z ! wond]-*ild1 & 0 a favorite ) e "o1 especially ) ! ladies4 ,= two or ?ree ye>s he made arti/ic t\rs ?r\gh ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,engl&1 accompani$ by 8 fa!r1 & ev]y:]e met ) ! mo/ brilliant success4 ,9 #ahbg ! fa!r di$1 leav+ him alone 9 ! _w2 b good =tune 0 on 8 side4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,p>is he _h made ! fri5d%ip ( ,victor ,hugo1 ,george ,s&1 ,lam>t9e1 & o!r great lights 9 lit]ature & music1 & _! influ5ce prep>$ ! way = 8 p]man5t success4 ,not)/&+ t he 0 9 _m s5ses a ,bohemian & a man ( ! _w1 he _h a /rong religi\s t5d5cy4 ,= a "t he became deeply int]e/$ 9 ! doctr9es ( ,sa9t-,simon2 b 8 adh]5ce to t sy/em did n la/ long4 ,he spe$ily return$ to ! ,roman ,*ur*1 & "s ye>s aft]w>ds w5t to ,rome1 at ! sugge/ion ( ! ,pontiff took ord]s1 & set himself ab\t ! "w ( re=m+ ! *ur* music1--a task1 h[ev]1 :i* he soon ab&on$2 too _m ob/acles /ood 9 8 way4 ,he expect$ to become ,capellmei/] at ! ,si/9e ,*apel2 b1 z he himself said3 ,i 0 ?w>t$ by ! lack ( culture among ! c>d9als2 & besides1 mo/ ( ! pr9ces ( ! ,*ur* 7 ,italian4 ,! ,abbe 0 soon 9 ,g]many aga91 :]e he resid$ until ! close ( 8 life4 ,f #ahci to #ahdg he travell$ f "o city to ano!r1 ar\s+ ! mo/ extraord9>y en?usiasm2 8 progress 0 "o cont9u$ ovation4 ,9 #ahdi he w5t to ,weim> & accept$ ! po/ ( conductor at ! ,c\rt ,!atre4 ,he made ,weim> ! musical c5tre ( ,europe4 ,x 0 !re t 8 greate/ compositions 7 writt51 t ! s*ool ( ! music ( ! future 0 f\nd$1 & t ,wagn]'s op]as fir/ ga9$ an unprejudic$ he>+2 & x is f ,weim> t 8 di/+ui%$ pupils1 l ,von ,buel[1 ,tausig1 ,b5del1 ,brons>t1 ,kl9dwor?1 ,w9t]b]g]1 ,reubke1 & _m o!rs date _! success4 ,9 #ahei he resign$ 8 position1 & aft] t "t resid$ at ,rome1 ,pe/h1 & ,weim>1 work+ = ! be/ int]e/s ( 8 belov$ art1 & enc\rag+ "y musicians to rea* ! highe/ /&>ds4 ,few m5 ( ?is c5tury h _h su* a p[]ful influ5ce ^u music1 or h done s mu* to elevate & purify x4 ,8 mo/ important works 7 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia & ,fau/ symphonies1 ! twelve symphonic poems1 ! six ,hung>ian rhapsodies1 ! ,gran] ,mass1 ! ,hung>ian ,coronation ,mass1 & ! oratorios ,*ri/us & ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,elizabe?4 ,besides ^! he wrote a l>ge numb] ( or*e/ral pieces1 songs1 & cantatas1 & a ri* & v>i$ collection ( pian(orte solos1 transcriptions1 & arrangem5ts4 ,he di$ ,july #ca1 #ahhf4 ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,elizabe?4 ,! oratorio1 ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,elizabe?1 0 writt5 9 #ahfd1 & fir/ produc$ ,aug4 #ae1 #ahfe1 ^u ! occasion ( ! tw5ty-fif? anniv]s>y ( ! ,cons]vatory ( ,pe/h-,(54 ,! text is by ,otto ,roquette1 & 0 inspir$ by ,moritz von ,s*w9d's frescos at ! ,w>tburg repres5t+ sc5es 9 ! life ( ! sa9t4 ,a brief allusion to h] hi/ory w /ill fur!r elucidate ! /ory :i* ,liszt has treat$ s p[]fully4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,k+ ,&reas ,,ii4 ( ,hung>y1 & 0 born 9 #abjg4 ,at ! age ( f\r %e 0 betro!d to ,ludwig1 son ( ! ,l&grave ,h]mann ( ,?ur+ia1 :om %e m>ri$ 9 #abbj4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 9 #abbg1 %e 0 driv5 f ! ,w>tburg & =c$ to give up ! reg5cy by h] cruel & ambiti\s "m-9-law4 ,aft] long w&]+s & _m privations %e retir$ to ,bamb]g1 :]e h] uncle1 ! bi%op1 dwelt2 b %ortly aft]w>ds h] rights 7 re/or$ to h]4 ,%e r5\nc$ !m 9 favor ( h] son1 ,h]mann ,,ii41 & di$ 9 #abca4 ,f\r ye>s lat] %e 0 canoniz$ at ,m>purg by ord] ( ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 ,h] life 0 devot$ to ! relief ( ! poor & suff]+4 ,! *>act]s introduc$ 9 ! oratorio are ,sa9t ,elizabe?1 ,l&grave ,ludwig1 ,l&grave ,h]mann1 ,l&grav9e ,sophie1 a ,hung>ian ,magnate1 ! ,s5es*al1 & ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,! la/ ?ree roles are usually assign$ to ,ludwig1 ?us r$uc+ ! numb] ( solo-s+]s to f\r4 ,! "w is laid out 9 two p>ts1 ea* hav+ ?ree sc5es correspond+ 9 subjects ) ,von ,s*w9d's six frescos4 ,! fir/ describes ! arrival ( ,elizabe? at ! ,w>tburg1 & ! welcome %e receives4 ,9 ! second %e is m>ri$1 & h] husb&1 ,ludwig1 has succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,8 devotion to knight-errantry leads him f home4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce a fam9e breaks out1 & ,elizabe? 9 h] devotion to ! suff]]s impov]i%es h]self & incurs ! wra? ( h] "m-9-law1 ! ,l&grav9e ,sophie4 ,:ile c>ry+ a basket ( bread & w9e "o day to ! victims ( ! sc\rge1 %e is met by h] husb&1 :o has unexpect$ly return$4 ,amaz$ at ! abs5ce ( h] att5dants1 he que/ions h]1 & %e excuses h]self ) ! plea t %e has be5 ga!r+ fl[]s4 ,d\bt+ ! tru? ( h] /atem5t1 he snat*es ! basket f h]4 ,%e confesses h] falsehood2 b ^u exam9+ ! basket x is f\nd to be full ( roses4 ,! ,"l has p]=m$ a miracle4 ,ov]come ) remorse = d\bt+ h]1 ,ludwig begs h] =giv5ess1 & ! two jo9 9 pray] t ! ,"l may cont9ue ,8 goodness to !m4 ,! ?ird sc5e op5s at ,s*malkald1 on ! bord]s ( ,?ur+ia1 :]e ,ludwig has assembl$ 8 knights & nobles :o are to accompany him to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,!y decl>e _! allegiance to ,ludwig z _! lead]1 & he calls ^u !m also to swe> fealty to 8 wife4 ,aft] a sad f>ewell ,ludwig rides away at ! head ( 8 ,crusad]s4 ,! f\r? sc5e op5s ) ! news ( ,ludwig's dea?4 ,! ,l&grav9e claims ! ca/le z h] inh]itance1 compels ,elizabe? to ab&on ! reg5cy1 & drives h] out 9 ! mid/ ( a furi\s /orm4 ,9 ! fif? sc5e we f9d h] at a hospital :i* %e has f\nd$1 & not)/&+ h] own tr\bles & suff]+s /ill m9i/]+ to o!rs 9 l affliction4 ,?is sc5e closes ) h] dea?1 & 9 ! la/ we h ! c]emonies ( h] canonization at ,m>purg4 ,! fir/ sc5e op5s ) a long or*e/ral introduction1 work+ up to a p[]ful climax1 & bas$ ma9ly ^u a !me f ! old *ur* s]vice1 :i* is ,elizabe?'s motive1 & is frequ5tly he>d ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,an animat$ prelude :i* foll[s x introduces ! op5+ *orus 7,welcome ! ,bride74 ,a brief solo by ,l&grave ,h]mann 7,welcome1 my little ,daught]7 & ano!r ( a national "* by ! ,hung>ian ,magnate att5d+ ! bride int]v5e1 & aga9 ! *orus break out 9 noisy welcome4 ,aft] a dignifi$ solo by ,h]mann & a brief dialogue betwe5 ,ludwig & ,elizabe?1 a light1 graceful allegretto ensues1 lead+ up to a *ildr5's *orus 7,m]rie/ ,games ) !e w\ld we play71 :i* is delightfully fre% & joy\s 9 its "*4 ,at its close ! *orus ( welcome resumes1 & ! sc5e ends ) a ritornelle ( a pla9tive k9d1 =ebod+ ! sorr[ :i* is fa/ approa*+4 ,! second sc5e1 aft] a %ort prelude1 op5s ) ,ludwig's hunt+-song 7,f ! ,mi/s ( ! ,valleys71 :i* is writt5 9 ! conv5tional /yle ( songs ( ?is class1 al?\gh x has two di/9ct movem5ts 9 /rong contra/4 ,z he meets ,elizabe?1 a dialogue ensues1 includ+ ! sc5e ( ! rose miracle1 lead+ up to a brief *orus 7,! ,"l has done a ,wond]71 & foll[$ by an impressive duet 9 *ur* /yle 7,him we wor%ip & praise ?is ,day74 ,! sc5e closes ) an ensemble1 a duet ) full *oral h>mony1 work$ up ) con/antly increas+ p[] & set to an accompanim5t full ( ri* color & brilliant effect4 ,! ?ird sc5e op5s ) ! song ( ! ,crusad]s1 an impetu\s & brilliant *orus 7,9 ,pale/9e1 ! ,holy ,l&71 ! accompanim5t to :i* is an indep5d5t m>* movem5t4 ,! /ately rhy?m is foll[$ by a solo by ! ,l&grave1 bidd+ f>ewell to ,elizabe? & appeal+ to 8 subjects to be loyal to h]4 ,! *orus replies 9 a %ort numb]1 bas$ ^u ! ,hung>ian melody :i* has already be5 he>d4 ,elizabe? foll[s ) a t5d] b passionate appeal to h] husb& 7,oh1 t>ry6 oh1 %ort5 n ! ,h\r71 lead+ to a solo 7,) ,grief my ,_s wre/les71 :i* is full ( ! pa9 ( p>t+4 ,a long dialogue foll[s betwe5 !m1 int]rupt$ "h & !re by ! /ra9s ( ! ,crusad]s1 9 :i* f9ally ! :ole *orus jo9 ) great p[] 9 a m>tial b sorr[ful /yle4 ,z x comes to a close1 ! or*e/ra breaks out into ! ,crusad]s' m>*1--a brilliant picture ( ! knightly pageant1 ! "t gradually accel]at+ z well z ! =ce1 until x rea*es a trem5d\s climax4 ,! trio ( ! m>* is bas$ ^u a religi\s melody :i* 0 sung 9 ! "t ( ! ,crusad]s2 b ! rema9d] foll[s ! ,gregorian intonation4 ,! *orus once m resumes its %\t ( jubilee1 & ! brilliant sc5e comes to an end4 ,s vividly color$ is ?is music t "o c well fancy ! sorr[ful ,elizabe? z %e /&s gaz+ at ! b& ( knights1 ) ,ludwig at _! head1 sl[ly rid+ away1 p5nons flutt]+ 9 ! breeze1 & lances & mail glitt]+ 9 ! sunlight4 ,9 ! f\r? sc5e a sl[ & m\rnful movem5t1 foll[$ by an allegro om9\s & agitat$ 9 /yle1 introduces ! ,l&grav9e ,sophie1 ! evil g5ius ( ! ,w>tburg4 ,! tid+s ( ! dea? ( ,ludwig h come1 & ) fi]ce declamation %e ord]s ,elizabe? away f ! ca/le4 ,! latt] replies 9 an aria 7,o ,day ( ,m\rn+1 ,day ( ,sorr[7 m>k$ by sorr[ful lam5tation4 ,sophie aga9 hurls h] imprecations1 & a v dramatic dialogue ensues1 :i* takes ! trio =m z ! reluctant ,s5es*al cons5ts to en=ce ! cruel ord]4 ,once m ,elizabe? t5d]ly appeals to h] 9 ! aria1 ,?\ too art a ,"m4 ,sophie impati5tly & fi]cely exclaims1 ,no long] t>ry6 ,! sc5e comes to an end ) ,elizabe?'s lam5t z %e goes out into ! /orm1 :i* is vividly describ$ 9 an or*e/ral movem5t1 int]sp]s$ ) vocal solos4 ,^! h little be>+ ^u ! subject-matt]1 h[ev]1 :i* is ma9ly describ$ by ! b& ) ov]:elm+ p[]4 ,! fif? sc5e op5s ) a long declamatory solo by ,elizabe?1--full ( t5d]ness & pa?os1 9 :i* %e recalls ! dream ( *ildhood1--clos+ ) an or*e/ral movem5t ( ! same g5]al "*4 ,x is foll[$ by ! full *orus 7,"h 'nea? ! ,ro( ( ,want71 :i* aft] a few b>s is tak5 by ! sopranos & altos sep>ately1 clos+ ) *orus aga9 & soprano solo 7,elizabe?1 ?\ holy "o74 ,! dea?-sc5e foll[s 7,?is is no e>?ly ,night74 ,h] la/ words1 ,unto m9e ,end ,?y ,love has l$ me1 are set to music full ( pa?os1 & z %e expires1 ! in/rum5tation dies away 9 peaceful1 tranquil /ra9s4 ,a semi-*orus1 :i* c also be sung by ?ree solo voices 7,! ,pa9 is ov]71 closes ! sad sc5e1 ! ritornelle at ! end be+ made /ill m effective by ! h>ps1 :i* give x a cele/ial "*4 ,! la/ sc5e op5s ) an int]lude :i* ga!rs up all ! motives ( ! oratorio1--! ,pilgrim's ,song1 ! ,crusad]s' ,m>*1 ! ,*ur* ,song1 & ! ,hung>ian ,air1 & weaves !m into a ri* & v>i$ texture = full or*e/ra1 bells1 & drums1 =m+ ! fun]al song ( ! sa9t$ ,elizabe?1--! same effect1 & produc$ 9 ! same mann]1 :i* ,wagn] subsequ5tly us$ ) su* magnific5t p[] 9 ! dirge ( ,siegfri$4 ,x is foll[$ by a solo f ! ,emp]or1 ,i see assembl$ r\nd ! ,?rone1--a sl[ & dignifi$ air1 lead+ to ! great ensemble clos+ ! "w1 & descriptive ( ! canonization ( ,elizabe?4 ,x beg9s z an antiphonal *orus 7,mid ,te>s & ,solemn ,m\rn+71 ! female *orus answ]+ ! male & clos+ 9 unison4 ,once m ! ,crusad]s' ,m>* is he>d 9 ! or*e/ra z ! knights s+1 ,o ,?\ ^: ,life-blood /ream$4 ,! *ur* *oir s+s ! *orale1 ,decorata novo flore1 ! ,hung>ian & ,g]man bi%ops intone _! b5$ictions1 & !n all jo9 9 ! p[]ful & broadly h>moni\s hymn1 ,tu pro nobis ,mat] pia1 clos+ ) a sonor\s & maje/ic ,am54 ,*ri/us4 ,*ri/us1 oratorio1 ) texts f ! ,holy ,scriptures & ! ,ca?olic ,liturgy1 z ,liszt entitles 8 "w1 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahff4 ,at ! outset ! compos] select$ ! ,hymn ( ,praise & ,pat] ,no/] f ,rue*]t's ,evangelical ,h>mony2 & ^u ^! & "o or two o!r deta*$ numb]s = a backgr\nd1 he built up a s]ies ( religi\s ev5ts connect$ ) ! (fices ( ! ,*ur* accord+ to ! ,vulgate & its ,liturgy4 ,^! ev5ts are laid out 9 ?ree divisions1--,! ,*ri/mas ,oratorio1 ,aft] ,epiphany1 & ,! ,passion & ,resurrection2 ! sep>ate p>ts ( :i* are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,introduction4 7#b7 ,pa/oral & ,vision ( ! ,angels4 7#c7 ,/abat ,mat] speciosa4 7#d7 ,song ( ! ,%eph]ds 9 ! ,mang]4 7#e7 ,! ,ano9t+ ( ! ?ree ,k+s4 7#f7 ,hymn ( ,praise4 7#g7 ,pat] ,no/]4 7#h7 ,! ,e/abli%m5t or ,f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 7#i7 ,! ,/orm on ! ,lake4 7#aj7 ,! ,entry into ,j]usalem4 7#aa7 ,tri/is e/ anima mea4 7#ab7 ,/abat ,mat] dolorosa4 7#ac7 ,ea/] ,hymn4 7#ad7 ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,! motive ( ! "w is ann\nc$ 9 ,sa9t ,paul's words to ! ,ephesians3 ,b speak+ ! tru? 9 love1 may gr[ up into him 9 all ?+s1 :i* is ! head1 ev5 ,*ri/4 ,! long in/rum5tal introduction is con/ruct$ ^u a !me repres5tative ( a text f ,isaiah1 ,res\nd1 ye ,heav5s above1 _m times repeat$1 & lead+ to a pa/oral :i* prep>es ! way = ! angelic ann\ncem5t to ! %eph]ds4 ,?is ann\ncem5t is made 9 ! simple collect music by a soprano solo1 & repli$ to by a female *orus1 fir/ accompani$ by /r+ qu>tet1 & !n by full or*e/ra1 & lead+ to ! full *orus1 ,gloria 9 excelsis1 a s]ies ( mighty %\ts1 clos+ ) a /ately ,hallelujah & a return ( ! or*e/ra to ! pa/oral movem5t4 ,! next division is ! old ,lat9 hymn1 ,/abat ,mat] speciosa1 ! ,virg9 at ! cradle ( our ,"l1--a six-"p *orus 9 *ur* /yle1 accompani$ by ! organ1 ) solo v>iations int]sp]s$ ?r\gh x1 & *>act]iz$ by a l(ty feel+ ( devotion1 especially 9 ! ,inflammatus & ! maje/ic f9al ,am54 ,! rema9+ numb]s ( ! fir/ "p are entirely in/rum5tal1 includ+ ! ,%eph]d's ,song at ! ,mang]1 a pa/oral full ( beautiful effects1 & ! ,?ree ,holy ,k+s1 a m>* :i* is maje/ic 9 its /yle & broad 9 its rhy?m1 & full ( *>act]i/ic color4 ,! two numb]s close ! "p 9 a brilliant & jubilant mann]4 ,! second "p op5s ) ! ,seligkeit5 7,hymn ( ,praise71 a gr& declamatory solo = b>itone1 accompani$ by a six-"p *orus1 :i*1 l ! next numb]1 0 writt5 by ,liszt 9 8 y\ng] days & utiliz$ 9 its pres5t sett+4 ,! hymn is accompani$ by organ ?r\gh\t1 & is foll[$ by ! ,pat] ,no/]1 also ) organ1--a f]v5t1 almo/ passionate1 (f]+ ( pray] by ! prec5tors & congregation1 clos+ ) a mighty ,am54 ,9 ! next numb]--! f\nd+ ( ! ,*ur* 7,tu es ,petrus71 beg9n+ ) male *orus--! or*e/ra resumes its "w4 ,! voices move on 9 /ately mann] until ! words1 ,simon1 son ( ,jona1 love/ ?\ me8 are rea*$1 :5 ! full *orus comes 9 ) impos+ effect4 ,( ?is numb]1 ,nohl says 9 8 f9e analysis ( ,*ri/us3-- ,! p]i%able1 s9ful _w 9 all its aspects is "h contra/$ ) an und\bt+ fai? 9 an ev]la/+ly con/ant high] ideal1 to give x ?is "n4 ,t x is ! _s ( ! subject1 n its m]e p]i%able husk1 is %[n by ! nature ( ! melody1 :i* rises to ! mo/ p[]ful expression ( ! f9al victory ( ?is _s ( love4 ,n[ aga9 ! full or*e/ra jo9s ! d\ble *orus2 = ! _w1 ! :ole _w1 is meant4 ,! next sc5e1 entitl$ ,! ,wond]1 is purely in/rum5tal1 & is a m>vell\s picture ( ! /orm ^u ! lake1 :i* ,nohl also *>act]izes ) ref]5ce to its inn] mean+s3-- ,! n9? sc5e is a m>vel4 ',! /orms rage 9 cont5tion1'--n ! /orms ( ! sea1 b ! /orm ( desires to :i* ! weak ( fai? are expos$4 ,x is n ! outw>d m>vel or sup]/ition t is to be /r5g!n$1 b ! fai? ( human nature 9 itself & its high] p[] & de/9y4 ,h5ce ! actual inn] tranquillity :51 aft] ! rag+ or*e/ral tumult1 'a great /illness' succe$s ,*ri/'s words1 :i* is +5i\sly introduc$ ) ! motive ( ! ',seligkeit1' because su* inn] purity alone be/[s ^u mank9d effective p[] ov] ! savage =ces ( ! _w4 ,! ,entrance into ,j]usalem1 a graphic in/rum5tal prelude1 introduces a ,hosanna = full *orus1 foll[$ by a ,b5$ictus = mezzo-soprano ) *orus1--a spl5didly con/ruct$ numb]1 :i* closes ! second "p 9 a /yle full ( beauty & maje/y4 ,! ?ird "p op5s ) ! sorr[ful sc5e1 ,tri/is e/ anima mea1 ,*ri/'s sad words 9 ! walk to ,ge?semane1--an unutt]ably pa!tic solo1 ) an accompanim5t :i* is a m>vel ( expressive in/rum5tation4 ,! next numb] is ! old ,middle-,age hymn1 ,/abat ,mat] dolorosa1 9 :i* ,liszt has comb9$ voices & in/rum5ts 9 a mann]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,inflammatus1 almo/ ov]p[]+4 ,solos1 duets1 qu>tets1 *oruses1 or*e/ra1 & organ are all h&l$ ) consummate skill4 ,x has be5 aptly *>act]iz$ z hav+ ! dim5sions ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,aft] ! great hymn is end$1 ano!r beg9s4 ,x is ! old ,ea/] song1 ,o ,filii et ,filiae1 writt5 to be sung by boys ) h>monium1--a joy\s1 sunny *orus1 disp]s+ ! gloom ( ! ,/abat ,mat]4 ,! la/ sc5e1 ,! ,resurrection1 is a p[]ful & massive *orus1 full ( mighty accords1 typical ( ! f9al triumph ( ,*ri/ianity1 & clos+ ) a maje/ic ,am5 built up on ! op5+ motive ( ! orig9al introduction4 ,x is1 says ,nohl1 a cycle ( sc5es su* z only ! victori\s ma/]y ( ! subject by inw>d p]ception c give1 & su* z only ! arti/ c draw :o dom9ates all ! conditions ap>t l a k+1 & has reconcil$ 8 s\l ) ! absolute tru? & p[] ( ! ,et]nal4 ,,macf>r54 ,george ,alex&] ,macf>r51 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( mod]n ,engli% compos]s1 0 born 9 ,london1 ,m>* #b1 #ahac4 ,he began ! /udy ( music 9 #ahbg "u ! tuition ( ,*>les ,lucas4 ,two ye>'s lat] he ent]$ ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music1 & 9 #ahcd became "o ( its pr(essors4 ,! latt] ye> dates ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] z a compos]1 8 fir/ "w hav+ be5 a symphony 9 ,f m9or4 ,dur+ ! next ?irty ye>s 8 important works 7 z foll[s3 ov]ture ,*evy ,*ase 7#ahcf72 ,devil's ,op]a1 produc$ at ! ,lyceum 7#ahch72 ,emblematical ,tribute on ! ,que5's ,m>riage & an arrangem5t ( ,purcell's ,dido & ,a,eneas 7#ahdj72 editions ( ,bel%azz>1 ,judas ,maccabaeus1 & ,jeph?ah1 = ! ,h&el ,society 7#ahdc72 op]a ,don ,quixote 7#ahdf72 op]a ,*>les ,,ii4 7#ahdi72 s]5ata ,! ,sleep] ,awak5$1 & ! cantata ,l5ora 7#ahea72 ! cantata ,may ,day1 = ! ,brad=d ,fe/ival 7#ahef72 ! cantata ,*ri/mas 7#ahei72 ! op]a ,rob9 ,hood 7#ahfj72 ! masque ,freya's ,gift & op]a ,jessy ,lea 7#ahfc72 & ! op]as ,%e ,/oops to ,conqu]1 ,! ,soldi]'s ,legacy1 & ,helvellyn 7#ahfd74 ,ab\t ! la/ ye> 8 sight1 :i* _h be5 impair$ = _m ye>s1 fail$4 ,8 bl9dness did n h[ev] dim9i% 8 activity4 ,he /ill s]v$ z pr(essor 9 ! ,royal ,academy1 & dictat$ compositions1--inde$ "s ( 8 be/ works 7 compos$ dur+ ?is "t ( affliction4 ,9 #ahgc appe>$ 8 oratorio1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :i* met ) an en?usia/ic reception at ! ,bri/ol ,fe/ival ( t ye>4 ,9 #ahge he 0 elect$ pr(essor ( music at ,cambridge1 to fill ! vacancy occasion$ by ! dea? ( ,/]ndale ,b5nett1 & 9 ! same ye> 0 also appo9t$ pr9cipal ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music4 ,9 #ahgf 8 oratorio ,! ,resurrection 0 p]=m$ at ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival1 & 9 #ahgg ! oratorio ,joseph at ,le$s1 besides ! cantata ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake at ,glasg[4 ,grove catalogues 8 o!r compositions z foll[s3 a ca!dral s]vice1 an!ms1 *ants1 psalm-tunes1 & introits = ! ,holy ,days & ,seasons ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* 7#ahff72 ,songs 9 a ,cornfield 7#ahfh72 ,%akspe>e ,songs = ,f\r ,voices 7#ahfj-fd72 songs f ,lane's ,arabian ,nights1 & ,k+sley's & ,t5nyson's poems2 ov]tures to ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice1 ,romeo & ,juliet1 ,hamlet1 & ,don ,c>los2 symphonies1 /r+ qu>tets1 & a qu9tet2 a conc]to = viol9 & or*e/ra2 & sonatas = pian(orte alone1 & 9 comb9ation ) o!r in/rum5ts4 ,z lectur]1 writ]1 & critic1 ,sir ,george ,macf>r5 also holds a high place1 among 8 important works be+ ,rudim5ts ( ,h>mony 7#ahfj71 & six ,lectures on ,h>mony 7#ahfg72 also ,analyses ( ,oratorios = ! ,sacr$ ,h>monic ,society 7#ahec-eg71 & ( or*e/ral works = ! ,philh>monic ,society 7#ahfi-ga71 besides num]\s articles 9 ! musical diction>ies4 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,! oratorio ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 fir/ produc$ at ! ,bri/ol ,musical ,fe/ival 9 #ahgc4 ,! libretto 0 writt5 by ,dr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,monk1 & is divid$ into two p>ts1--! fir/ /yl$ ,! ,des]t1 & ! second ,ma*a]us1 to correspond ) ! localities :]e ! action is suppos$ to take place4 ,! incid5ts describ$ are ,john's prea*+ to ! p1 ! baptism ( ,*ri/1 & ! ev5ts :i* beg9 ) ,h]od's fea/ & close ) ! execution ( ! ,prophet4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ! ,engli% critics1 speak+ ( ! libretto1 says3-- ,john is ?us %[n 9 8 ?reefold capacity1 z ! h]ald ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 z ! uncompromis+ *ampion ( righte\sness1 & z ! witness ( tru? ev5 unto dea?4 ,no?+ c\ld be m simple or m def9ite ?an ?is1 & ! discreetness x ev9ces is %[n also by ! mann] 9 :i* ! *>act]s are treat$4 ,john1 ( c\rse1 is ! c5tral figure4 ,he /&s out clo!d ) all ! noble attributes accr$it$ to him 9 ! ,bible1--'/]n & inflexible 9 8 tea*+1 yet b[+ be=e him ^: message he _h to promulgate4' ,a halo ( gr&eur surr\nds ! ascetic ( ! des]t z he hurls ana!mas ^u ! corruptors ( ,israel2 or z1 9 ! true _s ( ! anci5t prophets ( 8 race1 he rebukes ,h]od "u ! ro( ( t mon>*'s palace4 ,no great] h]o c\ld a musician wi% = z a s\rce ( inspiration1 or z a means ( excit+ int]e/4 ,next to ,john /&s ! weak & voluptu\s ,k+1--a contra/ z m>k$ 9 "* z 9 outw>d circum/ance4 ,! impulsive temp]am5t ( ,h]od is well br\ght out4 ,"o in/ant he res5ts ,john's boldness1 & significantly exclaims1 ',if ,i comm& to kill1 !y kill2' ! next he trembles be=e 8 rebuk]1 & promises to am5d 8 life4 ,! ra%ness ( ! fatal v[ to ,salome1 & ! bitt] b unavail+ rep5tance to :i* x l$1 are also put well =w>d1 :ile 9 matt]s ( detail extreme c>e is tak5 to make ! contra/ ( ,prophet & ,k+ z great z circum/ances p]mit4 ,! "p ( ,salome1 :o is ! only o!r dramatic p]son1 conta9s no m amplification ( ! ,bible n>rative ?an 0 exact$ by ! necessities ( musical treatm5t4 ,9 /ructure1 ! libretto is p>tly dramatic1 p>tly n>rational1 ! dramatic =m be+ employ$ 9 all ! *ief sc5es2 & z little use is made ( ',greek *orus1' ! /ory m>*es )\t ! halt+ r5d]$ necess>y by ef=ts to 'improve' its incid5ts z !y arise4 ,! ov]ture1 :i* is v dramatic 9 "*1 is foll[$ by a p[]ful fugu$ *orus 7,behold6 ,i w s5d ,my ,mess5g]71 a "p ( :i* is set to organ accompanim5t4 ,! ,n>rator 7contralto7 recites ! com+ ( ! ,prophet1 9 ! or*e/ral prelude to :i* is a phrase borr[$ f an old *ur* melody :i* ,m5delssohn also us$ 9 8 ,re=mation ,symphony1 & :i* s]ves ?r\gh\t ! "w z ! motive = ! ,prophet1 9 ! g5u9e ,wagn] /yle4 ,sa9t ,john is introduc$ 9 a rugg$ & massive b>itone solo 7,rep5t ye1 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&71 accompani$ by v descriptive in/rum5tation4 ,a dramatic sc5e ensues1 compos$ ( inquiries z to ! ,prophet's mission by ! ,p1 a %ort *orus by ! latt] 7,:at %all we d !n87 :i* is v melodic 9 /yle1 & ! resumption ( ! dialogue =m1 set to a v skilful accompanim5t4 ,?is sc5e is foll[$ by a *>act]i/ic aria = ! ,prophet1 ,i inde$ baptize y ) ,wat]4 ,! /ory is once m tak5 up by ! ,n>rator1 :o describes ! baptism ( ,*ri/4 ,! words1 ,?is is ,my ,belov$ ,son1 are giv5 to a female *oir1 ) exquisite accompanim5t by ! viol9s & h>ps4 ,a song = ! ,n>rator 7,9 ! ,beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w7 foll[s1 & leads to ! *orus1 :i* closes ! fir/ "p1 ! words tak5 f ! fir/ v]se ( ,psalm civ41 & ! melody borr[$ f ! famili> old tune ,hanov]1 :i* ! compos] has work$ up ) great skill & effect4 ,! second "p op5s 9 ,h]od's palace ) ! rebuke ( ! ,mon>* by ! ,prophet4 ,9 ?is sc5e1 z well z 9 o!rs1 ! compos] draws a /rong contra/ 9 ! music assign$ to ! two1 ! "o be+ /rong & /]n1 ! o!r s5su\s1 9 /yle4 ,9 ! duet1 :]e ,h]od confesses ! error ( 8 ways1 ! voices unite 9 a g5u9e religi\s /ra94 ,! ,n>rator is once m introduc$1 & describes ! fea/ giv5 by ! ,mon>* to ! ,galilee e/ates1 foll[$ by a jubilant *orus ( ,nobles 7,o ,k+1 live =ev]671 set to a brilliant accompanim5t1 call+ = ! mo/ ample or*e/ral res\rces4 ,! next numb] is a *orus = male voices 7,lo6 ! ,daught] ( ,h]odias come? 91 %e dance?671 set to a dance rhy?m ) tamb\r9es1 ! !mes be+ bits ( ,ori5tal melodies skilfully treat$4 ,we !n h ! banquet-sc5e1 ! admiration ( ! ,nobles = ,salome's beauty1 ,h]od's oa?1 & ,salome's joy express$ 9 a %[y song 7,i rejoice 9 my y\?74 ,!n foll[s ! dramatic sc5e ( ,salome's reque/1--a conc]t$ numb] ( great =ce 9 its treatm5t4 ,h]od s+s a m\rnful aria 7,alas6 my ,daught]1 ?\ ha/ br\ght u v l[74 ,! ,n>rator expla9s h[ ! ,k+ 0 compell$ to keep 8 ^w1 & is foll[$ by ! ,nobles 9 a /irr+ *orus 7,lo6 ! ,wra? ( ! ,k+ is z a ,mess5g] ( ,dea?74 ,! sc5e n[ *anges to ! dungeon1 :]e ! ,prophet s+s 8 f>ewell song 7,a ,man c receive no?+71 accompani$ by or*e/ra & organ4 ,! f9al trag$y is told by ! ,n>rator1 & ! "w closes ) two reflective numb]s1--! beautiful unaccompani$ qu>tet1 ,bless$ are !y :i* are p]secut$1 & ! *orus1 ,:at w5t ye out into ! ,wild]ness = to see8 ,! above-m5tion$ critic1 :o 0 pres5t at its fir/ p]=mance1 says ( ! "w3-- ,x is a /range ?+ t ,john ! ,bapti/ has n (t5 attract$ ! notice ( musical compos]s 9 se>* ( a subject4 ,no m rem>kable p]sonage1 ) "o great exception1 figures 9 ,bible hi/ory ?an he :om ! ,ma/] describ$ z 'm ?an a prophet4' ,8 /rik+ appe>ance1 /]n asceticism1 wra?ful d5unciation ( 'wick$ness 9 high places1' & tragic fate1--n to speak ( 8 relation to ,"o ^: %oes he pr(ess$ himself unwor?y to loose1--?r[ 8 =m into bold relief1 & m>k him z ( h]oic proportions4 ,yet1 save t he holds a subord9ate place 9 a v limit$ numb] ( works1 among :i* is ,sir ,julius ,b5$ict's ',/4 ,pet]1' ! great =]unn] has be5 pass$ ov] till n[4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 9 t 'fulness ( "t' :i* ev] br+s =? ! be/ results1 ! ,man & 8 ,life h f\nd a musical illu/rator4 ,!re is n[ an oratorio ( ',john ! ,bapti/1'--a "w wor?y its !me1 & to :i* ! /amp ( en?usia/ic approval has be5 affix$ by ! unanim\s v]dict ( an audi5ce compet5t to judge4 ,,mack5zie4 ,alex&] ,c4 ,mack5zie1 "o ( ! v few successful ,scot* compos]s1 0 born at ,ed9burgh 9 #ahdg4 ,8 fa!r 0 a musician2 & recogniz+ 8 son's tal5t1 s5t him to ,g]many at ! age ( t54 ,he began 8 /udies ) ,ulri* ,edu>d ,/e9 at ,s*w>tzburg-,sond]haus51 & f\r ye>s lat] ent]$ ! ducal or*e/ra z viol9i/4 ,he rema9$ !re until #ahfb1 :5 he w5t to ,engl& to /udy ! viol9 ) ,m4 ,sa9ton4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 elect$ k+'s s*ol> ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he return$ to ,ed9burgh & e/abli%$ himself z a piano-tea*]4 ,! ma9 "w ( 8 life1 h[ev]1 has be5 composition1 & to ?is he has devot$ himself ) assiduity & rem>kable success4 ,grove catalogues among 8 works3 ,c]vantes1 an ov]ture = or*e/ra2 a s*]zo = ditto2 ov]ture to a com$y2 a /r+ qu9tet & _m o!r pieces 9 ,,ms42 pian(orte qu>tet 9 ,b1 op4 #aa2 ,trois ,morceaux p\r ,piano1 op4 #ae2 two songs1 op4 #ab2 besides songs1 "p-songs1 an!ms1 & pieces = ! piano4 ,?is catalogue1 h[ev]1 does n include 8 two mo/ important works1--a ,scot* ,rhapsody1 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry by ! ,!odore ,?omas or*e/ra1 a composition ( great m]it1 & ! oratorio1 ,! ,rose ( ,%>on1 :i* has be5 receiv$ ) extraord9>y favor :]ev] x has be5 p]=m$4 ,! ,rose ( ,%>on4 ,! ,rose ( ,%>on1 a dramatic oratorio f\nd$ on ! ,song ( ,solomon1 ! words select$ f ! ,scriptures & arrang$ by ,joseph ,b5nett1 0 fir/ br\ght out at ! ,norwi* ,fe/ival1 ,engl&1 ,oct4 #af1 #ahhd1 "u ! direction ( ! compos]1 & 0 subsequ5tly p]=m$ 9 ,london by ! ,sacr$ ,h>monic ,society4 ,its fir/ p]=mance 9 ,scotl& took place at ,glasg[1 ,dec4 #h1 #ahhe1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,glasg[ ,*oral ,union1 ,madame ,albani1 ,miss ,hilda ,wilson1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,lloyd1 & ,mr4 ,watk9s ,mills be+ ! pr9cipal vocali/s4 ,"o notice ( ?is p]=mance says3 ,! en?usia/ic reception ( ! "w on ?is occasion 0 beyond all description2 ! compos] 0 recall$ aft] ea* "p ) *e]s t mu/ h made 8 he>t leap ) delight4 ,at ! fir/ p]=mance at ,norwi* he 0 %[]$ ) fl[]s by ! *orus1 :ile ! :ole audi5ce rose & greet$ him ) prolong$ *e]+4 ,9 speak+ ( ! text1 its compil] says3-- ,9 adopt+ = ! purposes ( ?is oratorio a read+ ( ! ',song ( ,songs' ^u :i* ,ewald & ,r5an sub/antially agree1 ! compil] ( ! libretto favor$ no controv]sial op9ion4 ,he simply saw 9 ! +5i\s comm5t>ies ( ! le>n$ ,hebrai/s sugge/ions = a /ory ( unconqu]able love1 capable ( expression 9 ! language ( ! ,bible4 ,= ! arrangem5t ( incid5t ! compil] is alone responsible4 ,9 "s respects x dep>ts widely f ! orig9al poem1--:i* op5s1 = example1 9 ,j]usalem1--& gives only 9 n>rative ! ev5ts t occupy "p "o ( ! oratorio4 ,9 tak+ a /ory f a canonical book ( ,holy ,scripture1 ! compil] c\ld n ignore its spiritual significance4 ,he has1 !re=e1 introduc$ a prologue sugge/+ ! p>abolic "* ( ! drama1 & an epilogue :i* po9ts its moral4 ,! *>act]s are ! ,rose ( ,%>on1 designat$ ?r\gh\t ! "w z ! ,sulamite 7soprano72 a ,woman 7contralto72 ! ,belov$ 7t5or72 & ,solomon 7b>itone72 ! *orus repres5t+ ,(fic]s ( ! ,c\rt1 ,pr9ces1 ,nobles1 ,villag]s1 ,eld]s1 & ,soldi]s4 ,! /ory1 briefly told1 is "o ( ! p[] ( love4 ,! ,belov$ & ,solomon are bo? 9 love ) ! ,sulamite1 & ! k+ te>s h] f ! =m] to be ! favorite among ! wom5 ( ! h>em4 ,amid all ! spl5dors ( ! palace & ! luxuries heap$ ^u h] by h] passionate admir] %e rema9s true to ! ,belov$1 is ultimately re/or$ to him1 & returns to ! v9ey>ds ( ,sulam4 ,! "w is divid$ z foll[s3 ,prologue2 ,"p ,i4 ,sep>ation2 ,,ii4 ,temptation2 ,,iii4 ,victory2 ,,iv4 ,reunion2 ,v4 ,epilogue4 ,! motto ( ! oratorio is ,love is /rong z dea?1 & unconqu]able z ! grave4 ,?is motto has its musical !me z well z ea* ( ! ?ree pr9cipal *>act]s1 & !y are inv>iably us$ ) great skill & effect4 ,! ,woman acts ! "p ( ,n>rator1 & aft] a brief or*e/ral prelude %e is he>d decl>+ ! mean+ & spiritual significance ( ! /ory 9 ! prologue3 ,we w op5 our m\? 