,hi/orical ,lit]ature 9 ,agriculture 7,,*la71 ,cornell ,univ]sity7 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! spell+ 9 ?is text has be5 pres]v$ z 9 ! orig9al4 ,obvi\s pr9t]'s errors h be5 correct$4 ,a li/ ( ! corrections c be f\nd at ! end ( ?is e-text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cattle ,,& ,,_! ,,diseases ,,embrac+ ,,_! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,bre$s1 ,,cross+ ,,& ,,bre$+1 ,,& ,,fe$+ ,,& ,,managem5t2 ,,) ,,! ,,diseases ,,to ,,:i* ,,!y ,,are ,,subject1 ,,& ,,! ,,rem$ies ,,be/ ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,_! ,,cure4 ,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,add$ ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,m$ic9es ,,us$ ,,9 ,,treat+ ,,cattle4 ,,by ,,rob]t ,,j5n+s1 ,v4 ,s41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,pa?ology ,,& ,,op]ative ,,surg]y ,,9 ,,! ,,vet]9>y ,,college ,,( ,,philadelphia2 ,,late ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9e ,,9 ,,! ,,agricultural ,,college ,,( ,,ohio2 ,,secret>y ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,vet]9>y ,,association ,,( ,,philadelphia2 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,8 ,,diseases1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,,philadelphia3 ,john ,e4 ,pott] & ,company1 #fag ,sansom ,/reet4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfd1 by ,,john ,e4 ,,pott]1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 & = ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,preface4 ,a m>k$ int]e/ has ( late ye>s be5 manife/$ 9 our c\ntry relative to ! subject ( bre$+ & re>+ dome/ic cattle4 ,?is has n be5 conf9$ to ! dairyman alone4 ,! great] portion ( intellig5t agriculturi/s h p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( pay+ m att5tion ?an 0 =m]ly devot$ to ! improvem5t & p]fection ( bre$s = ! uses ( ! table z well4 ,9 ?is respect1 ,european cattle-rais]s h long tak5 ! prec$5ce ( our own4 ,! gratify+ favor ) :i* ! au?or's =m] publication1 ,! ,horse & 8 ,diseases1 has be5 receiv$ by ! public1 has induc$ him to believe t a "w1 simil> 9 _s & g5]al treatm5t1 ^u ,cattle1 w\ld n be )\t int]e/ = ! agricultural community4 ,9 ?is belief1 ! pres5t treatise has be5 prep>$4 ,! au?or has avail$ himself ( ! labors ( o!rs 9 ?is connection2 nev]1 h[ev]1 adopt+ results & conclusions1 no matt] h[ /rongly endors$1 :i* h be5 contradict$ by 8 own obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,9 a field l ! "o 9 "q1 assur$ly1 if any:]e1 "s degree ( indep5d5t judgm5t w n be c5sur$ by ^? :o are famili> ) ! sad consequ5ces result+ f ! attempt$ application ( !ories n[ univ]sally explod$1 b :i* 9 ! day & g5]ation ( _! orig9ators 7 sanction$ & advocat$ by ^? :o claim$ to be magnates 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,to ! foll[+ works1 especially1 ! au?or ackn[l$ges himself indebt$3 ,am]ican ,f>m]'s ,encyclopa$ia2 ,/eph5s's ,book ( ! ,f>m2 ,fl9t's ,mil*-,c[s & ,dairy ,f>m+2 ,laur5ce on ,cattle2 ,all5's ,dome/ic ,animals2 ,y\att & ,m>t9 on ,cattle2 ,?omson's ,food ( ,animals2 ,all5's ,rural ,ar*itecture2 ,colman's ,practical ,agriculture & ,rural ,economy2 ,goodale's ,bre$+ ( ,dome/ic ,animals2 & ,pr(4 ,gamgee's valuable contributions to vet]9>y sci5ce4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is reque/$ to ! division ( ,diseases4 ,"u ?is head1 z 9 8 =m] "w1 ! au?or has endeavor$ to detail ! symptoms ( ! mo/ common ailm5ts ( cattle 9 su* a mann] t e f>m] & cattle-own] c at once und]/& !m1 & also to sugge/ su* procurable rem$ies z a wide exp]i5ce has prov$ to be mo/ efficaci\s4 ,a g5]\s space has be5 devot$ to ! consid]ation ( t fatal epidemic1 n[ g5]ally kn[n z ,pleuro-,pneumonia1 z x has manife/$ itself 9 ,europe & ?is c\ntry1 9 ! belief t a matt] ( su* vital importance to ! /ock-rais] ought to receive a complete exposition 9 a "w l ! pres5t4 ,z ! au?or's p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 connection ) ! treatm5t ( ?is peculi> disease has be51 p]haps1 z l>ge & v>i$ z t ( any ,am]ican practition]1 he is n )\t ! hope t 8 views ^u ! matt] may prove productive ( "s b5efit to o!rs4 ,%\ld ! pres5t volume prove z acceptable to ^? int]e/$ z did 8 =m] "w1 ! au?or w be abundantly satisfi$ t he has n mi/ak5 9 ?is in/ance ! wants ( ! public4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,bre$s ,,( ,,cattle1 #ac ,,! ,,briti% ,,ox1 #ae ,,am]ican ,,cattle1 #ba ,! ,ayr%ire1 #bc ,! ,j]sey1 #cj ,! ,%ort-,horns1 #cb ,! ,dut*1 #cf ,! ,h]e=d1 #ch ,! ,nor?-,devon1 #da ,native ,cattle1 #dc ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,cattle1 #ej ,ge/ation1 #ea ,=mation ( ,tee?1 #ea ,po9ts ( a ,good ,c[1 #eg ,,! ,,milk-,,mirror1 #fa ,,cross+ ,,& ,,bre$+1 #gg ,,pregnancy1 #ib ,,treatm5t ,,be=e ,,calv+1 #ic ,,fe$+ ,,& ,,managem5t1 #ig ,,soil+1 #aah ,,culture ,,( ,,grasses ,,= ,,fodd]1 #abb ,,! ,,b>n1 #adf ,,milk+1 #aee ,,rais+ ,,( ,,calves1 #afh ,,po9ts ,,( ,,fat ,,cattle1 #ahc ,,driv+ ,,& ,,slaught]+1 #ahh ,,diseases ,,& ,,_! ,,rem$ies1 #bje ,abortion1 #bjf ,apoplexy1 #bae ,black-,wat]1 #bae ,bron*itis1 #baf ,consumption1 #bag ,coryza1 #bag ,c[-pox1 #bah ,di>rhoea1 #bai ,dys5t]y1 #bbj ,ent]itis1 #bbb ,epizooetics1 #bbd ,epizooetic ,cat>rh1 #bcd ,f>del1 #bcf ,f\l 9 ! ,foot1 #bcg ,g>get1 #bcg ,ga/ro-ent]itis1 #bch ,hoose1 #bch ,hoove1 #bci ,hydatids1 #bdj ,inflammation ( ! ,bladd]1 #bda ,inflammation ( ! ,haw1 #bda ,inflammation ( ! ,kidneys1 #bdb ,inflammation ( ! ,liv]1 #bdb ,l>yngitis1 #bdc ,lice1 #bdd ,mange1 #bdd ,murra91 #bdf ,navel-ill1 #bdg ,ob/ructions 9 ! ,oesophagus1 #bdg ,op5 ,jo9ts1 #bdh ,p>turition1 #bdh ,free ,m>t9s1 #bea ,cleans+1 #bec ,inv]sion ( ! ,ut]us1 #bec ,phr5itis1 #bed ,pleurisy1 #bee ,pleuro-pneumonia1 #bef ,pneumonia1 #cjj ,protrusion ( ! ,bladd]1 #cjb ,pu]p]al ,fev]1 #cjb ,qu>t] ,evil1 #cjc ,rabies1 #cjd ,r$ ,wat]1 #cje ,rheumatism1 #cjg ,/rangulation ( ! ,inte/9es1 #cjh ,?ru% 9 ! ,m\?1 #cjh ,tumors1 #cjh ,ulc]s ab\t ! ,jo9ts1 #cab ,w>bles1 #cac ,worms1 #cae ,worms 9 ! ,bron*ial ,tubes1 #caf ,,surgical ,,op]ations1 #caf ,ca/ration1 #caf ,tra*eotomy1 #cai ,spay+1 #cbj ,,li/ ,,( ,,m$ic9es ,,us$ ,,9 ,,treat+ ,,cattle1 #ccj ,,doses ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,m$ic9es1 #ccf ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,a ,prize ,bull1 #ac ,! ,well-f$ ,bea/s1 #ai ,an ,ayr%ire ,bull1 #bc ,a ,%ort-horn ,bull1 #cc ,a ,nor? ,devon ,/e]1 #da ,draft ,ox51 #de ,skeleton ( ! ,ox1 #ej ,tee? at ,bir?1 #eb ,tee? at ,second ,week1 #eb ,tee? at ,?ree ,weeks1 #ec ,tee? at a ,mon?1 #ec ,tee? at ,five to ,eight ,mon?s1 #ec ,t5 ,mon?s ,tee?1 #ec ,twelve ,mon?s ,tee?1 #ed ,fifte5 ,mon?s ,tee?1 #ed ,eighte5 ,mon?s ,tee?1 #ee ,tee? at ,two ,ye>s ,pa/1 #ee ,tee? at ,?ree ,ye>s ,pa/1 #ef ,tee? at ,f\r ,ye>s ,pa/1 #ef ,tee? at ,five ,ye>s ,pa/1 #ef ,tee? at ,t5 ,ye>s ,pa/1 #ef ,a ,good ,mil* ,c[1 #eh ,milk-,mirror 7,a71 #fb ,milk-,mirror 7,b71 #fc ,milk-,mirror 7,c71 #fc ,milk-,mirror 7,d71 #fd ,milk-,mirror 7,e71 #fe ,milk-,mirror 7,f71 #ff ,milk-,mirror 7,g71 #fi ,milk-,mirror 7,h71 #gj ,milk-,mirror 7,k71 #gb ,milk-,mirror 7,l71 #gd ,c[ & ,calf1 #gg ,ready = ,action1 #hc ,a ,sprightly ,y\?1 #hi ,fe$+1 #ig ,! ,family ,pets1 #ajb ,buy+ ,cattle1 #ajg ,call+ 9 ! ,cattle1 #aab ,on ! ,rampage1 #aag ,pati5tly ,wait+1 #abc ,a ,*ance = a ,selection1 #abi ,a ,we/ ,highl& ,ox1 #aci ,b>n = ,?irty-f\r ,c[s & ,?ree ,yoke ( ,ox51 #aej ,transv]se ,section1 #aeb ,room ov] ! ,c[-,room1 #aec ,! ,pref]able ,me?od1 #aei ,mat]nal ,affection1 #afh ,frolicksome1 #agg ,po9ts ( ,cattle1 #ahe ,a ,frontispiece1 #aij ,scot* ,mode ( ,cutt+ up ,beef1 #aie ,engli% ,mode ( ,cutt+ up ,beef1 #aig ,diseases & ,_! ,rem$ies1 #bje ,a ,*at on ! ,road1 #bah ,! ,mad ,bull1 #bcj ,an ,ab]de5%ire ,poll$ ,bull1 #bdd ,tak+ an ,obs]vation1 #bef ,! ,tw9s1 #bfh ,a ,rural ,sc5e1 #bhe ,tak+ x ,easily1 #bii ,home ,aga91 #cac ,illu/ration ,hi/ory & ,bre$s ,x is q c]ta9 t ! ox has be5 dome/icat$ & 9 ! s]vice ( man f a v remote p]iod4 ,we are in=m$ 9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 t cattle 7 kept by ! e>ly desc5dants ( ,adam2 ,jubal1 ! son ( ,lame*--:o 0 probably born dur+ ! lifetime ( ,adam--be+ /yl$ ! fa!r ( su* z h cattle4 ,! ox hav+ be5 pres]v$ by ,noah f ! flood ( wat]s1 ! orig9al bre$ ( our pres5t cattle mu/ h be5 9 ! neighborhood ( ,m\nt ,ar>at4 ,f !nce1 disp]s+ ov] ! face ( ! globe--alt]+ by climate1 by food1 & by cultivation--orig9at$ ! v>i\s bre$s ( mod]n ages4 ,t ! value ( ! ox tribe has be5 9 all ages & climates highly appreciat$1 we h ample evid5ce4 ,! natives ( ,egypt1 ,india1 & ,h9do/an1 seem alike to h plac$ ! c[ among/ _! deities2 &1 judg+ by h] usefulness to all classes1 no animal c\ld p]haps h be5 select$ ^: value to mank9d is great]4 ,! traditions1 inde$1 ( e ,celtic nation enroll ! c[ among ! e>lie/ productions1 & repres5t x z a k9d ( div9ity4 ,9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! e>? cattle are employ$ = _! labor1 = _! milk1 & = food4 ,9 s\!rn ,africa !y are z mu* ! associates ( ! ,caffre z ! horse is ( ! ,arab4 ,!y %>e 8 toils1 & assi/ him 9 t5d+ 8 h]ds4 ,!y are ev5 tra9$ to battle1 9 :i* !y become fi]ce & c\rage\s4 ,9 c5tral ,africa ! pr\de/ ebony beauties are to be se5 ^u ! backs ( cattle4 ,9 all ages !y h drawn ! pl\gh4 ,9 ,spa9 !y /ill trample out ! corn2 9 ,india !y raise ! wat] f ! deepe/ wells to irrigate ! ?ir/y soil ( ,b5gal4 ,:5 ,caes> invad$ ,brita9 !y con/itut$ ! *ief ri*es ( its inhabitants2 & !y /ill =m no inconsid]able item 9 ! e/imate ( t c\ntry's ri*es4 ,! p>5t race ( ! ox is said to h be5 mu* l>g] ?an any ( ! pres5t v>ieties4 ,! ,urus1 9 8 wild /ate at lea/1 0 an enorm\s & fi]ce animal1 & anci5t leg5ds h ?r[n ar\nd him an air ( my/]y4 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ! cont95t ( ,europe & 9 e di/rict ( ,engl&1 skulls1 evid5tly belong+ to cattle1 h be5 f\nd1 f> exce$+ 9 bulk any n[ kn[n4 ,z ! v>i\s bre$s ( cattle among u 7 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry f ,great ,brita91 we propose1 be=e go+ into ! details ( ! lead+ ,am]ican bre$s1 to glance some:at briefly at ! hi/ory ( ,,! ,,briti% ,,ox4 ,9 ! e>lie/ & mo/ reliable acc\nts :i* we possess ( ! ,briti% ,isles--! ,comm5t>ies ( ,caes>--we le>n t ! anci5t ,britons possess$ great numb]s ( cattle4 ,no satisfactory description ( ^! cattle occurs 9 any anci5t au?or2 b1 ) occasional exceptions1 we "k t !y possess$ no great bulk or beauty4 ,caes> tells u t ! ,britons neglect$ tillage & liv$ on milk & fle%2 & ?is acc\nt ( ! e>ly inhabitants ( ! ,briti% ,isle is corroborat$ by o!r au?ors4 ,x 0 su* an occupation & mode ( life z suit$ _! /ate ( society4 ,! isl& 0 divid$ into _m little sov]eignties2 no fix$ prop]ty 0 secure2 & t alone 0 valuable :i* c\ld be hurri$ away at ! ?reat5$ approa* ( ! invad]4 ,_m c5turies aft] ?is1 :5--al?\gh "o sov]eign seem$ to reign p>am\nt ov] ! :ole ( ! k+dom--!re cont9u$ to be endless conte/s among ! feudal b>ons1 & !re=e t prop]ty alone cont9u$ to be valuable :i* c\ld be secur$ )9 ! walls ( ! ca/le1 or driv5 beyond ! assailant's rea*--an imm5se /ock ( provisions 0 always /or$ up 9 ! v>i\s =tresses1 bo? = ! vassals & ! cattle2 or x 0 contriv$ t ! latt] %\ld be driv5 to ! doma9s ( "s fri5dly b>on1 or conceal$ 9 "s inl& recess4 ,:5 ! gov]nm5t became m p[]ful & settl$1 & prop]ty ( e k9d 0 assur$ a proportionate degree ( protection1 z well z m equally divid$1 ! pl\gh came into use2 agricultural productions 7 (t5] cultivat$1 ! reap+ ( :i* 0 sure aft] ! labor ( s[+4 ,cattle 7 !n comp>atively neglect$ & = "s c5turies injuri\sly s4 ,_! numb]s dim9i%$1 & _! size also seems to h dim9i%$2 & x is only )9 ! la/ c5tury & a half t any s]i\s & successful ef=ts h be5 made mat]ially to improve !m4 ,9 ! comp>atively rov+ & unc]ta9 life :i* ! e>li] inhabitants l$1 _! cattle w\ld sometimes /ray & be lo/4 ,! c\ntry 0 at t "t ov]gr[n ) =e/s1 & ! bea/s betook !mselves to ! recesses ( ^! woods1 & became wild & sometimes f]oci\s4 ,!y1 by degrees1 grew s num]\s z to be dang]\s to ! inhabitants ( ! neighbor+ di/ricts4 ,"o ( ! *ronicles ass]ts t _m ( !m h>bor$ 9 ! =e/s 9 ! neighborhood ( ,london4 ,/range /ories are told ( "s ( !m1 &1 d\btless1 :5 irritat$1 !y 7 fi]ce & dang]\s en\gh4 ,z1 h[ev]1 civilization advanc$1 & ! =e/s became ?9n$ & contract$1 ^! animals 7 se5 m r>ely1 & at l5g? almo/ disappe>$4 ,a few ( !m1 h[ev]1 are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! p>ks ( "s ( ! lead+ ,engli% noblem51 :o keep !m = ornam5t & z curiosities4 ,! color ( ?is wild bre$ is inv>iably :ite1 ! muzzle be+ black2 ! :ole ( ! inside ( ! e>1 & ab\t "o-?ird ( ! outside1 f ! tips d[nw>d1 r$2 horns :ite1 ) black tips1 v f9e1 & b5t upw>d2 "s ( ! bulls h a ?91 upright mane1 ab\t an in* & a half or two in*es long4 ,! beef is f9ely m>bl$ & ( excell5t flavor4 ,at ! fir/ appe>ance ( any p]son !y set (f 9 full gallop1 & at ! di/ance ( ab\t two hundr$ y>ds1 make a :eel ar\nd & come boldly up aga9 9 a m5ac+ mann]2 on a sudd5 !y make a full /op at ! di/ance ( =ty or fifty y>ds1 look+ wildly at ! object ( _! surprise2 b ^u ! lea/ motion !y all aga9 turn r\nd & fly (f ) equal spe$1 b n to ! same di/ance1 =m+ a %ort] circle2 &1 aga9 return+ ) a m ?reat5+ aspect ?an be=e1 !y approa* probably )9 ?irty y>ds1 :5 !y aga9 make ano!r /&1 & !n fly (f2 ?is !y d sev]al times1 %ort5+ _! di/ance & advanc+ ne>] & ne>]1 till !y come )9 su* %ort di/ance t mo/ p]sons ?9k x prud5t to leave !m4 ,:5 ! c[s calve1 !y hide _! calves = a week or t5 days 9 "s retir$ situation1 & g & suckle !m two or ?ree times a day4 ,if any p]sons come ne> ! calves !y clap _! heads close to ! gr\nd to hide !mselves--a pro( ( _! native wildness4 ,! dams all[ no "o to t\* _! "y )\t attack+ ) impetu\s f]ocity4 ,:5 "o ( ! h]d happ5s to be w\nd$1 or has gr[n weak & feeble ?r\gh age or sickness1 ! re/ set on x & gore x to dea?4 ,! bre$s ( cattle :i* are n[ f\nd 9 ,great ,brita91 are almo/ z v>i\s z ! soil ( ! diff]5t di/ricts or ! fancies ( ! bre$]s4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 be5 v conv5i5tly class$ accord+ to ! comp>ative size ( ! horns2 ! long-horns1 orig9ally f ,lanca%ire1 & e/abli%$ ?r\gh mo/ ( ! midl& c\nties2 ! %ort-horns1 g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ! nor!rn c\nties & 9 ,l9coln%ire1 & _m ( !m f\nd 9 e "p ( ! k+dom :]e ! f>m] pays mu* att5tion to 8 dairy1 or :]e a l>ge supply ( milk is desir$2 & ! middle-horns1 a di/9ct & valuable bre$1 inhabit+1 pr9cipally1 ! nor? ( ,devon1 ! ea/ ( ,sussex1 ,h]e=d%ire1 & ,gl\ce/]%ire2 & ( dim9i%$ bulk & ) some:at diff]5t "*1 ! cattle ( ! ,scotti% & ,wel% m\nta9s4 ,! ,ald]ney1 ) its crumpl$ horn1 is f\nd on ! s\!rn coa/2 :ile ! poll$1 or hornless1 cattle prevail 9 ,suffolk1 ,norfolk1 & ,gall[ay1 :5ce !y 7 fir/ d]iv$4 ,^! lead+ bre$s1 h[ev]1 h be5 int]m+l$ 9 e possible way4 ,!y are f\nd pure only 9 _! native di/ricts1 or on ! e/ate ( "s weal?y & spirit$ individuals4 ,ea* c\nty has its own mongrel bre$1 (t5 difficult to be describ$1 & n always to be trac$--neglect$ en\gh1 yet suit$ to ! soil & ! climate2 & among small f>m]s1 ma9ta9+ _! /ation1 9 spite ( attempts at improvem5ts by ! int]mixture or ! sub/itution ( =eign v>ieties4 ,mu* dispute has aris5 z to ! orig9al bre$ ( ,briti% cattle4 ,! battle has be5 %>ply f\ght betwe5 ! advocates ( ! middle & ( ! long-horns4 ,! %ort-horns & ! polls are out ( ! li/s2 ! latt]1 al?\gh x has exi/$ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts f "t immemorial1 be+ probably an accid5tal v>iety4 ,! weight ( argum5t appe>s at pres5t to re/ ) ! middle horns2 ! long-horns be+ evid5tly ( ,iri% extraction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,well-,,f$ ,,bea/s4 ,great ,brita9 has %>$ ! fate ( o!r nations1 & (t5] ?an !y be5 ov]run & subjugat$ by invad]s4 ,z ! natives retreat$ !y c>ri$ ) !m "s portion ( _! prop]ty1 consi/+1 9 ! remote & e>ly times1 pr9cipally ( cattle4 ,!y drove along ) !m z _m z !y c\ld1 :5 !y retir$ to ! =tresses ( ,nor? ,devon & ,cornwall1 or ! m\nta9\s region ( ,wales1 or :5 !y took refuge 9 ! retirem5t ( ,ea/ ,sussex2 & !re1 reta9+ all _! prejudices1 mann]s1 & cu/oms1 7 jeal\s ( ! pres]vation ( t :i* rem9d$ !m ( _! native c\ntry be=e x yield$ to a =eign yoke4 ,9 ?is way 0 pres]v$ ! anci5t bre$ ( ,briti% cattle4 ,diff]5ce ( climate produc$ "s *ange1 p>ticul>ly 9 _! bulk4 ,! ri* pa/urage ( ,sussex fatt5$ ! ox into its sup]ior size & weight4 ,! pl5tiful1 b n s luxuriant1 h]bage ( ! nor? ( ,devon produc$ a small] & m active animal2 :ile ! privations ( ,wales less5$ ! bulk & ?ick5$ ! hide ( ! ,wel% ,/ock4 ,z = ,scotl&1 x set its invad]s at defiance2 or its inhabitants retreat$ = a :ile1 & soon turn$ aga9 on _! pursu]s4 ,!y 7 pr\d ( _! c\ntry1 & ( _! cattle1 _! *oice/ possession2 & !re1 also1 ! cattle 7 pres]v$1 unmix$ & undeg5]at$4 ,!nce x has result$1 t 9 ,devon1 9 ,sussex1 9 ,wales1 & 9 ,scotl&1 ! cattle h be5 ! same f "t immemorial2 :ile 9 all ! ea/]n coa/s & ?r\gh e di/rict ( ,engl&1 ! bre$ ( cattle deg5]at$1 or lo/ its orig9al "*2 x consi/$ ( animals br\ght f all ! neighbor+1 & "s remote di/ricts1 m+l$ 9 e possible v>iety1 yet con=m+ to ! soil & ! climate4 ,c>eful obs]vations w e/abli% ! fact1 t ! cattle 9 ,devon%ire1 ,sussex1 ,wales1 & ,scotl& are ess5tially ! same4 ,!y are middle horn$2 n extraord9>y milk]s1 & rem>kable = ! quality r ?an ! quantity ( _! milk2 active at "w1 & ) an unequall$ aptitude to fatt54 ,!y h all ! *>act]s ( ! same bre$1 *ang$ by soil1 climate1 & "t1 yet little *ang$ by man4 ,! color1 ev51 may be almo/ trac$1 namely3 ! r$ ( ! ,devon1 ! ,sussex1 & ! ,h]e=d2 & :]e only ! black are n[ f\nd1 ! recollection ( ! r$ prevails4 ,z ?is volume is int5d$ especially = ! f>m]s ( our own c\ntry1 x is deem$ unnecess>y 9 ?is connection to pres5t any ?+ additional "u ! pres5t head1 except ! names ( ! prom95t species ( ,briti% cattle4 ,^! are1 comm5c+ ) ! middle horns1 ! ,nor? ,devon1 ! ,h]e=d1 ! ,sussex1 ! ,wel% 7) ! v>ieties ( ! ,pembroke%ire1 ! ,glamorgan%ire1 ! ,radnor black1 ! ,anglesea & "s o!rs72 & ! ,scot* ) its *ief v>ieties1 ! ,we/ ,highl&]s1 ! ,nor? ,highl&]s1 ! ,nor? ,ea/]n1 ! ,fife1 ! ,ayr%ire1 & ! ,gall[ays4 ,z to ! long horns1 :i* came orig9ally f ,crav5 9 ,york%ire1 x may be rem>k$ t ?is bre$ has be5 rapidly disappe>+ ( late1 & has ev]y:]e giv5 place to bett] k9ds4 ,( ?is species !re are--or p]haps 7--two lead+ classes1 ! ,lanca%ire & ! ,leice/]%ire improv$4 ,( ! %ort horns1 ! lead+ bre$s are ! ,dut*1 ! ,hold]ness1 ! ,teeswat]1 ! ,york%ire1 ! ,durham1 ! ,nor?umb]l&1 & "s o!rs4 ,,am]ican ,,cattle4 ,! bre$s ( cattle :i* /ock ! f>ms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are all d]iv$ f ,europe1 &1 ) few exceptions1 f ,great ,brita94 ,! highe/ bre$s at ! pres5t "t are ( comp>atively rec5t orig91 s9ce ! great improvem5ts 9 bre$+ 7 only comm5c$ at ab\t ! p]iod ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution4 ,! old importations made by ! e>ly settl]s1 mu/ consequ5tly h be5 f comp>atively inf]ior grades4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,union1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,engl&1 ! primitive /ock is ?\ght to h und]gone consid]able improvem5t2 :il/ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,middle1 & especially ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 a great] or less depreciation has ensu$4 ,! prevail+ /ock 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates is believ$ to be d]iv$ f ! ,nor? ,devons1 mo/ ( ! excell5t m>ks & qualities ( :i* !y possess4 ,= ?is reason !y are v highly e/eem$1 & h be5 frequ5tly call$ ! ,am]ican ,devon4 ,! mo/ valuable work+ ox5 are *iefly ( ?is bre$1 :i* also contributes s l>gely to ! be/ displays ( beef f\nd 9 ! m>kets ( ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & ,philadelphia4 ,by means ( ?is dome/ic /ock1 & ! importations /ill ext5sively made ( selections f ! %ort horns1 & o!rs ( ! f9e/ ,european bre$s1 ! cattle1 n only ( ,new ,engl&1 b ( o!r sections1 are rapidly improv+1 especially 9 ! ,middle & ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,a brief sket* ( ! pr9cipal bre$s ( ,am]ican cattle1 z well z ( ! grades or common /ock ( ! c\ntry1 w be ( s]vice to ! f>m] 9 mak+ an intellig5t selection ) ref]5ce to ! special object ( pursuit--:e!r x be ! dairy1 ! production ( beef1 or ! rais+ ( cattle = "w4 ,9 select+ any bre$1 reg>d %\ld be _h to ! circum/ances ( ! individual f>m] & ! object to be pursu$4 ,! c[ mo/ pr(itable = ! milk dairy1 may be v unpr(itable 9 ! butt] & *eese dairy1 z well z = ! production ( beef2 :ile1 = ei!r ( ! latt] objects1 ! c[ :i* gave ! l>ge/ quantity ( milk might be v undesirable4 ,a union & h>mony ( all good qualities mu/ be secur$1 s f> z possible4 ,! f>m] wants a c[ t w milk well = "s ye>s2 & !n1 :5 dry1 fatt5 readily & sell to ! but*] = ! highe/ price4 ,^! qualities1 (t5 suppos$ to be utt]ly incompatible1 w be f\nd unit$ 9 "s bre$s to a great] ext5t ?an 9 o!rs2 :ile "s peculi>ities ( =m h be5 f\nd1 by obs]vation1 to be bett] adapt$ to ! production ( milk & beef ?an o!rs4 ,x is propos$1 !re=e1 to sket* ! pure bre$s n[ f\nd 9 ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,ayr%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,ayr%ire ,,bull4 ,?is bre$ is ju/ly celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & ?is c\ntry = its excell5t dairy qualities4 ,?\gh ! mo/ rec5t 9 _! orig91 !y are pretty di/9ct f ! ,scot* & ,engli% races4 ,9 color1 ! pure ,ayr%ires are g5]ally r$ & :ite1 spott$ or mottl$1 n roan l _m ( ! %ort horns1 b (t5 pres5t+ a bright contra/ ( colors4 ,!y are sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 ne>ly or q all r$1 & sometimes black & :ite2 b ! favorite color is r$ & :ite brightly contra/$2 &1 by "s1 /rawb]ry-color is pref]r$4 ,! head is small1 f9e & clean2 ! face long & n>r[ at ! muzzle1 ) a sprightly1 yet g5]ally mild expression2 eye small1 sm>t & lively2 ! horns %ort1 f9e1 & slightly twi/$ upw>d1 set wide ap>t at ! roots2 ! neck ?92 body enl>g+ f =e to h9d qu>t]s2 ! back /raight & n>r[1 b broad across ! lo92 jo9ts r loose & op52 ribs r flat2 h9d qu>t]s r ?92 bone f9e2 tail long1 f9e1 & bu%y at ! end2 hair g5]ally ?9 & s(t2 udd] light color & capaci\s1 ext5d+ well =w>d "u ! belly2 teats ( ! c[ ( m$ium size1 g5]ally set regul>ly & wide ap>t2 milk-ve9s prom95t & well develop$4 ,! c>cass ( ! pure br$ ,ayr%ire is light1 p>ticul>ly ! =e qu>t]s1 :i* is consid]$ by good judges z an index ( great milk+ qualities2 b ! pelvis is capaci\s & wide ov] ! hips4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,ayr%ire is good look+1 b wants "s ( ! symmetry & aptitude to fatt5 :i* *>act]ize ! %ort horn1 :i* is suppos$ to h contribut$ to build up ?is valuable bre$ on ! basis ( ! orig9al /ock ( ! c\nty ( ,ayr1 :i* ext5ds along ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,fir? ( ,clyde1 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,scotl&4 ,! orig9al /ock ( ?is c\ntry are describ$ z ( a dim9utive size1 ill f$1 ill %ap$1 & yield+ b a scanty return 9 milk4 ,!y 7 mo/ly ( a black color1 ) l>ge /ripes ( :ite along ! *9e & ridge ( _! backs1 ab\t ! flanks1 & on _! faces4 ,_! horns 7 high & crook$1 hav+ deep r+lets at ! root--! sure/ pro( t !y 7 b scantily f$2 ! *9e ( _! backs /ood up high & n>r[2 _! sides 7 lank1 %ort1 & ?92 _! hides ?ick & adh]+ to ! bones2 _! pile 0 co>se & op52 & few ( !m gave m ?an six or eight qu>ts ( milk a day :5 9 _! be/ condition1 or weigh$1 :5 fat1 m ?an f a hundr$ to a hundr$ & sixty p\nds avoirdupois1 reject+ (fal4 ,a wond]ful *ange has s9ce be5 made 9 ! condition1 aspect1 & qualities ( ! ,ayr%ire dairy /ock4 ,!y are n[ almo/ d\ble ! size1 & yield ab\t f\r times ! quantity ( milk t ! ,ayr%ire c[s =m]ly yield$4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is improvem5t is due to bett] fe$+ & c>e1 b mu*1 no d\bt1 to judici\s cross+4 ,/range z x may seem1 consid]+ ! mod]n orig9 ( ?is bre$1 all t is c]ta9ly kn[n t\*+ x is1 t ab\t a c5tury & a half ago !re 0 no su* bre$ z ,ayr%ire 9 ,scotl&4 ,! "q has !re=e aris51 :e!r ^! cattle came entirely f a c>eful selection ( ! be/ native bre$4 ,if !y did1 x is a circum/ance )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( agriculture4 ,! native bre$ may inde$ be ameliorat$ by c>eful selection2 its value may be incalculably increas$2 "s good qualities1 "s ( its be/ qualities1 may be develop$ = ! fir/ "t2 b yet !re w be "s resemblance to ! orig9al /ock1 & ! m ! animal is exam9$1 ! m cle>ly c be trac$ ! *>act]i/ic po9ts ( ! ance/or1 al?\gh e "o ( !m is improv$4 ,y\att e/imates ! daily yield ( an ,ayr%ire c[1 = ! fir/ two or ?ree mon?s aft] calv+1 at five gallons a day1 on an av]age2 = ! next ?ree mon?s1 at ?ree gallons2 & = ! next f\r mon?s1 at "o gallon & a half4 ,?is w\ld give eight hundr$ & fifty gallons z ! annual av]age2 b1 all[+ = "s unproductive c[s1 he e/imates ! av]age ( a dairy at six hundr$ gallons a ye> = ea* c[4 ,?ree gallons & a half ( ! ,ayr%ire c['s milk w yield "o & a half p\nds ( butt]4 ,"s h e/imat$ ! yield /ill high]4 ,"o ( ! f\r c[s orig9ally import$ into ?is c\ntry by ,john ,p4 ,cu%+1 ,esq41 ( ,massa*usetts1 gave 9 "o ye> ?ree ?\s& eight hundr$ & sixty-f\r qu>ts1 be] measure1 or ab\t n9e hundr$ & sixty-six gallons1 at t5 p\nds ! gallon2 be+ an av]age ( ov] t5 & a half be] qu>ts a day = ! entire ye>4 ,! fir/ c[ ( ?is bre$1 import$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,society1 = ! ,promotion ( ,agriculture1 9 #ahcg1 yield$ sixte5 p\nds ( butt] a week = sev]al successive weeks1 on grass fe$ only4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 9 ?is connection t ! climate ( ,new ,engl& is less favorable to ! production ( milk ?an t ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & t no c[ import$ aft] arriv+ at maturity c be expect$ to yield z mu*1 "u ! same circum/ances1 z "o br$ on ! spot :]e ! trial is made1 & p]fectly acclimat$4 ,on excell5t au?ority1 ! mo/ approv$ %ape & m>ks ( a good dairy c[ are z foll[s3 ,head small1 long1 & n>r[ t[>d ! muzzle2 horns small1 cle>1 b5t1 & plac$ at consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r2 eyes n l>ge1 b brisk & lively2 neck sl5d] & long1 tap]+ t[>d ! head1 ) a little loose sk9 bel[2 %\ld]s & =e qu>t]s light & ?92 h9d qu>t]s l>ge & broad2 back /raight1 & jo9ts slack & op52 c>cass deep 9 ! rib2 tail small & long1 rea*+ to ! heels2 legs small & %ort1 ) firm jo9ts2 udd] squ>e1 b a little oblong1 /ret*+ =w>d1 ?9 sk9n$ & capaci\s1 b n l[ hung2 teats or paps small1 po9t+ outw>d1 & at a consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r2 milk-ve9s capaci\s & prom95t2 sk9 loose1 ?91 & s(t l a glove2 hair %ort1 s(t1 & woolly2 g5]al figure1 :5 9 fle%1 h&some & well proportion$4 ,if ?is description ( ! ,ayr%ire c[ be correct1 x w be se5 t h] head & neck are rem>kably clean & f9e1 ! latt] swell+ gradually t[>d ! %\ld]s1 bo? p>ts be+ un5cumb]$ ) sup]flu\s fle%4 ,! same g5]al =m ext5ds backw>d1 ! =e qu>t]s be+1 light ! %\ld]s ?91 & ! c>cass swell+ out t[>d ! h9d qu>t]s1 s t :5 /&+ 9 front ( h] x has ! =m ( a blunt$ w$ge4 ,su* a /ructure indicates v fully develop$ dige/ive organs1 :i* ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce on all ! functions ( ! body1 & especially on ! secretion ( ! milky gl&s1 accompani$ ) milk-ve9s & udd] p>tak+ ( ! same "* z ! /oma* & visc]a1 be+ l>ge & capaci\s1 :ile ! ext]nal sk9 & int]ior walls ( ! milk-gl&s are ?9 & ela/ic1 & all p>ts arrang$ 9 a mann] especially adapt$ = ! production ( milk4 ,a c[ ) ^! m>ks w g5]ally be ( a quiet & docile temp]1 :i* greatly increases h] value4 ,a c[ t is ( a quiet & cont5t$ disposition fe$s at ease1 is milk$ ) ease1 & yields m ?an "o ( an opposite temp]am5t2 :ile1 aft] %e is pa/ h] usefulness z a milk]1 %e w easily take on fat1 & make f9e beef & a good quantity ( tall[1 because %e fe$s freely1 & :5 dry ! food :i* w5t to make milk is conv]t$ into fat & fle%4 ,b !re is no bre$ ( c[s ) :i* g5tle g5tl5ess ( treatm5t is s indisp5sable z ) ! ,ayr%ire1 on acc\nt ( h] naturally n]v\s temp]am5t4 ,if %e receives o!r ?an k9d & g5tle treatm5t1 %e w (t5 res5t x ) angry looks & ge/ures1 & )hold h] milk2 & if su* treatm5t is long cont9u$1 w dry up2 b %e will+ly & easily yields x to ! h& t fondles h]1 & all h] looks & movem5ts t[>d h] fri5ds are quiet & mild4 ,! ,ayr%ires 9 _! native c\ntry are g5]ally br$ = ! dairy1 & = no o!r object2 & ! c[s h ju/ly obta9$ a _w-wide reputation = ?is quality4 ,! ox5 are1 h[ev]1 v fair z work+ cattle1 ?\gh !y _c be said to excel o!r bre$s 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,ayr%ire /e] maybe f$ & turn$ at ?ree ye>s old2 b = fe$+ purposes ! ,ayr%ires are greatly improv$ by a cross ) ! %ort horns1 provid$ reg>d is _h to ! size ( ! animal4 ,x is ! op9ion ( good bre$]s t a high-br$ %ort horn bull & a l>ge-siz$ ,ayr%ire c[ w produce a calf :i* w come to maturity e>li]1 & atta9 great] weight1 & sell = m money ?an a pure-br$ ,ayr%ire4 ,?is cross1 ) fe$+ f ! />t1 may be sold fat at two or ?ree ye>s old1 ! improvem5t be+ mo/ noticeable 9 ! e>li] maturity & size4 ,9 ! ,cross ) ! %ort horn1 ! =m ord9>ily becomes m symmetrical1 :ile !re is1 p]haps1 little risk ( less5+ ! milk+ qualities ( ! (fspr+1 if suffici5t reg>d is paid to ! selection ( ! individual animals to bre$ f4 ,x is ?\ght by "s t 9 ! bre$+ ( animals x is ! male :i* gives ! ext]nal =m1 or ! bony & muscul> sy/em ( ! "y1 :ile ! female imp>ts ! respiratory organs1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 ! organs ( secretion1 & ! l4 ,if ?is pr9ciple be true1 x foll[s t ! milk+ qualities come *iefly f ! "m1 & t ! bull _c mat]ially alt] ! conditions :i* det]m9e ! transmission ( ^! qualities1 especially :5 !y are z /rongly m>k$ z !y are 9 ?is bre$4 ,until1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 moot$ que/ions connect$ ) bre$+ are def9itively settl$1 x is ! safe/ plan1 9 bre$+ = ! dairy1 to adh]e to ! rule ( select+ only animals ^: prog5itors on bo? sides h be5 di/+ui%$ = _! milk+ qualities4 ,x may be /at$1 9 conclusion1 t = purely dairy purposes ! ,ayr%ire c[ des]ves ! fir/ place4 ,9 consequ5ce ( h] small1 symmetrical1 & compact body1 comb9$ ) a well-=m$ *e/ & a capaci\s /oma*1 !re is little wa/e1 comp>atively speak+1 ?r\gh ! respiratory sy/em2 :ile at ! same "t !re is v complete assimilation ( ! food1 & ?us %e conv]ts a v l>ge proportion ( h] food into milk4 ,s rem>kable is ?is fact1 t all dairy f>m]s :o h any exp]i5ce on ! po9t1 agree 9 /at+ t an ,ayr%ire c[ g5]ally gives a l>g] return ( milk = ! food consum$ ?an a c[ ( any o!r bre$4 ,! absolute quality may n be s great1 b x is obta9$ at a less co/2 & ?is is ! po9t ^u :i* ! "q ( pr(it dep5ds4 ,! be/ milk]s :i* h be5 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry 7 grade ,ayr%ires1 l>g] 9 size ?an ! pure bloods1 b /ill suffici5tly high grades to give c]ta9 signs ( _! orig94 ,?is grade w\ld seem to possess ! advantage ( comb9+1 to "s ext5t1 ! two qualities ( milk+ & adaptation to beef2 & ?is is no small recomm5dation ( ! /ock to f>m]s situat$ z ,am]ican f>m]s are1 :o wi% = milk = "s ye>s & !n to turn ov] to ! but*]4 ,,! ,,j]sey4 ,^! cattle are n[ widely kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_m ( !m h be5 import$ f an isl& ( ! same "n 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel1 ne> ! coa/ ( ,france1 & !y may n[ be consid]$1 = all practical purposes1 z fully acclimat$4 ,!y 7 fir/ introduc$1 upw>d ( ?irty ye>s ago1 f ! *annel isl&s1 ,ald]ney1 ,gu]nsey1 & ,j]sey4 ,?is race is suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally d]iv$ f ,norm&y1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,france4 ,! c[s h be5 long celebrat$ = ! production ( v ri* milk & cream1 b till )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s !y 7 comp>atively co>se1 ugly1 & ill-%ap$4 ,improvem5ts h be5 v m>k$1 b ! =m ( ! animal is /ill f> f satisfy+ ! eye4 ,! head ( ! pure ,j]sey is f9e & tap]+1 ! *eek small1 ! ?roat clean1 ! muzzle f9e & encircl$ ) a light /ripe1 ! no/ril high & op52 ! horns smoo?1 crumpl$1 b n v ?ick at ! base1 tap]+ & tipp$ ) black2 e>s small & ?91 deep orange color inside2 eyes full & placid2 neck /raight & f9e2 *e/ broad & deep2 b>rel ho($1 broad & deep1 well ribb$ up2 back /raight f ! )]s to ! hip1 & f ! top ( ! hip to ! sett+ ( ! tail2 tail f9e1 at "r angles ) ! back1 & hang+ d[n to ! hocks2 sk9 ?91 light color1 & mell[1 cov]$ ) f9e s(t hair2 =e legs %ort1 /raight & f9e bel[ ! knee1 arm swell+ & full above2 h9d qu>t]s long & well fill$2 h9d legs %ort & /raight bel[ ! hocks1 ) bones r f9e1 squ>ely plac$1 & n too close toge!r2 ho(s small2 udd] full 9 size1 9 l9e ) ! belly1 ext5d+ well up beh9d2 teats ( m$ium size1 squ>ely plac$ & wide ap>t1 & milk-ve9s v prom95t4 ,! color is g5]ally cream1 dun1 or yell[1 ) m or less ( :ite1 & ! f9e head & neck give ! c[s & heif]s a fawn-l appe>ance1 & make !m objects ( attraction 9 ! p>k2 b ! h9d qu>t]s are (t5 too n>r[ to "w well1 p>ticul>ly to ^? :o judge animals by ! am\nt ( fat :i* !y c>ry4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t a good race ( animals is n always ! mo/ beautiful1 z t t]m is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,beauty 9 /ock has no inv>iable /&>d4 ,9 ! e/imation ( "s1 x results ma9ly f f9e =ms1 small bones1 & close1 compact frames2 :ile o!rs consid] t /ructure ! mo/ p]fect1 & !re=e ! mo/ beautiful1 :i* is be/ adapt$ to ! use = :i* x is de/9$4 ,) su*1 beauty is relative4 ,x is n ! same 9 an animal design$ = beef & 9 "o design$ = ! dairy or = "w4 ,! beauty ( a mil* c[ is ! result ( h] good qualities4 ,l>ge milk]s are v r>ely c[s t please ! eye ( any b a skillful judge4 ,!y are g5]ally poor1 s9ce _! food goes ma9ly to ! production ( milk1 & because !y are select$ ) less reg>d to =m ?an to good milk+ qualities4 ,! prevail+ op9ion z to ! beauty ( ! ,j]sey1 is bas$ on ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! c[ :5 9 milk--no exp]im5ts 9 fe$+ exclusively = beef hav+ be5 made public1 & no opportunity to =m a correct judgm5t f actual obs]vation hav+ be5 furni%$2 & x mu/ be confess$ t ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! bre$ w\ld amply ju/ify ! ha/y conclusion4 ,! bulls are usually v diff]5t 9 "* & disposition f ! c[s1 & are mu* incl9$ to become re/ive & cross at ! age ( two or ?ree ye>s1 unless _! treatm5t is uni=mly g5tle & firm4 ,! ,j]sey is to be reg>d$ z a dairy bre$1 & t almo/ exclusively4 ,x w\ld n be s\ght = l>ge dairies kept = ! supply ( milk to cities2 =1 ?\gh ! quality w\ld gratify ! cu/om]1 ! quantity w\ld n satisfy ! own]4 ,! place ( ! ,j]sey c[ is r 9 private e/abli%m5ts1 :]e ! supply ( cream & butt] is a suffici5t object2 or1 9 limit$ numb]s1 to add ri*ness to ! milk ( l>ge butt] dairies4 ,ev5 "o or two good ,j]sey c[s ) a h]d ( fifte5 or tw5ty1 w make a great diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! milk & butt] ( ! :ole e/abli%m5t2 & !y w\ld probably be pr(itable = ?is1 if = no o!r object4 ,,! ,,%ort ,,horns4 ,no bre$ ( cattle has comm&$ m univ]sal admiration dur+ ! la/ half c5tury ?an ! improv$ %ort horns1 ^: orig9 c be trac$ back = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s4 ,accord+ to ! be/ au?orities1 ! /ock :i* =m$ ! basis ( improvem5t exi/$ equally 9 ,york%ire1 ,l9coln%ire1 ,nor?umb]l&1 & ! adjo9+ c\nties2 & ! pre-em95ce 0 accord$ to ,durham1 :i* gave its "n to ! race1 f ! m correct pr9ciples ( bre$+ :i* seem to h obta9$ !re4 ,!re is a dispute among ! mo/ em95t bre$]s z to h[ f> x owes its orig9 to e>ly importations f ,holl&1 :5ce _m sup]ior animals 7 br\ght = ! purpose ( improv+ ! old long horn$ bre$4 ,a l>ge race ( cattle _h exi/$ = _m ye>s on ! we/]n %ores ( ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,z e>ly z #afcc1 !y 7 import$ f ,d5m>k into ,new ,engl& 9 consid]able numb]s1 & ?us laid ! f\ndation ( a valuable /ock 9 f>m+ at a v e>ly date 9 ,holl&1 & exp]i5ce l$ to ! greate/ c>e 9 ! *oice & bre$+ ( dairy /ock4 ,f ^! cattle _m selections 7 made to cross ov] to ! c\nties ( ,york & ,durham4 ,! prevail+ color ( ! l>ge ,dut* cattle 0 black & :ite1 beautifully contra/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,%ort ,,horn ,,bull4 ,! cattle produc$ by ^! crosses a c5tury ago 7 kn[n by ! "n ( ,dut*4 ,! c[s select$ = cross+ ) ! e>ly import$ ,dut* bulls 7 g5]ally long horn$1 l>ge bon$1 co>se animals1 a fair type ( :i* 0 f\nd 9 ! old ,hold]ness bre$ ( ,york%ire--sl[ fe$]s1 /rong 9 ! %\ld]1 defective 9 ! =e qu>t]1 & n v pr(itable to ! but*]1 _! meat be+ co>se & un9vit+4 ,_! milk+ qualities 7 good1 surpass+ ^?1 probably1 ( ! improv$ %ort horns4 ,:atev] may be ! tru? ) reg>d to ^! crosses1 & h[ev] f> !y prov$ effective 9 creat+ or lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n improv$ %ort horns1 ! results ( ! ef=ts made 9 ,york%ire & "s ( ! adjo9+ c\nties 7 nev] s satisfactory to ! be/ judges z ^? ( ! bre$]s along ! ,tees1 :o select$ animals ) great] ref]5ce to f95ess ( bone & symmetry ( =m1 & ! animals !y br$ soon took ! lead & excit$ great emulation 9 improvem5t4 ,importations ( %ort horns h be5 frequ5t & ext5sive into ! ,unit$ ,/ates )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 & ?is fam\s bre$ is n[ pretty g5]ally diffus$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! high-br$ %ort horn is easily prep>$ = a %[1 &1 z fat w cov] faults1 ! temptation is (t5 too great to be resi/$2 & h5ce x is n uncommon to see ! f9e/ animals r5d]$ unfit = bre$+ purposes by ov]-fe$+4 ,! race is susceptible ( bre$+ = ! production ( milk1 z sev]al families %[1 & great milk]s h (t5 be5 kn[n among pure-br$ animals2 b x is m common to f9d x br$ ma9ly = ! but*]1 & kept accord+ly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a well-kn[n fact1 t ! dairies ( ,london are /ock$ *iefly ) %ort horns & ,york%ires1 or high grades betwe5 !m1 :i*1 aft] be+ milk$ z long z pr(itable1 fe$ equal1 or ne>ly s1 to pure-br$ %ort horns4 ,x has be5 said1 by v good au?ority1 t ! %ort horns improve e bre$ ) :i* !y cross4 ,! desirable *>act]i/ics ( ! %ort horn bull may be summ$ up1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! be/ bre$]s1 z foll[s3 ,he %\ld h a %ort b f9e head1 v broad across ! eyes1 tap]+ to ! nose1 ) a no/ril full & prom95t2 ! nose itself %\ld be ( a ri* fle% color2 eyes bright & mild2 e>s some:at l>ge & ?92 horns slightly cov]$ & r flat1 well set on2 a long1 broad1 muscul> neck2 *e/ wide1 deep1 & project+2 %\ld]s f9e1 oblique1 well =m$ into ! *9e2 =e legs %ort1 ) upp] arm l>ge & p[]ful2 b>rel r\nd1 deep1 well-ribb$ horns2 hips wide & level2 back /raight f ! )]s to ! sett+ on ( ! tail1 b %ort f hips to *9e2 sk9 s(t & velvety to ! t\*2 mod]ately ?ick hair1 pl5tiful1 s(t1 & mossy4 ,! c[ has ! same po9ts 9 ! ma91 b h] head is f9]1 long]1 & m tap]+2 neck ?9n] & light]1 & %\ld]s m n>r[ across ! *9e4 ,! a/oni%+ precocity ( ! %ort horns1 _! rem>kable aptitude to fatt51 ! p]fection ( _! =ms1 & ! f95ess ( _! bony /ructure1 give !m an advantage ov] mo/ o!r races :5 ! object ( bre$+ is = ! %ambles4 ,no animal ( any o!r bre$ c s rapidly trans=m ! /ock ( any section ar\nd him z ! improv$ %ort horn bull4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[ t ! high-br$ %ort horns are unexceptionable1 ev5 = beef4 ,! v exagg]ation1 s to speak1 ( ! qualities :i* make !m s valuable = ! improvem5t ( o!r & less p]fect races1 may become a fault :5 want$ = ! table4 ,! v rapidity ) :i* !y increase 9 size is ?\ght by "s to prev5t _! meat f rip5+ up suffici5tly be=e be+ hurri$ (f to ! but*]4 ,! disproportion ( ! fatty to ! muscul> fle%1 f\nd 9 ?is to a great] ext5t ?an 9 races com+ m sl[ly to maturity1 makes ! meat ( ! ?or\gh-br$ %ort horn1 9 ! e/imation ( "s1 less agreeable to ! ta/e1 & less pr(itable to ! consum]2 s9ce ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 true s\rces ( nutrim5t1 are f\nd 9 less quantity ?an 9 ! meat ( animals n s highly br$4 ,9 sections :]e ! climate is moi/1 & ! food abundant & ri*1 "s families ( ! %ort horns may be valuable = ! dairy2 b !y are mo/ frequ5tly br$ exclusively = beef 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 sections :]e !y h atta9$ ! highe/ p]fection ( =m & beauty1 s little is ?\ght ( _! milk+ qualities t !y are (t5 n milk$ at all1 ! calf be+ all[$ to run ) ! dam4 ,,! ,,dut*4 ,?is %ort horn$ race1 9 ! op9ion ( _m--z has be5 previ\sly rem>k$--contribut$ l>gely1 ab\t a c5tury ago1 to build up ! ,durham or ,teeswat] /ock4 ,x has be5 br$ ) special ref]5ce to dairy qualities1 & is em95tly adapt$ to supply ! wants ( ! dairy f>m]4 ,! c[s ( ,nor? ,holl& n only give a l>ge quantity1 b also a v good quality1 s t a yield ( sixte5 to tw5ty-five qu>ts1 w9e measure1 at e milk+1 is n r>e4 ,! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! inhabitants ( ,holl& practise1 9 select+ a c[ f :i* to bre$1 are z foll[s3 ,%e %\ld h1 !y say1 consid]able size--n less ?an f\r & a half or five feet gir?1 ) a l5g? ( body correspond+2 legs proportionally %ort2 a f9ely =m$ head1 ) a =ehead or face some:at concave2 cle>1 l>ge1 mild & sp>kl+ eyes1 yet ) no expression ( wildness2 tol]ably l>ge & /\t e>s1 /&+ out f ! head2 f9e1 well curv$ horns2 a r %ort1 ?an long1 ?ick1 broad neck1 well set aga9/ ! *e/ & )]s2 ! front "p ( ! brea/ & %\ld]s mu/ be broad & fle%y2 ! l[-hang+ dewlap mu/ be s(t to ! t\*2 ! back & lo9s mu/ be prop]ly project$1 some:at broad1 ! bones n too %>p1 b well cov]$ ) fle%2 ! animal %\ld h long curv$ ribs1 :i* =m a broad brea/ bone2 ! body mu/ be r\nd & deep1 b n sunk5 into a hang+ belly2 ! rump mu/ n be unev51 ! hip-bones %\ld n /& out too broad & spread+1 b all ! p>ts %\ld be level & well fill$ up2 a f9e tail1 set mod]ately high up & tol]ably long1 b sl5d]1 ) a ?ick1 bu%y tuft ( hair at ! end1 hang+ d[n bel[ ! hocks2 ! legs mu/ be %ort & l[1 b /rong 9 ! bony /ructure2 ! knees broad1 ) flexible jo9ts2 ! muscles & s9ews mu/ be firm & s\nd1 ! ho(s broad & flat1 & ! position ( ! legs natural1 n too close & cr[d$2 ! hide1 cov]$ ) f9e glossy hair1 mu/ be s(t & mell[ to ! t\*1 & set loose ^u ! body4 ,a l>ge1 r long1 :ite & loose udd]1 ext5d+ well back1 ) f\r long teats1 s]ves also z a *>act]i/ic m>k ( a good mil* c[4 ,l>ge & prom95t milk-ve9s mu/ ext5d f ! navel back to ! udd]2 ! belly ( a good mil* c[ %\ld n be too deep & hang+4 ,! color ( ! ,nor? ,dut* cattle is mo/ly v>iegat$4 ,c[s ) only "o color are no favorites4 ,r$ or black v>iegat$1 gray & blue v>iegat$1 roan1 spott$ & :ite v>iegat$ c[s1 are especially lik$4 ,,! ,,h]e=d4 ,^! cattle d]ive _! "n f a c\nty 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,engl&4 ,_! g5]al *>act]i/ics are a :ite face1 sometimes mottl$2 :ite ?roat1 ! :ite g5]ally ext5d+ back on ! neck1 & sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 /ill fur!r along on ! back4 ,! color ( ! re/ ( ! body is r$1 g5]ally d>k1 b sometimes light4 ,eighty ye>s ago ! be/ ,h]e=d cattle 7 mottl$ or roan all ov]2 & "s ( ! be/ h]ds1 d[n to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 7 ei!r all mottl$1 or _h ! mottl$ or speckl$ face4 ,! expression ( ! face is mild & lively2 ! =ehead op51 broad1 & l>ge2 ! eyes bright & full ( vivacity2 ! horns glossy1 sl5d] & spread+2 ! head small1 ?\gh l>g] ?an1 & n q s cle> z1 t ( ! ,devons2 ! l[] jaw f9e2 neck long & sl5d]2 *e/ deep2 brea/-bone l>ge1 prom95t1 & v muscul>2 ! %\ld]-blade light2 %\ld] full & s(t2 brisket & lo9s l>ge2 hips well develop$1 & on a level ) ! *9e2 h9d qu>t]s long & well fill$ 92 buttocks on a level ) ! back1 nei!r fall+ (f nor rais$ above ! h9d qu>t]s2 tail sl5d]1 well set on2 hair f9e & s(t2 body r\nd & full2 c>cass deep & well =m$1 or cyl9drical2 bone small2 ?igh %ort & well made2 legs %ort & /raight1 & sl5d] bel[ ! knee2 z h&l]s v excell5t1 especially mell[ to ! t\* on ! back1 ! %\ld]1 & along ! sides1 ! sk9 be+ s(t1 flexible1 ( m$ium ?ickness1 roll+ on ! neck & ! hips2 hair bright2 face almo/ b>e1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( pure ,h]e=ds4 ,!y belong to ! middle horn$ division ( ! cattle ( ,great ,brita91 to :i* !y are indig5\s1 & h be5 improv$ )9 ! la/ c5tury by c>eful selections4 ,h]e=d ox5 are excell5t animals1 less active b /rong] ?an ! ,devons1 & v free & docile4 ,! dem& = ,h]e=ds = beef prev5ts _! be+ mu* us$ = "w 9 _! native c\nty1 & ! f>m]s !re g5]ally use horses in/ead ( ox54 ,x is g5]ally conc$$ t ! qualities 9 :i* ,h]e=ds /& pre-em95t among ! middle-siz$ bre$s are 9 ! production ( ox5 & _! sup]iority ( fle%4 ,on ^! po9ts !re is little *ance ( _! be+ excell$4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ! be/ ox5 are n produc$ f ! l>ge/ c[s2 nor is a sup]ior quality ( fle%1 su* z is consid]$ v s(t to ! t\*1 ) ?9 sk94 ,x is ! union ( ^! two qualities :i* (t5 *>act]izes ! %ort horns2 b ,h]e=d bre$]s--z a rec5t writ] rem>ks--%\ld endeavor to ma9ta9 a high] /&>d ( excell5ce--t = :i* ! be/ ( ! bre$ h always be5 e/eem$--a mod]ately ?ick1 mell[ hide1 ) a well apportion$ comb9ation ( s(tness ) ela/icity4 ,a suffici5cy ( hair is also desirable1 & if accompani$ ) a disposition to curl mod]ately1 x is m 9 e/eem2 b t :i* has a h>% & wiry feel is objectionable4 ,9 po9t ( symmetry & beauty ( =m1 ! well br$ ,h]e=ds may be class$ ) ! improv$ %ort horns1 ?\gh !y arrive some:at m sl[ly at maturity1 & nev] atta9 su* weight4 ,l ! improv$ %ort horns1 !y are *iefly br$ = beef1 & _! beef is ( ! be/ quality 9 ! ,engli% m>kets1 comm&+ ! highe/ price ( any1 except p]haps1 ! ,we/ ,highl&]s4 ,! %ort horn produces m beef at ! same age ?an ! ,h]e=d1 b consumes m food 9 proportion4 ,! ,h]e=ds are f> less g5]ally spread ov] ,engl& ?an ! improv$ %ort horns4 ,!y h seldom be5 br$ = milk1 z "s families ( ! latt] h2 & x is n v unusual to f9d pure-br$ c[s incapable ( supply+ milk suffici5t to n\ri% _! calves4 ,!y h be5 import$ to ?is c\ntry to "s ext5t1 & sev]al f9e h]ds exi/ 9 diff]5t sections2 ! e>lie/ importations be+ ^? ( ,h5ry ,clay1 ( ,k5tucky1 9 #ahag4 ,! want ( c>e & att5tion to ! udd]1 soon aft] calv+1 especially if ! c[ be on luxuriant grass1 (t5 injures h] milk+ prop]ties exce$+ly4 ,! practice 9 ! c\nty ( ,h]e=d has g5]ally be5 to let ! calves suckle f f\r to six mon?s1 & bull calves (t5 run eight mon?s ) ! c[4 ,b _! dairy qualities are p]haps z good z ^? ( any cattle ^: fatt5+ prop]ties h be5 s c>efully develop$2 &1 ?\gh x is probable t !y c\ld be br$ = milk ) prop] c>e & att5tion1 yet1 z ?is *ange w\ld be at ! exp5se ( o!r qualities equally valuable1 x w\ld evid5tly be wis] to resort to o!r /ock = ! dairy4 ,,! ,,nor? ,,devons4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,nor? ,,devon ,,/e]4 ,?is beautiful race ( middle horn$ cattle dates fur!r back ?an any well e/abli%$ bre$ among u4 ,x goes g5]ally "u ! simple "n ( ,devon2 b ! cattle ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry1 f :i* ! race d]ives its "n1 diff] some:at f ^? ( ! nor!rn1 hav+ a l>g] & co>s] frame1 & f> less t5d5cy to fatt5 ?\gh _! dairy qualities are sup]ior4 ,! ,nor? ,devons are rem>kable = h>dihood1 symmetry & beauty1 & are g5]ally br$ = "w & = beef1 r ?an = ! dairy4 ,! head is f9e & well set on2 ! horns ( m$ium l5g?1 g5]ally curv$2 color usually bright blood-r$1 b sometimes incl9+ to yell[2 sk9 ?9 & orange-yell[2 hair ( m$ium l5g?1 s(t & silky1 mak+ ! animals rem>kable z h&l]s2 muzzle ( ! nose :ite2 eyes full & mild2 e>s yell[i%1 or orange-color inside1 ( mod]ate size2 neck r long1 ) little dewlap2 %\ld]s oblique2 legs small & /raight1 ) feet 9 proportion2 *e/ ( good wid?2 ribs r\nd & exp&$2 lo9s ( fir/-rate quality1 long1 wide1 & fle%y2 hips r\nd1 ( m$ium wid?2 rump level2 tail full ne> ! sett+ on1 tap]+ to ! tip2 ?ighs ( ! bull & ox muscul> & full1 & high 9 ! flank1 ?\gh 9 ! c[ sometimes ?\ght to be light2 ! size m$ium1 g5]ally call$ small4 ,! proportion ( meat on ! valuable p>ts is great]1 & ! (fal less1 ?an on mo/ o!r bre$s1 :ile x is well settl$ t !y consume less food 9 its production4 ,! ,devons are popul> ) ! ,smi?field but*]s1 & _! beef is well m>bl$ or gra9$4 ,z work+ ox51 ! ,devons p]haps excel all o!r races 9 quickness1 docility1 beauty1 & ! ease ) :i* !y are mat*$4 ,) a reasonable load1 !y are said to be equal to horses z walk]s on ! road1 & :5 !y are no long] want$ = "w !y fatt5 easily & turn well4 ,z milk]s1 !y d n excel--p]haps !y may be said n to equal--! o!r bre$s1 & !y h a reputation ( be+ decid$ly bel[ ! av]age4 ,9 _! native c\ntry ! g5]al av]age ( ! dairy is "o p\nd ( butt] a day dur+ ! summ]4 ,!y are br$ = beef & = "w1 & n = ! dairy2 & _! yield ( milk is small1 ?\gh ( a ri* quality4 ,sev]al animals1 h[ev]1 ( ! celebrat$ ,patt]son h]d w\ld h be5 rem>kable z milk]s ev5 among good milk+ /ock4 ,/ill1 ! faults ( ! ,nor? ,devon c[1 consid]$ z a dairy animal1 are too m>k$ to be ov]look$4 ,! rotundity ( =m & compactness ( frame1 ?\gh !y contribute to h] rem>kable beauty con/itute an objection to h] = ?is purpose3 s9ce x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! peculi>ity ( =m :i* disposes an animal to take on fat is some:at incompatible ) good milk+ qualities4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ,y\att--:o is /&>d au?ority 9 su* matt]s--says t = ! dairy ! ,nor? ,devon mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be inf]ior to sev]al o!r bre$s4 ,! milk is good1 & yields m ?an ! av]age proportion ( cream & butt]2 b x is defici5t 9 quantity4 ,he also ma9ta9s t its prop]ty z a milk] c\ld n be improv$ )\t produc+ a c]ta9 detrim5t to its graz+ qualities4 ,di/+ui%$ ,devon bre$]s !mselves h come to ! same conclusion ^u ?is po9t4 ,! improv$ ,nor? ,devon c[ may be class$1 9 ?is respect1 ) ! ,h]e=d1 nei!r ( :i* has well develop$ milk-vessels--a po9t ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce to ! practical dairyman4 ,,native ,,cattle4 ,! =ego+ comprise ! pure-br$ races 9 ,am]ica2 =1 ?\gh o!r & well-e/abli%$ bre$s--l ! ,gall[ays1 ! long horns1 ! ,spani%1 & o!rs--h1 at times1 be5 import$1 & h _h "s influ5ce on our ,am]ican /ock1 yet !y h n be5 kept di/9ct to su* an ext5t z to become ! prevail+ /ock ( any p>ticul> section4 ,a l>ge proportion1 h[ev]--by f> ! l>ge/ proportion1 inde$--( ! cattle kn[n among u _c be includ$ "u any ( ! races to :i* allusion has be5 made2 & to ! consid]ation ( ?is class ! pres5t article is devot$4 ,! t]m bre$--z 0 set =? 9 ! au?or's treatise1 ,! ,horse & 8 ,diseases--:5 prop]ly und]/ood1 applies only to animals ( ! same species1 possess+1 besides ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( t species1 o!r *>act]i/ics peculi> to !mselves1 :i* !y owe to ! influ5ce ( soil1 climate1 n\ri%m5t1 & ! habits ( life to :i* !y are subject$1 & :i* !y transmit ) c]ta9ty to _! prog5y4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( c]ta9 bre$s or families are s well m>k$1 t1 if an individual suppos$ to belong to any "o ( !m 7 to produce an (fspr+ n possess+ !m1 or possess+ !m only 9 "p1 ) o!rs n belong+ to ! bre$1 x w\ld be j gr\nd = suspect+ a want ( purity ( bloods4 ,9 ?is view1 no grade animals1 & no animals de/itute ( fix$ peculi>ities or *>act]i/ics :i* !y1 %>e 9 common ) all o!r animals ( ! class ( :i* !y are a type1 & :i* !y are capable ( transmitt+ ) c]ta9ty to _! desc5dants1 c be recogniz$ by bre$]s z belong+ to any "o di/9ct race1 bre$1 or family4 ,! t]m native is appli$ to a va/ majority ( our ,am]ican cattle1 :i*1 ?\gh born on ! soil1 & ?us 9 "o s5se natives1 d n con/itute a bre$1 race1 or family1 z correctly und]/ood by bre$]s4 ,!y d n possess *>act]i/ics peculi> to !m all1 :i* !y transmit ) any c]ta9ty to _! (fspr+1 ei!r ( =m1 size1 color1 milk+ or work+ prop]ties4 ,b1 ?\gh an animal may be made up ( a mixture ( blood almo/ to impurity1 x does n foll[ t1 = specific purposes1 x may n1 z an individual animal1 be "o ( ! be/ ( ! species4 ,inde$1 = p>ticul> purposes1 animals might be select$ f among ^? commonly call$ natives 9 ,new ,engl&1 & scrubs at ! we/ & s\?1 equal1 & p]haps sup]ior1 to any among ! races produc$ by ! mo/ skillful bre$+4 ,!re c be no objection1 !re=e1 to ! use ( ! t]m native1 :5 x is und]/ood z descriptive ( no kn[n bre$1 b only z appli$ to ! common /ock ( a c\ntry1 :i* does n con/itute a bre$4 ,b p]haps ! entire class ( animals commonly call$ natives w\ld be m accurately describ$ z grades2 s9ce !y are well kn[n to h sprung f a great v>iety ( cattle procur$ at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t places on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! ,spani% ,we/ ,indies1 br\ght toge!r )\t any reg>d to fix$ pr9ciples ( bre$+1 b only f individual conv5i5ce1 & by accid5t4 ,! fir/ importations to ?is c\ntry 7 d\btless ^? tak5 to ,virg9ia previ\s to #afji1 ?\gh ! exact date ( _! arrival is n kn[n4 ,sev]al c[s 7 c>ri$ !re f ! ,we/ ,indies 9 #afaj1 & 9 ! next ye> no less ?an "o hundr$ arriv$ !re f abroad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,draft ,,ox54 ,! e>lie/ cattle import$ into ,new ,engl& arriv$ 9 #afbd4 ,at ! division ( cattle :i* took place ?ree ye>s aft]1 "o or two are di/9ctly describ$ z black1 or black & :ite1 o!rs z br9dle1 %[+ t !re 0 no uni=mity ( color4 ,soon aft] ?is1 a l>ge numb] ( cattle 7 br\ght ov] f ,engl& = ! settl]s at ,salem4 ,^! importations =m$ ! orig9al /ock ( ,massa*usetts4 ,9 #agbe1 ! fir/ importation 0 made into ,new ,york f ,holl& by ! ,dut* ,we/ ,india ,company1 & ! f\ndation 0 !n laid = an exce$+ly valuable race ( animals1 :i*1 subsequ5t importations f ! same c\ntry1 z well z f ,engl&1 h greatly improv$4 ,! po9ts & value ( ?is race 9 its purity h be5 already adv]t$ to "u ! head ( ! ,dut* cattle4 ,9 #afbg1 cattle 7 br\ght f ,sw$5 to ! settlem5ts on ! ,delaw>e1 by ! ,sw$i% ,we/ ,india ,company4 ,9 #afca1 #afcb1 & #afcc1 sev]al importations 7 made into ,new ,hamp%ire by ,capta9 ,john ,mason :o1 ) ,gorges1 _h procur$ ! pat5t ( l>ge tracts ( l& 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,piscataqua riv]1 & :o imm$iately =m$ settlem5ts !re4 ,! object ( ,mason 0 to c>ry on ! manufacture ( pota%4 ,= ?is purpose he employ$ ! ,danes2 & x 0 9 8 voyage to & f ,d5m>k t he procur$ _m ,dani% cattle & horses1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly scatt]$ ov] t entire region1 l>ge numb]s be+ driv5 to ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on & sold4 ,^! ,dani% cattle are describ$ z l>ge & co>se1 ( a yell[ color2 & x is suppos$ t !y 7 procur$ by ,mason z be+ be/ capable ( endur+ ! sev]ity ( ! climate & ! h>d%ips to :i* !y w\ld be subject$4 ,h[ev] ?is may h be51 !y v soon spread among ! coloni/s ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay1 & h und\bt$ly left _! m>ks on ! /ock ( ! ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates1 :i* exi/ to "s ext5t ev5 to ! pres5t day1 mix$ 9 ) an inf9ite multitude ( crosses ) ! ,devons1 ! ,dut* cattle already allud$ to1 ! black cattle ( ,spa9 & ,wales1 & ! long horn & ! %ort horn--mo/ ( :i* crosses 7 accid5tal1 or due to local circum/ances or individual conv5i5ce4 ,_m ( ^! cattle1 ! desc5dants ( su* crosses1 are ( a v high ord] ( m]it2 b to :i* p>ticul> cross ?is is due1 x is impossible to say4 ,!y g5]ally make h>dy1 /rong1 & docile ox51 easily brok5 to ! yoke & quick to "w1 ) a fair t5d5cy to fatt5 :5 well f$2 :ile ! c[s1 ?\gh (t5 ill-%ap$1 are sometimes rem>kably good milk]s1 especially z reg>ds ! quantity :i* !y give4 ,inde$1 x has be5 rem>k$ by excell5t judges ( /ock1 t if !y desir$ to select a dairy ( c[s = milk = sale1 !y w\ld make _! selection f c[s commonly call$ native1 9 pref]5ce to pure-br$ animals ( any ( ! e/abli%$ bre$s1 & t !y believ$ !y %\ld f9d su* a dairy ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,9 color1 ! natives1 made up z already indicat$1 are exce$+ly v>i\s4 ,! old ,d5m>ks1 :i* to a consid]able ext5t laid ! f\ndation ( ! /ock ( ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire1 7 light yell[4 ,! ,dut* ( ,new ,york & ! ,middle ,/ates1 7 black & :ite2 ! ,spani% & ,wel% 7 g5]ally black2 ! ,devons1 :i* are suppos$ to h laid ! f\ndation ( ! /ock ( "s ( ! ,/ates1 7 r$4 ,crosses ( ! ,d5m>k ) ! ,spani% & ,wel% naturally made a d>k br9dle2 crosses ( ! ,devon (t5 made a light] or yell[i% br9dle :ile ! m rec5t importations ( ,j]seys & %ort horns h g5]ally produc$ a beautiful spott$ prog5y4 ,! deep r$ has long be5 a favorite color 9 ,new ,engl&2 b ! prejudice 9 its favor is fa/ giv+ way to m v>iegat$ colors4 ,among ! e>li] importations into ?is c\ntry 7 also sev]al v>ieties ( hornless cattle1 :i* h be5 kept measurably di/9ct 9 "s sections2 or :]e !y h be5 cross$ ) ! common /ock !re has be5 a t5d5cy to produce hornless grades4 ,^! are n unfrequ5tly kn[n z buffalo cattle4 ,!y 71 9 _m cases1 suppos$ to belong to ! ,gall[ay bre$2 or1 :i* is m likely1 to ! ,suffolk dun1 a v>iety ( ! ,gall[ay1 & a f> bett] milk+ /ock ?an ! ,gall[ays1 f :i*1 x sprung4 ,^! poll$1 or hornless cattle v>y 9 color & qualities1 b !y are usually v good milk]s :5 well kept1 & _m ( !m fatt5 well1 & atta9 good weight4 ,! ,hung>ian cattle h also be5 import$1 to "s ext5t1 into diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & h be5 cross$ ^u ! natives ) "s success4 ,_m o!r /ra9s ( blood f diff]5t bre$s h also contribut$ to build up ! common /ock ( ! c\ntry ( ! pres5t day2 & !re c be no "q t its appe>ance & value h be5 l>gely improv$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 nor t improvem5ts are /ill 9 progress :i* w lead to satisfactory results 9 ! future4 ,b1 ?\gh we already h an exce$+ly valuable f\ndation = improvem5t1 no "o w pret5d to d5y t our cattle1 z a :ole1 are susceptible ( x 9 _m respects4 ,!y possess nei!r ! size1 ! symmetry1 nor ! e>ly maturity ( ! %ort horns2 !y d n1 z a g5]al ?+1 possess ! f95ess ( bone1 ! beauty ( =m & color1 nor ! activity ( ! ,devons or ! ,h]e=ds2 !y d n possess t uni=m ri*ness ( milk1 unit$ ) g5]\s quality1 ( ! ,ayr%ires1 nor ! surpass+ ri*ness ( milk ( ! ,j]seys3 b1 above all1 !y d n possess ! p[] ( transmitt+ ! _m good qualities :i* !y (t5 h to _! (fspr+--:i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( all well e/abli%$ bre$s4 ,x is equally c]ta91 9 ! op9ion ( _m good judges1 t ! dairy /ock ( ! c\ntry has n be5 mat]ially improv$ 9 its intr9sic good qualities dur+ ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,?is may n be true ( c]ta9 sections1 :]e ! dairy has be5 made a special object ( pursuit1 & :]e ! cu/om ( rais+ ! be/ male calves ( ! neighborhood1 or ^? t came f ! be/ dairy c[s1 & !n ( us+ only ! be/ =m$ bulls1 has long prevail$4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is way "s progress has1 d\btless1 be5 made1 !re are /ill room & ne$ = m4 ,m att5tion mu/ be paid to correct pr9ciples ( bre$+ be=e ! satisfactory results :i* e f>m] %\ld /rive to rea* c be atta9$4 ,hav+ glanc$ g5]ally at ! lead+ bre$s ( cattle 9 ,great ,brita91 & exam9$1 m 9 detail1 ! v>i\s bre$s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! next subject dem&+ att5tion is1 ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,cattle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skeleton ,,( ,,! ,,ox ,,z ,,cov]$ ,,by ,,! ,,muscles4 #a4 ,! upp] jaw-bone4 #b4 ,! nasal bone1 or bone ( ! nose4 #c4 ,! la*rymal bone4 #d4 ,! mal>1 or *eek bone4 #e4 ,! frontal bone1 or bone ( ! =ehead4 #f4 ,! horns1 be+ processes or cont9uations ( ! frontal4 #g4 ,! temporal bone4 #h4 ,! p>ietal bone1 l[ 9 ! temporal fossa4 #i4 ,! occipital bone1 deeply depress$ bel[ ! cre/ or ridge ( ! head4 #aj4 ,! l[] jaw4 #aa4 ,! gr9d]s4 #ab4 ,! nipp]s1 f\nd on ! l[] jaw alone4 #ac4 ,! ligam5t ( ! neck1 & its atta*m5ts4 #ad4 ,! atlas4 #af4 ,! d5tata4 #ag4 ,! orbits ( ! eye4 #ah4 ,! v]tebrae1 or bones ( ! neck4 #ai4 ,! bones ( ! back4 #bj4 ,! bones ( ! lo9s4 #ba4 ,! sacrum4 #bb4 ,! bones ( ! tail4 #bc4 ,! haun* & pelvis4 #bd4 ,! eight true ribs4 #be4 ,! false ribs1 ) _! c>tilages4 #bf4 ,! /]num4 #bg4 ,! scapula1 or %\ld]-blade4 #bh4 ,! hum]us1 or l[] bone ( ! %\ld]4 #bi4 ,! radius1 or pr9cipal bone ( ! arm4 #dj4 ,! ulna1 its upp] "p =m+ ! elb[4 #da4 ,! small bones ( ! knee4 #db4 ,! l>ge metac>pal or %ank bone4 #dc4 ,! small] or spl9t bone4 #dd4 ,! sessamoid bones4 #de4 ,! bifurcation at ! pa/]ns1 & ! two l>g] pa/]ns to ea* foot4 #df4 ,! two small] pa/]ns to ea* foot4 #dg4 ,! two c(f9 bones to ea* foot4 #dh4 ,! navicul> bones4 #di4 ,! ?igh bone4 #ej4 ,! patella1 or bone ( ! knee4 #ea4 ,! tibia1 or prop] leg bone4 #eb4 ,! po9t ( ! hock4 #ec4 ,! small bones ( ! hock4 #ed4 ,! metat>sals1 or l>g] bones ( ! h9d leg4 #ee4 ,! pa/]ns & feet4 ,,division4 ,v]tebrata--possess+ a back-bone4 ,,class4 ,mammalia--su* z give suck4 ,,ord]4 ,rum9antia--*ew+ ! cud4 ,,family4 ,) horns4 ,,g5us4 ,bovidae--! ox tribe4 ,( ?is tribe !re are eight species3 ,bos urus1 ! anci5t bison4 ,bos bison1 ! ,am]ican buffalo4 ,bos mos*atus1 ! musk ox4 ,bos frontalis1 ! gayal4 ,bos grunni5s1 ! grunt+ ox4 ,bos caff]1 ! ,s\? ,african buffalo4 ,bos bubalus1 ! common buffalo4 ,bos taurus1 ! common dome/ic ox4 ,,ge/ation4 ,! usual p]iod ( pregnancy 9 a c[ is n9e cal5d> mon?s1 & some?