9 a p>able2 ,we w utt] d>k say+s ( old1 ,:i* we h he>d & kn[n1 ,:i* our fa!rs h told u2 ,we w n hide !m f our *ildr51 ,t ! g5]ation to come may "k !m1 ,:o %all decl>e !m to _! *ildr54 ,?is is a great my/]y2 b we speak conc]n+ ,*ri/ & 8 ,*ur*4 ,! oratorio op5s 9 ! v9ey>d ( ,sulam z ! ,v9e-dress]s come =? to _! labor4 ,! or*e/ral "p beg9s ) ! melody ( ! ,v9ey>d ,song 7,we w take ! ,foxes71 & s]ves to introduce _! *orus1 a joy\s pa/oral 7,come1 let u g =? into ! ,field74 ,z !y disappe>1 ! voice ( ! ,belov$ is he>d s++ a t5d] & passionate appeal b5ea? ! ,sulamite's lattice 7,rise up1 rise up1 my ,love7 z he urges h] to jo9 him1 ,= lo6 ! w9t] is pa/2 ! ra9 is ov] & gone4 ,h] reply foll[s f )9 h] *amb]1 full ( love & adoration1 & clos+ ) ! ,v9ey>d ,song 7,we w take ! ,foxes1 ! little ,foxes t ravage ! ,v9es74 ,%e desc5ds f h] *amb] & jo9s ! ,belov$1 & _! voices unite 9 a delightful duet 7,come1 ,belov$1 into ! ,g>d5 ( ,nuts74 ,once m ! *orus ( ! ,v9e-dress]s is he>d1 & at its close1 aft] an int]mezzo descriptive ( ! joys ( a spr+ morn+1 ! sc5e *anges to ,lebanon4 ,a %ort alto solo ann\nces ! com+ ( ,solomon1 & ! pa/oral music is foll[$ by a brilliant & /ately processional m>*1 accompani$ by *orus 7,god save ! ,k+674 ,solomon beholds ! ,sulamite1 & p\rs =? 8 admiration 9 a raptur\s song 7,?\ art lovely1 ,o my ,fri5d1 z ,?irza74 ,! ,pr9ces & ,nobles also te/ify to _! admiration ( h] beauty4 ,a v dramatic sc5e ensues1 9 :i* ! ,belov$ & ! ,sulamite seek to escape out ( ! caves ( ! lion & f ! haunt ( ! leop>d4 ,%e is br\ght back by an eld]1 & aga9 ,solomon pleads 8 cause 9 a passionate declamation 7,unto my *>g] 9 ,ph>aoh's /ud ,i w\ld comp>e !e1 ,o my fri5d74 ,%e replies1 ,my ,belov$ is to me a nosegay ( myrrh1 & cl+s to h] lov]1 :o once m seeks to escape ) h]2 :]eupon %e is seiz$ & plac$ 9 "o ( ! k+'s *>iots1 & ! cavalcade moves (f to ! brilliant /ra9s ( ! cortege music1 accompani$ by ! *orus4 ,! second "p1 ,temptation1 introduces u to ,solomon's palace1 :]e ! ,sulamite is alone1 p9+ = h] lov]4 ,! sc5e op5s ) ! psalm1 ,! ,"l is my ,%eph]d1 set to a simple1 *>m+ melody1 full ( ! _s ( devotion1 b entirely disconnect$ ) ! g5]al texture ( ! "w4 ,z ! t\*+ /ra9 comes to an end1 ! ,wom5 ( ! c\rt ent]1 insidi\sly plead ! cause ( ,solomon1 tempt h] ) 8 luxuries1 & seek to %ame h] love = ! ,belov$4 ,k+s' daught]s %all be among ?9e honorable wom52 ?y clo?+ %all be ( wr\ght gold2 ?\ %alt be br\ght unto ! k+ 9 raim5t ( ne$lework1 ) gladness & rejoic+ %alt ?\ be br\ght & ent] into ! k+'s palace1 s+s "o ( ! ,wom52 b ! ,sulamite rema9s loyal1 & only answ]s3 ,my ,belov$ pa/ures 8 flocks among ! lilies4 ,my ,belov$ is m9e1 & ,i am 84 ,! temptation is int]rupt$ by ! procession ( ! ark pass+ 9 ! /reet bel[ to ! glad acclaim ( ! p 7,make a joyful ,noise unto ! ,"l1 all ye ,l&s71 & a brilliant m>*4 ,successively ! ,maid5s ( ,j]usalem ) timbrels1 ! ,eld]s1 ! ,%eph]ds & ,v9e-dress]s1 ! ,soldi]s1 ! ,prie/s be>+ ! sacr$ vessels pass by1 s++ tributes ( praise to ! ,"l2 & z ! ,levites appe> be>+ ! ark1 & ,solomon comes 9 sight ) all 8 ret9ue1 ! entire *orus triumphantly repeat ,god save ! ,k+6 ,! brilliant procession passes f view4 ,! ,wom5 once m appeal to ! ,sulamite2 b %e /ill loyally decl>es3 ,my ,belov$ pa/ures 8 flocks among ! lilies2 lo6 ,solomon 9 all 8 glory is n array$ l "o ( ^!4 ,! ?ird "p1 ,victory1 op5s ) an or*e/ral prelude pictur+ ! sleep ( ! ,sulamite1 ) h] wom5 wat*+ ab\t h]4 ,! voice ( ! ,belov$ is he>d )\t ! *amb]1 ,op5 to me1 my ,si/]1 my ,bride4 ,x rea*es h] 9 a dream1 & 9 fancy %e replies to him1 clo!s h]self1 & se>*es = him 9 ! /reets2 b :5 %e acco/s ! wat*m51 !y are s rude t h] fright awakes h]4 ,%e is /ill a prison] 9 ! palace1 & ! ,wom5 ab\t h] ann\nce ! com+ ( ,solomon4 ,he pleads 8 cause 9 a passionate song 7,ere ! ,day cool & ! ,%ad[s flee away72 & %e replies ) ano!r prote/ation ( h] con/ancy 9 ! solo1 ,lo6 a ,v9ey>d ha? ,solomon at ,baal-hamon4 ,! situation1 :i* is v dramatic 9 its treatm5t1 is height5$ by a duet & by ! mock+ *orus ( ,wom52 b above !m all /ill s+s ! brave ,sulamite1 ,my ,belov$ is m9e1 & ,i am 84 ,! f\r? "p br+s u back aga9 to ! v9ey>ds ( ,sulam4 ,x op5s ) a melan*oly *orus ( ! ,v9e-dress]s 7,o ,"l1 be graci\s unto u71 lam5t+ h] abs5ce4 ,x is foll[$ by a bass solo 7,?us sai? ! ,"l7 & a *orale 9 full broad h>mony4 ,at la/ ! victori\s ,sulamite is se5 com+ up f ! valley lean+ on ! arm ( ! ,belov$4 ,all jo9 9 a p[]ful & exultant *orus ( gratitude & joy 7,s+1 ,o ,heav5s1 & be joyful1 ,o ,e>?74 ,a raptur\s duet ensues betwe5 ! ,sulamite & ! ,belov$1 & !n all jo9 9 ! spirit$ f9ale3-- ,= ! flame ( ,love is z fire1 ,ev5 ! fire ( ,god4 ,_m wat]s _c qu5* x1 ,nei!r c floods dr[n x4 ,yea1 ,love is /rong z dea?1 ,& unconqu]able z ! grave4 ,,m5delssohn4 ,felix ,m5delssohn ,b>?oldy1 ! son ( a ,b]l9 bank]1 0 born at ,hamburg1 ,feb4 #c1 #ahji1 &1 unlike almo/ all o!r compos]s1 0 re>$ 9 ! lap ( luxury4 ,e advantage :i* weal? c\ld procure he enjoy$1 ) ! result t he became highly educat$ 9 ! o!r arts z well z 9 music4 ,8 tea*]s 9 music 7 ,zelt] & ,ludwig ,b]g]1 & he made su* progress t 9 8 n9? ye> he appe>$ 9 public z a piani/ 9 ,b]l91 & aft]w>ds 9 ,p>is4 ,! fir/ ( 8 compositions to attract g5]al notice 7 ! ov]ture to ,%akspe>e's ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream & ! little op]a ,! ,m>riage ( ,cama*o1 :i* 7 br\ght out 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahbg4 ,aft] sev]al conc]t t\rs1 9 :i* he met ) great success1 he resid$ = "s "t 9 ,duesseldorf4 ,9 #ahce he w5t to ,leipsic z director ( ! fam\s ,gew&haus conc]ts1--:i* are /ill giv5 9 t city4 ,two ye>s lat] he m>ri$ ,cecile ,jeanr5aud1 ! beautiful daught] ( a m9i/] ( ! ,re=m$ ,*ur* 9 ,frank=t1 & %ortly aft]w>ds w5t to ,b]l9 z g5]al director ( *ur* music4 ,9 #ahdc he return$ to 8 =m] po/ 9 ,leipsic1 & also took a position 9 ! newly e/abli%$ ,cons]vatory1 :]e he sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 days 9 company ) 8 family1 to :om he 0 closely atta*$4 ,he has left a l>ge & ri* collection ( musical works1 :i* are favorites ! _w ov]4 ,8 ?ree great oratorios are ! ,hymn ( ,praise1 catalogu$ z a symphony-cantata1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,elijah4 ,! la/ is specially int]e/+1 z x m>k$ a new dep>ture f ! conv5tional =ms ( oratorio1 & gave ! wide/ scope to ! dramatic elem5ts1--to su* a degree1 9 fact1 t x might ) propriety be /yl$ a sacr$ op]a4 ,besides ^! oratorios1 8 exquisite music to ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 :i* is famili> ! _w ov]1 & 8 /ately dramatic music to ,antigone1 he has left five symphonies1 ( :i* ! ,scot*1 ! ,italian1 & ! ,re=mation are be/ kn[n2 f\r exquisite ov]tures1 ,ruy ,blas1 ,calm ,sea & ,prosp]\s ,voyage1 ,hebrides1 & ,melus9a2 ! v dramatic cantata1 ,! ,walpurgis ,night2 a long li/ ( beautiful songs = "o or m voices2 ! incid5tal music to ,rac9e's ,a?alia2 a v l>ge collection ( sacr$ music1 su* z psalms1 hymns1 an!ms1 & cantatas2 sev]al beautiful trios & o!r specim5s ( *amb]-music2 & ! lovely ,songs )\t ,words1 :i* are to be f\nd ^u almo/ e piano1 ! beauty & fre%ness ( :i* "t has n impair$4 ,m5delssohn nev] wrote a gr& op]a1 ow+ to 8 fa/idi\sness z to a libretto2 ?\gh he f9ally obta9$ "o f ,geibel1 on ! subject ( ! ,loreley1 :i* suit$ him4 ,he _h begun to write x1 & _h f9i%$ ! f9ale to ! fir/ act1 :5 dea? int]rupt$ 8 "w1 ,nov4 #d1 #ahdg4 ,m5delssohn 0 a man ( rem>kable beauty1 & 8 "* correspond$ to 8 *>m ( p]son4 ,he _h a lib]al education1 0 a man ( broad culture1 a clev] arti/1 & a v skilful writ]1 z is %[n by 8 volumes ( lett]s f ,italy & ,switz]l&4 ,possess$ ( ^! graces ( m9d & p]son1 & hav+ all ! advantages t weal? c\ld be/[1 he lack$ ^? inc5tives :i* 9 o!r compos]s h br\ght out ! deepe/1 highe/1 & mo/ maje/ic =ms ( musical expression4 ,8 music is a reflex ( 8 life2 grace1 elegance1 culture1 & f9i% are its *>act]i/ics4 ,/4 ,paul4 ,/4 ,paul1 ! fir/ ( ,m5delssohn's oratorios1 0 begun 9 ,duesseldorf & f9i%$ 9 ,leipsic 9 ! w9t] ( #ahce1 ! compos] be+ !n 9 8 tw5ty-six? ye>4 ,he fir/ appli$ to ,m>x to write ! text2 b ! invitation 0 decl9$1 on ! gr\nd t ! *orales 7 unsuit$ to ! p]iod ( ! n>rative4 ,m5delssohn !n consult$ ) 8 fri5ds ,fu]/ & ,s*ubr+1 & ! libretto z x n[ /&s repres5ts _! jo9t compilation4 ,its ?ree pr9cipal !mes are ! m>tyrdom ( ,sa9t ,/eph51 ! conv]sion ( ,sa9t ,paul1 & ! apo/le's subsequ5t c>e]4 ,"o ( ! cle>e/ /atem5ts ( ! g5]al "* ( ! "w is t giv5 by ,lampadius2 he says3-- ,! ma9 ?\ght :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole "w is too high & broad to be l9k$ by ! tie ( a p]sonal int]e/ to any s+le man4 ,x is ! glorification ( ,*ri/ianity1 ) its humility1 its joy 9 liv+ & dy+ = ! ,"l1 9 contra/ ) ! bl9d self-righte\sness ( ,judaism & ! m]e s5su\s morality ( ! hea!n s*ools4 ,x is ! contra/1 or r ! /ruggle1 ( ! la/ two ) ! =m]1 & ! victory ( ! light & love ( ! ,gospel1--! light et]nal1 ! love div9e4 ,?is ?\ght is made inc>nate 9 ! p]sons ( ,/eph51 ,paul1 & ,b>nabas1 & x is conc5trat$ at t po9t :i* is really ! c5tral po9t ( int]e/ to ! oratorio1--! conv]sion ( ,sa9t ,paul4 ,! "w 0 writt5 ^u a commission giv5 by ! ,cecili5 ,v]e9 ( ,frank=t 9 #ahca2 b x 0 n produc$ until ,may #bb1 #ahcf1 on ! occasion ( ! ,l[] ,rh9e ,fe/ival at ,duesseldorf4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts 7 sung by ,madame ,fis*]-,a*t51 ,mademoiselle ,grabau1 ,h]r5 ,s*metz] & ,w]s+1 ! latt] arti/ tak+ ! "p ( ,paul4 ,! second p]=mance 0 giv5 at ,liv]pool1 ,oct4 #c1 #ahcf2 & betwe5 ! two p]=mances ,m5delssohn revis$ ! "w & cut out f\rte5 numb]s4 ,aft] a long & expressive ov]ture = or*e/ra & organ1 ! fir/ "p op5s ) a /rong & exultant *orus 7,"l6 ,?\ alone art ,god74 ,x is massively con/ruct$1 & 9 its middle "p runs into a re/less1 agitat$ !me 7,! ,hea!n furi\sly rage74 ,x closes1 h[ev]1 9 ! same en]getic & jubilant mann] :i* *>act]izes its op5+1 & leads directly to a *orale 7,to ,god on ,high71 set to a fam\s old ,g]man hymn-book tune1 ,alle9 ,gott 9 d] ,hoeh' sei ,ehr1 :i* is s]5ely beautiful 9 its cle>ly fl[+ h>mony4 ,! m>tyrdom ( ,/eph5 foll[s4 ,! basses 9 vigor\s recitative accuse him ( blasphemy1 & ! p break out 9 an angry *orus 7,n[ ?is ,man cease? n to utt] blasphem\s ,words74 ,at its close ,/eph5 s+s a brief b beautiful solo 7,m51 ,bre?r51 & ,fa!rs672 & z ! calm prote/ dies away1 aga9 ! full *orus gives v5t to a tumultu\s %\t ( indignation 7,take him away74 ,a note ( w>n+ is he>d 9 ! f]v5t soprano solo1 ,j]usalem1 ?\ t kille/ ! ,prophets2 b x is ( no avail4 ,aga9 ! *orus hurls its imprecations m furi\sly ?an be=e 7,/one him to dea?74 ,! trag$y occurs4 ,a few b>s ( recitative = t5or1 full ( pa?os1 tell ! sad /ory1 & !n foll[s ano!r beautiful *orale ( submission 7,to ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 ,i yield my ,_s74 ,saul's p>ticipation 9 ! trag$y is b>ely t\*$ ^u4 ,! lam5t = ,/eph5 is foll[$ by ! *orus1 ,happy & ble/ are !y1 :i* is beautifully melodi\s 9 "*4 ,saul n[ appe>s1 brea?+ out ?reat5+s & slaught] aga9/ ! apo/les4 ,8 fir/ aria 7,consume !m all7 is a bass solo :i* is fi]y 9 its en]gy4 ,x is foll[$ by ! lovely arioso = alto1 ,b ! ,"l is m9dful ( ,8 own1--fitt+ companion to ! equally beautiful ,o re/ 9 ! ,"l f ,elijah1 & mu* resembl+ x 9 g5]al /yle4 ,!n occurs ! conv]sion4 ,! voice f heav5 7,saul1 ,saul1 :y p]secute/ ?\ ,me87 is repres5t$1 z 0 (t5 done 9 ! passion-music1 by ! soprano *oir1 :i* gives x peculi> significance & makes x /& out 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! re/ ( ! "w4 ,a =cible or*e/ral int]lude1 work$ up 9 a /rong cresc5do1 leads to ! vigor\s *orus1 ,rise up6 arise6 9 :i* ! p[]ful or*e/ral climax adds great /r5g? to ! vocal "p4 ,x is a vigor\sly con/ruct$ *orus1 & is foll[$ by a *orale 7,sleep]s1 wake6 a ,voice is call+71 :i* /ill fur!r height5s ! effect by its trumpet notes betwe5 ! l9es4 ,at ! close ( ! impos+ h>mony ! music gr[s deep] & m s]i\s 9 "* z ,saul brea!s out 8 pray]1 ,o ,god1 h ,m]cy ^u me2 & aga91 aft] ! message ( =giv5ess & m]cy deliv]$ by ,ananias1 m joyful & exultant 9 ! bass solo ) *orus 7,i praise ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 my ,god71 ,saul receives 8 sight1 & /raightway beg9s 8 m9i/rations4 ,a gr& reflective *orus 7,o great is ! ,dep? ( ! ,ri*es ( ,wisdom71 /rong & jubilant 9 "*1 & ris+ to a p[]ful climax1 closes ! fir/ "p4 ,! second "p op5s ) ! five-"p *orus1 ,! ,nations are n[ ! ,"l's1--a cle> fugue1 v /ately & dignifi$ 9 its /yle1 lead+1 aft] a t5or & bass duet 7,n[ all are ,ambassadors 9 ! ,"n ( ,*ri/71 to ! beautifully melodi\s *orus1 ,h[ lovely are ! ,mess5g]s t prea* u ! ,gospel ( ,peace1 & ! equally beautiful soprano arioso1 ,i w s+ ( ,?y great ,m]cies4 ,aft] ! *orus1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 & a second tumultu\s *orus expressive ( rage & scorn 7,is ?is ,he :o 9 ,j]usalem71 ano!r *orale occurs 7,o ,?\1 ! true & only ,light71 9 :i* ! ,*ur* prays = direction4 ,! t5or recitative ann\nc+ ! dep>ture ( ,paul & ,b>nabas to ! ,g5tiles1 foll[$ by ! t5or & bass duet1 ,= s ha? ! ,"l ,himself comm&$1 br+ u to ! sc5e ( ! sacrifice at ,ly/ra1 9 :i* ! two *oruses1 ,! ,gods !mselves z ,mortals1 & ,o be graci\s1 ye ,immortals1 are full ( g5u9e ,greek s5su\sness & 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! s]i\sness & maje/ic "* ( ! h>mony 9 ! ,*ri/ian *orus 7,b our ,god abide? 9 ,heav57 :i* foll[s4 ,once m ! ,jews int]f]e1 9 ! rag+1 wra?ful *orus1 ,?is is ,jehovah's ,temple4 ,9 a pa!tic t5or aria 7,be ?\ fai?ful unto ,dea?7 ,paul takes a sorr[ful leave ( 8 bre?r51 & 9 response comes an equally t5d] *orus1 ,f> be x f ?y ,pa?4 ,two /ately *oruses 7,see :at ,love ha? ! ,fa!r1 & ,n[ only unto ,him7 close ! "w4 ,hymn ( ,praise4 ,! ,lobgesang 7,hymn ( ,praise7 0 writt5 at ,leipsic 9 #ahdj1 ! occasion :i* gave bir? to x be+ ! f\r? c5t5nial celebration ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,! musical features ( ! fe/ival 7 intru/$ to ,m5delssohn1 ! c]emonies occupy+ two days1 ,june #bd & #be ( ! above ye>4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #bc;d !re 0 a p]=mance ( ,lortz+'s op]a1 ,hans ,sa*s1 writt5 = ! occasion4 ,on ! morn+ ( ! #bd? !re 0 a s]vice 9 ! *ur*1 foll[$ by ! unveil+ ( ! /atue ( ,gutt5b]g 9 ! public squ>e1 & an op5-air p]=mance ( ! compos]'s ,fe/gesang = two *oirs1 ) trombone accompanim5t1 ,david conduct+ "o *oir1 & ,m5delssohn ! o!r4 ,9 ! aft]noon ( ! #be? ! ,hymn ( ,praise 0 giv5 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,/4 ,?omas's ,*ur*1 prec$$ by ,web]'s ,jubilee ,ov]ture & ,h&el's ,dett+5 ,te ,deum4 ,lampadius1 :o 0 pres5t at ! p]=mance1 says3-- ,! "w call$ out ! greate/ en?usiasm1 :i* c\ld h>dly be repress$ )9 b\nds ev5 by ! fact t ! audi5ce 7 seat$ )9 ! walls ( a *ur*4 ,aft] ! fir/ duet a subdu$ :isp] ( applause ran ?r\gh ! edifice & betray$ ! suppress$ delight ( ! li/5]s4 ,on "o ( ! ev5+s foll[+1 a tor*light procession 0 made 9 honor ( ! great compos]4 ,m5delssohn1 :o !n liv$ 9 ,lurg5/e9's ,g>d51 appe>$ at ! w9d[1 8 face light$ up ) joy4 ',g5tlem51' he said 9 8 neat1 quiet way1 ) a s5sible trembl+ ( ! voice1 'y "k t x is n my mann] to make _m words2 b ,i he>tily ?ank y4' ,a l\d ',ho*6' ?ree times %\t$1 0 our reply4 ,its next p]=mance 0 at ,birm+ham1 ,sept4 #bc1 #ahdj1 ,m5delssohn himself conduct+4 ,aft] ?is p]=mance x 0 consid]ably *ang$1 & ! :ole sc5e ( ! wat*man 0 add$4 ,! idea occurr$ to him aft] a sleepless night1 dur+ :i*1 z he in=m$ a fri5d1 ! words1 ,w ! night soon pass8 incessantly came into 8 m9d4 ,! title giv5 to ! ,hymn ( ,praise1 a symphony-cantata1 0 fir/ sugge/$ by 8 fri5d ,c>l ,kl+emann1 ( ,london1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ int]e/+ extract f a lett] writt5 by ,m5delssohn to him1 ,nov4 #ah1 #ahdj3-- ,my ',hymn ( ,praise' is to be p]=m$ ! end ( ?is mon? = ! b5efit ( old invalid$ musicians4 ,i am det]m9$1 h[ev]1 t x %all n be produc$ 9 ! imp]fect =m 9 :i*1 ow+ to my illness1 x 0 giv5 9 ,birm+ham2 s t makes me "w h>d4 ,f\r new pieces are to be add$1 & ,i h also mu* improv$ ! ?ree sets ( symphonies1 :i* are n[ 9 ! h&s ( ! copyi/4 ,z an introduction to ! *orus1 ',! ,night is pass$1' ,i h f\nd f> f9] words 9 ! ,bible1 & admirably adapt$ to ! music4 ,by ! by1 y h mu* to answ] = 9 ! admirable title y hit on s clev]ly2 = n only h ,i s5t =? ! piece into ! _w z a symphony-cantata1 b ,i h s]i\s ?\ghts ( resum+ ! fir/ ',walpurgis ,night' 7:i* has be5 s long ly+ by me7 "u ! same cognom51 & f9i%+ & gett+ rid ( x at la/4 ,x is s+ul> en\gh t at ! v fir/ sugge/ion ( ?is idea ,i %\ld h writt5 to ,b]l9 t ,i 0 resolv$ to compose a symphony ) a *orus4 ,subsequ5tly ,i _h n c\rage to beg91 because ! ?ree movem5ts 7 too long = an introduction2 & yet ,i nev] c\ld dive/ myself ( ! impression t some?+ 0 want+ 9 ! %ape ( an introduction4 ,n[ ! symphony is to be ins]t$ accord+ to my orig9al int5tion1 & ! piece br\ght out at once4 ,! text to ! ,hymn ( ,praise is n 9 n>rative =m1 nor has x any p>ticul> dramatic significance4 ,x is :at its "n indicates1--a tribute ( praise4 ,lampadius says ! compos] und]took to %[ ! triumph at ! creation ( light ov] d>kness4 ,) 8 pi\s & believ+ he>t he c\ld easily ent] into t !me1 & %[ ) mat*less p[] & skill ! clos+-9 ( ^? anci5t foes1 & ! victory ( light :5 d>kness c[]$ & ignobly %rank away4 ,! expression ( delight ov] ?is victory is v well br\ght out1 n only 9 ! music1 b also 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! ,scriptural texts1 :i* beg9 ) exhortations ( praise1 & appeals to ^? :o h be5 9 di/ress & affliction to tru/ ! ,"l4 ,! t5or1 :o may be reg>d$ z ! ,n>rator1 calls ^u ! ,wat*man1 ,:at ( ! night8 ,! response comes t ! night has pass$4 ,9 exultation ov] ! victory1 once m ! text ascribes praise to ! ,"l4 ,all t has life & brea? s+s to ,8 "n4 ,! symphony is 9 ?ree p>ts1 beg9n+ ) a mae/oso movem5t1 9 :i* ! trombones at once give out ! *oral motive1 ,all t has life & brea? s+ to ! ,"l1--a favorite !me ( ,m5delssohn4 ,?is movem5t1 :i* is /rong & en]getic 9 "*1 is foll[$ by an allegretto bas$ ^u a beautiful melody1 & to ?is 9 turn succe$s an adagio religioso ri* 9 h>mony4 ,! symphony cle>ly reflects ! _s ( ! cantata1 :i* foll[s4 ,! op5+ *orus 7,all t has ,life & ,brea?7 is bas$ ^u ! *oral motive1 & enunciates ! real hymn ( praise4 ,x moves along 9 a /ately mann]1 & f9ally leads )\t break into a semi-*orus1 ,praise ?\ ! ,"l1 ,o my ,_s1 a soprano solo ) accompanim5t ( female voices4 ,! t5or 9 a long dramatic recitative 7,s+ ye ,praise1 all ye r$eem$ ( ! ,"l7 urges ! fai?ful to jo9 9 praise & extol ,8 goodness1 & ! *orus responds1 fir/1 ! t5ors1 & !n all ! p>ts1 9 a beautiful numb]1 ,all ye t cri$ unto ! ,"l4 ,! next numb] is an exquisite duet = soprano & alto ) *orus 7,i wait$ = ! ,"l74 ,x is ?or\ghly devotional 9 /yle1 & 9 its g5]al color & effect rem9ds "o ( ! arias1 ,o ,re/ 9 ! ,"l f ,elijah1 & ,! ,"l is m9dful ( ,8 own f ,/4 ,paul4 ,?is duet is foll[$ by a sorr[ful1 almo/ wail+ t5or solo1 ,! ,sorr[s ( ,dea? _h clos$ all ar\nd me1 end+ ) ! pi]c+1 anxi\s cry 9 recitative1 ,wat*man6 w ! ,night soon pass8 set to a re/less1 agitat$ accompanim5t & ?rice repeat$4 ,l a fla% f a cl\d comes ! quick response ( ! *orus1 ,! ,night is dep>t+1 :i* =ms ! climax ( ! "w4 ,! *orus is beautifully con/ruct$1 & v impressive 9 its effect4 ,at fir/ ! full *orus proclaims ! night's dep>ture2 x !n takes ! fugal =m on ! words1 ,!re=e let u ca/ (f ! works ( d>kness1 :i* is mo/ effectively work$ out4 ,9 ! f9ale ! male voices are mass$ on ! decl>ation1 ,! ,night is dep>t+1 & ! female voices on ! response1 ,! ,day is approa*+2 & aft] alt]nat+ repetitions all close 9 broad1 fl[+ h>mony4 ,?is *orus leads directly to ! *orale1 ,let all ,m5 praise ! ,"l1 sung fir/ )\t accompanim5t1 & !n 9 unison ) or*e/ra4 ,ano!r beautiful duet1 ,my ,song %all alway be ,?y ,m]cy1 ?is "t = soprano & t5or1 foll[s1 & prep>es ! way = ! f9al fugu$ *orus1 ,ye ,nations1 (f] to ! ,"l1 a massive numb]1 /ately 9 its proportions & impressive 9 its effect1 & clos+ ) a =tissimo deliv]y ( ! spl5did *oral motive1 ,all t has ,life & ,brea?4 ,not)/&+ t ! *oral "p is brief z comp>$ ) ! ,/4 ,paul & ,elijah1 !re are _m critics :o are incl9$ to pron\nce ! ,hymn ( ,praise ,m5delssohn's greate/ "w4 ,9 its comb9ation ( ! symphony & ! voice p>ts1 ! "o gr[+ out ( ! o!r & bo? s intimately connect$1 x /&s almo/ alone4 ,"s critics h condemn$ ,m5delssohn = imitat+ ,bee?ov5's ,*oral ,symphony1 ?\gh 9 t colossal "w ! *orus is n only subord9ate to ! symphony1 b is ev5 trifl+ 9 l5g? z comp>$ ) x1 & v inf]ior 9 /yle4 ,:ile 9 ,m5delssohn's "w ! symphony is subord9at$ to ! *oral "p1 & s]ves only z an introduction to x1 !y are yet conv5tionally connect$2 b 9 ,bee?ov5's "w ! *orus 0 ! product ( necessity1 z ! idea c\ld n h be5 develop$ )\t x4 ,! in/rum5ts _h gone z f> z possible2 ! voices mu/ speak4 ,elijah4 ,elijah1 ! mo/ admir$ ( all ,m5delssohn's compositions1 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahdf4 ,! plan ( ! "w 0 fir/ consid]$ 9 #ahcg1 & 0 discuss$ ) 8 fri5d ,kl+emann 9 ,london4 ,dur+ ! next ye> he _h frequ5t consultations ) ano!r fri5d1 ,s*ubr+1 z to ! prep>ation ( ! book1 & _m ( ! passages 7 select$ & sc5es sket*$ out2 b x 0 n until #ahdj t he really began to put x into %ape4 ,we le>n by a lett] t 9 #ahdb he 0 /ill at "w ^u ! book itself4 ,two ye>s lat] he receiv$ an invitation to conduct ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival ( #ahdf2 & x 0 evid5tly at t "t he decid$ to prep>e ! "w = t occasion4 ,we le>n by ano!r lett] t on ! #bc;d ( ,may1 #ahdf1 ! entire fir/ "p & six or eight numb]s ( ! second "p 7 s5t to ,london to a ,mr4 ,b>?olomew1 :o 0 engag$ translat+ ! text into ,engli%4 ,t ,m5delssohn himself 0 pleas$ ) 8 "w is evid5t f 8 own words1 writt5 to a fri5d aft] he _h f9i%$ ! fir/ "p3 ,i am jump+ ab\t my room = joy4 ,if x only turns out half z good z ,i fancy1 h[ pleas$ ,i %all be6 ,by ! latt] "p ( ,july ! entire oratorio 0 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,b>?olomew1 & on ,augu/ #ah ,m5delssohn himself arriv$ 9 ,london & imm$iately began ! rehe>sals4 ,! "w 0 fir/ p]=m$ on ! #bf? at ,birm+ham1 com+ betwe5 ,haydn's ,creation on ! #be?1 & ,h&el's ,messiah on ! #bg?1 ! latt] oratorio be+ foll[$ by ,bee?ov5's ,mass 9 ,d4 ,a correspond5t :o 0 pres5t writes3-- ,h[ %all ,i describe :at to-day has be5 9 ! ,music ,hall8 ,aft] su* an int5se enjoym5t x is a h>d task to express "o's feel+s 9 cold words4 ,x 0 a great day = ! fe/ival1 a great day = ! p]=m]s1 a great day = ,m5delssohn1 a great day = art4 ,f\r da-capos 9 ! fir/ "p1 f\r 9 ! second1 mak+ eight encores1 & at ! close ! call+ out ( ! compos]1--are significant facts :5 "o consid]s t x 0 ! rigid injunction ( ! ,committee t ! public %\ld n te/ify its approval by applause4 ,b ! en?usiasm w\ld be *eck$ by no rules2 :5 ! he>t is full1 regulations mu/ /& aside4 ,x 0 a noble sc5e1 ! hall fill$ ) m51 ! gall]ies gay ) ladies1 l s _m tulip-b$s1 add$ to ! pr9cely music & _! ?und]+ bravas4 ,m5delssohn himself on ! day aft] ! p]=mance writes to 8 bro!r 9 ,b]l93-- ,no "w ( m9e ev] w5t s admirably ! fir/ "t ( execution1 or 0 receiv$ ) su* en?usiasm by bo? ! musicians & ! audi5ce1 z ?is oratorio4 ,x 0 q evid5t at ! fir/ rehe>sal 9 ,london t !y lik$ x1 & lik$ to s+ & play x2 b ,i own ,i 0 f> f anticipat+ t x w\ld acquire su* fre% vigor & impetus at ! p]=mance4 ,_h y only be5 !re6 ,dur+ ! :ole two h\rs & a half t x la/$1 ! l>ge hall1 ) its two ?\s& p1 & ! l>ge or*e/ra 7 all s fully int5t on ! "o object 9 "q t n ! slighte/ s\nd 0 to be he>d among ! :ole audi5ce1 s t ,i c\ld sway at pleasure ! enorm\s or*e/ra & *oir1 & also ! organ accompanim5ts4 ,h[ (t5 ,i ?\ght ( y dur+ ! "t6 m especially1 h[ev]1 :5 '! s\nd ( abundance ( ra9' came1 & :5 !y sang & play$ ! f9al *orus ) furore1 & :51 aft] ! close ( ! fir/ "p1 we 7 oblig$ to repeat ! :ole movem5t4 ,n less ?an f\r *oruses & f\r airs 7 encor$1 & n "o s+le mi/ake occurr$ 9 ! fir/ "p2 !re 7 "s aft]w>ds 9 ! second "p1 b ev5 ^! 