+ ov]3 at times z mu* z ?ree weeks4 ,) "o ?\s& & ?irty "o c[s1 ^: ge/ations 7 c>efully obs]v$ 9 ,france1 ! av]age p]iod 0 ab\t two hundr$ & eighty-five days4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,tee?4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance to be able to judge ( ! age ( a c[4 ,few f>m]s wi% to pur*ase a c[ = ! dairy aft] %e has pass$ h] prime1 :i* w ord9>ily be at ! age ( n9e or t5 ye>s1 v>y+1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to c>e1 fe$+1 c41 9 ! e>li] "p ( h] life4 ,! common me?od ( =m+ an e/imate ( ! age ( cattle is by an exam9ation ( ! horn4 ,at ?ree ye>s old1 z a g5]al rule1 ! horns are p]fectly smoo?2 aft] ?is1 a r+ appe>s ne> ! nob1 & annually aft]w>d a new "o is =m$1 s t1 by add+ two ye>s to ! fir/ r+1 ! age is calculat$4 ,?is is a v unc]ta9 mode ( judg+4 ,! r+s are di/9ct only 9 ! c[2 & x is well kn[n t if a heif] goes to bull :5 %e is two ye>s old1 or a little be=e or aft] t "t1 a *ange takes place 9 ! horn & ! fir/ r+ appe>s2 s t a real ?ree-ye>-old w\ld c>ry ! m>k ( a f\r-ye>-old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tee? ,,at ,,bir?4 ,! r+s on ! horns ( a bull are ei!r n se5 until five1 or !y _c be trac$ at all2 :ile 9 ! ox !y d n appe> till he is five ye>s old1 & !n are (t5 v indi/9ct4 ,9 addition to ?is1 x is by no means an uncommon practice to file ! horns1 s z to make !m smoo?1 & to give ! animal ! appe>ance ( be+ mu* y\ng] ?an x really is4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 an exce$+ly fallaci\s guide1 & _c be reli$ ^u by any "o ) ! degree ( confid5ce desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,second ,,week4 ,! sure/ indication ( ! age 9 cattle1 z 9 ! horse1 is giv5 by ! tee?4 ,! calf1 at bir?1 w usually h two incisor or front tee?--9 "s cases j appe>+ ?r\gh ! gums2 9 o!rs1 fully set1 v>y+ z ! c[ falls %ort (1 or exce$s1 h] regul> "t ( calv+4 ,if %e ov]runs sev]al days1 ! tee? w h set & atta9$ consid]able size1 z appe>s 9 ! cut repres5t+ tee? at bir?4 ,dur+ ! second week1 a too? w usually be add$ on ea* side1 & ! m\? w g5]ally appe> z 9 ! next cut2 & be=e ! end ( ! ?ird week1 ! animal w g5]ally h six incisor tee?1 z d5ot$ 9 ! cut repres5t+ tee? at ! ?ird week2 & 9 a week f t "t ! full numb] ( incisors w h appe>$1 z se5 9 ! next cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,weeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mon?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,five ,,to ,,eight ,,mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5 ,,mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,twelve ,,mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fifte5 ,,mon?s4 ,^! tee? are tempor>y1 & are (t5 call$ milk-tee?4 ,_! edge is v %>p2 & z ! animal beg9s to live ^u m solid food1 ?is edge becomes worn1 %[+ ! bony "p ( ! too? b5ea?1 & indicates ) consid]able precision ! l5g? ( "t !y h be5 us$4 ,! c5tre1 or olde/ tee? %[ ! m>ks ( age fir/1 & (t5 become some:at worn be=e ! corn] tee? appe>4 ,at eight weeks1 ! f\r inn] tee? are ne>ly z %>p z be=e4 ,!y appe> worn n s mu* on ! out] edge or l9e ( ! too?1 z inside ?is l9e2 b1 aft] ?is1 ! edge beg9s gradually to lose its %>pness1 & to pres5t a m flatt5$ surface2 :ile ! next out] tee? we> d[n l ! f\r c5tral ones2 & at ?ree mon?s ?is we>+ (f is v app>5t1 till at f\r mon?s all ! incisor tee? appe> worn1 b ! inn] ones ! mo/4 ,n[ ! tee? beg9 sl[ly to dim9i% 9 size by a k9d ( contraction1 z well z we>+ d[n1 & ! di/ance ap>t becomes m & m app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eighte5 ,,mon?s4 ,f ! fif? to ! eigh? mon?1 ! inn] tee? w usually appe> z 9 ! cut ( ! tee? at t "t2 & at t5 mon?s1 ?is *ange %[s m cle>ly1 z repres5t$ 9 ! next cut2 & ! spaces betwe5 !m beg9 to %[ v pla9ly1 till at a ye> old !y ord9>ily pres5t ! appe>ance ( ! foll[+ cut2 & at ! age ( fifte5 mon?s1 t %[n 9 ! next1 :]e ! corn] tee? are n m ?an half ! orig9al size1 & ! c5tre ones /ill small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,ye>s ,,pa/4 ,! p]man5t tee? are n[ rapidly gr[+1 & prep>+ to take ! place ( ! milk-tee?1 :i* are gradually absorb$ till !y disappe>1 or are pu%$ out to give place to ! two p]man5t c5tral incisors1 :i* at a ye> & a half w g5]ally pres5t ! appe>ance indicat$ 9 ! cut1 :i* %[s ! int]nal /ructure ( ! l[] jaw at ?is "t1 ) ! cells ( ! tee?1 ! two c5tral ones protrud+ into ! m\?1 ! next two pu%+ up1 b n q gr[n to ! surface1 ) ! ?ird pair j p]ceptible4 ,^! *anges require "t2 & at two ye>s pa/ ! jaw w usually appe> z 9 ! cut1 :]e f\r ( ! p]man5t c5tral incisors are se54 ,aft] ?is1 ! o!r milk-tee? decrease rapidly1 b are sl[ to disappe>2 & at ?ree ye>s old1 ! ?ird pair ( p]man5t tee? are b =m$1 z repres5t$ 9 ! cut2 & at f\r ye>s ! la/ pair ( incisors w be up1 z 9 ! cut ( t age2 b ! outside ones are n yet fully gr[n1 & ! bea/ c h>dly be said to be full-m\!d till ! age ( five ye>s4 ,b be=e ?is age1 or at ! age ( f\r ye>s1 ! two inn] pairs ( p]man5t tee? are beg9n+ to we> at ! edges1 z %[n 9 ! cut2 :ile at five ye>s old ! :ole set becomes some:at worn d[n at ! top1 & on ! two c5tre ones a d>k] l9e appe>s 9 ! middle1 along a l9e ( h>d] bone1 z appe>s 9 ! appropriate cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,,pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f\r ,,ye>s ,,pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,five ,,ye>s ,,pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t5 ,,ye>s ,,pa/4 ,n[ w come a ye> or two1 & sometimes ?ree1 :5 ! tee? d n s cle>ly indicate ! exact age1 & ! judgm5t mu/ be guid$ by ! ext5t to :i* ! d>k middle l9es are worn4 ,?is w dep5d some:at ^u ! exposure & fe$+ ( ! animal2 b at sev5 ye>s ^! l9es ext5d ov] all ! tee?4 ,at eight ye>s1 ano!r *ange beg9s1 :i* _c be mi/ak54 ,a k9d ( absorption beg9s ) ! two c5tral incisors--sl[ at fir/1 b p]ceptible--& ^! two tee? become small] ?an ! re/1 :ile ! d>k l9es are worn into "o 9 all b ! corn] tee?1 till1 at t5 ye>s1 f\r ( ! c5tral incisors h become small] 9 size1 ) a small] & fa9t] m>k1 z indicat$ 9 ! prop] cut4 ,at elev51 ! six inn] tee? are small] ?an ! corn] ones2 & at twelve1 all become small] ?an !y 71 :ile ! d>k l9es are ne>ly gone1 except 9 ! corn] tee?1 & ! inn] edge is worn to ! gum4 ,,po9ts ,,( ,a ,,good ,,c[4 ,aft] satisfaction is af=d$ t\*+ ! age ( a c[1 %e %\ld be exam9$ ) ref]5ce to h] s\ndness ( con/itution4 ,a good con/itution is indicat$ by l>ge lungs1 :i* are f\nd 9 a deep1 broad1 & prom95t *e/1 broad & well-spread ribs1 a respiration some:at sl[ & regul>1 a good appetite1 & if 9 milk a /rong incl9ation to dr9k1 :i* a l>ge secretion ( milk almo/ inv>iably /imulates4 ,9 su* a c[ ! dige/ive organs are active & en]getic1 & !y make an abundance ( good blood1 :i* 9 turn /imulates ! activity ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & furni%es ! milky gl&s ) ! means ( abundant secretion4 ,su* a c[1 :5 dry1 readily takes on fat4 ,:5 activity ( ! milk-gl&s is f\nd unit$ ) close ribs1 small & feeble lungs1 & a sl[ appetite1 (t5 att5d$ by great ?ir/1 ! c[ w g5]ally possess only a weak & feeble con/itution2 & if ! milk is pl5tiful1 x w g5]ally be ( bad quality1 :ile ! animal1 if %e does n die ( diseas$ lungs1 w n readily take on fat1 :5 dry & f$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,good ,,mil* ,,c[4 ,9 ord] to h no sup]flu\s fle%1 ! c[ %\ld h a small1 clean1 & r long head1 tap]+ t[>d ! muzzle4 ,a c[ ) a l>ge1 co>se head w seldom fatt5 readily1 or give a l>ge quantity ( milk4 ,a co>se head increases ! proportion ( weight ( ! lea/ valuable p>ts1 :ile x is a sure indication t ! :ole bony /ructure is too heavy4 ,! m\? %\ld be l>ge & broad2 ! eye bright & sp>kl+1 b ( a peculi> placidness ( expression1 ) no indication ( wildness1 b r a mild & fem99e look4 ,^! po9ts w indicate g5tl5ess ( disposition4 ,su* c[s seem to l to be milk$1 are fond ( be+ c>ess$1 & (t5 return c>esses4 ,! horns %\ld be small1 %ort1 tap]+1 yell[i%1 & gli/5+4 ,! neck %\ld be small1 ?91 & tap]+ t[>d ! head1 b ?ick5+ :5 x approa*es ! %\ld]2 ! dewlaps small4 ,! =e qu>t]s %\ld be r small :5 comp>$ ) ! h9d qu>t]s4 ,! =m ( ! b>rel w be l>ge1 & ea* rib %\ld project fur!r ?an ! prec$+ "o1 up to ! lo9s4 ,%e %\ld be well =m$ across ! hips & 9 ! rump4 ,! sp9e or back-bone %\ld be /raight & long1 r loosely hung1 or op5 along ! middle "p1 ! result ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! dorsal v]tebrae1 :i* sometimes causes a slight depression1 or sway back4 ,by "s good judges1 ?is m>k is reg>d$ z ( great importance1 especially :5 ! bones ( ! h9d qu>t]s are also r loosely put toge!r1 leav+ ! rump ( great wid? & ! pelvis l>ge1 & ! organs & milk-vessels lodg$ 9 ! cavities l>gely develop$4 ,! sk9 ov] ! rump %\ld be loose & flexible4 ,?is po9t is ( great importance2 & z1 :5 ! c[ is 9 l[ condition or v poor1 x w appe> some:at h>d] & clos] ?an x o!rwise w\ld1 "s practice & close obs]vation are requir$ to judge well ( ?is m>k4 ,! sk91 inde$1 all ov] ! body1 %\ld be s(t & mell[ to ! t\*1 ) s(t & glossy hair4 ,! tail1 if ?ick at ! sett+ on1 %\ld tap] & be f9e bel[4 ,b ! udd] is ( special importance4 ,x %\ld be l>ge 9 proportion to ! size ( ! animal1 & ! sk9 ?91 ) s(t1 loose folds ext5d+ well back1 capable ( great di/5sion :5 fill$1 b %r9k+ to a small compass :5 entirely empty4 ,x mu/ be free f lumps 9 e "p1 & provid$ ) f\r teats set well ap>t1 & ( m$ium size4 ,nor is x less important to obs]ve ! milk-ve9s c>efully4 ,! pr9cipal ones "u ! belly %\ld be l>ge & prom95t1 & ext5d =w>d to ! navel1 los+ !mselves1 app>5tly1 9 ! v be/ milk]s1 9 a l>ge cavity 9 ! fle%1 into :i* ! end ( ! f+] c be ins]t$2 b :5 ! c[ is n 9 full milk1 ! milk-ve91 at o!r times v prom95t1 is n s di/9ctly trac$2 & h5ce1 to judge ( its size :5 ! c[ is dry1 or ne>ly s1 ?is ve9 may be press$ ne> its end1 or at its entrance into ! body1 :5 x w imm$iately fill up to its full size4 ,?is ve9 does n convey ! milk to ! udd]1 z "s suppose1 b is ! *annel by :i* ! blood returns2 & its cont5ts consi/ ( ! refuse ( ! secretion1 or ( :at has n be5 tak5 up 9 =m+ milk4 ,!re are also ve9s 9 ! udd]1 & ! p]9eum1 or ! space above ! udd]1 & betwe5 t & ! buttocks1 :i* x is ( special importance to obs]ve4 ,^! ve9s %\ld be l>gely develop$1 & irregul> or knott$1 especially ^? ( ! udd]4 ,!y are l>ge/ 9 great milk]s4 ,! knott$ ve9s ( ! p]9eum1 ext5d+ f above d[nw>ds 9 a w9d+ l9e1 are n readily se5 9 "y heif]s1 & are v difficult to f9d 9 poor c[s1 or ^? ( only a m$ium quality4 ,!y are easily f\nd 9 v good milk]s1 & if n at fir/ app>5t1 !y are made s by press+ ^u !m at ! base ( ! p]9eum1 :5 !y swell up & s5d ! blood back t[>d ! vulva4 ,!y =m a k9d ( ?ick network "u ! sk9 ( ! p]9eum1 rais+ x up some:at1 9 "s cases ne> ! vulva1 9 o!rs ne>] d[n & clos] to ! udd]4 ,x is important to look = ^! ve9s1 z !y (t5 =m a v important guide1 & by "s !y w\ld be consid]$ z furni%+ ! sure/ indications ( ! milk+ qualities ( ! c[4 ,full developm5t almo/ always %[s an abundant secretion ( milk2 b !y are f> bett] develop$ aft] ! c[ has _h two or ?ree calves1 :5 two or ?ree ye>s' milk+ has giv5 full activity to ! milky gl&s1 & attract$ a l>ge fl[ ( blood4 ,! l>g] & m prom95t ^! ve9s ! bett]4 ,x is ne$less to say t 9 obs]v+ !m "s reg>d %\ld be _h to ! condition ( ! c[1 ! ?ickness ( sk9 & fat by :i* !y may be surr\nd$1 & ! g5]al activity & food ( ! animal4 ,food calculat$ to /imulate ! greate/ fl[ ( milk w naturally increase ^! ve9s1 & give !m m ?an usual prom95ce4 ,,! ,,milk-,,mirror4 ,! discov]y ( ,m4 ,gu5on1 ( ,bordeaux1 9 ,france--a man ( rem>kable practical sagacity1 & a close obs]v] ( /ock--consi/$ 9 ! connection betwe5 ! milk+ qualities ( ! c[ & c]ta9 ext]nal m>ks on ! udd]1 & on ! space above x1 call$ ! p]9eum1 ext5d+ to ! buttocks4 ,to ^! m>ks he gave ! "n ( milk-mirror1 or escut*eon1 :i* consi/s 9 c]ta9 p]ceptible spots ris+ up f ! udd] 9 diff]5t directions1 =ms & sizes1 on :i* ! hair gr[s upw>d1 :il/ ! hair on o!r p>ts ( ! body gr[s d[nw>d4 ,! r$uction ( ^! m>ks into a sy/em1 expla9+ ! value ( p>ticul> =ms & sizes ( ! milk-mirror1 belongs exclusively to ,gu5on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,a4 ,he divid$ ! milk-mirror into eight classes1 & ea* class into eight ord]s1 mak+ 9 all no less ?an sixty-f\r divisions1 :i* he aft]w>d increas$ by subdivisions1 ?us r5d]+ ! :ole sy/em complicat$ 9 ! extreme1 especially z he pr(ess$ to be able to judge ) accuracy1 by means ( ! milk-mirror1 n only ( ! exact quantity a c[ w\ld give1 b also ( ! quality ( ! milk1 & ( ! l5g? ( "t x w\ld cont9ue4 ,he endeavor$ to prove too mu*1 & 01 z a matt] ( consequ5ce1 frequ5tly at fault himself4 ,despite ! /rictures :i* h be5 pass$ ^u ,gu5on's me?od ( judg+ ( c[s1 ! be/ bre$]s & judges ( /ock concur 9 ! op9ion1 z ! result ( _! obs]vations1 t c[s ) ! mo/ p]fectly develop$ milk-mirrors are1 ) r>e exception1 ! be/ milk]s ( _! bre$2 & t c[s ) small & slightly develop$ milk-mirrors are1 9 ! majority ( cases1 bad milk]s4 ,!re are1 und\bt$ly1 c[s ) v small mirrors1 :i* are1 nev]!less1 v fair 9 ! yield ( milk2 & among ^? ) middl+ quality ( mirrors1 in/ances ( r m ?an ord9>y milk]s (t5 occur1 :ile at ! same "t x is true t cases n[ & !n are f\nd :]e ! v be/ m>k$ & develop$ mirrors are f\nd on v poor milk]s4 ,^! app>5t exceptions1 h[ev]1 are to be expla9$1 9 ! l>ge majority ( cases1 by causes outside ( ^? :i* affect ! appe>ance ( ! milk-mirror4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to e/imate ) ma!matical accuracy ei!r ! quantity1 quality1 or duration ( ! milk1 s9ce x is affect$ by s _m *ance circum/ances1 :i* _c always be kn[n or e/imat$ by ev5 ! mo/ skillful judges2 su*1 = example1 z ! food1 ! treatm5t1 ! temp]am5t1 accid5tal diseases1 inflammation ( ! udd]1 premature calv+1 ! climate & season1 ! mann] 9 :i* %e has be5 milk$1 & a ?\s& o!r ?+s :i* int]rupt or influ5ce ! fl[ ( milk1 )\t mat]ially *ang+ ! size or %ape ( ! milk-mirror4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 v ju/ly obs]v$ t we (t5 see c[s equally well =m$1 ) precisely ! same milk-mirror1 & kept 9 ! same circum/ances1 yet giv+ nei!r equal quantities nor simil> qualities ( milk4 ,nor c\ld x be o!rwise2 s9ce ! action ( ! organs dep5ds1 n m]ely on _! size & =m1 b1 to a great ext5t1 on ! g5]al condition ( ea* individual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,c4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( milk-mirrors are repres5t$ by ! %ad$ p>ts ( cuts1 lett]$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d2 b x is necess>y to premise t ^u ! c[s !mselves !y are always p>tly conceal$ by ! ?ighs1 ! udd]1 & ! folds ( ! sk91 :i* are n %[n1 & !re=e !y are n always s uni=m 9 nature z !y appe> 9 ! cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,d4 ,_! size v>ies z ! sk9 is m or less fold$ or /ret*$2 :ile ! cuts repres5t ! sk9 z uni=m or free f folds1 b n /ret*$ out4 ,x is usually v easy to di/+ui% ! milk-mirrors by ! upw>d direction ( ! hair :i* =ms !m4 ,!y are sometimes m>k$ by a l9e ( bri/ly hair gr[+ 9 ! opposite direction1 :i* surr\nds !m1 =m+ a sort ( outl9e by ! upw>d & d[nw>d gr[+ hair4 ,yet1 :5 ! hair is v f9e & %ort1 mix$ ) long] hairs1 & ! sk9 mu* fold$1 & ! udd] volum9\s & press$ by ! ?ighs1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to di/+ui% ! "p enclos$ betwe5 ! udd] & ! legs1 & exam9e ! full size ( ! mirrors1 to obs]ve !m att5tively1 & to place ! legs wide ap>t1 & to smoo? out ! sk91 9 ord] to avoid ! folds4 ,! mirrors may also be obs]v$ by hold+ ! back ( ! h& aga9/ ! p]9eum1 & draw+ x f above d[nw>d1 :5 ! nails rubb+ aga9/ ! up-gr[+ hair1 make ! p>ts cov]$ by x v p]ceptible4 ,z ! hair ( ! milk-mirror has n ! same direction z ! hair :i* surr\nds x1 x may (t5 be di/+ui%$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! %ade reflect$ by x4 ,x is !n suffici5t to place x prop]ly to ! light 9 ord] to see ! diff]5ce 9 %ade1 & to make out ! "p cov]$ by ! upw>d-gr[+ hair4 ,mo/ frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! hair ( ! milk-mirror is ?9 & f9e1 & ! color ( ! sk9 c easily be se54 ,if ! eye alone is tru/$1 we %all (t5 be deceiv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,e4 ,9 "s c\ntries cattle-deal]s %ave ! back "p ( ! c[4 ,j aft] ?is op]ation ! mirrors c nei!r be se5 nor felt2 b ?is inconv5i5ce ceases 9 a few days4 ,x may be add$ t ! %av+--design$1 z ! deal]s say1 to beautify ! c[--is g5]ally int5d$ simply to de/roy ! milk-mirror1 & to deprive buy]s ( "o means ( judg+ ( ! milk+ qualities ( ! c[s4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t ! c[s mo/ c>efully %av5 are ^? :i* are badly m>k$1 & t x is prud5t to take x = grant$ t c[s s %orn are bad milk]s4 ,milk-mirrors v>y 9 position1 ext5t1 & ! figure :i* !y repres5t4 ,!y may be divid$ accord+ to _! position1 into mirrors or escut*eons1 prop]ly s call$1 or into l[] & upp] tufts1 or escut*eons4 ,! latt] are v small 9 comp>ison ) ! =m]1 & are situat$ 9 close proximity to ! vulva1 z se5 at #a1 9 cut ,e4 ,!y are v common on c[s ( bad milk+ races1 b are v r>ely se5 on ! be/ mil* c[s4 ,!y consi/ ( "o or two ovals1 or small b&s ( up-gr[+ hair1 & s]ve to indicate ! cont9uance ( ! fl[ ( milk4 ,! p]iod is %ort1 9 proportion z ! tufts are l>ge4 ,!y mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! escut*eon prop]1 :i* is (t5 ext5d$ up to ! vulva4 ,!y are sep>at$ f x by b&s ( hair1 m or less l>ge1 z 9 cut m>k$ ,f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,f4 ,milk-mirrors are sometimes symmetrical1 & sometimes )\t symmetry4 ,:5 !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! ext5t ( ! two halves1 x almo/ always happ5s t ! teats on ! side :]e ! mirror is be/ develop$ give m milk ?an ^? ( ! opposite side4 ,! left half ( ! mirror1 x may be rem>k$1 is almo/ always ! l>ge/2 & s1 :5 ! p]9ean "p is fold$ into a squ>e1 x is on ?is side ( ! body t x unfolds4 ,( ?ree ?\s& c[s 9 ,d5m>k1 b a s+le "o 0 f\nd1 ^: escut*eon v>i$ ev5 a little f ?is rule4 ,! mirrors hav+ a value 9 proportion to ! space :i* !y occupy1 x is ( great importance to att5d to all ! r[s ( d[n-gr[+ hairs1 :i* dim9i% ! ext5t ( surface1 :e!r ^! tufts are 9 ! mid/ ( ! mirror1 or =m ind5tations on its edges4 ,^! ind5tations1 conceal$ 9 "p by ! folds ( ! sk91 are sometimes se5 ) difficulty2 b x is important to take !m into acc\nt1 s9ce 9 a great _m c[s !y mat]ially less5 ! size ( ! mirror4 ,c[s are (t5 f\nd1 ^: milk-mirrors at fir/ sight appe> v l>ge1 b :i* are only m$ium milk]s2 & x w usually be f\nd t lat]al ind5tations greatly dim9i% ! surface ( up-gr[+ hair4 ,_m errors are committ$ 9 e/imat+ ! value ( su* c[s1 f a want ( att5tion to ! real ext5t ( ! mirror4 ,all ! int]ruptions 9 ! surface ( ! mirror indicate a dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( ! milk1 ) ! exception1 h[ev]1 ( small oval or elliptical plates :i* are f\nd 9 ! mirror1 on ! back "p ( ! udd]s ( ! be/ c[s1 z repres5t$ 9 ! cut already giv51 m>k$ ,a4 ,^! ovals h a peculi> t9t1 :i* is occasion$ by ! d[nw>d direction ( ! hair :i* =ms !m4 ,9 ! be/ c[s ^! ovals exi/ ) ! l[] mirrors v well develop$1 z repres5t$ 9 ! cut j nam$4 ,9 %ort1 x %\ld be /at$ t1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! ext5t & significance ( a mirror1 x is necess>y to consid] ! /ate ( ! p]9eum z to fat1 & t ( ! fullness ( ! udd]4 ,9 a fat c[1 ) an inflat$ udd]1 ! mirror w\ld appe> l>g] ?an x really is2 :il/ 9 a lean c[1 ) a loose & wr9kl$ udd]1 x appe>s small]4 ,fat w cov] faults--a fact to be borne 9 m9d :5 select+ a c[4 ,9 bulls1 ! mirrors pres5t ! same peculi>ities z 9 c[s2 b !y are less v>i$ 9 _! =m1 & especially mu* less 9 size4 ,9 calves1 ! mirrors %[ ! %apes :i* !y are aft]w>ds to h1 only !y are m contract$1 because ! p>ts :i* !y cov] are b slightly develop$4 ,!y are easily se5 aft] bir?2 b ! hair :i* !n cov]s !m is long1 co>se1 & /iff2 & :5 ?is hair falls (f1 ! calf's mirror w resemble t ( ! c[1 b w be ( less size4 ,) calves1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be /at$1 9 addition1 t ! milk-mirrors are m di/9ctly recogniz$ on ^? f c[s t are well kept1 & t !y w g5]ally be fully develop$ at two ye>s old4 ,"s *anges take place 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 b ! outl9es ( ! mirror appe> prom95t at ! "t ( advanc$ pregnancy1 or1 9 ! case ( c[s giv+ milk1 at ! times :5 ! udd] is m di/5d$ ) milk ?an at o!rs4 ,m4 ,mayne1 :o has expla9$ & simplifi$ ! me?od ( ,m4 ,gu5on1 divides c[s1 accord+ to ! quantity :i* !y give1 into f\r classes3 fir/1 ! v good2 second1 ! good2 ?ird1 ! m$ium2 & f\r?1 ! bad4 ,9 ! ,,fir/ class he places c[s1 bo? p>ts ( ^: milk mirror1 ! mamm>y--! tuft situat$ on ! udd]1 ! legs & ! ?ighs--& ! p]9ean--t on ! p]9eum1 ext5d+ sometimes m or less out ^u ! ?ighs--are l>ge1 cont9u\s1 & uni=m1 cov]+ at lea/ a great "p ( ! p]9eum1 ! udd]1 ! inn] surface ( ! ?ighs1 & ext5d+ m or less out ^u ! legs1 z 9 cut ,a1 ) no int]ruptions1 or1 if any1 small ones1 oval 9 =m1 & situat$ on ! po/]ior face ( ! udd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,g4 ,su* mirrors are f\nd on mo/ v good c[s1 b may also be f\nd on c[s :i* c sc>cely be call$ good1 & :i* %\ld be rank$ 9 ! next class4 ,b c[s1 :e!r hav+ v well develop$ mirrors or n1 may be reckon$ z v good1 & z giv+ z mu* milk z is to be expect$ f _! size1 food1 & ! hygi5ic circum/ances 9 :i* !y are kept1 if !y pres5t ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 ve9s ( ! p]9eum l>ge1 z if swoll51 & visible on ! ext]ior--z 9 cut ,a--or :i* c easily be made to appe> by press+ ^u ! base ( ! p]9eum2 ve9s ( ! udd] l>ge & knott$2 milk-ve9s l>ge1 (t5 d\ble1 equal on bo? sides1 & =m+ zig-zags1 "u ! belly4 ,to ! signs furni%$ by ! ve9s & by ! mirror1 may be add$ also ! foll[+ m>ks3 a uni=m1 v l>ge1 & yield+ udd]1 %r9k+ mu* 9 milk+1 & cov]$ ) s(t sk9 & f9e hair2 good con/itution1 full *e/1 regul> appetite1 & great prop5sity to dr9k4 ,su* c[s r incl9e to be poor ?an to be fat4 ,! sk9 is s(t & yield+2 %ort1 f9e hair2 small head2 f9e horns2 bright1 sp>kl+ eye2 mild expression2 fem99e look2 ) a f9e neck4 ,c[s ( ?is fir/ class are v r>e4 ,!y give1 ev5 :5 small 9 size1 f t5 to f\rte5 qu>ts ( milk a day2 & ! l>ge/ siz$ f eighte5 to tw5ty-six qu>ts a day1 & ev5 m4 ,j aft] calv+1 if arriv$ at maturity & f$ ) good1 :olesome1 moi/ food 9 suffici5t quantity & quality1 adapt$ to promote ! secretion ( milk1 !y c give ab\t a p9t ( milk = e t5 ounces ( hay1 or its equival5t1 :i* !y eat4 ,!y cont9ue 9 milk = a long p]iod4 ,! be/ nev] g dry1 & may be milk$ ev5 up to ! "t ( calv+1 giv+ f eight to t5 qu>ts ( milk a day4 ,b ev5 ! be/ c[s (t5 fall %ort ( ! quantity ( milk :i* !y are able to give1 f be+ f$ on food :i* is too dry1 or n suffici5tly v>i$1 or n ri* en\gh 9 nutritive qualities1 or defici5t 9 quantity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,h4 ,! ,,second class is t ( good c[s2 & to ?is belong ! be/ commonly f\nd 9 ! m>ket & among ! c[-fe$]s ( cities4 ,!y h ! mamm>y "p ( ! milk-mirror well develop$1 b ! p]9ean "p contract$1 or :olly want+1 z 9 cut ,g2 or bo? p>ts ( ! mirror are mod]ately develop$1 or slightly ind5t$1 z 9 cut ,h4 ,cut ,e belongs also to ?is class1 9 ! l[] "p2 b x indicates a c[1 :i*--z ! upp] mirror1 #a1 indicates--dries up soon] :5 aga9 9 calf4 ,^! m>ks1 ?\gh (t5 se5 9 _m good c[s1 %\ld be consid]$ z c]ta9 only :5 ! ve9s ( ! p]9eum =m1 "u ! sk91 a k9d ( network1 :i*1 )\t be+ v app>5t1 may be felt by a pressure on !m2 :5 ! milk-ve9s on ! belly are well-develop$1 ?\gh less knotty & less prom95t ?an 9 c[s ( ! fir/ class2 9 %ort1 :5 ! udd] is well develop$1 & pres5ts ve9s :i* are suffici5tly num]\s1 ?\gh n v l>ge4 ,x is necess>y "h1 z 9 ! prec$+ class1 to di/ru/ c[s 9 :i* ! mirror is n accompani$ by l>ge ve9s4 ,?is rem>k applies especially to c[s :i* h _h sev]al calves1 & are 9 full milk4 ,!y are m$ium or bad1 let ! milk-mirror be :at x may1 if ! ve9s ( ! belly are n l>ge1 & ^? ( ! udd] app>5t4 ,! g5]al *>act]i/ics :i* dep5d on =m & con/itution comb9e1 less ?an 9 c[s ( ! prec$+ class1 ! m>ks ( good heal? & excell5t con/itution ) ^? ( a g5tle & fem99e look4 ,small c[s ( ?is class give f sev5 to t5 or elev5 qu>ts ( milk a day1 & ! l>ge/ f ?irte5 to sev5te5 qu>ts4 ,!y c be made to give ?ree-f\r?s ( a p9t ( milk1 j aft] calv+1 = e t5 ounces ( hay consum$1 if well c>$ =1 & f$ 9 a mann] favorable to ! secretion ( milk4 ,!y hold out long 9 milk1 :5 !y h no upp] mirrors or tufts4 ,at sev5 or eight mon?s 9 calf1 !y may give f five to eight qu>ts ( milk a day4 ,! ,,?ird class consi/s ( middl+ c[s4 ,:5 ! milk-mirror really pres5ts only ! mamm>y or l[] "p slightly indicat$ or develop$1 & ! p]9ean "p contract$1 n>r[1 & irregul>--z 9 cut ,k--! c[s are middl+4 ,! udd] is slightly develop$ or h>d1 & %r9ks v little aft] milk+4 ,! ve9s ( ! p]9eum are n app>5t1 & ^? :i* run along ! l[] side ( ! abdom5 are small1 /raight1 & sometimes unequal4 ,9 ?is case ! mirror is n symmetrical1 & ! c[ gives m milk on ! side :]e ! ve9 is ! l>ge/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,k4 ,^! c[s h l>ge heads1 & a ?ick1 h>d sk94 ,be+ ord9>ily 9 good condition1 !y are beautiful to look at1 & seem to be well =m$4 ,_m ( !m are n]v\s & re/ive1 & n easily approa*$4 ,c[s ( ?is class give1 accord+ to size1 f ?ree or f\r to t5 qu>ts ( milk4 ,!y v r>ely give1 ev5 9 ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 half a p9t ( milk = e t5 ounces ( hay :i* !y consume4 ,! milk dim9i%es rapidly1 & dries up :olly ! f\r? or fif? mon? 9 calf4 ,! ,,f\r? class is compos$ ( bad c[s4 ,z !y are commonly 9 good condition1 ^! c[s are (t5 ! mo/ beautiful ( ! h]d & 9 ! m>kets4 ,!y h fle%y ?ighs1 ?ick & h>d sk91 a l>ge & co>se neck & head1 & horns l>ge at ! base4 ,! udd] is h>d1 small & fle%y1 ) a sk9 cov]$ ) long1 r\gh hair4 ,no ve9s are to be se5 ei!r on ! p]9eum or ! udd]1 :ile ^? ( ! belly are slightly develop$1 & ! mirrors are ord9>ily small1 z 9 cut ,l4 ,) ^! *>act]i/ics1 c[s give only a few qu>ts ( milk a day1 & dry up 9 a %ort "t aft] calv+4 ,"s ( !m c sc>cely n\ri% _! calves1 ev5 :5 !y are prop]ly c>$ = & well f$4 ,sickly habits1 *ronic affections ( ! dige/ive organs1 ! *e/1 ! womb1 & ! lacteal sy/em1 sometimes greatly affect ! milk secretion1 & cause c[s tr\bl$ ) !m to fall f ! fir/ or second to ! ?ird1 & sometimes to ! f\r? class4 ,)\t pu%+ ?is me?od ( judg+ ( ! good milk+ qualities ( c[s into ! objectionable extreme to :i* x 0 c>ri$ by its orig9ator1 x may be safely ass]t$ t ! milk-mirror =ms an important additional m>k or po9t = di/+ui%+ good milk]s2 & x may be laid d[n z a rule t1 9 ! selection ( mil* c[s1 z well z 9 ! *oice ( "y animals = bre$]s1 ! milk-mirror %\ld1 by all means1 be exam9$ & consid]$2 b t we %\ld n limit or conf9e ourselves exclusively to x1 & t o!r & long-kn[n m>ks %\ld be equally reg>d$4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 :]e a k & c>eful exam9ation ( ! =m & size ( ! mirror become ( ! highe/ importance4 ,x is well kn[n t c]ta9 signs or m>ks ( great milk]s are develop$1 only z ! capacities ( ! animal h]self are fully & completely develop$ by age4 ,! milk-ve9s1 = in/ance1 are nev] s l>ge & prom95t 9 heif]s & "y c[s z 9 old ones1 & ! same may be said ( ! udd]1 & ( ! ve9s ( ! udd] & p]9eum2 all ( :i* x is ( great importance to obs]ve 9 ! selection ( mil* c[s4 ,^? signs1 !n1 :i* 9 c[s arriv$ at maturity are almo/ suffici5t 9 !mselves to w>rant a conclusion z to _! m]its z milk]s1 are1 to a great ext5t1 want+ 9 y\ng] animals1 & altoge!r 9 calves1 z to :i* !re is (t5 d\bt :e!r !y %all be rais$2 & "h a k ( ! =m ( ! mirror is ( imm5se advantage1 s9ce x gives1 at ! outset & be=e any exp5se is incurr$1 a some:at reliable means ( judg+ ( ! future milk+ capacities ( ! animal2 or1 if a male1 ( ! probability ( 8 transmitt+ milk+ qualities to 8 (fspr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,milk-,,mirror ,l4 ,x w be se51 f an exam9ation ( ! po9ts ( a good mil* c[ t1 ?\gh ! same m>ks :i* indicate ! greate/ milk+ qualities may n always indicate ! greate/ aptitude to fatt51 yet t ! signs :i* d5ote good fatt5+ qualities are includ$ among ! signs favorable to ! production ( milk2 su* z s\ndness ( con/itution1 m>k$ by good organs ( dige/ion & respiration f95ess & mell[ness ( ! sk9 & hair1 quietness ( disposition--:i* incl9es ! animal to re/ & lie d[n :ile *ew+ ! cud--& o!r m>ks :i* are reli$ on by grazi]s 9 select+ animals to fatt54 ,9 buy+ dairy /ock ! f>m] g5]ally f9ds x = 8 int]e/ to select "y heif]s1 z !y give ! promise ( long] usefulness4 ,b x is (t5 ! case t old] c[s are select$ ) ! design ( us+ !m = ! dairy = a limit$ p]iod1 & !n fe$+ !m = ! but*]4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is advisable1 z a rule1 to *oose animals 9 l[ or m$ium condition4 ,! f>m] _c commonly af=d to buy fat2 x is m prop]ly 8 bus9ess to make x1 & to h x to sell4 ,good & well-m>k$ c[s 9 poor condition w rapidly ga9 9 fle% & products :5 remov$ to bett] pa/ures & high] keep+1 & !y co/ less 9 ! orig9al pur*ase4 ,x is1 p]haps1 sup]flu\s to add t reg>d %\ld be _h to ! quality ( ! pa/urage & keep+ :i* a c[ has previ\sly _h1 z comp>$ ) t to :i* %e is to be subject$4 ,! size ( ! animal %\ld also be consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ! f]tility ( ! pa/ures into :i* %e is to be put4 ,small or m$ium-siz$ animals accommodate !mselves to ord9>y pa/ures f> bett] ?an l>ge ones4 ,:]e a v l>ge c[ w d well1 two small ones w usually d bett]2 :ile ! l>ge animal might fail entirely :]e two small ones w\ld d well4 ,x is bett] to h ! :ole h]d1 s f> z may be1 uni=m 9 size2 =1 if !y v>y greatly1 "s may get m ?an !y ne$1 & o!rs w n h en\gh4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _c always be br\ght ab\t4 ,illu/ration ,cross+ & ,bre$+ ,! rais+ ( cattle has n[ become a s\rce ( pr(it 9 _m sections1--to a great] ext5t1 at lea/1 ?an =m]ly--& x becomes a matt] ( great practical importance to our f>m]s to take ! prop] /eps to improve !m4 ,inde$1 ! que/ions--:at are ! be/ bre$s1 & :at are ! be/ crosses1 & h[ %all ,i improve my /ock--are n[ ask$ almo/ daily2 & _! practical solution w\ld add _m ?\s& doll>s to ! aggregate weal? ( ! f>m]s ( ! c\ntry1 if !y w\ld all /udy _! own int]e/s4 ,! "t is gradually pass+ away :5 ! intellig5t practical f>m] w be will+ to put 8 c[s to any bull1 simply because 8 s]vices may be _h = tw5ty-five c5ts2 =1 ev5 if ! prog5y is to g to ! but*]1 ! calf sir$ by a pure-br$ bull--p>ticul>ly ( a race di/+ui%$ = f95ess ( bone1 symmetry ( =m1 & e>ly maturity--w br+ a mu* high] price at ! same age ?an a calf sir$ by a scrub4 ,blood has a money value1 :i* w1 soon] or lat]1 be g5]ally appreciat$4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important object ( ! f>m] is to get ! greate/ return 9 money = 8 labor & 8 produce2 & x is = 8 int]e/ to obta9 an animal--a calf1 = example--t w yield ! l>ge/ pr(it on ! outlay4 ,if a calf1 = :i* ! orig9al outlay 0 five doll>s1 w br+ at ! same age & on ! same keep m real net pr(it ?an ano!r1 ! orig9al outlay = :i* 0 n tw5ty-five c5ts1 x is c]ta9ly = ! f>m]'s int]e/ to make ! heavi] orig9al outlay & ?us secure ! sup]ior animal4 ,sett+ all fancy aside1 x is m]ely a "q ( doll>s & c5ts2 b "o ?+ is c]ta9--& t is1 t no f>m] c af=d to keep poor /ock4 ,x eats z mu*1 & requires ne>ly ! same am\nt ( c>e & att5tion1 z /ock ( ! be/ quality2 :ile x is equally c]ta9 t /ock ( ev] s good a quality1 :e!r grade1 native1 or ?or\gh-br$1 w be sure to det]iorate & s9k to ! level ( poor /ock by neglect & want ( prop] att5tion4 ,h[1 !n1 is our /ock to be improv$8 ,n1 c]ta9ly1 by t indiscrim9ate cross+1 ) a total disreg>d ( all well-e/abli%$ pr9ciples1 :i* has ?us f> m>k$ our ef=ts ) =eign /ock1 & :i* is "o prom95t reason :y s little improvem5t has be5 made 9 our dairies2 nor by leav+ all ! results to *ance1 :51 by a c>eful & judici\s selection1 !y may be )9 our own control4 ,we want cattle = di/9ct purposes1 z = milk1 beef1 or labor4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( cases--especially 9 ! dairy di/ricts1 at lea/1 compris+ ! ,ea/]n & ,middle ,/ates--! f>m] c>es m = ! milk+ qualities ( 8 c[s1 especially = ! quantity !y give1 ?an = _! fitness = graz+1 or aptness to fatt54 ,^! latt] po9ts become m important 9 ! ,we/]n & "s ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 :]e mu* great] att5tion is paid to bre$+ & to fe$+1 & :]e comp>atively slight att5tion is giv5 to ! productions ( ! dairy4 ,a /ock ( cattle :i* w\ld suit "o f>m] might be :olly unsuit$ to ano!r1 & 9 su* p>ticul> case ! bre$] %\ld h "s special object 9 view1 & select 8 animals ) ref]5ce to x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s well-def9$ g5]al pr9ciples t apply to bre$+ ev]y:]e1 & :i*1 9 _m cases1 are n ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,to ^! att5tion w n[ be direct$4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ( ! laws to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection is t ( simil>ity4 ,x is by virtue ( ?is law t ! peculi> *>act]s1 prop]ties1 & qualities ( ! p>5ts--:e!r ext]nal or int]nal1 good or bad1 heal?y or diseas$--are transmitt$ to _! (fspr+4 ,?is is "o ( ! pla9e/ & mo/ c]ta9 ( ! laws ( nature4 ,! lesson :i* x tea*es may be /at$ 9 five words3--,bre$ only f ! be/4 ,judici\s selection is indisp5sable to success 9 bre$+1 & ?is %\ld h reg>d to e p>ticul>--g5]al appe>ance1 l5g? ( limb1 %ape ( c>cass1 developm5t ( *e/2 9 cattle1 to ! size1 %ape1 & position ( ! udd]1 ?ickness ( sk91 t\*1 l5g? & texture ( hair1 docility1 & all ^? po9ts :i* g to make up ! desirable animal4 ,n only %\ld c>e be ex]cis$ to avoid /ructural defects1 b especially to secure fre$om f h]$it>y diseases2 z bo? defects & diseases appe> to be m easily transmissible ?an desirable qualities4 ,!re is1 (t5times1 no obvi\s peculi>ity ( /ructure or appe>ance :i* sugge/s ! possession ( diseases or defects :i* are transmissible2 & = ?is reason1 special c>e & cont9u$ acqua9tance are requisite 9 ord] to be assur$ ( _! abs5ce 9 bre$+ animals2 b su* a t5d5cy1 al?\gh invisible or inappreciable to c>eless obs]v]s1 mu/ /ill1 judg+ f its effects1 h z real & c]ta9 an exi/5ce z any peculi>ity ( =m or color4 ,9 neat cattle1 h]$it>y diseases d n usually %[ !mselves at bir?2 & sometimes ! t5d5cy rema9s lat5t = _m ye>s1 p]haps ?r\gh "o or two g5]ations1 & aft]w>d breaks out ) all its =m] sev]ity4 ,! diseases :i* are f\nd h]$it>y 9 cattle are scr(ula1 consumption1 dys5t]y1 di>rhoea1 rheumatism1 & malignant tumors4 ,z ^! animals are less expos$ to ! excit+ causes ( disease1 & less liable to be ov]task$ or subject$ to viol5t *anges ( temp]ature1 or o!rwise put 9 jeop>dy1 _! diseases are n s num]\s z ^? ( ! horse1 & :at !y h are less viol5t1 & g5]ally ( a *ronic "*4 ,) reg>d to h]$it>y diseases1 x is em95tly true t an ounce ( prev5tion is wor? a p\nd ( cure4 ,z a g5]al & almo/ inv>iable rule1 animals possess+ ei!r defects or a t5d5cy to disease1 %\ld n be employ$ = bre$+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 = special reasons x seems desirable to bre$ f "o :i* has "s slight defect ( symmetry1 or a fa9t t5d5cy to disease--al?\gh = ! latt] x is d\btful :e!r ! possession ( any good qualities c fully comp5sate--x %\ld be mat$ ) "o :i* excels 9 e respect 9 :i* x is itself defici5t1 & on no acc\nt ) "o :i* is ne> ( k9 to x4 ,!re is ano!r law1 by :i* t ( simil>ity is greatly modifi$--! law ( ,v>iation or div]g5ce4 ,all animals possess a c]ta9 flexibility or pliancy ( organization1 :i* r5d]s !m capable ( *ange to a great] or less ext5t4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( nature1 v>iations are comp>atively sl[ & infrequ5t2 b :5 9 a /ate ( dome/ication !y occur mu* (t5] & to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,! great] v>iability 9 ! latt] case is d\btless ow+1 9 "s measure1 to our dome/ic productions' be+ re>$ "u conditions ( life n s uni=m z1 & diff]5t f1 ^? to :i* ! p>5t species 0 expos$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,among :at are usually reckon$ ! m active causes ( v>iation may be nam$ climate1 food1 & habit4 ,animals 9 a cold climate are provid$ ) a ?ick] cov]+ ( hair ?an 9 w>m] ones4 ,inde$1 x is said t 9 "s ( ! tropical prov9ces ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 !re are cattle :i* h an extremely r>e & f9e fur1 9 place ( ! ord9>y pile ( hair4 ,! supply ( food1 :e!r abundant or scanty1 is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t causes ( v>iation kn[n to be )9 ! control ( man4 ,a due consid]ation ( ! natural effects ( climate & food is a po9t wor?y ! c>eful att5tion ( ! /ock-husb&man4 ,if ! bre$s employ$ be well adapt$ to ! situation1 & ! capacity ( ! soil be su* z to fe$ !m fully1 pr(it may be safely anticipat$4 ,animals are to be reg>d$ z ma*9es = conv]t+ h]bage into money4 ,! be/[al ( food suffici5t1 bo? 9 am\nt & quality1 to enable animals to develop all ! excell5cies inh]5t 9 !m1 & yield all ! pr(it ( :i* !y are capable1 is some?+ q di/9ct f undue =c+ ( pamp]+4 ,! latt] process may produce wond]ful animals to look at1 b nei!r useful nor pr(itable ones1 & !re is dang] ( ?us produc+ a mo/ undesirable v>iation1 s9ce 9 animals ! process may be c>ri$ f> en\gh to produce b>r5ness4 ,in/ances are n want+1 p>ticul>ly among ! m rec5t improv$ %ort-horns1 ( impot5cy among ! males & ( b>r5ness among ! females2 & 9 "s cases :]e ! latt] h borne calves1 !y h fail$ to secrete suffici5t milk = _! n\ri%m5t4 ,impot5cy 9 bulls ( v>i\s bre$s has1 9 _m in/ances1 occurr$ f too high fe$+1 especially :5 connect$ ) a lack ( suffici5t ex]cise4 ,a work+ bull1 ?\gh p]haps n s pleas+ to ! eye z a fat "o1 is a sur] /ock-gett]2 & 8 prog5y is m likely to inh]it full heal? & vigor4 ,habit has a decid$ influ5ce t[>d produc+ v>iations4 ,we f9d 9 dome/ic animals t use--or ! dem& creat$ by habit--is met by a developm5t or *ange 9 ! organization adapt$ to ! requirem5t4 ,= in/ance1 ) c[s 9 a /ate ( nature1 or :]e requir$ only to suckle _! "y1 ! supply ( milk is b>ely fitt$ to ! requirem5t4 ,if m is desir$1 & ! milk is drawn completely & regul>ly1 ! yield is increas$ & cont9u$ long]4 ,by keep+ up ! dem& !re is induc$1 9 ! next g5]ation1 a great] developm5t ( ! secret+ organs1 & m milk is giv54 ,by cont9u+ ! practice1 by furni%+ ! ne$ful conditions ( suitable food & ! l1 & by select+ 9 ea* g5]ation ^? animals %[+ ! greate/ t5d5cy t[>d milk1 a bre$ specially adapt$ = ! dairy may be e/abli%$4 ,x is j by ?is mode t ! ,ayr%ires h1 )9 ! pa/ c5tury1 be5 br\ght to be :at !y are--a bre$ giv+ m good milk ^u a c]ta9 am\nt ( food ?an any o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ready ,,= ,,action4 ,x is a fact too well e/abli%$ to be controv]t$1 t ! fir/ male produces impressions ^u subsequ5t prog5y by o!r males4 ,to :at ext5t ?is pr9ciple holds1 x is impossible to say4 ,al?\gh ! in/ances 9 :i* x is kn[n to be ( a v m>k$ & obvi\s "* may be comp>atively few1 yet !re is ample reason to believe t1 al?\gh 9 a majority ( cases ! effect may be less noticeable1 x is n less real2 & x !re=e dem&s ! special att5tion ( bre$]s4 ,! k ( ?is law furni%es a clue to ! cause ( _m ( ! disappo9tm5ts ( :i* practical bre$]s (t5 compla91 & ( _m v>iations o!rwise unacc\ntable1 & x sugge/s p>ticul> caution z to ! fir/ male employ$ 9 ! c\pl+ ( animals--a matt] :i* has (t5 be5 deem$ ( little consequ5ce 9 reg>d to cattle1 inasmu* z few] heif]s' fir/ calves are re>$1 ?an ^? are :i* are borne subsequ5tly4 ,! ph5om5on--or law1 z x is sometimes call$--( atavism1 or ance/ral influ5ce1 is "o ( consid]able practical importance1 & well des]ves ! c>eful att5tion ( ! bre$] ( f>m /ock4 ,e "o is aw>e t x is by no means unusual = a *ild to resemble its gr&fa!r1 or gr&mo!r1 or ev5 "s ance/or /ill m remote1 m ?an x does ei!r its own fa!r or "m4 ,! same occurr5ce is f\nd among our dome/ic animals1 & (t5] 9 proportion z ! bre$s are cross$ or mix$ up4 ,among our common /ock ( neat cattle1 or natives--orig9at+1 z !y did1 f animals br\ght f ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,d5m>k1 ,france1 & ,spa91 ea* possess+ diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( =m1 color1 & use1 & br$1 z our common /ock has usually be51 indiscrim9ately toge!r1 ) no special object 9 view1 ) no attempt to obta9 any p>ticul> type or =m1 or to secure adaptation = any p>ticul> purpose--frequ5t opportunities are af=d$ ( witness+ ! results ( ?is law ( h]$it>y transmission4 ,s common1 inde$1 is its occurr5ce1 t ! rem>k is (t5 made1 t1 h[ev] good a c[ may be1 !re is no tell+ be=eh& :at sort ( a calf %e may h4 ,! fact is suffici5tly obvi\s1 t c]ta9 peculi>ities (t5 lie dormant = a g5]ation or two & !n reappe> 9 subsequ5t prog5y4 ,/ockm5 (t5 speak ( x z bre$+ back1 or cry+ back4 ,! lesson taught by ?is law is v pla94 ,x %[s ! importance ( seek+ ?or\gh-br$ or well-br$ animals2 & by ^! t]ms are simply meant su* z are desc5d$ f a l9e ( ance/ors 9 :i* = _m g5]ations ! desirable =ms1 qualities1 & *>act]i/ics h be5 uni=mly %[n4 ,9 su* a case1 ev5 if ance/ral influ5ce does come 9 play1 no mat]ial diff]5ce appe>s 9 ! (fspr+1 ! ance/ors be+ all ess5tially alike4 ,f ?is /&po9t we be/ p]ceive 9 :at consi/s ! money value ( a good p$igree4 ,?is is valuable1 9 proportion z x %[s an animal to be desc5d$1 n only f su* z are purely ( its own race or bre$1 b also f su* individuals ( t bre$ z 7 specially not$ = ! excell5cies = :i* t p>ticul> bre$ is e/eem$4 ,probably ! mo/ di/9ctly m>k$ evid5ce ( ance/ral influ5ce among u1 is to be f\nd 9 ! ill-begott51 r\nd-head$ calves1 n infrequ5tly dropp$ by c[s ( ! common mix$ k9d1 :i*1 if kill$ e>ly1 make v blue veal1 & if all[$ to gr[ up1 become exce$+ly pr(itless & unsatisfactory bea/s2 ! heif]s be+ (t5 b>r51 ! c[s poor milk]s1 ! ox5 dull1 muli% bea/s1 yield+ fle% ( v d>k color1 ( ill flavor & de/itute ( fat4 ,! relative influ5ce ( ! male & female p>5ts ^u ! *>act]i/ics ( prog5y has long be5 a fruitful subject ( discussion among bre$]s4 ,x is f\nd 9 exp]i5ce t prog5y sometimes resembles "o p>5t m ?an ! o!r--sometimes !re is an app>5t bl5d+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo?--sometimes a noticeable dissimil>ity to ei!r1 ?\gh always m or less resemblance some:]e--& sometimes ! impress ( "o may be se5 ^u a portion ( ! organization ( ! (fspr+1 & t ( ! o!r p>5t ^u ano!r portion2 yet we are n au?oriz$ f su* discrepancies to conclude t x is a matt] ( *ance2 = all ( nature's op]ations are conduct$ 9 accordance ) fix$ laws1 :e!r we be able fully to discov] !m or n4 ,! same causes always produce ! same results4 ,9 ?is case1 n less ?an 9 o!rs1 !re are1 beyond all d\bt1 c]ta9 fix$ laws2 & ! v>y+ results :i* we see are easily & suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! exi/5ce ( conditions or modify+ influ5ces n fully op5 to our obs]vation4 ,x may be /at$1 on ! :ole--z a result ( ! v>i$ inve/igations to :i* ?is "q has giv5 rise--t ! evid5ce1 bo? f obs]vation & ! te/imony ( ! be/ practical bre$]s1 goes to %[ t ea* p>5t usually contributes c]ta9 portions ( ! organization to ! (fspr+1 & t ea* has a modify+ influ5ce ^u ! o!r4 ,facts also %[ t ! same p>5t does n always contribute ! same portions1 b t ! ord] is at times1 & n r>ely1 rev]s$4 ,:]e animals are ( di/9ct species or bre$s1 transmission is usually f\nd to be 9 h>mony ) ! pr9ciple1 t ! male gives mo/ly ! outw>d =m & locomotive sy/em1 & ! female *iefly ! int]ior sy/em1 con/itution & ! l4 ,:]e ! p>5ts are ( ! same bre$1 x appe>s t ! proportions contribut$ by ea* are gov]n$1 9 a l>ge measure1 by ! condition ( ea* 9 reg>d to age & vigor1 or by virtue ( individual pot5cy or sup]iority ( physical end[m5t4 ,?is pot5cy or p[] ( transmission1 seems to be legitimately connect$ ) high bre$+1 or ! conc5tration ( fix$ qualities1 obta9$ by cont9u$ desc5t = _m g5]ations f su* only z possess 9 ! highe/ degree ! qualities desir$4 ,practically1 ! k obta9$ dictates 9 a mo/ emphatic mann] t e /ock-gr[] use 8 utmo/ endeavor to obta9 ! s]vices ( ! be/ sires2 t is1 ! be/ = ! ends & purposes 9 view--t he dep5d *iefly on ! sire = outw>d =m & symmetry--& t he select dams be/ calculat$ to develop ! good qualities ( ! male1 dep5d+ *iefly ^u ^! = fre$om1 f int]nal disease1 = h>dihood & con/itution1 &1 g5]ally1 = all qualities dep5d5t ^u ! vital or nutritive sy/em4 ,! neglect ( ! qualities ( ! dam1 :i* is f> too common--mis]ably old & inf]ior animals be+ (t5 employ$--_c be too /rongly c5sur$4 ,) reg>d to ! laws :i* regulate ! sex ( ! prog5y v little is kn[n4 ,_m & ext5sive obs]vations h be5 made1 )\t rea*+ any def9ite conclusion4 ,nature seems to h provid$ t ! numb] ( ea* sex2 produc$1 %all be ne>ly equal2 b by :at means ?is result is atta9$1 has n z yet be5 discov]$4 ,x has long be5 a disput$ po9t1 :e!r ! sy/em ( bre$+ 9-&-91 or ! opposite "o ( frequ5t cross+1 has ! great] t5d5cy to improve ! "* ( /ock ,?is t]m1 9-&-91 is (t5 v loosely us$ & z v>i\sly und]/ood4 ,"s conf9e ! phrase to ! c\pl+ ( ^? ( exactly ! same blood1 z bro!rs & si/]s1 :ile o!rs include 9 x bre$+ f p>5ts & (fspr+s2 & o!rs /ill employ x to embrace ^? ( a m di/ant relation%ip4 ,= ! la/1 ! t]m bre$+-91 or close bre$+1 is g5]ally deem$ m suitable4 ,! curr5t op9ion is decid$ly aga9/ ! practice ( bre$+ f any ne> relatives2 x be+ usually f\nd t deg5]acy foll[s1 & (t5 to a s]i\s degree2 b x is n prov$ t ?is deg5]acy1 al?\gh v common & ev5 usual1 is yet a necess>y consequ5ce4 ,t ill effects foll[1 9 a majority ( cases1 is n to be d\bt$2 b ?is is easily & suffici5tly acc\nt$ = ^u q o!r gr\nds4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ propositions may be safely /at$3 ,t 9 g5]al practice1 ) ! grades & mix$ animals common 9 ! c\ntry1 close-bre$+ %\ld be scrupul\sly avoid$ z highly detrim5tal4 ,x is bett] always to avoid bre$+ f ne> relatives :5ev] /ock-gett]s ( ! same bre$ & ( equal m]it c be obta9$ :i* are n relat$4 ,yet1 :]e ?is is n possible1 or :]e !re is "s desirable & cle>ly def9$ purpose 9 view--z ! fix+ & p]petuat+ ( "s valuable quality 9 a p>ticul> animal n common to ! bre$--& ! bre$] possesses ! k & skill ne$ful to accompli% 8 purpose1 & ! animals are p]fect 9 heal? & developm5t1 close bre$+ may be practis$ ) advantage4 ,! practice ( cross+1 l t ( close bre$+1 has its /rong & its weak side4 ,judici\sly practis$1 x (f]s a means ( provid+ animals = ! but*]1 (t5 sup]ior to1 & m pr(itable ?an1 ^? ( any pure bre$4 ,x is also admissible z ! f\ndation ( a sy/ematic & well-consid]$ attempt to e/abli% a new bre$4 ,b :5 cross+ is practis$ injudici\sly & indiscrim9ately1 & especially :5 s done = ! purpose ( procur+ bre$+ animals1 x is sc>cely less objectionable ?an c>eless 9-&-9 bre$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,sprightly ,,y\?4 ,! pr(itable /yle ( bre$+ = ! great majority ( f>m]s to adopt1 is nei!r to cross nor to bre$ f close aff9ities--except 9 r>e in/ances1 & = "s specific & cle>ly und]/ood purpose--b to bre$ 9 ! l9e2 t is1 to select ! bre$ or race be/ adapt$ to fulfil ! requirem5t dem&$1 :e!r x be = ! dairy1 = labor1 or = su* comb9ation ( ^! z c be _h )\t too great a sacrifice ( ! pr9cipal requisite1 & !n to procure a pure-br$ male ( ! k9d det]m9$ ^u1 & bre$ him to ! females ( ! h]d2 & if ^! be n su* z are calculat$ to develop 8 qualities1 endeavor by pur*ase or ex*ange to procure su* z w4 ,let ! prog5y ( ^! be br$ to ano!r pure-br$ male ( ! same bre$1 b z di/antly relat$ to ! fir/ z may be4 ,let ?is plan be fai?fully pursu$1 &1 al?\gh we _c1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( well-br$ females1 procure /ock purely ( ! k9d desir$1 yet 9 sev]al g5]ations--if prop] c>e be giv5 to ! selection ( males1 t ea* "o be su* z to reta9 & improve ^u ! po9ts ga9$ by 8 pr$ecessor--! /ock1 = mo/ practical purposes1 w be z good z if ?or\gh-br$4 ,if ?is plan 7 g5]ally adopt$1 & a sy/em ( lett+ or ex*ang+ males e/abli%$1 ! co/ might be br\ght )9 ! means ( mo/ p]sons1 & ! advantages :i* w\ld accrue w\ld be almo/ beyond belief4 ,a brief summ+-up ( ! =ego+ pr9ciples may n be inappropriate "h4 ,! law ( simil>ity tea*es u to select animals = bre$+ :i* possess ! desir$ =ms & qualities 9 ! greate/ p]fection & be/ comb9ation4 ,reg>d %\ld be _h1 n only to ! m obvi\s *>act]i/ics1 b also to su* h]$it>y traits & t5d5cies z may be hidd5 f cursory obs]vation & dem& c>eful & ?or\gh inve/igation4 ,f ! h]$it>y nature ( all *>act]i/ics1 :e!r good or bad1 we le>n ! importance ( hav+ all desirable qualities ?or\ghly inbr$2 or1 9 o!r words1 s firmly 9 ea* g5]ation t ! next is w>rantably c]ta9 to pres5t no?+ worse--t no ill results foll[ f bre$+ back to "s inf]ior ance/or--t all undesirable traits or po9ts be1 s f> z possible1 br$-out4 ,s important is ?is consid]ation1 t1 9 practice1 x is decid$ly pref]able to employ a male ( ord9>y ext]nal appe>ance--provid$ 8 ance/ry be all :i* is desir$--r ?an a grade1 or cross-br$ animal1 al?\gh ! latt] be greatly 8 sup]ior 9 p]sonal beauty4 ,a k ( ! law ( v>iation tea*es u to avoid1 = bre$+ purposes1 su* animals z exhibit v>iations unfavorable to ! purpose 9 view2 to endeavor to p]petuate e real improvem5t ga9$2 z well z to secure1 z f> z practicable1 ! conditions necess>y to induce or cont9ue any improvem5t1 su* z g5]al treatm5t1 food1 climate1 habits1 & ! l4 ,:]e ! p>5ts d n possess ! p]fections desir$1 selections = c\pl+ %\ld be made ) critical ref]5ce to correct+ ! faults or defici5cies ( "o by correspond+ excell5cies 9 ! o!r4 ,to correct defects1 too mu* mu/ n be attempt$ at once4 ,pair+ ^? v unlike (t5] results 9 loss ?an ga94 ,avoid all extremes1 & endeavor by mod]ate degrees to atta9 ! end desir$4 ,cross+1 betwe5 diff]5t bre$s1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ animals = ! %ambles1 may be advantage\sly practis$ to a consid]able ext5t1 b n = ! production ( bre$+ animals4 ,z a g5]al rule1 cross-br$ males %\ld n be employ$ = propagation1 & cross-br$ females %\ld be s]v$ by ?or\gh-br$ males4 ,9 ord9>y practice1 bre$+ f ne> relatives is to be scrupul\sly avoid$4 ,= c]ta9 purposes1 "u c]ta9 conditions & circum/ances1 & 9 ! h&s ( a skillful bre$]1 x may be practis$ ) advantage--b n o!rwise4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( cases--o!r ?+s be+ equal--we may expect 9 prog5y ! outw>d =m & g5]al /ructure ( ! sire1 toge!r ) ! int]nal qualities1 con/itution1 & nutritive sy/em ( ! dam2 ea*1 h[ev]1 modifi$ by ! o!r4 ,p>ticul> c>e %\ld always be tak5 t ! male by :i* ! dam fir/ becomes pregnant is ! be/ :i* c be obta9$2 also1 t at ! "t ( sexual congress bo? are 9 vigor\s heal?4 ,bre$+ animals %\ld n be all[$ to become fat1 b always kept 9 ?rifty condition2 & su* z are int5d$ = ! but*] %\ld nev] be fat b once4 ,9 decid+ ) :at bre$s to /ock a f>m1 endeavor to select ^? be/ adapt$ to its surface1 climate1 & degree ( f]tility2 also1 ) ref]5ce to probable dem& & proximity to m>kets4 ,no exp5se incurr$ 9 procur+ *oice animals = propagation1 no am\nt ( skill 9 bre$+1 c sup]s$e1 or comp5sate =1 a lack ( lib]al fe$+ & good treatm5t4 ,! bett] ! /ock1 ! bett] c>e !y des]ve4 ,,pregnancy ,! symptoms ( pregnancy 9 its e>ly /age 7 =m]ly deem$ exce$+ly unsatisfactory4 ,! p]iod ( be+ 9 season--:i* commonly la/s ?ree or f\r days1 & !n ceases = a :ile1 & returns 9 ab\t ?ree weeks--might entirely pass ov]2 &1 al?\gh x 0 !n probable t conception _h tak5 place1 yet 9 a great _m in/ances ! hopes ( ! bre$] 7 disappo9t$4 ,x 0 n until betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? mon?1 :5 ! belly began to enl>ge--or1 9 _m cases1 consid]ably lat]--& :5 ! motions ( ! foetus might be se51 or1 at all ev5ts1 felt by press+ on ! "r flank1 t ! f>m] c\ld be assur$ t 8 c[ 0 9 calf4 ,t greate/ ( improvem5ts 9 vet]9>y practice1 ! application ( ! e> to ! *e/ & belly ( v>i\s animals1 9 ord] to detect by ! diff]5t s\nds--:i* aft] a %ort "t1 w be easily recogniz$--! /ate ( ! circulation ?r\gh mo/ ( ! organs1 & consequ5tly1 ! precise seat & degree ( inflammation & dang]1 has n[ enabl$ ! bre$] to asc]ta9 ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy at z e>ly a /age z six or eight weeks4 ,! beat+ ( ! he>t ( ! calf may !n be di/9ctly he>d1 twice1 or m ?an twice1 z frequ5t z t ( ! "m2 & ea* pulsation w betray ! s+ul> d\ble beat+ ( ! foetal he>t4 ,?is w also be accompani$ by ! audible ru%+ ( ! blood ?r\gh ! vessels ( ! plac5ta4 ,! e> %\ld be appli$ to ! "r flank1 beg9n+ on ! high] "p ( x1 & gradually %ift+ d[nw>d & backw>d4 ,^! s\nds w ?us soon be he>d1 & _c be mi/ak54 ,,treatm5t ,,be=e ,,calv+4 ,little alt]ation ne$s to be made 9 ! managem5t ( ! c[ = ! fir/ sev5 mon?s ( pregnancy2 except t1 z %e has n only to yield milk = ! pr(it ( ! f>m]1 b to n\ri% ! gr[+ foetus )91 %e %\ld be well1 yet n too luxuriantly1 f$4 ,! half-/>v$ c[ w n adequately dis*>ge ?is d\ble duty1 nor provide suffici5t nutrim5t = ! calf :5 x has dropp$2 :ile ! c[ 9 high condition w be dang]\sly dispos$ to inflammation & fev]1 :51 at ! "t ( p>turition1 %e is o!rwise s susceptible ( ! p[] ( e /imulus4 ,if ! season & ! conv5i5ce ( ! f>m] w all[1 %e w be bett] at pa/ure1 at lea/ = "s h\rs ea* day ?an :5 conf9$ altoge!r to ! c[-h\se4 ,at a some:at unc]ta9 p]iod be=e %e calves1 !re w be a new secretion ( milk = ! expect$ little "o2 & "u ! notion ( some:at recruit+ h] /r5g?1 9 ord] bett] to enable h] to dis*>ge h] new duty--b m f ! uni=m te/imony ( exp]i5ce t !re is dang] ( local inflammation1 g5]al fev]1 g>get 9 ! udd]1 & pu]p]al fev]1 if ! new milk desc5ds :ile ! old milk cont9ues to fl[--x has be5 usual to let ! c[ g dry = "s p]iod be=e p>turition4 ,f>m]s & bre$]s h be5 /rangely divid$ z to ! l5g? ( ?is p]iod4 ,x mu/ be decid$ by circum/ances4 ,a c[ 9 good condition may be milk$ = a mu* long] p]iod ?an a poor "o4 ,h] abundance ( food r5d]s a p]iod ( respite almo/ unnecess>y2 & all t ne$s to be tak5 c>e (1 is t ! old milk %\ld be fairly gone be=e ! new milk spr+s4 ,9 su* a c[1 :ile !re is dang] ( inflammation f ! sudd5 ru% ( new milk into a bag already occupi$1 !re is almo/ always consid]able dang] ( indurations & tumors 9 ! teats f ! habit ( secretion be+ too long susp5d$4 ,! emaciat$ & ov]-milk$ bea/1 h[ev]1 mu/ re/ a :ile be=e %e c aga9 advantage\sly dis*>ge ! duties ( a "m4 ,if ! p]iod ( pregnancy 7 ( equal l5g? at all times & 9 all c[s1 ! "o t has be5 well f$ might be milk$ until )9 a =tnight or ?ree weeks ( p>turition1 :ile a holiday ( two mon?s %\ld be grant$ to ! poor] bea/2 b z !re is mu* irregul>ity ab\t ! "t ( ge/ation1 x may be prud5t to take a mon? or five ,weeks1 z ! av]age p]iod4 ,! process ( p>turition is necess>ily "o t is accompani$ ) a great deal ( febrile excitem5t2 &1 !re=e1 :5 x ne>ly approa*es1 n only %\ld a little c>e be tak5 to less5 ! quantity ( food1 & to remove t :i* is ( a /imulat+ action1 b a mild dose ( physic1 & a ble$+ regulat$ by ! condition ( ! animal1 w be v prop] precaution>y measures4 ,a mod]ately op5 /ate ( ! b[els is necess>y at ! p]iod ( p>turition 9 ! c[4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ( pregnancy h] enorm\s /oma* suffici5tly presses ^u & conf9es ! womb2 & t pressure may be productive ( injuri\s & fatal consequ5ces1 if at ?is p]iod ! rum5 is suff]$ to be di/5d$ by innutriti\s food1 or ! manyplus takes on t h>d5$ /ate to :i* x is occasionally subject4 ,bre$]s h be5 sadly neglig5t 9 ?is respect4 ,! spr++ ( ! udd]1 or ! rapid enl>gem5t ( x f ! r5ew$ secretion ( milk--! enl>gem5t ( ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! be>+ 7! =m]1 z has be5 said by "s1 9 old c[s1 & ! latt] 9 "y ones7--! appe>ance ( a gl>+ dis*>ge f ! be>+--! evid5t dropp+ ( ! belly1 ) ! appe>ance ( leanness & n>r[ness betwe5 ! %ape & ! udd]--a degree ( uneas9ess & fidget9ess--moan+ occasionally--accel]at$ respiration--all ^! symptoms w ann\nce t ! "t ( calv+ is n f> (f4 ,! c[ %\ld be br\ght ne> home1 & put 9 "s quiet1 %elt]$ place4 ,9 cold or /ormy wea!r %e %\ld be h\s$4 ,h] uneas9ess w rapidly increase--%e w be cont9ually gett+ up & ly+ d[n--h] tail w beg9 to be elevat$ & ! comm5cem5t ( ! labor-pa9s w soon be evid5t4 ,9 mo/ cases ! p>turition w be natural & easy1 & ! less ! c[ is di/urb$ or m$dl$ )1 ! bett]4 ,%e w d bett] )\t help ?an ) x2 b %e %\ld be wat*$1 9 ord] to see t no difficulty occurs :i* may require aid & att5tion4 ,9 cases ( difficult p>turition ! aid ( a skillful vet]9>y surgeon may be requir$4 ,illu/ration ,fe$+ & ,managem5t ,no bran* ( dairy f>m+ c comp>e 9 importance ) ! managem5t ( c[s4 ,! highe/ success w dep5d ^u x1 :atev] bre$ be select$1 & :atev] am\nt ( c>e & att5tion be giv5 to ! po9ts ( ! animals2 = exp]i5ce w %[ t v little milk comes out ( ! bag1 t is n fir/ put into ! ?roat4 ,x is poor economy1 !re=e1 to attempt to keep too _m c[s = ! am\nt ( fe$ "o has2 = x w g5]ally be f\nd t "o good c[ well-br$ & well f$ w yield z mu* z two ord9>y c[s kept 9 ! ord9>y way2 :ile a sav+ is effect$ bo? 9 labor & room requir$1 & 9 ! risks on ! capital inve/$4 ,if an argum5t = ! l>g] numb] on poor] fe$ is urg$ on ! gr\nd ( ! additional manure--:i* is ! only basis ^u :i* x c be put--x is en\gh to say t x is a v exp5sive way ( mak+ manure4 ,x is n too /rong an ass]tion1 t a prop] reg>d to pr(it & economy w\ld require _m an ,am]ican f>m] to sell (f ne>ly half ( 8 c[s1 & to fe$ ! :ole ( 8 hay & roots hi!rto us$ into ! rema9d]4 ,an animal1 to be fully f$ & satisfi$1 requires a quantity ( food 9 proportion to its live weight4 ,no fe$ is complete t does n conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( nutritive elem5ts2 hay1 = example1 be+ m nutritive ?an /raw1 & gra9s ?an roots4 ,! food1 too1 mu/ possess a bulk suffici5t to fill up to a c]ta9 degree ! organs ( dige/ion ( ! /oma*2 &1 to receive ! full b5efit ( its food1 ! animal mu/ be :olly satisfi$--s9ce1 if ! /oma* is n suffici5tly di/5d$1 ! food _c be prop]ly dige/$1 & ( c\rse _m ( ! nutritive pr9ciples :i* x conta9s _c be p]fectly assimilat$4 ,an animal regul>ly f$ eats till x is satisfi$1 & no m ?an is requisite4 ,a "p ( ! nutritive elem5ts 9 hay & o!r =age plants is ne$$ to keep an animal on its feet--t is1 to keep up its condition--& if ! nutrition ( its food is insuffici5t = ?is1 ! weight decreases1 & if x is m ?an suffici5t ! weight increases1 or else ?is excess is consum$ 9 ! production ( milk or 9 labor4 ,ab\t "o sixtie? ( _! live weight 9 hay1 or its equival5t1 w keep horn$ cattle on _! feet2 b1 9 ord] to be completely n\ri%$1 !y require ab\t "o ?irtie? 9 dry sub/ances1 & f\r ?irtie?s 9 wat]1 or o!r liquid conta9$ 9 _! food4 ,! excess ( nutritive food ov] & above :at is necess>y to su/a9 life w g1 9 mil* c[s1 g5]ally to ! production ( milk1 or to ! gr[? ( ! foetus1 b n 9 all c[s to an equal ext5t2 ! t5d5cy to ! secretion ( milk be+ mu* m develop$ 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,) reg>d1 h[ev]1 to ! consumption ( food 9 proportion to ! live weight ( ! animal1 x mu/ be tak51 9 common ) all g5]al pr9ciples1 ) "s qualifications4 ,! proportion is probably n uni=m z appli$ to all bre$s indiscrim9ately1 ?