7 b trifl+4 ,a "y ,engli% t5or#f sang ! la/ air ) su* wond]ful sweetness t ,i 0 oblig$ to collect all my en]gies1 n to be affect$1 & to cont9ue beat+ "t /eadily4 ,not)/&+ 8 delight ) ! p]=mance1 he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! oratorio z a :ole4 ,he made num]\s *anges & re-wrote portions ( ! "w1--inde$ !re 0 sc>cely a movem5t t 0 n ret\*$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t ! beautiful trio1 ,lift ?9e ,eyes1 0 orig9ally a duet1 & v diff]5t 9 "*4 ,! fir/ p]=mance ( ! "w 9 ,london took place ,april #af1 #ahdg1 :5 x 0 giv5 by ! ,sacr$ ,h>monic ,society4 ,h] ,maje/y & ,pr9ce ,alb]t 7 9 att5dance2 & aft] ! p]=mance ! ,pr9ce s5t to ,m5delssohn ! score :i* he _h us$ 9 foll[+ ! music1 ) ! foll[+ tribute writt5 9 x3-- ,to ! noble arti/ :o1 surr\nd$ by ! ,baal-wor%ip ( corrupt$ art1 has be5 able by 8 g5ius & sci5ce to pres]ve fai?fully1 l ano!r ,elijah1 ! wor%ip ( true art1 & once m to accu/om our e>1 lo/ 9 ! :irl ( an empty play ( s\nds1 to ! pure notes ( expressive composition & legitimate h>mony2 to ! great ma/] :o makes u consci\s ( ! unity ( 8 conception ?r\gh ! :ole maze ( 8 creation1 f ! s(t :isp]+ to ! mighty rag+ ( ! elem5ts4 ,writt5 9 tok5 ( grateful remembrance by ,alb]t4 ,buck+ham ,palace1 ,april #bd1 #ahdg4 ,! text 0 ma9ly compil$ f ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,k+s1 & 0 translat$1 z has be5 said1 by ,mr4 ,b>?olomew4 ,hill] says t ! idea ( ! oratorio 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ! v]se 9 ! n9ete5? *apt]1 ,behold1 ! ,"l pass$ by1 & t ,m5delssohn1 :ile read+ x1 rem>k$ to him1 ,w\ld n t be spl5did = an oratorio8 ,! prom95t sc5es treat$ are ! dr\ght prophecy1 ! rais+ ( ! wid['s son1 ! rival sacrifices1 ! appe>ance ( ! ra9 9 answ] to ,elijah's appeal1 ,jezebel's p]secution ( ,elijah1 ! soj\rn 9 ! des]t1 8 return1 8 disappe>ance 9 ! fi]y *>iot1 & ! f9ale1 :i* reflects ^u ! mean+ ( ! sacr$ n>rative4 ,! sc5es !mselves indicate ! dramatic "* ( ! oratorio4 ,9 ?is respect1 inde$1 ,m5delssohn may almo/ be said to h creat$ a new s*ool ( oratorio con/ruction4 ,elijah c\ld be plac$ ^u ! /age ) sc5]y1 co/ume1 & prop]ties z a sacr$ op]a1 & make a p[]ful impression1--almo/ z mu* s1 inde$1 z ,ross9i's ,moses4 ,m5delssohn's own te/imony on ?is po9t is int]e/+4 ,9 a lett] writt5 ,nov4 #b1 #ahch1 to ,pa/or ,julius ,s*ubr+1 :o 0 assi/+ him 9 ! prep>ation ( ! book1 he says3-- ,i figur$ to myself ,elijah z a gr&1 mighty prophet1 su* z we might aga9 require 9 our own day1--en]getic & zeal\s1 b also /]n1 wra?ful1 & gloomy2 a /rik+ contra/ to ! c\rt myrmidons & popul> rabble1--9 fact1 9 opposition to ! :ole _w1 & yet borne on angel's w+s4444 ,i am anxi\s to d ju/ice to ! dramatic elem5t1 &1 z y say1 no epic n>rative mu/ be introduc$4444 ,i w\ld fa9 see ! dramatic elem5t m prom95t1 z well z m exub]ant & def9$1--appeal & rejo9d]1 "q & answ]1 sudd5 int]ruptions1 etc4 ,aga91 on ! #f? ( ,decemb]1 he writes3-- ,9 su* a "* z t ( ,elijah1 l e "o 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7except1 p]haps1 ,moses71 x appe>s to me t ! dramatic %\ld pr$om9ate1 ! p]sonages %\ld be introduc$ z act+ & speak+ ) f]vor1--n1 h[ev]1 = ,heav5's sake1 to become m]e musical pictures1 b inhabitants ( a positive1 practical _w su* z we see 9 e *apt] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & ! contemplative & pa!tic elem5t1 :i* y desire1 mu/ be entirely convey$ to our appreh5sion by ! words & ! mood ( ! act+ p]sonages4 ,! introduction to ! oratorio is prefac$ by a brief b v impressive recitative1--,elijah's prophecy ( ! dr\ght2 lead+ directly to ! ov]ture1 a sombre1 despair+ prelude1 pictur+ ! di/ress :i* is to foll[ z ! curse settles d[n ^u ! /reams & valleys4 ,at la/ ! suff]+ is voic$ 9 ! op5+ *orus 7,help1 ,"l71 :i*1 aft] ?ree passionate appeals1 moves along 9 pla9tive beauty1 develop+ phrase aft] phrase ( t\*+ appeal1 & lead+ to a second *orus1 ) duet = two sopranos 7,"l1 b[ ,?9e ,e> to our ,pray]71 ! *oral "p ( :i* is an old ,jewi% *ant1 sung alt]nately by ! male & female voices 9 unison4 ,x is foll[$ by ,obadiah's lovely t5or aria1 ,if ) all y\r ,he>ts1 full ( t5d]ness & consolation4 ,aga9 ! ,p break out into a *orus ( lam5tation 7,yet do? ! ,"l see x n71 :i* at ! close develops into a *orale ( graceful & s]5e beauty 7,= ,he ! ,"l our ,god74 ,!n foll[s ! voice ( an ,angel summon+ ,elijah to ! brook ( ,*]i?1 lead+ to ! beautiful d\ble qu>tet1 ,= ,he %all give ,8 ,angels ,*>ge ov] !e1 ! melody ( :i* is simple1 b full ( animation1 & work$ up ) a skilful effect4 ,aga9 ! ,angel summons ,elijah to g to ! ,wid['s h\se at ,z>epha?4 ,! dramatic sc5e ( ! rais+ ( h] son ensues1 compris+ a passionate song by ! "m 7,:at h ,i to d ) !e87 & ! noble decl>ation ( ! prophet1 ,give me ?y ,son1 & clos+ ) ! reflective *orus1 ,bless$ are ! ,m5 :o fe> ,him4 ,9 ! next sc5e we h ! appe>ance ( ,elijah be=e ,ahab1 & ! *all5ge ( ! ,prie/s ( ,baal to ! sacrifice on ,m\nt ,c>mel1 set =? 9 vigor\s recitative1 accompani$ by %ort *oral outbur/s4 ,at ! words ( ,elijah1 ,invoke y\r =e/ gods & m\nta9 deities1 ! ,prie/s ( ,baal break out into ! /irr+ d\ble-*orus1 ,baal1 we cry to !e1 :i* is fairly s5sual & hea!ni% 9 its rugg$1 abrupt melodies1 z comp>$ ) ! ,*ri/ian music4 ,at its close ,elijah bids !m call him l\d]1 = he is a god2 he talke?1 or he is pursu+4 ,aga9 !y break out into a *orus ( b>b>ic en]gy 7,he> our ,cry1 ,o ,baal71 9 ! int]vals ( :i* ,elijah taunts !m aga9 & aga9 ) ! appeal1 ,call him l\d]4 ,! ,prie/s r5ew _! %\ts1 ea* "t ) increas+ =ce1 paus+ 9 va9 = ! reply1 & clos+ ) a rapid1 almo/ angry expo/ulation 7,he> & answ]74 ,!n foll[s ! calm1 dignifi$ pray] ( ! prophet 7,"l ,god ( ,abraham71 succe$$ by a simple1 b beautiful *orale 7,ca/ ?y ,burd5 ^u ! ,"l74 ,x is ! mom5t ( quiet be=e ! /orm :i* is to come4 ,he calls = ! fire to desc5d ^u ! alt>1 & a *orus ( passionate en]gy replies1 ,! ,fire desc5ds f ,heav51 accompani$ by imitative music1 & clos+ ) a brief movem5t 9 broad h>mony4 ,9 fi]ce recitative ,elijah dooms ! ,prie/s ( ,baal to de/ruction1 & aft] a %ort *oral reply s+s ! bass aria1 ,is n ,8 ,^w l a ,fire8--a song ( extraord9>y difficulty1 & requir+ a voice ( exceptional accuracy & p[] = its prop] p]=mance4 ,a lovely arioso = alto 7,woe unto !m7 foll[s ,elijah's vigor\s declamation4 ,^! two arias are connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! fire *orus & ! ra9 sc5e :i* ensues4 ,obadiah summons ,elijah to help ! ,p1 & ,elijah replies 9 an exquisite little &ante passage1 repeat$ by ! *orus 7,op5 ! ,heav5s & s5d u ,relief74 ,!n foll[s a dialogue-passage betwe5 ! prophet1 ! ,p1 & ! ,y\?1 :om he bids look t[>d ! sea1--! mo/ /rik+ features ( :i* are ! responses ( ! ,y\? & ! or*e/ral climax z ! heav5s gr[ black & ! /orm ru%es l\d] & l\d]4 ,z ! deluge ( ra9 desc5ds1 ! ?ankful ,p break out into a passionate %\t ( delight 7,?anks be to ,god71 he>d above ! tempe/ 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,at fir/ x is a brief expression ( gratitude4 ,! voices come to a pause1 & ,elijah repeats ! tribute ( praise4 ,!n all jo9 9 a surg+ tumult ( h>mony1 z fre% & delightful z 0 ! p\r+ ra9 to ! ?ir/y l&1 voices & in/rum5ts vy+ ) ea* o!r 9 joyful acclamations1 until ! end is rea*$ & ! fir/ "p closes4 ,! second "p op5s ) a brilliant soprano solo 7,he> ye1 ,israel71 beg9n+ ) a note ( w>n+1 & !n ) trumpet obligato develop+ into ano!r melody ( an impetu\s & animat$ description 7,i1 ,i am ,he t com=te?74 ,! solo leads to ! magnific5t *orus1 ,be n afraid1 9 :i*1 aft] a %ort pause1 ! entire =ce ( voices1 or*e/ra1 & organ jo9 9 ! sublime /ra91 sweep+ on 9 broad1 full h>mony4 ,!re is a pause ( ! voices = two b>s1 !n !y move on 9 a /rong fugue 7,?\gh ,?\s&s langui% & fall74 ,at its close !y are all m]g$ aga9 9 ! gr& ann\ncem5t1 ,be n afraid1 deliv]$ ) impetuosity1 & end+ ) ! same subject 9 p[]ful *orale =m4 ,! sc5e :i* foll[s is int5sely dramatic4 ,! prophet rebukes ,ahab & condemns ! ,baal wor%ip4 ,jezebel fi]cely accuses ,elijah ( conspir+ aga9/ ,israel1 & ! ,p 9 %>p1 impetu\s phrases decl>e1 ,he %all p]i%1 lead+ to ! *orus1 ,woe to him6 ,aft] a few b>s = ! in/rum5ts1 ,obadiah1 9 an exquisite recitative1 c\nsels him to fly to ! wild]ness4 ,9 ! next sc5e we behold ,elijah alone1 & 9 a feeble b inf9itely t5d] pla9t he resigns himself4 ,x is h>d to conceive any?+ gr&] & yet m pa!tic ?an ?is aria1 ,x is en\gh1 9 :i* ! prophet prays = dea?4 ,a few b>s ( t5or recitative tell u t1 we>i$ out1 he has fall5 asleep 7,see1 n[ he sleepe? b5ea? a junip]-tree 9 ! wild]ness1 & !re ! angels ( ! ,"l encamp r\nd ab\t all !m t fe> ,him74 ,x introduces ! trio ( ! ,angels1 ,lift ?9e ,eyes to ! ,m\nta9s1 sung )\t accompanim5t1--"o ( ! pure/1 lovelie/1 & mo/ delightful ( all vocal trios4 ,an exquisite *orus 7,he wat*+ ov] ,israel7 foll[s1 9 :i* ! second !me1 introduc$ by ! t5ors 7,%\ld/ ?\1 walk+ 9 ,grief71 is full ( t5d] beauty2 ! trio & *orus are ! p]fection ( dream-music4 ,at its close ! ,angel awakes ,elijah1 & once m we he> 8 pa!tic compla9t1 ,o ,"l1 ,i h labor$ 9 va92 oh1 t ,i n[ might die6 ,9 response comes an aria ( cele/ial beauty1 sung by ! ,angel 7,oh1 re/ 9 ! ,"l71 brea?+ ! v _s ( heav5ly peace & consolation1--an aria ( almo/ mat*less purity1 beauty1 & grace4 ,firmly & ) a c]ta9 sort ( maje/ic sev]ity foll[s ! *orus1 ,he t %all endure to ! end4 ,! next sc5e is "o ( ! mo/ impressive & dramatic 9 ! oratorio4 ,elijah no long] prays = dea?2 he longs = ! div9e pres5ce4 ,he he>s ! voice ( ! ,angel3 ,arise n[1 get !e )\t1 /& on ! m\nt be=e ! ,"l2 = !re ,8 glory w appe> & %9e on !e4 ,?y face mu/ be veil$1 = ,he drawe? ne>4 ,) great & sudd5 /r5g? ! *orus ann\nces3 ,behold6 ,god ! ,"l pass$ by4 ,) equal sudd5ness x drops to a pianissimo1 gradually work$ up 9 a cresc5do movem5t1 & we he> ! w9ds r5d+ ! m\nta9s ar\nd2 b once m 9 pianissimo x tells u ! ,"l 0 n 9 ! tempe/4 ,! e>?quake & ! fire pass by1 ea* treat$ 9 a simil> mann]2 b ! ,"l 0 n 9 ^? elem5ts4 ,!n1 9 g5tle tones ( ineffable sweetness1 x decl>es1 ,aft] ! fire !re came a /ill1 small voice1 444 & 9 t /ill1 small voice onw>d came ! ,"l2 & onw>d s+s ! *orus 9 l[1 sweet1 ravi%+ tones to ! end3 ,! ,s]aphim above ,him cri$ "o to ! o!r1 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 is ,god ! ,"l6--a d\ble *orus ( maje/ic proportions4 ,once m ,elijah goes on 8 way1 no long] deject$1 b clo!d ) ! /r5g? ( ! ,"l4 ,8 aria1 ,= ! ,m\nta9s %all dep>t1 prep>es u = ! f9al climax4 ,9 /rong acc5ts ! *orus ann\nce1 ,!n did ,elijah ! prophet break =? l a fire2 8 words 7 l burn+ tor*es2 he ov]?rew k+s2 he /ood on ,s9ai & he>d ! v5geance ( ! future on ,horeb4 ,!n comes a significant pause4 ,! basses beg91 ,& :5 ! ,"l w\ld take him away2 ano!r brief pause1 & ! full *orus pictures 9 vivid color ! com+ ( ! fi]y *>iot & ! :irlw9d by :i* he 0 caught up into heav54 ,! picturesqu5ess & dramatic int5sity ( ?is spl5did *orus c h>dly be describ$ 9 words4 ,"o m t5or aria 7,!n1 !n %all ! ,righte\s %9e7 & a brief soprano solo introduce ! *orus1 ,behold ,my s]vant4 ,a beautiful qu>tet 7,oh6 come1 e "o t ?ir/e?7 foll[s1 & ! massive fugue1 ,& !n %all y\r ,light break =? z ! ,light ( ! ,morn+1 closes ?is great ma/]piece4 #f ,mr4 ,lockey 0 ! t5or on ?is occasion2 ! "p ( ,elijah 0 sung by ,/&igl4 ,*ri/us4 ,*ri/us1 :i* ,m5delssohn int5d$ z ! ?ird 9 ! s]ies ) ,elijah & ,/4 ,paul1 0 left unf9i%$4 ,! words 7 writt5 by ! ,*evali] ,buns5 & giv5 to ! compos] 9 #ahdd1 be=e he began ,elijah4 ,) 8 cu/om>y fa/idi\sness1 he alt]$ & re>rang$ ! text1 & x 0 n until #ahdg1 aft] ,elijah 0 f9i%$1 t he t\*$ ! music4 ,at ?is "t he 0 9 delicate heal?1 & _h n recov]$ f ! %ock ( 8 si/]'s dea?4 ,he s\ght consolation = 8 tr\bles & relief = 8 ailm5ts among ! m\nta9s ( ,switz]l&4 ,"p ( 8 "t 0 devot$ to m\nta9-rambl+1 & ! rema9d] to "w ^u ,*ri/us & ! op]a ,loreley1 nei!r ( :i* he liv$ to f9i%4 ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t be=e ,m5delssohn settl$ ^u ,*ri/us1 ! subject ( ,sa9t ,pet] occupi$ 8 att5tion1 al?\gh he /ill _h ! =m] 9 view = lat] consid]ation4 ,9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,s*ubr+1 writt5 at ,b+5-on-!-,rh9e1 ,july #ad1 #ahcg1 he says3-- ,i wi% to ask y\r advice 9 a matt] :i* is ( importance to me1 & ,i feel x w !re=e n be indiff]5t to y ei!r1 hav+ receiv$ s _m pro(s to ! contr>y f y4 ,x conc]ns ! selection ( a subject ( an oratorio :i* ,i int5d to beg9 next w9t]4 ,i am mo/ anxi\s to h y\r c\nsels1 z ! be/ sugge/ions & contributions = ! text ( my ',/4 ,paul' came f y4 ,_m v app>5t reasons are 9 favor ( *oos+ ,/4 ,pet] z ! subject1--,i mean its be+ int5d$ = ! ,duesseldorf ,musical ,fe/ival at ,:itsuntide1 & ! prom95t position ! fea/ ( ,:it ,sunday w\ld occupy 9 ?is subject4 ,9 addition to ^! gr\nds1 ,i may add my wi% 79 connection ) a great] plan = a lat] oratorio7 to br+ ! two *ief apo/les & pill>s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* side by side 9 oratorios1--9 %ort1 t ,i %\ld h a ',/4 ,pet]' z well z a ',/4 ,paul4' ,ano!r extract f ! same lett] w %[ ! ke5ness ) :i* he analyz$ 8 !mes4 ,he writes3-- ,i ne$ n tell y t !re are suffici5t int]nal gr\nds to make me prize ! subject2 & f> above all else /&s ! outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* mu/ =m ! c5tral po9t or *ief object4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is :e!r ! place t ,pet] assumes 9 ! ,bible1 dive/$ ( ! dignity :i* he enjoys 9 ! ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant ,*ur*es z a m>tyr1 or ! fir/ ,pope1 etc41--:e!r :at is said ( him 9 ! ,bible is alone & 9 itself suffici5tly important to =m ! basis ( a symbolical oratorio4 ,=1 accord+ to my feel+1 ! subject mu/ n be treat$ hi/orically1 h[ev] indisp5sable ?is 0 9 ! case ( ',/4 ,paul4' ,9 hi/oric h&l+1 ,*ri/ mu/ appe> 9 ! e>li] "p ( ,/4 ,pet]'s c>e]2 & :]e he appe>s1 ,/4 ,pet] c\ld n lay claim to ! *ief int]e/4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 x mu/ be symbolical2 ?\gh all ! hi/orical po9ts might probably be introduc$1--! betrayal & rep5tance1 ! keys ( ,heav5 giv5 him by ,*ri/1 8 prea*+ at ,p5teco/1--n 9 an hi/orical1 b prophetic light1 if ,i may s express myself1 9 close connection4 ,! project 0 nev] c>ri$ out2 b ! deep e>ne/ness ) :i* ,m5delssohn consid]$ x %[s h[ ?\ghtfully he mu/ h devot$ himself to ! s*eme :i* took its place4 ,nei!r 8 lett]s nor 8 biograph]s ?r[ mu* light ^u ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/us4 ,lampadius says3 ,! oratorio 0 laid out ^u a gr& scale4 ,x 0 to be 9 ?ree p>ts1--! c>e] on e>?1 ! desc5t into hell1 ! asc5t to heav54 ,?is plan mu/ h be5 subsequ5tly *ang$1 = ! fragm5ts ( ! oratorio are includ$ 9 two p>ts1 ?\gh !y entirely p]ta9 to ! e>?ly c>e]4 ,!re are 9 all eight complete numb]s1--?ree f ! fir/ "p1 & five f ! second4 ,! fir/ "p op5s ) a soprano recitative 7,:5 ,jesus our ,"l 0 born 9 ,be?lehem71 lead+ to a /rong trio = t5or & two basses 7,say1 :]e is he born871 ! "q ( ! ,wise ,m5 f ! ,ea/4 ,! *orus replies1 ,!n %all a ,/> f ,jacob come =?1 clos+ ) ! old ,g]man *orale1 ,wie s*o5 leu*tet d] ,morg5/]n 7,h[ brightly %9es ! ,morn+ ,/>671 9 pla91 fl[+ h>mony4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! second "p are 9 ! =m ( ! passion-music1 & include five t5or recitatives1 n>rat+ ! dialogue betwe5 ,pilate1 ! ,eld]s & ! ,p1 & 8 f9al ord]1 ,take ye him & crucify him1 = ,i _c f9d a fault 9 him1 & sev]al %ort1 angry *oruses ( ! ,jews1 accus+ ,jesus & call+ = 8 dea?1 lead+ to a beautiful *orus = mix$ voices 7,daught]s ( ,zion1 weep71 & clos+ ) an effective *orale = male voices 9 ! g5u9e ,ba* /yle3-- ,he leaves 8 heav5ly portals1 ,endures ! grief ( mortals1 ,to raise our fall5 race4 ,o love beyond express+6 ,he ga9s = u a bless+1 ,he saves u by r$eem+ grace4 ,:5 ?\1 ,o sun1 art %r\d$1 ,by night or tempe/ cl\d$1 ,?y rays no long] d>t2 ,?\gh e>? be d>k & dre>y1 ,if1 ,jesus1 ?\ art ne> me1 ',tis cl\dless day )9 my he>t4 ,,moz>t4 ,johann ,*ryso/omus ,wolfgang ,amadeus ,moz>t1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable musical g5iuses ! _w has produc$1 & ! only "o ( 8 contempor>ies ^: op]as /ill hold ! /age ) unimpair$ fre%ness1 0 born at ,salzburg1 ,jan4 #bg1 #agef4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,leopold ,moz>t1 ! ,salzburgian ,vice-,capellmei/]1 :o gave him & 8 si/] ,nann]l _! e>lie/ in/ructions 9 music1 & ) su* good results t ! *ildr5 travell$ & gave conc]ts ) great success4 ,be=e he 0 sev5 ye>s ( age1 he _h compos$ sev]al pieces = piano & viol91 8 e>lie/ hav+ be5 writt5 at ! age ( five6 ,at twelve he became c\rt capellmei/] 9 ,salzburg4 ,aft] 8 musical travels he w5t to ,vi5na1 & !re began 8 real p]iod ( classic activity1 :i* comm5c$ ) ,idom5eus1 rea*$ its culm9ation 9 ,don ,giovanni1 & clos$ ) ! ,requiem1--! swan-song ( 8 wond]ful life4 ,9 8 brief life ,moz>t compos$ m ?an fifty great works1 besides hundr$s ( m9or ones 9 e possible =m ( musical writ+4 ,8 greate/ compositions may be class$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,idom5eus 7#aghj72 ,entfuehrung aus dem ,s]ail 7#agha72 ,fig>o's ,ho*zeit 7,! ,m>riage ( ,fig>o71 7#aghe72 ,don ,giovanni 7#aghg72 ,cosi fan tutti1 ,zaub]floete 7,! ,magic ,flute71 & ,titus 7#agij72 & ! ,requiem 7#agia1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?74 ,! catalogue ( ,moz>t's works is an imm5se "o1 = 8 p]iod ( productivity 0 unusually long4 ,f ! age ( five to 8 dea?1 !re 0 n a ye> t 0 n cr[d$ ) 8 music4 ,besides 8 num]\s op]as1 ( :i* only ! m fam\s are giv5 above1 he wrote a l>ge numb] ( symphonies 7( :i* ! ,jupit] is n[ ! be/ kn[n71 sonatas1 conc]tos = all k9ds ( in/rum5ts1 ev5 to musical-glasses1 trios1 qu>tets1 qu9tets1 & sextets = all possible comb9ations ( in/rum5ts1 m>*es1 fugues1 masses1 hymns1 arias ( extraord9>y brilliancy1--_m ( !m writt5 = 8 si/]-9-law1 ,aloysia ,web]1 to :om at "o "t he 0 engag$1--liturgies1 cantatas1 songs1 & ballads1 & inde$ e =m ( music t is n[ kn[n4 ,8 /yle 0 /udi$ by ,bee?ov51 & s closely imitat$ t ! music ( 8 fir/ p]iod1 if publi%$ )\t autograph1 w\ld readily be attribut$ to ,moz>t4 ,8 /yle 0 s spontane\s & s *>act]i/ic t x has be5 well said !re is b "o ,moz>t4 ,! di/+ui%+ trait ( 8 music is its ri* melodic beauty & its almo/ ravi%+ sweetness4 ,8 melody p\rs along 9 a bright1 unbrok5 /ream t sometimes ev5 ov]fl[s its banks1 s abundant is x4 ,x is peculi>ly ! music ( y\? & spr+-"t1 exquisite 9 =m1 graceful 9 te*nique1 & delightful 9 expression4 ,x 0 ! s\rce :]e all 8 imm$iate successors w5t = _! inspiration1 ?\gh x lack$ ! maturity1 maje/y1 & emotional dep?s :i* 7 rea*$ by su* a ,titan z ,bee?ov54 ,old z x is1 & antiquat$ 9 =m1 especially z comp>$ ) ! "w ( ! new s*ools1 its p]5nial fre%ness1 grace1 & beauty h made x immortal4 ,! ,requiem4 ,moz>t's ,requiem 0 writt5 9 ,vi5na 9 #agia & 0 left 9 an unf9i%$ /ate by ! compos]1 :o made sugge/ions & gave in/ructions z to its completion ev5 ^u 8 dea?-b$2 x 0 lit]ally 8 swan-song4 ,no "w by any compos] has giv5 rise to m romantic /ories or m bitt] discussion4 ,x 0 long ! popul> belief t ! ,requiem 0 commission$ by a d>k1 my/]i\s /rang]1 ^: appe>ance impress$ ,moz>t ) ! conviction t he 0 a mess5g] ( dea?2 m ?an ?is1 t he himself _h be5 poison$1 & t he 0 writ+ 8 own dea?-song1 ^u ! ord] ( "s sup]natural p[]4 ,!re 0 "s f\ndation = ! belief1 z ! commission 0 giv5 9 a v my/]i\s mann]1 & ,moz>t's heal? at t "t 0 s delicate t he _h _h sev]al premonitions ( dea?4 ,9 8 gloomy spirits he ev5 said to 8 wife t he 0 writ+ 8 own requiem4 ,! actual circum/ances att5d+ ! commission1 ?\gh !y d n be> out ! romantic v]sions ( ! /ory-tell]s1 are yet ( extraord9>y int]e/4 ,! au?or ( ! commission 0 "o ,c\nt von ,walsegg1 liv+ 9 ! village ( ,/uppa*1 ^: wife _h di$ e>ly 9 #agia4 ,he 0 an amateur musician ( va/ ambitions & small accompli%m5ts1 & _h conceiv$ ! idea ( pur*as+ a requiem anonym\sly f ,moz>t & pass+ x (f z 8 own "w4 ,9 pursuance ( 8 s*eme he despat*$ 8 /ew>d1 nam$ ,leutgeb1 a tall1 solemn1 my/]i\s look+ p]son1 ) an anonym\s lett] to ,moz>t1 :o at t "t 0 9 absolute pov]ty1 ask+ = ! music & reque/+ him to "n 8 own price1--/ipulat+1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld make no ef=t to discov] ! id5tity ( 8 patron4 ,! unsuspici\s ,moz>t accept$ ! proposition1 aft] consult+ ) 8 wife4 ,he 0 ab\t to beg9 "w ^u x at once1 :5 he receiv$ a commission to write ! op]a ( ,clem5za de ,tito1 9 honor ( ! ,emp]or ,leopold's coronation4 ,?is occupi$ him sev]al weeks1 & :5 x 0 complet$ he decid$ ^u a visit to ,bad54 ,at ! mom5t he 0 ab\t to get into ! c>riage1 ! my/]i\s /rang] aga9 appe>$ & inquir$ ab\t ! progress ( ! ,requiem4 ,moz>t excus$ himself1 & repli$ t z soon z he return$ he w\ld beg9 ! "w2 & ! /rang] w5t away satisfi$4 ,moz>t came back to ,vi5na 9 ,septemb]2 & aft] ! completion ( ! ,magic ,flute1 & its fir/ p]=mance1 ,nov4 #cj1 #agia1 he devot$ himself assidu\sly to ! ,requiem1 ?\gh x s]v$ only to increase 8 gloom4 ,"o day he rem>k$ to 8 wife3 ,i well "k t ,i am writ+ ?is requiem = myself4 ,my own feel+s tell me t ,i %all n la/ long4 ,no d\bt "s "o has giv5 me poison2 ,i _c get rid ( ! ?\ght4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ?is suspicion 0 only ! result ( 8 morbid ?\ghts2 b :5 x 0 publicly utt]$1 mo/ unju/ accusations 7 made aga9/ 8 rival1 ,sali]i1 embitt]+ ! old compos]'s life until its close4 ,z ! "w progress$1 8 gloom increas$4 ,! day be=e 8 dea?1 ,nohl says1 he desir$ ! score to be br\ght to him 9 b$1 & he sang 8 "p1 tak+ ! alto voice4 ,b5$ict ,%ack took ! soprano1 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,h(]1 ! t5or1 & ,g]l ! bass4 ,!y _h got ?r\gh ! v>i\s p>ts to ! fir/ b>s ( ! ',lacrymosa1' :5 ,moz>t sudd5ly bur/ into te>s & laid aside ! score4 ,8 si/]-9-law has left an acc\nt ( 8 la/ mom5ts4 ,%e writes3 ,z ,i approa*$ 8 b$1 he call$ to me3 ',x is well y are "h2 y mu/ /ay to-night & see me die4' ,i tri$ z f> z ,i 0 able to bani% ?is impression2 b he repli$3 ',! ta/e ( dea? is already on my tongue1 ,i ta/e dea?2 & :o w be ne> to support my ,con/ance if y g away8' ,suessmay] 8 favorite pupil 0 /&+ by ! b$side1 & on ! c\nt]pane lay ! ',requiem1' conc]n+ :i* ,moz>t 0 /ill speak+ & giv+ directions4 ,he n[ call$ 8 wife & made h] promise to keep 8 dea? secret = a "t f e "o b ,albre*tsb]g]1 t he might ?us h an advantage ov] o!r c&idates = ! vacant (fice ( capellmei/] to ,/4 ,/eph5's4 ,8 desire 9 ?is respect 0 gratifi$1 = ,albre*tsb]g] receiv$ ! appo9tm5t4 ,z he look$ ov] ! pages ( ! ',requiem' = ! la/ "t1 he said1 ) te>s 9 8 eyes3 ',did ,i n tell y ,i 0 writ+ ?is = myself8' ,moz>t's wid[1 aft] 8 dea?1 fe>+ t %e might h to refund ! money advanc$ = ! "w1 induc$ ,suessmay]1 :o 0 ?or\ghly famili> ) ,moz>t's ideas1 to complete x4 ,he did s1 & ! copy 0 deliv]$ to ,c\nt von ,walsegg1 :o did n hesitate to publi% x z 8 own4 ,suessmay]1 h[ev]1 _h kept a copy1 & aft] completion publi%$ x2 & 9 a lett] to ! publi%]s set up a claim to ! in/rum5tation ( ! ,requiem1 ,kyrie1 ,dies ,irae1 & ,dom9e1 & to ! :ole ( ! ,sanctus1 ,b5$ictus1 & ,agnus ,dei4 ,! publication ( ,suessmay]'s lett] provok$ a controv]sy :i* has rag$ f t day to ?is4 ,! able/ critics & musicians 9 ,europe h tak5 "p 9 x4 ,ne>ly all ( !m h def5d$ ,moz>t's au?or%ip2 b aft] half a c5tury's discussion x /ill rema9s 9 d\bt h[ f> ,suessmay] p>ticipat$ 9 ! completion ( ! "w z x n[ /&s4 ,! bulk ( ! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 favors ! !ory t ,suessmay] only play$ ! "p ( a skilful copyi/1 9 writ+ out ! figur+s :i* ,moz>t _h indicat$1 c>ry+ out ideas :i* _h be5 sugge/$ to him1 & writ+ p>ts f ! sket*es :i* ! compos] _h made4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p]t95t sugge/ions made 9 ! c\rse ( ?is controv]sy is t ( ,rock/ro1 :o says3-- ,"s passages1 ?\gh !y may p]haps /r5g!n ,suessmay]'s claim to h fill$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! in/rum5tation1 /& on a v diff]5t gr\nd to ^? :i* conc]n ! composition ( :ole movem5ts4 ,! ',lacrymosa' is q c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ beautiful movem5ts 9 ! :ole ',requiem'--& ,moz>t is cr$it$ ) hav+ only f9i%$ ! fir/ eight b>s ( x6 ,yet x is impossible to /udy ?is movem5t c>efully )\t arriv+ at ,pr(essor ,macf>r5's conclusion t '! :ole 0 ! "w ( "o m9d1 :i* m9d 0 ,moz>t's4' ,suessmay] may h writt5 x out1 p]haps2 b x mu/ h be5 f ! recollection ( :at ,moz>t _h play$ or sung to him1 = we "k t ?is v movem5t occupi$ ! dy+ compos]'s att5tion almo/ to ! la/ mom5t ( 8 life4 ,9 l mann] ,moz>t may h left no ,urs*rift5 7sket*es7 ( ! ',sanctus1' ',b5$ictus1' & ',agnus ,dei1'--?\gh ! fact t !y h nev] be5 discov]$ does n prove t !y nev] exi/$1--& yet he may h play$ & sung ^! movem5ts (t5 en\gh to h giv5 ,suessmay] a v cle> idea ( :at he int5d$ to write4 ,we mu/ ei!r believe t he did ?is1 or t ,suessmay] 0 z great a g5ius z he2 = n "o ( ,moz>t's ackn[l$g$ masses w be> comp>ison ) ! ',requiem1' ei!r z a "w ( art or ! expression ( a dev\t religi\s feel+4 ,9 ?is respect x /&s almo/ alone among in/rum5tal masses1 :i* ne>ly always sacrifice religi\s feel+ to te*nical display4 ,aft] an introduction1 :i* gives out ! subject ( ! op5+ movem5t1--a sl[1 m\rnful1 solemn !me1--! fir/ numb] beg9s ) ! impressive /ra91 ,requiem aet]nam dona eis1 :i* gradually bright5s 9 ! phrase1 ,et ,lux p]petua1 & rea*es a spl5did bur/ ( exultation 9 ! ,te decet hymnus1 ( :i* ,oubli*ieff1 ! ,russian critic1 says3 ,"o seems to he> ! voice ( an ar*angel1 & ,sa9t ,cecilia h]self ) h] organ s\nd+ a fugu$ accompanim5t :i* ! mo/ labori\s ef=ts ( mortals nev] c\ld h p[] to rea*4 ,aft] a repetition ( ! ,requiem aet]nam1 ! numb] closes ) ! ,kyrie eleison1 a sl[ & complicat$ fugue1 :i* is sublime 9 its effect1 ?\gh v sombre 9 color1 z befits ! subject4 ,! next numb] is ! ,dies ,irae1 writt5 = *orus 9 simple c\nt]po9t1 & v dramatic 9 its "*1 ! or*e/ral "p be+ con/antly vigor\s1 impetu\s1 & agitat$1 & rea*+ int5se en]gy on ! v]se1 ,quantus tremor e/ futurus1 ! :ole pres5t+ a vivid picture 9 tones ( ! t]rors ( ! la/ judgm5t4 ,9 ! ,tuba mirum ! _s ( ! music *anges f ! *ur* =m to ! secul>4 ,x is writt5 = solo voices1 end+ 9 a qu>tet4 ,! bass beg9s ) ! ,tuba mirum1 set to a port5t\s trombone accompanim5t2 !n foll[ ! t5or 7,mors /upebit71 ! alto 7,judex ergo71 & ! soprano 7,quid sum mis]74 ,?is numb] is p>ticul>ly rem>kable = ! mann] 9 :i* ! music is %ad$ d[n f ! almo/ sup]natural "* ( ! op5+ bass solo to ! beauty & sweetness ( ! soprano solo4 ,f ?is extraord9>y gr\p we pass to ! sublime *orus1 ,rex trem5dae maje/atis1 once m 9 ! *ur* /yle1 :i* closes ) ! pray]1 ,salva me1 9 canonical =m4 ,) r>e skill is ?is la/ appeal ( humanity wov5 out ( ! ?und]-cra%es ( s\nd 9 ! judgm5t-music4 ,! ,dies ,irae is foll[$ by ! ,record>e1 writt51 l ! ,tuba mirum1 z a qu>tet = solo voices4 ,! vocal p>ts are 9 canon =m & are comb9$ ) m>vell\s skill1 reliev$ "h & !re ) solos 9 purely melodic /yle1 z 9 ! ,qua]5s me1 :ile ! or*e/ral "p is an indep5d5t fugue1 ) sev]al subjects work$ up ) e =m ( in/rum5tal embelli%m5t1 ! fugue itself sometimes reliev$ by pla9 accompanim5t4 ,! :ole is an a/oni%+ piece ( contrapuntal skill1 app>5tly inexhau/ible 9 its sci5tific comb9ations1 & yet nev] = an in/ant los+ its deep religi\s significance4 ,once m ! or*e/ral "p is full ( agitation & ev5 savage en]gy 9 ! ,confutatis mal$ictis1 z x accompanies a p[]ful d\ble *orus1 clos+ at la/ 9 a maje/ic pray] 7,oro supplex et accl9is71 9 :i* all ! voices jo9 9 magnific5t h>mony4 ,! ,lacrymosa is ! mo/ elegant & poetically conceiv$ movem5t 9 ! ,requiem4 ,x beg9s 9 a delicate1 graceful1 & ev5 s5su\s mann]1 :i* gradually broad5s & /r5g!ns1 & at la/ develops into a cresc5do ( imm5se p[]1 rea*+ its climax on ! words ,judic&us homo reus4 ,!n x *anges to a pla9tive pray] 7,huic ergo p>ce ,deus71 & closes 9 a cl\d ( gloom 9 ! ,dona eis requiem4 ,! next numb] 7,dom9e ,jesu ,*ri/e7 is 9 pure *ur* =m1 beg9n+ ) a motet by *orus 9 solid h>mony1 :i* runs into a fugue on ! words ,ne absorbeat eas ,t>t>us1 foll[$ by a qu>tet ( voices regul>ly fugu$1 lead+ to ano!r great fugue on ! passage1 ,quam olim ,abrahae1 :i* closes ! numb] 9 a bur/ ( sacr$ inspiration4 ,! ,dom9e is foll[$ by ! ,ho/ias1 a lovely *oral melody :i* leads to ! ,sanctus1 a sublime piece ( h>mony clos+ ) a fugu$ ,hosanna4 ,! ,b5$ictus1 :i* foll[s x1 is a solo qu>tet pla9tive & solemn 9 "*1 b full ( sweet & ri* melodies magnific5tly accompani$4 ,! ,agnus ,dei closes ! "w1 a composition ( pr(\nd beauty1 ) an accompanim5t ( m\rnful maje/y1 develop+ into a solemn1 almo/ fun]eal /ra9 on ! words ,dona eis requiem1 & clos+ ) ! fugue ( ! op5+ ,kyrie on ! words ,lux aet]na4 ,writt5 "u ! inspiration ( dea? might well be inscrib$ on ?is great monum5t ( musical skill1 ?is mat*less requiem ( awful maje/y & div9e beauty4 ,9 its own unity1 its p]fection ( =m & design1 its a/oni%+ skill1 f ! op5+ fugue ( ! ,kyrie to its repetition 9 ! f9ale1 may be f\nd ! pro( t ,moz>t & no o!r wrote ! entire score1 & t e ?