\gh x may be m s z appli$ to animals ( ! same bre$4 ,! idea ( "s celebrat$ /ock-rais]s has be5 t ! quantity ( food requir$ dep5ds mu* ^u ! %ape ( ! b>rel2 & x is well kn[n t an animal ( a close1 compact1 well-r\nd$ b>rel1 w consume less ?an "o ( an opposite make4 ,! v>iations 9 ! yield ( mil* c[s are caus$ m by ! v>iations 9 ! nutritive elem5ts ( _! food ?an by a *ange ( ! =m 9 :i* x is giv54 ,a c[1 kept ?r\gh ! w9t] on m]e /raw1 w cease to give milk2 &1 :5 f$ 9 spr+ on gre5 =age1 w give a fair quantity ( milk4 ,b %e owes ! cessation & re/oration ( ! secretion1 respectively1 to ! dim9ution & increase ( h] n\ri%m5t1 & n at all to ! *ange ( =m1 or ( outw>d sub/ance 9 :i* ! nutrim5t is adm9i/]$4 ,let c[s receive ?r\gh w9t] ne>ly z l>ge a proportion ( nutritive matt] z is conta9$ 9 ! clov]1 luc]ne1 & fre% grass :i* !y eat 9 summ]1 &1 no matt] 9 :at precise sub/ance or mixture t matt] be conta9$1 !y w yield a w9t]'s produce ( milk q z ri* 9 case9e & butyrace\s +r$i5ts z ! summ]'s produce1 & f> m ample 9 quantity ?an almo/ any dairyman ) old-fa%ion$ notions w\ld imag9e to be possible4 ,! great practical error on ?is subject consi/s1 n 9 giv+ wrong k9ds ( food1 b 9 n s proportion+ & prep>+ x z to r5d] an av]age ration ( x equally ri* 9 ! elem5ts ( nutrition1 & especially 9 nitrog5\s elem5ts1 z an av]age ration ( ! gre5 & succul5t food ( summ]4 ,we keep too mu* /ock = ! quantity ( good & nutriti\s food :i* we h = x2 & ! consequ5ce is1 t c[s are1 9 n9e cases out ( t51 poorly w9t]$1 & come out 9 ! spr+ weak5$1 if n1 inde$1 positively diseas$1 & a long "t is requir$ to br+ !m into a condition to yield a g5]\s quantity ( milk4 ,x is a h>d /ruggle = a c[ r$uc$ 9 fle% & 9 blood to fill up ! wa/$ sy/em ) ! food :i* w\ld o!rwise h gone to ! secretion ( milk2 b1 if %e is well f$1 well h\s$1 well litt]$1 & well suppli$ ) pure1 fre% wat]1 & ) roots1 or o!r moi/ food1 & prop]ly treat$ to ! luxury ( a frequ5t c>d+1 & con/ant k9dness1 %e comes out ready to comm5ce ! manufacture ( milk "u favorable circum/ances4 ,keep ! c[s con/antly 9 good condition1 ought1 !re=e1 to be ! motto ( e dairy f>m]1 po/$ up ov] ! b>n1 & on & ov] ! /alls1 & ov] ! milk-room1 & repeat$ to ! boys :5ev] !re is dang] ( =gett+ x4 ,x is ! great secret ( success2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure turns ^u x4 ,c[s 9 milk require m food 9 proportion to _! size & weight ?an ei!r ox5 or "y cattle4 ,9 ord] to keep c[s 9 milk well & economically1 regul>ity is next 9 importance to a full supply ( :olesome & nutriti\s food4 ,! animal /oma* is a v nice *ronomet]1 & x is ( ! utmo/ importance to obs]ve regul> h\rs 9 fe$+1 clean+1 & milk+4 ,?is is a po9t1 also1 9 :i* v _m f>m]s are at fault--fe$+ :5ev] x happ5s to be conv5i5t4 ,! cattle are ?us kept 9 a re/less condition1 con/antly expect+ food :5 ! keep] ent]s ! b>n2 :ile1 if regul> h\rs are /rictly adh]$ to1 !y "k exactly :5 !y are to be f$1 & !y re/ quietly till ! "t arrives4 ,if "o goes into any well-regulat$ dairy e/abli%m5t an h\r be=e fe$+1 sc>cely an animal w rise to its feet2 :ile2 if x happ5s to be ! h\r ( fe$+1 ! :ole h]d w be likely to rise & seize _! food ) an avidity & reli% n to be mi/ak54 ,) respect to ! exact nurture to be pursu$1 no rule c\ld be prescrib$ :i* w\ld apply to all cases2 & ea* individual mu/ be gov]n$ mu* by circum/ances1 bo? reg>d+ ! p>ticul> k9ds ( fe$ at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 & ! sy/em ( fe$+4 ,x has be5 f\nd--x may be /at$--9 ! practice ( ! mo/ successful dairym51 t1 9 ord] to enc\rage ! l>ge/ secretion ( milk 9 /all$ c[s1 "o ( ! be/ c\rses is1 to fe$ 9 ! morn+1 ei!r at ! "t ( milk+--:i* is pref]r$ by _m--or imm$iately aft]1 ) cut fe$1 consi/+ ( hay1 oats1 millet1 or corn/alks1 mix$ ) %orts1 & ,indian l9se$1 or cotton-se$ meal1 ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,if 9 w9t]1 hot or w>m wat] is f> bett] ?an cold4 ,if giv5 at milk+-"t1 ! c[s w g5]ally give d[n _! milk m readily4 ,! /alls & mang]s %\ld fir/ be ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,family ,,pets4 ,roots & long hay may be giv5 dur+ ! day2 & at ! ev5+ milk+1 or directly aft]1 ano!r g5]\s meal ( cut fe$1 well moi/5$ & mix$1 z 9 ! morn+4 ,no v conc5trat$ food1 l gra9s alone1 or oil-cakes1 %\ld be f$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ on an empty /oma*1 al?\gh x is sanction$ by ! practice 9 ! ,london milk-dairies4 ,! processes ( dige/ion g on be/ :5 ! /oma* is suffici5tly di/5d$2 & = ?is purpose ! bulk ( food is almo/ z important z ! nutritive qualities4 ,! flavor ( "s roots1 z cabbages & turnips1 is m apt to be imp>t$ to ! fle% & milk :5 f$ on an empty /oma* ?an o!rwise4 ,aft] ! c[s h be5 milk$ & h f9i%$ _! cut fe$1 !y are c>d$ & curri$ d[n1 9 well-manag$ dairies1 & !n ei!r wat]$ 9 ! /all--:i*1 9 v cold or /ormy wea!r1 is f> pref]able--or turn$ out to wat] 9 ! y>d4 ,:ile !y are out1 if !y are let out at all1 ! /ables are put 9 ord]2 &1 aft] ty+ !m up1 !y are f$ ) long hay1 & left to !mselves till ! next fe$+ "t4 ,?is may consi/ ( roots--su* z cabbages1 beets1 c>rots1 or turnips slic$--or ( potatoes1 a peck1 or--if ! c[s are v l>ge--a half-bu%el ea*1 & cut fe$ aga9 at ! ev5+ milk+1 z 9 ! morn+2 aft] :i*1 wat] 9 ! /all1 if possible4 ,! less c[s are expos$ to ! cold ( w9t]1 ! bett]4 ,!y eat less1 ?rive bett]1 & give m milk1 :5 kept h\s$ all ! "t1 ?an :5 expos$ to ! cold4 ,a case is on record1 :]e a h]d ( c[s1 :i* _h usually be5 suppli$ f tr\ghs & pipes 9 ! /alls1 71 on acc\nt ( an ob/ruction 9 ! pipes1 oblig$ to be turn$ out ?rice a day to be wat]$ 9 ! y>d4 ,! quantity ( milk in/antly decreas$1 & 9 ?ree days ! dim9ution became v consid]able4 ,aft] ! pipes 7 m5d$1 & ! c[s aga9 wat]$1 z be=e1 9 _! /alls1 ! fl[ ( milk return$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be gov]n$ mu* by ! wea!r2 = 9 v mild & w>m days x may be judici\s n only to let !m out1 b to all[ !m to rema9 out = a %ort "t1 = ! purpose ( ex]cise4 ,any "o c arrange ! h\r = ! sev]al processes nam$ above1 to suit himself2 b1 :5 once fix$1 x %\ld be rigidly & regul>ly foll[$4 ,if ! regul> & full fe$+ be neglect$ = ev5 a day1 ! yield ( milk w imm$iately decl9e1 & x w be v difficult to re/ore x4 ,x may be safely ass]t$1 z ! result ( _m trials & long practice1 t a l>g] fl[ ( milk foll[s a complete sy/em ( regul>ity 9 ?is respect ?an f a high] fe$+ :]e ?is sy/em is n adh]$ to4 ,"o prime object :i* ! dairyman %\ld keep con/antly 9 view is1 to ma9ta9 ! animal 9 a s\nd & heal?y condition4 ,)\t ?is1 no pr(it c be expect$ f a mil* c[ = any consid]able l5g? ( "t2 & ) a view to ?is1 !re %\ld be an occasional *ange ( food4 ,b1 9 mak+ *anges1 great c>e is requisite 9 ord] to supply ! ne$ful am\nt ( n\ri%m5t1 or ! c[ w fall (f 9 fle%1 & ev5tually 9 milk4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be rememb]$ t ! food consum$ goes n alone to ! secretion ( milk1 b also to ! gr[? & ma9t5ance ( ! bony /ructure1 ! fle%1 ! blood1 ! fat1 ! sk91 & ! hair1 & 9 exhalations f ! body4 ,^! p>ts ( ! body consi/ ( diff]5t organic con/itu5ts4 ,"s are ri* 9 nitrog51 z ! fibr9 ( ! blood & album52 o!rs de/itute ( x1 z fat2 "s ab\nd 9 inorganic salts1 phosphate ( lime1 & salts ( pota%4 ,to expla9 h[ ! con/ant wa/e ( ^! sub/ances may be suppli$1 a celebrat$ *emi/ obs]ves t ! album51 glut51 case9e1 & o!r nitrog5iz$ pr9ciples ( food1 supply ! animal ) ! mat]ials requisite = ! =mation ( muscle & c>tilage2 !y are1 !re=e1 call$ fle%-=m+ pr9ciples4 ,fats1 or oily matt]s ( ! food1 are us$ to lay on fat1 or = ! purpose ( su/a9+ respiration4 ,/>*1 sug>1 gum1 & a few o!r non-nitrog5iz$ sub/ances1 consi/+ ( c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 supply ! c>bon giv5 (f 9 respiration1 or !y are us$ = ! production ( fat4 ,phosphate ( lime & magnesia 9 food pr9cipally furni% ! animal ) ! mat]ials ( :i* ! bony skeleton ( its body consi/s4 ,sal9e sub/ances--*lorides ( sodium & potassium1 sulphate & phosphate ( pota% & soda1 & "s o!r m9]al matt]s occurr+ 9 food--supply ! blood1 juice ( fle%1 & v>i\s animal juices1 ) ! necess>y m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,! heal?y /ate ( an animal c ?us only be pres]v$ by a mix$ food2 t is1 food :i* conta9s all ! proximate pr9ciples j notic$4 ,/>* or sug> alone _c su/a9 ! animal body1 s9ce nei!r ( !m furni%es ! mat]ials to build up ! fle%y p>ts ( ! animal4 ,:5 f$ on sub/ances 9 :i* an insuffici5t quantity ( phosphates occurs1 ! animal w become weak1 because x does n f9d any bone-produc+ pr9ciple 9 its food4 ,due att5tion %\ld1 !re=e1 be paid by ! fe$] to ! selection ( food :i* conta9s all ! k9ds ( matt] requir$1 nitrog5iz$ z well z non-nitrog5iz$1 & m9]al sub/ances2 & ^! %\ld be mix$ toge!r 9 ! proportion :i* exp]i5ce po9ts out z be/ = ! diff]5t k9ds ( animals1 or ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* !y are kept4 ,relative to ! nutrition ( c[s = dairy purposes1 milk may be reg>d$ z a mat]ial = ! manufacture ( butt] & *eese2 &1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* ! milk is int5d$ to be employ$1 :e!r = ! manufacture ( butt] or ! production ( *eese1 ! c[ %\ld be diff]5tly f$4 ,butt] conta9s c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 & no nitrog54 ,*eese1 on ! contr>y1 is ri* 9 nitrog54 ,food :i* conta9s mu* fatty matt]1 or sub/ances :i* 9 ! animal sy/em are readily conv]t$ into fat1 w t5d to increase ! proportion ( cream 9 milk4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! proportion ( case9e or *eesy matt] 9 milk is increas$ by ! use ( highly nitrog5iz$ food4 ,^?1 !n1 :o desire mu* cream1 or :o produce cream = ! manufacture ( butt]1 select food likely to increase ! proportion ( butt] 9 ! milk4 ,on ! contr>y1 :]e ! pr9cipal object is ! production ( milk ri* 9 curd--t is1 :]e *eese is ! object ( ! f>m]--clov]1 peas1 bran-meal1 & o!r plants :i* ab\nd 9 legum9e--a nitrog5iz$ organic comp\nd1 almo/ id5tical 9 prop]ties & composition ) case9e1 or ! sub/ance :i* =ms ! curd ( milk--w be select$4 ,& s ! quality1 z well z ! quantity1 ( butt] 9 ! milk1 dep5ds on ! k9d ( food consum$ & on ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal4 ,c[s f$ on turnips 9 ! /all always produce butt] inf]ior to t ( c[s liv+ ^u ! fre% & aromatic grasses ( ! pa/ures4 ,succul5t food 9 :i* wat] ab\nds--! gre5 grass ( irrigat$ mead[s1 gre5 clov]1 brew]s' & di/ill]s' refuse1 & ! l--increases ! quantity1 r ?an ! quality1 ( ! milk2 & by fe$+ ^! sub/ances ! milk-dairyman /udies 8 own int]e/1 & makes ?9 milk )\t dilut+ x ) wat]--?\gh1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ?is may be no m legitimate ?an wat]+ ! milk4 ,b1 ?\gh ! yield ( milk may be increas$ by succul5t or wat]y food1 x %\ld be giv5 s z n to int]f]e ) ! heal? ( ! c[4 ,food ri* 9 />*1 gum1 or sug>1 :i* are ! respiratory elem5ts1 an excess ( :i* goes to ! production ( fatty matt]s1 increases ! butt] 9 milk4 ,quietness promotes ! secretion ( fat 9 animals & increases ! butt]4 ,*eese w be increas$ by food ri* 9 album51 su* z ! legum9\s plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,buy+ ,,cattle4 ,! mo/ natural1 & ( c\rse ! heal?ie/1 food = mil* c[s 9 summ]1 is ! gre5 grass ( ! pa/ures2 & :5 ^! fail f dr\ght or ov]-/ock+1 ! complem5t ( n\ri%m5t may be made up ) gre5 clov]1 gre5 oats1 b>ley1 millet1 or corn-fodd] & cabbage-leaves1 or o!r succul5t vegetables2 & if ^! are want+1 ! defici5cy may be p>tly suppli$ ) %orts1 ,indian-meal1 l9se$ or cotton-se$ meal4 ,gre5 grass is m nutriti\s ?an hay1 :i* always loses some:at ( its nutritive prop]ties 9 cur+2 ! am\nt ( ! loss dep5d+ *iefly on ! mode ( cur+1 & ! l5g? ( exposure to sun & ra94 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 grass is m easily & completely dige/$ ?an hay1 ?\gh ! dige/ion ( ! latt] may be greatly aid$ by cutt+ & moi/5+1 or /eam+2 & by ?is means x is r5d]$ m readily available1 & h5ce f> bett] adapt$ to promote a l>ge secretion ( milk--a fact too (t5 ov]look$ ev5 by _m intellig5t f>m]s4 ,9 autumn1 ! be/ fe$ w be ! grasses ( ! pa/ures1 s f> z !y are available1 gre5-corn fodd]1 cabbage1 c>rot1 & turnip leaves1 & an addition ( meal or %orts4 ,t[>d ! middle ( autumn1 ! c[s f$ 9 ! pa/ures w require to be h\s$ regul>ly at night1 especially 9 ! m nor!rn latitudes1 & put1 9 "p at lea/1 ^u hay4 ,b e f>m] kn[s t x is n judici\s to fe$ out ! be/ "p ( 8 hay :5 8 cattle are fir/ put into ! b>n1 & t he %\ld n fe$ s well 9 ! e>ly "p ( w9t] t he _c fe$ bett] z ! w9t] advances4 ,at ! same "t1 x %\ld always be borne 9 m9d t ! *ange f grass to a poor quality ( hay or /raw1 = c[s 9 milk1 %\ld n be too sudd54 ,a poor quality ( dry hay is f> less palatable 9 ! e>ly "p ( w9t]1 aft] ! c[s are tak5 f grass1 ?an at a lat] p]iod2 &1 if x is resort$ to ) mil* c[s1 w inv>iably lead to a fall+ (f 9 ! milk1 :i* no good fe$ c aft]w>d :olly re/ore4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 = ! f>m] to "k :at c be us$ in/ead ( 8 be/ ,engli% or upl& mead[ hay1 & yet n suff] any great] loss 9 ! fl[ ( milk1 or 9 condition1 ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 ! be/ quality ( swale hay w be us$2 & ! composition ( t is z v>iable z possible1 dep5d+ on ! v>ieties ( ! grasses ( :i* x 0 made1 & ! mann] ( cur+4 ,b1 9 o!r sections1 _m w f9d x necess>y to use /raw & o!r sub/itutes4 ,tak+ good ,engli% or mead[ hay z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 & call+ t "o1 #d4gi times ! weight ( rye-/raw1 or #c4hc times ! weight ( oat-/raw1 conta9s ! same am\nt ( nutritive matt]2 t is1 x w\ld take #d4gi times z good rye-/raw to produce ! same result z good mead[ hay4 ,9 w9t]1 ! be/ food = c[s 9 milk w be good sweet mead[ hay1 a "p ( :i* %\ld be cut & moi/5$ ) wat]--z all inf]ior hay or /raw %\ld be--) an addition ( root-crops1 su* z turnips1 c>rots1 p>snips1 potatoes1 mangold-wurtzel1 ) %orts1 oil-cake1 ,indian meal1 or bean meal4 ,x is ! op9ion ( mo/ successful dairym5 t ! fe$+ ( moi/ food _c be too highly recomm5d$ = c[s 9 milk1 especially to ^? :o desire to obta9 ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,hay cut & ?or\ghly moi/5$ becomes m succul5t & nutritive1 & p>takes m ( ! nature ( gre5 grass4 ,z a sub/itute = ! oil-cake1 hi!rto kn[n z an exce$+ly valuable article = fe$+ /ock1 !re is probably no?+ bett] ?an cotton-se$ meal4 ,?is is an article ^: economic value has be5 b rec5tly made kn[n1 b :i*1 f practical trials already made1 has prov$ em95tly successful z food = mil* c[s4 ,*emi/s h decid$ t its composition is n inf]ior to t ( ! be/ flaxse$ cake1 & t 9 "s respects its agricultural value surpasses t ( any o!r k9d ( oil-cake4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by *emi/s1 9 ?is connection1 t ! great value ( l9se$-cake1 z an adjunct to hay1 = fat cattle & mil* c[s1 has be5 long recogniz$2 & t x is und5iably traceable1 9 ! ma91 to ?ree +r$i5ts ( ! se$s ( ! oil-yield+ plants4 ,! value ( food dep5ds ^u ! quantities ( matt]s x conta9s :i* may be appropriat$ by ! animal :i* consumes ! food ,n[1 x is prov$ t ! fat ( animals is d]iv$ f ! />*1 gum1 & sug>1 & m directly & easily f ! oil ( ! food4 ,^! f\r sub/ances1 !n1 are fat-=m]s4 ,! muscles1 n]ves1 & t5dons ( animals1 ! br9e ( _! blood & ! curd ( _! milk1 are almo/ id5tical 9 composition )1 & /rongly simil> 9 _m ( _! prop]ties to1 matt]s f\nd 9 all vegetables1 b *iefly 9 su* z =m ! mo/ conc5trat$ food4 ,^! blood 7& muscle7 =m]s are *>act]iz$ by conta9+ ab\t fifte5 & a half p] c5t4 ( nitrog52 & h5ce are call$ nitrog5\s sub/ances4 ,!y are1 also1 (t5 designat$ z ! album9\s bodies4 ,! bony framework ( ! animal owes its solidity to phosphate ( lime1 & ?is sub/ance mu/ be furni%$ by ! food4 ,a p]fect food mu/ supply ! animal ) ^! ?ree classes ( bodies1 & 9 prop] proportions4 ,! addition ( a small quantity ( a food1 ri* 9 oil & album9\s sub/ances1 to ! ord9>y k9ds ( fe$1 :i* conta9 a l>ge quantity ( vegetable fibre or woody matt]1 m or less indige/ible1 b1 nev]!less1 indisp5sable to ! h]bivor\s animals1 _! dige/ive organs be+ adapt$ to a bulky food1 has be5 f\nd highly advantage\s 9 practice4 ,nei!r hay alone nor conc5trat$ food alone gives ! be/ results4 ,a c]ta9 comb9ation ( ! two pres5ts ! mo/ advantages4 ,"s :o h us$ cotton-se$ cake h f\nd difficulty 9 induc+ cattle to eat x4 ,by giv+ x at fir/ 9 small doses1 mix$ ) o!r palatable food1 !y soon le>n to eat x ) reli%4 ,cotton-se$ cake is mu* ri*] 9 oils & album9\s matt]s ?an ! l9se$ cake4 ,a correspond+ly less quantity w !re=e be requir$4 ,?ree p\nds ( ?is cotton-se$ cake are equival5t to f\r ( l9se$ cake ( av]age quality4 ,dur+ ! w9t] season1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 a frequ5t *ange ( food is especially necess>y1 bo? z contributions to ! g5]al heal? ( animals1 & z a means ( /imulat+ ! dige/ive organs1 & ?us increas+ ! secretion ( milk4 ,a mixture us$ z cut fe$ & well moi/5$ is n[ especially b5eficial1 s9ce conc5trat$ food1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be giv5 9 small quantities1 may be unit$ ) l>g] quantities ( co>s] & less nutritive food1 & ! complete assimilation ( ! :ole be bett] secur$4 ,on ?is subject x has be5 s5sibly obs]v$ t ! mo/ nutriti\s k9ds ( food produce little or no effect :5 !y are n dige/$ by ! /oma*1 or if ! dige/$ food is n absorb$ by ! lymphatic vessels1 & n assimilat$ by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,n[1 ! normal functions ( ! dige/ive organs n only dep5d ^u ! composition ( ! food1 b also on its volume4 ,! volume or bulk ( ! food contributes to ! heal?y action ( ! dige/ive organs1 by ex]cis+ a /imulat+ effect ^u ! n]ves :i* gov]n !m4 ,?us ! :ole organization ( rum9at+ animals necessitates ! supply ( bulky food1 to keep ! animal 9 good condition4 ,fe$ sweet & nutriti\s food1 !re=e1 frequ5tly1 regul>ly1 & 9 small quantities1 & *ange x (t51 & ! be/ results may be confid5tly anticipat$4 ,if ! c[s are n 9 milk1 b are to come 9 9 ! spr+1 ! diff]5ce 9 fe$+ %\ld be r 9 ! quantity ?an ! quality1 if ! highe/ yield is to be expect$ f !m dur+ ! com+ season4 ,! mo/ common fe$+ is hay alone1 & (t5times v poor hay at t4 ,! ma9 po9t is to keep ! animal 9 a heal?y & ?riv+ condition1 & n to suff] h] to fail 9 fle%2 & ) ?is object1 "s *ange & v>iety ( food are highly important4 ,illu/ration3 ,,call+ ,,9 ,,! ,,cattle4 ,t[>d ! close ( w9t]1 a h]d ( c[s w beg9 to come 91 or approa* _! "t ( calv+4 ,c>e %\ld !n be tak5 n to fe$ too ri* or /imulat+ food = ! la/ week or two be=e ?is ev5t1 z x is (t5 att5d$ ) ill consequ5ces4 ,a pl5ty ( hay1 a few potatoes or %orts1 & pure wat] w suffice4 ,9 spr+1 ! be/ fe$+ = dairy c[s w be mu* ! same z t = w9t]2 ! roots 9 /ore ov] w9t]1 su* z c>rots1 mangold wurtzel1 turnips1 & p>snips1 furni%+ v valuable aid 9 increas+ ! quantity & improv+ ! quality ( milk4 ,t[>d ! close ( ?is season1 & be=e ! grass ( pa/ures is suffici5tly gr[n to make x judici\s to turn out ! c[s1 ! be/ dairym5 provide a supply ( gre5 fodd] 9 ! %ape ( w9t] rye1 :i*1 if cut :ile x is t5d] & succul5t1 & be=e x is half gr[n1 w be greatly reli%$4 ,unless cut "y1 h[ev]1 its /alk soon becomes h>d & unpalatable4 ,all practical dairym5 agree 9 say+ t a w>m & well-v5tilat$ b>n is indisp5sable to ! promotion ( ! highe/ yield ( milk 9 w9t]2 & mo/ agree t c[s 9 milk %\ld n be turn$ out1 ev5 to dr9k1 9 cold wea!r2 all exposure to cold t5d+ to less5 ! yield ( milk4 ,9 ! ,london dairies1 9 :i*1 ( c\rse1 ! c[s are f$ s z to produce ! l>ge/ fl[ ( milk1 ! treatm5t is z foll[s3 ,! c[s are kept at night 9 /alls4 ,ab\t ?ree ,a4 ,m4 ea* has a half-bu%el ( gra9s4 ,:5 milk+ is f9i%$1 ea* receives a bu%el ( turnips 7or mangolds71 & %ortly aft]w>d1 "o t5? ( a truss ( hay ( ! be/ quality4 ,?is fe$+ occurs be=e eight ,a4 ,m41 :5 ! animals are turn$ into ! y>d4 ,f\r h\rs aft]1 !y are aga9 ti$ up 9 _! /alls1 & h ano!r fe$ ( gra9s4 ,:5 ! aft]noon milk+ is ov] 7ab\t ?ree ,p4 ,m471 !y are f$ ) a bu%el ( turnips1 & aft] ! lapse ( an h\r1 hay is giv5 !m z be=e4 ,?is mode ( fe$+ usually cont9ues ?r\gh\t ! cool season1 or f ,novemb] to ,m>*4 ,dur+ ! rema9+ mon?s !y are f$ ) gra9s1 t>es1 & cabbages1 & a proportion ( r[51 or second-cut hay4 ,!y are suppli$ regul>ly until !y are turn$ out to grass1 :5 !y pass ! :ole ( ! night 9 ! field4 ,! yield is ab\t six hundr$ & fifty gallons a ye> = ea* c[4 ,mr4 ,h>ley--^: admirable dairy e/abli%m5t 0 erect$ = ! purpose ( supply+ ! city ( ,glasg[ ) a good quality ( milk1 & :i* has contribut$ m ?an any ?+ else to improve ! quality ( ! milk furni%$ to all ! pr9cipal cities ( ,great ,brita9--adopt$ ! foll[+ sy/em ( fe$+ ) ! greate/ pr(it3 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! summ]1 "y grass & gre5 b>ley1 ! fir/ cutt+ especially1 mix$ ) a l>ge proportion ( old hay or /raw1 & a good quantity ( salt to prev5t swell+1 7 us$4 ,z summ] advanc$1 less hay & /raw 7 giv51 & z ! grass approa*$ rip5ess1 !y 7 discont9u$ altoge!r2 b "y & wet clov] 0 nev] giv5 )\t an admixture ( dry prov5d]4 ,:5 grass became sc>ce1 "y turnips & turnip leaves 7 /eam$ ) hay1 & =m$ a good sub/itute4 ,z grass decreas$1 ! turnips 7 increas$1 & at l5g? became a complete sub/itute4 ,z ! season advanc$1 a l>ge proportion ( di/ill]s' gra9s & wa% 0 giv5 ) o!r food1 b ^! 7 f\nd to h a t5d5cy to make ! cattle gra9-sick2 & if ?is fe$+ 7 long-cont9u$1 ! heal? ( ! c[s became affect$4 ,boil$ l9se$ & %ort-cut :eat /raw mix$ ) ! gra9s1 7 f\nd to prev5t ! c[s f turn+ sick4 ,z spr+ approa*$1 ,sw$i% turnips1 :5 *eap1 7 sub/itut$ = yell[ turnips4 ,^! two roots1 /eam$ ) hay & o!r mixtures1 af=d$ safe food till grass 0 aga9 9 season4 ,:5 any ( ! c[s 7 surfeit$1 ! food 0 )held till ! appetite return$1 :5 a small quantity 0 giv51 & increas$ gradually to ! full all[ance4 ,b ! mo/ elaborate & valuable exp]im5ts 9 ! fe$+ & managem5t ( mil* c[s1 are ^? made1 n long s9ce1 by ,mr4 ,t4 ,horsfall1 ( ,engl&1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society4 ,8 practice1 ?\gh adapt$ m especially1 p]haps1 to 8 own section1 is nev]!less ( su* g5]al application & importance z to be wor?y ( att5tion4 ,by 8 c\rse ( treatm5t he f\nd t he c\ld produce z mu* & z ri* butt] 9 w9t] z 9 summ]4 ,8 fir/ object 0 to af=d a full supply ( ! elem5ts ( food adapt$ to ! ma9t5ance1 & also to ! produce ( ! animal2 & ?is c\ld n be effect$ by ! ord9>y food & me?ods ( fe$+1 s9ce x is impossible to induce a c[ to consume a quantity ( hay requisite to supply ! wa/e ( ! sy/em1 & keep up1 at ! same "t1 a full yield ( ! be/ quality ( milk4 ,he us$1 to "s ext5t1 cabbages1 kohl rabi1 mangolds1 %orts1 & o!r sub/ances1 ri* 9 ! con/itu5ts ( *eese & butt]4 ,my food = mil* c[s1 says he1 aft] hav+ und]gone v>i\s modifications1 has = two seasons consi/$ ( rape cake five p\nds1 & bran two p\nds1 = ea* c[1 mix$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( bean-/raw1 oat-/raw1 & %ells ( oats1 9 equal proportions1 to supply !m ?ree times a day ) z mu* z !y w eat4 ,! :ole ( ! mat]ials are moi/5$ & bl5d$ toge!r1 &1 aft] be+ well /eam$1 are giv5 to ! animal 9 a w>m /ate4 ,! att5dant is all[$ "o p\nd to "o p\nd & a half p] c[1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ( bean-meal1 :i* he is *>g$ to give to ea* c[ 9 proportion to ! yield ( milk2 ^? 9 full milk gett+ ea* two p\nds p] day1 o!rs b little4 ,x is dry1 & mix$ ) ! /eam$ food on its be+ dealt out sep>ately4 ,:5 ?is is eat5 up1 gre5 food is giv51 consi/+ ( cabbages1 f ,octob] to ,decemb]1 kohl rabi till ,febru>y1 & mangold till grass "t1 ) a view to nicety ( flavor4 ,i limit ! quantity ( gre5 food to ?irty or ?irty-five p\nds p] day = ea*4 ,aft] ea* fe$1 f\r p\nds ( mead[ hay1 or twelve p\nds p] day1 is giv5 to ea* c[4 ,!y are all[$ wat] twice a day1 to ! ext5t :i* !y w dr9k4 ,bean-/raw uncook$ hav+ be5 f\nd to be h>d & unpalatable1 x 0 /eam$ to make x s(t & pulpy1 :5 x possess$ an agreeable odor1 & imp>t$ its flavor to ! :ole mass4 ,x 0 cut = ?is purpose j be=e rip5+1 b aft] ! bean 0 fully gr[n1 & 9 ?is /ate 0 f\nd to possess ne>ly d\ble ! am\nt ( album9\s matt]1 s valuable to mil* c[s1 ( good mead[ or upl& hay4 ,bran or %orts is also va/ly improv$ by /eam+ or soak+ ) hot wat]1 :5 its nutrim5t is m readily assimilat$4 ,x conta9s ab\t f\rte5 p] c5t4 ( album51 & is ri* 9 phosphoric acid4 ,rape-cake 0 f\nd to be exce$+ly valuable4 ,l9se$ & cotton-se$ cake may probably be sub/itut$ = x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,horsfall turn$ 8 c[s 9 ,may into a ri* pa/ure1 h\s+ !m at night1 & giv+ !m a mess ( ! /eam$ mixture & "s hay morn+ & night2 & f ,june to ,octob] !y _h cut grass 9 ! /all1 besides :at !y got 9 ! pa/ure1 & two fe$s ( ! /eam$ mixture a day4 ,aft] ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] ! c[s 7 kept h\s$4 ,) su* managem5t 8 c[s g5]ally yield$ f twelve to sixte5 qu>ts ( milk 7w9e measure7 a day1 = ab\t eight mon?s aft] calv+1 :5 !y fell (f 9 milk1 b ga9$ 9 fle%1 up to calv+-"t4 ,9 ?is c\rse ( treatm5t ! manure 0 f> bett] ?an ! av]age1 & 8 pa/ures con/antly improv$4 ,! av]age am\nt ( butt] f e sixte5 qu>ts ( milk 0 tw5ty-five ounces--a proportion f> l>g] ?an ! av]age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,on ,,! ,,rampage4 ,h[ widely does ?is c\rse ( treatm5t diff] f t ( mo/ f>m]s6 ,! object ) _m seems to be1 to see ) h[ little food !y c keep ! c[ alive4 ,f a correct po9t ( view1 ! mil* c[ %\ld be reg>d$ z an in/rum5t ( trans=mation4 ,! "q %\ld be--) s mu* hay1 s mu* gra91 s _m roots1 h[ c ! mo/ milk1 or butt]1 or *eese1 be made8 ,! conduct ( a manufactur] :o own$ good ma*9]y1 & an abundance ( raw mat]ial1 & _h ! labor at h&1 w\ld be consid]$ v s5seless1 if he hesitat$ to supply ! mat]ial1 & keep ! ma*9]y at "w1 at lea/ s long z he c\ld run x ) pr(it4 ,/imulate ! appetite1 !n1 & induce ! c[ to eat1 by a frequ5t *ange ( diet1 n m]ely en\gh to supply ! con/ant wa/e ( h] sy/em1 b en\gh & to sp>e1 ( a food adapt$ to ! production ( milk ( ! quality desir$4 ,,soil+4 ,( ! advantages ( soil+ mil* c[s--t is1 fe$+ exclusively 9 ! b>n--!re are yet _m conflict+ op9ions4 ,z to its economy ( l& & fe$ !re c be no "q1 x be+ g5]ally admitt$ t a giv5 numb] ( animals may be abundantly f$ on a less space2 nor is !re mu* "q z to ! increas$ quantity ( milk yield$ 9 /all fe$+4 ,its economy1 9 ?is c\ntry1 turns r ^u ! co/ ( labor & "t2 & ! "q rais$ by ! dairyman is1 :e!r x w pay--:e!r its advantages are suffici5t to balance ! extra exp5se ( cutt+ & fe$+1 ov] & above cropp+ on ! pa/ure4 ,! importance ( ?is subject has be5 /rongly impress$ ^u ! att5tion ( f>m]s 9 _m sections ( ! c\ntry1 by a gr[+ conviction t some?+ mu/ be done to improve ! pa/ures1 or t !y mu/ be ab&on$ altoge!r4 ,?\s&s ( acres ( neglect$ pa/ure-l& 9 ! old] ,/ates are s poor & worn out t f f\r to eight acres furni% b a mis]able subsi/5ce = a good-siz$ c[4 ,no animal c fl\ri% "u su* circum/ances4 ,! labor & ex]tion ( fe$+ are too great1 to say no?+ ( ! va/ly inf]ior quality ( ! grasses 9 su* pa/ures1 comp>$ ) ^? on m rec5tly se$$ l&s4 ,true economy w\ld dictate t su* pa/ures %\ld ei!r be all[$ to run to wood1 or be devot$ to %eep-walks1 or pl\gh$ & improv$4 ,c[s1 to be able to yield well1 mu/ h pl5ty ( food ( a sweet & nutriti\s quality2 &1 unless !y f9d x1 !y w&] ov] a l>ge space1 if at lib]ty1 & ?us deprive !mselves ( re/4 ,if a f>m] or dairyman un=tunately owns su* pa/ures1 !re c be no "q t1 z a matt] ( real economy1 he _h bett] resort to ! soil+ sy/em = 8 mil* c[s2 by :i* means he w l>gely increase 8 annual supply ( good manure1 & ?us h ! means ( improv+1 & br++ 8 l& to a high] /ate ( cultivation4 ,a v successful in/ance ( ?is managem5t occurs 9 ! report ( ! visit+ committee ( an agricultural society 9 ,massa*usetts1 9 :i* !y say3 ,we h n[ 9 m9d a f>m] 9 ?is c\nty :o keeps sev5 or eight c[s 9 ! /able ?r\gh ! summ]1 & fe$s !m on gre5 fodd]1 *iefly ,indian corn4 ,we ask$ him 8 reasons = x4 ,8 answ] 03 #a4 ,t he gets m milk ?an he c by any o!r me?od4 #b4 ,t he gets m manure1 especially liquid manure4 #c4 ,t he saves x all1 by keep+ a supply ( mud or m\ld "u ! /able1 to be tak5 out & r5ew$ z (t5 z necess>y4 #d4 ,t x is less tr\blesome ?an to drive 8 c[s to pa/ure2 t !y are less vex$ by flies1 & h equally good heal?4 #e4 ,t 8 m[+ l& is e ye> gr[+ m productive1 )\t ! exp5se ( artificial manure4--,he e/imates t on an acre ( good l& tw5ty tons ( gre5 fodd] may be rais$4 ,t :i* is dri$ is cut f9e1 & mix$ ) meal or %orts1 & f$ ) pr(it4 ,he believes t a r$uc$ & worn-out f>m--suppos+ ! l& to be naturally good--c\ld be br\ght into prime ord] 9 five ye>s1 )\t any extra outlay ( money = manure1 by ! use ( gre5 fodd] 9 connection ) ! rais+ & keep+ ( pigs2 n fatt5+ !m1 b sell+ at ! age ( f\r or five mon?s4 ,he keeps mo/ ( 8 l& 9 grass1 improv+ its quality & productiv5ess by means ( top-dress+1 & putt+ money 9 8 pocket--:i* is1 aft] all1 ! true te/ bo? = !ory & practice4 ,ano!r practical case on ?is po9t is t ( a g5tleman 9 ! same ,/ate :o _h f\r c[s1 b n a rod ( l& on :i* to pa/ure !m4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 nev] out ( ! b>n--or1 at lea/1 n out ( ! y>d--& 7 f$ ) grass1 regul>ly m[n = !m2 ) gre5 ,indian corn & fodd]1 :i* _h be5 s[n broadca/ = ! purpose2 & ) ab\t ?ree p9ts ( meal a day4 ,_! produce 9 butt] 0 kept = ?irte5 weeks4 ,two ( !m 7 b two ye>s old1 hav+ calv$ ! same spr+4 ,all ! milk ( "o ( !m 0 tak5 by h] calf = six weeks out ( ! ?irte51 & "s ( ! milk ( ! o!r 0 tak5 = family use1 ! quantity ( :i* 0 n measur$4 ,^! heif]s c\ld n1 !re=e1 be e/imat$ z equal to m ?an "o c[ 9 full milk4 ,& yet f ^! c[s no less ?an ?ree hundr$ & eighty-n9e p\nds ( butt] 7 made 9 ! ?irte5 weeks4 ,ano!r p\nd w\ld h made an av]age ( ?irty p\nds a week = ! :ole "t4 ,x appe>s f ^! & o!r simil> in/ances ( soil+1 or /all-fe$+ 9 summ] on gre5 crops cut = ! purpose1 t ! l>gely increas$ quantity ( ! yield fully comp5sates = ! slightly det]iorat$ quality4 ,& n only is ! quantity yield$ by ea* c[ increas$1 b ! same ext5t ( l&1 "u ! same culture1 w c>ry d\ble or treble ! numb] ( ord9>y pa/ures1 & keep !m 9 bett] condition4 ,!re is also a sav+ ( manure4 ,b ) u ! economy ( soil+ is ! exception1 & n ! rule4 ,9 adopt+ ?is sy/em ( fe$+1 regul>ity is requir$ z mu* z 9 any o!r1 & a prop] v>iety ( food4 ,a succession ( gre5 crops %\ld be provid$1 z ne> z conv5i5t to ! /able4 ,! fir/ w naturally be w9t] rye1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 z t %oots up ) great luxuriance4 ,w9t] rape w\ld probably be an exce$+ly valuable addition to ! plants usually cultivat$ = soil+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 sections :]e x w\ld )/& ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]4 ,cabbages1 kept 9 ! cell> or pit1 & transplant$ e>ly1 w also come 9 "h to advantage1 & clov] w v soon foll[ !m2 oats1 millet1 & gre5 ,indian-corn1 z ! season advances2 &1 a little lat] /ill1 p]haps1 ! ,*9ese sug>-cane1 :i* %\ld n be cut till head$ out4 ,^! plants1 9 addition to o!r cultivat$ grasses1 w furni% an unfail+ succession ( succul5t & t5d] fodd]2 :ile ! addition ( a little ,indian1 l9se$1 or cotton-se$ meal w be f\nd economical4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( l>ge t[ns & cities1 :]e ! object is too (t5 to fe$ = ! l>ge/ quantity1 )\t ref]5ce to quality1 an article kn[n z di/ill]s' swill1 or /ill-slop1 is ext5sively us$4 ,?is1 if prop]ly f$ 9 limit$ quantities1 9 comb9ation ) o!r & m bulky food1 may be a valuable article = ! dairyman2 b1 if giv5--z x too (t5 is--)\t ! addition ( o!r k9ds ( food1 x soon affects ! heal? & con/itution ( ! animals f$ on x4 ,?is swill conta9s a consid]able quantity ( wat]1 "s nitrog5\s comp\nds1 & "s inorganic matt] 9 ! %ape ( phosphates & alkal9e salts f\nd 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( gra9 ( :i* x is made up1 z ,indian corn1 :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 & ! l4 ,:]e ?is =ms ! pr9cipal food ( mil* c[s1 ! milk is ( a v poor quality--blue 9 color1 & requir+ ! addition ( color+ sub/ances to make x saleable4 ,x conta9s1 (t51 less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( butt]1 & seldom ov] "o & ?ree-t5?s or "o & a half p] c5t4--:ile good1 saleable milk %\ld conta9 f ?ree to five p] c5t4 ,x w n coagulate1 x is said1 9 less ?an five or six h\rs2 :ile good milk w inv>iably coagulate 9 an h\r or less1 "u ! same conditions4 ,its effect on ! sy/em ( "y *ildr5 is1 !re=e1 v de/ructive1 caus+ diseases ( v>i\s k9ds1 &1 if cont9u$1 dea?4 ,s p]nici\s h be5 ! consequ5ces result+ f ! use ( ?is swill-milk1 z x is call$1 9 ! l>ge/ city ( ?is c\ntry1 t ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 at a rec5t session 7#ahfa-b71 int]f]$ 9 behalf ( ! community by mak+ ! sale ( ! article a p5al (f5ce4 ,,culture ,,( ,,grasses ,,= ,,fodd]4 ,z has be5 already /at$1 ! grasses 9 summ]1 & hay 9 w9t]1 =m ! mo/ natural & important food = mil* c[s2 &1 :atev] o!r crops come 9 z additional1 ^! w =m ! basis ( all sy/ems ( fe$+4 ,! nutritive qualities ( ! grasses diff] widely2 & _! value z fe$ = c[s w dep5d1 to a consid]able ext5t1 on ! managem5t ( pa/ures & m[+-l&s4 ,"s consid]ations be>+ ^u ! subject ( ! prop] cultivation ( ^! lead+ articles ( food are1 !re=e1 propos$ 9 ?is article4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pati5tly ,,wait+4 ,if ! turf ( an old pa/ure is c>efully exam9$1 x w be f\nd to conta9 a l>ge v>iety ( plants & grasses adapt$ = =age2 "s ( !m valuable = "o purpose1 & "s = ano!r4 ,"s ( !m1 ?\gh possess+ a l[] p]c5tage ( nutritive con/itu5ts ?an o!rs1 are p>ticul>ly e/eem$ = an e>ly & luxuriant gr[?1 furni%+ sweet fe$ 9 e>ly spr+1 be=e o!r grasses appe>2 "s ( !m1 = />t+ m rapidly ?an o!rs1 aft] hav+ be5 eat5 (f by cattle1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( great value z pa/ure grasses4 ,mo/ grasses w be f\nd to be ( a social "*1 & d be/ 9 a l>ge mixture ) o!r v>ieties4 ,9 =m+ a mixture = pa/ure grasses1 ! peculi> qualities ( ea* species %\ld1 !re=e1 be reg>d$3 z ! "t ( fl[]+1 ! habits ( gr[?1 ! soil & location on :i* x gr[s be/1 & o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,among ! grasses f\nd on cultivat$ l&s 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! foll[+ are consid]$ z among ! mo/ valuable = ord9>y f>m cultivation2 "s ( !m be+ adapt$ to pa/ures1 & o!rs almo/ exclusively to m[+ & ! hay-crop3 ,timo?y1 ,mead[ ,foxtail1 ,june or ,k5tucky ,blue ,grass1 ,f[l ,mead[1 ,r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[1 ,or*>d ,grass1 ,p]5nial ,rye ,grass1 ,italian ,rye ,grass1 ,r$top1 ,engli% ,b5t1 ,mead[ ,fescue1 ,tall ,oat ,grass1 ,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]nal1 ,hung>ian ,grass1 ,r$ ,clov]1 ,:ite or ,dut* ,clov]1 & "s o!rs4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ valuable1 all ?+s consid]$1 is ,,timo?y4 ,x =ms a l>ge proportion ( :at is commonly call$ ,engli%1 or 9 "s sections mead[1 hay1 ?\gh x orig9at$ & 0 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( nutritive matt]1 9 comp>ison ) o!r agricultural grasses4 ,x ?rives be/ on moi/1 peaty1 or loamy soils1 ( m$ium t5acity1 & is n well suit$ to v light1 s&y l&s4 ,on v moi/ soils1 its root is almo/ always fibr\s2 :ile on dry & loamy ones x is bulb\s4 ,on soils ( ! =m] description1 :i* x especially affects1 its gr[? is rapid1 & its yield ( hay l>ge1 sometimes am\nt+ to ?ree or f\r tons ! acre1 dep5d+ mu*1 ( c\rse1 ^u cultivation4 ,b1 ?\gh v valuable = hay1 x is n adapt$ = pa/ure1 z x w nei!r endure sev]e graz+1 nor is its aft]ma? to be comp>$ ) t ( mead[ foxtail1 & "s ( ! o!r grasses4 ,,june ,,grass1 bett] kn[n 9 "s sections z ,k5tucky ,blue ,grass1 is v common 9 mo/ sections ( ! c\ntry1 especially on lime/one l&s1 =m+ a l>ge "p ( ! turf1 :]ev] x fl\ri%es1 & be+ held 9 univ]sal e/eem z a pa/ure grass4 ,x />ts e>ly1 b v>ies mu* 9 size & appe>ance1 accord+ to ! soil2 gr[+ 9 "s places ) ! utmo/ luxuriance1 & =m+ ! pr$om9ant grass2 9 o!rs1 yield+ to ! o!r species4 ,if cut at ! "t ( fl[]+1 or a few days aft]1 x makes a good & nutriti\s hay1 ?\gh x is surpass$ 9 nutritive qualities by sev]al ( ! o!r grasses4 ,x />ts sl[ly aft] hav+ be5 cut1 especially if n cut v e>ly4 ,b its h]bage is f9e & uni=m1 & admirably adapt$ to lawns1 gr[+ well 9 almo/ all soils1 ?\gh x does n endure v sev]e dr\ghts4 ,x )/&s1 h[ev]1 ! fro/s ( w9t] bett] ?an mo/ o!r grasses4 ,9 ,k5tucky--a section :]e x atta9s its highe/ p]fection & luxuriance1 rip5+ its se$s ab\t ! t5? ( ,june--& 9 latitudes s\? ( t1 x sometimes cont9ues gre5 ?r\gh ! mild w9t]s4 ,x requires ?ree or f\r ye>s to become well set1 aft] s[+1 & x does n atta9 its highe/ yield z a pa/ure grass till ! sod is ev5 old] ?an t4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 suit$ to alt]nate husb&ry1 :]e l& usually rema9s 9 grass b two or ?ree ye>s be=e be+ pl\gh$ up4 ,9 ,k5tucky1 x is s[n any "t 9 w9t] :5 ! sun is on ! gr\nd1 ?ree or f\r qu>ts ( se$ be+ us$ to ! acre4 ,9 spr+ ! se$s g]m9ate1 :5 ! spr\ts are exce$+ly f9e & delicate4 ,/ock is n all[$ on x ! fir/ ye>4 ,! ,,mead[ ,,foxtail is also an excell5t pa/ure grass ,x some:at resembles ,timo?y1 b is e>li]1 has a s(t] spike1 & ?rives on all soils except ! drye/4 ,its gr[? is rapid1 & x is greatly reli%$ by /ock ( all k9ds4 ,its /alks & leaves are too few & light = a field crop1 & x %r9ks too mu* 9 cur+ to be valuable = hay4 ,x fl\ri%es be/ 9 a ri*1 moi/1 & r /rong soil1 s5d+ up a luxuriant aft]ma? :5 cut or graz$ (f1 :i* is mu* m valuable1 bo? 9 quality & nutritive value1 ?an ! fir/ crop4 ,9 all l&s design$ = p]man5t pa/ure1 !re=e1 x %\ld =m a consid]able "p ( a mixture4 ,x w endure almo/ any am\nt ( =c+1 by liquid manures or irrigation4 ,x requires ?ree or f\r ye>s1 aft] soil+1 to ga9 a firm foot+ 9 ! soil4 ,! se$ is cov]$ ) ! s(t & woolly husks ( ! fl[]1 & is consequ5tly light2 weigh+ b five p\nds to ! bu%el1 & conta9+ sev5ty-six ?\s& se$s to ! ounce4 ,! ,,or*>d ,,grass1 or ,,r\gh ,,cocksfoot1 = pa/ures1 /&s pre-em95t4 ,?is is a native ( ?is c\ntry1 & 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1 f ,virg9ia1 9 #agfd1 s9ce :i* "t its cultivation has ext5d$ into e c\ntry ( ,europe1 :]e x is univ]sally held 9 v high e/imation4 ,! fact ( its be+ v palatable to /ock ( all k9ds1 its rapid gr[?1 & ! luxuriance ( its aft]ma?1 ) its p[] ( endur+ ! cropp+ ( cattle1 h giv5 x a v high reputation1 especially z a pa/ure grass4 ,x blossoms e>li] ?an ,timo?y2 :5 gre51 is equally reli%$ by mil* c[s2 requires to be f$ clos]1 to prev5t its =m+ tufts & gr[+ up to se$1 :5 x becomes h>d & wiry1 & loses mu* ( its nutritive quality4 ,z x blossoms ab\t ! same "t1 x =ms an admirable mixture ) r$ clov]1 ei!r = p]man5t pa/ure or m[+4 ,x resi/s dr\ght1 & is less exhau/+ to ! soil ?an ei!r rye grass or ,timo?y4 ,! se$ weighs twelve p\nds to ! bu%el1 & :5 s[n alone requires ab\t two bu%els to ! acre4 ,! ,,r\gh-,,/alk$ ,,mead[ ,,grass is some:at less common ?an ! ,june grass1 b is consid]$ equally valuable4 ,x gr[s be/ on moi/1 %elt]$ mead[s1 :]e x fl[]s 9 ,june & ,july4 ,x is readily di/+ui%$ f ,june grass by its hav+ a r\gh %ea?1 :ile ! latt] has a smoo? "o1 & by hav+ a fibr\s root1 :ile ! root ( ! o!r is creep+4 ,x possesses v consid]able nutritive qualities1 & comes to p]fection at a desirable "t1 & is exce$+ly reli%$ by cattle1 horses & %eep4 ,= suitable soils x %\ld =m a portion ( a mixture ( se$s1 produc+1 9 mixture ) o!r grasses :i* s]ve to %elt] x1 a l>ge yield ( hay1 f> above ! av]age ( grass usually s[n on a simil> soil4 ,x %\ld be cut :5 ! se$ is =m$4 ,sev5 p\nds ( se$ to ! acre w make a good sw>d4 ,! grass loses ab\t sev5ty p] c5t4 ( its weight 9 dry+4 ,! nutritive qualities ( its aft]ma? exce$ v consid]ably ^? ( ! crop cut 9 ! fl[] or 9 ! se$4 ,,f[l ,,mead[ ,,grass is ano!r indig5\s species1 ( great value = l[ & m>%y gr\nds1 :]e x fl\ri%es be/2 &1 if cut & prop]ly cur$1 makes a sweet & nutriti\s hay1 :i*1 f its f95ess1 is eat5 by c[s )\t wa/e4 ,accord+ to ,s9clair--:o exp]im5t$1 ) ! aid ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 to asc]ta9 its comp>ative nutritive prop]ties--x is sup]ior 9 ?is respect to ei!r mead[ foxtail1 or*>d grass1 or tall mead[ oat grass2 b x is probable t he some:at ov]rates x4 ,if all[$ to /& till ne>ly ripe1 x falls d[n1 b s5ds up innum]able fl[]+ /ems f ! jo9ts1 s t x cont9ues gre5 & luxuriant till late 9 ! season4 ,x ?rives be/ 9 mixture ) o!r grasses1 & des]ves a prom95t place 9 all mixtures = ri*1 moi/ pa/ures1 & l[ m[+-l&s4 ,,rye ,,grass has a f> high] reputation abroad ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 & probably ) reason2 = x is bett] adapt$ to a wet & unc]ta9 climate ?an to a dry & hot "o4 ,x v>ies exce$+ly1 dep5d+ mu* on soil & culture2 b1 :5 cut 9 ! blossom to make into hay1 x possesses v consid]able nutritive p[]4 ,if all[$ to get too ripe1 x is h>d & wiry1 & n reli%$ by c[s4 ,! *ange f a juicy & nutriti\s plant to a woody fibre1 conta9+ b little soluble matt]1 is v rapid4 ,prop]ly manag$1 h[ev]1 x is a tol]ably good grass1 ?\gh n to be comp>$ to ,timo?y1 or or*>d grass4 ,,r$top is a grass famili> to e f>m] 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x is ! ,h]d's grass ( ,p5nsylvania1 :ile 9 ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& x is kn[n by a great v>iety ( names & assumes a great v>iety ( =ms1 accord+ to ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,x is well adapt$ to almo/ e soil1 ?\gh x seems to pref] a moi/ loam4 ,x makes a pr(itable crop = sp5d+1 9 ! =m ( hay1 ?\gh its yield is less ?an t ( ,timo?y4 ,x is well suit$ to our p]man5t pa/ures1 :]e x %\ld be f$ close1 o!rwise x becomes wiry & innutriti\s1 & cattle refuse x4 ,x /&s ! climate ( ! c\ntry z well z any o!r grass1 & s =ms a valuable "p ( any mixture = pa/ures & p]man5t m[+-l&s2 b x is1 probably1 r ov] rat$ by u4 ,,engli% ,,b5t1 kn[n also by a numb] ( o!r names1 is l>gely cultivat$ 9 "s sections4 ,x closely resembles r$top1 b may be di/+ui%$ f x by ! r\ghness ( ! %ea?s :5 ! h& is drawn f above d[nw>d4 ,x possesses ab\t ! same qualities z r$top4 ,,mead[ ,,fescue is "o ( ! mo/ common ( ! fescue grasses1 & is said to be ! ,r&all grass ( ,virg9ia4 ,x is an excell5t pa/ure grass1 =m+ a v consid]able portion ( ! turf ( old pa/ure l&s & fields2 & is m ext5sively propagat$ & diffus$ f ! fact t x rip5s its se$s be=e mo/ o!r grasses are cut1 & %$s !m to spr+ up & cov] ! gr\nd4 ,its long & t5d] leaves are mu* reli%$ by cattle4 ,x is r>ely s[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 not)/&+ its great & ackn[l$g$ value z a pa/ure grass4 ,if s[n at all1 x %\ld be 9 mixture ) o!r grasses1 z or*>d grass1 & rye grass1 or ,june grass4 ,x is ( mu* great] value at ! "t ( fl[]+ ?an :5 ! se$ is ripe4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*ance ,,= ,a ,,selection4 ,,! ,,tall ,,oat ,,grass is ! ,ray grass ( ,france4 ,x furni%es a luxuriant supply ( foliage1 is valuable ei!r = hay or = pa/ure1 & has be5 especially recomm5d$ = soil+ purposes1 on acc\nt ( its e>ly & luxuriant gr[?4 ,x is (t5 f\nd on ! bord]s ( fields & h$ges1 woods & pa/ures1 & is sometimes v pl5ty 9 m[+-l&s4 ,aft] hav+ be5 m[n x %oots up a v ?ick aft]ma?1 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 p>tly1 is reg>d$ ( ne>ly equal excell5ce ) ! common foxtail4 ,x gr[s spontane\sly on deep1 s&y soils1 :5 once naturaliz$4 ,x has be5 cultivat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is e/eem$ by ^? :o "k x ma9ly = its e>ly1 rapid1 & late gr[?1 mak+ x v well calculat$ z a p]man5t pa/ure grass4 ,x w succe$ on t5aci\s clov] soil4 ,! ,,sweet-,,sc5t$ ,,v]nal ,,grass is "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 spr+ & "o ( ! late/ 9 autumn2 & ?is habit ( gr[? is "o ( its *ief excell5cies1 z x is nei!r a nutriti\s grass1 nor v palatable to /ock ( any k9d1 nor does x yield a v good crop4 ,x is v common 9 ,new ,engl& & all ov] ! ,middle ,/ates1 com+ into old worn-out fields & moi/ pa/ures spontane\sly1 & along e roadside4 ,x d]ives its "n f its sweetness ( odor :5 p>tially wilt$ or cru%$ 9 ! h&1 & x is ?is *iefly :i* gives ! delici\s fragrance to all new-m[n bay4 ,x is almo/ ! only grass t possesses a /rongly-m>k$ aromatic odor1 :i* is imp>t$ to o!r grasses ) :i* x is cur$4 ,its se$ weighs eight p\nds to ! bu%el4 ,9 mixtures = p]man5t pa/ures x may be ( "s value4 ,,hung>ian ,,grass1 or millet1 is an annual =age plant1 introduc$ into ,france 9 #ahae1 & m rec5tly into ?is c\ntry4 ,x g]m9ates readily1 & )/&s ! dr\ght rem>kably1 rema9+ gre5 :5 o!r grasses are p>*$ & dri$ up4 ,x has num]\s succul5t leaves :i* furni% an abundance ( sweet fodd]1 greatly reli%$ by /ock ( all k9ds4 ,x atta9s its greate/ luxuriance on soils ( m$ium consi/5cy & ri*ness1 b does v well on light & dry pla9s4 ,,r$ ,,clov] is an artificial grass ( ! legum9\s family1 & "o ( ! mo/ valuable cultivat$ plants = fe$+ to dairy c[s4 ,x fl\ri%es be/ on t5aci\s soils & /iff loams4 ,its gr[? is rapid1 & a few mon?s aft] s[+ are suffici5t to supply an abundant sweet & nutriti\s food4 ,9 ! climate ( ,new ,engl&1 clov] %\ld be s[n 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 :ile mo/ ( ! natural grasses d f> bett] :5 s[n 9 ! fall4 ,x is (t5 s[n ) p]fect success on ! late sn[s ( ,m>* or ,april1 & soon f9ds its way d[n into ! soil & takes a vigor\s hold ) its root4 ,x is valuable n only z a =age plant1 b z %ad+ ! gr\nd1 & !reby increas+ its f]tility4 ,! introduction ( clov] among ! cultivat$ plants ( ! f>m has done m1 p]haps1 = mod]n agriculture ?an t ( any o!r s+le plant4 ,x is n[ consid]$ indisp5sable 9 all good dairy di/ricts4 ,,:ite ,,clov]1 (t5 call$ ,honeysuckle1 is also widely diffus$ ov] ?is c\ntry1 to :i* x is und\bt$ly indig5\s4 ,z a mixture 9 all pa/ure grasses x holds a v high rank1 z x is exce$+ly sweet & nutriti\s1 & reli%$ by all k9ds ( /ock4 ,x gr[s mo/ luxuriantly 9 moi/ gr\nds & moi/ seasons1 b easily accommodates itself to a great v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,) respect to ! mixtures ( grass-se$s mo/ pr(itable = ! dairy f>m]1 no univ]sal rule c be giv51 z !y dep5d v mu* ^u ! nature ( ! soil & ! locality4 ,! mo/ important po9t to be obs]v$1 & ! "o z to :i*1 probably1 ! greate/ defici5cy exi/s1 is to use a l>ge numb] ( species1 ) small] quantities ( ea* ?an ^? mo/ commonly us$4 ,?is is ,nature's rule2 =1 9 exam9+ ! turf ( a ri* old pa/ure1 a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t species w be f\nd gr[+ toge!r1 :ile1 if ! turf ( a field s[n )\t two or ?ree species is exam9$1 a f> less numb] ( plants is f\nd to ! squ>e foot1 ev5 aft] ! sod is fairly set4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! mo/ compet5t judges1 no improvem5t 9 grass culture is m important ?an ?is4 ,z an in/ance ( :at he w\ld consid] an improvem5t on ! ord9>y mixtures = p]man5t pa/ures1 ,mr4 ,fl9t1 9 8 ,mil* ,c[s & ,dairy ,f>m+1 sugge/s ! foll[+ z likely to give satisfactory results1 dep5d5t1 ( c\rse1 to a consid]able ext5t1 on ! nature & prep>ation ( ! soil3 ,mead[ ,foxtail1 fl[]+ 9 ,may & ,june1 #b p\nds ,or*>d ,grass1 #f ,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]nal1 ,april & ,may1 #a ,mead[ ,fescue1 ,may & ,june1 #b ,r$top1 ,june & ,july1 #b ,june ,grass1 ,may & ,june1 #d ,italian ,rye ,grass1 ,june1 #d ,p]5nial d41 #f ,timo?y1 ,june & ,july1 #c ,r\gh-/alk$ ,mead[ ,grass1 #b ,p]5nial ,clov]1 fl[]+ 9 ,june1 #c ,:ite ,clov]1 ,may to ,septemb] #e-dj ,= m[+-l&s ! mixture w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be some:at *ang$4 ,! mead[ foxtail & sweet-sc5t$ v]nal w\ld be left out entirely1 & "s six or eight p\nds add$ to ! ,timo?y & r$ clov]4 ,! prop] "t to lay d[n l&s to grass 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,engl& is ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 & no gra9 crop %\ld be s[n ) ! se$4 ,/iff or clayey pa/ures %\ld nev] be ov]/ock$1 b :5 f$ pretty close ! grasses are f> sweet] & m nutriti\s ?an :5 !y are all[$ to gr[ up rank & co>se2 & if1 by a want ( suffici5t fe$+1 !y get ! />t ( ! /ock1 & gr[ into rank tufts1 !y %\ld be cut & remov$1 :5 a fre% grass w />t up1 simil> to ! aft]ma? ( m[+-l&s1 :i* w be eat5 ) avidity4 ,grasses = cur+ into hay %\ld be cut ei!r at ! "t ( fl[]+1 or j be=e1 especially if design$ = mil* c[s4 ,!y are !n m succul5t & juicy1 &1 if prop]ly cur$1 =m ! sweete/ food4 ,grass cut 9 ! blossom w make m milk ?an if all[$ to /& lat]4 ,cut a little be=e ! blossom+2 x w make m ?an :5 9 blossom1 & ! c[s pref] x1 :i* is by no means an unimportant consid]ation1 s9ce _! ta/es %\ld always be consult$4 ,grass cut some:at gre51 & prop]ly cur$1 is next to fre%1 gre5 grass 9 palatable1 nutritive qualities4 ,e f>m] kn[s ! milk-produc+ prop]ties ( r[51 or second crop1 :i* is g5]ally cut be=e x rip5s4 ,no op]ation on ! f>m is ( great] importance to ! dairyman ?an ! cutt+ ( 8 grass & ! mann] ( cur+ hay2 & 9 ?is respect ! practice ov] ! c\ntry g5]ally is susceptible ( v m>k$ improvem5t4 ,! *ief object is to pres]ve ! sweetness & succul5ce ( ! grass 9 its natural /ate1 s f> z possible2 & ?is object _c be atta9$ by expos+ x too long to ! scor*+ suns & dr5*+ ra9s to :i* our climate is liable4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 f>m]s try to make _! hay too mu*4 ,z to ! be/ modes ( cur+ clov]1 ! foll[+1 among o!rs1 is adopt$ by _m successful f>m]s3 ,:at is m[n 9 ! morn+ is left 9 ! swa?1 to be turn$ ov] e>ly 9 ! aft]noon4 ,at ab\t f\r o'clock1 or :ile x is /ill w>m1 x is put into small cocks ) a =k1 &1 if ! wea!r is favorable1 x may be h\s$ on ! f\r? or fif? day1 ! cocks be+ turn$ ov] on ! morn+ ( ! day 9 :i* x is to be c>t$4 ,by ?is me?od all ! heads & leaves are sav$1 & ^! are m valuable ?an ! /ems4 ,= new mil* c[s 9 w9t] sc>cely any food is bett]4 ,x w cause !m to give z great a fl[ ( milk z any hay1 unless x be good r[54 ,,indian ,,corn makes an exce$+ly valuable fodd]1 bo? z a means ( c>ry+ a h]d ( mil* c[s ?r\gh our sev]e dr\ghts ( summ]1 & z an article = soil+ c[s kept 9 ! /all4 ,no dairy f>m] w neglect to s[ an ext5t 9 proportion to ! numb] ( c[s :i* he keeps4 ,! mo/ common practice is1 to s[ 9 drills f two & a half to ?ree feet ap>t1 on l& well till$ & ?or\ghly manur$1 mak+ ! drills f six to t5 in*es wide ) ! pl\gh1 manur+ 9 ! furr[1 dropp+ ! k]nels ab\t two in*es ap>t1 & cov]+ ) ! hoe4 ,9 ?is mode ( culture1 ! cultivator may be us$ betwe5 ! r[s :5 ! corn is f six to twelve in*es high1 &1 unless ! gr\nd is v we$y1 no o!r aft] culture is ne$$4 ,! fir/ s[+ usually takes place ab\t ! middle ( ,may1 & ?is is succe$$ by o!r s[+s1 at int]vals ( a week or t5 days1 till ,july1 9 ord] to h a succession ( gre5 fodd]2 b1 if x is design$ to cut x up to cure = w9t] use1 an e>ly s[+ is g5]ally pref]r$1 9 ord] to be able to cure x 9 w>m wea!r1 9 ,augu/ or e>ly 9 ,septemb]4 ,s[n 9 ?is way1 ab\t ?ree or f\r bu%els ( corn are requir$ = an acre2 s9ce1 if s[n ?ickly1 ! fodd] is bett]1 ! /alks small]1 & ! wa/e less4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 cur+ corn cultivat$ = ?is purpose1 & aft] ! me?ods j spok5 (1 arises f ! fact t x comes at a season :5 ! wea!r is (t5 cold]1 ! days %ort]1 & ! dews heavi]1 ?an :5 ! cur+ ( hay takes place4 ,nor is ! cur+ ( corn cut up gre5 s easy & simple z t ( ! dry+ ( /alks ( ,indian corn cut above ! e>1 z 9 ! common practice ( topp+4 ,! plant is !n rip]1 less juicy1 & cures m readily4 ,! me?od sometimes adopt$ is to cut & tie into small bundles1 aft] x is some:at wilt$1 & !n to /ook ^u ! gr\nd1 :]e x is all[$ to /&1 subject to all ! *anges ( wea!r1 ) only ! protection ( ! /ook itself4 ,! /ooks consi/ ( bun*es ( /alks fir/ b\nd into small bundles1 & are made suffici5tly l>ge to prev5t ! w9d f bl[+ !m ov]4 ,! arms are ?r[n ar\nd ! tops to br+ !m z closely toge!r z possible1 :5 ! tops are brok5 ov] or twi/$ toge!r1 or o!rwise fa/5$1 9 ord] to make ! /ook %$ ! ra9 z well z possible4 ,9 ?is condition !y rema9 out until !y are suffici5tly dri$ to be put 9 ! b>n4 ,corn fodd] is v excell5t = "y dairy /ock4 ,,common ,,millet is ano!r v valuable crop = fodd] 9 soil+1 or to cure = w9t] use1 b especially to fe$ out dur+ ! usual season ( dr\ght4 ,_m v>ieties ( millet are cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! gr\nd be+ prep>$ & treat$ z = oats4 ,if design$ to cut = gre5 fodd]1 half a bu%el ( se$ to ! acre %\ld be us$2 if to rip5 se$1 twelve qu>ts1 s[n broadca/1 ab\t ! la/ ( ,may or e>ly 9 ,june4 ,a moi/ loam or muck is ! be/ soil adapt$ to millet2 b v great crops h be5 gr[n on dry upl&4 ,x is v palatable & nutriti\s = mil* c[s1 bo? gre5 & :5 prop]ly cur$4 ,! cur+ %\ld be v mu* l t ( clov]1 c>e be+ tak5 n to ov]-dry x4 ,= fodd]1 ei!r gre5 or cur$1 x is cut be=e rip5+4 ,9 ?is /ate all cattle eat x z readily z gre5 corn1 & a less ext5t w fe$ !m4 ,millet is wor?y ( a widely-ext5d$ cultivation1 p>ticul>ly on dairy f>ms4 ,indian millet is ano!r cultivat$ v>iety4 ,,rye1 z a fodd] plant1 is *iefly valuable = its e>ly gr[? 9 spr+4 ,x is usually s[n 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]--f ! middle to ! end ( ,septemb] be+1 p]haps1 ! mo/ desirable "t--on l& previ\sly cultivat$ & 9 good condition4 ,if design$ to rip5 only1 a bu%el ( se$ is requir$ to ! acre1 ev5ly s[n2 b1 if int5d$ = e>ly fodd] 9 spr+1 two or two & a half bu%els ( se$ p] acre %\ld be us$4 ,on w>m l& ! rye c be cut gre5 ! la/ ( ,april or ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to cut e>ly2 s9ce1 if x is all[$ to advance too f> t[>ds maturity1 ! /alk becomes h>d & unpalatable to c[s4 ,,oats are also sometimes us$ = soil+1 or = fe$+ gre51 to eke out a scanty supply ( pa/ure fe$2 & = ?is purpose !y are valuable4 ,!y %\ld be s[n on well-till$ & well-manur$ l&1 ab\t f\r bu%els to ! acre1 t[>ds ! la/ ( ,april or ! fir/ ( ,may4 ,if ! :ole crop is to be us$ z gre5 fodd]1 five bu%els ( se$ w n be too mu* = good1 /rong soil4 ,!y w be suffici5tly gr[n to cut by ! fir/ ( ,july1 or 9 "s sections e>li]1 dep5d+ ^u ! location4 ,! ,,*9ese ,,sug>-,,cane also may des]ve att5tion z a fodd] plant4 ,exp]im5ts ?us f> made w\ld seem to %[ t :5 prop]ly cultivat$1 & cut at ! "r "t1 x is a palatable & nutriti\s plant1 :ile _m ( ! failures h be5 ! result ( too e>ly cutt+4 ,= a fodd] crop ! drill culture is pref]able1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! l>g] yield obta9$ & because x is ?us prev5t$ f becom+ too h>d & /alky4 ,( ! root crops ! ,,potato is ! fir/ to be m5tion$4 ,?is produces a l>ge quantity ( milk1 ?\gh ! quality is inf]ior4 ,! m>ket value ( ?is root is1 at times1 too great to all[ ( fe$+ ext5sively ) x1 ev5 9 milk dairies1 :]e x is mo/ valuable z a food = c[s2 /ill1 !re are locations :]e x may be judici\s to cultivate ?is root = dairy fe$1 & 9 all circum/ances !re is a c]ta9 portion ( ! crop ( unm>ketable size1 :i* w be ( value f$ to mil* c[s or sw9e4 ,x %\ld be plant$ 9 ,april or ,may1 b 9 _m sections 9 ,june1 on good mell[ soil1 fir/ ?or\ghly pl[$ & h>r[$1 !n furr[$ ?ree feet ap>t1 & manur$ 9 ! furr[s ) a mixture ( a%es1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 & salt4 ,! se$ may be dropp$ 9 ! furr[s1 "o foot ap>t1 aft] ! drill sy/em--or 9 hills1 two & a half or ?ree feet ap>t--to be cov]$ ) ! pl\gh by simply turn+ ! furr[s back1 aft] :i* ! :ole %\ld be roll$ ) ! field-roll]1 :5 x c be done4 ,if ! l& is n already 9 good he>t f cont9u$ cultivation1 a few loads ( b>ny>d manure may be spread1 & pl[$ "u1 by ! fir/ pl[+4 ,us$ 9 ?is way x is f> less liable to cause ! rot1 ?an :5 x is put 9 ! hill4 ,if a suffici5t quantity ( wood-a%es is n at h&1 sift$ coal-a%es w answ] ! purpose1 & ^! are said to be valuable z a prev5tive ( rot4 ,9 ?is way1 "o man1 two boys1 & a horse c plant f ?ree to f\r acres a day on mell[ l&4 ,by ano!r me?od two acres a day on ! sod h be5 plant$4 ,! manure is fir/ spread ^u ! grass1 & !n a furr[ made by a yoke ( ox5 & "o man1 ano!r foll[+ aft] & dropp+1 a foot ap>t1 along ! out] edge ( ! furr[ on ! grass4 ,by quick "w1 "o h& c ne>ly keep up ) ! pl[ 9 dropp+4 ,:5 arriv$ at ! end ( ! piece1 a back furr[ is turn$ up to ! potatoes1 & a good pl[man w cov] ne>ly all )\t difficulty4 ,on ! return furr[1 ! man or boy :o dropp$ foll[s aft]1 cov]+ up any t may be left or displac$1 & smoo?+ (f ! top ( ! back-furr[s :5 necess>y4 ,potatoes ?us plant$ h come out f9ely4 ,! co/ ( cultivation 9 ?is mode1 x mu/ be evid5t1 is b trifl+1 comp>$ ) ! sl[] me?od ( h&-plant+4 ,x requires a skillful pl\ghman1 a quick1 active lad1 & a good yoke ( ox51 & ! ext5t ( ! "w w dep5d some:at ^u ! /ate ( ! turf4 ,! nutritive equival5t = potatoes 9 a hundr$ p\nds ( good hay is #cai p\nds2 t is1 x w take #c4ai p\nds ( potatoes to af=d ! same am\nt ( n\ri%m5t z "o p\nd ( hay4 ,! great value ( roots is z a *ange or condim5t calculat$ to keep ! animal 9 a heal?y condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,we/ ,,highl& ,,ox4 ,! ,,c>rot is some:at ext5sively f$1 & is a valuable root = mil* c[s4 ,?is1 l ! potato1 has be5 cultivat$ & improv$ f a wild plant4 ,c>rots require a deep1 w>m1 mell[ soil1 ?or\ghly cultivat$1 b clean1 & free f we$-se$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a v good pr(it & a loss on ! crop dep5ds mu* ^u ! use ( l& & manures p]fectly free f f\l se$s ( any k9d4 ,a%es1 guano1 seawe$1 gr\nd bones1 & o!r simil> sub/ances1 or ?or\ghly-rott$ & f]m5t$ compo/1 w answ] ! purpose4 ,aft] pl[+ deep1 & h>r[+ c>efully1 ! se$ %\ld be plant$ ) a se$-s[]1 9 drills ab\t eighte5 in*es ap>t1 at ! rate ( f\r p\nds to ! acre1 ab\t ! middle ( ,may4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 s[+ on ! fifte5? ( ,may & on ! t5? ( ,june 9 ,new ,engl& is said to be ne>ly "o-?ird 9 ! crop on an av]age ( ye>s4 ,9 we$+1 a little :eel hoe is invaluable1 z ) x a l>ge "p ( ! labor ( cultivation is sav$4 ,a skillful h& c run ?is hoe )9 a half an in* ( ! "y plants )\t injury1 & g ov] a l>ge space 9 ! c\rse ( a day1 if ! l& 0 prop]ly prep>$ 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! ,am]ican f>m] %\ld always plan to economize labor1 :i* is ! great item ( exp5se ^u a f>m4 ,by ?is is n meant t he %\ld /rive to %irk or avoid "w1 b t he %\ld make ! lea/ am\nt ( "w accompli% ! greate/ & mo/ pr(itable results4 ,labor-sav+ ma*9]y on ! f>m is appli$1 n to r$uce ! numb] ( h\rs ( labor1 or to make ! own] a man ( leisure--:o is1 g5]ally1 ! unhappie/ man 9 ! _w--b to enable him to accompli% ! greate/ results 9 ! same "t t he w\ld be compell$ to obta9 small] ones4 ,c>rots w cont9ue to gr[ & increase 9 size late into ! fall4 ,:5 ready to dig1 pl[ ar\nd z ne> to ! outside r[s z possible1 turn+ away ! furr[ f ! r[4 ,!n take out ! c>rots1 pull+ (f ! tops1 & ?r[ ! c>rots & tops into sep>ate heaps on ! pl[$ furr[s4 ,9 ?is way a man & two boys c h>ve/ & put into ! cell> upw>ds ( a hundr$ bu%els a day4 ,! ,,turnip1 & ! ,sw$i% turnip1 or ruta baga1 are also l>gely cultivat$ z a field crop to fe$ to /ock2 & = ?is purpose almo/ numb]less v>ieties are us$1 furni%+ a great am\nt ( succul5t & nutriti\s food1 late into w9t]1 &1 if well-kept1 late into spr+4 ,! *ief objection to ! turnip is1 t x ta9ts ! milk4 ,?is may be rem$i$--to a consid]able ext5t1 if n :olly--by ! use ( salt1 or salt hay1 & by fe$+ at ! "t ( milk+1 or imm$iately aft]1 or by /eam+ be=e fe$+1 or putt+ a small quantity ( ! solution ( nitre into ! pail1 & milk+ ^u x4 ,turnips may be s[n any "t 9 ,june1 9 ri* l&1 well mell[$ by cultivation4 ,v l>ge crops are obta9$1 s[n z late z ! middle ( ,july1 or ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 on an inv]t$ sod4 ,! ,mi*igan1 or d\ble-m\ld-bo>d pl[ leaves ! l& light1 & 9 admirable condition to h>r[1 & drill 9 turnips4 ,9 "o in/ance1 a successful root-gr[] cut two tons ( hay to ! acre1 on ! tw5ty-?ird ( ,june1 & aft] x 0 remov$ f ! l& spread eight cords ( rott5 kelp to ! acre1 & pl[$ 92 aft] :i* ab\t ?ree cords ( f9e old compo/ manure 7 us$ to ! acre1 :i* 0 s[n ) ruta baga se$1 9 drills1 ?ree feet ap>t1 plants ?9n$ to eight or t5 in*es 9 ! drill4 ,no aft] cultivation 0 requir$4 ,on ! fifte5? ( ,novemb] he h>ve/$ ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty bu%els ( spl5did roots to ! acre1 c>efully measur$ (f4 ,! nutritive equival5t ( ,sw$i% turnips z comp>$ ) good mead[ hay is #fgf1 tak+ hay z a /&>d at #ajj2 t is1 x w\ld require #f4gf p\nds ( turnips to furni% ! same nutrim5t z "o p\nd ( good hay2 b f$ 9 connection ) o!r food--z hay1 = example--p]haps five p\nds ( turnips w\ld be ab\t equal to "o p\nd ( hay4 ,! ,engli% or r\nd turnip is usually s[n broadca/ aft] "s o!r crop1 & l>ge & valuable returns are (t5 obta9$4 ,! ,sw$e is s[n 9 drills4 ,bo? ( ^! v>ieties are us$ = ! production ( milk4 ,! *ief objection to ! turnip crop is t x leaves _m k9ds ( soil unfit = a succession ( "s o!r crops1 l ,indian corn1 = in/ance4 ,9 "s sections1 no am\nt ( manur+ appe>s to make corn d well aft] turnips or ruta bagas4 ,! ,,mangold ,,wurtzel1 a v>iety ( ! common beet1 is (t5 cultivat$ 9 ?is c\ntry ) great success1 & f$ to c[s ) advantage1 furni%+ a succul5t & nutritive food 9 w9t] & spr+4 ,! crop is some:at unc]ta94 ,:5 x does well1 an enorm\s yield is (t5 obta9$2 b1 n r>ely1 x proves a failure1 & is n1 on ! :ole1 q z reliable z ! ruta baga1 ?