\ght & idea 9 x are ! inspir$ "w ( ! dy+ ma/]4 ,,pa9e4 ,john ,k4 ,pa9e1 "o ( ! v few really em95t ,am]ican compos]s1 0 born at ,portl&1 ,me41 ,jan4 #i1 #ahci4 ,he /udi$ ! piano1 organ1 & composition ) ,kotzs*m> 9 t city1 & made 8 fir/ public appe>ance z an organi/1 ,june #be1 #aheg4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> he w5t to ,g]many & /udi$ ! organ1 composition1 & in/rum5tation ) ,haupt & o!r ma/]s 9 ,b]l94 ,he return$ to ?is c\ntry 9 #ahfa & gave sev]al conc]ts1 9 :i* he play$ _m ( ! organ works ( ! be/ writ]s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,%ortly aft] 8 return he 0 appo9t$ in/ructor ( music 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 & 9 #ahgf 0 honor$ ) ! elevation to a pr(essor%ip & giv5 a regul> *air4 ,he is be/ kn[n z a compos]1 & sev]al ( 8 works h be5 paid ! r>e complim5t ( p]=mance 9 ,g]many1 among !m 8 ,mass 9 ,d & all 8 symphonies4 ,! =m] 0 giv5 at ! ,b]l9 ,s+akademie 9 #ahfg1 "u 8 own direction4 ,among 8 pr9cipal compositions are ! oratorio ,/4 ,pet]2 ! ,mass 9 ,d2 ! ,c5t5nial ,hymn1 set to ,:itti]'s poem & sung at ! op5+ ( ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial ,exhibition2 ! ov]ture to ,z ,y ,l ,x2 ,! ,tempe/1 9 ! /yle ( a symphonic poem2 ! symphony 9 ,c m9or & ,spr+ symphony2 besides num]\s sonatas1 fantasies1 preludes1 songs1 & arrangem5ts = organ & piano4 ,8 l>g] or*e/ral works h be5 made famili> to ,am]ican audi5ces by ,mr4 ,!odore ,?omas's b&1 & h inv>iably met ) success4 ,8 /yle ( composition is l>ge1 broad1 & dignifi$1 bas$ ^u ! be/ classic models1 & ev9ces a high degree ( musical s*ol>%ip4 ,/4 ,pet]4 ,/4 ,pet]1 ,mr4 ,pa9e's only oratorio1--& f ! highe/ /&po9t x may be said ! only oratorio yet produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry1--0 writt5 9 #ahgb-gc1 & fir/ p]=m$ at ,portl&1 ,me41 9 ,june ( ! latt] ye>1 "u ! compos]'s own direction4 ,! solos 7 sung by ,mrs4 ,we!rbee1 ,miss ,adelaide ,phillipps1 ,mr4 ,george ,l4 ,osgood1 & ,mr4 ,rudolphs54 ,x 0 aga9 produc$ ) great success at ! ?ird ,tri5nial ,fe/ival ( ! ,bo/on ,h&el & ,haydn ,society1 ,may #i1 #ahgd1 ) ,mrs4 ,j4 ,h\/on ,we/1 ,mr4 ,nelson ,v>ley1 ,miss ,phillipps1 & ,mr4 ,rudolphs5 9 ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 illu/rat$ by ! f\r pr9cipal sc5es 9 ! life ( ,/4 ,pet]1 =ms ! subject ( ! oratorio4 ,x is divid$ into two p>ts1 & ^! are subdivid$ z foll[s3 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,div9e ,call2 ,! ,d5ial & ,rep5tance4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,asc5sion2 ,p5teco/4 ,! ov]ture1 a %ort adagio movem5t expressive ( ! unsettl$ spiritual condition ( ! _w prior to ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 leads directly to ! op5+ *orus1 ,! ,"t is fulfill$1 :i* develops n only ?is subject1 b also a second1 ,rep5t1 & believe ! glad ,tid+s ( ,god1 9 a ma/]ly mann]4 ,! *orus1 writt5 9 a v noble /yle1 is foll[$ by ! t5or recitative1 :i* describes ! div9e call ( our ,"l to ,simon & ,&rew z ,he walk$ by ! ,sea ( ,galilee4 ,x prep>es ! way = a soprano aria 7,! ,_s ( ! ,"l is ^u me7 :i* ann\nces ! glad tid+s !y are commission$ to deliv]4 ,twelve male voices1 repres5t+ ! ,disciples1 accept ! call 9 ! *orus1 ,we g be=e ! ,face ( ! ,"l1 :i* is beautifully accompani$ by & int]wov5 ) ! full *orus1 clos+ ) ! smoo?ly fl[+ *orale1 ,h[ lovely %9es ! ,morn+ ,/>4 ,!n ensues ! fir/ dramatic sc5e4 ,to ! "q ( ! ,savi\r1 ,:o d m5 say t ,i am1 ! twelve male voices fir/ reply1 foll[$ by ,pet] 9 a few b>s ( v effective recitative1 ,?\ art ! ,*ri/4 ,a t5or arioso1 decl>+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur* ^u ?is rock1 is foll[$ by a noble & exquisitely *a/e bass aria = ,pet] 7,my ,he>t is glad & my ,_s rejoice?71 ! sc5e end+ ) ! p[]ful *orus1 ,! ,*ur* is built ^u ! ,f\ndation ( ! ,apo/les & ,prophets4 ,! next sc5e1 ,! ,d5ial & ,rep5tance1 op5s ) ! w>n+ to ,pet] t he w d5y 8 ,"l1 & 8 remon/rance1 ,?\gh ,i %\ld die ) !e1 :i* is repeat$ by ! ,apo/les4 ,^! brief passages are foll[$ by a v pa!tic aria = t5or 7,let n y\r ,he>t be tr\bl$7 & a beautifully work$-up qu>tet & *orus 7,sanctify u ?r\gh ,?y ,tru?74 ,a contralto solo ann\nces ! com+ ( ,judas ) a great multitude1 lead+ ,jesus away to ! ,high ,prie/1 & is foll[$ by ! v expressive *orus1 ,we hid our ,faces f him4 ,! sc5e ( ! d5ial is v dramatic1 ! alt]nat+ accusations ( ! s]vants & ! d5ials ( ,pet] be+ treat$ ) great skill2 x closes ) a v effective contralto recitative1 illu/rat+ ! sad words3 ,& :ile he yet spake1 ! cock crew4 ,& ! ,"l turn$1 & look$ on ,pet]2 & he rememb]$ ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 & he w5t out & wept bitt]ly4 ,an or*e/ral int]lude foll[s1 9 ! nature ( a lam5t1 a m9or adagio full ( deep feel+4 ,x is foll[$ by an aria = ,pet] 7,o ,god1 my ,god1 =sake me n71 :i* is ca/ 9 ! same /ra9 ( lam5tation z ! or*e/ral numb] :i* prec$es & really introduces x4 ,at its close a *orus ( ,angels1 sopranos1 & altos1 ) h>p accompanim5t 7,rememb]1 rememb] f :5ce ?\ art fall571 is he>d w>n+ ,pet]1 augm5t$ on ! introduction ( ! second subject 7,& he t ov]come? %all receive a ,cr[n ( ,life7 by ! full *orus4 ,?is *orus is foll[$ by a beautiful aria = alto 7,! ,"l is fai?ful & righte\s to =give our ,s9s72 & !n a massive *orus1 :i* is fairly maje/ic 7,awake1 ?\ t sleepe/71 closes ! fir/ "p4 ,! second "p op5s ) a *orus 7,! ,son ( ,man 0 deliv]$ into ! ,h&s ( s9ful ,m571 :i* tells ! /ory ( ! crucifixion1 n only ) great p[]1 b also ) int5se pa?os1 end+ ) ! *orale1 ,jesus my ,r$eem] lives1 :i* inve/s ! sad n>rative ) t5d] & consolatory feel+4 ,! asc5sion sc5e is accompani$ by graceful & expressive recitatives = t5or & bass1 foll[$ by a t5or arioso 7,g ye & tea*7 & a %ort soprano recitative 7,& he lift$ up 8 ,h&s71 lead+ to ! full melodi\s *orus1 ,if ye !n be ris54 ,! next numb] is an impressive soprano solo 7,o ,man ( ,god71 9 :i* ,pet] is admoni%$ to put on ! :ole armor ( ,god & fight ! good fight4 ,a beautifully writt5 qu>tet 7,fe$ ! ,flock ( ,god7 closes ! sc5e ( ! asc5sion4 ,! la/ sc5e op5s ) a t5or solo describ+ ! miracle ( ,p5teco/1 set to an extremely vigor\s & descriptive accompanim5t4 ,x is foll[$ by ! *orus1 ,! ,voice ( ! ,"l1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ effective 9 ! :ole "w1 ?\gh n con/ruct$ 9 ! massive /yle ( ^? :i* close ! two p>ts4 ,a contralto recitative l9ks ?is *orus to its successor1 ,behold6 are n all ^! :o speak ,galileans8 ,aft] a brief soprano recitative1 ,pet] has ano!r vigor\s solo 7,ye ,m5 ( ,judaea71 :i* is z dramatic 9 its /yle & almo/ z descriptive 9 its accompanim5t z ! op5+ t5or solo ( ?is sc5e4 ,a reflective aria = alto 7,z = ,man7 foll[s x1 & bass & t5or recitatives lead up to ! eag]ly que/ion+ *orus ( ! p1 ,m5 & ,bre?r54 ,! answ] comes f ,pet] & ! ,apo/les1 ,= ! ,promise is to y4 ,an intricate *orus 7,?is is ! ,witness ( ,god71 clos+ ) a *orale 7,praise to ! ,fa!r71 leads to ! f9ale1 :i* comprises ! *orus1 ,belov$1 let u love "o ano!r1 writt5 = bass solo1 t5ors1 & basses 7! ,disciples71 & full *orus2 an effective duet = soprano & t5or 7,s+ unto ,god72 & ! f9al maje/ic *orus 7,great & m>vell\s are ?y ,works74 ,,ross9i4 ,gioa*9o ,antonio ,ross9i1 ! fa!r ( ! mod]n ,italian s*ool ( op]a1 0 born ,feb4 #bi1 #agib1 at ,pes>o1 9 ! ,romagna4 ,8 fa!r 0 an accompli%$ musician1 & 8 "m a pr(essional s+]1 s t he 0 br\ght up 9 a musical atmosph]e4 ,ev5 z a boy he sang ) 8 "m 9 ! !atre4 ,he fir/ /udi$ ) ,mattei1 & lat] ) ,m>t9i4 ,8 fir/ op]a1 ,demetrio e ,polibio1 0 br\ght out at ,rome 9 #ahab1 & be=e he _h conclud$ 8 life-"w1 m ?an =ty ( 8 op]as _h be5 giv5 9 almo/ e "p ( ,europe1--a cr[n+ result ( labor & contemporane\s fame n (t5 enjoy$ by compos]s4 ,8 ,tancr$i1 :i* 0 produc$ = ! fir/ "t at ,v5ice 9 #ahac1 0 ! op]a :i* made him fam\s1 & its rem>kable success spread 8 reputation f> & wide4 ,9 #ahae appe>$ ,l' ,italiana 9 ,alg]i & ,aureliano 9 ,palmira2 9 #ahaf1 ,elisabetta1 ,otello1 & 8 spl5did "w ,! ,b>b] ( ,seville1 :i*1 ?\gh 8 ma/]piece1 is said to h be5 writt5 9 f\rte5 days2 9 #ahag1 ,la ,c5]5tola1 ,la ,gazza ,ladra1 & ,armida2 & 9 #ahai1 ,ricci>do e ,zoraide1 ,la ,donna del ,lago1 & _m o!rs4 ,f #ahae to #ahbb ,ross9i 0 "u ! managem5t ( ! impres>io ,b>baja 9 ,naples1 :o _h mu* difficulty 9 keep+ him to ! "w ( composition1 8 facility 9 writ+ (t5 lead+ him to def] "w until x 0 ! v eve ( p]=mance4 ,9 #ahbc1 "u ! auspices ( ,b>baja1 & ) ! assi/ance ( ! prima donna1 ,colbran1 :om ,ross9i m>ri$ ab\t ?is "t1 8 op]a ,zelmira & o!rs ( 8 works 7 giv5 ) su* brilliant success z to raise 8 aspirations = a wid] & m promis+ field ( labor4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbc he w5t to ,p>is & ,london1 f9ally settl+ 9 ! =m] city1 :]e he n only began a new gr& op]a1 b also gave himself to ! /udy & developm5t ( or*e/ral music & ! enc\ragem5t ( arti/s4 ,8 home 0 ! ,mecca ( s+]s1 &1 l ,liszt's at ,weim>1 ! c5tre ( art influ5ces4 ,! new "w 0 ,william ,tell1 :i* 0 fir/ br\ght out 9 ,p>is 9 #ahbi4 ,x 0 8 la/ important ef=t4 ,x met ) only tempor>y success1 ?\gh x enjoys to-day a reputation almo/ equal to t ( ! ,b>b]4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ "w 9 sacr$ music is ! ,/abat ,mat]1 :i*1 ?\gh writt5 9 op]atic /yle & v brilliant 9 color+1 has reta9$ its place 9 popul> favor1 & is to-day z eag]ly s\ght = by arti/s & ! public z x 0 9 8 own day4 ,among 8 o!r sacr$ works is ,moses 9 ,egypt1--orig9ally writt5 z an oratorio = ! ,san ,c>lo 9 ,naples1 & br\ght out !re 9 #ahah1 ?\gh subsequ5tly reca/ & provid$ ) a revis$ libretto = ! ,p>is ,gr& ,op]a 9 #ahbg4 ,! ,pray] f ?is "w has a _w-wide popul>ity4 ,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life ,ross9i gave up composition entirely1--9 "p because ( ! ev5tual failure ( 8 ,william ,tell1--& enjoy$ ! fruits ( 8 labors at 8 beautiful villa 9 ,passy4 ,he di$ ,nov4 #ad1 #ahfh4 ,8 sacr$ works1 besides ^? already m5tion$1 are a few ,italian oratorios1 n[ unkn[n1 ?ree *oruses1 ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity1 ! ,petite ,messe ,sol5elle1 a ,tantum ,ergo1 a ,quoniam1 & an ,o ,salut>is4 ,/abat ,mat]4 ,! great ,/abat ,mat]s 9 ! musical _w are ^? ( ,pale/r9a1 ,p]golesi1 ,haydn1 ,/effani1 ,cl>i1 ,a/orga1 ,w9t]1 ,neukomm1 ,ross9i1 & ! "o rec5tly writt5 by ! ,bohemian compos]1 ,dvorak4 ,( all ^! no "o has be5 s popul> z t ( ,ross9i1 nor made ! _w s famili> ) ! text ( ! ,virg9's ,lam5tation4 ,aft] ! failure ( ,william ,tell1 ,ross9i ab&on$ op]a-writ+1 ?\gh he _h a contract ) ! ,gr& ,op]a at ,p>is = f\r m works1 & contemplat$ tak+ up ! subject ( ,fau/4 ,william ,tell 0 8 la/ "w = ! /age2 b be=e 8 absolute retirem5t he 0 to produce a "w de/9$ to add to 8 fame4 ,9 #ahcb 8 fri5d ,aguado induc$ him to compose a ,/abat ,mat] = ! ,spani% m9i/]1 ,don ,val]a1 :i* 0 n int5d$ to be made public4 ,be=e its completion he fell ill1 & ,tadol9i wrote ! la/ f\r numb]s4 ,! "w 0 d$icat$ to ,val]a1 ) ! und]/&+ t x %\ld always be reta9$ by him4 ,n9e ye>s aft]w>ds ,val]a di$1 & ,ross9i le>n$ t 8 heirs _h sold ! "w to a ,p>is publi%] = two ?\s& francs4 ,he at once claim$ ! copyright & br\ght an action1 9 :i* he 0 successful4 ,he !n compos$ f\r new numb]s 9 place ( ^? writt5 by ,tadol9i1 & sold ! "w complete to ! publi%]1 ,tr\p5as1 = six ?\s& francs4 ,! latt] sold ! "r ( p]=mance = a limit$ "t to ! ,escudi]s = eight ?\s& francs1 & !y 9 turn sold x to ! ,!atre ,itali5 = tw5ty ?\s&4 ,its fir/ complete p]=mance 0 at ! ,salle ,v5tad\r1 ,jan4 #g1 #ahdb1 ,grisi1 ,alb]tazzi1 ,m>io1 & ,tambur9i tak+ ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,a brief b brilliant or*e/ral prelude leads to ! op5+ *orus1 ,/abat ,mat] dolorosa1 arrang$ = solos & *orus1 & v dramatic 9 /yle1 especially 9 its broad1 melodi\s contra/s4 ,x is foll[$ by ! t5or solo1 ,cujus ,animam1 :i* is famili> to e conc]t-go]1--a cle>-cut melody free ( embelli%m5t1 b v brilliant & ev5 jubilant 9 "*1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! text4 ,! next numb] 7,quis e/ ,homo71 = two sopranos1 is equally famili>4 ,x is bas$ ^u a lovely melody1 fir/ giv5 out by ! fir/ soprano1 & !n by ! second1 aft] :i* ! two voices c>ry ! !me ?r\gh measure aft] measure ( m]e vocal embroid]y1 clos+ ) an extremely brilliant cad5za 9 g5u9e op]atic /yle4 ,! f\r? numb] is ! bass aria ,pro peccatis1 ! two !mes 9 :i* are v e>ne/ & ev5 s]i\s 9 "*1 & come ne>] to ! *ur* /yle ?an any o!r p>ts ( ! "w4 ,x is foll[$ by a beautifully con/ruct$ numb] 7,eia ,mat]71 a bass recitative ) *orus1 :i* is v /rong 9 its effect4 ,! six? numb] is a lovely qu>tet 7,sancta ,mat]71 full ( v>iety 9 its treatm5t1 & clos+ ) full1 broad h>mony4 ,aft] a %ort solo = soprano 7,fac ut ,portem71 ! climax is rea*$ 9 ! ,inflammatus1--a brilliant soprano obligato ) p[]ful *oral accompanim5t4 ,! solo numb] requires a voice ( exceptional range1 p[]1 & flexibility2 ) ?is condition satisfi$1 ! effect is int5sely dramatic1 & p>ticul>ly fasc9at+ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! solo is set (f aga9/ ! *oral backgr\nd4 ,a beautiful unaccompani$ qu>tet 9 broad1 pla9 h>mony1 ,qu&o ,corpus1 leads to ! %[y fugu$ ,am5 :i* closes ! "w4 ,unque/ionably ! ,/abat ,mat] is "o ( ! mo/ popul> ( all ! m9or sacr$ compositions2 & ! secret lies on ! surface3 x is to be f\nd 9 ! delightful & fasc9at+ melodies1 :i* are /rewn s ?ickly ?r\gh x1 z well z 9 ! graceful bravura1 :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ,ross9i1 & :i* :5 deliv]$ by accompli%$ arti/s is v captivat+ to a popul> audi5ce4 ,z to its sacr$ =m1 x is z f> f ! accept$ /yle ( *ur* music z ,b]lioz's or ,v]di's requiems4 ,inde$1 ,ross9i himself rem>k$ to ,hill] t he wrote x 9 ! mezzo s]io /yle4 ,9 connection ) ?is matt] "o or two criticisms w be ( int]e/4 ,ross9i's biograph]1 ,su!rl& ,edw>ds1 says3 ,! ',/abat ,mat]' 0 compos$1 z ,raphael's ,virg9s 7 pa9t$1 = ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* at once accept$ x1 )\t ev] suspect+ t ,ross9i's music 0 n religi\s4 ,! rem>k1 h[ev]1 w\ld be m p]t95t 7 x n = ! fact t ! ,*ur* itself has n always be5 a good critic ( its own music1 or a good judge ( :at its music %\ld be1 z ,liszt discov]$ :5 he w5t to ,rome full ( 8 purposes ( re=m 9 ! musical s]vice4 ,he9e1 9 a lett] to ! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung 9 #ahdb1 reply+ to c]ta9 ,g]man criticisms1 w5t s f> z to say1-- ,! true "* ( ,*ri/ian art does n reside 9 ?9ness & pal5ess ( ! body1 b 9 a c]ta9 eff]vesc5ce ( ! s\l1 :i* nei!r ! musician nor ! pa9t] c appropriate to himself ei!r by baptism or /udy2 & 9 ?is respect ,i f9d 9 ! ',/abat' ( ,ross9i a m truly ,*ri/ian "* ?an 9 ! ',paulus' ',/4 ,paul' ( ,felix ,m5delssohn ,b>?oldy1--an oratorio :i* ! adv]s>ies ( ,ross9i po9t to z a model ( ,*ri/ian /yle4 ,x w h>dly be claim$1 h[ev]1 ev5 by ,he9e's fri5ds1 t ?is sweep+ /atem5t is ei!r j to ,m5delssohn or true ( ,ross9i4 ,p]haps !y w also conc$e t ,he9e 0 n a v good judge ( ,*ri/ianity 9 any ( its aspects1 musical or o!rwise4 ,! vet]an ,mos*eles 9 "o ( 8 lett]s criticizes ! "w v p]t95tly4 ,he says1-- ,x is1 z y may imag9e1 a model ( 's+abl5ess' 7if ,i may say s72 b x is n suffici5tly *ur* music to my ta/e4 ,8 solit>y fugue is clumsy4 ,! criticisms on ! "w are v v>i\s4 ,"s agree ) me2 b ! majority delight 9 ! captivat+ ,italian phrases1 :i* ,i admire too1 b :i* ,i _c ?9k are 9 ! "r place4 ,he might h add$1 ,because !y are ! phrases ( ',semiramide1' ',tancr$i1' & ! ',b>b]4' ,!re is sc>cely a numb] ( ! ,/abat ,mat] :i* might n be deta*$ f x & reset 9 "o ( ,ross9i's op]as )\t do+ viol5ce to :atev] ( ! real religi\s /yle x may be suppos$1 or 0 int5d$1 to h4 ,! ,/abat ,mat] music w\ld be captivat+ly beautiful 9 any sett+4 ,,rub9/e94 ,anton ,gregor ,rub9/e9 0 born1 ,nov4 #cj1 #ahbi1 at ! village ( ,we*wotynetz1 9 ,russia4 ,8 p>5ts1 :o 7 9 mod]ate circum/ances1 mov$ to ,mosc[ dur+ 8 infancy1 & 9 t city he receiv$ 8 fir/ musical in/ruction4 ,8 "m gave him lessons at ! age ( f\r1 ) ! result t by ! "t he 0 six %e 0 unable to tea* him any?+ m4 ,he !n /udi$ ! piano ) ,alex&] ,villo+1 a pupil ( ,john ,field4 ,8 fir/ composition appe>$ 9 8 twelf? ye>1 & soon 8 songs & two & f\r h& piano-pieces began to attract ! att5tion ( musicians4 ,9 #ahdj ,villo+ took him to ,p>is & plac$ him 9 ! ,cons]vatory1 :]e he attract$ ! att5tion ( ,liszt1 ,*op91 & ,?alb]g4 ,he rema9$ 9 t city eighte5 mon?s1 devot+ himself to unremitt+ /udy1 & !n made "s pr(essional t\rs1 9 :i* he met ) extraord9>y success1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engl&4 ,f t c\ntry he w5t to ,holl& & ,sw$51 ev]y:]e meet+ ) an en?usia/ic reception4 ,9 #ahdd 8 p>5ts remov$ to ,b]l91 & he 0 plac$ "u ,dehn1 ! fam\s contrapunti/1 to /udy composition1 8 bro!r ,ni*olas be+ a companion 9 8 "w4 ,! fa!r dy+ 9 #ahdf1 ! "m & ,ni*olas return$ to ,russia1 leav+ ,anton alone4 ,dur+ ! next two ye>s he taught music 9 ,pressburg & ,vi5na1 & 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahdh w5t back to ,russia4 ,ab\t ?is "t he receiv$ an honor>y musical appo9tm5t f ! ,gr&-,du*ess ,hel5e4 ,= eight ye>s he /udi$ & wrote 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & at ! end ( t "t _h accumulat$ a mass ( manuscripts de/9$ to make 8 "n fam\s all ov] ,europe1 :ile 8 reputation z a skilful piani/ 0 already _w-wide4 ,he visit$ ,engl& aga9 9 #aheg1 & ! next ye> return$ home & settl$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ab\t :i* "t he 0 made ,imp]ial ,conc]t ,director1 ) a life-p5sion4 ,at ?is p]iod 9 8 c>e] he devot$ himself to ! cause ( music 9 ,russia4 ,8 fir/ great "w 0 ! f\ndation ( ! ,cons]vatory 9 ! above city 9 #ahfb1 ( :i* he rema9$ pr9cipal until #ahfg4 ,he also f\nd$ ! ,russian ,musical ,society 9 #ahfa1 & 9 #ahfi 0 decorat$ by ! ,cz>4 ,9 #ahgj he direct$ ! ,philh>monic & ,*oral ,societies ( ,vi5na1 & %ortly aft]w>ds made ano!r t\r1 dur+ :i*1 9 #ahgb1 he came to ?is c\ntry ) ! em95t viol9i/ ,wi5iawsky1 z w be well rememb]$4 ,8 visit "h 0 m>k$ by a succession ( ovations4 ,no o!r piani/ ev] a*iev$ su* a wond]ful success1 n only among musicians1 b among ! p ( all classes4 ,musicians 7 a/\nd$ at 8 rem>kable k1 :ile musical & unmusical p alike 7 c>ri$ (f _! feet by ! :irlw9d-/yle ( 8 play+4 ,x 0 full ( grace1 nobility1 bread?1 & dignity2 b x comb9$ ) ^! qualities a fire1 an int5sity1 & a passion :i* sometimes inve/$ ! piano ) or*e/ral effects1 & aga9 trans=m$ x into an in/rum5t t wept1 laugh$1 sang1 & danc$4 ,8 p[] 0 irresi/ible & electric4 ,z a compos] he ranks v high4 ,8 greate/ works are ! ,ocean ,symphony1 ,dramatic ,symphony1 & a "* sket* = gr& or*e/ra call$ ,ivan ! ,t]rible2 8 op]as1 ,*ildr5 ( ! ,hea?1 ,f]amors1 ,n]o1 ,! ,maccabees1 ,dimitri ,donskoi1 & ! ,demon2 ! oratorios ,p>adise ,lo/ & ,t[] ( ,babel2 & a long & spl5did catalogue ( *amb]1 salon1 & conc]t music1 besides "s beautiful songs :i* are great favorites 9 ! conc]t-room4 ,! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,! ,t[] ( ,babel1 a sacr$ op]a1 z ,rub9/e9 entitles x1 0 writt5 9 #ahgj1 ! text1 :i* is some:at ( a trave/y on sacr$ hi/ory1 by ,julius ,rod5b]g4 ,an ,engli% critic v p]t95tly says3 ,"o item alone 9 all ! multitude ( details cr[d$ by ,h]r ,rod5b]g into 8 canvas has any f\ndation 9 fact4 ,he adopts ! !ory t !re really 0 a t[] ( ,babel1 & all ! re/ he f\nds on conjecture4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ana*ronisms are num]\s en\gh to make ! text almo/ a burlesque4 ,nimrod1 ! mighty hunt]1 is made ! *ief build] ( ! t[]1 :i* is suppos$ to be 9 process ( erection z an insult to ! ,deity4 ,abraham appe>s ^u ! sc5e 7_m ye>s be=e he 0 born71 & rebukes ,nimrod = 8 presumption2 :]eupon ! hunt]-k+ ord]s ! %eph]d1 z he is call$1 to be ?r[n into a fi]y furnace1 aft] ! mann] ( ,%adra*1 ,me%a*1 & ,ab$nego4 ,! angels wat* ov] ! patri>*1 & he comes out ( ! fire unh>m$4 ,"s ( ! p /&+ by ascribe ! miracle to ,baal1 "s to ,dagon1 "s to ,a%t>o?1 & a few to ,jehovah1 & at la/ get into a qu>rel ) ea* o!r4 ,nimrod int]poses 8 au?ority1 & ord]s !m to _! "w on ! t[] aga94 ,soon ! heav5s cl\d ov]1 & a /orm is se5 approa*+4 ,abraham prophesies de/ruction1 & ,nimrod ord]s him to be seiz$ & hurl$ f ! summit ( ! t[]2 b be=e 8 comm&s c be execut$1 a ?und]bolt /rikes x & crumbles x into a heap ( %apeless /ones4 ,:ile ,abraham exults ov] ! de/ruction1 ! disp]sion ( ! ?ree races1 ! ,%emites1 ,hamites1 & ,jap?ides1 occurs4 ,nimrod lam5ts ov] ! result ( 8 folly1 & at la/ ackn[l$ges ! au?ority ( ! ,div9e ,p[]1 & ?us ! /ory ends4 ,! dramatis p]sonae are ,nimrod 7bass71 ,abraham 7t5or71 ,ma/] ,workman 7b>itone71 f\r ,angels 7boys' voices71 ! *oruses by ,nimrod's foll[]s1 ! ,p1 ,angels1 & ,demons4 ,! ov]ture is a confus$1 =mless numb]1 indicat+ ! d>kness4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re is no cle> musical idea2 b at la/ ! subject assumes def9ite =m z ! dawn breaks & ! ,ma/] ,workman ann\nces ! sunrise & calls ! ,p to _! "w1 9 ! recitative1 ,awake6 ye ,work]s1 awake6 ,! summons is foll[$ by ! *orus1 ,to "w1 9 :i* ! vocal "p is noisy1 brok51 & some:at discordant1 repres5t+ ! hurry & bu/le ( a cr[d ( work+-m51--) :i*1 h[ev]1 ! or*e/ra & organ build up a p[]ful !me4 ,! song ( ! ,ma/] ,workman is also int]wov51 & ! *orus is f9ally develop$ ) great vigor & spl5did dramatic effect4 ,nimrod n[ appe>s1 & 9 a triumphant outbur/ 7,/ately rises our ,"w on high7 contemplates ! monum5t to 8 greatness n[ approa*+ completion4 ,abraham rebukes him 7,h[1 ,mortal1 can/ ?\ rea* ,8 ,pres5ce874 ,! sc5e at ?is po9t is full ( dramatic vigor4 ,nimrod hurls imprecations at ,abraham1 foll[$ by /rongly contra/+ *oruses ( ! angry ,p & protect+ ,angels1 :i* lead up to ! mix$ *orus ( ! ,p1 indicat+ ! confusion ( tongues z !y sev]ally ascribe ! escape ( ,abraham f ! furnace-fire to ,baal1 ,dagon1 ,a%t>o?1 & ,jehovah1 & clos+ ) tumultu\s diss5sion1 :i* is quell$ by ,nimrod4 ,! effect ( ! ,angels' voices 9 ! hurlyburly is exce$+ly beautiful1 & ! accompanim5ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! fire-sc5e1 are v vivid4 ,nimrod's ord] to resume "w on ! t[] is foll[$ by ! angelic /ra91 ,come on6 let u d[n to ,e>? n[ ha/54 ,once m ! ,build]s break out 9 _! b>b>ic *orus1 ,to "w1 foll[$ by ! port5t\s outbur/ ( ! ,p1 ,h[ ! ,face ( ,heav5 is o'er%ad[$6 ,9 a vigor\s solo ,abraham replies1 ,no6 'tis n ,vapor nor ,/orm-cl\ds t ga!r4 ,!re is a f9al controv]sy betwe5 ,abraham & ,nimrod1 & z ! latt] ord]s ! patri>* to be ?r[n f ! t[]1 ! /orm breaks1 & amid ! %rieks ( ! *orus 7,horror6 horror7 & ! trem5d\s clangor ( organ & or*e/ra on ! !me already develop$ 9 ! op5+1 ! t[] is de/roy$4 ,! tumultu\s sc5e is foll[$ by ,nimrod's lam5t 7,! ,t[] ^: l(ty ,height 0 l my ,/ate71 a bass aria ( great p[]1 & rea*+ a spl5did climax4 ,abraham1 9 an exultant /ra9 7,! ,"l is /rong 9 ,might71 proclaims ,god's purpose to scatt] ! p4 ,! mo/ picturesque sc5e 9 ! "w n[ occurs1--! disp]sal ( ! ,%emites1 ,hamites1 & ,jap?ides1 typifi$ by or*e/ral m>*es & *oruses ( a b>b>ic ca/4 ,! /age directions at ?is po9t indicate t ! ?ree *oruses mu/ be sung beh9d ! sc5es1 :ile dissolv+ views pres5t to ! audi5ce ! emigration ( ! ?ree great human races1--an effect :i* is also made 9 ! la/ act ( ,goldm>k's ,que5 ( ,%eba4 ,! fir/ *orus1 t ( ! ,%emites1 :i* is sung 9 unison1 is tak5 f "s ( ! anci5t music 9 ! ritual ( ! ,jewi% ,synagogue1 t us$ on ! eve ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t4 ,! o!r two *oruses are also ,ori5tal 9 color & rhy?m1 & give a v /rik+ effect to ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,! *orus ( ,angels 7,?us by ,almighty ,p[] ( ,god7 proclaims ! completion ( ! "w1 & two long solos by ,abraham & ,nimrod lead up to ! f9al *oruses ( ! ,angels1 ,p1 & ,demons1 work$ up 9 v p[]ful /yle1 & 9 ! f9ale unit+ ! !mes :i* orig9ally introduc$ ! *orus ( ! ,p & ! ,angels1 & ! subject ( ! d>kness 9 ! ov]ture4 ,! tableau is ?us describ$ 9 ! /age directions3 ,! /age is divid$ into ?ree horizontal comp>tm5ts4 ,9 ! middle is ! e>?2 9 ! upp] is ! ?rone ( ! ,almighty1 surr\nd$ by all ! heav5ly p[]s2 9 ! l[]1 hell1 ,satan seat$ on 8 ?rone1 surr\nd$ by all ! inf]nal deities4 ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,! oratorio ,p>adise ,lo/ 0 fir/ produc$ 9 ,vi5na 9 #ahei by ! ,gesells*aft d] ,musikfreunde1 a *oral organization conduct$ by ,rub9/e9 dur+ 8 /ay 9 t city4 ,l ,! ,t[] ( ,babel1 x is entitl$ by ! compos] a sacr$ op]a1 ?\gh x is 9 g5u9e oratorio =m1 & usually class$ z su*4 ,! text is a v free transcription f ,milton4 ,! "w is divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 b z ! second is usually ! only "p giv5 by oratorio societies1 our sket* w be pr9cipally conf9$ to t4 ,! fir/ "p ma9ly conc]ns ! defeat ( ,satan's =ces by ! legions ( ,heav51 & is rem>kable = its vigor\s in/rum5tal treatm5t4 ,! second "p is devot$ to ! creation1 & is compos$ pr9cipally ( *oruses introduc$ by a few b>s ( recitative1 inv>iably = ! t5or1 :o acts ! "p ( n>rator4 ,! fir/ sev5 ( ^! describe ! creation ( ! e>?4 ,aft] a *>act]i/ic introduction1 ! t5or decl>es ,*aos1 be end$6 :]eupon ! ,angels s+ a gl[+ tribute to light 7,upspr++1 ! d>k5$ ,air broke =? into radiant ,brightness74 ,aga9 ! t5or & *orus 9 a brief numb] describe ! firmam5t4 ,! ?ird *orus 7,fi]ce rag$ ! ,bill[s7 pictures ! division ( l& & wat] ) great vigor1 accompani$ by imitative in/rum5tation :i* indicates ,rub9/e9's skill z a wat]-pa9t] q z cle>ly z 8 great ,ocean ,symphony4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif? *oruses ! music vividly tells ! /ory ( ! creation ( ! trees & plants & ! appe>ance ( ! />s 9 ! firmam5t4 ,! six? 7,g5tly beam+1 s(tly /ream+71 9 :i* ! ,angels rejoice 9 ! s(t radiance ( ! moon1 is %ort1 b exce$+ly t5d] & beautiful4 ,9 ! sev5? 