\gh a m valuable crop :5 ! yield is good4 ,x is cultivat$ l ! common beet 9 moi/1 ri* soils2 ?ree p\nds ( se$ to ! acre ,! leaves may be /ripp$ (f1 t[>ds fall1 & f$ out1 )\t injury to ! gr[? ( ! root4 ,bo? mangolds & turnips %\ld be cut ) a root-cutt]1 be=e be+ f$ out4 ,! ,,p>snip is a v sweet & nutriti\s article ( fodd]1 & adds ri*ness & flavor to ! milk4 ,x is wor?y ( ext5d$ culture 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e dairy husb&ry is pursu$4 ,x is a bi5nial1 easily rais$ on deep1 ri*1 well-cultivat$ & well-manur$ soils1 (t5 yield+ enorm\s crops1 & possess+ ! decid$ advantage ( )/&+ ! sev]e/ w9t]s4 ,z an article ( spr+ fe$+1 !re=e1 x is exce$+ly valuable4 ,s[n 9 ,april or ,may1 x atta9s a l>ge gr[? be=e w9t]4 ,!n1 if desirable1 a "p ( ! crop may be h>ve/$ = w9t] use1 & ! rema9d] left 9 ! gr\nd till ! fro/ is out1 9 ,m>* or ,april1 :5 !y c be dug z want$1 & are exce$+ly reli%$ by mil* c[s & /ock ( all k9ds4 ,!y make an admirable fe$ at ! "t ( milk+1 & produce ! ri*e/ cream1 & ! yell[e/ & f9e/-flavor$ butt]1 ( any roots us$ among u4 ,! be/ dairy f>m]s on ! ,isl& ( ,j]sey (t5 fe$ to _! c[s f ?irty to ?irty-five p\nds ( p>snips a day1 9 addition to hay or grass4 ,bo? practical exp]im5t & sci5tific analysis prove ?is root to be em95tly adapt$ to dairy /ock1 :]e ! ri*ness ( milk or f9e-flavor$ butt] is any object4 ,= m]e milk-dairies1 x is n q s valuable1 probably1 z ! ,sw$i% turnip4 ,! culture is simil> to t ( c>rots1 a ri*1 mell[1 & deep loam be+ be/2 :ile x has a great advantage ov] ! c>rot 9 be+ m h>dy1 & r less liable to injury f insects1 & m nutritive4 ,= fe$+ & fatt5+ /ock x is em95tly adapt$4 ,to be sure ( a crop1 fre% se$ mu/ be _h1 z x _c be dep5d$ on = m ?an "o ye>4 ,= ?is reason ! l>ge/ & /raighte/ roots %\ld be all[$ to /& = se$1 :i*1 z soon z ne>ly ripe1 %\ld be tak5 out & spread out to dry1 & c>efully kept = use4 ,= field culture1 ! holl[-cr[n$ p>snip is ! be/ & mo/ pr(itable2 b on ?91 %all[ soils ! turnip-root$ v>iety %\ld be us$4 ,p>snips may be h>ve/$ l c>rots1 by pl[+ along ! r[s4 ,let butt] or *eese dairym5 give ?is crop a fair & full trial1 & wat* its effect 9 ! quality ( ! milk & butt]4 ,! ,,kohl ,,rabi is also cultivat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry = ! purpose ( fe$+ /ock4 ,x is suppos$ to be a hybrid betwe5 ! cabbage & ! turnip & is (t5 call$ ! cabbage-turnip1 hav+ ! root ( ! =m]1 ) a turnip-l or bulb\s /em4 ,! special reason = its m ext5sive cultivation among u is its wond]ful indiff]5ce to dr\ghts1 9 :i* x seems to fl\ri% be/1 & to br+ =? ! mo/ luxuriant crops4 ,x also )/&s ! fro/s rem>kably1 be+ a h>dy plant4 ,x yields a some:at ri*] quality ( milk ?an ! ord9>y turnip1 & ! crop is g5]ally admitt$ to be z abundant & pr(itable4 ,v l>ge crops ( x h be5 produc$ by ! ord9>y turnip or cabbage cultivation4 ,z 9 cabbage-culture1 x is be/ to s[ ! se$ 9 ,m>* or ,april1 9 a w>m & well-enri*$ se$-b$2 f :i* x is transplant$ 9 ,may1 & set out aft] ! mann] ( cabbages 9 g>d5 culture4 ,x be>s transplant+ bett] ?an mo/ o!r roots4 ,insects injure x less ?an ! turnip1 dry wea!r favors x1 & x keeps well ?r\gh w9t]4 ,= ^! reasons1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z a valuable addition to our li/ ( =age plants adapt$ to dairy f>m+4 ,x gr[s well on /rong] soils ?an ! turnip requires4 ,,l9se$ ,,meal is ! gr\nd cake ( flaxse$ aft] ! oil is press$ out4 ,x is v ri* 9 fat-=m+ pr9ciples1 & giv5 to mil* c[s increases ! quality ( butt]1 & keeps !m 9 condition4 ,f\r or five p\nds a day are suffici5t = c[s 9 milk1 & ?is am\nt w effect a great sav+ 9 ! co/ ( o!r food1 & at ! same "t make a v ri* milk4 ,x is ext5sively manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & l>gely export$1 b x is wor?y ( m g5]al use "h4 ,x mu/ n be f$ 9 too l>ge quantities to mil* c[s1 = x w\ld be liable to give too great a t5d5cy to fat1 & ?us affect ! quantity ( ! milk4 ,,cotton-,,se$ ,,meal is an article ( comp>atively rec5t introduction4 ,x is obta9$ by press+ ! se$ ( ! cotton-plant1 :i* extracts ! oil1 :5 ! cake is cru%$ or gr\nd into meal1 :i* has be5 f\nd to be a v valuable article = fe$+ /ock4 ,f analysis x is %[n to be equal or sup]ior to l9se$ meal4 ,practical exp]im5ts only are ne$$ to e/abli% x4 ,x c be procur$ 9 m>ket at a reasonable price4 ,! ,,manures us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! culture ( ! above nam$ plants are mo/ly su* z are made on ! f>m1 consi/+ *iefly ( b>ny>d compo/s ( v>i\s k9ds1 ) (t5 a l>ge admixture ( peat-mud4 ,!re are few f>ms t d n conta9 sub/ances1 :i*1 if prop]ly husb&$1 w\ld add v greatly to ! am\nt ( manure ord9>ily made4 ,! be/ ( ! conc5trat$ manures1 :i* x is sometimes necess>y to use1 = want ( "t & labor to prep>e en\gh ^u ! f>m1 is1 unque/ionably1 ,p]uvian guano4 ,! results ( ?is1 :5 prop]ly appli$1 are well kn[n & reliable1 :i* c h>dly be said ( any o!r artificial manure (f]$ = ! f>m]'s notice4 ,! *ief objection to dep5d+ ^u manures made (f ! f>m is1 9 ! fir/ place1 _! great exp5se2 & 9 ! second--:i* is equally important--! fact1 t1 ?\gh !y may be made valuable1 & produce at "o "t ! be/ results1 a want ( c>e 9 ! manufacture1 or design$ fraud1 may make !m almo/ wor?less1 ) ! impossibility ( detect+ ! imposition1 )\t a *emical analysis1 till x becomes too late1 & ! crop is lo/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 safe/ to rely ma9ly ^u ! home manufacture ( manure4 ,! extra exp5se ( soil+ cattle1 sav+ & apply+ ! liquid manure1 & ?us br++ ! l& to a high] /ate ( cultivation1 :5 x w be capable ( keep+ m /ock & furni%+ m manure1 w\ld (f] a sur] road to success ?an a con/ant outlay = conc5trat$ f]tiliz]s4 ,,! ,,b>n4 ,! f>m b>n1 next to ! f>m h\se1 is ! mo/ important /ructure ( ! f>m itself1 9 ! ,nor!rn & ,middle ,/ates2 & ev5 at ! ,s\? & ,s\?we/1 :]e b>ns are less us$1 !y are ( m importance 9 ! economy ( f>m managem5t ?an is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,inde$1 to ! eyes ( a p]son ( ta/e1 a f>m or plantation appe>s incomplete1 )\t good b>n accommodations1 z mu* z )\t good h\sehold appo9tm5ts--& )\t !m1 no agricultural e/abli%m5t c be complete 9 all its prop] economy4 ,! mo/ ?or\gh b>n /ructures1 p]haps1 to be se5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are ^? ( ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 built by ! ,g]man f>m]s ( ! l[] & c5tral c\nties4 ,!y are l>ge1 & exp5sive 9 _! con/ruction2 &1 9 a /rictly economical po9t ( view1 are1 p]haps1 m co/ly ?an is requir$4 ,yet1 !re is a sub/antial durability ab\t !m1 t is exce$+ly satisfactory1 &1 :]e ! pecuni>y ability ( ! f>m] w admit1 !y may well furni% models = imitation4 ,9 ! /ructure ( ! b>n1 & 9 its int]ior accommodation1 mu* w dep5d ^u ! bran*es ( agriculture to :i* ! f>m is devot$4 ,a f>m cultivat$ 9 gra9 *iefly requires b little room = /abl+ purposes4 ,/orage = gra9 9 ! %eaf1 & gran>ies1 w require its room2 :ile a /ock f>m requires a b>n ) ext5sive hay /orage1 & /ables = its cattle1 horses1 & %eep1 9 all climates :i* d n admit ( su* /ocks liv+ ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 ! field1 z is ! case 9 ! great graz+ di/ricts we/ ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,aga91 !re are wide di/ricts ( c\ntry :]e a mix$ husb&ry ( gra9 & /ock is pursu$1 :i* require b>ns & outbuild+s accommodat+ bo?4 ,x may be well "h to rem>k t _m design]s ( b>ns1 %$s1 & o!r outbuild+s = ! accommodation ( f>m /ock1 h indulg$ 9 fanciful arrangem5ts = ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( animals1 :i* are s complicat$ t :5 con/ruct$1 z !y sometimes are1 ! practical1 common-s5se f>m] w n use !m2 & by reason ( ! le>n+ :i* is requir$ = _! use1 !y are altoge!r unsuitable = ! treatm5t & use :i* !y g5]ally receive f ^? :o h ! daily c>e ( ! /ock = :i* !y are int5d$1 & = ! r\gh usage :i* !y exp]i5ce f ! animals !mselves4 ,a v pretty & plausible arrangem5t ( /abl+1 fe$+1 & all ! o!r requirem5ts ( a b>n e/abli%m5t may be ?us got up by an +5i\s !ori/ at ! fireside1 :i* w "w *>m+ly z he dilates ^u its good qualities1 untri$2 b1 :i*1 :5 subject$ to exp]im5t1 w be utt]ly wor?less = practical use4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! simple/ plan ( con/ruction1 consi/5t ) an economical exp5diture ( ! mat]ial ( food = ! consumption ( /ock1 is by f> ! mo/ pref]able4 ,ano!r item to be consid]$ 9 ?is connection1 is ! comp>ative value ( ! /ock1 ! =age f$ to !m1 & ! labor exp5d$ 9 fe$+ & tak+ c>e ( !m4 ,to illu/rate3 ,suppose a f>m to lie 9 ! vic9ity ( a l>ge t[n or city4 ,its value is1 p]haps1 a hundr$ doll>s an acre4 ,! hay cut ^u x is wor? fifte5 doll>s a ton1 at ! b>n1 & /raw & co>se gra9s 9 proportion1 & hir$ labor t5 or twelve doll>s a mon?4 ,consequ5tly1 ! manag] ( ?is f>m %\ld use all ! economy 9 8 p[]1 by ! aid ( cutt+-boxes & o!r ma*9]y1 to make ! lea/ am\nt ( =age supply ! wants ( 8 /ock2 & ! int]nal economy ( 8 b>n %\ld be arrang$ accord+ly1 s9ce labor is 8 *eape/ item1 & food 8 de>e/4 ,!re=e1 any contrivance by :i* to "w up 8 =age ! close/--by way ( ma*9]y1 or manual labor--s t x %all s]ve ! purposes ( keep+ 8 /ock1 is true economy2 & ! mak+ & sav+ ( manures are items ( ! fir/ importance4 ,8 build+s & _! arrangem5ts ?r\gh\t %\ld1 = ^! reasons1 be con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) 8 practice4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 l&s are *eap & productive1 & labor comp>atively de>1 a diff]5t practice w prevail4 ,! f>m] w fe$ 8 hay f ! m[ )\t cutt+4 ,! /raw w be /ack$ out1 & ! cattle turn$ to x1 to pick :at !y l ( x1 & make _! b$s ( ! rema9d]2 or1 if x is h\s$1 he w ?r[ x into racks1 & ! /ock may eat :at !y *oose4 ,to d ?is requires b "o-?ird1 or "o-half ( ! labor :i* is requir$ by ! o!r mode1 & ! sav+ 9 ?is makes up1 & p]haps m ?an makes up1 = ! increas$ quantity ( =age consum$4 ,aga91 climate may equally affect ! mode ( w9t]-fe$+ ! /ock4 ,! w9t]s may be mild4 ,! hay may be /ack$ 9 ! fields :5 ga!r$1 or put into small b>ns built = hay /orage alone2 & ! manure1 scatt]$ ov] ! fields by ! cattle1 z !y are f$ f ei!r ( !m1 may be knock$ to pieces ) ! dung-beetle1 9 ! spr+1 or h>r[$ & bu%$ ov] ! gr\nd2 & ) ! v small quantity ( labor requir$ 9 all ?is1 su* practice w be m economical ?an any o!r :i* c be adopt$4 ,9 latitudes1 h[ev]1 9 :i* x becomes necess>y to /all-fe$ dur+ sev]al mon?s ( ! ye>1 b>ns are indisp5sable4 ,^! %\ld be w>m1 & at ! same "t well v5tilat$4 ,! b>n %\ld be arrang$ 9 a mann] suitable to keep+ hay & o!r fodd] dry & sweet1 & ) ref]5ce to ! com=t & heal? ( ! animals1 & ! economy ( labor & manure4 ,! size & f9i% w1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! wants & means ( ! f>m] or dairyman2 b _m little conv5i5ces1 x %\ld n be =gott51 c be add$ at comp>atively trifl+ co/4 ,! accompany+ cut ( a b>n is giv5 m]ely z an illu/ration ( a conv5i5t arrangem5t = a m$ium-siz$ dairy1 & n z be+ adapt$ to all circum/ances or situations4 ,?is b>n is suppos$ to /& ^u a side-hill or an incl9$ surface1 :]e x is easy to h a cell>1 if desir$2 & ! cattle-room1 z %[n 9 ! cut1 is 9 ! second /ory1 or directly ov] ! cell>1 ! bottom ( :i* %\ld be some:at di%$1 or l[] 9 ! middle ?an ar\nd ! out] sides1 & c>efully pav$1 or laid 9 cem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>n ,,= ,,?irty-,,f\r ,,c[s ,,& ,,?ree ,,yoke ,,( ,,ox54 ,on ! outside is repres5t$ an op5 %$1 m1 = c>ts & wagons to rema9 "u cov]1 ?irty feet by fifte51 :ile l l l l l l are b9s = vegetables1 to be fill$ ?r\gh scuttles f ! floor ( ! /ory above1 & surr\nd$ by solid walls4 ,! area ( ?is :ole floor equals "o hundr$ feet by fifty-sev54 k1 is an op5 space1 ne>ly on a level ) ! c[-*amb]1 ?r\gh ! door p4 s1 /airs to ! ?ird /ory & to ! cell>1 d d d1 passage next to ! walls1 five feet wide1 & n9e in*es above ! dung-pit4 e e e1 dung-pit1 two feet wide1 & sev5 in*es bel[ ! floor :]e ! cattle /&4 ,! manure drops f ?is pit into ! cell> bel[1 five feet f ! walls1 & q ar\nd ! cell>4 c c c1 plank floor = c[s1 f\r feet six in*es long4 b b b1 /alls = ?ree yoke ( ox51 on a plat=m five feet six in*es long1 n n1 calf-p5s1 :i* may also be us$ = c[s 9 calv+4 r r1 fe$+-tr\ghs = calves4 ,! fe$+-boxes are made 9 ! =m ( trays1 ) p>titions betwe5 !m4 ,wat] comes 9 by a pipe1 to ci/]n a4 ,?is ci/]n is regulat$ by a cock & ball1 & ! wat] fl[s by dott$ l9es1 o o o1 to ! boxes2 ea* box be+ connect$ by lead pipes well secur$ f fro/1 s t1 if desir$1 ea* animal c be wat]$ )\t leav+ ! /all1 or wat] c be kept con/antly be=e x4 ,a scuttle1 ?r\gh :i* sweep+s & refuse may be put into ! cell>1 is se5 at f4 g is a b9 receiv+ cut hay f ! ?ird /ory1 or hay-room1 h h h h h h1 b9s = gra9-fe$4 i is a tunnel to conduct manure or muck f ! hay-floor to ! cell>4 j j1 slid+-doors on :eels4 ,! c[s all face t[>d ! op5 area 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is c[-room may be furni%$ ) a !rmomet]1 clock1 etc41 & %\ld always be well v5tilat$ by slid+ w9d[s1 :i* at ! same "t admit ! light4 ,! next cut is a transv]se section ( ! same c[-room2 a be+ a walk beh9d ! c[s1 five feet wide2 b1 dung-pit2 c1 cattle-/&2 d1 fe$+-tr\gh1 ) a bottom on a level ) ! plat=m :]e ! cattle /&2 k1 op5 area1 =ty-?ree feet1 by fifty-six4 ,illu/ration3 ,,transv]se ,,section4 ,! /ory above ! c[-room--z repres5t$ 9 ! next cut--is "o hundr$ feet by =ty-two2 ! bays = hay1 t5 on ea* side1 be+ t5 feet front & fifte5 feet deep2 & ! op5 space1 p1 = ! entrance ( wagons1 c>ts1 etc41 twelve feet wide4 b1 hay-scales4 c1 scale beam4 m m m m m m1 ladd]s rea*+ almo/ to ! ro(4 l l l1 etc41 scuttle-holes = s5d+ vegetables directly to ! b9s1 l l l1 etc41 bel[4 a a b b1 rooms on ! corn]s = /orage4 d1 scuttles2 f\r ( :i* are us$ = /raw1 "o = cut hay1 & "o = muck = ! cell>4 n & ! o!r small squ>es are eighte5-feet po/s4 f1 passage to ! tool-h\se1 a room "o hundr$ feet long by eighte5 wide4 o1 /airs lead+ to ! scaffold 9 ! ro( ( ! tool-h\se4 i i1 b5*es4 g1 floor4 h1 boxes = hoes1 %ovels1 spades1 picks1 iron b>s1 old iron1 etc4 j j j1 b9s = fruit4 k1 scuttles to put apples into wagons1 etc41 9 ! %$ bel[4 ,"o side ( ?is tool-h\se may be us$ = pl[s & l>ge implem5ts1 hay-rigg+1 h>ness1 etc4 ,prop] v5tilation ( ! cell> & ! c[-room avoids ! objection t ! hay is liable to injury f noxi\s gases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,room ,,ov] ,,! ,,c[-,,room4 ,! excell5t manure-cell> b5ea? ?is b>n ext5ds only "u ! c[-room4 ,x has a drive-way ?r\gh doors on ea* side4 ,no b>n-cell> %\ld be kept %ut up tight1 ev5 9 cold wea!r4 ,! gases are con/antly escap+ f ! manure1 unless held by absorb5ts1 :i* are liable n only to affect ! heal? ( ! /ock1 b also to injure ! quality ( ! hay4 ,to prev5t ?is1 :ile secur+ ! important advantages ( a manure-cell>1 ! b>n may be furni%$ ) good-siz$ v5tilators on ! top1 = e tw5ty-five feet ( its l5g?1 & ) wood5 tubes lead+ f ! cell> to ! top4 ,!re %\ld also be w9d[s on diff]5t sides ( ! cell> to admit ! free circulation ( air4 ,) ^! precautions1 toge!r ) ! use ( absorb5ts 9 ! %ape ( loam & muck1 !re w be no dang] ( rott+ ! timb]s ( ! b>n1 or ( risk+ ! heal? ( ! cattle or ! quality ( ! hay4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! c[-room %\ld be kept is some:]e f fifty to sixty degrees1 ,fahr5heit4 ,! practice & ! op9ions ( successful dairym5 diff] some:at on ?is po9t4 ,too great heat w\ld affect ! heal? & appetite ( ! h]d2 :ile too l[ a temp]ature is equally objectionable1 = v>i\s reasons4 ,! mo/ economical plan = room 9 ty+ cattle 9 _! /alls1 is to fa/5 ! rope or *a91 :i*ev] is us$--! wood5 /an*ion1 or /an*el1 z x is call$1 to op5 & %ut1 enclos+ ! animal by ! neck1 be+ objectionable--into a r+1 :i* is secur$ by a /rong /aple into a po/4 ,?is prev5ts ! cattle f int]f]+ ) ea* o!r1 :ile a p>tition effectually prev5ts any contact f ! animals on ea* side ( x1 9 ! sep>ate /alls4 ,!re is no great] b5efit = cattle1 aft] com+ into w9t]-qu>t]s1 ?an a sy/ematic regul>ity 9 e ?+ p]ta9+ to !m4 ,e animal %\ld h its own p>ticul> /all 9 ! /able1 :]e x %\ld always be kept4 ,! cattle %\ld be f$ & wat]$ at c]ta9 fix$ h\rs ( ! day1 z ne> z may be4 ,if let out ( ! /ables = wat]1 unless ! wea!r is v pleasant--:5 !y may be p]mitt$ to lie out = a %ort "t--!y %\ld be imm$iately put back1 & n all[$ to range ab\t ) ! outside cattle4 ,!y are m quiet & cont5t$ 9 _! /ables ?an else:]e1 & wa/e less food ?an if p]mitt$ to run out2 besides be+ 9 e way m com=table1 if prop]ly b$d$ & att5d$ to1 z e "o w f9d ^u trial4 ,! habit :i* _m f>m]s h1 ( turn+ _! cattle out ( ! /ables 9 ! morn+1 9 all wea!rs--lett+ !m range ab\t 9 a cold y>d1 hook+ & annoy+ ea* o!r--is ( no possible b5efit1 unless x be to rid !m ( ! tr\ble ( clean+ ! /ables1 :i* pays m ?an twice its co/ 9 ! sav+ ( manure4 ,! outside cattle1 :i* occupy ! y>d--if !re are any--are all ! bett] t ! /abl$ ones d n int]f]e ) !m4 ,!y become habituat$ to _! own qu>t]s1 z d ! o!rs1 & all are bett] = be+1 respectively1 9 _! prop] places4 ,,milk+4 ,! mann] ( milk+ ex]ts a m p[]ful & la/+ influ5ce on ! productiv5ess ( ! c[ ?an mo/ f>m]s are aw>e4 ,t a sl[ & c>eless milk] soon dries up ! be/ ( c[s1 e practical f>m] & dairyman kn[s2 b a c>eful exam9ation ( ! beautiful /ructure ( ! udd] w s]ve fur!r to expla9 ! prop] mode ( milk+1 9 ord] to obta9 & keep up ! l>ge/ yield4 ,! udd] ( a c[ consi/s ( f\r gl&s1 disconnect$ f ea* o!r1 b all conta9$ )9 "o bag or cellul> membrane2 & ^! gl&s are uni=m 9 /ructure4 ,ea* gl& consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ! gl&ul>1 or secret+ "p1 tubul> or conduct+ "p1 & ! teats1 or receptacle1 or receiv+ "p4 ,! gl&ul> =ms by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! udd]4 ,x appe>s to ! nak$ eye compos$ ( a mass ( yell[i% gra9s2 b "u ! microscope ^! gra9s are f\nd to consi/ entirely ( m9ute blood-vessels =m+ a compact plexus1 or fold4 ,^! vessels secrete ! milk f ! blood4 ,! milk is ab/ract$ f ! blood 9 ! gl&ul> "p2 ! tubes receive & deposit x 9 ! res]voir1 or receptacle2 & ! sph9ct] at ! end ( ! teat reta9s x !re until x is want$ = use4 ,?is mu/ n be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 z ass]t+ t all ! milk drawn f ! udd] at "o milk+ is conta9$ 9 ! receptacle4 ,! milk1 z x is secret$1 is convey$ to ! receptacle1 & :5 t is full1 ! l>g] tubes beg9 to be fill$1 & next ! small] ones1 until ! :ole become gorg$4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 ! secretion ( ! milk ceases1 & absorption ( ! ?9n] or m wat]y "p comm5ces4 ,n[1 z ?is absorption takes place m readily 9 ! small] or m di/ant tubes1 x is inv>iably f\nd t ! milk f ^!1 :i* comes la/ into ! receptacle1 is mu* ?ick] & ri*] ?an :at 0 fir/ drawn (f4 ,?is milk has be5 significantly /yl$ aft]+s1 or /ripp+s2 & %\ld ?is gorg$ /ate ( ! tubes be p]mitt$ to cont9ue beyond a c]ta9 "t1 s]i\s mis*ief w sometimes occur2 ! milk becomes too ?ick to fl[ ?r\gh ! tubes1 & soon produces1 fir/ irritation1 !n inflammation1 & la/ly suppuration1 & ! function ( ! gl& is mat]ially impair$ or altoge!r de/roy$4 ,h5ce ! great importance ( empty+ ^! small] tubes regul>ly & ?or\ghly1 n m]ely to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( disease1 b actually to increase ! quantity ( milk2 =1 s long z ! small] tubes are kept free1 milk is con/antly =m+2 b :5ev]1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 !y become gorg$1 ! secretion ( milk ceases until !y are empti$4 ,! c[ h]self has no p[] ov] ! sph9ct] at ! end ( h] teat1 s z to op5 x1 & relieve ! ov]*>g$ udd]2 nei!r has %e any p[] ( reta9+ ! milk collect$ 9 ! res]voirs :5 ! spasm ( ! sph9ct] is ov]come4 ,?us is se5 ! necessity ( draw+ away ! la/ drop ( milk at e milk+2 & ! bett] milk] ! c[1 ! m necess>y ?is is4 ,:at has be5 said demon/rates1 also1 ! impropriety ( hold+ ! milk 9 c[s until ! udd] is di/5d$ mu* beyond its ord9>y size1 = ! sake ( %[+ its capacity = hold+ milk--a device to :i* _m deal]s 9 c[s resort4 ,?us mu* ( ! int]nal /ructure ( ! udd]4 ,its ext]nal =m requires att5tion1 because x indicates diff]5t prop]ties4 ,its =m %\ld be sph]oidal1 l>ge1 giv+ an idea ( capaci\sness2 ! bag %\ld h a s(t1 f9e sk91 & ! h9d "p upw>d t[>d ! tail be loose & ela/ic4 ,!re %\ld be f9e1 long hairs scatt]$ pl5tifully ov] ! surface1 to keep x w>m4 ,! teats %\ld n seem to be contract$1 or funnel-%ap$1 at ! inset ) ! bag4 ,9 ! =m] /ate1 teats are v apt to become cord$1 or sp9dl$2 & 9 ! latt]1 too mu* milk w con/antly be press+ on ! l[] tubes1 or receptacle4 ,!y %\ld drop naturally f ! l[] p>ts ( ! bag1 be+ nei!r too %ort1 small1 or dumpy1 or long1 flabby1 & ?ick1 b1 p]haps1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & s ?ick z j to fill ! h&4 ,!y %\ld hang z if all ! qu>t]s ( ! udd] 7 equal 9 size1 ! front qu>t]s project+ a little =w>d1 & ! h9d ones a little m dep5d5t4 ,ea* qu>t] %\ld conta9 ab\t equal quantities ( milk2 ?\gh1 9 ! belief ( "s1 ! h9d qu>t]s conta9 r ! mo/4 ,l>gely develop$ milk-ve9s--z ! subcutane\s ve9s along ! "u "p ( ! abdom5 are commonly call$--are reg>d$ z a s\rce ( milk4 ,?is is a popul> error1 = ! milk-ve9 has no connection ) ! udd]2 yet1 al?\gh ! (fice ( ^! is to convey ! blood f ! =e "p ( ! *e/ & sides to ! +u9al ve91 yet a l>ge milk-ve9 c]ta9ly indicates a /rongly develop$ vascul> sy/em--"o favorable to secretions g5]ally1 & to t ( ! milk among ! re/4 ,milk+ is p]=m$ 9 two ways1 /ripp+ & h&l+4 ,/ripp+ consi/s 9 seiz+ ! teat firmly ne> ! root betwe5 ! face ( ! ?umb & ! side ( ! =e-f+]1 ! l5g? ( ! teat pass+ ?r\gh ! o!r f+]s1 & 9 milk+ ! h& passes d[n ! entire l5g? ( ! teat1 caus+ ! milk to fl[ out ( its po9t 9 a =cible /ream4 ,! action is r5ew$ by aga9 quickly elevat+ ! h& to ! root ( ! teat4 ,bo? h&s are employ$ at ! op]ation1 ea* hav+ hold ( a diff]5t teat1 & be+ mov$ alt]nately4 ,! two ne>e/ teats are commonly fir/ milk$1 & !n ! two f>!/4 ,h&l+ is done by grasp+ ! teat at its root ) ! =e-f+] l a hoop1 assi/$ by ! ?umb1 :i* lies horizontally ov] ! =e-f+]1 ! re/ be+ also seiz$ by ! o!r f+]s4 ,milk is drawn by press+ ^u ! entire l5g? ( ! teat 9 alt]nate j]ks ) ! entire palm ( ! h&4 ,bo? h&s be+ ?us employ$1 are made to press alt]nately1 b s quickly foll[+ ea* o!r t ! alt]nate /reams ( milk s\nd to ! e> l "o =cible1 cont9u$ /ream4 ,?is cont9u$ /ream is also produc$ by /ripp+4 ,/ripp+1 !n1 is p]=m$ by press+ & pass+ c]ta9 f+]s along ! teat2 h&l+1 by ! :ole h& d\bl$1 or fi/1 press+ ! teat /eadily at "o place4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( bo? names4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,pref]able ,,me?od4 ,( ^! two modes1 h&l+ is ! pref]able1 s9ce x is ! m natural me?od--imitat+1 z x does1 ! suckl+ ( ! calf4 ,:5 a calf takes a teat into its m\?1 x makes ! tongue & palate by :i* x seizes x1 play ^u ! teat by alt]nate pressures or pulsations1 :ile reta9+ ! teat 9 ! same position4 ,x is ?us obvi\s t h&l+ is some:at l suck+1 :]eas /ripp+ is n at all l x4 ,x is said t /ripp+ is good = agitat+ ! udd]1 ! agitation ( :i* is conducive to ! )drawal ( a l>ge quantity ( milk2 b !re is no?+ to prev5t ! agitation ( ! udd] z mu* z ! dairymaid pleases1 :ile hold+ 9 ! o!r mode4 ,inde$1 a m con/ant vibration c\ld be kept up 9 t way by ! vibrations ( ! arms ?an by /ripp+4 ,/ripp+1 by us+ an uncon/ra9$ pressure on two sides ( ! teat1 is mu* m apt to press x unequally1 ?an by grasp+ ! :ole teat 9 ! palm ( ! h&2 :ile ! friction occasion$ by pass+ ! f+] & ?umb firmly ov] ! outside ( ! teat1 is m likely to cause heat & irritation 9 x ?an a /eady & full grasp ( ! entire h&4 ,to %[ t ?is friction causes an unpleasant feel+ ev5 to ! dairymaid1 %e is oblig$ to lubricate ! teat frequ5tly ) milk1 & to wet x at fir/ ) wat]2 :]eas ! o!r mode requires no su* exp$i5ts4 ,& z a fur!r pro( t /ripp+ is a mode ( milk+ :i* may give pa9 to ! c[1 x _c be employ$1 :5 ! teats are *app$1 ) s mu* ease to ! c[ z h&l+4 ,! fir/ requisite 9 ! p]son t milks is1 ( c\rse1 ! utmo/ cleanl9ess4 ,)\t ?is1 ! milk is un5durable4 ,! udd] %\ld1 !re=e1 be c>efully clean$ be=e ! milk+ comm5ces4 ,milk+ %\ld be done fa/1 to draw away ! milk z quickly z possible1 & x %\ld be cont9u$ z long z !re is a drop ( milk to br+ away4 ,?is is an issue :i* _c be att5d$ to 9 too p>ticul> a mann]4 ,if any milk is left1 x is re-absorb$ into ! sy/em1 or else becomes cak$1 & dim9i%es ! t5d5cy to secrete a full quantity aft]w>d4 ,milk+ z dry z possible is especially necess>y ) "y c[s ) _! fir/ calf2 z ! mode ( milk+ & ! l5g? ( "t to :i* !y c be made to hold out1 w h v mu* to d ) _! milk+ qualities z long z !y live4 ,old milk left 9 ! receptacle ( ! teat soon *anges into a curdy /ate1 & ! case\s matt] n be+ at once remov$ by ! next milk+1 is apt to irritate ! l9+ membrane ( ! teat dur+ ! op]ation1 especially :5 ! teat is =cibly rubb$ d[n betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb 9 /ripp+4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is repeat$ irritation is ! ?ick5+ ( ! l9+ membrane1 :i* at l5g? becomes s h>d5$ z to close up ! orifice at ! end ( ! teat4 ,! h>d5$ membrane may be easily felt f ! outside ( ! teat1 :5 ! teat is said to be cord$4 ,aft] ?is ! teat becomes deaf1 z x is call$1 & no m milk c aft]w>d be drawn f ! qu>t] ( ! udd] to :i* ! cord$ teat is atta*$4 ,! milk+-pail is ( v>i\s =ms & ( v>i\s mat]ials4 ,! ,dut* use brass ones1 :i* are brilliantly sc\r$ e "t !y are 9 use4 ,t9 pit*]s are us$ 9 "s places1 :ile pails ( wood 9 coop]-"w are employ$ 9 o!rs4 ,a pail ( oak1 hav+ ?9 /aves b\nd toge!r by bright iron hoops1 ) a h&le =m$ by a /ave project+ upw>d1 is conv5i5t = ! purpose1 & may be kept clean & sweet4 ,"o n9e in*es 9 diamet] at ! bottom1 elev5 in*es at ! top1 & t5 in*es deep1 ) an upright h&le or leg ( five in*es1 has a capaci\s en\gh m\? to receive ! milk z x desc5ds2 & a suffici5t height1 :5 /&+ on ! edge ( its bottom on ! gr\nd1 to all[ ! dairymaid to grasp x firmly ) h] knees :ile sitt+ on a small ?ree-legg$ /ool4 ,( c\rse1 su* a pail _c be milk$ full2 b x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to conta9 all ! milk :i* a s+le c[ c give at a milk+2 because x is undesirable to rise f a c[ be=e ! milk+ is f9i%$1 or to ex*ange "o di% = ano!r :ile ! milk+ is 9 progress4 ,! c[ be+ a s5sitive & caprici\s creature1 is1 (t5times s easily (f5d$ t if ! maid rise f h] be=e ! milk is all )drawn1 ! *ances are t %e w n aga9 /& quietly at t milk+2 or1 if ! vessel us$ 9 milk+ is tak5 away & ano!r sub/itut$ 9 its place1 be=e ! milk+ is f9i%$1 ! probability is t %e w hold h] milk--t is1 n all[ x to fl[4 ,?is is a curi\s prop]ty :i* c[s possess1 ( hold+ up or keep+ back _! milk4 ,h[ x is effect$ has nev] be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$2 b !re is no d\bt ( ! fact t :5 a c[ becomes irritat$1 or fright5$ f any cause1 %e c )hold h] milk4 ,( c\rse1 all c[s are n affect$ 9 ! same degree2 b1 z a pro( h[ s5sitive c[s g5]ally are1 x may be m5tion$ t v few w be milk$ s freely by a /rang] ! fir/ "t1 z by "o to :om !y h be5 accu/om$4 ,!re is "o side ( a c[ :i* is usually call$ ! milk+ side--t is ! c['s left side--because1 someh[ cu/om has e/abli%$ ! practice ( milk+ h] f t side4 ,x may h be5 adopt$ = two reasons3 "o1 because we are accu/om$ to approa* all ! l>g] dome/icat$ animals by :at we call ! ne> side--t is1 ! animal's left side--z be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t "o = ourselves2 & ! o!r reason may h be51 t1 z mo/ p are "r-h&$1 & ! common use ( ! "r h& has made x ! /rong]1 x is mo/ conv5i5tly employ$ 9 milk+ ! h9d] teats ( ! c[1 :i* are (t5 mo/ difficult to rea* on acc\nt ( ! position ( ! h9d legs & ! l5g? ( ! h9d] teats1 or ( ! bread? ( ! h9d] "p ( ! udd]4 ,! ne> side is mo/ commonly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,scotl&2 b 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& ! o!r side is pref]r$4 ,:i*ev] side is select$1 t %\ld uni=mly be us$1 z c[s are v s5sitive to *anges4 ,9 ,scotl& x is a r>e ?+ to see a c[ milk$ by any o!r p]son ?an a woman1 ?\gh m5 are v commonly employ$ at x 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&4 ,"o nev] sees a man milk+ a c[ )\t be+ impress$ ) ! idea t he is usurp+ an (fice :i* does n become him2 & ! same ?\ght seems to be convey$ 9 ! t]ms usually appli$ to ! p]son connect$ ) c[s--a dairy-maid imply+ "o :o milks c[s1 z well z p]=ms ! o!r duties connect$ ) ! dairy--a dairy-man mean+ "o :o owns a dairy4 ,!re c be b little "q t ! *>ge ( ?is bran* ( ! dairy %\ld g5]ally be entru/$ to wom54 ,!y are m g5tle & w9n+ ?an m54 ,! same p]son %\ld milk ! same c[ regul>ly1 & n *ange f "o to ano!r1 unless !re are special reasons = x4 ,c[s are easily r5d]$ tr\blesome on be+ milk$2 & ! kicks & knocks :i* !y usually receive = _! re/lessness1 only r5d] !m m fretful4 ,if !y _c be ov]come by k9dness1 ?umps w nev] make !m bett]4 ,! tru? is1 re/less habits are cont9u$ 9 !m by ! treatm5t :i* !y receive at fir/1 :51 mo/ probably1 !y h be5 dragoon$ into submission4 ,_! teats are t5d] at fir/2 b an unfeel+1 horny h& tugs at !m at /ripp+1 z if ! animal _h be5 accu/om$ to ! op]ation = ye>s4 ,c ! creature be o!rwise ?an uneasy8 ,& h[ c %e escape ! w9c+ b by fl++ out h] heels8--,!n hopples are plac$ on ! h9d fetlocks1 to keep h] heels d[n4 ,! tail mu/ !n be held by "s "o1 :ile ! milk+ is go+ on2 or ! hair ( its tuft be conv]t$ into a d\ble cord1 to tie ! tail to ! animal's leg4 ,add to ?is ! _m ?reats & scold+s utt]$ by ! milk]1 & "o gets a n v exagg]at$ impression ( ! break+-94 ,"s c[s1 no d\bt1 are v unaccomodat+ & provok+2 b1 nev]!less1 no?+ b a rational c\rse t[>d !m1 adm9i/]$ ) g5tl5ess1 w ev] r5d] !m less s4 ,!re are c[s :i* are tr\blesome to milk = a few times aft] calv+1 t become q quiet = ! rema9d] ( ! season2 o!rs w kick p]t9aci\sly at ! fir/ milk+4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! safe/ plan--in/ead ( hoppl+1 :i* only irritates--is = ! dairymaid to ?ru/ h] head aga9/ ! flank ( ! c[1 & :ile /&+ on h] feet1 /ret* h] h&s =w>d1 get hold ( ! teats ! be/ way %e c1 & s5d ! milk on ! gr\nd2 & 9 ?is position x is out ( ! p[] ( ! c[ to hurt h]4 ,^! ebullitions ( feel+ at ! fir/ milk+ aft] calv+1 arise ei!r f feel+ pa9 9 a t5d] /ate ( ! teat1 mo/ probably f inflammation 9 ! l9+ membrane ( ! receptacle2 or !y may arise f titillation ( ! sk9 ( ! udd] & teat1 :i* becomes ! m s5sible to ! affection f a heat :i* is we>+ (f4 ,at ! age ( two or ?ree ye>s ! milk+ gl&s h n become fully develop$1 & _! l>ge/ developm5t w dep5d v greatly ^u ! managem5t aft] ! fir/ calf4 ,c[s %\ld h1 !re=e1 ! mo/ milk-produc+ food2 be treat$ ) con/ant g5tl5ess2 nev] /ruck1 or spok5 h>%ly to1 b coax$ & c>ess$2 & 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 !y w gr[ up g5tle & quiet4 ,! hundr$? _h bett] be fatt$ & s5t to ! but*]4 ,h>%ness is worse ?an useless4 ,be ! cause ( irritation :at x may1 "o ?+ is c]ta91 t g5tle discipl9e w ov]come ! mo/ turbul5t temp]4 ,no?+ does s mu* to dry a c[ up1 especially a "y c[1 z ! s5seless treatm5t to :i* %e is too (t5 subject$4 ,! long] ! "y c[1 ) h] fir/ & second calf1 is made to hold out1 ! m surely w ?is habit be fix$ ^u h]4 ,/op milk+ h] f\r mon?s be=e ! next calf1 & x w be difficult to make h] hold out to )9 f\r or six weeks ( ! "t ( calv+ aft]w>d4 ,induce h]1 if possible1 by moi/ & succul5t food1 & by c>eful milk+1 to hold out ev5 up to ! "t ( calv+1 if y desire to milk h] s long1 & ?is habit w be likely to be fix$ ^u h] = life4 ,b d n expect to obta9 ! full yield ( a c[ ! fir/ ye> aft] calv+4 ,"s ( ! v be/ c[s are sl[ to develop _! be/ qualities2 & no c[ rea*es h] prime till ! age ( five or six ye>s4 ,! extreme importance ( c>e & att5tion to ^! po9ts _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,! wild c[s graz+ on ! pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are said to give n m ?an ?ree or f\r qu>ts a day at ! height ( ! fl[2 & _m an own] ( l>ge h]ds 9 ,texas1 x is said1 has too little milk = family use1 & sometimes receives 8 supply ( butt] f ! ,new ,york m>ket4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a con/ant t5d5cy 9 mil* c[s to dry up2 & x mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ ) special c>e1 till ! habit ( yield+ a l>ge quantity1 & yield+ x long1 becomes fix$ 9 ! "y animal1 :51 ) prop] c>e1 x may easily be kept up4 ,c[s1 indep5d5tly ( _! p[] to reta9 _! milk 9 ! udd]1 af=d diff]5t degrees ( pleasure 9 milk+ !m1 ev5 9 ! quiete/ mood4 ,"s yield _! milk 9 a copi\s fl[1 ) ! g5tle/ h&l+ t c be giv5 !m2 o!rs require great ex]tion to draw ! milk f !m ev5 9 /reams no l>g] ?an a ?read4 ,! udd] ( ! =m] w be f\nd to h a s(t sk9 & %ort teats2 t ( ! latt] w h a ?ick sk91 ) long r\gh teats4 ,! "o feels l velvet2 ! o!r is no m pleasant to ! t\* ?an untann$ lea!r4 ,to induce quiet & p]suade ! animal to give d[n h] milk freely1 x is bett] t %e %\ld be f$ at milk+-"t ) cut fe$1 or roots1 plac$ )9 h] easy rea*4 ,if g5tle & mild treatm5t is obs]v$ & p]sev]$ 91 ! op]ation ( milk+1 z a g5]al ?+1 appe>s to be a pleasure to ! animal1 z x und\bt$ly is2 b1 if an opposite c\rse is pursu$--if at e re/less movem5t1 caus$1 p]haps1 by press+ a sore teat1 ! animal is h>%ly spok5 to--%e w be likely to le>n to kick z a habit1 & x w be difficult to ov]come x ev] aft]w>d4 ,:atev] may be ! practice on o!r occasions1 !re c be no d\bt t1 = "s weeks aft] calv+1 & 9 ! height ( ! fl[1 c[s ought1 if possible1 to be milk$ regul>ly ?ree times a day--at e>ly morn+1 noon1 & night4 ,e practical dairyman kn[s t c[s ?us milk$ give a l>g] quantity ( milk ?an if milk$ only twice1 ?\gh x may n be q s ri*2 & 9 "y c[s1 no d\bt1 x has a t5d5cy to promote ! developm5t ( ! udd] & milk-ve9s4 ,a frequ5t milk+ /imulates an increas$ secretion1 !re=e1 & ought nev] to be neglect$ 9 ! milk-dairy1 ei!r 9 ! case ( "y c[s1 or v l>ge milk]s1 at ! height ( ! fl[1 :i* w commonly be = two or ?ree mon?s aft] calv+4 ,!re be+ a great diff]5ce 9 ! quality z well z 9 ! quantity ( ! milk ( diff]5t c[s1 no dairyman %\ld neglect to te/ ! milk ( ea* new addition to 8 dairy /ock1 :e!r x be an animal ( 8 own rais+ or "o br\ght f abroad4 ,a lactomet]--or in/rum5t = te/+ ! comp>ative ri*ness ( diff]5t species ( milk--is v conv5i5t = ?is purpose2 b any "o c set ! milk ( ea* c[ sep>ately at fir/1 & give x a ?or\gh trial1 :5 ! diff]5ce w be f\nd to be great4 ,economy w dictate t ! c[s lea/ to ! purpose %\ld be dispos$ (1 & _! places suppli$ ) bett] ones4 ,,! ,,rais+ ,,( ,,calves4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 practice t calves prop]ly br$ & rais$ on ! f>m h a f> great] intr9sic value = t f>m1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ?an any t c be procur$ else:]e2 :ile on ! mann] 9 :i* !y are rais$ w dep5d mu* ( _! future usefulness & pr(it4 ,^! consid]ations %\ld h _! prop] weight 9 decid+ :e!r a promis+ calf f a good c[ & bull %all be kept1 or sold to ! but*]4 ,b1 r ?an raise a calf at hap-haz>d1 & simply because its dam 0 celebrat$ z a milk]1 ! judici\s f>m] w pref] to judge ( ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! animal itself4 ,?is w (t5 save ! great & useless outlay :i* has sometimes be5 incurr$ 9 rais+ calves = dairy purposes1 :i* a m c>eful exam9ation w\ld h reject$ z unpromis+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mat]nal ,,affection4 ,! me?od ( judg+ /ock :i* has be5 recomm5d$ 9 ! previ\s pages is ( practical utility "h1 & x is saf] to rely ^u x to "s ext5t1 p>ticul>ly :5 o!r appe>ances concur1 ?an to g on bl9dly4 ,! milk-mirror on ! calf is1 inde$1 small1 b no small] 9 proportion to its size ?an t ( ! c[2 :ile its %ape & =m c g5]ally be di/9ctly se51 p>ticul>ly at ! end ( t5 or twelve weeks4 ,! developm5t ( ! udd]1 & o!r peculi>ities1 w give "s indication ( ! future capacities ( ! animal1 & ^! %\ld be c>efully /udi$4 ,if we except ! manure ( "y /ock1 ! calf is ! fir/ product ( ! c[1 & z su* dem&s our att5tion1 :e!r x is to be rais$ or hurri$ (f to ! %ambles4 ,! practice adopt$ 9 rais+ calves diff]s widely 9 diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry1 be+ gov]n$ v mu* by local circum/ances1 z ! vic9ity ( a milk-m>ket1 ! value ( milk = ! dairy1 ! object ( bre$+1 :e!r ma9ly = beef1 = "w1 or = ! dairy1 etc42 b1 9 g5]al1 x may be said1 t1 )9 ! range ( ?irty or =ty miles ( good veal-m>kets1 :i* l>ge t[ns furni%1 comp>atively few are rais$ at all4 ,mo/ ( !m are fatt5$ & sold at ages v>y+ f ?ree to eight or t5 weeks2 & 9 milk-dairies /ill ne>] l>ge t[ns & cities !y are (t5 hurri$ (f at "o or two days1 or1 at mo/1 a week old4 ,9 bo? ( ^! cases1 z long z ! calf is kept x is g5]ally all[$ to suck ! c[1 &1 z ! treatm5t is v simple1 !re is no?+ :i* p>ticul>ly calls = rem>k1 unless x be to condemn ! practice entirely1 ^u ! gr\nd t !re is a m pr(itable way ( fatt5+ calves = ! but*]1 & to say t all[+ ! calf to suck ! c[ at all is objectionable on ! score ( economy1 except 9 cases :]e x is r5d]$ necess>y by ! h>d & swoll5 condition ( ! udd]4 ,if ! calf is s soon to be tak5 away1 x is bett] t ! c[ %\ld n be suff]$ to become atta*$ to x at all3 s9ce %e is incl9$ to )hold h] milk :5 x is remov$1 & ?us a loss is su/a9$4 ,! f>m] w be gov]n$ by ! "q ( pr(it1 :atev] c\rse x is decid$ to adopt4 ,9 rais+ blood-/ock1 h[ev]1 or 9 rais+ beef cattle1 )\t any reg>d to economy ( milk1 ! sy/em ( suckl+ ! calves1 or lett+ !m run ) ! c[1 may & w be adopt$1 s9ce x is usually att5d$ ) some:at less labor4 ,! o!r c\rse1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! be/ :]e ! calf is to be rais$ = ! dairy1 is to br+ x up by h&4 ,?is is almo/ univ]sally done 9 all c\ntries :]e ! rais+ ( dairy c[s is be/ und]/ood--9 ,switz]l&1 ,holl&1 "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 & ,engl&4 ,x requires r m c>e1 on ! :ole2 b x is decid$ly pref]able1 s9ce ! calves co/ less1 z ! food c be easily modifi$1 & ! gr[? is n *eck$1 z is usually ! case :5 ! calf is tak5 (f f ! c[4 ,allusion is "h made1 ( c\rse1 to sections :]e ! milk ( ! c[ is ( "s acc\nt = ! dairy1 & :]e x is too valuable to be devot$ entirely to n\ri%+ ! calf4 ,9 ?is case1 z soon z ! calf is dropp$ ! c[ is all[$ to lick (f ! slimy moi/ure till x is dry1 :i* %e w g5]ally d f in/9ct1 or1 if n1 a slight spr9kl+ ( salt ov] ! body ( ! calf w imm$iately tempt h]4 ,! calf is left to suck once or twice1 :i* x w d z soon z x is able to /&4 ,x %\ld1 9 all cases1 be p]mitt$ to h ! fir/ milk :i* comes f ! c[1 :i* is ( a turbid1 yell[i% color1 unfit = any ( ! purposes ( ! dairy1 b some:at purgative & m$ic9al1 & admirably & wisely design$ by ,nature to free ! b[els & inte/9es ( ! new-born animal f ! muc\s1 excrem5titi\s matt] always exi/+ 9 x aft] bir?4 ,too mu* ( ?is new milk may1 h[ev]1 be hurtful ev5 to ! new-born calf1 :ile x %\ld nev] be giv5 at all to old] calves4 ,! be/ c\rse w\ld seem to be--& su* is 9 accordance ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! mo/ successful /ock-rais]s--to milk ! c[ dry imm$iately aft] ! calf has suck$ once1 especially if ! udd] is pa9fully di/5d$1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 & to leave ! calf ) ! c[ dur+ "o day1 & aft] t to fe$ x by putt+ ! f+]s into its m\?1 & g5tly br++ its muzzle d[n to ! milk 9 a pail or tr\gh :5 x w imbibe 9 suck+ ! f+]s4 ,no great difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 tea*+ ! calf to dr9k :5 tak5 s "y1 ?\gh "s take to x mu* m readily ?an o!rs4 ,:at ! calf does n ne$ %\ld be giv5 to ! c[4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 pref] to milk imm$iately aft] calv+2 &1 if ! udd] is ov]load$1 ?is may be ! be/ c\rse1 ?\gh ! bett] practice appe>s to be1 to leave ! c[ z quietly to h]self z possible = a few h\rs4 ,! less %e is di/urb$1 z a g5]al ?+1 ! bett]4 ,! aft]-bir? %\ld be tak5 f h] imm$iately aft] x is dropp$4 ,x is cu/om>y to give ! c[1 z soon z conv5i5t aft] calv+1 "s w>m & /imulat+ dr9k--a little meal /irr$ into w>m wat]1 ) a "p ( ! fir/ milk :i* comes f h]1 season$ ) a little salt4 ,9 _m cases ! calf is tak5 f ! c[ imm$iately2 & be=e %e has se5 x1 to a w>m1 dry p5 out ( h] sight1 & !re rubb$ till x is ?or\ghly dry2 & !n1 :5 able to /&1 f$ ) ! new milk f ! c[1 :i* x %\ld h ?ree or f\r times a day1 regul>ly1 = ! fir/ =tnight1 :atev] c\rse x is propos$ to adopt aft]w>ds4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance to give ! "y calf a ?rifty />t4 ,! milk1 unless com+ directly f ! c[1 %\ld be w>m$4 ,"s object to remov+ ! calf f ! c[ 9 ?is way1 on ! gr\nd ( its app>5t cruelty4 ,b ! objection to lett+ ! calf suck ! c[ = sev]al days1 z !y d1 or inde$ ( leav+ x ) ! c[ = any l5g? ( "t1 is1 t %e inv>iably becomes atta*$ to x1 & frets & )holds h] milk :5 x is at la/ tak5 f h]4 ,%e probably suff]s mu* m1 aft] ?is atta*m5t is once =m$1 at ! removal ( ! object ( x1 ?an %e does at its be+ tak5 at fir/ out ( h] sight4 ,! c['s memory is f> m ret5tive ?an _m suppose2 & ! loss & injury su/a9$ by remov+ ! calf aft] x has be5 all[$ to suck h] = a long] or %ort] p]iod are nev] kn[n exactly1 because x is n usually kn[n h[ mu* milk ! calf takes2 b x is1 )\t d\bt1 v consid]able4 ,if ! udd] is all "r1 !re seems to be no good reason = leav+ ! calf ) ! c[ = two or ?ree days1 if x is !n to be tak5 away4 ,! practice 9 ,holl& is to remove ! calf f its "m ev5 be=e x has be5 lick$1 & to take x into a corn] ( ! b>n1 or into ano!r build+1 out ( ! c['s sight & he>+1 put x on s(t1 dry /raw1 & rub x dry ) "s hay or /raw1 :5 its tongue & gums are slightly rubb$ ) salt1 & ! mucus & saliva remov$ f ! no/rils & lips4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done1 ! calf is made to dr9k ! milk fir/ tak5 z x comes f ! "m4 ,x is slightly dilut$ ) wat]1 if tak5 la/ f ! udd]2 b1 if ! fir/ ( ! milk+1 x is giv5 j z x is4 ,! calf is taught to dr9k 9 ! same mann] z 9 ?is c\ntry1 by putt+ ! f+]s 9 its m\?1 & br++ x d[n to ! milk1 & x soon gets s z to dr9k unaid$4 ,x is f$1 at fir/1 f f\r to six times a day1 or ev5 (t5]2 b soon only ?ree times1 at regul> int]vals4 ,its food = two or ?ree weeks is cle> milk1 z x comes w>m & fre% f ! c[4 ,?is is nev] omitt$1 z ! milk dur+ mo/ ( t "t possesses c]ta9 qualities :i* are necess>y to ! calf1 & :i* _c be effectually suppli$ by any o!r food4 ,9 ! ?ird or f\r? week ! milk is skimm$1 b w>m$ to ! degree ( fre% milk2 ?\gh1 z ! calf gr[s a little old]1 ! milk is giv5 cold1 :ile less c>e is tak5 to give x ! milk ( its own "m1 t ( o!r c[s n[ answ]+ equally well4 ,9 "s places1 calves are f$ on butt]milk at ! age ( two weeks & aft]2 b ! *ange f new milk1 fre% f ! c[1 is made gradually1 "s sweet skimm$ milk & w>m wat] be+ fir/ add$ to x4 ,at ?ree weeks old1 or !reab\ts1 ! calf w beg9 to eat a little sweet1 f9e hay1 & potatoes cut f9e1 & x v soon becomes accu/om$ to ?is food4 ,_m n[ beg9 to give l9se$-meal mix$ into hot wat]1 to :i* is add$ "s skim-milk or butt]milk2 & o!rs use a little bran cook$ 9 hay-tea1 made by *opp+ ! hay f9e & p\r+ on boil+-hot wat]1 :i* is all[$ to /& a:ile on x4 ,an egg is frequ5tly brok5 into su* a mixture4 ,o!rs /ill take pa9s at ?is age to h fre% l9se$-cake1 brok5 into pieces ( ! size ( a pigeon's egg2 putt+ "o ( ^! into ! m\? aft] ! meal ( milk has be5 f9i%$1 & :5 x is eag] to suck at any ?+ 9 its way4 ,x w v soon le>n to eat l9se$-meal4 ,a little sweet clov] is put 9 its way at ! age ( ab\t ?ree weeks1 & x w soon beg9 to eat t also4 ,9 ?is mann] ! fe$+ is cont9u$ f ! f\r? to ! sev5? week1 ! quantity ( solid food be+ gradually increas$4 ,9 ! six? or sev5? week ! milk is by degrees )held1 & wat] or butt]milk us$ in/ead2 & soon aft] ?is1 gre5 food may be safely giv51 increas+ x gradually ) ! hay to ! age ( t5 or twelve weeks1 :5 x w d to put !m ^u grass alone1 if ! season is favorable4 ,a lot z ne> ! h\se z possible1 :]e !y c be easily look$ aft] & frequ5tly visit$1 is ! be/4 ,calves %\ld be gradually accu/om$ to all *anges2 & ev5 aft] hav+ be5 turn$ out to pa/ure1 !y ought to be put "u %elt] if ! wea!r is n dry & w>m4 ,! want ( c>e & att5tion relative to ^! little details w be app>5t soon] or lat]2 :ile1 if ! f>m] gives 8 p]sonal att5tion to ^! matt]s1 he w be fully paid 9 ! rapid gr[? ( 8 calves4 ,x is especially necess>y to see t ! tr\ghs f :i* !y are f$1 if tr\ghs are us$1 are kept clean & sweet4 ,b !re are "s--ev5 among intellig5t f>m]s--:o make a practice ( turn+ _! calves out to pa/ure at ! t5d] age ( two or ?ree weeks--& t1 too1 :5 !y h suck$ ! c[ up to t "t--& all[ !m no?+ 9 ! %ape ( milk & t5d] c>e4 ,?is1 c]ta9ly1 is ! poore/ possible economy1 to say no?+ ( ! manife/ cruelty ( su* treatm5t4 ,! gr[? ( ! calf is *eck$1 & ! sy/em receives a %ock f s sudd5 a *ange1 f :i* x _c soon recov]4 ,! c>eful ,dut* bre$]s br+ ! calves ei!r skimm$ milk or butt]milk to dr9k sev]al times a day aft] !y are turn$ to grass1 :i* is n till ! age ( t5 or twelve weeks2 &1 if ! wea!r is *illy1 ! milk is w>m$ = !m4 ,!y put a tr\gh g5]ally "u a cov]+1 to :i* ! calves may come & dr9k at regul> times4 ,?us1 !y are kept tame & docile4 ,9 ! rais+ ( calves1 ?r\gh all /ages ( _! gr[?1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 nei!r to />ve nor to ov]-fe$4 ,a calf %\ld nev] be surfeit$1 & nev] be f$ s highly t x _c be f$ m highly z x advances4 ,! mo/ important "p is to keep x gr[+ ?riftily )\t gett+ too fat1 if x is to be rais$ = ! dairy4 ,! calves 9 ! dairy di/ricts ( ,scotl& are f$ on ! milk1 ) seldom any admixture2 & !y are n p]mitt$ to suck _! dams1 b are taught to dr9k milk by ! h& f a di%4 ,!y are g5]ally f$ on milk only = ! fir/ f\r1 five1 or six weeks1 & are !n all[$ f two to two & a half qu>ts ( new milk ea* meal1 twice 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,"s nev] give !m any o!r food :5 "y except milk1 less5+ ! quantity :5 ! calf beg9s to eat grass or o!r food1 :i* x g5]ally does :5 ab\t five weeks old1 if grass c be _h2 & )draw+ x entirely ab\t ! sev5? or eigh? week ( ! calf's age4 ,b1 if ! calf is re>$ 9 w9t]1 or e>ly 9 spr+1 be=e ! grass rises1 x mu/ be suppli$ ) at lea/ "s milk until x is eight or n9e weeks old1 z a calf w n s soon le>n to eat hay or /raw1 nor f>e s well on !m alone z x w on pa/ure4 ,"s fe$ _! calves re>$ = /ock p>tly ) meal mix$ 9 ! milk aft] ! ?ird or f\r? week4 ,o!rs introduce gradually "s new :ey into ! milk1 fir/ mix$ ) meal2 &1 :5 ! calf gets old]1 !y )draw ! milk1 & fe$ x on :ey & porridge4 ,hay-tea1 juices ( peas & beans1 or pea or bean-/raw1 l9se$ beat5 into p[d]1 treacle1 etc41 h all be5 sometimes us$ to advantage 9 fe$+ calves2 b milk1 :5 x c be sp>$1 is1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,scot* bre$]s1 by f> _! mo/ natural food4 ,9 ,gall[ay1 & o!r pa/oral di/ricts1 :]e ! calves are all[$ to suck1 ! p are s mu* w$d$ to _! own cu/oms z to argue t suckl+ is mu* m nutriti\s to ! calves ?an any o!r mode ( fe$+4 ,t x induces a great] secretion ( saliva1 :i*1 by promot+ dige/ion1 accel]ates ! gr[? & fatt5+ ( ! "y animal1 _c be d\bt$2 b ! secretion ( t fluid may likewise be promot$ by plac+ an artificial teat 9 ! m\? ( ! calf1 & giv+ x ! milk sl[ly1 & at ! natural temp]ature4 ,9 ! dairy di/ricts ( ,scotl&1 ! dairymaid puts "o ( h] f+]s into ! m\? ( ! calf :5 x is f$1 :i* s]ves ! purpose ( a teat1 & w h ne>ly ! same effect z ! natural teat 9 induc+ ! secretion ( saliva4 ,if t1 or an artificial teat ( lea!r1 be us$1 & ! milk be giv5 sl[ly be=e x is cold1 ! secretion ( saliva may be promot$ to all ! ext5t t c be necess>y2 besides1 secretion is n conf9$ to ! m]e p]iod ( eat+1 b1 z 9 ! human body1 ! saliva is =m$ & "p ( x swall[$ at all times4 ,z "p ( ! saliva is sometimes se5 dropp+ f ! m\?s ( ! calves1 x might be advisable n only to give !m an artificial teat :5 f$1 b to place1 z is frequ5tly done1 a lump ( *alk be=e !m to lick1 ?us lead+ !m to swall[ ! saliva4 ,! *alk w\ld s f> supply ! want ( salt1 ( :i* cattle are (t5 s improp]ly depriv$1 & x w\ld also promote ! =mation ( saliva4 ,inde$1 calves are v mu* dispos$ to lick & suck e ?+ :i* comes )9 _! rea*1 :i* seems to be ! way 9 :i* ,nature tea*es !m to supply _! /oma*s ) saliva4 ,illu/ration3 ,,frolicksome4 ,b ?\gh suck+ _! dams may be mo/ advantage\s 9 t respect1 yet x has also "s disadvantages4 ,! c[ is always m injur$ ?an ! calf is b5efit$ by t mode ( fe$+4 ,%e becomes s fond ( ! calf t %e does n1 = a long "t aft]1 yield h] milk freely to ! dairyman4 ,! calf does n :5 "y draw (f ! milk completely1 & :5 x is tak5 (f by ! h&1 ! c[ )holds a "p ( h] milk1 &1 :5ev] a c['s udd] is n completely empti$ e "t %e is milk$1 ! lactic secretion--z be=e /at$--is !reby dim9i%$4 ,fe$+ ( calves by h& is also1 9 v>i\s respects1 advantage\s4 ,in/ead ( dep5d+ on ! unc]ta91 or p]haps prec>i\s supply ( ! dam1 :i* may be m at fir/ ?an ! "y animal c consume or dige/1 & at o!r times too little = its supply1 its food c1 by h&-fe$+1 be regulat$ to suit ! age1 appetite1 & ! purposes = :i* ! calf is int5d$2 o!r admixtures or sub/itutes c be introduc$ into ! milk1 & ! quantity gradually increas$ or )drawn at pleasure4 ,?is is highly necess>y :5 ! calves are re>$ = /ock4 ,! milk is 9 t case dim9i%$1 & o!r food introduc$ s gradually t ! /oma* ( ! "y animal is n injur$ z x is :5 ! food is too sudd5ly *ang$4 ,&1 9 ! case ( fe$+ calves = ! but*]1 ! quantity ( milk is n limit$ to t ( ! dam--= no c[ w all[ a /rang]-calf to suck h]--b x c be increas$1 or ! ri*e/ or poore/ p>ts ( ! milk giv5 at pleasure4 ,su* are1 sub/antially1 ! views ^u ?is subject :i* are ent]ta9$ by ! mo/ judici\s f>m]s 9 ! fir/ dairy di/ricts ( ,scotl&4 ,9 ^? di/ricts--:]e1 probably1 ! fe$+ & managem5t ( calves are z well & z judici\sly conduct$ z 9 any o!r "p ( ,great ,brita9--! f>m]s' wives & daught]s1 or ! female dome/ics1 h ! pr9cipal *>ge ( "y calves2 & !y are1 d\btless1 mu* bett] calculat$ = ?is duty ?an m51 s9ce !y are m incl9$ to be g5tle & pati5t4 ,! utmo/ g5tl5ess--z has be5 already rem>k$1 9 ano!r connection--%\ld always be obs]v$ 9 ! treatm5t ( all /ock2 b especially ( mil* c[s1 & calves design$ = ! dairy4 ,p]sev]+ k9dness & pati5ce1 w1 almo/ inv>iably1 ov]come ! mo/ ob/9ate natures2 :ile r\gh & ung5tle h&l+ w be repaid 9 a quiet k9d ( way1 p]haps1 by )hold+ ! milk1 :i* w always h a t5d5cy to dry up ! c[2 or1 :at is ne>ly z bad1 by kick+ & o!r modes ( rev5ge1 :i* (t5 contribute to ! p]sonal discom=t ( ! milk]4 ,! disposition ( ! c[ is greatly modifi$1 if n1 inde$1 :olly =m$1 by h] treatm5t :ile "y2 & !re=e x is be/ to h&le calves z mu* z possible1 & make pets ( !m1 lead !m ) a halt]1 & c>ess !m 9 v>i\s ways4 ,calves manag$ 9 ?is way w always be docile1 & suff] !mselves to be approa*$ & h&l$1 bo? 9 ! pa/ure & 9 ! b>n4 ,) respect to ! use ( hay-tea--(t5 us$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b m common abroad1 :]e great] c>e & att5tion are usually be/[$ ^u ! details ( bre$+--,y\att says3 ,at ! end ( ?ree or f\r days1 or p]haps a week1 or ne> a =tnight1 aft] a calf has be5 dropp$1 & ! fir/ passages h be5 cleans$ by all[+ x to dr9k z mu* ( ! c['s milk z x feels incl9$ =1 let ! quantity usually allott$ = a meal be mix$1 consi/+1 = ! fir/ week1 ( ?ree p>ts ( milk & "o "p ( hay-tea4 ,! only n\ri%+ infusion ( hay is t :i* is made f ! be/ & sweete/ hay1 cut by a *aff-cutt] into pieces ab\t two in*es long1 & put into an e>!n vessel2 ov] ?is1 boil+ wat] %\ld be p\r$1 & ! :ole all[$ to /& = two h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t x ought to be kept c>efully clos$4 ,aft] ! fir/ week1 ! proportions ( milk & hay-tea may be equal2 !n compos$ ( two-?irds ( hay-tea & "o ( milk2 & at l5g?1 "o-f\r? "p ( milk w be suffici5t4 ,?is food %\ld be giv5 to ! calf 9 a lukew>m /ate at lea/ ?ree1 if n f\r times a day1 9 quantities av]ag+ ?ree qu>ts at a meal1 b gradually increas+ to f\r qu>ts z ! calf gr[s old]4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! second mon?1 beside ! usual quantity giv5 at ea* meal--compos$ ( ?ree p>ts ( ! infusion & "o ( milk--a small wisp or bundle ( hay is to be laid be=e ! calf1 :i* w gradually come to eat x2 b1 if ! wea!r is favorable1 z 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 ! bea/ may be turn$ out to graze 9 a f9e1 sweet pa/ure1 well %elt]$ f ! w9d & sun4 ,?is diet may be cont9u$ until t[>d ! latt] end ( ! ?ird mon?1 :51 if ! calf grazes he>tily1 ea* meal may be r$uc$ to less ?an a qu>t ( milk1 ) hay-wat]2 or skimm$ milk1 or fre% butt]milk1 may be sub/itut$ = new milk4 ,at ! expiration ( ! ?ird mon?1 ! animal w h>dly require to be f$ by h&2 ?\gh1 if ?is %\ld /ill be necess>y1 "o qu>t ( ! infusion giv5 daily--:i*1 dur+ ! summ]1 ne$ n be w>m$--w suffice4 ,! hay-tea %\ld be made fre% e two days1 z x soon loses its nutriti\s quality4 ,?is & o!r prep>ations are giv51 n because !y are bett] ?an milk1--?an :i* no?+ is bett] adapt$ to fatt5 a calf1 or promote its gr[?1--b simply to economize by provid+ ! simple/ & *eape/ sub/itutes4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! fir/ two or ?ree calves are small] ?an ^? :i* foll[2 & h5ce1 unless !y are pure-br$1 & to be kept = ! blood1 !y are n g5]ally ?\ght to be s desirable to raise = ! dairy z ! ?ird or f\r?1 & ^? t come aft]1 up to ! age ( n9e or t5 ye>s4 ,op9ions ^u ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 diff]4 ,accord+ to ! comp>ative exp]im5ts ( a ,g]man agriculturi/1 c[s :i* z calves _h be5 all[$ to suck _! dams f two to f\r weeks1 br\ght calves :i* weigh$ only f ?irty-five to =ty-eight p\nds2 :ile o!rs1 :i* z calves _h be5 all[$ to suck f five to eight weeks1 br\ght calves :i* weigh$ f sixty to eighty p\nds4 ,x is difficult to see h[ !re c be s great a diff]5ce1 if1 inde$1 !re be any2 b x may be wor?y ( c>eful obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & z su* x is /at$ "h4 ,! increas$ size ( ! calf w\ld be due to ! increas$ size to :i* ! c[ w\ld atta92 & if z a calf %e 7 all[$ to run 9 ! pa/ure ) h] dam = f\r or five mon?s1 tak+ all ! milk %e want$1 %e w\ld d\btless be kept gr[+ on 9 a ?riv+ condition4 ,b tak+ a calf f ! c[ at f\r or ev5 eight weeks mu/ *eck its gr[? to "s ext5t2 & ?is may be avoid$ by fe$+ lib]ally1 & br++ up by h&4 ,aft] ! calf is fully wean$1 !re is no?+ v peculi> 9 ! g5]al managem5t4 ,a "y animal w require = ! fir/ few mon?s--say up to ! age ( six mon?s--an av]age ( five or six p\nds daily ( good hay1 or its equival5t4 ,at ! age ( six mon?s1 x w require f f\r & a half to five p\nds2 & at ! end ( ! ye>1 f ?ree & a half or f\r p\nds ( good hay1 or its equival5t1 = e "o hundr$ p\nds ( its live weight2 or1 9 o!r words1 ab\t ?ree & a half or f\r p] c5t4 ( its live weight4 ,at two ye>s old1 x w require ?ree & a half1 & "s mon?s lat]1 ?ree p] c5t4 ( its live weight daily 9 good hay1 or its equival5t4 ,indian-corn fodd]1 ei!r gre5 or cur$1 =ms an excell5t & :olesome food at ?is age4 ,! heif] %\ld n be pamp]$1 nor yet poorly f$ or half />v$1 s z to receive a *eck 9 h] gr[?4 ,an abundant supply ( good heal?y dairy food & milk w d all t is necess>y up to ! "t ( h] hav+ h] fir/ calf--:i* %\ld n ord9>ily be till ! age ( ?ree ye>s1 ?\gh "s *oose to all[ !m to come 9 at two1 or a little ov]1 on ! gr\nd t x e>ly /imulates ! secretion ( milk1 & t ?is w increase ! milk+ prop5sity ?r\gh life4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! case1 z a g5]al rule2 b great] injury is at ! same "t done by *eck+ ! gr[?1 unless ! heif] has be5 f$ up to l>ge size & full developm5t f ! />t--9 :i* case %e may p]haps take ! bull at fifte5 or eighte5 mon?s )\t injury4 ,ev5 if a heif] comes 9 at two ye>s1 x is g5]ally deem$ desirable to let h] run b>r5 = ! foll[+ ye>1 :i* w promote h] gr[? & m p]fect developm5t4 ,! fe$+ :i* "y /ock (t5 get is n su* z is calculat$ to make good-siz$ or valuable cattle ( !m4 ,!y are (t5 f$ on ! poore/ ( hay or /raw ?r\gh ! w9t]1 n infrequ5tly left expos$ to cold1 unprotect$ & unh\s$1 & ?us /9t$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,?is is1 surely1 ! v wor/ economy1 or r x is no economy at all4 ,prop]ly view$1 x is an extravagant wa/efulness :i* no f>m] c af=d4 ,no animal develops its good po9ts "u su* treatm5t2 & if ! />v+ sy/em is to be foll[$ at all1 x _h bett] be aft] ! age ( two or ?ree ye>s1 :5 ! animal's con/itution has atta9$ ! /r5g? & vigor :i* may1 possibly1 enable x to resi/ ill treatm5t4 ,to raise up fir/-rate milk]s1 x is absolutely necess>y to fe$ on dairy food ev5 :5 !y are "y4 ,no matt] h[ f9e ! bre$ is1 if ! calf is rais$ on poor1 %ort fe$1 x w nev] be s good a milk] z if rais$ on bett] keep+2 & h5ce1 9 dairy di/ricts1 :]e calves are rais$ at all1 !y ought to be all[$ ! be/ pa/ure dur+ ! summ]1 & good1 sweet & :olesome food dur+ ! w9t]4 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,fat ,,cattle4 ,:atev] !oretical objections may be rais$ aga9/ ov]-f$ cattle1 & great z may be ! attempts to disp>age ! m\nta9s ( fat1--z highly-f$ cattle are sometimes designat$1--!re is no d\bt ( ! practical fact1 t ! be/ but*] _c sell any ?+ b ! be/ fatt$ beef2 & ( :atev] age1 size1 or %ape a half-fatt$ ox may be1 he is nev] select$ by judges z fit = human food4 ,h5ce1 a well-fatt$ animal always comm&s a bett] price p] p\nd ?an "o imp]fectly f$1 & ! p>ts select$ z ! prime/ beef are precisely ! p>ts :i* conta9 ! l>ge/ deposits ( fat4 ,! rump1 ! crop1 & ! sirlo91 ! v favorite cuts1--:i* always comm& f tw5ty to tw5ty-five p] c5t4 m ?an any o!r "p ( ! ox1--are j ^? p>ts on :i* ! l>ge/ quantities ( fat are f\nd2 s t1 in/ead ( ! ta/e & fa%ion ( ! age be+ aga9/ ! excessive fatt5+ ( animals1 ! fact is1 practically1 exactly ! rev]se4 ,:]e !re is ! mo/ fat1 !re is ! be/ lean2 :]e !re is ! greate/ am\nt ( muscle1 )\t its %>e ( fat1 t "p is acc\nt$ inf]ior1 & is us$ = a diff]5t purpose2 9 fact1 s f> f fat's be+ a disease1 x is a condition ( muscle1 necess>y to its utility z food1--a s\rce ( luxury to ! ri*1 & ( com=t to ! poor1 furni%+ a n\ri%+ & heal?y diet = _! families4 ,fatt5+ is a secretive p[] :i* graz+ animals possess1 enabl+ !m to lay by a /ore ( ! sup]flu\s food :i* !y take = seasons ( cold or sc>city4 ,x collects r\nd ! angul> bones ( ! animal1 & gives ! appe>ance ( rotundity2 h5ce ! t5d5cy to deposit fat is indicat$1 z has be5 /at$1 by a r\ndness ( =m1 z oppos$ to ! fatness ( a milk-secret+ animal4 ,b its greate/ use is1 t x is a /ore ( heat-produc+ alim5t1 laid up = seasons ( sc>city & want4 ,! food ( animals1 = ! mo/ "p1 may be said to consi/ ( a sac*>9e1 an oleag9\s1 & an album9\s pr9ciple4 ,to ! fir/ belong all ! />*y1 sac*>9e1 & gummy p>ts ( ! plants1 :i* und]go *anges 9 ! dige/ive organs simil> to f]m5tation be=e !y c be assimilat$ 9 ! sy/em2 by !m also animal heat is su/a9$4 ,9 indol5t animals1 ! oily p>ts ( plants are deposit$ & laid up z fat2 &1 :5 vigor & /r5g? fail1 ?is is tak5 up & also us$ 9 brea?+ to supply ! place ( ! consum$ sac*>9e matt]4 ,! album9\s1 or gelat9\s pr9ciple ( plants is ma9ly useful 9 =m+ muscle2 :ile ! a%es ( plants1 ! unconsumable p>ts1 are = ! supply1 ma9ly1 ( bone1 hair1 & horn1 b also ( muscle & ( blood1 & to supply ! wa/e :i* cont9ually goes on4 ,n[1 !re are sev]al qualities :i* are ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( a disposition to fatt54 ,!re h n1 z yet1 be5 any book-rules laid d[n1 z 9 ! case ( ,m4 ,gu5on's indications ( milk+-c[s2 b !re are1 nev]!less1 m>ks s def9ite & well und]/ood1 t !y are compreh5d$ & act$ ^u by e grazi]1 al?