7,all ar\nd rose ! ,s\nd ( ! ,/rife ( ,life71 we h a description ( ! awak5+ ( life *>act]iz$ by extraord9>y descriptive p[]4 ,?is gr\p ( *oruses1 ea* "o ?or\ghly fre%1 orig9al1 & picturesque 9 its description1 br+s u up to ! creation ( man1 :i* is ! f9e/ portion ( ! :ole "w4 ,x beg9s ) a long t5or recitative1 ,9 all h] ,maje/y %9es on high ! ,heav51 rea*+ a f9e cresc5do at ! close 7,& lo6 x 0 ,man74 ,! ,angels reply ) _! heav5ly greet+1 ,hail to ,!e1 ,o ,man4 ,a %ort dialogue foll[s betwe5 ,adam & ! ,n>rator1 & ! ,angels r5ew _! greet+1 ?is "t to ,eve4 ,?is leads up to a lovely duet betwe5 ,adam & ,eve 7,tea* u !n to come be=e ,!e71 :i* is v gracefully con/ruct$1 & t5d]ly melodi\s 9 "*4 ,! f9al numb] is a *orus ( ! ,angels 7,cle> res\nd$ ! ,trumpets ( ,heav571 beg9n+ 9 broad1 fl[+1 jubilant h>mony1 !n develop+ into a fugue on ! words ,praise ! ,almighty ,"o1 built up on a subject full ( exultation & gr&eur1 & clos+ ) a ,hallelujah deliv]$ ) mighty outbur/s ( p[]4 ,! ?ird "p is devot$ to ! fall ( ,adam & ,eve & _! bani%m5t f ,ed51 clos+ ) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ultimate salvation ( mank9d4 ,bo? ! ,almighty & ,satan appe> 9 ?is "p1 ! =m]'s music be+ sung by ! t5or voice2 ?\gh1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! latt]'s music is mu* ! m attractive4 ,,sa9t-,,sa5s4 ,*>les ,camille ,sa9t-,sa5s1 fam\s z compos]1 piani/1 & critic1 0 born 9 ,p>is1 ,oct4 #i1 #ahce4 ,he began 8 musical /udies at a v e>ly age4 ,9 8 sev5? ye> he took piano lessons ( ,/amaty & /udi$ h>mony1 & 9 8 twelf? 0 a /ud5t at ! ,cons]vatory1 :]e he took two organ prizes2 ?\gh he fail$ on two occasions 9 8 competition = ! ,prix de ,rome4 ,8 fir/ symphony appe>$ 9 #ahea1 & 0 p]=m$ ) success4 ,9 #ahec he 0 appo9t$ organi/ ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m]ri1 & five ye>s lat] secur$ a l position at ! ,madele9e1 :i* he fill$ ) high honor = n9ete5 ye>s1 f9ally resign+ 9 favor ( ,!odore ,dubois4 ,9 #ahfg he 0 aw>d$ a prize = 8 cantata ,les ,noces de ,prome!e by ! ,p>is ,int]national ,exhibition1 & ! next ye> he 0 receiv$ ) di/+ui%$ honor at ! ,arti/s' ,meet+ 9 ,weim>1 bo? z piani/ & compos]4 ,8 op]atic c>e] began ab\t ?is "t4 ,la ,pr9cesse jeune appe>$ 9 #ahgb1 & ,le ,timbre d',arg5t 9 #ahgg2 b nei!r 0 successful4 ,8 next "w 0 ! sacr$ drama ,samson et ,dalila1 produc$ at ,weim> 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahgg2 foll[$ by ,eti5ne ,m>cel at ,lyons 9 #ahgi4 ,9 addition to 8 op]as he has writt5 sev]al cantatas1 among !m ,! ,deluge & ,la ,lyre et la ,h>pe1 compos$ = ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival ( #ahgi2 ?ree symphonies2 f\r symphonic poems1 ,la ,r\et d',omphale1 ,phae?on1 ,danse ,macabre1 & ,la ,jeunesse d',h]cule2 a l>ge numb] ( conc]t$ pieces ) or*e/ra1 songs & romances1 z well z *amb]-music & compositions = piano & organ4 ,8 sacr$ music includes ! foll[+ works3 mass = f\r voices1 ,requiem ,mass1 ,oratorio de ,noel1 ,tantum ,ergo1 ! ,n9ete5? ,psalm = solos1 *orus1 & or*e/ra1 & _m m9or pieces = *oir use4 ,he has be5 a prolific writ]1 b 8 fame ?us f> re/s ^u 8 in/rum5tal music4 ,he has travell$ mu* z a virtuoso 9 ,russia1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,engl&1 conduct+ 8 own compositions1 & also giv+ piano & organ recitals1 9 :i* he has met ) great success4 ,he also ranks high z a musical critic1 & _m ( 8 contributions to ! ,p>isian press h be5 collect$1 ) a view to publication 9 a sep>ate volume4 ,( late he has obta9$ consid]able notoriety by 8 controv]sial articles on ! ,wagn] "q1--9 :i*1 h[ev]1 national prejudice sometimes has be5 m app>5t ?an cosmopolitan judgm5t4 ,z a compos]1 he is unque/ionably m le>n$ ?an are any ( 8 native contempor>ies1 & he has made a clos] /udy ( ,ba* ?an ev5 ,g\nod has4 ,8 descriptive p[]s are v /rong1 z is evid5c$ by ! symphonic poems :i* ,mr4 ,?omas has introduc$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,!y ev5 g to ! v]ge ( ! s5sational2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /udy ( 8 ,oratorio de ,noel & ( 8 transcriptions f ,ba* w %[ t he is a ma/] ( c\nt]po9t & !matic treatm5t4 ,*ri/mas ,oratorio4 ,noel1 ,sa9t-,sa5s' ,*ri/mas oratorio1 9 dim5sions h>dly exce$s ! limits ( a cantata1 b musically is con/ruct$ 9 oratorio /yle4 ,its subject is ! nativity1 comb9$ ) ascriptions ( praise & a f9al exultant hallelujah4 ,! "w is %ort1 b v effective1 & is writt5 = five solo voices & *orus1 ) accompanim5t ( /r+s & organ1 & ! h>p 9 "o numb]4 ,x op5s ) a pa/oral symphony ( a v melodi\s "*4 ,! fir/ numb] is ! recitative1 ,& !re 7 ,%eph]ds1 includ+ ! angelic message & ! appe>ance ( ! heav5ly ho/s1 ! subject be+ divid$ among ! t5or1 alto1 soprano1 & b>itone1 & lead+ up to ! fir/ *orus 7,glory n[ unto ,god 9 ! highe/71 :i* is q %ort1 b beautifully writt54 ,! next numb] is an aria = mezzo-soprano 7,firm 9 ,fai?71 :i* is v simple1 b graceful 9 its melody4 ,! f\r? numb] is a t5or solo & *orus 7,god ( all71 writt5 9 ! *ur* /yle1 foll[$ by a soprano & b>itone duet 7,bless$1 ev] bless$71 :i* is v elaborate 9 its con/ruction1 & highly color$4 ,! next numb] is ! *orus1 ,:]e=e are ! ,nations rag+1 :i* is int5sely dramatic 9 its effect1 especially = ! mann] 9 :i* ! voice-p>ts are set (f aga9/ ! agitat$ accompanim5t4 ,! contra/s also are v /rik+1 p>ticul>ly t betwe5 ! tumultu\s op5+ ( ! *orus & its tranquil close 9 full h>mony on ! words1 ,z x 0 9 ! ,beg9n+4 ,! next numb] is a lovely trio = t5or1 soprano1 & b>itone 7,?\ art f fir/ to la/71 ) h>p accompanim5t ?r\gh\t1 :i* gives to x an extremely graceful & elegant effect4 ,x is foll[$ by a qu>tet 7,alleluia71 9 :i* ! !me is introduc$ by ! alto4 ,! ,alleluia is !n tak5 up by all f\r p>ts 7soprano1 mezzo-soprano1 alto1 & b>itone71 9 full1 ri* h>mony1 ! alto clos+ ! numb] alone 9 a v effective adagio passage4 ,! next numb] is a qu9tet & *orus1 ! prelude to :i* is a repetition ( p>ts ( ! op5+ pa/oral4 ,x is also utiliz$ 9 ! voice p>ts4 ,! numb] is v elaborate 9 its con/ruction & developm5t1 & is foll[$ by a %ort f9al *orus 7,raise n[ y\r ,song on high7 9 simple *ur* /yle4 ,%ort z ! "w is1 x is v beautiful1 & full n only ( g5u9e s]vice music1 b also ( graceful conceits & delicate fancies1 bo? 9 ! voice p>ts & ! accompanim5ts4 ,,s*umann4 ,rob]t ,s*umann1 "o ( ! greate/ ( musicians1 & "o :o1 _h 8 life be5 sp>$1 w\ld probably h /ood at ! head ( all compos]s s9ce ,bee?ov5 & ,s*ub]t1 0 ! son ( a booksell]1 & 0 born at ,zwickau1 9 ,saxony1 ,june #h1 #ahaj4 ,9 8 e>lie/ y\? he 0 recogniz$ z a *ild ( g5ius4 ,8 fir/ tea*] 9 music 0 ,baccalaureus ,kuntzs*1 :o gave him piano in/ructions4 ,x 0 :ile tak+ ^! lessons t he att5d$ a conc]t giv5 by ,mos*eles4 ,! play+ ( ! great tea*] ar\s$ 8 musical ambition1 & fir/ inspir$ him to become a musician4 ,8 fa!r recogniz$ 8 tal5t v e>ly1 b 8 "m 0 oppos$ to 8 ambition4 ,9 def]5ce to h] wi%es1 he began ! /udy ( law1--) ! full det]m9ation1 h[ev]1 to make music 8 vocation2 & 9 ?is he ultimately succe$$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,wieck1 ^: daught]1 ,cl>a1 he subsequ5tly m>ri$1 & :o is /ill a skilful piani/ & fam\s tea*]4 ,he /udi$ ! piano ) ,wieck until 8 "r h& 0 injur$4 ,9 #ahcj1 9 :i* ye> 8 arti/ic c>e] really op5$1 he began ! !oretical /udy ( music 9 its gr\ndwork1 fir/ ) ,director ,kups* 9 ,leipsic1 & lat] ) ,he9ri* ,dorn1 & at ! same "t ent]$ ^u ! "w ( composition4 ,8 opus ,no4 #a 0 ! s-call$ ,abegg ,v>iations1 d$icat$ to a "y lady1 ,meta ,abegg1 :om he _h met at a ball 9 ,mannheim4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #ahcj1 he compos$ a toccata4 ,9 #ahca 8 fam\s ,papillons & o!r piano works appe>$4 ,s*umann 0 n only a musician1 b an able critic & graceful writ]2 & 9 #ahcd1 ) ,s*unke1 ,knorr1 & ,wieck1 he f\nd$ ! ,neue ,zeits*rift fu] ,musik1 :i* _h an important influ5ce ^u musical progress 9 ,g]many1 & 9 :i* ! great promise ( su* musicians z ,*op9 & ,brahms 0 fir/ recogniz$4 ,he m>ri$ ,cl>a ,wieck 9 #ahdj1 aft] mu* opposition f h] fa!r2 & 9 ?is ye> appe>$ "s ( 8 be/ songs1 includ+ ! ?ree fam\s cycluses1 ,li$]kreis1 ,woman's ,life & ,love1 & ,poet's ,love1 :i* n[ h a _w-wide fame4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> l>g] works came f 8 p51 among !m 8 ,b major symphony1 ov]ture1 s*]zo1 & f9ale 9 ,e major1 & ! symphony 9 ,d m9or4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod 9 8 c>e] he also made _m arti/ic j\rneys ) 8 wife1 :i* l>gely increas$ ! reputation ( ea*4 ,9 #ahdc he complet$ 8 great romantic oratorio1 ,p>adise & ! ,p]i1 set to ,moore's text1 & _m favorite songs & piano compositions1 among !m ! ,phantasie/uecke & ,k9d]sc551 & 8 elegant piano qu9tet 9 ,e flat4 ,9 #ahdd1 9 company ) 8 wife1 he visit$ ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[1 & _! reception 0 a royal "o4 ,! same ye> he ab&on$ 8 ,zeits*rift1 9 :i* ,flore/an1 ,ma/] ,r>o1 ,eusebius1 & ! o!r pseudonyms _h become famili> all ov] ,g]many1 & took ! po/ ( director 9 ,duesseldorf1 9 ! place ( ,f]d9& ,hill]4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( 8 life he 0 ! victim ( pr(\nd melan*oly1 ow+ to an affection ( ! bra91 & he ev5 attempt$ suicide by ?r[+ himself into ! ,rh9e4 ,he 0 !n remov$ to an asylum at ,end5i*1 :]e he di$ ,july #bj1 #ahef4 ,! two m5 :o ex]cis$ mo/ influ5ce ^u ,s*umann 7 ,jean ,paul & ,franz ,s*ub]t4 ,he 0 deeply p]vad$ ) ! romance ( ! "o & ! emotional feel+ ( ! o!r4 ,8 "w is *>act]iz$ by g5ial humor1 a ri* & w>m imag9ation1 wond]fully beautiful in/rum5tation1 especially 9 8 accompanim5ts1 ! l(tie/ =m ( expression1 & a rigid adh]5ce to ! canons ( art4 ,p>adise & ! ,p]i4 ,s*umann's secul> oratorio1 ,p>adise & ! ,p]i1 0 writt5 9 #ahdc1 & fir/ p]=m$ at ! ,gew&haus1 ,leipsic1 ,decemb] #d? ( t ye>1 "u ! compos]'s own direction4 ,its fir/ p]=mance 9 ,engl& 0 giv5 ,june #bc1 #ahef1 ) ,madame ,j5ny ,l9d-,golds*midt 9 ! "p ( ! ,p]i1 ,/]ndale ,b5nett conduct+4 ,! text is tak5 f ! second poem 9 ,moore's ,lalla ,rookh1 & 0 sugge/$ to ,s*umann by 8 fri5d ,emil ,fle*sig1 :o _h translat$ ! poem4 ,?is 0 9 #ahda2 b he did n set x to music until two ye>s lat]4 ,! text requir$ _m *anges1 & ^! he made himself4 ,! pr9cipal additions are a *orus = ,! ,spirits ( ! ,nile1 ! *orus ( ,h\ris1 ! ,p]i's solo1 ,bani%$1 ! qu>tet1 ,p]i1 'tis true1 ! solo1 ,sunk5 0 ! ,gold5 ,orb1 & ! f9al *orus4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t he avail$ himself ( /ill ano!r translation1 t ( ,ollk]'s1 z _m ( ! *anges agree ) 8 text4 ,x is difficult to def9e ! exact =m ( ! "w1 ?\gh x is ne>ly always class$ z a secul> oratorio1 pr9cipally because ( ! introduction ( ! n>rator1 aft] ! /yle ( ! passion-music4 ,9 o!r respects x resembles ! cantata4 ,reissmann1 9 8 ,life ( ,s*umann1 says on ?is po9t1-- ,x seems "r t he %\ld h reta9$ ! mo/ primitive =m ( ! oratorio1 t ( ! passion-music4 ,! poem has no g5u9ely dramatic c\rse2 !re 0 n ! smalle/ intr9sic or extr9sic reason to dramatize x m fully4 ,ev5 ) treatm5t su* z t ( ! ',walpurgisna*t1' x mu/ h lo/ mu* ( its picturesque developm5t ,! only prop] way to treat ! subject1 !re=e1 0 to reta9 ! orig9al epic =m1 & to introduce a n>rator 9 ! /yle ( antique oratorio1 :o %\ld relate ! facts 9 a few simple words up to ! po9t :]e !y seem to dem& a m dramatic sett+4 ,von ,wasielewski also discusses ! same po9t3 ,! n>rator is evid5tly copi$ f ! evangeli/ 9 ,ba*'s passion-music2 b by no means ) a l necessity4 ,unque/ionably ! latt] %>$ ! conviction ( 8 day1 t n only ! sub/ance1 b ! words1 ( ! biblical dogma 7 sacr$4 ,s*umann's case 0 n at all simil>4 ,he _h be=e him1 9 ! poem to be set to music1 a "w ( art :i*1 al?\gh once remodell$1 w\ld /ill p]mit e =mal *ange requir$ by ae/hetic consid]ations4 ,h[ easy1 = example1 x w\ld h be5 to aboli% ! n>rator1 z de/ructive ( unity6 ,_h ! n>rative passages be5 omitt$1 x w\ld unque/ionably h enhanc$ ! int]e/ & p]haps reliev$ ! monotony & we>isom5ess ( "s p>ts ( ! "w4 ,unlike ! usual mann] 9 :i* ! n>rator's "p is treat$1--z a m]e recitative l9k betwe5 numb]s1--,s*umann inve/s x ) ! same importance z ! acts & ev5ts !mselves1 & treats x melodically1 s t ! relief :i* comes f contra/ is lack+4 ,! oratorio is writt5 9 ?ree p>ts1 = solo voices1 *orus1 & or*e/ra1 ! pr9cipals be+ ! ,p]i 7soprano72 ! ,angel 7alto72 ! ,k+ ( ,gazna 7bass72 a ,y\? 7t5or72 ! ,horseman 7b>itone72 & ! ,maid5 7soprano74 ,! *oruses are sung by ,indians1 ,angels1 ,h\ris1 & ,g5ii ( ! ,nile1 & ! "p ( ,n>rator is divid$ among ! v>i\s voices4 ,! /ory foll[s t ( ! orig9al poem4 ,! ,p]i1 expell$ f ,p>adise1 /&s at its gate weep+ to ?9k h] recreant race ,%\ld e'er h lo/ t sacr$ place4 ,! angel :o keeps ! gate ( light promises %e %all be re-admitt$ if %e br+s ! gift t is mo/ de> to ,heav54 ,! ,p]i goes 9 que/ ( ! gift1 fir/ to ,india1 :]e %e procures ! la/ drop ( blood %$ by ! h]o :o resi/$ ! tyrant ,mahm\d1 & takes x ) h] to ! gate2 b ! cry/al b> moves n4 ,%e cont9ues h] que/1 & f ! pe/il5tial pla9s ( ,egypt %e takes back ! la/ sigh ( ! maid5 :o sacrific$ h]self to h] love = ! y\? :o /ole out to die alone4 ,b /ill ! cry/al b> moves n4 ,at la/1 9 ! vale ( ,baalbec1 %e f9ds ! gift1--! te> ( a rep5tant s9n]1--:i* secures h] admission4 ,aft] a brief or*e/ral introduction1 ! ,n>rator 7alto7 tells ! /ory ( ! disconsolate ,p]i at ! gate1 & introduces h] 9 ! fir/ solo 7,h[ ble/ seem to me1 vani%$ ,*ild ( ,air71 a t5d]1 beautiful melody1 *>act]iz$ by romantic s5tim5t4 ,! ,n>rator 7t5or7 introduces ! ,angel1 :o deliv]s h] message to ! ,p]i 7,"o ,hope is ?9e71 to :i* ! latt] replies 9 a s5su\s melody1 full ( ,ori5tal color 7,i "k ! ,weal? hidd5 9 e ,urn74 ,! t5or ,n>rator introduces at ?is po9t a qu>tet 7,o beaute\s ,l&71 9 :i* ! two trebles1 t5or1 & bass alt]nate1 foll[$ by ! full1 p[]ful *orus1 ,b crimson n[ h] ,riv]s ran4 ,a weird m>*1 fairly b>b>ic 9 its effect1 indicates ! approa* ( ! tyrant ( ,gazna1 & introduces ! /irr+ *orus ( ! ,indians & ,conqu]ors 7,hail to ,mahm\d74 ,! t5or ,n>rator describes ! y\?ful w>rior /&+ alone beside 8 native riv] & defy+ ! tyrant4 ,once m ! *orus %\ts its greet+ to ,mahm\d1 & !n ensues a dialogue 9 recitative betwe5 ! two1 lead+ up to ! y\?'s dea? & a d\ble *orus ( lam5tation 7,woe1 = false flew ! ,%aft74 ,! t5or ,n>rator describes ! flight ( ! ,p]i to cat* ! la/ drop ( blood %$ = lib]ty2 & !n all ! voices jo9 ) ! soprano solo 9 a broad1 /rong1 exultant f9ale 7,= ,blood mu/ holy be71 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ effective numb]s 9 ! "w4 ,! second "p op5s 9 ! mo/ *>m+ mann]4 ,! t5or ,n>rator pictures ! return ( ! ,p]i ) h] gift1 lead+ up to ! ,angel's solo 7,sweet is our welcome71 :i* preludes a brief *oral passage = sixte5 female voices4 ,aft] ! ,n>rator's decl>ation ( h] disappo9tm5t1 ! sc5e *anges to ,egypt1 & 9 a da9ty1 delicate ?ree-"p *orus ! ,spirits ( ! ,nile are invok$ n to di/urb ! ,p]i4 ,h] lam5t is he>d 7,o ,ed51 h[ longe? = !e my ,he>t671 & ! ,spirits n[ weave a g5tle1 sympa!tic /ra9 ) h] song4 ,a long t5or n>ration foll[s 7,n[ w&]s =? ! ,p]i sigh+71 describ+ ! pe/il5ce brood+ ov] ! ,egyptian pla9s1 ! music to :i* is v *>act]i/ic4 ,! sc5e ( ! maid5 dy+ ) h] lov] is full ( pa?os1 & conta9s two exquisite numb]s1--! n>rative solo = mezzo-soprano 7,poor ,y\?1 ?us des]t$71 & ! dy+ love-song ( ! ,maid5 7,o let me only brea! ! ,air1 ,love74 ,! sc5e closes ) a sweet & g5tle lam5t = ! pair 7,sleep on71 sung by ! ,p]i1 foll[$ by ! *orus1 :i* jo9s 9 ! pa!tic f>ewell4 ,! ?ird "p op5s ) a lovely *orus ( ,h\ris 7,wrea! ye ! ,/eps to ,great ,allah's ,?rone71 int]sp]s$ ) solos & ,ori5tal 9 its color+4 ,! t5or n>ration 7,n[ ,morn is blu%+ 9 ! ,sky71 :i* is v melodi\s 9 "*1 introduces ! ,angel1 :o 9 an alto solo 7,n yet7 once m dooms ! ,p]i to w&]4 ,h] reply 7,reject$ & s5t f ,ed5's ,door7 is full ( despair4 ,! n>ration is n[ tak5 by ! b>itone 9 a fl[+1 breezy /ra9 7,& n[ o'er ,syria's rosy ,pla971 :i* is foll[$ by a *>m+ qu>tet ( ,p]is 7,say1 is x s874 ,once m ! b>itone int]v5es1 foll[$ by ! ,p]i2 & !n ! t5or ,n>rator takes up ! !me 9 a /irr+ description ( ! boy ne/l+ amid ! roses1 & ! passion-/a9$ horseman at ! f\nta94 ,! alto proclaims ! vesp] call to pray]1 & ! t5or reflects ^u ! memories ( ! wret*$ man z he sees ! *ild kneel+4 ,! solo b>itone ann\nces 8 rep5tance1 foll[$ by a qu>tet & *orus 9 v broad1 full h>mony 7,o bless$ ,te>s ( true ,rep5tance674 ,! next numb] is a d\ble "o1 compos$ ( soprano & t5or solos ) *orus 7,!re falls a ,drop on ! ,l& ( ,egypt74 ,9 an exultant1 triumphant /ra9 7,joy1 joy =ev]1 my ,"w is done671 ! ,p]i s+s h] happ9ess1 & ! *orus br+s ! "w to a close ) ! heav5ly greet+1 ,oh1 welcome 'mid ! ,bless$6 ,! ?ird "p is unque/ionably long & we>isome1 & taxes n only ! voices ( ! s+]s1 b also ! pati5ce ( ! he>]s4 ,! fir/ & second1 h[ev]1 conta9 "s beautiful gems1 & ! or*e/ral "w is v ri* 9 its color+4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 h[ev]1 x is a sev]e treatm5t ( a fanciful subject4 ,,spohr4 ,l\is ,spohr1 "o ( ! _w's greate/ viol9i/s1 & a compos] ( _w-wide fame1 0 born at ,brunswick1 ,april #be1 #aghd4 ,l all great musical g5iuses1 8 ability 0 display$ v e>ly4 ,he began to play ! viol9 9 8 fif? ye>1 & to compose = t in/rum5t be=e he 0 9 8 te5s4 ,aft] /udy+ ! rudim5ts ) sev]al tea*]s1 ! ,duke ( ,brunswick induc$ ,franz ,eck1 a recogniz$ ma/] ( ! viol91 to give him in/ruction4 ,spohr rema9$ ) him two ye>s1 & accompani$ him on 8 travels to ,russia1 /udy+1 compos+1 & le>n+ mu* by 8 obs]vation ( ,eck's play+4 ,9 #ahje he 0 appo9t$ lead] ( ! b& ( ! ,duke ( ,go?a1 & began writ+ or*e/ral works1 8 compositions be=e t "t hav+ be5 ma9ly = ! viol94 ,8 fir/ op]a1 ,die ,pruefung1 also appe>$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,9 #ahjg he made a v successful t\r ?r\gh ,g]many1 & ano!r 9 #ahji1 ar\s+ great en?usiasm by 8 admirable play+4 ,9 t ye> also occurr$ ! fir/ musical fe/ival 9 ,g]many1 :i* 0 conduct$ by ,spohr at ,frank5haus51 9 ,?ur+ia4 ,9 #ahaa ano!r 0 held1 = :i* he wrote 8 fir/ symphony4 ,9 #ahab 8 fir/ oratorio1 ,das ju5g/e ,g]i*t1 appe>$2 b aft] two p]=mances ( x he 0 greatly dissatisfi$1 & laid x aside4 ,9 ! fall ( t ye> he made 8 fir/ public appe>ance 9 ,vi5na1 & a*iev$ su* success t he 0 (f]$ & accept$ ! lead]%ip ( ! b& at ! ,!at]-an-d]-,wi54 ,he rema9$ !re only ?ree ye>s1 h[ev]1 & !n resum$ 8 pr(essional t\rs 9 ,switz]l& & ,italy4 ,9 #ahah he 0 appo9t$ conductor ( ! op]a at ,frank=t1 :]e he rema9$ = two ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t he br\ght out 8 op]as ,fau/ & ,zemire & ,azor4 ,9 #ahbj he w5t to ,engl& = ! fir/ "t1 & play$ _m ( 8 compositions 9 ! ,philh>monic conc]ts4 ,8 ,engli% visit 0 a v successful "o1 & on 8 j\rney back to ,g]many he /opp$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e also he met ) an en?usia/ic welcome4 ,he f9ally settl$ d[n at ,dresd51 :]e ,web] 0 !n busy ) ! prep>ations = ! p]=mance ( 8 ,freis*uetz4 ,dur+ 8 /ay !re1 ,web] _h be5 (f]$ ! po/ ( ,h(kapellmei/] to ! ,elector ( ,cassel2 b n be+ 9 a position to accept x1 he recomm5d$ ,spohr1 & ! latt] obta9$ ! appo9tm5t ,jan4 #a1 #ahbb1 :]e he rema9$ ! re/ ( 8 days1 z x 0 a life-(fice4 ,dur+ ?is ye> he f9i%$ 8 op]a ,jessonda1 "o ( ! mo/ successful ( all 8 vocal works4 ,f\r ye>s lat] he conduct$ ! ,rh5i% ,fe/ival at ,duesseldorf & br\ght out 8 second oratorio1 ,die letzt5 ,d+e 7,! ,la/ ,?+s74 ,9 #ahca he complet$ 8 ,viol9 ,s*ool1 :i* has ev] s9ce be5 a /&>d "w4 ,8 mo/ important symphony1 ,die ,weihe d] ,to5e 7,! ,consecration ( ,s\nd71 0 produc$ at ,cassel 9 #ahcb1 & 8 ?ird oratorio1 ,des ,heil&'s letzte ,/und5 7,calv>y71 at ! same place 9 #ahce4 ,f\r ye>s lat] he w5t to ,engl& aga91 & produc$ 8 ,calv>y at ! ,norwi* ,fe/ival ) imm5se success1 :i* l$ to 8 reception ( a commission to produce ,! ,fall ( ,babylon = ! ,fe/ival ( #ahdb4 ,8 la/ op]a1 ,! ,crusad]s1 0 writt5 9 #ahdd1 b did n meet ) a p]man5t success4 ,f ?is "t until #aheg he 0 engag$ 9 mak+ t\rs & produc+ ! works ( o!r compos]s1 among !m ^? ( ,wagn]1 ^: ,tannhaeus] he br\ght out 9 #ahec1 9 spite ( ! ,elector's opposition4 ,9 #aheg he 0 p5sion$1 & two ye>s lat] di$4 ,he 0 born a musician & di$ "o1 & 9 8 long & honorable life he 0 always true to 8 art & did mu* to ennoble & dignify x1 not)/&+ ! curi\s comb9ations 9 8 musical texture4 ,he nev] c\ld und]/& or appreciate ,bee?ov54 ,he proclaim$ himself a disciple ( ,moz>t1 ?\gh he _h little 9 common ) him1 & he decl>$ ,wagn] ! greate/ ( all liv+ compos]s1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 ,fly+ ,dut*man alone4 ,z a p]=m]1 he 0 "o ( ! be/ ( any p]iod4 ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,spohr wrote two oratorios ^u ! same subject1--,das ju5g/e ,g]i*t 7,! ,la/ ,judgm5t7 & ,die letzt5 ,d+e 7,! ,la/ ,?+s72 b ! latt] is n[ univ]sally entitl$ ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & ! =m] 0 %elv$ by ! compos] himself %ortly aft] its p]=mance4 ,8 autobiography gives u "s int]e/+ details ( ea*4 ,aft] a conc]t-t\r to ,hamburg1 ,spohr return$ to ,go?a1 & f\nd !re a lett] f ,bis*(f1 ! ,prec5tor ( ,frank5haus51 in=m+ him t he _h be5 comm&$ by ! ,gov]nor ( ,erfurt to arrange a musical fe/ival !re 9 celebration ( ! bir?day ( ,napoleon1 ,augu/ #ae4 ,he invit$ ,spohr to assume its direction & to write an oratorio = ! occasion4 ,previ\s to ?is a poet 9 ,erfurt _h (f]$ him ! text call$ ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & ,spohr det]m9$ to avail himself ( x4 ,he writes1-- ,i s5t = ! libretto & set to "w at once4 ,b ,i soon felt t = ! oratorio /yle ,i 0 yet too defici5t 9 c\nt]po9t & 9 fugue+4 ,i !re=e susp5d$ my "w 9 ord] to make ! prelim9>y /udies requisite = ! subject4 ,f "o ( my pupils ,i borr[$ ,m>purg's ',art ( ,fugue-writ+1' & 0 soon deeply & cont9u\sly engag$ 9 ! /udy ( t "w4 ,aft] ,i _h writt5 half a doz5 fugues accord+ to its in/ruction1 ! la/ ( :i* seem$ to me v successful1 ,i resum$ ! composition ( my oratorio1 & complet$ x )\t all[+ any?+ else to int]v5e4 ,accord+ to a memor&um ,i made1 x 0 begun 9 ,janu>y1 #ahab1 & f9i%$ 9 ,june4 ,9 ?is connection ,spohr tells ! foll[+ humor\s /ory3-- ,"o ( ! solo-s+]s alone1 :o sang ! "p ( ,satan1 did n give me satisfaction4 ,! "p1 :i* 0 writt5 ) a p[]ful in/rum5tation1 ,i gave1 by ! advice ( ,bis*(f1 to a village s*oolma/] 9 ! neighborhood ( ,go?a :o 0 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/rict = 8 colossal bass voice4 ,9 p[] ( voice he _h inde$ q suffici5t to outro> a :ole or*e/ra2 b 9 sci5ce & 9 music he c\ld by no means execute ! "p 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,i taught & practis$ him 9 ! "p myself1 & took great pa9s to assi/ him a little4 ,b )\t mu* success2 = :5 ! day ( public trial came1 he _h totally =gott5 e in/ruction & admonition1 & gave su* loose to 8 b>b>ian voice t he fir/ ( all fright5$ ! auditory1 & !n set x 9 ro>s ( laught]4 ,x is cle> f ,spohr's rem>ks t he 0 satisfi$ ) ! *oruses & fugues1 b n ) ! solo p>ts ( ,jesus & ,m>y1 :i* 7 9 ! florid cantata /yle ( t day4 ,he subsequ5tly det]m9$ to re-write !m2 b :5 ab\t to beg91 he says1 x seem$ to me z ?\gh ,i c\ld no long] ent] into ! _s ( ! subject1 & s x rema9$ undone4 ,to publi% ! "w z x 01 ,i c\ld n make up my m9d4 ,?us 9 lat] ye>s x has la9 by )\t any use be+ made ( x4 ,?irte5 ye>s aft]w>ds he wrote ,die letzt5 ,d+e1 n[ s well kn[n z ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 ,he says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1-- ,9 ! same ye> #ahbe ,c\ncillor ,ro*litz1 ! editor ( ! ',leipsic ,musical ,j\rnal1' (f]$ me ! text ( an oratorio1 ',die letzt5 ,d+e1' to compose =1 :i* ,i receiv$ ) great pleasure1 z my previ\s attempt 9 t /yle ( art1 ',das ju5g/e ,g]i*t1' by no means pleas$ me any long]1 & !re=e ,i _h n once be5 dispos$ to p]=m a s+le numb] ( x at ! meet+ ( our ,society4444 ,! :ole "w 0 f9i%$ by ,good ,friday #ahbf1 & !n fir/ p]=m$ complete 9 ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*4 ,x 0 9 ! ev5+1 & ! *ur* 0 light$ up4 ,my son-9-law1 ,wolff1 :o _h be5 long 9 ,rome1 propos$ to illum9ate ! *ur* z at ,rome on ,good ,friday1 ) lights dispos$ ov]head 9 ! =m ( a cross1 & c>ri$ out 8 idea4 ,a cross f\rte5 feet long1 cov]$ ) silv]-foil & hung ) six hundr$ glass lamps1 0 susp5d$ ov]head 9 ! middle ( ! *ur*1 & diffus$ s bright a light t "o c\ld ev]y:]e cle>ly read ! text-books4 ,! musicians & s+]s1 ne>ly two hundr$ 9 numb]1 7 plac$ 9 ! gall]y ( ! *ur*1 arrang$ 9 r[s "o above ! o!r1 & = ! mo/ "p unse5 by ! auditory1 :i*1 am\nt+ to ne>ly two ?\s& p]sons1 obs]v$ a solemn /illness4 ,my two daught]s1 ,messrs4 ,wild1 ,alb]t1 & ,foeppel1 toge!r ) an amateur1 sang ! soli1 & ! p]=mance 0 faultless4 ,! effect 01 ,i mu/ myself say1 extraord9>y4 ,! title ( ! "w is cle>ly a misnom]1 z well z a mi/ranslation1 = x conta9s no?+ ( ! t]rors ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 is graceful & elegant 9 /yle4 ,! affix+ ( ?is title to x is said to h be5 ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,taylor1 :o arrang$ x = ! ,norwi* fe/ival ( #ahcj1 & suppos$ he 0 prep>+ ! e>li] oratorio1 ,das ju5g/e ,g]i*t4 ,! title has n[ become s indissolubly connect$ ) x t no ef=t has be5 made to *ange x4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ! text is conf9$ to ascriptions ( praise4 ,! solo1 ,bless+1 honor1 glory1 & p[] be unto him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb =ev]1 conveys ! mean+ ( ! :ole fir/ "p2 :ile ! second "p is conf9$ to ^? portions ( ! ,apocalypse :i* describe ! t]rible signs ( ! la/ day1 conclud+ ) visions ( ! new heav5 & a hallelujah4 ,& yet ,malibran1 9 h] biography ( ,spohr1 calls ! oratorio a musical copy ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,la/ ,judgm5t1--%[+ t m ?an "o p]son has conf\nd$ ! two oratorios4 ,! "w op5s ) a v long ov]ture ( a grave & maje/ic "*1 9 limits f> beyond ^? usually f\nd 9 oratorio4 ,x is foll[$ by ! /rik+ *orus1 ,praise ,8 awful ,"n1 :i* is beautifully writt51 & conta9s impressive soprano & bass solos4 ,"s brief t5or & bass recitatives lead to ! second numb]1 a %ort *orus 7,holy1 holy1 ,"l ,god ( ,ho/s71 9 :i* ! voices h no accompanim5t except ! horns4 ,?ree phrases ( recitative = soprano & t5or lead to ! next *orus 7,all ,glory to ! ,lamb t di$71 a gr& numb]1 :i* is famili> to ne>ly e lov] ( oratorio music4 ,! next numb] is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ 9 ! "w4 ,a %ort t5or recitative introduces ! t5or solo & *orus1 ,bless+1 honor1 glory1 & p[]1 beg9n+ ) a tranquil & smoo?ly fl[+ solo1 ! *orus op5+ 9 ! same mann]1 !n develop+ into an admirably writt5 fugue1 & clos+ 9 ! same s]5e /yle z x op5$4 ,a v dramatic & picturesque sc5e foll[s1 compris+ ! t5or recitative 7,& lo6 a mighty ,ho/71 ) a v /rik+ accompanim5t descriptive ( ! mighty ho/ ( all nations & p t /ood be=e ! ?rone & ! ,lamb1 & ! exquisite qu>tet & *orus 7,"l ,god ( ,heav5 & ,e>?7 :i* close ! fir/ "p4 ,! second "p op5s ) an or*e/ral symphony :i* h]alds ! signs & port5ts ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t 9 graphic /yle4 ,x is foll[$ by a long bass recitative ) int5sely dramatic accompanim5t3-- ,! day ( wra? is ne>4 ,! ,almighty %all reveal ,8 p[]4 ,! reap]'s song is sil5t 9 ! field1 ,& ! %eph]d's voice on ! m\nta94 ,! valleys !n %all %ake ) fe>1 ,) dread ! hills %all tremble4 ,x comes1 ! day ( t]ror comes6 ,! awful morn+ dawns6 ,?y mighty arm1 ,o ,god1 is uplift$4 ,?\ %alt %ake ! e>? & heav5s4 ,!y %all %rivel z a scroll ,:5 ,?\ 9 wra? appe>e/4 ,! text indicates ! dramatic nature ( ! subject1 & x is treat$ ) a =ce & vigor t are 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! t5d]ness & s]5ity1 at times ris+ to exultation1 t *>act]ize ! rema9d] ( ! "w4 ,?is recitative leads to ! v pa!tic duet = soprano & t5or1 ,=sake me n 9 ?is dread h\r1 :i* is a gem ( beautiful melody1 foll[$ by ! response ( ! *orus 9 unison1 ,if ) y\r :ole ,he>ts4 ,aft] a %ort t5or recitative1 ano!r /rong *orus ensues 7,de/roy$ is ,babylon71 ) an agitat$ & p[]ful accompanim5t1 :i* cont9ues = "s "t aft] ! voices cease1 once int]rupt$ by ! t5or proclaim+ ,x is end$1 & !n com+ to a close 9 a g5tle pianissimo effect4 ,a t5d]1 melodi\s qu>tet & *orus 7,ble/ are ! ,dep>t$7 foll[s4 ,! soprano voice ann\nces ! new heav5 & e>?4 ,a %ort t5or recitative 7,behold6 ,he soon %all come7 & ! qu>tet response 7,!n come1 ,"l ,jesus7 prep>e ! way = ! f9al massive *orus 7,great & wond]ful are all ,?y ,works71 :i* beg9s ) a few b>s ( full h>mony1 !n develops into a vigor\s fugue1 :i*1 aft] *oral ann\ncem5ts ( hallelujah1 is foll[$ by ano!r fugue 7,?9e is ! ,k+dom71 clos+ ) a tumultu\s ascription ( praise1 & ,am54 ,! solo p>ts 9 ! oratorio are always %ort & ( a reflective "*4 ,x is peculi>ly a *oral "w1 ( :i*1 ) "o or two exceptions1 ! pr$om9ant traits are sweetness1 t5d]ness1 & grace4 ,9 ^! exceptions1 l ! great *orus1 ,de/roy$ is ,babylon1 ) its wond]ful accompanim5ts1 x rea*es a high /ra9 ( sublimity4 ,,sullivan4 ,! great popul>ity :i* ,ar?ur ,seym\r ,sullivan has enjoy$ = a few ye>s pa/1 gr[+ out ( 8 extraord9>ily successful s]ies ( comic op]ettas1 beg9n+ ) ,! ,sorc]] 7#ahgg71 :i* fir/ caught ! public fancy1 & end+ ) ,! ,mikado 7#ahhe71 has almo/ ov]%ad[$ ! p]man5t f\ndations ^u :i* 8 reputation mu/ re/2 namely1 8 s]i\s & sacr$ music4 ,he 0 born 9 ,london1 ,may #ac1 #ahdb4 ,8 fa!r1 a b&-ma/] & cl>9et-play] ( di/9ction1 intru/$ 8 musical education at fir/ to ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,hilmore1 ma/] ( ! *ildr5 ( ! ,*apel ,royal4 ,he ent]$ ! ,*apel 9 #ahed & rema9$ !re ?ree ye>s1 & also /udi$ 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music "u ,goss & ,/]ndale ,b5nett dur+ ?is p]iod1 leav+ ! latt] in/itution 9 #aheh1 9 :i* ye> he w5t to ,leipsic4 ,he rema9$ 9 ! ,cons]vatory !re until #ahfa1 :5 he return$ to ,london & introduc$ himself to its musical public ) 8 music to ,%akspe>e's ,tempe/1 :i* made a great success4 ,! en?usiasm ) :i* ?is 0 receiv$ & ! favors he ga9$ at ! h&s ( ,*orley1 at t "t musical critic ( ! ,a!naeum1 gave him a secure foot+4 ,! cantata ,k5ilwor?1 writt5 = ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival1 ! music to ! ballet ,l',ile en*antee1 & an op]a1 ,! ,sapphire ,necklace1 7 produc$ 9 #ahfd4 ,9 #ahff appe>$ 8 fir/ symphony1 :i* has be5 play$ n only 9 ,engl&1 b also 9 ,g]many1 & an ov]ture1 ,9 ,memoriam1--a tribute to 8 fa!r1 :o di$ t ye>4 ,! next ye> 8 ov]ture ,m>mion 0 fir/ p]=m$4 ,9 #ahfi he wrote 8 fir/ oratorio1 ,! ,prodigal ,son1 9 #ahgc ,! ,light ( ! ,_w1 & 9 #ahhj ,! ,m>tyr ( ,antio*2 ! fir/ = ! ,worce/]1 ! second = ! ,birm+ham1 & ! ?ird = ! ,le$s fe/ivals4 ,! beautiful ,ov]ture di ,ballo1 s frequ5tly play$ 9 ?is c\ntry by ! ,?omas or*e/ra1 0 writt5 = ,birm+ham 9 #ahgj1 & ! next ye> appe>$ 8 brilliant cantata ,on ,%ore & ,sea4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,may1 #ahfg1 0 fir/ he>d 9 public 8 little comic op]etta ,cox & ,box4 ,x 0 ! fir/ 9 t s]ies ( extraord9>y successes1 really dat+ f ,! ,sorc]]1 :i* are almo/ )\t p>allel 9 ! op]atic _w1 & :i* h made 8 "n & t ( 8 collaborator1 ,gilb]t1 h\sehold words4 ,he has done mu* = sacr$ z well z = secul> music4 ,9 addition to 8 oratorios he has writt5 num]\s an!ms1 =ty-sev5 hymn-tunes1 two ,te ,deums1 sev]al c>ols1 "p-songs1 & *oruses1 & 9 #ahgb edit$ ! collection ( ,*ur* ,hymns ) ,tunes = ! ,*ri/ian ,k ,society4 ,he receiv$ ! honor>y degree ( ,doctor ( ,music f ,cambridge 9 #ahgf1 & f ,ox=d 9 #ahgi1 & 9 #ahhc 0 knight$ by ! ,que54 ,! ,prodigal ,son4 ,! ,prodigal ,son1 ! fir/ ( ,sullivan's oratorios1 0 writt5 = ! ,worce/] ,fe/ival 9 ,engl&1 & p]=m$ = ! fir/ "t ,sept4 #h1 #ahfi4 ,x is a %ort "w1 compris+ b eighte5 numb]s1 & v melodi\s 9 "*4 ,9 8 preface to ! "w ! compos] says1-- ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son %\ld nev] be=e h be5 *os5 z ! text ( a sacr$ musical composition4 ,! /ory is s natural & pa!tic1 & =ms s complete a :ole2 its lesson is s ?or\ghly ,*ri/ian2 ! *>act]s1 ?\gh few1 are s p]fectly contra/$2 & ! opportunity = ! employm5t ( local color is s obvi\s1--t x is inde$ a/oni%+ to f9d ! subject s long ov]look$4 ,! only drawback is ! %ortness ( ! n>rative1 & ! consequ5t necessity = fill+ x out ) mat]ial drawn f else:]e4 ,9 ! pres5t case ?is has be5 done z sp>+ly z possible1 & entirely f ! ,scriptures4 ,9 s do+1 ! ,prodigal himself has be5 conceiv$1 n z ( a naturally bruti% & deprav$ disposition1--a view tak5 by _m comm5tators1 ) app>5tly little k ( human nature1 & no recollection ( _! own y\?ful impulses1--b r z a buoyant1 re/less y\?1 tir$ ( ! monotony ( home1 & anxi\s to see :at lay beyond ! n>r[ conf9es ( 8 fa!r's f>m1 go+ =? 9 ! confid5ce ( 8 own simplicity & ardor1 & l$ gradually away into follies & s9s :i* at ! outset w\ld h be5 z di/a/eful z !y 7 /range to him4 ,! episode ) :i* ! p>able concludes has no dramatic connection ) ! =m] & pr9cipal portion1 & has !re=e n be5 treat$4 ,9 reality !re are b six ( ! eighte5 numb]s conc]n$ ) ! n>ration ( ! p>able4 ,! rema9d] moralize ^u ! /ory & illu/rate its tea*+4 ,aft] a %ort1 simple or*e/ral prelude1 an op5+ *orus1 beg9n+ ) soprano solo 7,!re is ,joy 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ! ,angels ( ,god71 & conta9+ also alto & bass solos1 gives ! key to ! :ole "w 9 reflective /yle1 z x proclaims ! rejoic+ 9 heav5 ov] ! "o s9n] t rep5te?4 ,at its conclusion ! p>able beg9s ) t5or recitative & solo1 ,a c]ta9 man _h two sons1 9 :i* ! ,prodigal asks = 8 portion ( goods4 ,9 a bass aria prec$$ by recitative1 ! fa!r gives him good advice1 ,honor ! ,"l1 & presumably 8 portion also1 z ! soprano recites 9 ! next numb] t he took 8 j\rney into a f> c\ntry1 & !re wa/$ 8 sub/ance 9 riot\s liv+4 ,!reupon foll[s a v melodi\s & vivaci\s *orus 7,let u eat & dr9k2 to-morr[ we die71 9 :i* ! t5or has an important "p4 ,! response to ! bac*anal comes 9 ! next numb]1 a brief *orus beg9n+ ) ! alto recitative1 ,woe unto !m4 ,"o ( ! gems ( ! "w1 a pretty alto song1 ,love n ! ,_w1 int]v5es at ?is po9t4 ,at its conclusion ! n>rative is resum$4 ,aft] an effective prelude by or*e/ra1 ! soprano recitative relates ! fam9e & ! exp]i5ces ( ! ,prodigal among ! sw9e1 lead+ up to a pretty aria 7,o t ?\ had/ he>k5$74 ,! t5or foll[s ) an expressive aria 7,h[ _m hir$ ,s]vants ( my ,fa!r's74 ,! n>rative aga9 halts to give place to a v tak+ *orus 7,! ,sacrifices ( ,god71 aft] :i* we h ! return & reconciliation 7,& he arose & came to 8 ,fa!r71--a v dramatic duet = t5or & bass1 foll[$ by ! vigor\s & exultant bass aria 7,= ?is my ,son 0 dead7 ( ! fa!r4 ,! p>able ends "h2 b ! music goes on moraliz+ ^u & illu/rat+ ! !me 9 f\r effective numb]s1--! *orus1 ,o t ,m5 w\ld praise ! ,"l1 :i* is ! longe/ & be/ con/ruct$ 9 ! "w2 ! recitative & aria = t5or1 ,come1 ye ,*ildr52 ! unaccompani$ qu>tet1 ,! ,"l is nigh2 & ! f9al *orus1 ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 art our ,fa!r1 clos+ ) a ,hallelujah 9 full1 broad h>mony4 ,! ,light ( ! ,_w4 ,sir ,ar?ur ,sullivan's second oratorio1 ,! ,light ( ! ,_w1 is laid out ^u a mu* l>g] scale 9 e way ?an ,! ,prodigal ,son4 ,x 0 writt5 = ! ,birm+ham ,fe/ival ( #ahgc1 0 giv5 = ! fir/ "t on ! #bg? ( ,augu/4 ,! purpose ( ! "w1 z ! compos] expla9s 9 8 preface1 is to set =? ! human aspects ( ! life ( our ,"l ^u e>?1 by ! use ( "s ( ! actual incid5ts 9 8 c>e] :i* be> witness to 8 attributes z prea*]1 heal]1 & prophet4 ,to give x dramatic =ce1 he says1-- ,! "w has be5 laid out 9 sc5es deal+ respectively1 9 ! fir/ "p ) ! nativity1 prea*+1 heal+1 & prophesy+ ( our ,"l1 end+ ) ! triumphal entry into ,j]usalem2 & 9 ! second "p1 ) ! utt]ances :i*1 conta9+ ! av[al ( himself z ! ,son ( ,man1 excit$ to ! utmo/ ! wra? ( 8 enemies1 & l$ ! rul]s to conspire = 8 betrayal & dea?2 ! solemn recital by ! *orus ( 8 suff]+s1 & ! belief 9 8 f9al rew>d2 ! grief ( ,m>y ,magdal5e at ! sepul*re2 & ! consolation & triumph ( ! ,disciples at ! resurrection ( _! ,"l & ,ma/]4 ,! fir/ "p has f\r sc5es1 ,be?lehem1 ,naz>e?1 ,laz>us 7:i* might m appropriately h be5 entitl$ ,be?any71 & ,! ,way to ,j]usalem4 ,! sc5es ( ! second "p are laid entirely 9 ,j]usalem4 ,be?lehem includes ! message ( ! angels to ! %eph]ds1 _! visit to ,m>y1 ! nativity1 ! w>n+ by ! angel to ,m>y & ,joseph ( ,h]od's design1 ! lam5t & consolation ( ,ra*el 9 ,rama1 & ! promise ( ,god's bless+ ^u ! *ild4 ,9 ,naz>e? we h a sc5e repres5t+ ,*ri/ 9 ! synagogue read+ f ,isaiah & decl>+ himself ! object ( ! prophecy1 8 expulsion by ! incr$ul\s cr[d ( li/5]s1 & 8 exhortations to 8 disciples1 :5 left alone ) !m1 to be> _! p]secutions ) meekness4 ,laz>us describes ! j\rney to ,be?any & our ,"l's assurances to ! b]eav$ si/]s t _! bro!r %all rise aga94 ,! ,way to ,j]usalem sc5e is indicat$ by its title1--! entry ( ! ,"l into ! city amid ! hosannas & exultant acclamations ( ! p4 ,9 ! second "p1 we h ! disc\rse conc]n+ ! %eep & ! goats1 ! int]view betwe5 ! rul] & ! p1 & ! =m]'s ang] ) ,nicodemus1 ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,*ri/1 & ! resurrection & joy ( ! disciples z !y glorify ,god & s+ ! praises ( _! ris5 ,ma/]4 ,! "w op5s ) a prologue *orus 7,!re %all come =? a ,rod out ( ! ,/em ( ,jesse71 at ! close ( :i* ! ,be?lehem sc5e beg9s4 ,x is prelud$ ) a quiet b effective pa/oral movem5t = ! or*e/ra1 a t5or recitative 7,!re 7 ,%eph]ds abid+ 9 ! ,field71 & a contralto solo ann\nc+ ! heav5ly message to ! ,%eph]ds1 :i* lead up to a spirit$ ,gloria by ! sopranos & altos1 foll[$ by a *orus ( ! ,%eph]ds 7,let u n[ g ev5 unto ,be?lehem7 = male voices4 ,a ,%eph]d1 9 brief recitative passages1 decl>es to ,m>y1 ,bless$ art ?\ among ,wom51 foll[$ by ! soprano solo1 ,my ,s\l do? magnify ! ,"l4 ,aft] ! ,virg9's expression ( ?anks1 ! ,%eph]ds jo9 9 ! *orus1 ,! :ole ,e>? is at re/1 :i* is peculi>ly /rik+ 9 its contra/s4 ,a %ort recitative by ! ,angel1 w>n+ ,m>y to flee into ,egypt1 is foll[$ by a v sombre *orus 7,9 ,rama 0 !re a ,voice74 ,at its close1 ! t5or is he>d 9 a t5d] aria 7,refra9 ?y ,voice f weep+71 lead+ to a *orus full ( spirit$ h>mony1 & ris+ to a v effective climax 7,i w p\r ,my ,_s71 :i* closes ! sc5e4 ,! ,naz>e? sc5e op5s ) a b>itone solo 7,! ,_s ( ! ,"l is ^u me71 9 :i* ,jesus decl>es himself 9 ! synagogue z ! object ( ! prophecy f ,isaiah :i* he has be5 read+4 ,! ,jews answ] 9 a v dramatic *orus 7,:5ce ha? ?is ,man 8 ,wisdom874 ,aga9 ,jesus int]poses ) ! decl>ation1 ,a prophet is n )\t honor save 9 8 own c\ntry2 :]eupon ! p break out 9 a /ill m dramatic *orus 7,is n ?is ,jesus871 set to a v effective accompanim5t4 ,= ! ?ird "t ,jesus decl>es himself1 foll[$ by ! /irr+1 furi\s *orus1 ,:y he> ye him8 ,a t5d] & at times f]vid solo 7,"l1 :o ha? believ$ our ,report87 leads to a v effective qu9tet 7,d\btless ,?\ art our ,fa!r74 ,aft] ano!r brief b>itone solo 7,bless$ are !y71 we come to ! *orus1 ,he make? ! ,sun to rise1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ beautifully writt5 9 ! "w1 & closes ! sc5e4 ,! ?ird sc5e1 ,laz>us1 beg9s ) ! description ( ! m\rnful j\rney to ,be?any1 ! arrival among ! k9dr$ & fri5ds1 :o are try+ to com=t ! b]eav$ si/]s1 & closes at ! /ill unop5$ grave4 ,x includes a duet betwe5 t5or & b>itone1 ! =m] a ,disciple1 ! latt] ,jesus1 ^: music is inv>iably sung by ! b>itone voice2 a solo = alto 7,weep ye n = ! ,dead71 ) a sombre or*e/ral prelude1 & accompani$ by a *orus 9 its close2 a dialogue betwe5 ,m>?a & ,jesus 7,"l1 if ?\ had/ be5 "h72 a %ort b v beautiful *orus 7,behold h[ he lov$ him672 ! b>itone solo1 ,said ,i n unto !e2 & a f9al *orus ( great p[] 7,! ,grave _c praise !e74 ,! la/ sc5e ( ! fir/ "p1 ,! ,way to ,j]usalem1 is v brilliant ?r\gh\t1 & is 9 *e]ful contra/ ) ! g5]al sombr5ess ( ! prec$+ numb]s4 ,x op5s ) a brief dialogue betwe5 ,jesus & a ,disciple 7,ma/]1 get !e out1 & dep>t h5ce71 :i* leads to a *>m+ ?ree-"p *orus = *ildr5's voices 7,hosanna to ! ,son ( ,david71 ) a prom95t h>p "p 9 ! accompanim5t1 & work$ up to a f9e climax4 ,a brilliant soprano solo 7,tell ye ! ,daught] ( ,zion7 int]v5es1 foll[$ by a %ort dialogue betwe5 ,jesus & a ,ph>isee1 :i* leads to ! vigor\s *orus ( ! ,disciples1 ,bless$ be ! ,k+dom4 ,aft] ano!r b>itone solo 7,if ?\ had/ kn[n1 ,o ,j]usalem7 ! *ildr5's hosanna is repeat$1--?is "t ) ! p[] ( ! full *orus2 & ! fir/ "p comes to a close4 ,! fir/ "p op5s ) a prelude ( a few b>s2 b ! second beg9s ) a long ov]ture1 v effectively writt51 & int5d$1 z ! compos] himself says1 to indicate ! angry feel+s & diss5sions caus$ by ! ,"l's pres5ce 9 ,j]usalem4 ,at its close ! b>itone1 9 "o ( ! mo/ =cible solos assign$ to ?is "p 7,:5 ! ,son ( ,man %all come 9 8 ,glory71 disc\rses ! p>able ( ! %eep & goats4 ,! wond]+ *orus ( ! ,p1 ,is n ?is he :om !y seek to kill8 foll[s1 & !n ensues a some:at t$i\s sc5e4 ,a ,rul] argues ) ! ,p1 contemptu\sly ask+ if ,*ri/ %all come out ( ,galilee4 ,! ,p rema9 unconv9c$1 h[ev]4 ,nicodemus !n /rives to reason ) ! ,rul]1 ) ! natural effect ( mak+ him v angry4 ,all ?is leads up to an effective female *orus 7,! ,h\r is come74 ,9 a v t5d] & pa!tic solo 7,daught]s ( ,j]usalem7 ,jesus s+s 8 f>ewell4 ,! incid5ts ( ! crucifixion are avoid$1 z ! "w is int5d$ only to illu/rate ! human c>e] ( ,jesus4 ,! re/ ( ! /ory is told 9 n>rative =m2 an unaccompani$ qu>tet 7,yea1 ?\gh ,i walk7 & a p[]ful1 b gloomy *orus1 describ+ ,*ri/'s suff]+s 7,m5 & ,bre?r571 br+ u to ! sepul*re4 ,! sc5e op5s ) ! pla9t ( ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,:]e h !y laid him8 & ! response ( ! ,angel1 :o tells h] ,*ri/ has ris51 :i* is foll[$ by a six-"p unaccompani$ *orus 7,! ,"l is ris574 ,a %ort t5or solo 7,if ye be ris5 ) ,*ri/7 leads directly to ! f9al *orus 7,him ha? ,god exalt$71 :i* is work$ up 9 fugal =m ) mu* _s4 ,,v]di4 ,giuseppe ,v]di1 ! greate/ ( liv+ ,italian op]a compos]s1 0 born at ,roncale1 ,oct4 #i1 #ahac4 ,l _m ano!r musician1 he sprang f humble & rude beg9n+s1 8 p>5ts hav+ kept a small inn & notion /ore 9 ! little ,italian village4 ,8 musical tal5t display$ itself v e>ly4 ,9 8 t5? ye> he 0 appo9t$ organi/ 9 ! place ( ,bai/roc*i1 ! ma/] ) :om he _h be5 /udy+ at ,busseto4 ,?r\gh ! g5]osity ( 8 patron1 ,m4 ,b>ezzi1 he 0 s5t to ,milan1 :]e he 0 refus$ admission to ! ,cons]vatory1 on ! gr\nd t he %[$ no special aptitude = music6 ,no?+ daunt$1 ! "y compos]1 act+ on ! sugge/ions ( ! conductor ( ,la ,scala1 /udi$ composition & or*e/ration ) ,m4 ,lavigne1 himself a compos] ( no mean ability4 ,9 #ahcc ,v]di return$ to ,busseto1 & five ye>s lat] w5t back to ,milan1 :]e he began 8 wond]fully successful c>e] z an op]atic compos]4 ,8 fir/ op]a1 ,ob]to ,conte di ,s4 ,bonifacio1 appe>$ 9 #ahci1 & 0 foll[$ by a s]ies ( op]atic works t h a*iev$ _w-wide success & plac$ _! compos] at ! head ( all contempor>y ,italian writ]s4 ,! mo/ important ( !m are3 ,nabucco 7#ahdb72 ,i ,lomb>di 7#ahdc72 ,ernani 7#ahdd72 ,attila 7#ahdf72 ,macbe? 7#ahdg72 ,i ,masnadi]i 7#ahdg72 ,luisa ,mill] 7#ahdi72 ,rigoletto 7#ahea72 ,il ,trovatore 7#ahec72 ,la ,traviata 7#ahec72 ,! ,sicilian ,vesp]s 7#ahee72 ,! ,mask$ ,ball 7#aheg72 ,! ,=ce ( ,de/9y 7#ahfb72 ,don ,c>los 7#ahfg72 ,aida 7#ahga74 ,9 ! la/-nam$ op]a1 ,v]di dep>ts f ! purely ,italian s*ool ( op]atic writ+ & %[s ! unmi/akable signs ( ,wagn]'s influ5ce ^u him4 ,n[1 9 8 sev5ty-?ird ye>1 comes ! intellig5ce t he has complet$ /ill ano!r op]a1 on ! subject ( ,o!llo1 :i* w soon be plac$ 9 rehe>sal 9 ,p>is4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ,aida & ,o!llo he wrote ! ,manzoni ,requiem1 a ,pat] ,no/] = five voices1 & an ,ave ,m>ia = soprano solo4 ,he has also writt5 sev]al m>*es1 %ort symphonies1 conc]tos = piano1 m9or *ur* compositions1 a /r+$ qu>tet1 a ,/abat ,mat]1 ! *oruses to ,manzoni's trag$ies1 & num]\s songs & romances = ! draw+-room4 ,) 8 wife1 ,madame ,/repponi1 he has sp5t a v quiet life 9 8 villa at ,s4 ,agato1 look+ aft] 8 f>m+ op]ations1 to :i* ( late ye>s he has giv5 m att5tion ?an to music4 ,9 a lett] address$ to ! ,italian critic1 ,filippi1 he writes3 ,i "k v well t y are also a mo/ di/+ui%$ musician & devot$ to y\r art3 444 b ,piave & ,m>iani mu/ h told y t at ,s4 ,agato we nei!r make nor talk ab\t music1 & y w run ! risk ( f9d+ a piano n only out ( tune1 b v likely )\t /r+s4 ,he has be5 ov]:elm$ ) decorations & honors1 b has /udi\sly avoid$ public life & ! turmoil ( ! _w4 ,9 #ahff he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,italian ,p>liam5t f ,busseto1 b s5t 9 8 resignation %ortly aft]w>ds2 & 9 #ahge 0 appo9t$ s5ator by ! ,k+1 b nev] took 8 seat4 ,8 fame is indissolubly connect$ ) 8 music1 & 9 ! pursuit ( t art he has become "o ( ! mo/ admir$ compos]s ( 8 "t4 ,! ,manzoni ,requiem4 ,! hi/ory ( ,! ,manzoni ,requiem is ( m ?an ord9>y int]e/4 ,%ortly aft] ,ross9i's dea?1 9 #ahfh1 ,v]di conceiv$ ! idea ( a requiem 9 8 memory1 to be writt5 by _m h&s1 :i* %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,bologna on ea* c5t5>y ( ! compos]'s dea?1 b ^u no o!r occasion & at no o!r place4 ,! project met ) favor4 ,! "w 0 laid out 9 ?irte5 numb]s & assign$ to ?irte5 ,italian compos]s1 ,v]di tak+ ! ,lib]a me1 :i* 0 to be ! la/ numb] 9 ! "w4 ,ea* ( ! compos]s f9i%$ 8 task2 b :5 ! p>ts 7 jo9$ 9 a complete requiem !y 7 f\nd to be s dissimil> 9 treatm5t1 & ! :ole "w s incoh]5t & lack+ 9 symmetry & unity1 t ! s*eme w5t no fur!r4 ,m4 ,mazzucato1 ( ,milan1 :o _h exam9$ ! "w1 0 s impress$ ) ! ,lib]a me t he wrote to ,v]di urg+ him to compose ! entire requiem4 ,ab\t ?is "t 7#ahgc7 ,aless&ro ,manzoni1 ! f\nd] ( ! romantic s*ool 9 ,italian lit]ature1 di$1 & 0 univ]sally m\rn$ by 8 c\ntrym54 ,! requiem :i* _h be5 int5d$ = ,ross9i 0 n[ writt5 by ,v]di = 8 fri5d1 ! great ,italian patriot & poet1 ! immortal au?or ( ,i promessi ,sposi1 & ! ,lib]a me 0 transf]r$ to x4 ,x 0 p]=m$ = ! fir/ "t at ,milan1 ,may #bb1 #ahgd1 ! anniv]s>y ( ,manzoni's dea?1 ) ,t]esa ,/olz soprano1 ,m>ia ,waldmann alto1 ,giuseppe ,capponi t5or1 & ,ormondo ,ma9i bass1 a *orus ( a hundr$ & tw5ty voices1 & an or*e/ra ( a hundr$ & t54 ,x 0 next giv5 9 ,p>is1 9 ! foll[+ mon?1 "u ! compos]'s direction & s9ce t "t has be5 frequ5tly giv5 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! mass is divid$ into sev5 p>ts1 ) solos1 *oruses1 & full or*e/ra1 z foll[s3 ,no4 #a4 ,requiem & ,kyrie 7qu>tet & *orus74 #b4 ,dies ,irae2 ?us divid$3 ,dies ,irae 7*orus72 ,tuba ,mirum 7*orus72 ,lib] scriptus 7*orus & fugue72 ,quid sum mis] 7trio = soprano1 alto1 & t5or72 ,rex trem5dae 7qu>tet & *orus72 ,record>e 7duo = soprano & alto1 & *orus72 ,+emisco 7solo = t5or72 ,confutatis 7solo = bass72 ,lacrymosa 7qu>tet & *orus74 #c4 ,dom9e ,jesu1 (f]tory1 by qu>tet4 #d4 ,sanctus 7fugue ) d\ble *orus74 #e4 ,agnus ,dei 7duet = soprano & alto1 & *orus74 #f4 ,lux aet]na 7trio = alto1 t5or1 & bass74 #g4 ,lib]a me 7solo = soprano1 *orus1 & f9al fugue74 ,! ,requiem op5s1 aft] a few measures ( prelude1 ) ! *orus *ant+ ! appeal = re/ sotto voce1 ! effect be+ c>ri$ z pianissimo z possible until ! basses1 by an abrupt *ange ( key1 give out ! !me ( a fugue 7,te decet hymnus71 writt5 9 pure religi\s /yle4 ,! introductory ,requiem is repeat$1 & leads to ! ,kyrie1 ! !me ( :i* is /at$ by ! t5or1 & 9 turn tak5 up by ! o!r soloi/s1 ! *orus %ortly jo9+1 a d\ble sextet int]wov5 ) x1 & ! :ole clos+ pianissimo1 z ! ,requiem op5$4 ,! second "p1 ! ,dies ,irae1 is 9 /rong contra/ ) ! fir/1 & is m broadly & dramatically work$ up1 & ) fre] accompanim5t4 ,! op5+ *orus is "o ( />tl+ p[]4 ,! t5ors & basses op5 ! numb]1 imm$iately foll[$ by ! f\r p>ts ann\nc+ ! ,day ( ,wra? 9 high1 su/a9$ notes1 :ile ! second sopranos1 altos1 & t5ors accompany !m ) imm5se sweeps ( s\nd t rise & fall l ! waves4 ,!re are n9e numb]s 9 ?is "p :i* h be5 already specifi$1 ! mo/ effective ( !m be+ ! adagio trio 7,quid sum mis]7 = soprano1 alto1 & t5or1 ^u :i* ,v]di has lavi%$ 8 melodi\s inspiration4 ,! trio is cont9ually int]wov5 ) ! *orus %\t+ =tissimo ! ,rex trem5dae maje/atis1 until x takes ano!r =m 9 ! pray]1 ,record>e1 a duet = soprano & alto 9 ,v]di's be/ op]atic ve94 ,a v effective t5or solo1 ,+emisco1 foll[$ by a v solemn & maje/ic bass solo1 ,confutatis1 lead to ! /irr+ measures ( ! ,day ( ,wra? aga91 & close ?is "p 9 an ensemble ( imm5se p[]1 bo? vocal & dramatic4 ,! (f]tory 7,dom9e ,jesu7 is a qu>tet ) ?ree motives1--! fir/ &ante1 ! second allegro1 & ! ?ird adagio 9 ,gregorian =m1 ! ?ree !mes be+ admirably work$ up & accompani$4 ,! ,sanctus 7! f\r? "p ( ! mass7 is a v impressive allegro d\ble *orus1 foll[$ by ! ,agnus ,dei1 a duet = soprano & alto :i* is full ( melodi\s inspiration1 illu/rat$ ) *>m+ in/rum5tal color2 x is ! gem ( ! mass1 & "o ( ! happie/ numb]s ,v]di has ev] scor$4 ,! six? "p is ! ,lux aet]na1 a trio = alto1 t5or1 & bass :i* is v dramatic 9 sett+2 & ?is leads to ! ,lib]a1 ! f9al division & ! climax ( ! "w4 ,x is 9 its g5]al effect a soprano obligato ) *orus4 ,aft] a monotone recitative & solo1 ! ,dies ,irae is repeat$1 likewise ! ,requiem aet]nam 7:i* =ms ! introduction ( ! mass71 & closes ) a fugue ( maje/ic proportions t f9ally ends 9 ! same pianissimo effect z *>act]izes ! op5+ ( ! "w4 ,?us mu* ( ! "w 9 detail4 ,x rema9s to look at ?is mass z a :ole4 ,! fir/ ?\ght t w /rike ! li/5] is its utt] dissimil>ity to any o!r ( ,v]di's works1 except ,aida4 ,l t op]a1 x is 9 8 late/ /yle1--an attempt to %[ ! _w t he c write some?+ besides melodies4 ,h5ce we f9d m decid$ contrapuntal effects1 ! canon & fugue =ms1 & ev5 ! pla91 s]i\s /yle ( ! e>ly devotional music ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! days ( ,gregory & ,pale/r9a4 ,! second ?\ght is t ?is mass1 al?\gh x has _h ,papal approval1 is n s mu* a mass z x is a dramatic ?r5ody 9 memory ( a lov$ fri5d4 ,z comp>$ ) ! masses ( ,bee?ov51 ,moz>t1 ,haydn1 & ! o!r e>ly mass-writ]s1 x has n _! conv5tional =m1 _! regul> sequ5ce ( sett+1 _! coh]5ce ( _s & s5tim5t4 ,!re are wide div]g5ces 9 x f ! old beat5 track4 ,b x may be said1 on ! o!r h&1 t :ile ! traditions are violat$1 ,v]di does n s f> lose sight ( ! devotional "* ( 8 "w z to desc5d to ! light1 tripp+1 & sometimes fanta/ic measures ( ,ross9i 9 ! ,/abat ,mat]4 ,von ,buel[ v ne>ly hit ! tru? 9 say+ t ,! ,manzoni ,requiem is an op]a 9 ecclesia/ical co/ume4 ,! dramatic elem5t is its /rong feature1 & ! inexhau/ible res\rces ( ! compos]'s inv5tion /rike ! he>] z "o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics4 ,! fir/ six p>ts seem to h includ$ ne>ly all t c be done1 & y wond] if ! la/ "p1 ! ,lib]a me1 w n fall tamely2 :5 to y\r surprise x proves to be ! gr& culm9ation ( ! "w1 & pres5ts1 ) its solo & *orus & impos+ fugue1 an ensemble ( effect1 a ri*ness ( in/rum5tation1 a sev]e & almo/ classical =m ( composition1 & a dramatic int5sity & passion t sweep ! :ole range ( p[]1 f a =tissimo tutte =za1 d[n to ! fa9te/ :isp] ( a pianissimo4 ,x bur/s ^u y l ! ?und]1 & dies away 9 ! /ill small voice t :isp]s ! requiem ( ev]la/+ re/4 ,,sacr$ ,,music ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ sket* ( ! rise & progress ( sacr$ music 9 ,am]ica may prove ( int]e/ to ! read] z a supplem5t to ! hi/ory ( ! ,oratorio & ( ! num]\s illu/rations ( t class ( compositions conta9$ 9 ! body ( ! book4 ,ritt]1 ,g\ld1 ,hood1 & o!r *ur*-music hi/orians h be5 freely consult$ to make ! sket* z complete z possible4 ,! psalmody ( ! ,prote/ant *ur* 0 fir/ arrang$ & br\ght into use 9 ! c\rse ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! re=m]s 9 ,g]many & p>ticul>ly ( ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 :o 0 extremely fond ( music1 & wrote a qua9t disc\rse on ! art4 ,9 #aebd he publi%$ a collection ( hymns :i* also compris$ a few v]sifi$ psalms4 ,^! 7 set to music 9 f\r p>ts1 z he says = no o!r reason ?an because ( my desire t ! "y1 :o ought to be educat$ 9 music z well z 9 o!r good arts1 might h some?+ to take ! place ( worldly & amor\s songs1 & s le>n some?+ useful & practise some?+ virtu\s1 z become? ! "y4 ,i w\ld be glad to see all arts1 & especially music1 employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ,him :o creat$ !m4 ,zw+le1 ,cranm]1 ,calv91 & ,knox 7 also zeal\s advocates ( psalm-s++2 & dur+ ! same c5tury ,tye1 ,tallis1 ,bird1 & ,gibbons did a great "w = ecclesia/ical music 9 ,engl&4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,engl& ! ,puritans prov$ !mselves zeal\s musical re=m]s4 ,!y r$uc$ s++ to ! sev]e/ simplicity4 ,!y _h no sympa?y ) elaborate arrangem5ts4 ,organs1 *oir-books1 & *oir-s+]s 7 objects ( _! special antipa?y4 ,"o ( ^! iconocla/s says3 ,?is s++ & say+ ( mass1 mat9s1 or ev5-song is b roryng1 h[l+1 :i/el+1 mummy+1 conjur+ & jogelyng & ! play+ ( orgayns a fooli% vanitie4 ,latim] 9 #aecg notifi$ ! conv5t at ,worce/]3 ,:5ev] !re %all be any prea*+ 9 y\r mona/]y all mann] ( s++ & o!r c]emonies %all be utt]ly laid aside4 ,9 #aefb x 0 propos$ t ! psalms %\ld be sung by ! :ole congregation1 & t organs %\ld be no long] us$4 ,9 ! ,confession ( ! ,puritans 7#aega7 !y say3 ,conc]n+ ! s++ ( ! psalms1 we all[ ( ! p's jo9+ ) "o voice 9 a pla9 tune1 b n 9 toss+ ! psalms f "o side to ! o!r1 ) int]m+l+ ( organs4 ,an appeal 0 made to ,p>liam5t aga9/ ! s++ ( ! noble ca!dral music by *ant+ *ori/]s disguis$1 z are all ! re/1 9 :ite surplices1 "s 9 corn] caps & silly copes1 imitat+ ! fa%ion & mann] ( ,anti*ri/ ! ,pope1 t man ( s9 & *ild ( p]dition1 ) 8 o!r rabble ( miscreants & %avel+s4 ,/]nhold1 :o 0 groom ( ! robes to ,h5ry ,,viii4 & aft]w>ds groom ( ! b$-*amb] to ,edw>d ,,vi41 0 "o ( ! mo/ zeal\s ( ^! re=m]s4 ,9 connection ) ,hopk9s1 a cl]gyman & s*oolma/]1 he v]sifi$ a l>ge numb] ( ! psalms & publi%$ !m4 ,!y 7 pr9t$ at fir/ )\t music1 b 9 #aefb !y appe>$ ) ! notes ( ! pla9 melody "u ! foll[+ title3 ,! :ole ,book ( ,psalms1 collect$ into ,engli% metre by ,t4 ,/]nhold & ,j4 ,hopk9s & o!rs1 conf]r$ ) ! ,ebrue1 ) apt notes to s+ !m )al4 ,impr9t$ by ,john ,day4 ,9 ?is "w !re 0 b "o "p1 ! air1 & ea* note 0 accompani$ by its "n2 b a few ye>s lat] ! psalms appe>$ set to music 9 f\r p>ts4 ,!y 7 ! "w ( ,william ,damon1 & 8 book bore ! title3 ,! ,psalms ( ,david to ,engli% ,metre1 ) notes ( ,f\r ,p>ts set unto !m1 by ,wm4 ,damon1 to ! ,use ( ! ,godly ,*ri/ians1 = recreat+ !mselves1 in/ead ( fond & unseemly ballads4 #aegi4 ,9 #aeii !re appe>$ a v ambiti\s "w 9 folio =m1 s arrang$ t f\r p]sons might s+ f x1 & be>+ ! title3 ,! ,psalms ( ,david 9 ,metre1 ! ,pla9 song be+ ! common ,tune1 to be sung & play$ ^u ! ,lute1 ,orph>ion1 ,citt]ne1 or ,bass-viol1 sev]ally or toge!r2 ! s++ ,"p to be ei!r ,t5or or ,treble to ! in/rum5t1 accord+ to ! ,nature ( ! ,voice1 or = ,f\r ,voices2 ) ,t5 ,%ort ,tunes 9 ! end1 to :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 all ,psalms may be usually sung2 = ! ,use ( su* z are ( mean ,skill1 & ^: ,leisure lea/ s]ve? to practice4 ,by ,ri*>d ,allison1 ,g5t41 ,practition] 9 ! ,art ( ,music4 ,not)/&+ its =midable title1 ! "w 0 n highly e/eem$ at ! "t4 ,9 #afba1 ,?omas ,rav5scr(t1 ,ba*elor ( ,music1 publi%$ an excell5t collection ( psalm tunes1 _m ( :i* are /ill 9 use4 ,9 8 preface he says1 by way ( advice3 #a4 ,t psalms ( tribulation be sung ) a l[ voice & long measure2 #b4 ,t psalms ( ?anksgiv+ be sung ) a voice indiff]5t1 nei!r too l\d nor too s(t1 & nei!r too swift nor too sl[2 #c4 ,t psalms ( rejoic+ be sung ) a l\d voice & a swift & jocund measure4 ,8 preface closes ) ! pi\s wi% t all 8 patrons aft] dea? may jo9 9 ! ,quire ( ,angels 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,! date ( ! ,rav5scr(t collection br+s u to ! "t ( ! ,pilgrims4 ,:5 !y load$ ! ,mayfl[] ) _! homely h\sehold furniture1 sp9n+-:eels1 & arms ( def5ce1 & set out ^u _! long & unc]ta9 voyage to f9d a fri5dly %ore :]e !y might wor%ip ,god 9 _! own fa%ion1 ! psalm-book 0 n =gott54 ,!y br\ght ) !m a v]sion made by ,h5ry ,a9swor? ( ,am/]dam1 9 :i* ! notes set above ! words 7 ( loz5ge %ape4 ,= tw5ty ye>s x 0 9 exclusive use1 ?