\gh !y are by no means easy to describe4 ,x is by skillful acum5 t ! grazi] acquires 8 k1 & n by !oretical rules2 obs]vation1 judgm5t1 & exp]i5ce1 p[]ful p]ceptive faculties1 & a ke5 & m9ute comp>ison & discrim9ation1 are ess5tial to 8 success4 ,illu/ration3 ,,po9ts ,,( ,,cattle4 ,! fir/ indication ^u :i* he relies1 is ! t\*4 ,x is ! absolute crit]ion ( quality1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! key/one ( p]fection 9 all animals1 :e!r = ! pail or ! but*]4 ,! sk9 is s intimately connect$ ) ! int]nal organs1 9 all animals1 t x is que/ionable :e!r ev5 our s*ools ( m$ic9e might n make m use ( x 9 a diagnosis ( disease4 ,( physiological t5d5cies 9 cattle1 h[ev]1 x is ( ! la/ & mo/ vital importance4 ,x mu/ nei!r be ?ick1 nor h>d1 nor adh]e firmly to ! muscles4 ,if x is s1 ! animal is a h>d graz]1 a difficult & ob/9ate fe$]--no skillful man w pur*ase x--su* a creature mu/ g to a novice1 & ev5 to him at a price s l[ z to tempt him to become a pur*as]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sk9 mu/ n be ?91 l pap]1 nor flaccid1 nor loose 9 ! h&1 nor flabby4 ,?is is ! opposite extreme1 & is indicative ( delicat5ess1 bad1 flabby fle%1 &1 possibly1 ( inaptitude to reta9 ! fat4 ,x mu/ be ela/ic & velvety1 s(t & pliable1 pres5t+ to ! t\* a g5tle resi/ance1 b s delicate z to give pleasure to ! s5sitive h&--a sk91 9 %ort1 :i* seems at fir/ to give an ind5tation f ! pressure ( ! f+]s1 b :i* aga9 rises to its place by a g5tle ela/icity4 ,! hair is ( ne>ly z mu* importance z ! sk94 ,a h>d sk9 w h /raight & /iff hair2 x w n h a curl1 b be ?9ly & lankly di/ribut$ equally ov] ! surface4 ,a prop] graz+ animal w h a mossy coat1 n absolutely curl$1 b hav+ a disposition to a graceful curl1 a semifold1 :i* pres5ts a wav+ inequality2 b z diff]5t f a close & /raightly-laid coat1 z x is f "o /&+ (f ! animal at "r angles1 a /rong symptom ( disease4 ,x w also1 9 a ?riv+ animal1 be lick$ "h & !re ) its tongue1 a pro( t ! sk9 is duly p]=m+ its functions4 ,!re mu/ be1 also1 ! full & goggle eye1 bright & press$ outw>d by ! fatty b$ bel[2 because1 z ?is is a "p :]e ,nature always provides fat1 an animal capable ( develop+ x to any consid]able ext5t1 w h its indications "h1 at lea/1 :5 x exi/s 9 excess4 ,s mu* = fe$+ qualities 9 ! animal1 & _! con=mations indicative ( ?is k9dly disposition4 ,next come su* =mations ( ! animal itself z are favorable to ! gr[? ( fat1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,!re mu/ be size :]e l>ge weights are expect$4 ,*ri/mas beef1 = in/ance1 is expect$ to be l>ge z well z fat4 ,! symbol ( fe/ivity %\ld be capaci\s1 z well z prime 9 quality4 ,b x is s mu* a matt] ( *oice & circum/ance ) ! grazi]1 t pr(it alone w be 8 guide4 ,! axiom w be1 h[ev]1 z a g5]al rule1 t ! bett] ! graz+ soil ! l>g] ! animal may be2 ! poor] ! soil1 ! small] ! animal4 ,small animals are1 unque/ionably1 mu* m easily f$1 & !y are well kn[n by exp]i5c$ m5 to be be/ adapt$ to second-rate fe$+ pa/ures4 ,b1 beyond ?is1 !re mu/ be bread? ( c>cass4 ,?is is indicative ( fatt5+1 p]haps1 beyond all o!r qualifications4 ,if rumps are favorite jo9ts & produce ! be/ price1 x is be/ to h ! animal :i* w gr[ ! longe/1 ! broade/1 & ! be/ rump2 ! same ( crop1 & ! same ( sirlo92 & n only s1 b bread? is ess5tial to ! consumption ( t quantity ( food :i* is necess>y to ! developm5t ( a l>ge am\nt ( fat 9 ! animal4 ,?us1 a deep1 wide *e/1 favorable = ! respiratory & circulat+ functions1 enables x to consume a l>ge am\nt ( food1 to take up ! sug>y matt]1 & to deposit ! fatty matt]1--z !n useless = respiration1 b aft]w>ds to be priz$4 ,a full level crop w be ( ! same physiological utility2 :ile a broad & op5 framework at ! hips w af=d scope = ! action ( ! liv] & kidneys4 ,!re are o!r po9ts1 also1 ( mu* importance2 ! head mu/ be small & f9e2 its special use is indicative ( ! quick fatt5+ ( ! animal s con/ruct$1 & x is also indicative ( ! bones be+ small & ! legs %ort4 ,= con/itutional p[]s1 ! bea/ %\ld h 8 ribs ext5d$ well t[>ds ! ?igh-bones or hips1 s z to leave z little unprotect$ space z possible4 ,!re mu/ be no angul>1 or abrupt po9ts2 all mu/ be r\nd1 & broad1 & p>allel4 ,any depression 9 ! lean animal w give a defici5t deposit ( fle% & fat at t po9t1 :5 sold to ! but*]1 & ?us det]iorate its value2 & h5ce ! animal mu/ be r\nd & full4 ,b ei!r fancy1 or accid5t1 or skill--x is unnecess>y to decide :i*--has associat$ symmetry ) quality & con=mation1 z a po9t ( great importance 9 animals calculat$ = fatt5+2 & !re is no d\bt t1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?is is s4 ,! bea/ mu/ be a sy/em ( ma!matical l9es4 ,to ! advocate ( symmetry1 ! sett+-on ( a tail w be a condemn+ fault2 inde$ ! ridge ( ! back1 l a /raight l9e1 ) ! outl9e ( ! belly exactly p>allel1 view$ f ! side1 & a dep? & squ>5ess :5 view$ f beh9d1--:i* rem9d u ( a geometrical cube1 r ?an a vital economy1--may be said to be ! indications ( excell5ce 9 a fat ox4 ,! po9ts ( excell5ce 9 su* an animal are outl9$ "u ! subsequ5t head1 z develop$ 9 ! cutt+ up aft] slaught]4 ,n[1 ^! qualities are inh]5t 9 "s bre$s2 !re may be cases & in/ances 9 all ! sup]ior bre$s1 & 9 mo/ !re may be failures4 ,,driv+ ,,& ,,slaught]+4 ,x is necess>y t cattle :i* h be5 dispos$ ( to ! deal] or but*]1 or :i* are int5d$ to be driv5 to m>ket1 %\ld und]go a prep>ation = ! j\rney4 ,if !y 7 imm$iately put to ! road to travel1 f fe$+ on grass or turnips1 :5 _! b[els are full ( undige/$ vegetable matt]1 a sc\r+ might ensue :i* w\ld r5d] !m unfit to pursue _! j\rney2 & ?is compla9t is ! m likely to be br\ght on f ! /rong prop5sity :i* cattle h to take viol5t ex]cise ^u feel+ !mselves at lib]ty aft] a long conf9em5t4 ,!y 9 fact1 become light-head$ :5ev] !y leave ! b>n or enclosure1 s mu* s t !y actually frisk & race & leap1 & _! antics w\ld be highly amus+1 7 x n = ! appreh5sion t !y may hurt !mselves aga9/ "s oppos+ object1 z !y seem to reg>d no?+ be=e !m4 ,on be+ let out = ! fir/ "t1 cattle %\ld be put = a:ile into a l>g] c\rt1 or on a road well f5c$ ) enclosures1 & gu>d$ by m51 to romp ab\t4 ,two or ?ree su* all[ances ( lib]ty w r5d] !m quiet2 &1 9 ! mean "t1 to light5 _! weight ( c>cass1 !y %\ld h hay = a l>ge proportion ( _! food4 ,^! precautions are absolutely necess>y = cattle :i* h be5 conf9$ 9 b>ns2 o!rwise1 accid5ts may befall !m on ! road1 :]e !y w at once break loose4 ,ev5 at home s]i\s accid5ts sometimes ov]take !m1 su* z ! break+ d[n ( a horn1 ca/+ (f a ho(1 spra9+ a t5don1 bruis+ ribs1 & heat+ ! :ole body viol5tly2 &1 ( c\rse1 :5 any su* ill luck befalls1 ! animal affect$ mu/ be left beh9d1 & become a drawback ^u ! value ( ! re/1 unless kept = "s "t long]4 ,hav+ ! cattle prep>$ = travel1 ! drov] takes ! road v sl[ly = ! fir/ two days1 n exce$+ sev5 or eight miles a day4 ,at night1 9 w9t]1 !y %\ld be put into an op5 c\rt1 & suppli$ ) hay1 wat]1 & a v few turnips2 =1 if roots are sudd5ly )drawn f !m1--s9ce x is tak5 = grant$ t ^! h =m$ a /aple portion ( _! food1--_! bellies w become %runk5 up into small] dim5sions--a /ate v mu* aga9/ favorable appe>ance 9 m>ket4 ,aft] ! fir/ two days !y may proce$ fa/]1 say twelve or ?irte5 miles a day1 if v fat2 & fifte51 if mod]ately s4 ,:5 ! j\rney is long & ! bea/s get fa9t f travel1 !y %\ld h corn to support !m4 ,9 fro/y wea!r1 :5 ! roads become v h>d1 !y are apt to become %\ld]-%ak51 an effect ( f\nd]2 & if sleet falls dur+ ! day1 & becomes froz5 ^u !m at night1 !y may become s *ill$ z to refuse food1 & %r9k rapidly away4 ,cattle %\ld1 if possible1 arrive ! day be=e 9 ! neighborhood ( a di/ant m>ket1 & be suppli$ ) a good fe$ ( roots & hay1 or grass1 to make !m look fre% & fill !m up aga92 b if ! m>ket is at b %ort di/ance1 !y c travel to x e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,frontispiece4 ,9 driv+ cattle ! drov] %\ld h no dog1 :i* w only annoy !m4 ,he %\ld walk ei!r be=e or beh9d1 z he sees !m dispos$ to proce$ too fa/ or to loit] ^u ! road2 & 9 pass+ c>riages1 ! lead+ ox1 aft] a little exp]i5ce1 w make way = ! re/ to foll[4 ,on putt+ ox5 on a f]ry-boat ! %ipp+ ( ! fir/ "o only is att5d$ ) mu* tr\ble4 ,a man on ea* side %\ld take hold ( a horn1 or ( a halt] made ( any piece ( rope1 %\ld ! bea/ be hornless1 & two o!r m51 "o on ea* side1 %\ld pu% him up beh9d ) a piece ( rope held betwe5 !m z a bree*+1 & conduct him along ! plank into ! boat2 if x h l[ gunwales1 a man w be requir$ to rema9 beside him until "o or two m ( ! cattle foll[ _! companion1 :i* !y w mo/ readily d4 ,f neglect+ ?is precaution 9 small f]ry-boats1 ! fir/ bea/ sometimes leaps into ! wat]1 :5 x becomes a difficult task to prev5t "s ( ! re/ do+ ! same ?+4 ,:atev] "t a lot ( cattle may take to g to a m>ket1 !y %\ld nev] be ov]driv54 ,!re is great diff]5ce ( managem5t 9 ?is respect among drov]s4 ,"s l to proce$ ^u ! road quietly1 sl[ly1 b surely1 & to rea* ! m>ket 9 a placid1 cool /ate4 ,o!rs1 aga91 drive sm>tly along = "s di/ance1 & !n re/ to cool a:ile1 :5 ! bea/s w probably get *ill$ & h a />+ coat :5 !y rea* _! de/9ation2 :ile o!rs l to ent] ! m>ket ) _! bea/s 9 an excit$ /ate1 imag9+ t !y !n look gay2 b di/5d$ no/rils1 loose b[els1 & reek+ bodies are no recomm5dations to a pur*as]4 ,good judges are %y ( pur*as+ cattle 9 a heat$ /ate1 because !y d n "k h[ long !y may h be5 9 x2 & to cov] any risk1 w give at lea/ five doll>s a head bel[ :at !y w\ld h (f]$ = !m 9 a cool /ate4 ,"s drov]s h a habit ( ?ump+ at ! h9dmo/ bea/ ( ! lot ) a /ick :ile on ! road4 ,?is is a c5surable practice1 z ! fle%1 :]e x is ?ump$1 w be> a r$ m>k aft] ! animal has be5 slaught]$1--! m>k receiv+ ! appropriate "n ( blood-burn--& ! fle% ?us affect$ w n take on salt1 & is apt to putrefy4 ,a t\* up on ! %ank1 or any t5don\s "p1 :5 correction is necess>y1 is all t is requir$2 b ! voice1 9 mo/ cases1 w answ] z well4 ,! fle% ( ov]driv5 cattle1 :5 slaught]$1 nev] becomes prop]ly firm1 & _! tall[ has a s(t1 melt$ appe>ance4 ,a few l>ge ox5 9 "o lot look be/ 9 a m>ket on a position r above ! eye ( a spectator4 ,:5 a l>ge lot is ne>ly alike 9 size & appe>ance1 !y look be/ & mo/ level on a flat piece ( gr\nd4 ,v l>ge fat ox5 nev] look bett] ?an on gr\nd on ! same level ) ! spectator4 ,an ox1 to look well1 %\ld hold 8 head on a l9e ) ! body1 ) lively e>s1 cle> eye1 dewy nose1 a well-lick$ hide1 & %\ld /& firmly on ! gr\nd on all 8 feet4 ,^! are all symptoms ( high heal? & good condition4 ,:5ev] an ox %ifts 8 /&+ f "o foot to ano!r1 he is foot-sore1 & has be5 driv5 f>4 ,:5ev] 8 head hangs d[n & 8 eyes wat]1 he feels ill at ease inw>dly4 ,:5 8 coat />es1 he has be5 ov]heat$ "s "t1 & has got a subsequ5t *ill4 ,all ^! latt] symptoms w be mu* aggravat$ 9 cattle t h be5 f$ 9 a b>n4 ,cattle are made to fa/ be=e be+ slaught]$4 ,! "t !y %\ld /& dep5ds ^u _! /ate on _! arrival at ! %ambles4 ,if !y h be5 driv5 a consid]able di/ance 9 a prop] mann]1 ! b[els w be 9 a tol]ably empty /ate1 s t twelve h\rs may suffice2 b if !y are full & j (f _! food1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs w be requir$4 ,bea/s t h be5 ov]driv51 or mu* /ruck ) /icks1 or 9 any degree infuriat$1 %\ld n be imm$iately slaught]$1 b all[$ to /& on dry food1 su* z hay1 until ! symptoms disappe>4 ,^! precautions are absolutely necess>y t ! meat may be pres]v$ 9 ! be/ /ate4 ,! mode ( slaught]+ cattle v>ies 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 ! great slaught]-h\ses at ,montm>tre1 9 ,p>is1 !y are slaught]$ by bisect+ ! sp9al cord ( ! c]vical v]tebrae2 & ?is is accompli%$ by ! driv+ ( a %>p-po9t$ *isel betwe5 ! second & ?ird v]tebrae1 ) a sm>t /roke ( a mallet1 :ile ! animal is /&+1 :5 x drops1 & dea? or ins5sibility in/antly ensues1 & ! blood is let out imm$iately by op5+ ! blood-vessels ( ! neck4 ,! plan adopt$ 9 ,engl& is1 fir/ to br+ ! ox d[n on 8 knees1 & place 8 "u-jaw ^u ! gr\nd by means ( ropes fa/5$ to 8 head & pass$ ?r\gh an iron r+ 9 ! floor ( ! slaught]h\se4 ,he is !n /unn$ ) a few bl[s f an iron axe made = ! purpose1 on ! =ehead1 ! bone ( :i* is usually driv5 into ! bra94 ,! animal !n falls ^u 8 side1 & ! blood is let out by ! neck4 ,( ! two modes1 ! ,fr5* is app>5tly ! less cruel1 = "s ox5 require _m bl[s to make !m fall4 ,"s but*]s1 h[ev]1 allege t ! sep>ation ( ! sp9al cord1 by produc+ a g5]al n]v\s convulsion ?r\gh\t ! body1 prev5ts ! blood f fl[+ z rapidly & entirely out ( x z :5 ! ox is /unn$ 9 ! =ehead4 ,! sk9 is !n tak5 (f to ! knees1 :5 ! legs are disjo9t$1 & also (f ! head4 ,! c>cass is !n hung up by ! t5dons ( ! h\gh on a /ret*]1 by a block & tackle1 work$ by a small w9*1 :i* reta9s 9 place :at rope x w9ds up by means ( a :eel & rat*et4 ,aft] ! c>cass has hung = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 x %\ld be cut d[n by ! back-bone1 or *9e1 into two sides4 ,?is is done ei!r ) ! saw1 or *opp]2 ! saw mak+ ! neate/ job 9 ! h&s ( an inexp]i5c$ but*]1 ?\gh x is ! mo/ labori\s2 & ) ! *opp] is ! quicke/1 b by no means ! neate/ plan1 especially 9 ! h&s ( a c>eless workman4 ,9 ,london1 ! *9e is equally divid$ betwe5 bo? sides2 :ile 9 ,scotl&1 "o side ( a c>cass ( beef has a great deal m bone ?an ! o!r1 all ! sp9\s processes ( ! v]tebrae be+ left ^u x4 ,! bony is call$ ! ly+ side ( ! meat4 ,9 ,london1 ! divid$ processes 9 ! =e-qu>t]s are brok5 9 ! middle :5 w>m1 & *opp$ back ) ! flat side ( ! *opp]1 :i* has ! effect ( ?ick5+ ! =e & middle ribs consid]ably :5 cut up4 ,! ,london but*] also cuts ! jo9ts above ! h9d knee1 &1 by mak+ "s incisions ) a %>p knife1 cuts ! t5dons !re1 & drops ! fle% ( ! h9d-qu>t] on ! flank & lo9s1 :i* causes x to cut up ?ick] ?an 9 ! ,scot* mode4 ,9 op5+ ! h9d-qu>t] he also cuts ! ait* bone1 or pelvis ?r\gh ! c5tre1 :i* makes ! rump look bett]4 ,"s but*]s 9 ! nor? ( ,engl& score ! fat ( ! clos+ ( ! h9d-qu>t]1 :i* has ! effect ( mak+ t "p ( bo? heif] & ox look l ! udd] ( an old c[4 ,!re is f> too mu* ( ?is scor+ practis$ 9 ,scotl&1 :i* prev5ts ! pieces f reta9+--:i* !y %\ld1 z ne>ly z possible--_! natural appe>ance4 ,9 cutt+ up a c>cass ( beef ! ,london but*] displays great exp]tness2 he n only discrim9ates betwe5 ! qualities ( its diff]5t p>ts1 b c cut out any piece to gratify ! ta/e ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,9 ?is way he makes ! be/ use ( ! c>cass & realizes ! l>ge/ value = x1 :ile he gratifies ! ta/e ( e grade ( cu/om]s4 ,a figure ( ! ,scot* & ,engli% modes ( cutt+ up a c>cass ( beef w at once %[ ! diff]5ce2 & ^u be+ in=m$ :]e ! valuable pieces lie1 an op9ion c be =m$ z to :e!r ! ox5 ! f>m] is bre$+ or fe$+ possess ! prop]ties :i* w enable him to dem& ! highe/ price = !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,scot* ,,mode ,,( ,,cutt+ ,,up ,,beef4 ,! sirlo9 is ! pr9cipal roa/+-piece1 mak+ a v h&some di%1 & is a univ]sal favorite4 ,x consi/s ( two portions1 ! ,scot* & ,engli% sides2 ! =m] is above ! lumb> bones1 & is some:at h>d 9 ill-f$ cattle2 ! latt] consi/s ( ! muscles "u ^! bones1 :i* are g5]ally cov]$ ) f9e fat1 & are exce$+ly t5d]4 ,! bett] ! bea/ is f$1 ! l>g] is ! "u muscle1 bett] cov]$ ) fat1 & m t5d] to eat4 ,! hook-bone & ! buttock are cut up = /eaks1 beef/eak pie1 or m9c$ collops1 & bo? ^!1 toge!r ) ! sirlo91 br+ ! highe/ price4 ,! l>ge r\nd & ! small r\nd are bo? well kn[n z excell5t pieces = salt+ & boil+1 & are eat5 cold ) great reli%4 ,! h\gh is peculi>ly suit$ = boil+ d[n = s\p1 hav+ a l>ge proportion ( gelat9\s matt]4 ,br[n s\p is ! pr9cipal di% made ( ! h\gh1 b its decoction =ms an excell5t /ock = v>i\s di%es1 & w keep 9 a /ate ( jelly = a consid]able "t4 ,! ?ick & ! ?9 flank are bo? admirable pieces = salt+ & boil+4 ,! tail1 insignificant z x may seem1 makes a s\p ( a v f9e flavor4 ,hotel-keep]s h a trick ( season+ br[n s\p or r beef-tea1 ) a few jo9ts ( tail1 & pass+ x (f = g5u9e ox-tail s\p4 ,^! are all ! pieces :i* con/itute ! h9d-qu>t]2 & x w be se5 t !y are valuable bo? = roa/+ & boil+1 n conta9+ a s+le co>se piece4 ,9 ! =e-qu>t]1 is ! sp>e rib1 ! six ribs ( ! back end ( :i* make an excell5t roa/1 & :5 tak5 f ! side opposite to ! ly+ "o1 be+ free ( ! bones ( ! sp9e1 x makes a l>ge "o2 & x also makes excell5t beef/eaks & beef/eak pie4 ,! two runn]s & ! n9eholes make salt+ & boil+ pieces2 b1 ( ^!1 ! n9eholes is mu* ! be/1 z x consi/s ( lay]s ( fat & lean )\t any bone2 :]eas ! =e p>ts ( ! runn]s h a piece ( %\ld]-blade 9 !m1 & e piece connect$ ) t bone is m or less co>se-gra9$4 ,! brisket eats v well boil$ fre% 9 bro?1 & may be cook$ & eat5 ) boil$ gre5s or c>rots4 ,! %\ld]-ly> is a co>se piece1 & fit only = boil+ fre% to make into bro? or beef-tea4 ,! nap1 or %91 is analog\s to ! h\gh ( ! h9d-leg1 b n s ri* & f9e1 !re be+ mu* less gelat9\s matt] 9 x4 ,! neck makes good bro?2 & ! /ick+-piece is a great favorite ) "s epicures1 on acc\nt ( ! pieces ( ri* fat 9 x4 ,x makes an excell5t /ew1 z also sweet b>ley-bro?1 & ! meat eats well :5 boil$ 9 x4 ,^! are all ! pieces ( ! =e-qu>t]2 & x w be se5 t !y consi/ *iefly ( boil+-pieces1 & "s ( !m none ( ! f9e/--! roa/+-piece be+ conf9$ to ! six ribs ( ! sp>e rib1 & ! f9e/ boil+-piece1 corn$1 only to be f\nd 9 ! n9eholes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,engli% ,,mode ,,( ,,cutt+ ,,up ,,beef4 ,! lo9 is ! pr9cipal roa/+-piece2 ! rump is ! favorite /eak-piece2 ! ait*-bone1 ! favorite /ew2 ! buttock1 ! ?ick flank1 & ! ?9 flank are all excell5t boil+-pieces :5 corn$2 ! hock & ! %9 make s\p & af=d /ock = ! v>i\s requirem5ts ( ! cul9>y art2 & ! tail furni%es ox-tail s\p--a favorite ,engli% lun*eon4 ,^! are all ! pieces ( ! h9d-qu>t]1 & !y are valuable ( _! respective k9ds4 ,9 ! =e-qu>t]1 ! =e-rib1 middle-rib1 & *uckle-rib are all roa/+-pieces1 n alike good2 b 9 remov+ ! "p ( ! %\ld]-blade 9 ! middle-rib1 ! sp>e-ribs bel[ make a good broil or roa/2 ! neck makes s\p1 be+ us$ fre%1 boil$2 ! back end ( ! brisket is boil$1 corn$1 or /ew$2 ! leg-(-mutton piece is co>se1 b is z frequ5tly /ew$ z boil$2 ! %9 is put to ! same use z ! %9 & hock ( ! h9d-qu>t]4 ,on comp>+ ! two modes ( cutt+-up1 x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! ,engli% !re are m roa/+-pieces ?an 9 ! ,scot*1 a l>ge proportion ( ! =e-qu>t] be+ us$ 9 t way4 ,! plan1 too1 ( cutt+ ! lo9 betwe5 ! rump & ait*-bone 9 ! h9d-qu>t]1 lays op5 ! /eak-pieces to bett] advantage ?an 9 ! ,scot* bullock4 ,ext5d+ ! comp>ison f "o "p ( ! c>cass to ! o!r1 9 bo? me?ods1 x w be se5 t ! mo/ valuable pieces--! roa/+--occupy its upp]1 & ! less valuable--! boil+--its l[] "p4 ,e bea/1 !re=e1 t lays on beef m ^u ! upp] "p ( its body is m valuable ?an "o t lays ! same quantity ( fle% on its l[] p>ts4 ,x is deem$ unnecess>y to ent] into details z to ! modes ( cutt+-up mo/ 9 vogue 9 ?is c\ntry1 z !re is a ne$lessly great want ( uni=mity4 ,( ! qualities ( beef obta9$ f ! diff]5t bre$s ( cattle 9 ,engl&1 !re is no bett] meat ?an f ! ,we/ ,highl&]s = f95ess ( gra9 & cutt+ up into conv5i5t pieces = family use4 ,! ,gall[ays & ,angus1 :5 fatt5$ 9 ,engli% pa/ures1 are great favorites 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,! ,%ort ,horns af=d excell5t /eaks1 be+ ?ick ( fle%1 & ! slice deep1 l>ge & juicy1 & _! cov]$ flanks & n9eholes are always ?ick1 juicy1 & well-mix$4 ,! ,h]e=ds are some:at simil> to ! ,%ort ,horns1 & ! ,devons1 may1 p]haps1 be class$ among ! ,gall[ays & ,angus1 :ile ! ,wel% _c be comp>$ to ! ,we/ ,highl&]s4 ,tak+1 !n1 ! bre$s ( ,scotl& z suppli]s ( good beef1 !y seem to be m valuable = ! table ?an ^? ( ,engl&4 ,!re are1 p]haps1 n suffici5t data 9 exi/5ce to det]m9e ! true proportion ( (fal ( all k9ds to ! beef ( any giv5 fat ox2 b approximations h be5 made1 :i* may s]ve ! purpose until ! matt] is inve/igat$ by direct exp]im5t1 "u v>i\s circum/ances4 ,! dead weight be>s to ! live weight a ratio v>y+ betwe5 4#ega & 4#fje to #a2 & on apply+ "o or ! o!r multipli] to ! cases ( ! live weight1 a pretty correct approximation is rea*$4 ,! tall[ is suppos$ to be eight "o-hundr$?s ( ! live weight2 s t ! multipli] is ! decimal 4#jh4 ,! hide is suppos$ to be five "o-hundr$?s ( ! live weight2 s to obta9 its weight1 a multipli]1 4#je1 is us$4 ,! o!r (fals are suppos$ to be 9 a proportion ( ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! live weight2 s t ! multipli]1 4#bh1 is z ne> z c be propos$ "u exi/+ exp]i5ce4 ,beef is ! /aple animal food ( ?is c\ntry1 & x is us$ 9 v>i\s /ates--fre%1 salt$1 smok$1 roa/$1 & boil$4 ,:5 int5d$ to be eat5 fre%1 ! ribs w keep ! be/1 & ) c>e w keep five or six days 9 summ]1 & 9 w9t] t5 days4 ,! middle ( ! lo9 is ! next be/1 & ! rump ! next4 ,! r\nd w n keep long1 unless x is salt$4 ,! brisket is ! wor/1 & w n keep m ?an ?ree days 9 summ]1 & 9 w9t] a week4 ,9 reg>d to ! p[] ( ! /oma* to dige/ beef1 t :i* is eat5 boil$ ) salt only1 is dige/$ 9 two h\rs & =ty-five m9utes4 ,beef1 fre%1 lean1 & r>ely-roa/$1 & a beef/eak broil$1 takes ?ree h\rs to dige/2 t fre%1 & dry-roa/$1 & boil$1 eat5 ) mu/>d1 is dige/$ 9 ?ree & a half h\rs4 ,lean fre% beef fri$1 requires f\r h\rs1 & old h>d salt$ beef boil$1 does n dige/ 9 less ?an f\r & a qu>t] h\rs4 ,fre% beef-suet boil$ takes five & a half h\rs4 ,! usual mode ( pres]v+ beef is by salt+2 &1 :5 int5d$ to keep = a long "t1 su* z = ! use ( %ipp+1 x is always salt$ ) br9e2 b = family use x %\ld be salt$ only ) good salt2 = br9e dispels ! juice ( meat1 & saltpetre only s]ves to make ! meat dry1 & give x a disagreeable & unnatural r$ color4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 cur+ beef ) salt o!rwise ?an by h&-rubb+1 & 9 a %ort space ( "t1 & also to pres]ve x f putrefaction by o!r means ?an salt4 ,"s pack]s put meat 9 a copp] :i* is r5d]$ air-tight1 & an air-pump !n creates a vacuum )9 x1 !reby extract+ all ! air out ( ! meat2 !n br9e is pump$ 9 by pressure1 :i*1 ent]+ into e pore ( ! meat =m]ly occupi$ by ! air1 is said to place x 9 a /ate ( pres]vation 9 a few m9utes4 ,! c>cass ( an ox 0 pres]v$1 9 ,france1 = two ye>s f putrefaction by inject+ f\r p\nds ( sal9e mixture into ! c>otid art]y4 ,:e!r any su* contrivance c be made available = family purposes1 seems d\btful4 ,cattle1 :5 slaught]$1 are useful to man 9 v>i\s o!r ways ?an by af=d+ food f _! fle%1--_! (fal ( tall[1 hides1 & horns1 =m+ ext5sive articles ( comm]ce4 ,( ! hide1 ! *>act]i/ics ( a good "o = /rong purposes are /r5g? 9 its middle1 or butt1 z x call$1 & lightness 9 ! edges1 or (fal4 ,a bad hide is ! opposite ( ?is--?ick 9 ! edges & ?9 9 ! middle4 ,a good hide has a firm texture2 a bad "o1 loose & s(t4 ,a hide improves z ! summ] advances1 & x cont9ues to improve aft] ! new coat ( hair 9 autumn until ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 :5 ! coat gets r\gh f ! coldness ( ! season1 & ! hide is !n 9 its be/ /ate4 ,x is surpris+ h[ a hide improves 9 ?ickness aft] ! cold wea!r has set 94 ,! sort ( food does n seem to affect ! quality ( ! hide2 b ! bett] x is1 & ! bett] cattle h be5 f$1 & ! long] !y h be5 well f$1 ev5 f a calf1 ! bett] ! hide4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! effect ( wea!r ^u ! hide1 x seems a natural conclusion t a hide is bett] f an ox t has be5 f$ 9 ! op5 air1 ?an f "o t has be5 kept 9 ! b>n4 ,dirt adh]+ to a hide injures x1 p>ticul>ly 9 /all-f$ animals2 & any ?+ t punctures a hide1 su* z w>bles aris+ f c]ta9 insects1 is also injuri\s4 ,! be/ hides are obta9$ f ! ,we/ ,highl&]s4 ,! ,%ort ,horns produce ! ?9ne/ hides1 ! ,ab]de5%ire ! next1 & !n ! ,angus4 ,( ! same bre$1 ! ox af=ds ! /ronge/ hide2 b1 z hides are appli$ to v>i\s uses1 ! c['s1 provid$ x be l>ge1 may be z valuable z t ( ! ox4 ,! bull's hide is ! lea/ valuable4 ,hides are import$ f ,russia & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,hides1 :5 depriv$ ( _! hair1 are conv]t$ into lea!r by an infusion ( ! a/r+5t prop]ty ( b>k4 ,! old plan ( tann+ us$ to occupy a long "t2 b1 su* 0 ! value ( ! process1 t ! old tann]s us$ to pride !mselves ^u produc+ a sub/antial article--:i* is m ?an c be said 9 _m in/ances "u mod]n improv$ modes1 :i* ha/5 ! process1 mu* to ! injury ( ! article produc$4 ,/rong infusions ( b>k make lea!r brittle2 "o hundr$ p\nds ( sk91 quickly tann$ 9 a /rong infusion1 produce "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 p\nds ( lea!r2 :ile a weak infusion produces only "o hundr$ & sev5te5 & a half1--! additional n9ete5 & a half p\nds s]v+ only to det]iorate ! lea!r1 & caus+ x to conta9 mu* less textile animal solid4 ,lea!r ?us highly *>g$ ) tann+ is s spongy z to all[ moi/ure to pass readily ?r\gh its pores1 to ! great discom=t & injury ( ^? :o we> %oes made ( x4 ,! prop] mode ( tann+ la/s a ye>1 or a ye> & a half1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! lea!r want$ & ! nature ( ! hides4 ,a p]fect lea!r c be recogniz$ by its section1 :i* %\ld h a gli/5+ m>bl$ appe>ance1 )\t any :ite /reaks 9 ! middle4 ,! hair :i* is tak5 (f hides 9 tann+1 is employ$ to mix ) pla/]1 & is (t5 surreptiti\sly put into hair-mattresses4 ,! pr9cipal sub/ances ( :i* glue is made are ! p>+s ( ox & o!r ?ick hides1 :i* =m ! /ronge/ article & ! refuse ( ! lea!r-dress]4 ,bo? af=d f =ty-five to fifty-five p] c5t4 ( glue4 ,! t5dons1 & _m o!r (fals ( slaught]-h\ses1 also af=d mat]ials1 ?\gh ( an inf]ior quality1 = ?is purpose4 ,! refuse ( tann]ies--su* z ! e>s ( ox5 & calves--are bett] articles4 ,animal sk9s also1 9 any =m1 uncomb9$ ) tann91 may be work$ into glue4 ,ox-tall[ is ( great importance 9 ! arts4 ,c&les & soap are made ( x1 & x ent]s l>gely into ! dress+ ( lea!r & ! use ( ma*9]y4 ,l>ge quantities are annually export$ f ,russia4 ,ox-tall[ consi/s ( sev5ty-six p>ts ( /e>9e & tw5ty-f\r ( ole9e1 out ( "o hundr$ p>ts4 ,! horns ( ox5 are us$ = _m purposes4 ,! horn consi/s ( two p>ts3 an outw>d horny case1 & an inw>d conical-%ap$ sub/ance1 some:at int]m$iate betwe5 indurat$ hair & bone1 call$ ! fluid ( ! horn4 ,^! two p>ts are sep>at$ by means ( a bl[ ^u a block ( wood4 ,! horny ext]ior is !n cut into ?ree portions by means ( a frame saw4 ,! l[e/ ( ^!1 next ! root ( ! horn1 aft] und]go+ sev]al processes by :i* x is r5d]$ flat1 is made into combs4 ,! middle ( ! horn1 aft] hav+ be5 flatt5$ by heat1 & its transp>5cy improv$ by oil1 is split into ?9 lay]s1 & =ms a sub/itute = glass 9 lant]ns ( ! commone/ k9d4 ,! tip ( ! horns is us$ by mak]s ( knife-h&les & ( ! tops ( :ips1 & = o!r simil> purposes4 ,! int]ior1 or core ( ! horn1 is boil$ d[n 9 wat]4 ,a l>ge quantity ( fat rises to ! surface2 ?is is put aside1 & sold to ! mak]s ( yell[ soap4 ,! itself is us$ z a k9d ( glue1 & is pur*as$ by ! clo?-drap] = /iff5+4 ,! bony sub/ance rema9+ beh9d is !n s5t to ! mill1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 gr\nd d[n1 is sold to f>m]s = manure4 ,besides ^! v>i\s purposes to :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! horn are appli$1 ! clipp+s :i* arise 9 comb-mak+ are sold to ! f>m] = manure1 z well z ! %av+s :i* =m ! refuse ( ! lant]n-mak]s4 ,horn1 z is well kn[n1 is easily r5d]$ s(t & pliant 9 w>m wat]2 & by ?is peculi>ity & its prop]ty ( adh]+ l glue1 l>ge plates ( horn c be made by cem5t+ toge!r ! edges ( small pieces r5d]$ flat by a peculi> process1 z a sub/itute = glass4 ,imitation ( tortoise-%ell c be giv5 to horn by means ( v>i\s metallic solutions4 ,horn1 also1 :5 s(t5$1 c be impr9t$ ) any patt]n1 by means ( dies4 ,illu/ration ,diseases & _! ,rem$ies ,"u ?is head x is propos$ to notice su* diseases z are mo/ common among cattle1 toge!r ) _! symptoms1 & to sugge/ su* treatm5t ( ! same z has be5 f\nd 9 ! practice ( ! au?or1 9 ! ma91 effective4 ,he is aw>e t mu* m space might h be5 appropriat$ to ?is head1 z has be5 ! case 9 o!r treatises ( ?is class2 b he d\bts ! propriety ( multiply+ words ab\t diseases :i* are ( v r>e occurr5ce1 deem+ x m fitt+ to leave su* in/ances exclusively to ! intellig5t consid]ation ( ! reliable vet]9>y practition]4 ,= conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 ! diseases "h notic$ h be5 arrang$ 9 alphabetical ord]2 ! :ole conclud+ ) in=mation z to two or ?ree op]ations :i* _c be un9t]e/+ to1 or unpr(itable =1 ! read]4 ,,abortion4 ,! c[ is1 m ?an any o!r animal1 subject to abortion1 or sl9k+1 :i* takes place at diff]5t p]iods ( pregnancy1 f half ( ! usual "t to ! sev5?1 or almo/ to ! eigh? mon?4 ,! symptoms ( ! approa* ( abortion1 unless ! bre$] is v mu* among 8 /ock1 are n (t5 p]ceiv$2 or1 if p]ceiv$1 !y are conceal$ by ! p]son 9 *>ge1 le/ he %\ld be accus$ ( neglect or improp] treatm5t4 ,! c[ is some:at (f h] fe$--rum9ation ceases--%e is li/less & dull--! milk dim9i%es or dries up--! motions ( ! foetus become m feeble1 & at l5g? cease altoge!r--!re is a slight degree ( enl>gem5t ( ! belly--!re is a little /agg]+ 9 h] walk--:5 %e is d[n %e lies long] ?an usual1 & :5 %e gets up %e /&s = a long] "t motionless4 ,z ! abortion approa*es1 a yell[ or r$ glairy fluid runs f ! vag9a 7?is is a symptom1 :i* r>ely1 or nev]1 deceives7 h] brea?+ becomes labori\s & slightly convulsive4 ,! belly has = sev]al days lo/ its natural rotundity1 & has be5 evid5tly fall+1--%e beg9s to moan1--! pulse becomes small1 wiry1 & int]mitt5t4 ,at l5g? labor comes on1 & is (t5 att5d$ ) mu* difficulty & dang]4 ,if ! abortion has be5 caus$ by bl[s or viol5ce1 :e!r f brutality1 or ! animal's hav+ be5 teas$ by o!r c[s 9 season1 or by ox51 ! symptoms are m int5se4 ,! animal sudd5ly ceases to eat & to rum9ate--is uneasy1 paws ! gr\nd1 re/s h] head on ! mang] :ile %e is /&+1 & on h] flank :5 %e is ly+ d[n--hemorrhage frequ5tly comes on f ! ut]us1 or :5 ?is is n ! case ! m\? ( t organ is spasmodically contract$4 ,! ?roes come on1 are di/ress+ly viol5t1 & cont9ue until ! womb is ruptur$4 ,if all ^! circum/ances be n obs]v$1 /ill ! labor is protract$ & dang]\s4 ,abortion is sometimes s+ul>ly frequ5t 9 p>ticul> di/ricts1 or on p>ticul> f>ms1 appe>+ to assume an epizooetic or epidemic =m4 ,?is has be5 acc\nt$ = 9 v>i\s ways4 ,"s h imag9$ x to be contagi\s4 ,x is1 inde$1 de/ructively propagat$ among ! c[s1 b ?is is probably to be expla9$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple f t ( contagion4 ,! c[ is a consid]ably imag9ative animal1 & highly irritable dur+ ! p]iod ( pregnancy4 ,9 abortion1 ! foetus is (t5 putrid be=e x is dis*>g$2 & ! plac5ta1 or aft]-bir?1 r>ely or nev] foll[s x1 b becomes decompos$1 &1 z x drops away 9 fragm5ts1 emits a peculi> & mo/ noisome smell4 ,?is smell seems to be peculi>ly annoy+ to ! o!r c[s3 !y sniff at x & !n run bell[+ ab\t4 ,"s sympa!tic influ5ce is ex]cis$ on _! ut]9e organs1 & 9 a few days a great] or less numb] ( ^? t _h pa/ur$ toge!r likewise abort4 ,h5ce arises ! rapidity ) :i* ! foetus is usually tak5 away & buri$ deeply1 & f> f ! c[s2 & h5ce ! m effectual prev5tive ( sme>+ ! p>ts ( ! c[ ) t> or /9k+ oils1 9 ord] to conceal or subdue ! smell2 & h5ce1 too1 ! inefficacy1 z a prev5tive1 ( remov+ h] to a f>-di/ant pa/ure4 ,! pa/ures on :i* ! blood or inflammatory fev] is mo/ preval5t are ^? on :i* ! c[s (t5e/ sl9k _! calves4 ,:atev] c become a s\rce ( g5]al excitation & fev] is likely1 dur+ pregnancy1 to produce inflammation ( ! womb2 or :atev] w\ld1 "u o!r circum/ances1 excite inflammation ( almo/ any organ1 has at t "t its injuri\s effect det]m9$ to ?is p>ticul> "o4 ,e f>m] is aw>e ( ! injuri\s effect ( ! co>se1 rank h]bage ( l[1 m>%y1 & woody c\ntries1 & he reg>ds ^! di/ricts z ! *os5 resid5ce ( r$ wat]2 x may be add$1 t !y are also ! *os5 resid5ce ( abortion4 ,h>d & m9]al wat]s are ju/ly consid]$ z lay+ ! f\ndation ( _m diseases among cattle1 & ( abortion among ! re/4 ,"s c>eful obs]v]s h occasionally attribut$ abortion to disproportion 9 size betwe5 ! male & ! female4 ,f>m]s 7 =m]ly too fond ( select+ a great ov]gr[n bull to s]ve _! dairy or bre$+ c[s1 & _m a heif]1 or little c[1 0 s]i\sly injur$2 & %e ei!r ca/ h] calf1 or 0 lo/ 9 p>turition4 ,! bre$]s ( cattle 9 lat] ye>s are beg9n+ to act m wisely 9 ?is matt]4 ,c[s t are deg5]at+ into consumption are exce$+ly subject to abortion4 ,!y are cont9ually 9 heat2 !y r>ely become pregnant1 or if !y d1 a great proportion ( !m ca/ _! calves4 ,abortion1 also1 (t5 foll[s a sudd5 *ange f poor to luxuriant food4 ,c[s t h be5 out1 half-/>v$ 9 ! w9t]1 :5 incauti\sly turn$ on ri* pa/ure 9 ! spr+1 are too apt to ca/ _! calves f ! undue g5]al or local excitation t is set up4 ,h5ce x is1 t :5 ?is disposition to abort fir/ appe>s 9 a h]d1 x is naturally 9 a c[ t has be5 lately pur*as$4 ,fright1 f :atev] cause1 may produce ?is tr\ble4 ,!re are s+ul> cases on record ( :ole h]ds ( c[s sl9k+ _! calves aft] hav+ be5 t]rifi$ by an unusually viol5t ?und]-/orm4 ,comm]ce ) ! bull soon aft] conception is also a frequ5t cause1 z well z putrid smells--o!r ?an ^? already notic$--& ! use ( a diseas$ bull4 ,besides ^! tangible causes ( abortion1 !re is ! my/]i\s ag5cy ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!re are c]ta9 seasons :5 abortion is /rangely frequ5t1 & fatal2 :ile at o!r times x disappe>s 9 a mann] = sev]al successive ye>s4 ,! consequ5ces ( premature calv+ are frequ5tly ( a v s]i\s nature2 & ev5 :5 ! case is m favorable1 ! results are1 nev]!less1 v annoy+4 ,! animal v soon goes aga9 to heat1 b 9 a great _m cases %e fails to become pregnant2 %e almo/ inv>iably does s1 if %e is put to ! bull dur+ ! fir/ heat aft] abortion4 ,if %e %\ld come 9 calf aga9 dur+ t season1 x is v probable t at ab\t ! same p]iod ( ge/ation1 or a little lat]1 %e w aga9 abort3 or t :5 %e becomes 9 calf ! foll[+ ye>1 ! same fatality w att5d h]4 ,"s say t ?is disposition to ca/ h] "y gradually ceases2 t if %e does misc>ry1 x is at a lat] & /ill lat] p]iod ( pregnancy2 & t1 9 ab\t ?ree or f\r ye>s1 %e may be dep5d$ ^u z a tol]ably safe bre$]4 ,he1 h[ev]1 w\ld be sadly inatt5tive to 8 own int]e/s :o keeps a pr(itless bea/ s long4 ,! calf v r>ely lives1 & 9 ! majority ( cases x is born dead or putrid4 ,if !re %\ld appe> to be any *ance ( sav+ x1 x %\ld be wa%$ ) w>m wat]1 c>efully dri$1 & f$ frequ5tly ) small quantities ( new milk1 mix$1 accord+ to ! app>5t weakness ( ! animal1 ei!r ) raw eggs or good gruel2 :ile ! b[els %\ld1 if occasion requires1 be op5$ by means ( small doses ( ca/or-oil4 ,if any consid]able p]iod is to elapse be=e ! natural "t ( pregnancy w\ld h expir$1 x w usually be necess>y to br+ up ! little animal entirely by h&4 ,! treatm5t ( abortion diff]s b little f t ( p>turition4 ,if ! f>m] has once be5 torm5t$ by ?is pe/ 9 8 dairy1 he %\ld c>efully wat* ! approa*+ symptoms ( ca/+ ! calf1 & z soon z he p]ceives !m1 %\ld remove ! animal f ! pa/ure to a com=table c[-h\se or %$4 ,if ! dis*>ge be glairy1 b n (f5sive1 he may hope t ! calf is n dead2 he w be assur$ ( ?is by ! motion ( ! foetus1 & !n x is possible t ! abortion may /ill be avoid$4 ,he %\ld ha/5 to ble$ h]1 & t copi\sly1 9 proportion to h] age1 size1 condition1 & ! /ate ( excitation 9 :i* he may f9d h]2 & he %\ld give a dose ( physic imm$iately aft] ! ble$+4 ,:5 ! physic beg9s to op]ate1 he %\ld adm9i/] half a dra*m ( opium & half an ounce ( sweet spirits ( nitre4 ,unless %e is 9 a /ate ( great debility1 he %\ld all[ no?+ b gruel1 & %e %\ld be kept z quiet z possible4 ,by ^! means he may occasionally allay ! g5]al or local irritation t prec$es or causes ! abortion1 & ! c[ may yet g to h] full "t4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! dis*>ge be fetid1 ! conclusion w be t ! foetus is dead1 & mu/ be got rid (1 & t z spe$ily z possible4 ,ble$+ may ev5 !n be requisite if mu* fev] exi/s2 or1 p]haps1 if !re is debility1 "s /imulat+ dr9k may n be out ( place4 ,9 o!r respects ! animal mu/ be treat$ z if h] usual "t ( pregnancy _h be5 accompli%$4 ,mu* may be done 9 ! way ( prev5t+ ?is habit ( abortion among c[s4 ,! foetus mu/ be got rid ( imm$iately4 ,x %\ld be buri$ deep1 & f> f ! c[-pa/ure4 ,prop] means %\ld be tak5 to ha/5 ! expulsion ( ! plac5ta4 ,a dose ( physic %\ld be giv52 ergot ( rye adm9i/]$2 ! h& %\ld be introduc$1 & an ef=t made1 cauti\sly & g5tly1 to deta* ! plac5ta2 all viol5ce1 h[ev]1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$2 = consid]able & fatal hemorrhage may be spe$ily produc$4 ,! p>ts ( ! c[ %\ld be well wa%$ ) a solution ( ! *loride ( lime1 :i* %\ld be inject$ up ! vag9a1 & also giv5 int]nally4 ,9 ! mean "t1 & especially aft] ! expulsion ( ! plac5ta1 ! c[-h\se %\ld be well wa%$ ) ! same solution4 ,! c[1 :5 beg9n+ to recov]1 %\ld be fatt5$ & sold4 ,?is is ! fir/ & ! gr& /ep t[>d ! prev5tion ( abortion1 & he is unwise :o does n imm$iately adopt x4 ,all o!r means are comp>atively ineffici5t & wor?less4 ,%\ld ! own] be reluctant to "p ) h]1 two mon?s1 at lea/1 %\ld pass be=e %e is p]mitt$ to return to h] companions4 ,prud5ce w\ld probably dictate t %e %\ld nev] return to !m1 b be kept1 if possible1 on "s di/ant "p ( ! f>m4 ,abortion hav+ once occurr$ among ! h]d1 ! bre$+ c[s %\ld be c>efully wat*$4 ,al?\gh !y %\ld be well f$1 !y %\ld n be suff]$ to get into too high condition4 ,unless !y are decid$ly poor & weak1 !y %\ld be bl$ betwe5 ! ?ird & f\r? mon?s ( pregnancy1 & a mild dose ( physic adm9i/]$ to ea*4 ,if ! pe/ cont9ues to reappe>1 ! own] %\ld mo/ c>efully exam9e h[ f> any ( ! causes ( abortion t h be5 detect$1 may exi/ on 8 f>m1 & ex]t himself to ?or\ghly remove !m4 ,an int]e/+ pap] ^u ?is subject may be f\nd 9 ! ,vet]9>y ,review1 vol4 #a41 p4 #dcd1 communicat$ by ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,tann]1 ( ,que5's ,college1 ,birm+ham1 ,engl&4 ,z x sugge/s a !ory z to ! orig9 ( ?is disease :i* is1 to say ! lea/1 q plausible1 we transf] ! article3-- ,i %all n g into any notice ( ! g5]al subject ( abortion1 b r re/rict my rem>ks to a cause :i* is v mu* ov]look$1 & yet :i* is probably m influ5tial ?an all o!r causes comb9$4 ,i ref] to ! gr[? ( ergotiz$ grass-se$s 9 our pa/ures4 ,! action ( ergot ( rye 7secale cornutum7 ^u ! womb is well kn[n z an excitant to p[]ful action1 :i* usually t]m9ates 9 ! expulsion ( ! foetus4 ,we h a simil> disease appe>+ on ! se$s ( our grasses1 b especially on ! rye grass1 & ?us we h an ergot ( ! se$s ( rye grass produc$1 possess+ simil> excit+ p[]s ^u ! womb to ^? produc$ by ! ergot ( rye4 ,two conditions are necess>y = ! production ( ?is ergot ^u ! se$ ( rye grass4 ,! fir/ is1 ! grass mu/ be all[$ to run to se$2 & ! second is1 t ! climate mu/ be favorable = enc\rag+ ! developm5t ( ! ergot4 ,9 practice1 we f9d t on l& :i* has be5 f$ on dur+ ! summ]1 unless x has be5 graz$ ) unusual c>e1 mu* ( ! grass ?r[s up se$-/alks & produces se$4 ,9 di/ricts :]e ! climate is humid & ra9 abundant1 z well z 9 v wet seasons1 ^! se$s become liable to ! gr[? ( ?is ergot4 ,cattle appe> to eat x ) a reli%1 & ! result is t abortion spreads rapidly ?r\gh ! h]d4 ,heif]s & c[s1 :i*1 up to ! appe>ance ( ! ergot1 h held 9 calf1 are excit$ to ca/ _! calves by consum+ x 9 _! food4 ,! abortion hav+ once comm5c$1 we "k t ! peculi>ly s5sitive condition ( ! bre$+ animal w cause its ext5sion1 ev5 :]e ! orig9al cause may n be 9 op]ation2 b _! comb9$ action r5d]s ! loss f> m s]i\s4 ,if we add to ?is ! t5d5cy :i* an animal receives f h] fir/ abortion1 to repeat x :5 next 9 calf1 we see h[ s]i\sly ! mis*ief becomes multipli$4 ,a some:at ext5d$ obs]vation1 add$ to my own exp]i5ce1 has l$ me to ! conviction t v mu* ( ! loss aris+ f abortion 9 our c[s may be trac$ to ! cause ,i h nam$4 ,i feel assur$ ! influ5ce is ev5 m ext5d$ ?an ,i h /at$2 = n only w\ld ! foetus be ?r[n (f 9 its advanc$ /age1 b also 9 its e>li] gr[?1 ?us caus+ great tr\ble to bre$]s ( high-br$ /ock1 ! repeat$ turn+ ( c[s to ! bull1 & at mo/ irregul> int]vals4 ,! rem$y diff]s 9 no respect f ! ord9>y mode ( treatm5t1 except t x compels a removal ( ! /ock f ! influ5ce ( ! cause4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 may be done by way ( prev5tion2 & ?is ,i %all briefly notice4 ,x simply consi/s 9 keep+ bre$+ c[s & heif]s ^u l& free f ^! se$s4 ,grass :i* has be5 graz$ dur+ ! summ]1 w v g5]ally1 9 a humid climate1 h "s ( ?is ergotiz$ se$2 b ,i h n obs]v$ x produc$ be=e ! end ( ,july1 or e>ly 9 ,augu/2 & ,i d\bt its exi/5ce1 to any injuri\s degree1 up to ?is "t4 ,we may1 !re=e1 consid] su* gr\nd safe up to ?is p]iod4 ,if ! bre$+ /ock are !n remov$ to grass l& :i*1 hav+ be5 m[n = ?is op]ation is a gu>anty aga9/ any se$s rema9+1 x w seldom1 if ev]1 happ5 t any injury w result f ! production ( ergotiz$ grass lat] 9 ! season4 ,i w n v5ture to say t su* w n appe> 9 "s cases :]e ! grass has be5 cut e>ly & has be5 foll[$ by a rapid gr[?2 b1 at any rate1 we h graz+ l& free f ?is excitant f ,july until ,septemb]2 & 9 ! grass :i* has be5 m[n late1 ,i d n consid] t !re is ! lea/ fe> ( ergot's be+ aga9 =m$ 9 t season4 ,9 ?is mann] a f>m] may keep grass l& = 8 bre$+ /ock entirely free f ergotiz$ grass2 &1 consequ5tly1 s f> z ?is cause is conc]n$1 !y w be free f abortion4 ,h[ f> "y heif]s may be prejudicially influ5c$1 be=e !y are us$ = bre$+1 by an excitem5t ( ! womb1 appe>s to me to be a subject wor?y ( "s att5tion on ! "p ( ! vet]9>y pr(ession4 ,,apoplexy4 ,?is is a det]m9ation ( blood to ! head1 caus+ pressure ^u ! bra94 ,animals attack$ ) ?is disease are g5]ally 9 a ple?oric condition4 ,! usual symptoms are coma 7a sleepy /ate71 eyes protrud+1 respiration accel]at$2 f9ally1 ! animal falls1 /ruggles1 & dies4 ,9 su* cases1 ble$+ %\ld be resort$ to at an e>ly p]iod2 give 9 dr9k "o p\nd ( ,epsom-salts4 ,,black ,,wat]4 ,?is is simply an exagg]at$ /age ( ! disease kn[n z ,r$ ,wat]1--to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ 9 its appropriate place1--! ur9e be+ d>k] 9 color 9 consequ5ce ( ! admixture ( v5\s blood4 ,! symptoms are simil>1 ?\gh m acute4 ,!re is con/ipation at fir/1 :i* is foll[$ by di>rhoea1 l>ge quantities ( blood pass+ away ) ! evacuations f ! b[els2 symptoms ( abdom9al pa9 are pres5t2 ! lo9s become extremely t5d]2 & ! animal dies 9 a greatly pro/rat$ condition4 ,! treatm5t does n diff] f t prescrib$ 9 case ( ,r$ ,wat]4 ,,bron*itis4 ,! tra*ea & bron*ial tubes are frequ5tly ! seat ( inflammation1 especially 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1--! symptoms ( :i* are (t5 conf\nd$ ) ^? ( o!r pulmon>y diseases4 ,?is inflammation is frequ5tly prec$$ by cat>rhal affections2 c\gh is (t5 pres5t = a long "t be=e ! m acute symptoms are obs]v$4 ,bron*itis occasionally makes its appe>ance 9 an epizooetic =m4 ,symptoms4--,a peculi>ly anxi\s expression ( ! c\nt5ance w be obs]v$2 respiration labori\s2 a husky1 :eez+1 pa9ful c\gh2 on plac+ ! e> to ! w9dpipe a sonor\s rale is he>d2 symptomatic fev] also prevails to a great] or less ext5t4 ,treatm5t4--,c\nt]-irritation %\ld be e>ly resort$ to2 /rong mu/>d1 mix$ ) equal p>ts ( spirits ( h>t%orn & wat]1 & made into a ?9 pa/e1 %\ld be appli$ all along ! neck1 ov] ! w9dpipe1 & to ! sides1 & %\ld be well rubb$ 92 or1 ! t9cture ( can?>ides1 ) t5 drops ( ca/or-oil to ea* ounce1 appli$ 9 ! same mann] z ! =m]1 w be f\nd equally effective4 ,give int]nally t5 drops ( ,flem+'s t9cture ( aconite e f\r h\rs1 until five or six doses h be5 giv52 aft] :i* give "o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s twice a day3 nitrate ( pota%1 "o ounce2 ,b>badoes aloes1 "o ounce2 ,jamaica g+]1 half an ounce2 pulv]iz$-g5tian root1 "o ounce2 mix & divide into eight p[d]s4 ,if necess>y a p\nd ( salts may be giv54 ,,consumption ,?is affection--te*nically kn[n z ph?isis pulmonalis--is ! t]m9ation ( *ronic disease ( ! lungs4 ,^! organs become fill$ ) _m little cy/s1 or sacks1 conta9+ a yell[i% or yell[i%-:ite fluid1 :i* 9 "t is h>d5$1 produc+ a condition ( ! lungs kn[n z tub]cul\s4 ,^! tub]cles 9 turn und]go ano!r *ange1 becom+ s(t 9 ! c5tre & gradually involv+ ! :ole ( ! h>d5$ p>ts1 :i*1 unit+ ) adjo9+ ones1 soon =ms cy/s ( consid]able size4 ,^! cy/s are kn[n z abscesses4 ,no treatm5t w be ( mu* s]vice "h4 ,x is1 !re=e1 bett]1 if ! animal is n too poor 9 fle%1 to h x slaught]$4 ,,coryza ,9 ! spr+1 & late 9 ! fall1 cat>rhal affections are q common1 occurr+ frequ5tly 9 a epizooetic =m4 ,coryza1 or nasal cat>rh1--commonly call$ a cold 9 ! head1--is n v common among c[s4 ,z its "n implies1 x is a local disease1 conf9$ to ! l9+ membrane ( ! nose2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! g5]al sy/em is n usually di/urb$4 ,symptoms4--,! animal w be obs]v$ to sneeze2 ! ,s*neid]ian membrane 7membrane ( ! nose7 is height5$ 9 color2 c\gh sometimes accompanies2 !re is also a muco-purul5t dis*>ge f ! nose4 ,neglect to att5d to ^! e>ly symptoms frequ5tly occasions disease ( a m s]i\s nature2 9 fact1 coryza may be reg>d$ z ! =]unn] ( all epizooetic pulmon>y disord]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,*at ,,on ,,! ,,road4 ,treatm5t4--,! animal %\ld be kept on a l[ diet = a few days2 ! no/rils occasionally /eam$1 & "o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s giv5 night & morn+1 :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 w be all ! m$ic9e requir$3 nitrate ( potassa1 "o ounce2 digitalis leaves pulv]iz$ & t>trate ( antimony1 ( ea* "o dra*m2 sulphate ( copp]1 two dra*ms2 mix1 & divide into eight p[d]s4 ,%\ld ! disease prove ob/9ate1 give = two or ?ree days two ounces ( ,epsom-salts at a dose1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ?ree times a day4 ,,c[-,,pox4 ,two v>ieties ( sore teats occur 9 ! c[1 9 ! =m ( pu/ul> eruptions4 ,!y fir/ appe> z small vesicles conta9+ a purul5t matt]1 & subsequ5tly assume a scabby appe>ance1 or small ulc]s rema91 :i* (t5 prove tr\blesome to heal4 ,?is latt] is ! c[-pox1 f :i* ,j5n] d]iv$ ! vacc9e matt]4 ,treatm5t4--,fom5t ! teats well ) w>m wat] & ,ca/ile-soap2 aft] :i*1 wipe ! bag dry1 & dress ) citr9e o9tm5t4 ,! prep>ations ( iod9e h also be5 recomm5d$1 & !y are v s]viceable4 ,,di>rhoea4 ,cattle are frequ5tly subject to ?is disease1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> :5 ! grass is "y & s(t4 ,occasionally x assumes a v ob/9ate =m 9 consequ5ce ( ! imp]fect secretion ( ga/ric juice2 ! faeces are ?91 wat]y1 & fetid1 foll[$ by v great pro/ration ( ! animal4 ,! symptoms ( di>rhoea are too well kn[n to require any detail$ description4 ,treatm5t4--,if 9 a mild =m1 ! diet %\ld be l[2 give two ounces ( ,epsom-salts1 twice a day4 ,9 a m ob/9ate =m1 give two dra*ms ( c>bonate ( soda 9 ! food4 ,oak-b>k tea w be f\nd v useful 9 ^! cases2 or "o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s1 twice a day1 w be f\nd v advantage\s3 pulv]iz$ opium & cate*u1 ea* "o & a half ounces2 prep>$ *alk1 "o dra*m2 to be giv5 9 ! fe$4 ,calves are p>ticul>ly subject to ?is disease1 & x (t5 proves fatal to !m4 ,x sometimes assumes an epizooetic =m1 :5 x is g5]ally ( a mild "*4 ,s long z ! calf is lively & fe$s well1 ! f>m] %\ld ent]ta9 no fe> = him2 b if he mopes ab\t1 refuses 8 food1 ceases to rum9ate1 wa/es 9 fle%1 passes mucus & blood ) ! faeces1 & exhibits symptoms ( pa91 ! case is a dang]\s "o4 ,9 su* an em]g5cy1 lose no "t1 b give two or ?ree ounces ( ,ca/or-oil ) fl\r-gruel1 or two ounces ( salts at a dose1 foll[$ ) small draughts ( oak-b>k tea2 or give1 twice a day1 "o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s3 pulv]iz$ cate*u1 opium1 & ,jamaca g+]1 ( ea* half an ounce2 prep>$ *alk1 "o ounce2 mix1 & divide into twelve p[d]s4 ,bran wa%es1 gre5 food1 & fl\r-gruel %\ld be giv51 ) pl5ty ( salt4 ,,dys5t]y ,?is disease is v frequ5tly conf\nd$ ) ! =ego+4 ,a di/9ction1 h[ev]1 exi/s1--s9ce inflammation appe>s 9 ?is disease1 :ile x is abs5t 9 ! =m]4 ,9 ?is affection1 inflammation ( ! l>ge inte/9es takes place1 :i* is att5d$ ) di>rhoea4 ,! faeces are cov]$ ) blood2 ! animal rapidly becomes pro/rat$1 & dea? frequ5tly comes to 8 relief4 ,y\att says3 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) dys5t]y t ! practition] is mo/ lo? to cope1--a disease t betrays ?\s&s ( cattle4 ,?is1 also1 may be ei!r acute or *ronic4 ,its causes are too (t5 buri$ 9 obscurity1 & its premonitory symptoms are disreg>d$ or unkn[n4 ,!re appe>s to be a /rong pr$isposition 9 cattle to take on ?is disease4 ,x seems to be ! w9d+-up ( _m s]i\s compla9ts1 & ! f\ndation ( x is sometimes laid by ^? t appe> to be ( ! mo/ trifl+ nature4 ,x is t 9 cattle :i* gl&]s & f>cy are 9 ! horse1--! break+ up ( ! con/itution4 ,dys5t]y may be a symptom & concomitant ( o!r diseases4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ fe>ful *>act]i/ics ( murra92 x is ! de/ructive accompanim5t1 or consequ5ce1 ( ph?isis4 ,x is produc$ by ! sudd5 disappe>ance ( a cutane\s eruption2 x foll[s ! cessation ( *ronic hoose2 x is ! consequ5ce ( ! natural or artificial susp5sion ( e secretion4 ,7 any secretion to be p>ticul>ly select$1 ! repression ( :i* w\ld produce dys5t]y1 x w\ld be t ( ! milk4 ,h[ (t5 does ! f>m] obs]ve t no soon] does a mil* c[ cease h] usual supply ( milk ?an %e beg9s to purge6 ,!re may n appe> to be any ?+ else ! matt] ) h]2 b %e purges1 &1 9 ! majority ( cases1 t purg+ is fatal4 ,x may1 sometimes1 h[ev]1 be trac$ to suffici5t causes1 exclusive ( previ\s disease4 ,un:olesome food--exposure to cold--neglect at ! "t ( calv+--l[ & m>%y situations--! fe$+ 9 mead[s t h be5 flood$1 :]e x is peculi>ly fatal--! graz+ 7accord+ to ,mr4 ,leigh1 & our exp]i5ce confirms 8 /atem5t7 ^u ! clays ly+ ov] ! blue lias rock--! neighborhood ( woods & ( half-/agnant riv]s--! cont9uation ( unusually sultry wea!r--ov]work1 & all ! causes ( acute dys5t]y1 may produce t ( a *ronic nature2 an acute dys5t]y--neglect$1 or badly1 or ev5 mo/ skillfully treat$--may deg5]ate into an incurable *ronic affection4 ,half />ve a c[1 or ov]-fe$ h]1 milk h] to exhau/ion1 or dry h] milk too rapidly--& dys5t]y may foll[4 ,! foll[+ w1 probably1 be ! ord] ( ! symptoms1 if !y are c>efully obs]v$3 ,!re w be a little dullness or anxiety ( c\nt5ance1 ! muzzle becom+ %ort or contract$2 a slight %r9k+ :5 ! lo9s are press$ ^u2 ! sk9 a little h>% & dry2 ! hair a little r\gh2 !re w be a slight degree ( uneas9ess & %iv]+ t sc>cely attracts att5tion2 !n--except x be ! deg5]acy ( acute into *ronic dys5t]y--con/ipation may be p]ceiv$4 ,x w be to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ob/9ate2 ! excrem5t w void$ ) pa92 x w be dry1 h>d1 & expell$ 9 small quantities4 ,9 o!r cases1 p]haps1 purg+ w be pres5t f ! beg9n+2 ! animal w be torm5t$ ) t5esmus1 or frequ5t desire to void its excrem5t1 & t act att5d$ by /ra9+ & pa91 by sor5ess ab\t ! anus1 & protrusion ( ! rectum1 & sometimes by sev]e colicky spasms4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 & 9 ^? ( a *ronic =m1 few ( ^! di/ress+ symptoms are obs]v$1 ev5 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! disease2 b ! animal voids h] faeces (t5] ?an x is natural t %e %\ld1 & !y are m fluid ?an 9 a /ate ( heal?2 :ile at ! same "t %e loses h] appetite & spirits & condition1 & is evid5tly wa/+ away4 ,treatm5t4--,give "o dra*m ( ! extract ( belladonna1 ?ree times a day1 dissolv$ 9 wat]2 or calomel & p[d]$ opium1 ( ea* "o dra*m ?ree times daily4 ,z soon z ! inflammatory /age passes by1 give "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree times daily1 9 _! gruel3 nitrate ( pota% pulv]iz$1 g5tian-root pulv]iz$1 ( ea* "o ounce2 pulv]iz$ ,jamaica g+]1 "o half an ounce2 pulv]iz$ c>away1 or anise-se$1 six dra*ms4 ,a bottle ( port] giv5 once or twice a day1 w be f\nd ( v great advantage4 ,,ent]itis4 ,?is is an inflammation ( ! ext]nal or int]nal coat ( ! inte/9es1 sometimes att5d$ ) viol5t purg+1 especially :5 x is conf9$ to ! int]nal coats4 ,ox5 9 good condition are m subject to ?is disease ?an are c[s4 ,x mo/ frequ5tly occurs 9 dry1 hot wea!r4 ,x is sudd5 9 its attacks1 & (t5 fatal 9 its t]m9ation4 ,symptoms4--,! animal is dull1 & n dispos$ to move ab\t2 ! muzzle is dry1 & ! coat />+2 ! animal yields1 on pressure ( ! lo9s2 a weak1 /agg]+ gait1 :5 =c$ to move2 respiration hurri$2 pulse accel]at$ b small2 eyes r$1 full & fi]y2 head protrud+2 m\?1 e>s1 & horns hot2 appetite bad2 rum9ation ceases2 ! b[els become con/ipat$2 ! animal moans cont9ually1 & fro?s at ! m\?4 ,^! symptoms viol5tly increase z ! disease advances4 ,! animal becomes m depress$ & feeble1 gr9ds 8 tee?1 & appe>s half unconsci\s1 & dies 9 convulsions4 ,( ! causes ( ?is disease1 ,y\att1 :o is almo/ ! only au?ority we h ^u ?is subject1 says3 ,x seems occasionally to be epidemic2 = sev]al in/ances ( x occur1 ( ! same "*1 & 9 ! same di/rict4 ,m4 ,cruzel gives an illu/ration ( ?is 9 8 description ( ! disease t de/roy$ s _m cattle1 9 ! ye>s #ahbf to #ahbg1 9 ! ,dep>tm5t de la ,nievre4 ,out ( two hundr$ & eighte5 cattle belong+ to ?ree f>m]s1 "o hundr$ & ?irte5 7 attack$ by ?is disease1 & eighty-?ree ( !m di$4 ,"o f>m] 9 a neighbor+ di/rict _h n9ete5 head ( cattle1 all ( :i* sick5$1 b only ?ree 7 lo/4 ,^! 7 unusually hot summ]s4 ,! upl& pa/ure 0 burnt up1 or :at rema9$ ( x 0 r5d]$ unusually /imulat+2 & ! acrid plants ( ! m>%es & l[ gr\nds acquir$ additional delet]i\s ag5cy4 ,:5 isolat$ cases occur1 !y may g5]ally be attribut$ to mismanagem5t4 ,exposure to cold1 or ! dr9k+ ( cold wat] :5 ov]heat$ ) "w2 too h>d "w 9 sultry wea!r2 ! use ( wat] /agnant1 impure1 or conta9+ any consid]able quantity ( metallic salts2 ! sudd5 revulsion ( "s cutane\s eruption2 ! cr[d+ ( animals into a conf9$ place2 too luxuriant & /imulat+ food g5]ally2 & ! mildew$ & un:olesome food on :i* cattle are too (t5 kept1 are fruitful s\rces ( ?is compla9t4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! e>ly /age ( ! disease1 give an active purge1 & foll[ x ) t5 drops ( ,flem+'s t9cture ( aconite1 f\r times daily1 = two days2 !n give dra*m doses ( ! extract ( belladonna2 give no food = tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,ble$+1 if done e>ly1 is (t5 b5eficial4 ,c\nt]-irritants to ! belly are also recomm5d$2 ! be/ are mu/>d1 h>t%orn1 & wat]1 mix$ toge!r--or t9cture ( can?>ides1 ) "o dra*m ( croton-oil add$ to e ounce4 ,e,p,i,z,o,oe,t,i,c,s4 ,diseases ( ?is class h ! same relation to ! inf]ior animals t epidemic diseases h to man4 ,( c\rse1 !y assume a v pe/il5tial "*4 ,sc>cely a ye> passes away )\t diseases ( ?is nature mak+ _! appe>ance 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y occur at all seasons ( ! ye>1 b m g5]ally prevail 9 ! spr+ & fall4 ,! p]iod ( _! duration v>ies f mon?s to ye>s4 ,!y are1 at times1 mild 9 _! attacks1 & yield readily to prop] treatm5t2 at o!r times1 !y become pa9ful pe/il5ces1 de/roy+ e ?+ 9 _! c\rse4 ,! causes are g5]ally s\ght = 9 "s peculi> condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! use ( ! milk & fle% ( diseas$ cattle has frequ5tly be5 productive ( malignant diseases 9 ! human family4 ,silius ,italicus describes a fe>ful epizooetic1 :i* fir/ attack$ ! dog1 !n ! fea!r$ bip$1 !n horses1 & cattle1 &1 la/ ( all1 ! human be+4 ,on mules & dogs ! infection fir/ began1 ,&1 la/1 ! v5geful arr[s fix$ 9 man4 ,epizooetics1 occurr+ 9 rats1 cats1 dogs1 horses1 & cattle1 :i* 7 foll[$ 9 ! succe$+ ye>s by m fe>ful ones :i* attack$ ! human family1 are num]\sly record$4 ,^! sc\rges h appe>$ 9 all ages ( ! _w2 b1 z "t & space w n all[ our ent]+ ^u an ext5d$ consid]ation ( !m1--h[ev] int]e/+ !y might be to ! g5]al read]1--we %all cont5t ourselves by quot+1 some:at 9 brief1 f ! lectures ( ! late ,william ,y\att on ^! fatal maladies3-- ,9 ! ye> #hja1 & at ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,*>lemagne1 an epidemic disease deva/at$ a great portion ( 8 dom9ions4 ,?is 0 attribut$ to ! villa9y ( ! ,duke ( ,b5ev5to1 :o 0 said to h employ$ a great _m p]sons 9 scatt]+ an en*ant$ p[d] ov] ! fields1 :i* de/roy$ bo? ! cattle & ! food ( ! cattle4 ,m4 ,paulet seems incl9$ to give full cr$5ce to ?is1 & says t hi/ory (f]s _m pro(s ( ?is de/ructive & diabolical practice4 ,he affirms t _m p]sons 7 puni%$ 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 at ,t\l\se1 = ! commission ( ?is crime4 ,sev]al ( ! suspect$ ag5ts ( ^! atrocities 7 put to ! torture & made full confession ( _! crime4 ,( ! occurr5ce ( ^! diseases f ! ye> #hjj to #acaf1--;an int]val ( m5tal d>kness1 & ( horrors & calamities ( e k9d1--hi/ory records tw5ty cases1 m or less de/ructive1 & ext5d+1 ) great] or less deva/ation1 ov] ,france & ,g]many1 ,italy & ,engl&4 ,( ^! tw5ty1 f\r date _! orig9 f an excessive moi/ure 9 ! air1 accompani$ by almo/ cont9ual ra9s1 & flood+ ! c\ntry to a consid]able ext5t4 ,"o 0 suppos$ to be ! consequ5ce ( long-cont9u$ dr\ght & excessive heat2 "o 0 trac$ to ! influ5ce ( an eclipse ( ! sun2 ano!r1 to a comet2 & a f\r?1 to a mo/ unusually /ormy w9t]4 ,! read] w h ! k9dness to rememb] t we are "h express+ ! op9ions ( ! writ]s ( ! day1 & by no means1 our own belief ( ! matt]4 ,( ! f\r :i* trace _! orig9 to extreme wet & its consequ5ces1 ! fir/ occurr$ 9 ,france1 9 #hbj1 aft] a long cont9uance ( ra92 & x 0 equally fatal to m5 & cattle4 ,! second1 :i* 0 equally fatal to bo?1 appe>$ 9 ,lorra9e1 9 #hhi4 ,! ?ird broke out among ! cavalry ( ! army ( ,arn\l1 9 its passage ov] ! ,alps1 on its return to ,italy4 ,! f\r? p]vad$ ! :ole ( ,engl& 9 #aabe1 & 0 equally fatal to ! bip$ & ! quadrup$4 ,t :i* foll[$ excessive heat & dr\ght1 0 g5]ally preval5t ?r\gh\t ,europe1 b especially s 9 ,g]many4 ,x attack$ ox51 %eep1 & pigs4 ,x appe>$ 9 #iid1 & la/$ six mon?s4 ,! "o :i* 0 attribut$ to ! comet1 & :i* pr9cipally attack$ cattle1 appe>$ 9 ,france 9 #idc ,almo/ e animal p]i%$4 ,ano!r1 t 0 suppos$ to be connect$ ) an eclipse ( ! sun1 0 preval5t ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,g]many1 among m5 & animals1 9 #ihi4 ,! disease1 :i* 0 ! consequ5ce ( a cold & boi/]\s w9t]1 0 pr9cipally preval5t 9 ,france1 9 #hhg1 & committ$ sad ravages among ! h]ds ( cattle & %eep4 ,( ! twelve o!rs1 ( :i*1 au?ors d n indicate ! cause1 ! fir/ 0 9 ,france1 9 #haj1 & pr9cipally among cattle4 ,! second 0 also 9 ,france1 9 #hej1 & almo/ depopulat$ ! c\ntry ( cattle4 ,! ?ird1 9 #hfh1 0 common to all animals 9 ,france4 ,! f\r?1 9 #hgj1 0 9 ! same c\ntry1 & caus$ sev]e loss among cattle4 ,! fif? prevail$ on ! ,rh9e & 9 ,g]many1 & de/roy$ an almo/ incalculable numb] ( cattle4 ,! six? attack$ ! horses ( ! army ( ,arn\l 9 ,lorra9e1 9 #hhh4 ,! sev5?1 9 #idj1 de/roy$ a va/ numb] ( cattle 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,g]many4 ,! eigh? & n9? 7 9 ,france1 9 #ida & #idb1 & almo/ all ! cattle 9 ! c\ntry p]i%$4 ,! t5? pe/il5ce broke out 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ye> #ajda1 & frightful 0 its deva/ation among all animals1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 horn$ cattle4 ,! elev5? also deva/at$ our c\ntry1 9 #aajc1 & ! ravages 7 dreadful4 ,! twelf? 