\gh ! ,salem ,*ur* did n ab&on x until #affg1 & ! ,plym\? ,*ur* reta9$ ! old favorite until #afib4 ,! ,/]nhold & ,hopk9s collection _h also f\nd its way ov]1 b x 0 us$ only at ,ipswi* & 9 its vic9ity4 ,9 #afdj appe>$ ! ,bay ,psalm ,book1 issu$ f ! ,cambridge press4 ,x 0 prep>$ by an association ( ,new ,engl& div9es1 mo/ prom95t among :om 7 ,?omas ,welde1 ,ri*>d ,ma!r ( ,dor*e/]1 & ,john ,eliot ( ,roxbury1 ! fam\s ,indian mission>y4 ,be+ new1 x 0 at once reg>d$ z an innovation4 ,! *ur*es 7 soon 9 a wrangle1 n only ov] ! cont5ts ( ! new collection1 b z to ! me?ods ( s++4 ,"s 7 oppos$ to s++ altoge!r1 :ile o!rs insi/$ t only ,*ri/ian voices %\ld be he>d4 ,at no "t 7 ! coloni/s v le>n$ 9 music4 ,9 ! edition ( ! ,bay ,psalm ,book pr9t$ 9 #afih1 ! foll[+ concise directions appe>3-- ,fir/1 obs]ve h[ _m note-compass ! tune is next ! place ( y\r fir/ note1 & h[ _m notes above & bel[ t1 s z y may beg9 ! tune ( y\r fir/ note1 z ! re/ may be sung 9 ! compass ( y\r & ! p's voices1 )\t ,squeak+ above or ,grumbl+ bel[4 ,= ! bett] und]/&+ ( :i* take note ( ! foll[+ directions3 ,( ! eight %ort ,tunes us$ to f\r l9es only1 ^: measure is to eight syllables on ! fir/ l9e1 & six on ! next2 & may be sung to any ,psalms ( t measure4 ,ox=d ,tune4 ,lit*field ,tune4 ,to ,psalms ,consolatory4 ,l[ ,dut* ,tune4 ,york ,tune4 ,w9sor ,tune4 ,to ,psalms ( ,pray]1 ,confessions1 & ,fun]als4 ,cambridge ,%ort ,tune to peculi> ,psalms1 z #ba1 #bd1 #cc1 #gj1 #hf1 fir/ metre1 #aad1 #acb4 ,^? six %ort tunes1 9 tun+ ! fir/ notes1 w be> a *e]ful high pit*2 9 reg>d to _! :ole compass f ! l[e/ note1 ! highe/ is n above five or six notes4 ,/4 ,david's ,tune4 ,m>tyrs ,tune4 ,to ,psalms ( ,praise & ,?anksgiv+4 ,^! two tunes are eight notes compass above ! fir/ note1 & !re=e beg9 ! fir/ note l[4 ,( five long tunes foll[+3 ,hackney ,tune--#aai ,psalm ,tune1 second metre4 ,^! two tunes beg9 y\r fir/ note l[1 = ! compass is n9e notes1 & eight above ! fir/ note ( ! tune4 #ajj ,psalm ,tune4 ,?is "o tune beg9 y\r note indiff]5t high1 9 reg>d y are to fall y\r note l[] ?an y\r fir/ pit* note4 #aac ,psalm ,tune1 & #adh ,psalm ,tune4--,^! two tunes beg9 y\r fir/ note l[1 9 reg>d ! ,tune asc5ds eight notes above x4 ,! turmoil 9 ! *ur*es 0 settl$ = a "t by ,rev4 ,john ,cotton1 :o issu$ a tract entitl$ ,s++ ( ,psalms a ,gospel ord9ance1 or a ,treatise :]e9 are h&l$ ^! f\r ,p>ticul>s3 ,i4 ,t\*+ ! duty itself4 ,,ii4 ,t\*+ ! matt] to be sung4 ,,iii4 ,t\*+ ! s+]s4 ,,iv4 ,t\*+ ! mann] ( s++4 ,9 ?is tract ! au?or says3-- ,= ! fir/ ,"q we lay d[ne ?is conclusion = a ,doctr9e ( ,tru?3 ,t s++ ( ,psalms ) a lively voyce1 is an holy duty ( ,god's wor%ip n[ 9 ! day ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:5 we say1 s++ ) lively voyce1 we suppose none w s f>re miscon/rue u z to ?9ke we exclude s++ ) ! he>t2 = ,god is a ,_s1 & to wor%ip him ) ! voyce )\t ! _s1 7 b lip-lab\r2 :i* 7be+ re/$ 97 is b lo/ lab\r1 or at mo/ pr(itt$ b little4 ,conc]n+ ! second ,"q we hold & believe t n only ! ,psalms ( ,david1 b any o!r spirituall song record$ 9 ! ,scripture1 may lawfully be sung 9 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 #b;d4 ,we grant also t any private ,*ri/ian :o ha? a gifte to frame a spirituall song1 may bo? frame x & s+ x privately = 8 own private com=t1 & remembrance ( "s special b5efit or deliv]ance4 ,nor d we =bid ! private use ( any in/rum5t ( ,music !re)all1 s t att5tion to ! in/rum5t does n div]t ! he>t f att5tion ( ! matt] ( song4 ,:e!r wom5 may s+ z well z m53 ,= 9 ?is po9t !re be "s t deale ) u z ,ph>aoh delt ) ! ,israelites1 :o1 ?\gh he 0 at fir/ utt]ly unwill+ t any %\ld g to sacrifice to ! ,"l 9 ! ,wild]ness1 yet be+ at l5g? conv9c$ t !y mu/ goe1 !n he 0 cont5t t ! m5 %\ld goe1 b n ! wom54 ,s "h1 "s t 7 altoge!r aga9/ s++ ( ,psalms at all ) lively voyce1 yet be+ conv9c$ t x is a morall wor%ip ( ,god w>rant$ 9 ,scripture1 !n if !re mu/ be a ,s++1 "o alone mu/ s+1 n all 7or if all7 ! m5 only1 & n ! wom54 ,& _! reason is3 ,because x is n p]mitt$ to a wom5 to speake 9 ! ,*ur*1 h[ !n %all !y s+8 ,mu* less is x p]mitt$ to !m to prophecy 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,& s++ ! ,psalms is a k9d ( ,prophecy+4 ,peace1 h[ev]1 0 ( %ort duration4 ,fre% qu>rels arose4 ,! e>ly coloni/s 7 good fight]s4 ,!y qu>rell$ ov] ! "q :e!r "o %\ld s+ or ! :ole congregation2 :e!r wom5 z well z m5 %\ld s+2 :e!r pagans %\ld be all[$ to lift up _! voices2 & :e!r ! scanty /ock ( tunes %\ld be enl>g$4 ,le>n+ a tune by note1 )\t hav+ previ\sly he>d x1 0 almo/ a mortal (f5ce1 & at la/ some?+ l a compromise 0 effect$ 9 "s ( ! *ur*es1 :]e alt]nate s++ by rote & rule satisfi$ bo? p>ties4 ,! m9i/]s add$ to ! g5]al confusion ) a flood ( circul>s on ! subject4 ,sev]al ( !m issu$ a tract entitl$ ,cases ( ,consci5ce ab\t s++ ,psalms1 9 :i* !y ask3-- ,:e!r y d believe t s++ ,psalms1 ,hymns1 & ,spirituall ,songs is an ext]nal "p ( ,div9e ,wor%ip1 to be obs]v$ 9 & by ! assembly ( ,god's p on ! ,"l's ,days1 z well z on o!r occasional meet+s ( ! ,sa9ts = ! wor%ipp+ ( ,god4 ,:e!r y d believe t s++ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god ought to be done skilfully8 ,:e!r y d believe t skilfulness 9 s++ may ord9>ily be ga9$ 9 ! use ( outw>d means by ! bless+ ( ,god4 ,is x possible = ,fa!rs ( =ty ye>s old & upw>d to le>n to s+ by rule2 & ought !y to attempt at ?is age to le>n8 ,d y believe t x is ,lawful & ,laudable = u to *ange ! cu/om>y way ( s++ ! psalms8 ,:e!r !y :o purposely s+ a tune diff]5t f t :i* is appo9t$ by ! pa/or or eld] to be sung are n guilty ( act+ disord]ly1 & ( tak+ ,god's "n 9 va9 also1 by di/urb+ ! ord] ( ! sanctu>y4 ,rev4 ,?omas ,symmes1 ( ,brad=d1 ,mass41 also issu$ a tract 9 :i* he cont5d$ = rule-s++4 ,on ?is po9t he says3-- ,! total neglect ( s++ psalms by _m s]i\s ,*ri/ians = want ( skill 9 s++ psalm-tunes4 ,!re are _m :o nev] employ _! tongues 9 s++ ,god's praises1 because !y h no skill4 ,x is ) great difficulty t ?is "p ( wor%ip is p]=m$1 & ) great indec5cy 9 "s congregations = want ( skill2 x is to be fe>$ s++ mu/ be :olly omitt$ 9 "s places = want ( skill if ?is art is n reviv$4 ,i 0 pres5t 9 a congregation :]e s++ 0 = a :ole ,sabba? omitt$ = want ( a man able to lead ! assembly 9 s++4 ,! decl9+ f & gett+ beside ! rule 0 gradual & ins5sible4 ,s++-s*ools & s++-books be+ laid aside1 !re 0 no way to le>n1 b only by he>+ ( tunes sung or by tak+ ! run ( ! tunes1 z x is phras$4 ,! rules ( s++ n be+ taught or le>nt1 e "o sang z be/ pleas$ himself2 & e lead+-s+] w\ld take ! lib]ty to raise any note ( ! tune1 or l[] x1 z be/ pleas$ 8 e>1 & add su* notes & fl\ri%es z 7 grateful to him2 & ?is 0 done s gradually z t b few if any took notice ( x4 ,"o ,cl]k or ,*ori/] w\ld alt] ! tunes a little 9 8 day1 ! next a little 9 81 & s "o aft] ano!r1 till 9 fifty or sixty ye>s x caus$ a consid]able alt]ation4 ,john ,eliot1 :o 0 hav+ fam\s success ) ! ,indians1 p>ticul>ly 9 tea*+ !m psalm-s++1--= ,dr4 ,ma!r says _! s++ 0 mo/ ravi%+1--made a long contribution to ! g5]al discussion1 :i* conta9s ! foll[+ ,lam5tation3-- ,t musick1 :i* 9 itself is concord1 h>mony1 melody1 sweetness1 *>m+ ev5 to irrational creatures1 *e]s ! spirits ( m51 & t5ds to raise !m 9 devotion1 & 9 ! praises ( ,god1 & 0 in/itut$ by ,god z a means ( div9e wor%ip1 :i* is a t]r\r to evil spirits1 ! delight ( ! holy ,angels1 & w be ev]la/+ imploym5t ( ^? ,s]aphim & ! glorifi$ ,sa9ts1 %\ld be an occasion ( /rife1 debate1 discord1 cont5tion1 qu>ell+1 & all mann] ( disord]4 ,t m51 ! only creatures 9 ! l[] creation t are accompli%$ ) reason & apt organs to praise ,god )1 %\ld improve !m s to di%on\r him2 & t in/ead ( an angelick temp] 9 man1 :i* !y are capable (1 & is requir$ ( !m1 & especially 9 ?is matt]1 !re %\ld be r a cynick disposition & an improvem5t ( su* noble ,organ to b>k1 sn>l at1 & bite "o ano!r2 t in/ead ( "o he>t & "o voice 9 ! praises ( our ,glori\s ,creator & mo/ b\ntiful ,b5efactor1 !re %\ld be only jangle1 discord1 & slur+ & revil+ "o ano!r1 etc41 ?is is1 & %all be1 = a lam5tation4 ,! essay closes ) ! foll[+ exhortation3 ,:atev] our ?\ghts are z to ! mode or vocal "p1 :e!r ! old or ! new way 7z x is call$7 be mo/ pleas+ to u1 x w\ld be our wisdom & a manife/ation ( our ,*ri/ianity to d5y ourselves & our own ob/9ate wills1 :i* are app>5tly ! *ief cause ( our cont5tion 9 ^! ?+s1 & condesc5d 7at lea/7 s f> "o to ! o!r z to keep "t1 i4e4 to beg9 & end ! l9es all toge!r1 :i* if we did1 !re w\ld n 9 mo/ ( ! tunes commonly sung be s wide a diff]5ce z is by "s imag9$1 _m ( ! l9es be+ ne> alike2 if we all s9c]ely endeav\r to ex]cise grace 9 ,s++1 & to p]=m ! vocal "p 9 ! be/ mann] we c\ld1 our s]vice w\ld be accept$ ( ,god4 ,& ,i d\bt n b regul> s++ w\ld h a bett] reli% ) ! mo/ ( our p & be comply'd )1 & s our diff]5ces w\ld end 9 a good & la/+ union1 & our j>s & discords 9 a sweet & delightful concord & h>mony4 ,s let x be3 ,am54 ,at la/ h>mony 0 re/or$1 & a s]i\s ef=t 0 made to introduce bett] s++1 9 :i* ! college at ,cambridge took a lead+ "p4 ,9 #agab1 ,rev4 ,john ,tufts1 ( ,newbury1 issu$ a book ( tw5ty-eight tunes1 s arrang$ by app5d+ lett]s to ! notes1 z ,f = ,fa1 ,s = ,sol1 etc41 t ! le>n] may atta9 ! skill ( s++ !m ) ! greate/ ease & spe$ imag9able4 ,^! tunes 7 repr9t$ 9 ?ree p>ts f ,play=d's ,book ( ,psalms4 ,9 #agba1 ,rev4 ,?omas ,walt]1 ( ,roxbury1 ,mass41 issu$ a new book1 also compil$ f ,play=d1 :i* 0 highly comm5d$ by ! cl]gy4 ,! ,engli% s++-books by ,tansur & ,williams 7 repr9t$ by ,?omas ,bailey1 at ,newburyport1 ,mass41 & _h a l>ge circulation4 ,9 #agfa1 ,james ,lyon1 ( ,philadelphia1 publi%$ a v ambiti\s "w1 call$ ,urania1 or a *oice collection ( ,psalm ,tunes1 ,an!ms1 & ,hymns1 :i* 0 compil$ f ! ,engli% books4 ,! edition1 h[ev]1 0 a small "o1 & 0 issu$ 9 su* an exp5sive mann] t x ru9$ ! un=tunate au?or4 ,9 #agfd appe>$ ano!r collection1 made by ,josiah ,flagg1 :o 0 a compos] himself z well z b&-ma/]4 ,its title reads3 ,a ,collection ( ! be/ ,psalm ,tunes 9 two1 ?ree1 & f\r p>ts1 f ! mo/ approv$ au?ors1 fitt$ to all measures & approv$ by ! be/ ma/]s 9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,engl&2 ! great] "p ( !m nev] be=e pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,engrav$ by ,paul ,rev]e1 pr9t$ & sold by him & ,jos4 ,flagg4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,daniel ,bailey1 ( ,newburyport1 ,mass41 publi%$ ,a new & complete ,introduction to ! ,gr\nds & ,rules ( ,music1 9 two ,books2 & 9 #agfi1 ! ,am]ican ,h>mony1 repr9t$ f ,engli% collections4 ,up to ?is p]iod1 or1 m /rictly1 to ! ye> #aggj1 no ,am]ican compos]s _h contribut$ to ,new ,engl& psalmody4 ,?\gh num]\s s++-books _h appe>$1 !y 7 compil$ f ! ,engli% collections & repr9t$4 ,! fir/ compos] ( *ur* music 9 ,am]ica 0 ,william ,bill+s1 born at ,bo/on1 ,oct4 #g1 #agdg4 ,he 0 ! son ( poor p>5ts1 & foll[$ tann+ = an occupation4 ,g\ld1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,*ur* ,music1 says ( him3-- ,bill+s 0 some:at de=m$ 9 p]son1 bl9d 9 "o eye1 "o leg %ort] ?an ! o!r1 "o arm some:at )]$1 ) a m9d z ecc5tric z 8 p]son 0 de=m$4 ,to say no?+ ( ! de=mity ( 8 habits1 suffice x1 he _h a prop5sity = tak+ snuff t may seem almo/ incr$ible1 :5 9 ^! days ^? :o use x are n v mu* incl9$ to expose ! article4 ,he us$ to c>ry x 9 8 coat-pocket1 :i* 0 made ( lea!r2 & e few m9utes1 in/ead ( tak+ x 9 ! usual mann]1 ) ?umb & f+]1 w\ld take out a h&ful & snuff x f betwe5 8 ?umb & cl5*$ h&4 ,we might inf] f ?is circum/ance t 8 voice c\ld n h be5 v pleasant & delicate4 ,?is unc\? & ecc5tric tann] 0 ! fa!r ( ,am]ican *ur* music1 & ( ,am]ican *oirs1 conc]ts1 & s++-s*ools z well4 ,he wrote 8 fir/ tunes on ! bo>ds ( ! tann]y z he t5d$ ! b>k-mill4 ,he 0 a zeal\s patriot2 & z ,gov]nor ,samuel ,adams 0 n only a /ill m zeal\s patriot1 b devot$ly atta*$ to music1 ! two became w>m fri5ds & at "o "t sang toge!r 9 a *oir1 evid5tly mu* to ! di/ress ( ,adams1 z 8 companion _h a /5torian voice4 ,8 association ) ,adams l$ him to ! composition ( songs ( a patriotic & religi\s "*1 "o ( :i*1 set to ! tune kn[n z ,*e/]1 play$ an important "p 9 r\s+ ! m>tial _s ( ! coloni/s4 ,x runs z foll[s3-- ,let tyrants %ake _! iron rod1 ,& slav]y clank h] gall+ *a9s2 ,we'll fe> !m n1 we'll tru/ 9 ,god2 ,new ,engl&'s ,god =ev] reigns4 ,! foe comes on ) haughty /ride1 ,our troops advance ) m>tial noise2 ,_! vet]ans flee be=e our arms1 ,& g5]als yield to be>dless boys4 ,t ! tann] _h a sly humor ( 8 own is demon/rat$ by ! foll[+ in/ructions app5d$ to "o ( 8 an!ms :i* 0 p]=m$ 9 a conc]t3-- ,we've met = a conc]t ( mod]n inv5tion2 ,to tickle ! e> is our pres5t int5tion2 ,! audi5ce seat$1 expect to be treat$ ,) a piece ( ! be/4 ,& s9ce we all agree ,to set ! key on ,e1 ,! au?or's d>l+ key ,he pref]s to ! re/1 ,! bass take ! lead1 ,& firmly proce$2 ,let ! t5or succe$1 etc4 ,9 #aggj 8 fir/ compositions appe>$ 9 a "w ( "o hundr$ & eight pages entitl$ ,! ,new ,engl& ,psalm ,s+]2 or ,am]ican ,*ori/]4 ,conta9+ a numb] ( ,psalm ,tunes1 ,an!ms1 & ,canons4 ,9 f\r & five p>ts4 7,nev] be=e publi%$47 ,compos$ by ,william ,bill+s1 a native ( ,bo/on1 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,matt4 xii4 #af1 ',out ( ! m\? ( ,babes & ,suckl+s ha/ ?\ p]fect$ ,praise2' ,james v4 #ac1 ',is any m]ry1 let him s+ ,psalms4' ',o1 praise ! ,"l ) "o cons5t1 ,& 9 ?is gr& design ,let ,brita9 & ! ,colonies ,unanim\sly jo94' ,bo/on3 ,new ,engl&4 ,pr9t$ by ,edes & ,gill4 ,9 ! preface to ?is "w he qua9tly says3-- ,to all ,musical ,practition]s4 ,p]haps x may be expect$ by "s1 t ,i c\ld say some?+ conc]n+ rules = composition2 to ^! ,i answ] t ,nature is ! be/ ,dictator1 = all ! h>d dry /udi$ rules t ev] 7 prescrib$ w n enable any p]son to =m an ,air any m ?an ! f\r & tw5ty lett]s1 & /rict ,grammatical rules w qualify a s*ol> = compos+ a piece ( ,poetry1 or prop]ly adju/+ a ,trag$y )\t a ,g5ius4 ,x mu/ be ,nature2 ,nature mu/ lay ! ,f\ndation1 ,nature mu/ give ! ,?\ght4 ,b p]haps "s may ?9k ,i mean & int5d to ?r[ ,art entirely out ( ,"q4 ,i answ] by no ,means1 = ! m ,art is display$1 ! m ,art is decorat$4 ,& 9 "s sorts ( composition !re is dry ,/udy requir'd1 & ,art v requisite4 ,= in/ance1 9 a ,fuge4 ,b ev5 !re ,art is subs]vi5t to ,g5ius1 = ,fancy goes fir/1 & /rikes out ! ,"w r\ghly1 & ,art comes aft] & poli%es x ov]4 ,b to return to my ,text3 ,i h read sev]al ,au?ors' ,rules on ,composition1 & f9d ! /ricte/ ( !m make "s ,exceptions1 z ?us1 !y say t two #hvos or two #e?s may n be tak5 toge!r ris+ or fall+1 unless "o be ,major & ! o!r ,m9or2 b r ?an spoil ! ,air1 !y w all[ t ,brea* to be made1 & ?is ,all[ance gives great ,latitude to "y ,compos]s1 = !y may always make t ,plea1 & say1 if ,i am n all[$ to transgress ! ,rules ( composition ,i %all c]ta9ly spoil ! ,air1 & cross ! ,/ra9 t ,fancy dictat$4 ,& inde$ ?is is )\t dispute1 a v j ,plea1 = ,i am sure ,i h (t5 & s5sibly felt ! disagreeable & slavi% ,effect ( su* ,re/ra9t z is "h po9t$ out1 & s ,i believe e ,compos] ( ,poetry z well z ,musick1 = ,i presume !re are /rict ,rules = ,poetry1 z = ,musick4 ,b z ,i h (t5 he>d ( a ,poetical ,lic5se ,i don't see :y ) ! same propriety !re may n be a musical ,lic5se1 = ,poetry & ,musick are 9 close ,connection1 & ne>ly alli$ besides !y are (t5 assi/ants to ea* o!r1 & l a true fri5d (t5 hide ea* o!r's feel+s4 ,= ,i h kn[n a ,piece ( ,poetry t ha? nei!r ,rhime nor ,reason 9 x1 pass = tol]able good s5se because x happ5$ to be set to an excell5t ,piece ( ,musick1 & to get ,respect r = its good ,=tune 9 fall+ into su* respectable company ?an = any ,m]it 9 itself3 s likewise ,i h kn[n & he>d a v indiff]5t ,tune (t5 sung & mu* c>ess'd1 only because x 0 set to a f9e ,piece ( ,poetry1 )\t ?is recomm5dation1 p]haps x w\ld n be sung twice ov] by "o ,p]son1 & w\ld be deem$ to be de>ly b\ght only at ! exp5se ( ,brea? requisite to p]=m x4 ,= my own "p1 z ,i don't ?9k myself conf9$ to any ,rules = ,composition laid d[n by any t w5t be=e me1 nei!r %\ld ,i ?9k 77 ,i to pret5d to lay d[n rules7 t any :o comes aft] me 7 any ways obligat$ to adh]e to !m any fur!r ?an !y %\ld ?9k prop]2 s 9 fact ,i ?9k x is be/ = e compos] to be 8 own le>n]4 ,!re=e ^u ?is consid]ation1 = me to dictate1 or pret5d to prescribe ,rules ( ?is ,nature = o!rs1 w\ld n only be v unnecess>y b also a v great piece ( ,vanity4 ,8 second "w 0 ! ,s++ ,ma/]'s ,assi/ant1 an abridgm5t & revision ( 8 fir/4 ,8 humor aga9 crops out 9 ! foll[+ extract f its preface3-- ,k9d read]1 no d\bt y rememb] t ab\t t5 ye>s ago ,i publi%$ a book entitl$ ',! ,new ,engl& ,psalm-,s+]2' & truly a mo/ ma/]ly p]=mance ,i !n ?\ght x to be4 ,h[ lavi% 0 ,i ( encomium on ?is my infant production6 ',welcome1 ?rice ,welcome1 ?\ legitimate ,(fspr+ ( my bra91 g =? my little book1 g =? & immortalize ! "n ( y\r ,au?or3 may y\r sale be rapid & may y spe$ily run ?r\gh t5 ?\s& ,editions1' said ,i1 ',?\ art my ,reub51 my fir/ born2 ! beg9n+ ( my ,/r5g?1 ! ,excell5cy ( my ,dignity1 & ! ,excell5cy ( my p[]4' ,b to my great mortification ,i soon discov]$ x 0 ,reub5 9 ! sequel1 & ,reub5 all ov]2 ,i h discov]$ t _m pieces 7 nev] wor? my pr9t+ or y\r inspection4 ,x is ! duty ( ,*ri/ians to praise ,god publicly by s++ ( psalms toge!r 9 ! congregation1 & also privately 9 ! family4 ,9 s++ ( psalms ! voice is to be audible & gravely ord]$2 b ! *ief c>e mu/ be to s+ ) und]/&+ & ) grace 9 ! he>t1 mak+ melody unto ! ,"l4 ,t ! :ole congregation may jo9 !re91 e "o t c read is to h a psalm-book1 & all o!rs n disabl$ by age or o!rwise are to be exhort$ to le>n to read4 ,b = ! pres5t1 :]e _m 9 ! congregation _c read1 x is conv5i5t t ! m9i/] or "s fit p]son to be app9t$ by him & ! o!r rul+ (fic]s1 d read ! psalms l9e by l9e1 be=e ! s++ !re(4 ,bill+s's o!r publications 7 ,music 9 ,m9iature1 ,psalm ,s+]s' ,amusem5t1 ,suffolk ,h>mony1 & ,cont95tal ,h>mony4 ,?\gh ! crude/ ( musical works1 = he 0 entirely unacqua9t$ ) h>mony & musical rules1 !y _h an imm5se influ5ce4 ,he 0 ! pione]1 & ! pa? he cle>$ 0 soon cr[d$ ) 8 successors4 ,! mo/ prom95t ( ^! 7 ,&rew ,law1 born at ,*e%ire1 ,conn41 9 #agdh1 :o publi%$ _m books & taught 9 mo/ ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates2 ,jacob ,kimball1 born at ,topsfield1 ,mass41 9 #agfa1 :o publi%$ ! ,rural ,h>mony2 ,oliv] ,hold51 ( ,*>le/[n1 ,mass41 :o publi%$ ! ,am]ican ,h>mony1 ,union ,h>mony1 & ,worce/] ,collection1 & wrote ! favorite tune ,coronation2 ,samuel ,holyoke1 born at ,box=d1 ,mass41 9 #agga1 au?or ( ! ,h>monia ,am]icana & ,columbian ,repository2 ,daniel ,re$1 born at ,rehobo?1 ,mass41 9 #ageg1 :o publi%$ ! ,am]ican ,s++-,book & ,columbian ,h>mony2 ,jacob ,fr5*1 born at ,/\ghton1 ,mass41 9 #aged1 :o issu$ a "w entitl$ ,h>mony ( ,h>mony2 ,timo?y ,swan1 born at ,suffield1 ,conn41 9 #ageg1 :o publi%$ ,f$]al ,h>mony & ,new ,engl& ,h>mony1 & wrote ! famili> tunes ,pol& & ,*9a2 ,john ,hubb>d1 :o wrote _m an!ms & treatises on music2 ,dutton1 ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn41 :o issu$ ! ,h>t=d ,collection1 & wrote ! tune ( ,wood/ock2 ,oliv] ,%aw1 born at ,middlebor\gh1 ,mass41 9 #agii1 :o 0 totally bl9d1 b became a v successful tea*] & compos]4 ,g\ld says t 8 compositions 7 truly orig9al1 & "o ( !m1 ,!re's ,no?+ ,true b ,heav51 0 repeat$ night aft] night by ! ,bo/on ,h&el & ,haydn ,society4 ,! era ( psalm compos]s 0 foll[$ by t ( ! s++-s*ool tea*]s1 :o ex]t$ a mighty influ5ce ^u sacr$ music & musical ta/e4 ,at ! same "t num]\s societies 7 organiz$1 among !m ! ,h&el & ,haydn ,society ( ,bo/on1 :i* 0 born ,april #bj1 #ahae1 & /ill exi/s1--a vigor\s gr[? f ! little ga!r+ :i* gave its fir/ conc]t on ,*ri/mas1 ,dec4 #be1 #ahae1 s++ ! fir/ "p ( ,! ,creation & selections f ,h&el's works1 & 0 pron\nc$ by an en?usia/ic critic ( t "t ! wond] ( ! nation4 ,! great s++-tea*]s 7 ,?omas ,ha/+s ( ,wa%+ton1 ,conn41 ,l[ell ,mason ( ,mansfield1 ,mass41 ,na?aniel ,d4 ,g\ld ( ,*elms=d1 ,mass4 ,/ill lat] came ,george ,f4 ,root1 ,woodbury1 ,dy]1 ,bradbury1 ,ives1 ,johnson1 & o!rs1 ^: labors1 bo? z compos]s & tea*]s1 are famili> to all lov]s ( sacr$ music ev5 at ?is day4 ,! old-fa%ion$ s++-s*ool1 h[ev]1 has disappe>$4 ,! musical conv5tion /ill survives 9 rural places4 ,! great fe/ivals1 oratorio societies1 ! mod]n conc]t /age1 ev5 ! op]a1 h all _h _! effect ^u sacr$ music4 ,! paid *oir ( pr(essional musicians m>ks a long dep>ture f ! robu/ ,puritan psalm-s+]s2 its music is equally remote f ! j+l+ tunes ( ,bill+s :i* tickl$ ! e>s ( ! coloni/s4 ,,app5dix4 ,! foll[+ *ronological li/ is int5d$ to pres5t to ! read] a /atem5t ( ! m important sacr$ music :i* has be5 writt5 dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 ) its compos]s & dates1 = ! purposes ( ref]5ce4 ,allegri ,mis]]e 7#afcj74 ,arne ,abel 7#agee72 ,judi? 7#agfd74 ,ba* ,/4 ,john ,passion 7#agbj72 ,magnificat 9 ,d 7#agbc72 ,/4 ,mat!w ,passion 7#agbi72 ,*ri/mas ,oratorio 7#agcd74 ,b>nby ,rebekah 7#ahgj74 ,bee?ov5 ,m\nt ( ,olives 7#agii-ahja72 ,mass 9 ,c 7#ahjg72 ,mass 9 ,d 7#ahbb74 ,b5$ict ,/4 ,cecilia 7#ahff72 ,/4 ,pet] 7#ahgj74 ,b5nett ,woman ( ,sam>ia 7#ahfg74 ,b]lioz ,gr&e ,messe des ,morts 7#ahcg72 ,l',enfance du ,*ri/ 7#ahed74 ,brahms ,g]man ,requiem 7#ahfh74 ,co/a ,eli 7#ahee72 ,naaman 7#ahfd74 ,cus9s ,gideon 7#ahga74 ,crot* ,pale/9e 7#ahab72 ,captivity ( ,judah 7#ahcd74 ,david ,moses on ,s9ai 7#ahdf74 ,dvorak ,/abat ,mat] 7#ahge74 ,golds*midt ,ru? 7#ahfg74 ,g\nod ,messe ,sol5elle 7#ahej72 ,tobie 7#ahgj72 ,r$emption 7#ahhc72 ,mors et ,vita 7#ahhe74 ,graun ,! ,dea? ( ,jesus 7#agee72 ,prague ,te ,deum 7#agef74 ,h&el ,fir/ ,passion ,oratorio 7#agjd72 ,la ,resurrezione 7#agjh72 ,il trionfo del ,tempo 7#agjh72 ,utre*t ,te ,deum 7#agac72 ,second ,passion ,oratorio 7#agaf72 ,e/h] 7#agbj72 ,deborah 7#agcc72 ,a?alia 7#agcc72 ,saul 7#agch72 ,israel 9 ,egypt 7#agch72 ,messiah 7#agda72 ,samson 7#agdb72 ,joseph 7#agdc72 ,dett+5 ,te ,deum 7#agdc72 ,bel%azz> 7#agdd72 ,occasional ,oratorio 7#agde72 ,judas ,maccabaeus 7#agdf72 ,alex&] ,balus 7#agdg72 ,jo%ua 7#agdg72 ,solomon 7#agdh72 ,susanna 7#agdh72 ,!odora 7#agdi72 ,jeph?a 7#agea74 ,haydn ,/abat ,mat] 7#agga72 ,return ( ,tobias 7#aggd72 ,m>iazell] ,mass 7#aghb72 ,imp]ial ,mass 7#agig72 ,! ,creation 7#agif-ih72 ,te ,deum 7#ahjj72 ,! ,seasons 7#ahjj72 ,! ,sev5 ,words 7#ahja74 ,hill] ,! ,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 7#ahci74 ,horsley ,gideon 7#ahfj74 ,kiel ,requiem 7#ahfb72 ,*ri/us 7#ahff74 ,kle9 ,job 7#ahbj72 ,jeph?ah 7#ahbh72 ,david 7#ahcj74 ,lassus ,p5it5tial ,psalms 7#aefe72 ,vigiliae ,mortuorum 7#aefe74 ,leslie ,immanuel 7#ahec72 ,judi? 7#aheh74 ,liszt ,gran] ,mass 7#ahed72 ,hung>ian ,coronation ,mass 7#ahef72 ,leg5d ( ,sa9t ,elizabe? 7#ahfd72 ,*ri/us 7#ahff74 ,macf>r5 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7#ahgc72 ,! ,resurrection 7#ahgf72 ,joseph 7#ahgg74 ,mack5zie ,rose ( ,%>on 7#ahhd74 ,m>x ,moses 7#ahej74 ,mass5et ,m>y ,magdal5 7#ahgc72 ,eve 7#ahge72 ,! ,virg9 7#ahgi74 ,m5delssohn ,psalm cxv 7#ahcj72 ,psalm xcv 7#ahce72 ,/4 ,paul 7#ahcf72 ,hymn ( ,praise 7#ahdj72 ,elijah 7#ahch-df72 ,*ri/us 7#ahdd-dg72 ,lauda ,sion 7#ahdf74 ,mey]be] ,god & ,nature 7#ahaa74 ,moz>t ,coronation ,mass 7#aggi72 ,mass 9 ,c 7#aghj72 ,mass 9 ,g 7#aghe72 ,mass 9 ,b 7#agia72 ,ave ,v]um 7#agia72 ,requiem 7#agia74 ,neukomm ,m\nt ,s9ai 7#ahcj72 ,david 7#ahcd74 ,ouseley ,/4 ,polyc>p 7#ahed72 ,hag> 7#ahgc74 ,pa9e ,/4 ,pet] 7#ahgc74 ,pale/r9a ,papae ,m>celli ,mass 7#aefc72 ,/abat ,mat] 7#aehi72 ,requiem 7#aeia74 ,p]golesi ,/abat ,mat] 7#agcf74 ,pi]son ,j]usalem 7#aheb74 ,r&egg] ,psalm cl 7#ahgb74 ,re9?al] ,jephta 7#ahef74 ,ross9i ,moses 9 ,egypt 7#ahah72 ,/abat ,mat] 7#ahcb-da72 ,messe ,sol5elle 7#ahfd74 ,rub9/e9 ,t[] ( ,babel 7#ahgj72 ,p>adise ,lo/ 7#ahgf74 ,s*neid] 7,fr47 ,! ,judgem5t ( ! ,_w 7#ahai72 ,p>adise ,lo/ 7#ahbd72 ,ph>aoh 7#ahbh72 ,*ri/ ! ,*ild 7#ahbi72 ,gideon 7#ahbi72 ,ge?semane & ,golgo?a 7#ahch74 ,s*ub]t ,laz>us 7#ahbj74 ,s*umann ,p>adise & ! ,p]i 7#ahdc72 ,adv5t ,hymn 7#ahdh72 ,mass & ,requiem 7#aheb74 ,s*utz ,passions' ,music 7#affe74 ,spohr ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t 7#ahab72 ,! ,la/ ,?