0 *iefly fatal 9 ,g]many1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,gueldres1 9 #aadi4 ,^! tw5ty pe/il5ces occurr$ 9 ! space ( #ejf ye>s4 ,five or six ( !m 7 mo/ preval5t among cattle2 two 7 almo/ conf9$ to horses2 twelve includ$1 to a great] or less degree1 almo/ e species ( quadrup$s2 & f\r ext5d$ to ! human be+4 ,among ^! ! ravages ( eight 7 mo/ de/ructive 9 ,france2 z _m 9 ,g]many2 & f\r 9 ,italy & ,engl&4 ,z f> z we h hi!rto proce$$1 x w also appe> t cattle are m subject to ^! diseases ?an any o!r species ( dome/icat$ animals1 & t ! pe/il5ce is always mo/ fe>ful among !m4 ,x is also evid5t t ! maladies :i* proce$ f cold or humidity are m frequ5t 9 ! temp]ate & s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe ?an ^? :i* dep5d ^u dr\ght1 or almo/ any o!r cause4 ,! malady l+]s 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 9 proportion to its want ( p[] to accompli% at once all its deva/ation4 ,aft] ?is "t1 !re are few satisfactory acc\nts ( ^! diseases = m ?an five c5turies4 ,we only "k t1 occasionally susp5d+ _! ravages1--or1 r1 visit+ new di/ricts :5 !y _h ceas$ to desolate o!rs--!y h cont9u$ to be objects ( t]ror & in/rum5ts ( deva/ation1 ev5 unto ! pres5t day2 & x is only )9 a few ye>s t !y h be5 really und]/ood1 & h become1 to a c]ta9 degree1 manageable4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 epizooetic diseases h be5 ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 b1 ow+ to ! want ( prop]ly qualifi$ vet]9>y surgeons1 !y h n1 until )9 a v rec5t p]iod1 be5 prop]ly describ$ or und]/ood4 ,! day h[ev]1 is fa/ approa*+ :5 ?is void w be fill$1 & :5 epizooetic & o!r diseases w be correctly not$ & record$4 ,! necessity = ?is mu/ h be5 =cibly impress$ ^u ! m9ds ( ! inhabitants ( our c\ntry f ! exp]i5ce ( ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s4 ,respect+ ! late epizooetic among cattle 9 ,portage ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,william ,pi]ce1 ,v4,s41 ( ,rav5na1 ?us describes ! symptoms z !y appe>$1 9 a lett] to ! au?or3 ,a highly-color$ appe>ance ( ! scl]otic coat ( ! eye1 also ( ! conjunctiva 7a l9+ membrane ( ! eyelid7 & ! ,s*neid]ian membrane ( ! nose2 a high animal heat ab\t ! head & horns2 a highly inflammatory condition ( ! blood2 contraction ( all ! abdom9al visc]a2 hurri$ respiration2 great pro/ration & n]v\s debility2 lam5ess2 foll[$ by gangr5e ( ! extremity ( ! tail1 & ! h9d-feet2 t]m9at+ 9 mortification & dea?4 ,mr4 ,pi]ce is conv9c$ t ^! symptoms are produc$ by ! cont9u$ use ( ! ergot1 or spur ( ! ,june grass1--! effects be+ simil> to ^? produc$ ^u ! human family by long-cont9u$ use ( ergot ( rye4 ,?is disease assumes bo? an acute & *ronic =m4 ,! same g5tleman also says3 ,ord9>y obs]v]s1 z well z ^? :o claim to be sci5tific1 h ent]ta9$ v conflict+ op9ions z to its g5]al "*2 "s reg>d+ x z epizooetic1 o!rs z contagi\s2 "s attribut+ x to atmosph]ic influ5ce1 o!rs to f\l+s 9 ! /able or y>d4 ,o!rs1 aga91 attribute x to freez+ ( ! feet 9 w9t]4 ,cattle-doctors 9 a majority ( cases1 fail to cure x4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 by a simple c\rse ( treatm5t1 effect$ _m signal cures4 ,"s p>ties are s confid5t ( ! contagi\s "* ( ! disease t !y refuse to drive cattle along a road :]e x is kn[n to exi/4 ,!y ev51 (t5times1 wa% _! boots previ\s to ent]+ _! b>ny>ds1 aft] walk+ ov] ! gr\nd :]e su* diseas$ cattle h be5 runn+4 ,caution is bo? prop] & comm5dable4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 reg>d x z a contagi\s disease1 nor c x be transmitt$ by inoculation4 ,! calf is c>ri$ dur+ ! progress ( ! disease1 & deliv]$ 9 app>5tly good heal?4 ,! milk ( ! c[ appe>s to be unaffect$ & h>mless4 ,i call ?is disease sphacial fev]1 or gangr5\s fev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mad ,,bull4 ,! ergot1 or spur ( ! hay1 is conf9$ to ! ,june grass1 z f> z my obs]vation ext5ds2 ow+1 probably1 to its e>ly maturity4 ,mo/ o!r k9ds ( grass are cut be=e ! se$s h matur$ suffici5tly to produce ! spur4 ,i 0 suspici\s ( ! f\lness ( ! fe$ be=e ,i exam9$ any hay1 & h f\nd ! spur 9 ! hay :]ev] ! disease is f\nd4 ,mr4 ,san=d1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,ohio1 pur*as$ "o half ( a m[ ( hay f ,mr4 ,bassett1 ( ,r&olph1 :i* 0 remov$ to 8 f>m 9 ,r&olph1 eight miles di/ant4 ,( ?is hay1 ,mr4 ,san=d f$ elev5 c[s "s six or eight weeks4 ,mr4 ,bassett _h be5 fe$+ ! same to f\r c[s4 ,at ab\t ! same "t1 bo? heads began to %[ lam5ess4 ,i visit$ ,mr4 ,s4 aft] he _h lo/ six c[s1 & exam9$ ! rema9+ five1 f\r ( :i* 7 lame & ! o!r %[$ symptoms ( ! disease4 ,he _h two o!r c[s1 "o ( :i* 0 loan$ to a neighbor1 & ! o!r 0 f$ ^u diff]5t hay1 = conv5i5ce4 ,! loan$ c[ 0 return$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,m>*1--! two !n runn+ ) ! ail+ ones until ! #bd? ( ,april1 :5 ,i saw !m s\nd & 9 good heal?4 ,i !n visit$ ,mr4 ,bassett's /ock1 :i* ,i f\nd infect$ ) ! same disease1--he hav+ lo/ "o1 & ! rema9+ ?ree be+ lame1 & mu* debilitat$4 ,! ho(s 7 sl\gh+ (f4 ,"s ( ! same hay rema9$ 9 ! sn[1 :i*1 ^u exam9ation1 exhibit$ an abundance ( ! spur4 ,^u inquiry1 ,i f\nd t no su* disease exi/$ betwe5 ! two f>ms1 or 9 ! neighborhood ( ei!r ,mr4 ,s4 or ,mr4 ,b4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is circum/ance at once swept away ! la/ ve/ige ( d\bt f my m9d4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,*apman1 ( ,root/[n1 accompani$ me1 & c v\* = ! correctness ( ^! /atem5ts4 ,he hoot$ at my op9ions1 ass]t+ t he und]/ood ! disease1 & t x 0 caus$ by ! freez+ ( ! feet4 ,he has s9ce1 h[ev]1 ab&on$ t idea1 & hone/ly 'ackn[l$g$ ! corn4' ,?is ergot is reg>d$ by "s z a p>asitic fungus1 =m$ 9 o!r gra9s1 an abundant vegeto-animal sub/ance1 & mu* dispos$ to putrefaction4 ,we appe> to be 9 ! d>k reg>d+ its real composition4 ,! little :i* has be5 writt5 ^u ! subject1 appe>s to be f\nd$ ^u hypo!sis1 & t ! mo/ obscure4 ,! articles to :i* ,i ref] may diff] 9 quality or prop]ty to a consid]able ext5t1 & we may =ev] rema9 9 ! d>k1 unless *emical inve/igation be in/itut$4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> disease1 !re appe>s to be s+ul>ity 9 ! symptoms ?r\gh all its v>i\s /ages1 :i* is likely to orig9ate 9 ! peculi>ity ( ! cause :i* produces !m4 ,! effects & symptoms aris+ f ! cont9u$ use ( ! ergot ( rye1 z manife/$ 9 ! human sy/em1 h be5 b briefly h9t$ at by au?ors1 &1 probably1 "s ( !m are only reasonable conjectures4 ,all !y say is1 t x produces viol5t heada*e1 spaculation 9 ! extremities1 & dea?4 ,hi!rto1 its effects ^u ! inf]ior animal h be5 subject$ to no inve/igation1 & its peculi>ity 9 ! symptoms1 diff]+ f l ph5om5a by o!r causes1 may yet be demon/rat$4 ,i am n alone 9 my op9ion ( ?is disease4 ,i h tak5 c\nsel ( ^? ^: judgm5t _c be que/ion$4 ,:atev] diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s is attributable to a want ( inve/igation1 & x w cont9ue to exi/ until ?is s+ul> ph5om5on is cle>ly acc\nt$ =4 ,e op9ion %\ld be ?or\ghly criticiz$ till facts are obta9$4 ,e man's op9ion is sacr$ to himself1 b we %\ld yield to conviction4 ,two classes ( ?is disease are exhibit$3 "o1 ( irritation1 & ! o!r1 ( debility2 "o1 an acute1 ! o!r1 a *ronic =m4 ,! po9t at :i* x assumes ! *ronic =m is betwe5 conge/ion & gangr5e4 ,by close obs]vation we c discov] ^! to be diff]5t & high] degrees ( ! same disease4 ,all subsequ5t degrees are dep5d5t ^u ! fir/4 ,! fir/ symptom1 or degree1 is1 probably1 an attack ^u ! sy/ematic circulation1 produc$ by a c]ta9 m$ic9al & delet]i\s prop]ty exi/+ 9 ! ergot1 & communicat$ to ! blood ?r\gh ! absorption ( ! tongue4 ,?is is m evid5t f ! fact t ! dige/ive organs reta9 _! normal condition till ! la/ /ages ( ! *ronic =m4 ,! blood 9 ! fir/ two /ages is heal?y1 & ! peculi> influ5ce is only app>5t 9 ! subsequ5t /ages2 z evid5c$ by ! fact t ! muscles & g5]al good appe>ance1 z well z life itself1 la/ long] ?an c\ld be possible1 if ?is delet]i\s influ5ce 7 exhau/$ ^u ! dige/ive organs & ! blood1 9 its fir/ /ages4 ,&1 z we suppose t fev] & conge/ion con/itute an attack ^u ! r$ blood1 :i* is exhibit$ by hurri$ pulsation1 we might rationally inf] t ! next degree w\ld be gangr5e ( ! globule1 caus+ sl\gh+1 ! same z if x 7 c>ri$ to ! muscles1 or surface4 ,?is sl\gh+ ( ! globule w\ld be ! same z if exhibit$ on any o!r "p ( ! organization1 = ! fibr9 is id5tical ) muscle1 z album5 is id5tical ) ! :ite ( an egg2 & s9ce conge/ion is ! =]unn] ( gangr5e at ! extremities1 or on ! surface1 s fev] & quick pulsation are ! =]unn]s ( conge/ion ( ! blood4 ,gangr5e _c ensue )\t ob/ruction 9 ! blood-vessels2 & conge/ion _c take place )\t ob/ruction 9 t :i* su/a9s ! globule4 ,z gangr5e1 !n1 is ! fir/ /age ( decomposition ( animal matt]1 s is conge/ion ! fir/ /age ( decomposition ( ! globule2 & z mortification is dea? 9 ! organiz$ body1 s is conge/ion dea? 9 ! organiz$ globule4 ,x appe>s evid5t t ?is disease1 9 all its =ms & degrees ( int5sity1 seeks v5t or release2 9 o!r words1 ,nature conflict+ ) x1 ?r[s x (f its track1 or balance1 & (f]s means ( escape1 or %[s x a door by :i* x may make its exit4 ,9 ! fir/ /age ( ! disease1 ! d]moid 7sk97 tissues make ! ef=t4 ,9 ! inflammatory1 ! s]\s1 & ! conge/ive1 ! muc\s gangr5e seeks v5t2 if obta9$1 mortification is prev5t$2 if n1 mortification directly sup]v5es1 & dea? t]m9ates ! case4 ,9 ! case to :i* ,i ref]1 obs]vation confirms my op9ion t absolute mortification )\t v5t det]m9es ! gangr5e ( ! blood1 & is h>dly curable2 b t gangr5e's f9d+ v5t det]m9es x to be curable1 & ! recov]y highly probable4 ,e,p,i,z,o,oe,t,i,c ,,cat>rh4 ,cat>rh frequ5tly assumes an epizooetic =m ( a v virul5t "*1 orig9at+ spontane\sly & ext5d+ ov] a l>ge section ( c\ntry at or ab\t ! same "t4 ,a cold spr+ succe$+ a mild w9t]1 is peculi>ly productive ( malignant cat>rh4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ di/ress+ & fatal diseases to :i* cattle are subject4 ,symptoms4--,! animal appe>s dull1 & unwill+ to move ab\t1 /agg]+ :5 =c$ to d s2 ob/9ate co/iv5ess is usually "o ( ! e>lie/ symptoms1 succe$$ by di>rhoea1 :i* is equally difficult ( managem5t2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 di>rhoea is pres5t f ! fir/2 ! animal loses fle% rapidly2 ! coat is />+2 appetite is lo/2 tumors =m ab\t ! head1 neck1 back1 & jo9ts1 :i* appe> to be fill$ ) air1 & ^u pressure cause a crepitat+ s\nd2 saliva fl[s f ! m\?1 becom+ v fetid z ! disease progresses4 ,! animal always dies ( putrefaction4 ,treatm5t4--,?is disease %\ld be treat$ e>ly1 or n at all4 ,good nurs+ is v ess5tial4 ,:5 co/iv5ess is pres5t1 give ,b>badoes aloes1 "o ounce2 croton-oil1 t5 drops2 mix toge!r2 or give "o p9t ( l9se$-oil1 to :i* add f t5 to tw5ty drops ( ca/or-oil4 ,if ! b[els are n op5 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 give f\r ounces ( sulphate ( magnesia e six h\rs until !y are op5$4 ,foll[ ?is ) t9cture ( aconite1 t5 drops 9 wat]1 e f\r h\rs1 until ! fev] has abat$4 ,ble$+ has be5 recomm5d$ by "s writ]s2 b ! au?or has fail$ to exp]i5ce any b5efit f resort+ to x1 b1 on ! contr>y1 has se5 mu* injury result f ! use--or1 r1 ! abuse--( ! lancet4 ,he is1 inde$1 incl9$ to attribute mu* ( ! fatality att5d+ ?is disease to indiscrim9ate blood-lett+4 ,:5 mu* debility exi/s1 ! animal %\ld be su/a9$ by tonics & /imulants4 ,"o ounce ( nitric e!r & half an ounce ( t9cture ( opium1 giv5 9 a little wat]1 w be f\nd b5eficial4 ,x %\ld be giv5 twice a day4 ,pulv]iz$ g5tian-root1 "o ounce2 ,jamaica g+]1 half an ounce2 pulv]iz$ cloves1 half an ounce2 mix$1 & divid$ into f\r p[d]s1 "o to be giv5 at night & at morn+2 w be f\nd useful1 9 place ( ! opium & e!r4 ,,f>del4 ,?is disease is prop]ly kn[n by ! "n ( clue-b\nd4 ,! manyplus1 or omasum 7?ird /oma*71 frequ5tly becomes s *ok$ up ) food t x is h>d & dry1 & ! op]ation ( ! dige/ive organs is v s]i\sly impair$4 ,! animal eats voraci\sly1 = a "t1 b /ops sudd5ly & trembles2 ! c\nt5ance assumes a peculi>ly hagg>d appe>ance2 !re is a wild expression ( ! eye2 a foam+ at ! m\?2 a t5d5cy to pit* =w>d1 & at times a fall+ head-=emo/ to ! gr\nd4 ,occasionally1 ! symptoms are v active1 spe$ily t]m9at+ 9 dea?4 ,!re are few diseases ( a con/itutional "* 9 :i* ! /oma* is n1 m or less1 sympa!tically involv$4 ,t[>d ! end ( ,septemb]1 #agdf1 a great numb] ( c[s di$ at ,o/]wi*1 9 ! pr9cipality ( ,halb]/adt4 ,lieb]kuhn1 a celebrat$ physician1--!re 7 no vet]9>y surgeons at t "t1--0 s5t to exam9e into ! nature ( ! disease1 :i* 0 suppos$ to be "o ( ! species ( murra9 t 0 !n committ+ su* ravages among ! cattle 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,!re 7 none ( ! tumors1 or pe/il5tial buboes1 t1 9 an e>li] or lat] p]iod ( ! malady1 usually accompani$ & *>act]iz$ murra92 b ^u inspection ( ! dead bodies1 consid]able p]itoneal inflammation 0 f\nd2 ! fir/ & second /oma*s 7 fill$ ) food1 b ! ?ird /oma* 0 ! palpable seat ( ! disease2 its leaves 7 black & gangr5$4 ,! mass conta9$ betwe5 ! leaves 0 black1 dry1 & s h>d t x c\ld sc>cely be cut ) a scalpel4 ,x int]cept$ ! passage ( ! food f ! fir/ two /oma*s to ! f\r?2 & ?is latt] /oma* 0 empty & mu* inflam$4 ,nei!r ! he>t1 nor ! lungs1 nor ! inte/9es exhibit$ any trace ( disease4 ,twelve c[s 7 op5$1 & ! appe>ances 7 ne>ly ! same 9 all ( !m4 ,treatm5t4--,give "o & a half p\nds ( ,epsom-salts1 dissolv$ 9 ?ree p9ts ( wat]2 or "o qu>t ( pota%1 ?ree times daily1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 w be f\nd useful 9 ?is disease4 ,,f\l ,,9 ,,! ,,foot4 ,?is is caus$ by h>d or irritat+ sub/ances mak+ _! way 9 betwe5 ! claws ( ! foot1 caus+ inflammation1 & sometimes ulc]ation1 9 ! p>ts4 ,! pa/]ns swell1 & ! animal becomes lame4 ,! foot %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$1 & all =eign sub/ances remov$4 ,a pl$get ( t[1 saturat$ ) t> & spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ sulphate ( copp]1 %\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 ! claws4 ,?is usually requires b "o or two applications4 ,,g>get4 ,?is is a h>d1 knotty condition ( ! udd]1 :i* sometimes foll[s calv+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sudd5 di/5tion ( ! bag ) milk2 & ! inflammation :i* sup]v5es causes a congeal$ or coagulat$ condition ( ! milk to take place1 ( :i*1 if neglect$1 suppuration & abscesses are ! result4 ,treatm5t4--,let ! calf suck ! dam z spe$ily z possible1 &1 if ! h>dness is n !n remov$1 fom5t ! udd] ) w>m wat]2 aft] :i*1 wipe x dry1 & apply to ! entire surface melt$ l>d z hot z ! animal w be>4 ,?is is1 g5]ally1 all t is requir$1 ! mo/ ob/9ate cases yield+ to x4 ,if abscesses =m1 !y %\ld be lanc$4 ,,ga/ro-,,ent]itis4 ,?is disease--o!rwise kn[n z wood-evil1 or moor-ill--arises f eat+ ! buds ( oak1 "y a%1 & o!r trees1 :i* are ( a v highly /imulat+ or irritat+ "*4 ,z ! inte/9al canal is liable to inflammatory action f irritant sub/ances admitt$ into x1 animals are f\nd to become diseas$ f eat+ too freely ( ^! vegetable sub/ances4 ,symptoms4--,loss ( appetite & susp5d$ rum9ation2 m\? hot2 sk9 dry2 pulse f sixty to sev5ty2 swell+ & pa9 ( ! belly2 ob/9ate con/ipation2 faeces h>d & cov]$ ) blood2 ur9e ( a /rong odor1 highly color$1 & void$ ) difficulty4 ,treatm5t4--,! animal %\ld be bl$1 & a /rong purgative adm9i/]$1 foll[$ by aconite & belladonna1 z 9 ent]itis4 ,injections ( ,ca/ile-soap & wat] %\ld be freely us$2 ! application ( ! mu/>d1 h>t%orn1 & wat] to ! belly w also be f\nd v b5eficial4 ,,hoose4 ,?is disease--kn[n also z cat>rh--is occasionally ! sequ5ce ( coryza1 b m frequ5tly x arises f an impure atmosph]e2 consequ5tly1 9 c[-h\ses :]e animals are cr[d$ toge!r 9 numb]s1 x is mo/ frequ5tly f\nd4 ,scanty prov5d]1 & ( an inf]ior quality1 is among ! excit+ causes ( hoose1 produc+1 z x does1 a debilitat$ /ate ( ! sy/em1 :i*1 ^u exposure ( ! animal to cold1 or wet1 ha/5s ! disord]4 ,"s bre$s ( cattle are peculi>ly liable to ?is disease1 :i*1 if n arre/$ 9 its e>ly /age1 runs on1 involv+ ! lungs1 & frequ5tly t]m9at+ 9 consumption4 ,( all our dome/ic animals1 neat cattle are mo/ subject to pulmon>y diseases4 ,?is is attributable to ! neglect & exposure :i* are f> too (t5 _! lot4 ,but*]s w te/ify t a l>ge portion ( all cattle slaught]$ h abscesses & o!r diseases ( ! lungs4 ,symptoms4--,loss ( appetite2 muzzle dry2 coat r\gh1 or />+2 respiration quick5$2 horns hot2 e>s1 nose1 & legs cold2 husky c\gh2 pulse f sixty to sev5ty1 small & ?ready2 b[els frequ5tly con/ipat$4 ,treatm5t4--,give "o ounce ( ! foll[+ p[d]s e six h\rs1 until ! b[els are op5$3 ,b>badoes aloes1 "o & half ounces2 nitrate ( potassa1 half an ounce2 g+]1 six dra*ms2 mix & divide into six p[d]s4 ,setons 9 ! dewlap are (t5 ( great b5efit4 ,,hoove4 ,hoove1 or bl[n1 s common1 & (t5 s spe$ily fatal 9 cattle1 is ! result ( f]m5tation 9 ! rum51 or paun*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! animal's hav+ eat5 l>ge quantities ( wet grass1 luxuriant clov]1 turnips1 etc4 ,an accumulation ( gas is ! result ( ?is f]m5tation1 :i* greatly di/urbs ! haun* & left side ( ! belly1 caus+ mu* pa9 to ! animal1 & frequ5tly ?reat5+ suffocation4 ,treatm5t4--,dr5* ! animal ) "o ounce ( spirits ( h>t%orn 9 "o qu>t ( wat]1 ! object be+ to neutralize ! gas :i* is pres5t 9 ! rum52 or1 two ounces ( table salt dissolv$ 9 "o qu>t ( wat] w be f\nd v effectual4 ,if ^! d n spe$ily give relief1 an active purge %\ld be giv54 ,injections ( soap & wat] %\ld be freely us$4 ,if ! case /ill proves ob/9ate1 & ! life ( ! animal is ?reat5$1 ! paun* %\ld be punctur$4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! tro*>--an in/rum5t specially adapt$--%\ld be us$2 b1 9 ! abs5ce ( an in/rum5t1 an ord9>y pocket-knife may be employ$1 tak+ c>e n to make a l>ge op5+4 ,! prop] po9t to op]ate is midway betwe5 ! la/ rib & ! prom95t po9t ( ! hip-bone1 ab\t twelve in*es f ! c5tre ( ! back or lo9s4 ,few cases h a fatal t]m9ation :]e ?is op]ation has be5 prop]ly p]=m$4 ,,hydatids4 ,worms 9 ! bra9 occasionally occur1 caus+ great uneas9ess to ! animal & g5]ally prov+ fatal4 ,! symptoms are1 loss ( appetite2 susp5d$ rum9ation2 a fev]$ condition ( ! sy/em2 horns & e>s hot2 respiration di/urb$2 coat />+1 etc4 ,no c\rse ( treatm5t w prove efficaci\s 9 ?is disease4 ,pressure on ! bra9 may occur f an accumulation ( wat]1 tumors1 bruises1 etc41 9 ! cranial case4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! same effects are produc$ z are obs]v$ 9 apoplexy4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]4 ,inflammation ( ! bladd] g5]ally accompanies inflammation ( ! kidneys1 ?\gh x is sometimes f\nd disconnect$ & alone4 ,x is occasionally caus$ by calcul\s concretions 9 ! bladd]1--:i* %\ld be remov$1--caus+ v acute abdom9al pa9 to ! animal4 ,%e makes frequ5t ef=ts to /ale1 pass+ b a few drops ( ur9e at a "t4 ,! pulse is full & rapid2 m\? clammy2 nose dry2 eyes blood%ot2 appetite lo/2 moan+1 & walk+ ) a /agg]+ gait4 ,treatm5t4--,inject into ! bladd] "o qu>t ( tepid wat]1 & f "o to two ounces ( t9cture ( opium mix$ toge!r4 ,give int]nally "o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s e h\r until reliev$2 nitrate ( potassa1 "o ounce2 t>trate ( antimony1 & pulv]iz$ digitalis leaves1 ea* "o dra*m2 mix1 & divide into six p[d]s4 ,mucilag9\s draughts %\ld be freely giv54 ,rupture ( ! bladd] sometimes occurs1 b !re are no symptoms by :i* x may be kn[n2 &1 if !re 71 no s]vice c\ld be r5d]$ 9 ! way ( repair+ ! injury2 ! animal mu/ die4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,haw4 ,! ox1 l ! horse1 has a membrane ( semilun> =m 9 ! inn] corn] ( ! eye1 :i* is capable ( be+ ?r[n ov] ! entire eyeball1 = ! purpose ( cleans+ ! eye f any =eign sub/ance :i* may get into x4 ,?is membrane is commonly call$ ! haw1 & is susceptible ( attacks ( inflammation1 :i* cause x to swell1 frequ5tly ev5 clos+ up ! eye4 ,treatm5t4--,give a dose ( physic1 &1 if ! animal is ple?oric1 extract a little blood f ! ve9 on ! same side z ! affect$ eye4 ,apply to ! eye ei!r ( ! foll[+ wa%es3 t9cture ( opium1 "o ounce2 ra9-wat]1 "o p9t2 or1 t9cture ( aconite1 "o dra*m1 to "o p9t ( wat]4 ,ba! two or ?ree times a day4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,kidneys4 ,?is disease--sometimes call$ nephritis--occurs occasionally 9 cattle 9 consequ5ce ( _! eat+ bad or un:olesome food1 or ( ! abuse ( diuretics1 etc4 ,! symptoms are v insidi\s 9 _! approa*4 ,! lo9s are v t5d] ^u pressure2 ! ur9e is void$ 9 small quantities4 ,z ! disease advances1 ! symptoms become m m>k$ & acute4 ,! animal is dull1 & fe$s da9tily2 ! evacuation ( ur9e is att5d$ ) increas$ pa91 & ! ur9e is highly color$ & bloody2 ! nose is dry2 ! horns1 e>s1 & extremities are cold2 respiration hurri$2 ! pulse full1 h>d1 & ?robb+4 ,treatm5t4--,give "o p9t ( l9se$-oil & t5 drops ( ca/or-oil1 mix$ toge!r2 foll[ ?is ) small doses ( salts once a day1 = ?ree or f\r days2 give injections ( wat]1 "o half a gallon to two ounces ( t9cture ( arnica4 ,mu/>d applications to ! lo9s are also v useful4 ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,liv]4 ,diseases ( ! liv] are ( v common occurr5ce1--a fact ) :i* all beef-but*]s are famili>4 ,p]haps no organ 9 ! animal economy is s liable to disease4 ,! obscurity ( ! symptoms & ! good condition ( ! animal prev5t its discov]y1 z a g5]al ?+1 dur+ its lifetime4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! disease assumes an active =m1--kn[n z ! yell[s1 jaundice1 or inflammation ( ! liv]1--! symptoms are m readily detect$4 ,symptoms4--,a yell[i% color ( ! eye w be obs]v$2 sk91 ur9e1 etc41 highly color$2 sor5ess1 on pressure1 on ! "r side2 loss ( appetite2 dullness2 con/ipation ( ! b[els1 etc4 ,treatm5t4--,calomel is ! mo/ reliable m$ic9e kn[n to practition]s = diseases ( ! liv]4 ,its abuse1 h[ev]1 has br\ght x into disrepute4 ,yet1 z ) ord9>y c>e x may be advantage\sly us$1 we w prescribe x z t ^u :i* ! mo/ dep5d5ce is to be plac$1 & 9 do+ s1 w endeavor to h x us$ safely4 ,ble$+ has be5 recomm5d$3 b ! au?or has nev] f\nd any b5efit result+4 ,give ,epsom-salts1 9 doses ( f\r ounces ea*1 e night1 ) "o scruple ( calomel1 until ! animal is reliev$4 ,mu/>d & wat] %\ld be frequ5tly appli$ to ! "r side1 & well rubb$ 94 ,,l>yngitis4 ,?is disease is ( r>e occurr5ce 9 cattle4 ,9 x1 ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! l>ynx is 9 a v irritable condition2 ! lea/ pressure ^u ! p>ts affect$ causes int5sely excruciat+ pa92 ! respiration becomes quick1 pa9ful1 & labori\s2 ! animal (t5 appe>s to be hungry1 yet does n eat mu*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pa9 occasion$ by ! act ( swall[+4 ,treatm5t4--,apply to ! ?roat ext]nally /rong mu/>d1 mix$1 ) equal p>ts ( aqua ammonia & wat]1 to a ?9 pa/e1 e h\r1 until x produces an effect ^u ! sk92 spong+ ! p>ts ea* "t ) w>m wat] be=e apply+ ! mu/>d4 ,! animal %\ld n be bl$4 ,give ^u ! tongue1 or 9 dr9k1 half-dra*m doses ( nitrate ( potassa1 e ?ree or f\r h\rs1 until relief is obta9$4 ,if suffocation ?reat5s1 ! op]ation ( tra*eotomy is ! only resort4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,ab]de5%ire ,,poll$ ,,bull4 ,clo?s saturat$ ) cold wat]1 wrapp$ ar\nd ! neck s z to cov] ! l>ynx1 frequ5tly af=d relief4 ,a purgative w also be f\nd useful4 ,,lice4 ,cattle are v subject to lice1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y are neglect$1 half-/>v$1 & 9 poor condition4 ,good c>e & good fe$+--9 connection ) ! treatm5t recomm5d$ 9 mange1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$--w comprise all t is requisite4 ,,mange4 ,mange1 or leprosy1 is "o ( ! mo/ unpleasant & difficult diseases to manage ( all ! ailm5ts to :i* cattle are subject requir+ ! nice/ c>e & att5tion to r5d] x easy ( cure4 ,an animal badly nurs$ w n1 "u ! mo/ skillful treatm5t1 quickly recov]4 ,its causes are 9 ! ma91 due to poor food1 :i* produces a debilitat$ condition ( ! sy/em1 & 9 connection ) a want ( cleanl9ess1 causes a developm5t ( ! ac>i1 or m9ute insects1 excit+ v great irritation ^u ! sk9 & caus+ ! c[ to rub h]self aga9/ e object ) :i* %e comes 9 contact4 ,! hair falls (f2 a scurfy appe>ance ( ! sk9 is p]ceptible2 & ! animal is poor 9 condition & 9 milk4 ,! great tr\ble 9 treat+ ?is disease spr+s f its contagi\s "*2 =1 no soon] is ! animal1 (t5times1 once free f ! ac>i ?an x comes 9 contact ) "s object aga9/ :i* x has previ\sly be5 rubb+1 :5 ! ac>i :i* 7 left ^u t object are aga9 br\ght 9 contact ) ! animal1 & ! disease is reproduc$4 ,if1 imm$iately aft] ! prop] applications are made1 ! animal is remov$ to o!r qu>t]s1 & n all[$ to return to ! =m] ones = six or eight weeks1 !re is1 g5]ally speak+1 b little tr\ble 9 treat+ ! disease4 ,take ! animal ^u a w>m1 sunny day1 & ) a scrubb+-bru% cleanse ! sk9 ?or\ghly ) ,ca/ile-soap & wat]2 :5 dry1 apply 9 ! same mann] ! foll[+ mixture2 :ite hellebore1 "o ounce2 sulphur fl[]1 ?ree ounces2 gas-wat]1 "o qu>t2 mix all well toge!r4 ,"o or two applications are1 g5]ally1 all t w be requir$4 ,give int]nally "o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s 9 ! fe$1 night & morn+3 fl[]s ( sulphur1 two ounces2 black antimony1 "o ounce2 nitrate ( potassa1 "o ounce2 mix1 & divide into eight p[d]s4 ,,murra94 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ malignant diseases to :i* cattle are liable4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 true murra9 is comp>atively r>e 9 ?is great /ock-rais+ c\ntry4 ,! entire sy/em seems to p>take ( ! disease4 ,! fir/ indication ( its approa* is a fev]i% condition ( ! sy/em1 att5d$ ) a frequ5t & pa9ful c\gh2 ! pulse is small1 h>d1 & rapid4 ,z ! disease advances1 ! respiration becomes di/urb$2 ! flanks heave2 vesicul> eruption is obs]v$ ^u ! teats1 m\?1 & feet2 ! horns are cold2 ! animal is sometimes lame2 con/ipation &1 sometimes1 di>rhoea are accompany+ symptoms2 faeces black & fetid2 ! eyes weep & become mu* swoll52 great t5d]ness along ! sp9e2 a br[n or bloody dis*>ge f ! nose & m\?2 ! animal moans incessantly1 gr9ds 8 tee?1 r>ely lies d[n1 b to get up aga9 quickly2 f9ally1 ! brea? becomes v (f5sive2 tumors make _! appe>ance 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 :i*1 9 favorable cases1 suppurate1 & dis*>ge a fetid matt]4 ,treatm5t4--,give "o f\r? ( a p\nd ( ,epsom-salts1 ) "o dra*m ( ,jamaica g+]1 twice a day1 = two or ?ree days4 ,a bottle ( port]1 twice a day1 w be f\nd s]viceable4 ,v little m$ic9e is requir$ int]nally 9 ?is disease1 b mu* dep5ds ^u good nurs+4 ,ext]nal applications are *iefly to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,a solution ( *loride ( lime %\ld be appli$ to ! eruptions1 or a solution ( ! *loride ( z9c1 tw5ty gra9s to an ounce ( wat]2 or1 ( sulphate ( z9c1 two dra*ms to a p9t ( wat]2 or pulv]iz$ *>coal appli$ to ! p>ts w be f\nd useful4 ,,navel-,,ill4 ,inflammation ( ! navel 9 calves occasionally occurs1 caus+ r$ness1 pa91 & sudd5 swell+ 9 ! "p affect$4 ,?is disease1 if n promptly att5d$ to1 spe$ily c>ries (f ! creature4 ,treatm5t4--,fom5t ! "p well ) w>m hop-tea2 aft] :i*1 ! application ( a clo?1 well saturat$ ) lead-wat] & secur$ by b&ages1 %\ld be appli$4 ,int]nally1 doses ( ,epsom-salts1 ( two ounces ea*1 dissolv$ 9 half a p9t ( wat]1 %\ld be giv5 until ! b[els are act$ ^u4 ,aft] ! inflammation has subsid$1 to c\nt]act ! weakness :i* may foll[1 give a bottle ( port] two or ?ree times a day4 ,,ob/ructions ,,9 ,,! ,,oesophagus4 ,*ok+ 9 cattle is ( common occurr5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( turnips1 potatoes1 c>rots1 or o!r h>d sub/ances1 becom+ lodg$ 9 ! oesophagus1 or gullet4 ,^! ob/ructions c sometimes be remov$ by c>eful manipulations ) ! h&2 b1 :]e ?is c n be accompli%$1 ! flexible probang %\ld be employ$4 ,?is is a long ,india-rubb] tube1 ) a :alebone /illet runn+ ?r\gh x1 s z to /iff5 x :5 9 use4 ,?is in/rum5t is pass$ d[n ! animal's ?roat1 & ! (f5d+ sub/ance is ?us pu%$ d[n into ! /oma*4 ,,op5 ,,jo9ts4 ,op5+ ( ! jo9t g5]ally results f accid5ts1 f punctur+ ) %>p sub/ances1 f kicks1 bl[s1 etc4 ,^! injuries cause consid]able n]v\s irritation 9 ! sy/em1 & sometimes cause lock-jaw & dea?4 ,treatm5t4--,close up ! w\nd z spe$ily z possible4 ,! fir+-iron w sometimes answ] ! purpose v well4 ,! au?or dep5ds m ^u ! application ( collodion--z recomm5d$ 9 8 "w ^u ,! ,horse & ,8 ,diseases = ! same tr\ble--?an ^u any o!r rem$y4 ,x requires c>e 9 its application1 9 ord] to make x adh]e firmly4 ,%oemak]s'-wax1 melt$ & appli$1 answ]s a v good purpose4 ,,p>turition4 ,9 natural labor--z has be5 sugge/$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is "w--! aid ( man is r>ely requir$ 9 br++ away ! calf4 ,b x n infrequ5tly happ5s t1 f mal=mation or wrong pres5tation1 our assi/ance is requir$ 9 ord] to deliv] ! animal4 ,! brute =ce1 :i* has be5 f> too (t5 h]et(ore resort$ to1 %\ld no long] be tol]at$1 s9ce ! lives ( _m valuable animals h be5 sacrific$ by su* treatm5t4 ,v (t51 by g5tle manipulation ) ! greas$ h&1 ! womb c be s dilat$ z to af=d a comp>atively easy exit = ! foetus4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! calf is pres5t$ wrong1 x mu/ be pu%$ back & plac$ 9 its prop] position1 if possible4 ,9 natural labor1 ! =e-legs1 ) ! head ly+ betwe5 !m1 are pres5t$2 9 :i* position--unless de=mity1 ei!r 9 ! pelvis ( ! c[1 or 9 ! foetus1 exi/s--! calf is pass$ ) little difficulty1 & )\t assi/ance4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! head ( ! foetus is turn$ backw>d4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! att5dant %\ld at once /rip himself to ! wai/1 ba! 8 arms1 & h&s ) a little sweet-oil1 or l>d1 & introduce !m into ! vag9a1 plac+ a cord ar\nd bo? =e-feet1 & !n1 pu%+ !m back1 se>* = ! head1 :i* is to be br\ght =w>d to its prop] position4 ,! feet are next to be br\ght up ) x4 ,no =ce %\ld be us$1 except :5 ! c[ h]self makes ! ef=t to expel ! calf2 o!rwise1 m h>m ?an good may be done4 ,a case ( ?is k9d rec5tly occurr$ 9 ! au?or's practice1 be+ ! ?ird )9 a ye>4 ,! subject 0 a c[ belong+ to ,william ,hance1 ,esq41 ( ,bord5t[n1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,aft] %e _h be5 9 labor = "s tw5ty h\rs1 he 0 call$ ^u to see h]4 ,^u inquiry1 he f\nd t sev]al p]sons _h be5 try+1 )\t success1 to relieve h]4 ,%e 0 v mu* pro/rat$1 & w\ld1 d\btless1 h di$ )9 two or ?ree h\rs1 _h no relief be5 af=d$4 ,! legs ( ! foetus protrud$ z f> z ! knees2 ! head 0 turn$ backw>d1 & ) ! body1 press$ firmly into ! vag9a1 s t x 0 impossible to return x1 or to br+ ! head =w>d4 ,! op]ation ( embryotomy 01 !re=e1 at once p]=m$1 by cutt+ away ! "r %\ld]1 :i* enabl$ ! op]ator1 ) ! aid ( 8 appropriate hooks1 to br+ ! head =w>d1 :5 ! calf came away )\t fur!r tr\ble1--! :ole op]ation n requir+ fifte5 m9utes4 ,! ut]us 0 !n wa%$ out1 & ! animal plac$ 9 z com=table a position z possible1 & a /imulat+ draught giv51 compos$ ( two ounces ( nitric e!r1 "o ounce ( t9cture ( opium1 & a half p9t ( wat]4 ,?is 0 foll[$ ) a few doses ( ,flem+'s t9cture ( aconite1 t5 drops 9 a little wat]1 e few h\rs4 ,9 a few days ! animal _h entirely recov]$4 ,occasionally1 ! head comes fir/1 or ! head & "o leg4 ,9 su* cases1 a cord %\ld be slipp$ ar\nd ! jaw & leg1 & ^! !n pu%$ back1 s z to all[ ! o!r leg to be br\ght up4 ,:5 ?is _c be done1 ! foetus c1 9 mo/ cases1 be remov$ 9 ! orig9al position4 ,bree*1 side1 back1 & o!r pres5tations sometimes occur2 9 all ( :i* in/ances1 ! foetus mu/ be turn$ 9 su* a position t x c be br\ght away ) z little tr\ble z possible4 ,:5 ?is _c be accompli%$1 ! only resort is embryotomy1 or cutt+ up ( ! foetus1 :i* op]ation c only be safely p]=m$ by ! qualifi$ vet]9>y surgeon4 ,s9ce writ+ ! above1 ano!r case has occurr$ 9 ! au?or's practice4 ,! c[--belong+ to ,samuel ,b>ton1 ,esq41 ne> ,bord5t[n1 ,new ,j]sey--_h be5 9 labor "s eighte5 h\rs2 ^u an exam9ation ( ! animal1 ! calf 0 f\nd to be v mu* de=m$1 pres5t+ backw>ds1--"o ( ! h9d-legs hav+ be5 pull$ (f by ! p]son or p]sons assi/+ h] previ\s to ! au?or's arrival4 ,f9d+ x impossible to deliv] h] 9 ! usual way1 embryotomy 0 9 ?is in/ance employ$4 ,by ?is means1 aft] tak+ out ! inte/9es1 lungs1 etc41 ( ! foetus1 & cutt+ away its h9d-qu>t]s1 ! =e-p>ts 7 br\ght away4 ,! head pres5t$ a s+ul> appe>ance2 ! "u jaw 0 s twi/$ z to br+ ! front tee? on ! side ( ! face2 ! sp9al column or back-bone1 0 turn$ twice ar\nd1 resembl+ a spiral /r+2 ! front legs 7 ov] ! back2 ! ribs 7 mu* contort$2 ! h9d-p>ts 7 z mu* de=m$2 &1 tak5 altoge!r1 ! de=mity 0 ! mo/ s+ul> :i* has be5 br\ght "u ! au?or's obs]vation4 ,,free ,,m>t9s4--,x has long be5 suppos$ by /ockbre$]s1 t if a c[ produce tw9s1 "o ( :i* is a male & ! o!r a female1 ! female is incapable ( produc+ "y1 b t ! male may be a useful animal = bre$+ purposes4 ,_m in/ances h occurr$ :5 ! tw9 si/] ( a bull has nev] %[n ! lea/ desire = ! male4 ,?is indiff]5ce to sexual comm]ce arises1 d\btless1 f ! animal's be+ b imp]fectly develop$ 9 ! organs ( g5]ation4 ,?is fact has be5 e/abli%$ by ! inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,john ,hunt]1 :o _h ?ree ( ^! animals slaught]$ = anatomical exam9ation4 ,! result is ?us report$3 ,! ext]nal p>ts 7 r small] ?an is cu/om>y 9 ! c[4 ,! vag9a pass$ on1 z 9 ! c[1 to ! op5+ ( ! ure?ra1 & !n x began to contract into a small canal1 :i* pass$ on into ! division ( ! ut]us into ! two horns2 ea* horn pass$ along ! edge ( ! broad ligam5t lat]ally t[>d ! ov>ia4 ,at ! t]m9ation ( ^! horns 7 plac$ bo? ! ov>ies & ! te/icles4 ,bo? 7 ne>ly ( ! same size1 :i* 0 ab\t z l>ge z a small nutmeg4 ,to ! ov>ia1 ,i c\ld n f9d any ,fallopian tube4 ,to ! te/icles 7 vasa def]5tia1 b !y 7 imp]fect4 ,! left "o did n come ne> ! te/icle2 ! "r "o only came close to x1 b did n t]m9ate 9 ! body call$ ! epididymis4 ,!y 7 bo? p]vi\s & op5$ into ! vag9a1 ne> ! op5+ ( ! ure?ra4 ,on ! po/]ior surface ( ! bladd]1 or betwe5 ! ut]us & ! bladd]1 7 ! two bags1 call$ vesiculae sem9ales 9 ! male1 b mu* small] ?an !y are 9 ! bull4 ,! ducts op5$ along ) ! vasa def]5tia4 ,?is animal1 !n1 _h a mixture ( all ! p>ts1 b all ( !m 7 imp]fect4 ,well-au!nticat$ cases h1 h[ev]1 occurr$ :]e ! female has br$1 & ! (fspr+ prov$ to be good milk]s4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances on record ( c[s' giv+ bir? to ?ree1 f\r1 & ev5 five calves at a "t4 ,!re 7 on exhibition1 9 #ahfb1 at ,bord5t[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 ?ree free m>t9s1 two si/]s & a bro!r1 :i* 7 beautiful animals4 ,^! 7 f a c[ belong+ to ,mr4 ,joab ,m]%on1 resid+ on ,biles ,isl&1 situat$ 9 ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 a %ort di/ance above ,bord5t[n4 ,!y 7 calv$ ,novemb] #a/1 #aheh1 & 7 !re=e ne>ly f\r ye>s ( age4 ,!y _h nev] %[n ! lea/ desire = copulation4 ,_! aggregate weight 0 #dcjj p\nds4 ,we extract ! foll[+ f ! ,london ,vet]9>ian1 = #ahed3--;,a c[1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,john ,m>%all1 ( ,repton1 on ,w$nesday la/1 gave bir? to five1 live heal?y calves1 all ( :i* are1 at ! "t ,i write1 alive & vigor\s1 & h e appe>ance ( cont9u+ s4 ,!y are all ne>ly ( a size1 & are l>g] & /rong] ?an c\ld be suppos$4 ,f\r ( !m are bull-calves4 ,! dam is by no means a l>ge "o1 is elev5 ye>s old1 ( a mongrel bre$1 & has nev] produc$ m ?an "o (fspr+ at any previ\s ge/ation4 ,i saw h] two days aft] %e _h calv$1 at :i* "t %e 0 rum9at+1 & did n manife/ any unusual symptoms ( exhau/ion4 ,i may m5tion t ! fir/ f\r calves pres5t$ naturally2 ! fif? 0 a bree*-pres5tation4 ,,cleans+4--,! plac5ta1 or aft]-bir?1 by :i* ! foetus is n\ri%$ :ile 9 embryo1 %\ld be remov$ soon aft] calv+4 ,g5]ally1 x w come away )\t any assi/ance4 ,?is is :at is call$ cleans+ aft] calv+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x rema9s = "s "t1 its function hav+ be5 p]=m$1 x becomes a =eign body1 excit+ ut]9e contractions1 & !re=e injuri\s4 ,! soon]1 !n1 x is remov$1 ! bett] = ! animal z well z ! own]4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! h& %\ld be introduc$1 &1 by pull+ g5tly 9 v>i\s directions1 x w soon yield & come away4 ,%\ld x be all[$ to rema91 x rapidly decomposes1 produc+ a l[1 fev]i% condition ( ! sy/em1 :i* greatly int]f]es ) ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal4 ,,inv]sion ,,( ,,! ,,ut]us4--,! ut]us is sometimes turn$ inside out aft] calv+4 ,?is is1 g5]ally1 ! result ( debility1 or sev]e labor4 ,! ut]us %\ld be replac$ z c>efully z possible ) ! h&s1 c>e be+ tak5 t no dirt1 /raw1 or o!r =eign sub/ance adh]es to x4 ,%\ld x aga9 be expell$1 x w\ld be advisable to quiet ! sy/em by ! use ( an anae/hetic1 z *lor(orm1 or--:i* is mu* saf]--*loric e!r4 ,z soon z ! animal is "u ! influ5ce ( ?is1 ! ut]us may be aga9 replac$4 ,! h9d-qu>t]s %\ld be rais$ z high z possible1 9 ord] to favor its ret5tion4 ,! animal %\ld h a little gruel & a bottle ( port] giv5 to h] e five or six h\rs1 & ! vulva %\ld be ba!d frequ5tly ) cold wat]4 ,,phr5itis4 ,inflammation ( ! bra9 is "o ( ^? dreadful diseases to :i* all animals are liable4 ,x is kn[n to ! f>m] z fr5zy1 mad /agg]s1 etc4 ,! active symptoms are prec$$ by /upor2 ! animal /ubbornly /&s 9 "o position2 ! eyes are full1 r$1 & fi]y2 respiration rapid2 delirium soon succe$s2 ! animal1 bell[+1 da%es wildly ab\t1 & seems b5t on mis*ief1 ru%+ madly at e object :i* comes 9 its way4 ,! causes ( ?is disease are ov]work 9 w>m wea!r1 a ple?oric condition ( ! sy/em1 & too /imulat+ food4 ,pr(4 ,gamgee1 ( ! ,ed9burgh ,vet]9>y ,college1 relates a case result+ f ! pres5ce )9 ! ext]nal meatus ( a mass ( concrete c]um51 or wax1 :i* induc$ inflammation ( ! e>1 ext5d+ to ! bra94 ,treatm5t4--,z ?is is att5d$ ) consid]able risk1 unless x is tak5 prior to ! fr5zi$ /age1 ble$+ almo/ to fa9t+ %\ld be resort$ to1 & foll[$ by a brisk purge4 ,take "o ounce ( ,b>badoes aloes1 & t5 to fifte5 drops ( ,croton-oil2 mix ! aloes ) "o p9t ( wat] & ! oil1 us+ ! mixture z a dr5*4 ,"o p\nd ( ,epsom-salts w answ] ! purpose v well1 9 cases :]e ! aloes & oil _c be readily obta9$4 ,application ( bags ( brok5 ice to ! head1 is v b5eficial4 ,spirits ( turp5t9e1 or mu/>d1 toge!r ) spirits ( h>t%orn & wat] %\ld be well rubb$ 9 along ! sp9e1 f ! neck to ! tail4 ,,pleurisy4 ,?is is an inflammation ( ! pleura1 or ! s]\s membrane :i* l9es ! cavity ( ! *e/1 & :i* is deflect$ ov] ! lungs4 ,inflammation ( ?is membrane r>ely occurs 9 a pure =m1 b is m g5]ally associat$ ) inflammation ( ! tissue ( ! lungs4 ,if ?is disease is n att5d$ to at an e>ly p]iod1 its usual t]m9ation is 9 hydro?orax1 or dropsy ( ! *e/4 ,! same causes :i* produce inflammation ( ! lungs1 ( ! bron*ia1 & ( ! o!r respiratory organs1 produce also pleurisy4 ,symptoms4--,! respiration is quick1 %ort1 & pa9ful2 pressure betwe5 ! ribs produces mu* pa92 a l[1 %ort1 pa9ful c\gh is pres5t2 ! respiratory murmur is mu* dim9i%$1--9 fact1 x is sc>cely audible4 ,?is condition is rapidly foll[$ by effusion1 :i* may be detect$ f ! dullness ( ! s\nds1 on apply+ ! e> to ! l[] "p ( ! lungs4 ,! febrile symptoms disappe>2 ! animal = a few days appe>s to improve1 b soon becomes weak1 languid1 & (t5 exhau/$ f ! slighte/ ex]tion4 ,treatm5t4--,! same treatm5t 9 ! e>ly /age is enjo9$ z 9 inflammatory pneumonia1 :i* ! read] w consult--c\nt]-irritation & purgatives4 ,ble$+ nev] %\ld be resort$ to4 ,:5 effusion takes place1 x is necess>y to puncture ! sides ) a tro*>1 & draw away ! fluid1 giv+ int]nally "o ( ! foll[+ purges ?ree times a day3 ros91 eight ounces2 saltpetre1 two ounces1 mix1 & divide into eight p[d]s4 ,half-dra*m doses ( ! iodide ( pota%1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 to be giv5 ?ree times daily1 w be f\nd useful 9 ?is disease4 ,,pleuro-,,pneumonia4 ,?is disease1 z its "n implies1 is an inflammatory condition ( ! lungs & ! pleura1 or ! envelop+ membrane ( ! lungs & ! l9+ membrane ( ! *e/4 ,x is sometimes call$ contagi\s1 infecti\s1 & epizooetic pleuro-pneumonia1--contagi\s or infecti\s1 f its suppos$ prop]ty ( transmission f ! diseas$ to ! heal?y animal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tak+ ,,an ,,obs]vation4 ,a contagi\s "* ! au?or is n ready to assign to x1--contagi\s1 z he und]/&s x1 be+ /rictly applicable to ^? diseases :i* dep5d ^u actual contact ) ! poison t x may be communicat$ f "o animal to ano!r4 ,?is does n necess>ily imply ! actual t\*+ ( ! animals !mselves2 = x may be communicat$ f ! poison left 9 ! tr\gh1 or o!r places :]e ! diseas$ animal has be5 br\ght 9 contact ) "s object1 z is (t5 ! case 9 gl&]s 9 ! horse2 ! matt] dis*>g$ f ! nose1 & left ^u ! mang]1 readily communicat+ t disease to heal?y animals com+ 9 contact ) x4 ,contagi\s diseases1 !re=e1 travel v sl[ly1 />t+1 z !y d1 at "o po9t1 & gradually spread+ ov] a l>ge di/rict1 or section ( c\ntry4 ,?is disease is1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ by ! au?or z infecti\s2 by :i* t]m is meant t x is capable ( be+ communicat$ f ! diseas$ to ! heal?y animal ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! air1 :i* has become contam9at$ by ! exhalations ( poison\s matt]4 ,! ability to inoculate o!r animals 9 ?is way is necess>ily conf9$ to a limit$ space1 sometimes n ext5d+ m ?an a few y>ds4 ,infecti\s diseases1 accord+ly1 spread ) m rapidity ?an contagi\s ones1 & are1 consequ5tly1 m to be dread$2 s9ce we c avoid ! "o ) comp>atively little tr\ble1 :ile ! o!r (t5 /eals ^u u :5 we reg>d ourselves z beyond its influ5ce1 c>ry+ dea? & de/ruction 9 its c\rse4 ,! t]m by :i* ?is disease is kn[n1 is a misnom]4 ,pleuro-pneumonia prop] is nei!r a contagi\s1 nor an infecti\s disease2 h5ce1 ! d5ial ( m$ical m5 t ?is s-call$ pleuro-pneumonia is a contagi\s1 or infecti\s disease1 has be5 ! means ( unnecess>ily expos+ _m animals to its poison\s influ5ce4 ,9 ! ,recueil de ,m$ec9e ,vet]9aire1 = #ahcc1 w be f\nd a v int]e/+ description ( ?is fatal malady4 ,! au?or1 ,m4 ,lecoy1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor at ! ,vet]9>y ,s*ool ( ,lyons1 ,france1 says3 ,!re are few di/ricts 9 ! arrondissem5t ( ,avesnes :]e m cattle are fatt5$ ?an 9 t ( ,soire-le-,*ateau4 ,! f>m]s be+ unable to obta9 a suffici5t supply ( cattle 9 ! di/rict1 are oblig$ to pur*ase ! great] "p ( !m f o!r prov9ces2 & !y procure a great numb] = graz+ f ,fran*e ,comte4 ,! cattle ( ?is c\ntry are v h&some2 _! =ms are compact2 !y fatt5 rapidly2 & !y are a k9d ( cattle f :i* ! graz] w\ld d]ive mo/ advantage1 7 x n t c]ta9 diseases absorb1 by ! loss ( "s ( ! animals1 ! pr(its ( ! re/ ( ! h]d4 ,among/ ! diseases :i* mo/ frequ5tly attack ! cattle :i* are br\ght f ! ,nor?1 !re is "o v preval5t 9 "s ye>s1 & :i* is ! m to be dread$ z x is g5]ally incurable2 & ! slaught] ( ! animal1 be=e he is p]ceptibly wa/$1 is ! only means by :i* ! f>m] c avoid los+ ! :ole value ( ! bea/4 ,?is disease is *ronic pleuro-pneumonia4 ,! symptoms are sc>cely recognizable at fir/1 & (t5 ! bea/ is ill = a long "t )\t its be+ p]ceiv$4 ,he fatt5s well1 & :5 he is slaught]$ ! own] is a/oni%$ to f9d sc>cely half ( ! lungs capable ( dis*>g+ ! function ( respiration4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ox has n suffici5t /r5g? ( con/itution to resi/ ! ravages ( disease1 ! fir/ symptom :i* is obs]v$ is dim9ution1 or irregul>ity ( appetite4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 a frequ5t1 dry c\gh is he>d1 :i* becomes feeble & pa9ful z ! disease proce$s4 ,! dorso-lumb> portion ( ! sp9e 7lo9s7 gr[s t5d]2 ! animal fl9*es :5 ! "p is press$ ^u1 & utt]s a peculi> groan1 or grunt1 :i* ! grazi]s reg>d z decisive ( ! malady4 ,quickly aft] ?is1 ! movem5ts ( ! flanks become irregul> & accel]at$1 & ! act ( respiration is accompani$ by a k9d ( balanc+ motion ( ! :ole body4 ,! sides ( ! *e/ become z t5d] z ! lo9s1 or m s2 = ! animal imm$iately ?r[s himself d[n1 if press$ ^u ) any =ce4 ,! elb[s become1 9 _m subjects1 m & m sep>at$ f ! sides ( ! *e/4 ,! pulse is small] ?an natural1 & n consid]ably increas$4 ,! muzzle is hot & dry1 alt]nately4 ,! animal lies d[n z 9 a heal?y /ate1 b rum9ation is p>tially or entirely susp5d$4 ,! faeces are h>d] ?an !y %\ld be2 ! ur9e is ( its natural color & quantity2 ! m\? is (t5 dry2 & ! horns & e>s reta9 _! natural temp]ature4 ,?is fir/ /age ( ! disease sometimes cont9ues dur+ a mon?1 or m1 & !n1 if ! animal is to recov]1 or at lea/1 app>5tly s1 ! symptoms gradually disappe>4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! appetite returns1 & ! bea/ beg9s to acquire a little fle%4 ,! proprietor %\ld !n make ha/e & get rid ( him2 = x is v r>e t ! malady1 h[ev] x may be palliat$ = a :ile1 does n reappe> ) great] int5sity ?an be=e4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! disease cont9ues to pursue its c\rse t[>d its t]m9ation )\t any remission1--e symptom gradually increas+ 9 int5sity4 ,! respiration becomes m pa9ful2 ! head is m ext5d$2 ! eyes are brilliant2 e expiration is accompani$ ) a grunt1 & by a k9d ( puck]+ ( ! angles ( ! lips2 ! c\gh becomes small]1 m suppress$1 & m pa9ful2 ! tongue protrudes f ! m\?1 & a fro?y mucus is abundantly dis*>g$2 ! brea? becomes (f5sive2 a purul5t fluid ( a bloody color escapes f ! no/rils2 di>rhoea1 pr(use & fetid1 succe$s to ! con/ipation2 ! animal becomes rapidly weak]2 he is a complete skeleton1 & at l5g? he dies4 ,exam9ation aft] dea? discloses slight traces ( inflammation 9 ! inte/9es1 discoloration ( ! liv]1 & a h>d1 dry sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! manyplus4 ,! lungs adh]e to ! sides & to ! diaphragm by num]\s b&s1 evid5tly old & v firm4 ,! sub/ance ( ! lungs (t5 pres5ts a r$di%-gray hepatization ?r\gh\t almo/ its :ole ext5t4 ,at o!r times1 !re are tub]cles 9 almo/ e /ate ( h>dness1 & 9 t ( suppuration4 ,! portion ( ! lungs t is n hepatiz$ is r$1 & gorg$ ) blood4 ,besides ! old adhesions1 !re are num]\s ones ( rec5t date4 ,! pleura is n mu* r$d5$1 b by its ?ickness 9 "s po9ts1 its adhesion 9 o!rs1 & ! effusion ( a s]\s fluid1 x proves h[ mu* & h[ long x has p>ticipat$ 9 ! inflammatory action4 ,! tra*ea & ! bron*ia are slightly r$1 & ! "r side ( ! head is gorg$ ) blood4 ,9 a subject 9 :i*1 dur+ life1 ,i c\ld sc>cely feel ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 ,i f\nd ! :ole ( ! left lobe ( ! lungs adh]+ to ! sides1 & completely hepatiz$4 ,9 ano!r1 t _h pres5t$ no sign ( disease ( ! *e/1 & t = "s days be=e 8 dea? vomit$ ! little fodd] :i* he c\ld take1 ! :ole ( t portion ( ! oesophagus t pass$ ?r\gh ! *e/ 0 surr\nd$ ) d5se false membranes1 ( a yell[i% hue1 rang+ f light to d>k1 & be+ 9 "s p>ts m ?an an in* 9 ?ickness1 & adh]+ closely to ! muscul> membrane ( ! tube1 )\t all[+ any trace to be p]ceiv$ ( t portion ( ! m$ia/9al pleura on :i* ?is unnatural cov]+ 0 fix$ & develop$4 ,! cattle pur*as$ 9 ,fran*e ,comte are br\ght to ,avesnes at two p]iods ( ! ye>--9 autumn & 9 ! spr+4 ,^? :i* are br\ght 9 autumn are mu* m subject to ! disease ?an ^? :i* h arriv$ 9 ! spr+2 & x almo/ always happ5s t ! ye>s 9 :i* x %[s itself mo/ g5]ally are ^? 9 :i* ! wea!r 0 mo/ unfavorable :ile ! cattle 7 on ! road4 ,! j\rney is p]=m$ by two diff]5t r\tes1--?r\gh ,lorra9e & ?r\gh ,*ampagne1--& ! disease frequ5tly appe>s 9 cattle t h arriv$ by "o ( ^! r\tes4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! bea/s are treat$1 on _! arrival1 may contribute n a little to ! developm5t ( ! malady4 ,^! animals1 :i* h be5 driv5 long di/ances 9 bad wea!r1 & frequ5tly half />v$1 arriv$ fami%$1 & !re=e ! m fatigu$1 & "s ( !m lame4 ,calculat+ on _! rav5\s appetite1 ! grazi]s1 in/ead ( giv+ !m :olesome food1 make !m consume ! wor/ t ! f>m conta9s1--mu/y & m\ldy fodd]2 & x is usually by ! c\gh1 :i* ! eat+ ( su* food necess>ily produces1 t ! disease is discov]$ & fir/ develop$4 ,is *ronic pleuro-pneumonia contagi\s8 ,! f>m]s believe t x is1 & ,i am p>tly ( _! op9ion4 ,:5 an animal falls sick 9 ! pa/ure1 ! o!rs1 aft] 8 removal1 g & smell at ! grass :]e he has la91 & :i* he has cov]$ ) 8 saliva1 &1 aft] t1 new cases succe$ to ! fir/4 ,x is true t ?is fact is n conclusive1 s9ce ! disease also appe>s 9 a great numb] ( animals t h be5 widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,b ,i h myself se5 ?ree cases 9 :i* ! cattle ( ! c\ntry1 p]fectly well be=e1 h fall5 ill1 & di$ ) ! same symptoms1 except+ t !y h be5 m acute1 aft] !y h be5 kept ) cattle affect$ ) ?is disease4 ,?is circum/ance incl9es me to ?9k t ! disease is contagi\s2 or1 at lea/1 t1 9 ! progress ( x1 ! brea? infects ! c[-h\se 9 :i* !re are o!r animals already pr$ispos$ to ! same disease4 ,i am induc$ to believe t mo/ ( ! s]i\s int]nal diseases are communicat$ 9 ?is mann]1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :i* affect ! organs ( respiration1 :5 ! animals are %ut up 9 close1 l[1 & badly-v5tilat$ c[-h\ses4 ,rec4 de ,m$4 ,vet4 ,mai1 #ahcc4 ,no malady c be m t]rible & ru9\s ?an ?is among dairy-/ock2 & its spread all ov] ! c\ntry1 toge!r ) its cont9uance ) sc>cely any abatem5t1 mu/ be attribut$ to ! comb9ation ( v>i\s causes4 ,! *ief are3 fir/1 ! v contagi\s or infecti\s nature ( ! disord]2 second1 inatt5tion on ! "p ( ,gov]nm5t to ! importation & subsequ5t sale ( diseas$ animals2 &1 ?ird1 ! recklessness ( pur*as]s ( dairy or fe$+ cattle4 ,?is disease may be def9$ z an acute inflammation ( ! organs ( ! *e/1 ) ! developm5t ( a peculi> & *>act]i/ic poison1 :i* is ! active elem5t ( infection or contagion4 ,x is a disease peculi> to ! cattle tribe1 not)/&+ occasional ass]tions reg>d+ obs]vations ( ! disease among horses1 %eep1 & o!r animals1--:i* pret5d$ obs]vations h n be5 well atte/$4 ,! infecti\s1 or contagi\s nature ( ?is virul5t malady is inconte/ibly sub/antiat$ by an ov]:elm+ am\nt ( evid5ce1 :i* _c be adduc$ at full l5g? "h1 b :i* may be classifi$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 fir/1 ! con/ant spread+ ( ! disease f c\ntries 9 :i* x rages to o!rs :i*1 previ\sly to ! importation ( diseas$ animals1 _h be5 p]fectly free f x4 ,?is may be prov$ 9 ! case ( ,engl&1 into :i* c\ntry x 0 c>ri$ 9 #ahdb1 by affect$ animals f ,holl&4 ,twelve mon?s aft]1 x spread f ,engl& to ,scotl&1 by means ( "s cattle sold at ,all-,hall[ ,fair1 & x 0 only twelve mon?s aft]w>d t cattle import$ z f> nor? z ,inv]ness took ! disease !re4 ,lately1 a c[ tak5 f ,engl& to ,au/ralia 0 obs]v$ to be diseas$ ^u l&+1 & ! evil results 7 limit$ to h] own]'s /ock1 :o gave ! al>m1 & ensur$ an effectual rem$y aga9/ a wid] spread4 ,besides1 ! rec5t importation ( pleuro-pneumonia into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,holl& appe>s to h awak5$ our agricultural press g5]ally1 & to h conv9c$ !m ( ! /ubborn fact t our cattle h be5 decimat$ by a fe>fully infecti\s1 ?r\gh probably prev5table1 plague4 ,a lett] f ?is c\ntry to an ,engli% au?or says3 ,its 7pleuro-pneumonia's7 contagi\s "* seems to be settl$ beyond a d\bt1 ?\gh "s ( ! ,v4,s4 practition]s d5y x1 :i* is almo/ z reasonable z x w\ld be to d5y any o!r well-au!nticat$ hi/oric fact4 ,e case ( ! disease is traceable to "o ( two s\rces2 ei!r to ,mr4 ,*5]y's /ock 9 ,belmont 7ne> ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts71 into :i* ! disease 0 introduc$ by 8 importation ( f\r ,dut* c[s f ,holl&1 :i* arriv$ "h ! #bc;d ( la/ ,may2 or else to "o ( ! ?ree calves :i* he sold to a f>m] 9 ,nor? ,brookfield1 ,massa*usetts1 la/ ,june4 #b;dly4 ,ap>t f ! importation into c\ntries1 we h ?is c]ta9 pro(--to :i* special att5tion 0 drawn sev]al ye>s ago--t cattle-deal]s' f>ms1 & public m>kets1 con/itute ! busy c5tres ( infection4 ,mo/ anxi\s & c>eful inquiries h e/abli%$ ! proposition t 9 bre$+-di/ricts1 :]e ! proprietors ( ext5sive dairies--z 9 ,dumfries1 ,scotl&1 & o!r places--ab/a9 f buy+1 except f _! neighbors1 :o h nev] _h diseases ( ! lungs among/ _! /ock1 pleuro-pneumonia has n be5 se54 ,!re is a wide di/rict 9 ! ,vic9ity ( ,ab+ton1 ,engl&1 & 9 ! p>i% ( ,craw=d1 :i* has n be5 visit$ by ?is plague1 ) ! exception ( two f>ms1 into :i* m>ket-cattle _h be5 import$ & ?us br\ght ! disease4 #c;dly4 ,9 #ahed appe>$ a ,report ( ! ,rese>*es on ,pleuro-,pneumonia1 by a sci5tific commission1 in/itut$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture 9 ,france4 ,?is v able pamphlet 0 edit$ by ,pr(4 ,b\ley1 ( ,al=t1 ,france4 ,! memb]s ( ! commission belong$ to ! mo/ em95t vet]9>ians & agriculturi/s 9 ,france4 ,mag5die 0 ,presid5t2 ,regnal1 ,secret>y2 besides ,ray]1 ! r5[n$ comp>ative pa?ologi/2 ,yv>t1 ! ,inspector-,g5]al ( ! ,imp]ial ,vet]9>y ,s*ools2 ,r5ault1 ,inspector ( ! ,imp]ial ,vet]9>y ,s*ools2 ,delafond1 ,director ( ,al=t ,college2 ,b\ley1 ,lassaigne1 ,baudemont1 ,doy]e1 ,manny de ,morny1 & a few o!rs repres5t+ ! public4 ,if su* a commission 7 occasionally appo9t$ 9 ?is c\ntry = simil> purposes1 h[ mu* light w\ld be ?r[n on subjects ( p>am\nt importance to ! agricultural community6 ,conclusions arriv$ at by ! commission are too important to be ov]look$ 9 ?is connection4 ,! read] mu/ p]use ! ,report itself1 if he ne$s to satisfy himself z to ! c>e tak5 9 conduct+ ! inve/igations3 b ! =ego+ names suffici5tly atte/ ! indisputable nature ( ! facts allud$ to4 ,9 in/itut+ its exp]im5ts1 ! commission _h 9 view ! solv+ ( ! foll[+ que/ions3-- #a/ly4 ,is ! epizooetic pleuro-pneumonia ( cattle susceptible ( be+ transmitt$ f diseas$ to heal?y animals by cohabitation8 #b;dly4 ,9 ! ev5t ( su* contagion's exi/+1 w\ld all ! animals become affect$1 or :at proportion w\ld resi/ ! disease8 #c;dly4 ,among/ ! animals attack$ by ! disease1 h[ _m recov]1 & "u :at circum/ances8 ,h[ _m succumb8 #d?ly4 ,are !re any animals ( ! ox species decid$ly free f any susceptibility ( be+ affect$ f ! contagion ( pleuro-pneumonia8 #e?ly4 ,d ! animals1 :i* h be5 once affect$ by a mild =m ( ! disease1 enjoy immunity f subsequ5t attacks8 #f?ly4 ,d ! animals1 :i* h once be5 affect$ by ! disease 9 its active =m1 enjoy su* immunity8 ,to det]m9e ^! que/ions1 ! commission submitt$ at diff]5t times to ! influ5ce ( cohabitation ) diseas$ animals =ty-six p]fectly heal?y ones1 *os5 f di/ricts 9 :i* !y _h nev] be5 expos$ to a simil> influ5ce4 ,( ^! =ty-six animals1 tw5ty 7 exp]im5t$ on at ,pom]aye1 two at ,*>5tonneau1 ?irte5 at ,al=t1 & elev51 9 ! f\r? exp]im5t1 at ,*>5tonneau4 ,( ?is numb]1 tw5ty-"o animals resi/$ ! disease :5 fir/ submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( cohabitation1 t5 suff]$ slightly1 & fifte5 took ! disease4 ,( ! fifte5 affect$1 f\r di$1 & elev5 recov]$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! animals :i* app>5tly escap$ ! disease at ! fir/ trial am\nt$ to #de4fe p] c5t41 & ^? affect$ to #ba4gc p] c5t4 ,( ^!1 #bc4ia p] c5t4 recov]$1 & #h4fi p] c5t4 di$4 ,b ! ext]nal appe>ances 9 "s in/ances prov$ deceptive1 & six ( ! elev5 animals ( ! la/ exp]im5t1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z hav+ escap$ free1 7 f\nd1 on be+ de/roy$1 to be> di/9ct evid5ce ( hav+ be5 affect$4 ,?is1 !re=e1 modifies ! =ego+ calculations1 & ! numb]s %\ld /& ?us3-- #ae enjoy immunity1 or #cb4fa p] c5t4 #aj indispos$1 #ba4gc #ag animals cur$1 #cf4ie #d dead1 #h4ih ,( ! =ty-two animals :i* 7 expos$ 9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts at ,pom]aye & ,*>5tonneau1 & :i* escap$ ei!r )\t becom+ affect$1 or recov]+1 eighte5 7 submitt$ to a second trial2 & ( ^! eighte5 animals1 five _h1 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 suff]$ f ! disease & _h recov]$2 five _h n[ become affect$2 & f\r _h be5 indispos$4 ,! f\r animals submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( contagion a ?ird "t1 _h be5 affect$ on ! occasion ( ! fir/ trial4 ,none ( ! eighte5 animals contract$ ! disease dur+ ^! r5ew$ exposures to ! influ5ce ( contagion4 ,f ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts1 ! commission drew ! foll[+ conclusions3-- #a/ly4 ,! epizooetic pleuro-pneumonia is susceptible ( be+ transmitt$ f diseas$ to heal?y animals by cohabitation4 #b;dly4 ,all ! animals expos$ d n take ! disease2 "s suff] slightly1 & o!rs n at all4 #c;dly4 ,( ! affect$ animals1 "s recov] & o!rs die4 #d?ly4 ,! animals1 :e!r slightly or sev]ely affect$1 possess an immunity aga9/ subsequ5t attacks4 ,^! are ! g5]al conclusions :i* ! commission deem$ !mselves au?oriz$ to draw f _! exp]im5ts4 ,! absolute proportion ( animals :i* become affect$1 or :i* escape ! disease1 or ( ^? :i* die & :i* recov]1 z a g5]al rule1 _c be d$uc$ f ! =ego+ exp]im5ts1 :i*1 = su* a purpose1 are too limit$4 ,! commission simply /ate ! numb]s result+ f _! exp]im5ts4 ,f ^! x transpires t =ty five ( ! animals became sev]ely affect$ ) pleuro-pneumonia1 & tw5ty-"o p] c5t4 took ! disease slightly1 mak+ ! :ole sixty-six p] c5t4 :i* 7 m or less sev]ely attack$4 ,?irty-f\r p] c5t4 rema9$ free f any malady4 ,! proportion ( animals :i* re-acquir$ _! wont$ appe>ance ( heal? am\nt$ to eighty-?ree p] c5t41 :]eas sev5te5 p] c5t4 di$4 ,_m m9or po9ts might be insi/$ on1 b x is suffici5t "h to say1 t ! mo/ c>eful analysis ( all facts has prov$ to practical vet]9>ians1 z well z to exp]i5c$ agriculturi/s1 & mu/ prove to all :o w calmly & dispassionately consid] ! po9t1 t pleuro-pneumonia is pre-em95tly an infecti\s1 or contagi\s disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tw9s4 ,symptoms4--,f ! "t t an animal is expos$ to ! contagion to ! fir/ manife/ation ( symptoms1 a c]ta9 p]iod elapses4 ,?is is ! p]iod ( incubation4 ,x v>ies f a =tnight to =ty days1 or ev5 sev]al mon?s4 ,! fir/ signs1 prov+ t ! animal has be5 seiz$1 c sc>cely be detect$ by any b a pr(essional man2 ?\gh1 if a proprietor ( cattle 7 extremely c>eful1 & _h pa9s-tak+ individuals ab\t 8 /ock1 he w\ld inv>iably notice a slight %iv] z u%]+ 9 ! disord]1 :i* = sev]al days1 ev5 aft] ! %iv]+ fit1 w\ld limit itself to slight int]f]5ce 9 brea?+1 readily detect$ on auscultation4 ,p]haps a c\gh might be notic$1 & t ! appetite & milk-secretion dim9i%$4 ,! animal becomes co/ive1 & ! %iv]+ fits recur4 ,! c\gh becomes m con/ant & oppressive2 ! pulse full & frequ5t1 usually numb]+ ab\t eighty p] m9ute at fir/1 & ris+ to upw>ds ( "o hundr$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! body rises1 & all ! symptoms ( acute fev] set 94 ,a moan1 or grunt1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! disease indicates a dang]\s attack1 & ! alae nasi 7c>tilages ( ! nose7 rise spasmodically at ea* inspiration2 ! air ru%es ?r\gh ! inflam$ w9dpipe & bron*ial tubes1 s z to produce a l\d1 co>se respiratory murmur2 & ! spasmodic action ( ! abdom9al muscles indicates ! difficulty ! animal also exp]i5ces 9 ! act ( expiration4 ,pressure ov] ! int]co/al 7betwe5 ! ribs7 spaces1 & press+ on ! sp9e1 induce ! pa9 s *>act]i/ic ( pleurisy1 & a deep moan n infrequ5tly foll[s su* an exp]im5t4 ,! eyes are blood%ot1 m\? clammy1 sk9 dry & tightly b\nd to ! subcutane\s textures1 & ! ur9e is scanty & high-color$4 ,^u auscultation1 ! *>act]i/ic dry1 sonor\s rale ( ord9>y bron*itis may be detect$ along ! w9dpipe1 & 9 ! bron*ial tubes4 ,a l\d s\nd ( ?is description is1 n infrequ5tly1 detect$ at ! ant]ior "p ( ei!r side ( ! *e/2 :il/ ! respiratory murmur is entirely lo/1 po/]iorly1 f consolidation ( ! lungs4 ,a decid$ lea!ry1 frictional s\nd is detect$ ov] a consid]able portion ( ! ?oracic surface4 ,z ! disease advances1 & gangr5e1 ) ! production ( cavities 9 ! lungs1 ensues1 l\d1 cav]n\s rales are he>d1 :i* are m or less circumscrib$1 occasionally att5d$ by a decid$ metallic noise4 ,:5 "o lobe ( ! lungs is alone affect$1 ! morbid s\nds are conf9$ to "o side1 & on ! heal?y side ! respiratory murmur is uni=mly l\d] all ov]4 ,by c>efully auscultat+ diseas$ c[s f day to day1 int]e/+ *anges c be discov]$ dur+ ! animal's lifetime4 ,frequ5tly1 ! abnormal s\nds indicate progressive de/ruction2 b1 at o!r times1 portions ( ! lungs t h be5 totally imp]vi\s to air1 become ! seat ( sibilant rales1 & gradually1 a heal?y respiratory murmur proves t1 by absorption ( ! mat]ials :i* h be5 plugg+ ! tissues ( ! lungs1 resolution is fa/ advanc+4 ,"s v rem>kable cases ( ?is description h be5 enc\nt]$ 9 practice4 ,un=tunately1 we (t5 f9d a rapid de/ruction ( ! tissues ( ! lungs1 & spe$y dissolution4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 ! g5]al symptoms ( hectic1 or consumption1 att5d l+]+ cases1 9 :i* ! temp]ature ( ! body becomes l[1 & ! animal has a da9ty appetite1 or refuses all n\ri%m5t4 ,x has a dis*>ge f ! eyes1 & a fetid1 sani\s dis*>ge f ! nose4 ,n infrequ5tly1 x c\ghs up disorganiz$ lung-tissue & putrid pus4 ,great pro/ration1 &1 inde$1 typhus symptoms1 set 94 ,!re is a fetid di>rhoea1 & ! animal s9ks 9 ! mo/ emaciat$ /ate1 (t5 dy+ f suffocation1 9 consequ5ce ( ! complete de/ruction ( ! respiratory /ructures4 ,po/ mortem appe>ances4--,9 acute cases1 ! cadav]\s lesions *iefly consi/ 9 abundant false membranes 9 ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 & closure ( ! bron*ial tubes by pla/ic lymph4 ,! air-vesicles are completely plugg$ by ?is mat]ial1 & v int]e/+ specim5s may be obta9$ by c>eful dissection1 9 ! %ape ( ca/s ( ! bron*ial tubes & air-vesicles1 clu/]$ toge!r l bun*es ( grapes4 ,on slic+ ! lungs 9 ^! cases1 hepatization is obs]v$1 pres5t+ a v peculi> appe>ance1 :i* is1 9 a great measure1 due to ! arrangem5t ( ! lung-tissue 9 cattle4 ,! pulmon>y lobules are ( a deep-r$ or br[n color1 p]fectly consolidat$1 & int]sect$ or sep>at$1 "o f ! o!r1 by light] /reaks ( yell[i%-r$ lymph1 occupy+ ! int]lobul>1 areol> tissue4 ,9 ! m *ronic cases1 ! diseas$ lobes & lobules are f\nd p>tly sep>at$ f ! m heal?y /ructures4 ,?is occurs f gangr5e1 & putrefactive *anges1 or 9 "s in/ances1 f ! ulc]ative process1 s con/antly obs]v$ 9 ! segregation ( dead f liv+ tissues4 ,abscesses are n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! lungs4 ,sometimes circumscrib$1 at o!rs connect$ ) bron*ial tubes1 & n infrequ5tly communicat+ ) ! pleural cavity4 ,true empyema is n (t5 se52 b1 at all times1 ! adhesions betwe5 ! co/al & visc]al pleura are ext5sive1 & !re is mu* effusion 9 ! *e/4 ,9 dress$ c>casses ( c[s t h be5 slaught]$ f pleuro-pneumonia1 ev5 ?\gh ! disease has n be5 f> advanc$1 x w be f\nd t ! but*] has c>efully scrap$ ! s]\s membrane (f ! inn] surface ( ! ribs1 z x w\ld o!rwise be impossible = him to give ! pleura its heal?y1 smoo? aspect1 f ! firm mann] 9 :i* ! abundant false membranes adh]e to x4 ,! diseas$ lungs sometimes atta9 inord9ate weight4 ,!y h be5 kn[n to weigh z mu* z sixty p\nds4 ,treatm5t4--,! vet]9>y pr(ession is reg>d$ by _m :o h su/a9$ heavy losses f pleuro-pneumonia1 z deeply ignorant1 because its memb]s _c (t5 cure ! disease4 ,p]sons =get t !re are sev]al epidemics :i* prove equally difficult to manage on ! "p ( ! physician1 su* z *ol]a1 yell[ fev]1 etc4 ,! poison 9 ^! contagi\s1 epizooetic diseases is s virul5t t ! animals may be reg>d$ z dead f ! mom5t !y are attack$4 ,its elim9ation f ! sy/em is impossible1 & m$ic9e _c support an animal ?r\gh its t>dy1 exhau/+1 & de/ructive process ( cle>+ ! sy/em ( s pot5t a virus4 ,all antiphlogi/ic means h fail$1 su* z blood-lett+ & ! free use ( evacuants4 ,d]ivatives1 9 ! =m ( mu/>d-p\ltices1 or m active bli/]s1 are att5d$ ) good results4 ,/imulants h prov$ ( ! greate/ s]vice2 & ! late ,pr(4 ,tessona1 ( ,tur91 /rongly recomm5d$1 f ! v onset ( ! disease1 ! adm9i/ration ( /rong doses ( qu99e4 ,maffei1 ( ,f]r>a1 /ates t he has obta9$ great b5efit f ! employm5t ( f]rug9\s tonics & manganese 9 ! v acute /age ( ! malady1 support$ by alcoholic /imulants4 ,rec5tly1 ! advantages result+ f ! use ( sulphate ( iron1 bo? z a prev5tive & curative1 h be5 exhibit$ 9 ,france4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! mo/ valuable depurative me?od ( treatm5t yet resort$ to is by ! c>eful use ( ! ,roman ba?4 ,act+1 l all o!r sudorifics 9 cases ( fev] & blood diseases1 x c>ries (f by ! sk9 mu* ( ! poison1 )\t unduly l[]+ ! vital p[]s4 ,prev5tion4--,! rules laid d[n 9 ,d5m>k1 & inde$ 9 _m o!r places1 appe> ! mo/ natural = ! prev5tion ( ! disease4 ,if !y c\ld be c>ri$ out1 ! disease mu/ necess>ily be /opp$2 b !re are practical & insup]able difficulties 9 ! way ( en=c+ !m4 ,?us1 a ,dr4 ,w>neke says1 prev5tion consi/s 9 ! avoidance ( contagion2 ! slaught] ( infect$ bea/s2 ! prohibition ( keep+ cattle by ^? ^: cattle h be5 slaught]$1 = a space ( t5 weeks aft] ! la/ case occurr+2 ! dis9fection ( /alls vacat$ by slaught]+2 ! clos+ ( infect$ places to all pass+ ( cattle2 especial att5tion to ! removal ( ! dung1 & ( ! rema9s ( ! c>casses ( slaught]$ bea/s2 &1 f9ally1 undeviat+ sev]ity ( ! law aga9/ violators4 ,dr4 ,williams1 ( ,hasselt1 sugge/$ & c>ri$ out1 9 #ahea1 ! inoculation ( ! virus ( pleuro-pneumonia1 9 ord] to induce a mild =m ( ! disease 9 heal?y animals1 & prev5t _! decimation by ! sev]e attacks due to contagion4 ,he met ) mu* enc\ragem5t1 & p]haps m opposition4 ,didot1 ,corv9i1 ,ercolani1 & _m m accept$ ,dr4 ,williams's facts z inconte/able1 & wrote1 advocat+ 8 me?od ( *eck+ ! spread ( s de/ructive a plague4 ,! fir/ able memoir :i* conte/$ all t has be5 said 9 favor ( inoculation1 appe>$ 9 ,tur91 & 0 writt5 by ,dr4 ,riviglio1 a ,pi$montese vet]9>y surgeon4 ,?is 0 support$ by ! views ( _m o!rs4 ,pr(4 ,simonds wrote aga9/ ! plan1 &1 9 #ahed1 ! ,fr5* commission1 ^: report has be5 be=e m5tion$1 confirm$1 9 "p1 ,riviglio's views1 ?\gh1 f ! incomplet5ess ( ! exp]im5ts1 fur!r trials 7 recomm5d$4 ,inoculation is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,a portion ( diseas$ lung is *os51 & a bi/\ry or ne$le made to pi]ce x s z to become *>g$ ) ! mat]ial consolidat+ ! lung1 & ?is is aft]w>d plung$ into any "p1 b1 m p>ticul>ly1 t[>d ! po9t ( ! tail4 ,if op]at$ sev]ely1 & high] up1 great exudation occurs1 :i* spreads upw>d1 invades ! areol> tissue r\nd ! rectum & o!r pelvic organs1 & dea? soon puts an end to ! animal's excruciat+ suff]+4 ,if ! op]ation is prop]ly p]=m$ ) lymph t is n putrid1 & ! incisions are n made too deep1 ! results are limit$ to local exudation & swell+1 g5]al symptoms ( fev]1 & gradual recov]y4 ,! mo/ common occurr5ce is sl\gh+ ( ! tail2 & 9 ,london1 at ! pres5t "t1 dairies are to be se5 9 :i* all ! c[s h %ort-tail /umps4 ,dr4 ,williams & o!rs h gone too f> 9 attempt+ to describe a p>ticul> corpuscle z exi/+ 9 ! lymph ( pleuro-pneumonia4 ,all animal poisons c be alone discov]$ f _! effects4 ,9 /ructure & *emical con/itution1 !re is no diff]5ce1 & (t5 ! mo/ pot5t poisons are simple fluids4 ,! ,belgian ,commission1 appo9t$ to inve/igate ! nature & influ5ce ( inoculation = pleuro-pneumonia1 v ju/ly express$ an op9ion t ,dr4 ,williams _h n prov$ t a specific product1 di/+ui%$ by anatomical *>act]s1 & appreciable by ! microscope1 exi/$ 9 ?is disease4 ,! all-important "q1 ,is inoculation ( s]vice8 has to ! satisfaction ( mo/ be5 solv$4 ,! ,belgian & ,fr5* commissions1 ! obs]vations ( ,riviglio1 ,simond1 ,h]r+1 & _m o!rs1 prove t a c]ta9 degree ( pres]vative influ5ce is d]iv$ by ! process ( inoculation4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 arre/ ! progress ( ! disease4 ,x c]ta9ly dim9i%es to "s ext5t--?\gh (t5 v slightly s--! numb] ( cases1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 ( sev]e ones4 ,?is effect has be5 ascrib$ to a d]ivative action1 indep5d5t ( any specific influ5ce1 &1 inde$1 simil> to t ( introduc+ setons 9 ! dewlap4 ,9 ,london1 "s dairym5 h consid]able fai? 9 inoculation1 ?\gh its effect is unc]ta91 & ! mann] ( its work+ a my/]y4 ,! be/ c\nsel1 9 ! premises1 :i* c be giv5 to ! keep] ( dairy /ock is1 to select 8 own animals f heal?y h]ds1 & /rictly to avoid public m>kets4 ,9 _m in/ances1 a fai?ful obs]vance ( ^! injunctions has be5 suffici5t to prev5t ! invasion ( ?is t]rible disease4 ,gamgee4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is disease 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 n g5]ally kn[n until ! ye> #ahei1 :5 ,mr4 ,*5]y1 ( ,belmont1 ne> ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 import$ sev]al c[s f ,holl&1 :i* arriv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! spr+ ( t ye>4 ,"s ( ! animals 7 sick :5 !y arriv$1 b ! true nature ( ! disease 0 n at t "t suspect$4 ,sev]al ( !m 7 s bad t !y 7 c>ri$ 9 trucks to ,mr4 ,*5]y's b>n4 ,"s two mon?s pass$ away be=e ! "* ( ! disease 0 discov]$4 ,^u ! facts becom+ kn[n1 ! citiz5s ( ,massa*usetts became panic-/rick51 z ! disease 0 rapidly spread+ ov] t ,/ate4 ,an extra session ( ! ,legislature 0 spe$ily conv5$1 :5 a ,jo9t ,special ,committee 0 appo9t$1 to adopt & c>ry out su* measures z 9 _! judgm5t seem$ necess>y = ! extirpation ( ?is mon/]1 pleuro-pneumonia4 ,! ,committee met 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,?ursday1 ,may1 #ca1 #ahfj1 to receive evid5ce z to ! contagi\s or infecti\s "* ( ! disease1 9 ord] to det]m9e conc]n+ ! necessity ( legislative action4 ,mr4 ,walk]1 "o ( ! commission]s appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nor1 made ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! disease 0 introduc$ into ,nor? ,brookfield f ,belmont4 ,mr4 ,curtis ,/odd>d1 a "y man ( ,nor? ,brookfield1 w5t d[n1 ! v la/ ( ,june1 la/ ye>1 & pur*as$ ?ree calves ( ,mr4 ,*5]y1 ( ,belmont4 ,he br\ght ^! calves up 9 ! c>s to ,brookfield4 ,on _! way f ! depot to 8 h\se1 ab\t five miles1 "o ( ! calves 0 obs]v$ to falt]1 & :5 he got to 8 h\se1 x seem$ to be sick1 & 9 two or ?ree days exhibit$ v great illness2 s mu* s1 t 8 fa!r came along1 &1 ?9k+ he c\ld take bett] c>e ( x1 took ! calf home4 ,he took x to 8 own b>n1 9 :i* !re 7 ab\t =ty head ( cattle2 b x grew no bett]1 & 8 son w5t up & br\ght x back aga9 to 8 own h\se4 ,9 ab\t t5 days aft] t1 x di$4 ,8 fa!r1 :o _h _h ! calf ne>ly f\r days1 9 ab\t a =tnight aft]w>d obs]v$ t "o ( 8 ox5 0 sick1 & x grew worse v fa/ & di$4 ,two weeks aft]1 a second also sick5$1 & di$4 ,!n a ?ird 0 attack$ & di$1 ! int]val gr[+ wid] f ! attack ( "o animal to t ( ano!r1 until he _h lo/ eight ox5 & c[s4 ,"y ,/odd>d lo/ no animal by ! infection1--t is1 no "o di$ on 8 h&s4 ,prior to ! appo9tm5t ( ?is ,commission1 ab\t ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1--= reasons indep5d5t ( ?is disease1 :i* ,i don't suppose he !n knew ! nature (1--he sold (f 8 /ock4 ,he sold (f elev5 heif]s1 or "y animals1 & reta9$ n9e ( ! mo/ valuable himself2 :i* %[s t he did n !n "k any ?+ 0 ! matt] ) !m4 ,^! n9e 7 f\r ox51 & five "y cattle4 ,! f\r he took to 8 fa!r's1 ?ree ( ! o!rs to 8 uncle's1 & ! rema9+ two to 8 fa!r-9-law's2 di/ribut+ !m all among 8 fri5ds1--:i* furni%es ano!r pro( t he did n suppose he 0 do+ any mis*ief4 ,he dispos$ ( 8 h]d 9 t way4 ,f ?is auction1 ^! elev5 animals w5t 9 diff]5t directions1 & :]ev] !y w5t1 !y scatt]$ ! infection4 ,)\t a s+le failure ! disease has foll[$ ^? cattle2 9 "o case1 m ?an two hundr$ cattle hav+ be5 infect$ by "o :i* 0 sold at ,curtis ,/odd>d's auction1 :5 he 0 entirely ignorant ( ! disease4 ,:5 ! commission 0 appo9t$1 !y w5t & exam9$ 8 cattle1 & 7 satisfi$ t !y 7 diseas$1--at lea/1 "s ( !m4 ,!y exam9$ 8 fa!r's h]d1 & f\nd t !y 7 v mu* diseas$2 & :5 we came to kill ,curtis ,/odd>d's cattle1 sev5 ( ! n9e head 7 diseas$4 ,two 7 n condemn$1 because ! law says1 ',cattle n appe>+ to be diseas$1 %all be apprais$4' ,nev]!less1 x prov$ t ^! animals 7 diseas$2 s t 8 :ole h]d 0 affect$4 ,9 reg>d to ,leon>d ,/odd>d's cattle1 he lo/ f\rte5 ( 8 animals be=e ! commission]s w5t to 8 place4 ,!y took eighte5 m1 all ( :i* 7 diseas$1--mo/ ( !m v bad cases1--inde$1 extreme cases4 ,t left eight heads1 :i* 7 n condemn$1 because n appe>+ to be diseas$4 ,"h ,i rem>k1 t :5 ?is disease is "u ! %\ld]-blade1 x _c be detect$ by p]cussion4 ,! physicians did n say t ! animal 0 n diseas$1 b t !y did n see suffici5t evid5ce ^u :i* to condemn4 ,su* animals 7 to be paid =1 ^u ! gr\nd ( _! n appe>+ to be diseas$4 ,nev]!less1 x is prop] to /ate t ! rema9+ eight :i* 7 n condemn$1 7 suspect$ to be diseas$1 & we told ,mr4 ,/odd>d t we _h ! impression t !y 7 diseas$1 not)/&+ appe>ances4 ,he said1 ',!re is a ?ree-ye>-old animal t has nev] falt]$ at all4 ,%e has nev] manife/$ ! slighte/ disease4 ,if y w kill h]1 & %e is diseas$1 ,i %all make up my m9d t ,i h n a well animal 9 my /alls4' ,we kill$ ! animal1 & f\nd h] to be badly diseas$4 ,?us1 ! fir/ two h]ds 7 all infect$ by ! disease2 & 9 ! la/ ( ,curtis ,/odd>d's ox5 :i* we kill$1 we f\nd a cy/ 9 ! lungs ( ea*4 ,"o ( ^! lungs is n[ 9 ?is build+1 nev] hav+ be5 cut op51 & m$ical m5 c see ! cy/ :i* x conta9s4 ,i h said 9 :at mann] ,mr4 ,curtis ,/odd>d's cattle spread ! infection4 ,9 reg>d to ,mr4 ,leon>d ,/odd>d's3 9 ! fir/ place1 he kept six or eight ox5 :i* he employ$ 9 team+4 ,he 0 draw+ "s lumb]1 & /opp$ ov] night1 ) 8 ox51 at ,mr4 ,ne$ham's4 ,ne$ham lo/ 8 :ole h]d4 ,he lo/ eight or t5 ( !m1 & ! re/ 7 9 a t]rible condition4 ,sev5 or eight m 7 condemn$1 & 8 :ole h]d 0 de/roy$1 9 consequ5ce ( ,mr4 ,/odd>d's /opp+ ) him ov] night4 ,mr4 ,/odd>d sold an animal to ,mr4 ,woodis ( ,new ,bra9tree4 ,he _h tw5ty-?ree f9e c[s4 ,x ru9$ 8 h]d utt]ly4 ,sev5 or eight animals di$ be=e ! commission]s got !re4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,/odd>d also sold a yoke ( cattle to ,mr4 ,olm/ead1 "o ( 8 neighbors1 :o _h a v good h]d4 ,!y /ay$ only five days 9 8 h&s1 :5 !y pass$ ov] to ,mr4 ,doane4 ,9 ^! five days !y _h s infect$ 8 h]d t x 0 "o ( ! mo/ sev]e in/ances ( disease t we h _h4 ,"o ?ird 7 condemn$1 & ano!r ?ird 7 pass$ ov] z s\nd1 :e!r !y 7 s1 or n4 ,!y did n appe> to be diseas$4 ,! cattle t 7 pass$ f ,mr4 ,/odd>d ?r\gh ,mr4 ,olm/ead to ,mr4 ,doane1 7 loan$ by ,mr4 ,d4 to g to a mov+ ( a build+ f ,oakham to ,new ,bra9tree4 ,!y 7 put 9 ) tw5ty-two yoke ( cattle1 & employ$ a day & a half4 ,x has s9ce be5 prov$ t ! :ole ( ^! cattle took ! contagion4 ,!y belong$ to elev5 diff]5t h]ds1 & ( c\rse1 ea* ( ^! h]ds =m$ a focus f :i* ! disease spread4 ,n[1 9 ^! two ways ! disease has spread 9 diff]5t directions4 ,b1 :5 ! commission]s fir/ comm5c$1 !y _h no idea t ! disease ext5d$ fur!r ?an ^? h]ds 9 :i* !re 7 animals sick4 ,h5ce1 _! ideas & ! ideas ( ^? :o petition$ = ! law1 did n ext5d at all to s l>ge a numb] ( h]ds z h s9ce be5 prov$ to be diseas$1 because !y only judg$ ( ^? :o manife/$ disease4 ,z soon z we began 9 t circle1 we f\nd a second circle ( infection1 & ano!r outside ( t2 & by t "t x _h bran*$ (f 9 v>i\s directions to v>i\s t[ns4 ,x assum$ su* proportions t x 0 v evid5t t ! commission]s _h n ! funds to p]=m ! op]ations requir$ by ! law4 ,! law conf9es ! commission]s to "o op]ation1--kill+ & bury+4 ,no discretion>y p[] is giv5 at all4 ,! commission]s became entirely dissatisfi$ ) t condition ( ?+s1 because o!r measures besides m]ely kill+ & bury+1 are q z necess>y & important4 ,:5 !y arriv$ at t po9t & discov]$ to :at ext5t ! infection _h spread1 !y /opp$ kill+ ! h]ds1 & ,i believe !re has n be5 a h]d kill$ = tw5ty days4 ,! policy 0 !n *ang$ to circumscrib+ ! disease1 by isolat+ ! h]ds j z fa/ z possible & z surely z possible4 ,a man's h]d has be5 expos$4 ,!re is no o!r way ?an to g & exam9e x1 & take ! diseas$ animals away4 ,!n he kn[s ! animals are diseas$1 & 8 neighbors "k x4 ,t has be5 ! bus9ess ( ! commission]s = ! la/ tw5ty days2 & ! facts t !y h no discretion>y p[] :atev]1 & t !y 7 entirely circumscrib$ 9 _! means1 & t x 0 h>d = ! f>m]s to lose _! /ock & n be paid = x1--induc$ !m to petition ! ,gov]nor1 9 connection ) ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 = ! call+ ( a session ( ! ,legislature1 to take measures = ! ext9ction ( ! disease4 ,9 response to a "q1 ,:e!r any animals t _h once be5 affect$1 _h aft]w>d recov]$8--! same g5tleman /at$ t in/ances _h occurr$ :]e cattle _h be5 sick twice1 & _h1 app>5tly1 fully recov]$2 !y rum9at$ readily1 & 7 ga9+ fle%4 ,^u exam9ation1 h[ev]1 !y 7 pron\nc$ diseas$1 &1 :5 kill$1 bo? lungs 7 f\nd 9 a hopeless case1 v badly diseas$4 ,dr4 ,george ,b4 ,lor+1 ano!r ( ! commission]s1 /at$ t eight hundr$ & =ty-two head ( cattle _h1 at t "t1 be5 kill$1 & t1 f a c>eful e/imate1 !re /ill rema9$ "o ?\s& head1 :i* %\ld ei!r be kill$1 or isolat$ = su* a l5g? ( "t z %\ld e/abli% ! fact t !y _h no disease ab\t !m4 ,tw5ty ?\s& doll>s & upw>ds _h already be5 apprais$ z ! value ( ! cattle !n kill$4 ,z to dis9fect+ measures1 ! f>m]s :o _h lo/ cattle 7 reque/$ to :itewa% _! b>ns ?or\ghly1 & "s tons ( a dis9fect+ p[d] 7 pur*as$ = ! advantage ( ! p]sons :o wi%$ to use x4 ,an e>ly application 0 advis$1 t ! b>ns might be 9 read9ess = hay ! !n com+ season4 ,! practice adopt$ by ! commission]s 01 to appraise ! cattle :5ev] a h]d 0 f\nd :i* _h be5 expos$1 & a surgeon 0 appo9t$ to pass judgm5t ^u ! numb] ( diseas$ animals4 ,aft] t judgm5t1 ! rema9+ animals t 7 pron\nc$ s\nd 7 kill$ & pass$ to ! cr$it ( ! own]1 aft] an appraisem5t made by ^! p]sons4 ,! fair m>ket-prices 7 paid1 av]ag+ ab\t ?irty-?ree doll>s a head4 ,at ! "t ( ! meet+ ( ! committee1 "s sev5ty cattle _h di$ ( ! disease4 ,an exam9ation 0 made ( "s ( ! animals kill$1 & ! foll[+ facts obta9$3-- ,case #a4--,?is c[ _h be5 sick = n9ete5 days2 0 feeble1 )\t mu* appetite1 ) di>rhoea1 c\gh1 %ortness ( brea?+1 hair />+1 etc4 ,p]cussion dull ov] ! :ole ( ! left side ( ! *e/2 respiration weak4 ,kill$ by au?ority4 ,sev]al gallons ( s]um 7 f\nd 9 ! left side ( ! *e/2 a ?ick1 furzy deposit ( lymph ov] all ! pleura-co/alis4 ,?is lymph 0 an in* 9 ?ickness1 resembl+ ! velvety "p ( tripe1 & q firm4 ,!re 0 a firm deposit ( lymph 9 ! :ole left lung1 b m especially at its base1 ) /rong adhesions to ! diaphragm & pleura-co/alis ne> ! sp9e4 ,! lung 0 h>d & brittle1 l liv]1 ne> its base4 ,no pus4 ,"r lung & "r side ( *e/ heal?y4 ,case #b4--,?is c[ 0 tak5 v sick1 ,janu>y #cj?4 ,9 f\rte5 days1 %e began to get bett]4 ,april #ab?1 %e is ga9+ fle%1 brea!s well1 hair heal?y1 gives t5 qu>ts ( milk a day1 & 9 all o!r respects bids fair = a heal?y animal h]eaft]1 except a slight c\gh4 ,p]cussion dull ov] base ( ! left lung1 ne> ! sp9e1 & respiration feeble 9 ! same regions4 ,autopsy4--,left lung /rongly adh]5t to diaphragm & co/al pleura2 ! long adhesions well smoo!d (f2 pleura-co/alis %9+ & heal?y4 ,also1 ! surface ( ! lung1 :5 !re 7 no adhesions1 s\nd & "r2 all ! lung :ite1 & free = ! entrance ( air1 except ! base1 9 :i* 0 a cy/ conta9+ a p9t or two ( pus4 ,loose 9 ?is pus 0 a h>d mass1 z l>ge z a two-qu>t measure1 look+ l m>ble2 :5 cut ?r\gh its c5tre1 x appe>$ l ! brittle1 h>d5$ l9+ 9 case #a4 ,x appe>$ z ?\gh a piece ( lung _h be5 deta*$ by suppuration & enclos$ 9 an air-tight cy/1 by :i* decomposition 0 prev5t$4 ,! o!r lung & ! *e/ 7 s\nd4 ,x is to be inf]r$1 z !re 7 adhesions1 t !re _h be5 pleurisy & deposit ( lymph & s]um1 z 9 case #a1 & t ,nature _h comm5c$ ! cure by absorb+ ! s]um f ! *e/1 & ! lymph f ! free pleural surface1 & smoo!d (f e ?+ to a good work+ condition4 ,! lump 9 ! cy/ 0 brittle & irregul> on its surface1 z ?\gh x 0 dissolv+ 9 ! pus4 ,no good reason c be giv5 :y ,nature %\ld n consummate ! "w :i* %e _h s wisely begun4 ,case #c4--,?is c[ _h be5 sick f\rte5 days2 0 c\gh+ & brea?+ badly2 p]cussion dull ov] bo? *e/s & respiration feeble4 ,kill$4 ,autopsy4--,bo? *e/s fill$ ) wat]2 deposits ( lymph ov] all ! pleura-co/alis1 pres5t+ ! same velvety1 furzy appe>ance z 9 ,case #a4 ,bo? lungs 7 h>d5$ at ! base1 & ! left ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 & firmly adh]5t to diaphragm & co/al pleura1 ne> ! sp9e4 ,! "r lung _h ne>ly "o-?ird ( its sub/ance 9 a condition = ! entrance ( air2 b ?is portion1 ev51 0 s compress$ ) ! wat]1 t a few h\rs long] w\ld h t]m9at$ ! case fatally )\t ,/ate aid4 ,?is case _h n proce$$ f> en\gh = ! =mation ( ! cy/ or pus4 ,9 ,mr4 ,ne$ham's h]d1 ab\t tw5ty-eight days int]v5$ betwe5 ! fir/ & second case ( disease1 in/ead ( ab\t f\rte51 z 9 ,mr4 ,olm/ead's4 ,case #d4--;,a nice heif]1 9 fair condition1 eat+ well1 only hav+ a slight c\gh4 ,p]cussion dull ov] base ( ! left lung4 ,autopsy4--,base ( left lung adh]5t to diaphragm & co/al pleura2 lung h>d5$4 ,on cutt+ into base1 f\nd ulc]ation & a head ( ,timo?y grass1 f\r or five in*es long4 ,animal 9 e o!r way well4 ,case #e4--,?is c[ 0 tak51 ,janu>y #a/1 ) a c\gh1 difficulty ( brea?+1 & ! o!r symptoms ( ! disease1 & cont9u$ sick till ,m>* #a/4 ,on tak+ h] out1 ,april #ab?1 to be slaught]$1 %e cap]$1 /uck up h] tail1 snuff$1 & snort$1 %[+ all ! signs ( feel+ well & vigor\s4 ,autopsy4--,"r lung firmly adh]5t to diaphragm & co/al pleura1 ne> ! sp9e4 ,base ( lung h>d5$1 conta9+ a cy/ ) a l>ge lump1 ( ! size ( a two-qu>t measure1 float+ 9 pus2 outside ( ! lump 0 ( a dirty yell[-:ite1 irregul>1 brittle1 & *eesy2 ! inside mottl$1 or divid$ into irregul> squ>es2 r$ l muscle1 & break+ "u ! f+]1 l liv]4 ,co/al pleura smoo?1 %9+2 adhesions :]e !re 0 motion2 c>d-l & poli%$2 no s]um2 lung app>5tly p]=m+ its functions well1 except = a %ort di/ance above ! air-tight cy/1 :]e x 0 /ill h>d5$4 ,x w\ld seem z ?\gh ,nature 0 int5d+ to dissolve ?is lump1 & c>ry x (f by absorption4 ,%e kn[s h[1 & w\ld h done x1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 _h %e be5 all[$ suffici5t "t4 ,case #f4--,0 tak5 ,decemb] #ah?1 & 0 v sick2 9 ?ree weeks %e 0 well1 except a c\gh1 q sev]e1 & s cont9u$ till ab\t ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 :5 %e c\gh$ h>d] & grew worse till sev5 days be=e %e 0 kill$1 ,april #ab?1 :5 %e br\ght =? a calf1 & !n comm5c$ improv+ aga94 ,autopsy4--,"r lung adh]5t to diaphragm & co/al pleura4 ,at its base1 0 a flabby1 fluctuat+ cy/4 ,9 cutt+ into x1 ! lump 0 f\nd to be break+ up by decomposition1 & sc5t+ badly4 ,e ?+ else normal4 ,0 n ! cy/ brok5 ?r\gh by "s accid5t1 ?us lett+ 9 ! air1 :5 %e grew worse8 ,w\ld %e n1 probably1 h ov]come ?is disagreeable accid5t1 & recov]$1 9 spite ( x8 ,?is c['s hair did n look well1 z did t ( ^? 9 :i* ! cy/ 0 air-tight2 b /ill %e 0 beg9n+ to eat well aga91 & appe>$ 9 a tol]able way = recov]y4 ,case #g4--,?is heif] _h c\gh$ slightly = six weeks1 b ! own] said he ?\ght no "o go+ into 8 h]d w\ld notice t any ?+ 0 ! matt] ) h]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,rural ,,sc5e4 ,autopsy4--,slight adhesions ( lung to diaphragm4 ,ne> ^! adhesions are small cy/s1 ( ! size ( a walnut1 conta9+ pus & *eesy matt]2 ab\t ! cy/s a little way ! lung 0 h>d5$1 say = half an in*4 ,!re 7 sev]al cy/s1 & !y appe>$ z ?\gh ! inflammation attack$ only ! diff]5t lobes ( ! lungs1 leav+ o!rs heal?y betwe51--,nature ?r[+ out coagulable lymph ar\nd ! diseas$ lobe1 & =m+ !reby an air-tight cy/1 cutt+ ar\nd ! diseas$ lobe by suppuration1 s t x c\ld be c>ri$ (f by absorption4 ,9 ! h]d to :i* ?is animal belong$1 n9e days aft] ! fir/ c[ di$1 ! second case occurr$4 ,fir/ c[ 0 sick five weeks4 ,! "t ( incubation c\ld n h be5 ov] six weeks1--probably n ov] ?ree weeks4 ,( ^! c[s1 "o improv$ 9 eight weeks1 ! o!r 9 ?ree weeks4 ,case #h4--,?is c[ _h be5 sick ?ree weeks4 ,kill$4 ,autopsy4--,l>ge quantities ( s]um 9 left *e/2 lung adh]5t1 & h>d5$ at base4 ,on cutt+ into ! h>d5$ lung1 "o side ( ! lump 0 f\nd sep>at$ f ! lung1 ) pus betwe5 ! l9es ( sep>ation1 & ! =m+ coat ( ! cy/ outside ( ! pus2 ! o!r side ( ! lump 0 "p & p>cel ( ! h>d5$ lung :i* _h n yet _h "t to comm5ce sep>ation4 ,! co/al pleura 0 cov]$ ) organiz$ lymph to ! ?ickness ( an in*1 ) ! usual *>act]i/ics4 ,! "r *e/ conta9$ a small quantity ( s]um1 & _h sev]al small1 h>d5$ r$ spots 9 t lung1 ) "s t5d]1 weak adhesions2 b mo/ ( ! "r lung 0 heal?y4 ,case #i4--,sick f\r weeks4 ,kill$4 ,autopsy4--,"r lung h>d5$ at base2 adh]5t to diaphragm & co/al pleura2 lump sep>at$ on "o side only4 ,cy/ beg9n+ to =m1 outside ( sep>ation2 pus betwe5 cy/ & lump1 b 9 a v small quantity4 ,^! two cases settle ! "* ( ! lump1 & ! mann] ( ! =mation ( ! cy/2 ! lump be+ lung & lymph1 cut out by suppuration1--! cy/ be+ organiz$1 smoo!d (f by suppuration1 friction1 etc4 ,case #aj4--,kill$4 ,hair look$ badly2 b ! c[1 x 0 said1 ate1 & appe>$ well4 ,?is case1 h[ev]1 occurr$ 9 a h]d1 ( :i* no reliable in=mation1 9 detail1 c\ld be procur$4 ,autopsy4--,base ( lung h>d5$1 adh]5t to diaphragm2 conta9+ a cy/1 9 :i* 0 a lump1 ( ! size ( a qu>t measure1 b little pus4 ,?is lump _h air-tubes runn+ ?r\gh x1 :i* 7 n yet cut (f by suppuration2 & 9 "o place1 ! cy/ 0 p]=at$ by a bron*ial tube1 lett+ 9 ! ext]nal air to ! lump1 :i* 0 und]go+ disorganization1 & swell+ badly4 ,:5 cut into1 x did n pres5t ! r$1 mottl$1 organiz$ appe>ance ( ^? cases ) air-tight cy/s4 ,q a numb] ( o!r cases 7 exam9$1 b ^! t5 pres5t all ! diff]5t phases4 ,"o or two cases are ne$$ ( an e>ly /age ( ! disease1 to settle ! po9t1 :e!r1 9 all cases1 ! prim>y disease is lung fev]1 & ! pleurisy a cont9uation1 m]ely1 ( ! prim>y disease2 toge!r ) "s six or eight cases1 dur+ five1 six1 sev51 eight mon?s f attack1 & s on till entire1 f9al recov]y4 ,"s cases 7 sick almo/ a ye> s9ce1 & are n[ app>5tly q well2 p]haps all ! lump & pus are n yet gone4 ,_m practition]s ?9k t no sev]e case w ev] recov]1 & "s ?9k t none ev] get entirely well4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 c see no reason :y1 z a g5]al rule1 all s+le cases %\ld n recov]1 & all d\ble cases die4 ,! disease 0 ! mo/ fatal 9 ,mr4 ,*5]y's 7! orig9al7 h]d1 al?\gh x 0 ! be/-f$ & ! w>me/-/abl$4 ,he attribut$ ! fatality1 9 "p1 to a want ( suffici5t v5tilation4 ,! o!r h]ds1 9 :i* all ! fatal cases occurr$ 9 two h\rs1 consi/$1 orig9ally1 "o ( =ty-eight head1 ( :i* ?irte5 di$1 or 7 kill$1 to prev5t c]ta9 dea?2 ( tw5ty-?ree head1 ( :i* sev5 di$2 ( tw5ty-two head1 ( :i* eight di$2 ( tw5ty-two head1 ( :i* eight also di$2 & ( tw5ty-"o head1 ( :i* f\r di$4 ,a little less ?an ?irty p] c5t41 !re=e1 ( ^! h]ds di$4 ,?is e/imate excludes ! calves4 ,mo/ ( ! c[s :i* _h n calv$ be=e be+ attack$1 lo/ _! calves prematurely4 ,! probable "t ( incubation1 z d$uc$ f ^? ,massa*usetts cases1 is f two to ?ree weeks2 ( propagation1 ab\t ! same "t2 ! acute /age ( ! disease la/+ ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,! au?or's att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ?is disease1 ^u its appe>ance 9 ,camd5 & ,gl\ce/] c\nties1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 at ab\t ! same "t x made its adv5t 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,! s+ul>ity ( ?is co9cid5ce incl9$ him = ! "t to reg>d ! disease z an epizooetic--hav+ its orig9 9 "s peculi> condition ( ! atmosph]e--r ?an z a contagi\s1 or infecti\s disease1 :i* position 0 at t "t assum$ by him4 ,?is op9ion 0 /r5g!n$ by ! fact1 t no case occurr+ 9 ,new ,j]sey c\ld be trac$ to a ,massa*usetts orig91 9 :i* ,/ate x 0 claim$ t ! disease nev] _h exi/$ 9 ?is c\ntry previ\s to its introduction !re4 ,x 01 !re=e1 d5i$ by ! vet]9>y surgeons 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 t ! disease 9 ,new ,j]sey 0 ! true ,european pleuro-pneumonia1 b x 0 call$ by !m ! swill-milk disease ( ,new ,york ,city1 & x 0 assign$ an orig9 9 ! di/ill]y c[-h\ses 9 ,brooklyn & ,williamsburg4 ,9 #ahfj x f\nd its way across ! ,delaw>e ,riv] into ,philadelphia1 spread+ v rapidly 9 all directions1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\!rn section ( ! c\nty1 kn[n z ,! ,neck1--_m ( ! dairym5 los+ f "o ?ird to "o half ( _! h]ds by its deva/at+ influ5ce4 ,9 ord] to save !mselves--9 "p1 at lea/--f ?is heavy loss1 _m ( !m1 ^u ! fir/ indications ( ! malady1 s5t _! animals to ! but*]1 to be slaught]$ = beef4 ,9 #ahfa ! disease f\nd its way into ,delaw>e1 :]e its ravages 7 sev]ely felt4 ,s soon1 h[ev]1 z x became kn[n t ! disease 0 infecti\s or contagi\s1 an ef=t 0 made to trace x to its />t+-po9t2 b1 9 consequ5ce ( ! unwill+ness ( dairym5 to communicate ! fact t _! h]ds 7 affect$ ) pleuro-pneumonia1 all ef=ts prov$ fruitless4 ,9 #ahfj ! disease f\nd its way up ! ,delaw>e to ,riv]ton1 a %ort di/ance above ! city ( ,philadelphia4 ,a cattle-deal]1 nam$ ,w>d1 turn$ "s cattle into a lot1 adjo9+ :i* sev]al o!rs 7 graz+4 ,! resid5ts ( ?is place are *iefly ! families ( g5tlem5 do+ bus9ess 9 ! city1 _m ( :om lo/ _! favorite animals f ?is de/ructive malady4 ,! fir/ case occurr+ at ?is place1 to :i* ! au?or's att5tion 0 call$1 0 a c[ belong+ to ,mr4 ,d4 ,p>ri%1 :i* _h be5 expos$ by com+ 9 contact ) ,w>d's cattle1 _h sick5$1 & di$4 ,an anxiety hav+ be5 manife/$ to asc]ta9 ! cause ( ! dea?1 ! au?or made an exam9ation ( ! animal1 :i*1 ^u dissection1 prov$ ! disease to be a g5u9e case ( ! s-call$ pleuro-pneumonia4 ,?is exam9ation 0 made ,augu/ #bj?1 #ahfj1 at ! "t ( ! ,massa*usetts excitem5t4 ,two c[s1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,rose1 ( ! same place1 _h be5 expos$1 & bo? _h tak5 ! disease4 ,8 att5tion hav+ be5 call$ to !m1 he plac$ !m "u ! au?or's treatm5t1 & by ! use ( diffusible /imulants & tonics1 "o ( ^! animals recov]$1 :ile ! o!r 0 slaught]$ = an exam9ation1 :i* reveal$ all ! morbid conditions s *>act]i/ic ( ?is disease4 ,! next case 0 a c[ belong+ to ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,roa*1 ( ! same place1 :i* _h be5 graz+ 9 a lot adjo9+ t ( ,mr4 ,p>ri%4 ,?is c[ 0 kill$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,*>les ,wood1 ,v4,s41 ( ,bo/on1 ,mass41 & ,ar?ur ,s4 ,copeman1 ( ,utica1 ,n4 ,y41 :o 0 "o ( a committee appo9t$ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,agricultural ,society = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! disease4 ,bo? ( ^! g5tlem5 hav+ witness$ ! disease 9-all its =ms1 z x appe>$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 7 ! fir/ to id5tify ?is case ) ^? 9 t ,/ate4 ,^u op5+ ! c[1 ! left lung 0 f\nd to be completely consolidat$1 & adh]$ to ! left side1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance usual 9 su* cases4 ,z %e 0 ) calf1 ! lungs ( ! foetus 7 exam9$1 disclos+ a beautiful /ate ( r$ hepatization4 ,! au?or's att5tion 0 next call$ to ! h]d ( ,mr4 ,lipp9cott1 a f>m] 9 ! neighborhood1 :o _h lo/ sev]al cattle by ! disease2 b z he _h be5 p]suad$ t treatm5t 0 useless1 he ab&on$ ! idea ( attempt+ to save 8 /ock 9 t way4 ,f ,riv]ton x soon spread to ,burl+ton1 "s t5 miles f>!r up ! riv]1 :]e x c>ri$ (f l>ge numb]s ( valuable cattle1 & x cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce 9 t neighborhood = "s "t4 ,! disease 0 n !n conf9$ to ^! localities alone1 b has spread ov] a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry1--& t1 too1 prior to its appe>ance 9 ,massa*usetts1 z w be %[n by extracts f ! foll[+ lett]s1 publi%$ 9 ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman3-- ,we h a disease among ! cattle "h1 ,i w class x "u ^! names1--conge/ion ( ! lungs1 t]m9at+ ) consumption1 or dropsy ( ! *e/4 ,n[1 ,i h treat$ two cases2 "o five ye>s s9ce1 z conge/ion1--& ! fir/ is /ill able to eat h] all[ance1 & give a c\ple ( pails ( milk a day1--& ! o!r1 q rec5tly4 ,! great t]ror ( ?is disease is1 t x is n tak5 9 its fir/ /ages1 :i* are ! same 9 ! c[ z 9 ! man--a difficulty 9 brea?+1 :i*1 if n spe$ily reliev$1 t]m9ates 9 consumption or dropsy4 ,i h no d\bt t consumption is contagi\s2 b is t a reason :y e "o tak5 ) conge/ion %\ld be kill$ to *eck ! spread ( consumption8 ,s ,i %\ld reason1 if ,i _h pleuro-pneumonia 9 my drove ( cattle4 ,j4 ,,baldw94 ,,new>k1 ,n4 ,j41 ,june #aa1 #ahfj4 ,i notice t a good deal ( al>m is felt 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry ab\t :at is call$ ! cattle-disease4 ,f ! diagnosis giv5 9 ! pap]s1 ,i h no d\bt ?is is pleuro-pneumonia1 ) :i* ,i _h "s acqua9tance a few ye>s ago4 ,if x is ! same1 my obs]vation & exp]i5ce may be ( "s s]vice to ^? suff]+ n[4 ,x 0 introduc$ into my /ock1 9 ! fall ( #ahec1 by "o ( my own c[s1 :i*1 9 ! spr+ ( t ye>1 ,i _h s5t d[n to my bro!r 9 ,brooklyn1 to be us$ dur+ ! summ] = milk4 ,%e 0 kept entirely isolat$ ?r\gh out ! summ]1 & 9 ,novemb] 0 s5t up by ! boat4 ,!re 7 no o!r cattle on ! boat at ! "t1 nor c\ld ,i le>n t %e _h come 9 contact ) any 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! /reets on h] way to ! boat2 & %e c]ta9ly did n1 aft] leav+ x1 until %e m+l$ ) h] old companions1 all ( :om 7 !n1 & long aft]w>d1 p]fectly well4 ,aft] %e _h be5 home ab\t two weeks1 we notic$ t h] appetite fail$1 & h] milk fell (f3 %e seem$ dull & /upid1 /ood ) h] head d[n1 & manife/$ a consid]able degree ( languor4 ,soon h] brea?+ became some:at hurri$1 & ) a decid$ cat* 9 x2 %e gr\nd h] tee?2 cont9u$ /&+1 or1 if %e lay d[n1 x 0 only to jump up aga9 in/antly4 ,h] c\gh increas$1 & s1 too1 a purul5t &1 bloody dis*>ge f h] no/rils & m\?4 ,! excrem5t 0 fetid1 black1 & h>d4 ,9 ?is case1 we twice adm9i/]$ half a p\nd ( ,epsom-salts1 & aft]w>d1 a bottle ( ca/or-oil4 ,v little1 b a tempor>y effect 0 produc$ by ^! doses4 ,! symptoms all increas$ 9 int5sity2 /r5g? dim9i%$2 limbs drawn toge!r2 belly tuck$ up1 etc42 until ! eight day1 :5 %e p>tly lay1 & p>tly fell d[n1 & nev] rose aga94 ,9 a po/-mortem exam9ation1 ! lungs 7 gorg$ ) black1 fetid blood2 ! sub/ance ( !m ?ick5$ & pulpy4 ,! pleura & diaphragm also %[$ a good deal ( disease & "s adhesion4 ,?is c[1 on h] arrival "h1 0 put 9 h] usual place 9 ! /able1 betwe5 o!rs4 ,%e rema9$ !re = two or ?ree days aft] %e 0 tak5 sick1 be=e we remov$ h] to ! hospital4 ,9 ab\t ?ree weeks f ! "t %e di$1 "o & !n ! o!r ( ^? /&+ on ei!r side ( h] 7 attack$ 9 ! same way1 & ) b two days betwe54 ,?is1 c]ta9ly1 looks v mu* l contagion2 b my att5tion _h n be=e be5 call$ to ?is p>ticul> disease1 & to suppose inflammation or conge/ion ( ! lungs contagi\s 0 s oppos$ to my preconceiv$ notions1 t ,i did n ev5 !n admit x2 & ^! animals 7 suff]$ to rema9 ) ! o!rs until _! own com=t seem$ to require ! great] lib]ty ( op5 p5s4 ,"o ( !m 0 e>ly & copi\sly bl$ twice1 :ile ,epsom-salts 7 adm9i/]$1 bo? by ! /oma* & ) ! injective-pump4 ,! o!r we endeavor$ to keep nauseat$ ) ipecacuanha1 & ! same "t to keep h] b[els op5 by ca?>tic m$ic9e4 ,all prov$ to be ( no avail4 ,!y bo? di$1--! "o 9 t51 ! o!r 9 ?irte5 days4 ,be=e ^! di$1 h[ev]1 o!rs 7 tak5 sick4 ,& ?us1 lat]1 ,i _h eight sick at "o "t4 ,! lead+ symptoms 9 all 7 ! same1 ) m9or diff]5ces2 & s1 too1 0 ! appe>ance aft] dea?1 on exam9ation4 ,( all t 7 tak5 sick 7sixte57 b two recov]$2 & !y 7 among ^? we did ! lea/ =1 aft] we _h become disc\rag$ ab\t try+ to cure !m4 ,9 all ! la/ cases we made no ef=t at all1 b to keep !m z com=table z we c\ld4 ,9 "o case1 ! acute "* ( ! disease *ang$ to *ronic1 & ! animal liv$ six or eight weeks1 until ! :ole texture ( ! lungs _h become de/roy$4 ,%e _h become mu* emaciat$1 & f9ally di$ ) ! ord9>y consumption4 ,at ! "t ! fir/ case appe>$1 ,i _h a h]d ( ?irty-"o animals1 all valuable ,ayr%ires1 9 f9e condition & heal?y4 ,9 all ! fir/ cases1 ,i _h a vet]9>y surgeon ( consid]able celebrity & exp]i5ce1 & e ord9>y approv$ me?od ( treatm5t 0 resort$ to & p]sev]$ 94 ,! la/ cases--z be=e intimat$--we only /rove to make com=table4 ,aft] ,i _h paid ! ?ird or f\r? =feit1 ,i began to awake up to ! idea t ! disease 01 9 a high degree1 contagi\s1 :e!r ,i w\ld h x s or n2 & t my future security 0 9 prev5tion1 & n 9 rem$y4 ,i !re=e sep>at$ all ! rema9+ animals2 9 no in/ance hav+ m ?an two toge!r1 & g5]ally b "o 9 a place4 ,all 7 remov$ f ! infect$ /alls1 & put into qu>ant9e4 ,isolat$ cases cont9u$ to occur aft] ?is = "s weeks1 b ! spread ( ! disease 0 /ay$2 nor did a s+le case occur aft] ?is1 :i* we did n ?9k we trac$ directly to previ\s contact4 ,x is impossible to acc\nt = ! fir/ case ( :i* ,i h spok54 ,b1 z ! c[ 9 t case 0 put into a sale-/able 9 ,new ,york :ile wait+ = ! boat1--?\gh !re 7 no cattle !n pres5t1--yet ,i h suppos$ x n unlikely t diseas$ animals _h be5 !re1 & _h left ! se$s ( ! disease4 ,b1 acc\nt = ?is case z we may1--& ,i h no d\bt x is sometimes spontane\s1--,i feel conv9c$ x is v highly contagi\s2 & t ! only safety to a h]d into :i* x has be5 introduc$1 is 9 complete isolation1--& 9 ?is ,i feel z conv9c$ t !re is safety4 ,my cattle 7 n suff]$ to return to ! b>ny>d or to any "p ( ! cattle-b>ns1 except z invalids 7 s5t to '! hospital' to die1 until late ! next fall1 i4e41 ! fall ( #ahed4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! hay & /raw _h all be5 remov$2 ! /ables1 /alls1 cribs & all ?or\ghly scrubb$ ) a%es & wat]1 fumigat$1 & :ite wa%$ ) quicklime4 ,i h _h no case s9ce1 & am p]suad$ ,i %\ld h avoid$ mo/ ( ^? ,i _h be=e1 if ,i _h reasonably admitt$ ! evid5ce ( my s5ses 9 ! second & ?ird cases4 ,e4 ,p4 ,,pr5tice4 ,,m\nt ,,hope1 ,june #ad?1 #ahfj4 ,! au?or's exp]i5ce ) ! disease1 dur+ ! la/ ye> 9 ,new ,j]sey1 proves ! efficacy ( rem$ial ag5ts :5 appli$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! disease4 ,late 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfa1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,hancock1 ( ,burl+ton ,c\nty 7resid+ ne> ,columbus1 ,n4 ,j471 pur*as$ "s cattle 9 ! ,philadelphia m>ket1 :i*1 aft] !y 7 driv5 home1 he turn$ 9 ) 8 o!r /ock4 ,soon aft] ?is pur*ase1 "o ( ! animals sick5$ & di$4 ,?is 0 9 ,augu/2 aft] :i* "t ,mr4 ,h4 lo/ eight c[s1--hav+1 at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ! la/ animal1 "s five o!rs sick ) ! same disord]4 ,! au?or 0 call$ 91 ,decemb] #h?1 #ahfa1 & ! five animals !n plac$ "u 8 treatm5t4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,decemb]1 9 ! same ye>1 "o ( ^! c[s1 at 8 sugge/ion1 0 kill$1 :i*1 ^u ! po/-mortem exam9ation1 beautifully illu/rat$ ! "* ( ! disease4 ,! "r lung 0 comp>atively heal?y2 ! left "o completely hepatiz$1 or consolidat$1 & s enl>g$ z to fill up ! left cavity ( ! *e/ to x's utmo/ capacity4 ,?is lung weigh$ ?irty p\nds4 ,!re 0 no effusion 9 ! *e/1 b !re 0 consid]able adhesion ( ! pleura-co/alis & pleura-pulmonalis4 ,all ! o!r tissues appe>$ to be heal?y4 ,to ! rema9+ animals1 0 adm9i/]$ ! foll[+3 aqua ammonia1 ?ree dra*ms2 nitric e!r1 "o ounce2 pulv]iz$ g5tian-root1 half an ounce2 mix$ ) "o qu>t ( wat]1 & dr5*$ ?ree times a day4 ,! la/ ?+ at night 0 giv5 a teaspoonful ( phosphate ( lime1 mix$ 9 a little fe$1 or 9 gruel4 ,setons1 or r[els1 9 ! dewlap are also v b5eficial4 ,"u ?is treatm5t !y all did well4 ,soon aft] ! introduction ( ! disease into ?is h]d1 x f\nd its way to ! h]d ( ,william ,hancock1 a bro!r ( ! =m] g5tleman1 :o _h an adjo9+ f>m4 ,9 ?is h]d "o c[ di$1 & ! disease 0 f\nd by ! au?or develop$ 9 f\r m c[s & two ox51 all ( :i*--) a s+le exception--did well "u ! above treatm5t4 ,! disease aft]w>d %[$ itself 9 ! h]d ( ,john ,pope1 half a mile di/ant1 :o lo/ n9e animals by x4 ,?ursday1 ,decemb] #ai?1 0 select$ = ! purpose ( mak+ an exam9ation ( ! ,hancock h]ds2 b1 aft] "s t5 or twelve animals _h be5 exam9$ & all pron\nc$ ta9t$ ) ! disease1 ! own]s conclud$ to /op ! inve/igation1 express+ !mselves dissatisfi$ ) ! result1 z n "o ( ! animals exam9$ _h %[n any symptoms ( disease4 ,9 ord] to conv9ce !m ( ! correctness ( ! diagnosis1 a c[ 0 select$ & de/roy$1 :i* ! ,hancocks believ$ to be 9 p]fect heal?4 ,^u op5+ ! animal1 sev]al small pat*es ( hepatiz$ lung 7 br\ght into view4 ,^u mak+ a longitud9al section ( ! lump1 z bo? 7 involv$1 !y pres5t$ a r$1 speckl$ appe>ance4 ,all ! o!r tissues 7 heal?y4 ,! symptoms 9 ^! cases 7 q diff]5t f any :i* _h be5 previ\sly se5 9 an exp]i5ce ( ?ree ye>s ) ! disease 9 & ab\t ,philadelphia1 inasmu* z !y 7 n prec$$ by c\gh2 9 fact1 c\gh did n appe> 9 _m ( ! animals at any "t dur+ ! progress ( ! disease4 ,! animals look$1 ate1 & milk$ well1 previ\sly to ! developm5t ( ! disease1 s t ! own]s 7 ?r[n completely (f _! gu>d by ^! deceptive symptoms ( heal?4 ,kn[+ ! unc]ta9 "* ( ?is disease1 & wi%+ to /ay its ravages1 a sugge/ion 0 made by ! au?or z to ! propriety ( hav+ ! entire h]d kill$ = beef4 ,?is 0 done ! m readily1 z ! sale ( ! meat is legaliz$ 9 ,europe1 x be+ reg>d$ z un9jur$1 & !re=e :olesome meat4 ,?is sugge/ion 0 act$ ^u1 & ?us ^! two f>ms 7 rid ( ?is dreadful sc\rge at "o bl[4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,gaskill1 ( ,m\nt ,holly1 ,n4 ,j41 pur*as$ a c[ f "o ( ! ,hancocks1 = 8 own family use1 :i* 0 s5t to ,mr4 ,frank ,lipp9cott's to pa/ure & turn$ 9 ) ,mr4 ,l4's own h]d4 ,soon aft]1 ?is c[ sick5$ & di$4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by ! loss ( six ( ,mr4 ,l4's own cattle1--?ree ox51 two c[s1 & "o /e]4 ,f ?is h]d1 x 0 communicat$ to ! ,wid[ ,lipp9cott's1 :o occupi$ a neighbor+ f>m2 z also to ,mr4 ,cleav5g]'s1 :o lo/ f\r animals2 & to ,mr4 ,smi?'s1 :o _h1 at "o "t1 sev5 animals sick2 & f ,cleav5g]'s to ,noaknuts1 :o lo/ two c[s4 ,"s two or ?ree c[s1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,logan1 9 ! same neighborhood1 got ^u ! road & broke into ,mr4 ,lipp9cott's pa/ure1 mix+ ) 8 h]d4 ,z soon z ,mr4 ,logan 0 in=m$ ( ! fact1 he isolat$ ^! c[s by enclos+ !m 9 a p5 at "s di/ance f 8 o!r cattle2 b !y manag$ to break out1 & m+l$ ) 8 o!r /ock4 ,x c\ld sc>cely be expect$ t 8 h]d c\ld escape ! disease1 consid]+ ! exposure to :i* !y _h be5 subject$4 ,! disease manife/$ itself 9 ! h]ds ( sev]al o!r f>m]s 9 ! c\ntry1 b space w n all[ a m ext5d$ notice ( ! subject4 ,! treatm5t :i* has be5 f\nd mo/ successful 9 ?is c\ntry is z foll[s1 all ( :i* has be5 te/$ by ! au?or ^u v>i\s occasions3 ,9 ! acute1 inflammatory /age ( ! disease1 give t5 drops ( ,flemm+'s t9cture ( aconite 9 wat]1 e f\r h\rs1 until a *ange takes place2 foll[ ?is ) aqua ammonia1 ?ree dra*ms2 nitric e!r1 "o ounce2 pulv]iz$ g5tian-root1 "o half an ounce2 wat]1 "o qu>t4 ,dr5* ?ree times a day1 & give1 late 9 ! ev5+1 a tablespoonful ( phosphate ( lime1 9 a little fe$1 or dr5* ) gruel4 ,put setons1 or r[els 9 ! dewlap1 s z to h a dep5d5t op5+4 ,?is c\rse has be5 f\nd v advantage\s4 ,or1 ! foll[+ w be f\nd q satisfactory2 nitrate ( pota%1 two dra*ms2 camphor1 half a dra*m2 t>trate ( antimony1 half a dra*m2 mix1 & give 9 a little gruel1 night & morn+4 ,or1 ! foll[+3 ,glaub]-salts1 f\r ounces2 wat]1 "o p9t2 give twice a day4 ,a gill ( cold-drawn ca/or-oil1 add$ to ! above1 w\ld be b5eficial4 ,cont9ue until ! b[els are freely op5$4 ,! foll[+ has also be5 f\nd efficaci\s3 sulphate ( magnesia1 eight ounces2 nitrate ( pota% & pulv]iz$ ,jamaica g+]-root1 ( ea* "o ounce4 ,repeat z (t5 z may be requir$4 ,apply ext]nally ! foll[+ o9tm5t to ! sides2 b9iodide ( m]cury1 f\r dra*ms2 ca/or-oil1 half an ounce2 l>d1 f\r ounces2 mix = use4 ,prev5tive measures4--#a/4 ,! complete isolation ( all h]ds 9 :i* ! disease has made its appe>ance4 #b;d4 ,su* animals z %[ symptoms ( ! disease %\ld be plac$ "u prop] treatm5t4 #c;d4 ,9 ,engl&1 x is recomm5d$ t animals recov]+ f ! disease %\ld be fatt5$ & slaught]$ = beef1 z !y are n safe ev5 aft] _! app>5t recov]y4 #d?4 ,all animals beyond m$ical treatm5t %\ld be kill$ & buri$2 recomp5se 9 "p1 at lea/1 be+ made to ! own]s4 #e?4 ,no animal1 heal?y or diseas$1 %\ld be all[$ to run at l>ge ^u ! public highway s long z ! disease may exi/ 9 its neighborhood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tak+ ,,x ,,easily4 ,! unit$ action ( all ^? int]e/$ w\ld soon rid ! c\ntry ( a disease :i* has smitt5 all ,europe4 ,! au?or takes ?is occasion to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( two v ably writt5 articles ^u ?is subject1 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( _! l5g? & ! comp>atively limit$ space allott$1 he is reluctantly compell$ to omit4 ,"o is f ! p5 ( ,r4 ,mc,clure1 ,v4,s41 & ! o!r f ,isaiah ,mi*5]1 ,v4,s4 ,= ! b5efit 8 read]s1 h[ev]1 he desires to make a s+le extract f ! la/-nam$ communication1 )\t be+ consid]$ z endors+ ! op9ion advanc$ !re93-- ,i am incl9$ to favor ! hypo!sis t pleuro-pneumonia is produc$ by animalculae1 & t ^! ent] ! lungs by myriads1 & !reby set up irritation & inflammation1 :i* lead to all ! ph5om5a & pa?ological conditions :i* are to be f\nd ^u dissection4 ,?is is my op9ion ( ! cause ( ! malignant pleuro-pneumonia :i* has exi/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! la/ sev5 ye>s4 ,aft] writ+ ! =ego+1 ! au?or 0 in=m$ t ?is disease _h made its appe>ance 9 ,mr4 ,logan's h]d1 already m5tion$ z expos$4 ,he 0 call$ to visit ! h]d ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,satt]?waite1 :o likewise lo/ two c[s1 & _h two c[s & a calf sick at ! "t ( s5d+ = him4 ,,pneumonia4 ,!re are two conditions ( ! lungs kn[n z pneumonia1--"o1 ! inflammatory1 & ! o!r1 ! conge/ive /age4 ,! =m] may foll[ an attack ( bron*itis1 or x may h a spontane\s orig94 ,! conge/ive is g5]ally ! result ( cold sudd5ly appli$ to an ov]heat$ animal1 caus+ a det]m9ation ( blood to ! lungs1 :i* sometimes causes dea? by suffocation4 ,symptoms4--,! disease is prec$$ by a %iv]+ fit2 dry sk92 />+ coat2 clammy m\?2 %ort c\gh2 ,s*neid]ian membrane 7( ! nose7 v mu* r$d5$2 respiration hurri$ or labori\s4 ,9 ! conge/ive /age1 ^u apply+ ! e> to ! sides1 no s\nd w be detect$2 ,:ile 9 ! inflammatory /age1 a crackl+ or crepitat+ s\nd w be di/9ctively he>d4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! conge/ive /age1 pl5ty ( pure air w be necess>y4 ,ble$ freely2 & give 9 dr5* "o p\nd ( ,glaub]-salts1 ) two dra*ms ( ,jamaica g+]4 ,no?+ m w be requir$ by way ( treatm5t4 ,9 ! inflammatory /age1 ble$+ %\ld seldom be resort$ to1 except :]e ! animal is 9 full condition4 ,apply ! foll[+ bli/] to ! sides1 well rubb$ 93 oil ( turp5t9e1 "o ounce2 croton-oil1 twelve drops2 aqua ammonia1 half an ounce2 l9se$-oil1 f\r ounces2 mix all toge!r4 ,give int]nally "o p\nd ( salts 9 dr5*1 & foll[ ) "o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s e f\r h\rs3 nitrate ( pota%1 "o ounce2 t>trate ( antimony & pulv]iz$ digitalis leaves1 ( ea*1 "o dra*m2 mix all toge!r1 & divide into eight p[d]s4 ,or ! foll[+ may be giv5 ) equal advantage3 nitrate ( pota%1 "o & a half ounces2 nitrate ( soda1 six ounces2 mix1 & divide into six p[d]s2 "o to be giv5 9 wa% or gruel e six h\rs4 ,,protrusion ,,( ,,! ,,bladd]4 ,?is sometimes occurs dur+ ! ?roes 9 difficult cases ( p>turition 9 c[s1 & ! aid ( a skillful vet]9>y surgeon is requisite to replace ! inv]t$ bladd]4 ,,pu]p]al ,,fev]4 ,?is disease--milk fev]1 or dropp+ aft] calv+--r>ely occurs until ! animal has atta9$ mature age4 ,! fir/ symptoms make _! appe>ance 9 f "o to five or six days aft] p>turition4 ,x appe>s to be a total susp5sion ( n]v\s function1 indep5d5t ( inflammatory action1 :i* is sudd5ly develop$1 &1 9 favorable cases1 z sudd5ly disappe>s4 ,x is call$ dropp+ aft] calv+1 f its foll[+ ! p>turi5t /ate4 ,symptoms4--,tremor ( h9d legs2 a /agg]+ gait1 :i* soon t]m9ates 9 loss ( p[] 9 ! h9d limbs2 pulse rises to sixty or eighty p] m9ute2 milk dim9i%+ 9 quantity z ! disease progresses2 ! animal soon goes d[n1 & is unable to rise1 moans pite\sly2 eyes set 9 ! head2 g5]al /upor2 & sl[ respiration4 ,treatm5t4--,?is disease1 ?\gh g5]ally reg>d$ z a febrile disord]1 w n yield to ! g5]al practice ( tak+ blood1 z a l>ge majority ( ! cases s treat$ die4 ,! b[els mu/ be op5$1 b ! ve9s nev]4 ,give ,epsom-salts1 "o p\nd2 ,jamaica g+]1 two ounces2 dissolve 9 w>m wat]1 "o qu>t1 & dr5*4 ,! au?or usually gives ) good effect1 "s five or six h\rs aft] ! salts1 two ounces ( nitric e!r & "o ounce ( t9cture ( opium1 9 half a p9t ( wat]4 ,rub well 91 along ! back & lo9s1 ! foll[+3 /rong mu/>d1 ?ree ounces2 aqua ammonia & wat]1 ea* "o & a half ounces4 ,"s modifications 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is disease1 z well z ( mo/ o!rs1 w be necess>y "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 :i* c only be det]m9$ by ! vet]9>y practition]4 ,,qu>t] ,,evil4 ,9 "s sections ( ! c\ntry1 ?is disease--kn[n by ! o!r names ( black qu>t]1 & jo9t murra9--is q common among "y cattle1 & is g5]ally fatal 9 its t]m9ation4 ,!re is little or no w>n+ ( its approa*4 ,! fir/ animals 9 a h]d to be attack$ are g5]ally ^? 9 a full1 ple?oric condition4 ,symptoms4--,! jo9ts sudd5ly become swoll51 & s pa9ful z to produce sev]e lam5ess1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! h9d p>ts4 ,g5]al irritative fev] exi/s 9 ! sy/em1 att5d$ ) great t5d]ness ( ! lo9s2 ! head is pok$ out2 eyes r$ & bulg+2 ! roots ( ! horns1 z well z ! brea?1 are hot2 ! muzzle dry1 & no/rils exp&$2 pulse rises to sev5ty or eighty1 full & h>d2 respiration is hurri$2 ! animal is con/antly moan+1 & appe>s to be unconsci\s ( surr\nd+ objects2 ! swell+ ( ! limbs ext5ds to ! %\ld] & haun*2 ! animal tott]s1 falls & dies 9 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,treatm5t4--,e>ly ble$+ is requisite "h1 to be foll[$ by active purgatives2 aft] :i*1 give "o ( ! foll[+ p[d]s e half h\r3 nitrate ( potassa1 two ounces2 t>trate ( antimony & pulv]iz$ digitalis1 ( ea* "o & a half dra*ms2 mix1 & divide into eight p[d]s4 ,^! %\ld n be r5ew$4 ,cold l9se$ tea %\ld be freely giv54 ,,rabies4 ,hydrophobia 9 cattle is ! result ( ! bite ( a rabid dog1 f :i* bite no animal escapes4 ,! effects produc$ by ! w\nd made by ! tee? ( su* an animal1 aft] ! virus is once absorb$ into ! circulation ( ! blood1 are s poison\s t all treatm5t is useless4 ,! prop] rem$ies mu/ be in/antly appli$ to prev5t ?is absorption1 or ! case is utt]ly hopeless4 ,among m51 n9e out ( e t5 bitt5 by rabid dogs escape ! t]rible effects result+ f ?is dreadful disord]1 )\t resort+ to any applications to prev5t x4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact1 t m51 :5 bitt5 by dogs1 are g5]ally w\nd$ 9 "s "p protect$ by _! clo?+1 :i* gu>ds !m f ! delet]i\s effects ( ! saliva :i* cov]s ! tee?1 & :i*1 at su* times1 is deadly poison4 ,! tee?1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! clo?+1 are wip$ clean1 s t ! virus is n introduc$ into ! blood2 h5ce ! comp>atively few cases ( rabies occurr+ 9 man4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! w\nd is made ^u an expos$ surface1 z ! fle% ( ! h&1 or ( ! face1 ?is fatal disease is develop$ 9 spite ( e precaution1 unless su* precautions are imm$iately tak54 ,= ?is reason1 cattle :5 bitt51 d n escape ! disease4 ,symptoms4--,! animal sep>ates itself f ! re/ ( ! h]d1 /&+ 9 a k9d ( /upor1 ) ! eyes half-clos$2 respiration natural2 pulse quick5$2 temp]ature ( body & limbs natural2 ! slighte/ noise agitates1 caus+ ! eyes to gl>e & excit+ bell[+2 ! b>k ( a dog produces ! mo/ viol5t effects2 ! animal foams at ! m\? & /agg]s z x walks2 if wat] is (f]$1 ! muzzle is plung$ into x1 b ! victim _c dr9k2 9 mak+ ! ef=t1 ! mo/ fe>ful consequ5ces are produc$4 ,! animal n[ seeks to d mis*ief1--& ! quick] x is !n de/roy$1 ! bett]4 ,treatm5t4--,?is mu/ be appli$ quickly1 or n at all4 ,! mom5t an animal is bitt51 t mom5t ! w\nd %\ld be se>*$ =1 & :5 f\nd1 %\ld be freely op5$ ) a knife1 & lun> cau/ic1 cau/ic pota%1 or ! p]manganate ( pota% at once appli$ to all p>ts ( ! w\nd1 c>e be+ tak5 n to suff] a s+le scrat* to escape4 ,?is1 if att5d$ to 9 "t1 w save ! animal4 ,,r$ ,,wat]4 ,?is disease d]ives its "n f ! color ( ! ur9e void$ 9 x4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ common compla9ts ( horn$ cattle1 & "o ( ! mo/ tr\blesome to manage4 ,symptoms4--,respiration hurri$2 rum9ation ceases2 a high degree ( fev] pres5t$2 ! animal moans1 ar*es ! back1 & /ra9s 9 pass+ ! ur9e1 :i* is t+$ ) blood1 or pres5ts ! appe>ance ( pure blood4 ,pr(4 ,gamgee1 ( ! ,ed9burgh ,vet]9>y ,college1 says3 ,! cause is almo/ inv>iably fe$+ on turnips t h gr[n on damp1 ill-dra9$ l&2 & v (t5 a *ange ( diet /ops ! spread ( ?is disease 9 ! byre4 ,o!r succul5t food1 gr[n "u simil> circum/ances1 may produce ! same symptoms1 t5d+ to di/urb ! dige/ive organs & ! blood-=m+ process4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my inve/igations z to ! cause ( v>i\s cattle-diseases1 & ( r$ wat] 9 p>ticul>4 ,i h f\nd t x is unkn[n on well-dra9$ f>ms & 9 dairies :]e turnips are us$ only 9 a mod]ate degree4 ,! l&s ( poor p furni% ! roots mo/ likely to induce ?is disord]2 & ,i c confirm ! /atem5t ( ! late ,mr4 ,cumm+1 ( ,elton1 :o1 9 8 v int]e/+ essay ^u ?is subject1 says1 p>ticul>ly 9 ref]5ce to ,ab]de5%ire1 t x is 'a disease ess5tially attack+ ! poor man's c[2 & to be se5 & /udi$1 requires a practice ext5d+ into ! less favorably situat$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,on l>ge f>ms1 :]e good /ock is well kept1 & 9 t[n dairies1 :]e artificial food is us$ to supplem5t ! supply ( turnips1 x is seldom n[ se54' ,symptoms4--,g5]al d]angem5t attracts ! dairyman's att5tion1 &1 ^u obs]v+ ! ur9e :i* ! animal has void$1 x is se5 to be ( a r$1 or ( a r$di% br[n1 or cl>et color2 sometimes transp>5t1 at o!rs cle>4 ,! color increases 9 dep?2 o!r secretions are *eck$2 ! animal becomes hide-b\nd1 & ! milk goes (f4 ,appetite & rum9ation are susp5d$2 ! pulse becomes extremely feeble & frequ5t1 ?\gh--z 9 all debilitat+1 or anaemic1 disord]s--! he>t's action is l\d & /rong1 ) a decid$ v5\s pulse1 or app>5t regurgitation1 9 ! l>ge ve9s ( ! neck4 ,9 "s cases1 if ev5 a small quantity ( blood be )drawn1 ! animal drops 9 a fa9t+ /ate4 ,9 r$ wat]1 ! visible muc\s membranes are blan*$1 & ! extremities cold1 indicat+ ! languid /ate ( ! blood's circulation & ! pov]ty ( ! blood itself4 ,con/ipation is "o ( ! mo/ ob/9ate complications2 & _m vet]9>y surgeons--aw>e t1 if ! b[els c be act$ on1 ! animal is cur$--h employ$ purgatives 9 quantities f> too l>ge1 induc+ at times ev5 dea?4 ,occasionally1 di>rhoea is "o ( ! fir/1 & n ( ! unfavorable1 symptoms4 ,treatm5t4--,give "o p9t ( l9se$-oil2 cly/]s ( soap & wat] %\ld be freely us$2 & give pl5ty ( l9se$-tea to dr9k4 ,:5 ! ur9e is abundant1 give "o ounce ( t9cture ( opium1 ) "o dra*m ( p[d]$ aloes1 ?ree times1 at int]vals ( six or eight h\rs4 ,,rheumatism4 ,?is is a con/itutional inflammatory affection ( ! jo9ts1 affect+ ! fibr\s tissue & s]\s1 or synovial membrane4 ,x is caus$ by exposure to cold & wet2 be+ q common 9 l[1 m>%y sections4 ,symptoms4--,loss ( appetite2 ^u =c+ ! animal to move1 e jo9t seems /iff5$2 nose dry2 coat />+2 con/ipation is also an att5dant symptom2 ! jo9ts1 "o or m1 become swoll5 & pa9ful4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z a meta/ic1 or %ift+ disease2 fir/ "o "p1 & !n ano!r1 seems to be affect$4 ,treatm5t4--,mild purgatives %\ld be us$2 "o-half-ounce doses ( col*icum-root pulv]iz$ w be f\nd useful2 "o-ounce balls ( p9e-t> may also be giv5 ) advantage4 ,z a local application1 ! au?or has f\nd no?+ to equal k]os5e oil1 "o p9t1 to two ounces ( aqua ammonia1 well rubb$ 91 two or ?ree times a day4 ,,/rangulation ,,( ,,! ,,inte/9es4 ,?is disease 9 cattle1--popul>ly /yl$ ,knot1 or ,gut-tie1--9 consequ5ce ( ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! abdom9al visc]a1 is ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x does occur1 ! symptoms accompany+ are ^? ( inflammation ( ! inte/9es4 ,no k9d ( treatm5t w be successful1 & ! poor brute mu/ suff] until dea? comes to its relief4 ,,?ru% ,,9 ,,! ,,m\?4 ,ap?a1 or ?ru% 9 ! m\?1 is a vesicul> disease ( ! m\?1 sometimes occurr+ z an epizooetic4 ,x is (t5 mi/ak5 = bla91--inflammation ( ! tongue1 or black tongue1--& usually occurs 9 ! w9t]1 or e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,x appe>s 9 ! =m ( vesicles1 or pu/ules all ov] ! m\?1 occasionally ext5d+ to ! outside ( ! lips4 ,^! pu/ules break1 dis*>g+ a ?91 sani\s fluid1 leav+ m9ute ulc]s 9 _! places4 ,?is disease yields readily to treatm5t1 :5 x is prop]ly appli$4 ,?ree ounces ( ,epsom-salts1 once a day = ?ree or f\r days1 %\ld be giv5 9 dr5*2 wa% ! m\? well ) a solution ( alum1 t9cture ( myrrh1 or v9eg> & honey1 & x w disappe> 9 a few days4 ,,tumors4 ,^! enl>gem5ts s common 9 cattle1 h be5 s admirably describ$1 9 ! ,vet]9>ian = #ahdc1 by ,john ,ralph1 ,v4,s41--:o has be5 s successful 9 ! treatm5t ( ^! morbid gr[?s1 t ! b5efit ( 8 exp]i5ce is "h giv54 ,he says3 ,( all ! accid5tal productions met ) among cattle1 ) ! exception ( w5s1 a c]ta9 k9d ( indurat$ tumor1 *iefly situat$ ab\t ! head & ?roat1 has ab\nd$ mo/ 9 my practice4 ,! affection (t5 comm5ces 9 "o ( ! ?yroid gl&s1 :i* sl[ly b gradually increases 9 size1 feels firm :5 grasp$1 & ev9ces v little t5d]ness4 ,g5]ally ! att5dant is al>m$ by a snor+ or :eez+ noise emitt$ by ! animal 9 respiration1 be=e he is aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( any tumefaction4 ,?is cont9ues to increase1 embrac+ 9 its progress ! adjac5t cellul> & muscul> tissues1 & frequ5tly ! submaxill>y & p>otid gl&s4 ,x becomes firmly atta*$ to ! sk9 ?r\gh :i* an op5+ is ultimately effect$ by ! pressure ( pus f ! c5tre ( ! tumor4 ,! swell+ (t5 pres5ts an irregul> surface1 & v>i\s c5tres ( maturation exi/2 b ! evacuations only effect a p>tial & tempor>y r$uction ( its bulk1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cont9u$ ext5sion ( ! morbid gr[? & ulc]ative process :i* (t5 proce$ t[>ds ! ph>ynx1 r5d]+ respiration & deglutition /ill m difficult1 until at l5g? ! animal s9ks f atrophy or ph?isis pulmonalis4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( my practice1 hav+ be5 fru/rat$ 9 my attempts to e/abli% heal?y action 9 ^! ulc]s1 & ref]r+ to ! works t ,i _h on surg]y = in=mation1 ,i conclud$ t !y bore "s resemblance to canc] 9 ! human be+1 & det]m9$ to attempt extirpation4 ,subsequ5tly1 num]\s cases h occurr$ 9 :i* ,i h successfully c>ri$ t det]m9ation into effect4 ,i h _h "s in/ances ( failure1 :i* failure always arose f "s portion ( ! morbid gr[? hav+ be5 left4 ,9 ! fir/ /age1 ,i h reason to believe t ! tumor may be disp]s$ by ! g5]al & topical use ( ! iodurets4 ,aft] ! suppuration1 ,i h tri$ !m 9 va94 ,z soon z ! nature ( ! tumor is cle>ly develop$1 ,i g5]ally attempt its removal1 &1 :5 mo/ prom95t by ! side ( ! l>ynx1 ,i proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,hav+ ca/ ! bea/1 turn$ ! occiput t[>d ! gr\nd1 & bol/]$ x up ) bundles ( /raw1 ,i proce$ to make an incision ?r\gh x1 if ! sk9 is free1 p>allel )1 & ov]1 & betwe5 ! tra*ea & /]no-maxill>is1 ext5d+ x suffici5tly =w>d into ! int]-maxill>y spaces4 ,if ,i f9d x firmly atta*$ to ! apex ( ! tumor1 ,i !n enclose x 9 a curvil9e> incision & proce$ to deta* ! heal?y sk9 to beyond ! v]ge ( ! tumor4 ,its edges be+ held by an assi/ant1 ! knife is direct$ d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! subcutane\s p>ts1 & all ^? t exhibit ! slighte/ *ange f heal?y /ructure are remov$4 ,by ty+ any consid]able blood-vessel be=e divid+ x1 & by us+ ! h&le ( ! scalpel & ! f+]s 9 deta*+ ! portion ( ! p>otid gl& t[>ds ! e> ! hemorrhage 0 always inconsid]able4 ,! w\nd is !n treat$ 9 ! ord9>y way2 except t det]g5ts & ev5 antiseptics are (t5 ne$$ to ar\se heal?y action1 & ! addition ( "s prep>ation ( iod9e is (t5 made to ! dige/ive4 ,9 direct+ ! con/itutional treatm5t1 our *ief aim mu/ be to support ! animal sy/em ) pl5ty ( gruel until rum9ation is re/or$4 ,i ne$ n note t ! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$ aft] ! animal has fa/$ "s h\rs4 ,z ! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds on an entire removal ( ! diseas$ p>ts1 & z ! submaxill>y & p>otid gl&s1 ) important bran*es ( n]ves & blood-vessels1 are (t5 envelop$ !re91 we mu/ n hesitate to remove ! =m]1 nor to divide ! latt]4 ,x has occasionally happ5$ t a rupture has be5 made 9 ! oesophagus1 or ph>ynx1 dur+ ! op]ation4 ,9 t case1 a portion ( ! gruel ) :i* ! animal is dr5*$ escapes = a few days2 b ,i always f\nd t ! w\nd heal$ by granulation1 )\t any p>ticul> att5tion4 ,! weight ( ^! tumors v>ies f a few ounces to "s p\nds4 ,"o t ,i remov$ f a two-ye>-old ,gall[ay bullock1 weigh$ six p\nds & a qu>t]4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! sk9 t cov]$ x 0 excis$ & includ$ 9 ! above weight4 ,x compreh5d$ "o ( ! p>otid gl&s1 & ,i _h to divide ! trunk ( ! c>otid art]y & jugul> ve94 ,?is affection may be di/+ui%$ f p>otiditis & o!r phlegmasiae by ! action ( con/itutional di/urbance1 & heat1 & t5d]ness1 & by ! l+]+ progress x makes4 ,i 0 once call$ to a bull labor+ "u al>m+ dyspnoea t _h gradually increas$4 ,no ext]nal enl>gem5t 0 p]ceptible2 b on introduc+ my h& into ! m\?1 a l>ge polypus 0 f\nd hang+ f ! velum palati into ! ph>ynx1 greatly ob/ruct+ ! elevation ( ! epiglottis & ! passage ( food4 ,aft] p]=m+ tra*eotomy1 to prev5t suffocation1 ,i pass$ a ligature ar\nd its p$icle 9 ! way sugge/$ by ! old anatomi/1 ,*eseld54 ,a section ( "o ( ^! tumors mo/ly displays sev]al abscesses1 ) matt] v>y+ 9 consi/5cy & (t5 v fetid1 enclos$ 9 :at seems to me to be fibro-c>tilag9\s cy/s1 ! ext]ior ( :i* sometimes gradually disappe>s 9 ! surr\nd+ m vascul> abnormal gr[?4 ,osse\s matt] 7,i judge f ! grat+ ( ! scalpel ^u x7 occasionally ent]s into ! composition ( ! cy/s4 ,i h treat$ ?is affection 9 cattle ( ! ,long-horn$1 ,%ort-horn$1 ,gall[ay1 & ,highl& bre$s2 & f ! numb] ( bulls 9 ?is class ( pati5ts1 h reason to conclude t !y are m liable to x ?an ! female4 ,ab\t twelve mon?s ago1 ,i exam9$ ! head ( a c[1 on ! "r facial region ( :i* !re exi/$ an enorm\s tumor1 ext5d+ f ! eye to ! lips1 & :i* ,i mi/ook dur+ life = a p]io/eal enl>gem5t4 ,on cutt+ into x1 my mi/ake 0 evid5t4 ,!re 0 sc>cely a trace ( ! orig9al bones b5ea? ! mass2 ev5 ^? =m+ ! nasal s9uses on t side 7 replac$ by a =mation mu* resembl+ ! cy/s be=e allud$ to1 & full ( abscesses4 ,! progress ( ! disease 0 decisively m>k$ 9 ! inf]ior rim ( ! orbital cavity1 :]e ! osse\s matt] 0 be+ remov$1 & ! morbid /ructure deposit$4 ,,ulc]s ,,ab\t ,,! ,,jo9ts4 ,occasionally1 ! jo9ts assume a tumefi$ appe>ance1 g5]ally ulc]at+1 & caus+ pa9ful w\nds4 ,treatm5t4--,! application ( "o "p ( alum to two p>ts ( prep>$ *alk1 p[d]$ & spr9kl$ ^u ! p>ts1 is usually all t is requir$4 ,,w>bles4 ,x has be5 a preval5t op9ion among f>m]s1 t w>bles are s _m evid5ces ( ! good condition ( _! cattle4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be borne 9 m9d t ! w>bles are ! l>vae ( ! oe/rus bovis1 :i* is said to be ! mo/ beautiful v>iety ( gad-fly4 ,?is fly1 judg+ f ! objects ( its attack1 mu/ be p>ticul>ly *oice 9 its selection ( animals ^u :i* to deposit its eggs1 z x r>ely *ooses ^? poor 9 fle%1 or 9 an unheal?y condition4 ,f ?is circum/ance1 probably1 has aris5 ! op9ion above-m5tion$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,home ,,aga94 ,^! w>bles--or l>vae ( ! oe/rus bovis--s ne>ly resemble bots 9 ! horse--or l>vae oe/rus equi--t1 7 x n = _! increas$ size1 !y might readily be mi/ak5 ! "o = ! o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o o!r diff]5ce1 & t is 9 ! r+s :i* encircle ! body2 ^? ( ! =m] be+ p]fectly smoo?1 :ile ^? ( ! latt] are prickly1 & f "o ?ird to "o half small]4 ,! au?or 0 call$1 9 ! ye> #ahef1 to see ! prize c[1 ,pet1 belong+ to ,james ,kelly1 ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 ^: extraord9>y yield ( butt] & milk _h be5 report$ 9 ! ,ohio ,f>m]1 a %ort "t previ\s to 8 visit4 ,?is animal 0 f\nd by him 9 r poor condition2 ! causes ( :i* he c\ld only trace to ! exi/5ce ( ^! worms1 com=tably locat$1 z !y 71 b5ea? ! animal's hide1 & =m+ small tumors all along ! sp9al column1 ea* be+ surr\nd$ by a consid]able quantity ( pus4 ,a numb] ( ^! 7 remov$ by means ( a curv$ bi/\ry & a pair ( =ceps1 s9ce :i* "t--z he has be5 in=m$--! animal has rapidly improv$1 rega9+ h] =m] good condition4 ,"s may urge t ?is is an isolat$ case2 b an exam9ation ( cattle = !mselves1 w conv9ce !m to ! contr>y4 ,x may be add$1 t two o!r c[s1 belong+ to ! same g5tleman1 7 also exam9$ at ! same "t1--"o ( !m be+ 9 good condition1 & ! o!r1 out ( condition4 ,f ! back ( ! latt] sev]al ( ^! insects 7 remov$1 s9ce :i* "t %e also has mu* improv$4 ,! =m] 0 entirely free f !m4 ,^! c[s 7 all kept 9 ! same pa/ure1 receiv$ ! same c>e1 & 7 f$ on ! same food1 & at ! same "t2 & z ! removal ( ^! l>vae has be5 productive ( su* b5eficial results1 h we n a "r to inf] t ^! insects are injuri\s8 ,if we g fur!r & exam9e1 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 all cattle :i* are subject to !m1 in/ead ( f9d+ !m 9 ! f9e condition :i* "o w\ld naturally expect1--consid]+ ! abundance ( fre% "y grass ^: vigor\s life !y may incorporate into _! own1--!y are out ( condition1 & out ( spirits1 ) a lagg>d eye1 a r\gh coat1 &1 9 "s cases1 a /agg]+ gait1 z ?