+s 7#ahbf72 ,calv>y 7#ahcc72 ,fall ( ,babylon 7#ahdj74 ,/an=d ,! ,?ree ,holy ,*ildr5 7#ahhe74 ,sullivan ,! ,prodigal ,son 7#ahfi72 ,light ( ! ,_w 7#ahgc72 ,m>tyr ( ,antio* 7#ahhj74 ,v]di ,manzoni ,requiem 7#ahgd72 ,pat] ,no/] & ,ave ,m>ia 7#ahhj74 ,vogl] ,magnificat & ,/abat ,mat] 7#aggg74 ,wagn] ,das ,liebesmahl d] ,apo/el 7#ahdc74 ,w9t] ,pilgrimage to ,calv>y 7#agib72 ,/abat ,mat] 7#ahje74 ,,index4 ,a9swor?1 ,h5ry1 #cac4 ,albre*tsb]g]1 #bci4 ,allison1 ,ri*>d1 #cab4 ,app5dix1 #cbi4 ,a/orga1 #bec4 ,a?alia1 #ba4 ,ba*1 #ai-ba1 #bd1 #bf1 #cj1 #fa1 #fe1 #bfi1 #bge2 life (1 #ca4 ,bailey1 ,daniel1 #cbj4 ,bailey1 ,?omas1 #cbj4 ,bay ,psalm ,book1 #cac1 #cad4 ,bee?ov51 #bc1 #ia1 #afa1 #agd1 #bah1 #bai1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bhb1 #cjg2 life (1 #ea4 ,bel%azz>1 #bb4 ,b5$ict1 #bje4 ,b5nett1 ,/]ndale1 #bf1 #bjj1 #bgd1 #bij2 life (1 #fj4 ,b]lioz1 #bg1 #cj1 #bei2 life (1 #fh4 ,bill+s1 ,william1 #cba-cbf4 ,bl[1 ,dr41 #cj4 ,bononc9i1 #ag1 #aae4 ,bradbury1 #cbh4 ,brahms1 #bg1 #ib1 #bgb2 life (1 #gh4 ,cald>a1 #ag4 ,c>issimi1 #ae4 ,*]ub9i1 #bg1 #fh1 #ga1 #agh4 ,*op91 #beh1 #bgb4 ,*ri/mas ,oratorio 7,ba*71 #bj1 #cc4 ,*ri/mas ,oratorio 7,sa9t-,sa5s71 #bfi4 ,*ri/us 7,liszt71 #ahf4 ,*ri/us 7,m5delssohn71 #be1 #bbi4 ,cim>osa1 #bc4 ,colonna1 #ag1 #bg4 ,co/a1 #hb4 ,cotton1 ,john1 #cad4 ,creation1 #acf1 #afb4 ,cr(t1 ,dr41 #cj4 ,damon1 ,william1 #caa4 ,das ju5g/e ,g]i*t1 #bc1 #bhc1 #bhf4 ,deborah1 #ba4 ,d] ,tod ,jesu1 #bj4 ,des ,heil&s letzte ,/und51 #bd4 ,dett+5 ,te ,deum1 #aee4 ,die ,auf]/ehung ,*ri/i1 #ai4 ,die ,sieb5 ,wo]te ,*ri/i1 #ai4 ,dutton1 #cbg4 ,dvorak1 #bec2 life (1 #ij4 ,dy]1 #cbh4 ,eli1 #hd4 ,elijah1 #be1 #bah4 ,eliot1 ,john1 #cac1 #cah4 ,emilio del ,cavali]e1 #ad1 #ae4 ,eng$i1 #eh4 ,e/h]1 #ba4 ,fall ( ,babylon1 #bd4 ,f$]ici1 #ag4 ,flagg1 ,josiah1 #cbj4 ,fr5*1 ,jacob1 #cbg4 ,fux1 #bb4 ,gabrielli1 #ah4 ,g]man ,requiem1 #bg1 #hj4 ,gluck1 #afj4 ,g\ld1 ,na?aniel ,d41 #cbh4 ,g\nod1 #ae1 #bj1 #bf2 life (1 #if4 ,graun1 #bj1 #cj4 ,gretry1 #agd4 ,hab5eck1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg4 ,h&el1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bf1 #cj2 life (1 #aad4 ,h&el & ,haydn ,society1 #cbg4 ,hasse1 #bb4 ,ha/+s1 ,?omas1 #cbh4 ,haydn1 #ai1 #bb1 #bc1 #bf1 #bh1 #hj1 #acf1 #bec1 #cjg2 life (1 #aei4 ,he9e1 #bef1 #beg4 ,hill]1 #bf1 #gj1 #bbb1 #bef1 #bgc4 ,himmel1 #bc4 ,hold51 ,oliv]1 #cbf4 ,holyoke1 ,samuel1 #cbf4 ,hubb>d1 ,john1 #cbg4 ,hymn ( ,praise1 #be1 #bac4 ,israel 9 ,egypt1 #ba1 #bc1 #aag4 ,italian oratorio compos]s1 #ae ,ives1 #cbh4 ,joa*im1 #gh1 #ib4 ,johnson1 #cbh4 ,joseph1 #bb4 ,jo%ua1 #bb1 #aed4 ,judas ,maccabaeus1 #bb1 #adi4 ,keis]1 ,re9h>d1 #ai1 #bj4 ,kimball1 ,jacob1 #cbf4 ,la ,rappres5tazione dell' ,anima e del ,corpo1 #ad4 ,la/ ,judgm5t1 #bc1 #bhc4 ,latim]1 #caj4 ,law1 ,&rew1 #cbf4 ,leg5d ( ! ,holy ,elizabe?1 #ahj4 ,light ( ! ,_w1 #bid4 ,liszt1 #gh1 #bef1 #beh2 life (1 #agg4 ,lyon1 ,james1 #cbj4 ,macf>r51 ,george ,a41 #cj2 life (1 #aii4 ,mack5zie1 #aia4 ,magnificat 7,ba*71 #dh4 ,magnificats1 #bf1 #cj4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 #cji4 ,mason1 ,l[ell1 #cbh4 ,mass5et1 #bf4 ,mat!son1 #bj4 ,mazzoc*i1 #ag4 ,m5delssohn1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #cj1 #fj1 #bef1 #beg2 life (1 #bjf4 ,messe des ,morts1 #bg1 #ga4 ,messiah1 #ba1 #bc1 #be1 #ci1 #adj4 ,mey]be]1 #hc4 ,mors et ,vita1 #bf1 #ajf4 ,mos*eles1 #beg1 #bga4 ,m\nt ( ,olives1 #bc1 #ec4 ,moz>t1 #cj1 #fj1 #bhb1 #cjg2 life (1 #bcd4 ,my/]ies & miracle-plays1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,neukomm1 #bec4 ,oratorio1 its orig91 #i2 9 ,engl&1 #ba2 9 ,g]many1 #bb2 oratorios ( ! pres5t c5tury1 #bc-bf4 ,pa9e1 #bf1 #bde4 ,pale/r9a1 #bg1 #bh1 #if1 #bec1 #cjg4 ,p>adise & ! ,p]i1 #be1 #bgc4 ,p>adise ,lo/1 #bf1 #bfd4 ,passion ,music1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,pi/oc*i1 #ag4 ,play=d's ,psalms1 #cbj4 ,porpora1 #bb1 #aae1 #afj4 ,prodigal ,son1 #bib4 ,prote/ant ,psalmody1 #cji4 ,psalmody 9 ,engl&1 #caj4 ,puritan re=ms1 #caj4 ,rav5scr(t ,collection1 #cab4 ,r$emption1 #bf1 #ih4 ,re$1 ,daniel1 #cbg4 ,rem5yi1 #gh4 ,requiem 7,manzoni71 #bg1 #cjc4 ,requiem 7,moz>t71 #bcf4 ,requiems1 #bf1 #bg4 ,rhe9?al]1 #bf4 ,ri*t]1 ,jean ,paul1 #bgc4 ,root1 ,george ,f41 #cbh4 ,rose ( ,%>on1 #aib4 ,ross9i1 #bbb1 #cjc1 #cjg2 life (1 #bea4 ,rub9/e91 #bf2 life (1 #beh4 ,sacr$ dramas1 #ac1 #ad4 ,sacr$ ,music 9 ,am]ica1 #cji4 ,sa9t-,sa5s1 #bf1 #bfg4 ,sali]i1 #bc1 #afh1 #agg4 ,samson1 #bb1 #aca4 ,s>ti1 #cj4 ,saul1 #ba1 #abe4 ,sc>latti1 #af4 ,s*neid]1 #bd4 ,s*ub]t1 #bc1 #ia1 #bgc4 ,s*umann1 #be1 #fj1 #gh1 #gi1 #ha2 life (1 #bga4 ,s*uetz1 #ah4 ,seasons1 #bb1 #agj4 ,seba/iani1 #ai4 ,%aw1 ,oliv]1 #cbg4 ,spohr1 #bc1 #bf1 #eb1 #ia2 life (1 #bhj4 ,/4 ,john ,passion1 #bj4 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #bja4 ,/4 ,mat!w ,passion1 #bj1 #bd1 #ci4 ,/4 ,paul1 #be1 #bjh4 ,/4 ,pet]1 #bf1 #bdf4 ,/abat ,mat] 7,dvorak71 #bh1 #ib4 ,/abat ,mat] 7,ross9i71 #bh1 #bec4 ,/abat ,mat]s1 #bg4 ,/ephani1 #ah4 ,/]nhold & ,hopk9s1 #caa1 #cac4 ,/radella1 #af1 #ag4 ,sullivan1 #cj1 #bij4 ,swan1 ,timo?y1 #cbg4 ,symmes1 ,?omas1 #cag4 ,tansur & ,williams1 #cbj4 ,te ,deums1 #bh1 #bi4 ,telemann1 #bj4 ,?alb]g1 #beh4 ,! ,ble$+ & ,dy+ ,jesus1 #ai4 ,!ile1 #ai4 ,!odora1 #bb4 ,?omas1 ,!odore1 #hj1 #ii1 #aib1 #bdf1 #bfi1 #bia4 ,t[] ( ,babel1 #bf1 #bfj4 ,tufts1 ,john1 #cai4 ,v]di1 #bef2 life (1 #cja4 ,victor ,hugo1 #fi1 #agh4 ,vittoria1 #bg4 ,von ,buel[1 #agi1 #cjg4 ,wagn]1 #fe1 #hc1 #agi1 #ahf1 #bfh1 #bhb4 ,walt]1 ,?omas1 #cbj4 ,web]1 #bha4 ,w5iawski1 #bei4 ,w9t]1 #bc4 ,woman ( ,sam>ia1 #bf1 #fb4 ,woodbury1 #cbh4 ,z+>elli1 #bc4 ,,upton',s ,,musical ,,h&books4 ,,uni=m ,,9 ,,/yle4 ,i4 ,! ,/&>d ,op]as4 ,_! ,plots1 _! ,music1 & _! ,compos]s4 ,a ,h&book4 #abmo1 yell[ edges1 #a4ej2 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #b4jj4 ,,ii4 ,! ,/&>d ,oratorios4 ,_! ,/ories1 _! ,music1 & _! ,compos]s4 ,a ,h&book4 #abmo1 yell[ edges1 #a4ej2 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #b4jj4 ,,iii4 ,! ,/&>d ,cantatas4 ,_! ,/ories1 _! ,music1 & _! ,compos]s4 ,a ,h&book4 #abmo1 yell[ edges1 #a4ej2 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #b4jj4 ,,iv4 ,! ,/&>d ,symphonies4 ,_! ,hi/ory1 _! ,music1 & _! ,compos]s4 ,a ,h&book4 #abmo1 yell[ edges1 #a4ej2 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #b4jj4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,op]as4 ,_! ,plots1 _! ,music1 & _! ,compos]s4 ,by ,george ,p4 ,upton1 au?or ( ,woman 9 ,music1 etc41 etc4 #abmo1 flexible clo?1 yell[ edges #a4ej ,! same1 extra gilt1 gilt edges #b4jj ,mr4 ,upton has p]=m$ a s]vice t c h>dly be too highly appreciat$1 9 collect+ ! plots1 music1 & ! compos]s ( ! /&>d op]as1 to ! numb] ( sixty-f\r1 & br++ !m toge!r 9 "o p]fectly arrang$ volume4444 ,8 "w is "o simply invaluable to ! g5]al read+ public4 ,te*nicalities are avoid$1 ! aim be+ to give to musically un$ucat$ lov]s ( ! op]a a cle> und]/&+ ( ! works !y he>4 ,x is description1 n criticism1 & calculat$ to greatly increase ! intellig5t enjoym5t ( music4--,bo/on ,travell]4 ,among ! multitude ( h&books :i* are publi%$ e ye>1 & are describ$ by easy-go+ writ]s ( book-notices z supply+ a long-felt want1 we "k ( none :i* s completely c>ries out ! int5tion ( ! writ] z ',! ,/&>d ,op]as1' by ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,upton1 ^: object is to pres5t to 8 read]s a compreh5sive sket* ( ea* ( ! op]as conta9$ 9 ! mod]n rep]tory4444 ,!re are ?\s&s ( music-lov+ p :o w be glad to h ! k9d ( k :i* ,mr4 ,upton has collect$ = _! b5efit1 & has ca/ 9 a cle> & compact =m4--,r4 ,h4 ,/odd>d1 9 ,ev5+ ,mail & ,express 7,new ,york74 ,! summ>ies ( ! plots are s cle>1 logical1 & well writt51 t "o c read !m ) real pleasure1 :i* _c be said ( ! ord9>y op]atic synopses4 ,b ! mo/ important circum/ance is t ,mr4 ,upton's book is fully abrea/ ( ! times4--,! ,nation 7,new ,york74 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,cantatas4 ,_! ,/ories1 _! ,music1 & _! ,compos]s4 ,a ,h&book4 ,by ,george ,p4 ,upton4 #abmo1 #cfg pages1 yell[ edges1 price1 #a4ej2 extra gilt1 gilt edges1 #b4jj4 ,9 half calf1 gilt top #c4be ,9 half morocco1 gilt edges #c4ge ,9 tree calf1 gilt edges #e4ej ,! ,/&>d ,cantatas =ms ! ?ird volume 9 ! uni=m s]ies :i* already includes ! n[ well kn[n ,/&>d ,op]as & ! ,/&>d ,oratorios4 ,?is late/ "w deals ) a class ( musical compositions1 midway betwe5 ! op]a & ! oratorio1 :i* is gr[+ rapidly 9 favor bo? ) compos]s & audi5ces4 ,z 9 ! two =m] works1 ! subject is treat$1 s f> z possible1 9 an unte*nical mann]1 s t x may satisfy ! ne$s ( musically un$ucat$ music lov]s1 & add to _! enjoym5t by a pla9 /atem5t ( ! /ory ( ! cantata & a popul> analysis ( its music1 ) brief p]t95t selections f its poetical text4 ,! book includes a compreh5sive essay on ! orig9 ( ! cantata1 & its developm5t f rude beg9n+s2 biographical sket*es ( ! compos]s2 c>efully prep>$ descriptions ( ! plots & ! music2 & an app5dix conta9+ ! names & dates ( composition ( all ! be/ kn[n cantatas f ! e>lie/ times4 ,?is s]ies ( works on popul> music has /eadily gr[n 9 favor s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ volume on ! ,op]as4 ,:5 ! s]ies is complet$1 z x w be next ye> by a volume on ! ,/&>d ,symphonies1 x w be1 z ! ,new ,york ',nation' has said1 indisp5sable to e musical libr>y4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,biographies ,,( ,,musicians4 ,,life ,,( ,,liszt4 ,) ,portrait4 ,,life ,,( ,,haydn4 ,) ,portrait4 ,,life ,,( ,,moz>t4 ,) ,portrait4 ,,life ,,( ,,wagn]4 ,) ,portrait4 ,,life ,,( ,,bee?ov54 ,) ,portrait4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,dr4 ,l\is ,nohl4 ,9 clo?1 p] volume 4#ge ,! same1 9 neat box1 p] set #c4ge ,9 half calf1 p] set #ab4jj ,( ! ,life ( ,liszt1 ! ,h]ald 7,bo/on7 says3 ,x is writt5 9 great simplicity & p]fect ta/e1 & is :olly successful 9 all t x und]takes to portray4 ,( ! ,life ( ,haydn1 ! ,gazette 7,bo/on7 says3 ,no full] hi/ory ( ,haydn's c>e]1 ! society 9 :i* he mov$1 & ( 8 p]sonal life c be f\nd ?an is giv5 9 ?is "w4 ,( ! ,life ( ,moz>t1 ! ,/&>d says3 ,moz>t supplies a fasc9at+ subject = biographical treatm5t4 ,he lives 9 ^! pages some:at z ! _w saw him1 f 8 m>vell\s boyhood till 8 untimely dea?4 ,( ! ,life ( ,wagn]1 ! ,am]ican 7,baltimore7 says3 ,x gives 9 vigor\s outl9es ^? ev5ts ( ! life ( ! tone poet :i* ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ces ^u 8 arti/ic c>e]4444 ,x is a /ory ( a /range life devot$ to l(ty aims4 ,( ! ,life ( ,bee?ov51 ! ,national ,j\rnal ( ,education says3 ,bee?ov5 0 great & noble z a man1 & 8 arti/ic creations 7 9 h>mony ) 8 great nature4 ,! /ory ( 8 life1 outl9$ 9 ?is volume1 is ( ! deepe/ int]e/4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,music-,,/udy ,,9 ,,g]many4 ,by ,amy ,fay4 ,eigh? edition4 #abmo1 #ceb pages4 ,price1 #a4be4 ,"o ( ! brighte/ small books we h se5 is ,amy ,fay's ',music-,/udy 9 ,g]many4' ,^! lett]s 7 writt5 home by a "y lady :o w5t to ,g]many to p]fect h] piano-play+4 ,!y are full ( simple1 artless1 yet %>p & intellig5t say+s conc]n+ ! ways & ta/es ( ! fa!rl&4444 ,h] obs]vation is close & accurate1 & ! sket*es ( ,tausig1 ,liszt1 & o!r musical celebrities are capitally done4--,*ri/ian ,advocate 7,new ,york74 ,x is bright & ent]ta9+1 be+ fill$ ) descriptions1 op9ions1 & facts 9 reg>d to ! _m di/+ui%$ musicians & arti/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,a little insight into ! home life ( ! ,g]man p is pres5t$ to ! read]1 & ! atmosph]e ( art seems to give a brightness & wor? to ! picture1 :i* imp>ts pleasure ) ! int]e/ x creates4--,dwight's ,j\rnal ( ,music4 ,! intr9sic value ( ! "w is great2 its simplicity1 its m9ute details1 its fre$om f e k9d ( affectation1 con/itute 9 !mselves mo/ admirable qualities4 ,! rem>kably intimate & op5 picture we get ( ,liszt surpasses any picture ( him h]et(ore af=d$4 ,x is a *>m+ picture1 /rong1 simple1 graci\s1 noble1 & s9c]e4--,times 7,*icago74 ,9 delicacy ( t\*1 vivacity & ease ( expression1 & g5]al *>m ( /yle1 ^! lett]s are models 9 _! way4 ,! pictures :i* %e gives ( ! v>i\s ma/]s "u :om %e /udi$ h ! value t all su* repres5tations possess :5 !y are drawn f life & ) fidelity4--,graphic 7,new ,york74 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,! ,,surgeon',s ,,/ories ,by ,z4 ,topelius1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ( ,f9l&4 ,translat$ f ! orig9al ,sw$i%1 compris+-- ,times ( ,gu/af ,adolf1 ,times ( ,battle & ,re/1 ,times ( ,*>les ,,xii41 ,times ( ,fr$]ick ,i41 ,times ( ,l9naeus1 ,times ( ,al*emy4 ,9 clo?1 p] volume1 #ge c5ts4 ,! same1 9 box1 p] set1 #d4ej4 ,^! /ories h be5 ev]y:]e receiv$ ) ! greate/ favor4 ,!y cov] ! mo/ int]e/+ & excit+ p]iods ( ,sw$i% & ,f9ni% hi/ory4 ,!y comb9e hi/ory & romance1 & ! two are wov5 toge!r 9 s skilful & attractive a mann] t ! read] ( "o volume is r>ely satisfi$ until he has read all4 ,( _! di/+ui%$ au?or ! ,saturday ,review1 ,london1 says1 ,he enjoys ! greate/ celebrity among liv+ ,sw$i% writ]s2 & ,r4 ,h4 ,/odd>d has /yl$ !m ! mo/ important & c]ta9ly ! mo/ readable s]ies ( =eign fiction t has be5 translat$ into ,engli% = _m ye>s4 ,!y %\ld /& on ! %elves ( e libr>y1 public & private1 beside ! works ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,! ,graphic1 ,new ,york1 says3 ,topelius is evid5tly a great romanc]1--a great romanc] 9 ! mann] ( ,walt] ,scott4 ,at mom5ts 9 8 writ+ !re is positive inspiration1 a tru? & vivid reality t are />tl+4 ,! ,sun1 ,philadelphia1 says3 ,we w\ld mu* pref] tea*+ a y\? ,sw$i% hi/ory f ! novels ( ,topelius ?an f any book ( /rict hi/orical n>rative4 ,! ,/&>d1 ,*icago1 says3 ,! s]ies z a :ole des]ves a place ) ! v be/ fiction ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! sc5]y is new to mo/ read]s2 ! hi/orical p]iod cov]$ "o ( transc5d5t int]e/2 ! *>act]s1 ! incid5ts1 ! n>rative /yle 9 ea* /ory are ( ! sort to c>ry ! read] /raight ?r\gh1 f beg9n+ to end1 unwe>i$1 & ready1 z ea* volume closes1 to op5 ! next 9 ord]4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,famili> ,,talks ,,on ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 ,a ,manual embrac+ ! ,great ,epo*s ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 f ! ,engli% conque/ ( ,brita91 #ddi1 to ! dea? ( ,walt] ,scott1 #ahcb4 ,by ,abby ,sage ,ri*>dson1 ,f\r? edition1 revis$4 ,price #a4ej4 ,! ,bo/on ,transcript says3 ,! "w %[s ?or\gh /udy & excell5t judgm5t1 & we c w>mly recomm5d x to s*ools & private classes = read+ z an admirable text-book4 ,! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,mail says3 ,:at ! au?or propos$ to d 0 to convey to h] read]s a cle> idea ( ! v>iety1 ext5t1 & ri*ness ( ,engli% lit]ature4444 ,%e has done j :at %e int5d$ to d1 & done x well4 ,! ,new ,york ,nation says3 ,x is refre%+ to f9d a book design$ = "y read]s :i* seeks to give only :at w accompli% ! real aim ( ! /udy2 namely1 to excite an int]e/ 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 cultivate a ta/e = :at is be/ 9 x1 & ?us lay a f\ndation on :i* !y c build aft] read+4 ,pr(4 ,moses ,coit ,tyl] says3 ,i h _h real satisfaction 9 look+ ov] ! book4 ,!re are "s op9ions ) :i* ,i d n agree2 b ! ma9 ?+ ab\t ! book is a good ?+2 namely1 its he>ty1 :olesome love ( ,engli% lit]ature1 & ! hone/1 unpret5d+1 b g5ial & conv]sational1 mann] 9 :i* t love is utt]$4 ,x is a *>m+ book to read1 & x w bre$ 9 its read]s ! appetite to read ,engli% lit]ature = !mselves4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 po/-paid1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,tales ,,( ,,anci5t ,,greece4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 ,b>t41 ,m4,a41 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d4 #abmo1 clo?1 price1 #a4be4 ,writt5 app>5tly = "y read]s1 x yet possesses a *>m ( mann] :i* w recomm5d x to all4--,! ,exam9]1 ,london4 ,x is only :5 we take up su* a book z ?is t we realize h[ ri* 9 int]e/ is ! my?ology ( ,greece4--,inquir]1 ,philadelphia4 ,admirable 9 /yle1 & level ) a *ild's compreh5sion4 ,^! v]sions might well f9d a place 9 e family4--,! ,nation1 ,new ,york4 ,! au?or inve/s ^! /ories ) a *>m ( n>rative entirely peculi>4 ,! book is a ri* "o 9 e way4--,/&>d1 ,*icago4 ,9 ,mr4 ,cox w be f\nd yet ano!r "n to be enroll$ among ^? ,engli% writ]s :o h v9dicat$ = ?is c\ntry an honorable rank 9 ! inve/igation ( ,greek hi/ory4--,ed9burgh ,review4 ,x is d\btful if ^! tales--ant$at+ hi/ory 9 _! orig91 & yet fre% ) all ! *>ms ( y\? to all :o read !m = ! fir/ "t--7 ev] be=e pres5t$ 9 s *a/e & popul> =m4--,gold5 ,rule1 ,bo/on4 ,! grace ) :i* ^! old tales ( ! my?ology are re-told makes !m z en*ant+ to ! "y z famili> fairy tales or ! ',arabian ,nights4'444 ,we d n "k ( a ,*ri/mas book :i* promises m la/+ pleasures4--,publi%]s' ,weekly4 ,its ext]ior fits x to adorn ! draw+-room table1 :ile its cont5ts are adapt$ to ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! mo/ cultivat$ intellig5ce4444 ,! book is a s*ol>ly production1 & a welcome addition to a dep>tm5t ( lit]ature t is ?us f> q too scantily furni%$4--,tribune1 ,*icago4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,france1 ,,= ,,"y ,,p4 ,by ,miss ,e4 ,s4 ,kirkl&1 au?or ( ,six ,little ,cooks1 ,dora's ,h\se-keep+1 c4 #abmo1 clo?1 price1 #a4be4 ,a v ably writt5 sket* ( ,fr5* hi/ory1 f ! e>lie/ times to ! f\ndation ( ! exi/+ ,republic4--,c9c9nati ,gazette4 ,! n>rative is n dry on a s+le page1 & ! little hi/ory may be comm5d$ z ! be/ ( its k9d t has yet appe>$4--,bullet91 ,philadelphia4 ,a book bo? in/ructive & ent]ta9+4 ,x is n a dry comp5dium ( dates & facts1 b a *>m+ly writt5 hi/ory4--,*ri/ian ,union1 ,new ,york4 ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( its cont5ts1 we are able to consci5ti\sly give x our he>tie/ comm5dation4 ,we "k no elem5t>y hi/ory ( ,france t c at all be comp>$ ) x4--,liv+ ,*ur*4 ,a spirit$ & ent]ta9+ sket* ( ! ,fr5* p & nation1--"o t w seize & hold ! att5tion ( all bright boys & girls :o h a *ance to read x4--,sunday ,aft]noon1 ,spr+field 7,mass474 ,we f9d its descriptions univ]sally good1 t x is admirably simple & direct 9 /yle1 )\t wa/e ( words or timidity ( op9ion4 ,! book repres5ts a great deal ( pati5t labor & consci5ti\s /udy4--,c\rant1 ,h>t=d 7,conn474 ,miss ,kirkl& has compos$ h] ',%ort ,hi/ory ( ,france' 9 ! way 9 :i* a hi/ory = "y p ought to be writt52 t is1 %e has aim$ to pres5t a consecutive & agreeable /ory1 f :i* ! read] c n only le>n ! names ( k+s & ! succession ( ev5ts1 b c also receive a vivid & p]man5t impression z to ! *>act]s1 modes ( life1 & ! _s ( diff]5t p]iods4--,! ,nation1 ,new ,york4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,laurel-,,cr[n$ ,,tales4 ,abdallah2 or1 ,! ,f\r-,leav$ ,%amrock4 ,by ,ed\>d ,lab\laye4 ,translat$ by ,m>y ,l4 ,boo?4 ,rasselas1 ,pr9ce ( ,abyss9ia4 ,by ,samuel ,johnson4 ,raphael2 or1 ,pages ( ! ,book ( ,life at ,tw5ty4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,alphonse de ,lam>t9e4 ,! ,vic> ( ,wakefield4 ,by ,oliv] ,goldsmi?4 ,! ,epicurean4 ,by ,?omas ,moore4 ,picciola4 ,by ,x4 ,b4 ,sa9t9e4 ,an ,icel& ,fi%]man4 ,by ,pi]re ,loti4 ,o!r volumes 9 prep>ation4 ,h&somely pr9t$ f new plates1 on f9e laid pap]1 #abmo1 clo?1 ) gilt tops1 price p] volume1 #a4jj4 ,9 half calf or half morocco1 #b4ej4 ,9 plann+ ?is s]ies1 ! publi%]s h aim$ at a =m :i* %\ld comb9e an unpret5ti\s elegance suit$ to ! fa/idi\s book-lov] ) an inexp5siv5ess t mu/ appeal to ! mo/ mod]ate buy]4 ,x is ! int5t to admit to ! s]ies only su* tales z h = ye>s or = g5]ations comm5d$ !mselves n only to ! fa/idi\s & ! critical1 b also to ! great multitude ( ! ref9$ read+ public1--tales1 9 %ort1 :i* comb9e purity & classical beauty ( /yle ) p]5nial popul>ity4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,! ,,book-,,lov]4 ,a ,guide to ! ,be/ ,read+4 ,by ,james ,baldw91 ,ph4,d4 ,six? edition1 #afmo1 clo?1 gilt top1 #bja pages4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,9 half calf or half morocco1 #b4ge4 ,( ?is book1 on ! be/ 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature1 :i* has already be5 decl>$ ( ! highe/ value by ! te/imony ( ! be/ critics 9 ?is c\ntry1 an edition ( "o ?\s& copies has j be5 ord]$ = ,london1 ! home ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1--a complim5t ( :i* its s*ol>ly we/]n au?or may ju/ly be pr\d4 ,we "k ( no "w ( ! k9d :i* gives s mu* useful in=mation 9 s small a space4--,ev5+ ,telegram1 ,new ,york4 ,s\nd 9 !ory & 9 a practical po9t ( view4 ,! c\rses ( read+ laid d[n are made ( good books1 & 9 g5]al1 ( ! be/4--,indep5d5t1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,baldw9 has writt5 9 ?is monograph a delightful eulogium ( books & _! manifold influ5ce1 & has ga9$ !re9 two classes ( read]s1--! s*ol>ly class1 to :i* he belongs1 & ! receptive class1 :i* he has b5efit$4--,ev5+ ,mail & ,express1 ,new ,york4 ,if a man ne$s t ! love ( books be cultivat$ )9 him1 su* a gem ( a book z ,dr4 ,baldw9's ought to d ! "w4 ,p]fect & invit+ 9 all t a book ought outw>dly to be1 its cont5ts are su* z to in/ruct ! m9d at ! same "t t !y answ] ! ta/e1 & ! read] :o goes c>efully ?r\gh its two hundr$ pages ought n only to love books 9 g5]al bett] ?an he ev] did be=e1 b to love !m m wisely1 m intellig5tly1 m discrim9at+ly1 & ) m pr(it to 8 own s\l4--,lit]>y ,_w1 ,bo/on4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,we ,,two ,,alone ,,9 ,,europe4 ,by ,m>y ,l4 ,n9de4 ,illu/rat$ f ,orig9al ,designs4 #abmo1 #cdh pages1 price1 #a4ej4 ,! =eign travels :i* gave rise to ?is volume 7 ( a novel & p]haps unprec$5t$ k9d4 ,two "y ,am]ican girls />t$ = ! gr& t\r ) ! fa!r ( "o ( !m1 & he be+ compell$ to return home f ,london !y 7 c\rage\s en\gh to cont9ue _! j\rney+s alone4 ,!y sp5t two ye>s 9 travel1--go+ z f> nor? z ! ,nor? ,cape & s\? to ! ,nile1 & includ+ 9 _! it9]>y ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[4 ,miss ,n9de's n>rative is writt5 9 a fre% & sprightly b uns5sational /yle1 :i*1 ) ! unusual exp]i5ces portray$1 r5d]s ! "w q unlike ! ord9>y books ( travel4 ,x is a n>rative told s naturally & s vividly t ! two g5tle travell]s d n seem to be alone1 b to h tak5 at lea/ ! read] along ) !m4444 ,x is fill$ ) s _m int]e/+ glimpses ( sights & sc5es 9 _m l&s z to r5d] x ?or\ghly ent]ta9+4--,! ,congregationali/1 ,bo/on4 ,z ! "w ( a bright ,am]ican girl1 ! book is sure to comm& wide att5tion4 ,! volume is h&somely b\nd & copi\sly illu/rat$ ) views drawn1 if we mi/ake n1 by ! au?or's own fair h&s1 s well d !y accord ) ! vivaci\s _s ( h] n>rative4--,times1 ,troy1 ,new ,york4 ,9 ^! days :5 lett]s & books ab\t travels 9 ,europe h become g5]ally monoton\s1 to say ! lea/1 x is absolutely refre%+ to get hold ( a bright1 orig9al book l ,we ,two alone 9 ,europe4444 ,! book is especially int]e/+ = its fre%1 bright obs]vations on mann]s1 cu/oms1 & objects ( int]e/ z view$ ?r\gh ^! "y girls' eyes1 & ! *>m+ spice ( adv5ture runn+ ?r\gh x4--,home ,j\rnal1 ,bo/on4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,! ,,humbl] ,,poets4 ,a ,collection ( ,newspap] & ,p]iodical ,v]se4 #ahgj to #ahhe4 ,by ,slason ,?ompson4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #dei pages1 clo?1 gilt top4 ,price1 #b4jj4 ,9 half calf or half morocco1 #d4jj4 ,! publi%]s h done well 9 issu+ ?is volume 9 a /yle ( lit]>y & arti/ic excell5ce1 su* z is giv5 to ! works ( ! poets ( "n & fame1 because ! cont5ts ri*ly entitle x to su* di/9ction4--,home ,j\rnal1 ,bo/on4 ,! high poetic "* ( ^! poems1 z a :ole1 is surpris+4 ,z a unit1 ! collection makes an impression :i* ev5 a g5ius ( ! highe/ ord] w\ld n be adequate to produce4444 ,measur$ by poetic ri*ness1 v>iety1 & m]it ( ! selections conta9$1 ! collection is a r>ely good "o flavor$ ) ! fre%ness & aroma ( ! pres5t "t4--,indep5d5t1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,?ompson w9n[$ out ! *aff f ! heap1 & has giv5 u ! gold5 gra9 9 ?is volume4 ,_m old newspap] favorites w be recogniz$ 9 ?is collection1--_m ( ^? song-waifs :i* h be5 drift+ up & d[n ! newspap] _w = ye>s1 & :i* nobody owns b ev]ybody loves4 ,we are glad = ourselves t "s "o has be5 k9d & t5d]-he>t$ en\gh to take 9 ^! fugitive *ildr5 ( ! ,muses & give !m a safe & p]man5t home4 ,! selection has be5 made ) r>e ta/e & discrim9ation1 & ! result is a delightful volume4--,obs]v]1 ,new ,york4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,life ,,( ,,abraham ,,l9coln1 ,by ! ,hon4 ,isaac ,n4 ,arnold4 ,) ,/eel ,portrait4 #hvo1 clo?1 #dga pages4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,9 half calf or half morocco1 #c4ej4 ,x is decid$ly ! be/ & mo/ complete ,life ( ,l9coln t has yet appe>$4--,contempor>y ,review1 ,london4 ,mr4 ,arnold succe$$ to a s+ul> ext5t 9 assum+ ! broad view & judici\s voice ( po/]ity & exhibit+ ! greate/ figure ( our "t 9 its true p]spective4--,! ,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,x is ! only ,life ( ,l9coln ?us f> publi%$ t is likely to live1--! only "o t has any s]i\s pret5sions to depict him ) adequate v]acity1 complet5ess1 & dignity4--,! ,sun1 ,new ,york4 ,! au?or knew ,mr4 ,l9coln long & intimately1 & no "o 0 bett] fitt$ = ! task ( prep>+ 8 biography4 ,he has writt5 ) t5d]ness & fidelity1 ) ke5 discrim9ation1 & ) graphic p[]s ( description & analysis4--,! ,int]ior1 ,*icago4 ,mr4 ,arnold's ,life ( ,presid5t ,l9coln is excell5t 9 almo/ e respect4444 ,! au?or has pa9t$ a graphic & life-l portrait ( ! rem>kable man :o 0 call$ to decide on ! de/9ies ( 8 c\ntry at ! crisis ( its fate4--,! ,times1 ,london4 ,! book is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 incid5ts connect$ ) ! e>ly c>e] ( ,mr4 ,l9coln2 & x is )\t exception ! mo/ satisfactory record ( 8 life t has yet be5 writt54 ,read]s w also f9d t 9 its entirety x is a "w ( absorb+ & endur+ int]e/ t w en*a9 ! att5tion m effectually ?an any novel4--,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,,! ,,aztecs4 ,_! ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s1 & ,cu/oms4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,luci5 ,bi>t4 ,au?oriz$ translation by ,j4 ,l4 ,g>n]4 ,illu/rat$1 #hvo1 #cdj pages1 price1 #b4jj4 ,! au?or has travell$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry ( ^: =m] glories 8 book is a recital1 & 8 /udies & discov]ies leav5 ! book ?r\gh\t4 ,! volume is absorb+ly int]e/+1 & is z attractive 9 /yle z x is 9 mat]ial4--,saturday ,ev5+ ,gazette1 ,bo/on4 ,n[h]e has ?is subject be5 m fully & intellig5tly treat$ ?an 9 ?is volume1 n[ plac$ )9 rea* ( ,am]ican read]s4 ,! my?ology ( ! ,aztecs receives special att5tion1 & all t is kn[n ( _! lives1 _! hopes1 _! fe>s1 & aspirations f9ds record "h4--,! ,tribune1 ,*icago4 ,! man :o c rise f ! /udy ( ,luci5 ,bi>t's invaluable "w1 ,! ,aztecs1 )\t feel+s ( amazem5t & admiration = ! hi/ory & ! gov]nm5t1 & = ! arts cultivat$ by ^! ,romans ( ! ,new ,_w is n to be envi$4--,! ,advance1 ,*icago4 ,! twilight orig9 ( ! pres5t race is graphically pres5t$3 ^? /range p ^: traces h almo/ vani%$ f (f ! face ( ! e>? aga9 live be=e u4 ,_! taxes & tributes1 _! m>riage c]emonies1 _! burial cu/oms1 laws1 m$ic9es1 food1 poetry1 & dances are describ$4444 ,! book is a v int]e/+ "o1 & is br\ght out ) copi\s illu/rations4--,! ,travell]1 ,bo/on4 ,m4 ,bi>t is ! mo/ compet5t au?ority liv+ on ! subject ( ! ,aztecs4 ,he sp5t _m ye>s 9 ,mexico1 /udi$ 8 subject c>efully ?r\gh all means ( in=mation1 & wrote 8 book f ! view-po9t ( a sci5ti/4 ,8 /yle is v attractive1 & x has be5 v successfully translat$4 ,! g5]al read]1 z well z all s*ol>s1 w be mu* tak5 ) ! "w4--,*ronicle ,telegraph1 ,pittsburg4 ,sold by all booksell]s1 or mail$1 on receipt ( price1 by ,a4,c4 ,mc,c,l,u,r,g ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 ,cor4 ,waba% ,ave4 & ,madison ,/41 ,*icago4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes to ! ,electronic ,edition ,9 ! "n ,dvorak1 ! c>on ov] ! ,r & ! diacrit ov] ! ,v h be5 omitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an acc5t has be5 consi/5tly appli$ to ! a4 ,! publi%]'s catalog & ads 7 mov$ to ! back ( ! book1 & assign$ arbitr>y page numb]s4 ,9 ! orig9al1 !y 7 n numb]$4 ,! 7few7 footnotes 7 mov$ to *apt] ends2 9 ! orig9al !y 7 9 page foot]s4