\gh _! /r5g? _h fail$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,h[ %all su* attacks be prev5t$8 ,dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb] ?is gad-fly is busily engag$ 9 deposit+ its eggs4 ,"s are ( ! op9ion t !y are plac$ on ! hairs ( ! animal2 o!rs1 t ! sk9 is p]=at$1 & ! egg deposit$ 9 ! op5+1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! app>5t pa9 manife/$ by cattle at & aft] ! "t ( su* deposit4 ,be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ! maggot works its way into ! muscul> fibre ( ! back1 & dep5ds ^u ! animal's blood = ! n\ri%m5t :i* x receives4 ,! au?or has be5 in=m$1 by p]sons 9 :om he ought to h confid5ce1 t ! free use ( ! c>d1 dur+ ! above-nam$ mon?s1 is a specific protection aga9/ ! attacks ( ! oe/rus bovis4 ,he repeats ?is in=mation "h1 n )\t diffid5ce2 s9ce s l>ge a majority ( /ock-own]s ev9ce1 by _! lack ( famili>ity ) ! practical use ( ?is conv5i5t & portable in/rum5t1 an utt] disbelief 9 its reliability & value4 ,,worms4 ,cattle are n s subject to worms prop] z are ! o!r dome/ic animals2 nor1 :5 ^! p>asites d exi/1 is any injuri\s effect app>5t1 except x be 9 ! case ( "y calves ( a weakly con/itution4 ,worms are mo/ commonly locat$ 9 ! small inte/9es1 & cause !re consid]able irritation1 & consequ5tly1 g5]al emaciation1 or at lea/ a t5d5cy to x4 ,! cause1 h[ev]1 is easily remov$ by adm9i/]+ doses ( sulphate ( iron1 "o-half dra*m ea*1 9 molasses once or twice a day4 ,,worms ,,9 ,,! ,,bron*ial ,,tubes4 ,inflammation ( ! bron*ial tubes is (t5 caus$ by worms ( ! /rongylus species4 ,^u exam9ation aft] dea?1 ! bron*ial passages are completely block$-up by ^! hang]s-on4 ,symptoms4--,a r\gh1 />+ coat2 hide-b\nd2 pa9ful c\gh2 respiration hurri$1 etc4 ,treatm5t4--,b little c be done by way ( treatm5t 9 ?is disease4 ,! adm9i/ration ( small doses ( spirits ( turp5t9e has1 9 "s in/ances1 prov$ successful4 ,,surgical ,,op]ations4 ,,ca/ration4 ,! p]iod mo/ commonly select$ = ?is op]ation is betwe5 ! fir/ & ?ird mon?s4 ,! ne>] x is to ! expiration ( ! fir/ mon?1 ! less dang] att5ds ! op]ation4 ,"s p]sons prep>e ! animal by ! adm9i/ration ( a dose ( physic2 b o!rs proce$ at once to ! op]ation :5 x be/ suits _! conv5i5ce1 or t ( ! f>m]4 ,c>e1 h[ev]1 %\ld be tak5 t ! "y animal is 9 p]fect heal?4 ,! mode =m]ly practis$ 0 simple en\gh3--a piece ( :ip-cord 0 ti$ z tightly z possible ar\nd ! scrotum4 ,! supply ( blood be+ ?us completely cut (f1 ! bag & its cont5ts soon became livid & dead1 & 7 suff]$ to hang1 by "s c>eless op]ators1 until !y dropp$ (f1 or !y 7 cut (f on ! second or ?ird day4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al practice to grasp ! scrotum 9 ! h&1 betwe5 ! te/icles & ! belly1 & to make an incision 9 "o side ( x1 ne> ! bottom1 ( suffici5t dep? to p5etrate ?r\gh ! inn] cov]+ ( ! te/icle1 & ( suffici5t l5g? to admit ( its escape4 ,! te/icle imm$iately bur/s f its bag1 & is se5 hang+ by its cord4 ,! c>eless or brutal op]ator n[ firmly ties a piece ( small /r+ ar\nd ! cord1 & hav+ ?us /opp$ ! circulation1 cuts ?r\gh ! cord1 half an in* bel[ ! ligature1 & removes ! te/icle4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o has any feel+ = ! poor animal on :i* he is op]at+1 consid]s t ! only use ( ! ligature is to compress ! blood-vessels & prev5t aft]-hemorrhage1 &1 !re=e1 saves a great deal ( unnecess>y torture by includ+ !m alone 9 ! ligature1 & aft]w>ds divid+ ! re/ ( ! cord4 ,! o!r te/icle is proce$$ ) 9 ! same way & ! op]ation is complete4 ,! l5g? ( ! cord %\ld be s contriv$ t x w imm$iately retract1 or be drawn back1 into ! scrotum1 b n high]1 :ile ! ends ( ! /r+ hang out ?r\gh ! w\nd4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ab\t a week1 ! /r+s w usually drop (f1 & ! w\nds w spe$ily heal4 ,!re w r>ely be any occasion to make any application to ! scrotum1 except fom5tation ( x1 if mu* swell+ %\ld ensue4 ,a few1 ^: practice _c be ju/ifi$1 seize ! te/icle z soon z x escapes f ! bag1 &1 pull+ viol5tly1 break ! cord & te> x out4 ,x is c]ta9 t :5 a blood-vessel is ?us ruptur$1 x =cibly contracts1 & v little ble$+ foll[s2 b if ! cord breaks high up1 & retracts into ! belly1 consid]able inflammation has occasionally ensu$1 & ! bea/ has be5 lo/4 ,! application ( torsion--or ! twi/+ ( ! art]ies by a pair ( =ceps :i* w firmly grasp !m--has1 9 a great degree1 sup]s$$ e o!r mode ( ca/ration1 bo? 9 ! l>g] & ! small] dome/icat$ animals4 ,! sp]matic art]y is expos$1 & seiz$ ) ! =ceps1 :i* are !n clos$ by a v simple me*anical contrivance2 ! vessel is drawn a little out f its surr\nd+ tissue1 ! =ceps are turn$ ar\nd sev5 or eight times1 & ! vessel lib]at$4 ,x w be f\nd to be p]fectly clos$2 a small knot w h =m$ on its extremity2 x w retract into ! surr\nd+ surface1 & n a drop m ( blood w fl[ f x2 ! cord may !n be divid$1 & ! ble$+ f any little vessel arre/$ 9 ! same way4 ,nei!r ! application ( ! hot iron1 nor ( ! wood5 clamps1 :e!r ) or )\t cau/ic1 c be necess>y 9 ! ca/ration ( ! calf4 ,a new in/rum5t 0 introduc$ 9 ,france1 "s few ye>s s9ce1 = ?is purpose1 call$ ! acraseur1--s con/ruct$ z to ?r[ a *a9 ov] ! cord1 :i* is w\nd up by means ( a screw work+ ^u ! *a91 & at ! same "t ! cord is twi/$ (f4 ,no ble$+ foll[s ?is me?od ( op]at+4 ,?is in/rum5t is con/ruct$ ^u ! same pr9ciple z ! acraseur = use 9 ! human family1 = ! removal ( hemorrhoids1 etc41 ! dim5sions ( ! two only v>y+4 ,! advantages result+ f ! use ( ?is in/rum5t ov] all o!r me?ods are1 t ! p>ts g5]ally heal )9 a week1--! op]ation is n s pa9ful to ! animal1--x is less tr\blesome to ! op]ator1--also to ! own] ( ! animal1--& la/ly1 x is a saf] & m sci5tific op]ation4 ,its success 9 ,france soon gave x a reputation 9 ,engl&1 & rec5tly x has be5 introduc$ by ! au?or into ?is c\ntry1 & ) ! be/ results4 ,contractors1 he>+ ( ! success att5d+ ?is new mode ( op]at+1 h visit$ him f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to witness its p]=mance1 & n "o has return$ )\t leav+ an ord] = ?is in/rum5t1--s well conv9c$ h !y be5 ( its decid$ sup]iority ov] all o!r me?ods4 ,,tra*eotomy4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! =mation ( tumors ab\t ! ?roat 9 cattle1 f inflammation ( ! p>otid gl&1 bla91 etc41 s *>act]i/ic ( ?is species ( animals1 x sometimes becomes necess>y to p]=m ?is op]ation 9 ord] to save _! lives4 ,x nev] fails to give in/ant relief4 ,aft] ! animal has be5 prop]ly secur$1--:i* is done by an assi/ant's hold+ ! nose ) "o h&1 & "o ( ! horns ) ! o!r1--! op]ator draws ! sk9 tight ov] ! w9dpipe ) ! ?umb & f+]s ( 8 left h&2 !n1 ) ! scalpel 9 8 "r1 cuts ?r\gh ! sk91 mak+ an incision ab\t ?ree in*es long1 dissect+ up ! sk9 on ea* side1 :i* br+s ! tra*ea1 or w9dpipe1 9 full view4 ,he !n cuts out a piece ( ! c>tilag9\s r+s1 ab\t two in*es long & ab\t half an in* wide4 ,?is simple op]ation has sav$ ! lives ( v _m valuable animals4 ,! w\nd readily heals1 & seldom leaves any p]ceptible blemi%1 if ! "w is prop]ly p]=m$4 ,,spay+4 ,to secure a m uni=m fl[ & a ri*] quality ( milk1 c[s are sometimes spay$1 or ca/rat$4 ,! milk ( spay$ c[s is pretty uni=m 9 quality2 & ?is quality w be1 on an av]age1 a little m ?an be=e ! op]ation 0 p]=m$4 ,9 in/ances :]e ! results ( ?is op]ation h be5 c>efully not$1--& ! op]ation is r>ely resort$ to 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 comp>ison ) ! cu/om 9 ,france & o!r cont95tal c\ntries1--! quality ( ! milk has be5 greatly improv$1 ! yield becom+ regul> = "s ye>s1 & v>y+ only 9 accordance ) ! diff]5ce 9 ! succul5ce ( ! food4 ,! prop] "t = spay+ is ab\t five or six weeks aft] calv+1 or at ! "t :5 ! l>ge/ quantity ( milk is giv54 ,!re seems to be "s advantages 9 spay+ = milk & butt] dairies1 :]e att5tion is n paid to ! rais+ ( /ock4 ,! c[s are m quiet1 nev] be+ liable to returns ( seasons ( heat1 :i* always m or less affect ! milk1 bo? 9 quantity & quality4 ,!y give milk ne>ly uni=m 9 ^! respects1 = sev]al ye>s1 provid$ ! food is uni=mly succul5t & nutriti\s4 ,_! milk is influ5c$ l t ( o!r c[s1 ?\gh to a less ext5t1 by ! quality & quantity ( food2 s t 9 w9t]1 unless ! animal is prop]ly att5d$ to1 ! yield w decrease some:at1 b w rise aga9 z good fe$ returns4 ,?is uni=mity = ! milk-dairy is ( imm5se advantage4 ,besides1 ! c[1 :5 old & incl9$ to dry up1 takes on fat ) great] rapidity1 & produces a juicy & t5d] beef1 sup]ior1 at ! same age1 to t ( ! ox4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( p]=m+ ?is op]ation is sanction$ by ! practice ( em95t vet]9>y surgeons 9 ,france3-- ,hav+ cov]$ ! eyes ( ! c[ to be op]at$ ^u1 %e is plac$ aga9/ a wall1 provid$ ) five r+s firmly fa/5$ & plac$ z foll[s3 ! fir/ corresponds to ! top ( ! )]s2 ! second1 to ! l[] ant]ior "p ( ! brea/2 ! ?ird is plac$ a little di/ance f ! angle ( ! %\ld]2 ! f\r? is opposite to ! ant]ior & sup]ior "p ( ! l[] region2 & ! fif?1 :i* is beh9d1 answ]s to ! "u-"p ( ! buttocks4 ,a /rong assi/ant is plac$ betwe5 ! wall & ! head ( ! animal1 :o firmly holds ! left horn 9 8 left h&1 & ) 8 "r1 ! muzzle1 :i* he elevates a little4 ,?is done1 ! end ( a long & /rong-plait$ cord is pass$1 ?r\gh ! r+ :i* corresponds to ! l[] "p ( ! brea/1 & fa/5$2 ! free end ( ! cord is br\ght along ! left flank1 & ?r\gh ! r+ :i* is bel[ & 9 front ( ! )]s4 ,?is is br\ght d[n along ! brea/ beh9d ! %\ld] & ! angle ( ! =e-leg 9 ord] to pass x ?r\gh ! ?ird r+2 !n x mu/ be pass$ ar\nd aga9/ ! out] angle ( ! left hip1 & fa/5$ aft] hav+ be5 drawn tightly to ! po/]ior r+1 by a simple b[-knot4 ,! c[ be+ ?us firmly fix$ to ! wall1 a cord is fa/5$ by a slip-noose ar\nd h] hocks1 to keep !m toge!r 9 su* a mann] t %e _c kick ! op]ator1 ! free end ( ! cord & ! tail be+ held by an assi/ant4 ,! c[ ?us secur$ _c1 dur+ ! op]ation1 move =w>d1 nor lie d[n1 & ! op]ator has all ! ease desirable1 & is protect$ f accid5t4 ,! op]ator next--plac$ opposite to ! animal's left flank1 ) 8 back turn$ a little t[>d ! head ( ! animal--cuts (f ! hair :i* cov]s ! hide 9 ! middle ( ! flanks1 at an equal di/ance betwe5 ! back & hip1 = ! space ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 c5timetres 9 circumf]5ce 7! ,fr5* c5timetre is r m ?an ?irty-n9e "o hundr$?s ( an in*72 a convex bi/\ry is plac$1 op5$1 betwe5 8 tee?1 ! edge out1 ! jo9ts to ! left2 !n1 ) bo? h&s1 he seizes ! hide 9 ! middle ( ! flank1 & =ms ( x a wr9kle ( ! requisite elevation1 runn+ l5g?wise ( ! body4 ,! assi/ant seizes ) 8 "r h& ! "r side ( ?is wr9kle2 ! op]ator takes ! bi/\ry & cuts ! wr9kle1 at "o /roke1 ?r\gh ! middle2 ! wr9kle hav+ be5 suff]$ to g d[n1 a sep>ation ( ! hide is pres5t$1 ( suffici5t l5g? to admit ! introduction ( ! h&2 ! edges ( ! hide are sep>at$ ) ! ?umb & =e-f+] ( ! left h&1 & 9 l mann] ! abdom9al muscles are cut ?r\gh1 = ! di/ance ( a c5timetre f ! l[] extremity ( ! incision made 9 ! hide1--! iliac slightly obliquely1 & ! lumb> across2 a puncture ( ! p]itoneum1 at ! upp] extremity ( ! w\nd1 is !n made ) ! /raight bi/\ry2 ! button$ bi/\ry is !n introduc$1 & mov$ obliquely f above to ! l[] "p1 up to ! t]m9ation ( ! incision made 9 ! abdom9al muscles4 ,! flank be+ op5$1 ! "r h& is introduc$ into ! abdom51 & direct$ along ! "r side ( ! cavity ( ! pelvis1 beh9d ! paun*1 & und]nea? ! rectum1 to ! matrix2 aft] ! position ( ^! visc]a is asc]ta9$1 ! organs ( reproduction1 or ov>ies1 are se>*$ =1 :i* are at ! extremity ( ! matrix2 :5 f\nd1 !y are seiz$ betwe5 ! ?umb & =e-f+]1 deta*$ completely f ! ligam5ts :i* keeps !m 9 _! place1 & by a light pull1 ! cord & ! vessels1 ! ut]9e or ,fallopian tube1 are sep>at$ at _! place ( union ) ! ov>ium1 by means ( ! nails ( ! ?umb & =e-f+]1 :i* pres5t !mselves at ! po9t ( t\*1 ?us break+ ! cord & br++ away ! ov>y4 ,! h& is aga9 introduc$ into ! abdom9al cavity1 & ! rema9+ ov>ies br\ght away 9 l mann]4 ,a suture is !n plac$ ( ?ree or f\r d\ble ?reads1 wax$ at an equal di/ance1 & at two c5timetres1 or a little less1 f ! lips ( ! w\nd1 pass+ x ?r\gh ! divid$ tissues2 a movem5t is made f ! left h& ) ! piece ( ?read2 hav+ rea*$ t po9t1 a fa/5+ is made ) a d\ble knot1 ! seam plac$ 9 ! int]vals ( ! ?read f ! "r1 & z ! lips ( ! w\nd are approa*$1 a fa/5+ is effect$ by a simple knot1 ) a b[1 c>e be+ tak5 n to close too tightly ! l[] "p ( ! seam1 9 ord] to all[ ! suppuration1 :i* may be e/abli%$ 9 ! w\nd1 to escape4 ,! w\nd is !n cov]$ up ) a pl$get ( l9t1 kept 9 its place by ?ree or f\r ?reads pass$ ?r\gh ! /it*es1 & ! op]ation is complete4 ,x happ5s1 sometimes1 t 9 cutt+ ! muscles be=e m5tion$1 "o or two ( ! art]ies are sev]$4 ,%\ld mu* blood escape1 a ligature mu/ be appli$ be=e op5+ ! p]itoneal sac2 s9ce1 if ?is precaution is omitt$1 blood w escape into ! abdom51 :i* may occasion ! mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,= ! fir/ eight days succe$+1 ! animal %\ld h a light diet1 & a soo?+1 lukew>m draught2 if ! wea!r %\ld be cold1 cov] ) a wooll5 cov]+4 ,%e mu/ be prev5t$ f lick+ ! w\nd1 & f rubb+ x aga9/ o!r bodies4 ,! ?ird day aft] ! op]ation1 ba! morn+ & ev5+ ab\t ! w\nd ) wat] ( mall[s lukew>m1 or ano9t x ) a salve ( hog's l>d1 & adm9i/] an emolli5t gly/] dur+ ?ree or f\r days4 ,eight days aft] ! op]ation1 take away ! b&age1 ! l9t1 ! fa/5+s1 & ! ?read4 ,! w\nd is at t "t1 z a g5]al ?+1 completely cicatriz$4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 "s slight suppuration exi/1 a slight pressure mu/ be us$ above ! "p :]e x is locat$1 s z to cause ! pus to leave1 & if x cont9ues m ?an five or six days1 emolli5ts mu/ be suppli$ by alcoliz$ wat]1 or *loridiz$1 especially 9 summ]4 ,! animal is !n to be br\ght back gradually to h] ord9>y n\ri%m5t4 ,9 "s c[s1 a swell+ ( ! body is obs]vable a %ort "t aft] hav+ be5 spay$1 attributable to ! introduction ( cold air into ! abdom5 dur+ ! op]ation2 b ?is d]angem5t g5]ally ceases )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,%\ld ! contr>y occur1 adm9i/] "o or two sudorific draughts1 su* z w9e1 w>m cid]1 or a half-glass ( br&y1 9 a qu>t ( w>m wat]1--treatm5t :i* suffices 9 a %ort "t to re/ore a heal?y /ate ( ! belly1--! animal at ! same "t be+ protect$ by two cov]+s ( wool4 ,! only precaution1 9 ! way ( managem5t1 to be obs]v$ z a prep>ative = ! op]ation is1 t on ! prec$+ ev5+ n s copi\s a meal %\ld be giv54 ,! op]ation %\ld also be p]=m$ 9 ! morn+ be=e ! animal has f$1 s t ! op]ator may n f9d any ob/acle f ! prim>y dige/ive organs1 especially ! paun*1 :i*1 dur+ its /ate ( ord9>y fullness1 might prev5t op]at+ ) facility4 ,! advantages ( spay+ mil*-c[s are ?us summ$ up by able ,fr5* writ]s3 ,fir/1 r5d]+ p]man5t ! secretion ( milk1 & hav+ a mu* great] quantity )9 ! giv5 "t ( e ye>2 second1 ! quality ( milk be+ improv$2 ?ird1 ! unc]ta9ty (1 & ! dang]s incid5t to1 bre$+ be+1 to a great ext5t1 avoid$2 f\r?1 ! increas$ disposition to fatt5 ev5 :5 giv+ milk freely1 or :51 f excess ( age or f accid5tal circum/ances1 ! secretion ( milk is o!rwise *eck$2 fif?1 ! v %ort "t requir$ to produce a m>ketable condition2 & six?1 ! meat ( spay$ cattle be+ ( a quality sup]ior to t ( ord9>y cattle4 ,?is op]ation w\ld seem to h orig9at$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,london ,vet]9>y ,j\rnal ( #ahcd conta9s ! foll[+1 tak5 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s\!rn ,agriculturi/3--,"s ye>s s9ce1 ,i pass$ a summ] at ,nat*ez1 & put up at a hotel !re1 kept by ,mr4 ,?omas ,w9n4 ,dur+ ! "t t ,i 0 !re ,i notic$ two rem>kably f9e c[s1 :i* 7 kept con/antly 9 ! /able1 ! s]vant :o _h *>ge ( ! horses1 fe$+ !m regul>ly ?ree times a day ) gre5 gu9ea grass1 cut ) a sickle4 ,^! c[s _h s (t5 attract$ my att5tion1 on acc\nt ( ! great beauty ( _! =m1 & deep r$ color1 ! l>ge size ( _! bags1 & ! high condition 9 :i* !y 7 kept1 t ,i 0 at l5g? induc$ to ask ,mr4 ,w9n to :at bre$ ( cattle !y belong$1 & 8 reasons = keep+ !m con/antly 9 ! /able 9 pref]5ce to all[+ !m to run 9 ! pa/ure1 :]e !y c\ld enjoy ! b5efit ( air & ex]cise1 & at ! same "t crop _! own food1 & !reby save ! labor & tr\ble ( fe$+ !m8 ,mr4 ,w9n1 9 reply to ^! inquiries1 /at$ t ! two c[s :i* ,i s mu* admir$ 7 ( ! common /ock ( ! c\ntry1 & he believ$1 ( ,spani% orig92 b !y 7 bo? spay$ c[s1 & t !y _h giv5 milk ei!r two or ?ree ye>s4 ,consid]+ ?is a ph5om5on 7if n 9 nature at lea/ 9 art71 ,i made fur!r inquiries ( ,mr4 ,w9n1 :o politely ent]$ into a v int]e/+ detail1 communicat+ facts :i* 7 z extraord9>y z !y 7 novel4 ,mr4 ,w9n1 by way ( preface1 obs]v$ t he1 9 =m] ye>s1 _h be5 9 ! habit ( read+ ,engli% magaz9es1 :i* conta9$ acc\nts ( ! pl[+-mat*es :i* 7 annually held 9 "s ( ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 p]=m$ by cattle1 & t he _h notic$ t ! prizes 7 g5]ally adjudg$ to ! pl[man :o work$ ) spay$ heif]s2 & al?\gh !re 0 no connection betwe5 t subject & ! facts :i* he %\ld /ate1 x 01 nev]!less1 ! cause t fir/ direct$ 8 m9d into ! tra9 ( ?\ght & reason+ :i* f9ally induc$ him to make ! exp]im5ts1 :i* result$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! facts :i* he detail$1 & :i* ,i w n>rate z accurately z my memory w enable me to d x1 aft] ! lapse ( m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,mr4 ,w9n's frequ5t reflections _h 7he said7 l$ him to ! belief t if c[s 7 spay$ soon aft] calv+1 & :ile 9 a full fl[ ( milk1 !y w\ld cont9ue to give milk = _m ye>s )\t int]mission1 or any dim9ution ( quantity1 except :at w\ld be caus$ by a *ange f gre5 to dry1 or less succul5t food4 ,to te/ ?is hypo!sis1 ,mr4 ,w9n caus$ a v good c[1 !n 9 full milk1 to be spay$4 ,! op]ation 0 p]=m$ ab\t "o mon? aft] ! c[ _h produc$ h] ?ird calf2 x 0 n att5d$ ) any sev]e pa91 or mu* or long cont9u$ fev]4 ,! c[ 0 app>5tly well 9 a few days1 & v soon yield$ h] usual quantity ( milk1 & cont9u$ to give freely = sev]al ye>s )\t any int]mission or dim9ution 9 quantity1 except :5 ! food 0 sc>ce & dry2 b a full fl[ ( milk always came back ^u ! return ( a full supply ( gre5 food4 ,?is c[ ran 9 ! ,mississippi l[ gr\nds or swamp ne> ,nat*ez1 got ca/ 9 deep mire1 & 0 f\nd dead4 ,^u h] dea?1 ,mr4 ,w9n caus$ a second c[ to be spay$4 ,! op]ation 0 entirely successful4 ,! c[ gave milk con/antly = sev]al ye>s1 b 9 jump+ a f5ce /uck a /ake 9 h] bag1 t inflict$ a sev]e w\nd1 :i* oblig$ ,mr4 ,w9n to kill h]4 ,^u ?is second loss1 ,mr4 ,w9n _h two o!r c[s spay$1 &1 to prev5t ! recurr5ce ( injuries f simil> causes ) ^? :i* _h occasion$ him ! loss ( ! fir/ two spay$ c[s1 he resolv$ to keep !m always 9 ! /able1 or "s safe enclosure1 & to supply !m regul>ly ) gre5 food1 :i* t climate ?r\gh\t ! great] "p (1 if n all1 ! ye> enabl$ him to procure4 ,! result1 9 reg>d to ! la/ two spay$ c[s1 01 z 9 ! case ( ! fir/ two1 entirely satisfactory1 & fully e/abli%$1 z ,mr4 ,w9n believ$1 ! fact1 t ! spay+ ( c[s1 :ile 9 full milk1 w cause !m to cont9ue to give milk dur+ ! residue ( _! lives1 or until prev5t$ by old age4 ,:5 ,i saw ! la/ two spay$ c[s x 01 ,i believe1 dur+ ! ?ird ye> t !y _h con/antly giv5 milk aft] !y 7 spay$4 ,! "* ( ,mr4 ,w9n 7n[ deceas$7 0 highly respectable1 & ! mo/ entire confid5ce c\ld be repos$ 9 ! fidelity ( 8 /atem5ts2 & z reg>d$ ! facts :i* he communicat$ 9 relation to ! sev]al c[s :i* he _h spay$1 num]\s p]sons ) :om ,i became acqua9t$1 fully confirm$ 8 /atem5ts4 ,9 ,novemb] #ahfa1 ! au?or 0 call$ to p]=m ?is op]ation ^u ! %ort-horn ,gall[ay c[1 ,joseph9e ! ,second1 belong+ to ,h5ry ,+]soll1 ,esq41 ( ?is city4 ,?is c[ 0 born ,may #h?1 #ahfj4 ,! morn+ 0 cold & cl\dy4 ,ab\t t5 o'clock ! c[ 0 ca/1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,r4 ,mc,clure1 ,v4,s41 aft] :i* %e 0 plac$ "u ! influ5ce ( *loric e!r4 ,he !n made an incision1 ab\t five in*es 9 l5g?1 ?r\gh ! sk9 & walls ( ! abdom51 midway betwe5 ! pelvis bone & ! la/ rib on ! left side1 pass+ 9 8 "r h&1 cutt+ away ! ov>ies f ! ,fallopian tubes ) ! ?umbnail4 ,! op5+ on ! side 0 !n clos$ by means ( ! int]rupt$ suture4 ,! animal recov]$ f ! influ5ce ( ! anae/hetic 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes1 :5 %e 0 all[$ to rise1 & walk back to h] /all4 ,^u ! morn+ ( ! second day succe$+ ! op]ation1 ! animal 0 visit$ & f\nd to be 9 good spirits1 app>5tly suff]+ v little pa9 or inconv5i5ce f ! op]ation1 & ! w\nd heal+ nicely4 ,s9ce t "t1 he has op]at$ ^u "s tw5ty c[s1 all ( :i*1 ) a s+le exception1 h ?us f> prov$ satisfactory4 ,sev]al ( ^! c[s are "u ! direction ( a committee f ! ,philadelphia ,society = promot+ ,agriculture1 ^: duty x is to h a daily record kept ( ea* c['s yield ( butt] & milk1 = "o ye> f ! "t ( spay+4 ,_! report w be p]us$ by ! agricultural community ) mu* int]e/4 ,! au?or's own exp]i5ce w n ju/ify him 9 speak+ ei!r 9 favor (1 or aga9/1 ?is op]ation2 z suffici5t "t has n z yet elaps$ to satisfy him z to its relative advantages & disadvantages4 ,he1 h[ev]1 reg>ds ! op]ation z comp>atively safe4 ,! ,fr5* e/imate ! loss at ab\t fifte5 p] c5t41 & ! ga9 at ?irty p] c5t4 ,( ^? ^u :i* he has op]at$1 n a s+le animal di$4 ,a ,,li/ ,,( ,,m$ic9es ,,us$ ,,9 ,,treat+ ,,cattle4 ,! m$ic9es us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! diseases ( cattle1 are ess5tially ! same z ^? 9 vogue = ! diseases ( ! human be+ & ! horse1--! only diff]5ce be+ 9 _! comb9ation & ! quantities adm9i/]$4 ,,absorb5ts4--,m$ic9es :i* de/roy acidities 9 ! /oma* & b[els2 su* z *alk1 magnesia1 etc4 ,,alt]atives4--,m$ic9es :i* re/ore ! heal?y functions ( secretion1 by gradually *ang+ ! morbid action 9 an impair$ con/itution4 ,^? 9 mo/ common use are ,a,ethiops m9]al1 antimony1 ros91 sulphur1 etc41 :i* =m ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts 9 all condition-p[d]s1 & are *iefly useful 9 diseases ( ! sk91 su* z hide-b\nd1 mange1 surfeit1 etc4 ,,alt]ative ,,p[d]4--,sulphur pulv]iz$1 "o p\nd2 black antimony1 "o half a p\nd2 nitrate ( potassa1 f\r ounces2 sulphate ( iron1 "o half a p\nd2 l9se$ meal1 "o p\nd2 mix well2 dose1 "o half an ounce1 night & morn+4 ,,antacids4--,ag5ts :i* neutralize1 by _! *emical action1 acids 9 ! /oma*2 z ammonia1 c>bonate ( potassa1 *alk1 lime-wat]1 magnesia1 & soda4 ,,an!lm9tics4--,rem$ies us$ = ! expulsion ( worms f ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,^! may act *emically or by _! ca?>tic op]ation4 ,! mo/ reliable are ,a,ethiops m9]al1 nux vomica1 prep>ations ( m]cury1 wormwood1 etc4 ,,an!lm9tic ,,p[d]s4--,nux vomica1 9 "o half-dra*m doses1 two or ?ree times daily1 to an ox or c[2 = calves1 ! dose mu/ be dim9i%$1 accord+ to age4 ,,antidotes4--,m$ic9es :i* neutralize ! effects ( poisons by a *emical union1 =m+ an insoluble comp\nd1 or a mild1 h>mless "o4 ,alkal9e solutions are antidotes = ! m9]al acids2 z soap 9 solution1 a simple rem$y1 & always at h&4 ,l>d1 magnesia1 & oil are antidotes = poison+ by ars5ic2 album51--9 ! =m ( ! :ite ( an egg1--milk1 etc41 = corrosive sublimate1 & o!r m]curial prep>ations4 ,,antiseptics4--,m$ic9es :i* prev5t putridity 9 animal sub/ances1 & arre/ putrefaction1 :5 already exi/+4 ,^! are us$ bo? ext]nally & int]nally4 ,! *ief specifics ( ?is class are ! acids1 alcohol1 ammonia1 asafoetida1 camphor1 *>coal1 *loride ( lime1 c9*ona1 e!r1 & opium4 ,,antispasmodics4--,m$ic9es :i* ex]t _! p[] 9 allay+ inord9ate motions or spasms 9 ! sy/em1 aris+ f v>i\s causes1 su* z debility1 worms1 etc4 ,^? mo/ g5]ally 9 use are ammonia1 asafoetida1 camphor1 c9*ona1 e!r1 lactac>ium1 m]cury1 & opium4 ,,antispasmodic ,,draught4--,t9cture ( opium1 "o ounce2 nitric e!r1 two ounces2 wat]1 "o-half p9t4 ,mix = dr5*2 if repeat$1 x %\ld be foll[$ by a purgative1 z soon z ! spasms h subsid$4 ,or1 use ! foll[+3 sulphuric e!r1 "o to two ounces2 wat]1 "o-half p9t ,mix = dr5*2 repeat e h\r1 if necess>y4 ,,aromatics4--,m$ic9es possess+ a grateful1 spicy sc5t1 & an agreeable1 pung5t ta/e2 z anise-se$1 c>damoms1 c9namon1 cloves1 g+]1 etc4 ,!y are pr9cipally us$ 9 comb9ation ) purgatives1 /oma*ics1 & tonics4 ,,a/r+5ts4--,m$ic9es :i* s]ve to dim9i% excessive dis*>ges1 z 9 diabetes1 di>rhoea1 etc4 ,! pr9cipal ag5ts ( ?is class are ! acids1 alum1 *alk1 lime-wat]1 opium1 & ! sulphate ( copp]1 lead1 iron1 or z9c4 ,,a/r+5t ,,p[d]4--,opium1 "o dra*m2 prep>$ *alk1 half an ounce2 ,jamaica g+]1 six dra*ms4 ,mix1 & divide into f\r p[d]s2 "o to be giv5 e h\r1 9 a little fl\r gruel4 ,or1 ! foll[+3 opium1 "o dra*m2 cate*u1 two dra*ms2 prep>$ *alk1 "o ounce4 ,mix1 & divide into f\r p[d]s2 to be giv5 z be=e4 ,,c>diacs4--,cordials--s t]m$1 f _! possess+ w>m & /imulat+ prop]ties--giv5 to invigorate ! sy/em4 ,,ca?>tics4--,m$ic9es--also kn[n z purgatives--:i* cause free evacuations ( ! b[els4 ,! only purgatives us$ by ! au?or 9 8 cattle practice1 z a g5]al rule1 are aloes1 cream ( t>t>1 ,epsom-salts1 l>d & l9se$-oil4 ,^! answ] all ! indications1 :]e purgatives are useful2 inde$1 no bett] purgative = cattle c be f\nd ?an ,epsom-salts1 comb9$ ) a c>m9ative or aromatic drug1 su* z g+]4 ,,cau/ics4--,sub/ances :i* burn or de/roy p>ts1 by comb9+ ) !m & caus+ _! disorganization2 us$ to de/roy unheal?y action1 or morbid gr[?s1 su* z f\l ulc]s1 f\l 9 ! foot1 w>ts1 etc4 ,! mo/ p[]ful rem$ial ( ?is class is actual caut]ization ) a r$-hot iron2 cau/ic pota%1 lun> cau/ic1 nitr\s & sulphuric acids1 p]manganate ( pota%1 etc41 are also us$4 ,,cordials4--,be/ br&y1 ?ree ounces2 orange peel1 "o dra*m2 tepid wat]1 "o p9t4 ,mix all toge!r1 = "o dose4 ,or1 ?is = a s+le dose3 ale1 "o p9t2 ,jamaica g+]1 two dra*ms4 ,or1 ! foll[+1 also a s+le dose3 allspice1 ?ree dra*ms2 g+]1 "o dra*m2 c>away se$s1 two dra*ms4 ,,demulc5ts4--,mucilag9\s m$icam5ts1 :i* h ! p[] ( dim9i%+ ! effects ( /imulat+ sub/ances ^u ! animal sy/em4 ,( ?is class1 g>d5 rue1 or m>%-mall[1 gum-arabic1 & gum-tragacan? are ! mo/ useful4 ,,det]g5ts4--,ag5ts :i* remove f\lness f ulc]s4 ,,det]g5t ,,p[d]4--,prep>$ *alk1 two ounces2 alum1 "o ounce4 ,mix2 to be spr9kl$ on ! "p1 aft] wa%+ ) ,ca/ile-soap & wat]4 ,?is p[d] is also an admirable application = foot-rot 9 %eep4 ,,diaphoretics4--,ag5ts :i* increase ! natural dis*>ge ?r\gh ! pores ( ! sk91 & 9 "s animals induce p]spiration4 ,,dige/ives4--,m$ic9es :i* promote suppuration4 ,,dige/ive ,,o9tm5t4--,mix toge!r equal portions ( spirits ( turp5t9e & l>d4 ,or1 mix toge!r ) a g5tle heat ! foll[+3 ,v5etian turp5t9e1 "o ounce2 l>d1 "o ounce2 pulv]iz$ sulphate ( copp]1 two dra*ms4 ,or ?is1 mix$3 ros91 two ounces2 spirits ( turp5t9e1 "o ounce2 r$ precipitate1 "o-half an ounce2 l>d1 two ounces4 ,,diuretics4--,m$ic9es t /imulate ! action ( ! kidneys1 & augm5t ! secretion ( ur9e4 ,^! are v useful 9 swell+s ( ! legs1 or body4 ,take ( nitrate ( pota% & ros91 ea* six dra*ms2 mix1 & divide 9 ?ree p[d]s2 "o to be giv5 daily4 ,or1 ! foll[+3 spirits ( turp5t9e1 half an ounce2 ,ca/ile-soap1 "o ounce2 ,jamaica g+]1 "o dra*m2 opium1 "o dra*m4 ,mix3 & divide 9 two balls2 "o to be giv5 ea* day4 ,,emolli5ts4--,m$ic9es :i* relax ! l9+ tissues1 allay irritation1 & s(t5 ! p>ts involv$1--g5]ally ( a mucilag9\s1 or oily "*4 ,l>d1 l9se$ meal1 & m>%-mall[s are *iefly us$4 ,,li?ontriptics4--,m$ic9es possess+ ! p[] ( dissolv+ calculi1 or /ones 9 ! ur9>y passages2 compos$ pr9cipally1 accord+ to ! rese>*es ( mod]n *emi/s1 ( li?ic or uric acid4 ,! prep>ation mo/ successfully employ$ by ! au?or 9 su* cases is muriatic acid1 9 doses ( f "o to two dra*ms1 9 a pail ( wat]1 once or twice a day4 ,,n>cotics4--,m$ic9es t /upefy1 & produce sleep4 ,belladonna1 camphor1 hyoscyamus & opium1 are among ! n>cotics 9 common use4 ,,nauseants4--,ag5ts :i* cause loss ( appetite1 & produce ! s5sation ( vomit+1 )\t affect+ x4 ,= ?is purpose1 aloes1 t>trate ( antimony1 :ite hellebore1 etc41 are us$4 ,,p>turi5ts4--,ag5ts :i* act ^u ! ut]us4 ,9 cases ( difficult p>turition1 or calv+1 resort is occasionally _h to !m4 ,ergot ( rye is ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,,refrig]ants4--,cool+ applications1 :i* r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! blood & body2 z cold wat]1 e!r1 lead-wat]1 etc4 ,,rubefaci5ts4--,m$ic9es :i* g5tly irritate ! sk91 produc+ r$ness on :ite surfaces4 ,( ?is class1 are aqua ammonia1 creosote1 mu/>d1 turp5t9e1 etc4 ,,s$atives4--,ag5ts :i* depress ! vital en]gies1 )\t de/roy+ life2 z aconite1 digitalis1 hellebore1 hydro*loric acid1 hyoscyamus1 opium1 & t>trate ( antimony4 ,,tonics4--,m$ic9es :i* increase ! action ( ! muscul> sy/em1 giv+ /r5g? & vigor to ! animal4 ,^! are among ! mo/ useful rem$ies kn[n to man1 & are b5eficial 9 all cases ( debility1 ton+ up ! /oma*1 & improv+ ! appetite & condition ( ! animal4 ,,tonic ,,p[d]4--,pulv]iz$ g5tian-root1 "o ounce2 ,jamaica g+]1 "o half an ounce2 anise-se$1 six dra*ms4 ,mix1 & divide 9 eight p[d]s2 "o to be giv5 night & morn+4 ,,traumatics4--,m$ic9es :i* excite ! heal+ process ( w\nds2 z aloes1 fri>'s balsam1 myrrh1 ros91 sulphate ( copp] or z9c1 t>1 etc4 ,,traumatic ,,lotion4--,mix t9cture ( aloes1 "o ounce2 t9cture ( myrrh1 two ounces4 ,or1 melt toge!r1 t>1 "o ounce2 ros91 two ounces2 l>d1 f\r ounces4 ,or1 mix sulphate ( z9c1 "o dra*m2 ra9-wat]1 "o half p9t4 ,or1 use ! foll[+1 ! celebrat$ fri>'s balsam2 b5zo91 9 p[d]1 f\r ounces2 balsam ( ,p]u1 two ounces2 ,socotr9e aloes1 "o half ounce2 rectifi$ spirits1 "o qu>t4 ,dige/ = t5 or twelve days2 !n filt] = use4 ,,doses ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,rem$ies ,,us$ ,,9 ,,cattle ,,practice4 ,,aconite4--,monk's hood2 ,wolf's bane4 ,an active poison4 ,us$ z a s$ative 9 t9cture2 t5 to tw5ty drops 9 wat]4 ,,ae?iops ,,m9]al4--,hydr>gyri ,sulphuretum4 ,"o to two dra*ms4 ,,alcohol4--,a /imulant2 ?ree to six ounces4 ,,allspice4--,pim5to b]ries4 ,aromatic2 two to f\r dra*ms4 ,,aloes4--,ca?>tic & tonic2 tonic dose1 "o half to "o dra*m--ca?>tic1 "o to two ounces4 ,,alum4--,alum54 ,irritant1 a/r+5t1 & s$ative2 two to f\r dra*ms4 ,,ammonia4--,aqua ammonia2 ,liquor ammonia2 ,h>t%orn4 ,pr9cipally us$ 9 comb9ation ) mu/>d1 z an ext]nal irritant1 & int]nally1 z a diffusible /imulant2 two to six dra*ms4 ,( c>bonate ( ammonia1 ?ree to six dra*ms4 ,,anise-,,se$4--,fruit ( ! ,pimp9ella ,anisum4 ,"o to two dra*ms4 ,,antimony4--,sulphate ( ,antimony4 ,us$ 9 condition-p[d]s2 "o to ?ree dra*ms4 ,muriate ( antimony4 ,oil1 or butt]1 ( antimony4 ,cau/ic2 v good 9 f\l 9 ! foot4 ,t>t>iz$ antimony4 ,t>t> emetic4 ,"o to f\r dra*ms4 ,! au?or1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 v>ies f ! dose prescrib$ by vet]9>y au?ors1 nev] giv+ x 9 m ?an "o-half-dra*m doses1 believ+ its action ?us m c]ta9 & satisfactory4 ,,asafoetida4--,/imulant2 two to f\r dra*ms4 ,,axunge4--,hog's ,l>d4 ,o9tm5t1 pr9cipally2 may be us$ z purgative 9 doses ( f "o to "o & a half p\nds4 ,,balsam ,,( ,,p]u4--,/imulant1 & tonic2 two to f\r dra*ms4 ,,belladonna4--,deadly ,night%ade4 ,n>cotic1 anti-spasmodic1 & irritant poison2 "o to two dra*ms4 ,,b5zo94--,gum ,b5jam94 ,o9tm5t2 see ,traumatics4 ,,calomel4--,hydr>gyri ,*loridum4 ,"o half to "o dra*m4 ,,camomile4--,an!mis4 ,/oma*ic1 c>m9ative1 & tonic2 "o to two ounces4 ,,camphor4--,camphora ,(fic9>um4 ,n>cotic & irritant2 9 small doses1 s$ative & /imulant2 "o to f\r dra*ms4 ,,can?>ides4--,spani% ,flies4 ,int]nally1 /imulant & diuretic2 tw5ty to ?irty gra9s4 ,ext]nally1 vesicant2 us$ 9 =m ( o9tm5t1 or t9cture4 ,,c>away4--,fruit ( ! ,c>um ,c>isi4 ,us$ *iefly = flavor+ purposes4 ,,c>damoms4--,fruit ( ! ,elett>ia ,c>damomum4 ,us$ to communicate an agreeable flavor to o!r m$ic9es4 ,,cate*u4--,acacia ,cate*u4 ,a/r+5t1 & antiseptic2 ?ree to six dra*ms4 ,,*alk4--,c>bonate ( ,lime2 ,calcis ,c>bonas4 ,two to ?ree ounces4 ,,*>coal4--,c>bo ,ligni4 ,antiseptic2 "o half to "o ounce4 ,,c9*ona4--,p]uvian ,b>k4 ,a/r+5t & tonic2 "o to two ounces4 ,,copp]1 ,,sulphate ,,(4--,blue ,vitriol4 ,tonic & a/r+5t2 two to f\r dra*ms4 ,,creosote4--,creosotum4 ,a s$ative1 anodyne1 a/r+5t1 n>cotic1 & irritant poison2 fifte5 to tw5ty drops4 ,,croton ,,oil4--,crotonis ,oleum4 ,int]nally1 z a ca?>tic1 six to t5 drops 9 l9se$-oil2 ext]nally1 z a c\nt]-irritant4 ,,digitalis4--,fox ,glove4 ,s$ative & diuretic2 "o to two scruples4 ,,epsom-,,salts4--,sulphate ( magnesia4 ,ca?>tic2 "o p\nd1 comb9$ ) g+]4 ,,ergot4--,spurr$ rye4 ,p>turi5t2 two to six dra*ms4 ,,e!r4--,/imulant1 n>cotic1 & anae/hetic2 "o to two ounces4 ,,g5tian4--,root ( ,g5tiana lutea4 ,/oma*ic & tonic2 "o to two ounces4 ,,g+]4--,z5gib] (fic9ale4 ,/oma*ic1 c>m9ative1 & slightly tonic2 "o to two ounces4 ,,gum-,,arabic4--,gummi ,acaciae4 ,demulc5t & emolli5t2 "o to two ounces4 ,,gum-,,tragacan?4 ,same action & same doses z ! =m]4 ,,hellebore4--,helleborus4 ,irritant poison1 & s$ative2 tw5ty to ?irty gra9s4 ,,hyoscyamus4--,h5bane4 ,n>cotic1 anodyne1 & anti-spasmodic2 t5 to tw5ty gra9s4 ,,iod9e4--,iod9eum4 ,int]nally1 z a tonic2 two to ?ree scruples2 also z a t9cture1 & 9 o9tm5ts = r$uc+ enl>gem5ts ( ! s(t tissues4 ,,iron1 ,,sulphate ,,(4--,f]ri ,sulphas2 ,gre5 ,vitriol1 ,copp]a4 ,irritant1 a/r+5t1 & tonic2 two to f\r dra*ms4 ,,koosso4 ,an!lm9tic2 two to f\r dra*ms4 ,,lime1 ,,*loride ,,(4--,antiseptic2 dose int]nally1 "o to two dra*ms4 ,,l9se$ ,,oil4--,ca?>tic2 "o p9t4 ,,lun> ,,cau/ic4--,nitrate ( ,silv]4 ,us$ z a cau/ic4 ,,magnesia4--,see ,,epsom-,,salts4 ,,m>%-,,mall[4--,al!ae ,radix4 ,demulc5t & emolli5t2 pr9cipally us$ = p\ltices & fom5tations4 ,,muriatic ,,acid4--,hydro*loric ,acid2 ,_s ( ,salt4 ,tonic1 irritant1 & cau/ic2 dose int]nally1 "o to two dra*ms4 ,,mu/>d4--,s9apis4 ,c\nt]-irritant2 us$ pr9cipally z an ext]nal application4 ,,myrrh4--,/imulat+ tonic to unheal?y sores2 seldom us$ int]nally4 ,,nitric ,,acid4--,aqua =tis4 ,a/r+5t & tonic2 "o to two dra*ms 9 wat]4 ,us$ also z a cau/ic4 ,,nux ,,vomica4--,se$s ( ,/ry*nos4 ,9 l>ge doses1 a deadly poison2 9 m$ic9al doses1 a p[]ful tonic & an!lm9tic2 "o half to "o dra*m4 ,,opium4--,papav] ,somnif]um4 ,n>cotic1 s$ative1 anodyne1 /imulant1 & anti-spasmodic2 two to f\r dra*ms4 ,,pota%1 ,,c>bonate ,,(4--,potassae ,c>bonas4 ,antacid & diuretic2 ?ree to six dra*ms4 ,,pota%1 ,,cau/ic4--,potassa fusa4 ,us$ only z a cau/ic4 ,,potassa1 ,,p]manganate ,,(4--,us$ ext]nally z a cau/ic4 ,,ros94--,diuretic2 two to ?ree ounces4 ,,salt1 ,,common4--,*loride ( ,sodium4 ,irritant1 ca?>tic1 /imulant1 & antiseptic2 "o to "o & a half p\nds4 ,,salts1 ,,glaub]4--,sulphate ( ,soda4 ,ca?>tic & diuretic2 "o to "o & a half p\nds4 ,,saltpetre4--,nitrate ( ,potassa4 ,diuretic1 febrifuge1 & refrig]ant2 "o half to "o ounce4 ,,sublimate1 ,,corrosive4--,proto*loride ( ,m]cury4 ,seldom us$ int]nally2 ext]nally1 cau/ic & /imulant4 ,,sulphur4--,brim/one4 ,/imulant & laxative2 ?ree to f\r ounces4 ,,sulphuric ,,acid4--,irritant1 cau/ic1 & a/r+5t2 two to ?ree dra*ms4 ,,t>t>1 ,,cream ,,(4--,potassae ,t>tras4 ,ca?>tic2 ?ree to f\r ounces4 ,,turp5t9e4--,/imulant1 an!lm9tic1 diuretic1 & laxative2 "o to two ounces4 ,,z9c1 ,,sulphate ,,(4--,:ite ,vitriol4 ,a/r+5t & tonic2 "o to two dra*ms4 ,,new ,,& ,,late ,,books ,,furni%$ ,,by ,,! ,publi%]s ( ?is ,volume4 ,,mail+ ,,notice4--,any books on ! foll[+ li/ w be s5t1 po/ paid1 to any address1 on receipt ( price4 ,address ,,! ,,publi%]s ,,( ,,?is ,,volume4 ,see title page4 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,secret ,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,empress ,,joseph9e4 ,a secret & tru?ful hi/ory ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( wom51 unit+ all ! value ( absorb+ facts ) t ( ! mo/ excit+ romance4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,m'lle ,le ,norm&1 by ,,jacob ,m4 ,,h[>d1 ,esq4 #b vols4 9 "o4 ,clo?4 ,price #a #ge4 ,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,m>ie ,,anto9ette4 ,an in/ructive "w--"o ( ! mo/ int5sely int]e/+ ev] issu$ f ! ,am]ican press--! ev5ts ( :i* %\ld be famili> to all4 ,by ,,madame ,,campan4 ,) ,biographical ,introduction by ,m4 ,,de ,,lam>t9e4 #b vols4 9 "o4 ,clo?4 ,price #a #ge4 ,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,m>y1 ,,que5 ,,( ,,scots4 ,af=d+ a complete & au!ntic hi/ory ( ! un=tunate ,m>y1 ) mat]ials & lett]s n us$ by o!r au?ors1 mak+ up a volume ( r>e int]e/ & value4 ,by ,,miss ,,b5g]4 ,) portrait on /eel4 #b vols4 9 "o4 ,clo?4 ,price #a #ge4 ,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,que5s ,,( ,,france4 ,writt5 9 ,france1 c>efully compil$ f rese>*es made !re1 comm5d$ by ! press g5]ally1 & publi%$ f ! ,t5? ,london ,edition4 ,x is a truly valuable "w = ! read] & /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,by ,,mrs4 ,,=bes ,,bu%4 #b vols4 9 "o4 ,clo?4 ,price #a #ge4 ,,memoirs ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,anne ,,boleyn1 ,,que5 ,,( ,,h5ry ,,viii4 ,9 ! records ( biography !re is no "* t m =cibly exemplifies ! vanity ( human ambition1 or m ?or\ghly enli/s ! att5tion ( ! read] ?an ?is--! ,sev5? ,am]ican1 & f ! ,?ird ,london ,edition4 ,by ,,miss ,,b5g]4 ,) portrait on /eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,h]oic ,,wom5 ,,( ,,hi/ory4 ,conta9+ ! mo/ extraord9>y examples ( female c\rage ( anci5t & mod]n times1 & set be=e ! wives1 si/]s1 & daught]s ( ! c\ntry1 9 ! hope t x may make !m ev5 m r5[n$ = resolution1 =titude1 & self-sacrifice ?an ! ,sp>tan females ( old4 ,by ,,h5ry ,c4 ,,watson4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,l\is ,,napoleon1 ,,emp]or ,,( ,,! ,,fr5*4 ,an imp>tial view ( ! public & private c>e] ( ?is extraord9>y man1 giv+ full in=mation 9 reg>d to 8 mo/ di/+ui%$ m9i/]s1 g5]als1 relatives & favorites4 ,by ,,samuel ,m4 ,,s*muck]1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) portraits on ,/eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,& ,,reign ,,( ,,ni*olas ,i41 ,,emp]or ,,( ,,russia4 ,! only complete hi/ory ( ?is great p]sonage t has appe>$ 9 ! ,engli% language1 & furni%es int]e/+ facts 9 connection ) ,russian society & gov]nm5t ( great practical value to ! att5tive read]4 ,by ,,samuel ,m4 ,,s*muck]1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,george ,,wa%+ton4 ,a concise & cond5s$ n>rative ( ,wa%+ton's c>e]1 especially adapt$ to ! popul> read]1 & pres5t$ z ! be/ matt] ^u ?is immortal !me--"o especially wor?y ! att5tion & admiration ( e ,am]ican4 ,by ,,samuel ,m4 ,,s*muck]1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) ,portrait on /eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,alex&] ,,hamilton4 ,incid5ts ( a c>e] t w nev] lose its s+ul> p[] to attract & in/ruct1 :ile giv+ impressive lessons ( ! brighte/ elem5ts ( "*1 surr\nd$ & assail$ by ! base/4 ,by ,,samuel ,m4 ,,s*muck]1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) ,portrait on /eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,9 :i* ! au?or has pres5t$ bo? ! m]its & defects ( ?is great repres5tative h]o 9 _! true light1 & has /udi\sly avoid$ indiscrim9ate praise or :olesale c5sure4 ,by ,,samuel ,m4 ,,s*muck]1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) ,portrait4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,( ,,b5jam9 ,,frankl94 ,furni%+ a sup]ior & compreh5sive record ( ?is celebrat$ ,/atesman & ,philosoph]--ri* beyond p>allel 9 lessons ( wisdom = e age1 call+ & condition 9 life1 public & private4 ,by ,o4 ,l4 ,,holley4 ,) ,portrait on /eel & ,illu/rations on wood4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,life ,,( ,,daniel ,,web/]4 ,! mo/ copi\s & attractive collection ( p]sonal memorials conc]n+ ! great ,/atesman t has hi!rto be5 publi%$1 & by "o ^: intimate & confid5tial relations ) him af=d a gu>antee = _! au!nticity4 ,by ,g54 ,s4 ,p4 ,,lyman4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,h5ry ,,clay4 ,an imp>tial biography1 pres5t+1 by bold & simple /rokes ( ! hi/oric p5cil1 a portraiture ( ! illu/ri\s !me :i* no "o %\ld fail to read1 & no libr>y be )\t4 ,by ,,samuel ,m4 ,,s*muck]1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) ,portrait on /eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,& ,,public ,,s]vices ,,( ,,/eph5 ,a4 ,,d\glas4 ,a true & fai?ful exposition ( ! lead+ incid5ts ( 8 brilliant c>e] arrang$ s z to in/ruct ! read] & produce ! c>eful /udy :i* ! life ( s great a man des]ves4 ,by ,h4 ,m4 ,,fl9t4 ,) ,portrait on /eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,& ,,public ,,s]vices ,,( ,,abraham ,,l9coln4 7,9 bo? ! ,engli% & ,g]man languages47 ,z a record ( ?is great man x is a mo/ desirable "w1 admirably arrang$ = ref]5ce1 ) an index ov] ea* page1 f :i* ! read] c famili>ize himself ) ! cont5ts by glanc+ ?r\gh x4 ,by ,,frank ,,crosby1 ( ! ,philadelphia ,b>4 ,) ,portrait on /eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,( ,,daniel ,,boone1 ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,hunt] ,,& ,,pione]4 ,compris+ graphic & au!ntic acc\nts ( 8 d>+1 ?rill+ adv5tures1 wond]ful skill1 coolness & sagacity "u ! mo/ haz>d\s circum/ances1 ) an autobiography dictat$ by himself4 ,by ,,cecil ,b4 ,,h>tley4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,( ,,colonel ,,david ,,crocket1 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,humori/ ,,& ,,irrepressible ,,backwoodsman4 ,%[+ 8 /rong w & indomitable _s1 8 be> hunt+1 8 milit>y s]vices1 8 c>e] 9 ,congress1 & 8 triumphal t\r ?r\gh ! ,/ates--writt5 by himself2 to :i* is add$ ! acc\nt ( 8 glori\s dea? at ! ,alamo4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,( ,,kit ,,c>son1 ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,hunt] ,,& ,,guide4 ,an excit+ volume ( wild & romantic exploits1 ?rill+ adv5tures1 hair-bread? escapes1 d>+ coolness1 moral & physical c\rage1 & invaluable s]vices--su* z r>ely transpire 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,by ,,*>les ,,burdett4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,( ,,capta9 ,,john ,,smi?1 ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,virg9ia4 ,! adv5tures conta9$ h]e9 s]ve to d5ote ! m noble & d>+ ev5ts ( a p]iod di/+ui%$ by its _s1 its c\rage1 & its passion1 & *all5ges ! att5tion ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,by ,w4 ,,gilmore ,,simms4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,price #a #ge4 ,,life ,,( ,,g5]al ,,francis ,,m>ion1 ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,p>tisan ,,h]o ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 :o figur$ on ! gr& !atre ( w> dur+ ! times t tri$ m5's s\ls1 & 8 brilliant c>e] has sc>cely a p>allel 9 hi/ory4 ,by ,,cecil ,b4 ,,h>tley4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,( ,,g5]al ,,&rew ,,jackson1 ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,patriot ,,& ,,/atesman4 ,! "* "h %[n z firm 9 w1 cle> 9 judgm5t1 rapid 9 decision & decid$ly pron\nc$1 sprung f comp>ative obscurity to ! highe/ gift )9 ! p[] ( ! ,am]ican p1 & is prolific 9 int]e/4 ,by ,,alex&] ,,walk]4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,& ,,times ,,( ,,g5]al ,,sam ,,h\/on1 ,,! ,,hunt]1 ,,patriot1 ,,& ,,/atesman4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ! /ory ( ,romulus--:o 0 nurtur$ by ! bea/s ( ! =e/ till he plant$ ! f\ndations ( a mighty empire--& /&s alone z an au!ntic memoir4 ,) ,maps1 ,portrait1 & ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,lives ,,( ,,! ,,?ree ,,mrs4 ,,judsons1 ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,female ,,mission>ies4 ,! dome/ic lives & individual labors ( ^! ?ree bright />s 9 ! galaxy ( ,am]ican h]o9es1 :o 9 m9i/]+ to ! s\ls ( hea!ns1 exp]i5c$ mu* ( p]secution4 ,by ,,cecil ,b4 ,,h>tley4 ,) /eel ,portraits4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,life ,,( ,,eli%a ,,k5t ,,kane1 ,,& ,,( ,,o!r ,,di/+ui%$ ,,am]ican ,,explor]s4 ,a n>rative ( ! discov]]s :o possess ! /ronge/ hold ^u public int]e/ & att5tion1 & "o ( ! few deeply int]e/+ volumes ( di/+ui%$ ,am]icans ( ?is class4 ,by ,,samuel ,m4 ,,s*muck]1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) ,portrait on /eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,paul9e ,,cu%man1 ,,! ,,celebrat$ ,,union ,,spy ,,& ,,sc\t4 ,/irr+ details f ! lips ( ! subject h]self1 ^: c\rage1 h]oism1 & devotion to ! old flag1 ende>$ h] to ! ,army ( ! ,s\?we/4 ,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,s>mi5to1 ,esq41 ,memb] ( ! ,philadelphia ,b>4 ,) ,portrait on /eel & ,illu/rations on wood4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,jeff]son ,,davis ,,& ,,/onewall ,,jackson3 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,public ,,s]vices ,,( ,,ea*4 ,tru?s f ! lives ( ^! m51 bo? ( :om s]v$ _! c\ntry be=e ! w>1 & aft]w>ds ?rew !mselves into ! cause ( ! ,s\? ) unb\nd$ zeal--af=d+ valuable hi/oric facts = all1 ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,corsica1 ,,& ,,! ,,e>ly ,,life ,,( ,,napoleon4 ,delicately drawn idyllic descriptions ( ! ,isl&1 yield+ new light to political hi/ory1 excit+ mu* att5tion 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 & altoge!r mak+ a book ( r>e "* & value4 ,translat$ by ,hon4 ,e4 ,,joy ,,morris4 ,) ,portrait on /eel4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,! ,,horse ,,& ,,8 ,,diseases3 ,,embrac+ ,,8 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,v>ieties1 ,,bre$+ ,,& ,,managem5t1 ,,& ,,vices4 ,a spl5did complete1 & reliable book--! "w ( m ?an fifte5 ye>s' c>eful /udy--po9t+ out diseases accurately1 & recomm5d+ rem$ies t h /ood ! te/ ( actual trial4 ,to :i* is add$ ,,r>ey',s ,,me?od ,,( ,,tra9+ ,,horses4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,j5n+s1 ,v4 ,s4 ,) ne>ly "o hundr$ ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,%eep1 ,,sw9e1 ,,& ,,p\ltry4 ,enum]at+ _! v>ieties & hi/ories2 ! be/ modes ( bre$+1 fe$+1 & manag+2 ! diseases to :i* !y are subject2 ! be/ rem$ies--& (f]+ ! be/ practical treatise ( its k9d n[ publi%$4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,j5n+s1 ,v4 ,s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,cattle ,,& ,,_! ,,diseases4 ,giv+ _! hi/ory & bre$s1 cross+ & bre$+1 fe$+ & managem5t2 ) ! diseases to :i* !y are subject1 & ! rem$ies be/ adapt$ to _! cure2 :i* is add$ a li/ ( rem$ies us$ 9 treat+ cattle4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,j5n+s1 ,v4 ,s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,horse ,,tra9+ ,,made ,,easy4 ,a new & practical sy/em ( ,tea*+ & ,educat+ ! ,horse1 includ+ :ip tra9+ & ?or\gh in/ructions 9 reg>d to %oe+--full ( in=mation ( a useful & well-te/$ "*4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,j5n+s1 ,v4 ,s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #be4 #fjj ,,receipts ,,wor? ,,_! ,,weight ,,9 ,,gold4 ,an unequall$ v>iety 9 k9d1 ! collection & te/+ ( :i* h ext5d$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s--a numb] ( !m hav+ nev] be=e appe>$ 9 pr9t1 :ile all are simple1 pla91 & highly m]itori\s4 ,by ,,john ,,m>qu>t1 ( ,lebanon1 ,pa4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 #ejj ,,employm5ts ,,adapt$ ,,to ,,wom54 ,?r[+ op5 to womank9d productive fields ( labor ev]y:]e1 & af=d+ full opportunity to select employm5ts be/ adapt$ to _! ta/es--all ! result ( ov] ?ree ye>s' con/ant c>e & inve/igation4 ,by ,miss ,,virg9ia ,,p5ny4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,ev]ybody',s ,,lawy] ,,& ,,book ,,( ,,=ms4 ,! simplicity ( its in/ructions1 ! compreh5siv5ess ( its subject1 & ! accuracy ( its details1 toge!r ) its p]fect arrangem5t1 concis5ess1 attractiv5ess & *eapness make x ! mo/ desirable ( all legal h&-books4 ,by ,,frank ,,crosby1 ,esq4 ,?or\ghly revis$ to date by ,s4 ,j4 ,,v&]sloot1 ,esq4 #fjh pp4 ,law ,/yle4 #b #jj4 ,,! ,,family ,,doctor4 ,int5d$ to gu>d aga9/ diseases 9 ! family2 to furni% ! prop] treatm5t = ! sick2 to imp>t k 9 reg>d to m$ic9es1 h]bs1 & plants2 to %[ h[ to pres]ve a s\nd body & m9d1 & writt5 9 pla9 language1 free f m$ical t]ms4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,h5ry ,,taylor1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,practical ,,cook]y ,,book4 ,a fai?ful & highly useful guide1 ^: directions all c safely foll[1 mak+ h\sekeep+ easy1 pleasant1 & economical 9 all its dep>tm5ts1 & bas$ ^u ! p]sonal te/1 ?r\gh\t1 ( an intellig5t practical h\sekeep]4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,fifty ,engrav+s4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,mod]n ,,cook]y ,,9 ,,all ,,its ,,bran*es4 ,design$ to int]e/ & b5efit h\sekeep]s ev]y:]e by its pla9 & simple in/ructions 9 reg>d to ! judici\s prep>ation ( food1 & altoge!r a "w ( sup]ior m]it4 ,by ,miss ,,eliza ,,acton4 ,c>efully revis$ by ,mrs4 ,,s>ah ,j4 ,,hale4 ,) _m ,illu/rations & a copi\s ,index4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,?irty ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,! graphic n>rative ( ,sir ,john ,frankl91 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,arctic ,travell]s1 9 :i* ,sir ,john tells 8 own /ory--unsurpass$ = int5se & all-absorb+ int]e/--sket*+ 8 ?ree exp$itions1 & t "p ( ! f\r? n[ %r\d$ 9 my/]y to ! _w4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,explorations ,,& ,,discov]ies ,,dur+ ,,f\r ,,ye>s' ,,w&]+s ,,9 ,,! ,,wilds ,,( ,,s\?we/]n ,,africa4 ,important & excit+ exp]i5ces1 full ( wild adv5ture & in/ructive facts1 :i* seem to possess a my/]i\s *>m = e m9d1 & 9 :i* ! _s ( intellig5t & adv5tur\s curiosity is ev]y:]e prom95t4 ,by ,,*>les ,,john ,,&]son4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,liv+/one',s ,,travels ,,& ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,s\? ,,africa4 ,giv5 9 ! pleas+ language ( ,dr4 ,liv+/one1 & ri* 9 ! p]sonal adv5tures & hair-bread? escapes ( t mo/ indefatigable discov]] & int]e/+ ,*ri/ian g5tleman--mak+ a "w ( special value4 ,by ,,david ,,liv+/one1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,travels ,,& ,,discov]ies ,,9 ,,nor? ,,& ,,c5tral ,,africa4 ,rec\nt+ an exp$ition und]tak5 "u ! auspices ( ,h4 ,b4 ,m4's ,gov]nm5t1 exhibit+ ! mo/ rem>kable c\rage1 p]sev]ance1 pres5ce ( m9d1 & contempt ( dang] & dea?1 & imm5sely important z a "w ( in=mation4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,b>?1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 etc4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,ellis' ,,?ree ,,visits ,,to ,,madagasc>4 ,writt5 9 ,madagasc>1 :ile on a visit to ! que5 & p1 9 :i* is c>efully describ$ ! s+ul>ly beautiful c\ntry & ! mann]s & cu/oms ( its p1 & f :i* an unusual am\nt ( in=mation is obta9able4 ,by ,rev4 ,,william ,,ellis1 ,f4 ,h4 ,s4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,ori5tal ,,& ,,we/]n ,,sib]ia4 ,a ,/irr+ n>rative ( sev5 ye>s' explorations 9 ,sib]ia1 ,mongolia1 ! ,kirghes ,/eppes1 ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 & "p ( ,c5tral ,asia1 reveal+ extraord9>y facts1 %[+ mu* ( hung]1 ?ir/1 & p]il\s adv5ture1 & =m+ a "w ( r>e attractiv5ess = e read]4 ,by ,,?omas ,,william ,,atk9son4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,hunt+ ,,sc5es ,,9 ,,! ,,wilds ,,( ,,africa4 ,?rill+ adv5tures ( d>+ hunt]s--,cumm+s1 ,h>ris1 & o!rs--among ! ,lions1 ,elephants1 ,giraffes1 ,buffaloes1 & o!r animals--?an :i* few1 if any works1 are m excit+4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,hunt+ ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,wilds4 ,a tramp 9 ! ,*ateaugay ,woods1 ov] hills1 lakes & =e/ /reams1 at a "t :5 millions ( acres lay 9 a p]fect wild]ness1 af=d+ incid5ts1 descriptions1 & adv5tures ( extraord9>y int]e/4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,,hammond4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,wild ,,nor!rn ,,sc5es2 ,,or1 ,,sport+ ,,adv5tures ,,) ,,! ,,rifle ,,& ,,! ,,rod4 ,af=d+ rem>kably int]e/+ exp]i5ces 9 a section :]e ! h[l ( ! ,wolf1 ! scream ( ! ,pan!r1 & ! ho>se bell[ ( ! ,moose c\ld be he>d--pres5t+ a racy book4 ,by ,s4 ,h4 ,,hammond4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,p]ils ,,& ,,pleasures ,,( ,a ,,hunt]',s ,,life2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,hunt+4 ,replete ) ?rill+ incid5ts & hair-bread? escapes1 & fasc9at+ 9 ! extreme1 :ile depict+ ! romance ( hunt+4 ,by ,,p]egr9e ,,h]ne4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,hunt+ ,,sports ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4 ,an am\nt ( novelty & v>iety1 ( bold ent]prise & noble h>dihood1 ( h]oic d>+ & fi]ce enc\nt]s1 :i* seem to be mu* m ent]ta9+ by ! quiet fireside ?an !y w\ld be to ! "o go+ ?r\gh !m 9 ! =e/ or field4 ,by ,,cecil ,b4 ,,h>tley4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,fanny ,,hunt]',s ,,we/]n ,,adv5tures4 ,vividly portray+ ! /irr+ sc5es enact$ 9 ,kansas & ,miss\ri dur+ a soj\rn ( sev]al ye>s on ! ,we/]n ,bord]1 & fully repres5t+ social & dome/ic affairs 9 fronti] life--conta9+ curi\s pictures ( "*4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,wond]ful ,,adv5tures1 ,,by ,,l& ,,& ,,sea1 ,,( ,,! ,,sev5 ,,que] ,,travell]s ,,:o ,,met ,,at ,,an ,,inn4 ,revelations ( a s+ul> & unusually ent]ta9+ "*1 9 :i* ! mo/ t]rible circum/ances & my/]i\s occurr5ces are fai?fully & =cibly plac$ be=e ! read]4 ,by ,,josiah ,,b>nes4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,nic>agua2 ,,pa/1 ,,pres5t1 ,,& ,,future4 ,sett+ =? its hi/ory1 ! mann]s & cu/oms ( its inhabitants1 its m9es1 its m9]als1 & o!r productions1 & ?r[+ light ^u a subject ( v great importance to ! masses ( our p4 ,by ,,pet] ,f4 ,,/\t1 ,esq41 late ,u4 ,s4 ,vice-,consul4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,female ,,life ,,among ,,! ,,mormons2 ,,or1 ,,m>ia ,,w>d',s ,,disclosures4 ,romantic ,incid5ts1 bord]+ on ! m>vel\s1 :i* %[ ! evils1 horrors1 & abom9ations ( ! ,mormon sy/em--! degradation ( its females1 & ! consequ5t vices ( its society4 ,by ,,m>ia ,,w>d1 ! ,wife ( a ,mormon ,eld]4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #dj1jjj copies sold4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,male ,,life ,,among ,,! ,,mormons4 ,detail+ sights & sc5es among ! ,mormons1 ) important rem>ks on _! moral & social economy2 be+ a true transcript ( ev5ts1 view+ ,mormonism f a man's /&po9t1 & =m+ a companion to ! prec$+ volume4 ,by ,,au/9 ,n4 ,,w>d4 ,edit$ by ,,m>ia ,,w>d4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,pione] ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,we/4 ,describ+ ! adv5tures ( ,boone1 ,k5ton1 ,brady1 ,cl>k1 ! ,:etzels1 ! ,johnsons1 & o!rs1 9 _! fi]ce enc\nt]s ) ! ,indians1 & mak+ up a "w ( ! mo/ ent]ta9+ & in/ructive "* = ^? :o delight 9 hi/ory & adv5ture4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,?rill+ ,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,rebellion4 ,fe>ful adv5tures ( soldi]s1 sc\ts1 spies1 & refugees2 d>+ exploits ( smuggl]s1 gu]illas1 desp]adoes1 & o!rs2 tales ( loyal & disloyal wom52 /ories ( ! negro1 & incid5ts ( fun & m]rim5t 9 camp & field4 ,by ,lieut4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,gre5e1 late ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,) ,illu/rations 9 ,oil4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,india4 ,furni%+ ! complete hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india1 toge!r ) int]e/+ & ?rill+ details :i* h sc>cely a p>allel 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 to :i* is add$ a memoir ( ,g5]al ,sir ,,h5ry ,,havelock4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,fr$]ick ,,malcolm4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,engrav+s4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,our ,,boys4 ,p]sonal exp]i5ces ( ! au?or :ile 9 ! army1 pres5t+ ! ri*e/ & racie/ sc5es ( army & camp life ev] publi%$1 & portray+ v>i\s ev5ts 9 all _! orig9ality4 ,by ,a4 ,f4 ,,hill1 ( ! ,eigh? ,p5nsylvania ,res]ves4 ,) ,portrait on ,/eel1 & *>act]i/ic ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,our ,,campaigns4 ,! m>*es1 biv\acs1 battles1 incid5ts1 camp life1 & hi/ory ( a regim5t dur+ its ?ree ye>s' t]m ( s]vice 9 ! w>1 toge!r ) a sket* ( ! ,army ( ! ,potomac "u ,g5]als ,mc,clellan1 ,burnside1 ,hook]1 ,meade1 & ,grant4 ,by ,e4 ,m4 ,,woodw>d1 ,adj't ,second ,p5na4 ,res]ves4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,m>g>et ,,moncrieffe1 ,,! ,,beautiful ,,spy4 ,an excit+ /ory ( ,army & high life 9 ,new ,york1 9 #aggf1 pres5t+ facts & hi/oric names1 & %[+ ! mutual atta*m5t betwe5 ,a>on ,burr & ,m>g>et ,moncrieffe1 z well z ! influ5ce ( ! latt] ^u ! =m] 9 ! m important ev5ts ( 8 life4 ,by ,,*>les ,,burdett4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,six ,,nights ,,9 ,a ,,block ,,h\se2 ,,or1 ,,sket*es ,,( ,,bord] ,,life4 ,feats ( h]o hunt]s & ?rill+ exploits among ! ,indians2 furni%+ ! names ( hunt]s well kn[n 9 we/]n hi/ory1 & %[+ ! mo/ excit+ drama ( bord] w>f>e1 &1 z a :ole1 ! mo/ int5sely int]e/+ & in/ructive "w ^u ,indian life n[ (f]$ ! public4 ,,by ,,h5ry ,c4 ,,watson4 ,) #ajj ,engrav+s4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,?rill+ ,,adv5tures ,,among ,,! ,,e>ly ,,settl]s4 ,a s]ies ( desp]ate enc\nt]s ) ,indians1 d>+ exploits ( ,texan ,rang]s1 incid5ts ( gu]illa w>f>e1 fe>ful de$s ( desp]adoes & regulators ( ! we/1 & graphic del9eations ( hunt+ & trapp+ well wor?y univ]sal pres]vation4 ,by ,,w>r5 ,,wildwood1 ,esq4 ,m ?an #bjj ,engrav+s4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,?rill+ ,,incid5ts ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,hi/ory4 ,ev5ts :i* are among ! mo/ /rik+ & important 9 our national annals1 cov]+ ! ,revolution1 ! ,fr5* ,w>1 ! ,tripolitan ,w>1 ! ,indian ,w>s1 ! ,w> ( #ahab1 & ! ,mexican ,w>--all ( :i* are ( great usefulness to ! /ud5t & g5]al read]4 ,by ! au?or ( ,! ,army & ,navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) ,?ree ,hundr$ ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,sc\t+ ,,exp$itions ,,( ,,! ,,texan ,,rang]s4 ,op]ations :i* occurr$ dur+ "s ( ! prom95t ev5ts ( ! ,mexican w>1 toge!r ) sket*es ( ! celebrat$ p>tisan *iefs1 ,hays1 ,mc,culloch1 & ,walk]1 ^: c\rage1 sagacity1 & rem>kable exploits %\ld be famili> to all ,am]icans4 ,by ,,samuel ,c4 ,,reid1 ,jr41 late ( ! ,texan ,rang]s1 & ,memb] ( ! ,l\isiana ,b>4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,! ,,battle-,,fields ,,( ,,! ,,revolution4 ,! mo/ brilliant po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,revolution>y w>1 rec\nt+ ! pr9cipal battles1 sieges1 & o!r important ev5ts--! :ole int]sp]s$ ) num]\s *>act]i/ic anecdotes4 ,by ,,?omas ,y4 ,,rhoads4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,?rill+ ,,adv5tures ,,among ,,! ,,indians4 ,9 :i* are enum]at$ ! mo/ rem>kable incid5ts ( ! e>ly ,indian ,w>s1 :i* ab\nd 9 dang]s1 v9dictiv5ess1 endurance1 h]oism1 gratitude1 trea*]y1 /oicism1 & rev5ge1 & 9 :i* !re is mu* to fasc9ate ! read]1 & /ore ! inquir+ m9d4 ,by ,,john ,,fro/1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) m ?an #cjj ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,! ,,h]o ,,girl1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,%e ,,became ,a ,,capta9 ,,9 ,,! ,,army4 ,! highly dramatic /ory ( ,molly ,pit*] :o1 hav+ lo/ h] husb& at ! battle ( ,monm\?1 gallantly /epp$ =w>d1 took 8 place at ! cannon1 & cont9u$ s]v+ x until ! battle end$--aft] :i* ! rank ( ,capta9 0 conf]r$ on h] by ,g54 ,wa%+ton4 ,by ,,?race ,,talmon4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,mrs4 ,,p>t+ton',s ,,knitt+ ,,"w1 ,,& ,,:at ,,0 ,,done ,,by ,,h] ,,plaguy ,,boy ,,ike4 ,9 :i* all w see ! acid & sug>1 & _s & wat]--=m+ an intellectual pun*1 ( :i* all c p>take )\t heada*e or he>ta*e4 ,wr\ght by ! old lady h]self4 ,) *>act]i/ic ,illu/rations1 includ+ a portrait ( ! old lady 9 specs1 surr\nd$ by ! ,p>t+ton family4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 ,,way ,,d[n ,,ea/2 ,,or1 ,,portraitures ,,( ,,yankee ,,life4 ,embody+ "s ( ! racie/ /ories ( ! ,d[n ,ea/] ev] publi%$ by ?is humor\s au?or--conta9+ mu* ( g5u9e wit & attractive ?\ght4 ,by ,,seba ,,smi?1 ! orig9al ,major ,jack ,d[n+4 ,) sev]al ri* & orig9al ,illu/rations4 ,clo?4 #a #ge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,summ>iz$ "h are ! corrections appli$ to ! text4 ,li/ ( ,illu/rations3 ,frolicksome 0 spell$ ,frolicsome z oppos$ to ! illu/ration ,9 color1 ! pure ,ayr%ires are g5]ally r$ ,ayr%ires 0 pr9t$ z ,ary%ires ,"s pack]s put meat 9 a copp] :i* is r5d]$ air-tight meat 0 pr9t$ z meal ,! pr9cipal sub/ances ( :i* glue is made sub/ances 0 pr9t$ z subtances deg5]acy ( acute into *ronic dys5t]y dis5t]y 0 pr9t$ z dy/5t]y ,x mo/ frequ5tly occurs 9 dry1 hot wea!r4 frequ5tly 0 pr9t$ z freq5tly acquir$ additional delet]i\s ag5cy acquir$ 0 pr9t$ z accquir$ & h f\nd ! spur 9 ! hay :]ev] ! disease is f\nd4 disease 0 pr9t$ z diesase diff]+ f l ph5om5a by o!r causes ph5om5a 0 pr9t$ z ph5onema until ?is s+ul> ph5om5on is cle>ly acc\nt$ = ph5om5on 0 pr9t$ z ph5onemon embryotomy 0 9 ?is in/ance employ$ embryotomy 0 pr9t$ z emrbyotomy ,! diseas$ lungs sometimes atta9 inord9ate weight4 diseas$ 0 pr9t$ z direas$ support$ by alcoholic /imulants4 alcoholic 0 pr9t$ z al*olic ,:5 cut into1 x did n pres5t ! r$1 mottl$1 organiz$ appe>ance ( ^? cases ) air-tight cy/s4 pres5t 0 pr9t$ z prev5t ,x compreh5d$ "o ( ! p>otid gl&s compreh5d$ 0 pr9t$ z compreh5$ drawn tightly to ! po/]ior r+1 by a simple b[-knot4 knot 0 pr9t$ z n mu/ be suppli$ by alcoliz$ wat] alcoliz$ 0 pr9t$ z alcotiz$